bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionenkanalerkrankungen des Gehirns – monogene Epilepsien
Authors: Maljevic S. , Hedrich U.B.S. , Lerche H. 
Published: December 2013

Zusammenfassung
Die Epilepsien zählen zu den häufigsten neurologischen Erkrankungen. Sie zeichnen sich durch das wiederholte Auftreten von unprovozierten epileptischen Anfällen aus, bei denen spontane synchrone neuronale Entladungen Störungen des Befindens oder Verhaltens auslösen. Etwa ein Drittel aller Epilepsien ist überwiegend genetisch bedingt, darunter insbesondere idiopathische Epilepsien, bei denen sich keine Hinweise auf äußere Ursachen oder Veränderungen des Gehirns finden. Mutationen in Genen, die neuronale Ionenkanäle kodieren, spielen für die Ursache dieser Epilepsien eine zentrale Rolle. In dieser Übersicht werden bekannte mit Epilepsie assoziierte Mutationen in Ionenkanalgenen und deren funktionelle Auswirkungen beschrieben. Die resultierenden Krankheitsmechanismen und die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen für die Behandlung werden diskutiert.
Chemical mechanical polishing: Theory and experiment
Authors: Zhao Dewen , Lu Xinchun 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
For several decades, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has been the most widely used planarization method in integrated circuits manufacturing. The final polishing results are affected by many factors related to the carrier structure, the polishing pad, the slurry, and the process parameters. As both chemical and mechanical actions affect the effectiveness of CMP, and these actions are themselves affected by many factors, the CMP mechanism is complex and has been a hot research area for many years. This review provides a basic description of the development, challenges, and key technologies associated with CMP. We summarize theoretical CMP models from the perspectives of kinematics, empirical, its mechanism (from the viewpoint of the atomic scale, particle scale, and wafer scale), and its chemical-mechanical synergy. Experimental approaches to the CMP mechanism of material removal and planarization are further discussed from the viewpoint of the particle wear effect, chemical-mechanical synergy, and wafer-pad interfacial interaction.
Effect of reduction of trap charge carrier density in organic field effect transistors by surface treatment of dielectric layer
Authors: Dagar Janardan , Yadav Vandana , Tyagi Priyanka , Kumar Singh Rajiv , Suman C. K. , Srivastava Ritu 
Published: December 2013

In this work, we have studied the effect of surface treatment of SiO2 dielectric layer on the reduction of the trap charge carrier density at dielectric/semiconducting interface by fabricating a metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) device using α, ω-dihexylcarbonylquaterthiophene as semiconducting layer. SiO2 dielectric layer has been treated with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) to modify the chemical group acting as charge traps. Capacitance-voltage measurements have been performed on MIS devices fabricated on SiO2 and HMDS treated SiO2. These data have been used for the calculation of trap charge carrier density and Debye length at the dielectric-semiconductor interface. The calculated trap charge carrier density has been found to reduce from (2.925 ± 0.049) × 1016 cm−3 to (2.025 ± 0.061) × 1016 cm−3 for the MIS device with HMDS treated SiO2 dielectric in comparison to that of untreated SiO2. Next, the effect of reduction in trap charge carrier density has been studied on the performance of organic field effect transistors. The improvement in the device parameters like mobility, on/off ratio, and gate leakage current has been obtained with the effect of the surface treatment. The charge carrier mobility has been improved by a factor of 2 through this treatment. Further, the influence of the treatment was observed by atomic force microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques.
Minimal 𝑁-point diameters and 𝑓-best-packing constants in ℝ^{𝕕}
Authors: Bondarenko A. , Hardin D. , Saff E. 
Published: December 2013

In terms of the minimal

N
N

-point diameter

D
d

(
N
)

D_d(N)

for

R

d

,

\mathbb {R}^d,

we determine, for a class of continuous real-valued functions

f
f

on

[
0
,
+
∞
]
,

[0,+\infty ],

the

N
N

-point

f
f

-best-packing constant

min
{
f
(
‖
x
−
y
‖
)

:

x
,
y
∈

R

d

}

\min \{f(\|x-y\|)\, :\, x,y\in \mathbb {R}^d\}

, where the minimum is taken over point sets of cardinality

N
.

N.

We also show that
\[

N

1

/

d

Δ
d

−
1

/

d

−
2
≤

D
d

(
N
)
≤

N

1

/

d

Δ
d

−
1

/

d

,

N
≥
2
,

N^{1/d}\Delta _d^{-1/d}-2\le D_d(N)\le N^{1/d}\Delta _d^{-1/d}, \quad N\ge 2,

\]
where

Δ
d

\Delta _d

is the maximal sphere packing density in

R

d

\mathbb {R}^d

. Further, we provide asymptotic estimates for the

f
f

-best-packing constants as

N
→
∞

N\to \infty

.
Assessment of Vertebral Curves Using the Manual Post-It Technique
Authors: Gladnick Brian P. , Schreiber Joseph J. , Ishmael Chad R. , Bjerke-Kroll Benjamin T. , Cunningham Matthew E. 
Published: December 2013

Study Design:
A prospective study of a new technique.

Objective:
The aims of this study were to report a manual technique for measuring vertebral curves on digital spine radiographs, and to assess the agreement of this technique with that of digital software for measuring vertebral curves.

Summary of Background Data:
Modern picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) typically include software for evaluating radiographic measurements. However, in the outpatient spine setting, patients may present with radiographs stored on a physical disc, which may not include software for measuring vertebral curves. Certain smartphone applications may be used to determine curve magnitude; however, the need exists for an accurate manual technique to measure vertebral curves on digital radiographs in the absence of available analytic software or smartphone technology.

Methods:
We prospectively reviewed anteroposterior and lateral spine radiographs of 24 spinal deformity patients. Two independent observers measured Cobb angles for: (1) the major coronal curve; (2) the thoracic kyphosis (T2–T12); and (3) the lumbar lordosis (T12–S1). Measurements were made: (1) digitally using our institution’s PACS; and (2) by a manual technique, which involves placement of an adhesive Post-It note directly on the computer screen, transcribing the angle onto the Post-It note with a pencil, and measuring the angle with a handheld goniometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine the agreement between the 2 methods.

Results:
For both observers, the agreement between the digital PACS and manual Post-It techniques was graded as excellent for both coronal and sagittal plane curves (all ICCs>0.9). Interobserver reliability between the 2 observers was also graded as excellent for both the PACS and Post-It techniques (all ICCs>0.9).

Conclusions:
The Post-It technique for measuring Cobb angles demonstrated excellent agreement with the PACS system in our series of spinal deformity patients. Curves on digital radiographs can be accurately measured using a convenient manual technique.
Ordered, Random, Monotonic, and Non-monotonic Digital Nanodot Gradients
Authors: Ongo Grant , Ricoult Sébastien G. , Kennedy Timothy E. , Juncker David 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTCell navigation is directed by inhomogeneous distributions of extracellular cues. It is well known that noise plays a key role in biology and is present in naturally occurring gradients at the micro- and nanoscale, yet it has not been studied with gradientsin vitro. Here, we introduce novel algorithms to produce ordered and random gradients of discrete nanodots – called digital nanodot gradients (DNGs) – according to monotonic and non-monotonic density functions. The algorithms generate continuous DNGs, with dot spacing changing in two dimensions along the gradient direction according to arbitrary mathematical functions, with densities ranging from 0.02% to 44.44%. The random gradient algorithm compensates for random nanodot overlap, and the randomness and spatial homogeneity of the DNGs were confirmed with Ripley’s K function. An array of 100 DNGs, each 400 × 400 µm2, comprising a total of 57 million 200 × 200 nm2dots was designed and patterned into silicon using electron-beam lithography, then patterned as fluorescently labeled IgGs on glass using lift-off nanocontact printing. DNGs will facilitate the study of the effects of noise and randomness at the micro- and nanoscales on cell migration and growth.
A Wheat Allene Oxide Cyclase Gene Enhances Salinity Tolerance via Jasmonate Signaling
Authors: Zhao Yang , Dong Wei , Zhang Naibo , Ai Xinghui , Wang Mengcheng , Huang Zhigang , Xiao Langtao , Xia Guangmin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
One of the two branches of the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway is catalyzed by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase I, and the other is involved in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis. The former is known to be active in the response to salinity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum), but the participation of the latter in this response has not been established as yet. Here, the salinity-responsive bread wheat gene TaAOC1, which encodes an allene oxide cyclase involved in the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway, was constitutively expressed in both bread wheat and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In both species, transgenic lines exhibited an enhanced level of tolerance to salinity. The transgenic plants accumulated a higher content of JA and developed shorter roots. Both the shortened roots and the salinity tolerance were abolished in a background lacking a functional AtMYC2, a key component of the JA and abscisic acid signaling pathway, but were still expressed in a background deficient with respect to abscisic acid synthesis. We provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, suggesting that JA is also involved in the plant salinity response and that the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway has a regulatory role over this response.
ArabidopsisERG28 Tethers the Sterol C4-Demethylation Complex to Prevent Accumulation of a Biosynthetic Intermediate That Interferes with Polar Auxin Transport
Authors: Mialoundama Alexis Samba , Jadid Nurul , Brunel Julien , Di Pascoli Thomas , Heintz Dimitri , Erhardt Mathieu , Mutterer Jérôme , Bergdoll Marc , Ayoub Daniel , Van Dorsselaer Alain , Rahier Alain , Nkeng Paul , Geoffroy Philippe , Miesch Michel , Camara Bilal , Bouvier Florence 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSterols are vital for cellular functions and eukaryotic development because of their essential role as membrane constituents. Sterol biosynthetic intermediates (SBIs) represent a potential reservoir of signaling molecules in mammals and fungi, but little is known about their functions in plants. SBIs are derived from the sterol C4-demethylation enzyme complex that is tethered to the membrane by Ergosterol biosynthetic protein28 (ERG28). Here, using nonlethal loss-of-function strategies focused on Arabidopsis thaliana ERG28, we found that the previously undetected SBI 4-carboxy-4-methyl-24-methylenecycloartanol (CMMC) inhibits polar auxin transport (PAT), a key mechanism by which the phytohormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth, including development and responses to environmental factors. The induced accumulation of CMMC in Arabidopsis erg28 plants was associated with diagnostic hallmarks of altered PAT, including the differentiation of pin-like inflorescence, loss of apical dominance, leaf fusion, and reduced root growth. PAT inhibition by CMMC occurs in a brassinosteroid-independent manner. The data presented show that ERG28 is required for PAT in plants. Furthermore, it is accumulation of an atypical SBI that may act to negatively regulate PAT in plants. Hence, the sterol pathway offers further prospects for mining new target molecules that could regulate plant development.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Influences PIN Polarization by Controlling Clathrin-Mediated Membrane Trafficking inArabidopsis
Authors: Ischebeck Till , Werner Stephanie , Krishnamoorthy Praveen , Lerche Jennifer , Meijón Mónica , Stenzel Irene , Löfke Christian , Wiessner Theresa , Im Yang Ju , Perera Imara Y. , Iven Tim , Feussner Ivo , Busch Wolfgang , Boss Wendy F. , Teichmann Thomas , Hause Bettina , Persson Staffan , Heilmann Ingo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe functions of the minor phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] during vegetative plant growth remain obscure. Here, we targeted two related phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PI4P 5-kinases) PIP5K1 and PIP5K2, which are expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis thaliana. A pip5k1 pip5k2 double mutant with reduced PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels showed dwarf stature and phenotypes suggesting defects in auxin distribution. The roots of the pip5k1 pip5k2 double mutant had normal auxin levels but reduced auxin transport and altered distribution. Fluorescence-tagged auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMED (PIN1)–green fluorescent protein (GFP) and PIN2-GFP displayed abnormal, partially apolar distribution. Furthermore, fewer brefeldin A–induced endosomal bodies decorated by PIN1-GFP or PIN2-GFP formed in pip5k1 pip5k2 mutants. Inducible overexpressor lines for PIP5K1 or PIP5K2 also exhibited phenotypes indicating misregulation of auxin-dependent processes, and immunolocalization showed reduced membrane association of PIN1 and PIN2. PIN cycling and polarization require clathrin-mediated endocytosis and labeled clathrin light chain also displayed altered localization patterns in the pip5k1 pip5k2 double mutant, consistent with a role for PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Further biochemical tests on subcellular fractions enriched for clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) indicated that pip5k1 and pip5k2 mutants have reduced CCV-associated PI4P 5-kinase activity. Together, the data indicate an important role for PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the control of clathrin dynamics and in auxin distribution in Arabidopsis.
Axin expression delays herpes simplex virus‐induced autophagy and enhances viral replication in L929 cells
Authors: Choi Eun‐Jin , Kee Sun‐Ho 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTAxin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, plays a critical role in various cellular events including cell proliferation and cell death. Axin‐regulated cell death affects multiple processes, including viral replication. For example, axin expression suppresses herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐induced necrotic cell death and enhances viral replication. Based on these observations, this study investigated the involvement of autophagy in regulation of HSV replication and found axin expression inhibits autophagy‐mediated suppression of viral replication in L929 cells. HSV infection induced autophagy in a time‐ and viral dose‐dependent manner in control L929 cells (L‐EV), whereas virus‐induced autophagy was delayed in axin‐expressing L929 cells (L‐axin). Subsequent analysis showed that induction of autophagy by rapamycin reduced HSV replication, and that inhibiting autophagy by 3‐methyladenine (3MA) and beclin‐1 knockdown facilitated viral replication in L‐EV cells. In addition, preventing autophagy with 3MA suppressed virus‐induced cytotoxicity in L‐EV cells. In contrast, HSV replication in L‐axin cells was resistant to changes in autophagy. These results suggest that axin expression may render L929 cells resistant to HSV‐infection induced autophagy, leading to enhanced viral replication.
Subsurface offset behaviour in velocity analysis with extended reflectivity images
Authors: Mulder W.A. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTMigration velocity analysis with the constant‐density acoustic wave equation can be accomplished by the focusing of extended migration images, obtained by introducing a subsurface shift in the imaging condition. A reflector in a wrong velocity model will show up as a curve in the extended image. In the correct model, it should collapse to a point. The usual approach to obtain a focused image involves a cost functional that penalizes energy in the extended image at non‐zero shift. Its minimization by a gradient‐based method should then produce the correct velocity model. Here, asymptotic analysis and numerical examples show that this method may be too sensitive to amplitude peaks at large shifts at the wrong depth and to artefacts. A more robust alternative is proposed that can be interpreted as a generalization of stack power and maximizes the energy at zero‐subsurface shift. A real‐data example is included.
Historical range of fire frequency is not the Achilles' heel of the Corsican black pine ecosystem
Authors: Leys Bérangère , Finsinger Walter , Carcaillet Christopher 
Published: December 2013

Summary

This study investigated the fire‐vegetation relationship by reconstructing the long‐term fire and vegetation dynamics around a small lake in the Mediterranean montane belt on Corsica Island. The vegetation is characterised by forests dominated by Pinus nigra ssp. laricio, an endemic subspecies that is currently threatened. Populations of this taxon are geographically restricted, and their ranges are decreasing, possibly because of disturbance, that is, fire and logging.

Here, we examine the role of fire in vegetation dynamics and its effect on diversity since the lateglacial at a montane site using sedimentary plant macrofossils and charcoal to reconstruct local vegetation and fire frequency, respectively.

Macrofossils of P. laricio provide evidence for its growth around the Lac de Creno since 13 200 cal. years bp, which is consistent with its natural origin in Corsica. The onset of the Holocene (~11 700 cal. years bp) was marked by a rapid shift in the treeline, the establishment of P. laricio‐dominated woodlands with low species turnover, and a long‐term increase in taxa richness as a result of successive expansions of broadleaved deciduous trees. In spite of fire‐return intervals (FRIs) fluctuating between 30 and 490 years during the Holocene, P. laricio‐dominated woodlands persisted for several millennia, and fires likely played an ecological role in the functioning of these woodlands. The 12 000 year record of mean FRI (80 years between fires; i.e. frequency of 12.5 fires 1000 year−1) can be used to define a baseline for the management and conservation of P. laricio montane forests. Our findings demonstrate that P. laricio has a long history, a natural origin in Corsica, and that Corsican pine forests have survived to a wide range of burning conditions over the last 13 200 years.

Synthesis: We present multimillennial fire and vegetation histories of a Mediterranean montane site. Pinus nigra ssp. laricio has been present near the study site since approximately 13 200 cal. years bp, demonstrating that this pine was present on the island prior to the arrival of pre‐historic humans. The long‐term records also show that P. laricio woodlands were mixed with deciduous broadleaf trees (Betula sp. and Fagus sylvatica), and other needleleaf trees (Abies alba), at least, and were not influenced by changes in fire frequency. We conclude that (i) fire is a natural component of the ecosystem and (ii) fires likely played an important ecological role in the functioning of the Corsican black pine woodland ecosystem.
Are children's psychological self‐concepts predictive of their self reported activity preferences and leisure participation?
Authors: Goltz Hana , Brown Ted 
Published: December 2013

Background/aimParticipation in leisure and play activities is recognised as an important outcome in occupational therapy for children. To investigate whether children's psychological self‐concept are predictive of their activity preferences and leisure participation.MethodA group of 38 healthy children aged 10–14 years from Victoria, Australia completed the Piers‐Harris Self Concept Scale (Piers Harris‐2) and the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment/Preferences for Activities of Children (CAPE/PAC). Correlation and regression analyses were completed to investigate the predictive relationships between the Pier Harris‐2 and the CAPE/PAC.ResultsThe Piers Harris‐2 Intellectual and School Status subscale was found to be predictive of children's Overall Enjoyment of Participation as measured on the CAPE, explaining 21.9% of the total variance (β = 0.566, P < 0.01). The Piers Harris‐2 Freedom from Anxiety subscale made a unique contribution to children's preferences for skill‐based activities as measured by the PAC, explaining 18.9% of the total variance (β = −.435, P < 0.01). Children's gender accounted for 22.7% of the total variance of the PAC Physical Activities subscale (β = −.476, P ≤ 0.01) and 14.6% of the PAC Preferences for Skill‐Based Activities subscale (β = 0.382, P ≤ 0.05) while age made unique contributions to the PAC Social Activities subscale (β = −0.418, P ≤ 0.01) explaining 17.5% of its total variance.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that children's psychological self‐concept, age and gender are predictive of components of children's activity preferences and leisure participation. In particular, participation enjoyment is influenced by their perceived self‐esteem and how well they do at school. Further investigation of this topic is recommended.
Isolation and Detection of Extended Spectrum β‐Lactamase (ESBL)‐Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Meat using Chromogenic Agars and Isothermal Loop‐Mediated Amplification (LAMP) Assays
Authors: Anjum M.F. , Lemma F. , Cork D.J. , Meunier D. , Murphy N. , North S.E. , Woodford N. , Haines J. , Randall L.P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop a molecular method using loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae from meat, and to compare it with different isolation agars and microarrays. LAMP assays were developed for CTX‐M groups 1, 2, and 9 and OXA‐10‐like genes. Chicken, lamb, beef, pork, and turkey samples were spiked with 10, 100, and 1,000 cfu/gram using 8 strains of ESBL‐producing Enterobacteriaceae (CTX‐M sequence types 1, 2, 3, 14, 15, OXA‐11, SHV‐2, TEM‐52) +/– a mix of competitor organisms. Samples were enriched overnight in buffered peptone water (BPW) +/– antibacterials before plating to CHROMagar CTX, OXOID ESBL Brilliance agar, and MacConkey agar with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. Selected BPW broths were also tested using LAMP assays, microarrays and using cefpodoxime discs on agar. For isolation/detection of ESBL producers from beef, pork, lamb, and turkey spiked with 10 or 100 cfu/gram ESBL (natural flora only), all agars and the LAMP assays showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for ESBL spike strains. For chicken samples, both LAMP and chromogenic agars showed improved sensitivity and specificity for isolation of ESBLs compared with MacConkey agar, particularly with competitor bacteria added. In comparison, the cefpodoxime disc method and microarray showed reduced sensitivity.