bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between portion size, nutrient intake and gestational weight gain: a secondary analysis in the WATCH study 2006/7
Authors: Blumfield M. L. , Schreurs M. , Rollo M. E. , MacDonald‐Wicks L. K. , Kokavec A. , Collins C. E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundExcessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with adverse maternal–child health outcomes. Managing energy intake and GWG versus optimising nutrient intake can be challenging. The present study aimed to examine the relationships between dietary portion size, GWG and nutrient intakes during pregnancy. It is hypothesised that, after adjustment for potential confounders, portion size would be positively associated with both GWG and nutrient intakes during pregnancy.MethodsProspective data were obtained for 179 Australian women from the Women and Their Children's Health Study. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used at 18–24 and 36–40 weeks of gestation to quantify diet and portion size during the previous 3 months of pregnancy. Nutrient intakes were compared with Australian Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). GWG was measured up to 36 weeks and compared with the Institute of Medicine weight gain recommendations (WtAdh).ResultsIn multivariate regression models, portion size factor (PSF) was positively associated with GWG in women with high socio‐economic status (SES; β = 0.20, P = 0.04) and those with an overweight/obese pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.28, P = 0.04). PSF uniquely accounted for 8.2% and 3.7% of the variability in GWG for women with high SES and overweight/obese pre‐pregnancy BMIs, respectively. Nutrient intakes and PSF were similar regardless of WtAdh. Women achieved NRVs for calcium and zinc in all PSF categories. Most of the women with large PSF still failed to achieve the NRVs for folate (95.7%), iron (89.6%) and fibre (85.5%).ConclusionsAll women require advice on quality food choices during pregnancy to optimise health outcomes. Targeting portion size alone is insufficient to manage GWG but may prove to be a valuable tool in pregnant women of high SES and/or those who are overweight/obese pre‐pregnancy.
Nurse perceptions of the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale in two palliative care inpatient units: a focus group study
Authors: Hosie Annmarie , Lobb Elizabeth , Agar Meera , Davidson Patricia M , Chye Richard , Phillips Jane 
Published: August 2015

Aims and objectivesTo explore nurse perceptions of the feasibility of integrating the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale into practice within the inpatient palliative care setting.BackgroundDelirium occurs frequently in palliative care inpatient populations, yet is under‐recognised. Exploring feasibility of delirium screening tools in this setting can provide insights into how recognition can be improved.DesignThis was a qualitative study using a focus group methodology.MethodFour semi‐structured focus groups were conducted with 21 nurses working in two Australian palliative care units. Focus groups were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsThree major themes were identified: (1) Delirium screening using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale is feasible, but then what? (2) Nuances, ambiguity and clinical complexity; and (3) Implementing structured processes requires firmer foundations. Themes describe how nurses perceived the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale to be an easy and brief screening tool which raised their awareness of delirium. They were largely willing to adopt it into practice, yet had uncertainty and misunderstandings of the tool specifically and delirium screening generally, application in a palliative care context, interventions for delirium and impact of screening on medical practice.ConclusionThe Nursing Delirium Screening Scale is feasible for use in a palliative care inpatient setting, but requires investigation of its psychometric properties before routine use in this patient population.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses require understanding of delirium, tailored guidance and a united approach with doctors to support their effective use of a delirium screening tool in the palliative care unit. Delirium practice change in this setting will also require nurses to become more active leaders and collaborators within their interdisciplinary teams.
Genetic structure and post‐glacial expansion ofCornus floridaL. (Cornaceae): integrative evidence from phylogeography, population demographic history, and species distribution modeling
Authors: Call Ashley , Sun Yan‐Xia , Yu Yan , Pearman Peter B. , Thomas David T. , Trigiano Robert N. , Carbone Ignazio , Xiang Qiu‐Yun (Jenny) 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRepeated global climatic cooling and warming cycles during the Pleistocene played a major role in the distribution and evolution of the Earth biota. Here, we integrate phylogeography, coalescent‐based Bayesian estimation of demographic history, and species distribution modeling (SDM) to understand the genetic patterns and biogeography of the flowering dogwood,Cornus floridasubsp.floridaL., since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Natural populations of the species are severely threatened by dogwood anthracnose. We genotyped 306 plants from 73 locations of the species across most of its native distribution with three DNA regions from the plastid genome,ndhF‐rpl32,rps16andtrnQ‐rps16. The genealogy and haplotype network reconstruction revealed two haplotype lineages diverging ≈3.70 million years ago. We detected no clear geographic structuring of genetic variation, although significant local structure appeared to be evident, likely due to a combination of substantial localized seed dispersal by small mammals and small population size/limited sampling at a location. The spatial distribution of haplotype frequencies, estimated population demographic history, and results from hindcasting analysis using SDM suggested refugia in southeastern North America and population reduction during the LGM, followed by rapid post‐glacial expansion to the north. Forecasting analysis using SDM predicted range shifts to the north under ongoing global warming. Our results further suggested that gene flow via seed dispersal has been high but insufficient to counter the effect of genetic drift. This study demonstrates the benefit of integrating genetic data and species distribution modeling to obtain corroborative evidence in elucidating recent biogeographic history and understanding of genetic patterns and species evolution.
Evolutionary stasis in pollen morphogenesis due to natural selection
Authors: Matamoro‐Vidal Alexis , Prieu Charlotte , Furness Carol A. , Albert Béatrice , Gouyon Pierre‐Henri 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe contribution of developmental constraints and selective forces to the determination of evolutionary patterns is an important and unsolved question. We test whether the long‐term evolutionary stasis observed for pollen morphogenesis (microsporogenesis) in eudicots is due to developmental constraints or to selection on a morphological trait shaped by microsporogenesis: the equatorial aperture pattern. Most eudicots have three equatorial apertures but several taxa have independently lost the equatorial pattern and have microsporogenesis decoupled from aperture pattern determination. If selection on the equatorial pattern limits variation, we expect to see increased variation in microsporogenesis in the nonequatorial clades.Variation of microsporogenesis was studied using phylogenetic comparative analyses in 83 species dispersed throughout eudicots including species with and without equatorial apertures.The species that have lost the equatorial pattern have highly variable microsporogenesis at the intra‐individual and inter‐specific levels regardless of their pollen morphology, whereas microsporogenesis remains stable in species with the equatorial pattern.The observed burst of variation upon loss of equatorial apertures shows that there are no strong developmental constraints precluding variation in microsporogenesis, and that the stasis is likely to be due principally to selective pressure acting on pollen morphogenesis because of its implication in the determination of the equatorial aperture pattern.
Inverse relationship between body mass index and mortality in older nursing home residents: a meta‐analysis of 19,538 elderly subjects
Authors: Veronese N. , Cereda E. , Solmi M. , Fowler S. A. , Manzato E. , Maggi S. , Manu P. , Abe E. , Hayashi K. , Allard J. P. , Arendt B. M. , Beck A. , Chan M. , Audrey Y. J. P. , Lin W.‐Y. , Hsu H.‐S. , Lin C.‐C. , Diekmann R. , Kimyagarov S. , Miller M. , Cameron I. D. , Pitkälä K. H. , Lee J. , Woo J. , Nakamura K. , Smiley D. , Umpierrez G. , Rondanelli M. , Sund‐Levander M. , Valentini L. , Schindler K. , Törmä J. , Volpato S. , Zuliani G. , Wong M. , Lok K. , Kane J. M. , Sergi G. , Correll C. U. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBody mass index (BMI) and mortality in old adults from the general population have been related in a U‐shaped or J‐shaped curve. However, limited information is available for elderly nursing home populations, particularly about specific cause of death. A systematic PubMed/EMBASE/CINAHL/SCOPUS search until 31 May 2014 without language restrictions was conducted. As no published study reported mortality in standard BMI groups (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥30 kg/m2), the most adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) according to a pre‐defined list of covariates were obtained from authors and pooled by random‐effect model across each BMI category. Out of 342 hits, 20 studies including 19,538 older nursing home residents with 5,223 deaths during a median of 2 years of follow‐up were meta‐analysed. Compared with normal weight, all‐cause mortality HRs were 1.41 (95% CI = 1.26–1.58) for underweight, 0.85 (95% CI = 0.73–0.99) for overweight and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.57–0.96) for obesity. Underweight was a risk factor for higher mortality caused by infections (HR = 1.65 [95% CI = 1.13–2.40]). RR results corroborated primary HR results, with additionally lower infection‐related mortality in overweight and obese than in normal‐weight individuals. Like in the general population, underweight is a risk factor for mortality in old nursing home residents. However, uniquely, not only overweight but also obesity is protective, which has relevant nutritional goal implications in this population/setting.
Determinants of sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption in young children: a systematic review
Authors: Mazarello Paes V. , Hesketh K. , O'Malley C. , Moore H. , Summerbell C. , Griffin S. , van Sluijs E. M. F. , Ong K. K. , Lakshman R. 
Published: August 2015

SummarySugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with adverse health outcomes. Improved understanding of the determinants will inform effective interventions to reduce SSB consumption. A total of 46,876 papers were identified through searching eight electronic databases. Evidence from intervention (n = 13), prospective (n = 6) and cross‐sectional (n = 25) studies on correlates/determinants of SSB consumption was quality assessed and synthesized. Twelve correlates/determinants were associated with higher SSB consumption (child's preference for SSBs, TV viewing/screen time and snack consumption; parents' lower socioeconomic status, lower age, SSB consumption, formula milk feeding, early introduction of solids, using food as rewards, parental‐perceived barriers, attending out‐of‐home care and living near a fast food/convenience store). Five correlates/determinants were associated with lower SSB consumption (parental positive modelling, parents' married/co‐habiting, school nutrition policy, staff skills and supermarket nearby). There was equivocal evidence for child's age and knowledge, parental knowledge, skills, rules/restrictions and home SSB availability. Eight intervention studies targeted multi‐level (child, parents, childcare/preschool setting) determinants; four were effective. Four intervention studies targeted parental determinants; two were effective. One (effective) intervention targeted the preschool environment. There is consistent evidence to support potentially modifiable correlates/determinants of SSB consumption in young children acting at parental (modelling), child (TV viewing) and environmental (school policy) levels.
Tuning growth cycles of Brassica crops via natural antisense transcripts of BrFLC
Authors: Li Xiaorong , Zhang Shaofeng , Bai Jinjuan , He Yuke 
Published: August 2015

SummarySeveral oilseed and vegetable crops of Brassica are biennials that require a prolonged winter cold for flowering, a process called vernalization. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is a central repressor of flowering. Here, we report that the overexpression of natural antisense transcripts (NATs) of Brassica rapa FLC (BrFLC) greatly shortens plant growth cycles. In rapid‐, medium‐ and slow‐cycling crop types, there are four copies of the BrFLC genes, which show extensive variation in sequences and expression levels. In Bre, a biennial crop type that requires vernalization, five NATs derived from the BrFLC2 locus are rapidly induced under cold conditions, while all four BrFLC genes are gradually down‐regulated. The transgenic Bre lines overexpressing a long NAT of BrFLC2 do not require vernalization, resulting in a gradient of shortened growth cycles. Among them, a subset of lines both flower and set seeds as early as Yellow sarson, an annual crop type in which all four BrFLC genes have non‐sense mutations and are nonfunctional in flowering repression. Our results demonstrate that the growth cycles of biennial crops of Brassica can be altered by changing the expression levels of BrFLC2 NATs. Thus, BrFLC2 NATs and their transgenic lines are useful for the genetic manipulation of crop growth cycles.
Basic biology and role of interleukin‐17 in immunity and inflammation
Authors: Zenobia Camille , Hajishengallis George 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInterleukin‐17 (also known as interleukin‐17A) is a key cytokine that links T‐cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation. As such, interleukin‐17 can mediate protective innate immunity to pathogens or contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. This review summarizes the basic biology of interleukin‐17 and discusses its emerging role in periodontal disease. The current burden of evidence from human and animal model studies suggests that the net effect of interleukin‐17 signaling promotes disease development. In addition to promoting neutrophilic inflammation, interleukin‐17 has potent pro‐osteoclastogenic effects that are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases involving bone immunopathology. Systemic treatments with anti‐interleukin‐17 biologics have shown promising results in clinical trials for psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis; however, their impact on the highly prevalent periodontal disease has not been investigated or reported. Future clinical trials, preferably using locally administered interleukin‐17 blockers, are required to implicate conclusivelyinterleukin‐17 in periodontitis and, more importantly, to establish an effective adjunctive treatment for this oral inflammatory disease.
Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk
Authors: Slots Jørgen 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPeriodontitis is an infectious/inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Herpesviruses are frequent inhabitants of periodontitis lesions, and the periodontopathogenicity of these viruses is the topic of this review. In 26 recent studies from 15 countries, subgingival cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus and herpes simplex virus type 1, respectively, yielded median prevalences of 49%, 45% and 63% in aggressive periodontitis, 40%, 32% and 45% in chronic periodontitis, and 3%, 7% and 12% in healthy periodontium. An active herpesvirus infection of the periodontium exhibits site specificity, is a potent stimulant of cellular immunity, may cause upgrowth of periodontopathic bacteria and tends to be related to disease‐active periodontitis. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines induced by the herpesvirus infection may activate matrix metalloproteinases and osteoclasts, leading to breakdown of the tooth‐supportive tissues. The notion that a co‐infection of herpesviruses and specific bacteria causes periodontitis provides a plausible etiopathogenic explanation for the disease. Moreover, herpesvirus virions from periodontal sites may dislodge into saliva or enter the systemic circulation and cause diseases beyond the periodontium. Periodontal treatment can diminish significantly the periodontal load of herpesviruses, which may lower the incidence and magnitude of herpesvirus dissemination within and between individuals, and subsequently the risk of acquiring a variety of medical diseases. Novel and more effective approaches to the prevention and treatment of periodontitis and related diseases may depend on a better understanding of the herpesvirus–bacteria–immune response axis.
Microbial protection and virulence in periodontal tissue as a function of polymicrobial communities: symbiosis and dysbiosis
Authors: Roberts Frank A. , Darveau Richard P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis review discusses polymicrobial interactions with the host in both health and disease. As our ability to identify specific bacterial clonal types, with respect to their abundance and location in the oral biofilm, improves, we will learn more concerning their contribution to both oral health and disease. Recent studies examining host– bacteria interactions have revealed that commensal bacteria not only protect the host simply by niche occupation, but that bacterial interactions with host tissue can promote the development of proper tissue structure and function. These data indicate that our host‐associated polymicrobial communities, such as those found in the oral cavity, co‐evolved with us and have become an integral part of who we are. Understanding the microbial community factors that underpin the associations with host tissue that contribute to periodontal health may also reveal how dysbiotic periodontopathic oral communities disrupt normal periodontal tissue functions in disease. A disruption of the oral microbial community creates dysbiosis, either by overgrowth of specific or nonspecific microorganisms or by changes in the local host response where the community can now support a disease state. Dysbiosis provides the link between systemic changes (e.g. diabetes) and exogenous risk factors (e.g. smoking), and the dysbiotic community, and can drive the destruction of periodontal tissue. Many other risk factors associated with periodontal disease, such as stress, aging and genetics, are also likely to affect the microbial community, and more research is needed, utilizing sophisticated bacterial taxonomic techniques, to elucidate these effects on the microbiome and to develop strategies to target the dysbiotic mechanisms and improve periodontal health.
The role of natural killer cells in periodontitis
Authors: Wilensky Asaf , Chaushu Stella , Shapira Lior 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPeriodontitis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of humans. The microbial etiology of the disease is well documented, as is the major role of the host response in disease pathogenesis. As natural killer cells are one of the most important components of innate immunity against bacteria and viruses, they can be expected to act as major players in the development of the disease. Through direct interaction with periodontal pathogens, natural killer cells produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines that subsequently may lead to tissue destruction. Indeed, using a murine periodontitis model, such mechanisms have been shown to be involved in bacterial‐induced alveolar bone loss. In the present review we document the available literature and evidence base regarding the origin, biology and characteristics of natural killer cells, and their interactions with periodontal pathogens. The potential role of natural killer cells in periodontal pathogenesis and the mechanisms involved are discussed.
Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues
Authors: Dommisch Henrik , Jepsen Søren 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDefensins are antimicrobial peptides that exhibit direct microbicidal activity as well as mediator‐like functions by, for example, activating immature dendritic cells. This review focuses on defensins and other antimicrobial peptides that are present in periodontal tissues. Their antimicrobial capacity against periodontal microorganisms, their regulation and their expression profiles during periodontal diseases is discussed. As antimicrobial peptides may possess great potential for new diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies, a better understanding of how antimicrobial peptides are regulated as part of the innate host immune response is crucial.
Mini but mighty: microRNAs in the pathobiology of periodontal disease
Authors: Kebschull Moritz , Papapanou Panos N. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate protein expression either by inhibiting initiation of the translation of mRNA or by inducing the degradation of mRNA molecules. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNA‐mediated repression of protein expression is of paramount importance in a broad range of physiologic and pathologic conditions. In particular, miRNA‐induced dysregulation of molecular processes involved in inflammatory pathways has been shown to contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, first of all we provide an overview of miRNA biogenesis, the main mechanisms of action and the miRNA profiling tools currently available. Then, we summarize the available evidence supporting a specific role for miRNAs in the pathobiology of periodontitis. Based on a review of available data on the differential expression of miRNAs in gingival tissues in states of periodontal health and disease, we address specific roles for miRNAs in molecular and cellular pathways causally linked to periodontitis. Our review points to several lines of evidence suggesting the involvement of miRNAs in periodontal tissue homeostasis and pathology. Although the intricate regulatory networks affected by miRNA function are still incompletely mapped, further utilization of systems biology tools is expected to enhance our understanding of the pathobiology of periodontitis.