bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diasporas: historical and conceptual analysis
Authors: Dufoix Stéphane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOn September 15, 2010, four students from New York University announced the source code for a new international social network, which they named Diaspora. They regard it as an anti‐Facebook social network: whereas Facebook is an entirely centered network that users cannot really modify and appropriate because of strict control by the site owners, the Diaspora social network is supposed to be more democratic and more open, and to function as a truly multipolar network in which no real center is visible. Its users become actors and contribute to the evolution of the network.
Discrimination and migration: race
Authors: Merenstein Beth Frankel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe construction of racial categories and the racism existent in the United States are politically, culturally, and socially related to each other. How groups define themselves, and how groups are defined by others, are very much dependent on the way the racial social structure and racial hierarchy are expressed. At one time, our primarily binary construction (white and black) was due to the kind of racism – overt Jim Crow style – in existence. Currently, the way we see ourselves and the way we define others has as much to do with who is in our surrounding environment as with the larger social structure. In this case, consider California and the differences between San Diego and San Francisco. In the former, a large Mexican and Mexican American population will influence the perceptions and relations between different groups. However, in San Francisco, it is the larger Asian and Asian American community that will likely be influencing the social and political climate there. In this way, we can begin to understand the complex and varied ways in which immigration and migration influence both the social construction of race and the corresponding and related dimensions of racism.
East Africa: migration 1960s to present
Authors: Binaisa Naluwembe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEast Africa is the region from which genetic models map the earliest human migrations (Liu et al. 2006). The principal countries of East Africa are Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda with a population of 39.8 million, 43.7 million, and 32.7 million respectively (UNDP 2009). Their geography encompasses savannahs, lakes, semi‐arid regions, mountains, and verdant soils and is home to a variety of people whose migration history is intimately linked to this landscape. Their interdependent yet divergent social, political, and economic development is central to the voluntary and forced migration flows that have marked this region (Gould 1995). Four important interventions have directly impacted the dimension and flows of migration within East Africa in the modern era. These are the institutionalisation of nation state boundaries by colonial powers that in many respects erected false boundaries between people of shared ethnicity (Adepoju 1998); the impact of industrialisation and globalization (Skeldon 1990); conflict and environmental crises (Naudé 2010).
ECOWAS and migration
Authors: Afani Ali 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
People, groups, and organizations rarely combine or act in concert if there are no benefits to be drawn from such cooperation. Mutual benefit is the foundation upon which is built most forms of economic cooperation This remains the belief, at least in theory. Regional alliances in the mold of the European Union (EU) or that of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are far from being a new phenomenon. In fact, the idea of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the brainchild of General Yakubu Gowon, who had chaired the summit, took seed from African political leaders' desire to lay a foundation of some sort of a cooperative and integrative arrangement modeled after the EU (Ogbeidi 2010).
Emancipation from slavery, modern era
Authors: Lago Enrico Dal 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAt the mid‐eighteenth century, slavery was well entrenched in the Atlantic World, being widespread in most of the New World colonies of the European empires, and in substantial areas of Africa. Having steadily progressed in terms of profitability since the 17th century, the colonial slave system of the Americas had reached by then its maturity, yielding immense wealth to the planter elites in the form of cash crops such as, especially, sugar, tobacco, and rice. Yet, in the second half of the 18th century, a combination of factors – chief among them the spread of Enlightenment doctrines of human rights, the beginning of classical political economy based on wage labor, and the upheavals caused by the Age of Revolutions (1776–1825) – led to a sudden end of the colonial slave system, as a number of new countries freed themselves from the European colonial yoke, first and foremost the United States and, more importantly, Haiti – the only example of successful slave rebellion in history; shortly afterwards, also the British and the American Atlantic slave trades met with an equally sudden end (Davis 1984).
Ethnic and national pride
Authors: Couton Philippe 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Belonging to a well‐defined ethnic or national community can be a great source of individual and collective pride. This strong sense of satisfaction and positive self‐evaluation, as pride is commonly defined, can in turn motivate important social and political movements intent on furthering the interest of the ethnocultural group concerned. Those seeking independence from a larger political unit are among the most visible and widely discussed (prominent contemporary examples include, among many other cases, the nationalist movements in Quebec, Kurdistan, and Scotland) but many pursue different objectives: ethnonational “revival” movements, which usually seek to inject new life into a given culture (and its language, religion, or art) without necessarily pursuing full sovereignty; emancipatory movements, often organized by groups that have been the victims of long‐standing, extreme forms of racial oppression (the vast African diaspora is the primary example); nativist movements intent on homogenizing their society (by limiting immigration or by restricting the rights of minorities, two causes espoused by a number of political parties in Europe and in parts of Asia); extreme movements whose primary motivation is the elimination of those races perceived to be inferior and external to the dominant group (far right nationalist and “white pride” movements are examples).
Ethnic cleansing
Authors: Mulaj Klejda 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term “ethnic cleansing” captures the grim reality of a long‐standing historical problem, such as the mass expulsion of ethnic minorities. As a state policy, mass expulsion has been first attributed to the Assyrians, who during the years 883–859BCEand 669–627BCEare reported to have resettled up to 4.5 million people in order to crush their resistance and disloyalty (Bell‐Fialkoff 1996: 7). Prior to the Middle Ages the dynamics of ethnic cleansing were mainly economic: in service of control of alien territories. In the Middle Ages, nonetheless, ethnic cleansing was perpetrated also on religious grounds against minorities who did not subscribe to the established religion (Walling 2000).
Ethnicity theory for migration research
Authors: Sezneva Olga 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Ethnicity is a form of social solidarity. Its distinct feature is the understanding of commonality in terms of shared descent, culture, and the symbolic valorization of “ancestral land.” More broadly, sociologists have characterized it as a subjectively experienced sense of belonging and a mode of creating social groups by drawing boundaries. Ethnicity takes its strength from the emotional commitments people forge in their everyday interactions, and demonstrates its organizational force in shaping categorical identities on the basis of similarity and difference – “us” and “them.”
Europe: migration and settlement, North America and the world
Authors: Miller Mark J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This essay examines the historical expansion of Europe from the 1500s to the 2010s – a five‐century era in which a once marginal, disparate, and fractious continent came to dominate the world political economy. Drawing on historical research on French, British Atlantic, and then US colonization, invasion, and settlement, this examination contributes to an understanding of a unique form of European empire‐building, excluding the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch colonial enterprises, that reached across the Atlantic and beyond, contributing to unique forms of Europeanization at specific phases throughout the period. Focusing on Europe's expansion, the discussion does not take into account the political and economic development outside of Europe that is documented by world historians who validly account for the significance of non‐Western societies, which had been too often neglected in the dominant paradigms.
European Union: enlargement and the free movement of labor
Authors: Krings Torben 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe EU free movement regime possibly represents “the most open cross‐state movement policy worldwide” (Recchi 2006: 71). European Union citizens have therightto move to any other EU member state and take up residency and employment. However, when eight former socialist countries from Central and East Europe acceded to the EU in 2004 and 2007, most “old” EU‐15 member states restricted access to their labor markets because of concerns that labor mobility from the new member states (NMS) could undermine wages and employment conditions. In spite of these restrictions, and importantly because a small number of EU‐15 countries immediately opened their labor market, enlargement has triggered a new wave of labor mobility in Europe. Since 2004, tens of thousands of mainly young NMS citizens have “gone West.” The often‐lamented “immobile European” appears to be a thing of the past. Before we assess the scale and impact of recent East–West migration, we will first trace the evolution of the EU free movement regime.
Fair trade and migration
Authors: Linton April 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Does fair trade reduce migration? Yes, but the answer is nuanced. Farmers who are able to sell their produce under fair trade terms are much less likely to leave their farms for urban destinations within their own country. But participation in fair trade and international migration are very compatible strategies because migration is an important way to diversify economic risk. Whether or not farmers or their family members migrate is more influenced by their community's history of migration (or nonmigration) than by fair trade.
Farm laborers, United States and Canada
Authors: Peard Billy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough the term has slightly different meanings in different contexts, the most precise and inclusive definition for a migrant farm worker is “itinerant harvester or planter.” This reflects the reality that virtually all farm laborers in the United States are involved in the labor‐intensive processes found at the beginning or at the end of the growing cycle. As one commentator noted, the term “migrant farm worker” is the commonly accepted terminology because “itinerant” lacks phonetic grace and “seasonal farm worker” erroneously assumes that all seasonal work involves long‐distance travel (Moore 1965: xi). A migrant farm worker is defined by US law as someone “whose employment requires travel that preclude[s] the farm worker from returning to his or her domicile within the same day” (Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers Protection Act, codified as 29 USC 1802). Notwithstanding legal definitions, the term is best understood in conjunction with the unique circumstances that led to the current agricultural economy, which manages to feed the nation by employing less than 2 percent of the workforce (Rothenberg 1998: 62).
Film and migration, New Europe
Authors: Higbee Will 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The term “New Europe” has been used to refer to those nations located in Central and Eastern Europe (including the Balkans) involved in the transformation from communist states to capitalist democracies since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the communist bloc and former Soviet republics during the 1990s. While it may offer a useful shorthand for politicians, bureaucrats, and journalists seeking to designate the status of accession states and applicants to join an enlarged European Union (EU), the largely rhetorical term “New Europe” is homogenizing in the sense that it denies national, cultural, ethnic, and religious specificities as well as the political tensions that exist between (and in some cases even within) these nations. Such differences arise largely from nation‐specific responses to the postcommunist world on the one hand (Smith & Teague 1999), and the “modernizing” impulses of movement toward membership of the EU on the other (Kurti 1997). In addition to suggesting a fixed perspective of just what constitutes “New” and “Old” Europe, the neologism “New Europe” also presupposes a consensus over the broader question of how we define the history and identity of Europe as a geopolitical entity or imagined community. As a conceptual term, “New Europe” is therefore limited and limiting in virtually all senses: political, historical, sociological, and cultural.
Film, national cinema, and migration
Authors: Bertellini Giorgio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe emergence of motion pictures and the phenomenon of world migrations are profoundly interrelated: their threads span from social and economic history to racial politics and film aesthetics. The historical appearance of moving pictures in the West coincided, in fact, with an increasing network of commercial transactions and movement of goods and peoples that connected industrially developed countries with each other and with underdeveloped ones. Over the past half‐century, migration patterns have followed ever more complicated geographical routes. As such they have more broadly and radically affected contemporary media geography and film poetics even though migrations per se have not had a comparably transformative impact on all national film cultures. Still, the world's film cultures, when read through the lens of migration, reveal overlooked historical junctures and inform fruitful revisionist takes, particularly with regard to national cinemas’ past and future significance.
Gay migration, late 19th century to present
Authors: Aldrich Robert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe migration of homosexual men and women cannot be measured as easily as can other forms of human mobility. Almost no countries include questions about sexual orientation in their census data. People with same‐sex urges would often be reticent about revealing their inclinations to public authorities, especially in countries where homosexual acts remain criminalized. Furthermore, the notions of “homosexual” and “gay” are generally accepted as constructed identities, with the labels holding little relevance even for many whose erotic and romantic desires tend towards the same gender.
Germany, migration, 1980s to present
Authors: Limbach Eric H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 1980 West Germany was still a largely homogeneous society with significant, though relatively small, communities of foreigners, mostly confined to larger cities and comprising around 7 percent of the total national population. Even in the larger cities, the percentage of foreign‐born residents only exceeded 15 percent in Frankfurt and Munich. Many of these foreigners had first arrived in the Federal Republic as contract laborers from southern Europe and Turkey in the 1960s, and had taken advantage of family reunification policies in the 1970s to settle more or less permanently in the country. This proportion of foreign‐born residents within the West German population remained static throughout the 1980s, despite attempts by the federal government to encourage return migration by providing departure bonuses and refunding workers' social security contributions (Chapin 1997). Despite official statements that these foreigners should be considered temporary migrants, the benefits available to them through the West German social welfare system ensured that the majority probably considered themselves to be permanent residents. East Germany, by comparison, had a very small foreign‐born population in 1980, and indeed throughout the decade: around 200,000 laborers from countries like Vietnam and Mozambique, most of whom had little contact with the native population (Bade 2003b).
Global trade and international migration
Authors: Poot Jacques 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration and trade have been interconnected since the dawn of humanity. In order to conduct trade, traders needed to travel; and some traders settled in foreign lands. Moreover, the colonialization of acquired territories necessitated sufficient labor to develop the colonies and often led to willing, or forced, migration which then triggered an exchange of resources and commodities between colonies and the “homelands.” Since the 19th century, migration and trade have been closely‐linked features of global economic integration. Much has already been written about similarities and dissimilarities between globalization in the late 19th and 20th centuries with respect to trade and migration (see, e.g., Williamson 1996). This essay focuses therefore on the situation over the last forty years.
Greek colonization movement, 8th–6th centuriesBCE
Authors: Descœudres Jean‐Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe importance of the process commonly known as the “Greek colonization movement” is best illustrated by two maps, both showing the Greek‐speaking areas in antiquity: the first at the time the movement was about to start, around 750BCE(Figure 1), the second when it was nearing its completion around 550BCE(Figure 2). Over a period of just 200 years, Greeks expanded from their original homelands (limited to the southern tip of the Balkans, the Aegean islands, the coast of Asia Minor, and Cyprus) to form an almost uninterrupted chain of well over 100 settlements around much of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea , a “fringe woven around the territories inhabited by barbarians,” to use Cicero's words (RepublicII, 4: 9). (See the list in Tsetskhladze 2006: lxvii–lxxiii, to which we can add Dikaia in the northern Aegean [Tiverios 2008: 24–25] and Orikos in the Adriatic [Pseudo‐Scymnus: 442–4], both said to be Euboean foundations.)
Greek migrations and colonies, ancient era
Authors: Tsetskhladze Gocha 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIt is somewhat misleading to use the term colonization for Greek expansion and settlement overseas in the Archaic period. We continue to do so for convenience and for want of any better (or acceptable) term to describe a phenomenon of unprecedented scale (in this period nearly 150 settlements were established in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). This emigration movement had many sides. Thanks to it the physical and intellectual boundaries were pushed outward to such an extent that Plato could describe the world as extending from the Pillars of Hercules to the River Phasis (Phaedo109b), that is, from the western tip of the Mediterranean to the eastern edge of the Black Sea.
Guest workers policies, East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Lu Melody Chia‐Wen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe recruitment and control of migrant labor are integral elements of state developmental strategies in East and Southeast Asia (Athukorala 2006). Many countries in these regions rely on a large number of migrant workers primarily from Asia, while enacting policies to prevent particularly low‐skilled migrants gaining citizenship or long‐term residency status. Hence the term “guest‐worker policies” is used to denote wide‐ranging efforts to prevent migrants who are perceived to possess no advanced skills from becoming citizens or long‐term residents. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is an exception to this, as it continues to apply strict migration controls on its domestic “rural workers” that share similar characteristics with guest‐worker policies in other Asian states. These characteristics are:
Hague Programme on migration
Authors: Afani Ali 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
When people emigrate from less prosperous countries to more affluent regions, their decisions are most often founded on the need to overcome abject poverty and improve their economic standing. Human migration – the act of relocating from one's place of origin to a new destination with the view of temporary or permanent settlement – is no new phenomenon; it has been an integral part of the human experience from time immemorial. Countries of the world enjoy varied degrees of wealth, resources – natural or otherwise – as well as different levels of technological, scientific, and economic development. From such activities grow new family roots, and old ones, which have for generations nourished and sustained family trees, become loose, or are sometimes even completely uprooted. Immigration, while morally and economically sound, does not unfold without posing a significant number of challenges to nations that play host to the new immigrants.
Health and migration: Latin Americans in the United States
Authors: Jochem Fernando Riosmena and Warren C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Latin American immigrants to the United States come from a variety of places and, thus, disease environments. As such, their health profiles differ considerably from those of individuals born in the United States (including those of people of Hispanic descent), though not necessarily in the way one might expect. Although foreign‐born Latinos come from places with arguably less favorable health profiles relative to that of the United States, they exhibit better physical health than US‐born non‐Hispanic whites in many (but not all) measures, especially mortality (Cunningham et al. 2008). This finding is known as the Hispanic Health Paradox (HHP) because Latino immigrants tend to have lower average socioeconomic status, and social class generally has a strong and positive relationship with health (Adler & Ostrove 1999). Despite this (initial) advantage, the health of Hispanic immigrants also seems to worsen with their adaptation to the prevalent values, customs, and behaviors of the host society, a process known as negative acculturation (Lara et al. 2005).
Hippy trails
Authors: Ateljevic Irena 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ideology of hippy subculture – a youth movement that arose in the United States during the mid‐1960s, which subsequently spread to Europe – was partly locally produced and partly imported from the East. One invited another. The political conditions of the cold war, McCarthyism, the growing threat and increasingly destructive nature of the atom bomb, and the Vietnam War created fertile ground for the offspring of the depression generation to reject their parents' values of prudence, order, hygiene, and Judeo‐Christian morality. Their ideals were: personal empowerment, cultural and political decentralization, communal living, ecological awareness, higher consciousness (often achieved with the aid of psychedelic drugs), and radical liberal political consciousness (Ray and Anderson 2000). The West was perceived as polluted, and pureness was thought by many to be found in the opposite geographic direction, in the East.