bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absenteeism, unemployment and employment protection legislation: evidence from Italy
Authors: Scoppa Vincenzo , Vuri Daniela 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Efficiency wages theories argue that the threat of firing, coupled with a high unemployment rate, is a mechanism that discourages employee shirking in asymmetric information contexts. Our empirical analysis aims to test the role of unemployment as a worker discipline device, considering the different degree of job security offered by the Italian Employment Protection Legislation to workers employed in small and large firms. Controlling for a number of individual and firm characteristics, we investigate the relationship between worker’s absences which act as a proxy for employee shirking and local unemployment rate (at the provincial level). We find a strong negative association between unemployment and absenteeism rate, larger in magnitude in small firms due presumably to a significantly lower protection from dismissals in these firms. As an indirect test of the role of unemployment as worker discipline device, we show that public sector employees, almost impossible to fire, do not react to the local unemployment.

JEL codes

J41; M51; J45
Capacity development through the sharing of climate information with diverse user communities
Authors: Mantilla Gilma , Thomson Cynthia , Sharoff Jessica , Barnston Anthony G , Curtis Ashley 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) is a premier global research and capacity development institution focused on enhancing society’s capability to understand, use, manage and evaluate climate information. Its goal is to strengthen the technical capacity of individuals and organizations in order to increase the demand for climate information and its application.
In the early years of IRI, staff trained local meteorologists and decision makers, often in developing countries, on using information products that IRI’s forecast group judged would be of value. However, in the last decade, IRI’s approach to training has evolved into one that is more user-driven. Today, users are brought on board during the development of training curricula to learn what information and methodologies would be most useful for their local needs. This establishes a sense of trust and ownership in the training process. Approaches are tailored to different contexts and communities, and focus is placed on cultivating long-lasting partnerships.
The work presented in this article demonstrates the evolution of IRI’s capacity building and development processes. It highlights how the IRI implements capacity development activities, with a particular emphasis on the early engagement of practitioners and end users. Numerous examples are provided of the successes related to knowledge gains and to the concrete applications of climate information that can occur when the design and implementation of activities are preformed in an integrative manner. This approach builds channels for interaction among practitioners, policymakers, scientists and other societal decision making groups. Though it has seen numerous successes, the IRI is continually evaluating its capacity development methods and looking for ways to improve upon them.
Evaluating the use of blue phosphors in white LEDs: the case of Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+
Authors: Joos Jonas J , Botterman Jonas , Smet Philippe F 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The luminescence properties of the blue emitting phosphor Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+ are extensively investigated. This oxonitridosilicate phosphor features strong 4f65d1 - 4f7 luminescence originating from the Eu2+ ion, with a narrow emission band peaking at 467 nm and a full width at half maximum of only 41 nm. Thermal quenching of the blue luminescence only sets in above 450 K, making this material an interesting candidate as LED conversion phosphor. The fast decay of the luminescence prevents the phosphor to be susceptible to saturation effects at high excitation fluxes. Furthermore it is proven to be chemically stable against moisture. The only drawback is the relatively low quantum efficiency of the synthesized powder, provisionally preventing this material to be used in applications. In addition, the phosphor features a weak yellow emission band, originating from small domains featuring a different crystal structure. It is shown that the majority of the powder grains only exhibit blue emission. Finally, the spectrum of a white LED, based on a UV pumping LED and three (oxy)nitride phosphors is simulated in order to assess the usefulness of blue phosphors in LEDs for lighting. Only a marginal improvement in terms of color quality can be achieved with a narrow banded phosphor, at the expense of a decrease in luminous efficacy and overall electrical to optical power efficiency.
PACS 70 – Condensed Matter: Electronic structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties
PACS 42.70.-a Optical materials
Low plasma selenium concentrations in critically ill children: the interaction effect between inflammation and selenium deficiency
Authors: de Oliveira Iglesias Simone Brasil , Leite Heitor Pons , Paes Ângela Tavares , de Oliveira Susyane Vieira , Sarni Roseli Oselka Saccardo 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Low plasma selenium concentrations are frequent in critically ill patients. However, whether this is due to systemic inflammation, a deficient nutritional state or both is still not clear. We aimed to determine the factors associated with low plasma selenium in critically ill children while considering the inflammatory response and nutritional status.

Method
A prospective study was conducted in 173 children (median age 34 months) with systemic inflammatory response who had plasma selenium concentrations assessed 48 hours after admission and on the 5th day of ICU stay. The normal reference range was 0.58 μmol/L to 1.6 μmol/L. The outcome variable was ‘low plasma selenium’, which was defined as plasma selenium values below the distribution median during this period. The main explanatory variables were age, malnutrition, sepsis, C-reactive protein (CRP), and clinical severity scores. The data were analyzed using a Binomial Generalized Estimating Equations model, which includes the correlation between admission and 5th day responses.

Results
Malnutrition and CRP were associated with low plasma selenium. The interaction effect between these two variables was significant. When CRP values were less than or equal to 40 mg/L, malnutrition was associated with low plasma selenium levels (odds ratio (OR) = 3.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39 to 7.63, P = 0.007; OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.26 to 7.06, P = 0.013; OR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.01 to 6.17, P = 0.049, for CRP = 10, 20 and 40 mg/L, respectively). This effect decreased as CRP concentrations increased and there was loose significance when CRP values were >40 mg/L. Similarly, the effect of CRP on low plasma selenium was significant for well-nourished patients (OR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.22, P <0.001) but not for the malnourished (OR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.08, P = 0.16).

Conclusions
There is a significant interaction between the magnitude of the inflammatory response and malnutrition on low plasma selenium. This interaction should be considered when interpreting plasma concentrations as an index of selenium status in patients with systemic inflammation as well as in the decision on selenium supplementation.
Rhodium-catalyzed Enantioselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Tosylamide-linked 5-Allenal and 5-Allenone with Internal Alkynes
Authors: Sakashita Kazuki , Masutomi Koji , Noguchi Keiichi , Tanaka Ken 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
It has been established that a cationic rhodium(I)–BINAP complex catalyzes the enantioselective [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of a tosylamide-linked 5-allenal and 5-allenone with internal alkynes, leading to bicyclic oxygen heterocycles.
Interpretation of Alterations in the Horse Erythrogram
Authors: Satué K. , Muñoz A. , Gardón J.C. 
Published: May 2014

The interpretation of erythrogram is pivotal to assist clinicians in diagnosis, prognosis, patient management and control of equine diseases. Relative erythrocytosis associated to dehydration and blood splenic mobilization are common in horses. Absolute erythrocytosis appears less often in the horse and it can be related to increased erythropoietin concentrations, as happen in chronic hypoxic situations, neoplasias and paraneoplasic syndromes. Even less common, primary absolute erythrocytosis or polycythemia vera has been also described in horses. Anemia is a very common equine hematological disorder. The classification between regenerative and non-regenerative is difficult in this species, because peripheral signs of regeneration are not common in horses, despite having an intense regenerative anemia. This classification would need in many cases a bone marrow biopsy. The most common causes of anemia in horses are acute and chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Assessment of peripheral blood smears is also an important tool for diagnose a hematological disorder in a horse. It should be taken into consideration that rouleaux formation and echinocytes (spiculated regular erythrocytes) are physiological characteristics of equine blood, in opposite to what happen in other animal species. Abnormal erythrocyte shapes described in horses are spherocytes, target cells, leptocytes, acanthocytes, schistocytes and leptocytes. The most common erythrocyte inclusions are, Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants, sometimes associated to rapid bone marrow maturation), Heinz bodies (indicative of oxidative damage) and hemoprotozoan parasites, such as Babesia caballi and Theileria equi.
Reassessment of Acute and Chronic Toxicity Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Morinda Lucida in Rattus Norvegicus
Authors: Saganuwan S. A. , Aondoaver A. D. , Roman I. T. 
Published: May 2014

In view of preponderance of medicinal uses of Morinda lucida there is need to reassess its toxicity potential. Phytochemical analysis of Morinda Lucida leaf powder was carried out to determine the therapeutic and toxic principles of the plant. Acute and chronic effects of aqueous extract of Morinda lucida leaf were studied in Rattus norvegicus. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones, tannins, and reducing sugar, whereas steroids were absent. Proximate analysis yielded moisture (8.88%), dry matter (91.12%), ash (18.71%), fat and oil (25.16%), nitrogen free extract (34.30%), crude fibre (12.45%) and crude protein (10.50%). Median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated to be >16,265mg/kg body weight. Haematological analysis revealed significantly (P<0.05) increased packed cell volume, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. However white blood cells decreased significantly (P<0.05) at dose level of 1,626.5mg/kg. But, alanine aminotrasferase, glucose, creatinine, total protein, bilirubin, sodium ion, bicarbonate ion and chloride ion decreased significantly (P<0.05). Urea increased significantly (P<0.05). Therefore, aqueous extract of Morinda lucida is safe at the test doses of 16.26 and 162.65mg/kg body weight when administered for 28 days with kidney degeneration and mild to moderate deleterious effects on lung, liver, heart and spleen at dose level of 1,626.5mg/kg bodyweight of the extract.
Orchidaceae na Reserva do Poço Escuro, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Marinho Lucas Cardoso , De Azevedo Cecília Oliveira 
Published: May 2014

The present study deals with a floristic survey of the Orchidaceae occurring in the Poço Escuro reserve, municipality of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil, which was conducted through a literature review, monthly field trips to the area studied and analysis of the materials of the main herbaria in Bahia. This work presents an identification key, descriptions, illustrations, comments on the morphology, habit, phenology and geographical distribution of the 12 species of Orchidaceae occurring in the Reserve, thus contributing to the knowledge of the family in the state of Bahia.
The Bulgarian National Corpus: Theory and Practice in Corpus Design
Authors: Koeva Svetla , Stoyanova Ivelina , Leseva Svetlozara , Dekova Rositsa , Dimitrova Tsvetana , Tarpomanova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2014

The paper discusses several key concepts related to the development of corpora and reconsiders them in light of recent developments in NLP. On the basis of an overview of present-day corpora, we conclude that the dominant practices of corpus design do not utilise adequately the technologies and, as a result, fail to meet the demands of corpus linguistics, computational lexicology and computational linguistics alike.We proceed to lay out a data-driven approach to corpus design, which integrates the best practices of traditional corpus linguistics with the potential of the latest technologies allowing fast collection, automatic metadata description and annotation of large amounts of data. Thus, the gist of the approach we propose is that corpus design should be centred on amassing large amounts of mono- and multilingual texts and on providing them with a detailed metadata description and high-quality multi-level annotation.We go on to illustrate this concept with a description of the compilation, structuring, documentation, and annotation of the Bulgarian National Corpus (BulNC). At present it consists of a Bulgarian part of 979.6 million words, constituting the corpus kernel, and 33 Bulgarian-X language corpora, totalling 972.3 million words, 1.95 billion words altogether. The BulNC is supplied with a comprehensive metadata description, which allows us to organise the texts according to different principles. The Bulgarian part of the BulNC is automatically processed (tokenised and sentence split) and annotated at several levels: morphosyntactic tagging, lemmatisation, word-sense annotation, annotation of noun phrases and named entities. Some levels of annotation are also applied to the Bulgarian-English parallel corpus with the prospect of expanding multilingual annotation both in terms of linguistic levels and the number of languages for which it is available. We conclude with a brief evaluation of the quality of the corpus and an outline of its applications in NLP and linguistic research.
A Personal Note on Open Access in Linguistics
Authors: Müller Stefan 
Published: May 2014

This paper contains only known facts about open access, but they are put into a rather personal perspective that may help others to understand the importance of Open Access in science in general and in linguistics in particular.This paper tries to motivate Open Access publishing, with a particular focus on publishing books. In Section 1, I describe the problems in accessing relevant information in economically weak countries, the problem of underpayment in the humanities, and usage restrictions of traditionally published books. Section 2 explains the factors that contribute to book prices. Section 3 briefly describes Open Access publishing and print on demand services. In Section 4, I address some challenges for Open Access publishing and suggest ways to ensure quality control, proper typesetting, and efficient marketing. Section 5 discusses Open Access approaches of profitorientated publishers. Section 6 deals with Open Access and getting tenure and promotion, and Section 7 is about radical opinions about copyrights outside of academia. Version of 7th January 2012 (minor editorial changes).
Populating a multilingual ontology of proper names from open sources
Authors: Savary Agata , Manicki Leszek , Baron Małgorzata 
Published: May 2014

Even if proper names play a central role in natural language processing (NLP) applications they are still under-represented in lexicons, annotated corpora, and other resources dedicated to text processing. One of the main challenges is both the prevalence and the dynamicity of proper names. At the same time, large and regularly-updated knowledge sources containing partially-structured data, such as Wikipedia or GeoNames, are publicly available and contain large numbers of proper names. We present a method for a semi-automatic enrichment of Prolexbase, an existing multilingual ontology of proper names dedicated to natural language processing, with data extracted from these open sources in three languages: Polish, English and French. Fine-grained data extraction and integration procedures allow the user to enrich previous contents of Prolexbase with new incoming data. All data are manually validated and available under an open licence.
Strain Rate Effects on Hydrogen Embrittlement Characteristics of Notched 4340 Steel
Authors: Sk Mobbassar Hassan , Overfelt Ruel A 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe effect of strain rate on hydrogen embrittlement of low alloy 4340 steel was studied using double-notched tensile samples electrochemically charged in-situ with hydrogen in 1N H2SO4 + 5 mg/l As2O3 solution. The mechanical response of samples with prior austenitic grain sizes of 10 and 40 μm and martensitic hardness of 43-52 HRC were examined after hydrogen charging times of 0-20 min. Increasing the strain rate for hydrogen charged samples resulted in decreased failure strains and increased evidence of brittle fracture. Brittle fracture surfaces for the harder samples showed primarily intergranular fracture while softer samples exhibited predominantly quasi-cleavage.
High Temperature Reproducible Preparation of Mg2Si Films on (001)Al2O3 substrates Using RF Magnetron Sputtering Method
Authors: Katagiri Atsuo , Ogawa Shota , Shimizu Takao , Matsushima Masaaki , Akiyama Kensuke , Funakubo Hiroshi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA RF magnetron sputtering method was used to prepare Mg2Si films at 300-400oC on (001) Al2O3 substrates from a Mg disc target with Si chips. Mg deposition was not detected at 400°C from a pure Mg disc target without Si chips due to the high vapor pressure of Mg. However, the amount of Mg deposition increased with the increase in Si/(Mg+Si) area ratio of the target surface together with the increase of the Si deposition. The obtained films had a stoichiometric composition of Si/(Mg+Si)=0.33 that consisted of the well crystalline Mg2Si single phase regardless of Si/(Mg+Si) area ratio of the target surface. This showed the existence of a “process window” against supply ratio of Si/(Mg+Si) for Mg2Si single phase films with a stoichiometric composition. This is considered to be due to the vaporization of the excess Mg prepared under the Mg excess condition as reported by Mahan et al. for Mg2Si films prepared at 200°C by ultra-high vacuum evaporation.
Preparation of iron, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc humates for environmental applications
Authors: Kříženecká Sylvie , Hejda Stanislav , Machovič Vladimír , Trögl Josef 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA few non-conventional humate sorbents, i.e. iron humate (FeH), aluminium humate (AlH), calcium humate (CaH), magnesium humate (MgH), and zinc humate (ZnH), were prepared from a commercial product Fortehum L/K (Humatex, Bílina, Czech Republic). The metal content in humates was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis, the organic elements (C, H, N, and S) were analysed by an Elementar Vario III and the functional groups were determined by classical methods using KBr pellets and diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). FeH, AlH, and ZnH were tested as sorbents for the removal of inorganic or organic pollutants (metals, inorganic ions, dyes, and chlorophenols) from waste water. Sorption properties decreased in order: ZnH, AlH, FeH. CaH and MgH are partly soluble and therefore they are not usable as sorbents. However, their ion-exchange abilities for heavy metals are excellent which makes them usable for phytoremediation and bioremediation.
Residue analysis of fosthiazate in cucumber and soil by QuEChERS and GC-MS
Authors: Wu Min , Hu Jiye 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA convenient method was developed for the determination and validation of fosthiazate in cucumber and soil. The procedure is based on liquid partitioning with acetonitrile followed by dispersive solid phase extraction as the clean-up step, after which samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average recoveries ranged from 91.2 % to 99.0 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 6.05 %, at three fortification levels (0.02 mg kg−1, 0.1 mg kg−1, 0.5 mg kg−1) in cucumber and soil, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) for fosthiazate were all established at 0.02 mg kg−1. The proposed method was applied successfully to analyses of the dissipation and residue of fosthiazate in field trials. The dissipation rate of fosthiazate was described using pseudo-first-order kinetics with a half-life of 4.33 days and 4.08 days in soil in Beijing and Shandong, respectively. In the terminal residue experiment, fosthiazate residues in cucumber and soil were clearly below the maximum residue level (MRL, 0.2 mg kg−1) set in China.
Occupational asthma caused by samba (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood dust in a professional maker of wooden models of airplanes: A case study
Authors: Krawczyk-Szulc Patrycja , Wiszniewska Marta , Pałczyński Cezary , Nowakowska-Świrta Ewa , Kozak Anna , Walusiak-Skorupa Jolanta 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Work-related respiratory symptoms among health centres cleaners: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Lipińska-Ojrzanowska Agnieszka , Wiszniewska Marta , Świerczyńska-Machura Dominika , Wittczak Tomasz , Nowakowska-Świrta Ewa , Pałczyński Cezary , Walusiak-Skorupa Jolanta 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Synthesis of mono layer graphene oxide from sonicated graphite flakes and their Hall effect measurements
Authors: Siyar Muhammad , Maqsood Asghari , Khan Sadaf 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Graphene, a single atom thick sheet is considered a key candidate for the future nanotechnology, due to its unique extraordinary properties. Researchers are trying to synthesize bulk graphene via chemical route from graphene oxide precursor. In the present work, we investigated a safe and efficient way of monolayer graphene oxide synthesis. To get a high degree of oxidation, we sonicated the graphite flakes before oxidation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed graphene oxide formation and high degree of oxidation. Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed a monolayer of graphene oxide (GO) flakes. The sheet like morphology of the GO flakes was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Hall effect measurements were performed on the GO film on a silica substrate to investigate its electrical properties. The results obtained, revealed that the GO film is perfectly insulating, having electrical resistivity up to 8.4 × 108 (Ω·cm) at room temperature.