bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System Exiting and Social Movements
Authors: Tierney Amber C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

As has been well documented in the social movement literature, movements can take multiple forms. Accordingly, analyses of coordinated challenge tend to array social movements along a spectrum of variable dimensions. Snow and Soule 2010 suggest that social movements can be relegated to one of two general types of challenge, such that the challenge is either direct (including various forms of
specifically
targeted protest) or indirect (including movements that exit from or divest in authority). Indirect challenges—the less often examined form of collective action—relate to movements that are covert or ambiguous with respect to the action they employ; that may endeavor to actualize broad‐based change through individual conversion; and finally, that bypass authority structures by literally “exiting” or withdrawing from undesirable systems or relations (Snow & Soule 2010).
Functional Polymer Brushes on Diamond as a Platform for Immobilization and Electrical Wiring of Biomolecules
Authors: Reitinger Andreas A. , Hutter Naima A. , Donner Andreas , Steenackers Marin , Williams Oliver A. , Stutzmann Martin , Jordan Rainer , Garrido Jose A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFor the biofunctionalization of electronic devices, polymer brushes can provide a route which allows combining the advantages of other commonly used approaches, such as immobilization of functional biomolecules via self assembled monolayers or coated polymer matrices: high stability and loading capacity, efficient electron transport, and excellent biocompatibility. In the work presented here, poly(methacrylic acid) brushes are prepared by self‐initiated photografting and photopolymerization on diamond electrodes. In this straightforward process no prior grafting of initiators is required since the initiation of the polymerization can be conveniently controlled by the hydrogen or oxygen termination of the diamond surface. Boron doped nanocrystalline diamond as an electrode material provides extreme chemical inertness and stability, inherent biocompatibility, and superior electrochemical properties, such as the large accessible potential window and low background currents. As a proof of concept we demonstrate the amperometric detection of glucose by polymer brushes covalently modified with the redox enzyme glucose oxidase and aminomethyl ferrocene as electron mediator. Characterization by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy both indicate a high loading of the ferrocene mediator. Consistently, electrochemical cyclic voltammetry shows a multilayer equivalent loading of ferrocene and highly efficient electron transfer throughout the polymer film. Overall, functionalized polymer brushes can provide a promising platform for the immobilization and electrical wiring of biomolecules for bioelectronic and biosensing applications.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles with a Reusable Template–“Plastic Antibodies”
Authors: Poma Alessandro , Guerreiro Antonio , Whitcombe Michael J. , Piletska Elena V. , Turner Anthony P. F. , Piletsky Sergey A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are generic alternatives to antibodies in sensors, diagnostics, and separations. To displace biomolecules without radical changes in infrastructure in device manufacture, MIPs should share their characteristics (solubility, size, specificity and affinity, localized binding domain) whilst maintaining the advantages of MIPs (low‐cost, short development time, and high stability) hence the interest in MIP nanoparticles. Herein, a reusable solid‐phase template approach is reported (fully compatible with automation) for the synthesis of MIP nanoparticles and their precise manufacture using a prototype automated UV photochemical reactor. Batches of nanoparticles (30–400 nm) with narrow size distributions imprinted with: melamine (d = 60 nm, Kd = 6.3 × 10−8 M), vancomycin (d = 250 nm, Kd = 3.4 × 10−9 M), a peptide (d = 350 nm, Kd = 4.8 × 10−8 M) and proteins have been produced. The instrument uses a column packed with glass beads, bearing the template. Process parameters are under computer control, requiring minimal manual intervention. For the first time, the reliable re‐use of molecular templates is demonstrated in the synthesis of MIPs (≥30 batches of nanoMIPs without loss of performance). NanoMIPs are produced template‐free and the solid‐phase acts both as template and affinity separation medium.
Phase Transformations and Structural Developments in the Radular Teeth of Cryptochiton Stelleri
Authors: Wang Qianqian , Nemoto Michiko , Li Dongsheng , Weaver James C. , Weden Brian , Stegemeier John , Bozhilov Krassimir N. , Wood Leslie R. , Milliron Garrett W. , Kim Christopher S. , DiMasi Elaine , Kisailus David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring mineralization, the hard outer magnetite‐containing shell of the radular teeth of Cryptochiton stelleri undergoes four distinct stages of structural and phase transformations: (i) the formation of a crystalline α‐chitin organic matrix that forms the structural framework of the non‐mineralized teeth, (ii) the templated synthesis of ferrihydrite crystal aggregates along these organic fibers, (iii) subsequent solid state phase transformation from ferrihydrite to magnetite, and (iv) progressive magnetite crystal growth to form continuous parallel rods within the mature teeth. The underlying α‐chitin organic matrix appears to influence magnetite crystal aggregate density and the diameter and curvature of the resulting rods, both of which likely play critical roles in determining the local mechanical properties of the mature radular teeth.
Striking intrafamilial phenotypic variability in Aicardi–Goutières syndrome associated with the recurrent Asian founder mutation in RNASEH2C
Authors: Vogt Julie , Agrawal Shakti , Ibrahim Zala , Southwood Taunton R. , Philip Sunny , MacPherson Lesley , Bhole Malini V. , Crow Yanick J. , Oley Christine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) is an encephalopathy of early childhood which is most commonly inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The disorder demonstrates significant genetic heterogeneity with causative mutations in five genes identified to date. Although most patients with AGS experience a severe neonatal or infantile presentation, poor neurodevelopmental outcome and reduced survival, clinical variability in the onset and severity of the condition is being increasingly recognized. A later presentation with a more variable effect on development, morbidity and mortality has been particularly observed in association with mutations in SAMHD1 and RNASEH2B. In contrast, the recurrent c.205C > T (p.R69W) RNASEH2C Asian founder mutation has previously only been identified in children with a severe AGS phenotype. Here, to our knowledge, we present the first report of marked phenotypic variability in siblings both harboring this founder mutation in the homozygous state. In this family, one female child had a severe AGS phenotype with an onset in infancy and profound developmental delay, whilst an older sister was of completely normal intellect with a normal head circumference and was only diagnosed because of the presence of chilblains and a mild hemiplegia. An appreciation of intrafamilial phenotypic expression is important in the counseling of families considering prenatal diagnosis, and may also be relevant to the assessment of efficacy in future clinical trials. In addition, marked phenotypic variation raises the possibility that more mildly affected patients are not currently identified. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex II deficiency—A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Jain‐Ghai Shailly , Cameron Jessie M. , Al Maawali Almundher , Blaser Susan , MacKay Nevena , Robinson Brian , Raiman Julian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractComplex II deficiency is a rare cause of mitochondrial respiratory chain defects with a prevalence of 2–23%. It is exclusively nuclear encoded and functions in the citric acid cycle by oxidizing succinate to fumarate and in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) by transferring electrons to ubiquinone. Of the four subunits, SDHA and SDHB are catalytic and SDHC and SDHD are anchoring. Mutations in SDHA and SDHAF1 (assembly factor) have been found in patients with CII deficiency and a mitochondrial phenotype. We present a patient with CII deficiency with a previously undescribed phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular noncompaction, failure to thrive, hypotonia, and developmental delay. Also, a comprehensive review of 36 cases published in the literature was undertaken. The results show that CII deficiency has a variable phenotype with no correlation with residual complex activity in muscle although the phenotype and enzyme activities are comparable within a family. For some, the condition was fatal in infancy, others had multisystem involvement and some had onset in adulthood with mild symptoms and normal cognition. Neurological involvement is most commonly observed and brain imaging commonly shows leukoencephalopathy, Leigh syndrome, or cerebellar atrophy. Mutations in SDHAF1 are associated with leukoencephalopathy. Other organ systems like heart, muscle, and eyes are only involved in about 50% of the cases but cardiomyopathy is associated with high mortality and morbidity. In some patients, riboflavin has provided clinical improvement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Singleton–Merten syndrome: An autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression
Authors: Feigenbaum Annette , Müller Christine , Yale Christopher , Kleinheinz Johannes , Jezewski Peter , Kehl Hans Gerd , MacDougall Mary , Rutsch Frank , Hennekam Raoul C.M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 1973, Singleton and Merten described two females with abnormal dentition, unique radiographic changes especially of the hands, and severe calcification and intimal weakening of the aortic arch and valve. Since then three additional cases with similar features have been reported and the diagnosis was suggested in another three individuals. We present an update of one case and the detailed clinical phenotype of six other cases with Singleton–Merten syndrome. The occurrence of the disorder in six members of two families and vertical male‐to‐male transmission indicate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Variability in phenotype, also within a single family, is significant. Core manifestations are marked aortic calcification, dental anomalies (delayed eruption and immature root formation of primarily the anterior permanent teeth, and early loss of permanent teeth due to short roots, acute root resorption, high caries, and aggressive alveolar bone loss), osteopenia and acro‐osteolysis, and to a lesser extend also glaucoma, psoriasis, muscle weakness, and joint laxity. Additional clinical characteristics described here include particular facial characteristics (high anterior hairline, broad forehead, smooth philtrum, thin upper vermillion) and abnormal joint and muscle ligaments. The cause and pathogenesis of this syndrome remain unknown. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular interaction of ctDNA and HSA with sulfadiazine sodium by multispectroscopic methods and molecular modeling
Authors: Geng Shaoguang , Liu Guosheng , Li Wei , Cui Fengling 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTInteractions of sulfadiazine sodium (SD‐Na) with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, UV absorption spectroscopy and molecular modeling. The fluorescence experiments showed that the processes were static quenching. The results of UV spectra and molecular modeling of the interaction between SD‐Na and ctDNA indicated that the binding mode might be groove binding. In addition, the interaction of SD‐Na with HSA under simulative physiological conditions was also investigated. The binding constants (K) and the number of binding sites (n) at different temperatures (292, 302, 312 K) were 5.23 × 103 L/mol, 2.18; 4.50 × 103 L/mol, 2.35; and 4.08 × 103 L/mol, 2.47, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters including enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were calculated, the results suggesting that hydrophobic force played a very important role in SD‐Na binding to HSA, which was in good agreement with the molecular modeling study. Moreover, the effect of SD‐Na on the conformation of HSA was analyzed using three‐dimensional fluorescence spectra. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exceptionally E‐ and β‐Selective NHC–Cu‐Catalyzed Proto‐Silyl Additions to Terminal Alkynes and Site‐ and Enantioselective Proto‐Boryl Additions to the Resulting Vinylsilanes: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Vicinal and Geminal Borosilanes
Authors: Meng Fanke , Jang Hwanjong , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn exceptionally site‐ and E‐selective catalytic method for preparation of Si‐containing alkenes through protosilylation of terminal alkynes is presented. Furthermore, the vinylsilanes obtained are used as substrates to generate vicinal or geminal borosilanes by another catalytic process; such products are derived from enantioselective protoborations of the Si‐substituted alkenes. All transformations are catalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper complexes. Specifically, a commercially available imidazolinium salt, cheap CuCl (1.0 mol %) and Me2PhSi–B(pin), readily and inexpensively prepared in one vessel, are used to convert terminal alkynes to (E)‐β‐vinylsilanes efficiently (79–98 % yield) and in >98 % E and >98 % β‐selectivity. Vinylsilanes are converted to borosilanes with 5.0 mol % of a chiral NHC–Cu complex in 33–94 % yield and up to 98.5:1.5 enantiomeric ratio (e.r.). Alkyl‐substituted substrates afford vicinal borosilanes exclusively; aryl‐ and heteroaryl‐substituted alkenes deliver the geminal isomers preferentially. Different classes of chiral NHCs give rise to high enantioselectivities in the two sets of transformations: C1‐symmetric monodentate Cu complexes are most suitable for reactions of alkyl‐containing vinylsilanes and bidentate sulfonate‐bridged variants furnish the highest e.r. for substrates with an aryl substituent. Working models that account for the observed trends in selectivity are provided. Utility is demonstrated through application towards a formal enantioselective total synthesis of naturally occurring antibacterial agent bruguierol A.
Design, Synthesis, in vitro MAO‐B Inhibitory Evaluation, and Computational Studies of Some 6‐Nitrobenzothiazole‐Derived Semicarbazones
Authors: Tripathi Rati K. P. , Goshain Omprakash , Ayyannan Senthil Raja 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMonoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) is an important drug target for the treatment of neurological disorders. A series of 6‐nitrobenzothiazole‐derived semicarbazones were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inhibitors of the rat brain MAO‐B isoenzyme. Most of the compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of MAO‐B, with IC50 values in the nanomolar to micromolar range. Molecular docking studies were performed with AutoDock 4.2 to deduce the affinity and binding mode of these inhibitors toward the MAO‐B active site. The free energies of binding (ΔG) and inhibition constants (Ki) of the docked compounds were calculated by the Lamarckian genetic algorithm (LGA) of AutoDock 4.2. Good correlations between the calculated and experimental results were obtained. 1‐[(4‐Chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methylene]‐4‐(6‐nitrobenzothiazol‐2‐yl)semicarbazide emerged as the lead MAO‐B inhibitor, with top ranking in both the experimental MAO‐B assay (IC50: 0.004±0.001 μM) and in computational docking studies (Ki: 1.08 μM). Binding mode analysis of potent inhibitors suggests that these compounds are well accommodated by the MAO‐B active site through stable hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Interestingly, the 6‐nitrobenzothiazole moiety is stabilized in the substrate cavity with the aryl or diaryl residues extending up into the entrance cavity of the active site. According to our results, docking experiments could be an interesting approach for predicting the activity and binding interactions of this class of semicarbazones against MAO‐B. Thus, a binding site model consisting of three essential pharmacophoric features is proposed, and this can be used for the design of future MAO‐B inhibitors.
Overexpression of nerve growth factor by murine smooth muscle cells: Role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor on sympathetic and sensory sprouting
Authors: Petrie Casey N. , Smithson Laura J. , Crotty Anne‐Marie , Michalski Bernadeta , Fahnestock Margaret , Kawaja Michael D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractElevating levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) can have pronounced effects on the survival and maintenance of distinct populations of neurons. We have generated a line of transgenic mice in which NGF is expressed under the control of the smooth muscle α‐actin promoter. These transgenic mice have augmented levels of NGF protein in the descending colon and urinary bladder, so these tissues display increased densities of NGF‐sensitive sympathetic efferents and sensory afferents. Here we provide a thorough examination of sympathetic and sensory axonal densities in the descending colon and urinary bladder of NGF transgenic mice with and without the expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). In response to elevated NGF levels, sympathetic axons (immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase) undergo robust collateral sprouting in the descending colon and urinary bladder of adult transgenic mice (i.e., those tissues having smooth muscle cells); this sprouting is not augmented in the absence of p75NTR expression. As for sensory axons (immunostained for calcitonin gene‐related peptide) in the urinary bladders of transgenic mice, fibers undergo sprouting that is further increased in the absence of p75NTR expression. Sympathetic axons are also seen invading the sensory ganglia of transgenic mice; these fibers form perineuronal plexi around a subpopulation of sensory somata. Our results reveal that elevated levels of NGF in target tissues stimulate sympathetic and sensory axonal sprouting and that an absence of p75NTR by sensory afferents (but not by sympathetic efferents) leads to a further increase of terminal arborization in certain NGF‐rich peripheral tissues. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2621–2643, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoelectrochemical Scanning Droplet Cell Microscopy (PE‐SDCM)
Authors: Kollender Jan Philipp , Mardare Andrei Ionut , Hassel Achim Walter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPrinciples of localised photoelectrochemistry are summarised and an experimental approach is described that allows the performance of the most important photoelectrochemical experiments within a diameter of 100 μm. Various light sources, such as a continuum emitter with a monochromator, LEDs, and lasers are coupled into a multi‐mode fibre to illuminate a small spot that is wetted by the electrolyte from a capillary. Reference electrode, counter electrode, and optical fibre are installed in the capillary system. The performance of this system is demonstrated by photocurrent measurements on n‐doped Si and p‐doped Si as model substrates. A thickness‐graded aluminium thin film for partial shadowing on Si proves the applicability for material library investigations in combinatorial materials science. Further experiments demonstrate the possibility of electrical light chopping as well as impedance spectroscopy with subsequent Mott–Schottky analysis for the determination of charge‐carrier concentration and type, flat‐band potential, and inversion layer formation. Photoelectrochemical scanning droplet cell microscopy (PE‐SDCM) is an extremely versatile tool for the screening of water splitting photoelectrodes, the characterisation of photocatalysts, and high throughput characterisation of microgram amounts of new solar cell materials.
A threshold of 10% for myeloperoxidase by flow cytometry is valid to classify acute leukemia of ambiguous and myeloid origin
Authors: van den Ancker Willemijn , Westers Theresia M. , de Leeuw David C. , van der Veeken Yvonne F. C. M. , Loonen Anne , van Beckhoven Ernest , Ossenkoppele Gert J. , van de Loosdrecht Arjan A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground:According to WHO 2008 guidelines, an important role is designated for cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase (cMPO) as measured by flow cytometry for classifying acute leukemia of myeloid or ambiguous origin (AML or MPAL). However, no threshold with respect to expression level and percentage positive cells is provided. Since the expression of solely cMPO can change the diagnosis from acute lymphoid leukemia into MPAL in the current WHO 2008, a consensus is needed for the cut‐off for cMPO.Methods:In this study, we investigated whether or not a cut‐off of 10% positivity for cMPO equally defines an acute leukemia as AML or MPAL as compared to a cut‐off for cMPO of 20% and compared this with results obtained for Sudan Black B (SBB) staining by cytomorphology.Results:Cell lineage‐defining markers and SBB staining were analyzed retrospectively in a cohort of 198 patients who presented with acute leukemia. Eight patients were positive for SBB (>3%), but were considered negative for cMPO (<10%); six patients were negative for SBB (≤3%) and positive for cMPO (≥10%) staining. In six patients, we found 10–20% cMPO positive leukemic cells. Five of these cases were SBB positive; the sixth patient showed a clear myeloid phenotype without positivity of any lymphoid marker. Using a 10% cut‐off instead of 20% would have changed diagnosis from ALL into MPAL in two patients; both cases were SBB positive by morphology.Conclusion:We conclude that a 10% cut‐off is a secure lower limit for cMPO expression and can be used independently from SBB expression. © 2013 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Drug‐Induced Convulsions in Nonclinical Safety Studies: Implication for Clinical Development
Authors: Elander Mikael 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics

The occurrence of convulsions in nonclinical safety studies during development of a new drug often complicates further development of the compound. Based on experiences with a previous development project at H. Lundbeck A/S, where convulsions were noted in animals, a structured approach to investigate possible mechanisms behind the convulsions is suggested. Because it is typically difficult to determine the exact reason for convulsions, it is important to focus on the assessment of possible human risk rather than finding the exact mechanism behind the convulsions. The suggested investigations include the following: calculation of safety margin and assessment of human risk, evaluation of data already captured in performed studies such as clinical chemistry data, description of clinical signs, batches of compound used, expert advice on activities that could enable further development of the compound, investigation of extended in vitro receptor profiles of parent compound and major metabolites, extended histopathology on brain sections, seizure threshold tests of parent compound and major metabolites (in vivo/in vitro), evaluation of electroencephalograms, and finally contact with authorities to discuss a plan for continued clinical development.