bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Studies of the Petrochemistry of Sn–W‐Mineralized Granitoids: Continent vs. Island Arc
Authors: Ishihara Shunso 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGranitic rocks obtained during field excursions of the famed mineralized regions of the Erzgebirge, Germany (mainly tin‐bearing), and South China (mainly tungsten‐bearing) have been geochemically analyzed and their results are compared with similar (mainly tungsten‐bearing) granites in the island‐arc setting of Southwest Japan. The studied granitoids all belong to the ilmenite‐series. The collision‐related Erzgebirge granitoids are rich in K2O and P2O5, have high A/CNK ratios (1.11–1.24, i.e. S type), but are also high in Ga/Al ratio (i.e., having some A‐type characteristics). In South China, the Xihuashan granites, in contrast, are very low in P2O5, and have A/CNK slightly above 1.0 (1.01–1.05), indicative of I type granites. The (Sn‐) W‐related granites of southwest Japan have similarly low P2O5 and A/CNK ratios, indicative also of I‐type. Both in the Xihuashan and southwest Japan, the tungsten‐related granites have high whole‐rock δ18O values implying involvement of W‐rich crustal rocks. Sn and W contents of the unaltered granites are lowest in the island‐arc setting where the related Sn–W deposits are smallest in size relative to the collision and continental margin settings of the Erzgebirge and South China.
Racial Resentment, Old‐Fashioned Racism, and the Vote Choice of Southern and Nonsouthern Whites in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election*
Authors: Knuckey Jonathan , Kim Myunghee 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveThe effects of racial attitudes on the vote choice of whites in the 2012 U.S. presidential election are examined, with a specific focus on the simultaneous effects of both racial resentment and old‐fashioned racial prejudice.MethodsData are taken from the 2012 American National Election Study (ANES). Models of vote choice are estimated separately for southern and nonsouthern whites.ResultsFindings show that racial resentment alone affected the vote choice of southern whites, but among nonsouthern whites both racial resentment and old‐fashioned racism exerted independent effects on vote choice. Furthermore, it was among independents that the effects of racial attitudes were most visible.ConclusionsOverall, it is estimated that racial attitudes cost Obama support among white voters, and likely made his victories in a number of swing states a lot closer than they would have been absent the effects of racial attitudes. Consistent with prior literature, findings also demonstrate that the election of the first African‐American president has primed old‐fashioned racial prejudice.
Cell‐specific transcriptomic analyses of three‐dimensional shoot development in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Frank Margaret H. , Scanlon Michael J. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryHaploid moss gametophytes harbor distinct stem cell types, including tip cells that divide in single planes to generate filamentous protonemata, and bud cells that divide in three planes to yield axial gametophore shoots. This transition from filamentous to triplanar growth occurs progressively during the moss life cycle, and is thought to mirror evolution of the first terrestrial plants from Charophycean green algal ancestors. The innovation of morphologically complex plant body plans facilitated colonization of the vertical landscape, and enabled development of complex vegetative and reproductive plant morphologies. Despite its profound evolutionary significance, the molecular programs involved in this transition from filamentous to triplanar meristematic plant growth are poorly understood. In this study, we used single‐cell type transcriptomics to identify more than 4000 differentially expressed genes that distinguish uniplanar protonematal tip cells from multiplanar gametophore bud cells in the moss Physcomitrella patens. While the transcriptomes of both tip and bud cells show molecular signatures of proliferative cells, the bud cell transcriptome exhibits a wider variety of genes with significantly increased transcript abundances. Our data suggest that combined expression of genes involved in shoot patterning and asymmetric cell division accompanies the transition from uniplanar to triplanar meristematic growth in moss.
Blood transfusion and 30‐day readmission rate in adult patients hospitalized with sickle cell disease crisis
Authors: Nouraie Mehdi , Gordeuk Victor R. 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDSickle cell disease (SCD) patients hospitalized with vasoocclusive pain crisis tend to have prolonged length of stay (LOS) and high 30‐day readmission rates. We investigated the associations of demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and blood transfusion during hospitalization with these outcomes.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRepeated regression analysis was used to analyze 39,324 admissions of 4348 adults with sickle cell crisis from 2007 to 2012 in the Truven Health MarketScan Medicaid Databases.RESULTSThe mean (95% range) LOS was 5.9 (1.0‐19.0) days and the 30‐day readmission rate was 39.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.1%‐40.0%). Older age; chronic cardiopulmonary, renal, or liver disease; and sepsis were associated with both longer LOS and greater 30‐day readmission rate. Female sex, iron overload, acute chest syndrome, acute renal failure, and stroke were additional predictors of longer LOS. Simple red blood cell transfusion was administered in 31.8% of the admissions, and these patients tended to have more severe disease (chronic cardiopulmonary or kidney disease, acute chest syndrome, acute kidney or liver failure, sepsis). Nevertheless, transfusion was associated with a reduced estimated odds ratio (OR) of inpatient mortality of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.57‐0.99) and a decreased OR of 30‐day readmission of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.73‐0.83).CONCLUSIONOur findings point to blood transfusion as a potential means to reduce the 30‐day readmission rate among Medicaid patients hospitalized with sickle cell crisis. There is a need for a prospective study to examine the potential benefit and safety of simple blood transfusion for this purpose.
Site‐specific reproductive performance of an invasive fleshy‐fruited tree in remnant grasslands of the Argentinean Pampas
Authors: Zalba S M , Amodeo M R 
Published: June 2015

SummaryPrunus mahaleb (Saint Lucie's cherry) is a fleshy‐fruited small rosaceous tree, native to the Mediterranean region that has been extensively used as a rootstock species for commercial orchard trees. It has been widely introduced in several countries, becoming invasive in many regions, including the Pampas region of southern Argentina. We studied the reproductive performance of trees spontaneously growing in natural grasslands inside a protected area, estimating age at first reproduction and analysing changes in fruit production, age, canopy volume and basal stem diameter associated with different soil types: rock crevices on hillsides, deep soils in valleys and deep soils in stream‐side habitats. Fruit production starts at the age of 3–6 years, and it can be abundant, even for young plants. We found evidence that fecundity is related to plant size, and that the age at which individuals reach a particular size and begin fruiting differs depending on the soil type where they grow. Trees in the study area show an order of magnitude increase in fruit production on reaching ages from 7 to 10 years for plants growing in deep soils at stream‐side habitats and 13–16 years for plants growing in rock crevices. Invasive trees should be felled before they reach a basal stem diameter of c. 9 cm to avoid this increase in propagule pressure. Considering that the age at which this stage is reached depends on soil type, the streams could act as dispersal corridors for the spread and invasion of this species.
Pig kidney graft survival in a baboon for 136 days: longest life‐supporting organ graft survival to date
Authors: Iwase Hayato , Liu Hong , Wijkstrom Martin , Zhou Huidong , Singh Jagjit , Hara Hidetaka , Ezzelarab Mohamed , Long Cassandra , Klein Edwin , Wagner Robert , Phelps Carol , Ayares David , Shapiro Ron , Humar Abhinav , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe longest survival of a non‐human primate with a life‐supporting kidney graft to date has been 90 days, although graft survival > 30 days has been unusual. A baboon received a kidney graft from an α‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout pig transgenic for two human complement‐regulatory proteins and three human coagulation‐regulatory proteins (although only one was expressed in the kidney). Immunosuppressive therapy was with ATG+anti‐CD20mAb (induction) and anti‐CD40mAb+rapamycin+corticosteroids (maintenance). Anti‐TNF‐α and anti‐IL‐6R were administered. The baboon survived 136 days with a generally stable serum creatinine (0.6 to 1.6 mg/dl) until termination. No features of a consumptive coagulopathy (e.g., thrombocytopenia, decreased fibrinogen) or of a protein‐losing nephropathy were observed. There was no evidence of an elicited anti‐pig antibody response. Death was from septic shock (Myroides spp). Histology of a biopsy on day 103 was normal, but by day 136, the kidney showed features of glomerular enlargement, thrombi, and mesangial expansion. The combination of (i) a graft from a specific genetically engineered pig, (ii) an effective immunosuppressive regimen, and (iii) anti‐inflammatory agents prevented immune injury and a protein‐losing nephropathy, and delayed coagulation dysfunction. This outcome encourages us that clinical renal xenotransplantation may become a reality.
Noninvasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Recovered from Hospitalized Adult Patients in the United States in 2009 to 2012
Authors: Mendes Rodrigo E. , Hollingsworth Rosalind C. , Costello Andrew , Jones Ronald N. , Isturiz Raul E. , Hewlett Dial , Farrell David J. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the serotype distribution and trends over time of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
strains associated with noninvasive infections among adult patients ≥18 years of age in the United States (2009 to 2012). A total of 2,927
S. pneumoniae
isolates recovered from patients presenting with respiratory infections and obtained mainly (87.0%) from lower respiratory tract specimens (sputum) were included. The levels of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes remained stable over the 4-year study period (4.6% to 5.5%;
P
= 0.953). Overall, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotypes were identified in 32.7% of samples, declining from 33.7% to 35.5% in 2009 to 2011 to 28.2% in 2012 (
P
= 0.007), with a significant decrease in the levels of serotypes 7F (
P
= 0.013) and 6A (
P
= 0.010). The levels of 19A remained constant (15.8% to 17.1%) during 2009 to 2011, dropping to 12.2% in 2012 (
P
= 0.089). The prevalence of serotypes associated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), but not PCV13, remained generally stable; however, the prevalence of serotypes 15B and 15C (15B/15C) increased from 2.7% to 6.3% (
P
= 0.010). The proportion of nonvaccine serotypes increased gradually during the study period (
P
= 0.044), particularly for serotype 35B (from 3.6% in 2009 to 8.2% in 2012;
P
= 0.001). Nonsusceptibility rates for penicillin (susceptible breakpoint, ≤2 μg/ml) and clindamycin against PCV7 serotypes decreased over the period. These results suggest the emergence of indirect effects following introduction of PCV13 for infants and young children; continued surveillance is needed to assess the burden of PCV13 serotypes in the adult population after the implementation of age-based recommendations in the United States.
Preliminary Method for Direct Quantification of Colistin Methanesulfonate by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Niece Krista L. , Akers Kevin S. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
Colistin use has increased in response to the advent of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. It is administered parenterally as an inactive prodrug, colistin methanesulfonate (CMS). Various formulations of CMS and labeling conventions can lead to confusion about colistin dosing, and questions remain about the pharmacokinetics of CMS. Since CMS does not have strong UV absorbance, current methods employ a laborious process of chemical conversion to colistin followed by precolumn derivatization to detect formed colistin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Here, we report a method for direct quantification of colistin methanesulfonate by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FTIR).
Nucleoside Inhibitors of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Eyer Luděk , Valdés James J. , Gil Victor A. , Nencka Radim , Hřebabecký Hubert , Šála Michal , Salát Jiří , Černý Jiří , Palus Martin , De Clercq Erik , Růžek Daniel 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of human neuroinfections in Europe and Northeast Asia. There are no antiviral therapies for treating TBEV infection. A series of nucleoside analogues was tested for the ability to inhibit the replication of TBEV in porcine kidney cells and human neuroblastoma cells. The interactions of three nucleoside analogues with viral polymerase were simulated using advanced computational methods. The nucleoside analogues 7-deaza-2′-
C
-methyladenosine (7-deaza-2′-CMA), 2′-
C
-methyladenosine (2′-CMA), and 2′-C-methylcytidine (2′-CMC) inhibited TBEV replication. These compounds showed dose-dependent inhibition of TBEV-induced cytopathic effects, TBEV replication (50% effective concentrations [EC
50
]of 5.1 ± 0.4 μM for 7-deaza-2′-CMA, 7.1 ± 1.2 μM for 2′-CMA, and 14.2 ± 1.9 μM for 2′-CMC) and viral antigen production. Notably, 2′-CMC was relatively cytotoxic to porcine kidney cells (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC
50
] of ∼50 μM). The anti-TBEV effect of 2′-CMA in cell culture diminished gradually after day 3 posttreatment. 7-Deaza-2′-CMA showed no detectable cellular toxicity (CC
50
> 50 μM), and the antiviral effect in culture was stable for >6 days posttreatment. Computational molecular analyses revealed that compared to the other two compounds, 7-deaza-2′-CMA formed a large cluster near the active site of the TBEV polymerase. High antiviral activity and low cytotoxicity suggest that 7-deaza-2′-CMA is a promising candidate for further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent in treating TBEV infection.
Alkaloids as Inhibitors of Malate Synthase from Paracoccidioides spp.: Receptor-Ligand Interaction-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking Studies, Antifungal Activity, and the Adhesion Process
Authors: Costa Fausto Guimaraes , Neto Benedito Rodrigues da Silva , Gonçalves Ricardo Lemes , da Silva Roosevelt Alves , de Oliveira Cecília Maria Alves , Kato Lucília , Freitas Carla dos Santos , Giannini Maria José Soares Mendes , da Silva Julhiany de Fátima , Soares Célia Maria de Almeida , Pereira Maristela 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Paracoccidioides
is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. Malate synthase plays a crucial role in the pathogenicity and virulence of various fungi, such as those that are human pathogens. Thus, an inhibitor of this enzyme may be used as a powerful antifungal without side effects in patients once these enzymes are absent in humans. Here, we searched for compounds with inhibitory capacity against the malate synthase of
Paracoccidioides
species (
Pb
MLS). The three-dimensional (3D) structure of
Pb
MLS was determined using the I-TASSER server. Compounds were selected from the ZINC database. Based on the mechanism underlying the interaction of the compounds with
Pb
MLS, it was possible to identify β-carboline moiety as a standard key structure. The compounds with β-carboline moiety that are available in our laboratories were investigated. A total of nine alkaloid compounds were selected. The primary mechanisms of interaction of the alkaloid compounds in the binding pocket of
Pb
MLS were identified and compared with the mechanism of interaction of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). We discovered that the amphipathic nature of the compounds, concomitant with the presence of β-carboline moiety, was crucial for their stability in the binding pocket of
Pb
MLS. In addition, the importance of a critical balance of the polar and nonpolar contacts of the compounds in this region was observed. Four β-carboline alkaloid compounds showed the ability to inhibit recombinant
Pb
MLS (
Pb
MLSr) activity,
Paracoccidioides
species growth, and adhesion of the fungus and
Pb
MLSr to the extracellular matrix components. The cytotoxicity of the alkaloids was also evaluated.
An Iron-Regulated Autolysin Remodels the Cell Wall To Facilitate Heme Acquisition in Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Authors: Farrand Allison J. , Haley Kathryn P. , Lareau Nichole M. , Heilbronner Simon , McLean John A. , Foster Timothy , Skaar Eric P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Bacteria alter their cell surface in response to changing environments, including those encountered upon invasion of a host during infection. One alteration that occurs in several Gram-positive pathogens is the presentation of cell wall-anchored components of the iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) system, which extracts heme from host hemoglobin to fulfill the bacterial requirement for iron.
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
, an opportunistic pathogen that causes infective endocarditis, encodes an Isd system. Unique among the known Isd systems,
S. lugdunensis
contains a gene encoding a putative autolysin located adjacent to the Isd operon. To elucidate the function of this putative autolysin, here named IsdP, we investigated its contribution to Isd protein localization and hemoglobin-dependent iron acquisition.
S. lugdunensis
IsdP was found to be iron regulated and cotranscribed with the Isd operon. IsdP is a specialized peptidoglycan hydrolase that cleaves the stem peptide and pentaglycine crossbridge of the cell wall and alters processing and anchoring of a major Isd system component, IsdC. Perturbation of IsdC localization due to
isdP
inactivation results in a hemoglobin utilization growth defect. These studies establish IsdP as an autolysin that functions in heme acquisition and describe a role for IsdP in cell wall reorganization to accommodate nutrient uptake systems during infection.
Control of Mycobacterial Infections in Mice Expressing Human Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) but Not Mouse TNF
Authors: Olleros Maria L. , Chavez-Galan Leslie , Segueni Noria , Bourigault Marie L. , Vesin Dominique , Kruglov Andrey A. , Drutskaya Marina S. , Bisig Ruth , Ehlers Stefan , Aly Sahar , Walter Kerstin , Kuprash Dmitry V. , Chouchkova Miliana , Kozlov Sergei V. , Erard François , Ryffel Bernard , Quesniaux Valérie F. J. , Nedospasov Sergei A. , Garcia Irene 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTTumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an important cytokine for host defense against pathogens but is also associated with the development of human immunopathologies. TNF blockade effectively ameliorates many chronic inflammatory conditions but compromises host immunity to tuberculosis. The search for novel, more specific human TNF blockers requires the development of a reliable animal model. We used a novel mouse model with complete replacement of the mouse TNF gene by its human ortholog (human TNF [huTNF] knock-in [KI] mice) to determine resistance toMycobacterium bovisBCG andM. tuberculosisinfections and to investigate whether TNF inhibitors in clinical use reduce host immunity. Our results show that macrophages from huTNF KI mice responded to BCG and lipopolysaccharide similarly to wild-type macrophages by NF-κB activation and cytokine production. While TNF-deficient mice rapidly succumbed to mycobacterial infection, huTNF KI mice survived, controlling the bacterial burden and activating bactericidal mechanisms. Administration of TNF-neutralizing biologics disrupted the control of mycobacterial infection in huTNF KI mice, leading to an increased bacterial burden and hyperinflammation. Thus, our findings demonstrate that human TNF can functionally replace murine TNFin vivo, providing mycobacterial resistance that could be compromised by TNF neutralization. This new animal model will be helpful for the testing of specific biologics neutralizing human TNF.
A randomised controlled trial to prevent smoking relapse among recently quit smokers enrolled in employer and health plan sponsored quitlines
Authors: McDaniel Anna M , Vickerman Katrina A , Stump Timothy E , Monahan Patrick O , Fellows Jeffrey L , Weaver Michael T , Carlini Beatriz H , Champion Victoria L , Zbikowski Susan M 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo test adding an interactive voice response (IVR)-supported protocol to standard quitline treatment to prevent relapse among recently quit smokers.DesignParallel randomised controlled trial with three arms: standard quitline, standard plus technology enhanced quitline with 10 risk assessments (TEQ-10), standard plus 20 TEQ assessments (TEQ-20).SettingQuit For Life (QFL) programme.Participants1785 QFL enrolees through 19 employers or health plans who were 24+ h quit.InterventionsQFL is a 5-call telephone-based cessation programme including medications and web-based support. TEQ interventions included 10 or 20 IVR-delivered relapse risk assessments over 8 weeks with automated transfer to counselling for those at risk.Main outcome measuresSelf-reported 7-day and 30-day abstinence assessed at 6-month and 12-month post-enrolment (response rates: 61% and 59%, respectively). Missing data were imputed.Results1785 were randomised (standard n=592, TEQ-10 n=602, TEQ-20 n=591). Multiple imputation-derived, intent-to-treat 30-day quit rates (95% CI) at 6 months were 59.4% (53.7% to 63.8%) for standard, 62.3% (57.7% to 66.9%) for TEQ-10, 59.4% (53.7% to 65.1%) for TEQ-20 and 30-day quit rates at 12 months were 61.2% (55.6% to 66.8%) for standard, 60.6% (56.0% to 65.2%) for TEQ-10, 54.9% (49.0% to 60.9%) for TEQ-20. There were no significant differences in quit rates. 73.3% of TEQ participants were identified as at-risk by IVR assessments; on average, participants completed 0.41 IVR-transferred counselling calls. Positive risk assessments identified participants less likely (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.76) to be abstinent at 6 months.ConclusionsStandard treatment was highly effective, with 61% remaining abstinent at 12 months using multiple imputation intent-to-treat (intent-to-treat missing=smoking quit rate: 38%). TEQ assessments identified quitters at risk for relapse. However, adding IVR-transferred counselling did not yield higher quit rates. Research is needed to determine if alternative designs can improve outcomes.Trial registration numberNCT00888992.