bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Third Countries in EU Migration Policy: The Mobility Partnerships
Authors: Reslow Natasja 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Third countries are actors in EU external migration policy, not merely passive recipients of policy proposals. In order to understand policy outcomes, it is necessary to understand why third countries decide to participate (or not) in EU migration policy initiatives. The conditionality model provides an explanation which focuses on the domestic preferences of and processes in the third countries. In 2007, the EU introduced the Mobility Partnerships. These partnerships are intended to be the framework for migration relations between the EU and third countries in Eastern Europe and Africa. The Cape Verdean government decided to sign a Mobility Partnership because the benefits of this cooperation with the EU outweighed the costs. The Senegalese government refused to sign because the Mobility Partnership would have implied significant, unacceptable costs.
Export of Study Grants and the Lawfulness of Durational Residency Requirements: Comments on Case C-542/09, Commission v the Netherlands
Authors: Hoogenboom Alexander 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In Commission v the Netherlands (export of study grants) the Court has rendered an important judgment which has ramifications for the lawful use of durational residency requirements imposed on students wishing to export maintenance grants for study purposes as a means to balance the promotion of student mobility on the one hand and Member States’ desire to protect their educational budgets. Moreover, the judgment also addresses the legal position of frontier workers and migrant workers as regards access to social advantages in the state of employment, and more generally as regards the use of residency requirements for the purposes of assessing the link between the individual and the host society in EU law. Overall the conclusion seems to be that the Court is seeking to clarify its existing position while simultaneously developing new and more extensive obligations for the Member State in its relations with EU nationals of other Member States.
The Objective of Directive 2003/86 Is to Promote the Family Reunification of Third Country Nationals
Authors: Hardy Julien 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of the objective attributed by the CJEU to Directive 2003/86 in the Chakroun (C-578/08) decision and its impact on Member States’ margins of manoeuvre. The Court indeed stated that ‘(. . .) the margin for manoeuvre which the Member States are recognised as having must not be used by them in a manner which would undermine the objective of the directive, which is to promote family reunification, and the effectiveness thereof’.1 Astonishingly enough, this part of the judgement has not stirred much reaction from commentators and Member States. After an analysis of the meaning of ‘promoting’, and of the rationale and value of the CJEU’s position, I will expose the impact that it might have on the margins of manoeuvre of Member States while implementing the directive. All this should help to grasp the Court’s statement, and as a matter of consequence, to gauge the compliance of national legislations and practices.
Some Notes on Corruption in Indonesia: A Cultural-Religious Perspective
Authors: Singgih Emanuel Gerrit 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
After an introduction sketching some phenomena of corruption in the administration of Indonesia the author shows why it is almost impossible to remove corruption from Indonesian society. He discloses how the concepts of shame (gengsi) and sacrifice (rejeki) still motivate people both in society and in the church. After a delineation of the various cultural and religious backgrounds of these concepts including the cultures of the Batak, the Javanese and the Chinese he makes a plea for a return by the churches to the principle of preferential option for the weak and the poor. That will be the only way of removing corruption from Indonesian church and — hopefully — also society.
Casting Out Demons in Zimbabwe: A Coded Political Posturing
Authors: Dube Zorodzai 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Casting out demons in Zimbabwe is a daily practice among Pentecostal churches. While previous studies by theologians linked demon exorcism to evil spirits, in this study I argue that casting out demons in Zimbabwe is a coded protest against Mugabe and his government. My theoretical perspective develops from Frantz Fanon and James Scott.
Documenta inedita
Authors: Grazia Grazzini Maria 
Published: November 2012

Discorso sopra la Chimica is an early seventeenth-century manuscript on alchemy written by the Florentine priest Antonio Neri, best known as the author of the first published treatise on glassmaking – L’Arte Vetraria (1612) – which was widely read for centuries. The Discorso shows a different face of Neri, that of the alchemist with a profound knowledge of Paraselsian doctrine, dedicated to the transmutation of metals, and an advocate of iatrochemistry. This picture is apparently incompatible with that of the technical glassmaker and the champion of knowledge based on experience. However, even in his Discorso the author affirms the value of experimental practice, and the experimentum has the all-important benefit of legitimizing the validity of alchemical doctrines. Knowledge does not come from reading the books of the sages of antiquity, but from the “practice of many experiences.” This emphasis on experimentation constitutes a unique feature of the Discorso. It was perhaps the ‘modernity’ of Neri’s discussion of alchemy that made the manuscript the object of plagiarism. Careful comparison reveals that an entire chapter of Prodromo, written by the Jesuit Francesco Lana Terzi in 1670, was copied from Neri. In the Discorso old and new are intertwined and validate one other, showing how Neri was a quintessential representative of his time, when scientific models that now appear irreconcilable coexisted, often forming a complex web.
In this paper I discuss Antonio Neri and the background to his important work, reflecting on its impact and what it tells us about a fascinating and complex period in the birth of modern science. This is followed by a translation of the complete text of Discorso sopra la Chimica.
Domestic Constraints on the Rise of Chinese Public Diplomacy
Authors: Wang Yiwei 
Published: November 2012

Summary
Chinese public diplomacy — considered to be the continuation of its internal affairs — is booming unlike anywhere else in the world. Yet its rise is being hampered by several domestic constraints that are identity-related, institutional, societal and cultural in nature. This contribution aims to shed light on the domestic dilemmas that could hamper the rise of Chinese public diplomacy. It first explains what Chinese public diplomacy entails and the initiatives that have been undertaken by the Chinese government in this field. It then focuses on the different kinds of domestic pressures that are challenging the rise of Chinese public diplomacy, and briefly touches upon the case study of Chinese public diplomacy towards Europe, while suggesting paths to overcome these challenges. The author suggests that in order for Chinese public diplomacy to reach its full potential, China needs to overcome its domestic constraints, and to this end, the Chinese government needs to stimulate the collaboration of Chinese domestic non-state actors with international civil society around shared values.
The Impact of ‘Intermestic’ Non-State Actors on the Conceptual Framework of Public Diplomacy
Authors: La Porte Teresa 
Published: November 2012

Summary
The concept of public diplomacy has traditionally been understood in state-centric terms and has been closely related to a state’s foreign policy. Despite conceptual evolution towards more dialogue and networking with different players, some authors continue to envisage public diplomacy as a state pursuit. The impact of globalization on politics, however, has provoked the emergence of an array of non-state organizations that have progressively increased their influence, power, legitimacy and credibility in the global arena. They may act complementary to or independent from states, and sometimes even challenge the role of the state. This article proposes an alternative approach to the concept of public diplomacy that can include non-state actors’ independent actions. The article explores three main conditions for non-state organizations that could contribute to broadening the conceptual framework of public diplomacy: emphasis on the object of the action; legitimacy to develop public diplomacy initiatives based on effectiveness; and a progressive disappearance of borders between the domestic and international dimensions (as so-called ‘intermestic’ actors attempt to do). These preconditions are examined in the following two scenarios: defending citizens’ interests before international institutions; and explaining and implementing international institutions’ policies locally.
What Is Old? What Is New? A Reconsideration of Garments and Wineskins
Authors: Henderson Suzanne Watts 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This essay explores the view of Torah implicit in Mark 2:21-22. Setting aside a priori assumptions about the sayings’ preference of the new over the old garment and wineskins, as well as the widespread view that the images correspond to Judaism (and Torah), this study probes both the sayings’ language and setting in Mark’s Gospel and, more tentatively, Mark’s community. In short, we find the following: first, a close reading of the sayings themselves reveals more interest in preserving the “old” than many have recognized; second, their narrative setting in Mark suggests that the sayings pertain more to questions of discipleship than to opposing salvation-historical eras; and third, situating Mark 2:21-22 within the writer’s socio-historical context brings to light their apparent aim, which is to promote within Mark’s beleaguered community the kind of deliberate alignment with Jesus’ messianic mission that befits their identity as “community of the new age.”
The Political Economy of Eating Idol Meat: Practice, Structure, and Subversion in 1 Corinthians 8 through the Sociological Lens of Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Lim Sung Uk 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper intends to delve into the political economy of the symbolic practice of eating idol meat in 1 Corinthians 8 from a Bourdieuian perspective. My contention is that Paul attempts to undermine the Roman socioeconomic system by substituting a dietary habitus of abstention for a dietary habitus of consumption. In Bourdieu’s view, the Roman colony of Corinth can be seen as a religious field consisting of a conflict over different capital between the strong and the weak. Through rhetorical strategies, Paul enables the weak to subvert the hierarchical structure as embodied in the practice of idol meat consumption, while simultaneously urging the strong to surrender the claim to their authority. Thus, while deconstructing an old, colonial habitus of consumption, Paul reconstructs a new, postcolonial habitus of abstention.
Has the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ Been a Real Change in Humanitarian Intervention? An Analysis from the Crisis in Libya
Authors: Jubilut Liliana L. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
One of the most relevant axiological clashes in the international arena occurs between the concepts of sovereignty and human rights. This clash involves the questions of legality and legitimacy and is highlighted in the practice of humanitarian intervention. An attempt to bridge this gap was made in 2001 with the doctrine of the ‘responsibility to protect’ – adopted in 2005 by the UN. It proposes doctrinal, practical and ethical shifts in the treatment of humanitarian interventions, bringing along a more holistic approach with the proposal of responsibilities to react, to prevent and to rebuild. 7 years after its adoption and in light of the recent development of the military action against Libya, where the ‘responsibility to protect’ was called upon for the first time, the present article analyses the doctrinal, practical and ethical aspects of the ‘responsibility to protect’ aiming to verify whether the doctrine has been a real change in humanitarian interventions.
“The Legitimacy to Legitimise”: The Security Council Action in Libya under Resolution 1973 (2011)
Authors: Antonopoulos Constantine 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The power of the Security Council to adopt military measures for the maintenance of international peace and security has never been implemented as originally envisaged by the text of the UN Charter. The Council never acquired armed forces permanently at its disposal and under its command and control and it adopted the practice of authorisation of force leaving coalitions of willing States or regional organisations to implement it by conducting an operation under their command and resources with minimum control by the Council. The mandate of the operation in an enabling resolution is in principle a safeguard against abuse but its interpretation lies primarily (but not exclusively) with the participating States. The SC action in Libya intended to protect civilians (humanitarian intervention). Moreover, it revealed the real dimensions of humanitarian intervention and the vagaries of responsibility to protect: a suspension of the substance of Article 2(4).
Exposed and Concealed Sexuality: Virgin Records in the Eighteenth-Century Ashkenazi Protocols of Amsterdam
Authors: Rädecker Tsila 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article analyses the documentation of the accidental loss of virginity in the eighteenth-century Ashkenazi Community records of Amsterdam. By revealing the interplay between theology and Jewish Community life, various aspects, such as the economization and the institutionalization of virginity, come to the fore. Furthermore, the virgin records show that conflicting notions of physical and spiritual virginity were decontextualized and used to serve the community’s purposes. In short, documentation of virginity, although based on a rich rabbinic tradition, gives insight into the readaption and creation of theological concepts to accommodate the social and financial interests of Jewish families, especially the mercantile elites.
Typological constraints on verb integration in two Australian mixed languages1,2
Authors: Meakins Felicity , O’Shannessy Carmel 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Gurindji Kriol and Light Warlpiri are two mixed languages spoken in northern Australia by Gurindji and Warlpiri people, respectively. Both languages are the outcome of the fusion of a contact variety of English (Kriol/Aboriginal English) with a traditional Australian Aboriginal language (Gurindji or Warlpiri). The end result is two languages which show remarkable structural similarity. In both mixed languages, pronouns, TMA auxiliaries and word order are derived from Kriol/Aboriginal English, and case-marking and other nominal morphology come from Gurindji or Warlpiri. These structural similarities are not surprising given that the mixed languages are derived from typologically similar languages, Gurindji and Warlpiri (Ngumpin-Yapa, Pama-Nyungan), and share the Kriol/Aboriginal English component. Nonetheless, one of the more striking differences between the languages is the source of verbs. One third of the verbs in Gurindji Kriol is derived from Gurindji, whereas only seven verbs in Light Warlpiri are of Warlpiri origin. Additionally verbs of Gurindji origin in Gurindji Kriol are derived from coverbs, whereas the Warlpiri verbs in Light Warlpiri come from inflecting verbs. In this paper we claim that this difference is due to differences in the complex verb structure of Gurindji and Warlpiri, and the manner in which these complex verbs have interacted with the verb structure of Kriol/English in the formation of the mixed languages.
Looting Tibet: Conflicting Narratives and Representations of Tibetan Material Culture from the 1904 British Mission to Tibet
Authors: Myatt Tim 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper presents new research regarding the contentious issue of looting during the Younghusband Mission to Tibet of 1904. For the first time, it presents translations from Tibetan texts that not only catalogue items looting from Tibet, but also build a narrative of the mission from a Chinese and Tibetan perspective. It discusses the 'mind of the mission' by outlining the social and cultural milieu that formed the backdrop for the British officers and men who found themselves in Tibet, and explores the position of the 'archaeologist' to the Mission. It shows how items looted from Tibet are now represented in British museums and collections, and compares these to the 'Memorial Hall of the Anti- British' in Gyantse.
The Younghusband-Waddell Collection and Its People: the Social Life of Tibetan Books Gathered in a Late-colonial Enterprise
Authors: Diemberger Hildegard 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper I follow the social life of the Tibetan books belonging to the Younghusband-Waddell collection. I show how books as literary artefacts can transform from ritual objects into loot, into commodities and into academic treasures and how books can have agency over people, creating networks and shaping identities. Exploring connections between books and people, I look at colonial collecting, Orientalist scholarship and imperial visions from an unusual perspective in which the social life and cultural biography of people and things intertwine and mutually define each other. By following the trajectory of these literary artefacts, I show how their traces left in letters, minutes and acquisition documents give insight into the functioning of academic institutions and their relationship to imperial governing structures and individual aspirations. In particular, I outline the lives of a group of scholars who were involved with this collection in different capacities and whose deeds are unevenly known. This adds a new perspective to the study of this period, which has so far been largely focused on the deeds of key individuals and the political and military setting in which they operated. Finally, I show how the books of this collection have continued to exercise their attraction and moral pressure on twenty-first-century scholars, both Tibetan and international, linking them through digital technology and cyberspace.
Writing History: The Expedition of Colonel Francis Younghusband in Ge Fei's Work
Authors: Dhondup Yangdon 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article focuses on a novella written by Ge Fei, a Han Chinese writer known for his experimental or avant-garde writings. Set in Tibet, Encounter reconstructs from different perspectives the British expedition to Tibet. This paper attempts to show that, although Encounter may depart on the surface from the other works written by Ge Fei, it nevertheless remains true to the author's preoccupation with notions of time and history.
Historical Demography and Historical Sociolinguistics: The Role of Migrant Integration in the Development of Dunkirk French in the 17th Century
Authors: Dediu Dan , Knooihuizen Remco 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWidespread minority language shift in Early Modern Europe is often ascribed to restrictive language policies and the migration of both majority- and minority-language speakers. However, without a sociohistorically credible account of the mechanisms through which these events caused a language shift, these policies lack explanatory power. Inspired by research on 'language histories from below,' we present an integrated sociohistorical and linguistic account that can shed light on the procresses taking place during a case of language shift in the 17th and 18th centuries. We present and analyze demographic data on the immigration and integration of French speakers in previously Dutch-speaking Dunkirk in this period, showing how moderate intermarriage of immigrants and locals could have represented a motive and a mechanism for language shift against a backdrop of larger language-political processes. We then discuss the modern language-shift dialect of Dunkirk in comparison with different dialects of French. The linguistic data suggests a large influence from the dialects of migrants, underlining their role in the language shift process. The combination of sociohistorical and linguistic evidence gives us a better understanding of language shift in this period, showing the value of an integrated 'from below' approach.
The Conceptual Formation of the Category “Religion” in Modern Japan: Religion, State, Shintō
Authors: Isomae Jun’ichi 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The Japanese word shūkyō was originally a coined word occurring in Chinese Buddhist dictionaries, but it became used as the translation for the English word “religion” when the English word was transmitted to Japan from the West after the opening of the country at the end of the nineteenth century. At that time, a new kind of Japanese language treating Shintō and Buddhism as ‘religions’ was born, with Christianity forming the axis, but while still intertwined with Buddhism and Shintō. Bearing in mind the Protestant influence on acculturation processes in Japan at the beginning of the Meiji period, this paper aims to offer an overview of how the term “religion” became embedded in Japan and how the Meiji government dealt with the competition of Shintō against Christianity and Buddhism. In that context it touches upon crucial historical and social developments such as the clash between science and religion of the late 1870s and the opposition between the state and religion in the early 1890s, together with well-known incidents such as the Uchimura Kanzō affair. The paper focuses in particular on the period from the end of the early modern Edo regime through the end of the Meiji period and analyzes how views of religious issues underwent transition within Japan.
Total Lightning Characteristics Relative to Radar and Satellite Observations of Oklahoma Mesoscale Convective Systems
Authors: Makowski Jeffrey A. , MacGorman Donald R. , Biggerstaff Michael I. , Beasley William H. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The advent of regional very high frequency (VHF) Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs) makes it possible to begin analyzing trends in total lightning characteristics in ensembles of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Flash initiations observed by the Oklahoma LMA and ground strikes observed by the National Lightning Detection Network were surveyed relative to infrared satellite and base-scan radar reflectivity imagery for 30 mesoscale convective systems occurring over a 7-yr period. Total lightning data were available for only part of the life cycle of most MCSs, but well-defined peaks in flash rates were usually observed for MCSs having longer periods of data. The mean of the maximum 10-min flash rates for the ensemble of MCSs was 203 min−1 for total flashes and 41 min−1 for cloud-to-ground flashes (CGs). In total, 21% of flashes were CGs and 13% of CGs lowered positive charge to ground. MCSs with the largest maximum flash rates entered Oklahoma in the evening before midnight. All three MCSs entering Oklahoma in early morning after sunrise had among the smallest maximum flash rates. Flash initiations were concentrated in or near regions of larger reflectivity and colder cloud tops. The CG flash rates and total flash rates frequently evolved similarly, although the fraction of flashes striking ground usually increased as an MCS decayed. Total flash rates tended to peak approximately 90 min before the maximum area of the −52°C cloud shield, but closer in time to the maximum area of colder cloud shields. MCSs whose −52°C cloud shield grew faster tended to have larger flash rates.