bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor development
Authors: Sugden David
                A. , Soucie Helen
                C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines motor development from a number of perspectives. The first two sections overview a description followed by possible explanations of motor development. These sections are predicated on the assumption that two major questions permeate motor development: the first question asks what happens during development, describing and analysing the changes that occur; the second, a more difficult question, examines the possible explanations as to what are the mechanisms that are driving these changes. A third section provides an overview of recent work in the area of infant and early childhood development utilizing concepts from dynamic systems theory and ecological psychology. A fourth part examines two relatively recent ideas from early childhood and motor development. The first one promotes the idea of embodied cognition where a child’s physical, social, and linguistic interaction with the environment may be the root of flexible intelligent behaviour. The second one looks at the way in which some development is atypical, through an examination of precursors in early infancy being possible predictors for later problems. Finally, an example of atypical development is illustrated through a description of the condition known as developmental coordination disorder.
Gene–physical activity interactions and their role in determining cardiovascular and metabolic health
Authors: Franks Paul
                W. , Looker Helen
                C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 26 investigates the mechanisms that underlie children’s health-related behaviours and the way in which physical activity interacts with genetic factors, which may help improve our understanding of how and why children become obese and develop cardiovascular risk factors, how these children should be treated, and ultimately how the development of cardiovascular risk in childhood can be prevented.
Physical activity, physical fitness, and social, psychological, and emotional health
Authors: Garza Julie
                C. , Murray Nancy
                G. , Sharma Shreela , Drenner Kelli
                L. , Tortolero Susan
                R. , Taylor Wendell
                C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Physical activity is consistently associated with favourable physical health1; however, the impact of physical activity on social, psychological, and emotional health is not consistent. Given the importance of these facets of health for children and adolescents, we reviewed the literature, identified important gaps in knowledge, and recommended future research. This review includes recent literature hereby updating the earlier version of this chapter.2
Sport, physical activity, and other health behaviours
Authors: Trost Stewart
                G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Millions of children worldwide are involved in organized sports. In the United States alone, an estimated 38 million children are involved in agency sponsored programmes, such as U.S. Youth Soccer, Little League Baseball, and Pop Warner football.1,2 Survey data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that ∼56% of U.S. high school students participate in at least one school or community-based sports team annually, with just over 38% of U.S. children between the ages of 9–13 years participating in sport or an organized physical activity of some kind.3,4
Young athletes with a physical or mental disability
Authors: Zetaruk Merrilee , Mustapha Shareef 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the prevalence of some of the more common physical and mental impairments and addresses the particular challenges faced by individuals with disabilities who are participating in sports. Although the incidence of sport-significant abnormalities detected amoung able-bodied individuals on preparticipation screening is relatively low (1–3%), the rate may be as high as 40% in disabled populations.9 As such, the injuries that athletes with disabilities are predisposed to and general strategies for prevention are reviewed in this text. In addition, the multitude of benefits that are achieved through physical activity and sport participation are discussed. Some adaptations via adjustments in rules and use of prosthetic devices that allow participation in a more diverse range of athletic activity are also reviewed. Finally, some of the opportunities that exist for athletes with disabilities who wish to participate at high levels of competition such as the Paralympic Games and Special Olympics are highlighted. Given the utility of physical activity for all and the increasing number of athletes with disabilities, it is imperative that health professionals become familiar with the unique challenges faced by these athletes. Knowledge of injuries encountered in this population as well as disability-specific modes of injury prevention is imperative.10
Aetiology and prevention of injuries in youth competitive non-contact sports
Authors: Bo Mahler Per 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Unfortunately, most studies quoted in the following sections are based on case reports and case series rather than randomized prospective or intervention studies and therefore give limited significant information about risk factors and the influence of prevention on injury.6–9 It is also noteworthy that little information is available on children in certain sports10,11 and that adult data have therefore been used to extrapolate when appropriate. Taking this in to consideration, the present chapter underlines certain trends that can be drawn from the literature and that give a reasonable basis on which to develop and promote prevention strategies.
Basic biostatistical and epidemiological terms
Authors: Bye Louise A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses basic biostatistical and epidemiological terms in ophthalmology, including basic descriptive statistics (average, spread, normal (Gaussian) distribution) clinical study design (case-control studies, clinical trial), statistical tests (parametric and non-parametric, choice of test, commonly used statistical terms), and basic epidemiological terms.
Clinical Course and Adult Outcome in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Bloch Michael H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the existing literature on the long-term course of Tourette syndrome. Tic symptoms typically reach their worst-ever severity between 10 and 12 years of age. One half to two thirds of children with Tourette syndrome experience a significant decline of tic symptoms that roughly coincides with adolescence. The impact of pharmacological or behavioral treatments upon the long-term prognosis remains an unexplored aspect. Some comorbid symptoms such as obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adulthood may also influence tic persistence into adulthood. Finally, potential predictors of tic outcome in adulthood include performance on some specific fine-motor skills and caudate volumes during childhood.
The Prevalence of Tourette Syndrome and its Relationship to Clinical Features
Authors: Scahill Lawrence , Dalsgaard Soren , Bradbury Kathryn 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter will summarize the results of and discuss the methodological issues related to the prevalence studies on Tourette syndrome conducted over the past 12 years. The best estimate for the prevalence of Tourette syndrome in school-age children is likely to fall between 5 and 7 cases per 1,000. The prevalence of chronic motor tic disorder in school-age children ranges from 3 to 8 per 1,000, whereas estimates of prevalence for chronic vocal tic disorder are less stable and await further study. Children with chronic tic disorders, even those with mild conditions, have a higher likelihood of other problems such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disruptive behavior, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The classic two-stage design seems an acceptable approach for prevalence studies of Tourette syndrome and related tic disorders; however, this requires sample sizes greater than 5,000 to ensure relatively narrow confidence intervals. From a public health perspective, chronic tics may serve as a marker of neurodevelopmental vulnerability. Community-based studies that improve case finding are likely to increase our understanding of the health impact of tic disorders in children.
Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Vaccarino Flora M. , Kataoka-Sasaki Yuko , Lennington Jessica B. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the available literature data on pathological findings in Tourette syndrome. In Tourette syndrome there are decreases in parvalbumin + gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)-ergic interneurons and cholinergic interneurons in the caudate and putamen. There is also loss of the normal distribution (highest in associative regions, intermediate in sensorimotor regions, and lowest in limbic regions) of cholinergic interneurons. There are no evident changes in choline acetyl-transferase distribution in striosomes versus matrix. There may also be changes in another interneuron population, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing interneurons. These findings are discussed in light of current views on the pathogenic mechanisms underlying tic disorders.
Alternative Treatments in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Zolovska Beata , Coffey Barbara J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches are among the most popular and widely used treatments for Tourette syndrome (TS). This chapter is a systematic and critical review of the scattered evidence available on this topic. The five major groups of CAM practices are mind–body medicine, biologically based therapies, manipulative and body-based therapies, energy medicine, and whole medical systems. Research on CAM approaches is limited but rapidly expanding and improving in its quality. The CAM approaches most frequently reported to be used by patients with TS are dietary modification, allergy treatment, prayer, vitamins, massage, nutritional and dietary supplements, chiropractic manipulation, meditation, yoga, acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and biofeedback. Research evidence suggests that a number of CAM approaches are potentially useful in TS, yet there are methodological limitations in all studies. The approaches that appear to have the most promise based on the evidence to date are hypnosis, biofeedback, omega-3 fatty acids, cannabinoids, and traditional Chinese medicine (Ningdong granule).
Vertigo and Ataxia
Authors: von Brevern Michael 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Vertigo can be defined as the sensation of self-motion when no self-motion is actually occurring or the sensation of distorted self-motion during an otherwise normal head movement. The term encompasses false spinning sensations, and also other false sensations like swaying, tilting, bobbing, bouncing, or sliding. Vertigo can be discriminated from dizziness, which is the sensation of disturbed spatial orientation without a false sense of motion (Bisdorff et al., 2009). Vertigo ranks among the most frequent symptoms in medicine. A large epidemiological study of the general population in Germany yielded a lifetime prevalence of vertigo of 7.4%. In the vast majority of cases (88%) vertigo was recurrent (Neuhauser et al., 2005). Vertigo often indicates, but is not synonymous with, acute dysfunction of the vestibular system, occurring also in non-vestibular disorders such as phobia, cardiovascular disease, and, more rarely, epilepy (Newman-Toker et al., 2008). The history is of paramount importance to identify the cause of episodic vertigo, as patients often present in the symptom-free interval and laboratory testing in the interval may be normal. Beside the quality of symptoms, essential components of the history are timing, triggers, and accompanying symptoms. This chapter will focus on disorders presenting with episodic vertigo and ataxia.
Migraine
Authors: Yankovsky Alexei E. , Andermann Frederick 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Epilepsy and migraine have been associated since William Richard Gowers’ time. Both are common, paroxysmal, chronic neurologic disorders that share many clinical and epidemiologic features. Both conditions may present with visual, cognitive and sensorimotor features, arise from the cerebral cortex, and are modulated by subcortical connections. They are linked to genetic factors, and often have good prognoses. At times, the clinical distinction between migraine and epilepsy can be difficult and the differential diagnosis problematic. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is very helpful in the differentiation of migralepsy (seizures triggered by a migraine aura), confusional migraine, and certain epilepsy syndromes associated with migraine-like headaches such as benign occipital epilepsy. Migraine and epilepsy occur together in a number of infrequent genetic disorders (eg. MELAS, MERRF and CADASIL). The pathophysiology of migraine is not completely understood but significant advances have recently been made. The treatment options for abortive interventions for the two conditions are different, but the options for preventive treatments are surprisingly similar. This chapter discusses Gowers’ contribution to migraine and epilepsy, the epidemiology of the two conditions, diagnostic challenges, and our current understanding of genetics, pathophysiology and treatment.
Transient Ischemic Attacks and Stroke
Authors: Salvesen Rolf , Thomassen Lars 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTransient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke are very common medical conditions. They are of major importance because of their potentially catastrophic consequences for the stroke sufferer and their family, and because of the severe associated economic burden associated with the consequences of strokes. Sometimes TIAs, and less often minor strokes, may be mistaken as manifestations of epilepsy and vice versa. The most frequent situations in which confusion is likely to arise are “limb-shaking TIAs” due to severe carotid occlusive disease, or transient speech disturbances and seizures due to insufficient cerebral perfusion. This chapter will deal with these situations in some detail. It will also give a short account of relevant pathophysiological considerations and describe a rapid approach to the clinical management of TIAs.
Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Butler Christopher , Zeman Adam 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological syndrome characterized by a self-limiting episode of isolated memory impairment. The etiology of TGA is unknown but it is widely thought not to be an epileptic phenomenon. Nevertheless, epileptic seizures can cause a very similar clinical picture – the syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia (TEA). It is important to distinguish between these two phenomena, as their treatment and prognosis are different. In this chapter, we describe the principal clinical features of transient amnesic syndromes, highlighting those that help to distinguish TGA from TEA. We also discuss recent advances that are beginning to unravel the etiology of TGA.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Tinuper Paolo , Bisulli Francesca 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
About a third of a human being’s life is spent sleeping. Many physiological and pathological motor events (including epileptic seizures) may arise from sleep. The differential diagnosis of paroxysmal motor phenomena during sleep can therefore represent a true diagnostic challenge. When the British neurologist Sir William Richard Gowers discussed paroxysmal conditions “in the borderland of epilepsy near it, but not of it” in 1907, one chapter of his book was devoted to “sleep symptoms” and to the problem of their differentiation from epilepsy. More than a century has passed since Gowers’ invaluable contribution to the understanding of epilepsy mechanisms. However, the search for clinical parameters distinguishing epileptic attacks occurring during sleep and non-epileptic paroxysmal motor phenomena related to normal or pathological sleep continues. In the meantime, technological advances have led to a more accurate description of paroxysmal phenomena arising from sleep, providing a better definition of their different clinical and polygraphic features, and helping to explain the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. However, prompt and correct diagnosis may still prove difficult in routine neurological practice. This chapter revisits the borderland of epilepsy, focusing on those sleep disorders, namely parasomnias and narcolepsy, that most frequently create problems in the differential diagnosis. For each condition, clinical features distinguishing it from epileptic seizures are pointed out, and an account of the current understanding of the molecular pathophysiology is provided.
Alcohol-Related Seizure Disorders
Authors: Samokhvalov Andriy V. , Araki Keyghobad Farid , Selby Peter , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter describes the complex relationships between alcohol consumption and seizure disorders, which include alcohol withdrawal seizures and seizures that occur due to alcohol intoxication per se. We also present an update on the controversial but historically important concept of 'alcoholic epilepsy'. The current understanding of pathophysiological changes leading to alcohol withdrawal seizures is described in detail and illustrated by a typical case of excessive long-term alcohol consumption with multiple withdrawals and the associated medical and social sequelae. Potential causes and pathophysiological grounds for seizures due to alcohol intoxication are described in detail and a state-of-the-art understanding of the development of epilepsy in drinkers is presented. Special attention is paid to effects of alcohol consumption on existing seizure disorders. The differential diagnosis between different kinds of alcohol-related seizures and seizures in the context of epilepsy as well as appropriate management strategies are outlined.
Primarily Nonepileptic Encephalopathies
Authors: Lewis Mark 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Encephalopathy is a syndrome, not a diagnosis. There are many causes, both those that directly affect the brain and those that produce neurological disturbance by more indirect mechanisms. There is even overlap between these two groups. The syndrome is characterized by global cerebral dysfunction, with a number of cognitive domains and cerebral functions being affected. A problem with arousal is almost universal, though can be absent. A careful clinical history, including that taken from relatives, carers and friends will elucidate the cause in most cases and usually only simple tests are required to confirm a diagnosis. Occasionally second line tests are required, and in these settings, the need to perform these tests is often highlighted by lack of progress made with the initial diagnostic steps. Treatment is usually of the underlying cause, though good general medical and nursing care are vital when dealing with patients in such a vulnerable state of mind.
Epileptic Encephalopathies and Clinical Manifestations of Abnormal Electroencephalographic Patterns
Authors: D’Argenzio Luigi , Pujar Suresh , Holmes Gregory L. , Scott Rod C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathies (EEs) are currently defined as electroclinical epilepsy syndromes associated with a high probability of encephalopathic features that present or worsen after the onset of epilepsy. The severity of the epilepsy and associated cognitive and behavioral impairments make EEs amongst the most challenging epilepsies to manage. The common features of EEs are the presence of abnormal epileptiform brain activity, either continuously or with high recurrence, and a severe impairment of cognitive abilities. The latter has been historically considered as a direct consequence of the former by many authors, although the exact pathophysiology of EEs is still unclear. This chapter discusses the epilepsies currently considered as EEs, their clinical and neurophysiological phenotypes, their medical management and prognosis. The pathophysiology of the impairments of EEs is also discussed.
Autism
Authors: Hughes John R. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The clinical phenomenology of autism (A) includes repetitive behavior, language impairment, sleep disorders, social problems, joint attention disorders, seizures, allergic reactions, behavioral, cognitive and sensory changes, especially visual and perceptual changes. Patients with seizures do not commonly become autistic, but 30 to 50% of patients with autism may develop epilepsy. The pathophysiology and possibly etiologies of autism include genetic factors, various maternal conditions, a deficient mirror-neuron system, a discussion of vaccines, underconnectivity within the cortex, mitochrondrial and immunological dysfunctions, deficient proteins and metabolic disorders. Relevant neuroanatomic relationships include abnormal function of prefrontal, frontal, temporal cortices, especially the amygdala, as well as cingulate and visual cortex and subcortical structures. Clinical improvement may come from drugs including risperidone, atypical antipsychotic drugs and psychostimulants. Therapeutic procedures include acupuncture, massage, robots, hyperbaric oxygen, music, transcranial magnetic stimulation, positive parenting programs, service dogs, transcranial micropolarization and childcare services.
Epileptic Prodromes
Authors: Mormann Florian , Lehnertz Klaus 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
For patients with epilepsy who do not achieve complete seizure control, it is the sudden, unforeseen way in which seizures strike ‘like a bolt from the blue’ that represents one of the most disabling aspects of their disorder. Apart from the risk of serious injury, seizures are often associated with an intense feeling of helplessness that has a strong impact on patients' everyday lives. The ability accurately to anticipate the occurrence of seizures could significantly improve the quality of life of people with epilepsy. This chapter critically reviews the scientific evidence for the existence of prodromal pre-seizure states, including clinical as well as electrophysiological pre-ictal phenomena.
The impact of pelvic floor surgery on female sexual function: a mixed quantitative and qualitative study
Authors: Roos AM , Thakar R , Sultan AH , de Leeuw JW , Paulus ATG 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo assess whether the current condition‐specific sexual function questionnaire provides full insight into sexual function following pelvic floor surgery.DesignProspective, mixed quantitative and qualitative study.SettingUrogynaecology clinic in a large university hospital.PopulationThirty‐seven women undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and/or stress urinary incontinence (SUI).MethodsWomen were seen before surgery and 3 months postoperatively. At both visits the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ) was completed and a qualitative face‐to‐face semi‐structured interview was conducted. PISQ total and domain scores, as well as the change in the preoperative and postoperative score, were calculated and analysed using Wilcoxon signed rank test and one‐sample t‐test. The qualitative data were systematically analysed using data‐matrices.Main outcome measuresThe impact of pelvic floor surgery on female sexual function.ResultsSignificant improvement was seen for PISQ total score (P = 0.003) as well as Physical (P < 0.001) and Partner‐related (P = 0.002) domains, but not for the Behavioural/Emotive domain (P = 0.220). Analysis of qualitative data showed that improvement in sexual function was a result of cure of POP and SUI symptoms. Deterioration of sexual function was due to dyspareunia, fear of causing damage to the surgical result, new symptoms and a disappointing result of surgery.ConclusionsOur qualitative data show that PISQ is limited in the assessment of sexual function after pelvic floor surgery as it does not assess most surgery‐specific negative effects on sexual function.