bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Binding to Plasma Proteins on the Interpretation of Plasma Cortisol Concentrations after Accidental Injury
Authors: Barton R. N. , Passingham B. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The binding of cortisol to plasma proteins has been studied by multiple equilibrium dialysis of plasma samples taken from 14 patients before treatment after moderate or severe accidental injury and 2–5, 6–12 and 14–25 days later.
2. The total plasma cortisol concentration was initially high, but fell by 6–12 days to stable values probably near the upper limit of normal.
3. The plasma albumin and total protein concentrations fell during the first few days after the injury, but the fall in albumin was proportionally the greater. Both were rising again at the end of the study period. The albumin concentration was positively correlated with an index of its binding to cortisol calculable from the dialysis data.
4. The concentration of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) rose between weeks 1 and 2 after trauma, with no statistically significant change before or afterwards.
5. The changes in binding proteins after injury were relatively small and did not greatly alter the relationship between free and total cortisol concentrations in plasma. It is concluded that in most trauma patients changes in free cortisol, generally considered to be the active fraction in plasma, can be followed adequately by measuring the total cortisol concentration.
Total Body Nitrogen and Its Relation to Body Potassium and Fat-Free Mass in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Burkinshaw L. , Morgan D. B. , Silverton N. P. , Thomas R. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The amount of lean tissue in the body can be assessed by measuring total body nitrogen, total body potassium or fat-free mass. To compare these techniques we have measured total body nitrogen, total body potassium and fat-free mass in 91 healthy subjects (62 males, 29 females).
2. Total body nitrogen in the women and civilian men agreed closely with the few values reported previously and was closely related to total body potassium and fat-free mass.
3. The simplest estimate of total body nitrogen in a subject whose body content has not been measured is the mean value for healthy people of the same sex. The standard deviation of individual values about this mean is 253 g. The precision of the estimate can be improved considerably by predicting body nitrogen from fat-free mass (156 g) and somewhat more by predicting it from body potassium (115 g). The error of measuring total body nitrogen directly is approximately 76 g.
4. When an individual's total body potassium is measured in a search for potassium depletion, the observed value must be compared with the value expected if the subject were healthy. The standard deviation of the healthy values about the group means is 408 mmol. The precision of the estimate can be improved by predicting total body potassium from fat-free mass (sd 237 mmol), and rather more by predicting it from total body nitrogen (sd 186 mmol). If gross body composition is normal, measurement of total body nitrogen has little advantage over measurement of fat-free mass by the anthropometric technique.
5. These results suggest that the simpler measure of fat-free mass from body weight and skinfold thickness has a major role in the assessment of total body nitrogen, and thus lean body tissue, in the individual.
Protection against Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Synovial Fluid from Rheumatoid Patients
Authors: Blake D. R. , Hall N. D. , Treby D. A. , Halliwell B. , Gutteridge J. M. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. On exposure of synovial fluid to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, generated enzymically or by activated polymorphonuclear leucocytes, hyaluronic acid is depolymerized and the fluid loses its lubricating properties. The ability of synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients to scavenge superoxide and hydrogen peroxide was therefore examined.
2. Synovial fluid from a range of rheumatoid patients contained no superoxide dismutase activity, insufficient caeruloplasmin to scavenge any superoxide radical and little, if any, catalase activity.
3. Total ascorbate (reduced ascorbate + dehydroascorbate) concentrations in the plasma and synovial fluid of rheumatoid patients were similar in each case. The values are at the low end of the normal range.
4. These results are discussed in relation to the role of oxygen radicals in inflammatory joint disease.
Blunted Pressor Response to Angiotensin and Sympathomimetic Amines in Bile-Duct Ligated Dogs
Authors: Finberg J. P. M. , Syrop H. A. , Better O. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The pressor and heart rate response to angiotensin II, noradrenaline, isoprenaline, tyramine and β-phenylethylamine were examined before and after bile-duct ligation in conscious trained dogs.
2. The pressor response to angiotensin II was markedly suppressed after bile-duct ligation, although responses to noradrenaline and the indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines were only slightly reduced.
3. Bradycardia, in response to the pressor drugs, and tachycardia, in response to isoprenaline, were unchanged after bile-duct ligation.
4. Refractoriness to the pressor action of angiotensin after chronic bile-duct ligation in the present study is similar to that reported previously by others in patients with liver cirrhosis.
5. No evidence was found in the bile-duct ligated dog to support a role of false neurotransmitters as mediators of the circulatory disturbances associated with liver injury.
Effect of Exercise on Protein Turnover in Man
Authors: Rennie M. J. , Edwards R. H. T. , Krywawych S. , Davies C. T. M. , Halliday D. , Waterlow J. C. , Millward D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have investigated the effects of moderate long-term exercise on protein turnover in fed man by measuring the extent of whole-body nitrogen production, the labelling of urinary ammonia from ingested [15N]glycine and plasma, muscle and urine free amino acid concentrations.
2. Judged both from nitrogen production, and from the extent of 13CO2 production from ingested l-[l-13C]leucine, exercise causes a substantial rise in amino acid catabolism.
3. Amino acids catabolized during exercise appear to become available through a fall in whole-body protein synthesis and a rise in whole-body protein breakdown. After exercise, protein balance becomes positive through a rise in the rate of whole-body synthesis in excess of breakdown.
4. Studies of free 3-methylhistidine in muscle, plasma and urine samples suggest that exercise decreases the fractional rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown, in contrast with the apparent rise in whole-body breakdown.
Diurnal Variation in the Intestinal Toxicity of 5-Fluorouracil in the Rat
Authors: Gardner M. L. G. , Plumb Jane A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Water absorption rates by small intestine in vitro and the incidence of diarrhoea in vivo were estimated after 5-fluorouracil was injected into rats at various times of day and night.
2. Impairment of water absorption and the incidence of diarrhoea were minimal in rats on a normal dietary regimen when the 5-fluorouracil was injected at around 02.00 hours.
3. the DNA content of the mucosa of the small intestine from uninjected animals also showed a diurnal variation, with a maximum at around 03.00 hours.
4. Manipulation of the time of injections (possibly in relation to feeding time) provides a potential means for increasing the therapeutic value of 5-fluorouracil.
Haemodynamic Effects of Noise Exposure before and after β1-Selective and Non-Selective β-Adrenoceptor Blockade in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Andrén L. , Hansson L. , Björkman M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Noise stimulation (100 dBA) for 10 min caused a significant increase in diastolic (7.0%, P &lt; 0.001) and mean arterial blood pressure (4.3%, P &lt; 0.01) in patients with essential hypertension.
2. The blood pressure response to noise was due to an increase in total peripheral resistance (4.8%, P &lt; 0.02); heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were unchanged.
3. β1-selective adrenoceptor blockade (metoprolol) did not change the haemodynamic reaction pattern induced by noise.
4. Noise exposure during non-selective β-adrenoceptor blockade (propranolol) caused an accentuated blood pressure response with increments of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as a more pronounced rise in total peripheral resistance.
5. The haemodynamic changes induced by noise stimulation at 100 dBA totally disappeared after 5 min of quiet rest at 40 dBA.
The Relationship between Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Echocardiographically Assessed Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Rowlands D. B. , Ireland M. A. , Glover D. R. , McLeay R. A. B. , Stallard T. J. , Littler W. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Continuous intra-arterial ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure was recorded in 46 patients with mild to moderate hypertension under standardized conditions. M-mode echocardiography was performed after recording and left ventricular mass index calculated by standard formulae.
2. Systolic blood pressure from continuous recording was significantly correlated with left ventricular mass index (mean 24 h: r = 0.543, n = 45, P &lt; 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure exhibited a weaker but still significant correlation with left ventricular mass index (mean 24 h: r = 0.318, n = 45, P &lt; 0.05). Casual systolic blood pressure was significantly correlated with left ventricular mass index (r = 0.476, n = 46, P &lt; 0.001) but casual diastolic blood pressure did not correlate with left ventricular mass index (r = 0.245, n = 46). Awake blood pressure variability, age, resting plasma renin activity and resting plasma noradranaline levels did not have a significant correlation with left ventricular mass index.
3. Nine patients were treated for 16 weeks with once-daily timolol and repeat ambulatory monitoring and M-mode echocardiography was performed with the same protocol.
4. Once-daily timolol provided good 24 h control of blood pressure and repeat echocardiography showed a reduction in left ventricular mass index in that group of patients (t = 2.59, P &lt; 0.05).
Combined Pre- and after-Load Reduction in Hypertensive Patients with Cardiomegaly and Normal Filling Pressure
Authors: Hunyor S. N. , Nelson G. I. , Donnelly G. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twelve hypertensive patients with cardiomegaly were treated with equivalent antihypertensive doses of prazosin (11 weeks) and β-adrenoceptor-blocking drug (9 weeks) in random crossover fashion.
2. At the end of each treatment period haemodynamic assessment included the response to isometric handgrip exercise (4 min at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction).
3. Resting cardiac index and heart rate were higher on prasozin although the latter was only 65 beats/min. Systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular filling pressure were insignificantly higher on β-adrenoceptor-blocking drug.
4. During isometric handgrip the blood pressure rise was similar on the two regimens, but the mechanism whereby it was achieved was quite different. On prazosin an increase in cardiac output accounted for the pressor response with virtually no change in systemic vascular resistance, whereas on β blockade there was a flat cardiac output response with a marked increase in the systemic vascular resistance.
5. Ventricular function curves indicated a predominant utilization of the Frank-Starling mechanism during β blockade, whereas enhanced contractility played a major role during prazosin treatment.
6. The isometric exercise response pattern during prazosin treatment resembles that in normal subjects whereas in the β blockade phase it corresponded to that in untreated hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy or cardiomegaly or to that in congestive heart failure patients.
7. There was no evidence of harmful effects of combined pre- and after-load reduction in hypertensive patients with cardiomegaly and normal filling pressure, even under conditions of moderately severe cardiac loading with isometric exercise.
Excitatory Effect of Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Efferent Sympathetic Postganglionic Nerve Activity to the Kidney in the Rat
Authors: Recordati G. , Genovesi S. , Cerati D. , Di Cintio R. , Gerometta P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of converting enzyme inhibitors on autonomic nervous system function in the rat.
2. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, efferent postganglionic sympathetic activity and afferent nerve activity from the right renal nerves were recorded in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing, non diuretic rats, either with an intact spinal cord or with a spinal cord transected at the T6 level, before, during and after intravenous injections of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg of teprotide or captopril.
3. After injection of drugs, efferent sympathetic nerve activity markedly increased and reached its peak value 4 min later, both in rats with an intact spinal cord (101 ± 21% mean ± se, above the control discharge) and with a spinal cord transected at the T6 level (166 ± 41%, above the control).
4. Afferent activity from the renal nerve, on the other hand, did not consistently change during converting enzyme blockade.
5. The results indicate that the efferent sympathetic excitation cannot be due either to a baroreceptor or to a renorenal reflex. This excitation might be responsible, at least in part, for the increase in renin secretion which follows the blockade of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Exaggerated Fractional Sodium Excretion in Hypertension with Advanced Renal Disease: The Role of Renal Prostaglandin and Kallikrein
Authors: Abe Keishi , Imai Yutaka , Sato Makito , Haruyama Toshiaki , Sato KO , Hiwatari Masao , Kasai Yutaka , Itoh Sadayoshi , Yasujima Minoru , Seino Masahide , Yoshinaga Kaoru 
Published: August 2015

1. The role of renal prostaglandin E (PGE) and kallikrein in the mechanism of the exaggerated fractional sodium excretion in hypertensive patients with advanced renal disease was investigated.
2. Urinary excretion of PGE and kallikrein was significantly decreased in patients with sustained hypertension.
3. Four times higher values for fractional sodium excretion and four or five times higher values for the urinary excretion of PGE corrected for creatinine clearance were found in patients with sustained hypertension. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.677) between the two, suggesting that PGE in the renal tubular compartment may be involved in the mechanism of the exaggerated fractional Na excretion in patients with advanced renal disease.
4. The urinary excretion rate of kallikrein corrected for creatinine clearance was three times greater in patients with borderline hypertension, but not significantly increased in those with sustained hypertension, compared with that in healthy volunteers.
An Analysis of the Blood Pressure Response to Labetalol in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: McNeil J. J. , Anderson A. E. , Louis W. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure measurements were made in hypertensive subjects after single intravenous and oral doses of labetalol and subsequently during chronic administration.
2. Oral therapy can be as effective as intravenous therapy in achieving acute blood pressure reduction.
3. Blood pressure control with chronic labetalol monotherapy was satisfactory in 11 of the 12 subjects.
4. High dose therapy with labetalol and 49 diuretic produced greater postural blood pressure falls.
Antihypertensive Effect of Guanfacine: Long-Term ‘Once-a-Day’ Treatment and Sudden Withdrawal
Authors: Szám I. , Holló J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty patients with essential hypertension were treated with guanfacine given in single daily doses of 1–5 mg over a period of 24 weeks. Compared with the initial values at the end of the first wash-out period, there was a significant decrease of blood pressure and heart rate. The most common side effect, dryness of the mouth, usually disappeared after 8–10 weeks of treatment. No changes in laboratory values were seen. In the post-treatment placebo period there were significant increases in blood pressure and heart rate compared with the last readings during the treatment period. However, these never exceeded the pretreatment values.
2. In a second trial guanfacine (1–5 mg daily) was abruptly discontinued in 11 patients after 6–20 weeks' treatment. Blood pressure was measured twice a day, in lying and standing positions, during the 4 days before abrupt withdrawal of guanfacine and for 7 days after discontinuation. Clopamide was given concurrently to two patients, and this was continued after withdrawal of guanfacine. Only in two patients did the blood pressure rise to values above the initial levels (30 mmHg systolic and 10 mmHg diastolic), but no clinical symptoms were observed during the withdrawal. A transitory increase of heart rate of between 10 and 30 beats/min was observed in five patients after abrupt discontinuation of the drug.
Autonomic Control of the Immediate Heart Rate Response to Lying Down
Authors: Bellavere F. , Ewing D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The initial heart rate response to lying down was analysed in 18 younger (23–36 years) and 10 older (48–67 years) normal subjects, and consisted of an immediate shortening of the R—R interval reaching a maximum around the third or fourth beat after lying, followed by a lengthening beyond the resting value to reach a steady level around beats 25–30. In six diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy, no cardiac acceleration occurred and the deceleration was markedly diminished.
2. In eight young normal subjects the pattern of response was altered by atropine, which abolished the initial shortening of the R—R interval over the first 10 beats. Thereafter slow but steady lengthening of the R—R interval occurred. With additional propranolol the later part of the response was further attenuated. Propranolol alone did not affect the normal pattern of response.
3. Six young normal subjects performed short periods of muscular exercise, lying, sitting and standing, and the heart rate patterns were compared with that after lying down. After both manoeuvres R—R interval shortened and then lengthened back to the resting level within 10–15 beats. Thereafter it remained steady after muscular exercise, but continued to lengthen after lying down.
4. In four young normal subjects, no initial R—R interval shortening occurred during fast or slow ‘passive’ tilting from the 80° head-up position to horizontal, whereas shortening was seen both with fast and slow ‘active’ lying down.
5. It is concluded that the immediate part of the heart rate response to lying down (during the first 10 beats) is under vagal control and the later part predominantly under sympathetic control. The first part of the response is probably due to a ‘muscle—heart’ reflex which occurs during the change in posture.
Muscarinic Acetycholine Receptors of the Small Intestine and Pancreas of the Rat: Distribution and the Effect of Vagotomy
Authors: Isaacs P. E. T. , Whitehead J. S. , Kim Y. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The distribution of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR), detected by atropine-inhibitable binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, was examined in membrane fractions of pancreas, small intestinal muscle, mucosa, villi and crypts of sham-operated and vagotomized rats.
2. Specific (atropine inhibitable) [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding was greater to the ileal mucosa than to jejunal mucosa or to duodenal mucosa, but binding to crypt and villus fractions was not significantly different. This distribution of specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding suggests that cholinergic mucosal innervation is more important in the ileum than the jejunum.
3. Vagotomy produced a decrease in the amount of specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to duodenal mucosa only, suggesting that parasympathetic denervation of the small intestine does not cause mucosal hypersensitivity to acetylcholine by an increase in mAChR.
Glucocorticoids Decrease the Conversion of Thyroxine into 3,5,3′-Tri-Iodothyronine by Isolated Rat Renal Tubules
Authors: Heyma P. , Larkins R. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of glucocorticoids on the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3′-tri-iodothyronine (T3) was studied in rat renal tubules prepared by collagenase digestion.
2. In short-term (6 h) experiments, cortisol and dexamethasone inhibited the conversion of T4 into T3 at concentrations of 2 × 10-4 mol/l and 2 × 10-5 mol/l respectively. The inhibition by cortisol and dexamethasone was time dependent and was prevented by actinomycin D and progesterone, suggesting that the inhibition is mediated by an effect on nuclear transcription dependent on binding to glucocorticoid receptors.
3. In long-term (16 h) experiments, cortisol and dexamethasone inhibited T4 to T3 conversion by the tubules at concentrations of 1 × 10-12 mol/l and above. In addition, physiological concentrations of corticosterone (1 × 10-8 mol/l) were able to decrease T3 generation from T4.
4. Our data provide strong evidence that physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids are able to affect T3 production from T4 directly and suggest that they may be important regulators of T4 deiodination.
Effect of Vagotomy on the Breathing Pattern and Exercise Ability in Emphysematous Patients
Authors: Bradley G. W. , Hale T. , Pimble J. , Rowlandson R. , Noble M. I. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The potential value of right vagotomy for the relief of breathlessness has been explored in five patients with emphysema. Two patients had symptomatic improvement, two had minor symptomatic improvement, and one was unchanged.
2. Exercise ventilation was not noticeably depressed by unilateral right vagotomy in the two patients investigated fully, but the pattern of breathing was altered. After vagotomy, breathing was deeper, and the rise in the frequency of breathing with exercise was depressed.
3. After right vagotomy the response to rebreathing carbon dioxide also consisted of slower deeper breaths.
4. Right vagotomy sometimes appears to remove an influence preventing slow deep breathing and exacerbating dyspnoea.
5. Results of bilateral pulmonary denervation, attempted in one patient, were complicated by the need for left thoracotomy, which removed any possible beneficial effects.