bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research of Binary Surfactant Mixtures Based on α-Sulphonated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: Mao Jianming , Xu Hujun , Li Fangfang , Liu Benna 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Surface properties of binary surfactant mixtures of α-sulphonated fatty acid methyl ester (MES) with typical surfactants such as fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO9) and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) have been investigated at (298 ± 0.1) K and (318 ± 0.1) K, respectively. The synergistic interaction parameters of each binary surfactant mixture were calculated for the mixed micelles and mixed adsorption layers, then the composition of each binary surfactant mixture in the mixed micelles and mixed adsorption layers was obtained. The results show that the surface properties of each binary surfactant mixture are significantly better than that of any single surfactant in the mixed system. There are strong synergistic effects in the mixed micelles and mixed adsorption layers for each binary surfactant system. Each binary surfactant system exhibits synergism in mixed micelle formation, surface tension reduction efficiency and effectiveness.
Oil/water Interfacial Tension of Shengli Petroleum Sulfonate/α-Olefin or Polyethyleneoxy Ether Sulfonate Binary Systeme
Authors: Zhang Yongmin , Zhou Dapeng , Luo Yeyuan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
As one important parameter for selecting surfactant used in chemistry flooding, here the interfacial tension (IFT) between crude oil and single surfactants Shengli petroleum sulfonate (SHL-PS), α-olefin sulfonate (C14/16AOS), fatty alcohol polyethyleneoxy ether sulfonate (CnEmSO) or their mixture using mimic Shengli brine water as solvent were investigated using spinning drop technology. The results showed: Through C18E3SO has a small ultra-low IFT window, it is more practical and efficient to obtain ultra-low IFT by mixing two or more surfactants other than using single surfactant; the length of hydrophobic tail plays a more important role than oxyethylene group number on the IFT for CnEmSO/SHL-PS; at mass ratio 1:19, both C14/16AOS/SHL-PS and C18EmSO/SHL-PS systems can lower the IFT to below 10−2 mN/m, but their mechanisms may be not same.
Synthesis and Properties of Alkyl Dibenzyl Ether Quaternary Ammonium Gemini Surfactant
Authors: Zhu Hai-lin , Hu Zhi-yong , Wang Jian-long , Cao Duan-lin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Three gemini surfactants with dibenzyl ether spacer (10-B-10, 12-B-12, and 14-B-14) were synthesized and characterized. The surface activity and thermodynamic properties of micellization were determined by surface tension, steady-state fluorescence microscopy, and conductivity methods. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (ΔmicG0, ΔmicH0, and ΔmicS0) derived from the electrical conductivity measurement implied that the micellization of these surfactants was driven by enthalpy. The enthalpy–entropy compensation of micellization showed that the stability of micelles increased with increasing alkyl chain length. Finally, we evaluated the effects of alkyl chain length on the interfacial tension, foam ability, and the emulsion stability.
A study on the criticality of modified neutron transport equation by using alternative scattering phase functions
Authors: Kara A. , Anlı F. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
PN approximation is known as a proper method to solve neutron transport equation when literature is taken into consideration. Generally, conventional scattering function is used to solve criticality and diffusion problems in Legendre polynomial approximation. In this study, instead of conventional scattering function, Henyey-Greenstein (HG) and Anlı-Gungor phase functions (AG) are used in slab geometry transport equation and some critical thicknesses of the slab are calculated as an application with Legendre polynomial (PN) approximation and Marshak boundary condition. Results obtained from HG and AG scattering functions are compared and the correlations and discrepancies between the two functions are presented in the tables.
In-situ TEM heating of Ni/Al multilayers
Authors: Morgiel Jerzy , Szlezynger Maciej , Pomorska Małgorzata , Maj Łukasz , Marszałek Konstanty , Mania Ryszard 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Ni/Al multilayer coatings of period Λ = 110 nm and Λ = 16 nm were deposited using a double target magnetron system. Their microstructure was characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy using thin foils cut out with a focused ion beam. Next, thin foils were subjected to in-situ heating up to 550 °C or 600 °C at a rate of 100 K min–1. Phase changes were followed with the help of the electron diffraction method. The experiments helped to establish that for the large period (Λ∼110 nm) multilayer the reaction starts at 350 °C at Ni/Al internal interfaces through precipitation of the Al9Ni2 phase, which at 500 °C is substituted with NiAl phase. The small period multilayers (Λ∼16 nm) subject to heating react at an even lower temperature of 300 °C by direct precipitation of the NiAl phase. The latter reaction seems to start within the whole nickel layer simultaneously.
Effect ofpHand H2S concentration on sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) of API 2205 duplex stainless steel
Authors: Liu Ranke , Li Jiankuan , Liu Zhiyong , Du Cuiwei , Dong Chaofang , Li Xiaogang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe role ofpHvalue and H2S concentration on the sulfide stress corrosion cracking of API 2205 duplex stainless steel was studied by means of slow strain-rate tests, polarization curve measurements and surface analysis. It was found that 2205 duplex stainless steel was highly susceptible to sulfide stress corrosion cracking aspHdecreased and H2S concentration increased. When thepHvalue was 2.8, the susceptibility stayed at a low level in 500 ppm H2S concentration but there existed a critical H2S concentration between 500 ppm and 1 000 ppm, above which the susceptibility rapidly increased. The sulfide stress corrosion cracking resulted from hydrogen-induced cracking and exhibited the characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement. The boundary of a phase and γ phase promoted the initiation of stress corrosion cracking, while γ phase inhibited its propagation.
Splitting phenomenon in martensitic transformation of X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 steel
Authors: Tao Xingang , Han Lizhan , Gu Jianfeng 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The splitting phenomenon was detected in martensitic transformation of X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 steel using high resolution dilatometry under certain conditions. In-situ observation of austenite grain growth was carried out. Direct experimental results indicated that this splitting is not connected with the concentration gradient in the austenite resulting from the dissolution of carbonitrides during heating, but instead may be caused by the occurrence of abnormal grain growth.
Mechanical-thermal synthesis of NbB2 powder from Mg/B2O3/Nb powder mixture
Authors: Torabi Omid , Golabgir Mohammad Hossein , Tajizadegan Hamid , Naghibi Sanaz 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Three different approaches were used for the synthesis of niobium boride using a stoichiometric ratio of Mg–B2O3– Nb powder mixture: (i) thermal ignition, (ii) mechanochemical and (iii) a combined mechanical and thermal activation process. Phase transformation analysis and structural evaluation were carried out by means of differential thermal analysis techniques, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. During the thermal synthesis, the reaction between Mg and B2O3 partially occurred (liquid state reaction). The desired final phase (NbB2) was poorly obtained. Phase analysis revealed that the NbB2 phase was synthesized after 10 h of high energy ball milling. A pre-milling treatment of the powder mixture up to 2 h significantly reduced the reactions temperature (580 °C). Consequently, NbB2 was prepared simultaneously involving magnesiothermic reduction of B2O3 and reaction between elemental of Nb and boron. Mg3(BO3)2, as major by-product, was formed in noticeable amounts during the thermal process, while its quantity significantly decreased during mechanochemical synthesis and completely eliminated by using the combined mechanical and thermal synthesis.
Local structure of explosively welded titanium–stainless steel bimetal
Authors: Saksl Karel , Ostroushko Dmytro , Mazancová Eva , Szulc Zygmunt , Milkovič Ondrej , Ďurišin Martin , Balga Dušan , Ďurišin Juraj , Rütt Uta , Gutowski Olof 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Bimetals targeted for industrial applications are usually designed to combine the properties of two dissimilar metals, e. g. high strength, high hardness and low cost of steels with chemically resistive titanium. In this work the structure of one particular, but for industries very interesting, bimetallic system – Cr/Ni stainless steel clad with titanium has been studied. The material was prepared by explosion welding, a method capable of joining a wide variety of similar or dissimilar materials. Our analysis is based on X-ray micro-diffraction experimentation utilizing hard monochromatic X-rays focused down to micrometer size. In this way the bimetal in bulk form was analyzed and microstructural differences between the joined materials and their interface were determined.
Study of wear and corrosion behavior of cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition of zirconia– hydroxyapatite on titanium and 316L stainless steel in Ringer’s solution
Authors: Karimi Shabnam , Mahzoon Fatemeh , Javadpour Sirus , Janghorban Kamal 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The wear resistance and corrosion behavior of titanium and 316L stainless steel were studied after depositing a composite coating of zirconia and hydroxyapatite using the cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition technique. No sign of adhesive wear was observed on coated samples due to the unique surface morphology of the treated samples, after a pin on disk wear test in Ringer’s solution. The average values of friction coefficient for treated titanium and steel samples were observed to be 0.2 which exhibited a decrease of about 4 fold for titanium and 7 fold for steel with respect to the substrates. As a result of potentiostatic cyclic tests in Ringer’s solution the corrosion current density of coated steel (2.47 × 10–10 A cm–2) was found to be much lower than for the steel substrate (1.87 × 10–7 A cm–2), treated and untreated Ti (6.60 × 10–6, 4.17 × 10–7 A cm–2), indicated the increase in corrosion resistance of steel and decrease of it for titanium after coating.
Microstructural evaluation of ball-milled nano Al2O3 particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composite powders
Authors: Ostovan Farhad , Matori Khamirul Amin , Toozandehjani Meysam , Oskoueian Arshin , Yusoff Hamdan Mohamed , Yunus Robiah , Ariff Azmah Hanim Mohamed 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A mechanically alloyed mixture of Al-1 wt.% nano-alumina (n-Al2O3) composite powders was produced using a planetary ball milling machine. Different milling times were applied to investigate the effect of milling time on the dispersion and microstructure of n-Al2O3 particulate reinforcement within the aluminum matrix. A good homogeneous dispersion of n-Al2O3 particulates was observed after 8 h of milling. Longer milling times had no significant effect on the dispersion and morphology of n-Al2O3 particulates within the aluminum matrix because a steady state had been reached.
‘I finally felt like I had power’: student agency and voice in an online and classroom-based role-play simulation
Authors: Rector-Aranda Amy , Raider-Roth Miriam 
Published: March 2015

This article presents an educational action research study examining how one online, classroom-based role-play simulation offers middle school students the opportunity to strengthen their agency and voice. The Jewish Court of All Time (JCAT) is a web-mediated simulation designed for middle school classrooms where students take on roles of various characters throughout the world, history and literature to address an imaginary court case. JCAT is meant to develop students’ skills in writing, critical thinking, perspective-taking, historical empathy and communication, as well as subject literacy in social, historical and cultural contexts. Our research question focuses on how JCAT further encourages and supports the middle school students’ agency and voice. We examine how students exercise their agency and voice both in the online environment and in accompanying classroom activities. As an educational action research study, we focus on simulations in which at least one of the authors was a participant, and also pay special attention to how our findings can enhance future simulations. Findings suggest that students constructed knowledge of democratic ideals and were able to exercise their agency and voice specifically, both in the online environment and in accompanying classroom activities.Keywords: democratic education; empowerment; middle school; educational simulations; social studies(Published: 23 March 2015)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2015, 23: 25569 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.25569
Abundance and stability of populations of a chewing louse,Mulcticola macrocephalus(Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), on common nighthawks,Chordeiles minor(Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae) in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Galloway Terry D. , Lamb Robert J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPopulations of the chewing louse,Mulcticola macrocephalus(Kellogg) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), were investigated on its host the common nighthawk,Chordeiles minor(Forster) (Aves: Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae), from 1992 to 2013 in southern Manitoba, Canada. The louse was present in all but one year with an annual prevalence of 0.52, mean intensity of 16 lice per infested bird, a ratio of 0.81 males and 1.89 nymphs to female (n=178). Intensity was the same in the first 11 and last nine years of the study, but prevalence dropped from 0.59 to 0.34 between the two decades. Population variability for annual abundance, measured as PV, was 0.49. In August, adults and newly fledged nighthawks had a prevalence of infestation similar to the adults that immigrated in the spring, but mean intensity did not reach spring levels until September–October. Samples of hosts were small in some years, reducing the precision of parameter estimates, particularly those based on ratios. The population parameters forM. macrocephaluson a native migrant host were intermediate in the ranges of parameters for four species of lice on non-migratory, introduced feral pigeons,Columba liviaGmelin (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae), but the distributions ofM.macrocephalusamong nighthawks was less severely aggregated than those from pigeons.
Disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners by people living with HIV
Authors: Tshweneagae Gloria T. , Oss Victoria M. , Mgutshini Tennyson 
Published: March 2015

Background: Disclosure of one’s HIV status to a sexual partner can have significant health implications. From a health promotion point of view, disclosure is seen as a cornerstone for the prevention of HIV transmission between partners. Despite its importance as a strategy for controlling the spread of HIV, there are challenges that inhibit voluntary disclosure.Objectives: In exploring factors associated with disclosure of HIV status, the study had two complementary objectives related to: (1) investigation of participants’ views about HIV-positive status disclosure to sexual partners; and (2) a broader identification of factors that influence disclosure of HIV-positive status.Method: The study explored factors associated with disclosure of the HIV status of people living with HIV to their sexual partners. Purposive sampling was used to select 13 participants living with HIV who attended a wellness clinic. Primary data were collected via an in-depth interview with each of the participants.Results: The exploration showed that male participants were notably more reluctant to disclose to their sexual partners for fear of rejection; and secrecy was commonly reported around sexual matters. Female participants (who were in the majority) were relatively more willing to disclose their HIV status to their sexual partners. Despite the complexity of disclosure, all participants understood the importance of disclosure to their sexual partners.Conclusion: There is a need for HIV prevention strategies to focus on men in particular, so as to strengthen disclosure counselling services provided to people living with HIV and to advocate strongly for partner testing.
Nieuw Belgisch kader inzake ADR en consumentengeschillen
Authors: Voet Stefaan 
Published: March 2015

New Belgian Framework on ADR and consumer disputes
Belgium was one of the first European Member States to implement the new 2013 ADR directive. The act of 4 April 2014 introduces new rules on internal complaints procedures and a series of minimum quality requirements for ADR entities. However, the most important realization of the Act is the creation of a Consumer Ombudsman Service. This service, that is composed of six existing (public and private) Ombudsman services, will be competent for residual consumer disputes: disputes for which no ADR entity currently exists. This article explores the act of 4 April 2014 and offers a detailed overview of the structure, missions and procedure of the Consumer Ombudsman Service.
Dynamic Development of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting
Authors: Mascolo Michael F. , Fischer Kurt W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractModels of psychological development have taken a relational turn. From this view, human psychological development is an integrative, dynamic, emergent, and coactive process. It is integrative in the sense that psychological processes never operate in isolation of each other. There is no such thing as a purely cognitive, emotional, or behavioral act. Any given instance of psychological activity necessarily involves the structured integration of multiple component psychological systems. Despite their organization, psychological structures are dynamic processes rather than fixed states. Their structure varies as a function of person, task, time, context, emotional state, culture, and many other variables. Psychological development is coactive in the sense that novel psychological structures emerge over time as a product of the dynamic interplay between and among elements of a hierarchically nested person ←→ environment system. In this chapter, we show how integrated structures of thinking, feeling, and action arise in both real and developmental time through complex coactions that occur between biological, psychological, and sociocultural processes. Drawing on a theory of the dynamic development of skills, the discussion first addresses the coactive nature of sensorimotor‐affective development in infancy. It then illustrates alternative trajectories in the coactive development of integrative structures of moral thinking, feeling, and acting as they occur within particular moral domains and social contexts. We complete the chapter with an analysis of how integrative psychological structures undergo microdevelopment in real time as a result of processes that occur between individuals in joint interaction.
Development and Self‐Regulation
Authors: McClelland Megan M. , John Geldhof G. , Cameron Claire E. , Wanless Shannon B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe concept of self‐regulation has received heightened attention as a key mechanism that predicts a variety of developmental outcomes throughout the life span. Although researchers have focused on self‐regulation from a diverse set of perspectives, it is clear that self‐regulation has important implications for individual health and well‐being starting early in life. In the fields of child psychology and developmental science, an emphasis on Relational‐Developmental‐Systems (RDS) illuminates how self‐regulation contributes to individual development.This chapter reflects theRDStheoretical orientation and focuses on major issues in the study of self‐regulation in childhood and adolescence. We start by situating the study of self‐regulation within theRDScontext and discussing key conceptual issues that guide researchers’ understanding of the development of self‐regulation. We then define self‐regulation and reviews research on important correlates of self‐regulation including academic achievement, motor processes, intelligence, and risk factors. Next, we discuss cross‐cultural variation in these skills and person‐context relations. We conclude by discussing self‐regulation from the perspective ofRDSand next steps for studying self‐regulation in context, improving intervention efforts, and advancing analytical and measurement methods.
Motor Development
Authors: Adolph Karen E. , Robinson Scott R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides a synthesis of recent research in motor development. Motor behavior encompasses everything that we do, and therefore is relevant to every branch of psychological science. Our aim is to address central concepts and methodological issues that continue to challenge developmental scientists, and to show how the study of motor behavior can yield fresh insights into the process of development. The chapter is organized into three broad themes that are emblematic of the state of current work on motor development: (1) movements are embodied, and are thus the product of a physical body acting in the real world; (2) behavior is embedded within a physical environment rich with sensory information, and requiring perception for effective action; (3) motor development is enculturated, shaped by cultural practices from caregiving to social norms. We illustrate 10 general developmental concepts within these broad themes using examples drawn from research on humans and animals, with an emphasis on early development, from prenatal through childhood.
Attentional Development
Authors: Ristic Jelena , Enns James T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter documents a seismic shift that has occurred in the field of attentional development over the past decade, both in the content of the empirical data being collected and in the theoretical ideas being used to understand them. We trace the origins of this paradigm shift by first examining the past. Research during the latter half of the 20th century was dominated by the information‐processing framework, which views attention as a localizable, domain‐general, and situationally invariant cognitivefaculty,with its primary role in filtering sensory information in the service of task goals. However, during the first decade of the 2000s, researchers began to study how individual, emotional, and social aspects of life influence everyday attention behavior. Mounting evidence from these studies revealed that the classic information‐processing framework could not provide a complete account of attentional development. Thus, at present, attention is becoming viewed as a concept that cannot be isolated from social and emotional aspects of development. With regard to future directions, we outline a dynamic view of attention, in which attention is viewed as a cognitive facility, integrating the demands of “cool” cognition (i.e., the information‐processing capacities) with the “hot” functions spanning temperament, emotion, social communication, individual histories, and cultural context. If this trend continues, attentional development in the next decade will be studied as the outcome of complex interactions between an individual's biology, their life history, and their social environment.