bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coal-Seam-Gas-Field Management: Forecasting During Shutdown and Recovery
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 167088, ’Coal-Seam-Gas-Field Management: Well-Performance and Production Forecasting During Shutdown and Recovery Operations,’ by S. Magee, T. Ogilvie, and C. White, Origin Energy, prepared for the 2013 SPE Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition - Asia Pacific, Brisbane, Australia, 11-13.November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Queensland, Australia, is currently host to a number of coal-seam-gas (CSG) to liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) projects under development. However, the need to build field deliverability before the availability of export gas markets presents a significant challenge. CSG wells must be dewatered; during this process, gas production may need to be constrained. The ability to manage and forecast production performance in a field-turndown scenario is therefore critical. A study of production data from CSG-production-interruption events was conducted to determine how wells reacted to turndown of gas-production rates.
Introduction
There are currently three major CSG-to-LNG projects under construction in Queensland. A number of other projects are also proposed and are currently in various stages of planning and approval.
The transition from a domestic gas market to an export LNG market presents many opportunities and challenges for gas producers. When the LNG-export facilities are commissioned, the gas demand markedly increases over a short period of time. To ensure the best return on capital investment and to satisfy export contracts, the use of these export facilities needs to be maximized as soon as possible after commissioning. To optimize field output at the time that downstream facilities become operational, the CSG reservoirs must be de watered in advance, resulting in an increase of produced-gas volumes along with the early water production. One challenge for upstream producers is how to manage field deliverability during a period (the ramp period) when there is little ability for existing markets to absorb significant increases in gas supply. Possible solutions include gas storage, flaring, and the constraining of gas production while continuing to dewater the reservoir (turndown), or some combination of these and other strategies. The optimum strategy is likely to be a function not only of reservoir performance but also of the various commercial, operational, and project-execution constraints faced by each operator.
Review of Historical Production Data
Historically, field turndown in the areas of study has been achieved through the selective choking or shut-in of individual producing wells. The primary factors in well selection have been gas and water production, completion status, and liquid-lift calculations.
The SPE Leadership Academy: A New Training Initiative
Authors: Beckwith Robin 
Published: February 2015

Learning Leadership
The SPE Training and Member Programs departments took on the task of creating an intensive and industry-specific means to help spur the development of leadership abilities particularly of younger E&P professionals.
It has long been known that a training gap exists in the oil and gas industry as less-experienced professionals move to leadership roles earlier in their career than they would have in the past. This is because a large population of seasoned professionals has been and is still transitioning into retirement. SPE is strong on technical knowledge, but needed to team up with a partner that understood human behavior in global organizations.
So, with SPE’s knowledge about training, the E&P industry, and the challenges that confront E&P leaders, and with Kiddy and Partners’ knowledge about global business psychology—the two organizations collaborated to develop the SPE Leadership Academy.
The first 3-day course was conducted in Dubai, 30 September to 2 October 2014. And the second will be held 2 through 4 December 2014 at SPE’s Houston Training Center.
More information can be found at www.spe.org/training/courses/SLA.php.
A Guided Examination of Oneself and Others Within E&P-Specific Scenarios
The SPE Leadership Academy was developed for those transitioning into a leadership role, those identified by management as potential leaders, and those who aspire to be leaders. The academy is structured around the philosophy that, by delving into a guided examination of oneself and others within roles and situations encountered in the E&P industry, participants can expedite development of their ability to lead others effectively in multidisciplinary, multi-stakeholder projects, jobs, and situations.
The following outlines the structure of the 3-day curriculum, with the types of questions participants can expect to explore through such means as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, E&P-specific role-playing exercises, questioning and listening techniques, homework exercises, discussion and feedback, and presentation techniques and practice.
A Semianalytical Forecasting Method for Unconventional Gas and Light Oil Wells: A Hybrid Approach for Addressing the Limitations of Existing Empirical and Analytical Methods
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Qanbari F. 
Published: February 2015

Summary
The rapid pace of exploitation of unconventional gas and light oil plays in North America has necessitated the development of new production-forecasting methodologies to aid in reserves assessment, capital planning, and field optimization. The generation of defendable forecasts is challenged not only by reservoir complexities but also by the use of multifractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) for development.
In this work, a semianalytical method (SAM) is developed to provide a solid theoretical basis for forecasting. The technique is analytical in that it uses the methods of Agarwal (2010) to calculate contacted oil in place and contacted gas in place (COIP/CGIP) from production rates, flowing pressures, and fluid properties. The rate-normalized pressure (RNP) derivative (RNP′) is a key component of the calculation; pseudopressure is used for gas cases. The technique is also empirical in that an empirical function is fitted to the resulting COIP/CGIP curve vs. time. Although the method is flexible enough that any equation can be used to represent the COIP/CGIP curve, and hence, the sequence of flow regimes exhibited by MFHWs, the equation must be capable of being integrated to allow the extraction of RNP. The stabilized COIP/CGIP during boundary-dominated flow (BDF) must be specified for forecasting—thereafter, the method uses a material-balance simulator to model BDF. Hence, if the well is still in transient flow, a range in forecasts may be generated, depending on the assumed stabilized COIP/CGIP.
The new SAM addresses some of the current limitations of empirical and fully analytical (modeling) approaches. Empirical methods, which have been adapted to account for long transient and transitional flow periods associated with ultralow-permeability reservoirs, lack a theoretical basis, and therefore input parameters may be difficult to constrain. However, empirical methods are simple to apply and require a minimum amount of data for forecasting. Analytical models, while representing the physics better, nonetheless require additional reservoir and hydraulic-fracture data that may not be available on every well in the field. The SAM proposed herein is intended to bridge the gap between empirical and modeling-based approaches—it is more rigorous than purely empirical methods, while requiring a lesser amount of data than fully analytical techniques.
The new method is tested against simulated and field cases (tight oil and shale gas). Although a simple power-law function is used in the current work to represent the COIP/OGIP curve, which appears adequate for the cases studied, one should note that wells exhibiting long transitional flow periods (e.g., elliptical/radial) will likely require a different functional form.
Detection of Insulitis by Pancreatic Scintigraphy With 99mTc-Labeled IL-2 and MRI in Patients With LADA (Action LADA 10)
Authors: Signore Alberto , Capriotti Gabriela , Chianelli Marco , Bonanno Elena , Galli Filippo , Catalano Carlo , Quintero Ana M. , De Toma Giorgio , Manfrini Silvia , Pozzilli Paolo ,   the Action LADA Group
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE
Pancreatic scintigraphy with interleukin-2 radiolabeled with 99mTc (99mTc-IL-2) is a technique used to image chronic inflammatory-mediated disorders. We used this method to detect a signal consistent with the presence of insulitis in patients with autoimmune diabetes. Positive and negative controls (patients with pancreatic carcinoma and type 2 diabetes, respectively) also were studied.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined 25 patients with autoimmune diabetes (16 with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 9 with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [LADA]), 6 with type 2 diabetes, and 7 with pancreatic carcinoma (the latter two groups were used as negative and positive controls, respectively). All patients underwent 99mTc-IL-2 scintigraphy and contrast-enhanced MRI of the pancreas. To validate positive controls, samples were taken from patients with pancreatic carcinoma during surgery for histological and immunohistochemical investigations.

RESULTS
Pancreatic accumulation of 99mTc-IL-2 was detected in patients with autoimmune diabetes (61% positive) and, notably, in 6 of 9 patients with LADA; semiquantitative evaluation of pancreatic uptake of 99mTc-IL-2 showed higher values in patients with autoimmune diabetes (both childhood and LADA) and pancreatic carcinoma than in those with type 2 diabetes (4.45 ± 1.99, 4.79 ± 1.1, and 4.54 ± 1.62 vs. 2.81 ± 0.63; P = 0.06, P = 0.01, and P = 0.04, respectively). In patients with pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic interleukin-2 receptor expression correlated with pancreatic 99mTc-IL-2 uptake (r = 0.8; P = 0.01). In patients with LADA, 99mTc-IL-2 uptake inversely correlated with duration of disease (r = 0.7; P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Autoimmune diabetes in adults is associated with increased pancreatic 99mTc-IL-2 uptake, indicating the presence of insulitis, particularly within 1 year of the beginning of insulin therapy, similar to type 1 diabetes at diagnosis.
Predictors of Lower-Extremity Amputation in Patients With an Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Authors: Pickwell Kristy , Siersma Volkert , Kars Marleen , Apelqvist Jan , Bakker Karel , Edmonds Michael , Holstein Per , Jirkovská Alexandra , Jude Edward , Mauricio Didac , Piaggesi Alberto , Ragnarson Tennvall Gunnel , Reike Heinrich , Spraul Maximilian , Uccioli Luigi , Urbancic Vilma , van Acker Kristien , van Baal Jeff , Schaper Nicolaas 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE
Infection commonly complicates diabetic foot ulcers and is associated with a poor outcome. In a cohort of individuals with an infected diabetic foot ulcer, we aimed to determine independent predictors of lower-extremity amputation and the predictive value for amputation of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) classification system and to develop a risk score for predicting amputation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We prospectively studied 575 patients with an infected diabetic foot ulcer presenting to 1 of 14 diabetic foot clinics in 10 European countries.

RESULTS
Among these patients, 159 (28%) underwent an amputation. Independent risk factors for amputation were as follows: periwound edema, foul smell, (non)purulent exudate, deep ulcer, positive probe-to-bone test, pretibial edema, fever, and elevated C-reactive protein. Increasing IWGDF severity of infection also independently predicted amputation. We developed a risk score for any amputation and for amputations excluding the lesser toes (including the variables sex, pain on palpation, periwound edema, ulcer size, ulcer depth, and peripheral arterial disease) that predicted amputation better than the IWGDF system (area under the ROC curves 0.80, 0.78, and 0.67, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
For individuals with an infected diabetic foot ulcer, we identified independent predictors of amputation, validated the prognostic value of the IWGDF classification system, and developed a new risk score for amputation that can be readily used in daily clinical practice. Our risk score may have better prognostic accuracy than the IWGDF system, the only currently available system, but our findings need to be validated in other cohorts.
Glycemic Control in Simultaneous Islet-Kidney Versus Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective 13-Year Follow-up
Authors: Lehmann Roger , Graziano Jessica , Brockmann Jens , Pfammatter Thomas , Kron Philipp , de Rougemont Olivier , Mueller Thomas , Zuellig Richard A. , Spinas Giatgen A. , Gerber Philipp A. 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE
In patients with type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease, combined transplantation of a kidney together with a pancreas or isolated pancreatic islets are options to improve glycemic control. The aim of this study was to compare their long-term outcome with regard to metabolic control and surgical complication rate, as well as function of the transplanted kidney.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a prospective cohort study in consecutive patients receiving either a pancreas or islet transplant simultaneously with or after kidney transplantation (simultaneous pancreas-kidney [SPK]/pancreas-after-kidney [PAK] or simultaneous islet-kidney [SIK]/islet-after-kidney [IAK] transplantation).

RESULTS
Ninety-four patients who had undergone SPK/PAK transplantation were compared with 38 patients who had undergone SIK/IAK transplantation over a period of up to 13 years. HbA1c levels declined from 7.8 ± 1.3% (62 ± 14 mmol/mol) to 5.9 ± 1.1% (41 ± 12 mmol/mol), and from 8.0 ± 1.3% (64 ± 14 mmol/mol) to 6.5 ± 1.1% (48 ± 12 mmol/mol), respectively, in the SPK/PAK and SIK/IAK groups (P &lt; 0.001 for both) and remained stable during follow-up, despite a reduction in the rate of severe hypoglycemia by &gt;90%. The 5-year insulin independence rate was higher in the SPK/PAK group (73.6 vs. 9.3% in the SIK/IAK group), as was the rate of relaparotomy after transplantation (41.5 vs. 10.5% in the SIK/IAK group). There was no difference in the rate of kidney function decline.

CONCLUSIONS
During a long-term follow-up, SPK/PAK transplantation as well as SIK/IAK transplantation resulted in a sustained improvement of glycemic control with a slightly higher glycated hemoglobin level in the SIK/IAK group. While insulin independence is more common in whole-organ pancreas recipients, islet transplantation can be conducted with a much lower surgical complication rate and no difference in kidney function decline.
Regional Cerebral Hemodynamic Response to Incremental Exercise Is Blunted in Poorly Controlled Patients With Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tagougui Semah , Fontaine Pierre , Leclair Erwan , Aucouturier Julien , Matran Régis , Oussaidene Kahina , Descatoire Aurélien , Prieur Fabrice , Mucci Patrick , Vambergue Anne , Baquet Georges , Heyman Elsa 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE
Cerebral vasoreactivity to pharmacologically induced hypercapnia is impaired in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes but otherwise free from microangiopathy. However, whether this response is also compromised during exercise, a daily-life physiological condition challenging regional cerebral hemodynamics, is unknown. We aimed to investigate prefrontal cortex hemodynamics during incremental maximal exercise in patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes, taking into account long-term glycemic control as well as exercise- and diabetes-influenced vasoactive stimuli.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two groups of patients (type 1 diabetes with adequate glycemic control [T1D-A], n = 8, HbA1c 6.8 ± 0.7% [51 ± 7.7 mmol/mol]; type 1 diabetes with inadequate glycemic control [T1D-I], n = 10, HbA1c 9.0 ± 0.7% [75 ± 7.7 mmol/mol]) were compared with 18 healthy control subjects (CON-A and CON-I) matched for physical activity and body composition. Throughout exercise, near-infrared spectroscopy allowed investigation of changes in oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), and total hemoglobin (THb) in the prefrontal cortex. Venous and arterialized capillary blood was sampled during exercise to assess for factors that may alter prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and oxygenation.

RESULTS
No differences were observed between T1D-A and CON-A, but VO2max was impaired (P &lt; 0.05) and cerebral blood volume (THb) increase blunted (P &lt; 0.05) in T1D-I compared with CON-I. Nonetheless, O2Hb appeared unaltered in T1D-I probably partly due to blunting of simultaneous neuronal oxygen extraction (i.e., a lower HHb increase; P &lt; 0.05). There were no intergroup differences in arterial oxygen content, Paco2, pH, [K+], and free insulin levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Maximal exercise highlights subtle disorders of both hemodynamics and neuronal oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex of poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes. These findings may warn clinicians of brain endothelial dysfunction occurring even before overt microangiopathy during exercise.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Insulin Supplementation for Correction of Bedtime Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vellanki Priyathama , Bean Rachel , Oyedokun Festus A. , Pasquel Francisco J. , Smiley Dawn , Farrokhi Farnoosh , Newton Christopher , Peng Limin , Umpierrez Guillermo E. 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE
Clinical guidelines recommend point-of-care glucose testing and the use of supplemental doses of rapid-acting insulin before meals and at bedtime for correction of hyperglycemia. The efficacy and safety of this recommendation, however, have not been tested in the hospital setting.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this open-label, randomized controlled trial, 206 general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a basal-bolus regimen were randomized to receive either supplemental insulin (n = 106) at bedtime for blood glucose (BG) &gt;7.8 mmol/L or no supplemental insulin (n = 100) except for BG &gt;19.4 mmol/L. Point-of-care testing was performed before meals, at bedtime, and at 3:00 a.m. The primary outcome was the difference in fasting BG. In addition to the intention-to-treat analysis, an as-treated analysis was performed where the primary outcome was analyzed for only the bedtime BG levels between 7.8 and 19.4 mmol/L.

RESULTS
There were no differences in mean fasting BG for the intention-to-treat (8.8 ± 2.4 vs. 8.6 ± 2.2 mmol/L, P = 0.76) and as-treated (8.9 ± 2.4 vs. 8.8 ± 2.4 mmol/L, P = 0.92) analyses. Only 66% of patients in the supplement and 8% in the no supplement groups received bedtime supplemental insulin. Hypoglycemia (BG &lt;3.9 mmol/L) did not differ between groups for either the intention-to-treat (30% vs. 26%, P = 0.50) or the as-treated (4% vs. 8%, P = 0.37) analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of insulin supplements for correction of bedtime hyperglycemia was not associated with an improvement in glycemic control. We conclude that routine use of bedtime insulin supplementation is not indicated for management of inpatients with type 2 diabetes.
Long-term Mortality Risk After Hyperglycemic Crisis Episodes in Geriatric Patients With Diabetes: A National Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Huang Chien-Cheng , Weng Shih-Feng , Tsai Kang-Ting , Chen Ping-Jen , Lin Hung-Jung , Wang Jhi-Joung , Su Shih-Bin , Chou Willy , Guo How-Ran , Hsu Chien-Chin 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE
Hyperglycemic crisis is one of the most serious diabetes-related complications. The increase in the prevalence of diabetes in the geriatric population leads to a large disease burden, but previous studies of geriatric hyperglycemic crisis were focused on acute hyperglycemic crisis episode (HCE). This study aimed to delineate the long-term mortality risk after HCE.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This retrospective national population-based cohort study reviewed, in Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, data from 13,551 geriatric patients with new-onset diabetes between 2000 and 2002, including 4,517 with HCE (case subjects) (ICD-9 code 250.1 or 250.2) and 9,034 without HCE (control subjects). The groups were compared and followed until 2011.

RESULTS
One thousand six hundred thirty-four (36.17%) case and 1,692 (18.73%) control subjects died (P &lt; 0.0001) during follow-up. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of death were 2.82 times higher in case subjects (P &lt; 0.0001). The mortality risk was highest in the first month (IRR 26.56; 95% CI 17.97–39.27) and remained higher until 4–6 years after the HCE (IRR 1.49; 95% CI 1.23–1.81). After adjustment for age, sex, selected comorbidities, and monthly income, the mortality hazard ratio was still 2.848 and 4.525 times higher in case subjects with one episode and two or more episodes of hyperglycemic crisis, respectively. Older age, male sex, renal disease, stroke, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure were independent mortality predictors.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with diabetes had a higher mortality risk after HCE during the first 6 years of follow-up. Referral for proper education, better access to medical care, effective communication with a health care provider, and control of comorbidities should be done immediately after HCE.
Small-scale cyclic deposition in the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Authors: Vierek Aleksandra 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In sections exposing Frasnian limestones at five outcrops in the Holy Cross Mountains, five lithofacies (L1 to L5) that represent upper slope to basinal environments are identified. These lithofacies are characterised by dark-coloured micritic limestones-marly shale couplets with many light-coloured intercalations of fine- to coarse-grained limestones (= event beds). This lithofacies pattern characterises mostly low-energy domains punctuated by storm episodes. In addition, these upper-slope to basinal lithofacies are arranged into small-scale, coarsening-upward beds and cycles. The cycles are locally composed of fining/thinning-upward beds. The small-scale cycles have a calculated duration of 19 to 42 kyr. The differential thickness of beds and cycles within and between sections was probably caused by differential subsidence and local tectonics. Possible evidence of tectonic activity is also related to a difference in number of cycles recorded in the time-equivalent sections. The recognised cyclicity shows sea-level fluctuations and a few deepening episodes. Some of them are correlated with the Timan global eustatic events. However, local tectonics and episodic subsidence may have played a significant role in recording brief deepening pulses. Thus, low-amplitude sea-level changes were major factors in platform generation and evolution in the Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains modified by local, block-related subsidence.