bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ongoing Crestal Bone Loss around Implants Subjected to Computer‐Guided Flapless Surgery and Immediate Loading Using the All‐on‐4® Concept
Authors: Browaeys Hilde , Dierens Melissa , Ruyffelaert Christian , Matthijs Carine , De Bruyn Hugo , Vandeweghe Stefan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe All‐on‐4® concept is widely applied for full‐arch rehabilitations, using two tilted and two axially loaded implants in order to overcome anatomical constraints.PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the survival and individual success of implants immediately loaded with an All‐on‐4 full‐arch screw‐retained prosthetic bridge in fully edentulous mandibles or maxillae over up to 3 years.Materials and MethodsIn total, 20 patients with atrophic jaws (9 maxillae, 11 mandibles) were treated with computer‐guided flapless surgery and immediately provided with a provisional bridge. The final prosthesis was delivered after 6 months. In total, 80 TiUnite™ Brånemark implants were placed. Radiographs were taken after surgery and 1 and 3 years later.ResultsA 3‐year survival rate of 100% was seen for all implants, both in lower and in upper jaw. None of the temporary or definite prostheses were lost over the follow‐up period of 3 years. After 1 year, the mean bone loss was 1.13 mm (SD 0.94; range −0.1 to 3.8), and after 3 years, it was 1.61 mm (SD 1.40; range 0 to 5). The mean bone loss between the 1‐year and 3‐year follow‐ups was 0.48 mm (SD 0.66; range −1.2 to 3.6). This difference was statistically significant (p < .001), indicative of ongoing bone loss. Twenty‐six percent of the implants had bone loss above 1.5 mm after 1 year, but after 3 years, 30% of the implants had already lost more than 1.9 mm.ConclusionThe implant and prosthetic survival was 100%, and patients benefited from the All‐on‐4 treatment. However, unacceptable ongoing bone loss was seen in 49.2% of the patients; this may be a warning sign for future problems and needs clinical attention. Overloading and surgery‐related aspects need to be investigated as potential explanations.
Quantitative resistance can lead to evolutionary changes in traits not targeted by the resistance QTLs
Authors: van den Berg Femke , Lannou Christian , Gilligan Christopher A. , van den Bosch Frank 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper addresses the general concern in plant pathology that the introduction of quantitative resistance in the landscape can lead to increased pathogenicity. Hereto, we study the hypothetical case of a quantitative trait loci (QTL) acting on pathogen spore production per unit lesion area. To regain its original fitness, the pathogen can break the QTL, restoring its spore production capacity leading to an increased spore production per lesion. Or alternatively, it can increase its lesion size, also leading to an increased spore production per lesion. A data analysis shows that spore production per lesion (affected by the resistance QTL) and lesion size (not targeted by the QTL) are positively correlated traits, suggesting that a change in magnitude of a trait not targeted by the QTL (lesion size) might indirectly affect the targeted trait (spore production per lesion). Secondly, we model the effect of pathogen adaptation towards increased lesion size and analyse its consequences for spore production per lesion. The model calculations show that when the pathogen is unable to overcome the resistance associated QTL, it may compensate for its reduced fitness by indirect selection for increased pathogenicity on both the resistant and susceptible cultivar, but whereby the QTLs remain effective.
Exposure to phages has little impact on the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance on drug concentration gradients
Authors: Zhang Quan‐Guo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe use of phages for treating bacterial pathogens has recently been advocated as an alternative to antibiotic therapy. Here, we test a hypothesis that bacteria treated with phages may show more limited evolution of antibiotic resistance as the fitness costs of resistance to phages may add to those of antibiotic resistance, further reducing the growth performance of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. We did this by studying the evolution of phage‐exposed and phage‐free Pseudomonas fluorescens cultures on concentration gradients of single drugs, including cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin. During drug treatment, the level of bacterial antibiotic resistance increased through time and was not affected by the phage treatment. Exposure to phages did not cause slower growth in antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, although it did so in antibiotic‐susceptible bacteria. We observed significant reversion of antibiotic resistance after drug use being terminated, and the rate of reversion was not affected by the phage treatment. The results suggest that the fitness costs caused by resistance to phages are unlikely to be an important constraint on the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance in heterogeneous drug environments. Further studies are needed for the interaction of fitness costs of antibiotic resistance with other factors.
Universal Health Coverage: Solution or Siren? Some Preliminary Thoughts
Authors: Temkin Larry S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a growing groundswell of support for the idea that universal health coverage should be provided even in the developing world. While I wholeheartedly agree with the eventual goal of attaining universal health coverage globally, and the sooner the better, I have worries as to whether the world's rich countries, or institutions like the World Health Organization, should be pushing the world's poorest countries to take whatever steps are necessary to achieve that goal. My fear is that universal health coverage in the developing world is an intoxicating, but potentially dangerous, idea whose time may not yet have come. This article's aim is not to settle the question of whether the developing world should be urged, or pushed, to adopt policies of universal health coverage. It is merely to explore some worries about the wisdom of such a tack.The article is divided into eight sections. In Section 1, I give a brief introduction. In Section 2, I provide some background for my topic. In Section 3, I discuss the notion of universal health coverage, and what the push for such a goal in the developing world seemingly involves. In Section 4, I raise some general worries I have about the push for universal health coverage in the developing world. In Section 5, I present a wide range of possible justifications for universal health coverage in the developing world. In Section 6, I discuss whether any of the purported justifications of universal health coverage in the developing world actually do so. In Section 7, I consider some comments, objections, and responses. Finally, in Section 8, I offer a brief conclusion.
Model averaging for genome‐enabled prediction with reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces: a case study with pig litter size and wheat yield
Authors: Tusell L. , Pérez‐Rodríguez P. , Forni S. , Gianola D. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryPredictive ability of yet‐to‐be observed litter size (pig) grain yield (wheat) records of several reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS) regression models combining different number of Gaussian or t kernels was evaluated. Predictive performance was assessed as the average (over 50 replicates) predictive correlation in the testing set. Predictions from these models were combined using three different types of model averaging: (i) mean of predicted phenotypes obtained in each model, (ii) weighted average using mean squared error as weight or (iii) using the marginal likelihood as weight. (ii) and (iii) were obtained in a validation set with 5% of the data. Phenotypes consisted of 2598, 1604 and 1879 average litter size records from three commercial pig lines and wheat grain yield of 599 lines evaluated in four macro‐environments. SNPs from the PorcineSNP60 BeadChip and 1447 DArT markers were used as predictors for the pig and wheat data analyses, respectively. Gaussian and univariate t kernels led to same predictive performance. Multikernel RKHS regression models overcame shortcomings of single kernel models (increasing the predictive correlation of RKHS models by 0.05 where 3 Gaussian or t kernels were fitted in the RKHS models simultaneously). None of the proposed averaging strategies improved the predictive correlations attained with single models using multiple kernel fitting.
Effect of allele frequencies, effect sizes and number of markers on prediction of quantitative traits in chickens
Authors: Abdollahi‐Arpanahi R. , Nejati‐Javaremi A. , Pakdel A. , Moradi‐Shahrbabak M. , Morota G. , Valente B.D. , Kranis A. , Rosa G.J.M. , Gianola D. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe objective was to assess goodness of fit and predictive ability of subsets of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers constructed based on minor allele frequency (MAF), effect sizes and varying marker density. Target traits were body weight (BW), ultrasound measurement of breast muscle (BM) and hen house egg production (HHP) in broiler chickens. We used a 600 K Affymetrix platform with 1352 birds genotyped. The prediction method was genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) with 354 564 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used to derive a genomic relationship matrix (G). Predictive ability was assessed as the correlation between predicted genomic values and corrected phenotypes from a threefold cross‐validation. Predictive ability was 0.27 ± 0.002 for BW, 0.33 ± 0.001 for BM and 0.20 ± 0.002 for HHP. For the three traits studied, predictive ability decreased when SNPs with a higher MAF were used to construct G. Selection of the 20% SNPs with the largest absolute effect sizes induced a predictive ability equal to that from fitting all markers together. When density of markers increased from 5 K to 20 K, predictive ability enhanced slightly. These results provide evidence that designing a low‐density chip using low‐frequency markers with large effect sizes may be useful for commercial usage.
Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Pure Linear Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Without Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: WU LINGMIN , YAO YAN , ZHENG LIHUI , ZHANG KUIJUN , ZHANG SHU 
Published: January 2014

Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Linear Ablation for AFBackgroundThe long‐term outcome of radiofrequency catheter ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) patients remains controversial due to different procedural strategies. This study aimed to present the clinical outcome of a pure linear ablation approach without circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) over an extended (>5 years) follow‐up period.MethodsFrom January 2005 to December 2009, 120 consecutive patients (94 men; age, 53.6 ± 10.3 years) with drug‐refractory persistent AF that underwent pure linear ablation using AF termination as the desired procedural endpoint were enrolled.ResultsIn the primary procedure, sinus rhythm was restored by ablation in 75 (62.5%) patients, and the remaining 45 patients in whom AF could not be terminated by ablation received electrical cardioversion. During a median follow‐up period of 5.1 (range 3.2–7.5) years, sinus rhythm was maintained in 48 (40.0%) patients without any antiarrhythmic drugs after a single procedure. There was a higher long‐term success in the patients in whom AF was terminated by ablation than in those requiring cardioversion (49.3 vs. 24.4%; P = 0.007).ConclusionLinear catheter ablation without CPVI is effective for persistent AF. Patients with AF terminated by ablation were associated with a better long‐term outcome than those requiring cardioversion
Anticoagulation Management in Individuals with Hip Fracture
Authors: Gleason Lauren J. , Mendelson Daniel A. , Kates Stephen L. , Friedman Susan M. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the interventions taken to lower international normalized ratio (INR) in individuals with hip fracture using warfarin before admission for hip fracture surgery in a geriatric fracture center (GFC) and compare outcomes with those of individuals not taking warfarin.DesignCohort study using retrospective chart review.SettingUniversity‐affiliated community teaching hospital.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 60 and older admitted to a GFC for surgical repair of a nonpathological, nonperiprosthetic hip fracture between April 2006 and April 2012.MeasurementsDescriptive data collected from a quality improvement registry with additional information for individuals taking warfarin obtained from chart review.ResultsOf the 1,080 individuals included in the analysis, 84 (7.8%) were taking warfarin on admission. Participants using warfarin had a higher average Charlson Comorbidity Index (3.8 vs 3.1, P < .001). Atrial fibrillation was the most common indication for anticoagulation (83.3%). Average INR before surgery was 1.7 (range 1.2–3.6). Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, or both were given to 100% of those taking warfarin with an admission INR of 2.0 or greater. There was a trend toward longer time to surgery in those taking warfarin than in those not taking warfarin (28.9 vs 21.7 hours, P = .05). Length of stay was longer for those taking warfarin than those not taking warfarin (4.8 vs 4.2 days, P = .04). Neither time to surgery nor length of stay were significantly different after adjustment for baseline comorbidity. Participants taking warfarin were not found to have any significant differences in thromboembolic event rates, bleeding complications rates, mortality, or 30‐day readmission after surgery than those not taking warfarin on admission.ConclusionActive management in a GFC model to reverse anticoagulation before surgery may facilitate earlier surgery without increasing observed complications.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Obesity and Overweight as Predictors of the Onset of Functional Impairment
Authors: Wei Liang , Wu Bei 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo examine racial and ethnic differences in the effects of body mass index (BMI) on the onset of functional impairment over 10 years of follow‐up.DesignLongitudinal analyses of a cohort from a nationally representative survey of community‐dwelling American adults.SettingSix waves (1996–2006) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).ParticipantsTwo groups of HRS participants aged 50 and older without functional impairment at baseline (1996): 5,884 with no mobility difficulty and 8,484 with no activity of daily living (ADL) difficulty.MeasurementsMobility difficulty was a composite measure of difficulty walking several blocks, walking one block, climbing several flights of stairs, and climbing one flight of stairs. ADL difficulty was measured as difficulty in dressing, bathing or showering, eating, and getting in and out of bed without help. The association between baseline BMI and risk of developing functional impairment was estimated using generalized estimating equation models.ResultsOverweight and obesity were significant predictors of functional impairment. Overweight and obese Hispanics were 41% and 91% more likely, respectively, to develop ADL disability than whites in the same BMI categories. Overweight and severely obese blacks were also more likely than their white counterparts to develop ADL disability. Risk of developing ADL difficulty was higher for Hispanics than for blacks in the obese category. No significant differences in onset of mobility difficulty were found between racial or ethnic groups within any BMI category.ConclusionBlacks and Hispanics were at higher risk than whites of ADL but not mobility impairment. In addition to weight control, prevention efforts should promote exercise to reduce functional impairment, especially for blacks and Hispanics, who are at higher risk.
Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia: Also Effective for Nocturia
Authors: Tyagi Shachi , Resnick Neil M. , Perera Subashan , Monk Timothy H. , Hall Martica H. , Buysse Daniel J. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate changes in self‐reported nocturia in community‐dwelling adults aged 60 and older who received behavioral treatment for chronic insomnia.DesignSecondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention for sleep.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsOf the 79 enrollees, this analysis focused on 30 who, in addition to insomnia, also reported at least one nightly episode of waking up to void.InterventionThe brief behavioral treatment of insomnia (BBTI) group (n = 14) received instructions on reducing time in bed and setting a regular sleep schedule. The information control (IC) group (n = 16) received printed materials. A nurse clinician delivered both interventions.MeasurementsSelf‐reported nocturnal awakenings to void assessed daily for 14 days at baseline and 4 weeks after the intervention. Participants who reported at least one episode of nocturia per night at baseline were included in this analysis.ResultsIn individuals with nocturia at baseline, the total number of nocturnal voids over the 14‐day assessment period decreased by 6.5 ± 4.8 in the BBTI group and increased by 1.3 ± 7.3 in the IC group (P = .04, effect size 0.82). After adjusting for baseline nocturia episodes, the difference remained significant (P = .05).ConclusionIn older adults with concurrent insomnia and nocturia, behavioral treatment directed solely at insomnia may also improve self‐reported nocturia. Behavioral treatment of insomnia should be further investigated for its effect on nocturia in individuals with concurrent insomnia and nocturia.
Family Matters: Effects of Birth Order, Culture, and Family Dynamics on Surrogate Decision‐Making
Authors: Su Christopher T. , McMahan Ryan D. , Williams Brie A. , Sharma Rashmi K. , Sudore Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2014

Cultural attitudes about medical decision‐making and filial expectations may lead some surrogates to experience stress and family conflict. Thirteen focus groups with racially and ethnically diverse English and Spanish speakers from county and Veterans Affairs hospitals, senior centers, and cancer support groups were conducted to describe participants' experiences making serious or end‐of‐life decisions for others. Filial expectations and family dynamics related to birth order and surrogate decision‐making were explored using qualitative, thematic content analysis, and overarching themes from focus group transcripts were identified. The mean age of the 69 participants was 69 ± 14, and 29% were African American, 26% were white, 26% were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 19% were Latino. Seventy percent of participants engaged in unprompted discussions about birth order and family dynamics. Six subthemes were identified within three overarching categories: communication (unspoken expectations and discussion of death as taboo), emotion (emotional stress and feelings of loneliness), and conflict (family conflict and potential solutions to prevent conflict). These findings suggest that birth order and family dynamics can have profound effects on surrogate stress and coping. Clinicians should be aware of potential unspoken filial expectations for firstborns and help facilitate communication between the patient, surrogate, and extended family to reduce stress and conflict.
Midsagittal brain variation and MRI shape analysis of the precuneus in adult individuals
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Rangel de Lázaro Gizéh , de la Cuétara José Manuel , Martín‐Loeches Manuel , Colom Roberto , Jacobs Heidi I. L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecent analyses indicate that the precuneus is one of the main centres of integration in terms of functional and structural processes within the human brain. This neuroanatomical element is formed by different subregions, involved in visuo‐spatial integration, memory and self‐awareness. We analysed the midsagittal brain shape in a sample of adult humans (n = 90) to evidence the patterns of variability and geometrical organization of this area. Interestingly, the major brain covariance pattern within adult humans is strictly associated with the relative proportions of the precuneus. Its morphology displays a marked individual variation, both in terms of geometry (mostly in its longitudinal dimensions) and anatomy (patterns of convolution). No patent differences are evident between males and females, and the allometric effect of size is minimal. However, in terms of morphology, the precuneus does not represent an individual module, being influenced by different neighbouring structures. Taking into consideration the apparent involvement of the precuneus in higher‐order human brain functions and evolution, its wide variation further stresses the important role of these deep parietal areas in modern neuroanatomical organization.
Political Institutions, Political Careers and Environmental Policy
Authors: Fredriksson Per G. , Wollscheid Jim R. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryHigh party discipline and high party strength induce legislators to stay committed to the party's promised policies after their election. This is because party leaders are able to punish deviations and reward behavior that is in the party's interest. Higher political stability induces party leaders to take a longer‐term perspective. We investigate the following interrelated hypotheses: (i) the effects of party discipline and party strength on environmental policy are conditional on the degree of political stability; and (ii) the effect of political stability is conditional on the levels of party discipline and party strength. Our empirical findings support these hypotheses.
Change blindness and eyewitness identification: Effects on accuracy and confidence
Authors: Fitzgerald Ryan J. , Oriet Chris , Price Heather L. 
Published: January 2014

PurposeLarge changes in the visual field often go undetected, an effect referred to as change blindness. We investigated change blindness for an eyewitness event to examine its potential influence on identification accuracy and confidence.MethodsParticipants viewed a video that started with an innocent person walking through a building and finished with another person committing a theft. Participants subsequently attempted the thief's identification from a line‐up that contained either the thief or the innocent person from the video.ResultsMost viewers (64%) experienced change blindness and were unaware of the person change. Overall identification accuracy in the change blindness group was significantly lower than in the change detection group. The decrease in accuracy in the change blindness group was primarily driven by poor performance when the line‐up did not contain the thief. However, rather than misidentifying the innocent from the video, most witnesses who experienced change blindness misidentified a filler. Although change detection did not lead to a significant increase in correct identifications, it did lead to a significant increase in post‐identification confidence.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that (1) although change blindness increases misidentifications, under these conditions witnesses primarily misidentify known innocents who are not at risk of wrongful conviction; and (2) confidence is inferred not only from recognition strength but also from how well observers believe the event was encoded.