bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood trauma: Methods for the identification of physeal fractures in nonadult skeletal remains
Authors: Verlinden Petra , Lewis Mary E. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives: Today, fractures at the growth plate (or physis) are common injuries in children, but provide challenges of identification in skeletonized remains. Clinical studies provide detailed information on the mechanisms, locations, age of occurrence, and complications associated with physeal fractures, enabling the development of new criteria for identifying this injury in nonadults. To test these criteria, skeletal remains from five rural and urban medieval cemeteries were examined. Methods: The sample consisted of 961 skeletons (0–17 years) with open epiphyses. Macroscopic observation looked for any irregularities of the metaphysis or epiphysis, which was consistent with the clinical appearance of physeal fractures or resulting complications. Radiographic examination was applied to identify fracture lines or early growth arrest. Results: This study revealed 12 cases of physeal trauma (1.2%). Physeal fractures occurred predominantly at the distal end (75%), and while they were identified in all age categories, they were most frequent in those aged 12–17 years (0.2% TPR). The humerus was the most commonly affected location (3/12 or 25%). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential for recognizing physeal fractures in children of all ages, enhancing our understanding of nonadult trauma, and enabling us to assign a more precise age of the injury to build up a picture of their activities in the past. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:411–420, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assembly and antibacterial activity of horizontally oriented silver nanoplates
Authors: Zhang Renjie , Kang Yongqing , Xie Beibei 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis work describes a strategy of assembling horizontally oriented Ag nanoplates (AgNPTs) with PSS‐Ag as the precursor of silver by the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique on planar substrates. These AgNPTs have a lateral dimension of 20–80 nm and a thickness of 9–12 nm. A corresponding formation mechanism of these AgNPTs is discussed considering the orientation of the polyelectrolytes molecules, as well as their confinement effect on the diffusion of Ag nanoparticles. The exposed horizontal surfaces of the AgNPTs correspond to low free energy; they show an active antimicrobial activity. No Staphylococcus aureus colonies appear on the nutrient agar medium inoculated and incubated with S. aureus solutions treated by LbL films containing AgNPTs. The horizontally oriented AgNPTs by the described strategy in this work not only provides a novel method for controlled assembly of AgNPTs, but also provides insight in the antimicrobial behavior of nanoplate surfaces with low free energy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42070.
Hochfeste Bewehrung S 670 in biegebeanspruchten Stahlbetonbauteilen
Authors: Schoening Janna , Hude Florian , Hegger Josef 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHochfeste Bewehrung S 670 wird seit mehr als zehn Jahren sowohl in der Geotechnik als auch zur Bewehrung von Druckgliedern eingesetzt. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens wurde nun der Einsatz in Biegebauteilen untersucht. Dabei lag das Hauptaugenmerk auf dem Verbundverhalten und der Rissbreitenentwicklung von S 670 sowie dem Vergleich mit herkömmlicher Bewehrung B 500 B bzw. höherfester Bewehrung S 600, die wie S 670 eine hohe bezogene Rippenfläche aufweist.Neben der Herleitung von Verbundkennwerten und einer Verbundspannungs‐Schlupf‐Beziehung wurden Rissbreitenmessungen an Bauteilen durchgeführt und eine mögliche Anpassung der Rissbreitenberechnung nach EN 1992‐1‐1 diskutiert. In diesem Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Forschungsberichts zusammengefasst und ein Vergleich der rechnerischen, numerischen und experimentellen Rissbreiten in Biegebauteilen dargestellt.High‐strength reinforcement in concrete members subjected to bendingHigh strength reinforcement has been used in geotechnical applications and for structural applications in columns and shear walls for more than 10 years. A recent research program dealt with the application for flexural members. The main topics were the bond behavior and the crack width prediction of S 670 as compared to common reinforcement B 500 B and higher strength reinforcement S 600 which has a similar relative rib area as S 670.In the project the bond behavior was tested and a bond stress‐slip relationship was developed. Further, the crack calculation according to EN 1992‐1‐1 was adapted. This report gives a summary of the main results of the research report and shows a comparison of the calculated, numerical and experimental results of crack width for different specimen.
Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen mittels Smartphone
Authors: Schöllhammer Daniel , Wimmer Heinz 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDurch die zunehmende Verbreitung und Leistungssteigerung von Smartphones und Tablets werden diese vermehrt zu mobilen Hilfsmitteln in der täglichen Planungsarbeit. In einem unlängst publizierten Bericht [1] wurde eine Applikation für die Biege‐ und Schubbemessung einfacher Träger bzw. Querschnitte präsentiert. In der vorliegenden Publikation wird eine Anwendung zur Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen am Ersatzstab mit Rechteck‐, Kreis‐ und Kreisringquerschnitten im Normalbetonbereich vorgestellt. Die Berechnung erfolgt iterativ nach Theorie 2. Ordnung mittels des Nennkrümmungsverfahrens. Für die Querschnittsbemessung wird ein NEWTON‐Verfahren implementiert, welches auf Basis von Grenzdehnungslagen die Gleichgewichtsaufgabe löst. Für die Betonspannungen wird die Parabel‐Rechteck‐Verteilung angesetzt. Die Applikation basiert auf dem derzeit gültigen Regelwerk EN 1992‐1‐1 mit nationalem Anhang (NAD).Design of Reinforced Beam Columns for mobile applicationsThe increasing spread and performance of smartphones and tablets make them to mobile tools in everyday planning work. In a recently published report [1] a mobile application was presented which deals with the design of simple RC‐beams and ‐cross sections loaded by shear and bending moment. In our work we extend this for the design of reinforced beam columns, modelled as a fictitious member with rectangular or circular cross sections and normal strength concrete. The analysis is made iteratively considering second order theory and the method of nominal curvature. For the repeated design of the cross section Newton's method is implemented falling back on specific strain distributions which are able to satisfy equilibrium. The stress‐strain relation of concrete follows the parabola‐rectangular diagram. The application is founded on the currently valid code of practice EN 1992‐1‐1 and the national application document.
Gedankenexperimente in historiographischer Funktion: Max Weber über Eduard Meyer und die Frage der Kontrafaktizität
Authors: Ernst Florian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThought Experiments in Historiographic Function: Max Weber on Eduard Meyer and the Question of Counterfactuality. Max Weber’s remarks on his colleague Eduard Meyer regarding counterfactual reasoning in history reflects a significant shift during the Methodenstreit around 1900. The question of attributing historical change strictly to either individual causes or abstract general laws has been tackled in a new way: By counterfactual reasoning a historian should be able to detect the most significant (and therefore meaningful) cause, event, or action for a certain historical outcome. Following Fritz Ringer, this paper argues that given the predominating methods of the natural sciences, scholars of the humanities conducted historical research by counterfactual thought experiments. This way, Weber pried open contemporary narratives (e.g. historicism), and by employing a unique historical causal analysis he made way for refined concepts to offer a model of interpretation that gave hope for a more feasible, practice‐oriented approach to historical research than the epistemological discussions had hitherto offered.
The evolution of plasticity of dauer larva developmental arrest in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Diaz S. Anaid , Viney Mark 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOrganisms can end up in unfavourable conditions and to survive this they have evolved various strategies. Some organisms, including nematodes, survive unfavourable conditions by undergoing developmental arrest. The model nematodeCaenorhabditis eleganshas a developmental choice between two larval forms, and it chooses to develop into the arrested dauer larva form in unfavourable conditions (specifically, a lack of food and high population density, indicated by the concentration of a pheromone). WildC. elegansisolates vary extensively in their dauer larva arrest phenotypes, and this prompts the question of what selective pressures maintain such phenotypic diversity? To investigate this we grewC. elegansin four different environments, consisting of different combinations of cues that can induce dauer larva development: two combinations of food concentration (high and low) in the presence or absence of a dauer larva‐inducing pheromone. Five generations of artificial selection of dauer larvae resulted in an overall increase in dauer larva formation in most selection regimes. The presence of pheromone in the environment selected for twice the number of dauer larvae, compared with environments not containing pheromone. Further, only a high food concentration environment containing pheromone increased the plasticity of dauer larva formation. These evolutionary responses also affected the timing of the worms’ reproduction. Overall, these results give an insight into the environments that can select for different plasticities ofC. elegansdauer larva arrest phenotypes, suggesting that different combinations of environmental cues can select for the diversity of phenotypically plastic responses seen inC. elegans.
Theoretical Insight Into the Role of Triarylboron Substituents in Tetradentate Dianionic Bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) Platinum(II) Chelates – Improving the Performance of Blue Light Emission
Authors: Tian Li , Luo Yafei , Zhang Luqiong , Li Ming , He Rongxing , Shen Wei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe electronic structures and photophysical properties of eleven PtII complexes divided into three series by their degree of π conjugation were studied through density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. To investigate the effect of triarylboron substituents and the changes caused by the extension of the π conjugation, the nonradiative and radiative decay efficiencies, the geometric relaxations, d orbital splitting, and spin–orbit couplings at the optimized S0 and T1 geometries were computed. The results show that complexes with triarylboron substituents may have higher phosphorescence efficiencies than those with cyano groups. Furthermore, complexes with larger π conjugation (anthracene groups) may weaken the effects caused by the introduction of triarylboron substituents and are less likely to possess enhanced phosphorescence efficiency. Predictions of the absorption spectra and emission colors indicated that complexes with triarylboron substituents would emit blue colors, whereas the emission colors of the complexes with larger π conjugation would be located in the near‐infrared region. This work highlights that the introduction of the triarylboron substituents and appropriate π conjugation (naphthalene groups) can result in highly efficient phosphorescence in complexes containing donor N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands.
Complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment as an objective nociceptive endpoint for sub‐acute inflammatory pain model in rats
Authors: Zhu C.Z. , Bannon A.W. , Joshi S.K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundHind paw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is a commonly used sub‐acute inflammatory pain model in rodents with typical subjective endpoint measurements of paw withdrawal to thermal or mechanical stimuli.MethodsHere, we assessed CFA‐induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment (CRANE) as an objective nociceptive endpoint in rats. CFA (50%) was subcutaneously injected into the plantar aspect of the hind paw either unilaterally or bilaterally (150 μL/paw). Exploratory activity was recorded using an automated locomotor activity system.ResultsBilateral CFA injection reduced exploratory activity 4–48 h following injection, compared to sham controls. Unilateral CFA injection produced less reduction of exploratory activity, compared to bilateral injection. Effects of orally dosed standard analgesics on CRANE were examined 48 h following bilateral CFA injection. Diclofenac treatment produced dose‐related reversal of CRANE at 0.03–1.0 mg/kg with a plateau effect observed at higher doses (up to 30 mg/kg). Ibuprofen also produced dose‐related reversal CRANE at 0.3–3.0 mg/kg with a plateau effect at higher doses (up to 60 mg/kg). Similarly, celecoxib produced dose‐related reversal CRANE at 3–10 mg/kg, but not 30 mg/kg. Gabapentin (up to 100 mg/kg) and duloxetine (up to 30 mg/kg) produced no reversal of CRANE.ConclusionsThe results presented here demonstrate that CRANE provides an objective assessment of pain behaviours for sub‐acute inflammatory pain in rats. The pharmacological profile of standard analgesics supports that CRANE model may potentially be used to identify novel analgesic agents for the treatment of sub‐acute inflammatory pain.
Modellgröße und Randbedingungen bei der geohydraulischen Berechnung einer Restwasserhaltung mit der FEM
Authors: Perau Eugen , Meteling Nils 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBei der Erstellung von Baugruben im Grundwasser ist es sinnvoll, die Verbauwände in eine schwächer durchlässige Bodenschicht einzubinden und eine Restwasserhaltung zu betreiben. Mit der Finiten‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) lassen sich dazu sowohl eindringende Wassermengen als auch Potenziale und Porenwasserdrücke bestimmen, die für verschiedene Nachweise der Standsicherheit benötigt werden.Derartige numerische Berechnungen erfordern jedoch die Wahl eines Modellgebiets sowie den Ansatz von Randbedingungen, deren Einflüsse auf die Berechnungsergebnisse im vorliegenden Beitrag untersucht werden. Eine Optimierung der durchgeführten Parameterstudie für ebene und rotationssymmetrische Zustände mit isotropem und anisotropem Baugrund war möglich, indem das Strömungsproblem zunächst als parametrisiertes Randwertproblem definiert wurde. Eine Auswertung der mathematischen Eigenschaften des Randwertproblems sowie der Dimensionsanalyse ermöglichte die Reduzierung der Anzahl der Parameter. Abschließend werden auf Basis der Parameterstudie Schlussfolgerungen zu erforderlicher Modellgröße und Randbedingungen gezogen und dem Anwender Empfehlungen hierzu gegeben.Model size and boundary conditions for geohydraulic calculation of a residual‐water drainage system using the FEM. It is rational, in excavations in the subsoil beneath the groundwater table, to embed the pit wall in a less permeable soil stratum and operate a residual‐water drainage system. The Finite Element Method (FEM) can be used to determine both the influx of groundwater and the potentials and pore‐water pressures relevant for various analyses of stability. Such numerical calculations require the selection of a model size and the assumption of certain boundary conditions, however. The influence of these on the results of the calculation are examined in this paper. A study has been performed for the cases of plane and axis‐symmetrical states with isotropic and anisotropic subsoil, and is firstly optimised by formulating the task as a parameterised boundary value problem. Evaluation of the mathematical characteristics of the boundary value problem and dimensional analysis are then used to reduce the number of parameters. Finally, conclusions concerning the necessary model size and boundary conditions are drawn on the basis of the parameter study, and recommendations then provided for the user.
Zur guten fachlichen Praxis des Düsenstrahlverfahrens
Authors: Krentz Martin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEtwa 35 Jahre nach der ersten Anwendung auf einer Baustelle in Deutschland ist das Düsenstrahlverfahren heute im Spezialtiefbau etabliert und gehört zum Portfolio vieler Unternehmen. Für dessen Anwendung gelten DIN EN 12716 als zentrales technisches Regelwerk sowie DIN 18321 für die Regelung technisch/vertraglicher Belange. Erfahrungen aus Streit‐ und Schadensfällen machen die Fortschreibung und Ergänzung der Regelwerke erforderlich. Der vorliegende Bericht zeigt anhand wesentlicher verfahrensbedingter Zusammenhänge in Beispielen, dass bei der Befolgung der vorliegenden und zukünftigen Regelwerke auch verfahrensspezifische handwerkliche Gesichtspunkte zu beachten sind.On the skilled application of jet grouting. Some 35 years ago jet grouting was introduced on a construction site in Germany for the first time. Ever since then it has become an approved method in special ground engineering and is now being offered and applied by many companies. As to its application DIN EN 12716 refers to the central technical guidelines whereas DIN 18321 deals with the technical and/or contractual issues. Experiences with events of damage and disputes show that the regulations need further updates and supplements. This report explains in examples which process‐specific craft aspects have to be observed when applying present and future rules.
Bringing memory fMRI to the clinic: Comparison of seven memory fMRI protocols in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Towgood Karren , Barker Gareth J. , Caceres Alejandro , Crum William R , Elwes Robert D.C. , Costafreda Sergi G. , Mehta Mitul A. , Morris Robin G. , von Oertzen Tim J. , Richardson Mark P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractfMRI is increasingly implemented in the clinic to assess memory function. There are multiple approaches to memory fMRI, but limited data on advantages and reliability of different methods. Here, we compared effect size, activation lateralisation, and between‐sessions reliability of seven memory fMRI protocols: Hometown Walking (block design), Scene encoding (block design and event‐related design), Picture encoding (block and event‐related), and Word encoding (block and event‐related). All protocols were performed on three occasions in 16 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Group T‐maps showed activity bilaterally in medial temporal lobe for all protocols. Using ANOVA, there was an interaction between hemisphere and seizure‐onset lateralisation (P = 0.009) and between hemisphere, protocol and seizure‐onset lateralisation (P = 0.002), showing that the distribution of memory‐related activity between left and right temporal lobes differed between protocols and between patients with left‐onset and right‐onset seizures. Using voxelwise intraclass Correlation Coefficient, between‐sessions reliability was best for Hometown and Scenes (block and event). The between‐sessions spatial overlap of activated voxels was also greatest for Hometown and Scenes. Lateralisation of activity between hemispheres was most reliable for Scenes (block and event) and Words (event). Using receiver operating characteristic analysis to explore the ability of each fMRI protocol to classify patients as left‐onset or right‐onset TLE, only the Words (event) protocol achieved a significantly above‐chance classification of patients at all three sessions. We conclude that Words (event) protocol shows the best combination of between‐sessions reliability of the distribution of activity between hemispheres and reliable ability to distinguish between left‐onset and right‐onset patients. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1595–1608, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Which baseflow metrics should be used in assessing flow regimes of urban streams?
Authors: Hamel Perrine , Daly Edoardo , Fletcher Tim D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDetermining the impact of urbanisation on baseflow is complex because of the multiplicity of factors that govern subsurface flows. Although many metrics are available to quantify the baseflow regime, the lack of consensus on which metrics need to be used for baseflow characterisation limit their practical application for stormwater management. We performed principal component and correlation analyses on a set of 32 baseflow metrics to identify a subset of non‐redundant metrics for baseflow characterisation. We compared the results for streamflow time series from natural and urban catchments. We found that a subset of five metrics, including at least one metric from each of the four ecologically significant flow characteristic groups (i.e. magnitude, duration, frequency, and timing), explained most of the variability in baseflow regime for both natural and urban catchments. In addition, we analysed the relationship between this set of metrics and some low flow percentiles obtained from flow duration curves. Flow percentiles were only highly correlated to the magnitude and duration metrics, confirming that flow duration curves could be satisfactorily used for baseflow characterisation, but in combination with metrics representing frequency and timing. Metrics based on integration of the flow duration curve, however, cannot simply substitute the consideration of a suite of metrics. We discuss the practicality of our results with a regional regression study; the analyses show how the metrics can be used to quantify the alterations to baseflow caused by urbanisation, and to determine baseflow restoration objectives for urbanised catchments based on pre‐development baseflow regime. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of two‐phase bubbly flow mixing with mass transport in an effective microorganism odor removing system
Authors: Ali Haider , Cheema Taqi Ahmad , Park Cheol Woo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDIndustrial odor removers are two‐phase flow systems that use effective microorganisms to capture malodor‐producing gases from the surroundings. The potency of such systems depends on the interaction of gas with the microorganisms. Therefore, the flow and mass transport properties are key to defining the phenomenon more clearly.RESULTSAn efficient mechanism for mixing the two‐phase flow is required to enhance the interaction between the gas and microorganisms. Gas flow must also be controlled to obtain a large residence time in the water basin and facilitate the microorganisms to maximize the usage of malodor‐producing gases. One method of improving the gas residence time is by installing baffles in the water basin. However, the installation of baffles also limits the gas concentration distribution in the water basin. Placing a rotating drum in addition to the baffles may overcome the limitations on gas distribution in the water basin. Gas volume fractions, interfacial area per volume, and gas concentration are evaluated to observe the mixing and gas dissolution phenomenon.CONCLUSIONBefore practical implementation, a numerical study on the subject is required for various designs to investigate their effectiveness. Therefore, the present study uses the Euler–Euler numerical scheme to model the gas–liquid flow with mass transport for various designs of water basin. Results show that gas concentration is the most critical parameter in the case of two‐phase bubbly flow. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry