bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tribological performance of polymethyl methacrylate as an aviation polymer
Authors: Fidan Sinan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is one of the most popular synthetic polymers in aircraft windshields as an alternative to glass, due to its lightweight, high transparency and impact-resistant characteristics. The erosion behavior of PMMA is critical when used as an alternative to glass in an aircraft windshield. This paper presents experimental data on the effects of particle size, velocity and impingement angle on the roughness of PMMA, using 3D optical profilometry after solid particle erosion tests. Particular attention is paid to determining the different morphologies of imprints and cracks with regard to particle size, impact velocity and impingement angle. It is further shown that the removed volume in overlapping impacts measured by 3D profilometry is captured well. It is demonstrated that maximum erosion rate occurred at a 30° impingement angle and correlates well with the ductile erosion behavior of PMMA. Detailed worn surface analysis was performed using 3D optical profilometer scanning to investigate effects of particle size, velocity and impingement angle on the roughness of PMMA.
Complexity trade-offs do not prove the equal complexity hypothesis
Authors: Fenk-Oczlon Gertraud , Fenk August 
Published: July 2014

AbstractComplexity trade-offs are often considered as evidence for the hypothesis that all languages are equally complex; simplicity in one component of grammar is balanced by complexity in another. According to Shosted (2006), this "negative correlation hypothesis", as he calls it, was never validated using quantitative methods. The present paper recalls, in a first step, our previously found significant negative cross-linguistic correlations between syllable complexity and number of syllables per clause and per word, as well as an almost significant negative correlation between syllable complexity and number of morphological cases. All these correlations indicate complexity trade-offs between subsystems of language, as do the positive correlations found between syllable complexity, number of syllable types, and number of monosyllabic words. In a second step we argue against the view of such complexity trade-offs as proof of the equal complexity hypothesis. This hypothesis is hardly testable for several reasons: As long as it is impossible to quantify the overall complexity of a single language, it is also impossible to compare different languages with respect to that quantity. Secondly, it could – because of its character as a null hypothesis – never be corroborated for principal reasons.
Complexity in the history of language study
Authors: Kilarski Marcin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article examines the history of two examples from American Indian languages as an illustration of the ways in which the ambivalent and controversial nature of linguistic complexity has shaped the attitudes to "exotic" languages. In particular, I trace the life cycles of the Cherokee verbs for washing and the Eskimo words for snow from an unbiased origin in the works of John Pickering (1777-1846) and Franz Boas (1858-1942) to ideologically oriented uses as evidence for claims advanced within late 19th century anthropological racism and 20th century cultural relativism, respectively. The history of these examples illustrates the instrumental treatment of linguistic data in secondary references in linguistics and the social sciences as well as contradictory interpretations of complexity, as shown by the overemphasis on lexical overabundance and the disregard for morphological complexity of the languages in question. More generally, I show that the notion of complexity has been a key aspect of discussions concerning such issues as cross-linguistic differences in linguistic structure, evaluations of languages regarded as "exotic" or "primitive" as well as the assumed cognitive, cultural and social correlates of linguistic structure.
Global optimization and complexity trade-offs
Authors: Sinnemäki Kaius 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIt is sometimes assumed in research on language complexity that if languages tended towards some optimal level of global complexity, so that all languages would be roughly equally complex, then local complexity trade-offs should be a general principle in language. Drawing evidence from computer simulations I show that in equally complex systems the proportion of trade-offs (significant negative correlations) is higher than in random systems but far from being a general principle in language. In addition, it may be impossible to determine whether a certain correlation-set comes from random systems or equally complex systems. Based on these results a correlational approach on a handful of typological variables cannot be used to validate, or even falsify, the assumption that all languages are equally complex and, therefore, complexity trade-offs should be kept separate from that assumption. The typological distribution of complexity, drawn from the World Atlas of Language Structures, is further shown to differ from both random systems and equally complex systems.
Measurement of changes in urinary neopterin and total neopterin in body builders using SCX HPLC
Authors: Lindsay Angus , Janmale Tejraj , Draper Nick , Gieseg Steven P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Body building is a sport where ultrastructual damage to muscle fibres aids the development of dense muscle layers. Using a new strong cation exchange (SCX) based chromatography technique to measure neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin, we investigated whether this muscle damage caused increased levels of inflammation. Urine samples were collected over eight consecutive mornings from 10 natural competitive body builders. Samples were analysed using SCX high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with urine volume corrected for creatinine and specific gravity (SG). The majority of subjects showed large changes in both neopterin and total neopterin (7,8-dihydroneopterin+neopterin) levels, though the mean data for the group showed no significant change over the week. There was no evidence of the high intensity resistance training causing an accumulation of inflammation as the values for all the body builders returned to close to the starting values after 2 days rest. The SCX analysis had an intra-specific viability of 3.04% and the inter-specific viability was 5.42%. Urine volume correction with SG was found to give the same values as using creatinine. Creatinine and specific gravity are both reliable methods for correcting for urine volume while SCX HPLC provides a new means of measuring urinary neopterin and total neopterin.
A high-pressure polymorph of propionamide from in situ high-pressure crystallisation from solution
Authors: Fabbiani Francesca P.A. , Pulham Colin R. , Warren John E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The structure of a high-pressure polymorph of propionamide is reported from synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The polymorph was obtained by in situ high-pressure crystallisation from solution in a diamond-anvil cell at 0.9 GPa; its structure is 23% denser than that of the ambient-pressure polymorph at STP. PIXEL lattice and dimer energies calculations indicate that the ambient- and high-pressure polymorphs are energetically competitive. Together with acetamide and formamide, this is the third high-pressure polymorph of an aliphatic amide crystallising as a Z′=2 structure; the H-bonded network is however significantly different from the ones reported for the other two compounds. This study highlights the power of in situ high-pressure crystallisation techniques for accessing novel polymorphic forms of molecular compounds.
Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion: Status, Limitations, and Needs
Authors: Frankel Gerald S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The corrosion of metals occurs primarily by electrochemical processes involving metal oxidation and simultaneous reduction of some other species. The fundamental understanding of these processes has allowed the development of a number of electrochemical techniques for the study of the corrosion phenomena and assessment of the corrosion rate. In fact, electrochemical techniques are so ingrained in the field that many practitioners think of corrosion rates first in terms of current density rather than thickness or mass loss per unit time. Standard approaches for electrochemical corrosion rate determination are commonly used in the field for on-line monitoring of systems and facilities. Electrochemistry also provides powerful tools for developing fundamental understanding of corrosion phenomena. However, there are some limitations to the abilities of current electrochemical techniques and some needs for the future. This paper describes the status of electrochemical techniques, their limitations, where non-electrochemical methods are required, and future needs in the field.
Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after intramuscular administration of buprenorphine hydrochloride to American kestrels (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Ceulemans Susanne M. , Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Olsen Glenn H. , Beaufrère Hugues , Paul-Murphy Joanne R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects and duration of action of buprenorphine hydrochloride after IM administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
Animals—12 healthy 3-year-old American kestrels.
Procedures—Buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg) and a control treatment (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) were administered IM in a randomized crossover experimental design. Foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus was determined 1 hour before (baseline) and 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after treatment administration. Agitation-sedation scores were determined 3 to 5 minutes before each thermal stimulus. Adverse effects were monitored for 6 hours after treatment administration.
Results—Buprenorphine hydrochloride at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg, IM, increased thermal threshold for 6 hours, compared with the response for the control treatment. There were no significant differences among buprenorphine treatments. A mild sedative effect was detected at a dose of 0.6 mg of buprenorphine/kg.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—At the doses tested, buprenorphine hydrochloride resulted in thermal antinociception in American kestrels for at least 6 hours, which suggested that buprenorphine has analgesic effects in this species. Further studies with longer evaluation periods and additional forms of noxious stimuli, formulations, dosages, and routes of administration are needed to fully evaluate the analgesic effects of buprenorphine in American kestrels.
Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Gustavsen Kate A. , Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Knych Heather K. , Petritz Olivia A. , Olsen Glenn H. , Paul-Murphy Joanne R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride after IM and IV administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
Animals—13 healthy 3-year-old captive-bred American kestrels.
Procedures—Buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.6 mg/kg) was administered IM to all birds. Blood samples were collected at 9 times, ranging from 5 minutes to 9 hours after drug administration. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were measured by use of tandem liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by use of least squares linear regression and noncompartmental analysis of naïve pooled data. After a washout period of 2 weeks, the same dose of buprenorphine was administered IV to all birds and blood samples were collected at the same times after drug administration.
Results—Maximum plasma buprenorphine concentration was achieved within 5 minutes after IM administration. For IM administration, bioavailability was 94.8% and elimination half-life was 92.1 minutes. For IV administration, steady-state volume of distribution was 4,023.8 mL/kg, plasma clearance was 49.2 mL/min/kg, and elimination half-life was 105.5 minutes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Buprenorphine was rapidly absorbed, and bioavailability was good after IM administration to American kestrels. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were > 1 ng/mL for 9 hours after both IM and IV administration. These results, in combination with those of a pharmacodynamic study, suggested that the analgesic effects of buprenorphine could last at least 6 to 9 hours in this species. Further investigations of the duration of analgesic effects, multiple-dose protocols, and potential adverse effects of buprenorphine are warranted in American kestrels and other raptors.
Modulation of growth and immunity by dietary supplementation with resveratrol in young chickens receiving conventional vaccinations
Authors: Zhang CaiYun , Tian YaDong , Yan FengBin , Kang XiangTao , Han RuiLi , Sun GuiRong , Zhang HuiRu 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of resveratrol (RES) on growth and immune status in chickens receiving conventional vaccinations.
Animals—Two hundred forty 1-day-old layer chickens.
Procedures—Chickens received conventional vaccinations throughout the study and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in 6 replicate pens/treatment. Treatments included 1 control group (basal diet) and 3 experimental groups fed the basal diet plus 200, 400, and 800 mg of RES/kg of diet. At 40 days of age, 1 bird/pen was randomly selected to have blood and tissues collected to determine serum immunity indices; mRNA relative expression of proinflammatory cytokines in splenocytes; mRNA relative expression of nuclear transcription factor-κB, growth hormone receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in hepatocytes; cell proliferation; and apoptosis.
Results—Average daily gain, antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza viruses H5 and H9, and insulin-like growth factor-1 expression were quadratically increased with increasing RES concentration. In hepatocytes, growth hormone receptor gene mRNA relative expression was quadratically increased and nuclear transcription factor-κB gene mRNA relative expression was linearly decreased with increasing RES concentration. In splenocytes, nterleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA relative expression was linearly decreased with increasing RES concentration. Resveratrol supplementation delayed cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis in immunocytes. With increasing RES concentration, proliferation index and relative weight of the thymus, ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells, and CD4+ cell count were quadratically increased, and IgM concentration was linearly increased.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary resveratrol supplementation improved growth, protected immunocytes against antigen-induced apoptosis, and upregulated immune response in chickens that received conventional vaccinations.
Effects of clopidogrel on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia
Authors: Watts Ashlee E. , Ness Sally L. , Divers Thomas J. , Fubini Susan L. , Frye Amelia H. , Stokol Tracy , Cummings Kevin J. , Brooks Marjory B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of clopidogrel on clinical and clinicopathologic variables in healthy horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia.
Animals—12 adult mares.
Procedures—Horses were assigned with a randomization procedure to receive clopidogrel (4 mg/kg, once, then 2 mg/kg, q 24 h; n = 6) or a placebo (6) through a nasogastric tube. After 72 hours of treatment, horses received lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 30 ng/kg, IV). Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, CBC variables, plasma fibrinogen concentration, serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentration, plasma von Willebrand factor concentration, and measures of platelet activation (including ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation and closure times, thrombelastography variables, and results of flow cytometric detection of platelet membrane P-selectin, phosphatidylserine, and microparticles) were determined at various times before and after LPS administration by investigators unaware of the treatment groups. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated-measures ANOVA.
Results—4 of 6 clopidogrel-treated horses had significant decreases in ADP-induced platelet aggregation before and after LPS administration. Heart rate increased significantly after LPS administration only for the placebo group. No significant differences were detected between groups for CBC variables, closure time, and plasma concentration of fibrinogen or serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α, and no clinically relevant differences were detected for other hemostatic variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, administration of LPS did not induce platelet hyperreactivity in horses on the basis of measures of platelet adhesion, aggregation, degranulation, and procoagulant activity. Administration of clopidogrel was associated with variable platelet antiaggregatory activity and attenuated some clinical signs of endotoxemia.
Assessment of Glenohumeral Subluxation in Poststroke Hemiplegia: Comparison Between Ultrasound and Fingerbreadth Palpation Methods
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Mardon Marianne , Bradley Michael , Gray Selena , Swinkels Annette 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundGlenohumeral subluxation (GHS) is a common poststroke complication. Treatment of GHS is hampered by the lack of objective, real-time clinical measurements.ObjectiveThe aims of this study were: (1) to compare an ultrasound method of GHS measurement with the fingerbreadth palpation method using a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and (2) to report the sensitivity and specificity of this method.DesignA prospective study was conducted.SettingThe study was conducted in local hospitals and day centers in the southwest of England.PatientsOne hundred five patients who had one-sided weakness following a first-time stroke (51 men, 54 women; mean age=71 years, SD=11) and who gave informed consent were enrolled in the study.MeasurementsUltrasound measurements of acromion–greater tuberosity (AGT) distance were used for the assessment of GHS. Measurements were undertaken on both shoulders by a research physical therapist trained in shoulder ultrasound with the patient seated in a standardized position. Fingerbreadth palpation assessment of GHS was undertaken by a clinical physical therapist based at the hospital, who also visited the day centers.ResultsThe area under the ROC curve was 0.73 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]=0.63, 0.83), suggesting that the ultrasound method has good agreement compared with the fingerbreadth palpation method. A cutoff point of ≥0.2 cm AGT measurement difference between affected and unaffected shoulders generated a sensitivity of 68% (95% CI=51%, 75%), a specificity of 62% (95% CI=47%, 80%), a positive likelihood ratio of 1.79 (95% CI=1.1, 2.9), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.55 (95% CI=0.4, 0.8).LimitationsClinical therapists involved in the routine care of patients conducted the fingerbreadth palpation method. It is likely that they were aware of the patients' subluxation status.ConclusionThe ultrasound method can detect minor asymmetry (≤0.5 cm) and has the potential advantage over the fingerbreadth palpation method of identifying patients with minor subluxation.
Responses to Ageeth Sluis and Elise Edwards, ‘Rethinking combined departments: an argument for History and Anthropology’, published in Learning and Teaching 6.1
Authors: Lyon Stephen M. , Abu Ghosh Yasar , Himl Pavel , Stöckelová Tereza , Storchová Lucie , Gibb Robert , Krause-Jensen Jakob , Lele Veerendra P. 
Published: July 2014

The choice of interdisciplinaritiesStephen M. LyonMultidisciplinarity as a necessity and challenge: the Department of General Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague (FHS UK)Yasar Abu Ghosh, Pavel Himl, Tereza Stöckelová and Lucie StorchováResponse to Sluis and Edwards, 'Rethinking combined departments'Robert GibbResponse to Sluis and Edwards, 'Rethinking combined departments'Jakob Krause-JensenResponse to Sluis and Edwards, 'Rethinking combined departments'Veerendra P. LeleResponse from the authors, Ageeth Sluis and Elise Edwards
Residual tumor volume and patient survival following reoperation for recurrent glioblastoma
Authors: Yong Raymund L. , Wu Tianxia , Mihatov Nino , Shen Michael J. , Brown M. Anthony , Zaghloul Kareem A. , Park Grace E. , Park John K. 
Published: July 2014

Object
Maximal safe tumor resection is part of the standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The role of reoperation in the care of patients with recurrent glioblastoma is less clear, and less than a quarter of patients undergo a second surgery. Previous studies have identified preoperative variables associated with the improved survival of patients following reoperation, and guidelines for the selection of patients for reoperation have been devised and validated. In this study, the authors analyzed the relative survival benefit of maximal safe tumor removal in a series of patients with recurrent glioblastoma who all underwent reoperation.

Methods
In this longitudinal study, the clinical and radiological data of 97 consecutive patients who underwent reoperation for recurrent glioblastoma were prospectively collected. Multiple regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier plotting were performed to identify pre- and postoperative clinical and radiological variables associated with increased survival following reoperation.

Results
The median postoperative survival of all patients following reoperation was 12.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.0–15.6 months). Multiple Cox regression analysis revealed that patients with large (> 3 cm3) residual tumors following reoperation had significantly decreased survival relative to those with residual tumors that were small (> 0–3 cm3; hazard ratio [HR] = 3.10, 95% CI 1.69–5.70; p < 0.001) or radiologically absent (0 cm3; HR = 5.82, 95% CI 2.98–11.37; p < 0.001). Large residual tumors had faster rates of subsequent regrowth than small (odds ratio [OR] = 4.22, 95% CI 1.19–14.97; p = 0.026) or radiologically absent (OR = 11.00, 95% CI 2.79–43.43; p = 0.001) residual tumors, and a faster regrowth rate was significantly associated with decreased survival (HR = 4.01, 95% CI 2.26–7.14; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The overall survival of patients with recurrent glioblastoma who underwent reoperations increased with decreasing postoperative residual tumor volumes. For patients meeting prognostic criteria for reoperation, the surgical goal should be to minimize residual tumor volume to maximize overall survival. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00060541 (ClinicalTrials.gov).