bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on 2000-m Rowing Performance
Authors: Hobson Ruth M. , Harris Roger C. , Martin Dan , Smith Perry , Macklin Ben , Elliott-Sale Kirsty J. , Sale Craig 
Published: January 2014

The ability to buffer H+ could be vital to exercise performance, as high concentrations of H+ contribute to the development of fatigue.Purpose:The authors examined the effect of sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on 2000-m rowing-ergometer performance.Methods:Twenty male rowers (age 23 ± 4 y, height 1.85 ± 0.08 m, mass 82.5 ± 8.9 kg, 2000-m personal-best time 409 ± 16 s) completed two 2000-m rowing-ergometer time trials, separated by 48 h. Participants were supplemented before exercise with 0.3 g/kg body mass of SB or a placebo (maltodextrin; PLA). The trials were conducted using a double-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced crossover study design. Time to complete the 2000-m and time taken for each 500-m split were recorded. Blood lactate, bicarbonate, pH, and base excess were determined preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 5 min postexercise. Performance data were analyzed using paired t tests, as well as magnitude-based inferences; hematological data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA.Results:Using paired t tests, there was no benefit of SB over PLA (P = .095). However, using magnitude-based inferences there was a likely beneficial effect of SB compared with PLA (PLA 412.0 ± 15.1 s, SB 410.7 ± 14.9 s). Furthermore, SB was 0.5 ± 1.2 s faster than PLA in the third 500 m (P = .035; possibly beneficial) and 1.1 ± 1.7 s faster in the fourth 500 m (P = .004; very likely beneficial). All hematological data were different between SB and PLA and were different from preexercise to postexercise.Conclusion:SB supplementation is likely to be beneficial to the performance of those competing in 2000-m rowing events, particularly in the second half of the event.
A New Method to Retrieve Thin Cloud Optical Thickness from a Ratio of Scattering to Global Solar Irradiance
Authors: Qiu Jinhuan , Zong Xuemei 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Three kinds of “visible” cloud optical thickness τ—matching shortwave direct, global, and scattering solar irradiances (Ids, Igs and Iss)—are defined, which are marked as τd, τg, and τs, respectively. It is found from radiation calculations that a ratio of Iss to Igs in the small-τ case has a unique characteristic: strong sensitivity to τ but weak sensitivity to the cloud scattering phase function. On the basis of this characteristic, a method to retrieve Iss-equivalent τs from the ratio is proposed. This method is validated by way of simulation and application tests, in which the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer model (DISORT) is used to calculate irradiances. As shown in simulations with τ &lt; 2, there may be unrealistically negative or grossly overestimated τ values from Igs, owing to the difference between τs and τd, while the new method can lead to a very good agreement of τs retrieval with its input. Furthermore, this method is used to retrieve small τ from the pyrheliometer and pyranometer measurements in Lhasa during 2006. It is found that τ retrieved from Igs was often negative because of cloud inhomogeneity, while the application of the new method resulted in stable yet reasonable τs values. The Iss calculations using 1293 sets of τs retrievals fit well into the Iss determinations from pyrheliometer and pyranometer measurements with an annual-mean deviation of 0.18%, but the deviation was raised to 46.4% when using τg retrievals.
Allografts in Soft Tissue Reconstructive Procedures
Authors: Giedraitis Andrius , Arnoczky Steven P. , Bedi Asheesh 
Published: January 2014

Context Allografts offer several important advantages over autografts in musculoskeletal reconstructive procedures, such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Despite growing widespread use of allograft tissue, serious concerns regarding safety and functionality remain. We discuss the latest knowledge of the potential benefits and risks of allograft use and offer a critical review of allograft tissue regulation, management, and sterilization to enable the surgeon to better inform athletes considering reconstructive surgery options. Evidence Acquisition A review of sources published in the past 10 years is the primary basis of this research. Study Design: Observational analysis (cohort study). Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results Comparable outcome data for autografts and allografts do not support universal standards for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and physician recommendation and bias appear to significantly influence patient preference and satisfaction. Sterilization by gamma and electron-beam irradiation diminishes the biomechanical integrity of allograft tissue, but radioprotective agents such as collagen cross-linking and free radical scavengers appear to have potential in mitigating the deleterious effects of irradiation and preserving tissue strength and stability. Conclusion Allografts offer greater graft availability and reduced morbidity in orthopaedic reconstructive procedures, but greater expansion of their use by surgeons is challenged by the need to maintain tissue sterility and biomechanical functionality. Advances in the radioprotection of irradiated tissue may lessen concerns regarding allograft safety and structural stability.
Recent work on Procopius and the composition of Wars VIII
Authors: Greatrex Geoffrey 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article offers a survey of research on Procopius over the last six years as well as going into detail on certain disputed questions in Procopian scholarship; special attention is paid to the discussion of the Buildings in Antiquité Tardive 8 (2000). In particular, the author argues in detail for dating Wars VIII to 552 and for maintaining an early date for the composition of the Buildings. He upholds the traditional view of Procopius as a lawyer, rather than as a military engineer, and notes the failure of the notion of genre as a method of resolving the discrepancies between Procopius’ works.
Report on Luton Public Library (1908)
Authors: Jast L. Stanley 
Published: January 2014

Louis Stanley jast (1868 – 1944) was one of the most progressive and respected public librarians of his day. As Chief Librarian of Croydon, and later of Manchester, and as a writer on the advantages of libraries, he exercised a considerable influence over his contemporaries.1 In 1908 he was invited by Luton Borough Council to examine and report on the state of their public library. Luton was hardly a go-ahead library authoritY, but the Council was willing to take advice and act upon it. Luton Library had a curious history. Established by the Council in 1877, with a new building opened in 1883, the Public Libraries Acts were not adopted until 1894, by which time only a resolution of the Council was necessary. The Library relied purely on money raised from wellwishers. As a consequence the stock was small and poor, and initially only subscribers could borrow books. The first librarian, David Wootton, had been hired as a caretaker, and ‘librarianship’ was exercised by its Committee. Jast's views are clear in this report and show him well in the vanguard of contemporary library thinking. He opposed the purchasing of newspapers and the provision of separate reading rooms for ladies, and favoured open access and card catalogues, all contentious topics in their time. Within days of receiving Jast's report the Committee had applied to Andrew Carnegie for funds for a new library. This was granted, the unqualified chief librarian was dispensed with, and, in a new building, Jast's recommendations could be implemented. Luton soon had a public library to be proud of.2 Jast's printed, but previously unpublished, report is a revealing source for the history of the Edwardian public library, both as it was in reality and as it ought to be,according to one of the leading practioners of the day.
Downregulation of inhibitory SRC Homology 2 Domain-containing Phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) leads to recovery of T cell responses in elderly
Authors: Le Page Aurélie , Fortin Carl , Garneau Hugo , Allard Nancy , Tsvetkova Krassimira , Tan Crystal Tze Ying , Larbi Anis , Dupuis Gilles , Fülöp Tamas 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Immune responses are generally impaired in aged mammals. T cells have been extensively studied in this context due to the initial discovery of their reduced proliferative capacity with aging. The decreased responses involve altered signaling events associated with the early steps of T cell activation. The underlying causes of these changes are not fully understood but point to alterations in assembly of the machinery for T cell activation. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that the T cell pool in elderly subjects displayed reduced functional capacities due to altered negative feedback mechanisms that participate in the regulation of the early steps of T cell activation. Such conditions tip the immune balance in favor of altered T cell activation and a related decreased response in aging.

Results
We present evidence that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, a key regulator of T cell signal transduction machinery is, at least in part, responsible for the impaired T cell activation in aging. We used tyrosine-specific mAbs and Western blot analysis to show that a deregulation of the Csk/PAG loop in activated T cells from elderly individuals favored the inactive form of tyrosine-phosphorylated Lck (Y505). Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that the dynamic movements of these regulatory proteins in lipid raft microdomains was altered in T cells of aged individuals. Enzymic assays showed that SHP-1 activity was upregulated in T cells of aged donors, in contrast to young subjects. Pharmacological inhibition of SHP-1 resulted in recovery of TCR/CD28-dependent lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production of aged individuals to levels approaching those of young donors. Significant differences in the active (Y394) and inactive (Y505) phosphorylation sites of Lck in response to T cell activation were observed in elderly donors as compared to young subjects, independently of CD45 isoform expression.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that the role of SHP-1 in T cell activation extends to its increased effect in negative feedback in aging. Modulation of SHP-1 activity could be a target to restore altered T cell functions in aging. These observations could have far reaching consequences for improvement of immunosenescence and its clinical consequences such as infections, altered response to vaccination.
Arterial supply to the bleeding diverticulum in the ascending duodenum treated by transcatheter arterial embolization— a duodenal artery branched from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Authors: Sanda Hiroki H , Kawai Nobuyuki N , Sato Morio M , Tanaka Fumihiro F , Nakata Kouhei K , Minamiguchi Hiroki H , Nakai Motoki M , Sonomura Tetsuo T 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We present a case of endoscopically unmanageable hemorrhagic diverticulum in the ascending duodenum. The ventral and dorsal walls of the ascending duodenum were supplied from the first jejunal artery (1JA) and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA), respectively. The hemorrhage mainly occurred from IPDA. The abruptly branching of IPDA from superior mesenteric artery enabled successful catheterization of the IPDA with an angled microcatheter. Hemostasis was obtained by embolization using n-butyl cyanoacrylate. Gastroendoscopy depicted a duodenal hemi-circumferential ulcer. No symptoms related to hemorrhage were found at the last follow-up at 12 months.
Structural Origin of the Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of a K2NiF4-type Oxide CaErAlO4 through Interatomic Distances
Authors: Omoto Kazuki , Yashima Masatomo , Hester James R 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The anisotropic thermal expansion and crystal structure of K2NiF4-type CaErAlO4 have been investigated by neutron diffraction from 298 to 1473 K. The average thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) along the c axis αc is larger than that along the a axis, mainly due to the larger Al–(apical oxygen O2) TEC compared to the Al–(equatorial O1) TEC. The larger Al–O2 TEC is attributable to the weaker Al–O2 bond. Contrary to the literature, the mean TEC of K2NiF4-type CaErAlO4 is larger than that of perovskite-type ErAlO3.
The use of technology of master classes at higher schools of Tourism and Service
Authors: Зайцева Наталия , Zaitseva Nataliya 
Published: January 2014

The paper studies the current approaches to the nature and the classification of master classes as a form
of learning and development. It also describes the technology of various kinds of workshops for students,
trainees advanced education programs and teaching staff. The examples of master classes for students of
Tourism and Service higher schools are given.
Kurdish nationalism: What are its origins?
Authors: Hassan Zheger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
There is a general perception among some academics and Kurdish nationalists that Kurdish nationalism is ancient and inherent as demonstrated by centuries of history. These primordialists reference a distinct Kurdish culture and language and literature as the foundations for an ancient Kurdish national identity. An opposing camp of modernists asserts that the concept of nationalism is a product of industrialization and modernity. The issue of the origins of nationalism has advanced little beyond the primordial–modernist debate. An alternative approach to the emergence of nationalism is presented by the works of Anthony Smith. This approach, labelled ‘soft’ primordialism, acknowledges primordial and modernist elements of nationalism. Herein lies the issue: Where does nationalism come from? Is it inherited or constructed? This article will revisit the classical debate between the two dominant theories on nationalism and assess their applicability to the Kurdish case. It argues that neither the primordial nor the modernist approach alone can account for the origins of Kurdish nationalism. Instead, the article argues nations – as the Kurdish case will reveal, contain both primordial and modern characteristics.
A Remark on the A Posteriori Error Analysis of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for the Obstacle Problem
Authors: Gudi Thirupathi , Porwal Kamana 
Published: January 2014

Abstract.
We revisit the a posteriori error analysis of discontinuous
Galerkin methods for the obstacle problem derived in
[Math. Comput. (2013), DOI 10.1090/S0025-5718-2013-02728-7].
Under a mild assumption on the trace of obstacle, we
derive a reliable a posteriori error estimator which does
not involve min/max functions. A key in this approach is an
auxiliary problem with discrete obstacle. Applications to various
discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods are presented.
Numerical experiments show that the new estimator obtained in this
article performs better.
Computational Survey on A Posteriori Error Estimators for the Crouzeix–Raviart Nonconforming Finite Element Method for the Stokes Problem
Authors: Carstensen Carsten , Merdon Christian 
Published: January 2014

Abstract.
This survey compares different strategies for guaranteed error control
for the lowest-order nonconforming Crouzeix–Raviart finite element method for the Stokes equations.
The upper error bound involves the minimal distance of the computed piecewise gradient
$\operatorname{D}_{\textup {NC}}u_{\textup {CR}}$
to the gradients of Sobolev functions with exact boundary conditions.
Several improved suggestions for
the cheap computation of such test functions
compete in five benchmark examples. This paper provides numerical evidence that guaranteed
error control of the
nonconforming FEM is indeed possible for the Stokes equations with overall efficiency indices
between 1 to 4 in the asymptotic range.
Robust observer design for Sugeno systems with incremental quadratic nonlinearity in the consequent
Authors: Moodi Hoda , Farrokhi Mohammad 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper is concerned with observer design for nonlinear systems that are modeled by T-S fuzzy systems containing parametric and nonparametric uncertainties. Unlike most Sugeno models, the proposed method contains nonlinear functions in the consequent part of the fuzzy IF-THEN rules. This will allow modeling a wider class of systems with smaller modeling errors. The consequent part of each rule contains a linear part plus a nonlinear term, which has an incremental quadratic constraint. This constraint relaxes the conservativeness introduced by other regular constraints for nonlinearities such as the Lipschitz conditions. To further reduce the conservativeness, a nonlinear injection term is added to the observer dynamics. Simulation examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with the existing techniques reported in well-established journals.
POSSIBILITIES OF THE USE OF ELECTROLYZED WATER IN POULTRY BREEDING
Authors: Jirotková Dana , Šoch Miloslav , Kernerová Naděžda , Pálka Václav , Zábranský Luboš , Marešová Iveta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
the paper deals with verification of the effects of the electrolyzed NaCl-water solution where a new possibility for an alternative procedure to disinfect water is provided. The experiment was done in two chicken breeding halls where the solution was used to disinfect the stable premises and at the same time it was applied into the feed water. The effects of disinfection were verified directly in the stable premises at the interval of 20, 40, 60 minutes after application. Staphylococci and Streptococci and Enterococci were inactive always after 60 minutes of effect. There was significant decrease in the number of total number of microorganisms. An evaluation of the qualitative features of the produced chicken meat, focused mainly on the PSE meat disorder, was a part of the examination, too. After the research was finished, the chickens were slaughtered at the industrial slaughterhouse and samples of the meat were taken (gradually 157 pieces in total) from the individual halls and analysed. The determined share in water loss by dripping was the most significant of the monitored indicators, which could suggest a possible development of the PSE problem, however, the meat colour and the pH values did not confirmed this. The values of pH, colour and loss of water (dripping) ascertained, processed by the T-test did not confirm the hypothesis of the assumed possible differences in occurrence of critical values of these indicators in both groups observed.
Some Properties of the Sorgenfrey Line and the Sorgenfrey Plane
Authors: Arnaud Adam St. , Rudnicki Piotr 
Published: January 2014

Summary
We first provide a modified version of the proof in [3] that
the Sorgenfrey line is T1. Here, we prove that it is in fact T2, a stronger result.
Next, we prove that all subspaces of ℝ1 (that is the real line with the usual
topology) are Lindel¨of. We utilize this result in the proof that the Sorgenfrey
line is Lindel¨of, which is based on the proof found in [8]. Next, we construct the
Sorgenfrey plane, as the product topology of the Sorgenfrey line and itself. We
prove that the Sorgenfrey plane is not Lindel¨of, and therefore the product space
of two Lindel¨of spaces need not be Lindel¨of. Further, we note that the Sorgenfrey
line is regular, following from [3]:59. Next, we observe that the Sorgenfrey line is
normal since it is both regular and Lindel¨of. Finally, we prove that the Sorgenfrey
plane is not normal, and hence the product of two normal spaces need not be
normal. The proof that the Sorgenfrey plane is not normal and many of the
lemmas leading up to this result are modelled after the proof in [3], that the
Niemytzki plane is not normal. Information was also gathered from [15].
Constructing Binary Huffman Tree
Authors: Okazaki Hiroyuki , Futa Yuichi , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: January 2014

Summary
Huffman coding is one of a most famous entropy encoding methods for lossless data compression [16]. JPEG and ZIP formats employ variants of Huffman encoding as lossless compression algorithms. Huffman coding is a bijective map from source letters into leaves of the Huffman tree constructed by the algorithm. In this article we formalize an algorithm constructing a binary code tree, Huffman tree.
Subjective evaluation of defensive behavior in the Syrian honeybee (Apis mellifera syriaca)
Authors: Zakour Mohamad Khaled , Bienefeld Kaspar 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
To separate gentle from defensive bee types, a rating scale is the most reliable, economical, and practical evaluation system. In initiating a breeding programme for the indigenous Syrian honeybee Apis mellifera syriaca, a typical representative of the endangered subspecies of the Middle East, multiple measurements were used to generally monitor this behavior and verify whether the international Apimondia recommendations are suitable for such subspecies. A total of 72 beekeepers and three breeding centers provided performancetesting results from 969 colonies distributed throughout 75 apiaries in Syria. Each colony was tested, on average, 4.73 times (4584 records total). The defensive behavior of A. m. syriaca was found to be very aggressive (1.48 scored by a system ranging from 1 (aggressive) to 4 (gentle)). The low repeatability (0.19) of defensive behavior estimated using restricted maximal likelihood analysis and the low and skewed variation of the trait indicate that other scoring systems are expected to be more efficient for selective breeding towards gentle behavior.
INVERTEBRATES INHABITING CULINARY HERBS GROWN UNDER COVER
Authors: Lubiarz Magdalena , Goszczyński Wojciech , Cichocka Elżbieta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The study contains the list of invertebrates collected from culinary herbs (Allium schoenoprasum, Anethum graveolens, Anthriscus sp., Petroselinum crispum, Coriandrum sativum, Artemisia dracunculus, Eruca sativa, Melissa officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Mentha xpiperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus sp.) in greenhouses, under plastic-film covers, and at mother farms. The study provides information about the times of the year when these invertebrates settle on the herbs, and about the specific character of cultivating such plants. Even a few individual arthropods on culinary herbs cannot be tolerated and eliminating arthropods by using chemicals is unacceptable. For these reasons, those plants on which the arthropods have settled must be removed from greenhouses and destroyed. Biological pest control is also recommended. Some species of the observed invertebrates are encountered in a greenhouse year-round (Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Ovatus mentharius, Aulacorthum solani, Eupteryx sp., Trialeurodes vaporariorun, larvae of Thysanoptera) while others appear only during the periods of spring migrations (Cavariella aegopodi) or autumn migrations (Aphis fabae, Dysaphis crataegii, butterflies from the subfamily Hadeninae). Peppermint had already been inhabited by O. mentharius on mother farms, and O. mentharius probably hibernated on farms as well. Potted peppermint seedlings brought from mother farms to greenhouses had already been inhabited by that aphid species. Some invertebrates were associated with a substrate (Sciaridae) while the appearance of others coincided with the development of algae (Ephydridae: Scatella sp.).