bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Hemoglobin A1C in Combination With Conventional Risk Factors for Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Jarmul Jamie A. , Pignone Michael , Pletcher Mark J. 
Published: September 2015

Background—
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, but its use for prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in combination with conventional risk factors has not been well defined.

Methods and Results—
To understand the effect of HbA1C on CVD risk in the context of other CVD risk factors, we analyzed HbA1C and other CVD risk factor measurements in 2000 individuals aged 40 to 79 years without pre-existing diabetes mellitus or CVD from the 2011 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys survey. The resulting regression model was used to predict the HbA1C distribution based on individual patient characteristics. We then calculated post-test 10-year atherosclerotic CVD risk incorporating the actual versus predicted HbA1C, according to established methods, for a set of example scenarios. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were significant predictors of HbA1C in our model, with the expected HbA1C distribution being significantly higher in non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic individuals than that in non-Hispanic white/other individuals. Incorporating the expected HbA1C distribution into pretest atherosclerotic CVD risk has a modest effect on post-test atherosclerotic CVD risk. In the patient examples, we assessed that having an HbA1C of <5.7% reduced post-test risk by 0.4% to 2.0% points, whereas having an HbA1C of ≥6.5% increased post-test risk by 1.0% to 2.5% points, depending on the scenario. The post-test risk increase from having an HbA1C of ≥6.5% tends to approximate the risk increase from being 5 years older.

Conclusions—
HbA1C has modest effects on predicted atherosclerotic CVD risk when considered in the context of conventional risk factors.
Population-Based Study of Incidence, Risk Factors, Outcome, and Prognosis of Ischemic Peripheral Arterial Events
Authors: Howard Dominic P.J. , Banerjee Amitava , Fairhead Jack F. , Hands Linda , Silver Louise E. , Rothwell Peter M. 
Published: September 2015

Background—
There are few published data on the incidence and long-term outcomes of critical limb ischemia, acute limb ischemia, or acute visceral ischemia with which to inform health service planning, to monitor prevention, and to enable risk prediction.

Methods and Results—

In a prospective population-based study (Oxfordshire, UK; 2002–2012), we determined the incidence and outcome of all acute peripheral arterial events in a population of 92 728. Risk factors were assessed by comparison with the underlying population. A total of 510 acute events occurred in 386 patients requiring 803 interventions. Two hundred twenty-one patients (59.3%) were ≥75 years of age, and 98 (26.3%) were ≥85 years old. Two hundred thirty patients (62.3%) were independent before the event, but 270 (73.4%) were dead or dependent at the 6-month follow-up, and 328 (88.9%) were dead or dependent at 5 years. The 30-day survival was lowest for patients with acute visceral ischemia (28.2%) compared with acute limb ischemia (75.3%) and critical limb ischemia (92.6%;
P
<0.001). Risk factors (all
P
<0.001) were hypertension (age- and sex-adjusted risk ratio, 2.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.95–3.90), smoking (adjusted risk ratio, 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.37–3.34), and diabetes mellitus (adjusted risk ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.69–5.35), particularly for critical limb ischemia (adjusted risk ratio, 5.96; 95% confidence interval, 3.15–11.26). Two hundred eighty-eight patients (77.2%) had known previous cardiovascular disease, and 361 (96.8%) had vascular risk factors, but only 203 (54.4%) were on an antiplatelet and only 166 (44.5%) were on a statin. Although 260 patients (69.7%) were taking antihypertensives, 42.9% of all blood pressures recorded during the 5 years before the event were >140/90 mm Hg. Of 88 patients (23.6%) with incident cardioembolic events, 62 had known atrial fibrillation (diagnosed before the event), of whom only 14.5% were anticoagulated despite 82.3% having a CHA
2
DS
2
VASC score ≥2 without contraindications.

Conclusions—
The clinical burden of peripheral arterial events is substantial. Although the vast majority of patients have known vascular disease in other territories and multiple treatable risk factors, premorbid control is poor.
The Basis for Language Acquisition: Congenitally Deaf Infants Discriminate Vowel Length in the First Months after Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Vavatzanidis Niki Katerina , Mürbe Dirk , Friederici Angela , Hahne Anja 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
One main incentive for supplying hearing impaired children with a cochlear implant is the prospect of oral language acquisition. Only scarce knowledge exists, however, of what congenitally deaf children actually perceive when receiving their first auditory input, and specifically what speech-relevant features they are able to extract from the new modality. We therefore presented congenitally deaf infants and young children implanted before the age of 4 years with an oddball paradigm of long and short vowel variants of the syllable /ba/. We measured the EEG in regular intervals to study their discriminative ability starting with the first activation of the implant up to 8 months later. We were thus able to time-track the emerging ability to differentiate one of the most basic linguistic features that bears semantic differentiation and helps in word segmentation, namely, vowel length. Results show that already 2 months after the first auditory input, but not directly after implant activation, these early implanted children differentiate between long and short syllables. Surprisingly, after only 4 months of hearing experience, the ERPs have reached the same properties as those of the normal hearing control group, demonstrating the plasticity of the brain with respect to the new modality. We thus show that a simple but linguistically highly relevant feature such as vowel length reaches age-appropriate electrophysiological levels as fast as 4 months after the first acoustic stimulation, providing an important basis for further language acquisition.
Prefrontal Engagement and Reduced Default Network Suppression Co-occur and Are Dynamically Coupled in Older Adults: The Default–Executive Coupling Hypothesis of Aging
Authors: Turner Gary R. , Spreng R. Nathan 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Reduced executive control is a hallmark of neurocognitive aging. Poor modulation of lateral pFC activity in the context of increasing task challenge in old adults and a “failure to deactivate” the default network during cognitive control tasks have been observed. Whether these two patterns represent discrete mechanisms of neurocognitive aging or interact into older adulthood remains unknown. We examined whether altered pFC and default network dynamics co-occur during goal-directed planning over increasing levels of difficulty during performance on the Tower of London task. We used fMRI to investigate task- and age-related changes in brain activation and functional connectivity across four levels of task challenge. Frontoparietal executive control regions were activated and default network regions were suppressed during planning relative to counting performance in both groups. Older adults, unlike young, failed to modulate brain activity in executive control and default regions as planning demands increased. Critically, functional connectivity analyses revealed bilateral dorsolateral pFC coupling in young adults and dorsolateral pFC to default coupling in older adults with increased planning complexity. We propose a default–executive coupling hypothesis of aging. First, this hypothesis suggests that failure to modulate control and default network activity in response to increasing task challenge are linked in older adulthood. Second, functional brain changes involve greater coupling of lateral pFC and the default network as cognitive control demands increase in older adults. We speculate that these changes reflect an adaptive shift in cognitive approach as older adults come to rely more upon stored representations to support goal-directed task performance.
Assessing the Equatorial Long-Wave Approximation: Asymptotics and Observational Data Analysis*
Authors: Ogrosky H. Reed , Stechmann Samuel N. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Equatorial long-wave theory applies where a small horizontal aspect ratio between meridional and zonal length scales is assumed. In an idealized setting, the theory suggests that (i) meridional wind is small, (ii) geostrophic balance holds in the meridional direction, and (iii) inertio-gravity waves are small in amplitude or “filtered out.” In this paper a spectral data analysis method is used to quantitatively assess the spatial and temporal scales on which each of these aspects of long-wave dynamics is observed in reanalysis data. Three different perspectives are used in this assessment: primitive variables, characteristic variables, and wave variables. To define each wave variable, the eigenvectors and theoretical wave structures of the equatorial shallow-water equations are used. Evidence is presented that the range of spatial and temporal scales on which long-wave dynamics holds depends on which aspect of the dynamics is considered. For example, while meridional winds are an order of magnitude smaller than zonal winds over only a very narrow range of spatial scales (planetary wavenumber ), an examination of meridional geostrophic balance and inertio-gravity waves indicates long-wave dynamics for a broader range of scales (). A simple prediction is also presented for this range of scales based on physical and mathematical reasoning.
Surface Stress over the Ocean in Swell-Dominated Conditions during Moderate Winds
Authors: Högström Ulf , Sahlée Erik , Smedman Ann-Sofi , Rutgersson Anna , Nilsson Erik , Kahma Kimmo K. , Drennan William M. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Atmospheric and surface wave data from several oceanic experiments carried out on the Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) and the Air–Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) have been analyzed with the purpose of identifying swell-related effects on the surface momentum exchange during near-neutral atmospheric conditions and wind-following or crosswind seas. All data have a pronounced negative maximum in uw cospectra centered at the frequency of the dominant swell np, meaning a positive contribution to the stress. A similar contribution at this frequency is also obtained for the corresponding crosswind cospectrum. The magnitude of the cospectral maximum is shown to be linearly related to the square of the orbital motion, being equal to , where Hsd is the swell-significant wave height, the effect tentatively being due to strong correlation between the surface component of the orbital motion and the pattern of capillary waves over long swell waves.
A model for prediction of the friction velocity from measurements of Hsd, np, and the 10-m wind speed U10 is formulated and tested against an independent dataset of ~400 half-hour measurements during swell, giving good result.
The model predicts that the drag coefficient CD, which is traditionally modeled as a function of U10 alone (e.g., the COARE algorithm), becomes strongly dependent on the magnitude of the swell factor and that CD can attain values several times larger than predicted by wind speed–only models. According to maps of the global wave climate, conditions leading to large effects are likely to be widespread over the World Ocean.
The relationship between burnout and mobbing among hospital managers
Authors: Karsavuran Seda , Kaya Sıdıka 
Published: September 2015

Background: Mobbing and burnout can cause serious consequences, especially for health workers and managers. Level of burnout and exposure to mobbing may trigger each other. There is a need to conduct additional and specific studies on the topic to develop some strategies. Research objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between level of burnout and exposure to mobbing of the managers (head physician, assistant head physician, head nurse, assistant head nurse, administrator, assistant administrator) at the Ministry of Health hospitals. Research design: The “Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization” scale was used to measure the level of exposure to mobbing and the “Maslach Burnout Inventory” scale was used to measure the level of burnout of hospital managers. The relationship between level of burnout and exposure to mobbing was analyzed by Pearson’s Correlation Analysis. Participants and research context: The population of this study included managers (454 managers) at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the metropolitan area of Ankara between September 2010 and May 2011. All the managers were tried to conduct, but some managers did not want to reply to the questionnaire and some managers were not found at their workplace. Consequently, using a convenience sampling, 54% of the managers replied to the questionnaire (244 managers). Ethical consideration: The approval of the study was granted by the Ministry of Health in Turkey. Furthermore, the study was evaluated and accepted by the Education, Planning and Coordination Council of one of the education and research hospitals in the study. Findings: Positive relationships were found among each subdimension of the mobbing and emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. A negative relationship was found between each subdimension of the mobbing and personal accomplishment. Discussion: In hospitals, by detecting mobbing actions, burnout may be prevented. Conclusion: Exposure to mobbing and burnout could be a serious problem for head nurses who are responsible for both the performance of the nurses and organization. Additionally, head nurses who are faced with mobbing and burnout are more likely to provide suboptimal services which could potentially result in negative outcomes. Therefore, this study draws attention to the importance of preventing these attitudes in the organization.
Comparison of 2D-3D Measurements of Hallux and First Ray Sagittal Motion in Patients With and Without Hallux Valgus
Authors: Swanson Jessica E. , Stoltman Matthew G. , Oyen Cheyenne R. , Mohrbacher Jessica A. , Orandi Atefeh , Olson Jeff M. , Glasoe Ward M. 
Published: September 2015

Background: Clinicians base treatment decisions on measures of hallux and first ray motion in the management of first metatarsophalangeal joint disorders. Women account for a majority of the patients. This study assessed the reliability of a 2D approach for the measurements of sagittal motion, and compared the result to a Cardan (3D) angle criterion standard and evaluated how hallux valgus (bunion) deformity affected the comparisons. Methods: Twenty-nine women (controls n = 10; bunion n = 19) were examined using a retrospective repeated measures design. Weightbearing magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired to replicate the position of the foot during the stance phase of gait. The images were reconstructed into virtual bone models using computer processes, whereby measures of hallux and first ray motion were represented by 2D and 3D methods of measurement. An examiner measured 2D motion on the image data sets using a goniometer, and reliability was assessed. The 3D Cardan angle result was derived from a matrix calculation. The 2D-3D comparison of measurements was evaluated with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) model across gait conditions, run separate for groups. Results: The 2D measurement was reliable (ICC ≥ 0.98, SEM ≤ 0.89 degrees). There was no method-by-condition interaction ( F ≤ 1.37, P ≥ .25) between variables. No significant difference was detected between the 2D-3D measurements in the control group ( F ≤ 1.24, P ≥ .30 ), but the measurements were statistically different ( F ≥ 4.46, P ≤ .049) in the bunion group. Conclusion: This study described a reliable 2D approach for measuring hallux and first ray sagittal motion from weightbearing images. The 2D measurements were comparable to a Cardan angle component motion result in controls, but not in women with bunion. Clinical Relevance: Joint motion measurements may augment clinical decision making. These results suggest that a 2D image–based approach may be adequate to estimate hallux and first ray sagittal motion, although bunion deformity creates out-of-plane motions that may require 3D methods to accurately quantify. Further clinical study is required to assess the differences in clinical outcomes between measurement techniques.
Echocardiography for adult patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Douflé Ghislaine , Roscoe Andrew , Billia Filio , Fan Eddy 
Published: September 2015

AbstractVenoarterial (VA) and venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is increasingly being used in recent years in the adult population. Owing to the underlying disease precipitating severe respiratory or cardiac failure, echocardiography plays an important role in the management of these patients. Nevertheless, there are currently no guidelines on the use of echocardiography in the setting of ECMO support. This review describes the current state of application of echocardiography for patients supported with both VA and VV ECMO.
Cost-Effectiveness of Pertuzumab in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Durkee Ben Y. , Qian Yushen , Pollom Erqi L. , King Martin T. , Dudley Sara A. , Shaffer Jenny L. , Chang Daniel T. , Gibbs Iris C. , Goldhaber-Fiebert Jeremy D. , Horst Kathleen C. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeThe Clinical Evaluation of Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab (CLEOPATRA) study showed a 15.7-month survival benefit with the addition of pertuzumab to docetaxel and trastuzumab (THP) as first-line treatment for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the value of adding pertuzumab.Patient and MethodsWe developed a decision-analytic Markov model to evaluate the cost effectiveness of docetaxel plus trastuzumab (TH) with or without pertuzumab in US patients with metastatic breast cancer. The model followed patients weekly over their remaining lifetimes. Health states included stable disease, progressing disease, hospice, and death. Transition probabilities were based on the CLEOPATRA study. Costs reflected the 2014 Medicare rates. Health state utilities were the same as those used in other recent cost-effectiveness studies of trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Outcomes included health benefits expressed as discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs in US dollars, and cost effectiveness expressed as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. One- and multiway deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses explored the effects of specific assumptions.ResultsModeled median survival was 39.4 months for TH and 56.9 months for THP. The addition of pertuzumab resulted in an additional 1.81 life-years gained, or 0.62 QALYs, at a cost of $472,668 per QALY gained. Deterministic sensitivity analysis showed that THP is unlikely to be cost effective even under the most favorable assumptions, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis predicted 0% chance of cost effectiveness at a willingness to pay of $100,000 per QALY gained.ConclusionTHP in patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer is unlikely to be cost effective in the United States.
Treatment of Small-Cell Lung Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Endorsement of the American College of Chest Physicians Guideline
Authors: Rudin Charles M. , Ismaila Nofisat , Hann Christine L. , Malhotra Narinder , Movsas Benjamin , Norris Kim , Pietanza M. Catherine , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Turrisi Andrew T. , Giaccone Giuseppe 
Published: September 2015

Purpose The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) produced an evidence-based guideline on treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Because of the relevance of this guideline to American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) membership, ASCO reviewed the guideline, applying a set of procedures and policies used to critically examine guidelines developed by other organizations. Methods The ACCP guideline on the treatment of SCLC was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists. An ASCO Endorsement Panel updated the literature search, reviewed the content, and considered additional recommendations. Results The ASCO Endorsement Panel determined that the recommendations from the ACCP guideline, published in 2013, are clear, thorough, and based on current scientific evidence. ASCO endorses the ACCP guideline on the treatment of SCLC, with the addition of qualifying statements. Recommendations Surgery is indicated for selected stage I SCLC. Limited-stage disease should be treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with good performance status. Thoracic radiotherapy should be administered early in the course of treatment, preferably beginning with cycle one or two of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy should consist of four cycles of a platinum agent and etoposide. Extensive-stage disease should be treated primarily with chemotherapy consisting of a platinum agent plus etoposide or irinotecan. Prophylactic cranial irradiation prolongs survival in patients with limited-stage disease who achieve a complete or partial response to initial therapy and may do so in similarly responding patients with extensive-stage disease as well. Additional information is available at http://www.asco.org/endorsements/sclc and http://www.asco.org/guidelineswiki .
Initiation of lamellipodia and ruffles involves cooperation between mDia1 and the Arp2/3 complex
Authors: Isogai Tadamoto , van der Kammen Rob , Leyton-Puig Daniela , Kedziora Katarzyna M. , Jalink Kees , Innocenti Metello 
Published: September 2015

Protrusion of lamellipodia and ruffles requires polymerization of branched actin filaments by Arp2/3 complex. Although regulation of Arp2/3-complex activity has been extensively investigated, the mechanism of initiation of lamellipodia and ruffles remains poorly understood.
Here we show that mDia1 acts in concert with the Arp2/3 complex to promote initiation of lamellipodia and ruffles. We find that mDia1 is an EGF-regulated actin nucleator involved in membrane ruffling using a combination of knockdown and rescue experiments. At the molecular level, mDia1 polymerizes linear actin filaments activating the Arp2/3 complex and localizes within nascent and mature membrane ruffles. We employ functional complementation experiments and optogenetics to show that mDia1 cooperates with the Arp2/3 complex in initiating ruffles. Finally, we show that genetic and pharmacological interference with this cooperation hampers ruffling and cell migration.
Thus, we propose that the lamellipodium/ruffle-initiating machinery consists of two actin nucleators that act sequentially to regulate membrane protrusion and cell migration.