bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Typology of Media Effects
Authors: Iyengar Shanto 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the progression of mass media effects research from early preoccupation with attitude change through minimal effects paradigms to the current resurgence in persuasion research. Implications of contemporary changes in the media environment on media effects research are considered. After surveying and classifying definitions of media effects, the chapter discusses how fundamental transformations in the media environment brought about by information technology may work to reshape scholarly understandings of the relationship between news sources and audiences. The availability of multiple sources makes it possible for consumers to be more selective in their exposure to news programs. Selective exposure means that people with limited interest in politics may bypass the news entirely, while the more attentive may tailor their exposure to suit their political preferences. Both these trends imply a weakening of persuasion effects.
News Media as Political Institutions
Authors: McChesney Robert W. , Pickard Victor 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses research on the policies, laws, and subsidies that create and shape the organizational structures and practices that form the basis of the news media. The research reviewed treats news media institutions as political actors and makes assumptions about journalism’s importance in a democratic society. Although this line of research, with its emphasis on political economic and normative questions, often has been marginalized in American mass communication scholarship, the authors explain its ongoing importance, particularly in relation to the journalism crisis, and, suggest future directions.
Emerging Pathomechanisms Involved in Obesity
Authors: D'Aniello Roberta , Troisi Jacopo , D'Amico Osvaldo , Sangermano Maria , Massa Grazia , Moccaldo Anna , Pierri Luca , Poeta Marco , Vajro Pietro 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjective:Overweight/obesity prevalence has increased dramatically worldwide. Recent evidence suggests sleep deprivation/fragmentation, fructose‐exceedingly rich diets, and exposure to endocrine disruptors (eg, bisphenol A, BPA) as emerging additional factors involved in pathomechanisms and in the treatment resistance of obesity and its complications. Our study focuses on these factors for further preventive/therapeutic approaches in paediatric obesity.Methods:Fifty‐four Italian children (cases: n = 31 overweight/obese; controls: n = 23 normal weight) were clinically/anthropometrically characterised. Parents completed questionnaires on the relation between obesogenic factors and childhood obesity. BPA was measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry on early morning urine samples. Correlations between the continuous variables were analysed using Spearman rank correlation.Results:Sleep deprivation/fragmentation, nocturnal breathing problems, and daytime sleepiness increased with increasing body mass index, correlating with the presence of clinical markers of metabolic syndrome (eg, acanthosis nigricans). Frequency of sugar‐enriched drink consumption and the amount of fructose per portion and/or per week increased, paralleling the ponderal excess and all the other anthropometric parameters. In the entire sample population, free and total BPA levels increased paralleling the body mass index increase (r> 0.8), whereas the conjugate demonstrated the opposite trend. The re‐use of disposable plastic showed a positive correlation with urinary BPA levels.Conclusions:Despite its exploratory nature, the results of our pilot study confirm the close relation between certain factors and paediatric obesity, underscoring their role as emerging targets for prevention and therapy.
Do Joint Audits Improve or Impair Audit Quality?
Authors: DENG MINGCHERNG , LU TONG , SIMUNIC DAN A. , YE MINLEI 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTConventional wisdom holds that joint audits would improve audit quality by enhancing audit evidence precision because “Two heads are better than one.” Our paper challenges this wisdom. We show that joint audits by one big firm and one small firm may impair audit quality, because, in that situation, joint audits induce a free‐riding problem between audit firms and reduce audit evidence precision. We further derive a set of empirically testable predictions comparing audit evidence precision and audit fees under joint and single audits. This paper, the first theoretical study of joint audits, contributes to a better understanding of the economic consequences of joint audits on audit quality.
Effect of Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor‐23, Matrix Gla Protein and Fetuin‐A in Predicting Osteoporosis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Wu Qing , Xiao Dong‐Mei , Fan Wei‐Feng , Ye Xian‐Wu , Niu Jian‐Ying , Gu Yong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study is aimed at exploring the role of serum fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23), matrix Gla (MGP) and Fetuin‐A in the calcium‐phosphate metabolism and estimate the value of serum FGF‐23, MGP and Fetuin‐A levels in predicting osteoporosis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study included 64 patients who receive hemodialysis in our hospital. The serum FGF‐23, MGP and Fetuin‐A were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELlSA). Bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. The 64 patients (30 males, 34 females, 60.6 ± 11.3 years of age) received an average of 6.88 ± 2.94 years of dialysis. Body mass index (BMI), Kt/V, dialysis vintage, patient age, serum levels of FGF‐23, Fetuin‐A, bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP‐B), and calcium were different in statistical significance among the three groups of patients in terms of normal bone mass (N = 10), osteopenia (N = 24), or osteoporosis (N = 30). BMI, Kt/V, ALP‐B, dialysis vintage and serum Fetuin‐A level were identified as independent variables of femoral neck BMD by stepwise multiple regression analysis. The area under ROC curve showed that serum Fetuin‐A was useful for identifying osteoporosis in MHD patients. The cutoff value corresponding to the highest Youden's index was serum Fetuin‐A ≤89 μg/mL, which was defined as the optimal predictor of osteoporosis. Its sensitivity/specificity was 71%/77.8%. The incidence of osteoporosis is high in MHD patients. Serum Fetuin‐A level is closely correlated with osteoporosis and it may serve as a predictor of osteoporosis.
Factors Affecting Circuit Life During Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Children With Liver Failure
Authors: Goonasekera Chulananda D , Wang Justin , Bunchman Timothy E , Deep Akash 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDespite abnormal clotting, circuits clot during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in children with acute liver failure (ALF). We report our experience. All children with ALF needing CRRT were studied over 2 years. Patient and circuit factors associated with circuit use were evaluated. Thirty‐one children in liver failure (median age 7.4 years) underwent CRRT, of which 17 (54.8%) died. A total of 98 filtration episodes were used. The smallest access catheter was 6.5 Fr, while the largest was 13.5 Fr. The most common filter used was HFO7 (63%). Mean duration (SD) of circuit use was 33.13(30.83) hours. Of the 98 filtration episodes, circuits blocked in 25, whereas the access catheter blocked in 25. Fifty‐two circuits were changed electively for a variety of reasons. Prostacyclin was the anticoagulant in 62 filtration episodes. The remaining filtration episodes had either no anticoagulation or heparin. The mean (SD) “downtime” was 5.13 (9.15) hours. We found a significant association between fresh frozen plasma (FFP) use with circuit blockade. Neither the duration of CRRT nor the “downtime” influenced mortality. The CRRT circuits blocked in children despite deranged clotting in liver disease. Circuits are changed for a variety of reasons other than clotting. The use of FFP reduces circuit life.
Detection of blebs and bullae in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax by multi‐detector CT reconstruction using different slice thicknesses
Authors: Lee Ki Hyun , Kim Kun Woo , Kim Eun Young , Lee Jae‐Ik , Kim Young Saing , Hyun Sung Youl , Kim Hyung Sik , Kim Jeong Ho 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performances of multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) reconstruction at two different slice thicknesses (1 mm, ‘high resolution’ vs. 5 mm, ‘routine’) with respect to the detection of blebs and bullae (BBs) in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP).MethodsThirty‐one patients underwent wedge resection of BBs (29 unilateral and 2 bilateral) for PSP from January 2010 to January 2013. Two observers assessed the presence and locations of BBs independently using high‐resolution CT (HRCT) and routine CT reconstruction, and compared the sensitivities of each reconstruction method for BB detection using operative findings as a standard reference. In addition, the number of BBs in each CT image set was recorded and inter‐observer agreements were evaluated.ResultsSensitivity for the detection of BBs was significantly better for HRCT than routine CT (97.0% vs. 63.6% for observer 1 and 94.0% vs. 57.6% for observer 2, respectively, both P‐values < 0.001). On a per‐bleb and a per‐bulla basis, inter‐observer agreements regarding BBs by HRCT were good and very good (k = 0.66 and 0.94, respectively) and superior to those determined by routine CT (k = 0.59 and 0.60, respectively).ConclusionDifferent slice thickness reconstructions influence the diagnostic efficacy of MDCT for the detection of BBs in patients with PSP. High‐resolution thin slice CT reconstruction was found to have a significantly greater sensitivity than routine thicker slice thickness reconstruction for the detection of BBs.
Correlation of quantitative diffusion‐weighted and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI parameters with prognostic factors in prostate cancer
Authors: Chung Melody P. , Margolis Dan , Mesko Shane , Wang Jason , Kupelian Patrick , Kamrava Mitchell 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine if correlations exist between quantitative parameters from dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) and diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk group, Gleason score (GS), maximum tumour diameter (MTD), pre‐treatment prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), clinical T stage and MRI prostate volume in prostate cancer.MethodWe retrospectively reviewed 3T multiparametric MRI reports on biopsy‐proven prostate cancer patients performed during radiation treatment evaluation or an active surveillance protocol. DCE‐MRI parameters included Ktrans (influx volume transfer coefficient), Kep (efflux reflux rate constant) and iAUC (initial area under the curve). Average DCE and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were recorded for regions of interest on DW‐MRI. Relationships between MRI metrics and risk group, GS, MTD, PSA, clinical T stage and MRI prostate volume were examined using analysis of variance. Central and peripheral tumours were also analysed separately in a sub‐analysis. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.0125.ResultsOf 58 patients, 29%, 52% and 19% had low (L), intermediate (I), or high (H) NCCN risk disease, respectively. Ktrans significantly correlated with PSA. For central tumours, Ktrans significantly correlated with MTD and PSA, and Kep significantly correlated with PSA. For peripheral tumours, iAUC was significantly different when stratified by L/I/H risk and GS, and ADC score with L/I/H risk, GS, and clinical T stage.ConclusionsDCE‐ and DW‐MRI metrics correlate with some risk stratification factors in prostate cancer. Further work is required to determine if MRI metrics are complementary or independent prognostic factors.
In search of the best methods for multivariate selection analysis
Authors: Morrissey Michael B. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryRegression is an important method for characterizing the form of natural selection from individual‐based data. Many kinds of regression analysis exist, but few are regularly employed in studies of natural selection. I provide an overview of some of the main underused types of regression analysis by applying them to test analyses of viability selection for lamb traits in Soay sheep (Ovis aries). This exercise highlights known problems with existing methods, uncovers some new ones and also reveals ways to harness underused methods to get around these problems.I first estimate selection gradients using generalized linear models, combined with recently published methods for obtaining quantitatively interpretable selection gradient estimates from arbitrary regression models of trait–fitness relationships. I then also apply generalized ridge regression, the lasso and projection‐pursuit regression, in each case also deriving selection gradients. I compare inferences of nonlinear selection by diagonalization of theγmatrix and by projection‐pursuit regression.Selection gradient estimates generally correspond across different regression methods. Although there is little evidence for nonlinear selection in the test data sets, very problematic aspects of the behaviour of analysis based on diagonalization of theγare apparent. In addition to better‐known problems, (i) the direction and magnitude of estimated major axes of quadratic selection are biased towards directions of phenotype that have little variance, and (ii) the magnitudes of selection of major axes of variance‐standardizedγare not themselves interpretable in any standardized way.While all regression‐based methods for analysis of selection have useful properties, projection‐pursuit regression seems to stand out. This method can (i) provide both dimensionality reduction, (ii) be the basis for inference of quantitatively interpretable selection gradients and (iii) by characterizing major axes of selection, rather than of linear or quadratic selection separately, provide biologically interpretable inference of nonlinear selection.
Sparse Kernel Machine Regression for Ordinal Outcomes
Authors: Shen Yuanyuan , Liao Katherine P. , Cai Tianxi 
Published: September 2014

Summary
Ordinal outcomes arise frequently in clinical studies when each subject is assigned to a category and the categories have a natural order. Classification rules for ordinal outcomes may be developed with commonly used regression models such as the full continuation ratio (CR) model (fCR), which allows the covariate effects to differ across all continuation ratios, and the CR model with a proportional odds structure (pCR), which assumes the covariate effects to be constant across all continuation ratios. For settings where the covariate effects differ between some continuation ratios but not all, fitting either fCR or pCR may lead to suboptimal prediction performance. In addition, these standard models do not allow for nonlinear covariate effects. In this article, we propose a sparse CR kernel machine (KM) regression method for ordinal outcomes where we use the KM framework to incorporate nonlinearity and impose sparsity on the overall differences between the covariate effects of continuation ratios to control for overfitting. In addition, we provide data driven rule to select an optimal kernel to maximize the prediction accuracy. Simulation results show that our proposed procedures perform well under both linear and nonlinear settings, especially when the true underlying model is in-between fCR and pCR models. We apply our procedures to develop a prediction model for levels of anti-CCP among rheumatoid arthritis patients and demonstrate the advantage of our method over other commonly used methods.
Immunoglobulin (Ig)G purified from human sera mirrors intravenous Ig human leucocyte antigen (HLA) reactivity and recognizes one's own HLA types, but may be masked by Fab complementarity-determining region peptide in the native sera
Authors: Ravindranath M H , Terasaki P I , Maehara C Y , Jucaud V , Kawakita S , Pham T , Yamashita W 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) reacted with a wide array of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, in contrast to normal sera, due possibly to the purification of IgG from the pooled plasma. The reactivity of IgG purified from normal sera was compared with that of native sera to determine whether any serum factors mask the HLA reactivity of anti-HLA IgG and whether IgG purified from sera can recognize the HLA types of the corresponding donors. The purified IgG, unlike native sera, mirrored IVIg reactivity to a wide array of HLA-I/-II alleles, indicating that anti-HLA IgG may be masked in normal sera – either by peptides derived from soluble HLA or by those from antibodies. A &lt; 3 kDa peptide from the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of the Fab region of IgG (but not the HLA peptides) masked HLA recognition by the purified IgG. Most importantly, some of the anti-HLA IgG purified from normal sera – and serum IgG from a few donors – indeed recognized the HLA types of the corresponding donors, confirming the presence of auto-HLA antibodies. Comparison of HLA types with the profile of HLA antibodies showed auto-HLA IgG to the donors' HLA antigens in this order of frequency: DPA (80%), DQA (71%), DRB345 (67%), DQB (57%), Cw (50%), DBP (43%), DRB1 (21%), A (14%) and B (7%). The auto-HLA antibodies, when unmasked in vivo, may perform immunoregulatory functions similar to those of therapeutic preparations of IVIg.
Plant hybridization: the role of human disturbance and biological invasion
Authors: Guo Qinfeng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimAnderson & Stebbins (1954,Evolution,8, 378–388) posited that human activities promote species hybridizations by creating opportunities for hybridization and new habitats for hybrids to persist through disturbances (i.e. the ‘disturbance hypothesis’). While the first part of this hypothesis appears to be well supported, the second part has not been corroborated with empirical evidence, probably because of the lack of appropriate data. In this study, I (1) document the richness and distribution of hybrid plants in the United States; (2) examine the relationships between hybrids of different origins and between hybrid plants and native or exotic plants; and (3) examine possible mechanisms for these relationships and test the disturbance hypothesis.LocationThe United States.MethodsThe richness and distribution of plant hybrids was examined at the county level according to origin, that is, formed between native–native species (N × N), native–exotic species (N × E) and exotic–exotic species (E × E), using data from the Biota of North America Program.ResultsThe three hybrid types (N × N,N × EandE × E) were positively related to each other and showed stronger positive relationship with exotic richness than with native richness. They also exhibited similar spatial patterns, with richness hotspots concentrated in the north‐east United States and Great Lakes region. However, the richness of hybrids of exotic origin (E × EandN × E) was not related to county area, as often observed for native species; instead, it showed strong positive relationships with human population density. Thus, the overall patterns of hybrid richness and distribution support the ‘disturbance hypothesis’.Main conclusionsThe results are generally consistent with the disturbance hypothesis. The relationship between the number of hybrids of exotic origin and overall exotic richness provided stronger evidence for human‐induced than for naturally caused hybridization, although other possible explanations may also exist.
Interictal high frequency oscillations correlating with seizure outcome in patients with widespread epileptic networks in tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Okanishi Tohru , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Tanaka Shin‐Ichi , Mayo Ellen , Mitsutake Ayu , Boelman Cyrus , Go Cristina , Snead O. Carter , Drake James , Rutka James , Ochi Ayako , Otsubo Hiroshi 
Published: September 2014

SummaryObjectiveMultiple tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) often are responsible for drug‐resistant epilepsy. The complexity of the epileptic network formed by multiple tubers complicates localization of the epileptogenic zone that is needed to design a surgical treatment strategy. High frequency oscillations (HFOs) on intracranial video‐electroencephalography (IVEEG) may be a valuable surrogate marker for the localization of the epileptogenic zone. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that high occurrence rate (OR) of interictal HFOs can guide the localization of the epileptogenic zone.MethodsWe analyzed the OR of interictal HFOs at 80–200 Hz (ripples) and >200 Hz (fast ripples, FRs). We divided OR of interictal HFOs between high and low rates by thresholding. We analyzed the correlation between seizure outcomes using Engel classification and the resection ratio of the seizure onset zone (SOZ), and high‐OR HFOs using ordinal logistic regression analysis.ResultsWe collected 10 patients. The seizure outcomes resulted in Engel classification I in three patients, II in four, III in one, and IV in two. High‐OR ripples (5–57 [mean 29] channels, 1–4 [2.8] lobes) and high‐OR FRs (9–66 [mean 27] channels, 1–4 [2.6] lobes) were widely distributed. The resection ratio of SOZ did not show statistically significant correlation with the seizure outcome. The resection ratio of high‐OR ripples showed statistically significant correlation with the seizure outcome (p = 0.038). The resection ratio of high‐OR FRs showed statistically significant correlation with the seizure outcome (p = 0.048).SignificanceThe multiple extensive zones with high‐OR HFOs suggest a complex and widespread epileptic network in patients with TSC. In a subset of TSC patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy, resection of cortex with both interictal high‐OR FRs and ripples on IVEEG correlated with a good seizure outcome.