bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Net Zero, Human Rights, and ESG Risk Management
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S , Athwal Elena I 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The rapid transformations of natural resources law and policy in response to the ongoing transition to net zero energy sources have resulted in a significant integration and expansion of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards in natural resource investment and planning. Failure to comprehensively address direct and indirect ESG risks in a transactional context could result in significant financial, reputational, and litigation risks for natural resource sector operators and investors. Yet, the lack of regulatory clarity, inconsistent reporting, and capacity gaps on the nature, scope, and elements of ESG, have not fostered coherent and systemic integration of ESG norms in natural resources law and practice. After examining the current and emerging ESG risks associated with net zero energy transitions, this chapter unpacks the drivers and dimensions of ESG risks in a net zero era, the natural resources law and policy innovations, as well as corporate governance strategies required to address such risks.
Net Zero and Environmental Impact Assessments
Authors: Ahmad Nadia B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the need for standardized and more rigorous environmental impact assessment processes and baselines as a key requirement for accelerating a net zero energy future. The absence of a legal environmental baseline limits incentives for industry operators to adequately account for environmental inequalities in the environmental impact statement (EIS) process. The United States provides a government mechanism for the formation of environmental impact assessment reports. What is problematic in the EIS process is the lack of standardization in these regulations. While the implementation of a legal baseline may be more difficult to achieve, this chapter proposes a more robust analysis of the ‘no action’ alternative. This analysis would be in line with previous Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ) guidelines. This chapter explores how the separate baseline benchmark bars—social, environmental, and economic—are necessary for establishing and maintaining equilibrium both for trade and environmental protection.
Resource Efficiency and Net Zero Buildings
Authors: Paddock LeRoy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It is now widely recognized that net zero by 2050 transition cannot be achieved without major reductions in carbon emissions from the building and the related infrastructure development sector including both from building operations and from carbon embedded in construction materials. Collectively the construction and operation of buildings are one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Reductions need to occur quickly since buildings constructed today will likely still be in service well beyond 2070 and most existing buildings will remain in service in 2050. Transitioning to net zero buildings are also likely to have a significant impact on several areas of natural resources law including land use, construction and infrastructure development law, energy security, environment, zoning, procurement, and energy solidarity. This chapter focuses on the legal and policy challenges in pursuing net zero buildings strategies that can dramatically reduce the role of buildings in climate change.
How Net Zero Goals Impact Electricity Systems and Supply Security
Authors: Roggenkamp Martha M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The European Union (EU) aims at being climate neutral by 2050. In order to meet this goal the EU and its Member States need to increase considerably the use of renewable energy sources. This chapter addresses the legal challenges posed by such rapid increase of renewable energy sources to the current unbundled transmission and distribution system in the EU. It examines the legal instruments on EU level governing system balancing, congestion management, grid investments, and alternative grid solutions enabling renewable electricity to reach end-consumers. The aim is to ensure that the energy system is reliable and able to guarantee end-consumers’ supply security. Providing end-consumers with a guaranteed, carbon-free, and uninterrupted supply of electricity is also a matter of energy justice. Although this chapter focuses on EU law, similar legal challenges exist in other liberalized jurisdictions with net zero goals.
Power Politics
Authors: Zillman Donald , Moffa Anthony 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores various legal implications of US domestic and foreign policy for the net zero transition and how the increasingly polarized politics of climate change—in the United States and globally—limit domestic, regional, and global solidarity for the clean energy transition. To the maximum extent possible, governments must facilitate solidarity across ideological lines in the push to achieve a net zero world. The path to net zero in the United States depends in large part on domestic politics and who holds governmental power. Consequently, effective legal practice—counselling green businesses, securing tax credits, etc—requires an appreciation of the political system and the current state of partisan politics. This chapter sets out the political landscape in detail, with a particular focus on the impact of such power politics on climate policy and the net zero transition in the United States and beyond. It then offers some concrete areas of legal practice and lessons on the opportunities, challenges, and ways forward in balancing net zero with broader domestic and foreign policy objectives, especially those relating to sustainability, energy security, and energy justice.
Towards Net Zero
Authors: Godden Lee 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the potential for climate legislation and a nexus of regulation and normative practices to drive decarbonization across the many sectors that are needed to progressively meet Australia’s net zero emission targets. Australia has recently elected a national government which has committed to stronger targets for reaching net zero by 2050. That government faces specific challenges in meeting that commitment following the dismantling of much of Australia’s statutory regime for decarbonization in 2014. At a subnational government level there has been significant activity in moving to renewable energy generation. Several state governments enacted climate change legislation, setting mitigation targets and developing clear adaptation pathways, yet other states remain major coal-dependent, and more significantly, liquified natural gas exporters, principally into Asia. The national electricity market rules remain in need of revision to fully harmonize and realize the trend towards decarbonization. This chapter explores the potential for climate litigation to propel faster and systemic change across various sectors, particularly in relation to Australia’s continuing high levels of fossil fuel exports.
Conclusion
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S , González José Juan , Mostert Hanri , Montoya Milton Fernando , Banet Catherine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Given the wide-ranging impacts of net zero targets and policies on different natural resource sectors and actors, regulatory coherence and coordinated responses are required. However, as shown in the case studies in this book, sectoral and piecemeal efforts, isolationism, and competitive geopolitics on net zero transition remain prevalent in several regions and countries. This chapter discusses the drivers of the slow and fragmented response to the wide range of sovereignty, security, and solidarity challenges of net zero transition. It unpacks the guiding principles of nexus and integrated governance required to promote coherence in the global drive for clean energy transition. Net zero aligned and rights-based contracts, legislation, and policies are required to integrate clean energy transition requirements into the legal framework for the entire natural resource value chain, ranging from project due diligence, licensing and approval, to operations, decommissioning, and end-of-lifetime closure in a manner that leaves no one behind.
Detection of anxiety symptoms and disorders in older adults: a diagnostic accuracy systematic review
Authors: Atchison Kayla , Wu Pauline , Samii Leyla , Walsh Michael , Ismail Zahinoor , Iaboni Andrea , Goodarzi Zahra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Anxiety symptoms and disorders are common in older adults and often go undetected. A systematic review was completed to identify tools that can be used to detect anxiety symptoms and disorders in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods
MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO were searched using the search concepts anxiety, older adults and diagnostic accuracy in March 2023. Included articles assessed anxiety in community-dwelling older adults using an index anxiety tool and a gold standard form of anxiety assessment and reported resulting diagnostic accuracy outcomes. Estimates of pooled diagnostic accuracy outcomes were completed.

Results
Twenty-three anxiety tools were identified from the 32 included articles. Pooled diagnostic accuracy outcomes were estimated for the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI)-20 [n = 3, sensitivity = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.70–0.97, specificity = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67–0.89] to detect generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and for the GAI-20 (n = 3, cut off ≥ 9, sensitivity = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.62–0.83, specificity = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.74–1.00), Beck Anxiety Inventory (n = 3, sensitivity = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.58–0.79, specificity = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.51–0.68) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A) (n = 3, sensitivity = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.60–0.89, specificity = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60–0.87) to detect anxiety disorders in clinical samples.

Conclusion
The GAI-20 was the most studied tool and had adequate sensitivity while maintaining acceptable specificity when identifying GAD and anxiety disorders. The GAI-20, GAI-Short Form and HADS-A tools are supported for use in detecting anxiety in community-dwelling older adults. Brief, self-rated and easy-to-use tools may be the best options for anxiety detection in community-dwelling older adults given resource limitations. Clinicians may consider factors including patient comorbidities and anxiety prevalence when selecting a tool and cut off.
Characterizing reward and relief/habit drinking profiles in a study of naltrexone, varenicline, and placebo
Authors: Kady Annabel , Grodin Erica N , Ray Lara A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Introduction
This study aims to clarify differences in mood, craving, and treatment response between reward and relief/habit individuals in a study of naltrexone, varenicline, and placebo. We hypothesized that relief/habit individuals would have a poorer mood during early abstinence and higher levels of alcohol craving than reward individuals. We hypothesized that reward individuals would demonstrate better drinking outcomes on naltrexone versus placebo.

Methods
Data were culled from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trial of 53 individuals (18F/16M) with alcohol use disorder randomized to varenicline (n = 19), naltrexone (n = 15), or matched placebo (n = 19). In this 6-day practice quit trial, participants attempted to abstain from drinking and completed daily diaries. Participants were classified into reward or relief/habit subgroups based on self-reported motivation for drinking. Multilinear models tested differences in mood and alcohol craving between reward and relief/habit individuals. General linear models tested differences between reward and relief/habit individuals’ drinking outcomes on each medication versus placebo.

Results
Relief/habit individuals showed decreases in positive mood and increases in negative mood over the quit attempt across medications, compared to reward individuals (P’s &lt; .05). Reward individuals’ tension decreased on naltrexone, while relief/habit individuals’ tension remained stable (F = 3.64, P = .03). Reward individuals in the placebo group had higher percent days abstinent than relief individuals in the placebo group (P &lt; .001).

Discussion
This study suggests relief/habit individuals’ mood worsens during early abstinence. Our finding that reward individuals’ tension decreased on naltrexone and increased on placebo may suggest a clinical response to the medication.
Effects of Optimal Temperature Control in Body Contouring Surgery: A Nonrandomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Hoyos Alfredo E , Perez Pachon Mauricio E , Benavides Jorge E , Eljaiek Anet , Borras Osorio Mariana , Ramirez Brian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Perioperative hypothermia in plastic surgery has underestimated risks, including increased risk of infection, cardiac events, blood loss, prolonged recovery time, and increased nausea, pain, and opioid usage. Inadequate preventive measures can result in up to 4 hours of normothermia restoration.

Objectives
The aim was to compare the impact of different strategies for normothermia during plastic surgery procedures and their relationship with clinical outcomes.

Methods
A nonrandomized clinical trial was conducted in a single center in Bogota, Colombia. We enrolled adult patients undergoing body contouring surgery and divided them into 4 intervention groups with different measures to control body temperature. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed, comparing several clinical symptoms to evaluate outcomes.

Results
A total of 197 patients were analyzed. Most of them were females (84.3%). Mean age was 38.6 years, and the median procedure duration was 260 minutes. Demographic and clinical characteristics did not exhibit significant differences between the groups. There were notable variations in temperature measurements at crucial moments during the surgical procedure among the groups, attributed to the implementation of distinct thermal protective strategies. Group comparisons showed a relationship between hypothermia and increased nausea, vomiting, shivering, pain, and additional analgesia requirements.

Conclusions
Incorporation of active thermal protective measures, such as Blanketrol or HotDog, during body contouring procedures, markedly diminishes the risk of hypothermia and enhances overall clinical outcomes. Implementing these active measures to maintain the patient in a state of normothermia not only improves operating room efficiency but also leads to a reduction in recovery room duration.

Level of Evidence: 3
Revisiting the biogeographical regionalization of the Pacific Lowlands biogeographical province using bird distributional data
Authors: Morrone Juan J , García-Trejo Erick A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The individual tracks of 47 bird species endemic to the Pacific Lowlands biogeographical province, which belongs to the Mesoamerican dominion of the Neotropical region, were used to revise its biogeographical regionalization. As a result, the six biogeographical districts previously recognized are classified in two subprovinces: the Coastal Lowlands of Nayarit-Sinaloa subprovince, stat. nov., which includes the Sinaloan, Tres Marías Islands, Revillagigedo Islands, and Guerreran districts; and the Coastal Lowlands of Southwestern Mexico subprovince, stat. nov., which includes the Tehuanan and Tapachultecan districts. Bird species supporting the biogeographical subprovinces and districts recognized are listed. The recognition of the subprovinces encompassing the districts represents an improvement of this biogeographical regionalization.
Becoming an Ex-Extremist: Stopping the Hate and Embracing a New Identity
Authors: DeMichele Matthew , Simi Pete , Blee Kathleen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Domestic radicalization to violent extremism has evolved into the most urgent terrorism threat facing the West. We contribute to research on extremism and role exit processes by demonstrating how identity transformations are linked to the pursuit and avoidance of possible future selves motivated by negative emotional states of shame, embarrassment and guilt. The data are drawn from in-depth life history interviews with 47 former members of US domestic violent extremist groups. The interviewees, who had detailed accounts of childhood maltreatment, abuse and neglect, were vulnerable and looking for belonging, acceptance and significance in their lives. The interviews revealed that the extremist role identity conflicted with other emerging aspects of their selves (e.g. parent, spouse) that created an interaction between negative emotional states (i.e. shame, guilt and embarrassment) and doubts about their group involvement. The internal conflicts and emotional awareness opened individuals to embrace non-extremist versions of themselves. These processes diverted their extremist trajectory by creating doubts, engaging in anticipatory socialization and avoiding a feared possible self.
Realities on Participation of Scheduled Caste in India: The Benefits of Social Inclusion in Higher Education through Social Work Interventions
Authors: Das Gadha M , Lalitha S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Education plays a crucial role in empowering individuals and building a society that is driven by knowledge. In India, higher education focuses on instilling values, attitudes and skills in students for their personal growth and the betterment of society. The core principles of higher education in India revolve around social justice, equality, democratic participation and equity. However, despite the constitutional promise of equality and social justice, the Indian social structure still adheres to the Caste system. This leads to social exclusion and creates a significant gap in access to quality education for marginalised groups, particularly the Scheduled Castes (SCs). This article examines the participation trends of SC students in higher education, highlighting the challenges within the education system and policies. It emphasises the need for inclusive education to empower SC students and uphold the principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Moreover underscores the value of social work intervention in encouraging the active involvement of SCs in higher education.
Seed quality and germination performance increase with cross-pollination in members of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Bazzicalupo Miriam , Masullo Ilaria , Duffy Karl J , Fay Michael F , Calevo Jacopo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Over half of angiosperms have self-incompatibility systems to avoid self-pollination and inbreeding depression. Many members of Orchidaceae are self-compatible, but they may be prone to negative consequences of self-pollination. We investigated the effects of both within-flower (autogamy) and within-plant (geitonogamy) self-pollination, and cross-pollination on fruit set, seed quality, and germination rates in 11 related orchid taxa of subtribe Orchidinae. We hand-pollinated flowers and measured fruit set to estimate pre- and postzygotic barriers. We collected morphometric data on embryos and seeds and calculated the percentage of seeds with embryos and seed viability. We then calculated inbreeding depression values for each treatment for each taxon. Ten taxa produced fruits when self-pollinated, but germination rates and seed size increased with cross-pollination. Higher seed viability was correlated with larger embryos/seeds. However, geitonogamous pollination generally resulted in the lowest seed quality compared with autogamy and cross-pollination, with high values of inbreeding depression being detected. Only seven of the 11 taxa (Anacamptis papilionacea, Himantoglossum adriaticum, Ophrys apifera, Ophrys bertolonii, Orchis patens subsp. brevicornis, Orchis provincialis, and Serapias vomeracea) were confirmed as self-compatible. These results show that cross-pollination improves overall seed quality, and that the assessment of self-compatibility in orchids should be based on postfruiting stages.
Elevated cutaneous expression of stem cell factor in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Mostmans Yora , De Smedt Katleen , Feoli Francesco , Waelput Wim , De Maertelaer Viviane , Olemans Cathérine , Meiers Isabelle , Cielen Thierry , Corazza Francis , Michel Olivier , Richert Bertrand 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Tissue expression of endothelial cell markers of microcirculatory changes in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is poorly understood.

Objectives
To explore the expression of specific endothelial cell markers [stem cell factor (SCF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and membrane attack complex (MAC)] in lesional and nonlesional CSU skin through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in serum.

Methods
Lesional and nonlesional skin biopsies from patients with CSU (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 9) were studied by IHC for expression of SCF, VEGF and MAC. In this population, we also investigated blood levels of VEGF and SCF. Patients were also assessed for clinical characteristics, disease activity and markers of autoimmune CSU. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03443362).

Results
Epidermal SCF reactivity was significantly higher in CSU lesional skin than in healthy skin (P = 0.026). In the dermis, SCF immunoreactivity was seen particularly in endothelial, perivascular and epithelial cells. In CSU lesional skin, the mean perivascular SCF staining was significantly more intense than in healthy controls (P &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, CSU nonlesional skin also showed significantly higher SCF staining in dermal perivascular cells than in healthy controls (P &lt; 0.001). Patients with CSU had the highest SCF immunoreactivity scores in the epidermis and/or on dermal endothelial cells. These patients did not have significantly higher SCF serum levels.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first study to show elevated cutaneous expression of SCF in CSU. These findings underline the potential therapeutic possibilities of anti-Kit antibodies in CSU treatment.
Et3N-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation reaction of β-oxo-acrylamides with diethyl 2-oxomalonates: facile access to oxazolidin-4-one derivatives
Authors: Wu Lingang , Guan Baochuan , Wang Zhaoxue , Xie Lei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A new and effective method for the [3 + 2] annulation of β-oxo-acrylamides with diethyl 2-oxomalonate, catalyzed by NEt3, has been developed to be carried out under mild reaction conditions. This approach offers a direct route to synthesize oxazolidin-4-one derivatives with yields ranging from 58% to 76%. The process is notable for being highly atom-efficient and operationally simple.
Rapid Wane and Recovery of XBB Sublineage Neutralization After Sequential Omicron-based Vaccination in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Johnston Trevor S , Hage Camille , Abedon Aura T , Panda Snigdha , Alejo Jennifer L , Eby Yolanda , Segev Dorry L , Tobian Aaron A R , Cox Andrea L , Werbel William A , Karaba Andrew H 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Durability of variant neutralization in solid organ transplant recipients following Omicron-containing boosters is unknown. We report wane in XBB.1.5 neutralization by 3 months following a first bivalent booster, improved by a second booster; hybrid immunity improved peak, and duration of neutralization. Boosting at 3 to 6 months appears necessary to maintain neutralization.