bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Une nouvelle classification des exploitations agricoles françaises
Authors: Lenco Michel 
Published: January 2014

A New Classification for French Farms.
After acknowledging the increasing need for a classification of different farm types according to systems of production and taking into consideration technological and socio-economic structures, the author mentions the criteria and methods used in previous classificatory experiences and comments on their short-comings. He then discusses the kind of data necessary for a more objective and more scientific classification and explains the techniques used to analyze statistical information obtained on a sample of 6 000 farms. One of the tables accompanying this article gives the results of this classification, based on types of labor (part-time, full-time; family, hired) and principal forms of animal and/or plant production (cereals, green vegetables, dairy cattle, fowl, etc.). Several maps indicate the geographical distribution of another sample of 20 000 farms classified according to the 15 systems of production distinguished by the author.
L'endettement du paysan et le crédit rural en Thailande
Authors: Lelart Michel 
Published: January 2014

Peasant Indebtedness and Rural Credit in Thailand.
In all the developing countries where most of the population is rural, the peasants are much indebted and their indebtedness is growing. It is often difficult to know and explain this situation. The author has used an exceptional documentation in order to study this problem in Thailand. He has calculated the peasant indebtedness by the number of the families in debt and the average debt of each one. This situation is explained by the difference between the resources and the needs of the peasants, but the less poor families borrow as much as the most unprovided. The peasants have not many possibilities to borrow: co-operatives are still embryonary; banks prefer the most efficient sectors; Government has not really faced this problem. Usury may be growing and ruin the weak stability of the thai agriculture, slowly but surely.
Un exemple d'intervention de l'État : le financement public de l'agriculture
Authors: Cloarec Jacques 
Published: January 2014

Public Financing in Agriculture as an Example of State Intervention.

The analysis, over a twelve-year period (1962-1974), of the main kinds of public financing in the French agriculture, leads to the reconstitution of an agricultural policy. Does this policy correspond to the one proposed by the official rules and statements since the adoption of the Bill of orientation, in 1960?
As a matter of fact, it occurs that the agricultural policy revealed by the analysis had the purpose, if not the effect, to go along with a selective process of concentration in agriculture. The Unions, implied in the management of credits, subventions and indemnities by concertation, are bound to deal with a contradiction: they have to take upon themselves the defense of all farmers while they take part in the application of measures which result in the elimination of a number of them.
Araden ou le « Jardin du paradis ». La terre et les hommes dans un village chaldéen du nord de l'Irak
Authors: Ishow Habib 
Published: January 2014

Araden, or "The Paradise Garden". Land and People in a Chaldean Village, North of Iraq.

The inhabitants of Araden are Christian; they are part of the Assyro-Chaldean people. They speak their language and share their cultural values.
The population consists of three groups of families whose social structures are cemented by solidarity. Araden may be said a rural democracy as long as important decisions are collectively taken by all the men of the village. The needs of the population are covered by a polyculture in which collective work takes a large place. With the help of the government, Araden could produces surpluses which would be useful to the country. But it was destroyed during the civil war which opposed Kurde people to Bagdad's government (1961-1975). In spite of the difficult conditions, part of the population which had fled away returned to the village.
Une perspective infinie. La mer, le rivage et la terre à La Hague (Presqu'île du Cotentin)
Authors: Zonabend Françoise 
Published: January 2014

An Infinite Perspective. Sea, Coast, and Land at La Hague

A peninsula is a hybrid territory, neither completely at sea nor completely joined with the land. This paper analyses the relationship between these two elements — land and sea — at the Hague, a region located in the extreme North- Western part of Cotentin, in Southern Normandy (France). At first glance, the lower, inhabited and cultivated part of the peninsula, that associated with the land, contrasts with the deserted and apparently little or badly exploited coastal area, the latter being prolonged by an extremely dangerous sea in which large-scale fishing has been unable to develop. However, this domination of the land-linked side is but an apparent one. The wild coast is highly important both for sociability and gardening. As for the sea, it appears in legends to be composed of different more or less well known territories each of which constitutes a distinct universe open to the imagination.
These ways of «living» and «thinking» the coast and the sea have fashioned the representations and mental attitudes of the people of the Hague whose singularity within the Normandy region has always been remarked upon.
L'eau du glacier vallée du Loetschental
Authors: Macherel Claude 
Published: January 2014

S 'efforçant de faire droit à la valeur de vérité du mythe d'origine d'un glacier alpin, ce texte dévoile les ressorts d'une explication symbolique de l'expansion des glaces — phénomène que sa périodicité erratique rend étrange en même temps qu'il inquiète, par son amplitude de temps à autre démesurée, des paysanneries dont la vie cependant dépend de l'eau des glaciers.
Des premiers versets d'une cosmogonie, celle de la Genèse, que la construction sonore du temps hebdomadaire traduit localement en mode de vie chaque jour que Dieu fait, à la sombre vision d'une apocalypse glaciaire qui clôt le texte, en passant par la gestion cyclique des systèmes artificiels d'irrigation du Valais (délibérément agencés pour signifier en pratique la continuité des processus vitaux et la solidarité des agents qui les entretiennent, sur la terre comme au ciel), l'analyse éclaire quelques pans d'une physique sociologique indigène dont la cohérence, la rigueur et donc aussi la force explicative n'ont rien à envier à cette branche d'une physique naturaliste et exogène qu'est la glaciologie contemporaine.
L'avenir d'une illusion. Histoire de la production et des politiques vivrières en Côte-d'Ivoire.
Authors: Chauveau Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2014

The Future of an Illusion: the History of Food Crop Production and Policies in the
Ivory Coast.

The history of food crops in the Ivory Coast during the colonial period reveals large-scale transformations with a quantitative increase that are usually overlooked. The history of economic policies also shows the precocity and permanency of concern with the food problem as well as the repetititveness of applied measures and, in general, of their failure.
Dominant discourse about the "native" (now called "informal") sector formed a "paradigm" perpetuated as a system of ideological and symbolic concepts. This paradigm, which does not take into account the efficiency and complexity of the system of production, is based upon an evolutionary model that historical reconstruction has invalidated. This nonanalysis of the food-producing sector in processes of global transformation makes it possible for State agencies to act without worrying about meeting up with "reality".
Comparison of time-dependent changes in the surface hardness of different composite resins
Authors: Ozcan Suat , Yikilgan Ihsan , Uctasli Mine Betul , Bala Oya , Bek Kurklu Zeliha Gonca 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in surface hardness of silorane-based composite resin (Filtek Silorane) in time and compare the results with the surface hardness of two methacrylate-based resins (Filtek Supreme and Majesty Posterior). Materials and Methods: From each composite material, 18 wheel-shaped samples (5-mm diameter and 2-mm depth) were prepared. Top and bottom surface hardness of these samples was measured using a Vicker′s hardness tester. The samples were then stored at 37°C and 100% humidity. After 24 h and 7, 30 and 90 days, the top and bottom surface hardness of the samples was measured. In each measurement, the rate between the hardness of the top and bottom surfaces were recorded as the hardness rate. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance, multiple comparisons by Tukey′s test and binary comparisons by t-test with a significance level of P = 0.05. Results: The highest hardness values were obtained from each two surfaces of Majesty Posterior and the lowest from Filtek Silorane. Both the top and bottom surface hardness of the methacrylate based composite resins was high and there was a statistically significant difference between the top and bottom hardness values of only the silorane-based composite, Filtek Silorane (p < 0.05). The lowest was obtained with Filtek Silorane. The hardness values of all test groups increased after 24 h (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Although silorane-based composite resin Filtek Silorane showed adequate hardness ratio, the use of incremental technic during application is more important than methacrylate based composites.
Comparison of Bolton analysis and tooth size measurements obtained using conventional and three-dimensional orthodontic models
Authors: Nalcaci Ruhi , Topcuoglu Tolga , Ozturk Firat 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy, reproducibility, efficacy and effectiveness of measurements obtained using digital models with those obtained using plaster models. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 digital models were produced by the Ortho Three-dimensional Models (O3DM) Laboratory and their software (O3DM version 2) was used to obtain measurements. Identical plaster models were used to obtain measurements of teeth with a vernier caliper. The maximum mesiodistal width of each study model, from first molar to first molar, was measured. All measurements were repeated at least 1 month later by the same operator for both digital and manual methods. The data were analyzed using Cronbach α, Wilcoxon signed rank test and the McNemar test. Results: Cronbach α value of the data at T1 and T2 for 6 anterior and 12 overall teeth measured using the two methods was very close to the ideal value of 1, indicating high intra-observer reliability. The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed statistically significant differences between the two methods (p = 0.000, P < 0.001). The measurements obtained using the digital models were lower than those obtained using the plaster models. No statistically significant differences were found between the two methods for anterior Bolton discrepancies (p = 0.375) or overall Bolton discrepancies (p = 0.00). Paired comparisons of repeated measurements for Bolton ratios showed no statistically significant differences for anterior or overall Bolton discrepancies (p = 0.688 and P = 0.375, respectively). Conclusions: Use of O3DM software is an acceptable alternative to the traditional vernier caliper method in orthodontic practice.
Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study
Authors: Thosar Nilima , Basak Silpi , Bahadure Rakesh N. , Rajurkar Monali 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Objectives: This study was aimed to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of five essential oils against oral pathogens and to find out the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of five essential oils against oral pathogens. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activities by detecting MIC and MBC/MFC of five essential oils such as tea tree oil, lavender oil, thyme oil, peppermint oil and eugenol oil were evaluated against four common oral pathogens by broth dilution method. The strains used for the study were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Results: Out of five essential oils, eugenol oil, peppermint oil, tea tree oil exhibited significant inhibitory effect with mean MIC of 0.62 ± 0.45, 9.00 ± 15.34, 17.12 ± 31.25 subsequently. Mean MBC/MFC for tea tree oil was 17.12 ± 31.25, for lavender oil 151.00 ± 241.82, for thyme oil 22.00 ± 12.00, for peppermint oil 9.75 ± 14.88 and for eugenol oil 0.62 ± 0.45. E. fecalis exhibited low degree of sensitivity compared with all essential oils. Conclusion: Peppermint, tea tree and thyme oil can act as an effective intracanal antiseptic solution against oral pathogens.
Satellite‐based hybrid drought monitoring tool for prediction of vegetation condition in Eastern Africa: A case study for Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Tsegaye , Demisse Getachew Berhan , Zaitchik Ben , Dinku Tufa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn experimental drought monitoring tool has been developed that predicts the vegetation condition (Vegetation Outlook) using a regression‐tree technique at a monthly time step during the growing season in Eastern Africa. This prediction tool (VegOut‐Ethiopia) is demonstrated for Ethiopia as a case study. VegOut‐Ethiopia predicts the standardized values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at multiple time steps (weeks to months into the future) based on analysis of “historical patterns” of satellite, climate, and oceanic data over historical records. The model underlying VegOut‐Ethiopia capitalizes on historical climate‐vegetation interactions and ocean‐climate teleconnections (such as El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) expressed over the 24 year data record and also considers several environmental characteristics (e.g., land cover and elevation) that influence vegetation's response to weather conditions to produce 8 km maps that depict future general vegetation conditions. VegOut‐Ethiopia could provide vegetation monitoring capabilities at local, national, and regional levels that can complement more traditional remote sensing‐based approaches that monitor “current” vegetation conditions. The preliminary results of this case study showed that the models were able to predict the vegetation stress (both spatial extent and severity) in drought years 1–3 months ahead during the growing season in Ethiopia. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and satellite‐observed vegetation condition range from 0.50 to 0.90. Based on the lessons learned from past research activities and emerging experimental forecast models, future studies are recommended that could help Eastern Africa in advancing knowledge of climate, remote sensing, hydrology, and water resources.
The epidemiology of life‐threatening work‐related injury—A demonstration paper
Authors: Cryer Colin , Samaranayaka Ari , Langley John D. , Davie Gabrielle 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundWorkers' compensation (WC) data traditionally provides information to stakeholders on work‐related disabling injuries. It is important to complement this with information on serious threat to life (TTL) injury, which is the focus of this paper.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional descriptive epidemiological study, based on New Zealand's WC data linked to hospital discharge data, TTL was measured using the ICD10‐based Injury Severity Score (ICISS); ICISS ≤ 0.941 was used to define serious TTL injury.ResultsDuring 2002–2004, there was an average of 368 serious TTL work‐related injury cases annually. The distribution of these injuries was very different from those traditionally found using WC data to describe disabling injury. For example, for serious TTL injury the main injury types included traumatic brain injury, whereas for disabling injury it was sprains and dislocations.ConclusionsThe method presented provides the opportunity for government agencies to produce a national description of the epidemiology of serious TTL work‐related injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:425–437, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of novel phosphorous‐silicone‐nitrogen flame retardant and evaluation of its flame retardancy for epoxy thermosets
Authors: Li Zhi‐Sheng , Liu Jin‐Gang , Song Tao , Shen Deng‐Xiong , Yang Shi‐Yong 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA novel phosphorous‐silicone‐nitrogen ternary flame retardant (FR), [(1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐disilazanediyl)di‐2,1‐ethanediyl]bis(diphenylphosphine oxide) (PSiN) was synthesized with high yield via a one‐step procedure by the reaction of diphenylphosphine oxide and vinyl‐terminated silazane with triethylborane as the catalyst. The chemical structure of the target compound was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonances, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and Flourier transform infrared measurements. The developed PSiN FR was applied in the flame retardancy of o‐cresol novolac epoxy (CNE)/phenolic novolac (PN) hardener system. Effects of PSiN on the processability, thermal properties, especially the flame retardancy properties of the composites were investigated. Experimental results revealed that addition of PSiN improved the flowability of the CNE/PN systems, while the thermal stability of the epoxy thermosets was maintained. Meanwhile, the incorporation of PSiN was in favor of the formation of char during the thermal degradation process of the epoxy thermosets. The limited oxygen index of the epoxy system increased along with the PSiN content. An UL 94 V‐0 FR rating was achieved when the weight content of PSiN in the epoxy composites reached 20 wt %. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40412.
Effect of the preparation conditions on the morphology and performance of poly(imide) hollow fiber membranes
Authors: Alsalhy Qusay F. , Salih Haydar A. , Melkon Remonda H. , Mahdi Yusra M. , Abdul Karim Noora A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(imide) (PI) hollow fiber membranes were prepared by using classical phase inversion process. Effects of different external coagulation bath temperatures (ECBT) and various bore flow rates (BFR) on the morphology and separation performance of the membranes were studied. Cross‐section, inner and outer structures were characterized by using scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Mean pore size, pore size distribution, and mean roughness of the PI hollow fibers surfaces were estimated by AFM. It was found that the hollow fibers morphology composed of sponge‐like and finger‐like structures with different ECBT and BFR. A circular shape of the nodules with different sizes was observed in the outer surface of the PI hollow fibers. Mean pore size of the outer surface increases with increasing ECBT and BFR. The important result observed in this study is that the ECBT clearly has the largest effect on hollow fiber PI membrane roughness compared with the BFR. Pure water permeability of the PI hollow fibers was improved with increase of ECBT and BFR. The solute rejection (R%) was reduced when the ECBT and BFR was increased. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40428.
Solvent‐induced conformational flexibility of a bicyclic proline analogue: Octahydroindole‐2‐carboxylic acid
Authors: Torras Juan , Warren Javier G. , Revilla‐López Guillem , Jiménez Ana I. , Cativiela Carlos , Alemán Carlos 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe conformational preferences of the N‐acetyl‐N′‐methylamide derivatives of the four octahydroindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (Oic) stereoisomers have been investigated in the gas‐phase and in aqueous solution using quantum mechanical calculations. In addition to the conformational effects provoked by the stereochemical diversity of Oic, which presents three chiral centers, results provide evidence of interesting and rather unusual features. The conformational preferences of the Oic stereoisomers in solution are only well described by applying a complete and systematic search process, results achieved by simple re‐optimization of the gas‐phase minima being very imprecise. This is because the conformational rigidity detected in the gas‐phase, which is imposed by the chemical restrictions of the fused bicyclic skeleton, disappears in aqueous solution, the four stereoisomers behaving as flexible molecules in this environment. Thus, in general, the γ‐turn is the only minimum energy conformation in the gas‐phase while in aqueous solution the helical, polyproline‐II and γ‐turn motifs are energetically favored. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the conformational flexibility predicted by quantum mechanical calculations for the four Oic stereoisomers in solution is satisfactorily reproduced by classical force‐fields. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 176–190, 2014.
An examination of regifting
Authors: Swilley Esther , Cowart Kelly O. , Flynn Leisa R. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis study develops an operational definition of the phenomenon of regifting. Gifting refers to the act of giving something to someone else without an expectation of compensation. Regifting is similar to gifting in that there is no expectation of compensation, but the gift itself differs in that it is one previously given to the giver. This study uses previous literature on established gift‐giving themes to explore regifting's meaning, importance, and implications to consumer research. In‐depth interviews and focus groups aid in the discovery of themes within regifting and regifting motivations, as well as those within relationships between the regifter and recipient. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution‐Processed 2D Niobium Diselenide Nanosheets as Efficient Hole‐Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gu Xing , Cui Wei , Song Tao , Liu Changhai , Shi Xiaoze , Wang Suidong , Sun Baoquan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThin‐layer, two‐dimensional NbSe2 nanosheets with lower trap density have been obtained and act as an alternative hole‐transporting layer to replace MoO3 in organic solar cells. If poly({4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl}{3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl}):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester acts as an active layer, a power conversion efficiency of 8.10 % has been achieved without any further thermal treatment. The properties of this hole‐transporting layer were investigated and the improvements in the devices are discussed.