bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of minimum age of employment regulation on child labor and schooling
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Authors: Edmonds Eric V , Shrestha Maheshwor 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Promoting minimum age of employment regulation has been a centerpiece in child labor policy for the last 15 years. If enforced, minimum age regulation would change the age profile of paid child employment. Using micro-data from 59 mostly low-income countries, we observe that age can explain less than one percent of the variation in child participation in paid employment. In contrast, child-invariant household attributes account for 63 percent of the variation in participation in paid employment. While age may explain little of the variation in paid employment, minimum age of employment regulation could simultaneously impact time allocation. We do not observe evidence consistent with enforcement of minimum age regulation in any country examined, although light work regulation appears to have been enforced in one country.

JEL Codes

J22, O15, J88, K42
Ethnic discrimination in China's internet job board labor market
Authors: Maurer-Fazio Margaret 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Abstract
We conduct a large-scale field experiment to investigate how Chinese firms respond to Internet job board applications from ethnic minority and Han applicants. We signal ethnicity by using names that are typically Han Chinese and distinctively Mongolian, Tibetan, and Uighur. We find significant differences in callback rates by ethnicity. These differences vary systematically across ethnic groups. Not all firms discriminate—approximately half treat all candidates equally. State-owned firms are much less likely than others to discriminate in favor of Han candidates and both state- and foreign-owned firms are significantly more likely to treat candidates equally than do privately owned firms.

JEL Codes
J71, J23, J15, O52, P25
Biophysical interactions in the plankton: A cross‐scale review
Authors: Prairie Jennifer C. , Sutherland Kelly R. , Nickols Kerry J. , Kaltenberg Amanda M. 
Published: December 2012

Lay AbstractThe study of plankton ecology is by nature interdisciplinary, since both biology and physics interact to shape plankton distributions and population dynamics. Small‐scale turbulence affects how plankton feed and grow, while kilometer‐scale physical features can form large plankton patches. Recent findings also show that, in addition to physics affecting plankton dynamics, plankton may be able to influence ocean physics as well. For example, the fluid motion produced from a copepod swimming in pursuit of food can be detected by nearby organisms and might make it more vulnerable to its predators. The field of plankton biophysics has advanced rapidly in the past several decades, due in large part to technological advances that allow the study of interactions between fluid flow and plankton in their natural environment at smaller scales than ever before. Biophysical interactions in plankton ecology can occur at a wide range of scales: from the scale of individual organisms up to the scale of the world's oceans. In this article, we review biophysical interactions in plankton across a wide range of scales, focusing on the most recent research in the field. In addition, we discuss how these processes are linked with other processes that occur at smaller and larger scales. For example, plankton patches formed by ocean eddies can provide feeding grounds for other organisms, thus influencing global ocean food web dynamics. Finally, we discuss some of the potential effects of long‐term changes in global climate, which will affect ocean temperature and stratification, thus regulating the occurrence and intensity of biophysical plankton processes.
Centrosome positioning in vertebrate development
Authors: Tang Nan , Marshall Wallace F. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe centrosome, a major organizer of microtubules, has important functions in regulating cell shape, polarity, cilia formation and intracellular transport as well as the position of cellular structures, including the mitotic spindle. By means of these activities, centrosomes have important roles during animal development by regulating polarized cell behaviors, such as cell migration or neurite outgrowth, as well as mitotic spindle orientation. In recent years, the pace of discovery regarding the structure and composition of centrosomes has continuously accelerated. At the same time, functional studies have revealed the importance of centrosomes in controlling both morphogenesis and cell fate decision during tissue and organ development. Here, we review examples of centrosome and centriole positioning with a particular emphasis on vertebrate developmental systems, and discuss the roles of centrosome positioning, the cues that determine positioning and the mechanisms by which centrosomes respond to these cues. The studies reviewed here suggest that centrosome functions extend to the development of tissues and organs in vertebrates.
PGC1α and mitochondrial metabolism – emerging concepts and relevance in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Austin Shane , St-Pierre Julie 
Published: December 2012

Summary
PGC1α is a transcriptional coactivator that is a central inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis in cells. Recent work highlighted that PGC1α can also modulate the composition and functions of individual mitochondria. Therefore, it is emerging that PGC1α is controlling global oxidative metabolism by performing two types of remodelling: (1) cellular remodelling through mitochondrial biogenesis, and (2) organelle remodelling through alteration in the intrinsic properties of mitochondria. The elevated oxidative metabolism associated with increased PGC1α activity could be accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are primarily generated by mitochondria. However, increasing evidence suggests that this is not the case, as PGC1α is also a powerful regulator of ROS removal by increasing the expression of numerous ROS-detoxifying enzymes. Therefore, PGC1α, by controlling both the induction of mitochondrial metabolism and the removal of its ROS by-products, would elevate oxidative metabolism and minimize the impact of ROS on cell physiology. In this Commentary, we discuss how the biogenesis and remodelling of mitochondria that are elicited by PGC1α contribute to an increase in oxidative metabolism and the preservation of ROS homeostasis. Finally, we examine the importance of these findings in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders, conditions that are associated with impaired mitochondrial functions and ROS balance.
Anatomopathological findings in hangings: a retrospective autopsy study
Authors: Kurtulus Ayse , Nilufer Yonguc Goksin , Boz Bora , Acar Kemalettin 
Published: December 2012

Background In this retrospective autopsy study, we aimed to review the anatomopathological findings observed in cases of hanging death for a five year period and to evaluate the role of contributing factors such as age, sex, type of hanging and localization of the ligature knot. Methods Autopsy reports of 102 hanging cases performed by the Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Pamukkale University, between January 2007 and September 2011, were retrospectively reviewed. Results In the 102 hanging cases 73 of the victims were males (71.6%) and 29 (28.4%) were females, with a mean age of 40.97 ± 17.41 years. All cases were suicidal hanging. Fifty four cases (52.9%) were typical hanging, with the ligature knot located posteriorly. There were petechial hemorrhage on the face and eye lids in 46 (45.1%), ecchymoses of the cervicale muscles in 43 (42.2%), and fractures of the neck structure(s) in 69 cases (67.6%). Conclusions The incidence of neck structure fractures increased with age. In addition, there was no correlation between the incidence of neck structure fractures and sex or type of hanging.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Infants and Children
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Schutze Gordon E. , Willoughby Rodney E. , Brady Michael T. , Byington Carrie L. , Davies H. Dele , Edwards Kathryn M. , Glode Mary P. , Jackson Mary Anne , Keyserling Harry L. , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Murray Dennis L. , Orenstein Walter A. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. 
Published: December 2012

This Policy Statement was retired September 2016.
Infections caused by Clostridium difficile in hospitalized children are increasing. The recent publication of clinical practice guidelines for C difficile infection in adults did not address issues that are specific to children. The purpose of this policy statement is to provide the pediatrician with updated information and recommendations about C difficile infections affecting pediatric patients.
Measurement properties of the MacHANd Performance Assessment: A pilot study
Authors: Packham Tara L. , Landman Elizabeth C. M. , Muhic Annemarie , Hebert Andrea J. , Ball Pamela D. 
Published: December 2012

Background. There is a need for a standardized, performance-based hand function assessment with strong psychometric properties to evaluate persons following a traumatic hand injury. Purpose. To conduct a preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of the MacHANd performance assessment (MPA), a new standardized hand function test. Methods Forty-one people receiving treatment for hand injuries were evaluated using the MPA, Patient-rated Wrist and Hand Evaluation, and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. Results The MPA demonstrated adequate inter-rater reliability and excellent test-retest reliability, and it confirmed three validation hypotheses. Implications. This pilot study suggests that the MPA has good psychometric properties when used with individuals following a hand injury; however more research is needed.
Professionalism and occupational therapy: An exploration of faculty and students’ perspectives
Authors: Robinson Allison J. , Tanchuk Chelsea J. , Sullivan Theresa M. 
Published: December 2012

Background. Professionalism is a complex, multifaceted concept embedded within the curricula of occupational therapy programs and professional documents; yet there is no clear explanation in the literature. Purpose. To explore occupational therapy faculty and students’ perspectives of the meaning of professionalism. Methods This interpretivist qualitative study used convenience sampling to recruit eight second-year occupational therapy master's students and five occupational therapy faculty members to participate in two separate focus groups. Open-coding and constant comparative methods were used to identify themes. Findings. Data analysis yielded the following student focus group themes: uncertainty about professional expectations; searching for answers through concrete concepts; and the context-specific nature of professionalism. Faculty focus group themes were professional responsibility; professional awareness; and the context-specific nature of professionalism. Understanding and enacting professionalism may be a developmental process. Implications. Further exploration of the meaning of professionalism from a variety of other occupational therapy stakeholders is needed.
The practice experience of evangelical Christian occupational therapists
Authors: Bray Kaelen E. , Egan Mary Y. , Beagan Brenda L. 
Published: December 2012

Background Occupational therapists who are religious are more likely to address spirituality in practice; however, little is known regarding the practice experience of therapists who hold particular faith perspectives. Purpose To examine the practice experience of evangelical Christian occupational therapists in the context of professional emphasis on spirituality as a largely secular domain of practice. Methods. A qualitative, interpretivist approach was used for this study. Seven evangelical Christian occupational therapists were engaged in in-depth interviews; verbatim transcripts were thematically coded. Findings. Christianity was viewed as a practice resource through the use of private prayer and Christian values to support compassionate practice. Evangelical Christian occupational therapists navigated the tensions of working in a secular healthcare system through awareness of work environment and client cues, restrained expression of faith, as well as the experience of increased scrutiny for potential boundary violations. Implications. Evangelical Christian therapists may struggle with secular interpretations of spirituality in practice. Yet they may also display heightened awareness concerning potential boundary violations.
Learning together for effective collaboration in school-based occupational therapy practice
Authors: Villeneuve Michelle A. , Shulha Lyn M. 
Published: December 2012

Background. School-based occupational therapy (SBOT) practice takes place within a complex system that includes service recipients, service providers, and program decision makers across health and education sectors. Despite the promotion of collaborative consultation at a policy level, there is little practical guidance about how to coordinate multi-agency service and interprofessional collaboration among these stakeholders. Purpose. This paper reports on a process used to engage program administrators in an examination of SBOT collaborative consultation practice in one region of Ontario to provide an evidence-informed foundation for decision making about implementation of these services. Methods Within an appreciative inquiry framework (Cooperrider, Whitney, & Stavros, 2008), Developmental Work Research methods (Engeström, 2000) were used to facilitate shared learning for improved SBOT collaborative consultation. Program administrators participated alongside program providers and service recipients in a series of facilitated workshops to develop principles that will guide future planning and decision making about the delivery of SBOT services. Findings. Facilitated discussion among stakeholders led to the articulation of 12 principles for effective collaborative practice. Program administrators used their shared understanding to propose a new model for delivering SBOT services. Implications. Horizontal and vertical learning across agency and professional boundaries led to the development of powerful solutions for program improvement.
Exploring occupational justice in consumer perspectives on assistive technology
Authors: Arthanat Sajay , Simmons C. Douglas , Favreau Megan 
Published: December 2012

Background. Occupational justice is an emerging paradigm in the provision of occupational therapy services. Assistive technology (AT) services, a key practice domain in occupational therapy, facilitate the participation of individuals with disabilities in all major occupations. Purpose. The goal of this study was to explore personal meanings of occupational justice among consumers of AT and to propose strategies that integrate values of occupational justice in AT services. Methods A content analysis of interviews with seven consumers of AT devices was employed. Themes relevant to the four conceptual definitions of occupational injustice, namely marginalization, alienation, deprivation, and imbalance, were identified. Findings. Four corresponding themes were inherent in the consumer experiences: ability to exercise choices through use of AT devices, using AT to achieve optimum occupational potential, empowerment through AT services, and personal relation to the AT device. Specific issues within these themes are classified and described according to the four conceptual definitions of occupational justice. Implications. The application of occupational justice is essential to promote client-centred AT services particularly in evaluation of needs, selection and acquisition of AT devices, and training and support for use of AT devices.
Effect of mepivacaine in an infraorbital nerve block on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in clinically normal anesthetized dogs undergoing a modified form of dental dolorimetry
Authors: Snyder Christopher J. , Snyder Lindsey B. C. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of a routinely used infraorbital nerve block, performed for dental procedures, on the anesthetic requirement for isoflurane in dogs.
Design—Prospective controlled study.
Animals—8 healthy adult Beagles.
Procedures—Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane, and the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was established. A modification of a well-established method of stimulating the dental pulp, dental dolorimetry, was used to deliver a noxious stimulus (electrical stimulation) for isoflurane MAC determination. Once the isoflurane MAC was established, an infraorbital nerve block was performed with mepivacaine. The isoflurane MAC was then determined with the addition of the nerve block. Measurements of heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were obtained at specified time points (baseline and prevention and elicitation of purposeful movement) during the determination of MAC and in response to the noxious stimulus.
Results—The mean ± SD isoflurane MAC without an infraorbital nerve block was 1.12 ± 0.13%. Isoflurane MAC with the regional mepivacaine anesthesia was 0.86 ± 0.11%. A significant reduction in isoflurane MAC (23%) was seen after the infraorbital nerve block, compared with results before the nerve block. With the exception of baseline measurements, no significant differences were found between treatments (isoflurane alone vs isoflurane with regional mepivacaine anesthesia) in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure before or after the noxious stimulus.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The significant reduction in MAC of isoflurane supported the practice of the addition of regional anesthesia for painful dental procedures to reduce the dose-dependent cardiorespiratory effects of general anesthesia.
Pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration of flunixin meglumine in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus)
Authors: Musser Jeffrey M. B. , Heatley J. Jill , Phalen David N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the disposition kinetics of flunixin meglumine when administered IV to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus).
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—8 adult Patagonian conures and 24 adult budgerigars.
Procedures—Injectable flunixin meglumine (50 mg/mL) was diluted to 10 and 1. 0 mg/mL and administered IV at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb) to Patagonian conures and budgerigars, respectively.
Results—In budgerigars, the elimination half-life was 0.72 hours and the mean residence time was 0.73 hours. In Patagonian conures, the elimination half-life was 0.91 hours and the mean residence time was 1.20 hours. The concentration of flunixin was below the assay's limit of quantification (0.5 μg/mL) at 3 and 6 hours in budgerigars and Patagonian conures, respectively. A single budgerigar developed adverse effects (lethargy and signs of depression) for approximately 15 minutes following drug administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The half-life of flunixin in Patagonian conures and budgerigars was short following IV administration; however, results of this study suggested that IV administration of injectable flunixin meglumine at 5.0 mg/kg resulted in plasma concentrations that could potentially be anti-inflammatory and analgesic in budgerigars and Patagonian conures.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with traumatic intervertebral disk extrusion with or without spinal cord compression: 31 cases (2006–2010)
Authors: Henke Diana , Gorgas Daniela , Flegel Thomas , Vandevelde Marc , Lang Johann , Doherr Marcus G. , Forterre Franck 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the prevalence of spinal cord compression subsequent to traumatic intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion in dogs, characterize factors associated with spinal cord compression in dogs with traumatic IVD extrusion, and evaluate the outcomes of dogs with traumatic IVD extrusion with or without spinal cord compression.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—31 dogs with traumatic IVD extrusion.
Procedures—Medical records and MRI findings were reviewed for dogs with a history of trauma to the spinal region. Dogs were included in the study if a neurologic examination and MRI were performed and there was a description of clinical signs and MRI findings including identification of the spinal cord segment affected by IVD extrusion, presence or absence of spinal cord compression, treatment, and outcome available for review.
Results—31 of 50 (62%) dogs had traumatic IVD extrusions without any other detectable vertebral lesions; 9 (29%) and 22 (71%) of those 31 dogs did and did not have spinal cord compression, respectively. Dogs with spinal cord compression were significantly older and more likely to be chondrodystrophic and have evidence of generalized IVD degeneration, compared with dogs without spinal cord compression. The outcome for dogs with spinal cord compression was similar to that for dogs without spinal cord compression.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated traumatic IVD extrusion was common and should be considered as a differential diagnosis for dogs with trauma to the spinal region, and spinal cord compression should be evaluated, especially in older or chondrodystrophic dogs.
Procedure times, complication rates, and survival times associated with single-chamber versus dual-chamber pacemaker implantation in dogs with clinical signs of bradyarrhythmia: 54 cases (2004–2009)
Authors: Genovese David W. , Estrada Amara H. , Maisenbacher Herbert W. , Heatwole Bonnie A. , Powell Melanie A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To compare procedure times and major and minor complication rates associated with single-chamber versus dual-chamber pacemaker implantation and with 1-lead, 2-lead, and 3-lead pacemaker implantation in dogs with clinical signs of bradyarrhythmia.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—54 dogs that underwent pacemaker implantation because of clinical signs of bradyarrhythmia.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs that received pacemakers between July 2004 and December 2009 were reviewed for information regarding signalment, diagnosis, pacemaker implantation, pacemaker type, complications, and survival time. Analyses were performed to determine significant differences in anesthesia time, procedure time, and outcome for dogs on the basis of pacing mode and number of pacing leads.
Results—28 of 54 (51.9%) dogs received single-chamber pacemakers and 26 (48.1%) received dual-chamber pacemakers. Mean ± SD procedural time was significantly longer for patients with dual-chamber pacemakers (133.5 ± 51.3 minutes) than for patients with single-chamber pacemakers (94.9 ± 37.0 minutes), and procedure time increased significantly as the number of leads increased (1 lead, 102.3 ± 51.1 minutes; 2 leads, 114.9 ± 24.8 minutes; 3 leads, 158.2 ± 8.5 minutes). Rates of major and minor complications were not significantly different between dogs that received single-chamber pacemakers and those that received dual-chamber pacemakers or among dogs grouped on the basis of the number of pacing leads placed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although dual-chamber pacemaker implantation did result in increased procedural and anesthesia times, compared with single-chamber pacemaker implantation, this did not result in a higher complication rate.