bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the mechanical behaviour of PathFile and ProGlider pathfinding nickel–titanium rotary instruments
Authors: Elnaghy A. M. , Elsaka S. E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo assess and compare the resistance to cyclic fatigue, torsional stress, bending and buckling of ProGlider (PG; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) instruments with PathFile (PF; Dentsply Maillefer) pathfinding nickel–titanium rotary instruments.MethodologySize 16, .02 taper PG and PF instruments were rotated in simulated canals until failure, and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) was recorded to evaluate their cyclic fatigue resistance. Torsional strength was measured using a torsiometer after fixing rigidly the apical 5 mm of the instrument. A scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the topographic features of the fracture surfaces of the instruments. The instruments were evaluated for bending resistance using a cantilever‐bending test. The buckling resistance was measured by recording the maximum load required to form a lateral elastic displacement along the file axis using a universal testing machine. Data were statistically analysed using independent t‐tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsProGlider instrument had a significantly higher flexibility, higher resistance to cyclic fatigue and torsional stress than PF instruments (P < 0.05). The fractured cross‐sectional surfaces revealed typical features of cyclic fatigue and torsional fractures. There was no significant difference in the maximum load needed to buckle the two instruments tested (P = 0.082).ConclusionsProGlider NiTi pathfinding instrument manufactured from M‐Wire alloy had enhanced mechanical properties, including higher flexibility, higher resistance to cyclic fatigue and torsional stress compared with PathFile instrument made of conventional NiTi alloy.
Polymorphisms in the TNF‐α, TNFR1 gene and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese Han population
Authors: Li F. , Gao J. , Sokolove J. , Xu J. , Zheng J. , Zhu K. , Pan Z. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryRecent advances have highlighted a major genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms of TNF‐α (rs1800630, rs1800629) and TNFR1 (rs767455) were associated with susceptibility to and clinical outcome of RA in Chinese Han population. The target gene polymorphisms were genotyped in 256 patients with RA and 331 healthy controls using a high resolution melting (HRM) method. ESR, CRP, RF anti‐CCP and anti‐GPI level were also assayed and compared in genotypes of each polymorphism. Significant difference was observed in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of TNF‐α rs1800629 (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively) between patients with RA and controls. There is no evidence to suggest an association between genotypes of the 3 SNPs according to age, gender, disease duration, DAS28 and serum level of autoantibodies. This study identifies a potentially important role for TNF‐α rs1800629 polymorphisms in the susceptibility to RA.However, further studies in larger cohorts are required.
The effect of various backfilling techniques on the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth performed apical plug with Biodentine
Authors: Topçuoğlu Hüseyin Sİnan , Kesİm Bertan , Düzgün Salih , Tuncay Öznur , Demİrbuga Sezer , Topçuoğlu Gamze 
Published: September 2014

AimTo evaluate the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth that had been backfilled using different materials after using Biodentine as the apical plug material.DesignSeventy‐five single‐rooted teeth were divided into five groups (n = 15). The 15 teeth in group 1 served as a negative control group and received no treatment. The remaining 60 teeth were instrumented to a #6 Peeso reamer to obtain a standard internal diameter of 1.5 mm. The apical 4 mm of 60 teeth was filled with Biodentine. The backfilling was then performed on each group as follows: group 2 – no backfilling (positive control), group 3 – gutta‐percha, group 4 – fiber post, and group 5 – Biodentine. Specimens were then subjected to fracture testing. The force required to fracture each specimen was recorded, and the data were statistically analyzed.ResultsThe mean fracture values of groups 1 and 4 were significantly higher than groups 2, 3, and 5 (P < 0.05). The values of groups 3 and 5 were significantly higher than group 2 (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe backfilling with fiber post after an apical Biodentine plug provided the highest fracture resistance among all experimental groups.
Effects of the N/L‐Type Calcium Channel Blocker Cilnidipine on Nephropathy and Uric Acid Metabolism in Hypertensive Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (J‐CIRCLE Study)
Authors: Uchida Shunya , Takahashi Masato , Sugawara Masahiro , Saito Tomoaki , Nakai Kazuhiko , Fujita Masami , Mochizuki Koichi , Shin Isu , Morita Takashi , Hikita Tomoyuki , Itakura Hironao , Takahashi Yuko , Mizuno Shigeki , Ohno Yasumi , Ito Kageki , Ito Takafumi , Soma Masayoshi 
Published: September 2014

This study assessed the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and uric acid metabolism in 70 hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease in whom urinary ACR had remained ≥30 mg/g under the treatment of the L‐type calcium channel blocker amlodipine. Three months after switching to the N/L‐type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine, blood pressure (BP) did not change; however, urinary ACR significantly decreased with cilnidipine. Serum uric acid levels showed no significant change. In cases where uric acid production had been high (urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio ≥0.5), the urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio decreased significantly after cilnidipine treatment, suggesting that cilnidipine can suppress excessive uric acid formation. These results suggest that switching from amlodipine to cilnidipine results in a significant reduction in urinary ACR as well as significant reduction in uric acid production. Thus, cilnidipine is more useful than amlodipine in improving albuminuria and uric acid metabolism in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease.
How do child and adolescent mental health problems influence public sector costs? Interindividual variations in a nationally representative British sample
Authors: Knapp Martin , Snell Tom , Healey Andrew , Guglani Sacha , Evans‐Lacko Sara , Fernandez Jose‐Luis , Meltzer Howard , Ford Tamsin 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundPolicy and practice guidelines emphasize that responses to children and young people with poor mental health should be tailored to needs, but little is known about the impact on costs. We investigated variations in service‐related public sector costs for a nationally representative sample of children in Britain, focusing on the impact of mental health problems.MethodsAnalysis of service uses data and associated costs for 2461 children aged 5–15 from the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys. Multivariate statistical analyses, including two‐part models, examined factors potentially associated with interindividual differences in service use related to emotional or behavioural problems and cost. We categorized service use into primary care, specialist mental health services, frontline education, special education and social care.ResultsMarked interindividual variations in utilization and costs were observed. Impairment, reading attainment, child age, gender and ethnicity, maternal age, parental anxiety and depression, social class, family size and functioning were significantly associated with utilization and/or costs.ConclusionsUnexplained variation in costs could indicate poor targeting, inequality and inefficiency in the way that mental health, education and social care systems respond to emotional and behavioural problems.
A simple logistic model to understand the occurrence of flood events into the Biobío River Basin in central Chile
Authors: Fustos I. , Abarca‐del‐Rio R. , Ávila A. , Orrego R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe predict flood events by fitting two simple logistic regression models between mesoscale rainfall and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index with local scale flooding into the Biobío River Basin in Chile from 1948 to 2002. Two different and complementary logistic models were studied: Logit and Probit. The models perform alike suggesting that the methodology is robust. The best model is most accurate during the autumn over 80% hit rate and in winter 66% hit rate, which are the seasons with high risk of floods. This work represents a first step in the development of a complete hydrological framework for the Biobío River Basin. The Logit distribution shows better results; thus, we suggest to use this distribution to relate flood events with mesoscale precipitation and ENSO index in the Biobío River Basin. Finally, these results explain the flood events and its relation with risk management. In forthcoming studies we will extend the methodology over this region and Chile taking advantage of the availability of higher resolution (temporal and spatial) weather products along with investigating climatic patterns and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate change scenarios.
Impact of weight cycling on risk of morbidity and mortality
Authors: Mehta T. , Smith D. L. , Muhammad J. , Casazza K. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryUnintentional weight gain is commonly observed in adult humans, often provoking intentional weight loss attempts followed by unintentional weight regain. This episodic variation in body weight over a period of time has been referred to as ‘weight cycling’. Over the last two decades, weight cycling has been associated with a number of morbid health conditions and increased mortality. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent weight‐cycling evidence, looks to understand design differences between studies and study outcomes, assesses the need for further research on particular health outcomes, and proposes alternative methodologies that will bridge the needs and capabilities of research. Searches were conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Articles on weight cycling in the literature were initially identified using search strings in PubMed. Eligibility assessment of the remaining articles was performed independently by three reviewers to identify publications that presented direct evidence. Twenty human studies (in addition to seven animal studies) were selected and retained; 12 accounted for the intentionality of weight loss. Although weight regain following successful weight loss remains one of the most challenging aspects of body‐weight regulation, evidence for an adverse effect of weight cycling appears sparse, if it exists at all.
Comparison of Templating Abilities of Urea and Thioruea During Photodimerization of Bipyridylethyelene and Stilbazole Crystals
Authors: Bhogala Balakrishna R. , Captain Burjor , Ramamurthy Vaidhyanathan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPhotodimerization of cocrystals of four bispyridylethylenes and two stilbazoles with urea as a template in the solid state has been investigated following our success with thiourea. Four investigated olefins photodimerized quantitatively to a single dimer in the crystalline state only. The reactivity of urea–olefin crystals is understood on the basis of their packing arrangements in the crystalline state. In reactive crystals the adjacent reactive molecules are within 4.2 Å and parallel, whereas the unreactive ones have their adjacent molecules are farther than 4.6Å and nonparallel. Thus, with the knowledge of crystal packing the reactivity of urea–olefin crystals is predictable on the basis of Schmidt's topochemical postulates. The templating property of urea, similar to thiourea, derives from its ability to form hydrogen bonds with itself and the guest olefins. Despite the similarities in molecular structures of urea and thiourea their subtle electronic properties, yet to be fully understood, affect the crystal packing and consequently their reactivity in the crystalline state. Further work is needed to fully exploit the templating properties of urea.
Zircon U–Pb Age and Deformation Characteristics of the Jiama Porphyry Copper Deposit, Tibet: Implications for Relationships between Mineralization, Structure and Alteration
Authors: Duan Jilin , Tang Juxing , Mason Russell , Zheng Wenbao , Ying Lijuan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Jiama copper deposit is one of the largest deposits recently found in Tibet and is composed of three types of mineralization including skarn, hornfels and porphyry. To investigate the relationship between mineralization, structure and alteration, we report new zircon U–Pb age and present field observations on the deformation characteritics associated with the copper mineralization in Jiama. Two main periods of deformation were identified, represented by D1 and D2 in Jiama. The first deformation (D1) occurred around 50 Ma, whereas the second deformation (D2) that was closely related to mineralization occurred later. Previous zircon U–Pb and molybnite Re–Os dating results indicate that the mineralizatoin occurred at ∼15 Ma and thus the D1 regional deformation significantly occurred before the mineralization time, although the D1 deformation probably provided important space for the development of significant copper deposition. Our new mapping and observations on the D2 deformation demonstrate that the mineralization was closely coeval with or slightly later than the time of D2 deformation. The new U–Pb zircon age further indicates that the aplite formed in ∼17.0 Ma and thus the D2 deformation happened later than this time because the D2 deformation cut across the aplite, which is proposed to be the key control for copper mineralization. Altered laminated hornfels including three types of alteration (A‐, K‐ and S‐type) were found spatially associated with the D2 deformation. The type‐A is mainly silicification, with fine sericite or chlorite, as well as abundant disseminated sulphides on fracture surfaces; the type‐S is mainly fine‐grained silicification with patches of chlorite, epidote and common sulphides; the type‐K (potassic alteration) appears to be fine‐grained biotite. Such types of alteration indicate the presence of skarns at depth where ore shoots are located. Taken together, the multiple structural‐magmatic‐mineralization events contributed to the formation of the supergiant Jiama porphyry copper deposit in Tibet. The results have general implication for regional exploration.
Some Pertinent Features of Mo‐Mineralized Granitoids in the Circum‐Pacific Region
Authors: Ishihara Shunso , Qing Kezhang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPetrological characteristics of granitic rocks related to the world large molybdenum deposits are studied. The granitoids are evaluated by Fe2O3+TiO2‐FeO+MnO‐MgO diagrams, and found to all plot to the magnetite‐series field. They are all high silica and high‐K series, but not A‐type, except for the Climax‐type porphyries and some others in the Colorado mineral belt. By‐product molybdenum contained in porphyry copper deposits, lower grade but huge tonnage, occurs with calc‐alkaline I‐type magnetite‐series granodiorite and monzogranite.Felsic intrusive rocks of the Climax mine are A‐type and are exceptionally high in trace elements such as F and Rb, which are generally enriched with W and Sn‐related granitoids that originated in crustal source rocks. The by‐product molybdenites in porphyry copper deposits appear to originate in adakitic granodiorite or monzogranite, having deep origins with the subducted slab or thickened juvenile mafic lower crust. Therefore, there is no single magma type but the magnetite series, which concentrates a large volume of molybdenum in the ore deposits.
Magnetite Dyke in Precambrian Banded Iron Formation, Singhbhum Craton, India: Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics
Authors: Nayak Prasanta Kumar , Mohapatra Birendra Kumar , Singh Prem Prakash 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBanded iron formation (BIF) of the Gorumahisani–Sulaipat–Badampahar (GSB) belt in Singhbhum Craton, India, consists predominantly of magnetite. This BIF is intruded by a magnetite dyke. The magnetite dyke is massive and compact with minor sulphide minerals while the host banded magnetite ore, a component of the BIF, shows thin lamination. The magnetite ore of the dyke is fine to medium grained and exhibits interlocking texture with sharp grain boundaries, which is different from the banded magnetite that is medium to coarse grained and show irregular martitised and goethitised grain boundaries. Relics of Fe–Ca–Mn–Mg‐carbonate and iron silicates (grunerite and cummingtonite) are observed in the banded magnetite. The intrusive magnetite is distinctly different in minor, trace and REE geochemistry from the banded magnetite. The banded magnetite contains higher amounts of Si, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, Sc, Ga, Nb, Zr, Hf, Co, Rb and Cu. In contrast, the massive magnetite is enriched in Cr, Zn, V, Ni, Sr, Pb, Y, Ta, Cs and U with higher abundance of HREE. In the chondrite normalized plot, the massive magnetite shows a slight positive Eu anomaly while the banded ore does not show any Eu anomaly. Field disposition, morphology, mineralogy and chemistry show that the intrusive magnetite dyke is of igneous origin, while magnetite in BIF formed from a carbonate protolith through the process of sedimentation.
XXXIV. Moraines and Deltas
Authors: Blair Matthew 
Published: September 2014

T
he
important discoveries amongst the Ayrshire Drift-beds which Mr. John Smith recently placed before the Society, have naturally attracted a considerable amount of fresh attention to the Surface Geology of Western Scotland, the study of which seemed to be in danger of falling into abeyance, or of being passed by as of little consequence.

The author defined his object, therefore, in giving the present paper as an attempt to describe the great accumulations of detrital material which lie widely scattered over the lower levels of our country, as their varying modes of origin do not appear to be clearly understood, or, as in some recent text-books, to be altogether mis-stated. With this object in view he proceeded to define the clear distinctions which he believed to exist between the three principal varieties of these accumulations—in the shape of moraines, deltas, and raised beaches. He gave the results of his experiences in the examination of existing glaciers in Switzerland and Norway, and described the formation and appearances of their moraines, whether medial, terminal, or lateral, as exemplified by some of the more typical examples he had seen.
He then referred to the mounds or terraces which had a delta origin—that which resulted from the deposition of the debris of denuded rock formations, in water, whether salt or fresh, through the action of streams—and pointed out that the presence of such deltas above the water line always indicated a considerable alteration of levels.
When the accumulations of drift matter were formed by
XXXV. Lord Dundonald, 9th Earl, the Discoverer of Coal Gas as an Illuminant
Authors: Craig Robert 
Published: September 2014

W
hen
Mr. John Smith exhibited, in January last, “specimens of the substance from which William Murdock first made gas,” my intention was to have attended the meeting, and to have pointed out that he (Murdock) was not the discoverer of coal-gas but that Lord Dundonald was. Being, however, prevented from coming that evening through illness, I now send this note on the subject.

I have no wish or intention of detracting from the merits of William Murdock, who if not a man of genius was at least a man of talent, and one who knew how to use both his head and his hands. Of late years it has become the fashion to put him forward as the discoverer of coal-gas, and also as the assistant of James Watt in perfecting the steam-engine, but these are both pure fictions.
The real discoverer of coal-gas as a product from coal, and its first application as a powerful illuminant, was Lord Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald, a man of transcendent genius. First joining the navy, he then went into the army, but not finding either profession to his mind he settled down to devote his life to science, principally chemistry, at a place, I believe, called Annsfield, near Glasgow.
Amongst his other discoveries was the production of gas-tar—as it is now called—from coal. When working at this at Culross Abbey, in Fife, he observed an easily ignited blue vapour being given off, and fixing an old gun barrel to one of
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Anselmino Matteo , Matta Mario , D’Ascenzo Fabrizio , Bunch T. Jared , Schilling Richard J. , Hunter Ross J. , Pappone Carlo , Neumann Thomas , Noelker Georg , Fiala Martin , Bertaglia Emanuele , Frontera Antonio , Duncan Edward , Nalliah Chrishan , Jais Pierre , Weerasooriya Rukshen , Kalman Jon M. , Gaita Fiorenzo 
Published: September 2014

Background—
Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AFCA) is an established therapeutic option for rhythm control in symptomatic patients. Its efficacy and safety among patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction is based on small populations, and data concerning long-term outcome are limited. We performed this meta-analysis to assess safety and long-term outcome of AFCA in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, to evaluate predictors of recurrence and impact on left ventricular function.

Methods and Results—

A systematic review was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane Library. Randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and observational studies including patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction undergoing AFCA were included. Twenty-six studies were selected, including 1838 patients. Mean follow-up was 23 (95% confidence interval, 18–40) months. Overall complication rate was 4.2% (3.6%–4.8%). Efficacy in maintaining sinus rhythm at follow-up end was 60% (54%–67%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that time since first atrial fibrillation (
P
=0.030) and heart failure (
P
=0.045) diagnosis related to higher, whereas absence of known structural heart disease (
P
=0.003) to lower incidence of atrial fibrillation recurrences. Left ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly during follow-up by 13% (
P
<0.001), with a significant reduction of patients presenting an ejection fraction <35% (
P
<0.001). N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide blood levels decreased by 620 pg/mL (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
AFCA efficacy in patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function improves when performed early in the natural history of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. AFCA provides long-term benefits on left ventricular function, significantly reducing the number of patients with severely impaired systolic function.