bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scenography, Portraiture, and The Rover on the 17th Century English Stage
Authors: Neilson Patrick 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUsing textual evidence, the author explores how contemporary notions about scenographic stage design might be applied to 17th century English theatrical practice. The scenographic use of portraits is examined in brief case studies of John Webster’s The White Devil, the second part of Thomas Heywood’s If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody, and Aphra Behn’s The Rover. Using methodology suggested by Michael McKeon’s analysis of Behn’s Love‐Letters between a Nobleman and his Sister, the author probes some of the evident and coded meanings of the famous portrait scene in Behn’s play.
The Evolution of Intraventricular Vortex during Ejection Studied by Using Vector Flow Mapping
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Liu Liwen , Chen Lulu , Ma Na , Zhou Liping , Liu Ying , Li Zhiguo , Liu Chengguo , Hou Rui , Zhu Suyang 
Published: September 2012

Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the evolution of intraventricular vortex during left ventricular (LV) ejection. Methods: Vector flow mapping was performed in 51 patients with coronary artery disease and LV ejection fraction (EF) >50%, 70 patients with EF <50% (13 with coronary artery disease and 57 with dilated cardiomyopathy), and 62 healthy volunteers. Results: In normals and patients with EF >50%, the intraventricular vortex dissipated quickly during early ejection. In patients with EF <50%, the vortex stayed mainly at apex and persisted for a significantly longer time. The evolution of vortex during ejection was significantly correlated with QRS width, EF, fractional shortening, LV outflow velocity time integral, wall motion score index (WMSI), LV dimensions, left atrial diameter, and diastolic mitral annular velocities. LV end‐diastolic short diameter and WMSI were the independent determinants of the duration of vortex (R2 = 0.482, P < 0.001). End‐systolic short diameter and apical WMSI were the independent determinants of duration of vortex corrected for ejection time (R2 = 0.565, P < 0.001). End‐systolic short diameter was the independent determinant of percentage change in vortex area during early ejection (R2 = 0.355, P < 0.001). End‐systolic short diameter and ejection time were the independent determinants of percentage change in vortex flow volume (R2 = 0.415, P < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with LV systolic dysfunction, the vortex persists during ejection and stays mainly at apex. The vortex evolution during ejection is closely associated with LV dimensions and functions.
Relationship Quality, Commitment, and Stability in Long‐Distance Relationships
Authors: Kelmer Gretchen , Rhoades Galena K. , Stanley Scott , Markman Howard J. 
Published: September 2012

Using a nationally representative sample (N = 870), the present study compared long‐distance romantic relationships to close‐proximity romantic relationships in terms of relationship quality, commitment, and stability. Individuals in long‐distance relationships generally reported higher levels of relationship quality on a number of relationship quality variables, as well as higher levels of dedication to their relationships and lower levels of feeling trapped (i.e., felt constraint), but were similar to individuals in close‐proximity relationships in terms of perceived and material constraints. Although individuals in long‐distance relationships perceived a lower likelihood of breaking up with their partner at the initial time point, they were as likely as the individuals in close‐proximity relationships to have broken up by the follow‐up assessment.
Metastasis‐associated gene, mag‐1 improves tumour microenvironmental adaptation and potentiates tumour metastasis
Authors: Wang Yan , Jia Haiquan , Lin Huiyun , Tan Xiaogang , Du Zhiyan , Chen Huihua , Xu Yuanji , Han Xiaoxi , Zhang Jiakai , Zhao Siyang , Yu Xiaodan , Lu Yinglin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMetastasis is a major cause of death from malignant diseases, and the underlying mechanisms are still largely not known. A detailed probe into the factors which may regulate tumour invasion and metastasis contributes to novel anti‐metastatic therapies. We previously identified a novel metastasis‐associated gene 1 (mag‐1) by means of metastatic phenotype cloning. Then we characterized the gene expression profile of mag‐1 and showed that it promoted cell migration, adhesion and invasion in vitro. Importantly, the disruption of mag‐1 via RNA interference not only inhibited cellular metastatic behaviours but also significantly reduced tumour weight and restrained mouse breast cancer cells to metastasize to lungs in spontaneous metastatic assay in vivo. Furthermore, we proved that mag‐1 integrates dual regulating mechanisms through the stabilization of HIF‐1α and the activation of mTOR signalling pathway. We also found that mag‐1‐induced metastatic promotion could be abrogated by mTOR specific inhibitor, rapamycin. Taken together, the findings identified a direct role that mag‐1 played in metastasis and implicated its function in cellular adaptation to tumour microenvironment.
Analysis of Erectile Responses to BAY 41-8543 and Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation in the Rat
Authors: Lasker George F. , Pankey Edward A. , Allain Alexander V. , Dhaliwal Jasdeep S. , Stasch Johannes-Peter , Murthy Subramanyam N. , Kadowitz Philip J. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the receptor for nitric oxide (NO) and in pathophysiologic conditions where NO formation or bioavailability is impaired, erectile dysfunction (ED) occurs.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate erectile responses to the sGC stimulator BAY 41-8543 in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.

Methods
Increases in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) in response to intracavernosal (ic) injections of BAY 41-8543 were investigated in the anesthetized rat.

Main Outcome Measures
Increases in ICP/MAP in response to ic injections of BAY 41-8543 and the interaction of BAY 41-8543 with exogenous and endogenously released NO were investigated and the effect of the sGC stimulator on cavernosal nerve injury was assessed. The mechanism of the increase in ICP/MAP in response to ic injection of acetylcholine was investigated.

Results
The ic injections of BAY 41-8543 increased ICP/MAP and the duration of the response. BAY 41-8543 was less potent than sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and ic injections of BAY 41-8543 and SNP produced a larger response than the algebraic sum of responses to either agent alone. Simultaneous ic injection of BAY 41-8543 and cavernosal nerve stimulation produced a greater response than either intervention alone. Atropine and cavernosal nerve crush injury decreased the response to nerve stimulation and ic injection of BAY 41-8543 restored the response.

Conclusion
These data show that BAY 41-8543 has significant erectile activity and can synergize with exogenous and endogenously released NO. This study shows that atropine and nerve crush attenuate the response to cavernosal nerve stimulation and that BAY 41-8543 can restore the response. The results with atropine, L-NAME and hexamethonium indicate that the response to ic injection of acetylcholine is mediated by muscarinic receptors and the release of NO with no significant role for nicotinic receptors. These results suggest that BAY 41-8543 would be useful in the treatment of ED.
Developmental Changes in Direct and Indirect Defenses in the Young Leaves of the Neotropical Tree Genus Inga (Fabaceae)
Authors: Bixenmann Ryan J. , Coley Phyllis D. , Kursar Tom A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPlant fitness is affected by herbivory, and in moist tropical forests, 70 percent of herbivore damage occurs on young leaves. Thus, to understand the effects of herbivory on tropical plant fitness, it is necessary to understand how tropical young leaves survive the brief, but critical, period of susceptibility. In this study, we surveyed three species of Inga during young leaf expansion. Three classes of toxic secondary metabolites (phenolics, saponins, and tyrosine), extrafloral nectar production, leaf area, and extrafloral nectary area were measured at randomly assigned young leaf sizes. In addition, all defenses were compared for potential trade‐offs during leaf expansion. No trade‐offs among defenses were found, and the concentration of all defenses, except tyrosine, decreased during leaf expansion. We suggest that plants continued to increase phenolic and saponin content, but at a rate that resulted in decreasing concentrations. In contrast, tyrosine content per leaf steadily increased such that a constant concentration was maintained regardless of young leaf size. Nectar production remained constant during leaf expansion, but, because young leaf area increased by tenfold, the investment in extrafloral nectar per leaf area significantly decreased. In addition, nectary area did not change during leaf expansion and therefore the relative size of the nectary significantly decreased during young leaf expansion. These results support the predictions of the optimal defense hypothesis and demonstrate that the youngest leaves have the highest investment in multiple defenses, most likely because they have the highest nitrogen content and are most susceptible to a diversity of herbivores.
Male‐killer dynamics in the tropical butterfly,Acraea encedana(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Hassan Sami Saeed M. , Idris Eihab , Majerus Michael E. N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSex ratio distortion in the tropical butterflyAcraea encedanais caused by infection with a male‐killing bacterium of the genusWolbachia. Previous research on this species has reported extreme female bias, high bacterial prevalences, and full sex role reversal. In this paper, we provide an assessment for the dynamics of the male‐killer, based on a survey for sex ratios andWolbachiaprevalences among wild populations ofA. encedanain Uganda. The study reveals thatWolbachiainfection showed considerable variation over both spatial and temporal scales.
Independendly‐Friendly Logic: Dependence and Independence of Quantifiers in Logic
Authors: Sandu Gabriel 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIndependence‐Friendly logic (IF‐logic) introduced by Hintikka and Sandu (1989) studies patterns of dependence and independence of quantifiers which exceed those found in ordinary first‐order logic. The present survey focuses on the game‐theoretical interpretation of IF‐logic, including connections to solution concepts (equilibria in mixed strategies) in classical game theory, but we shall also present its compositional interpretation together with its connections to notions of dependence and dependence between terms.
Effects of Low‐Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Diclofenac (Topical and Intramuscular) as Single and Combined Therapy in Experimental Model of Controlled Muscle Strain in Rats
Authors: de Paiva Carvalho Rodrigo Leal , Leal‐Junior Ernesto Cesar Pinto , Petrellis Maria Carla , Marcos Rodrigo Labat , de Carvalho Maria Helena Catelli , De Nucci Gilberto , Lopes‐Martins Rodrigo Alvaro Brandão 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMuscle injuries represent ca 30% of sports injuries and excessive stretching of muscle causes more than 90% of injuries. Currently the most used treatments are nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), however, in last years, low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) is becoming an interesting therapeutic modality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and combined therapies (LLLT, topical application of diclofenac and intramuscular diclofenac) on functional and biochemical aspects in an experimental model of controlled muscle strain in rats. Muscle strain was induced by overloading tibialis anterior muscle of rats. Injured groups received either no treatment, or a single treatment with topical or intramuscular diclofenac (TD and ID), or LLLT (3 J, 810 nm, 100 mW) 1 h after injury. Walking track analysis was the functional outcome and biochemical analyses included mRNA expression of COX‐1 and COX‐2 and blood levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). All treatments significantly decreased COX‐1 and COX‐2 gene expression compared with injury group (P < 0.05). However, LLLT showed better effects than TD and ID regarding PGE2 levels and walking track analysis (P < 0.05). We can conclude that LLLT has more efficacy than topical and intramuscular diclofenac in treatment of muscle strain injury in acute stage.
Activity of Ten Fungicides against Phytophthora capsici Isolates Resistant to Metalaxyl
Authors: Qi Rende , Wang Tao , Zhao Wei , Li Ping , Ding Jiancheng , Gao Zhimou 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPepper Phytophthora blight (PPB), caused by Phytophthora capsici, is an important disease of pepper in China. The extensive application of metalaxyl has resulted in widespread resistance to this fungicide in field. This study has evaluated the activities of several fungicides against the mycelial growth and sporangium germination of metalaxyl‐sensitive and metalaxyl‐resistant P. capsici isolates by determination of EC50 values. The results showed that the novel carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicide mandipropamid exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against PPB both in vitro and in vivo, with averagely EC50 values of 0.075 and 0.004 μg/ml in mycelial growth and sporangium germination, respectively, and over 88% efficacy in controlling PPB. The other three CAA fungicides also provided over 70% efficacy in controlling PPB. The mycelial growth was less sensitive to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin than that of sporangium germination in P. capsici isolates. However, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin provided over 80% efficacy in controlling PPB. It was noted that propamocarb and cymoxanil did not exhibit activity against the mycelial growth or sporangium germination of P. capsici isolates in the in vitro tests, with over 70% efficacy in controlling PPB. The new fungicide mixture 62.5 g/l fluopicolide + 625 g/l propamocarb (trade name infinito, 687.5 g/l suspension concentrate (SC)) produced over 88% efficacy in controlling PPB caused by both metalaxyl‐sensitive and metalaxyl‐resistant isolates. The data of this study also proved that there was obviously no cross‐resistance between metalaxyl and the other tested fungicides. Therefore, these fungicides should be good alternatives to metalaxyl for the control of PPB and management of metalaxyl resistance.
β‐Adrenergic stimulation increases the intra‐sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ threshold for Ca2+ wave generation
Authors: Domeier Timothy L. , Maxwell Joshua T. , Blatter Lothar A. 
Published: September 2012

Key points
In the heart, Ca2+ waves are arrhythmogenic spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release events that arise when the Ca2+ content in the SR reaches a critical threshold level.
β‐Adrenergic signalling induces Ca2+ waves in cardiac myocytes, but it remains unclear if this is due to a decrease in the Ca2+ wave threshold or more simply due to an increase in SR Ca2+ content.
We used direct, dynamic measurement of SR Ca2+ levels to show that the Ca2+ wave threshold is unexpectedly increased during β‐adrenergic stimulation.
Our data show that the primary cause of Ca2+ waves following acute β‐adrenergic stimulation is the increase in SR Ca2+ content and not a decrease in the Ca2+ wave threshold.
We propose that the elevation of the Ca2+ wave threshold represents a protective mechanism against arrhythmogenic events during periods of β‐adrenergic stimulation.
Abstract  β‐Adrenergic signalling induces positive inotropic effects on the heart that associate with pro‐arrhythmic spontaneous Ca2+ waves. A threshold level of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ([Ca2+]SR) is necessary to trigger Ca2+ waves, and whether the increased incidence of Ca2+ waves during β‐adrenergic stimulation is due to an alteration in this threshold remains controversial. Using the low‐affinity Ca2+ indicator fluo‐5N entrapped within the SR of rabbit ventricular myocytes, we addressed this controversy by directly monitoring [Ca2+]SR and Ca2+ waves during β‐adrenergic stimulation. Electrical pacing in elevated extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o= 7 mm) was used to increase [Ca2+]SR to the threshold where Ca2+ waves were consistently observed. The β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO; 1 μm) increased [Ca2+]SR well above the control threshold and consistently triggered Ca2+ waves. However, when [Ca2+]SR was subsequently lowered in the presence of ISO (by lowering [Ca2+]o to 1 mm and partially inhibiting sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase with cyclopiazonic acid or thapsigargin), Ca2+ waves ceased to occur at a [Ca2+]SR that was higher than the control threshold. Furthermore, for a set [Ca2+]SR level the refractoriness of wave occurrence (Ca2+ wave latency) was prolonged during β‐adrenergic stimulation, and was highly dependent on the extent that [Ca]SR exceeded the wave threshold. These data show that acute β‐adrenergic stimulation increases the [Ca2+]SR threshold for Ca2+ waves, and therefore the primary cause of Ca2+ waves is the robust increase in [Ca2+]SR above this higher threshold level. Elevation of the [Ca2+]SR wave threshold and prolongation of wave latency represent potentially protective mechanisms against pro‐arrhythmogenic Ca2+ release during β‐adrenergic stimulation.
Effect of Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration Dose on Achievement of Adequate Vancomycin Trough Concentrations
Authors: Frazee Erin N. , Kuper Philip J. , Schramm Garrett E. , Larson Scott L. , Kashani Kianoush B. , Osmon Douglas R. , Leung Nelson 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

The vancomycin dose necessary for the achievement of target serum trough concentrations during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) remains to be elucidated. This was a retrospective cohort study of critically ill adults at a tertiary medical center on concurrent CVVH and vancomycin between 2006 and 2010 with a steady-state vancomycin trough concentration. The 87 included patients were grouped according to low (≤30 ml/kg/h;
n
= 10) or high (>30 ml/kg/h;
n
= 77) CVVH hemofiltration rate (HFR) for analysis. Vancomycin goal trough achievement occurred in only 32 (37%) patients. The primary endpoint of trough attainment significantly differed between HFR subgroups: 90% versus 30% in low- and high-HFR individuals, respectively (
P
< 0.001). Patients with subtherapeutic trough concentrations had a median (interquartile range) HFR of 40 ml/kg/h (range, 37 to 47 ml/kg/h) compared to 36 ml/kg/h (range, 30 to 39 ml/kg/h) in those who achieved the trough goal. Irrespective of goal trough, an inverse correlation existed between HFR and serum vancomycin concentration (
r
= −0.423;
P
< 0.001). In the subgroup of 14 methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) patients, trough achievement was similar to the aggregate cohort (36%). Mortality at 28 days was unrelated to trough achievement in both the overall sample (
P
= 0.516) and in culture-positive MRSA patients (
P
= 0.396). Critically ill patients undergoing CVVH therapy may experience clinically significant reductions in goal vancomycin troughs. The results of the present study justify prospective evaluations in this population to determine the optimal vancomycin dosing strategy for attainment of goal trough concentrations.
NLRP3 Suppresses NK Cell–Mediated Responses to Carcinogen-Induced Tumors and Metastases
Authors: Chow Melvyn T. , Sceneay Jaclyn , Paget Christophe , Wong Christina S.F. , Duret Helene , Tschopp Jürg , Möller Andreas , Smyth Mark J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe NLRP3 inflammasome acts as a danger signal sensor that triggers and coordinates the inflammatory response upon infectious insults or tissue injury and damage. However, the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in natural killer (NK) cell–mediated control of tumor immunity is poorly understood. Here, we show in a model of chemical-induced carcinogenesis and a series of experimental and spontaneous metastases models that mice lacking NLRP3 display significantly reduced tumor burden than control wild-type (WT) mice. The suppression of spontaneous and experimental tumor metastases and methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas in mice deficient for NLRP3 was NK cell and IFN-γ–dependent. Focusing on the amenable B16F10 experimental lung metastases model, we determined that expression of NLRP3 in bone marrow–derived cells was necessary for optimal tumor metastasis. Tumor-driven expansion of CD11b+Gr-1intermediate (Gr-1int) myeloid cells within the lung tumor microenvironment of NLRP3−/− mice was coincident with increased lung infiltrating activated NK cells and an enhanced antimetastatic response. The CD11b+Gr-1int myeloid cells displayed a unique cell surface phenotype and were characterized by their elevated production of CCL5 and CXCL9 chemokines. Adoptive transfer of this population into WT mice enhanced NK cell numbers in, and suppression of, B16F10 lung metastases. Together, these data suggested that NLRP3 is an important suppressor of NK cell–mediated control of carcinogenesis and metastases and identify CD11b+Gr-1int myeloid cells that promote NK cell antimetastatic function. Cancer Res; 72(22); 5721–32. ©2012 AACR.
The V-ATPase-Inhibitor Archazolid Abrogates Tumor Metastasis via Inhibition of Endocytic Activation of the Rho-GTPase Rac1
Authors: Wiedmann Romina M. , von Schwarzenberg Karin , Palamidessi Andrea , Schreiner Laura , Kubisch Rebekka , Liebl Johanna , Schempp Christina , Trauner Dirk , Vereb Gyorgy , Zahler Stefan , Wagner Ernst , Müller Rolf , Scita Giorgio , Vollmar Angelika M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe abundance of the multimeric vacuolar ATP-dependent proton pump, V-ATPase, on the plasma membrane of tumor cells correlates with the invasiveness of the tumor cell, suggesting the involvement of V-ATPase in tumor metastasis. V-ATPase is hypothesized to create a proton efflux leading to an acidic pericellular microenvironment that promotes the activity of proinvasive proteases. An alternative, not yet explored possibility is that V-ATPase regulates the signaling machinery responsible for tumor cell migration. Here, we show that pharmacologic or genetic reduction of V-ATPase activity significantly reduces migration of invasive tumor cells in vitro. Importantly, the V-ATPase inhibitor archazolid abrogates tumor dissemination in a syngeneic mouse 4T1 breast tumor metastasis model. Pretreatment of cancer cells with archazolid impairs directional motility by preventing spatially restricted, leading edge localization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as of phosphorylated Akt. Archazolid treatment or silencing of V-ATPase inhibited Rac1 activation, as well as Rac1-dependent dorsal and peripheral ruffles by inhibiting Rab5-mediated endocytotic/exocytotic trafficking of Rac1. The results indicate that archazolid effectively decreases metastatic dissemination of breast tumors by impairing the trafficking and spatially restricted activation of EGFR and Rho-GTPase Rac1, which are pivotal for directed movement of cells. Thus, our data reveals a novel mechanism underlying the role of V-ATPase in tumor dissemination. Cancer Res; 72(22); 5976–87. ©2012 AACR.