bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer cell line MCF7 escapes from G1/S arrest induced by proteasome inhibition through a GSK-3β dependent mechanism
Authors: Gavilán Elena , Giráldez Servando , Sánchez-Aguayo Inmaculada , Romero Francisco , Ruano Diego , Daza Paula 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTargeting the ubiquitin proteasome pathway has emerged as a rational approach in the treatment of human cancers. Autophagy has been described as a cytoprotective mechanism to increase tumor cell survival under stress conditions. Here, we have focused on the role of proteasome inhibition in cell cycle progression and the role of autophagy in the proliferation recovery. The study was performed in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 compared to the normal mammary cell line MCF10A. We found that the proteasome inhibitor MG132 induced G1/S arrest in MCF10A, but G2/M arrest in MCF7 cells. The effect of MG132 on MCF7 was reproduced on MCF10A cells in the presence of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor VII. Similarly, MCF7 cells overexpressing constitutively active GSK-3β behaved like MCF10A cells. On the other hand, MCF10A cells remained arrested after MG132 removal while MCF7 recovered the proliferative capacity. Importantly, this recovery was abolished in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Thus, our results support the relevance of GSK-3β and autophagy as two targets for controlling cell cycle progression and proliferative capacity in MCF7, highlighting the co-treatment of breast cancer cells with 3-MA to synergize the effect of the proteasome inhibition.
Activation of the bacterial thermosensor DesK involves a serine zipper dimerization motif that is modulated by bilayer thickness
Authors: Cybulski Larisa Estefanía , Ballering Joost , Moussatova Anastassiia , Inda Maria Eugenia , Vazquez Daniela B. , Wassenaar Tsjerk A. , de Mendoza Diego , Tieleman D. Peter , Killian J. Antoinette 
Published: May 2015

Significance
The ability to sense and respond to environmental signals is essential for cell survival. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying signaling processes remains a challenge, however. Here we present a model for the mode of action of a bacterial thermosensor. The physical stimulus for activation appears to be a temperature-induced increase in membrane thickness, to which the sensor responds by elongation of its transmembrane helix. This leads to exposure of three serine residues on one side of the helix, inducing reorientation of adjacent helices to allow the formation of a serine zipper, which then acts as trigger for kinase activation. The reversible formation of a serine zipper represents a novel mechanism by which membrane-embedded sensors may detect and transmit signals.
Mechanical stimulation induces formin-dependent assembly of a perinuclear actin rim
Authors: Shao Xiaowei , Li Qingsen , Mogilner Alex , Bershadsky Alexander D. , Shivashankar G. V. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Cells can sense and adapt to their physical microenvironment through specific mechanosensing mechanisms. These properties are often mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, which can be affected by a wide range of forces, including fluid shear stress, cyclic stretch, and optical or magnetic force. However, the immediate effects of force on the assembly of actin structures distal from the sites of force application were not assessed. Our work reveals a previously unidentified actin structure, a perinuclear actin rim, which is induced by mechanical stimulation of cells. We show that, on local force application to the cell periphery, a distal effect emerges at the perinuclear region. Such distal effects have potential implications in modulating nuclear functions by local mechanical signals from the cell periphery.
Carbon sequestration and animal-agriculture: relevance and strategies to cope with climate change.
Authors: Devendra C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Carbon sequestration is an important pathway to stabilize the environment with minimum effects of climate change. Farming systems provide a non-compensated service to society by removing atmospheric carbon generated from fossil fuel combustion, feed production, land restoration, deforestation, biomass burning and drainage of wetlands. The resultant increase in the global emissions of carbon is calculated at 270 Gt, and increasing at the rate of 4 billion tonnes year-1. Strategies to maximize carbon sequestration through enhanced farming practices, particularly in crop-animal systems, are thus an important priority to reduce global warming. These pathways also respond to agricultural productivity in the multifaceted, less favoured rainfed environments. Sustainable animal-agriculture requires an understanding of crop-animal interactions and integrated natural resource management (NRM), demonstrated in the development of underestimated silvopastoral systems (tree crops and ruminants). It has been reported that mitigation can potentially sequester carbon by 0.70-3.04 t carbon dioxide (CO2)-equivalent (eq) ha-1 year-1, reduce methane (CH4) emission by 0.02 t CO2-eq ha-1 year-1 and reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 0.02-2.30 t CO2-eq ha-1 year-1. Good agronomic practices potentially enhance carbon sinks and soil organic matter through leguminous trees (e.g. Leucaena), integrated nutrient management, regulation of grazing pressure and use of animal manure. These interventions significantly increase ecosystem services, crop and animal productivity, reduce CH4 emissions and mitigate N2O emissions and ammonia volatilization. Research and development (R&D) efforts on the characterization of forages and research on heat stress and economic animal productivity are urgently needed. Multinational interdisciplinary R&D, investment to reduce the effects of climate change, enhancement of the value of C sinks and food security are high priorities. These issues are rarely and inadequately researched in South-east Asia, West and East Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and merit collective action.
Climate change: effects on animal reproduction.
Authors: Jyotirmoy Ghosh Jyotirmoy Ghosh , Dhara S. K. , Malik P. K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been increased as a result of human activity, causing rise in climatic temperature. In recent times, climate has been changing faster than ever; as a result, plants and animals are exposed to more adverse conditions and are finding it difficult to adjust in temperate and tropical regions. The existence of some animals and plants is threatened. Threat to existence is due mostly to low or no reproduction. Photoperiodic action is mediated through the hypothalamus; however, nutrition and stress affect the entire hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal axis of both male and female systems. The effects are: aberrant gametogenesis, folliculogenesis and ovulation, reduced male and female sexual behaviour, low conception rates, increased embryo and pregnancy loss, delayed post-partum recovery, increased calving intervals, lowered perinatal vigour and increased perinatal mortality and morbidity, etc. These losses are difficult to recognize and diagnose, and the consequence is expensive maintenance of animals with reduced reproductive efficiency. Low productive-reproductive performance of animals after birth is related to the epigenetic changes in the maternal womb due to nutritional deficiency and exposure to stressors. Therefore, animal farming activities are facing, and will continue to face, a tough challenge until some steps are taken to counteract these anticipated damages. Slow adoptive animals would be endangered, as they will face more problems with successful reproduction. It needs a coordinated effort for faster identification of allelic variation of important genes and transfer of adoptive variability to existing animal population by cross-breeding or any other suitable breeding policy. This chapter describes in detail the climatic factors, the mechanisms of their effect and the way forward to counter these effects.
Successes and failures of transgenic Bt crops: global patterns of field-evolved resistance.
Authors: Tabashnik B. E. , Carrière Y. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Farmers planted genetically engineered crops that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on a cumulative total of 570 million ha worldwide from 1996 to 2013. These Bt crops kill some key insect pests, yet they are not toxic to most other organisms, including people. Bt crops can suppress pests, reduce the use of insecticide sprays and increase farmer profits, but their benefits are diminished or lost when pests evolve resistance. Here we review data monitoring resistance to seven Bt proteins in 13 major pest species targeting Bt maize and Bt cotton on six continents. Of the 27 sets of monitoring data analysed, seven show severe field-evolved resistance in 2 to 8 years with practical consequences for pest control (i.e. practical resistance), eight show statistically significant but less severe field evolved resistance and 12 show no evidence of decreased susceptibility after 2 to 15 years. The surge in cases of practical resistance since 2005 is associated with increased planting of Bt crops, increased cumulative exposure of pests to Bt crops and increased monitoring. In addition, practical resistance to Bt crops is associated with a scarcity of refuges, which consist of host plants that do not produce Bt proteins. To maximize the benefits of Bt crops, we encourage collaboration between growers and scientists in industry, academia and government to implement large refuges of non-Bt host plants, particularly when the inheritance of resistance is not recessive and alleles conferring resistance are not rare.
Resistance of cabbage loopers to Btk in a greenhouse setting: occurrence, spread and management.
Authors: Janmaat A. , Franklin M. , Myers J. H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Resistance to the microbial insecticide Btk occurred in a number of laboratory populations of Lepidoptera before it was discovered in field populations. Therefore, it is not surprising that cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) in semi-contained vegetable greenhouses were among the first examples of Btk resistance in agricultural situations. We have studied the occurrence of Btk resistance in cabbage loopers in greenhouse populations and the movement of resistance among greenhouse populations of moths. Migratory populations of cabbage loopers remained highly susceptible to Btk sprays in fields in the vicinity of greenhouses. Complete clean-up of greenhouses to remove any overwintering moths is necessary to reduce selection for resistance. Cabbage loopers represent a model system for the study of Btk resistance in contained, seasonal environments.
Different models of the mode of action of Bt 3d-Cry toxins.
Authors: Bravo A. , Gómez I. , Mendoza G. , Gaytán M. , Soberón M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces insecticidal proteins that are active against different insect orders. In particular, the family of the three domain-Cry toxins (3d-Cry) have important applications in controlling insect pests as spray products or in transgenic Bt plants. At least three different models account for the mode of action of these proteins. Two of them are based on the pore formation activity of the toxin and propose that larvae are killed by osmotic shock to their midgut cells. Differences in these models are related to the processes of receptor interactions and membrane insertion. The third model proposes that midgut cells are killed through a signal transduction mechanism that is triggered after the binding of 3d-Cry toxins to a cadherin receptor. In this chapter, we will review these models in light of the different resistance mechanisms to Cry toxins that have been documented so far in several insect species.
Insect resistance management and integrated pest management for Bt crops: prospects for an area-wide view.
Authors: Hutchison W. D. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Throughout this book, several authors have reviewed the pest resistance challenges within the context of the use of genetically modified (GM) crops, the solutions that are necessary to mitigate the evolution of insect pest resistance and the continued need for effective insect resistance management (IRM). Clearly, the current selection pressure has resulted from the extensive adoption of GM crops by millions of farmers worldwide due, in part, to their real or perceived benefits. Many of the benefits of GM maize and cotton have been well documented. They include increased yields, reduced yield variability, increased economic returns to farmers, reductions in insecticide use, reductions in pesticide exposure to farm workers, the subsequent conservation of beneficial insects, and the environmental benefits resulting from less tillage. These benefits, however, are not universal for all GM crops, and several important insect pests have exhibited 'field-evolved resistance' to crops engineered to express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In several cases, 'practical resistance' and yield losses have been confirmed. From these case studies, we can review the factors that often contribute to resistance and thereby develop more proactive IRM programmes that are not only compatible with integrated pest management (IPM), but are fully integrated with IPM. Several compatible IPM tactics, such as biological control and cultural controls (e.g. crop rotation) can be quite effective with Bt crops and should further reduce selection pressure. Within the context of IRM and IPM, a primary question remains: what can we learn from the case studies of Bt resistance versus longer term success in order to better design future IRM plans? In this chapter, the benefits of Bt crops are reviewed as a basis for understanding grower decision making and the rationale for Bt crop use. I then summarize the key IRM elements that are necessary to facilitate the sustainability of Bt crop use within an IPM context, and subsequently review several reasons why the goals of IRM and IPM may be best understood and implemented from a landscape, or area-wide, management perspective.
Nonclearing Markets and Imperfect Competition
Authors: Bénassy Jean-Pascal 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter characterizes the Walrasian model and defines how it has to be generalized to deal with nonclearing markets and imperfect competition. It simply describes microfoundations of the more general theories already delineated. It also provides a simple macroeconomic example of price and quantity determination under assumptions on price and wage formation using: (1) Walrasian equilibrium, (2) rigid prices and wages, and (3) imperfect competition in the goods and labor markets. Lastly, the chapter reveals that the response to stochastic shocks and the resulting correlations between various variables depend in a fundamental manner on the assumptions on price and wage rigidities.
Money
Authors: Bénassy Jean-Pascal 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter explains the nature of money as a unit of account, medium of exchange, and as a store of value, and addresses the problem of introducing money using rigorous dynamic models. It begins by showing that there are good economic reasons for the adoption of monetary exchange for both information and transactions costs. It then presents two Dynamic Equilibrium models, namely Money in the Utility Function (MIUF) and Cash in Advance (CIA) to prevent puzzles and paradoxes from arising from the use of Overlapping Generations (OLG) models. This chapter also includes sample problems regarding OLG money, inflation and determinacy; naäve versus rational expectations in the monetary OLG model; money process and nominal interest rate; and synthesis between MIUF and CIA.
Consumption, Investment, Inventories, and Credit
Authors: Bénassy Jean-Pascal 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides an exposition on the facets of consumption, investments, inventories, and credit using a partial equilibrium approach. It begins by discussing features of consumption such as consumption smoothing and Milton Friedman’s “permanent income”. It then moves on to discuss investments with respect to the application of profit maximization at the partial equilibrium level which eventually leads to high investment demand. It also introduces issues with inventories such as potential consumer rationing and production smoothing. Lastly, this chapter presents a study on credit rationing and includes sample problems regarding consumption and financial investment, investment and installation costs, and inventory and output with autocorrelated demand.
Introduction
Authors: Zimi Eleni 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides an overview of the range of silver plates discovered from Macedonia and of its functions underlying its importance as a symbol of status and wealth. It looks into the development of the study of Macedonian silver plate artefacts by citing previous discoveries, emphasizing Donald Strong’s 1966 research Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate as the first broad study of Greek silver plate. It takes on two key questions in the study: Does silver plate primarily circulate in Macedonia after the death of Alexander and, if so, only for a short span of time? What was the function of silverware in the Macedonian kingdom? The chapter attempts to answer these by analysing both archaeological evidence of the material itself and of other arts in association with relevant records of written sources, both literary and epigraphically.
Chronology
Authors: Zimi Eleni 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter attempts to establish a sound chronology for silver plate in Macedonia. It describes the problems that emerge in studying the material, even in those cases when the objects were found during systematic and controlled excavations or belonging to unplundered tomb assemblages for which a date of the disposition of the burial is given. It looks into how the silver plate’s preservation as family heirlooms, the slow rate of change in metalware fashion trends, and the standardization of certain forms, such as ladles and strainers, impedes the process of determining a precise date. It highlights the Great Tumulus at Vergina as reference for discussion.
Epilogue
Authors: Zimi Eleni 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis epilogue raises the issue of the provenance of silverware found inside graves of the Macedonian ruling class. It describes the common ‘Macedonian’ features found in small-scale sculptures that differentiate them from others. It considers the Macedonians’ desire for sophistication in the form of their vessels more than in other instruments. It also places forward a re-examination of the process of mercury gilding done by the Macedonians, a technique widely known to come from Rome. It highlights the notion of a certain degree of independence brought by the willing Macedonian craftsmen to be open to inspiration from other centres beyond the Greek world, giving them a repertoire with variety that is also distinct.
The Dependence of Crops for Pollinators and the Economic Value of Pollination in Brazil
Authors: Giannini T. C. , Cordeiro G. D. , Freitas B. M. , Saraiva A. M. , Imperatriz-Fonseca V. L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Food production is challenged by changes in climate and land use and expanding human population growth. Proper pollination can increase the production and quality of fruit, nut, oil, and fiber crops. We reviewed crop dependence on pollinators and estimated the economic value of pollination per year for each crop in Brazil. We analyzed 141 crops and found that 85 depend on pollinators. Almost one-third of these crops have an essential or great dependence on pollinators. The economic contribution of pollinators totals ∼30% (∼US$12 billion) of the total annual agricultural income of the dependent crops (totalizing almost US$45 billion). However, half of these figures includes soybean crop (US$5.7 billion of pollinators’ contribution and US$22 billion of annual income). Soybean was considered as having a modest dependence on pollinators, but this remains controversial because pollinator dependence might vary among different varieties cultivated in Brazil. Moreover, we have no information about pollinator dependence regarding some important crops, showing the urgent need for basic research into reproductive biology and pollination ecology.
Nationwide epidemiology and healthcare utilization of spine tumor patients in the adult Korean population, 2009–2012
Authors: Sohn Seil , Kim Jinhee , Chung Chun Kee , Lee Na-Rye , Park Eunjung , Chang Ung-Kyu , Sohn Moon Jun , Kim Sung Hwan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background
The aim of this nationwide study was to describe the incidence and health care utilization of adult Korean patients with primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic spine tumors between 2009 and 2012.

Methods
Patients with primary and metastatic spine tumors were identified from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012. Demographics, incidence rate, annual medical cost, and annual hospital stay of each new patient were reviewed.

Results
Of 1600 primary spine tumors diagnosed from 2009 to 2012, 373 (23.3%) were malignant, and 1227 (76.7%) were nonmalignant. The most common tumor type was neoplasm of spinal cord among primary malignant (C72.0, 51.5%) and primary nonmalignant (D33.4, 66.2%) spine tumors. Differences in primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic spine tumor incidence by sex were significant (P = .004, <.001, and <.001, respectively). The annual incidence rate of primary nonmalignant and metastatic spine tumors increased significantly over the study period (P = .005 and <.001, respectively). Lung, liver/biliary, and breast were the most prevalent original tumor sites for metastatic spine tumors. In 2011, average annual medical costs associated with treatment of primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic tumors were US $15 223, $6502, and $16 038, respectively. Average annual hospital stay durations for primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic spine tumors in 2011 were 103.4, 61.7, and 79.6 days, respectively.

Conclusions
This is the first nationwide analysis of spine tumors, including metastatic spine tumors, in Asia.
Fatal Human Meningoencephalitis due to Halicephalobus Nematodes, Germany
Authors: Monoranu Camelia-Maria , Müllges Wolfgang , Keppler Marc , Brehm Klaus , Ondrejka Sarah L. , Muntau Birgit , Tannich Egbert , Müller-Hermelink Hans Konrad , Tappe Dennis 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInfections with Halicephalobus nematodes, causative agents of severe meningoencephalitis in horses, have rarely been reported in humans. In this study, the clinical, serological, cytokine, and histopathological findings of a rapidly progressive and eventually fatal meningoencephalitis in a previously healthy human are described. The helminth was finally diagnosed by specific polymerase chain reactions from post mortem tissue.