bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetration of mouse and human skin by cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoni; immunological and histological observations
Authors: Smith H. V. , McQueen A. , Kusel J. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisSera from patients suffering from the autoimmune skin diseasespemphigus vulgarisandbullous pemphigoidwere used to demonstrate the presence of intercellular substance (ICS) orbullous pemphigoidantigen (BPA) on the surface of the schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoniwhich had penetrated mouse and human cadaver skin, and mouse skin percutaneously. Both ICS and BPA were absent from mechanically transformed schistosomula or those formed in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Schistosomula which penetrated slowly through mouse or human skinin vitro, acquired more ICS or BPA than those which penetrated rapidly.During percutaneous infections of mice, schistosomula recovered from skin after 2h and 24h had acquired large quantities of these materials whereas those which were recovered from skin after 10min had no detectable ICS or BPA. These materials must be shed during subsequent migration since schistosomula from lungs and liver, and 7-week old adults do not possess them.Histological examination of both mouse and human skin revealed that the schistosomula remained in the epidermis for varying lengths of time. Schistosomula which remained there for more than 2h became vacuolated, whereas schistosomula which were present in the dermis at 2h appeared undamaged.On cercarial penetration of human skin, the granular layer of the epidermis became disrupted or condensed. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Anin vivostaining technique for the demonstration of micro-organisms on the stratum corneum
Authors: Malcolm S. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAnin vivostaining technique has been developed for the demonstration of micro-organisms on human skin. This technique permits the study of the relationship between micro-organisms and the stratum corneum and its associated structures. It also aids an understanding of the factors involved in the nutrition and survival of micro-organisms on the skin surface.In skin sites with large populations of coryneform species the bacteria tend to accumulate at the edges of corneocytes. This tendency is not shared by members of the micrococcaceae.Agar impressions of the skin surface confirm observations of other workers and suggest that the surface of the stratum corneum is composed of domed corneocytes with a network of troughs or channels surrounding them. It is proposed that the association of coryneform bacteria with the edges of corneocytes may be due to the creation of an environment within the troughs which favours microbial colonisation.
How do women's diets compare with the new Australian dietary guidelines?
Authors: Mishra Gita D , Schoenaker Danielle AJM , Mihrshahi Seema , Dobson Annette J 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare women's diets with recommended intakes from the new Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG 2013).DesignCross-sectional study using data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Diet was assessed using a validated FFQ.SettingTwo nationally representative age cohorts of Australian women.SubjectsWomen in the young cohort (born 1973–1978, aged 31–36 years) and mid-age cohort (born 1946–1951, aged 50–55 years). Women (n 18 226) were categorised into three groups: ‘young women’ (n 5760), young ‘pregnant women’ at the time or who had given birth in the 12 months prior to the survey (n 1999) and ‘mid-age women’ (n 10 467).ResultsLess than 2 % of women in all three groups attained the ADG 2013 recommendation of five daily servings of vegetables, with the majority needing more than two additional servings. For young women, less than one-third met recommendations for fruit (32%) and meat and alternatives (28 %), while only a small minority did so for dairy (12 %) and cereals (7 %). Fifty per cent of pregnant women met guidelines for fruit, but low percentages reached guidelines for dairy (22 %), meat and alternatives (10 %) and cereals (2·5 %). For mid-age women, adherence was higher for meat and alternatives (41 %) and cereals (45 %), whereas only 1 % had the suggested dairy intake of four daily servings.ConclusionsFor most women to follow ADG 2013 recommendations would require substantially increased consumption of cereals, vegetables and dairy. Findings have implications for tailoring the dissemination of dietary guidelines for women in different age groups and for pregnant women.
Nanoscale Focused Ion Beam Tomography of Single Bacterial Cells for Assessment of Antibiotic Effects
Authors: Liu Boyin , Yu Heidi H. , Ng Tuck Wah , Paterson David L. , Velkov Tony , Li Jian , Fu Jing 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is a major risk to human health, and to provide valuable insights into mechanisms of resistance, innovative methods are needed to examine the cellular responses to antibiotic treatment. Focused ion beam tomography is proposed to image and assess the detailed three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure of single bacterial cells. By iteratively removing slices of thickness in the order of 10 nm, high magnification 2D images can be acquired by scanning electron microscopy at single-digit nanometer resolution. In this study,Klebsiella pneumoniaewas treated with polymyxin B, and 3D models of both cell envelope and cytoplasm regions containing the nucleoid and ribosomes were reconstructed. The 3D volume containing the nucleoid and ribosomes was significantly smaller, and the cell length along the longitudinal axis was extended by 40% in the treated cells, implying stress responses to the drug treatment. More than a 200% increase in protrusions per unit surface area on the cell envelope was observed in the curvature analysis after treatment. Experiments by conventional transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were also performed, followed by comparison and discussions. In conclusion, the proposed 3D imaging method and associated analysis provide a unique tool for the assessment of antibiotic effects on multidrug-resistant bacteria at nanometer resolution.
NAIVE TRUTH AND NAIVE LOGICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: ZARDINI ELIA 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA unified answer is offered to two distinct fundamental questions: whether a nonclassical solution to the semantic paradoxes should be extended to other apparently similar paradoxes (in particular, to the paradoxes of logical properties) and whether a nonclassical logic should be expressed in a nonclassical metalanguage. The paper starts by reviewing a budget of paradoxes involving the logical properties of validity, inconsistency, and compatibility. The author’s favored substructural approach to naive truth is then presented and it is explained how that approach can be extended in a very natural way so as to solve a certain paradox of validity. However, three individually decisive reasons are later provided for thinking that no approach adopting a classical metalanguage can adequately account for all the features involved in the paradoxes of logical properties. Consequently, the paper undertakes the task to do better, and, building on the system already developed, introduces a theory in a nonclassical metalanguage that expresses an adequate logic of naive truth and of some naive logical properties.
Exposure of vitamins to UVB and UVA radiation generates singlet oxygen
Authors: Knak Alena , Regensburger Johannes , Maisch Tim , Bäumler Wolfgang 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Deleterious effects of UV radiation in tissue are usually attributed to different mechanisms. Absorption of UVB radiation in cell constituents like DNA causes photochemical reactions. Absorption of UVA radiation in endogenous photosensitizers like vitamins generates singlet oxygen via photosensitized reactions. We investigated two further mechanisms that might be involved in UV mediated cell tissue damage. Firstly, UVB radiation and vitamins also generate singlet oxygen. Secondly, UVB radiation may change the chemical structure of vitamins that may change the role of such endogenous photosensitizers in UVA mediated mechanisms. Vitamins were irradiated in solution using monochromatic UVB (308 nm) or UVA (330, 355, or 370 nm) radiation. Singlet oxygen was directly detected and quantified by its luminescence at 1270 nm. All investigated molecules generated singlet oxygen with a quantum yield ranging from 0.007 (vitamin D3) to 0.64 (nicotinamide) independent of the excitation wavelength. Moreover, pre-irradiation of vitamins with UVB changed their absorption in the UVB and UVA spectral range. Subsequently, molecules such as vitamin E and vitamin K1, which normally exhibit no singlet oxygen generation in the UVA, now produce singlet oxygen when exposed to UVA at 355 nm. This interplay of different UV sources is inevitable when applying serial or parallel irradiation with UVA and UVB in experiments in vitro. These results should be of particular importance for parallel irradiation with UVA and UVB in vivo, e.g. when exposing the skin to solar radiation.
Evidence that dimethyl sulfide facilitates a tritrophic mutualism between marine primary producers and top predators
Authors: Savoca Matthew S. , Nevitt Gabrielle A. 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceThis study demonstrates that dimethyl sulfide, a chemical cue involved in global climate regulation, mediates a tritrophic mutualistic interaction between marine apex predators and primary producers. Our results imply that marine top predators play a critical role in maintaining both ocean health and global climate. Our results highlight the need for more collaboration and discussion between micro- and macroscale biologists working on global issues in the Southern Ocean.
Strength of a bifurcated H bond
Authors: Feldblum Esther S. , Arkin Isaiah T. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Hydrogen bonding is one of the characteristic features of macromolecules. Therefore, it is not surprising that extensive research has gone into understanding the energetics and importance of hydrogen bonding. All of these studies focused on hydrogen bonds that involve a single donor and acceptor pair. Yet the H-bonding potential of many acceptors leads to the phenomenon of overcoordination between two donors and one acceptor. Here we have used both experimental approaches and computational analyses to measure the strength of such bifurcated hydrogen bonds and show that their energy is between 60% and 50% of canonical H bonds. Finally, we show how the energetics of bifurcated H bonds directly impact amino acid side-chain structure.
Concert halls with strong lateral reflections enhance musical dynamics
Authors: Pätynen Jukka , Tervo Sakari , Robinson Philip W. , Lokki Tapio 
Published: March 2014

Significance
The concert hall conveys orchestral sound to the listener through acoustic reflections from directions defined by the room geometry. When sound arrives from the sides of the head, binaural hearing emphasizes the same frequencies produced by higher orchestral-playing dynamics, thus enhancing perceived dynamic range. Many studies on room acoustics acknowledge the importance of such lateral reflections, but their contribution to the dynamic responsiveness of the hall has not yet been understood. Because dynamic expression is such a critical part of symphonic music, this phenomenon helps to explain the established success of shoebox-type concert halls.
Activation induced deaminase C-terminal domain links DNA breaks to end protection and repair during class switch recombination
Authors: Zahn Astrid , Eranki Anil K. , Patenaude Anne-Marie , Methot Stephen P. , Fifield Heather , Cortizas Elena M. , Foster Paul , Imai Kohsuke , Durandy Anne , Larijani Mani , Verdun Ramiro E. , Di Noia Javier M. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
The enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID) triggers antibody class switch recombination (CSR), a critical mechanism for immune response. CSR is an intrachromosomal rearrangement requiring DNA double strand breaks that are initiated by AID and must be repaired by specific DNA repair pathways. We identify a domain of AID that is required to link the DNA damage step with the subsequent repair during CSR as well as for chromosomal translocations, a collateral effect of CSR. AID influences the recruitment of appropriate end-joining pathways for CSR, preventing aberrant DNA processing that leads to cell death or nonproductive repair and dominant-negative effects. Our results can also explain the basis of an autosomal dominant immunodeficiency caused by C-terminally truncated AID variants.
Ablation of the oncogenic transcription factor ERG by deubiquitinase inhibition in prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Shan , Kollipara Rahul K. , Srivastava Nishi , Li Rui , Ravindranathan Preethi , Hernandez Elizabeth , Freeman Eva , Humphries Caroline G. , Kapur Payal , Lotan Yair , Fazli Ladan , Gleave Martin E. , Plymate Stephen R. , Raj Ganesh V. , Hsieh Jer-Tsong , Kittler Ralf 
Published: March 2014

Significance
The transcription factor E-twenty-six related gene (ERG) is a major driver of prostate cancer, which makes this protein an interesting target for drug development. In this study, we report the discovery of an enzyme, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9, X-linked (USP9X), which stabilizes ERG. We demonstrate that inhibition of USP9X with the small molecule WP1130 causes rapid degradation of ERG and blocked the growth of cultured prostate cancer cells and prostate tumors that express ERG. These findings suggest that inhibition of USP9X with small molecules should be explored for the development of a prostate cancer therapy that targets ERG.
Sparkling feather reflections of a bird-of-paradise explained by finite-difference time-domain modeling
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , Michielsen Kristel , De Raedt Hans , Stavenga Doekele G. 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceBirds-of-paradise are brilliant examples of colorful displays in nature. The dazzling colors of the display, used in ritualized dances to attract the attention of mates, arise from the interference and diffraction of light within photonic nanostructures on their feathers. This study reports a quantitative investigation of the complex photonic structures by connecting experimental photonics with a state of the art computational model. The methods used in this study may be applied to numerous applications, e.g., for optimized photonic crystal designs. Here it has allowed us to unveil the coloration mechanisms in the feathers of a bird-of-paradise and investigate the connection of feather colors to the avian visual system.
Increased environmentally driven recruitment variability decreases resilience to fishing and increases uncertainty of recovery
Authors: Kuparinen Anna , Keith David M. , Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Independent of the effects of spawning-stock biomass (SSB), environmental variability in juvenile production, driven by factors such as temperature and food supply, have considerable potential to influence population resilience to fishing and depletion. Here, we analyse 18 time-series of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks and empirically estimate this “environmental variability” in recruit-per-spawner (RPS) ratios. We then investigate the role of environmental recruitment variability on population resilience to fishing and ability to recover following depletion. To this end, cod population dynamics are simulated through a period of fishing, followed by a period of recovery, with alternative scenarios of recruitment variability and autocorrelation within it. The major effect of environmental recruitment variability is manifested through uncertainty. Firstly, the higher the recruitment variability, the shorter and less variable the time required for the population to decline below 15% of its carrying capacity, K. Secondly, higher variability leads to higher uncertainty in recovery time. Both these patterns are further strengthened by autocorrelation. Our findings suggest that increased environmental recruitment variability decreases resilience to fishing and increases uncertainty in recovery, thus challenging some traditional views that variability confers high productivity and rapid ability to recover from collapse.
Making water count: water accountability change within an Australian university
Authors: Egan Matthew 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– Drought conditions affected an acute water scarcity crisis across large parts of Australia through the late 1990s and into the 2000s. Public policy responses emphasised demand management strategies. This study aims to examine the response to these challenges within a large Australian university from 1999 to 2010.Design/methodology/approach– Case study utilising semi-structured interviews.Findings– Staff empowered to take an emergent approach to issues of social concern, initiated water accountability change focused on water efficiency from 1999, and “water principles” from 2002. A growing network had some success translating and enrolling others over coming years. However into the late 2000s, as drought conditions abated and with a renewed focus on financial control, developments that had not established clear links to core accountability mechanisms eroded. This study demonstrates that measurement is essential to understanding patterns of water usage, but also needs to establish links to core systems of accountability to broadly change behaviour.Practical implications– Higher education continues to be an environment where creative responses to community challenges can be nurtured. Despite increasing pressures to focus on financial outcomes, the sector should continue to nurture opportunities to shape issues of community concern through leading practice.Originality/value– This study provides insight into the development, fragility, and contested meaning of emergent systems of water accountability within the context of a university.
Can accreditation help a leopard change its spots?
Authors: Cooper Stuart , Parkes Carole , Blewitt John 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– Neo-institutional theory suggests that organisations change occurs when institutional contradictions, caused by exogenous and endogenous dynamics, increase over time to the point where change can no longer be resisted. Human praxis will result, but only when sufficiently powerful interests are motivated to act. This paper aims to examine the role that the accreditation of business schools can play in increasing institutional contradictions and hence fostering organisational change towards stakeholder engagement and engagement with social responsibility and sustainability issues. Numerous accreditations are promulgated within the higher education and business school contexts and a number of these relate to, or have aspects that relate to, ethics, social responsibility and sustainability.Design/methodology/approach– The paper first analyses the take up of accreditations across UK business schools and then uses a case study to illustrate and explore stakeholder engagement and changes related to ethics, social responsibility and sustainability linked to accreditation processes.Findings– Accreditations are found to be an increasingly common interest for UK business schools. Further, a number of these accreditations have evolved to incorporate issues related to ethics, social responsibility and sustainability that may cause institutional contradictions and may, therefore, have the potential to foster organisational change. Accreditation alone, however, is not sufficient and the authors find that sufficiently powerful interests need to be motivated to act and enable human praxis to affect change.Research limitations/implications– This paper draws on previous research that considers the role of accreditation in fostering change that has also been carried out in healthcare organisations, public and professional bodies. Its findings stem from an individual case study and as such further research is required to explore whether these findings can be extended and apply more generally in business schools and universities in different contexts.Practical implications– This paper concludes by recommending that the newly established UK & Ireland Chapter of PRME encourages and supports signatory schools to further embed ethics, social responsibility and sustainability into all aspects of university life in the UK. This also provides an opportunity to engage with the accrediting bodies in order to further support the inclusion of stakeholder engagement and issues related to this agenda in their processes.Originality/value– This paper contributes by introducing accreditation as an institutional pressure that may lead indirectly to organisational change and supports this with new evidence from an illustrative case study. Further, it draws on the role of institutional contradictions and human praxis that engender organisational change.
A narrative literature review on the health of migrant farm worker children in the USA
Authors: Connor Ann , Page Layne Laura , Ellis Hilb Laura 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the literature on migrant farm worker child and adolescent health. It highlights current health issues and suggests methods to improve research and clinical practices with this underserved and vulnerable population.

Design/methodology/approach
– The methodology for this narrative review included a search of articles published between 2000 and 2012. From the primary search, 76 articles met the search criteria. A secondary search revealed three additional articles.

Findings
– The various methodologies used in the current literature have limited rigorous analysis of the health of pediatric migrant populations. The findings highlight the complex factors that influence migrant pediatric health. Despite the many challenges migrant farm worker children and their families face, they exhibit enormous resilience and strengths that may help counterbalance these challenges. Study categories that emerged from the analysis include health perspectives and behaviors, occupational health, access to care, utilization and satisfaction with health services, health outcomes and health disparities, and oral health. This review provides a strong foundation from which to work toward improving migrant pediatric health.

Originality/value
– This paper provides an original review of the unique health needs and the complex factors influencing the health of migrant farm worker children and adolescents. This will be of value to clinicians and researchers since migrant farm worker families are part of communities across the country. It offers public health professionals insight into services and programs that can improve the health and well-being of children, families, and communities.