bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Skeates Robin , Carman John , McDavid Carol 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reappraises the place of archaeology in the contemporary world by critically engaging with old and new debates in the field of public archaeology. It evaluates the range of research strategies and methods used in archaeological heritage studies by identifying and contributing to key debates in this dynamic field, and critically explores the history of archaeological resource management. The article also addresses the fundamental principles and practices through which the archaeological past is understood and used today. In doing so, it enters into the overlapping domains of: ‘public’, ‘community’, or ‘engaged’ archaeology; heritage, or cultural resource management; and heritage and museum studies; as well as a wide range of related fields within the social sciences. In recent years, this subject area has seen a proliferation of published texts aimed primarily at the academic market, particularly in the UK and USA.
Writing Histories of Archaeology
Authors: Murray Tim 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article critically reviews the different approaches adopted by archaeologists and other scholars in studying and writing the history of archaeology. Based on this, it places them within the broader context of the history of science, arguing for both radical and conservative roles for histories of archaeology, and stressing its great value in helping understand the social and cultural elements of archaeological knowledge. Histories of archaeology reveal a discipline in a ferment of change, but also in a ferment of self-discovery. Archaeology has touched and continues to touch everybody, and although much of it has become highly technical and arcane, the central elements of the quest for an understanding of the history of human beings have remained largely intact. In the late twentieth century, there remained a core of belief that only archaeology could reveal the evidence of the whole human story from prehistoric to historical times.
Agriculture, Environmental Conservation, and Archaeological Curation in Historic Landscapes
Authors: Trow Stephen , Grenville Jane 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes the complex and ever-changing institutional, legislative, and academic framework relating to the management of nature and culture in the English landscape. It highlights the current debate over future land use, which stems from the competing demands being placed upon it, particularly by agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, and archaeology. Under this, the article examines the interaction between the heritage and nature conservation sectors in the context of rural land use, particularly agriculture and forestry, drawing particularly on the situation in England. It also considers the institutional, legal, policy, and academic frameworks within which engagement takes place; the implications of policy changes driven by social, economic, and climatic change; and the increasingly radical debate on the future use of land. Finally, the article addresses the current attempts by archaeologists to respond to this agenda, the adequacy of the research base, and future challenges to achieving greater integration.
Public Benefits of Public Archaeology
Authors: Little Barbara J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPublic archaeology means something far broader than archaeology that is completed to comply with legal and regulatory requirements or paid for by public funds. Professional archaeologists practise at least three main categories of public archaeology: cultural resource management or cultural heritage management under public law; outreach and education with the intention of preventing looting and vandalism of archaeological places and to combat the illicit international trade in antiquities; and archaeology that aims to help communities or individuals in some way or to solve societal problems. Archaeology plays a large part in the growing worldwide heritage movement, which recognizes a broadening array of tangible places, including landscapes and very recent archaeological sites, as well as diverse stakeholders. Archaeology raises consciousness and awareness, and encourages different ways of seeing the world, thinking about it, and acting in it. The study of it has the potential to explain the contingency of all human endeavour.
Publicizing Archaeology in Britain in the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Aston Mick 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Archaeology attempts to examine, explain, and clarify three aspects. First, the relict monuments scattered about, which have no relation to contemporary life; second, the structures that turn up in the ground (which were unsuspected in many cases); and third, the finds that are found in the soil – again, often very different from things used in modern culture. Archaeology builds on what have always been fascinating aspects for the public, and tries to explain what they see and find in a systematic way. For archaeology to survive as an aspect of modern life, archaeologists must continue to interest the general public. The widespread interest in archaeology and the large number of part-time groups is a direct reflection of earlier extra-mural classes. Although archaeology is an academic subject, an intellectual pursuit, universities often do not consider their role to be investigators of the local archaeology of their region, or making it accessible to the public.
The Anthropology of Archaeology
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractArchaeology occupies an important place in historicizing the African American experience – principally where little historical evidence survives. The nature of African American archaeology is such that archaeologists are continually challenged by the unexpected and hampered by the unknown. These are the qualities of the field that alternately inflame and inspire the public. This article examines the constructive outcomes, lasting societal benefits, and enduring commemorative legacies that arise when individuals act collectively to define historical value and meaning through archaeology. Public intervention-shaped research and eventual outcomes at the four sites are discussed, namely: The President's House in Philadelphia; the Henrietta Marie; the Freedmen's Cemetery in Alexandria, VA; and New York City's African Burial Ground. For each site, the public has played a major role in reclamation, scholarly and public interpretation, and, finally, monumental recognition.
Public Archaeology and Indigenous Archaeology
Authors: Watkins Joe 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPublic archaeology, as a method of involving public groups in the practice of archaeology, has a powerful possibility of benefiting tribal groups by allowing their full involvement. Indigenous archaeology utilizes the general elements of archaeological theory associated with cultural historical, processual, and post-processual approaches. This article discusses public archaeology and indigenous archaeology in terms of each branch's utility to Native American groups in the United States. It provides a brief history and description of indigenous archaeology, and then examines some of the intersections and divergences between public archaeology and indigenous archaeology. The article discusses how public archaeology can benefit tribal groups, some of its strengths and weaknesses, and some of the shortcomings within current public archaeology programmes and ideas. Suggestions are presented for making public archaeology better suited to Native American use, either as a part of a hybrid public indigenous archaeology, or as a means in and of itself.
Absolute Monarchy
Authors: Campbell Peter R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article argues that in spite of absolute monarchy's success in seemingly rising above society it developed claims and practices that ran counter to long-term representative tendencies contained within its own structures. It was never able to suppress these, nor did it intend to, because they remained enshrined in corporate society itself, on which it was based. Although the corporate society of the old regime was very hierarchical, its elites retained a large measure of autonomy in their own spheres. This sense of independence and the continued vitality of privilege provided fertile ground for a revival of conciliarist and later commonwealth arguments, and a historical belief in an ancient constitution. These arguments in favour of limited royal power eventually empowered an opposition that was able to take advantage of the excesses and contradictions that characterized some of the practices of absolute monarchy, whose power to enforce its central will was somewhat illusory.
Feudalism
Authors: Crubaugh Anthony 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Feudalism generally refers to a medieval system of political, social, and economic organization based on vassalage and the granting of a foedum (fief) that developed in western Europe with the collapse of authority following Germanic invasions. Medieval feudal contracts involved the establishment of a hierarchical but mutually supportive relationship among private individuals, cemented by a ceremony in which a vassal paid homage and promised material and military support to a lord in return for the lord's protection and the investiture of a fief. Although feudal contracts governed the reciprocal obligations among the noble military elite, the landed estates that served as the basis of the warrior class's economic power required the labour of peasants.
Commerce
Authors: Marzagalli Silvia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although in the course of the eighteenth century there emerged in several European countries a desire to set the economy and trade free, in the French case it took the Revolution to sweep away a whole range of restrictions which weighed upon the circulation of goods. Even so, the gradual ending of the commercial system which had underpinned the prosperity of European ports under the Ancien Régime was also, in fact primarily, the consequence of structural changes in the European economy and in the apparatus of colonial domination in America. This article does not offer a complete picture of trade under the Ancien Régime, but rather attempts to bring out the distinctive characteristics which would disappear between the end of the eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth with the arrival of more modern systems of exchange.
Popular Religion
Authors: Briggs Robin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Popular religion, along with the wider field of popular culture, has only been a recognized subject for historical investigation for a relatively short time; the bibliography is virtually non-existent before 1970. Even so, a term that was at first accepted as comprehensible and useful has rapidly come to be seen as highly problematic. Among the multiple reasons for concern, two in particular stand out. Historians now recoil from any suggestion that there was a single or coherent phenomenon that could be labelled in this way, while detailed research has largely destroyed the notion of a clear frontier between “official” and “popular” beliefs and practices. These discussions have been particularly lively in the case of France, where the nature of religious change under the Ancien Régime raises important issues with wide relevance, and the documentation is unusually rich.
Jansenism
Authors: O'Connor Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Jansenism was given a name only in the 1640s but originated as a sixteenth-century theological current in Spanish Flanders, where it was part of the Catholic response to the intellectual and pastoral challenges thrown up by the Reformation. It gradually outgrew its university origins and, by the 1640s, had come to represent a distinct and contested renewal tendency in Flemish and French Catholicism. Although Antoine Arnauld (1612–94), the greatest Jansenist so-called, claimed that Jansenism was the product of its critics' febrile imaginations, there was nothing illusory about its capacity to create enemies. Detractors distrusted its positive theological method and suspected its dogged determination to impose St Augustine as the church's unique theological yardstick.
Colonial America
Authors: Clark Christopher 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The British American colonies embodied such social, economic, and political diversity that they did not, of course, constitute a single “old order” any more than Europe did. They had evolved from different origins: English, Dutch, and Scandinavian; and under an array of influences: Native American, French, African, Irish, Scottish, German. Even the two oldest areas of English settlement, the Chesapeake region and New England, differed markedly. In New England, where early settlement involved whole families, and where sex ratios quickly achieved a rough parity, seventeenth-century settlers set patterns for longevity and demographic robustness that were sustained throughout the colonial period.
Socio-emotional development in Chinese children
Authors: Chen Xinyin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Developmental researchers have observed considerable individual differences in children's socio-emotional functioning. Whereas some children are sociable and cooperative and tend to engage in positive social interactions, others exhibit hostile and defiant behaviours. In the past twenty years, socio-emotional development in Chinese children has received increased attention from researchers in psychology, anthropology, and health science. This article focuses mainly on two fundamental dimensions of socio-emotional functioning, social initiative and control, and the social behaviours that are formed based upon different key dimensions. It discusses some theoretical issues and a conceptual framework concerning culture and socio-emotional development. It also takes on the works on Chinese children's dispositional characteristics in the early years and socio-emotional functioning in childhood and adolescence, mainly from a cross-cultural perspective. Furthermore, it reviews the findings of the studies conducted to examine the implications of macro-level social, economic, and cultural changes in China for socialization and children's socio-emotional functioning.
Parenting and child socialization in contemporary China
Authors: Wang Qian , Chang Lei 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The ostensible peculiarities, as well as similarities, of parenting and child socialization in China vis-à-vis Western countries such as the United States have been capturing intellectual curiosity and creating debate among investigators over the past few decades. Drawing on relatively recent empirical research in three major Chinese societies (mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan), this article attempts to depict a state-of-the-art picture of parenting and child socialization in contemporary China. It examines the growing body of research conducted with children in urban areas of mainland China, given that they constitute a substantial proportion of the youth population in contemporary Chinese societies. Furthermore, it takes on questions such as how do Western frameworks characterizing parenting and child socialization apply in China, a culture commonly believed to be interdependence-oriented, in contrast to many Western cultures? And, what are the notions of parenting and child socialization indigenous to Chinese culture?
Illness behaviors among the Chinese
Authors: Mak Winnie W. S. , Chen Sylvia Xiaohua 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Illness is an individual's subjective meaning and interpretation of the disease in his or her social context, whereas disease is referred to as the biological pathology or malfunctioning that requires medical or professional attention. This article focuses on how culture may influence the illness behaviours of Chinese. Illness behaviour includes the way people experience, interpret, and cope with the disease. People experience their physical and emotional states based on their sociocultural background and familial socialization. Cultural experiences also structure and shape people's value orientations and behavioural styles. As this article states, to understand better the mechanisms of distress of Chinese and to provide them with culturally competent services, the distress experience of the Chinese around the world must be understood from their cultural perspective. The examination of issues related to illness behaviours of Chinese is carried out focusing on empirical studies conducted in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and North America.
Developments in understanding Chinese leadership: paternalism and its elaborations, moderations, and alternatives
Authors: Chen Chao C. , Farh Jiing-Lih 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
China has been steadily integrating into the world economy, exerting as well as receiving influence over these last few decades. There have been abundant writings on leadership, government, and management in Chinese social, philosophical, and political classics. Chinese leadership theory and empirical research has taken leaps and bounds over this same time period. Leadership in Chinese organizations is a complex phenomenon, which includes both culturally universal (etic) and culturally specific (emic) aspects. This article seeks to take stock of the developments and progress in Chinese leadership theory and research approaching it from both etic and emic perspectives. It starts with some indigenous Chinese thoughts on leadership and analyzes how these foundational thoughts get elaborated into theoretical models of leadership and how these models fare from the perspectives of other Chinese and Western leadership theories that have been employed to study Chinese leadership phenomena.
There are homes at the four corners of the seas: acculturation and adaptation of overseas Chinese
Authors: Ward Colleen , En-Yi Lin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The number of overseas Chinese has now reached 35 million, making them the largest migrant group in the world. That makes the question “how Chinese acculturate and adapt to new environments?” increasingly important in the global arena. This article examines acculturation and adaptation in overseas Chinese. It focuses primarily on the experiences of Chinese sojourners and immigrants, but also makes some reference to those Chinese who are members of established ethnic communities in culturally diverse societies. It describes the dynamics of acculturation in Chinese families. In contrast to Chinese culture (which is collectivistic, family-oriented, and relational), most destination countries for Chinese immigrants embrace individualistic values where individual rights and needs take priority over the needs of the group and family. As a result, upon arriving in their new host countries, Chinese immigrants are faced with the complicated task of balancing loyalty to their family.
Categorial Grammar
Authors: Morrill Glyn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn categorial grammar, expressions are classified by structured types. The set of types is the recursive closure of a set of atomic types under a number of type-constructors, so that types are algebraic terms like arithmetic expressions or logical formulas. The rules of categorical grammar are supposed to express the laws obeyed by the types according to the ‘meaning’ of the type-constructors. A set of such rules forms a deductive system or logical calculus. A categorial grammar consists of a system of types, a calculus for those types, and a lexicon that is an assignment of types to basic expressions. The language thereby defined consists of the expressions derivable from the lexicon by the calculus. In the purest form of categorial grammar, the calculus would express all and only the laws of the types, and would be universal. This chapter discusses the following: Lambek calculus, basic discontinuous Lambek calculus, syntactic structures as proof nets, categorial semantics, and quantifier scoping and quantifier scope preference.
Corpus-Based and Corpus-driven Analyses of Language Variation and Use
Authors: Biber Douglas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCorpus linguistics is a research approach that has developed over the past few decades to support empirical investigations of language variation and use, resulting in research findings which have much greater generalizability and validity than would otherwise be feasible. Corpus studies have used two major research approaches: ‘corpus-based’ and ‘corpus-driven’. Corpus-based research assumes the validity of linguistic forms and structures derived from linguistic theory. The primary goal of research is to analyse the systematic patterns of variation and use for those pre-defined linguistic features. Corpus-driven research is more inductive, so that the linguistic constructs themselves emerge from analysis of a corpus. This chapter illustrates the kinds of analyses and perspectives on language use possible from both corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches.
Formal Generative Typology
Authors: Baker Mark C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes an approach to linguistic research called Formal Generative Typology (FGT). FGT is a pragmatic and somewhat eclectic approach that is built on the idea of combining a generative-style toleration for abstractness in analysis with a typology-inspired interest in testing claims over a sample of unrelated languages. This appears to be a powerful combination, with the potential to greatly advance the quest for answers to questions about what is truly universal to natural human languages, what can vary, and whether the variation is patterned or not.
A New Philosophy of the Market
Authors: Ayache Élie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article attempts to genetically deduce the market from the historical event of the conversion of debt into equity. This event can be related, historically, to the year 1602, when the Dutch created the East India Company – the first joint stock company whose shares almost simultaneously started being exchanged in the ‘street’, subsequently necessitating the creation of the first stock exchange. As such, the morphogenetic process engendering the market is not mediated by the category of probability or possibility. One of the strangest results of our deduction of the market is that we do not come up, as expected, with equity (or stock) as the consequence of the conversion of debt into equity, but directly with the contingent claim. In the logic of our deduction, the contingent claim precedes the notion of exchange and market, and precedes the notion of price. It precedes them only just, because the exchange and the market and the price will also be deduced in one and the same movement. The idea is that, insofar as the contingent claim is the direct result of the conversion, it cannot but get carried along by its own momentum and subsequently produce the market and become translated into price. Insofar as it results from the conversion of debt, the contingent claim is the exchange is the market.
The Education of Neo-Assyrian Princes
Authors: Zamazalová Silvie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the education of Neo-Assyrian princes, focusing on Neo-Assyrian King Assurbanipal. It explains that Assurbanipal was the eldest son of King Esarhaddon and his rise to power began in 672 bc when he replaced his elder brother Sin-nadin-apli as crown prince of Assyria. This article draws on a broad range of additional sources from the Sargonid period to a more balanced picture and place Assurbanipal's learnedness in a wider historical context. It discusses Assurbanipal's education according to a royal inscription and describes his performance in the royal lion hunt which was a test and demonstration of the ruler's fitness for kingship.