bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity and Muscle Mitochondrial Enzymes but Unchanged Blood Glucose Control in Type I Diabetics After Physical Training
Authors: Wallberg-Henriksson H , Gunnarsson R , Henriksson J , Defronzo R , Felig P , Östman J , Wahren J 
Published: September 2013

Nine male, insulin-dependent diabetic patients participated in a 16-wk training program consisting of 1 h of jogging, running, ball games, and gymnastics, performed 2-3 times/wk. The training resulted in an 8% increase of maximal oxygen uptake (P &lt; 0.01). Insulin sensitivity as determined by the insulin clamp technique increased 20% (P &lt; 0.05). Glycosylated hemoglobin showed no change (10.4 ± 0.7% versus 11.3 ± 0.5%), 24-h urinary glucose excretion was not reduced, and home-monitored urine tests were unchanged. The frequency of hypoglycemie attacks did not change during the training period and body weight remained constant. There was a 14% fall in plasma cholesterol (P &lt; 0.01) and a rise in the proportion of HDL-cholesterol from 24 ± 2% to 30 ± 3% (P &lt; 0.01).
Thigh muscle oxidative capacity increased, as indicated by a 24% increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity (P &lt; 0.05). The number of capillaries/muscle fiber increased 15% (P &lt; 0.01). However, as the mean muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased to a similar extent (11%, P &lt; 0.05), capillary density (cap × mm−2) was unchanged.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that physical training in insulin-dependent diabetics results in increased peripheral insulin sensitivity, a rise in muscle mitochondrial enzyme activities, decreased total plasma cholesterol levels, and unchanged blood glucose control. The findings suggest that in the absence of efforts to alter dietary regulation and insulin administration, physical training consisting of 2-3 weekly bouts of moderate exercise may not of itself improve blood glucose control in type I diabetes.
Predictive Value of Gastric Parietal Cell Autoantibodies as a Marker for Gastric and Hematologic Abnormalities Associated with Insulin-dependent Diabetes
Authors: Riley William J , Toskes Phillip P , MaClaren Noel K , Silverstein Janet H 
Published: September 2013

The frequency and significance of gastric parietal cell autoimmunity was assessed in 771 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) of onset before 30 yr of age. Gastric parietal autoantibodies (PCA) were found 4 times more frequently in the patients with IDD (9%) than among 600 matched nondiabetic controls (2%). Caucasian female patients with IDD had PCA twice as frequently as male patients. Thyroid microsomal autoantibodies were more frequent in patients with IDD and PCA, than in those with IDD alone (Caucasian 46% versus 18%, black 25% versus 2.5%). A history of pernicious anemia and/or PCA was found in 25 of 40 families of IDD probands with PCA.
Achlorhydria was demonstrated in 6 of 11 patients (54%) with PCA but in none of seven IDD patients without PCA. The six patients with achlorhydria had significantly lower uptakes of oral radiolabeled co-balamin, lower serum cobalamin levels, lower intrinsic factor-R protein ratios in their gastric aspirates, and lower plasma ferritin levels than patients with IDD but without PCA. None of the study group had IF antibodies in their serum or gastric juice. Overt pernicious anemia and neuropathy were found in one patient with PCA.
Young patients with IDD at risk for atrophie gastritis and cobalamin deficiency can initially be identified by screening for PCA. Many of these young patients with PCA already have achlorhydria and evidence of decreased absorption of cobalamin. These patients can then be followed with cobalamin levels and/or with complete blood counts to identify those requiring therapy.
Binding, Internalization, and Degradation of Insulin in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Kaiser N , Vlodavsky I , Tur-Sinai A , Fuks Z , Cerasi E 
Published: September 2013

The interaction of insulin with the vascular endothelium was studied using bovine aortic endothelial cells in monolayer cultures. Confluent cell cultures exhibited specific binding of 125l-insulin to high- and low-affinity celt surface receptor sites. Binding was reversible, saturable, and accompanied by internalization and degradation of the bound hormone in a temperature- and time-dependent manner. Pre-exposure of the cultures to insulin resulted in a time-dependent reduction in the availability of cell surface receptors (downregulation).
It is concluded that the occurrence of reversible insulin binding and of insulin degradation in endothelial cells supports the concept that the vascular endothelium compartment may regulate the level of insulin in the Circulation.
Multimodal evaluation of the effectiveness of a hand hygiene educational campaign at a small animal veterinary teaching hospital
Authors: Smith Jo R. , Packman Zoe R. , Hofmeister Erik H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of an intervention (educational campaign) on hand hygiene (HH) and health-care workers' (HCWs') perceptions of HH.
Design—Prospective observational study and cross-sectional survey.
Sample—Observed opportunities for HH performed by HCWs before (n = 222) and after (249) intervention, measures of HH product usage, and surveys distributed to 300 HCWs.
Procedures—Data were collected by means of direct observation, measurement of HH product consumption, and surveys of HCWs.
Results—Adherence rates of HCWs for HH practices before and after the intervention were 27% (61/222 observations) and 29% (73/249 observations), respectively. Combined HH and glove use adherence rates before and after the intervention were 84% (186/222 observations) and 81% (201/249 observations), respectively. Before intervention, the highest combined HH and glove use adherence rate was detected for technicians (90% [57/63 observations]) and for opportunities after exposure to a patient's bodily fluids (100% [5/5 opportunities]). Rate of use of alcohol-based antimicrobial hand rubs (AHRs) and amount of HH products used did not significantly change during the study. Survey response rates were 41% (122) and 21% (62) before and after the intervention, respectively. Availability of AHRs and role modeling of HH (performance of HH each time it is warranted) were considered the factors most likely to increase HH adherence rates by survey respondents.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated the intervention did not increase HH adherence or use of AHRs. High rates of glove use before the start of the study may have been a confounding factor. Future educational campaigns should indicate that glove use should not supersede HH.
Evaluation of Aerial Spray Technologies for Adult Mosquito Control Applications
Authors: Hoffmann Wesley Clint , Fritz Bradley Keith , Farooq Muhammad , Walker Todd William , Czaczyk Zbigniew , Hornsby Jonathan , Bonds Jane Annalise Sara 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Spray droplet size has long been recognized as an important variable that applicators of vector control sprays must be aware of to make the most effective spray applications. Researchers and applicators have several different techniques available to assess spray droplet size from spray nozzles. The objective of this study was to compare the droplet size spectrum produced by three nozzles commonly used in vector control in a high-speed wind tunnel, when characterized using three different laser-based droplet size measurement systems.
Three droplet sizing systems: Malvern Spraytec laser diffraction, Sympatec HELOS laser diffraction, and TSI Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA), were simultaneously operated, but under different operating conditions, to measure the spray droplet size-spectra for three spray nozzles. The three atomizers: a TeeJet® 8001E even flat fan nozzle, a BETE® PJ high pressure fog nozzles, and a Micronair ® AU5000 rotary atomizer were evaluated in a high speed wind tunnel at airspeeds of 53 and 62 m/s (120 and 140 mph). Based on the results of this work, only the BETE® PJ high pressure fog nozzles met the label requirements for both Fyfanon® and Anvil®. While the other nozzle might met the Dv0.5 (VMD - volume median diameter) requirement for Fyfanon®, the resulting Dv0.9 values exceeded labeled size restrictions. When applying Anvil with the BETE PJ high pressure fog nozzles, it is important to use the smaller two orifice sizes. The larger sizes tended to result in Dv0.9 values that exceeded label recommendations
Activated Platelets Enhance IL-10 Secretion and Reduce TNF-α Secretion by Monocytes
Authors: Gudbrandsdottir Sif , Hasselbalch Hans C. , Nielsen Claus H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Activated platelets are known to modulate immune responses by secreting or shedding a range of immunomodulatory substances. We examined the influence of activated platelets on cytokine production by normal human mononuclear cells, induced by tetanus toxoid (TT), human thyroglobulin (TG), Escherichia coli LPS, or intact Porphyromonas gingivalis. Addition of platelets activated by thrombin-receptor–activating peptide enhanced IL-10 production induced by LPS (p &lt; 0.001), TG (p &lt; 0.05), and P. gingivalis (p &lt; 0.01), and reduced the production of TNF-α induced by LPS (p &lt; 0.001), TG (p &lt; 0.05), and P. gingivalis (p &lt; 0.001), and of IL-6 in LPS- and P. gingivalis–stimulated cultures (p &lt; 0.001). Similar effects on IL-10 and TNF-α production were observed on addition of platelet supernatant to mononuclear cells, whereas addition of recombinant soluble CD40L mimicked the effects on IL-10 production. Moreover, Ab-mediated blockade of CD40L counteracted the effect of platelets and platelet supernatants on TNF-α production. Monocytes separated into two populations with respect to IL-10 production induced by TG; the high-secreting fraction increased from 0.8 to 2.1% (p &lt; 0.001) on addition of activated platelets. Adherence of platelets increased TG- and TT-induced IL-10 secretion by monocytes (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, activated platelets inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation elicited by TT (p &lt; 0.001) and P. gingivalis (p &lt; 0.001). Our findings suggest that activated platelets have anti-inflammatory properties related to the interaction between CD40L and CD40, and exert a hitherto undescribed immunoregulatory action by enhancing IL-10 production and inhibiting TNF-α production by monocytes.
Identification of the Cellular Sentinels for Native Immunogenic Heat Shock Proteins In Vivo
Authors: Messmer Michelle Nicole , Pasmowitz Joshua , Kropp Laura Elizabeth , Watkins Simon C. , Binder Robert Julian 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Select members of the heat shock proteins (HSPs) family, such as gp96, elicit immune responses specific to their chaperoned peptides. Although immunologic effects of HSPs on APCs described to date have largely been demonstrated with cell lines or primary cells in culture, their collective responses in vitro have been consistent with priming immune responses. In this study, we examine the physiologically relevant APCs in mice that are targeted after vaccination with native, murine HSPs, and we characterize those cells. Gp96 accesses the subcapsular region of the draining lymph node, and it is internalized predominantly by CD11b+ cells in this locale. Cells acquiring gp96 can transfer protective antitumor immunity to naive mice by actively cross-presenting gp96-chaperoned peptides and providing costimulation. Our studies illustrate how HSPs act to alert the immune system of cellular damage and will be of paramount importance in immunotherapy of patients with cancer and infectious disease.
The Mitochondrial Antiviral Protein MAVS Associates with NLRP3 and Regulates Its Inflammasome Activity
Authors: Park Sangjun , Juliana Christine , Hong Sujeong , Datta Pinaki , Hwang Inhwa , Fernandes-Alnemri Teresa , Yu Je-Wook , Alnemri Emad S. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
NLRP3 assembles an inflammasome complex that activates caspase-1 upon sensing various danger signals derived from pathogenic infection, tissue damage, and environmental toxins. How NLRP3 senses these various stimuli is still poorly understood, but mitochondria and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species have been proposed to play a critical role in NLRP3 activation. In this article, we provide evidence that the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MAVS associates with NLRP3 and facilitates its oligomerization leading to caspase-1 activation. In reconstituted 293T cells, full-length MAVS promoted NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation, whereas a C-terminal transmembrane domain–truncated mutant of MAVS (MAVS-ΔTM) did not. MAVS, but not MAVS-ΔTM, interacted with NLRP3 and triggered the oligomerization of NLRP3, suggesting that mitochondrial localization of MAVS and intact MAVS signaling are essential for activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Supporting this, activation of MAVS signaling by Sendai virus infection promoted NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation, whereas knocking down MAVS expression clearly attenuated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by Sendai virus in THP-1 and mouse macrophages. Taken together, our results suggest that MAVS facilitates the recruitment of NLRP3 to the mitochondria and may enhance its oligomerization and activation by bringing it in close proximity to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
On the Local Convexity of Intersection Bodies of Revolution
Authors: Angeles Alfonseca M. , Kim Jaegil 
Published: September 2013

AbstractOne of the fundamental results in convex geometry is Busemann's theorem, which states that the intersection body of a symmetric convex body is convex. Thus, it is only natural to ask if there is a quantitative version of Busemann's theorem, i.e., if the intersection body operation actually improves convexity. In this paper we concentrate on the symmetric bodies of revolution to provide several results on the (strict) improvement of convexity under the intersection body operation. It is shown that the intersection body of a symmetric convex body of revolution has the same asymptotic behavior near the equator as the Euclidean ball. We apply this result to show that in sufficiently high dimension the double intersection body of a symmetric convex body of revolution is very close to an ellipsoid in the Banach–Mazur distance. We also prove results on the local convexity at the equator of intersection bodies in the class of star bodies of revolution.
The Impact of Military Work Experience on Later Hiring Chances in the Civilian Labour Market. Evidence from a Field Experiment
Authors: Baert Stijn , Balcaen Pieter 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This study directly assesses the impact of military work experience compared with civilian work experience in similar jobs on the subsequent chances of being hired in the civilian labour market. It does so through a field experiment in the Belgian labour market. A statistical examination of our experimental dataset shows that in general we cannot reject that employers are indifferent to whether job candidates gained their experience in a civilian or a military environment.
Can Failing to Check Sources Give Rise to Monsters? The Iconographical History of a Paradigmatic Case
Authors: Montemagno Ciseri Lorenzo 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
In the early fourteenth-century chronicle by Giovanni Villani there is a singular report of a monstrous birth. The little double monster was depicted in a sandstone panel that was exposed in the front of the Santa Maria della Scala hospital in Florence. This essay tries to prove how failing to check sources gives rise to monsters by following the extraordinary iconographical history of this particular image of conjoined twins.
Le libéralisme de la prudence : contribution à un minimalisme politique
Authors: Tavaglione Nicolas 
Published: September 2013

Il s’agit ici de présenter une version raffinée du libéralisme de la peur de Judith Shklar : le libéralisme de la prudence. Après en avoir brièvement présenté les grandes lignes et les principales faiblesses, j’esquisse les contours du libéralisme de la prudence et montre comment il réalise, mieux que libéralisme de la peur, le programme minimaliste poursuivi par Shklar. Je montre ensuite comment le libéralisme de la prudence nous permet de sortir du dilemme libéral posé par la tradition postrawlsienne : justifier le libéralisme sur des bases morales, au risque de le priver de neutralité, ou le justifier sur des bases réalistes hobbesiennes, au risque d’en faire l’otage des rapports de force changeants. Enfin, j’examine comme le principal défaut apparent du libéralisme de la prudence – à savoir son ascétisme programmatique – est en fait son principal mérite.
Le comité d’éthique, la vie privée et l’intimité. Interpréter les droits des usagers
Authors: Clément Michèle , Gagnon Éric 
Published: September 2013

Le respect de la vie privée et de l’intimité est un droit reconnu aux usagers des services de santé et des services sociaux par différents codes d’éthique, par la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne du Québec et par la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux. Pour autant, la signification que prend ce droit demeure incertaine. Il n’y a pas une signification, mais bien des significations. S’appuyant sur un important travail d’observation dans deux comités d’éthique clinique situés dans des établissements de santé et de services sociaux, les auteurs présentent et analysent ici un certain nombre de situations litigieuses dans lesquelles une interprétation du droit à la vie privée et à l’intimité a été faite. Au terme de l’exercice, il ressort entre autres que, selon les situations analysées, les discussions qui se font dans les CÉC conduisent à des modalités différentes (« déplacement et hiérarchisation », « opposition et évitement », « ouverture et compromis », « élargissement et remise en question ») qui ont pour effet de changer le regard porté sur l’usager et plus spécifiquement de faire comprendre son point de vue. En outre, si le droit à la vie privée et à l’intimité contribue à modifier l’interprétation que l’on se fait d’une situation ou des usagers, il est lui-même objet d’interprétation. C’est la diversité de sens qu’il peut prendre qui lui préserve son pouvoir d’interroger.
Mitochondrial Genome Sequences and Their Phylogeographic Interpretation
Authors: Macaulay Vincent , Richards Martin B 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe strong phylogenetic signal provided bymitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA)sequences within species is being exploited to reconstruct the maternal genealogy and anchor it in space and time. This is the starting point for interpretations of the processes in population history that led to those patterns, as illustrated here for humans. Mitochondrial phylogeography began by revolutionising our view of modern human origins, with the demonstration that modern humans dispersed from Africa approximately 60 000 years ago. Now benefitting from the high genealogical and chronological resolution afforded by whole‐mtDNA sequences, and despite the advent of genome‐wide analyses, mtDNA continues to illuminate prehistoric settlement and dispersal history. It has often led to challenges to received wisdom, such as the stress on pre‐Neolithic dispersals at the end of the Ice Age in many parts of the world, and the database of contemporary variation is currently being augmented by rapidly increasing information from ancient DNA.Key Concepts:Mitochondrial DNA is now routinely analysed at the level of whole‐mtDNA genome sequences.The human mtDNA gene tree is an estimate of the maternal genealogy and preserves a record of the dispersal history of our species, in the distribution of its branching points in space and time, or ‘phylogeography’.A time scale is provided by an independently calibrated mutation rate, the ‘molecular clock’, which is now available for whole‐mtDNA sequences and allows for the effects of purifying selection.Although phylogeographic inference can be criticised for lacking a formal hypothesis testing framework, proposed alternatives based on simulation are currently insufficient to tackle the nuances of real human dispersal histories.Variation in mtDNA has led to a number of revolutionary models in human evolutionary history, beginning with the African origin of modern humans.More recent suggestions have included a single southern‐coastal dispersal route out of Africa and the importance to the shaping of extant human diversity of hunter–gatherer dispersals and expansions at the end of the last Ice Age.An increasing volume of data from ancient DNA holds great promise not only for testing interpretations of contemporary variation but also for identifying both ancient processes that left no trace in the modern gene pool and more recent dispersals that studying extant cannot resolve.Genome‐wide analyses now allow both testing of hypotheses arising from mtDNA studies and access to many previously unanswerable questions, but mtDNA nevertheless retains a vital role due to its relative genealogical and chronological precision.
Transplantation of Haematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Alam Naheed , Kim Dennis 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Haematopoietic cell transplantation encompasses infusion of progenitor cells (stem cells) into patients with haematological and other diseases. These cells can be obtained from the patients themselves (autologous) or from somebody else (allogeneic). The source of the cells can be bone marrow or peripheral or cord blood. Autologous transplantation can be used as consolidation for diseases like lymphoma and myeloma. Allogeneic transplantation can be potentially curable in certain diseases like bone marrow failure syndromes, leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndrome. There are several types of donors available including sibling, unrelated (adult or cord blood) and haploidentical. Chemotherapy ± radiation is given before infusion of these cells. In addition, there are risks of acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease as well as infections. Ongoing studies seek to improve the outcomes of these transplantations.

Key Concepts:

Haematopoietic cell transplantation is a process which includes treatment of a patient with chemotherapy ± radiation after which the patient receives infusion of stem cells.

Autologous transplantation implies receiving patients' own stem cells.

Allogeneic transplantation implies receiving stem cells from another person (donor).

Donor options include sibling, related or unrelated adult and umbilical cord blood.

Haematopoietic cell transplantation can be performed for malignant and nonmalignant haematological disease.

Stem cells can be obtained from peripheral blood after mobilisation or from bone marrow.

Acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease are common complications, which are the process of graft recognising patient (recipient) as foreign and hence initiating an immune response against them.

Acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease are treated with immune‐suppressive agents, which can cause problems with infections.

Long‐term survivors should be monitored closely for long‐term complications.