bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Air Quality Modelling of Ras Laffan, Qatar Airshed and Way Forward with WRF-CALPUFF Simulation in Near Real-Time
Authors: Deb Kaushik , Doherty Brett , Kanchan Arun , Holland Brian , Boger Whitney , Dai Weiping , Zhang Kan , Yang Xi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In the beginning, even before the desert skyline was punctuated by stacks from the first LNG plants in the northeast corner of Qatar, air quality models were being run to estimate potential air quality impacts (AQIA) due to the proposed developments. AQIAs were required as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) obligation to SCENR (now Ministry of Environment). With time, Ras Laffan (RLC) has grown into one of the premier energy hubs in the world with contemporaneous improvement in the pedigree of air modelling. This paper provides a genesis of air quality modelling in Qatar with initial screening estimates graduating to Industrial Source Complex (ISCST3) and now AERMOD as the mainstay model. The RLC coastline with its dense mass of industrial growth presents a daunting challenge in terms of predictions of air quality impacts due to a mix of uncertainties in emission inventories, coastal phenomena etc., which cannot be accounted for by the existing raft of air dispersion models. This paper makes a case for moving to an established scalable puff model (CALPUFF) operated in near real-time with dynamic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) data as the regulatory model of choice. The proposed platform will vastly improve RLC's Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) by improving allowable increment planning, handle complex coastline conditions local to RLC, addressing the lacunae of plume models and photochemistry.
Applications: Assess and mitigate air quality impacts from large gas and industrial projects through air dispersion modellingAQMP to assess future industrial growth using real-time AQIA
Results and Conclusions: Results from preliminary one-year RLC WRF-CALPUFF compared against other platformsInnovative technological approach by leveraging dynamic computation platforms to improve air quality impact predictions
Technical Contributions: Innovative air quality dispersion modelling using WRF-CALPUFF for assessing near real-time air quality impacts
Using a Multiphase Transient Simulator to Predict the Onset of Corrosion in Wellbore
Authors: Govindan Gunasekar , Ben Aouda Abdel Hakim , Yusuf Rahel 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Tubing corrosion is a major well integrity challenge faced during the well lifecycle. Corrosion onset conditions need to be predicted with accuracy so that preventive and corrective actions can be taken before corrosion results in a safety hazard. One of the requirements for corrosion onset is the accumulation of free water along the wellbore. Given the transient nature of multiphase flow inside the wellbore, a transient multiphase simulator is required to accurately predict water accumulation inside the wellbore.
A comprehensive multiphase transient simulator has been used to evaluate the conditions that would allow or prevent water droplets in emulsion to wet the tubing and create corrosive conditions for two candidate wells; whereas a laboratory study indicated a stable emulsion with water dispersed in oil, hence pointing to no tubing wetting, field inspections showed severe corrosion. The aim of the study is to virtually recreate the field conditions by tuning different model parameters. Flow regime and emulsion analysis were done for the candidate wells to understand the likelihood of corrosion in the tubing. Further, sensitivities were performed for parameters such as tubing diameter, water cut, flow rate, and tubing roughness.
The model predictions for the first well (a dual-string well) indicated that both strings experience stratified flow until the bubblepoint, with the presence of free water near the tubing wall indicating the likelihood of corrosion. For the second well, which is a horizontal well with inflow control devices (ICDs), simulations indicated that emulsion was formed inside the ICD orifice, but the water phase still touched wall surface. Once the fluid entered the tubing, the flow regime was stratified, with water touching the wall, thus enabling the conditions ripe for onset of corrosion.
This study underscores the role of transient simulations in predicting the flow regime and emulsion formation in multiphase flow inside wellbores and thereby providing valuable information for assessing the likelihood of corrosion inside the wellbore.
Oil Spill Detection and Characterization from Satellite Image Using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm
Authors: Ridha Syahrir , Wardaya Pongga D. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper describes the use of artificial neural network to identify and characterize oil spill acquired from satellite imagery. The objective of the algorithm is to classify every pixel of the image whether it is sea water or oil based on its intensity. In order to test the algorithm, several order of noise is introduced, simulating real situation caused by weather or other pollutant during the acquisition. The study shows that neural network algorithm provides efficient technique to differentiate the oil spill from water body. The neural network is capable of delivering accurate classification in less than one minute computation time. The required training data can also be suppressed indicating the cost effectiveness in term of computer memory. From the classification result, area prediction is performed by using standard image analysis. The technique counts the number of pixels classified as the oil and sum them to provide the areal extent of the spillage. This result gives important solution for environmental handling of the oil exploitation activity. For example, the method can be used in providing estimate on the thickness of the discharged oil so that environmental effect can be predicted more reliably.
Air Quality – Integrated AP Flare Recovery Projects for South Oil Fields
Authors: Mathew Benoie P 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
When you drill for oil, you also get gas. In an ideal world this associated gas would be sold to consumers, or it would be used to generate power and then resold as electricity. But this requires costly investment into pipelines, power plants, and other infrastructure. Some oil producers opt to sell the oil and burn the gas. This is known as gas flaring. Every year, approximately 140–150 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas is flared into the atmosphere. According to calculations by the World Bank, that's equivalent to three quarters of Russia's gas exports, or almost one third of the European Union's gas consumption.
Building the Foundations of Process Safety in Design
Authors: Jessup James , Barlow Julian , Peake Damian , Pillai Manoj 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The maximum level of process safety performance an operational asset can attain is indelibly set in the early stages of a project; this is why it is crucial to lay a solid foundation for process safety during design. Despite ever improving design codes and standards, the hydrocarbon industry continues to suffer from major process safety incidents, with incident root causes far too commonly traced back to decisions or actions taken years before during the design stage of a project.
Construction safety standards and practices are also long-standing and maturing, but it was the adoption of behaviour-based site-safety campaigns that have allowed selected projects to realise a step-change in incident reduction beyond that offered by systems and practice; achieving world-breaking records of personnel safety.
Before embarking on Front-End Engineering Design (FEED), the world-scale Al Karaana Petrochemicals Projecti asked, ‘is it possible to translate the concept of a behavioural-based site-safety programme into a process safety design context?’
To answer this question, a Behaviour-Based Process Safety Programme was created and then piloted with the aim to entrench process safety into the hearts and minds of design engineers, and positively influence behaviours. The cornerstone of this programme is the 9 Foundations of Projects Process Safety, which serve as clear anchor points around which the key messages on process safety are communicated during the Project's FEED. The 9 Foundations of Projects Process Safety are not intended to create any new ‘rules’, but are aimed to help focus on changing behaviours in critical areas where weaknesses are observed in projects.
This paper offers observations on framing, developing and then embedding the Behaviour-Based Process Safety Programme for a design-office audience. It records the learning on success as well as improvement opportunities and outlines the intended path forward for subsequent project phases.
Integrated HSE ALARP Assessment - Reducing HSE Risks and Impacts in the Same Processes
Authors: Valeur Jens Rosendal 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Safety risk reduction to a level ALARP and environmental impact reduction using BAT/BEP are usually carried out as separate assessments. Integrated HSE ALARP assessment combines these into one overall framework. This paper outlines the principles of Integrated HSE ALARP assessment and presents examples of its use.
Integrated HSE ALARP assessment is in particular useful when conflicts between HSE risk reduction and environmental reduction exist; e.g. when means to reduce safety risks cause increased environmental and/or health impact.
In a traditional safety risk ALARP assessment, the safety risk reduction is weighted against the required costs defined as money, effort, and time for achieving the reduction. In the Integrated HSE ALARP assessment, the risk or impact reduction is also weighted towards possible increase in other HSE risks or impact.
HAZIDs are used to identify HSE hazards and risks, whereas ENVIDs are used to identify environmental aspects and impacts. Likewise, the HSE risk reduction to ALARP process and the environmental BAT/BEP assessment process are carried out in parallel. Analysing the HSE risks and environmental impacts in the same processes allows for a balanced assessment of the reduction potential of HSE risks and impacts.
The results of Integrated HSE ALARP assessments are useful in the company decision process. In particular, they are useful when justifying the chosen design concepts towards authorities, NGOs and other stakeholders. Increased HSE risks or environmental impacts may in some cases be acceptable if they are necessary for achieving other HSE risks or environmental impacts to be reduced.
Thermal desorption as a Treatment Option in the Gas Industry
Authors: Gilpin Colin Alfred 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Description
Most natural-gas production contains, to varying degrees, small (two to eight carbons) hydrocarbon; such as Methane (CH4), Benzene (C6H6), and Butane (C4H10). The subsequent high level of contamination of the spent molecular sieve became evident on the first change out with concentrations of in excess of 3000ppm. With this waste stream being the largest single stream generated, a suitable treatment solution was required to address this significant waste stream that in turn would lead to a recyclable non-hazardous waste stream.
In order to reduce the Benzene concentration on the spent molecular sieve, the thermal desorption process was chosen because it is environmentally clean and can be applied to varying levels of contamination. The technology has come a long way since the early 1990's, WRT safety and environmental controls. However, some of the variables must be controlled in order to be process and cost effective.
This paper presents an analysis of the selection and use of the thermal desorption process to reduce the various levels of hydrocarbon on the spent molecular sieve. This project was investigated, evaluated and run at the RasGas facility operated within the Ras Laffan Industrial City in the State of Qatar.
A short description of the type of unit selected, the environmental controls required in order to meet the Industrial City and State emissions requirements. Including a summary of the operation, geographic information and a description of the various waste stream compositions. How the operating conditions impacted on the unit's overall performance.
Key parameters in the process efficiency were considered, comparing actual results obtained in the field as well as theoretical concepts regarding the treatment process prior to implementation.
Three groups of variables were analyzed:
Related to waste composition Water fraction Total liquid fraction Particle size Related to Weather Conditions Environment humidity External temperature Related to Process Operation Burners; and fuel feed rate Direct vs indirect contact Feed rate and burn duration (retention time) Recovered elements
Invertible Carnot Groups
Authors: Freeman David M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We characterize Carnot groups admitting a 1-quasiconformal metric inversion as the Lie groups of Heisenberg type whose Lie algebras satisfy the J2-condition, thus characterizing a special case of inversion invariant bi-Lipschitz homogeneity. A more general characterization of inversion invariant bi-Lipschitz homogeneity for certain non-fractal metric spaces is also provided.
A ring-like model for ASC self-association via the CARD domain
Authors: Alba Eva de , Santiveri Clara M. , Oroz Javier 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInflammasomes are molecular platforms controlling the innate immune response to pathogens and cellular stress. ASC is an adaptor protein common to most NLR (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing receptor) inflammasome complexes as its N-terminal PYD and C-terminal CARD interact with the homologous domains in NLR and procaspase-1. Although inflammasome activation depends on ASC oligomerization, the molecular basis of ASC self-association and the protein interactions mediating the inflammatory signaling pathway remain unknown. Both CARD and PYD domains are involved in the oligomerization process of ASC. Based on our previous structural and dynamics data on ASC we propose a model for its oligomerization consisting of a 7-member ring. In this model, CARD monomers associate via type I homotypic interactions leaving the remaining binding site of each monomer free for further oligomerization and thus ring formation. A second more open PYD ring is accommodated on top of the CARDs. Our model is discussed in light of previous work evidencing the formation of helical filaments and large globular structures by ASC. The double-ring model can help in the understanding of inflammasome assembly, nevertheless, ASC oligomerization has to be envisaged as a complex process that might include molecular organizations with structurally different features.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Transformations of Heterocycles Mediated by Fluoride Ion Activated Silanes
Authors: Ābele E. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Modern methodologies that use silanes in the presence of fluoride ion for the preparation and transformation of three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocycles have been reviewed, covering literature from January 2010 to December 2012. Characteristic reactions in side chains of heterocyclic compounds are presented
Separation of Tegafur and its Impurities by Reversed-Phase High-Perfomance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Rotkaja O. , Golushko J. , Kuprevics K. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The chromatographic behavior of tegafur and its impurities on a naphthalene Cosmosil piNAP column under reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography conditions was examined. A good description of the retention was achieved through the application of statistical weights to the widely used quadratic relationships between the logarithm of the retention factor (log k) and the organic solvent concentration in the mobile phase. Optimum conditions for isocratic separation of the compounds were found with acetonitrile concentration of 10-30% in the mobile phase
The Behavior of Proteins on Reversed-Phase Supports During High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Prediction of Protein Retention Time on Ymc Columns
Authors: Rotkaja O. , Golushko J. , Mekss P. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Protein molecules present more complex analytical challenges than conventional low molecular weight pharmaceutical compounds, and thus need powerful analytical approaches for the entire pharmaceutical development and quality control process. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to investigate the reversed-phase chromatographic behavior of eleven proteins (albumin, carbonic anhydrase, cytohrome c, L-glutamic dehydrogenase, enolase, α-lactoglobulin, Lysozyme, myoglobin and ribonuclease. By using a water/organic solvent/trifluoroacetic acid system the influence of experimental parameters was examined, and chromatographic results from two C4- chain-length supports were found to be comparable. The model enables prediction of initial conditions from two experimental data points for different types of reversed-phase columns with water-acetonitrile-TFA, water-methanol-TFA, and water-2-propanol-TFA mobile phases
Magnetic properties of cobalt microwires measured by piezoresistive cantilever magnetometry
Authors: Tosolini G. , Michalik J. M. , Córdoba R. , de Teresa J. M. , Pérez-Murano F. , Bausells J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present the magnetic characterization of cobalt wires grown by focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) and studied using static piezoresistive cantilever magnetometry. We have used previously developed high force sensitive submicron-thick silicon piezoresistive cantilevers. High quality polycrystalline cobalt microwires have been grown by FEBID onto the free end of the cantilevers using dual beam equipment. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic cobalt wires become magnetized, which leads to the magnetic field dependent static deflection of the cantilevers. We show that the piezoresistive signal from the cantilevers, corresponding to a maximum force of about 1 nN, can be measured as a function of the applied magnetic field with a good signal to noise ratio at room temperature. The results highlight the flexibility of the FEBID technique for the growth of magnetic structures on specific substrates, in this case piezoresistive cantilevers.
Label-Free Photoacoustic Cell-Tracking In Real-Time
Authors: Xiang Liangzhong , Ahmad Moiz , Hu Xiang , Cheng Zhen , Xing Lei 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCell-tracking method has an important role in detection of metastatic circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-based therapies. Label-free imaging techniques are desirable for cell-tracking because they enable long time observations without photobleaching in living cells or tissues where labeling is not always possible. Photoacoustic microscopy is a label-free imaging technique that offers rich contrast based on nonfluorescent cellular optical absorption associated with intrinsic chromophores and pigments. We show here that photoacoustic imaging is feasible for detecting very low numbers (x 104) of melanoma cells without labeling because of the strong instinct optical absorption of melanin in near-infrared wavelength. Flowing melanoma cells are imaged with micrometerresolution (40 μm) and penetration depths of centimeters (13 mm) in real-time. Photoacoustic imaging as a new cell-tracking method provides a novel modality for cancer screening and offers insights into the underlying biological process of cancer growth and metastasis and cell therapy.
Axenic in vitro culture and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Thomson’s gazelle (Gazella thomsonii)
Authors: Solarczyk Piotr , Majewska Anna , Słodkowicz-Kowalska Anna 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGiardia duodenalis is an ubiquitous flagellate that infects humans and many species of animals. This species exhibits great biotypic and genetic diversity. In the present study, we established short- and long-term in vitro cultures of G. duodenalis trophozoites originating from red deer and Thomson’s gazelle (artiodactyls) and genetically characterised the isolates by their glutamate dehydrogenase and triose phosphate isomerase gene sequences. The G. duodenalis isolates from red deer and the gazelle represented assemblages A (AIII sub-assemblage) and B. In conclusion, G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages can be associated with differences in growth rate in vitro cultures.
Topography and ultrastructure of the tegument of Aphallus tubarium (Rodolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae), intestinal parasite of the common Dentex dentex (Linnaeus 1758) from Valinco Gulf
Authors: Antonelli Laetitia , Quilichini Yann , Foata Joséphine , Marchand Bernard 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe tegument ultrastructure of the intestinal fluke Aphallus tubarium was studied for the first time with the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. New details on morphology were recorded. The ultrastructural study revealed that the tegument of A. tubarium had a syncytial organization with a distal cytoplasm lying over a basal matrix and cytons. The surface of the tegument is covered with pectinate spines arranged quincuncially. As anterior-posterior differences were observed, particular attention was given to spines. Spines decrease in size and density from the anterior part of body to posterior part. Two types of sensory structures were identified, uniciliated and dome-shaped. Type 1 sensory receptors were outgrowths bearing groups of papillae with shorter and rigid apical seta visible on the anterior part of body surface, encircling the worm. Type 2 sensory receptors was dome-shaped papillae devoid of cilia, found mainly around the oral sucker. Diagrams of spines and sensory receptors were made to help in understanding the nature of these structures. Surface morphology may prove to be useful in distinguishing Aphallus spp with other Cryptogonimidae.
A new quill mite species Neopicobia hepburni sp. nov. (Cheyletoidea: Syringophilidae) parasitizing picid birds (Piciformes: Picidae) in Peru
Authors: Glowska Eliza , Laniecka Izabella 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA new quill mite species Neopicobia hepburni sp. nov. is described from the Ecuadorian Piculet Picumnus sclateri Taczanowski (type host) and the Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus Lafresnaye (Piciformes: Picidae) from Peru. Females of N. hepburni are distinguishable from most similar species N. ea Skoracki et Unsoeld by the propodonotal shield divided into 3 sclerites, the pygidial shield with a vertical furrow and wing-like appendages, the presence of the genital lobes, setae f2 2.7 times longer than f1 and length ratio of ag1:ag2:ag3 equals 2:1:2. In females of N. ea, the propodonotal shield is entire, the pygidial shield is oval, without vertical furrow and appendages, the genital lobes are absent, setae f2 are 4.5–5.5 times longer than f1 and length ratios of ag1:ag2:ag3 are 2.2–2.7:1:3–3.2.