bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spectrum of Neuropathologic Findings in Deaths Associated with Seizure Disorders
Authors: Blisard KS , McFeeley PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The pathologic and neuropathologic findings in 90 autopsied cases of death associated with a seizure disorder or complication thereof were reviewed. Most (69%) of the deceased individuals were between 21 and 40 years of age; two thirds were male. In 58% of patients, no cause of death other than seizure disorder was found. The ultimate cause of death in those patients was assumed to be a cardiac arrhythmia or respiratory arrest. Drowning accounted for 19% of deaths, and 17% of patients died of other contributory causes such as suicide, exposure, or atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease. Aspiration was found in the remaining 6%. Tongue lacerations or bite marks were observed in only one third of cases. The brain was normal in approximately two thirds of cases, with no focus for the origination of seizure found on neuropathologic examination. In the remainder of cases, a variety of lesions was found, with cavitary lesions, contusions, and dural lesions being the most common ones.
Comparison of Laser and High-Intensity Quartz Arc Tubes in the Detection of Body Secretions
Authors: Auvdel MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The detection capabilities of both laser and high-intensity quartz arc tabes were evaluated. The Spectra-Physics Model 171-19, 18-W argon ion laser and Laser Sonics Model CS-2, 200-mW air-cooled argon ion laser were compared with Payton Scientific's Luma-Print, high-intensity quartz arc tube. The light sources were evaluated as to their detection limits for various biological stains. The stains that were evaluated had been made during prior research. These stains had been stored at room temperature for approximately two years. The stains were a serial dilution made from semen, saliva, and sweat specimens and were examined using both laser light sources and the high-intensity quartz arc tube. The advantages and disadvantages of each light source in relationship to its initial costs and potential use in forensic serology are discussed.
A Computer-Aided Seal Discriminating System
Authors: Tang GY 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A computer-aided system for seal discriminating is developed. The system uses the state-of-the-art technology of digital image processing. The conventional methods such as diagonal match and full match are computerized. The advantage of the computerized method is that it is nondestructive and fast. With the use of proper optical lens, it offers good accuracy. The computerized method can compare the geometry and the intensity variation, while the conventional method is limited to the geometry match. The intensity variation carries information about the seal surface smoothness, the ink concentration, the seal material, the paper material, the paper support, and so forth. The seal surface smoothness is the kind of characteristic which cannot be reproduced easily. It is believed that the surface smoothness is the key to breaking the advanced forging techniques. The system was made and is used at the Central Investigation Bureau of Taipei, Taiwan.
The Presence of Counsel at Forensic Psychiatric Examinations
Authors: Rachlin S , Schwartz HI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In virtually all situations involving forensic psychiatric assessments, the patient is represented by counsel. But does this fact entitle the lawyer to be present at the clinical evaluation? In a series of New York cases spanning a generation, judges have allowed presence of counsel at the psychiatric examination. The most common reason given for such a conclusion is to assure better cross-examination of the expert witness. Psychiatric evaluations mandated by law necessitate several guidelines different from those of the usual doctor/patient relationship. While we may have to accept the presence of attorneys in our consulting rooms, they should be observers only. To allow active intervention would distort the clinical process.
Do Forensic Science Graduate Programs Fulfill the Needs of the Forensic Science Community?
Authors: Higgins KM , Selavka CM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This research project was designed to address a number of issues which were felt to be vital to the construction of a meaningful graduate program in forensic chemistry. The purpose of the project was threefold: (1) to determine the current status of the graduate forensic science educational service in the United States; (2) to determine the effectiveness of forensic science graduate programs in providing new employees having appropriate skills and educational background; and (3) to assess the roles of local, state, national, and academic laboratories in forensic science research. The results indicate that graduate degree programs are generally well-focused, but that many managers do not require such training background for applicants. It was also found that, in the perception of forensic science practitioners, forensic science research should be performed in all settings including the practicing labs and academic and Federal research labs, but that funding and release time should be increased to allow for greater efforts and better research.
The Use of Frequency-Doubled Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd: YAG) Laser for Enhancement of Weak Bloody Fingerprints
Authors: Cheng S-G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ninhydrin/zinc chloride, which has been proven to be unsuitable for the neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser development of latent fingerprints, is demonstrated here because of its pronounced improvement in weak bloody fingerprint detection.
A Simple Pattern Method for Alpha2 HS-Glycoprotein Typing
Authors: Sebetan IM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An improved method for the separation of the genetic variants of the human serum alpha2 HS-glycoprotein using isoelectric focusing in ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel containing carrier ampholyte pH 4 to 6.5 gradient and neuraminidase pretreated samples is described. The pattern obtained is simple, easily interpretable, and reproducible.
The Identification of Nitromethaqualone and Its Differentiation from Some Positional Isomers
Authors: Clark CC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Nitromethaqualone [2-methyl-3(2′-methoxy-4′-nitrophenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone] and its three positional isomers formed by moving the nitro group on the phenyl ring containing the 2′-methoxyl group have been synthesized and characterized. Mass spectra, infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and the gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of these compounds are presented. It is shown that infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electron impact mass spectroscopy combined with gas-liquid chromatography are capable of differentiating nitromethaqualone from any of the studied isomers, methaqualone, and mecloqualone.
Sacralization of a Sixth Lumbar Vertebra and Its Effect upon the Estimation of Living Stature
Authors: Lundy JK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Stature is estimated in a case presenting a sacralized sixth lumbar vertebra using both Fully's anatomical method and Trotter and Gleser's stature estimation formulas. In this case, where antemortem stature is known, the accuracy of the anatomical method is enhanced by including the height of the actual S1 segment in the calculation, while the accuracy of the Trotter and Gleser estimate is enhanced by adding the height of the extra vertebra to the stature estimate.
Tissue Distribution of Ethosuximide and Clobazam in a Seizure Related Fatality
Authors: Fraser AD , Isner AF , Heifetz SA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The case of a six-year-old male who died in a hospital while receiving several anti-convulsant drugs is described. Phenytoin, desmethyldiazepam, clobazam (an experimental 1,5 benzodiazepine), and desmethylclobazam were quantitated in serum, liver, and brain tissue by high performance liquid chromatography. Ethosuximide was quantitated by gas chromatography. To our knowledge, this is one of few reports describing tissue concentrations of ethosuximide collected at autopsy and the first report of clobazam/desmethylclobazam tissue distribution in man.
Forensic Science Laboratory/Forensic Science Program Cooperation and Relationships: The View from the Forensic Science Laboratory
Authors: Lee HC , Gaensslen RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Some areas of common interest and potential cooperation between casework forensic science laboratories and university and college based forensic science programs are discussed. These include internships, joint research, the use of laboratory personnel as instructors in programs, and the use of faculty as consultants for the casework laboratory.
Research Experience and Future Criminalists
Authors: Smith FP , Liu RH , Lindquist CA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
With research as its distinguishing characteristic, graduate education in the United States provides the philosophical foundation which, when properly focused, may prepare future criminalists to address significant problems in and advance successfully the practice of criminalistics. Graduate research is the source of much of the knowledge explosion responsible for many state-of-the-art forensic science techniques. In particular, the discoveries and other contributions made by forensic science researchers at universities have been abundant.
Graduate research experiences exemplify one of the means proposed to accomplish goals through the encouragement of creative problem solving ability. The paper includes examples of questions confronting criminalistics with emphasis on the ways the graduate research process may contribute to piloting the profession through transition with sensitivity and understanding.
A Medical Model for Criminalistics Education
Authors: Stoney DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The history of medical education during the period of 1870 to 1926 is examined in the context of current issues confronting education in the forensic laboratory sciences. Medical education was radically altered during this period, changing from a rudimentary lecture/apprenticeship system into its modern form.
Although the motivating forces had developed over some time, the actual change was quite rapid. By examining how this change occurred, we gain insight into how changes in our own profession might be initiated.
Parallels between our current situation and that in medical education 117 years ago include: (1) the primary burden of professional education is borne outside the university in an apprenticeship system, (2) the apprenticeship system is overburdened by a dramatic expansion in the knowledge and skills needed for professional practice, (3) there is no standardized curriculum or accreditation process for educational programs, and (4) there is no educational program that incorporates formal clinical education.
Based on this historical analysis, three major goals are proposed: (1) active entreprenurial promotion of professional educational programs by academics, (2) creation of a committee within the American Academy of Forensic Sciences to critique and rate university programs, and (3) the development of a well-defined clinical education program.
A model for formalized clinical education in the forensic laboratory sciences is proposed, incorporating clinical professors, student clerkships, and university control over instruction within an operational forensic science laboratory. Benefits from this arrangement include: efficient combination of physical plants, added personnel resources in the laboratory, rapid introduction of research into the laboratory, enhanced prestige for both academics and practitioners, and relief of the laboratory's in-house training burden.
A Review of Cocaine: A Clinician's Handbook
Authors: Jones AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This volume is the best single source for current medical information on cocaine and represents the authoritative work of 26 contributors. The book includes chapters on the causes of widespread cocaine use; recent cocaine abuse trends based on the “800 Cocaine” telephone hotline; and medical and biologic consequences of cocaine abuse including fatal reactions, psychopharmacology, central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms of dependency, emergency treatment of acute cocaine reactions, treatment of inpatient and outpatient cocaine abusers, pharmacologic treatment, treatment of adolescent abusers, treatment of cocaine abusing health care professionals, cocaine smoking, cocaine in the workplace, alcohol associated problems, pathologic gambling in cocaine abusers, laboratory detection, psychiatric and psychodynamic factors in cocaine dependence, and the consequences of cocaine and other drug use in pregnancy.
Standard Reference Materials
Authors: Rasberry SD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For more than 80 years the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has issued Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) to help people measure more accurately and have greater confidence in their technical investigations. I was especially pleased when the editor of your journal, Dr. Abel Dominguez, asked me to report to you those aspects of this program of greatest interest in forensic sciences. Not only do I appreciate the opportunity to give you that report, I also see the chance of opening communications with some of you to see what new directions NBS might take to address unmet requirements in the field.
The Comparison of Black Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Tapes by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Authors: Williams ER , Munson TO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pyrolysis capillary gas chromatography (Py-GC) was used to compare thirty black polyvinylchloride (PVC) tapes. A 0.5-mm square of tape (about 25 μg) was found to be an adequate sample size. Tests of within-roll homogeneity showed sufficiently consistent pyrogram patterns throughout to allow correct matches to be made. Twenty-six of the tapes gave pyrograms which were easily distinguishable from all the others. Fragments of tape recovered after the detonation of four improvised explosive devises were matched to the appropriate tape standards by Py-GC even when the fragments were partially burned.
Dangerous Information: Product Tampering and Poisoning Advice in Revenge and Murder Manuals
Authors: Dietz PE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reviews 18 publications that advocate the use of product tampering and other poisoning methods as techniques for exacting revenge against individuals and corporations, as methods of committing murder, and for other criminal purposes. Several of the particular techniques recommended in these publications subsequently have been used in criminal tampering incidents. The published sources of technical guidance for the would-be tamperer and poisoner are examined in detail to alert forensic scientists, law enforcement authorities, and the food and drug industry to the particular techniques that are being advocated. Possible criminal and civil liability of the publishers and authors is discussed. The author suggests that food and drug retailers consider the wisdom of selling magazines that advertise the availability of revenge and murder manuals advocating product tampering and poisoning, that food and drug manufacturers test the effects on their products of the contaminants that are being recommended, and that investigators be alert to the existence of such manuals and mail-order suppliers of poisons.
The Effects of Aging on the Comparability of Antemortem and Postmortem Radiographs
Authors: Sauer NJ , Brantley RE , Barondess DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To study the effects of aging on the ability to make positive identifications from radiographs of the postcranial axial skeleton, we collected early and later exposed abdominal X-rays from five patients whose period of treatment spanned from ten to twenty-three years. Corresponding lumbar vertebrae from each pair of radiographs were compared for similarities and differences in several of the criteria that have been reported as useful for individualization. These include shapes of the bodies, spinous processes, transverse processes, pedicles, and osteophytic extrusions. It is our conclusion that even though bone is a flexible tissue and changes constantly during life, aspects of the criteria chosen are quite stable and that even after two-and-a-half decades the ability to make positive identifications from postcranial axial material is not necessarily diminished.
Rapid Isolation of Benzodiazepines with Sep-Pak® C18 Cartridges
Authors: Suzuki O , Seno H , Kumazawa T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid method for isolation of various benzodiazepines from human samples with Sep-Pak® C18 cartridges before wide-bore capillary gas chromatography is described. The drugs dissolved in alkaline samples were directly applied to the cartridges and eluted with hexane/isopropanol (9:1). The recoveries were excellent for all drugs in urine samples, but were somewhat lower for some drugs in plasma samples. The latter problem could be easily circumvented by using a deproteinization process before their application to the cartridge. We can recommend the Sep-Pak C18 cartridges for isolation of benzodiazepines because of their simplicity and rapidity.
Identification of Sugars in Explosive Residues by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nowicki J , Pauling S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chlorate/sugar mixtures are commonly used in improvised explosive devices. Sugars in the burnt chlorate/sugar residues are derivatized using trimethylsilylimidazole (TMSI) in pyridine. The resulting sugar-TMS derivatives are analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of chlorates or byproducts of the chlorate/sugar reaction do not interfere in this process.
Tests of Genetic Markers on Aborted Fetal Material
Authors: Reisner EG , Clark AR , Shoffner JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Women who conceive as a result of rape often elect to abort the fetus. We describe twelve cases where genetic markers were tested on the aborted fetal material to provide evidence of the genetic constitution of the rapist. Two cases are presented in detail, and the problems encountered with the testing are discussed.
A Review of Human Osteology—A Laboratory and Field Manual Third Edition
Authors: Yaşar İşcan M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a book that the author should be proud of for its success in North American osteology. This success can be measured by the fact that it is in its third edition and the first two went through their sixth and fourth printings, respectively, since it was first published in 1971. This third edition (unlike the second) is completely revised and updated throughout. It is 40 pages longer and contains 54 tables and 190 figures (11 tables and 32 figures more than the 1979 edition). The font size is larger and the book is available in both spiral and bound forms. While I personally preferred the bound form, my students disagreed.
A Review of Thin-Layer Chromatographic Rf Values of Toxicologically Relevant Substances on Standardized Systems
Authors: Peat MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book presents Rf values on approximately 1100 toxicologically relevant substances in 10 standardized thin-layer systems. The authors' hope is that the compilation will serve a useful purpose for toxicology analysis. In the introduction to the book the authors review the means by which the data were collected, the use of reference substances, and the use of the tabulated data included in the book.
A Review of Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation
Authors: McCarty VO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author states this book is “written for the student engaged in the study of crime scene investigation and physical evidence, for the experienced investigator as a reference work, and for the nonforensic scientist who must be familiar with physical evidence.” Within these defined limits the book is both contemporary and comprehensive. Newer methodology such as laser light enhancement of fingerprints and the use of cyanoacrylate ester fuming Superglue® are included as notable updates over prior publications available for students.
A Review of Pathology Annual 1987: Part 2
Authors: Sperry K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pathology, as the study of disease, effectively incorporates a part of all the various subdisciplines of medicine. In a similar manner, forensic pathology is the application of law to the study and interpretation of disease and injury. As any busy forensic pathologist will attest, the practice of this specialty transcends the usual public image of dealing solely with violent deaths, as medicolegal problems are increasingly apparent at virtually all levels of medicine, and it is often the forensic pathologist who has both the accumulated experience and the willingness to address such questions. Consequently, as any good physician is wont to do, the pathologist continues to learn, grow professionally, and adapt to the constantly evolving scope of medicine in a technological age.
The Present Direction of Research in Forensic Odontology
Authors: Katz JO , Cottone JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic odontology is receiving increased attention in the literature and has become a widely recognized field of expertise with broad ramifications. With this growth, research is needed to solve the most pressing problems of the discipline. The purpose of this paper is to identify current trends in research in forensic odontology. The review consisted of studies using the scientific method and reports of new techniques being tested. Also, abstracts from the annual meeting of the Odontology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences from 1980 to 1987 have been reviewed to determine the current areas of emphasis in forensic dentistry.
A Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (SEM-EPMA) of Pink Teeth
Authors: Ikeda N , Watanabe G , Harada A , Suzuki T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Samples of postmortem pink teeth were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Fracture surfaces of the dentin in pink teeth were noticeably rough and revealed many more smaller dentinal tubules than those of the control white teeth. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis showed that the pink teeth contained iron which seemed to be derived from blood hemoglobin. The present study confirms that under the same circumstance red coloration of teeth may occur more easily in the teenth in which the dentin is less compact and contains more dentinal tubules.
Color Matching Within a Fiber Data Collection
Authors: Hartshorne AW , Laing DK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The fiber data collection in use in the Home Office Forensic Science Service uses complementary chromaticity coordinates as a method of color description. Color variation within samples is represented by an elliptical error region around the mean chromaticity point of the sample.
For searching this collection, a method of matching single colors to the collection ellipses has been assessed. However, the necessary calculations are complex, so a number of simpler alternatives has been investigated. A simple box search has been found to be convenient, albeit with some reduction in specificity.
Fast Isoelectric Focusing of Some Polymorphic Proteins and Enzymes in Miniaturized Gels Using an Automated System
Authors: Carracedo A , Andrade-Vide C , Rodriguez-Calvo MS , Montiel MD , Lareu MV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Optimal programs for the separation of polymorphic proteins and enzymes in miniaturized polyacrylamide gels using an automated system (PhastSystem) are described. The potential advantages and disadvantages of the method and its application to forensic science laboratories are discussed.