bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On pliability of del Pezzo fibrations and Cox rings
Authors: Ahmadinezhad Hamid 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We develop some concrete methods to build Sarkisov links, starting from Mori fibre spaces. This is done by studying low rank Cox rings and their properties. As part of this development, we give an algorithm to construct explicitly the coarse moduli space of a toric Deligne–Mumford stack. This can be viewed as the generalisation of the notion of well-formedness for weighted projective spaces to homogeneous coordinate ring of toric varieties. As an illustration, we apply these methods to study birational transformations of certain fibrations of del Pezzo surfaces over

ℙ
1

${\mathbb{P}^{1}}$

, into other Mori fibre spaces, using Cox rings and variation of geometric invariant theory. We show that the pliability of these Mori fibre spaces is at least three and they are not rational.
Hydrolysis of Hazelnut Shells as a Carbon Source for Bioprocessing Applications and Fermentation
Authors: Uzuner Sibel , Cekmecelioglu Deniz 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Hazelnut shells are generated in large amounts from hazelnut processing. Currently, it is used as fuel. However, reuse in bioprocessing can release remarkable content of sugars, which can be used for production of additives such as enzymes widely used in the food industry. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of single and combined chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis on the production of fermentable sugars from hazelnut shells. Batch hydrolysis was carried out under various conditions to select optimal conditions. The results revealed that an optimal sugar concentration of about 19.2 g/l was achieved after 3.42% (w/w) dilute acid pretreatment conducted at 130°C for 31.7 min and enzymatic load of 200 U/g for 24 h. The overall sugar yield was calculated as 72.4% (g reducing sugar/g total carbohydrate). Therefore, hazelnut shells can be considered a suitable feedstock to compete with synthetic sugars used in fermentations.
Protective effects of blackberry and quercetin on sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress and histological changes in the hepatic, renal, testis and brain tissue of male rat
Authors: Hamza Reham Z. , El-Shenawy Nahla S. , Ismail Hayat A.A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background: Sodium fluoride (NaF) intoxication is associated with oxidative stress and altered antioxidant defense mechanism. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential protective role of blackberry and quercetin (Q) against NaF-induced oxidative stress and histological changes in liver, kidney, testis and brain tissues of rats.

Methods: The rats were allocated evenly to seven groups. The first group was maintained as the control, whereas groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were administered blackberry juice (BBJ), Q, NaF, BBJ+NaF, Q+NaF and BBJ+Q+NaF, respectively, for a period of 30 days.

Results and conclusions: NaF caused an elevation in lipid peroxidation level paralleled with significant decline in glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as the total antioxidant activity in liver, kidney, testes and brain. Some histopathological changes were detected in all tested tissues of the NaF treated group. Q and BBJ had successfully maintained normal histological architecture and mitigated the induction of oxidative stress caused by NaF. Q effectively reduced the elevation in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level and restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes in liver, kidney, testis and brain. Less histopathological changes were observed in Q+NaF and BBJ+NaF treated groups. As a result, BBJ and Q significantly reduced NaF-induced oxidative and histological changes in rats. In the combination of BBJ and Q against NaF toxicity, the effects were more severe than from separate exposure, thus indicating that these flavonoids exhibited synergistic effects on all antioxidant and histological parameters.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: 20th Volume
Authors: Johnson Robert J. , Shealy Jasper E. , Greenwald Richard M. 
Published: October 2014

Description
Access 12 peer-reviewed papers on Skiing Trauma and Safety in this expert compilation sponsored by the International Society for Skiing Safety and ASTM International.
Topics of papers in this compilation fall into the following categories
Get expert case-controlled studies on both the perception of the effectiveness of helmets and the actual effectiveness of helmets. Examine the main reason for lack of helmet use in snow sports. Learn about whether the increased number of terrain parks has caused an increase in injury rates. Discover the necessities for consistent application of international standards for correct setup of ski-binding boot systems in New Zealand. Read about potential advances in ski equipment that could lead to less ACL injuries.
These Selected Technical Papers were presentenced at the 20th International Society for Skiing Safety Congress in Bariloche, Argentina, on August 4-10, 2013. The meeting was sponsored by the ISSS and this publication is supported by ASTM International Committee F27 on Snow Skiing and Subcommittee F27.30 on Skis and Boots._x000D_
Structure of the Rad50 DNA double‐strand break repair protein in complex with DNA
Authors: Rojowska Anna , Lammens Katja , Seifert Florian U , Direnberger Carolin , Feldmann Heidi , Hopfner Karl‐Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Mre11–Rad50 nuclease–ATPase is an evolutionarily conserved multifunctional DNA double‐strand break (DSB) repair factor. Mre11–Rad50's mechanism in the processing, tethering, and signaling of DSBs is unclear, in part because we lack a structural framework for its interaction with DNA in different functional states. We determined the crystal structure of Thermotoga maritima Rad50NBD (nucleotide‐binding domain) in complex with Mre11HLH (helix‐loop‐helix domain), AMPPNP, and double‐stranded DNA. DNA binds between both coiled‐coil domains of the Rad50 dimer with main interactions to a strand‐loop‐helix motif on the NBD. Our analysis suggests that this motif on Rad50 does not directly recognize DNA ends and binds internal sites on DNA. Functional studies reveal that DNA binding to Rad50 is not critical for DNA double‐strand break repair but is important for telomere maintenance. In summary, we provide a structural framework for DNA binding to Rad50 in the ATP‐bound state.
APC/CCdh1 controls CtIP stability during the cell cycle and in response to DNA damage
Authors: Lafranchi Lorenzo , de Boer Harmen R , de Vries Elisabeth GE , Ong Shao‐En , Sartori Alessandro A , van Vugt Marcel ATM 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHuman cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms for responding to DNA damage to maintain genome stability and prevent carcinogenesis. For instance, the cell cycle can be arrested at different stages to allow time for DNA repair. The APC/CCdh1 ubiquitin ligase mainly regulates mitotic exit but is also implicated in the DNA damage‐induced G2 arrest. However, it is currently unknown whether APC/CCdh1 also contributes to DNA repair. Here, we show that Cdh1 depletion causes increased levels of genomic instability and enhanced sensitivity to DNA‐damaging agents. Using an integrated proteomics and bioinformatics approach, we identify CtIP, a DNA‐end resection factor, as a novel APC/CCdh1 target. CtIP interacts with Cdh1 through a conserved KEN box, mutation of which impedes ubiquitylation and downregulation of CtIP both during G1 and after DNA damage in G2. Finally, we find that abrogating the CtIP–Cdh1 interaction results in delayed CtIP clearance from DNA damage foci, increased DNA‐end resection, and reduced homologous recombination efficiency. Combined, our results highlight the impact of APC/CCdh1 on the maintenance of genome integrity and show that this is, at least partially, achieved by controlling CtIP stability in a cell cycle‐ and DNA damage‐dependent manner.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: May Philip A. , Baete Amy , Russo Jaymi , Elliott Amy J. , Blankenship Jason , Kalberg Wendy O. , Buckley David , Brooks Marita , Hasken Julie , Abdul-Rahman Omar , Adam Margaret P. , Robinson Luther K. , Manning Melanie , Hoyme H. Eugene 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVES:To determine the prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) among first grade students (6- to 7-year-olds) in a representative Midwestern US community.METHODS:From a consented sample of 70.5% of all first graders enrolled in public and private schools, an oversample of small children (≤25th percentile on height, weight, and head circumference) and randomly selected control candidates were examined for physical growth, development, dysmorphology, cognition, and behavior. The children’s mothers were interviewed for maternal risk.RESULTS:Total dysmorphology scores differentiate significantly fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and partial FAS (PFAS) from one another and from unexposed controls. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) is not as clearly differentiated from controls. Children who had FASD performed, on average, significantly worse on 7 cognitive and behavioral tests and measures. The most predictive maternal risk variables in this community are late recognition of pregnancy, quantity of alcoholic drinks consumed 3 months before pregnancy, and quantity of drinking reported for the index child’s father. From the final multidisciplinary case findings, 3 techniques were used to estimate prevalence. FAS in this community likely ranges from 6 to 9 per 1000 children (midpoint, 7.5), PFAS from 11 to 17 per 1000 children (midpoint, 14), and the total rate of FASD is estimated at 24 to 48 per 1000 children, or 2.4% to 4.8% (midpoint, 3.6%).CONCLUSIONS:Children who have FASD are more prevalent among first graders in this Midwestern city than predicted by previous, popular estimates.
Hearing Loss and Congenital CMV Infection: A Systematic Review
Authors: Goderis Julie , De Leenheer Els , Smets Koenraad , Van Hoecke Helen , Keymeulen Annelies , Dhooge Ingeborg 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Hearing loss caused by congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection was first observed in 1964. Today cCMV is the most common cause of nonhereditary sensorineural hearing loss in childhood. Our objective was to provide an overview of the prevalence of cCMV-related hearing loss, to better define the nature of cCMV-associated hearing loss, and to investigate the importance of cCMV infection in hearing-impaired children.METHODS:Two reviewers independently used Medline and manual searches of references from eligible studies and review articles to select cohort studies on children with cCMV infection with audiological follow-up and extracted data on population characteristics and hearing outcomes.RESULTS:Thirty-seven studies were included: 10 population-based natural history studies, 14 longitudinal cohort studies, and 13 retrospective studies. The prevalence of cCMV in developed countries is 0.58% (95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.79). Among these newborns 12.6% (95% confidence interval, 10.2–16.5) will experience hearing loss: 1 out of 3 symptomatic children and 1 out of 10 asymptomatic children. Among symptomatic children, the majority have bilateral loss; among asymptomatic children, unilateral loss predominates. In both groups the hearing loss is mainly severe to profound. Hearing loss can have a delayed onset, and it is unstable, with fluctuations and progression. Among hearing-impaired children, cCMV is the causative agent in 10% to 20%. Despite strict selection criteria, some heterogeneity was found between selected studies.CONCLUSIONS:This systematic review underscores the importance of cCMV as a cause of sensorineural hearing loss in childhood.
Perinatal Complications and Aging Indicators by Midlife
Authors: Shalev Idan , Caspi Avshalom , Ambler Antony , Belsky Daniel W. , Chapple Simon , Cohen Harvey Jay , Israel Salomon , Poulton Richie , Ramrakha Sandhya , Rivera Christine D. , Sugden Karen , Williams Benjamin , Wolke Dieter , Moffitt Terrie E. 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND:Perinatal complications predict increased risk for morbidity and early mortality. Evidence of perinatal programming of adult mortality raises the question of what mechanisms embed this long-term effect. We tested a hypothesis related to the theory of developmental origins of health and disease: that perinatal complications assessed at birth predict indicators of accelerated aging by midlife.METHODS:Perinatal complications, including both maternal and neonatal complications, were assessed in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study cohort (N = 1037), a 38-year, prospective longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort. Two aging indicators were assessed at age 38 years, objectively by leukocyte telomere length (TL) and subjectively by perceived facial age.RESULTS:Perinatal complications predicted both leukocyte TL (β = −0.101; 95% confidence interval, −0.169 to −0.033; P = .004) and perceived age (β = 0.097; 95% confidence interval, 0.029 to 0.165; P = .005) by midlife. We repeated analyses with controls for measures of family history and social risk that could predispose to perinatal complications and accelerated aging, and for measures of poor health taken in between birth and the age-38 follow-up. These covariates attenuated, but did not fully explain the associations observed between perinatal complications and aging indicators.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings provide support for early-life developmental programming by linking newborns’ perinatal complications to accelerated aging at midlife. We observed indications of accelerated aging “inside,” as measured by leukocyte TL, an indicator of cellular aging, and “outside,” as measured by perceived age, an indicator of declining tissue integrity. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying perinatal programming of adult aging is needed.
Use of and Regional Variation in Initial CT Imaging for Kidney Stones
Authors: Tasian Gregory E. , Pulido Jose E. , Keren Ron , Dick Andrew W. , Setodji Claude M. , Hanley Jan M. , Madison Rodger , Saigal Christopher S. 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE:
We sought to determine the prevalence of initial computed tomography (CT) utilization and to identify regions in the United States where CT is highly used as the first imaging study for children with nephrolithiasis.

METHODS:
We performed a cross-sectional study in 9228 commercially insured children aged 1 to 17 years with nephrolithiasis who underwent diagnostic imaging in the United States between 2003 and 2011. Data were obtained from MarketScan, a commercial insurance claims database of 17 827 229 children in all 50 states. We determined the prevalence of initial CT use, defined as CT alone or CT performed before ultrasound in the emergency department, inpatient unit, or outpatient clinic, and identified regions of high CT utilization by using logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Sixty-three percent of children underwent initial CT study and 24% had ultrasound performed first. By state, the proportion of children who underwent initial CT ranged from 41% to 79%. Regional variations persisted after adjusting for age, gender, year of presentation, and insurance type. Relative to children living in West South Central states, the highest odds of initial CT utilization were observed for children living in the East South Central US Census division (odds ratio: 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.06–1.54). The lowest odds of initial CT were observed for children in the New England states (odds ratio: 0.48; 95% confidence interval: 0.38–0.62).

CONCLUSIONS:
Use of CT as the initial imaging study for children with nephrolithiasis is highly prevalent and shows extensive regional variability in the United States. Current imaging practices deviate substantially from recently published guidelines that recommend ultrasound as the initial imaging study.
Effects of sample site and size, skin tension lines, surgeon, and formalin fixation on shrinkage of skin samples excised from canine cadavers
Authors: Upchurch David A. , Malenfant Renee-Claire , Wignall Jamie R. , Ogden Daniel M. , Saile Katrin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Objective—To assess the effects of sample size and location, skin tension lines, surgeon, and formalin fixation on the extent of shrinkage that occurs in excised canine skin samples.
Animals—Cadavers of 4 adult purpose-bred mixed-breed hound dogs with grossly normal skin.
Procedures—54 circular areas of skin (2-, 4-, and 6-cm-diameter samples from each of 9 body regions on each side) were excised by 1 of 2 surgeons from each cadaver. The diameter of each sample was measured in 4 orientations (parallel to previously reported tension lines, perpendicular to tension lines, in a dorsoventral orientation, and in a craniocaudal [or rostrocaudal] orientation) at 3 time points (before and immediately after excision and after 24 hours of formalin fixation).
Results—216 samples were measured in all 4 orientations at all 3 time points. For all samples, mean ± SE decrease in diameter after fixation, compared with pre-excision findings, was 6.2 ± 0.7 mm. No significant correlations were found between percentage of skin shrinkage and surgeon, body side or region, or measurement orientation in relation to skin tension lines. The mean sample diameter immediately after excision differed significantly from that before excision (mean diameter decrease, 5.5 ± 0.7 mm). Overall, sample diameter immediately after excision and after formalin fixation did not differ.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The extent of shrinkage of skin samples from hound cadavers that occurred immediately after excision was notable. A better understanding of the effectors of excised skin sample shrinkage is needed, especially when histopathologic findings provide guidelines for surgical margins.
Effects of pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide administration on pulmonary perfusion and arterial oxygenation in dorsally recumbent isoflurane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Grubb Tamara L. , Lord Peter F. , Berger Mieth , Larsson Christina , Rydén Anneli , Frendin Jan , Funkquist Pia , Edner Anna , Nyman Görel 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Objective—To image the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow by means of scintigraphy, evaluate ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) matching and pulmonary blood shunting (Qs/Qt) by means of the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET), and measure arterial oxygenation and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations before, during, and after pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide (PiNO) administration to isoflurane-anesthetized horses in dorsal recumbency.
Animals—3 healthy adult Standardbreds.
Procedures—Nitric oxide was pulsed into the inspired gases in dorsally recumbent isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Assessment of VA/Q matching, Qs/Qt, and Pao2 content was performed by use of the MIGET, and spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow was measured by perfusion scintigraphy following IV injection of technetium Tc 99m–labeled macroaggregated human albumin before, during, and 30 minutes after cessation of PiNO administration.
Results—During PiNO administration, significant redistribution of blood flow from the dependent regions to the nondependent regions of the lungs was found and was reflected by improvements in VA/Q matching, decreases in Qs/Qt, and increases in Pao2 content, all of which reverted to baseline values at 30 minutes after PiNO administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of PiNO in anesthetized dorsally recumbent horses resulted in redistribution of pulmonary blood flow from dependent atelectatic lung regions to nondependent aerated lung regions. Because hypoxemia is commonly the result of atelectasis in anesthetized dorsally recumbent horses, the addition of nitric oxide to inhaled gases could be used clinically to alleviate hypoxemia in horses during anesthesia.
Postoperative analgesic effects of epidural administration of neostigmine alone or in combination with morphine in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery of the pelvic limbs
Authors: Marucio Rodrigo L. , Monteiro Eduardo R. , Moroz Ludmila R. , Fantoni Denise T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of epidural administration of morphine and neostigmine, either alone or in combination, in dogs.
Animals—30 dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery on a pelvic limb.
Procedures—Anesthetic protocols were standardized. At the end of surgery, 10 dogs each received 1 of 3 epidural treatments: morphine (0.1 mg/kg), neostigmine (5 μg/kg), or morphine plus neostigmine (0.1 mg/kg and 5 μg/kg, respectively). Postoperative pain scores and the need for rescue analgesia were evaluated for 24 hours.
Results—Pain scores were higher in the neostigmine group, compared with scores for the morphine-neostigmine group, at 2 and 24 hours after surgery and higher in the morphine group than in the morphine-neostigmine group at 2 and 4 hours. During 24 hours, rescue analgesia was provided for 4, 7, and 2 of 10 dogs each in the morphine, neostigmine, and morphine-neostigmine groups, respectively. The number of dogs given rescue analgesia was significantly different among groups at 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after surgery. Dogs in the morphine and morphine-neostigmine groups had a lower probability of receiving rescue analgesia within 24 hours than did dogs in the neostigmine group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When administered epidurally, morphine alone or in combination with neostigmine provided effective postoperative analgesia in most dogs after orthopedic surgery, whereas neostigmine alone did not. Findings for this study suggested a potential role for neostigmine as an adjuvant for epidural analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgeries on the pelvic limbs.
Effects of a dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion and atropine on changes in global perfusion variables induced by hemorrhage followed by volume replacement in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Cândido Thaísa D. , Teixeira-Neto Francisco J. , Diniz Miriely S. , Zanuzzo Felipe S. , Teixeira Lídia R. , Fantoni Denise T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of a dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) and atropine on changes in global perfusion variables induced by hemorrhage and volume replacement (VR) in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
Animals—8 adult dogs.
Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized twice, with a 2-week interval between anesthetic sessions. Anesthesia was maintained with 1.3 times the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane with and without dexmedetomidine (1.6 μg/kg, IV bolus, followed by 2 μg/kg/h, CRI). Dogs were mechanically ventilated and received an atracurium neuromuscular blockade during both sessions. During anesthesia with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine, atropine was administered 30 minutes before baseline measurements were obtained. After baseline data were recorded, 30% of the total blood volume was progressively withdrawn and VR was achieved with an equal proportion of autologous blood.
Results—Following hemorrhage, cardiac index, oxygen delivery index, and mixed-venous oxygen saturation were significantly decreased and the oxygen extraction ratio was significantly increased from baseline. The anaerobic threshold was not achieved during either anesthetic session. When dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine, they had a significantly lower heart rate, cardiac index, and mixed-venous oxygen saturation during VR than they did when anesthetized with isoflurane alone. Plasma lactate concentration, mixed venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference, base excess, and anion gap were unaltered by hemorrhage and VR and did not differ between anesthetic sessions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the use of a dexmedetomidine CRI combined with atropine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs that underwent volume-controlled hemorrhage followed by VR did not compromise global perfusion sufficiently to result in anaerobic metabolism.