bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music as a framework to better understand Lean leadership
Authors: Emiliani M.L. , Emiliani Michael 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain why most senior managers have great difficulty comprehending and correctly practising the Lean management system, thereby handicapping their ability to lead enterprise‐wide Lean transformations; to describe the depth and richness of relationships between the Lean management system and music; to help improve practitioners’ understanding of Lean management and how to learn it; and to help senior managers recognize the need to personally apply Lean principles and practices daily to become capable Lean leaders.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a qualitative examination of various characteristics of the Lean management system and music, based in part on the authors’ experience implementing Lean in manufacturing and service businesses, and also in learning to play music over a nine‐year period.FindingsThe Lean management system and music share numerous similarities, including the difficulty most people encounter learning each discipline. The paper highlights the importance of daily practice by senior managers to learn and understand Lean management in order to capably lead enterprise‐wide Lean transformations, and to recognize and correct problems in Lean thinking and practice among themselves and others.Research limitations/implicationsElucidation of the deep similarities between Lean and music does not answer the fundamental question of how to increase the number of senior managers who are interested in becoming capable Lean leaders.Practical implicationsThe paper provides an answer to the question of why it is so difficult for senior managers, and others, to correctly understand and practise the Lean management system. It clarifies the deep level of personal understanding, leadership involvement, and daily routines required to have greater success with Lean management.Social implicationsManagement practitioners who improve their understanding of Lean leadership will avoid common errors that undermine leadership credibility and morale among followers, and which impair the achievement of successful Lean transformations.Originality/valueThe paper presents a novel approach to understanding the Lean management system by using music as the framework. It shows how effective Lean leadership is more the result of daily practice than it is of the personal attributes normally associated with capable leadership. The deep similarities between Lean management and music have not been previously described in the literature.
Implementation of the continuous auditing system in the ERP‐based environment
Authors: Shin Il‐hang , Lee Myung‐gun , Park Woojin 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the continuous auditing system based on continuous monitoring and its implementation methodology; also to present a systematic case study of actual continuous auditing systems implemented in the financial industry and the manufacturing industry.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the method of implementing the continuous auditing system in the enterprise resource planning (ERP) environment, and suggests how the continuous auditing system can take firm root by looking at the successful introduction of the continuous auditing system in the financial industry and the manufacturing industry.FindingsThe proposed method of implementing the continuous auditing system has the 2stage approaches which can be applied to various kinds of companies in the ERP‐based environment. In addition, the proposed cases have the important practical implications acquired in the process of implementing the continuous auditing system in the financial industry and the manufacturing industry.Practical implicationsThis study will help many corporations facing various types of corruption or circumvention of internal control, with their internal auditing, by showing them how to use the continuous auditing system to reinforce internal control. Also, it will make the independent auditor understand audited company's continuous monitoring system and lead to use the infrastructure for efficient and effective external auditing.Originality/valueThe proposed method and cases of implementing the continuous auditing system offer an innovative approach to auditing in the ERP‐based environment because it facilitates both internal auditor and external auditor to achieve the audit objectives efficiently and effectively.
Optimization of the reflow soldering process with multiple quality characteristics in ball grid array packaging by using the grey‐based Taguchi method
Authors: Lau Chun‐Sean , Abdullah M.Z. , Khor C.Y. 
Published: June 2013

PurposeReflow soldering is one of the most significant factors in determining solder joint defect rate. This study aims to introduce an innovative approach for optimizing the multiple performances of the reflow soldering process.Design/methodology/approachThis study aims to minimize the solder joint defect rate of a ball grid array (BGA) package by using the grey‐based Taguchi method. The entropy measurement method was employed together with the grey‐based Taguchi method to compute for the weights of each quality characteristic. The Taguchi L18 orthogonal array was performed, and the optimal parameter settings were determined. Various factors, such as slope, temperature, and reflow profile time, as well as two extreme noise factors, were considered. The thermal stress, peak temperature, reflow time, board‐ and package‐level temperature uniformity were selected as the quality characteristics. These quality characteristics were determined using the numerical method. The numerical method comprises the internal computational flow that models the reflow oven coupled with the structural heating and cooling models of the BGA assembly. The Multi‐physics Code Coupling Interface was used as the coupling software.FindingsThe analysis of variance results reveals that the cooling slope was the most influential factor among the multiple quality characteristics, followed by the soaking temperature and the peak temperature. Experimental confirmation test results show that the performance characteristics improved significantly during the reflow soldering process.Practical implicationsThe proposed approach greatly reduces solder joint defects and enhances solutions to lead‐free reliability issues in the electronics manufacturing industry.Originality/valueThe findings provide new guidelines to the optimization method which are very useful for the accurate control of the solder joint defect rate within components and printed circuit board (PCB) which is one of the major requirements to achieve high reliability of electronic assemblies.
Leaf form and photosynthetic physiology of Dryopteris species distributed along light gradients in eastern North America
Authors: Sessa Emily B. , Givnish Thomas J. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Despite the ubiquity of ferns and at least tacit recognition by botanists that their physiology is unique among land plants, most studies on fern physiology have focused on only a few, locally distributed, usually distantly related species. No previous study has attempted to examine physiological adaptations in a group of widespread taxa that are closely related and whose relationships are well understood. Here we report leaf form and physiological measures for such a group, the 11 eastern North American species of Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae), and examine differences in these parameters for evidence of adaptation to light availability.

Economic theory predicts that species from sunnier habitats should have narrower, more steeply inclined leaves, lower specific leaf area, higher stomatal density, higher rates of maximum photosynthesis, respiration and stomatal conductance, and require more light to saturate photosynthesis. Species should show adaptive crossover in net carbon uptake per unit leaf mass, with a relative advantage by sun‐associated species at high photon flux densities (PFDs) and by shade‐associated species at low PFDs.

Field studies allow us to begin characterizing the range of native light environments occupied by members of this group, and to examine interspecific variation in several aspects of leaf form and photosynthetic light response for evidence of adaption to light availability. We also present a novel means for incorporating phylogeny in tests of correlated evolution in a reticulate lineage.

Synthesis. Observed trends in physiology and morphology generally agree with qualitative predictions but are often not statistically significant. We found no support for adaptive crossover in mass‐based carbon uptake, and thus for light availability being the most important variable driving morphological and physiological adaptation in these ferns. We propose that hydraulic factors related to water balance may have played a larger role in determining their morphological and physiological variation. Allopolyploid hybrids did not show transgression in any physiological parameter that may have allowed them to coexist regionally with their parents. The results of our phylogenetically structured analyses highlight the importance of incorporating phylogeny into comparative studies, particularly when hybrid or polyploid taxa are present.
A genetics‐based Universal Community Transfer Function for predicting the impacts of climate change on future communities
Authors: Ikeda Dana H. , Bothwell Helen M. , Lau Matthew K. , O'Neill Gregory A. , Grady Kevin C. , Whitham Thomas G. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Although the genetics of foundation plant species is known to be important drivers of biodiversity and community structure, and climate change is known to have ecological and evolutionary consequences for plants, no studies have integrated these concepts. Here we examine how their combined effects are likely to affect the diversity of future communities.

We draw on several complimentary fields (community ecology, landscape genetics and biogeography) to model how climate change will alter productivity of foundation plant species and their associated communities. We focus on three issues: (i) genetic variation of foundation species influences community diversity; (ii) gene‐by‐environment interactions define associated communities; and (iii) relationships between productivity and species diversity follow predictable patterns.

For many foundation species, responses to climate are population specific because populations are often genetically differentiated and locally adapted. Thus, biological models that examine the effects of climate change on species distribution, forest productivity, community structure or function, should incorporate population effects. Our genetics‐based Universal Community Transfer Function (UCTF) provides a method to integrate climate‐based population differences into community diversity models.

Several major findings emerged: (i) using the UCTF, we found that genetics‐based differences between populations play an important role in defining future communities. (ii) The shape of the productivity/diversity relationship (e.g. humpbacked versus linear) dramatically affects future communities making it essential to quantify this relationship. (iii) Climate change will impact the community differently at leading, continuous and rear edges of a species' distribution, but diversity at the rear edge will suffer most.

Genetics‐based approaches are important to understand the ecological and evolutionary consequences of climate change on future communities and ecosystems. Such modelling can assist in identifying populations of foundation species of special value based on their sensitivity to climate change, future biodiversity and potential to support high biodiversity with assisted migration.
REVIEW: Charcoal function and management in boreal ecosystems
Authors: Hart Stephen , Luckai Nancy 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Charcoal plays an important role in soil function and carbon storage in fire‐prone ecosystems. Charcoal is present in most boreal forest soils as a result of naturally recurring wildfires, which convert 0·7–2% of biomass to charcoal. In boreal forests, charcoal represents 8–10% of soil carbon and 1 pg of carbon globally.

Charcoal is resistant to decay, representing a form of super‐passive carbon, with half‐lives one to two orders of magnitude greater than those of other soil organic matter. High concentrations of negative surface charges increase nutrient retention, impacting boreal soil function, productivity and species composition.

Due to a lack of soil mixing processes, charcoal in boreal soils is vulnerable to recombustion in recurring fires, inhibiting the accumulation of charcoal over time, unlike in other fire‐prone ecosystems.

Boreal charcoal stocks are highly variable. Increased fire intensity results in greater charcoal formation, with stand‐replacing crown fires resulting in much larger charcoal stocks than non‐stand‐replacing ground fires. Current estimates of carbon storage based on Scandinavian studies of non‐stand‐replacing fires may underestimate charcoal stocks by factors of 2–3.

Synthesis and applications. Charcoal contributes to boreal soil function, ecosystem productivity, nutrient retention and carbon cycling. In the absence of fire, charcoal loses many active properties, contributing to declining productivity with increasing time since fire. Incorporation of charcoal into ecosystem management using prescribed burns may contribute to sustainable management of boreal forests and maintaining global carbon cycles.
Freshwater bacterial lifestyles inferred from comparative genomics
Authors: Livermore Joshua A. , Emrich Scott J. , Tan John , Jones Stuart E. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWhile micro‐organisms actively mediate and participate in freshwater ecosystem services, we know little about freshwater microbial genetic diversity. Genome sequences are available for many bacteria from the human microbiome and the ocean (over 800 and 200, respectively), but only two freshwater genomes are currently available: the streamlined genomes of Polynucleobacter necessarius ssp. asymbioticus and the Actinobacterium AcI‐B1. Here, we sequenced and analysed draft genomes of eight phylogentically diverse freshwater bacteria exhibiting a range of lifestyle characteristics. Comparative genomics of these bacteria reveals putative freshwater bacterial lifestyles based on differences in predicted growth rate, capability to respond to environmental stimuli and diversity of useable carbon substrates. Our conceptual model based on these genomic characteristics provides a foundation on which further ecophysiological and genomic studies can be built. In addition, these genomes greatly expand the diversity of existing genomic context for future studies on the ecology and genetics of freshwater bacteria.
Contrasting diversity of phycodnavirus signature genes in two large and deep western European lakes
Authors: Zhong Xu , Jacquet Stéphan 
Published: June 2013

SummaryLittle is known about Phycodnavirus (or double‐stranded DNA algal virus) diversity in aquatic ecosystems, and virtually, no information has been provided for European lakes. We therefore conducted a 1‐year survey of the surface waters of France's two largest lakes, Annecy and Bourget, which are characterized by different trophic states and phytoplanktonic communities. We found complementary and contrasting diversity of phycodnavirus in the lakes based on two genetic markers, the B family DNA polymerase‐encoding gene (polB) and the major capsid protein‐encoding gene (mcp). These two core genes have already been used, albeit separately, to infer phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity among members of the phycodnavirus family and to determine the occurrence and diversity of these genes in natural viral communities. While polB yielded prasinovirus‐like sequences, the mcp primers yielded sequences for prasinoviruses, chloroviruses, prymnesioviruses and other groups not known from available databases. There was no significant difference in phycodnavirus populations between the two lakes when the sequences were pooled over the full year of investigation. By comparing Lakes Annecy and Bourget with data for other aquatic environments around the world, we show that these alpine lakes are clearly distinct from both other freshwater ecosystems (lakes and rivers) and marine environments, suggesting the influence of unique biogeographic factors.
Shared and distinct functions of two Gti1/Pac2 family proteins in growth, morphogenesis and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Chen Yue , Zhai Su , Zhang Haifeng , Zuo Rongfang , Wang Jiamei , Guo Min , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Ping , Zhang Zhengguang 
Published: June 2013

SummaryGti1/Pac2 are conserved family proteins that regulate morphogenic transition in yeasts such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans, and they also control toxin production and pathogenicity in filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum. To test the functions of Gti1/Pac2 paralogues MoGti1 and MoPac2 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we generated respective ΔMogti1 and ΔMopac2 mutant strains. We found that MoGti1 and MoPac2 exhibit shared and distinct roles in hyphal growth, conidiation, sexual reproduction, stress responses, surface hydrophobility, invasive hyphal growth and pathogenicity. Consistent with the putative conserved function of MoGti1, we showed that MoGti1‐GFP is localized to the nucleus, whereas MoPac2‐GFP is mainly found in the cytoplasm. In addition, we provided evidence that the nuclear localization of MoGti1 could be subject to regulation by MoPmk1 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. Moreover, we found that the reduced pathogenicity in the ΔMopac2 mutant corresponds with an increased expression of plant defence genes, including PR1a, AOS2, LOX1, PAD4, and CHT1. Taken together, our studies provide a comprehensive analysis of two similar but distinct Gti1/Pac2 family proteins in M. oryzae, which underlines the important yet conserved functions of these family proteins in plant pathogenic fungi.
Nursing Home Quality and Financial Performance: Does the Racial Composition of Residents Matter?
Authors: Chisholm Latarsha , Weech‐Maldonado Robert , Laberge Alex , Lin Feng‐Chang , Hyer Kathryn 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of the racial composition of residents on nursing homes’ financial and quality performance. The study examined Medicare and Medicaid‐certified nursing homes across the United States that submitted Medicare cost reports between the years 1999 and 2004 (11,472 average per year).Data SourceData were obtained from the Minimum Data Set, the On‐Line Survey Certification and Reporting, Medicare Cost Reports, and the Area Resource File.Study DesignPanel data regression with random intercepts and negative binomial regression were conducted with state and year fixed effects.Principal FindingsFinancial and quality performance differed between nursing homes with high proportions of black residents and nursing homes with no or medium proportions of black residents. Nursing homes with no black residents had higher revenues and higher operating margins and total profit margins and they exhibited better processes and outcomes than nursing homes with high proportions of black residents.ConclusionNursing homes’ financial viability and quality of care are influenced by the racial composition of residents. Policy makers should consider initiatives to improve both the financial and quality performance of nursing homes serving predominantly black residents.
The Pseudomonas putida HskA hybrid sensor kinase responds to redox signals and contributes to the adaptation of the electron transport chain composition in response to oxygen availability
Authors: Sevilla Emma , Alvarez‐Ortega Carolina , Krell Tino , Rojo Fernando 
Published: June 2013

SummaryPseudomonas putida has a branched aerobic electron transport that includes five terminal oxidases, each of which has different properties. The relative expression of each oxidase is carefully regulated to assemble the most suitable electron transport chain for the prevailing conditions. The HskA hybrid sensor kinase participates in this control, but the signals to which HskA responds were unknown. Here, the influence of HskA on the mRNA abundance of genes coding for all terminal oxidases and for the bc1 complex was analysed in cells growing under controlled aerobic, semiaerobic or microaerobic conditions. The results indicate that the influence of HskA on the expression of each terminal oxidase and the bc1 complex varies depending on oxygen availability. This effect was more pronounced under aerobic or semiaerobic conditions, but decreased under microaerobic conditions. The expression of hskA was regulated by oxygen availability. We show that HskA autophosphorylation is inhibited by ubiquinone but not by ubiquinol, its reduced derivative. This suggests that HskA could sense the oxidation state of the respiratory ubiquinones, which may be a key factor in HskA activity. Inactivation of hskA reduced growth rate and oxygen consumption, stressing the importance of HskA for the assembly of an efficient electron transport chain.
In situ interactions between photosynthetic picoeukaryotes and bacterioplankton in the Atlantic Ocean: evidence for mixotrophy
Authors: Hartmann Manuela , Zubkov Mikhail V. , Scanlan Dave J. , Lepère Cécile 
Published: June 2013

SummaryHeterotrophic bacterioplankton, cyanobacteria and phototrophic picoeukaryotes (< 5 μm in size) numerically dominate planktonic oceanic communities. While feeding on bacterioplankton is often attributed to aplastidic protists, recent evidence suggests that phototrophic picoeukaryotes could be important bacterivores. Here, we present direct visual evidence from the surface mixed layer of the Atlantic Ocean that bacterioplankton are internalized by phototrophic picoeukaryotes. In situ interactions of phototrophic picoeukaryotes and bacterioplankton (specifically Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria and the SAR11 clade) were investigated using a combination of flow cytometric cell sorting and dual tyramide signal amplification fluorescence in situ hybridization. Using this method, we observed plastidic Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae cells containing Prochlorococcus, and to a lesser extent SAR11 cells. These microscopic observations of in situ microbial trophic interactions demonstrate the frequency and likely selectivity of phototrophic picoeukaryote bacterivory in the surface mixed layer of both the North and South Atlantic subtropical gyres and adjacent equatorial region, broadening our views on the ecological role of the smallest oceanic plastidic protists.
A Dual‐Process Motivational Model of Social and Economic Policy Attitudes
Authors: Perry Ryan , Sibley Chris G. 
Published: June 2013

The dual process model (DPM) of ideology and prejudice suggests that right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) should differentially predict support for social versus economic policies. We test a differential prediction hypothesis in which support for social policies should be predicted by RWA, and support for economic policies should be predicted by SDO. We further test a dual mediation hypothesis suggesting that RWA and SDO differentially mediate the indirect effects of distinct combinations of personality traits and social worldviews on these policy attitudes. The hypothesized model provided a reasonable fit in a large New Zealand sample (N = 6,886). Policy attitudes thus consist of at least two dimensions: social versus economic. Individual differences in these attitudes are differentially predicted by RWA and SDO—in much the same way as generalized intergroup attitudes and prejudice.