bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qatargas Greenhouse Gas Management Strategy
Authors: Al-Sulaiti Khalifa , Subedar Afzal Azizullah 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Climate change presents a fundamental challenge to the way industries use energy and resources. Qatargas, the world's largest LNG producer is improving operational performance and energy efficiency to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through an effective, well-structured and maturing GHG management strategy. This approach is aligned with the State of Qatar's position on climate change. Qatargas' strategy has three phases.
Phase 1 involved understanding the GHG issue, preparing an action plan, and focusing on internal capacity building through analysis of GHG policies, projects and markets. It also analyzed the potential impact of climate change on Qatargas' operations, and reviewed potential opportunities to reduce GHG emissions and participate in the global carbon market.
Phase 2 of the GHG strategy focuses on:Preparing a comprehensive GHG emissions inventory that includes emission sources from various business divisions, development of GHG management procedures and plans, and corporate GHG KPIs;Benchmarking GHG efficiency per tonne of LNG produced; andComparing company GHG performance relative to peer companies.
Qatargas' verified emissions inventory portfolio is providing data and trends, which is assisting in the understanding of key emission sources and provides a platform to progress Phase 3 of the GHG strategy.
Phase 3 focuses on carbon reduction opportunities and abatement techniques via sustainability assessments and engineering studies; and will also include a Life Cycle Assessment for GHG emissions from Qatargas' operations. These are in addition to the ongoing emissions reduction efforts such as the Flare Management Team initiative and the upcoming Jetty Boil-off Gas Recovery (JBOG) project.

Introduction
Anthropogenic related climate change effects are now generally accepted by the global scientific community, and although uncertainties persist, many governments and industry sectors around the world are implementing programs to address climate change issues. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 report concluded that "warming of the climate system is unequivocal" and that it is "very likely that emissions from human activities have caused most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century." IPPC also identified many potentially devastating impacts resulting from climate change, including changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, ocean salinity, wind patterns, droughts, precipitation patterns, frequency of heat waves and intensity of tropical cyclones. These may not only have direct physical effects but create socio/economic-political instability and security issues for a wide range of directly and indirectly affected areas of the world.
The Controlled Freeze Zone Technology for the Commercialization of Sour Gas Resources
Authors: Valencia Jaime A. , Kelman Scott D. , Nagavarapu Ananda , Maher David W. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Controlled Freeze Zone™ is an efficient single-step cryogenic distillation process for the removal of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities from natural gas. Rather than avoiding the freezing of CO2 at cryogenic temperatures, the solidification is allowed to take place, albeit in a very controlled fashion. The technology has shown the potential to more efficiently and cost-effectively separate carbon dioxide and other impurities from natural gas, and to discharge these contaminants as a high-pressure liquid stream ready for underground injection, either for enhanced oil recovery applications or for acid gas injection disposal.

Introduction
Natural gas is the cleanest burning hydrocarbon fuel available and its growing demand is only projected to rise throughout this century. ExxonMobil anticipates total global energy demand to grow 35% by 2040 relative to 20101. Greater demand for electricity accounts for more than half of this increase. The clean burning characteristics of natural gas and its increasingly competitive economics for power generation are driving its expanded use in electrical power generation. Natural gas emits up to 60 percent less CO2 than coal when generating electricity, which becomes quite significant as costs arising from greenhouse gas policies mount. ExxonMobil forecasts natural gas to emerge as the leading source of electricity generation by 2040, and to become the second largest global fuel by 2040 behind oil, displacing coal from the second spot.
Meeting such a growth in demand will require a significant increase in gas production. New resources will be developed, many of them containing substantial amounts of CO2 and H2S that must be properly managed once brought up to the surface along with the produced hydrocarbons. Returning them to the sub-surface for geosequestration or using them in enhanced oil-recovery is emerging as a preferred option in their management and disposal. Commercial application of a technology like the ExxonMobil Controlled Freeze Zone (CFZ™) process can help meet that goal at a significantly lower cost than other competing technologies available today.

Acid Gas Injection
When acid gas injection is called for in the processing of sour gas resources, the relative advantages of the various types of treatment processes shifts towards options that release the acid gases, removed from the natural gas, at a relatively high pressure, and especially as a liquid. Natural gas fractionation can be designed to recover the acid gases at high pressure and at least partially in some cases as a liquid. This minimizes the power required for compression or pumping for reinjection of the waste acid gases.
The Hydrocarbon Pipeline Network and Development in Qatar
Authors: Al-Rasheed Abdulla Ezzat 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Transmission and Distribution Network comprises of interconnected gas and oil pipelines network of approximately 3000 km length, associated manifolds and more than 70 distribution stations located through Qatar. The hydrocarbons transported in this network such as sweet Methane gas, Ethane network, stripped associated gases, and tail gas, etc… are all utilized as fuel and feedstock gases to supply the various power plants and industries located in the State of Qatar. In addition, Transmission and distribution network is also responsible to monitor and maintain all QP and third party Companies' pipelines such as row gas, condensate and LPG pipelines, Ethylene pipeline and crude oil pipelines.
As the State of Qatar is booming with tremendous expansion and development to the infrastructure for hosting the FIFA World cup 2022 and to meet its 2030 National Vision, the Gas pipeline network is also being expanded to meet Year 2030 supply and demand forecast, future industries and Urban and infrastructure development.
The aim of this paper is to illustrate the development/expansion of QP pipelines network to cover the future national gas supply and demand forecast up to 2030. This will cover the expansion of power generation due to the increase in future national energy demand and the expansion and requirement for the new industries. In addition, the paper will highlight the urban development requirement such as domestic gas supply to houses and using Compressed Natural Gas CNG for local transportation. Moreover, the paper will discuss the infrastructure developments such as the new pipeline corridor tidiness and rationalization, new rail way interfaces with the existing pipeline network, and new Jet fuel requirement to the new Doha International Airport. All the significant challenges and lessons learnt for the network's planning, interfaces, construction, re-routing and operational challenges will be also addressed in this paper.

Overview of the Gas Distribution System (GDS) Suppliers and Consumers
This network is responsible to supply continuous and uninterrupted fuel gas needs of the State power plants for power generation and desalination within the State of Qatar. In addition, it is responsible to supply fuel and feedstock gases to the various industrial plants located in Mesaieed, Ras Laffan and Doha. The various types of consumers from power plants to industrial consumers require different types of gases as a fuel or feedstock to their plants. The various gases are provided by the Gas distribution system (GDS) which consists of sweet gas network, Ethane network, stripped associated gases from onshore ONSAG and offshore fields OFSAG, and Tail gas.
Qatargas Flare Reduction Program
Authors: Bawazir I. , Raja M. , Abdelmohsen I. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Qatargas produces 42 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTA) of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The Qatargas facilities comprise seven LNG Trains, including four of the world's largest mega-trains, which were commissioned between 2009 and 2011. Routine baseline flaring is encountered during normal LNG plant operations due to the essential requirement to maintain purge gas flow within the flare system to prevent air ingress and consequent explosion hazards. During unplanned facility trips, restarts or planned facility shutdowns, process gas is also flared per operational requirements.
Qatargas has made significant progress in reducing flaring from its LNG trains in line with the increased national focus on flare minimization and the Company's desire to reduce its emissions and carbon footprint. This has been made possible through operational initiatives on source reduction, increased plant reliability, reduced shutdown/start-up flaring and a sustained focus on flare minimization facilitated by multi-disciplinary Flare Management Teams (FMTs).
Enhanced acid gas recovery and operational excellence initiatives on source reduction and plant reliability at Qatargas' older, conventional LNG trains have successfully reduced flaring by more than 70% between 2004 and 2011. A comprehensive project is currently underway at the LNG mega-trains to reduce current baseline purge flaring by approximately 70%. Qatargas is also undertaking a long-term capital project to install interconnections between LNG mega-trains to re-route gas encountered during process events rather than flaring. Additionally, Qatargas' pioneering Jetty Boil-off Gas Recovery (JBOG) Project, which will commence operation in 2014, is expected to reduce LNG loading flaring by over 90% and recover approximately 600,000 tonnes per year of flared gas.
This paper provides an overview of Qatargas' flare management approach, the Company's main drivers and challenges for flare reduction and the various initiatives currently underway to manage and minimize flaring. These include the major capital projects noted above as well as enhanced awareness, monitoring and reporting, and operational source reduction successes.

Facility and Flare Systems Overview
Qatargas' LNG operations are based in Ras Laffan Industrial City (RLIC), Qatar, and centered on the four LNG assets described below.Qatargas 1 (QG1): Three conventional C3MR LNG trains (Trains 1–3). Commenced operations in 1996. Each train has a production capacity of 3.3 MTA (total QG1 production of 10 MTA). Offshore facilities include the manned North Field Bravo (NFB) complex with three wellhead production platforms.Qatargas 2 (QG2): First mega-trains in the world, each with a capacity of 7.8 MTA. Commenced operations in 2009. Both trains (Trains 4 and 5) utilize the Air Products AP-XTM hybrid liquefaction process which allows for higher LNG production by adding a third Nitrogen (N2) refrigeration cycle to the conventional C3MR process. Offshore facilities include three unmanned wellhead platforms.
Assessing the Biotreatability of Produced Water From a Qatari Gas Field
Authors: Janson A. , Katebah M. , Santos A. , Minier-Matar J. , Hussian A. , Adham S. , Judd S. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Biological treatment is generally regarded as the most cost-effective method for the removal of organics from wastewater. Biotreatment of produced water (PW) presents many challenges when compared with municipal wastewaters or industrial waste streams. These challenges are typically linked to its high level of organics (including refractory organics) and salinity which can dramatically reduce biological floc formation and biomass settle ability in conventional clarifiers. In a membrane bioreactor (MBR), an ultra filtration membrane separates the treated water from the biomass and settleability is not a factor.
This paper summarizes the results of tests conducted in Qatar with three parallel bench-scale membrane bioreactors to assess the biotreatability of PW from a local gas field. The testing was partially funded by Qatar National Research Fund which is testament to the importance of the research and the value it brings to Qatar and the world.
The test program followed a Box-Behnken experimental design requiring 13 separate tests with input parameters of hydraulic retention time, solids retention time and temperature and response parameters of % COD removal and oxygen uptake rate (OUR). The results indicated ˜60% of the COD is removed through treatment in a membrane bioreactor. Statistically, only SRT was shown to be a factor in the percentage COD removal. At an SRT of 60 days, the average percentage COD removal was 62%, 4% higher the 58% average COD removal obtained at an SRT of 120 days. The OUR ranged from 0.10 to 0.19 mgO2/L-min and was shown statistically to be only dependent upon HRT with the highest OUR obtained at the shortest HRT of 16 hours.
It is concluded that if biotreatability is shown to be cost-effective, it can contribute as part of an overall system to treat PW prior to recycle or reuse. This can reduce the facility's demands for fresh water and can thereby make existing potable water supplies available for other important uses.
Driving Continuous Performance Improvement in Qatar
Authors: Akyabi Khalid , Clancey Byron , Yurkiw Frederick , Babb Jonathan , Chisholm Colin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
RasGas Company Limited has been utilising the ExxonMobil Fast Drill Process to drive continuous improvement in drilling operations in Qatar's North Field since its roll-out in 2005. Implementation of the process has resulted in significant increases in drilling performance and unique changes in operational practices. In recent years, continued North Field development in new areas has introduced unique challenges requiring innovative drilling solutions to continue to raise the bar in drilling performance.
This paper details how RasGas has utilised the Fast Drill Process to identify and extend new performance limiters in wells of increasing drilling complexity. It also details the development and roll-out of a new Flat Time Reduction initiative that targets performance improvement in areas previously untouched by the Fast Drill Process workflow.
The combined impact of these initiatives has resulted in another step change in performance and well delivery in more complex areas of the North Field. The performance improvements have accumulated cost savings in excess of $250 Million USD for RasGas and its Shareholders and have been achieved while maintaining and building upon an industry leading safety record.
The performance improvement initiatives described in this paper are applicable for any large scale drilling campaign that requires increased Rate of Penetration (ROP), reduced plateau times, and accelerated well delivery.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Verification at Ras Laffan City (Case Study)
Authors: Buhidma Abdullah M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Qatar Petroleum is implementing an accurate and auditable procedure for the Accounting & Reporting of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions within Ras Laffan Industrial City (RLC). The procedure is based upon proven European practices and international and industry proven guidelines and methodologies in determining emissions caused by CO2, CH4 & N2O as a result of process combustion, acid gas removal/generation and flaring. Participating companies are all Oil & Gas processing companies and Power and Water Generation companies in RLC with combustion installation having a fuel rated input exceeding 20 MW.
Each participating company submits quarterly & annual GHG emissions reports supported with accounting & reporting plan and spreadsheet calculations for verification by an accredited third party verifier hired by Qatar Petroleum. As a result, a Positive Verification Opinion & Statement are issued by the same verifier for each participating company that had proved it's compliance with the requirements of the applied QP GHG procedure and international guidelines.
This paper describes the initiative that Qatar Petroleum deployed in the preparation for the GHG verification process and the implemented methodology in accounting & reporting of GHG emissions at RLC, the achieved progress in uncertainty of the reported GHG data in three consecutive years (2010 - 2012) and the lessons learned for future improvement. The role of Qatar Petroleum in initiating, monitoring & control of GHG emission verification at RLC is also addressed in this paper.
DIET: An Integrated Approach of Getting The Right Data and Maximizing its Value
Authors: Al-Kharaz H. , Farooqui M. Z. , Ansari A. M. , Blackall D. , Martin M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Well and reservoir surveillance data gathering activities can present a number of logistical challenges and operational risks associated with well intervention work, especially in offshore sour gas fields. This paper describes an approach adopted by RasGas Company Limited (RasGas) to reduce these risks by implementing a workflow that facilitates full integration of the acquired data to maximise its value and improve the understanding of well/reservoir performance. Hence, the workflow is used to arrive at a need-based strategy to plan, design and execute yearly well/reservoir surveillance programmes.
The need for early well and reservoir performance data when a new gas field is placed on production often necessitates a calendar-based and broadly applied surveillance programme to develop reservoir deliverability and well productivity trends across the field. These baseline data are used to proactively identify and quantify potential threats to well productivity and production sustainability from issues such as skin build up from scale or condensate banking, unexpected formation water production, corrosion damage, etc.
Once the sufficient baseline data set has been acquired, there is a need to develop an optimum approach towards well and reservoir surveillance programmes. This ensures that surveillance programme is focused on delivering truly needed data while reducing the risks inherent to well intervention activities. RasGas achieved this optimisation through development of a workflow called "DIET" (Data Integration and Evaluation Technique). Implementation of DIET has significantly reduced the reliance on a set-frequency logging strategy, thus reducing overall well intervention job counts, costs and risks. In addition to integrating all relevant data for single well evaluation, the DIET workflow is also being expanded to enable field-wide data integration.
Acoustic Velocity Measurements and Interpretation for Challenging Fluid Systems
Authors: Lewis Edward , Odikpo Greg , Dindoruk Birol 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Acoustic velocity can be measured with a high degree of accuracy making it an attractive method for extracting related thermodynamic properties. Technical improvements were made to measure acoustic wave velocities in fluid samples over a range of temperatures, pressures, and fluid properties. The simplicity of this technique relative to conventional PVT measurements makes it a fast and reliable means for obtaining some of the data needed in petroleum engineering calculations.
The primary objective in this study is to determine whether the designed apparatus is suitable for measuring compressional wave velocities in fluids commonly encountered in oil and gas operations. Additionally, the potential of the device to be used as a QC tool to accompany conventionally determined PVT properties was also studied. A robust experimental design allows for the determination of acoustic wave velocities at elevated pressures and temperatures and includes the ability to homogenize and recondition samples. For experiments involving heavy, viscous oils - especially those containing dissolved gas - this capability is particularly important.
The following main points will be the focus of this study that also includes new data interpretation:Ultrasonic p-wave velocities in two heavy oil samples were measured up to 10,000 psig: A live fluid was diluted with solvent and the acoustic response was measured for two solvent dilution levels (8 and 20 percent by mass). Velocity decreased with increasing solvent concentration. A light hydrocarbon mixture was blended with a bitumen sample in a dilution range of 10 - 60% by mass. Velocity again decreased with increasing solvent concentration.
SHE&S Excellence and Innovation for the Barzan Onshore Project
Authors: DeHart R. E. , Brand J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Barzan Onshore Project is being developed by Barzan Gas Company Limited, a joint venture between Qatar Petroleum and ExxonMobil Barzan Limited, with RasGas assigned to develop and operate the facilities on completion. The Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) work is being carried out by JGC as the prime contractor. JGC has sub-contracted the construction execution of the work to eight major sub-contractors. The project has achieved over 90 Million Safe Man-hours since July 2012 when the one lost time incident project to date occurred. The workforce is approaching 29,000 persons from multiple countries.
The paper describes the overall SHE&S Management System as a three-tier model based on the EPC contract in which there are 211 SHE&S contract-related deliverables (in eight general categories) measured monthly via the SHE&S Work Activities Schedule. The system pertains to all parties (RasGas, JGC, sub-contractors, vendors, suppliers, et al.) and this rigorous monthly accounting helps drive overall SHE&S performance. The contract combines a highly prescriptive as well as goal-setting approach, which to date has delivered a great foundation to build and sustain SHE&S performance at site.
Within the paper, some of the key leading and lagging indicators are reviewed to demonstrate the correlation between the scope of work, stage of project execution, progress and key injury trends occurring at the site. The indicators are actively utilised on the project, especially the leading indicators to drive and sustain SHE&S performance. Six stellar areas and six challenging areas are also reviewed. The stellar areas demonstrate some of the key best practices that are implemented on the project and are producing strong results. The six challenging areas demonstrate some of the complex problems on the project and the methods that are used to improve these problem areas and help ensure that sufficient risk reduction measures and actions are being implemented.
Overall SHE performance on the project continues to be strong although there are daily challenges. These challenges are overcome by a strong management commitment as well as a worker-focused programme that continually demonstrates care and concern for the project's most valuable asset, the workforce.