bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les obligations du juge et de l'arbitre dans le cadre de la procédure formulaire d'après les témoignages de Pline le Jeune et d'Aulu-Gelle
Authors: Mignot Dominique Aimé 
Published: April 2013

Dominique-Aimé Mignot, Judge and arbiter's obligations in the formulary proceedings according to Pliny the Younger and Gellius, DHA 34/2, 2008, 81-94.
Abstract : Many scholars have written upon the origins of the proceeding per formulas, created under the Roman Republic and extended to all inhabitants of the Empire at the beginning of the third century A. D. For want of evidence from the Ancient authors, and because of the rarity and great concision of the legislative texts, we do not know the exact nature of the relations between judges, plaintiffs and arbiters apud iudicem. Above all, we have difficulties to figure out the extent of the liability of the judges and the arbiters who are nominated by the praetor (nominatio). Later sources let us think that concerns about a just and fair issue led the praetor to establish a posteriori a suitable control to ensure a good justice and the plaintiffs' protection.
La tropa de burgarii a la luz de CTh. VII, 14,1 : estado de una cucstión de complicada definición en la organización militar de Hispania
Authors: Cañizar Palacios José Luis 
Published: April 2013

José Luis Cañizar Palacios, The burgarii from CTh. VII, 14, 1 : a complicated question of definition about the military organization of Hispania, DHA 34/2, 2008, 95-113.
Abstract : In this article are addressed some questions about late Antiquity Hispania. We take into account the information given by the imperial Constitution of the Theodosian Code CTh. VII, 1, which focuses the attention on the troops called burgarii. We want to complement their definition using the information the Code gives, and draw some parallels with other dependents of the Roman Empire like those working in the textile manufactures or in the cursus publicus.
Conquérir sa part sacrificielle en Inde ancienne : le pouvoir rudraïque
Authors: Ducœur Guillaume 
Published: April 2013

Guillaume Ducceur, Conquering his sacrificial share : the rudraic power, DHA 35/1, 2009, 41-59.
Abstract : In Vedic, epic and puranic mythology, the implementation of any sacrifice is the crucial moment during which the devastating power of certain gods can make itself felt with violence. Present in all natural phenomena, sometimes mastered, sometimes out of control, Brahmans compare it to the dreadful power of the god Rudrá in order to name it, to contain it and so to control it. Consequently, this identification allowed the god Šivä and his zealots to exercise authority over the sacrificers and Aryan society.
La Hispania Citerior, desarrollo ecoñomico e integración en época republicana : una aproximación epigráfica
Authors: Díaz Ariño Borja 
Published: April 2013

Borja Díaz Ariño, Hispania Citerior, economic development and integration into the republican period : an epigraphic approach, DHA 35/1, 2009, 115-152.
Abstract : The deep changes Hispania Citerior went through during the first two centuries of the roman domination cannot be understood without paying attention to the underlying economic development of the province. A fundamental aspect of the process was the progressive increase of the local agricultural, mining and handicraft production, which was stimulated by the development of an incipient provincial market and the gradual incorporation of the region into the Mediterranean commercial networks. Some key features of this phenomenon are analyzed, in particular the involvement of Indigenous as well as Italics.
Bourses et valeurs mobilières : Bourses et autres institutions des marchés de valeurs mobilières
Authors: Flornoy Yves 
Published: April 2013

Stock Exchanges and Other Institutions in the Securities Field
The progressive installation of the IDIS network, which will permit the twelve stock exchanges of the Community to sort quickly the elements of the market (prices, quantities, offers and bids) of the 250 European securities that are quoted simultaneously on at least two exchanges, is encountering various obstacles flowing from the peculiarities of each of the twelve stock exchanges in the areas of:
- methods of matching bids and offers (bidding markets, continuous markets);
- methods of negotiation (cash payment or forward transactions);
- systems of quotation (oral markets, written procedure,
calling up orders on appropriate informational systems);
- rules governing stock exchange intermediaries (agents, principals, market makers, brokers, bankers).
In attaining as soon as possible the objective assigned to the IDIS network, allowing one to know at each instant on which stock exchange one can negotiate on better terms, it has been agreed that each stock exchange will retain its proper identity, while adapting to the network rules, and, if necessary, will put in place the necessary provisional interfaces.
If it becomes evident that only the techniques of a continuous market will permit the stock exchanges to remain competitive in the framework of a globalising market, the remaining question is whether the formation of a series of side quotations must be directed by the flux of clients' orders at the rate and the amount at which they are expressed, or if it must be directed by the buying and selling price asked by the market makers.
Consommateurs et services financiers : les services financiers en Europe dans la perspective des consommateurs
Authors: Mitchell Jeremy 
Published: April 2013

Consumer Protection
In the context of the breaking down of barriers between different types of financial institutions, of the extension of new communication technologies to service delivery to consumers and of the growing internationalisation of personal financial services, the Community's policies should take account of the interests of European consumers by including the following components:
1. The encouragement of competition between different types of financial institution and the promotion of greater transparency in the market for personal financial services.
2. An examination of the wide variations between Community countries in the provision of new, technologically based financial services, such as A.T.Ms and E.F.T.- P.O.S., and of whether the needs of European consumers are being adequately met, by comparison with comparable non-Community countries.
3. The development of a Community-wide legal framework for electronic transactions which extends more widely than D.G. XI 's welcome but limited initiative in relation to E.F.T.P.O.S., and which covers the important issue of personal privacy.
4. The phased reduction and, in due course, abandonment of existing national regulations of Community member states which block the free flow of personal financial services, while ensuring that the Community does not itself adopt a protectionist stance in relation to the rest of the world.
Évolution comparée des systèmes de financement: RFA, Royaume-Uni et Japon
Authors: Straus André 
Published: April 2013

Financing systems comparative trend : RFA, UK and Japan
Comments on the recent burst of capital markets often include some favourable judgements, in particular on the economic effect of the transformation of the funding methods. Most of the time, the market development is viewed as propitious for a greater efficiency in the financial resources allocation. But a comparative study of the trends in the funding methods of businesses in UK, RFA and Japan since World war II induces to modify a bit this opinion. In the postwar strong growth era, the noteworthy performance of the Japanese economy, and in a lower degree of the German one, rested mainly on bank credit. Conversely, the British economy — where external funding is traditionally supplied by the markets — was not able to break out of stagnation and of prewar demise. Since the seventies, the ranking of the economic performance of the three countries does not seem to have been seriously overturned by the fast development of capital markets.
La politique de placements financiers des entreprises industrielles
Authors: Fried Michel , Gaudry Olivier 
Published: April 2013

The financial Investments policy of Industrial businesses
The rise of the financial investments of industrial businesses since 1979, and mainly since 1982, has risen faster. But against common views, this new behaviour concerned only few enterprises (one out of four), of all sizes. The combination of improved financial situations and new opportunities supplied by the financial environment seems to have played an important role, offering a possibility to cash managers to give some lucrative, riskless and liquid outlets for the cash balances of the enterprises. This fact, however, does not suffice to explain the historical trends : for the few corporations leading the evolution, the rise of the financial investments was parallel to the growth of the cash balances (including these financial investments), while the cash balances of the enterprises which have not made, even few, financial investments were stagnant. Thus, one must go beyond a too general approach to financial investments policies to show how they applied to particular conditions.
L'expérience américaine : L'essor des OPA et LBO financés par la dette
Authors: Merle Christian , Stoclin Hubert 
Published: April 2013

The US experience : this rise of takeovers and LBOs
OPA and LBO are raging in the United States, six months after the stock market break. The number of deals is actually steady but the size of the biggest ones is skyrocketing. These transactions enable corporations to carry out a strategy which opposes the conglomerate movement of the sixties and seventies. The aim of many corporations is to focus on the most profitable part of the business and sell off the least performing assets. Thus, a real market of industrial and service assets has been created. The economic effects of this corporate reorganization are controversial. The immediate winners are shareholders of the target corporation who often receive big premiums on their holdings. The acquisition is, to a
Investissement et contrainte financière
Authors: Maarek Gérard 
Published: April 2013

Investment and financial restraint
Typically, conventional econometrics fails to highlight a causal link between debt ratios and investment expenditures, against the intuition of banks and firms practicians. A different approach is proposed here. The "financial restraint" is not incorporated in the debt ratios, but in an hypothesis about the indebtness dynamics : in permanent regulation, the rate of interest must be larger than the debt growth rate. In other terms, the "financial balance" of indebted agents, i.e. the difference between the new borrowing and the debt service, must be negative. This rule of financial orthodoxy has been constantly frustrated in the sixties and the seventies, through the markets management and the inflation drift. In force again in the early eighties, this role forced the debtors to a restrictive effort, mainly on their investment expenditures. The study of the trench industry accounts and the recent trends of the developing countries gives some plausibility to that thesis.
Nouveaux risques, nouveaux enjeux pour les autorités
Authors: Meunier François 
Published: April 2013

New risks, new adds for the official authorities
As soon as the dust of the October 1987 crash settled down, a new emphasis has been given by authorities on financial re-regulation. But where and how should it be applied ? To adress these issues, the nature of the financial mutations of the past years is examined. As far as they correspond to deeply rooted technical changes, the article stresses the futility of any attempts to repel them by regulation. But these mutations are revealing new aspects of risk, which stem, as it is currently observed in the insurance industry, from the inability of free competitive markets to give a proper answer in every case to the allocation of risk amongst participants. Prudential measures could then be the most relevant instrument for public intervention. But in other cases, a more direct intervention or, on the contrary, the promotion of new financial markets are required.
Marchés de capitaux : dé ou re-réglementation
Authors: Bruneel Didier 
Published: April 2013

Financial markets : deregulation or re-regulation
At the national level, the unification stage of financial markets is characterized by the conflict between deregulation, which is necessary to market efficiency, and the maintenance of a minimum legal framework intended to ensure operators' information and transactions liquidity, i.e. the stability of the financial system. The gradual removal of interest rate regulations, the declining role of reserve requirements and the relaxing of operating procedures in securities markets contribute to efficiency. The limitations to market entry, the definition of minimum standards for market makers, the division of activities between commercial banks and investment banks, the insurance of deposits and the reflections on the lender of last resort are aimed at securing the financial system stability. Following a similar procedure, market globalization leads spontaneously to adjusting national regulations to the loosest. In view of the dangers involved in this trend, we have been witnessing, for a few years a re-regulation process occurring in a supranationally defined framework.
D'une intermédiation financière à une autre : le cas de la désintermédiation
Authors: Biacabe Pierre , Carat Sylvie , Ullmo Yves 
Published: April 2013

From one financial intermediation to another : the disintermediation case
The recent changes which have occurred in the structure of financial and investment flows have shown a relative fall in the share of credit institutions. This would explain the tread towards a greater disintermediation. In fact, the statistical measure of this phenomenon gives some divergent results, which can be explained by arguable assumptions, grounded on a too narrow concept of financial intermediation. A broader theory should integrate the complementary role of financial institutions and security markets. The proposed integration is not based on the difference between the two financing modes, direct or indirect, but between two activities : either the issue of monetary or non-monetary assets on the institutions themselves, or the brokerage on short — or long — term securities. These activities are performed by four different ways, and this concentration in one institution or their separation between different ones depends on the degree of legal constraints.
Analyse économique de l'interbancarité
Authors: Rochet Jean-Charles 
Published: April 2013

Interbanking economic analysis
Interbanking benefits are slightly debatable, mainly in the field of means of payment. However, cooperation between banks is difficult to organise. The example of plastic money perfectly illustrates the potential conflicts which may occur among different players in the system. We shall first deal with withdrawal of funds, and show (after Matutes and Padilla) two contradictory effects related to the compatibility decision : the network effect and the competitive effect. We shall then study the payment activity, and show the disadvantages of its current pricing practice.
Vers une économie industrielle des alliances bancaires ?
Authors: Minda Alexandre , Paguet Jean-Michel 
Published: April 2013

Towards an industrial economy of banking alliances ?
In order to broaden the scope of investigation of industrial banking economy, this article aims at checking if the analytical body of industrial alliances can serve as a reference for the understanding of banking alliances. While banking alliances seem to be an appropriate answer to the new competitive environment, their interpretation by the theoretical body of industrial cooperation shows that it is possible to borrow concepts from industrial economy and to apply them to financial intermediaries. For example, it has been possible to outline a typology and to search a theoretical explanation for alliances between banks based on ideas originally developed in actual industries. This conceptual transfer needs, however, to adapt actual tools to the specificity of banking activity. Therefore, the approach in terms of transaction cost seems more appropriate to the explanation of vertical and horizontal alliances. In the same way, the analysis in terms of complementariness, which finds in network and know-how a satisfactory field of application, does not take into account some incentives, like the will to share risks. As regards interpretation by the learning process, the increasing importance attached to innovation and technology in industrial cooperation makes the adaptation effort even stronger. seems more appropriate to the explanation of vertical and horizontal alliances. In the same way, the analysis in terms of complementariness, which finds in network and know-how a satisfactory field of application, does not take into account some incentives, like the will to share risks. As regards interpretation by the learning process, the increasing importance attached to innovation and technology in industrial cooperation makes the adaptation effort even stronger.
La stabilité financière sur les marchés mondiaux
Authors: Crockett Andrew D. 
Published: April 2013

Financial stability in global markets
The rapid growth of international capital market's integration presents many advantages, but also disadvantages in terms of system stability, such as : weakness of financial structures, opaqueness, volatility and increase in risk exposure. In this environment, it is important that institutions grant the liquidity of the system as a whole, promote settlement or payment-delivery mechanisms at international level and harmonize prudential supervision rules.
Coopération transfrontalière : la clé du combat contre la fraude internationale sur les valeurs mobilières
Authors: Mann Michael , Leder Paul A. , Kimel Martin 
Published: April 2013

Cross-border cooperation : the key to combatting international securities fraud
A key responsibility of every securities regulator is to ensure the integrity of its markets. To accomplish this, one needs fair laws and regulations as well as the ability to enforce those laws and regulations. Given the internationalization of the world's securities markets, information relevant to enforcing the securities laws is now oftentimes located outside any one regulator's national borders. Based on its extensive experience with international evidence-gathering, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) relies upon cooperation with the relevant regulators - rather than unilateral action - as the means for gaining access to evidence located abroad. The SEC has formalized many of its cooperative relationships with foreign securities regulators in the form of memoranda of understanding (MOUs).
The article discusses the SEC's development of MOUs as a means for developing cooperative relationships between securities regulators in different countries, the legislation that has facilitated the provision of meaningful international cooperation, and the international response to this approach. The article concludes with a discussion of the environment for international cooperation that now exists among regulators.
L'Organisation Internationale des Commissions de Valeurs (OICV) et le rôle des régulateurs boursiers dans l'internationalisation des marchés
Authors: Périer Frédéric 
Published: April 2013

The IOSCO and the role of stock market : Regulators on market internationalization
The development of the International Organization of Securities Commissions illustrates the need for public supervision of the securities and futures markets. The predecessor of the Organization known today as IOSCO was formed in 1965 to provide a forum for the exchange of views among securities regulators in North and South America. Given the increasing number of observing delegations from Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, full membership was offered to organizations outside the Western Hemisphere in 1984. Today, 114 securities and futures regulatory bodies from around the world comprise the membership of IOSCO, including 70 public regulators. The member organizations benefit from IOSCO in three main areas : exchange of regulatory « know how » ; harmonization of securities regulation and cooperation in enforcement matters. The continuing development of IOSCO reflects the emergence of a definite pattern of governmental supervision of markets.
La Bourse des valeurs mobilières en Égypte
Authors: Cousseran Pierre-Antoine 
Published: April 2013

The Egyptian stock market
Formerly one of the most important market places in the world, the Egyptian stock market is now just starting to awake from the long lethargy which it had been facing since the Nasserian era. The legal and regulatory framework has been completely reshaped over the last three years and activity has somehow increased. However, the market remains underfunded and relatively illiquid. It is only after a thorough modernization that, while unable to recover its former glory, it will at least be ranking among major emerging market places in the Near-East, such as Tel-Aviv, Istanbul or Amman.
La comptabilisation en valeur de marché dans les banques et les sociétés d'assurances : Les éléments du débat
Authors: Kessler Denis , Ullmo Yves 
Published: April 2013

Market value accounting in the banking and insurance sector : elements for discussion
Over the last couple of years there as been, in many countries, significant discussions about the advantages of purchase price value accounting versus market value accounting. Two opposing views have emerged. On one hand, the supporters of a market value assessment of the different banks or insurance companies balance sheets maintain that the mark to market assessment would give a more precise idea of reality than that which results from acquisition cost accounting. Beside, the latter would lead to increased risk taking and would be dangerous for prudential control. As regards the historical value system, its supporters pretend that determining market value is, indeed, very questionable. In fact, such a mark to market accounting method would bring a great deal of financial markets volatility into the balance sheets of financial institutions, and thus have macro economic repercussions.
Le choix européen de l'Italie
Authors: Azeglio Ciampi Carlo 
Published: April 2013

L'enracinement de la culture de la stabilité dans le comportement des opérateurs économiques italiens, conjointement avec des politiques de budget, de revenus et monétaire orientées à la stabilité ont permis à l'Italie d'atteindre des objectifs remarquables : le taux d'inflation à 2,6 %, les taux d'intérêt réduits d'un tiers depuis que le nouveau gouvernement est entré en fonction en mai dernier. L'Italie, pays parmi les fondateurs de la Communauté, est décidée à faire partie des pays qui participeront, dès le début, à la monnaie unique ; à cette fin, le gouvernement a présenté une loi de finance visant à atteindre les paramètres de Maastricht déjà en 1997, particulièrement celui de l'endettement net de l'Administration publique. Tout cela a permis, le 24 novembre dernier, le retour de la lire dans les accords de change du SME.
L'UEM doit être considérée non pas comme dernière finalité mais comme une étape vers la complète union de l'Europe, non seulement économique, mais aussi sociale et politique.