bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting Insect Pollinator Declines on Regional and Global Scales
Authors: Lebuhn Gretchen , Droege Sam , Connor Edward F. , Gemmill‐Herren Barbara , Potts Simon G. , Minckley Robert L. , Griswold Terry , Jean Robert , Kula Emanuel , Roubik David W. , Cane Jim , Wright Karen W. , Frankie Gordon , Parker Frank 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRecently there has been considerable concern about declines in bee communities in agricultural and natural habitats. The value of pollination to agriculture, provided primarily by bees, is >$200 billion/year worldwide, and in natural ecosystems it is thought to be even greater. However, no monitoring program exists to accurately detect declines in abundance of insect pollinators; thus, it is difficult to quantify the status of bee communities or estimate the extent of declines. We used data from 11 multiyear studies of bee communities to devise a program to monitor pollinators at regional, national, or international scales. In these studies, 7 different methods for sampling bees were used and bees were sampled on 3 different continents. We estimated that a monitoring program with 200–250 sampling locations each sampled twice over 5 years would provide sufficient power to detect small (2–5%) annual declines in the number of species and in total abundance and would cost U.S.$2,000,000. To detect declines as small as 1% annually over the same period would require >300 sampling locations. Given the role of pollinators in food security and ecosystem function, we recommend establishment of integrated regional and international monitoring programs to detect changes in pollinator communities.Detección de Declinaciones de Insectos Polinizadores a Escalas Regional y Global
Femoral Prosthesis Version Angle Calculation from a Sagittal Plane Radiographic Projection of the Femur
Authors: Bausman Jerrold A. , Wendelburg Kirk L. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate a technique for determination of femoral prosthesis version using a mediolateral radiographic projection of the sagittal plane of the implanted femur.Study DesignIn vitroradiographic study.MethodsFemoral prostheses from BioMedtrics (cemented [CFX™] and biologic fixation [BFX™]), and Kyon uncemented were secured in prepared Sawbones® at various angles of version. Axial and mediolateral radiographs of the implanted femurs were taken at each angle of version. Angles of version were determined by direct measurement from the axial view, and then calculated from measurements made on the lateral view by 2 separate observers blinded to the axial measurement. Accuracy of the technique was evaluated individually for each observer using regression analysis. Inter‐observer mean values were assessed with a paired t‐test, and the within and between operator error was evaluated using percent coefficient of variance (%CV).ResultsThere was no significant difference between the directly measured prosthesis version and the calculated prosthesis version (P> .05). There was no significant difference between the mean measured inclination angle (MIA) measured by each observer (P= .204). Mean version angles measured were accurate at all version angles for both observers; %CV < 15%.ConclusionFemoral prosthesis version angles can be accurately determined using this technique.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ruptured Spinal Dermoid Tumors with Spread of Fatty Droplets in the Central Spinal Canal and/or Spinal Subarachnoidal Space
Authors: Zhang Yong , Cheng Jing‐liang , Zhang Lan , Bai Jie , Wang Juan , Li Hua‐li , Yang Yun‐jun 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of ruptured spinal dermoid tumors with spread of lipid droplets in the central spinal canal and/or spinal subarachnoid space and to understand the underlying mechanism.METHODSThe MRI features of 12‐ruptured spinal dermoid tumors were retrospectively analyzed. A literature review was performed to analyze the reported cases of ruptured spinal dermoid tumors along with our cases.RESULTSThe locations of dermoids in our series are all at or bellow T12 level. Of the 12 cases, 10 ruptured into the central spinal canal, 1 ruptured into the central spinal canal as well as the subarachnoid space, and 1 ruptured into subarachnoid space only. Free lipid droplets exhibited hyperintensity on T1 weighted images, hypointensity on T2 weighted images, and low signal on fat‐suppression sequence.CONCLUSIONSpinal dermoid tumors ruptured into central spinal canal and/or spinal subarachnoid space have unique MRI features. The absorption of lipid droplets within central spinal canal is rather difficult, and their movement is extremely slow. We propose that fatty components within the central canal of spinal cord may be partially associated with spinal dermoid tumors developmentally.
Evaluation of wound healing activity of ferulic acid in diabetic rats
Authors: Ghaisas Mahesh M , Kshirsagar Shashank B , Sahane Rajkumari S 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn diabetic patients, there is impairment in angiogenesis, neovascularisation and failure in matrix metalloproteineases (MMPs), keratinocyte and fibroblast functions, which affects wound healing mechanism. Hence, diabetic patients are more prone to infections and ulcers, which finally result in gangrene. Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, rice bran and sweet corn. In this study, wound healing activity of FA was evaluated in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats using excision wound model. FA‐treated wounds were found to epithelise faster as compared with diabetic wound control group. The hydroxyproline and hexosamine content increased significantly when compared with diabetic wound control. FA effectively inhibited the lipid peroxidation and elevated the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and nitric oxide levels along with the increase in the serum zinc and copper levels probably aiding the wound healing process. Hence, the results indicate that FA significantly promotes wound healing in diabetic rats.
International Paediatric Stroke Study: Stroke Associated with Cardiac Disorders
Authors: Dowling Michael M. , Hynan Linda S. , Lo Warren , Licht Daniel J. , McClure Chalmer , Yager Jerome Y. , Dlamini Nomazulu , Kirkham Fenella J. , deVeber Gabrielle , Pavlakis Steve ,   for the International Paediatric Stroke Study Group
Published: December 2012

Background and hypothesis The aetiologies of arterial ischaemic stroke in children are diverse and often multifactorial. A large proportion occurs in children with cardiac disorders. We hypothesized that the clinical and radiographic features of children with arterial ischaemic stroke attributed to cardiac disorders would differ from those with other causes. Methods Using the large population collected in the prospective International Paediatric Stroke Study, we analysed the characteristics, clinical presentations, imaging findings, and early outcomes of children with and without cardiac disorders. Results Aetiological data were available for 667 children with arterial ischaemic stroke (ages 29 days to 19 years). Cardiac disorders were indentified in 204/667 (30·6%), congenital defects in 121/204 (59·3%), acquired in 40/204 (19·6%), and isolated patent foramen ovale in 31/204 (15·2%). Compared to other children with stroke, those with cardiac disorders were younger (median age 3·1 vs. 6·5 years; P < 0·001) and less likely to present with headache (25·6% vs. 44·6%; P < 0·001), but were similar in terms of gender and presentation with focal deficits, seizures, or recent infection. Analysis of imaging data identified significant differences ( P = 0·005) in the vascular distribution (anterior vs. posterior circulation or both) between groups. Bilateral strokes and haemorrhagic conversion were more prevalent in the cardiac disorders group. Conclusions Cardiac disorders were identified in almost one-third of children with arterial ischaemic stroke. They had similar clinical presentations to those without cardiac disorders but differed in age and headache prevalence. Children with cardiac disorders more frequently had a ‘cardioembolic stroke pattern’ with a higher prevalence of bilateral strokes in both the anterior and posterior circulations, and a greater tendency to haemorrhagic transformation.
Improved Survival of Patients with Warfarin-Associated Intracerebral Haemorrhage: A Retrospective Longitudinal Population-Based Study
Authors: Huhtakangas Juha , Tetri Sami , Juvela Seppo , Saloheimo Pertti , Bode Michaela K , Karttunen Vesa , Käräjämäki Anni , Hillbom Matti 
Published: December 2012

Background Warfarin-associated intracerebral haemorrhage carries poor outcome due to rapid haemorrhage growth. Reversal of warfarin anticoagulation with prothrombin complex concentrate has been implemented as an acute treatment option for these subjects. Aim We investigated whether survival of subjects with warfarin-associated intracerebral haemorrhage had improved after implementation of reversal of warfarin anticoagulation with prothrombin complex concentrate. Methods We identified all subjects with warfarin-associated intracerebral haemorrhage during 1993–2008 among the population of Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. From 2004 onwards, prothrombin complex concentrate was used in Oulu University Hospital, the only hospital treating intracerebral haemorrhage subjects in the region, to counteract the effect of warfarin in subjects with warfarin-associated intracerebral haemorrhage. We compared the outcomes of subjects admitted during 1993–2003 and 2004–2008 and those treated and not treated with prothrombin complex concentrate. We also explored the predictors for one-year survival of the warfarin-associated intracerebral haemorrhage subjects. Results We identified altogether 181 subjects who had intracerebral haemorrhage while on warfarin. One-year survival was significantly ( P = 0·031) higher for the 60 subjects admitted during 2004–2008 (43·3%) than for the 121 admitted before 2004 (30·6%). In multivariable analysis, prothrombin complex concentrate treatment reduced one-year case fatality (hazard ratio 0·52, 95% confidence interval 0·29–0·93). Thromboembolic complications did not occur more frequently among those treated with prothrombin complex concentrate. Conclusion The survival of warfarin-associated intracerebral haemorrhage subjects among the population of Northern Ostrobothnia has improved likely because of introduction of prothrombin complex concentrate.
Social Position and Chronic Conditions across the Life Span and Risk of Stroke: A Life Course Epidemiological Analysis of 22 847 American Adults in Ages over 50
Authors: Liu Longjian , Xue Fuzhong , Ma Jixiang , Ma Marshal , Long Yong , Newschaffer Craig J. 
Published: December 2012

Background Evidence is limited on the impact of childhood socioeconomic status, adulthood socioeconomic status and chronic conditions on risk of incident stroke in later life. We aimed to examine these associations using data from a nationally representative sample of the Health and Retirement Study. Methods Stroke-free participants ( n = 22 847) aged > 50 years in the Health and Retirement Study (1992–2008) were analyzed. Childhood and adulthood socioeconomic status were assessed using parental and participant's education attainments. Incident stroke was defined as self-reported first incident stroke. Results Of the study sample, 2298 subjects experienced first incident stroke (10·06%). Cox's regression models indicate that subjects with low childhood socioeconomic status had 1·36 times higher risk (95% confidence interval: 1·18–1·57) of first incident stroke than those with high childhood socioeconomic status. There was an 8% reduction of this association after adjustment for adulthood socioeconomic status. Adults with diabetes mellitus had the highest hazard ratio (1·91, 95% confidence interval: 1·63–2·23) for incident stroke, followed by heart disease (1·69, 1·48–1·93), and then hypertension (1·56, 1·40–1·75). Significant interaction effect of childhood socioeconomic status and diabetes mellitus, and combined effects of socioeconomic status and chronic conditions on risk of incident stroke were observed. Conclusions Both low socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood socioeconomic status predict the risk of stroke. There are significantly combined effects of socioeconomic status and chronic conditions on the risk of stroke. Improving socioeconomic status across the life span and aggressive control of chronic conditions may play pivotal roles in the prevention of stroke development.
Do Lacunar Strokes Benefit from Thrombolysis? Evidence from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network
Authors: Shobha Nandavar , Fang Jiming , Hill Michael D. 
Published: December 2012

Background Lacunar infarcts constitute up to 25% of all ischaemic strokes. As acute intracranial vascular imaging has become widely available with computed tomographic angiography, thrombolysis of lacunar strokes has become contentious because an intracranial vascular lesion cannot be visualized. We studied the effect of thrombolysis on lacunar strokes compared to other clinical ischaemic stroke sub-types. Methods Ischaemic stroke patients from phase 3 of the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network data (July 2003–March 2008) were included. Lacunar stroke was defined as a lacunar syndrome supported by computed tomography brain showing a subcortical hypodense lesion with a diameter <20 mm. Clinical syndromes were used to define other stroke sub-types. The outcomes were mortality at 90 days, modified Rankin Scale score 0–2 at discharge, occurrence of intracranial haemorrhage as a complication of stroke in-hospital, and discharge disposition to home. Results A total of 11 503 patients of ischaemic stroke were included from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network 3 between July 2003 and March 2008. Lacunar strokes formed 19·1% of the total strokes. The total number of patients who received tissue plasminogen activator was 1630 (14·2%). A significant association was found between tissue plasminogen activator treatment and outcomes after controlling Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project types – for modified Rankin Scale at discharge and discharge to home, but not for mortality. A thrombolysis-by-Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project stroke sub-type interaction was observed due to lack of benefit among the posterior circulation stroke sub-types. Patients with lacunar strokes, partial anterior circulation stroke, and total anterior circulation strokes all benefited approximately equally from thrombolysis. Conclusions Thrombolysis is associated with clinically improved outcome among patients with lacunar stroke syndromes.
Risk Factor Management in Survivors of Stroke: A Double-Blind, Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Thrift Amanda G. , Srikanth Velandai K. , Nelson Mark R. , Kim Joosup , Fitzgerald Sharyn M. , Gerraty Richard P. , Bladin Christopher F. , Phan Thanh G. , Cadilhac Dominique A. 
Published: December 2012

Background Comprehensive community care has the potential to improve risk factor management of patients with stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Aim The primary aim is to determine the effectiveness of an individualized management program on risk factor management for patients discharged from hospital after stroke. Design Multicentre, cluster-randomized, controlled trial, with clusters by general practice. Participants are randomized to receive intervention or control after a baseline assessment undertaken after discharge from hospital. The general practice they attend is marked as an intervention or control accordingly. All subsequent participants attending those practices are automatically assigned as intervention or control. Baseline and all outcome assessments, including an analysis of risk factors, are undertaken by assessors blinded to patient randomization. Intervention Details Based on the results of blinded assessments, the individualized management program group will receive targeted advice on how to manage their risk factors using a standardized, evidence-based template to communicate ‘ideal’ management with their general practitioner. In addition, patients randomized to the individualized management program group will receive counselling and education about stroke risk factor management by an intervention study nurse. Individualized management programs will be reviewed at three-months, six-months, 12 months, and 18 months after stroke, at which times they will be modified if appropriate. Stroke risk management will be evaluated using changes in the Framingham cardiovascular risk score. Analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis using analysis of covariance or generalized linear model to adjust for baseline risk score and other relevant confounding factors.
Television in the bedroom and increased body weight: potential explanations for their relationship among European schoolchildren
Authors: Cameron A. J. , van Stralen M. M. , Brug J. , Salmon J. , Bere E. , ChinAPaw M. J. M. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Jan N. , Manios Y. , Moreno L. A. , Velde S. J. 
Published: December 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
A television in the bedroom is associated with obesity.
Televisions are present in the bedrooms of many children.
Little is known about the mechanisms linking bedroom televisions and body weight in children.

What this study adds
A television in the bedroom was positively associated with television viewing time, soft drink consumption and obesity.
The relationship between a bedroom television and body size was partly mediated by television viewing time but not sleep duration, physical activity time or soft drink consumption.
AimsA television in the bedroom is associated with measures of adiposity. We aimed to test if this association is mediated by any of (i) time spent watching television, (ii) sleep duration, (iii) physical activity level or (iv) consumption of soft drinks.MethodData were from 7234 boys and girls aged 10–12 years in European countries involved in the EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth project (Belgium, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia and Spain). Waist circumference, height and weight were measured. The presence of a bedroom television, television viewing time, sleep duration, physical activity time and soft drink consumption were assessed by standardized questionnaires.ResultsAlmost 40% of schoolchildren had a bedroom television, with the highest percentage among Hungarian children (65%) and lowest for Belgian, Slovenian and Spanish children (all ≈28%). A television in the bedroom was positively associated with time spent watching television, soft drink consumption and overweight and obesity (all P < 0.001). The relationship between a television in the bedroom and measures of body size was partly mediated by total television viewing time (proportion mediated for waist circumference 8.9%; for body mass index 8.3%) but not sleep duration, physical activity time or soft drink consumption.ConclusionThe strong association between a television in the bedroom and adiposity was at least partially mediated by television viewing time. The large proportion of European schoolchildren with a television in their bedroom is of concern. Parents should be aware of the potential consequences when placing a television in a child's bedroom and children should limit viewing time.
Frequency of family meals and childhood overweight: a systematic review
Authors: Valdés J. , Rodríguez‐Artalejo F. , Aguilar L. , Jaén‐Casquero M. B. , Royo‐Bordonada M. Á. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryEnergy balance is influenced by understudied genetic, social and other environmental factors. The frequency of family meals (FFM) may be one of these factors since it is associated with a healthier dietary pattern in children and adolescents. The objective of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence on the association between FFM and the risk of childhood and adolescent overweight. The electronic literature search identified 394 articles published during 2005–2012. Of these, 15 studies gave precise information of the studied association, of which four were longitudinal. We found great variability regarding the measurement of FFM. Six out of 11 cross‐sectional studies and 1 out of 4 longitudinal studies found statistically significant inverse associations between FFM and being overweight, mainly in children, with odds ratios ranging from 0.11 to 0.93. Of those, only one adjusted for all the potential confounding factors considering socio‐demographic, physical activity‐ and diet‐related variables. Therefore, this review found inconsistent and weak evidence of an inverse association between FFM and risk of childhood overweight. In conclusion, further research is needed to establish whether family meals have an effect on childhood overweight. These studies ideally should have longitudinal or experimental designs, a clear and standardized definition of the exposure under study, a measure of the exposure based on direct observation or validated questionnaires and an adequate adjustment for potential confounders.
Low Dielectric Loss and Good Dielectric Thermal Stability of xNd(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3–(1−x)Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 Thin Films Fabricated by Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Sun Xiaohua , Yang Ying , Zhang Qiaoling , Hou Shuang , Huang Caihua , Hu Zongzhi , Zou Jun , Li Meiya , Peng Tianyou , Zhao Xing‐zhong 
Published: December 2012

xNd(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3–(1−x)Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (xNZT–BST) thin films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by sol–gel method with x = 0, 3%, 6%, and 10%. The structures, surface morphology, dielectric and ferroelectric properties, and thermal stability of xNZT–BST thin films were investigated as a function of NZT content. It was observed that the introduction of NZT into BST decreased grain size, dielectric constant, ferroelectricity, tunability, and significantly improved dielectric loss and dielectric thermal stability. The corresponding reasons were discussed. The 10%NZT–BST thin film exhibited the least dielectric loss of 0.005 and the lowest temperature coefficient of permittivity (TCP) of 3.2 × 10−3/°C. In addition, the figure of merit (FOM) of xNZT–BST (x = 3%, 6%, and 10%) films was higher than that of pure BST film. Our results showed that the introduction of appropriate NZT into BST could modify the dielectric quality of BST thin films with good thermal stability. Especially for the 3%NZT–BST thin film, it showed the highest FOM of 33.58 for its appropriate tunability of 32.87% and low dielectric loss of 0.0098.
Strength of Zirconium Diboride to 2300°C
Authors: Neuman Eric W. , Hilmas Gregory E. , Fahrenholtz William G. 
Published: December 2012

The strength of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) ceramics was measured up to 2300°C, which are the first reported measurements above 1500°C since 1970. ZrB2 ceramics were prepared from commercially available powder by hot pressing. A mechanical testing apparatus capable of testing material in the ultra‐high temperature regime with atmosphere control was built, evaluated, and used. Four‐point bend strength was measured as a function of temperature up to 1600°C in air and between 1500°C and 2300°C in argon. Strength between room temperature and 1200°C was ~390 MPa, decreasing to a minimum of ~170 MPa between 1400°C and 1500°C, with strength increasing to ~220 MPa between 1600°C and 2300°C.