bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Surface Receptor Targeted Biomimetic Apatite Nanocrystals for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Iafisco Michele , Delgado‐Lopez Josè Manuel , Varoni Elena Maria , Tampieri Anna , Rimondini Lia , Gomez‐Morales Jaime , Prat Maria 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNanosized drug carriers functionalized with moieties specifically targeting tumor cells are promising tools in cancer therapy, due to their ability to circulate in the bloodstream for longer periods and their selectivity for tumor cells, enabling the sparing of healthy tissues. Because of its biocompatibility, high bioresorbability, and responsiveness to pH changes, synthetic biomimetic nanocrystalline apatites are used as nanocarriers to produce multifunctional nanoparticles, by coupling them with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOXO) and the DO‐24 monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the Met/Hepatocyte Growth Factor receptor (Met/HGFR), which is over‐expressed on different types of carcinomas and thus represents a useful tumor target. The chemical‐physical features of the nanoparticles are fully investigated and their interaction with cells expressing (GTL‐16 gastric carcinoma line) or not expressing (NIH‐3T3 fibroblasts) the Met/HGFR is analyzed. Functionalized nanoparticles specifically bind to and are internalized in cells expressing the receptor (GTL‐16) but not in the ones that do not express it (NIH‐3T3). Moreover they discharge DOXO in the targeted GTL‐16 cells that reach the nucleus and display cytotoxicity as assessed in an MTT assay. Two different types of ternary nanoparticles are prepared, differing for the sequence of the functionalization steps (adsorption of DOXO first and then mAb or vice versa), and it is found that the ones in which mAb is adsorbed first are more efficient under all the examined aspects (binding, internalization, cytotoxicity), possibly because of a better mAb orientation on the nanoparticle surface. These multifunctional nanoparticles could thus be useful instruments for targeted local or systemic drug delivery, allowing a reduction in the therapeutic dose of the drug and thus adverse side effects. Moreover, this work opens new perspectives in the use of nanocrystalline apatites as a new platform for theranostic applications in nanomedicine.
Droplet‐Based Microreactors for Continuous Production of Palladium Nanocrystals with Controlled Sizes and Shapes
Authors: Kim Yun Ho , Zhang Lei , Yu Taekyung , Jin Minshang , Qin Dong , Xia Younan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDroplet‐based microreactors are used for the continuous production of Pd nanocrystals. Specifically, commercially available polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube and silica capillaries are utilized to fabricate a fluidic device capable of generating water‐in‐oil droplets. In addition to the feasibility of using such droplets as microreactors for conducting a synthesis, the ability to control the composition and concentration of reagents by adjusting the flow rates is demonstrated; reagents are mixed by periodically pinching the PTFE tube, and nanocrystals are produced with uniform size distribution in a continuous fashion. The capability to tailor the size and shape of the resultant nanocrystals is further demonstrated by introducing the reducing agent and capping agent at different flow rates to control the nucleation and growth processes. The ability to transform a bulk synthesis into a droplet‐based system holds great potential for the development of a new route to the high‐volume production of nanocrystals.
Hydrothermal Growth of TiO2 Nanorod Arrays and In Situ Conversion to Nanotube Arrays for Highly Efficient Quantum Dot‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Hui , Pan Lei , Lim Chiew Keat , Gong Hua , Guo Jun , Tse Man Siu , Tan Ooi Kiang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTiO2 nanorod (NR) and nanotube (NT) arrays grown on transparent conductive substrates are attractive electrode for solar cells. In this paper, TiO2 NR arrays are hydrothermally grown on FTO substrate, and are in situ converted into NT arrays by hydrothermally etching. The TiO2 NR arrays are reported as single crystalline, but the TiO2 NR arrays are demonstrated to be polycrystalline with a bundle of 2–5 nm single crystalline nanocolumns grown along [001] throughout the whole NR from bottom to top. TiO2 NRs can be converted to NTs by hydrothermal selective etching of the (001) core and remaining the inert sidewall of (110) face. A growth mechanism of the NR and NT arrays is proposed. Quantum dot‐sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) are fabricated by coating CdSe QDs on to the TiO2 arrays. After conversion from NRs to NTs, more QDs can be filled in the NTs and the energy conversion efficiency of the QDSCs almost double.
Microfluidic Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors Based on Nanopillar Forests Realized by an Oxygen‐Plasma‐Stripping‐of‐Photoresist Technique
Authors: Mao Haiyang , Wu Wengang , She Didi , Sun Gongchen , Lv Pengpeng , Xu Jun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA novel surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor is developed for real‐time and highly repeatable detection of trace chemical and biological indicators. The sensor consists of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel cap and a nanopillar forest‐based open SERS‐active substrate. The nanopillar forests are fabricated based on a new oxygen‐plasma‐stripping‐of‐photoresist technique. The enhancement factor (EF) of the SERS‐active substrate reaches 6.06 × 106, and the EF of the SERS sensor is about 4 times lower due to the influence of the PDMS cap. However, the sensor shows much higher measurement repeatability than the open substrate, and it reduces the sample preparation time from several hours to a few minutes, which makes the device more reliable and facile for trace chemical and biological analysis.
Photosystem I (PSI)/Photosystem II (PSII)‐Based Photo‐Bioelectrochemical Cells Revealing Directional Generation of Photocurrents
Authors: Yehezkeli Omer , Tel‐Vered Ran , Michaeli Dorit , Nechushtai Rachel , Willner Itamar 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLayered assemblies of photosystem I, PSI, and/or photosystem II, PSII, on ITO electrodes are constructed using a layer‐by‐layer deposition process, where poly N,N′‐dibenzyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium (poly‐benzyl viologen, PBV2+) is used as an inter‐protein “glue”. While the layered assembly of PSI generates an anodic photocurrent only in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor system, such as dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP)/ascorbate, the PSII‐modified electrode leads, upon irradiation, to the formation of an anodic photocurrent (while evolving oxygen), in the absence of any sacrificial component. The photocurrent is generated by transferring the electrons from the PSII units to the PBV2+ redox polymer. The charge‐separated species allow, then, the injection of the electrons to the electrode, with the concomitant evolution of O2. A layered assembly, consisting of a PSI layer attached to a layer of PSII by the redox polymer PBV2+, leads to an anodic photocurrent that is 2‐fold higher, as compared to the anodic photocurrent generated by a PSII‐modified electrode. This observation is attributed to an enhanced charge separation in the two‐photosystem assembly. By the further nano‐engineering of the two photosystems on the electrode using two different redox polymers, vectorial electron transfer to the electrode is demonstrated, resulting in a ca. 6‐fold enhancement in the photocurrent. The reversed bi‐layer assembly, consisting of a PSII layer linked to a layer of PSI by the PBV2+ redox polymer, yields, upon irradiation, an inefficient cathodic current. This observation is attributed to a mixture of photoinduced electron transfer reactions of opposing effects on the photocurrent directions in the two‐photosystem assembly.
Advanced Subcompartmentalized Microreactors: Polymer Hydrogel Carriers Encapsulating Polymer Capsules and Liposomes
Authors: Hosta‐Rigau Leticia , Shimoni Olga , Städler Brigitte , Caruso Frank 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe design of compartmentalized carriers for advanced drug delivery systems or artificial cells and organelles is of interest for biomedical applications. Herein, a polymer carrier microreactor that contains two different classes of subcompartments, multilayered polymer capsules and liposomes, is presented. 50 nm‐diameter liposomes and 300 nm‐diameter polymer capsules are encapsulated into a larger polymer carrier capsule, demonstrating control over the spatial positioning of the subcompartments, which are either ‘membrane‐associated’ or 'free‐floating’ in the aqueous interior. Selective and spatially dependent degradation of the 300 nm‐diameter subcompartments (without destroying the structural integrity of the enzyme‐loaded liposomes) is also shown, by performing an encapsulated enzymatic reaction using the liposomal subcompartments. These findings cover several important aspects toward the development of engineered compartmentalized carrier vessels for the creation of artificial cell mimics or advanced therapeutic delivery systems.
Particle Formation in the Emulsion‐Solvent Evaporation Process
Authors: Staff Roland H. , Schaeffel David , Turshatov Andrey , Donadio Davide , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Landfester Katharina , Koynov Kaloian , Crespy Daniel 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of particle formation from submicrometer emulsion droplets by solvent evaporation is revisited. A combination of dynamic light scattering, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, zeta potential measurements, and fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy is used to analyze the colloids during the evaporation process. It is shown that a combination of different methods yields reliable and quantitative data for describing the fate of the droplets during the process. The results indicate that coalescence plays a minor role during the process; the relatively large size distribution of the obtained polymer colloids can be explained by the droplet distribution after their formation.
Knowledge representation and processing with formal concept analysis
Authors: Kuznetsov Sergei O. , Poelmans Jonas 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDuring the last three decades, formal concept analysis (FCA) became a well‐known formalism in data analysis and knowledge discovery because of its usefulness in important domains of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) such as ontology engineering, association rule mining, machine learning, as well as relation to other established theories for representing knowledge processing, like description logics, conceptual graphs, and rough sets. In early days, FCA was sometimes misconceived as a static crisp hardly scalable formalism for binary data tables. In this paper, we will try to show that FCA actually provides support for processing large dynamical complex (may be uncertain) data augmented with additional knowledge. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Knowledge Representation
Technologies > Computational Intelligence
RNA synthetic mechanisms employed by diverse families of RNA viruses
Authors: McDonald Sarah M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRNA viruses are ubiquitous in nature, infecting every known organism on the planet. These viruses can also be notorious human pathogens with significant medical and economic burdens. Central to the lifecycle of an RNA virus is the synthesis of new RNA molecules, a process that is mediated by specialized virally encoded enzymes called RNA‐dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps). RdRps directly catalyze phosphodiester bond formation between nucleoside triphosphates in an RNA‐templated manner. These enzymes are strikingly conserved in their structural and functional features, even among diverse RNA viruses belonging to different families. During host cell infection, the activities of viral RdRps are often regulated by viral cofactor proteins. Cofactors can modulate the type and timing of RNA synthesis by directly engaging the RdRp and/or by indirectly affecting its capacity to recognize template RNA. High‐resolution structures of RdRps as apoenzymes, bound to RNA templates, in the midst of catalysis, and/or interacting with regulatory cofactor proteins, have dramatically increased our understanding of viral RNA synthetic mechanisms. Combined with elegant biochemical studies, such structures are providing a scientific platform for the rational design of antiviral agents aimed at preventing and treating RNA virus‐induced diseases. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:351–367. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1164This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
The Periodate‐Based Double Perovskites M2NaIO6 (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba)
Authors: Kubel Frank , Wandl Nicole , Pantazi Mariana , D'Anna Vincenza , Hagemann Hans 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe crystal structures of the M2NaIO6 series (M = Ca, Sr, Ba), prepared at 650 °C by ceramic methods, were determined from conventional laboratory X‐ray powder diffraction data. Synthesis and crystal growth were made by oxidizing I– with O2(air) to I7+ followed by crystal growth in the presence of NaF as mineralizator, or by the reaction of the alkali‐metal periodate with the alkaline‐earth metal hydroxide. All three compounds are insoluble and stable in water. The barium compound crystallizes in the cubic space group Fm3m (no. 225) with lattice parameters of a = 8.3384(1) Å, whereas the strontium and calcium compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) with a = 5.7600(1) Å, b = 5.7759(1) Å, c = 9.9742(1) Å, β = 125.362(1)° and a = 5.5376(1) Å, b = 5.7911(1) Å, c = 9.6055(1) Å, β = 124.300(1)°, respectively. The crystal structure consists of either symmetric (for Ba) or distorted (for Sr and Ca) perovskite superstructures. Ba2NaIO6 contains the first perfectly octahedral [IO6]5– unit reported. The compounds of the ortho‐periodates are stable up to 800 °C. Spectroscopic measurements as well as DFT calculations show a reasonable agreement between calculated and observed IR‐ and Raman‐active vibrations.
Differences Between Attendings’ and Residents’ Operative Notes for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Wauben Linda S. G. L. , Goossens Richard H. M. , Lange Johan F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundOperative notes are the gold standard for detecting adverse events and near misses and form the basis for scientific research. In order to guarantee safe patient care, operative notes must be objective, complete, and accurate. This study explores the current routine of note writing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and the differences between the notes of attendings and residents.MethodsAttendings and residents were sent a DVD with footage of three LCs and were asked to “write” the corresponding notes and to complete a questionnaire. Dictation tapes were transcribed and items in the notes were analyzed for each procedure (“item described” or “item not described”). Fisher’s exact tests were performed using SPSS 16.0 for Mac.ResultsThirteen sets of typewritten notes and 10 dictation tapes were returned. The results of the questionnaire showed that 16 of the 23 sets of notes were dictated. Eight participants found the current system for generating notes inadequate. 14 items (31 %) were included more often in the attendings’ notes and 25 items (56 %) were included more often in the residents’ notes. Overall, residents significantly more often described the location of the epigastric trocar (P = 0.018), the size of both working trocars (P = 0.019), the opening of the peritoneal envelope (P = 0.002), Critical View of Safety reached (P = 0.002), and the location for removing the gallbladder (P = 0.019). With the exception of “gallbladder perforation” (20 of 21 notes), complications were underreported.ConclusionsIn this study residents described more items than attendings. All notes lacked information concerning complications in the procedure, which makes the notes subjective and incomplete. A procedure‐specific template or black‐box‐based operative notes based on established guidelines could improve the quality of the notes of both attendings and residents.
Clinical importance of Familial Pancreatic Cancer Registry in Japan: a report from kick‐off meeting at International Symposium on Pancreas Cancer 2012
Authors: Wada Keita , Takaori Kyoichi , Traverso L. William , Hruban Ralph H. , Furukawa Toru , Brentnall Teresa A. , Hatori Takashi , Sano Keiji , Takada Tadahiro , Majima Yoshiyuki , Shimosegawa Tooru 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPancreatic cancer is still a highly lethal disease with a 5‐year survival rate of approximately 5 %. Early detection offers one of the best hopes for improving survival. Previous cohort studies and case—control studies showed that 4—10 % of pancreatic cancers have a hereditary basis, and individuals with a family history have an increased risk of developing pancreatic and extra‐pancreatic malignancies. Since individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer and those with a known genetic syndrome that predisposes to pancreatic cancer will be the first to benefit from early detection tests as they become available, familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) registries have been established in the US and Europe, but not yet in Japan. Such registries form the basis for epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and basic research on familial pancreatic cancer. There is a need for FPC registries in Japan as cancer risk varies among different populations and discoveries made in Western populations may not translate to the Japanese population. These registries in Japan will align with ongoing international efforts and add to a better understanding of the natural history, risk factors, screening strategies, and responsible genes, for improving survival of this dismal disease.
Influence of 1,3‐Butanediol on the Viscoelasticity of Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Abdel‐Rahem Rami A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe rheological behavior of rodlike micelles in a 1,3‐butanediol/water mixed solvent was investigated. The rodlike micelles were prepared by mixing sodium salicylate, with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. When water was replaced by 1,3‐butanediol, the viscosity maxima decreased drastically. The viscosity minimum, on the other hand, increased at low 1,3‐butanediol contents and decreased again at higher amounts of 1,3‐butanediol. As a result of the opposite changes the two maxima were replaced by a single maxima when the content of 1,3‐butanediol was 15 %. The change in the viscosity was a consequence of a change in the structural relaxation times while the storage moduli remained constant. The stress relaxation was due to a reptation mechanism at maximum points while at the minimum of the viscosity the mechanism was due to a kinetic controlled mechanism.
Characteristics of Oil and Skim in Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soybeans
Authors: de Moura Bell J. M. L. N. , Maurer D. , Yao L. , Wang T. , Jung S. , Johnson L. A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe economic viability of enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) of soybeans depends on properties and potential applications of all fractions (skim and insolubles as well as oil). EAEP oil contained lower free fatty acid, phosphorus, and tocopherol contents, similar unsaponifiable matter levels, and higher degrees of oxidation (peroxide and p‐anisidine values) than hexane‐extracted oil. The phospholipid profile of EAEP fractions was mainly composed of phosphatidic acid, followed by phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Most of phospholipids were present in the skim, except for phosphatidic acid, which was the major phospholipid in the cream fraction. Skim and cream contained 55 and 3 % of the soluble carbohydrates in the original extruded flakes, respectively. Soluble carbohydrates of the skim were mainly composed of stachyose (5.8 ± 0.8 mg/mL) and sucrose (9.9 ± 0.8 mg/mL), which were hydrolyzed into glucose, galactose, and fructose after addition of α‐galactosidase. Skim and cream peptides contained <20 kDa MW molecules. About 71 % of the skim peptides were <20 kDa MW, with 49 % being <1.35 kDa MW, 22 % being 17–1.35 kDa MW, and 29 % being 44–670 kDa MW. Skim protein and carbohydrate contents make this fraction suitable for replacing water in ethanol fermentations, thereby improving the fermentation rate/production and the nutritional quality of distiller's dried grains with solubles.
Dietary strawberries increase the proliferative response of CD3/CD28-activated CD8+ T cells and the production of TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes from obese human subjects
Authors: Zunino Susan J. , Storms David H. , Freytag Tammy L. , Mackey Bruce E. , Zhao Ling , Gouffon Julia S. , Hwang Daniel H. 
Published: April 2013

Obesity increases the risk of developing bacterial and viral infections compared with normal weight. In a 7-week double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial, twenty obese volunteers (BMI between 30 and 40 kg/m2) were fed freeze-dried strawberry powder or strawberry-flavoured placebo preparations to determine the effects of dietary strawberries on immune function. Blood was collected at six time points during the study and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated at each time point and activated with CD3 plus CD28 antibodies (T-lymphocyte activation) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, monocyte activation). Interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in supernatants from the activated T cells. Supernatants from the activated monocytes were analysed for the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. PBMC were pre-stained with PKH (Paul Karl Horan) dye and activated with CD3 plus CD28 antibodies to determine the proliferative responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes by flow cytometry. To detect global changes in gene expression, microarray analysis was performed on LPS- and vehicle-treated PBMC from two subjects before and after the strawberry intervention. No difference was observed for the production of T-cell cytokines between the intervention groups. The production of TNF-α was increased in the supernatants from LPS-activated PBMC in the group consuming strawberries compared with the placebo. A modest increase in the proliferation of the CD8+ T-lymphocyte population was observed at 24 h post-activation. These data suggest that dietary strawberries may increase the immunological response of T-lymphocytes and monocytes in obese people who are at greater risk for developing infections.
Antarctic climate change and the environment: an update
Authors: Turner John , Barrand Nicholas E. , Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Convey Peter , Hodgson Dominic A. , Jarvis Martin , Jenkins Adrian , Marshall Gareth , Meredith Michael P. , Roscoe Howard , Shanklin Jon , French John , Goosse Hugues , Guglielmin Mauro , Gutt Julian , Jacobs Stan , Kennicutt Marlon C. , Masson-Delmotte Valerie , Mayewski Paul , Navarro Francisco , Robinson Sharon , Scambos Ted , Sparrow Mike , Summerhayes Colin , Speer Kevin , Klepikov Alexander 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTWe present an update of the ‘key points’ from the Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE) report that was published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) in 2009. We summarise subsequent advances in knowledge concerning how the climates of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean have changed in the past, how they might change in the future, and examine the associated impacts on the marine and terrestrial biota. We also incorporate relevant material presented by SCAR to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, and make use of emerging results that will form part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report.