bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schopenhauer's Transformation of the Kantian Sublime
Authors: Shapshay Sandra 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSchopenhauer singles out Kant's theory of the sublime for high praise, calling it ‘by far the most excellent thing in the Critique of Aesthetic Judgement’, yet, in his main discussion of the sublime, he ridicules Kant's explanation as being in the grip of scholastic metaphysics. My first aim in this paper is to sort out Schopenhauer's apparently conflicted appraisal of Kant's theory of the sublime. Next, based on hisNachlaß,close readings of published texts and especially of his account of the experience of tragic drama, I offer a reconstruction of Schopenhauer's theory of the sublime which understands it – against prevailing scholarly views – as atransformation ofrather than as a realdeparture fromthe Kantian explanation. Finally, I suggest that my interpretation of Schopenhauer's theory of the sublime has far-reaching consequences for a proper understanding of his views on freedom.
Direct Observations of Confined Layer Slip in Cu/Nb Multilayers
Authors: Li Nan , Wang Jian , Misra Amit , Huang Jian Yu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn situ nanoindentation of a 30 nm Cu/20 nm Nb multilayer film in a transmission electron microscope revealed confined layer slip as the dominant deformation mechanism. Dislocations were observed to nucleate from the Cu-Nb interfaces in both layers. Dislocation glide was confined by interfaces to occur within each layer, without transmission across interfaces. Cu and Nb layers co-deformed to large plastic strains without cracking. These microscopy observations provide insights in the unit mechanisms of deformation, work hardening, and recovery in nanoscale metallic multilayers.
Role of α7- and α4β2-nAChRs in the neuroprotective effect of nicotine in stress-induced impairment of hippocampus-dependent memory
Authors: Alzoubi Karem H. , Srivareerat Marisa , Tran Trinh T. , Alkadhi Karim A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe have previously shown that nicotine prevents stress-induced memory impairment. In this study, we have investigated the role of α7- and α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the protective effect of nicotine during chronic stress conditions. Chronic psychosocial stress was induced using a form of rat intruder model. During stress, specific antagonist for either α7-nAChRs [methyllycaconitine (MLA)] or α4β2-nAChRs [dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE)] was infused into the hippocampus using a 4-wk osmotic pump at a rate of 82 µg/side.d and 41 µg/side.d, respectively. Three weeks after the start of infusion, all rats were subjected to a series of cognitive tests in the radial arm water maze (RAWM) for six consecutive days or until the animal reached days to criterion (DTC) in the fourth acquisition trial and in all memory tests. DTC is defined as the number of days the animal takes to make no more than one error in three consecutive days. In the short-term memory test, MLA-infused stressed/nicotine-treated rats made similar errors to those of stress and significantly more errors compared to those of stress/nicotine, nicotine or control groups. This finding was supported by the DTC values for the short memory tests. Thus, MLA treatment blocked the neuroprotective effect of nicotine during chronic stress. In contrast, DHβE infusion did not affect the RAWM performance of stress/nicotine animals. These results strongly suggest the involvement of α7-nAChRs, but not α4β2-nAChRs, in the neuroprotective effect of chronic nicotine treatment during chronic stress conditions.
Disruption of prefrontal cortical–hippocampal balance in a developmental model of schizophrenia: reversal by sulpiride
Authors: Belujon Pauline , Patton Mary H. , Grace Anthony A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) receives converging inputs from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus which have competitive interactions in the NAc to influence motivational drive. We have previously shown altered synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal–NAc pathway in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) developmental model of schizophrenia in rodents that is dependent on cortical inputs. Thus, because mPFC–hippocampal balance is known to be partially altered in this model, we investigated potential pathological changes in the hippocampal influence over cortex-driven NAc spike activity. Here we show that the reciprocal interaction between the hippocampus and mPFC is absent in MAM animals but is able to be reinstated with administration of the antipsychotic drug, sulpiride. The lack of interaction between these structures in this model could explain the attentional deficits in schizophrenia patients and shed light onto their inability to focus on a single task.
Post‐breakup tectonics in southeast Brazil from thermochronological data and combined inverse‐forward thermal history modeling
Authors: Cogné Nathan , Gallagher Kerry , Cobbold Peter R. , Riccomini Claudio , Gautheron Cecile 
Published: October 2012

The continental margin of southeast Brazil is elevated. Onshore Tertiary basins and Late Cretaceous/Paleogene intrusions are good evidence for post breakup tectono‐magmatic activity. To constrain the impact of post‐rift reactivation on the geological history of the area, we carried out a new thermochronological study. Apatite fission track ages range from 60.7 ± 1.9 Ma to 129.3 ± 4.3 Ma, mean track lengths from 11.41 ± 0.23 μm to 14.31 ± 0.24 μm and a subset of the (U‐Th)/He ages range from 45.1 ± 1.5 to 122.4 ± 2.5 Ma. Results of inverse thermal history modeling generally support the conclusions from an earlier study for a Late Cretaceous phase of cooling. Around the onshore Taubaté Basin, for a limited number of samples, the first detectable period of cooling occurred during the Early Tertiary. The inferred thermal histories for many samples also imply subsequent reheating followed by Neogene cooling. Given the uncertainty of the inversion results, we did deterministic forward modeling to assess the range of possibilities of this Tertiary part of the thermal history. The evidence for reheating seems to be robust around the Taubaté Basin, but elsewhere the data cannot discriminate between this and a less complex thermal history. However, forward modeling results and geological information support the conclusion that the whole area underwent cooling during the Neogene. The synchronicity of the cooling phases with Andean tectonics and those in NE Brazil leads us to assume a plate‐wide compressional stress that reactivated inherited structures. The present‐day topographic relief of the margin reflects a contribution from post‐breakup reactivation and uplift.
High‐resolution seismic velocity structure beneath the Hokkaido corner, northern Japan: Arc‐arc collision and origins of the 1970 M 6.7 Hidaka and 1982 M 7.1 Urakawa‐oki earthquakes
Authors: Kita Saeko , Hasegawa Akira , Nakajima Junichi , Okada Tomomi , Matsuzawa Toru , Katsumata Kei 
Published: October 2012

Using travel time data from both a nationwide dense seismic network and a dense temporary seismic network, we obtain a high‐resolution three‐dimensional seismic velocity structure beneath the Hokkaido corner. Considerable inhomogeneity in the seismic velocity structure is clearly imaged above the subducting Pacific slab. Our results indicate that a broad low‐velocity zone of P and S waves, with velocities consistent for crustal rocks, is observed west of the Hidaka main thrust at depths of 35–90 km. The images also indicate that several smaller‐scale high‐velocity zones are located at depths of 0–35 km, striking approximately north‐south and inclined to the east‐northeastward at 40°–60°. All of these anomalous high‐velocity zones are located at the deeper extension of Neogene thrust faults. The clearest high‐velocity zone is located beneath the Hidaka metamorphic belt and is in contact with the eastern edge of the broad low‐velocity zone. Moreover, the boundary between the clearest high‐velocity and the broad low‐velocity zones corresponds to the fault plane of the 1970 Mj (magnitude determined by the Japan Meteorological Agency) 6.7 Hidaka earthquake. The western boundary of another small high‐velocity zone, at depths of 20 to 30 km within the broad low‐velocity zone, corresponds to the fault plane of the 1982 Mj 7.1 Urakawa‐oki earthquake. These observations suggest that these two large and anomalously deep inland earthquakes occurred at sharp material boundaries under a northeast‐southwest compressional stress field caused by ongoing arc‐arc collision process.
Effects of interfacial energy on compaction creep by intergranular pressure solution: Theory versus experiments on a rock analog (NaNO3)
Authors: Visser H. J. M. , Spiers C. J. , Hangx S. J. T. 
Published: October 2012

Pressure solution plays an important role in compaction and lithification of sediments and fault gouges, but the effects of interfacial energy on this process are generally neglected. Here, microphysical models for densification of solid/liquid systems by pressure solution are derived, accounting for interfacial energy besides stress‐related driving forces. They predict that densification by pressure solution creep will slow down at very fine grain sizes, where opposing interfacial energy driving forces become important compared to applied stress, and will come to a halt below a certain “yield” stress. To test the models, uniaxial compaction creep experiments were performed at ambient conditions on granular NaNO3 aggregates (d = 8–250 μm, σeff = 0.0062–4.9 MPa). Though no significant creep occurred in dry or oil‐flooded material, rapid, grain‐size sensitive creep occurred in the presence of saturated NaNO3 solution. At high effective stresses (σeff > 0.025 MPa), wet‐compacted, coarser‐grained (d > 20 μm) samples showed compaction behavior roughly consistent with diffusion‐controlled pressure solution involving negligible interfacial energy effects. Creep rates in this regime imply an effective grain boundary diffusivity product of 5.7 × 10−19 m3/s. At low effective stress (σeff < 0.025 MPa), finer‐grained samples (d < 20 μm) showed a decrease in strain rate with decreasing grain size, reflecting a growing influence of interfacial energy‐related driving forces. This demonstrates a yield stress effect, broadly consistent with the predictions of the models incorporating interfacial energy and imply that compaction by pressure solution can be strongly inhibited in very fine‐grained materials, such as nanogouge in seismogenic faults.
Spatiotemporal variation of rainfall over the central Himalayan region revealed by TRMM Precipitation Radar
Authors: Shrestha Dibas , Singh Prasamsa , Nakamura Kenji 
Published: October 2012

The rainfall‐elevation relationship in the central Himalayan region (CHR) for pre‐monsoon and monsoon seasons is analyzed utilizing the 11‐year (1998–2008) high‐spatial‐resolution TRMM PR 2A25 near‐surface rainfall data. The results indicate a strong relationship between rainfall and elevation during both seasons. The investigation reveals a relatively large amount of rainfall over higher elevations during pre‐monsoon season. Interestingly, two significant rainfall peaks appear over the southern slope of the Himalayas during summer monsoon season. The first primary peak appears along the Sub‐Himalayas (∼500–700 m above MSL), while the second appears along the Lesser Himalayas (∼2,000–2,200 m above MSL). The former rainfall peak is attributed to fewer heavy rainfall events, and the latter to frequent, weak, but persistent rainfall. It is suggested that the atmosphere is insufficiently moist to trigger convections during the pre‐monsoon season, and sufficiently moist during summer monsoon season. The convections over the Sub‐Himalayas may moisten the middle layer, and the water vapor in the atmosphere condenses because of the forced lifting along the slope, forming the second rainfall band. The total rain amount is primarily determined by the frequency of rain. The rain‐conditioned rain rate along the slope monotonically decreases with elevation. This shows that the precipitation occurs because of forced lifting. In addition, our results show that seasonal variation of rainfall is rather similar to the variation of rainfall characteristics observed during active and break periods.
Comparison of large-insert, small-insert and pyrosequencing libraries for metagenomic analysis
Authors: Danhorn Thomas , Young Curtis R , DeLong Edward F 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2012) doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.35; published online 26 April 2012 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed a reference omission (Ghai et al., 2010) that should have been cited in the article. By adding the citation, the following sentence has been deleted from page 2:
CFTR mutations altering CFTR fragmentation
Authors: Tosoni Kendra , Stobbart Michelle , Cassidy Diane M. , Venerando Andrea , Pagano Mario A. , Luz Simão , Amaral Margarida D. , Kunzelmann Karl , Pinna Lorenzo A. , Farinha Carlos M. , Mehta Anil 
Published: October 2012

Most CF (cystic fibrosis) results from deletion of a phenylalanine (F508) in the CFTR {CF transmembrane-conductance regulator; ABCC7 [ABC (ATP-binding cassette) sub-family C member 7]} which causes ER (endoplasmic reticulum) degradation of the mutant. Using stably CFTR-expressing BHK (baby-hamster kidney) cell lines we demonstrated that wild-type CTFR and the F508delCFTR mutant are cleaved into differently sized N- and C-terminal-bearing fragments, with each hemi-CFTR carrying its nearest NBD (nucleotide-binding domain), reflecting differential cleavage through the central CFTR R-domain. Similar NBD1-bearing fragments are present in the natively expressing HBE (human bronchial epithelial) cell line. We also observe multiple smaller fragments of different sizes in BHK cells, particularly after F508del mutation (ladder pattern). Trapping wild-type CFTR in the ER did not generate a F508del fragmentation fingerprint. Fragments change their size/pattern again post-mutation at sites involved in CFTR's in vitro interaction with the pleiotropic protein kinase CK2 (S511A in NBD1). The F508del and S511A mutations generate different fragmentation fingerprints that are each unlike the wild-type; yet, both mutants generate new N-terminal-bearing CFTR fragments that are not observed with other CK2-related mutations (S511D, S422A/D and T1471A/D). We conclude that the F508delCFTR mutant is not degraded completely and there exists a relationship between CFTR's fragmentation fingerprint and the CFTR sequence through putative CK2-interactive sites that lie near F508.
Migration Strategies of Adult Chinook Salmon Runs in Response to Diverse Environmental Conditions in the Klamath River Basin
Authors: Strange Joshua S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBiotelemetry and body temperature records of 130 adult Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha tagged over multiple years were used to investigate migration behaviors in response to diverse riverine conditions within the context of run timing strategies in a single river system. Four distinct runs were identified: Klamath–Trinity spring run, Trinity summer run, Klamath fall run, and Trinity fall run. Only the timing of Klamath–Trinity spring‐run and Trinity fall‐run Chinook salmon tended to prevent fish exposure to adversely high river temperatures. Faster migration rates reduced the accumulation of thermal units regardless of river temperature, especially at migration rates ≥10 km/d. Behavioral thermoregulation was minimal for all run groups (8% of all migrants), typically brief (<12 h) during summer months at nonnatal tributary confluences. Spring‐run fish migrating on the descending limb of the snowmelt peak experienced increased accumulated thermal units due to slow migration rates, resulting in more elevated relative disease risk with lower apparent migration success than rapidly migrating summer‐run fish. Klamath fall‐run fish held extensively in the lower Klamath River regardless of date or river condition, resulting in the highest cumulative thermal experience of all run groups with moderate thermal stress. Trinity fall‐run fish experienced minimal thermal stress due to their later run timing. Results demonstrate the need to comprehensively investigate fish migrations in order to detect potentially subtle but important context‐sensitive dynamics between migration behaviors and environmental conditions that can impact the viability of salmon populations. This study's findings highlight concerns regarding global warming and vulnerability runs of salmon that migrate in the late spring and early fall in the absence of adaptive shifts in run timing or appropriate human intervention. Conversely, these results also demonstrate the unexpected ability of adult Chinook salmon to migrate successfully through surprisingly warm temperatures and endure acute thermal stress if sufficiently large volumes of cold water await them at their destination.
Largemouth Bass Predation Effect on Stocked Walleye Survival in Illinois Impoundments
Authors: Freedman Jonathan A. , Hoxmeier R. John H. , Einfalt Lisa M. , Brooks Ronald C. , Wahl David H. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Survival of stocked fish can be mediated by biotic factors such as size and species, predators, and prey, and abiotic influences such as temperature and habitat. Walleyes Sander vitreus are numerically among the most stocked fish in the USA, yet stocking success of this species is highly variable. We examined the effects of predation by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides on walleyes across 77 stocking events in 10 Illinois impoundments. Predation mortality was assessed by examining diets of largemouth bass for up to 21 d post walleye stocking. Of 8,591 largemouth bass diets examined, 2.0% contained walleye, corresponding to 4.3% walleye mortality attributable to largemouth bass predation. Largemouth bass predation was greatest within 24 h of stocking, and no predation was observed after 14 d. Predation mortality and fall CPUE of walleyes were related to largemouth bass density; however, we found no relationship between predation mortality and fall CPUE of walleyes. Our results suggest that predation by largemouth bass, a widespread and abundant predator, has a negligible effect on walleye stocking success in Illinois impoundments.
Received September 12, 2011; accepted July 18, 2012
Spring Viremia of Carp Virus in Minnehaha Creek, Minnesota
Authors: Phelps Nicholas B. D. , Armién Aníbal G. , Mor Sunil K. , Goyal Sagar M. , Warg Janet V. , Bhagyam Ranjit , Monahan Tim 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) causes a highly contagious and serious disease of freshwater cyprinid fishes, generating significant economic and ecological impacts throughout the world. The SVCV is therefore listed as a notifiable pathogen by the International Organization for Animal Health. In June 2011, a significant mortality event of wild common carp Cyprinus carpio occurred in Minnehaha Creek near its confluence with Mississippi River Pool 2 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Clinical signs of moribund fish included hemorrhagic lesions in the skin, eyes, and internal adipose tissue. The SVCV was isolated from pooled kidney and spleen of the fish. Rhabdovirus particles were seen upon examination of infected cell culture fluid by electron microscopy. The virus was confirmed to be SVCV subtype Ia by reverse transcription PCR and sequencing. This is the first report of SVCV within the state of Minnesota and the ninth documented case in North America.
Received March 27, 2012; accepted July 2, 2012
Calibration of ActiGraph GT3X, Actical and RT3 accelerometers in adolescents
Authors: Romanzini Marcelo , Petroski Edio Luiz , Ohara David , Dourado Antonio Carlos , Reichert Felipe Fossat 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop count cut‐points for three different accelerometer models: ActiGraph GT3X, RT3 and Actical to accurately classify physical activity intensity levels in adolescents. Seventy‐nine adolescents (10–15 years) participated in this study. Accelerometers and oxygen consumption () data were collected at rest and during 11 physical activities of different intensities. Accelerometers were worn on the waist and was measured by a portable metabolic system: Cosmed K4b2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine cut‐points. Cut‐points for sedentary (SED), moderate‐to‐vigorous (MVPA) and vigorous‐intensity physical activity (VPA) were 46, 607 and 818 counts·15s−1 to the vertical axis of ActiGraph; 180, 757 and 1112 counts·15s−1 to the vector magnitude of ActiGraph; 17, 441 and 873 counts·15s−1 for Actical; and 5.6, 20.4 and 32.2 counts·s−1 for RT3, respectively. For all three accelerometer models, there was an almost perfect discrimination of SED and MVPA (ROC >0.97) and an excellent discrimination of VPA (ROC>0.90) observed. Areas under the ROC curves indicated better discrimination of MVPA by ActiGraph (AUC=0.994) and Actical (AUC=0.993) when compared to RT3 (AUC=0.983). The cut‐points developed in this study for the ActiGraph (vector magnitude), RT3 and Actical accelerometer models can be used to monitor physical activity level of adolescents.
Interaction of sedentary behaviour, sports participation and fitness with weight status in elementary school children
Authors: Drenowatz Clemens , Kobel Susanne , Kettner Sarah , Kesztyüs Dorothea , Steinacker Jürgen M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEven though the effect of single components contributing to weight gain in children have been addressed only limited research is available on the combined association of sports participation, physical fitness and time spent watching TV with body weight in children. Baseline data from 1594 children (809 male; 785 female), 7.1±0.6 years of age participating in a large school‐based intervention in southern Germany was used. Height and weight was measured and body mass index (BMI) percentiles (BMIPCT) were determined accordingly. Sports participation and time spent watching TV was assessed via parent questionnaire while fitness was determined via a composite fitness test. Combined and single associations of sports participation, TV time and fitness with BMIPCT and weight status were assessed via ANCOVA as well as logistic regression analysis, controlling for age and sex. A significant interaction of TV time, sports participation and fitness on BMIPCT occurred, despite low correlations among the three components. Further, there was a combined association of sports participation and TV time on BMIPCT. TV time and fitness were also independently associated with BMIPCT. Similarly, only increased TV time and lower fitness were associated with a higher odds ratio for overweight/obesity. These results underline the complex interaction of TV time, sports participation and fitness with BMIPCT. In children, TV time and fitness have a stronger influence on BMIPCT compared to sports participation. Sports participation, however, may not reflect overall activity levels of children appropriately. More research is necessary to examine the complex interaction of various behaviours and fitness with BMIPCT.
Stabilization of p-type dopant nitrogen in BeZnO ternary alloy epitaxial thin films
Authors: Chen Mingming , Xiang Rong , Su Longxing , Zhang Quanlin , Cao Jiashi , Zhu Yuan , Gui Xuchun , Wu Tianzhun , Tang Zikang 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We demonstrate the growth of Be
x
Zn1−x
O alloy thin films on c-sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The formation of Be
x
Zn1−x
O is very sensitive to the Be content in the alloy. Be atoms occupy the Zn lattice sites at low Be content, but move partly to the interstitial sites with increasing Be content. We also investigated the thermal stability of N, one of the most frequently used p-type dopants, in the Be
x
Zn1−x
O films. Secondary ion mass spectrometry shows that Be element plays a crucial role in stabilizing N in the Be
x
Zn1−x
O host, which is favourable in improving the solid solubility and the thermal stability of acceptor dopants in ZnO-based wide-gap semiconductors.