bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widening and High Inclination of the Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation Are Associated With Presence of Aneurysms
Authors: Baharoglu Merih I. , Lauric Alexandra , Safain Mina G. , Hippelheuser James , Wu Chengyuan , Malek Adel M. 
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose—
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation is a preferred site for aneurysm formation. Wider bifurcation angles have been correlated with increased risk of aneurysm formation. We hypothesized a link between the presence of MCA aneurysms and the angle morphology of the bifurcation.

Methods—

Three-dimensional rotational angiography volumes of 146 MCA bifurcations (62 aneurysmal) were evaluated for angle morphology: parent–daughter angles (larger daughter Ф
1
, smaller daughter Ф
2
), bifurcation angle (Ф
1
+Ф
2
), and inclination angle (γ) between the parent vessel axis and the plane determined by daughter vessel axes. Statistics were evaluated using Wilcoxon rank-sum analysis and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve.

Results—

Aneurysmal bifurcations had wider inclination angle γ (median 57.8° versus 15.4°;
P
<0.0001). Seventy-five percent of aneurysmal MCAs had γ >10°, compared with 25% nonaneurysmal. Ф
1
and Ф
2
, but especially Ф
1
+Ф
2
, were significantly larger in aneurysmal bifurcations (median 171.3° versus 98.1°;
P
<0.0001). Sixty-seven percent of aneurysmal bifurcations had Ф
1
+Ф
2
>161°, compared with 0% nonaneurysmal MCAs. An optimal threshold of 140° was established for Ф
1
+Ф
2
(area under the curve, 0.98). Sixty-eight percent of aneurysms originated off the daughter branches. Seventy-six percent of them originated off the branch with the largest branching angle, specifically if this was the smaller daughter branch. Wider Ф
1
+Ф
2
correlated with aneurysm neck width, but not dome size.

Conclusions—
MCA bifurcations harboring aneurysms have significantly larger branching angles and more often originate off the branch with the largest angle. Wider inclination angle is strongly correlated with aneurysm presence, a novel finding. The results point to altered wall shear stress regulation as a possible factor in aneurysm development and progression.
Number of Cerebral Microbleeds and Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage After Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Dannenberg Steffen , Scheitz Jan F. , Rozanski Michal , Erdur Hebun , Brunecker Peter , Werring David J. , Fiebach Jochen B. , Nolte Christian H. 
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are found in a substantial proportion of patients with ischemic stroke eligible for treatment with intravenous thrombolysis. Until now, there is limited data on the impact of multiple CMBs on occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after intravenous thrombolysis.

Methods—
Between 2008 and 2013, all patients receiving MRI-based intravenous thrombolysis were identified within our prospective thrombolysis register. Number of CMBs was rated on pretreatment T2*-weighted MRI by a rater blinded to clinical data and follow-up. Outcomes of interest were occurrence of symptomatic ICH (sICH) and parenchymal hemorrhage (PH).

Results—

Among 326 included patients, 52 patients had a single CMB (16.0%), 19 had 2 to 4 CMBs (5.8%), and 10 had ≥5 CMBs (3.1%). Frequency of sICH/PH was 1.2%/5.7% in patients without CMBs, 3.8%/3.8% in patients with a single CMB, 10.5%/21.1% in patients with 2 to 4 CMBs, and 30.0%/30.0% in patients with ≥5 CMBs, respectively (each
P
for trend <0.01). The unadjusted odds ratio per additional CMB for sICH was 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.33;
P
<0.01) and for PH was 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.24;
P
=0.01). Compared with patients without CMBs, both patients with 2 to 4 CMBs (
P
=0.02/
P
=0.02) and patients with ≥5 CMBs (
P
<0.01/
P
<0.01) had significantly increased odds ratios for sICH and PH, whereas in patients with a single CMB, odds ratios were not significantly increased (
P
=0.21/
P
=0.59). The association of CMB burden with sICH/PH remained significant after adjustment for possible confounders (age, age-related white matter changes score, atrial fibrillation, onset-to-treatment time, prior statin use, and systolic blood pressure on admission).

Conclusions—
Our findings indicate a higher risk of sICH and PH after intravenous thrombolysis when multiple CMBs are present, with a graded relationship to increasing baseline CMB number.
A new species of Stilipedidae (Amphipoda: Senticaudata) from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: SEREJO C. S. 
Published: August 2014

A new species of Alexandrella is herein described based on material from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge around depths of 4700 m. Samples were collected in the scope of the South MAR ECO (Patterns and Processes of the Ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic) Project, which was part of the Census of Marine Life (CoML). Until the present study, Alexandrella was restricted to Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, with two species having extended distributions (Kermadec Trench, Australia and New Zealand). This is the first record of Alexandrella in the deep sea Atlantic, outside the Southern Ocean limits.
Influence of Large-Scale Conductivity Inhomogeneities in the Atmosphere on the Global Electric Circuit
Authors: Slyunyaev Nikolay N. , Mareev Evgeny A. , Kalinin Alexey V. , Zhidkov Artem A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Theoretical estimation of the influence of large-scale conductivity inhomogeneities on the global electric circuit and, in particular, on the ionospheric potential is considered. A well-posed formulation of this problem is presented, on the basis of which an approximate method is developed so as to take account of large-scale conductivity inhomogeneities. Under certain restrictions imposed on the distributions of the conductivity and the external current density, explicit approximate formulas for the ionospheric potential are derived. The approximation developed is shown to be equivalent to that of classical models of atmospheric electricity in which the atmosphere is divided into two or more columns and is replaced by a simple equivalent electric circuit. The effect of conductivity inhomogeneities located inside and outside thunderclouds is discussed and, in particular, it is demonstrated that taking account of the conductivity reduction inside thunderclouds leads to a substantial increase in the ionospheric potential. The results following from the approximate theory are compared with those obtained from direct numerical simulations. It is found that the suggested approximation qualitatively accounts for the dependence of the ionospheric potential on the parameters of the conductivity distribution, although the relative error may be significant, especially in the case of a substantial reduction in the conductivity inside thunderclouds.
A Search for Chaotic Behavior in Stratospheric Variability: Comparison between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Authors: Badin Gualtiero , Domeisen Daniela I.V. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric variability is investigated with respect to chaotic behavior using time series from three different variables extracted from four different reanalysis products. The results are compared with the same analysis applied to the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The probability density functions (PDFs) for the SH show persistent deviations from a Gaussian distribution. The variability is given by white spectra for low frequencies, a slope of −1 for intermediate frequencies, and −3 slopes for high frequencies. Considering the time series for winter and summer separately, PDFs show a Gaussian distribution and the variability spectra change their slopes, indicating the role of the transition between winter and summer variability in shaping the time series. The correlation (D2) and the Kaplan–Yorke (DKY) dimensions are estimated. A finite value of the dimensions can be computed for each variable and data product, except for the NCEP zonal-mean zonal wind and temperature data, which violate the requirement D2 ≤ DKY, possibly owing to the presence of spurious trends and inconsistencies in the data. The value of D2 ranges between 2.6 and 3.9, while DKY ranges between 3.0 and 4.5. The results show that both D2 and DKY display large variability in their values both for different datasets and for different variables within the same dataset. The variability of the values of D2 and DKY thus leaves open the question about the existence of a low-dimensional attractor or if the finite dimensions of the system are the result of the projection of a larger attractor in a low-dimensional embedding space.
Ensemble-Based Parameter Estimation in a Coupled General Circulation Model
Authors: Liu Y. , Liu Z. , Zhang S. , Jacob R. , Lu F. , Rong X. , Wu S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractParameter estimation provides a potentially powerful approach to reduce model bias for complex climate models. Here, in a twin experiment framework, the authors perform the first parameter estimation in a fully coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model using an ensemble coupled data assimilation system facilitated with parameter estimation. The authors first perform single-parameter estimation and then multiple-parameter estimation. In the case of the single-parameter estimation, the error of the parameter [solar penetration depth (SPD)] is reduced by over 90% after ~40 years of assimilation of the conventional observations of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS). The results of multiple-parameter estimation are less reliable than those of single-parameter estimation when only the monthly SST and SSS are assimilated. Assimilating additional observations of atmospheric data of temperature and wind improves the reliability of multiple-parameter estimation. The errors of the parameters are reduced by 90% in ~8 years of assimilation. Finally, the improved parameters also improve the model climatology. With the optimized parameters, the bias of the climatology of SST is reduced by ~90%. Overall, this study suggests the feasibility of ensemble-based parameter estimation in a fully coupled general circulation model.
Inability of CMIP5 Models to Simulate Recent Strengthening of the Walker Circulation: Implications for Projections
Authors: Kociuba Greg , Power Scott B. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper examines changes in the strength of the Walker circulation (WC) using the pressure difference between the western and eastern equatorial Pacific. Changes in observations and in 35 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 5 (CMIP5) are determined. On the one hand, 78% of the models show a weakening of the WC over the twentieth century, consistent with the observations and previous studies using CMIP phase 3 (CMIP3) models. However, the observations also exhibit a strengthening in the last three decades (i.e., from 1980 to 2012) that is statistically significant at the 95% level. The models, on the other hand, show no consensus on the sign of change, and none of the models shows a statistically significant strengthening over the same period. While the reasons for the inconsistency between models and observations is not fully understood, it is shown that the ability of the models to generate trends as large as the observed from internal variability is reduced because most models have weaker than observed levels of both multidecadal variability and persistence of interannual variability in WC strength.
In the twenty-first-century future projections, the WC weakens in 25 out of 35 models, under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5, 9 out of 11 models under RCP6.0, 16 out of 18 models under RCP4.5, and 12 out of 15 models under RCP2.6. The projected decrease is also consistent with results obtained previously using models from CMIP3. However, as the reasons for the inconsistency between modeled and observed trends in the last three decades are not fully understood, confidence in the model projections is reduced.
On the Early Response of the Climate System to a Meltwater Input from Greenland
Authors: Agarwal Neeraj , Köhl Armin , Mechoso Carlos Roberto , Stammer Detlaf 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The early response of the atmosphere–ocean system to meltwater runoff originating from the Greenland ice sheet is studied using a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). For this purpose, AOGCM ensemble simulations without and with associated ocean freshening around Greenland are compared. For freshwater perturbations initiated in northern winter, the mean response for the first three months shows the emergence of negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Denmark Strait, in association with enhanced oceanic advection by the East Greenland Current. The response also shows negative SST anomalies in the North Atlantic associated with enhanced westerlies at the ocean surface. Additionally, the baroclinic atmospheric cyclonic circulation east of Greenland intensifies, and anticyclonic circulations with equivalent barotropic structures develop over western Europe and the North Pacific Ocean. Simulations by the atmospheric component of the AOGCM indicate that atmosphere–ocean interactions contribute significantly to enhance the response. The sensitivity of the coupled system response to the timing of freshwater perturbation is also studied. For freshwater perturbations initialized in northern summer, the response during the following winter is similar, but stronger in magnitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, the atmospheric response resembles the Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode of variability. The association between anomalies in the Denmark Strait SSTs and in the atmosphere east of Greenland is consistent with that observed during previous great salinity anomaly (GSA) events. The results obtained highlight the importance of atmosphere–ocean interaction in the early climate response to Greenland melting, the teleconnections with the North Pacific and the contribution of GSA events to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability.
MODIS Consistent Vegetation Parameter Specifications and Their Impacts on Regional Climate Simulations
Authors: Xu Min , Liang Xin-Zhong , Samel Arthur , Gao Wei 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A consistent set of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation parameters, including leaf and stem area index (LAI and SAI, respectively), land-cover category (LCC), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and albedo parameterization are developed, and their impacts on North American regional climate are evaluated based on 10-yr Climate–Weather and Research Forecasting Model (CWRF) simulations. As compared with the previous Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) set, MODIS LCC increases grassland and cropland fractions in the central Great Plains and Midwest, respectively. Evergreen needleleaf forest converts to mixed forest in the Southeast, and mixed forest converts to evergreen needleleaf in Canada. FVC decreases by 0.05–0.3 over the central Great Plains but increases by 0.1–0.35 over the northern Rocky Mountains, Canada, and the U.S. Southeast. MODIS LAI is less than AVHRR by 2–6, except in the central Great Plains, eastern Rocky Mountains, and central Mexico. LCC and FVC changes over the central Great Plains reduce CWRF warm biases by 0.71°C and wet biases by 0.36 mm day−1. Large LAI reductions cause latent and sensible heat fluxes to decrease by 0.78–5.81 and 0.91–6.54 W m−2, respectively. They also lessen cold biases over the Gulf States and Southeast and wet biases over the North American monsoon region and Canada during summer. In densely vegetated regions including eastern Canada, the Ohio Valley, and the mid-Atlantic region, spring and summer precipitation decreases and temperature increases result from LAI reductions that cause positive evapotranspiration–precipitation–soil moisture feedbacks. Conversely, precipitation and temperature decreases in sparely vegetated regions, such as the Great Plains, result from FVC reductions that cause negative albedo–evapotranspiration–precipitation–soil moisture feedbacks.
In vivo imaging in the rabbit as a model for the study of ovulation-inducing factors
Authors: Cervantes M P , Palomino J M , Adams G P 
Published: August 2014

The study of factors responsible for eliciting ovulation in rabbits has been hampered by the lack of a suitable method of monitoring the ovaries in vivo. Ovarian imaging by ultrasound biomicroscopy was used in two experiments designed to determine the effects of seminal plasma on the ovulatory response in rabbits. In Experiment 1, female rabbits were group-housed and treated intramuscularly with saline, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), or seminal plasma of llamas or rabbits ( n = 4 to 6 per group). Rabbits were euthanized eight days later to evaluate the ovarian response by ultrasound biomicroscopy ex situ. No differences among groups were detected in the proportion of rabbits that ovulated or in the number and size of corpora lutea. The high incidence of ovulation in the negative control group was unexpected, and confounded determination of an ovulation-inducing effect of seminal plasma. In Experiment 2, female rabbits were caged individually, and treated as in Experiment 1 ( n = 5 to 7 per group). The ovarian response was evaluated in vivo by transcutaneous ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ovulation and formation of corpora lutea were detected only in rabbits given GnRH. A preovulatory surge in plasma luteinizing hormone concentration and a post-ovulatory rise in plasma progesterone concentration were detected only in rabbits treated with GnRH. Surgical translocation of the ovaries to a subcutaneous position enabled longitudinal assessment of the ovulatory response by ultrasound biomicroscopy. Results clearly documented the effect of physical/social interaction on ovulation in rabbits, and did not support the hypothesis that seminal plasma elicits ovulation in rabbits.
Long‐term Sinonasal Outcomes of Aspirin Desensitization in Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease
Authors: Cho Kyu‐Sup , Soudry Ethan , Psaltis Alkis J. , Nadeau Kari C. , McGhee Sean A. , Nayak Jayakar V. , Hwang Peter H. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess sinonasal outcomes in patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) undergoing aspirin desensitization following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingUniversity hospital.Subjects and MethodsA retrospective review of sinonasal outcomes was conducted for 30 AERD patients undergoing aspirin desensitization and maintenance therapy following ESS. Sinonasal outcomes were prospectively assessed by the Sinonasal Outcomes Test‐22 (SNOT‐22) and endoscopic polyp grading system. Data were collected preoperatively, 1 and 4 weeks postsurgery (before desensitization), and 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months after aspirin desensitization.ResultsTwenty‐eight of 30 patients (93.3%) successfully completed aspirin desensitization, whereas 2 of 30 (6.7%) were unable to complete desensitization due to respiratory intolerance. Of the 21 patients who successfully completed a minimum of 24 weeks of follow‐up, 20 (95.2%) patients demonstrated sustained endoscopic and symptomatic improvement for a median follow‐up period of 33 months. After surgical treatment but before desensitization, patients experienced significant reductions in SNOT‐22 and polyp grade scores. In the first 6 months after aspirin desensitization, patients experienced further significant reductions in SNOT‐22 scores, whereas polyp grade remained stable. The improvements in symptom endoscopic scores were preserved throughout the follow‐up period after desensitization. No patients required additional sinus surgery. One patient had to discontinue aspirin therapy due to gastrointestinal side effects. No other adverse reactions to aspirin were noted.ConclusionAspirin desensitization following ESS appears to be a well‐tolerated and effective adjunctive therapy for long‐term control of nasal polyposis in patients with AERD.
The Arthroscopic Latarjet Procedure for Anterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Dumont Guillaume D. , Fogerty Simon , Rosso Claudio , Lafosse Laurent 
Published: August 2014

Background: The arthroscopic Latarjet procedure combines the benefits of arthroscopic surgery with the low rate of recurrent instability associated with the Latarjet procedure. Only short-term outcomes after arthroscopic Latarjet procedure have been reported. Purpose: To evaluate the rate of recurrent instability and patient outcomes a minimum of 5 years after stabilization performed with the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Patients who underwent the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure before June 2008 completed a questionnaire to determine whether they had experienced a dislocation, subluxation, or further surgery. The patients also completed the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI). Results: A total of 62 of 87 patients (64/89 shoulders) were contacted for follow-up. Mean follow-up time was 76.4 months (range, 61.2-100.7 months). No patients had reported a dislocation since their surgery. One patient reported having subluxations since the surgery. Thus, 1 patient (1.59%) had recurrent instability after the procedure. The mean ± standard deviation aggregate WOSI score was 90.6% ± 9.4%. Mean WOSI domain scores were as follows: Physical Symptoms, 90.1% ± 8.7%; Sports/Recreation/Work, 90.3% ± 12.9%; Lifestyle, 93.7% ± 9.8%; and Emotions, 88.7% ± 17.3%. Conclusion: The rate of recurrent instability after arthroscopic Latarjet procedure is low in this series of patients with a minimum 5-year follow-up. Patient outcomes as measured by the WOSI are good.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Acromial Morphologic Characteristics in Patients With and Without Rotator Cuff Tears Using a Reconstructed Computed Tomography Model
Authors: Fujisawa Yukitaka , Mihata Teruhisa , Murase Tsuyoshi , Sugamoto Kazuomi , Neo Masashi 
Published: August 2014

Background: The relationship between rotator cuff tears and acromial shape has yet to be clarified. As a result, the most suitable location for acromioplasty for the treatment of rotator cuff tears is not known. Purpose: To determine whether any particular change in acromial shape is significantly associated with the presence of rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: From 2007 to 2010, we examined 25 consecutive patients with unilateral full-thickness rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic repair and 17 consecutive patients with adhesive capsulitis but intact rotator cuffs who underwent arthroscopic capsular release. Before surgery, a reconstructed 3-dimensional computed tomography model was used to evaluate the acromial structure. Changes in the shape of the affected scapula were qualitatively evaluated relative to the unaffected, contralateral scapula by use of proximity mapping. Differences in acromial structure between affected and unaffected shoulders were assessed at the anterior, lateral, and medial edges and the inferior surface. The association between rotator cuff tear size and change in acromial structure was also evaluated. Results: Rates of bony projection at the anterior (>2 mm) and lateral (>3 mm) edges of the acromion in patients with rotator cuff tears were significantly greater compared with rates in patients without rotator cuff tears ( P < .01). Tear size was not correlated with changes in acromial structure ( P = .37-.73). Conclusion: Bone spurs at the anterior and lateral edges of the acromion are associated with the presence of full-thickness rotator cuff tears in symptomatic patients.