bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stable isotope evidence indicates the incorporation into Japanese catchments of marine‐derived nutrients transported by spawning Pacific Salmon
Authors: Koshino Yosuke , Kudo Hideaki , Kaeriyama Masahide 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) transport marine‐derived nutrients (MDN) and organic matter to freshwater ecosystems, which enhances the productivity of North Pacific ecosystems. Relatively few studies, however, have evaluated the MDN subsidy to both the aquatic system and the terrestrial catchment simultaneously. Using stable isotope analysis, we tested how the dynamics of MDN differed between the river and adjacent riparian forest in rivers of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site in eastern Hokkaido (Japan). In addition, we accounted for temporal and spatial variations in the stable isotope signatures of freshwater organisms due to the presence or absence of spawning salmon.

We analysed carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) of biofilm, invertebrates, fish, riparian plants and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Rusha River during the pre‐spawning and spawning periods and in the Akai River (where there are no salmon). Willow leaves were collected along the 50‐m transects to evaluate how far MDN are incorporated within the riparian area. We counted the number of pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) carcasses in riparian areas and categorised their mode of transport. In addition, we examined the stomach contents of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma).

The δ13C and δ15N of aquatic organisms increased by 1–4‰ and 1–6‰, respectively, with the arrival of salmon spawners. Aquatic organisms incorporated 23% of their nitrogen from salmon (range: 7–46%). The diet of Dolly Varden switched from aquatic invertebrates to salmon eggs during the salmon spawning run.

More salmon carcasses were transported from the stream to riparian areas by flooding than by brown bears. The δ13C and δ15N of blowflies (Calliphora spp.) and brown bears increased significantly during the spawning run. Riparian vegetation, with the exception of Manchurian alder (Alnus hirsuta), incorporated 25% of its nitrogen from salmon. The δ15N values of riparian willow (Salix spp.) were correlated negatively with distance from the stream.

The proportion of MDN incorporated in the freshwater biota was lower than that reported for North American rivers, potentially due to the influence of dams and modification of the river environment in this Japanese example. The riparian forest incorporated a relatively high fraction of MDN, however, mainly due to the transport of salmon carcasses from the channel by brown bears and, particularly, flooding. The dynamics of salmon‐derived nutrients thus differed between river and adjacent riparian zones. These results suggested the importance of linkages between freshwater and riparian ecosystems for the extent of the marine nutrient subsidy.
Biogeographical patterns of phytoplankton community size structure in the oceans
Authors: Acevedo‐Trejos Esteban , Brandt Gunnar , Merico Agostino , Smith S. Lan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimDevelop a biogeographical classification of phytoplankton size distributions for the Atlantic Ocean and predict the global phytoplankton size composition based on prevailing environmental conditions.LocationAtlantic Ocean and Global OceanMethodsUsing phytoplankton size composition data, nutrient concentrations (nitrite+nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), irradiance, temperature and zooplankton abundances of the Atlantic Meridional Transect programme, we derived and tested an environmental classification method of phytoplankton size distribution with a k‐means clustering technique. We then used principal component and Dirichlet multivariate regression analyses to disentangle the relative influence of different environmental conditions on the phytoplankton size composition. Subsequently, we evaluated different probabilisitic models and selected the most parsimonious one to estimate the global phytoplankton size distributions in the world oceans based on global climatology data of the World Ocean Atlas 2009.ResultsBased only on prevailing environmental conditions and without a priori knowledge concerning, for example, the position of oceanic fronts, the primary productivity, the distribution of organisms or any geographical information, our classification method captures the size structures of phytoplankton communities across the Atlantic. We find a strong influence of temperature and nitrite+nitrate concentration on the prevalence of the different size classes, and we present evidence that both factors may act independently on structuring phytoplankton communities. While at low nitrite+nitrate concentrations temperature has a major structuring impact, at high nitrite+nitrate concentrations its influence is reduced. Finally, we show that the global distribution of phytoplankton community size structure can be predicted by a probabilistic model based only on temperature and nitrite+nitrate.Main conclusionThe global distribution of phytoplankton community size structure can be predicted with good approximation using a parsimonious probabilistic model forced by only temperature and nitrite+nitrate data.
Mangrove‐reef connectivity promotes the effectiveness of marine reserves across the western Pacific
Authors: Olds Andrew D. , Albert Simon , Maxwell Paul S. , Pitt Kylie A. , Connolly Rod M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the potential of habitat connectivity to promote the effectiveness of marine reserves. We used heterogeneous reef seascapes as a model system to examine the potential interaction of reserves and mangrove‐reef connectivity and compared the magnitude of these effects across the western Pacific Ocean.Location The tropical and subtropical western Pacific, including the Solomon Islands, Great Barrier Reef and Moreton Bay, Australia.MethodsWe quantified fish densities on coral reefs (38 sites) and in mangrove forests (19 sites) across seven marine reserves and twelve unprotected control locations. Fish assemblages were in seascapes supporting either adjacent reefs and mangroves or isolated reefs. For each reserve‐control comparison, we evaluated the potential interactive effects of habitat connectivity on species richness and densities of harvested species, functional groups, families and individual species. We then examined the influence of spatial variation in reserve attributes, seascape heterogeneity and latitude on the magnitude of reserve‐connectivity effects.Results Snappers (Lutjanidae) and rabbitfish (Siganidae) were more abundant on reserve reefs close to mangroves in all regions. These interactive effects also enhanced the abundance of sweetlip (Haemulidae), bream (Sparidae), harvested fish, herbivores and piscivores and species richness in two of the three regions examined. Spatial variation in the magnitude of reserve‐connectivity effects was explained by differences among reserves in seascape variables (i.e. area of mangroves and reef, duration of mangrove inundation and distance to rivers) but not by reserve attributes (i.e. age, size, poaching) or latitude.Main conclusions Habitat connectivity improved the effectiveness of reserves across the western Pacific Ocean. We recommend that heterogeneous landscapes with high‐habitat connectivity should be viewed as high priorities for conservation. By improving our understanding of connectivity, and through its explicit incorporation into conservation, we may have greater success in restoring biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems.
The interaction between a drying climate and land use affects forest structure and above‐ground carbon storage
Authors: Bennett Joanne M. , Cunningham Shaun C. , Connelly Christine A. , Clarke Rohan H. , Thomson James R. , Mac Nally Ralph 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimClimate change has been linked to negative effects on vegetation, including drought‐induced dieback. Large‐scale dieback not only leads to considerable carbon emissions but often leads to loss of ecological resources. We investigated whether, and how, the structure, composition and carbon content changed over a period of extended drought (the ‘Big Dry’) in a much‐modified forest ecosystem. We explored whether landscape configuration, management practice or soil type influenced vegetation change.LocationThe Box‐Ironbark forests of south‐eastern Australia.MethodsIn 2010, we remeasured 120 forest transects that had first been measured in 1997 by using identical field methods. Vegetation structure and composition were quantified. We used allometric growth models to estimate the expected increase in above‐ground carbon (AGC) storage between 1997 and 2010; these estimates were compared with observed values.ResultsForest structure was systematically different between the two periods. Canopy cover, shrub cover and litter decreased between the 1997 and 2010 surveys, whereas total basal area of dead trees, dead trees in all size classes and saplings increased between the two surveys. Climate, fragment size and their interaction were the major predictors of change in most of the measured vegetation characteristics. By comparing measured AGC in 2010 and estimates from growth models, we estimated that 5.6 ± 2.1 SE t C ha−1 may have been foregone over the Big Dry.Main conclusionsOur findings add to the evidence linking climate change to negative effects on vegetation, including mortality, canopy dieback and reduced carbon sequestration. These effects may be amplified in fragmented vegetation because of greater water and heat stress. If the carbon sequestration deficit of c. 5.6 t C ha−1 were to apply across the extant Box‐Ironbark forests of Victoria (c. 255,400 ha), then 1.43 Mt of carbon sequestration may not have occurred during the Big Dry.
Effects of fertilization management on pasture productivity and nutrient composition
Authors: Chinea E. , Arévalo J. R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBiomass productivity in poor soils is limited by several factors, among which are climatic conditions and nutrients. The most important limiting nutrients in plant productivity are nitrogen and phosphorus, even in regions receiving <200 mm precipitation. In this study, we evaluated the improvement in pasture and soil quality using different fertilization management procedures over 2 years in phosphorus‐deficient soils. Three different fertilizers were used: urban solid waste (USW), ecofertilizer (EF) and calcium superphosphate (SP). The hypothesis that fertilization management significantly improves the quality of the soil and forage for cattle was also tested.Results showed that biomass change depended on the year but not on the treatment. Different percentages of functional groups (graminoids, leguminoids and others) were compared by year and treatment. The results were similar for the three groups. In general, the sampled year was more important than the treatments. Soil composition did show some changes, e.g. higher levels of phosphorus in soils fertilized with USW than in the soils under other treatments. As for plant nutrient composition, control plots revealed lower levels of nutrients for graminoids and leguminoids, while the results were irregular in the case of the other species group. For the fertilized plots, USW and SP revealed better results in graminoids, whereas for leguminoids, EF was more nutrient effective in 2004. In 2003, the three fertilizers led to improvements in soil and forage quality compared with the controls.Given the dependence of the local population on goat produce, we suggest a restoration of degraded native pasture areas using these treatments. In particular, USW increases productivity but has minimal effects on functional group composition and soil nutrient cycles.
The information society: permanent crisis through the (dis)ordering of networks
Authors: MARSHALL JONATHAN PAUL 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPeople often assume that computerized networks are relatively stable and well connected. This implies that the network society, or information society, is also relatively stable, well ordered and adaptive. However, computer software and networks repeatedly fail or prove inadequate, so we cannot assume that network society is stable. Similarly, misinformation is as expected and socially important as information. By taking this disorder seriously, it becomes possible to observe data that paradigms that primarily seek order exclude and to reveal some of the fundamental paradoxes of the information society that simultaneously both undermine and establish that society. By means of these informational paradoxes, I consider and elucidate some network and software failures from January 2011.
Second Italy: distance education in a Second‐Life international studies project
Authors: VANNI ILARIA 
Published: June 2013

AbstractReflecting on recent literature on digital literacies, I consider the use of the virtual world Second Life in distance education. To do so, I draw on theories of learning that accommodate elements of instability and uncertainty. Tacit learning is the process of acquiring knowledge from interaction and experience, or mess and play growing out of interactive and networked processes, as opposed to understanding teaching as passing knowledge down. I explore these points through a case study, Isola del Giglio, which is a learning site built in Second Life as part of a double degree in international studies at the University of Technology, Sydney. In the article, I describe the students' learning experiences during their exchange year in Italy and the in‐world learning experience in Second Life.
Linking people with long‐term health conditions to healthy community activities: development of Patient‐Led Assessment for Network Support (PLANS)
Authors: Blickem Christian , Kennedy Anne , Vassilev Ivaylo , Morris Rebecca , Brooks Helen , Jariwala Praksha , Blakeman Tom , Rogers Anne 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo combine insights from service users with long‐term conditions (LTCs) to assist the development of a community referral intervention designed to promote engagement and improve access to health‐relevant resources.BackgroundSocial deprivation and reduced access to resources have been causally linked with social isolation and the ability to manage LTCs. Participation in meaningful activity has been associated with positive health benefits, and strategies to promote access to community activities have shown some potential to improve outcomes for people with LTCs. This suggests the need to develop an engagement and referral intervention in partnership with service users and community groups as part of mainstream self‐care support.MethodA series of focus groups and interviews with members of community groups in Greater Manchester designed as an iterative and collaborative approach to elicit the role of personal and community networks that support long‐term condition management (LTCM) to develop a community referral tool.ResultsParticipants reported a broad range of resources relevant to LTCM that often went beyond the usual concerns associated with self‐care. This helped to inform a tool (PLANS) to tailor access to types of community‐based resources which can support LTCM.ConclusionsUnderstanding the everyday challenges of living with a LTC highlighted the importance of connecting and engaging with localized support for people. In response to this, we developed an intervention (PLANS) which tailors access to local resources based on personal preferences, needs and acceptability to encourage service users to engage with sustainable health choices.
Patient and service user engagement in research: a systematic review and synthesized framework
Authors: Shippee Nathan D. , Domecq Garces Juan Pablo , Prutsky Lopez Gabriela J. , Wang Zhen , Elraiyah Tarig A. , Nabhan Mohammed , Brito Juan P. , Boehmer Kasey , Hasan Rim , Firwana Belal , Erwin Patricia J. , Montori Victor M. , Murad M Hassan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere is growing attention towards increasing patient and service user engagement (PSUE) in biomedical and health services research. Existing variations in language and design inhibit reporting and indexing, which are crucial to comparative effectiveness in determining best practices.ObjectiveThis paper utilizes a systematic review and environmental scan to derive an evidence‐based framework for PSUE.DesignA metanarrative systematic review and environmental scan/manual search using scientific databases and other search engines, along with feedback from a patient advisory group (PAG).Eligible sourcesEnglish‐language studies, commentaries, grey literature and other sources (including systematic and non‐systematic reviews) pertaining to patient and public involvement in biomedical and health services research.Data extractedStudy description (e.g. participant demographics, research setting) and design, if applicable; frameworks, conceptualizations or planning schemes for PSUE‐related endeavours; and methods for PSUE initiation and gathering patients'/service users' input or contributions.ResultsOverall, 202 sources were included and met eligibility criteria; 41 of these presented some framework or conceptualization of PSUE. Sources were synthesized into a two‐part framework for PSUE: (i) integral PSUE components include patient and service user initiation, reciprocal relationships, colearning and re‐assessment and feedback, (ii) sources describe PSUE at several research stages, within three larger phases: preparatory, execution and translational.Discussion and ConclusionsEfforts at developing a solid evidence base on PSUE are limited by the non‐standard and non‐empirical nature of much of the literature. Our proposed two‐part framework provides a standard structure and language for reporting and indexing to support comparative effectiveness and optimize PSUE.
Total and unbound darunavir pharmacokinetics in pregnant women infected with HIV‐1: results of a study of darunavir/ritonavir 600/100 mg administered twice daily
Authors: Zorrilla CD , Wright R , Osiyemi OO , Yasin S , Baugh B , Brown K , Coate B , Verboven P , Mrus J , Falcon R , Kakuda TN 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesAntiretroviral therapy during pregnancy is recommended to reduce the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV and for maternal care management. Physiological changes during pregnancy can affect pharmacokinetics, potentially altering pharmacological activity. We therefore evaluated the pharmacokinetics of twice‐daily (bid) darunavir in HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women.MethodsHIV‐1‐infected pregnant women receiving an antiretroviral regimen containing darunavir/ritonavir 600/100 mg bid were enrolled in this study. Total and unbound darunavir and total ritonavir plasma concentrations were obtained over 12 h during the second and third trimesters and postpartum. Total darunavir and ritonavir plasma concentrations were determined using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay and unbound darunavir was determined using 14C‐darunavir‐fortified plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental analysis.ResultsData were available for 14 women. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC12h) for total darunavir was 17–24% lower during pregnancy than postpartum. The AUC12h for unbound darunavir was minimally reduced during pregnancy vs. postpartum. The minimum plasma concentration (Cmin) of total and unbound darunavir was on average 43–86% and 10–14% higher, respectively, during pregnancy vs. postpartum. The antiviral response (< 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) was 33% at baseline and increased to 73–90% during treatment; the percentage CD4 count increased over time. One serious adverse event was reported (increased transaminase). All 12 infants born to women remaining in the study at delivery were HIV‐1‐negative; four of these infants were premature.ConclusionsTotal darunavir exposure decreased during pregnancy. No clinically relevant change in unbound (active) darunavir occurred during pregnancy, suggesting that no dose adjustment is required for darunavir/ritonavir 600/100 mg bid in pregnant women.
The influence of epigenetics in relation to oral health
Authors: Lod S , Johansson T , Abrahamsson KH , Larsson L 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe immune response is influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as disease and environmental factors. The term ‘epigenetics’ describes changes in the genome that influence the gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. In contrast to genetic changes in the DNA, epigenetic changes are reversible and are influenced by environmental factors. The aim of this study is to review the literature on epigenetic modifications with respect to oral health and inflammatory conditions in the oral cavity and to discuss the potential use of this new research field for the dental hygienists' and/or dentists' clinical work. Relevant publications were identified using the PubMed database without limits. The searches were conducted during January to March 2012 and resulted in articles published between 1912 and 2012. Key factors such as environment, diet, smoking, bacteria and inflammation were identified to be relevant to oral health. The result of this review article shows that there is a void in the research on epigenetics in relation to oral health. Identification of epigenetic modifications correlating with oral health may not only present a link between the influence of genetics and that of the environment on oral diseases but also provide new treatment models and tools for the dental professionals.
Seasonal asthma caused by airborne Platanus pollen
Authors: SUBIZA J. , CABRERA M. , VALDIVIESO R. , SUBIZA J.‐L. , JEREZ M. , JIMÉNEZ J. A. , NARGANES M. J. , SUBIZA E. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThis work describes three patients suffering from bronchial asthma after being naturally exposed to airborne plane‐tree pollen. The three patients gave immediate response in skin tests and dual response in bronchial provocations using Platanus hybrida extract. There was specific seric IgE activity against this/these antigen(s) with the CAP system. The three patients also showed significant correlation (P < 0·001) between their rhinitis and asthma symptom‐scores registered on their diary cards and plane‐tree pollen counts, collected using the Burkard spore trap. Among 187 patients living in Madrid and who came to our centre with a history of rhinitis and/or seasonal asthma, we found a prevalence of positive skin‐prick tests to Platanus of 56%, only surpassed by gramineous pollen (Dactylis glomerata and/or Trisetum paniceum) 92% and Olea europaea 63%. The aerobiological sampling of the pollen content of the air in Madrid, carried out between 1 January 1979 and 31 December 1993 revealed an airborne presence (per cent of total yearly pollen count, mean of 1979–1993) of 14·9% for the Platanus, 14·8% for grasses, 9·8% for Olea and 3·6% for Plantago. The Platanus is one of the most frequently found pollens in the atmosphere over Madrid. At present, in this geographical area, a high percentage of patients with pollinosis are sensitive to this pollen. At least in some of these patients Platanus pollen is capable of inducing rhinitis and bronchial asthma.