bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invariant NKT Cells Require Autophagy To Coordinate Proliferation and Survival Signals during Differentiation
Authors: Pei Bo , Zhao Meng , Miller Brian C. , Véla Jose Luis , Bruinsma Monique W. , Virgin Herbert W. , Kronenberg Mitchell 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Autophagy regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival in multiple cell types, including cells of the immune system. In this study, we examined the effects of a disruption of autophagy on the differentiation of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Using mice with a T lymphocyte–specific deletion of Atg5 or Atg7, two members of the macroautophagic pathway, we observed a profound decrease in the iNKT cell population. The deficit is cell-autonomous, and it acts predominantly to reduce the number of mature cells, as well as the function of peripheral iNKT cells. In the absence of autophagy, there is reduced progression of iNKT cells in the thymus through the cell cycle, as well as increased apoptosis of these cells. Importantly, the reduction in Th1-biased iNKT cells is most pronounced, leading to a selective reduction in iNKT cell–derived IFN-γ. Our findings highlight the unique metabolic and genetic requirements for the differentiation of iNKT cells.
Effects of Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers on Heat Transfer Around a Circular Cylinder by the Simplified Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Model
Authors: Chen Qing , Zhang Xiaobing , Zhang Junfeng 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this paper, the fluid flow and heat transfer around a circular cylinder are studied under various conditions (Reynolds number 10 <Re< 200; Prandtl number, 0.1 ≤Pr≤ 2). To solve the governing equations, we use the simplified thermal lattice Boltzmann model based on double-distribution function approach, and present a corresponding boundary treatment for both velocity and temperature fields. Extensive numerical results have been obtained to the flow and heat transfer behaviors. The vortices and temperature evolution processes indicate that the flow and temperature fields change synchronously, and the vortex shedding plays a determinant role in the heat transfer. Furthermore, the effects of Reynolds and Prandtl number on the flow and isothermal patterns and local and averaged Nusselt numbers are discussed in detail. Our simulations show that the local and averaged Nusselt numbers increase with the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, irrespective of the flow regime. However, the minimum value of the local Nusselt number can shift from the rear point at the back of the cylinder with higher Prandtl number even in the steady flow regime, and the distribution of the local Nusselt number is almost monotonous from front stagnation point to rear stagnation point with lower Prandtl number in the unsteady flow regime.
Efficient Stabilization of Advection Terms Involved in Separated Representations of Boltzmann and Fokker-Planck Equations
Authors: Chinesta F. , Abisset-Chavanne E. , Ammar A. , Cueto E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe fine description of complex fluids can be carried out by describing the evolution of each individual constituent (e.g. each particle, each macromolecule, etc.). This procedure, despite its conceptual simplicity, involves many numerical issues, the most challenging one being that related to the computing time required to update the system configuration by describing all the interactions between the different individuals. Coarse grained approaches allow alleviating the just referred issue: the system is described by a distribution function providing the fraction of entities that at certain time and position have a particular conformation. Thus, mesoscale models involve many different coordinates, standard space and time, and different conformational coordinates whose number and nature depend on the particular system considered. Balance equation describing the evolution of such distribution function consists of an advection-diffusion partial differential equation defined in a high dimensional space. Standard mesh-based discretization techniques fail at solving high-dimensional models because of the curse of dimensionality. Recently the authors proposed an alternative route based on the use of separated representations. However, until now these approaches were unable to address the case of advection dominated models due to stabilization issues. In this paper this issue is revisited and efficient procedures for stabilizing the advection operators involved in the Boltzmann and Fokker-Planck equation within the PGD framework are proposed.
Titanium Surface Roughing Treatments contribute to Higher Interaction with Salivary Proteins MG2 and Lactoferrin
Authors: Cavalcanti Yuri Wanderley , Soares Rodrigo Villamarim , Assis Marina Araújo Leite , Zenóbio Elton Gonçalves , da Silva Girundi Francisco Mauro 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Some surface treatments performed on titanium can alter the composition of salivary pellicle formed on this abiotic surface. Such treatments modify the titanium's surface properties and can promote higher adsorption of proteins, which allow better integration of titanium to the biotic system.

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between salivary proteins and titanium disks with different surface treatments.

Materials and methods
Machined titanium disks (n = 48) were divided into four experimental groups (n = 12), according to their surface treatments: surface polishing (SP); acid etching (A); spot-blasting plus acid etching (SB-A); spot-blasting followed by acid etching and nano-functionalization (SB-A-NF). Titanium surfaces were characterized by surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were incubated with human saliva extracted from submandibular and sublingual glands. Total salivary protein adsorbed to titanium was quantified and samples were submitted to western blotting for mucin glycoprotein 2 (MG2) and lactoferrin identification.

Results
Surface roughness was statistically higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that titanium surface treatments increased surface roughness with higher number of porous and scratches for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Total protein adsorption was significantly higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups (p < 0.05), which also presented higher interactions with MG2 and lactoferrin proteins.

Conclusion
The roughing of titanium surface by spot-blasting plus acid etching treatments contribute to higher interaction with salivary proteins, such as MG2 and lactoferrin.

Clinical significance
Titanium surface roughing increases the interactions of the substratum with salivary proteins, which can influence the integration of dental implants and their components to the oral environment. However, those treatments should be used carefully intraorally, avoiding increase biofilm formation.

How to cite this article
Cavalcanti YW, Soares RV, Assis MAL, Zenóbio EG, da Silva Girundi FM. Titanium Surface Roughing Treatments contribute to Higher Interaction with Salivary Proteins MG2 and Lactoferrin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(2):141-146.
Investigación y transmisión de la filosofía sāmkhya
Authors: Arnau Navarro Juan 
Published: April 2015

El artículo repasa las diferentes fases en la investigación y transmisión de la cosmología sāmkhya. Desde sus primeras apariciones en la literatura antigua de India, que se remontan al periodo postvédico, hasta sus sistematización en el periodo clásico por parte de Īśvarakrsna en la Sāmkhyakārikā (finales del siglo IV), prestando una especial atención al comentario sánscrito medieval de Vācaspati Miśra titulado Tattvakaumudī (siglo X). Asimismo, se analizan las diferentes interpretaciones de esta tradición de pensamiento realizadas en India y Europa en el periodo 1896–1970 por Jhā, Dasgupta, Frauwallner y Larson.
PANACÉE : évaluation du fonctionnement d’un bioréacteur à membranes immergées traitant des effluents hospitaliers d’oncologie
Authors: Quesada Isariebel , Gonzalez Yusmel , Schetrite Sylvie , Budzinski Hélène , Le Menach Karyn , Lorain Olivier , Manier Nicolas , Ait Aissa Selim , Pandard Pascal , Abdelaziz Djamil , Canonge Jean-Marie , Albasi Claire 
Published: April 2015

Dans le cadre du projet ANR « Panacée » nous suivons le fonctionnement d’un Bioréacteur à membrane (BaM) sur le site de l’hôpital Purpan (service d’hématologie, CHU Toulouse). Les objectifs de ce projet se placent sur 3 niveaux: i) l’identification et la quantification de molécules, utilisées dans les traitements des cancers, dans les effluents des services correspondants, ii) la mesure d’effets biologiques (éco/géno/cytotoxiques et perturbateurs endocriniens) de ces effluents, iii) le développement d’un procédé de traitement constitué d’une combinaison de traitements biologiques et physicochimiques. Sont présentés les protocoles d’échantillonnage, les analyses des paramètres physicochimiques et la quantification des molécules pharmaceutiques effectuées sur 125 molécules, permettant de « décrire » la variabilité de l’effluent hospitalier. Du point de vue du traitement, le BaM a été opéré à 40 jours d’âge de boues et l’étude a consisté à évaluer l’effet du temps de séjour hydraulique (TSH), les autres paramètres étant égaux par ailleurs. Deux campagnes de traitement ont été menées pour des TSH = 24 et 48 h. Les différences observées ne sont pas forcément attribuables à la différence de TSH. D’un point de vue hydraulique les performances de filtration obtenues sont satisfaisantes dans les conditions opératoires adoptées (pas de rétrolavage, filtration séquencée). Les performances de traitement en regard des paramètres de qualité d’eau restent conformes aux normes de rejet d’une eau usée traitée. Les analyses chimiques quantitatives montrent des abattements des molécules par le traitement BaM très variables, pouvant aller d’un abattement total, à de la « production » de molécules, plaidant en faveur de phénomènes de déconjugaisons. Sur ces mêmes échantillons, des batteries de tests d’écotoxicité ont été appliquées. Ces tests mettent en évidence un abattement de l’écotoxicité globale. Une conclusion partielle sur la pertinence du traitement est proposée.
Interpreting ~1 Hz magnetic compressional waves in Mercury's inner magnetosphere in terms of propagating ion‐Bernstein waves
Authors: Boardsen S. A. , Kim E.‐H. , Raines J. M. , Slavin J. A. , Gershman D. J. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H. , Sundberg T. , Schriver D. , Travnicek P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe show that ~1 Hz magnetic compressional waves observed in Mercury's inner magnetosphere could be interpreted as ion‐Bernstein waves in a moderate proton beta ~0.1 plasma. An observation of a proton distribution with a large planetary loss cone is presented, and we show that this type of distribution is highly unstable to the generation of ion‐Bernstein waves with low magnetic compression. Ray tracing shows that as these waves propagate back and forth about the magnetic equator; they cycle between a state of low and high magnetic compression. The group velocity decreases during the high‐compression state leading to a pileup of compressional wave energy, which could explain the observed dominance of the highly compressional waves. This bimodal nature is due to the complexity of the index of refraction surface in a warm plasma whose upper branch has high growth rate with low compression, and its lower branch has low growth/damping rate with strong compression. Two different cycles are found: one where the compression maximum occurs at the magnetic equator and one where the compression maximum straddles the magnetic equator. The later cycle could explain observations where the maximum in compression straddles the equator. Ray tracing shows that this mode is confined within ±12° magnetic latitude which can account for the bulk of the observations. We show that the Doppler shift can account for the difference between the observed and model wave frequency, if the wave vector direction is in opposition to the plasma flow direction. We note that the Wentzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin approximation breaks down during the pileup of compressional energy and that a study involving full wave solutions is required.
Variations in global tropical cyclone activity and the Madden‐Julian Oscillation since the midtwentieth century
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Oliver Eric C. J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) has been documented in previous studies to significantly impact tropical cyclone activity in all ocean basins. Most of these studies have utilized the Wheeler‐Hendon index. This index is only available since 1974, the period over which remotely sensed outgoing longwave radiation data has been available. Our study utilizes a long reconstructed MJO index, based on surface pressures, which extends back to 1905. We document consistent modulation of tropical cyclone activity by the MJO in all basins over this time period. These modulations are shown to be remarkably stable over the entire analysis period. We also examine the combined impacts of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and the MJO on tropical cyclone activity in each basin over multidecadal time scales.
Brake Systems, an Overview
Authors: Drexler Christoph , Leiter Ralf 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The brakes of today's vehicles are disk and drum brakes as service brakes with a parking brake corresponding to the design (at least on the rear axle). Thus, these are friction brakes that present special challenges on the design of brake pads and brake disks or drums to decellerate the cars by the necessary friction process.

Antilock braking system (
ABS
) systems are installed to stabilize the vehicle; enable steerability even during severe braking and if possible, reduce the braking distance on slippery roads. In the meantime, these are further improved by electronic stabilization systems (
ESP
), that attempt to keep the vehicle on the direction specified by the driver's steering wheel angle, reducing throttle and using brake interventions to direct the car. Starting in 2014,
ESP
will be legally required for new vehicles in the jurisdiction of
ECE13
in Europe.

Between the operating pedal and the operating brake devices there is usually hydraulic, there is a brake booster powered by vacuum or excess pressure in almost all vehicles. As the majority of drivers do not brake quickly enough nor do they achieve sufficient brake force in emergency situations, brake assistants are installed—either as electronic brake boosters or as an additional function in the electronic stability system (
ESP
system).
Global Chassis Control in Passenger Cars
Authors: Inoue Hideo , Yonekawa Takashi , Soga Masayuki , Nishikawa Kenji , Ono Eiichi , Yamakado Makoto 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSignificant advances have been made in recent years in chassis control technology. Various control systems have been developed with the aim of enhancing vehicle dynamic performance at the same time as safety and comfort. Such controls include antilock brake systems (ABSs), electronic stability control (ESC), electric power steering (EPS), active suspension, and variable torque distribution four‐wheel drive (4WD). In addition, precrash safety (PCS) systems and other controls are also being developed using technologies that detect and recognize the environment around the vehicle. Coordination and integration controls play an indispensable role among these systems. This chapter describes the key technologies and configurations of integrated control systems, in view of advances in chassis control devices and vehicle environment recognition technology, as well as trends in integrated vehicle control systems.
Range Extender Ev
Authors: Beste Frank , Fraidl Günter , Benda Vincent , Atzwanger Martin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFor broad market acceptance of electric vehicles, the trade‐off between the key customer expected vehicle driving range similar to today's vehicles and the engineering challenges cost, weight and package size of the electric energy storage system have to be solved. Depending on the operation conditions, the all‐electric range (AER) of the vehicle can differ significantly from the published nominal ranges, which are reached under unrealistic and idealized conditions. In extreme cases (stop‐and‐go traffic and high air‐conditioning or heating demands for the passenger compartment), theAERis a question of not only the traveling distance but also the duration of the vehicle operation.For conventional drivetrains with internal combustion engines (ICEs), a high vehicle range flexibility is nearly cost neutral (size of fuel tank). For battery electric vehicles (BEVs), increasingAERdemands result in extreme additional costs, weight, and package requirements for theHV‐battery system. The difference between typical everyday driving distances (in industrialized countries with a dense population such as Germany, 70–80% of the daily driving range requirements are below 50–60 km) and the customer‐accepted minimumAERrequirements under real‐world conditions of 100–150 km for mega city vehicles (MCVs) becomes a key question for the layout of the drivetrain architecture for electric mobility. Considering the midterm available battery technology, the design of the vehicleHV‐battery system to cover the typical everydayAERrequirement of 50–60 km becomes an attractive solution. Further energy requirements for extended driving distances and long duration of vehicle operation at very cold or hot ambient conditions are supplied by an additional range extender (RE) system. TheREutilizes the high energy density of fossil fuels by theICE‐driven generator to deliver the required additional energy.The design for the best technical concept of such anREsystem is driven by the intended vehicle concept and usage profile. Key parameters are the relation of the intended battery electric driving to those drive conditions that need to be supported by theREand by theREperformance demand. The clear focus on the battery electric driving within the typical daily driving ranges requires other design priorities for theICEof theREthan those known from conventional drivetrains. Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH); system weight; level ofREsystem integration; and box dimensions for good packaging are in the lead, whereas the development effort for the best possible efficiency are of less importance because of the reduced contribution of theICEoperation within the daily driving ranges. Under these conditions, theREtechnology can become an essential “enabler” for a high acceptance and market success of electric vehicles.
Regenerative Braking Systems
Authors: Sakai Akira , Miyazaki Tetsuya , Okano Takahiro , Nimura Kazunori , Nakata Daisuke 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRegenerative braking is a feature of hybrid electric and electric vehicles that use electrical energy. It involves the generation of braking force by using motors as generators during deceleration. The amount of energy recovered by regenerative braking can be set to various levels based on the purpose of the vehicle. Fuel efficiency improves as the amount of energy recovered is increased. Braking systems have been developed in recent years, which increase the amount of energy recovered using regenerative braking. This chapter describes the configuration and controls of braking systems that utilize regenerative braking.
Articulated Joints and Couplings—Cardan andCVJoints
Authors: Hildebrandt Wolfgang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis section describes the basic concepts of articulated joints and couplings for the use in automotive vehicle applications. The fundamentals of cardan joints are summarized. Different concepts for constant velocity joints are introduced: ball fixed, ball plunge, and also tripod type joints. Criteria for joint concept selection for vehicle applications are addressed.
Brief Report: Takayasu Arteritis and Ulcerative Colitis: High Rate of Co‐Occurrence and Genetic Overlap
Authors: Terao Chikashi , Matsumura Takayoshi , Yoshifuji Hajime , Kirino Yohei , Maejima Yasuhiro , Nakaoka Yoshikazu , Takahashi Meiko , Amiya Eisuke , Tamura Natsuko , Nakajima Toshiki , Origuchi Tomoki , Horita Tetsuya , Matsukura Mitsuru , Kochi Yuta , Ogimoto Akiyoshi , Yamamoto Motohisa , Takahashi Hiroki , Nakayamada Shingo , Saito Kazuyoshi , Wada Yoko , Narita Ichiei , Kawaguchi Yasushi , Yamanaka Hisashi , Ohmura Koichiro , Atsumi Tatsuya , Tanemoto Kazuo , Miyata Tetsuro , Kuwana Masataka , Komuro Issei , Tabara Yasuharu , Ueda Atsuhisa , Isobe Mitsuaki , Mimori Tsuneyo , Matsuda Fumihiko 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveTakayasu arteritis (TAK) is a systemic vasculitis affecting large arteries and large branches of the aorta. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prevalent autoimmune colitis. Since TAK and UC share HLA–B*52:01 and IL12B as genetic determinants, and since there are case reports of the co‐occurrence of these diseases, we hypothesized that UC is a common complication of TAK. We undertook this study to perform a large‐scale analysis of TAK, both to evaluate the prevalence of concurrent cases of TAK and UC and to identify and estimate susceptibility genes shared between the 2 diseases.MethodsWe analyzed a total of 470 consecutive patients with TAK from 14 institutions. We characterized patients with TAK and UC by analyzing clinical manifestations and genetic components. Genetic overlapping of TAK and UC was evaluated with the use of UC susceptibility single‐nucleotide polymorphisms by comparing risk directions and effect sizes between susceptibility to the 2 diseases.ResultsThirty of 470 patients with TAK had UC (6.4% [95% confidence interval 4.3–9.0]). This percentage was strikingly higher than that expected from the prevalence of UC in Japan. Patients with TAK complicated with UC developed TAK at an earlier stage of life (P = 0.0070) and showed significant enrichment of HLA–B*52:01 compared to TAK patients without UC (P = 1.0 × 10−5) (odds ratio 12.14 [95% confidence interval 2.96–107.23]). The 110 non‐HLA markers of susceptibility to UC significantly displayed common risk directions with susceptibility to TAK (P = 0.0054) and showed significant departure of permutation P values from expected P values (P < 1.0 × 10−10).ConclusionUC is a major complication of TAK. These 2 diseases share a significant proportion of their genetic background, and HLA–B*52:01 may play a central role in their co‐occurrence.
Zur Thermochromie und Photochromie der Dehydrodianthrone
Authors: KortÜM G. , Bayer G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn früheren Arbeiten wurde auf Grund spektroskopischer Messungen geschlossen, daß die thermochrome und die photochrome Form des Dehydrodianthrons und seiner Derivate voneinander verschieden seien. Im Gegensatz dazu haben andere Autoren festgestellt, daß beide Formen identisch seien. Zur Klärung dieses Widerspruchs wurden weitere Messungen der Lichtabsorption der beiden, auf verschiedenen Wegen hergestellten Formen gemacht. Es gelang, die „thermochrome”︁ Form durch Hydrolyse eines Schwefelsäureadduktes bei tiefer Temperatur sehr viel stärker anzureichern als durch Erwärmen. Hierdurch und durch Variation der Lösungsmittel konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß beim Bestrahlen der Lösungen zwei neue energiereichere Molekülformen in wechselndem Mengenverhältnis entstehen, von denen die eine mit der durch Erwärmen entstehenden thermochromen Form identisch ist. An der Existenz zweier verschiedener energiereicher Formen der Molekel neben der Normalform ist deshalb nicht zu zweifeln.