bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands. New Data and Approaches
Authors: Малеев  , Maleev Yu. , Черных  , Chernykh A. , Шевцов  , Shevtsov A. 
Published: March 2014

New approaches to the assessment of clinical anatomy of the parathyroid glands were developed. The obtained new data allow improving the quality of planning and carrying out operations on the thyroid and parathyroid glands, to reduce the risk of errors in diagnosis and intra-operative and post-operative complications. 220 corpses and 82 patients after surgery on the thyroid gland pathology were examined. In morphological material 4 or 5 of the parathyroid glands were found.
Size parathyroid glands was 0,70x0,43x0,30 cm, volume - 0,0531+0,0016 cm3, and the total volume of parathyroid tissue in one case - 0,1903±0,0075 cm3. Maximum size parathyroid glands without pathologies are: 1,4x1,0x1,0 cm. On the basis of the ratio of integral indexes forms parathyroid glands were determined. The authors identified three periods of the postnatal development of human parathyroid glands: maximum growth (up to 35 years), the relative stability (36-65 years), involution (over 65 years). The revealed regularities topography are different for the «upper» of the parathyroid glands(parathyroid glands IV), located in the zones 2-3, 3 and 3-4 and to «lower» glands (parathyroid glands III) at the level of 1, 1-2, 2, 4, 5 or 5 zones. Five common variants of parathyroid glands different sizes and shapes in relation to the thyroid gland were identified. It was established that studied nosologic forms of diseases of the thyroid doesn&#180;t affect the linear size and topography of the parathyroid glands in the frontal plane. New data on the clinical anatomy of the parathyroid glands allow to reduce the cases of intra-and postoperative complications in operations at the front of the neck.
Patients lost to follow-up in acromegaly: results of the ACROSPECT study
Authors: Delemer B , Chanson Ph , Foubert L , Borson-Chazot F , Chabre O , Tabarin A , Weryha G , Cortet-Rudelli C , Raingeard I , Reznik Y , Reines C , Bisot-Locard S , Castinetti F 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThe complex management of acromegaly has transformed this disease into a chronic condition, with the risk of patients being lost to follow-up. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of acromegalic patients lost to follow-up in France and to determine the impact that abandoning follow-up has on the disease and its management.DesignACROSPECT was a French national, multicentre, cross-sectional, observational study.MethodsAcromegalic patients were considered lost to follow-up if no new information had been entered in their hospital records during the previous 2 years. They were traced where possible, and data were collected by means of a recall visit or questionnaire.ResultsIn the study population, 21% of the 2392 acromegalic patients initially followed in 25 tertiary endocrinology centres were lost to follow-up. At their last follow-up visit, 30% were uncontrolled, 33% were receiving medical therapy and 53% had residual tumour. Of the 362 traced, 62 had died and 77% were receiving follow-up elsewhere; the leading reason for abandoning follow-up was that they had not been informed that it was necessary. Our analysis of the questionnaires suggests that they were not receiving optimal follow-up.ConclusionsThis study underlines the need to better inform acromegalic patients of the need for long-term follow-up, the absence of which could be detrimental to patients' health, and to develop shared care for what must now be regarded as a chronic disease.
Influence of a positive family history of both type 2 diabetes and PCOS on metabolic and endocrine parameters in a large cohort of PCOS women
Authors: Lerchbaum Elisabeth , Schwetz Verena , Giuliani Albrecht , Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThere is evidence suggesting a strong genetic background of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We aim to study the metabolic and endocrine characteristics of PCOS women with and without a family history (FHx) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and PCOS.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsWe analysed the association of T2DM FHx and PCOS FHx with metabolic and endocrine parameters in 714 PCOS women.ResultsA positive FHx of T2DM and PCOS were prevalent in 36.8 and 21.4% of PCOS women respectively. We found an independent association of T2DM FHx with central fat accumulation, obesity, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome (MS), insulin resistance, low HDL and elevated blood pressure (P<0.05 for all). PCOS FHx was independently associated with prediabetes (P<0.05). We observed an independent association of PCOS FHx with clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism (P<0.05 for all), whereas there was no independent association of T2DM FHx with hyperandrogenism. PCOS women with a positive FHx of both T2DM and PCOS had an adverse metabolic and endocrine profile including a linear increase in risk of obesity, central fat accumulation, MS, prediabetes and low HDL (P<0.05 for all).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the assessment of FHx might allow risk stratification of PCOS women, which is important considering the high prevalence of PCOS.
Skill Underutilization is Associated with Higher Prevalence of Hypertension: The Watari Study
Authors: Konno Satoshi , Munakata Masanori 
Published: March 2014

Skill Underutilization is Associated with Higher Prevalence of Hypertension: the Watari Study: Satoshi KONNO, et al. Preventive Medical Center and Division of Hypertension, Tohoku Rosai Hospital—ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between skill underutilization, a psychological job stressor proposed in the NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) job stress model, and the prevalence of hypertension.MethodsWe studied sitting blood pressure and fasting blood laboratory parameters in 3,429 inhabitants of the town of Watari during annual health check‐ups in 2010. A questionnaire was administered to examine job status, weekly working hours and degree of skill utilization. We divided subjects into tertiles according to skill utilization score. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using prevalent hypertension as the dependent variable.ResultsQuestionnaires were collected from 2,550 individuals. After excluding those who were not in paid employment and those with missing data, 1,075 permanent or part‐time workers were included in the final analysis. The odds ratio for the presence of hypertension was significantly higher in the lowest tertile of skill utilization score compared with the highest tertile (1.776; 95% confidence interval, 1.137−2.796) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, current smoking status and daily alcohol intake.ConclusionsSkill underutilization was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in a working population including various kinds of occupations.
Thirdhand Smoke Beliefs of Parents
Authors: Drehmer Jeremy E. , Ossip Deborah J. , Nabi-Burza Emara , Rigotti Nancy A. , Hipple Bethany , Woo Heide , Chang Yuchiao , Winickoff Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE:
To determine if the belief that thirdhand smoke is harmful to children is associated with smoking parents’ attitudes, home or car smoking policies, and quitting behaviors.

METHODS:
Data from a national randomized controlled trial, Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure, assessed thirdhand smoke beliefs of 1947 smoking parents in an exit survey after a pediatric office visit in 10 intervention and 10 control practices. Twelve-month follow-up data were collected from 1355 parents. Multivariable logistic regression determined whether belief that thirdhand smoke harms the health of children is independently associated with parental behaviors and attitudes 12 months later. A χ2 test assessed whether parents who disagreed that thirdhand smoke is harmful were more likely to make a quit attempt if they later believed that thirdhand smoke is harmful.

RESULTS:
Belief at the exit survey that thirdhand smoke is harmful was independently associated with having a strictly enforced smoke-free home policy (adjusted odds ratio: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.37–3.05) and car policy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.04–2.74) at the 12-month follow-up. A significantly higher percentage (71% vs 50%) of parents who did not hold the thirdhand smoke harm belief at baseline made at least 1 quit attempt if they agreed that thirdhand smoke is harmful at the 12-month follow-up (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS:
Thirdhand smoke harm belief was associated with a strictly enforced smoke-free home and car and attempts to quit smoking. Sensitizing parents to thirdhand smoke risk could facilitate beneficial tobacco control outcomes.
A Review of Drug Therapy for Neonatal Hypertension
Authors: Beaulieu Michele J. , Carsello Christina 
Published: March 2014

Neonatal hypertension is becoming a more common diagnosis because of higher survival rates in premature infants and the need for intravascular access and invasive blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Defining hypertension in the neonatal population has been challenging, and understanding what constitutes a normal BP is still evolving.Five general classes of antihypertensives exist for the treatment of hypertension in neonates. Few studies are available to guide clinicians in the treatment of hypertension in neonates, and limited data exist regarding outcomes of hypertension in the neonatal period.
Xylitol, an Anticaries Agent, Exhibits Potent Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses in Human THP‐1‐Derived Macrophages Infected With Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Park Eunjoo , Na Hee Sam , Kim Sheon Min , Wallet Shannon , Cha Seunghee , Chung Jin 
Published: March 2014

Background: Xylitol is a well‐known anticaries agent and has been used for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. In this study, the anti‐inflammatory effects of xylitol are evaluated for possible use in the prevention and treatment of periodontal infections.Methods: Cytokine expression was stimulated in THP‐1 (human monocyte cell line)‐derived macrophages by live Porphyromonas gingivalis, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and a commercial multiplex assay kit were used to determine the effects of xylitol on live P. gingivalis–induced production of cytokine. The effects of xylitol on phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide were determined using phagocytosis assay, viable cell count, and Griess reagent. The effects of xylitol on P. gingivalis adhesion were determined by immunostaining, and costimulatory molecule expression was examined by flow cytometry.Results: Live P. gingivalis infection increased the production of representative proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β, in a multiplicity of infection– and time‐dependent manner. Live P. gingivalis also enhanced the release of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL‐12 p40, eotaxin, interferon γ–induced protein 10, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1. The pretreatment of xylitol significantly inhibited the P. gingivalis–induced cytokines production and nitric oxide production. In addition, xylitol inhibited the attachment of live P. gingivalis on THP‐1‐derived macrophages. Furthermore, xylitol exerted antiphagocytic activity against both Escherichia coli and P. gingivalis.Conclusion: These findings suggest that xylitol acts as an anti‐inflammatory agent in THP‐1‐derived macrophages infected with live P. gingivalis, which supports its use in periodontitis.
Puerto Rico: The Evolution of America's Corporate Tax Haven
Authors: Schultz Thomas D. , Scott Kyle 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
We examine the taxation of corporate income earned in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and how the repeal of the possession tax credit available under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §936 resulted in many U.S. companies converting former possessions corporations into controlled foreign corporations. Although Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, the conversions highlight that corporations organized under the laws of the Commonwealth generally are foreign corporations for U.S. tax purposes. A U.S. Senate Subcommittee reports Microsoft Corporation shifted offshore the recognition of nearly one-half of its U.S. net retail sales revenue for the period 2009–2011 by transferring intellectual property rights to a controlled subsidiary in Puerto Rico. We find that the corresponding U.S. tax benefits are significant compared to the credits once claimed under IRC §936, and over 20 percent of Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 firms were in a similar position to avoid federal taxation by shifting income between political subdivisions of the United States.
Viscoelastic and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Filled Poly(butylene succinate)
Authors: Bandyopadhyay J. , Al-Thabaiti S. A. , Ray S. S. , Bousmina M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-containing composites of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were prepared by melt-blending in a batch mixer with three concentrations by weight of CNTs: 1, 2 and 3 %. State of dispersion-distribution of the CNTs in the PBS matrix was examined by electron microscopic observations that revealed homogeneous distribution of agglomerated CNTs in PBS matrix. The dynamic mechanical studies demonstrated an increase in the storage modulus of PBS matrix with the CNTs loading. Melt-state rheological properties measurements were found to be modified with CNT loading changing from liquid-like, to gel-like and then to viscoelastic solid-like. Finally, the in-plane electrical conductivity was found to be substantially enhanced with CNT loading, whereas the through-plane conductivity was found to be only slighted increased with the CNT loading. Such changes in viscoelastic properties along with the improvements in both thermomechanical and electrical properties are expected to open opportunities for the use of PBS extending its applications from the classical field of packaging to new niches such as tissue-engineering.
High Shear Processing of (PP/EPR)/Silica Nanocomposites: Improvement of Morphology and Properties
Authors: Louizi M. , Massardier V. , Mélis F. , Alcouffe P. , Cassagnau P. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The aim of this article is to upgrade the performance of polypropylene/ethylene propylene rubber (PP/EPR) blends by addition of hydrophobic nanosilica (SiR805) and using “high shear processing technology”. The morphological developments, mechanical and rheological properties of these composites were investigated as a function of processing conditions. High shear processing has proved to be an efficient process to decrease the size of the dispersed phase (EPR) up to 300 nm and to disperse finely nanosilica particles to less than 30 nm especially at 800 min−1. Moreover, the morphology stability of the nanocomposite is ascribed to the formation of a core shell structure (EPR nodules = core; nano-silica = shell) and selective location of nanosilica at the interface. More importantly, this core-shell structure is favoured to enhance the impact strength of the (PP/EPR)/3 wt% SiR805 nanocomposite. In agreement to the obtained morphology, the improvement (about 60 %) of elongation at break attests a good adhesion between phases due to high shear effect as highlighted by viscoelastic properties. Therefore, high shear processing technology has proved to be a relevant method to prepare nanocomposites with high performances without adding any additive and offers new perspectives for recycling and lightening structures.
La geografia de la mort al poema de Gilgameš i al Pròxim Orient antic
Authors: Millet Adelina 
Published: March 2014

Sembla que els habitants del Pròxim Orient Antic, tant els sumeris com els accadis, i en general tots els pobles que parlaven llengües semítiques, tenien la creença que l'existència al més enllà seria una continuació de la vida a la terra, però en unes altres condicions, més extremes i dramàtiques. Aquest lloc es trobaria a sota de la terra on hi són els vius, això és, l'inframón o infern. L'inframón és imaginat com un lloc que es troba, doncs, sota terra i on hi viuen els déus infernals, alguns dimonis i els morts. Aquest lloc és imaginat com un espai gran, més aviat trist i hostil. Aquesta visió, que percebem a partir d'alguns textos literaris, és la que haurien tingut els habitants de Mesopotàmia i la zona de Síria fins al Mediterrani, des de l'època sumèria fins l'època neo-assíria i neo-babilònica.
It seems that the people of the Ancient Near East, both the Sumerians as the Akkadian, and in general all the speaking Semitic languages, held the belief that the existence beyond would be a continuation of life on earth, but in other conditions, more extreme and dramatic. This place would be found under the earth where the living are, that is, the underworld or hell. The underwold is imagined as a place that is therefore under land and where the infernal gods, some demons and the dead live. This place is imagined as a great space, sad and hostile. This vision, which we perceive from some literary texts,is what would have been the inhabitants of Mesopotamia and the area from Syria to the Mediterranean, from the Sumerian period to neo-Assyrian and neo-Babylonian period.
Vecchi regionalismi e nuovo imperialismo: le ambasciate degli Stati Uniti a Baghdad: da Sert–Gourley–Jackson a Bergerm–Devine–Yaeger
Authors: Russo Spena Raffaella 
Published: March 2014

Muovendo dalle campagne archeologiche svolte nel diciannovesimo secolo dagli inglesi e dagli americani in quella che era allora una provincia dell’Impero Ottomano, dopo aver sinteticamente ricostruito gli eventi che condussero alla indipendenza dell’Iraqmonarchico nel 1932 e alla transizione repubblicana del 1958, si assumono come immaginiiconiche dell’ambiguità regionalismo/imperialismo l’ambasciata degli Stati Uniti realizzatada Sert, Gourley e Jackson (1955-1961) e la nuova sede progettata da Bergerm, Devine eYaeger (2007-2011).
Starting from the archaeological excavations carried out in the nineteenth century by the British and the Americans in what was then a province of the Ottoman Empire, after having synthetically reconstructed the events that led to the independence of Iraqi monarchy in 1932 and the Republican transition in 1958, the Embassy of the United States built by Sert, Jackson and Gourley (1955-1961) and the new building designed by Bergerm-Devine-Yaeger (2007-2011) are assumed as iconic images of the ambiguity regionalism/imperialism.
Concise Review: Reprogramming Strategies for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine: From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Direct Reprogramming
Authors: Budniatzky Inbar , Gepstein Lior 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Myocardial cell-replacement therapies are emerging as novel therapeutic paradigms for myocardial repair but are hampered by the lack of sources of autologous human cardiomyocytes. The recent advances in stem cell biology and in transcription factor-based reprogramming strategies may provide exciting solutions to this problem. In the current review, we describe the different reprogramming strategies that can give rise to cardiomyocytes for regenerative medicine purposes. Initially, we describe induced pluripotent stem cell technology, a method by which adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed to yield pluripotent stem cells that could later be coaxed ex vivo to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. The generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes could then be used for myocardial cell transplantation and tissue engineering strategies. We also describe the more recent direct reprogramming approaches that aim to directly convert the phenotype of one mature cell type (fibroblast) to another (cardiomyocyte) without going through a pluripotent intermediate cell type. The advantages and shortcomings of each strategy for cardiac regeneration are discussed, along with the hurdles that need to be overcome on the road to clinical translation.
La « relocalisation » des Dènès sayisis et des Ahiarmiuts dans les années 1950
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric B. , Oosten Jarich G. , Bilgen-Reinart Üstün 
Published: March 2014

La décision du Gouvernement fédéral, dans les années 1950, de forcer les Dènès sayisis et les Ahiarmiuts à abandonner leur mode de vie nomade dans la toundra pour se sédentariser dans les communautés de Churchill et d’Arviat a eu des conséquences désastreuses. Les Sayasis, qui étaient des chasseurs et des trappeurs compétents, sont devenus un peuple brisé, abandonné à lui-même et acculé à vivre de déchets dans le dépotoir de Churchill. Aujourd’hui, les enfants et petits-enfants de cette génération brisée vivent à Tadoule Lake et continuent à guérir des blessures infligées par plusieurs relocalisations. Les Ahiarmiuts, quant à eux, ont connu une série de relocalisations du lac Ennadai au lac Nelting, puis du lac Ennadai au lac Henik, du lac Henik à Arviat, puis à Rankin Inlet et finalement à Whale Cove, et ils attendent toujours des excuses de la part du Gouvernement fédéral et la reconnaissance des douleurs importantes qu’ils ont dû supporter au cours de toutes ces années. À partir de sources orales et de documents tirés des archives, cet article compare ces deux relocalisations. Il confronte les stratégies, les choix et les décisions de l’administration fédérale aux points de vue et expériences de ces chasseurs de caribou, dont les auteurs soulignent ici la résilience.
Simulating the effect of centrifugal forces in Jupiter's magnetosphere
Authors: Vogt Marissa F. , Kivelson Margaret G. , Khurana Krishan K. , Walker Raymond J. , Ashour‐Abdalla Maha , Bunce Emma J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractJupiter's large scale size and rapid planetary rotation period combine to produce the strong centrifugal force responsible for many unique properties of its magnetosphere. It was previously proposed that this centrifugal force and nonadiabatic field line stretching could cause the observed dawn‐dusk asymmetry of Jupiter's plasma sheet, which is thickest near dusk. As flux tubes rotate and stretch between noon and dusk, particles bouncing along the field gain parallel energy and create pressure anisotropy. Because bounce times can be long compared with the outward expansion timescale, particles may respond nonadiabatically, and the resulting pressure anisotropy can drive the plasma sheet to instability. We used a large‐scale kinetic simulation to follow a collection of rotating particles as they move in a time‐varying, rotating magnetic field designed to represent flux tube expansion in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The analysis quantifies the response of trapped particles by characterizing the pressure anisotropy and energy changes. We compare results of nonadiabatic and adiabatic outward expansions and find that the nonadiabatic case leads to a large pitch angle anisotropy and higher total energy than for adiabatic expansion. Although the calculation was not handled fully self‐consistently, the results support the proposition that plasma pressure changes lead to changes in the magnetic field structure with local time. Our findings are consistent with the idea that nonadiabatic effects in Jupiter's magnetosphere contribute to field dipolarization and the observed plasma sheet thickening between noon and dusk.