bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Thermoresponsive Nanosheets Exhibiting Phase Transitions in Water via Surface Modification of Layered Perovskite Nanosheets with Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)
Authors: Idota Naokazu , Fukuda Satoshi , Tsukahara Takehiko , Sugahara Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Thermoresponsive inorganic–organic hybrid nanosheets were prepared by surface modification of layered perovskite HLaNb2O7·xH2O (HLaNb) with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The PNIPAAm-modified HLaNb could be exfoliated into nanosheets, which had a plate-like morphology with a thickness of ca. 25 nm. The aqueous suspension of the PNIPAAm-modified nanosheets in water exhibited phase transitions with increases in temperature to above 34 °C. The nanosheets did not form precipitates when dispersed in water, even though the modified polymer chains became hydrophobic at high temperatures.
UV-independent induction of beta defensin 3 in neonatal human skin explants
Authors: Wolf Horrell Erin , D'Orazio John 
Published: November 2014

In order to determine the effect of UV radiation on β-defensin 3 (BD3) expression in human skin, freshly-isolated UV-naïve skin was obtained from newborn male infants undergoing planned circumcision. Skin explants sustained ex vivo dermis side down on RPMI media were exposed to 0.5 kJ/m2UVB, and biopsies were taken from the explant through 72 hours after radiation. mRNA expression was measured by qRTPCR and normalized to TATA-binding protein. BD3 expression at each time point was compared with an untreated control taken at time 0 within each skin sample. Extensive variability in both the timing and magnitude of BD3 induction across individuals was noted and was not predicted by skin pigment phenotype, suggesting that BD3 induction was not influenced by epidermal melanization. However, a mock-irradiated time course demonstrated UV-independent BD3 mRNA increases across multiple donors which was not further augmented by treatment with UV radiation, suggesting that factors other than UV damage promoted increased BD3 expression in the skin explants. We conclude that BD3 expression is induced in a UV-independent manner in human skin explants processed and maintained in standard culture conditions, and that neonatal skin explants are an inappropriate model with which to study the effects of UV on BD3 induction in whole human skin.
Costuming as subculture: The multiple bodies of cosplay
Authors: Lamerichs Nicolle 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This article explores the subculture of cosplay, short for ‘costume play’. In this particular practice, fans create and wear costumes that allow them to re-enact existing fictional characters from popular culture. These outfits and subsequent performances are a physical manifestation of their immersion into the fictional realms of television, games and movies, among others. Cosplay can be understood as the culture of costuming that occurs beyond the institutional remit of the theatre. Especially in western countries, cosplay is intimately connected to the carnivalesque space of the fan convention, where fans gather and re-enact their favourite characters. I argue that embodiment plays a unique role in cosplay that should be interrogated closely. The fan performer relies on multiple bodies and repertoires that are intimately connected to the fan’s identity and the performed character.
Biological variation database: structure and criteria used for generation and update
Authors: Perich Carmen , Minchinela Joana , Ricós Carmen , Fernández-Calle Pilar , Alvarez Virtudes , Doménech María Vicenta , Simón Margarita , Biosca Carmen , Boned Beatriz , García-Lario José Vicente , Cava Fernando , Fernández-Fernández Pilar , Fraser Callum G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNumerical data on the components of biological variation (BV) have many uses in laboratory medicine, including in the setting of analytical quality specifications, generation of reference change values and assessment of the utility of conventional reference values.Generation of a series of up-to-date comprehensive database of components of BV was initiated in 1997, integrating the more relevant information found in publications concerning BV. A scoring system was designed to evaluate the robustness of the data included. The database has been updated every 2 years, made available on the Internet and derived analytical quality specifications for imprecision, bias and total allowable error included in the tabulation of data.Our aim here is to document, in detail, the methodology we used to evaluate the reliability of the included data compiled from the published literature. To date, our approach has not been explicitly documented, although the principles have been presented at many symposia, courses and conferences.
Perspective switching as event affordance: The ontogeny of abductive reasoning
Authors: West Donna E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe present model identifies Index as the representational component driving children’s advances in abductive reasoning, capitalizing upon the means to subjunctivize within constructed events. As such, an essential semiotic device underlies the recognition of shifting perspectives to operationalize abductive reasoning within event profiles. Beyond using Index to establish the point of orientation (Origo), one “tries on” that Origo’s covert and overt orientation via deictic terms that encode Origo’s role as a conversational on-looker of an episode. This subjunctive competence entails taking note of cause-effect relations to anticipate the affective, social, cognitive, and physical viewpoints likely to be assumed by that Origo. Hypothesis-making then entails going beyond grounded experience to represent intermediate and final states of affairs for other Origos. Abductions require dynamically imaging how distinctive agents affect action schemes together with their relied-upon judgments to effectuate resultative states. The use of indexically grounded cognitions (given their role in preempting event relations) rivets the onlooker to the “why” of unexpected events and increases the likelihood that the guess of another within novel contexts is plausible. Shifting perspectives underlie abductions because they trigger defeasible but plausible explanations for puzzling events.
Facing interfaces A clustering approach to grammaticalization and related changes
Authors: Norde Muriel , Beijering Karin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt has long been recognized that many instances of change that have been discussed within the framework of grammaticalization studies notoriously defy categorization, for instance because they share properties of grammaticalization and lexicalization (Brinton & Traugott 2005), or because they share some properties of grammaticalization, but not all of them, as in the case of discourse markers (e.g. Ocampo 2006). In order to avoid these classification issues, we will argue that it is more useful to reduce grammaticalization and related changes to their “main mechanisms” (formal reanalysis and semantic reinterpretation), “primitive changes” (micro-changes on the levels of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and/or discourse), and “side effects” (e.g. obligatorification or layering). In grammaticalization and related changes, formal reanalysis and semantic reinterpretation tend to coincide with different sets of primitive changes. Primitive changes will be defined as ternary parameters with the values reduction, expansion, or zero, and it will be seen that they tend to cluster in different ways. Some of these clusters may coincide with changes traditionally labeled “grammaticalization”, “degrammaticalization”, or “lexicalization”, but changes may also cluster in alternative ways. This novel approach to composite changes we term the “clustering approach”, and we aim to show that this model of analysis allows for a more fine-grained account of composite changes than definition-based taxonomies.
On the relationship between grammaticalization and constructionalization
Authors: Trousdale Graeme 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSome recent approaches to language change within a constructional framework have been concerned with the development of procedural and of contentful constructions. This article considers how work in the tradition of grammaticalization has informed such approaches and points out some of the differences between the two research traditions. It highlights some of the problems around adopting key features of the grammaticalization tradition into a model of language structure which sees the language system as a network of conventionalized pairings of form and meaning, in which specific micro-constructions inherit properties from more general schemas. It also considers key issues in language change, such as directionality, the relationship between reanalysis and analogy, and the status of clines and parameters.
The Enemy on the Farm: The Economic Contribution of German and Italian POW Employment in Britain and the British Dominions during and after the Second World War
Authors: Custodis Johann 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This paper attempts to fill the gap of the economic aspect of prisoner of war (POW) employment with regards to German and Italian POWs in British hands during and after the Second World War. It quantifies German POW employment in Britain and Canada, its productivity, economic contribution and revenues for the captors. Germans and Italians contributed almost 200 million man days and at peak one per cent to GDP to the British economy, mostly in agriculture and mostly post-war. Canada’s rural sector equally appreciated German POW labour and revenues almost exceeded costs. German POWs presented an asset in disguise: The unskilled, unwilling enemy was turned into a compliant and productive fire fighter against raw material bottlenecks.
Understanding Voting Behaviour in Complex Political Systems
Authors: Lapatinas Athanasios 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We suggest in this paper that voting in political systems can be
profitably analysed using complex system analysis. We discuss how we
can capture the complexity of voting behaviour by applying graph
theory in networks and we develop a simplified theoretical model of
voting choice adopting the basic heuristics of the behavioural
decision theory. We feel that such a complex systems approach provides
a superior basis for understanding voting behaviour compared to
standard political economy analysis.
A Perishable Inventory Model with Bonus Service for Certain Customers, Balking and N + 1 Policy
Authors: Jeganathan Kathirvel 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We consider a perishable inventory system with bonus service for
certain customers. The maximum inventory level is S. The ordering
policy is (0, S) policy and the lead time is zero. The life time of
each items is assumed to be exponential. Arrivals of customers follow
a Poisson process with parameter λ. Arriving customers form a
single waiting line based on the order of their arrivals. The capacity
of the waiting line is restricted to M including the one being
served. The first N ≥ 1 customers who arrive after the system
becomes empty must wait for service to begin. We have assumed that
these N customers received an additional service, called bonus
service, in addition to the essential service rendered to all
customers. The service times are exponentially distributed. An
arriving customer who finds the server busy or waiting area size ≥ N, proceeds to the waiting area with probability p and is lost
forever with probability (1 − p). The Laplace–Stieltjes transform of
the waiting time of the tagged customer is derived. The joint
probability distribution of the number of customers in the waiting
area and the inventory level is obtained for the steady state
case. Some important system performance measures and the long-run
total expected cost rate are derived in the steady state.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence peptide-based bioassay
Authors: Qi Honglan , Dang Qian , Dong Manman , Gao Hongfang , Li Min 
Published: November 2014

AbstractElectrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) involves the generation of species at electrode surfaces that then undergo electron-transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. The ECL method is becoming an increasingly promising method in the life sciences, environmental analysis, and clinical analysis, owing to its good selectivity, high sensitivity, wide dynamic concentration response range, and potential and spatial controllability. Here, we give a mini-review on the advances of the ECL peptide-based bioassay using peptide as the molecular recognition element. First, a general history of ECL development is presented. Then, the general strategies of the ECL peptide-based bioassay are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the related progress in the last 5 years. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and prospects in the development of the ECL peptide-based bioassay.
Size effects on the in-plane mechanical behavior of hexagonal honeycombs
Authors: Jin Tao , Zhou Zhiwei , Liu Zhenguo , Shu Xuefeng 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In-plane uniaxial compression tests were experimented on seven kinds of honeycomb specimens with different sizes (cell numbers) under the loading rate of 10 mm/min, in order to investigate the size effects on four important mechanical parameters (the curve modulus, initial collapse stress, densification strain, and plateau stress) of the honeycomb structure. The results show that the curve modulus of honeycombs decreases with decrease in specimen size, indicating that the curve modulus in in-plane direction is sensitive to size. In addition, the initial collapse stress in x
2-direction as well as energy absorption efficiency in x
1-direction is slightly sensitive to the specimen size. However, the other mechanical parameters of honeycomb show significant size independence. The weak boundary cells are used to explain size effects on the in-plane mechanical behavior of honeycomb. Consequently, the minimum specimen size of hexagonal honeycomb specimens for measuring the effective in-plane mechanical properties of a bulk honeycomb is determined according to these results.
O problema do pensamento outro em Alexandre Koyré e Lucien Febvre
Authors: Salomon Marlon 
Published: November 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é reconstituir os termos de uma breve controvérsia ocorrida no final da década de 1940 entre Alexandre Koyré e Lucien Febvre em torno da interpretação da formação da ciência moderna e do nascimento da tecnologia na Europa do século XVII. Por meio da análise dessa controvérsia, podemos não apenas compreender o modo como se constituíram na França duas maneiras singulares de conceber a história das ciências, mas também e, sobretudo, mostrar como elas eram mobilizadas por um problema comum. Desde o início do século XX, as formas de pensamento que não eram as “nossas” não podiam mais ser compreendidas a partir de uma concepção evolucionista da razão. Era preciso, doravante, fundar essa compreensão em outra perspectiva. Não se podia mais tomar as formas do pensamento outro como formas proscritas, degredadas ou inatuais do pensamento. A história das mentalidades e a história do pensamento científico, por vias distintas, buscaram responder a esse problema.
Physiological Factors Underpinning Grain Yield Improvements of Synthetic‐Derived Wheat in Southwestern China
Authors: Tang Yonglu , Rosewarne Garry M. , Li Chaosu , Wu Xiaoli , Yang Wuyun , Wu Chun 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTSynthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) is a valuable source of genetic diversity for germplasm enrichment in wheat breeding. In China, SHW‐derived material has shown significant yield increases. A 3‐yr field experiment at Guanghan and Jiangyou in the Sichuan Basin of China was conducted to characterize the potential of three SHW‐derived cultivars (SDCs) with five local elite nonsynthetic‐derived cultivars as checks (NSCs). On average, SDCs showed an 11.5% or 951 kg ha−1 yield increase compared with NSCs. This yield gain was mainly attributed to increases in both grain number m−2 (5.7%) and thousand kernel weight (5.9%). A higher rate of aboveground dry matter accumulation, especially in the early growth stages, was observed in the SDCs. The SDCs also had better partitioning to the grain, as evidenced through an increased harvest index (HI). The SDCs had a relatively compact and erect plant type with medium and upper leaves having a mean extinction coefficient at 45° (EC45°) increase of 8.4% above the NSCs at 20‐d after flowering. Correlations between grain yield components and physiological traits were analyzed. We concluded that the use of SHW has the potential to significantly increase wheat yield grown under rain‐fed environments with low photosynthetically active radiation.
Association Between Hemoglobin A1c and All-Cause Mortality: Results of the Mortality Follow-up of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998
Authors: Paprott Rebecca , Schaffrath Rosario Angelika , Busch Markus A. , Du Yong , Thiele Silke , Scheidt-Nave Christa , Heidemann Christin 
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE
This study examined the association of HbA1c-defined glycemic status and continuous HbA1c with all-cause mortality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study population comprised 6,299 participants (aged 18–79 years) of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998, who were followed up for mortality for an average of 11.6 years. Glycemic status was defined as known diabetes (self-reported diagnosis or intake of antidiabetic medication) and based on HbA1c levels according to American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria as undiagnosed diabetes (≥6.5% [≥48 mmol/mol]), prediabetes with very high (6.0–6.4% [42–46 mmol/mol]) or high diabetes risk (5.7–5.9% [39–41 mmol/mol]), and normoglycemia (&lt;5.7% [&lt;39 mmol/mol]). Associations between glycemic status and mortality were examined by Cox regression adjusting for age, sex, education, lifestyle factors, anthropometric measures, and history of chronic diseases (reference: normoglycemia). Spline models were fitted to investigate associations between continuous HbA1c and mortality among participants without known diabetes.

RESULTS
Excess mortality risk was observed for participants with known diabetes (hazard ratio 1.41 [95% CI 1.08–1.84]) and undiagnosed diabetes (1.63 [1.23–2.17]) but not for those with high (1.02 [0.80–1.30]) or very high diabetes risk (0.87 [0.67–1.13]). Spline models revealed a U-shaped association, with lowest risk at HbA1c levels 5.4–5.6% (36–38 mmol/mol) and a significantly increased risk at ≤5.0% (≤31 mmol/mol) and ≥6.4% (≥46 mmol/mol).

CONCLUSIONS
Unlike known and undiagnosed diabetes, HbA1c levels in the prediabetic range were not associated with an increased mortality risk. The observed U-shaped relationship adds to existing evidence that not only high but also low HbA1c levels might be associated with all-cause mortality.
Safety and Feasibility of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Pediatric Hemiparesis: Randomized Controlled Preliminary Study
Authors: Gillick Bernadette T. , Feyma Tim , Menk Jeremiah , Usset Michelle , Vaith Amy , Wood Teddi Jean , Worthington Rebecca , Krach Linda E. 
Published: November 2014

Background
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of noninvasive brain stimulation that has shown improved adult stroke outcomes. Applying tDCS in children with congenital hemiparesis has not yet been explored.

Objective
The primary objective of this study was to explore the safety and feasibility of single-session tDCS through an adverse events profile and symptom assessment within a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled preliminary study in children with congenital hemiparesis. A secondary objective was to assess the stability of hand and cognitive function.

Design
A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled pretest/posttest/follow-up study was conducted.

Setting
The study was conducted in a university pediatric research laboratory.

Participants
Thirteen children, ages 7 to 18 years, with congenital hemiparesis participated.

Measurements
Adverse events/safety assessment and hand function were measured.

Intervention
Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group, with safety and functional assessments at pretest, at posttest on the same day, and at a 1-week follow-up session. An intervention of 10 minutes of 0.7 mA tDCS was applied to bilateral primary motor cortices. The tDCS intervention was considered safe if there was no individual decline of 25% or group decline of 2 standard deviations for motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and behavioral data and no report of adverse events.

Results
No major adverse events were found, including no seizures. Two participants did not complete the study due to lack of MEP and discomfort. For the 11 participants who completed the study, group differences in MEPs and behavioral data did not exceed 2 standard deviations in those who received the tDCS (n=5) and those in the control group (n=6). The study was completed without the need for stopping per medical monitor and biostatisticial analysis.

Limitations
A limitation of the study was the small sample size, with data available for 11 participants.

Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, tDCS appears to be safe, feasible, and well tolerated in most children with hemiparesis. Future investigations of serial sessions of tDCS in conjunction with rehabilitation in pediatric hemiparesis are indicated to explore the benefit of a synergistic approach to improving hand function.