bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
People with diabetic peripheral neuropathy display a decreased stepping accuracy during walking: potential implications for risk of tripping
Authors: Handsaker J. C. , Brown S. J. , Bowling F. L. , Marple‐Horvat D. E. , Boulton A. J. M. , Reeves N. D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the stepping accuracy of people with diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy.MethodsFourteen patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), 12 patients with diabetes but no neuropathy (D) and 10 healthy non‐diabetic control participants (C). Accuracy of stepping was measured whilst the participants walked along a walkway consisting of 18 stepping targets. Preliminary data on visual gaze characteristics were also captured in a subset of participants (diabetic peripheral neuropathy group: n = 4; diabetes‐alone group: n = 4; and control group: n = 4) during the same task.ResultsPatients in the diabetic peripheral neuropathy group, and patients in the diabetes‐alone group were significantly less accurate at stepping on targets than were control subjects (P < 0.05). Preliminary visual gaze analysis identified that patients diabetic peripheral neuropathy were slower to look between targets, resulting in less time being spent looking at a target before foot‐target contact.ConclusionsImpaired motor control is theorized to be a major factor underlying the changes in stepping accuracy, and potentially altered visual gaze behaviour may also play a role. Reduced stepping accuracy may indicate a decreased ability to control the placement of the lower limbs, leading to patients with neuropathy potentially being less able to avoid observed obstacles during walking.
Are hepatic and soleus lipid content, assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, associated with low birth weight or insulin resistance in a rural Indian population of healthy young men?
Authors: Livingstone R. S. , Grunnet L. G. , Thomas N. , Eapen A. , Antonisamy B. , Mohan V. R. , Spurgeon R. , Frank I. D. , Bygbjerg I. C. , Vaag A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimsTo assess young healthy men from rural India, who had normal or low birth weights, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the potential differences in ectopic fat storage between birth weight groups, and to determine if ectopic fat storage was associated with insulin resistance in this population.MethodsA total of 54 lean men with normal birth weight and 49 lean men with low birth weight (age range 18–22 years) from rural India were recruited. All the men underwent anthropometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp and a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) values for hepatic cellular lipids, intramyocellular lipids and extramyocellular lipids, measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy were 0.76 (0.1–1.8)%, 1.27 (1.0–2.3)% and 1.89 (1.3–3.2)%, respectively, for the normal birth weight group and 0.4 (0.1–1.3)%, 1.38 (0.9–2.2)% and 2.07 (1.2–2.8)%, respectively, for the low birth weight group (P > 0.05). No difference in ectopic fat storage was observed between the low and normal birth weight groups, with or without adjustment for age and total fat percentage. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values were not associated with hepatic cellular, intramyocellular or extramyocellular lipid content in any of the groups. Total fat percentage was the only independent predictor of intramyocellular and extramyocellular lipid content.ConclusionYoung and lean men from rural India with low birth weight were not observed to have ectopic fat storage in the liver or muscle, and the amount of liver and muscle fat was unrelated to insulin resistance. Older age and/or an urban affluent lifestyle may be required to show a potential role of ectopic fat storage on insulin resistance in Indian people with low or normal birth weight.
Academic abilities and glycaemic control in children and young people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Semenkovich K. , Patel P. P. , Pollock A. B. , Beach K. A. , Nelson S. , Masterson J. J. , Hershey T. , Arbeláez A. M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimsTo determine if children and young people aged < 23 years with Type 1 diabetes differ in academic ability from age‐matched control subjects without Type 1 diabetes and whether academic scores are related to glycaemic control.MethodsUsing a cross‐sectional study design, we administered cognitive and academic tests (Woodcock‐Johnson III Spatial Relations, General Information, Letter‐Word Recognition, Calculation and Spelling tests) to young people with Type 1 diabetes (n=61) and control subjects (n=26) aged 9–22 years. The groups did not differ in age or gender. Participants with Type 1 diabetes had a disease duration of 5–17.7 years. History of glycaemic control (HbA1c, diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemic episodes) was obtained via medical records and interviews.ResultsThe participants with Type 1 diabetes had a lower mean estimated verbal intelligence (IQ) level compared with those in the control group (P=0.04). Greater exposure to hyperglycaemia over time was associated with lower spelling abilities within the group with Type 1 diabetes (P=0.048), even after controlling for age, gender, socio‐economic status, blood glucose level at time of testing and verbal IQ (P=0.01). History of severe hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis was not associated with differences in academic abilities.ConclusionsIn children and young people, Type 1 diabetes was associated with a lower verbal IQ. Moreover, increased exposure to hyperglycaemia was associated with lower spelling performance. These results imply that hyperglycaemia can affect cognitive function and/or learning processes that may affect academic achievement.
Diabetes as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pourmemari M. H. , Shiri R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimsTo assess whether diabetes increases the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome and to estimate the magnitude of the association with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and ResearchGate for articles published between 1950 and January 2015. A total of 36 studies (eight cross‐sectional, 21 case–control and seven cohort studies) qualified for meta‐analysis. We used a random‐effects meta‐analysis and assessed heterogeneity and publication bias.ResultsThe pooled odds ratio of 25 studies (including a total of 92 564 individuals) that reported unadjusted estimates for the association between diabetes and carpal tunnel syndrome or carpal tunnel release was 1.97 (95% CI 1.56–2.49). The pooled odds ratio of 18 case–control or cohort studies consisting of >37 million individuals that reported estimates after controlling for potential confounders was 1.69 (95% CI 1.45–1.96). The association did not differ for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, there was no publication bias.ConclusionThis meta‐analysis suggests that both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia with new insulin glargine 300 U/ml versus insulin glargine 100 U/ml in people with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin and oral antihyperglycaemic drugs: the EDITION 2 randomized 12‐month trial including 6‐month extension
Authors: Yki‐Järvinen H. , Bergenstal R. M. , Bolli G. B. , Ziemen M. , Wardecki M. , Muehlen‐Bartmer I. , Maroccia M. , Riddle M. C. 
Published: July 2015

AimsTo compare the efficacy and safety of new insulin glargine 300 U/ml (Gla‐300) with insulin glargine 100 U/ml (Gla‐100) over 12 months of treatment in people with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin and oral antihyperglycaemic drugs (OADs).MethodsEDITION 2 (NCT01499095) was a randomized, 6‐month, multicentre, open‐label, two‐arm, phase IIIa study investigating once‐daily Gla‐300 versus Gla‐100, plus OADs (excluding sulphonylureas), with a 6‐month safety extension.ResultsSimilar numbers of participants in each group completed 12 months of treatment [Gla‐300, 315 participants (78%); Gla‐100, 314 participants (77%)]. The reduction in glycated haemoglobin was maintained for 12 months with both treatments: least squares (LS) mean (standard error) change from baseline −0.55 (0.06)% for Gla‐300 and −0.50 (0.06)% for Gla‐100; LS mean difference −0.06 [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.22 to 0.10)%]. A significant relative reduction of 37% in the annualized rate of nocturnal confirmed [≤3.9 mmol/l (≤70 mg/dl)] or severe hypoglycaemia was observed with Gla‐300 compared with Gla‐100: rate ratio 0.63 [(95% CI 0.42–0.96); p = 0.031], and fewer participants experienced ≥1 event [relative risk 0.84 (95% CI 0.71–0.99)]. Severe hypoglycaemia was infrequent. Weight gain was significantly lower with Gla‐300 than Gla‐100 [LS mean difference −0.7 (95% CI −1.3 to −0.2) kg; p = 0.009]. Both treatments were well tolerated with a similar pattern of adverse events (incidence of 69 and 60% in the Gla‐300 and Gla‐100 groups).ConclusionsIn people with type 2 diabetes treated with Gla‐300 or Gla‐100, and non‐sulphonylurea OADs, glycaemic control was sustained over 12 months, with less nocturnal hypoglycaemia in the Gla‐300 group.
A novel and selective sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, improves glycaemic control and lowers body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ikeda S. , Takano Y. , Cynshi O. , Tanaka R. , Christ A. D. , Boerlin V. , Beyer U. , Beck A. , Ciorciaro C. , Meyer M. , Kadowaki T. 
Published: July 2015

AimTo assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of different doses of tofogliflozin, a novel, highly selective sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsIn a 12‐week, multicentre, multinational, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled, dose‐finding study, patients with inadequate glycaemic control from diet and exercise alone, or from diet and exercise plus a stable dose of metformin, were randomized to one of five doses of tofogliflozin (2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg) or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was absolute change at week 12 from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), minus the change in the placebo group.ResultsStatistically significant dose‐dependent reductions in HbA1c were shown in all treated groups except the 2.5‐mg dose group, with a maximum reduction of 0.56% (placebo‐subtracted) at the 40‐mg dose, along with increased urinary glucose excretion. Metformin treatment had no substantial influence on tofogliflozin efficacy. Dose‐dependent reductions in fasting plasma glucose and body weight were observed, and glucose intolerance was improved, with a trend towards blood pressure reduction. Slight increases were observed for mean ketone bodies with no abnormal change in ketone body ratio. No deaths or treatment‐related serious adverse events were reported. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the placebo (37.9%) to that in the tofogliflozin group (35.9–46.3%). Withdrawal because of adverse events was rare (≤2 patients per treatment group), with similar rates of withdrawal in the placebo and tofogliflozin groups.ConclusionsA once‐daily dose of tofogliflozin for 12 weeks was an effective, safe and well‐tolerated treatment for T2DM.
Efficacy and safety of once‐weekly dulaglutide in combination with sulphonylurea and/or biguanide compared with once‐daily insulin glargine in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, open‐label, phase III, non‐inferiority study
Authors: Araki E. , Inagaki N. , Tanizawa Y. , Oura T. , Takeuchi M. , Imaoka T. 
Published: July 2015

AimsTo evaluate 0.75 mg of dulaglutide, a once‐weekly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, compared with once‐daily insulin glargine for glycaemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsIn this phase III, randomized, open‐label, parallel‐group, 26‐week study, 361 patients with inadequately controlled T2D receiving sulphonylureas and/or biguanides, aged ≥20 years, with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels 7.0–10.0% (53–86 mmol/mol), inclusive, were randomized (1 : 1) to receive dulaglutide or glargine. Participants and investigators were not masked to treatment allocation. The primary measure was change from baseline in HbA1c at 26 weeks, analysed using a mixed‐effects model for repeated measures, with a predefined non‐inferiority margin of 0.4%.ResultsAt week 26, least‐squares (LS) mean (standard error) reductions in HbA1c were −1.44 (0.05)% [−15.74 (0.55) mmol/mol] in the dulaglutide group and −0.90 (0.05)% [−9.84 (0.55) mmol/mol] in the glargine group. The mean between‐group treatment difference in HbA1c was −0.54% (95% CI −0.67, −0.41) [−5.90 mmol/mol (95% CI −7.32, −4.48)]; p < 0.001. Dulaglutide significantly reduced body weight compared with glargine at week 26 (LS mean difference −1.42 kg, 95% CI −1.89, −0.94; p < 0.001). The most frequent adverse events with dulaglutide treatment were nasopharyngitis and gastrointestinal symptoms. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was significantly lower with dulaglutide [47/181 (26%)] compared with glargine [86/180 (48%)], p < 0.001.ConclusionIn Japanese patients with T2D uncontrolled on sulphonylureas and/or biguanides, once‐weekly dulaglutide was superior to once‐daily glargine for reduction in HbA1c at 26 weeks. Although dulaglutide increased gastrointestinal symptoms, it was well tolerated, with an acceptable safety profile.
Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Authors: Angelousi Anna , Kassi Evanthia , Zografos Georgios , Kaltsas Gregory 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundMetastatic pheochromocytomas (PCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumours with a strong genetic background.DesignWe searched the PubMed database through February 2015 to identify studies characterizing metastatic PCs/PGLs as well as currently established and evolving therapies.ResultsLarge size tumours (> 5 cm), PASS score > 6 and Ki‐67 labelling index > 3% are the most robust indices of metastatic PCs/PGLs albeit with great variability. Germline succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B (SDHB) mutation constitutes the main reliable molecular predictor of malignancy. Plasma and urinary methoxytyramine are the biochemical markers characterizing metastatic PCs/PGLs along with evolving molecular markers such as miRNAs and SNAIL. Conventional imaging is used for tumour localization, whereas 18F‐FDG‐PET for staging of metastatic PCs/PGLs especially those related to SDHB gene mutations. In addition, 68 Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT is emerging as a highly sensitive alternative. Surgery remains the gold standard treatment in reducing tumour bulk and/or controlling the clinical syndrome. Treatment with 131I‐MIBG or radiolabelled somatostatin analogues is considered for unresectable disease. Conventional chemotherapy is reserved for more advanced and refractory to other therapies disease although new schemes are currently evolving. Recent genetic studies have highlighted a number of pathways involved in PCs/PGLs pathogenesis directing towards the use of targeted therapies which have still to be validated in clinical practice.ConclusionsMetastatic PCs/PGLs remain an orphan disease that is only curable by surgery. However, advances in genomic analyses have improved the pathogenesis of these tumours and may lead to effective and more personalized treatments in the near future.
Replacement of severely traumatized teeth with immediate implants and immediate loading: literature review and case reports
Authors: Sheng Lieping , Silvestrin Tory , Zhan Jing , Wu Liqun , Zhao Qirong , Cao Zheng , Lou Zhifeng , Ma Qingfang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOne of the options for management of severely traumatized dentitions is to provide immediate implant placement with immediate loading. Three representative cases out of 15 patients with 23 traumatized teeth treated to date in our clinic are presented. None had labial bone fractures. The teeth were replaced with NobelReplace Groovy implants (Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) in the fresh sockets immediately after extraction. They were placed toward the palatal areas in the sockets and 3 mm below the gingival margins. If there were gaps between implants and sockets wider than 1 mm, particulate deproteinized bovine bone was grafted in the gaps. Immediately after placement, the implants were loaded with provisional prostheses. The final restorations were installed 3–4 months later. The patients were reevaluated clinically and radiographically 1–3 years after the final restorations had been placed. In all 15 patients, excellent functional and esthetic results were achieved. No implants showed radiolucency, peri‐implant suppuration, or mobility. The patients were satisfied with the results. Immediate implant placement with immediate loading is an option that provides good treatment outcomes and allows good functional and esthetic results, as well as addressing the social/psychological aspects of dental trauma.
The time scale of isotope signals in spiders: molting the remains of a previous diet
Authors: Belivanov Yordan K. , Hambäck Peter A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractStable isotope analysis (SIA) has emerged as an important tool for understanding consumer diets and diet shifts. However, although the general idea behind SIA is clear, the interpretation of data is often fraught with problems because tissue turnover and fractionations are not known. We investigated shifts in stable isotope composition of spiders following a diet shift, using mealworms fed either maize (C4) or wheat (C3) flour. Mealworms had different carbon isotope composition depending on their diet and this difference was reflected in spider body parts. In the experiment, we first fed the spiders on a diet of either maize‐fed or wheat‐fed mealworms and then switched diet at the time of the second molt. Spiders were then sampled repeatedly until the next molt. We sampled both legs and abdomens, as these are presumed to have different turnover of tissue, and also molt remains were sampled when this was relevant. The data indicated that the spider legs had a turnover of about 20 days, whereas the spider abdomens had a turnover of about 8 days. Molt remains had the slowest turnover and reflected the diet at the previous molt, when the exoskeleton was formed. Both these observations indicate that SIA may be successfully used for elucidating diet shifts. More problematic was the fact that fractionation of carbon isotope ratios varied with body parts and diets. When spiders were fed maize‐mealworms then the fractionation was larger for abdomens, but when the spiders were fed wheat‐mealworms then the fractionation was larger for legs. The mechanisms underlying this pattern are unclear and deserve further attention.
Root damage to apple plants by cockchafer larvae induces a change in volatile signals below‐ and above‐ground
Authors: Abraham John , Giacomuzzi Valentino , Angeli Sergio 
Published: July 2015

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate communication between plants and insects. Plants under insect herbivore attack release VOCs either at the site of attack or systemically, indicating within‐plant communication. Some of these VOCs, which may be induced only upon herbivore attack, recruit parasitoids and predatory insects to feed on the attacking insects. Moreover, some plants are able to ‘eavesdrop’ on herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to prime themselves against impending attack; such eavesdropping exemplifies plant–plant communication. In apple orchards, the beetle Melolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is an important insect pest whose larvae live and feed on roots for about 4 years. In this study, we investigated whether the feeding activity of M. melolontha larvae (1) alters the volatile profile of apple roots, (2) induces the release of HIPVs systemically in the leaves, and (3) whether infested plants communicate to neighbouring non‐infested conspecifics through HIPVs. To answer these questions, we collected constitutive VOCs from intact M9 roots as well as M. melolontha larvae‐damaged roots using a newly designed ‘rhizobox’, to collect root‐released volatiles in situ, without damaging the plant root system. We also collected VOCs from the leaf‐bearing shoots of M9 whose roots were under attack by M. melolontha larvae and from shoots of neighbouring non‐infested conspecifics. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis showed that feeding activity of M. melolontha larvae induces the release of specific HIPVs; for instance, camphor was found in the roots only after larvae caused root damage. Melolontha melolontha also induced the systemic release of methyl salicylate and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene from the leaf‐bearing shoots. Methyl salicylate and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene were also released by the shoots of non‐infested neighbouring conspecifics. These phenomena indicate the induction of specific VOCs below‐ and above‐ground upon M. melolontha larvae feeding on apple roots as well as plant–plant communication in apple plants.
Applying a direct aPTT ratio (PlatelinLS/ActinFS) permits to identify rapidly and reliably a bleeding‐related factor deficiency or a lupus anticoagulant sequential to an isolated prolongation of aPTT in paediatric pre‐operative screening
Authors: Li Rong , Swaelens Caroline , Vandermijnsbrugge Francine , Cantinieaux Brigitte 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesAn isolated prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) found in paediatric pre‐operative screening could be due to bleeding or non‐bleeding aetiologies. The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical benefits of an additional ActinFS and/or a mixing aPTT study to identify a bleeding‐related factor deficiency (BRFD).MethodsOver a 4‐yr period, isolated prolongation of aPTT with PlatelinLS was detected in 308 paediatric patients and confirmed in 161 cases by a 2nd sample. ActinFS, a mixing study, FVIII, FIX, FXI, FXII and lupus anticoagulant (LA) were performed. Three different aPTT ratios between PlatelinLS and ActinFS were analysed.ResultsWe found 17 BRFD, 31 FXII deficiencies and 64 positive LA. A prolonged ActinFS had a significant association with BRFD (P < 0.0001) while a corrected mixing study did not. The direct aPTT ratio had a significant relationship with positive LA (P < 0.05), and with BRFD (P < 0.0001). Using this ratio, the sensitivity of BRFD's and LA's detection could be increased, respectively, to 82% from 59% using ActinFS alone, and to 86% from 55% using mixing study.ConclusionsApplying this direct aPTT ratio allows to quickly and reliably identify both BRFD and LA sequential to an isolated prolongation of aPTT.