bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supermassive black holes (SMBH) at work: M87, a case study of the effects of SMBH outbursts
Authors: Forman William , Churazov Eugene , Jones Christine , Vikhlinin Alexey 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSupermassive black holes (SMBHs) play key roles in galaxy and cluster evolution. This is most clearly seen in the “fossil record” that is imprinted in the gas rich atmospheres of early type galaxies, groups, and clusters by powerful SMBH outbursts. From a detailed X-ray study of M87, we present the properties of a typical SMBH outburst, its evolution, and the energy partition between shocks and the enthalpy of the gas cavities inflated by the SMBH. About 12 Myr ago, the SMBH in M87 inflated a cavity of relativistic plasma which is still centered near the galaxy nucleus. This outburst drove a shock into the surrounding gas. For M87, we show that the outburst duration is a few Myr and that about 50% of the total energy (5 × 1057 ergs) resides in the bubble inflated by the jet from the SMBH, that 25% of the outburst energy is deposited directly into the ambient atmosphere by the shock, and that 25% of the outburst energy is lost from the radiatively bright core as the weak shock moves to large radii. We conclude by describing a future X-ray mission, SMART-X, with < 1” angular resolution that would allow us to study the evolution of SMBHs and the hot, X-ray emitting atmospheres from high redshifts to the present for M87-like systems.
Cu2ZnSnS4 absorption layers with controlled phase purity
Authors: Su Chia-Ying , -Yen Chiu Chiu , Ting Jyh-Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe report the synthesis and characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) with controlled phase purity. The precursor was first prepared using sequential electrodeposition of Cu, Zn and Sn in different orders. The Cu/(Sn+Zn) ratio in each stacking order was also varied. The precursor was subjected to annealing at 200°C and sulfurization at 500°C in a 5%-H2S/Ar atmosphere for the formation of CZTS. The phase evolutions during the electrodeposition and annealing stages and the final phase formation at the sulfurization stage were examined using both x-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy, both of which are shown to be complimentary tools for phase identification. Detailed growth path is therefore reported. We also demonstrate by controlling the stacking order and the Cu/(Sn+Zn) ratio, CZTS with a phase purity as high as 93% is obtained.
Quantifying Nucleoporin Stoichiometry Inside Single Nuclear Pore Complexes In vivo
Authors: Mi Lan , Goryaynov Alexander , Lindquist Andre , Rexach Michael , Yang Weidong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe nuclear pore complex (NPC) is one of the largest supramolecular structures in eukaryotic cells. Its octagonal ring-scaffold perforates the nuclear envelope and features a unique molecular machinery that regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport. NPCs are composed of ~30 different nucleoporins (Nups), averaged at 8, 16 or 32 copies per NPC. This estimate has not been confirmed for individual NPCs in living cells due to the inherent difficulty of counting proteins inside single supramolecular complexes. Here we used single-molecule SPEED microscopy to directly count the copy-number of twenty-four different Nups within individual NPCs of live yeast and found agreement as well as significant deviation from previous estimates. As expected, we counted 8 copies of four peripheral Nups and 16 copies of fourteen scaffold Nups. Unexpectedly, we counted a maximum of 16 copies of Nsp1 and Nic96, rather than 32 as previously estimated; and found only 10–15 copies of six other Nups, rather than 8 or 16 copies as expected. This in situ molecular-counting technology can test structure-function models of NPCs and other supramolecular structures in cells.
Magnetic skyrmion logic gates: conversion, duplication and merging of skyrmions
Authors: Zhang Xichao , Ezawa Motohiko , Zhou Yan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions, which are topological particle-like excitations in ferromagnets, have attracted a lot of attention recently. Skyrmionics is an attempt to use magnetic skyrmions as information carriers in next generation spintronic devices. Proposals of manipulations and operations of skyrmions are highly desired. Here, we show that the conversion, duplication and merging of isolated skyrmions with different chirality and topology are possible all in one system. We also demonstrate the conversion of a skyrmion into another form of a skyrmion, i.e., a bimeron. We design spin logic gates such as the AND and OR gates based on manipulations of skyrmions. These results provide important guidelines for utilizing the topology of nanoscale spin textures as information carriers in novel magnetic sensors and spin logic devices.
Endurance training facilitates myoglobin desaturation during muscle contraction in rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Takakura Hisashi , Furuichi Yasuro , Yamada Tatsuya , Jue Thomas , Ojino Minoru , Hashimoto Takeshi , Iwase Satoshi , Hojo Tatsuya , Izawa Tetsuya , Masuda Kazumi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAt onset of muscle contraction, myoglobin (Mb) immediately releases its bound O2 to the mitochondria. Accordingly, intracellular O2 tension (PmbO2) markedly declines in order to increase muscle O2 uptake (m"Equation missing"O2). However, whether the change in PmbO2 during muscle contraction modulates m"Equation missing"O2 and whether the O2 release rate from Mb increases in endurance-trained muscles remain unclear. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of endurance training on O2 saturation of Mb (SmbO2) and PmbO2 kinetics during muscle contraction. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 4-week swimming training (Tr group; 6 days per week, 30 min × 4 sets per day) with a weight load of 2% body mass. After the training period, deoxygenated Mb kinetics during muscle contraction were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy under hemoglobin-free medium perfusion. In the Tr group, the m"Equation missing"O2peak significantly increased by 32%. Although the PmbO2 during muscle contraction did not affect the increased m"Equation missing"O2 in endurance-trained muscle, the O2 release rate from Mb increased because of the increased Mb concentration and faster decremental rate in SmbO2 at the maximal twitch tension. These results suggest that the Mb dynamics during muscle contraction are contributing factors to faster "Equation missing"O2 kinetics in endurance-trained muscle.
Ethnic differences in the association of SERPING1 with age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Authors: Liu Ke , Lai Timothy Y. Y. , Ma Li , Lai Frank H. P. , Young Alvin L. , Brelen Marten E. , Tam Pancy O. S. , Pang Chi Pui , Chen Li Jia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNeovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) are leading causes of irreversible blindness in developed countries. In this study, we investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G, member 1 (SERPING1) gene with neovascular AMD and PCV. Two haplotype-tagging SNPs, rs1005510 and rs11603020, of SERPING1 were genotyped in 708 unrelated Chinese individuals: 200 neovascular AMD, 233 PCV and 275 controls. A meta-analysis was also performed for all reported associations of SERPING1 SNPs with AMD and PCV. None of the tagging SNPs had a significant association with neovascular AMD or PCV (P > 0.05) in our study cohort. The meta-analyses showed that the most-studied SNP rs2511989 was not significantly associated with all forms of AMD, neovascular AMD, or PCV in East Asians (P = 0.98, 0.93 and 0.30, respectively) but was associated with AMD in Caucasians (P = 0.04 for all AMD and 0.004 for neovascular AMD). Therefore, the results of our study and meta-analysis suggest that SERPING1 is not a major genetic component of AMD or PCV in East Asians but is a genetic risk factor for AMD in Caucasians, providing evidence for an ethnic diversity in the genetic etiology of AMD.
Hsp60 response in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Gammazza Antonella Marino , Colangeli Roberto , Orban Gergely , Pierucci Massimo , Di Gennaro Giancarlo , Bello Margherita Lo , D'Aniello Alfredo , Bucchieri Fabio , Pomara Cristoforo , Valentino Mario , Muscat Richard , Benigno Arcangelo , Zummo Giovanni , de Macario Everly Conway , Cappello Francesco , Di Giovanni Giuseppe , Macario Alberto J. L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe mitochondrial chaperonin Hsp60 is a ubiquitous molecule with multiple roles, constitutively expressed and inducible by oxidative stress. In the brain, Hsp60 is widely distributed and has been implicated in neurological disorders, including epilepsy. A role for mitochondria and oxidative stress has been proposed in epileptogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Here, we investigated the involvement of Hsp60 in TLE using animal and human samples. Hsp60 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus, measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, was increased in a rat model of TLE. Hsp60 was also increased in the hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons somata and neuropil and hippocampus proper (CA3, CA1) of the epileptic rats. We also determined the circulating levels of Hsp60 in epileptic animals and TLE patients using ELISA. The epileptic rats showed circulating levels of Hsp60 higher than controls. Likewise, plasma post-seizure Hsp60 levels in patients were higher than before the seizure and those of controls. These results demonstrate that Hsp60 is increased in both animals and patients with TLE in affected tissues and in plasma in response to epileptic seizures and point to it as biomarker of hippocampal stress potentially useful for diagnosis and patient management.
Protective activity of carnosine and anserine against zinc-induced neurotoxicity: a possible treatment for vascular dementia
Authors: Mizuno Dai , Konoha-Mizuno Keiko , Mori Miwako , Sadakane Yutaka , Koyama Hironari , Ohkawara Susumu , Kawahara Masahiro 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) is a small dipeptide with numerous beneficial effects, including the maintenance of the acid–base balance, antioxidant properties, chelating agent, anti-crosslinking, and anti-glycation activities. High levels of carnosine and its analogue anserine (1-methyl carnosine) are found in skeletal muscle and the brain. Zinc (Zn)-induced neurotoxicity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD), and carnosine inhibits Zn-induced neuronal death. Here, the protective activity of carnosine against Zn-induced neurotoxicity and its molecular mechanisms such as cellular Zn influx and Zn-induced gene expression were investigated using immortalised hypothalamic neurons (GT1-7 cells). Carnosine and anserine protected against Zn-induced neurotoxicity not by preventing increases in intracellular Zn2+ but by participating in the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway and the activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein (Arc). Accordingly, carnosine and anserine protected against neurotoxicity induced by ER-stress inducers thapsigargin and tunicamycin. Hence, carnosine and anserine are expected to have future therapeutic potential for VD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Engineering three-dimensional hybrid supercapacitors and microsupercapacitors for high-performance integrated energy storage
Authors: El-Kady Maher F. , Ihns Melanie , Li Mengping , Hwang Jee Youn , Mousavi Mir F. , Chaney Lindsay , Lech Andrew T. , Kaner Richard B. 
Published: March 2015

Significance
Batteries run just about everything portable in our lives such as smartphones, tablets, computers, etc. Although we have become accustomed to the rapid improvement of portable electronics, the slow development of batteries is holding back technological progress. Thus, it is imperative to develop new energy storage devices that are compact, reliable, and energy dense, charge quickly, and possess both long cycle life and calendar life. Here, we developed hybrid supercapacitors that can store as much charge as a lead acid battery, yet they can be recharged in seconds compared with hours for conventional batteries.
The Commissioning of the King James Version
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the commissioning of the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. It begins with an account of the Hampton Court Conference initiated in January 1604 by King James I of England to assemble a group of bishops, led by Richard Bancroft, and moderate puritans, led by John Rainolds. It then considers the fifteen rules that were adopted during the conference for use in the translation of the Bible, along with the implementation of the procedures. It also discusses the inclusion of the Apocrypha in the early editions of the KJV.
The Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on editions of the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible that were printed in the early twentieth century. It first considers the scholarly editions that were published to commemorate the tercentenary of the KJV in 1911, including three versions by Oxford University Press. It then turns to two Bibles designed for aesthetic pleasure: the Doves Press Bible and the Oxford Lectern Bible. It also examines the Scofield Reference Bible, first published in 1909 by Cyrus I. Scofield, before concluding with a commentary on the adulation of the KJV as a great work of literature.
The King James Version in the Modern World
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on new translations and editions of the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible that were published in the modern world after World War II, including a fresh version of the Vulgate by Monsignor Ronald Knox, the Jerusalem Bible and its successor, the New Jerusalem Bible, the New American Bible, and the New English Bible. It also considers versions by other denominations such as Jehovah's Witnesses with their own New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, along with the New International Version and Today's New International Version by evangelical groups; the King James Only Movement, whose members prefer the KJV for literary or religious reasons; the readership of the KJV; and the KJV's influence on the development of the English language. The chapter concludes by assessing the status of the KJV in 2011.
Social Work Regulation
Authors: Knox Karen S. , Marks Andrew 
Published: March 2015

Social work regulation refers to the laws, rules, and regulations that uphold the profession’s ethical and practice standards and mandate credentialing of social work professionals. Social work regulation specifies the required qualifications for social worker credentialing and the scope of practice and services that can legally be provided. Social work regulation in the United States is relatively new as concerted efforts were initiated in 1969, when the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) passed a resolution to pursue licensing in each state. By 1993, all of the states and the District of Columbia had implemented some form of regulation. Internationally, many European countries, Canada, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand mandate some form of social work regulation, but development is still in process for many countries. Social work regulatory processes are mandated through governmental boards and statutes from the jurisdiction’s legislative body. Another type of social worker credentialing is through voluntary membership in professional associations that establish practice standards and codes of ethics. Protection of the public is the primary focus for both types of credentialing. Governmental regulation protects recipients of social work services through an enforcement process and sanctions for unprofessional behavior with regard to social work values, ethics, and standards of practice. Typical sanctions may include revocation of the regulatory title, additional training and supervision, and treatment for impairments, such as mental illness or substance abuse. Voluntary membership organizations also have consequences for members who violate their standards or policies, usually withdrawal of credentials and dismissal from the organization. There are three types of regulation: licensing, certification, and registration. These titles are used interchangeably by regulatory authorities, and therefore, can be one and the same depending on the jurisdiction. Protection of the title of “social worker” is another purpose of regulation, to ensure that only professionals who satisfy the conditions of social work licensure can, by law or statute, call themselves social workers. These conditions usually require having a social work degree from a higher education accredited social work program and passing a licensing exam at the appropriate level of education and experience. The national licensing exams are administered in the United States and Canada under the authority of the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB). Social worker regulation also requires continuing education or training to ensure professional competency, but jurisdictions vary greatly on their regulation requirements and titles, which can be confusing to both professionals and consumers.
Facklamia Species and Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Parvataneni Kesav C. , Iyer Sugantha , Khatib Riad , Saravolatz Louis D. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Facklamia sp are Gram-positive cocci that are often mistaken for viridans streptococci, but they rarely cause invasive disease. In this report, we describe a case of mixed Facklamia sp and Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in an immunocompetent host with sinusitis. This case demonstrates that Facklamia sp may be part of normal human flora but can be associated with invasive disease.
Left Ventricular Mass Regression after Two Alternative Sutureless Aortic Bioprostheses
Authors: Concistrè Giovanni , Chiaramonti Francesca , Santarpino Giuseppe , Pfeiffer Steffen , Marchi Federica , Vogt Ferdinand , Miceli Antonio , Glauber Mattia , Fischlein Theodor , Solinas Marco 
Published: March 2015

Objective Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in aortic stenosis (AS) constitutes a risk factor for cardiac morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of LV mass regression after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with two alternative sutureless self-expanding strategies: Perceval S (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy) (P) and 3f Enable (Medtronic, ATS Medical, Minneapolis, MN USA) (e) aortic bioprostheses. Methods Between March 2010 and December 2011, 129 patients with symptomatic AS underwent AVR with the Perceval S or 3f Enable bioprostheses in two cardiac surgery departments (Massa, Italy; Nuremberg, Germany). We analyzed 45 patients in group P and 19 in group E undergoing isolated AVR with a 6-month follow-up. The LV mass was calculated using the Devereux formula and was indexed to body surface area. Results Baseline patient characteristics showed no significant differences between the two groups. There were no in-hospital deaths. Two patients in group P died at follow-up versus zero in group E ( P = 0.49). Mean LV mass index decreased from 146.6 (78) g/m2 at baseline to 123.3 (63) g/m2 at follow-up ( P < 0.001) in group P and from 146.1 (47.6) g/m2 to 118.1 (39.8) g/m2 ( P = 0.003) in group E, with no significant difference between the two groups ( P = 0.315). This effect was accompanied by significant clinical improvement. Conclusions: In isolated AS, AVR with sutureless bioprostheses is associated with a significant regression in LV mass at 6-month follow-up. No significant differences were present between the two alternative sutureless strategies. However, regression needs an evaluation with long-term echocardiographic examinations.
Intestinal Anastomotic Ulcers in Children With Short Bowel Syndrome and Anemia Detected by Capsule Endoscopy
Authors: Bass Lee M. , Zimont Jessica , Prozialeck Joshua , Superina Riccardo , Cohran Valeria 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectives:Anastomotic ulcers are a known cause of anemia in children with a history of intestinal resection. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy can be used to diagnose these ulcers; however, the area of involvement may be difficult to visualize with standard endoscopic techniques. Capsule endoscopy (CE) offers an alternative method for visualizing the small bowel in these patients. We describe a cohort of patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) and anemia who had anastomotic ulcers detected by CE.Methods:Retrospective chart review of patients with SBS at our institution who underwent CE for chronic gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss.Results:Four patients who underwent a total of 6 CE procedures were identified. The underlying diagnoses included necrotizing enterocolitis (n = 2), gastroschisis (n = 1), and jejunal atresia (n = 1). All of the patients had their ileocecal valves resected during previous surgeries and had received blood transfusions within the previous several months. The median age at the time of CE was 5.5 years (range 4–14 years). Enterocolonic anastomotic ulcers were noted in the studies as wide, flat circumferential lesions with a white base. The CE results guided a change in medical management in all of the 4 patients, including surgical revision of their anastomosis.Conclusions:CE may be a helpful adjunctive tool for detecting anastomotic ulcers in patients with SBS and chronic GI blood loss.
Use and Safety of Erythromycin and Metoclopramide in Hospitalized Infants
Authors: Ericson Jessica E. , Arnold Christopher , Cheeseman Jomani , Cho Jordan , Kaneko Sarah , Wilson Ele’na , Clark Reese H. , Benjamin Daniel K. , Chu Vivian , Smith P. Brian , Hornik Christoph P. ,   Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act–Pediatric Trials Network Administrative Core Committee
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjective:Prokinetic medications are used in premature infants to promote motility and decrease time to full enteral feeding. Erythromycin and metoclopramide are the most commonly used prokinetic medications in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), but their safety profile is not well defined.Methods:We conducted a large retrospective cohort study using data from 348 NICUs managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group. All of the infants exposed to ≥1 dose of erythromycin, metoclopramide, or both, from a cohort of 8,87,910 infants discharged between 1997 and 2012 were included. We collected laboratory and clinical information while infants were exposed to erythromycin or metoclopramide and described the frequency of laboratory abnormalities and clinical adverse events (AEs).Results:Metoclopramide use increased from 1997 to 2005 and decreased from 2005 to 2012, whereas erythromycin use remained stable. Erythromycin use was most often associated with a diagnosis of feeding problem (40%), whereas metoclopramide was most often associated with a diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux (59%). The most common laboratory AE during exposure to erythromycin or metoclopramide was hyperkalemia (8.6/1000 infant days on erythromycin and 11.0/1000 infant days on metoclopramide). Incidence of pyloric stenosis was greater with erythromycin than with metoclopramide (10/1095, 0.9% vs 76/19,001, 0.4%; P = 0.01), but odds were not significantly increased after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26–1.02, P = 0.06). More infants experienced an AE while treated with metoclopramide than with erythromycin (odds ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.03–1.43).Conclusions:Metoclopramide was associated with increased risk of AEs compared with erythromycin. Studies are needed to confirm safety and effectiveness of both the drugs in infants.