bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a rock inhibitor ama0428 in a model of wet age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: HOLLANDERS K , VAN BERGEN T , VANDEWALLE E , STALMANS I 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose Rho kinase (ROCK) is associated with VEGF‐driven angiogenesis and is involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, the effect of a locally acting ROCK inhibitor, AMA0428, was studied in wet age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).Methods The effect of AMA0428 on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP) and human tenon fibroblasts (HTF) was determined by measuring cell viability (WST‐1), apoptosis (caspase 3/7) and 2 migration assays (scratch and under‐agarose) The in vivo response was investigated using a laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model. Intravitreal injections were given on day 0, 4, 10 and 20 with AMA0428, murine anti‐VEGFR Ab (DC101) or placebo. Outcome was assessed by analysis of inflammation (CD45), angiogenesis (FITC‐dextran), vessel leakage (Texas Red‐conjugated Dextran and FITC‐labeled lectin) and fibrosis (Collagen I).Results AMA0428 dose‐dependently reduced proliferation and VEGF‐induced migration of HBMEC and HTF. No significant effect was seen on HBVP proliferation; however, migration and pericyte recruitment were increased. There was no apoptosis induction. AMA0428 significantly reduced CNV and vessel leakage 2 weeks after lasering, comparable to DC101. In addition, AMA0428 inhibited inflammation on day 5 by 20% and collagen deposition on day 30 by 39% while DC101 had no effect on inflammation nor fibrosis.Conclusion Our data suggest that targeting ROCK with AMA0428 not only reduces neoangiogenesis, but also blocks inflammation and fibrosis (contrary to anti‐VEGF). These results point to a potential therapeutic benefit of ROCK inhibition in wet AMD.
Microglia in mice retina contralateral to experimental glaucoma exhibit qualitative signs of activation in all retinal layers
Authors: GALLEGO B , SALAZAR JJ , DE HOZ R , ROJAS B , RAMIREZ AI , VALIENTE‐SORIANO FJ , AVILÉS‐TRIGUEROS M , VILLEGAS PEREZ MP , VIDAL‐SANZ M , TRIVINO A , RAMIREZ JM 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose To analyse qualitative effects of two weeks of laser‐induced ocular hypertension (OHT) in the retinal microglial of OHT‐eyes and their contralateral eyesMethods Adult albino Swiss mice were divided into two groups: naive (n=6) and lasered (n=9). Retinal whole‐mounts immunolabelled with anti‐Iba1 were used to analyse the distribution and the morphology of Iba 1+ microglial cellsResults In naïve, contralateral and OHT‐eyes, Iba 1+ microglia was evenly distributed throughout the retina in the photoreceptor layer (PRL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), nerve‐fibre layer (NFL) and ganglion‐cell layer (GCL). In comparison with naïve, the main differences in the microglia of contralateral eyes and OHT‐eyes were: i) the presence of ameboid microglia; ii) the retraction of cell processes; iii) a higher level of branching; iv) soma displacement; v) reorientation of processes; vi) MHC‐II up‐regulation; vii) increased CD68 immunostaining and; viii) CD86 immunolabelling in ameboid cells. In addition, rounded Iba‐1+ CD86+ cells in the NFL‐RGC layer and PRL and Ym1+ cells and rod‐like microglia in the NFL‐RGC were restricted to OHT‐eyesConclusion Two weeks of laser induced‐OHT triggered several signs of microglial activation that extended beyond GCL. The same features were also observed in contralateral normotensive untreated eyes. Contralateral eyes appear to be a potential of discovering points of intervention to which future therapeutics can be directed. (Support: OFTARED (Grant RD12/0034/0002 and RD12/0034/0014, ISCIII, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation)
Damaged photoreceptor cells initiate microglial activation in a mouse model of retinal degeneration
Authors: MAEDA A 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMany degenerative retinal diseases, including AMD, illustrate retinal inflammatory changes that include infiltration of microglia/macrophages into the subretinal space. We reported microglial/macrophage activation in a Stargardt disease and AMD (SGD/AMD) mouse model. Notably, when microglia/macrophages and RPE cells phagocytosed isolated photoreceptor outer segments, these cells produced cytokines and chemokines via TLR4. Inactivation of these cells by pharmacological approaches attenuated mouse retinal degeneration. PCR array analysis of 84 chemokines and related molecules revealed 84.6‐fold elevated expression of Ccl3/MIP‐1a after light injury in SGD/AMD mice. MIP‐1 chemokines displayed a differential temporal profile compared to the other chemokines, and deficiency of Ccl3 uniquely modulated severity of diseases. Our study demonstrates an important contribution of TLR4‐mediated monocyte activation by endogenous photoreceptor proteins in retinal inflammation that aggravates retinal cell death, and that CCL3 has an essential role in regulating the severity of retinal inflammation and degeneration in these mouse models.
Ocular biometry and its relationship to incident myopia and hyperopia in children
Authors: ROSE K 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose Establish relationship of changes in ocular biometry in children with the development of refractionMethods Sydney Myopia Study participants aged 6 and 12 years were re‐examined 5‐6 years later. Axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and corneal radius (CR) were measured using the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss, Germany). Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in dioptres (D) was calculated from cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%; Canon RK‐F1) and myopia was defined SER ≤‐0.50D. All measures were made at baseline and follow‐up using the same methodology.Results Longitudinal data was available 860 children at follow‐up, mean age 12.8 years and 1150 aged 17.2 years. There was significant change (p<0.0001) in SER from baseline to follow‐up for both cohorts and for all biometric measures, other than ACD in the older cohort (p=0.854). Marginal flattening of CR (0.05, 0.02mm, in younger and older cohorts respectively) was not clinically significant. Change in SER was significantly correlated in both the younger and older cohorts with AL and AL/CR (p <0.0001) with AL/CR the biometric parameter most strongly correlated with SER at both baseline and follow‐up in both cohorts (younger r = ‐0.63, 0.77, older r= ‐0.81, ‐0.86 respectively). In the younger cohort an AL/CR ratio ≤2.75 was associated with a baseline refraction of ≥+2D in all cases and 87.5% of these remained significantly hyperopic at age 12.Conclusion Baseline AL/CR was the best biometric measure for predicting 5 year incidence myopia in both cohorts. In principle AL/CR also has the potential to resolve the ambiguity of visual acuity measures for the detection of hyperopia in younger children using a non‐invasive technique.
BAX and BCL‐2 genes in patients with Retinal Detachment with and without Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. The Retina 4 project
Authors: GONZALEZ‐BUENDIA L , PASTOR‐IDOATE S , RODRIGUEZ‐HERNANDEZ I , ROJAS J , GONZALEZ‐SARMIENTO R , PASTOR JC 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose To compare the distribution of BAX G(‐248)A and BCL‐2 C(‐938)A genotypes among European subjects undergoing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery in relation to further development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).Methods A case‐control gene association study as part of the Retina 4 Project was designed. Two promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2279115 and rs4645878) were analysed by TaqMan 5'exonuclease allelic discrimination assay, using a StepOne® system in 134 samples from patients with PVR and 421 without PVR. Proportions of genotypes and AA homozygote groups of these polymorphisms were analysed. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared in global sample and in sub‐samples.Results BAX gene: In the comparison of proportions of genotypes in Spain, Spain+Portugal and in the global sample, significant differences were found. The odds ratio (OR) for A carriers in Spain and Spain+Portugal was 1.8, and 1.7 in the global sample. BCL‐2 gene: Significant differences were observed regarding proportions of genotypes in Spain+Portugal. Furthermore, a protective effect was found in the analysis of A carriers from Spain+Portugal with an OR of 0.6.Conclusion The A allele of BAX is associated with a higher risk of developing PVR, suggesting that a down‐regulation in the apoptosis pathway could be an important key in PVR pathogenesis. Additionally, the role of BCL‐2 gene (inhibitor of necroptosis pathway) is proposed as a possible new target in PVR prophylaxis.
Comparison of optical and psychophysical methods to measure intraocular straylight
Authors: PENNOS A , GINIS HS , ARTAL P 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose To quantify intraocular forward scattering (straylight) by using three different methods in a group of normal subjects.Methods Intraocular straylight was measured in the dominant eye of 10 emmetropic subjects without any known ocular pathology (30±5 years).Two different, commercially available, scatter filters (Black Pro‐Mist ¼ and Black Pro‐Mist ½ from Tiffen)where used in order to recreate the effects of higher scattering. Three measurement techniques were used:a commercially available straylight meter (C‐quant, Oculus),a prototype of an optical double‐pass based method (Sigma) and a psychophysical method that we developed.We used a Bayesian method (quick‐CSF) in a range of spatial frequencies (2 to 20 cycles/degree) with 50 2‐alternative forced choice trials.Each set of trials was repeated 2 times for each condition (with and without glare).As a glare source, a fluorescent lamp was positioned concentrically to the test area where the sinusoidal gratings were projected.All tests were presented on a screen placed at 1 meter distance from the subject and the test area was covering a total of 6.4 degrees of visual field.For Sigma and C‐Quant tests,the logarithm of Scatter coefficient was determined, whereas for the q‐CSF measurements the difference between the areas below the log contrast sensitivity curves was used as scatter metrics.Results In the three methods, the effects of straylight were accordingly increasing with the addition of the scatter filters. A correlation between all three methods was verified.Conclusion These results suggest the potential use of an even simplified method based on the q‐CSF to evaluate straylight complementing other existing methods.
Contribution of "en face" SD‐OCT in retinal surgical diseases
Authors: CHIQUET C , GALLICE M 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEn face OCT is complementary Imaging procedure useful for the analysis of vitreoretinal disorders, including macular hole, epiretinal membrane, or retinal detachment. This procedure is informative before and after vitreoretinal surgery. Before surgery, characteristics of the retinal surface may be defined. After vitrectomy, en face OCT reveals changes in the retinal nerve fibers layer (dimples), residual epiretinal tissue, cystic changes, disruption of external limiting membrane and/or outer segment layer, or persistent subretinal fluid. This procedure helps us to refine high resolution imaging of each layer of the retina during the healing process of macular hole or retinal detachment.
The state of the art of diagnostic vitrectomy
Authors: DICK A 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe emergence of increasingly sensitive molecular and biological assays has facilitated our diagnostic ability in uveitis. Together with the advances in surgical vitrectomy procedures, the risk to biopsy is much reduced. Combined therefore we are currently at an unprecedented state of ability to rapidly intervene and increase our diagnostic yield. The talk will highlight indications, simple techniques and evidence of how improved diagnostics have altered outcomes and discuss how diagnostic sampling should be employed in management of uveitis.
Therapeutic approaches 2: Ranibizumab
Authors: SEMOUN O , ZERBIB J , LALLOUM F , SIKORAV A , COSCAS F , COSCAS G , SOUIED E 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is an exudative maculopathy, with clinical features distinct from neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. The EVEREST trial is the only published randomized controlled clinical trial in PCV. Ranibizumab has been proposed for the treatment of PCV and has become one of the standard of care in this particular pathology. To date, a lot of studies have been published, trying to analyze the early and late morphological and functional response to intravitreal ranibizumab, in different ethnic populations, as well as predictive factors of outcome. Imaging characteristics and their changing after treatment, including choroidal modifications have been also investigated. These literature data may help to answer the controversy whether PCV is a subtype of AMD or a specific entity.
Reactive gliosis along the visual system in rodent models of ocular hypertension
Authors: VIDAL‐SANZ M , GALINDO‐ROMERO C , SALINAS‐NAVARRO M , VALIENTE‐SORIANO FJ , GALLEGO B , ROJAS B , DE HOZ R , RAMIREZ AI , SALAZAR JJ , AVILES M , TRIVINO A , RAMIREZ JM , AGUDO M , VILLEGAS PEREZ MP 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGlaucoma is a complex disease that causes the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and eventually blindness. The mechanisms leading to the progressive RGC death in glaucoma are still a matter of debate. It is known that the main risk factor is an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that triggers the initial insult: presumably a crush‐like injury to the RGC axons at the level of the optic nerve head. Current research indicates that neuroinflammation, mediated by the activation of glial cells and the release of cytokines, pro‐inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, aggravating and spreading the initial insult. Ocular hypertension in rats and mice causes permanent damage to the outer and inner retinal layers that cannot be the result of RGC axonal damage and may thus be secondary to an ischemic or neurotoxic insult. Ocular hypertension also induces a glial response that may affect the whole visual system. Activated microglial and macroglial cells are found not only in the ocular hypertensive but also in the contralateral retina and these cells may be the mediators of neuroprotective or neurotoxic reactions to injury.
Assessing stereopsis in preverbal children
Authors: HOUTMAN AC 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStereovision became a hype when Wheatley presented his theory in 1838. Stereoscopes became popular. Stereoperception was recognized as the ultimate stage of binocular vision in strabismus theories of the 19th century.Stereopsis is assessed as part of the normal strabismologic examination. Most tests depend on the subject’s active response. In babies the assessment of stereopsis is more cumbersome and rarely done outside a research setting.Stereopsis can be demonstrated from the age of around 3 months by FCPL techniques. Interestingly, this can also be demonstrated to a similar degree in babies with infantile esotropia but the number in which this can be done declines rapidly over months. In the age‐old controversy regarding the timing of surgery for this condition the potential for stereovision is rarely taken into account. Yet this may be an important prognostic factor; it would seem that in the presence of demonstrable stereopsis offering very early surgery makes sense. However, a quick and reliable test for stereopsis in babies is hard to find.This part of the work‐shop will look into the history and background of stereotesting, available tests, recent advances and our own research into developing such a test.
Scleral lenses as a high tech, versatile and cost efficient tool for the treatment of ocular surface disease in less developed countries
Authors: MEKKI MB , YAHIAOUI S , BELAOUDMOU R , MOKHTARI MA 
Published: August 2014

AbstractScleral lens has a double interest: Thanks to its anterior optically perfect surface without any contact with the cornea nor the limbus, it erases the irregularities of cornea whatever the degree of ectasia. On the other hand, it provides a favorable microenvironment for regeneration of diseased corneal epithelium. We present our short Algerian experience in cases of challenging cornea, typically requiring keratoplasty (expensive, often unavailable and with unpredictable results), fitted with scleral lens: Primary corneal ectasia (stage IV keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration, globus), secondary post Lasik ectasia, failure of corneal reshaping surgery (Lasik, PKR, radial keratotomy and intracorneal ring segment implantation), irregular corneal graft and traumatic or post infectious corneal scar. We present the functional outcome and the quality of life of these patients. Therapeutic scleral lenses have a magical result, we illustrate it with trophic ulcer cases of various etiologies, resistant to conventional treatment and who healed very quickly under scleral lens wear alone. Finally, we present our pilot study on total UV filter scleral lens to protect ocular surface of children with Xeroderma Pigmentosum.
Commercial interest
A new and standardized method to sample and analyse vitreous biopsies in unsolved uveitis by the Cellient® automated cell block system
Authors: VAN CALSTER J , VAN GINDERDEUREN R 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose In this prospective study a universal protocol for sampling and analyzing vitreous material was investigated. Vitreous biopsies are difficult to handle because of the paucity of cells and the gelatinous structure of the vitreous. Histopathological analysis of the vitreous is useful in difficult uveitis cases to differentiate uveitis from lymphoma or infection and to define the type of cellular reaction.Methods After isolation of vitreous content by a single port biopsy or by a standardized 23G vitrectomy, 170 consecutive vitreous samples were analyzed with the Cellient® tissue processor (Hologic). This machine is a fully automated processor starting from a specified container with PreservCyt® (fixative fluid) with cells to paraffin. Cytology was compared with fixatives Cytolyt® (contains a mucolytic agent) and Preservcyt®. Routine histochemical and immunostainings were evaluated.Results In 79 cases (46%) a single port biopsy and in 91 cases (54%) a tree port pars plana vitrectomy was performed. In 94% of the cases, sufficient material was found for establishing the diagnosis. In 18%, a Cytolyt® wash was necessary to prevent clotting of the tubes in the Cellient® due to the viscosity of the sample. In 21% the diagnosis was an acute inflammation (presence of granulocytes), in 32% chronic active inflammation (presence of T‐lymphocytes), in 35% low‐grade inflammation (presence of CD68 cells, without T‐lymphocytes); and in 5% a malignant process. In 9% a granulomatous inflammation was detected, in 5% glial tissue (floaters). In 6% no diagnosis was found.Conclusion A standardized protocol for sampling and handling vitreous biopsies, fixing in PreservCyt® and processing by the Cellient® system gives a superior result in morphology, number of cells, and possibility of immuno‐histochemical stainings. The diagnosis can be established or confirmed in more than 90% of cases.
Study of TOXO KO vaccine efficiency on the ophtalmological damage bound to Toxoplasmaa gondii, on a mouse model of ocular toxoplasmosis
Authors: LEMEE G , MORISSE S , TARFAOUI N , DIMIER‐POISSON I , SECHE E , PISELLA P 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose The toxoplasmosis is one of the most wild‐spread parasitoses, affecting almost a third of the world population, and as the main symptomatic demonstration : eye infringement.The aim of this study is to test, on a murin model, the efficiency of a vaccine candidate named Toxo KO, developped by genetic engineering against this pathology.Methods Ninety Swiss Webster mice (OF1), were filled up with fifty cysts of the 76K strain of Toxoplasmaa gondii (type II). A part of these mice received the TOXO KO vaccine intraperitoneally before. Ophtalmological examination and immunological investigation were performed on aqueous humor samples. The intra retinal cysts were also counted after dissection of the entire retinal tissue.Results After vaccination, we observed a decrease of 69% of ophtalmological damage and 90% of intra‐retinal cysts. Besides, this group presented no secretion of IFN‐γ in aqueous humor, testifying of an absence of deleterious inflammation in these eyes unlike those of the control group.Conclusion Our results are highly significant. This proof of concept lets think that the forward use of such a tool of prevention is possible, to fight more effectively and prematurely against ocular toxoplasmosis.
Infectious keratitis: 4 years in a tertiary hospital
Authors: ANJOS R , VICENTE A , BORGES B , VIEIRA L , PINTO M , MADURO V , ALVES N , CANDELARIA P 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the clinical presentation, microbiological results and treatment used in cases of infectious keratitis diagnosed in Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central (CHLC) between July 2009 and July 2013Methods Retrospective analysis of data from patients who underwent microbiological examination for suspected infectious keratitis between July 2009 and July 2013 in the CHLC (n=86 patients)Results The most prevalent risk factor was the use of contact lenses. Of the 93 samples taken, 59 (63.4%) were positive for at least one pathogen. A total of 64 microorganisms were isolated with 35 (54.8%) being Gram‐negative, 25 (41.9%) Gram‐positive and 2 (3.2%) fungi. The most prevalent pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In two patients, Acanthamoeba cysts were isolated by confocal microscopy. Hospitalization was needed in 64.0% of cases. The treatment of choice was the use of fortified eyedrops of vancomycin and ceftazidime. In seven patients surgical therapy was needed for infection control.Conclusion Our work draws attention to the morbidity associated with this disease and reinforces the importance of conducting microbiological studies in these patients. The main predisposing factor in our population was the use of contact lens, with Gram‐negative microorganisms being isolated in the majority of cases.
3D shape perception in strabismus subjects
Authors: SAWAMURA H , GILLEBERT C , TODD JT , VANDENBERGHE R , ORBAN GA 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose To evaluate 3D shape perception in strabismus subjects, psychophysical experiment was performed using 3D shapes extracted from four different visual cues (shading, texture, motion and disparity), comparing normal and strabismus subjects.Methods The 11 randomly generated complex 3D shape visual stimuli were created and rendered in 4 modalities (3D shape from shading, texture, motion and disparity) and displayed on a PC monitor. The subjects were required to indicate the global maximum of the 3D shape as accurately as possible by displacing a red cross using the computer mouse. The distance in depth (cm) between the global maximum indicated by the subject and the true global maximum was calculated. Strabismus subjects (n=43; 6‐65 years of age) and normal subjects (n=18: 6‐57 years of age) participated in the task. All the subjects have normal or corrected normal visual acuity. Stereo acuity was also evaluated by titmus stereo test.Results 3D shapes extracted from disparity were more difficult to perceive than those extracted from texture (ANOVA, p<0.03), motion (p<0.01) and shading (p<0.01) in both normal and strabismus subjects. The 3D shape perception in normal and strabismus subjects differed only for the binocular stereopsis cue, not the other visual cues of motion, shading and texture. In addition, 3D shape perception of motion, shading and texture was not affected by the stereo acuity in either normal or strabismus subjects.Conclusion Even the strabismus patients with weak or no stereopsis can use other visual cues, such as motion, texture and shading to perceive 3D shape to the same degree as normal subjects.