bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME EFFECTS OF PITUITARY STALK SECTION AND OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE ENDOCRINE ORGANS AND GROWTH OF RATS
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Duchen L. W. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. 
Published: December 2014

The effects of pituitary stalk section and of hypophysectomy in rats have been compared. Growth was equally retarded after the two operations and there were excessive deposits of fat in each group of animals.In the thyroid the height of the follicular cells was greatly reduced in the hypophysectomized rats; after stalk section the cell height was less than normal but greater than after hypophysectomy. In both groups of animals the adrenals became greatly atrophied and the width of the cortex was much reduced. Marked atrophy of the gonads occurred after both operations, in males and females. The secondary sex organs also atrophied. There was no significant difference between the effects of the two operations on the adrenals and gonads.The changes in the target organs of the stalk‐sectioned rats are correlated with changes found in the cytology of the surviving areas of the anterior pituitary in these animals.
A METHOD FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN ADRENERGIC AND CHOLINERGIC EXCITATORY INNERVATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Campbell G. , Blurnstock G. , Wood Margaret 
Published: December 2014

The effect of temperature on the responses of a number of smooth muscle preparations to stimulation of their excitatory autonomic nerve supply has been studied.At any one temperature the frequency of nerve stimulation causing the largest amplitude of contraction of the muscle (optimal frequency) was determined. When the optimal frequency for various preparations was plotted against temperature, the following observations were made:For cholinergically innervated preparations (possum pelvic nerve‐bladder, lizard vagus nerve‐lung, toad pelvic nerve‐bladder) the optimal frequencies rose with temperature at 1·6‐2·0 pulses/sec./° C.For adrenergically innervated preparations (guinea‐pig hypogastric nerve‐vas deferens, rabbit sympathetic nerve‐pulmonary artery) the optimal frequencies rose with temperature at 3·0‐3·2 pulses/sec./° C.The lizard periarterial nerve‐bladder preparation had two peaks on the frequency‐response curve. One peak changed at 2·00 pulses/sec./° C. and the other at 3·26 pulses/sec./° C., these values being similar to those found for cholinergic and adrenergic preparations respectively.The rabbit pelvic nerve‐colon preparation did not have a true optimal frequency, but rather a “minimal critical frequency” which rose with temperature at 1·05 pulses/sec./° C. Similar frequency response curves were noted on the other gut preparations uised.
HETEROZYGOSIS AND THE SURVIVAL OF YOUNG MICE IN TWO TEMPERATURES
Authors: Barnett S. A. 
Published: December 2014

Inbred mice of strains A, A2G, C57BL and GFF, bred in a room kept at 21° C., were crossed to give all possible F1 types; an outbred stock was also derived from all four inbred strains. Similar matings were made among mice transferred, at the time of mating, to a room kept at ‐3° C. Mice of all types, reared at 21° C., were put in the cold room, at the age of 22 days, alone, with nesting material, for 3 weeks; controls were kept in the same conditions at 21° C. Fewer among the F1 and outbred mice died than among the inbred; no C57BL mice survived the cold, and few of strain A. F1 mice with one parent of strain A were less resistant than those of most other crosses.The breeding performance of females mated to males of their own strain was compared with that of outcrossed females (which bore F1 young). More young were born per litter to some classes of outcrossed females than to the inbred mice at both temperatures, but especially at 21° C. This indicates a prenatal advantage of heterozygosis in the young. Survival between birth and weaning, at 21° C., was superior in F1 mice borne by GFF females and, to a smaller extent, by A2G females.The outbred stock produced very large litters at both temperatures and, at ‐3° C., had a lower nestling mortality than any other group.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERLIPAMIA INDUCED BY TRITON WR‐1339, CORTISONE, ALLOXAN AND HAEMORRHAGE IN RABBITS
Authors: Courtice F. C. , Munoz-Marcus M. 
Published: December 2014

The lipoproteins in the plasma of rabbits in hyperlipoemic states iinduced by the administration of Triton WR‐1339, cortisone, alloxan or by repeated hbemorrhage have been separated in a preparative ultracentrifuge at densities of 1·019, 1·063 and 1·200 and the composition of each class determined by chemical analysis.In each of these conditions there was a considerable decrease in the level of the high‐density lipoproteins of d 1·063‐1·200 compared with normal or cholesterol‐fed animals. In Triton hyperlipæmia the β‐lipoproteins of d 1·019‐1·063 varied, but in cortisone, alloxan and hæmorrhage hyperlipæmias this class of lipoprotein practically disappeared. In these conditions, therefore, nearly all the lipoprotein was in the d 1·19 class.The mean percentages for the d {lt} 1·19 class for a group of ten Triton hyperlipæmic animals with a mean plasma total lipoprot, ein valuc of 3192 mg /100 ml. were PR 8·5, PL 25·3, TC 15·7 and TG 50·5. Corresponding values for a group of nine animals with hyperlipæmia induced by cortisone, alloxan or hæmorrhage and with a mean plasma total lipoprotein level of 1751 mg./100 ml. were PR 7·4, PL 14·9, TC 7·3 and TG 70·4. In each group the percentage of TG rose and the percentages of the other constituents fell with increasing degrees of lipoemia. These findings suggested that with increasing levels of TG the mean size of the complexes was increased.The administration of cortisone or Triton to cholesterol‐fed rabbits led to decrease in the levels of the d 1·063‐1·200 and d 1·019‐1·063 classes of lipoprotein and a considerable increase in the d < 1·019 class compared with control animals.
KINETICS OF WOUND HEALING IN RABBIT EAR CHAMBERS, A TIME LAPSE CINEMICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: Cliff W. J. 
Published: December 2014

Wound healing in rabbit ear chambers was studied by time lapse cinemicroscopy. Endothelial cells for the growth of blood vessel sprouts arose in a zone proximal to the growing fringe both by the mitotic division of existing endothelium and by the conservation for re‐use of the endothelium of resorbing blood vessels. The migration of endothelial cells distally along the luminal surfaces of the walls of circulating blood vessels, into the proximal ends of developing blood vessel sprouts, and along the mid part and finally into the tips of blood vessel sprouts was demonstrated. New lumen of sprouts was produced by the formation, enlargement and coalescence of loculated spaces between apposed layers of endothelium. This process was considered to reflect secretory activity of the endothelial cells. Anastomosis between sprouts involved similar lumen formation and the spatial rearrangement of endothelial cells.Evidence supporting the conversion of fibroblasts into smooth muscle cells was obtained. Growth of lymphatic sprouts was also studied. The virtual absence of locomotion by macrophages during wound healing was confirmed and a possible explanation proposed. Mathematical analysis of the data obtained from film analysis revealed that the curves for blood vessel endothelial migration and sprout growth and lymphatic sprout growth were all derivable from the same general pseudo generating mathematical function.
MAST CELL PRODUCTS AND TISSUE CALCIFICATION
Authors: Selye Hans , Tuchweber Beatriz 
Published: December 2014

Following a brief definition of the concept of calcergy, experiments are reported which show that in rats pretreated by a single intravenous injection of lead acetate, topical connective‐tissue calcification can be produced at sites where minute doses of various mast‐cell dischargers, or of the mast‐cell components serotonin and histamine, are subcutaneously injected.Heparin, another mast‐cell constituent, and numerous additional compounds which were administered to test the specificity of the response, were found to possess little or no effect, at least at comparably low dose levels.Histochemical studies showed that the development of tissue calcification obtained by mast‐cell dischargers on the one hand, and by mast‐cell constituents on the other, is essentially different. Polymyxin and compound 48/80 first produce a mast‐cell discharge, followed by calcium incrustation of the metachromatic granules, while serotonin and histamine cause no mast‐cell discharge at comparable dose levels, but produce a fine precipitate of calcium salts in and around the connective‐tissue fibres at the injection sites.It is suggested that, when elicited by mast‐cell dischargers, this form of calcergy depends upon the liberation of serotonin and histamine or related compounds, while if serotonin or histamine are administered as such, they cause calcification directly without the intermediary of a mast‐cell discharge.
GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT IN TAIL LENGTH IN MICE
Authors: Barnett S. A. 
Published: December 2014

Mice (Mus musculus L.) of (i) inbred strains A/Tb, A2G/Tb and C57BL/Tb, (ii) five F1 types produced by crossing the inbred strains, and (iii) a mixed stock derived from the three inbred strains and GFF, have been reared in environments kept at (a) 21° C. and (b) ‐3° C. Body and tail lengths were recorded at 16 weeks and, for A/Tb and A2G/Tb, also at 3 weeks. Strain A2G/Tb had a typical mouse tail, near the length of the body, with about thirty‐four vertebrae (including sacral); C57BL/Tb had a slightly shorter tail, with about thirty‐two vertebræ, and A/Tb a much shorter tail, with a blunt tip, and about twenty‐four vertebræ. Evidence is given that the condition of the tail in strain A/Tb is recessive. The mixed stock and all F1 groups, including those produced by crossing A/Tb with C57BL/Tb, had typical long tails with about thirty‐three vertebræ. The mixed stock had the longest tails.In all classes of mice absolute tail lengths were lower at ‐3° C. than at 21° C. This was the case despite the fact that, in some classes, body length was the same in the two temperatures. Hence the effect of cold on tail length is independent of its effect, on body length. All classes of mice, except the mixed stock, had fewer caudal vertebrae in the cold. The size of the caudal vertebrae was also reduced in the cold. The mixed stock, selected for fertility at ‐ 3° C., developed progressively longer tails over eighteen generations. There was no consistent influence of cold, or of heterozygosis, on variance in tail length. But variance was higher in the reducedtail strain A/Tb than in the other two inbred strains.These observations do not support the hypothesis that the tails of mice have a thermoregulatory function in a cold environment.
THE RELATION BETWEEN SALIVARY IODIDE EXCRETION AND THE PLASMA INORGANIC IODINE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Harden R. McG. , Mason D. K. , Alexander W. D. 
Published: December 2014

Plasma inorganic iodine, the salivary iodide clearance and the absolute quantity of iodide excreted in saliva were measured in thirty‐eight subjects, none of whom were receiving iodide supplements. The parotid salivary iodide clearance (mean 5.7±0.50 ml./min.), was greater than the submandibular iodide clearance (mean 3.4±0.50 ml./min.).The absolute amount of iodide excreted in saliva was proportional to the plasma inorganic iodine concentration (PII).No relation was found between the PII and the parotid and submandibular salivary iodide clearance.In the thyroid a homeostatic mechanism exists to control the iodine concentrating mechanism. There is no similar mechanism in the salivary glands to control iodine concentration in the saliva, at least within the physiological range.
THE EFFECT OF SUPRAHEPATIC CAVAL CONSTRICTION ON THE RENAL RESPONSE TO ACIDOSIS
Authors: Keeler R. , Pearson M. R. 
Published: December 2014

When unanæsthetized caval constricted rats which were retaining sodium were subjected to metabolic acidosis, they showed a significantly lower rate of hydrion excretion and a greater fall in plasma pH and bicarbonate than normal rats.Glomerular filtration rate was not significantly reduced by caval constriction but filtration fraction was increased.An aldosterone‐blocking steroid and an osmotic diuretic were both effective in increasing hydrion excretion in caval constricted rats, but had no significant effect in normal rats.It is suggested that the low rate of hydrion excretion was caused by the failure of sodium to reach the distal parts of the tubular ion exchange mechanisms in adequate amounts.
ABNORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS, BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES, AND SOME ASPECTS OF THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OFSELENIUM DEFICIENCY IN LAMBS
Authors: Godwin K. O. , Fraser F. J. 
Published: December 2014

Experimental selenium deficiency has been studied in a group of lambs weaned early on to a semi‐synthetic diet. Nineteen lambs were used; eleven became selenium deficient, the remaining eight were supplemented with selenium and remained normal. Well‐defined differences, in terms of histopathological changes, developed between the two groups. The dystrophic lesions were mainly found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and to a lesser extent in the pancreas and diaphragm.Electrocardiograms showed the progressive development of a characteristic abnormality, after the animals had been on the deficient diet for a few weeks. Just before death the ECG pattern became grossly abnormal in some cases, a rise in the T‐wave giving way to an elevated S‐T segment, similar to that seen frequently in myocardial infaretion in man.Paralleling these changes, at least in time, there was a fall in blood pressure especially marked in the limbs, but present to a lesser degree in the rest of the systemic circulation.Taken together, these observations point to the possibility that the fundamental change occurring in selenium deficiency may be circulatory failure.Finally, comparison of the histopathological picture of the lamb and the rat, when both species are reared on the same diet, indicates that entirely different syndromes appear, at first sight, to develop. However, ECG changes previously studied in rats are somewhat similar to those reported here. Skeletal muscle is severely dystrophic in both species. Perhaps subsequent studies will demonstrate that even though the final outcome of selenium deficiency in different species is variable, the initial lesions are closely comparable.
BALANCES OF WATER AND SODIUM IN THE RUMEN DURING FEEDING: OSMOTIC STIMULATION OF SODIUM ABSORPTION IN THE SHEEP
Authors: Stacy B. D. , Warner A. C. I. 
Published: December 2014

Quart. J. exp. Physiol (1966) 51, page 82. Legend to fig. 1 should read as follows:—FIG. 1. Sodium and potassium concentrations in rumen. liquor before and after feeding: results from four sheep. ▴..............▴ No NaCl added to ration.
THE INCORPORATION OF IRON INTO HÆMOGLOBIN IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Ramsay W. N. M. 
Published: December 2014

In the hen, subcutaneous [59Fe] ferric citrate is removed rapidly from the site of injection. The erythrocytes do not become strongly labelled immediately, although plasma radioactivity is high for several hours after the injection. Maximum labelling develops after 10–11 days. After the first day, the specific activities of total erythrocyte iron and hæmin iron are virtually identical, and the maximum, once reached, is maintained for a further 2 weeks. Normal erythrocytes do not utilize labelled plasma iron in vitro, but prior bleeding causes the appearance of cells which do.It is concluded that the normal erythrocytes of the hen do not take up iron from the plasma. If hæm synthesis takes place in the circulation, it is probably confined to cells recently released from the marrow, which may contain the necessary traces of non‐hæm iron.
STUDIES OF THE ANTIDIURESIS INDUCED BY NATRICHLORIURETIC DRUGS IN RATS WITH DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Authors: Skadhauge Erik 
Published: December 2014

The antidiuresis induced by natrichloriuretic drugs was studied in rats with diabetes insipidus produced by hypothalamic lesions.The antidiuresis induced by thiazides was a linear function of the degree of diabetes insipidus as measured by the free water clearance during control periods. No antidiuresis was present in rats with partial diabetes insipidus in which the control urine osmolality was larger than 700 mOsm./ kg. For any level of diabetes insipidus, sodium chloride loading increased the free water clearance and potassium chloride loading decreased it. The antidiuresis induced by the drug was found to be the same for rats with the same control level of free water clearance and did not vary with the sodium or potassium chloride content of the diet.The sodium chloride depletion caused by the thiazide was approximately ten per cent of the total body sodium. It had the same magnitude for the various solute loads applied, and at all levels of diabetes insipidus. The sodium chloride depletion and the antidiuresis remained unchanged for very prolonged medication periods.After the beginning of the thiazide medication, both the antidiuresis and the sodium chloride depletion developed gradually, and reached their maximal level after the same period of time. The reverse pattem was observed after stopping the drug. When through inanition the sodium chloride deficit was not restored after discontinuation of the drug, an antidiuresis continued. When various non‐thiazide natrichloriuretic agents were used, a rough correlation was found between antidiuresis and sodium chloride depletion.
SERUM AND URINARY GONADOTROPHIN LEVELS IN PREGNANT PONIES AND DONKEYS
Authors: Bell E. T. , Loraine J. A. , Jennings S. , Weaver A. D. 
Published: December 2014

Estimations of serum and urinary gonadotrophins have been made in two ponies and two donkeys during each of three pregnancies. Results of assays were expressed in terms of the international standard for pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin [PMSG].Serum gonadotrophin levels in ponies and donkeys were generally lower than in pregnant mares of larger breeds. This was especially so in the case of donkeys.Gonadotrophic activity was detected in the urine of all four animals. Values in urine were much lower than and bore no obvious relationship to serum levels.Marked variations in serum and urinary gonadotrophin readings and in values for renal clearance occurred between pregnancies in the same animal and between animals. The renal clearance of gonadotrophins was low, the mean figure in both ponies and donkeys being 0·1 ml./min.A pregnancy diagnosis test in small ponies and donkeys based on urinary gonadotrophin estimations cannot be recommended.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF THE PASSAGE OF IONS THROUGH THE ENDOTHELIUM OF LYMPHATIC AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES, AND THROUGH THE MESOTHELIUM
Authors: Casley-Smith J. R. 
Published: December 2014

Ions were allowed to diffuse through the diaphragms of mice. They were then precipitated by other ions added to the fixative. The precipitates were found in the intercellular junctions of the mesothelium, the lymphatics and the blood capillaries. They appeared to traverse zonulæ occludentes quite easily. They were also found apparently traversing the cells in small vesicles. It is considered that the passage through the junctions is quantitatively much more important than that via the vesicles.Molecules of m. wt. 〈1,000 can readily pass through the junctions, but those〉 20,000 can not do so. It is therefore concluded that the ‘meshes’ of the zonulæ occludentes admit molecules up to a diameter of ∼2–4 mµ. This is in good agreement with Pappenheimer's (1953) ‘slits’ with a width of ∼4 mµ. It is known that these would have an area approximately equal to that of the intercellular junctions.Lipid‐soluble substances may also traverse the endothelium by dissolving in the plasma membranes, and so pass through or around the cells.
ARTIFICIAL PLACENTAE: COMPARATIVE RESULTS WITH TWO GAS EXCHANGERS
Authors: Lawn L. , McCance R. A. , Thorn A. E. 
Published: December 2014

A fixed volume gas exchanger has been constructed from sintered nickel plates and compared with the reservoir gas exchanger previously described. Satisfactory gas exchange was obtained through the plates, but it is difficult to define the characteristics of the apparatus quantitatively.Raising the arterial resistance reduced the ‘umbilical’ blood flow through both exchangers. With the reservoir exchanger, raising the ‘amniotic’ pressure reduced the flow of blood through the fœtus. ‘Umbilical’ venous pressure increased and ‘umbilical’ arterial pulse pressure fell and fœtal volume decreased. Lowering the ‘amniotic’ pressure decreased the ‘umbilical’ arterial flow but increased ‘umbilical’ venous flow, so that fœtal volume increased. ‘Umbilical’ venous pressure decreased and ‘umbilical’ arterial pulse pressure increased.With the fixed volume exchanger, raising the ‘amniotic’ pressure reduced the flow of blood through the external circuit. ‘Umbilical’ arterial and venous mean pressures increased and arterial pulse pressure slightly increased. Decreasing the ‘amniotic’ pressure increased the flow of blood through the external circuit ‘Umbilical arterial and venous mean pressures were reduced and there was a small increase of arterial pulse pressure.
THE WATER EXCHANGE AND POLYURIA OF RATS DEPRIVED OF FOOD
Authors: Morrison S. D. , Mackay C. , Hurlbrink Eleanor , Wier Jane K. , Nick M. Susan , Millar Florence K. 
Published: December 2014

In the paper by S. D. Morrison C. Mackay, Eleanor Hurlbrink, Jane E. Wier, M. Susan Nick and Florence K. Millar in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1967) 52, 51–67 the third paragraph of the legend to figure 3 should read:—The 100 per cent values are: 15 ml., 2000 mOsm./kg., 27·5 mOsm., 34 ml., 255 g. and 25 g. for the urine volume, osmolality, total osmotic load, water intake, body weight and food intake respectively.
THE TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE AND OTHER SULPHIDES
Authors: Evans C. Lovatt 
Published: December 2014

1. Hydrogen sulphide inhaled, or sulphide or H2S injected in solution into the circulation, is carried for a time in the plasma in the form of an equilibrium mixture of sulphide and H2S. It only slowly penetrates into the red cells, where it is destroyed in reactions in which oxyhaemoglobin is reduced. The lethal dose of H2S will therefore vary according to the rate and site of its administration.2. The physiological effects of hydrogen sulphide and other sulphides are similar to those of hydrocyanic acid, probably for the reason that both fix the iron in cytochrome A3, so reducing the oxygen intake of cells, and especially of nerve cells.3. The most conspicuous actions of sulphides are on the nerve centres, which are first stimulated and then paralysed. The actions are reversible.4. Because of the slow penetration of the red cells by H2S, or by the HS ion, the removal of sulphides from the plasma and their subsequent destruction is relatively slow, so that injections into the blood stream at sites from which the nerve centres are soon reached are more potent than those made at more remote places.5. The reduction of oxyhaemoglobin resulting from the action of sulphides is reversible, and this is probably true also for the cytochrome A3. The action is therefore reversible, and the main treatment indicated is the application of artificial respiration.