bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interference effects of three consecutive wall-mounted cubes placed in deep turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Lim Hee Chang , Ohba Masaaki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this study we undertook various calculations of the turbulent flow around a building in close proximity to neighbouring obstacles, with the aim of gaining an understanding of the velocity and the surface-pressure variations with respect to the azimuth angle of wind direction and the gap distance between the obstacles. This paper presents the effects of flow interference among consecutive cubes for azimuth angles of $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\theta = 0$, 15, 30, and $45^{\circ }$ and gap distances of $G = 0.5{h}, 1.0{h}, 1.5{h}$, and $\infty $ (i.e. a single cube), where $h$ is the cube height, placed in a turbulent boundary layer. A transient detached eddy simulation (DES) was carried out to calculate the highly complicated flow domain around the three wall-mounted cubes to observe the fluctuating pressure, which substantially contributes to the suction pressure when there is separation and reattachment around the leading and trailing edges of the cubes. In addition, the results indicate that an increasing azimuth angle increases the pressure variation on the centre cube of the three parallel-aligned cubes. The mean pressure variation can even change from negative to positive on the side face. Owing to interference effects, the mean pressure coefficient of the centre cube of the three parallel-aligned cubes was generally lower than the coefficient of the single cube and tended to increase depending on the gap distance. Furthermore, when the three consecutive cubes are in a tandem arrangement, the gap distance has little influence on the first cube but results in significant interference effects on the second and third cubes.
Flow structure on a simultaneously pitching and rotating wing
Authors: Bross M. , Rockwell D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA technique of particle image velocimetry is employed to characterize the three-dimensional flow structure on a wing subjected to simultaneous pitch-up and rotational motions. Distinctive vortical structures arise, relative to the well-known patterns on a wing undergoing either pure pitch-up or pure rotation. The features associated with these simultaneous motions include: stabilization of the large-scale vortex generated at the leading edge, which, for pure pitch-up motion, rapidly departs from the leading-edge region; preservation of the coherent vortex system involving both the tip vortex and the leading-edge vortex (LEV), which is severely degraded for pure rotational motion; and rapid relaxation of the flow structure upon termination of the pitch-up component, whereby the relaxed flow converges to a similar state irrespective of the pitch rate. Three-dimensional surfaces of iso-$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{Q}$and helicity are employed in conjunction with sectional representations of spanwise vorticity, velocity and vorticity flux to interpret the flow physics.
Wave turbulence in the two-layer ocean model
Authors: Harper Katie L. , Nazarenko Sergey V. , Medvedev Sergey B. , Connaughton Colm 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper looks at the two-layer ocean model from a wave-turbulence (WT) perspective. A symmetric form of the two-layer kinetic equation for Rossby waves is derived using canonical variables, allowing the turbulent cascade of energy between the barotropic and baroclinic modes to be studied. It is already well known that in two-layers, energy is transferred via triad interactions from the large-scale baroclinic modes to the baroclinic and barotropic modes at the Rossby deformation scale, where barotropization takes place, and from there to the large-scale barotropic modes via an inverse transfer. However, by applying WT theory, we find that energy is transferred via dominant$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\{+--\}$triads with one barotropic component and two baroclinic components, and that the direct transfer of energy is local and the inverse energy transfer is non-local. We study this non-locality using scale separation and obtain a system of coupled equations for the small-scale baroclinic component and the large-scale barotropic component. Since the total energy of the small-scale component is not conserved, but the total barotropic plus baroclinic energy is conserved, the baroclinic energy loss at small scales will be compensated by the growth of the barotropic energy at large scales. Using the frequency resonance condition, we show that in the presence of the beta-effect this transfer is mostly anisotropic and mostly to the zonal component.
Turbulence structure behind the shock in canonical shock–vortical turbulence interaction
Authors: Ryu Jaiyoung , Livescu Daniel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe interaction between vortical isotropic turbulence (IT) and a normal shock wave is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and linear interaction analysis (LIA). In previous studies, agreement between the simulation results and the LIA predictions has been limited and, thus, the significance of LIA has been underestimated. In this paper, we present high-resolution simulations which accurately solve all flow scales (including the shock-wave structure) and extensively cover the parameter space (the shock Mach number, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}M_s$, ranges from 1.1 to 2.2 and the Taylor Reynolds number, ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda }$, ranges from 10 to 45). The results show, for the first time, that the turbulence quantities from DNS converge to the LIA solutions as the turbulent Mach number, $M_t$, becomes small, even at low upstream Reynolds numbers. The classical LIA formulae are extended to compute the complete post-shock flow fields using an IT database. The solutions, consistent with the DNS results, show that the shock wave significantly changes the topology of the turbulent structures, with a symmetrization of the third invariant of the velocity gradient tensor and ($M_s$-mediated) of the probability density function (PDF) of the longitudinal velocity derivatives, and an $M_s$-dependent increase in the correlation between strain and rotation.
Citizenship, Super-inclusion and Consumer Credit Policy in Kuwait
Authors: BURTON DAWN 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper focuses on policies of credit inclusion in Kuwait as a way of unravelling the complex relationship between citizenship, social policy, and credit. Kuwaiti citizens enjoy the status of super-inclusion but expatriates suffer from exclusion. Super-inclusion for Kuwaiti citizens reaches beyond access to credit and includes its distribution, methods of dealing with default and the repayment of debt. In the post-Arab Spring period, the gap has widened between these two groups within the population as citizens attempt to secure a greater share of the country's financial resources in exchange for social peace.
Pilot randomized trial demonstrating reversal of obesity-related abnormalities in reward system responsivity to food cues with a behavioral intervention
Authors: Deckersbach T , Das S K , Urban L E , Salinardi T , Batra P , Rodman A M , Arulpragasam A R , Dougherty D D , Roberts S B 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Objectives:
Obesity is associated with hyperactivation of the reward system for high-calorie (HC) versus low-calorie (LC) food cues, which encourages unhealthy food selection and overeating. However, the extent to which this hyperactivation can be reversed is uncertain, and to date there has been no demonstration of changes by behavioral intervention.

Subjects and methods:
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure changes in activation of the striatum for food images at baseline and 6 months in a pilot study of 13 overweight or obese adults randomized to a control group or a novel weight-loss intervention.

Results:
Compared to controls, intervention participants achieved significant weight loss (−6.3±1.0 kg versus +2.1±1.1 kg, P<0.001) and had increased activation for LC food images with a composition consistent with that recommended in the behavioral intervention at 6 months versus baseline in the right ventral putamen (P=0.04), decreased activation for HC images of typically consumed foods in the left dorsal putamen (P=0.01). There was also a large significant shift in relative activation favoring LC versus HC foods in both regions (P<0.04).

Conclusions:
This study provides the first demonstration of a positive shift in activation of the reward system toward healthy versus unhealthy food cues in a behavioral intervention, suggesting new avenues to enhance behavioral treatments of obesity.
Arginine-directed glycation and decreased HDL plasma concentration and functionality
Authors: Godfrey L , Yamada-Fowler N , Smith J , Thornalley P J , Rabbani N 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background/Objectives:
Decreased plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a risk factor linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Decreased anti-atherogenic properties of HDL are also implicated in increased CVD risk. The cause is unknown but has been linked to impaired glucose tolerance. The aim of this study was to quantify the modification of HDL by methylglyoxal and related dicarbonyls in healthy people and patients with type 2 diabetes characterise structural, functional and physiological consequences of the modification and predict the importance in high CVD risk groups.

Subjects/Methods:
Major fractions of HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 were isolated from healthy human subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes and fractions modified by methylglyoxal and related dicarbonyl metabolites quantified. HDL2 and HDL3 were glycated by methylglyoxal to minimum extent in vitro and molecular, functional and physiological characteristics were determined. A one-compartment model of HDL plasma clearance was produced including formation and clearance of dicarbonyl-modified HDL.

Results:
HDL modified by methylglyoxal and related dicarbonyl metabolites accounted for 2.6% HDL and increased to 4.5% in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). HDL2 and HDL3 were modified by methylglyoxal to similar extents in vitro. Methylglyoxal modification induced re-structuring of the HDL particles, decreasing stability and plasma half-life in vivo. It occurred at sites of apolipoprotein A-1 in HDL linked to membrane fusion, intramolecular bonding and ligand binding. Kinetic modelling of methylglyoxal modification of HDL predicted a negative correlation of plasma HDL-C with methylglyoxal-modified HDL. This was validated clinically. It also predicted that dicarbonyl modification produces 2–6% decrease in total plasma HDL and 5–13% decrease in functional HDL clinically.

Conclusions:
These results suggest that methylglyoxal modification of HDL accelerates its degradation and impairs its functionality in vivo, likely contributing to increased risk of CVD—particularly in high CVD risk groups.
Expansion of stochastic expression repertoire by tandem duplication in mouse Protocadherin-α cluster
Authors: Kaneko Ryosuke , Abe Manabu , Hirabayashi Takahiro , Uchimura Arikuni , Sakimura Kenji , Yanagawa Yuchio , Yagi Takeshi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTandem duplications are concentrated within the Pcdh cluster throughout vertebrate evolution and as copy number variations (CNVs) in human populations, but the effects of tandem duplication in the Pcdh cluster remain elusive. To investigate the effects of tandem duplication in the Pcdh cluster, here we generated and analyzed a new line of the Pcdh cluster mutant mice. In the mutant allele, a 218-kb region containing the Pcdh-α2 to Pcdh-αc2 variable exons with their promoters was duplicated and the individual duplicated Pcdh isoforms can be disctinguished. The individual duplicated Pcdh-α isoforms showed diverse expression level with stochastic expression manner, even though those have an identical promoter sequence. Interestingly, the 5′-located duplicated Pcdh-αc2, which is constitutively expressed in the wild-type brain, shifted to stochastic expression accompanied by increased DNA methylation. These results demonstrate that tandem duplication in the Pcdh cluster expands the stochastic expression repertoire irrespective of sequence divergence.
The structure and UV spectroscopy of benzene-water (Bz-W6) clusters using time-dependent density functional theory
Authors: Sharma Divya , Paterson Martin J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
DFT and MP2 calculations are performed to obtain optimized ground state geometries and binding energies of the cage and the prism conformers of water W6 clusters and Bz-W6 clusters using the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The cage conformer of Bz-W6 system is found to be more stable than prism conformer for all range of DFT functionals and MP2. Time dependent-DFT is then used to study UV spectroscopy of Bz, water W6 clusters and Bz-W6 clusters at both the MP2 and wB97XD optimized ground state geometries using the B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X functionals with 6-31++G(d,p) and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. Our results predict minor differences in the UV spectroscopy of cage and prism conformers W6 and Bz-W6 clusters that may be observable with high-resolution spectroscopy. The M06-2X and CAM-B3LYP functionals perform consistently with each other. Benzene-mediated excitations of the water W6 cluster towards longer wavelengths above 170 nm are noticed in both the cage and prism geometries of Bz-W6 Benzene is found to be influenced after interacting with the cage and prism W6 geometries, and is seen to undergo a red shift in the main π-π* electronic transition, in which the degeneracy is slightly broken Charge transfer (CT) states and diffuse Rydberg-type states are also found to play an important role in the spectroscopy of such systems.
Ku‐band GaN HPA MMIC with high‐power and high‐PAE performances
Authors: Noh Youn Sub , Choi Yun Ho , Yom In‐Bok 
Published: September 2014

A Ku‐band high‐power and high‐power‐added efficiency (PAE) high‐power amplifier (HPA) monolithic microwave‐integrated circuit (MMIC) is demonstrated with a 0.25 μm gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor technology on a silicon carbide substrate. Measured continuous‐wave performances for the two‐stage HPA in‐fixture exhibit 17.5–18.3 W of output power (POUT) and 36.4–39.5% of PAE over the frequency range of 13.5–14.5 GHz. The fabricated two‐stage HPA MMIC with all matching networks is as small as 3.3 × 3.5 mm, generating an output power density of 1522 mW/mm2.
Error‐free 46 Gbit/s operation of oxide‐confined 980 nm VCSELs at 85°C
Authors: Moser P. , Lott J.A. , Wolf P. , Larisch G. , Li H. , Bimberg D. 
Published: September 2014

A new design of oxide‐confined 980 nm vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs) particularly well‐suited for very‐short‐reach (∼2 m and shorter) optical interconnects is presented. A new record for temperature‐stable high bit rate VCSELs is achieved. Error‐free data transmission at 46 Gbit/s is achieved up to a record‐high temperature of 85°C. The maximum bit rate and −3 dB bandwidth at room temperature are 50 Gbit/s and 24.7 GHz, respectively.
Low‐temperature cofired ceramic planar helical filter with single‐sided transmission zeros
Authors: Wu Yafen , Che Wenquan , Chin Kuo‐Sheng , Chang Kuang‐Ching , Feng Wenjie 
Published: September 2014

A planar low‐temperature cofired ceramic helical bandpass filter with a compact size is presented. The proposed filter is constructed from short‐circuited λg/4 helical resonators, while the size is reduced significantly by winding resonators vertically. Two single‐sided transmission zeros can be created by the proposed mixed electric and magnetic coupling structure. A prototype with size of 6.2 × 4 mm2 (0.049 × 0.032λg2) has been fabricated for demonstration. The measured fractional bandwidth is 5.9% at 0.845 GHz, and two transmission zeros are observed at 0.90 and 1.07 GHz.
Preparation and characterisation of a soy lecithin‐based self‐microemulsifying drug delivery system of resveratrol
Authors: Guoqing Liu , Huafeng Zhou , Jing Zhang , Zemin Yan , Mingxing Duan , Yingfang Long , Qiang Xia 
Published: September 2014

The aim of this reported work was to develop and characterise a soy lecithin‐based self‐microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of resveratrol to enhance its oral delivery. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography, the solubility of resveratrol in various materials was determined. The effects and the ratios of the oil, surfactant and co‐surfactant on forming an efficient and stable SMEDDS were investigated using pseudo‐tertiary phase diagrams. The oil content, soy lecithin content and drug loading were optimised. The optimal formulation was composed of greoil gtcc, Cremophor EL, 1,2‐propanediol, soy lecithin and resveratrol (16.1/46/23/6.9/8, %w/w). The final SMEDDS was characterised by particle size, zeta potential and by transmission electron microscopy. The dilution volume in various aqueous media had some effect on the particle size. An in‐vitro release test showed a complete release of resveratrol from the SMEDDS in approximately 180 min. The stability investigation results indicated that the formulation was stable for 12 weeks.
Techniques to aid the management of genetic diversity in genebanks including the role of molecular markers.
Authors: Haq N. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
There are number of methods applied to assess accessions in genebanks ranging from scoring morphological traits to biochemical and molecular analyses. In most cases, the methods are complementary to each other and they aim at different results. Characterization data including biochemical methods often show low levels of polymorphisms and are difficult to interpret. However, evaluation of data produced using molecular techniques is playing an increasingly important role in analysing specific genes, generating genetic maps and understanding genetic diversity, phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. Many reviewers have highlighted the advantages and limitations of basic molecular techniques. However, recent developments in marker techniques, in combination with advantageous characteristics of several basic techniques, provide a better sensitivity and resolution to detect genetic distinctiveness. These new-generation molecular markers use newer classes of DNA elements which detect genetic variation through increased genome coverage. This paper attempts to summarize the uses of molecular markers to aid the management of genetic diversity in genebanks. Traditional agro-morphological traits, the selection of core collections to enhance utilization and other complementarities are highlighted.
Omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance‐trained athletes
Authors: Żebrowska Aleksandra , Mizia‐Stec Katarzyna , Mizia Magda , Gąsior Zbigniew , Poprzęcki Stanisław 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3‐week n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) supplementation on serum nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethyloarginine (ADMA), ultrasound indices of endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake () of elite cyclists. The effects of dietary supplementation (n‐3 PUFA at a dose of 1.3 g twice daily for 3 weeks) and placebo administration on flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), pulse wave velocity, serum markers (NO, ADMA), lipid profile, and were analysed in 13 cyclists both before and after dietary protocols. Significant differences between pre‐ and post‐intervention baseline NO levels were observed after n‐3 PUFA dietary protocol (13.9 ± 4.2 vs. 23.5 ± 3.6 µmol·l−1; P < 0.001). Higher post‐intervention baseline NO level was observed after n‐3 PUFA diet compared with placebo (23.5 ± 3.6 vs. 15.3 ± 3.0 µmol·l −1; P < 0.01, respectively). The n‐3 PUFA increased baseline NO concentration (ΔNO) by 6.7 ± 3.8 µmol·l−1 and placebo by 1.6 ± 4.4 µmol·l−1. The positive correlation was observed between baseline post‐intervention NO concentration and maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.72; P < 0.01) and also between ΔNO and (r = 0.54; P < 0.05) in response to omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation. There was an association between a 5.25% higher FMD (P < 0.05) and higher (P < 0.001) after n‐3 PUFA diet compared with lower values of placebo (r = 0.68; P < 0.05). These findings suggest that an increase in NO release in response to n‐3 PUFA supplementation may play a central role in cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms and enhanced exercise performance in cyclists.
Global Catastrophes: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Life on Earth will come to an end. It is just a matter of when. Global Catastrophes: A Very Short Introduction focuses on the many potential catastrophes facing our planet and our species in the future, and looks at both the probability of these events happening and our chances of survival. Coverage extends from discussion of the likely consequences of current global warming to the inevitable destruction of the earth in the far future, when it is enveloped by our giant, bloated Sun. In between, other ‘end of the world scenarios’ will be examined, including the New Ice Age, asteroid and comet impact, supervolcanoes, and mega-tsunamis.
Modelling Reactions Catalysed by Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes
Authors: Kartal Önder , Ebenhöh Oliver 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCarbohydrate polymers are ubiquitous in biological systems and their roles are highly diverse, ranging from energy storage over mechanical stabilisation to mediating cell-cell or cell-protein interactions. The functional diversity is mirrored by a chemical diversity that results from the high flexibility of how different sugar monomers can be arranged into linear, branched or cyclic polymeric structures. Mathematical models describing biochemical processes on polymers are faced with various difficulties. First, polymer-active enzymes are often specific to some local configuration within the polymer but are indifferent to other features. That is they are potentially active on a large variety of different chemical compounds, meaning that polymers of different size and structure simultaneously compete for enzymes. Second, especially large polymers interact with each other and form water-insoluble phases that restrict or exclude the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes. This heterogeneity of the reaction system has to be taken into account by explicitly considering processes at the, often complex, surface of the polymer matrix. We review recent approaches to theoretically describe polymer biochemical systems. All attempts address a particular challenge, which we discuss in more detail. We emphasise a recent attempt which draws novel analogies between polymer biochemistry and statistical thermodynamics and illustrate how this parallel leads to novel insights about non-uniform polymer reactant mixtures. Finally, we discuss the future challenges of the young and growing field of theoretical polymer biochemistry.