bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV: antiretroviral treatment and emergence of resistance
Authors: Bradshaw Daniel , Arnold Amber , Carr Andrew 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
HIV resistance continues to pose a problem in the choice for effective regimens despite the arrival of newer antiretroviral agents. The emergence of resistance is dependent on both physician factors (for example, interpreting resistance information appropriately and prescribing medications at the correct dose and in effective combinations) as well as patient-related factors relating to adherence. This chapter presents a case where both areas were not ideal. The role of genotypic assays is evaluated and the interpretation of resistance data and choices of antiretroviral agents discussed.
Disseminated aspergillosis after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Lambourne Jonathan , Hemsley Carolyn 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Aspergillus species have the capacity to cause devastating infection. More efficacious antifungal agents and improved diagnostics have improved survival from invasive Aspergillus, but mortality is still 30% and approaches 100% for Aspergillus infection of the central nervous or cardiovascular systems. A case of disseminated Aspergillus infection is presented in a patient following bone marrow transplantation and risk factors, testing, and management are discussed.
Hepatitis B reactivation
Authors: Chakrabarty Gayatri , Forton Daniel 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
There is a significant risk of relapse with chronic hepatitis B during periods of immunosuppression. Prophylaxis with antiretroviral agents has the potential to prevent relapse and complications such as liver fibrosis, and is strongly supported in the hepatology community and through professional guidelines. A case is presented where the patient was not offered prophylaxis despite risk factors and suffered a significant relapse after chemotherapy for malignancy. The testing, management, and treatment of hepatitis B are discussed with particular attention to the role of prophylaxis.
Hospital-acquired Legionella pneumonia
Authors: Roberts Catherine , Newsholme William 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Legionellosis provides a classic example of the need for an understanding of the ecology of an organism, as well as its clinical behaviour, in order to identify possible sources of infection. This chapter describes a case of hospital-acquired legionellosis focusing on its diagnosis and management. The chapter also focuses on the infection control issues surrounding nosocomial acquisition of the organism and the infection control implications, investigations, and management. The case highlights how all water sources to which a patient may have been exposed, both in and outside the hospital, must be considered as potential sources and involvement of the infection control team, the estates department and public health departments must occur at an early stage.
Periodic flare of the 6.7-GHz methanol maser in IRAS 22198+6336
Authors: Fujisawa Kenta , Takase Genta , Kimura Saki , Aoki Nozomu , Nagadomi Yoshito , Shimomura Tadashi , Sugiyama Koichiro , Motogi Kazuhito , Niinuma Kotaro , Hirota Tomoya , Yonekura Yoshinori 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We have detected periodic flares of the 6.7-GHz methanol maser from an intermediate-mass star-forming region IRAS 22198+6336. The maser was monitored daily in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Six flares were observed with a period of 34.6 d. The variation pattern is intermittent, and the flux ratio of the flaring and the quiescent states exceeds 30. Such intermittent variation with the short period uniquely characterizes the variation of the IRAS 22198+6336 maser. At least five spectral components were identified. The spectral components varied almost synchronously, but their peak times differed by 1.8 d. These characteristics can be explained by the colliding-wind binary model.
Comparative Performance of Two Whole Genome Capture Methodologies on Ancient DNA Illumina Libraries
Authors: Ávila-Arcos María C. , Sandoval-Velasco Marcela , Schroeder Hannes , Carpenter Meredith L. , Malaspinas Anna-Sapfo , Wales Nathan , Peñaloza Fernando , Bustamante Carlos D. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe application of whole genome capture (WGC) methods to ancient DNA (aDNA) promises to increase the efficiency of ancient genome sequencing.We compared the performance of two recently developed WGC methods in enriching human aDNA within Illumina libraries built using both double-stranded (DSL) and single-stranded (SSL) build protocols. Although both methods effectively enriched aDNA, one consistently produced marginally better results, giving us the opportunity to further explore the parameters influencing WGC experiments.Our results suggest that bait length has an important influence on library enrichment. Moreover, we show that WGC biases against the shorter molecules that are enriched in SSL preparation protocols. Therefore application of WGC to such samples is not recommended without future optimization. Lastly, we document the effect of WGC on other features including clonality, GC composition and repetitive DNA content of captured libraries.Our findings provide insights for researchers planning to perform WGC on aDNA, and suggest future tests and optimization to improve WGC efficiency.
Auxin and Strigolactone Signaling Are Required for Modulation of Arabidopsis Shoot Branching by Nitrogen Supply
Authors: de Jong Maaike , George Gilu , Ongaro Veronica , Williamson Lisa , Willetts Barbara , Ljung Karin , McCulloch Hayley , Leyser Ottoline 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe degree of shoot branching is strongly affected by environmental conditions, such as nutrient availability. Here we demonstrate that nitrate limitation reduces shoot branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) both by delaying axillary bud activation and by attenuating the basipetal sequence of bud activation that is triggered following floral transition. Ammonium supply has similar effects, suggesting that they are caused by plant nitrogen (N) status, rather than direct nitrate signaling. We identify increased auxin export from active shoot apices, resulting in increased auxin in the polar auxin transport stream of the main stem, as a likely cause for the suppression of basal branches. Consistent with this idea, in the auxin response mutant axr1 and the strigolactone biosynthesis mutant more axillary growth1, increased retention of basal branches on low N is associated with a failure to increase auxin in the main stem. The complex interactions between the hormones that regulate branching make it difficult to rule out other mechanisms of N action, such as up-regulation of strigolactone synthesis. However, the proposed increase in auxin export from active buds can also explain how reduced shoot branching is achieved without compromising root growth, leading to the characteristic shift in relative biomass allocation to the root when N is limiting.
Functional Soil Microbiome: Belowground Solutions to an Aboveground Problem
Authors: Lakshmanan Venkatachalam , Selvaraj Gopinath , Bais Harsh P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
There is considerable evidence in the literature that beneficial rhizospheric microbes can alter plant morphology, enhance plant growth, and increase mineral content. Of late, there is a surge to understand the impact of the microbiome on plant health. Recent research shows the utilization of novel sequencing techniques to identify the microbiome in model systems such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (Zea mays). However, it is not known how the community of microbes identified may play a role to improve plant health and fitness. There are very few detailed studies with isolated beneficial microbes showing the importance of the functional microbiome in plant fitness and disease protection. Some recent work on the cultivated microbiome in rice (Oryza sativa) shows that a wide diversity of bacterial species is associated with the roots of field-grown rice plants. However, the biological significance and potential effects of the microbiome on the host plants are completely unknown. Work performed with isolated strains showed various genetic pathways that are involved in the recognition of host-specific factors that play roles in beneficial host-microbe interactions. The composition of the microbiome in plants is dynamic and controlled by multiple factors. In the case of the rhizosphere, temperature, pH, and the presence of chemical signals from bacteria, plants, and nematodes all shape the environment and influence which organisms will flourish. This provides a basis for plants and their microbiomes to selectively associate with one another. This Update addresses the importance of the functional microbiome to identify phenotypes that may provide a sustainable and effective strategy to increase crop yield and food security.
The new paradigm of collection management in university libraries: from crisis to revolution
Authors: San Jose Montano Blanca 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to argue regarding the evolution of the collection management as a gradual process where internal and external factors interact to transform the collection and its management activities. In this progress, cooperation is used as a necessary strategy for assuming its roles and to fit the new goals, mission and context of the library. Libraries are living organisms in continuous change to adapt to the context where they exist and which is the cause of their progress. It is formed by “vital elements” such as the collection – which is its basic element and the nucleus of its activity.

Design/methodology/approach
– This argumentative paper establishes a logical reasoning of the evolution process of the “collection management”, with the application of Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolutions.

Findings
– The library collection has had great changes, such as its origin, composition, ownership, volume and diversity, different life cycle from paper to digital formats and evaluation process. These changes have affected the principles and practices of collection management in three key areas: expansion and change of traditional activities in collection management; enlargement and modification of agents involved; and fundamental mission of giving access to all information resources needed by actual or potential remote users. The “cooperation” becomes an essential element and the main engine of great part of the collection management.

Originality/value
– In this paper, Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolutions theory is used to establish the evolution of the collection management, to become a revolution, with a new paradigm “cooperative collection management”.
Andy Warhol: documentaries and biographical films
Authors: Joan Kelly Elizabeth 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to compile an annotated list of films about or pertaining to the artist Andy Warhol.

Design/methodology/approach
– Films were located using library catalogs, databases and online searches. Selections were evaluated through inspection and both academic and popular film reviews. Inclusion was predicated not only on subject matter and merit but also on availability either on home media or online.

Findings
– Warhol’s many artistic creations can be introduced and evaluated using a combination of visual and auditory representation. Movies and television (TV) depicting Warhol through dramatization, primary source film, biographical documentary and his art in the context of other artists and movements are readily available through a variety of media.

Originality/value
– The selected titles provide a comprehensive introduction to the scholarly analysis of Warhol’s art and work through a format that allows the most extensive representation of Warhol’s artistic output.
A two-step model to optimise transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the human upper arm
Authors: Goffredo Michela , Schmid Maurizio , Conforto Silvia , Bilotti Filiberto , Palma Claudio , Vegni Lucio , D’Alessio Tommaso 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– A novel model of the upper arm under transcutaneous electrical stimulation with multi-pad electrodes is presented and experimentally validated. The model aims at simulating and analysing the effects of surface electrical stimulation on biceps brachii. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Both the passive properties of tissues surrounding nerve bundles and the active characteristics of the nervous system are included. The output of the proposed model is nerve recruitment and muscle contraction.

Findings
– Simulations and experimental tests on six healthy young adults have been conducted and results show that the proposed model gives information on electrically elicited muscle contraction in accordance with in-vivo tests and literature on motor unit recruitment order. Tests with different electrodes configurations show that the spatial distribution of active electrodes is a critical factor in electrically elicited muscle contractions, and that multi-pad electrodes can optimise the stimulation effectiveness and patient comfort with sequences of biphasic pulses of 350 μs at 30 pulses/s and threshold values of 2 mA.

Originality/value
– Results encourage the use of the proposed model of the upper arm as a valid and viable solution for predicting the behaviour of the neuromuscular system when surface electrical stimulation is applied, thus optimising the design of neuroprosthetics.
A multi-valve controlled saturable reactor and its harmonic optimization
Authors: Wang Yifan , Chen Guozhu 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– As arc suppression coils (ASCs), magnetically controlled reactors (MCRs) are usually operated in the single-phase mode. Due to the lack of a third order harmonic compensation circuit, the current harmonics are high. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel structure of MCR and a genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the parameters which will result in minimum total harmonics.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper proposes the structure and the working principle of the multi-valve controlled saturable reactor (MCSR). There are several sorts of magnetic valves in the iron cores of the MCSR. The saturation degree of each magnetic valve is different when the same direct component of the magnetic flux is generated in the iron core, therefore current harmonics of different phases emerging, i.e. the total harmonics can be reduced. The magnetization characteristics and the mathematical model of the current harmonics of the MCSR are presented by introducing three parameters. The optimal values of the parameters that result in the smallest total harmonic distortion in the output current are calculated by a GA.

Findings
– The simulation and experimental results are coincident with the theoretical analyses, which prove the effectiveness of the proposed method on harmonic suppression.

Practical implications
– The method proposed in this paper can successfully reduce the current harmonics of the conventional MCR, including but not limited to the ASC. A prototype MCSR (540 kVA/10 kV) has been designed and constructed.

Originality/value
– In this paper, a MCSR is proposed. The mathematical model of the MCSR for harmonic analysis is developed. The optimal parameters that result in the smallest THD in the output current are calculated. The mathematical model can be also used for the harmonic analysis of conventional MCRs.
Through silicon vias: from a physical point of view to a compact models initiation
Authors: Sun Fengyuan , Lorival Jean-Etienne , Calmon Francis , Gontrand Christian 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The substrate coupling and loss in integrated circuits are analyzed. Then, the authors extract impedances between any numbers of embedded contacts. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper proposes a new substrate network 3D extraction technique, adapted from a transmission line method or Green kernels, but in the whole volume.

Findings
– Extracting impedances between any numbers of embedded contacts with variable shapes or/and through silicon via. This 3D method is much faster comparing with FEM

Originality/value
– Previous works consider TSVs alone, contacts onto the substrate. The authors do study entanglement between the substrate and the interconnections.
A novel and fast voltage estimation scheme for assessment of power system component outages
Authors: Masoud Fatemi Seyed , Abedi Mehrdad , Vahidi Behrooz , Abedi Sajjad , Rastegar Hassan 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to pursue two following main goals: first, theorizing a new concept named as equivalent bus load in order to make a promising simplification over power system analysis. Second, proposing an outstanding fast and simple approach based on introduced concept for voltage estimation after multiple component outages while satisfying required accuracy.

Design/methodology/approach
– Equivalent load bus theory introduces three transfer matrices that describe power system topology. Mentioned matrices could be calculated simply after system reconfiguration without matrix inversion. Using transfer matrices a large-scale power system can be modeled by a simple two-bus power system from the viewpoint of any desired bus so that load flow calculation leads to same value. The analysis of simplified power system yields to extract a new incremental model based on equivalent bus load theory that will be distinguished as an outstanding fast method for voltage estimation aim.

Findings
– A deep study for fast voltage estimation aim is dedicated to evaluate proposed method from the accuracy and quickness point of view and the outcomes are compared to a well-known method as Distribution Factors (DF). Results and computational times unveil that presented approach is more accurate and much faster.

Originality/value
– A novel and new fast voltage estimation method for assessment of power system component outages is introduced.
Iso-geometric shape optimization of magnetic density separators
Authors: Dang Manh Nguyen , Evgrafov Anton , Gravesen Jens , Lahaye Domenico 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The waste recycling industry increasingly relies on magnetic density separators. These devices generate an upward magnetic force in ferro-fluids allowing to separate the immersed particles according to their mass density. Recently, a new separator design has been proposed that significantly reduces the required amount of permanent magnet material. The purpose of this paper is to alleviate the undesired end-effects in this design by altering the shape of the ferromagnetic covers of the individual poles.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper represents the shape of the ferromagnetic pole covers with B-splines and defines a cost functional that measures the non-uniformity of the magnetic field in an area above the poles. The authors apply an iso-geometric shape optimization procedure, which allows us to accurately represent, analyze and optimize the geometry using only a few design variables. The design problem is regularized by imposing constraints that enforce the convexity of the pole cover shapes and is solved by a non-linear optimization procedure. The paper validates the implementation of the algorithm using a simplified variant of the design problem with a known analytical solution. The algorithm is subsequently applied to the problem posed.

Findings
– The shape optimization attains its target and yields pole cover shapes that give rise to a magnetic field that is uniform over a larger domain.

Research limitations/implications
– This increased magnetic field uniformity is obtained at the cost of a pole cover shape that differs per pole. This limitation has negligible impact on the manufacturing of the separator. The new pole cover shapes therefore lead to improved performance of the density separation.

Practical implications
– Due to the larger uniformity the generated field, these shapes should enable larger amounts of waste to be processed than the previous design.

Originality/value
– This paper treats the shapes optimization of magnetic density separators systematically and presents new shapes for the ferromagnetic poles covers.
Broadband surface impedance boundary conditions for higher order time domain discontinuous Galerkin method
Authors: Woyna Irene , Gjonaj Erion , Weiland Thomas 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a time domain discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approach for modeling wideband frequency dependent surface impedance boundary conditions.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper solves the Maxwellian initial value problem in a computational domain, which is spatially discretized by the higher order DG method. On the boundary of the computational domain the paper applies a suitable impedance boundary condition (IBC). The frequency dependency of the impedance function is modeled by auxiliary differential equations (ADE).

Findings
– The authors will study the resonance frequency and the Q factor of different types of cavity resonators including lossy materials. The lossy materials are modeled by means of IBCs. The authors will compare the results with analytical results, as well as numerical results obtained by direct calculations where lossy materials are included explicitly into the numerical model. Several convergence studies are performed which demonstrate the accuracy of the approach.

Originality/value
– Modeling of frequency dependent boundary conditions in time domain with finite difference time domain method (FDTD) method is considered in numerous papers, as well as in frequency domain finite element method (FEM), and in a few papers also time domain FEM. However, FDTD method is only first order accurate and fails in modeling of complicated surfaces. FEM allows for high order accuracy, but time domain modeling is numerically extremely expensive. In frequency domain, broadband modeling of frequency dependent boundary conditions requires several simulations as opposed to the time domain, where a single simulation is needed. The time domain DG method proposed in this paper allows to overcome the difficulties. The authors introduce a broadband surface impedance formulation based on the ADE approach for the higher order DG method.
Heat generation in silicon nanometric semiconductor devices
Authors: Muscato Orazio , Wagner Wolfgang , Di Stefano Vincenza 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to deal with the self-heating of semiconductor nano-devices.

Design/methodology/approach
– Transport in silicon semiconductor devices can be described using the Drift-Diffusion model, and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (MC) of the Boltzmann Transport Equation.

Findings
– A new estimator of the heat generation rate to be used in MC simulations has been found.

Originality/value
– The new estimator for the heat generation rate has better approximation properties due to reduced statistical fluctuations.