bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pipeline Spill into the Mersey Estuary, England
Authors: Taylor Peter M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the 19th of August 1989 at 2:30 p.m., a fracture occurred in a pipeline carrying Venezuelan crude oil from a shipping terminal at Tranmere to the Shell (U.K.) Ltd. oil refinery at Stanlow, on the Mersey Estuary, England. 150 metric tons of oil were released into the estuary before the pipeline was sealed; tidal currents widely distributed the oil within a tidal cycle. The Mersey Estuary is heavily industrialized and urbanized but does retain extensive areas of salt marsh and intertidal mud flats which are internationally important for wildfowl and wading birds.
Cleanup operations were coordinated by the two local fire brigades whose areas of responsibility included impacted shoreline. Input to the response came from government, local authorities, specialist consultants, and various other interested parties. The occurrence of the spill on one of the highest spring tides of the year and under favorable weather conditions served to lessen the environmental impacts.
Less than two weeks after the spill, Shell (U.K.) and Cheshire County Council set up the Mersey Oil Spill Project Advisory Group, with a membership drawn from independent scientific groups, which would monitor the environmental effects of the spill and publish its findings. The primary report of the advisory group is a detailed historical record of the spill incident, the response to it, and the coordination of that response, as well as the lessons learned by the involved parties. Further studies consider the persistence of the oil, and its effects on birds, invertebrates, vegetation, and algae.
Recommendations have already led to a review of the local contingency plan and the commissioning of work to produce specific cleanup guidelines and sensitivity maps for the region.
In February 1990, a court action brought by the newly formed National Rivers Authority led to Shell (U.K.) Ltd. being fined £1 million due to the pollution arising from this incident.
The Federal On-Scene Coordinator's Role in the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1
Authors: Ciancaglini R. Adm. D. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On March 24, 1989, the role of the federal on-scene coordinator took on its greatest challenge when the tank vessel Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef. The vessel discharged 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound. The oil eventually spread over a 600-mile area, fouling the shorelines and waters of some of the most pristine and unforgiving coastal areas of the United States. The Exxon Valdez spill quickly developed into a spill of national significance. Its overwhelming size required the mobilization of hundreds of vessels, aircraft, and a large variety of oil spill response equipment operated, managed, and monitored by more than 12,000 industry and agency personnel. The duration of the response (which is still proceeding) required the federal on-scene coordinator (FOSC) to develop an organization to address the operational challenges; the concerns of federal agencies, the state, native Alakans, communities, and private land owners; and the challenges created by the intense political and media interest. The OSC organization which evolved over the course of the response was based on federal authority and incorporated a decision-making process that ensured that “environmental due process” was provided.
Santa Barbara to Mega Borg and Beyond: A Review of Api's Spill Program and Priorities
Authors: Gould Jack R. , Lindstedt-Siva June 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil spill programs sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute began after the Santa Barbara spill in 1969 and have focused on prevention, contingency planning, development of countermeasures, and research on the fate and effects of spills and various response methods. This paper presents an overview of the program, including some of its general conclusions. It also presents the API priorities for future research.
U.S. Oil Spill Policy Hampers Response and Hurts Science
Authors: Lindstedt-Siva June 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Exxon Valdez oil spill and others that followed it triggered major legislation at state and federal levels and reexamination of every phase of spill prevention and preparedness throughout industry and government. Will all of this effort and expense make a difference, i.e., will it reduce the environmental impacts of the next big spill? There will certainly be more equipment available and greater liabilities for spilling oil. However, unless certain policy issues are resolved, the changes are unlikely to reduce the ecological impacts of the next spill. Three fundamental policy initiatives are needed: (1) a national goal for spill response, i.e., to minimize the ecological impacts of the spill, (2) strengthened contingency planning that allows more decisions to be made in advance of an emergency, and (3) a streamlined management system during spill emergencies that will allow the goal to be achieved. This includes making sure that legal matters such as Natural Resource Damage Assessments do not compromise the effectiveness of response activities during the emergency or the free exchange of information.
The use of Defensible Analytical Chemical Measurements for Oil Spill Natural Resource Damage Assessment
Authors: Sauer Ted , Boehm Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Scientific research on and natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) of oil spill incidents require the appropriate selection and application of analytical chemical and data interpretation techniques. Estimates of injuries to natural resources (surface waters, geological resources, biological resources), determinations of pathways of exposure, and assessment of recoverability and recovery of injured resources should, in part, be based on methods that are scientifically. defensible and acceptable in their application to the regulatory and legal communities.
Recent spill incidents underline the need for significant revision of regulatory methods (such as EPA-approved procedures), so as to target the spilled material (petroleum) and its specific chemical composition. Standard operating procedures for the determination of the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and compositions (normal alkanes and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) of environmental samples have been drafted for use in oil spill assessments. These methods rely on the use of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods that target specific indicators of source material composition and weathering processes. These proposed methods for analysis of oil spill assessment environmental samples are contrasted with EPA methods such as EPA Method 418.1 (total petroleum hydrocarbons), EPA Methods 625 and 8270 (GC/MS analyses of semivolatile priority pollutant organics), and other methods.
Using data from three recent oil spills as examples, this paper examines the current “approved” methods for the analysis of environmental samples, and contrasts the scientific rigor and defensibility of the recommended GC (saturated hydrocarbons) and GC/MS (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclics) methods for oil spill chemical analyses in NRDA programs. The approaches presented are recommended as important elements of future technical guidance documents relating to the NRDA federal regulations, in contrast with the inappropriate methods now suggested for use in the existing regulations.
U.S. Coast Guard Oil Spill Contingency Planning
Authors: Epler G. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Contingency plans have been an effective tool for responding to major pollution incidents for many years. In fact, section 300.210 of the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) goes so far as to require that the U.S. Coast Guard on-scene coordinator (OSC) develop a contingency plan for all areas of the coastal zone. However, before the Exxon Valdez oil spill, most contingency plans, federal and state included, simply addressed a response to the largest spills that, historically, had occurred in the areas. The idea of a catastrophic oil spill the size of the Exxon Valdez spill was not considered. This, of course, all changed shortly after midnight on March 24, 1989.
This paper discusses the guidance that was provided by U. S. Coast Guard Headquarters to each Coast Guard OSC for reviewing and revising their local contingency plans (LCPs). This guidance delineated certain areas of the planning process that require special attention (such as hazard identification, risk assessment, response times, and required equipment), specific criteria to be used while reviewing the LCPs, and guidelines to be used for determining response resource needs and shortfalls.
Development of Corexit 9580—A Chemical Beach Cleaner
Authors: Fiocco Robert J. , Canevari Gerard P. , Wilkinson John B. , Jahns Hans O. , Bock Jan , Robbins Max , Markarian Ralph K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical beach cleaners can facilitate cleanups of oiled shorelines by improving the efficiency of washing with water. The improvement is a result of reduced adhesion of the oil coating, which makes it easier to remove from shoreline surfaces, thereby reducing washing time and lowering the temperature of the wash water needed to clean a given area. The criteria established for use of chemical beach cleaners in the Exxon Valdez spill cleanup included demonstrating enhanced cleaning with low levels of toxicity to marine biota and with minimal oil dispersion. Since no commercially available products satisfactorily met these criteria for use in Alaska, a new product, Corexit 9580, was specifically developed in response to this need. This paper describes the successful development of this chemical, including both laboratory testing and field testing in Prince William Sound.
Factors Controlling Initial Deposition and Long-Term Fate of Spilled Oil on Gravel Beaches
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline , Noe David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several major oil spills of record (including the 1974 Metula spill, the 1978 Amoco Cadiz spill, and the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill) occurred along shorelines with abundant gravel beaches. Observations of these spills help in understanding factors controlling the initial deposition and long-term fate of spilled oil in such locations.
Gravel beaches are most common on rocky, glaciated coasts (Holocene and/or Pleistocene). For example, leading-edge coastlines in subpolar to polar regions, of which the Alaska coast is a prime example, may have gravel beach deposits along more than 50 percent of their length. Spilled oil coming onshore in such gravel areas is likely to remain for a long time (up to decades), because of the potential for deep penetration and burial of the oil in the coarse sediments.
The detailed, three-dimensional configuration of gravel beach deposits is affected by the internal characteristics of the waves shaping the beach (reflective or dissipative). Reflective waves typically produce steep, coarse, cuspate berms, which allow for deep penetration and burial in the beach face/berm areas. Dissipative waves typically build intertidal swash bars that may move landward and bury oil deposits, such as asphalt pavements. It would be useful for future contingency mapping projects to include this distinction on maps of gravel beaches.
The formation of armoring (structural strengthening) of a gravel beach surface impedes erosion and sediment transport. Therefore, such beaches are likely to retain buried oil longer than those without armoring.
Gravel beaches, because they are commonly located along plate margins, are usually subject to tectonic readjustment. The Exxon Valdez spill occurred along a shoreline out of equilibrium as a result of the 1964 earthquake. Uplift and downwarp is on the order of 1 to 3 meters throughout most of the area of the spill. Almost every coastal location affected by the spill is undergoing readjustment, causing many site-specific interpretive problems related to burial, penetration, and hydraulic flushing. For example, in many areas, a thin gravel veneer of armor overlies uplifted rock platforms and/or fine-grained bay bottom, or downwarped soil horizons, which served as either zones of oil accumulation or pathways of hydraulic flushing, depending on local conditions.
The Fate of Diesel Fuel Spilled by the Bahia Paraiso in Arthur Harbor, Antarctica
Authors: Kennicutt Mahlon C. , Sweet Stephen T. , Fraser William R. , Culver Mary , Stockton William L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Bahia Paraiso spilled an estimated 600,000 liters of refined product (diesel fuel arctic, DFA) into Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, in January 1989. Water, organisms, and sediments within a two-mile radius of the wreck were contaminated to various degrees for at least one year after the spill. The DFA contained about one percent toxic aromatic hydrocarbons, including naphthalenes, fluorenes, and phenanthrenes. Intertidal areas were most directly affected, but all components of the harbor ecosystem were contaminated during the first few weeks of the spill. DFA was detected in tissues from birds, limpets, macroalgae, clams, and bottom feeding fish as well as water and sediments collected over a six-week period. During the most intense phase of the spill, total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons reached levels as high as 125,147 and 1,723 ppb (dry weight) in limpet tissues and sediments, respectively. The high-energy environment, the relatively small volume of material released, and the volatility of the refined product helped to limit toxic effects over time and space. Most of the spilled material evaporated, and the rest was diluted and swept from the area by winds and currents. Sedimentation, biological uptake, microbial oxidation, and photo-oxidation accounted for removal of only a minor portion of the spill.
Estuarine Oil Spill Effects in the Context of Dispersant use Changes
Authors: Little D. I. , Little A. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Surveys of rock, cobble, gravel, and salt marsh shores, intertidal macrobenthos, hydrocarbons, and estuarine bird populations were carried out over twelve months following the El Omar spill of 3 December 1988, when 100 metric tons (t) of Iranian light crude oil were spilled in Milford Haven, United Kingdom. Although small, this incident resulted in more widespread shoreline oiling than any previous spill in 30 years of operations at Milford Haven. About 20 t of chemical dispersant were used in the lower estuary. Dispersants were not used where there was a danger of oil and dispersant mixtures impinging on fish farms.
Rock/cobble shores have been studied since the arrival of the oil industry in 1960 and spill impacts were, therefore, discernible at some sites against the baseline data. Serious impacts occurred locally due to excessive oiled algae and substrate removal. On gravel and salt marsh study sites, natural removal of oil was an efficient cleanup option. Some evidence was detected, however, that oil deposited on seed heads of Spartina was later transferred to the sediment surface as part of the litter fall. The marsh vegetation recovered by the end of the 1989 growing season, confirming the resilience of this community to single oil spills, provided intrusive cleanup is not attempted. The increase in aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations found in the surface sediments of the salt marsh was found also in mudflats adjacent to heavily-oiled areas, although no biological effects on the infauna of the inner estuary were detected (compared to a macrobenthic and hydrocarbon survey of 1984). No significant impacts were recorded on the population of 20,000 waders, wildfowl, and gulls present at the time of the spill. This is believed to be partly fortuitous due to the mild 1988/89 winter.
The arrival in Milford Haven of intensive fish farming means that the previously routine use of chemical dispersants in the oil port will now be increasingly challenged. From the El Omar, it may be predicted that, in future spills, more oil will become stranded in marshes and rock and cobble shorelines. Not only are guidelines and scientific advice during shoreline cleanup essential, but also it is recommended that scientific monitoring, which lapsed in the early 1980s, be reinstated. These data would help make the important tradeoff between commercial and conservation interests in future spills.
Shoreline Surveys at the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: The State of Alaska Response
Authors: Gundlach Erich , Pavia Eugene A. , Robinson Clay , Gibeaut James C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The state of Alaska needs information on the shoreline impacts of the Exxon Valdez incident to determine the linear extent of affected shoreline and the degree of oil penetration into the beach versus surface coverage, to assist the shoreline treatment effort, and to monitor oil persistence.
Three principal methods were used to obtain data. Low-altitude helicopter surveys were made repeatedly during the first months of the incident to define shoreline impacts as heavy, moderate, light, and “no observed oiling.” A total of 140 ground stations in Prince William Sound, and over 60 stations in the Kenai and Kodiak areas, were set up to make specific measurements of surface coverage, oil penetration, and oil thickness along a topographic profile. An extensive (more than 1,400 km) walking survey was mounted after the 1989 treatment season to determine the extent of oil remaining and to guide the 1990 cleanup effort. More than 160 km of shoreline remained moderately to heavily oiled in the three regions at the end of 1989. Collected data were entered into the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation geographic information system to enable map production, database queries, and report creation. On an as-needed basis, data derived from these surveys were presented to the state on-scene coordinator, other state and federal agencies, and the cleanup operation.
Results of 12 Years of Research in Spilled Oil Bioremediation: INIPOL Eap 22
Authors: Ladousse Alain , Tramier Bernard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil biodegradation is a natural but slow process, limited mainly by the scarcity of nitrogen and phosphorus. To enhance hydrocarbon breakdown by indigenous microbial communities, a fertilizer formulation that would keep nutrients in contact with oil was sought. A research project established for this purpose 12 years ago has resulted in the development of an oleophilic fertilizer known as Inipol EAP22. The product is an oil-soluble fertilizer formulated as an oleophilic microemulsion. It contains not only nitrogen and phosphorus, but also an easily biodegradable carbon source.
Numerous experiments, in both laboratory and field, have shown that, even in cold climates, application of this fertilizer increases the number of hydrocarbon-degrading organisms and the extent and rate of biodegradation. Kinetic studies show that the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the fertilizer is sufficient to allow the indigenous bacteria to consume all of the carbon source contained in Inipol EAP22. Once this carbon is consumed and the number of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria has increased, oil biodegradation can begin. In addition, adding fertilizer has a marked effect on the oil's consistency and increases its bioavailability.
The recent large bioremediation project in Alaska has shown that it is possible to enhance the biodegradation of oil on shorelines through the application of such a fertilizer.
Enhanced oil biodegradation can be considered today as a new tool in oil spill cleanup, to be used in conjunction with other treatments.
Oil Spill Simulation in Rivers
Authors: Yapa Poojitha D. , Shen Hung Tao , Daly Steven F. , Hung Stephen C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Computer models recently have been developed for simulating oil slick transport in rivers, including the connecting channels of the Great Lakes, the upper St. Lawrence River, and the Allegheny-Monongahela-Ohio River system. In these models, a Lagrangian discrete-parcel algorithm is used to determine the location and concentration distribution of the oil in the river as well as the deposition of oil on the shore. The model for the Great Lakes connecting channels (ROSS) is a two-dimensional surface slick model which considers advection, spreading, horizontal diffusion, evaporation, dissolution, and shoreline deposition. The model is applicable to both open water and ice covered conditions. Models for the St. Lawrence River and the Ohio River System are developed based on a two-layer scheme (ROSS2) which considers vertical mixing and emulsiflcation processes in addition to the processes considered in the surface slick model. All of these models are implemented on microcomputers and can be used as integral parts of oil spill response programs to assist cleanup actions.
Aerial Videotape Shoreline Surveys for Oil Spill Reconnaissance, Documentation, and Mapping
Authors: Owens E. H. , Reimer P. D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Aerial video surveys have been conducted by the authors to assist in the preparation of spill response plans or to map oiled shorelines on more than 40,000 km of coast over the past 10 years. This technique is applicable for sensitivity mapping, response and operational planning, and mapping oiled shorelines. A wide range of field and editing equipment exists to meet most requirements, in terms of image quality, image resolution, and final production format. Field techniques are a vital factor in recording high-quality images. Poor camera work may result in poor resolution and subsequent attempts at accurate mapping or analysis may prove to be of little value. A simultaneous commentary by the camera operator provides a greater level of detail and information than can be recorded by the camera alone, and this audio component is an integral element of data gathering.
Cameo SSC and CAMEO MSO: New Tools for Planning and Initial Response
Authors: Hielscher Allen L. , Froelich Karl A. , Dale Dean H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Hazardous Materials Response Branch (HMRB) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has added two new members to the CAMEO (Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations) family of planning and response computer software. CAMEO SSC has taken some of the tools and capabilities from previous CAMEOs and applied them to assist the network of Scientific Support Coordinators (SSC) that HMRB maintains in coastal regions of the United States. CAMEO MSO shares several modules with CAMEO SSC and was designed to be used by U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Offices for planning and for the first stages of oil spill response. These tools can be made available on high-end IBM-compatible machines operating under the Windows environment. This paper describes and demonstrates the principal modules that make up the programs and discusses possible future directions.
Sweden Seeking New Technology to Combat Oil Spills
Authors: Jansson Bernt , Johansson Jarl 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Due to the special circumstances of the Baltic Sea—brackish water, low temperatures, ice, and widespread archipelagos—special oil spill response and cleanup methods and equipment have proven to be necessary. The Swedish Government therefore commissioned the Swedish National Board of Technical Development to establish a research and development program involving the six authorities that are responsible for the country's environmental protection.
The first step in this program was a common document, Policy Guidelines for Swedish Maritime Oil Spill Protection in the 1990s, with high-priority strategies according to which all subsequent development has been carried out. The program has produced methods and systems ranging from those for handling oil spills at sea and from leaking wrecks, to protection against and deflection of oil from sensitive areas, and cleanup operations in the beach zone.