bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete Early Reversal of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Hyperintensities After Ischemic Stroke Is Mainly Limited to Small Embolic Lesions
Authors: Albach Fredrik N. , Brunecker Peter , Usnich Tatiana , Villringer Kersten , Ebinger Martin , Fiebach Jochen B. , Nolte Christian H. 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
Case reports have demonstrated complete early reversal of hyperintensities on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) after clinically diagnosed stroke. We aimed to investigate systematically the rate and characteristics of reversible diffusion hyperintensities (RDHs) in the first week after stroke.

Methods—
Patients with clinical diagnosis of an acute cerebrovascular event and evidence of ischemia on DWI were included. MRI scans were performed on admission, on the following day, and 4 to 7 days after onset of symptoms with DWI and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. Baseline and follow-up DWIs were coregistered and examined for individual RDHs. Characteristics of patients and of hyperintensities associated with early reversal were identified.

Results—
We included 153 patients with a median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 4 (interquartile range, 2–8). In 3 patients (2%), MR images normalized completely. Thirty-seven patients (24%) displayed individual RDHs. Of 611 initial DWI hyperintensities, 97 (16%) reversed. Thirteen percent of the RDHs had corresponding abnormalities on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images at the third measurement. Median size of the RDHs was 0.029 mL (interquartile range, 0.013–0.055). RDHs were associated with a multiple infarct pattern (odds ratio, 22.1; 95% confidence interval, 4.5–109.7) and symptomatic carotid stenosis (odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–21.5). Fifty-nine percent of the patients with RDHs had new additional lesions on follow-up DWI. RDHs were not associated with functional improvement on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score.

Conclusions—
In this population of mainly minor to moderate stroke patients, complete normalization of MR images was rare. Complete reversal of individual DWI hyperintensities was limited to very small lesions and mostly occurred in embolic stroke patients.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00715533.
Neonate Orientation Behaviour towards Human Voice
Authors: Alegria J. , Noirot E. 
Published: March 2013

Head, eye, mouth and crying responses were recorded in one-six day old neonates in an experimental (N = 36) and in a control condition (N = 12). In the experimental con-dition, the babies were sitting in a chair surrounded by a uniform white curtain and exposed to playback of a male voice transmitted successively through three loud-speakers at the left, the right or in front of the chair, according to a factorial design. In the control condition, there was no voice. The voice enhanced head movements, opening of the eyes, mouthing and crying and it influenced hand-sucking. The babies' head behavior can be described as positive orientation since first head movements after the voice had started to talk were most frequently given in the direction of the source of the sound. A possible explanation of the data on eye behaviour and on crying is that the babies turned their head towards the voice because they expected to see something else than a uniform white curtain by doing this. Their eyes were more frequently open when they first turned their head in the direction of the source than when they turned in the opposite direction. The onset of crying took place most frequently when the babies were facing the source and was more frequent when their preceding head movement had lead to an approach than when it had not. Individual differences between certain variables of the babies' behaviour can be related to type of feeding. Breast-fed babies showed positive mouth orientation when the voice came from the right and from the left of the chair, whereas bottle-fed babies mainly mouthed towards the left whatever the source of the sound. The possibility that the babies behaved, as far as the mouth was concerned, according to rules established during feeding, is discussed. Other differences between breast-and bottle-fed babies were found for hand-sucking and crying.
Perception of Mother in Four-and-a-Half-Year-Old Children; A Comparison with the Mother's Social and Emotional History
Authors: Uddenberg Nils , Englesson Irmelin 
Published: March 2013

In a projective play session 70 first-born children, 41/2 years old described their mother. The information from the children was comprised in two scales measuring the 'strictness' and the 'warmth' of the mother. Information about the mother was independently obtained from a longitudinal study, starting when the mother was expecting the investigated child. Thus the child's experience of its mother could be compared to the previous and present social and emotional situation of the mother. Mothers described as 'strict' or as 'not warm' characterized their child in a more negative way than others. The same mothers had reported less good mental health than others, especially for the growing-up period (retrospective information) and the post partum period. Mothers described as 'strict' or as 'not warm' also reported less good parental relations than others. When the child was a boy the mother's contact with her father seemed to be more important than her contact with the mother. When the child was a girl, however, the mother's relationship with her mother was the more important. Generally the child's description of the mother was not associated with the social situation of mother and child.
The Development of Moral Behavior: Continuities and Discontinuities
Authors: Chandler Michael , Siegel Michael , Boyes Michael 
Published: March 2013

A conceptual framework and supporting research findings are presented which are intended to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between moral judgment and moral action. A transactional model, based in part upon the earlier work of Piaget, is outlined. Within this framework, the outcome of moral deliberation is viewed as the joint product of an individual's current level of cognitive complexity and the structural complexity of the moral dilemma which he or she must arbitrate. In this context cognitive development level is assumed to predict concrete behavioral choices whenever individuals are at least as complex as are the moral alternatives which confront them. In order to test this hypothesis, children at three levels of conceptual maturity were presented with six dilemmas, representing all pairwise combinations of rituals, rules and principles, and were required to formulate specific plans of action to resolve these conflicts. The results are consistent with the hypothesis and show a significant interaction between the structural complexity of moral dilemmas and cognitive complexity of persons who attempt to resolve them.
Social Interaction and Social Organization of Israeli Fiveto Seven-Year-Olds
Authors: Hertz-Lazarowitz Rachel , Feitelson Dina , Zahavi Shoshana , Hartup Willard W. 
Published: March 2013

Four hundred and eight children kindergartners and first-graders from three experimental infant schools in Israel were observed in outdoor free play, forty minutes each day, for three continuous weeks. Social interactions and social organization were recorded using a modified version of Parten's (1932) system of categorization. Findings showed that the children engaged mainly in positive-active behaviors (over fifty-four percent). Solitary play and onlooker behavior accounted for thirty percent of children's social behavior. Parallel play occurred less frequently than reported earlier for younger children, although no age differences were observed between kindergartners and first graders. Boys were significantly more active than girls, and exhibited negative social interaction more frequently. Social organization was balanced. Children were observed fifty-seven percent in dyads, twenty-seven percent in groups of three and four children, and fourteen percent in groups with more than five children. Kindergartners participated in significantly smaller groups than first graders.
The Social Function of Reciprocal Imitation in 2-Year-Old Peers
Authors: Nadel-Brulfert J. , Baudonniere P. M. 
Published: March 2013

13 triads of familiar peers aged from 2;0 to 2;1 1 were brought together without adult presence in an experimental setting containing three sets of ten different categories of objects. This experimental situation made it possible to gather continuous filmed data, from which the authors are able to assess the importance of spontaneous imitative sequences, as well as put forward the social function of reciprocal imitation as a means of dialogue.
Current Trends in Studies of Behavioral Development in Japan
Authors: Azuma Hiroshi 
Published: March 2013

Japanese have had strong concern on child rearing and socialization since ancient years. Earlier publications on those topics date back to around 1400 AD. But scientific studies of behavior development belong to modern years, and it was after 1950 that the studies of psychological development have become prominent. Especially during the last 20 years, the number of studies of behavior development reported at psychology conventions increased rapidly, and during the period of 1976-1980, the behavior development studies account for more than one fifth of all psychology papers. Among them, the number of studies of personality development is the largest, followed by that of studies of cognitive development. Works on language development are also increasing in recent years, gaining their share in terms of percentage against the total number of behavior development studies. The method of research most frequently used is experimental, accounting for more than half of reported studies. Some research topics which are attracting attention are exemplified by recently conducted studies, which include language acquisition, "Kanji" as cognitive tool, mother-child interaction and cross-cultural studies.
Learning Through Media: A Comparison of 4-8 Year Old Children's Responses to Filmed and Pictorial Instruction
Authors: Murphy Catherine M. , Wood David J. 
Published: March 2013

Murphy and Wood (1981) present an analysis of young children's abilities to use pictorial information. Using the same task and situation, the responses of another group of children to filmed instruction were observed. This paper compares the effects of different visual media on the learning abilities of 4-8 year old children. Three learning conditions are examined: videofilm, pictures and non-instruction. One hundred and ten children, from 4 to 8 years of age, were asked to construct a three-dimensional toy under one of three conditions: forty children viewed a filmed demonstration of the procedure; 40 children were provided with a series of photographs depicting critical stages in the construction; a third group of thirty children acted as controls and were asked to attempt the task without instruction. There was a general improvement in performance from non-instruction through pictorial instruction to filmed demonstration. It is suggested that there is an age and sex difference in the relative effectiveness of the two forms of visual media. Filmed demonstration is of most asisstance to boys and the youngest children: the performances of girls and five year old children, though improved by filmed instruction, are quite efficient after pictorial teaching.
Aging: Sensitivity vs Criterion in Taste Perception
Authors: Kushnir T. , Shapira N. 
Published: March 2013

The study employed the signal-detection paradigm as a model for investigating age related biological vs cognitive (decision) effects on perceptual behavior. Old and young subjects reported the presence or absence of sugar in threshold level solutions and tap water. It was found that the aged subjects displayed a higher detection threshold. They also obtained a higher (stricter) criterion of decision, fewer false-positives and a greater false-negatives-to-total-errors ratio. These findings were interpreted as strategic behavior motivated by the elderly subjects' greater need to perform well through reducing the error rate. A post-hoc interview found that most subjects equated the term 'error' with false-positives only. Therefore, the negative response bias found among the elderly subjects may represent a strategic attempt to reduce the rate of false-positive errors. It is also speculated that it may reflect a need to save energy, since negative responses imply an unwillingness to commit oneself to exert effort.
The Emergence of 'Wanting to Do It Oneself': A Precursor of Achievement Motivation
Authors: Geppert Ulrich , Küster Ursula 
Published: March 2013

The presented pilot study analyzes the prerequisites of achievement motivation by studying children's wanting to do things themselves. The development of the intention to produce an outcome and the development of the self-concept are critical elements in this study. Wanting to do it oneself as a precursor of achievement motivation is inferred from children's articulations of the desire to perform tasks by themselves after their flow of action is interrupted by the experimenter. Forty-one children between 0;9 and 6;6 years of age were observed while playing with a collection of tasks. Classifying the children's various reactions to the experimental manipulations revealed different behavioral patterns that supported the hypothesis of developmental stages of wanting to do things oneself; these stages corresponded to the degree of development of self-concept. The prerequisites of achievement motivation such as centering on the action-outcome, attributing outcome to the self as the originator, and relating outcome to a sense of competence were identified.
Age, Sex and Self Concepts in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Ezeilo Bernice N. 
Published: March 2013

This study examines age and sex differences in self concept among Nigerian subjects. Self concept was measured with the Tennessee Self Concept Scale which had earlier been found both reliable and valid for the Nigerian population under consideration. The randomly selected subjects included literate males and females aged 14-50 years. Their educational levels ranged from class 3 secondary education to one and half years of university education. The results show that level of self concept increases with age with a plateau from the age of 40 years. This suggests that for this culture the self concept tends to stabilize in the middle age. The effects of sex and sex x age interaction are non-significant. This was explained by reference to the possibility that the female subjects engaged in academic pursuit may have the self confidence to master the demands of academic achievement in a culture where their role is still subordinate.
Consistency of the Behavior Problem Checklist Across Deaf, Blind, and Non-Handicapped Children
Authors: Schnittjer Carl J. , Hirshoren Alfred 
Published: March 2013

This study was designed to compare the factor structure and degree of deviance for three groups of children namely; non-handicapped, deaf, and blind on the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC). Congruence coefficients were determined for all possible combinations of factors from each of the three studies. The actual items comprising each factor were also compared. A third comparison procedure was based on the degree of deviation found in total score distributions for each of the factors in each study based on the Behavior Problem Checklist Manual Procedure. The first two factors (i.e., Conduct Problem and Personality Problem) held up consistently for each of the three comparison schemes across all three studies. The third factor (Inadequacy-Immaturity) had a much less consistent pattern with some pairs of studies more alike in this regard than others. These findings were consistent with previous studies which had used other means for comparison of consistency.
The Study of Behavioural Development in Italy
Authors: Battacchi Marco W. 
Published: March 2013

The state of developmental psychology in Italy is analyzed from the points of view of (a) professional education, (b) resources for research, (c) communication, and (d) current research trends. Current trends have been investigated by a multi-dimensional content analysis of the studies published or accepted for publication in qualified journals in the period 1978-May 1983. As far as professional education is concerned, graduate studies having a curriculum based on developmental and educational psychology should be provided for by the reform of graduate studies in psychology now under discussion; post-graduate studies in developmental psychology will start in the academic year 1983/84. Developmental research has received inadequate financial support from the National Research Council, but the establishment of two large departments of developmental psychology should greatly improve the current standing of developmental psychology in the Italian psychological community. Three journals are specifically devoted to developmental or educational studies, whereas international communication is still too one-sided. As regards research trends, the main findings are the following: the cognitive theoretical paradigm is the one most often followed, but the interactional paradigm is increasing its influence; life-span and broad age-range studies are too poorly represented; studies conducted in natural settings predominated only in the interactional perspective; there is increasing evidence that a combination of manipulation of the setting and free-response observation is going to become one of the preferred research strategies; cognitive development, non-verbal communication, socio-emotional development and social interaction and reading are the most productive and promising research areas, whereas it is particularly striking that emotional and affective development (including personality) must be listed among the most often neglected areas.
Cognitive Performance and Cognitive Style
Authors: Kalyan-Masih Violet 
Published: March 2013

This is the third in a series of "India Studies". It investigated within Piaget and Witkin's theories: (1) the relationships among cognitive performance and cognitive style and predictive possibilities; and (2) performance differences by sex, school, grade, and income. The Sample consisted of 92 boys and girls of ages 12-15 years studying in private and government schools in Delhi, India; 47 children in grades 5-7, and 45 in grades 8-10; and 28, 35, and 29 children in the three income levels respectively. Assessment measures were: Liquid Conservation, Islands, Goat-Lion, Hanoi Tower, Rabbits (Piagetian); Block Design (WISC-R); Paper Cutting, and Memory Design (Stanford-Binet); and Children's Embedded Figures Test. Data were analyzed by correlational analyses, varimax and oblique factor analyses, multiple regression, and two-way ANOVA: grade (2)Xincome (3). Cognitive style correlated significantly with cognitive performance and proved to be a good predictor. Factor analysis showed a common underlying construct in spite of different theoretical formulations. Developmental differences by grade, and performance differences by income levels, sex and school type were noted. These findings supported those of earlier research and demonstrated the applicability of Piaget and Witkin's theories for a non-Western sample.
Creativity in Adulthood and Old Age: Relations to Intelligence, Sex and Mode of Testing
Authors: Ruth Jan-Erik , Birren James E. 
Published: March 2013

A total of 150 well-educated subjects 46 young persons (25-35 yrs.), 54 middle-aged persons (45-55 yrs.) and 50 old persons (65-75 yrs.) participated in a study of creativity and age. Of these, 86 were men and 64 women. The results showed that there were age differences in creativity to the disadvantage of the old. A model based on the variables, reduced speed of information processing, a lower level of complexity and a decreased willingness to risk original solutions by age, are offered as explanations. Social factors such as educational goals and methods, as well as occupational and social roles, are further considered as modifiers of creative ability throughout life. The results further indicate that an informal way of testing was beneficial for all age groups. The men performed better than the women on the two creativity tests in which answers pertaining to technical creativity were generated. Age differences were also found in intelligence connected with logical reasoning, but not connected with verbal ability.
Why do Japanese Write Characters in Space?
Authors: Sasaki Masato 
Published: March 2013

A series of experiments examines the cognitive function of finger writing an action widely used by Japanese people and thought to be related to Kanji learning. In one experiment 105 Japanese students displayed finger writing in their efforts to solve Kanji anagram tasks, confirming that finger writing is used to facilitate the solution of Kanji anagrams. In another experiment Japanese children were observed to commence their finger writing at 10 years old and by 11 years old its role in cognition was apparently similar to that observed in adults. Finally, a cross-cultural study examined whether finger writing is related only to learning or knowing Kanji: 83 Japanese, 21 Taiwanese students and 23 other foreign students coming from a non-Kanji cultural area were tested. Taiwanese subjects used finger writing just as the Japanese subjects had. In a later study which involved solving English word problems, almost all of those using finger writing were from countries using Kanji characters. Japanese subjects also used finger writing in English word tasks. Finger writing appears to originate from the existence of motoric or action based representation. This has implications for research in nonvisual imagery. The relationships between finger writing, aphasia and cross-cultural studies of cognition are discussed.
Very Low Birthweight: A Long-term Developmental Impairment?
Authors: Hoy Elizabeth A. , Bill John M. , Sykes Donald H. 
Published: March 2013

Research with very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (≤isoog) may be broadly categorised into product and process studies. Recent product-oriented outcome studies are reviewed from the perspective of whether VLBW infants born since 1975 (when intensive care methods became relatively stabilised in effectiveness) show behavioural problems, intellectual impairment, linguistic or social deficits. Process studies examining cognitive, social and contextual variables, differentiating VLBW and normal birthweight infants, and thought to compromise long-term outcome are then discussed. It is argued, in the light of the conflicting evidence, that future studies need to: (1) exert greater control over the medical and psychological variables confounded with low birthweight, including the variable of social class; (2) study outcome from a life-span perspective, examining the possibility of an intergenerational cycle for at least some families; and; (3) incorporate both systems-oriented and transactional models into their designs, for the purpose not only of predicting outcome, but also ultimately for providing the most appropriate types of support for these infants.