bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐efficacy of European AIDS Clinical Society‐recommended initial antiretroviral regimens for treatment of HIV infection in Portugal
Authors: Aldir I , Doroana M , Oliveira J , Serrão R , Vera J , Aragão F , Lázaro P , Blasco A 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyGuidelines are based on clinical trial data as well as expert opinion and do not reflect economic considerations. Cost‐efficacy analysis of recommended regimens allows for a ranking which takes into account both clinical and economic considerations. The aim of the present analysis was thus complement the information provided by the EACS (v6) guidelines regarding recommended initial treatment for HIV‐1 infection.MethodsThe methodology used was that described in Blasco et al. 2011 [1], but applied to Portugal in terms of (i) resource prices, (ii) resource utilization upon ART initiation, regimen switch and treatment of adverse events, and (iii) subsequent regimen selection according to the initial regimen and the reason for switch. Regarding costs, the payer (National Healthcare Service) perspective was considered taking into account only differential direct costs. The time horizon was 48 weeks.Summary of resultsIn this analysis, efficacy ranged from 66% with ABC/3TC+LPV/r to 86% for TDF/FTC+RAL. TDF/FTC+NVP was the least expensive regimen both in terms of the 48 weeks’ cost of the initial regimen and in terms of the total 48 weeks’ costs (i.e., including sequential therapy and other direct medical costs) (7,592€). Nonetheless, once cost and efficacy are considered simultaneously, TDF/FTC+NVP ranks third (11,419€), ABC/3TC+EFV ranks second (11,073€) and TDF/FTC+EFV (also available, in a single tablet regimen) ranks first (10,888€) indicating that this is the regimen yielding the lowest cost per suppressed patient. Among regimens containing boosted protease inhibitors, TDF/FTC+DRV/r was the regimen with the lowest cost/efficacy ratio (13,020€) and TDF/FTC+ATV/r had the highest ratio (15,102€).ConclusionsViral suppression is a relevant efficacy outcome not only due to individual benefits but also from a public health perspective. In this analysis, TDF/FTC+EFV was the initial ART regimen with the lowest cost per suppressed patient at 48 weeks.
Budget impact analysis of introducing the new single‐tablet regimen rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir for the treatment of HIV in Portugal
Authors: Gouveia M , Costa J , Teófilo E , Borges M 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyRilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir (RPV/FTC/TDF) is a new single‐tablet regimen (STR) approved for the initial treatment of HIV‐1 infection. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact on the State Budget of this new STR introduction in the Portuguese Health System (PHS) using secondary data from official statistics and observational studies.MethodsThe analysis considers a time frame of three years, does not include mortality, assumes a constant flow of new patients, and deals only with antiretroviral therapy (ART) costs. Values are not discounted. The stock and flow data of total HIV‐1 patients comes from official statistics from the National Committee for HIV/AIDS. The model starts with recent historical data on the percentage of different ART drugs used for the treatment of naïve patients. Estimates from an observational study also provide 1) the probability that a patient in a given regimen switches to another therapy and 2) the probability distribution for the new therapy choices given that the patient has switched. The penetration of the new STR is also linked with the prevalence of adverse effects of other ART, in particular teratogenic effects, central nervous systems effects and possible interactions with methadone. The distribution of patients according to ART drug, together with price information, allow us to estimate average costs of treatment per year and per patient for each class of ART. Estimates of patients’ numbers for the second and third years assume the same inflow as in the first year, a given annual percentage of non‐switchers from RPV/FTC/TDF and additional flows from patients switching to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors from other third‐agent classes.Summary of resultsThe model predicts a flow of 245 new naïve patients on RPV/FTC/TDF per year, with 209 and 194 of these patients staying with RPV/FTC/TDF in the second and third years, respectively. Given that the average cost of treatment is lower in the scenarios with RPV/FTC/TDF (because the percentage of patients on the more expensive PI class are lower), the overall budget impact consists in savings of about €2.3 million.ConclusionsThe introduction of the new STR RPV/FTC/TDF in the PHS will lead to cost savings in the resources spent on the anti‐retroviral therapy of HIV‐1.
Proteolytic Fingerprinting of Complex Biological Samples Using Combinatorial Libraries of Fluorogenic Probes
Authors: Jambunathan Kalyani , Watson Douglas S. , Kodukula Krishna , Galande Amit K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractProteases have garnered interest as candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for many human diseases. A key challenge is the identification and characterization of disease‐relevant proteases in the complex milieu of biological fluids such as serum, plasma, and bronchoalveolar lavage, in which a multitude of hydrolases act in concert. This unit describes a protocol to map the global proteolytic substrate specificities of complex biological samples using a concise combinatorial library of internally quenched fluorogenic peptide probes (IQFPs). This substrate profiling approach provides a global and quantitative comparison of protease specificities between different biological samples. Such a comparative analysis can lead to the identification of disease‐specific ‘fingerprints' of proteolytic activities with potential utility in diagnosis and therapy. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 70:21.22.1‐21.22.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional Stem Cell Integration Assessed by Organotypic Slice Cultures
Authors: Herlenius Eric , Thonabulsombat Charoensri , Forsberg David , Jäderstad Johan , Jäderstad Linda Maria , Björk Lars , Olivius Petri 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRe‐formation or preservation of functional, electrically active neural networks has been proffered as one of the goals of stem cell‐mediated neural therapeutics. A primary issue for a cell therapy approach is the formation of functional contacts between the implanted cells and the host tissue. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to establish protocols that allow us to delineate a detailed time course of grafted stem cell survival, migration, differentiation, integration, and functional interaction with the host. One option for in vitro studies is to examine the integration of exogenous stem cells into an existing active neuronal network in ex vivo organotypic cultures. Organotypic cultures leave the structural integrity essentially intact while still allowing the microenvironment to be carefully controlled. This allows detailed studies over time of cellular responses and cell‐cell interactions, which are not readily performed in vivo. This unit describes procedures for using organotypic slice cultures as ex vivo model systems for studying neural stem cell and embryonic stem cell engraftment and communication with CNS host tissue. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 23:2D.13.1‐2D.13.26. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High Temperature Oxidation of Ni–Fe–Cr–Al Porous Metal
Authors: Choi Sung‐Hwan , Oh Jae‐Sung , Yun Jung‐Yeul , Kong Young‐Min , Kim Byoung‐Kee , Lee Kee‐Ahn 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study investigated the high temperature oxidation of Ni–Fe–Cr–Al porous metal. Two types of open porous metals with pore sizes of 30 and 40 PPI were used. For 24‐h, the isothermal oxidation TGA tests were conducted at three different temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The oxidation resistance of porous metal decreased with decreasing pore size. Porous metals mainly created oxides such as Al2O3, Cr2O3, NiAl2O4, and NiCr2O4. The porous metal represented increasingly faster dwindling of Al and Cr content and easy progress to internal oxidation, comparing to the oxidation of bulk metal.
Enhanced adhesion of polypyrrole/PW12O hybrid coatings on polyester fabrics
Authors: Molina J. , Oliveira F.R. , Souto A. P. , Esteves M. F. , Bonastre J. , Cases F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPolyester fabrics have been treated with plasma to increase polypyrrole/PW12O403‐ (hybrid material) adhesion to its surface. With the plasma treatment, the roughness of the fibers increases as it has been observed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Polar functional groups are also created on the surface of polyester fabrics as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements have shown. These polar groups contribute to the adhesion of polypyrrole to the fibers. Coatings obtained on plasma treated fabrics were more resistant to washing and rubbing fastness tests. The use of an inorganic counter ion (PW12O) that contains an element with a high atomic number (W) helps to locate zones where the coating is missed; this is achieved by means of micrographs obtained by backscattered electrons (BSE). The electrical resistance of the fabrics was also measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), obtaining also better results with the plasma treated fabrics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and chemical properties of electrochromic π‐conjugated polyphenylenes with pendant viologen‐TCNQ salts
Authors: Yamaguchi Isao , Makishi Shingo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPolyphenylene (PP) with NH2 side groups, namely, PFluNH2, was synthesized by the Pd‐catalyzed reaction of 2,5‐dibromoaniline with 9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐diboronic acid bis(1,3‐propanediol) ester. The reaction of PFluNH2 with 1‐hexyl‐1′‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐4,4′‐bipyridinium diiodide (SaltBPy(I−)) eliminated 2,4‐dinitroaniline to yield PPs with viologen (1,1′‐disubstituted 4,4′‐bipyridinium dications), PFluBPy(I−). The reaction of PFluBPy(I−) with Li+TCNQ− resulted in anion exchange between Cl− and TCNQ−, and yielded PFluBPy(TCNQ−). The reaction of PFluBPy(TCNQ−) with the neutral TCNQ0 resulted in an interaction between TCNQ− and TCNQ0, and yielded PFluBPy(TCNQ−‐TCNQ0). Cyclic voltammetry measurements suggested that an electrochemical reduction of the viologen moiety and oxidation of the polymer backbone within PFluBPy(TCNQ−) and PFluBPy(TCNQ−‐TCNQ0). Furthermore, this reaction was accompanied by electrochromism. The electric conductivities (σ) of the pellets molded from PFluBPy(TCNQ−) to PFluBPy(TCNQ−‐TCNQ0) were 2.7 × 10−4 and 4.2 × 10−4 Scm−1, respectively; these σ values were higher than that observed for PFluNH2 (σ < 10−8 Scm−1) due to the self‐doping in the polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Selective hydrolysis of lignocelluloses from corn stalk in an ionic liquid
Authors: Yin Wei‐ping , Li Xin , Ren Yun‐lai , Zhao Shuang , Wang Jian‐ji 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this work, a selective two‐stage hydrolysis of lignocelluloses from corn stalk was developed through pH adjustment in 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl). In the first stage, the lignin–hemicelluloses matrix of corn stalk was disrupted and hydrolyzed in the ionic liquid at pH 4.5 and 90°C to obtain xylose with 23.1% yield. In the second stage, cellulose‐rich materials in solid residues were further hydrolyzed in the ionic liquid at pH 2–3 and 90°C to produce glucose with 26.9% yield, and pure lignin was also obtained. Structures of the hydrolysates were identified by 13C NMR and IR spectrum analysis, and the ionic liquid was recycled throughout the process. It is expected that the information provided here would be useful for the development of new methods to selectively produce monosaccharides from catalytic hydrolysis processes of biomass. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Coagulase‐negative staphylococci as reservoirs of genes facilitating MRSA infection
Authors: Otto Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRecent research has suggested that Staphylococcus epidermidis is a reservoir of genes that, after horizontal transfer, facilitate the potential of Staphylococcus aureus to colonize, survive during infection, or resist antibiotic treatment, traits that are notably manifest in methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). S. aureus is a dangerous human pathogen and notorious for acquiring antibiotic resistance. MRSA in particular is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and death in hospitalized patients. S. aureus is an extremely versatile pathogen with a multitude of mechanisms to cause disease and circumvent immune defenses. In contrast, most other staphylococci, such as S. epidermidis, are commonly benign commensals and only occasionally cause disease. Recent findings highlight the key importance of efforts to better understand how genes of staphylococci other than S. aureus contribute to survival in the human host, how they are transferred to S. aureus, and why this exchange appears to be uni‐directional.
A circuit‐based gatekeeper for adult neural stem cell proliferation
Authors: Moss Jonathan , Toni Nicolas 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNewborn neurons are generated in the adult hippocampus from a pool of self‐renewing stem cells located in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. Their activation, proliferation, and maturation depend on a host of environmental and cellular factors but, until recently, the contribution of local neuronal circuitry to this process was relatively unknown. In their recent publication, Song and colleagues have uncovered a novel circuit‐based mechanism by which release of the neurotransmitter, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), from parvalbumin‐expressing (PV) interneurons, can hold radial glia‐like (RGL) stem cells of the adult SGZ in a quiescent state. This tonic GABAergic signal, dependent upon the activation of γ2 subunit‐containing GABAA receptors of RGL stem cells, can thus prevent their proliferation and subsequent maturation or return them to quiescence if previously activated. PV interneurons are thus capable of suppressing neurogenesis during periods of high network activity and facilitating neurogenesis when network activity is low.
Highly Selective Synthesis of Phenol from Benzene over a Vanadium‐Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Catalyst
Authors: Ding Guodong , Wang Weitao , Jiang Tao , Han Buxing , Fan Honglei , Yang Guanying 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDesign and preparation of efficient and economical catalysts for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol is an important topic. In this work, a series of metal‐doped graphitic carbon nitride catalyst (Cu‐, Fe‐, V‐, Co‐, and Ni‐g‐C3N4) were successfully synthesized by using urea as the precursor through a facile and efficient method. The catalysts were characterized systematically using N2 adsorption–desorption, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. It was found that the vanadium‐doped graphitic carbon nitride catalyst V‐g‐C3N4 was the most efficient catalyst for the direct synthesis of phenol from benzene with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and it could be recycled at least 4 times. The influence of reaction conditions such as the solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amounts of catalyst and hydrogen peroxide were investigated. Under optimized conditions, 18.2 % yield of phenol was obtained with the selectivity to phenol as high as 100 %.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Epoxidation Using Iminium Salt Organocatalysts Featuring Dynamically Controlled Atropoisomerism.
Authors: Page Philip C. Bulman , et al. et al. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe new iminium salts (I) and (II) are efficient catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of various alkenes including unfunctionalized ones.
Synthesis and Properties of Room‐Temperature Choline Carboxylate Zwitterionic Ionic Liquids as Potential Electrolytes
Authors: Rocha Ângelo , Carvalho Tânia , Vidinha Pedro , Lourenço Nuno M. T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCholine carboxylate zwitterions were prepared by two different synthetic routes through esterification of choline salts with a range of anhydrides. Their conjugation with lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide resulted in the formation of stable room‐temperature ionic liquids. In view of their use as potential electrolytes the physicochemical characterization of these attractive ionic liquids was performed. These compounds presented a glass transition temperature between −43 and −34 °C, good thermal stability up to 224 °C, densities above 1.44 g cm−3 at 25 °C, and viscosities between 3.56 and 12.27 Pa s at 25 °C. In terms of conductivity the most promising ionic liquid showed an excellent conductivity between 8.66×10−5 S cm−1 at 25 °C and 1.80×10−3 S cm−1 at 90 °C. These zwitterionic ionic liquids maintained a liquid state, and no dissociation was observed even after six months of storage at room temperature.
Synthesis of Fe3O4‐Au Nanocomposites with Enhanced Peroxidase‐Like Activity
Authors: Sun Haiyan , Jiao Xiuling , Han Yanyang , Jiang Zhen , Chen Dairong 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSphere‐like Fe3O4 aggregates were solvothermally prepared with ethylene glycol, sodium acetate and FeCl3·6H2O as raw materials. The sphere‐like Fe3O4 aggregates provided heterogeneous growth sites for Au nanoparticles. These were obtained by reduction of HAuCl4 by sodium citrate under mild reaction conditions and the Fe3O4‐Au nanocomposites were subsequently formed. The peroxidase‐like activity of nanocomposites was studied with H2O2 and 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine as substrates. Fe3O4‐Au nanocomposites exhibited better catalytic activity than pure Fe3O4 aggregates, mainly resulting from the special electronic structure at the interfaces between the sphere‐like Fe3O4 aggregates and the gold nanoparticles.
Total Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of 3‐O‐Methylfunicone and Its Derivatives Prepared by TMPZnCl·LiCl‐Mediated Halogenation and Carbonylative Stille Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Ehrlich Michael , Carell Thomas 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe total syntheses of the natural product 3‐O‐methylfunicone (1), a member of the funicone class of compounds, and its derivatives is reported. The key reactions in the construction of the biaryl ketone core are a regioselective TMPZnCl·LiCl halogenation and a carbonylative Stille cross‐coupling reaction. In addition, the inhibitory activities of the funicones against Y‐family DNA polymerase κ (pol κ) and polymerase η (pol η) were determined. We found that 1 and 12 exhibit inhibitory activity against pol η and 1 also against pol κ.
Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
Authors: Li Jianping , Li Shuhuai , Yang Catherine F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCancer is still one of the leading causes of death in the world. There are over 200 types of cancers currently known according to the National Cancer Institute. However, early diagnosis continues to be an important integral part of cancer treatment even though many advances in therapeutics have been made in the past decade. Quick diagnosis and early prevention are critical for the control of the disease status. Biomarkers are commonly indicative of a particular disease process and the cancer biomarkers are also widely used in oncology to help detecting the presence of various carcinomas. The detection of cancer biomarkers plays an important role in clinical diagnoses and evaluation of treatment for patients. Many immunoassay methods are developed for detection of cancer biomarkers. As the detection devices are normally viewed with high sensitivity, simple preparation and rapid response, electrochemical biosensors are increasingly used for the detection of cancer markers. This review describes the status, the latest research and trends of electrochemical sensors in the quantitation of cancer markers in recent years. In particular, the strategy to improve the sensitivities of the electrochemical biosensors by the aid of enzymatic amplification, nanoparticle amplification, ultilization of magnetic microspheres etc. is described herein. At last, we discuss some special features and limitations associated with the described systems that summarize the application and the development prospects of electrochemical immunoassay technology.
Where fast weathering creates thin regolith and slow weathering creates thick regolith
Authors: Bazilevskaya Ekaterina , Lebedeva Marina , Pavich Milan , Rother Gernot , Parkinson Dilworth Y. , Cole David , Brantley Susan L. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWeathering disaggregates rock into regolith – the fractured or granular earth material that sustains life on the continental land surface. Here, we investigate what controls the depth of regolith formed on ridges of two rock compositions with similar initial porosities in Virginia (USA). A priori, we predicted that the regolith on diabase would be thicker than on granite because the dominant mineral (feldspar) in the diabase weathers faster than its granitic counterpart. However, weathering advanced 20× deeper into the granite than the diabase. The 20 × ‐thicker regolith is attributed mainly to connected micron‐sized pores, microfractures formed around oxidizing biotite at 20 m depth, and the lower iron (Fe) content in the felsic rock. Such porosity allows pervasive advection and deep oxidation in the granite. These observations may explain why regolith worldwide is thicker on felsic compared to mafic rock under similar conditions. To understand regolith formation will require better understanding of such deep oxidation reactions and how they impact fluid flow during weathering. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral Proline‐Based P,O and P,N Ligands for Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Rageot Denise , Pfaltz Andreas 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTwo new classes of proline‐based P,O and P,N ligands were prepared and applied in the iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes. Both types of ligands induced high enantioselectivities in the hydrogenation of trisubstituted CC bonds. Iridium complexes derived from P,O ligands bearing sterically demanding amide or urea groups at the pyrrolidine N‐atom proved to be especially efficient catalysts for the conjugate reduction of α,β‐unsaturated esters and ketones, whereas analogous P,N ligands led to better results with dialkyl‐phenyl‐substituted alkenes and an allylic alcohol as substrates.
Fluorine as a Regiocontrol Element in the Ring Opening of Bicyclic Aziridiniums
Authors: Lam Yu‐hong , Houk Kendall N. , Cossy Janine , Gomez Pardo Domingo , Cochi Anne 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe origin of the variation in the regioselectivity of the nucleophilic ring opening of a series of bicyclic aziridinium ions derived from N‐alkylprolinols was investigated by quantum‐chemical computations (M06‐2X/6‐31+G(d,p)‐SMD). These aziridiniums differ only in the degree and the configurations of F‐substitution at C(4). With the azide ion as nucleophile, the ratio of the piperidine to the pyrrolidine product was computed. An electrostatic gauche effect influences the conformation of the adjoining five‐membered ring in the fluorinated bicyclic aziridinium. This controls the regioselectivity of the aziridinium ring opening.