bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Personhood, Racial Minorities, and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Arstein-Kerslake Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the right to legal personhood to the situation of racial minorities and indigenous peoples. This is one of the first of such analyses for these groups in academic literature. Critical race theory is used to discuss the history of imperialism and colonialism and their impact on legal personhood. It is argued that they constituted and resulted in infringement on legal personhood for racial minorities and indigenous peoples in various ways. Similarly, the history of eugenics and its impact on denials of personhood for these groups, for example, the denial of legal agency (an element of legal personhood) to make reproductive choices, is discussed. In regard to indigenous peoples, specifically, the relationship between legal personhood and legal sovereignty—highlighting the denial of each as potentially causing decreases in power and privilege—is discussed. Finally, the potential for the realisation of the right to legal personhood to facilitate the creation of greater social equality for these groups is highlighted.
The Science of Consciousness and Emotion
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to sources of uncertainty in the science of consciousness and emotion. To have a science of consciousness at all, we need reliable ways of disentangling conscious and unconscious processing. In the case of vision, long-running debates about blindsight epitomize two major problems: the criterion problem and the problem of confounders. These problems arise even more strongly in the case of valenced experience, since methods for eliciting unconscious analogues of valenced experiences are less mature. In the absence of secure ways of dissociating valenced experience from its unconscious analogues, two rival pictures of the neural basis of valenced experience are likely to persist. On one picture, valenced experience wells up directly from subcortical mechanisms without the need for further cortical processing. On the other, subcortical circuits produce coordinated behavioural responses, but conscious experience only comes with cortical involvement. Unfortunately, current evidence does not allow us to choose confidently between these pictures.
Involving the Public
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How should proportionality be assessed in practice? A ‘tyranny of expert values’ occurs when the values of expert advisers determine a policy decision without those values being properly scrutinized by a democratic process. Citizens’ assemblies or panels can be an attractive way to avoid this problem. Moreover, they have advantages over elected assemblies and referendums. These advantages are especially clear when an issue generates deep value conflicts, requires sustained attention and regular revisiting, requires consideration of the interests of beings who cannot vote, and when there are reasons to departisanize the issue. Questions of proportionality at the edge of sentience have all of these properties. Since citizens do not generally have scientific training, careful thought needs to be given to the structure of deliberation, so that they are not forced into a position of arbitrating scientific disagreement. Their focus should be on whether or not a proposed response can be publicly justified as proportionate, not on whether a being is a sentience candidate.
People with Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sometimes a person, after brain injury, displays sleep-wake cycles but has severely impaired, or entirely absent, responses to external stimuli. Traditionally, attempts have been made to distinguish the persistent vegetative state (PVS) from the minimally conscious state (MCS). However, diagnostic procedures are subject to high error rates and high uncertainty. There is also a realistic possibility that midbrain mechanisms suffice for basic valenced experiences even if cortical injury fully prevents a patient from reporting these experiences. Decisions to withdraw treatment should be based on comprehensive best-interests assessment, not on the PVS/MCS distinction. The method of withdrawing clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH) would not be acceptable for any other sentient being, and alternatives must be explored and discussed by inclusive, democratic processes. In cases where CANH withdrawal has been authorized, clinicians should be guaranteed that hastening death using large doses of sedatives or analgesics will not lead to punishment.
Introduction
Authors: Foster Ann-Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the frameworks for the rest of the book. It argues that comparing mass death events—in this case, mining disasters and the First World War—allows for a contextualization of British death practices in the twentieth century. It explains why the dead of mining disasters are a useful comparator of war, especially when trying to understand the deaths of working-class men and women. The chapter then moves on to a broad consideration of who we think of when we think of war and disaster dead, making the case that we need to take more seriously women’s wartime deaths, and the grief of men and children. Finally, a short methodological section explains why material culture and ephemera are particularly useful ways of tracing a history of mass loss, before underlining why focusing on family memory is essential to understand how the modern memory of war and disaster developed.
Printing Death
Authors: Foster Ann-Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Due to a lack of control over the bodies of the dead, families found increased significance in memorial forms they could control, such as print cultures of death. Families adapted pre-existent social mourning cues to articulate their loss in quasi-public spaces. Working and middle-class families posted death and In Memoriam notices to the local newspaper, while upper-class families sent obituaries to local and national newspapers. These printed worlds of the dead allowed the families of people whose bodies had been controlled by others a way of reclaiming their death narrative. Although this was culturally constrained and socially mediated, memorial ephemera often marked the first real decision that the family could make about the treatment of their dead in public. It was through the words, images, and forms of memorial material that families began to construct the legacy of their loved one.
Intercultural and Cross-Cultural Biblical Interpretation
Authors: John Helen C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys three related approaches within Intercultural Biblical Interpretation, all centring around the ‘encounter’, which engages four methodological aspects: collaboration with grassroots interpreters, highlighting the influence of local context on interpretations, celebrating the potential of contextual interpretations to highlight the contextuality of the intercultural biblical interpretation scholar themselves, and, lastly, recognizing the potential for intellectual transformation and/or social change through conducting such work. Contextual Bible Study is explored as an ‘implicitly intercultural’ approach, in that it explores contextual interpretations in (naturally) heterogenous geographical contexts, as well as effecting border-crossing between academic and grassroots interpreters. The Intercultural Bible Reading project is explored as an explicitly intercultural approach, encouraging as it does interpretative conversations across cultural and geographical boundaries. Finally, this chapter introduces Cross-Cultural Biblical Interpretation Groups, which was specifically developed to analyse contextual, grassroots interpretations alongside relevant ethnographic studies and bring the doubly contextualized interpretations into conversation with professional biblical scholarship.
Conclusion
Authors: Lewis William 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis chapter considers the wider significance of the two subjects of this book, the sons of Constantine and division, and how they fit into the fourth century as a whole. It begins with an appraisal of the three sons, which attempts to distil the characters of three emperors who too often appear as dry and sterile characters. It then considers the place of division in the fourth century, with an attempt to quantify the occurrence of division. Finally, it considers the nature of division, how it came about, and why decision makers could be motivated to pursue a policy which, in the end, proved to be highly damaging to the Roman state.
Modernism and Formalism
Authors: Costello Diarmuid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides a philosophical reconstruction of the internal structure of Greenbergian theory, affording it the kind of sustained, scholarly attention that it has not previously received from a philosopher. Treated in the round—and not, as is more typical, dismissed on the basis of some of the more obvious argumentative shortcomings of his better-known essays—Greenbergian theory repays such treatment. The theory marries a formalist conception of aesthetic judgement with a medium-specific theory of artistic development. The chapter focuses on the depth of the connection Greenberg succeeded in forging between these two wings of his theory, pivoting in particular on his understanding of artistic conventions. Modernism works by artists testing the conventions of a given medium as they inherit them as to their necessity or otherwise. Formalism works by judging the state in which a work leaves the conventions of its medium having so tested them. The upshot was a tight correlation between aesthetic value and medium-specificity at the core of Greenbergian theory.
The Afterlife of Formalist Criticism I
Authors: Costello Diarmuid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns from the legacy of Greenberg’s modernism to his formalism. Thierry de Duve, without doubt Greenberg’s most engaged and serious reader, suggests that Kant’s account of aesthetic judgement, to which Greenberg increasingly appealed in his late work, needs to be updated in light of Duchamp’s readymade. Rather than being asked to judge whether the object before us is beautiful, one is now being asked to judge whether it is art, and what it is to judge a given object as art is to confer the name (rather than concept) ‘art’ on any object judged accordingly. De Duve appeals to Saul Kripke’s work on proper names as ‘rigid designators’ to underwrite this contention; the author argues that de Duve’s own understanding of the affective and comparative nature of aesthetic judgement rules out appeal to Kripke’s account of naming. The chapter closes by considering the implications of this for de Duve’s reading of Kant’s Antinomy of Taste.
Kant’s Aesthetics and the Challenge of Conceptual Art
Authors: Costello Diarmuid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 returns to Kant. The author begins by surveying the hardest case for aesthetic theories of art, Conceptual Art, before distinguishing much more carefully than other philosophers between competing conceptions of such art. The author starts by canvasing the views of influential participants (both artists and curators) before turning to later philosophical reconstructions. The author distinguishes his own account of ‘Non-Perceptual Art’ from other views, and argues that strongly Non-Perceptual Art (that is, art with no sensible properties relevant to its appreciation as art) provides the stiffest challenge to aesthetic theory, despite being a more minority position within the field than is generally realized. The author then sets out the two aspects of Kant’s theory most relevant to demonstrating its capacity to cope with such art: Kant’s discussion of ‘dependent beauty’ (aesthetic judgements that implicate a concept of the object judged [CJ §16]) and works of art as ‘expressions of aesthetic ideas’ (indirect presentations of ideas that cannot be directly presented [CJ §49]), respectively. He then takes two works by Lawrence Weiner as instances of ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ NPA respectively, and shows how both can be illuminated by Kant’s theory.
The Scope of Kant’s Theory of Art
Authors: Costello Diarmuid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 considers various worries and objections to the presentation of Kant’s theory that the author has provided. The key question is whether Kant’s theory is conceptually constrained by contingent historical features of Kant’s day. This chapter considers a number of objections, each of which bears on the question of scope, or extensional adequacy, of Kant’s theory in one way or another. These include the charges that Kant’s theory is: (i) restrictively formalist, thereby ruling out aesthetic reflection on the semantic aspects of art; (ii) entirely uninformative about what it is about the object judged that enables us to take aesthetic pleasure in it; and that (iii) even if these worries can be allayed, insofar as Kant’s theory is predicated on perceptual complexity, it will be unable to accommodate work like Conceptual Art. The author responds to each challenge in turn, the latter by turning to Kant’s suggestive remarks about poetry. Like Danto’s, Kant’s theory is at bottom one of metaphor, but unlike Danto’s it cannot be reduced to a proportional analogy between relations, making Kant’s theory the richer and more versatile of the two.
Sex
Authors: Benatar David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses sexual ethics. After some common errors are identified, a distinction is drawn between sexual orientation and sexual practices, noting that the focus will be on the practices. Two views of sexual ethics are presented—the significance view and the casual view. The implications of those two views for various practices are then discussed. The relevant practices are promiscuity and premarital and marital sex, adultery, paedophilia, bestiality, necrophilia, rape, and finally masturbation. Three further views of sexual ethics are then presented and discussed—the reproductive, the non-reproductive, and the neutral view. These are not alternatives to the significance and casual views. Instead, they are to be layered onto either one of the earlier views. They are applied to further sexual practices, such as homosexuality and incest. It is argued that no view, or logically compatible set of views, about sexual ethics is devoid of difficulties.
First phase: The latency equilibrium
Authors: Valentim Vicente 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How can social norms prevent the success of stigmatized political platforms, such as radical-right parties? This chapter argues that norms can bring about a latency equilibrium, where voters do not publicly express their support for radical-right platforms. This makes politicians underestimate latent support for radical-right parties, leaving those parties with worse leaders, who are unable to mobilize even voters who privately hold radical-right views. At the voter level, radical-right preferences are more costly to express. Consequently, radical-right voters often hide their views. At the politician level, radical-right parties typically have low-skilled leaders, but this is especially so when there are strong norms against radical-right views. Finally, the chapter shows how this equilibrium can be overcome. If individuals learn that there is more private support for their ideology than is typically observable, they become more willing to run for election.
The normalization of the radical right in Germany
Authors: Valentim Vicente 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Once seen as successful preventing far-right success, Germany has recently witnessed the breakthrough of a clear radical-right party: the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). The chapter argues that the breakthrough of the AfD is to be understood via the process of normalization. Before it, Germany was in a latency equilibrium where many voters held radical-right views in private, but did not publicly express them for fear of social sanctions. Consequently, many politicians self-selected out of radical-right parties, which ended up with worse leaders that even radical-right voters did not support. The 2015 refugee crisis triggered politicians to realize that there was more latent support for radical-right policy than anticipated. Skilled political entrepreneurs then took over the AfD and made it a clear radical-right party. As they became electorally successful, individuals who already held radical-right views in private became more comfortable expressing them in public.
Residential natural hazard risk and mental health effects
Authors: Lawrence Kaitlyn G , Sweeney Marina R , Werder Emily J , Zuzak Casey , Gall Melanie , Emrich Christopher T , Cochran Ferdouz V , Deng Xinlei , Christenbury Kate E , Buller Ian D , Braxton Jackson II W , Engel Lawrence S , Sandler Dale P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mental health effects are frequently reported following natural disasters. However, little is known about effects of living in a hazard-prone region on mental health. We analyzed data from 9312 Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study participants who completed standardized mental health questionnaires including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression = score ≥10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-7 (anxiety = score ≥10), and Primary Care PTSD Screen (PTSD = score ≥3). Geocoded residential addresses were linked to census-tract level natural hazard risk scores estimated using the National Risk Index (NRI). We considered an overall risk score representing 18 natural hazards, and individual scores for hurricanes, heatwaves, coastal flooding, and riverine flooding. Log binomial regression estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between risk scores (quartiles) and mental health outcomes. Increasing hurricane and coastal flooding scores were associated with all mental health outcomes in a suggestive exposure-response manner. Associations were strongest for PTSD, with PRs for the highest vs lowest quartile of hurricane and coastal flooding risks of 2.29 (95% CI, 1.74-3.01) and 1.59 (95% CI, 1.23-2.05), respectively. High heatwave risk was associated with anxiety (PR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12-1.38) and depression (PR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04-1.36) and suggestively with PTSD (PR = 1.20; 95% CI, 0.94-1.52). Results suggest that living in areas prone to natural disasters is one factor associated with poor mental health status.
This article is part of a Special Collection on Environmental Epidemiology.
Exploring gene content with pangene graphs
Authors: Li Heng , Marin Maximillian , Farhat Maha R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Motivation
The gene content regulates the biology of an organism. It varies between species and between individuals of the same species. Although tools have been developed to identify gene content changes in bacterial genomes, none is applicable to collections of large eukaryotic genomes such as the human pangenome.

Results
We developed pangene, a computational tool to identify gene orientation, gene order, and gene copy-number changes in a collection of genomes. Pangene aligns a set of input protein sequences to the genomes, resolves redundancies between protein sequences and constructs a gene graph with each genome represented as a walk in the graph. It additionally finds subgraphs, which we call bibubbles, that capture gene content changes. Applied to the human pangenome, pangene identifies known gene-level variations and reveals complex haplotypes that are not well studied before. Pangene also works with high-quality bacterial pangenome and reports similar numbers of core and accessory genes in comparison to existing tools.

Availability and implementation
Source code at https://github.com/lh3/pangene; prebuilt pangene graphs can be downloaded from https://zenodo.org/records/8118576 and visualized at https://pangene.bioinweb.org
Comparison of QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube Versus Tuberculin Skin Tests on the Initiation of Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy Among Patients Newly Diagnosed With HIV in the North West Province of South Africa (the Teko Study): A Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Jarrett Brooke A , Shearer Kate , Motlhaoleng Katlego , Chon Sandy , Letuba Gaolaolwe Gabriel , Qomfo Cokiswa , Moulton Lawrence H , Cohn Silvia , Lebina Limakatso , Chaisson Richard E , Variava Ebrahim , Martinson Neil A , Golub Jonathan E 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) preventive therapy (TPT) reduces the risk of TB disease in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), yet uptake has been suboptimal in many countries. We assessed whether QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube (QGIT) during routine HIV care increased TB infection (TBI) testing and TPT prescriptions.

Methods
This parallel-arm, 1:1 cluster-randomized controlled trial compared the standard-of-care tuberculin skin test to QGIT in South Africa. We enrolled consenting, TPT-eligible adults diagnosed with HIV ≤30 days prior and used intention-to-treat analyses for the outcomes: proportion of patients with documented TBI results, proportion with documented TPT, and time from enrollment to outcomes.

Findings
We enrolled 2232 patients across 14 clinics from November 2014 to May 2017 (58% in intervention clinics). At 24 months of follow-up, more participants in intervention clinics had TBI results (69% vs 2%, P &lt; .001) and TPT prescriptions (45% vs 30%, P = .13) than control clinics. Controlling for baseline covariates, intervention clinics had 60% (95% confidence interval, 51–68; P &lt; .001) more participants with TBI results and 12% (95% confidence interval, −6 to 31; P = .18) more with TPT prescriptions. Among participants with results, those in intervention clinics received results and TPT faster (intervention: median of 6 and 29 days after enrollment vs control: 21 and 54 days, respectively).

Interpretation
In this setting, QGIT in routine HIV care resulted in more patients with TBI results. Clinicians also initiated more people with HIV on TPT in QGIT intervention clinics, and did so more quickly, than the control arm.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02119130.