bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Risk Factors and Outcomes in HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease and HIV-Associated Nephropathy
Authors: Foy Matthew C. , Estrella Michelle M. , Lucas Gregory M. , Tahir Faryal , Fine Derek M. , Moore Richard D. , Atta Mohamed G. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is well described, but the clinical features of a group of renal pathologies characterized by Ig or immune complex depositions referred to as HIV-associated immune complex kidney disease (HIVICK) have not been well established. The objective of this study is to assess risk factors for HIVICK compared with contemporaneous control participants.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
A nested case-control study of 751 HIV-infected patients followed from January 1996 to June 2010 was conducted. Groups were compared using the chi-squared test or rank-sum analysis. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for HIVICK. Incidences of overall ESRD and with/without combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) exposure were calculated.

Results
HIVICK patients were predominantly African American (92%). Compared with matched controls, patients with HIVICK were more likely to have HIV RNA >400 copies/ml (OR, 2.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.2 to 5.2), diabetes (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.8), and hypertension (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.5). Compared with HIVAN, patients with HIVICK had more antiretroviral therapy exposure, lower HIV viral loads, and higher CD4 and estimated GFR. ESRD was less common in the HIVICK versus the HIVAN group (30% versus 82%; P<0.001), and the use of cART was not associated with ESRD in HIVICK patients (25% versus 26; P=0.39).

Conclusions
HIVICK was predominantly observed in African-American patients and associated with advanced HIV disease. ESRD incidence is lower in HIVICK patients compared with those with HIVAN. Unlike HIVAN, cART use was not associated with the incidence of ESRD in HIVICK.
The Effect of Noisy Fair Value Measures on Bank Capital Adequacy Ratios
Authors: Valencia Adrian , Smith Thomas J. , Ang James 
Published: May 2013

SYNOPSIS
Fair value accounting has been a hotly debated topic during the recent financial crisis. Supporters argue that fair values are more relevant to investors, while detractors point to the measurement error in the estimation of the reported fair values to attack its reliability. This study examines how noise in reported fair values impacts bank capital adequacy ratios. If measurement error causes reported capital levels to deviate from fundamental levels, then regulators could misidentify a financially healthy bank as troubled (type I error) or a financially troubled bank as safe (type II error), leading to suboptimal resource allocations for banks, regulators, and investors. We use a Monte Carlo simulation to generate our data, and find that while noise leads to both type I and type II errors around key Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) capital adequacy benchmarks, the type I error dominates. Specifically, noise is associated with 2.58 (2.60) [1.092], 5.67 (6.44) [1.94], and 10.60 (26.83) [3.423] times more type I errors than type II errors around the Tier 1 (Total) [Leverage] well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, and significantly undercapitalized benchmarks, respectively. Economically, our results suggest that noise can lead to inefficient allocation of resources on the part of regulators (increased monitoring costs) and banks (increased compliance costs).
JEL Classifications: D52; M41; C15; G21.
Torque efficiency of different archwires in 0.018- and 0.022-inch conventional brackets
Authors: Sifakakis Iosif , Pandis Nikolaos , Makou Margarita , Eliades Theodore , Katsaros Christos , Bourauel Christoph 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To compare the archwires inserted during the final stages of the orthodontic treatment with the generated moments at 0.018- and 0.022-inch brackets.

Materials and Methods:
The same bracket type, in terms of prescription, was evaluated in both slot dimensions. The brackets were bonded on two identical maxillary acrylic resin models, and each model was mounted on the orthodontic measurement and simulation system. Ten 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA and ten 0.017 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires were evaluated in the 0.018-inch brackets. In the 0.022-inch brackets, ten 0.019 × 0.025-inch TMA and ten 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires were measured. A 15° buccal root torque (+15°) and then a 15° palatal root torque (−15°) were gradually applied to the right central incisor bracket, and the moments were recorded at these positions. A t-test was conducted to compare the generated moments between wires within the 0.018- and 0.022-inch bracket groups separately.

Results:
The 0.017 × 0.025-inch archwire in the 0.018-inch brackets generated mean moments of 9.25 Nmm and 14.2 Nmm for the TMA and stainless steel archwires, respectively. The measured moments in the 0.022-inch brackets with the 0.019 × 0.025-inch TMA and stainless steel archwires were 6.6 Nmm and 9.3 Nmm, respectively.

Conclusion:
The 0.017 × 0.025-inch stainless steel and β-Ti archwires in the 0.018-inch slot generated higher moments than the 0.019 × 0.025-inch archwires because of lower torque play. This difference is exaggerated in steel archwires, in comparison with the β-Ti, because of differences in stiffness. The differences of maximum moments between the archwires of the same cross-section but different alloys were statistically significant at both slot dimensions.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Glucagon-Like Peptide-1–Based Treatment Approaches
Authors: Schnell Oliver , Felton Anne-Marie 
Published: May 2013

In Brief
Recently, European expert recommendations suggested individualized self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) strategies to optimize diabetes management in patients with type 2 diabetes who are treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)–based approaches. These suggestions include simple and clinically applicable SMBG glucose testing patterns, or schemes. Potential benefits of SMBG in GLP-1–based treatment approaches were seen for several clinical scenarios: early assessment of treatment success or failure, timely modification of treatment, detection of hypoglycemic episodes, assessment of glucose excursions, and support of diabetes management and diabetes education.
Comparison of automated versus manual neutrophil counts for the detection of cellular abnormalities in dogs receiving chemotherapy: 50 cases (May to June 2008)
Authors: Cora Michelle C. , Neel Jennifer A. , Grindem Carol B. , Kissling Grace E. , Hess Paul R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the frequency of clinically relevant abnormalities missed by failure to perform a blood smear evaluation in a specific subset of dogs receiving chemotherapy and to compare automated and manual neutrophil counts in the same population
Design—Retrospective case series
Animals—50 dogs receiving chemotherapy with a total nucleated cell count > 4,000 nucleated cells/μL.
Procedures—50 blood smears were evaluated for abnormalities that have strong potential to change the medical plan for a patient: presence of blast cells, band neutrophils, nucleated RBCs, toxic change, hemoparasites, schistocytes, and spherocytes. Automated and manual neutrophil counts were compared.
Results—Blood smears from 10 (20%) patients had ≥ 1 abnormalities. Blast cells were identified on 4 (8%) blood smears, increased nucleated RBCs were identified on 5 (10%), and very mild toxic change was identified on 2 (4%). Correlation coefficient of the neutrophil counts was 0.96. Analysis revealed a slight bias between the automated and manual neutrophil counts (mean ± SD difference, −0.43 × 103/μL ± 1.10 × 103/μL)
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this series of patients, neutrophil count correlation was very good. Clinically relevant abnormalities were found on 20% of the blood smears. An automated CBC appears to be accurate for neutrophil counts, but a microscopic examination of the corresponding blood smear is still recommended; further studies are needed to determine whether the detection or frequency of these abnormalities would differ dependent on chemotherapy protocol, neoplastic disease, and decision thresholds used by the oncologist in the ordering of a CBC without a blood smear evaluation.
Endoscopic-guided sclerotherapy for renal-sparing treatment of idiopathic renal hematuria in dogs: 6 cases (2010–2012)
Authors: Berent Allyson C. , Weisse Chick W. , Branter Erinne , Adams Larry G. , Aarhus Alissa , Smee Nicole , Berg Rebecca , Bagley Demetrius H. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Objective—To describe the use of sclerotherapy for the renal-sparing treatment of idiopathic renal hematuria (IRH) in dogs and report clinical outcomes.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—6 dogs (8 renal pelvises) with IRH.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs that underwent sclerotherapy were reviewed. Each ureterovesicular junction was identified cystoscopically to determine the side of bleeding, and a retrograde ureteropyelogram was performed with endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. A ureteropelvic junction balloon was used for ureteral occlusion, and pelvis filling volumes were recorded. A povidone iodine mixture, followed by a sterile silver nitrate solution, was infused into the renal pelvis. A double-pigtail ureteral stent was placed after the procedure. Information on preprocedure and postprocedure biochemical changes, imaging parameters, and clinical outcomes was obtained.
Results—6 dogs (5 males and 1 female) had sclerotherapy for unilateral (4) or bilateral (2) bleeding. Five were right-sided and 3 were left-sided. The median age and weight of dogs were 3 years and 42.4 kg (93.28 lb), respectively. Median procedure time was 150 minutes. One dog that did not have a ureteral stent placed following the procedure developed short-term signs of renal pain and pyelectasis. Cessation of macroscopic hematuria occurred in 4 of 6 dogs (median, 6 hours). Two additional dogs improved moderately. Median follow-up time was 8 months (range, 3.5 to 20.5 months).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topical sclerotherapy for IRH was safe and effective. Local sclerotherapy for IRH in dogs could be considered a valuable and minimally invasive renal-sparing treatment over ureteronephrectomy.
Immunity in heifers 12 months after vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing a United States Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo isolate
Authors: Zimmerman Alicia D. , Springer Eric W. , Barling Kerry S. , Buterbaugh Robin E. , Pooley Ryan D. , Scholz Douglas A. , Rhoades James R. , Chase Christopher C. L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate immunity induced by a multivalent vaccine containing a US Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo type hardjo bovis (LHB) isolate in heifers challenged 12 months after vaccination.
Design—Prospective vaccine challenge study.
Animals—36 one-month old Holstein heifers.
Procedures—18 heifers were vaccinated at 4 and 8 weeks of age with an inactivated vaccine containing Leptospira fractions. Additionally, 18 heifers were vaccinated at the same age with the same vaccine without any Leptospira fractions. All heifers were challenged with a US-origin LHB 12 months following booster vaccination. Urine samples were collected weekly for 8 weeks after challenge, and serum was collected at −1, 28, and 56 days after challenge for serologic testing. At 8 weeks after challenge, all heifers were necropsied, and kidney and reproductive system samples were collected for bacteriologic culture.
Results—4 of 18 vaccinates had positive results of bacteriologic culture of urine samples, but only at 1 time point. All control heifers had positive results of bacteriologic culture of urine samples for at least 5 time points. Vaccinates had negative results of bacteriologic culture of kidney and reproductive system samples following necropsy, whereas all control heifers had positive results of bacteriologic culture of kidney samples and 5 of 18 had positive results of bacteriologic culture of reproductive system samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The vaccine administered to calves at 1 month of age prevented leptospire colonization of kidney and reproductive system tissue and significantly reduced urine shedding following challenge 12 months after vaccination. This vaccine provides an opportunity to protect calves at an early age from becoming infected and ultimately from becoming an LHB reservoir.
Inflammatory Patterns in Upper Airway Disease in the Same Geographical Area may Change over Time
Authors: Katotomichelakis Michael , Tantilipikorn Pongsakorn , Holtappels Gabriele , De Ruyck Natalie , Feng Lan , Van Zele Thibaut , Muangsomboon Soranart , Jareonchasri Perapun , Bunnag Chaweewan , Danielides Vassilios , Cuvelier Claude A. , Hellings Peter W. , Bachert Claus , Zhang Nan 
Published: May 2013

Background Inflammatory patterns of nasal polyps (NPs) may vary. Changes over time have not been investigated so far. This study was designed to evaluate the inflammatory patterns of NPs in Thailand at two time points 12 years apart, explore differences in Staphylococcus aureus (SA) mucosal carriage rates over time, and the latter's relationship with the inflammatory patterns. Methods Formalin-fixed nasal tissue was obtained from 89 (47 in 1999 and 42 in 2011) patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis with NPs (CRSwNPs). Tissues were evaluated for eosinophils, neutrophils, IgE+ cells, IgE and macrophage mannose receptors, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-17 cytokine profile, and the presence of SA, using automated immunohistochemistry and peptide nucleic acid–fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results We found a significant increase in the absolute values of eosinophils and IgE+ cells in the 2011 CRSwNP tissue series compared with 1999 and a significant but smaller increase in neutrophils. Semiquantitative evaluation revealed significantly higher mean values of positive cells for all studied inflammatory markers in the 2011 group of patients, except for the high-affinity IgE receptor. This “eosinophilic shift” of inflammation was accompanied by higher SA carriage, as well as higher frequencies of SA invasion (54.8% versus 10.6%; p < 0.001) in the 2011 compared with 1999 subjects. Patients with asthma were more likely to have higher SA carriage rates compared with nonasthmatic patients. Conclusion There was a shift from predominantly neutrophilic to eosinophilic CRSwNPs in Thai patients within 12 years, with an increase in various inflammatory markers including IgE, which is associated with an increase in intramucosal presence of SA.
Undercooling of Sn–Ag–Cu alloys: solder balls and solder joints solidification
Authors: Hodaj Fiqiri , Petit Luc , Baggetto Loïc , Boisier Olivier , Verneyre Lionel 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The degree of undercooling of three Pb-free solders Sn-4.5%Ag-0.5%Cu, Sn-4.0%Ag-0.5%Cu and Sn-2.5%Ag-0.5%Cu (wt.%) are determined using differential scanning calorimetry in two configurations (i) solder balls and (ii) solder joint samples prepared by reflowing solder balls on copper substrates (Ball Grid Arrays package). A large degree of undercooling was observed with solder balls, while the corresponding undercooling was significantly reduced in the case of solder joints. Samples were characterized using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The microstructure of the solder alloy is greatly affected by the reaction at the solder/copper interface. The role of the interfacial reaction between liquid solder alloy and copper substrate on the undercooling degree of the liquid alloy as well as on the microstructure of the solder joint is discussed.
Microstructural evolution of as-rolled modified 9Cr-1Mo steel during friction stir welding
Authors: Lee Jung-Gu , Lee Min-Ku , Rhee Chang-Kyu , Kim Tae-Kyu , Kim Ju-Myoung 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Friction stir welding was tried on a modified 9Cr-1Mo (wt.%) ferritic steel in an as-rolled condition. The microstructure of the resultant weld was divided into four distinct regions according to each thermo-mechanical history experienced during welding; i.e., stir zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone, inner heat-affected zone, and outer heat-affected zone. The first three zones showed distinct martensite morphologies depending on the different recrystallization phenomena during the heating cycle in the single-phase austenite region. In the outer heat-affected zone, however, only tempering occurred without phase transformation owing to a relatively low heating temperature. Hardness distribution of the weld closely reflected such microstructural differences, indicating that a considerable softening occurred in the thermo-mechanically affected zone and outer heat-affected zone owing to the coarsening and tempering effects, respectively.
Experimental investigation of phase equilibria in the Co–Cr–W ternary system
Authors: Zhang Xinqiao , Yang Shuiyuan , Zhao Cancan , Lu Yong , Liu Xingjun , Wang Cuiping 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The phase equilibria in the Co–Cr–W ternary system were experimentally investigated by using optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction on equilibrated alloys. In this study, isothermal sections of the Co–Cr–W ternary system at 1000°C, 1100°C and 1200°C were determined. The intermetallic compound R phase with its composition region were determined in the isothermal section at 1200°C, whereas it was absent at 1000°C and 1100°C. The Co7W6 phase was found to possess a large solubility of Cr. The trapezoid-shaped composition region of σ phase was determined from 1000°C to 1200°C in the present work. The newly determined phase equilibria of the Co–Cr–W in the present study will provide useful information for Co-based alloys and Co–W base cemented carbides.
Ab-initio studies of some rare-earth borides: CeB2, PrB2, NdB2, and PmB2
Authors: Ozisik Haci , Deligoz Engin , Colakoglu Kemal , Surucu Gokhan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The structural, mechanical and thermal properties of CeB2, PrB2, NdB2, and PmB2 compounds in hexagonal AlB2-type (P6/mmm) and ReB2-type structures (P63/mmc) are investigated using density functional theory. The results indicate that those compounds with hexagonal AlB2 structure are the most stable among the considered structures. The mechanical properties are calculated according to the elastic constants by means of the Voigt–Reuss–Hill averaging scheme. The temperature dependence of various quantities such bulk modulus, Debye temperature, thermal expansion, heat capacity, and Grüneisen parameter have been analyzed using the quasi-harmonic Debye model.
The Effect of Feeding Method and Compatibilizer on Nanoclay Partitioning and Microfibrillar Morphology Development in PP/PBT/Organoclay Blend Nanocomposite Fibers
Authors: Bigdeli A. , Nazockdast H. , Rashidi A. , Yazdanshenas M. E. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The role of feeding method, as an important parameter in competition with thermodynamic parameters, on determining the nanoclay partitioning and its impact on microfibril formation in PP/PBT blend nanocomposite fibers were investigated. In the direct feeding method in which all components were fed into the extruder simultaneously, the major part of nanoclay with almost unchanged interlayer d-spacing was located in the PP matrix and the rest of the nanoclay partitioned into the PBT dispersed phase. However in the PBT based masterbatch method nanoclay, due to much greater melt intercalation occurred, remained in PBT droplets in the form of tactoids and/or platelets. In the masterbatch feeding method, incorporation of compatibilizer assisted more fraction tactiods and/or platelets to be transferred from PBT to the PP matrix while in the direct method it enhanced the extent of melt intercalation in the PP matrix. It was demonstrated that the nanoclay concentration in PBT droplets plays an important role in the extent of the microfibril formation during the melt spinning process. While at low organoclay loading (1 wt%) fine microfibrils could be formed in the fibers prepared by both methods of feeding, at higher organoclay loading (3,5 wt%) uniform microfibrils could hardly be developed in the fibers, particularly, in the masterbatch feeding method due to high melt elasticity of the PBT droplets and uneven distribution of platelets and/or tactoids in the droplets.
The Role of Organoclay on In-situ Microfibril Formation of Epoxy in Poly(butylene terephtalate) Nanocomposites
Authors: Salehi M. M. , Nazockdast H. , Pircheraghi G. R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to study the role of organoclay on the microfibrillation process of epoxy phase in Poly(butylene terephtalate), PBT, matrix both in presence and absence of epoxy curing agent. The PBT/epoxy blend samples with constant blend ratio (60/40) were prepared by melt mixing in a twin screw extruder. The elongational flow imposed by drawing the extrudate at the die exit permitted controlled generation of fibrile morphology of the dispersed epoxy phase, with a fiber diameter of 0.8 μm and an aspect ratio greater than 100. It was shown that when the curing agent was added into the extruder, its reactivity with epoxy at high temperature was high enough and selectively affected on the epoxy phase. The SEM results showed smaller epoxy droplet size for samples containing nanoclay compared to simple blends. This could be explained in terms of hindrance effect of nanoclay in reducing the coalescence as a dominating parameter due to presence of nanoclay in both phases. These results were supported by the melt linear viscoelastic results which showed enhanced low frequency viscosity and storage modulus for these samples. Addition of nanoclay was found to have little effect on extent of fibrillation epoxy droplet in stretched samples. The rheological results obtained for stretched samples showed very strong increase in low frequency solid body response whose extent was increase with increasing draw ratio. This mainly attributed to special 3-D network formed between microfibrils whose shape was stabilized by either presence of nanoclay or accelerated curing process of fibrillated epoxy. From SEM micrographs and linear viscoelastic measurements it can be deduced that curing process has small changes on the extent of fibrillation epoxy droplet in stretched samples. But it leads to improvement of interfacial interaction between two phases in the nanocomposites.
Evaluation of Thermo-Mechanical and Wear Behavior of Short Carbon Fibre Vinyl-Ester Filled Homogenous and Their Functionally Graded Composites
Authors: Gangil B. , Patnaik A. , Kumar A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The paper presents the processing and mechanical characterization of chopped carbon fibre reinforced homogenous and functionally graded vinyl ester composites and also reports on their sliding wear characteristics respectively. The sliding wear characteristics are studied with the help of POD test employing the design of experiments approach based on Taguchi's orthogonal arrays. Dynamic mechanical analysis is carried out of the investigated homogenous/FGMs composites to investigate the overall stiffness/flexibility, so as to improve the specific wear rate. Present study reveals that graded composite possess good mechanical and wear characteristics compared to homogenous composites. SEM confirms the graded dispersion of carbon fibre in the matrix.