bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustained NIK‐mediated antiviral signalling confers broad‐spectrum tolerance to begomoviruses in cultivated plants
Authors: Brustolini Otávio J.B. , Machado Joao Paulo B. , Condori‐Apfata Jorge A. , Coco Daniela , Deguchi Michihito , Loriato Virgílio A.P. , Pereira Welison A. , Alfenas‐Zerbini Poliane , Zerbini Francisco M. , Inoue‐Nagata Alice K. , Santos Anesia A. , Chory Joanne , Silva Fabyano F. , Fontes Elizabeth P.B. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBegomovirus‐associated epidemics currently threaten tomato production worldwide due to the emergence of highly pathogenic virus species and the proliferation of a whitefly B biotype vector that is adapted to tomato. To generate an efficient defence against begomovirus, we modulated the activity of the immune defence receptor nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)‐interacting kinase (NIK) in tomato plants; NIK is a virulence target of the begomovirus NSP during infection. Mutation of T474 within the kinase activation loop promoted the constitutive activation of NIK‐mediated defences, resulting in the down‐regulation of translation‐related genes and the suppression of global translation. Consistent with these findings, transgenic lines harbouring an activating mutation (T474D) were tolerant to the tomato‐infecting begomoviruses ToYSV and ToSRV. This phenotype was associated with reduced loading of coat protein viral mRNA in actively translating polysomes, lower infection efficiency and reduced accumulation of viral DNA in systemic leaves. Our results also add some relevant insights into the mechanism underlying the NIK‐mediated defence. We observed that the mock‐inoculated T474D‐overexpressing lines showed a constitutively infected wild‐type transcriptome, indicating that the activation of the NIK‐mediated signalling pathway triggers a typical response to begomovirus infection. In addition, the gain‐of‐function mutant T474D could sustain an activated NIK‐mediated antiviral response in the absence of the virus, further confirming that phosphorylation of Thr‐474 is the crucial event that leads to the activation of the kinase.
Variability of Solar Radiation and CDOM in Surface Coastal Waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Sempéré Richard , Para Julien , Tedetti Marc , Charrière Bruno , Mallet Marc 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAtmospheric and in‐water solar radiation, including UVR‐B, UVR‐A and PAR, as well as chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption [aCDOM(λ)] in surface waters were monthly measured from November 2007 to December 2008 at a coastal station in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Marseilles, France). Our results showed that the UVR‐B/UVR–A ratio followed the same trend in the atmosphere and at 2 m depth in the water (P < 0.0001) with an increase (eight‐fold higher) during summer. The low diffuse attenuation coefficients for downward irradiance [Kd(λ)] of UVR‐B, UVR‐A and PAR indicated that the waters were highly transparent throughout the year. The relationships between aCDOM(λ) and Kd(λ) in this oligotrophic system suggested that CDOM contributed to UVR attenuation in the UVA domain, but also played a significant role in PAR attenuation. Mean UV doses received in the mixed layer depth were higher by a factor 1.4–33 relative to doses received at fixed depths (5 and 10 m) in summer (stratified period), while the inverse pattern was found in winter (mixing period). This shows the importance of taking into account the vertical mixing in the evaluation of UVR effects on marine organisms.
Histopathological Analysis of UVB and IR Interaction in Rat Skin
Authors: Gonzalez Vinícius C. , Beheregaray Ana C. M. , Peres Bárbara M. , Sallis Eliza S. V. , Varela Junior Antônio S. , Trindade Gilma S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo determine the chronic skin effects caused by the interaction of infrared and ultraviolet B radiations, male Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) (2 months old) were exposed for 15 days to infrared radiation (600–1500 nm, with a peak at 1000 nm, n = 12) for 30 min (1080 J cm−2) (IRo); to ultraviolet B radiation (peak emission at 313 nm, n = 9) for 90 min (55.08 J cm−2) (UVB); to infrared radiation followed after 90 min by ultraviolet B (n = 6) (IRUVB) and to ultraviolet B followed after 90 min by infrared radiation (n = 9) (UVBIR). Skin samples were collected and histopathological analysis showed the presence of acanthosis, parakeratotic and orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, intraepidermal pustules, keratin pearls, detachment of epidermis, collagen necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, vasodilation, basal cell vacuolization and superficial dermis degeneration both in UVB and UVBIR treatments. IRUVB animals showed the same characteristics as above except for parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, keratin pearls and superficial dermis degeneration. To conclude, infrared radiation exposure after ultraviolet B irradiation increases skin damage without protecting the tissue, while infrared radiation exposure before ultraviolet B irradiation showed a protective effect against ultraviolet skin damage.
Contact and Threat: Factors Affecting Views on Increasing Immigration in Japan
Authors: Green David , Kadoya Yoshihiko 
Published: February 2015

Japan, like most of the developed world, faces demographic shortfalls brought on by a rapidly aging society with a long life expectancy and low birth rate. Where other Western countries have used increased immigration to help fight these tendencies, immigration rates in Japan remain much lower. Using nationally representative survey data, this article digs deeper into public opinion on immigration, testing contact, and group threat theories. We test a variety of social and demographic variables to see what is associated with attitudes regarding increased immigration and if there have been any obvious changes over time. We find that English conversation ability is strongly associated with positive perceptions toward immigrants in Japan. This provides some evidence of basic, superficial contact working to reduce the negative image of immigrants in the Japanese case.Related ArticlesByrne,Jennifer, andGregory C.Dixon.2013. “.”Politics & Policy41():83‐116.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12002/abstractByrne,Jennifer.2011. “.”Politics & Policy39():485‐514.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00301.x/abstractSatoh,Haruko.2010. “.”Politics & Policy38():571‐588.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00249.x/abstractRelated Media. .http://jgss.daishodai.ac.jp/english/research/res_top.htmlSakanaka,Hidenori.2014. Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fILXxWm6q8c.http://iminseisaku.org/top/
Federalism's Fractured Decision Making in the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Fisher Sarah 
Published: February 2015

Studies have examined a variety of domestic factors that might impact foreign policy decision making with regard to international environmental regimes. However, there have been no quantitative studies that examine how federalism affects the ratification process for international environmental treaties. The decentralized decision‐making process in federal systems should make federal states less likely and slower to ratify international treaties than unitary states. Using the Kyoto Protocol as a test case, I find that federalism has a negative impact on both the likelihood and speed of ratification. In addition, qualitative evidence suggests that federalism played a significant role in the foreign policy decision‐making process of the United States and Australia. For Kyoto, the protracted ratification process was especially important given the treaty mechanisms, the dramatic economic repercussions of possible compliance, and the political factors underlying ratification patterns.Related Articles

Ibarrarán Viniegra,
María Eugenia, and
Salimah Mónica Cossens González. 2007. “.” Politics & Policy 35 (): 684‐701. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00080.x/abstract

Below, Amy. 2007. “.” Politics & Policy 35 (): 702‐15. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00081.x/abstract

Rugeley, Cynthia R., and
John David Gerlach. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 444‐70. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00352.x/abstract
Related Media

Mobley, Kayce, and
Sarah Fisher. 2015. “.” Dialogue 2 (). http://journaldialogue.org/

Sorkin, Aaron. 2000. “.” The West Wing. Warner Brothers Television.

. 2014. http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
Slow‐delta phase concentration marks improved temporal expectations based on the passage of time
Authors: Wilsch Anna , Henry Molly J. , Herrmann Björn , Maess Burkhard , Obleser Jonas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTemporal expectations enhance neural encoding precision, reflected in optimized alignment of slow neural oscillatory phase, and facilitate subsequent stimulus processing. If an event's exact occurrence time is unknown, temporal expectations arise solely from the passage of time. Here, we show that this specific type of temporal expectation is also reflected in neural phase organization. While undergoing magnetoencephalography, participants performed an auditory‐delayed matching‐to‐sample task with two syllables (S1, S2). Critically, S1‐onset time varied in the 0.6–1.8‐s (i.e., 0.6–1.7 Hz) range. Increasing S1‐onset times led to increased slow‐delta (0.6–0.9 Hz) phase coherence over right frontotemporal sensors during S1 encoding. Moreover, individuals with higher slow‐delta coherence showed decreased alpha power (8–13 Hz) during subsequent memory retention. In sum, temporal expectations based on the passage of time optimize the precise alignment of neural oscillatory phase with an expected stimulus.
Effect of Seminal Plasma on Post‐Thaw Quality and Functionality of Corriedale Ram Sperm Obtained by Electroejaculation and Artificial Vagina
Authors: Ledesma A , Manes J , Ríos G , Aller J , Cesari A , Alberio R , Hozbor F 
Published: February 2015

ContentsWe have already shown that seminal collection method affects seminal plasma composition and sperm quality in Corriedale rams. In this study, we evaluated the effect of seminal plasma collected by electroejaculation or artificial vagina on sperm resistance to cryodamage. Seminal plasma of five rams of the Corriedale breed collected by artificial vagina or electroejaculation was added before freezing to sperm cells collected by the two methods, and post‐thaw quality parameters were evaluated. We found that seminal plasma has no effect on sperm resistance to cryodamage. However, we observed significantly higher percentages of sperm with intact and functional plasma membrane, intact acrosome and greater fertilizing potential after thawing in samples obtained by electroejaculation. This study demonstrates that sperm collected by electroejaculation are more resistant to damage caused by cryopreservation than those collected by artificial vagina.
Review of sampling, sample and data collection procedures in nursing research ‐ An example of research on ethical climate as perceived by nurses
Authors: Suhonen Riitta , Stolt Minna , Katajisto Jouko , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo report a review of quality regarding sampling, sample and data collection procedures of empirical nursing research of ethical climate studies where nurses were informants. Surveys are needed to obtain generalisable information about topics sensitive to nursing. Methodological quality of the studies is of key concern, especially the description of sampling and data collection procedures.DesignMethodological literature review.Data sources and methodsUsing the electronic MEDLINE database, empirical nursing research articles focusing on ethical climate were accessed in 2013 (earliest‐22 November 2013). Using the search terms ‘ethical’ AND (‘climate*’ OR ‘environment*’) AND (‘nurse*’ OR ‘nursing’), 376 citations were retrieved. Based on a four‐phase retrieval process, 26 studies were included in the detailed analysis.ResultsSampling method was reported in 58% of the studies, and it was random in a minority of the studies (26%). The identification of target sample and its size (92%) was reported, whereas justification for sample size was less often given. In over two‐thirds (69%) of the studies with identifiable response rate, it was below 75%. A variety of data collection procedures were used with large amount of missing data about the details of who distributed, recruited and collected the questionnaires. Methods to increase response rates were seldom described. Discussion about nonresponse, representativeness of the sample and generalisability of the results was missing in many studies.ConclusionThis review highlights the methodological challenges and developments that need to be considered in ensuring the use of valid information in developing health care through research findings.
Oriented adjuncts across Germanic languages: evidence from English and Swedish
Authors: Rawoens Gudrun , Taverniers Miriam 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article gives an account of oriented adjuncts in English and Swedish. After a presentation of a number of properties of oriented adjuncts and a discussion of what distinguishes them from other types of adjuncts, we focus on a number of central and peripheral subtypes that have been delineated, starting from a general typology of oriented adjuncts. Each subtype is described in detail in terms of lexical meanings, possible paraphrases and particular syntactic features. It is shown that, in spite of clear similarities, the oriented adjuncts discussed also display a number of subtle differences between English and Swedish, most clearly in terms of morphosyntax.
A dimensional analysis to quantify the thermal budget around lithospheric‐scale shear zones
Authors: Duprat‐Oualid Sylvia , Yamato Philippe , Schmalholz Stefan M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe thermal evolution around shear zones is controlled by three major thermal processes: diffusion, advection and shear heating. We present a dimensional analysis to quantify, to first‐order, the relative contributions of these three processes to the thermal evolution around lithospheric‐scale shear zones. We consider 11 parameters that control the kinematics, the three‐dimensional (3‐D) geometry, the initial thermal structure and the average strength of the shear zone. Three dimensionless parameters are presented to quantify the relative contributions of the three thermal processes. We validate the dimensional analysis with 2‐D thermo‐kinematic numerical models. The applicability of the dimensional analysis to any kind of shear zone (i.e. thrust, normal‐slip and strike‐slip shear zones) makes it a useful tool that is complementary to previous numerical and analytical studies. Finally, thrust‐type shear zones are used to illustrate how the three thermal processes control the thermal evolution.
Association between recent internal travel and malaria in Ugandan highland and highland fringe areas
Authors: Lynch Caroline A. , Bruce Jane , Bhasin Amit , Roper Cally , Cox Jonathan , Abeku Tarekegn A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between travel (recency of travel, transmission intensity at destination compared to origin and duration of travel) and confirmed malaria in Uganda.MethodsHealth facility‐based case–control study in highland (~2200 m), and highland fringe (~1500 m) areas with adjustment for other covariates.ResultsIn the highland site, patients who had travelled to areas of higher transmission intensity than their home (origin) areas recently were nearly seven times more likely to have confirmed malaria than those who had not (OR 6.9; P = 0.01, 95% CI: 1.4–33.1). In the highland fringe site, there was also a statistically significant association between travel and malaria (OR 2.1; P = 0.04, 95% CI: 1.1–3.9).ConclusionsFor highland areas, or areas of low malaria transmission, health authorities need to consider internal migrants when designing malaria control programs. Control interventions should include information campaigns reminding residents in these areas of the risk of malaria infection through travel and to provide additional mosquito nets for migrants to use during travel. Health authorities may wish to improve diagnosis in health facilities in highland areas by adding travel history to malaria case definitions. Where routine monitoring data are used to evaluate the impact of interventions on the malaria burden in highland areas, health authorities and donors need ensure that only cases from the local area and not ‘imported cases’ are counted.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of the novel triazene TriN 2755 in tumour bearing dogs – a phase I study†
Authors: Athanasiadi I. , Geigy C. , Hilger R. A. , Meier V. , Rohrer Bley C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTriN 2755 is an alkylating antineoplastic agent for intravenous (IV) use, carrying the triazene group as the cytotoxic principal. Using a standard 3 + 3 design, a phase I study was performed in tumour bearing dogs to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the dose limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of TriN 2755. Thirty dogs were included in the study. TriN 2755 was administered over 20 min on two consecutive weeks per month for a total of three cycles. The starting dose was 25 mg kg−1 and the MTD was 74.6 mg kg−1. Three dogs experienced DLT, which was characterized by gastrointestinal adverse events. The PKs of TriN 2755 and its main metabolites in plasma and sputum are described in a two‐compartment model. The response rate for 19 of 30 dogs was 47.3% (six partial remission, three stable disease) and the median progression‐free interval (PFI) for the responders was 47 days (range: 21–450 days).
Cell cannibalism by malignant neoplastic cells: three cases in dogs and a literature review
Authors: Meléndez‐Lazo Antonio , Cazzini Paola , Camus Melinda , Doria‐Torra Georgina , Marco Valle Alberto Jesús , Solano‐Gallego Laia , Pastor Josep 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCell cannibalism refers to the engulfment of cells by nonprofessional phagocytic cells. Studies in human medicine have demonstrated a relationship between the presence of cell cannibalism by neoplastic cells and a poor outcome, and have shown a positive correlation with the presence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis. The biologic significance of cell cannibalism is unknown, but it is proposed that it may represent a novel mechanism of tumor immune evasion as a survival strategy in cases of unfavorable microenvironmental conditions. This report describes clinical and morphologic features of 3 cases of dogs with malignant neoplasia in which the presence of cellular cannibalism was observed in cytologic and histologic specimens. In the 1st case, a dog with a primary tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis to retropharyngeal lymph nodes had neoplastic epithelial cells engulfing neutrophils noted in cytologic examination of the lymph nodes. In the 2nd case, neoplastic epithelial cells were seen engulfing each other in fine‐needle aspirates from a primary mammary carcinoma with lung metastasis. In the 3rd case, poorly differentiated neoplastic mast cells from a recurrent, metastatic grade III mast cell tumor were observed cannibalizing eosinophils. A brief review of the literature describing known cell‐into‐cell relationships and the possible biologic significance and mechanisms involved in this phenomenon is provided. The relationship between cell cannibalism and distant metastasis should be explored in further studies, as it may prove to be a criterion of malignancy, as it is proposed in human medicine.
Long‐term compassionate use of oclacitinib in dogs with atopic and allergic skin disease: safety, efficacy and quality of life
Authors: Cosgrove Sallie B. , Cleaver Dawn M. , King Vickie L. , Gilmer Amy R. , Daniels Anne E. , Wren Jody A. , Stegemann Michael R. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundOclacitinib is safe and effective for treating dogs with pruritus associated with allergic and atopic dermatitis, based on randomized clinical trials of up to 4 months duration.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThis study assessed long‐term safety, efficacy and quality of life of oclacitinib‐treated dogs enrolled in a compassionate use programme.AnimalsTwo hundred and forty‐seven client‐owned dogs with allergic skin disease that had previously benefited from oclacitinib therapy.MethodsDogs were enrolled in an open‐label study at 26 veterinary clinics. Dogs received 0.4–0.6 mg/kg oclacitinib twice a day for 14 days, then once a day for up to 630 days. Assessments were performed at ~90 day intervals. Owners completed a quality‐of‐life survey and assessed pruritus using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at each clinic visit. Veterinarians assessed dermatitis using a similar VAS. Abnormal health events, concomitant medication and clinical pathology results were summarized.ResultsVisual Analog Scale scores showed improvement from baseline at all time points. The percentage of dogs showing ≥50% reduction from baseline on day 90 was 63.9% for pruritus and 66.4% for dermatitis. Owners saw a positive impact on quality of life in >91% of all dogs. Urinary tract infection/cystitis, vomiting, otitis, pyoderma and diarrhoea were the most frequently reported (>5% of dogs) abnormal clinical signs. Haematology and serum chemistry means remained within the normal reference ranges. Concomitant medications were well tolerated.Conclusions and clinical importanceResults indicated that oclacitinib was safe and efficacious for long‐term use and improved the quality of life for dogs in this study.
Distribution of Film-Cooling Effectiveness on a Turbine Endwall Measured Using the Ammonia and Diazo Technique
Authors: Friedrichs S. , Hodson H. P. , Dawes W. N. 
Published: February 2015

The distribution of adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness on the endwall of a large-scale low-speed linear turbine cascade has been measured using a new technique. This technique is based on an established surface-flow visualisation technique, and makes use of the reaction between ammonia gas and a diazo surface coating. A new method of calibration has been developed to relate the result of the reaction to surface concentration of coolant. Using the analogy that exists between heat and mass transfer the distribution of film-cooling effectiveness can then be determined.
The complete representation of the film-cooling effectiveness distribution provided by the technique reveals the interaction between the coolant ejected from the endwall and the secondary flow in the turbine blade passage. Over- and under-cooled regions on the endwall are identified, illustrating the need to take these interactions into account in the design process. Modifications to the cooling configuration examined in this paper are proposed as a result of the application of the ammonia and diazo technique.