bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A selective sigma‐2 receptor ligand antagonizes cocaine‐induced hyperlocomotion in mice
Authors: Lever John R. , Miller Dennis K. , Green Caroline L. , Fergason‐cantrell Emily A. , Watkinson Lisa D. , Carmack Terry L. , Fan Kuo‐hsien , Lever Susan Z. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTCocaine functions, in part, through agonist actions at sigma‐1 (σ1) receptors, while roles played by sigma‐2 (σ2) receptors are less established. Attempts to discriminate σ2 receptor‐mediated effects of cocaine in locomotor hyperactivity assays have been hampered by the lack of potent and selective antagonists. Certain tetrahydroisoquinolinyl benzamides display high σ2 receptor affinity, and excellent selectivity for binding to σ2 over σ1 receptors. The behavioral properties of this structural class of σ ligands have not yet been investigated. The present study evaluated 5‐bromo‐N‐[4‐(6,7‐dimethoxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐1H‐isoquinolin‐2‐yl)‐butyl)]‐2,3‐dimethoxy‐benzamide, 1, a ligand shown by others to bind preferentially to σ2 over σ1 receptors, as well as dopamine D2 and D3 sites. First, we determined binding to monoamine transporters and opioid receptors, and noted 57‐fold selectivity for σ2 receptors over the serotonin transporter, and >800‐fold selectivity for σ2 receptors over the other sites tested. We then examined 1 in locomotor activity studies using male CD‐1® mice, and saw no alteration of basal activity at doses up to 31.6 µmol/kg. Cocaine produced a fivefold increase in locomotor activity, which was attenuated by 66% upon pretreatment of mice with 1 at 31.6 µmol/kg. In vivo radioligand binding studies also were performed, and showed no occupancy of σ1 receptors or the dopamine transporter by 1, or its possible metabolites, at the 31.6 µmol/kg dose. Thus, ligand 1 profiles behaviorally as a σ2 receptor‐selective antagonist that is able to counteract cocaine's motor stimulatory effects. Synapse 68:73–84, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multistage magma emplacement and progressive strain accumulation in the shallow‐level Krkonoše‐Jizera plutonic complex, Bohemian Massif
Authors: Žák Jiří , Verner Kryštof , Sláma Jiří , Kachlík Václav , Chlupáčová Marta 
Published: October 2013

AbstractField relationships combined with new U‐Pb zircon geochronology suggest that the shallow‐level Krkonoše‐Jizera plutonic complex, northern Bohemian Massif, was assembled successively from bottom to top, starting with emplacement of the separately evolved S‐type Tanvald granite (317.3 ± 2.1 Ma), followed by at least two voluminous batches of the I‐type porphyritic Liberec (319.5 ± 2.3 Ma) and Jizera (320.1 ± 3.0 Ma and 319.3 ± 3.7 Ma) granites. The intrusive sequence was completed by uppermost, minor intrusions of the equigranular Harrachov (315.0 ± 2.7 Ma) and Krkonoše granites. The I‐type granites exhibit an unusually complex pattern of superposed feldspar phenocryst and magnetic fabrics as revealed from the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). The outer Liberec granite preserves margin‐parallel foliations and lineations, interpreted to record emplacement‐related strain captured by cooling from the pluton floor and walls. In contrast, the inner Jizera, Harrachov, and Krkonoše granites were overprinted by synmagmatic strain resulting from dextral movements along regional strike‐slip faults cutting the opposite ends of the plutonic complex. Late‐stage felsic dikes in the Liberec and Jizera granites reorient from horizontal to vertical (lineation‐perpendicular) attitude in response to changing the least principal stress direction, whereas mafic schlieren do not do so, representing only randomly oriented small‐scale thermal‐mechanical instabilities in the phenocryst framework. In general, this case example challenges the common approach of inferring pluton‐wide magma flow from interpolated foliation, lineation, and schlieren patterns. More likely, magmatic fabrics in large plutons record complex temporal succession of superposed strains resulting from diverse processes at multiple scales.
Dielectric breakdown and mechanical properties of polylactic acid of different spherulite sizes
Authors: Matsugasaki Naru , Shinyama Katsuyoshi , Fujita Shigetaka 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe degree of crystallinity of polylactic acid (PLA) was increased by heat treatment, and the dielectric breakdown strength and mechanical properties of the obtained PLA of different spherulite sizes were studied. PLA heat‐treated at a temperature of 120 °C or higher showed rapid increases in spherulite size. At both measurement temperatures of 25 and 80 °C, the dielectric breakdown strength (EB) showed rapid reduction. The tensile strength at break and breaking elongation showed rapid reduction when the heat treatment temperature was 120 °C or higher. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modularity and mental architecture
Authors: Robbins Philip 
Published: October 2013

Debates about the modularity of cognitive architecture have been ongoing for at least the past three decades, since the publication of Fodor's landmark bookThe Modularity of Mind. According to Fodor, modularity is essentially tied to informational encapsulation, and as such is only found in the relatively low‐level cognitive systems responsible for perception and language. According to Fodor's critics in the evolutionary psychology camp, modularity simply reflects the fine‐grained functional specialization dictated by natural selection, and it characterizes virtually all aspects of cognitive architecture, including high‐level systems for judgment, decision making, and reasoning. Though both of these perspectives on modularity have garnered support, the current state of evidence and argument suggests that a broader skepticism about modularity may be warranted.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:641–649. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1255This article is categorized under:Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Paramagnetic inorganic nanoparticles as T1MRI contrast agents
Authors: Lee Soo Hong , Kim Byung Hyo , Na Hyon Bin , Hyeon Taeghwan 
Published: October 2013

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most powerful molecular imaging techniques and can noninvasively visualize and quantify biological processes within the living organisms. The introduction of exogenous contrast agents has allowed specific visualization of biological targets as well as enhanced the sensitivity of MRI. Recently, paramagnetic inorganic nanoparticles showing positive T1 contrast effect have been investigated as T1 MRI contrast agents. Since the first trials of spherical nanoparticles of manganese oxide and gadolinium oxide, inorganic nanoparticles of various compositions and shapes have been used for in vivo and in vitro MRI because of their distinct signal enhancement in MR images. However, for clinical applications, important and complex issues such as safety and efficiency should be investigated by active research encompassing multiple disciplines, including chemistry, biology, biomedical engineering, and medicine.This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Synthesis, X‐ray Studies, and Catalytic Efficacy of a Novel Iron Complex Containing an N,O‐Type Bidentate Thiazoline Ligand
Authors: Amini Mojtaba , Bigdeli Mina , Delsouz‐Hafshejani Sepideh , Ellern Arkady , Woo L. Keith 
Published: October 2013

Abstract The reactions of FeCl3·6H2O and 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐thiazoline as a bidentate O‐N donor thiazoline ligand (thoz) afford a five‐coordinate FeIII complex [Fe(thoz)2Cl] with a distorted square pyramidal configuration. Complex [Fe(thoz)2Cl] was isolated as air‐stable crystalline solids and fully characterized, including by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. Complex [Fe(thoz)2Cl] shows very efficient reactivity in the oxidation of sulfides to their corresponding sulfoxides using urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) as the oxidant at room temperature in air.
Factors Influencing Surgeons’ Intraoperative Leadership: Video Analysis of Unanticipated Events in the Operating Room
Authors: Parker Sarah Henrickson , Flin Rhona , McKinley Aileen , Yule Steven 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground
The achievement of surgical goals and the successful functioning of operating room (OR) teams are dependent on leadership. The attending surgeon is a team leader during an operation, with responsibility for task accomplishment by the clinical team. This study examined surgeons’ leadership behaviors during surgical procedures, with particular reference to the effect of intraoperative events on leadership.MethodsVideos of operations (n = 29) recorded at three UK teaching hospitals were analyzed to identify and classify surgeons’ intraoperative leadership behaviors using the Surgeons’ Leadership Inventory. The frequency and type of leadership behaviors were compared before and after the point of no return (PONR) (n = 24), and during an unexpected intraoperative event (n = 5).ResultsMost of the surgeons’ leadership behaviors were directed toward the resident during an operation. No significant differences were found for the overall number or type of leadership behaviors pre‐ and post‐PONR. The frequency of leadership behaviors classified as “Training” and “Supporting others” significantly decreased during an unanticipated intraoperative event.DiscussionOverall, surgeons engaged in the same leadership behaviors throughout the course of an operation unless they were dealing with an unanticipated event. Surgeons appeared to adopt a “one size fits all” leadership style approach regardless of the team or situation. Additionally, surgeons seemed to limit their intraoperative leadership focus to other surgeons rather than to the wider OR team.
Discovery of Lamproites near Vattikod Area, NW Margin of the Cuddapah Basin, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Southern India
Authors: Kumar Alok , Ahmed Suhel , Priya R. , Sridhar M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A cluster of lamproite dykes are located 1 km west of Vattikod village at the NW margin of the Cuddapah basin, Eastern Dharwar craton, southern India, during the pursuit for locating primary diamond source rocks by adapting multifarious applications. These exotic rocks are emplaced along WNW-ESE to NW-SE trending fractures in the granitic rocks belonging to the Peninsular Gneissic Complex. Ten out of twelve lamproites occur near Vattikod village and one each is located in the vicinity of Marepalli and Gundrapalli villages respectively. These lamproites, though highly altered, contain microphenocrysts of altered olivine, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, leucite and sanidine and translucent to opaque, amoeboid shaped patches of glass set in a groundmass rich in carbonate, phlogopite, serpentine, and chlorite. This new cluster of lamproites constitutes a part of the recently discovered Ramadugu lamproite field. The Vattikod and Ramadugu lamproites, together with those from Krishna lamproite field and the Cuddapah basin, constitute, a wide spectrum of ultrapotassic magmatism emplaced in and around the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Cuddapah basin in southern India.
Systematics, Biometry of the species Opsidiscus from the Middle Cambrian succession of the Spiti Basin, India
Authors: Pandey Shivani , Parcha Suraj Kumar 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Middle Cambrian succession of the Parahio Valley in general and Debsakhad section in particular is dominated by trilobites. Genus Opsidiscus, along with other trilobite forms dominates the lower Middle Cambrian succession. In the present study two new species of Opsidiscus, Opsidiscus wadiai and Opsidiscus srikantiai are reported from the lower Middle Cambrian succession of Debsakhad section. The species were differentiated on their morphological features and their multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis applied here is used as a supplement method to qualitative analysis in order to differentiate between the cranidial characters of Opsidiscus. The qualitative study of each species studied individually shows more or less close affiliation as is observed by different quantitative methods. The presence of Opsidiscus has a great stratigraphic significance in this region, as they first appear from informal Stage 5 of Series 3 and goes up to the Drumian Stage of Series 3 of the Cambrian System in the Debsakhad section, which helps to correlate this section with other well known sections of the Middle Cambrian.
Occurrence of well-crystallized Nontronite in the Gas Vesicles of a Megaporphyritic Basalt Flow near Nighoj, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra
Authors: Sarkar P. K. , Upasani D. V. , Soman A. C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Occurrence of well crystallized nontronite in a megaporphyritic basalt flow from Nighoj area, Maharashtra, India is reported. Thin section studies of the vesicles from periphery to the centre reveal the presence of greenish palagonite, probably indicating the stages of devitrification of glass and the weathering of palagonite to the formation of nontronite. The centre of the vesicles is marked by the presence of dark greenish-brown, radiating and fibrous sheets of nontronite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the dominant presence of smectite (nontronite) as the major phase with traces of pyroxene. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows well developed sheets of nontronite within the gas vesicles of the megaporphyritic basalt flows. In the present investigation, the nontronite within the gas vesicles of the megaporphyritic basalts at Nighoj was formed in-situ due to the devitrification of glass containing palagonite. Palagonite is an intermediate step in the alteration that may be accomplished by the steam generated in quenching of the lava. Weathering of palagonite under conditions of poor drainage is essential to the genesis of nontronite as has been suggested by Victor and Vernon (1946).
The heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan
Authors: Larsson H. , Chang Z. , D'Onofrio B. M. , Lichtenstein P. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundNo prior twin study has explored the heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Such studies are needed to resolve conflicting results regarding the importance of genetic effects for ADHD in adults. We aimed to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences for clinically diagnosed ADHD across the lifespan with a specific focus on ADHD in adults.MethodInformation on zygosity and sex was obtained from 59514 twins born between 1959 and 2001 included in the nationwide population-based Swedish Twin Registry. Clinical data for ADHD diagnoses (i.e. stimulant or non-stimulant medication for ADHD) were obtained from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (PDR) and from the National Patient Register (i.e. ICD-10 diagnosis of ADHD). Twin methods were applied to clinical data of ADHD diagnoses using structural equation modeling with monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins.ResultsThe best-fitting model revealed a high heritability of ADHD [0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–0.92] for the entire sample. However, shared environmental effects were non-significant and of minimal importance. The heritability of ADHD in adults was also substantial (0.72, 95% CI 0.56–0.84).ConclusionsThis study shows that the heritability of clinically diagnosed ADHD is high across the lifespan. Our finding of high heritability for clinically diagnosed ADHD in adults indicates that the previous reports of low heritability are best explained by rater effects, and that gene-identification studies of ADHD in adults need to consider pervasiveness (e.g. multiple raters) and developmentally (e.g. childhood-onset criteria) informative data.
Policing methamphetamine problems: a framework for synthesising expert opinion and evaluating alternative policy options
Authors: Manning Matthew , Ransley Janet , Smith Christine , Mazerolle Lorraine , Cook Alana 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIncreasingly, governments and police agencies require evidence of effectiveness and efficiency with respect to law enforcement policies. The existing “what works” literature, specifically on drug law enforcement, focuses mainly on the effectiveness question when making complex choices between drug policy alternatives, but fails when it comes to incorporating empirical evidence and the experience of key experts in the decision-making process. In addition, little attempt has been made to employ sophisticated techniques to assist in complex policy decision making with respect to funding competing policing policy alternatives. We use the methamphetamine problem in Australia to illustrate a way of evaluating, using multi-criteria analysis, alternative policy options for developing better drug policy.
Institutional trust and welfare state support: on the role of trust in market institutions
Authors: Edlund Jonas , Lindh Arvid 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe importance of institutional trust for structuring welfare state support (WSS) has been advanced by several scholars. Yet, the thesis has not received convincing empirical support. We argue that the weak evidence observed by previous research is caused by the failure of not extending the analytical framework beyond the study of public institutions. Using Sweden as a test case, our analytical framework covers trust in public institutions (TPI) and market institutions (TMI). The main findings are: (1) TMI has a robust negative effect on WSS; (2) the expected relationship between TPI and WSS is strengthened controlling for TMI; (3) TMI mediates the relationships between socio-economic variables and WSS. These findings underline the importance of bringing in other institutional configurations that are seen as conceivable alternatives to the state for administrating social welfare, not the least in studies primarily interested in the link between TPI and support for state-organised welfare.
Structure of a new CaII1/3SbV1/6BiIII1/2PO4 phosphate
Authors: Aatiq Abderrahim , Tigha My Rachid 
Published: October 2013

A new Ca1/3Sb1/6Bi1/2PO4 “CaSb0.50Bi1.50(PO4)3” phosphate has been synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction techniques at 900 °C in air atmosphere. Their crystallographic structures were determined at room temperature from X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data using the Rietveld analysis. CaII1/3SbV1/6BiIII1/2PO4 material possesses the high-temperature BiPO4 monoclinic structure variety. It crystallizes in monoclinic system with P21/m space group and the cell parameters are: a = 4.9358(1) Å, b = 6.9953(2), c = 4.7075(1) Å, and β = 96.2(1)°. Their structure can be described as composed of alternating edge-sharing AO8 (A = Ca, Sb, Bi) bisdisphenoids and PO4 tetrahedra forming chains parallel to the b axis. Every AO8 polyhedron is surrounded by six PO4 and every PO4 tetrahedron is surrounded by six AO8 polyhedra. Infrared spectroscopic study was used to obtain further structural information.
Estimating the incidence reporting rates of new influenza pandemics at an early stage using travel data from the source country
Authors: CHONG K. C. , FONG H. F. , ZEE C. Y. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYDuring the surveillance of influenza pandemics, underreported data are a public health challenge that complicates the understanding of pandemic threats and can undermine mitigation efforts. We propose a method to estimate incidence reporting rates at early stages of new influenza pandemics using 2009 pandemic H1N1 as an example. Routine surveillance data and statistics of travellers arriving from Mexico were used. Our method incorporates changes in reporting rates such as linearly increasing trends due to the enhanced surveillance. From our results, the reporting rate was estimated at 0·46% during early stages of the pandemic in Mexico. We estimated cumulative incidence in the Mexican population to be 0·7% compared to 0·003% reported by officials in Mexico at the end of April. This method could be useful in estimation of actual cases during new influenza pandemics for policy makers to better determine appropriate control measures.
Family history of premature coronary heart disease, child cardio-metabolic risk factors and left ventricular mass
Authors: Magnussen Costan G. , Dwyer Terence , Venn Alison 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn a prospective cohort of 181 individuals followed up since childhood – when aged 9, 12 and 15 years – patients with a family history of premature coronary heart disease (n=18) had higher left ventricular mass index in adulthood – at mean age of 31 years – compared with those without (mean±standard error 39.1±1.9 versus 34.6±0.7 g/m2.7, p=0.04). The correlation between adult left ventricular mass index and child triglycerides (r=0.66, p=0.04 versus r=−0.03, p=0.75; pdiff=0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.65, p=0.02 versus r=0.16, p=0.07; pdiff=0.05) was stronger among those with a family history of coronary heart disease than in those without. Although preliminary, these data suggest that the higher left ventricular mass index among adults with a family history might be explained by their increased susceptibility to child cardio-metabolic risk factors.
The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and conflict-affected areas: state obligations and business responsibilities
Authors: Davis Rachel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights provide authoritative guidance for states and businesses on how to prevent and address business-related human rights harms, including in conflict-affected areas. States need to explore a more innovative range of policy and regulatory options in such situations, whether they are engaging with cooperating companies or dealing with uncooperative ones. Companies need to be able to know and show that they can operate with integrity – and avoid being involved in gross abuses of human rights – and that their risk assessment, mitigation, and remediation processes take full account of the potential risks to affected stakeholders, not just risks to the business.
Distinct responses of soil microbial communities to elevated CO2 and O3 in a soybean agro-ecosystem
Authors: He Zhili , Xiong Jinbo , Kent Angela D , Deng Ye , Xue Kai , Wang Gejiao , Wu Liyou , Van Nostrand Joy D , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) have been rising due to human activities. However, little is known about how such increases influence soil microbial communities. We hypothesized that elevated CO2 (eCO2) and elevated O3 (eO3) would significantly affect the functional composition, structure and metabolic potential of soil microbial communities, and that various functional groups would respond to such atmospheric changes differentially. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed 96 soil samples from a soybean free-air CO2 enrichment (SoyFACE) experimental site using a comprehensive functional gene microarray (GeoChip 3.0). The results showed the overall functional composition and structure of soil microbial communities shifted under eCO2, eO3 or eCO2+eO3. Key functional genes involved in carbon fixation and degradation, nitrogen fixation, denitrification and methane metabolism were stimulated under eCO2, whereas those involved in N fixation, denitrification and N mineralization were suppressed under eO3, resulting in the fact that the abundance of some eO3-supressed genes was promoted to ambient, or eCO2-induced levels by the interaction of eCO2+eO3. Such effects appeared distinct for each treatment and significantly correlated with soil properties and soybean yield. Overall, our analysis suggests possible mechanisms of microbial responses to global atmospheric change factors through the stimulation of C and N cycling by eCO2, the inhibition of N functional processes by eO3 and the interaction by eCO2 and eO3. This study provides new insights into our understanding of microbial functional processes in response to global atmospheric change in soybean agro-ecosystems.