bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Deepwater Vessel and Riser Monitoring Program
Authors: Kotch M.A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
A Deepwater Vessel and Riser Measurement Program collected 93 days of data describing 83 channels of environmental conditions, vessel response, and riser response in 1700 feet of water in the Gulf of Mexico. On the order of 10 million data measurements were recorded using a minicomputer-controlled data acquisition system. This program has produced the most comprehensive and extensive field database for such systems to date.

INTRODUCTION
Recently our client was preparing to drill several exploratory wells in deepwater in the Gulf of Mexico. In planning these operations it was desirable to conduct analyses of the expectable behavior of the moored semi-submersible drilling vessel and the marine riser.
The computer programs used for these analyses require as their input a description of the expected environmental conditions. Our client did not possess a comprehensive database which described these environmental conditions In the area of interest. Moreover, the output of these computer programs had not, in large part, been verified to any degree with field data. A database which also contained measured vessel and riser responses could be used for this purpose.
Our c1ient also wanted to obtain better information concerning the ordinary range of operating conditions from a drilling program management point of view, particularly for the riser. As an example, it is commonly presumed that a moored semi-submersible drilling vessel typically operates within 1% of the hole nearly all the time, but Whether or not this was in fact the case could not be confirmed, nor was a distribution available as to "what percent of the time could the vessel be expected to be more than 1% of water depth away from the hole, more than 2%, etc.?".
Systems Management and Engineering Corporation was contracted to obtain this information by assembling and operating a comprehensive data acquisition system, and to reduce the acquired data. This paper' describes the design, installation, and operation of the system instrumentation hardware and software. An outline of the data reduction performed to date is also presented.

SYSTEM DESIGN
In planning the Deepwater Riser and Vessel Measurement Program (hereafter referred to as DWMP), we first separated the data to be measured into the three general categories of Environmental Conditions, Vessel Responses, and Riser Responses. The parameter's which we desired to measure in these categories are given in Table 1.
For the Environmental Conditions it was decided that wind, wave, and current information was sufficient as these are the only parameters which significantly affect vessel and riser response and are used as input to an.1ysis programs.
The Vessel Responses and Riser Responses to be measured were also based on the input requirements and output provided by vessel and riser programs, together with what was felt useful for operations planning. These included vessel mean position and dynamic motions, and riser axial and bending loads, motions, and inclinations.
Case History: Development Of A Reliable Subsea Safety System For Deepwater Drillstem Testing
Authors: Allred W.R. , Clark J.A. , Lorenzo Pretto , Lorefice Roberto 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
With the expansion of offshore drill stem testing (DST) to applications in water depths approaching 8,000 feet [2,430.4 m], subsea safety valve equipment has had to undergo reconfiguration to support testing requirements at the increased depths. One of the primary operator concerns for deepwater conditions has been the capability of the subsea test tree to meet the required time constraints for closing and unlatching at the increased depths, In the case of dynamically-positioned drilling ships, for example, the riser must be disconnected in approximately 20 seconds in the event of an emergency.
To address the safety needs and comply with the closing requirements of systems at depths greater than 3,000 feet [914.4 m], a computer simulation program was developed to design the most efficient hydraulic circuit possible. As a result of the newly-designed hydraulic circuit, a new actuator for use in deepwater testing applications was also developed.
This paper will discuss use of the simulation program and newly-developed actuator and will present a case history that documents the development and capabilities of the first subsea safety system configured for deep water with the new simulation program.
The system that was developed operated successfully from a floating rig for 80 days in water depths of 2,700 feet [823 m]. However, the system was designed to operate at depths of up to 8,000 feet [2,430.4 m]. During drill stem testing operations, the time requirements of less than 20 seconds for closing the retainer valve and closing and unlatching the subsea test tree were met with more than 3,300 feet [924.4 m] of hose. These closing times would not have been possible with traditional equipment.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM
Before an appropriate deepwater subsea system design can be developed, operator requirements must be determined. The data required for development of this system are listed below:

Wellhead and Blowout Preventer System (BOP)
Wear bushing - This is the position at which the subsea safety systems are landed in the wellhead. The position of the wear bushing in relation to the datum line controls the location of the subsea tree in the BOP stack. Wellhead profile angle-This information is needed to insure that the proper fluted hanger profile is selected according to the wear bushing profile. Internal diameters of the BOP stack - These measurements are needed to properly select the subsea equipment needed for the job. Size and type of rams - This information ensures proper sealing of the variable or fixed-type rams on the slick joint. Arrangement of BOP stack - The location of the rams &d kill 'lines is very critical in knowing where to place the subsea test tree. At least one pipe ram must be able to close around the slick joint of the subsea test tree and have a kill line below that closure. The shear ram must be in a position to cut the shearable handling sub in the event all other alternatives to closing in are exhausted.
Structural Reliability Assessment of the Oman India Pipeline
Authors: Al-Sharif A.M. , Preston R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Reliability techniques are increasingly finding application in design. The special design conditions for the deep water sections of the Oman India Pipeline dictate their use since the experiences basis for application of standard deterministic techniques is inadequate. The paper discusses the reliability analysis as applied to the Oman India Pipeline, including selection of a collapse model, characterization of the variability in the parameter that affect pipe resistance to collapse, and implementation of first and second order reliability analyses to assess the probability of pipe failure. The reliability analysis results are used as the basis for establishing the pipe wall thickness requirements for the pipeline.

Introduction
One of the principal aims of engineering design is the assume of system performance within economic constraints. The commonly used approach of designing by deterministic safety factor has several limitations, e.g., it tends to be overly conservative for many practical situations and it does not provide any qualification of the design reliability. The form has obvious economic implications and the latter fails to deliver the needed input for the risk evaluation and decision making process. These limitations become sharply focused in a design situation which is inherently probabilistic due to the natural variability and uncertain associated with the analysis, installation and service conditions associated with a high cost deep-sea pipeline.
For better utilization of resources, justified levels of safety, and improved quantification of risks, alternative approach of probabilistic design needs to be considered. In this approach the design evaluation explicitly accounts variability and uncertain in key parameters ormodels pertinent to the design process.
The condition of any structure with respect to failure can be described as being in the safe state or the filled state. The between these states is the so-called limit state. The limit states considered in the design of the Oman India Pipeline 1 are:Serviceability limit state (loss of stability, yielding).Fatigue limit stateUltimate limit state (local buckling, bursting).Progressive limit state (progressive buckling, rupture).
This paper is limited to probabilistic design against local buckling under hydrostatic pressure and bending. It describes the methodology, associated assumptions and statistical characterization of input parameters for the pipeline structure reliability analysis. Other limit states have been considered as pat of the overall design philosophy for the pipeline, but are not presented here.

Deterministic Buckling Model and Loading Conditions
Failure Model. The Oman India Pipeline will utilize many thousands of individually manufactured large diameter, thick-wall pipe segments of X-70 grade line-pipe steel. The pipeline is subjected to high external pressure due to water depth and bending during installation and potentially during operation For these conditions, the generally expected (governing) mode of is plastic collapse.
Aspirin Activation of Eosinophils and Mast Cells: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease
Authors: Steinke John W. , Negri Julie , Liu Lixia , Payne Spencer C. , Borish Larry 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Reactions to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) are triggered when constraints upon activated eosinophils, normally supplied by PGE2, are removed secondary to cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition. However, the mechanism driving the concomitant cellular activation is unknown. We investigated the capacity of aspirin itself to provide this activation signal. Eosinophils were enriched from peripheral blood samples and activated with lysine ASA (LysASA). Parallel samples were stimulated with related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Activation was evaluated as Ca2+ flux, secretion of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) release. CD34+ progenitor-derived mast cells were also used to test the influence of aspirin on human mast cells with measurements of Ca2+ flux and PGD2 release. LysASA induced Ca2+ fluxes and EDN release, but not CysLT secretion from circulating eosinophils. There was no difference in the sensitivity or extent of activation between AERD and control subjects, and sodium salicylate was without effect. Like eosinophils, aspirin was able to activate human mast cells directly through Ca2+ flux and PGD2 release. AERD is associated with eosinophils maturing locally in a high IFN-γ milieu. As such, in additional studies, eosinophil progenitors were differentiated in the presence of IFN-γ prior to activation with aspirin. Eosinophils matured in the presence of IFN-γ displayed robust secretion of both EDN and CysLTs. These studies identify aspirin as the trigger of eosinophil and mast cell activation in AERD, acting in synergy with its ability to release cells from the anti-inflammatory constraints of PGE2.
Bovine γδ T Cells Are a Major Regulatory T Cell Subset
Authors: Guzman Efrain , Hope Jayne , Taylor Geraldine , Smith Adrian L. , Cubillos-Zapata Carolina , Charleston Bryan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In humans and mice, γδ T cells represent &lt;5% of the total circulating lymphocytes. In contrast, the γδ T cell compartment in ruminants accounts for 15–60% of the total circulating mononuclear lymphocytes. Despite the existence of CD4+CD25high Foxp3+ T cells in the bovine system, these are neither anergic nor suppressive. We present evidence showing that bovine γδ T cells are the major regulatory T cell subset in peripheral blood. These γδ T cells spontaneously secrete IL-10 and proliferate in response to IL-10, TGF-β, and contact with APCs. IL-10–expressing γδ T cells inhibit Ag-specific and nonspecific proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. APC subsets expressing IL-10 and TFG-β regulate proliferation of γδ T cells producing IL-10. We propose that γδ T cells are a major regulatory T cell population in the bovine system.
Accumulation of Serial Forces on TCR and CD8 Frequently Applied by Agonist Antigenic Peptides Embedded in MHC Molecules Triggers Calcium in T Cells
Authors: Pryshchep Sergey , Zarnitsyna Veronika I. , Hong Jinsung , Evavold Brian D. , Zhu Cheng 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
T cell activation by Ag is one of the key events in adaptive immunity. It is triggered by interactions of the TCR and coreceptor (CD8 or CD4) with antigenic peptides embedded in MHC (pMHC) molecules expressed on APCs. The mechanism of how signal is initiated remains unclear. In this article, we complement our two-dimensional kinetic analysis of TCR–pMHC–CD8 interaction with concurrent calcium imaging to examine how ligand engagement of TCR with and without the coengagement of CD8 initiates signaling. We found that accumulation of frequently applied forces on the TCR via agonist pMHC triggered calcium, which was further enhanced by CD8 cooperative binding. Prolonging the intermission between sequential force applications impaired calcium signals. Our data support a model where rapid accumulation of serial forces on TCR–pMHC–CD8 bonds triggers calcium in T cells.
Cutting Edge: Antigen-Specific Thymocyte Feedback Regulates Homeostatic Thymic Conventional Dendritic Cell Maturation
Authors: Spidale Nicholas A. , Wang Bo , Tisch Roland 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Thymic dendritic cells (DC) mediate self-tolerance by presenting self-peptides to and depleting autoreactive thymocytes. Despite a significant role in negative selection, the events regulating thymic DC maturation and function under steady-state conditions are poorly understood. We report that cross-talk with thymocytes regulates thymic conventional DC (cDC) numbers, phenotype, and function. In mice lacking TCR-expressing thymocytes, thymic cDC were reduced and exhibited a less mature phenotype. Furthermore, thymic cDC in TCR-transgenic mice lacking cognate Ag expression in the thymus were also immature; notably, however, thymic cDC maturation was re-established by an Ag-specific cognate interaction with CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive thymocytes (SP). Blockade of CD40L during Ag-specific interactions with CD4 SP, but not CD8 SP, limited the effect on cDC maturation. Together, these novel findings demonstrate that homeostatic maturation and function of thymic cDC are regulated by feedback delivered by CD4 SP and CD8 SP via distinct mechanisms during a cognate Ag–specific interaction.
p-adic and Motivic Measure on Artin n-stacks
Authors: Balwe Chetan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe define a notion of p-adic measure on Artin n-stacks that are of strongly finite type over the ring of p-adic integers. p-adic measure on schemes can be evaluated by counting points on the reduction of the scheme modulo pn. We show that an analogous construction works in the case of Artin stacks as well if we count the points using the counting measure defined by Toën. As a consequence, we obtain the result that the Poincaré and Serre series of such stacks are rational functions, thus extending Denef's result for varieties. Finally, using motivic integration we show that as p varies, the rationality of the Serre series of an Artin stack defined over the integers is uniform with respect to p.
Les représentations des couples franco-étrangers dans le cinéma français : des années 1990 à nos jours
Authors: Mijailovic Snezana 
Published: June 2014

Cet article vise à étudier les représentations cinématographiques des couples franco-étrangers qui remettent en question les idées reçues sur ce type d’union en offrant une vision plus nuancée que celle, diffusée par les pouvoirs publics, selon laquelle l’institution du mariage serait menacée par le développement des « mariages blancs » (Ferran 2009). En effet, le mariage comme stratégie adoptée par les migrants afin de rester en France semble avoir moins attiré l’attention des réalisateurs français que d’autres sujets relatifs à la mixité amoureuse. Les films choisis pour l’analyse mettent successivement en scène un couple qui envisage précipitamment le mariage pour éviter l’expulsion d’un des conjoints, le mariage comme moyen de régularisation qui met néanmoins un terme à une relation, le mariage qui n’est faux que pour l’un des conjoints, et le cas des « promises par correspondance ».
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Inpatients With Pulmonary Exacerbations of Cystic Fibrosis: Effects on Spirometry Findings and Patient Assessments of Breathing, Anxiety, and Pain
Authors: Swender David A. , Thompson Gina , Schneider Kristen , McCoy Karen , Patel Alpa 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Context: Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) has been studied in patients with various respiratory diseases. However, to the authors' knowledge, no studies have assessed the efficacy of OMT in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Objective: To evaluate pulmonary function and perceptions of breathing, anxiety, and pain of CF patients who receive OMT in addition to standard inpatient management of pulmonary exacerbation.

Methods: In a single-blind randomized controlled trial, we assessed adult patients with a history of CF who were admitted to the hospital because of pulmonary exacerbation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a daily standardized protocol of OMT or sham therapy. Both groups also received standard treatment for CF. Spirometry and questionnaire data (self-assessment of breathing, pain, and anxiety level) were collected before the first OMT or sham therapy session and after the final session.

Results: A total of 33 patients were included in the study: 16 in the OMT group and 17 in the sham therapy group. Improvements in spirometric parameters were observed in both the OMT and the sham therapy groups, with no statistically significant differences found between the groups. More patients in the OMT group than in the sham therapy group had questionnaire response patterns that indicated their breathing had improved during the study period (15 of 16 vs 8 of 16, respectively). No differences were found between groups for perceived improvement of pain and anxiety.

Conclusion: In the current study, CF patients who received OMT did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in pre- and posttreatment spirometry findings compared with CF patients who received sham therapy. Questionnaire findings suggest that OMT may affect CF patients' perception of overall quality of breathing. Additional studies are needed to assess the clinical use of OMT in patients with CF.
Predictive Relationship of Osteopathic Manual Medicine Grades and COMLEX-USA Level 1 Total Scores and Osteopathic Principles and Practice Subscores
Authors: Lewis Drew D. , Johnson Mary T. , Finnerty Edward P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Context: Osteopathic manual medicine (OMM) encompasses hands-on diagnosis and treatment as part of patient care. The area of osteopathic principles and practice (OPP) is considered a core competency for students and practitioners of this medical tradition. The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) is a useful tool for assessing candidates' competency.

Objectives: To examine the relationship of COMLEX-USA Level 1 total scores and OPP subscores with OMM course grades, and to determine if these grades are predictive of COMLEX-USA Level 1 OPP performance.

Methods: The authors collected data—COMLEX-USA Level 1 total and OPP subscores, OMM grades (written, practical, and total for first and second academic years), sex, and age—for a cohort of osteopathic medical students at a single institution, and these data were then analyzed by means of correlation analysis.

Results: Records were obtained from a second-year class of osteopathic medical students (N=217). The authors' analysis of total scores and OPP subscores on COMLEX-USA Level 1 yielded a statistically significant correlation with all variables. Although the correlations were moderate, second-year written examination grades showed the strongest association with the COMLEX-USA Level 1 OPP subscores (r=0.530) and total scores (r=0.566).

Conclusion: Performance in the second-year OMM written examination could identify students potentially at risk for poor performance on COMLEX-USA Level 1.
Isolation, Culture, and Transient Transformation of Plant Protoplasts
Authors: Shen Jinbo , Fu Jiaxin , Ma Jin , Wang Xiangfeng , Gao Caiji , Zhuang ChuXiong , Wan Jianmin , Jiang Liwen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTransient gene expression in protoplasts, which has been used in several plant species, is an important and versatile tool for rapid functional gene analysis, protein subcellular localization, and biochemical manipulations. This unit describes transient gene expression by electroporation of DNA into protoplasts of Arabidopsis or tobacco suspension‐cultured cells and by polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐mediated DNA transformation into protoplasts derived from rice leaf sheaths. PEG‐mediated DNA transformation for transient gene expression in rice protoplasts in suspension culture is also described as an alternative technique. Methods for collecting intracellular and secreted proteins are also provided. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 63:2.8.1‐2.8.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Melting experiments on peridotite to lowermost mantle conditions
Authors: Tateno Shigehiko , Hirose Kei , Ohishi Yasuo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMelting experiments on a pyrolitic mantle material were performed in a pressure range from 34 to 179 GPa based on laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell (DAC) techniques. The textural and chemical characterizations of quenched samples were made by using field‐emission‐type electron microprobe (FE‐EPMA). Melts formed by 46 to 77 wt.% partial melting in this study were ultrabasic in composition and became more depleted in SiO2 and more enriched in FeO with increasing pressure. Melting textures indicate that the liquidus phase changed from ferropericlase to MgSiO3‐rich perovskite at least above 34 GPa and further to post‐perovskite. The first phase to melt (disappear) changed from CaSiO3 perovskite to (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase between 68 and 82 GPa. The stability of ferropericlase above solidus temperature shrinks with increasing pressure (melting last below 34 GPa and first 82 GPa), resulting in higher (MgO + FeO)/SiO2 ratio in partial melt at higher pressure. Additionally, the Fe‐Mg distribution coefficients (KD) between perovskite/post‐perovskite and melt decreased considerably with increasing pressure, leading to strong Fe‐enrichment in partial melts. It supports dense partial melts in a deep lower mantle, which migrate downward to the core mantle boundary (CMB).