bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 secreted by brain microvascular endothelial cells attenuates neuron injury upon ischemia
Authors: Wang Jun , Tang Yibo , Zhang Wei , Zhao Haiping , Wang Runjun , Yan Yangyang , Xu Liwei , Li Pengtao 
Published: May 2013

Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 is essential for the development of the nervous system, and is present in many cell types. Relatively little is known about IGF‐1 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). For in vivo studies, we examined the expression of IGF‐1 and insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein (IGFBP)‐2 after focal cerebral ischemia for 12 h, 24 h, 3 days and 7 days, utilizing a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats. For in vitro studies, we examined the levels of IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐2 in the culture medium or primary culture of BMECs injured by oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). Then, we elucidated the protective effects of IGF‐1 on cortical neurons injured by OGD and the possible mechanism. In addition, we investigated the effect of BMEC‐conditioned medium on IGF‐1 receptor expression in neurons. The results showed that IGF‐1 expression increased in serum and brain tissue, whereas IGFBP‐2 expression decreased in brain tissue of MCAO‐injured rats. In primary culture of BMECs, the expression levels of IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐2 were significantly higher under OGD conditions in culture. IGF‐1 administration improved neuron viability upon normoxia or OGD, and upregulated p‐Akt expression. This effect was reversed by LY294002, a specific inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase–Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, conditioned medium from OGD‐treated BMECs substantially suppressed neuron viability and the expression of IGF‐1 receptor simultaneously. These data demonstrate that therapeutic strategies that prioritize the early recovery of the IGF‐1 system in BMECs might be promising in ischemic injury.
The Trichoderma atroviride photolyase‐encoding gene is transcriptionally regulated by non‐canonical light response elements
Authors: Cervantes‐Badillo Mayte G. , Muñoz‐Centeno Tania , Uresti‐Rivera Edith E. , Argüello‐Astorga Gerardo R. , Casas‐Flores Sergio 
Published: May 2013

The BLR‐1 and BLR‐2 proteins of Trichoderma atroviride are the Neurospora crassa homologs of white collar‐1 and ‐2, two transcription factors involved in the regulation of genes by blue light. BLR‐1 and BLR‐2 are essential for photoinduction of phr‐1, a photolyase‐encoding gene whose promoter exhibits sequences similar to well‐characterized light regulatory elements of Neurospora, including the albino proximal element and the light response element (LRE). However, despite the fact that this gene has been extensively used as a blue light induction marker in Trichoderma, the function of these putative regulatory elements has not been proved. The described LRE core in N. crassa comprises two close but variably spaced GATA boxes to which a WC‐1/‐2 complex binds transiently upon application of a light stimulus. Using 5′ serial deletions of the phr‐1 promoter, as well as point mutations of putative LREs, we were able to delimit an ~ 50 bp long region mediating the transcriptional response to blue light. The identified light‐responsive region contained five CGATB motifs, three of them displaying opposite polarity to canonical WCC binding sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the BLR‐2 protein binds along the phr‐1 promoter in darkness, whereas the application of a blue light pulse results in decreased BLR‐2 binding to the promoter. Our results suggest that BLR‐2 and probably BLR‐1 are located on the phr‐1 promoter in darkness ready to perform their function as transcriptional complex in response to light.
On the estimation of the material fatigue properties required to perform the multiaxial fatigue assessment
Authors: Susmel L. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTTo accurately perform the fatigue assessment of engineering components subjected to in‐service multiaxial fatigue loading, the adopted design criterion must properly be calibrated, the used information usually being the fatigue strength under both pure uniaxial and pure torsional fatigue loading. Because of the complex fatigue response of metallic materials to multiaxial loading paths, the only reliable way to generate the necessary pieces of calibration information is by running appropriate experiments. Unfortunately, because of a lack of both time and resources, very often, structural engineers are requested to perform the multiaxial fatigue assessment by guessing the necessary fatigue properties. In this complex scenario, initially, the available empirical rules suitable for estimating fatigue strength under both pure axial and pure torsional fatigue loading are reviewed in detail. Subsequently, several experimental results taken from the literature and generated by testing metallic materials under a variety of proportional and non‐proportional multiaxial loading paths are used to investigate the way such empirical rules affect the accuracy in estimating fatigue strength, the damage extent being evaluated according to the modified Wöhler curve method. Such a systematic validation exercise allowed us to prove that under proportional loading (with both zero and non‐zero mean stresses), an adequate margin of safety can be reached even when the necessary calibration information is directly estimated from the material ultimate tensile strength. On the contrary, in the presence of non‐proportional loading, the use of the empirical rules reviewed in the present paper can result, under particular circumstances, in a non‐conservative fatigue design.
State of the art and new developments in molecular diagnostics for hemoglobinopathies in multiethnic societies
Authors: Harteveld C. L. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryFor detecting carriers of thalassemia traits, the basic part of diagnostics consists of measurement of the hematological indices followed by mostly automatic separation and measurement of the Hb fractions, while direct Hb separation either on high pressure liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis is sufficient to putatively identify carriers of the common Hb variants like HbS, C, E, D, and O‐Arab. A putative positive result is reported together with an advice for parents, partner, or family analysis. For couples, presumed at‐risk confirmation at the DNA level is essential. In general, this part of diagnostics is done in specialized centers provided with sufficient experience and the technical tools needed to combine hematological and biochemical interpretation with identification of the mutations at the molecular level. State‐of‐the‐art tools are usually available in centers that also provide prenatal diagnosis and should consist of gap‐PCR for the common deletions, direct DNA sequencing for all kind of point‐mutations and the capacity to uncover novel or rare mutations or disease mechanisms. New developments are MLPA for large and eventually unknown deletion defects and microarray technology for fine mapping and primer design for breakpoint analysis. Gap‐PCR primers designed in the region flanking the deletion breakpoints can subsequently be used to facilitate carrier detection of uncommon deletions in family members or isolated populations in laboratories where no microarray technology or MLPA is available.
HIVknowledge and condom intention among sexually abstinentChinese students
Authors: Tung W.‐C. , Hu J. , Efird J.T. , Su W. , Yu L. 
Published: May 2013

AimsTo (a) assess theHIV/AIDSknowledge and sources ofHIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) information among sexually abstinent college students inChina; (b) examine whether constructs from the transtheoretical model (TTM) are applicable to this study population regarding condom use intention; and (c) evaluate the association between genders andTTMconstructs, andHIV/AIDSknowledge.BackgroundChinese college students are vulnerable toHIVand otherSTIs. Strategies targeting abstinent students are more cost‐effective than providing treatment for diseases.MethodsWe surveyed 390 students enrolled in two universities inChina. Data were collected fromJune 2009 toMarch 2010.ResultsOnly 11% and 24% were aware ofHIVspread by infected semen and of the protective effects of condom use againstHIV. The mass media were major sources ofHIV/STIinformation. Individuals who had higher levels of self‐efficacy and reported more perceived benefits and fewer perceived barriers were more likely to be inTTMcontemplation stage of condom use than those in precontemplation. Females were less likely to discussHIV/STIsthrough online chat or email with strangers than males. Individuals who had higher levels of self‐efficacy and reported more perceived benefits and fewer perceived barriers were more likely to be inTTMcontemplation stage of condom use than those in precontemplation.ConclusionSexually abstinent college students inChina may be more likely to transition from precontemplation to contemplation if they know the benefits of condom use for the prevention ofHIV/STIsand if they learn to successfully minimize potential barriers related to condom use.
Knowledge sharing using IT service management tools: conflicting discourses and incompatible practices
Authors: Trusson Clive R. , Doherty Neil F. , Hislop Donald 
Published: May 2013

AbstractICT applications that include functionality for knowledge sharing are routinely used by IT service providers even though their implementation is known to be problematic and the reasons for such problems not well understood. To shed light on the issue, we collected data at two organisations where managers had provided IT service support workers with IT service management (ITSM) tools incorporating functionality for knowledge sharing. Using critical discourse analysis and rhetorical analysis techniques, we contrasted primary data representative of IT service support practice with other primary and publicly available secondary data reflecting the prevailing discourse of IT service managers. Through this analysis, we identify an apparent dissonance between ITSM managerial and worker discourses that reflect opposing epistemologies. Managers are optimistic about the benefits of ICT‐based knowledge sharing, whereas the practice of workers is revealed to privilege self‐reliance and interpersonal knowledge sharing. By taking a dual, management–worker, perspective, we provide fresh insight into why ICT‐based knowledge sharing is problematic. As a theoretical contribution, we propose that dysfunctional intra‐organisational conflict can arise where incompatible management and worker practices become institutionalised through the simultaneous diffusion of conflicting discourses.
Determination of Nursing Diagnoses Used by Students in the First Clinical Practice
Authors: Türk Gülengün , Tuğrul Emel , Şahbaz Muazzez 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThis study was carried out descriptively with the purpose of determining nursing diagnoses that nursing freshmen students used in their first clinical practice.MethodsThe sample of the study consisted of 61 nursing students. Data of the study were collected with the examination of 208 care plans that the students had prepared. Nursing diagnoses in the examined care plans were classified according to nursing diagnoses grouped under the domains of Taxonomy II NANDA‐I.ResultsStudents determined 31 different diagnoses in nine domains of NANDA‐I. Total nursing diagnoses used in care plans were 635.ConclusionsIt was determined that the nursing diagnoses that the students mostly used, according to classification of NANDA‐I, were in the domains of safety/protection, activity/rest, comfort, elimination and exchange, and nutrition.AMAÇBu çalışma hemşirelik birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin ilk klinik uygulamada kullandıkları hemşirelik tanılarını belirlemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak gerçekleştirildi.YÖNTEMÇalışmanın örneklemini 61 hemşirelik öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Çalışma verileri öğrencilerin hazırladığı 208 bakım planının incelenmesiyle toplandı. İncelenen bakım planlarındaki hemşirelik tanıları NANDA‐I Taksonomi II alanları altında gruplanmış hemşirelik tanılarına göre sınıflandırılmıştır.BULGULARÖğrenciler NANDA‐I' ın 9 alanında 31 farklı hemşirelik tanısı belirlemiştir. Bakım planlarında kullanılan toplam hemşirelik tanısı 635'tir.SONUÇLARÖğrencilerin en çok kullandıkları hemşirelik tanılarının NANDA‐I'ın sınıflamasına göre güvenlik/koruma, aktivite/dinlenme, rahatlık, eliminasyon ve beslenme alanlarında olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Network Nursing: Connections Between Nursing and Complex Network Science
Authors: Dehmer Matthias , Hackl Werner O. , Emmert‐Streib Frank , Schulc Eva , Them Christa 
Published: May 2013

PurposeNursing processes are complex and include quite a few nonlinear interrelationships that are difficult to discover. Moreover, the formal description, visualization, and analysis of these processes are nontrivial challenges. The purpose of this paper is to establish the term network nursing as synonym for using quantitative graph theory in nursing science and to discuss how network nursing can be used for tackling such complex challenges in nursing science.MethodsIn particular, methods from quantitative graph theory, divided into two major classes, comparative network analysis and network characterization, are employed to solve challenging problems in nursing.FindingsWe demonstrate by way of example that this mathematical apparatus is feasible to tackle research questions when modeling and analyzing nursing processes.Here we use a “NANDA‐I” showcase to illustrate how nursing networks can be derived from nursing data and how these networks can be used to compare different patients regarding their nursing diagnoses.ConclusionsNursing networks can be used to characterize patients from a nursing perspective. Especially, they allow a process‐based view and are able to map relationships or dependencies. One major advantage of a networking approach is that it can be applied independently from the underlying nursing classifications or terminologies.Implications for Nursing PracticeNetwork nursing makes it possible to formally investigate the nursing process and thus opens up a so far little‐known cosmos of possibilities and methods to expand nursing knowledge.
Psychopathy and machiavellianism predict differences in racially motivated attitudes and their affiliations
Authors: Jones Daniel N. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDifferent forms of racism and racist groups should be differentially attractive to politically motivated members of the Dark Triad. Study 1 showed that high levels of both Machiavellianism and right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) predicted modern racism, whereas high levels of psychopathy and RWA predicted old‐fashioned racism. In Study 2, those high in Machiavellianism and RWA wanted to join a traditional Ku Klux Klan (KKK) group, emphasizing nonviolence and political strategies. However, those high in psychopathy and RWA wanted to join a violent, Neo‐Nazi militia group. The studies highlight differences between Machiavellianism and psychopathy in expression of antisocial tendencies and dispositions. In addition, when combined with RWA endorsement, these traits can lead to the support of destructive organizations.
Commitment to the GLBT community: an investment model analysis of its antecedents and consequences
Authors: Lehmiller Justin J. , Konkel Kristen E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe present research applied the investment model to the study of how gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) persons become committed to the broader community of sexual minorities. In addition, the present research examined the potential consequences associated with such commitment. In Study 1, satisfaction, investments, and alternatives each uniquely predicted an individual's commitment to the GLBT community. In Study 2, commitment to the GLBT community predicted higher levels of GLBT identification and stronger intentions to be involved in the community in the future. This research has important implications for understanding the factors that promote strong commitment to minority communities and how such commitment may play a vital role in facilitating social and political change for lower status groups.
Immunohistochemical analysis of p16 expression, HPV infection and its prognostic utility in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Gröbe Alexander , Hanken Henning , Kluwe Lan , Schöllchen Maximilian , Tribius Silke , Pohlenz Philipp , Clauditz Till , Grob Tobias , Simon Ronald , Sauter Guido , Heiland Max , Blessmann Marco 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesFunctional inactivation of p16 is an early and frequent event in the carcinogenesis of tumours of the head and neck region. However, the prognostic relevance of p16 protein expression for these tumours has been controversial. This study aims to examine immunohistochemical expression of p16 and HP virus in a large number of oral carcinomas, and possible correlation with clinical features of the tumours and survival of the patients.MethodsTwo tissue microarrays composed of 222 oral carcinomas and 427 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region were used for this study. Sections were stained immunohistochemically (anti‐p16), and PCR analysis (HPV status) was carried out. Correlation of p16 expression/HPV status with features of tumours and with survival of the patients was analysed by means of Chi‐squared test and using Kaplan–Meier analysis, respectively.Resultsp16 expression was found immunohistochemically in 74% of tumours, but was not significantly correlated with features of the tumours, but recurrence‐free survival of the patients (P = 0.009) if located predominantly nuclear. On the other hand neither intensity of p16 expression (P = 0.41) nor HPV status (P = 0.82) had any effect on these two aspects.ConclusionImmunohistochemical expression of p16 alone provides a limited tool for diagnosis and prognosis of carcinomas of the head and neck region. Immunohistochemical analysis of p16 depending on its intracellular location might serve as a surrogate marker for HPV infection.
Paediatric community‐associated Staphylococcus aureus: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Britton Philip N , Andresen David N 
Published: May 2013

AimWe aimed to characterise the demographic and clinical features of paediatric community‐associated Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐SA) infection. We aimed to identify factors associated with methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection evident at the point of care with the potential to guide antibiotic choice.MethodsA retrospective chart review in 2008 of CA‐SA infections at the Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW), a 300‐bed tertiary paediatric hospital in western Sydney, Australia. We calculate rates of MRSA and perform univariate and multivariate analysis for predictors of MRSA.ResultsOf 431 patients with CA‐SA infections, 19.3% were MRSA. In univariate analysis, MRSA was predicted by age greater than 1 year, Aboriginal race, rural/regional residence, previous history of skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) or a family history of SSTI, at least 48 h of antibiotics active against methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), invasive infection and abscess formation. In a multivariate analysis factors that independently predicted MRSA in the entire cohort, and in the non‐invasive subgroup included abscess formation, a family history of staphylococcal infection or SSTI, Aboriginal ethnicity, at least 48 h of anti‐MSSA antibiotics at presentation, presentation during spring and age greater than 1 year.ConclusionsOne fifth of CA‐SA infections at our tertiary paediatric hospital in 2008 were MRSA. Several clinical and demographic factors evident at the point of care were highly significant predictors of CA‐MRSA infection.
Smoking behaviour, motives, motivation to quit and self‐efficacy among patients in a secure mental health service: comparison with staff controls
Authors: Dickens G. L. , Staniford J. , Long C. G. 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary
Only one in five people in the general population smoke tobacco but most patients in secure and forensic mental health wards are smokers. We need to know why this group are more likely to smoke and why they find it difficult to give up. We could then tailor ‘stop smoking’ interventions to meet their specific needs.
To find out more we compared patients who smoke in secure wards with staff smokers.
Compared with staff patients were more dependent on nicotine, less ready to quit smoking, smoked to relieve stress and boredom, and were less concerned about health consequences of smoking.
Reasons given by patients for smoking suggest that more work is needed at a pre‐quit smoking intervention stage to increase motivation to quit. Once readiness to quit is increased, interventions should focus on reducing cravings; finding alternative methods for coping with stress and boredom and achieving enjoyment from alternative sources.
AbstractPeople with mental disorder account for a disproportionately large amount of smokers, and the problem is greatest in inpatient settings. ‘Stop smoking’ services should be tailored to the needs of individual patient groups. It is important therefore to investigate factors relevant to different groups in order to inform future quit smoking interventions. We compared 50 patients and 50 staff in a secure mental health hospital on measures of smoking and smoking motives, nicotine dependence, craving, previous cessation attempts, motivation to quit and quit smoking‐related self‐efficacy. Patients were significantly more dependent on nicotine with higher levels of craving; were more likely to smoke to cope with stress, for something to do when bored, for enjoyment and pleasure; and reported significantly less readiness to quit smoking. Staff were more likely to cite health concerns as reasons for quitting. Future pre‐intervention work with inpatients should focus on increasing their readiness to quit smoking. Once motivation is increased, interventions should include advice on reducing cravings, finding alternative methods for coping with stress and boredom and achieving enjoyment and pleasure from alternative sources.