bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trypsin from unicorn leatherjacket (Aluterus monoceros) pyloric caeca: purification and its use for preparation of fish protein hydrolysate with antioxidative activity
Authors: Zamani Abbas , Benjakul Soottawat 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDFish proteases, especially trypsin, could be used to prepare fish protein hydrolysates with antioxidative activities. In this study, trypsin from the pyloric caeca of unicorn leatherjacket was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI)–Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Hydrolysate from Indian mackerel protein isolate with different degrees of hydrolysis (20, 30 and 40% DH) was prepared using the purified trypsin, and antioxidative activities (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical‐scavenging activities, ferric‐reducing antioxidant power and ferrous‐chelating activity) of the hydrolysate were determined.RESULTSTrypsin was purified 26.43‐fold with a yield of 13.43%. The purified trypsin had a molecular weight (MW) of 23.5 kDa and optimal activity at pH 8.0 and 55 °C. It displayed high stability in the pH range of 6.0–11.0 and was thermally stable up to 50 °C. Both SBTI (0.05 mmol L−1) and N‐p‐tosyl‐l‐lysine‐chloromethylketone (5 mmol L−1) completely inhibited trypsin activity. Antioxidative activities of the hydrolysate from Indian mackerel protein isolate increased with increasing DH up to 40% (P < 0.05). Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the hydrolysate with 40% DH had a MW lower than 6.5 kDa.CONCLUSIONThe purified protease from unicorn leatherjacket pyloric caeca was identified as trypsin based on its ability to hydrolyze a specific synthetic substrate and the response to specific trypsin inhibitors. The purified trypsin could hydrolyze Indian mackerel protein isolate, and the resulting hydrolysate exhibited antioxidative activity depending on its DH. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term functional outcomes in surgically treated patients with oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Dale Oliver T. , Han Cheng , Burgess Christopher A. , Eves Susannah , Harris Carol E. , White Penny L. , Shah Rupali T. , Howard Alison , Winter Stuart C. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives/HypothesisAs survival rates in oropharyngeal cancer improve, long‐term functional outcomes are increasingly important to understand. We report long‐term functional outcomes in a cohort of surviving patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with primary surgery ± radiotherapy.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsPatients undergoing primary surgery for oropharyngeal cancer in Oxford, United Kingdom, between 2000 and 2010 were identified. The University of Washington Quality‐of‐ Life and MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory questionnaires were sent to all patients. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the relationship between clinical factors and swallowing outcomes.ResultsTwenty percent of patients required gastrostomy‐tube placement (mean feed duration, 114 days). On multivariate analysis, increased age, advanced T stage, and an open surgical approach were associated with significantly reduced quality‐of‐life scores.ConclusionsMean functional scores were comparable to previously published series of patients treated with primary surgery. Gastrostomy insertion rate was lower than in many previously published studies. Furthermore, specific variables have been identified that are associated with adverse functional outcome.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 125:1637–1643, 2015
Emergency department presentation for uncomplicated acute rhinosinusitis is associated with poor access to healthcare
Authors: Scangas George A. , Ishman Stacey L. , Bergmark Regan W. , Cunningham Michael J. , Sedaghat Ahmad R. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives/HypothesisUncomplicated acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is most appropriately managed in an outpatient clinic setting. Some ARS patients present to emergency departments (EDs) for care. We investigates factors associated with ARS presentation to EDs versus outpatient settings.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsA total of 17,122,551 pediatric and adult patient visits from the 2009 and 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys for ARS were identified. Patients with ARS complications were excluded. Univariate and multivariate associations identified demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of ARS patients independently associated with ED presentation. Temperature >100°F was used as a proxy for ARS severity.ResultsPatients with Medicaid (odds ratio [OR] = 10.82, P < .001) or no insurance (OR = 9.14, P < .001) more likely presented to EDs when compared to patients with private insurance or Medicare. Independently, black patients (OR = 6.01, P < .001) more likely presented to EDs when compared to white or Hispanic patients. No significant association was seen with metropolitan or socioeconomic status based upon the patients' home zip code.ConclusionsPresentation of ARS patients to EDs is associated with health insurance type and patient race independent of socioeconomic status. Healthcare access appears to be a primary determinant of whether patients present to an ED or outpatient setting for this common health problem. The association between race and ED presentation suggests cultural underpinnings requiring further characterization. Reducing barriers to care, for example through broader health insurance coverage, may enhance access to outpatient care providers and decrease costs associated with unnecessary ED presentation.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:2253–2258, 2015
Is it necessary to retain the tensor tympani tendon in tympanoplasty?
Authors: Deng Rui , Ou Xiong , Tao Duoduo , Fang Yanqing , Liuyang Wenyi , Chen Bing 
Published: March 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the acoustic effect after canal wall‐down tympanoplasty with sectioning of the tensor tympani muscle (TTM) tendon in patients with chronic otitis media.Study DesignProspective, controlled clinical trial.MethodsFrom January 2010 to April 2014, 212 patients underwent canal wall‐down tympanoplasty with ossicular chain reconstruction in one‐stage surgery. For this study, the patients were assigned to two groups. In group 1 (107 patients), the TTM tensor would be removed during the surgery, whereas it would be retained in group 2 (105 patients). Pre‐ and postoperative air conduction and bone conduction thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz were reported, and the air‐bone gaps (ABGs) were measured.ResultsMean postoperative ABG was 16.0 dB in group 1 and 17.0 dB in group 2 and the ABG closure was 11.9 ± 8.5 in group 1 and 11.8 ± 9.7 in group 2. Both were not statistically different (P = .2381 and P = .9625). Overall, 84.1% of patients in group 1 and 75.2% of patients in group 2 attained a postoperative ABG of 20 dB or less. Success rate in group 1 is slightly higher than group 2, but not significant (P = .1255).ConclusionsThe section of the tensor tympani muscle tendon in canal wall‐down tympanoplasty with ossiculoplasty had no statistically significant influence on sound transmission and can be a safe maneuver in middle ear surgery.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 125:2358–2361, 2015
Assessment of superior semicircular canal thickness with advancing age
Authors: Davey Shaun , Kelly‐Morland Christian , Phillips John S. , Nunney Ian , Pawaroo Davina 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo determine whether superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) is more prevalent with advancing age.Study DesignRetrospective observational study.MethodsHigh‐resolution computed‐tomographic temporal bone scans were identified for patients of all ages and analyzed by two independent assessors. Multiplanar reconstruction was applied, and the thinnest area of temporal bone overlying each superior semicircular canal (SSC) was measured.ResultsA sample of 121 patients was analyzed that contained an almost identical number of male and female patients. In total, 242 temporal bone images were reviewed. Patients' ages ranged between 6 and 86 years. Age was shown to have a significant linear relationship (P < 0.001) such that for every unit increase in age the predicted thickness was reduced by 0.0047 mm.ConclusionsThe thickness of the SSC decreases with advancing age.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:1940–1945, 2015
Pulse steroid therapy in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Eftekharian Ali , Amizadeh Maryam 
Published: March 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate in patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss whether pulse therapy with methylprednisolone leads to better recovery of hearing than traditional oral prednisolone therapy.Study DesignRandomized controlled trial.MethodsSixty‐seven patients diagnosed with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss were randomly divided into two groups based on therapy. The study group received 500‐mg daily intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 consecutive days, followed by 1 mg/kg (maximum 60 mg) oral prednisolone for 11 days (total treatment: 14 days). The control group received 1 mg/kg (maximum 60 mg) oral prednisolone for 14 days. Hearing change was evaluated by comparing initial hearing tests and the third‐month hearing tests in three ways: 1) pure tone improvement in each individual tone (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz); 2) word‐recognition score improvement; and 3) complete, partial, and no recovery of hearing calculated (as defined by American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines).ResultsSixty of 67 patients, 29 of 34 patients in the study group and 31 of 33 patients in the control group, completed the study. Frequency‐specific hearing improvement did not differ significantly among the groups. Word‐recognition score improvement was 20.34% ± 27.35% for the study group and 13.41% ± 23.48% for the control group, which had no statistically significant difference. There was also no significant difference in hearing recovery rates for the two groups.ConclusionPulse therapy with methylprednisolone and traditional oral prednisolone therapy resulted in similar hearing improvement.Level of Evidence1b. Laryngoscope, 126:150–155, 2016
Trauma patterns, symptoms, and complications associated with external auditory canal fractures
Authors: Burchhardt Daniela M. , David John , Eckert Robert , Robinette Natasha L. , Carron Michael A. , Zuliani Giancarlo F. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives/HypothesisExternal auditory canal (EAC) trauma, although rare, can have significant long‐term adverse outcomes. This study aims to investigate the frequency, treatment, and complications of external ear canal injury in association with mandibular and temporal bone trauma.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsComputed tomography images with mandibular or temporal bone trauma were reviewed for EAC fractures. Patient data were collected from initial presentation and subsequent follow‐up clinic visits.ResultsThirty‐nine percent of temporal bone fractures and 3.3% of mandible trauma involved the EAC. In particular, 10% of condylar or subcondylar trauma included an EAC fracture (P = 0.0006). One patient sustained bilateral EAC fractures despite an isolated, unilateral condylar fracture. The most common presenting sign was blood in the external auditory canal. Two patients underwent exam under anesthesia and removal of debris and stenting as treatment, whereas 42% of the patients were placed on otic drops and 5% received packing or a stent. Follow‐up data were only available for 16% of the patients. Hearing loss from otic capsule involvement or ossicular chain disruption were follow‐up complaints, and one patient had persistent canal stenosis.ConclusionsExternal auditory canal trauma is present in a significant proportion of mandibular and temporal bone trauma, including both condylar and noncondylar fractures with a higher incidence of condylar fractures. One case was seen with bilateral EAC fractures despite a unilateral mandibular fracture. Complications of these fractures can include hearing loss and canal stenosis; however, additional outpatient follow‐up is needed to further elucidate long‐term complications and shape treatment recommendations.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:1579–1582, 2015
The influence of spray cryotherapy on wound healing following endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Albu Silviu , Trombitas Veronica , Vlad Diana , Emanuelli Enzo 
Published: March 2015

Objectives/HypothesisThe aim of this study was to assess the influence of spray cryotherapy on wound healing following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).Study DesignA prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, controlled trial.MethodsThe study included 22 consecutive adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps scheduled for bilateral ESS. At the end of the surgical procedure, patients were randomized to the distribution of spray cryotherapy in one middle meatus and saline contralaterally. Outcomes were only measured for endoscopy scores. Thus, postoperative healing and the amount of edema, crusting, secretions, and scarring were assessed using the validated Lund‐Kennedy and Perioperative Sinus Endoscopy (POSE) scores.ResultsThere were no baseline differences concerning POSE and Lund‐Kennedy scores between the two groups. Nevertheless, a significant difference was recorded at one, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks in both POSE (P = .001, P = .012, P = .02, P = .006, P = .001) and Lund‐Kennedy (P = .002, P = .005, P = .02, P = .02, P = .03) scores.ConclusionsThese preliminary results reveal an improvement in postoperative scores, demonstrating enhanced healing following spray cryotherapy. However, without patient subjective outcomes, the study is limited. Additional studies with longer follow‐up and larger samples are needed to describe the effects of cryotherapy on wound healing.Level of Evidence1b. Laryngoscope, 126:25–32, 2016
Organic Carbon and Alkalinity Increase in Topsoil After Rangeland Restoration Through Atriplex nummularia Plantation
Authors: Zucca Claudio , Arrieta Garcia Sabina , Deroma Mario , Madrau Salvatore 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis research studied the impact of fodder shrub plantations (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) on topsoil properties, with particular reference to organic carbon, nitrogen, and soluble salts, in the Marrakech region (central Morocco). The studied plantation interventions were carried out to rehabilitate degraded rangeland and to mitigate desertification. The field experiment was conducted by drawing seventeen 50‐m‐long transects designed according to the ecological patch–interpatch approach defined by the Landscape Function Analysis. The top soil (0–5 cm) was sampled in 134 microsites, covering the main patch and interpatch types in plantation and control plots. The following variables were determined: pH, carbonates, organic carbon, total nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and soluble ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and PO43−). Statistical analyses were carried out to analyse changes between sites and between patch types. Most of the studied properties were strongly affected by the spatial pattern defined by the plantation, particularly when the sites with higher biomass production were considered. Organic carbon increased by around 63% and 117% when the under canopy patches were compared, respectively, to the between‐plants interpatches and to the control plots, a strong positive effect considering the aridity of the study area. On the other hand, a stronger increase was detected under canopy for most soluble salts and sodium adsorption rate. On average, the latter increased by 350% and up to 450% under the best developed plants, a stronger impact than observed in previous research, highlighting the very strong plant effect on the soil surface alkalinity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THINK—OR SINK
Authors: Bolman Lee G. , Deal Terrence E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractToday's leaders require the proper mental models for our “VUCA (volatile‐uncertain‐complex‐ambiguous)” world, in the estimation of Bolman and Deal. Although mental models are known by a variety of terms (such as paradigms and mind‐sets), here they are called frames. Bolman and Deal write that a “frame is an amalgam of beliefs and assumptions that you carry in your head to help you understand and negotiate some part of your world.” Four different frames are described: structural, human resource, political, and symbolic. These frames provide different ways of looking at and perceiving situations, giving leaders multiple perspectives for the inherently messy and ambiguous situations they regularly encounter.
WHAT NELSON MANDELA TAUGHT THE WORLD ABOUT LEADERSHIP
Authors: Pietersen Willie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMore than a year after Nelson Mandela's death, the world has much to learn from his leadership, says South Africa–born Pietersen. Mandela's life and leadership style are described, and Pietersen delivers a crisp explanation of apartheid, which “robbed the black majority of their dignity by treating them as inferior human beings without the rights and privileges enjoyed by whites.” Three domains of integrated leadership are outlined: personal leadership, interpersonal leadership, and strategic leadership. He particularly emphasizes Mandela's remarkable mastery of self and “profound empathy,” which helped enable his transition from prisoner to president.
Spotlight on movement disorders: What optogenetics has to offer
Authors: Rossi Mark A. , Calakos Nicole , Yin Henry H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractElucidating the neuronal mechanisms underlying movement disorders is a major challenge because of the intricacy of the relevant neural circuits, which are characterized by diverse cell types and complex connectivity. A major limitation of traditional techniques, such as electrical stimulation or lesions, is that individual elements of a neural circuit cannot be selectively manipulated. Moreover, available treatments are largely based on trial and error rather than a detailed understanding of the circuit mechanisms. Gaps in our knowledge of the circuit mechanisms for movement disorders, as well as mechanisms underlying known treatments such as deep brain stimulation, make it difficult to design new and improved treatment options. In this perspective, we discuss how optogenetics, which allows researchers to use light to manipulate neuronal activity, can contribute to the understanding and treatment of movement disorders. We outline the advantages and limitations of optogenetics and discuss examples of studies that have used this tool to clarify the role of the basal ganglia circuitry in movement. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The ureteric bud epithelium: Morphogenesis and roles in metanephric kidney patterning
Authors: Nagalakshmi Vidya K. , Yu Jing 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYThe mammalian metanephric kidney is composed of two epithelial components, the collecting duct system and the nephron epithelium, that differentiate from two different tissues —the ureteric bud epithelium and the nephron progenitors, respectively—of intermediate mesoderm origin. The collecting duct system is generated through reiterative ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, whereas the nephron epithelium is formed in a process termed nephrogenesis, which is initiated with the mesenchymal–epithelial transition of the nephron progenitors. Ureteric bud branching morphogenesis is regulated by nephron progenitors, and in return, the ureteric bud epithelium regulates nephrogenesis. The metanephric kidney is physiologically divided along the corticomedullary axis into subcompartments that are enriched with specific segments of these two epithelial structures. Here, we provide an overview of the major molecular and cellular processes underlying the morphogenesis and patterning of the ureteric bud epithelium and its roles in the cortico‐medullary patterning of the metanephric kidney. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 151–166, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel profibrotic mechanism mediated by TGFβ‐stimulated collagen prolyl hydroxylase expression in fibrotic lung mesenchymal cells
Authors: Luo Yongfeng , Xu Wei , Chen Hui , Warburton David , Dong Rachel , Qian Bangping , Selman Moisés , Gauldie Jack , Kolb Martin , Shi Wei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a severe chronic lung disease with a high mortality rate. Excessive TGFβ signalling is recognized as a central player in lung fibrosis. However, the related mechanisms remain unclear. Herein we used a novel Tbx4 lung enhancer‐driven Tet‐On transgenic system to inhibit TGFβ signalling in mouse lung‐resident mesenchymal cells at different stages of bleomycin‐induced fibrosis, by conditionally knocking out TGFβ receptor II or expressing a dominant‐negative TGFβ receptor II. Abrogation of mesenchymal TGFβ signalling markedly attenuated bleomycin‐induced fibrotic pathology, which was independent of altered early inflammation. Furthermore, a novel TGFβ downstream target gene P4HA3 (an α‐subunit of collagen prolyl hydroxylase) was identified, and its expression was significantly increased in fibroblastic foci of both bleomycin‐induced fibrotic mouse lungs and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients' lungs. The relationship between activated TGFβ signalling, up‐regulation of P4HA3 and increased hydroxyproline/collagen production was further verified in cultured lung fibroblasts. Moreover, inhibition of collagen prolyl hydroxylase by pyridine‐2,5‐dicarboxylate attenuated TGFβ‐stimulated collagen production in both cultured fibroblasts and bleomycin‐induced mouse lung fibrosis. These data indicate that increased expression and activity of collagen prolyl hydroxylase is one of the important mechanisms underlying TGFβ‐mediated profibrotic effects. Inhibition of collagen prolyl hydroxylase may be a new, promising approach for preventing and treating pulmonary fibrosis. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Warm’ Tundra: Atmospheric and Near‐Surface Ground Temperature Inversions Across an Alpine Treeline in Continuous Permafrost, Western Arctic, Canada
Authors: O'Neill H. B. , Burn C. R. , Kokelj S. V. , Lantz T. C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPermafrost conditions were examined between 2010 and 2014 at four sites across an alpine treeline on Peel Plateau, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ground and air temperature sensors were installed in forest and tundra between 30 and 500 m asl. Annual mean air temperatures increased and the number of freezing degree days declined with elevation, due to persistent winter air temperature inversions. The annual mean temperature at the permafrost surface (Tps) in mineral soils increased with elevation from about −2.5 °C in lowland forest to about −1.5 °C in dwarf shrub tundra. The increase in Tps coincided with higher air temperatures and earlier snow accumulation at tundra sites. The higher Tps in alpine tundra compared to lowland forest in Peel Plain contrasts with the northward decrease in Tps across latitudinal treeline elsewhere in the western Arctic. An increase in Tps with elevation may be common in Arctic mountain environments due to the prevalence of atmospheric temperature inversions in winter. In such contexts, although vegetation characteristics are governed by summer climate, permafrost conditions are critically influenced by the winter regime. The tundra permafrost on Peel Plateau is considerably warmer and, hence, more sensitive to disturbance than perennially frozen ground north of treeline in other parts of the western Arctic. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.