bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Senescence‐inducible LEC2 enhances triacylglycerol accumulation in leaves without negatively affecting plant growth
Authors: Kim Hyun Uk , Lee Kyeong‐Ryeol , Jung Su‐Jin , Shin Hyun A , Go Young Sam , Suh Mi‐Chung , Kim Jong Bum 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe synthesis of fatty acids and glycerolipids in wild‐type Arabidopsis leaves does not typically lead to strong triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) is a master regulator of seed maturation and oil accumulation in seeds. Constitutive ectopic LEC2 expression causes somatic embryogenesis and defects in seedling growth. Here, we report that senescence‐inducible LEC2 expression caused a threefold increase in TAG levels in transgenic leaves compared with that in the leaves of wild‐type plants. Plant growth was not severely affected by the accumulation the TAG in response to LEC2 expression. The levels of plastid‐synthesized lipids, mono‐ and di‐galactosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were reduced more in senescence‐induced LEC2 than in endoplasmic reticulum‐synthesized lipids, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Senescence‐induced LEC2 up‐regulated the expression of many genes involved in fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis at precise times in senescent leaves, including WRINKLED1 (WRI1), which encodes a fatty acid transcription factor. The expressions of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase 1 and phospholipid:diacylglycerol 2 were increased in the transgenic leaves. Five seed‐type oleosin‐encoding genes, expressed during oil‐body formation, and the seed‐specific FAE1 gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of C20:1 and C22:1 fatty acids, were also expressed at higher levels in senescing transgenic leaves than in wild‐type leaves. Senescence‐inducible LEC2 triggers the key metabolic steps that increase TAG accumulation in vegetative tissues.
Skin phototype: a new perspective
Authors: Maresca Vittoria , Flori Enrica , Picardo Mauro 
Published: March 2015

SummaryCutaneous phototype is considered mainly related to cutaneous pigmentation and to the eumelanin/pheomelanin ratio, which is mostly genetically determined by the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) polymorphisms. However, data in literature indicate that, in addition to stimulation of eumelanin synthesis, the MC1R signalling activates antioxidant, DNA repair and survival pathways. New emerging aspects regarding photoprotection and skin phototypes are going beyond those features connected to the melanin content in the skin. Important new findings link the MC1R to nuclear receptors activation, shedding light on new extra‐melanogenic effects dependent on the α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) activity and new ways through which such functions are modulated. These evidences indicate that several factors including melanin play a part in defining the basis for individual sun sensitivity, suggesting that the cutaneous phototype represents a ‘biochemical fingerprint’.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Benzoyl Peroxide Resembling Impetigo
Authors: Kim Changhyun , Craiglow Brittany G. , Watsky Kalman L. , Antaya Richard J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA 17‐year‐old boy presented with recurring severe dermatitis of the face of 5‐months duration that resembled impetigo. He had been treated with several courses of antibiotics without improvement. Biopsy showed changes consistent with allergic contact dermatitis and patch testing later revealed sensitization to benzoyl peroxide, which the patient had been using for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Basal cell carcinomas on sun‐protected vs. sun‐exposed body sites: a comparison of phenotypic and environmental risk factors
Authors: Khalesi Mohammad , Whiteman David C. , Rosendahl Cliff , Johns Richard , Hackett Timothy , Cameron Alan , Waterhouse Mary , Lucas Robyn M. , Kimlin Michael G. , Neale Rachel E. ,   the NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Sun and Health
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in White populations. There are indications that risk factors for BCC may differ according to the anatomic site of the tumour but this is not well understood.PurposeTo compare phenotypic and environmental risk factors for BCCs arising on sun‐protected sites with that of those on sun‐exposed sites.MethodsWe conducted a case–case study in which people who had been diagnosed with incident BCC were recruited between February 2012 and September 2013 in Brisbane, Australia.ResultsFair skin (OR: 4.50; 95% CI: 1.22, 16.59), having more than 15 lesions frozen/burnt off compared to less than 5 (OR: 5.68; 95% CI: 1.78, 18.08) and severe acne (OR: 5.25; 95% CI: 1.34, 20.56) were associated with increased risk of BCC on sun‐protected sites. The presence of more than 5 nevi on the body was associated with decreased risk (OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.71).ConclusionsBCCs on sun‐protected sites arise as a result of excessive sun exposure, most likely combined with phenotypic susceptibility. The strong negative association with nevi also suggests that there are constitutional factors that underlie the propensity for BCCs to arise on these body sites.
Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Removals by Non‐Interventional Nephrologists: The University of Mississippi Experience
Authors: Fülöp Tibor , Rodríguez Betzaida , Kosztaczky Béla A. , Gharaibeh Kamel A. , Lengvárszky Zsolt , Dossabhoy Neville R. , Tapolyai Mihály B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBedside removal of tunneled hemodialysis catheters (TDC) by noninterventional Nephrologists has not been frequently performed or studied. We performed a retrospective review of bedside TDC removal at the University of Mississippi Medical Center between January, 2010 and June, 2013. We collected data on multiple patients and procedure‐related variables, success, and complications rates. Of the 138 subjects, mean age was 50 (±15.9) years, 49.3% were female, 88.2% African American and 41% diabetics. Site of removal was the right internal jugular (IJ) in 76.8%, the left IJ in 15.2%, and the femoral vein in 8% of patients. Exactly 44.9% of removals took place in the outpatient setting. Main indications for the removal were proven bacteremia in 30.4%, sepsis or clinical concerns for infection in 15.2% of the cases, while TDC was no longer necessary in 52.2% of patients. All removals were technically successful and well tolerated, but we observed Dacron “cuff” separation and subcutaneous retention in 6.5% of the cases. There was a significant association between outpatient removal and cuff retention (p = 0.007), but not with the site of removal or operator experience. In this relatively large mixed cohort of inpatients and outpatients, bedside TDC removal was well tolerated with a minimal complication rate.
Effect of friction on vibrotactile sensation of normal and dehydrated skin
Authors: Chen S. , Ge S. , Tang W. , Zhang J. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundVibrotactile sensation mediated is highly dependent on surface mechanical and frictional properties. Dehydration of skin could change these properties. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between friction and vibrotactile sensation of normal and dehydrated skin.MethodsVibrations were firstly measured during surface exploration using a biomimetic sensor. Piglet skin was used as human skin model to study frictional properties for both normal and dehydrated skin using an atomic force microscope on nanoscale and a pin‐on‐disk tribometer on macroscale. Effect of vibrational frequency on friction and vibrotactile perception was also observed on nano and macro scale for normal and dehydrated skin.ResultsThe result indicated that dehydrated skin was less sensitive than normal skin. The coefficient of friction of dehydrated skin is smaller than that of normal skin on both nano and macro scale. The coefficient of friction increases as increasing scanning frequencies.ConclusionThere is a positive correlation between coefficient of friction and vibrotactile sensation on nanoscale and macroscale.
Tactile friction of topical formulations
Authors: Skedung L. , Buraczewska‐Norin I. , Dawood N. , Rutland M. W. , Ringstad L. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundThe tactile perception is essential for all types of topical formulations (cosmetic, pharmaceutical, medical device) and the possibility to predict the sensorial response by using instrumental methods instead of sensory testing would save time and cost at an early stage product development. Here, we report on an instrumental evaluation method using tactile friction measurements to estimate perceptual attributes of topical formulations.MethodsFriction was measured between an index finger and an artificial skin substrate after application of formulations using a force sensor. Both model formulations of liquid crystalline phase structures with significantly different tactile properties, as well as commercial pharmaceutical moisturizing creams being more tactile‐similar, were investigated. Friction coefficients were calculated as the ratio of the friction force to the applied load. The structures of the model formulations and phase transitions as a result of water evaporation were identified using optical microscopy.ResultsThe friction device could distinguish friction coefficients between the phase structures, as well as the commercial creams after spreading and absorption into the substrate. In addition, phase transitions resulting in alterations in the feel of the formulations could be detected. A correlation was established between skin hydration and friction coefficient, where hydrated skin gave rise to higher friction. Also a link between skin smoothening and finger friction was established for the commercial moisturizing creams, although further investigations are needed to analyse this and correlations with other sensorial attributes in more detail.ConclusionThe present investigation shows that tactile friction measurements have potential as an alternative or complement in the evaluation of perception of topical formulations.
Examination of the effect of Stratum Corneum isolation process on the integrity of the barrier function: a confocal Raman spectroscopy study
Authors: Quatela A. , Tfayli A. , Baillet‐Guffroy A. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundStratum Corneum (SC) is the most superficial layer of the epidermis. It plays the main barrier role against water loss and the aggression of external chemical and biological substances. Thermal treatment in warm purified water followed by trypsin incubation of excised human skin is a well‐established in vitro method for SC removal. Different protocols can be found in literature, but little is described about the effect of temperature and trypsin during isolation process on its barrier function.MethodsIn this study, we have examined the epidermis and SC matrix structural change upon isolation by means of confocal Raman spectroscopy.ResultsSeveral spectral features, i.e. in‐depth and planar lateral packing, conformational order and secondary structure have been investigated to reveal modifications in the structural properties of the lipids and proteins in the SC. Thermal treatment at 60°C leads to a losing in compactness and a steeper concentration of the lipid and protein descriptors while the trypsinization step modifies the organization of the proteins and of the lipid barrier, leading to a domain organization.ConclusionsThe present study improves the knowledge of the effects on the barrier function of SC removal protocol.
Concurrent Drainage Network Rendering for Automated Pen‐and‐ink Style Landscape Illustration
Authors: Mower James E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPen‐and‐ink style geomorphological illustrations render landscape elements critical to the understanding of surface processes within a viewshed and, at their highest levels of execution, represent works of art, being both practical and beautiful. The execution of a pen‐and‐ink composition, however, requires inordinate amounts of time and skill. This article will introduce an algorithm for rendering creases – linework representing visually significant morphological features – at animation speeds, made possible with recent advances in graphics processing unit (GPU) architectures and rendering APIs. Beginning with a preprocessed high‐resolution drainage network model, creases are rendered from selected stream segments if their weighted criteria (slope, flow accumulation, and surface illumination), attenuated by perspective distance from the viewpoint, exceed a threshold. The algorithm thus provides a methodology for crease representation at continuous levels of detail down to the highest resolution of the preprocessed drainage model over a range of surface orientation and illumination conditions. The article also presents an implementation of the crease algorithm with frame rates exceeding those necessary to support animation, supporting the proposition that parallel processing techniques exposed through modern GPU programming environments provide cartographers with a new and inexpensive toolkit for constructing alternative and attractive real‐time animated landscape visualizations for spatial analysis.
A Water Quenched Low NOx Coal Slurry Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbines
Authors: Wilkes C. , Razdan M. K. , Santanam C. B. 
Published: March 2015

A 1.8 kgs/sec (4 lbs/sec) bench-scale rich-quench-lean combustor has been successfully developed to burn micronized coal-water slurry (CWS) mixtures with 50% solids loading. Water quenching is used to freeze and shatter slag particles leaving the rich zone which are trapped and removed from the hot gas stream in a cyclone separator. Rich zone carbon burnout efficiencies in excess of 99% have been measured experimentally and are in good agreement with two-dimensional (2-D) coal combustion model predictions. Stable operation in the rich zone on 100% CWS at design conditions has been achieved. The low calorific value gas (125 to 445 Kcal/scm, 14 to 50 Btu/scf) produced in the quench zone, auto ignited in the lean zone at all conditions and self-sustained combustion was maintained without the need for auxiliary fuel. Low measured values of carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) concentrations in the exhaust gases have demonstrated the ability of the combustor to control emissions to well within acceptable levels.
The bench-scale data provides a technology base for the design of a 15 kgs/sec (33 lbs/sec) combustor that will be used for testing of an advanced coal-fueled gas turbine engine.
Current Status of Ceramic Gas Turbine R&D in Japan
Authors: Yamagishi Kiichiro , Yamada Yukio , Echizenya Yoshihiro , Ishiwata Shoji 
Published: March 2015

The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has started two nine-year national R&D projects for small-capacity ceramic gas turbines (CGTs) from 1988, following several preliminary investigations of the technical aspects and of the social impacts of CGTs.
Planned 300kW industrial ceramic gas turbines are to be used for co-generation and mobile power generation. The goals are 42% and higher for the thermal efficiency at the turbine inlet temperature of 1350°C, and the emission from the exhaust gas should meet the regulatory values. Also ceramic components have the goals of 400MPa for the minimum flexure strength at 1500°C, and 15 MPam1/2 for the fracture toughness. New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is the main contractor, and three groups of private industries are the subcontractors for 300kW industrial CGT project. Three national research institutes are involved in the projects to conduct supportive research of ceramic materials and engine components as well as to carry out assessment of the materials and engine systems developed by the private industries.
The development of 100kW CGT for automotive use was also recommended in the above stated investigations and a two-year preliminary study started in 1988. The full-scale 100kW automotive CGT R&D project is scheduled to start in 1990 after the preliminary study. Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. (JARI) is the main contractor for 100kW automotive CGT project with the cooperation of three automobile companies.
A Direct Coal-Fired 80 MW Utility Combustion Turbine-Status Report
Authors: Diehl R. C. , Stickler D. B. , Loftus P. J. , Bannister R. L. , Pillsbury P. W. 
Published: March 2015

The objective of this effort is to establish the technology required for private sector use of an advanced coal-fueled gas turbine power system. The system is to burn low-cost, utility-grade coal, and yet comfortably meet the EPA New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) for coal-fired steam generators. Plant thermal efficiency is to surpass competing coal-utilization cycles.
Development of a successful high pressure slagging combustor is the key to meeting these objectives. As subcontractor to Westinghouse, Avco Research Laboratory/Textron (ARL) has designed and fabricated a subscale slagging combustor based on earlier MHD and boiler-type units. The new device is currently in a 12½-month developmental series of tests. Based on these series of tests, Westinghouse is to design, manufacture, and test a full-scale slagging combustor in a test cell at nominal field operating conditions. The activities described in this paper are sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the Department of Energy.
Study of Various Factors Affecting Secondary Loss Vortices Downstream a Straight Turbine Cascade
Authors: Mobarak A. , Khalafallah M. G. , Heikal H. A. , Osman A. M. 
Published: March 2015

An experimental investigation is carried out to study the effect of inlet boundary layer thickness, aspect ratio and exit Mach number on the energy loss and on the behaviour of secondary vortices downstream of a straight turbine cascade of blades having 82° turning angle.
Some correlations were deduced which predict, the cascade efficiency and the gross secondary loss coefficient as function of the downstream distance.
Control System for a Combined Cycle
Authors: Maderni L. , Fontana M. , Icardi G. 
Published: March 2015

The paper describes the organization and the architecture of the digital control system for the combined cycle of FIAT Mirafiori power plant.
The choice of functions subject to automatic control is connected to the features required such as:
- automatic start-up with steam turbine as prime mover;
- operation of the cicle either in parallel or in “island” mode with regard to the national grid;
- sliding pressure on the steam generation side, for higher cycle efficiency;
In order to take into account interactions between the different equipment in the definition of the control functions, the behaviour of the whole cycle physical variables has been examined by a digital dynamic simulation.
A Thermodynamic Analysis of the Kalina Cycles: Comparisons, Problems and Perspectives
Authors: Stecco Sergio S. , Desideri Umberto 
Published: March 2015

The paper presents a second-law and thermodynamic analysis of the Kalina cycle, aiming at discovering the effects of the composition of the working fluid, of the temperature of the exhaust gases, and of the boiler pressure.
Recent investigations of Kalina (1988) and El-Sayed (1985b) are completed with an overall analysis of exergetic losses in various working situations.
An original computer program KALCYC has been developed for this purpose.
The results have shown the very high exergetic efficiency and specific power that the Kalina cycle can provide, and the possibility of an optimization for each available heat source.
A brief comparison has also been made with the Rankine cycle as far as practical advantages are concerned.
The Design and Test of a Two Stage Transonic Axial Flow Compressor
Authors: Wells R. G. , Baty G. , Carchedi F. , Wood G. R. 
Published: March 2015

The design of the transonic stages, which form the front two stages of a multi stage compressor, is described. The first stage tip Mach No. is 1.1.
The test programme to evaluate the performance of the two stages is outlined and detailed results of the overall and stage performance are presented. Details of the flow field from traverse measurements and the over tip shock structure obtained from high response pressure transducers are compared with predictions.
Strain Gauge results taken from the rotating blades are also presented.
Repair and Life Extension of Titanium Alloy Fan Blades in Aircraft Gas Turbines
Authors: Patnaik P. C. , Pishva M. R. , Elder J. E. , Doswell W. , Thamburaj R. 
Published: March 2015

Commercial and military aircraft gas turbine fan blades can suffer various types of damage in service, such as foreign object damage (FOD), high strain low cycle fatigue (LCF), wear and fretting fatigue. In addition, cracks initiated by one or more of these types of damage may propagate by a high cycle fatigue (HCF) mechanism. The component may therefore be life limited by the dominant failure mechanism.
In this paper, a new, comprehensive scheme for economical refurbishment and qualification of service damaged titanium alloy fan blades is described, along with a critical review of the merits and demerits of existing repair schemes. The metallurgical and process variables to be considered in the repair of FOD, LCF life extension, wear and fretting fatigue life improvement are considered in detail with practical examples derived from experience.
A complete qualification testing program including metallography, non-destructive inspection and mechanical property testing, for the refurbished component is outlined.
Assessment of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Closed Disc Geometries
Authors: Morse A. P. 
Published: March 2015

Finite-difference solutions are presented for rotationally-induced flows in the closed space between two coaxial discs and an outer cylindrical shroud, in which there is no superimposed flow. The solutions are obtained with an elliptic-flow calculation procedure and an anisotropic low turbulence Reynolds number k-ε model for the estimation of turbulent fluxes. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is effected by including in the energy production term a small fraction (0.002) of the ‘turbulent viscosity’ as calculated from a simple mixing length model. This level for the artificial energy input was chosen as that appropriate for transition at a local rotational Reynolds number of 3 × 105 for the flow over a free, rotating disc.
The main focus of the paper is the rotor-stator system, for which the influence of rotational Reynolds number (over the range 105–107) is investigated. Predicted velocity profiles and disc moment coefficients show reasonably good agreement with available experimental data. The computational procedure is then extended to cover the cases of corotating and counter-rotating systems, with variable relative disc speed.
An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Film Cooling on Low Aspect Ratio Turbine Nozzles
Authors: Takeishi K. , Matsuura M. , Aoki S. , Sato T. 
Published: March 2015

The effects of the three-dimensional flow field on the heat transfer and the film cooling on the endwall, suction and pressure surface of an airfoil were studied using a low speed, fully annular, low aspect h/c=0.5 vane cascade.
The predominant effects that the horseshoe vortex, secondary flow, and nozzle wake increases in the heat transfer and decreases in the film cooling on the suction vane surface and the endwall were clearly demonstrated. In addition, it was demonstrated that secondary flow has little effect on the pressure surface. Pertinent flow visualization of the flow passage was also carried out for better understanding of these complex phenomena. Heat transfer and film cooling on the fully annular vane passage surface is discussed.