bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of dayside magnetic reconnection models in global magnetosphere simulations
Authors: Komar C. M. , Fermo R. L. , Cassak P. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe test and compare a number of existing models predicting the location of magnetic reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause for various solar wind conditions. We employ robust image processing techniques to determine the locations where each model predicts reconnection to occur. The predictions are then compared to the magnetic separators, the magnetic field lines separating different magnetic topologies. The predictions are tested in distinct high‐resolution simulations with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angles ranging from 30 to 165° in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the three‐dimensional Block Adaptive Tree Solarwind Roe‐type Upwind Scheme code with a uniform resistivity, although the described techniques can be generally applied to any self‐consistent magnetosphere code. Additional simulations are carried out to test location model dependence on IMF strength and dipole tilt. We find that most of the models match large portions of the magnetic separators when the IMF has a southward component, with the models saying reconnection occurs where the local reconnection rate and reconnection outflow speed are maximized performing best. When the IMF has a northward component, none of the models tested faithfully map the entire magnetic separator, but the maximum magnetic shear model is the best at mapping the separator in the cusp region where reconnection has been observed. Predictions for some models with northward IMF orientations improve after accounting for plasma flow shear parallel to the reconnecting components of the magnetic fields. Implications for observations are discussed.
Temporal variations in air‐sea CO2 exchange near large kelp beds near San Diego, California
Authors: Ikawa Hiroki , Oechel Walter C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study presents nearly continuous air‐sea CO2 flux for 7 years using the eddy covariance method for nearshore water near San Diego, California, as well as identifying environmental processes that appear to control temporal variations in air‐sea CO2 flux at different time scales using time series decomposition. Monthly variations in CO2 uptake are shown to be positively influenced by photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) and negatively related to wind speeds. In contrast to the monthly scale, wind speeds often influenced CO2 uptake positively on an hourly scale. Interannual variations in CO2 flux were not correlated with any independent variables, but did reflect surface area of the adjacent kelp bed in the following year. Different environmental influences on CO2 flux at different temporal scales suggest the importance of long‐term flux monitoring for accurately identifying important environmental processes for the coastal carbon cycle. Overall, the study area was a strong CO2 sink into the sea (CO2 flux of ca. −260 g C m−2 yr−1). If all coastal areas inhabited by macrophytes had a similar CO2 uptake rate, the net CO2 uptake from these areas alone would roughly equal the net CO2 sink estimated for the entire global coastal ocean to date. A similar‐strength CO2 flux, ranging between −0.09 and −0.01 g C m−2 h−1, was also observed over another kelp bed from a pilot study of boat‐based eddy covariance measurements.
Hydroclimatic variables and acute gastro‐intestinal illness in British Columbia, Canada: A time series analysis
Authors: Galway L. P. , Allen D. M. , Parkes M. W. , Li L. , Takaro T. K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUsing epidemiologic time series analysis, we examine associations between three hydroclimatic variables (temperature, precipitation, and streamflow) and waterborne acute gastro‐intestinal illness (AGI) in two communities in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The communities were selected to represent the major hydroclimatic regimes that characterize BC: rainfall‐dominated and snowfall dominated. Our results show that the number of monthly cases of AGI increased with increasing temperature, precipitation, and streamflow in the same month in the context of a rainfall‐dominated regime, and with increasing streamflow in the previous month in the context of a snowfall‐dominated regime. These results suggest that hydroclimatology plays a role in driving the occurrence and variability of AGI in these settings. Further, this study highlights that the nature and magnitude of the effects of hydroclimatic variability on AGI are different in the context of a snowfall‐dominated regime versus a rainfall‐dominated regimes. We conclude by proposing that the watershed may be an appropriate context for enhancing our understanding of the complex linkages between hydroclimatic variability and waterborne illness in the context of a changing climate.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cyclization and Azidation of γ,δ‐Unsaturated Ketone O‐Benzoyl Oximes
Authors: Su Hailin , Li Weifei , Xuan Zhaoli , Yu Wei 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn intramolecular imination/azidation sequence has been realized through the tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophophate [Cu(CH3CN)4PF6]‐catalyzed reaction of γ,δ‐unsaturated ketone O‐benzoyl oximes with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3). The reaction proceeds via the copper‐mediated NO cleavage and subsequent CN forming 5‐exo cyclization. The thus formed intermediate is then azidated to afford the corresponding dihydropyrrole product. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the cyclization step does not involve a radical intermediate.magnified image
Dehydration among lactating mothers in the Amazon: A neglected problem
Authors: Rosinger Asher 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare hydration status between lactating and non‐lactating women in the hot‐humid Amazon.MethodsFifty‐four women (15–81 years) from two villages at different distances to the market provided urine samples, anthropometric measurements, and health recalls. Urine samples were analyzed for urine specific gravity (USG). Bivariate and multiple linear and logistic regressions tested differences in USG and dehydration (USG > 1.020) between women of different lactating status.ResultsLactating women (1.024 g/ml; 78% dehydrated) had significantly higher USG levels (β = 0.004; P = 0.011) than non‐lactating women (1.020 g/ml; 50% dehydrated) and were significantly more likely to be dehydrated adjusting for covariates (OR: 4.05; 95% CI 1.1–14.7).ConclusionsWomen living in hot‐humid rural environments with minimal access to clean water are at greater risk of dehydration when breastfeeding. Future research should examine lactating women longitudinally and assess whether chronic dehydration affects breast milk composition. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:576–578, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silver‐Catalyzed Arylation of (Hetero)arenes by Oxidative Decarboxylation of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Kan Jian , Huang Shijun , Lin Jin , Zhang Min , Su Weiping 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA long‐standing challenge in Minisci reactions is achieving the arylation of heteroarenes by oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic carboxylic acids. To address this challenge, the silver‐catalyzed intermolecular Minisci reaction of aromatic carboxylic acids was developed. With an inexpensive silver salt as a catalyst, this new reaction enables a variety of aromatic carboxylic acids to undergo decarboxylative coupling with electron‐deficient arenes or heteroarenes regardless of the position of the substituents on the aromatic carboxylic acid, thus eliminating the need for ortho‐substituted aromatic carboxylic acids, which were a limitation of previously reported methods.
Crystalline Stereocomplexed Polycarbonates: Hydrogen‐Bond‐Driven Interlocked Orderly Assembly of the Opposite Enantiomers
Authors: Liu Ye , Ren Wei‐Min , Wang Meng , Liu Chuang , Lu Xiao‐Bing 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFour novel crystalline stereocomplexed polymers are formed by mixing isotactic (R)‐ and (S)‐polycarbonates in 1:1 mass ratio. They show the enhanced thermal stability and new crystalline behavior, significantly distinct from the component enantiomer. Two stereocomplexed CO2‐based polycarbonates from meso‐3,4‐epoxytetrahydrofuran and 4,4‐dimethyl‐3,5,8‐trioxabicyclo[5.1.0]octane have high melting temperatures of up to 300 °C, about 30 °C higher than the individual enantiomers. Isotactic (R)‐ or (S)‐poly(cyclopentene carbonate) and poly(cis‐2,3‐butene carbonate) are typical amorphous polymeric materials, however, upon mixing both enantiomers together, a strong interlocked interaction between polymer chains of opposite configuration occurs, affording the crystalline stereocomplexes with melting temperatures of about 200 °C and 180 °C, respectively. A DFT study suggests that the driving force forming the stereocomplex is the hydrogen‐bonding between carbonate units of the opposite enantiomers.
Gradiometer and Ground‐penetrating Radar Survey of Two Reducción Settlements in the Zaña Valley, Peru
Authors: Vanvalkenburgh Parker , Walker Chester P. , Sturm Jennie O. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this study, we utilize ground‐penetrating radar and gradiometer survey to map buried architecture and investigate the political dimensions of the built environment at two Spanish colonial period archaeological sites in Peru's north coast region, Carrizales (C123) and Mocupe Viejo (74). Based on historical sources, we argue that both sites were founded during the Toledan reducción movement – a large‐scale attempt by Peru's viceregal government to forcibly resettle indigenous populations into planned towns in the 1570s ce. Coupled with excavations, geophysical survey has revealed diversity in how these planned towns were constructed. At Carrizales, domestic architectural features revealed through gradiometer survey and confirmed through excavations suggest that the town's layout broadly conformed to the prescriptions of reducción plans, centring on a large plaza and following a rectilinear layout. Ground‐penetrating radar results at the site were limited by high soil salinity. In contrast, at Mocupe Viejo, ground‐penetrating radar, gradiometer survey, and excavations have recovered no evidence of a gridded street plan, and demonstrate that the church was located in an idiosyncratic position. Together, these results suggest that the resettlement process was contested and that plans were modified to serve more proximate political, ecclesiastical, and practical concerns, illustrating the limited reach of colonial state power in the sixteenth century. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in bladder cancer pathology and survival: analysis of a population‐based cancer registry
Authors: Zaitsu Masayoshi , Toyokawa Satoshi , Tonooka Akiko , Nakamura Fumiaki , Takeuchi Takumi , Homma Yukio , Kobayashi Yasuki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSex differences in bladder cancer pathology and epidemiology have been the focus of recent research. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics and compared bladder cancer pathology and survival between men and women in Japan. A total of 13,184 patients with primary bladder cancer diagnosed from 1954 to 2010 were identified in a large‐scale cancer registry database in Kanagawa Prefecture. Using this database, we compared the odds ratios (ORs) for nonurothelial carcinoma (non‐UC) using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for age and diagnosis periods. We also compared hazard ratios (HRs) for overall death and cancer‐specific death using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for non‐UC, age, and diagnosis period. The proportion of non‐UC was significantly higher in female compared with male patients (OR = 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81–2.52). Furthermore, survival was significantly poorer in female patients than in male patients after adjusting for UC or non‐UC (HR for overall death = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06–1.23; HR for cancer‐specific death = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.28–1.52). Sex differences exist in the epidemiological characteristics of bladder cancer in Japan, with female patients having less favorable pathology and poorer survival compared with male patients.
Nucleos(t)ide analogues associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B patients: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Wang Jack P. , Kao Feng‐Yu , Wu Chen‐Yi , Hung Yi‐Ping , Chao Yee , Chou Yiing‐Jenq , Li Chung‐Pin 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major complication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study investigated the association between nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) use and the risk of HCC and mortality in HBV carriers on the basis of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database.METHODSIn all, 1544 HBV carriers taking NAs (treated cohort) who were identified between October 1, 2003 and December 31, 2011 were examined for their risk of HCC and mortality; 1544 patients not receiving NA treatment (untreated cohort) were selected via propensity score matching as the comparison group. The risks of first tumor occurrence and mortality were compared.RESULTSThe treated cohort had a significantly lower HCC occurrence rate (6.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4%‐7.9%) in comparison with the untreated cohort (8.5%; 95% CI, 6.6%‐10.6%; P = .0025). The overall mortality rates for the treated and untreated cohorts were 6.9% (95% CI, 5.3%‐8.7%) and 9.4% (95% CI, 7.7%‐11.3%), respectively (P = .0003). After adjustments for competing confounders, Cox regression analyses showed that NA use significantly reduced the risk of HCC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45‐0.93; P = .017) and overall mortality (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.43‐0.79; P < .001). There was a dose‐response relationship between NA use and the risk of HCC in the treated cohort. With respect to no NA use, the adjusted HRs were 0.93 (95% CI, 0.58‐1.48), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.42‐1.06), and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.17‐0.70) for 90 to 365, 366 to 730, and >730 cumulative defined daily doses of NAs, respectively.CONCLUSIONSNA use reduced the risk of HCC and overall mortality in HBV carriers. Cancer 2015;121:1446–1455. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Assessment of EGFR and KRAS mutation status from FNAs and core‐needle biopsies of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Lozano Maria D. , Labiano Tania , Echeveste Jose , Gurpide Alfonso , Martín‐Algarra Salvador , Zhang Guili , Sharma Abha , Palma John F. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDMolecular testing to determine gene mutation status is now the recommended standard of care for patients with advanced or metastatic Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Because the majority of patients with NSCLC present with metastatic disease, minimally invasive procedures are necessary for diagnosis, staging, and molecular analysis. However, the resulting samples have perceived limitations in the oncology community, and most commercially available tests have not been validated for these sample types. The current study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of determining epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation status in fine‐needle aspirates (FNAs) and core‐needle biopsies (CNBs) after staining with Papanicolaou or hematoxylin and eosin, respectively.METHODSGene mutation status was determined in 140 NSCLC tumor samples with proprietary tests for EGFR and KRAS mutations (cobas tests) followed by Sanger sequencing of exons 18 through 21 of the EGFR gene and exon 2 of the KRAS gene. The results were analyzed based on FNA (n = 91) or CNB (n = 49) sampling.RESULTSThe cobas tests yielded valid results in the majority of FNA and CNB samples for both EGFR (97.9%) and KRAS (93.6%). Moreover, valid results were obtained for 90% of samples that had DNA concentrations below the values recommended by the manufacturer. For samples with valid results from both cobas testing and Sanger sequencing, 95.7% and 93% agreement were observed for EGFR status and KRAS status, respectively.CONCLUSIONSGene mutation testing can be successfully performed on cytology and CNB samples, expanding the potential of personalized cancer treatment to patients who have limited tissue samples. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:230–236. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer Cytopathology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Old and new immunophenotypic markers in multiple myeloma for discrimination of responding and relapsing patients: The importance of “normal” residual plasma cell analysis
Authors: Pojero Fanny , Casuccio Alessandra , Parrino Maria Francesca , Cardinale Giovanni , Colonna Romano Giuseppina , Caruso Calogero , Gervasi Francesco 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundMultiple myeloma is an incurable disease characterized by proliferation of clonal malignant plasma cells (CPCs), which can be immunophenotypically distinguished from polyclonal plasma cells (PPCs) by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC). The utility of PPCs analysis in detecting prognostic and predictive information is still a matter of debate. Methods: we tested the ability of 11 MFC markers in detecting differences in the immunophenotype of CPCs and PPCs among patients in various disease stages; we verified if these markers could be associated with disease stage/response to therapy despite the role of clinical parameters. Results: significant changes in the expression of markers occurred both in CPCs and PPCs. CD58 on PPCs of responding patients was downregulated compared with PPC of relapsing group. Fraction of CD200 expressing PCs was lower in control subjects than in PPCs from MGUS and myeloma groups. CD11a levels of expression on both CPCs and PPCs showed an upregulation in newly diagnosed and relapsing patients versus PCs of controls; CD20 was less expressed on control PCs than on MGUS CPCs and PPCs. CD49d revealed to be advantageous in discrimination of PPCs from CPCs. In our multiple regression model, CD19 and CD49d on CPCs, and CD45, CD58 and CD56 on PPCs maintained their association with groups of patients independently of other prognostic variables. Conclusions: we provide a feasible start point to put in order ranges of expression on PPCs in healthy and myeloma subjects; we propose a new approach based on PPC analysis to monitor the stages of the disease. © 2014 International Clinical Cytometry Society © 2014 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Lower‐limb amputation following foot ulcers in patients with diabetes: classification systems, external validation and comparative analysis
Authors: Monteiro‐Soares Matilde , Martins‐Mendes Daniela , Vaz‐Carneiro António , Dinis‐Ribeiro Mário 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to validate and compare the existing systems developed to stratify subjects with diabetic foot ulcers by risk of consequent lower extremity amputation.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study on a consecutive series of patients (mean age of 68 years; 64% male) with active ulcer who were attending our Hospital Diabetic Foot Clinic (n = 293) from January 2010 to March 2013. At baseline, we collected information on the participants' characteristics and the relevant variables. Afterwards, we assessed the predictive value of each variable and each system's prognostic accuracy for amputation occurrence.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 91 days (interquartile range of 98), ulcers healed in 62% of the subjects. Major amputation occurred in 7% and minor occurred in 17%. Previous ulcer or amputation, ulcer area, and gangrene were associated with amputation occurrence. Nephropathy, pulses number, ulcer aetiology, depth, and number were associated with risk of amputation. Systems typically presented sensitivity values ≥80% and negative likelihood ratios ≤0.5 for the highest risk group; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranged from 0.56 to 0.83 and positive likelihood ratios from 1.0 to 5.9. If one chose only major amputation as an outcome, positive predictive values were lower, and negative predictive values tended to be higher.ConclusionsSystem stages, grades, scores, and/or prognostics were generally associated with amputation, presenting overall substantial accuracy values. Nevertheless, great improvement is possible. A multicentre study validating and refining the existing systems is needed to improve clinical decision‐making in this area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific labeling of climbing fibers shows early synaptic interactions with immature Purkinje cells in the prenatal cerebellum
Authors: Kita Yoshiaki , Tanaka Kazuto , Murakami Fujio 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTDuring development, growing axons must locate target cells to form synapses. This is not easy, since target cells are also growing and even actively migrating. In some brain regions, such axons have been reported to wait for the timing when target cells become mature, without invading their target region. However, in the cerebellum climbing fibers (CFs), major afferent axons, arrive near their target neurons, Purkinje cells, when the neurons are still actively migrating. We, therefore, examined whether synaptic contacts are established at such early stages. To specifically label CFs, we introduced by in utero electroporation a mixture of genes encoding for Ptf1a‐enhancer‐driven Cre recombinase and Cre‐dependent fluorescent protein into the mouse hindbrain at embryonic day (E) 10.5 and observed them during development. The earliest stages at which labeled CFs were observed in the cerebellar primordium were E15.5–E16.5. These fibers were fasciculated in the dorsal region and entered the cerebellar primordium. Some fibers defasciculated and reached the caudal region. At E17.5 and E18.5, fasciculated fibers were also found in the mantle region, and some grew toward the surface of the primordium to penetrate a mass of Purkinje cells. Interestingly, as early as E16.5, labeled fibers were found to run in close apposition to Purkinje cell dendrites and to express a presynaptic marker. These observations suggest that CFs form synapses with Purkinje cells as soon as the fibers enter the cerebellum. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 927–934, 2015