bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landscape-scale disturbance and protected areas: long-term dynamics of populations of the shrimp, Macrobrachium olfersi in lowland Neotropical streams, Costa Rica
Authors: Snyder Marcia N. , Pringle Catherine M. , Tiffer-Sotomayor Ruth 
Published: January 2013

Abstract:Freshwater migratory shrimps, an important component of tropical aquatic ecosystems, are vulnerable to land-use change during their upstream and downstream migrations. At La Selva Biological Station in the Sarapiquí region of Costa Rica, shrimp population data were collected between 1988 and 1989, before massive land-use change occurred downstream that could potentially affect shrimp recruitment upstream. Using generalized linear models and a Bayesian inference framework, the relative abundance of Macrobrachium olfersi between recent (2008–2011) and historical time periods (1988–1989) was compared in three stream reaches. Shrimp relative abundance in two stream reaches within the protected area of La Selva was relatively constant yearly and between recent post-disturbance (2008–2011) and historical pre-disturbance (1988–89) time periods. In contrast, a stream reach bordered by pasture accessible to fishermen, showed an 87% decrease in relative abundance between recent and historical time periods suggesting site-level disturbance, possibly from fishing. The lack of change between historical and contemporary sampling periods within interior-forest stream reaches suggests that shrimp populations in protected forested reaches are resistant or resilient to certain land-use changes occurring downstream.
Impact of Candidate Selection Systems on Election Results: Evidence from Taiwan before and after the Change in Electoral Systems
Authors: Fell Dafydd 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA central challenge for scholars of party politics is to explain parties' electoral success or failure. Campaign strategies, candidate personalities, electoral systems, parties' issue emphasis and policy positions all receive extensive coverage in the literature. One variable that has been neglected is the role of nomination systems in election results. This is surprising considering how politicians often blame candidate selection failures for disappointing electoral outcomes and then reform nomination mechanisms in the hope of improving future election prospects. In this study I examine the relationship between nomination systems and electoral results in Taiwan before and after the change in electoral systems. I show that candidate selection methods have played an important role in shaping Taiwan's party system under the old and new electoral systems.
Exploring the hormonal and molecular regulation of sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) seed dormancy
Authors: Wang Yue-zhi , Dai Mei-song , Zhang Shu-jun , Shi Ze-bin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough pear species (Pyrusspp.) are widely cultivated as an important fruit tree in the world, the regulatory mechanism of their seed dormancy is still unclear. In this research, the role of endocarp, seed coat and embryo in sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) seed dormancy was analysed by detecting the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and analysing germination experiments with different treatments. The results suggest that a combination of testa and embryo impose sand pear seed dormancy. The high concentration of endogenous ABA in the embryo effectively inhibited seed germination. The high concentration of ABA in the endocarp, as well as in the testa, suggests that dissipation and/or degradation of endogenous ABA in imbibed embryos were suppressed to maintain ABA-inhibited germination. The ABA and gibberellic acid (GA) key signalling genes, includingABI3–5,GAI,RGAandRGL2, were cloned and their expression was analysed in ABA-treated embryos and embryos of imbibed nutlets, imbibed true seeds (endocarp removed) and GA-treated true seeds. The results revealed regulation by ABA of the expression of ABA and GA signalling factors controlling the dormancy release of sand pear imbibed seeds.
Dispersal and germination syndromes of tree seeds in a seasonal evergreen monsoon rainforest on Hainan Island, China
Authors: Yang Wenjie , Liu Fude , Zhang Shiting , An Shuqing 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the dispersal–germination strategy of seeds of 66 native tree species from a seasonal evergreen monsoon rainforest on Hainan Island, China, and assesses correlations among seed germination and phylogeny, dispersal mode and dispersal season. Seeds of 15, 7, 25 and 19 species were dispersed during the warm dry (March–May), rainy (June–September), late rainy (October–November) and cool dry (December–February) seasons, respectively. Berries (16 species), drupes (14 species) and capsules (12 species) were common and represented about 64% of the species. Zoochory was the most common dispersal mode (69.7%) followed by anemochory (16.7%) and autochory (13.6%). More than 65% of species had dormant seeds. Based on germination speed and synchrony, six patterns were recognized: rapid and synchronous germination (13 species), intermediate and synchronous germination (3 species), intermediate and intermediately synchronous germination (24 species), intermediate and asynchronous germination (2 species), slow and intermediately synchronous germination (5 species), and slow and asynchronous germination (19 species). One-way ANOVAs revealed that the variance in germination percentages among species was largely dependent upon phylogeny. The mean and median length of germination (MLG) were largely dependent upon phylogeny, dispersal mode and dispersal season. Anemochorous seeds germinated faster than autochorous and zoochorous seeds. Seeds dispersed in the late dry or early rainy season (March–May) tended to germinate quickly, whereas those dispersed towards the end of the rainy season and into the cool dry season are likely to have a much longer length of dormancy. Correlation analyses indicated that larger seeds germinated faster and had higher germination percentages.
Living in a leisure town: residential reactions to the growth of popular tourism in Southend, 1870–1890
Authors: CHURCHILL DAVID 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT:While historical interest in the seaside has grown appreciably in recent times, much of the literature remains preoccupied with issues specific to resort towns. This article examines the social dynamics of the seaside town more broadly, through a study of Southend residents in the 1870s and 1880s. It analyses their discussions of working-class tourists and the industries which catered for them, before examining attempts to regulate the use of public space in the town. This is a study of rapid urbanization in a small town, and how social perceptions and relations were reconfigured in this context.
Biosafety considerations for in vivo work with risk group 3 pathogens in large animals and wildlife in North America
Authors: Olsen S. C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRegulations in the United States require animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) or biosafety level 3 agriculture (BSL-3-Ag) containment for many endemic zoonotic pathogens and etiologic agents of foreign animal diseases. In an effort to protect public health, billions of dollars were invested in regulatory programs over many years to reduce the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens such as Brucella and Mycobacterium bovis in domestic livestock. In addition to research needs in domestic livestock hosts, the establishment of brucellosis and tuberculosis in wildlife in the United States has created a need for research studies addressing these zoonotic diseases. As guidelines in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL, 2009) for BSL-3 and BSL-3-Ag facilities are primarily directed toward laboratory or vivarium facilities, additional issues should be considered in designing large animal containment facilities for domestic livestock and/or wildlife. Flight distance, herd orientation, social needs, aggressiveness, and predictability are all factors we considered on a species by species basis for designing our containment facilities and for work practices with large ruminants. Although safety risk cannot be completely eliminated when working with large animals, studies in natural hosts are critical for advancing vaccine and diagnostic development, and providing basic knowledge of disease pathogenesis in natural hosts. Data gathered in these types of studies are vital for state and national regulatory personnel in their efforts to design strategies to control or eradicate diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis in their natural hosts, whether it is domestic livestock or wildlife. It is likely that failure to address the prevalence of disease in wildlife reservoirs will lead to re-emergence in domestic livestock. The overall benefit of these studies is to protect public health, provide economic benefits to producers, and protect the economic investment made in regulatory programs.
NOTE ON INDUCTION
Authors: Parent Ted 
Published: January 2013

Some logic textbooks say, as if it were the received wisdom, that inductive arguments are partly defined by the thinker's intentions. The claim is that an inductive argument is one where the premises are intended to make the conclusion likely. This contrasts with a deductive argument, where the premises are intended to entail the conclusion. However, since entailing is one way of making more likely, a further way to distinguish induction is needed. The addition offered is that the premises are not intended to entail the conclusion. Taken together, the result is:
(1) An argument is inductive if the premises are (a) intended to make the conclusion likely, but (b) not intended to entail the conclusion.
Demand for God and Government: The Dynamics of Religion and Public Opinion
Authors: Habel Philip , Grant J. Tobin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe explore the relationship between religiosity and public support for greater government services. We theorize that increases in religiosity and public opinion both reflect demands from citizens in the face of insecurity. We argue that religiosity is comprised of two factors: responses to insecurity; and long-held preferences for religion, or secularity. We show that previous studies that have observed increased religiosity leading to decreased support for government spending have not distinguished among religiosity as driven by secularity versus insecurity. To test our theory, we first estimate a series of simulations, and we then turn to the dynamics of aggregate religiosity and public opinion in the United States over the past fifty years, an environment where long-held preferences for religious goods have remained relatively stable. Consistent with our theory, religiosity and public opinion respond to insecurity; the series are positively correlated, move together through time, and react in similar ways to changes in GDP per capita. Our findings indicate that during times when there is greater insecurity, both religiosity and demand from government increase.
Exploring the sequence–structure relationship for amyloid peptides
Authors: Morris Kyle L. , Rodger Alison , Hicks Matthew R. , Debulpaep Maya , Schymkowitz Joost , Rousseau Frederic , Serpell Louise C. 
Published: January 2013

Amyloid fibril formation is associated with misfolding diseases, as well as fulfilling a functional role. The cross-β molecular architecture has been reported in increasing numbers of amyloid-like fibrillar systems. The Waltz algorithm is able to predict ordered self-assembly of amyloidogenic peptides by taking into account the residue type and position. This algorithm has expanded the amyloid sequence space, and in the present study we characterize the structures of amyloid-like fibrils formed by three peptides identified by Waltz that form fibrils but not crystals. The structural challenge is met by combining electron microscopy, linear dichroism, CD and X-ray fibre diffraction. We propose structures that reveal a cross-β conformation with ‘steric-zipper’ features, giving insights into the role for side chains in peptide packing and stability within fibrils. The amenity of these peptides to structural characterization makes them compelling model systems to use for understanding the relationship between sequence, self-assembly, stability and structure of amyloid fibrils.
Experimental characterization of railgun-driven supersonic plasma jets motivated by high energy density physics applications
Authors: Hsu S. C. , Merritt E. C. , Moser A. L. , Awe T. J. , Brockington S. J. E. , Davis J. S. , Adams C. S. , Case A. , Cassibry J. T. , Dunn J. P. , Gilmore M. A. , Lynn A. G. , Messer S. J. , Witherspoon F. D. 
Published: January 2013

We report experimental results on the parameters, structure, and evolution of high-Mach-number (M) argon plasma jets formed and launched by a pulsed-power-driven railgun. The nominal initial average jet parameters in the data set analyzed are density ≈2×1016 cm−3, electron temperature ≈1.4 eV, velocity ≈30 km/s, M≈14, ionization fraction ≈0.96, diameter ≈5 cm, and length ≈20 cm. These values approach the range needed by the Plasma Liner Experiment, which is designed to use merging plasma jets to form imploding spherical plasma liners that can reach peak pressures of 0.1–1 Mbar at stagnation. As these jets propagate a distance of approximately 40 cm, the average density drops by one order of magnitude, which is at the very low end of the 8–160 times drop predicted by ideal hydrodynamic theory of a constant-M jet.
Cherubini: A Critical Anthology, 1788–1801
Authors: Charlton David 
Published: January 2013

… as they say in Germany, ‘in music, Cherubini is a hundred years ahead of us’. trans. from Correspondance des Arrwteurs musiciens, 8 October 1803Attitudes to Cherubini have been affected by the knowledge that his most important operas had scant success in Paris after 1800. This lack of a continuous French performing tradition has encouraged the feeling that they were perhaps unviable or unattractive. It is not one shared by the author of a substantial dissertation on Cherubini, Stephen C. Willis; but Willis's work was focussed on the composer rather than his operas’ reception. In fact, neither the performance history nor reception of these five main works has apparently, until now, been investigated. They are: Démophoon (text by J. F. Marmontel, Paris Opéra, 2 December 1788); Lodoïska (C. F. Fillette, or ‘Fillette Loraux’, 18 July 1791); Eliza, ou Le voyage aux glaciers du Mont St Bernard, J. A. Révéroni St-Cyr, 13 December 1794); Médée (F. B. Hoffman, 13 March 1797); and Les Deux journées (J. N. Bouilly, 16 January 1800). The last four were all produced at the Théâtre Feydeau. A properly detailed account of Cherubini's involvement at this theatre must be reserved for another occasion: part of the ignorance surrounding the genesis of these extraordinary operas lies simply in the fact than no history of the Feydeau has been written. Cherubini produced two comedies at the Feydeau which were unsuccessful and are not considered here: L'Hôtellerie portugaise (25 July 1798) and La Punition (23 February 1799).
Plasma Ferritin and Indices of Oxidative Stress in Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Schoolchildren
Authors: Soundaravally R. , Pukazhvandthen P. , Zachariah Bobby , Hamide Abdoul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:Iron deficiency is one of the most common causes for anemia in Indian children. The present study was performed to evaluate the prooxidant status and ferritin levels in Helicobacter pylori–infected schoolchildren.Methods:The present study included healthy controls (control group), H pylori–infected children (group I), and H pylori–uninfected children with iron deficiency (group II). Group I was further subdivided into group Ia and Ib, depending on the presence or absence of iron deficiency, respectively. Serum levels of protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde (MDA), ferritin, total protein, and albumin were evaluated and compared among study groups.Results:In H pylori–infected schoolchildren, serum MDA and protein carbonyls were significantly increased and ferritin levels were significantly decreased compared with the controls and group II. In group I, irrespective of presence and absence of iron deficiency, MDA and protein carbonyls were significantly increased compared with group II. In anemic H pylori–infected schoolchildren, levels of serum total protein were significantly decreased compared with healthy controls. In H pylori–infected patients, MDA was found to have a significant negative correlation with ferritin levels and total protein by partial correlation analysis.Conclusions:An increased level of oxidative stress was found in H pylori–infected schoolchildren. Furthermore, the findings from the present study indicate that prolonged oxidative stress may enhance protein degradation in children.
Methemoglobinemia Induced By Vegetable Intake in Infants in Northern Spain
Authors: Martinez A. , Sanchez‐Valverde F. , Gil F. , Clerigué N. , Aznal E. , Etayo V. , Vitoria I. , Oscoz M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Acquired methemoglobinemia (MHb) induced in infants by intake of vegetables is a condition uncommonly reported in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to study new vegetables involved and other epidemiological risk factors.Methods:Seventy‐eight cases of diet‐induced MHb seen in Pamplona from 1987 to 2010 are reported. Infant characteristics were collected, and a case‐control study was conducted using as controls 78 age‐ and sex‐matched infants selected at the same geographic area. Bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to detect factors involved in MHb occurrence. Nitrate levels were tested in natural vegetables used to prepare purées.Results:A clear relation was found between MHb and use of borage (Borago officinalis) (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.1–24.6) and maybe chard (Beta vulgaris var cicla) (OR 2.0; 95% CI 0.4–8.7), time from preparation to use (OR 17.4, 95% CI 3.5–86.3 if the purée had been prepared 24–48 hours before and OR 24.9, 95% CI 3.3–187.6 if prepared >48 hours before), and breast‐feeding (OR 10.4; 95% CI 1.9–57.2). Tests confirmed that vegetables with the highest nitrate levels were borage (n = 15), with mean nitrate levels of 3968 mg/kg, and chard (n = 17), with mean levels of 2811 mg/kg.Conclusions:The main associated factors were shown to be time from purée preparation to use (>24 hours), use of certain vegetables (borage and chard), and breast‐feeding. Nitrate levels in both vegetables implicated as etiological factors in acquired MHb are high.
A Systematic Review of Power and Sample Size Reporting in Randomized Controlled Trials within Plastic Surgery
Authors: Ayeni Olubimpe , Dickson Lisa , Ignacy Teegan A. , Thoma Achilleas 
Published: January 2013

Background:
The randomized controlled trial is a reliable study design for assessing the effectiveness of a surgical intervention, provided it is adequately powered. This systematic review examines the appropriateness of reporting of power and sample size in randomized controlled trials within the plastic surgery literature.

Methods:
Original randomized controlled trials published from January of 1990 to December of 2010 in nine high-impact plastic surgery journals were appraised. The data extracted from each study included calculation of power and sample size, number of patients, and effect size. A Jadad score was calculated, providing a quality assessment of the randomized controlled trial.

Results:
Of the 736 original articles, 463 met the inclusion criteria; 88 (19.0 percent) of these 463 reported performing a priori power analysis or sample size calculation. Of these 88 studies, 68 (77.3 percent) had an adequate sample size. In most studies, a standard of 0.05 for the type I error and 0.20 for type II error was used. There has been some improvement in the reporting of power and sample size in the decades from 1990 to 2010.

Conclusions:
Nineteen percent of 463 randomized controlled trials in the plastic surgery literature reported performing an a priori power analysis or sample size calculation. The implication is that when we read the results of a published randomized controlled trial in plastic surgery, in 81 percent of cases we cannot trust the findings. Although the reporting of power and sample size has improved in the last decade, it is still inadequate. Lack of such reporting casts doubt on the validity (truthfulness) of the study's findings.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
A Systematic Review of Skin Substitutes for Foot Ulcers
Authors: Felder John M. , Goyal Samita S. , Attinger Christopher E. 
Published: January 2013

Background:
Bioengineered and allograft-derived skin substitutes are increasingly available and marketed for use in the healing of chronic wounds. Plastic surgeons should have evidence-based information available to guide their use of these products. The authors systematically reviewed the literature to determine the published outcomes and effectiveness of different skin substitutes for healing chronic foot ulcers.

Methods:
A broad literature search of the MEDLINE, EBSCO, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was undertaken. Relevant studies were selected by three independent reviewers to include randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews examining the use of skin substitutes on foot ulcers. Results were narrowed further by the application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were assessed for quality and data were extracted regarding study characteristics and objective outcomes.

Results:
Of an initial 271 search results, 15 randomized controlled trials, one prospective comparative study, and five systematic reviews were included in the systematic review. Most of the included clinical studies were of moderate to low quality by objective standards, and reported results using cell-based skin substitutes. The primary outcome examined, success rate of complete healing, was equivalent to or better than that of standard therapy for all skin substitutes examined.

Conclusions:
A convincing body of evidence supports the effectiveness of living cell–based skin substitutes as an adjunctive therapy for increasing the rate of complete healing in chronic foot ulcers when basic tenets of wound care are also being implemented. Acellular skin substitutes also show some promise for treatment of foot wounds but require further study.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
The meanings of co‐creation
Authors: Ind Nicholas , Coates Nick 
Published: January 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the diverse strands that underpin the still emerging concept of co‐creation. The paper aims to suggest that there are alternative views rooted in psychotherapy, critical theory, software development and design that can help provide a richer understanding of the meaning of co‐creation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a general review of the field based on the literature and the different strands that comprise it.FindingsCo‐creation is often seen from a managerial perspective. In this general review of the concept, the authors demonstrate that co‐creation can also be seen from the perspective of consumers and other stakeholders. This also shifts the idea of co‐creation away from a strongly rational approach to one that is more spontaneous and playful.Practical implicationsThe review focuses primarily on consumers and how they can be encouraged to collaborate with one another to meet their needs for socialisation and meaning making and how organizations can influence and use the insights of co‐creation.Originality/valueOver the past decade there has been a rapidly growing interest in co‐creation, but much of the research focuses on the creation and management of online communities. By recognising the antecedents of managerial co‐creation and its diverse heritage, it is possible to see the concept as a development of other practices. By drawing on these practices, it is possible to look at co‐creation in a new light.