bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Deep Convection for Model Evaluation: Columns of Specific Differential Phase Observed during MC3E*
Authors: van Lier-Walqui Marcus , Fridlind Ann M. , Ackerman Andrew S. , Collis Scott , Helmus Jonathan , MacGorman Donald R. , North Kirk , Kollias Pavlos , Posselt Derek J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The representation of deep convection in general circulation models is in part informed by cloud-resolving models (CRMs) that function at higher spatial and temporal resolution; however, recent studies have shown that CRMs often fail at capturing the details of deep convection updrafts. With the goal of providing constraint on CRM simulation of deep convection updrafts, ground-based remote sensing observations are analyzed and statistically correlated for four deep convection events observed during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). Since positive values of specific differential phase observed above the melting level are associated with deep convection updraft cells, so-called columns are analyzed using two scanning polarimetric radars in Oklahoma: the National Weather Service Vance WSR-88D (KVNX) and the Department of Energy C-band Scanning Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Precipitation Radar (C-SAPR). KVNX and C-SAPR volumes and columns are then statistically correlated with vertical winds retrieved via multi-Doppler wind analysis, lightning flash activity derived from the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array, and KVNX differential reflectivity . Results indicate strong correlations of volume above the melting level with updraft mass flux, lightning flash activity, and intense rainfall. Analysis of columns reveals signatures of changing updraft properties from one storm event to another as well as during event evolution. Comparison of to shows commonalities in information content of each, as well as potential problems with associated with observational artifacts.
In vitro activity of Aloe vera inner gel against microorganisms grown in planktonic and sessile phases
Authors: Cataldi V , Di Bartolomeo S , Di Campli E , Nostro A , Cellini L , Di Giulio M 
Published: November 2015

The failure of traditional antimicrobial treatments is becoming a worldwide problem. The use of Aloe vera is of particular interest for its role as curative agent and its efficacy in complementary therapies for a variety of illnesses. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of A. vera inner gel against a panel of microorganisms, Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and Candida albicans. In addition to A. vera inner gel being used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, in dermatological treatments, and wound healing, it was also tested on the sessile phase of clinical Helicobacter pylori strains (including multi-drug-resistant strains) and on planktonic and sessile phase of Staphylococcus aureus/Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from venous leg ulcers. A. vera inner gel expresses its prevalent activity against Gram-negative bacteria and C. albicans in respect to Gram-positive bacteria. The results of the A. vera antibiofilm activity showed a decrease of the produced biomass in a concentration-dependent-way, in each analyzed microorganism. The data obtained show that A. vera inner gel has both an antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity suggesting its potential use for the treatment of microbial infections, in particular for H. pylori gastric infection, especially in case of multi-drug-resistance, as well as for an effective wound dressing.
Phylogeographic data revealed shallow genetic structure in the kelp Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yao Jian-Ting , Sun Zhong-Min , Fu Gang , Galanin Dmitry A. , Nagasato Chikako , Motomura Taizo , Hu Zi-Min , Duan De-Lin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundPopulation structure and genetic diversity of marine organisms in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean exhibited complex patterns.Saccharina japonicais a commercially and ecologically important kelp species widely distributed along the coast of Japan Sea. However, it is still poorly known about population genetics and phylogeographic patterns of wildS. japonicapopulations on a large geographic scale, which is an important contribution to breeding and conservation of this marine crop.ResultsWe collected 612 mitochondrialCOIandtrnW-trnL sequences. Diversity indices suggested thatS. japonicapopulations along the coast of Hokkaido exhibited the highest genetic diversity. Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) revealed four clusters in the kelp species (cluster 1: Hokkaido and South Korea; cluster 2: northwestern Hokkaido; cluster 3: Far Eastern Russia; cluster 4: China). The network inferred from concatenated data exhibited two shallow genealogies corresponding to two BAPS groups (cluster 2 and cluster 3). We did not detect gene flow between the two shallow genealogies, but populations within genealogy have asymmetric gene exchange. Bayesian skyline plots and neutrality tests suggested thatS. japonicaexperienced postglacial expansion around 10.45 ka.ConclusionsThe coast of Hokkaido might be the origin and diversification center ofS. japonica. Gene exchange amongS. japonicapopulations could be caused by anthropogenic interference and oceanographic regimes. Postglacial expansions and gene exchange apparently led to more shared haplotypes and less differentiation that in turn led to the present shallow phylogeographical patterns inS. japonica.
Comparison of community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and intensive care unit-acquired acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Kao Kuo-Chin , Hu Han-Chung , Hsieh Meng-Jer , Tsai Ying-Huang , Huang Chung-Chi 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome characterized by diffuse pulmonary edema and severe hypoxemia that usually occurs after an injury such as sepsis, aspiration and pneumonia. Little is known about the relation between the setting where the syndrome developed and outcomes in ARDS patients.

Methods
This is a 1-year prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary referred hospital. ARDS was defined by the Berlin criteria. Community-acquired ARDS, hospital-acquired ARDS and intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired ARDS were defined as ARDS occurring within 48 hours of hospital or ICU admission, more than 48 hours after hospital admission and ICU admission. The primary and secondary outcomes were short- and long- term mortality rates and ventilator-free and ICU-free days.

Results
Of the 3002 patients screened, 296 patients had a diagnosis of ARDS, including 70 (23.7 %) with community-acquired ARDS, 83 (28 %) with hospital-acquired ARDS, and 143 (48.3 %) with ICU-acquired ARDS. The overall ICU mortality rate was not significantly different in mild, moderate and severe ARDS (50 %, 50 % and 56 %, p = 0.25). The baseline characteristics were similar other than lower rate of liver disease and metastatic malignancy in community-acquired ARDS than in hospital-acquired and ICU-acquired ARDS. A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that age, sequential organ function assessment score and community-acquired ARDS were independently associated with hospital mortality. For community-acquired, hospital-acquired and ICU-acquired ARDS, ICU mortality rates were 37 % 61 % and 52 %; hospital mortality rates were 49 %, 74 % and 68 %. The ICU and hospital mortality rates of community-acquired ARDS were significantly lower than hospital-acquired and ICU-acquired ARDS (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001). The number of ventilator-free days was significantly lower in ICU-acquired ARDS than in community-acquired and hospital-acquired ARDS (11 ± 9, 16 ± 9, and 14 ± 10 days, p = 0.001). The number of ICU-free days was significantly higher in community-acquired ARDS than in hospital-acquired and ICU-acquired ARDS (8 ± 10, 4 ± 8, and 3 ± 6 days, p = 0.001).

Conclusions
Community-acquired ARDS have lower short- and long-term mortality rates than hospital-acquired or ICU-acquired ARDS.
Long-term mortality and risk factors for development of end-stage renal disease in critically ill patients with and without chronic kidney disease
Authors: Rimes-Stigare Claire , Frumento Paolo , Bottai Matteo , Mårtensson Johan , Martling Claes-Roland , Bell Max 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst intensive care unit (ICU) admissions is rising. How mortality and risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) differs between those with and without CKD and with acute kidney injury (AKI) is unclear. Determining factors that increase the risk of ESRD is essential to optimise treatment, identify patients requiring nephrological surveillance and for quantification of dialysis provision.

Method
This cohort study used the Swedish intensive care register 2005–2011 consisting of 130,134 adult patients. Incomplete cases were excluded (26,771). Patients were classified (using diagnostic and intervention codes as well as admission creatinine values) into the following groups: ESRD, CKD, AKI, acute-on-chronic disease (AoC) or no renal dysfunction (control). Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcome was ESRD incidence.

Results
Of 103,363 patients 4,192 had pre-existing CKD; 1389 had ESRD; 5273 developed AKI and 998 CKD patients developed AoC. One-year mortality was greatest in AoC patients (54 %) followed by AKI (48.7 %), CKD (47.6 %) and ESRD (40.3 %) (P < 0.001). Five-year mortality was highest for the CKD and AoC groups (71.3 % and 68.2 %, respectively) followed by AKI (61.8 %) and ESRD (62.9 %) (P < 0.001). ESRD incidence was greatest in the AoC and CKD groups (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 259 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 156.9–429.1) and 96.4, (95 % CI 59.7–155.6) respectively) and elevated in AKI patients compared with controls (adjusted IRR 24 (95 % CI 3.9–42.0); P < 0.001). Risk factors independently associated with ESRD in 1-year survivors were, according to relative risk ratio, AoC (356; 95 % CI 69.9–1811), CKD (267; 95 % CI 55.1–1280), AKI (30; 95 % CI 5.98–154) and presence of elevated admission serum potassium (4.6; 95 % CI 1.30–16.40) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Pre-ICU renal disease significantly increases risk of death compared with controls. Subjects with AoC disease had extreme risk of developing ESRD. All patients with CKD who survive critical care should receive a nephrology referral.

Trial registration
Clinical trials registration number: NCT02424747 April 20th 2015.
Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in the critically ill: cool tool or just another ‘toy’?
Authors: Forni Lui G. , Hasslacher Julia , Joannidis Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAssessment of volume and hydration status is far from easy and therefore technology such as bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) may complement our examination techniques. This study highlights the fact that clinical assessment of volume balance and BIVA may correlate, but whether the routine use of BIVA will avoid significant volume overload in the critically ill remains unknown. Further studies are needed but at the moment appear a little way off.
When taking medication may be a sin: dietary requirements and food laws in psychotropic prescribing
Authors: Khokhar Waqqas A. , Dein Simon L. , Qureshi Mohammed S. , Hameed Imran , Ali Mohammed M. , Abbasi Yasir , Aman Hasan , Sood Ruchit 
Published: November 2015

SummaryReligious laws do not usually forbid the use of psychotropic medication, but many do forbid the consumption of animal-based derivatives of bovine and/or porcine origin (e.g. gelatin and stearic acid) such as are found in many medications. Demonstrating awareness of this, combined with a genuine concern about how it affects the patient, may strengthen the doctor—patient relationship and avoid non-adherence. In this article, we outline dietary requirements of key religions and belief systems that may have a bearing when prescribing medication containing animal-based ingredients. We identify common psychotropics that contain animal-based derivatives and suggest alternative prescribing options and approaches to dealing with sensitive ethical issues.
Clinical neuromodulation in psychiatry: the state of the art or an art in a state?
Authors: Tracy Derek K. , David Anthony S. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryClinical neuromodulation began in psychiatry with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), but in recent years several new techniques have been developed: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Each works in a different way, although the principle remains to effect therapeutic change through physically modifying brain activity. Their use in different clinical groups varies between techniques, as does their underlying evidence base. Most support currently exists for rTMS, with a more modest, but growing database for tDCS. Understandably, but problematically, most research in the other techniques has, to date, been in unmasked open trials. This article describes the mechanism of action and current evidence base for each technique, and notes the challenges facing future work in this potentially important field and new clinical avenue.
On extremism of some of the Tora, the New Testament and the Quran texts (An experiment of linguistic, psycholinguistic and criminal law interpretation)
Authors: Оганесян  , Oganesyan Sergey 
Published: November 2015

In the present research an effort is taken to interpret some texts of the Tora,
the New Testament and the Quran linguistically, psycholinguistically, ideologically
and intensionally from the point of view of the Criminal Code of the
Russian Federation, as well as necessity of removal of the religious extremism
reference from the text of the Federal Law N114-FZ dated 25 July 2002
“On Combating Extremist Activities” is being substantiated.
Ambiguity Attitudes in a Large Representative Sample
Authors: Dimmock Stephen G. , Kouwenberg Roy , Wakker Peter P. 
Published: November 2015

Using a theorem showing that matching probabilities of ambiguous events can capture ambiguity attitudes, we introduce a tractable method for measuring ambiguity attitudes and apply it in a large representative sample. In addition to ambiguity aversion, we confirm an ambiguity component recently found in laboratory studies: a-insensitivity, the tendency to treat subjective likelihoods as 50-50, thus overweighting extreme events. Our ambiguity measurements are associated with real economic decisions; specifically, a-insensitivity is negatively related to stock market participation. Ambiguity aversion is also negatively related to stock market participation, but only for subjects who perceive stock returns as highly ambiguous. This paper was accepted by James Smith, decision analysis.
The Rich Domain of Risk
Authors: Armantier Olivier , Treich Nicolas 
Published: November 2015

We report on two experiments challenging the common assumption that events with objective probabilities constitute a unique source of uncertainty. We find that, similar to the domain of ambiguity, the domain of risk is rich in the sense that behavior is systematically different when subjects face risky bets based on simple or more complex events. Furthermore, we find a tight association between attitudes toward complex risky bets and attitudes toward both ambiguity and compound lotteries. These results raise questions about the characterization of ambiguity aversion and the modeling of decisions under uncertainty. This paper was accepted by James Smith, decision analysis.
Urethral foreign body in an adolescent boy: report of two rare cases and review of literature
Authors: Prasad Ray Rajendra , Ghosh Bastab , Pal Dilip Kumar 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The presence of a foreign body in the urethra is uncommon. A wide variety of foreign bodies have been described in urethras, but they are often missed in physical examinations as the patient tries to hide the fact. We report two unusual cases of foreign bodies in the urethra in two adolescent boys suffering from psychiatric disorders. In the first case, a 12-year-old boy presented with introduction of sewing needle into the urethra 3 days back. The patient in that case suffered from a delusional disorder. In the second case, a 19 year old man introduced a metallic screw into his urethra for sexual gratification several times in the preceding 4 years. That patient suffered from schizophrenia. Although psychiatric illness is associated with urethral foreign body, such underlying psychiatric disorders are very rare.
Three-Phase Model of a Fluidized-Bed Catalytic Reactor for Polyethylene Synthesis
Authors: Bortolozzi R. A. , Chiovetta M. G. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A mathematical model of a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor for the production of polyolefins is presented. The model is employed to simulate a typical, commercial-scale reactor where the synthesis of polyethylene using supported catalysts is carried out. Results are used to follow the evolution of temperature within the reactor bed to avoid conditions producing polymer degradation. The fluidized bed is modeled as a heterogeneous system with a bubble gas phase and a solid-particle emulsion. The catalyst active sites are considered located within a growing, solid, ever changing particle composed of the support, the catalyst and the polymer being produced. The model sees the reactor as a three phase complex: (a) the bubble phase, transporting most of the gas entering the reactor; (b) the solid-particle phase, where polymerization takes place; and (c) the interstitial-gas phase among solid particles. Both gaseous phases move continuously upward, with different velocities, and are modeled as plug flows. For the solid-particle phase, modeling alternatives are explored, ranging from a descending plug-flow limiting case to the opposite extreme of a perfectly mixed tank related to the particle drag-effect the rising bubble produces in the bed. In the scouting process between these limits instabilities are predicted by the model. The most realistic representation of the bed is that of the two gas phases moving upward in two plug-flow patterns and the solids moving with ascending and descending trajectories due to back-mixing.
Modelling of Changes in Postharvest Quality Parameters of Stored Carrots Subjected to Pre- and Postharvest Treatments
Authors: Sobratee Nafiisa , Workneh Tilahun S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop qualitative models that enable prediction of quality of carrots. A full factorial experiment including preharvest biocatalyst application, dipping treatments and storage temperatures was employed. Eleven different biochemical and microbiological quality parameters of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were investigated. The effects of treatments on the shelf-life were investigated using discriminant analysis (DA). The lower storage temperatures (1°C) maintained the superior quality. Kinetic functions were applied to each parameter using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm to characterize the rate of change of quality. DAs significantly (P < 0.001) differentiated between the combined effects of the preharvest biocatalyst treatment and storage temperatures. Four discriminant functions factored the differentiation of the quality attributes based on storage time. The models fit well to the experimental data for storage at 1°C. The second-order reaction equations allowed for prediction of ascorbic acid, sucrose and sugar–hexose ratio. First-order reaction equations that allow estimation of fructose, sucrose equivalent, total coliform and total fungi and O2 were developed. The empirical evidence suggests that freshness was maintained in the carrots until day 14 (P < 0.001). Ascorbic acid, sucrose and sugar–hexose ratio were the most relevant parameters to rapidly detect the postharvest changes following the second-order decay rate.
Further study of oxazolidines derived from mefloquine and arenealdehydes: diastereoisomers and polymorphs
Authors: Goncalves Raoni S.B. , de Souza Marcus V.N. , Wardell Solange M.S.V. , Wardell James L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe reaction between racemicerythro[(R*,S*)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol] and 2-formyl-5-nitrothiene in toluene generates a reaction mixture containing two diastereoisomers of 4-[3-(5-nitrothien-2-yl)-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-1-yl]-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline,6,– namely (2S*,3R*,4S*5R*)-6(6a) and (2R*,3S*,4S*,5R*)-6(6b) in a ratio of 5:1 as indicated by1H NMR spectroscopy (using the 1,3-oxazolidine ring numbering scheme for the chiral centres). Isolation of each product from the mefloquine/2-formyl-5-nitrothiene reaction mixture was achieved by fractional crystallisation of an ethanol solution, but not by column chromatography on silica, which led to the destruction of the minor product,6b. A second polymorphic form, [monoclinic,P21/c] of (2S*,3R*,4S*,5R*)-4-[3-(2-hydroxyphenyl-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-1-yl]-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (monoclinic-7) has been isolated from MeOH solution: the previously reportedorthorhombicform, space group Fdd2, had been isolated from an ethanolic solution.
The crystal structure of the natural 1,2,4-triazolate compound NaCu2Cl3[N3C2H2]2[NH3]2·4H2O
Authors: Zubkova Natalia V. , Chukanov Nikita V. , Pekov Igor V. , Möhn Gerhard , Giester Gerald , Yapaskurt Vasiliy O. , Lykova Inna S. , Pushcharovsky Dmitry Yu. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The crystal structure of a new natural compound NaCu2Cl3[N3C2H2]2[NH3]2·4H2O, (further denoted I in the text) from a guano deposit located on the Pabellón de Pica Mountain, Iquique Province, Tarapacá Region, Chile, was studied by single-crystal low-temperature (200 K) XRD, R=2.42%. The compound I is orthorhombic, space group P212121; a=19.484(3), b=7.2136(10), c=11.999(4) Å, V=1686.5(7) Å3, Z=4. The crystal structure of I contains zig-zag chains of the corner-sharing Cu(1)-centered octahedra running along the a axis and isolated Cu(2)-centered octahedra connected with the chains via 1,2,4-triazolate anions. This structural fragment is close to that found in the mineral chanabayaite, Cu2(N3C2H2)2Cl(NH3, Cl, H2O, □)4. In contrast to Na-free chanabayaite, in the structure of I Na cations occupy Na(H2O)6 octahedra connected via common edges to form chains parallel to the chains of Cu(1)-centered octahedra. I is the second natural compound, after chanabayaite, with 1,2,4-triazolate anions N3C2H2
– and is assumed to be a protophase of chanabayaite; the latter was presumably formed as a result of Na and Cl leaching and dehydration of I.