bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using DNA chips for identification of tephritid pest species
Authors: Chen Yen‐Hou , Liu Lu‐Yan , Tsai Wei‐Huang , Haymer David S , Lu Kuang‐Hui 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe ability correctly to identify species in a rapid and reliable manner is critical in many situations. For insects in particular, the primary tools for such identification rely on adult‐stage morphological characters. For a number of reasons, however, there is a clear need for alternatives. This paper reports on the development of a new method employing DNA biochip technology for the identification of pest species within the family Tephritidae.RESULTSThe DNA biochip developed and tested here quickly and efficiently identifies and discriminates between several tephritid species, except for some that are members of a complex of closely related taxa and that may in fact not represent distinct biological species. The use of these chips offers a number of potential advantages over current methods. Results can be obtained in less than 5 h using material from any stage of the life cycle and with greater sensitivity than other methods currently available.CONCLUSIONSThis technology provides a novel tool for the rapid and reliable identification of several major pest species that may be intercepted in imported fruits or other commodities. The existing chips can also easily be expanded to incorporate additional markers and species as needed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Deactivation of phosphorus in silicon due to implanted nitrogen
Authors: Chang Ruey‐Dar , Lin Chih‐Hung 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDeactivation of phosphorus due to nitrogen incorporation was quantitatively investigated. Coimplantation was performed to produce nitrogen profiles overlapping phosphorus profiles in preamorphized silicon. Nitrogen was found to retard phosphorus activation after recrystallization of the amorphous layer. When phosphorus activation was completed, a gap of dopant activation level was observed between samples implanted with and without nitrogen. The gap of the activation level increased linearly with the doses of nitrogen and phosphorus. This implies formation of inactive complexes by pairing of phosphorus and nitrogen atoms. However, the gap disappeared when the peak profile of nitrogen shifted toward the surface during additional annealing at 750 °C for long times. This indicates that the complexes were not stable and therefore dissolved with nitrogen diffusion. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural characterization of in‐situ silicided contacts textured on p‐type [001] silicon
Authors: Badalà Paolo , Faro Giuseppe , Marcellino Cinzia , Pellegrino Giovanna , Santangelo Antonello , Alberti Alessandra 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNickel silicide is widely used to realize contact terminals of integrated circuits and is usually formed by ex‐situ heating treatments. In‐situ reactions during sputter deposition of a Ni layer onto a HF p‐type [001] Si substrate have been investigated in this work, by means of transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray reflectivity analyses. A thin layer of polycrystalline silicide, with extremely flat interfaces and in fiber texture with the Si substrate, has been obtained by introducing a sputter etching step just before Ni deposition and properly modulating its duration. The work has also been aimed to decouple the thermal impact of sputter etching from its effect on surface cleaning, disclosing its key role in the whole reaction process. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterisation of electrically active defects
Authors: Duffy Ray , Heringa Anco 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDefects may arise in the semiconductor substrate and at interfaces due to the processing used to fabricate transistors and circuits. The development of low‐thermal‐budget processes, which is advantageous in many ways, unfortunately reduces the likelihood of annealing out these electrically active defects. Electrical characterisation using simple diode structures yields valuable information; not only the absolute leakage current density value, but also carrier lifetimes, leakage activation energies, and diode ideality factor. Coupled with material analysis techniques, they can provide a detailed picture of the problems associated with process‐induced defects, and supply insight that can target optimised processes. In this paper the technological relevance of electrically active defects, their impact on device performance and power supplies, as well as their electrical and material characterisation, will be discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Point defect engineering study of phosphorus ion implanted germanium
Authors: Razali M. A. , Secchi M. , Bersani M. , Gwilliam R. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe present experimental results on shallow junction formation in germanium by phosphorus ion implantation and standard rapid thermal processing. An attempt is made to improve phosphorus electrical activation using point defect engineering method by introducing an excess of point defects in germanium prior to the phosphorus implantation. The focus is on studying the phosphorus activation and diffusion as a function of germanium co‐implant energy. Hall Effect and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) measurements are employed for characterisation of phosphorus activation and diffusion, respectively. Phosphorus activation was improved at higher annealing temperature for the implants with germanium co‐implant. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Challenges in spacer process development for leading‐edge high‐k metal gate technology
Authors: Koehler Fabian , Triyoso Dina H. , Hussain Itasham , Antonioli Bianca , Hempel Klaus 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTransistor performance is a key enabler for state‐of‐the‐art electronic devices. Besides fast switching performance, low power consumption is a critical parameter for mobile products. The implementation of HfO2 as a gate dielectric with a high permittivity reduces leakage current and power consumption drastically. Metal gates and work function materials are required to adjust Fermi levels and are essential for device performance. In addition to these key elements of high‐k metal gate (HKMG) technology, encapsulation liners and spacers are found to have a significant impact. We show that the performance of HKMG transistors has a strong dependency on the film quality and growth conditions of the SiN spacers. A good conformality and excellent step coverage at low deposition temperature is achieved with an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process using dichlorosilane and ionized radicals of ammonia. This ALD process is superior to standard LPCVD and PECVD processes with regards to thickness control, within‐wafer‐uniformity and matching of the thickness values between dense and isolated transistors. ALD SiN is applied as a spacer to define the implant profiles. The impact of the ALD SiN spacers on transistor universal curve, miller capacitance and Vt is demonstrated. Further application is a hard mask for selective epitaxy of SiGe. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solid‐state synthesis of single phase Mg2Si films on Si substrates deposited at various sputtering powers
Authors: Xiao Qingquan , Xie Quan , Chen Qian , Zhang Jinmin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSemiconducting magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) thin films were synthesized by solid state reaction on Si substrates deposited at various sputtering powers. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Laser confocal Raman microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the crystal structure and surface morphology of the obtained Mg2Si films. XRD and Raman scattering spectra results show the formation of single phase Mg2Si thin films on Si substrates. SEM images show Mg2Si thin films on Si substrates with fine and compact grains were obtained. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermoelectric properties and durability at elevated temperatures of impurity doped n‐type Mg2Si
Authors: Oto Y. , Iida T. , Sakamoto T. , Miyahara R. , Natsui A. , Nishio K. , Kogo Y. , Hirayama N. , Takanashi Y. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe thermoelectric properties, including the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical and thermal conductivities, and the durability at elevated temperatures, of Co, Sm, Ta, Zn and Sb doped n‐type Mg2Si were studied. In order to optimize the thermoelectric properties of Mg2Si for practical applications, it needs to be doped, and typical device operating temperatures require that any substitutional element used as a dopant be highly stable. Stable impurity elements in Mg2Si are needed to ensure long lifetime operation at elevated temperatures. The results showed that Zn doping gave rise to a decrease in thermal conductivity to a level comparable to Sb doping. In order to examine the effects of double‐doping with these impurities, samples of Mg2Si doped with Sb+Zn, Sb+Al and Sb+Al+Zn, were fabricated using all‐molten polycrystalline synthesis process at 1423 K. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
C60 adsorption on Cu(110) studied by optical spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang L. , Fu X. , Sun L. D. , Zeppenfeld P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe formation of the interface between C60 thin films and the Cu(110) surface has been investigated in situ using reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS). The electronic interaction between C60 molecules in the first monolayer and the substrate inhibits low‐energy intramolecular transitions, whereas the C60 molecules above the first monolayer are effectively decoupled from the substrate. The morphology of C60 thin films prepared at room temperature is thermally stable up to 500 K. Above this threshold, optical spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) indicate the formation of rather large three dimensional C60 islands on a one monolayer thick wetting layer. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The poset of hypergraph quasirandomness
Authors: Lenz John , Mubayi Dhruv 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChung and Graham began the systematic study of k‐uniform hypergraph quasirandom properties soon after the foundational results of Thomason and Chung‐Graham‐Wilson on quasirandom graphs. One feature that became apparent in the early work on k‐uniform hypergraph quasirandomness is that properties that are equivalent for graphs are not equivalent for hypergraphs, and thus hypergraphs enjoy a variety of inequivalent quasirandom properties. In the past two decades, there has been an intensive study of these disparate notions of quasirandomness for hypergraphs, and an open problem that has emerged is to determine the relationship between them.Our main result is to determine the poset of implications between these quasirandom properties. This answers a recent question of Chung and continues a project begun by Chung and Graham in their first paper on hypergraph quasirandomness in the early 1990's. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46,762–800, 2015
A modeling method and EMTP simulations of an inverter surge
Authors: Shendge Asha , Nagaoka Naoto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA numerical simulation of the inverter surge is carried out using a frequency‐dependent model of a cabtyre cable. The frequency‐dependent model is based on the Semlyen line model in the EMTP, for which the required parameters are determined from the measured results of the wave propagation characteristic in the cable. A simple model of an induction motor is proposed considering resonances in the motor. The simulated result by the EMTP agrees reasonably well with the measured result. The proposed model can be useful for predicting the peak voltages observed at the motor terminal of inverter‐operated motors. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Operating methods for two‐way behavior shape memory polymer actuators without using external stress
Authors: Imai Satomitsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOperating methods for two‐way behavior shape memory polymer (SMP) actuators have been developed and characterized. Since the shape memory effect of the SMP is one way, an external force to deform the SMP has also been used in conventional SMP actuators. We propose two operating methods: the double SMP layer method and the single SMP layer method. The double SMP layer method uses the shape memory effects of two kinds of SMPs with different glass transition temperatures (Tg1 and Tg2, Tg1 < Tg2). In this method, after a memory shape relating to Tg1 is formed, the generated memory shape relating to Tg2 cancels the previous memory shape at Tg2, i.e. the memory shape of Tg2 is set to the reverse shape of the memory shape of Tg1. The single SMP layer method uses the shape memory effect and thermal contraction of the SMP while it is cooling. In this method, a generated memory shape above Tg is returned to the pre‐memory shape by thermal shrinkage of the SMP when the SMP is cooled down below Tg. SMPs of the polyurethane series are chosen for these actuators. We confirmed that the proposed operating principles functioned experimentally by using prototype actuators of a cantilever beam and examining their fundamental characteristics. These operating methods need only a temperature cycle of heating and cooling and are suitable for small actuators such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Responses of glutathione‐related antioxidant defense system in serum of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) exposed to sublethal concentration of methomyl and recovery pattern
Authors: Meng Shun‐Long , Qu Jian‐Hong , Fan Li‐Min , Qiu Li‐Ping , Chen Jia‐Zhang , Xu Pao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTilapia were exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0, 0.2, 2, 20, or 200 μg/L for 30 days, and then transferred to methomyl‐free water for 18 days. GST, GPx, GR, GSH, and GSSG in tilapia serum were examined at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 days after methomyl exposure and at 18 days after transferring to methomyl‐free water. There were no significant changes in antioxidants activities and contents in serum of tilapia exposed to 0.2 μg/L. Significant increases in GST, GR, GPx, and GSSG accompanied by a decrease in GSH were observed following methomyl exposure to 2, 20, or 200 μg/L, suggesting the presence of oxidative stress. Thus, it would appear the 0.2 μg/L methomyl might be considered the no observed adverse effect level. Recovery data showed that the effects produced by lower concentration of 20 μg/L were reversible but not at the higher 200 μg/L concentration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 483–489, 2015.
Service‐based high‐speed railway base station arrangement
Authors: Zhang Chuang , Fan Pingyi , Dong Yunquan , Xiong Ke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo provide stable and high data rate wireless access for passengers in the train, it is necessary to properly deploy base stations along the railway. We consider this issue from the perspective of service, which is defined as the integral of the time‐varying instantaneous channel capacity. With large‐scale fading assumption, it will be shown that the total service of each base station is inversely proportional to the velocity of the train. Besides, we find that if the ratio of the service provided by a base station in its service region to its total service is given, the base station interval (i.e., the distance between two adjacent base stations) is a constant regardless of the velocity of the train. On the other hand, if a certain amount of service is required, the interval will increase with the velocity of the train. The aforementioned results apply not only to simple curve rails, like line rail and arc rail, but also to any irregular curve rail, provided that the train is traveling at a constant velocity. Furthermore, the new developed results are applied to analyze the on–off transmission strategy of base stations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Prandtl‐Reuss equations revisited
Authors: Bruhns O.T. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAt the beginning of the last century two different types of constitutive relations to describe the complex behavior of elasto‐plastic material were presented. These were the deformation theory originally developed by Hencky and the Prandtl‐Reuss theory. Whereas the former provides a direct solid‐like relation of stress as function of strain, the latter has been based on an additive composition of elastic and plastic parts of the increments of strains. These in turn were taken as a solid‐ and fluid‐like combination of the de Saint‐Venant/Lévy theory with an incremental form of Hooke's law. Even nowadays this Prandtl‐Reuss theory is still accepted – within the restriction of small elastic deformations, i.e. it is generally stated in most textbooks on plasticity that this theory due to a number of defects can not be applied to large deformations. In the present article it is shown that this restrictive statement may be no longer true. Introducing a specific objective time derivative it could be shown that these defects disappear.
The Effect of Ethanol on Nanostructures of Mixed Cationic and Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Aslanzadeh Saeed , Yousefi Ali 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMicellization of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water–ethanol (ET) micellar solutions, with the weight percent of ET changing within the range 0–30, was studied by means of surface tension and conductivity measurements. Surface tension measurements also provided information about the dependence of the surface excess concentration, the minimum area per surfactant molecule, and the standard Gibbs energy of adsorption on the added weight percent of the organic solvent. Information about the degree of counterion dissociation and phase transition was obtained through conductivity measurements. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was also employed to investigate the mixed micellar behavior of the binary mixtures. It was shown that an excess of cationic surfactant and ET resulted in a phase transition of vesicles and large micelles to mixed micelles. The regular solution theory approximation was used to determine various micellar parameters of ideal systems. The regular solution interaction parameter (β) suggests that the formation of mixed micelles is due to the synergistic interactions in the case of TTAB/SDS systems and becomes affected by the water/ET ratio.
The effect of maternal pravastatin therapy on adverse sensorimotor outcomes of the offspring in a murine model of preeclampsia
Authors: Carver Alissa R. , Tamayo Esther , Perez‐Polo J. Regino , Saade George R. , Hankins Gary D.V. , Costantine Maged M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnimal and human studies show that in‐utero exposure to preeclampsia alters fetal programming and results in long‐term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the offspring. Human epidemiologic data also suggest that offspring born to preeclamptic mothers are also at risk of adverse long term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Pravastatin, a hydrophilic lipid‐lowering drug with pleiotropic properties, was found to prevent the altered cardiovascular phenotype of preeclampsia and restore fetal growth in animal models, providing biological plausibility for its use as a preventive agent for preeclampsia. In this study, we used a murine model of preeclampsia based on adenovirus over‐expression of the anti‐angiogenic factor soluble Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1, and demonstrated that adult offspring born to preeclamptic dams perform poorly on assays testing vestibular function, balance, and coordination, and that prenatal pravastatin treatment prevents impairment of fetal programming.
Interaction modes of multiple flexible flags in a uniform flow
Authors: Uddin Emad , Huang Wei-Xi , Sung Hyung Jin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFish schooling is not merely a social behaviour; it also improves the efficiency of movement within a fluid environment. Inspired by the hydrodynamics of schooling, a group of flexible bodies was modelled as a collection of individuals arranged in a combination of tandem and side-by-side formations. The downstream bodies were found to be strongly influenced by the vortices shed from an upstream body, as revealed in the vortex–vortex and vortex–body interactions. To investigate the interactions between flexible bodies and vortices, the present study examined flexible flags in a viscous flow by using an improved version of the immersed boundary method. Three different flag formations were modelled to cover the basic structures involved in fish schooling: triangular, diamond and conical formations. The drag coefficients of the downstream flags could be decreased below the value for a single flag by adjusting the streamwise and spanwise gap distances and the flag bending coefficient. The drag variations were influenced by the interactions between vortices shed from the upstream flexible flags and those surrounding the downstream flags. The interactions between the flexible flags were investigated as a function of both the gap distance between the flags and the bending coefficients. The maximum drag reduction and the trailing flag position were calculated for different sets of conditions. Single-frequency and multifrequency modes were identified and were found to correspond to constructive and destructive vortex interaction modes, which explained the variations in the drag on the downstream flags.
The velocity of ‘large’ viscous drops falling on a coated vertical fibre
Authors: Yu Liyan , Hinch John 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKalliadasis & Chang (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 261, 1994, pp. 135–168) showed within lubrication theory that if a liquid film is thicker than a critical value then drops will accelerate and grow, whereas with thinner films the drops fall at a constant velocity. As the thickness of the film increases to the critical value, the drops move faster and are larger. We revisit their asymptotic analysis of these large drops. While we recover their results for the leading-order and first correction, we do not agree on further corrections. In particular we find it necessary to evaluate the third correction, which they do not consider, before we obtain a first approximation to the dependence of the speed on the non-dimensional control parameter. We proceed to two further corrections in order to improve this first approximation to the speed.