bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DCT image codec using variance of sub-regions
Authors: Zadeh Pooneh Bagheri , Akbari Akbar Sheikh , Buggy Tom 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents a novel variance of subregions
and discrete cosine transform based image-coding
scheme. The proposed encoder divides the input image
into a number of non-overlapping blocks. The coefficients
in each block are then transformed into their spatial frequencies
using a discrete cosine transform. Coefficients
with the same spatial frequency index at different blocks
are put together generating a number of matrices, where
each matrix contains coefficients of a particular spatial
frequency index. The matrix containing DC coefficients is
losslessly coded to preserve its visually important information.
Matrices containing high frequency coefficients
are coded using a variance of sub-regions based encoding
algorithm proposed in this paper. Perceptual weights
are used to regulate the threshold value required in the
coding process of the high frequency matrices. An extension
of the system to the progressive image transmission
is also developed. The proposed coding scheme, JPEG and
JPEG2000were applied to a number of test images. Results
show that the proposed coding scheme outperforms JPEG
and JPEG2000 subjectively and objectively at low compression
ratios. Results also indicate that the proposed codec
decoded images exhibit superior subjective quality at high
compression ratios compared to that of JPEG, while offering
satisfactory results to that of JPEG2000.
Antioxidant enzymes activity of Ferula flabelliloba and Ferula diversivitata extracts / Ferula flabelliloba ve Ferula diversivitata ekstraktlarının antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri
Authors: Lahazi Vajihe , Taheri Ghadir , Jafarisani Moslem 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Objective: Free radicals are generated during different reactions in cells and are potentially threats to macromolecules such as DNA and protein. Cells have established defense systems to remove these radicals. In some diseases, the systems are defective because of different damages and cells cannot remove the radicals. Plants have been used for a long time as sources of antioxidants for treatment of different diseases. Ferula species have also been used and investigated as a source of antioxidants in Iranian herbal medicine.
Methods: Here, we have studied the antioxidants activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation from aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ferula flabelliloba and Ferula diversivitata plants.
Results: Our results have shown that they have significant antioxidant activity in different parts at different stages.
Conclusion: We can conclude that these plants extracts can be used for more studies as antioxidant sources.
Expression of hCA IX isoenzyme by using sumo fusion partner and examining the effects of antitumor drugs / Sumo füzyon partneri kullanarak hCA IX izoenziminin ekspresyonu ve antitümör ilaçların etkilerinin incelenmesi
Authors: Küfrevioğlu Ömer İrfan , Yerlikaya Emrah , Erdoğan Orhan , Demirdağ Ramazan , Şentürk Murat 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Objective: In this study, investigating the effects of inhibition of the enzyme activity of some antitumor drugs and the Cancer-Related Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX (hCA IX) isoenzyme expressing as a SUMO fusion protein in an Escherichia coli expression system were aimed.
Methods: hCA IX isoenzyme was expressed using SUMO fusion technology. The fusion protein was expressed in a totally soluble form and the expression was verified by SDS-PAGE analysis. Affinity chromatography was used in the purification processes. The effects of certain antitumor drugs on enzyme activity were investigated in vitro conditions by using esterase activity. IC50 values of drugs showing the inhibitory effect were calculated. Inhibition types and Ki values for antitumor drugs, which inhibit the enzyme, were determined by separately plotting Lineweaver- Burk plots.
Results: The molecular weight of the fusion protein was approximately 85kDa. The optimal induction concentration of IPTG and the growth temperature were found to be 1.0mM and 30°C. The fusion protein was purified at approximately 3.07-fold with a yield of 92.58%, and a specific activity of 43707EU/mg proteins by nickel nitrilo-triacetic acid resin chromatography.
Conclusion: Our work is extremely important because CA IX plays a clinical role as a biomarker in cancer diagnosis and the use of specific inhibitors of the CA IX enzyme will be useful in the fight against cancer. In vitro inhibition studies on the recombinant hCA IX enzyme can shed light on the development of anticancer drugs for cancers overexpressing CA IX.
Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von „Urindigo“ (4,4,4′,4′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyrrolidinyliden-3,3′-dion) und die Strukturverwandtschaft zum Indigo
Authors: Robl Christian , Lüttke Wolfgang , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe crystal structure of 4,4,4′,4′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyrrolidinyliden-3,3′-dione (3) („urindigo“ = primordial indigo) was determined by X-ray diffraction. The molecule has thetrans-configuration as indigo itself. Within the parent grouptrans-(OC)(HN)C=C(CO)(NH) the distances and angles of3are very similar to that in indigo: C=C (136.6 pm), C–N (140.9 pm), C–C (145.6 pm), C=O (122.6 pm). The intramolecular N–H···O bonds in3and indigo are similar whereas the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the former are substantially weaker. The latter observation finds its interesting parallel in the markedly smaller difference between the Vis absorptions of the gaseous and the solid primordial indigo in comparison to that of indigo. The present results support the early view by Lüttke and Klessinger that thetrans-(OC)(HN)C=C(CO)(NH) fragment is the parent chromophor of indigo dyes.
Synthesis, crystal structure and physicochemical characterization of a Hg(II) complex with 6-methoxyquinoline as ligand
Authors: Villa-Pérez Cristian , Ortega Isabel C. , Payán-Aristizábal Angélica M. , Echeverría Gustavo , Valencia-Uribe Gloria C. , Soria Delia B. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new complex of Hg(II) with 6-methoxyquinoline (C10H9NO-6MQ) has been synthesized and characterized. The structure of the complex Hg(6MQ)Cl2 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 3.9139(3), b = 26.3400(2), c = 10.9090(9) Å, β = 89.833(6)°, V = 1124.6(1) Å3 and Z = 4 molecules per unit cell. The coordination geometry of the mercury(II) center can be described as a distorted square pyramid formed by one nitrogen atom of the 6MQ and four chlorine atoms. Fourier transform infrared, Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopic studies have been carried out to characterize the compound, using theoretical calculations for the assignment of the experimentally observed bands. The thermal behavior was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The quantum yield of singlet molecular oxygen production ΦΔ was measured with steady-state methods in ethanol, using 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA) as actinometer and Bengal rose as reference photosensitizer. The resultant singlet molecular oxygen was detected indirectly by photooxidation reactions of DMA. The luminescence properties have also been studied.
Digoxin-Like Immunoreactive Substance in Postmortem Blood of Infants and Children
Authors: Spiehler VR , Fischer WR , Richards RG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A digoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) has been reported in the serum of infants not receiving digoxin. This study was undertaken to determine if DLIS is present in the postmortem blood and tissues of infants or children and whether the endogenous substance could interfere with forensic toxicological analysis in suspected overdose. Ninety blood specimens taken from the heart at autopsy of children or infants were screened for DLIS using commercial radioimmunoassay kits. The average age at death in these cases was 8.6 months, the median age was 2 months. DLIS equivalent to 0.25 to 2.0 ng/mL digoxin was found in one third of the cases. The incidence of positive findings was 5/6 stillborns, 10/45 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), 10/15 deaths as a result of infection, 4/7 homicides, 1/8 deaths caused by congenital defects, and 0/9 accidental deaths. The body distribution of DLIS was investigated and highest levels were found in the liver. Findings of DLIS in blood were correlated with renal failure, (elevated vitreous urea nitrogen), electrolyte imbalance, and liver trauma. Apparent concentrations were in the equivalent therapeutic range of digoxin and would not be confused with accidental or intentional overdose with digoxin.
Medical Diagnosis Versus Legal Determination of Death
Authors: Gorman WF 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis summary of the medical and legal descriptions of death notes that the physician makes a medical diagnosis of death, the physician then makes the legal pronouncement of death, and that statute or the courts make the legal determination of death. Medical diagnosis of death follows either the common law standard of total cessation of cardiac and respiratory function or the medically accepted standards of brain death, the latter being based on irreversible loss of brain function. Cessation of cardiorespiratory function inevitably causes brain death; similarly, brain death inevitably causes cessation of cardiac function. The common law definition of death has been redefined: death is brain death which inevitably causes cessation of the cardiorespiratory functions. Legal determination of death, since the advent of cadaver organ transplantation, has been made by case law, which is briefly summarized, or by statute in most jurisdictions. The history of the Uniform Determination of Death Act is briefly summarized; this observer joins those recommending adoption of this Act. A table gives the rules or statutes that determine death in 36 U.S. jurisdictions.
Determination of Sex with a Discriminant Analysis of New Pelvic Bone Measurements: Part II
Authors: Schulter-Ellis FP , Hayek LC , Schmidt DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The pelves of 100 white skeletons were measured on both sides for the following: (1) length from the superiormost aspect of the public symphysis to the nearest rim of the acetabulum (PS-A), (2) length from the highest point of the public tubercle to the nearest rim of the acetabulum (PT-A), (3) acetabular diameter (AD), (4) the vertical distance from the anterior aspect of the ischial tuberosity to the farthest rim of the acetabulum (IT-A), and (5) greatest femur head diameter. From these, three indices were derived: AD/PS-A (acetabulum/pubis index), AD/PT-A (acetabular diameter/pubic tubercle-acetabular rim index), and IT-A/PS-A (ischium-acetabulum height/public symphysis-acetabular rim index). The left AD/PS-A ratio and left IT-A height proved statistically to be of greatest discriminating value. Using these two variables, a discriminant function was derived which correctly separated 98% of our sample. The acetabulum/pubis ratio alone correctly assigned 95%. With either the discriminant function analysis of two variables or the acetabulum/pubis index as a single predictor, 97% of our sample of known sex was correctly identified if all specimens that fell within a doubtful or overlapping range of values were sorted by femur head diameter.
Homicide by Intravenous Injection of Naphtha
Authors: Case MES , Poklis A , Ann Mackell M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of homicide by the intravenous injection of Energine®, a petroleum distillate spot remover, is presented. This case is the only known homicide committed with naphtha. This elderly man had severe natural disease in addition to chest trauma sustained in the assault leading to death; however, the rapid injection of approximately 25 mL of Energine was the overwhelming cause of death.
Pyrolysis Products of Heroin
Authors: Edgar Cook C , Brine DR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Heating of heroin hydrochloride or of heroin at 250°C led to extensive degradation. Major components of the pyrolysate were identified as heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, N,6-diacetylnormorphine, and N-acetylnorheroin by comparison of mass spectra and 13C- and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra with those of authentic compounds. There was evidence for degradation of the piperidino moiety and the structure 3,4-diacetoxyphenanthrene was proposed for a minor product.
Determination of Cross-Reactant Drugs with a New Morphine Radioimmunoassay Procedure
Authors: Matejczyk RJ , Kosinski JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A study to determine the specificity of a new morphine radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was performed on 23 drugs of forensic science interest. Spiked whole blood and urine specimens were analyzed and the apparent morphine concentrations determined. All compounds analyzed showed low cross-reactivity, indicating a high specificity for morphine.
A Statistical Method for Assessing Soil Comparisons
Authors: Wanogho S , Gettinby G , Caddy B , Robertson J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The soil variables: median particle size, modal class interval of particle size, and percentage of organic matter have been examined in an attempt to discriminate one soil sample from another. Using analysis of variance and the two-sample z test, statistic similarity probabilities for control soil samples as they relate to soil samples of unknown origin have been calculated. This approach has been successful in allocating the correct source of 19 out of 20 soil samples selected at random from a data bank of 100 collected from a single field. Soil from unrelated sources was correctly excluded.
A Technique for the Rapid Isolation and Identification of Psilocin from Psilocin/Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms
Authors: Lee RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method has been developed for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Based on the difference in the solubility properties in butyl chloride of psilocin and other constituents present in psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms, psilocin was easily separated in pure form.
Infanticide by Starvation: Calculation of Caloric Deficit to Determine Degree of Deprivation
Authors: Meade JL , Brissie RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A review of medical records and autopsy examination of a six-week-old male revealed the cause of death to be severe malnutrition with dehydration. Weight and caloric deficits were calculated to determine the degree of deprivation, which could be expressed as an interval of days for clear courtroom presentation. These calculations may be useful for quantifying the degree of malnutrition in a variety of child abuse cases.
Approaches to Drug Sample Differentiation. III: A Comparative Study of the Use of Chiral and Achiral Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Methamphetamine Enantiomers and Possible Impurities
Authors: Liu JH , Ku WW , Tsay JT , Fitzgerald MP , Kim S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) system equipped with a chiral and an achiral capillary column is used to analyze control methamphetamine, an illicit methamphetamine preparation (“White Cross”), and a simulated illicit methamphetamine synthesis product. Samples are derivatized with N-trifluoroacetyl-l-prolyl chloride (I-TPC) before the GC/MS analysis. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the resolution on an achiral column is adequate for the determination of methamphetamine enantiomers and impurities, providing the enantiomeric impurity of the l-TPC is known. Four new possible by-products of methamphetamine preparations were identified in the simulated illicit methamphetamine synthesis product.
Examination of Ball Pen Ink by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Lyter AH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze several samples of ball pen ink. Analytical parameters were developed to analyze the various constituents of ball pen ink, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Different ball pen ink formulations were examined, as were batch samples of a single formulation. HPLC has proved to be useful in the examination of ball pen ink, allowing for differentiation of formulations and batches of the same formulation.
The U.S. Postal Money Order As a Questioned Document
Authors: Muehlberger RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The U.S. Postal Money Order is a negotiable instrument widely used by the general public for conducting financial transactions. The integrity of this document has occasionally been violated by those individuals bent on criminal intent. Criminal activities such as counterfeiting, altering, and raising have been used to derive illicit gain. Knowledge of the production methods of genuine postal money orders and the proper manner in which they are issued to customers is essential in detecting the fraudulent money order. Some of the physical properties of the postal money order, as specified by the U.S. Postal Service, are presented in this paper, as are characteristics of the money order properly issued through the data recorder. Examination procedures, which can be effectively used by the document examiner to perceive those characteristics of the U.S. Postal Money Order that are indicative of genuineness, are discussed.
Defining Malingering
Authors: Gorman WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Malingering, also called shamming illness or goldbricking, is the false and fraudulent simulation or exaggeration of physical or mental disease or defect, performed in order to obtain money or drugs or to evade duty or criminal responsibility, or for other reasons that may be readily understood by an objective observer from the individual's circumstances, rather than from learning the individual's psychology. Malingering is seen in apparently normal children, students, test subjects, spouses, and adults. It is not a mental disorder. Malingering may coexist with the antisocial personality disorder, with various factitious disorders, such as the Ganser Syndrome and the Munchausen Syndrome, with the hysterias and with traumatic neuroses and other mental disorders. A review of definitions and a medicolegal discussion are presented. Malingering is an act, which is distinguished from a legal or mental status. Failure to distinguish act from status accounts for the wide disparities in definitions of malingering.
The Use of Marihuana, Ethanol, and Other Drugs Among Drivers Killed in Single-Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Owens SM , McBay AJ , Cook CE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Marihuana, ethanol, and other drugs are considered by many to be detrimental to the safe operation of motor vehicles. However, direct epidemiological evidence for this belief exists only for ethanol. The goal of this investigation was to determine the incidence of the psychoactive ingredient of marihuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), along with ethanol and other drugs in blood specimens from a carefully defined population of dead drivers. Although THC and other drugs were present in a small number of the blood specimens, the large number of specimens that had high blood ethanol concentrations indicated that alcohol is still the major drug affecting highway safety.
The Application of Linear Regression to Range-of-Fire Estimates Based on the Spread of Shotgun Pellet Patterns
Authors: Heaney KD , Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A series of shotgun pellet patterns were fired at ranges that varied from 3.9 to 15.2 m (10 to 50 ft) using a 12-gauge cylinder-bored shotgun firing No. 2 chilled shot cartridges. The spreads of the pellet patterns were measured in two ways: the radius of the smallest circle that would enclose the entire pattern was measured with a transparent overlay and the square root of the area of the smallest rectangle that would enclose the pattern was calculated. Linear regression analysis was applied to sets of data for shots at three, five, and nine ranges. For both measures of pattern spread the linear regression gave correlation coefficients greater than 0.99, indicating that a linear relationship existed between the measures of the pattern spreads and the range of fire. The confidence intervals for range-of-fire estimates at the 95% confidence level were calculated for each set of data. As expected, increasing the number of test-fired patterns decreases the confidence interval and so improves the range-of-fire estimates obtained from the test-fired patterns.
A Review of The Cross and the Shroud
Authors: Froede JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
With the recent interest developing around the Shroud of Turin this book is a timely addition to a historical subject that has continued to capture peoples' imagination over the centuries. However, while the author eminently utilizes the texts that would concern him most as a forensic pathologist, it would seem to me that he forgets to use the discipline of biblical exegesis which can be just as exacting and demanding as any forensic science. In any biblical study it is necessary to cover the entire passage or passages by carefully examining the words and structure of the historical manuscripts to determine their meaning and to use the entire story as it appears in Scripture. Any other method is called proof-texting, in other words, eisegesis or using scripture to support your point. Dr. Zugibe is to be congratulated on his usage of Scripture in approaching the pathology of the death of Jesus Christ. What I find omitted to a great extent is “the rest of the story.”
A Review of Digging Up Bones
Authors: Maples WR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The introduction to the second edition (1972) of Digging Up Bones stated that “Bones are commonly an embarrassment to archaeologists” Digging Up Bones was written to alleviate the embarrassment or problem caused by bones when found by the archaeologist. It is written for a nonspecialist in the analysis of human skeletal material. Moreover, it seems to have been written primarily for the archaeologist working at sites in Britain. It was intended to give a” basic knowledge of the human skeleton “which” is quite within the reach of those without anatomical training, whether adult archaeologists or schoolboy amateur.” The author has always achieved this stated objective admirably.
Identification of Explosives Containing Alkylammonium Nitrates by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Peterson GF , Dietz WR , Stewart LE 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe alkylammonium nitrate sensitizers contained in Du Pont and Hercules water gel explosives can be uniquely identified by utilizing the three thin-layer chromatography (TLC) systems discussed in this paper. These TLC methods also identify the presence of other explosive ingredients and contaminants commonly found in debris from bombings.
Synthetic Tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Churchill KT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the synthetic route used and the identification of the precursors and reaction products in a clandestine laboratory manufacture of cannabidiol (CBD), μ9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (μ9)-cis-THC), and μ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (μ9-trans-THC).
The Occurrence of Japanese Trophy Skulls in the United States
Authors: Bass WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The skulls of two Japanese soldiers brought back to the United States following World War II suggest that more may be appearing in forensic science cases. Both cases are cranial vaults without faces or lower jaws. One was a fighter pilot. Both skulls have secondary characteristics of “dry house dust” adhering to the bone and have, to some degree, been painted.