bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of parents and Brown‐headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on nest predation risk for a songbird
Authors: Latif Quresh S. , Heath Sacha K. , Rotenberry John T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNest predation limits avian fitness, so ornithologists study nest predation, but they often only document patterns of predation rates without substantively investigating underlying mechanisms. Parental behavior and predator ecology are two fundamental drivers of predation rates and patterns, but the role of parents is less certain, particularly for songbirds. Previous work reproduced microhabitat‐predation patterns experienced by Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia) in the Mono Lake basin at experimental nests without parents, suggesting that these patterns were driven by predator ecology rather than predator interactions with parents. In this study, we further explored effects of post‐initiation parental behavior (nest defense and attendance) on predation risk by comparing natural versus experimental patterns related to territory density, seasonal timing of nest initiation, and nest age. Rates of parasitism by Brown‐headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were high in this system (49% nests parasitized), so we also examined parasitism‐predation relationships. Natural nest predation rates (NPR) correlated negatively with breeding territory density and nonlinearly (U‐shaped relationship) with nest‐initiation timing, but experimental nests recorded no such patterns. After adjusting natural‐nest data to control for these differences from experimental nests other than the presence of parents (e.g., defining nest failure similarly and excluding nestling‐period data), we obtained similar results. Thus, parents were necessary to produce observed patterns. Lower natural NPR compared with experimental NPR suggested that parents reduced predation rates via nest defense, so this parental behavior or its consequences were likely correlated with density or seasonal timing. In contrast, daily predation rates decreased with nest age for both nest types, indicating this pattern did not involve parents. Parasitized nests suffered higher rates of partial predation but lower rates of complete predation, suggesting direct predation by cowbirds. Explicit behavioral research on parents, predators (including cowbirds), and their interactions would further illuminate mechanisms underlying the density, seasonal, and nest age patterns we observed.
Concordance in hippocampal and fecal Nr3c1 methylation is moderated by maternal behavior in the mouse
Authors: Liberman Shayna A. , Mashoodh Rahia , Thompson Robert C. , Dolinoy Dana C. , Champagne Frances A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRecent advances in genomic technologies now enable a reunion of molecular and evolutionary biology. Researchers investigating naturally living animal populations are thus increasingly able to capitalize upon genomic technologies to connect molecular findings with multiple levels of biological organization. Using this vertical approach in the laboratory, epigenetic gene regulation has emerged as an important mechanism integrating genotype and phenotype. To connect phenotype to population fitness, however, this same vertical approach must now be applied to naturally living populations. A major obstacle to studying epigenetics in noninvasive samples is tissue specificity of epigenetic marks. Here, using the mouse as a proof‐of‐principle model, we present the first known attempt to validate an epigenetic assay for use in noninvasive samples. Specifically, we compare DNA methylation of the NGFI‐A (nerve growth factor‐inducible protein A) binding site in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) gene between central (hippocampal) and peripheral noninvasive (fecal) tissues in juvenile Balb/c mice that had received varying levels of postnatal maternal care. Our results indicate that while hippocampal DNA methylation profiles correspond to maternal behavior, fecal DNA methylation levels do not. Moreover, concordance in methylation levels between these tissues within individuals only emerges after accounting for the effects of postnatal maternal care. Thus, although these findings may be specific to the Nr3c1 gene, we urge caution when interpreting DNA methylation patterns from noninvasive tissues, and offer suggestions for further research in this field.
Nitrogen and carbon isotope variability in the green‐algal lichen Xanthoria parietina and their implications on mycobiont–photobiont interactions
Authors: Beck Andreas , Mayr Christoph 
Published: November 2012

AbstractStable isotope patterns in lichens are known to vary largely, but effects of substrate on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures of lichens were previously not investigated systematically. N and C contents and stable isotope (δ15N, δ13C) patterns have been measured in 92 lichen specimens of Xanthoria parietina from southern Bavaria growing on different substrates (bark and stone). Photobiont and mycobiont were isolated from selected populations and isotopically analyzed. Molecular investigations of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS nrDNA) region have been conducted on a subset of the specimens of X. parietina. Phylogenetic analysis showed no correlation between the symbionts X. parietina and Trebouxia decolorans and the substrate, isotope composition, or geographic origin. Instead specimens grown on organic substrate significantly differ in isotope values from those on minerogenic substrate. This study documents that the lichens growing on bark use additional or different N sources than the lichens growing on stone. δ15N variation of X. parietina apparently is controlled predominantly by the mass fraction of the mycobiont and its nitrogen isotope composition. In contrast with mycobionts, photobionts of X. parietina are much more 15N‐depleted and show less isotopic variability than mycobionts, probably indicating a mycobiont‐independent nitrogen acquisition by uptake of atmospheric ammonia.
Modern 1,3,2‐Diazaborole Chemistry – A Metamorphosis from Electrophilic to Nucleophilic Boron
Authors: Weber Lothar 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDiazaborolyl anions are species with electronically and coordinatively unsaturated boron centers, and as six‐electron systems they are analogues of the more familiar N‐heterocyclic carbenes and N‐heterocyclic silylenes. In contrast to the latter compounds lithium diazaborolyls are thermally unstable, they are extremely strong bases and versatile nucleophiles. With these properties they overcome the paradigm that low‐coordinated borane derivatives are mainly electrophiles. In keeping with this, the metal diazaborolyls discussed here serve as excellent transfer reagents of the borolyl anion to main group elements and transition and rare earth metals. Thereby they establish a novel synthetic approach to the class of metal boryl complexes. A series of iridium complexes produced by this protocol have meanwhile found application as emitter materials in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Nematic Ion‐Clustomesogens from Surfactant‐Encapsulated Polyoxometalate Assemblies
Authors: Li Bao , Zhang Jing , Wang Shan , Li Wen , Wu Lixin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThree surfactant‐encapsulated polyoxometalate (SEP) complexes were synthesized by grafting T‐shaped quaternary ammonium units onto the surface of K5BW12O40, K6SiW11O39Co, and Na10[Mn4(H2O)2(VW9O34)2]·34H2O. All the complexes possess shell–core structures, in which the peripheral mesogenic units adopt a lateral attachment. The bulk organization of the complexes with thermal stimulus was studied by polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The quaternary ammonium surfactant alone was found to form smectic structures, whereas the SEPs exhibited nematic characteristics. The detailed structural characterizations suggested the presence of a delicate synergy between the surfactants and polyoxometalates (POMs). The orientation of the mesogenic units was demonstrated to have a pivotal influence on the formation of liquid crystalline structures of the SEPs by comparison with the reported SEPs with head‐to‐tail attached mesogenic units. The clearing temperatures of the nematic complexes were found to be dependent on the number of peripheral surfactants. Finally, the magnetism of the polyoxometalates was proven to be well maintained in the liquid crystalline matrices, which allows the potential development of magnetically tunable liquid crystals bearing nematic structures.
Preparation and characterization of highly stable monodisperse argan oil‐in‐water emulsions using microchannel emulsification
Authors: El‐Abbassi Abdelilah , Neves Marcos A. , Kobayashi Isao , Hafidi Abdellatif , Nakajima Mitsutoshi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractArgan oil is well known for its nutraceutical properties. Its specific fatty acid composition and antioxidant content contribute to the stability of the oil and to its dietetic and culinary values. There is an increasing interest to use argan oil in cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and food products. However, the formulation of highly stable emulsions with prolonged shelf life is needed. In this study, argan oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions were prepared using microchannel (MC) emulsification process, stabilized by different non‐ionic emulsifiers. The effects of processing temperature on droplet size and size distribution were studied. Physical stability of argan O/W emulsions was also investigated by accelerated stability testing and during storage at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). Highly monodisperse argan O/W emulsions were produced at temperatures up to 70°C. The obtained emulsions were physically stable for several months at room temperature. Furthermore, emulsifier type, concentration, and temperature were the major determinants influencing the droplet size and size distribution. The results indicated that a suitable emulsifier should be selected by experimentation, since the interfacial tension and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance values were not suitable to predict the emulsifying efficiency.Practical applications: MC emulsification produces efficiently monodisperse droplets at wide range of temperatures. The findings of this work may be of great interest for both scientific and industrial purposes since highly stable and monodisperse argan oil‐in‐water emulsions were produced which can be incorporated into food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical formulations.
Antioxidant and prooxidant effects of α‐tocopherol in a linoleic acid‐copper(II)‐ascorbate system
Authors: Bakır Temelkan , Yıldoğan Beker Bilge , Sönmezoğlu İnci , İmer Filiz , Apak Reşat 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe peroxidation of linoleic acid (LA) in the absence and presence of either Cu(II) ions alone or Cu(II)‐ascorbate combination was investigated in aerated and incubated emulsions at 37°C and pH 7. LA peroxidation induced by either copper(II) or copper(II)‐ascorbic acid system followed pseudo‐first order kinetics with respect to primary (hydroperoxides) and secondary (aldehydes‐ and ketones‐like) oxidation products, detected by ferric‐thiocyanate and TBARS tests, respectively. α‐Tocopherol showed both antioxidant and prooxidant effects depending on concentration and also on the simultaneous presence of Cu(II) and ascorbate. Copper(II)‐ascorbate combinations generally led to distinct antioxidant behavior at low concentrations of α‐tocopherol and slight prooxidant behavior at high concentrations of α‐tocopherol, probably associated with the recycling of tocopherol by ascorbate through reaction with tocopheroxyl radical, while the scavenging effect of α‐tocopherol on lipid peroxidation was maintained as long as ascorbate was present. On the other hand, in Cu(II) solutions without ascorbate, the antioxidant behavior of tocopherol required higher concentrations of this compound because there was no ascorbate to regenerate it.Practical applications: Linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation induced by either copper(II) or copper(II)‐ascorbic acid system followed pseudo‐first order kinetics with respect to primary (hydroperoxides) and secondary (e.g., aldehydes and ketones) oxidation products. α‐Tocopherol showed both antioxidant and prooxidant effects depending on concentration and also on the simultaneous presence of Cu(II) and ascorbate. The findings of this study are believed to be useful to better understand the actual role of α‐tocopherol in the preservation of heterogenous food samples such as lipid emulsions. Since α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) is considered to be physiologically the most important lipid‐soluble chain‐breaking antioxidant of human cell membranes, the results can be extended to in vivo protection of lipid oxidation.
Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS): A Convenient Option for Synthetic Applications of the Iodine/Silane Combined Reagent – Straightforward Entries to 2‐Hydroxyglycals and Useful Building‐Blocks of Glucuronic Acid and Glucosamine
Authors: Giordano Maddalena , Iadonisi Alfonso 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPolymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) proved to be a practically convenient alternative to triethylsilane in a large set of synthetic elaborations entailing the quick generation of glycosyl iodides with a iodine/silane combined reagent. In addition, the scope of this combined reagent was expanded to the especially fast generation of 2‐acetoxyglycals, and the rapid synthesis of useful building‐blocks of D‐glucuronic acids and D‐glucosamine. All the synthetic targets were obtained in especially short times either via one‐pot procedures or through experimental sequences devoid of laborious chromatographical purifications of intermediates.
Reducing dehumanisation outcomes towards Blacks: The role of multiple categorisation and of human identity
Authors: Albarello Flavia , Rubini Monica 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis contribution addresses the issue of reduction of dehumanisation towards Blacks, an outgroup that has been historically targeted by heinous prejudice. The study tested, for the first time, whether the combination of multiple categorisation and human identity represents the most optimal condition for reducing dehumanisation towards Blacks. The main dependent variables were attribution of secondary emotions and inalienability of human rights. Results highlighted the combination of multiple categorisation and human identity as the most effective strategy in reducing dehumanisation towards Blacks. Evidence of this study sheds light on the possible ways through which conceiving others in terms of complex categorical criteria, that is, as members of the human group in conjunction with other communal or different social categories, can lead to more harmonious intergroup relations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment, perceptions of care and caregiving to romantic partners and friends
Authors: Julal Fay S. , Carnelley Katherine B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAcross two studies, we examined the extent to which adults' caregiving responses reflect the quality of care received from their attachment figures. Study 1 showed that romantic caregiving reflected the quality of perceived parental and partner care. Moreover, perceived partner care mediated the link between parental care and romantic caregiving, suggesting that one's parental care affects the type of care one seeks or receives from partners, which in turn affects one's romantic caregiving. This describes a possible process for the intergenerational transmission of caregiving styles. Romantic attachment anxiety was associated with compulsive caregiving to partners. Study 2 examined causal mechanisms by priming a representation of perceived peer care and examining its effect on caregiving responses. As hypothesized, caregiving responses reflected the quality of primed peer care and were associated with attachment orientation. Findings provide evidence that individuals mentally represent the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of the care‐seeker and the caregiver during interactions and both influence one's caregiving to partners and friends. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamics of ethnic discrimination, identities and outgroup attitudes: A pre–post longitudinal study of ethnic migrants
Authors: Jasinskaja‐Lahti Inga , Mähönen Tuuli Anna , Ketokivi Mikko 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis longitudinal study among ethnic migrants from Russia to Finland (N = 127) examined the relationships between anticipated and perceived discrimination, ethnic and national identities, and outgroup attitudes towards the national majority group. The study included one pre‐migration and two post‐migration assessments. First, associations between the variables studied were tested using a conventional autoregressive sample‐level modelling approach. Second, individual trajectories and the associations between the individual‐level changes in the variables included in the models were tested. Although there were no sample‐level effects over time, there were significant relationships between changes in discrimination and changes in identification and outgroup attitudes at the individual level. The results indicated that changes in perceived discrimination were not reflected in increased ethnic identification. However, participants who perceived higher levels of discrimination after migration than they anticipated before migration were, in the post‐migration stage, more likely to disidentify from and to increasingly show negative attitudes towards the national majority group. The study complements previous research by examining the identity and attitudinal reactions to perceived ethnic discrimination starting from the pre‐migration stage and highlights the value of incorporating both group and individual perspectives to the research on perceived discrimination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Everybody feels a broken bone, but only we can feel a broken heart”: Group membership influences the perception of targets' suffering
Authors: Riva Paolo , Andrighetto Luca 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThere is surmounting evidence in the literature demonstrating that social pain (e.g. rejection, humiliation, and isolation) and physical pain (e.g. injury or assault) overlap in personal experiences. The present investigation focuses on second‐hand perceptions of social and physical pain. We argue that judgments of others' pain may vary as a function of group membership. By integrating research on intergroup bias in pain judgment with intergroup attributions of humanity, we predicted that observers tend to underestimate social pain more than physical pain in out‐groups compared with in‐groups. Across two studies that considered different scenarios, we found that Italian participants attributed less severe social pain when considering an out‐group (Chinese and Ecuadorian) than an in‐group member. No such effect was found for physical pain. Overall, the current work suggests an additional way through which people preserve a privileged human status to in‐group members while denying out‐group members' humanness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographic structure from motion: a new development in photogrammetric measurement
Authors: Fonstad Mark A. , Dietrich James T. , Courville Brittany C. , Jensen Jennifer L. , Carbonneau Patrice E. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe production of topographic datasets is of increasing interest and application throughout the geomorphic sciences, and river science is no exception. Consequently, a wide range of topographic measurement methods have evolved. Despite the range of available methods, the production of high resolution, high quality digital elevation models (DEMs) requires a significant investment in personnel time, hardware and/or software. However, image‐based methods such as digital photogrammetry have been decreasing in costs. Developed for the purpose of rapid, inexpensive and easy three‐dimensional surveys of buildings or small objects, the ‘structure from motion’ photogrammetric approach (SfM) is an image‐based method which could deliver a methodological leap if transferred to geomorphic applications, requires little training and is extremely inexpensive. Using an online SfM program, we created high‐resolution digital elevation models of a river environment from ordinary photographs produced from a workflow that takes advantage of free and open source software. This process reconstructs real world scenes from SfM algorithms based on the derived positions of the photographs in three‐dimensional space. The basic product of the SfM process is a point cloud of identifiable features present in the input photographs. This point cloud can be georeferenced from a small number of ground control points collected in the field or from measurements of camera positions at the time of image acquisition. The georeferenced point cloud can then be used to create a variety of digital elevation products. We examine the applicability of SfM in the Pedernales River in Texas (USA), where several hundred images taken from a hand‐held helikite are used to produce DEMs of the fluvial topographic environment. This test shows that SfM and low‐altitude platforms can produce point clouds with point densities comparable with airborne LiDAR, with horizontal and vertical precision in the centimeter range, and with very low capital and labor costs and low expertise levels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive enrichment algorithm for advection‐dominated problems
Authors: Abgrall Rémi , Krust Arnaud 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYWe are interested in developing a numerical framework well suited for advection–diffusion problems when the advection part is dominant. In that case, given Dirichlet type boundary condition, it is well known that a boundary layer develops. To resolve correctly this layer, standard methods consist in increasing the mesh resolution and possibly increasing the formal accuracy of the numerical method. In this paper, we follow another path: we do not seek to increase the formal accuracy of the scheme but, by a careful choice of finite element, to lower the mesh resolution in the layer. Indeed the finite element representation we choose is locally the sum of a standard one plus an enrichment. This paper proposes such a method and with several numerical examples, we show the potential of this approach. In particular, we show that the method is not very sensitive to the choice of the enrichment and develop an adaptive algorithm to automatically choose the enrichment functions.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal grill‐evoked sensations of heat correlate with cold pain threshold and are enhanced by menthol and cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Averbeck B. , Rucker F. , Laubender R.P. , Carr R.W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThunberg's thermal grill produces a sensation of strong heat upon skin contact with spatially interlaced innocuous warm and cool stimuli.MethodsTo examine the classes of peripheral axons that might contribute to this illusion, the effects of topical l‐menthol, an activator of TRPM8, and cinnamaldehyde, a TRPA1 agonist, on the magnitude of thermal sensations were examined during grill stimulation in healthy volunteers.ResultsUnder control conditions, cutaneous grill stimulation (interlaced 20/40 °C) evoked a sensation of heat, and for individual subjects, the magnitude of this heat sensation was positively correlated with cold pain threshold (CPT). Menthol increased the CPT and enhanced the magnitude of grill‐evoked heat. Cinnamaldehyde intensified warm sensations, reduced heat pain threshold and also enhanced grill‐evoked heat.ConclusionsBoth TRPM8‐expressing and TRPA1‐expressing afferent axons can affect grill‐evoked thermal sensations. The enhancement of grill‐evoked sensations of temperature with menthol and cinnamaldehyde may provide an additional clinically relevant means of testing altered thermal sensitivity, which is often affected in neuropathic patient groups.