bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HARM PRINCIPLES
Authors: Edwards James 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTMuch time has been spent arguing about the soundness of “the harm principle.” But in the philosophical literature there is no single such principle; there are many harm principles. And many objections pressed against “the harm principle” are objections to only some of these principles. The first half of this paper draws a number of distinctions between harm principles. It then argues that each harm principle is compatible with many other principles that impose limits on the law, including but not limited to other harm principles. The second half of the paper applies the lessons of the first to a number of prominent objections to “the harm principle.” That principle has been accused of a) being underinclusive; b) misrepresenting the reasons why many act-types ought to be legally proscribed; c) permitting lawmakers to treat people as mere means of achieving their ends; and d) being overinclusive. The paper argues that one harm principle survives all four objections.
Age Dating from Electron Microprobe Analyses of U, Th, and Pb: Geological Advantages and Analytical Difficulties
Authors: Bowles John F.W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractElectron microprobe analysis of U, Th, and Pb in naturally occurring minerals can indicate their age. Where the Pb is entirely due to the radioactive decay of U and Th, the time since mineral formation or equilibration can be calculated. Uraninite (UO2), monazite (REE PO4), zircon (ZrSiO4), and xenotime (YPO4) have been used, the latter containing U and/or Th in minor proportions. Any stable U- or Th-bearing phase can be considered. Careful analysis is required with attention to interferences, background measurement, detection limits, and Pb-free sample preparation. Extended counting times (600 s) at a probe current >200 nA are recommended. Ages can be determined from uraninite older than 2 Ma for a Pb detection limit of 0.02% and up to 700−1,000 Ma, after which Pb can be lost from the structure. The youngest monazite ages permitted by the Pb detection limit are 50–100 Ma and ages greater than 3,000 Ma have been determined. The method does not provide the detail of isotopic methods, but results can be obtained more readily. Examples show dating of cheralite ((Ca,Ce)(Th,Ce)(PO4)2), a rock containing primary and secondary UO2, and a suite of detrital uraninite grains that formed a part of a mineral exploration program.
The Trade Facilitation Agreement: A New Hope for the World Trade Organization
Authors: ELIASON ANTONIA 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe new WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) is a significant step forward for the international trading regime, representing new hope for the relevance of the WTO.The TFA is the first multilateral agreement since the creation of the WTO in 1995 and includes novel measures to help developing countries build capacity, while also taking into consideration regulatory concerns of WTO members through the application of the general GATT exceptions to the new agreement. While the TFA may appear narrow in scope, with regards to goods it is arguably the broadest WTO Agreement besides the GATT, since all goods that cross national borders find themselves subject to trade facilitation measures. If the TFA is properly interpreted, the combination of capacity-building measures, a focus on technological improvements and the judicious invocation of Article XX could result in a win-win situation wherein routine positive trade is streamlined, reducing time required to cross borders, while negative trade is more easily controlled and regulated at the border.Despite regulatory questions concerning implementation, it is likely that the TFA will reduce the cost of trading across borders, while improving trade for developing countries and allowing WTO members to better control trade flows, through a combination of procedural streamlining and regulatory discretion.
Over ‘Sexed’ Regulation and the Disregarded Worker: An Overview of the Impact of Sexual Entertainment Policy on Lap-Dancing Club Workers - CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Colosi Rachela 
Published: May 2015

In the original article an error was contained within the following paragraph on page 242. It should have read;
Under the new amendments, which were laid out in Section 27 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009 (Great Britain, 2009), lap-dancing clubs and other venues in which there is ‘any live display of nudity’ and where there have been more than ‘eleven occasions on which relevant entertainment has been so provided which fall (wholly or partly) within the period of 12 months ending with that time’ (Section 27, schedule 2Ai, Policing and Crime Act 2009) are now included as SEs.
Toward Discourse Comprehension of Traditional Vedānta
Authors: Webster Travis D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article focuses on strategies of discourse processing for the relay of Vedic truth-statements (mahāvākyas) in the context of globalization and secular modernity. Of primary interest is situational representation of communicative events and educational reforms surrounding the transmission of brahmajñāna, that is, knowledge (jñāna) of nondual reality (brahman). Culminating at the end of the Vedas, Upaniṣads codify contextual properties of teacher-student successions (guru-śiṣya-paramparās) structuring the transmission of brahmajñāna. Despite ongoing interest in Advaita Vedānta, there is still a need to conceptualize the teaching tradition (sampradāya) as a matter for empirical observation and thereby to propose a set of cognitive hypotheses that make it possible to account for the referential basis of discourse production and situation models representing Upaniṣads as a verbal means of knowledge (śabda-pramāṇa). Consequently, genre expectations in the Advaita sampradāya provide the starting point for further inquiry into variant discourses of Vedānta.
The Semiotics of the “Christian/Muslim Knife”: Meat and Knife as Markers of Religious Identity in Ethiopia
Authors: Zellelew Tilahun Bejitual 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe knife, a synecdoche of slaughtering, is an important culinary tool that is charged with the power of religious speech acts and that has a significant semiotic function in Christian-Muslim encounters in Ethiopia. The slaughtering rituals not only transform the neutral natural animal into a sacred cultural food but also invest the meat with an intense aura of disgust among followers of the other faith. The slaughtering narratives continue to manifest themselves in other public signs, namely, in the Cross and the Crescent, on butcheries, and restaurants, for example. These two universal signs are the corollaries of an anterior sign, in other words, the knife that, in the discursive realm of food and religious identity in Ethiopia, implicates the different slaughtering rituals of Orthodox Christians and Muslims.
Sign, Meaning, and Understanding in Victoria Welby and Charles S. Peirce
Authors: Petrilli Susan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLike Peirce, recognized as the “father-founder” of modern semiotics, Welby too, although just recently (despite her influence on important contemporary scholars), is acclaimed as the “mother-founder,” thus entering the pantheon of the “fathers” of language and sign sciences. These great figures share a common approach to sign and language as exponents of what today is recognized as the major tradition in semiotic studies, “interpretation semiotics.” Meaning, understanding, signs, signifiers, utterers, and listeners are described as evolving in live communication, as part of signifying processes in becoming. Signs develop in ongoing interpretive/ translative processes with other signs, signifiers, and signifying processes. Signs are interrelated with values, consequently sense and significance emerge as major investigation areas for studies on meaning. Moreover, both Welby and Peirce evidence the public, social, and intersubjective dimensions of signifying and understanding, and hence also the importance of intercorporeality, dialogism, otherness, ambiguity for healthy communication, and interpersonal relations.
Four Theories of Things: Aristotle, Marx, Heidegger, and Peirce
Authors: Kockelman Paul 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay is about the relation between meaning and materiality. It offers careful and coherent, albeit noncanonical, readings of particular themes in Aristotle, Marx, Heidegger, and Peirce. And it does this in order to draw together some classic understandings of value: use value, in particular, but also exchange value, truth value, and moral value (and much else besides). Originating as a series of lecture notes offered to students interested in theoretical archeology, it culminates in a theory of embedded interpretants (as opposed to enminded, embodied, or entextualized interpretants), with an emphasis on semiotic grounds (as opposed to semiotic processes). It is meant to offer a relatively accessible summary, synthesis, and extension of four seemingly disparate, and often quite difficult, theorists.
Representation, Symbol, and Semiosis: Signs of a Scholarly Collaboration
Authors: Parmentier Richard J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn focusing on “semiosis,” or sign process, the journal Signs and Society was established to advance through multidisciplinary research the theoretical work of Peirce, the founder of “semiotics,” and Saussure, the founder of “semiology.” This essay provides a brief “representation” of the history of the collaborative relationship between the Semiosis Research Center at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and the Department of Anthropology at Brandeis University, a relationship that is itself a kind of “symbol” entextualized in the pages of Signs and Society.
Genome analysis leads to discovery of Quorum Sensing Genes inCedecea neteri
Authors: Tan Kian-Hin , Chan Kok-Gan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe have identified a strain of C. neteri SSMD04 isolated from pickled mackerel sashimi that produced N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) type quorum sensing (QS) activity. Tandem mass sspectrometry revealed that C. neteri SSMD04 produced N-butyryl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL). We identified a pair of luxIR homologues in this genome that shares the highest similarity with croIR from Citrobacter rodentium. The AHL synthase, which we named it as cneI (636 bp) and at 8bp distance from cneI is a sequence encoding a hypothetical protein, potentially the cognate receptor, a luxR homologue which we named it as cneR. We also found an orphan luxR in this isolate. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the AHL production activity in C. neteri, discovery of its luxI/R homologues and the orphan receptor.
Growth in Western Australian emergency department demand during 2007–2013 is due to people with urgent and complex care needs
Authors: Aboagye‐Sarfo Patrick , Mai Qun , Sanfilippo Frank M , Preen David B , Stewart Louise M , Fatovich Daniel M 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the magnitude and characteristics of the increase in ED demand in Western Australia (WA) from 2007 to 2013.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based longitudinal study examining trends in ED demand, stratified by area of residence, age group, sex, Australasian Triage Scale category and discharge disposition. The outcome measures were annual number and rate of ED presentations. We calculated average annual growth, and age‐specific and age‐standardised rates. We assessed the statistical significance of trends, overall and within each category, using the Mann–Kendall trend test and analysis of variance ANOVA. We also calculated the proportions of growth in ED demand that were attributable to changes in population and utilisation rate.ResultsFrom 2007 to 2013, ED presentations increased by an average 4.6% annually from 739 742 to 945 244. The rate increased 1.4% from 354.1 to 382.6 per 1000 WA population (P = 0.02 for the trend). The main increase occurred in metropolitan WA, age 45+ years, triage category 2 and 3 and admitted cohorts. Approximately three‐quarters of this increase was due to population change (growth and ageing) and one‐quarter due to increase in utilisation.ConclusionOur study reveals a 4.6% annual increase in ED demand in WA in 2007–2013, mostly because of an increase in people with urgent and complex care needs, and not a shift (demand transfer) from primary care. This indicates that a system‐wide integrated approach is required for demand management.
FOAMSearch.net: A custom search engine for emergency medicine and critical care
Authors: Raine Todd , Thoma Brent , Chan Teresa M , Lin Michelle 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe number of online resources read by and pertinent to clinicians has increased dramatically. However, most healthcare professionals still use mainstream search engines as their primary port of entry to the resources on the Internet. These search engines use algorithms that do not make it easy to find clinician‐oriented resources. FOAMSearch, a custom search engine (CSE), was developed to find relevant, high‐quality online resources for emergency medicine and critical care (EMCC) clinicians. Using GoogleTM algorithms, it searches a vetted list of >300 blogs, podcasts, wikis, knowledge translation tools, clinical decision support tools and medical journals. Utilisation has increased progressively to >3000 users/month since its launch in 2011. Further study of the role of CSEs to find medical resources is needed, and it might be possible to develop similar CSEs for other areas of medicine.
Adrenaline in cardiac arrest: Prefilled syringes are faster
Authors: Helm Claire , Gillett Mark 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveStandard ampoules and prefilled syringes of adrenaline are widely available in Australasian EDs for use in cardiac arrest. We hypothesise that prefilled syringes can be administered more rapidly and accurately when compared with the two available standard ampoules.MethodsThis is a triple arm superiority study comparing the time to i.v. administration and accuracy of dosing of three currently available preparations of adrenaline.ResultsIn their standard packaging, prefilled syringes were on average more than 12 s faster to administer than the 1 mL 1:1000 ampoules and more than 16 s faster than the 10 mL 1:10 000 ampoules (P < 0.01 in both comparisons). With packaging removed, the time to administration was equal for the 1 mL (1:1000) ampoule and the prefilled syringe. Accuracy of dosing was excellent with both the 10 mL (1:10 000) ampoules and prefilled syringes. The 1 mL (1:1000) ampoules delivered a small number of markedly inaccurate doses, but these did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsThe speed of administration of adrenaline utilising a Minijet (CSL Limited, Parkville, Victoria, Australia) is faster than using adrenaline in glass ampoules presented in their plastic packaging. Removing the plastic packaging from the 1 mL (1 mg) ampoule might result in more rapid administration similar to the Minijet. Resuscitation personnel requiring rapid access to adrenaline should consider storing it as either Minijets or ampoules devoid of packaging. These results might be extrapolatable to other clinical scenarios, including pre‐hospital and anaesthesia, where other drugs are required for rapid use.
Mechanisms, injuries and helmet use in cyclists presenting to an inner city emergency department
Authors: Dinh Michael M , Kastelein Christopher , Hopkins Roy , Royle Timothy J , Bein Kendall J , Chalkley Dane R , Ivers Rebecca 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of the present study were to describe the injury profiles of cyclists presenting to an ED and determine the risk of significant head injury associated with bicycle helmet use.MethodsThis was a retrospective single trauma centre study of all adult cyclists presenting to an inner city ED and undergoing a trauma team review between January 2012 and June 2014. The outcome of interest was significant head injury defined as any head injury with an Abbreviated Injury Scale score of two or more. Variables analysed included demographic characteristics, helmet use at time of incident, location, time and the presence of intoxication.ResultsThe most common body regions were upper limb injuries (57%), followed by head injuries (43%), facial injuries (30%) and lower limb injuries (24%). A lower proportion of people wearing helmets had significant head injury (17% vs 31%, P = 0.018) or facial injury (26% vs 48%, P = 0.0017) compared with non‐helmet users. After adjustment for important covariates, helmet use was associated with a 70% decrease in the odds of significant head injury (odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.15, 0.76, P = 0.008).ConclusionsHead injuries were common after inner city cycling incidents. The use of helmets was associated with a reduction in significant head injury.
Psychometric assessment of the Japanese version of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: reliability and validity
Authors: Isomura Tatsuya , Nakamura Ikuro , Kawaguchi Mika , Sato Emiko , Inuzuka Kyoko , Osada Kenichi , Nishioka Kenya , Hayakawa Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo assess the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (JFIQR) in fibromyalgia (FM) patients.MethodThe reliability and validity of the JFIQR were assessed using online data collected from Japanese FM patients. Reliability was evaluated based on test‐retest reliability results and internal consistency; validity was evaluated on the basis of concurrent and known‐group validity.ResultsA total of 105 patients completed the online questionnaire. Intra‐class correlation coefficients for test‐retest were 0.91 for the JFIQR total score with a range of 0.84–0.90 in three domains: function, overall impact and symptoms. Internal consistency results indicated a Cronbach's alpha of 0.90 for the total score with a range of 0.83 and 0.85 for the domains. Concurrent validity results showed that the total score was correlated to all external criteria (Japanese version of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Fibromyalgia Activity Scale‐31, Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short‐Form health survey) from a moderate to strong degree with most indicating a strong correlation. Results of known‐group validity showed that the JFIQR total score is capable of discriminating between FM and the other groups, such as rheumatic arthritis and no chronic pain (P < 0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons).ConclusionThe current psychometric assessment of the JFIQR demonstrated that it is a reliable and valid questionnaire in Japanese patients with FM. Usefulness of the JFIQR in clinical studies and medical practice for Japanese‐speaking populations is expected.
Incidence of severe local anaesthetic toxicity and adoption of lipid rescue in Finnish anaesthesia departments in 2011–2013
Authors: Heinonen J. A. , Litonius E. , Pitkänen M. , Rosenberg P. H. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundAlthough the incidence of severe local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) has been declining, the risk of LAST still remains. There are no national treatment guidelines for LAST in Finland. We performed a national survey of the occurrence of LAST and its treatment in 2011–2013.MethodsA structured electronic questionnaire was sent to the anaesthesia department chiefs of all Finnish public hospitals (n = 45) in spring 2014. We collected information about the occurrence and outcome of LASTs and existence of treatment protocols.ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 100% covering approximately 95% of all regional anaesthesias managed by anaesthesiologists in Finnish hospitals. The total number of regional anaesthesias, excluding spinal anaesthesia, performed by anaesthesiologists was approximately 211,700 during the survey period. Fifteen cases of LAST were reported (0.7 : 10,000); all patients recovered without negative sequelae. Fourteen patients, in five of whom ultrasound guidance had been applied, developed central nervous system toxicity symptoms and only one cardiac symptoms. Lipid emulsion was given to this latter patient, and to four of the other 14. The relative risk (95% confidence intervals) for occurrence of LAST in non‐academic hospital vs. university hospitals was 3.3 (1.0–10.3; P = 0.04). Treatment protocols for LAST included lipid emulsion in 47% of the departments.ConclusionsThe incidence of LAST in Finland is very low. Several departments have adopted lipid emulsion treatment for LAST despite lack of national recommendations and knowledge of the possible mechanism of action.
Diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell asymmetry for glaucoma
Authors: Hwang Young Hoon , Ahn Sang Il , Ko Sung Ju 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundUsing spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), this study aims to investigate the glaucoma diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell asymmetry analysis.DesignA cross‐sectional study was conducted. This study was performed to investigate glaucoma diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell asymmetry analysis in eyes with various degrees of glaucoma.ParticipantsWe enrolled 181 healthy eyes and 265 glaucomatous eyes.MethodsGlaucomatous eyes were subdivided into pre‐perimetric, early, moderate and advanced‐to‐severe glaucoma based on visual field test results. For each eye, macular ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness was measured using OCT. Average GCIPL thickness, GCIPL thicknesses in superior and inferior hemispheres, absolute difference in GCIPL thickness between superior and inferior hemispheres and GCIPL asymmetry index calculated as the absolute value of log10 (inferior hemisphere thickness/superior hemisphere thickness) were analysed.Main Outcome MeasuresAreas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUCs) of GCIPL parameter were calculated and compared.ResultsAll of the GCIPL parameters showed good glaucoma diagnostic ability (AUCs ≥ 0.817, P < 0.01). AUCs of average, superior and inferior GCIPL thickness increased as the severity of glaucoma increased. GCIPL thickness difference and asymmetry index showed the highest AUCs in early and moderate glaucoma and lower AUCs in pre‐perimetric and advanced‐to‐severe glaucoma. GCIPL thickness difference and asymmetry index showed better glaucoma diagnostic ability than other GCIPL parameters only in early stage of glaucoma (P < 0.05); in other stages, these parameters had similar to or worse glaucoma diagnostic ability than other GCIPL parameters.ConclusionsMacular ganglion cell asymmetry analysis showed good glaucoma diagnostic ability, especially in early‐stage glaucoma. However, it has limited usefulness in other stages of glaucoma.