bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning curve for the management of recurrent and locally advanced primary rectal cancer: a single team's experience
Authors: Georgiou P. A. , Bhangu A. , Brown G. , Rasheed S. , Nicholls R. J. , Tekkis P. P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThe study aimed to define the learning curve required to gain satisfactory training to perform pelvic exenterative surgery for recurrent or locally advanced primary rectal cancer.MethodConsecutive patients undergoing exenterative pelvic surgery for recurrent and locally advanced primary rectal cancer, by one surgical team, between 2006 and 2011 were studied. They were divided into quartiles (Q1–Q4) according to the date of surgery. A risk‐adjusted cumulative sum (RA‐CUSUM) model was used to evaluate the learning curve. The chi‐squared test with gamma ordinal was used to assess the change with time in the four quartiles.ResultsOne hundred patients (70 males; median age 61 (25–85) years; 55 primary cancers) were included in the study. Thirty patients underwent abdominosacral resection. The number of patients who underwent plastic reconstruction (n = 53) increased from 12 in Q1 to 15 in Q4 (P = 0.781). The median operation time, intra‐operative blood loss and hospital stay were 8 (3–17) h, 1.5 (0.1–17) l and 15 (9–82) days respectively. There was no significant change with time. Complete resection (R0) was achieved in 78 patients. Microscopic (R1) or macroscopic (R2) residual disease was present in 15 and seven patients respectively. The number of major complications was 20, and minor 30. RA‐CUSUM analysis demonstrated an improvement in any complications after 14, in major after 12 and in minor after 25 operations.ConclusionPelvic exenterative surgery for recurrent or locally advanced primary rectal cancer is complex and requires a minimum of 14 cases for an expert colorectal surgeon to gain the desirable training and experience to improve morbidity.
Laparoscopic excision of retrorectal tumours
Authors: Fong S. S. , Codd R. , Sagar P. M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to demonstrate a laparoscopic technique for the excision of retrorectal tumours.MethodA retrospective review of cases identified from a prospectively maintained database was undertaken.ResultsTen patients (seven female; median age 45 years (range 23–79) underwent successful laparoscopic excision with no significant morbidity or intra‐operative mishaps.ConclusionThe procedure was deemed to be safe and we include a video to show the operative technique.
Christ‐Centered Concreteness: The Christian Activism of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Luther King Jr.
Authors: Williams Reggie L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Luther King Jr. were both pastors and theologians who wrestled with the meaning of Christ‐centered faithfulness for their time. They were advocates of social justice and human rights who resisted the temptation towards a secularizing two‐realms split that makes Christianity a private life religion; they defied contemporary laws and cultural norms, and they faced opposition to their work from many of their fellow Christians. We may learn from their prophetic witness for Christian faithfulness in our contexts by paying attention to their respective interpretations of the way of Jesus.
Why Jesus?
Authors: Cobb John B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractJesus plays potentially a uniquely important role in relation to the world's greatest needs. To respond to the global crisis, we need historical consciousness. The source of historical consciousness is the prophetic tradition. Through Jesus the prophetic tradition became widely available and important. However, this consciousness has been responsible for great evil as well as great good, often bound up with we/they thinking and the use of violence. Jesus’ teaching of love of the enemy in principle overcomes this tendency and points to way forward.
Genetic variants of PLA2G6 are associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and triglyceride levels in a Chinese population
Authors: Yan J. , Hu C. , Jiang F. , Zhang R. , Wang J. , Tang S. , Peng D. , Chen M. , Bao Y. , Jia W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo test the association of PLA2G6 variants with Type 2 diabetes and clinical characteristics in large Chinese population‐based samples.MethodsA total of 6822 people were recruited. In the first stage, 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms within the PLA2G6 region were selected and genotyped in 3700 Chinese Han people. In the second stage, the single nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a significant association were genotyped in an additional 3122 samples for replication. Genotype–phenotype association studies and meta‐analyses were performed after combining data from the two stages.ResultsIn the first stage, we detected rs132984 and rs2284060 as significantly associated with Type 2 diabetes with odds ratios of 1.247 (95% CI 1.074–1.449, P = 0.004, empirical P = 0.047) and 1.173 (95% CI 1.059–1.299, P = 0.002, empirical P = 0.029), respectively. In the second stage, a similar effect of rs132984 on Type 2 diabetes was observed (odds ratio 1.280, 95% CI 1.094–1.497, P = 0.002). The meta‐analysis showed a significant effect of the two single nucleotide polymorphisms on Type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.254, 95% CI 1.104–1.451, P = 4.85 × 10‐5 for rs132984; odds ratio 1.120, 95% CI 1.046–1.195, P = 0.003 for rs2284060). Moreover, genotype–phenotype association analysis showed that rs132984 was associated with triglyceride levels (P = 0.022, empirical P = 0.044) and area under the curve for glucose (P = 0.015, empirical P = 0.030).ConclusionsOur data imply that common single nucleotide polymorphisms within the PLA2G6 region are associated with Type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels in the Chinese population.
Epidemiologic aspects: Lost in transition
Authors: Beghi Ettore , Camfield Peter R. , Camfield Carol S. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryPopulation‐based studies focusing on the long‐term prognosis of childhood‐onset epilepsy show that despite seizure remission in 70–80% of cases, cognitive, behavioral and psychosocial complications are common and will require management and monitoring in adulthood. This type of study design also demonstrates that death is rare in children who are intellectually and neurologically normal and followed for many years, which is the same for the general population. Only those children with neurologic problems sufficiently severe to interfere with activities of daily living have an increased risk of death in childhood. Investigation of potentially remediable complications is paramount, and the use of antiepileptic medications with potential adverse cognitive and behavioral effects should be identified and eliminated or reduced. In addition, education of the family should be improved. As well, identification and control of social and psychiatric complications is necessary and implies a comprehensive management of the patient before and after the transition from childhood into adulthood.
Transition issues for benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, nonlesional focal epilepsy in otherwise normal children, childhood absence epilepsy, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Authors: Camfield Carol S. , Berg Anne , Stephani Ulrich , Wirrell Elaine C. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis chapter covers the syndromes of benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS), nonlesional focal epilepsy in otherwise normal children (NLFN), and the genetic generalized epilepsies. BECTS is an epilepsy syndrome that always enters terminal remission before the general age of a planned transition of adolescents. This is also the case for the majority (65%) of those with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). Approximately 15% of patients with CAE who initially remit during their childhood years later develop juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) as teenagers. They will have many issues for continuing medical care and transition, because their seizure disorder generally persists into adulthood. A significant minority of NLFN (~35%) and most patients with JME continue to have active epilepsy into adulthood. In addition, CAE, JME, and NLFN patients are at risk of a number of significant adverse social outcomes that require ongoing advice and counseling.
Pharmacology aspects during transition and at transfer in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Chiron Catherine , An Isabelle 
Published: September 2014

SummaryContrary to the treatment concerns regarding drug compliance or pregnancy at transition to adulthood, those directly related to epilepsy remain poorly documented. As an initial step to answer this problem, we reviewed the controlled trials of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) independently performed in adults and children for a given syndrome. Then we reviewed the longitudinal long‐term course in the various epilepsy syndromes. Optimizing AED treatment at adulthood might be beneficial, even after many years of pharmacoresistance. Finally we retrospectively reviewed our personal series of 39 patients with specific pharmacoresistant epilepsy syndromes, who transferred from pediatric to adult care between 2005 and 2012. In 26 of the patients, AEDs were modified and, we reduced seizure frequency in 62% of them, including highly refractory patients. By contrast, AED changes in six controlled patients (for pregnancy anticipation or vigabatrin‐related retinal toxicity) led to severe seizure relapse. Further studies are needed to elaborate guidelines in pharmacoresistant syndromes during transition and after transfer to adult care.
Transition: Driving and exercise
Authors: Nashef Lina , Capovilla Giuseppe , Camfield Carol , Camfield Peter , Nabbout Rima 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThere are many social aspects to consider at the time of transition of adolescents with epilepsy. The role of both pediatric and adult health care providers includes education and guidance within the larger framework of family, society, and country. This section focuses on driving and exercise considerations for those undergoing transition.
Transition into adulthood: Tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge‐Weber syndrome, and Rasmussen encephalitis
Authors: Thiele Elizabeth A. , Granata Tiziana , Matricardi Sara , Chugani Harry T. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryChildren with tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge‐Weber syndrome, and Rasmussen encephalitis all have complex but differing needs in the process of transition/transfer to adult care. All three may be associated with long‐term normal intelligence or a varying degree of intellectual disability. In tuberous sclerosis complex, the emphasis of care in adulthood shifts from seizure control and developmental issues to renal and psychiatric disease and other issues. In Sturge‐Weber syndrome, the emphasis shifts from seizure control and rehabilitation to management of disability and migraine. In Rasmussen encephalitis, transition may be particularly complex for those with adolescent onset. Those successfully operated on for childhood onset have a static problem and the potential to do well in life.
Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike‐waves during sleep: The need for transition from childhood to adulthood medical care appears to be related to etiology
Authors: de Saint‐Martin Anne , Rudolf Gabrielle , Seegmuller Caroline , Valenti‐Hirsch Maria Paola , Hirsch Edouard 
Published: September 2014

SummaryEpileptic encephalopathy with continuous diffuse spike‐waves during slow‐wave sleep (ECSWS) presents clinically with infrequent nocturnal focal seizures, atypical absences related to secondary bilateral synchrony, negative myoclonia, and atonic and rare generalized tonic–clonic seizures. The unique electroencephalography (EEG)pattern found inECSWSconsists of continuous, diffuse, bilateral spike‐waves during slow‐wave sleep. Despite the eventual disappearance of clinical seizures andEEGabnormalities by adolescence, the prognosis is guarded in most cases because of neuropsychological and behavioral deficits.ECSWShas a heterogeneous etiology (genetic, structural, and unknown). Because epilepsy and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in epileptic encephalopathy with continuous diffuse spike‐waves during slow‐wave sleep (ECSWS) are self‐limited and age related, the need for ongoing medical care and transition to adult care might be questioned. For adolescents in whom etiology remains unknown (possibly genetic) and who experience the disappearance of seizures and EEG abnormalities, there is rarely need for long‐term neurologic follow‐up, because often a relatively normal cognitive and social evolution follows. However, the majority of patients with structural and possibly “genetic syndromic” etiologies will have persistent cognitive deficits and will need suitable socioeducative care. Therefore, the transition process in ECSWS will depend mainly on etiology and its related features (epileptic active phase duration, and cognitive and behavioral evolution) and revolve around neuropsychological and social support rather than medical and pharmacologic follow‐up.
Soil respiration response to climate change in Pacific Northwest prairies is mediated by a regional Mediterranean climate gradient
Authors: Reynolds Lorien L. , Johnson Bart R. , Pfeifer‐Meister Laurel , Bridgham Scott D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSoil respiration is expected to increase with rising global temperatures but the degree of response may depend on soil moisture and other local factors. Experimental climate change studies from single sites cannot discern whether an observed response is site‐dependent or generalizable. To deconvolve site‐specific vs. regional climatic controls, we examined soil respiration for 18 months along a 520 km climate gradient in three Pacific Northwest, USA prairies that represents increasingly severe Mediterranean conditions from north to south. At each site we implemented a fully factorial combination of 2.5–3 °C warming and 20% added precipitation intensity. The response of soil respiration to warming was driven primarily by the latitudinal climate gradient and not site‐specific factors. Warming increased respiration at all sites during months when soil moisture was not limiting. However, these gains were offset by reductions in respiration during seasonal transitions and summer drought due to lengthened periods of soil moisture limitation. The degree of this offset varied along the north–south climate gradient such that in 2011 warming increased cumulative annual soil respiration 28.6% in the northern site, 13.5% in the central site, and not at all in the southern site. Precipitation also stimulated soil respiration more frequently in the south, consistent with an increased duration of moisture limitation. The best predictors of soil respiration in nonlinear models were the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), antecedent soil moisture, and temperature but these models provided biased results at high and low soil respiration. NDVI was an effective integrator of climate and site differences in plant productivity in terms of their combined effects on soil respiration. Our results suggest that soil moisture limitation can offset the effect of warming on soil respiration, and that greater growing‐season moisture limitation would constrain cumulative annual responses to warming.
Epidemiology and impact of influenza in Mongolia, 2007–2012
Authors: Burmaa Alexanderyn , Kamigaki Taro , Darmaa Badarchyn , Nymadawa Pagbajabyn , Oshitani Hitoshi 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundMongolia's Health Service began to conduct surveillance for influenza in the 1970s. This surveillance has become more comprehensive over time and now includes 155 sentinel sites in Mongolia. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and impact of influenza using data from influenza surveillance in Mongolia.Materials and methodsThe data were collected by the National Influenza Center, Mongolia (NIC). Incidence rates of influenza‐like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infections (sARI) were calculated as the proportion of the number of ILI and sARI cases to the total population in the studied areas. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected and tested using real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [(rt)‐RT‐PCR]. Selected samples negative for influenza were tested for other respiratory pathogens by multiplex rt‐RT‐PCR.ResultsAverages of 14·0 ILI and 0·8 sARI episodes per 100 population per year were observed during the five influenza seasons. The highest incidences of influenza associated with ILI and sARI were observed among children 0–4 years old. The number of ILI cases showed a clear seasonality, generally peaking between December and February. In contrast, sARI incidence peaked twice during each season. Influenza B was most prevalent during 2007–2008 and 2011–2012, influenza A (H3N2) during 2010–2011, seasonal A (H1N1) during 2008–2009, and A (H1N1) pdm09 during 2009–2010.ConclusionsAdditional data on the epidemiology and impact of influenza including socioeconomic impact and vaccine effectiveness are required to develop a national influenza control policy, including a vaccination strategy. Our results provide useful data for developing such a policy.
The concept of ‘IT artifact’ has outlived its usefulness and should be retired now
Authors: Alter Steven 
Published: September 2014

AbstractVastly inconsistent definitions of the term “the IT artifact” in leading journals and conferences demonstrate why it no longer means anything in particular and should be retired from the active IS lexicon. Examples from the literature show why artifact‐cousins, such as the IS artifact, sociotechnical artifact, social artifact, and ensemble artifact should be used with great care, if not retired as well. Any void created by these retirements could be filled through the following approaches: (i) relabeling with simple terms that are immediately understandable; (ii) adopting guidelines for making sense of the whole X‐artifact family; and (iii) sidestepping the IT artifact and focusing directly on IT‐enabled work systems in organizations.
The association between periodontal disease, tooth loss and bone mineral density in a Korean population
Authors: Tak In‐Hye , Shin Min‐Ho , Kweon Sun‐Seog , Nam Hae‐Sung , Cauley Jane A. , Kim Ok‐Joon , Kim Young‐Joon , Chung Hyun‐Ju , Kim Ok‐Su 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate whether clinical attachment loss (CAL), a measure of the severity of periodontal disease or number of teeth present is associated with bone mineral density (BMD).MethodsThe study population consisted of 5383 people aged 50 years and older who participated in the Dong‐gu Study. BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Oral examination included assessments of the number of teeth present and CAL. Number of teeth present was categorized into three equal categories. CAL values were divided into tertiles in terms of the percentage of sites with CAL ≥4 mm. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the adjusted means of BMD according to the tooth number and the tertiles of CAL.ResultsThere was a significant association between the number of teeth present and BMD in men. Compared with men with 22 or more teeth, men with 10 and less teeth had lower BMD. CAL was significantly associated with lower BMD at the lumbar spine in women.ConclusionOur data indicate that tooth loss and CAL were associated with low BMD. However, the magnitude of these associations was relatively small and the clinical significance was unclear.
Psychopathy from a Basic Trait Perspective: The Utility of a Five‐Factor Model Approach
Authors: Lynam Donald R. , Miller Joshua D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe present article argues that psychopathy is best understood as a collection of traits from the Five‐Factor Model of personality (FFM). We demonstrate that specific FFM traits involved in psychopathy are well delineated; the same personality profile emerges across methods. We review research demonstrating that this FFM profile can be used to assess psychopathy, including the development of a psychopathy‐specific FFM assessment that appears to do an even better job of assessing psychopathy than the NEO PI‐R while remaining true to the basic structural model. We demonstrate the advantages to understanding psychopathy in this way. The FFM provides an assay of extant inventories, accounts for the epidemiology of psychopathy, and explains the factor structure of various inventories. The elemental view of psychopathy allows psychopathy to be built from the ground up, trait by trait. Perhaps most importantly, the FFM is unique in providing a connection to basic research in personality.
Hybrid speciation through sorting of parental incompatibilities in Italian sparrows
Authors: Hermansen Jo S. , Haas Fredrik , Trier Cassandra N. , Bailey Richard I. , Nederbragt Alexander J. , Marzal Alfonso , Sætre Glenn‐Peter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSpeciation by hybridization is emerging as a significant contributor to biological diversification. Yet, little is known about the relative contributions of (i) evolutionary novelty and (ii) sorting of pre‐existing parental incompatibilities to the build‐up of reproductive isolation under this mode of speciation. Few studies have addressed empirically whether hybrid animal taxa are intrinsically isolated from their parents, and no study has so far investigated by which of the two aforementioned routes intrinsic barriers evolve. Here, we show that sorting of pre‐existing parental incompatibilities contributes to intrinsic isolation of a hybrid animal taxon. Using a genomic cline framework, we demonstrate that the sex‐linked and mitonuclear incompatibilities isolating the homoploid hybrid Italian sparrow at its two geographically separated hybrid–parent boundaries represent a subset of those contributing to reproductive isolation between its parent species, house and Spanish sparrows. Should such a sorting mechanism prove to be pervasive, the circumstances promoting homoploid hybrid speciation may be broader than currently thought, and indeed, there may be many cryptic hybrid taxa separated from their parent species by sorted, inherited incompatibilities.