bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DUAL NATURE OF HYDROPEAKING RIVERS: IS ECOPEAKING POSSIBLE?
Authors: Jones N. E. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTPhilosophically, the natural flow regime concept is tremendously appealing; however, its application can be challenging for many biologists without the expertise or resources to handle such approaches on their own. This is particularly true on hydropeaking rivers, where incorporating natural flow is sometimes challenging. Additional challenges include our limited understanding of how individual flow components relate to geomorphic and ecological processes. Supplementary to environmental flow approaches is understanding that many hydropeaking rivers are ecologically two different rivers in one: the low flow and high peaking flow. Taxa that require a narrow range of water velocities or cannot withstand rapid changes in discharge would likely be eliminated or competitively disadvantaged under such harsh environmental conditions. As the low and peak flows diverge, the two rivers become increasingly different ecologically, and there will likely be fewer taxa that can withstand such abiotic variability. Deviations from a natural flow regime may result in new constraints on certain fishes and invertebrates, but this does not necessarily mean a loss of productive fish habitat. Viewing hydropeaking rivers as two rivers in one and the risks associated with high to low flow ratios may serve as a more practical and useful perspective towards maintaining altered yet productive rivers while representing a step towards improving the management river ecosystems. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2013.
Aggregation models with limited choice and the multiplicative coalescent
Authors: Bhamidi Shankar , Budhiraja Amarjit , Wang Xuan 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe percolation phase transition and the mechanism of the emergence of the giant component through the critical scaling window for random graph models, has been a topic of great interest in many different communities ranging from statistical physics, combinatorics, computer science, social networks and probability theory. The last few years have witnessed an explosion of models which couple random aggregation rules, that specify how one adds edges to existing configurations, and choice, wherein one selects from a “limited” set of edges at random to use in the configuration. While an intense study of such models has ensued, understanding the actual emergence of the giant component and merging dynamics in the critical scaling window has remained impenetrable to a rigorous analysis. In this work we take an important step in the analysis of such models by studying one of the standard examples of such processes, namely the Bohman‐Frieze model, and provide first results on the asymptotic dynamics, through the critical scaling window, that lead to the emergence of the giant component for such models. We identify the scaling window and show that through this window, the component sizes properly rescaled converge to the standard multiplicative coalescent. Proofs hinge on a careful analysis of certain infinite‐type branching processes with types taking values in the space of cadlag paths, and stochastic analytic techniques to estimate susceptibility functions of the components all the way through the scaling window where these functions explode. Previous approaches for analyzing random graphs at criticality have relied largely on classical breadth‐first search techniques that exploit asymptotic connections with Brownian excursions. For dynamic random graph models evolving via general Markovian rules, such approaches fail and we develop a quite different set of tools that can potentially be used for the study of critical dynamics for all bounded size rules. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46, 55–116, 2015
Achieving dynamic privileges in secure data sharing on cloud storage
Authors: Zhao Xingwen , Li Hui 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTWith the rapid development of cloud computing, more and more enterprises will outsource their sensitive data for sharing in a cloud. Many data sharing and access control schemes have been submitted. However, dynamic privileges among user groups were not considered. In many circumstances, some users may have higher privileges than others, and they can decrypt more contents than those with low privileges. Moreover, the data owner may want to dynamically control the privileges in data sharing. In this paper, we present an efficient framework for data sharing system to achieve dynamic privileges, basing on chameleon hash function and one‐way function. With this framework, any data sharing and access control scheme can be turned into a dynamic privileged scheme, in which the data owner can change the group of each user dynamically and change the structure of privileges flexibly when it is needed. The proposed framework requires much less storage than previous schemes in handling dynamic privileges among the users. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Static detection of logic vulnerabilities in Java web applications
Authors: Fang Zhejun , Zhang Yuqing , Kong Ying , Liu Qixu 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper concerns about logic vulnerabilities that result from faulty logic of a web application. Logic vulnerabilities typically accompany with the exposure of unexpected functionalities and lead to the bypass of the intended constraints. From a semantic perspective, logic vulnerabilities occur when mistakes arise in the control flows guarding the processes of invoking critical functionalities. In this paper, we propose the first lightweight static analysis approach to automatically detect logic vulnerabilities in Java web applications. Logic errors in our approach are characterized as erroneous invocations of functionalities. Program‐slicing technique has been leveraged to capture the processes of invoking critical functionalities. A back‐tracing algorithm is originally designed to extract control flows guarding functionality‐invocation processes. Finally, logic vulnerability detection is transformed into mining abnormal functionality‐invocation processes in a cluster of similar ones by comparing these processes' control flows. We implemented our approach in a prototype tool named logic vulnerability detector and evaluated it on seven real‐world applications scaled from thousands to million lines of code. The evaluation results show that our approach achieves bigger coverage with acceptable cost and better scalability than previous approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CORIDS: a cluster‐oriented reward‐based intrusion detection system for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Deb Novarun , Chakraborty Manali , Chaki Nabendu 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTWireless mesh networks (WMNs) are proliferating as one of the key technologies of the next‐generation networks. Security is one of the prime concerns towards actual implementation of any network technology for commercial applications. Network security has intrinsically two approaches—prevention based and detection based. Implementing firewalls or intrusion prevention techniques is often not an attractive solution for energy‐constrained network nodes such as mobile ad hoc network (MANET) nodes or mesh clients in WMNs. However, in the era of pervasive and ubiquitous computing, commercial transactions are performed on the move and over portable devices such as cell phones and laptops. These devices have energy constraints, and hence, one cannot afford to adopt security measures with high computational overhead. This influences a shift in paradigm from active intrusion prevention to passive intrusion detection. In this paper, a new cluster‐oriented reward‐based intrusion detection system (CORIDS) has been proposed for WMNs. The performance of CORIDS has been evaluated using the Qualnet network simulator. Simulation results also establish superiority of CORIDS over Misbehavior Detection Algorithm, another recent trust‐based IDS for WMN, both in terms of higher detection efficiency and lower false positives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric‐Field‐Induced Alignment of Block Copolymer/Nanoparticle Blends
Authors: Liedel Clemens , Schindler Kerstin A. , Pavan Mariela J. , Lewin Christian , Pester Christian W. , Ruppel Markus , Urban Volker S. , Shenhar Roy , Böker Alexander 
Published: March 2013

AbstractExternal electric fields readily align birefringent block‐copolymer mesophases. In this study the effect of gold nanoparticles on the electric‐field‐induced alignment of a lamellae‐forming polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) copolymer is assessed. Nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the styrenic phase and promote the quantitative alignment of lamellar domains by substantially lowering the critical field strength above which alignment proceeds. The results suggest that the electric‐field‐assisted alignment of nanostructured block copolymer/nanoparticle composites may offer a simple way to greatly mitigate structural and orientational defects of such films under benign experimental conditions.
Graphene: A Two‐Dimensional Platform for Lithium Storage
Authors: Han Sheng , Wu Dongqing , Li Shuang , Zhang Fan , Feng Xinliang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractLithium ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great attention due to their high energy density, low maintenance requirements, and relatively low self‐discharge. Since the electrode materials hold the key for the electrochemical performance of LIBs, the design and synthesis of unconventional electrode materials with high lithium‐storage capacities are the current focus in LIB research. In the last few years, a great deal of effort has been directed toward graphene as the electrode material for LIBs owing to its high intrinsic surface area, high electrical conductivity, and good compatibility with other electrochemically active components. This review paper outlines the componential and structural design for graphene‐based hybrids in LIBs with enhanced electrochemical performance. The typical fabrication methods and structure–property relationships of these hybrids are discussed.
Monolayer Graphene Film on ZnO Nanorod Array for High‐Performance Schottky Junction Ultraviolet Photodetectors
Authors: Nie Biao , Hu Ji‐Gang , Luo Lin‐Bao , Xie Chao , Zeng Long‐Hui , Lv Peng , Li Fang‐Ze , Jie Jian‐Sheng , Feng Mei , Wu Chun‐Yan , Yu Yong‐Qiang , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA new Schottky junction ultraviolet photodetector (UVPD) is fabricated by coating a free‐standing ZnO nanorod (ZnONR) array with a layer of transparent monolayer graphene (MLG) film. The single‐crystalline [0001]‐oriented ZnONR array has a length of about 8–11 μm, and a diameter of 100∼600 nm. Finite element method (FEM) simulation results show that this novel nanostructure array/MLG heterojunction can trap UV photons effectively within the ZnONRs. By studying the I–V characteristics in the temperature range of 80–300 K, the barrier heights of the MLG film/ZnONR array Schottky barrier are estimated at different temperatures. Interestingly, the heterojunction diode with typical rectifying characteristics exhibits a high sensitivity to UV light illumination and a quick response of millisecond rise time/fall times with excellent reproducibility, whereas it is weakly sensitive to visible light irradiation. It is also observed that this UV photodetector (PD) is capable of monitoring a fast switching light with a frequency as high as 2250 Hz. The generality of the above results suggest that this MLG film/ZnONR array Schottky junction UVPD will have potential application in future optoelectronic devices.
Surface Assembly and Plasmonic Properties in Strongly Coupled Segmented Gold Nanorods
Authors: Gupta Maneesh K. , König Tobias , Near Rachel , Nepal Dhriti , Drummy Lawrence F. , Biswas Sushmita , Naik Swati , Vaia Richard A. , El‐Sayed Mostafa A. , Tsukruk Vladimir V. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn assembly strategy is reported such that segmented nanorods fabricated through template‐assisted methods can be robustly transferred and tethered to a pre‐functionalized substrate with excellent uniformity over large surface areas. After embedding the rods, sacrificial nickel segments were selectively etched leaving behind strongly coupled segmented gold nanorods with gaps between rods below 40 nm and as small as 2 nm. Hyper‐spectral imaging is utilized to measure Rayleigh scattering spectra from individual and coupled nanorod elements in contrast to common bulk measurements. This approach discerns the effects of not only changing segment and gap size but also the presence of characteristic defects on the plasmonic coupling between closely spaced nanorods. Polarized hyper‐spectral measurements are conducted to provide direct observation of the anisotropic plasmonic resonance modes in individual and coupled nanorods, which are close to those predicted by computer simulations for nanorods with ideal shapes. Some common deviations from ideal shape such as non‐flat facets and asymmetric tails are demonstrated to result in the appearance of characteristic plasmon resonances, which have not been considered before. The large‐scale assembly of coupled noble nanostructures with fine control over geometry and high uniformity provides means to strongly tune the scattering, absorption, and near‐field plasmonic properties through the geometric arrangement of precisely controlled nanorod segments.
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 Regulates the Self-Renewal and Pluripotency of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Via the Control of the G1/S Transition
Authors: Choi Hong Seo , Lee Hyun Min , Jang Young-Joo , Kim Cheorl-Ho , Ryu Chun Jeih 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Self-renewal and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a complex biological process for maintaining hESC stemness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these special properties of hESCs are not fully understood. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein whose expression is related to cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. In this study, we found that hnRNP A2/B1 expression was localized to undifferentiated hESCs and decreased upon differentiation of hESCs. hnRNP A2/B1 knockdown reduced the number of alkaline phosphatase-positive colonies in hESCs and led to a decrease in the expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2, indicating that hnRNP A2/B1 is essential for hESC self-renewal and pluripotency. hnRNP A2/B1 knockdown increased the expression of gene markers associated with the early development of three germ layers, and promoted the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, suggesting that hnRNP A2/B1 is required for maintaining the undifferentiated and epithelial phenotypes of hESCs. hnRNP A2/B1 knockdown inhibited hESC proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase before differentiation via degradation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and Cdc25A. hnRNP A2/B1 knockdown increased p27 expression and induced phosphorylation of p53 and Chk1, suggesting that hnRNP A2/B1 also regulates the G1/S transition of hESC cell cycle through the control of p27 expression and p53 and Chk1 activity. Analysis of signaling molecules further revealed that hnRNP A2/B1 regulated hESC proliferation in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner. These findings provide for the first time mechanistic insights into how hnRNP A2/B1 regulates hESC self-renewal and pluripotency. STEM Cells 2013;31:2647–2658
Probe Design for the Effective Fluorescence Imaging of Intracellular RNA
Authors: Hayashi Gosuke , Okamoto Akimitsu 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOver the past two decades, the spatiotemporal analysis of fluorescently labeled single RNA species has provided a broad insight into the synthesis, localization, degradation, and transport of RNA. To elucidate the dynamic behavior of functional RNAs in living cells, researchers throughout the world have proposed numerous fluorometric strategies for intracellular RNA imaging. Because, like most other biological molecules, RNA is intrinsically nonfluorescent, the development of methods for the labeling of RNAs of interest with fluorescent molecules is essential. Several artificial tag sequences have been attached onto the 3′ end of target RNAs and used as scaffolds for interacting with their fluorescent counterparts. In this Personal Account, we focus on the methods that have been developed to show how RNAs expressed in cells can be labeled and visualized by fluorescent proteins, small molecules, or nucleic acids. Each of these methods is designed to increase the sensitivity and specificity for imaging or to decrease the background fluorescence.
Synthesis, Structures, Electrochemistry, and Spectroscopy of Two Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing [1, 2, 3]Tri­azolo[1, 5‐a]pyridine
Authors: Xiang Jing , Wu Jia‐Shou 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTreatment of 3‐(2‐pyridyl)1,2,3triazolo[1, 5‐a]pyridine (L1) with [RuII(CO)(PPh3)3(H)2] or [RuII(DMSO)4(Cl)2] produced the mononuclear compounds [RuII(L1)(CO)(H)(PPh3)2](PF6) (1) and [RuII(L1)3](PF6)2 (2), respectively, which were characterized by IR, UV, CV, and 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as ESI mass spectrometry. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by X‐ray crystallography and the luminescence properties of both compounds were investigated.
Light and soil moisture effects on biomass and its allocation in Osmorhiza depauperata Philippi (Apiaceae)
Authors: Selzer Luciano Javier , Lencinas María Vanessa , Martínez‐Pastur Guillermo José , Busso Carlos Alberto 
Published: March 2013

AbstractChanges in forest openings affect light quality and quantity, and the magnitude of rainfall that reaches the soil surface. Osmorhiza depauperata, a geophyte, acclimates to changes imposed because of forest openings. We studied which changes in biomass allocation allow acclimation of O. depauperata to the various environments that this species inhabits, and where it develops better. Three light intensities (I4 = 4 %, I26 = 26 %, I64 = 64 % of ambient sunlight) and two moisture levels (M40 = 40–60 %, M80 = 80–100 % field capacity) were evaluated on O. depauperata under greenhouse conditions. Plant biomasses per pot were 0.81, 0.56 and 0.48 g at I26, I4 and I64 light intensities, respectively, after one growing season. The biomass allocation to aboveground tissues and leaf area decreased as light intensity increased. Soil moisture modified only belowground biomass and weight of fine roots. The interaction between soil moisture content and light intensity was consistent. This was because of a significant reduction in total plant biomass under high both soil moisture content and high light intensity. Osmorhiza depauperata growth was favored most at medium light intensities. Changes in biomass allocation among various organs allow this species to inhabit forest habitats with different light intensities.
A predictive spatial model for gray wolf (Canis lupus) denning sites in a human‐dominated landscape in western Iran
Authors: Ahmadi Mohsen , Kaboli Mohammad , Nourani Elham , Alizadeh Shabani Afshin , Ashrafi Sohrab 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPredictive models of species denning habitat are useful for understanding distribution of core use areas and identifying areas with potential conflicts. Wolf den site selection in unmanaged areas with dominance of agriculture‐lands and human disturbance is not completely understood. We used a GIS multivariate model based on the Mahalanobis distance statistic and 11 digital habitat layers to evaluate gray wolf denning site suitability in Hamedan province (HP), western Iran. Results showed that >74 % of dens occurred in potential denning sites that occupied 14 % (2,785 km2) of the study area. Based on sensitivity analysis with ROC, we found that the distance to rangelands, elevation, and distance to roads, human settlements and streams were the most predictive variables. Our potential distribution model of wolf den sites showed a very good overall performance according to classification accuracy and discrimination capacity. Denning in elevated rugged terrains adjacent to rangelands and away from roads and villages revealed that wolf den distribution in HP is highly influenced primarily by factors associated with human disturbance. The derived predicted distribution map can be used to prioritize areas for conservation, identify areas with potential conflicts, and to implement adaptive management in regions beyond wilderness and protected areas.
Chemo‐enzymatic Synthesis of Novel β‐Hydroxy‐β‐methylbutryric Acid (HMB)–Medium Chain Triacylglycerol (MCT) Complexes
Authors: Cheong Ling‐Zhi , Widzisz Katarzyna , Wang Yingyao , Jensen Henrik Helligsø , Theil Peter Kappel , Guo Zheng , Xu Xuebing 
Published: March 2013

Abstractβ‐Hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB) is reported to have ergogenic benefits such as reducing muscle wasting, promoting exercise performance and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. When used as a dietary feed, it has been found to improve colostral milk fat and the growth of piglets. Medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) are a good energy source as they can be subjected to β‐oxidation in the liver without being stored as fats. When used as animal feed, HMB–MCT complexes are reported to stimulate growth and produce leaner meat product. A high yield two‐steps chemo‐enzymatic pathway for synthesis of HMB–MCT complexes has been developed. Ethyl HMB ester was first synthesized using a chemical catalyst. Following that, it was transesterified with MCT by using a biocatalyst. Approximately 85 wt% of HMB–MCT complexes can be achieved using this two‐step synthetic pathway. The reaction mechanism and some of the reaction parameters were also briefly elucidated.
Ambiguity and context-dependent overloading
Authors: Ribeiro Rodrigo , Camarão Carlos 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This paper discusses ambiguity in the context of languages that support context-dependent overloading, such as Haskell. A type system for a Haskell-like programming language that supports context-dependent overloading and follow the Hindley-Milner approach of providing context-free type instantiation, allows distinct derivations of the same type for ambiguous expressions. Such expressions are usually rejected by the type inference algorithm, which is thus not complete with respect to the type system. Also, Haskell’s open world approach considers a definition of ambiguity that does not conform to the existence of two or more distinct type system derivations for the same type. The article presents an alternative approach, where the standard definition of ambiguity is followed. A type system is presented that allows only context-dependent type instantiation, enabling only one type to be derivable for each expression in a given typing context: the type of an expression can be instantiated only if required by the program context where the expression occurs. We define a notion of greatest instance type for each occurrence of an expression, which is used in the definition of a standard dictionary-passing semantics for core Haskell based on type system derivations, for which coherence is trivial. Type soundness is obtained as a result of disallowing all ambiguous expressions and all expressions involving unsatisfiability in the use of overloaded names. Following the standard definition of ambiguity, satisfiability is tested—i.e., “the world is closed” —if only if overloading is (or should have been) resolved, that is, if and only if there exist unreachable variables in the constraints on types of expressions. Nowadays, satisfiability is tested in Haskell, in the presence of multi-parameter type classes, only upon the presence of functional dependencies or an alternative mechanism that specifies conditions for closing the world, and that may happen when there exist or not unreachable type variables in constraints. The satisfiability trigger condition is then given automatically, by the existence of unreachable variables in constraints, and does not need to be specified by programmers, using an extra mechanism.