bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalogue of Coins of the Kings of the Spartocid Dynasty in the 2nd Century BC (Hygiaenon, Spartocus and the Paerisades)
Authors: Frolova Nina A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this article questions are examined relating to the minting of coins by the kings of the Bosporan dynasty of the Spartocids in the 2ndcentury BC: Hygiaenon, Spartocus and the Paerisades. Most of the scholars studying the coins issued by thearchonHygiaenon confined his emissions to the middle of the 2ndcentury BC (Shkorpil, Oreshnikov, Zograf, Shelov, Karÿshkovskiï). Stolyarik proposed a new dating for the issues of Hygiaenon coins, namely the first quarter of the 2ndcentury BC but, starting out from the data obtained through comparative analysis of the typology of the Hygiaenon stater with two monograms on its reverse and in the light of the results obtained from the investigation of posthumous Lysimachus staters minted in Byzantium by H. Seyrig and C. Marinescu, the emissions of Hygiaenon coins can be dated to the end of the first half or middle of the 2ndcentury BC (c. 160-150 BC). The issue of coins by King Spartocus is only known thanks to a single didrachma bearing the name Spartocus and published in 1821 by Kohler, whose article was translated into Russian by G. Spasskiï in 1850. Kohne (1857), Prince Sibirsky (1859), Burachkov (1884) and others dated the Spartocus didrachma to the end of the 3rdcentury BC, although as early as 1877 A. von Sallet drew attention to the fact that in the legend on that didrachma (now held in the collection of the SHM) the letterepsilonwas of lunar shape – Є. In view of this von Sallet dated the Spartocus coin to the 2ndcentury BC. Later, after accepting von Sallet’s comments, Podshivalov started assigning the Spartocus didrachma a date ofc. 170 BC (1884, 1887, 1888). The second didrachma bearing the name of King Spartocus (held by the American Numismatic Society), published by K. Golenko in 1982 and then re-published by Anokhin (1986, No. 152) and Stolyarik, bears a legend incorporating anepsilonof rectangular shape (E). When we know about the different shape of the letterepsilonin the legends of the two didrachmas, it has to be acknowledged that they could not have been issued at one and the same time. This then raises the question as to the authenticity of the second didrachma bearing the name Spartocus. Staters bearing the name of King Paerisades come from different periods starting with the first decade of the 2ndcentury up until 111/110 BC. The end of their issue is established by the death of Paerisades V. The staters vary on account of different letters and monograms found on the reverses. Conclusive study of these coins has so far remained a desideratum. A different chronological classification of staters bearing the name of King Paerisades is proposed, based on analysis of the typology of the monograms on the posthumous Lysimachus staters minted in Byzantium and Chalcedon carried out by H. Seyrig and C. Marinescu.
From the Medieval ḫarğāt to Contemporary Songs: Patterns of Codeswitching Involving Arabic1
Authors: Davies Eirlys E. , Bentahila Abdelali 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper seeks to use evidence from contemporary language use to shed light on that of an earlier period. It examines a set of ḫarğāt, the closing sections of medieval Andalusian muwaššaḥ poems, which exhibit codeswitching between colloquial Andalusian Arabic and Romance, and compares the patterns of switching seen there with those used in some contemporary popular songs, in particular the Arabic-French switching used in the rai lyrics of North Africa. On the basis of the parallels and contrasts observed, some remarks are made about what the language of these ḫarğāt suggests about their origins and authors.
In the Critic vs. Caretaker Dichotomy A Magic Dwells: Parroting McCutcheon, Policing “Religion” (A Rejoinder to Merinda Simmons)
Authors: Omer Atalia 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay rejoins Merinda Simmons’s protection of Russell McCutcheon’s critic vs. caretaker dichotomy in her response to my “Can a Critic be a Caretaker Too? Religion, Conflict and Conflict Transformation” (JAAR 2011). While Simmons aims to preserve McCutcheon’s binary as a purportedly benignly unavoidable opposition, I expose the perils of epistemic anti-realism at the heart of that dichotomy, as well as the fetishizing of discourse analysis and ignorance of real world cases which hold this would-be field defining dogma in place.
The “Better” Proverb in Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Pasternak Ariel Ram , Yona Shamir 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The “Better Proverb” is a rhetorical form found in ancient Near Eastern literatures, including the Bible, and in Rabbinic literature. In this paper we discuss the use of this form in Rabbinic literature, focusing on the developments and changes that occurred in the later literature. We will show that the rabbis were familiar with biblical rhetorical features, used them, and changed them if needed to meet their own rhetorical purposes and goals.
Valentinian I, christianissimus imperator? Notes on a passage of the Passio Pollionis (BHL 6869)
Authors: Tamas Hajnalka 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The present article aims to draw attention to a neglected source attesting the epithet christianissimus imperator as a late antique imperial title. The source in question, the Passio Pollionis (BHL 6869), is one of the earliest testimonies, alongside Ambrose’s and Jerome’s works. It is also peculiar in that, as a hagiographic work, it addresses the emperor Valentinian I with this title. A brief comparison with the use of christianissimus in Ambrose, as well as the analysis of its literary—propagandistic function in the Passio Pollionis is meant to shed light on the documentary potential of the Passio.
Revocation and Modification of Provisional Measures Orders in the International Court of Justice: The Court’s Order Regarding Certain Activities Carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area and the Case Concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River Joint Proceedings
Authors: Lamus Andrés Sarmiento 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article seeks to analyse the revocation and modification of provisional measures, as indicated by the International Court of Justice, in light of the Court’s recent order in the joint proceedings of Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area and the case concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River. The request presented before the Court, by both parties, constitutes the first instance in which a request of this type has ever been submitted. Consequently, the order rendered by the Court, with regard to the procedural and substantive aspects concerning the indication of provisional measures, contains some points that are open to further analysis.
The Peculiar Nature of EU Home Affairs Agencies in Migration Control: Beyond Accountability versus Autonomy?
Authors: Carrera Sergio , den Hertog Leonhard , Parkin Joanna 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article analyses the development paths and practices of three EU Home Affairs agencies: Frontex, Europol and the European Asylum Support Office (EASO). Particular attention is given to those tasks and forms of inter-agency cooperation raising fundamental rights sensitivities in the scope of migration controls. The article argues that the specific Home Affairs focus of these agencies and their ways of working, including the use of ‘experimental governance’ strategies, poses particular challenges to individuals on the move, specifically in relation to their right to an effective remedy. These findings are linked to the academic debate on the balance between accountability and autonomy of EU Agencies. Due to their peculiar nature, evidenced by several cross-cutting commonalities potentially impacting on basic rights of individuals, we argue that this balance metaphor is not appropriate for these Agencies; instead higher standards of accountability should apply with closer on-going control over their activities.
Frontex: Towards a Common Policy on External Border Control
Authors: Mungianu Roberta 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Operational cooperation at the external borders of the EU is part of the EU process of supranationalisation since 2006, when the Justice and Home Affairs Council Conclusions identified operational cooperation as a component of a common policy on external border control. Operational cooperation is supported by the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (Frontex). In this article I will focus on the extent to which the establishment of Frontex marks the shift of sovereignty from Member States to EU institutions in EU external border control. The analysis of two aspects of operational cooperation through Frontex – joint operations and European Border Guard Teams – shows the EU’s achievement in implementing a common policy on external border control. Nevertheless, EU Member States’ ‘sovereignty clauses’ for the surveillance and control of their external borders prevent the EU from fully exercising its power.
Itinerant Feasting: Eastern Christian Women Negotiating (Physical) Presence in the Celebration of Easter
Authors: Nasrallah Rima , Brinkman Martien E. , Murre-Van den Berg Heleen , Barnard Marcel 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article looks at the particular way in which Lebanese women, who originally come from Antiochian Orthodox and Maronite Churches and by marriage join the Protestant Church, construct and experience their Easter celebration. Starting with the bodily experience of the feast, it analyses how each liturgical context orients and temporally locates the women. It explains how the engagement of the body relates to the material experience of presence. Constantly moving between the different celebrations the women considered create a personal symbolic network where their perception of Christ’s presence and absence is challenged. The article suggests that in this weaving of the feasting experiences the women perform their liturgical and sacramental theology; a theology of negotiation mirrored in the resurrection narrative of Mary at the tomb.
Local Dialogue as a Means to Ecumenical Reception? The International and Dutch Pentecostal-Catholic Dialogues in Close-up
Authors: Creemers Jelle 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The International Roman Catholic-Classical Pentecostal Dialogue, established in 1972, encourages the initiation of local Pentecostal-Catholic dialogues. Such dialogues are deemed important to get feedback from the grassroots and to promote reception of the irccpd’s ecumenical achievements. The Catholic-Pentecostal dialogue in the Netherlands (1999-2009) is arguably to date the prime example of such a local spin-off and its history evidences strong ties with the international dialogue. The desired feedback to the international level was virtually absent, but the usefulness of the irccpd’s Final Reports for the local context was acknowledged and the Dutch dialogue was considered locally fruitful. The local context is however constantly changing and in order to deal with the issues deemed most important by both dialogue partners, a reconfiguration of the Dutch dialogue involving a third partner has been prepared since 2009. As the dialogue is no ‘official’ spin-off of the irccpd, chances are high that the ties with the international dialogue will soon be severed.
Christian Missiology as a Field of Christian-Muslim Dialogue
Authors: Haede Wolfgang 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Muslim theologian Süleyman Turan has written an expressly objective portrayal about Christian missiology as a discipline from an Islamic perspective. He wrote his book in open exchange of ideas with Christian missiologists. That makes the book a successful example of a constructive Christian-Muslim dialogue.
As the discussion about Christian mission in Turkey was very biased in the past, Turan’s dissertation could help to introduce perspectives into this discussion that were neglected until now. Turan confirms that mission is one of the natural characteristics of Christianity. He also demonstrates that missiology is critically evaluating errors of Christian mission in the past.
Some self-criticism towards the Muslim side would have given the book even more credibility. Nevertheless, I hope that it can contribute to a more objective and realistic discussion about Christian mission in a Muslim context.
Blessing on the Move: The Outpouring of God’s Blessing through the Migrant Abraham
Authors: Gallagher Sarita D. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this article, I explore the relationship between the mission of God and Abraham’s life as a foreign migrant. In the narrative of Genesis, Abraham enters as a nomadic foreigner called by God as a representative of the nations for the nations. The biblical text is remarkably silent on Abraham’s prior history listing no personal achievements, no remarkable character traits, and no religious background. Yet it is through this unknown migrant that God chose to proclaim his greatest blessing declaring that, “in [Abraham] all the nations of the earth will be blessed” (Gen 12:3). The missiological exploration of the person of Abraham usually ends with this divine proclamation, however this is simply the beginning of the outworking of God’s missional promise during Abraham’s lifetime. It is in analyzing Abraham’s cross-cultural encounters as a migrant that the full importance of the fulfillment of Genesis 12:3 emerges in addition to God’s strategic implementation of mission from the periphery.
A New Reading of Anointing with Oil in James 5:14: Finding First-Century Common Ground in Moses’ Glorious Face
Authors: Wenkel David H. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The fact that James does not explain the meaning of anointing with oil ( James 5:14) likely indicates that he presupposes that his first-century audience will rely upon shared knowledge. But what is this common ground? The logic of our answer rests on several interlocking propositions regarding James 5:14. First, we will demonstrate that James envisioned an anointing of the head or face. Second, we will demonstrate that an anointing of olive oil creates a shining face and that this was a recognized phenomenon. Third, a shiny face would have evoked images of Moses from scripture and history. By creating a physical echo of Moses on the face of the sick, James just might be encouraging the followers of Jesus to seek an intimate encounter with God through prayer that parallels Moses’ encounter with Yahweh. In sum, we will argue the plausibility of the thesis that oil was used to anoint the face so that it physically shined and symbolically represented an encounter with God.
Menorahs in Color: Polychromy in Jewish Visual Culture of Roman Antiquity
Authors: Fine Steven 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In recent years, polychromy has developed as a significant area of research in the study of classical art. This essay explores the significance of this work for interpreting Jewish visual culture during Roman antiquity, through the focal lens of the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project. In July 2012, this project discovered that the Arch of Titus menorah was originally colored with yellow ochre paint. The article begins by presenting the general field of polychromy research, which has developed in recent years and resulted in significant museum exhibitions in Europe and the US. It then turns to resistance to polychromy studies among art historians, often called “chromophobia,” and to uniquely Jewish early twentieth-century variants that claimed that Jews were especially prone to colorblindness. After surveying earlier research on polychromy in Jewish contexts, we turn to polychromy in ancient Palestinian synagogue literature and art. Finally, the article explores the significance of polychromy for the study of the Arch of Titus menorah panel, and more broadly considers the importance of polychromy studies for contextualizing Jewish attitudes toward Roman religious art (avodah zarah).
The Italian Memorial At Auschwitz: An Approach Through Conservation Theory
Authors: Scarrocchia Sandro 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
According to Bruno Zevi, the Italian Memorial housed at Block 21 of the Auschwitz concentration camp is among the most significant works of contemporary architecture. Recently, it has become the focus of a political and cultural conflict that is itself worthy of study. The memorial was designed as a post-war symbol of the anti-Fascist movement. It is thus heavily influenced by the politics of the Resistance, which characterized the First Republic and influenced the Italian Constitution. However, this sort of politics is incompatible with the post-Berlin-Wall narrative that the Museum of Auschwitz on the international level, along with various Italian governments on the national level, have decided to promote in the twenty-first century. Yet the Italian Memorial is an integral part of the World Heritage UNESCO site at Auschwitz, and its removal or transfer elsewhere, besides constituting a loss for Italian cultural identity, would also vitiate and downgrade the history of Auschwitz. This study looks at the memorial in terms of the discipline of conservation, applying principles elaborated by the Vienna School (Alois Riegl and Max Dvořák) to show how new exhibitions for the pavilions threaten to transform Auschwitz from a monument and historical document into a museum-style fairground, and to reveal the political motivation behind claims of the Memorial’s contemporary irrelevance.
Leopold Zunz Seen from the End of Emancipation: Max Wiener on the Beginnings of the Science of Judaism
Authors: Stünkel Knut Martin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Though the Science of Judaism (Wissenschaft des Judentums) is undoubtedly one of the most prominent achievements of Jewish thought in the nineteenth century, it is, however, also a historical phenomenon which appears to have concluded. It is by Max Wiener’s (1882–1950) thinking that the Science of Judaism considers its own finality by means of critically looking back upon its beginnings. In this respect Wiener’s writings mark the end of the direct influence the work of Leopold Zunz has exercised on the Science of Judaism.
The Haskamah of History or Why Did the Dutch Wissenschaft des Judentums Spurn Zunz’s Writings?
Authors: Zwiep Irene E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
According to common opinion, nineteenth-century Dutch Jewry never developed a follow-up to the German Wissenschaft des Judentums. This paper makes a case for the opposite: Dutch Jewish intellectuals not only were avid readers of Wissenschaft publications, they also used them extensively as sources of inspiration and information. The result, however, lacked the academic dimension of the German tradition. Instead, Dutch Jewish scholars consistently merged the results of critical scholarship with the edifying content of the traditional treatises they were translating and annotating. Time-bound historical truth thus served to affirm the timeless truth of Jewish ethics. It is further argued that this indeed somewhat derivative strategy was more than a mere sign of conservatism or scholarly mediocrity. The Dutch Wissenschaft soon became one of the key instruments in formulating a new Jewish civic identity in the decades following the Emancipation Decree of 1796. Working from rather than towards political equality, the Dutch Jewish scholars could afford to ignore the radical content of Jewish national philology as developed by Leopold Zunz and his German colleagues.
Uranium Mining in Nunavut
Authors: Göcke Katja 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Inuit in the Canadian Arctic have fought uranium mining on their ancestral lands for years. In 1993, after decades of negotiations, the federal government and Inuit representatives signed the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (“NLCA”), which not only provided for the creation of the Territory of Nunavut as new political entity within the Canadian federal system and the establishment of a public territorial government, but also transferred land and resource ownership over vast areas of the newly-created territory, as well as considerable co-management rights, to the Inuit of Nunavut. To govern these special rights and benefits on behalf of the Inuit of Nunavut and to watch over the implementation of and adherence to the NLCA, the NLCA established the Inuit-organization Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (“NTI”). Initially NTI banned uranium mining. In 2007, however, NTI reversed its stance and adopted a pro-uranium policy without prior Inuit, community or public input. Following the adoption of the new policy, several uranium mining companies have started to negotiate agreements with NTI to open mines on Inuit-owned lands. NTI’s decision to lift its ban on uranium mining has not only initiated a public debate on the safety and desirability of uranium mining in Nunavut but also calls the legitimacy of the political system of Nunavut into question. This paper will look at the different stakeholders involved in the uranium controversy and their powers to take and influence decisions regarding uranium mining. It is argued that the uranium controversy has revealed a democracy deficit that needs to be addressed.
The Shape of Things to Come: The Russian Federation and the Northern Sea Route in 2011
Authors: Franckx Erik 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Arctic has recently been catapulted from the back burner of international attention to the forefront of the global agenda. The dissolution of the Soviet Union as well as climate change seem to be responsible for a marked heating up not only of its physical environment, but also of the political tensions concerning the exact legal regime to be applied there. While the universal 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has been accepted by the five Arctic rim countries as the applicable legal framework, on the regional level these same states have tried to ward off possible external interference as much as possible by means of the Ilulissat Declaration of 2008. Shipping has been at the heart of these developments, especially in view of the fact that the year 2007 was characterized by the most extensive summer melt ever since satellite measurements started in 1979, which in turn undoubtedly enhanced the attractiveness of Arctic navigation. It will be argued that the increased interest in promoting Arctic navigation, as evidenced by a thorough analysis of the 2011 shipping season along the Eurasian continent, stands in stark contrast with the applicable Russian legal framework, which in essence dates back to the 1990s, a time when this route had not yet been used for international commercial trade linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (the secrecy still surrounding the icebreaking fees at present being a case in point).
Evaluating Espoo: What Protection does the Espoo Convention Offer the Arctic Marine Environment?
Authors: Johnstone Rachael Lorna 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article reviews the extent of the duty of States to conduct a transboundary environmental impact assessment (TEIA) prior to activity in the Arctic Ocean as part of the customary law principle of prevention. Examples are drawn from the offshore hydrocarbon industry. The paper examines in detail the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) and its application in the High North, reviewing its utility as well as deficiencies in the comparative light of alternative frameworks, such as the voluntary guidelines of the Arctic Council, the Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Nordic Environmental Protection Convention. The consequences of a TEIA report are discussed in light of customary international law.