bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical variations of the deltoid artery
Authors: Bunker T. D. , Cosker T. D. A. , Dunkerley S. , Kitson J. , Smith C. D. 
Published: April 2013

Despite the expansion of arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder, the open deltopectoral approach to the shoulder is still frequently used, for example in fracture fixation and shoulder replacement. However, it is sometimes accompanied by unexpected bleeding. The cephalic vein is the landmark for the deltopectoral interval, yet its intimate relationship with the deltoid artery, and the anatomical variations in that structure, have not previously been documented. In this study the vascular anatomy encountered during 100 consecutive elective deltopectoral approaches was recorded and the common variants described. Two common variants of the deltoid artery were encountered. In type I (71%) it crosses the interval and tunnels into the deltoid muscle without encountering the cephalic vein. However, in type II (21%) it crosses the interval, reaches the cephalic vein and then runs down, medial to and behind it, giving off several small arterial branches that return back across the interval to the pectoralis major. Several minor variations were also seen (8%). These variations in the deltoid artery have not previously been described and may lead to confusion and unexpected bleeding during this standard anterior surgical approach to the shoulder. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:657–9.
Transfer RNA Post-Transcriptional Processing, Turnover, and Subcellular Dynamics in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hopper Anita K 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTransfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential for protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, tRNA biosynthesis employs a specialized RNA polymerase that generates initial transcripts that must be subsequently altered via a multitude of post-transcriptional steps before the tRNAs beome mature molecules that function in protein synthesis. Genetic, genomic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches possible in the powerful Saccharomyces cerevisiae system have led to exciting advances in our understandings of tRNA post-transcriptional processing as well as to novel insights into tRNA turnover and tRNA subcellular dynamics. tRNA processing steps include removal of transcribed leader and trailer sequences, addition of CCA to the 3′ mature sequence and, for tRNAHis, addition of a 5′ G. About 20% of yeast tRNAs are encoded by intron-containing genes. The three-step splicing process to remove the introns surprisingly occurs in the cytoplasm in yeast and each of the splicing enzymes appears to moonlight in functions in addition to tRNA splicing. There are 25 different nucleoside modifications that are added post-transcriptionally, creating tRNAs in which ∼15% of the residues are nucleosides other than A, G, U, or C. These modified nucleosides serve numerous important functions including tRNA discrimination, translation fidelity, and tRNA quality control. Mature tRNAs are very stable, but nevertheless yeast cells possess multiple pathways to degrade inappropriately processed or folded tRNAs. Mature tRNAs are also dynamic in cells, moving from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and back again to the cytoplasm; the mechanism and function of this retrograde process is poorly understood. Here, the state of knowledge for tRNA post-transcriptional processing, turnover, and subcellular dynamics is addressed, highlighting the questions that remain.
Quality of Care of People With Type 2 Diabetes in Eight European Countries
Authors: Stone Margaret A. , Charpentier Guillaume , Doggen Kris , Kuss Oliver , Lindblad Ulf , Kellner Christiane , Nolan John , Pazderska Agnieszka , Rutten Guy , Trento Marina , Khunti Kamlesh ,   On behalf of the GUIDANCE Study Group
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
We sought to determine levels of adherence in eight European countries to recommendations for the management of type 2 diabetes and to investigate factors associated with key intermediate outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
GUIDANCE was a cross-sectional study including retrospective data extraction from the medical records of people with type 2 diabetes recruited, using a shared protocol, from primary and specialist care sites in the following eight European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The dataset for analysis comprised 7,597 cases. Proportions meeting process and outcome criteria were determined, including between-country variations. Logistic regression was used to investigate potential predictors of meeting targets for HbA1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol.

RESULTS
In the total sample, adherence to process recommendations was high for some measures, for example, HbA1c recorded in past 12 months in 97.6% of cases. Target achievement for intermediate outcome measures was lower, with only 53.6% having HbA1c &lt;7%. Considerable between-country variation was identified for both processes and outcomes. The following characteristics were associated with an increased likelihood of meeting targets for all three measures considered (HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol): shorter diagnosis of diabetes; having one or more macrovascular complications; lower BMI; being prescribed lipid-lowering medication; and no current antihypertensive prescribing.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with earlier reports, we have suggested some encouraging positive trends in Europe in relation to meeting targets for the management of people with type 2 diabetes, but there is still scope for further improvement and greater between-country consistency.
Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis of HLA, CTLA4, and Insulin Genotypes for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Valdes Ana M. , Varney Michael D. , Erlich Henry A. , Noble Janelle A. 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
This study assessed the ability to distinguish between type 1 diabetes–affected individuals and their unaffected relatives using HLA and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eight models, ranging from only the high-risk DR3/DR4 genotype to all significantly associated HLA genotypes and two SNPs mapping to the cytotoxic T-cell–associated antigen-4 gene (CTLA4) and insulin (INS) genes, were fitted to high-resolution class I and class II HLA genotyping data for patients from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium collection. Pairs of affected individuals and their unaffected siblings were divided into a “discovery” (n = 1,015 pairs) and a “validation” set (n = 318 pairs). The discriminating performance of various combinations of genetic information was estimated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS
The use of only the presence or absence of the high-risk DR3/DR4 genotype achieved very modest discriminating ability, yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.62 in the discovery set and 0.59 in the validation set. The full model—which included HLA information from the class II loci DPB1, DRB1, and DQB1; selected alleles from HLA class I loci A and B; and SNPs from the CTLA4 and INS genes—increased the AUC to 0.74 in the discovery set and to 0.71 in the validation set. A cost-effective alternative is proposed, using genotype information equivalent to typing four SNPs (DR3, DR4-DQB1*03:02, CTLA-4, and INS), which achieved an AUC of 0.72 in the discovery set and 0.69 in the validation set.

CONCLUSIONS
Genotyping data sufficient to tag DR3, DR4-DQB1*03:02, CTLA4, and INS were shown to distinguish between subjects with type 1 diabetes and their unaffected siblings adequately to achieve clinically utility to identify children in multiplex families to be considered for early intervention.
Synthesis of terbium(III) complex with a biscoumarin derivative and its immobilization in PMMA-based composite thin films with fluorescent properties
Authors: Elenkova Denitsa , Getsova Miroslava , Zaharieva Joana , Manolov Ilia , Milanova Maria 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
An amorphous complex of Tb(III) with the biscoumarin derivative 3,3′-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylene)]bis-(4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), Tb(H2L)3, was successfully synthesized and characterized. IR- and 1H-NMR-spectroscopy were used to investigate the coordination of the ligand around the Tb(III) ion. Values for the quantum yield and the life time of the excited state of the complex were obtained. The complex was immobilized in transparent and flexible PMMA-based films by a simple casting technique. PMMA/chloroform solutions were used in synthetic procedures that resulted in both glass-supported and self-supporting nanocomposite films. The morphology of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, showing the formation of crack-free films. The presence of the Tb(III) complex in the matrix was proven by the presence of characteristic bands in the IR spectra. Fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated the promising optical properties of the films showing the characteristic emission bands of the Tb(III) ions. The longer life time of the excited state of the immobilized complex confirmed the protective role of the PMMA matrix on the optical properties of the complex. The composite films possessing optical properties have the potential for application as active components in optical devices.
Sono-extraction as a pretreatment approach for the screening evaluation of element mobility of sediment samples
Authors: Blašková Jana , Vojteková Viera , Nováková Jarmila , Mackových Daniela , Bazeľ Yaroslav , Lapčík Lubomír , Poperníková Zuzana , Abusenaina Ashraf 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Application of economically important and time saving pretreatment for the screening element mobility evaluation of contaminated sediments is presented. Ultrasonically-assisted single-step extraction (USAE) was carried out by EDTA solution. The extraction time of USAE was optimized and obtained results were compared with results estimated by conventional (EDTA extraction) and by sequential extraction (modified BCR protocol). The original three step BCR protocol was modified by addition of the first step (water leaching) and the fifth step, total digestion of sediment residue (acid mixture with HF). Zn, Cu and Pb have been determined in extracts by ICP-OES. Good conformity of the ultrasonically-extracted element contents and sum of contents, extracted during first three steps (water-soluble, acid-extractable, reducible — i.e., the most mobile fractions) of sequential extraction, was found. The sono-extraction reduced operating time of the first three steps of sequential extraction from 48 h to 15 min. Thus, USAE can serve as a rapid screening assessment of the mobile and potentially mobile element portions in sediments and other similar solid state environmental media. Analytical quality control was realized by comparison of the sums of element contents obtained at individual (five) extraction steps. Total element contents were also determined by an independent method (XRF).
Application of the calibration surfaces method in quantitative analysis of water — ethanol — methanol mixture
Authors: Sawicka Marta , Soroka Jacek 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The simple and quick calibration surfaces method has been applied to the quantitative analysis of water — ethanol — methanol mixtures. The refractive index, viscosity, boiling point, density, and position of the absorption band of the solvatochromic dye and the absorbance of the band corresponding to a particular wavelength were used as measured magnitudes which are functionally related to the quantitative composition of the mixture. The 3rd order surface equation was fitted to the experimental data via the multidimensional regression method. Various pairs of macroscopic features were tested to obtain the best results. To find the solution, the set of three equations were calculated, in which two equations were the mathematical description of particular macroscopic features; the third one resulted from the definition of mass fraction. The detection and determination limits as well as the error of the method were determined which proved that the refractive index and the density were the most adequate pair of macroscopic features.
Optimization methodology based on neural networks and genetic algorithms applied to electro-coagulation processes
Authors: Piuleac Ciprian , Curteanu Silvia , Rodrigo Manuel , Sáez Cristina , Fernández Francisco 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
An optimization methodology based on neural networks and genetic algorithms was developed and used to optimize a real world process — an electro-coagulation process involving three pollutants at different concentrations: kaolin (250–1000 mg L−1), Eriochrome Black T solutions (50–200 mg L−1), and oil/water emulsion (1500–4500 mg L−1). Feed-forward neural networks using heterogeneous combination of transfer functions were developed, leading to good results in the validation stage (relative error about 8%). The parameters of the process (concentration of pollutant, time, pH0, conductivity and current density) were optimized handling the genetic algorithm parameters, in order to obtain a maximum removal efficiency for each pollutant. Therefore, the optimization methodology combines neural networks as modeling tools with genetic algorithms as solving method. Validation of the optimization results using supplementary experimental data reveals errors under 11%.
A lower bound for the packing chromatic number of the Cartesian product of cycles
Authors: Jacobs Yolandé , Jonck Elizabeth , Joubert Ernst 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Let G = (V, E) be a simple graph of order n and i be an integer with i ≥ 1. The set X
i ⊆ V(G) is called an i-packing if each two distinct vertices in X
i are more than i apart. A packing colouring of G is a partition X = {X
1, X
2, …, X
k} of V(G) such that each colour class X
i is an i-packing. The minimum order k of a packing colouring is called the packing chromatic number of G, denoted by χρ(G). In this paper we show, using a theoretical proof, that if q = 4t, for some integer t ≥ 3, then 9 ≤ χρ(C
4 □ C
q). We will also show that if t is a multiple of four, then χρ(C
4 □ C
q) = 9.
A gradient-projective basis of compactly supported wavelets in dimension n > 1
Authors: Battle Guy 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
A given set W = {W X } of n-variable class C 1 functions is a gradient-projective basis if for every tempered distribution f whose gradient is square-integrable, the sum $\sum\limits_\chi {(\int_{\mathbb{R}^n } {\nabla f \cdot } \nabla W_\chi ^* )} W_\chi $ converges to f with respect to the norm \(\left\| {\nabla ( \cdot )} \right\|_{L^2 (\mathbb{R}^n )} \) . The set is not necessarily an orthonormal set; the orthonormal expansion formula is just an element of the convex set of valid expansions of the given function f over W. We construct a gradient-projective basis W = {W x } of compactly supported class C 2−ɛ functions on ℝn such that

where X has the structure \(\chi = (\tilde \chi ,\nu )\) , ν ∈ ℤ. W is a wavelet set in the sense that the functions indexed by \(\tilde \chi \) are generated by an averaging of lattice translations with wave propagations, and there are two additional discrete parameters associated with the latter. These functions indexed by \(\tilde \chi \) are the unit-scale wavelets. The support volumes of our unit-scale wavelets are not uniformly bounded, however. While the practical value of this construction is doubtful, our motivation is theoretical. The point is that a gradient-orthonormal basis of compactly supported wavelets has never been constructed in dimension n &gt; 1. (In one dimension the construction of such a basis is easy — just anti-differentiate the Haar functions.)
Impact of Movement Sequencing on Sciatic and Tibial Nerve Strain and Excursion During the Straight Leg Raise Test in Embalmed Cadavers
Authors: Boyd Benjamin S. , Topp Kimberly S. , Coppieters Michel W. 
Published: April 2013

Study Design Laboratory study, repeated-measures design. Objectives To quantify differences in sciatic and tibial nerve biomechanics (strain and excursion) during common variations of the straight leg raise (SLR) test. Background Hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion are the primary movement components of the SLR. It has been suggested that the nervous system is loaded differently when ankle dorsiflexion is added before or after hip flexion. There are, however, no data to either support or refute this suggestion. Methods Strain and excursion in the sciatic and tibial nerve were measured in the hip, knee, and ankle regions during 2 movement sequences for the SLR test in 10 embalmed cadavers. The proximal-to-distal sequence consisted of hip flexion followed by ankle dorsiflexion; the distal-to-proximal sequence consisted of ankle dorsiflexion followed by hip flexion. Results In the SLR end position, strain and excursion were comparable for both sequences for the sciatic and tibial nerve at the knee (P>.24). Strain in the tibial nerve at the ankle was greater with the proximal-to-distal sequence (P = .008), but the actual difference was small (0.8%). The pattern of strain increase and nerve excursion varied between sequences (P≤.009), with nerve strain increasing earlier and being maintained longer in regions closest to the joint that was moved first in the movement sequence. Conclusion Varying the movement sequence does not substantially impact excursion and strain in the end position of the SLR. Therefore, if neurodynamic test sequencing is useful in the differential diagnosis of neuropathies, it is not likely due to differences in strain in the end position of testing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(6):398–403. Epub 30 April 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4413
Concurrent Validity of Calipers and Ultrasound Imaging to Measure Interrecti Distance
Authors: Chiarello Cynthia M. , McAuley J. Adrienne 
Published: April 2013

Study Design Clinical measurement, concurrent validity criterion standard. Objective To determine the concurrent validity of digital nylon calipers in comparison to ultrasound imaging (USI) for the measurement of interrecti distance (IRD). Background Diastasis rectus abdominis is the abnormal increase in the width of the linea alba, measured as IRD. A diastasis rectus abdominis can compromise mechanical trunk function in both genders. IRD has been accurately measured with USI but requires costly equipment and extensive examiner training. Digital nylon calipers are inexpensive and easy to use, but their use to measure IRD has not been validated. Methods A sample of convenience of 56 individuals (11 men, 45 women) was measured. A single examiner was assigned to each tool (calipers or USI), and IRD was measured at 2 locations (above and below the umbilicus) under 2 conditions (abdominal muscles at rest and abdominal muscles contracted). All measurements were made during a single session, and examiners were blinded to measurements with the other tool. Results Above the umbilicus, the measurements of IRD with calipers were similar to those made with USI, with intraclass correlation coefficients (model 3,2) of 0.79 with abdominal muscles at rest and 0.71 with abdominal muscles contracted. The absolute mean difference between the caliper and USI measurements of IRD above the umbilicus was 0.03 cm larger with the calipers when the abdominal muscles were at rest and 0.03 cm smaller when the abdominal muscles were contracted. The values of IRD obtained with the caliper and USI techniques were not comparable when obtained below the umbilicus. Conclusion The calipers are a valid tool for measuring IRD above the umbilicus in males and females. Measuring IRD with calipers below the umbilicus should not be considered valid, using USI as the criterion standard. This may reflect anatomical variation of the linea alba or a limitation of the calipers to assess IRD at the same depth as USI. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(7):495–503. Epub 30 April 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4449
Evolution de la politique intérieure et des institutions chinoises depuis la Révolution culturelle (1966-1973)
Authors: Tche-hao Tsien 
Published: April 2013

Cette étude non polémique et basée essentiellement sur les documents officiels chinois de première main se propose de montrer l'évolution des institutions et de la politique intérieure chinoise à partir de la révolution culturelle, en 1966, jusqu'à mai 1973.
La politique intérieure chinoise ne varie pas autant qu'il peut le paraître. Elle repose sur des principes immuables. Les variations que l'on observe sont conjoncturelles et ne portent que sur les méthodes d'application des principes.
La révolution culturelle a eu pour but de remettre à l'honneur des principes plus ou moins négligés. Elle s'est traduite par une lutte de tendance dite « lutte entre les deux lignes », la rectification de l'erreur de droite ayant abouti à une erreur « de gauche » qu'il convient de rectifier à son tour afin de se maintenir dans « la ligne juste ».
L'essentiel réside dans la formation d'un homme responsable et conscient, capable d'analyser correctement la situation et de ne pas se laisser abuser par les différentes lignes erronées, pratiquant la modestie, la prudence et la franchise et sachant se soumettre à une discipline intelligente et librement consentie.
Fortement perturbé par les purges, le parti communiste chinois s'est lentement reconstitué après le IXe congrès en 1969. Les Comités du parti deviennent les rouages essentiels de toute l'organisation. Les membres du parti doivent remplir « les cinq conditions pour être un bon continuateur de la révolution ». Une insistance particulière est mise sur l'unité de direction qui s'oppose au polycentrisme et à l'anarchisme.
Les comités révolutionnaires ont remplacé les anciens organes administratifs. Le gouvernement a procédé à une grande réforme administrative dans le sens de la simplification et de la réduction du personnel. Les cadres se recyclent dans les « écoles du 7 mai » où le travail manuel les remet en contact avec les réalités de la vie quotidienne en les « rapprochant de la masse ».
L'armée qui joua un rôle peut-être exagéré durant la révolution culturelle est petit à petit ramenée à sa véritable place. C'est toujours « le parti qui commande aux fusils » même si « le pouvoir est au bout du fusil ».