bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive low‐energy clustering in slotted beacon‐enabled IEEE 802.15.4 networks
Authors: Tavakoli Hamidreza , Mišić Jelena , Naderi Majid , Mišić Vojislav B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present, model, and evaluate a novel clustering algorithm running on top of IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks operating in slotted, beacon‐enabled mode. The adaptive low‐energy clustering algorithm provides randomized sleep and randomized rotation of the cluster‐head role so as to maximize the useful lifetime of the network by improving efficiency and balancing the lifetime of individual nodes. We model the adaptive low‐energy clustering algorithm through probabilistic analysis and show that its parameters can be tuned to extend the network lifetime and reduce the delay and energy overhead imposed by clustering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of Extended FAST in Blunt Chest Trauma: Is it the Time to be Used in the ATLS Algorithm?
Authors: Abdulrahman Yassir , Musthafa Shameel , Hakim Suhail Y. , Nabir Syed , Qanbar Ahad , Mahmood Ismail , Siddiqui Tariq , Hussein Wafaa A. , Ali Hazim H. , Afifi Ibrahim , El‐Menyar Ayman , Al‐Thani Hassan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe clinical significance of extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST) for diagnosis of pneumothorax is not well defined.ObjectivesTo investigate the utility of EFAST in blunt chest trauma (BCT) patients.Study designA single blinded, prospective study. Participants: All patients admitted with BCT (2011–2013).SettingsLevel 1 trauma center in Qatar.Procedures and outcome measuresPatients were screened by EFAST and results were compared to the clinical examination (CE) and chest X‐ray (CXR). Chest‐computed tomography (CT) scoring system was used to confirm and measure the pneumothorax. Diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic modalities of pneumothorax was measured using sensitivity, specificity, predictive values (PVs), and likelihood ratio.ResultsA total of 305 BCT patients were included with median age of 34 (18–75). Chest CT was positive for pneumothorax in 75 (24.6 %) cases; of which 11 % had bilateral pneumothorax. Chest CT confirmed the diagnosis of pneumothorax in 43, 41, and 11 % of those who were initially diagnosed by EFAST, CE, and CXR, respectively. EFAST was positive in 42 hemithoraces and its sensitivity (43 %) was higher in comparison to CXR (11 %). Positive and negative PVs of EFAST were 76 and 92 %, respectively. The frequency of missed cases by CXR was higher in comparison to EFAST and CE. The lowest median score of missed pneumothorax was observed by EFAST.ConclusionEFAST can be used as an efficient triaging tool in BCT patients to rule out pneumothorax. Based on our analysis, we would recommend EFAST as an adjunct in ATLS algorithm.
Evaluation of Patient Education Materials: The Example of Circulating cell free DNA Testing for Aneuploidy
Authors: Kloza Edward M. , Haddow Paula K. , Halliday Jacquelyn V. , O'Brien Barbara M. , Lambert‐Messerlian Geralyn M. , Palomaki Glenn E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInformed consent is the process by which the treating health care provider discloses appropriate information to a competent patient so that the patient may make a voluntary choice to accept or refuse treatment. When the analysis of circulating cell free DNA (ccfDNA) became commercially available in 2011 through the Prenatal Diagnostic Laboratory at Women & Infants Hospital of Providence, Rhode Island to “high‐risk” women, it provided an opportunity to examine how commercial laboratories informed potential consumers. We identified, via an internet search, four laboratories offering such testing in the United States and one in Europe. We evaluated patient educational materials (PEMs) from each using the Flesch Reading Ease method and a modified version of the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) criteria. Pamphlets were also reviewed for their inclusion of content recommendations from the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis, the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists jointly with the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine, and the American College of Genetics and Genomics. Reading levels were typically high (10th–12th grade). None of the pamphlets met all SAM criteria evaluated nor did any pamphlet include all recommended content items. To comply with readability and content recommendations more closely, Women & Infants Hospital created a new pamphlet to which it applied the same criteria, and also subjected it to focus group assessment. These types of analyses can serve as a model for future evaluations of similar patient educational materials.
Fibroblast Growth Factor‐21 and the Beneficial Effects of Long‐Chain n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Villarroya Joan , Flachs Pavel , Redondo‐Angulo Ibon , Giralt Marta , Medrikova Dasa , Villarroya Francesc , Kopecky Jan , Planavila Anna 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLong‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐3 PUFA) in the diet protect against insulin resistance and obesity. Fibroblast growth factor‐21 (Fgf21) is a hormonal factor released mainly by the liver that has powerful anti‐diabetic effects. Here, we tested whether the beneficial metabolic effects of LC n‐3 PUFA involve the induction of Fgf21. C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to an obesogenic, corn‐oil‐based, high‐fat diet (cHF), or a diet in which corn oil was replaced with a fish‐derived LC n‐3 PUFA concentrate (cHF + F) using two experimental settings: short‐term (3 weeks) and long‐term treatment (8 weeks). CHF + F reduced body weight gain, insulinemia, and triglyceridemia compared to cHF. cHF increased plasma Fgf21 levels and hepatic Fgf21 gene expression compared with controls, but these effects were less pronounced or absent in cHF + F‐fed mice. In contrast, hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐α target genes were more strongly induced by cHF + F than cHF, especially in the short‐term treatment setting. The expression of genes encoding Fgf21, its receptors, and Fgf21 targets was unaltered by short‐term LC n‐3 PUFA treatment, with the exception of Ucp1 (uncoupling protein 1) and adiponectin genes, which were specifically up‐regulated in white fat. In the long‐term treatment setting, the expression of Fgf21 target genes and receptors was not differentially affected by LC n‐3 PUFA. Collectively, our findings indicate that increased Fgf21 levels do not appear to be a major mechanism through which LC n‐3 PUFA ameliorates high‐fat‐diet‐associated metabolic disorders.
Mooreamide A: A Cannabinomimetic Lipid from the Marine Cyanobacterium Moorea bouillonii
Authors: Mevers Emily , Matainaho Teatulohi , Allara' Marco , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Gerwick William H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBioassay‐guided fractionation of a collection of Moorea bouillonii from Papua New Guinea led to the isolation of a new alkyl amide, mooreamide A (1), along with the cytotoxic apratoxins A–C and E. The planar structure of 1 was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analysis. Structural homology between mooreamide A and the endogenous cannabinoid ligands, anandamide, and 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol inspired its evaluation against the neuroreceptors CB1 and CB2. Mooreamide A was found to possess relatively potent and selective ligand binding activity to CB1 (K1 = 0.47 µM) versus CB2 (K1 > 25 µM). This represents the most potent marine‐derived CB1 ligand described to date and adds to the growing family of marine metabolites that exhibit cannabinomimetic activity.
Independence to Interdependence: A Much Harder Lesson to Learn?
Authors: Lehmann Jennifer , Sanders Rachael 
Published: September 2014

“I’m going out and you can't stop me!” “I’ll spend my money on whatever I like!” “I’ll go out with whoever I want!” These are all statements we have heard from children and young people. We probably said the very same words to our own parents or carers. Adults so often interpret these statements as a reflection of rebellious and impossible behaviours at worst, or expression of a grab for independence at best . . . or you might have reacted differently . . . but did you? Western societies value the notion of independence, associating the concept with choice and competency, but also with freedom and rights. As parents and carers of young people we want them to grow to adulthood and be able to exercise agency in the world, but do we ever prepare them for the ‘real’ world – one of complex interdependency in which virtually every action, every choice, every consequence and even a sense of self depends on others?
Efficient mixing in stratified flows: experimental study of a Rayleigh–Taylor unstable interface within an otherwise stable stratification
Authors: Davies Wykes Megan S. , Dalziel Stuart B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBoussinesq salt-water laboratory experiments of Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) can achieve mixing efficiencies greater than 0.75 when the unstable interface is confined between two stable stratifications. This is much greater than that found when RTI occurs between two homogeneous layers when the mixing efficiency has been found to approach 0.5. Here, the mixing efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy used in mixing compared with the energy available for mixing. If the initial and final states are quiescent then the mixing efficiency can be calculated from experiments by comparison of the corresponding density profiles. Varying the functional form of the confining stratifications has a strong effect on the mixing efficiency. We derive a buoyancy-diffusion model for the rate of growth of the turbulent mixing region,$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\dot{h} = 2 \sqrt{\alpha A g h}$(where$A = A(h)$is the Atwood number across the mixing region when it extends a height$h$,$g$is acceleration due to gravity and$\alpha $is a constant). This model shows good agreement with experiments when the value of the constant$\alpha $is set to 0.07, the value found in experiments of RTI between two homogeneous layers (where the height of the turbulent mixing region increases as$h =\alpha A g t^2$, an expression which is equivalent to that derived for$\dot{h}$).
Nonlinear evolution of a baroclinic wave and imbalanced dissipation
Authors: Nadiga Balasubramanya T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe consider the nonlinear evolution of an unstable baroclinic wave in a regime of rotating stratified flow that is of relevance to interior circulation in the oceans and in the atmosphere: a regime characterized by small large-scale Rossby and Froude numbers, a small vertical to horizontal aspect ratio and no bounding horizontal surfaces. Using high-resolution simulations of the non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations and companion integrations of the balanced quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, we present evidence for a local route to dissipation of balanced energy directly through interior turbulent cascades. That is, analysis of simulations presented in this study suggest that a developing baroclinic instability can lead to secondary instabilities that can cascade a small fraction of the energy forward to unbalanced scales whereas the bulk of the energy is confined to large balanced scales. Mesoscale shear and strain resulting from the hydrostatic geostrophic baroclinic instability drive frontogenesis. The fronts in turn support ageostrophic secondary circulation and instabilities. These two processes acting together lead to a quick rise in dissipation rate which then reaches a peak and begins to fall slowly when frontogenesis slows down; eventually balanced and imbalanced modes decouple. A measurement of the dissipation of balanced energy by imbalanced processes reveals that it scales exponentially with Rossby number of the base flow. We expect that this scaling will hold more generally than for the specific set-up we consider given the fundamental nature of the dynamics involved. In other results, (a) a break is seen in the total energy (TE) spectrum at small scales: while a steep $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}k^{-3}$ geostrophic scaling (where $k$ is the three-dimensional wavenumber) is seen at intermediate scales, the smaller scales display a shallower $k^{-5/3}$ scaling, reminiscent of the atmospheric spectra of Nastrom & Gage and (b) at the higher of the Rossby numbers considered a minimum is seen in the vertical shear spectrum, reminiscent of similar spectra obtained using in situ measurements.
Pressure fluctuations beneath instability wavepackets and turbulent spots in a hypersonic boundary layer
Authors: Casper Katya M. , Beresh Steven J. , Schneider Steven P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTo investigate the pressure-fluctuation field beneath turbulent spots in a hypersonic boundary layer, a study was conducted on the nozzle wall of the Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel. Controlled disturbances were created by pulsed-glow perturbations based on the electrical breakdown of air. Under quiet-flow conditions, the nozzle-wall boundary layer remains laminar and grows very thick over the long nozzle length. This allows the development of large disturbances that can be well-resolved with high-frequency pressure transducers. A disturbance first grows into a second-mode instability wavepacket that is concentrated near its own centreline. Weaker disturbances are seen spreading from the centre. The waves grow and become nonlinear before breaking down to turbulence. The breakdown begins in the core of the packets where the wave amplitudes are largest. Second-mode waves are still evident in front of and behind the breakdown point and can be seen propagating in the spanwise direction. The turbulent core grows downstream, resulting in a spot with a classical arrowhead shape. Behind the spot, a low-pressure calmed region develops. However, the spot is not merely a localized patch of turbulence; instability waves remain an integral part. Limited measurements of naturally occurring disturbances show many similar characteristics. From the controlled disturbance measurements, the convection velocity, spanwise spreading angle, and typical pressure-fluctuation field were obtained.
Suppression of shock-induced separation in fluids having large bulk viscosities
Authors: Bahmani F. , Cramer M. S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe examine the effect of large bulk viscosity on the classical problem of two-dimensional shock–boundary-layer interaction. The flow is taken to be steady and supersonic over a flat adiabatic plate. The boundary layer is taken to be laminar and the fluid is modelled as a perfect gas with a bulk viscosity that is large compared with its shear viscosity. The flow details are computed using a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory finite difference scheme and a third-order Runge–Kutta scheme for the spatial and temporal discretizations. The primary result of interest is the suppression of separation when the ratio of bulk to shear viscosity is sufficiently large.
‘Shell shock’ Revisited: An Examination of the Case Records of the National Hospital in London
Authors: Linden Stefanie Caroline , Jones Edgar 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDuring the First World War the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, in Queen Square, London, then Britain’s leading centre for neurology, took a key role in the treatment and understanding of shell shock. This paper explores the case notes of all 462 servicemen who were admitted with functional neurological disorders between 1914 and 1919. Many of these were severe or chronic cases referred to the National Hospital because of its acknowledged expertise and the resources it could call upon. Biographical data was collected together with accounts of the patient’s military experience, his symptoms, diagnostic interpretations and treatment outcomes. Analysis of the notes showed that motor syndromes (loss of function or hyperkinesias), often combined with somato-sensory loss, were common presentations. Anxiety and depression as well as vegetative symptoms such as sweating, dizziness and palpitations were also prevalent among this patient population. Conversely, psychogenic seizures were reported much less frequently than in comparable accounts from German tertiary referral centres. As the war unfolded the number of physicians who believed that shell shock was primarily an organic disorder fell as research failed to find a pathological basis for its symptoms. However, little agreement existed among the Queen Square doctors about the fundamental nature of the disorder and it was increasingly categorised as functional disorder or hysteria.
WARPED PRODUCTS IN RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS
Authors: PARK KWANG-SOON 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper we prove two inequalities relating the warping function to various curvature terms, for warped products isometrically immersed in Riemannian manifolds. This extends work by B. Y. Chen [‘On isometric minimal immersions from warped products into real space forms’, Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc. (2) 45(3) (2002), 579–587 and ‘Warped products in real space forms’, Rocky Mountain J. Math.34(2) (2004), 551–563] for the case of immersions into space forms. Finally, we give an application where the target manifold is the Clifford torus.
ON DYNAMIC MONOPOLIES OF GRAPHS WITH PROBABILISTIC THRESHOLDS
Authors: SOLTANI HOSSEIN , ZAKER MANOUCHEHR 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLet $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}G$ be a graph and ${{\tau }}$ be an assignment of nonnegative thresholds to the vertices of $G$. A subset of vertices, $D$, is an irreversible dynamic monopoly of $(G, \tau )$ if the vertices of $G$ can be partitioned into subsets $D_0, D_1, \ldots, D_k$ such that $D_0=D$ and, for all $i$ with $0 \leq i \leq k-1$, each vertex $v$ in $D_{i+1}$ has at least $\tau (v)$ neighbours in the union of $D_0, D_1, \ldots, D_i$. Dynamic monopolies model the spread of influence or propagation of opinion in social networks, where the graph $G$ represents the underlying network. The smallest cardinality of any dynamic monopoly of $(G,\tau )$ is denoted by $\mathrm{dyn}_{\tau }(G)$. In this paper we assume that the threshold of each vertex $v$ of the network is a random variable $X_v$ such that $0\leq X_v \leq \deg _G(v)+1$. We obtain sharp bounds on the expectation and the concentration of $\mathrm{dyn}_{\tau }(G)$ around its mean value. We also obtain some lower bounds for the size of dynamic monopolies in terms of the order of graph and expectation of the thresholds.
Greenland as a self-governing sub-national territory in international relations: past, current and future perspectives
Authors: Ackrén Maria , Jakobsen Uffe 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTGreenland was used by the US as a platform and as an extended arm within its security and foreign policy during the World War II and the cold war. After this things changed, although Greenland remained important in Danish-US relations under the umbrella of NATO. Nowadays, the geostrategic position of Greenland between North America and Europe is gaining fresh prominence in the race for natural resources in the Arctic. Many issues arise from the prospective opening of the Arctic, all of which may have fateful impacts on future development in the region. Climate change, claims related to the extension of the continental shelf, exploitation and exploration of natural resources, together with the protection of indigenous peoples are all current issues that must be taken into consideration in the context of security and foreign policy formation in Greenland. The future of the Thule Air Base is also relevant. This article reviews developments from the World War II to the present regarding international relations from a Greenlandic perspective. As a self-governing sub-national territory within the realm of Denmark, Greenland does not have the ultimate decision-making power within foreign and security policy. The new Self-Government Act of 2009, however, gives Greenland some room for manoeuvre in this respect.
The food security of Inuit women in Arviat, Nunavut: the role of socio-economic factors and climate change
Authors: Beaumier Maude C. , Ford James D. , Tagalik Shirley 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTClimate change has been identified as compromising food security in many case studies with Inuit communities in Canada. Largely neglected in the scholarship however, is research focusing on the gendered dimensions of Inuit food security in a changing climate. This paper reports on a community based participatory research project involving semi-structured interviews with Inuit women (n = 42), 10 focus groups (n = 40), key informant interviews (n = 8), and participant observation, to identify and characterise the determinants of food security among Inuit females in the community of Arviat, and examine the role played by climate and climate change. Results indicate that significant changes in climate being observed are not currently affecting female food security, with socio-economic-cultural factors primary determinants of food security. The nature of the traditional food system in Arviat based on harvesting land mammals reduces sensitivity to changing sea ice conditions which have been problematic in other Inuit communities. However, dependence on a limited number of animals for diet (primarily caribou, arctic char) increases sensitivity to potential future disruptions caused by climate change to these species and reduces response diversity as a coping mechanism.
Getting Ahead through Our Own Efforts: Public Attitudes towards the Deservingness of the Rich in New Zealand
Authors: SKILLING PETER , McLAY JESSICA 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe high level of academic, public and policy attention paid to the deservingness of the poor and (especially) of welfare recipients contrasts with the scant attention paid to the deservingness – or otherwise – of the rich. This discrepancy reflects socially dominant – but contestable – ideas about equality of opportunity and the role of individual merit within market systems. In this journal, Karen Rowlingson, Stewart Connor and Michael Orton have noted that wealth and riches have remained invisible as policy ‘problems’. This invisibility is socially important, in that policy efforts to address current, socially damaging, levels of economic inequality require attention to the deservingness of the rich, as well as of the poor. This article draws on recent survey data from New Zealand to provide new insights into public attitudes to the rich. It finds that the New Zealand public view the rich as more individually deserving of their outcomes than the poor are deserving of social assistance, and that attitudes towards the rich are related to redistributive sentiments at least as strongly as attitudes towards the poor. In concluding, the article reflects on the limitations of existing data sources and makes suggestions for future research.