bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Wants to Farm? Youth Aspirations, Opportunities and Rising Food Prices
Authors: Leavy Jennifer , Hossain Naomi 
Published: September 2014

SummaryWho wants to farm? In an era of land grabs and environmental uncertainty, improving smallholder productivity has become a higher priority on the poverty and food security agenda in development, focusing attention on the next generation of farmers. Yet emerging evidence about the material realities and social norms and desires of young people in developing countries indicates a reasonably widespread withdrawal from work on the land as an emerging norm. While de‐agrarianisation is not new, policymakers are correct to be concerned about a withdrawal from the sector: smallholder productivity growth, and agricultural transformation more broadly, depend in part on the extent to which capable, skilled young people can be retained or attracted to farming, and on policies that support that retention. So who wants to farm, and under what conditions? Where are economic, environmental and social conditions favourable to active recruitment by educated young people into farming? What policy and programmatic conditions are creating attractive opportunities in farming or agro‐food industry livelihoods?This paper explores these conditions in a context of food price volatility, and in particular rising food prices since 2007. To do so, it analyses primary qualitative research on the attitudes of young people and their families to farming in 2012, a time when food prices had been high and volatile for half a decade. In theory, assuming higher prices benefit small farmers, food farming should be more attractive since food prices started to rise in 2007. But this simple causal assumption overlooks both that in many developing countries, it takes considerable economic power – ownership or access to cultivable land and affordable credit for inputs – to turn a profit in farming. It also fails to take into account more sociological explanations governing work and occupational choice – status aspiration and merit on the one hand, and perceived risk on the other. These two explanations help to explain why young people from relatively low income families, particularly those most likely to innovate and raise productivity levels, do not perceive farming as a realistically desirable occupational choice.Based on analysis of interviews, focus group discussion and household case studies with almost 1500 people in 23 rural, urban and peri‐urban communities in low and middle income Asian, African and Latin American countries in 2012, this research digs deeper into some of the established explanations as to why youth in developing countries appear reluctant to enter farming, and identifies conditions under which capable and enterprising youth are being attracted to farming, and entry‐points for youth participation in policymaking around agriculture and food security.
Engaging with Health Markets in Low and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Bloom Gerald , Wilkinson Annie , Standing Hilary , Lucas Henry 
Published: September 2014

SummaryMany low and middle‐income countries have pluralistic health systems with a variety of providers of health‐related goods and services in terms of their level of training, their ownership (public or private) and their relationship with the regulatory system. The development of institutional arrangements to influence their performance has lagged behind the spread of these markets. This paper presents a framework for analysing a pluralistic health system. The relationships between private providers of health services and government, or other organisations that represent the public interest, strongly influence their performance in meeting the needs of the poor. Their impact on the pattern of service delivery depends on how the relationships are managed and the degree to which they respond to the interests of the population. Many governments of low and middle‐income countries are under pressure to increase access to safe, effective and affordable health services. In a context of economic growth, it should be possible to improve access by the poor to health services substantially. Innovations in information technologies and in low cost diagnostics are creating important new opportunities for achieving this. It will be important to mobilise both public and private providers of health‐related goods and services. This will involve big changes in the roles and responsibilities of all health sector actors. Governments, businesses and civil society organizations will need to learn how to make pluralist health systems work better through experimentation and systematic learning about what works and why.
Comparison of New‐Onset Gout in Adults Prescribed Chlorthalidone vs Hydrochlorothiazide for Hypertension
Authors: Wilson Liza , Nair Kavita V. , Saseen Joseph J. 
Published: September 2014

This study assessed the risk of new‐onset gout following prescribing of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) compared with chlorthalidone (CTD). This retrospective cohort analysis used administrative claims from 2000 to 2012 to identify patients aged 18 to 89 years with hypertension who were prescribed CTD or HCTZ. Patients were excluded if they had a prior diagnosis of gout, conditions or prescription claims for medications that alter risk of gout, or if they switched between these two diuretics. A total of 1011 patients prescribed CTD were matched with 2022 patients prescribed HCTZ based on age, sex, and Chronic Condition Indicator. New‐onset gout occurred in 17 of 1011 (1.68%) patients in the CTD group and in 26 of 2022 (1.29%) patients in the HCTZ group (P=.27). The number of days to first occurrence of gout was 183.6 days and 152.7 days in the CTD and HCTZ groups, respectively (P=.39). The mean daily dose was 22.7 mg for CTD and 24.3 mg for HCTZ, and the median dose of both CTD and HCTZ was 25 mg at the time of new‐onset gout. Patients prescribed CTD for hypertension have a similar risk of developing new‐onset gout compared with patients prescribed similar doses of HCTZ.
Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by sulfonylurea with or without metformin: Subanalysis of GetGoal‐S
Authors: Onishi Yukiko , Niemoeller Elisabeth , Ikeda Yukio , Takagi Hiroki , Yabe Daisuke , Seino Yutaka 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionThis was a subanalysis of Japanese patients included in the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist AVE0010 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for glycemic control and safety evaluation (GetGoal‐S) study – a 24‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled study of lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by sulfonylurea with or without metformin.Materials and MethodsIn GetGoal‐S, 127 Japanese patients received the once‐daily prandial glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist lixisenatide 20 μg/day or a matching placebo. The primary outcome was change in glycated hemoglobin.ResultsAt week 24, lixisenatide significantly reduced mean glycated hemoglobin (least squares mean difference vs the placebo −1.1% [12 mmol/mol, P < 0.0001]), and significantly more lixisenatide patients reached glycated hemoglobin targets of <7% (53 mmol/mol) and ≤6.5% (48 mmol/mol) vs the placebo. Lixisenatide produced statistically significant reductions in 2‐h postprandial plasma glucose (least squares mean difference vs the placebo −8.51 mmol/L, P < 0.0001) and glucose excursion vs the placebo, and significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose (least squares mean difference vs the placebo −0.65 mmol/L, P = 0.0454). Bodyweight decreased with both lixisenatide and the placebo (least squares mean change −1.12 kg for lixisenatide, −1.02 kg for placebo). The overall incidence of adverse events was similar for lixisenatide and the placebo (84.2 and 82.4%, respectively), the most frequent being gastrointestinal disorders (52.6% for lixisenatide vs 29.4% for placebo). The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia was higher with lixisenatide vs the placebo (17.1 and 9.8%, respectively), with no cases of severe symptomatic hypoglycemia in either group.ConclusionsIn the Japanese subpopulation of the GetGoal‐S study, lixisenatide produced a significant and clinically relevant improvement in glycated hemoglobin, with a pronounced improvement in postprandial plasma glucose, and a good safety and tolerability profile.
Evaluation of training nurses to perform semi‐automated three‐dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction using a customised workstation‐based training protocol
Authors: Guppy‐Coles Kristyan B , Prasad Sandhir B , Smith Kym C , Hillier Samuel , Lo Ada , Atherton John J 
Published: September 2014

Aims and ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the feasibility of training cardiac nurses to evaluate left ventricular function utilising a semi‐automated, workstation‐based protocol on three dimensional echocardiography images.BackgroundAssessment of left ventricular function by nurses is an attractive concept. Recent developments in three dimensional echocardiography coupled with border detection assistance have reduced inter‐ and intra‐observer variability and analysis time. This could allow abbreviated training of nurses to assess cardiac function.DesignA comparative, diagnostic accuracy study evaluating left ventricular ejection fraction assessment utilising a semi‐automated, workstation‐based protocol performed by echocardiography‐naïve nurses on previously acquired three dimensional echocardiography images.MethodsNine cardiac nurses underwent two brief lectures about cardiac anatomy, physiology and three dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction assessment, before a hands‐on demonstration in 20 cases. We then selected 50 cases from our three dimensional echocardiography library based on optimal image quality with a broad range of left ventricular ejection fractions, which was quantified by two experienced sonographers and the average used as the comparator for the nurses. Nurses independently measured three dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction using the Auto lvq package with semi‐automated border detection.ResultsThe left ventricular ejection fraction range was 25–72% (70% with a left ventricular ejection fraction <55%). All nurses showed excellent agreement with the sonographers. Minimal intra‐observer variability was noted on both short‐term (same day) and long‐term (>2 weeks later) retest.ConclusionsIt is feasible to train nurses to measure left ventricular ejection fraction utilising a semi‐automated, workstation‐based protocol on previously acquired three dimensional echocardiography images. Further study is needed to determine the feasibility of training nurses to acquire three dimensional echocardiography images on real‐world patients to measure left ventricular ejection fraction.Relevance to clinical practiceNurse‐performed evaluation of left ventricular function could facilitate the broader application of echocardiography to allow cost‐effective screening and monitoring for left ventricular dysfunction in high‐risk populations.
A systematic review of observational instruments used to assess nurses' skills in patient mobilisation
Authors: Gattinger Heidrun , Stolt Minna , Hantikainen Virpi , Köpke Sascha , Senn Beate , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: September 2014

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to identify and describe the existing observation instruments that are used to assess nurses' skills in patient mobilisation and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the included instruments.BackgroundStructured knowledge about instruments for assessing nurses' skills in patient mobilisation is limited.DesignSystematic review.MethodsStudies were identified via electronic database searches and reference lists and were included based on the eligibility criteria. Data regarding the type of instrument, the number of items/domains and the psychometric properties of the instruments were extracted, and the quality of the instruments were appraised according to Zwakhalen et al.'s (BMC Geriatrics, 2006) proposed criteria.ResultsA total of 26 studies, reporting on 16 instruments, were included in this review. The instruments differed in terms of: (1) type of patient‐mobilisation task, (2) focus of the instrument, (3) level of structure and (4) use by the observer. Most of the instruments were developed and used in evaluation studies that measured nurses' mobilisation techniques as an outcome of an educational intervention. The total quality score of the included instruments varied between 6–11 points out of a maximum quality score of 19.ConclusionAlthough patient mobilisation is part of nurses' everyday work, we suggest from the results of this review that no common consensus exists about the best way to perform patient‐mobilisation tasks. The results from this study further show that no instrument measured all of the important aspects of effective patient mobilisation.Relevance for clinical practiceMost of the instruments that were reviewed were able to detect differences in patient‐mobilisation techniques. However, convincing evidence is lacking with regard to the content, psychometric properties and practicability of these instruments for use in clinical practice. We suggest the development and validation of a new comprehensive instrument.
When promises are broken in a recruitment context: The role of dissonance attributions and constraints in repairing behavioural integrity
Authors: Tomlinson Edward C. , Carnes Andrew M. 
Published: September 2014

We extend prior research on behavioural integrity (BI) by challenging the perspective of many researchers who have posited that BI is extremely resistant to repair after it has been damaged. Specifically, we examined the promise‐keeping dimension of BI (BI‐PK). In a hypothetical vignette, the effects of dissonance attributions and constraints on BI‐PK perceptions were investigated in the context of a hiring manager breaking a promise to meet a job applicant for a highly desired interview. The results from two studies indicated that there was a strong positive effect for constraints on BI‐PK, and BI‐PK partially mediated the effect of constraints on attraction to the organization.Practitioner points

When individuals are in a position where their behavioural integrity is likely to be assessed by others, it is important to maintain communication when circumstances inhibit promise fulfilment.

Applicants are a key stakeholder group who are highly sensitive to the behavioural integrity of recruiters and hiring managers. In fact, recruiter behavioural integrity matters to applicants in more ways than merely providing realistic job information.

The perceived behavioural integrity of recruiters and hiring managers appears to be an important factor in applicant attraction to the organization. Accordingly, recruiters and hiring managers should monitor their promise‐fulfilment behaviours carefully.
Aberrant expression of caspase 14 in salivary gland carcinomas
Authors: Lemound Juliana , Stucki‐Koch Angelika , Stoetzer Marcus , Kokemüller Horst , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Kreipe Hans , Hussein Kais 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesCaspase 14 is reduced in adenocarcinomas of the stomach and colon. In contrast, breast and lung adenocarcinomas frequently show an overexpression of caspase 14. Salivary gland adenocarcinomas have not been evaluated for potential aberrant caspase 14 expression.Materials and MethodsSamples from salivary gland carcinomas (n = 43) were analysed by immunohistochemistry (caspase 14, filaggrin, GATA3 and Ki67) and fluorescence in situ hybridization.ResultsCaspase 14 is not expressed in normal salivary glands, while in a subfraction of carcinomas (32%) an aberrant expression was found. Filaggrin could not be detected. Caspase 14 staining was not associated with tumour dedifferentiation, GATA3 expression or amplification of gene locus 19p13.ConclusionIn summary, aberrant expression of caspase 14 can be found in a subfraction of salivary gland carcinomas but could not be used as a biomarker for a specific carcinoma subtype of the salivary gland.
C
hlamydia t
rachomatis Infection Is Related to Premature Ejaculation in Chronic Prostatitis Patients: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Cai Tommaso , Pisano Francesca , Magri Vittorio , Verze Paolo , Mondaini Nicola , D'Elia Carolina , Malossini Gianni , Mazzoli Sandra , Perletti Gianpaolo , Gontero Paolo , Mirone Vincenzo , Bartoletti Riccardo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is reported to be a common finding in men with acquired premature ejaculation (PE). The impact of different pathogens on PE development in chronic prostatitis patients is, however, unknown.

Aim
To assess a possible link between CBP caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and PE.

Methods
A consecutive series of 317 patients with clinical and instrumental diagnosis of CBP due to Ct was enrolled (group A) and compared with data obtained from a control group of 639 patients with CBP caused by common uropathogen bacteria (group B). Prostatitis symptoms were investigated with the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), while the ejaculatory status of patients was assessed using the PE Diagnostic Tool (PEDT).

Main Outcome Measures
All participants were asked to complete the NIH-CPSI, the International Index of Erectile Function-15 erectile function domain (IIEF-15-EFD), the PEDT, and the Short Form (SF)-36 questionnaires.

Results
Patient groups A and B had comparable scores of NIH-CPSI (P = 0.07), IPSS (P = 0.32), and IIEF-15-EFD (P = 0.33) tests. PE was assessed in 118 patients in group A (37.2%) and in 73 subjects in group B (11.5%). The two groups are different in terms of PE prevalence (P &lt; 0.0002). Compared with group B, group A showed significantly higher scores of the PEDT test (11.3 [±2.6] vs. 4.5 [±2.9], P &lt; 0.0001) and lower scores of the SF-36 tool (96.5 [±1.1] vs. 99.7 [±1.3], P &lt; 0.0001). In our multivariate model assessment, being positive for a Ct infection marker was independently associated with the PEDT score even after adjusting for age, smoking habit, body mass index, and education level (adjusted odds ratio = 3.21; 95% confidence interval: 2.02–4.27; P &lt; 0.003).

Conclusions
Patients affected by CBP due to Ct infection reported higher prevalence of PE and lower quality of life when compared with patients affected by CBP caused by traditional uropathogenic bacteria.
Growth response to climatic change over 120 years for Alnus viridis and Salix glauca in West Greenland
Authors: Jørgensen Rasmus H. , Hallinger Martin , Ahlgrimm Svenja , Friemel Juliane , Kollmann Johannes , Meilby Henrik 
Published: September 2014

AbstractQuestionsWhich climatic variables are the main determinants of radial growth and to what extent does their effect on growth vary among species? What are the similarities between the temporal radial growth patterns of the two common shrub species, Alnus viridis and Salix glauca? Do changing growth conditions over the past 120 yr and their predicted impact on growth match shrub expansion observed in the region?LocationArsuk Fjord and Disko Bay regions, W Greenland.MethodsAlnus viridis and S. glauca specimens were sampled in the field and radial growth was analysed using standard dendrochronological methods (‘response functions’). The identified climatic variables were applied to model radial growth using a linear mixed model and predict the growth for 1890–2010.ResultsThe main determinants of radial growth were summer temperatures and, although not significant in the final models, spring precipitation. The empirical chronologies showed only somewhat similar growth patterns. They responded to similar sets of climatic variables, but their similarity was weakened because of the low number of replicates and local differences in growth conditions. The similarity between predicted (modelled) chronologies was higher, which was related to the response to similar sets of climatic variables and high correlation between climatic variables across long distances.ConclusionOverall, estimated growth did not increase over the past 120 yr, but considerable variations in growth are conspicuous and match known historical patterns of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Perspectives regarding the observed shrub expansion in W Greenland are discussed, and based on the estimated growth patterns, we consider it unlikely that the recent 10–15‐yr period of favourable climate is the main responsible cause.
Adaptive divergence between lake and stream populations of anEastAfrican cichlid fish
Authors: Theis Anya , Ronco Fabrizia , Indermaur Adrian , Salzburger Walter , Egger Bernd 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDivergent natural selection acting in different habitats may build up barriers to gene flow and initiate speciation. This speciation continuum can range from weak or no divergence to strong genetic differentiation between populations. Here, we focus on the early phases of adaptive divergence in theEastAfrican cichlid fishAstatotilapia burtoni, which occurs in bothLakeTanganyika (LT) and inflowing rivers. We first assessed the population structure and morphological differences inA. burtonifrom southernLT. We then focused on four lake–stream systems and quantified body shape, ecologically relevant traits (gill raker and lower pharyngeal jaw) as well as stomach contents. Our study revealed the presence of several divergent lake–stream populations that rest at different stages of the speciation continuum, but show the same morphological and ecological trajectories along the lake–stream gradient. Lake fish have higher bodies, a more superior mouth position, longer gill rakers and more slender pharyngeal jaws, and they show a plant/algae and zooplankton‐biased diet, whereas stream fish feed more on snails, insects and plant seeds. A test for reproductive isolation between closely related lake and stream populations did not detect population‐assortative mating. Analyses ofF1 offspring reared under common garden conditions indicate that the detected differences in body shape and gill raker length do not constitute pure plastic responses to different environmental conditions, but also have a genetic basis. Taken together, theA. burtonilake–stream system constitutes a new model to study the factors that enhance and constrain progress towards speciation in cichlid fishes.