bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The continuing prospects for a Chinese psychology
Authors: Blowers Geoffrey H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Chinese psychology can be taken to mean a discipline —Eurocentric in origin —practiced in its many forms within regions of a geographical spa —China —and also as something by and for a specified culture with its own distinct philosophical traditions. While the Chinese have traditionally linked the subject matter of psychology with the longstanding teachings of Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, and their followers, the modern discipline that emerged out of Euro-America only began to make an impact in the first two decades of the twentieth century. This article reveals, like other sciences from nineteenth-century Europe, the emerging modern psychological discipline was unrecognizable to the Chinese, who had to discover, adopt, and adapt it along with other strange new things from the West. Initially China regarded psychology as a foreign discipline for a variety of reasons. This article elaborates on the discipline of Chinese psychology and its various contexts.
The thinking styles of Chinese people
Authors: Ji Li-Jun , Lee Albert , Guo Tieyuan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the many important differences in the thinking styles between Chinese and European North Americans (Americans and Canadians of European descent), as Chinese thought processes have always been difficult to comprehend. That is why Westerners have expressed serious curiosity about and appreciation of the philosophical endeavours of the Chinese and the cognitive strategies they use for everyday functioning. The term ‘thinking styles’ represents the ontological frameworks that people use intuitively to make sense of their social world. It describes how Chinese favor a more holistic framework in processing information, whereas European North Americans rely on a more analytical framework that emphasizes the use of formal logic and one-to-one relationships. It further elaborates the concept of zhong yong, or the doctrine of the mean, a concept central to understanding Chinese thinking, which encapsulates the virtues of pursuing the middle ground.
From indigenous to cross-cultural personality: the case of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory
Authors: Cheung Fanny M. , Zhang Jianxin , Cheung Shu Fai 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article elaborates on the development of various personality assessment tools from its initial stage in China. During the initial period after the resumption of scientific psychological research in China, the influence of Western theories and measures of personality was strong. With few local instruments available, most psychologists depended on the importation of well-developed Western personality tests. In the 1970s, major instruments such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) were translated and used in Hong Kong and Taiwan. With the opening of mainland China to Western psychology after 1978, objective psychological assessment represented the acme of science. This article reveals that in the attempt to provide culturally relevant personality assessment tools, Chinese psychologists began to develop indigenous measures to study Chinese personality and its latent structure in the 1980s. It also elaborates on the evolvement of The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI).
Psychology and aging in the land of the panda
Authors: Fung Helene H. , Cheng Sheung-Tak 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Psychology and aging is a relatively large field of academic study. It describes and examines developmental changes in the second half of life in areas ranging from physiology, cognition, and emotion to personality and social relationships. This article presents a discussion on how aging in Chinese societies may be different from that in the West, viz. North American and Western European societies. It also reviews the literature on psychology and aging in Chinese societies, mostly Hong Kong, but also Macau, Taiwan, and mainland China. It provides empirical findings on age differences in self and other perceptions, interpersonal relationships, and cognition, as well as culture-specific constructs such as filial piety and renqing (relationship orientation). Besides providing background information on population aging in Asia, and China in particular, it also highlights the specific opportunities and challenges that population aging presents to Chinese societies, relative to their Western counterparts.
The spirituality of the Chinese people: a critical review
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article gives a descriptive as well as a critical picture of studies examining the spirituality of Chinese people. It systematically examines several issues in discussing various aspects of spirituality. It describes methods of assessing spirituality in Chinese people and outlines profiles about spirituality and their related socio-demographic correlates. Furthermore, it discusses the conceptual, methodological, and practical limitations of the existing studies pertinent to spirituality of Chinese people. Besides, this article assesses the meaning of life and the purpose in the lives of Chinese people using two main approaches. The first approach is to assess meaning of life by items or questions included in questionnaires. The second approach is to use psychological scales to assess the construct of meaning of life or purpose in life. The most commonly used measure is the Chinese version of the Purpose in Life Questionnaire, which assesses levels of purpose in life.
Clinical neuropsychology in China
Authors: Chan Agnes S. , Leung Winnie W. , Cheung Mei-Chun 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Neuropsychology was first brought into China by young Chinese scholar-researchers trained in North America, who returned to their homeland in the mid-1990s. This group of young, Western-trained neuropsychologists, is still the main driving force in the development of the field today, and it has been very active in advancing clinical research and practice in China. This article outlines the history of clinical neuropsychology in China and reviews its latest developments, with specific reference to the three major Chinese populations of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and mainland China. It traces the introduction of neuropsychology from the United States into China, and reviews its current developments, focusing on the areas of clinical training, certification, assessment, and instrumentation, highlighting some interesting research findings on Chinese patient populations. This review is based not only on the international literature, but also on research published locally in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.
Community psychology in Chinese societies
Authors: Chan Charles C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The essentiality of seeing people within a particular social context and their respective temporal contexts of livelihood is the core of community psychology. Community psychology takes an ecological perspective. As such, it does not stop at the immediate family, circle of friends, or work collegues, but includes the intermediate level and macro-level contexts. Hence, community psychology is demonstrably different from the rest of psychology both in conceptualization and methodology. Communities are social systems that serve to meet human needs; therefore, community psychology can be defined as understanding the needs of people and the resources available to meet those needs. This article initially introduces community psychology and its central values and principles in general and then explains the aspects of community psychology in Chinese societies. However, it states that the lack of proper literature on the history of development in community psychology of China is a hurdle in its study.
Chinese cooperation and competition
Authors: Leung Hildie , Au Wing-Tung 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The complexities of culture and its effects on cooperation and competition are revealed through more recent discoveries, which confront previous stereotypical perceptions of the Chinese. This article explains that many of these findings help enrich the understanding of whether and how Chinese cooperate or compete relative to Westerners. It provides findings on how various intra-individual and inter-individual variables underlie cultural differences in cooperative and competitive behaviours. This article first looks at intra-individual variables, such as beliefs and values, risk preferences, regulatory focus, and conflict-management styles, and explains how these variables impact on competition and cooperation in different cultural contexts. It then explores the inter-individual variables related to cooperative conflicts, conversational style, power, fairness, interactional justice, and trust, and assesses how these factors affect the two concepts from one nation to another. It also discusses multiple views on competition.
Interpersonal relationships in rapidly changing Chinese societies
Authors: Chan Darius K.-S. , Ng Theresa T.-T. , Hui Chin-Ming 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Since 1970, mainland China has been undergoing social and economic reforms that have brought about astonishing economic success. This article reveals that these social and economic changes have led to many changes in Chinese interpersonal relationships, and family structures and processes. They are not limited to mainland China but can also be seen in other Chinese habitats, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. The article focuses on Chinese relationship research conducted in the last decade and examines how the rapid social and economic changes in Chinese societies have exerted an impact on the various types of interpersonal relationship. Furthermore, it looks at how traditional Chinese values continue to shape interpersonal relationships amidst the increasing influence of modernization and globalization. In terms of interpersonal relationships, it focuses on four broad domains, namely friendship, romantic relationships, marital relationships, and family relationships, providing a review of the relevant studies in each domain.
Chinese political psychology: political participation in Chinese societies
Authors: Ng Isabel 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Forms of political participation, such as electoral voting, political lobbying, and civil disobedience, have generated a large body of research in democratic societies. These behaviours, however, may not represent political participation in societies with other forms of political systems, such as the Chinese, where people may express political opinions through various forms of participation or non-participation that are different from those in a democracy. This article explores the published literature on Chinese people's political participation in relation to three questions: How do Chinese participate in politics? Why do Chinese participate in politics? What does participation in politics do to an individual? Devoting most attention to the mainland China, followed by Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, this article highlights the longitudinal research that examines people's change in attitudes over time. Furthermore it examines some studies concerning political participation in Singapore.
Chinese social identity and inter-group relations: the influence of benevolent authority
Authors: Liu James H. , Li Mei-Chih , Yue Xiao-Dong 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The articulation of a contemporary perspective on Chinese social identity and inter-group relations requires integration of three basic strands of knowledge: interdependent and independent selves from cross-cultural psychology; social identity and self-categorization from inter-group psychology; and historical analysis, weaving these strands of influence into the context of Chinese culture and its evolving indigenous psychology. This article reveals that with the onslaught of Western imperialism over the last two centuries, traditional Chinese civilization collapsed and traditional Chinese virtues came to be understood as flaws by leading Chinese intellectuals and their political rulers. Using a representational and historically contingent approach to social identity and inter-group relations, this article argues that the ethical and relational origins of traditional Chinese social identity enable culturally unique predictions about how Chinese people manage cultural diversity and international relations today.
Moving the scientific study of Chinese psychology into our twenty-first century: some ways forward
Authors: Bond Michael Harris 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines aspects of survival and prosperous of Chinese psychology in the context of the twenty-first century. It explains various strategies to be adapted for the discipline to prosper in the twenty first century. There are several issues that need to be addressed in studying the Chinese psychology scientifically. One of the main things among them is the distinctiveness of Chinese people. However, those who study this field should be aware of how it is distinctive and should be able to prove it empirically. The researchers should be aware that such distinctiveness exists. They should know what it consists of, and what influence it has on the performance of societies. This article also takes on the indigenous contributions to psychological science in the Chine context.
The Adaptive Approach to Grammar
Authors: Givón Tom 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLanguage is one of the defining characteristics of homo sapiens. It is deployed in a wide range of adaptive contexts: social interaction, cultural transmission, education, literature, theatre, music, humour and play, love and war. Of this rich array of useful applications, two core adaptive functions make all the rest possible: (i) mental representation; and (ii) the communication of information. This chapter discusses the following: human language as a combinatorial system; three major developmental trends that have jointly fashioned the way languages are now: evolution, ontogenesis, and diachrony; typological diversity and language universals; innateness and language acquisition; language and the brain; the evolution of grammar; and theoretical perspective and grammatical description.
The Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a decompositional system of meaning representation based on empirically established universal semantic primes, i.e., simple indefinable meanings that appear to be present as word meanings in all languages. The NSM approach has developed a fairly sophisticated suite of theoretical constructs, which are explained and illustrated in this chapter. These constructs include semantic primes, allolexy, syntactic frames and valency options of primes, semantic templates, semantic molecules, semantic prototypes for grammatical constructs, grammatical polysemy, ethnosyntax, and cultural scripts.
Systemic systematic functional grammar and the study of Meaning
Authors: Caffarel Alice 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSystemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory of language that is strongly oriented to the description of how language makes meaning in context. This chapter aims to illustrate the power of SFL and, in particular, Systemic Functional (SF) Grammar, as a tool for exploring meaning in any language, and begins by locating SFL within the wider linguistic community. It then outlines some of the main dimensions and characteristics of SLF and SF grammar in relation to French, discussing what counts as evidence in SFL, such as the criteria and ‘reactances’ used for the interpretation of specific categories. The chapter illustrates the grammar and ‘cryptogrammar’ at work as a meaning-making resource.
Non-Technical Introduction
Authors: Tett Gillian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the development of the credit derivatives concept and how it became increasingly controversial, especially during the banking crisis of 2007 and 2008. In the fifteen years since the concept was first developed, by groups such as J. P. Morgan, Bankers Trust, Credit Suisse – and others – this product has expanded with dizzying speed. At the start of the decade, official data from ISDA suggested that barely $1 trillion of these contracts had been written in the global markets when measured in terms of gross outstanding amount (i.e., without netting off contracts which offset each other). By 2008, that sum had swelled above $60 trillion. More striking still, the original concept of credit derivatives had mutated into numerous new forms, breeding a host of acronyms along the way covering corporate, sovereign, and mortgage debt.
Saddlepoint methods in portfolio theory
Authors: Lipton Alexander , Rennie Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article, which provides the first complete exposition of the saddlepoint method to the calculation and management of portfolio losses, in an environment that is quite general and therefore applicable to many asset classes and many models, is divided into two parts. First, it discusses the construction of the distribution of losses, which is an essential ingredient of valuing collateralised debt obligation tranches and calculating risk measures at different levels of confidence. Second, the article examines where the risk is coming from, which more formally means the sensitivity of risk to asset allocation – an idea that is fundamental to portfolio theory and risk management, and which is at the heart of the Capital Asset Pricing Model.
A Valuation Model for ABS Cdos
Authors: Manzano Julian , Kamotski Vladimir , Pesavento Umberto , Lipton Alexander 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article develops a pricing model for asset-backed securities collateralised debt obligation tranches backed by mortgage collateral (including prime, sub-prime, and other property types) via the Monte Carlo method. It is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a brief historical overview of the sub-prime market. Section 3 provides the core technical description of the scenario generator. After the stochastic model is established in Section 4, the calibration procedure is presented. Section 5 and 6 discuss results and conclusions, respectively.
Teacher–Student Relationships: Two Case Studies
Authors: Cohen Yoram , Kedar Sivan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents two case studies concerning teacher-student relationships in ancient Mesopotamia. The first case introduces the teachers and students of a scribal school at the city of Emar in ancient Syria which show the conditions under which schooling was conducted, who the students and teachers were, and what the relationship between them was. The second case presents a varied group of Neo- and Late Babylonian apprenticeship contracts that provide a better understanding of the apprentice's gender and age, social background, the length of his tuition, the salary of his master, and the trade being learned.
Assyria At War: Strategy and Conduct
Authors: Fuchs Andreas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines Assyria's military strategy and conduct of war. It argues that the rise of Assyria can be explained by the peculiar historical setting of the later tenth century and the developments leading to it. It explains that the Assyrian kings used their armies cautiously and successfully, giving their troops a lead in numbers, experience, and competence, and they maintained these advantages for no less than three centuries. It describes the sources and the ideal image of the king at war and comments on the battle reports of kings.
Agriculture as Civilization: Sages, Farmers, and Barbarians
Authors: Wiggermann F.A.M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the role of farmers and sages in the history of cuneiform writing in ancient Mesopotamia. It explains that when cuneiform writing was invented at the end of the fourth millennium bc, agriculture had a long history behind it being the foundation of urban life in the steppes and plains of Mesopotamia. Throughout history writing served the common cause and was concerned with the management and administration of resources and it provided explicit information on practical matters such as the digging of canals, the planting of gardens, and disputes over land and water.
Sourcing, Organizing, and Administering Medicinal Ingredients
Authors: Böck Barbara 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the history of the sourcing, organization, and administration of medicinal ingredients in ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform culture produced a substantial quantity of medical recipes and a smaller number of pharmacological handbooks that give detailed information about the materials employed in healing. Although there were subtle changes in the drug terminology, the virtue of traditionalism seems to have impeded new developments in pharmacology or changes in ancient attitudes towards medicine.
Changing Images of Kingship in Sumerian Literature
Authors: Brisch Nicole 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines changes in the images of kingship in Sumerian literature, particularly in the hymns, myths, and narratives of the late third and early second millennia bc. It investigates whether ancient Mesopotamian kings were able to influence and model intellectual activity in order to maintain and support their political rule. The analysis reveals that royal hymns and other literary texts, such as the Sumerian Gilgameš tales and the narratives surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, the legendary kings of Uruk, disseminated an 'ideal' image of the king as a centre of social and cosmic order.
Cuneiform Culture's Last Guardians: The Old Urban Notability of Hellenistic Uruk
Authors: Clancier Philippe 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on cuneiform culture and the three separate but related aspects of scribal activity in Uruk during the Hellenistic period. It considers the cuneiform scribe as a representative of the old urban notability in the context of that specific social group and its links to the temples and the Hellenistic kings and describes the legal activities of both the cuneiform scribe and the alphabet scribe working on leather and the closely related role of the Babylonian temples as courts of justice. It also explores the interaction between alphabetic and cuneiform cultures by focusing on the so-called Graeco-Babyloniaca.
Unintroduction: Middletonian Dissensus
Authors: Taylor Gary , Henley Trish Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article, which discusses the criticism of the works of Thomas Middleton, suggests that most Middleton criticism, from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, has been based on pervasively shaky foundations. The first collection of Middleton's canon in a single volume comparable to the Jonson (1616), Shakespeare (1623), or Fletcher (1647) folios was not published until November 2007 – 380 years after Middleton's death. In a real sense, Middleton criticism started, or started over, in 2007. Literary criticism is necessarily systemic, because it articulates the relationships between different texts on the basis of explicit or implied principles. Without a reliable canon of Middleton's work, criticism could not map the relationships between his individual works, or the relationship between his work and the work of other writers. The 2007 Oxford edition of Middleton's Collected Works established a Middleton system, whose principles have not yet been articulated, and whose integration into the larger literary universe has only just begun. This newly visible system necessitates a rebirth of Middleton criticism, allowing us to look with new eyes upon an unfamiliar canonical landscape. This handbook is designed to complement the dominant scholarly resource in the field, the Oxford Middleton.