bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of global soil consumption of atmospheric methane to changes in atmospheric climate and nitrogen deposition
Authors: Zhuang Qianlai , Chen Min , Xu Kai , Tang Jinyun , Saikawa Eri , Lu Yanyu , Melillo Jerry M. , Prinn Ronald G. , McGuire A. David 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSoil consumption of atmospheric methane plays an important secondary role in regulating the atmospheric CH4 budget, next to the dominant loss mechanism involving reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Here we used a process‐based biogeochemistry model to quantify soil consumption during the 20th and 21st centuries. We estimated that global soils consumed 32–36 Tg CH4 yr−1 during the 1990s. Natural ecosystems accounted for 84% of the total consumption, and agricultural ecosystems only consumed 5 Tg CH4 yr−1 in our estimations. During the twentieth century, the consumption rates increased at 0.03–0.20 Tg CH4 yr−2 with seasonal amplitudes increasing from 1.44 to 3.13 Tg CH4 month−1. Deserts, shrublands, and xeric woodlands were the largest sinks. Atmospheric CH4 concentrations and soil moisture exerted significant effects on the soil consumption while nitrogen deposition had a moderate effect. During the 21st century, the consumption is predicted to increase at 0.05‐1.0 Tg CH4 yr−2, and total consumption will reach 45–140 Tg CH4 yr−1 at the end of the 2090s, varying under different future climate scenarios. Dry areas will persist as sinks, boreal ecosystems will become stronger sinks, mainly due to increasing soil temperatures. Nitrogen deposition will modestly reduce the future sink strength at the global scale. When we incorporated the estimated global soil consumption into our chemical transport model simulations, we found that nitrogen deposition suppressed the total methane sink by 26 Tg during the period 1998–2004, resulting in 6.6 ppb higher atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios compared to without considering nitrogen deposition effects. On average, a cumulative increase of every 1 Tg soil CH4 consumption decreased atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios by 0.26 ppb during the period 1998–2004.
Impact of city size on precipitation‐modifying potential
Authors: Schmid Paul E. , Niyogi Dev 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study investigates how increasing city size affects local weather modification potential using an innovative new method: the real atmosphere, idealized land‐surface (RAIL) method. The RAIL method simplifies the land surface by making a flat, homogeneous land surface for a control simulation. Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, an instance of weak linear convection was simulated over three nested grids with a minimum grid spacing of 0.75 km. Using the RAIL method, cities of radius 5 to 40 km were placed in the path of the simulated precipitation to study the impact. For the weak‐convection case, the urban area effects showed urban heat island and urban moisture depression effects and produced regions of both precipitation suppression and invigoration downwind of the city. Modification increased up to a radius of 20 km and more slowly after indicating a threshold city size for urban modification on thunderstorms.
Combined transoral robotic tongue base surgery and palate surgery in obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome: Expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty versus uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Authors: Vicini Claudio , Montevecchi Filippo , Pang Kenny , Bahgat Ahmed , Dallan Iacopo , Frassineti Sabrina , Campanini Aldo 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundTransoral robotic surgery (TORS) for obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome is a relatively young technique principally devised for managing apneas in the tongue base (TB) area and supraglottic larynx. This procedure is included in the so‐called “multilevel surgery” often including a palatal and nasal surgery.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective analysis in order to understand in detail the relative impact on apneas of the 2 different procedures carried out in the palate area (expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty). We evaluated 2 groups, each of 12 cases, which were sorted according to the primary selection criteria of statistically comparable preoperative apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and volume of removed TB tissue.ResultsPostoperative AHI registered was of 9.9 ± 8.6 SD for the expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty group and 19.8 ± 14.1 SD for the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty group.ConclusionAs the palate component of our multilevel procedure, expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty, including conventional nose surgery and robotic surgery, seems to be superior to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 77–83, 2014
River discharge, land use change, and surface water quality in the Xiangjiang River, China
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Chen Yi , Wang Pin , Shuai Jiabing , Tao Fulu , Shi Peijun 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTo compare the impacts of river discharge on the surface water quality of the Xiangjiang River in China, 12 surface water quality parameters recorded at 31 sampling sites from January 1998 to December 2008 along the river and its main tributaries were analyzed. Significantly higher concentrations of total nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, and total phosphorus, and biochemical oxygen demand were observed during low‐flow periods than during high‐flow periods, implying a higher risk to local residents drinking untreated water during low‐flow periods. Pollution indexes, including the inorganic pollution index and integrated pollution index (IPI), were negatively related to impervious surface area (ISA) and cropland area (CLA) when ISA (CLA) was less than 160 (3000) km2. However, the relationship was positive when ISA (CLA) was larger than 160 (3000) km2, which provided a reasonable explanation for the observed spatial patterns of water quality. Distinct increasing temporal trends for two kinds of pollution indexes were also found. The annual ISA was significantly related to the rapid degradation of water quality from 1998 to 2008, with correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.816 (p = 0.002) and 0.711 (p = 0.014) for the organic pollution index (OPI) and IPI, respectively. However, annual rainfall was negatively correlated with the two indexes with r values of 0.785 (p = 0.002) and 0.448 (p = 0.093) for OPI and IPI, respectively. Our study highlights that decision makers should be more aware of recent increases in the pollution of the Xiangjiang River, especially at downriver sites and during low‐flow periods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collagen‐gelatin‐genipin‐hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds colonized by human primary osteoblasts are suitable for bone tissue engineering applications: In vitro evidences
Authors: Vozzi G. , Corallo C. , Carta S. , Fortina M. , Gattazzo F. , Galletti M. , Giordano N. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe application of porous hydroxyapatite (HAp)‐collagen as a bone tissue engineering scaffold represents a new trend of mimicking the specific bone extracellular matrix (ECM). The use of HAp in reconstructive surgery has shown that it is slowly invaded by host tissue. Therefore, implant compatibility may be augmented by seeding cells before implantation. Human primary osteoblasts were seeded onto innovative collagen‐gelatin‐genipin (GP)‐HAp scaffolds containing respectively 10%, 20%, and 30% HAp. Cellular adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OC) expressions were evaluated after 3, 7, 15, and 21 days. The three types of scaffolds showed increased cellular proliferation over time in culture (maximum at 21 days) but the highest was recorded in 10% HAp scaffolds. ALP activity was the highest in 10% HAp scaffolds in all the times of evaluation. OC and OPN resulted in higher concentration in 10% HAp scaffolds compared to 20% and 30% HAp (maximum at 21 days). Finally, scanning electron microscopy analysis showed progressive scaffolds adhesion and colonization from the surface to the inside from day 3 to day 21. In vitro attachment, proliferation, and colonization of human primary osteoblasts on collagen‐GP‐HAp scaffolds with different percentages of HAp (10%, 20%, and 30%) all increased over time in culture, but comparing different percentages of HAp, they seem to increase with decreasing of HAp component. Therefore, the mechanical properties (such as the stiffness due to the HAp%) coupled with a good biomimetic component (collagen) are the parameters to set up in composite scaffolds design for bone tissue engineering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1415–1421, 2014.
Accelerating the early angiogenesis of tissue engineering constructs in vivo by the use of stem cells cultured in matrigel
Authors: Schumann Paul , Lindhorst Daniel , von See Constantin , Menzel Nadine , Kampmann Andreas , Tavassol Frank , Kokemüller Horst , Rana Majeed , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Rücker Martin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn tissue engineering research, generating constructs with an adequate extent of clinical applications remains a major challenge. In this context, rapid blood vessel ingrowth in the transplanted tissue engineering constructs is the key factor for successful incorporation. To accelerate the microvascular development in engineered tissues, we preincubated osteoblast‐like cells as well as mesenchymal stem cells or a combination of both cell types in Matrigel‐filled PLGA scaffolds before transplantation into the dorsal skinfold chambers of balb/c mice. By the use of preincubated mesenchymal stem cells, a significantly accelerated angiogenesis was achieved. Compared with previous studies that showed a decisive increase of vascularization on day 6 after the implantation, we were able to halve this period and achieve explicitly denser microvascular networks 3 days after transplantation of the tissue engineering constructs. Thereby, the inflammatory host tissue response was acceptable and low, comparable with former investigations. A co‐ incubation of osteoblast‐like cells and stem cells showed no additive effect on the density of the newly formed microvascular network. Preincubation of mesenchymal stem cells in Matrigel is a promising approach to develop rapid microvascular growth into tissue engineering constructs. After the implantation into the host organism, scaffolds comprising stem cells generate microvascular capillary‐like structures exceptionally fast. Thereby, transplanted stem cells likely differentiate into vessel‐associated cells. For this reason, preincubation of mesenchymal stem cells in nutrient solutions supporting different steps of angiogenesis provides a technique to promote the routine use of tissue engineering in the clinic. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1652–1662, 2014.
Niobium oxide–polydimethylsiloxane hybrid composite coatings for tuning primary fibroblast functions
Authors: Young Matthew D. , Tran Nhiem , Tran Phong A. , Jarrell John D. , Hayda Roman A. , Born Chistopher T. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study evaluates the potential of niobium oxide–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites for tuning cellular response of fibroblasts, a key cell type of soft tissue/implant interfaces. In this study, various hybrid coatings of niobium oxide and PDMS with different niobium oxide concentrations were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and contact angle goniometry. The coatings were then applied to 96‐well plates, on which primary fibroblasts were seeded. Fibroblast viability, proliferation, and morphology were assessed after 1, 2, and 3 days of incubation using WST‐1 and calcein AM assays along with fluorescent microscopy. The results showed that the prepared coatings had distinct surface features with submicron spherical composites covered in a polymeric layer. The water contact angle measurement demonstrated that the hybrid surfaces were much more hydrophobic than the original pure niobium oxide and PDMS. The combination of surface roughness and chemistry resulted in a biphasic cellular response with maximum fibroblast density on substrate with 40 wt % of niobium oxide. The results of the current study indicate that by adjusting the concentration of niobium oxide in the coating, a desirable cell response can be achieved to improve tissue/implant interfaces. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1478–1485, 2014.
Microscopic analysis of recycled paper effect on print quality parameters
Authors: Kibirkštis Edmundas , Kabelkaitė Asta , Markowski Leszek , Miliūnas Valdas 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTTo determine whether the geometrical accuracy of small printed elements does not worsen on recycled paper, microscopic analysis of the dot area and the graphic elements raggedness printed on different types of recycled and coated papers at different screen ruling was carried out. Experimental tests have shown that geometrical accuracy of small elements printed on recycled paper/cardboard, in comparison to pictures printed on primary production paper is almost the same. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:890–892, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microstructural characterization of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy subjected to the duplex SMAT/plasma nitriding
Authors: Pi Y. , Faure J. , Agoda‐Tandjawa G. , Andreazza C. , Potiron S. , Levesque A. , Demangel C. , Retraint D. , Benhayoune H. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, microstructural characterization of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy, subjected to the duplex surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT)/nitriding treatment, leading to improve its mechanical properties, was carried out through novel and original samples preparation methods. Instead of acid etching which is limited for morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an original ion polishing method was developed. Moreover, for structural characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), an ion milling method based with the use of two ions guns was also carried out for cross‐section preparation. To demonstrate the efficiency of the two developed methods, morphological investigations were done by traditional SEM and field emission gun SEM. This was followed by structural investigations through selected area electron diffraction (SAED) coupled with TEM and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The results demonstrated that ionic polishing allowed to reveal a variation of the microstructure according to the surface treatment that could not be observed by acid etching preparation. TEM associated to SAED and X‐ray diffraction provided information regarding the nanostructure compositional changes induced by the duplex SMAT/nitriding process. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:897–903, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of high‐altitude production and ionospheric outflow contributions to O+ loss at Mars
Authors: Liemohn Michael W. , Curry Shannon M. , Fang Xiaohua , Ma Yingjuan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Mars Test Particle model is used (with background parameters from a magnetohydrodynamic code) to simulate the transport of O+ ions in the near‐Mars space environment to study the source processes responsible for ion escape. The MHD values at this altitude are used to inject an ionospheric outflow source of ions for the Mars Test Particle (MTP). The resulting loss distributions (in both real and velocity space) from this ionospheric source term are compared against those from high‐altitude ionization mechanisms, in particular photoionization, charge exchange, and electron impact ionization, each of which has its own source regions, albeit overlapping. For the nominal MHD settings, this ionospheric outflow source contributes only 10% to the total O+ loss rate at solar maximum, predominantly via the central tail region. This percentage has very little dependence on the initial temperature, but a change in the initial ion density or bulk velocity directly alters this loss through the central tail. A density or bulk velocity increase of a factor of 10 makes the ionospheric outflow loss comparable in magnitude to the loss from the combined high‐altitude sources. The spatial and velocity space distributions of escaping O+ are examined and compared for the various source terms to identify features specific to each ion source mechanism. For solar minimum conditions, the nominal MHD ionospheric outflow settings yield a 27% contribution to the total O+ loss rate, i.e., roughly equal to any one of the three high‐altitude source terms with respect to escape.
Antisunward structure of thin current sheets in the Earth's magnetotail: Implications of quasi‐adiabatic theory
Authors: Malova H. V. , Popov V. Yu. , Delcourt D. C. , Petrukovich A. A. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe developed a self‐consistent kinetic model of thin current sheets (TCS), taking into account the inhomogeneity of TCS parameters in the antisunward direction. We show that the charged particle dynamics depending on the magnetic field distribution in the downtail direction completely determines the magnetotail equilibrium structure. We demonstrate that transient ions as well as electrons are the main current carriers in this system, but the first ones support mostly the background (1‐D) structure of the current sheet. The influence of electrons and quasi‐trapped ions is found to vary depending upon downtail distance along the sheet. Assuming the conservation of the so‐called quasi‐adiabatic invariant, we show that quasi‐trapped particles are distributed along the current sheet in such a way that they concentrate in the region with large values of normal magnetic field component. As a result quasi‐trapped ions can dominate near the earthward edge of TCS. In contrast, the electron current becomes stronger in the TCS tailward region where the normal magnetic field component becomes weaker, and field line curvature drifts are enhanced. Our quasi‐adiabatic model predicts that thin current sheets in the Earth's magnetotail should have weakly 2‐D configuration which, similar to its 1‐D analog considered earlier, conserves the multiscale “matreshka” structure with multiple embedded layers.
Estimation of the permittivity and porosity of the lunar uppermost basalt layer based on observations of impact craters by SELENE
Authors: Ishiyama Ken , Kumamoto Atsushi , Ono Takayuki , Yamaguchi Yasushi , Haruyama Junichi , Ohtake Makiko , Katoh Yuto , Terada Naoki , Oshigami Shoko 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe have investigated the geological conditions below two lava flow units through determining the bulk permittivity and porosity in the uppermost basalt layer to depths of a few hundred meters. We use a newly developed method based on three data sets obtained by the Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS), Multiband Imager (MI), and Terrain Camera (TC) onboard the Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE; Kaguya) spacecraft. The bulk permittivity of the uppermost basalt layer is calculated as the ratio of the apparent radar depth to the thickness of the uppermost basalt layer. Its thickness can be constrained from the excavation depths of two types of craters (haloed and nonhaloed craters). These craters are identified on the basis of FeO and/or TiO2 maps created from the MI data. These excavation depths are determined based on the measurement of the crater diameter using the TC data. The apparent radar depth is derived from the time delay between the surface echo and subsurface echo measured by LRS near the craters. The bulk permittivities are estimated to be 2.8–5.5 in a lava flow unit of Mare Humorum and 4.2–18.0 in a lava flow unit of Mare Serenitatis. These bulk permittivities are indicative of porous basalt layers with the porosities of 19%–51% in the unit of Humorum and 0%–33% in the unit of Serenitatis. The estimated porosities would be mainly explained by two different sources: intrinsic voids of lava and impact‐induced cracks.
Flexible AMOLEDs with low‐temperature‐processed TFT backplane technologies
Authors: Hsieh Hsing‐Hung , Tsai Chih‐Hung , Yang Chao‐Shun , Liu Chan‐Jui , Lin Jian‐Hong , Wu Yen‐Yu , Fang Chun‐Hsiung , Chuang Ching‐Sang 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDevelopments of backplane technologies, which are one of the challenging topics, toward the realization of flexible active matrix organic light‐emitting diodes (AMOLEDs) are discussed in this paper. Plastic substrates including polyimide are considered as a good candidate for substrates of flexible AMOLEDs. The fabrication process flows based on plastic substrates are explained. Limited by the temperature that plastic substrates can sustain, TFT technologies with maximum processing temperature below 400 °C must be developed. Considering the stringent requirements of AMOLEDs, both oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) and ultra‐low‐temperature poly‐silicon TFTs (U‐LTPS TFTs) are investigated. First, oxide TFTs with representative indium gallium zinc oxide channel layer are fabricated on polyimide substrates. The threshold voltage shifts under bias stress and under bending test are small. Thus, a 4.0‐in. flexible AMOLED is demonstrated with indium gallium zinc oxide TFTs, showing good panel performance and flexibility. Further, the oxide TFTs based on indium tin zinc oxide channel layer with high mobility and good stability are discussed. The mobility can be higher than 20 cm2/Vs, and threshold voltage shifts under both voltage stress and current stress are almost negligible, proving the potential of oxide TFT technology. On the other hand, the U‐LTPS TFTs are also developed. It is confirmed that dehydrogenation and dopant activation can be effectively performed at a temperature within 400 °C. The performance of U‐LTPS TFTs on polyimide is compatible to those of TFTs on glass. Also, the performance of devices on polyimide can be kept intact after devices de‐bonded from glass carrier. Finally, a 4.3‐in. flexible AMOLED is also demonstrated with U‐LTPS TFTs.
Tunable Shell Thickness in Silica Nanospheres Functionalized by a Hydrophobic PMMA‐PSt Diblock Copolymer Brush via Activators Generated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhou Guowei , Sun Bin , Chen Fengjiao , Zhao Minnan , Li Tianduo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAn improved strategy to synthesize SiO2‐PMMA nanoparticles with tunable shell thickness is demonstrated, via iron (III) catalyst‐mediated activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP). To investigate the effect of the content monomer and ligand on the PMMA shell thickness, hydrophobic PMMA‐PSt diblock copolymer brushes on the surface of the silica nanospheres are designed and synthesized by AGET ATRP. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) show that the product has a core‐shell‐like structure and that the average shell thickness of the PMMA can easily be tuned by simply adjusting the amount of monomer or ligand. In addition, the Mn of the PMMA can be tuned from 37 800 to 62 400 g mol−1 by changing the shell thickness, and the PDI is 1.213–1.473. These results confirm the living nature of the polymerization.
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Functional ROMP‐Derived Poly(cyclopentene)s
Authors: Herz Katharina , Imbrich Dominik A. , Unold Jörg , Xu Guangjuan , Speiser Maria , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFunctional polyolefins are prepared from poly‐CPE via ROMP by the action of a designed Ru‐alkylidene initiator followed by quantitative hydroboration with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane. The borylated polymers prepared in this way are then converted into hydroxy‐, amino‐, and silyloxy‐functionalized polyolefins. With increasing polarity of the substituents, the glass‐transition temperatures of the modified polymers increase significantly. Perhydrobrominated poly‐CPE is prepared from poly‐CPE and HBr and subjected to Cu(I)‐mediated ATRP‐based grafting to yield poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)‐grafted polyethylene (PE). The synthetic routes reported here present a straightforward access to functional and polar olefins.
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