bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parametricity and local variables
Authors: O'Hearn P. W. , Tennent R. D. 
Published: July 2002

We propose that the phenomenon of local state may be understood in terms of Strachey's concept of parametric (i.e., uniform) polymorphism. The intuitive basis for our proposal is the following analogy: a non-local procedure is independent of locally-declared variables in the same way that a parametrically polymorphic function is independent of types to which it is instantiated.
A connection between parametricity and representational abstraction was first suggested by J.C. Reynolds. Reynolds used logical relations to formalize this connection in languages with type variables and user-defined types. We use relational parametricity to construct a model for an Algol-like language in which interactions between local and non-local entities satisfy certain relational criteria. Reasoning about local variables essentially involved proving properties of polymorphic functions. The new model supports straightforward validations of all the test equivalences that have been proposed in the literature for local-variable semantics, and encompasses standard methods of reasoning about data representations. It is not known whether our techniques yield fully abstract semantics. A model based on partial equivalence relations on the natural numbers is also briefly examined.
One Man's View of Computer Science
Authors: Hamming R. W. 
Published: July 2002

A number of observations and comments are directed toward suggesting that more than the usual engineering flavor be given to computer science. The engineering aspect is important because most present difficulties in this field do not involve the theoretical question of whether certain things can be done, but rather the practical question of how can they be accomplished well and simply.
The teaching of computer science could be made more effective by various alterations, for example, the inclusion of a laboratory course in programming, the requirement for a strong minor in something other than mathematics, and more practical coding and less abstract theory, as well as more seriousness and less game playing.
Kalman Filter Implementation of Self-Organizing Feature Maps
Authors: Haese Karin 
Published: July 2002

The self-organizing learning algorithm of Kohonen and most of its extensions are controlled by two learning parameters, the learning coefficient and the width of the neighborhood function, which have to be chosen empirically because neither rules nor methods for their calculation exist. Consequently, often time-consuming parameter studies precede neighborhood-preserving feature maps of the learning data. To circumvent those lengthy numerical studies, this article describes the learning process by a state-space model in order to use the linear Kalman filter algorithm training the feature maps. Then the Kalman filter equations calculate the learning coefficient online during the training, while the width of the neighborhood function needs to be estimated by a second extended Kalman filter for the process of neighborhood preservation. The performance of the Kalman filter implementation is demonstrated on toy problems as well as on a crab classification problem. The results of crab classification are compared to those of generative topographic mapping, an alternative method to the self-organizing feature map.
ÜBER DIE URSACHEN DES SIEGES DES CHRISTENTUMS IN ÄGYPTEN
Authors: Hubai Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOne hundred and eighty years of egyptological scholarship has failed to establish why and how the ancient Egyptian religion could be surmounted by Christianity. In recent decades scholars have attributed Christianity's triumph to Christian revelation, the moral superiority of Christianity, its more thoroughly social sensibility, monotheism, its domination over the heimarmene, etc. The riddle is intensified if we consider that by the time of the decay of the autochthonous Egyptian religion in the home country, the so-called Isis religion was victorious in other provinces of the Imperium Romanum. The present paper argues that the two religions represent two different types, the Egyptian one being an ethnic religion, Christianity being a universal one. Consequently, the Egyptian religion had no need of soteria, while Christianity was born in a situation of "Unheil". During the last millennium of the pharaonic history the crisis of the traditional religion became more and more serious, because the cleft between cult and the native culture supporting this cult became too deep. This conclusion is supported by the decline of the hieroglyphic and demotic scripture, the disappearing of the characteristic Egyptian art and the profound change in the anthropological understanding of human being, which might have required the soteriology of a new religion.
"ABER GOTT WIRD MEINE SEELE ERLÖSEN" – TOD UND LEBEN NACH PSALM XLIX
Authors: Witte Markus 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPs XLIX bildet, abzüglich der Überschrift und der Glossen in V 9 und V 15* (), eine literarisch einheitliche Meditation über das allgemeine Todesgeschick. Die des Sterbens aller Menschen kontrastiert der Psalmist mit der Hoffnung auf postmortale Auslösung seiner Seele () aus der Scheol. In V 15-6 deutet sich die von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele als eines von der äußeren Gestalt () Menschen zu unterscheidenden, dabei dessen Identität wahrenden Aspekts an. für die Theologie des Psalms ist die Verbindung von Glaube und Einsichtig zu sein () bedeutet, zwischen Leben und Tod bzw. Gottesmacht Menschenmacht differenzieren zu können und angesichts der Rätselhaftigkeit der auf den den Tod überwindenden Gott zu vertrauen. Literatur- und religionsgeschichtlich gehört der Psalm aufgrund seiner Parallelen zu Kohelet und zu Äthhen xcviii wohl in die zweite Hälfte des 3. Jh. v. Chr.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 'HAND ON THE MOUTH' GESTURE IN JOB XL 4
Authors: Glazov Gregory Yuri 
Published: July 2002

AbstractContrary to the prevailing assumption that the Book of Job concludes with Job 'putting his hand on his mouth', a better understanding of the meanings of this gesture and of its relation to the rhetoric of the Book of Job, provides a vital clue towards a better understanding of the purpose of the second divine speech and the meaning of the Book of Job.
LATERAL PLATE VARIATION IN GALICIAN STICKLEBACK POPULATIONS IN THE RIVERS MIÑO AND LIMIA, NW SPAIN
Authors: Fernández  , Hermida  , Amaro  , Miguel E. San 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe examined lateral plate variation in populations of stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from the rivers Miño and Limia in Galicia (Northwest Spain), by analysing morphs, number of lateral plates, and position of the plates. In order to test for sexual dimorphism, the means and variances of plates were compared in males and females of some populations. No significant differences were found between sexes, therefore all remaining populations were analysed without controlling for sex. As stickleback populations in Galicia have an annual life span, the populations from the river Miño were divided in two age groups to compare lateral plate number. Analysis of each group revealed significant differences among populations, in accordance with the large amount of variation found in populations from other regions. Analysis of samples collected from the same place and at the same time of year, but in different years, indicated that there was little year to year variation. This suggests that populations are well adapted to their habitat, or that environmental conditions did not change significantly during the period of sampling. Finally, we propose a new method for the evaluation of scute variation analysis of the position of lateral plates. Cluster analysis of our data clearly differentiated populations from the rivers Miño and Limia.
ON THE PHYLOGENY OF LAKE BAIKAL AMPHIPODS IN THE LIGHT OF MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR DNA SEQUENCE DATA
Authors: Kamaltynov  , Vainola  , Ogarkov  , Vainio  , Verheyen  , Sherbakov D. Yu. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo DNA sequence data sets, one from the nuclear 18S rRNA gene (520 bp long), the other from the mitochondrial COI gene (540 bp), are used to characterize the evolutionary history of the endemic Baikalian amphipod species assemblage. The observed differentiation suggests that the initial radiation of Baikalian lineages was ancient, probably older than the emergence of the initial large paleolake within the current lake basin in the mid-Tertiary. The mtDNA data suggest a principal division between the smooth fossorial genus Micruropus and the remaining Baikalian amphipod taxa included in the study. The monophyly of the Baikalian taxa with respect to the non-Baikalian Gammarus cannot be conclusively inferred from the mitochondrial sequences. The 18S rRNA data, however, suggest that the pelagic Baikalian species Macrohectopus branickii is closer to the European Gammarus pulex than to any other gammarid studied, and give an indication of a polyphyletic origin of the Baikalian amphipod fauna. Also, within the Baikalian assemblage, the major genera with strongly developed body armature, Acanthogammarus and Pallasea, may be polyphyletic. Deux ensembles de donnees de sequences du DNA, l'un concernant le 18S rRNA nucleaire (520 pb), l'autre le gene mitochondrial COI (540 pb) sont utilises pour caracteriser l'histoire evolutive de l'assemblage des especes d'amphipodes endemiques du Baikal. La differenciation observee suggere que la radiation initiale des lignees baikaliennes est ancienne, probablement plus ancienne que l'emergence du grand paleolac initial a l'interieur du bassin lacustre du tertiaire moyen. Les donnees du mtDNA suggerent une division principale entre le genre fouisseur lisse Micruropus et les taxa baikaliens restants, inclus dans l'etude. La monophylie des taxons baikaliens par rapport aux Gammarus non baikaliens ne peut pas etre deduite de facon concluante des sequences mitochondriales. Les donnees du 18S rRNA, cependant, suggerent que l'espece pelagique baikalienne Macrohectopus branickii est plus proche du Gammarus pulex europeen que de n'importe quel autre gammaride etudie, et donnent une indication de l'origine polyphyletique de la faune baikalienne d'amphipodes. De meme, dans l'assemblage baikalien, les genres majeurs aavec une armature du corps fortement developpee, Acanthogammarus et Pallasea , pourraient etre ppolyphyletiques.
The application of safranin-O for staining virus-vector trichodorid nematodes for electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Karanastasi Eirini , Vellios Evangelos , Roberts Ian , MacFarlane Stuart , Brown Derek J.F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Post-fixation with osmium tetroxide (OsO4), prior to examination by electron
microscopy, enables nematodes to be located in epoxy-resin blocks, and
improves contrast of ultrastructural features. For specimen visibility,
alternatives to OsO4 were examined as it can inhibit antigenicity, thus
preventing application of serological techniques. Basic fuchsin stain does
not affect antigenicity and when applied to trichodorids enabled specimens
to be readily located in the block, but had several disadvantages such as
causing substantial alteration of the nematode structure. Safranin-O stain
enabled Paratrichodorus anemones and P. pachydermus specimens to be located
in resin blocks, different parts of the nematode body to be distinguished,
and did not affect specimen ultrastructure. Also, with viruliferous
specimens it allowed immunogold labelling techniques to be applied for
identifying tobacco rattle virus particles at the site of retention in the
nematodes. Safranin-O is fluorescent and this feature was used to examine
sections from the spicula region of a male P. pachydermus specimen under a
confocal laser scanning microscope. La post-fixation au tétroxyde d’osmium
(OsO4) avant l’observation en microscopie électronique empêche la
localisation des nématodes dans les blocs de résine epoxy et augmente le
contraste des caractéristiques ultrastructurales. Pour la localisation des
spécimens, des solutions alternatives au OsO4, qui peut inhiber
l’antigénicité et donc empêcher l’application de techniques sérologiques,
ont été examinées. Le coloration à la fuschine basique n’affecte pas
l’antigénicité et permet de situer les spécimens dans les blocs, mais elle
présente de nombreux désavantages telle l’altération substantielle des
structures du nématode. La safranine-O permet la localisation de
Paratrichodorus anemones et de P. pachydermus, les différentes parties du
corps du nématode étant alors identifiables, et n’affecte en rien
l’ultrastructure du nématode. Chez les spécimens portant des virus, elle
permet également l’utilisation de techniques de marquage immunologique à
l’or pour identifier les particules du virus du tobacco rattle dans les
sites de rétention chez le nématode. La safranine-O est fluorescente et
cette particularité a été utilisée pour observer des sections de la région
des spicules chez un mâle de P. pachydermus en microscopie confocale à
balayage.
SXP/RAL-2 proteins of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis: secreted proteins of the hypodermis and amphids
Authors: Jones John , Blok Vivian , Smant Geert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA family of secreted proteins (the SXP/RAL-2 proteins) has been identified in animal parasitic nematodes and Caenorhabditis elegans. In this paper, we describe two full length cDNA sequences from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis which could encode proteins similar to SXP/ RAL-2 proteins. We show that although both genes are expressed in second stage juveniles and in sedentary females of G. rostochiensis, they have remarkably different spatial expression patterns. The mRNA derived from one of the genes (gr-sxp-1) was present in the hypodermis, as has been described previously for one of these genes in an animal parasitic nematode. However, expression of the mRNA from the other gene was restricted to the gland cells surrounding the amphidial sense organs (the sheath cells). In addition to providing the first description of SXP proteins from a plant parasitic nematode, this work provides the first detailed characterisation of a protein secreted from the amphids of a plant parasite. Les protéines SXP/ RAL-2 du nématode à kyste de la pomme de terre Globodera rostochiensis : les protéines sécrétées par l'hypoderme et les amphides - Une famille de protéines sécrétées - les protéines SXP/RAL-2 - avait déjà été identifiée chez les nématodes zooparasites et chez Caenorhabditis elegans. Dans cet article nous décrivons deux séquences en longueur totale de cADN provenant du nématode à kyste de la pomme de terre Globodera rostochiensis, séquences qui pourraient coder des protéines similaires aux protéines SXP/RAL-2. Nous montrons que, bien que l'un et l'autre gène s'expriment chez les juvéniles de deuxième stade et chez les femelles sédentaires de Globodera rostochiensis, ils possèdent des profils d'expression spatiale remarquablement différents. Le rARN dérivé à partir d'un de ces gènes (gr-sxp-1) était présent dants l'hypoderme, comme cela avait déjà été décrit pour l'un de ces gènes chez un nématode zooparasite. Cependant, l'expression du mRNA de l'autre gène était limitée aux cellules glandulaires entourant les organes sensoriels amphidiens (les cellules de la gaine). Offrant la première description de protéines SXP provenant de nématodes phytopathogènes, le présent travail fournit de plus la première caractérisation détaillée d'une protéine sécrétée par les amphides d'un nématode parasite de plantes.
history studies of the hermaphrodite nematode Acrobeloides sp. with Pseudomonas cepacia as a food source on agar
Authors: Ikonen Eeva 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe life cycle and reproduction of a species of Acrobeloides isolated from native North American prairie soil was studied in monoxenic cultures with Pseudomonas cepacia as a food source at 23°C. The demographic parameters were calculated from cultures for the period from 0 to 15 days. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.38 days, mean total productivity of Acrobeloides sp. without predation (R0) in 15 days was 87.7, and capacity of increase (rc) was 0.36. The minimum generation time (Tmin) was 10 days, cohort generation time (Tc) 6.8 days and mean generation time (T) 18.5 days. The age of an adult female at median egg laying (T) was 7.9 days, and mortality (lx) 0.4. The estimation of consumption of Acrobeloides sp. by nematophagous mites, expressed in organic carbon content, was 0.22 μg day-1. Based on laboratory experiments, this Acrobeloides sp. from native prairie soil does not have a high ability for population growth with Pseudomonas cepacia as food source at 23°C.
Manganoan berthierine, Meyers Pass, New Zealand: occurrence in the prehnite-pumpellyite facies
Authors: Coombs D. S. , Zhao G. , Peacor D. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractManganoan berthierine, sometimes only a few layers thick, is preserved interlayered with manganoan chlorite (chamosite) in small recrystallized patches in cherty metapelagites matamorphosed in the prehnite–pumpellyite facies at Meyers Pass, Torlesse Terrane, South Canterbury, New Zealand. The Mn occupies 11–12% of the octahedral sites, making this the most Mn–rich berthierine reported so far. The ratio (Fe+Mn)(Fe+Mn+Mg), 0.67–0.70, is at the lower end of those of previously reported occurrences, making these amongst the most Mg-rich berthierines known. Manganoan berthierine and interlayered manganoan chlorite also make up ~11–13% of the cryptocrystalline groundmass in which the berthierine is believed to have crystallized under early diagenetic conditions near a deep-ocean–sediment interface. The occurrence of berthierine in the recrystallized patches lends support to the possibility of a stability field at the temperature of prehnite-pumpellyite facies recrystallization in association with chlorite of similar but not identical composition.
Impaired dendritic cell maturation in patients with chronic, but not resolved, hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Auffermann-Gretzinger Susanne , Keeffe Emmet B. , Levy Shoshana 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are important for the initiation of immune responses to foreign antigens. Their antigen uptake and presentation capacities enable them to prime and activate T cells. Immature DCs capture antigens; however, they must be activated to mature before serving as efficient antigen-presenting cells. The antigen-presenting capacity of DCs can be diminished during viral infection and as a consequence of tumor formation. Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been shown to affect the allostimulatory function of DCs. In this study, it is demonstrated that monocyte-derived DCs from patients with chronic HCV infection do not respond to maturation stimuli. Instead, they maintain their immature phenotype, reflected by the pattern of cell surface markers and by their continued capacity to uptake antigen. Moreover, their allostimulatory abilities are impaired compared with those of mature DCs derived from healthy donors. To investigate a possible correlation between viral clearance and this DC maturation defect, patients with resolved HCV infection after a course of antiviral therapy were studied. Results demonstrate that DCs from patients who cleared HCV behaved like DCs from healthy donors: in response to maturation stimuli, they decrease antigen uptake, up-regulate expression of appropriate surface markers, and are potent stimulators of allogeneic T cells.
Basis of hematopoietic defects in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and PDGF β-receptor null mice
Authors: Kaminski Wolfgang E. , Lindahl Per , Lin Nancy L. , Broudy Virginia C. , Crosby Jeffrey R. , Hellström Mats , Swolin Birgitta , Bowen-Pope Daniel F. , Martin Paul J. , Ross Russell , Betsholtz Christer , Raines Elaine W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPlatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and PDGF β-receptor (PDGFRβ) deficiency in mice is embryonic lethal and results in cardiovascular, renal, placental, and hematologic disorders. The hematologic disorders are described, and a correlation with hepatic hypocellularity is demonstrated. To explore possible causes, the colony-forming activity of fetal liver cells in vitro was assessed, and hematopoietic chimeras were demonstrated by the transplantation of mutant fetal liver cells into lethally irradiated recipients. It was found that mutant colony formation is equivalent to that of wild-type controls. Hematopoietic chimeras reconstituted with PDGF-B−/−, PDGFRβ−/−, or wild-type fetal liver cells show complete engraftment (greater than 98%) with donor granulocytes, monocytes, B cells, and T cells and display none of the cardiovascular or hematologic abnormalities seen in mutants. In mouse embryos, PDGF-B is expressed by vascular endothelial cells and megakaryocytes. After birth, expression is seen in macrophages and neurons. This study demonstrates that hematopoietic PDGF-B or PDGFRβ expression is not required for hematopoiesis or integrity of the cardiovascular system. It is argued that metabolic stress arising from mutant defects in the placenta, heart, or blood vessels may lead to impaired liver growth and decreased production of blood cells. The chimera models in this study will serve as valuable tools to test the role of PDGF in inflammatory and immune responses.
A model of human p210bcr/ABL-mediated chronic myelogenous leukemia by transduction of primary normal human CD34+ cells with a BCR/ABL-containing retroviral vector
Authors: Zhao Robert C. , Jiang Yuehua , Verfaillie Catherine M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Most insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying transformation by the p210BCR/ABL oncoprotein are derived from studies in which BCR/ABL cDNA was introduced into hematopoietic or fibroblast cell lines. However, such cell line models may not represent all the features of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) caused by additional genetic abnormalities and differences in the biology of cell lines compared with primary hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. A primary human hematopoietic progenitor cell model for CML was developed by the transduction of b3a2 BCR/ABL cDNA in normal CD34+cells. Adhesion of BCR/ABL-transduced CD34+ cells to fibronectin was decreased, but migration over fibronectin was enhanced compared with that of mock-transduced CD34+ cells. Adhesion to fibronectin did not decrease the proliferation of BCR/ABL-transduced CD34+ cells but decreased the proliferation of mock-transduced CD34+ cells. This was associated with elevated levels of p27Kip in p210BCR/ABL-expressing CD34+ cells. In addition, the presence of p210BCR/ABLdelayed apoptosis after the withdrawal of cytokines and serum. Finally, significantly more and larger myeloid colony-forming units grew from BCR/ABL than from mock-transduced CD34+ cells. Thus, the transduction of CD34+ cells with the b3a2-BCR/ABL cDNA recreates most, if not all, phenotypic abnormalities seen in primary CML CD34+ cells. This model should prove useful for the study of molecular mechanisms associated with the presence of p210BCR/ABL in CML.