bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroscopic Chirality of Supramolecular Gels Formed from Achiral Tris(ethyl cinnamate) Benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides
Authors: Shen Zhaocun , Wang Tianyu , Liu Minghua 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA C3‐symmetric benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide substituted with ethyl cinnamate was found to self‐assemble into supramolecular gels with macroscopic chirality in a DMF/H2O mixture. The achiral compound simultaneously formed left‐ and right‐handed twists in an unequal number, thus resulting in the macroscopic chirality of the gels without any chiral additives. Furthermore, ester–amide exchange reactions with chiral amines enabled the control of both the handedness of the twists and the macroscopic chirality of the gels, depending on the structures of the chiral amines. These results provide new prospects for understanding and regulating symmetry breaking in assemblies of supramolecular gels formed from achiral molecular building blocks.
Self‐Assembly of a 3d–5f Trinuclear Single‐Molecule Magnet from a Pentavalent Uranyl Complex
Authors: Chatelain Lucile , Walsh James P. S. , Pécaut Jacques , Tuna Floriana , Mazzanti Marinella 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMixed‐metal uranium compounds are very attractive candidates in the design of single‐molecule magnets (SMMs), but only one 3d–5f hetero‐polymetallic SMM containing a uranium center is known. Herein, we report two trimeric heterodimetallic 3d–5f complexes self‐assembled by cation–cation interactions between a uranyl(V) complex and a TPA‐capped MII complex (M=Mn (1), Cd (2); TPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine). The metal centers were strategically chosen to promote the formation of discrete molecules rather than extended chains. Compound 1, which contains an almost linear {MnOUOMn} core, exhibits SMM behavior with a relaxation barrier of 81±0.5 K—the highest reported for a mono‐uranium system—arising from intramolecular Mn–U exchange interactions combined with the high Ising anisotropy of the uranyl(V) moiety. Compound 1 also exhibits an open magnetic hysteresis loop at temperatures less than 3 K, with a significant coercive field of 1.9 T at 1.8 K.
The Oxidation of Thiols by Flavoprotein Oxidases: a Biocatalytic Route to Reactive Thiocarbonyls
Authors: Ewing Tom A. , Dijkman Willem P. , Vervoort Jacques M. , Fraaije Marco W. , van Berkel Willem J. H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFlavoprotein oxidases are a diverse class of biocatalysts, most of which catalyze the oxidation of CO, CN, or CC bonds. Flavoprotein oxidases that are known to catalyze the oxidation of CS bonds are rare, being limited to enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of thioethers. Herein, we report that various flavoprotein oxidases, previously thought to solely act on alcohols, also catalyze the oxidation of thiols to thiocarbonyls. These results highlight the versatility of enzymatic catalysis and provide a potential biocatalytic route to reactive thiocarbonyl compounds, which have a variety of applications in synthetic organic chemistry.
Thermally Triggered Frame‐Guided Assembly
Authors: Zhao Zhiyong , Chen Chun , Dong Yuanchen , Yang Zhongqiang , Fan Qing‐Hua , Liu Dongsheng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe report a thermally triggered frame‐guided assembly (FGA) strategy for the preparation of vesicles. We employ thermally responsive poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) to make the leading hydrophobic groups (LHGs) thermally responsive, so that they are hydrophilic below the low critical solution temperature (LCST) and the frame forms in a homogeneous environment. When the temperature is increased above the LCST, the LHGs become hydrophobic and the assembly process is triggered, which drives DNA‐b‐PPO to assemble around the LHGs, forming vesicles. This work verified that FGA is a general strategy and can be applied to polymeric systems. The thermally triggered assembly not only provides more controllability over the FGA process but also promotes an in‐depth understanding of the FGA strategy and in a broad view, the formation mechanism and functions of cell membrane.
Manipulating Nanowire Assembly for Flexible Transparent Electrodes
Authors: Liu Jian‐Wei , Wang Jin‐Long , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Huang Wei‐Ran , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractManipulating nanowire assembly could help the design of hierarchical structures with unique functionalities. Herein, we first report a facile solution‐based process under ambient conditions for co‐assembling two kinds of nanowires which have suitable composition and functionalities, such as Ag and Te nanowires, for the fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes. Then Te nanowires can be etched away easily, leaving Ag nanowire networks with controllable pitch. By manipulating the assembly of Ag and Te nanowires, we can precisely tailor and balance the optical transmittance and the conductivity of the resulting flexible transparent electrodes. The network of Ag nanowires which have tunable pitch forms a flexible transparent conducting electrode with an averaged transmission of up to 97.3 % and sheet resistances as low as 2.7 Ω/sq under optimized conditions. The work provides a new way for tailoring the properties of nanowire‐based devices.
Benchmarking the Stability of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: The Importance of Monitoring Mass Losses
Authors: Frydendal Rasmus , Paoli Elisa A. , Knudsen Brian P. , Wickman Björn , Malacrida Paolo , Stephens Ifan E. L. , Chorkendorff Ib 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBecause of the rising need for energy storage, potentially facilitated by electrolyzers, improvements to the catalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) become increasingly relevant. Standardized protocols have been developed for determining critical figures of merit, such as the electrochemical surface area, mass activity and specific activity. Even so, when new and more active catalysts are reported, the catalyst stability tends to play a minor role. In this work, we monitor corrosion on RuO2 and MnOx by combining the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). We show that a meaningful estimation of the stability cannot be achieved based on purely electrochemical tests. On the catalysts tested, the anodic dissolution current was four orders of magnitude lower than the total current. We propose that even if long‐term testing cannot be replaced, a useful evaluation of the stability can be achieved with short‐term tests by using EQCM or ICP–MS.
Copper‐Mediated/Catalyzed Oxyalkylation of Alkenes with Alkylnitriles
Authors: Bunescu Ala , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA copper‐promoted oxyalkylation of alkenes with alkylnitriles has been developed. The protocol provides rapid access to phthalides (γ‐lactones) or isochromanones (δ‐lactones) via the formation of a C(sp3)C(sp3) and a C(sp3)O bond with the generation of up to two quaternary carbon atoms. Mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction is initiated by the formation of the C(sp3)C(sp3) bond rather than the C(sp3)O bond. Catalytic conditions were subsequently developed using carboxylic acid as an internal nucleophile.
Prenatal sodium arsenite affects early development of serotonergic neurons in the fetal rat brain
Authors: Senuma Mika , Mori Chisato , Ogawa Tetsuo , Kuwagata Makiko 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPrenatal arsenite exposure has been associated with developmental disorders in children, including reduced IQ and language abnormalities. Animal experiments have also shown that exposure to arsenite during development induced developmental neurotoxicity after birth. However, the evidence is not enough, and the mechanism is poorly understood, especially on the exposure during early brain development. This study assessed effects of sodium (meta) arsenite shortly after exposure on early developing fetal rat brains.Pregnant rats were administered 50 mg/L arsenite in their drinking water or 20 mg/kg arsenite orally using a gastric tube, on gestational days (GD) 9–15. Fetal brains were examined on GD16.Pregnant rats administered 20 mg/kg arsenite showed reductions in maternal body weight gain and food consumption during treatment, but not with 50 mg/L arsenite. Arsenite did not affect fetal development, as determined by body weight, mortality and brain size. Arsenite also did not induce excessive cell death or affect neural cell division in any region of the fetal neuroepithelium. Thyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry revealed no difference in the distribution of catecholaminergic neurons between fetuses of arsenite treated and control rats. However, reductions in the number of serotonin positive cells in the fetal median and dorsal raphe nuclei were observed following maternal treatment with 20 mg/kg arsenite. Image analysis showed that the serotonin positive areas decreased in all fetal mid‐ and hind‐brain areas without altering distribution patterns. Maternal stress induced by arsenite toxicity did not alter fetal development. These results suggest that arsenite‐induced neurodevelopmental toxicity involves defects in the early development of the serotonin nervous system.
Afebrile seizure in toddlers – Don't forget camphor
Authors: Baheti Neeraj , Kabra Dinesh , Chandak Nitin , Lad Pravin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn country like India camphor is ubiquitous in every household and is easily available across all grocery stores. Camphor is easily accessible to kids and children and can be missed for sugar cubes. We report two children who had afebrile seizures following camphor ingestion. Both the toddlers had afebrile seizure and presented in postictal state. In the first case the child had vomiting in hospital which had camphoraceous odor. Interrogation in both case revealed consumption of camphor few minutes prior to the seizure. Both the kids improved with supportive care. Camphor fits in community go largely unrecognized and parents don't inform about potential camphor ingestion and these children are subjected to unnecessary evaluation and antiepileptic drug exposure. One should create awareness about camphor induced seizures and potential toxic effects of camphor and it should be kept away from reach of children. Parents should be discouraged from topical application of camphor containing indigenous medications in neonates and toddlers.
Generalized Pruritus as an Unusual Side Effect After Epidural Injection With Dexamethasone
Authors: El Abd Omar , Pimentel Daniel Camargo , Amadera João Eduardo Daud 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA 51‐year‐old man with lumbar radiculopathy underwent a right L5 transforaminal epidural steroid injection with dexamethasone. One minute after the injection, the patient experienced severe pruritus and burning, which began in the groin and then spread throughout his body. The symptoms resolved completely after 1 minute, and the patient was discharged without any complications. Although there are a small number of publications reporting perineal pruritus after intravenous administration of dexamethasone, to our knowledge there is no report of a generalized reaction to an epidural dexamethasone injection such as the one described here.
Efficacy of Blood Flow–Restricted, Low‐Load Resistance Training in Women with Risk Factors for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Segal Neil A. , Williams Glenn N. , Davis Maria C. , Wallace Robert B. , Mikesky Alan E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether concurrent blood flow restriction (BFR) during low‐load resistance training is an efficacious and tolerable means of improving quadriceps strength and volume in women with risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA).DesignRandomized, double‐blinded, controlled trial.SettingExercise training clinical research laboratory.ParticipantsWomen over age 45 years with risk factors for symptomatic knee OA.MethodsParticipants were randomized to either low‐load resistance training (30% 1RM) alone (control) or with concurrent BFR and completed 4 weeks of 3 times per week leg‐press resistance training. Those randomized to BFR wore a cuff that progressively restricted femoral blood flow over the weeks of training. Intergroup differences in outcome measures were compared using regression methods, while adjusting for BMI.Main Outcome MeasuresIsotonic bilateral leg press strength, isokinetic knee extensor strength, and quadriceps volume by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed before and after participation. Secondary measures included lower limb muscle power (leg press and stair climb). Knee pain was assessed to determine tolerance.ResultsOf 45 women who consented to study participation, 40 completed the program. There were no significant intergroup differences in baseline characteristics except that body mass index was lower in the BFR group (P = .0223). Isotonic 1RM improved significantly more in the BFR group (28.3 ± 4.8 kg) than in the control group (15.6 ± 4.5 kg) (P = .0385). Isokinetic knee extensor strength scaled to body mass increased significantly more in the BFR group (0.07 ± 0.03 nm/kg) than in the control group (−0.05 ± 0.03 nm/kg) (P = .0048). Changes in quadriceps volume, leg press power, and knee‐related pain did not significantly differ between groups.ConclusionsAddition of BFR to a 30% 1RM resistance training program was effective in increasing leg press and knee extensor strength in women at risk for knee OA, in comparison with the same program without BFR.
Ultrasonography of Subcoracoid Bursal Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Drakes Shane , Thomas Sunil , Kim Sooyeon , Guerrero Luis , Lee Se Won 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSubcoracoid impingement syndrome with bursitis is an underrecognized cause of anterior shoulder pain. It usually presents with pain around the coracoid process and a positive impingement test with shoulder adduction, forward flexion, and internal rotation. The pain is mediated by impingement of soft tissues such as the subcoracoid bursa or subscapularis tendon between the coracoid process and humerus. Ultrasonography (US) can be useful in the evaluation of subcoracoid bursal impingement syndrome because of its high resolution capacity and the use of dynamic maneuvers. In this case series, we present 3 patients with subcoracoid impingement syndrome with bursitis diagnosed with in‐office US. This case series illustrates the application of US in the evaluation of anterior shoulder pain with subcoracoid bursal impingement syndrome.
Season‐specific and guild‐specific effects of anthropogenic landscape modification on metacommunity structure of tropical bats
Authors: Cisneros Laura M. , Fagan Matthew E. , Willig Michael R. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Fragmentation per se due to human land conversion is a landscape‐scale phenomenon. Accordingly, assessment of distributional patterns across a suite of potentially connected communities (i.e. metacommunity structure) is an appropriate approach for understanding the effects of landscape modification and complements the plethora of fragmentation studies that have focused on local community structure. To date, metacommunity structure within human‐modified landscapes has been assessed with regard to nestedness along species richness gradients. This is problematic because there is little support that species richness gradients are associated with the factors moulding species distributions. More importantly, many alternative patterns are possible, and different patterns may manifest during different seasons and for different guilds because of variation in resource availability and resource requirements of taxa.

We determined the best‐fit metacommunity structure of a phyllostomid bat assemblage, frugivore ensemble, and gleaning animalivore ensemble within a human‐modified landscape in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica during the dry and wet seasons to elucidate important structuring mechanisms. Furthermore, we identified the landscape characteristics associated with the latent gradient underlying metacommunity structure.

We discriminated among multiple metacommunity structures by assessing coherence, range turnover, and boundary clumping of an ordinated site‐by‐species matrix. We identified the landscape characteristics associated with the latent gradient underlying metacommunity structure via hierarchical partitioning.

Metacommunity structure was never nested nor structured along a richness gradient.

The phyllostomid assemblage and frugivore ensemble exhibited Gleasonian structure (range turnover along a common gradient) during the dry season and Clementsian structure (range turnover and shared boundaries along a common gradient) during the wet season. Distance between forest patches and forest edge density structured the phyllostomid metacommunity during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Proportion of pasture and forest patch density structured the frugivore metacommunity during the dry season.

Gleaning animalivores exhibited chequerboard structure (mutually exclusive species pairs) during the dry season and random structure during the wet season.

Metacommunity structure was likely mediated by differential resource use or interspecific relationships. Furthermore, the interaction between landscape characteristics and seasonal variation in resources resulted in season‐specific and guild‐specific distributional patterns.
Moving on with foraging theory: incorporating movement decisions into the functional response of a gregarious shorebird
Authors: van Gils Jan A. , van der Geest Matthijs , De Meulenaer Brecht , Gillis Hanneke , Piersma Theunis , Folmer Eelke O. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Models relating intake rate to food abundance and competitor density (generalized functional response models) can predict forager distributions and movements between patches, but we lack understanding of how distributions and small‐scale movements by the foragers themselves affect intake rates.

Using a state‐of‐the‐art approach based on continuous‐time Markov chain dynamics, we add realism to classic functional response models by acknowledging that the chances to encounter food and competitors are influenced by movement decisions, and, vice versa, that movement decisions are influenced by these encounters.

We used a multi‐state modelling framework to construct a stochastic functional response model in which foragers alternate between three behavioural states: searching, handling and moving.

Using behavioural observations on a molluscivore migrant shorebird (red knot, Calidris canutus canutus), at its main wintering area (Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania), we estimated transition rates between foraging states as a function of conspecific densities and densities of the two main bivalve prey.

Intake rate decreased with conspecific density. This interference effect was not due to decreased searching efficiency, but resulted from time lost to avoidance movements.

Red knots showed a strong functional response to one prey (Dosinia isocardia), but a weak response to the other prey (Loripes lucinalis). This corroborates predictions from a recently developed optimal diet model that accounts for the mildly toxic effects due to consuming Loripes.

Using model averaging across the most plausible multi‐state models, the fully parameterized functional response model was then used to predict intake rate for an independent data set on habitat choice by red knot.

Comparison of the sites selected by red knots with random sampling sites showed that the birds fed at sites with higher than average Loripes and Dosinia densities, that is sites for which we predicted higher than average intake rates.

We discuss the limitations of Holling's classic functional response model which ignores movement and the limitations of contemporary movement ecological theory that ignores consumer–resource interactions. With the rapid advancement of technologies to track movements of individual foragers at fine spatial scales, the time is ripe to integrate descriptive tracking studies with stochastic movement‐based functional response models.
Audits of Complex Estimates as Verification of Management Numbers: How Institutional Pressures Shape Practice
Authors: Griffith Emily E. , Hammersley Jacqueline S. , Kadous Kathryn 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAuditors and regulators have invested heavily in improving audits of estimates in recent years, but problems in this area persist. We examine the causes of these problems and why they persist. To do so, we interview 24 very experienced auditors about how they audit complex accounting estimates such as fair values and impairments and what problems they experience in the process. We find that auditors overwhelmingly choose to audit the details of management's estimate rather than use other allowable approaches. The steps auditors describe and the language they use to describe those steps indicate that they follow a process of verifying individual elements of management's assertions on a piecemeal basis, resulting in overreliance on management's process, rather than engaging in a critical analysis of the overall estimate. The problems that auditors identify are consistent with this view, and include failures to notice inconsistencies among the estimate and other internal data or external conditions and overreliance on specialists to identify, evaluate, and challenge critical assumptions. We interpret these processes and problems using institutional theory and identify two root causes: standards' and firm policies' emphasis on verifying management's model, and audit firms' division of knowledge between auditors and specialists. Institutional theory proposes these conventions arise from firms extending use of procedures that are legitimate in one area (i.e., auditing accounts without significant uncertainty) to a new area (i.e., auditing complex estimates), even though they are likely less effective in the new area. These conventions are reinforced by regulators' method of inspection and by firms' reluctance to change methods without a prompt to change to a clearly better method. We argue that these institutionalized conventions thwart auditors' good‐faith attempts to engage in skeptical analysis of estimates. Thus, audit quality problems are likely to persist.
Exploring How the Balanced Scorecard Engages and Unfolds: Articulating the Visual Power of Accounting Inscriptions
Authors: Busco Cristiano , Quattrone Paolo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractResearch on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has questioned whether its adoption generates greater integration between financial and nonfinancial performance measures, supports strategy implementation, increases performance and improves strategic decision making. This research has also highlighted how theBSCoften generates effectsotherthan these. Building on studies that portray Performance Measurement Systems as intrinsically incomplete practices of representation, the purpose of this article is to investigate how theBSCengages users because of the organizing work that it stimulates around this incompleteness. Our findings allow us to further articulate the power of specific visual elements of theBSC, such as hierarchical trees, wheels, causal and strategy maps. The article provides material that contributes to a better understanding of how theBSCperforms multiple roles within organizations beyond a simple representational functionality and unfolds continuously. It contributes to the growing literature on accounting inscriptions, that is, signs producing incomplete representations, by developing an analytical theoretical framework that defines theBSCas a rhetorical machine composed of four key features: (i) a visual performable space (i.e., a schema generating creative engagement); (ii) a method of ordering and innovation; (iii) a means of interrogation and mediation; and (iv) a motivating ritual.