bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No pain, no gain: Depressed clients' experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy
Authors: Barnes Maria , Sherlock Sofie , Thomas Laura , Kessler David , Kuyken Willem , Owen‐Smith Amanda , Lewis Glyn , Wiles Nicola , Turner Katrina 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for depression, but many clients do not complete therapy. What clients find difficult about CBT is poorly understood. This study explored clients' views and experiences of face‐to‐face CBT.DesignA mixed methods design was used to collect data as part of the CoBalT trial.MethodParticipants randomized to CBT indicated their reasons for never starting or stopping therapy on the follow‐up questionnaires. In‐depth qualitative interviews took place with a purposive sample (n = 26) of those randomized to CBT. Framework analysis was used to analyse across the data.ResultsSeventy‐four participants withdrew from therapy or were discharged for non‐adherence. A total of 54 (73%) gave reasons for not starting or stopping CBT; mostly the time/location was inconvenient or they had other commitments.Interviews identified that clients could struggle in, and between, CBT sessions. This was true for those who did and did not complete therapy. CBT homework was the biggest challenge and was often associated with negative school homework experiences. Although clients may have disliked aspects of CBT, those who attended more than one session felt that they had gained insight into managing their depression.ConclusionHighlighting the possible barriers to adherence in CBT can help clinicians to better prepare clients in making an informed choice about therapy. Exploring these issues during therapy may also help with engagement. Despite the challenges, clients can still benefit from CBT by learning strategies that enable them to effectively deal with their depression.Practitioner points

Talking to participants about the challenges of CBT – such as homework – can help clinicians better prepare clients in making an informed choice about therapy.

Exploration of possible barriers during therapy may also help with engagement and completion of therapy.

Despite the challenges, clients report benefiting from CBT; in particular learning strategies which help identify negative thought patterns and enable them to deal more effectively with their depression.
A Shape‐Aware Model for Discrete Texture Synthesis
Authors: Landes Pierre‐Edouard , Galerne Bruno , Hurtut Thomas 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present a novel shape‐aware method for synthesizing 2D and 3D discrete element textures consisting of collections of distinct vector graphics objects. Extending the long‐proven point process framework, we propose a shape process, a novel stochastic model based on spatial measurements that fully take into account the geometry of the elements. We demonstrate that our approach is well‐suited for discrete texture synthesis by example. Our model enables for both robust statistical parameter estimation and reliable output generation by Monte Carlo sampling. Our numerous experiments show that contrary to current state‐of‐the‐art techniques, our algorithm manages to capture anisotropic element distributions and systematically prevents undesirable collisions between objects.
Temporally Coherent Adaptive Sampling for Imperfect Shadow Maps
Authors: Barák T. , Bittner J. , Havran V. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe propose a new adaptive algorithm for determining virtual point lights (VPL) in the scope of real‐time instant radiosity methods, which use a limited number of VPLs. The proposed method is based on Metropolis‐Hastings sampling and exhibits better temporal coherence of VPLs, which is particularly important for real‐time applications dealing with dynamic scenes. We evaluate the properties of the proposed method in the context of the algorithm based on imperfect shadow maps and compare it with the commonly used inverse transform method. The results indicate that the proposed technique can significantly reduce the temporal flickering artifacts even for scenes with complex materials and textures. Further, we propose a novel splatting scheme for imperfect shadow maps using hardware tessellation. This scheme significantly improves the rendering performance particularly for complex and deformable scenes. We thoroughly analyze the performance of the proposed techniques on test scenes with detailed materials, moving camera, and deforming geometry.
Factorized Point Based Global Illumination
Authors: Wang Beibei , Huang Jing , Buchholz Bert , Meng Xiangxu , Boubekeur Tamy 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Point‐Based Global Illumination (PBGI) algorithm is composed of two major steps: a caching step and a multiview rasterization step. At caching time, a dense point‐sampling of the scene is shaded and organized in a spatial hierarchy, with internal nodes approximating the radiance of their subtrees using spherical harmonics. At rasterization time, a microbuffer is instantiated at the unprojected position of each image pixel (receiver). Then, a view‐adaptive level‐of‐detail of the scene is extracted in the form of a tree cut and rasterized in the receiver's microbuffer, solving for visibility using a local variant of the z‐buffer. Finally, the pixel color is computed by convolving its filled microbuffer with the surface BRDF. This noise‐free indirect lighting method is widely used in the industry and captures several critical lighting effects, including ambient occlusion, color bleeding, (indirect) soft‐shadows and environment lighting. However, we observe a large redundancy in this algorithm, both in cuts and receivers'microbuffers, which stems from their relatively low resolution. In this paper, we propose an evolution of PBGI which exploits spatial coherence to reduce these redundant computations. Starting from a similarity‐based variational clustering of the receivers, we compute a single tree cut and rasterize a single microbuffer for each cluster. This per‐cluster microbuffer provides a faithful approximation of the incident radiance for distant nodes and is composited over a receiver‐specific microbuffer rasterizing only the closest nodes of the cluster's cut. This factorized approach is easy to integrate in any existing PBGI implementation and offers a significant rendering speed‐up for a negligible and controllable approximation error.
Understanding diversity in collective representation: common principles underlying the performance of workplace representatives in different representation regimes
Authors: Dufour Christian , Hege Adelheid 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe international literature on workplace representation tends to focus on distinctive characteristics of different representation regimes to the detriment of an understanding of how groups of workplace representatives actually do their work. This article identifies cross‐cutting principles underlying the role of workplace representatives, making the argument that these principles, rather than institutional characteristics, explain commonalities and differences in workplace representation.
Editorial: From correlations to causation: the value of preventive interventions in studying pathogenic mechanisms in childhood psychiatric disorders
Authors: Peterson Bradley S. 
Published: July 2013

The ultimate goal of all research in childhood psychiatric disorders is to provide knowledge that will be useful in treating or preventing illness. To be useful in treating or preventing illness, research studies must provide valid information about the causes of illness, because only by targeting those causes can we prevent or counter their effects in a truly rational way. Until now, the discovery of interventions has largely been by serendipity, yielding medications and behavioral interventions that produce too little therapeutic response, in too few people, and with too many side effects. The selection of which specific intervention to use for which child is based on trial‐and‐error guesswork and the personal preferences and idiosyncrasies of the treating clinician, with little or no empirical support, and at great cost to children, families, and health care systems. Guesswork in treatment will decline only when we have more detailed knowledge of the differing causal pathways that produce differing subtypes of the same disease phenotype. Identifying more homogeneous subtypes of disease that have more uniform natural histories and treatment responses will permit development of more genuinely rational and individualized interventions, or more truly personalized medicine (Insel, 2009).Identifying causal pathways in human disease, however, is especially challenging because the classic method of experimental investigation – isolating and manipulating at will a variable that is hypothesized to exert a causal influence on the illness in order to understand its effects on other variables – is not possible when studying the causes of human illness, for obvious ethical reasons. We are therefore left with a variety of methods for identifying probable causal pathways in human illness, all of which have varying strengths and limitations in the weight of evidence that they provide that a variable has a true causal influence on the disorder.
Is It Possible and Sometimes Desirable for States to Forgive?
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAfter discussing at some length the nature of interpersonal forgiveness and its relation to punishment, the author addresses the main question of the essay: are states the sorts of entities that can forgive; and if they are, is it sometimes desirable that they forgive? The author argues that states can forgive and very often do; and that sometimes it is desirable that they do so. The essay closes by considering the complexities that arise when the state wants to forgive but the victim does not, and conversely.
Balancing Justice and Mercy
Authors: Newman Louis E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe concept of forgiveness is analyzed as a moral gesture toward the offender designed to help restore that individual's moral standing. Jewish sources on the conditions under which forgiveness is obligatory are explored and two contrasting positions are presented: one in which the obligation to forgive is conditional on the repentance of the offender and another in which people are required to forgive unconditionally. These two positions are shown to represent different ways of framing the offending behavior that rest, in turn, on different ways of balancing the need for justice and for mercy respectively. In the final analysis, Judaism's two contrasting attitudes toward forgiveness are rooted in different theological assumptions and different ways of construing the very goals of the moral life. The author points out the merits and shortcomings of both positions and concludes with the suggestion that the two complement each other in important ways.
Reconciliation Between Muslims and Christians
Authors: Malik Anas 
Published: July 2013

Abstract“A Common Word Between Us,” an open letter from Muslim scholars to Christian leaders, is the most developed effort at Muslim‐Christian reconciliation to date. Endorsed by well‐known Muslim scholars from diverse sects and backgrounds, the letter emphasizes the central role of love of God and the Golden Rule in both religions and cites the catastrophic consequences of conflict. The signatories frame a norm of interreligious covenant for constructive collaborations, present their argument as an authoritative Islamic position, and effectively reject the clash‐of‐civilizations narrative. Using game‐theory models to articulate strategic challenges facing interreligious initiatives, this essay argues that a norm of interreligious covenant can potentially produce successful collective action in situations resembling both coordination and prisoner's dilemma games, depending on the success of norm entrepreneurship.
Aerodynamic Investigations of Root Sections of Long Rotor Blades Applied at the Last Stages of Steam Turbines
Authors: Šimurda David , Luxa Martin , Šafařík Pavel , Synáč Jaroslav , Šťastný Miroslav 
Published: July 2013

The aerodynamics of root sections appears to be a crucial problem in the design and operation of the last stages of large output steam turbines. The reasons are transonic flow, high flow turning, and difficulties with keeping their design aerodynamic conditions during operation.
Investigations were performed on planar blade cascades representing root sections of 1085mm and 1220mm long rotor blades. The basic conception of the two root sections differs. The aerodynamic loading of the 1220mm blade root section is lowered in order to ensure that the design parameters are kept during turbine stage operation. We present the results of optical and pneumatic measurements i.e. dependencies of the kinetic energy loss coefficient and exit flow angle on the exit isoentropic Mach number and the angle of incidence, as well as images of the flow fields. The experimental data is analyzed in order to assess and document the difference between the two root section designs.
Measurements of Hub Flow Interaction on Film Cooled Nozzle Guide Vane in Transonic Annular Cascade
Authors: El-Gabry Lamyaa A. , Saha Ranjan , Fridh Jens , Fransson Torsten 
Published: July 2013

An experimental study has been performed in a transonic annular sector cascade of nozzle guide vanes to investigate the aerodynamic performance and the interaction between hub film cooling and mainstream flow. The focus of the study is on the endwalls, specifically the interaction between the hub film cooling and the mainstream. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been supplied to the coolant holes to serve as tracer gas. Measurements of CO2 concentration downstream of the vane trailing edge can be used to visualize the mixing of the coolant flow with the mainstream.
Flow field measurements are performed in the downstream plane with a 5-hole probe to characterize the aerodynamics in the vane. Results are presented for the fully cooled and partially cooled vane (only hub cooling) configurations. Data presented at the downstream plane include concentration contour, axial vorticity, velocity vectors, and yaw and pitch angles. From these investigations, secondary flow structures such as the horseshoe vortex, passage vortex, can be identified and show the cooling flow significantly impacts the secondary flow and downstream flow field. The results suggest that there is a region on the pressure side of the vane trailing edge where the coolant concentrations are very low suggesting that the cooling air introduced at the platform upstream of the leading edge does not reach the pressure side endwall, potentially creating a local hotspot.
Differential Equation Specification of Integral Turbulence Length Scales
Authors: Jefferson-Loveday Richard , Tucker Paul , Nagabhushana Rao V. , Northall John 
Published: July 2013

A Hamilton-Jacobi differential equation is used to naturally and smoothly (via Dirichlet boundary conditions) set turbulence length scales in separated flow regions based on traditional expected length scales. Such zones occur for example in rim-seals. The approach is investigated using two test cases, flow over a cylinder at a Reynolds number of 140,000 and flow over a rectangular cavity at a Reynolds number of 50,000. The Nee-Kovasznay turbulence model is investigated using this approach.
Predicted drag coefficients for the cylinder test-case show significant (15%) improvement over standard steady RANS and are comparable with URANS results. The mean flow-field also shows a significant improvement over URANS. The error in reattachment length is improved by 180% compared with the steady RANS k–ω model. The wake velocity profile at a location downstream shows improvement and the URANS profile is inaccurate in comparison.
For the cavity case the HJ-NK approach is generally comparable with the other RANS models for measured velocity profiles. Predicted drag coefficients are compared with large eddy simulation. The new approach shows a 20–30% improvement in predicted drag coefficients compared with standard one and two equation RANS models. The shape of the recirculation region within the cavity is also much improved.
On the Flow Evolution Through a LP Turbine With Wide-Chord Vanes in an S-Shaped Channel
Authors: Spataro Rosario , Santner Cornelia , Lengani Davide , Göttlich Emil 
Published: July 2013

The paper discusses the time averaged flow field in a test facility located at the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics (ITTM) of Graz University of Technology. The rig was designed in order to reproduce the flow leaving a transonic turbine through a following counter rotating low pressure stage. This configuration is common in modern multi-shaft jet engines and will become a standard in the future.
The discussion on the flow field is based on numerical results obtained by a commercial CFD code and validated by aerodynamic measurements and oil flow visualization performed on the facility itself. The meridional flow path of the machine is characterized by a diffusing S-shaped duct between the two rotors. Within the duct turning struts lead the flow to the following rotor. The LP stage inlet condition is given by the outlet flow of the high pressure turbine whose spanwise distribution is strongly affected by the shape of the downstream S-channel. A special focus is concentrated on the generation and propagation of secondary flows in such a turning mid turbine frame (TMTF). The aim of the present work is to isolate the flow structures moving from the outlet of the transonic stage through the low pressure stage and identify their effect on the time-averaged flow.
The main outcome of this paper is that, whenever a TMTF is placed between counter-rotating high pressure and low pressure turbines, the structures coming from the upstream rotor will not decay (like in a co-rotating setup), but they will be convected and transported towards the downstream rotor. Moreover, the turning of the struts will enhance the vorticities generated by the upstream turbine. The application of technical solutions such as embedded TMTF designs or endwall contouring should be aimed to reach LP rotor uniform inlet conditions, minimize the TMTF secondary flows and thus to damp the rotor-rotor interaction.
Aerodynamic and Structure Considerations in Centrifugal Compressor Design: Blade Lean Effects
Authors: Xu C. , Amano R. S. 
Published: July 2013

Optimization procedures are demanded by turbomachinery industries that enable to enhance compressor efficiency and wide operating ranges. Most of the design processes focuseither on aerodynamics or structure. However, the compressor design is an integration between aerodynamics and structure.
This paper presents some recent developments of the aerodynamic and structural integral design system. The design process including the meanline design, through-flow optimization and three-dimensional viscous analysis was used in the centrifugal compressor design. The aerodynamic and structural design need to be optimized at the same time. Normally most of the favorable aerodynamic features do not correspond with the structural reliability of the compressor wheel. The optimization between aerodynamic performance and structural reliability is critical to provide the maximal potential of the compressor performance. The main purpose of the current study is to discuss the importance of the aerodynamic and structural optimizations through a centrifugal compressor wheel lean effects. The study demonstrated that the integral design of the aerodynamics and structure is very important.
Experimental Investigation of High Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor With Axisymmetric and Non-Axisymmetric Recirculation Device
Authors: Tamaki Hideaki , Zheng Xinqian , Zhang Yangjun 
Published: July 2013

Centrifugal compressors used for turbochargers are required to have a wide operating range. A recirculation device, which consists of a bleed slot, an upstream slot and an annular cavity connecting both slots, is often used with them. It improves the incidence angle of the impeller leading edge, i.e. the blade loading of the inducer, at low flow rates due to the recirculation flow supplied to the compressor inlet. However the compressor efficiency drops when there is a recirculation flow from the bleed slot to the upstream slot. A one dimensional analysis in the first section of this paper showed that the reduction in the compressor efficiency can be lowered by decreasing the pressure drop or reducing the recirculation flow rate within the recirculation device. This study examined the possibility of improvement in the compressor efficiency by the use of a recirculation device with an asymmetric bleed slot.
An impeller of a turbocharger compressor is normally contained in a volute. Since the geometry of the volute is not axisymmetric, the impeller is surrounded by an asymmetric flow field. Hence each impeller passage, which is formed by two adjacent full blades, is operated at a different operating point. This means that some of passages need the improvement in the blade loading by the recirculation device but others do not. There is a possibility that this is realized by a recirculation device with an asymmetrically-distributed bleed slot, called a non-axisymmetric recirculation device in this paper. If the asymmetric bleed slot shortens the average distance between the bleed slot and upstream slot or reduces the area of the bleed slot, it can reduce the pressure drop or recirculation flow rate within the recirculation device, and hence can improve the compressor efficiency.
This study discusses the characteristics of high pressure ratio compressors for turbochargers without the recirculation device and those with the recirculation device with an axisymmetric bleed slot. Further, the effects of non-axisymmetric recirculation devices on the compressor characteristics are experimentally investigated. Two types of non-axisymmetric recirculation devices were tested. One had the bleed slot of a sine wave pattern. The other had the bleed slot partially channeled in the circumferential direction. There were appropriate positions relative to the volute for both non-axisymmetric recirculation devices. The compressor efficiency with non-axisymmetric recirculation devices was higher than that with axisymmetric recirculation devices, and the surge lines of the compressor with non-axisymmetric recirculation devices were located at flow rate lower than or equal to those with the axisymmetric recirculation devices.