bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wiggles and Finitely Discontinuous k‐to‐1 Functions Between Graphs
Authors: Gauci John Baptist , Hilton Anthony J. W. , Stark Dudley 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA function between graphs is k‐to‐1 if each point in the codomain has precisely k preimages in the domain. In this article, we approach the topic of continuous, or finitely discontinuous, k‐to‐1 functions between graphs from three different points of view. Harrold (Duke Math J 5 (1939), 789–793) showed that there is no 2‐to‐1 continuous function from a closed interval onto a circle (i.e., from K2 onto C3). In the first part of this article, we describe all 3‐to‐1 continuous functions from an edge onto a cycle. Such a description is just one step away from a description of all 3‐to‐1 continuous functions from onto , which is in fact our main initial emphasis. Second, given two graphs, G and H, and an integer , and considering G and H as subsets of , Jo Heath gave a simple criterion for the existence of a finitely discontinuous k‐to‐1 function from G onto H. Such functions often involve a limiting construction which we call a wiggle. In the second part of this article, we give a simple formula (related to Jo Heath's construction) which counts the number of wiggles. The question of whether there is a continuous k‐to‐1 function (i.e., a k‐to‐1 map in the usual topological sense) from G onto H is more complicated. In the third part of this article, we consider complete graphs and . In the cases where n and m have the same parity, and , then we determine exactly when there is a k‐to‐1 continuous function from onto . Other cases are considered elsewhere (J. K. Dugdale, S. Fiorini, A. J. W. Hilton, J. B. Gauci, Discrete Math 310 (2010), 330–346 and J. B. Gauci, A. J. W. Hilton, J Graph Theory 65 (2010), 35–60).
Screening of Film‐Formation Qualities of Various Solvent Systems for π‐Conjugated Polymers Via Combinatorial Inkjet Printing
Authors: Teichler Anke , Perelaer Jolke , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA systematic investigation of the relationships between the choice of solvent system and the film quality of inkjet printed π‐conjugated polymer films is presented. Solution properties, such as surface tension and viscosity, have no effect on the final film quality, whereas the boiling point of the solvent and, more specifically, the difference in boiling point between the main and the co‐solvent have a strong influence on the final film quality. New solvent systems are developed based on non‐chlorinated, aromatic solvents that reveal homogeneous films when the difference in boiling point between the main and the co‐solvent is between 90 and 100 °C.
Enrichment of True Positives from Structural Alerts Through the Use of Novel Atomic Fragment Based Descriptors
Authors: Long Anthony , Rydberg Patrik 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo enhance the discrimination rate for methods applying structural alerts and biotransformation rules in the prediction of toxicity and drug metabolism we have developed a set of novel fragment based atomic descriptors. These atomic descriptors encode the properties of the fragments separating an atom from the closest end of a branch or the molecule. The end of a branch and the end of a molecule, as well as the selection of the fragments, are made by an algorithm that uses only the distance matrix of the molecule. The novel descriptors are applied to a small set of biotransformation rules and are shown to be able to reduce the number of unconfirmed positives by up to 58 %.
The eTOX Library of Public Resources for in Silico Toxicity Prediction
Authors: Cases M. , Pastor M. , Sanz F. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract(1000–1500 characters) In spite of the increasing amount of public access resources that offer original data related to drug toxicology, the successful exploitation of such data for the development of in silico predictive models is still limited by the quality of the data available, its integrability and its coverage for each toxicity endpoint. This work describes the strategy developed by the IMI eTOX consortium for identifying and compiling data and other related resources from the biomedical literature and a wide spectrum of public on‐line sources. The main result of this effort is a large web‐based structured library containing links to articles of toxicological relevance (data that can be used for modeling purposes, computational models, and toxicity mechanisms), public databases, standardized vocabularies and modeling tools. All this material has been manually reviewed, systematically evaluated and grouped into different categories. The library has been made public at the eTOX website (http://www.etoxproject.eu/), where it is updated on a monthly basis, constituting a useful resource for affording the in silico toxicity prediction of novel drug candidates.
Rethinking Asset‐Based Community Development Strategies in Post‐Earthquake China: The Role of Social Capital
Authors: Lau Pui Yan Flora 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo date, the discussion of asset‐based community development strategies has focused on the ways in which tangible assets contribute to the material aspects of life. This paper adopts a different perspective by concentrating on the role of intangible assets, that is, social capital, in community development. Via semi‐structured interviews with users of a resource center's services and leaders of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and a quasi‐governmental organization, the author explores the ways in which social capital helps community redevelopment (especially rehabilitation) in post‐earthquake China. The paper concludes that there is room for NGOs to adopt a bottom‐up approach to community development provided they maintain an apolitical and knowledge‐specific stance.
Inter‐State Variations in Economic Growth: How Much Governance Matters?
Authors: Ram K. , Kaur Simrit 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDespite somewhat similar central allocation of funds, States in India have been achieving varying growth rates of Per Capita State Domestic Product (PC SDP). To analyze the extent to which this variation is on account of variation in governance levels, the paper constructs the Composite Quality of Governance Indices using six governance dimensions: namely, Administrative Effectiveness, Transparency Awareness and Control of Corruption, Fiscal Efficacy, Law and Order Situation, E‐Readiness Level, and Social Justice Index. Thereafter, panel regressions have been carried out to examine the extent to which governance matters in explaining inter‐State growth variation. In addition to the main explanatory variable, control variables such as Per Capita Public Expenditure (PCpe), Per Capita Consumer Expenditure, and State and time dummies have been included. Drawing upon data from 14 non‐special category Indian States over the period 2003–7, econometric results confirm that the quality of governance matters. Its coefficient is estimated to have a significant favorable impact on not just the level and growth of PC SDP. Further, output elasticity of governance has been estimated to be higher than that of public spending (PCpe). An important policy implication is that the States of India, while seeking additional funds from the Center, must also focus on improving governance to make more effective use of these funds.
Improved efficiency of blue phosphorescence organic light‐emitting diodes with irregular stepwise‐doping emitting layers
Authors: Liu Jun , Wang Jing , Huang Saijun , Chen Hsi‐An , He Gufeng 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate highly efficient blue phosphorescence organic light‐emitting diodes (PHOLED) with irregular stepwise‐doping emitting layers (EMLs). High efficiency is realized by inserting a high‐doping EML between two relatively low‐doping EMLs. Peak luminous efficiency and power efficiency of 19.2 cd A−1 and 18.0 lm W−1 are achieved, while those of a continuous stepwise‐doping device are 9.8 cd A−1 and 8.6 lm W−1. The dramatic efficiency enhancement is mainly attributed to the high hole–electron recombination probability and suppressed triplet excitons quenching by fine tuning the doping concentrations in the EMLs.
Surface reaction of 2‐propanol on modified Keggin type polyoxometalates: In situ IR spectroscopic investigation of the surface acid–base properties
Authors: Iwanowa Xenia , Strunk Jennifer , Löffler Elke , Muhler Martin , Merz Klaus 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn order to investigate the influence of modified Keggin‐polyoxometalates and supported gold particles on reactivity and reaction pathways in thermal 2‐propanol oxidation, titanium‐substituted, insoluble Cs+‐salts of the Keggin‐heteropolytungstate (H3PW12O40) Cs3PW12O40 1, Cs5PW11TiO40 · nH2O 2, and supported gold composite Au/Cs5PW11TiO40 · nH2O 3 were synthesized and characterized as molecular model catalysts. The Ti‐substituted polyoxometalate 2 did not show any observable activity in the gas phase oxidation of 2‐propanol. The presence of gold nano‐particles activates the supporting polyoxometalate 3 and enhances formation of different oxidation products (acetone, diisopropyl ether) depending on the presence of different types of active sites. The formation of the diisopropyl ether involves two adjacent 2‐propanol molecules adsorbed on two different types of active sites, whereas the dehydrogenation reaction for the acetone formation involves the initial adsorption of 2‐propanol on one type of active site.
Influence of radiation damage on diffusion of fission products in silicon carbide
Authors: Friedland Erich , Hlatshwayo Thulani , van der Berg Nic 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe influence of irradiation induced damage on the transport of implanted species in poly and single crystalline silicon carbide is investigated. For this purpose published diffusion results of strontium, silver, iodine and cesium are compared with the associated evolution of defect profiles determined by α‐particle channelling in a backscattering geometry. Strong diffusion takes place in the amorphized surface layer of room temperature implanted 6H‐SiC during annealing at 1100 °C, which drops below the detection limit of 10‐21 m2 s‐1 as soon as re‐crystallization is completed. Diffusion in samples implanted above the critical amorphization temperature is only observed when simultaneously a significant reduction of defect density occurs. No diffusion into the undamaged bulk is detected at temperatures up to 1500 °C. The observed diffusion behaviour is explained by a defect related trapping and release mechanism. Normal grain boundary diffusion of silver and iodine occurs in CVD‐SiC. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermodynamic analysis of InGaN‐HVPE growth using group‐III chlorides, bromides, and iodides
Authors: Hirasaki Takahide , Hanaoka Koshi , Murakami Hisashi , Kumagai Yoshinao , Koukitu Akinori 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThermodynamic analyses on hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) of InGaN using III‐chlorides, III‐bromides, and III‐iodides were performed to search a promising source material having a potential for controlling the solid composition with a high growth rate. In this analysis, various precursors such as InCl3, GaCl3,InBr3, GaBr3, InI3, and GaI3 were selected for comparison. Influence of input mole fraction of hydrogen (H2) in the carrier gas and input V/III ratio on the equilibrium partial pressures at InGaN deposition zone and the driving forces of InGaN deposition are shown. It was found that HVPE growth of InGaN using a combination of InCl3 and GaCl3 under a low input mole fraction of H2 and a high V/III ratio is essential for the control of solid composition and for high growth rate. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coalescence growth of GaN crystals on point seed crystals using the Na flux method
Authors: Imanishi M. , Murakami K. , Imabayashi H. , Takazawa H. , Todoroki Y. , Matsuo D. , Maruyama M. , Imade M. , Yoshimura M. , Mori Y. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe have recently shown that dislocation‐free GaN crystals could be grown on a “GaN point seed” by the Na‐flux method. In order to grow larger‐diameter dislocation‐free GaN crystals, we have been trying to coalesce GaN crystals grown from many isolated point seeds. In this study, we found that two GaN crystals grown from two point seeds arranged along the a ‐direction coalesced without generating dislocations at the coalescence boundary. X‐ray rocking curve measurements showed that tilting and twisting of the c‐axis between two crystals around the coalescence boundary gradually diminished as the growth proceeded. Furthermore, three GaN crystals arranged in a triangular pattern could coalesce along the a ‐direction. These results indicate that coalescence growth may become a key technique for fabricating larger‐diameter dislocation‐free GaN crystals. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Capacitance‐voltage and admittance investigations of InGaN/GaN MQW LEDs: frequency dependence
Authors: Soltanovich Oleg , Yakimov Eugene 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCapacitance‐frequency dependences for InGaN/GaN multiple‐quantum‐well light‐emitting structures grown by MOCVD are investigated at various temperatures and bias voltages. The charge relaxation in a quantum well is found to be satisfactorily described by two emission processes with different dependences of emission rate on temperature. It is shown that in typical InGaN/GaN lightemitting structures, one or a few quantum wells can be filled with electrons even for the relatively high reverse biases applied to the structure and contribute to the measured capacitance. This allows to explain the observed temperature and frequency dependences of apparent carrier concentration profiles obtained under capacitance–voltage profiling in these structures. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fetal Membrane Cells for Treatment of Steroid-Refractory Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Authors: Ringdén Olle , Erkers Tom , Nava Silvia , Uzunel Mehmet , Iwarsson Erik , Conrad Réka , Westgren Magnus , Mattsson Jonas , Kaipe Helen 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The placenta protects the fetus from the mother's immune system. We have previously found that fetal membrane cells (FMCs) isolated from term placenta prevent alloreactivity in vitro. FMCs share many features with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which we previously introduced to treat severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Here, we tested FMCs for treatment of steroid-refractory acute GVHD. After two passages in culture, approximately 109 FMCs were obtained from one single placenta, although not all cells from passage 0 and passage 1 were used for expansion. The FMCs were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD49d but were negative for hematopoietic, endothelial, and epithelial markers. Microsatellite polymorphism analysis showed that FMCs were of maternal origin. All FMCs used showed normal karyotype. Nine patients who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and who had developed steroid-refractory grade III–IV acute GVHD were given 0.9–2.8 × 106 FMCs per kg at 15 infusions. Median age was 57 years. There was no toxicity from infusion of FMCs in eight patients. One patient had seizures after infusion. Two of eight evaluable patients had a complete response and four had a partial response, giving an overall response rate of 75%. Two patients showed no response at all. Three patients are alive from 6 to 21 months after HSCT. One patient is well and two have chronic GVHD. Thus, FMCs may be successfully used for immune modulation and tissue repair.
CD133 Is Essential for Glioblastoma Stem Cell Maintenance
Authors: Brescia Paola , Ortensi Barbara , Fornasari Lorenzo , Levi Daniel , Broggi Giovanni , Pelicci Giuliana 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The role of the cell surface CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in glioblastoma (GBM) has been widely investigated, since it identifies cells that are able to initiate neurosphere growth and form heterogeneous tumors when transplanted in immune-compromised mice. However, evidences of CD133-negative cells exhibiting similar properties have also been reported. Moreover, the functional role of CD133 in cancer stem/progenitor cells remains poorly understood. We studied the biological effects of CD133 downregulation in GBM patient-derived neurospheres. Our results indicate that there is not a hierarchical relation between CD133-positive and CD133-negative cells composing the neurospheres. Indeed, CD133 appears in an interconvertible state, changing its subcellular localization between the cytoplasm and the plasmamembrane of neurosphere cells. Silencing of CD133 in human GBM neurospheres using lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA impairs the self-renewal and tumorigenic capacity of neurosphere cells. These results imply that CD133 could be used as a therapeutic target in GBMs.
A Critical Role for Sox9 in Notch-Induced Astrogliogenesis and Stem Cell Maintenance
Authors: Martini Simone , Bernoth Kristina , Main Heather , Ortega German Dario Camargo , Lendahl Urban , Just Ursula , Schwanbeck Ralf 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Notch signaling is a key regulator of cell-fate decisions and is essential for proper neuroectodermal development. There, it favors the formation of ectoderm, promotes maintenance of neural stem cells, inhibits differentiation into neurons, and commits neural progenitors to a glial fate. In this report, we explore downstream effects of Notch important for astroglial differentiation. Transient activation of Notch1 during early stages of neuroectodermal differentiation of embryonic stem cells resulted in an increase of neural stem cells, a reduction in neurons, an induction of astroglial cell differentiation, and an induction of neural crest (NC) development. Transient or continuous activation of Notch1 during neuroectodermal differentiation led to upregulation of Sox9 expression. Knockdown of the Notch1-induced Sox9 expression reversed Notch1-induced astroglial cell differentiation, increase in neural stem cells, and the decrease in neurons, whereas the Notch1 effects on NC development were hardly affected by knockdown of Sox9 expression. These findings reveal a critical role for Notch-mediated upregulation of Sox9 in a select set of neural lineage determination steps controlled by Notch.
A comparative study on vibration‐based condition monitoring algorithms for wind turbine drive trains
Authors: Siegel David , Zhao Wenyu , Lapira Edzel , AbuAli Mohamed , Lee Jay 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe ability to detect and diagnose incipient gear and bearing degradation can offer substantial improvements in reliability and availability of the wind turbine asset. Considering the motivation for improved reliability of the wind turbine drive train, numerous research efforts have been conducted using a vast array of vibration‐based algorithms. Despite these efforts, the techniques are often evaluated on smaller‐scale test‐beds, and existing studies do not provide a detailed comparison between the various vibration‐based condition monitoring algorithms. This study evaluates a multitude of methods, including frequency domain and cepstrum analysis, time synchronous averaging narrowband and residual methods, bearing envelope analysis and spectral kurtosis‐based methods. A full‐scale baseline wind turbine drive train and a drive train with several gear and bearing failures are tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) dynamometer test cell during the NREL Gear Reliability Collaborative Round Robin study. A tabular set of results is presented to highlight the ability of each algorithm to accurately detect the bearing and gear wheel component health. The results highlight that the cepstrum and the narrowband phase modulation signal were effective methods for diagnosing gear tooth problems, whereas bearing envelope analysis could confidently detect most of the bearing‐related failures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marijuana Legalization: Lessons from the 2012 State Proposals
Authors: Caulkins Jonathan P. , Lee Michael A. C. , Kasunic Anna M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOn November 6, 2012, citizens in three U.S. states will vote on whether to legalize production, distribution, possession, and sale of marijuana for general—not just medical—use. Legalization is typically imagined as an up or down, binary choice. However, a comparison of 17 legalization proposals actively discussed in various U.S. states in 2012 reveals differences that would have important consequences for price, availability, arrest‐risk, use, and, hence, health. This paper divides the proposals into three broad categories and assesses their political feasibility. It then addresses the implications of state‐level legalization, and possible federal responses to it, for retail price, tax revenues, and spill‐over effects in other states where marijuana would remain illegal.
The Influence of the Perceptions of Environmental Factors on Self‐Reported Health Status Among Thais
Authors: Ruchiwit Manyat , Ruchiwit Kampol , Pawloski Lisa , Curtin Kevin M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAs a transitional country recently entering the Association of Southeast Asian Nation's (ASEAN) community, Thailand aims to improve its healthcare and health of its people. One means of better understanding the health status of a population is to examine how the overall health environment influences health status. For this study, we examine the impact of perceptions of the Thai health environment on the health status of Thai adults. Four hundred and two participants from three regions of Thailand were surveyed concerning sociodemographic variables, perceptions of health status, and perceptions of the internal and external health environment. The results revealed that those reporting their health status to be satisfactory believed that their living and working environment and availability of medical information and technology was good. In Thailand, the perception of having a good living and working environment as well as good medical information and innovative medical technology may have an important bearing on health status.
A Systematic Review of Outcomes of Revision Amputation Treatment for Fingertip Amputations
Authors: Wang Keming , Sears Erika Davis , Shauver Melissa J. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: January 2013

Purpose The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of outcomes of fingertip revision amputation for fingertip amputation injuries in the English-language literature to provide best evidence of functional outcomes. Method A MEDLINE literature search was performed to identify studies that met the following criteria: (1) reported primary data; (2) included at least five cases of primary revision amputation treatment following digit amputation injury; (3) reported finger or thumb amputation at or distal to the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint or interphalangeal (IP) joint, respectively; (4) presented at least one of the following outcomes: static two-point discrimination (2PD), cold intolerance, arc of motion (AOM) of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP), DIP joints, or return-to-work time. Results Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven studies reported 2PD, 20 studies reported cold intolerance, eight studies reported AOM, and 18 studies reported return-to-work time after revision amputation of fingertip injuries. The mean 2PD was 5.6 mm. On average, 24 % of patients experienced cold intolerance. AOM at the PIP joint was reported in four studies and averaged 94°. DIP joint AOM was presented in four studies and averaged 66°. Thumb MCP and IP joint AOM was presented in three and four studies, respectively. Mean thumb MCP joint AOM was 54° and that of the IP joint was 71°. The mean return-to-work time was 47 days. Conclusions On average, fingertip revision amputation can achieve almost normal sensibility and satisfactory motion and patients can expect to return to work on average approximately 7 weeks after surgery.