bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron-Mediated Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Staphylococcus aureus Interactions in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung
Authors: Barnabie Patricia M. , Whiteley Marvin 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Communication is an important factor for bacterial survival, growth, and persistence. Much work has examined both inter- and intraspecies interactions and their effects on virulence. Now, researchers have begun to explore the ways in which host-modulated factors can impact bacterial interactions and subsequently affect patient outcomes. In this issue, two papers discuss how the host environment alters interactions between the pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
, largely in the context of cystic fibrosis.
Safe-sex belief and sexual risk behaviours among adolescents from three developing countries: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Osorio Alfonso , Lopez-del Burgo Cristina , Ruiz-Canela Miguel , Carlos Silvia , de Irala Jokin 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThis study intends to evaluate whether the belief that condoms are 100% effective in protecting against HIV infection is associated with sexual risk behaviours among youth.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in representative samples of high-school students in the Philippines, El Salvador and Peru. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. Students were asked about the risk of HIV transmission if one has sex using condoms. They were also asked to indicate whether they had ever had sexual relations and whether they used a condom in their first sexual relation. The sample was composed of 8994 students, aged 13–18.ResultsOne out of seven adolescents believed condoms are 100% effective (safe-sex believers). Those adolescents were 82% more likely to have had sex than those without such belief, after adjusting for confounders (OR=1.82; 95% CI 1.51 to 2.21). On the contrary, no association was found between risk perception and condom use. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses produced similar results.ConclusionsThis is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study conducted specifically to evaluate this phenomenon and that has used the same questionnaire and the same data collection protocol in three different developing countries from Asia, Central and South America. These results reasonably suggest that there could be an association between safe sex beliefs and sexual initiation. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand this possible association as it could influence how to better promote sexual health.
A qualitative study of the variable effects of audit and feedback in the ICU
Authors: Sinuff Tasnim , Muscedere John , Rozmovits Linda , Dale Craig M , Scales Damon C 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundAudit and feedback is integral to performance improvement and behaviour change in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, there remain large gaps in our understanding of the social experience of audit and feedback and the mechanisms whereby it can be optimised as a quality improvement strategy in the ICU setting.MethodsWe conducted a modified grounded theory qualitative study. Seventy-two clinicians from five academic and five community ICUs in Ontario, Canada, were interviewed. Team members reviewed interview transcripts independently. Data analysis used constant comparative methods.ResultsClinicians interviewed experienced audit and feedback as fragmented and variable in its effectiveness. Moreover, clinicians felt disconnected from the process. The audit process was perceived as being insufficiently transparent. Feedback was often untimely, incomplete and not actionable. Specific groups such as respiratory therapists and night-shift clinicians felt marginalised. Suggestions for improvement included improving information sharing about the rationale for change and the audit process, tools and metrics; implementing peer-to-peer quality discussions to avoid a top-down approach (eg, incorporating feedback into discussions at daily rounds); providing effective feedback which contains specific, transparent and actionable information; delivering timely feedback (ie, balancing feedback proximate to events with trends over time) and increasing engagement by senior management.ConclusionsICU clinicians experience audit and feedback as fragmented communication with feedback being especially problematic. Attention to improving communication, integration of the process into daily clinical activities and making feedback timely, specific and actionable may increase the effectiveness of audit and feedback to affect desired change.
A Primer on IPv4 Scarcity
Authors: Richter Philipp , Allman Mark , Bush Randy , Paxson Vern 
Published: April 2015

With the ongoing exhaustion of free address pools at the registries serving the global demand for IPv4 address space, scarcity has become reality. Networks in need of address space can no longer get more address allocations from their respective registries.
In this work we frame the fundamentals of the IPv4 address exhaustion phenomena and connected issues. We elaborate on how the current ecosystem of IPv4 address space has evolved since the standardization of IPv4, leading to the rather complex and opaque scenario we face today. We outline the evolution in address space management as well as address space use patterns, identifying key factors of the scarcity issues. We characterize the possible solution space to overcome these issues and open the perspective of address blocks as virtual resources, which involves issues such as differentiation between address blocks, the need for resource certification, and issues arising when transferring address space between networks.
Multiplex Analysis of Pro- or Anti-Inflammatory Serum Cytokines and Chemokines in relation to Gender and Age among Tanzanian Tuberculous Lymphadenitis Patients
Authors: Mustafa Tehmina , Brokstad Karl Albert , Mfinanga Sayoki G. , Wiker Harald G. 
Published: April 2015

Objectives. Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with a female and paediatric preponderance, postulated to be due to differences in the immune response. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the serum cytokine levels of tuberculous lymphadenitis patients with respect to age and gender.Methods. A multiplex bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-17 levels in sera of patients(n= 86)and healthy controls(n=23).Results. Levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 were higher in adult patients than in controls, while those of IL-12 were lower(P<0.05). Children had lower levels of TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-5 and higher levels of IL-2 compared with adult patients(P<0.05). The male adult patients had higher levels of IL-17 and lower levels of IL-12 compared with female adult patients(P<0.05).  Conclusion. There were significant differences in the levels of circulating cytokines with respect to gender and age. Children had generally lower levels of cytokines as compared to adults, which could make them more susceptible. Findings do not support that female preponderance is due to differences in immune response.
A Vila Novo Paraíso/Roraima: A construção de um espaço na Amazônia Brasileira
Authors: Monteiro Elizangela Wanderlinde Quaresma , Laroque Luís Fernando da Silva 
Published: April 2015

<p>O trabalho aborda as alterações ocorridas no espaço Vila Novo Paraíso em Roraima, tendo como base a construção da Rodovia BR 174. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de construção do espaço territorial e cultural na Vila Novo Paraíso a partir da construção da Rodovia BR 174, considerando principalmente os grupos sociais de maranhenses e rio-grandenses que chegaram ao atual estado de Roraima via rodovia BR 174. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa no tratamento e análise de fontes bibliográficas, documentais, dados de entrevistas e dos diários de campo. Recorreu-se a conceitos como construção do espaço e paisagem, considerando a premissa que o espaço da Vila Novo Paraíso foi construído de acordo com as concepções culturais dos grupos sociais compostos por maranhenses e rio-grandenses que convivem na Vila em questão.</p>
Percepções do cuidador familiar sobre o cuidado prestado ao idoso hospitalizado
Authors: Cabral Bárbara Pires de Andrade Lage , Perez Nunes Ciomara Maria 
Published: April 2015

<p>Propõe-se identificar e descrever as percepções de familiares sobre o cuidado ao idoso hospitalizado. É um estudo transversal clínico-qualitativo e a coleta de dados aconteceu em um hospital de urgência e emergência por 30 dias em julho de 2013, finalizada quando atingiu a saturação das respostas. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com aplicação dos seguintes instrumentos: perguntas fechadas para caracterização do perfil sociodemográfico da população; semi-abertas para identificar a percepção dos cuidadores familiares sobre o processo de cuidado durante a hospitalização; e aplicação do instrumento Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) para identificar a percepção dos participantes quanto à importância atribuída às principais atividades que realiza, à sua atuação e à sua satisfação com tal atuação no cuidado ao idoso hospitalizado. A amostra contou com 25 cuidadores familiares que destacaram: sentimentos ambivalentes ao prestar os cuidados; dimensões objetivas e subjetivas do cuidado; vantagens e desvantagens de cuidar em casa e no hospital e reflexões sobre o papel de cuidador. O cuidado ao idoso é uma tarefa complexa,<br />especialmente no contexto hospitalar. Ações voltadas para o cuidador familiar deve ser prática comum das equipes.<br /><br /></p>
Modificações no índice de massa corporal em mulheres idosas após um programa de reabilitação física
Authors: Brito-Gomes Jorge Luiz de , Perrier-Melo Raphael José , Lucena Filho Ademar , Santos Marcos André Moura dos , Costa Manoel Da Cunha , Guimarães Fernando José de Sá Pereira 
Published: April 2015

<p>O envelhecimento é um processo complexo, cujas alterações determinam mudanças estruturais e funcionais no corpo humano. Este estudo tem por objetivos: analisar as alterações antropométricas e da composição corporal (massa gorda e massa corporal magra) após a realização de um programa de exercícios em mulheres idosas, e verificar o impacto destas alterações sobre os estratos Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Estudou-se 160 mulheres idosas (63,8±2,9 anos) participantes de um programa de atividades físicas sistematizadas durante doze semanas. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e da composição corporal antes e após o período de intervenção. O IMC foi utilizado para avaliar adequação do peso corporal e o estado nutricional. Após a intervenção foram observadas reduções significantes na massa corporal total (68,2 ± 9,4 vs 67,2 ± 9,3; p&lt;0,001), massa gorda (23,9 ± 5,3 vs 23,4 ± 5,0; p=&lt;0,001), massa corporal magra (44,3 ± 5,2 vs 43,8 ± 5,3; p&lt;0,001) e no IMC (21,8 ± 3,0 vs 21,4 ± 3,0; p=&lt;0,001). Foram verificadas diferenças significantes entre os estratos do IMC após intervenção (p&lt;0.001). O programa promoveu alterações nos componentes da composição corporal, as quais envolveram reduções da adiposidade corporal e da massa corporal, além de ter contribuído com o controle do IMC em idosas.</p>
Desenvolvimento local participativo, rede social de suporte e ocupação humana: relato de experiência em projeto de extensão
Authors: Correia Ricardo Lopes , Akerman Marco 
Published: April 2015

<p>Este artigo relata a experiência exploratória e interdisciplinar de extensão universitária em desenvolvimento local participativo, pela Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP na cidade ribeirinha de Araguaiana, MT. Os aportes teóricos para o trabalho foram os conceitos de redes sociais de suporte e de Ocupação Humana, e construção de ecomapa. Foi possível construir estratégias de mobilização participativa entre diversos atores da realidade local e instituição de ensino para o enfrentamento de problemáticas relacionadas ao trabalho. Concluiu-se que os aportes propostos foram relevantes na construção das estratégias locais, em que a participação ativa foi meio e fim do processo. Possibilitando oportunidade para processos educativos e transformadores da realidade tanto da comunidade local, quanto da crítica e intervenção para questões sociais na formação em saúde.</p>
Variability of Antithrombotic Dosing Among Veterans Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Plomondon Mary E. , Lambert‐Kerzner Anne C. , Jennewein Xuefei , Fagan Katherine , McCreight Marina , Fehling Kelty B. , Tsai Thomas T. , Ho P. Michael 
Published: April 2015

Background
Antithrombotic therapy for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients is recommended by clinical practice guidelines. Appropriate dosing of antithrombotic therapy is necessary to ensure effectiveness and safety and is an American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ST elevated myocardial infarction/non‐ST elevated myocardial infarction performance measure. This study describes the variability in dosing of unfractionated heparin (UH) and low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) in an integrated health care system with electronic medical records and computerized physician order entry (CPOE).

Methods and Results
This was a mixed‐methods study of veterans presenting with ACS at 135 Veterans Health Administration hospitals from 2009 to 2011. Patients hospitalized with ACS and received antithrombotic therapy were included (n=36 682). The cohort was 98% male with an average age of 66 years and median body mass index (BMI) of 28.6. The average percentage of patients by hospital who received an above‐recommended dose of either antithrombotic was 7.5% and ranged 0% to 32.0%. By individual therapy, the average percentage of patients by hospital who received an above‐recommended dose of UH was 1.2% and LMWH was 12.9%. Risk‐adjusted analyses demonstrated that older age and higher BMI were associated with lower risk for receiving a dose above recommended levels. Additionally, there was an association between antithrombotic ordered by a resident and higher risk of the patient receiving an above‐recommended dose. Qualitative interviews supported the quantitative findings by highlighting the need to use current patient weight and the need to adequately train providers on the use of CPOE to improve antithrombotic dosing.

Conclusion
This study found wide hospital variability in dosing of antithrombotics above the recommended level for patients treated for ACS.
Quantitative Tissue‐Tracking Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) of Left Atrial Deformation and the Risk of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Inoue Yuko Y. , Alissa Abdullah , Khurram Irfan M. , Fukumoto Kotaro , Habibi Mohammadali , Venkatesh Bharath A. , Zimmerman Stefan L. , Nazarian Saman , Berger Ronald D. , Calkins Hugh , Lima Joao A. , Ashikaga Hiroshi 
Published: April 2015

Background
Recent evidence suggests that left atrial (LA) dysfunction may be mechanistically contributing to cerebrovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated the association between regional LA function and a prior history of stroke during sinus rhythm in patients referred for catheter ablation of AF.

Methods and Results

A total of 169 patients (59
±
10 years, 74% male, 29% persistent AF) with a history of AF in sinus rhythm at the time of pre‐ablation cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were analyzed. The LA volume, emptying fraction, strain (S), and strain rate (SR) were assessed by tissue‐tracking cardiac magnetic resonance. The patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (n=18) had greater LA volumes (V
max
and V
min
;
P
=0.02 and
P
<0.001, respectively), lower LA total emptying fraction (
P
<0.001), lower LA maximum and pre‐atrial contraction strains (S
max
and S
preA
;
P
<0.001 and
P
=0.01, respectively), and lower absolute values of LA SR during left ventricular (LV) systole and early diastole (SR
s
and SR
e
;
P
=0.005 and 0.03, respectively) than those without stroke/transient ischemic attack (n=151). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the LA reservoir function, including total emptying fraction, S
max
, and SR
s
, was associated with stroke/transient ischemic attack (odds ratio 0.94, 0.91, and 0.17;
P
=0.03, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively) after adjusting for the CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score and LA V
min
.

Conclusions
Depressed LA reservoir function assessed by tissue‐tracking cardiac magnetic resonance is significantly associated with a prior history of stroke/transient ischemic attack in patients with AF. Our findings suggest that assessment of LA reservoir function can improve the risk stratification of cerebrovascular events in AF patients.
The Impact of Poleward Moisture and Sensible Heat Flux on Arctic Winter Sea Ice Variability*
Authors: Park Hyo-Seok , Lee Sukyoung , Son Seok-Woo , Feldstein Steven B. , Kosaka Yu 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The surface warming in recent decades has been most rapid in the Arctic, especially during the winter. Here, by utilizing global reanalysis and satellite datasets, it is shown that the northward flux of moisture into the Arctic during the winter strengthens the downward infrared radiation (IR) by 30–40 W m−2 over 1–2 weeks. This is followed by a decline of up to 10% in sea ice concentration over the Greenland, Barents, and Kara Seas. A climate model simulation indicates that the wind-induced sea ice drift leads the decline of sea ice thickness during the early stage of the strong downward IR events, but that within one week the cumulative downward IR effect appears to be dominant. Further analysis indicates that strong downward IR events are preceded several days earlier by enhanced convection over the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. This finding suggests that sea ice predictions can benefit from an improved understanding of tropical convection and ensuing planetary wave dynamics.
Influences of Time-Dependent Precipitation on Water Mass Transformation, Heat Fluxes, and Deep Convection in Marginal Seas
Authors: Yasuda Yuki , Spall Michael A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInfluences of time-dependent precipitation on water mass transformation and heat budgets in an idealized marginal sea are examined using theoretical and numerical models. The equations proposed by Spall in 2012 are extended to cases with time-dependent precipitation whose form is either a step function or a sinusoidal function. The theory predicts the differences in temperature and salinity between the convective water and the boundary current as well as the magnitudes of heat fluxes into the marginal sea and across the sea surface. Moreover, the theory reveals that there are three inherent time scales: relaxation time scales for temperature and salinity and a precipitation time scale. The relaxation time scales are determined by a steady solution of the theoretical model with steady precipitation. The relaxation time scale for temperature is always smaller than that for salinity as a result of not only the difference in the form of fluxes at the surface but also the variation in the eddy transport from the boundary current. These three time scales and the precipitation amplitude determine the strength of the ocean response to changes in precipitation and the phase relation between precipitation, changes in salinity and temperature, and changes in heat fluxes. It is demonstrated that the theoretical predictions agree qualitatively well with results from the eddy-resolving numerical model. This demonstrates the fundamental role of mesoscale eddies in the ocean response to time-dependent forcing and provides a framework with which to assess the extent to which observed variability in marginal sea convection and water mass transformation are consistent with an external forcing by variations in precipitation.
The Relationship between Automated Low-Level Velocity Calculations from the WSR-88D and Maximum Tornado Intensity Determined from Damage Surveys
Authors: Kingfield Darrel M. , LaDue James G. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The relationship between automated low-level velocity derived from WSR-88D severe storm algorithms and two groups of tornado intensity were evaluated using a 4-yr climatology of 1975 tornado events spawned from 1655 supercells and 320 quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs). A comparison of peak velocity from groups of detections from the Mesocyclone Detection Algorithm and Tornado Detection Algorithm for each tornado track found overlapping distributions when discriminating between weak [rated as category 0 or 1 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF0 and EF1)] and strong (EF2–5) events for both rotational and delta velocities. Dataset thresholding by estimated affected population lowered the range of observed velocities, particularly for weak tornadoes while retaining a greater frequency of events for strong tornadoes. Heidke skill scores for strength discrimination were dependent on algorithm, velocity parameter, population threshold, and convective mode, and varied from 0.23 and 0.66. Bootstrapping the skill scores for each algorithm showed a wide range of low-level velocities (at least 7 m s−1 in width) providing an equivalent optimal skill at discriminating between weak and strong tornadoes. This ultimately limits identification of a single threshold for optimal strength discrimination but the results match closely with larger prior manual studies of low-level velocities.
A Behavioral Intervention for Reducing Postcompletion Errors in a Safety-Critical System
Authors: McDonald Joseph D. , Durso Francis T. 
Published: April 2015

Objective: We investigated the effectiveness of a theoretically motivated intervention at reducing procedural errors in train yard operations, where making these errors could be costly or life-threatening. Background: A widespread and persistent memory error that people commit on a daily basis is the postcompletion error (PCE), that is, forgetting to complete the final step of a procedural task in which the final step occurs after completion of the task goal. PCEs occur in the railroad industry when a locomotive conductor changes the direction of a rail switch but fails to report this change. This particular error could contribute to unsafe conditions as another train traveling on the same track could derail. Although training can help reduce some of the factors leading to unsafe conditions on the rail, research has demonstrated that PCEs are different from other errors of omission in that they cannot be eliminated through training, which makes them a difficult problem to address. Method: Twenty-eight undergraduates completed train yard tasks within a mid-fidelity simulator used in commercial rail operations for training. Each participant received the behavioral intervention in one block and no intervention in another. Specifically, participants were required to perform an additional task designed to remind participants of the postcompletion step. Results: Our intervention significantly reduced PCE rates in the context of train yard operations, on average by 65%. Conclusion: We discuss implications of the effectiveness of our intervention at reducing train yard accidents and how this outcome can contribute to the literature on the cause of PCEs. Application: In cases such as the railroad industry, where redesigning technology is prohibitive, our behavioral intervention is an effective alternative for significantly reducing PCEs.