bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Lucy” (A.L. 288‐1) had five sacral vertebrae
Authors: Russo Gabrielle A. , Williams Scott A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA “long‐backed” scenario of hominin vertebral evolution posits that early hominins possessed six lumbar vertebrae coupled with a high frequency of four sacral vertebrae (7:12‐13:6:4), a configuration acquired from a hominin‐panin last common ancestor (PLCA) having a vertebral formula of 7:13:6‐7:4. One founding line of evidence for this hypothesis is the recent assertion that the “Lucy” sacrum (A.L. 288‐1an, Australopithecus afarensis) consists of four sacral vertebrae and a partially‐fused first coccygeal vertebra (Co1), rather than five sacral vertebrae as in modern humans. This study reassesses the number of sacral vertebrae in Lucy by reexamining the distal end of A.L.288‐1an in the context of a comparative sample of modern human sacra and Co1 vertebrae, and the sacrum of A. sediba (MH2). Results demonstrate that, similar to S5 in modern humans and A. sediba, the last vertebra in A.L. 288‐1an exhibits inferiorly‐projecting (right side) cornua and a kidney‐shaped inferior body articular surface. This morphology is inconsistent with that of fused or isolated Co1 vertebrae in humans, which either lack cornua or possess only superiorly‐projecting cornua, and have more circularly‐shaped inferior body articular surfaces. The level at which the hiatus' apex is located is also more compatible with typical five‐element modern human sacra and A. sediba than if only four sacral vertebrae are present. Our observations suggest that A.L. 288‐1 possessed five sacral vertebrae as in modern humans; thus, sacral number in “Lucy” does not indicate a directional change in vertebral count that can provide information on the PLCA ancestral condition. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:295–303, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Infant feeding practice in medieval Japan: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human skeletons from Yuigahama‐minami
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi , Shimomi Akina , Nagaoka Tomohito , Sawada Junmei , Hirata Kazuaki , Yoneda Minoru 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA longer breastfeeding duration provides various positive effects in subadult health because of abundant immunological factors and nutrients in human breast milk, and decreases the natural fertility of a population through lactational amenorrhea. In this study, we measured stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the bone collagen of three adults and 45 subadults from the Yuigahama‐minami site (from 12th to 14th century) in Kamakura, the early medieval capital of Japan. Marine foods, C3‐based terrestrial foods, and freshwater fish are the primarily protein sources for adults. The changes in the nitrogen isotope ratios of subadults suggest that the relative dietary protein contribution from breast milk started to decrease from 1.1 years of age and ended at 3.8 years. The age at the end of weaning in the Yuigahama‐minami population was greater than that in the typical non‐industrial populations, a premodern population in the Edo period Japan, and medieval populations in the UK. Skeletons of townspeople from medieval Kamakura indicate severe nutritional stress (e.g., enamel hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia), yet this longer duration of breastfeeding did not compensate adverse effects for nutritional deficiency. The longer breastfeeding period may have been a consequence of complementary food shortage and bad health of subadults. Kamakura experienced urbanization and population increase in the early medieval period. The younger age‐at‐death distribution and high nutritional stresses in the Yuigahama‐minami population and later weaning, which is closely associated with longer inter‐birth interval for mothers, suggests that Kamakura developed and increased its population by immigration during urbanization. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:241–251, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Formation of Intermetalloid Clusters: Titanocene(III)diammin as a Versatile Reactant Toward Nonastannide Zintl Clusters
Authors: Benda Christian B. , Waibel Markus , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe reactivity of TiCp2Cl2 (d0) towards Zintl clusters was studied in liquid ammonia (Cp=cyclopentadienyl). Reduction of TiIVCp2Cl2 and ligand exchange led to the formation of [TiIIICp2(NH3)2]+, also obtainable by recrystallization of [CpTiIIICl]2. Upon reaction with [K4Sn9], ligand exchange leads to [TiCp2(η1‐Sn9)(NH3)]3−. A small variation of the stoichiometry led to the formation of [Ti(η4‐Sn8)Cp]3−, which cocrystallizes with [TiCp2(NH3)2]+ and [TiCp2(η1‐Sn9)(NH3)]3−. Finally, the large intermetalloid cluster anion [Ti4Sn15Cp5]n− (n=4 or 5) was obtained from the reaction of K12Sn17 and TiCp2Cl2 in liquid ammonia. The isolation of three side products, [K([18]crown‐6)]Cp, [K([18]crown‐6)]Cp(NH3), and [K([2.2]crypt)]Cp, suggests a stepwise elimination of the Cl− and Cp− ligands from TiCp2Cl2 and thus gives a hint to the mechanism of the product formation in which [Ti(η4+2‐Sn8)Cp]3− has a key role.
Targeted Imaging and Proteomic Analysis of Tumor‐Associated Glycans in Living Animals
Authors: Xie Ran , Dong Lu , Huang Rongbing , Hong Senlian , Lei Ruoxing , Chen Xing 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough it has been well known that dynamic changes in glycosylation are associated with tumor progression, it remains challenging to selectively visualize the cancer glycome in vivo. Herein, a strategy for the targeted imaging of tumor‐associated glycans by using ligand‐targeted liposomes encapsulating azidosugars is described. The intravenously injected liposomal nanoparticles selectively bound to the cancer‐cell‐specific receptors and installed azides into the melanoma glycans in a xenograft mouse model in a tissue‐specific manner. Subsequently, a copper‐free click reaction was performed in vivo to chemoselectively conjugate the azides with a near‐infrared fluorescent dye. The glycosylation dynamics during tumor growth were monitored by in vivo fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, the newly synthesized sialylated glycoproteins were enriched during tumor growth and identified by glycoproteomics. Compared with the labeling methods using free azidosugars, this method offers improved labeling efficiency and high specificity and should facilitate the elucidation of the functional role of glycans in cancer biology.
Shedding Light on the Extinction‐Enhancement Duality in Gold Nanostar‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Ming , Kang Jeon Woong , Dasari Ramachandra Rao , Barman Ishan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has evolved from an esoteric physical phenomenon to a robust and effective analytical method recently. The need of addressing both the field enhancement and the extinction of nanoparticle suspensions, however, has been underappreciated despite its substantive impact on the sensing performance. A systematic experimental investigation of SERS enhancement and attenuation is performed in suspensions of gold nanostars, which exhibit a markedly different behavior in relation to conventional nanoparticles. The relationship is elucidated between the SERS enhancement and the localized surface plasmon resonance band, and the effect of the concentration of the gold nanostars on the signal propagation is investigated. It is shown that an optimal concentration of gold nanostars exists to maximize the enhancement factor (EF), and the maximum EF occurs when the LSPR band is blue‐shifted from the excitation wavelength rather than at the on‐resonance position.
Enhanced Water Splitting at Thin Film Tungsten Trioxide Photoanodes Bearing Plasmonic Gold–Polyoxometalate Particles
Authors: Solarska Renata , Bienkowski Krzysztof , Zoladek Sylwia , Majcher Aldona , Stefaniuk Tomasz , Kulesza Pawel J. , Augustynski Jan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTungsten trioxide (WO3) is one of a few stable semiconductor materials liable to produce solar fuel by photoelectrochemical water splitting. To enhance its visible light conversion efficiency, we incorporated plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) derivatized with polyoxometalate (H3PMo12O40) species into WO3. The combined plasmonic and catalytic effect of Au NPs anchored to the WO3 surface resulted in a large increase of water photooxidation currents. Shielding the Au NPs with polyoxometalates appears to be an effective means to avoid formation of recombination centers at the photoanode surface.
Synthesis of Triazenes with Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Kiefer Gregor , Riedel Tina , Dyson Paul J. , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTriazenes are valuable compounds in organic chemistry and numerous applications have been reported. Furthermore, triazenes have been investigated extensively as potential antitumor drugs. Here, we describe a new method for the synthesis of triazenes. The procedure involves a reagent which is rarely used in synthetic organic chemistry: nitrous oxide (N2O, “laughing gas”). Nitrous oxide mediates the coupling of lithium amides and organomagnesium compounds while serving as a nitrogen donor. Despite the very inert character of nitrous oxide, the reactions can be performed in solution under mild conditions. A key advantage of the new procedure is the ability to access triazenes with alkynyl and alkenyl substituents. These compounds are difficult to prepare by conventional methods because the required starting materials are unstable. Some of the new alkynyltriazenes were found to display high cytotoxicity in in vitro tests on ovarian and breast cancer cell lines.
Mild Silver‐Mediated Geminal Difluorination of Styrenes Using an Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Fluoroiodane Reagent
Authors: Ilchenko Nadia O. , Tasch Boris O. A. , Szabó Kálmán J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn air‐ and moisture‐stable fluoroiodane in the presence of AgBF4 is suitable for selective geminal difluorination of styrenes under mild reaction conditions. One of the CF bonds is formed by transfer of electrophilic fluorine from the hypervalent iodine reagent, while the other one arises from the tetrafluoroborate counterion of silver. Deuterium‐isotope‐labelling experiments and rearrangement of methyl styrene substrates suggest that the reaction proceeds through a phenonium ion intermediate.
Inorganic–organic hybrid materials prepared from zirconium oxo‐clusters and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Authors: Girardi Fabrizio , Fambri Luca , Maggini Simona , Di Maggio Rosa 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis article describes the preparation and characterization of hybrid materials obtained from the polymerization of vinyl‐substituted zirconium oxo‐clusters [Zr6O4(OH)4(OOCCH2CHCH2)12(n‐PrOH)]2·4(CH2CHCH2COOH) (Zr12) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The zirconium oxo‐clusters serve as cross‐linking agents, forming a 3D network by means of the copolymerization of their vinylic ligands with HEMA. To optimize the conditions for cross‐linking, the polymerization was monitored with a differential scanning calorimeter. The resulting hybrid materials were also characterized using thermo‐mechanical techniques. There was evidence not only of a greater rigidity above Tg, but also of a better thermal stability for several hybrid formulations than for simple poly‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate. After immersion in water, the hybrids containing 20 or 60% w/w zirconium oxo‐clusters also showed a stable behavior with an equilibrium swelling at about 27 and 18% w/w of water, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41568.
Listeria monocytogenes repellence by enzymatically modified PES surfaces
Authors: van der Veen Stijn , Nady Norhan , Franssen Maurice C. R. , Zuilhof Han , Boom Remko M. , Abee Tjakko , Schroën Karin 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe effect of enzyme‐catalyzed modification of poly(ethersulfone) (PES) on the adhesion and biofilm formation of two Listeria monocytogenes strains is evaluated under static and dynamic flow conditions. PES has been modified with gallic acid, ferulic acid and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid. The surfaces modified with any of these compounds show up to 70% reduced adhesion of L. monocytogenes under static conditions and up to 95% under dynamic flow conditions compared with unmodified surfaces. Also, under static conditions the formation of biofilms is reduced by ∼70%. These results indicate that the brush structures that are formed by the polymers on the PES surface directly influence the ability of microorganisms to interact with the surface, thereby reducing attachment and biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes. Based on these results, it is expected that enzyme‐catalyzed surface modification is a promising tool to reduce microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41576.
Are Vibrissae Viable Sensory Structures for Prey Capture in Northern Elephant Seals, Mirounga angustirostris?
Authors: Mcgovern Kristen A. , Marshall christopher D. , Davis Randall W. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the tactics northern elephant seals (NES) use to capture prey due to the difficulties in observing these animals underwater. NES forage on vertically migrating prey at depths >500 m during day and at night where light levels are negligible. Although NES have increased visual sensitivity in deep water, vision is likely a limited sensory modality. Still images of NES foraging show that the mystacial vibrissae are protracted before prey capture. As a representative phocid, harbor seals can follow hydrodynamic trails using their vibrissae, and are highly sensitive to water velocity changes. In lieu of performance data, vibrissal innervation can be used as a proxy for sensitivity. Although comparative data are few, seals average 1,000 to 1,600 axons per vibrissa (five to eight times more than terrestrial mammals). To test the hypothesis that NES have increased innervation as other pinnipeds, vibrissae from the ventral‐caudal mystacial field from nine individuals were sectioned and stained for microstructure (trichrome) and innervation (Bodian silver stain). Follicles were tripartite and consisted of lower and upper cavernous sinuses separated by a ring sinus containing an asymmetrical ringwulst. The deep vibrissal nerve penetrated the follicular capsule at the base, branched into several bundles, and coursed through the lower cavernous sinus to the ring sinus. Axons in the ring sinus terminated in the ringwulst and along the inner conical body. NES averaged 1,584 axons per vibrissa. The results add to the growing body of evidence that phocids, and perhaps all pinnipeds, possess highly sensitive mystacial vibrissae that detect prey. Anat Rec, 298:750–760, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Quaternary‐Carbon‐Containing and Functionalized Enantiopure Pentanecarboxylic Acids from Biocatalytic Desymmetrization of meso‐Cyclopentane‐1,3‐Dicarboxamides
Authors: Ao Yu‐Fei , Wang De‐Xian , Zhao Liang , Wang Mei‐Xiang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCatalyzed by Rhodococcus erythropolis AJ270, a nitrile hydratase–amidase containing microbial whole‐cell catalyst under mild conditions, enantioselective desymmetrizations of meso‐cyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarbonitriles and cyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarboxamides were studied. Although the nitrile hydratase was found to exhibit high enzymatic activity, but low 1R enantioselectivity toward dinitriles, a number of 2,2‐unsymmetrically substituted meso‐cyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarboxamide substrates were converted by the 1S enantioselective amidase into quaternary carbon‐bearing enantiopure (1S,2R,3R)‐3‐carbamoylcyclopentanecarboxylic acids in yields up to 94 %. The application of the method was demonstrated by convenient and practical transformations of the resulting (1S,2R,3R)‐2‐allyl‐3‐carbamoylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid derivatives into functionalized cyclopentane‐fused δ‐lactam and δ‐lactone compounds.
Influence of the boreal spring Southern Annular Mode on summer surface air temperature over northeast China
Authors: Zheng Fei , Li Jianping , Clark Robin T. , Ding Ruiqing , Li Fei , Wang Lei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPrevious evidence has showed that the boreal spring Southern Annular Mode (SAM) regulates summer monsoon precipitation in East Asian subtropics through the Northern Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (NIO SST). This paper further demonstrates how a positive (negative) boreal spring SAM is usually followed by a warmer (cooler) summer over northeast China (NEC), suggesting impacts of the SAM even extend to the northern mid‐latitudes. A positive spring SAM usually leads to anomalous anticyclonic sinking motion over NEC during summer through the NIO SST, which results in cloud reduction and changes in radiation, and thus surface warming.
Synthesis, phase evolution and optical properties of Tb3+‐doped KF–YbF3 system materials
Authors: Cao Chunyan , Cao Renping , Guo Siling , Xie An. , Noh Hyeon Mi. , Jeong Jung Hyun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractKF–YbF3 system materials have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method without any surfactant or template. By controlling the reactant ratios of KF:Yb3+, the hydrothermal temperature and the pH of the prepared solutions, the final products can evolve among the orthorhombic phase of YbF3, the cubic phase of KYb3F10 and the cubic phase of KYbF4. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples prove the phase evolution of the final products. The morphologies of the samples were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images and the evolution of the morphology is consistent with that of the crystalline phases. The optical properties of Tb3+ in the samples were characterized by PL excitation and emission spectra, as well as luminescent decay curves. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D‐Amino acids inhibit initial bacterial Adhesion: Thermodynamic evidence
Authors: Xing Su‐Fang , Sun Xue‐Fei , Taylor Alicia A. , Walker Sharon L. , Wang Yi‐Fu , Wang Shu‐Guang 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBacterial biofilms are structured communities of cells enclosed in a self‐produced hydrated polymeric matrix that can adhere to inert or living surfaces. D‐Amino acids were previously identified as self‐produced compounds that mediate biofilm disassembly by causing the release of the protein component of the polymeric matrix. However, whether exogenous D‐amino acids could inhibit initial bacterial adhesion is still unknown. Here, the effect of the exogenous amino acid D‐tyrosine on initial bacterial adhesion was determined by combined use of chemical analysis, force spectroscopic measurement, and theoretical predictions. The surface thermodynamic theory demonstrated that the total interaction energy increased with more D‐tyrosine, and the contribution of Lewis acid–base interactions relative to the change in the total interaction energy was much greater than the overall nonspecific interactions. Finally, atomic force microscopy analysis implied that the hydrogen bond numbers and adhesion forces decreased with the increase in D‐tyrosine concentrations. D‐Tyrosine contributed to the repulsive nature of the cell and ultimately led to the inhibition of bacterial adhesion. This study provides a new way to regulate biofilm formation by manipulating the contents of D‐amino acids in natural or engineered systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 696–704. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering a horseradish peroxidase C stable to radical attacks by mutating multiple radical coupling sites
Authors: Kim Su Jin , Joo Jeong Chan , Song Bong Keun , Yoo Young Je , Kim Yong Hwan 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTPeroxidases have great potential as industrial biocatalysts. In particular, the oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds catalyzed by peroxidases has been extensively examined because of the advantage of this method over other conventional chemical methods. However, the industrial application of peroxidases is often limited because of their rapid inactivation by phenoxyl radicals during oxidative polymerization. In this work, we report a novel protein engineering approach to improve the radical stability of horseradish peroxidase isozyme C (HRPC). Phenylalanine residues that are vulnerable to modification by the phenoxyl radicals were identified using mass spectrometry analysis. UV‐Vis and CD spectra showed that radical coupling did not change the secondary structure or the active site of HRPC. Four phenylalanine (Phe) residues (F68, F142, F143, and F179) were each mutated to alanine residues to generate single mutants to examine the role of these sites in radical coupling. Despite marginal improvement of radical stability, each single mutant still exhibited rapid radical inactivation. To further reduce inactivation by radical coupling, the four substitution mutations were combined in F68A/F142A/F143A/F179A. This mutant demonstrated dramatic enhancement of radical stability by retaining 41% of its initial activity compared to the wild‐type, which was completely inactivated. Structure and sequence alignment revealed that radical‐vulnerable Phe residues of HPRC are conserved in homologous peroxidases, which showed the same rapid inactivation tendency as HRPC. Based on our site‐directed mutagenesis and biochemical characterization, we have shown that engineering radical‐vulnerable residues to eliminate multiple radical coupling can be a good strategy to improve the stability of peroxidases against radical attack. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 668–676. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clearance of the rodent retrovirus, XMuLV, by protein A chromatography
Authors: Bach Julia , Connell‐Crowley Lisa 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTProtein A chromatography is the most common unit operation used in the manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) due to its high affinity and specificity for the IgG Fc domain. However, protein A chromatography is often not effective for viral clearance. Typical log reduction values (LRV) for the model retrovirus XMuLV range between 1 and 4 logs, while effective steps such as viral filtration can achieve 5–7 logs of clearance. XMuLV LRVs obtained on protein A are reproducible for a given mAb, but can vary widely for different mAbs, even with the same operating conditions. In order to understand the mechanism of XMuLV clearance on protein A, we have investigated its partitioning on Mabselect SuRe protein A resin and explored how the virus interacts with resin, product, and impurities. The results show that XMuLV has some interaction with the resin backbone and ligand, but also appears to bind to and coelute with the mAb. The interaction with product was further examined by evaluating the effect of feed conditions, loading, and different washes on XMuLV partitioning on the column. Understanding the mechanism of XMuLV removal on a protein A, resin provides insight into the variability and low viral clearance of this step and suggests ways in which the removal of virus by this step can be improved. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 743–750. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.