bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives: The Looking Time Experimental Paradigm in Studies of Animal Visual Perception and Cognition
Authors: Winters Sandra , Dubuc Constance , Higham James P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractExperiments are the foundation of empirical science, and experimental paradigms that are broadly applicable across settings and species are particularly useful for comparative research. Originally developed to address questions related to perception and cognition of pre‐verbal human infants, the looking time experimental paradigm has been increasingly used to study animal behavior and cognition, particularly in non‐human primates. Looking time experiments are based on the assumption that animals direct eye gaze toward objects or scenes based on their degree of interest, and use looking behavior to infer perceptual or cognitive characteristics of subjects. This paradigm can be used in a variety of contexts and is not based on species‐typical behaviors, allowing for intra‐ and interspecific comparisons. Here, we describe the history of use of looking time measures, provide an overview of the problems and controversies related to this method, and offer recommendations on how to implement looking time tasks, focusing on the preparation of stimuli, experimental procedures, and data analysis. Our overview focuses on non‐human primates, where most work has been carried out, but the issues discussed should be applicable to a wide range of species. We conclude that despite pertinent criticism, looking time tasks are practical when executed and interpreted properly. The further implementation of these methods in studies of animal behavior and cognition is likely to be fruitful.
Polysaccharide storage myopathy – the story so far
Authors: Naylor R. J. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryPolysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) was first described in 1992 inQuarter Horses,Appaloosa and Paint‐related breeds with clinical signs of exertional rhabdomyolysis. The disease is characterised by the accumulation of excessive glycogen and diastase‐resistant amylopectin polysaccharide inclusions within skeletal muscle fibres. The discovery of a mutation in the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) gene in some, but not all, horses with the disease suggested thatPSSMrepresents a group of diseases with similar pathology but different aetiologies and that the pathogenesis is more complex than initially thought.Type 1 PSSM(PSSM1) refers to horses with theGYS1mutation and has subsequently been identified in a large number of breeds found inEurope andNorthAmerica. Clinical presentations associated withPSSM1can vary and increased muscle enzyme activity at rest or following exercise often accompaniesPSSM1; however, such changes may not be present in all cases. A diagnosis ofPSSMis made on the basis of histopathology or specificallyPSSM1is diagnosed by genotyping horses for theGYS1mutation. Cases usually respond well to management changes, in particular a diet low in starch and high in fat when it is accompanied by regular exercise.
Genome‐wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kunz Manfred , König Inke R. , Schillert Arne , Kruppa Jochen , Ziegler Andreas , Grallert Harald , Müller‐Nurasyid Martina , Lieb Wolfgang , Franke Andre , Ranki Annamari , Panelius Jaana , Koskenmies Sari , Hasan Taina , Kere Juha , Rönn Ann‐Charlotte , Simon Jan C. , Schmidt Enno , Wenzel Joerg , Tüting Thomas , Landsberg Jennifer , Zeller Tanja , Blankenberg Stefan , Gläser Regine , Patsinakidis Nikolaos , Kuhn Annegret , Ibrahim Saleh M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the skin with typical clinical manifestations. Here, we genotyped 906 600 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 183 CLE cases and 1288 controls of Central European ancestry. Replication was performed for 13 SNPs in 219 case subjects and 262 controls from Finland. Association was particularly pronounced at 4 loci, all with genomewide significance (P < 5 × 10−8): rs2187668 (PGWAS = 1.4 × 10−12), rs9267531 (PGWAS = 4.7 × 10−10), rs4410767 (PGWAS = 1.0 × 10−9) and rs3094084 (PGWAS = 1.1 × 10−9). All mentioned SNPs are located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region of chromosome 6 and near genes of known immune functions or associations with other autoimmune diseases such as HLA‐DQ alpha chain 1 (HLA‐DQA1), MICA, MICB, MSH5, TRIM39 and RPP21. For example, TRIM39/RPP21 read through transcript is a known mediator of the interferon response, a central pathway involved in the pathogenesis of CLE and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Taken together, this genomewide analysis of disease association of CLE identified candidate genes and genomic regions that may contribute to pathogenic mechanisms in CLE via dysregulated antigen presentation (HLA‐DQA1), apoptosis regulation, RNA processing and interferon response (MICA, MICB, MSH5, TRIM39 and RPP21).
Evidence that a neutrophil–keratinocyte crosstalk is an early target of IL‐17A inhibition in psoriasis
Authors: Reich Kristian , Papp Kim A. , Matheson Robert T. , Tu John H. , Bissonnette Robert , Bourcier Marc , Gratton David , Kunynetz Rodion A. , Poulin Yves , Rosoph Les A. , Stingl Georg , Bauer Wolfgang M. , Salter Janeen M. , Falk Thomas M. , Blödorn‐Schlicht Norbert A. , Hueber Wolfgang , Sommer Ulrike , Schumacher Martin M. , Peters Thomas , Kriehuber Ernst , Lee David M. , Wieczorek Grazyna A. , Kolbinger Frank , Bleul Conrad C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe response of psoriasis to antibodies targeting the interleukin (IL)‐23/IL‐17A pathway suggests a prominent role of T‐helper type‐17 (Th17) cells in this disease. We examined the clinical and immunological response patterns of 100 subjects with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis receiving 3 different intravenous dosing regimens of the anti‐IL‐17A antibody secukinumab (1 × 3 mg/kg or 1 × 10 mg/kg on Day 1, or 3 × 10 mg/kg on Days 1, 15 and 29) or placebo in a phase 2 trial. Baseline biopsies revealed typical features of active psoriasis, including epidermal accumulation of neutrophils and formation of microabscesses in >60% of cases. Neutrophils were the numerically largest fraction of infiltrating cells containing IL‐17 and may store the cytokine preformed, as IL‐17A mRNA was not detectable in neutrophils isolated from active plaques. Significant clinical responses to secukinumab were observed 2 weeks after a single infusion, associated with extensive clearance of cutaneous neutrophils parallel to the normalization of keratinocyte abnormalities and reduction of IL‐17‐inducible neutrophil chemoattractants (e.g. CXCL1, CXCL8); effects on numbers of T cells and CD11c‐positive dendritic cells were more delayed. Histological and immunological improvements were generally dose dependent and not observed in the placebo group. In the lowest‐dose group, a recurrence of neutrophils was seen in some subjects at Week 12; these subjects relapsed faster than those without microabscesses. Our findings are indicative of a neutrophil–keratinocyte axis in psoriasis that may involve neutrophil‐derived IL‐17 and is an early target of IL‐17A‐directed therapies such as secukinumab.
Variation in ecological interaction strength with island area: theory and data from the Bahamian archipelago
Authors: Schoener Thomas W. , Spiller David A. , Piovia‐Scott Jonah 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimWe ask empirically how the strength of the three major interactions – predation, competition and mutualism – changes with increasing island area. We review and expand current theory concerning these relationships.LocationData for evaluating this question come from several Bahamian archipelagos and involve both experiments and observations. The latter can be especially long term; in one case data were collected over a 17‐year period.MethodsWe analyse the effect size of the following interactions across a range of island areas: (1) predation by lizards on spiders, (2) competition between two lizard species, (3) competition between two spider species, (4) ant–plant mutualism, and (5) plant–pollinator mutualism.ResultsEffect sizes for predation and competition mostly show a hump‐shaped relationship with island area. Effect sizes for ant–plant mutualism were reduced on large islands compared with smaller islands. Germination rate showed a steady increase with island area which we infer to be caused by an increase in pollinator limitation on smaller islands.Main conclusionsWe argue that the effect size–area relation has rather similar aetiologies for predation, competition and to a somewhat lesser extent ant–plant mutualism. Specifically, we suggest that high species diversity, top predators, plant defences and (for predation and competition) spatial heterogeneity with respect to refuges or resource use reduce effect size on large islands, while harsh abiotic conditions, marine subsidies and stochastic events reduce effect size on small islands. Thus, for these interaction types, the greatest effect sizes are observed on intermediate‐sized islands. For plant–pollinator mutualism we suggest that the monotonic increase in effect size with increasing island area is the result of interaction strength being enhanced, rather than weakened, by diversity.
Diversity regulation at macro‐scales: species richness on oceanic archipelagos
Authors: Triantis Kostas A. , Economo Evan P. , Guilhaumon François , Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimUnderstanding the mechanisms that generate diversity patterns requires analyses at spatial and temporal scales that are appropriate to the dispersal capacities and ecological requirements of organisms. Oceanic archipelagos provide a range of island sizes and configurations which should predictably influence colonization, diversification and extinction. To explore the influence of these factors on archipelagic diversity, we relate the numbers of native and endemic species of vascular plants, birds, land snails and spiders – taxa having different dispersal capabilities and population densities – to the number and sizes of islands in the major oceanic archipelagos of the globe.LocationFourteen major oceanic archipelagos of the globe.MethodsSpecies richness was collated for native and endemic species in each archipelago. We used linear mixed effect models to quantify the influence on diversity of total area, number of islands, isolation and latitude. We then applied process‐based modelling in a Bayesian framework to evaluate how speciation, colonization and extinction are influenced by characteristics of archipelagos associated with species richness, i.e. area, isolation and number of islands.ResultsWe found parallel scaling of species richness among taxa with respect to total area and number of islands across groups. The process‐based model supported effects of isolation on colonization and of area and number of islands on extinction rates, with the scaling exponents mostly similar across taxa. Data are consistent with a range of scaling exponents for speciation rate, implying that those relationships are difficult to infer from the data used.ConclusionsWe demonstrate an unexpected parallel scaling of species richness of four taxa with area and number of islands for the major oceanic archipelagos of the globe. We infer that this scaling arises through similar effects of the physical characteristics of archipelagos on extinction, colonization and speciation rates across these disparate taxa, indicating that similar mechanisms have created variation in diversity.
Temporally unpredictable supplementary feeding may benefit endangered scavengers
Authors: Arrondo Eneko , Cortés‐Avizanda Ainara , Donázar José Antonio 
Published: April 2015

The monitoring of an experimental feeding station established in northern Spain allowed the evaluation of how this type of resource, predictable in space but not in time, was exploited by a guild of avian scavengers in relation to factors such as season, hour of disposal and presence of the dominant species. The presence of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus at carcasses was more likely during spring, and richness and diversity of avian scavengers was lower during the summer and when Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus arrived earlier. The temporal unpredictability of the resource may favour exploitation by smaller and less competitive scavengers. New European regulations may present an opportunity to develop effective conservation measures to support functional scavenger assemblages.
The effect of gum chewing on sensitivity associated with in‐office whitening procedures
Authors: Henry RK , Carkin M 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesTooth sensitivity is the most common side effect of in‐office tooth‐whitening procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether chewing gum containing 0.6% casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) before tooth whitening would reduce tooth sensitivity during an in‐office whitening procedure.MethodsThirty participants were enrolled and randomized into three groups as follows: group 1 was instructed to not chew gum during the study period; group 2 chewed five pieces of gum (with 0.6% CPP‐ACP) for 10 min each day 1 week before whitening; and group 3 chewed five pieces of gum (without CPP‐ACP) for 10 min each day 1 week before whitening. All participants had their teeth whitened with a 30% hydrogen peroxide in‐office whitening procedure. The participants' shades of teeth were evaluated with a spectrophotometer four times during the study: at the initial screening visit, immediately before whitening, immediately after whitening and 1 week after whitening. Participants' sensitivity levels were evaluated each time the shades were evaluated and additionally at 24 h after whitening using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale.ResultsThirty participants were enrolled in the study. The average shade change was −2.27 (±2.07). The average sensitivity for all groups at visit 1 was 5.12 (±13.94). The average sensitivity for all groups after whitening was 19.81 (±13.95). There were significant differences in sensitivity between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.02), but neither group was significantly different from the control group (P = 0.86, P = 0.07).ConclusionsChewing gum before whitening, including gum with CPP‐ACP, did not reduce sensitivity during in‐office whitening procedures.
Treatment satisfaction and clinically meaningful symptom improvement in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and prostatic enlargement secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: Secondary results from a 6‐month, randomized, double‐blind study comparing finasteride plus tadalafil with finasteride plus placebo
Authors: Roehrborn Claus G , Casabé Adolfo , Glina Sidney , Sorsaburu Sebastian , Henneges Carsten , Viktrup Lars 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo report the secondary analyses of treatment satisfaction and clinically meaningful improvements in a randomized study comparing coadministration of tadalafil 5 mg with finasteride 5 mg versus finasteride alone in men with prostatic enlargement secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia.MethodsAn international, randomized, double‐blind, parallel study was carried out in men aged ≥45 years who were 5‐alpha reductase inhibitor naïve, and had an International Prostate Symptom Score ≥13 and prostate volume ≥30 mL; 350 men received placebo/finasteride and 345 received tadalafil/finasteride over 26 weeks. Treatment satisfaction was assessed per protocol using the Treatment Satisfaction Scale‐Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Responder cut‐offs, analyzed post‐hoc were total International Prostate Symptom Score improvement ≥3 points or ≥25% from randomization.ResultsBaseline patient characteristics were generally comparable between responders and non‐responders. The proportion of patients with an International Prostate Symptom Score improvement ≥3 points with tadalafil/finasteride and placebo/finasteride, respectively, at week 4 was 57.0% and 47.9% (OR 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.97), at week 12 was 68.8% and 60.7% (OR 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.05) and at week 26 was 71.4% and 70.2% (OR 1.14, 95% confidence interval 0.81–1.61); for IPSS change ≥25%, the corresponding proportions were 44.8% and 32.9% (OR 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.21–2.28), 55.5% and 51.9% (OR 1.18, 95% confidence interval 0.87–1.62), and 62.0% and 58.3% (OR 1.23, 95% confidence interval 0.89–1.70). Treatment satisfaction at week 26 was significantly greater with tadalafil/finasteride versus placebo/finasteride for total treatment satisfaction scale score (P=0.031) and satisfaction with efficacy subscore (P = 0.025); scores were not significantly different between treatments for satisfaction with dosing or side‐effects (both P ≥ 0.371).ConclusionsTadalafil/finasteride results in significantly more patients achieving early clinical meaningful improvements in symptoms, and in greater treatment satisfaction versus placebo/finasteride.
Hypomagnesaemia linked to depression: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheungpasitporn W. , Thongprayoon C. , Mao M. A. , Srivali N. , Ungprasert P. , Varothai N. , Sanguankeo A. , Kittanamongkolchai W. , Erickson S. B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe reported risk of depression in patients with hypomagnesaemia is controversial.AimThe objective of this meta‐analysis was to assess the association between depression and hypomagnesaemia.MethodsA literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database and clinicaltrials.gov from inception through October 2014. Studies that reported odds ratios, relative risks or hazard ratios comparing the risk of depression in patients with hypomagnesaemia were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random‐effect, generic inverse variance method.ResultsSix observational studies (three cohort studies, two cross‐sectional studies and a case–control study) with a total of 19 137 patients were identified and included in the data analysis. The pooled RR of depression in patients with hypomagnesaemia was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.01–1.79, I2 = 33%). The association between depression and hypomagnesaemia was marginally insignificant after the sensitivity analysis including only cohort and case–control studies, with a pooled RR of 1.38 (95% CI, 0.92–2.07, I2 = 24%).ConclusionOur study demonstrates a potential association between hypomagnesaemia and depression. Further studies assessing the benefits of treatment of hypomagnesaemia in patients with depression are needed.
Appropriate clinical use of human leukocyte antigen typing for coeliac disease: an Australasian perspective
Authors: Tye‐Din J. A. , Cameron D. J. S. , Daveson A. J. , Day A. S. , Dellsperger P. , Hogan C. , Newnham E. D. , Shepherd S. J. , Steele R. H. , Wienholt L. , Varney M. D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe past decade has seen human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing emerge as a remarkably popular test for the diagnostic work‐up of coeliac disease with high patient acceptance. Although limited in its positive predictive value for coeliac disease, the strong disease association with specific HLA genes imparts exceptional negative predictive value to HLA typing, enabling a negative result to exclude coeliac disease confidently. In response to mounting evidence that the clinical use and interpretation of HLA typing often deviates from best practice, this article outlines an evidence‐based approach to guide clinically appropriate use of HLA typing, and establishes a reporting template for pathology providers to improve communication of results.
From spouse to caregiver and back: a grounded theory study of post‐intensive care unit spousal caregiving
Authors: Ågård Anne Sophie , Egerod Ingrid , Tønnesen Else , Lomborg Kirsten 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo explore the challenges and caring activities of spouses of intensive care unit survivors during the first year of patient recovery.BackgroundEvery year, millions of people globally are discharged from an intensive care unit after critical illness to continue treatment, care and rehabilitation in general hospital wards, rehabilitation facilities and at home. Consequently, millions of spouses become informal caregivers. Little is known, however, about the concrete challenges spouses face in post‐intensive care unit everyday life.DesignExplorative, qualitative grounded theory study.MethodsParticipants were spouses of intensive care unit survivors. The study was undertaken in Denmark in 2009–2010. Data consisted of 35 semi‐structured dyad interviews at 3 and 12 months post‐intensive care unit discharge, two group interviews with patients and two with spouses.Findings‘Shifting their role from spouse to caregiver and back’ was identified as the core category of the study. The role shifts progressed in a dynamic process involving four elements: (1) committing to caregiving; (2) acquiring caregiving skills; (3) negotiating level of caregiving and (4) gradually leaving the caregiver role. Post‐ICU caregiving comprised five patient dimensions: observing, assisting, coaching, advocating and managing activities.ConclusionsSpouses play a vital and multifaceted role in post‐intensive care unit recovery. The findings can inform healthcare professionals in their efforts to prepare intensive care unit patients' families for the time following intensive care unit and hospital discharge. Hospital staff, rehabilitation experts and primary care professionals must acknowledge spouses' important contribution from intensive care unit admission throughout recovery.
Validation of the OMRON M3500 Blood Pressure Measuring Device Using Normal‐ and High‐Speed Modes in Adult and Specific Populations (Obese and Children) According to AAMI Protocol
Authors: Chahine Mirna N. , Assemaani Nathalie , Sayed Hassan Ghada , Cham Mariam , Salameh Pascale , Asmar Roland 
Published: April 2015

The present study aimed to validate the accuracy of blood pressure (BP) measurements of the OMRON M3500 automatic oscillometric BP device by using normal‐ and high‐speed modes in adult and specific populations (obese and children) according to American National Standards Institute/Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)/International Organization for Standardization/81060‐2:2009 protocol. The validation was performed in 135 patients: 100 adults and 35 children (aged 3–12 years). The results showed a mean error of the individual paired determinations of the OMRON device and mercury sphygmomanometers within values of criterion 1 (5±8 mm Hg). Analysis of the averaged paired determinations per subject of the OMRON device and standard mercury sphygmomanometer fit within the acceptable ranges of criterion 2 (<6.71 systolic BP and <5.77 diastolic BP). Readings of the OMRON M3500 BP device fulfill criteria 1 and 2 of the AAMI protocol in both speed modes.
Keeping up with the Neighbours: Diffusion of Norms and Practices Through Networks of Employer and Employee Organizations in the Eastern Partnership and the Mediterranean
Authors: Turkina Ekaterina , Kourtikakis Kostas 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUsing social network analysis and logistic regression, we analyse how inter‐organizational networks facilitate co‐operation and the transfer of best practice from EU‐based organizations to organizations in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) countries. More specifically, we examine networks of employer and employee organizations that participate in the Civil Society Forum of the Eastern Partnership and in TRESMED, a Mediterranean project. We find that networks are successful at disseminating principles and good practices of economic and social partnership, but also that dissemination proceeds slowly. In addition, we detect more co‐operation among employer than among employee organizations, which reflects collective action difficulties facing organized labour more generally. Last, we find that inter‐organizational co‐operation is more intense in the Southern than in the Eastern neighbourhood, which is explained by contextual differences as well as by the EU's longer‐term engagement with the Mediterranean than with the countries on its Eastern frontier.