bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La vie à Gorée de 1677 à 1789
Authors: Knight-Baylac Marie-Hélène 
Published: December 2013

During the period 1677-1789, the population of the island of Groree increased considerably ; consequently, the occupation extended and improved. Europeans, who first lived in the forts, left them on the XVIIIe century and neglected their maintenance ; they built their homes and différent edifices on the lower part of the island, mingling with the natives. In 1786, the town occupied almost the whole plain ; there were 85 hard constructions, but most of the Negroes lived in straw houses.
At the same time, the population passed from 257 inhabitants in 1749 to 1840 in 1785. This expansion is due mostly to the increase of free Negroes and Mulattoes possessing more and more captives. While the mulatto women were frequently wealthy and played an important role, the Negroes, some of them employed by the French, were poor. The white population was composed of the garnison, members of the administration, employées and servants. A director was in charge of ail that population by the time companies were appointed by the King ; after 1763, there was a governor, and, after 1778, a commander ; an administrator was sometimes appointed at the same time. Besides this permanent population, there were the slaves bought on the continent and awaiting their departure towards the New World. The island being barren, supplying it was a real problem. Provisions coming from France were unsufficient ; white people depended upon the Negroes of the continent for supplies of water, food, wood and materials. Some treaties were concluded to resolve the difficulties but they had no results. Hence the idea of abandonning Goree for Dakar pointed out at the end of the xvme century.
La politique religieuse de Gallieni à Madagascar pendant les premières années de l'occupation française (1896- 1900), d'après les documents du dépôt des Archives d'Outre-Mer à Aix
Authors: Gontard Maurice 
Published: December 2013

Plusieurs missions protestantes (London Missionary Society, Friends Foreign Mission Association, mission luthérienne norvégienne, mission anglicane)et la mission catholique exerçaient leur activité à Madagascar en 1896. Les missions protestantes, et en particulier la L.M.S., avaient été en faveur sous le gouvernement royal. La mission catholique dirigée par les Jésuites compte, en 1896, sur l'occupation militaire française pour obtenir des avantages et étendre son influence.
Gallieni, en accord avec le gouvernement français, se prononce au contraire pour une politique de stricte neutralité religieuse (circulaire du 5 octobre 1896). Il s'efforce en même temps d'affaiblir les missions les plus puissantes, celles dont l'affrontement menace la paix religieuse, L.M.S. et Jésuites ; il intervient en particulier pour substituer la Mission protestante française aux Anglais de la L.M.S. Il exige enfin de toutes les missions qu'elles suivent les directives scolaires de l'administration et introduisent rapidement l'enseignement du français dans leurs écoles.Gallieni réussit à maintenir la paix religieuse dans la Grande Ile, avec des phases alternées d'apaisement et d'effervescence, liées aux développement de la politique internationale. Le général reproche à la Mission protestante française, qui s'est partiellement substituée à la L.M.S. en 1897, de rester inféodée à la mission britannique. Il reproche à toutes les missions de n'accepter qu'à contre-cœur les directives sur l'enseignement et développe de plus en plus un enseignement public laïque plus docile aux instructions du pouvoir.
Contribution à l 'étude de la succession d'Andrianampoinimerina
Authors: Valette Jean 
Published: December 2013

La présente étude se propose, à partir de la façon dont Andrianampoinimerina a réglé sa propre succession, de contribuer à l'étude de la dévolution du trône de l'Imerina.
Après avoir étudié la façon dont les sources actuellement connues (les Tantara, , Hugon, Raombana, Rainandriamampandry) exposent le déroulement des événements et les choix successifs d'un successeur, l'auteur se livre à une critique interne de ces sources, puis recherche, toujours à partir des sources, les motifs pour lesquels tel ou tel successeur a été désigné.
Enfin, il essaie d'interpréter les choix d'Andrianampoinimerina et l'élimination des héritiers les uns après les autres, pour en arriver à Radama. Il propose d'y voir d'une part l'influence des mères des héritiers et d'autre part le fait que les héritiers, à travers leurs mères, représentaient chacun une force politique prenant sa source dans le clan dont la mère était On aurait donc eu affaire, plus qu'à des règles strictes de dévolution, à des luttes d'influence, à des tentatives de groupes soumis par Andrianampoinimerina pour reprendre, à l'aide de leur « champion », l'autorité dont ils avaient été dépossédés.
Rapports coloniaux, rapports sociaux et impérialisme
Authors: Gallissot René 
Published: December 2013

In its metropolitan centre, the crisis corresponds to the " imperial " French period ; the French Empire offers both a solution to the world crisis and the means of transition from national capitalism to an imperialistic inter-dependence.
In Africa, the seriousness of the crisis lies in a three-fold interference : the critical commercial situation which reveals the fragility of export-oriented economies ; the actual colonial crisis which lies in the contradiction between the " archaic " forms of exploitation (plantation and trading economy) and the quest for utmost profitability on the part of the larger firms, and for complementing metropolitan production ; the structural crisis which is created by growing poverty and unemployment, which makes itself felt in social changes, and paves the way for a political émergence. The crisis lays bare the fact that capitalistic dependence is crucial in the social sphere.
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Prescriptions for Enhancing Sodium and Fluid Removal: A Predictive Analysis of Optimized, Patient-Specific Dwell Times for the Day Period
Authors: Akonur Alp , Guest Steven , Sloand James A. , Leypoldt John K. 
Published: December 2013

Background Remaining edema-free is a challenge for many automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients, especially those with fast (“high”) transport characteristics. Although increased use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions with high glucose concentrations may improve volume control, frequent use of such solutions is undesirable. Methods We used the 3-pore kinetic model to evaluate 4 alternative therapy prescriptions for the APD day exchange in anuric patients with high, high-average, and low-average transport characteristics. Four prescriptions were modeled: Therapy 1: Optimal, individualized dwell times with a dry period Therapy 2: Use of a midday exchange Therapy 3: Use of an icodextrin-containing dialysate during a 14-hour dwell Therapy 4: Use of optimal, individualized dwell times, followed by an icodextrin dwell to complete the daytime period The alternative therapies were compared with a reference standard therapy using glucose solution during a 14-hour dwell. The nighttime prescription was identical in all cases (10 L over 10 hours), and all glucose solutions contained 2.27% glucose. Net ultrafiltration (UF), sodium removal (NaR), total carbohydrate (CHO) absorption, and weekly urea Kt/V for a 24-hour period were computed and compared. Results The UF and NaR were substantially higher with therapy 1 than with standard therapy (1034 mL vs 621 mL and 96 mmol vs 51 mmol respectively), without significant changes in CHO absorption or urea Kt/V. However, therapy 1 resulted in reduced β2-microglobulin clearance (0.74 mL/min vs 0.89 mL/min with standard therapy). Compared with therapy 1, therapy 2 improved UF and NaR (1062 mL vs 1034 mL and 99 mmol vs 96 mmol); however, that improvement is likely not clinically significant. Therapy 2 also resulted in a higher Kt/V (2.07 vs 1.72), but at the expense of higher glucose absorption (difference: 42 g). The UF and NaR were highest with a long icodextrin-containing daytime dwell either preceded by a short optimized dwell (1426 mL and 155 mmol) or without such a dwell (1327 mL and 148 mmol). Conclusions The 3-pore model predictions revealed that patient-specific optimal dwell times and regimens with a longer day dwell might provide improved UF and NaR options in APD patients with a variety of peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. In patients without access to icodextrin, therapy 1 might enhance UF and NaR and provide a short-term option to increase fluid removal. Although that approach may offer clinicians a therapeutic option for the overhydrated patient who requires increased UF in the short term, APD prescriptions including icodextrin provide a means to augment sodium and fluid removal. Data from clinical trials are needed to confirm the predictions from this study.
Anticoagulation during and after acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Bode C. , Zirlik A. , Ahrens I. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryCurrent antithrombotic therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Dual antiplatelet therapy composed of aspirin plus a third generation P2Y12 inhibitor (prasugrel or ticagrelor) represents the gold standard, while aspirin plus second generation P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel) may be used as an alternative in the presence of contraindications for third generation P2Y12 inhibitors and/or a high risk of bleeding. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been the unchallenged mainstay in anticoagulation for ACS for many decades and is still widely used in patients with ACS treated interventionally. Novel alternative parenteral anticoagulant strategies include the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin and the synthetic pentas-accharide fondaparinux. Both of these agents share advantages over UFH particularly in medically treated patients with ACS not scheduled for PCI. The direct parenteral factor IIa (thrombin) inhibitor bivalirudin, when used as sole anticoagulant in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, is as effective as the regimen of UFH plus GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor in NSTEMI and superior to the latter regimen in patients with STEMI. The novel approach of a long-term low dose factor Xa inhibition with rivaroxaban in the post ACS phase even further reduced cardiovascular mortality in a clinical trial but has yet to be established in daily clinical practice in the setting of third generation P2Y12 inhibitors. This review discusses currently clinically established anticoagulants for the treatment of ACS alongside with novel approaches such as rivaroxaban.
Embedded Skyrmion Bags in Thin Films of Chiral Magnets
Authors: Yang Luyan , Savchenko Andrii S. , Zheng Fengshan , Kiselev Nikolai S. , Rybakov Filipp N. , Han Xiaodong , Blügel Stefan , Dunin‐Borkowski Rafal E. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions are topologically nontrivial spin configurations that possess particle‐like properties. Earlier research has mainly focused on a specific type of skyrmion with topological charge Q = −1. However, theoretical analyses of 2D chiral magnets have predicted the existence of skyrmion bags—solitons with arbitrary positive or negative topological charge. Although such spin textures are metastable states, recent experimental observations have confirmed the stability of isolated skyrmion bags in a limited range of applied magnetic fields. Here, by utilizing Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, the extraordinary stability of skyrmion bags in thin plates of B20‐type FeGe is shown. In particular, it is shown that skyrmion bags embedded within a skyrmion lattice remain stable even in zero or inverted external magnetic fields. A robust protocol for nucleating such embedded skyrmion bags is provided. The results agree perfectly with micromagnetic simulations and establish thin plates of cubic chiral magnets as a powerful platform for exploring a broad spectrum of topological magnetic solitons.
The Role of Interfacial Interactions and Oxygen Vacancies in Tuning Magnetic Anisotropy in LaCrO3/LaMnO3 Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Xuanyi , Al‐Tawhid Athby H. , Schafer Padraic , Zhang Zhan , Kumah Divine P. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe interplay of lattice, electronic, and spin degrees of freedom at epitaxial complex oxide interfaces provides a route to tune their magnetic ground states. Unraveling the competing contributions is critical for tuning their functional properties. The relationship between magnetic ordering and magnetic anisotropy and the lattice symmetry, oxygen content, and film thickness in compressively strained LaMnO3 (LMO)/LaCrO3 (LCO) superlattices is investigated. Mn–O–Cr antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions across the heterointerface result in a net ferrimagnetic magnetic structure. Bulk magnetometry measurements reveal isotropic in‐plane magnetism for as‐grown oxygen‐deficient thin samples due to equal fractions of orthorhombic a+a‐c‐, and a‐a+c‐ twin domains. As the superlattice thickness is increased, in‐plane magnetic anisotropy emerges as the fraction of the a+a‐c‐ domain increases. On annealing in oxygen, the suppression of oxygen vacancies results in a contraction of the lattice volume, and an orthorhombic to rhombohedral transition leads to isotropic magnetism independent of the film thickness. The complex interactions are investigated using high‐resolution synchrotron diffraction and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. These results highlight the role of the evolution of structural domains with film thickness, interfacial spin interactions, and oxygen‐vacancy‐induced structural phase transitions in tuning the magnetic properties of complex oxide heterostructures.
Observation of Fast Low‐Temperature Oxygen Ion Conduction in CeO2/β"‐Al2O3 Heterostructure
Authors: Zhang Yingbo , Zhu Decai , Zhao Zhonglong , Liu Jiamei , Ouyang Yuzhao , Yu Jiangyu , Liu Zhongqing , Bai Xixi , Wang Nan , Zhuang Lin , Liu Wuming , Zhu Chengjun 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSemiconductor ion fuel cells (SIFCs) have demonstrated impressive ionic conductivity and efficient power generation at temperatures below 600 °C. However, the lack of understanding of the ionic conduction mechanisms associated with composite electrolytes has impeded the advancement of SIFCs toward lower operating temperatures. In this study, a CeO2/β″‐Al2O3 heterostructure electrolyte is introduced, incorporating β″‐Al2O3 and leveraging the local electric field (LEF) as well as the manipulation of the melting point temperature of carbonate/hydroxide (C/H) by Na+ and Mg2+ from β″‐Al2O3. This design successfully maintains swift interfacial conduction of oxygen ions at 350 °C. Consequently, the fuel cell device achieved an exceptional ionic conductivity of 0.019 S/cm and a power output of 85.9 mW/cm2 at 350 °C. The system attained a peak power density of 1 W/cm2 with an ultra‐high ionic conductivity of 0.197 S/cm at 550 °C. The results indicate that through engineering the LEF and incorporating the lower melting point C/H, there approach effectively observed oxygen ion transport at low temperatures (350 °C), effectively overcoming the issue of cell failure at temperatures below 419 °C. This study presents a promising methodology for further developing high‐performance semiconductor ion fuel cells in the low temperature range of 300–600 °C.
Gasdermin D Mediated Mitochondrial Metabolism Orchestrate Neurogenesis Through LDHA During Embryonic Development
Authors: Ma Hongyan , Jia Huiyang , Zou Wenzheng , Ji Fen , Wang Wenwen , Zhao Jinyue , Yuan Chenqi , Jiao Jianwei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRegulatory cell death is an important way to eliminate the DNA damage that accompanies the rapid proliferation of neural stem cells during cortical development, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and so on. Here, the study reports that the absence of GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis results in defective DNA damage sensor pathways accompanied by aberrant neurogenesis and autism‐like behaviors in adult mice. Furthermore, GSDMD is involved in organizing the mitochondrial electron transport chain by regulating the AMPK/PGC‐1α pathway to target Aifm3. This process promotes a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. The perturbation of metabolic homeostasis in neural progenitor cells increases lactate production which acts as a signaling molecule to regulate the p38MAPK pathway. And activates NF‐𝜿B transcription to disrupt cortex development. This abnormal proliferation of neural progenitor cells can be rescued by inhibiting glycolysis and lactate production. Taken together, the study proposes a metabolic axis regulated by GSDMD that links pyroptosis with metabolic reprogramming. It provides a flexible perspective for the treatment of neurological disorders caused by genotoxic stress and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.
Natural Affinity Driven Modification by Silicene to Construct a “Thermal Switch” for Tumorous Bone Loss
Authors: Chen Yi‐Xing , Luo Yi‐Ping , Hou Xiao‐Dong , Zhang Lei , Wang Tian‐Long , Li Xi‐Fan , Liu Zhi‐Qing , Zhao Jin‐Hui , Aierken Aihemaitijiang , Cai Zhu‐Yun , Lu Bing‐Qiang , Tan Shuo , Zhao Xin‐Yu , Chen Feng , Zhou Zi‐Fei , Zheng Long‐Po 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTumorous bone defects present significant challenges for surgical bio‐reconstruction due to the dual pathological conditions of residual tumor presence and extensive bone loss following excision surgery. To address this challenge, a “thermal switch” smart bone scaffold based on the silicene nanosheet‐modified decalcified bone matrix (SNS@DBM) is developed by leveraging the natural affinity between collagen and silicene, which is elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations. Benefitting from its exceptional photothermal ability, biodegradability, and bioactivity, the SNS@DBM “thermal switch” provides an integrated postoperative sequential thermotherapy for tumorous bone loss by exerting three levels of photothermal stimulation (i.e., strong, moderate, and nonstimulation). During the different phases of postoperative bioconstruction, the SNS@DBM scaffold realizes simultaneous residual tumor ablation, tumor recurrence prevention, and bone tissue regeneration. These biological effects are verified in the tumor‐bearing nude mice of patient‐derived tissue xenografts and critical cranium defect rats. Mechanism research prompts moderate heat stimulus generated by and coordinating with SNSs can upregulate osteogenic genes, promote macrophages M2 polarization, and intensify angiogenesis of H‐type vessels. This study introduces a versatile approach to the management of tumorous bone defects.
Low Temperature Fast Mixed OH−/H+ Ionic Conductor in Doped Strontium Cerates
Authors: Zou Peimiao , Iuga Dinu , Brown Alex J. , Han Yisong , Wang Renhang , Tao Shanwen 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe drawbacks of high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (HT‐SOFCs) prompt efforts to lower operating temperatures to near ambient temperatures (NAT). Here the high mixed OH−/H+ ionic conductivity in doped SrCeO3 below 100 °C is reported. The SrCe0.8Y0.2O3−δ (SCYO20) electrolyte demonstrates a high ionic conductivity of 12 mS cm−1 in water and 9 mS cm−1 in wet air at 60 °C and an excellent long‐term stability over 100 h. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance confirms the presence of protons and hydroxide ions in the hydrated oxides and their correlation with Y dopant. Demonstration of direct ammonia fuel cells using the SCYO20 electrolyte indicates the practical application value of this material. The OH− conduction of SrCe0.7Sn0.2Y0.1O3−δ (SCSY721) is demonstrated by electrolysis of D2O. The introduction of KOH significantly increases the availability of OH− feed ions, leading to a remarkable improvement of ionic conductivity of SCSY721 electrolyte which is increased by 27 times, 56.34 mS cm−1 in 6 m KOH at 90 °C. The increased ionic conductivity due to the presence of high concentration of extrinsic conducting ions, here are OH− ions, is called as ‘feeding effect’. This study offers new electrolyte materials for cost‐effective, and durable electrochemical devices such as NAT‐SOFCs.
Kernel number and kernel weight stability can vary across corn hybrids
Authors: Kim Jinwook , Sullivan Paul , Caldwell Lindsey , Downey Julia , Hooker David C. , Nasielski Joshua 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe stability of a trait refers to the extent to which its expression in a given genotype varies across environments. The more stable a trait, the less variable its expression. Grain yield stability is a central consideration in corn production to ensure that hybrids perform consistently across environments and is frequently quantified given its importance. Little attention has been paid to the stability of corn yield components, kernel number per m2 (KN), and kernel weight (KW). Our hypothesis is that while previous research suggests that yield stability of commercial corn hybrids is generally consistent, the stabilities of KN and KW may exhibit significant differences, even when overall yield stability remains constant. This study evaluated the yield and yield component stabilities of 23 commercial corn hybrids conducted on‐farm at five location‐years in Ontario, Canada, using Finlay–Wilkinson regression. Most (61%) hybrids exhibited average yield stability with β1‐values close to 1.0. But seven hybrids displaying average yield stability had KN and/or KW stabilities significantly different than average. While in absolute terms, KW was always more stable than KN across environments, the data indicate that hybrids have different mechanisms to achieve stable yields in terms of relative yield component adjustments. Overall, 14 hybrids had yield component β1‐values significantly more or less stable than average. The instances where yield component β1‐values differed significantly from 1.0 were almost equally divided between KN and KW. These findings support the potential for hybrid‐specific corn management, that is, tailoring management practices to take advantage of hybrid variation in yield component stabilities.
Effects of conservation agriculture technologies on soil macrofauna community attributes in rainfed agriculture system
Authors: Parvizi Yahya , Heshmati Mosayeb , Gheituri Mohammad , Toohidi Mohammadtaghi 
Published: July 2024

AbstractInappropriate rainfed crop management, especially wrong tillage and crop residue management, led to reduce the diversity of soil biological quality, especially soil macrofauna community, in semiarid region. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 5 year conservation agriculture operation techniques on the quality and the diversity indices of soil macrofauna community in the rainfed lands in the west of Iran. This experiment was carried out in the statistical format of split‐split plots based on a randomized completely block design with three replications. The main treatments include control or conventional tillage, compound tillage, chisel tillage, and direct cultivation (no tillage) with three sub‐treatments of plant residues (no residues, one‐third, and two‐thirds of plant residues) in rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation with rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Changes in soil biological quality indicators, such as soil microbial respiration were measured. Also, the indicators related to the population of soil macrofauna, including biodiversity index, uniformity index, and species richness, were measured and the effect of treatments on the measured indicators were compared with the classical statistical method of analysis of variance and Duncan's mean comparison test. The results showed that conservation agricultural treatments, including no‐tillage treatment, have led to significant increase of 19% and 15% of macrofauna biodiversity index in wheat and chickpea, respectively. Also, keeping one‐third of the wheat residues has led to an 18% increase in the biodiversity index of the soil macrofauna during the evaluation period. Biodiversity index and taxonomic richness of soil macrofauna were generally higher in the years of wheat than chickpea, and on the contrary, the species uniformity index of soil macrofauna biological community was higher in chickpea than wheat.