bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crowdfunding, mede mogelijk gemaakt door de wetgever?
Authors: van Poelgeest J.M. 
Published: November 2014

Crowdfunding, mede mogelijk gemaakt door de wetgever?
Dit artikel gaat in op het fenomeen crowdfunding en het wettelijk kader. Hierbij wordt ingegaan op de Europese en nationale ontwikkelingen op het gebied van crowdfunding en wordt gekeken naar de mogelijkheden voor de toekomst, waarbij enkele suggesties worden gedaan. Wordt crowdfunding de nieuwe standaard voor financieren?
The Association of Genetic Polymorphisms of TNFα, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 and Lung Cancer Chemotherapy Response
Authors: Yi Zheng  , Ji-Ye Yin  , Ying Wang  , Xiang-Ping Li  , Juan Chen  , Chen-Yue Qian  , Xiao-Ke Wen  , Wei Zhang  , Hong-Hao Zhou  , Zhao-Qian Liu  
Published: November 2014

Platinum-based therapy is commonly used for the treatment of lung cancer and has been widely accepted by clinicians, but the chemotherapy responses differ greatly among individuals. TNF/TNF-R1/R2 signal pathway can trigger the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis after DNA damage was caused by platinum-based treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TNF -308 A/G, TNF-R1 -383A>C, -609T>G and TNF-R2 +676 T>G and the response of platinum-based chemotherapy in 313 Chinese advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. MassARRAY was used to detect these four SNPs in three apoptosis-related genes. TNF -308 A/G was significantly correlated with better clinical benefit. Patients carrying A allele tended to have a favorable prognosis after treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (P=0.043, OR=0.488, 95%CI=0.244-0.979). The patients with CA genotype have significantly reduced risk of platinum resistance compared with wild-type homozygotes CC genotype (P=0.025, OR=0.447, 95% CI=0.220-0.906). No association was found in other polymorphisms. In conclusion, our data suggest that TNF-308 A/G polymorphism may serve as the indicator of platinum-based chemotherapy response in NSCLC patients.
CALIPSO observations of near‐cloud aerosol properties as a function of cloud fraction
Authors: Yang Weidong , Marshak Alexander , Várnai Tamás , Wood Robert 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper uses spaceborne lidar data to study how near‐cloud aerosol statistics of attenuated backscatter depend on cloud fraction. The results for a large region around the Azores show that (1) far‐from‐cloud aerosol statistics are dominated by samples from scenes with lower cloud fractions, while near‐cloud aerosol statistics are dominated by samples from scenes with higher cloud fractions; (2) near‐cloud enhancements of attenuated backscatter occur for any cloud fraction but are most pronounced for higher cloud fractions; (3) the difference in the enhancements for different cloud fractions is most significant within 5 km from clouds; (4) near‐cloud enhancements can be well approximated by logarithmic functions of cloud fraction and distance to clouds. These findings demonstrate that if variability in cloud fraction across the scenes used for composite aerosol statistics is not considered, a sampling artifact will affect these statistics calculated as a function of distance to clouds. For the Azores region data set examined here, this artifact occurs mostly within 5 km from clouds and exaggerates the near‐cloud enhancements of lidar backscatter and color ratio by about 30%. This shows that for accurate characterization of the changes in aerosol properties with distance to clouds, it is important to account for the impact of changes in cloud fraction.
Felt seismicity associated with shale gas hydraulic fracturing: The first documented example in Europe
Authors: Clarke Huw , Eisner Leo , Styles Peter , Turner Peter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe describe the origin of felt seismicity during the hydraulic fracturing of the Carboniferous Bowland Shale at the Preese Hall 1 exploration well near Blackpool in the UK during 2011. The seismicity resulted from the interaction of hydraulic fracturing and a fault, the location of which was unknown at the time but has subsequently been located and does not intersect the well borehole. Waveform cross correlation is used to detect 50 events in the sequence. A representative hypocenter and strike‐slip focal mechanism is calculated using the best recorded seismic event. The hypocenter is calculated to lie 300–400 m east, and 330–360 m below the injection point and shown to lie on a fault imaged using 3‐D seismic at a depth of about 2930 m. The 3‐D survey shows that not only the event hypocenter but also the focal mechanism correlates strongly with a subsequently identifiable transpressional fault formed during the Late Carboniferous (Variscan) basin inversion.
Assimilation of next generation geostationary aerosol optical depth retrievals to improve air quality simulations
Authors: Saide Pablo E. , Kim Jhoon , Song Chul H. , Choi Myungje , Cheng Yafang , Carmichael Gregory R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPlanned geostationary satellites will provide aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals at high temporal and spatial resolution which will be incorporated into current assimilation systems that use low‐Earth orbiting (e.g., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)) AOD. The impacts of such additions are explored in a real case scenario using AOD from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) on board of the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite, a geostationary satellite observing northeast Asia. The addition of GOCI AOD into the assimilation system generated positive impacts, which were found to be substantial in comparison to only assimilating MODIS AOD. We found that GOCI AOD can help significantly to improve surface air quality simulations in Korea for dust, biomass burning smoke, and anthropogenic pollution episodes when the model represents the extent of the pollution episodes and retrievals are not contaminated by clouds. We anticipate future geostationary missions to considerably contribute to air quality forecasting and provide better reanalyses for health assessments and climate studies.
Burst of intracloud current pulses during the initial continuous current in a rocket‐triggered lightning flash
Authors: Lu Gaopeng , Jiang Rubin , Qie Xiushu , Zhang Hongbo , Sun Zhuling , Liu Mingyuan , Wang Zhichao , Liu Kun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFor a rocket‐triggered lightning flash on 2 August 2013, the measurement with one pair of broadband low‐frequency (20–400 kHz) magnetic induction coils registered a long sequence of over 600 intermittent pulses during the initial continuous current. The timescale of these pulses is about 3‐8 µs, and the typical interpulse interval is about 30 µs. The source discharges of these pulses, which are not readily detectable in the frequency range (140–300 MHz) of a short‐baseline very high frequency (VHF) lightning imaging system, are attributed to the stepping processes when the positive leader propagated into the cloud region. The reversals in the polarity of magnetic pulses are related to the variation in the vertical direction of positive leader propagation as resolved by the VHF imaging system.
Discrepancy between ionopause and photoelectron boundary determined from Mars Express measurements
Authors: Han X. , Fraenz M. , Dubinin E. , Wei Y. , Andrews D. J. , Wan W. , He M. , Rong Z. J. , Chai L. , Zhong J. , Li K. , Barabash S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Martian ionosphere directly interacts with the solar wind due to lack of a significant intrinsic magnetic field, and an interface is formed in between. The interface is usually recognized by two kinds of indicators: the ionopause identified from ionospheric density profiles and the photoelectron boundary (PEB) determined from the electron energy spectrum at higher energies. However, the difference between them remains unclear. We have determined the locations of crossings of the ionopause and PEB from Mars Express observations during 2005–2013 and found that the average position of the PEB appears to be ~200 km higher than that of the ionopause, which corresponds to 103 cm–3 in the electron density profile. The discrepancy can be explained by cross‐field transport of photoelectrons.
Estuary‐enhanced upwelling of marine nutrients fuels coastal productivity in the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Davis Kristen A. , Banas Neil S. , Giddings Sarah N. , Siedlecki Samantha A. , MacCready Parker , Lessard Evelyn J. , Kudela Raphael M. , Hickey Barbara M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Pacific Northwest (PNW) shelf is the most biologically productive region in the California Current System. A coupled physical‐biogeochemical model is used to investigate the influence of freshwater inputs on the productivity of PNW shelf waters using realistic hindcasts and model experiments that omit outflow from the Columbia River and Strait of Juan de Fuca (outlet for the Salish Sea estuary). Outflow from the Strait represents a critical source of nitrogen to the PNW shelf‐accounting for almost half of the primary productivity on the Vancouver Island shelf, a third of productivity on the Washington shelf, and a fifth of productivity on the Oregon shelf during the upwelling season. The Columbia River has regional effects on the redistribution of phytoplankton, but does not affect PNW productivity as strongly as does the Salish Sea. A regional nutrient budget shows that nitrogen exiting the Strait is almost entirely (98%) of ocean‐origin—upwelled into the Strait at depth, mixed into surface waters by tidal mixing, and returned to the coastal ocean. From the standpoint of nitrogen availability in the coastal euphotic zone, the estuarine circulation driven by freshwater inputs to the Salish Sea is more important than the supply of terrigenous nitrogen by rivers. Nitrogen‐rich surface waters exiting the Strait follow two primary pathways—to the northwest in the Vancouver Island Coastal Current and southward toward the Washington and Oregon shelves. Nitrogen flux from the Juan de Fuca Strait and Eddy Region to these shelves is comparable to flux from local wind‐driven upwelling.
Preferential burial of permafrost‐derived organic carbon in Siberian‐Arctic shelf waters
Authors: Vonk Jorien E. , Semiletov Igor P. , Dudarev Oleg V. , Eglinton Timothy I. , Andersson August , Shakhova Natalia , Charkin Alexander , Heim Birgit , Gustafsson Örjan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe rapidly changing East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) receives large amounts of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) from coastal erosion and Russian‐Arctic rivers. Climate warming increases thawing of coastal Ice Complex Deposits (ICD) and can change both the amount of released OC, as well as its propensity to be converted to greenhouse gases (fueling further global warming) or to be buried in coastal sediments. This study aimed to unravel the susceptibility to degradation, and transport and dispersal patterns of OC delivered to the ESAS. Bulk and molecular radiocarbon analyses on surface particulate matter (PM), sinking PM and underlying surface sediments illustrate the active release of old OC from coastal permafrost. Molecular tracers for recalcitrant soil OC showed ages of 3.4–13 14C‐ky in surface PM and 5.5–18 14C‐ky in surface sediments. The age difference of these markers between surface PM and surface sediments is larger (i) in regions with low OC accumulation rates, suggesting a weaker exchange between water column and sediments, and (ii) with increasing distance from the Lena River, suggesting preferential settling of fluvially derived old OC nearshore. A dual‐carbon end‐member mixing model showed that (i) contemporary terrestrial OC is dispersed mainly by horizontal transport while being subject to active degradation, (ii) marine OC is most affected by vertical transport and also actively degraded in the water column, and (iii) OC from ICD settles rapidly and dominates surface sediments. Preferential burial of ICD‐OC released into ESAS coastal waters might therefore lower the suggested carbon cycle climate feedback from thawing ICD permafrost.
Concatenated Logic Circuits Based on a Three‐Way DNA Junction: A Keypad‐Lock Security System with Visible Readout and an Automatic Reset Function
Authors: Chen Junhua , Zhou Shungui , Wen Junlin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractConcatenated logic circuits operating as a biocomputing keypad‐lock security system with an automatic reset function have been successfully constructed on the basis of toehold‐mediated strand displacement and three‐way‐DNA‐junction architecture. In comparison with previously reported keypad locks, the distinctive advantage of the proposed security system is that it can be reset and cycled spontaneously a large number of times without an external stimulus, thus making practical applications possible. By the use of a split‐G‐quadruplex DNAzyme as the signal reporter, the output of the keypad lock can be recognized readily by the naked eye. The “lock” is opened only when the inputs are introduced in an exact order. This requirement provides defense against illegal invasion to protect information at the molecular scale.
Surface grafting of carbon fibers with artificial silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated graphene oxide for high‐speed electrical actuation of shape‐memory polymers
Authors: Lu Haibao , Zhu Shipeng , Yang Yunhua , Huang Wei Min , Leng Jinsong , Du Shanyi 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPoor heat conduction in the interface between the carbon fiber and polymer matrix is a problem in the actuation of shape‐memory polymer (SMP) composites by Joule heating. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of grafting silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated graphene oxide (GO) onto carbon fibers to improve the electrothermal properties and Joule‐heating‐activated shape recovery of SMP composites. Self‐assembled GO was grafted onto carbon fibers to enhance the bonding of the carbon fibers with the polymeric matrix via van der Waal's forces and covalent crosslinking, respectively. Silver nanoparticles were further self‐assembled and deposited to decorate the GO assembly, which was used to decrease the thermal dissimilarity and facilitate heat transfer from the carbon fiber to the polymer matrix. The carbon fiber was incorporated with SMP to achieve the shape recovery induced by Joule heating. We found that the silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated GO helped us achieve a more uniform temperature distribution in the SMP composites compared to those without decoration. Furthermore, the shape‐recovery behavior and temperature profile during the Joule heating of the SMP composites were characterized and compared. A unique synergistic effect of the carbon fibers and silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated GO was achieved to enhance the heat transfer and a higher speed of actuation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41673.
Preparation of water‐compatible antifungal polyurethane with grafted benzimidazole as the antifungal agent
Authors: Chung Yong‐Chan , Kim Ha Youn , Choi Jae Won , Chun Byoung Chul 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWe compared two series of benzimidazole (BI)‐grafted polyurethane (PU), one of which was water‐compatible, to compare their antifungal activities. The water‐compatible PU series had an additional 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid group in the PU backbone. The water‐compatible PU series had a lower crosslinking density and tensile strength compared to the other PU series with increasing BI content. Although ordinary PU did not suppress fungal growth (Chaetomium globosum), the water‐compatible PU completely suppressed the growth even though it contained half as many BI groups. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41676.
Modification of polystyrene properties by CO2: Experimental study and correlation
Authors: Gutiérrez Cristina , Rodríguez Juan Francisco , Gracia Ignacio , de Lucas Antonio , García M. Teresa 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe sorption of CO2 in polymers entails their swelling and plasticization whose study is crucial for the design of processes and further applications. The operating conditions during foaming, purification, or impregnation of polymers in CO2 are mainly determined by the mentioned binary system. In this work, the modification of polystyrene's physical properties (glass transition temperature and viscosity) has been experimentally studied. Since plasticization phenomena are very valuable for the processing of polymers, the amount of CO2 absorbed into the polymer is related with the changes in the described properties. Furthermore, interfacial tension is also correlated with the sorption of CO2 from literature data. The proposed correlation fits pretty well the properties shifts in the studied working conditions. Finally, the influence of pressure and temperature on the diffusivity of the CO2 in the polystyrene is calculated through the measurement of viscosity along time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41696.
Stress relaxation behavior of starch powder‐epoxy resin composites
Authors: Papanicolaou George C. , Kontaxis Lykourgos C. , Koutsomitopoulou Anastasia F. , Zaoutsos Stephanos P. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the quasi‐static and the viscoelastic behavior of epoxy resin reinforced with starch powder. An increase in the elastic modulus on the order of 42% was achieved; a behavior that was predicted by the modulus prediction model (MPM). Next, the composite was subjected to flexural relaxation experiments, in order to determine the relaxation modulus, at different filler‐weight fractions and flexural deflections imposed. The viscoelastic models of the standard linear solid, the power law model and the residual property model (RPM) were applied in order to simulate/predict the stress relaxation curves. Predicted values derived from the application of the above models were compared to each‐other as well as to respective experimental findings. From the above comparison it was proved the superiority of the RPM model in predicting both the linear and the nonlinear viscoelastic response of the materials investigated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41697.
Proteins as supramolecular building blocks: Nterm‐Lsr2 as a new protein tecton
Authors: Ashmead Helen M. , Negron Leonardo , Webster Kyle , Arcus Vic , Gerrard Juliet A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTProteins hold great promise in forming complex nanoscale structures which could be used in the development of new nanomaterials, devices, biosensors, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. The potential to produce nanomaterials from proteins is well supported by the numerous examples of self‐assembling proteins found in nature. We have explored self‐assembling proteins for use as supramolecular building blocks, or tectons, specifically the N‐terminal domain of Lsr2, Nterm‐Lsr2. A key feature of this protein is that it undergoes self‐assembly via proteolytic cleavage, thereby allowing us to generate supramolecular assemblies in response to a specific trigger. Herein, we report the effects of pH and protein concentration on the oligomerization of Nterm‐Lsr2. Furthermore, via protein engineering, we have introduced a new trigger for oligomerization via enteropeptidase cleavage. The new construct of Nterm‐Lsr2 can be activated and assembled in a controlled fashion and provides some ability to alter the ratio of higher ordered structures formed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 260–270, 2015.
Nanofibrous nonmulberry silk/PVA scaffold for osteoinduction and osseointegration
Authors: Bhattacharjee Promita , Kundu Banani , Naskar Deboki , Maiti Tapas K. , Bhattacharya Debasis , Kundu Subhas C. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPoly‐vinyl alcohol and nonmulberry tasar silk fibroin of Antheraea mylitta are blended to fabricate nanofibrous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Nanofibrous matrices are prepared by electrospinning the equal volume ratio blends of silk fibroin (2 and 4 wt%) with poly‐vinyl alcohol solution (10 wt%) and designated as 2SF/PVA and 4SF/PVA, respectively with average nanofiber diameters of 177 ± 13 nm (2SF/PVA) and 193 ± 17 nm (4SF/PVA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms retention of the secondary structure of fibroin in blends indicating the structural stability of neo‐matrix. Both thermal stability and contact angle of the blends decrease with increasing fibroin percentage. Conversely, fibroin imparts mechanical stability to the blends; greater tensile strength is observed with increasing fibroin concentration. Blended scaffolds are biodegradable and support well the neo‐bone matrix synthesis by human osteoblast like cells. The findings indicate the potentiality of nanofibrous scaffolds of nonmulberry fibroin as bone scaffolding material. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 271–284, 2015.
Development and analysis of an instrument to assess student understanding of GOB chemistry knowledge relevant to clinical nursing practice
Authors: Brown Corina E. , Hyslop Richard M. , Barbera Jack 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Knowledge Assessment (GOB‐CKA) is a multiple‐choice instrument designed to assess students' understanding of the chemistry topics deemed important to clinical nursing practice. This manuscript describes the development process of the individual items along with a psychometric evaluation of the final version of the items and instrument. In developing items for the GOB‐CKA, essential topics were identified through a series of expert interviews (with practicing nurses, nurse educators, and GOB chemistry instructors) and confirmed through a national survey. Individual items were tested in qualitative studies with students from the target population for clarity and wording. Data from pilot and beta studies were used to evaluate each item and narrow the total item count to 45. A psychometric analysis performed on data from the 45‐item final version was used to provide evidence of validity and reliability. The final version of the instrument has a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.76. Feedback from an expert panel provided evidence of face and content validity. Convergent validity was estimated by comparing the results from the GOB‐CKA with the General‐Organic‐Biochemistry Exam (Form 2007) of the American Chemical Society. Instructors who wish to use the GOB‐CKA for teaching and research may contact the corresponding author for a copy of the instrument. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(1):13–19, 2015.