bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
mRNA Cap Modification through Carb­amate Chemistry: Synthesis of Amino‐ and Carboxy‐Functionalised Cap Analogues Suitable for Labelling and Bioconjugation
Authors: Warminski Marcin , Warminska Zofia , Kowalska Joanna , Jemielity Jacek 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient synthesis of dinucleotide mRNA 5′ cap analogues functionalised by the addition of an amine or carboxylic acid group onto one of the ribose rings is reported. Selection of the modification sites was dictated by the recognition specificity for the 5′ cap by various cap‐binding proteins, including eIF4E, DcpS, and Dcp2, as well as by bacteriophage RNA polymerase, which enables the incorporation of the synthetic cap into the mRNA chain. Some analogues were further modified by O‐to‐CH2 substitution in the triphosphate bridge to confer resistance to specific hydrolases. Spatial crowding and structural rigidity were balanced by use of diamines and amino acids of different lengths attached to the ribose through a carbamate moiety. The impact of these substitutions on the conformational equilibria of the ribose components was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The utility of the analogues for labelling with fluorescent dyes and affinity tags was demonstrated with the aid of NHS activation chemistry.
Gram Scale Total Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, Pyrano[3,2‐a]carbazole and Prenylcarbazole Alkaloids
Authors: Dai Jianxin , Ma Dengke , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNaturally occurring carbazole alkaloids including 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, pyrano[3,2‐a]carbazole alkaloids (girinimbine and murrayacine) and prenylcarbazole alkaloids (mukoenine‐A and heptaphylline) have been synthesized on gram scale. The key compound in these syntheses is 9‐benzyl‐2‐methoxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, which was prepared by an efficient Au‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of readily available methoxypropadiene and indole‐2‐carbaldehyde. Girinimbine and murrayacine were synthesized by a concise PhB(OH)2‐mediated intermolecular cyclization with 3‐methylbut‐2‐enal. Palladium‐catalyzed allylation/Claisen rearrangement proved to be the best route to mukoenine‐A and heptaphylline.
Age moderates response to acceptance and commitment therapy vs. cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain
Authors: Wetherell Julie Loebach , Petkus Andrew J. , Alonso‐Fernandez Miriam , Bower Emily S. , Steiner Amanda R. W. , Afari Niloofar 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine age differences in response to different forms of psychotherapy for chronic pain.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of 114 adults (ages 18–89 years) with a variety of chronic, nonmalignant pain conditions randomly assigned to 8 weeks of group‐administered acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Treatment response was defined as a drop of at least three points on the Brief Pain Inventory‐interference subscale.ResultsOlder adults were more likely to respond to ACT, and younger adults to CBT, both immediately following treatment and at 6‐month follow‐up. There were no significant differences in credibility, expectations of positive outcome, attrition, or satisfaction, although there was a trend for the youngest adults (ages 18–45 years) to complete fewer sessions.ConclusionsThese data suggest that ACT may be an effective and acceptable treatment for chronic pain in older adults. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psyclones: a roller coaster of life? Hidden synthetic cannabinoids and stimulants in apparently harmless products
Authors: Santacroce Rita , Corazza Ornella , Martinotti Giovanni , Bersani Francesco Saverio , Valeriani Giuseppe , Di Giannantonio Massimo 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveThe urge to gain information on a new drug marketed online as ‘Psyclone’ has emerged after the death of a 38‐year‐old man in Bolton (UK). The fatality appeared to be a consequence of smoking this psychoactive product.MethodsFrom October to December 2013, qualitative searches of the Web have been carried out in English and Italian, using the keywords ‘Psyclone’, ‘Psyclone legal high’, ‘Psyclone incense’ and ‘Psyclone research chemical’ on the Google search engine and on the database provided by the Global Public Health Intelligence Network.ResultsOur research highlighted the existence of two psychoactive products labelled as Psyclone but with different contents and packaging: a herbal blend containing two synthetic cannabinoids (AKB‐48 and 5f‐PB‐22) and a research chemical containing 50% ethylphenidate, 30% caffeine and 20% lidocaine. Desired and side effects of both compounds are explored in the paper.ConclusionsBeing sold as a legal product, Psyclone may appeal to recreational users, who remain unaware of its real content. This is a serious public health threat, which may lead to acute intoxications and fatalities. Further studies in the field, including Internet monitoring, are therefore required. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deaths of individuals aged 16–24 years in the UK after using mephedrone
Authors: Loi Barbara , Corkery John Martin , Claridge Hugh , Goodair Christine , Chiappini Stefania , Gimeno Clemente Carla , Schifano Fabrizio 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveMephedrone is a stimulant drug chemically related to amphetamine, with effects similar to those of amphetamine and cocaine. This study aims to analyse fatalities following ingestion of mephedrone in the UK amongst 16‐ to 24‐year‐olds in 2009–2013, providing an update on data presented at the 2nd International Conference on Novel Psychoactive Substances.MethodsA literature search was undertaken to identify published information on pharmacology, toxicity and fatalities associated with mephedrone. Fatalities involving mephedrone were extracted from the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database, which receives information on drug‐related deaths from coroners in the UK and Islands and other data suppliers. Selection criteria are as follows: deceased aged 16–24 years at time of death and mephedrone directly implicated in the cause of death and/or mentioned in the coroner's verdict.ResultsThirty cases met the study criteria, and when known, all were of White ethnicity, most (85%) had a history of drug use and 73% were male. Two‐thirds (63%) were accidental poisonings. Mephedrone was used with other substances in most cases (87%); other substances were implicated in 60% of deaths.ConclusionsMephedrone use can have potentially fatal consequences, especially in combination with other substances. Deaths from its use in the 16–24 years' age group continue to occur in the UK, despite it being a controlled drug. Health professionals and potential consumers should be alert to this risk. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental outcomes of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)‐exposed infants in the UK
Authors: Singer Lynn T. , Moore Derek G. , Min Meeyoung O. , Goodwin Julia , Turner John J. D. , Fulton Sarah , Parrott Andrew C. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveThis paper aims to review findings from a longitudinal study of prenatal methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on infant development.MethodsIn a prospective, longitudinal cohort design, we followed 28 MDMA‐exposed and 68 non‐MDMA‐exposed infants from birth to 2 years of age. Women recruited voluntarily into a study of recreational drug use during pregnancy were interviewed to obtain type, frequency, and amount of recreational drug use. Their children were followed for a 2‐year period after birth. A large number of drug and environmental covariates were controlled. Infants were seen at 1, 4, 12, 18, and 24 months using standardized normative tests of mental and motor development.ResultsThere were no differences between MDMA‐exposed and non‐MDMA‐exposed infants at birth except that MDMA‐exposed infants were more likely to be male. Motor delays were evident in MDMA infants at each age and amount of MDMA exposure predicted motor deficits at 12 months in a dose‐dependent fashion.ConclusionsPrenatal MDMA exposure is related to fine and gross motor delays in the first 2 years of life. Follow‐up studies are needed to determine long‐term effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profiling online recreational/prescription drugs' customers and overview of drug vending virtual marketplaces
Authors: Orsolini Laura , Francesconi Giulia , Papanti Duccio , Giorgetti Arianna , Schifano Fabrizio 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesInternet and social networking sites play a significant role in the marketing and distribution of recreational/prescription drugs without restrictions. We aimed here at reviewing data relating to the profile of the online drug customer and at describing drug vending websites.MethodsThe PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched here in order to elicit data on the socio‐demographic characteristics of the recreational marketplaces/online pharmacies' customers and the determinants relating to online drug purchasing activities.ResultsTypical online recreational drugs' customers seem to be Caucasian, men, in their 20s, highly educated, and using the web to impact as minimally as possible on their existing work/professional status. Conversely, people without any health insurance seemed to look at the web as a source of more affordable prescription medicines. Drug vending websites are typically presented here with a “no prescription required” approach, together with aggressive marketing strategies.ConclusionsThe online availability of recreational/prescriptions drugs remains a public health concern. A more precise understanding of online vending sites' customers may well facilitate the drafting and implementation of proper prevention campaigns aimed at counteracting the increasing levels of online drug acquisition and hence intake activities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why all stimulant drugs are damaging to recreational users: an empirical overview and psychobiological explanation
Authors: Parrott Andrew C. 
Published: July 2015

AimsStimulant drugs such as nicotine and Ecstasy/3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are taken for positive reasons, yet their regular use leads to deficits rather than gains. This article outlines the psychobiological rationale for this paradox.MethodsThe empirical literature on nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, Ecstasy/MDMA, and mephedrone are reviewed. A theoretical explanation for why they are problematic to humans is then described.ResultsThe acute effects of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are typically positive, with greater alertness and emotional intensity. However, in the post‐drug recovery period, the opposite feelings develop, with lethargy and low moods. All recreational stimulants cause mood fluctuation, although it is most pronounced in drugs with rapid onset and comedown (e.g. nicotine and cocaine), explaining why they are the most addictive. Parallel fluctuations occur across many psychological and neurocognitive functions, with users suffering various off‐drug deficits. CNS stimulants also affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, impairing sleep, disrupting homeostasis, and exacerbating psychiatric distress. Neuroimaging studies reveal altered brain activity patterns in regular users. These problems are related to lifetime usage but commence in novice users.ConclusionsRepetitive CNS stimulation is potentially damaging to the organism, both acutely and chronically. The review describes the various psychobiological systems through which recreational stimulant drugs impair human well‐being. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Injecting eye‐drops: a mini‐review on the non‐clinical use of tropicamide
Authors: Bersani Francesco Saverio , Imperatori Claudio , Prilutskaya Mariya , Kuliev Ramiz , Corazza Ornella 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesThe intravenous (IV) injection of tropicamide for non‐clinical purposes is a new and widespread drug trend. The aim of this study is to provide the first literature review on the topic.MethodsRelevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE, Psycinfo, Google Scholar, conference proceedings and select citations.ResultsCases of tropicamide (IV) injection have been reported in Russia, Italy, Turkey and Kazakhstan. This phenomenon is mainly secondary to primary opioid (especially heroin) addiction. Several key factors can be associated with its rapid diffusion: (i) enhancement of the ‘positive’ effects of heroin; (ii) decrease and delay of heroin withdrawal symptoms; (iii) easy availability; (iv) low costs; (v) fast effects; and (vi) visibility of self‐reported experiences on Internet. Acute tropicamide intoxications can lead to anticholinergic syndrome, hyperthermia, tremors and convulsions. Chronic tropicamide‐related problems include cardiovascular toxicity, psychosis, renal or liver failures, severe weight loss and infections. Fatalities due to tropicamide IV injection have been reported in non evidence‐based/peer‐reviewed sources, such as drug fora, websites and media news.ConclusionsTropicamide IV injections represent a serious health risk. Specific prevention programmes should be implemented for the general population as well as for the high‐risk population of polydrug abusers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographical and sex variations in the T2 relaxation times of articular cartilage in the ankle joints of healthy young adults using 3.0T MRI
Authors: Lim Youngsik , Cha Jang Gyu , Yi Jisook , Kang Sung Jin , Lee Young Koo , Lee Sun Joo , Kim Hyun‐Joo , Lee Bo Ra 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo prospectively evaluate topographical and sex variations in the T2 relaxation values of tibiotalar cartilage (TTC) of healthy young adults.Materials and MethodsSagittal 8‐echo multiecho spin‐echo T2 maps of TTC were acquired using a 3.0T MR in 25 male and 25 female healthy young adult participants. Quantitative measurements of T2 values in tibial cartilage (TBC) and talar cartilage (TLC) were obtained from three zones (anterior zone, AZ; middle zone, MZ; and posterior zone, PZ) and from four compartments (medial compartment, MC; midmedial compartment, MMC; midlateral compartment, MLC; and lateral compartment, LC) of TBC and TLC in the sagittal plane.ResultsThe T2 values of AZ (for TBC, 29.31 msec; for TLC, 35.81 msec) and MZ (for TBC, 28.56 msec; for TLC, 36.12 msec) in males were significantly higher than those in females (for AZ of TBC, 26.99 msec; for AZ of TLC, 33.56 msec; for MZ of TBC, 25.88 msec; for MZ of TLC, 31.85 msec) (for TBC, AZ, P = 0.009, MZ, P = 0.002; for TLC, AZ, P = 0.047, MZ, P = 0.001). Except for MMC and MLC of TBC (MMC, P = 0.02, MLC, P = 0.03), TTC T2 values did not differ significantly between these compartment in either group (for TBC, MC, P = 0.27, LC, P = 0.37; for TLC, MC, P = 0.26, MMC, P = 0.08, MLC, P = 0.30, LC, P = 0.10).ConclusionWe found significant sex and topographic variations among TTC T2 values of healthy young adults. Acknowledgment of the significant topographical and sex variations in cartilage T2 values may minimize misinterpretation of ankle joint TTC T2 mapping data. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:455–462.
Response of the North Atlantic wave climate to atmospheric modes of variability
Authors: Martínez‐Asensio Adrián , Tsimplis Michael N. , Marcos Marta , Feng Xiangbo , Gomis Damià , Jordà Gabriel , Josey Simon A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationship between the wind wave climate and the main climate modes of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic Ocean. The modes considered are the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, the East Atlantic Western Russian (EA/WR) pattern and the Scandinavian (SCAN) pattern. The wave dataset consists of buoys records, remote sensing altimetry observations and a numerical hindcast providing significant wave height (SWH), mean wave period (MWP) and mean wave direction (MWD) for the period 1989–2009. After evaluating the reliability of the hindcast, we focus on the impact of each mode on seasonal wave parameters and on the relative importance of wind‐sea and swell components. Results demonstrate that the NAO and EA patterns are the most relevant, whereas EA/WR and SCAN patterns have a weaker impact on the North Atlantic wave climate variability. During their positive phases, both NAO and EA patterns are related to winter SWH at a rate that reaches 1 m per unit index along the Scottish coast (NAO) and Iberian coast (EA) patterns. In terms of winter MWD, the two modes induce a counterclockwise shift of up to 65° per negative NAO (positive EA) unit over west European coasts. They also increase the winter MWP in the North Sea and in the Bay of Biscay (up to 1 s per unit NAO) and along the western coasts of Europe and North Africa (1 s per unit EA). The impact of winter EA pattern on all wave parameters is mostly caused through the swell wave component.
Evaluation of downscaled estimates of monthly temperature and precipitation for a Southern Ecuador case study
Authors: Ochoa A. , Campozano L. , Sánchez E. , Gualán R. , Samaniego E. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe downscaling of global climate models (GCMs) aims at incorporating finer scale information to their horizontal resolution in order to represent regional and local processes better. There are two main approaches to downscaling: statistical (based on data relationships between synoptic atmospheric variables and observations of local variables) and dynamical (based on the modelling of regional atmospheric processes and land–surface interactions). In this study, some predictive capabilities regarding the generation of station‐scale mean monthly temperature and rainfall of both a statistical artificial neural network (ANN‐based) and a dynamical weather research and forecasting (WRF‐based) downscaling approach are assessed. We have devised two versions of the statistical downscaling approach. One of them includes regional orographic variables as predictors to allow for spatial extrapolation; the other is purely local. Historical observational data, from the period 1990 to 1999, of two major watersheds in the Ecuadorian Southern Andes, the Jubones and Paute river basins, were used. Since, to a certain extent, the value added by downscaling techniques can be attributed to terrain information, it is worth noting that some characteristics of the selected catchments (as notorious altitude differences and the presence of qualitatively different precipitation regimes) provide a scientifically interesting location for exploring how finer scale effects are captured. For this reason, we concentrate on the ability of downscaling techniques to reproduce seasonality. A decade of evaluation proved that both approaches were able to qualitatively describe precipitation and temperature seasonal variations for different regimes at representative weather stations. Furthermore, the seasonality of precipitation represented by both downscaling approaches surpassed the seasonality representation of reanalysis data. However, shortcomings on the estimates were found. Specifically, dynamical downscaled precipitation estimates were prone to overestimation. Despite the fact that the considered downscaling approaches are different in nature, their ability to represent the high spatio‐temporal variability in this region highlights the importance of evaluating their strengths and limitations.
Agro‐climate changes over Northeast Asia in RCP scenarios simulated by WRF
Authors: Ahn Joong‐Bae , Hong Ja‐Young , Shim Kyo‐Moon 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTDynamically downscaled agro‐climates for present (1981–2010) and future (2071–2100) climates under Representative Concentration Pathways (Historical, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) in Northeast Asia (118°–138°E, 30°–45°N) are analysed in terms of the indices, such as vegetable and crop periods, frost days, and the climatic yield potential (CYP) for Japonica type rice (hereafter, rice). The model employed for dynamical downscaling is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), with a 12.5‐km horizontal grid spacing in the domain. According to our results, the CYP for rice, one of the major crops presently cultivated in the area, is expected to decrease throughout most of the region, despite a projected expansion of both vegetable and crop periods. This is projected to occur particularly in South Korea, Japan, and Southeast and Northeast China. Such a change is related to the projected rise in temperature within these regions, which will exceed the grain‐filling optimum temperature of rice. In contrast, the climate projection of the RCPs is that the CYP will increase over northeastern parts of the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far Eastern region (Primorsky), because temperatures in these regions are expected to rise and approach the grain‐filling optimum temperature. For the RCPs, the optimum heading date, on which the domain averaged CYP is the highest, is expected to be later than that of the Historical by approximately 17–24 days. In addition, the maximum CYP in the RCPs is projected to decrease compared with that of the historical, and the possible period of rice ripening (period in which the CYP is greater than 0) is also expected to decrease.
The limits of passive motion are variable between and unrelated within normal tibiofemoral joints
Authors: Roth Joshua D. , Hull Maury L. , Howell Stephen M. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPatient‐to‐patient differences should be accounted for in both clinical evaluations and computational models of knee laxity. Accordingly, the objectives were to determine how variable the laxities are between knees by determining the range of the internal–external (I‐E), varus–valgus (V‐V), anterior–posterior (A‐P), and compression–distraction (C‐D) limits of passive motion, and how related the laxities are within a knee by determining whether these limits are correlated with one another. The limits in I‐E (± 3 Nm), V‐V (± 5 Nm), A‐P (± 45 N), and C‐D (± 100 N) were measured in 10 normal human cadaveric knees at 0° to 120° flexion in 15° increments using a six degree‐of‐freedom load application system. The ranges from 15° to 120° flexion of the I‐E limits were greater than 3.6°, of the A‐P limits were greater than 1.8 mm, and of the varus limits were greater than 1.4°. The ranges from 30° to 120° flexion of the distraction limits were greater than 2.0 mm. Twenty‐four of the 28 pair‐wise comparisons between the limits had a correlation coefficient less than 0.65. These results demonstrate that a patient‐specific approach, including all degrees of freedom of interest, is necessary during clinical evaluations of laxity and when creating and validating computational models of the tibiofemoral joint. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1594–1602, 2015.