bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double layer acceleration by laser radiation
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Nissim Noaz , Martínez Val José Maria , Mima Kunioki , Hora Heinrich 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIt is shown that it is possible to accelerate micro-foils to velocities from 108 cm/s up to relativistic velocities without the disturbance of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The acceleration occurs due to the radiation pressure of proper high power lasers. In these systems, the ablation force is negligible relative to the ponderomotive force that dominates the acceleration. The laser irradiances of 1017 W/cm2 < IL < 1021 W/cm2 with a pulse duration of the order of 10 picoseconds can accelerate a micro-foil by the laser radiation pressure to velocities as high as 109 cm/s before breaking by Rayleigh Taylor (RT) instability. Similarly, laser irradiances of IL > 1021 W/cm2 with pulse duration of the order of 10 femtoseconds can accelerate a micro-foil to relativistic velocities without RT breaking. Due to the nature of the accelerating ponderomotive force, in both the relativistic and non-relativistic cases, the structure of the accelerated target contains a double layer (DL) at the interface of the laser-target interaction. The DL acts as a piston during the acceleration process. The influence of the DL surface tension on the RT instability is also analyzed in this paper.
Particle-in-cell methods in predicting materials behavior during high power deposition
Authors: Genco Filippo , Hassanein Ahmed 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLarge energy fluxes and energy deposition are often found during off normal events in fusion reactors both magnetic and inertial confinement. Great temperature excursions can be found in the plasma facing components materials resulting in melting, evaporation, and expansion of the target material vapor cloud and successive plasma interaction. A general methodology for the computational solution of this very complex problem is proposed in this paper using a novel approach of the Particle-in-Cell method. This novel approach preserves many of the original Particle-in-Cell methodology proposed by Harlow's but introduces several changes to the method, which makes it particularly suitable in plasma dynamics applications as Tokamaks devices. Benchmarking is done using results from the very well-known and benchmarked HEIGHTS computer package and using available results from the MK200 plasma gun experiments. The general scheme is explained in detail and results and discussion related to the main computational aspects are presented. In particular, the critical importance of the starting computational mesh versus the aimed accuracy is studied and explained. The methodology is different from any other presented in literature because the dynamics of the physical problem dictates that as enough energy is being dumped on the target plate, melting and evaporation of the material takes place. As time progresses, new sample particles are introduced in the system making this boundary a dynamic one along time. Computer time is discussed in relation to the initial sample particle loading, aimed accuracy and importance of the time used for solving the radiation transport at each time step.
Asymmetries in phonological development: the case of word-final cluster acquisition in Welsh–English bilingual children
Authors: MAYR ROBERT , HOWELLS GWENNAN , LEWIS RHONWEN 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study provides the first systematic account of word-final cluster acquisition in bilingual children. To this end, forty Welsh–English bilingual children differing in language dominance and age (2;6 to 5;0) participated in a picture-naming task in English and Welsh. The results revealed significant age and dominance effects on cluster acquisition, with greater overall accuracy on the English clusters. Interestingly, although the Welsh-dominant children outperformed the English-dominant ones on the Welsh clusters, they did not exhibit a concomitant lag on the English clusters. It is argued that this asymmetry is a direct reflection of the sociolinguistic situation in Wales with English as the majority language and Welsh the minority language. The study also revealed accelerated rates of acquisition for English clusters compared with age-matched monolinguals reported elsewhere (Templin, 1957), thereby supporting claims that bilingual contexts may have a facilitative effect on phonological acquisition (Goldstein & Bunta, 2012; Grech & Dodd, 2008).
Geographical information software and shopper card data, aided in the discovery of a Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak associated with Turkish pine nuts
Authors: BEDARD B. , KENNEDY B. S. , WEIMER A. C. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIn 2011, from August to November, the Monroe County Department of Public Health (MCDPH) investigated 47 salmonellosis cases. Geographical information software (GIS) was used to map the address locations of these cases. The resulting GIS analysis and culture information indicated that there were two distinct clusters of Salmonella that were geographically different. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) testing was run at the New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Laboratory and identified S. Enteritidis (23 cases) and S. Typhimurium (10 cases). The epidemiological investigation identified Turkish pine nuts as the link between ill S. Enteritidis cases. Pine nut samples sent for laboratory testing were a PFGE match to human isolates with S. Enteritidis. A national recall of Turkish pine nuts ensued. A multistate outbreak was identified as a result of the initial investigation of MCDPH, in which 43 people were infected with the outbreak strain from five states. GIS software and shopper card data provided important tools in the epidemiological investigation.
Hyperspectral measurements of wet, dry and saline soils from the McMurdo Dry Valleys: soil moisture properties from remote sensing
Authors: Levy Joseph , Nolin Anne , Fountain Andrew , Head James 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSoil moisture is a spatially heterogeneous quantity in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica that exerts a large influence on the biological community and on the thermal state of Dry Valleys permafrost. The goal of this project was to determine whether hyperspectral remote sensing techniques could be used to determine soil moisture conditions in the Dry Valleys. We measured the spectral reflectance factors of wetted soil samples from the Dry Valleys under natural light conditions and related diagnostic spectral features to surface layer soil moisture content. Diagnostic water absorption features in the spectra at 1.4 µm and 1.9 µm were present in all samples, including samples doped with high concentrations of chloride salts. The depth of the 1.4 µm absorption is shown to increase linearly with increasing gravimetric water content. These results suggest that airborne hyperspectral imaging of the Dry Valleys could generate soil moisture maps of this environment over large spatial areas using non-invasive remote-sensing techniques.
The Church of Scientology: Legitimacy through Perception Management
Authors: Halupka Max 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn 1967 the Church of Scientology's tax-exempt status was revoked on the basis that it failed to meet the criteria outlined in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Service. Between its loss, and eventual reacquisition in 1993, the Church of Scientology employed a number of political based tactics in an attempt to legitimize itself to the public sector. This article explores these tactics in relation to the religion's use of perception management. The article argues that the processes of both legal recognition and legitimization draw upon each other in a new faith's transition to mainstream theology. In this, the Church employed perception management in attempt to influence both processes. In exploring this, the paper contributes to our understanding of role that public legitimacy plays in a new faith's development.
Iterated crowdsourcing dilemma game
Authors: Oishi Koji , Cebrian Manuel , Abeliuk Andres , Masuda Naoki 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Internet has enabled the emergence of collective problem solving, also known as crowdsourcing, as a viable option for solving complex tasks. However, the openness of crowdsourcing presents a challenge because solutions obtained by it can be sabotaged, stolen and manipulated at a low cost for the attacker. We extend a previously proposed crowdsourcing dilemma game to an iterated game to address this question. We enumerate pure evolutionarily stable strategies within the class of so-called reactive strategies, i.e., those depending on the last action of the opponent. Among the 4096 possible reactive strategies, we find 16 strategies each of which is stable in some parameter regions. Repeated encounters of the players can improve social welfare when the damage inflicted by an attack and the cost of attack are both small. Under the current framework, repeated interactions do not really ameliorate the crowdsourcing dilemma in a majority of the parameter space.
The 3DGD: a database of genome 3D structure
Authors: Li Chao , Dong Xiao , Fan Haiwei , Wang Chuan , Ding Guohui , Li Yixue 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Summary: The studies of chromatin 3D structure help us to understand its formation and function. Techniques combining chromosome conformation capture and next generation sequencing can capture chromatin structure information and has been applied to several different species and cell lines. We built 3DGD (3D Genome Database), a database that currently collected Hi-C data on four species, for easy accessing and visualization of chromatin 3D structure data. With the integration of other omics data such as genome-wide protein–DNA-binding data, this data source would be useful for researchers interested in chromatin structure and its biological functions.
Availability and implementation: The 3DGD v1.1, data browser, downloadable files and documentation are available at: http://3dgd.biosino.org/.
Contact: cwang@sibs.ac.cn; gwding@sibs.ac.cn; yxli@sibs.ac.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Spatial management of Indian Ocean tropical tuna fisheries: potential and perspectives
Authors: Kaplan David M. , Chassot Emmanuel , Amandé Justin M. , Dueri Sibylle , Demarcq Hervé , Dagorn Laurent , Fonteneau Alain 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Effective use of spatial management in the pelagic realm presents special challenges due to high fish and fisher mobility, limited knowledge and significant governance challenges. The tropical Indian Ocean provides an ideal case study for testing our ability to apply existing data sources to assessing impacts of spatial management on tuna fisheries because of several recent controversial spatial closures. We review the scientific underpinnings of pelagic MPA effects, spatio-temporal patterns of Indian Ocean tuna catch, bycatch and fish movements, and the consequences of these for the efficacy of spatial management for Indian Ocean tropical tuna fisheries. The tropical Indian Ocean is characterized by strong environmental fluctuations, regular seasonal variability in catch, large observed tuna displacement distances, relatively uniform catch-per-unit-effort and bycatch rates over space, and high fisher mobility, all of which suggest significant variability and movement in tropical tuna fisheries that are simply not well adapted to static spatial closures. One possible exception to this overall conclusion would be a large time/area closure east of Somalia. If closed for a significant fraction of the year it could reduce purse-seine bycatch and juvenile tuna catch. Dynamic closures following fish migratory patterns are possible, but more focused information on fish movements will be needed for effective implementation. Fortunately, several recent improvements in conventional fishery management and reporting will likely enhance our ability to evaluate spatial and non-spatial management options in the near future, particularly as pertaining to bycatch species.
Stalin and Stalinism
Authors: Harris James 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
If Stalin was the supremely powerful dictator of popular renown, then why did he feel the need to persecute so many Soviet citizens? This chapter draws on recently released archives, including Stalin’s personal papers, to reassess not only the leader’s fears and ambitions but also the nature of the Stalinist order. Covering the period from Lenin’s death to 1953, it offers fresh perspectives on Stalin’s rise to power; on his ‘cult of personality’; on the concentration of political power in the hands of a narrow elite; and on the operations of the Soviet secret police and intelligence services. Presented with misleading intelligence, Stalin and other Soviet leaders persistently misinterpreted both internal and external challenges to their rule and to the revolution as a whole. Stalin’s drive to accumulate power and to smash resistance was intensified by a misperception of events.
Sources for a Life
Authors: Loxley James 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The writing of Ben Jonson’s life has long been shaped by a distinctive combination of forces. His prominent place in literary history, and the changes in the nature of that prominence which occurred over the course of the eighteenth century, in particular, have generated a degree of partisanship which, even now, is not easily transcended. The selective nature of the evidence available has exerted its own pressures, ensuring that certain aspects of the life are more vividly perceptible than others. The ‘Informations’ collected by William Drummond have presented biographers with exceptional riches and knotty interpretative challenges, the latter compounded by the surviving text’s complicated history. The emergence of new sources, too, reorders the picture: prominent among these is the ‘Foot Voyage’ account of Jonson’s walk to Edinburgh in 1618, which adds a vivid, and singular, dimension to the biographical record.
Presidential Address
Authors: Coe Kevin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Addressing the public is one of the central functions of the modern presidency. Accordingly, scholars have devoted considerable attention to studying not only formal oratory, but also all manner of presidential communication aimed at the public. This chapter surveys this research, focusing on how (the content of the message), why (the production of the message), and with what effect (the consequences of the message) presidents address the public. Among the topics the chapter addresses are the following: the rhetorical presidency and its distinction from presidential rhetoric; the importance of genres in determining the nature of presidential address; the key changes that have taken place in presidential address over time; and the different ways of understanding the impact of presidential address. The chapter concludes by stressing the need for research in this area to better account for visual information and the rise of the Internet and to more thoroughly engage with theory.
The Science of Destruction
Authors: Werrett Simon 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter surveys the evolution of chemical and mechanical weapons used by terrorists between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries, ranging from the diabolical contraptions of “infernal machines” to dynamite, the terrorist’s favorite explosive, invented by Alfred Nobel in the 1860s. The chapter also explores the ingenuity of terror. While anarchists and revolutionaries who used explosive chemicals are often represented as merely consumers of the latest scientific creations, the chapter argues that in fact these communities showed considerable ingenuity in devising new weapons. A brief case study of the career of Irish nationalist Robert Emmet’s rockets in the pre-dynamite era demonstrates this. The chapter concludes by considering the relationship of terror and science, and contrasts the radical political views of terrorists with their typically unchallenging acceptance of scientific authority and opinions in the nineteenth century.
Terrorism against Modernity
Authors: Driscoll Mark 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines a “terrorist tradition” in Japan. Driscoll briefly describes the birth of this tradition—the assassination in 1860 of members of the Tokugawa leadership, an event later memorialized as the heroic establishment of Japan’s nation-state. He then focuses on Japan’s “Age of Terror,” which began with the assassination of Prime Minister Hara in 1921. Driscoll analyzes Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu’s murder of two Japanese anarchists, his trial (the nation’s first media spectacle), and his prison notebooks, which played a crucial role in the emergence of a Japanese philosophy of terror. This philosophy and the terrorist acts perpetrated in its name targeted European imperialism in East Asia and Western influences inside Japan. This analysis of the Amakasu incident and its aftermath challenges the simple binary of “top-down versus bottom-up” terrorism, a disciplinary paradigm that Driscoll shows is largely inapplicable to terrorism in East Asia.
An Archive of “Political Trouble in India”
Authors: Ghosh Durba 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
At the turn of the twentieth century, a campaign of terrorism emerged across India to overthrow British rule. This revolutionary terrorist movement was propelled by three modern practices—terrorism, the establishment of intelligence organizations, and history-writing—as they produced an archive of “political trouble in India.” While historical reports produced by British intelligence officials legitimized the growth of emergency legislation, histories produced by the revolutionary terrorists undermined the liberal imaginary and chronology of British colonialism, arguing that India would gain its independence through radical and revolutionary politics rather than nonviolent protest and constitutional reform. In the postcolonial period, this archive of political trouble has been reprinted, revived, and transformed from a set of documents about colonial counterinsurgency into an archive about an anticolonial movement that was based on political violence and revolutionary terrorism.
Radical Environmentalism and Ecoterrorism in the United States
Authors: Woodhouse Keith Makoto 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers the definition of ecoterrorism and its close association with radical environmentalism. It focuses in particular on the group Earth First!, the tactic of “tree spiking,” the arrest of five radical environmentalists in Arizona in the late 1980s, and the association of the Unabomber with radical environmentalism. The chapter suggests that the use of violence, sabotage, and extralegal tactics by radical environmentalists has generally been a response to perceived shortcomings in conventional reform and traditional democratic processes, rather than an inherent product of radical environmentalists’ ethos or disposition.
Modern Rebels?
Authors: Whelehan Niall 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores different types of revolutionary violence adopted by Irish nationalists in Ireland and the Irish diaspora in the nineteenth century. Due to the limitations of past rebellions, militant nationalists sought to adopt new strategies that embraced science and modernity. This led to the adoption of an urban-bombing campaign in the 1880s carried out by networks of militants across Ireland, Europe, and the United States. Far from being peculiar to Irish nationalism, these violent strategies found parallels with other revolutionary movements in Europe and the United States.
The Islamist Terrorist as the New Universal Enemy
Authors: Kemerli Pınar 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTreating modern terrorism discourse as an important political problem in the history of Western legal theorizing and national security policy, this chapter examines the impact of the end of the Cold War and September 11 on political debates on terrorism at the United Nations. Surveying the framing of Palestinian terrorism at the General Assembly and Security Council between the 1960s and late 2000s, it argues that the disavowal of the legitimacy of non-sovereign political violence at the end of the Cold War, and the association of political Islam with terrorism following September 11 have facilitated the discursive construction of a universal enemy in the image of the “Islamist terrorist.” The chapter shows that this discursive formation is laden with, and thus perpetuates, politically significant normative presumptions that are related to anxieties concerning sacrificial violence with which political Islam is widely associated.
African American Muslim Congregations, 1913–2013
Authors: Curtis Edward E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
For nearly a century, African American Muslims have gathered for religious purposes in local voluntary religious associations that, like other American religious congregations, are a basic building block of U.S. society. Charting their long history, this article surveys the growth of Sunni, Ahmadi, Moorish, and other congregations from World War I until the present. The article argues that black-majority, black-dominant Muslim American congregations are affected by and respond to the same racial divide that shapes American religion as a whole.
Unusually bright 12CO(3–2) condensations in the tidally perturbed Small Magellanic Cloud “tail”
Authors: Muller Erik , Mizuno Norikazu , Minamidani Tetsuhiro , Kawamura Akiko , Rosie Chen C.-H. , Indebetouw Remy , Enokiya Rei , Fukui Yasuo , Gordon Karl , Hayakawa Takahiro , Mizuno Yoji , Murai Miyuki , Okuda Takeshi , Onishi Toshikazu , Tachihara Kengo , Takekoshi Tatsuya , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Yoshiike Satoshi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We report on recent observations of molecular clouds in the tidal Magellanic Bridge; specifically, the ∼kpc-long, tidally extended “tail” of the Small Magellanic Cloud. In particular, we identify an unusually high 12CO(3–2)/12CO(1–0) ratio of 2–3 to 1, toward one of the clouds, suggesting a warm and dense molecular material associated with imminent or current formation of stars. Our ∼ 6 pc-resolution observations show that the target clouds have only a general correlation with bright 24 μm emission regions, occasionally offset by up to ∼ 15 pc. These detections support the scenario that stars are actively being created in this uniquely nearby tidal filament, in the present epoch, and that star formation is ongoing at a range of evolutionary stages or rates.
Fisher analysis on wide-band polarimetry for probing the intergalactic magnetic field
Authors: Ideguchi Shinsuke , Takahashi Keitaro , Akahori Takuya , Kumazaki Kohei , Ryu Dongsu 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We investigate the capability of current radio telescopes for probing Faraday rotation measure (RM) due to the intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) in the large-scale structure of the universe, which is expected to be of order O (1) rad m−2. We consider polarization observations of a compact radio source such as quasars behind a diffuse source such as the Galaxy, and calculate Stokes parameters Q and U assuming a simple model of the Faraday dispersion functions with Gaussian shape. Then, we perform the Fisher analysis to estimate the expected errors in the model parameters from QU-fitting of polarization intensity, accounting for the sensitivities and frequency bands of Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder, Low Frequency Array, and the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope. Finally, we examine the conditions on the source intensities which are required to detect the IGMF. Our analysis indicates that the QU-fitting is promising for forthcoming wideband polarimetry to explore RM due to the IGMF in filaments of galaxies.