Abstract 681: SGI-110, a novel 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine- containing dinucleotide, induces Cancer Germline (CG) antigen expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells.
Authors: Griffiths Elizabeth A. , Srivastava Pragya , Collamat-Lai Golda , James Smitha R. , Karpf Adam R. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Introduction: CG antigens are genes whose normal expression is limited to the adult testis and embryonic ovary. Aberrant expression of these genes is reported in solid cancers where they are known to be immunogenic. CG targeted cancer vaccines are in clinical development for cancers with endogenous gene expression. The CG genes NY-ESO1 and MAGEA are silent in adult tissues due to CpG island hypermethylation. Treatment of non-expressing cancer cell lines in vitro with hypmomethylating drugs (HMAs) like Decitabine (DAC) and Azacytidine (AZA), both FDA approved for patients with myeloid cancers, can induce CG gene expression. We hypothesized that SGI-110 (Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), a second generation hypomethylating agent with superior pharmacokinetics, would induce CG antigen genes in AML cells in vitro.
Methods: HL60 and U937 cells were cultured in vitro using standard techniques and treated with phosphate buffered saline, 0.1, 1 or 5 μM SGI-110, 0.5μM DAC or 2μM AZA. Results are pooled from a minimum of three replicates. Viability by trypan blue exclusion and DNA, RNA and protein were obtained on day 5; DNA was bisulfite converted. Methylation (LINE-1, NY-ESO1, by pyrosequencing and MAGEA by methylation specific PCR), mRNA expression (by RT-PCR), and protein expression (by Western blot) were assessed.
Results: Treatment with SGI-110 produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Viability at 0.1, 1 and 5μM SGI-110 doses was 47, 11, 8% in HL60 cells and 91, 41, 22% in U937 cells. Viability at the 1μM SGI-110 dose was comparable to 0.5μM DAC (11 and 38%, respectively) and less than 2μM AZA (51 and 30% respectively) in both cell lines. Baseline LINE-1 elements were 80% methylated in HL60 cells and 68% methylated in U937 cells. In both lines 1μM SGI-110 produced optimal LINE-1 demethylation, comparable to DAC. At baseline both NY-ESO1 and MAGEA3/6 promoters were densely hypermethylated in both HL60 and U937 and neither expressed mRNA; treatment with AZA, DAC and 1μM SGI-110 hypomethylated both genes and induced mRNA expression. No mRNA expression of CG genes was detected at the 0.1μM SGI-110 dose. NY-ESO1 and MAGEA protein expression were induced following 1 and 5μM doses of SGI-110 and DAC in both cell lines; in U937 cells AZA induced MAGEA but not NY-ESO1.
Summary: SGI-110 induces global and gene specific hypomethylation as well as mRNA and protein expression of the CG genes NY-ESO1 and MAGEA3/6 in AML cells. This protein induction in vitro is at least as potent as that observed following AZA and DAC treatment. Induction of anti-MAGE specific T-cells has been reported in myeloid cancer patients receiving AZA + Vorinostat, suggesting that induced CG specific immunity may contribute to response to HMAs (Goodyear et al. Blood. 2010;116:1908). These data suggest that the combination of HMAs such as SGI-110 with CG vaccination may be of value in myeloid malignancy.
Citation Format: Elizabeth A. Griffiths, Pragya Srivastava, Golda Collamat-Lai, Smitha R. James, Adam R. Karpf. SGI-110, a novel 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine- containing dinucleotide, induces Cancer Germline (CG) antigen expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 681. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-681