bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Secondary School Football Coach's Relationship With the Athletic Trainer and Perspectives on Exertional Heat Stroke
Authors: Adams William M. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Casa Douglas J. , Huggins Robert A. , Burton Laura 
Published: June 2014

Context:
Prior researchers have examined the first-aid knowledge and decision making among high school coaches, but little is known about their perceived knowledge of exertional heat stroke (EHS) or their relationships with an athletic trainer (AT).

Objective:
To examine secondary school football coaches' perceived knowledge of EHS and their professional relationship with an AT.

Design:
Qualitative study.

Setting:
Web-based management system.

Patients or Other Participants:
Thirty-eight secondary school head football coaches (37 men, 1 woman) participated in this study. Their average age was 47 ± 10 years old, and they had 12 ± 9 years' experience as a head football coach.

Data Collection and Analysis:
Participants responded to a series of online questions that were focused on their perceived knowledge of EHS and professional relationships with ATs. Data credibility was established through multiple-analyst triangulation and peer review. We analyzed the data by borrowing from the principles of a general inductive approach.

Results:
Two dominant themes emerged from the data: perceived self-confidence of the secondary school coach and the influence of the AT. The first theme highlighted the perceived confidence, due to basic emergency care training, of the coach regarding management of an emergency situation, despite a lack of knowledge. The second theme illustrated the secondary school coach's positive professional relationships with ATs regarding patient care and emergency procedures. Of the coaches who participated, 89% (34 out of 38) indicated positive interactions with their ATs.

Conclusions:
These secondary school coaches were unaware of the potential causes of EHS or the symptoms associated with EHS, and they had higher perceived levels of self-confidence in management abilities than indicated by their perceived knowledge level. The secondary school football coaches valued and understood the role of the AT regarding patient and emergency care.
Reliability and Validity Evidence of Multiple Balance Assessments in Athletes With a Concussion
Authors: Murray Nicholas , Salvatore Anthony , Powell Douglas , Reed-Jones Rebecca 
Published: June 2014

Context:An estimated 300 000 sport-related concussion injuries occur in the United States annually. Approximately 30% of individuals with concussions experience balance disturbances. Common methods of balance assessment include the Clinical Test of Sensory Organization and Balance (CTSIB), the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and the Romberg test; however, the National Collegiate Athletic Association recommended the Wii Fit as an alternative measure of balance in athletes with a concussion. A central concern regarding the implementation of the Wii Fit is whether it is reliable and valid for measuring balance disturbance in athletes with concussion.Objective:To examine the reliability and validity evidence for the CTSIB, SOT, BESS, Romberg test, and Wii Fit for detecting balance disturbance in athletes with a concussion.Data Sources:Literature considered for review included publications with reliability and validity data for the assessments of balance (CTSIB, SOT, BESS, Romberg test, and Wii Fit) from PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL.Data Extraction:We identified 63 relevant articles for consideration in the review. Of the 63 articles, 28 were considered appropriate for inclusion and 35 were excluded.Data Synthesis:No current reliability or validity information supports the use of the CTSIB, SOT, Romberg test, or Wii Fit for balance assessment in athletes with a concussion. The BESS demonstrated moderate to high reliability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.87) and low to moderate validity (sensitivity = 34%, specificity = 87%). However, the Romberg test and Wii Fit have been shown to be reliable tools in the assessment of balance in Parkinson patients.Conclusions:The BESS can evaluate balance problems after a concussion. However, it lacks the ability to detect balance problems after the third day of recovery. Further investigation is needed to establish the use of the CTSIB, SOT, Romberg test, and Wii Fit for assessing balance in athletes with concussions.
Instinctive Clinical Teaching: Erasing the Mental Boundary Between Clinical Education and Patient Care to Promote Natural Learning
Authors: Yang Yih-Ming , Kim Christopher H. , Briones Michael A. , Hilinski Joseph A. , Greenwald Michael 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Effective clinical teaching is essential in physician education, yet faculty members rarely receive formal training in clinical teaching. Formal models for training clinical educators are often tedious and require significant time and effort. Instinctive clinical teaching allows clinicians to seamlessly integrate and promote effective teaching into their clinical practice. The approach is guided by similarities between the components of Kolb's experiential learning cycle—concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation—and the elements of the patient care process—history and physical, initial assessment, differential, hypothesis, final diagnosis, management, and follow-up. Externalization of these clinical thought processes allows for inclusion of learners and promotes effective clinical teaching.
Use of the Electronic Health Record to Track Continuity of Care in Neurological Surgery Residency
Authors: Litofsky N. Scott , Farooqui Ali , Tanaka Tomoko , Norregaard Thor 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Continuity of care in neurological surgery includes preoperative planning, technical and cognitive operative experience, and postoperative follow-up. Determining the extent of continuity of care with duty hour limits is problematic.

Objective
We used electronic health record data to track continuity of care in a neurological surgery program and to assess changes in rotation requirements.

Methods
The electronic health record was surveyed for all dictated resident–neurological surgery patient encounters (excluding progress notes), discharge summaries, and bedside procedures (July 2009–November 2011). Encounters were designated as preoperative, operative, or postoperative and were grouped by postgraduate year (PGY)–1 through PGY-6.

Results
A total of 6382 dictations were reviewed, with 5231 (82.0%) pertinent to neurological surgery. Of the 1469 operative notes, 303 (20.6%) had a record of an encounter with the operating resident in either a postoperative or preoperative setting. Preoperative encounters totaled 10.1% (148 of 1469); postoperative, 5.1% (75 of 1469); and encounters with both were 5.4% (80 of 1469). Continuity of care was as follows: PGY-1, 13.8% (4 of 29); PGY-2, 17.4% (26 of 149); PGY-3, 29.0% (36 of 124); PGY-4, 24.8% (73 of 294); PGY-5, 28.8% (109 of 379); and PGY-6, 11.1% (55 of 494). One of the highest continuity rates was observed in a rotation specifically constructed to enhance continuity of care.

Conclusions
The electronic health record can be used to track resident continuity of care in neurological surgery. The primary operating resident saw the patient in nonoperative settings, such as general admission, clinic visitation, or consultation in 20.6% (303 of 1469) of cases.
Benthic ecosystem functioning beneath fish farms in different hydrodynamic environments
Authors: Sweetman Andrew K. , Norling Karl , Gunderstad Carina , Haugland Barbro T. , Dale Trine 
Published: June 2014

To quantify how fish farming modifies short‐term benthic carbon cycling in fjord environments and the role of hydrodynamics in modifying effects on the benthos, we assessed benthic ecosystem structure and respiration and used isotope labeled algae as a tracer to quantify C flow over 48 h through macrofauna and bacteria in sediments collected from beneath fish farm sites in (1) high water‐flow areas, (2) low water‐flow areas, and (3) two appropriate control sites situated downstream from the farms. Bacterial biomass was significantly greater in sediments collected from the fish farm sites relative to the controls. This was also true for sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) rates averaged over each 48 h investigation, which were significantly correlated with total benthic (macrofauna and bacteria) biomass. Short‐term C‐uptake rates by macrofauna were elevated in both fish farm treatments compared with bacterial C uptake and were significantly higher in sediments from the low flow fish farm site relative to both controls. While SOC rates were significantly higher in experiments using sediments from the low flow fish farm site; faunal abundance, biomass uptake, C uptake, bacterial biomass, and metabolism in sediments from both fish farm treatments were not significantly different from one another. Fish farming can dramatically alter benthic ecosystem functioning, and significant effects can occur around fish farms irrespective of the water‐flow regime the farms are moored in.
Tracing carbon flow from microphytobenthos to major bacterial groups in an intertidal marine sediment by using an in situ 13C pulse‐chase method
Authors: Miyatake Tetsuro , Moerdijk-Poortvliet Tanja C. W. , Stal Lucas J. , Boschker Henricus T. S. 
Published: June 2014

Carbon flow from benthic diatoms to heterotrophic bacterial was traced in an intertidal sediment for 5 consecutive days. 13C‐labeled bicarbonate was sprayed onto the sediment surface during low tide and 13C‐label incorporation in major carbon pools, intermediate metabolites, and biomarkers were monitored. Phospholipid‐derived fatty acid (PLFA) and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) were used to identify the responsible members of the microbial community at class and family phylogenetic resolution. Diatoms were the predominant primary producers, and Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Deltaproteobacteria (21%, 8%, and 7% of 16S rRNA‐derived clone library) were major heterotrophic bacterial groups. Both 13C‐PLFA and 13C‐rRNA data suggest a fast transfer of label from diatoms (60 nmol 13C g−1 dry weight [dry wt]) to bacteria (7 nmol 13C g−1 dry wt) during the first 24 h, which was probably due to the exudation of low‐molecular‐weight organic compounds by diatoms that could be directly utilized by bacteria. After this initial fast transfer, labeling of bacteria proceeded at a slower rate to 13 nmol 13C g−1 dry wt on the third day of the experiment, which coincided with the degradation of carbohydrates in water‐extractable extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) initially produced by the diatoms. Water‐extractable EPS (primarily as glucose) was a major intermediate and its turnover explained 75% of the total carbohydrate processing in the sediment. Labeling in bacteria tracked labeling in the diatoms, suggesting a closely coupled system. The heterotrophic bacterial groups benefited equally from the organic matter released by the diatoms, suggesting limited specialization in this microbial food web.
Horizontal Mergers and Uncertainty
Authors: Le Pape Nicolas , Zhao Kai 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper analyses the profitability of horizontal mergers in a Stackelberg model and their impact on welfare when there is uncertainty about the marginal costs of the newly merged firms. The authors consider that the merging firms decide their production strategy knowing the actual value of the production cost, while outsiders are a priori uncertain about the exact amount of cost efficiency/inefficiency that will result from the merger. Nevertheless, the key element of the model is that the merged entity can signal its own cost to some rivals (outsiderfollowers) when it behaves as a leader; while all outsiders remain uninformed when it behaves as a follower. They show that when there is role redistribution, the merging firms always have incentives to merge, irrespective of cost uncertainty, while a merger without role redistribution is ex ante profitable if and only if uncertainty is sufficiently great. As regards the social desirability of mergers, it is found that a merger between leaders always enhances welfare if participants have incentives to merge, such that private and collective interests coincide. Nevertheless, a merger with role redistribution leads to conflict between private and collective interests.
UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY OF NATURAL RUBBER BIOSYNTHESIS. PART II: COMPOSITION AND GROWTH OF IN VITRO NATURAL RUBBER USING HIGH-RESOLUTION SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Chiang Cheng Ching K. , Barkakaty Balaka , Puskas Judit E. , Xie Wenshuang , Cornish Katrina , Peruch Federic , Deffieux Alain 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
The superior properties of natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene [NR]) are a function of its structure and composition, properties that still remain a mystery and that are irreplaceable by any synthetic rubber. NR from guayule (Parthenium argentatum) has been gaining special interest for its hypoallergenic properties while maintaining superior mechanical properties that are commonly associated with the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), the most common source of NR. Techniques exist to isolate washed rubber particles (WRPs) that contain enzymatically active rubber transferase, to study NR biosynthesis, and previous work on the in vitro NR growth in Hevea has demonstrated the presence of around 50 wt% of a low molecular weight ([MW], Mn &lt;10 000 g/mol) fraction. Structural and compositional analyses of this low MW fraction in Hevea are challenging due to the high protein content. We discuss the analysis and composition of guayule latex and WRPs using high-resolution Size Exclusion Chromatography. We also discuss the composition of the soluble fraction of inactive guayule latex using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry.
Deflected propagation of a coronal mass ejection from the corona to interplanetary space
Authors: Wang Yuming , Wang Boyi , Shen Chenglong , Shen Fang , Lugaz Noé 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAmong various factors affecting the space weather effects of a coronal mass ejection (CME), its propagation trajectory in the interplanetary space is an important one determining whether and when the CME will hit the Earth. Many direct observations have revealed that a CME may not propagate along a straight trajectory in the corona, but whether or not a CME also experiences a deflected propagation in the interplanetary space is a question, which has never been fully answered. Here by investigating the propagation process of an isolated CME from the corona to interplanetary space during 12–19 September 2008, we present solid evidence that the CME was deflected not only in the corona but also in the interplanetary space. The deflection angle in the interplanetary space is more than 20° toward the west, resulting a significant change in the probability the CME encounters the Earth. A further modeling and simulation‐based analysis suggests that the cause of the deflection in the interplanetary space is the interaction between the CME and the solar wind, which is different from that happening in the corona.
Centennial variations in sunspot number, open solar flux and streamer belt width: 3. Modeling
Authors: Lockwood M. , Owens M. J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFrom the variation of near‐Earth interplanetary conditions, reconstructed for the mid‐19th century to the present day using historic geomagnetic activity observations, Lockwood and Owens (2014) have suggested that Earth remains within a broadened streamer belt during solar cycles when the Open Solar Flux (OSF) is low. From this they propose that the Earth was immersed in almost constant slow solar wind during the Maunder minimum (c. 1650–1710). In this paper, we extend continuity modeling of the OSF to predict the streamer belt width using both group sunspot numbers and corrected international sunspot numbers to quantify the emergence rate of new OSF. The results support the idea that the solar wind at Earth was persistently slow during the Maunder minimum because the streamer belt was broad.
A comparative study of sea level reconstruction techniques using 20 years of satellite altimetry data
Authors: Strassburg M. W. , Hamlington B. D. , Leben R. R. , Kim K.‐Y. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSea level reconstructions extend spatially dense data sets, such as those from satellite altimetry, by decomposing the data set into basis functions and fitting those functions to in situ tide gauge measurements with a longer temporal record. We compare and evaluate two methods for reconstructing sea level through an idealized study. The compared sea level reconstruction methods differ in the technique for calculating basis functions, i.e., empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) versus cyclostationary EOFs (CSEOFs). Reconstructions are created using Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO) satellite altimetry data and synthetic tide gauges. Synthetic tide gauge records are simulated using historical distributions and real high‐frequency signal to test reconstruction skill. The CSEOF reconstructions show high skill in reproducing variations in global mean sea level (GMSL) and ocean climate indices, and are affected less by both limited tide gauge distribution and added high‐frequency tide gauge signal than EOF reconstructions. Typically, CSEOF reconstructions slightly underestimate sea level amplitudes while EOF reconstructions overestimate sea level amplitudes, in some cases, significantly. Both of these results are accentuated with decreasing quality of the synthetic tide gauge data set. Additionally, we investigate how the reconstructions differ when reconstructing with more of the variance retained in the basis functions. Increasing the variance explained by the basis functions from 70% to 90% reduces the efficacy of an EOF reconstruction to reproduce common ocean indices when noise is included in the tide gauge data sets. These results show that in the idealized comparative cases examined the CSEOF method of sea level reconstruction creates more robust reconstructions, especially when less than ideal tide gauge data are used.
Snow depth of the Weddell and Bellingshausen sea ice covers from IceBridge surveys in 2010 and 2011: An examination
Authors: Kwok R. , Maksym T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe examine the snow radar data from the Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas acquired by eight IceBridge (OIB) flightlines in October of 2010 and 2011. In snow depth retrieval, the sidelobes from the stronger scattering snow‐ice (s‐i) interfaces could be misidentified as returns from the weaker air‐snow (a‐s) interfaces. In this paper, we first introduce a retrieval procedure that accounts for the structure of the radar system impulse response followed by a survey of the snow depths in the Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas. Limitations and potential biases in our approach are discussed. Differences between snow depth estimates from a repeat survey of one Weddell Sea track separated by 12 days, without accounting for variability due to ice motion, is −0.7 ± 13.6 cm. Average snow depth is thicker in coastal northwestern Weddell and thins toward Cape Norvegia, a decrease of >30 cm. In the Bellingshausen, the thickest snow is found nearshore in both Octobers and is thickest next to the Abbot Ice Shelf. Snow depth is linearly related to freeboard when freeboards are low but diverge as the freeboard increases especially in the thicker/rougher ice of the western Weddell. We find correlations of 0.71–0.84 between snow depth and surface roughness suggesting preferential accumulation over deformed ice. Retrievals also seem to be related to radar backscatter through surface roughness. Snow depths reported here, generally higher than those from in situ records, suggest dissimilarities in sample populations. Implications of these differences on Antarctic sea ice thickness are discussed.
BLAST
Algorithm
Authors: Altschul Stephen F 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

BLAST is an acronym for ‘Basic Local Alignment Search Tool’. Members of the BLAST family of database search programs take as input a query
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
or protein sequence, and search a DNA or protein sequence database for similarities that may indicate homology. The programs implement variations of the BLAST algorithm, which is a heuristic method for rapidly finding local alignments with scores sufficiently high to be statistically significant. The BLAST algorithm first seeks near‐perfect matches to words within a query sequence, and then extends these matches to determine whether they are contained within longer, high‐scoring local alignments. BLAST approximates the rigorous Smith–Waterman local alignment algorithm; it permits a chance of missing weak sequence similarities in exchange for greatly increased speed.

Key Concepts:

Local sequence alignment is used for similarity searches of sequence databases.

The Smith–Waterman algorithm is a rigorous dynamic programming method for finding optimal local alignments.

BLAST is a fast, heuristic approximation to the Smith–Waterman algorithm.

An analytic theory describes the optimal scores of ungapped local alignments.

The statistical parameters for BLAST's gapped local alignments are precomputed by random simulation.

Very efficient algorithms exist for finding perfect or near‐perfect word matches.

BLAST finds weak local alignments if they contain near‐perfect word matches.

BLAST provides a trade‐off between speed and the probability of missing statistically significant alignments.

A variety of specialized BLAST programs are adapted to searching DNA or protein sequence databases with DNA or protein query sequences.

PSI‐BLAST increases the sensitivity of protein database searches by constructing a protein profile from the results of a regular BLAST search.
Long Noncoding
RNA
s and Cancer
Authors: Garzon Ramiro , Ranganathan Parvathi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), products of pervasive transcription of the human genome, have emerged as important epigenetic regulators of cancer development and progression. LncRNAs, with transcript size ranging from 200 bp to 100 Kb, perform a diverse array of biological roles including chromatin modification, pre‐ and post‐transcriptional regulation, control of cell division, cell‐cycle growth and proliferation and imprinting. They exhibit cell‐specific expression patterns as well as restricted subcellular distribution, and have shown to play a role in multiple cancers such as cancers of the breast, pancreas, liver, lung and colon. Owing to the role they play in cancer initiation and progression, they have emerged as a new class of prognostic indicators, markers of chemotherapy response and finally show promise as targeted therapy against cancer. This article explores the characteristics of lncRNAs, function and association with multiple cancers and highlights the recent progress made on these new molecules especially with respect to cancer.

Key Concepts:

Long noncoding RNAs are a new class of epigenetic regulatory molecules that are actively transcribed from the human genome.

Involved in multiple biological functions including imprinting, transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression, cell growth, proliferation and differentiation.

Dysregulation of lncRNA observed in multiple cancer types, involved in cancer progression and metastasis.

LncRNAs can serve as biomarkers, prognostic indicators and predictors of chemotherapy response.

Attractive targets for a new group of targeted therapy.