bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of prosocial risk‐taking behavior: Mechanisms and opportunities
Authors: Armstrong‐Carter Emma , Telzer Eva H. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMany young people are inclined toward risk taking and also toward helping other people. Prosocial risk taking is a term that can describe different ways that youth provide significant instrumental and emotional support to family members, friends, and strangers, even when it involves a personal risk. In this article, we review research about different types of prosocial risk taking and highlight examples, emphasizing a developmental perspective by examining change across childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Research to date suggests that young people are more likely to engage in prosocial risk taking when they are more tolerant of uncertainty, have greater sensation‐seeking, perspective‐taking, and empathy, and when they are motivated by reputational concerns. Individual differences in prosocial risk‐taking behavior depend on youth's access to opportunities to explore, practice, and experience positive social feedback. Providing opportunities for youth to direct their risk‐taking tendencies toward prosocial outlets may help minimize risks to their psychosocial health and promote individual and community well‐being.
Anisometropia and its correction in children in northwest China: A study based on autorefraction data
Authors: Yao Qian , Wei Junhan , Ye Lu , Duan Xianyi , Ren Meixia , Min Jie , Cheng Pei , Zhang Guoyun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the prevalence and correction of anisometropia among primary school children in northwestern China.MethodsA cross‐sectional school‐based study was conducted in Shaanxi Province. Visual acuity (VA) and autorefraction without cycloplegia were assessed in all participants, and some received axial length (AL) measurements. Anisometropia was categorised based on spherical equivalent (SE), cylindrical (CYL), and AL. The prevalence of anisometropia and refractive correction across different ages and sexes, and correlations between ocular parameters, were analysed.ResultsThe study included 29 153 children aged 6–12 (mean age 9.52 ± 1.73 years) for VA and autorefraction measurements, and 1176 children for AL measurements. The prevalence of myopia (SE ≤ −0.50 D), hyperopia (SE ≥ +0.50 D), and anisometropia (interocular SE difference ≥1.00 D) was 65.26%, 15.09%, and 16.50%, respectively. Anisometropia severity, based on SE (χ2 = 443.758, p < 0.001), CYL (χ2 = 41.669, p < 0.001), and AL (χ2 = 95.505, p < 0.001), increased with age, with no significant differences between sexes. Interocular SE difference correlated with interocular spherical power (r = 0.806, p < 0.001), CYL (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), and AL (r = 0.365, p < 0.001). Additionally, interocular CYL difference was positively correlated with interocular AL difference (r = 0.16, p < 0.001). Despite the high prevalence of anisometropia, less than 30% of affected children received refractive correction.ConclusionsAnisometropia of SE, CYL, and AL increased progressively with age. Despite the elevated prevalence of anisometropia, the utilisation of refractive correction remained strikingly low.
The mGluR5‐mediated Arc activation protects against experimental traumatic brain injury in rats
Authors: Chen Tao , Li Yun‐Fei , Ren Xu , Wang Yu‐Hai 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIntroductionTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex pathophysiological process, and increasing attention has been paid to the important role of post‐synaptic density (PSD) proteins, such as glutamate receptors. Our previous study showed that a PSD protein Arc/Arg3.1 (Arc) regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neuronal necroptosis in traumatic injury in vitro.AimIn this study, we investigated the expression, regulation and biological function of Arc in both in vivo and in vitro experimental TBI models.ResultsTraumatic neuronal injury (TNI) induced a temporal upregulation of Arc in cortical neurons, while TBI resulted in sustained increase in Arc expression up to 24 h in rats. The increased expression of Arc was mediated by the activity of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), but not dependent on the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release. By using inhibitors and antagonists, we found that TNI regulates Arc expression via Gq protein and protein turnover. In addition, overexpression of Arc protects against TBI‐induced neuronal injury and motor dysfunction both in vivo and in vitro, whereas the long‐term cognitive function was not altered. To determine the role of Arc in mGluR5‐induced protection, lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection was performed to knockdown Arc expression. The mGluR5 agonist (RS)‐2‐chloro‐5‐hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG)‐induced protection against TBI was partially prevented by Arc knockdown. Furthermore, the CHPG‐induced attenuation of Ca2+ influx after TNI was dependent on Arc activation and followed regulation of AMPAR subunits. The results of Co‐IP and Ca2+ imaging showed that the Arc‐Homer1 interaction contributes to the CHPG‐induced regulation of intracellular Ca2+ release.ConclusionIn summary, the present data indicate that the mGluR5‐mediated Arc activation is a protective mechanism that attenuates neurotoxicity following TBI through the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ hemostasis. The AMPAR‐associated Ca2+ influx and ER Ca2+ release induced by Homer1‐IP3R pathway might be involved in this protection.
Gender‐Related Aspects of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tsur Nir , Zloczower Elchanan , Tunik Michal , Amir Ido , Yosefof Eyal , Havakuk Hagit Shoffel , Hamzany Yaniv , Kurman Noga 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTObjectivesLaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a predominantly male illness. Although the rate of female patients increased, a knowledge gap exists in the medical literature regarding gender‐based differences.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingAdult patients treated for laryngeal SCC in a tertiary medical centre between 2006 and 2020. Data were collected on demographics, clinical presentation, treatment modalities, disease recurrence and survival status.ParticipantsTwo hundred ninety‐one patients with laryngeal SCC, 50 (17.2%) females and 241 (82.8%) males.Main Outcome MeasuresDisease‐specific survival (DSS), overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS), as well as differences in disease characteristics and treatment modalities.ResultsTumour subsites differed significantly between females and males (36% vs. 19.5% supraglottic, 62% vs. 80.5% glottic and 2% vs. 0% subglottic, respectively; p = 0.006). Females were diagnosed at younger ages (61.7 ± 10.58 vs. 65.87 ± 11.11 years, p = 0.016) and advanced‐stage disease (58% vs. 39.4%, p = 0.018). Females were treated with combined modalities at higher rates (36% vs. 54.8% for single modality, p = 0.031). DSS rates did not differ between genders (log‐rank p = 0.12). Despite being diagnosed at more advanced disease stages, females demonstrated prolonged median OS compared to males (130.17 vs. 106.17 months, log‐rank p = 0.017). No significant differences in DFS were observed (log‐rank p = 0.32). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, male gender remained an independent negative OS predictor (HR = 2.08; CI, 1.10–3.96; p = 0.025), along with increasing age (HR = 1.06; CI, 1.04–1.09; p < 0.001) and advanced disease stage (HR = 1.7; CI, 1.08–2.67; p = 0.023).ConclusionsOur findings suggest the importance of considering gender‐specific factors in the management of laryngeal SCC.
Is centralization for rectal cancer surgery necessary?
Authors: Choi Joseph Do Woong , Shepherd Talia , Cao Amy , El‐Khoury Toufic , Pathma‐Nathan Nimalan , Toh James Wei Tatt 
Published: August 2024

AbstractRectal cancer surgery is complex and more technically challenging than colonic surgery. Over the last 30 years internationally, there has been a growing impetus for centralizing care to improve outcomes for rectal cancer. Centralizing care may potentially reduce variations of care, increase standardization and compliance with clinical practice guidelines. However, there are barriers to implementation at a professional, political, governance and resource allocation level. Centralization may increase inequalities to accessing healthcare, particularly impacting socioeconomically disadvantaged and rural populations with difficulties to commuting longer distances to “centres of excellence”. Furthermore, it is unclear if centralization actually improves outcomes. Recent studies demonstrate that individual surgeon volume rather than hospital volume may be more important in achieving optimal outcomes. In this review, we examine the literature to assess the value of centralization for rectal cancer surgery.
Assessing the risk of climate maladaptation for Canadian polar bears
Authors: Rivkin L. Ruth , Richardson Evan S. , Miller Joshua M. , Atwood Todd C. , Baryluk Steven , Born Erik W. , Davis Corey , Dyck Markus , de Greef Evelien , Laidre Kristin L. , Lunn Nicholas J. , McCarthy Sara , Obbard Martyn E. , Owen Megan A. , Pilfold Nicholas W. , Roberto‐Charron Amelie , Wiig Øystein , Wilder Aryn P. , Garroway Colin J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world, threatening the persistence of many Arctic species. It is uncertain if Arctic wildlife will have sufficient time to adapt to such rapidly warming environments. We used genetic forecasting to measure the risk of maladaptation to warming temperatures and sea ice loss in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled across the Canadian Arctic. We found evidence for local adaptation to sea ice conditions and temperature. Forecasting of genome‐environment mismatches for predicted climate scenarios suggested that polar bears in the Canadian high Arctic had the greatest risk of becoming maladapted to climate warming. While Canadian high Arctic bears may be the most likely to become maladapted, all polar bears face potentially negative outcomes to climate change. Given the importance of the sea ice habitat to polar bears, we expect that maladaptation to future warming is already widespread across Canada.
Outcomes of surgical resection and vagus nerve stimulation in patients with medically refractory epilepsy and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody positivity
Authors: Zhao‐Fleming Hannah H. , Guo Yong , Britton Jeffrey W. , Dubey Divyanshu , Smith Kelsey M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEpilepsy associated with high‐titer glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) IgG is often refractory to immunotherapies and antiseizure medication. This study sought to determine the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and surgical resection in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy associated with GAD65‐IgG. We retrospectively identified 15 patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy and high serum GAD65 antibody titers (>20 nmol·L−1) who underwent VNS implantation (n = 6), surgical resection (n = 7), or both (n = 2). A responder to VNS was defined as someone with a ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency, and a favorable surgical outcome was defined as Engel I–II. Of the eight patients who underwent VNS implantation, three (37.5%) were initially responders, but this was not sustained in two. Of the nine patients who underwent surgical resection, three (33.3%) had a favorable outcome; however, only one patient was seizure‐free at last follow‐up. Pathology was available in six patients, and only one had evidence of inflammation; this patient had seizure onset 1 year prior to surgery. Favorable seizure outcome correlated with older age at time of resective surgery, with a trend favoring later age of seizure onset. Taken together, surgical resection and VNS implantation may have limited efficacy in this patient population but can be considered in carefully selected cases.
Assessing the effectiveness and feasibility of the Experienced Carers Helping Others program in relatives of adolescents with eating disorders using an online application format with individual sessions
Authors: Ruiz Álvaro , Quiles Yolanda , León‐Zarceño Eva , Quiles Maria José , Roncero María , Sanmartin Ricardo 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEating disorders (ED) usually involve hospital admission and a high relapse rate, with the return home being a critical moment for patients and their families. After their return home, they often have trouble incorporating the guidelines they have learned into their daily context. ECHOMANTRA intervention program aims to facilitate this transition by offering psychological strategies that involve both patients and their families and carers. Specifically, the ECHO program is aimed at the relatives of these patients. The present study aimed to analyze the efficacy of adding the ECHO program to the usual treatment (TAU) of relatives through a novel format based on individual intervention and with an online format and to examine the acceptability and feasibility of this new format. The study design was multi‐center, randomized, controlled, with a longitudinal design and comparing two parallel groups. A total of 108 family members participated. Results indicated that relatives from both groups, TAU and ECHO + TAU, showed improvements in expressed emotion, accommodation, impact of the ED, emotional well‐being, and caregiver skills. However, effect sizes in the ECHO + TAU group were slightly larger than the TAU group. In addition, the changes were greater in depression and caregiver skills when the ECHO component was added. Most caregivers (81.48%) completed the ECHO and indicated a high level of satisfaction with the program. These results suggest the efficacy and the feasibility of adding the ECHO intervention program to the usual treatment in an individual online format.
Validating respiratory sarcopenia diagnostic criteria by mortality based on a position paper by four professional organizations: Insights from the Otassha study
Authors: Kera Takeshi , Kawai Hisashi , Ejiri Manami , Imamura Keigo , Hirano Hirohiko , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Ihara Kazushige , Obuchi Shuichi 
Published: August 2024

AimThe Japanese Society for Respiratory Care and Rehabilitation, Japanese Association on Sarcopenia and Frailty, Japanese Society of Respiratory Physical Therapy, and Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Nutrition proposed the definition and diagnosis of respiratory sarcopenia using low respiratory muscle strength and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM; ASM/height2) instead of respiratory muscle mass; however, these parameters have not been validated. This study aimed to confirm the validity of the respiratory sarcopenia definition proposed by these four professional organizations.MethodsParticipants of our cohort study in 2015 of 468 community‐dwelling older people who were evaluated for sarcopenia and underwent spirometry were included in this analysis. We determined two respiratory sarcopenia models based on low skeletal muscle mass and respiratory muscle strength. Low skeletal muscle mass was defined by low ASM/height2, and low respiratory muscle strength was defined by peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) or percentage of predicted PEFR (%PEFR). Survival status was assessed 5 years after baseline assessment (in 2020). To evaluate the validity of the cut‐off values for PEFR and %PEFR, we determined different respiratory sarcopenia models by sequentially varying the cut‐off values for each parameter, including ASM/height2, from high to low. We subsequently calculated the hazard ratio (HR) for mortality for each respiratory sarcopenia model using the Cox proportional hazards model. Additionally, we plotted the HR for each combination of cut‐off values for ASM/height2 and PEFR or %PEFR on a three‐dimensional chart to observe the relationship between the different cut‐off values and HR.ResultsA total of 31 people died during the 5‐year observation period. With ASM/height2 cut‐off values of approximately 7.0 kg/m2 for men and 5.7 kg/m2 for women and %PEFR cut‐off values of 66–75%, respiratory sarcopenia was associated with mortality risk (HR, 2.36–3.27, point estimation range).ConclusionsThe definition of respiratory sarcopenia by the four professional organizations is related to future health outcomes, and this definition is valid. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 948–953.
Centralized prostatectomy with intraoperative NeuroSAFE margin assessment improves surgical margin control
Authors: Kroon Lisa J , Remmers Sebastiaan , Busstra Martijn B , Gan Melanie , Klaver Sjoerd , Rietbergen John B W , van der Slot Margaretha A , Hollemans Eva , Kweldam Charlotte F , Bangma Chris H , Roobol Monique J , van Leenders Geert J L H 
Published: August 2024

AimsTo investigate the surgical margin status in patients with prostate cancer who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) with intraoperative neurovascular structure‐adjacent frozen‐section analysis (NeuroSAFE) and evaluate differences compared to patients who underwent radical prostatectomy without NeuroSAFE.Patients and MethodsBetween September 2018 and January 2021, 962 patients underwent centralized RARP with NeuroSAFE. A secondary resection was performed in case of a positive surgical margin (PSM) on intraoperative frozen section (IFS) analysis to convert a PSM into a negative surgical margin (NSM). A retrospective cohort consisted of 835 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy in a tertiary centre without NeuroSAFE between January 2000 and December 2017. We performed multivariable logistic regression to evaluate differences in risk of PSM between cohorts after controlling for clinicopathological variables.ResultsPatients operated with NeuroSAFE in the centralized clinic had 29% PSM at a definitive pathological RP examination. The median cumulative length of definitive PSM was 1.1 mm (interquartile range: 0.4–3.8). Among 275 men with PSM, 136 (49%) had a cumulative length ≤1 mm and 198 (72%) ≤3 mm. After controlling for PSA, Grade group, cribriform pattern, pT‐stage, and pN‐stage, patients treated in the centralized clinic with NeuroSAFE had significantly lower odds on PSM (odds ratio [OR]: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56–0.88; P = 0.002), PSM length >1 mm (OR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.09–0.22; P < 0.001), and >3 mm (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.14–0.30; P < 0.001).ConclusionThis study provides a detailed overview of surgical margin status in a centralized RP NeuroSAFE cohort. Centralization with NeuroSAFE was associated with lower PSM rates and significantly shorter PSM cumulative lengths, indicating improved control of surgical margin status.
Exploring ethyl pyruvate as an antifungal and antibacterial agent for food preservation: an in vitro and in silico study
Authors: Erarslan Azime , Yuka Selcen Ari 
Published: August 2024

SummaryFood pathogens are one of the microbiological problems that have negative effects on both economic and human health by causing spoilage and decay of important foods such as fruits and vegetables. The adverse effects of chemical residues left by synthetic biocides on human health and the development of resistance mechanisms in microorganisms have directed research towards bio‐fungicide. This study aimed to develop an effective bio‐fungicide using varying concentrations of ethyl pyruvate (1–18 μL disc−1). Additionally, the interaction of EP with several proteins in pathogenic bacteria and fungi was investigated through in silico molecular docking. According to the obtained results, an increase in EP concentration resulted in larger inhibition zone diameters. In this context, at an EP concentration of 18 μL disc−1, the inhibition zones formed against E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium bacteria were measured as 27.50 ± 0.50 mm, 31.00 ± 1.00 mm, 30.00 ± 1.00 mm and 32.66 ± 1.15 mm, respectively. EP at a concentration of 9 μL disc−1 showed a fungicidal effect against B. cinerea and P. expansum and a fungistatic effect against C. gloeosporioides. As a result of in silico tests, the molecular binding energies of EP with E. coli dihydrofolate reductase, S. aureus DNA Gyrase B and B. cinerea 14 alpha‐demethylase were determined to be −4.62, −4.26 and −3.95 kcal mol−1, respectively. Our results holistically revealed that EP has great potential for use in food preservation due to its antifungal and antibacterial properties.
Occurrence, dietary sources, quantification and bioactivities of natural antioxidant ergothioneine – A longavity vitamin?
Authors: Wijesekara Tharuka , Xu Baojun 
Published: August 2024

SummaryThis review addresses the knowledge gap surrounding ergothioneine which is a naturally occurring antioxidant, by examining both its beneficial properties and the challenges associated with its study. Ergothioneine, often termed a ‘longevity vitamin’, is present in various foods such as mushrooms, grains and certain animal tissues and is synthesised by specific microorganisms. Despite its recognised potential in promoting healthier and extended lifespans, the mechanisms and full spectrum of its effects remain inadequately understood. This article provides a balanced overview of ergothioneine, covering its prevalence, methods for quantification and a wide range of bioactivities, while its antioxidant capabilities, including the neutralisation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, highlight its promise for enhancing cellular health and preventing age‐related diseases. In addition to that, this review also discusses the limitations and gaps in current research. Notably, ergothioneine's bioaccumulation in tissues vulnerable to oxidative stress suggests its significant role in longevity. Preliminary studies suggest benefits such as reduced inflammation, protection of mitochondrial function and support for brain health, yet comprehensive studies are required to fully understand its mechanisms. This review aims to present an unbiased and thorough understanding of ergothioneine, emphasising the need for further research to unlock its full potential in human health and ageing.
Optimising corn (Zea mays) cob powder as an effective sorbent for diverse gel matrices: exploring particle size and powder concentration effects
Authors: Wang Haoxin , Wang Peng , Kasapis Stefan , Truong Tuyen 
Published: August 2024

SummaryThis study aims to valorise a plant waste, corn cobs (Zea mays) enriched with fibres (cellulose of 19.09–19.18% and hemicellulose of 34.04–60.13%), to create gel‐like sorbents. Corn cobs (CB) were dried, grounded and sieved to obtain 500, 250 and 125 μm powder size fractions. Various CB powder concentrations (10–40% w/w) were mixed with distilled water and rice bran oil for 2 min at ambient temperature to form hydrogel‐like and oleogel‐like sorbents, respectively. Visual appearance indicated that selected gels formed by 250 and 125 μm CB powders were self‐sustained right after mixing, while the largest particles (500 μm) could not fabricate gels at the CB concentrations studied. FTIR results suggested that the gelation process was primarily attributed to physical absorption rather than chemical binding. Comprehensive analyses of microstructure, physicochemical properties and rheological behaviour indicated that gelation was due to fibre–fibre interaction (125 μm) and oil/water–fibre interaction (250 μm). An increase in CB powder concentration enhanced the microstructural density and hardness of gels. Thus, 250 μm particles and higher absorbent concentrations resulted in brittle sorbents characterised by high hardness but low cohesiveness. The 250 μm particles also exhibit a superior antioxidant profile and lower oil/water loss than the 125 μm CB particles due to effective intra‐particle trapping mechanisms.