bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imidazole‐Based Small Molecules that Promote Neurogenesis in Pluripotent Cells
Authors: Kim Gun‐Hee , Halder Debasish , Park Jinhong , Namkung Wan , Shin Injae 
Published: July 2014

AbstractReported herein are two imidazole‐based small molecules, termed neurodazine (Nz) and neurodazole (Nzl), which induce neuronal differentiation of pluripotent P19 cells. Their ability to induce neurogenesis of P19 cells is comparable to that of retinoic acid. However, Nz and Nzl were found to be more selective neurogenesis inducers than retinoic acid owing to their unique ability to suppress astrocyte differentiation of P19 cells. Our results also show that Nz and Nzl promote production of physiologically active neurons because P19‐cell‐derived neurons induced by these substances have functional glutamate responsiveness. The present study suggests that Nz and Nzl could serve as important chemical tools to induce formation of specific populations of neuronal cell types from pluripotent cells.
The Structure of a Transient Complex of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase and a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase
Authors: Haslinger Kristina , Brieke Clara , Uhlmann Stefanie , Sieverling Lina , Süssmuth Roderich D. , Cryle Max J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStudying the interplay between nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), a major source of secondary metabolites, and crucial external modifying enzymes is a challenging task since the interactions involved are often transient in nature. By applying a range of synthetic inhibitor‐type compounds, a stabilized complex appropriate for structural analysis was generated for such a tailoring enzyme and an NRPS domain. The complex studied comprises an NRPS peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domain bound to the Cytochrome P450 enzyme that is crucial for the provision of β‐hydroxylated amino acid precursors in the biosynthesis of the cyclic depsipeptide skyllamycin. The structure reveals that complex formation is governed by hydrophobic interactions, the presence of which can be controlled through minor alterations in PCP structure that enable selectivity amongst multiple highly similar PCP domains.
An overview of luminescent bio‐based composites
Authors: Pinto Ricardo J. B. , Carlos Luís D. , Marques Paula A. A. P. , Silvestre Armando J. D. , Freire Carmen S. R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe development of inorganic/organic composite materials represents a fast‐growing interdisciplinary area in materials science and engineering. In this topic, a key idea is the production of composites comprising biopolymers and functional inorganic phases that could replace conventional materials in several high‐technology applications. Following this concept, the use of different polymers from renewable sources, such as cellulose, starch, alginate, and chitosan, have gained great relevance because of their renewable nature, potential biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as specific physicochemical properties. The combination of these biopolymers with different fillers (including inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), clusters, or ions) allows the design of innovative bio‐based materials with specific and/or improved properties, namely, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties, luminescence, and biological properties (as antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility). This review will focus on the most important synthetic approaches, properties, and applications of luminescent bio‐based composites obtained by combining different biopolymers and fillers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41169.
Dielectric strength of Al2O3/silicone composites after high‐temperature aging
Authors: Yao Yiying , Chen Zheng , Lu Guo‐Quan , Boroyevich Dushan , Ngo Khai D. T. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTSilicones are widely used for electrical insulation owing to their high dielectric strength and thermal stability. However, recent studies revealed insufficient stability of silicone for high‐temperature applications. To study the effect of Al2O3 fiber on silicone stability, we measured the dielectric strength of unfilled silicone and Al2O3/silicone composites as a function of aging time at 250°C in air and analyzed data by Weibull probability distribution to determine characteristic dielectric strength (E0) and shape parameter (β). Prior to aging, unfilled silicone and composites had similar behavior, with E0 at about 20 kV/mm and β > 15. During aging, unfilled silicone developed both micro‐ and macrocracks, with β dropped below five in 240 h and E0 decreased significantly. Composites developed microcracks, with β dropped below 5 in longer time and E0 remained almost constant. Addition of Al2O3 slowed down crack growth in silicone matrix, resulting in longer lasting high‐temperature dielectric materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41170.
Identification of metabolites of gardenin A in rats by combination of high‐performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap–Orbitrap mass spectrometer based on multiple data processing techniques
Authors: Zhang Jiayu , Wang Fang , Cai Wei , Zhang Qian , Liu Ying , Li Yun , Liu Rongrong , Cao Guangshang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGardenin A is one of the less abundant hydroxylated polymethoxyflavonoids (OH‐PMFs) in nature, and has many potential significant health benefits. In the present study, an efficient strategy was established using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap–Orbitrap mass spectrometer to profile the in vivo metabolic fate of gardenin A in rat plasma and various tissues. First, an online LC‐MSn data acquisition method was developed to trace all the probable metabolites. Second, a combination of offline data processing methods including extracted ion chromatography and multiple mass defect filters was employed to screen the common and uncommon metabolites from the background noise and endogenous components. Finally, structures of the metabolites were elucidated based on an accurate mass measurement, the diagnostic product ions of PMFs, and relevant drug biotransformation knowledge. Based on the proposed strategy, a total of 26 metabolites were observed and characterized. The results indicate that some biotransformations, such as methylation, demethoxylation, demethylation, glucuronide conjugation, sulfate conjugation and their composite reactions, have been discovered for OH‐PMFs. Moreover, some diagnostic biotransformation pathways are summarized. Overall, this study gives us a first insight into the in vivo metabolism of gardenin A. The study also provides a practical strategy for rapidly screening and identifying metabolites, which can be widely applied for the other biotransformations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Task‐dependent recruitment of intrinsic brain networks reflects normative variance in cognition
Authors: Gess Jennifer L. , Fausett Jennifer S. , Kearney‐Ramos Tonisha E. , Kilts Clinton D. , James George Andrew 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundFunctional neuroimaging has great potential to inform clinical decisions, whether by identifying neural biomarkers of illness progression and severity, predicting therapeutic response, or selecting suitable patients for surgical interventions. Yet a persisting barrier to functional neuroimaging's clinical translation is our incomplete understanding of how normative variance in cognition, personality, and behavior shape the brain's structural and functional organization. We propose that modeling individual differences in these brain–behavior relationships is crucial for improving the accuracy of neuroimaging biomarkers for neurologic and psychiatric disorders.MethodsWe addressed this goal by initiating the Cognitive Connectome Project, which bridges neuropsychology and neuroimaging by pairing nine cognitive domains typically assessed by clinically validated neuropsychological measures with those tapped by canonical neuroimaging tasks (motor, visuospatial perception, attention, language, memory, affective processing, decision making, working memory, and executive function). To date, we have recruited a diverse sample of 53 participants (mean [SD], age = 32 [9.7] years, 31 females).ResultsAs a proof of concept, we first demonstrate that our neuroimaging task battery can replicate previous findings that task performance recruits intrinsic brain networks identified during wakeful rest. We then expand upon these previous findings by showing that the extent to which these networks are recruited by task reflects individual differences in cognitive ability. Specifically, performance on the Judgment of Line Orientation task (a clinically validated measure of visuospatial perception) administered outside of the MRI scanner predicts the magnitude of task‐induced activity of the dorsal visual network when performing a direct replication of this task within the MRI scanner. Other networks (such as default mode and right frontoparietal) showed task‐induced changes in activity that were unrelated to task performance, suggesting these networks to not be involved in visuospatial perception.ConclusionThese findings establish a methodological framework by which clinical neuropsychology and functional neuroimaging may mutually inform one another, thus enhancing the translation of functional neuroimaging into clinical decision making.
Duty of Care, Safety, Normalisation and the Mental Capacity Act: A Discourse Analysis of Staff Arguments about Facilitating Choices for People with Learning Disabilities in UK Services
Authors: Jingree Treena 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe benefits of having choice and control for people with learning disabilitiesare well documented, and front‐line carers often make efforts ensuring that these are facilitated. However, despite this, government policy reports that disempowerment within learning disability services in the UK is a persistent problem. Using critical discursive psychology, 15 interviews with support workers about empowering people with learning disabilities were analysed. Interpretative repertoires about ‘duty of care’, ‘safety’ and ‘normalisation’ and discursive strategies involving ‘comparative evaluations’ were found, which opened speaker positions of granting or withholding choice, assuming responsibility for those in care and constructing service users as lacking capacity. These resources also allowed speakers to regulate the choices of service users and to normalise limited choice in ways that undermined taking up more empowering practices. The findings may explain the persistence of disempowerment within services by indicating how such discourses are deeply entrenched in service talk and are invoked to justify disempowering practices. This is discussed in view of the implications for empowerment and also current legislative frameworks such as the Mental Capacity Act. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoactivation of Molecular Oxygen by an Iron(III) Porphyrin with a Magnesium Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide for the Aerobic Epoxidation of Cyclohexene
Authors: Teramura Kentaro , Tsuneoka Hideo , Ogura Kentaro , Sugimoto Takashi , Shishido Tetsuya , Tanaka Tsunehiro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe photocatalytic aerobic epoxidation of cyclohexene proceeded under visible‐light irradiation only if 5,10,15,20tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin iron(III) chloride ([FeIII(TPFPP)Cl]) was combined with Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide (Mg‐Al LDH) as a solid base in chloroform. The OH groups in the Mg‐Al LDH exchanged with the axial Cl ligands in [FeIII(TPFPP)Cl] to afford [FeIII(TPFPP)OH], which functioned photocatalytically in the presence of Mg‐Al LDH but was inactive in its absence. The band in the action spectrum agreed well with the Soret band in the UV/Vis absorption spectrum of [FeIII(TPFPP)OH]. The spectral changes indicated the reduction of [FeIII(TPFPP)OH] to [FeII(TPFPP)] under visible‐light irradiation, which in turn activates O2 that could be used for the epoxidation of cyclohexene.
Effect of Operating Conditions on Ice Characteristics in Continuous Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
Authors: Chivavava Jemitias , Rodriguez‐Pascual Marcos , Lewis Alison E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe efficacy of eutectic freeze crystallization (EFC) in crystallizers and in subsequent downstream washing or filtration steps is a direct function of size and morphology of the crystalline products. These product characteristics are influenced by supersaturation and residence time. To investigate the effect of residence time and supercooling on ice product characteristics in a continuous EFC process, crystallization experiments were performed in an EFC crystallizer with Na2SO4 aqueous solution. Crystal size distribution and morphology during the crystallization process were analyzed by digital image processing. Longer residence times enhanced the mean crystal size and disk‐shaped ice crystals were formed. Increasing supercooling resulted in a larger mean ice equivalent diameter.
In Situ Growth Measurements of Sodium Sulfate during Cooling Crystallization
Authors: Egan Tim , Rodriguez‐Pascual Marcos , Lewis Alison 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCombined rainbow Schlieren deflectometry (RSD) and liquid crystal thermography (LCT) served as in situ non‐intrusive techniques to determine local concentration and temperature fields based on refractive index gradients in solution during crystallization of sodium sulfate from aqueous solution. The combination of RSD with LCT allowed the decoupling of concentration and temperature effects. Convective mass transport happened during periods of fast, dendritic growth, but even higher levels occurred during the densification of the dendritic crystals, indicating significant mass deposition in this phase. The convection developed mainly as a result of concentration gradients as opposed to temperature gradients. A supersaturation field map was generated and growth kinetics of the sodium sulfate salt was determined. The kinetics followed a power law relationship, with constants in line with those in the literature.
Crystallization of Piroxicam Solid Forms and the Effects of Additives
Authors: Liu Guangpu , Hansen Thomas B. , Qu Haiyan , Yang Mingshi , Pajander Jari P. , Rantanen Jukka , Christensen Lars P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe relative stabilities of the two anhydrous polymorphs and the monohydrate of piroxicam in ethanol/water mixtures and the crystallization behavior of the solid forms in the presence of 11 additives were studied. At 37 °C, form II is thermodynamically more stable than form I, while the relative stability of form II and the monohydrate depends on the water concentration in the solution. The total Hansen solubility parameter δT and the hydrogen bonding solubility parameter δH of the substances can partly explain the effects of the additives on the crystallization of the solid forms. The additives that selectively promoted the crystallization of form I are the ones with δT and δH parameters similar to those of piroxicam.
Designing Printable Medicinal Products: Solvent System and Carrier‐Substrate Screening
Authors: Raijada Dhara , Genina Natalja , Fors Daniela , Wisaeus Erik , Peltonen Jouko , Rantanen Jukka , Sandler Niklas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMore flexible yet robust manufacturing solutions are needed in the pharmaceutical industry. Tablet compaction is no longer the obvious choice for commercial‐scale processing of innovative drug delivery systems. Engineering solutions have gained wide attention in the pharmaceutical industry. Technical innovations within printing are considerable solutions for future product design. Printable medicinal products of a model compound are designed and an analytical approach for imaging the model compound in the printed medicinal products is investigated. The potential implications of using a unique combination of ink solution and carrier‐substrate for designing a specific crystallization process and future directions towards continuous manufacturing of personalized medicinal products are discussed.
Carbon Monoxide‐Induced Dynamic Metal‐Surface Nanostructuring
Authors: Carenco Sophie 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCarbon monoxide is a ubiquitous molecule in surface science, materials chemistry, catalysis and nanotechnology. Its interaction with a number of metal surfaces is at the heart of major processes, such as Fischer–Tropsch synthesis or fuel‐cell optimization. Recent works, coupling structural and nanoscale in situ analytic tools have highlighted the ability of metal surfaces and nanoparticles to undergo restructuring after exposure to CO under fairly mild conditions, generating nanostructures. This Minireview proposes a brief overview of recent examples of such nanostructuring, which leads to a discussion about the driving force in reversible and non‐reversible situations.
Wie die Produktion von Eierlöffeln das Image von Chemie und Physik verändern kann
Authors: Weßnigk Susanne , Euler Manfred 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIm vergangenen Jahrzehnt wurden zahlreiche außerschulische Maßnahmen ins Leben gerufen, um die naturwissenschaftliche Bildung der Schülerinnen und Schüler zu verbessern. Hierbei sind insbesondere Schülerlabore zu nennen, die einen Beitrag zu naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Bildungsprozessen leisten. Während ihr Konzept zunächst an naturwissenschaftlichen Vorgehensweisen unter wissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten orientiert war, werden mittlerweile Bezüge zur Wirtschaft und möglichen Berufsfeldern hergestellt. Eines dieser Schülerlabore ist das Baylab plastics. Das industrienahe Labor erweitert die Erfahrungen des außerschulischen Lernens im naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Bereich um die Potenziale, Perspektiven und Anforderungen eines Industrieunternehmens. An der Schnittstelle von Schule und Beruf gelingen hier Imageänderungen von Chemie und Physik. Zudem ergeben sich positive Einflüsse auf die naturwissenschaftliche Berufsorientierung.
Development of Diaminoquinazoline Histone Lysine Methyltransferase Inhibitors as Potent Blood‐Stage Antimalarial Compounds
Authors: Sundriyal Sandeep , Malmquist Nicholas A. , Caron Joachim , Blundell Scott , Liu Feng , Chen Xin , Srimongkolpithak Nitipol , Jin Jian , Charman Susan A. , Scherf Artur , Fuchter Matthew J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractModulating epigenetic mechanisms in malarial parasites is an emerging avenue for the discovery of novel antimalarial drugs. Previously we demonstrated the potent in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of (1‐benzyl‐4‐piperidyl)[6,7‐dimethoxy‐2‐(4‐methyl‐1,4‐diazepin‐1‐yl)‐4‐quinazolinyl]amine (BIX01294; 1), a known human G9a inhibitor, together with its dose‐dependent effects on histone methylation in the malarial parasite. This work describes our initial medicinal chemistry efforts to optimise the diaminoquinazoline chemotype for antimalarial activity. A variety of analogues were designed by substituting the 2 and 4 positions of the quinazoline core, and these molecules were tested against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain). Several analogues with IC50 values as low as 18.5 nM and with low mammalian cell toxicity (HepG2) were identified. Certain pharmacophoric features required for antimalarial activity were found to be analogous to the previously published SAR of these analogues for G9a inhibition, thereby suggesting potential similarities between the malarial and human HKMT targets of this chemotype. Physiochemical, in vitro activity, and in vitro metabolism studies were also performed for a select set of potent analogues to evaluate their potential as antimalarial leads.
Colorectal cancer mortality among Hispanics in California: Differences by neighborhood socioeconomic status and nativity
Authors: Tao Li , Ladabaum Uri , Gomez Scarlett Lin , Cheng Iona 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDSocioeconomic status (SES) plays an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality, although the independent and joint effects with nativity and neighborhood factors have yet to be evaluated.METHODSWith nearly one‐third of all US Hispanics residing in California, the authors obtained information from the California Cancer Registry to examine the associations between neighborhood SES and mortality in all 33,146 Hispanic individuals diagnosed with CRC from 1988 through 2010, with a particular focus on associations among US‐born and foreign‐born Hispanics. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for overall and CRC‐specific mortality.RESULTSHispanics residing in lower SES neighborhoods demonstrated a higher rate of overall and CRC‐specific mortality than those residing in high SES neighborhoods (SES quintile 1[low] vs quintile 5 [high]: HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.05‐1.26] and HR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.03‐1.30], respectively). Nativity modified the associations between SES and mortality (P for interaction, .02 for overall and P for interaction, .01 for CRC‐specific mortality) such that the SES associations were observed only among US‐born (P for trend < .01 for overall and CRC‐specific mortality) but not among foreign‐born Hispanics.CONCLUSIONSNeighborhood SES demonstrates significant differential effects on overall and CRC‐specific mortality between US‐born and foreign‐born Hispanics. Future efforts should investigate the underlying contextual and individual‐level factors that could account for these differential associations by nativity. Cancer 2014;120:3510–3518. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Accurate grading with Ki‐67 index on fine‐needle aspiration specimens using the WHO 2010/ENETS criteria
Authors: Farrell Jessica M. , Pang Judy C. , Kim Grace E. , Tabatabai Z. Laura 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDThe natural history of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs) is extremely variable. One of the most controversial problems in diagnosis is the accurate prediction of the clinical behavior of these tumors. PanNETs that behave aggressively with a malignant course may have bland cytologic features, while some tumors with previously described “malignant” features may behave in a benign or indolent fashion. Various classification schemes have been proposed for grading panNETs. The European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) and 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) classification schemes include counting the mitotic index and/or the Ki‐67 proliferation index for grading. The current study was undertaken to determine whether tumors sampled by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) can be accurately graded based on the Ki‐67 index when compared to surgical samples.METHODSCorresponding EUS‐FNA cytology and surgical tissue specimens were obtained for 22 tumors and stained for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and the Ki‐67 proliferation marker (MIB‐1 antibody). Samples were graded by scoring Ki‐67 staining indices in accordance with the 2010 ENETS/WHO criteria. The grading scores assigned to the EUS‐FNA cytology samples were compared with the scores assigned to the corresponding histological samples.RESULTSThe majority (86%) of EUS‐FNA cytology samples and corresponding surgical tissue specimens demonstrated concordant grading based on Ki‐67 indices.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicate that EUS‐FNA cytology samples can be accurately graded based on the WHO Ki‐67 labeling scheme. Thus, Ki‐67 scoring in EUS‐FNA cytology samples is an alternative approach for establishing the grade of panNETs. Accurate grading of panNETs is critical for predicting tumor biology, patient prognosis, and making informed decisions regarding patient management and treatment. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:770–778. © 2014 American Cancer Society.