bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Income and Price Elasticities of China's Exports
Authors: Yao Zhizhong , Tian Feng , Su Qingyi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe appearance of new product varieties and improvements in the quality of goods have both played key roles in the rapid growth of China's exports. However, these two important elements have not been formally integrated into the demand equations for China's exports. As we demonstrate in this paper, income elasticity will be underestimated if new varieties of goods and quality improvements are omitted in price index and quantity index calculations, which are necessary for estimating the export demand function. Moreover, the faster new product varieties enter export markets, the greater the underestimation will be. In this paper, we develop an export demand equation that takes into account new product varieties and improvements in quality, and then calculate the demand function for China's exports using the data from 1992 to 2006. According to our estimation, the short‐term income elasticity of demand for China's exports is approximately 2.34, and the short‐term price elasticity is approximately –0.65. Our estimation predicts an increase in China's export value in the case of an RMB appreciation or export rebate rates reduction in the short term, due to the low price elasticity of China's exports, whose absolute value is less than 1. Our findings are novel and could have significant policy implications.
From Deprivation to Distribution: Is Global Poverty Becoming A Matter of National Inequality?
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis paper asks the following question: does the shift in global poverty towards middle‐income countries (MICs) mean that global poverty is becoming a matter of national inequality? This paper argues that many of the world's extreme poor already live in countries where the total cost of ending extreme poverty is not prohibitively high as a percentage of GDP. And in the not‐too‐distant future, most of the world's poor will live in countries that do have the domestic financial scope to end at least extreme poverty and, in time, moderate poverty. This will likely pave the way for addressing poverty reduction as primarily a domestic issue rather than primarily an aid and international issue; and thus a (re)framing of poverty as a matter of national distribution and national social contracts and political settlements between elites, middle classes and the poor.
Equal Opportunities for All?– A Critical Analysis of Mexico'sOportunidades
Authors: Ulrichs Martina , Roelen Keetie 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIn this paper we challenge the theory of change behind the Mexican Conditional Cash Transfer ProgrammeOportunidades, by questioning whether it sufficiently addresses the structural factors that prevent its poorest group of beneficiaries, indigenous people, from climbing out of poverty. Conditional cash transfer programmes likeOportunidadesmake cash transfers conditional upon school attendance and accessing health care services. The theory of change is based on the human capital theory and predicated on individualistic understandings of poverty, assuming that higher levels of education will ultimately translate into higher salaries and better jobs and thus break the intergenerational transmission of poverty.We argue that the particular situation of indigenous people poses programme‐specific and structural constraints on the ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ application ofOportunidadesand challenges its theory of change, thereby compromising its effectiveness in both the short‐term and long‐run. The remoteness of indigenous communities and the higher levels of marginalisation compromiseOportunidades' performance in terms of coverage, outreach and targeting for indigenous people and may exacerbate and reinforce the groups' marginalised and disadvantaged positions in comparison to the non‐indigenous population. One of the shortcomings of the programme's theory of change is an insufficient focus on constraining factors in the market, unequal access to good quality education and health care services, as well as different capital and asset levels of individuals who enter the job market. Higher levels of human capital can be an important condition to achieve higher levels of income, but unequal opportunity structures may seriously inhibit the successful progression out of poverty for different groups of poor people.Oportunidadeshas had remarkable positive impacts, such as increasing school attendance and facilitating access to health care services for the poor. But in order to be transformative, it needs to be responsive to particular vulnerabilities and it needs to address the underlying causes of poverty.
Impact of immediate loading on early bone healing at two‐piece implants placed in fresh extraction sockets: an experimental study in the beagle dog
Authors: Blanco Juan , Mareque Santiaqo , Liñares Antonio , Pérez Javier , Muñoz Fernando , Ramos Isabel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo study early bone healing of immediately loaded implants placed in fresh extraction sockets versus immediate implants without occlusal loading in the dog.Materials and methodsA total of 48 implants were placed in the distal sockets of Pm3 and Pm4 in the lower jaw of 12 Beagle dogs immediately after tooth extraction. In the control group, no loading was applied. In the test group, an immediate loading restoration with occlusal contacts was performed. Dogs were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks for histological analysis.ResultsAt the end of the study, there was a 100% implant and prosthesis survival. Similar results for test and control groups were observed for bone‐to‐implant contact (%) and peri‐implant bone area. Inter‐thread bone area tended to decrease in the control and increase in the test. With respect to ridge alterations, bone resorption was more pronounced on the buccal aspect and was observed in both groups.ConclusionImmediate loading did not impair early stages of bone healing and crestal bone modelling at two‐piece implants in fresh extraction sockets in the beagle dog; however, bone resorption occurred in all specimens in both groups.
Periodontal repair in dogs: space‐provision supports alveolar bone and cementum formation
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Shen E‐Chin , Lin Shu‐Jiun , Susin Cristiano , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Fu Earl 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveClinical criteria for periodontal wound healing/regeneration include wound stability, space‐provision and conditions for primary intention healing. However, wound stability/space‐provision may be difficult to obtain in non‐contained periodontal defects. The objective of this study was to; using a limited, space‐providing device as a conduit, evaluate a concept of space‐provision sans tissue occlusion for periodontal wound healing/regeneration.MethodsBilateral, critical‐size, supraalveolar, periodontal defects were created in eight young adult Beagle dogs. One jaw quadrant received a limited, space‐providing titanium mesh device, the contra‐lateral jaw quadrant served as sham‐surgery control followed by submerged wound closure for primary intention healing. The animals were euthanized at 8 weeks for histometric analysis of the surgical sites.ResultsClinical healing was generally uneventful; minor late exposures observed for some defects. Experimental sites exhibited significantly enhanced mean (±SE) bone and cementum regeneration compared with control (1.10 ± 0.20 and 1.32 ± 0.10 mm versus 0.34 ± 0.18 and 0.66 ± 0.15 mm; p < 0.01). A cellular mixed (extrinsic/intrinsic) fibre cementum and functionally oriented collagen fibres were routinely observed. Wound exposures were significantly associated with reduced bone formation (p < 0.05).ConclusionsUsing a limited, space‐providing device to support periodontal wound healing/regeneration appears a promising clinical approach for non‐contained periodontal defects.
Effects of bone morphogenetic protein‐6 on periodontal wound healing/regeneration in supraalveolar periodontal defects in dogs
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Susin Cristiano , Fu Earl 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveApplication of a synthetic BMP‐6 polypeptide in a rat periodontal fenestration defect model enhanced periodontal wound healing/regeneration including new bone and cementum formation. The purpose of this study was to translate the relevance of these initial observations into a discriminating large animal model.MethodsCritical‐size (4–5 mm) supraalveolar periodontal defects were created at the 2nd and 3rd mandibular premolar teeth in 11 Beagle dogs. Experimental sites received BMP‐6 at 0.25, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml soak‐loaded onto an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) carrier or ACS alone (control) each condition repeated in four jaw quadrants. The animals were euthanized at 8 weeks when block biopsies were collected and processed for histologic/histometric analysis.ResultsBMP‐6 at 0.25, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml soak‐loaded onto the ACS yielded significantly enhanced new bone (0.99 ± 0.07 versus 0.23 ± 0.13 mm/BMP‐6 at 0.25 mg/ml) and cementum (2.45 ± 0.54 versus 0.73 ± 0.15 mm/BMP‐6 at 0.25 mg/ml) formation including a functionally oriented periodontal ligament compared with control (p < 0.05). A significant inverse linear association between BMP‐6 dose and new bone (β = −0.21 ± 0.09 mm, p = 0.016) and cementum height (β = −0.34 ± 0.15 mm, p = 0.023) was observed. Minimal root resorption was observed without significant differences between groups. Ankylosis was not observed for any of the experimental groups.ConclusionsSurgical application of BMP‐6/ACS onto critical‐size supraalveolar defects enhanced periodontal wound healing/regeneration, in particular cementogenesis including a functionally oriented periodontal ligament; the low BMP‐6 0.25 mg/ml concentration apparently providing the most effective dose.
Cadmium decontamination and reversal potential of teratological forms of the diatom Planothidium frequentissimum (Bacillariophyceae) after experimental contamination
Authors: Arini Adeline , Durant Fabien , Coste Michel , Delmas François , Feurtet‐Mazel Agnès 
Published: January 2013

While the induction of teratology by cadmium (Cd) on diatoms is already known, reversal kinetics are not well documented. This study aims to understand the viability of diatoms exhibiting teratological frustules and their reproduction capacities within a Cd‐impacted population to predict their return to normal diatom forms. We worked on a frequently encountered species in French hydrosystems: Planothidium frequentissimum (Lange‐Bertalot) Round & L. Bukhtiyarova. First, a 21‐d contamination phase highlighted increasing inductionof different teratological types in response to two levels of Cd contamination: 20 and 100 μg · L−1. The deformity counting indicated that Cd firstly generated striae and mixed teratologies, then affected the central area and the valves. Second, a 28‐d decontamination phase demonstrated the Cd depuration capacity of Planothidium frequentissimum. Cd half‐lives appeared relatively low, ~6 d for the 100 μg · L−1 condition. Moreover, the decontamination phase showed a decrease in teratology abundances, but a still incomplete recovery after 28 d. Deformations of the striae appeared to be the most sustainable phenotype since they were still significantly higher than in reference cultures at the end of the decontamination phase for both Cd cultures.
Association of medical student burnout with residency specialty choice
Authors: Enoch Lindsey , Chibnall John T , Schindler Debra L , Slavin Stuart J 
Published: January 2013

Context  Given the trend among medical students away from primary care medicine and toward specialties that allow for more controllable lifestyles, the identification of factors associated with specialty choice is important. Burnout is one such factor. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between burnout and residency specialty choice in terms of provision for a less versus more controllable lifestyle (e.g. internal medicine versus dermatology) and a lower versus higher income (e.g. paediatrics versus anaesthesiology).Methods  A survey was sent to 165 Year 4 medical students who had entered the residency matching system. Students answered questions about specialty choice, motivating factors (lifestyle, patient care and prestige) and perceptions of medicine as a profession. They completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Services (MBI), which defines burnout in relation to emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA). Burnout and other variables were tested for associations with specialty lifestyle controllability and income.Results  A response rate of 88% (n = 145) was achieved. Experiences of MBI‐EE, MBI‐DP and MBI‐PA burnout were reported by 42 (29%), 26 (18%) and 30 (21%) students, respectively. Specialties with less controllable lifestyles were chosen by 87 (60%) students and lower‐income specialties by 81 (56%). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) indicated that the choice of a specialty with a more controllable lifestyle was associated with higher MBI‐EE burnout (OR = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–2.96), as well as stronger lifestyle‐ and prestige‐related motivation, and weaker patient care‐related motivation. The choice of a higher‐income specialty was associated with lower MBI‐PA burnout (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.32–0.98), weaker lifestyle‐ and patient care‐related motivation, and stronger prestige‐related motivation.Conclusions  Specialty choices regarding lifestyle controllability and income were associated with the amount and type of medical school burnout, as well as with lifestyle‐, prestige‐ and patient care‐related motivation. Given that burnout may influence specialty choice, particularly with regard to the primary care specialties, medical schools may consider the utility of burnout prevention strategies.
Gaze‐down endoscopic practise leads to better novice performance on gaze‐up displays
Authors: Grierson Lawrence E M , Lyons James L , Dubrowski Adam 
Published: January 2013

Objectives  It is well known that precision skills are best learned when they are practised in the sensorimotor context that is present when performance is most important. However, a particular skill may vary with respect to the sensorimotor context in which it is performed. Certain sensorimotor variations can make a task more or less complex than others. Recent accounts of skill learning describe how task difficulty can be manipulated to provide optimised challenges to progress learners beyond their current level of expertise. This study tests the idea that simplified practise contexts lead novice learners to acquire skill proficiency that is more generalisable to new contexts.Methods  We present a learning experiment in which the performances of novices who acquired a set level of proficiency in the endoscopic pots‐and‐beans task through performance‐based practise using a gaze‐up endoscopic monitor arrangement were compared against the performances of novices who acquired an equivalent level of proficiency using a simplified gaze‐down arrangement. Participants returned after 1 week for retention and transfer testing.Results  Time and accuracy analyses revealed that participants in both training groups improved significantly over the practise protocol and maintained this performance after a period of retention. However, the comparisons of the visual display transfer performances (i.e. on the gaze‐up arrangement) of the gaze‐down trainees against the retention performances (i.e. also on the gaze‐up arrangement) of their gaze‐up counterparts and vice versa revealed that gaze‐down trainees made fewer errors in both performance contexts (F1,16 = 7.97, p = 0.01 and F1,16 = 57.05, p = 0.04, respectively).Conclusions  These findings highlight the benefits associated with using simplified sensorimotor practise contexts for novice learners. Beginners will learn best from simplified practise because it allows them to develop good movement strategies for dealing with potential error without being overwhelmed by task complexity.
Adjusting medical school admission: assessing interpersonal skills using situational judgement tests
Authors: Lievens Filip 
Published: January 2013

Context  Today’s formal medical school admission systems often include only cognitively oriented tests, although most medical school curricula emphasise both cognitive and non‐cognitive factors. Situational judgement tests (SJTs) may represent an innovative approach to the formal measurement of interpersonal skills in large groups of candidates in medical school admission processes. This study examined the validity of interpersonal video‐based SJTs in relation to a variety of outcome measures.Methods  This study used a longitudinal and multiple‐cohort design to examine anonymised medical school admissions and medical education data. It focused on data for the Flemish medical school admission examination between 1999 and 2002. Participants were 5444 candidates taking the medical school admission examination. Outcome measures were first‐year grade point average (GPA), GPA in interpersonal communication courses, GPA in non‐interpersonal courses, Bachelor’s degree GPA, Master’s degree GPA and final‐year GPA (after 7 years). For students pursuing careers in general practice, additional outcome measures (9 years after sitting examinations) included supervisor ratings and the results of an interpersonal objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), a general practice knowledge test and a case‐based interview.Results  Interpersonal skills assessment carried out using SJTs had significant added value over cognitive tests for predicting interpersonal GPA throughout the curriculum, doctor performance, and performance on an OSCE and in a case‐based interview. For the other outcomes, cognitive tests emerged as the better predictors. Females significantly outperformed males on the SJT (d = − 0.26). The interpersonal SJT was perceived as significantly more job‐related than the cognitive tests (d = 0.55).Conclusions  Video‐based SJTs as measures of procedural knowledge about interpersonal behaviour show promise as complements to cognitive examination components. The interpersonal skills training received during medical education does not negate the selection of students on the basis of interpersonal skills. Future research is needed to examine the use of SJTs in other cultures and student populations.
Mutations in cell elongation genes mreB, mrdA and mrdB suppress the shape defect of RodZ‐deficient cells
Authors: Shiomi Daisuke , Toyoda Atsushi , Aizu Tomoyuki , Ejima Fumio , Fujiyama Asao , Shini Tadasu , Kohara Yuji , Niki Hironori 
Published: January 2013

SummaryRodZ interacts with MreB and both factors are required to maintain the rod shape of Escherichia coli. The assembly of MreB into filaments regulates the subcellular arrangement of a group of enzymes that synthesizes the peptidoglycan (PG) layer. However, it is still unknown how polymerization of MreB determines the rod shape of bacterial cells. Regulatory factor(s) are likely to be involved in controlling the function and dynamics of MreB. We isolated suppressor mutations to partially recover the rod shape in rodZ deletion mutants and found that some of the suppressor mutations occurred in mreB. All of the mreB mutations were in or in the vicinity of domain IA of MreB. Those mreB mutations changed the property of MreB filaments in vivo. In addition, suppressor mutations were found in the periplasmic regions in PBP2 and RodA, encoded by mrdA and mrdB genes. Similar to MreB and RodZ, PBP2 and RodA are pivotal to the cell wall elongation process. Thus, we found that mutations in domain IA of MreB and in the periplasmic domain of PBP2 and RodA can restore growth and rod shape to ΔrodZ cells, possibly by changing the requirements of MreB in the process.
On the Necessity of U‐Shaped Learning
Authors: Carlucci Lorenzo , Case John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA U‐shaped curve in a cognitive‐developmental trajectory refers to a three‐step process: good performance followed by bad performance followed by good performance once again. U‐shaped curves have been observed in a wide variety of cognitive‐developmental and learning contexts. U‐shaped learning seems to contradict the idea that learning is a monotonic, cumulative process and thus constitutes a challenge for competing theories of cognitive development and learning. U‐shaped behavior in language learning (in particular in learning English past tense) has become a central topic in the Cognitive Science debate about learning models. Antagonist models (e.g., connectionism versus nativism) are often judged on their ability of modeling or accounting for U‐shaped behavior. The prior literature is mostly occupied with explaining how U‐shaped behavior occurs. Instead, we are interested in the necessity of this kind of apparently inefficient strategy. We present and discuss a body of results in the abstract mathematical setting of (extensions of) Gold‐style computational learning theory addressing a mathematically precise version of the following question: Are there learning tasks that require U‐shaped behavior? All notions considered are learning in the limit from positive data. We present results about the necessity of U‐shaped learning in classical models of learning as well as in models with bounds on the memory of the learner. The pattern emerges that, for parameterized, cognitively relevant learning criteria, beyond very few initial parameter values, U‐shapes are necessary for full learning power! We discuss the possible relevance of the above results for the Cognitive Science debate about learning models as well as directions for future research.
Knowledge and Implicature: Modeling Language Understanding as Social Cognition
Authors: Goodman Noah D. , Stuhlmüller Andreas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIs language understanding a special case of social cognition? To help evaluate this view, we can formalize it as the rational speech‐act theory: Listeners assume that speakers choose their utterances approximately optimally, and listeners interpret an utterance by using Bayesian inference to “invert” this model of the speaker. We apply this framework to model scalar implicature (“some” implies “not all,” and “N” implies “not more than N”). This model predicts an interaction between the speaker's knowledge state and the listener's interpretation. We test these predictions in two experiments and find good fit between model predictions and human judgments.