bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Losses of Crude Oil in Steel and Earthen Storage
Authors: Bradley O.U. 
Published: June 2014

The extent of losses, due to evaporation, sediment, and water, in crude oilstored in steel tanks, is a very interesting question, and particularly so atthis time, when every reasonable measure should be employed to eliminate allpossible losses of this important natural product. Available information onthis subject is incomplete; e.g., during the development of the Cushing Field, considerable surplus oil was stored in steel tanks, but from time to time, owing to changes in weather, some losses by evaporation and short storage roomon the leases, these tanks were topped out, thus rendering inaccurate anysystem designed to determine the average rate of evaporation or other losses ofthe oil over a given period. Furthermore, the losses, as shown by the recordsat the time, as a result of hasty gages, failed to take into account thetemperature and gravity of the oil. Losses may be classified roughly asoccurring from evaporation, presence of sediment and water, and leakage. Thecoefficient of expansion and contraction of crude oil, in relation totemperature conditions, is of material importance; also, the rate ofevaporation is dependent upon the gravity of the oil, as the escape of thelighter hydrocarbons in fresh Cushing oil, of from 40 to 42 gravity, on a warmday is considerable, and from available records of temporary storage, it issafe to assume that a loss of 1 to 1? per cent. in volume will easily occur inlight crude oil of Cushing grade over a period of 6 months, including thesummer season. The presence of sediment, water, and other impurities, in theoil will also cause more or less deterioration in quality, particularly whenthe fresh production is run direct from the gage tanks, or from the wells onthe lease to steel storage, as is often the case when an oil field is beingrapidly developed. The bad oil will settle to the bottom of the tanks and maybe determined by thiefing and running a centrifuge test on the sample. Theamount of water in the oil depends entirely on the conditions under which it isproduced. Sometimes in large producing wells, with heavy gas pressure, somewater may come in with the oil, particularly if the well has been drilled tothe top of a water sand. Under these conditions, cut oil is often produced, which, if not settled out, is carried over into the steel tanks.
AIME 061–56
A Foreign Oil Supply for the United States
Authors: Smith George Otis 
Published: June 2014

Twelve years ago, the Director of the United States Geological Surveyaddressed to the Secretary of the Interior a letter calling attention to thegovernment's need for liquid fuel for naval use and pointing out that the rateof increase in demand was more rapid than the increase in production. Thisletter, in a way, inaugurated the policy of public oil-land withdrawals, whichwas well founded in its primary purpose of protecting the oil industry andhighly desirable in its immediate effect of checking the over-development ofthat day in California. Unfortunately, however, through delays in legislation, this policy may be regarded now as having outlived both its intent and itsusefulness. In 1908, the country's production of oil was 178,500,000 bbl., andthere was a surplus above consumption of more than 20,000,000 bbl. available togo into storage. In 1918, 10 years later, the oil wells of the United Statesyielded 356,000,000 bbl. - nearly twice the yield of 1908 - but to meet thedemands of the increased consumption more than 24,000,000 bbl. had to be drawnfrom storage.
Nor is this all of the brief comparison. In 1918, our excess of imports overexports of crude petroleum was nearly 33,000,000 bbl. whereas in 1908 weexported 3,500,000 bbl., which was net, as we had not begun to import Mexicanoil. In this period, the annual fuel-oil consumption of the railroads alone hasincreased from 16,871,000 to 36,714,000 bbl.; the annual gasoline productionfrom 540,000,000 gal. to 3,500,000,000 gal. This record may be taken not onlyas justifying the earlier appeal for Federal action, but as warrantingdeliberate attention to the oil problem of today.

Need of Future Supply
The position of the United States in regard to oil can best be characterized asprecarious. Using more than one-third of a billion barrels a year, we aredrawing not only from the underground pools but also from storage, and both ofthese supplies are limited.
AIME 065–13
Geology of Cement Oil Field
Authors: Clapp Frederick G. 
Published: June 2014

Although many oil fields have been, and still are being, discovered inOklahoma, the geology and structure of most of them have not become familiar tothe general public because of the delay in securing government geologicalsurveys and the reluctance of oil companies and other interested parties togive out their ?inside information.? Therefore, until official surveys areavailable, it behooves us to publish geological results as soon as possible.Fortunately the writer has been authorized by the Cement Field Oil Co. topublish his data on the Cement field, Caddo County, at this time.

Locality and Description
The Cement field is situated in the part of Oklahoma known generally untilrecently, as "Healdton fields," and lies 60 mi. (96 km.) northwest ofthe Healdton field proper. Like the Healdton field, it forms an approximateellipse, trending northwest and southeast through the village of Cement on theSt. Louis-San Francisco Railroad, on which it is reached in 2? hours fromOklahoma City.
In its geological structure, the field constitutes an anticline over 13 mi. (21km.) long and from 1 to 3 mi. wide; the point of greatest width being not farfrom its intersection by the above-named railroad. The major axis trends north75? west from the village of Cement; but eastward appears deflected (if fieldinterpretations are correct) to about south 45? east. About 5 mi. south lies anapproximately parallel syncline, which may be conveniently called the Cyrilsyncline, the south and west boundaries of which may be distant many miles, butforming a closed basin south of the Cement anticline. The position of theoffsetting synclinal axis, which is believed to lie north and east of Cement, has not been discovered.

Topography
In the southwest part of the state, nearly all maps of Oklahoma show twomountain areas - Arbuckle and Wichita - which are conspicuous geological andtopographic landmarks. In addition, some maps show a third, and smaller, range, named the Keechi Hills, in the vicinity of Cement.
AIME 065–19
Petroliferous Rocks in Serra da Baliza
Authors: De Oliveira Euzebio P. 
Published: June 2014

One of a recent batch of samples from the Serra da Baliza, in the state ofParana, Brazil, contained asphalt and a dark heavy oil; and workmen on therailway from Porto Uniao to Uruguay discovered asphalt coming from eruptivesthat outcrop along the Rio de Peixe. The occurrence of asphalt in the triassiceruptives of southern Brazil, however, has been known a long time, according toDr. Gonzaga de Campos.
It is generally believed that the Botucatu sandstone is always a hard vitrifiedrock, from the metamorphic action of the overflowing eruptive contacts. In thisregion, however, the contact metamorphism is almost nil; the sandstone isslightly hardened in a narrow zone about 20 to 30 cm. wide. In many places, thesandstone is so friable as to be easily reduced to sand, which is used inmortar for building in Guarapuava and Palmas. South and west from Porto Uniao, this bench of sandstone is about 50 m. thick, and is capped by a heavy bed ofbasic eruptives, many of which are amygdaloids.

Nature of Rocks
Dr. Geo. P. Merrill, after studying the triassic eruptives collected by theCoal Commission, reached the conclusion that "All these rocks are oftypical basalt-diabases, not in any essential different other than instructure. An interesting mineralogical phase is its paucity in olivine, whichin many cases is completely lacking."
Professor Russak, who carefully studied these rocks and their accessoryminerals, decided that in the dikes they are granular (diabase) and that in thelava sheets, porphyritic (augite-porphyrite or melaphyre), and that the latterpass evidently to normal diabases and are always typical of effusive rocks. Theexamination of many slides from dikes and sheets leads us to adopt the opinionof Professor Russak; the rocks of the dikes are of ophitic structure, whilethat of the sheets show a great variety of structure and may vary from almostgranular to basaltic. The great paucity in olivine had been noted by Russak, who classes as melaphyres, the porphyritic triassic rocks in Brazil whichcontain olivine.
AIME 065–26
Application of Law of Equal Expectations to Oil Production in California
Authors: Beal Carl H. , Nolan E.D. 
Published: June 2014

In February, 1918, the conclusion was published by Lewis and Beal ?thatwells of equal output on the average will produce equal amounts of oil in thefuture, regardless of the ages of the wells.? This conclusion was based uponthe study of data collected principally in Oklahoma and was not known at thattime to be true for other oil fields. An abundance of statistical proof waslater collected by the senior author of the present paper, which showed thatthe conclusion was undoubtedly well founded and that it applied to other fieldsas well. Accordingly, it was later restated as the ?law of equal expectations?as follows: ?If two wells under similar conditions produce equal amounts duringany given year, the amounts they will produce thereafter, on the average, willbe approximately equal, regardless of their relative ages.?
Although only scanty data from the California oil fields were available at thetime this publication was prepared, sufficient information was analyzed uponwhich to base the insert on Fig. 80, which showed beyond a doubt that the lawheld at least for a part of the Midway oil field in California. Recently theauthors have collected more complete data in California, and it is the purposeof this paper to explain the method used in demonstrating the truth of the lawand, in addition, to give several methods by which curves constructed inaccordance with this law can be used in a practical way with ease andaccuracy.
AIME 065–30
Composition of Petroleum and Its Relation to Industrial Use
Authors: Mabery Charles F. 
Published: June 2014

So far as the elementary composition of petroleum is known, it may bebriefly stated. Petroleum consists principally of a few series of hydrocarbons, with admixtures of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen derivatives in comparativelyminute proportions, which may be regarded as impurities to be removed in thepreparation of commercial products. But as each series is represented by manyhomologs, in the aggregate, crude petroleum is an extremely complex mixture ofhydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Hydrocarbons of greater density contained in the portions of petroleum thatcannot be distilled without decomposition doubtless have less hydrogen than isrepresented by these formulas. Since to every hydrocarbon there is a definitetemperature, even in vacuum, at which its constituent carbon and hydrogen atomsfall apart, and since for the heavier bodies this temperature is not much above360? C. in vacuum, it is evident that some other method than distillation mustbe devised for their separation if anything further is to be learned concerningtheir individual constitution.

Classification of Petroleums
There is such a wide variation in the composition of petroleum from differentfields, it would seem possible to make a classification on this basis were itnot that no single variety is entirely free from hydrocarbons contained inothers. Such a classification has been suggested of the exceptionally purePennsylvania petroleum, the sulfur oil from Trenton limestone and othersources, the California oil with its large amount of nitrogen (quinoline)derivatives, and the Russian oil, composed chiefly of the naphthenehydrocarbons.
AIME 065–45
Colombian Oil Fields
Authors: Huntley L.G. , Mason Shirley 
Published: June 2014

The Colombian highlands consist of three parallel mountain ranges (Fig. 1)called respectively the eastern, central, and western cordillera of the Andes.A segment of the range that forms the backbone of the Isthmus of Panama alsoextends into Colombia, along the Pacific coast, as far southward as the mouthof the San Juan River.
These four mountain ranges furnish the key to the varying climaticconditions and vegetation of the country. The river valleys are hot and coveredwith dense tropical growth. This is also generally true of the coastal plain, although in the northern portion there are some fairly open stretches wherecattle are raised and even small districts where semi-arid conditions prevail.The population of this heavily wooded wet lowland depends almost entirely onriver transportation for all intercourse.
The elevated mountainous plateaus of the three ranges are more open and moregenerally cultivated; all traffic is by means of horses, mules, and the burro.The canoe and river-steamer transportation systems of the valleys are connectedwith the highland system of trails and roads by short cross trails and the fewshort railroads of the country. As these cross trails must pass through theintermediate foot-hill region, where the heavy rainfall reaches its maximum, they are exceedingly bad and the life of pack animals is short. The oildevelopment of the Magdalena River valley is in this intermediate region, between the river and the sierras, north of Bogota.

Geology Stratigraphy
The predominant sedimentary formations in Colombia are those of Tertiary age.They form the floor of the Magdalena River valley and the coastal plain thatborders the Caribbean Sea: this is also true of the southern part of the narrowcoastal belt of the Pacific coast.
AIME 068–70
Petroleum Reserves of the West Indies
Authors: Redfield Arthur H. 
Published: June 2014

The West Indies are the summits of a submerged mountain chain, thecontinuation of which must be sought in the mountains of central Honduras. InHaiti, the chain divides, one branch passing through Jamaica and the otherthrough Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and the Misteriosa bank.
Suess divides the West Indies into three zones: The first zone is entirelyof volcanic origin and includes many recent volcanic cones. It includes thearcuate string of islands, which extends from Saba and St. Kitts to theGrenadines and Grenada. The western half of Guadeloupe belongs to this group.The second zone consists of a geanticline, of which the sedimentary rocks rangefrom the Jurassic to the Quaternary, but consist chiefly of Lower Tertiarysediments. In the west it is broad, including the whole of the GreaterAntilles; but in the east it is restricted to a narrow belt, which includes theVirgin Islands (except Anegada), Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, theeastern part of Guadeloupe and part of Barbados. The islands that compose thethird zone are flat and low. Like the second, this zone is broad in the westand narrow in the east; it includes the Bahamas, Anegada, Sombrero, Barbuda, and part of Barbados. Geologically, Florida and the plain of Yucatan may beregarded as belonging to it.
Trinidad and Tobago, though geographically adjacent to the Lesser Antilles, arc geologically a detached part of the South American continent. Thecrystalline complexes of northern Trinidad and of Barbados are a continuation, en echelon, of the crystalline axis of the promontory of Paria. The foldedCretaceous and Tertiary of the central and southern parts of Trinidad representa continuation of the folded sediments of the Paria district of Venezuela.
AIME 068–77
Smackover Oil Field, Ouachita and Union Counties, Ark.
Authors: Schneider H.G. 
Published: June 2014

The Smackover oil and gas field lies in Ouachita and Union Counties, Ark., in the south-central part of the state, in T.15 and 16S., R.15, 16, and 17W. Itis 10 miles north of El Dorado, the principal business and railroad center inthe south-central part of the state, and extends from the town of Smackover inall directions. Productive territory having an aggregate area of nearly 55 sq.mi. has been developed. It extends 6 miles from north to south and 12 milesfrom east to west. The field may be divided into two parts: the east district, which includes the area east of the town of Smackover, and the west district, which includes the area west of the town of Smackover. In relation to theneighboring productive fields of Arkansas, the Smackover field is 9 miles northof the E1 Dorado oil and gas field, 8 miles slightly west of north of the EastEl Dorado oil and gas field, and 16 miles east of the Stephens oil field.
Smackover was discovered in May, 1922, when the Oil Operators Trust drilledwell No.1 on the J. T. Murphy farm, in the southeast quarter of sec. 8, T.16S., R.15W. This well is located almost on the top of the Norphlet dome and wasdrilled to the Nacatoch sand. It had an initial open flow volume of 30,000,000cu. ft. of dry gas per day, and a rock pressure of 950 lb. per sq. in. In July,1922, the V. K. F. Co. completed the first oil well in sec. 29, T.15S., R.15W., on the north side of the Norphlet dome, and 3 miles north of the first gaswell. This well started the active development of the north and northwest sidesof the dome.
The field was extended westwards, when oil was discovered in the Nacatoch sand, during October, 1922, in sec. 4, T.16S., R.16W., 5? miles west of the originalgas well.
AIME 070–57
Centrifuging Petroleum-refinery Emulsions
Authors: Ayres Eugene E. 
Published: June 2014

The centrifuge has come into general use in the oil fields and in theestablishments where lubricating and fuel oils are used. Probably centrifugalmachinery will be found more useful in the refinery when the operators are morefamiliar with the principles of modern centrifugation and when centrifugalengineers better understand the refinery emulsion problems.
It is not generally realized that centrifugal force and gravity have twodistinct functions: First, subsidence wherein the suspended globules arebrought into contact; second, coalescence (when this is possible) by rupturingthe films around the globules. In the case of a water-in-oil emulsion, anexercise of the former function alone would yield:oil, free, or as free asdesired, from water; anda concentrated water-in-oil emulsion-concentratedin the sense that it contains a relatively large percentage of the internalphase. An exercise of both functions will yield:water-free oil andoil-free water.
Centrifugal force is much better than gravity for subsidence because, in thecase of industrial emulsions where the suspended globules are visible under amicroscope, subsidence is directly proportional to the force applied.
Centrifugal force is only slightly better than gravity for coalescence. Aminute trace of a proper reagent will immediately do more to nullify theinterfacial surface tension opposing coalescence than an indefinite applicationof the highest attainable centrifugal force. No mathematical analysis has beenmade to explain the failure of high centrifugal force to induce a decidedlymore rapid and more complete coalescence than is obtained by gravity.
The adjustment of the centrifuge rotor depends more on the extent ofcoalescence that is desired or is possible than on any other factor. One reasonfor this dependence is to be found in the curious relation between the specificgravity and the hydrostatic pressure of emulsions.
AIME 070–61
Evaporation Loss of Petroleum - Theories and Their Application
Authors: Wiggins J.H. 
Published: June 2014

Granting that about 600,000,000 bbl. of light oil will be produced in theUnited States this year and taking the Bureau of Mines' statement that 7? percent. of the total crude production will be lost before the finished gasolineis shipped from the refinery, the volumetric evaporation will be 45,000,000bbl. of the cream of the gasoline. This is a conservative figure and isequivalent to 1,890,000,000 gal. The real value of this liquid is at least 150per cent. of the value of an equal volume of motor fuel. At only 10 c. pergal., the value lost is $189,000,000; at 15 c. per gal. the loss is $283,000,000.
If 750,000,000 bbl. of light and heavy oil are produced here this year andthe average price per barrel is $1.333, the gross return to producers will be$1,000,000,000 and the net returns about $200,000,000, if the cost ofproduction is only $1 per barrel. Thus, the evaporation bill is about 20 percent. of the gross income and is equal to the net income of the crude-oilproducers.
Two other comparisons with popular phases of the petroleum industry willhelp give an adequate conception of the evaporation problem. These are: cost ofpreventing evaporation compared to cost of cracked gasoline and volume ofgasoline evaporated compared to volume of gasoline manufactured from naturalgas.
When gasoline is manufactured from heavy oils by the cracking process, thereare two important divisions of the total cost of the product: the manufacturingcost, such as plant cost, operation, maintenance, etc., and the cost of thebarrel of heavy oil, from which the cracked gasoline is made. In preventingevaporation loss the cost first mentioned enters into the total cost, but thesecond cost is eliminated; that is, no charge is necessary for stock from whichto manufacture the saving. A detailed analysis of these two costs on a largescale shows that the net income from a dollar spent in preventing evaporationloss from the lease through the refinery is twice the net income from a dollarspent in cracking.
AIME 070–62
Effect of Back Pressure on Wells in Brock Field
Authors: Lovejoy J.M. 
Published: June 2014

Various estimates have been made as to the percentage of oil left in a fieldafter the wells have become so small that it is no longer practical to producethem. Engineers have given the matter much study and can substantiate theirfigures by data taken from fields from the Appalachians to California. Theaverage oil sand has a porosity of about 20 per cent., which gives a capacityper acre-foot of approximately 1500 bbl. The sand thickness in Oklahoma poolsaverages 20 ft. With 20 per cent. porosity and a 20-ft. sand thickness, thecapacity per acre is 30,000 bbl., yet these pools will seldom yield more than5000 bbl. to the acre.
These figures support the theory that at least 50 per cent. of the oilremains in a sand after all known methods to recover it have been used.Certainly we can never recover all the oil, unless in years to come oil becomesso rare and yet so necessary that the price will justify sinking shafts intothe abandoned fields and regular mining methods of drifting and stoping.However, with improved methods of production and conservation of the naturalagencies of expulsion, we should be able to increase recovery. It is with thisin mind that this paper, relating to the effect of back pressure on wells, ispresented.
Except in the fields where production is caused by hydrostatic pressure, thechief agency for getting oil out of the sand into the hole is the gas thatoccurs with the oil. After the pressure has declined, probably gravity also isa factor, but not an important one. With a given amount of oil in a sand and agiven amount of gas occurring with the oil, the ratio of gas volume per barrelof oil is the key to the ultimate recovery from that sand. Our efforts shouldbe along lines that will lower this ratio and make the gas, the agency given usby nature, do its work better and yield more of the oil, of which it is apart.
AIME 070–64