bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Leaf Wetness Duration and Inoculum Level on Resistance of Wheat Genotypes to Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis
Authors: Sah D. N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPercent leaf necrosis and lesion length on wheat genotypes increased markedly with increasing duration of leaf wetness (up to 24h or 48 h) following inoculation with Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis. A long wetting duration favoured less disease development on resistant (Fink's'), and moderately resistant (Bon/YR/3/F3570//KAL/BB) genotypes than on susceptible Glenlea. No significant difference in per cent necrosis was detected among the upper three leaf positions within a genotype. A long wetness duration had a varying effect on the resistance of wheat genotypes, depending upon the inoculum level. Increasing the inoculum level along with the leaf wetness period increased the per cent leaf necrosis on all three wheat genotypes tested. However, the ranking of the genotype for resistance did not alter even after prolonged duration of leaf wetness (up to 96 h) and/or high inoculum level (12000 conidia/ml water). Various post‐inoculation wet‐periods in combination with high conidia concentrations in inoculum should be used in identifying highly resistant germplasm in breeding populations at the seedling stage of the wheats.
Effects of Foliar Sprays of Phosphates on Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) of Roses
Authors: Reuveni R. , Agapov V. , Reuveni M. , Raviv M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPowdery mildew on plants of a local clone of Rosa indica Major was significantly controlled by a single spray of 25 mM aqueous solutions of K2HPO4, KH2PO4 plus KOH, or NaHCO3, all plus Tween 20 (0.5 ml/l) or bupirimate (Nimrod) at 0.5 ml/l, which was applied 4 days before inoculation with conidial suspension of Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae.Disease incidence was reduced by 79, 71, 54 and 50%, as compared to controls on plants sprayed with KH2PO4 plus KOH, K2HPO4, NaHCO3 or bupirimate, respectively. Phosphates were suppressive and expressed by disappearance of 99% of the pustules and conidia, as early as 2 days after a single spray on mildewed foliage. This treatment was efficient for at least 9 days after the first application when large infected greenhouse‐grown plants were used. Re‐application of these salts on the same plants reduced the lesion area by about 90% from that recorded before the application. Phosphate and bicarbonate were more suppressive than the systemic fungicide bupirimate in the early period (up to 2 days). The suppresion effects of bicarbonate and bupirimate, however, were short‐term and not persistent, while the phosphate treatments remained significantly suppressive for up to 23 days, when the experiment was terminated. The inhibitory and suppressive effectiveness of phosphate salts is discussed in the light of their possible acceptance as ideal foliar fertilizers which should be considered for use in the field for disease control.
Cardiac telocytes are double positive for CD34/PDGFR‐α
Authors: Zhou Qiulian , Wei Lei , Zhong Chongjun , Fu Siyi , Bei Yihua , Huică Radu‐Ionuț , Wang Fei , Xiao Junjie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTelocytes (TCs) are a distinct type of interstitial cells, which are featured with a small cellular body and long and thin elongations called telopodes (Tps). TCs have been widely identified in lots of tissues and organs including heart. Double staining for CD34/PDGFR‐β (Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β) or CD34/Vimentin is considered to be critical for TC phenotyping. It has recently been proposed that CD34/PDGFR‐α (Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α) is actually a specific marker for TCs including cardiac TCs although the direct evidence is still lacking. Here, we showed that cardiac TCs were double positive for CD34/PDGFR‐α in primary culture. CD34/PDGFR‐α positive cells (putative cardiac TCs) also existed in mice ventricle and human cardiac valves including mitral valve, tricuspid valve and aortic valve. Over 87% of cells in a TC‐enriched culture of rat cardiac interstitial cells were positive for PDGFR‐α, while CD34/PDGFR‐α double positive cells accounted for 30.25% of the whole cell population. We show that cardiac TCs are double positive for CD34/PDGFR‐α. Better understanding of the immunocytochemical phenotypes of cardiac TCs might help using cardiac TCs as a novel source in cardiac repair.
Nephrologists' management of patient medications in kidney transplantation: results of an online survey
Authors: Crawford Kimberley , Low Jac Kee , Manias Elizabeth , Walker Rowan , Toussaint Nigel D. , Mulley William , Dooley Michael , Ierino Francesco L. , Hughes Peter , Goodman David J. , Williams Allison 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesMedication adherence is essential in kidney transplant recipients to reduce the risk of rejection and subsequent allograft loss. The aim of this study was to delineate what ‘usual care’ entails, in relation to medication management, for adult kidney transplant recipients.MethodsAn online survey was developed to explore how nephrologists promote and assess medication adherence, the management of prescriptions, the frequency of clinic appointments and the frequency of clinical screening tests. Nephrologists from all acute kidney transplant units in Victoria, Australia, were invited to participate. Data were collected between May and June 2014.ResultsOf 60 nephrologists invited to participate, 22 completed the survey (response rate of 36.6%). Respondents had a mean age of 49.1 ± 10.1 years, with a mean of 20.1 ± 9.9 years working in nephrology and 14 were men. Descriptive analysis of responses showed that nephrologists performed frequent screening for kidney graft dysfunction that may indicate medication non‐adherence, maintained regular transplant clinic visits with patients and emphasized the importance of medication education. However, time constraints during consultations impacted on extensive patient education and the long‐term medication follow‐up support was often delivered by the renal transplant nurse coordinator or pharmacist.ConclusionsThis study highlighted that nephrologists took an active approach in the medication management of kidney transplant recipients, which may assist with facilitating long‐term graft survival. Ultimately, promoting medication adherence needs to be patient centred, involving an interdisciplinary team of nephrologists, pharmacists and renal transplant nurse coordinators, working together with the patient to establish optimal adherence.
Regulation of NOD‐like receptors and inflammasome activation in cerebral endothelial cells
Authors: Nagyőszi Péter , Nyúl‐Tóth Ádám , Fazakas Csilla , Wilhelm Imola , Kozma Mihály , Molnár Judit , Haskó János , Krizbai István A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCerebral endothelial cells (CECs) forming the blood–brain barrier are at the interface of the immune and the central nervous systems and thus may play an important role in the functional integration of the two systems. Here, we investigated how CECs recognize and respond to pathogen‐ and damage‐associated molecular patterns to regulate the functions of the neurovascular unit. First we detected the expression of several NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) – including NOD1, NOD2, NLRC4, NLRC5, NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP5, NLRP9, NLRP10, NLRP12, NLRA, and NLRX – in human brain endothelial cells. Inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and IL‐1β had stimulatory effects on the transcription of many of these receptors. Expression of key inflammasome components (NOD2, NLRP3, and caspase 1) along with caspase‐cleaved interleukins IL‐1β and IL‐33 could be induced by priming with lipopolysaccharide and activation with muramyl dipeptide. In addition, combined treatment with lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide resulted in IL‐1β secretion in a caspase‐ and ERK1/2 kinase‐dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that NLRs and inflammasomes can be activated in cerebral endothelial cells, which may confer a yet unexplored role to the blood–brain barrier in neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory processes.
imageHere, we show that cerebral endothelial cells (CECs), the main components of the blood–brain barrier, express several NOD (nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein)‐like receptors and are able to assemble functional inflammasomes. Expression of key inflammasome components (NOD2, NLRP3, and caspase 1) along with caspase‐cleaved interleukins IL‐1β and IL‐33 can be induced in CECs by priming with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and activation with muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Combined treatment with LPS and MDP results in IL‐1β secretion in a caspase (i.e., inflammasome)‐ and ERK1/2‐dependent manner.
Dog bites to the upper extremity in children
Authors: Speirs Joshua , Showery James , Abdou Marwa , Pirela‐Cruz Miguel A , Abdelgawad Amr A 
Published: June 2015

AimDog bites are common injuries in children. A large percentage of these dog bites affect the upper extremity. There is little information describing the results of treatment of upper extremity injuries in children.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records for all children less than 19 years old who presented to the emergency department in our level one trauma centre because of dog bites from 2005 to 2011.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 254 paediatric emergency department visits for animal bites, among these there were 118 dog bites, two were excluded because of inadequate documentation leaving 116 patients; 26 of them (22.4%) had bites to the upper extremity. Among the 26 children with dog bites to the upper extremity, 6 (23.1%) were admitted to the hospital for surgery (four patients) or parenteral antibiotics (two patients). Among the four surgeries, two were for extensive laceration and two were for abscess debridement. Of the 41 who presented with bites to the lower extremities, none were admitted to the hospital (P = 0.002). Compared with those who presented the same day they were injured, the relative risk of hospitalization or surgery in patients who presented 1 and 2 days after their injury was 3.5 and 7.0, respectively.ConclusionDog bites at the upper extremity are more prone to require surgical intervention and develop infection than those at the lower extremity, and delayed presentation of these injuries is associated with higher incidence of developing infection.
The International Society for Sexual Medicine's Process of Care for the Assessment and Management of Testosterone Deficiency in Adult Men
Authors: Dean John D. , McMahon Chris G. , Guay Andre T. , Morgentaler Abraham , Althof Stanley E. , Becher Edgardo F. , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Burnett Arthur L. , Buvat Jacques , El Meliegy Amr , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. , Jannini Emmanuele A. , Maggi Mario , McCullough Andrew , Torres Luiz Otavio , Zitzmann Michael 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionIn 2014, the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) convened a panel of experts to develop an evidence-based process of care for the diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency (TD) in adult men. The panel considered the definition, epidemiology, etiology, physiologic effects, diagnosis, assessment and treatment of TD. It also considered the treatment of TD in special populations and commented on contemporary controversies about testosterone replacement therapy, cardiovascular risk and prostate cancer.AimThe aim was to develop clearly worded, practical, evidenced-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of diagnosis and management of TD for clinicians without expertise in endocrinology, such as physicians in family medicine and general urology practice.MethodA comprehensive literature review was performed, followed by a structured, 3-day panel meeting and 6-month panel consultation process using electronic communication. The final guideline was compiled from reports by individual panel members on areas reflecting their special expertise, and then agreed by all through an iterative process.ResultsThis article contains the report of the ISSM TD Process of Care Committee. It offers a definition of TD and recommendations for assessment and treatment in different populations. Finally, best practice treatment recommendations are presented to guide clinicians, both familiar and unfamiliar with TD.ConclusionDevelopment of a process of care is an evolutionary process that continually reviews data and incorporates the best new research. We expect that ongoing research will lead to new insights into the pathophysiology of TD, as well as new, efficacious and safe treatments. We recommend that this process of care be reevaluated and updated by the ISSM in 4 years.
Plant–plant interactions in a subtropical mangrove‐to‐marsh transition zone: effects of environmental drivers
Authors: Howard Rebecca J. , Krauss Ken W. , Cormier Nicole , Day Richard H. , Biagas Janelda , Allain Larry 
Published: June 2015

AbstractQuestionsDoes the presence of herbaceous vegetation affect the establishment success of mangrove tree species in the transition zone between subtropical coastal mangrove forests and marshes? How do plant–plant interactions in this transition zone respond to variation in two primary coastal environmental drivers?LocationSubtropical coastal region of the southern United States.MethodsWe conducted a greenhouse study to better understand how abiotic factors affect plant species interactions in the mangrove‐to‐marsh transition zone, or ecotone. We manipulated salinity (fresh, brackish or salt water) and hydrologic conditions (continuously saturated or 20‐cm tidal range) to simulate ecotonal environments. Propagules of the mangroves Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa were introduced to mesocosms containing an established marsh community. Both mangrove species were also introduced to containers lacking other vegetation. We monitored mangrove establishment success and survival over 22 mo. Mangrove growth was measured as stem height and above‐ground biomass. Stem height, stem density and above‐ground biomass of the dominant marsh species were documented.ResultsEstablishment success of A. germinans was reduced under saturated saltwater conditions, but establishment of L. racemosa was not affected by experimental treatments. There was complete mortality of A. germinans in mesocosms under freshwater conditions, and very low survival of L. racemosa. In contrast, survival of both species in monoculture under freshwater conditions exceeded 62%. The marsh species Distichlis spicata and Eleocharis cellulosa suppressed growth of both mangroves throughout the experiment, whereas the mangroves did not affect herbaceous species growth. The magnitude of growth suppression by marsh species varied with environmental conditions; suppression was often higher in saturated compared to tidal conditions, and higher in fresh and salt water compared to brackish water.ConclusionsOur results indicate that herbaceous marsh species can suppress mangrove early seedling growth. Depending on species composition and density, marsh plants can slow mangrove landward migration under predicted climate change scenarios as salinity in freshwater and oligohaline wetlands increases with rising sea levels. Change in the relative coverage of mangrove forests and marshes will depend on both the ability of marsh species to migrate further inland as mangroves advance, and the ability of shoreline mangroves to adjust to rising sea level through accretionary processes.
Synergistic interactions between fire and browsing drive plant diversity in a forest understorey
Authors: Foster Claire N. , Barton Philip S. , Sato Chloe F. , MacGregor Christopher I. , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractQuestionsDoes browsing by large herbivores affect forest understorey diversity by modifying assemblage dominance? Does fire interact with browsing to affect forest understorey diversity? Does this interaction occur via a numerically mediated or functionally moderated pathway?LocationBooderee National Park, Jervis Bay Territory, south‐eastern Australia.MethodsWe tested the interactive effects of fire and browsing by native herbivores on understorey plant diversity using a randomized blocked experiment in an open eucalypt forest. We monitored the percentage cover of every vascular plant species in 24 sites over four experimental blocks. We applied a different treatment to each of the six sites in the four blocks. Treatments were a factorial combination of three levels of herbivory treatment (open, partial exclosure, full exclosure) and two levels of prescribed fire treatment (burned, unburned).ResultsBrowsing increased plant community dominance and reduced evenness and diversity, but only in burned sites. Heavy browsing following fire created an understorey dominated by an unpalatable, fire‐resistant fern species (bracken, Pteridium esculentum). This fire–browsing interaction was driven by both numerically mediated and functionally moderated pathways: Fire both increased local browsing intensity, and amplified the per‐unit effect of herbivores on the plant community.ConclusionsThe altered competitive environment after fire, combined with heavy post‐fire browsing created a depauperate understorey, dominated by bracken. The ability of bracken to suppress the establishment of other plants means that, once established, this fern‐dominated understorey may be difficult to reverse. Our results demonstrate the key role of fire–browsing interactions in forest vegetation dynamics and highlight the importance of integrating large herbivore management with fire planning in forest ecosystems.
Evaluation of acute kidney injury and its response to terlipressin in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Jindal Ankur , Bhadoria Ajeet S. , Maiwall Rakhi , Sarin Shiv K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground & aimsPatients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) have high mortality. Cirrhotics with acute kidney injury (AKI) have poor outcome but relevance of AKI and response to terlipressin in ACLF is not known.MethodsConsecutive ACLF patients with AKI at admission were compared with those without AKI (controls) for mortality at day 7, month 1 and 3, presence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and acute variceal bleed (AVB). Patients were also compared based on severity of AKI (mild; S.cr 1.5–3 mg/dl and marked; S.cr >3 mg/dl). Response to terlipressin was also evaluated.ResultsOf 241 ACLF patients, 55 (22.8%) had AKI at admission. Patients with AKI had higher mortality at day 7, 1 and 3 month and more often developed HE [54.1% vs. 30.6%; P = 0.001] and SBP [9.1% vs. 5.9%; P = 0.02]. Patients with marked AKI neither had higher mortality or complications in comparison to mild AKI. Presence of AKI [Odds ratio; OR, 2.4], S.bilirubin >20 mg/dl [OR, 3.1] and INR [OR, 2.9] were independent baseline predictors of mortality. Terlipressin was used in 28 of 55 patients with AKI who were volume non‐responsive (hepatorenal syndrome, AKI‐HRS). Ten (35.7%) of these showed response (S.Cr < 1.5 mg/dl) [median 4 days] and had lower mortality compared to terlipressin non‐responders (10% vs. 50%, P = 0.05). There was no difference in terlipressin response in mild vs. marked AKI.ConclusionsAlmost one‐fourth of the ACLF patients have AKI at admission and presence of AKI, but not its severity predicts complications and high mortality. Terlipressin effectively reverses AKI‐HRS within a week in ~35% of ACLF patients resulting in improved survival.
Phylogeography, historical demography and habitat suitability modelling of freshwater fishes inhabiting seasonally fluctuating Mediterranean river systems: a case study using the Iberian cyprinid Squalius valentinus
Authors: Perea S. , Doadrio I. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Mediterranean freshwater fish fauna has evolved under constraints imposed by the seasonal weather/hydrological patterns that define the Mediterranean climate. These conditions have influenced the genetic and demographic structure of aquatic communities since their origins in the Mid‐Pliocene. Freshwater species in Mediterranean‐type climates will likely constitute genetically well‐differentiated populations, to varying extents depending on basin size, as a consequence of fragmentation resulting from drought/flood cycles. We developed an integrative framework to study the spatial patterns in genetic diversity, demographic trends, habitat suitability modelling and landscape genetics, to evaluate the evolutionary response of Mediterranean‐type freshwater fish to seasonal fluctuations in weather. To test this evolutionary response, the model species used was Squalius valentinus, an endemic cyprinid of the Spanish Levantine area, where seasonal weather fluctuations are extreme, although our findings may be extrapolated to other Mediterranean‐type species. Our results underscore the significant role of the Mediterranean climate, along with Pleistocene glaciations, in diversification of S. valentinus. We found higher nuclear diversity in larger drainage basins, but higher mitochondrial diversity correlated to habitat suitability rather than basin size. We also found strong correlation between genetic structure and climatic factors associated with Mediterranean seasonality. Demographic and migration analyses suggested population expansion during glacial periods that also contributed to the current genetic structure of S. valentinus populations. The inferred models support the significant contribution of precipitation and temperature to S. valentinus habitat suitability and allow recognizing areas of habitat stability. We highlight the importance of stable habitat conditions, fostered by typical karstic springs found on the Mediterranean littoral coasts, for the preservation of freshwater species inhabiting seasonally fluctuating river systems.
A population genomic scan in Chorthippus grasshoppers unveils previously unknown phenotypic divergence
Authors: Berdan Emma L. , Mazzoni Camila J. , Waurick Isabelle , Roehr Johannes T. , Mayer Frieder 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the genetics of speciation and the processes that drive it is a central goal of evolutionary biology. Grasshoppers of the Chorthippus species group differ strongly in calling song (and corresponding female preferences) but are exceedingly similar in other characteristics such as morphology. Here, we performed a population genomic scan on three Chorthippus species (Chorthippus biguttulus, C. mollis and C. brunneus) to gain insight into the genes and processes involved in divergence and speciation in this group. Using an RNA‐seq approach, we examined functional variation between the species by calling SNPs for each of the three species pairs and using FST‐based approaches to identify outliers. We found approximately 1% of SNPs in each comparison to be outliers. Between 37% and 40% of these outliers were nonsynonymous SNPs (as opposed to a global level of 17%) indicating that we recovered loci under selection. Among the outliers were several genes that may be involved in song production and hearing as well as genes involved in other traits such as food preferences and metabolism. Differences in food preferences between species were confirmed with a behavioural experiment. This indicates that multiple phenotypic differences implicating multiple evolutionary processes (sexual selection and natural selection) are present between the species.