bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Reliability of the Functional Evaluation Scale for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Gait Domain: A Pilot Study
Authors: de Carvalho Eduardo Vital , Hukuda Michele Emy , Escorcio Renata , Voos Mariana Callil , Caromano Fátima Aparecida 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results in the emergence of multiple and varied synergies to compensate muscle weakness and to deal with the demands of the functional tasks (e.g. gait). No functional evaluation instrument for individuals with DMD allows the detailed description (subjective qualitative evaluation) and compensatory movement scoring (objective quantitative evaluation) exclusively of gait. For this reason, clinicians and therapists face difficulties in assessment and decision‐making of this functional activity. This study aimed to elaborate the gait domain of the Functional Evaluation Scale for DMD (FES‐DMD‐GD) and test its intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliabilities and its relationship with age and timed motor performance.MethodWe listed all the compensatory movements observed in 102 10‐m gait videos of 51 children with DMD. Based on this report, the FES‐DMD‐GD was created and submitted to the review of 10 experts. After incorporating the experts suggestions, three examiners scored the videos using the FES‐DMD‐GD. The intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliabilities was calculated. Spearman correlation tests investigated the relationships between FES‐DMD‐GD and age and timed motor performance (p < 0.05).ResultsThe FES‐DMD‐GD was composed of three phases and had 14 items to quantify compensatory movements on gait. Intra‐class correlation coefficients ranged from acceptable (0.74) to excellent (0.99). FES‐DMD‐GD correlated to age and timed motor performance.ConclusionThis pilot version of FES‐DMD‐GD showed reliability and correlated to age and timed motor performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeking the general explanation: A test of inductive activities for learning and transfer
Authors: Shemwell Jonathan T. , Chase Catherine C. , Schwartz Daniel L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEvaluating the relation between evidence and theory should be a central activity for science learners. Evaluation comprises both hypothetico‐deductive analysis, where theory precedes evidence, and inductive synthesis, where theory emerges from evidence. There is mounting evidence that induction is an especially good way to help learners grasp the deep structure (i.e., underlying principles) of phenomena. However, compared to the clear falsification logic of hypothetico‐deductive analysis, a major challenge for induction is structuring the process to be systematic and effective. To address this challenge, we draw on Sir Francis Bacon's original treatise on inductive science. In a pair of experiments, college students used a computer simulation to learn about Faraday's law. In the inductive conditions, students sought a general explanation for several cases organized according to Bacon's tenets. In contrast, other students used a more hypothetico‐deductive approach of sequentially testing (and revising) their hypotheses using the simulation. The inductive activity led to superior learning of a target principle measured by in‐task explanations and posttests of near transfer and mathematical understanding. The results provide two important pieces of information. The first is that inductive activities organized by Bacon's tenets help students find the deep structure of empirical phenomena. The second is that, without an inductive “push,” students tend to treat instances separately and fail to search for their underlying commonalities. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 58–83, 2015
Addressing the stereochemistry of complex organic molecules by density functional theory‐NMR
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Saielli Giacomo 
Published: December 2014

Determining the stereochemistry of organic molecules is a long‐standing problem, with implications for stereoselective reactions, catalysis, and the structure of natural products. NMR spectroscopy is widely employed to this purpose; however, the interpretation of results is often entrusted to empirical methods or expert systems. Quantum chemical calculations, generally based on density functional theory, provide a reliable framework to predict the relevant parameters (chemical shifts and coupling constants, generally involving 1H and 13C) of diastereoisomers with useful accuracy. While the approach virtually spans all molecules of interest in organic chemistry, including those that contain heavy atoms, the analysis of results still poses significant challenges. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:228–240. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1214This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
AR based ornament design system for 3D printing
Authors: Aoki Hiroshi , Mitani Jun , Kanamori Yoshihiro , Fukui Yukio 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In recent years, 3D printers have become popular as a means of outputting geometries designed on CAD or 3D graphics systems. However, the complex user interfaces of standard 3D software can make it difficult for ordinary consumers to design their own objects. Furthermore, models designed on 3D graphics software often have geometrical problems that make them impossible to output on a 3D printer. We propose a novel AR (augmented reality) 3D modeling system with an air-spray like interface. We also propose a new data structure (octet voxel) for representing designed models in such a way that the model is guaranteed to be a complete solid. The target shape is based on a regular polyhedron, and the octet voxel representation is suitable for designing geometrical objects having the same symmetries as the base regular polyhedron. Finally, we conducted a user test and confirmed that users can intuitively design their own ornaments in a short time with a simple user interface.
A Universalist: Fathering Fields
Authors: Shapiro Daniel 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:I have been asked to write personally of John [Merryman]. Not of him as scholar,
educator, author, nor even as father of the fields of art and cultural property
law, but as the person who did these things, and more. To present an inclusive,
all-embracing picture of John, the universalist, both in himself and what he has
done.First, I owe my interest, career, and whatever contributions I have made as
lawyer, teacher, and writer on art and cultural property law to John. Nearly 30
years ago, as a corporate litigator and neophyte collector interested in the
connection between art and law, I read Law Ethics and the Visual Arts.1 In chapters entitled “Plunder, Destruction, and
Reparation” and “An Artist’s Life,”
I was taken by its commitment to culture, its questions—such as, Can
art be more valuable than a life?—and its overarching ethical yet
concrete approach to them. I became a fledgling in the fields of art and
cultural property law. A few years later I met John at a conference in
Amsterdam. He became a mentor, model, and friend.
Comparing the water, energy, pesticide and fertilizer usage for the production of foods consumed by different dietary types in California
Authors: Marlow Harold J , Harwatt Helen , Soret Samuel , Sabaté Joan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the use of water, energy, pesticides and fertilizer to produce commodities for two dietary patterns that vary in the content of plant and animal products.DesignA unique analysis using ‘real-world’ data was performed, in contrast to previous analyses which applied simulated data. Consumption data from the Adventist Health Study were used to identify two dietary patterns with a markedly different consumption of several plant and animal products. State agricultural data were collected and applied to commodity production statistics. Indices were created to allow a comparison of the resource requirements for each dietary pattern.SettingCalifornia, USA.SubjectsNone.ResultsThe diet containing more animal products required an additional 10 252 litres of water, 9910 kJ of energy, 186 g of fertilizer and 6 g of pesticides per week in comparison to the diet containing less animal products. The greatest contribution to the difference came from the consumption of animal products, particularly beef.ConclusionsConsuming a more plant-based diet could to an extent alleviate the negative environmental impacts related to food production. As a method to feed ourselves more sustainably, behavioural adjustments appear to be a very important tool.
Independent recruitment of Igh alleles in V(D)J recombination
Authors: Alves-Pereira Clara F. , de Freitas Raquel , Lopes Telma , Gardner Rui , Marta Filipa , Vieira Paulo , Barreto Vasco M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHow the vast majority of B cells express only one of the two alleles at their immunoglobulin loci remains a biological puzzle. Here, in mice reconstituted with a single haematopoietic stem cell, we demonstrate that each of the two immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) alleles has a similar probability to be the first to undergo VH to DJH rearrangement. We also observe this similar probability in clones from multipotent and common lymphoid precursors. The extreme biases in the expression of the alleles that we find in more differentiated subsets are mostly due to constraints imposed by early rearrangements. Our data demonstrate that each of the two Igh alleles in a B cell behaves independently of the other, up to the moment when a successful rearrangement in one allele triggers a feedback mechanism that prevents further recombination.
Origin and cross-century dynamics of an avian hybrid zone
Authors: Morales-Rozo Andrea , Tenorio Elkin A. , Carling Matthew D. , Cadena Carlos Daniel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundCharacterizations of the dynamics of hybrid zones in space and time can give insights about traits and processes important in population divergence and speciation. We characterized a hybrid zone between tanagers in the genusRamphocelus(Aves, Thraupidae) located in southwestern Colombia. We tested whether this hybrid zone originated as a result of secondary contact or of primary differentiation, and described its dynamics across time using spatial analyses of molecular, morphological, and coloration data in combination with paleodistribution modeling.ResultsModels of potential historical distributions based on climatic data and genetic signatures of demographic expansion suggested that the hybrid zone likely originated following secondary contact between populations that expanded their ranges out of isolated areas in the Quaternary. Concordant patterns of variation in phenotypic characters across the hybrid zone and its narrow extent are suggestive of a tension zone, maintained by a balance between dispersal and selection against hybrids. Estimates of phenotypic cline parameters obtained using specimens collected over nearly a century revealed that, in recent decades, the zone appears to have moved to the east and to higher elevations, and has apparently become narrower. Genetic variation was not clearly structured along the hybrid zone, but comparisons between historical and contemporary specimens suggested that temporal changes in its genetic makeup may also have occurred.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the hybrid zone likey resulted from secondary contact between populations. The observed changes in the hybrid zone may be a result of sexual selection, asymmetric gene flow, or environmental change.
Establishing the evolutionary compatibility of potential sources of colonizers for overfished stocks: a population genomics approach
Authors: Gonçalves da Silva Anders , Appleyard Sharon A. , Upston Judy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIdentifying fish stock structure is fundamental to pinpoint stocks that might contribute colonizers to overfished stocks. However, a stock's potential to contribute to rebuilding hinges on demographic connectivity, a challenging parameter to measure. With genomics as a new tool, fisheries managers can detect signatures of natural selection and thus identify fishing areas likely to contribute evolutionarily compatible colonizers to an overfished area (i.e. colonizers that are not at a fitness disadvantage in the overfished area and able to reproduce at optimal rates). Identifying evolutionarily compatible stocks would help narrow the focus on establishing demographic connectivity where it matters. Here, we genotype 4723 SNPs in 616 orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) across five fishing areas off the Tasmanian coast in Australia. We ask whether these areas form a single genetic unit, and test for signatures of local adaptation. Results from amova, structure, discriminant analysis of principal components, bayesass and isolation by distance suggest that sampled locations are subjected to geneflow amounts that are above what is needed to establish ‘drift connectivity’. However, it remains unclear whether there is a single panmictic population or several highly connected populations. Most importantly, we did not find any evidence of local adaptation, suggesting that the examined orange roughy stocks are evolutionarily compatible. The data have helped test an assumption of the orange roughy management programme and to formulate hypotheses regarding stock demographic connectivity. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of genomics to inform fisheries management, even when evidence for stock structure is sparse.
Caregiving across the lifespan: comparing caregiver burden, mental health, and quality of life
Authors: de Oliveira Gabriela Romano , Neto José Fittipaldi , de Camargo Sthephanie Marques , Lucchetti Alessandra Lamas Granero , Espinha Daniele Corcioli Mendes , Lucchetti Giancarlo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundCare can be considered a lifelong process, but caring for a child is different from caring for an older adult. The present study aims to compare the caregiving process from infancy through old age by evaluating differences in caregiver burden, mental health, and quality of life and to describe the factors that could impact these outcomes.MethodsTo compare different groups of caregivers, we included 300 caregivers recruited from admissions to a tertiary acute hospital: 100 caregivers of children, 100 caregivers of adults, and 100 caregivers of older adults. A self‐administered questionnaire was used that covered the following: sociodemographics, depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory), quality of life (Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36)), religiosity (Duke Religion Index) and caregiver burden (Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview).ResultsA comparison between groups was performed (through χ2 and anova), and a linear regression analysis was used to assess the related factors. We found that children's caregivers had more depressive symptoms (higher Beck Depression Inventory scores), better physical health (SF‐36: physical functioning and SF‐36: Physical Component Summary), and lower pain (SF‐36: bodily pain) than other caregivers. We found that caregivers of adults had better mental health (SF‐36: mental health and SF‐36: Mental Component Summary) than other caregivers and that caregivers of older adult had a higher caregiver burden (Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview scores) than other caregivers. After we controlled for baseline characteristics, only depressive symptoms and caregiver burden remained statistically significant.ConclusionIn conclusion, there are important differences between caregiving across the lifespan. Caregiving for children was associated with more depressive symptoms, and caregiving for older adults was associated with higher caregiver burden. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings in other settings.
THE ELECTRICAL RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO VOLUNTARY, REFLEX, AND ARTIFICIAL STIMULATION
Authors: Buchanan Florence 
Published: December 2014

In the electrical response of human muscles to their normal stimulus a rhythm presents itself which for the flexores digitorum has no constant frequency but may vary during one and the same response between 50 and about 120 per second, but which for the masseters is more uniform and of a higher frequency (170 to 200 per second).This rhythm is to be regarded as of peripheral origin, because it is of the same order and subject to the same sort of variation as is a rhythm which experiments on frogs have proved to be of such origin.As the corresponding rhythm may be produced in the response of frogs' muscle to various kinds of artificial stimuli which are not discontinuous, the rhythm obtaining in the electrical response of human muscle to the will has as yet given us no information as to whether the natural stimulus is rhythmical. Such information can only be gained by further experiments upon animals (not only upon cold‐blooded, but on warm‐blooded ones), in which it is possible to simplify and control the conditions to a greater extent than is possible in man.
LOCALISATION OF THE MOTOR AREA IN THE SHEEP
Authors: Simpson Sutherland , King J. Luella 
Published: December 2014

1. In the sheep the cortical motor area is located in the superior frontal convolution. It extends antero‐posteriorly from a line about 2 mm. in front of the cruciate sulcus behind, almost to the frontal pole of the hemisphere, and latero‐mesially from the coronal sulcus over the dorso‐mesial border about 1 mm. on to the mesial aspect of the hemisphere.2. It can be subdivided into four portions which are, from behind forwards, centres for movements of (a) hind limb, (b) fore limb, (c) head and eyes, and (d) face, mouth, and tongue.3. Of these the centre for the fore limb is the most easily excitable, that for the face, mouth, and tongue the least.4. In many individuals motor responses are not obtainable from one or more of these areas. The results of extirpation show that in the sheep these cortical centres are probably unimportant.5. The best results were obtained under local anæsthesia with the animal in the conscious state.6. No evidence of pain or other unpleasant sensation could be elicited from stimulation of any of the cortical surface which was exposed.
ON THE MOVEMENTS OF THE ISOLATED SMALL INTESTINE AND THE ACTION OF VARIOUS DRUGS AND EXTRACTS UPON THEM
Authors: Young Alexander Waugh 
Published: December 2014

Alkali and Acid.—Sodium bicarbonate in concentration of ·01 per cent. to ·04 per cent. increases the tone of the intestine without altering the pendulum movements; with higher concentration the movements are inhibited. Hydrochloric acid inhibits both the tone and the movements of the intestine; the inhibition is seen with ·0005 per cent. HCL.Carbon Dioxide.—CO2 has an inhibitory action on both the tone and the movements of the intestine. If the action of CO2 is prolonged the intestine is permanently injured and eventually killed.Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine.—Hyoscyamine has a stimulating action; it can initiate the movements when they are absent. The pendulum movements are increased in size and made more regular, the tonus oscillations being partially or completely abolished. Stimulation is seen with ·001 per cent. of concentration. The action of hyoscine is similar to that of hyoscyamine, but it is weaker; ·02 per cent. being the weakest concentration having a distinct action. Both drugs inhibit the stimulation produced by pilocarpine.Cocaine.—Cocaine has a stimulating action in strength from ·001 per cent. to ·01 per cent.; with higher concentration no stimulation is seen, but a marked regularising effect then appears; with ·2 per cent. a paralysing of the intestine comes on. Inhibition to the action of pilocarpine does not occur.Choline and Neurine.—Choline produces a marked rise of tone in the isolated intestine; this occurs with concentration of 1 in 50,000; with high concentration the pendulum movements are obliterated. Atropine inhibits the action. There is also a mutual antagonism between the actions of choline and adrenaline. Neurine in its action·resembles choline, but it is more powerful; 1 in 100,000 produces an effect.Pituitary Extract.—Watery extract of the posterior lobe on the isolated intestine of the cat has the effect of raising the tone and causing the development of large tonus oscillations. The action occurs only with high concentrations; thus two glands per 100 c.c. of Ringer's solution is the weakest extract to give definite results. Alcoholic extract has no action.Suprarenal Extract.—Hemisine causes inhibition of the movements and lowering of the tone of the intestine; 1 in 10,000,000 produces a small but distinct effect.Other Extracts.—Extracts of spleen, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, liver, kidney, and brain give no definite results.Gastro‐Intestinal Contents.—Stomach contents inhibit the movements by their acidity alone. The contents of the small intestine have often a marked stimulating effect apart from, but to a considerable degree influenced by, their reaction. Extract of digesting gastric mucous membrane and of mucous membrane of small intestine, and also secretine, have when neutralised no definite action. Pancreatic secretion increases the tone. Indol inhibits the movements and lowers the tone. Bile has a similar action.
THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN INJECTION UPON THE BODY AND ORGANS OF THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Herring P. T. 
Published: December 2014

The hypodermic administration to young white rats of a daily dose of insulin insufficient to produce convulsions has no effect upon the rate of growth of the body in either the male or the female.The injection of insulin has little effect, if any, upon the weights of the thyroids, pituitary body, and suprarenals. The thyroids of the rats injected with insulin, however, present histological changes which are interpreted as suggestive of a decreased activity of these glands.The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are increased in size and stain more deeply with eosin in the rats injected with insulin. No definite distinction between the α and β cells of the islets is recorded, although this was looked for, but the granular content of most of the cells of the islets is increased.The thymus, spleen, heart, kidneys, liver, testes, and ovaries show no alterations.The experiments indicate that the continued use of insulin does not upset the general balance maintained by the endocrine glands.This work was done under a grant from the Medical Research Council.
HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY IN THE THYROIDECTOMISED SHEEP AND GOAT
Authors: Liddell Howard S. 
Published: December 2014

The attempt was made to test the effect of thyroidectomy on the intelligence of the sheep and goat, and for this purpose the well‐known maze or labyrinth method was employed. Significant differences in maze behaviour between the thyroidectomised animals and their twin controls were noted, but it was found impossible to interpret these differences by using the concepts of animal psychology. Regarding the problem physiologically, however, it was possible to frame a hypothesis to harmonise the facts, viz. the weakening in the cretin animal, of the inhibitory processes of the cerebral cortex. A criticism of the maze or labyrinth method from a physiological viewpoint is given.The expenses of this investigation were in part defrayed by grants from the Heckscher Research Foundation and the Sage Research Fund of Cornell University.