bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in host plant has no effect on the performance and fitness‐related traits of the specialist herbivore Pareuchaetes insulata
Authors: Uyi Osariyekemwen O. , Hill Martin P. , Zachariades Costas 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe effect of host plant dissimilarity on insect preference and performance was tested using two morphological forms of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson (Asteraceae) (one from Florida, USA, another from South Africa), and a specialist herbivore, Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) from Florida, USA, that was introduced as a biological control agent in South Africa. Although this insect did establish at one site, of some 21 sites at which over 800 000 individuals were released, its population level in the field has remained low after an initial outbreak in 2006. To explain the poor performance of P. insulata, we hypothesised that P. insulata larvae prefer Floridian C. odorata to the southern African C. odorata, which is morphologically and probably genetically distinct, and that larvae reared on Floridian C. odorata should have higher fitness and performance. We tested this by comparing insect performance metrics on each of the two plant forms in laboratory experiments. Apart from pupal mass, which was significantly greater on southern African C. odorata, P. insulata performance metrics were similar on both plant forms; there were no significant differences in total leaf area consumed, egg and larval development, immature survival rates, feeding index, host suitability index, growth index, and fecundity between the Floridian and southern African C. odorata plants. In sum, we could not demonstrate that differences in plant forms in C. odorata are responsible for the poor performance of P. insulata in South Africa.
Spontaneous local alpha oscillations predict motion‐induced blindness
Authors: Händel Barbara F. , Jensen Ole 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBistable visual illusions are well suited for exploring the neuronal states of the brain underlying changes in perception. In this study, we investigated oscillatory activity associated with ‘motion‐induced blindness’ (MIB), which denotes the perceptual disappearance of salient target stimuli when a moving pattern is superimposed on them (Bonneh et al., ). We applied an MIB paradigm in which illusory target disappearances would occur independently in the left and right hemifields. Both illusory and real target disappearance were followed by an alpha lateralization with weaker contralateral than ipsilateral alpha activity (~10 Hz). However, only the illusion showed early alpha lateralization in the opposite direction, which preceded the alpha effect present for both conditions and coincided with the estimated onset of the illusion. The duration of the illusory disappearance was further predicted by the magnitude of this early lateralization when considered over subjects. In the gamma band (60–80 Hz), we found an increase in activity contralateral relative to ipsilateral only after a real disappearance. Whereas early alpha activity was predictive of onset and length of the illusory percept, gamma activity showed no modulation in relation to the illusion. Our study demonstrates that the spontaneous changes in visual alpha activity have perceptual consequences.
Nerve ultrasound findings in neuropathy associated with anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein antibodies
Authors: Lucchetta M. , Padua L. , Granata G. , Luigetti M. , Campagnolo M. , Dalla Torre C. , Coraci D. , Sabatelli M. , Briani C. 
Published: September 2014

Background and purposeNo systematic nerve ultrasound (US) studies on patients with neuropathy and anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein (anti‐MAG) antibodies are available.Patients and methodsTwenty‐eight patients (18 men, 10 women, mean age 69.2 ± 10.9 years; mean disease duration 6.9 years) with anti‐MAG neuropathy underwent nerve US. Echotexture, nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) and intra‐nerve and inter‐nerve CSA variability were assessed. The frequency (number of nerves with enlarged CSA, ‘enlarged nerves sum score’) and distribution (proximal versus distal, arms versus legs, symmetry) of US abnormalities were considered. Controls included two groups: four patients with immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraproteinaemic neuropathy without anti‐MAG antibodies and five with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) associated with IgM paraprotein.ResultsIn all, 26/28 patients had increased CSA (23 with at least one nerve outside entrapment sites). Intra‐nerve CSA variability was abnormal in 21/28 patients (in 14 for increased nerve CSA outside entrapment sites). Inter‐nerve CSA variability was abnormal in 16 patients (of whom half for CSA increase out of entrapment sites). The enlarged nerves sum score in anti‐MAG neuropathy patients was greater than in MAG‐negative paraproteinaemic neuropathies and lower than in CIDP. Intra‐nerve variability appeared instead similar in anti‐MAG and controls. No correlation was found between US findings and Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment Group (INCAT) disability score or disease duration.DiscussionAmongst the different measures to assess the US pattern (symmetry/asymmetry, proximal/distal distribution and sum score), the enlarged nerves sum score was the most useful for differentiating the three groups of patients with demyelinating neuropathies and may contribute to diagnosis in a typical cases.
CD97 inhibits cell migration in human fibrosarcoma cells by modulating TIMP‐2/MT1‐ MMP/MMP‐2 activity – role of GPS autoproteolysis and functional cooperation between the N‐ and C‐terminal fragments
Authors: Hsiao Cheng‐Chih , Wang Wen‐Chih , Kuo Wan‐Lin , Chen Hsin‐Yi , Chen Tse‐Ching , Hamann Jörg , Lin Hsi‐Hsien 
Published: September 2014

CD97 is a tumor‐associated adhesion‐class G‐protein‐coupled receptor involved in modulating cell migration. Adhesion‐class G‐protein‐coupled receptors are characterized by proteolytic cleavage at a G‐protein‐coupled receptor proteolysis site (GPS) into an N‐terminal fragment (NTF) and a C‐terminal fragment (CTF), which remain associated noncovalently. The molecular mechanism and the role of GPS proteolysis in CD97‐modulated cell migration are not completely understood. We report here that CD97 expression in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells enhanced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 secretion, leading to reduced membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activities. This, in turn, impaired cell migration and invasion in vitro and lung macrometastasis in vivo. CD97 expression also upregulated the expression of integrins, promoting cell adhesion. Importantly, these cellular functions absolutely required the presence of both the NTF and the CTF of CD97, confirming functional cooperation between the two receptor subunits. CD97 gene knockdown reversed these phenotypic changes. We conclude that GPS proteolysis and the functional interplay between the NTF and the CTF are indispensible for CD97 to inhibit HT1080 cell migration by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase activity.
Temperature tracking by North Sea benthic invertebrates in response to climate change
Authors: Hiddink Jan G. , Burrows Michael T. , García Molinos Jorge 
Published: September 2014

AbstractClimate change is a major threat to biodiversity and distributions shifts are one of the most significant threats to global warming, but the extent to which these shifts keep pace with a changing climate is yet uncertain. Understanding the factors governing range shifts is crucial for conservation management to anticipate patterns of biodiversity distribution under future anthropogenic climate change. Soft‐sediment invertebrates are a key faunal group because of their role in marine biogeochemistry and as a food source for commercial fish species. However, little information exists on their response to climate change. Here, we evaluate changes in the distribution of 65 North Sea benthic invertebrate species between 1986 and 2000 by examining their geographic, bathymetric and thermal niche shifts and test whether species are tracking their thermal niche as defined by minimum, mean or maximum sea bottom (SBT) and surface (SST) temperatures. Temperatures increased in the whole North Sea with many benthic invertebrates showing north‐westerly range shifts (leading/trailing edges as well as distribution centroids) and deepening. Nevertheless, distribution shifts for most species (3.8–7.3 km yr−1 interquantile range) lagged behind shifts in both SBT and SST (mean 8.1 km yr−1), resulting in many species experiencing increasing temperatures. The velocity of climate change (VoCC) of mean SST accurately predicted both the direction and magnitude of distribution centroid shifts, while maximum SST did the same for contraction of the trailing edge. The VoCC of SBT was not a good predictor of range shifts. No good predictor of expansions of the leading edge was found. Our results show that invertebrates need to shift at different rates and directions to track the climate velocities of different temperature measures, and are therefore lagging behind most temperature measures. If these species cannot withstand a change in thermal habitat, this could ultimately lead to a drop in benthic biodiversity.
Direct nitrous oxide emissions from oilseed rape cropping – a meta‐analysis
Authors: Walter Katja , Don Axel , Fuß Roland , Kern Jürgen , Drewer Julia , Flessa Heinz 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOilseed rape is one of the leading feedstocks for biofuel production in Europe. The climate change mitigation effect of rape methyl ester (RME) is particularly challenged by the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during crop production, mainly as nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. Oilseed rape requires high nitrogen fertilization and crop residues are rich in nitrogen, both potentially causing enhanced N2O emissions. However, GHG emissions of oilseed rape production are often estimated using emission factors that account for crop‐type specifics only with respect to crop residues. This meta‐analysis therefore aimed to assess annual N2O emissions from winter oilseed rape, to compare them to those of cereals and to explore the underlying reasons for differences. For the identification of the most important factors, linear mixed effects models were fitted with 43 N2O emission data points deriving from 12 different field sites. N2O emissions increased exponentially with N‐fertilization rates, but interyear and site‐specific variability were high and climate variables or soil parameters did not improve the prediction model. Annual N2O emissions from winter oilseed rape were 22% higher than those from winter cereals fertilized at the same rate. At a common fertilization rate of 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1, the mean fraction of fertilizer N that was lost as N2O‐N was 1.27% for oilseed rape compared to 1.04% for cereals. The risk of high yield‐scaled N2O emissions increased after a critical N surplus of about 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The difference in N2O emissions between oilseed rape and cereal cultivation was especially high after harvest due to the high N contents in oilseed rape's crop residues. However, annual N2O emissions of winter oilseed rape were still lower than predicted by the Stehfest and Bouwman model. Hence, the assignment of oilseed rape to the crop‐type classes of cereals or other crops should be reconsidered.
Induced Groundwater Flux by Increases in the Aquifer's Total Stress
Authors: Chang Ching‐Min , Yeh Hund‐Der 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFluid‐filled granular soils experience changes in total stress because of earth and oceanic tides, earthquakes, erosion, sedimentation, and changes in atmospheric pressure. The pore volume may deform in response to the changes in stress and this may lead to changes in pore fluid pressure. The transient fluid flow can therefore be induced by the gradient in excess pressure in a fluid‐saturated porous medium. This work demonstrates the use of stochastic methodology in prediction of induced one‐dimensional field‐scale groundwater flow through a heterogeneous aquifer. A closed‐form of mean groundwater flux is developed to quantify the induced field‐scale mean behavior of groundwater flow and analyze the impacts of the spatial correlation length scale of log hydraulic conductivity and the pore compressibility. The findings provided here could be useful for the rational planning and management of groundwater resources in aquifers that contain lenses with large vertical aquifer matrix compressibility values.
Predictors of unstructured antiretroviral treatment interruption and resumption among HIV‐positive individuals in Canada
Authors: Samji H , Taha TE , Moore D , Burchell AN , Cescon A , Cooper C , Raboud JM , Klein MB , Loutfy MR , Machouf N , Tsoukas CM , Montaner JSG , Hogg RS ,   Canadian Observational Cohort (CANOC) Collaboration
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesSustained optimal use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been shown to decrease morbidity, mortality and HIV transmission. However, incomplete adherence and treatment interruption (TI) remain challenges to the full realization of the promise of cART. We estimated trends and predictors of treatment interruption and resumption among individuals in the Canadian Observational Cohort (CANOC) collaboration.MethodscART‐naïve individuals ≥ 18 years of age who initiated cART between 2000 and 2011 were included in the study. We defined TIs as ≥ 90 consecutive days off cART. We used descriptive analyses to study TI trends over time and Cox regression to identify factors predicting time to first TI and time to treatment resumption after a first TI.ResultsA total of 7633 participants were eligible for inclusion in the study, of whom 1860 (24.5%) experienced a TI. The prevalence of TI in the first calendar year of cART decreased by half over the study period. Our analyses highlighted a higher risk of TI among women [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–1.92], younger individuals (aHR 1.27; 95% CI 1.15–1.37 per decade increase), earlier treatment initiators (CD4 count ≥ 350 vs. < 200 cells/μL: aHR 1.46; 95% CI 1.17–1.81), Aboriginal participants (aHR 1.67; 95% CI 1.27–2.20), injecting drug users (aHR 1.43; 95% CI 1.09–1.89) and users of zidovudine vs. tenofovir in the initial cART regimen (aHR 2.47; 95% CI 1.92–3.20). Conversely, factors predicting treatment resumption were male sex, older age, and a CD4 cell count < 200 cells/μL at cART initiation.ConclusionsDespite significant improvements in cART since its advent, our results demonstrate that TIs remain relatively prevalent. Strategies to support continuous HIV treatment are needed to maximize the benefits of cART.
Migration of dendritic cells: physical principles, molecular mechanisms, and functional implications
Authors: Heuzé Mélina L. , Vargas Pablo , Chabaud Mélanie , Le Berre Maël , Liu Yan‐Jun , Collin Olivier , Solanes Paola , Voituriez Raphaël , Piel Matthieu , Lennon‐Duménil Ana‐Maria 
Published: August 2014

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) constitute a complex cell population that resides in both peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs. Their major function in tissues is to patrol their environment in search of danger‐associated antigens to transport to lymph nodes and present to T lymphocytes. This process constitutes the first step of the adaptive immune response and relies on specific DC properties, including a high endocytic capacity as well as efficient motility in confined three‐dimensional environments. Although cell motility has been widely studied, little is known on how the geometric characteristics of the environment influence DC migration and function. In this review, we give an overview of the basic physical principles and molecular mechanisms that control DC migration under confinement and discuss how such mechanisms impact the environment‐patrolling capacity of DCs.
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein – dynamic regulation of actin homeostasis: from activation through function and signal termination in T lymphocytes
Authors: Matalon Omri , Reicher Barak , Barda‐Saad Mira 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe actin cytoskeleton network forms a key link between T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation and T‐cell effector functions, providing a structural basis for T‐cell morphological changes and signal transduction. Accumulating evidence positions the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), a scaffolding protein that promotes actin polymerization, at the center of actin cytoskeleton‐dependent T‐cell function. During the past decade, we and others have utilized multidisciplinary technologies, including live‐cell imaging, biochemical, and biophysical analyses, to gain insight into the mechanisms by which WASp and other cytoskeletal proteins control actin homeostasis. Following TCR engagement, WASp is rapidly activated and recruited to TCR microclusters, as part of multiprotein complexes, where it promotes actin remodeling. Late in the activation process, WASp is internalized and eventually degraded. In this review, we describe the dynamic interactions of WASp with signaling proteins, which regulate its activation and recruitment to the TCR and to actin‐rich sites. Finally, we present the molecular mechanism of WASp downregulation. Some of the signaling proteins that mediate WASp activation eventually lead to its degradation. Thus, we focus here on the regulation of WASp expression and function and the mechanisms whereby they control actin machinery and T‐cell effector functions.
Foreign Object Damage by Spherical Steel Projectiles in an N720/Alumina Oxide/Oxide Ceramic Matrix Composite
Authors: Choi Sung R. , Faucett D. Calvin , Alexander Donald J. 
Published: September 2014

Foreign object‐damage (FOD) phenomena of an N720/alumina oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composite (CMC), impacted by 1.59‐mm spherical chrome steel projectiles up to Mach 1, were assessed at ambient temperature at a normal incidence angle in both partial and full supports. The impact damage was in the form of craters, matrix/fiber tow breakage, compaction of the material, delamination and cone cracks, and their occurrence and degree depended on both impact velocity and type of target supports. The partial support resulted in significant damage with increasing impact velocity, accompanying substantial strength degradation. The presence of tensile stress and presumably stress wave interaction at the backside of a target could have been responsible for greater impact damage in partial support. Although the CMC targets impacted at 340 m/s were on the verge of being penetrated, the targets still survived catastrophic failure retaining about 68% of the as‐received strength, indicative of relatively superior FOD resistance as compared to monolithic ceramic counterparts. A quasi‐static analysis of impact force prediction was made based on the energy balance principle and was validated indirectly using the experimental data on frontal impact damage size.
Thickness Dependence of Dielectric, Leakage, and Ferroelectric Properties of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 Thin Films Derived by Chemical Solution Deposition
Authors: Song Dongpo , Tang Xianwu , Yuan Bin , Zuo Xuzhong , Yang Jie , Chen Li , Song Wenhai , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping 
Published: September 2014

We prepared Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 thin films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates with thickness ranging from ∼300 to ∼900 nm by using a chemical solution deposition route and investigated the thickness effects on the microstructure, dielectric, leakage, and ferroelectric properties of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 thin films. Increasing thickness improves the surface morphology, dielectric, and leakage properties of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 thin films and a well‐defined ferroelectric hysteresis loops can form for the thin films with the thickness above 400 nm. Moreover, the thickness dependence of saturation polarization is insignificant, whereas the remnant polarization decreases slightly with increasing thickness and it possesses a maximal value of ∼20 μC/cm2 for the 500 nm‐thick thin films. The mechanisms of the thickness dependence of microstructure, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties are discussed in detail. The results will provide a guidance to optimize the ferroelectric properties in Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 thin films by chemical solution deposition, which is important to further explore single‐phase multiferroics in the n = 5 Aurivillius thin films.
Tantalum Enrichment in Tantalum‐Doped Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Sheppard Leigh R. , Holik John , Liu Rong , Macartney Sam , Wuhrer Richard 
Published: September 2014

This investigation has assessed the behavior of Ta enrichment in Ta‐doped TiO2 under various conditions of controlled oxygen activity and temperature. The aim has been to establish the relationships between specific processing conditions and the resulting compositional variation within the surface and near‐surface region. Under the application of oxidizing conditions [p(O2) = 101 kPa], it has been observed that Ta will strongly enrich the surface of Ta‐doped TiO2 irrespective of the annealing temperature (over the range of 1173–1523 K). However, under reducing conditions [p(O2) in the vicinity of 10−10 Pa], Ta enrichment is observed at 1173 K, but Ta depletion from the surface and near‐surface is observed at 1348 and 1523 K. This is attributed to an apparent lack of stability of the surface phase, which could possibly be TiTa2O7. The results for the investigation contribute to the engineering of TiO2‐based photoelectrode materials that possess improved charge separation properties.
Whole exome or genome sequencing: nurses need to prepare families for the possibilities
Authors: Prows Cynthia A. , Tran Grace , Blosser Beverly 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimsA discussion of whole exome sequencing and the type of possible results patients and families should be aware of before samples are obtained.BackgroundTo find the genetic cause of a rare disorder, whole exome sequencing analyses all known and suspected human genes from a single sample. Over 20,000 detected DNA variants in each individual exome must be considered as possibly causing disease or disregarded as not relevant to the person's disease. In the process, unexpected gene variants associated with known diseases unrelated to the primary purpose of the test may be incidentally discovered. Because family members’ DNA samples are often needed, gene variants associated with known genetic diseases or predispositions for diseases can also be discovered in their samples.DesignDiscussion paper.Data sourcesPubMed 2009–2013, list of references in retrieved articles, Google Scholar.Implications for nursingNurses need a general understanding of the scope of potential genomic information that may be revealed with whole exome sequencing to provide support and guidance to individuals and families during their decision‐making process, while waiting for results and after disclosure. Nurse scientists who want to use whole exome sequencing in their study design and methods must decide early in study development if they will return primary whole exome sequencing research results and if they will give research participants choices about learning incidental research results.ConclusionIt is critical that nurses translate their knowledge about whole exome sequencing into their patient education and patient advocacy roles and relevant programmes of research.