bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chain liability in multitier supply chains? Responsibility attributions for unsustainable supplier behavior
Authors: Hartmann Julia , Moeller Sabine 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWhen it becomes publicly known that products are associated with suppliers that engage in unsustainable behaviors, consumers protest, as Nestlé, Zara, and Kimberly Clark, among others, have learned. The phenomenon by which consumers hold firms responsible for the unsustainable behavior of their upstream partners suggests the notion of “chain liability.” This study aims to generate insights into the antecedents and consequences of such consumer responsibility attributions. Using data from four vignette‐based survey experiments, the authors find that the chain liability effect increases if an environmental degradation incident (1) results from supplier behavior rather thanforce majeure, (2) results from a company decision rather than the decision of an individual employee, and (3) is more severe. Responsibility attributions do not differ with varying organizational distance from the supplier, firm size, strategic importance of the supplied product, or the existence of environmental management systems. The chain liability effect also creates strong risks for the focal firm; higher responsibility attributions increase consumers’ anger and propensity to boycott. Therefore, firms should work to ensure sustainable behavior throughout the supply chain, to protect them from chain liability.
Validation of a prognostic multi‐gene signature in high‐risk neuroblastoma using the high throughput digital NanoString nCounter™ system
Authors: Stricker Thomas P. , Morales La Madrid Andres , Chlenski Alexandre , Guerrero Lisa , Salwen Helen R. , Gosiengfiao Yasmin , Perlman Elizabeth J. , Furman Wayne , Bahrami Armita , Shohet Jason M. , Zage Peter E. , Hicks M. John , Shimada Hiroyuki , Suganuma Rie , Park Julie R. , So Sara , London Wendy B. , Pytel Peter , Maclean Kirsteen H. , Cohn Susan L. 
Published: February 2014

Microarray‐based molecular signatures have not been widely integrated into neuroblastoma diagnostic classification systems due to the complexities of the assay and requirement for high‐quality RNA. New digital technologies that accurately quantify gene expression using RNA isolated from formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues are now available. In this study, we describe the first use of a high‐throughput digital system to assay the expression of genes in an “ultra‐high risk” microarray classifier in FFPE high‐risk neuroblastoma tumors. Customized probes corresponding to the 42 genes in a published multi‐gene neuroblastoma signature were hybridized to RNA isolated from 107 FFPE high‐risk neuroblastoma samples using the NanoString nCounter™ Analysis System. For classification of each patient, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between the standardized nCounter™ data and the molecular signature from the microarray data. We demonstrate that the nCounter™ 42‐gene panel sub‐stratified the high‐risk cohort into two subsets with statistically significantly different overall survival (p = 0.0027) and event‐free survival (p = 0.028). In contrast, none of the established prognostic risk markers (age, stage, tumor histology, MYCN status, and ploidy) were significantly associated with survival. We conclude that the nCounter™ System can reproducibly quantify expression levels of signature genes in FFPE tumor samples. Validation of this microarray signature in our high‐risk patient cohort using a completely different technology emphasizes the prognostic relevance of this classifier. Prospective studies testing the prognostic value of molecular signatures in high‐risk neuroblastoma patients using FFPE tumor samples and the nCounter™ System are warranted.
Droplet–turbulence interaction in a confined polydispersed spray: effect of droplet size and flow length scales on spatial droplet–gas velocity correlations
Authors: Sahu S. , Hardalupas Y. , Taylor A. M. K. P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the interaction between droplets and entrained turbulent air flow in the far-downstream locations of a confined polydispersed isothermal spray. Simultaneous and planar measurements of droplet and gas velocities in the spray along with droplet size are obtained with the application of a novel experimental technique, developed by Hardalupaset al. (Exp. Fluids, vol. 49, 2010, pp. 417–434), which combines interferometric laser imaging for droplet sizing (ILIDS) with particle image velocimetry (PIV). These measurements quantified the spatial correlation coefficients of droplet–gas velocity fluctuations ($R_{dg}$) and droplet–droplet velocity fluctuations ($R_{dd}$) conditional on droplet size classes, for various separation distances, and for axial and cross-stream velocity components. At the measurement location close to the spray edge, with increasing droplet size,$R_{dg}$was found to increase in axial direction and decrease in cross-stream direction. This suggests that as the gas-phase turbulence becomes more anisotropic away from the spray axis, the gravitational influence on droplet–gas correlated motion tends to increase. The effective length scales of the correlated droplet–gas motion were evaluated and compared with that for gas and droplet motion. The role of different turbulent eddies of the gas flow on the droplet–gas interaction was examined. The flow structures were extracted using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the instantaneous gas velocity data, and their contribution on the spatial droplet–gas velocity correlation was evaluated, which quantified the momentum transfer between the two phases at different length scales of the gas flow. The droplets were observed to augment turbulence for the first three POD modes (larger scales) and attenuate it for the rest of the modes (smaller scales). It has been realized that apart from droplet Stokes number and mass loading, the dynamic range of length scales of the gas flow and the relative turbulent kinetic energy content of the flow structures (POD modes) must be considered in order to conclude if the droplets enhance or reduce the carrier-phase turbulence especially at the lower wavenumbers.
Tribal Constitutions and Native Sovereignty
Authors: Miller Robert 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
More than 565 Indigenous tribal governments exercise extensive sovereign and political powers within the United States today. Only about 230 of the native communities that created these governments, however, have chosen to adopt written tribal constitutions to define and control the political powers of their governments. Many observers would no doubt ask how a government can function without a written constitution to guide its formation and operation, and how the rights of citizens can be defined and protected without a written constitution. This chapter addresses these questions and many more concerning American Indian and Alaska Native tribal constitutions. It examines whether modern day tribal constitutions adequately serve the needs of native communities and help these communities and their political entities to exercise and protect their sovereignty.
The Political Dangers of Western Philosophical Approaches
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Colonialism has shaped the world at a fundamental level. At least some aspects of the philosophical worldviews of the colonizers must have been flawed to allow the violence and fraud of colonialism to occur. But which elements of these worldviews were mistaken, and in what ways? This essay’s goal is primarily typological, to outline four stages of philosophical inclusiveness at which these flaws might be found. They might be found (1) in Western philosophy as a whole, including its conceptions of epistemology and metaphysics, so that for example Western philosophical approaches are unable to recognize the existence of animal beings and spiritual powers; (2) in Western philosophy’s basic moral orientation to the world, which sees morality as burdensome rule-following rather than basic attention to relationships and awareness of others’ interests, or (3) in specific flawed ideas, such as the concept of sovereignty, which allows political institutions to override individual consciences, or the concept of individual “rights,” which encourages individuals to see themselves as more fully separate from others than they are. Or, finally, (4) the problem could primarily be one of dangerous double standards, in which colonizing populations refused to allow Indigenous peoples the same treatment they wanted for themselves. Locating the social dangers of Western philosophical approaches at one stage of inclusiveness rather than another leads to divergent analyses of the roots of colonialism and different ways of responding to it in the present.
Indigenous Representation and Political Parties in Canada and Latin America
Authors: Rice Roberta 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Indigenous movements in Canada and Latin America have adopted contrasting stances in relation to electoral politics. Whereas Indigenous peoples in Latin America have generally made demands on the state through electoral and legislative means, Aboriginal peoples in Canada have tended to reject the electoral process, relying instead on the courts and legal system to press their demands. What explains the variation in Indigenous movement strategies in Canada and Latin America? How effective have the respective strategies been in reintroducing the Indigenous Question into national political debates? This chapter explores the common challenges and pitfalls associated with electoral participation for Indigenous peoples. The chapter contrasts the experiences of Aboriginal peoples in Canada with their counterparts in Ecuador and Bolivia, home to Latin America’s most nationally successful Indigenous-based parties to date. The central argument of the study is that institutional rules and arrangements create incentives for social actors to work from within or outside of the formal political system. Permissive institutional environments, such as the proportional representation systems in Ecuador and Bolivia, create ample opportunities for Indigenous groups to form their own political parties and contest elections. Canada’s “first past the post” electoral system raises significant barriers to new party formation and minority representation. In Ecuador and Bolivia, Indigenous movements entered into mainstream politics in the mid-1990s after electoral reforms created a more favorable set of institutional opportunities. In Canada, voting system reform campaigns have largely been unsuccessful. The chapter also suggests that in areas where Indigenous groups tend to be more isolated or remote from the state and the dominant society, such as the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador and Bolivia and portions of northern Canada, Indigenous peoples are more likely to engage in electoral politics. In such cases, electoral participation serves as a means for excluded groups to gain a political foothold, advance Indigenous agendas, and obtain resources for community development.
The Rise of the Organic Foods Movement as a Transnational Phenomenon
Authors: Larsson Tomas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the rise of the organic foods movement to a position of power and influence around the world. The movement’s rise is attributed to the efficacy of “organic” as a mobilizing frame for a social movement, as well as to the institutional opportunities offered by states and international organizations. The article also discusses the organic foods movement as a model for other social movements seeking to attain transnational status.
Food Security, Productivity, and Gender Inequality
Authors: Agarwal Bina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between gender inequality and food security, with a particular focus on women as food producers, consumers, and family food managers. The discussion is set against the backdrop of rising and volatile food prices, the vulnerabilities created by regional concentrations of food production, imports and exports, the feminization of agriculture, and the projected effect of climate change on crop yields. The chapter outlines the constraints women face as farmers, in terms of their access to land, credit, production inputs, technology, and markets. It argues that there is substantial potential for increasing agricultural output by helping women farmers overcome these production constraints and so bridging the productivity differentials between them and male farmers. This becomes even more of an imperative, given the feminization of agriculture. The chapter spells out the mechanisms, especially institutional, for overcoming the constraints and the inequalities women face as producers, consumers, and home food managers. Institutionally, a group approach to farming could, for instance, enable women and other small holders to enhance their access to land and inputs, benefit from economies of scale, and increase their bargaining power. Other innovative solutions discussed here include the creation of Public Land Banks that would empower the smallholder, and the establishment of agricultural resource centers that would cater especially to small-scale women farmers.
The Hardest Case
Authors: Paarlberg Robert L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the worsening food crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses how food production has failed to keep pace with population growth, partly due to low farm productivity. Because most Africans are farmers, lagging production per capita translates into little or no rural income growth, and hence little or no increase in the capacity to purchase food. Decades of lagging farm productivity have resulted in a doubling of the number of Africans living in extreme poverty, from 150 million in 1980 to approximately 300 million in 2013. The analysis then turns to the reasons behind the government’s failure to boost farm productivity. The article also considers the potential solutions to the current food and farming crisis.
The Poor, Malnutrition, Biofortification, and Biotechnology
Authors: Stein Alexander J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWhile less apparent than outright hunger or obesity, the lack of essential vitamins and minerals in people’s diets is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease. Current interventions, such as supplementation or fortification, are being implemented with varying success, but—while important—overall progress in the fight against micronutrient malnutrition has been limited. Biofortification, the breeding of crops for higher contents of vitamins and minerals, is a new approach to complement existing interventions. This chapter gives an overview of the problem of micronutrient malnutrition and how it is measured; it briefly discusses current micronutrient interventions, and then presents the reasoning behind biofortification before it examines the feasibility of biofortifying crops and summarizes studies on their potential impact and economic justification. After listing current biofortification programs, the chapter looks into the political controversy surrounding genetic engineering in agriculture and how it relates to biofortification; it then concludes with an assessment of the current status of biofortification and its potential.
Agroecological Intensification of Smallholder Farming
Authors: Nelson Rebecca , Coe Richard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe smallholder farmers who cultivate many of the planet’s diverse production systems are faced with numerous challenges, including poverty, shrinking farm sizes, degrading natural resources, and climate variability and change. Efforts to improve the performance of smallholder farming systems focus on improving access to input and output markets, improving farm resource use efficiency, and improving resources invested in smallholder farming. In order to support market-oriented production and self-provisioning, there is a need for greater focus on agroecological intensification (AEI) of smallholder production systems. This chapter provides an overview of some of the research frontiers supporting AEI. Market-oriented and agroecological approaches may or may not conflict, and more effort should be made to ensure that they are mutually reinforcing. To be reliable, value chains must be founded on sound production ecology. Agroecological options may be limited if farmers cannot participate in markets that support investment in the intensification and diversification of these systems. Because options must be adapted to farmers’ heterogeneous and dynamic contexts, successful AEI will require that specifics be optimized locally. Researchers must therefore understand and communicate relevant agroecological principles, and farmers and intermediaries must develop their capacity to adapt the principles to local needs and realities.
The Politics of Grocery Shopping
Authors: Johnston Josée , MacKendrick Norah 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines key debates about consumption and food system reform. It begins with a brief overview of the history and characteristics of consumer food politics. It then introduces a typology of consumer food politics in order to examine the different meanings consumers attach to food politics. It considers the “eco-shopping” perspective, which views political food shopping as an opportunity to replace conventional commodities with options that seem less harmful for people, animals, and the environment. This is followed by a discussion of the limits of eco-shopping.
Food Price and Trade Policy Biases
Authors: Anderson Kym 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article demonstrates how governments have distorted food markets in high-income countries, primarily through ineffective trade policies. It begins by reviewing theories on agriculture’s perceived role in development. It then considers a recent World Bank study, which presents evidence of price-distorting policies in both high-income and developing countries. Next, it discusses the contribution of agriculture to the current global welfare cost of distortions to farm and nonfarm goods markets, and the impact of those distortionary policies on income inequality and poverty. The article concludes by assessing the policy implications of the study’s empirical findings.
The Social Vision of the Alternative Food Movement
Authors: Shome Siddhartha 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the social vision and ideology of the alternative food movement. The movement is based on a vision of American pastoralism, which is accompanied by an ideology of limits and a deep suspicion of scientific and technological progress. It also rests on a vision of heroic Third World peasants, who are depicted as living lives close to nature and to God. The article begins by considering the ideas of Wendell Berry, one of the founders of the movement. It then turns to the views of Indian environmentalist and food activist Vandana Shiva, who is also one of the strongest proponents of the vision of heroic Third World peasants. This is followed by a discussion of the alternative food movement’s environmental vision, which is contrasted with that of two prominent American environmentalists. Finally, the analysis moves on to India, where the underlying ideology shaping the alternative food movement has long found expression in the broader political discourse. The ideas of two prominent Indian thinkers—Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. (Babasaheb) Ambedkar— are presented.
Alternative Paths to Food Security
Authors: Uphoff Norman 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines an agroecological approach to agricultural development called the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). SRI can boost paddy yields by 50 to 100 percent using less inputs of seed, water, fertilizer, and labor. The article first considers the opportunities offered by SRI methods compared to current agricultural practices. It then looks at the effects of agroecological management with other crops and the dynamics of an agroecological innovation. The concluding section discusses broader implications for politics and society.
Wild Foods
Authors: Bharucha Zareen Pervez , Pretty Jules 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the role of wild foods in food security. It discusses the continuum between “wild” and domesticated food; the management of nonagricultural environments; the nutritional and economic value of wild foods and the drivers of change in wild food availability and use. It argues that the emphasis on the contributions of cultivated species to food security has downplayed the importance of wild food species, which form a large part of the total food basket for households from agricultural, hunter, gatherer, and forager systems.
Delivering Food Subsidy
Authors: Kotwal Ashok , Ramaswami Bharat 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article begins by tracing the development of the Indian model of food distribution. Food subsidies in India are delivered through the public distribution system, consisting of a network of retail outlets through which the government sells grain. The discussions then turn to the outcomes and the performance of the distribution system, food security legislation, the rights approach to food security, debates over food security legislation, lessons from social assistance programs across the world, and political opposition to cash transfers.
Thinking the African Food Crisis
Authors: Watts Michael J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis chapter reviews food security in the West African Sahel, exploring the question of why, since the great drought-famines, of the late 1960s and early 1970s, food security and vulnerability to both climatic and market perturbations have not substantially improved and in some respects has deteriorated. Using my book Silent Violence, which was published in 1983, I revisit and review theories of famine and food security as they have been developed in and around African development. Using a village study in northern Nigeria, I argue that the precariousness of rural life can be explained by the shifting political economy of Nigeria and the forms of rural differentiation and inequality associated with, in the Nigerian case, the emergence of oil as the economic backbone of the country. While Nigeria as a petrostate is a special case, the dynamics at work point to general conditions prevailing across the West African Sahel. Since the 1970s there have been important shifts in policy regarding food and famine, and the ruling orthodoxy is now building resilience through the combination of traditional adaptability and decentralized forms of market integration. I investigate the origins and consequences of this approach and whether it can address the looming problems of global climate change.
Biofuels
Authors: Pimentel David , Burgess Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA rapidly growing world population and an even more rapidly growing consumption of fossil fuels are increasing demand for both food and biofuels, which will exaggerate both the food and fuel shortages around the world. Producing biofuels requires huge amounts of both fossil energy and food resources, which will intensify conflicts over these resources. Using food crops to produce ethanol raises major nutritional and ethical concerns. More than 66% of the world human population is currently malnourished, so the need for grains and other basic foods is critical. Growing crops for fuel squanders land, water, and energy resources vital for the production of food for people. Using food and feed crops for ethanol production has brought increases in the prices of US beef, chicken, pork, eggs, breads, cereals, and milk of 10% to 20%. In addition, Jacques Diouf, Director General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that using food grains to produce biofuels is already causing food shortages for the poor of the world. Growing crops for biofuel ignores the need to reduce natural resource consumption and exacerbates the problem of malnourishment worldwide by turning food grain into biofuel.