bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring carbon steel behavior under biotic and abiotic conditions
Authors: León E.J. , Koleva D.A. , Jonkers H.M. , Mol J.M.C. , Terryn H. , van Breugel K. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTDeterioration of concrete structures, together with corrosion of reinforcing steel due to the action of microorganisms, is known as Microbiologically Induced Corrosion of Concrete (MICC). The activity of microorganisms can initiate and further accelerate both steel corrosion and cement-based matrix degradation in reinforced concrete structures. The mechanism is related to initial surface colonization and further bio-products (and aggressive substance respectively) penetration into the bulk concrete matrix, reaching the reinforcement level. Common knowledge is that bio-deterioration-related infrastructure degradation, maintenance and repair have a significant economic impact worldwide. However, due to the complexity of all related mechanisms, a durable and feasible solution is still to be achieved for the engineering practice. This paper briefly points out main bio-degradation related mechanisms for concrete, steel and reinforced concrete structures and presents results on the electrochemical response of carbon steel in simulated environment under biotic and abiotic conditions.
Anesthetic Management by Laryngeal Mask Airway in a Patient With a History of Difficult Intubation Resulting in Dental Injuries
Authors: Asahi Yoshinao , Fujii Ryosuke , Usui Naoko , Kagamiuchi Hajime , Omichi Shiro , Kotani Junichiro 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Disabled patients may face respiratory problems during general anesthesia because of head and neck anomalies. We describe a case of dental treatment under general anesthesia using a laryngeal mask airway in a disabled patient who faced difficulty in endotracheal intubation on several occasions, 5 of which resulted in dental injuries.
L’information statistique en perspective : six grands changements
Authors: Charpin Jean-Michel 
Published: April 2015

Statistical Information Revisited : Six Big Changes.
Led by a growing demand, benefiting from its major role in the public debate, supported by technological progress, statistical information experiences big changes. Improved governance enables to consolidate the independence of production and dissemination of statistics from political and other external interference. International normalization is spreading, particularly in Europe. The traditional trade-off between surveys and administrative sources is shifting to the advantage of the latter ones. The internet modifies the conditions of dissemination and renews invoicing strategies. At the same time, the credibility of statistics is being questioned, in particular for inflation and real income measures, and the search for improved relevance pushes into going beyond present concepts of national accounts. By coping with these challenges, the professionals of statistical information will deserve the trust of users.
Classification JEL : C10, C80
Le poids du secteur financier : sa mesure et son impact sur la croissance. Quelques leçons de la crise
Authors: de Margerie Gilles 
Published: April 2015

The Financial Sector’s Size and Impact on Growth : Some Lessons of the Crisis.
The financial crisis has triggered intense debates on the financial sector’s excessive role in the economy, and on its role in the economic and financial crisis. Recent studies realised in the framework of France’s National Council on Statistical Information (CNIS) have shown that, until the crisis, there was a growing gap between banks’ contribution to the GDP, which was very stable in recent times, and the rapid growth of their Net Banking Income (NBI). This evolution mainly results from the growing proportion of dividends received and fair value adjustments in banks’ results, which can be interpreted as particularly linked to the growing impact of their internationalisation and of their capital markets activities. The crisis has resulted in a decline of the gap between these data that largely stems from the reduction of the market value of some financial instruments. Nevertheless this does not enable to give a well-argued answer to the critical question of the mechanisms through which the financial crisis impacted the economy, an issue on which very substantial research is still to be done.
Classification JEL : C81, E32, M41.
Information financière : À la recherche du long terme
Authors: Denis Eudoxe , Pô Jean-Damien 
Published: April 2015

Financial Information : in Search of the Long Term.
At the beginning of 2009, Institut de l’entreprise, a French think tank, tried to identify how to reach a better consideration of long term issues by companies. In this perspective, investor relations naturally seemed essential, as criticism of «short-termism » has been mainly directed at the financial markets. In order to guide investors’ behavior towards long-termism, companies should strive to renew the terms of the dialogue they establish with their shareholders. This renewal can be propped up by an evolution in the nature of the information the latter are given : existing financial indicators, forwardlooking indicators, data relative to the intangibles and more generally indicators on the health of the companies. Moreover, this renewal should enable the companies to mean clearly that they pursue, beyond their short-term performance goals, a long-term strategic project, the follow-up of which is based on reliable indicators, and that the management and the board of directors are concerned by its success.
Classification JEL : M14, M41, G24.
L’information économique et financière et la crise
Authors: Cazalé Alain 
Published: April 2015

Economic and Financial Information and the Crisis.
Media and economists have been widely criticized for not having stigmatized enough some financial practices and alerted about the rising risks during the gestation period of the crisis initiated after the burst of the Internet bubble in 2000. More emphasis should be given to the observations and opinions that disturb or do not conform to the existing consensus Information has also played a major part in the brutality of the transmission of financial crisis to the real economy. In a world where information travels faster and reach broader audience, perhaps to the detriment of thorough thinking and critical approach, it plays a major role in the speed of onset of crises and their rapid spread. Public and private decision makers will have to take this into account in the future.
Classification JEL : E66, G14, G17.
Stratégies et pratiques des grandes entreprises en matière d’information et de formation économiques et financières
Authors: Knock-Méo Isabelle 
Published: April 2015

Strategies and Practices of Large Companies in Terms of Economic and Financial Information and Formation.
Economic agents today must operate in an increasingly uncertain environment. As a result, economic and financial education (EFE) has become a major concern : citizens need tools to make sound economic and financial decisions under risk. Public actors typically enjoy the highest legitimacy in the public’s eye to carry out educational initiatives. However, they lack the financial resources to assume that responsibility alone. Large companies have a key role to play in improving economic and financial literacy among their employees and should also take part in a nationwide effort to teach every citizen about economics and personal finance. France lags well behind other countries -especially the Anglo-Saxon countries and some of the European countries -in terms of EFE. Up until now, most private educational initiatives have received limited media coverage. This article provides some insight on what could be done to allow a greater implication of the private sector, providing that governments act as catalysts to promote EFE.
Classification JEL : G18, M14.
Le rôle du CNIS dans l’expression des besoins d’informations statistiques
Authors: Duport Jean-Pierre , Dussert Françoise 
Published: April 2015

The Role of the CNIS in Determining what Statistical Information Is Needed.
The main task of the National Council of Statistical Information (CNIS) is to encourage a dialogue between those who produce public statistics and those who use them. It forecasts and brings to light new needs, thus helping to establish a program of statistical studies and surveys each year that meets the needs of the protagonists in the social, economic, and financial sphere and makes an annual evaluation. Within this framework, the commission responsible for the financial sector and the financing of the economy organizes a dialogue between the Banque de France and the INSEE, the main producers of statistics, on one side, and those who use them on the other side. The context of the financial crisis has spotlighted certain deficiencies in the system of observation and the need to better describe the existing relations between the financial sector and the rest of the economy. By organizing the definition of the demand from the various social forces, as well as a constructive discussion on the answers found, the CNIS produces recommendations on how the statistical information system should evolve. These are generally followed through on within a reasonable amount of time. In this way the CNIS helps in setting up a statistical information standard for social questions.
Classification JEL : C82, G18.
L'information financière des salariés
Authors: Ferracci Pierre , Omari Mustapha 
Published: April 2015

Financial Reporting for Employees.
The article screens financial reporting available for employees and considers that it remains inadequate. The current practices neglect employees’ needs (not only company’s revenues and profit but also its sustainability) and underestimate the difficulty for employees to assimilate the financial metrics. Indeed, the financial reporting suffers from the predominance of the shareholder value and from a short-term standpoint, in contrast with broader stakeholder value and with value creation in the long run. IFRS framework exacerbates this situation by neglecting useful metrics for the employees, like the value added and its sharing out among different stakeholders. The article advocates a broader scope of financial reporting and proposes a new lever to set up better corporate governance, i. e. the appointment of employees in the boards of all public companies and in those of companies with more than 1 000 employees.
Classification JEL : G34, J50, M12.
Information économique : la grande mutation
Authors: Crouïgneau Françoise 
Published: April 2015

Economic News : the Great Change.
Journalists, as economists, are faced with the same paradox : the need and appetite for economic and financial information have rarely been so strong ; to make it intelligible has rarely been so difficult. Like many experts, journalists have to explain new phenomena and the fact that some economic theories are now questioned. Media are also confronted by a “crisis in the crises” with the fall of advertisement resources, a more serious challenge in France than in other developed countries, because of under-capitalized media groups. At a time when nobody can measure all the consequences of the digital revolution.
Classification JEL : L82.
L’éducation économique et financière : une question d’intérêt général qui doit dépasser l’approche partisane, consumériste ou mercantile
Authors: Petitjean Alexis 
Published: April 2015

Economic and Financial Education : a Matter of General Interest more than a Matter of Politics, Consumer Protection or Market Efficiency.
The French view of world events, strongly tinged with humanism and a belief in the primacy of politics, has long been an obstacle to the development of a financial and economic culture and priority has been given information rather than on education. But in a globalized world with increasingly more complex issues, economic and financial education is becoming more and more obvious as the key to providing everyone with the means to not only understand their environment, but also to enable them to make decisions and plan for their future. Economic and financial education does indeed have the look of a matter of general interest, with both an individual as well as collective dimension. Raising the level of the financial and economic education in France should translate into a strong implication of our citizens in this debate but on a rational rather than emotional base.
Classification JEL : A10, A20.
La finance au sein de l’enseignement supérieur français en 2010
Authors: Levasseur Michel 
Published: April 2015

Finance in the Higher Education Programs in 2010.
The author questions the fate of the higher education programs specially devoted to finance. After 40 years of growth fueled by the revolution in business finance and the tremendous increase in student enrolment, Universities and business schools will have to enter a stage of maturity. In a field characterized by the high uniformity of content at the international level, strategies to allow the courses offered to evolve must rely on relevant segmentation, greater importance placed on quality and the strength of brand images. In France it is high time to overhaul the process allowing education programs to splinter up. The essential point for universities and “ grandes écoles” is to work together, by means of alliances and networks of cooperation, in order to reach a critical size in the global education market.
Classification JEL : I20.
Y a-t-il du consensus entre économistes en France ?
Authors: Mayer Thierrry , Wasmer Étienne 
Published: April 2015

Is There a Consensus among French Economists ?
This paper provides a summary of the results of a survey on French professional economists on 82 general economic questions. This survey is a replication and an extension of a similar one by Whaples (2006). The most striking results are that respondents have on average a moderate to large aversion to market forces, except for full professors and senior researchers who are on average more pro-market. Working abroad also leads to more confidence in market forces. The lessons of this survey don’t claim to stand for the opinion of French economists as a whole.
Classification JEL : A10, A11, B40, B41.
Quelle est la vision de la SFAF sur la formation économique en France ?
Authors: Legrand-Boucard Maïté , Pierret Jean-Paul , Wane Ibra 
Published: April 2015

What Is SFAF’s Vision on Economical Training in France ?
The financial crisis has at least had the merit of making analysts and companies revise their fundamentals. One can assess that companies resisted fairly well and also contributed to saving the system as a whole. This article recalls the positions of SFAF (French Society of financial analysts) on this subject. Professional knowledge goes through better understanding of the corporate world, which shouldn’t be seen first and foremost under the angle of the risks it causes to the environment or to society as a whole. Finance is constantly changing and renewing itself which implies a permanent need to update one’s knowledge base. Faced with an increasingly vast offer of academic and professional training and the growing number of stakeholders, the emergence of highly marketed offers from business schools and universities, SFAF has thought ahead and now has the unequalled advantage of offering internationally recognized training courses (by 31 countries for ACIIA) as well as respecting the accounting and linguistic specifics from the main financial centers in the world. The society now uses this framework to enrich its training offer and accompany not only its members, but also a wider audience of economic policy-makers, throughout their careers.
Classification JEL : A20, A29, G29.
Les Français et l’entreprise : Qu'en pensent-ils ? Qu'en savent-ils ?
Authors: Boisivon Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2015

Les enquêtes d’opinion font état d’un divorce entre les Français et les entreprises, ces dernières étant soupçonnées de faire passer les intérêts de leurs salariés au dernier rang de leurs préoccupations et objectifs. Une enquête récente de la Fnege s’est intéressée à la connaissance réelle qu’ont les Français du fonctionnement des entreprises et de leur utilité sociale. Les résultats mettent en évidence les lacunes importantes de nos concitoyens sur le sujet. De plus, les médias et le système éducatif ne contribuent pas à corriger cette vision.
Classification JEL : A11, A21, M5.
Les avancées et retards du débat démocratique français sur l’économie
Authors: Chavagneux Christian 
Published: April 2015

Headways and Delays of the French Economic Debate in Economy.
The way French people understand the economy depends on their beliefs. They are fed by the intellectual fads of the moment. A tiny part of the population benefits from an initial training in economics to support its choices : this possibility should be opened to all high school students, with an aim to discuss the big contemporary economic debates. French people indicate a concern to understand better these debates. They are helped by an economic press which does not have to blush any more in front of its Anglo-Saxon colleagues. But it is a handicap to them that just a small number of economists worry of maintaining permanently a democratic debate on economic issues. It is the objective of the magazine Alternatives Economiques. After 30 years of existence, it is now the second monthly economic magazine in terms of reception, reflecting the strong demand in economic educational methods from the French society.
Classification JEL : A10, L82.
Les investisseurs à long terme : vieille histoire, nouveaux paradigmes
Authors: Pastré Olivier 
Published: April 2015

Long-term Investors : Long Story, New Paradigms.
Long-term investors, and in particular sovereign funds are one of the main topics of discussion in this period of crisis. To put this phenomenon into perspective, one needs to start by retracing the history of long-term investors. One then needs to define the new paradigms that are likely to shape the behaviour of long-term investors in the future. Long-term investors have always existed. What has changed over the decades is the origin of the funds invested for the long term. The importance of long-term investors is growing and likely to grow more over the timeframe of the coming decade. There are four levels at which cooperation between long-term investors is both possible and desirable : information, investment, financing and regulation.
Classification JEL : G23, G28.
À quelles conditions la finance est-elle utile ? Enjeux d’une place financière puissante à Paris
Authors: Saint-Etienne Christian 
Published: April 2015

Under Which Conditions Is Finance Useful ? Does France Want a Powerful Financial Market in Paris ?
When transparent and regulated, finance is mostly an activity of data processing and risk management. Finance has five key functions which must be correctly understood in order to regulate them in the collective interest. In spite of declarations of principle, Governments have not built an efficient regulatory environment. The stakes of the development of a powerful financial centre in Paris are huge but today the necessary conditions are not assembled.
Classification JEL : G10, G18, E61, F30.
Spéculation et marchés dérivés du pétrole
Authors: Chevallier Julien 
Published: April 2015

Speculation and Oil Derivatives Markets.
This article provides economic and statistical tools to analyze oil derivatives markets, and more especially the “ peak” in prices recorded in July-August 2008. The main explanations of the literature are summarized, by emphasizing current trends. Overall, this article highlights a new articulation between “ physical” fundamentals of oil markets which have prevailed until the early 2000s, and the emergence of new “ financial” fundamentals following the reforms of derivatives markets in the U. S. in 2003 and the rise of “ non-commercial” agents on this market. Finally, some lessons of this recent experience are suggested through public policy recommendations in terms of regulating oil derivatives markets.
Classification JEL : G13, L71, Q3.
Quelle gouvernance pour la zone Euro ?
Authors: de Grauwe Paul 
Published: April 2015

La crise de la dette publique en 2009 dans la zone euro est imputable à une gouvernance déficiente. Pour améliorer son fonctionnement, il est souvent mis en avant la nécessité pour les gouvernements nationaux de favoriser la convergence des économies. Or les phases de croissance et de dépression sont dues à des « esprits animaux nationaux » spécifiques aux différents pays et seul le contrôle du crédit au niveau national est en mesure d’influer sur les variables macroéconomiques nationales. Les propositions de l’UE pour traiter les divergences entre les membres doivent donc prendre en compte la responsabilité des autorités monétaires et pas seulement l’action des gouvernements. L’augmentation importante de l’endettement public a en effet débuté après le déclenchement de la crise financière et a été nécessaire pour réduire l’endettement privé qui menaçait d’entraîner les économies dans une spirale déflationniste. De ce point de vue, les propositions actuelles de la Commission sont mal conçues.
Classification JEL : E52, E58, F36, H63.
Crise financière et politique monétaire
Authors: Besson Benoît , Nguyen Benoît 
Published: April 2015

Financial Crisis and Monetary Policy.
Since 2007, financial markets and economies have been faced with a multiform crisis, which originated from specific market sectors, such as the US subprime credit component, and led to a systemic risk at the heart of the financial markets, causing major disruptions in funding markets as well as more recently in sovereign debt market. At each step in the gathering crisis, central banks have intervened in a timely and pragmatic fashion. They have provided emergency liquidity support and aggressively cut official interest rates in order to mitigate the consequences of the crisis in the financial markets and in the real economy. As a result of the severity of the crisis, central banks have also adapted their operational framework and have implemented innovative non conventional monetary policies. The nature of their response was conditioned by their explicit mandate and by the structure of their domestic funding mechanisms. Nonetheless the common objective was to lower the financing costs for the real economy and to ensure the smooth transmission of monetary policy. However, whilst the primary requirement concerns accommodative monetary policy, it remains paramount that expectations for future inflation remain firmly anchored. To this end, Central banks have defined the path to exit strategies, to ensure the normalization of their interventions in a medium term horizon. The implementation of these exit strategies is one of the post-crisis major challenges.
Classification JEL : E02, G01, E52, E58.