bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New formulation of paraquat with lysine acetylsalicylate with low mammalian toxicity and effective herbicidal activity
Authors: Baltazar Maria Teresa , Dinis‐Oliveira Ricardo Jorge , Guilhermino Lúcia , de Lourdes Bastos Maria , Duarte José Alberto , Carvalho Félix 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, the commercial formulations of the herbicide paraquat are highly toxic to humans, and no effective antidote is available for paraquat poisoning. The aim of the present study was to develop a safe formulation, combining paraquat and the known antidote lysine acetylsalicylate. The toxicity of a mixture of Gramoxone® (20% paraquat) and lysine acetylsalicylate in adult Wistar male rats and the herbicidal efficacy against grass lawn (50% of Poa pratensis and 50% of Festuca arundinacea) were evaluated. This new formulation was administered to Wistar rats by gavage at 125 mg kg−1 of paraquat ion and lysine acetylsalicylate at 79, 158 or 316 mg kg−1 body weight, and the survival rate was observed for 30 days.ResultsThe survival rate of the paraquat group was only 40%, while lysine acetylsalicylate provided effective protection, with full survival observed in the groups that received 125 mg kg−1 of paraquat ion and 316 mg kg−1 of lysine acetylsalicylate. Both formulations of paraquat, either in the absence or in the presence of lysine acetylsalicylate, provided the same herbicidal activity against the tested herbal species.ConclusionsThe present formulation of paraquat containing lysine acetylsalicylate, significantly decreases mammalian toxicity while maintaining effective herbicidal activity. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Strain profile and polarization enhancement in Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films
Authors: Amir F. Z. , Donner W. , Aspelmeyer M. , Noheda B. , Xi X. X. , Moss S. C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe sensitivity of spontaneous polarization to epitaxial strain for both 10 and 50 nm thick Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BSTO) ferroelectric thin films has been studied. Crystal truncation rod (CTR) profiles in the 00L directions at different wavelengths, and grazing incidence diffraction (GID) in the 0K0 direction on a single crystal have been recorded. Modeling of the CTR data gives a detailed picture of the strain and provides clear evidence of the film out‐of‐plane expansion at the surface, an increase of the polarization, as well as a contraction at the interface. GID data confirm the fitting of the CTR, showing an in‐plane expansion of the BSTO film at the interface and a contraction at the surface.
Polarity control and growth mode of InN on yttria‐stabilized zirconia (111) surfaces
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Okubo Kana , Ohta Jitsuo , Oshima Masaharu , Fujioka Hiroshi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe have found that polarity of epitaxial InN layers has been controlled by choice of a capping material during high‐temperature annealing of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (111) substrates in air. Angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy has revealed that the amount of segregation of Y atoms to the YSZ surface depended on the capping material of the substrates. In‐polar and N‐polar InN have been reproducibly grown on Y‐segregated and Y‐segregation‐free YSZ surfaces, respectively. We have also found that the growth of the first monolayer (ML) of N‐polar InN proceeds in a step‐flow mode which then switches to layer‐by‐layer mode after the coverage by 1‐ML‐thick InN.
Effects of magnetic field on the terahertz nonlinear optical properties in donor‐doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells
Authors: Yıldırım Hasan , Aslan Bulent 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEffects of the magnetic field on nonlinear optical properties at THz range in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells doped with donor atoms are investigated. Expressions for the third‐order nonlinear optical susceptibilities are obtained through the solution of the density matrix equations of motion within the rotating wave approximation. Donor binding energies are calculated variationally by means of an iterative shooting algorithm. Magnetic field has strong effect on the nonlinear susceptibility: it removes the degeneracy in energies of 2p± impurity states and increases the absolute value of the nonlinearity. It is also shown that a large and tunable optical nonlinear figure of merit is possible with the magnetic field applied in the growth direction. The nonlinear optical quantities are also calculated for donor distributions with different full width at half maximum values in the absence of magnetic field and the observed features at low energy part are attributed to the increasing homogeneity in the donor distribution.
3D Nanofabrication of Fluidic Components by Corner Lithography
Authors: Berenschot Erwin J. W. , Burouni Narges , Schurink Bart , van Honschoten Joost W. , Sanders Remco G. P. , Truckenmuller Roman , Jansen Henri V. , Elwenspoek Miko C. , van Apeldoorn Aart A. , Tas Niels R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA reproducible wafer‐scale method to obtain 3D nanostructures is investigated. This method, called corner lithography, explores the conformal deposition and the subsequent timed isotropic etching of a thin film in a 3D shaped silicon template. The technique leaves a residue of the thin film in sharp concave corners which can be used as structural material or as an inversion mask in subsequent steps. The potential of corner lithography is studied by fabrication of functional 3D microfluidic components, in particular i) novel tips containing nano‐apertures at or near the apex for AFM‐based liquid deposition devices, and ii) a novel particle or cell trapping device using an array of nanowire frames. The use of these arrays of nanowire cages for capturing single primary bovine chondrocytes by a droplet seeding method is successfully demonstrated, and changes in phenotype are observed over time, while retaining them in a well‐defined pattern and 3D microenvironment in a flat array.
Enzymatic production and in situ separation of natural β-ionone from β-carotene
Authors: Nacke Christoph , Hüttmann Sonja , Etschmann Maria M W , Schrader Jens 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A biotechnological process concept for generation and in situ separation of natural β-ionone from β-carotene is presented. The process employs carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), a plant-derived iron-containing nonheme enzyme family requiring only dissolved oxygen as cosubstrate and no additional cofactors. Organophilic pervaporation was found to be very well suited for continuous in situ separation of β-ionone. Its application led to a highly pure product despite the complexity of the reaction solution containing cell homogenates. Among three different pervaporation membrane types tested, a polyoctylmethylsiloxane active layer on a porous polyetherimide support led to the best results. A laboratory-scale demonstration plant was set up, and a highly pure aqueous–ethanolic solution of β-ionone was produced from β-carotene. The described process permits generation of high-value flavor and fragrance compounds bearing the desired label “natural” according to US and European food and safety regulations and demonstrates the potential of CCD enzymes for selective oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.
A Micro-Level Event-Centered Approach to Investigating Armed Conflict and Population Responses
Authors: Williams Nathalie E. , Ghimire Dirgha J. , Axinn William G. , Jennings Elyse A. , Pradhan Meeta S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this article, we construct and test a micro-level event-centered approach to the study of armed conflict and behavioral responses in the general population. Event-centered approaches have been successfully used in the macro-political study of armed conflict but have not yet been adopted in micro-behavioral studies. The micro-level event-centered approach that we advocate here includes decomposition of a conflict into discrete political and violent events, examination of the mechanisms through which they affect behavior, and consideration of differential risks within the population. We focus on two mechanisms: instability and threat of harm. We test this approach empirically in the context of the recent decade-long armed conflict in Nepal, using detailed measurements of conflict-related events and a longitudinal study of first migration, first marriage, and first contraceptive use. Results demonstrate that different conflict-related events independently shaped migration, marriage, and childbearing and that they can simultaneously influence behaviors in opposing directions. We find that violent events increased migration, but political events slowed migration. Both violent and political events increased marriage and contraceptive use net of migration. Overall, this micro-level event-centered approach yields a significant advance for the study of how armed conflict affects civilian behavioral responses.
Endoscopic resection of malignant sinonasal tumours with or without chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Authors: Tojima I , Ogawa T , Kouzaki H , Seno S , Shibayama M , Shimizu T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjective:An increasing number of transnasal endoscopic surgical procedures are being performed, and these procedures are now also utilised in the management of malignant sinonasal tumours. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of endoscopic resection of sinonasal malignancies, with or without chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Methods:Between 2000 and 2009, six patients with sinonasal malignancies (diagnosed on pre-operative biopsy) underwent endoscopic resection at our hospital. The histopathological diagnoses varied and included squamous cell carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, chordoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma and haemangiopericytoma.Results:Surgical resection was combined with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in four cases. The mean follow-up period was 43 months. One patient suffered local recurrence of chordoma, 84 months after the first operation, but this was successfully treated with proton beam radiotherapy.Conclusion:These results suggest that endoscopic resection may be a valid alternative to conventional resection in selected cases of malignant sinonasal tumour.
Non-persistence of resonant caustics in perturbed elliptic billiards
Authors: PINTO-DE-CARVALHO SÔNIA , RAMÍREZ-ROS RAFAEL 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA caustic of a billiard table is a curve such that any billiard trajectory, once tangent to the curve, stays tangent after every reflection at the boundary. When the billiard table is an ellipse, any non-singular billiard trajectory has a caustic, which can be either a confocal ellipse or a confocal hyperbola. Resonant caustics—those whose tangent trajectories are closed polygons—are destroyed under generic perturbations of the billiard table. We prove that none of the resonant elliptical caustics persists under a large class of explicit perturbations of the original ellipse. This result follows from a standard Melnikov argument and the analysis of the complex singularities of certain elliptic functions.
TheShigellahuman challenge model
Authors: PORTER C. K. , THURA N. , RANALLO R. T. , RIDDLE M. S. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYShigellais an important bacterial cause of infectious diarrhoea globally. TheShigellahuman challenge model has been used since 1946 for a variety of objectives including understanding disease pathogenesis, human immune responses and allowing for an early assessment of vaccine efficacy. A systematic review of the literature regarding experimental shigellosis in human subjects was conducted. Summative estimates were calculated by strain and dose. While a total of 19 studies evaluating nine strains at doses ranging from 10 to 1 × 1010colony-forming units were identified, most studies utilized theS. sonneistrain 53G and theS. flexneristrain 2457T. Inoculum solution and pre-inoculation buffering has varied over time although diarrhoea attack rates do not appear to increase above 75–80%, and dysentery rates remain fairly constant, highlighting the need for additional dose-ranging studies. Expansion of the model to include additional strains from different serotypes will elucidate serotype and strain-specific outcome variability.
Evidence of formation of submicrometer water‐soluble organic aerosols at a deciduous forest site in northern Japan in summer
Authors: Miyazaki Yuzo , Jung Jinsang , Fu Pingqing , Mizoguchi Yasuko , Yamanoi Katsumi , Kawamura Kimitaka 
Published: August 2012

Semicontinuous measurements of submicrometer water‐soluble organic aerosols and particle size distributions were conducted at a deciduous forest site in northern Japan in August 2010. Increases in particle number concentration were frequently observed in daytime, accompanied by an increase in the concentrations of water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC). We found that daily averaged WSOC concentrations positively correlated with gross primary production of CO2 by the forest ecosystem (r2 = 0.63) and ambient temperature during daytime. These relations suggest that the formation of WSOC is closely linked to photosynthetic activity by the forest ecosystem, which depends on both temperature and solar radiation. Off‐line chemical analysis of samples of particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1 μm collected during a 2 day event of elevated WSOC levels suggests that photochemical aging of both α‐ andβ‐pinene and isoprene oxidation products contributes to the particle growth and the WSOC mass. Organic tracers of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) showed distinct diurnal variations with a maximum around noontime, also indicating that higher temperature and light intensity induce emissions of PBAPs. However, their contribution to the submicrometer WSOC mass was likely insignificant. During the day, the concentrations of 3‐methyl‐1,2,3‐butanetricarboxylic acid (3‐MBTCA) showed a strong dependence on temperature, and the ratios of WSOC to particle volume concentration increased with an increase in the concentration ratios of 3‐MBTCA to pinonic acid (PA). This result supports a previous proposal that the 3‐MBTCA/PA ratios in submicrometer particles can be a useful tracer for chemical aging of biogenic secondary organic aerosol from forest vegetation.
Myosin IC generates power over a range of loads via a new tension-sensing mechanism
Authors: Greenberg Michael J. , Lin Tianming , Goldman Yale E. , Shuman Henry , Ostap E. Michael 
Published: August 2012

Myosin IC (myo1c), a widely expressed motor protein that links the actin cytoskeleton to cell membranes, has been associated with numerous cellular processes, including insulin-stimulated transport of GLUT4, mechanosensation in sensory hair cells, endocytosis, transcription of DNA in the nucleus, exocytosis, and membrane trafficking. The molecular role of myo1c in these processes has not been defined, so to better understand myo1c function, we utilized ensemble kinetic and single-molecule techniques to probe myo1c’s biochemical and mechanical properties. Utilizing a myo1c construct containing the motor and regulatory domains, we found the force dependence of the actin-attachment lifetime to have two distinct regimes: a force-independent regime at forces < 1 pN, and a highly force-dependent regime at higher loads. In this force-dependent regime, forces that resist the working stroke increase the actin-attachment lifetime. Unexpectedly, the primary force-sensitive transition is the isomerization that follows ATP binding, not ADP release as in other slow myosins. This force-sensing behavior is unique amongst characterized myosins and clearly demonstrates mechanochemical diversity within the myosin family. Based on these results, we propose that myo1c functions as a slow transporter rather than a tension-sensitive anchor.
Implementing the democratic principles and practices of student‐centred curriculum integration in primary schools
Authors: Brough Chris Jane 
Published: August 2012

Student‐centred curriculum integration (CI) is a concept underpinned by democratic education. It places students at the centre of learning, involving them in classroom decisions and curriculum planning. Most research on this approach has been situated in the middle years, but this study focuses on primary schooling. This project examined what happened when three teachers, located in three New Zealand schools, explored the democratic principles and practices inherent in student‐centred curriculum integration. The project utilised participatory action research (PAR) methodology supported by multiple data sources. The findings indicated that this form of curriculum design provides relevant, engaging and equitable learning environments. The teachers found that by slowly increasing the level of student inclusion they gained the confidence and competence to collaboratively co‐construct curriculum with students.
Self-collimated slow sound in sonic crystals
Authors: Kaya Olgun Adem , Cicek Ahmet , Ulug Bulent 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Self-collimated slow-sound propagation in a two-dimensional rectangular sonic crystal composed of elliptical scatterers in air is numerically demonstrated. The group velocity at the centre and the edges of the fourth acoustic band is reduced to 45 m s−1 and 30 m s−1, corresponding to 1/8 and 1/12 of the speed of sound in air, respectively. Elimination of omni-directional reflections encountered in linear waveguides and the reduction of group-velocity dispersion at the mid-band frequencies lead to preservation of pulse shape and amplitude upon traversal of the sonic crystal. Wave transmission is increased from approximately −20 to −2.5 dB, with almost an order of magnitude enhancement, via injector layers optimized through a pattern search algorithm. Self-collimating performance of the system is not degraded under oblique incidence, except for pulse broadening due to increased effective source width.
Site occupancy and luminescence of Ce3+ in NaSr4(BO3)3
Authors: Ding Xuemei , Liang Hongbin , Hou Dejian , Jia Sicong , Su Qiang , Sun Shuaishuai , Tao Ye 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This work is aimed at understanding the site occupancies of Ce3+ ions in NaSr4(BO3)3 by luminescence spectra. A series of Ce3+-doped NaSr4(BO3)3 powder samples are prepared by a traditional high-temperature solid-state reaction technique. The luminescence properties in the VUV–UV–vis range are studied. It is demonstrated that Ce3+ ions enter two different Sr2+ sites in the host. The nature of each site is assigned by the centroid shift and the crystal field splitting of Ce3+ 5d states. The decay characteristics of Ce(1)3+ and Ce(2)3+ are discussed.
The effect of simultaneous size reduction and transient network formation on the dynamics of microemulsions
Authors: Amirkhani Masoud , Sharifi Soheil , Marti Othmar 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
We studied a mixture of C12E5 microemulsion with an end-capped hydrophobically modified polymer (C12–PEO–C12). The end-capped polymer adsorbed on the core of the microemulsion, changed the bending properties of the interface and connected two nearby droplets. The core size and width of the structure factor of the microemulsion decreased upon adding the end-capped polymer. For all polymer concentrations, two relaxational modes corresponding to different diffusion coefficients were observed. The fast and slow diffusion coefficients showed a repulsive and an attractive interaction, respectively. The results of both small-angle x-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering suggested that fast relaxation is affected by size reduction and increasing the repulsive interaction between droplets.
Single laser based dual-wavelength ablation technique for emission enhancement during LIBS
Authors: Antony Jobin K , Vasa Nilesh J , Raja V L N Sreedhar , Laxmiprasad A S 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In this paper, a novel method of the dual-wavelength (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy LIBS) technique using a single laser system is proposed and demonstrated. Experiments are performed using a pulsed Nd3+ : YAG laser with a pair of 355–1064 nm and also with 532–1064 nm. The shorter wavelength laser is used for ablation and plasma formation, and the fundamental wavelength (1064 nm) is used for plasma re-excitation. The proposed dual-wavelength LIBS technique is used for lunar simulant samples under different ambient pressure conditions. Various characteristic parameters, such as the emission line-intensity enhancement, plasma temperature, lifetime and plasma area, are studied. Experimental studies clearly showed the emission line-intensity enhancement up to a factor of 3. Emission lifetime showed a longer sustained emission with an increase of up to 33% for the dual-wavelength approach. A theoretical simulation based on the hydrodynamic equations is also performed for dual-wavelength ablation and re-excitation. The estimated plasma temperature and ablation plume-front velocity clearly showed an increase in dual wavelength, which is in agreement with the experimental results.
Regulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor in kidney disease
Authors: Nangaku Masaomi , Rosenberger Christian , Heyman Samuel N , Eckardt Kai‐Uwe 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Hypoxia plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) and presumably also chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcription factor that regulates adaptive responses against hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF activates target genes with hypoxia‐responsive elements in their regulatory regions. The HIF isoforms and regulators of HIF (i.e. prolyl hydroxylases) show cell type‐specific distributions.

Hypoxia is observed in both ischaemic and so‐called non‐ischaemic forms of AKI. In addition to the acute phase, hypoxia may ensue during the recovery phase of AKI, possibly due to the oxygen‐consuming processes of cell growth and proliferation for repair. Although HIF protects the kidney against AKI, intrinsic HIF activation is submaximal in AKI and further augmentation of HIF ameliorates disease manifestations.

The kidney in CKD also suffers from hypoxia caused by multiple mechanisms, including sustained oxygen demands in the remaining nephrons due to maladaptive tubuloglomerular feedback. Whether HIF is chronically upregulated in CKD is contentious. Hypoxia‐inducible factor activation is a promising therapeutic approach to CKD, but excessive activation of HIF may be deleterious. It is likely that there is a therapeutic window of HIF activation in chronic conditions.

Under certain circumstances, animals with CKD are protected against AKI and this may be explained by non‐physiological hypoxia of the kidney and subsequent HIF expression. In addition, an acute hypoxic insult may induce long‐lasting changes, possibly including epigenetic modifications induced by HIF. These observations suggest a complex interaction between AKI and CKD via hypoxia and HIF activation.