bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN CHILE
Authors: Pizarro Francisco 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
While Chile had experienced various major oil spills (including the 1974 Metula spill of 52,500 tons, the 1978 Cabo Tamar spill of 12,500 tons, and the 1987 Cabo Pilar spill of 7,500 tons), contingency planning for oil spills had been carried out on a voluntary basis. The Chilean maritime authority had assumed the responsibility for oil spill control in terms of equipment and trained personnel.
Since November 1992, a new regulation is in force. Responsibility for oil and chemical spills control is assumed by the industry. According to the new regulations, every oil and chemical terminal must have contingency plans to deal with spills, proper equipment, and trained personnel. Vessels, Chilean or foreign flag, must have approved contingency plans in line with Regulation 26 of Annex I of the International Convention on Prevention of Pollution from Ships, MARPOL 73/78. Even though Chile is not party to MARPOL 73/78, Annexes I, IV, and V of the convention were incorporated as national regulations by Decree No. 1, 1992. Maritime authorities will continue to have their own equipment and will act only if needed. Almost all oil terminals and refineries have implemented their contingency plans and are in the process of purchasing equipment and training personnel.
GROUP V FUEL OILS: SOURCE, BEHAVIOR, AND RESPONSE ISSUES
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Scholz Debra , Henry Charles B. , Benggio Bradford L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Electric utilities have been increasing their use of Group V fuel oils (known in the industry as low-API gravity fuel oils or LAPIO), because of their relatively low cost and high btu values. Group V fuel oils are defined as having an API gravity less than 10 at 60° F (thus a specific gravity ≤1.00 g/cm3). These oils have a wide range of densities and properties and thus cannot be characterized as a single product with a given set of properties and behavior. Group V fuel oils can float, be neutrally buoyant, sink, or all three, depending on their composition and the physical nature of the receiving waters (salinity, temperature, suspended sediment content). They can physically separate into fractions with different behavior. Three models are proposed for predicting the behavior of Group V fuel oil spills, based on observations at previous spills. If spilled directly into the water, heavier-than-water oil will form into drops and remain in suspension if there is any current. In no-current areas, sinking oil can accumulate on the bottom and be recovered. When mixed in the surf zone, the oil tends to pick up sand and sink, without ever stranding on shore. Special problems are associated with locating, containing, and recovering oil that is neutrally buoyant or on the bottom.
CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH FLOATING SLICKS CAN SINK IN MARINE SETTINGS
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Gait J. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ten spills were identified in which the oil initially floated, but eventually sank. In all cases, the oils were heavy residual products (such as No. 6 fuel oil) or heavy crudes. In seven of the cases, oil sank only after mixing with sand, by either stranding on the beach or mixing in the offshore surf zone. In two of the cases, oil sank after being heated during fires. In only one case was loss by evaporation proposed us the cause of the oil's not floating. Because incorporation of sediment (primarily sand) into the oil makes the oil-sediment mixture dense, the oil can separate from the mixture and refloat. It seems likely that the separation or settling out of the sand from the sand-oil mixture depends on the viscosity of the mix, and thus may depend on temperature.
RESPONSE TO OILED WILDLIFE IN TAMPA BAY
Authors: Frink Lynne , Gauvry Glenn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tri-State Bird Rescue & Research, contracted by one of the responsible parties (Maritrans), managed the wildlife response following the three-vessel collision and oil spill in Tampa Bay on August 10, 1993.
Four hundred sixty-one animals (461) were delivered during the response; 370 of the animals were oiled. Species included brown pelicans, cormorant, tern, egret and heron sp., and two reptiles, the loggerhead sea turtle and the gopher tortoise. The most common taxon was brown pelicans (291). Of the oiled animals received, 80 percent were successfully treated and returned to the wild. Of the brown pelicans received, 90 percent were successfully treated and released.
This paper discusses the care provided for the oiled animals and addresses the special aspects of this wildlife response, including a teamwork approach, involving training and use of local rehabilitators, veterinarians, and concerned citizens; agency coordination in treating endangered species; and the challenges of operating a wildlife hospital outdoors.
STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNIQUES IN OIL SPILL MODELING
Authors: Cekirge H. M. , Koch M. , Long C. , Giammona C. P. , Binkley K. , Engelhardt R. , Jamail R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The status and possible research directions of oil spill modeling are presented here. The physical and chemical processes that take place in oil spills are explained as is their role in the design of an ideal oil spill model. An ideal oil spill model for forecasting must support rapid response, contingency planning, and training. Accurate, full-dimension, real-time prediction of hydrodynamic calculations and oil movements require intensive computations and computing power. Presently the most promising computational platform appears to be a vector supercomputer that has been given essential geographical, bathymetric, and tidal data before the spill. Parallel processing machines could be used in the same way; but present codes, written for sequential machines, must be changed substantially to take advantage of the parallel architecture. Super minicomputer technology is advancing rapidly and should soon be able to run the numerically intensive hydrodynamic codes, bringing the advantages of portability and low cost. Since the present personal computer oil spill models are not able to make accurate hydrodynamic current predictions, they cannot match the accuracy of more computationally intensive models.
SPILL RESPONSE MANAGEMENT AND THE MORRIS J. BERMAN SPILL: THE FOSC'S PERSPECTIVE1
Authors: Ross Robert G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The grounding of the tank barge Morris J. Berman triggered a massive response effort. Fifteen U.S. Government and Commonwealth of Puerto Rico agencies and more than 30 contractors joined forces to clean up the spill. An ICS-style unified command system was successfully, if not perfectly, implemented in this incident. The response organization evolved as the operational situation changed, and the flexibility of the ICS approach was crucial to this ability to adapt. The decision-making process used in this response also ensured that timely and correct decisions were reached with the views of all involved entities, government and nongovernment, fully considered.
However, the lack of coordinated planning and dialogue among various sectors of the response community before the incident continues to hamper the collective ability of responders to come together quickly and effectively in emergency situations. It is time for the response community to develop a consensus standard that provides at least the nucleus of a common approach to spill response management.
PARTNERSHIPS IN SPILL RESPONSE: A POLICY ALTERNATIVE—THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Shirreff Suzanne , Berthiaume Michel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the main conclusions and recommendations of Canada's 1990 Public Review Panel Report on Tanker Safety and Marine Spills Response Capability concerning oil spill response, as well as the subsequent assessment of various policy options leading to the selection of a government/industry partnership. The framework for marine spill response in Canada was established by legislation in amendments to the Canada Shipping Act. A variety of issues have been raised during consultations in relation to the areas of risk, the equipment needs for responding in a tiered fashion to a 10,000 metric ton spill, the personnel requirements and their training and exercise requirements, the management structure, the fee structures and the role of the advisory councils.
OIL SPILL REGULATORY SYSTEMS IN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Lopez David , Hosmer Alicia Watts , Adams Timothy , Morgan Elisabeth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Mexico and the United States are at a critical point in the process of redefining their trade relationships and integrating their economies. As the North American Free Trade Agreement increases trade, there is likely to be a corresponding rise in oil production, transportation, storage, and use, and with this a greater potential for oil related spill incidents. As a result, there will be a need for regulatory reform and new policy development in oil spill prevention, planning, and response. Both the U.S. and Mexico have established, although somewhat different, regulatory systems that address oil spills, as well as a history of efforts to standardize and coordinate oil spill related activities. However, recent events have underscored the need to evaluate existing systems and look for new ways to develop integrated oil spill control mechanisms. These mechanisms are already evolving; and with the continuing effort to reform regulatory systems and increase coordination, there seems to be considerable promise for the common future of Mexico and the United States on this issue.
MECHANICAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES1
Authors: Whipple Frank , Christopherson Sharon , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The recently published Mechanical Protection Guidelines will:provide guidelines for identifying and prioritizing areas of economic, environmental, and cultural sensitivity, including formats for mapping sensitive areas;describe the types of shoreline protection measures available, with emphasis on limits and requirements of each protection measure;provide guidance on developing site-specific protection strategies, including equipment and logistics needed, operational constraints, and physical conditions of the site (charts and tables are included as tools for development of the most feasible and successful strategies); andprovide continuity among area plans, to facilitate exchange of information and use by regional and national response teams.
WILDLIFE RESPONSE: COLONIAL PIPELINE SPILL
Authors: Frink Lynne , Clumpner Curtiss J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research was contracted to manage the wildlife response following a discharge of 340,000 gallons of No. 2 diesel fuel into Sugarland Creek in Fairfax County, Virginia, on March 28, 1993. A wildlife stabilization team was sent to Virginia to establish an on-site medical stabilization facility for affected animals, which were then transferred to Tri-State's oil spill rehabilitation facility in Delaware.
Treating some of the less-frequently (nonavian) oiled wild animals, including turtles and beavers, presented challenges. Colleague participation and interagency coordination were both important.
BEACH RESTORATION PROCEDURES
Authors: Castle Robert W. , Wehrenberg Frederick , Martin Harris W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A variety of procedures have been applied to the restoration of sandy beaches impacted by oil spills. These procedures have met with varying degrees of success, depending on factors including the nature of the oil, beach characteristics, and environmental conditions. Based on the assumption that no universal procedure exists for beach restoration, determination of appropriate procedures requires evaluation of incident-specific conditions. A series of decision guides has been developed to assist in this process. These decision guides, suitable for development of spill contingency response plans and during actual emergency responses, have been developed to aid in the selection of the most appropriate techniques.
NEW TECHNIQUE FOR OIL RECOVERY ALONG SHORES (FLOATING AND GROUNDED)
Authors: Bronnec Jean 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Experience has shown that the coastal zone is best for efficient oil spill recovery, because of the natural thickening of the oil layer. This zone includes large areas with very shallow waters, as well as beach areas, which present particular recovery problems. The new PBAS (paddle belt amphibious skimmer) system improves the performances of paddle belt skimming heads on choppy seas, and allows them to operate in very shallow waters and even on ground, with optimal efficiency because of its light-weight and easily transported special amphibious support vessel.
A PROTOCOL FOR EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENTS OF BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES ON SHORELINES
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Swannell Richard P.J. , Sveum Per , Guillerme Michel , Merlin François-Xavier , Reilly Tim , Oudot Jean , Ducreux Jean , Chaumery Christian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An experimental protocol has been developed for assessing the efficacy of bioremediation strategies for the treatment of petroleum contaminated shoreline sediments. It is a framework for the design of experimental field trials that enables independent organizations to compare the results of experiments conducted in different environments. Coordinated studies of this nature are needed to formulate operational guidelines for the application of bioremediation agents during oil spill response situations.
USCG RESPONSE EQUIPMENT INTEGRATED LOGISTICS SYSTEM
Authors: Burk Christine , Stahovec Joseph , Vaught David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The United States Coast Guard procured specialized oil spill containment and removal equipment to support the goals of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. To manage the equipment inventories, an integrated logistics maintenance and tracking system (ILS) was implemented. The ILS provides a systematic means for documenting and controlling the configuration of system components so that life-cycle costs, operational performance/use, and equipment readiness can be regulated, tracked, and documented.
ON-SCENE COORDINATOR AREA RESPONSE SYSTEM
Authors: Smith Donald P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VI utilizes a field deployable geographic information system (GIS) known as OSCARS (on-scene coordinator area response system) to improve its spill management capabilities. The following fields are found in OSCARS: sensitive ecosystems, watersheds, population centers, response organizations, disposal facilities, operational/logistical support functions, facilities/pipelines information, and ortho-digital photography. The system is deployed on a laptop computer with expandable hard drives.
THE BRAER SPILL: OIL FATE GOVERNED BY DISPERSION
Authors: Lunel T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The fate of 86,000 metric tons (t) of Gullfaks crude oil at the Braer incident was governed by the process of natural dispersion. The overall impact of the spill was minimal in time and extent indicating that dispersing oil spilled at sea can reduce the impact of oil spills. Experimental work in the North Sea has shown that the characteristics of the oil played a critical role in promoting the dispersion process. The Braer incident provides support for the use of dispersants to reduce the environmental impact of a spill in cases where the oil type is less amenable to natural dispersion.
REMEDIATION OF OIL-CONTAMINATED DEBRIS USING A ROTARY KILN COMBUSTOR
Authors: Ouellette Laura , Razbin Vladimir 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Emergencies Engineering Division (EED) of Environment Canada's Environmental Technology Centre has been investigating the use of combustion to remediate oil-contaminated debris resulting from marine oil spills. Rotary kiln technology was determined to be suitable for such wastes, and offers an environmentally safe solution to this problem. The debris used for these tests were oil-contaminated gravel and sorbents.
The rotary kiln tests were conducted at the Energy Research Laboratory, CANMET, Natural Resources Canada between January and February 1994. The system consists of the rotary kiln combustor, feed systems, afterburner, and packed bed spray tower, induced draft fan, and stack.
ADVANCED CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING FOR OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Boehm Paul D. , Douglas Gregory S. , Brown John S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
For petroleum fingerprinting in support of natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) and other regulatory and litigation-driven scientific studies, the state of the art now focuses on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and saturated biomarker analyses, coupled with ratio and/or principal component analysis techniques, for advanced chemical fingerprinting (ACF) and allocation of petroleum mixtures to multiple sources. This strategy is being applied to oil spills, in-ground petroleum releases, and coal tar-petroleum source differentiation scenarios. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) draft injury guidance on NRDA recommends the application of ACF to oil spill assessments under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
OPTIONS FOR MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FRESHWATER SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Barton Kenneth , Michel Jacqueline , Owens Edward H. , Fritz David E. , Steen Alexis E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Selecting appropriate protection, response, and cleanup techniques is a critical element affecting the ultimate environmental impact and cost resulting from a spill. The American Petroleum Institute and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration jointly developed a guide as a tool for contingency planners and field responders to identify techniques that in themselves have minimal intrinsic ecological impact and minimize the impact of the oil. The guide provides information on 29 response methods and classifies their relative environmental impacts for four oil types and 12 freshwater environments and habitats. Spill topics of special concern in freshwater settings are also discussed, including public health, conditions under which oil might sink, oil behavior in ice conditions, permafrost, and use of fire-fighting foams.
EXPORTING ALASKAN NORTH SLOPE CRUDE OIL: EVALUATION OF OIL SPILL RISKS
Authors: LaBelle Robert P. , Marshall Charles F. , Anderson Cheryl M. , Johnson Walter R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On November 28, 1995, President Clinton signed legislation (S.395, Public Law 104-58) that authorizes the exporting of Alaskan North Slope crude oil. The oil would be shipped in U.S. flag vessels through the Gulf of Alaska and along a route 200 miles offshore the Aleutian Islands to the Far East. Implementation of this law is subject to a Determination of National Interest, which considers potential effects to the environment and economy. An interagency group, including the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, and the U.S. Coast Guard, was formed to analyze such effects, one of which is oil spill risk. The Minerals Management Service's Oil-Spill Risk Analysis model was used to track and analyze simulated spills from two tanker routes: a proposed route offshore the Aleutian Islands, and the existing domestic tanker routes through the Gulf of Alaska and along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. The model results reflect the estimated risk to coastal areas over the various seasons from spills at large for up to 30 days’ travel time. The information generated was used to support planning for mitigation of potential risk and impacts.
TOXICITY OF DISPERSANT, OIL, AND DISPERSED OIL TO TWO MARINE ORGANISMS
Authors: Gulec Ismail , Holdway Douglas A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Acute lethal bioassays using semistatic conditions were conducted to assess the toxicity of crude oil, dispersant, and dispersed oil using the amphipod Allorchestes compressa as a test species. Sublethal bioassays (suppression of burying behavior over 24 hours of exposure) were conducted for these toxicants using the marine sand snail Polinices conicus. Both lethal and sublethal bioassays were also carried out for two reference toxicants: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and zinc sulphate.
CORDGRASS RESTORATION FOLLOWING A GASOLINE RELEASE IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY
Authors: Rausina Gary A. , Jackson Lucinda A. , Winfield Ted P. , Tarpley John A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A 2-year study evaluating natural versus assisted restoration of Pacific cordgrass injured from exposure to unleaded gasoline revealed the following:Survival and growth of transplanted plugs were unaffected by unleaded gasoline at concentrations in sediments ≤ 100 mg/kg TPH-gasoline and ≤10 mg/kg BTEX.Compared to unaffected reference sites, transplanted plugs showed equal heights after 2 years and a comparable number of shoots and flowering stems after 1 year.Additional treatments such as plug cutting or planting into a sand/peat mix resulted in no further success.Natural restoration showed some effectiveness by the end of three growing seasons.
PREVENTION THROUGH PEOPLE
Authors: Ornitz Barbara E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the status of action taken in the United States and internationally to prevent oil spills by addressing human factors. The real cause of 60% to 80% of all oil discharges is human error. People, not technology, are the key. There is a shift in prevention from technology to people in six major areas in the maritime community: USCG licensing procedures for crew; the ISM code under SOLAS; self-policing by industry; the USCG Point System; MARPOL 73/78 Port State Control; and use of the Intervention on the High Seas Convention. As an example of lessons to be learned, this paper makes specific reference throughout to the 798,000-gallon oil spill of no. 6 diesel fuel from the Morris J. Berman off San Juan, Puerto Rico, in January 1994, and to the human factors that caused that spill.
HYDROCARBONS AND PAH IN FISH AND SHELLFISH FROM SOUTHWEST WALES FOLLOWING THE SEA EMPRESS OIL SPILL IN 1996
Authors: Law Robin J. , Kelly Carole A. , Graham Katie L. , Woodhead Ruth J. , Dyrynda Peter E. J. , Dyrynda Elisabeth A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The tanker Sea Empress spilled approximately 72,000 tons of light crude oil from the Forties field (North Sea) and 360 tons of heavy fuel oil at the mouth of Milford Haven in west Wales in February 1996. The scale of the spillage made it necessary to impose closure orders on both commercial and recreational fishing in adjacent coastal waters and rivers. A monitoring program was initiated both to follow the spread of oil and its uptake by fish and shellfish and to provide information with which to assess human health risks. In this paper we report the results of monitoring in both commercial and noncommercial stocks offish and shellfish in the first 6 months following the grounding.