bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feedforward and Feedback Control in Apraxia of Speech: Effects of Noise Masking on Vowel Production
Authors: Maas Edwin , Mailend Marja-Liisa , Guenther Frank H. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
This study was designed to test two hypotheses about apraxia of speech (AOS) derived from the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model (Guenther et al., 2006): the feedforward system deficit hypothesis and the feedback system deficit hypothesis.

Method
The authors used noise masking to minimize auditory feedback during speech. Six speakers with AOS and aphasia, 4 with aphasia without AOS, and 2 groups of speakers without impairment (younger and older adults) participated. Acoustic measures of vowel contrast, variability, and duration were analyzed.

Results
Younger, but not older, speakers without impairment showed significantly reduced vowel contrast with noise masking. Relative to older controls, the AOS group showed longer vowel durations overall (regardless of masking condition) and a greater reduction in vowel contrast under masking conditions. There were no significant differences in variability. Three of the 6 speakers with AOS demonstrated the group pattern. Speakers with aphasia without AOS did not differ from controls in contrast, duration, or variability.

Conclusion
The greater reduction in vowel contrast with masking noise for the AOS group is consistent with the feedforward system deficit hypothesis but not with the feedback system deficit hypothesis; however, effects were small and not present in all individual speakers with AOS. Theoretical implications and alternative interpretations of these findings are discussed.
Merkel Cell Spinal Metastasis: Management in the Setting of a Poor Prognosis
Authors: Goodwin C. Rory , Mehta Ankit I. , Adogwa Owoicho , Sarabia-Estrada Rachel , Sciubba Daniel M. 
Published: January 2015

Study Design Case report. Objective Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is a debilitating disease causing neurologic deficits. The surgical management for MESCC depends on pathology. Methods We report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma of the spine and evaluate the treatment paradigms utilized in the prior reports. Result A 76-year-old man with a history of Merkel cell carcinoma presented with 2-week history of progressive difficulty ambulating and a solitary T5 epidural mass encasing the spinal cord. The patient underwent a T5 corpectomy with cage placement and T3 to T7 posterior fusion with postoperative neurologic improvement and a return to ambulation. Three weeks postoperatively, the patient re-presented with new-onset weakness and widespread metastatic spinal disease with epidural compression at the T8 level. Six weeks postoperatively, he was placed in hospice care. Conclusion Prior reports in the literature demonstrated a poor prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma metastasis to the spine with survival ranging from 1 to 9 months after diagnosis. Although neurologic decline necessitates a surgical intervention, the assessment of operative benefit should take into account the prognosis associated with the primary tumor subtype.
Spontaneously Resolved Recurrent Cervical Epidural Hematoma in a 37-Week Primigravida
Authors: Iwatsuki Katsuyuki , Deguchi Masao , Hirata Hitoshi , Kanamono Toshihisa 
Published: January 2015

Study Design Case report. Objective To describe a patient with a recurrent spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) during pregnancy that had spontaneous remission. Methods A 27-year-old primigravida at 37 weeks’ gestation suddenly felt a strong left shoulder pain without any trauma. She had a history of fenestration for a spontaneous cervical hematoma when she was 18 years old. An emergency magnetic resonance imaging revealed a recurrence of the cervical epidural hematoma at the C4–T1 level, but she had no paralysis. Results The patient subsequently underwent a cesarean section and delivered a healthy male infant. Her spinal epidural hematoma disappeared. Multislice computed tomography showed no evidence for a vascular malformation or tumor. Three years after the initial cesarean section, she underwent a second one and delivered another male infant. Conclusions We report on a rare case of recurrent SSEH during pregnancy with no neurologic deficits that was treated nonoperatively with close observation and resulted in spontaneous resolution. In such patients with no neurologic deficits, nonoperative management with close observation may be a reasonable alternative.
Genetic dissection of pheromone processing reveals main olfactory system-mediated social behaviors in mice
Authors: Matsuo Tomohiko , Hattori Tatsuya , Asaba Akari , Inoue Naokazu , Kanomata Nobuhiro , Kikusui Takefumi , Kobayakawa Reiko , Kobayakawa Ko 
Published: January 2015

Significance
It is now widely accepted that the range of pheromones that control social behaviors are processed by both the vomeronasal system (VNS) and the main olfactory system (MOS). However, the functional contributions of each subsystem in social behavior remain unclear. Here, we showed that mice with loss-of-function confined to the dorsal MOS maintained innate odor recognition and VNS activity, but failed to demonstrate multiple male and female social behaviors. Functional dissociation of the MOS and VNS enabled the identification of an MOS-mediated processing of semiochemical information, independent of the VNS.
Tissue-based metabolic labeling of polysialic acids in living primary hippocampal neurons
Authors: Kang Kyungtae , Joo Sunghoon , Choi Ji Yu , Geum Sujeong , Hong Seok-Pyo , Lee Seung-Yeul , Kim Yong Ho , Kim Seong-Min , Yoon Myung-Han , Nam Yoonkey , Lee Kyung-Bok , Lee Hee-Yoon , Choi Insung S. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
The roles of cell-surface glycans remain elusive compared with those of proteins or lipids because of their diverse and dynamic nature. Metabolic incorporation of unnatural monosaccharides in the biochemical synthesis of glycans as a chemical reporter has been a successful method to investigate the functions of cell-surface glycans but has also left an issue of cytotoxicity for certain cells. In this work, we developed a tissue-based strategy for metabolic incorporation of a chemical reporter to primary neurons. We let an unnatural monosaccharide be metabolized by hippocampal tissues before dissociation into individual cells, and thereby, we could eliminate cytotoxicity. We used this method to describe, for the first time to our knowledge, the real-time distribution of polysialic acids on the membranes of neurons.
Insulin-independent regulation of hepatic triglyceride synthesis by fatty acids
Authors: Vatner Daniel F. , Majumdar Sachin K. , Kumashiro Naoki , Petersen Max C. , Rahimi Yasmeen , Gattu Arijeet K. , Bears Mitchell , Camporez João-Paulo G. , Cline Gary W. , Jurczak Michael J. , Samuel Varman T. , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
The paradox of selective hepatic insulin resistance, wherein the insulin-resistant liver fails to suppress glucose production but continues to produce triglycerides, is central to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that hepatic triglyceride synthesis is regulated mostly by fatty acid delivery to the liver and independent of changes in hepatic insulin signaling. To examine this hypothesis, we used a novel LC-MS/MS method to measure rates of hepatic fatty acid esterification in vivo. In contrast to hepatic de novo hepatic lipogenesis, rates of hepatic esterification of fatty acids into triglyceride was primarily dependent on fatty acid delivery and independent of hepatic insulin action, providing an explanation for increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis in the presence of hepatic insulin resistance.
Beyond school effectiveness and school improvement: lighting the slow fuse of possibility
Authors: Fielding Michael 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that both school effectiveness and school improvement are importantly flawed and that we should be developing alternative approaches which connect more explicitly and more imaginatively with the dilemmas and possibilities facing education in and for democracy at the end of the twentieth century. The first half of the paper (sections 1–3) begins by expressing a number of dissatisfactions with the school effectiveness movement as a prelude to exploring the positive nature and potential of ‘mapping’ change in the school improvement process. The second half (sections 4–5) articulates a number of reservations about both school effectiveness and school improvement and begins to explore the possibility of an alternative, namely, ‘transformative education’.
Handling of medical knowledge in sport: Athletes' medical opinions, information seeking behaviours and knowledge sources
Authors: Gerbing Kim‐Kristin , Thiel Ansgar 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMedical care in sport comprises a variety of treatments, from scientifically proven biomedicine to complementary and alternative medicine. Information and knowledge about these diverse treatment options is spread by different sources. Thus, athletes encounter information of varying content, quality and background. This exploratory pilot study addresses athletes' medical opinions, their health‐related information seeking behaviour and the knowledge sources they utilise. Questionnaires were used to examine n = 110 German athletes (nmale = 69, nfemale = 41; meanage = 24.28 ± 4.97 years) at high performance levels (national team and/or European championship and/or World championship n = 22; first national league and/or German championship n = 51, second national league and/or State championship n = 37) from various Olympic sports. A cluster analysis regarding the athletes' attitudes towards sport medicine exhibited four different types of athletes: ‘the autonomous athlete’, ‘the open‐minded athlete’, ‘the functionalistic athlete’ and ‘the conservative athlete’. In general, our findings show that the most used and trusted information sources are physicians and physiotherapists. However, medical information is trusted the most if it is experience‐ and field‐tested, and comes from the athletes' sport‐specific network. Our findings also suggest that professional medical knowledge management in competitive sport is needed.
Co-expression analysis of high-throughput transcriptome sequencing data with Poisson mixture models
Authors: Rau Andrea , Maugis-Rabusseau Cathy , Martin-Magniette Marie-Laure , Celeux Gilles 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMotivation: In recent years, gene expression studies have increasingly made use of high-throughput sequencing technology. In turn, research concerning the appropriate statistical methods for the analysis of digital gene expression (DGE) has flourished, primarily in the context of normalization and differential analysis.Results: In this work, we focus on the question of clustering DGE profiles as a means to discover groups of co-expressed genes. We propose a Poisson mixture model using a rigorous framework for parameter estimation as well as the choice of the appropriate number of clusters. We illustrate co-expression analyses using our approach on two real RNA-seq datasets. A set of simulation studies also compares the performance of the proposed model with that of several related approaches developed to cluster RNA-seq or serial analysis of gene expression data.Availability and and implementation: The proposed method is implemented in the open-source R package HTSCluster, available on CRAN.Contact: andrea.rau@jouy.inra.frSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Micafungin twice weekly as antifungal prophylaxis in paediatric patients at high risk for invasive fungal disease
Authors: Bochennek K. , Balan A. , Müller-Scholden L. , Becker M. , Farowski F. , Müller C. , Groll A. H. , Lehrnbecher T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
Current guidelines recommend antifungal prophylaxis for children at high risk for invasive fungal disease (IFD), but the use of polyenes and triazoles may not be feasible in some patients due to toxicities and drug–drug interactions. Micafungin is well tolerated, with intravenous daily dosing being the current standard. Recent reports indicate safety and efficacy of intermittent dosing of micafungin.

Methods
We analysed safety, efficacy and micafungin serum concentrations of children at high risk for IFD receiving prophylactic micafungin between 3 and 4 mg/kg twice weekly. All children were intolerant or had contraindications to polyenes and triazoles.

Results
A total of 21 children (median age = 9 years) at high risk for IFD were included in the analysis. No significant clinical adverse event occurred, and end of treatment values of parameters of renal and hepatic function in serum were not different from baseline. Proven or probable breakthrough IFD did not occur in any of the patients. In 9 out of 11 patients in whom plasma micafungin concentrations were assessed, the first trough concentration exceeded 150 ng/mL, a concentration proposed to be effective for prophylaxis.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that micafungin administered twice weekly at a dosage of 3–4 mg/kg of bodyweight could be a convenient, safe and efficient alternative for antifungal prophylaxis in children at high risk for IFD.
Early agr activation correlates with vancomycin treatment failure in multi-clonotype MRSA endovascular infections
Authors: Abdelhady Wessam , Chen Liang , Bayer Arnold S. , Seidl Kati , Yeaman Michael R. , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Xiong Yan Q. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Persistent MRSA infections are especially relevant to endovascular infections and correlate with suboptimal outcomes. However, the virulence signatures of Staphylococcus aureus that drive such persistence outcomes are not well defined. In the current study, we investigated correlations between accessory gene regulator (agr) activation and the outcome of vancomycin treatment in an experimental model of infective endocarditis (IE) due to MRSA strains with different agr and clonal complex (CC) types.

Methods
Twelve isolates with the four most common MRSA CC and agr types (CC5-agr II, CC8-agr I, CC30-agr III and CC45-agr I) were evaluated for heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA), agr function, agrA and RNAIII transcription, agr locus sequences, virulence and response to vancomycin in the IE model.

Results
Early agr RNAIII activation (beginning at 2 h of growth) in parallel with strong δ-haemolysin production correlated with persistent outcomes in the IE model following vancomycin therapy. Importantly, such treatment failures occurred across the range of CC/agr types studied. In addition, these MRSA strains: (i) were vancomycin susceptible in vitro; (ii) were not hVISA or vancomycin tolerant; and (iii) did not evolve hVISA phenotypes or perturbed δ-haemolysin activity in vivo following vancomycin therapy. Moreover, agr locus sequence analyses revealed no common point mutations that correlated with either temporal RNAIII transcription or vancomycin treatment outcomes, encompassing different CC and agr types.

Conclusions
These data suggest that temporal agr RNAIII activation and agr functional profiles may be useful biomarkers to predict the in vivo persistence of endovascular MRSA infections despite vancomycin therapy.
Multiculturalism and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Ivison Duncan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines important connections and differences between multiculturalism and the claims of indigenous peoples, particularly relating to contemporary liberal democracies. It first considers what is meant by multiculturalism and the debates about it that involve issues of culture, freedom, equality, democracy, and justice, then looks at three broad approaches to or “logics” of multiculturalism: protective or communitarian multiculturalism; liberal multiculturalism; and the view that multiculturalism is neither protective nor liberal, but essentially a new version of the hierarchical and racialized modes of political order it was supposed to displace. The chapter also discusses what the proper subject of multiculturalism should be—individuals, groups, cultures, or peoples; arguments for and against liberal multiculturalism; and the problem of legitimacy with respect to indigenous peoples’ claims about multiculturalism. It concludes by suggesting that normative pluralism is the starting point—rather than the terminus—of new forms of democratic community.
Maturing Nicely
Authors: Bowen Alister 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter maps the history of historical archaeological research on Chinese people in colonial Australia and New Zealand. The discussion addresses the thematic progress of historical archaeological thought and research methodologies from its beginning, as well as suggesting new study areas and investigative techniques. Practitioners in this field of historical archaeology have obtained an understanding of the complex nature of the associated material remains. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the current levels of awareness and existing hypothesis on colonial period overseas Chinese people can be challenged to penetrate deeper into the overseas Chinese experience, obtaining a more accurate and intimate understanding of overseas Chinese history.
Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Mathematical and Numerical Understanding
Authors: Brannon Elizabeth M. , Park Joonkoo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis navigator chapter situates the chapters that comprise the section on the phylogeny and ontogeny of mathematical and numerical understanding. How is number represented in the absence of language? What are the key questions that arise as we map out the continuities and discontinuities between non-human and human numerical cognition? What can we learn from studying individual differences in numerical cognition? How do the initial representations of quantity in the infant give rise to the uniquely human mathematical mind? Can we use the knowledge we are gaining about how the preverbal mind represents and manipulate quantity to improve mathematics education?
From Single-Cell Neuropathology to Mathematics Education
Authors: Cohen Kadosh Roi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
One of the most productive research directions in numerical cognition is its combination with neuroscience. This navigator aims to provide the current outlook to this exciting line of studies, together with future directions. I will cover here studies from single-cell neurophysiology in monkeys, to non-invasive neuroimaging studies in children and adults, and will end by discussing a particularly exciting application of neuroscience to education.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, and Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Following Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Gardner Andrew , Iverson Grant L. , van Donkelaar Paul , Ainslie Philip N. , Stanwell Peter 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Sport-related concussion has been referred to as a functional rather than a structural injury with neurometabolic and microstructural alterations reported in several studies. Accordingly, conventional neuroimaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have limited value beyond ruling out structural injury such as a contusion or hemorrhage. This chapter presents a review of three neuroimaging techniques that offer insight into the connectivity and neurometabolic consequences of concussion. A number of studies have now been published using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)/diffusion-weighted imaging, and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) with varying findings. The results of these studies will be presented, together with current and possible future application of these techniques within the field of sport-related concussion.
“A Muslim from America”
Authors: Shabazz Nadirah 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Using the Autobiography of Malcolm X, this chapter examines the concept of Muslim American indigeneity and the emerging Muslim American literature canon as responses to a history of contested belonging. I explore Malcolm X’s narrative as a critical commentary on American race relations and what it means to be a Muslim from America, paying particular attention to Malcolm X’s engagement with and ultimate upending of popular tropes of American inception and Muslim representation, namely the Plymouth Rock landing and the image of the Black Muslim. Despite his embrace of “American type thinking”—a focus on public relations in controlling image—Malcolm X’s text reinforces a binary between the diasporic and the national that helps shape our understanding of Islam in America today. Reading Malcolm X’s work as a narrative of contested belonging and as a cultural investment in American “literary Muslimness” offers new insight on current claims to indigeneity.
Reimagining Tibet Through the Lens of Tibetan Muslim History and Identity
Authors: Singh Rohit 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Tibet became the object of Western imagination in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when Britain and Russia coveted the territory. During this time, images emerged in European writings either romanticizing or demonizing the region. Contemporary Tibetan studies scholars have examined how many of these depictions continue to shape master narratives about Tibet. This article presents an alternative to these master narratives through a historical and ethnographic study of the Tibetan Muslims residing in Kashmir, a diaspora community that migrated from Lhasa to India after the Chinese government took full control of central Tibet in 1959. A study of this community’s history and living memories presents new, diverse, and unique lenses through which to view Tibetan history, religion, and identity.
Antibodies to Deamidated Gliadin Peptide in Diagnosis of Celiac Disease in Children
Authors: Lammi Anne , Arikoski Pekka , Simell Satu , Kinnunen Tuure , Simell Ville , Paavanen‐Huhtala Sari , Hinkkanen Ari , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Toppari Jorma , Vaarala Outi , Simell Olli , Ilonen Jorma 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Determination of antibodies to synthetic deamidated gliadin peptides (anti‐DGPs) may work as an alternative or complement the commonly used test for tissue transglutaminase antibodies (TGA) in the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). We analyzed the performance of a time‐resolved immunofluorometric anti‐DGP assay (TR‐IFMA) in the diagnosis of CD in children and also retrospectively analyzed the appearance of anti‐DGP antibodies before TGA seroconversion.Methods:The study included 92 children with biopsy‐confirmed CD. Serum samples were taken at the time or just before the clinical diagnosis. The control group comprised 82 TGA‐negative children who were positive for human leucocyte antigen‐DQ2 or ‐DQ8.Results:Based on receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cutoff value for immunoglobulin (Ig) A anti‐DGP positivity was 153 arbitrary units (AUs) with a sensitivity of 92.4% and specificity of 97.6% and that for IgG anti‐DGP 119 AU, with a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 97.6%. All 92 children with CD were either IgA or IgG anti‐DGP positive at the time of diagnosis. Sera from 48 children with CD were also analyzed retrospectively before the diagnosis. Anti‐DGP antibodies preceded TGA positivity in 35 of the 48 children with CD and appeared a median of 1 year earlier.Conclusions:The TR‐IFMA assay for detecting anti‐DGP antibodies shows high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CD in children. In a majority of our study population, anti‐DGP seropositivity preceded TGA positivity, indicating that earlier detection of CD may be possible by monitoring anti‐DGP antibodies frequently in genetically susceptible children.