bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Stimulant Ingestion and Neurocognitive Performance in Healthy Participants
Authors: Powers Michael E. 
Published: March 2015

Context
Concussion management has become an area of great concern in athletics, and neurocognitive tests, such as Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), are commonly used as management tools. Given the restrictive nature of current management plans, anecdotal concerns have been raised about athletes trying to cheat the assessments and return to participation sooner. Stimulants have been shown to improve neurocognitive measures similar to those used in ImPACT. Therefore, they could possibly improve performance during baseline and postinjury testing.

Objective
To examine the effects of a supplement containing stimulants on ImPACT performance.

Design
Crossover study.

Setting
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 5 men (age = 20.6 ± 1.5 years, height = 176.3 ± 9.6 cm, mass = 76.9 ± 18.6 kg) and 7 women (age = 20.6 ± 1.1 years, height = 162.9 ± 7.8 cm, mass = 60.9 ± 8.2 kg) with no histories of physician-diagnosed head injury, learning disability, or attention-deficit disorder.

Intervention(s)
Participants were assessed under supplement (5.5 g of Jacked 3D, which contains caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine), placebo, and control conditions separated by 1 week.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
I compared ImPACT composite scores for verbal and visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, impulse control, and a cognitive-efficiency index under each of the 3 conditions and assessed them 30 minutes after ingestion.

Results
I observed a difference when comparing reaction times, as the participants reacted faster during the supplement condition (0.53 ± 0.03 seconds) than during the placebo (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) and control (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) conditions (F2,22 = 4.31, P = .03). A difference also was observed for the cognitive-efficiency index, as participants scored higher during the supplement condition (0.49 ± 0.09) than during the placebo (0.41 ± 0.10) and control (0.41 ± 0.12) conditions (F2,22 = 4.07, P = .03).

Conclusions
Stimulant ingestion 30 minutes before testing resulted in improved memory, visual processing speed, and reaction time. However, the improvements were relatively nominal, and the question of clinical importance remains. Thus, it is unclear if stimulant ingestion would affect the return-to-participation progression.
Comparison of the Lubricant Eyedrops Optive®, Vismed Multi®, and Cationorm® on the Corneal Healing Process in an Ex Vivo Model
Authors: Pinheiro Ralph , Panfil Claudia , Schrage Norbert , Dutescu Ralf Michael 
Published: March 2015

Purpose To evaluate the impact of lubricant eyedrops on the corneal healing process and corneal toxicity. Methods Optive® and Cationorm® were tested regarding corneal irritability against Vismed Multi® and 0.01% benzalkonium chloride as negative and positive control, respectively. Formulas were applied on rabbit corneas (n = 5) cultured on artificial anterior chambers (EVEIT system) hourly over 3 days. Initially, 4 corneal abrasions (2–5.4 mm2) were induced. All defects were monitored during drug application by fluorescein stains and photographs. To ensure corneal vitality, glucose and lactate concentrations were determined photometrically in artificial anterior chamber fluids. Corneal fluorescein sodium permeability was tested as an indicator of the corneal barrier function. Results Optive® and Vismed Multi® showed a complete corneal healing on day 2. In one cornea (Optive®), erosion reoccurred on day 3. Erosion sizes of Cationorm®-treated corneas increased significantly from 12.20 mm2 to a subtotal erosion of 51.89 mm2 on day 3. Histology revealed epithelial loss and severe alterations of the superficial stroma for Cationorm®. Glucose and lactate concentrations did not change after application of Optive® and Vismed Multi®. In contrast, Cationorm®- and BAC-treated corneas showed a significant increase in lactate concentrations. Conclusions Vismed Multi® application resulted in rapid corneal healing. Whether the toxicity seen for Optive® in one cornea is a valid result should be examined further. Cationorm® showed considerable corneal toxicity that could be caused by its additive, cetalkonium chloride. Otherwise, the electrostatic properties of Cationorm® led to a drug film on the area of epithelial loss that could hinder epithelial cell migration and adhesion in order to heal the lesion.
Flank-Suspended versus Prone Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Changes of Haemodynamics, Arterial Blood Gases and Subjective Feelings
Authors: Pan Tiejun , Liu Bo , Wei Shiping , Li Gongcheng , Wen Handong , Shen Guoqiu , Yang Jiarong , Tu Zhong 
Published: March 2015

Background The flank-suspended position was adopted in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and haemodynamics, blood gas variables and subjective feelings were examined with an attempt to explore the effect of the operative position in PCNL on the body's inner environment and patient comfort. Objective The influence of the flank-suspended and prone position on haemodynamics, arterial blood gases and subjective feelings in patients receiving PCNL was examined. Design, Setting and Participants A total of 100 patients with kidney stones who underwent PCNL during January 2010 to January 2011 were divided into flank-suspended groups ( n = 50) and prone groups ( n = 50) at random in terms of the operative position. The blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and oxyhaemoglobin saturation and blood gas variables were determined at different time points (before the operation, after position change, 30 min after the start the operation and immediately after the operation). Visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring system was employed to define the posture comfort, dyspnoea and puncture-site pain 24 h postoperation in the patients. All the measures were compared between patients in different positions at different time points. Statistical analysis Paired t-test was employed in the comparison of measures detected at different time points in the same group. Two-group comparison was subjected to t-test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results and Limitations The blood pressure was decreased within and after the operation in both groups, substantially in the prone group, significantly lower than that before the operation (p<0.05). No significant differences in the heart rate, respiratory frequency and oxyhaemoglobin saturation were noted among the different time points in the same group. Blood gas analysis showed that pH value and base excess were profoundly reduced within and after the operation in the two groups, significantly lower than those before the operation, and the decrease was most manifest in the prone group. There was no difference in the blood sodium and potassium among the different time points in each group. The flank-suspended group was superior to the prone group with regard to posture comfort and dyspnoea degree but not puncture-site pain 24 h postoperation. Conclusions Flank-suspended and prone PCNL affects the haemodynamics, blood gas variables and subjective feelings of patients to a varying degree. The flank-suspended PCNL possesses advantages over prone PCNL such as little influence on haemodynamics and blood gas variables, satisfactory posture comfort, less dyspnoea and easy access to vital sign observation.
Animating Christ in Late Medieval and Early Modern Poland
Authors: Kopania Kamil 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
This article will continue the line of inquiry suggested by the previous contribution, but focus on animated sculptures of Christ created on the former territory of the medieval Kingdom of Poland, as well as in Silesia and Pomerania, and in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Articulated sculptures were a common sight in east-central Europe during the Middle Ages: they held an important place in liturgical and paraliturgical ceremonies, and were used during various theatrical religious activities connected to the main feasts of the liturgical year. Their elaborate construction enabled movements of specific body parts of the depicted person, and they had a powerful impact on the participants of these events. The tradition of using such sculptures in Poland is not commonly known, yet evidence for their use is vast. This article discusses a broad spectrum of recently discovered animated sculptures of Christ within the context of various texts and archival references concerning liturgical ceremonies that featured such articulated objects. I will finally argue that the tradition of engaging with medieval animated sculptures in Poland lasted long after the decrees of the Council of Trent were passed, and I will trace their survival and use well into the nineteenth century.
Killing the Enviropigs
Authors: Clark Jonathan L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In spring 2012, after losing the main source of funding for its Enviropig project, the University of Guelph killed its last remaining Enviropigs. Or, as a university spokesperson put it, the pigs were "humanely euthanized." Through an engagement with this particular case, I examine the ethical implications of using the term euthanasia to describe the killing of perfectly healthy animals who were bred for research but are no longer needed for this purpose. Given the ethical shortcut that terms like euthanasia provide, I call on research institutions, and the institutions that regulate them, to attempt to justify the killing of these animals without recourse to such terms.
Attending to Artists’ Voices: A Review of Artist/Animal by Steve Baker
Authors: Corman Lauren 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Steve Baker’s Artist/Animal focuses on a collection of interviews with contemporary artists whose work engages with nonhuman animal life. The text centralizes artists+ voices regarding their interpretations and interactions with animals and their art. Through a mix of both interviews and posthumanist theory, Baker provides context for artists who use animals in their work, either figuratively or literally, or both. Against reactivity and moralizing, Baker+s thesis concentrates on the key importance of attention in relation to art.
Specifinių antikūnų prieš B. pertussis titrai gimdyvių ir virkštelių kraujyje
Authors: Ivaškevičius Rimvydas , Ivaškevičienė Inga , Usonis Vytautas 
Published: March 2015

Įvadas. Lietuvoje, kaip ir daugelyje pasaulio šalių, sergamumas kokliušu plečiasi, nors skiepijimų apimtys nuo šios infekcijos ir yra didelės. Kokliušu serga įvairaus amžiaus asmenys, tačiau jis pavojingiausias naujagimiams ir pirmųjų gyvenimo mėnesių kūdikiams. Šiai vaikų amžiaus grupei apsaugą nuo kokliušo galėtų užtikrinti transplacentaliai gauti specifiniai antikūnai iš mamos organizmo. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti specifinių antikūnų prieš B. pertussis toksiną (anti–PT IgG) titrus gimdyvių ir kūdikių virkštelių kraujyje bei įvertinti tikėtiną naujagimių imlumą B. pertussis infekcijai.
Tiriamieji ir tyrimo metodika. Siekiant įvertinti mamos ir naujagimio imunitetą kokliušui, buvo tiriamas gimdyvės ir virkštelės kraujas, jame nustatomi G klasės antikūnai prieš B. pertussis toksiną.
Rezultatai. Iš viso išanalizuota 400 kraujo mėginių (200 gimdyvių ir 200 virkštelių), juose nustatytas anti–PT IgG kiekis. Beveik 87 % nėščiųjų buvo seronegatyvios, anti–PT IgG kiekis jų kraujyje siekė
Platelet function and indices in Lithuanian men with dyslipidemia: associations with inflammatory biomarkers
Authors: Banys Valdas , Andrejevaitė Viktorija , Šapoka Virginijus , Kučinskienė Zita Aušrelė 
Published: March 2015

Introduction. Platelet function, platelet volume indices, traditional markers of lipid metabolism, inflammatory markers and a novel biomarker, cyclophilin A (CyPA), are related as far as they have implications in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interrelations among these factors, correlation between platelet function and inflammatory factors, also a function of CyPA.
Materials and methods. 160 male patients with high risk of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were as follows: disturbances in lipids profile, increased weight, smoking, acute or chronic stress, no previous or current acute cardiovascular disease (CVD), high risk and presence of stress confirmed by physician. CRP, vWF, fibrinogen, CyPA levels were measured. Platelet function was assessed by aggregation and flow cytometry.
Results. Increasing number of risk factors gave statistically significant elevation in fibrinogen, thrombin receptors activating peptide, CRP, glucose, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet large cell ratio, lipids and their ratios with extremely significant linearity. MPV correlated positively with CD42a (r = 0.605; p
Ektopinės pridėtinės viršdiafragminės kepenys: klinikinio atvejo aprašymas bei literatūros apžvalga
Authors: Navickas Gediminas , Rutkauskaitė Dileta , Jovaišas Vytautas 
Published: March 2015

Pristatome klinikinį atvejį – 32 metų vyras kreipėsi į gydytojus dėl kosulio ir karščiavimo. Įtariant pneumoniją buvo atlikta tiesinė ir šoninė rentgenogramos, rastas inkapsuliuotas skystis arba darinys. Tikslesnei radinio diagnozei patvirtinti atlikta kompiuterinė tomografija su kontrastine medžiaga. Krūtinės ląstoje rastas aiškių ribų kepenų audinio tankio darinys, įsiterpęs per diafragmos defektą į dešiniojo plaučio didįjį tarpskiltinį tarpą apatinėje dalyje.
Pateikiame literatūros apžvalgą apie dažniausiai su ektopininėmis pridėtinėmis viršdiafragminėmis kepenimis asocijuotus simptomus, anomalijas, patologinio audinio išsidėstymo lokalizacijas bei šios patologijos priežastis.
Tai unikalus atvejis, nes tiksli diagnozė nustatyta kompiuterinės tomografijos tyrimo metu išvengiant intervencijų.
La tradition romaniste, une espèce menacée ? Libre propos sur le mythe du droit civil inutile et abstrait
Authors: Debruche Anne-Françoise 
Published: March 2015

La culture juridique romaniste, dite aussi de « droit civil », conçoit traditionnellement le droit comme une science (humaine ou autre) à part entière. Le modèle de recherche qui en découle se caractérise par une certaine forme d’indépendance, à la fois par rapport aux retombées concrètes attendues de la recherche, mais aussi par rapport aux autres sciences. Or, cette culture juridique romaniste est implicitement méconnue et désavouée en Amérique du Nord, y compris au Québec qui subit ici l’influence d’une culture juridique profondément différente, celle de la common law, où le droit n’est jamais devenu une science proprement dite et est toujours demeuré lié de façon organique à l’activité judiciaire. Par suite, la recherche en droit dans les pays de common law est toujours en quête de justifications, tant quant à son utilité concrète immédiate que sur son propre objet. Un texte étonnant de John Merryman permettra d’illustrer ce malentendu persistant et de contraster ces deux modèles de recherche.
Reference Ranges for the Pulsatility Index of the Fetal Aortic Isthmus in Singleton and Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Gámez Francisco , Rodríguez María José , Tenías José María , García Javier , Pintado Pilar , Martín Raquel , Pérez Ricardo , Ortiz-Quintana Luis , De León-Luis Juan 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to estimate reference ranges for the pulsatility index (PI) of the fetal aortic isthmus in uncomplicated singleton and twin pregnancies during the second half of pregnancy.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional observational study involving 543 healthy fetuses: 361 singleton pregnancies and 182 twin pregnancies between 19 and 36 weeks' gestation. The aortic isthmus PI was measured in 2 sonographic planes: the longitudinal aortic arch view and the 3‐vessel and trachea view. We evaluated the reproducibility of aortic isthmus PI measurements between these planes by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients and limits of agreement. Scans were performed by 2 physicians, and intraobserver agreement was also measured. Regression analysis was used to estimate gestational age reference values for the aortic isthmus PI.ResultsThe aortic isthmus PI was significantly correlated with gestational age in singletons and twins during the second half of pregnancy (P < .01). We did not find significant differences between reference ranges in singletons and twins or between the sonographic views.ConclusionsThis study offers reference ranges for the aortic isthmus PI during the second half of gestation in singleton and twin pregnancies. Mean aortic isthmus PI values were similar in both types of gestations as well as both sonographic views. The aortic isthmus PI may be reliably obtained from either sonographic view.
Clozapine underutilization in treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Stanton Robert J. , Paxos Chris , Geldenhuys Werner J. , Pharm B , Boss Jessica L. , Munetz Mark , Darvesh Altaf S. , Pharm M 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
It has been shown that up to one third of patients with schizophrenia do not respond to antipsychotic therapy. Thus, treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) remains a major mental health care challenge.
Clozapine has been shown to provide superior therapeutic benefits and is approved as first-line therapy for TRS. These benefits include improvement in both positive and negative symptoms, and reduction of suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Clozapine, however, remains significantly underused for TRS. A major reason for clozapine's underuse is its substantial adverse effect profile, mainly the risk of life-threatening agranulocytosis which necessitates regular hematologic monitoring. Another factor contributing to reduced clozapine prescribing is the increased use of other second-generation antipsychotics. In TRS patients, there is often a considerable delay in clozapine use, which is prescribed only after other unsuccessful second-generation antipsychotic trials. To combat this trend, there is a push for increased awareness to optimize clozapine prescribing. An important aspect in improving the use of clozapine therapy is physician and patient education. Furthermore, pharmacist involvement can improve clozapine prescription trends in TRS.
Indicators of response to clozapine treatment
Authors: Kim Dongmi 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Since its initial landmark trial against chlorpromazine in 1988, clozapine has been the drug of choice for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. However, variability in clinical response to clozapine treatment is unequivocal. In an effort to preselect patients who are most likely to benefit from clozapine, a number of patient and disease variables and select genetic differences have been studied for their association with positive treatment response to clozapine. Because of small trial sizes and the heterogeneity of study design, findings have resulted in no generalizable conclusion. Future pharmacogenetic studies hold the promise of antipsychotic treatment personalization.
Observation of the surface horizontal thermohaline variability at mesoscale to submesoscale in the north‐eastern subtropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Reverdin Gilles , Boutin Jacqueline , Hernandez Olga 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe seasonal variability of the surface horizontal thermohaline structure is investigated in the north‐eastern Atlantic Surface Salinity Maximum (SSM) at length scales from five to hundreds of kilometers, i.e., at submesoscale to mesoscale. The near‐surface temperature and salinity data from merchant ship thermosalinograph (TSG) transects across the Atlantic are used to compute the horizontal temperature, salinity and density fluctuations, and the density ratio. During late winter in the north‐eastern SSM, thermohaline compensation is observed for wavelengths from 5 km to more than 200 km; in spite of large and sharp surface thermohaline fronts, a weak density surface horizontal gradient is observed. Temperature and salinity exhibit an energetic spectra in k−2 slope scale between 20–100 km scale and a steeper slope at shorter wavelengths, while density spectra exhibit lower energy level with a clear k−3 slope below 20 km, consistent with interior quasigeostrophic turbulence. During summer in the north‐eastern SSM, salinity and temperature gradients are no longer compensated due to strong atmospheric heating of the upper ocean. In comparison with winter, the surface density spectrum is enhanced with a flatter slope between k−2 and k−1 between 5 and 20 km.
Persistent organic pollutants in ocean sediments from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Ma Yuxin , Halsall Crispin J. , Crosse John D. , Graf Carola , Cai Minghong , He Jianfeng , Gao Guoping , Jones Kevin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConcentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OC pesticides), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reported in surficial sediments sampled along cruise transects from the Bering Sea to the central Arctic Ocean. OCs and PCBs all had significantly higher concentrations in the relatively shallow water (<500 m depth) of the Bering‐Chukchi shelf areas (e.g., ΣPCB 286 ± 265 pg g−1 dw) compared to the deeper water regions (>500 m) of the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean (e.g., Canada Basin ΣPCB 149 ± 102 pg g−1 dw). Concentrations were similar to, or slightly lower than, studies from the 1990s, indicating a lack of a declining trend. PBDEs (excluding BDE‐209) displayed very low concentrations (e.g., range of median values, 3.5–6.6 pg/g dw). In the shelf areas, the sediments comprised similar proportions of silt and clay, whereas the deep basin sediments were dominated by clay, with a lower total organic carbon (TOC) content. While significant positive correlations were observed between persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations and TOC (Pearson correlation, r = 0.66–0.75, p <0.05), the lack of strong correlations, combined with differing chemical profiles between the sediments and technical formulations (and/or marine surface waters), indicate substantial chemical processing during transfer to the benthic environment. Marked differences in sedimentation rates between the shallow and deeper water regions are apparent (the ∼5 cm‐depth grab samples collected here representing ∼100 years of accumulation for the shelf sediments and ∼1000 years for the deeper ocean regions), which may bias any comparisons. Nonetheless, the sediments of the shallower coastal arctic seas appear to serve as significant repositories for POPs deposited from surface waters.