bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profiling left and right ventricular proportional output during fetal life with a novel systolic index in the aortic isthmus
Authors: Chabaneix J. , Fouron J. C. , Sosa‐Olavarria A. , Gendron R. , Dahdah N. , Berger A. , Brisebois S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveLeft ventricular ejection causes forward flow in the fetal aortic isthmus while the right ventricle has a retrograde influence. The aim of this study was to create reference values for an isthmic systolic index (ISI) reflecting the changing influence of right and left ventricular performance on Doppler flow velocity waveforms of the aortic isthmus throughout normal pregnancy.MethodsDoppler recordings of 260 normal fetuses with a gestational age of 18–37 weeks were reviewed. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end‐systolic velocity (or systolic nadir; Ns) were measured on all aortic isthmus waveforms. An ISI was derived from the ratio Ns/PSV. Left and right ventricular outputs were also calculated.ResultsUp to 22–23 weeks' gestation, the mean ISI is stable at around 0.2. At about 28 weeks, a brief end‐systolic deceleration wave is observed on the aortic isthmus waveforms, progressing steadily with gestation and causing a fall of ISI towards a mean value of zero between 30 and 31 weeks. This trend continues thereafter and a mean value of –0.4 was observed at the end of pregnancy. An inverse correlation was found between right ventricular output and Ns (r = –0.334, P = 0.001). Simultaneous recordings of the isthmus and the ductus arteriosus Doppler waveforms demonstrated that the primary cause of the end‐systolic deceleration and ultimate reversal of flow at the isthmus is the increasingly dominant flow from the right ventricle.ConclusionThe transitional changes of the respective right and left ventricular outputs throughout pregnancy are well profiled by the ISI. This index highlights the physiological increase in fetal right ventricle flow preponderance as pregnancy progresses. Alteration of the ISI profile could be expected in clinical conditions associated with unbalanced alteration of the fetal ventricular outputs. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Real traffic logs creation for testing intrusion detection systems
Authors: El‒Hajj Wassim , Al‒Tamimi Mustafa , Aloul Fadi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPort scanning is one of the most popular reconnaissance techniques that many attackers use to profile running services on a potential target before launching an attack. Many port scanning detection mechanisms have been suggested in literature. To test the proposed detection approaches, researchers use data sets that are available online or simulate their own. However, the available data sets do not provide complete logs and are usually outdated. Furthermore, the simulated data sets provide logs that do not resemble real‒life scenarios. These deficiencies in the available data sets highly affect the performance of testing the intrusion detection systems (IDSs) and result in poor evaluations. Meanwhile, very little work has been done on generating port scanning benchmarks that researchers can use to test their detection methods. In this work, we suggest a simulation framework using OMNeT++ to generate benchmarks that resemble real‒life traffic. We approach the problem by dividing it into three modules: (1) topology creation; (2) good traffic generation; and (3) bad traffic generation, each of which are made realistic, similar to deployed and usable networks. The benchmark is then tested using Snort and MalwareAnalysis. The tested IDSs were not able to catch many of the generated port scanning attacks, specifically the slow and distributed ones. We also measured the attack detection efficiency of the IDSs under different loads of background activities. Hence, the proposed framework and the annotated benchmarks will provide researchers and industry with an effective way of testing the power of IDSs' port scanning detection modules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using symbols: developmental perspectives
Authors: Uttal David H. , Yuan Lei 
Published: February 2014

The frequent and fluent use of symbols is a distinguishing characteristic of human thought and communication. Symbols free us from the bounds of our own direct experience and allow us to learn about the world from others. To use a symbol, children need to (1) understand the intention that led to the creation and use of the symbol, and (b) how the symbol relates to its referent. For example, to use a map, children need to know that it is intended to communicate spatial information, and how locations on the map correspond to locations in the world. In some cases, even very young children are capable of meeting both requirements. For example, infants quickly learn that people intend to communicate when they use words. Moreover, they quickly learn the meanings of many specific words and the objects or concepts that they stand for. In other cases, such as learning to use maps of large‐scale space, children may struggle to understand what the symbol is intended to communicate and the specific relations between elements of the symbol and their referents in the world. Here we review the development of children's understanding of words, photographs, scale models, maps, and text. We consider when and how children gain insight into the communicative intent of each of these symbols and how they learn to establish connections between the symbol and what it represents. This review helps to integrate research on the development of children's understanding of a variety of symbol systems.This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Language in Mind and BrainPsychology > Development and AgingPsychology > Learning
Understanding the mind from an evolutionary perspective: an overview of evolutionary psychology
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , Liddle James R. 
Published: February 2014

The theory of evolution by natural selection provides the only scientific explanation for the existence of complex adaptations. The design features of the brain, like any organ, are the result of selection pressures operating over deep time. Evolutionary psychology posits that the human brain comprises a multitude of evolved psychological mechanisms, adaptations to specific and recurrent problems of survival and reproduction faced over human evolutionary history. Although some mistakenly view evolutionary psychology as promoting genetic determinism, evolutionary psychologists appreciate and emphasize the interactions between genes and environments. This approach to psychology has led to a richer understanding of a variety of psychological phenomena, and has provided a powerful foundation for generating novel hypotheses. Critics argue that evolutionary psychologists resort to storytelling, but as with any branch of science, empirical testing is a vital component of the field, with hypotheses standing or falling with the weight of the evidence. Evolutionary psychology is uniquely suited to provide a unifying theoretical framework for the disparate subdisciplines of psychology. An evolutionary perspective has provided insights into several subdisciplines of psychology, while simultaneously demonstrating the arbitrary nature of dividing psychological science into such subdisciplines. Evolutionary psychologists have amassed a substantial empirical and theoretical literature, but as a relatively new approach to psychology, many questions remain, with several promising directions for future research.This article is categorized under:Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of CognitionCognitive Biology > Genes and EnvironmentPsychology > Theory and Methods
Pneumococcal empyema and complicated pneumonias: global trends in incidence, prevalence, and serotype epidemiology
Authors: Fletcher M. A. , Schmitt H.-J. , Syrochkina M. , Sylvester G. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This review evaluates the serotype epidemiology of complicated pneumococcal pneumonia (CPP) during the period 1990–2012. PubMed and EMBASE were searched using the terms “empyema”, “complicated pneumonia”, “pleural infection”, “necrotizing pneumonia”, “pleural effusion”, “parapneumonic effusion”, “pneumatocele”, or “lung abscess”; “pneumococcal” or “Streptococcus pneumoniae”; and “serotype” for studies on the epidemiology of complicated pneumonias published from January 1, 1990 to October 1, 2013. Studies with data on incidence and serotypes were included; reviews, case reports, and conference abstracts were excluded. Of 152 papers, 84 fitted the inclusion criteria. A few pneumococcal serotypes were predominant causes of CPP, particularly serotypes 1, 19A, 3, 14, and 7F. CPP was a more common manifestation of pneumococcal disease among older (>2 years old) than younger children. The data support increases in both reported incidence rates and proportions of CPP in children and adults during the period 1990–2012; specific increases varied by geographic region. The proportions of serotype 3 and, particularly in Asia, serotype 19A CPP have increased, whereas most studies show declines in serotype 14. Serotype 1 has been a predominant cause of CPP since 1990, while antibiotic resistance was infrequent among serotype 1 isolates. The reported incidence and proportions of CPP among pneumonia cases steadily increased from 1990 to 2012. Several factors might account for these increases, including enhanced disease detection due to a higher index of suspicion, more sophisticated diagnostic assays, and changes in the prevalence of serotypes with capacity to invade the pleural space that were not targeted by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7).
Effects of oxytetracycline on populations and community metabolism of an aquatic microcosm
Authors: Shibata Kenichi , Amemiya Takashi , Itoh Kiminori 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTo investigate the ecological impacts of a widely‐used antibiotic agent oxytetracycline (OTC), we prepared an aquatic microcosm consisting of two green algae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.), a blue‐green alga (Tolypothrix sp.), a protozoan (Cyclidium sp.), two rotifers (Philodina sp. and Lecane sp.), an aquatic oligochaete (Aeolosoma hemprichi), and bacteria. We investigated the effects of OTC on population abundance of composite species, gross primary production (GPP), and community respiration (CR). We linked population abundance, GPP and CR to understand the relationship between these measures. First, ‘experimental respiration rate of heterotrophs’ (HRexp) was obtained by CR minus algal respiration that is calculated by 0.35 × GPP. Next, the population respiration of each heterotroph was calculated from the direct measure of population abundance and the assumed constant of per‐capita respiration. We defined the sum of the population respirations across all heterotrophs as ‘theoretical respiration rate of heterotrophs’ (HRtheo). Finally, relative community metabolism (RCM) of the heterotrophic community was obtained by calculating the ratio of HRexp to HRtheo that indicates changes in specific respiration rates as a whole in the community. The influence of OTC on RCM was larger than on CR, thus the effect of OCT on the metabolism of heterotrophs was far more severe than expected from CR. RCM can magnify the rate of change in the original data, and facilitate the detection of influences in ecotoxicological studies.
A dynamic view of cultural influence: A review
Authors: Briley Donnel , Wyer Robert S. , Li En 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStatic models of culture's influence have given way to a dynamic view, which identifies not only differences across cultures in people's judgments and decisions, but also the situations and conditions in which these differences do or do not appear. Theory and evidence developed from a cognitive psychological perspective underlie this dynamic approach, including research emerging from the “dynamic constructivist” and “situated cognition” models. In the present review, we focus on findings that confirm the utility of this cognitively oriented approach, and briefly discuss the advantages and complementary nature of the “social collective” and neuroscience approaches to understanding culture.
A Study of the Predictive Value of the Modified Tokuhashi Score in Metastatic Spinal Tumour Causing Cord Compression in a Southern Chinese Population
Authors: Yuk-Nam Yeung , Ka-Kin Cheung , Tai-Chung Lam , Hung-On Cheng , Yuk-Yin Chow 
Published: February 2014

Introduction It is generally agreed that operative intervention is beneficial in carefully selected groups of patients with metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). Tokuhashi et al have presented a preoperative scoring system to predict patient survival, which is widely used as a guideline for making a decision on whether to operate or not. However, only limited data are available regarding the validity of the Tokuhashi score in Southern Chinese populations. Materials and methods We report a series of 128 patients treated in our hospital from 2000 to 2010. All patients were diagnosed to have spinal metastasis of different origins with cord compression. Of the 128, 59 underwent operation and the remaining 69 received conservative treatments. The Tokuhashi score was then calculated retrospectively. The survival rate was analysed and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In our series, the accuracy of the modified Tokuhashi scoring for predicting the survival rate in patients with MSCC was demonstrated to be 79% (101/128). The poor prognostic group showed statistically significant worse survival than the two better prognostic groups. The type of primary cancer (p = 0.0015), visceral metastasis (p = 0.006), and the general condition (p < 0.001) were confirmed as significant survival prognostic factors. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) had the most favourable outcome with a mean survival of 20.1 months. Conclusion The modified Tokuhashi score was statistically correlated to the overall survival of MSCC patients in a Southern Chinese population. The type of primary cancer, visceral metastasis, and the general condition were statistically significant survival factors. We recommend weighting a higher score for NPC in the modified Tokuhashi scoring system in view of its favourable prognosis.
Kilowatt high average power narrow-linewidth nanosecond all-fiber laser
Authors: Su Rongtao , Zhou Pu , Wang Xiaolin , Tao Rumao , Xu Xiaojun 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA high power narrow-linewidth nanosecond all-fiber laser based on the master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration is demonstrated. A pulsed seed with high repetition rate of 10 MHz was generated by modulating a continuous-wave (CW) single-frequency fiber laser at $\sim $1064 nm by using an electro-optic intensity modulator (EOIM). After multi-stage cascaded power amplification, the average power was boosted to be kilowatt level. The pulses from the main amplifier had a pulse width of $\sim $3 ns and an average/peak power of 913 W/28.6 kW. Further power scaling of the pulses was limited by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) for the moment, method for SRS suppression and further power scaling was briefly discussed.
Relativistic shock waves induced by ultra-high laser pressure
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Nissim Noaz , Raicher Erez , Martínez-Val José Maria 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper analyzes the one dimensional shock wave created in a planar target by the ponderomotive force induced by very high laser irradiance. The laser-induced relativistic shock wave parameters, such as compression, pressure, shock wave and particle flow velocities, sound velocity and temperature are calculated here for the first time in the context of relativistic hydrodynamics. For solid targets and laser irradiance of about 2 × 1024 W/cm2, the shock wave velocity is larger than 50% of the speed of light, the shock wave compression is larger than 4 (usually of the order of 10) and the targets have a pressure of the order of 1015 atmospheres. The estimated temperature can be larger than 1 MeV in energy units and therefore very excited physics (like electron positron formation) is expected in the shocked area. Although the next generation of lasers might allow obtaining relativistic shock waves in the laboratory this possibility is suggested in this paper for the first time.
Non-linear interaction of ultra-intense ultra-short laser pulse with a relativistic flying double-sided dense plasma slab/mirror
Authors: Jain Vineeta , Maheshwari K.P. , Jaiman N.K. , Malav Harish 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAnalytical and numerical investigation of the reflection and transmission of a counter-propagating relativistically strong laser pulse from a relativistically flying dense plasma double-sided mirror is studied. We assume that the incident laser pulse is short, so that we can neglect the slow ion dynamics and consider the electron motion only. Numerical results of the amplitudes of the reflected/transmitted electric fields from a uniformly moving mirror, accelerated mirror, and oscillating mirror are obtained. Fourier spectrum of the reflected intensity from the moving mirror shows that the intensity decreases with increase in the frequency. The reflected pulse has an up-shifted frequency and increased intensity. It is seen that the first few cycles of the reflected radiation exhibit presence of high harmonics, while the later cycles are compressed together with harmonics in comparison with the earlier cycles. The variation of the reflection coefficient for a uniformly moving mirror as a function of the thin foil plasma-density parameter is numerically studied.
The influence of forest fragmentation on clonal diversity and genetic structure inHeliconia angusta, an endemic understorey herb of the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest
Authors: Stein Katharina , Rosche Christoph , Hirsch Heidi , Kindermann Anke , Köhler Julia , Hensen Isabell 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:Fragmented populations are usually exposed to the negative effects of reduced gene flow, genetic drift and population differentiation. These effects result in the collective loss of genetic variation, thereby reducing the probability of population adaptation to new environmental conditions and increasing the risk of extinction. Forest fragments commonly exhibit suboptimal site conditions, which can result in enhanced clonal reproduction, and a potential reduction in clonal diversity due to increased selfing and inbreeding depression. The clonal diversity, genetic diversity and structure ofHeliconia angusta(Heliconiaceae) were assessed using AFLP-markers. We analysed six patches in the continuous forest (Atlantic rain forest, State of Rio de Janeiro) and eight patches (155 leaf samples in total) in five nearby forest fragments (age of oldest fragment:c. 50 y; size range: < 5–100 ha). Clonal diversity (Pd) of patches was slightly, yet significantly, lower in forest fragments compared with continuous forest. Measures of genetic diversity of patches in forest fragments did not differ from those in the continuous forest. A STRUCTURE analysis did not show any clear clustering of patches in the continuous forest and forest fragments. Our results suggest thatH. angustahas not yet suffered from the anticipated negative effects of fragmentation.
Detecting stories
Authors: Shenhav Shaul R. 
Published: February 2014

The article argues that notwithstanding politicians’ desire to conceal from the public parts of the content of their indoor discussions, we nevertheless find ‘traces’ of their closed door debates in their public addresses.
The article suggests that we need to regard at least some of these traces as an inevitable part of the process of constructing political discourse. It provides a comparative analysis of in-camera and public political discourse in Israel, suggesting techniques for identifying unintentional disclosure of information. These techniques are applied to cases drawn from Israeli politics in which politicians have sought to conceal information in public and semi-public forums. Such scrutiny can not only help to sharpen our discernment of the hidden voices in political discourse, but also to understand a crucial mechanism for the construction of borders between confidential and public political discourse.
In defence of fuzziness
Authors: Pokorn Nike K. 
Published: February 2014

In Translation Studies the definitions of the concepts native speaker and mother tongue have been uncritically adopted from linguistics and are regarded as defined and clarified as far as their meaning is concerned, despite the fact that neither linguistics nor translation theory can offer an objective and water-tight definition of the terms. A similar desire for univocal terms can also be detected in the claims for the need of one, universally accepted term for the same phenomenon where various competing terms already exist and are in use.
Although some linguists have already expressed their doubts in the justification of some of the fundamental linguistic concepts, as Rajogopalan has observed, a lot of them are still happy working with such discreet entities thus making linguistics perhaps the most “19th century” of the academic disciplines taught in universities today. Unfortunately, this could also be stated for some currents in Translation Studies, despite the fact that translation research can and should provide the most suitable field where such axiomatic truths are challenged. The article questions this desire for the univocal and argues that it is high time we all learn to live with more fuzzy definitions.
Simulating disc galaxy bulges that are consistent with observed scaling relations
Authors: Christensen C. R. , Brooks A. M. , Fisher D. B. , Governato F. , McCleary J. , Quinn T. R. , Shen S. , Wadsley J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We present a detailed comparison between the photometric properties of the bulges of two simulated galaxies and those of a uniform sample of observed galaxies. This analysis shows that the simulated galaxies have bulges with realistic surface brightnesses for their sizes and magnitude. These two field disc galaxies have rotational velocities ∼100 km s−1 and were integrated to a redshift of zero in a fully cosmological Λ cold dark matter context as part of high-resolution smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations. We performed bulge–disc decompositions of the galaxies using artificial observations, in order to conduct a fair comparison to observations. We also dynamically decomposed the galaxies and compared the star formation histories of the bulges to those of the entire galaxies. These star formation histories showed that the bulges were primarily formed before z = 1 and during periods of rapid star formation. Both galaxies have large amounts of early star formation, which is likely related to the relatively high bulge-to-disc ratios also measured for them. Unlike almost all previous cosmological simulations, the realistically concentrated bulges of these galaxies do not lead to unphysically high rotational velocities, causing them to naturally lie along the observed Tully–Fisher relation.