bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidermal growth factor attenuates tubular necrosis following mercuric chloride damage by regeneration of indigenous, not bone marrow‐derived cells
Authors: Yen Tzung‐Hai , Alison Malcolm R. , Goodlad Robert A. , Otto William R. , Jeffery Rosemary , Cook H. Terence , Wright Nicholas A. , Poulsom Richard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo assess effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and pegylated granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (P‐GCSF; pegfilgrastim) administration on the cellular origin of renal tubular epithelium regenerating after acute kidney injury initiated by mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Female mice were irradiated and male whole bone marrow (BM) was transplanted into them. Six weeks later recipient mice were assigned to one of eight groups: control, P‐GCSF+, EGF+, P‐GCSF+EGF+, HgCl2, HgCl2+P‐GCSF+, HgCl2+EGF+ and HgCl2+P‐GCSF+EGF+. Following HgCl2, injection tubular injury scores increased and serum urea nitrogen levels reached uraemia after 3 days, but EGF‐treated groups were resistant to this acute kidney injury. A four‐in‐one analytical technique for identification of cellular origin, tubular phenotype, basement membrane and S‐phase status revealed that BM contributed 1% of proximal tubular epithelium in undamaged kidneys and 3% after HgCl2 damage, with no effects of exogenous EGF or P‐GCSF. Only 0.5% proximal tubular cells were seen in S‐phase in the undamaged group kidneys; this increased to 7–8% after HgCl2 damage and to 15% after addition of EGF. Most of the regenerating tubular epithelium originated from the indigenous pool. BM contributed up to 6.6% of the proximal tubular cells in S‐phase after HgCl2 damage, but only to 3.3% after additional EGF. EGF administration attenuated tubular necrosis following HgCl2 damage, and the major cause of this protective effect was division of indigenous cells, whereas BM‐derived cells were less responsive. P‐GCSF did not influence damage or regeneration.
Role of Shh and TGF in cyclosporine‐enhanced expression of collagen and α‐SMA by gingival fibroblast
Authors: Chung Yi , Fu Earl , Chin Yu‐Tang , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Shen E‐Chin , Chiang Cheng‐Yang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveCyclosporine‐A (CsA)‐induced gingival overgrowth may arise from an alteration in stoma matrix homeostasis. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a key role during embryogenic development and fibrotic progression, and may be involved in CsA‐altered gingival matrix homeostasis.MethodsUsing the reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, we investigated the mRNA and protein expressions of Shh, type 1 collagen (COL1), alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) in human gingival fibroblasts after CsA treatments. The effect of Shh on CsA‐induced alterations was further evaluated by the extra‐supplement or inhibition of Shh or TGF‐β.ResultsCyclosporine‐A enhanced COL1, α‐SMA, Shh and TGF‐β expressions in human gingival fibroblasts. The exogenous Shh/TGF‐β augmented the expression of COL1 and α‐SMA, and the Shh/TGF‐β inhibition suppressed the CsA‐enhanced COL1 and α‐SMA expressions. Moreover, Shh mRNA and protein expressions increased if extra‐supplementing the exogenous TGF‐β, whereas the CsA‐upregulated Shh was mitigated by the TGF‐β pathway inhibitor. However, neither exogenous Shh nor the Shh pathway inhibitor alters TGF‐β expression or CsA‐up‐regulated TGF‐β expression.ConclusionsShh, regulated by TGF‐β, mediates CsA‐altered gingival matrix homeostasis.
Trauma memories, mental health, and resilience: a prospective study of Afghan youth
Authors: Panter‐Brick Catherine , Grimon Marie‐Pascale , Kalin Michael , Eggerman Mark 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundStudies of war‐affected youth have not yet examined how trauma memories relate to prospective changes in mental health and to subjective or social experiences.MethodsWe interviewed a gender‐balanced, randomly selected sample of Afghan child‐caregiver dyads (n = 331, two waves, 1 year apart). We assessed lifetime trauma with a Traumatic Event Checklist, past‐year events with a checklist of risk and protective events, and several child mental health outcomes including posttraumatic distress (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale, CRIES) and depression. We examined the consistency of trauma recall over time, identified mental health trajectories with latent transition modeling, and assessed the predictors of posttraumatic distress and depression trajectories with multinomial logistic regressions.ResultsFrom baseline to follow‐up, reports of lifetime trauma significantly changed (p ≤ 0.01). A third of the cohort reported no trauma exposure; only 10% identified the same event as their most distressing experience. We identified four CRIES trajectories: low or no distress (52%), rising distress (15%), declining distress (21%), and sustained high distress (12%). Youth with chronic posttraumatic distress were more likely to be girls (OR = 5.78, p ≤ 0.01), report more trauma exposure at baseline (OR = 1.55, p ≤ 0.05) and follow‐up (OR = 5.96, p ≤ 0.01), and experience ongoing domestic violence (OR = 4.84, p ≤ 0.01). The risks of rising distress and sustained distress showed a steady increase for youth recalling up to four traumatic experiences. Depression and CRIES trajectories showed weak comorbidity.ConclusionsMemories of violent events are malleable, embedded in social experiences, and present heterogeneous associations with posttraumatic distress. Our study provides insights on resilience and vulnerability to multiple adverse childhood experiences, highlighting research and clinical implications for understanding trauma in conflict‐affected youth.
Evaluation of the fatty liver index as a predictor for the development of diabetes among insurance beneficiaries with prediabetes
Authors: Nishi Takumi , Babazono Akira , Maeda Toshiki , Imatoh Takuya , Une Hiroshi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in developed countries, and it was required to monitor patients with prediabetes. However, there have been few reports establishing the risk for diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with prediabetes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NAFLD on the progression of DM among insurance beneficiaries with prediabetes, using data from specific health check‐ups and the fatty liver index (FLI).Materials and MethodsWe used a retrospective cohort study that enrolled 967 insurance beneficiaries with prediabetes who had rarely drunk or could not drink alcohol, or whose alcohol consumption was <19 g/day from two health insurance societies. We divided insurance beneficiaries into FLI <30, intermediates FLIs and FLI ≥60, and compared the incidence rate of DM among the groups after 3 years' follow up, using multiple logistic regression models.ResultsDuring 3 years' follow up, progression of diabetes was seen in 65 men (11.5%) and 24 women (6.0%). Logistic regression analyses showed that those with NAFLD had significantly higher risks of developing DM; this was the case in both men (odds ratio 2.68, 95% confidential interval 1.29–5.56) and women (odds ratio 10.35, 95% confidential interval 3.22–33.31).ConclusionsAmong insurance beneficiaries with prediabetes, those with NAFLD had a significantly higher risk of DM than those without NAFLD. The FLI might be useful for detecting individuals who have an especially higher risk for DM, and developing more effective guidance for delivering healthcare services in Japan.
Effect of Freezing Pretreatment on the Processing Time and Quality of Black Garlic
Authors: Li Ningyang , Lu Xiaoming , Pei Houbao , Qiao Xuguang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBecause freezing treatment can destroy the cell structure of garlic, we investigated the effect of freezing pretreatment on black garlic processing with the traditional processing method as contrast. Results showed that freezing for 30 h had the greatest impact on the reducing sugar content. The control garlic processing 21–24 days had the best quality. Freezing pretreatment can affect the black garlic quality through the browning degree, reducing sugar content, amino‐N content, total phenolic content and 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde (5‐HMF) levels. The freezing garlic had a faster color change than control samples. When the processing ended, the reducing sugar content, total phenols content and 5‐HMF content of freezing pretreated garlic were increased by 51.88, 58.54, 25%, respectively, compared with the control samples. The amino‐N content of freezing‐pretreated garlic decreased 50.97% compared with the control one. The results indicated that freezing pretreatment can promote the generation of functional materials.Practical ApplicationsAlthough garlic has been used worldwide as food or herbal supplement, some people feel discomfort because of its strong pungent odor. Black garlic is one of the garlic‐processed products, eliminating its stimulating odor. However, the quality of black garlic products on the market is varied and the processing time is long. As is known, freezing is widely used to destroy cell structure. In the present study, the use of freezing pretreatment in black garlic processing can promote the generation of functional materials and significantly reduce processing time from 60–90 to 22 days. These provided potential method to the black garlic processing.
Comparative efficacy of a herbal and a non‐herbal dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity: a randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Kumari Minal , Naik Savitha B. , Martande Santosh S. , Pradeep Avani R. , Singh Priyanka 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimDentinal hypersensitivity (DH) is a common painful condition of the teeth of adults. The present study was conducted to assess and compare the efficacy of a commercially‐available novel herbal dentifrice with a non‐herbal potassium nitrate in the reduction of DH.MethodsA total of 145 individuals (73 males and 72 females; aged 25–60 years) were divided into three groups randomly: (a) group 1: a placebo dentifrice; (b) group 2: a commercially‐available herbal dentifrice; and (c) group 3: 5% non‐herbal potassium nitrate. The sensitivity scores for controlled air stimulus and cold water were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks.ResultsBoth groups 2 and 3 were found to be significantly better, as compared to the placebo group at the end of 6 and 12 weeks in the reduction of DH. Group 2 also showed comparable results in the reduction of DH when compared to group 3.ConclusionThe herbal dentifrice showed comparable results to the non‐herbal dentifrice and can be recommended for the treatment of DH.
Analysis of menisci formed on cones for single field of view parasite egg microscopy
Authors: COOKE I.R. , LAING C.J. , WHITE L.V. , WAKES S.J. , SOWERBY S.J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryParasite ova caused to accumulate in a single microscopic field simplifies monitoring soil‐transmitted helminthiasis by optical microscopy. Here we demonstrate new egg‐accumulating geometries based on annular menisci formed on the surface of a wetted cone. Fluidic features extracted from profile images of the system provided mathematical representations of the meniscus gradient that were compared quantitatively to numerical solutions of an axisymmetric Young–Laplace equation. Our results show that the governing dynamics of these systems is dominated by the surface tension of the fluid. These image analysis and mathematical tools provide simple quantitative methods for system analysis and optimization.
Understanding Reaction of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) to Ralstonia solanacearum and Relationship of Wilt Incidence to Latent Infection
Authors: Aliye Naser , Dilbo Chemeda , Pillay Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important diseases affecting more than 200 plant species, including solanaceous crops. The pathogen is known to cause complicated symptoms ranging from visible to latent ones. Understanding crop's reaction to the pathogen and the underlying relatedness of latent infection to wilt incidence is of paramount importance. Thus, a number of potato cultivars including improved and otherwise were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Accordingly, twenty‐eight of the cultivars tested under greenhouse conditions were resistant to the pathogen with scores ranging from 0.77 to 1.17 of 5. Nonetheless, under field conditions, only 2 of 28 cultivars found to be ‘resistant’ under greenhouse conditions, showed adequate resistance to the pathogen, indicating the significant impact of environment on the activity of the pathogen and reaction of the crop. Percentage wilt incidence and latent infection showed significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation, with r = 0.9438. Thus, evaluation of crop's performance based on the combination of the parameters like field wilt incidence and proportion of latent infection gave us better picture of the overall crop feat, than using wilt incidence as a sole parameter of evaluation as has been the case in most studies. Moreover, the established correlation of latent infection with field wilt incidence will also help us understand the disease epidemiology and design effective management measures, accordingly.
Ontogenetic changes in dental form and tooth pressures facilitate developmental niche shifts in American alligators
Authors: Gignac P. M. , Erickson G. M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBetween hatching and late adulthood American alligators Alligator mississippiensis show up to 7000‐fold increases in body mass. Concurrent with such changes in body size are absolute and relative modifications in rostral proportions, dental form, feeding capacities and dietary preferences. How these major anatomical changes accommodate prey‐resource shifts is poorly understood. In this study, we focus on the effects of ontogenetic changes in bite‐force capacities and dental form to address how these factors relate to tooth‐pressure generation and diet. We derive absolute values of tooth pressure along the crowns of the most prominent teeth (the first documentation of tooth pressures throughout ontogeny and after initial tooth contact for any animal) and show that these pressures increase with positive allometry during ontogeny. In addition, we discuss how American alligator tooth‐pressure values explain their capacities for seizure and oral processing of typical prey, and how tooth‐pressure changes facilitate developmental niche shifts in this large‐bodied taxon.
Drug–drug interactions of telaprevir and boceprevir in HCV‐monoinfected and HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients can modify the adherence
Authors: González‐Colominas Elena , Broquetas Teresa , Retamero Alexandra , García‐Retortillo Montserrat , Cañete Nuria , Coll Susanna , Pellicer Rosa , Giménez Maria D. , Cabrero Beatriz , Bory Felipe , Knobel Hernando , Salas Esther , Solà Ricard , Carrión José A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsThe first generation protease inhibitors, boceprevir (BOC) and telaprevir (TVR), are both CYP3A4 inhibitors, which predispose drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of potential DDIs, the management of outpatient medication and its impact on adherence and efficacy to antiviral treatment in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐monoinfected and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV‐coinfected patients receiving BOC and TVR.MethodsThe usual medication starting with BOC or TVR was screened by the pharmacist of the multidisciplinary support programme (MSP) for potential DDIs. Recommendations were made to avoid significant DDIs, and changes in the baseline medication were recorded. Adherence to antiviral treatment was considered as 80/80/95% of total doses. Sustained virological response was assesed at week 12 (SVR12).ResultsAt least one potential DDI was found in 70 (64.8%) patients, 45 (54.2%) being HCV‐monoinfected and 25 (100%) HIV/HCV‐coinfected (P < 0.01). Baseline treatment modifications were required in 38 (35.2%) patients. Adherence and SVR12 were higher in patients without DDIs (86.8%) and (67.6%) compared to those with DDIs (62.8%) (P = 0.021) and (47.2%) (P = 0.097) respectively.ConclusionsMore than half of the patients were at risk of presenting DDIs, leading to changes in the baseline medication in one‐third of the patients. Drug interactions are frequent in patients with lower adherence.
The Kuroshio Current influences genetic diversity and population genetic structure of a tropical seagrass, Enhalus acoroides
Authors: Nakajima Yuichi , Matsuki Yu , Lian Chunlan , Fortes Miguel D. , Uy Wilfredo H. , Campos Wilfredo L. , Nakaoka Masahiro , Nadaoka Kazuo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInformation on genetic diversity and differentiation of seagrass populations is essential for the conservation of coastal ecosystems. However, little is known about the seagrasses in the Indo‐West Pacific Ocean, where the world's highest diversity of seagrasses occurs. The influence of sea currents on these populations is also unknown. We estimated the genetic diversity and population genetic structure and identified reproductive features in Enhalus acoroides populations from the Yaeyama Islands, Hainan Island and the Philippines. The Philippines are situated at the centre of the E. acoroides range, Yaeyama and Hainan are peripheral populations, and the Yaeyama population is at the northern limit of the species range. The powerful Kuroshio Current flows from the Philippines to Yaeyama. Genetic analyses using nine microsatellite markers indicated that reproduction of E. acoroides is mostly sexual. Clonal diversity does not decrease in northern populations, although genetic diversity does. However, the genetic diversity of the Yaeyama populations is greater than that of the Hainan populations. Significant genetic differentiation among most populations was evident; however, the Yaeyama and north‐east Philippines populations were genetically similar, despite being separated by ~1100 km. An assignment test suggested that recruitment occurs from the north‐east Philippines to Yaeyama. The strong current in this region is probably responsible for the extant genetic diversity and recruitment patterns.
II. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: MEASUREMENT AND BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS IN CHILDREN AND YOUTH
Authors: Wójcicki Thomas R. , McAuley Edward 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWith physical activity levels among children and adolescents at an all‐time low, there is a critical need for scientists and public health officials alike to further examine the physical activity behaviors of this population. Accordingly, this chapter will act as an entrée to the rest of the monograph by providing a general overview of the epidemiology of physical activity among youth in the United States. In so doing, we discuss the following: public health guidelines for youth‐based physical activity, current rates and trends of physical activity participation in youth, issues related to physical education rates in school systems, lifestyle practices that encourage sedentary behaviors and attendant disease states, a synopsis of the health‐related benefits of a physically active lifestyle, promotion of and opportunities for increased engagement, and comparisons of objective and subjective methods of measuring physical activity.
III. THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND AEROBIC FITNESS FOR COGNITIVE CONTROL AND MEMORY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Chaddock‐Heyman Laura , Hillman Charles H. , Cohen Neal J. , Kramer Arthur F. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this chapter, we review literature that examines the association among physical activity, aerobic fitness, cognition, and the brain in elementary school children (ages 7–10 years). Specifically, physical activity and higher levels of aerobic fitness in children have been found to benefit brain structure, brain function, cognition, and school achievement. For example, higher fit children have larger brain volumes in the basal ganglia and hippocampus, which relate to superior performance on tasks of cognitive control and memory, respectively, when compared to their lower fit peers. Higher fit children also show superior brain function during tasks of cognitive control, better scores on tests of academic achievement, and higher performance on a real‐world street crossing task, compared to lower fit and less active children. The cross‐sectional findings are strengthened by a few randomized, controlled trials, which demonstrate that children randomly assigned to a physical activity intervention group show greater brain and cognitive benefits compared to a control group. Because these findings suggest that the developing brain is plastic and sensitive to lifestyle factors, we also discuss typical structural and functional brain maturation in children to provide context in which to interpret the effects of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the developing brain. This research is important because children are becoming increasingly sedentary, physically inactive, and unfit. An important goal of this review is to emphasize the importance of physical activity and aerobic fitness for the cognitive and brain health of today's youth.
VII. THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE RESEARCH: INFORMING THE FUTURE
Authors: Castelli Darla M. , Centeio Erin E. , Hwang Jungyun , Barcelona Jeanne M. , Glowacki Elizabeth M. , Calvert Hannah G. , Nicksic Hildi M. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe study of physical activity, physical fitness, and academic performance research are reviewed from a historical perspective, by providing an overview of existing publications focused on children and adolescents. Using rigorous inclusion criteria, the studies were quantified and qualified using both meta‐analytic and descriptive evaluations analyses, first by time‐period and then as an overall summary, particularly focusing on secular trends and future directions. This review is timely because the body of literature is growing exponentially, resulting in the emergence of new terminology, methodologies, and identification of mediating and moderating factors. Implications and recommendations for future research are summarized.
The transmembrane protein Sho1 cooperates with the mucin Msb2 to regulate invasive growth and plant infection in Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Perez‐Nadales Elena , Di Pietro Antonio 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIn the vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) Fmk1 is essential for plant infection. The mucin‐like membrane protein Msb2 regulates a subset of Fmk1‐dependent functions. Here, we examined the role of the tetraspan transmembrane protein Sho1 as an additional regulator of the Fmk1 pathway and determined its genetic interaction with Msb2. Targeted Δsho1 mutants were generated in wild‐type and Δmsb2 backgrounds to test possible interactions between the two genes. The mutants were examined for hyphal growth under different stress conditions, phosphorylation of the MAPK Fmk1 and an array of Fmk1‐dependent virulence functions. Similar to Msb2, Sho1 was required for the activation of Fmk1 phosphorylation, as well as Fmk1‐dependent gene expression and invasive growth functions, including extracellular pectinolytic activity, cellophane penetration, plant tissue colonization and virulence on tomato plants. Δsho1 mutants were hypersensitive to the cell wall‐perturbing compound Calcofluor White, and this phenotype was exacerbated in the Δmsb2 Δsho1 double mutant. These results highlight that Sho1 and Msb2 have partially overlapping functions upstream of the Fmk1 MAPK cascade, to promote invasive growth and plant infection, as well as cell wall integrity, in F. oxysporum.