bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical Linear Regression by the Least Squares Method
Authors: Manuel Andrade‐Garda José , Carlosena‐Zubieta Alatzne , María Soto‐Ferreiro Rosa , Teran‐Baamonde Javier , Thompson Michael 
Published: June 2013

The objective of this chapter is to present some fundamental issues that every atomic spectrometry practitioner should keep in mind when developing a calibration. However familiar this may sound it is definitely a critical step, as important as the development of proper experimental measurement conditions.The fundamentals of the least squares fit are presented and discussed, with special emphasis on the practical limitations we currently experience in laboratories. Many discussions will be devoted to validation of the model and to clarification of some misconceptions that appear sometimes in the literature. The widely applied standard additions method is reviewed and discussed to show that extrapolation is a risky practice that can be avoided very easily.Polynomials of order two (quadratic) provide the analyst with a readily available means of matching points from a curved calibration to a function suitable for interpolation. However, extra caution is necessary to avoid lack of fit, and even small extrapolations beyond the calibrated range are unwise.Finally, two appendixes are included to discuss in some detail the correct use of the Mandel’s test for linearity and how to compare two regression lines (typically, the aqueous calibration fit and the standard additions one).
Quality Gaps in Documenting Urinary Catheter Use and Infectious Outcomes
Authors: Trautner Barbara W. , Patterson Jan E. , Petersen Nancy J. , Hysong Sylvia , Horwitz Deborah , Chen G. John , Grota Patti , Naik Aanand D. 
Published: June 2013

Objective.To describe the frequency of use of all types of urinary catheters, including but not limited to indwelling catheters, as well as positive cultures associated with the various types. We also determined the accuracy of catheter-days reporting at our institution.Design.Prospective, observational trial based on patient-level review of the electronic medical record. Chart review was compared with standard methods of catheter surveillance and reporting by infection control personnel.Setting.Ten internal medicine and 5 long-term care wards in 2 tertiary care Veterans Affairs hospitals in Texas from July 2010 through June 2011.Participants.The study included 7,866 inpatients.Methods.Measurements included patient bed-days; days of use of indwelling, external, suprapubic, and intermittent urinary catheters; number of urine cultures obtained and culture results; and infection control reports of indwelling catheter-days.Results.We observed 7,866 inpatients with 128,267 bed-days on acute medicine and extended care wards during the study. A urinary catheter was used on 36.9% of the total bed-days observed. Acute medicine wards collected more urine cultures per 1,000 bed-days than did the extended care wards (75.9 and 10.4 cultures per 1,000 bed-days, respectively; P < .0001 ). Catheter-days were divided among indwelling-catheter-days (47.8%), external-catheter-days (48.4%), and other (intermittent- and suprapubic-catheter-days, 3.8%). External catheters contributed to 376 (37.3%) of the 1,009 catheter-associated positive urine cultures. Urinary-catheter-days reported to the infection control department missed 20.1% of the actual days of indwelling catheter use, whereas 12.0% of their reported catheter-days were false.Conclusions.Urinary catheter use was extremely common. External catheters accounted for a large portion of catheter-associated bacteriuria, and standard practices for tracking urinary-catheter-days were unreliable.Trial Registration.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01052545.
First Report of Iris yellow spot virus Infecting Onion in Pakistan
Authors: Iftikhar R. , Bag S. , Ashfaq M. , Pappu H. R. 
Published: June 2013

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important vegetable crop in Pakistan. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Pakistan is the world's fifth largest onion producer. The area and production is 127.8 thousand hectares and 1.7 million tons, respectively, with a yield of 13.8 tons per hectare during 2012. The agro-ecological diversity in the country enables onion production almost year round. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus), transmitted principally by Thrips tabaci, is an economically important viral pathogen of bulb and seed onion crops in many onion-growing areas of the world (1,3). In Asia, IYSV has been reported in India and Sri Lanka (2,4). During March to May 2012, as part of a survey for tospoviruses in vegetables, symptoms suspected to be caused by IYSV were observed on bulb and seed onions grown in farmers' fields in Faisalabad, Nankana, Sheikhupura, and Sialkot districts of Punjab. Symptoms consisted of spindle-shaped, straw colored, irregular chlorotic lesions with occasional green islands on the leaves. Approximately 60% of the fields surveyed had about 30% of the plants with these symptoms. The presence of the virus was confirmed with an IYSV-specific ELISA kit (Bioreba). IYSV infection was verified by RT-PCR with primers IYSV-F (TAAAACAAACATTCAAACAA) and IYSV-R (CTCTTAAACACATTTAACAAGCA) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. Amplicons of approximately 1,100 bp were obtained from the symptomatic samples, but not from healthy and water controls. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The IYSV-Pakistan isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. KF171103, KF171104, and KF171105) had the highest nucleotide sequence identity of 99% with the corresponding region of an IYSV isolate from Chile (DQ150107). To our knowledge, this is the first report of IYSV infecting onion in Pakistan. The relatively widespread occurrence of IYSV underscores the need for systematic surveys to assess its incidence and impact on onion bulb and seed crops so that appropriate management tactics can be developed. References: (1) D. H. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 88:446, 2004. (2) B. Mandal et al. Plant Dis. 94:468, 2012. (3) H. R. Pappu et al. Virus Res. 141:219, 2009. (4) K. S. Ravi et al. Plant Pathol. 55:288, 2006.
First Report of Konjac mosaic virus in Zamioculcas zamiifolia
Authors: Alexandre M. A. V. , Duarte L. M. L. , Rivas E. B. , Kitajima E. W. , Harakava R. 
Published: June 2013

Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.) Engl. (“Zanzibar Gem,” “ZZ plant”) is the monotypic species of the genus belonging to the family Araceae. It is a stemless perennial plant native to Africa, from Kenya to South Africa, that produces succulent rhizomes at the base of its attractive dark green and glossy foliage. Symptoms of mosaic and foliar distortion were observed on a plant purchased at an ornamental plants shop in São Paulo state, Brazil. In order to identify the causal agent, transmission and serological tests, as well as electron microscopy (EM) observations, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and sequencing were carried out. EM observations revealed the presence of elongated, flexuous viral particles in foliar extracts and cytoplasmic lamellar aggregates of type II lamellar inclusions (Edwardson's classification), in thin sections. No symptoms were induced following mechanical inoculation on Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. murale, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana megalosiphon, N. debneyii, nor on the aroids Philodendron scandens, P. selloum, Dieffenbachia amoena, Colocasia esculenta, and Z. zamiifolia. Up to 2 months after inoculation, plants were still symptomless, and the virus was not detected by RT-PCR. The indirect ELISA tests were negative with antisera against Dasheen mosaic virus (gift from F. W. Zettler, University of Florida) and Turnip mosaic virus (gift from P. Roggero, IFA, Turin, Italy). RT-PCR performed on the original purchased ornamental plant with potyvirus-specific primers (CI-R = ACICCRTTYTCDATDATRTTIGTIGC and CI-F = GGIVVIGTIGGIWSIGGIAARTCIAC) targeting the cytoplasmic inclusion protein cistron of the potyvirus genome produced a fragment of approximately 650 bp (GenBank Accession No. KC990386). The sequence was similar to those of potyvirus species with nucleotide identity, determined by PAUP v.4.0b10 for Macintosh, ranging from 64% for Pokeweed mosaic virus (JQ609065) to 93% for Konjac mosaic virus KoMV-F (NC007913). KoMV has been detected in aroid species in Taiwan, India, Korea, Japan (1,2), Germany, and The Netherlands (3,4). This is the first report of a viral disease on Z. zamiifolia and of KoMV in the Americas. Such information along with the vegetative propagation of ZZ plants strongly suggests that KoMV is spread worldwide. References: (1) P. Manikonda et al. J. Phytopathol. 159:133, 2011. (2) M. Nishiguchi et al. Arch Virol. 151:1643, 2006. (3) D.-E. Lesemann and S. Winter. Acta Hort. 568:135, 2002. (4) K. Pham et al. Acta Hort. 568:143, 2002.
Scale‐dependent foraging ecology of a marine top predator modelled using passive acoustic data
Authors: Pirotta Enrico , Thompson Paul M. , Miller Peter I. , Brookes Kate L. , Cheney Barbara , Barton Tim R. , Graham Isla M. , Lusseau David 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Understanding which environmental factors drive foraging preferences is critical for the development of effective management measures, but resource use patterns may emerge from processes that occur at different spatial and temporal scales. Direct observations of foraging are also especially challenging in marine predators, but passive acoustic techniques provide opportunities to study the behaviour of echolocating species over a range of scales.

We used an extensive passive acoustic data set to investigate the distribution and temporal dynamics of foraging in bottlenose dolphins using the Moray Firth (Scotland, UK). Echolocation buzzes were identified with a mixture model of detected echolocation inter‐click intervals and used as a proxy of foraging activity. A robust modelling approach accounting for autocorrelation in the data was then used to evaluate which environmental factors were associated with the observed dynamics at two different spatial and temporal scales.

At a broad scale, foraging varied seasonally and was also affected by seabed slope and shelf‐sea fronts. At a finer scale, we identified variation in seasonal use and local interactions with tidal processes. Foraging was best predicted at a daily scale, accounting for site specificity in the shape of the estimated relationships.

This study demonstrates how passive acoustic data can be used to understand foraging ecology in echolocating species and provides a robust analytical procedure for describing spatio‐temporal patterns. Associations between foraging and environmental characteristics varied according to spatial and temporal scale, highlighting the need for a multi‐scale approach. Our results indicate that dolphins respond to coarser scale temporal dynamics, but have a detailed understanding of finer‐scale spatial distribution of resources.
Expectations of parents on low incomes and therapists who work with parents on low incomes of the first therapy session
Authors: Andrews Fiona , Griffiths Natasha , Harrison Lorinda , Stagnitti Karen 
Published: June 2013

Background/aimFamily‐centred practice involves allowing families' needs to direct therapy. Parents and therapists often come from different socio‐economic positions, yet little is known about how this impacts family‐centred practice. This study aimed to explore expectations of care among parents on low incomes and among occupational therapists who work with these families.MethodTen parents who were holders of a low‐income Health Care Card and had a child on a waiting list for publicly funded occupational therapy services, and nine paediatric occupational therapists were asked about perceptions of therapy using semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed using a qualitative descriptive approach.ResultsWhile therapists recognised families' expectations that therapy would ‘fix’ their child, some of the concerns of parents such as how their child's behaviour reflected on their parenting skills went largely unrecognised. In addition, no therapists recognised parents' primary concerns about their child's physical health, their desires for a structured approach to therapy or the somewhat fatalistic approach some parents were taking to therapy. Some therapists recognised the complexities they encountered in engaging with parents from low socio‐economic positions and tried to adapt their practice with some taking less of a family‐centred approach and focussing on the needs of either the parent or the child while others continued to practice with a focus on the family as a whole.ConclusionThese findings have implications for therapists seeking to work within a framework of family‐centred practice with clients from low socio‐economic positions.
Using computers to enable self‐management of aphasia therapy exercises for word finding: the patient and carer perspective
Authors: Palmer Rebecca , Enderby Pam , Paterson Gail 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundSpeech and language therapy (SLT) for aphasia can be difficult to access in the later stages of stroke recovery, despite evidence of continued improvement with sufficient therapeutic intensity. Computerized aphasia therapy has been reported to be useful for independent language practice, providing new opportunities for continued rehabilitation. The success of this option depends on its acceptability to patients and carers.AimsTo investigate factors that affect the acceptability of independent home computerized aphasia therapy practice.Methods & ProceduresAn acceptability study of computerized therapy was carried out alongside a pilot randomized controlled trial of computer aphasia therapy versus usual care for people more than 6 months post‐stroke. Following language assessment and computer exercise prescription by a speech and language therapist, participants practised three times a week for 5 months at home with monthly volunteer support. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 participants who received the intervention and ten carers (n = 24). Questions from a topic guide were presented and answered using picture, gesture and written support. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Three research SLTs identified and cross‐checked themes and subthemes emerging from the data.Outcomes & ResultsThe key themes that emerged were benefits and disadvantages of computerized aphasia therapy, need for help and support, and comparisons with face‐to‐face therapy. The independence, flexibility and repetition afforded by the computer was viewed as beneficial and the personalized exercises motivated participants to practise. Participants and carers perceived improvements in word‐finding and confidence‐talking. Computer practice could cause fatigue and interference with other commitments. Support from carers or volunteers for motivation and technical assistance was seen as important. Although some participants preferred face‐to‐face therapy, using a computer for independent language practice was perceived to be an acceptable alternative.Conclusions & ImplicationsIndependent computerized aphasia therapy is acceptable to stroke survivors. Acceptability can be maximized by tailoring exercises to personal interests of the individual, ensuring access to support and giving consideration to fatigue and life style when recommending practice schedules.
Increased accuracy of species lists developed for alpine lakes using morphology and cytochrome oxidase I for identification of specimens
Authors: Deiner Kristy , Knapp Roland A. , Boiano Daniel M. , May Bernie 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe first step in many community ecology studies is to produce a species list from a sample of individuals. Community ecologists now have two viable ways of producing a species list: morphological and barcode identification. In this study, we compared the taxonomic resolution gained by a combined use of both methods and tested whether a change in taxonomic resolution significantly impacted richness estimates for benthic macroinvertebrates sampled from ten lakes in Sequoia National Park, USA. Across all lakes, 77 unique taxa were identified and 42% (32) were reliably identified to species using both barcode and morphological identification. Of the 32 identified to species, 63% (20) were identified solely by comparing the barcode sequence from cytochrome oxidase I to the Barcode of Life reference library. The increased resolution using a combined identification approach compared to identifications based solely on morphology resulted in a significant increase in estimated richness within a lake at the order, family, genus and species levels of taxonomy (P < 0.05). Additionally, young or damaged individuals that could not be identified using morphology were identified using their COI sequences to the genus or species level on average 75% of the time. Our results demonstrate that a combined identification approach improves accuracy of benthic macroinvertebrate species lists in alpine lakes and subsequent estimates of richness. We encourage the use of barcodes for identification purposes and specifically when morphology is insufficient, as in the case of damaged and early life stage specimens of benthic macroinvertebrates.
Designing observational biologging studies to assess the causal effect of instrumentation
Authors: Authier Matthieu , Péron Clara , Mante Alain , Vidal Patrick , Grémillet David 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Biologging has improved ecological knowledge on an increasing number of species for more than 2 decades. Most studies looking at the incidence of tags on behavioural, physiological or demographic parameters rely on ‘control’ individuals chosen randomly within the population, assuming that they will be comparable with equipped individuals. This assumption is usually untestable and untenable since biologging studies are more observational than experimental, and often involve small sample sizes. Notably, background characteristics of wild animals are, most of the time, unknown. Consequently, investigating any causal effect of instrumentation is a difficult task, subjected to hidden biases.

We describe the counterfactual model to causal inference which was implicit in early biologging studies. We adopted methods developed in social and political sciences to construct a posteriori an appropriate control group. Using biologging data collected on Scopoli's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) from a small Mediterranean island, we used this method to achieve objective causal inference on the effect of instrumentation on breeding performance and divorce.

Our method revealed that the sample of instrumented birds was nonrandom. After identification of a relevant control group, we found no carry‐over effects of instrumentation on breeding performance (taking into account imperfect detection probability) or divorce rate in Scopoli's shearwaters.

Randomly chosen control groups can be both counterproductive and ethically dubious via unnecessary additional disturbance of populations. The counterfactual approach, which can correct for selection bias, has wide applicability to biologging within long‐term studies.
Prevalence of and associations between body dysmorphic concerns, obsessive beliefs and social anxiety
Authors: Barahmand Usha , Shahbazi Zeynab 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntroductionPhysical attractiveness has been of concern in different cultures and at different times. Physical attractiveness can influence one's thoughts and actions, and concerns regarding body image can be destructive, giving rise to psychological problems. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of body dysmorphic concerns, related sex differences and comorbidity with social anxiety and obsessive beliefs.MethodUsing a stratified and cluster sampling procedure, 1,200 males and females were randomly selected. Self‐report measures on body image, social anxiety and obsessive beliefs were distributed of which 843 completed questionnaires (54.9% males and 45.1% females) were returned (return rate of 70.25%). Therefore, data pertaining to 463 males and 380 females ranging in age from 17 to 20 years with a mean age of 18.12 years (SD = 1.06) were analyzed.ResultsFindings suggest a prevalence rate of 19.1% for body dysmorphic disorder, 23.6% for social anxiety and 8.8% for obsessive beliefs. Both social anxiety and obsessive beliefs were found to be comorbid with body dysmorphic concerns. The percentage of individuals reporting comorbid social anxiety (12.9%) was greater than that of those reporting comorbid obsessive beliefs (6.4%). Males with body dysmorphic concerns reported more obsessive beliefs (8.2% versus 4.1%), while their female counterparts reported more social anxiety (23.4% versus 4.2%).DiscussionIn males, body image concerns appear to be more cognitive in quality, while in females, body image concerns seem more emotional in tone. As the measures used do not yield formal diagnoses, findings should be viewed with caution.
Characterization of peptides in ensiled alfalfa treated with different chemical additives
Authors: Ding Wurong , Guo Xusheng , Ataku Kazuo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEffects of different chemical additives on peptide composition in ensiled alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were investigated by using gel filtration and determination ofNcharacteristics. The alfalfa silages were prepared untreated (control) or with formic acid, formaldehyde or tannic acid as additives at ensiling. All additives reduced non‐proteinN(NPN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N) and amino acidN(AA‐N) in the ensiled forage, and the most effective reduction ofNPNandAA‐Nwas observed in the formaldehyde‐treated silages. Peptides in the control silage were mainly dipeptides to peptides with five amino acid residues. Most peptides in the formic acid‐treated silage contained 4–12 amino acid residues. Although most peptides in the formaldehyde‐treated silages contained 4–6 amino acid residues, there was a considerable proportion of peptides with 7–11 amino acid residues. Tannic acid had little effect on peptide size of ensiled alfalfa extract in which most peptides contained 5–6 amino acid residues. Peptide size in formic acid‐treated alfalfa silage was greater than that in the other treatments. Addition of formic acid and formaldehyde not only increased the peptide concentration in alfalfa silage, but enlarged the peptide size.
Daidzein enhances immune function in late lactation cows under heat stress
Authors: Liu De‐Yi , He Shao‐Jun , Liu Shi‐Qing , Tang Yi‐Guo , Jin Er‐Hui , Chen Hui‐Liang , Li Sheng‐He , Zhong Liang‐Ting 
Published: June 2013

AbstractHeat stress decreases natural immunity making cows more vulnerable to diseases. A previous study reported that daidzein can enhance animal resistance to heat stress and regulate animal immunocompetence. However, it is unclear whether daidzein regulates the immune performance of late lactation cows under heat stress. In this study, late lactation cows in four groups were raised in hot weather and fed with basic diet, basic diet plus 200, 300, 400 mg/day daidzein, respectively, and the experimental period was 60 days. Blood was collected to examine the changes of serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), immunoglobulin G (IgG), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). We found the levels of serum IgG and INF‐α were significantly higher in late lactation cows after 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment compared to those in the control group and 200 mg/day daidzein treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment markedly increased serum IL‐2 (P < 0.01), while the levels of serum TP and ALB were not changed by any concentration of daidzein treatment (P > 0.05). Daidzein can enhance the immunocompetence of late lactation cows and strengthen cow resistance to heat stress.