bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of non‐invasive and invasive blood pressure in aeromedical care
Authors: McMahon N. , Hogg L. A. , Corfield A. R. , Exton A. D. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBlood pressure measurement is an essential physiological measurement for all critically ill patients. Previous work has shown that non‐invasive blood pressure is not an accurate reflection of invasive blood pressure measurement. In a transport environment, the effects of motion and vibration may make non‐invasive blood pressure less accurate. Consecutive critically ill patients transported by a dedicated aeromedical retrieval and critical care transfer service with simultaneous invasive and non‐invasive blood pressure measurements were analysed. Two sets of measurements were recorded, first in a hospital environment before departure (pre‐flight) and a second during aeromedical transport (in‐flight). A total of 56 complete sets of data were analysed. Bland‐Altman plots showed limits of agreement (precision) for pre‐flight systolic blood pressure were −37.3 mmHg to 30.0 mmHg, and for pre‐flight mean arterial pressure −20.5 mmHg to 25.0 mmHg. The limits of agreement for in‐flight systolic blood pressure were −40.6 mmHg to 33.1 mmHg, while those for in‐flight mean blood pressure in‐flight were −23.6 mmHg to 24.6 mmHg. The bias for the four conditions ranged from 0.5 to −3.8 mmHg. There were no significant differences in values between pre‐flight and in‐flight blood pressure measurements for all categories of blood pressure measurement. Thus, our data show that non‐invasive blood pressure is not a precise reflection of invasive intra‐arterial blood pressure. Mean blood pressure measured non‐invasively may be a better marker of invasive blood pressure than systolic blood pressure. Our data show no evidence of non‐invasive blood pressures being less accurate in an aeromedical transport environment.
A widespread contaminant enhances invasion success of a marine invader
Authors: McKenzie Louise A. , Brooks Robert C. , Johnston Emma L. 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. The global transfer of species by human vectors is continuing despite the use of managerial controls such as antifouling biocides and pesticide applications. The process of introduction now exposes species to novel conditions which may select for tolerance to a contaminant. Invader establishment success is influenced by both the supply of invasive propagules and disturbance. Therefore, it is important to understand whether tolerance to an anthropogenic disturbance, such as contamination, can change the parameters of supply in a way that inadvertently augments the invasion process.2. To test whether the invasion process is influenced by a widespread contaminant, we investigated how recruitment of the invasive hull‐fouling bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata is affected by exposure to copper‐based antifouling paint. We quantified settlement patterns in control and copper environments and then assessed post‐settlement survival and fitness components.3. Copper significantly increased total recruitment success despite greater post‐settlement mortality. Surviving recruits differed morphologically, with shorter ancestrulae and smaller colonies in high copper treatments. These results show a strong positive affiliation between larval W. subtorquata and high levels of copper although there are associated fitness costs.4. Syntheses and applications. We found a direct positive effect of contamination on recruitment of a common invasive species. This process is likely to be relevant to other non‐indigenous species (NIS) that exhibit a positive affiliation with metal contamination. Copper can potentially enhance success at multiple stages of the invasion process, including facilitating transport and establishment, by increasing the supply and retention of individuals into anthropogenically disturbed environments. Identification of tolerance to contamination as a species trait may also aid in predicting a species invasiveness and spread. Management of metal pollution through remediation and alternative copper‐free antifouling techniques would help prevent the spread and establishment of many marine NIS.
Making use of harvest information to examine alternative management scenarios: a body weight‐structured model for wild boar
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Servanty Sabrina , Gimenez Olivier , Toïgo Carole , Baubet Eric , Klein François , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. Harvest models are often built to explore the sustainability of the dynamics of exploited populations and to help evaluate hunting management scenarios. Age‐structured models are commonly used for ungulate population dynamics. However, the age of hunted individuals is usually not recorded, and hunting data often only include body weight and sex limiting the usefulness of traditional models.2. We propose a new modelling approach that fits data collected by hunters to develop management rules when age is not available. Using wild boar Sus scrofa scrofa as a case study, we built a matrix model structured according to sex and body weight whose output can be directly compared with the observed distribution of hunted individuals among sex and body weight classes.3. In the face of the current wide scale increase in populations of wild boar, the best feasible option to stop or slow down population growth involves targeting the hunting effort to specific sex and body weight classes. The optimal harvest proportion in the target body weight classes is estimated using sensitivity analyses.4. The number of individuals shot in each sex and body weight class predicted by our model was closely associated with those recorded in the hunting bag. Increasing the hunting pressure on medium‐sized females by 14·6% was the best option to limit growth rate to a target of 0·90.5. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that targeting hunting effort to specific body weight classes could reliably control population growth. Our modelling approach can be applied to any game species where group composition, phenotypic traits or coat colour allows hunters to easily identify sex and body weight classes. This offers a promising tool for applying selective hunting to the management of game species.
Managing the long‐term persistence of a rare cockatoo under climate change
Authors: Berton C. Harris J. , Fordham Damien A. , Mooney Patricia A. , Pedler Lynn P. , Araújo Miguel B. , Paton David C. , Stead Michael G. , Watts Michael J. , Reşit Akçakaya H. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. Linked demographic‐bioclimatic models are emerging tools for forecasting climate change impacts on well‐studied species, but these methods have been used in few management applications, and species interactions have not been incorporated. We combined population and bioclimatic envelope models to estimate future risks to the viability of a cockatoo population posed by climate change, increased fire frequency, beak‐and‐feather disease and reduced management.2. The South Australian glossy black‐cockatooCalyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinusis restricted to Kangaroo Island, Australia, where it numbers 350 birds and is managed intensively. The cockatoo may be at particular risk from climate change because of its insular geographic constraints and specialised diet on a single plant species,Allocasuarina verticillata. The cockatoo population model was parameterised with mark‐resight‐derived estimates of survival and fecundity from 13 years of demographic data. Species interactions were incorporated by using a climate‐change‐driven bioclimatic model ofAllocasuarina verticillataas a dynamic driver of habitat suitability. A novel application of Latin Hypercube sampling was used to assess the model’s sensitivity to input parameters.3. Results suggest that unmitigated climate change is likely to be a substantial threat for the cockatoo: all high‐CO2‐concentration scenarios had expected minimum abundances of <160 birds. Extinction was virtually certain if management of nest‐predating brush‐tail possumsTrichosurus vulpeculawas stopped, or adult survival reduced by as little as 5%. In contrast, the population is predicted to increase under low‐emissions scenarios.4. Disease outbreak, increased fire frequency and reductions in revegetation and management of competitive little corellasCacatua sanguinea, were all predicted to exacerbate decline, but these effects were buffered by the cockatoo population’s high fecundity.5. Spatial correlates of extinction risk, such as range area and total habitat suitability, were nonlinearly related to projected population size in the high‐CO2‐concentration scenario.6. Synthesis and applications. Mechanistic demographic‐bioclimatic simulations that incorporate species interactions can provide more detailed viability analyses than traditional bioclimatic models and be used to rank the cost‐effectiveness of management interventions. Our results highlight the importance of managing possum predation and maintaining high adult cockatoo survival. In contrast, corella and revegetation management could be experimentally reduced to save resources.
The biodiversity audit approach challenges regional priorities and identifies a mismatch in conservation
Authors: Dolman Paul M. , Panter Christopher J. , Mossman Hannah L. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Despite a strong uptake of evidence‐based approaches, conservation often proceeds from a grossly incomplete understanding of species priorities. To optimize conservation impact within a biogeographical region, quantitative knowledge is needed of the species present, which should be prioritized, and the management interventions these require. The next challenge is to avoid a proliferation of competing species plans, or conversely, a lack of detail within generic habitat‐based approaches.
We present a methodology for biodiversity auditing. We quantified regional biodiversity by systematically collating available species records, allowing objective prioritization. We collated autecological information to integrate multiple species into management guilds with shared requirements, providing evidence‐based guidance for regional conservation.
For two regions of Eastern England, Breckland (2300 km2) and The Broads (2000 km2), we collated 0·83 and 1·5‐million records, respectively. Numbers of species (12 845 and 11 067) and priority species (rare, threatened, designated or regionally restricted: 2097 and 1519, respectively) were orders of magnitude greater than previously recognized. Regional specialists, with a UK range largely or entirely restricted to the region, were poorly recognized posing a risk of regional homogenization.
A large body of autecological information existed for priority species and collating this allowed us to define cross‐taxa management guilds. Numbers of priority species requiring different combinations of ecological processes and conditions were not matched by current conservation practice in Breckland. For example, the current agri‐environment agreements for designated grass heaths potentially catered for only 15% of the 542 priority species and 21% of 47 regional specialists that could potentially benefit from evidence‐based management. A focus on vegetation composition rather than the ecological requirements of priority species underpinned this failure.
Synthesis and applications. The biodiversity audit approach provides an objective model for prioritization and cost‐effective conservation, applicable to regions of Europe where biodiversity has been well characterized. By using this approach to collate available information, management guilds with similar requirements can be defined across taxa, providing evidence‐based guidance for regional conservation.
Local‐scale factors structure wild bee communities in protected areas
Authors: Murray Tomás E. , Fitzpatrick Úna , Byrne Andrew , Fealy Réamonn , Brown Mark J. F. , Paxton Robert J. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

In the current context of global habitat loss, a fundamental challenge is to understand how ecological processes interact to determine community composition. Despite the accumulating evidence base for global declines in bee populations, few studies have addressed the relative importance of local environmental and large‐scale spatial factors in maintaining diverse bee communities outside of agricultural habitats, and particularly in areas protected for nature conservation.

We analysed bee community data that we collected from 40 Special Areas of Conservation representing five distinct European Natura 2000 priority habitats in Ireland, quantifying local habitat features within each site and surrounding land‐use. Species data were collected in a nested sampling design composed of three hierarchical levels such as ‘site’, ‘habitat’ and ‘region’ and analysed using diversity partitioning. The species–environment relationship was also decomposed into regional‐, landscape‐ and local‐scales by variance partitioning using partial canonical correspondence analysis.

Wild bee species richness and abundance were highly dependent on habitat type, but the majority of regional diversity was contained within sites, as opposed to species turnover across sites and regions. Bee communities were primarily structured by local‐scale factors associated with nesting resources and grazing regime, with non‐Bombus taxa being more sensitive to landscape‐scale differences in adjacent habitats than Bombus taxa. Regional‐scale processes, such as species sorting along longitudinal gradients, were of minor importance in structuring bee communities in this system.

Synthesis and applications. Within habitats, local species richness, rather than species turnover at higher spatial scales, accounted for the majority of regional bee diversity. Local environmental factors were powerful determinants of community composition. Therefore, management effort prioritising the maintenance of a diversity of high‐quality habitats within a broad network of protected areas best facilitates bee conservation in this system. At a regional level, schemes for conserving and restoring important bee habitats must be habitat‐ and taxon‐specific, as the impact of individual local‐scale factors and surrounding land‐use on community composition is highly habitat‐ and taxon‐dependent.
Merging connectivity rules and large‐scale condition assessment improves conservation adequacy in river systems
Authors: Linke Simon , Kennard Mark J. , Hermoso Virgilio , Olden Julian D. , Stein Janet , Pusey Bradley J. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryConservation adequacy is defined as the ability of conservation measures to sustain biodiversity. Although river network connectivity is important for maintaining key ecological processes and ensuring persistence of biodiversity, it also facilitates the propagation of threats along river networks, which may compromise the sustainability of freshwater biodiversity and therefore conservation adequacy. This study aims to introduce two modifications to river conservation planning related to connectivity and catchment condition that together can improve the adequacy of the priority areas identified. This will establish an operational framework for end‐users, such as policy makers andNGOs.We operationalize the connectivity framework that has recently emerged in systematic river conservation planning by using aGIScoding system for catchment location in the conservation software packagemarxan. Additionally, we use a landscape measure of catchment disturbance to direct the conservation plan to the least‐disturbed area while still meeting targets for the conservation of fish species used as surrogates for overall biodiversity in our study catchment, theDalyRiver in northernAustralia. This proxy for condition aggregates information on land‐use, extractive industries, point‐source pollution, and water infrastructure.We successfully modelled the distribution of 39 fish species based onGIS‐derived landscape descriptors (most important descriptors were; discharge, distance to river mouth, geology and conductivity).Results from the systematic planning analysis identified a portfolio of watersheds that delivered close to optimal upstream protection with around 4700 stream kilometres (30% of the total network). When using upstream disturbance as an extra penalty, most of the network stayed intact; however, a replacement area was found for a major tributary, which only added an extra 1% of the stream network to the total area.Synthesis and applications. Improving conservation adequacy by accounting for upstream connectivity and condition using this easy‐to‐implement framework and software package has the potential to facilitate further application of systematic methods in river conservation planning. Furthermore, integrating condition as a discounting factor can also improve conservation adequacy in a broad range of environments (including terrestrial and marine), while not necessarily increasing the management costs.
Vehicle traffic shapes grizzly bear behaviour on a multiple‐use landscape
Authors: Northrup Joseph M. , Pitt Justin , Muhly Tyler B. , Stenhouse Gordon B. , Musiani Marco , Boyce Mark S. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Roads cause functional habitat loss, alter movement patterns and can become ecological traps for wildlife. Many of the negative effects of roads are likely to be a function of the human use of roads, not the road itself. However, few studies have examined the effect of temporally and spatially varying traffic patterns on large mammals, which could lead to misinterpretations about the impact of roads on wildlife.
We developed models of traffic volume for an entire road network in south‐western Alberta, Canada, and documented for the first time the response of grizzly bears Ursus arctos L to a wide range of traffic levels.
Traffic patterns caused a clear behavioural shift in grizzly bears, with increased use of areas near roads and movement across roads during the night when traffic was low. Bears selected areas near roads travelled by fewer than 20 vehicles per day and were more likely to cross these roads. Bears avoided roads receiving moderate traffic (20–100 vehicles per day) and strongly avoided high‐use roads (>100 vehicles per day) at all times.
Synthesis and applications. Grizzly bear responses to traffic caused a departure from typical behavioural patterns, with bears in our study being largely nocturnal. In addition, bears selected private agricultural land, which had lower traffic levels, but higher road density, over multi‐use public land. These results improve our understanding of bear responses to roads and can be used to refine management practices. Future management plans should employ a multi‐pronged approach aimed at limiting both road density and traffic in core habitats. Access management will be critical in such plans and is an important tool for conserving threatened wildlife populations.
Radar monitoring of migrating pink‐footed geese: behavioural responses to offshore wind farm development
Authors: Plonczkier Pawel , Simms Ian C. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

In the context of growing demand for offshore wind energy production in recent years, much effort has been made to determine the collision risk that offshore wind turbines pose to birds. Currently, only limited species‐specific data on migrating birds' avoidance rates and associated mortality at offshore wind farms exist.
During a 4‐year study, bird detection radar was used to monitor behavioural responses and flight changes of migrating pink‐footed geese in relation to two offshore wind farms during and after construction.
Radar recorded a total of 979 goose flocks migrating through the whole study area, of which 571 were visually confirmed as 39 957 pink‐footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus. Overall, we calculated that 97·25% of all flocks recorded by radar, in 2009 and 2010 combined, migrated without any risk of additional mortality associated with the constructed wind farms.
We identified a growing tendency of geese to avoid the wind farms and calculated that, for 2009 and 2010 combined, avoidance was exhibited by 94·46% of the original 292 flocks predicted to enter the wind farms.
Synthesis and applications. Migratory geese responded to offshore wind farms by adopting strong horizontal and vertical avoidance behaviour. For the first time, wind farm avoidance rates have been recorded for pink‐footed geese, and these rates will allow more robust impact assessments to be undertaken for both this species and waterfowl in general. Remote sensing techniques should be used to undertake long‐term impact assessments at offshore wind farms to provide an evidence‐base for assessing the mortality risk for migratory birds.
A continental‐scale tool for acoustic identification of European bats
Authors: Walters Charlotte L. , Freeman Robin , Collen Alanna , Dietz Christian , Brock Fenton M. , Jones Gareth , Obrist Martin K. , Puechmaille Sébastien J. , Sattler Thomas , Siemers Björn M. , Parsons Stuart , Jones Kate E. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Acoustic methods are used increasingly to survey and monitor bat populations. However, the use of acoustic methods at continental scales can be hampered by the lack of standardized and objective methods to identify all species recorded. This makes comparable continent‐wide monitoring difficult, impeding progress towards developing biodiversity indicators, trans‐boundary conservation programmes and monitoring species distribution changes.
Here we developed a continental‐scale classifier for acoustic identification of bats, which can be used throughout Europe to ensure objective, consistent and comparable species identifications. We selected 1350 full‐spectrum reference calls from a set of 15 858 calls of 34 European species, from EchoBank, a global echolocation call library. We assessed 24 call parameters to evaluate how well they distinguish between species and used the 12 most useful to train a hierarchy of ensembles of artificial neural networks to distinguish the echolocation calls of these bat species.
Calls are first classified to one of five call‐type groups, with a median accuracy of 97·6%. The median species‐level classification accuracy is 83·7%, providing robust classification for most European species, and an estimate of classification error for each species.
These classifiers were packaged into an online tool, iBatsID, which is freely available, enabling anyone to classify European calls in an objective and consistent way, allowing standardized acoustic identification across the continent.
Synthesis and applications. iBatsID is the first freely available and easily accessible continental‐scale bat call classifier, providing the basis for standardized, continental acoustic bat monitoring in Europe. This method can provide key information to managers and conservation planners on distribution changes and changes in bat species activity through time.