bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Weisman Karen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This book is divided into loose categories of ‘history’ and ‘knowledge, theme, and practice’, categories which certainly overlap and underline one another. The parts of the book classed under ‘History’ make contact with specialized thematic concerns raised elsewhere in the volume, and this is as it should be. Still, historical contextualization is itself a slippery eel in literary studies, and though these earlier parts of the book take up the range of thorny issues elaborated in the second section, they also address urgent problems in the very conceptualization of tradition within elegy. The areas of the book grouped under the category of ‘Knowledge, Theme and Practice’ are as alive to the complexities of history, tradition, and their manipulations as any of the articles in the ‘History’ section. It is hoped that this book will provide clarification of generative processes of elegy for both student and scholar.
Classical Love Elegy in the Renaissance (and after)
Authors: Braden Gordon 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents an explanation on classical love elegy in the Renaissance. It also mentions that the linkage ‘suggested by the label is something of a category mistake’, and assures that ‘it plays out in literary history, though, as something other than just a mistake’. The Roman love elegies are not notably ‘elegiac’ in the dominant modern sense of the term. The Renaissance enthusiasm is discussed. After the Renaissance, the only major revival of the classical genre in clearly recognizable form comes toward the end of the eighteenth century. ‘Euphrosyne’ is perhaps the kind of poem that ‘love elegy’ in modern usage might most naturally designate: an encounter with a loved one in which intimacy and distance both figure in something like equal measure.
Elegies in Country Churchyards
Authors: Deutsch Helen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes the prospect poem of the eighteenth century; consolation inevitably emerges as a central theme. The poets it explores, Goldsmith and Thomas Gray among them, are sharply aware of the limits of nostalgia and the imprecisions of memory in the evocation of place. It also considers sympathy aroused for the lost ideals of a vanished past mediated via material objects. The power of Gray's poetry infuses the ancient trope of prosopopeia. Gray devalues the Elegy's initial debt to the Christian memento mori to which Mason attributed its popularity. Goldsmith reverses the resignation of the Elegy's melancholy invocation of the landowner's aestheticized prospect, summoning up the ghosts of the pastoral villagers to protest against the continued and very real effects of the enclosure of common lands.
New World Frontiers
Authors: Hammond Jeffrey 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reports that for some American Puritans, the plain-style sermon became a model for elegy, and theological didacticism became its central focus. Still, it is the funeral elegy that is most closely associated with the American Puritans who, like their British predecessors, also appropriated its emotional valence for political positioning; the legitimacy of Cromwell's rule, for example, was a common theme. The writing of elegies flourished during the English Renaissance with the rise of literacy, printing, and humanistic individualism. The wages of sin encompassed not just death, but the ordinary human response to death. The presumed salvation of the deceased had a decisive effect on elegiac portraiture. In the Puritan view, by diminishing the distance between private contemplation and public reaffirmation, elegy absorbed individual mourners into a community capable not only of producing souls worthy of heaven, but of properly marking their translation there.
American Constitutional Elegy
Authors: Cavitch Max 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the American constitutional elegy. It argues that American national difference in literature can be tracked in the terms of its engagement with specifically American constitutional principles, concentrating on the national period, beginning in the late eighteenth century with the Revolutionary War and sketching the story up to the present day. It then returns to the great theme of elegy as a flexible form and its practices under persistent self-scrutiny. All choral poetry carries with it an association with the choruses of ancient, especially Athenian, tragedy and thus with the common understanding that the chorus speaks as or on behalf of a democratic citizenry. Marilyn Hacker has written a ‘constitutional elegy’ in the great American tradition, a tradition that continues to challenge our principled commitment to the legal and symbolic bonds of ‘adjacent difference’ in a rights-based national polity.
The Dark Ecology of Elegy
Authors: Morton Timothy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the dark ecology of elegy. It also explains the materiality of elegy as essentially environmental, but with a difference. It then goes even further by positing a resistance to the collapse of subject-object dualism so dear to deep ecology, and once so dear to the historical definitions of Romanticism. This dark ecology surprisingly provides Cartesian dualism as a corrective to the naivety of deep ecology's efforts to vivify matter. Ecological elegy asks to mourn for something that has not completely passed, that perhaps has not even passed yet. The elegiac occasion of Alastor could not be more strange and powerful. Alastor offers the possibility of a noir ecology. Dark ecology refuses to digest plants and animals and humans into ideal forms.
Elegies upon the Dying
Authors: Gilbert Sandra M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reports that the ways of dying in the contemporary age trains a sharp eye on the technologies of life support, the minute details of hospital experience in all of its alienating details, and on the stark physicality of the dying body. The contemporary medicalized elegy, a kind that would have been unthinkable in any previous age, is specifically addressed. The article also describes Mabel Beardsley and Jane Kenyon. It is believed that the rise of the increasingly popular, and often medicalized, grief memoir has significantly shaped the transformation in the elegy. If a hypothetical Bereavement Book Club could offer subscribers a list of prose memoirs recording the clinical details of the deathbed, it could also include a library of volumes in verse that include comparable scenes. The traditional death watch becomes a reciprocal process.
Attending to AIDS
Authors: Chambers Ross 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article mentions the complicated relationship between elegy and the longing for aesthetic redemption; however, such longing is rarely distant from anger and rage, and therefore never far from the effort to make of the AIDS elegy a social genre that could offer the prospect of interaction ‘with the oblivious or indifferent’. The elegy adopts the testimonial precisely because it refuses to turn its back on the ‘urgent concern with the responsibilities of the living’. It then notes the poems by a few of the very well-known gay male poets as evidence of the way in which elegy was being adapted in this writing to the purpose of AIDS witness, somewhat in the manner of a coming out. The intertextual relation of the poems by Ingrid de Kok and Thomas Gunn signifies that here/there and now/then differences are not as self-evident as they may seem.
Women's Elegy
Authors: Shohet Lauren 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents a description on women's elegy in early modern England. The first female-authored poetry ever printed in England was elegiac, in the elevated mode: Jane, Margaret, and Anne Seymours' 1550 collection of one hundred Latin distichs praising the recently deceased French poet Marguerite de Navarre, sister of the French king. The elegies of Lucy Apsley Hutchinson interweave the personal loss of her husband with the historical loss of the English Commonwealth for which he laboured, making poetry that marks his death res publica. Katherine Philips wrote many elegies, both on private losses and on the deaths of public figures. Anne Bradstreet both wrote conventional funeral elegies for family members and used elegy to think about the English past. The elegies of Aphra Behn dramatically position the death of public figures as the occasion for public poetry.
Women's Elegies, 1834–Present
Authors: Helle Anita 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article deals with women's elegies from the Victorian era to the present. The economies of mourning associated with love and loss, sorrow, introjection, and transcendence have tended to equate ‘elegiac discourse’ with the singularity of the mourner and the compensatory work, however questionable, of aesthetic replacement. The women's elegies in the nineteenth-century and the gendered politics of mourning are evaluated. In the ‘new world’ of pain marked by transnational violence and trauma, it finds renewed debates about pathos and the public, echoes of an unfinished modern sentimental which has not yet resolved its relationship to an affective poetics and politics of grief. Poets and critics arguing for reclaiming women's laments do not necessarily accept the narrative of rupture that has separated the nineteenth-century sentimental tradition, with its emphasis on transcendent suffering.
‘Lett me not Pyne for Poverty’
Authors: Schnell Lisa J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article looks at mourning children in early modern England. It also builds on Patricia Phillipy's argument in particular as it directs attention to the ways in which the very real grief of two early modern women in particular — Mary Carey and Anne de Vere — performs a sad but determined kind of cultural labour in the context of shared Protestant and patriarchal ideas about maternity and the gendered issues of property that underwrite many of those same ideas. Protestant theology plays a large part in the institutionalization and justification of coverture by both giving and taking away with the same hand. The article closely investigates the elegiac verse of two representational women poets of the period — Dorothy Leigh and Elizabeth Jocelin. The maternal elegies examined reveal that not all grieving mothers were willing to submit to the prescriptive work of mourning that Protestantism and patriarchy demanded.
Elegy in English Drama, 1590–1640
Authors: Crewe Jonathan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the link between early English drama and elegy. To show the process of dismantling and recontextualization, it starts with pastoral elegy. Both the propriety and efficacy of different mourning forms are always at issue in elegiac tradition. The exposure of female vanity belongs to satire rather than elegy, and the generic shift occurs during Hamlet's address to Yorick. The anti-elegies, which share a good deal with the elegies from which they also depart, remain within the purview of ‘elegy in drama’. Whether that applies to more marginal cases is debatable.
Post Coitum Triste
Authors: Burroughs Catherine 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article concentrates on elegiac sexuality in the drama of the eighteenth century. While this article is less concerned with ‘sympathy’, ‘sensibility’, and the kind of ‘sentimentality’ that drama trended towards in the latter quarter of the eighteenth century, it argues that the elegiac sexuality dramatized by post-Restoration and eighteenth-century playwrights can be read as both a class leveler and an attempt to recoup some of what might be regarded as the moral components of libertinism, with its emphasis on frank, unabashed, uninstitutionally-mediated desire. As this brief discussion of a number of well-known eighteenth-century dramas has argued, attempts to discipline the sexual behavior of central characters create a pattern of surprisingly strong attachment to the loss of a vigorous embrace of libidinous heroines and heroes — an embrace brought into clearer view by a focus on elegy and the drama between 1700 and 1800.
Moving Pictures at the Edge of Stasis
Authors: Coates Paul 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article addresses elegy in film. Although Totem and Taboo does not mention elegy explicitly, Sigmund Freud's remarks on the remorse and tenderness a band of brothers feel for the patriarch of the primal horde after murdering him allow one to surmise that he would have considered the first elegy to be motivated. Although cinema is shot through with elegiac moments, it contains very few films classifiable generically as elegies. Voiceover and the drama of the future are impregnated with elegy. Music is one of the key distancing devices film employs to elegiac ends. Claude Lanzmann's Shoah meditates upon the near-annihilation of the Jews in the concentration camps of the National Socialists as the final stage in a gradual process of anti-Semitic exclusion originating deep in the darkest recesses of European history. Maciej Drygas' film stands in a tradition for which elegy can represent indictment.
Books and Manuscripts
Authors: Edwards A. S. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the modes of vernacular literary production during the Middle Ages in Britain, focusing on the production and circulation of books and manuscripts. It suggests that the evidence of oral transmission is linked to the creation of manuscripts because at some stage or stages in their textual history works were actually written down and thus become linked to the manuscript culture that forms the central focus of this article. It argues that the history of the development of the industry for manuscript production in England can be sketched as it relates to specifically literary works. It also discusses later medieval manuscript culture, the commercialization of book production, and the variation in manuscript production.
The Impact of Print
Authors: Evenden Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the impact of printing on the perceived worth of printed book in England during the period from 1476 to 1575. It aims to show that during this period, the invention of printing had an impact in many areas of book production and dissemination, and upon the trade in new and old texts as a whole. It evaluates the power of the press to circulate the content of earlier manuscripts in order to exemplify the impact of dissemination by print and explores the ways in which those in the book trade and the English reading public perceived the value of both the texts themselves and the artefacts that divulged these many and varied texts.
Visions and Visionaries
Authors: Galloway Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines literary work of visions and visionaries in England during the medieval period. It explains that for every literary work of visions in English, hundreds more visionary narratives or accounts of visions survive in English that are less clearly established as serving our notion of literary ends, and many thousands of others both literary and less so in all languages of the medieval period. It argues that medieval vision-literature generated wide communities of readers because they provided guidance for political and even military decisions, encouragement for personal paths to salvation, and they bridged the gap between the living and the dead.
The Chosen People
Authors: Zacher Samantha 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines writing about spiritual identities in England during the medieval period. It is striking that the majority of literature produced on the subject of Jews in medieval England survives from those periods where there were no Jews living in the British Isles. The authors culled their ideas from a host of sources including the writings of the Church Fathers, from contemporary continental materials, from widespread cultural stereotypes. It explains the theme of special election in the Old and New Testaments and analyses Bede's Historia ecclesiastica that uses a densely layered comparison to highlight both the positive and negative options for the representation of the chosen Israelites.
Pilgrimages, Travel Writing, and the Medieval Exotic
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey Jerome 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines pilgrimage and travel writing in England during the medieval period. It explains that during this period, The Book of John Mandeville was the best-seller and possibly the most popular travel narrative ever composed. However, the book is not the record of a historical traveller's sojourn, but a compendium of cultural details, pious histories, marvels, and exotica culled from an array of sources. This article describes how the work transformed itself from a typical account of Holy Land pilgrimage based upon William of Boldensele's Liber de quisbusdam ultramarines partibus and how populate its worlds with bodies in motion.
Admission and Establishment
Authors: Gómez-palacio Ignacio , Muchlinski Peter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter outlines the major legal and policy issues that the development of rights to admission and establishment raise under international law. It begins with an assessment of the meaning of the terms ‘admission’ and ‘establishment’ as well as the related term ‘market access’. It then considers various interests of the host country and the investor that inform the development of legal responses in this field. It continues with a review of the major trends in admission and establishment provisions in national laws and in international investment agreements (IIAs). Finally, the chapter seeks to relate the foregoing discussion to the wider policy issues raised in the introductory chapter.
Emergency Exceptions: State of Necessity and Force Majeure
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins by exploring the historical development of the necessity and force majeure doctrines. It focuses in some detail on the development of the International Law Commission's project on State Responsibility, which culminated in the ILC's adoption of draft articles, including articles on the state of necessity and force majeure. Section 2 explores the elements of a necessity defence. Section 3 examines the possibility of States' raising treaty-based defences on the grounds of ‘essential security interests’ or maintaining ‘public order’. Section 4 details the elements of a force majeure defence, a largely historical enquiry as force majeure has not played a leading role in recent investor-State jurisprudence. Section 5 addresses whether exculpatory provisions should be viewed as self-judging. Section 6 explores the effects of a successful invocation of a necessity or force majeure defence, including whether compensation is due in the event of a successful plea. A concluding section assesses the state of the jurisprudence and outlines some of the open questions future tribunals will confront in necessity and force majeure cases.
Investment Insurance
Authors: Ziegler Andreas R. , Gratton Louis-Philippe 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter revisits the principal developments of investment insurance at both the national and international level, and describes the evolution of the concept over the last fifty years or so. It considers the development of guarantees for investment from an historical perspective and how insurance mechanisms have evolved from purely national protection to an international protection system. It illustrates the concrete application of such mechanisms through a recent case involving foreign investors and different national guarantee systems. The chapter focuses on two national mechanisms: the US Overseas Private Investment Corporation and the Swiss Investment Risk Guarantee Agency. A regional instrument—the Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation—is discussed, that is considered to be the first international guarantee organization and that is one of the two existing regional schemes with the African Trade Insurance Agency (ATI). Finally, the chapter focuses on the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), one of the most important initiatives in the domain of international investment along with the creation of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Muchlinski Peter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal implications arising from calls for ‘international corporate social responsibility’. It begins with a brief overview of the reasons why investor responsibilities have become a major strand in the debates on the future development of international investment law. It then considers what is meant by the term ‘international corporate social responsibility’ (ICSR). Thirdly, the major legal developments to date in the field of standard setting for corporate responsibilities are considered, followed by a brief overview of monitoring and enforcement issues. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of these developments for the evolution of international investment agreements (IIAs).
Compensation, Damages, and Valuation
Authors: Wälde Thomas W. , Sabahi Borzu 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins by explaining the terminology, different functions, effect of damages awards on the acceptability of investment arbitration jurisprudence, and the main principles (mainly the Chorzow Factory dictum) governing awarding damages. Section 2 explains some of the elements that may have an impact on awarding damages, such as litigation dynamics, overcompensation, and moral hazard, and finally damnum emergens and lucrum cessans. Section 3 examines compensation for expropriation, including standard of compensation, valuation methods, compensation for creeping and regulatory expropriation, date and time of expropriation. Section 4 discusses compensation for breach of nonexpropriatory investment treaty disciplines such as national treatment, denial of justice, legitimate expectations. Section 5 examines the damages for contractual breaches as well as the breach of an umbrella clause. Section 6 touches upon the concepts of causation, as well as compensation-reducing and compensation-enhancing elements. Section 7 examines the role of equitable considerations in awarding damages. Section 8 examines different aspects of awarding interest. Section 9 discusses burden of proof and evidentiary issues. Section 10 provides an overview of other issues not discussed in this chapter.
Tribunal's Powers versus Party Autonomy
Authors: Moss Giuditta Cordero 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyses the relationship between the tribunal's initiative and the arguments made by the parties. It considers the extent to which a tribunal may or shall integrate or develop arguments that should have been made by the parties, both in respect of questions of fact and in respect of questions of law. It argues that the tribunal is bound in respect of its jurisdiction and of the factual scope of the dispute, but enjoys considerable freedom in respect of the inferences that it draws from the evidence and in respect of the legal consequences of the proven facts. Under certain circumstances, the tribunal's own inferences and arguments should be communicated to the parties, so as to give them the possibility to comment there on.