bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural gas stakeholders during price growth: a case of Ukraine
Authors: Goncharuk Anatoliy G. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to establish groups of stakeholders who win and lose from changes in natural gas prices and to develop practical recommendations for a state regulator for the optimal setting natural gas prices in the domestic market through an example of Ukraine.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this study, to identify groups of stakeholders with gains and losses from the pricing of natural gas, the author used traditional methods of correlation and statistical regression analysis, including the ordinary least squares (OLS) method.

Findings
– The main profit from natural gas remains in the extraction sector. The remaining profit is distributed among the various stakeholders. The consumers during rapidly rising gas prices have to rely on energy efficiency and switching to alternative, less costly resources. The existing system of unified natural gas price for all industrial consumers is inefficient and leads to the losses of the largest industrial sectors in Ukraine – metallurgy and chemical industry. With the help of the developed models, the author determined the critical levels of natural gas prices for these two industries.

Research limitations/implications
– The study is limited by data about activity of eight key manufacturing companies, four gas distribution companies, and main state gas companies from two country only.

Practical implications
– Defined levels can be used by a state regulatory authority as a boundary, above which these industries will be unprofitable and their fate along with hundred thousands of workers will be questionable.

Originality/value
– This is the first paper that set the critical levels of natural gas prices for two manufacturing industries in Ukraine.
Power-saving localization techniques for mobile devices
Authors: Narzt Wolfgang 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to develop generic strategies for improving energy consumption for location sensing on smartphones and compares the results of iOS and Android implementations. Mobile smartphone applications utilizing localization sensors (e.g. Global Positioning System) collectively face the problem of battery draining. Energy consumption is at a peak when applications permanently and stolidly use those sensors, even if their excessive exploitation is avoidable (e.g. when the user carrying the device is not moving).

Design/methodology/approach
– Considering contextual parameters affecting localization of mobile devices (i.e. incorporating movement probability, speed, etc.) is the basic idea for developing a strategy capable of reducing energy consumption for location determination on mobile devices. This paper explains the paradigm and draws the architecture for a generic context-based energy saving strategy for mobile location-based services.

Findings
– The paper reveals the positive implications in terms of energy consumption measured in the course of exhaustive tests for iOS and Android devices and discusses accuracy issues and potential workarounds, especially focusing on Apple’s M7 motion co-processor for consuming accelerometer data on a low energy level.

Originality/value
– The paper identifies and measures energy issues for location determination on smartphones and presents a generic and heuristic concept for saving energy.
An optimized travelling time estimation mechanism for minimizing handover failures and unnecessary handovers from cellular networks to WLANs
Authors: Mahmood Adnan , Zen Hushairi , Othman Al-Khalid 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The paper aims to propose an optimized handover necessity estimation scheme for a mobile terminal (MT) traversing from a third-generation (3G) cellular network into the wireless local area network (WLAN) cell for reducing the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers.

Design/methodology/approach
– The proposed optimized handover necessity estimation scheme comprises of two algorithms – a “travelling time prediction” reliant on consecutive received signal strength (RSS) measurements and MT’s velocity, and a “time threshold estimation” depending on the handover latency, WLAN’s cell radius, tolerable handover failure probability and the tolerable unnecessary handover probability.

Findings
– Our performance analysis reveals that the suggested mechanism effectively minimizes the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers by 60 per cent as compared to the already proposed schemes in the literature.

Originality/value
– The convergence of Internet and wireless mobile communication accompanied by a massive increase in the number of cellular subscribers has led mobility management to emerge as a significant and challenging domain for wireless mobile communication over the Internet. Mobility management enables serving networks to locate roaming terminals for the call delivery (location management) and ensures a seamless connection as MT enters into the new service area (handover management). In this manuscript, an optimized handover necessity estimation scheme has been envisaged for reducing the probability of handover failures and unnecessary handovers from 3G cellular networks to WLANs to provide optimal network utilization along with an enhanced user satisfaction. Performance analysis reveals that the suggested scheme yields enhanced results as compared to the schemes already proposed in the literature.
Switchable dual band equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna using pin diode
Authors: Pratap Prabal , Bhatia Ravinder Singh , Kumar Binod 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate the electrical characteristic of an equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna that is proposed for dual frequency operation using the pin diode. The electrical characteristic of an equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna is proposed for dual-frequency operation. Spur lines and ON/OFF condition of the pin diode are utilized to switch the resonant frequency of the patch. The presence of spur lines excites the surface current of the patch which is dependent on the resonant frequency of an equilateral triangular microstrip patch. Insertion of the diode in the spur lines gives a better result and compactness in patch design, which improves the miniaturization in size of patch.

Design/methodology/approach
– Antenna Design Aspects: A basic structure of an equilateral triangular microstrip antenna (ETMA) having two spur lines and one pin diode positioned in between the spur line is considered in this paper. The design parameters are chosen on the basis of substrate materials having relative permittivity less than three. Specification of the antenna is given in Table I. Substrate material used is RT Duroid 5,880; relative permittivity of the substrate er is 2.2; thickness of dielectric substrate h is 1.5 mm; sides of equilateral triangular patch a are 10 mm, spur width s is 0.5 mm; and spur length b is 2.0 mm.

Findings
– This paper gives an account of achieving polarization swiftness with coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. The miniaturized size of the antenna is 35 × 30 mm2. Switchable microstrip equilateral triangular antenna has been demonstrated for dual-frequency operations. The resonant frequency of an ETMA can be adjusted by setting the diode in an ON and OFF state. The design improves the miniaturization in size with a discussion of radiation density. The excited patch surface current is limited to flow around just the mid of the patch in simple ETMA with a single slit cut. It is observed that for an ETMA, when the diode is in the ON state at 9.16 GHz, the excited patch surface current is highly distributed in the patch compared to when the diode is in the ON state at 11 GHz. Similarly, it is observed that the excited surface patch current is highly distributed when the diode is in the OFF state in both frequencies (9 and 11.96 GHz). The mode is changed by the use of a switch at time and it is suitable for wireless communication applications.

Originality/value
– Spur lines and the ON/OFF condition of the pin diode are utilized to switch the resonant frequency of the patch. The presence of spur lines excites the surface current of the patch which is dependent on the resonant frequency of an equilateral triangular microstrip patch. Insertion of the diode in spur lines gives a better result and compactness in patch design, which improves the miniaturization in size of the patch.
Resource heterogeneity and its effects on interaction and integration in customer-supplier relationships
Authors: Abrahamsen Morten H. , Håkansson Håkan 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study the phenomenon of customer-supplier interaction and integration from a resource perspective. In economic terms, a fish may be seen as a more or less homogeneous resource. If the herring is seen as a homogeneous resource, a market should be the best way to handle the selling and buying. However, if the herring is seen as a heterogeneous resource, a more extensive type of interaction is needed. One interesting aspect with herring is that different business actors apparently see this resource in different ways. Thus, the authors will have a mixed situation, creating possible difficulties for the actors involved.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors start this study in Germany, one of the most important export markets for Norwegian herring. Today, Norwegian legislation hinders the possibility of vertical integration and cooperation at the supply side of the network. However, the industry sees opportunities for growth and integration on the marketing side. To examine this issue, the study uses a qualitative design methodology, incorporating personal in-depth interviews with selected respondents in Norway and Germany. Secondary data is also used. To analyse the data, the authors introduce five interaction and integration patterns termed pure exchange – no integration; limited interaction and integration; extensive interaction and developed integration and; indirect interaction and structural integration; and full integration.

Findings
– The findings suggest that there is a link between how the actors perceive herring as a resource and how they interact with counterparts. The authors find that the actors who see the resource as homogeneous have limited interaction and little or no integration, whereas the actors who see the resource as heterogeneous have a much more extensive interaction and closer ties.

Originality/value
– The paper is an investigation of the link between the resource heterogeneity and the patterns of customer-supplier integration.
Is extra care housing in England care-neutral?
Authors: Mayagoitia Ruth , Van Boxstael Els , Wojgani Hedieh , Wright Fay , Hanson Julienne , Tinker Anthea 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– Extra care housing (ECH) is housing for older people that aims to provide flexible care while fostering independence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact that some of the successes and failures in improving accessibility during remodelling had on care provision, in order to offer advice to social housing providers planning to remodel existing properties into ECH.

Design/methodology/approach
– The data consisted of an inventory of accessibility features and assistive technology (AT) items in flats and common areas. The data were drawn from ten ECH schemes in different regions of England.

Findings
– Most of the AT found was low-technology supporting independence, such as grabbers; some was specific to care provision, such as hoists. Even after remodelling, the design and layout of most buildings did not fully comply with accessibility standards, leading to increased provision of care for some tenants: a care-negative situation.

Research limitations/implications
– This multidisciplinary, original research on remodelling into ECH presents successful examples of accessibility, AT and care integration that required active tenant involvement and creative design input from care staff, architects and builders who were AT and accessibility aware. It is argued that for new and remodelled ECH buildings to be care-neutral, designers need to work towards the most inclusive model of ECH.

Originality/value
– This is original research that has produced guidance for builders, developers, policy makers and other stake holders.
Regulatory change in Australia and New Zealand following the global financial crisis
Authors: Brown Christine Ann , Davis Kevin , Mayes David 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to explain rationale for regulatory change in Australia and New Zealand after the global financial crisis.

Design/methodology/approach
– Outline regulatory changes and relate to crisis experience and regulatory shortcomings exposed.

Findings
– Regulatory change was driven primarily by need, as capital importing nations, to comply with emerging global standards, and the different approaches in both nations are also related to domestic political considerations.

Research limitations/implications
– The process of regulatory change in response to the crisis is ongoing.

Practical implications
– A number of areas for further improvement in financial regulation are identified.

Social implications
– Costs of poor regulation and financial crises are identified.

Originality/value
– A comparison of regulatory approaches in two countries dominated by the same four large banks helps understand the challenges of cross-border financial regulation cooperation.
Secondary Flow, Separation and Losses in the NACA 48-Inch Centrifugal Impeller at Design and Off-Design Conditions
Authors: Moore John , Moore Joan G. 
Published: March 2015

An elliptic flow calculation procedure has been used to model 3-D flow in the NACA 48–inch centrifugal impeller. The results demonstrate that fully elliptic steady flow calculations can be performed at design and off-design conditions. The calculations reproduce the measured overall performance and most of the features of the loss distributions observed in the NACA flow study. They give further insight into the complex 3-D flow with leading-edge separation and tip leakage.
The calculated secondary flow patterns are presented and used to explain the convection of vortices in a more recent laser anemometry study of a centrifugal compressor impeller.
Development of a Variable Area Radial Turbine for Small Turbochargers
Authors: Okazaki Yoichiro , Matsuo Eito , Matsudaira Nobuyasu , Busch Paul 
Published: March 2015

This paper summarizes the development of variable area radial turbines for small turbochargers, intended for passenger car applications. Comparisons of aerodynamic performance of several different kinds of variable radial inflow turbines are discussed.
The results of comparative performance evaluations indicate the scroll area control type (VI) is the most suitable design for small turbochargers, where performance, cost and durability are the major design considerations.
Coal Fueled Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine: Design Approach
Authors: Horner M. W. , Sabla P. E. , Kimura S. G. 
Published: March 2015

The direct use of coal as a gas turbine fuel offers the opportunity to burn coal in an environmentally sound manner at a competitive cost of energy. A development program is underway to verify the feasibility of using coal water mixture to fuel an aero-derivative gas turbine. This paper presents the overall program approach, required gas turbine design modifications, and reports the results from small-scale combustor test facilities.
The GE LM500 gas turbine was selected for this program because of its high efficiency and size, which is appropriate for transportation and cogeneration markets. The LM500 gas turbine power system design will be modified to accommodate coal fuel and any required emissions control devices. The design for the modified annular combustor is complete and preparations for coal fired tests of a 140 degree annular sector combustor are in progress. The combustor design and test development are being supported by a component test program with a One Nozzle Segment Combustor and a single can combustor LM500 Turbine Simulator. These test facilities are providing results on coal water mixture handling and fuel nozzle design, air staging requirements, component metal temperatures, combustor temperature performance, ash deposition rates, and emissions abatement for NOx, SOx, and particulates.
Laser Diagnostics for Gas Turbine Combustion Research
Authors: Ballal D. R. , Chen T. H. , Schmoll W. J. 
Published: March 2015

Gas turbine combustors pose many modeling and design difficulties. This has created an urgent need for experimental research using laser diagnostics to validate and refine computer design models of combustors. In this paper, key practical problems, limitations, and our operational experience with laser diagnostic systems for gas turbine combustion research are described.
It is found that unavailability of a good LDA seeder design and an unambiguous particle bias correction scheme present the main obstacles to using LDA in gas turbine combustor measurements. The practical problems of the Raman/Rayleigh system, particularly above 1200 K are high background luminosity, beam steering due to unmixedness, and high Poisson uncertainty in temperature and concentration measurements. The integration of LDA-Raman systems is beset by optical and data acquisition difficulties. Therefore, considerable work is still required to make the applications of advanced laser diagnostics to measurements in a practical gas turbine combustor a reality.
An Experimental Study of Streamwise Vortices in a Compressor Cascade
Authors: Fang Chen , Mao-Zhang Chen , Hao-Kang Jiang 
Published: March 2015

An experimental study on the production and development of streamwise vortices in a compressor cascade is reported.
At four locations inside and one location outside the blade passage, the mean velocity components, three turbulent intensities and three Reynolds stresses were measured with a “x” hot wire probe. The results obtained describe the flow structure in the corner between the end-wall and blade suction surface in detail. Besides a passage vortex within the passage, there exist a shed corner vortex pair and a secondary vortex pair in the corner. The characteristics of two vortex pairs were different from that of the passage vortex.
The mechanism causing the shed corner vortex pair and secondary vortex pair and the effect of these vortices on the cascade losses are discussed.
Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators for Combined Cycles Natural or Forced Circulation Considerations
Authors: Pasha Akber 
Published: March 2015

In recent years the combined cycle has become a very attractive power plant arrangement because of its high cycle efficiency, short order-to-on-line time and flexibility in the sizing when compared to conventional steam power plants. However, optimization of the cycle and selection of combined cycle equipment has become more complex because the three major components, Gas Turbine, Heat Recovery Steam Generator and Steam Turbine, are often designed and built by different manufacturers.
Heat Recovery Steam Generators are classified into two major categories — 1) Natural Circulation and 2) Forced Circulation. Both circulation designs have certain advantages, disadvantages and limitations.
This paper analyzes various factors including; availability, start-up, gas turbine exhaust conditions, reliability, space requirements, etc., which are affected by the type of circulation and which in turn affect the design, price and performance of the Heat Recovery Steam Generator. Modern trends around the world are discussed and conclusions are drawn as to the best type of circulation for a Heat Recovery Steam Generator for combined cycle application.
Spray Automated Balancing of Rotors: Concept and Initial Feasibility Study
Authors: Smalley Anthony J. , Baldwin Richard M. , Schick Wilbur R. 
Published: March 2015

This paper describes a new balancing concept: Spray Automated Balancing Of Rotors (SABOR). The Fuel Air Repetitive Explosion (FARE) process of metal film deposition is used to apply discrete amounts of metallic or ceramic particles to a spinning rotor at a controlled angular location on the rotor. In this way, without stopping the rotor, its mass eccentricity is changed in a manner designed to reduce the vibration sensed by a balancing machine.
The system design and control for implementing SABOR are described. Preliminary results are presented from a demonstration rig which confirm the ability of the method to control both angle of application and rate of application to the extent necessary for effective automated balancing. The method is used to balance a spinning disk without stopping it.
Results are presented which show that the bond strengths of materials deposited by the FARE process for use in small gas turbine engines are acceptable for the level of centrifugal stresses expected. Fatigue tests of sprayed samples show the data to be indistinguishable from that available for specimens hand-ground according to current balancing practice.
Development Test of a Small Aero-Derived Gas Turbine Combustor for Medium Btu Gaseous Fuel
Authors: Hua-Fang Wang , Gao-En Liu 
Published: March 2015

WZ-5 engine is a small aero gas turbine engine rated in 1200kw class. A development program was initiated in 1986 to develop the engine with some modifications to accommodate the medium or low Btu gaseous fuel for its industrial application. The test program was accordingly carried out for the modified engine and combustor to evaluate their ability to burn medium Btu gaseous fuel. The present investigation is a part of the program to justify whether or not the modified combustor is capable of burning the medium Btu gaseous fuel with satisfactory combustion performances. The medium Btu gaseous fuel used in the test contains 50% of H2 and 20% of CH4 and the rest of N2 as innert. That is the typical processing gas produced in chemical fertilizer production. The low heating value of the gas is 3002 kcal/nm3.
All the test results whowed that when burning the medium Btu gaseous fuel the modified combustor had quite good performances except one combustor which had the injectors with slot-shape opening at the injector end and had unacceptable combustor exit temperature profile, and also showed that the modified combustor had the potential ability to burn low Btu gaseous fuel which has lower calorific value but some amount of H2.
Gas Turbine Systems Training in the U.S. Navy: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Dachos John , Tobara Peter , Ulozas Bernard 
Published: March 2015

Five years after the introduction of gas turbine propulsion in major U. S. Navy combatants, the engineering training pipeline, populated with cross-rates primarily from the existing machinist, engineman, and electrical ratings, consisted of a series of contractor developed block courses operationally centered around the propulsion and electrical control consoles. The rapid introduction of new ships in the late seventies and eighties required an accelerated training pipeline and the use of mostly apprentice candidates directly from recruitment. This increased need, the recognition in the fleet that existing training was not providing system knowledge, and the construction of a gas turbine training hot plant precipitated the development of a new training curriculum.
Course development was derived from documentation which dictates plant operation: the equipment/system design; the Preventive Maintenance System (PMS); the Engineering Operating Sequencing System (EOSS); Fleet commander engineering management programs; and the Ships’ Manning Document (SMD). Using a disciplined approach, essential student performance objectives were defined and necessary learning objectives developed from the above documentation. The scope of the course encompassed the “cradle to grave” concept from apprentice training through journeyman and supervisor, and necessitated incremental and refresher training throughout the career of the gas turbine mechanic and electrician.