bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material Footprint Assessment in a Global Input‐Output Framework
Authors: Giljum Stefan , Bruckner Martin , Martinez Aldo 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMaterial flow‐based indicators play an important role in measuring green and resource‐efficient growth. This article examines the global flows of materials and the amounts of materials directly and indirectly necessary to satisfy domestic final demand in different countries world‐wide. We calculate the indicator Raw Material Consumption (RMC), also referred to as material footprint (MF), by applying a global, multiregional input‐output model based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database and extended by material extraction data. We examine world‐wide patterns of material extraction and materials embodied in trade and consumption, investigating changes between 1997 and 2007. We find that flows of materials related to international trade have increased by almost 60% between 1997 and 2007. We show that the differences in MFs per capita are huge, ranging from up to 100 tonnes in the rich, oil‐exporting countries to values as low as 1.5 to 2.0 tonnes in some developing countries. We also quantify the differences between the indicators Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and RMC, illustrating that net material exporters generally have a DMC larger than RMC, whereas the reverse is observed for net importers. Finally, we confirm the fact that most countries with stable or declining DMCs actually show increasing RMCs, indicating the occurrence of leakage effects, which are not fully captured by DMC. This challenges the world‐wide use of DMC as a headline indicator for national material consumption and calls for the consideration of upstream material requirements of international trade flows.
Differential transcriptome analysis between Populus and its synthesized allotriploids driven by second‐division restitution
Authors: Cheng Shiping , Huang Zhen , Li Yun , Liao Ting , Suo Yujing , Zhang Pingdong , Wang Jun , Kang Xiangyang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this report, we compared transcriptomic differences between a synthetic Populus section Tacamahaca triploid driven by second‐division restitution and its parents using a high‐throughput RNA‐seq method. A total of 4,080 genes were differentially expressed between the high‐growth vigor allotriploids (SDR‐H) and their parents, and 719 genes were non‐additively expressed in SDR‐H. Differences in gene expression between the allotriploid and male parent were more significant than those between the allotriploid and female parent, which may be caused by maternal effects. We observed 3,559 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the SDR‐H and male parent. Notably, the genes were mainly involved in metabolic process, cell proliferation, DNA methylation, cell division, and meristem and developmental growth. Among the 1,056 DEGs between SDR‐H and female parent, many genes were associated with metabolic process and carbon utilization. In addition, 1,789 DEGs between high‐ and low‐growth vigor allotriploid were mainly associated with metabolic process, auxin poplar transport, and regulation of meristem growth. Our results indicated that the higher poplar ploidy level can generate extensive transcriptomic diversity compared with its parents. Overall, these results increased our understanding of the driving force for phenotypic variation and adaptation in allopolyploids driven by second‐division restitution.
Serious psychological distress as a barrier to dental care in community‐dwelling adults in the United States
Authors: Xiang Xiaoling , Lee Wonik , Kang Sung‐wan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo examine whether serious psychological distress (SPD), a nonspecific indicator of past year mental health problems, was associated with subsequent dental care utilization, dental expenditures, and unmet dental needs.MethodsWe analyzed data from panel 13 thru 15 of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey ‐Household Component (n = 31,056). SPD was defined as a score of 13 or higher on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Logistic regression, zero‐inflated negative binomial model, and generalized linear model (GLM) with a gamma distribution were used to test the study hypotheses.ResultsAdults with SPD had, in the subsequent year, 35 percent lower odds of adhering to annual dental checkups and a twofold increase in the odds of having unmet dental needs. Although adults with SPD did not have significantly more dental visits than those without SPD, they spent 20 percent more on dental care.ConclusionsSPD was a modest independent risk factor for lack of subsequent preventive dental care, greater unmet dental needs, and greater dental expenditures. In addition to expanding adult dental coverage, it is important to develop and evaluate interventions to increase the utilization of dental care particularly preventive dental services among people with mental illness in order to improve oral health and reduce dental expenditures among this vulnerable population.
Eligibility and safety of the first interferon‐free therapy against hepatitis C in a real‐world setting
Authors: Höner zu Siederdissen Christoph , Maasoumy Benjamin , Deterding Katja , Port Kerstin , Sollik Lisa , Mix Carola , Kirschner Janina , Cornberg Janet , Manns Michael P. , Wedemeyer Heiner , Cornberg Markus 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsSeveral real world data demonstrated that eligibility for and tolerability of triple therapy against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with a first‐wave protease inhibitor is limited. With the approval of sofosbuvir (SOF) effective treatment with and without pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) has become available for most genotypes. However, no data are available regarding the added benefit of an interferon‐free treatment concerning eligibility and tolerability in a real‐world scenario. We aimed to assess the eligibility and safety of SOF based therapies in patients with primarily advanced cirrhosis, including decompensated cirrhosis, in a real‐world setting.ResultsIn total, 207 patients were evaluated for a SOF based treatment with and without PEG‐IFN. Twenty‐six patients did not receive treatment because of safety reasons. Common causes were severe concomitant cardiac disease and advanced renal disease. Autoimmune disease, thrombopaenia, anaemia or hepatic dysfunction did not preclude treatment. Eighty‐four patients started treatment, 15 with decompensated cirrhosis. During the first 12 weeks hospitalization occurred in 11 patients most frequently because of typical complications of advanced liver disease. Risk factors for hospitalization were low platelet count and deteriorated liver function. Overall, 982 of 1008 planned treatment weeks (97%) were successfully completed within the first 12 weeks of therapy.ConclusionWith the better safety profile of interferon‐free therapies, eligibility for HCV treatment will expand broadly, including patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Current limitations are renal failure and concomitant cardiac disease. Patients with advanced cirrhosis still have a high risk for hospitalization even with interferon‐free therapies, but can continue HCV treatment in most cases.
Lineage‐specific activities of a multipotent mitochondrion of trypanosomatid flagellates
Authors: Škodová‐Sveráková Ingrid , Verner Zdeněk , Skalický Tomáš , Votýpka Jan , Horváth Anton , Lukeš Julius 
Published: December 2014

SummaryTrypanosomatids are a very diverse group composed of monoxenous and dixenous parasites belonging to the excavate class Kinetoplastea. Here we studied the respiration of five monoxenous species (Blechomonas ayalai, Herpetomonas muscarum, H. samuelpessoai, Leptomonas pyrrhocoris and Sergeia podlipaevi) introduced into culture, each representing a novel yet globally distributed and/or species‐rich clade, and compare them with well‐studied flagellates Trypanosoma brucei, Phytomonas serpens, Crithidia fasciculata and Leishmania tarentolae. Differences in structure and activities of respiratory chain complexes, respiration and other biochemical parameters recorded under laboratory conditions reveal their substantial diversity, likely a reflection of different host environments. Phylogenetic relationships of the analysed trypanosomatids do not correlate with their biochemical parameters, with the differences within clades by far exceeding those among clades. As the S. podlipaevi canonical respiratory chain complexes have very low activities, we believe that its mitochondrion is utilised for purposes other than oxidative phosphorylation. Hence, the single reticulated mitochondrion of diverse trypanosomatids seems to retain multipotency, with the capacity to activate its individual components based on the host environment.
The development of pediatric anesthesia and intensive care in Scandinavia
Authors: Nilsson Krister , Ekström‐Jodal Barbro , Meretoja Olli , Valentin Niels , Wagner Kari 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe initiation and development of pediatric anesthesia and intensive care have much in common in the Scandinavian countries. The five countries had to initiate close relations and cooperation in all medical disciplines. The pediatric anesthesia subspecialty took its first steps after the Second World War. Relations for training and exchange of experiences between Scandinavian countries with centers in Europe and the USA were a prerequisite for development. Specialized pediatric practice was not a full‐time position until during the 1950s, when the first pediatric anesthesia positions were created. Scandinavian anesthesia developed slowly. In contrast, Scandinavia pioneered both adult and certainly pediatric intensive care. The pioneers were heavily involved in the teaching and training of anesthetists and nurses. This was necessary to manage the rapidly increasing work. The polio epidemics during the 1950s initiated a combination of clinical development and technical innovations. Blood gas analyses technology and interpretation in combination with improved positive pressure ventilators were developed in Scandinavia contributing to general and pediatric anesthesia and intensive care practice. Scandinavian specialist training and accreditation includes both anesthesia and intensive care. Although pediatric anesthesia/intensive care is not a separate specialty, an ‘informal accreditation’ for a specialist position is obtained after training. The pleasure of working in a relatively small group of devoted colleagues and staff has persisted from the pioneering years. It is still one of the most inspiring and pleasant gifts for those working in this demanding specialty.
A Pilot study to determine whether visually evoked hemodynamic responses are preserved in children during inhalational anesthesia
Authors: Perera Thushara , Lewis Philip M. , Davidson Andrew J. , Junor Paul , Bottrell Stephen 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundAnesthetic depth is an important parameter to monitor during surgery, yet remains difficult to quantify, particularly in young children where developmental changes influence the electroencephalogram. A more fundamental physiological response to stimulation is the increase in cerebral blood flow secondary to increased metabolic demand, referred to as flow–metabolism coupling (FMC) and measurable using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Little is known about the effect of anesthesia on FMC; therefore, we studied visually evoked hemodynamic responses (VEHRs) using NIRS in children undergoing general anesthesia for minor surgical procedures.MethodWe recruited 23 children (aged 2–5 years), undergoing surgery requiring general anesthesia. VEHRs were measured for 30 min using NIRS, including 5 min of baseline recording after anesthetic induction. Parameters recorded using NIRS included the concentrations of oxygenated (oxy), deoxygenated (deoxy), and total hemoglobin (Hb), which were separated into epochs for evoked response analysis after filtration of motion artifact and baseline drift. Goodness‐of‐fit statistics and classification rules were used to determine the existence of evoked responses, and a modified Gaussian equation was used to model each evoked response.ResultsNear‐infrared spectroscopy data were recorded in 20/23 children, of whom nine showed a VEHR. No responses were seen in the baseline control data. When examining the relationship between VEHR and anesthetic agents, we noted that for 8/10 patients in whom preoperative or intraoperative fentanyl were administered and VEHRs were absent.ConclusionWe have shown that VEHRs can be detected using NIRS in some anesthetized children. Administration of fentanyl was associated with an absence of VEHRs. The mechanism underlying this association is unclear.
Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome Caused by an LMNA Mutation: A Case Report
Authors: Chu Yan , Xu Zi‐Gang , Xu Zhe , Ma Lin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by premature aging of the skin, bones, heart, and blood vessels. We report a 6‐year‐old boy who was born at full term but presented with scleroderma‐like appearance at 1 month of age and gradually developed clinical manifestations of progeria. He had characteristic facial features of prominent eyes, scalp, and leg veins; loss of scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes; stunted growth; scleroderma‐like changes of the skin; and a premature aged appearance. Metabolic investigations showed transient methylmalonic aciduria, and genetic testing of the peripheral blood identified the c.1824C>T heterozygous LMNA mutation. The present case is reported because of its rarity.
Effect of Age at Diagnosis on Chronic Quality of Life and Long‐Term Outcomes of Individuals with Psoriasis
Authors: Kim Grace E. , Seidler Elizabeth , Kimball Alexa Boer 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPsoriasis is a skin disorder that frequently begins in the pediatric and young adult population but imposes physical and psychosocial burdens over a lifetime. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the effect of age at diagnosis on the lifetime outcomes of psoriasis patients. Individuals with psoriasis (N = 114) completed a questionnaire regarding disabilities, relationships, education, finances, and medical outcomes. Responses were compared among quartiles of age at diagnosis and regression analyses were performed. Those diagnosed at a younger age were more likely to have a greater lifetime Dermatology Life Quality Index (LT DLQI) (p < 0.001), have felt depressed (p = 0.003), believe that psoriasis had caused their depression (p < 0.001), experience lifetime sleep problems (p = 0.004), use recreational drugs (p < 0.001), hide their psoriasis over their lifetime (p < 0.001), and experience more severe lifetime discrimination in social settings (p = 0.002). Early onset psoriasis is associated with depression, social discrimination, and greater LT DLQI.
Purified Type I Collagen Wound Matrix Improves Chronic Wound Healing in Patients with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Gorell Emily S. , Leung Thomas H. , Khuu Phuong , Lane Alfred T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a severe genetic blistering skin condition resulting in chronic wounds. Nonhealing wounds were treated over 8 weeks using a reconstituted natural purified type I collagen skin substitute. Chronic wounds were defined as nonhealing wounds present for longer than 6 months. For each patient, two chronic wounds were identified and randomized into a control or treatment group. Both groups received standard‐of‐care wound dressings. The treatment group received an additional type I collagen skin substitute. Wound size was measured at baseline and weeks 1, 4, and 8. Pain, pruritus, and burning and stinging were assessed. Wound cultures were obtained at baseline and thereafter as was considered clinically relevant. Ten subjects were enrolled; seven completed the study. Six subjects showed a positive response to the type I collagen skin substitute. Three subjects demonstrated full wound reepithelialization. Wounds treated using the collagen skin substitute showed statistically significantly greater improvement. Average scores for pruritus and pain decreased significantly. Reconstituted natural purified type I collagen skin substitutes improved the healing of chronic wounds and may be a valuable addition to the epidermolysis bullosa wound care arsenal.
Neoliberalism, the University, Public Goods and Agricultural Innovation
Authors: Glenna Leland , Shortall Sally , Brandl Barbara 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAfter World War II, most industrialising nations adopted some form of welfare‐state approach to balance the economic activities of self‐interested agents and social welfare. In the realm of scientific research and innovation, this often meant that governments took primary responsibility for funding public research organisations, including research universities and government laboratories. Over the past four decades, however, the significance of private funding for agricultural research has increased, and academic scientists now often work in public‐private partnerships. We argue that this trend needs to be carefully monitored because public goods are likely to be overlooked and undervalued in such arrangements. In the interest of developing indicators to monitor the trend, we document public and private funding for agricultural research and agricultural innovation in four countries: the USA, the UK, Ireland and Germany. Our results show that although neoliberalism is evident in each country, it is not homogeneous in its application and impacts, suggesting that national and institutional contexts matter. This article is directed at stimulating debates on the relationships between university research, agricultural innovation and public goods.
50th Anniversary Article: Multiaxial Fatigue Testing of Composites: From the Pioneers to Future Directions
Authors: Quaresimin M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper presents an overview on the experimental investigation of the response of composite materials under multiaxial cyclic loading, starting from the pioneering works in the early 1970s to arrive to the research activities run in these days by the scientific community and concluding with the areas still open. The experimental techniques and sample geometries are compared, illustrating advantages and drawbacks of each solution, also with reference to the outcomes of the research. The influence of the main design parameters are illustrated, taking advantage of experimental results from the extensive investigation carried out in the last years at the University of Padova. Needs of future research are eventually addressed.
Routine storage of red blood cell (RBC) units in additive solution‐3: a comprehensive investigation of the RBC metabolome
Authors: D'Alessandro Angelo , Nemkov Travis , Kelher Marguerite , West F. Bernadette , Schwindt Rani K. , Banerjee Anirban , Moore Ernest E. , Silliman Christopher C. , Hansen Kirk C. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundIn most countries, red blood cells (RBCs) can be stored up to 42 days before transfusion. However, observational studies have suggested that storage duration might be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. While clinical trials are under way, impaired metabolism has been documented in RBCs stored in several additive solutions (ASs). Here we hypothesize that, despite reported beneficial effects, storage in AS‐3 results in metabolic impairment weeks before the end of the unit shelf life.Study Design and MethodsFive leukofiltered AS‐3 RBC units were sampled before, during, and after leukoreduction Day 0 and then assayed on a weekly basis from storage Day 1 through Day 42. RBC extracts and supernatants were assayed using a ultra–high‐performance liquid chromatography separations coupled online with mass spectrometry detection metabolomics workflow.ResultsBlood bank storage significantly affects metabolic profiles of RBC extracts and supernatants by Day 14. In addition to energy and redox metabolism impairment, intra‐ and extracellular accumulation of amino acids was observed proportionally to storage duration, suggesting a role for glutamine and serine metabolism in aging RBCs.ConclusionMetabolomics of stored RBCs could drive the introduction of alternative ASs to address some of the storage‐dependent metabolic lesions herein reported, thereby increasing the quality of transfused RBCs and minimizing potential links to patient morbidity.
Viscous Analysis of Steam Turbine Rotor Blade Aerodynamics
Authors: Amano R. S. , Lin B. , Song B. 
Published: December 2014

Unsteady load predictions on steam turbine blades are needed for a better understanding of high cycle fatigue blade failures. The forced response due to rotor-stator interaction and the unsteady loads due to blade oscillatory motion are major factors for the cause of stresses. In addition, turbulence, which is generated through the stator nozzle passages of a turbine, significantly affects the flow characteristics and heat transfer of the rotor blades.
This paper presents a numerical modeling of turbulence effects of a flow around a rotor blade which was extended to demonstrate unsteady calculations due to blade oscillations. The grids were generated by employing the boundary-fitted algebraic grid generation technique. In the computations, the unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations were solved for the simulation of the flows in the above mentioned regions to determine mean velocity components, the turbulence energy levels, pressures, and thermodynamic properties such as temperatures and densities. The computed pressure distributions along a blade were compared with the published experimental data and the code was validated by showing reasonable agreement with the results. Some numerical examples are presented by using different turbulence models to investigate the nature of the turbulence occurring in the flow around a blade. Furthermore, the computational model was tested for its applicability to blade flutter in three vibrational modes — tangential, axial, and twist modes.