bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose Tolerance Tests for Systematic Screening of Glucose Homeostasis in Mice
Authors: Rozman Jan , Rathkolb Birgit , Neschen Susanne , Fuchs Helmut , Gailus‐Durner Valérie , Klingenspor Martin , Wolf Eckhard , Hrabě de Angelis Martin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article presents a detailed description of intraperitoneal and oral glucose tolerance tests in mice. The former is widely used in initial high‐throughput phenotyping of mutant mice to assess a diabetic phenotype and alterations in glucose homeostasis. Each protocol provides a comprehensive description of each step in the workflow, including variation of the standard protocol under particular circumstances (e.g., sensitivity to food deprivation, excessive deviations in body composition, or need for extra blood samples for additional analyses). We also describe how reduction of body mass and body temperature can be used as additional readouts to monitor metabolic function in response to food deprivation. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Proteomic Approaches in Mouse: Stable Isotope Incorporation by Metabolic (SILAC) or Chemical Labeling (Reductive Dimethylation) Combined with High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Billing Anja M. , Ben Hamidane Hisham , Graumann Johannes 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMass spectrometry–based quantitative proteomics is a powerful method for in‐depth exploration of protein expression, allowing researchers to probe its regulation and study signal‐transduction networks, protein turnover, secretion, and spatial distribution, as well as post‐translational modification and protein‐protein interaction, on a large scale. Precise protein quantitation may be achieved by incorporation of stable isotopes, which introduce a mass shift detectable by mass spectrometry, allowing multiplexing of several samples and therefore relative quantification. Stable isotope incorporation into proteins or peptides can be attained either by metabolic labeling (e.g., SILAC) or by chemical labeling (e.g., reductive dimethylation). Both labeling approaches are presented here. They are straightforward and robust and can be applied to murine samples. While both SILAC and reductive dimethylation offer similar multiplexing capabilities and quantitative accuracy, reductive dimethylation is more versatile and can be used with any sample type. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mouse Models of Bone Healing: Fracture, Marrow Ablation, and Distraction Osteogenesis
Authors: Lybrand Kyle , Bragdon Beth , Gerstenfeld Louis 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThree commonly used murine surgical models of bone healing [closed fracture with intramedullary fixation, distraction osteogenesis (DO), and marrow ablation by reaming] are presented. Detailed surgical protocols for each model are outlined. The nature of the regenerative processes and the types of research questions that may be addressed with these models are briefly outlined. The relative strengths and weaknesses of these models are compared to a number of other surgical models that are used to address similar research questions. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Biological Mechanisms and Applications of Three Murine Models of Bone Repair: Closed Fracture with Intramedullary Fixation, Distraction Osteogenesis, and Marrow Ablation by Reaming
Authors: Bragdon Beth , Lybrand Kyle , Gerstenfeld Louis 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFractures are one of the most common large‐organ, traumatic injuries in humans, and osteoporosis‐related fractures are the fastest growing health care problem of aging. Elective orthopedic surgeries of the bones and joints also represent some of most common forms of elective surgeries performed. Optimal repair of skeletal tissues is necessary for successful outcomes of these many different orthopedic surgical treatments. Research focused on post‐natal skeletal repair is therefore of immense clinical importance and of particular relevance in situations in which bone tissue healing is compromised due to the extent of tissue trauma or specific medical co‐morbidities. Three commonly used murine surgical models of bone healing, closed fracture with intramedullary fixation, distraction osteogenesis (DO), and marrow ablation by reaming, are presented. The biological aspects of these models are contrasted and the types of research questions that may be addressed with these models are presented. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Point Spread Function and Optical Dot Gain
Authors: Rogers Geoffrey L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe diffusion of light within paper can affect the tone characteristics of a printed halftone image. This effect is known asoptical dot gainor theYule–Nielsen effect. In this article, an expression for the average reflectance from a region of a halftone is derived, taking into consideration optical dot gain. Optical dot gain is accounted for using a point spread function (PSF). A PSF is derived by solving the radiative transfer equation in the diffusion approximation. The connection between the PSF approach and the probability approach is shown.
Blu‐Ray Versus Internet Movies
Authors: Breitenfeld Denny 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Blu‐ray specification might be the last optical disc specification for delivering video and audio content to billions of people around the world. Streaming video and audio is slowly becoming a reliable delivery method for audio and video for the world to use. This chapter will go through the high level differences between the two technologies by comparing the technical differences and touch some of the other factors that shape the way streaming is headed.
Free‐Viewpoint3DTV: System Architecture, Rendering Techniques, and Perceptual Improvements
Authors: Do Luat , Zinger Svitlana , de With Peter H.N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractResearch and development of3DTVhas been strongly fueled by the rapid market acceptance of stereo3Dmovies and underlying technology so that3DTVis entering our everyday lives. As a result of this, the R & D community is already working on the next upcoming stages, such as multi‐view processing. Multi‐view in3Dis very attractive because the objects can be inspected from various angles. It means that the user can choose the point from which he prefers to watch the3Dvideo or object. We expect that this feature is highly attractive for both professional and consumer type of applications. For multi‐view processing, many questions still have to be solved in order to optimize and standardize a whole3DTVchain based on this principle. In this chapter, we concentrate specifically on various aspects of the free‐viewpoint3DTVchain. This chapter commences with introducing the concept of free‐viewpoint3DTVand the challenges that are still present in the domain. Since the quality of the synthesized view is of vital importance for the viewer, we assess the obtained quality by step‐by‐step analysis of the state‐of‐the‐art algorithm and we also consider the influence of compression on the generated view. Taking into account the current developments on free‐viewpoint in theMPEGgroup, we compare our view synthesis algorithm with the algorithm currently used inMPEG. Because most of currently available3DTVsemploy the stereo imaging, we present solutions for converting texture and depth3Dvideo to stereo video, and we also consider the parameters for stereo image generation for3DTV. The chapter is concluded with our vision concerning the near future developments in research on free‐viewpoint3DTVand possible emerging solutions.
Nonlinear adaptive filtering using kernel‐based algorithms with dictionary adaptation
Authors: Saide Chafic , Lengelle Régis , Honeine Paul , Richard Cédric , Achkar Roger 
Published: March 2015

SummaryNonlinear adaptive filtering has been extensively studied in the literature, using, for example, Volterra filters or neural networks. Recently, kernel methods have been offering an interesting alternative because they provide a simple extension of linear algorithms to the nonlinear case. The main drawback of online system identification with kernel methods is that the filter complexity increases with time, a limitation resulting from the representer theorem, which states that all past input vectors are required. To overcome this drawback, a particular subset of these input vectors (called dictionary) must be selected to ensure complexity control and good performance. Up to now, all authors considered that, after being introduced into the dictionary, elements stay unchanged even if, because of nonstationarity, they become useless to predict the system output. The objective of this paper is to present an adaptation scheme of dictionary elements, which are considered here as adjustable model parameters, by deriving a gradient‐based method under collinearity constraints. The main interest is to ensure a better tracking performance. To evaluate our approach, dictionary adaptation is introduced into three well‐known kernel‐based adaptive algorithms: kernel recursive least squares, kernel normalized least mean squares, and kernel affine projection. The performance is evaluated on nonlinear adaptive filtering of simulated and real data sets. As confirmed by experiments, our dictionary adaptation scheme allows either complexity reduction or a decrease of the instantaneous quadratic error, or both simultaneously. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in children with severe health conditions: Causes of admission and mortality in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Esteban Elisabeth , Bujaldon Esther , Esparza Mireia , Jordan Iolanda , Esteban María Esther 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesBased on the existing sex differences in mortality rates in children, we would like to explore whether girls and boys respond differently under severe health conditions, in terms of mortality and cause of admission.MethodsWe analyzed demographic characteristics (age and sex), causes of admission, clinical parameters, and mortality in a sample of 2,609 patients from a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in a children's hospital in Barcelona, Spain.ResultsPICU admittance was significantly higher in boys (57.5% vs. 42.5%) whereas PICU mortality was significantly higher in girls (4.9% vs. 3.3%). Female sex was a risk factor for PICU in‐hospital mortality (OR = 1.55, P = 0.033), while increasing age had a protective effect (OR = 0.808, P = 0.021). In cases of PICU mortality, girls died from a broader range of causes and boys were more affected by respiratory and polytraumatic injuries. Boys were affected by polytraumatic injuries throughout the year, less frequently in winter, while girls showed a higher occurrence in holiday months.ConclusionsAlthough more boys were admitted to the PICU, a significantly higher number of girls died. Younger age and higher occurrence of nosocomial infection among girls could explain this finding. More frequent polytraumatic injuries in boys could reflect an increased exposure to risky activities and/or more careless behavior. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:613–619, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in nasal polyps of young adult and geriatric patients
Authors: Shin Jae Min , Byun Jang Yul , Baek Byoung Joon , Lee Jae Yong 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundCellular proliferation and angiogenesis are associated with pathophysiology of nasal polyposis (NP). In a previous report, we showed that patient age is a predictive factor of surgical outcomes among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and NP, and that geriatric patients exhibit better outcomes than pediatric and adult patients. We postulated that better outcomes in the geriatric population may be secondary to decreased proliferation and angiogenesis within polyps. Therefore, we evaluated the cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in young adult and geriatric patients with NP. This was a prospective case‐control study.MethodsTwenty patients were divided into 2 groups according to age (20 to 30 years vs ≥65 years of age). NP tissues were sampled during endoscopic sinus surgery and processed for immunohistochemistry. Cellular proliferation was evaluated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67, and angiogenesis was assessed with vascular endothelial growth factor. We also compared objective surgical outcomes using endoscopy scores.ResultsImmunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly higher expression and positive reactivity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67 in the polyps of young adults than in those of geriatric patients, whereas the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was similar between the 2 groups. Endoscopy scores were better in the geriatric group.ConclusionGeriatric patients have a lower cellular proliferative ability than young adults, and angiogenesis does not significantly differ between the 2 age groups. Cellular proliferation seems to be the cause of the different surgical outcomes between the 2 age groups, whereas angiogenesis has no significant influence on the postoperative course.
Effects of two kinds of THEIC‐based charring agents on flame‐retardant properties of polylactide
Authors: Yuan Shanshan , Chen Wenyan , Liu Gousheng 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTTwo charring agents tris (2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate terephthalic acid ester, (dimer/trimer mixture TT23, and tetramer TT4) were synthesized by using tris (2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) and terephthalic acid (TPA) as raw materials. These two charring agents were combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form intumescent flame retardants (IFR) for polylactide (PLA). The thermal stability of IFRs were tested by TGA, it is found that APP/TT4 mixture has a higher thermal stability and a better char forming ability than that of APP/TT23 mixture. The combustion properties and thermal stability of PLA/APP/TT23 and PLA/APP/TT4 composites were evaluated by UL‐94 burning tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter tests and TGA, the chemical structure of char residues were analyzed by FTIR and XPS. It can be concluded that PLA with 30 wt % of APP/TT4 (weight ratio 5 : 1) achieved the greatest flame retardancy. Moreover, the continuous and expansionary char layer observed from SEM images proved better char forming ability of TT4 than that of TT23. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42086.
Sarilumab Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III Study
Authors: Genovese Mark C. , Fleischmann Roy , Kivitz Alan J. , Rell‐Bakalarska Maria , Martincova Renata , Fiore Stefano , Rohane Patricia , van Hoogstraten Hubert , Garg Anju , Fan Chunpeng , van Adelsberg Janet , Weinstein Steven P. , Graham Neil M. H. , Stahl Neil , Yancopoulos George D. , Huizinga Tom W. J. , van der Heijde Désirée 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of sarilumab in combination with methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsAdults with moderate‐to‐severe RA and an inadequate response to MTX were randomized (1:1:1) to receive sarilumab (doses of 150 mg or 200 mg) or placebo every 2 weeks in conjunction with weekly MTX for 52 weeks. Co–primary end points were the proportion of patients achieving American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) improvement responses at week 24, change from baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) at week 16, and change from baseline in the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS) of radiographic damage at week 52.ResultsBaseline characteristics were similar among the groups. For all 3 co–primary end points, the sarilumab 150 mg and 200 mg groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements as compared with the placebo group (ACR20 response rate at week 24, 58.0%, 66.4%, and 33.4%, respectively [P < 0.0001]; least squares mean change in HAQ DI at week 16, −0.53, −0.55, and −0.29, respectively [P < 0.0001]; and mean change in SHS at week 52, 0.90, 0.25, and 2.78, respectively [P < 0.0001]). The most common treatment‐emergent adverse event was infection. In the sarilumab 150 mg, sarilumab 200 mg, and placebo groups, the incidence of serious infections was 2.6%, 4.0%, and 2.3%, respectively. Elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels >3‐fold the upper limit of normal occurred in 9.5%, 8.0%, and 2.1% of patients, respectively; in 24 patients, this led to discontinuation of treatment. Elevated total cholesterol levels were observed in 36.8%, 43.0%, and 18.3% of patients, respectively. In patients receiving 150 mg and 200 mg sarilumab, neutrophil counts of 0.5 to <1.0 × 109/liter were observed in 5.1% and 7.8% of patients, respectively, while neutrophil counts of <0.5 × 109/liter were observed in 0.9% and 0.7% of patients, respectively; none of the patients receiving placebo experienced changes in neutrophil counts.ConclusionIn RA patients treated with sarilumab (150 mg or 200 mg every 2 weeks) in combination with MTX, both doses provided sustained clinical efficacy, as shown by significant improvements in symptomatic, functional, and radiographic outcomes. Sarilumab was generally well tolerated. The adverse events observed in this study were consistent with the effects of interleukin‐6 signaling blockade.
Rissbreitenbegrenzung mit verzinkter Bewehrung
Authors: Neugebauer Pia , Zedler Thomas , Pohl Sophia , Mark Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDie für Bauteile aus Konstruktionsbeton nachzuweisende Begrenzung der Rissbreiten dient in der Regel vornehmlich dem Korrosionsschutz der Bewehrung und damit der Erhöhung der Dauerhaftigkeit. Ausführungsbeispiele von Ingenieurbauwerken aus jüngster Vergangenheit haben gezeigt, dass bei Anwendung des EC2 der Nachweis zur Rissbreitenbegrenzung häufig maßgebend für die Bemessung wird. Wird der Korrosionsschutz insofern durch den Einsatz verzinkter Bewehrung erreicht, könnten die daher rührenden Anforderungen an die Rissbreitenbegrenzung aus technischer Sicht eine Abminderung erfahren. Klaffende Risse sind jedoch in jedem Fall zu vermeiden. In der Literatur dokumentierte Untersuchungen zeigen hierzu, dass die für die Rissbreitenbegrenzung ausschlaggebende Verbundwirkung von feuerverzinkter und herkömmlicher Bewehrung nicht als gleichwertig beurteilt werden kann [1]. Eine allgemein gültige Quantifizierung des Unterschieds ist jedoch nicht vorzufinden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden von den Autoren eigene experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Verbundwirkung verzinkter Bewehrung durchgeführt, die in dem vorliegenden Beitrag vorgestellt werden. Über deren Auswertung wird im Anschluss ein praxistauglicher Ansatz entwickelt, der der rechnerischen Berücksichtigung verzinkter Bewehrung beim Nachweis der Rissbreitenbegrenzung dient.Crack limitation with zinc‐coated reinforcementThe check of a sufficient crack width limitation is an essential part within the serviceability design of RC structural members. Examples from the recent past have shown that it often gets decisive for the overall reinforcement content in infrastructure projects like tunnels when the design provisions of EC2 are applied. Besides other criteria crack limitations are mainly used to increase the structures durability by protecting the applied reinforcement against corrosion. In case this corrosion protection is given by coating (galvanizing) the rebars with zinc, the corresponding requirements for allowable crack widths could be reduced from a technical point of view. However, excessive cracking has to be prevented in any case. The bond behavior of the reinforcement is the most important issue for keeping crack widths limited. In this regard, studies by other authors, e. g. [1], have identified deviations between regular and zinc‐coated rebars, without deriving a quantitative ratio for the different bonding types and bar diameters. Thus, comparative experimental investigations on the bond behavior and the crack limiting effect of zinc‐coated to regular reinforcements have been conducted by the authors. Theoretical approaches are derived to describe the different bond behaviors and their effects on the crack width limitation.
Der späte Zwang als unterschätzter – aber maßgebender – Lastfall für die Bemessung
Authors: Meier Andreas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren wurde häufig (u. a. in [1], dem Teil 1 dieses Beitrags) auf die Thematik des zu bemessenden Zeitpunkts und den Ansatz der effektiven Betonzugfestigkeit fct,eff bei der Ermittlung der rissbreitenbegrenzenden Bewehrungsmenge eingegangen. Nicht zuletzt wurde in [2] eine betontechnologische Betrachtung dieses Themas unter Berücksichtigung der Ansätze des Eurocode 2 [3, 4] vorgenommen.Da eine abschließende, allgemeingültige Klärung nicht möglich ist, wird in diesem Aufsatz versucht, einige Hinweise zu geben und mögliche Lösungsansätze aufzuzeigen. Die dargestellten Möglichkeiten liegen dabei immer auf der (tragwerks)planerisch “sicheren” Seite, wodurch sie gezwungenerweise nie die wirtschaftlichste Lösung darstellen können.The late restraint as an underestimated – but authoritative – load case in design. Part 2: Information for structural designersOver the last few years the design approach for the point in time and the value of the concrete tensile strength effective fct,eff for calculating the amount of reinforcement required for crack control frequently (e.g. in [1]) has been discussed. Not least, in [2] a concrete technology approach of the topic was made taking the Eurocode 2 [3, 4] approaches into account.Because a final and universal clarification is not possible this paper is intended to provide some indications and identify some solution approaches. The shown possibilities are always on the safe side concerning the structural design. It is thus possible it might not necessarily be the most economical solution.
Kann man lernen, mit Gedanken zu experimentieren? Ernst Machs Vorstellung des Gedankenexperiments im Kontext der zeitgenössischen Pädagogik
Authors: Bauer Julian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIs it Possible to Experiment with Thought? Ernst Mach’s Notion of Thought Experiment and its Pedagogical Context around 1900. The article tries to establish the crucial importance of the pedagogical dimension of Ernst Mach’s ideas on experimenting with thought. The focus on contemporary pedagogics demonstrates, first, that Mach’s didactic approach to physics is part of a much broader stream of pedagogical writings that transcends national and disciplinary borders and comprises a diversity of authors, e.g. Wilhelm Jerusalem, William James or Alfred N. Whitehead; second, that the much‐heralded controversy between Mach and the French philosopher of science Pierre Duhem about thought experiments does not only revolve around epistemological issues but rather stems from their antagonist vision of teaching physics; and finally, third, that G. Stanley Hall’s psychogenetic theory of pedagogics bears a strong resemblance with the evolutionary naturalism of Machian epistemology and helps explaining key tenets of Mach’s conception of thought experiment. By establishing a broad convergence between the work of all these authors despite their different academic upbringing, background and nationality the article argues for a complex and historically fine‐grained vision of the relations between natural, social and human sciences going beyond dichotomies like ‘Erklären’ and ‘Verstehen’ or the ‘Two Cultures’.