bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breaking wave loads on monopiles for offshore wind turbines and estimation of extreme overturning moment
Authors: Stansby Peter K. , Devaney Louise C. , Stallard Tim J. 
Published: August 2013

Measurements of breaking wave forces on vertical circular columns have been re‐analysed, where substantial magnification over forces because of non‐breaking non‐linear waves may occur, by a factor of up to 2.8. The analysis shows that this factor increases as the depth parameter kd decreases, being close to unity for kd > 1.5 (k is the wave number and d is depth). Non‐breaking wave forces are predicted reasonably by non‐linear stream function wave theory using Morison's equation with empirical drag and inertia coefficients. A study was then made of the magnitude of wave overturning moment in relation to hub moment due to wind on standard 2 and 5 MW turbines with a 6 m diameter column. This showed that the wave moment in extreme conditions is greater than wind ‘hub’ moment for depths greater than about 7 and 13 m for the 2 and 5 MW turbines, respectively. Monopiles are normally used in depths below about 30 m and extreme moments due to waves occur when waves are depth‐limited and defined by the Miche criterion, well below the limiting value of kd for the onset of depth‐induced breaking. The maximum moment for these depths is expected to be predicted reasonably.
Performance analysis and testing of a 250 kW medium‐speed brushless doubly‐fed induction generator
Authors: Abdi Ehsan , McMahon Richard , Malliband Paul , Shao Shiyi , Mathekga Mmamolatelo Ezekiel , Tavner Peter , Abdi Salman , Oraee Ashknaz , Long Teng , Tatlow Mark 
Published: August 2013

This study presents the performance analysis and testing of a 250 kW medium‐speed brushless doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG), and its associated power electronics and control systems. The experimental tests confirm the design, and show the system's steady‐state and dynamic performance and grid low‐voltage ride‐through capability. The medium‐speed brushless DFIG in combination with a simplified two‐stage gearbox promises a low‐cost low‐maintenance and reliable drivetrain for wind turbine applications.
Design and implementation of a new portable thermoelectric generator for low geothermal temperatures
Authors: Ahiska Rasit , Mamur Hayati 
Published: August 2013

In this study, the design and implementation of a new portable thermoelectric generator of 100 W for low geothermal temperatures has been carried out. For this system, a new SCADA‐based testing and measuring system equipped with special software has been developed and employed for the first time. Thus, effects of the hot–cold water flow rates, the temperature differences between the surfaces and the load resistance affecting output power and efficiency of the thermoelectric generator have been investigated by a single testing and measuring system device. In the established SCADA‐based testing and measuring system, the hot–cold water flows passed throughout the surfaces of the thermoelectric generator were increased by up to 3.7 and 12.8 l/min, respectively. Then, the temperature difference between the surfaces of the thermoelectric generator was measured as 67°C. When the load resistance of the thermoelectric generator was about 15 Ω, the maximum power of the thermoelectric generator was obtained as 41.6 W and the conversion efficiency was calculated as 3.9%. Also, the SCADA‐based testing and measuring system will open up a new stage in examination of various thermoelectric generators.
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle‐strengthened bioactive glass nanofibres
Authors: Tan Chengfang , Hong Youliang , Zhang Xingdong 
Published: August 2013

In this reported study, hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticle‐contained bioactive glass (BG) nanofibres with an average diameter of 500 nm have been prepared by combining a sol–gel method and an electrospinning technique. The mechanical property of the as‐prepared fibres demonstrated that the HA‐BG nanofibres had far higher mechanical strength than pure BG nanofibres, and the in vitro simulated body fluid immersion experiment verified that the growth rate of the hydroxycarbonate apatite nanocrystals on HA‐BG nanofibre surfaces was the same with pure BG nanofibres.
Fabrication of thin film potentiometric CO2 sensors on differentiate substrate surfaces and their characteristics
Authors: Li Peng , Sun Guoliang , Wang Hairong , Jiang Zhuangde 
Published: August 2013

Two kinds of planar‐type potentiometric CO2 gas sensors using thermal evaporated Li3PO4 thin film as solid electrolyte were fabricated. Alumina plates with rough and smooth surfaces were used as the substrates of the sensors. X‐ray diffraction analysis, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the Li3PO4 films. The sensing properties were investigated in the range of 500–5000 ppm CO2 concentrations at 480°C. Both the rough substrate‐based sensor (r‐sensor) and the smooth substrate‐based sensor (s‐sensor) were sensitive to CO2 gas and showed a good Nernst behaviour. The output electromotive force (EMF) of the s‐sensor showed a more stable signal than the r‐senor. The ΔEMF/decade values obtained from the r‐sensor and the s‐sensor were 45 and 55 mV/decade, respectively. The response and recovery time were not primarily influenced by the electrolyte film. It was found that the sensitivity of the s‐sensor was closer to the theoretical value. The results revealed that the substrate surface roughness may influence the characteristics of Li3PO4 film and the response properties of the sensors to CO2.
Fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes composite electrospun nanofibres and their application as microwave absorbing material
Authors: Salimbeygi Golestan , Nasouri Komeil , Shoushtari Ahmad Mousavi , Malek Reza , Mazaheri Firoozmehr 
Published: August 2013

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite nanofibres with various MWCNT contents (up to 10 wt%) were fabricated by electrospinning process and their microwave absorption properties were evaluated by a vector network analyser in the frequency range of 8–12 GHz (X‐band) at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the nanofibre samples revealed that the deformation of the nanofibres increases with increasing MWCNT concentration. Very smooth surfaces of the composite electrospun nanofibres even for nanofibres with concentration of 10 wt% MWCNT have been successfully prepared because of the high stability dispersion of MWCNTs. It was observed that the absorption microwave properties improved by increasing the loading levels of MWCNTs. Finally, the PVA/SDS/MWCNT composite nanofibres sample with 10 wt% content of MWCNT has shown a reflection loss of 15 dB at a frequency of 8 GHz.
Beliefs about willpower determine the impact of glucose on self-control
Authors: Job Veronika , Walton Gregory M. , Bernecker Katharina , Dweck Carol S. 
Published: August 2013

Significance
The present research provides critical new findings about the role of glucose ingestion in self-control and cognitive performance. It argues against the popular view that self-control depends on a limited physiological resource (blood glucose) that is depleted by even brief acts of self-control and is restored by glucose consumption. Instead, the results highlight the critical role of beliefs about willpower in self-control performance.
Oxidative stress in response to natural and experimentally elevated reproductive effort is tissue dependent
Authors: Xu Yan‐Chao , Yang Deng‐Bao , Speakman John R. , Wang De‐Hua 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Oxidative stress is a potential proximal physiological cost of reproduction. Detecting this cost may be performed in several different ways – manipulating reproductive status, correlating natural variations in effort to oxidative stress or manipulating reproductive effort. Here, we manipulated reproductive status and studied oxidative stress due to natural and experimental variation in reproductive effort in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii), using a variety of markers and tissues.

We measured markers of oxidative stress in lactating (raising 6 to 8 offspring) and non‐reproductive voles (Experiment I) and found that a marker of oxidative protection [serum total‐superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity] was reduced, and a marker of oxidative damage (protein carbonyls) was increased, in the serum, in lactating compared with non‐reproductive voles. However, protein carbonyls in the liver were lower in lactating compared with non‐reproductive voles, consistent with increased liver SOD activity. Lipid damage [malonaldehyde (MDA)] in both serum and liver was unrelated to reproductive status.

We compared these markers of oxidative stress between natural large (n ≥ 9) and small litter sizes (n ≤ 5; Experiment II), and between manipulated large (11–13) and small litter sizes (2–3; Experiment III) and found that liver MDA and SOD activity was higher in voles with natural large compared with natural small litter sizes, but there were no differences in other markers. There was no effect of litter size on all measures when it was experimentally manipulated.

The effects of reproductive status on oxidative stress were critically dependent on the exact markers and tissues used. The effects of natural variation in reproductive effort suggested that there might be an oxidative stress cost associated with large litter sizes, but this effect was not replicated in the experimentally manipulated litters.
Floral symmetry is associated with flower size and pollen production but not insect visitation rates in Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae)
Authors: Frey Frank M. , Bukoski Michael 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe degree to which fine‐scaled variation in floral symmetry is associated with variation in plant fitness remains unresolved, as does the question of whether floral symmetry is in itself a target of pollinator‐mediated selection. Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) is a broadly distributed species whose five‐petaled flowers vary widely with respect to their degree of rotational asymmetry. In this study, we used a naturally occurring population of plants to investigate whether floral rotational asymmetry and leaf bilateral symmetry were phenotypically correlated with a series of fitness‐related traits, and also used an experimental array with model flowers to investigate the preference of insect visitors for varying degrees of floral size and symmetry. We found that leaf asymmetry was not associated with any of the phenotypic traits measured, and that the degree of floral rotational asymmetry was strongly associated with decreased flower size and decreased pollen production. Our experimental arrays showed that insect visitors did not discriminate among model flowers on the basis of size or symmetry alone; however, insect visitors preferentially visited smaller, symmetric model flowers over larger, severely asymmetric model flowers. Taken together, our results suggest that floral and leaf symmetry in G. robertianum are not likely strong indicators of phenotypic quality, and that floral symmetry is unlikely to be a target of pollinator‐mediated selection. However, the relationship between floral asymmetry and pollen production may provide a role for fecundity selection on symmetry in this species. These data importantly add to the growing literature on the adaptive nature of floral symmetry in the wild.
A novel role for antibiotic resistance plasmids in facilitating Salmonella adaptation to non‐host environments
Authors: Paytubi Sonia , Aznar Sonia , Madrid Cristina , Balsalobre Carlos , Dillon Shane C. , Dorman Charles J. , Juárez Antonio 
Published: August 2013

SummaryIt is believed that the main role of plasmids that encode multiple antibiotic resistance is to confer their hosts the ability to survive in the presence of antimicrobial compounds. In the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella, plasmids of the incompatibility group HI1 account for a significant proportion of antibiotic resistance phenotypes. In this work, we show that plasmid R27 has a strong impact on the global transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium strain SL1344 when cells grow at low temperature and enter the stationary phase. Down‐regulated genes include pathogenicity islands, anaerobic respiration and metabolism determinants. Up‐regulated genes include factors involved in the response to nutrient starvation, antimicrobial resistance, iron metabolism and the heat shock response. Accordingly, cells harbouring R27 are more resistant to heat shock than plasmid‐free cells. The use of a different IncHI1 plasmid, pHCM1, provided evidence that these plasmids facilitate adaptation of Salmonella to environmental conditions outside their host(s). This is consistent with the fact that conjugative transfer of IncHI1 plasmids only occurs at low temperature. A significant number of the R27‐dependent alterations in gene expression could be correlated with expression of a plasmid‐encoded orthologue of the global modulator H‐NS, which is up‐regulated when cells grow at low temperature.
Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae with respect to seasonal fluctuations in temperature and plankton abundance
Authors: Turner Jeffrey W. , Malayil Leena , Guadagnoli Dominic , Cole D. , Lipp Erin K. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryOver a 1‐year period, bi‐monthly estuarine surface water and plankton samples (63–200 and > 200 μm fractions) were assayed by polymerase chain reaction for the prevalence of total Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. cholerae and select genes associated with clinical strains found in each species. Neither temperature nor plankton abundance was a significant correlate of total V. parahaemolyticus; however, the prevalence of genes commonly associated with clinical strains (trh, tdh, ORF8) increased with temperature and copepod abundance (P < 0.05). The prevalence of total V. vulnificus and the siderophore‐related viuB gene also increased with temperature and copepod and decapod abundance (P < 0.001). Temperature and copepod abundance also covaried with the prevalence of V. cholerae (P < 0.05), but there was no significant relationship with ctxA or other genes commonly found in clinical strains. Results show that genes commonly associated with clinical Vibrio strains were more frequently detected in association with chitinous plankton. We conclude that V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. cholerae and subpopulations that harbour genes common to clinical strains respond distinctly to seasonal changes in temperature as well as shifts in the taxonomic composition of discrete plankton fractions.
Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots
Authors: Pol Arjan , Barends Thomas R. M. , Dietl Andreas , Khadem Ahmad F. , Eygensteyn Jelle , Jetten Mike S. M. , Op den Camp Huub J. M. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryGrowth of Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic microbe isolated from an Italian volcanic mudpot, is shown to be strictly dependent on the presence of lanthanides, a group of rare earth elements (REEs) such as lanthanum (Ln), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd). After fractionation of the bacterial cells and crystallization of the methanol dehydrogenase (MDH), it was shown that lanthanides were essential as cofactor in a homodimeric MDH comparable with one of the MDHs of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. We hypothesize that the lanthanides provide superior catalytic properties to pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)‐dependent MDH, which is a key enzyme for both methanotrophs and methylotrophs. Thus far, all isolated MxaF‐type MDHs contain calcium as a catalytic cofactor. The gene encoding the MDH of strain SolV was identified to be a xoxF‐ortholog, phylogenetically closely related to mxaF. Analysis of the protein structure and alignment of amino acids showed potential REE‐binding motifs in XoxF enzymes of many methylotrophs, suggesting that these may also be lanthanide‐dependent MDHs. Our findings will have major environmental implications as metagenome studies showed (lanthanide‐containing) XoxF‐type MDH is much more prominent in nature than MxaF‐type enzymes.
Metagenomic 16S rDNA Illumina tags are a powerful alternative to amplicon sequencing to explore diversity and structure of microbial communities
Authors: Logares Ramiro , Sunagawa Shinichi , Salazar Guillem , Cornejo‐Castillo Francisco M. , Ferrera Isabel , Sarmento Hugo , Hingamp Pascal , Ogata Hiroyuki , de Vargas Colomban , Lima‐Mendez Gipsi , Raes Jeroen , Poulain Julie , Jaillon Olivier , Wincker Patrick , Kandels‐Lewis Stefanie , Karsenti Eric , Bork Peer , Acinas Silvia G. 
Published: August 2013

SummarySequencing of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons is the most common approach for investigating environmental prokaryotic diversity, despite the known biases introduced during PCR. Here we show that 16S rDNA fragments derived from Illumina‐sequenced environmental metagenomes (mitags) are a powerful alternative to 16S rDNA amplicons for investigating the taxonomic diversity and structure of prokaryotic communities. As part of the Tara Oceans global expedition, marine plankton was sampled in three locations, resulting in 29 subsamples for which metagenomes were produced by shotgun Illumina sequencing (ca. 700 Gb). For comparative analyses, a subset of samples was also selected for Roche‐454 sequencing using both shotgun (m454tags; 13 metagenomes, ca. 2.4 Gb) and 16S rDNA amplicon (454tags; ca. 0.075 Gb) approaches. Our results indicate that by overcoming PCR biases related to amplification and primer mismatch, mitags may provide more realistic estimates of community richness and evenness than amplicon 454tags. In addition, mitags can capture expected beta diversity patterns. Using mitags is now economically feasible given the dramatic reduction in high‐throughput sequencing costs, having the advantage of retrieving simultaneously both taxonomic (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya) and functional information from the same microbial community.
Influence of Yeasts on the Oil Quality Indexes of Table Olives
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gómez Francisco , Bautista‐Gallego Joaquín , Romero‐Gil Verónica , Arroyo‐López Francisco Noé , Garrido‐Fernández Antonio 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAfter moisture, fat is the major constituent of table olives. However, scarce studies have been carried out to determine the influence of microorganisms and type of processing on the modification of their quality indexes. The present survey studies the influence of lipolytic (Candida boidinii TOMC Y5 and Wickerhamomyces anomalus TOMC Y10) and nonlipolytic (Debaryomyces etchellsii TOMC Y9 and Pichia galeiformis TOMC Y27) yeasts on the oil quality indexes of Manzanilla and Hojiblanca green fruits processed as directly brined and lye‐treated table olives. Overall, the inocula scarcely used available sugars, except the lipolytic C. boidinii strain in lye‐treated olives. Acetic acid production was limited in all conditions, except for the D. etchellsii strain in directly brined Manzanilla fruits. Ethanol formation was also reduced, although the W. anomalus (in both types of elaboration) and the C. boidinii (in lye‐treated olives) strains produced significantly higher proportions. Apparently, changes in the oil quality indexes of processed olives were not related to the presence of yeasts, and hence, could have been caused by the endogenous activity of the fruits. A principal component analysis using the microbiological, physicochemical, and oil quality data supported this hypothesis, grouping treatments according to olive variety and type of elaboration, while segregation due to yeast inocula was not observed.
Effect of Breed on Fatty Acid Composition and Lipogenic Enzyme Abundance in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pigs
Authors: Marriott Duncan T. , Chevillon Patrick , Spencer‐Phillips Peter T. N. , Doran Olena 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study investigated the role of lipogenic enzyme expression in breed‐specific fat deposition in pigs. Objectives: (i) determine effect of breed on the relative abundance of the key lipogenic enzymes stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD), delta‐6 desaturase (Δ6D), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in pig subcutaneous adipose tissue. (ii) Investigate breed‐specific relationships between lipogenic enzyme abundance and fatty acid composition. Large White × Piétrain, Piétrain, and Duroc × Piétrain pigs were used. Expression of SCD, Δ6D, and FAS was analyzed by Western blotting. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. FAS protein in Large White × Piétrain pigs was similar to the Piétrain breed, but was significantly higher than Duroc × Piétrain. A positive relationship was found between FAS abundance and the saturated fatty acids (SFAs), for Large White × Piétrain pigs, but not for the other breeds. Δ6D was significantly higher in Large White × Piétrain compared with Duroc × Piétrain and Piétrain. This was accompanied by significantly higher total n−3 poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the Large White × Piétrain when compared to the other breeds. Conclusions: (i) increased subcutaneous adipose tissue SFA content in Large White × Piétrain pigs (but not Piétrain and Duroc × Piétrain) is related to increased abundance of FAS protein; (ii) high n−3 PUFA content in Large White × Piétrain pigs is related to activation of Δ6D protein synthesis; (iii) SCD and Δ6D abundance does not contribute to between‐breed differences in MUFA and n−6 PUFA content of pig subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Predominant Bacteria Diversity in Chinese Traditional Sourdough
Authors: Zhang Guohua , He Guoqing 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify the major bacteria in Chinese traditional sourdough (CTS). Five CTS samples (Hn‐87, Sx‐91, Gs‐107, Hf‐112, and Hr‐122) were collected from different Chinese steamed breads shops or private households. The total bacterial DNA was extracted from sourdough samples and sequenced using Illumina Hiseq 2000 system. Illumina tags were assigned to BLASTN server based on 16S rRNA libraries to reveal a genetic profile. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bacteria in traditional sourdough samples were dominated by the genera Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus. Beta diversity analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis compared the bacterial differences in traditional sourdough samples. The results showed that Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Weissella were the predominant genera among the 5 samples. This differentiated the sourdoughs into 3 typologies, namely, 1) Gs‐107 and Sx‐91, 2) Hr‐122 and Hn‐87, and 3) Hf‐112. This study identified 3 unique major bacteria genus in CTS bread ecosystems.
Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Portuguese Honeys
Authors: Aazza Smail , Lyoussi Badiaa , Antunes Dulce , Miguel Maria Graça 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe present study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of 13 commercial honeys from diverse floral origin, produced in Portugal. The values of electrical conductivity of cardoon and pennyroyal honeys were superior to the maximum limits defined by European legislation. Citrus, strawberry tree, and 1 sample of lavender honeys had values of diastase activity below those determined by European legislation. Strawberry tree, pennyroyal, and cardoon honeys had the highest amounts of potassium that coincided with the highest electrical conductivity. Strawberry tree honey was the most effective as antioxidant along with cardoon and heather honeys. This ability was strongly correlated with the amounts of phenols and flavonoids and not with the levels of vitamin C or proline.