bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heteropatric speciation in a duck,Anas crecca
Authors: Winker Kevin , McCracken Kevin G. , Gibson Daniel D. , Peters Jeffrey L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHeteropatric differentiation is a mode of speciation with gene flow in which divergence occurs between lineages that are in sympatry and allopatry at different times during cyclic spatial movements. Empirical evidence suggests that heteropatric differentiation may prove to be common among seasonally migratory organisms. We examined genetic differentiation between the sedentaryAleutianIslands population of green‐winged teal (Anas crecca‐nimia) and its close migratory relative, theEurasian, orOldWorld (OW),Anas c. creccapopulation, a portion of which passes through the range ofnimiaduring its seasonal migrations. We also examined its relationship with the parapatricNorthAmerican,NewWorld (NW),A. c. carolinensispopulation. Sequence data from eight nuclear introns and the mtDNAcontrol region showed that thenimia‐creccadivergence occurred much more recently than the deepercrecca‐carolinensissplit (~83 000 years vs. ~1.1 Myr). Despite considerable spatial overlap betweencreccaandnimiaduring seasonal migration, three key predictions of heteropatric differentiation are supported: significant genetic divergence (overall meanΦst = 0.07), low gene flow (2Nem ~ 1.8), and an effective population size innimiathat is not especially low (Ne ~ 80 000 individuals). Similar levels of gene flow have come intonimiafromcarolinensis, but no detectable nuclear gene flow has gone out ofnimiainto eitherOW(crecca) orNW(carolinensis) populations. We infer that adaptations of these populations to local optima in different places (e.g. each matching their reproductive effort to different resource blooms) promote genetic isolation and divergence despite periods of sympatry between them, as the heteropatric model predicts.
Defects in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis result in failure of multiple aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kursu V. A. Samuli , Pietikäinen Laura P. , Fontanesi Flavia , Aaltonen Mari J. , Suomi Fumi , Raghavan Nair Remya , Schonauer Melissa S. , Dieckmann Carol L. , Barrientos Antoni , Hiltunen J. Kalervo , Kastaniotis Alexander J. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryMitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) shares acetyl‐CoA with the Krebs cycle as a common substrate and is required for the production of octanoic acid (C8) precursors of lipoic acid (LA) in mitochondria. MtFAS is a conserved pathway essential for respiration. In a genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae designed to further elucidate the physiological role of mtFAS, we isolated mutants with defects in mitochondrial post‐translational gene expression processes, indicating a novel link to mitochondrial gene expression and respiratory chain biogenesis. In our ensuing analysis, we show that mtFAS, but not lipoylation per se, is required for respiratory competence. We demonstrate that mtFAS is required for mRNA splicing, mitochondrial translation and respiratory complex assembly, and provide evidence that not LA per se, but fatty acids longer than C8 play a role in these processes. We also show that mtFAS‐ and LA‐deficient strains suffer from a mild haem deficiency that may contribute to the respiratory complex assembly defect. Based on our data and previously published information, we propose a model implicating mtFAS as a sensor for mitochondrial acetyl‐CoA availability and a co‐ordinator of nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression by adapting the mitochondrial compartment to changes in the metabolic status of the cell.
An Integrated Model of Justice and Ethical Climates and the Influence of Cultural Diversity
Authors: Macklin Robert , Martin Angela , Mathison Karin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe business ethics literature has paid little attention to the similarities, differences, and interactions between ‘justice climate’ and ‘ethical work climate’, two key perspectives on the moral dimension of organizations that are related to cultural diversity. In this conceptual paper we argue that integrative studies of justice and ethical work climates could contribute significantly to our understanding of the moral dimensions of organizations. We propose a model showing that an organization's moral climate can perform both normative and evaluative functions. With the globalization of business and increasing diversification of the labour force, cross-cultural differences regarding organizational perceptions and behaviours are increasingly salient. Hence, we also explore the influence of cultural diversity in our integrated model with the Chinese business context as a specific example. We conclude by discussing directions for further research on the relationship between cultural diversity and moral climate in organizations.
Deviation from symmetrically self‐similar branching in trees predicts altered hydraulics, mechanics, light interception and metabolic scaling
Authors: Smith Duncan D. , Sperry John S. , Enquist Brian J. , Savage Van M. , McCulloh Katherine A. , Bentley Lisa P. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe West, Brown, Enquist (WBE) model derives symmetrically self‐similar branching to predict metabolic scaling from hydraulic conductance,K, (a metabolism proxy) and tree mass (or volume,V). The original prediction wasK∝V0.75. We ask whether trees differ from WBE symmetry and if it matters for plant function and scaling. We measure tree branching and model how architecture influencesK,V, mechanical stability, light interception and metabolic scaling.We quantified branching architecture by measuring the path fraction,Pf: mean/maximum trunk‐to‐twig pathlength. WBE symmetry produces the maximum,Pf = 1.0. We explored tree morphospace using a probability‐based numerical model constrained only by biomechanical principles.Real treePfranged from 0.930 (nearly symmetric) to 0.357 (very asymmetric). At each modeled tree size, a reduction inPfled to: increasedK; decreasedV; increased mechanical stability; and decreased light absorption. WhenPfwas ontogenetically constant, strong asymmetry only slightly steepened metabolic scaling. ThePfontogeny of real trees, however, was ‘U’ shaped, resulting in size‐dependent metabolic scaling that exceeded 0.75 in small trees before falling below 0.65.Architectural diversity appears to matter considerably for whole‐tree hydraulics, mechanics, photosynthesis and potentially metabolic scaling. Optimal architectures likely exist that maximize carbon gain per structural investment.
Trait‐directed de novo population transcriptome dissects genetic regulation of a balanced polymorphism in phosphorus nutrition/arsenate tolerance in a wild grass, Holcus lanatus
Authors: Meharg Caroline , Khan Bayezid , Norton Gareth , Deacon Claire , Johnson David , Reinhardt Richard , Huettel Bruno , Meharg Andrew A. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The aim of this study was to characterize the transcriptome of a balanced polymorphism, under the regulation of a single gene, for phosphate fertilizer responsiveness/arsenate tolerance in wild grass Holcus lanatus genotypes screened from the same habitat.

De novo transcriptome sequencing, RNAseq (RNA sequencing) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling were conducted on RNA extracted from H. lanatus. Roche 454 sequencing data were assembled into c. 22 000 isotigs, and paired‐end Illumina reads for phosphorus‐starved (P−) and phosphorus‐treated (P+) genovars of tolerant (T) and nontolerant (N) phenotypes were mapped to this reference transcriptome.

Heatmaps of the gene expression data showed strong clustering of each P+/P− treated genovar, as well as clustering by N/T phenotype. Statistical analysis identified 87 isotigs to be significantly differentially expressed between N and T phenotypes and 258 between P+ and P− treated plants. SNPs and transcript expression that systematically differed between N and T phenotypes had regulatory function, namely proteases, kinases and ribonuclear RNA‐binding protein and transposable elements.

A single gene for arsenate tolerance led to distinct phenotype transcriptomes and SNP profiles, with large differences in upstream post‐translational and post‐transcriptional regulatory genes rather than in genes directly involved in P nutrition transport and metabolism per se.
Host genetic susceptibility to oral cancer: evidence from meta‐analyses and pooled analyses
Authors: Liao G , Wang Y , Zhou Y‐Q , Li T‐W , Zeng D‐Q , Zeng X , Li J , Dan H‐X , Chen Q‐M 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundA large number of meta‐analyses and pooled analyses have been published on the topic of the genetic variants for oral cancer, and many positive results have been identified; however, there might be some false‐positive results. The aim of this study was to identify the ‘true positive’ (noteworthy) results using the method of false‐positive report probability (FPRP).MethodsThe PubMed database, Embase database, CNKI database, and Wanfang database were searched to retrieve the meta‐analyses, pooled analyses, and genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), which addressed the associations between genetic polymorphisms and the risk of oral cancer. The significant associations were further analyzed using the method of FPRP.ResultsA total of 14 variants were identified from meta‐analyses and pooled analyses, which concern the associations between oral cancer and genetic variants. Among these 14 variants, 9 variants were reported to be significantly associated with the risk of oral cancer (CYP1A1‐MspI, CYP2E1‐RsaI/PstI, MTHFR‐C677T, p73‐G4C14‐to‐A4T14, XRCC1‐Arg194Trp, CYP1A1‐Ile462Val, GSTM1‐±, and NAT2 slow vs rapid). After assessing the results of FPRP, none of the nine statistically significant associations were noteworthy (true positive). In addition, no noteworthy results were identified from GWAS.ConclusionsIn summary, this study found no noteworthy associations between variants and the risk of oral cancer. Further candidate genes associations studies should be performed to explore the etiology of oral cancer.
Management of severe asthma in childhood – State of the art and novel perspectives
Authors: Hedlin Gunilla 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe majority of children with asthma have mild or moderate disease and can obtain adequate control of symptoms through avoidance of triggering factors and/or with the help of medications. There is still a group of children with severe asthma in whom symptom control is poor depending either on identifiable aggravating factors or on true therapy resistance. These children have a poor quality of life and are limited by the severity of their disease. There is a need for a staged approach to the assessment and treatment of this small but vulnerable and resource‐consuming group. The current review will provide an overview of a possible standardized approach to characterize this heterogeneous group of severely sick children including some newly developed ways of assessing asthma severity and potentialities of new asthma therapies. Furthermore, the umbrella term ‘problematic severe asthma’ is described. The term encompasses children whose severe asthma is due to identifiable exacerbating factors, as well as children who are resistant to any conventional therapeutic approach. Characteristics of these two groups of children are described, as are possible biomarkers and current and emerging diagnostic tools for allergy evaluation. Some recent advances and future possibilities for treatment of severe asthma are also presented in this review.
Development and validation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Behavior score – an objective measure of behavior during induction of anesthesia
Authors: Beringer Richard M. , Greenwood Rosemary , Kilpatrick Nicky 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundMeasuring perioperative behavior changes requires validated objective rating scales. We developed a simple score for children's behavior during induction of anesthesia (Pediatric Anesthesia Behavior score) and assessed its reliability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity.MethodsData were collected as part of a wider observational study of perioperative behavior changes in children undergoing general anesthesia for elective dental extractions. One‐hundred and two healthy children aged 2–12 were recruited. Previously validated behavioral scales were used as follows: the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m‐YPAS); the induction compliance checklist (ICC); the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale (PAED); and the Post‐Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ). Pediatric Anesthesia Behavior (PAB) score was independently measured by two investigators, to allow assessment of interobserver reliability. Concurrent validity was assessed by examining the correlation between the PAB score, the m‐YPAS, and the ICC. Predictive validity was assessed by examining the association between the PAB score, the PAED scale, and the PHBQ.ResultsThe PAB score correlated strongly with both the m‐YPAS (P < 0.001) and the ICC (P < 0.001). PAB score was significantly associated with the PAED score (P = 0.031) and with the PHBQ (P = 0.034). Two independent investigators recorded identical PAB scores for 94% of children and overall, there was close agreement between scores (Kappa coefficient of 0.886 [P < 0.001]).ConclusionThe PAB score is simple to use and may predict which children are at increased risk of developing postoperative behavioral disturbance. This study provides evidence for its reliability and validity.
Effects of sevoflurane on the expression of tau protein mRNA and Ser396/404 site in the hippocampus of developing rat brain
Authors: Hu Zhi‐yong , Jin Hai‐yan , Xu Li‐li , Zhu Zhi‐rui , Jiang Yi‐lei , Seal Robert 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundGeneral anesthesia induces a transient hyperphosphorylation of tau protein that is associated with neurotoxicity in neonatal rats, but the mechanism remains unknown. The current study sought to investigate the effects of sevoflurane on the levels of tau phosphorylation at phosphor‐Ser396/404 and total tau mRNA in the hippocampus of neonatal rats.Materials and MethodsThirty‐six 7‐day‐old rats were randomly exposed for 6 h to either 3% sevoflurane (S) or air (NC) as a placebo. They were sacrificed at 1, 7 and 14 days after the anesthesia, respectively, and thus assigned to S1d, S7d, S14d, NC1d, NC7d, and NC14d groups (n = 6). Their brain tissues were harvested and then subjected to histopathologic, Western blot and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis.ResultsMicrotubule cytoskeletons were arranged in neat parallel rows in rats exposed only to air, whereas the microtubules were arranged in a disorderly and intermittent (nonparallel) fashion in rats exposed to sevoflurane. The levels of tau mRNA in the S1d and S7d groups were significantly higher than those in the NC1d and NC7d groups. There was no significant difference in the levels of tau mRNA between the S14d and NC14d groups. The levels of tau protein at Ser404 in the S1d, S7d, and S14d groups were significantly higher than those in NC1d, NC7d, and NC14d groups. The levels of tau protein at Ser396 in the S1d, and S7d groups were significantly higher than those in the NC1d, and NC7d groups, while there was no significant difference in the levels of tau protein at Ser396 between the S14d group and the NC14d group, respectively.ConclusionIn rat hippocampus, sevoflurane was associated with microtubular disarray as well as increased levels of tau mRNA and excessive phosphorylation of tau protein at Ser396 and Ser404. This implicates that sevoflurane may induce neurotoxicity.
The Impact of PRAISEDD on Adherence and Initiation of Heart Health Behaviors in Senior Housing
Authors: Resnick Barbara , Michael Kathleen , Griffith Kathleen , Klinedinst Jennifer , Galik Elizabeth 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveBuilding on prior theoretical work and research, we developed a community‐based intervention, People Reducing Risk And Improving Strength through Exercise, Diet, and Drug Adherence (PRAISEDD), a three‐phase program which was implemented in 2009. The purpose of this study was to report on Phase III, the Inoculation Phase, of the PRAISEDD program and explore participant experiences.Design and SampleThis was a descriptive, qualitative study focused on exploring participation in heart healthy PRAISEDD classes. Ten residents participated in the focus group, all of whom attended at least one PRAISEDD session.MeasuresQualitative data were obtained at the end of the 12 months during which Phase III was implemented. Descriptive data were gathered to describe the number of initial PRAISEDD participants and the number of new participants who came to classes.ResultsNine codes were identified and reduced to two themes: motivators to participate in exercise classes; and factors that decrease willingness to participate. The Phase III monthly PRAISEDD inoculation classes were attended by 10–12 residents, the majority of whom participated in Phase I of PRAISEDD.ConclusionWe were able to engage new participants in classes during Phase III, and qualitative findings provided important recommendations for future work.
Decay Kinetics of Benzophenone Triplets and Corresponding Free Radicals in Soft and Rigid Polymers Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis
Authors: Levin Peter P. , Efremkin Alexei F. , Sultimova Natalie B. , Kasparov Valery V. , Khudyakov Igor V. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe kinetics of transients formed under photoexcitation of benzophenone (B) dissolved in three different polymers was studied by ns laser flash photolysis. These polymers were the soft rubbers poly (ethylene‐co‐butylene) (EB), polystyrene block‐poly(ethylene‐ran‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene (SEBS) and hard polystyrene (PS). We monitored the decay kinetics of triplet state 3B*and of ketyl radicals BH●. We observed exponential decay of 3B* and two‐stage decay kinetics of BH●in EB. The first stage is a fast cage recombination of a radical pair (BH●, radical of polymer R●). The second slow stage of BH● decay follows the second‐order law with a relatively high rate constant, which corresponds to recombination of BH● in a homogeneous liquid with a viscosity of only ~0.1 P (about five times of 2‐propanol viscosity). Application of a magnetic field (MF) of 0.2 T leads to deceleration of both stages of BH● decay in EB by approximately 20%. Decay kinetics of both transients were observed in SEBS. There was no MF effect on BH● decay in SEBS. We only observed 3B* in PS. Decay kinetics of 3B* in this case were described as polychromatic dispersive first‐order kinetics. We discuss the effects of polymer structure on transient kinetics and the MF effect.
Differential IFN‐γ production by adult and neonatal blood CD56+ natural killer (NK) and NK‐like‐T cells in response to Trypanosoma cruzi and IL‐15
Authors: Guilmot A. , Carlier Y. , Truyens C. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryEarly interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) release by innate cells is critical to direct type 1 immune response able to control intracellular pathogens like Trypanosoma cruzi. Although CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells are reported to be potent early IFN‐γ producers, other CD56+ cells like CD56dim NK cells and NK‐like T cells have recently been shown to also release IFN‐γ. We have here studied the contribution of each CD56+ lymphocyte populations in early IFN‐γ production in both adults and neonates. On this purpose, we analysed the kinetics of IFN‐γ production by RT‐PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry from 2 h onwards after T. cruzi and IL‐15 stimulation and sought for the responding CD56+ cells. CD56bright and CD56dimCD16− NK cells were the more potent IFN‐γ early producers in response to IL‐15 and parasites in adults and neonates. In both age groups, the majority of IFN‐γ producing cells were NK cells. However, on the contrary to neonates, CD3+CD56+ NK‐like T cells and CD3+CD56− ‘classical’ T cells also contributed to early IFN‐γ production in adults. Altogether, our results support that whereas NK cells responded almost similarly in neonates and adults, cord blood innate CD56+ and CD56− T cells displayed major quantitative and qualitative defects that could contribute to the well‐known neonatal immune immaturity.
Cardiac stability at differing levels of temporal analysis in panic disorder, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and healthy controls
Authors: Fisher Aaron J. , Woodward Steven H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe panic disorder (PD) literature provides evidence for both physiologic rigidity and instability as pathognomonic features of this disorder. This ambiguity may be a result of viewing PD at differential levels of temporal analysis. We assessed cardiac variability across three levels of temporal scale in PD patients, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, and healthy controls. Sixteen healthy controls, 14 PD patients, 23 PTSD patients, and 16 PTSD + PD patients presented for a polysomnogram. Differences were assessed in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), autoregressive stability of heart rate (HR), and the number of nonspecific accelerations in HR over the night. No differences in RSA were found between groups; however, PD patients exhibited significantly lower autoregressive HR stability, and all patients had significantly more HR accelerations than controls. These data reinforce prior findings demonstrating physiologic instability in PD and indicate that prior equivocalities regarding physiologic variability in PD may be due to limited temporal scaling of measurements.
Acute haemodynamic effects of continuous positive airway pressure in awake patients with heart failure
Authors: Schroll Stephan , Sériès Frédéric , Lewis Keir , Benjamin Amit , Escourrou Pierre , Luigart Ruth , Pfeifer Michael , Arzt Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been used to treat patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). CPAP treatment in severe CHF with concomitant SDB and atrial fibrillation has been linked to impairment of cardiac output (CO) as a potential cause for adverse outcome. The aim of the present study was to test whether incremental CPAP application in awake CHF patients with SDB, with and without atrial fibrillation, induces acute alterations of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and CO.MethodsDuring daytime, we applied incremental CPAP (4–10 cmH2O) in 37 stable patients with CHF and SDB. BP and HR were assessed after each 1 cmH2O CPAP increase in 5‐min intervals in the entire sample, and CO was assessed at one centre (n = 11).ResultsNeither mean BP, HR nor CO changed significantly with incremental CPAP (at 0 and 10 cmH2O: 85 ± 2 and 84 ± 2 mm Hg, P = 1.0, 63 ± 1 to 61 ± 2 b.p.m., P = 0.88 and 2.03 ± 0.5 and 2.35 ± 0.8 L/min/m2, P = 0.92, respectively). No significant differences in maximum BP drop or HR drop between patients with sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation were found. In 1 of 37 patients, a prespecified event of haemodynamic compromise (drop of mean BP >15 mm Hg) without clinical signs occurred.ConclusionsThese results contribute to the evidence that CPAP does not cause haemodynamic compromise in the vast majority of normotensive CHF patients with SDB.