bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary parasitoids of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) in Australia and a review of their introductions from Asia
Authors: Dao Hang T. , Beattie G. Andrew C. , Spooner‐Hart Robert , Riegler Markus , Holford Paul 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe used morphological and molecular differences to confirm the identities of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and yellow scale (A. citrina), and their primary parasitoids, in Australia. An extension to the distribution of yellow scale was confirmed. Six primary parasitoids of red scale were identified: Aphytis chrysomphali, A. lingnanensis, A. melinus, Comperiella bifasciata, Encarsia citrina, and E. perniciosi. With the exception of A. lingnanensis, these parasitoids, and a species of Aphelinus, were detected in association with red scale during studies in citrus orchards in coastal New South Wales between 2009 and 2012. Two races of A. melinus were recorded: one from the Indian Subcontinent, the other previously only recorded in China. The studies, and reviews of historical records, led us to conclude that 4 parasitoids, A. lingnanensis, C. bifasciata, and both species of Encarsia, were present in Australia before successful or unsuccessful formal introductions between 1902 and 1970. The A. melinus race previously recorded in China may also have been present before the Indian Subcontinent race was formally introduced in 1961. We suggest the possibility that the natural distribution of some of the parasitoids may include East and Southeast Asia, and parts of Australasia. We found no reports of native armored scales being recorded on species and hybrids of Citrus introduced to Australia, and no reports of introduced armored scales being recorded on native Rutaceae, including 6 species of Citrus. However, we subsequently recorded yellow scale on Geijera parviflora, a native rutaceous tree.
Maternal care behaviour and kin discrimination in the subsocial bugTectocoris diophthalmus(Hemiptera:Scutelleridae)
Authors: Giffney Raelene A , Kemp Darrell J 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMost insects employ non‐caring strategies to safeguard their eggs and offspring from predation. Parental care behaviour is extremely rare in insects, but has been described in several insect groups and particularly in theHemiptera. Given that such behaviour is considered an evolutionary precursor to more complex forms of insect sociality, investigating the dynamics of parental care may inform our understanding of social evolution. In this paper, we describe the oviposition and maternal care behaviour of the egg‐guarding cotton or hibiscus harlequin bugTectocoris diophthalmus(Thunberg, 1783) in the field. We also report the results of experimental manipulations designed to test for egg discrimination mechanisms in this species. Our observations indicate that females lay about 100 eggs in a cylindrical cluster around a branch or leaf petiole. Maternal care is limited to egg straddling and defensive postures and behaviours. These were only displayed when walking invertebrate predators approached the egg clutch; mothers were observed to react to the presence of parasitoid wasps on their clutches. Protective behaviours are only displayed by guarding females and are possibly triggered by oviposition, but will cease permanently if females are separated from their clutch for more than a few minutes. We found no evidence for clutch discrimination, as females guarded their own clutch as readily as unrelated eggs until hatching. Egg guarding in this species may have been selected to enhance offspring survival in a high predation environment.
The Macroanatomy of the Sacral Plexus and Its Nerves in Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo)
Authors: Akbulut Y. , Demiraslan Y. , Aslan K. , Coban A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThis study was carried out to reveal the formation of the sacral plexus in the Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) and the nerves originating from this plexus. Five EEOs, three of them were male and two were female, were provided from Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Kafkas University and used as materials. Following the euthanizing of the animals, abdominal cavity was opened. The nerves of plexus sacrales were dissected and photographed. It was detected that the sacral plexus was formed by the ventral ramus of five synsacral nerves. Moreover, it was determined that the roots of the sacral plexus formed three trunks: the truncus cranialis, the truncus medius and the truncus caudalis in fossa renalis. The availability of the n. ischiofemoralis and the availability of n. parafibularis were detected in the EEOs. Five branches were specified as having segregated from the sacral plexus: the n. cutaneus femoralis caudalis, the mutual root of n. fibularis with n. tibialis (n. ischiadicus), the rami musculares, the n. coxalis caudalis and the ramus muscularis. It was observed that the sacral plexus was linked to the lumbar plexus by the n. furcalis, to the pudendus plexus via the n. bigeminus. Consequently, the anatomic structure of the EEO's sacral plexus, the participating synsacral nerves to plexus and the innervation areas of these nerves were revealed.
Effect of iron on expression of efflux pump (adeABC) and quorum sensing (luxI, luxR) genes in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Modarresi Farzan , Azizi Omid , Shakibaie Mohammad Reza , Motamedifar Mohammad , Valibeigi Behnaz , Mansouri Shahla 
Published: September 2015

Resistance‐nodulation‐division efflux system (RND) adeABC contributes to intrinsic resistance to various drug classes in Acinetobacter baumannii. Similarly, quorum sensing (QS) plays an important role in the biofilm formation and pathogenicity of this bacterium. The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of iron limitation on the expression of efflux pump (adeABC) genes and QS (luxI, luxR) system by relative quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). In addition, DNA sequence and phylogenetic relatedness of biofilm‐associated protein (Bap) gene was also investigated. Sixty‐five multidrug‐resistant isolates of A. baumannii were recovered from ICU patients of three hospitals in Kerman, Iran. The isolates were highly resistant to at least 11 antibiotics (MIC ≥64 μg/mL); however, 87% and 89% were susceptible to colistin and tigecycline, respectively (MIC 0.05 μg/mL) (p ≤ 0.05). We detected the presence of RND efflux pump, QS, and bap genes with the frequencies of 92% (adeA), 61.5% (adeB), 84.6% (adeC), 80% (luxI), 61% (luxR), and 66% (bap), respectively. qRT‐PCR analysis showed that in some isolates, expression of both adeABC and luxI/R was increased more than fourfold in the presence of low iron (20 μm), suggesting the additional regulatory role of iron on both efflux pump and QS system. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis on the strong biofilm forming isolates confirmed that the fragments amplified were indeed part of bap gene and deduced sequence was similar to A. baumannii K9B410.
Association between family factors and children's oral health behaviors – a cross‐sectional comparative study of permanent resident and migrant children in large cities in China
Authors: Ji Ying , Zhang Yan , Wang Yanling , Chang Chun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the association of family factors on oral health behaviors of children and compare them between permanent residents and migrant children.MethodsA total of 3015 children in grades 4, 5, and 6 from 16 elementary schools and their parents in Beijing and Guangzhou, China, were selected through multistage stratified cluster random sampling. Questionnaires constructed for this study were self‐completed by children and parents to collect information on children's oral health behaviors (COHB), parents’ modeling behaviors (PMB), parents’ direct controlling behaviors (PDCB), parents’ indirect controlling behaviors (PICB), parents’ oral health knowledge and attitudes (POHKA), and children's oral health knowledge and attitudes (COHKA). Correlation analysis and path analysis were used to explore the correlation between COHB and PMB, as well as the effects of family factors [socioeconomic status (SES), PMB, PDCB, PICB, and POHKA on COHB].ResultsConsidering all participants, the rates of behavioral similarities of parents and children were 63.8–86.1%, all showing statistical significance. For family factors included, PMB, SES, PICB, and POHKA demonstrated positive relationships with COHB with standardized coefficients of 0.200, 0.122, 0.040, and 0.059 in residents and 0.160, 0.121, 0.090, and 0.041 in migrants, respectively. Family SES was associated with COHB directly and indirectly to a similar degree. In migrants, the relationship between COHKA and COHB was greater than that between PMB and COHB. COHB scores were higher in younger children. In residents, the relationship between PMB and COHB was greater than that between COHKA and COHB. COHB scores were slightly higher in older children indirectly influenced by increases in COHKA.ConclusionsParents’ behaviors shared relatively high similarities with COHB and family factors were associated with COHB greatly. The relationship between PMB and COHB was less than that between COHKA and COHB in migrants. The association between family factors and COHB in disadvantaged populations should be considered when designing children's health education programs.
Global patterns of mainland and insular pollination networks
Authors: Traveset Anna , Tur Cristina , Trøjelsgaard Kristian , Heleno Ruben , Castro‐Urgal Rocío , Olesen Jens M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimInteraction networks are being increasingly used to evaluate macroecological patterns. We explored a global dataset to identify differences in the structure of pollination networks from islands (of oceanic and continental origin) and mainlands. For oceanic islands, we further evaluated the effects of key island traits on network structural parameters.LocationFifty‐two quantitative plant–pollinator networks from continental islands (n = 23), oceanic islands (n = 18) and mainlands (n = 11) located world‐wide.MethodsThe effect of geographical origin upon network structure was explored by means of generalized mixed models, accounting for biogeographical region, sampling intensity, latitude and network size. For oceanic island networks, the influence of area, age, elevation and isolation was also evaluated.ResultsThe structure of pollination networks was fairly consistent between mainland and continental islands and only a few differences were noted. Oceanic island networks, however, were smaller and topologically simplified, showing a lower interaction diversity, and higher plant niche overlap than mainland and continental island networks. Isolation and elevational range of oceanic islands influenced the total number of species and interactions. Networks from higher‐elevation oceanic islands were less nested and those located towards the equator exhibited higher interaction richness. Island area showed no significant effect on any of the network metrics studied here.Main conclusionsPollination networks appear structurally similar regardless of their geographical origin. However, networks from continental islands are more similar to their mainland counterparts than to those from oceanic islands, probably due to the geological nature of continental islands, which are fragments of the mainland to which they were once connected. Oceanic island networks are the least species‐ and link‐rich, and exhibit the lowest interaction diversity and the highest plant niche overlap, possibly due to lower pollinator richness. The most isolated and low‐elevation islands show the simplest networks, and are thus probably the most vulnerable to pollination disruptions.
Procedural Headache Medicine in Neurology Residency Training: A Survey of US Program Directors
Authors: Robbins Matthew S. , Robertson Carrie E. , Ailani Jessica , Levin Morris , Friedman Deborah I. , Dodick David W. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo survey neurology residency program directors (PDs) on trainee exposure, supervision, and credentialing in procedures widely utilized in headache medicine.BackgroundClinic‐based procedures have assumed a prominent role in headache therapy. Headache fellows obtain procedural competence, but reliance on fellowship‐trained neurologists cannot match the population eligible for treatments. The inclusion of educational modules and mechanisms for credentialing trainees pursuing procedural competence in residency curricula at individual programs is not known.MethodsA web‐based survey of US neurology residency PDs was designed by the American Headache Society (AHS) procedural special interest section in collaboration with AHS and American Academy of Neurology's Headache and Facial Pain section leadership. The survey addressed exposure, training, and credentialing in: (1) onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) injections, (2) extracranial peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs), and (3) trigger point injections (TPIs).ResultsFifty‐five PDs (42.6%) completed the survey. Compared to noncompleters, survey completers were more likely to feature headache fellowships at their institutions (38.2% vs 10.8%, P=0.0002). High exposure (onabotA=90.9%, PNBs=80.0%, TPIs=70.9%) usually featured hands‐on patient instruction (66.2%) and lectures (55.7%). Supervised performance rates were high (onabotA=65.5%, PNBs=60.0%, TPIs=52.7%), usually in continuity clinic (60.0%) or headache elective (50.9%). Headache specialists (69.1%) or general neurology (32.7%) faculty most commonly trained residents. Formal credentialing was uncommon (16.4‐18.2%), mostly by documenting supervised procedures (25.5%). Only 27.3% of programs permitted trainees to perform procedures independently. Most PDs felt procedural exposure (80.0‐90.9%) and competence (50.9‐56.4%) by all trainees was important.ConclusionsResident exposure to procedures for headache is high, but credentialing mechanisms, while desired by most PDs, are not generally in place. Implementation of a credentialing process may ensure trainees enter practice with the ability to perform procedures safely and effectively.
Modified Corneosurfametry as a new accelerated high‐throughput ex vivo methodology for predicting cleanser effects towards human skin
Authors: Liu M. , Mollica L. , Regan J. , Hawkins S. , McGuiness H. , Vetro K. , Garczarek U. , Shi S. , Vasudevan V. , Ananthapadmanabhan K. P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundCorneosurfametry (CSM) was originally developed as a tool to predict irritation potential of cleansers. In this method, surface skin stripped using cyanoacrylate is contacted with surfactants/products, rinsed and stained with toluidine blue and basic fuschin dyes. The intensity of staining increases with increases in irritation potential of surfactant. Our objective was to modify the CSM technique to achieve better control of the tape stripping process. Another objective was to correlate the modified CSM (MCSM) with a traditional in‐vivo forearm controlled application test (FCAT) for mildness and to explore its utility to assess the state of corneum after a clinical test.MethodsSurface skin cells were tape stripped from forearms of volunteers with D‐Squame Adhesive Discs. Discs were treated with a 10% solution of the product in a 96‐plate well for 10 min, rinsed, dried and treated with basic fuschin‐toluidine blue dye solution, rinsed and dried again. Forearm Controlled Application Test (FCAT) was based on a published protocol. Tape strips obtained after product treatment were also analyzed by the MCSM procedure without additional product treatment.ResultsMildness/barrier damage assessed from in‐vivo FCAT showed a similar ranking to the MCSM results. MCSM, TEWL and Erythema analysis of between‐treatment differences showed a good correlation indicating that barrier damage seen in in‐vivo studies can be predicted from ex‐vivo MCSM studies. MCSM analysis of tape strips after the FCAT study showed that the damage decreased with increase in tape strip number. A moisturizing body wash (MBW) with mild surfactants showed the least damage in all layers. In contrast, harsh dish washing liquid showed significantly higher damage down to several layers. Another MBW with petrolatum in a harsher base showed damage almost similar to that of the harsh dish washing liquid in the surface layers. Thus, the MCSM was able to show underlying damage which would have been normally masked by the deposited petrolatum.ConclusionThe MCSM assay was shown to be a valuable tool for accelerated high throughput evaluation of mildness of surfactants and fully formulated products. MCSM can also be used to assess the state of the corneum after a product treatment.
Variation in stratum corneum protein content as a function of anatomical site and ethnic group
Authors: Raj N. , Voegeli R. , Rawlings A. V. , Gibbons S. , Munday M. R. , Summers B. , Lane M. E. 
Published: September 2015

SynopsisObjectivesQuantification of stratum corneum (SC) protein levels from tape strippings is frequently used to investigate skin conditions, to correct for amounts of SC protein removed in SC biomarker studies and to determine distribution of topically applied ingredients. In recent years, a rapid and convenient method for SC protein quantification from tape strippings has become available using infrared densitometry (IRD). However, standard curves have only been generated for Caucasian forearm and shoulder SC and have been assumed to be correct not only for facial SC but also for SC samples of other ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of IRD for SC protein measurement is valid for other body sites such as the cheek and for measuring SC protein content of darkly pigmented skin types.MethodsTen Caucasian and ten Black African female subjects with self‐assessed normal skin participated in the study. Tape strippings were collected from two different body sites (forearm and cheek). First from the tape strippings, the SC optical absorption was determined densitometrically. This obtained absorption (%) was compared with absolute SC protein extracted from the same tapes using a colorimetric microbicinchoninic acid (μBCA) assay.ResultsHigher amounts of SC protein were removed from the forearm compared with the cheek (P < 0.01). The absolute SC protein concentration quantified by μBCA assay and the absorption of SC proteins by IRD followed a similar profile. There was no significant difference found between the two ethnicities in SC protein (P > 0.05). The overall coefficient of determination (R2) shows a good fit to the regression line between the two methods in both sites (forearm = 0.82, cheek = 0.77). Also, both ethnicities showed good correlation (R2 ≥ 0.69, P = 0.01).ConclusionsFacial SC is morphologically distinct from the forearm, as demonstrated by the differences in amounts of SC removed. Although the data distribution in different subject groups varied, the regression was always quite similar between the two body sites and both ethnic groups. Also, the correlations were similar to previously published data on other body sites. The resultant calibration curves can be used as a rapid indirect protein assessment of tape strippings from the cheek.
Mineral oil and synthetic hydrocarbons in cosmetic lip products
Authors: Niederer M. , Stebler T. , Grob K. 
Published: September 2015

SynopsisObjectiveLipsticks and lip care products may contain saturated hydrocarbons which either stem from mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) or are synthetic, that is polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH). Some of these hydrocarbons are strongly accumulated and form granulomas in human tissues, which prompted Cosmetics Europe (former Colipa) to issue a recommendation for their use in lip care and oral products. From 2012 to 2014, MOSH+POSH were determined in 175 cosmetic lip products taken from the Swiss market in order to estimate their contribution to human exposure.MethodsMineral oil saturated hydrocarbons and POSH were extracted and analysed by GC with FID. Areas were integrated as a total as well as by mass ranges with cuts at n‐C25 and n‐C34 to characterize the molecular mass distribution.ResultsAbout 68% of the products contained at least 5% MOSH+POSH (total concentration). For regular users, these products would be major contributors to their MOSH+POSH exposure. About 31% of the products contained more than 32% MOSH+POSH. Their regular usage would amount in an estimated MOSH+POSH exposure exceeding the highest estimated dietary exposure. The majority of the products contained hydrocarbons with a molecular mass range which was not in line with the recommendations of Cosmetics Europe.ConclusionsTaking into account that material applied to the lips largely ends up being ingested, MOSH and POSH levels should be reduced in the majority of cosmetic lip products. As the extensive evaluation of the data available on MOSH (EFSA J., 10, 2012, 2704) did not enable the specification of limits considered as safe, the present level of dietary exposure and its evaluation as ‘of potential concern’ provide the relevant bench mark, which means that lip products should contain clearly less than 5% MOSH+POSH.
Diversity of Trypanosomatids in Cockroaches and the Description ofHerpetomonas tarakanasp. n.
Authors: Yurchenko Vyacheslav , Kostygov Alexei , Havlová Jolana , Grybchuk‐Ieremenko Anastasiia , Ševčíková Tereza , Lukeš Julius , Ševčík Jan , Votýpka Jan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this study, we surveyed six species of cockroaches, two synanthropic (i.e. ecologically associated with humans) and four wild, for intestinal trypanosomatid infections. Only the wild cockroach species were found to be infected, with flagellates of the genusHerpetomonas. Two distinct genotypes were documented, one of which was described as a new species,Herpetomonas tarakanasp. n. We also propose a revision of the genusHerpetomonasand creation of a new subfamily, Phytomonadinae, to includeHerpetomonas,Phytomonas, and a newly described genusLafontellan. gen. (type speciesLafontella mariadeaneicomb. n.), which can be distinguished from others by morphological and molecular traits.