bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) variability in the Nile Valley: Identifying residential mobility during ancient Egyptian and Nubian sociopolitical changes in the New Kingdom and Napatan periods
Authors: Buzon Michele R. , Simonetti Antonio 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTAs a successful technique for identifying residential mobility in other areas, this study investigates the feasibility of using 87Sr/86Sr analysis to track the movements of the ancient peoples of Egypt and Nubia in the Nile Valley, who interacted via trade, warfare, and political occupations over millennia. Dental enamel from faunal remains is used to examine variability in strontium sources in seven regional sites; human enamel samples are analyzed from eight Nile Valley sites in order to trace human movements. The faunal samples show a wide range of 87Sr/86Sr values demonstrating that some animals were raised in a variety of locales. The results of the human samples reveal overlap in 87Sr/86Sr values between Egyptian and Nubian sites; however, Egyptian 87Sr/86Sr values (mean/median [0.70777], sd [0.00027]) are statistically higher than the Nubian 87Sr/86Sr values (mean [0.70762], median [0.70757], sd [0.00036], suggesting that it is possible to identify if immigrant Egyptians were present at Nubian sites. Samples examined from the site of Tombos provide important information regarding the sociopolitical activities during the New Kingdom and Napatan periods. Based on a newly established local 87Sr/86Sr range, human values, and bioarchaeological evidence, this study confirms the preliminary idea that immigrants, likely from Egypt, were present during the Egyptian New Kingdom occupation of Nubia. In the subsequent Napatan period when Nubia ruled Egypt as the 25th Dynasty, 87Sr/86Sr values are statistically different from the New Kingdom component and indicate that only locals were present at Tombos during this developmental time. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:1–9, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initiation of clathrin‐mediated endocytosis: All you need is two?
Authors: Swan Laura E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractClathrin‐mediated endocytosis is a major route for the retrieval of plasma‐membrane cargoes, and defects of this process can cause catastrophic human dysfunctions. However, the processes governing how a clathrin‐coated profile (ccp) is initiated are still murky. Despite an ever‐growing cast of molecules proposed as triggers of ccp nucleation and increasingly sophisticated bioimaging techniques examining clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, it is yet unknown if ccp formation is governed by a universal mechanism. A recent paper by Cocucci et al. has tracked single‐molecule events to identify that stable accumulation of ccps requires the near‐simultaneous arrival of two AP2 adaptors bridged by one clathrin triskelion. This commentary examines the role of AP2 in cargo‐mediated endocytosis in the light of recent advances in biophotonics, chemical inhibitors and genetics, examines the claims of other molecules to be the initiators of ccp formation and proposes future directions in research into this topic.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays: The evolution of dynamin to regulate clathrin‐mediated endocytosis AbstractClathrin‐mediated endocytosis: What works for small, also works for big Abstract
The synthesis and application of Fmoc‐Lys(5‐Fam) building blocks
Authors: Tokmina‐Roszyk Michal , Tokmina‐Roszyk Dorota , Fields Gregg B. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTFluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates are often utilized for protease activity assays. This study has examined the preparation of FRET triple‐helical peptide (THP) substrates using 5‐carboxyfluorescein (5‐Fam) as the fluorophore and 4,4‐dimethylamino‐azobenzene‐4'‐carboxylic acid (Dabcyl) as the quencher. The Nα‐(9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)‐Nε‐(5‐carboxyfluorescein)‐l‐lysine [Fmoc‐Lys(5‐Fam)] building block was synthesized utilizing two distinct synthetic routes. The first involved copper complexation of Lys while the second utilized Fmoc‐Lys with microwave irradiation. Both approaches allowed convenient production of a very pure final product at a reasonable cost. Fmoc‐Lys(5‐Fam) and Fmoc‐Lys(Dabcyl) were incorporated into the sequence of a THP substrate utilizing automated solid‐phase peptide synthesis protocols. A second substrate was assembled where (7‐methoxycoumarin‐4‐yl)‐acetyl (Mca) was the fluorophore and 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (Dnp) was the quencher. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to determine the influence of the fluorophore/quencher pair on the stability of the triple‐helix. The activity of the two substrates was examined with three matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP‐1, MMP‐13, and MT1‐MMP. The combination of 5‐Fam as fluorophore and Dabcyl as quencher resulted in a triple‐helical substrate that, compared with the fluorophore/quencher pair of Mca/Dnp, had a slightly destabilized triple‐helix but was hydrolyzed more rapidly by MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 and had greater sensitivity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 347–355, 2013.
Invisible Victims: Recorded Crime and Children in the UK
Authors: Bunting Lisa 
Published: February 2013

While violence against children is a common occurrence only a minority of incidents come to the attention of the authorities. Low reporting rates notwithstanding, official data such as child protection referrals and recorded crime statistics provide valuable information on the numbers of children experiencing harm which come to the attention of professionals in any given year. In the UK, there has been a strong tendency to focus on child protection statistics while children as victims of crime remain largely invisible in annual crime reports and associated compendia. This is despite the implementation of a raft of policies aimed at improving the system response to victims and witnesses of crime across the UK. This paper demonstrates the utility of a more detailed analysis of crime statistics in providing information on the patterns of crime against children and examining case outcomes. Based on data made available by the Police Service for Northern Ireland, it highlights how violent crime differentially impacts on older children and how detection rates vary depending on case characteristics. It makes an argument for developing recorded crime practice to make child victims of crime more visible and to facilitate assessment of the effectiveness of current initiatives and policy developments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Children as victims of crime remain largely invisible in annual crime reports and associated compendia’Key Practitioner Messages

UK recorded crime is not routinely disaggregated by age and there is limited consideration of the changing patterns of crime against children.
Practitioners working to reduce offending against children and to support victims through the criminal justice system are not being provided with the appropriate data to measure throughput through the system.
Lack of information on the reasons why cases remain undetected means that strategies to reduce case attrition are essentially ‘flying blind’.‘The criminal justice system are not being provided with the appropriate data to measure throughput through the system’
Being Parents and Workers: Qualitative Insights from Child Protection Workers
Authors: O'Reilly Rebecca , Wilkes Lesley , Luck Lauretta , Jackson Debra 
Published: February 2013

As a parent of their own children, balancing home and work for child protection workers (CPWs) can be difficult. This may contribute to the sustainability of the CPW role for those workers who are also parents, and to the complexity of establishing viable child protection services (CPSs). This paper explores CPWs experiences of being both a parent and a CPW. Findings, drawn from a larger case study which aimed to investigate CPW work practices and the challenges caused by them for workers, will be used to explicate this issue for workers and the organisation. Fifteen CPWs employed by a busy, moderate‐ to high‐risk CPS participated in the larger case study with 14 participants undertaking qualitative semi‐structured, open‐ended interviews. Data pertaining to the dual roles of being a parent and a CPW were categorised into categories, minor categories and sub‐categories. The two sub categories represented in this paper are: ‘CPWs: Life as a Parent’ and ‘CPWs: Parent as a Worker’. Being a parent and a CPW impacted on both professional practices and personal parenting experiences. Strategies by the organisation that supported parent workers in maintaining family‐work balance assisted CPWs to be able to maintain stability in their role. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Being a parent and a CPW impacted on both professional practices and personal parenting experiences’Key Practitioner MessagesBalancing child protection roles with parenting roles is difficult.CPW roles impact on parenting and parenting roles impact on child protection work.Family‐friendly workplace policy for CPWs is required to benefit CPW health and promote sustainability in this role.
Transradial intervention for patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction with or without cardiogenic shock
Authors: Fujii Toshiharu , Masuda Naoki , Ijichi Takeshi , Kamiyama Yoshinari , Tanaka Shigemitsu , Nakazawa Gaku , Shinozaki Norihiko , Matsukage Takashi , Ogata Nobuhiko , Ikari Yuji 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesTo compare clinical outcomes between transradial (TRI) and transfemoral intervention (TFI) in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with or without shock.BackgroundTRI for STEMI has benefits in TRI high volume centers. However, TRI has not been reported for STEMI with shock even in such centers.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 425 STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI. Patients were divided into four groups according to approach site and presence of cardiogenic shock, including TRI without shock (TR group, n = 273), TRI with shock (TRS group, n = 38), TFI without shock (TF group, n = 71), and TFI with shock (TFS group, n = 43).ResultsPCI success rates were similar among the four groups. The TR group was superior to the TF group in terms of shorter cath lab to first device activation time, and lower access site complications, and 30‐day mortality rates (1.1% vs. 11.3%, P < 0.001). In shock patients, cardiopulmonary arrest was commonly observed in both the TRS and TFS groups (42.1% and 51.2%, respectively). The TRS group showed a trend toward a shorter door to first device activation time compared to the TFS group and lower access site complications; however, 30‐day mortality rate was 28.9% in TRS and 25.6% in TFS group (P = 0.7).ConclusionsIn TRI high volume center, TRI for STEMI was safe and feasible as a default approach. TRI could be applied to severe shock patients with similar clinical outcome to TFI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relative exergy‐destroyed array: A new tool for control structure design
Authors: Munir M.T. , Yu W. , Young B.R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDue to increasing energy demands, energy crises and strict environmental regulations, the eco‐efficiency of all industrial processes and plants has become vitally important. Control loop configuration or control system structure determination is a major and vitally important activity in the complex task of process control because a poorly structured control strategy can lose much energy from the process or plant when implemented. To save this loss of energy due to a poorly structured control strategy, engineers need to find a way to integrate control loop configuration and measurements of eco‐efficiency. In this paper, we present the relative exergy‐destroyed array (REDA), a new tool to measure the relative eco‐efficiency of a process. The REDA is a means to compare the eco‐efficiency of multi‐input multi‐output processes for different combinations of control structures. Based on steady state information, it is a simple tool for comparing eco‐efficiency. The results obtained from the REDA are interpreted and explained with the help of case studies involving a whole monochlorobenzene (MCB) plant and a heat exchanger network (HEN). The REDA may help guide the process designer to quickly find a control design with low operating costs and high eco‐efficiency.
Highly Efficient, Ultra‐Low Energy Consumption Process for Phenol Wastewater Treatment with Ultra‐Low Carbon Emission
Authors: Zhang Yalei , Li Deyi , Zhang Yonggang , Zhou Xuefei , Hong Jie , Jiang Ming 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhenol is one of the main pollutants in phenol wastewater and has been proved non‐biodegradable. In this study, based on strongly ring‐opening capability of boron doped diamond film electrode, a highly efficient and energy‐saving method with ultra‐low carbon emission is established through a combination of electrochemical oxidation and biological degradation. On one hand, electrochemical oxidation as pretreatment can solve the critical problem that phenol wastewater is a biological recalcitrant. On the other hand, the relatively low current efficiency during the late stage of electrochemical oxidation can be solved by follow‐up biological treatment, thus reduce the energy consumption and the cost significantly. More importantly, the carboxylic acids (oxidized from phenol) can be fully used as carbon source (no additional carbon source is added) for microbial growth instead of being oxidized to carbon dioxide and water through selecting optimizing sequencing batch reactor access time, so the carbon emission is greatly reduced. The results showed that it can save about 76.5% energy consumption and about 51.2% chemical oxygen demand can be used to maintain microorganism self‐reproduction. This is significant that this combined technology not only runs highly effectively at low cost, but also reduces the emission of greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, thus environment friendly with wide application prospects.
Pitavastatin Concentrations Are Not Increased by CYP3A4 Inhibitor Itraconazole in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Nakagawa Shunji , Gosho Masahiko , Inazu Yuji , Hounslow Neil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractItraconazole is a synthetic triazole antifungal agent which is known to be a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, and may cause drug–drug interactions with the many drugs metabolized by this route, including some statins. In this study, the influence of concomitant administration of a single oral dose of pitavastatin with itraconazole at steady state was investigated to determine the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction and any effects on safety. Eighteen subjects were enrolled into the study. The AUC and Cmax of pitavastatin alone were 138 ng h/mL and 63.8 ng/mL, and pitavastatin with itraconazole were 106 ng h/mL and 49.5 ng/mL, respectively. Comparison of the 90% confidence interval of the geometric mean ratio of AUC0–t and Cmax against a standard reference of 0.80–1.25 demonstrated that the lower limit was breached for both pitavastatin and its lactone metabolite (0.71–0.84 and 0.69–0.88 for AUC0–t and Cmax, respectively, for pitavastatin, 0.86–0.97 and 0.76–0.86 for AUC0–t and Cmax, respectively, for pitavastatin lactone). The safety and tolerability of pitavastatin was not affected by co‐administration with itraconazole. This study suggests that pitavastatin is not a CYP3A4 substrate in humans.
Market Responses to Firms' Voluntary Climate Change Information Disclosure and Carbon Communication
Authors: Lee Su‐Yol , Park Yun‐Seon , Klassen Robert D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDespite the importance of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), the question of how firms' voluntary carbon disclosure influences capital markets and shareholder value remains unanswered. Using the event study methodology with a sample of firms from the CDP Korea 2008 and 2009, this paper investigates market responses to firms' voluntary carbon information disclosure. The results suggest that the market is likely to respond negatively to firms' carbon disclosure, implying that investors tend to perceive carbon disclosure as bad news and thus are concerned about potential costs facing firms for addressing global warming. In addition, the study examines the moderating effect of frequent carbon communication on the relationship between carbon disclosure and shareholder value. The results suggest that a firm can mitigate negative market shocks from its carbon disclosure by releasing its carbon news periodically through the media in advance of its carbon disclosure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Double Electrical Layer at the Plasma‐Solution Interface
Authors: Khlyustova A. , Maksimov A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPlasma‐solution interface plays the important role in the systems of the electrical discharges with or in liquids (electrolyte solutions). Processes, which pass at this interface, influence on as plasma as liquid. In this paper, the theoretical and experimental results of studies of the double layer on the liquid surface are presented. Data of cathode region properties, kinetics of nonequilibrium vaporization, correlation between radiation intensity and fluxes from electrolyte cathode surface and energy consumptions per on one water molecule transfer are summarized. It is able to suggest the transfer mechanism at the plasma‐solution interface. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Role of Capacitance Determination Accuracy for the Electrical Characterization of Pulsed Driven Dielectric Barrier Discharges
Authors: Pipa A. V. , Hoder T. , Brandenburg R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) of coaxial geometry has been investigated. The discharge cell was filled by 100 mbar of argon and driven by positive square voltage pulses with a rise time of 20 ns and 75 ns. The internal discharge characteristics such as the discharge current, the gas gap voltage, the instantaneous power and energy have been determined from measured current and voltage waveforms. The peculiarities of the experimental evaluation of the discharge parameters are discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to the accurate experimental determination of the key capacitance values of the DBD, namely the capacitance of the reactor cell Ccell and the capacitance of the dielectric barriers Cd. The influence of the capacitance value accuracy on precision of electrical characterization is demonstrated and it is shown that a small uncertainty in the Cd value leads to large errors in the evaluation of the gas gap voltage. Nevertheless, the obtained accuracy of the capacitance values allows the reliable comparison of the electrical DBD parameters. These are sensitive to the mode of discharge excitation. The shortening of the voltage rise time leads to the increase of the total and instantaneous energy as well as the peak power dissipated into the discharge. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiation Emission of Fast Electrons in Collisions with “Ion‐Sphere” in Dense Plasmas
Authors: Astapenko V. A. , Rosmej F. B. , Lisitsa V. S. , Li Xiangdong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRadiative emission of fast electrons in collision with an “ion‐sphere” electron distribution in dense plasmas is under consideration. The electron structure of the ion sphere is calculated ab initio using self‐consistent solution of both bound and free electron distribution inside the sphere. Two radiation channels are included: emission of the colliding electron itself in static potential (conventional or static Bremsstrahlung) and the emission of “ion sphere” medium due to its polarization by the colliding electron (polarization Bremsstrahlung). The last one is calculated in the frame of local plasma density approximation. Interference between conventional and polarization Bremsstrahlung is taken into account. It is shown that spectral cross section of the process has characteristic features depending on plasma density and ionization stage of plasma ions. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In Situ Recrystallization of Polyoxometalates: From 0D Architectures to 2D Inorganic–Organic Hybrids
Authors: Liu Xuan , An Haiyan , Chen Zhaofei , Zhang Hua , Hu Ying , Zhu Guibo , Geletii Yurii V. , Hill Craig L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe compound (4‐H2pya)3[Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·5H2O (1) transforms into two 2D hybrid species (4‐Hpya)[(4‐Hpya)Ln(H2O)5]2[Al(OH)6Mo6O18]2·13H2O {Ln = Ce (2), La (3); 4‐Hpya = 3‐(4‐pyridyl)acrylic acid} in the mother liquor through crystal dissolution and recrystallization; this represents a rare example of in situ recrystallization involving polyoxometalate crystal systems. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a 0D architecture consisting of protonated 4‐H2pya ligands and [Al(OH)6Mo6O18]3– polyoxoanions, which are connected through hydrogen‐bonding and electrostatic interactions. Isostructural compounds 2 and 3 crystallize in the triclinic crystal system, space group P$\bar {1}$, and exhibit a unique 2D framework composed of [Al(OH)6Mo6O18]3– polyoxoanions and Ln‐4‐Hpya coordination complexes with a rare (3,4)‐connected net. The magnetic properties of compound 2 were studied by measuring its magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range 2.0–300.0 K.
Nearshore circulation over transverse bar and rip morphology with oblique wave forcing
Authors: Houser Chris , Arnott Ryan , Ulzhöfer Steffen , Barrett Gemma 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThere is a paucity of field data to describe the transition in nearshore circulation between alongshore, meandering and rip current systems. A combination of in‐situ current meters and surf zone drifters are used to characterize the nearshore circulation over a transverse bar and rip morphology at Pensacola Beach, Florida in the presence of relatively low energy oblique waves. Current speeds vary in response to the relative wave height ratio (Hs/h), which defines the degree and extent of breaking over the shoal. In the absence of wave breaking the nearshore circulation was dominated by an alongshore current driven by the oblique waves. As waves begin to break across the shoal (0.2<Hs/ h<0.5) the nearshore circulation is characterized by a meandering alongshore current. As conditions became more dissipative (Hs/h>0.5), the meandering current is replaced by an unsteady rip circulation that moves offshore between the shoals before turning alongshore in the direction of wave advance outside the surf zone. The increase in wave dissipation is associated with an increase in very low frequency (VLF) variations in the current speed across the shoal and in the rip channel that caused the circulation to oscillate between an offshore and an alongshore flow. The unsteady nature of the nearshore circulation is responsible for 55% of all surf zone exits under these more dissipative conditions. In contrast, only 29% of the drifters released from the shoal exited the surf zone and bypassed the adjacent shoal with the alongshore‐meandering current. While the currents had a low velocity (maximum of ~0.4 m s‐1) and would not pose a significant hazard to the average swimmer, the results of this study suggest that the transverse bar and rip morphology is sufficient to create an alongshore variation in wave dissipation that forces alongshore meandering and low‐energy rip circulation systems under oblique wave forcing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.