bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Modeling of Discourse‐Aware Sentence Processing
Authors: Dubey Amit , Keller Frank , Sturt Patrick 
Published: April 2013

AbstractProbabilistic models of sentence comprehension are increasingly relevant to questions concerning human language processing. However, such models are often limited to syntactic factors. This restriction is unrealistic in light of experimental results suggesting interactions between syntax and other forms of linguistic information in human sentence processing. To address this limitation, this article introduces two sentence processing models that augment a syntactic component with information about discourse co‐reference. The novel combination of probabilistic syntactic components with co‐reference classifiers permits them to more closely mimic human behavior than existing models. The first model uses a deep model of linguistics, based in part on probabilistic logic, allowing it to make qualitative predictions on experimental data; the second model uses shallow processing to make quantitative predictions on a broad‐coverage reading‐time corpus.
TEST: A Tropic, Embodied, and Situated Theory of Cognition
Authors: Myachykov Andriy , Scheepers Christoph , Fischer Martin H. , Kessler Klaus 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTESTis a novel taxonomy of knowledge representations based on three distinct hierarchically organized representational features:Tropism, Embodiment, andSituatedness. Tropicrepresentational features reflect constraints of the physical world on the agent's ability to form, reactivate, and enrichembodied(i.e., resulting from the agent's bodily constraints) conceptual representations embedded insituatedcontexts. The proposed hierarchy entails that representations can, in principle, have tropic features without necessarily having situated and/or embodied features. On the other hand, representations that are situated and/or embodied are likely to be simultaneously tropic. Hence, although we propose tropism as the most general term, the hierarchical relationship between embodiment and situatedness is more on a par, such that the dominance of one component over the other relies on the distinction between offline storage versus online generation as well as on representation‐specific properties.
Putative pore‐loops of TMEM16/anoctamin channels affect channel density in cell membranes
Authors: Adomaviciene Aiste , Smith Keith J. , Garnett Hannah , Tammaro Paolo 
Published: April 2013

Key points
The recently identified TMEM16/anoctamin protein family includes Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels (TMEM16A and TMEM16B), a Ca2+‐activated non‐selective cation channel (TMEM16F) and proteins for which the function remains unclear.
TMEM16 channel proteins consist of eight putative transmembrane domains (TMs) with the 5th and 6th TMs flanking a loop predicted to protrude deep into the membrane. Recent studies suggest that this re‐entrant loop may compose part of the pore of TMEM16A channels while also containing residues involved in Ca2+ binding.
Here, we investigate the functional role of the putative pore‐loop by examining the electrophysiological properties of chimeras produced by transplanting this region between TMEM16 family members with different conduction properties and Ca2+ sensitivities.
We revealed that the putative pore‐loop of TMEM16 channels has an unexpected role in controlling the whole‐cell Ca2+‐activated Cl− conductance by regulating the number of functional channels present on the plasma membrane.
Abstract  The recently identified TMEM16/anoctamin protein family includes Ca2+‐activated anion channels (TMEM16A, TMEM16B), a cation channel (TMEM16F) and proteins with unclear function. TMEM16 channels consist of eight putative transmembrane domains (TMs) with TM5–TM6 flanking a re‐entrant loop thought to form the pore. In TMEM16A this region has also been suggested to contain residues involved in Ca2+ binding. The role of the putative pore‐loop of TMEM16 channels was investigated using a chimeric approach. Heterologous expression of either TMEM16A or TMEM16B resulted in whole‐cell anion currents with very similar conduction properties but distinct kinetics and degrees of sensitivity to Ca2+. Furthermore, whole‐cell currents mediated by TMEM16A channels were ∼six times larger than TMEM16B‐mediated currents. Replacement of the putative pore‐loop of TMEM16A with that of TMEM16B (TMEM16A‐B channels) reduced the currents by ∼six‐fold, while the opposite modification (TMEM16B‐A channels) produced a ∼six‐fold increase in the currents. Unexpectedly, these changes were not secondary to variations in channel gating by Ca2+ or voltage, nor were they due to changes in single‐channel conductance. Instead, they depended on the number of functional channels present on the plasma membrane. Generation of additional, smaller chimeras within the putative pore‐loop of TMEM16A and TMEM16B led to the identification of a region containing a non‐canonical trafficking motif. Chimeras composed of the putative pore‐loop of TMEM16F transplanted into the TMEM16A protein scaffold did not conduct anions or cations. These data suggest that the putative pore‐loop does not form a complete, transferable pore domain. Furthermore, our data reveal an unexpected role for the putative pore‐loop of TMEM16A and TMEM16B channels in the control of the whole‐cell Ca2+‐activated Cl− conductance.
The role of endogenous molecules in modulating pain through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)
Authors: Morales‐Lázaro Sara L. , Simon Sidney A. , Rosenbaum Tamara 
Published: April 2013

Key points
TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) channels are found throughout the body in epithelial cells and in peripheral and central terminals in neurons. They exert a variety of functions ranging from inflammation, to nociception and pain.
TRPV1 is a molecular integrator in that it can be activated by different endogenous stimuli. These interact to alter the channels’ properties, thereby changing the threshold to a given stimulus and resulting in sensitization.
TRPV1 has numerous agonists and antagonists, including lipids and their metabolites, as well as gases and ions. Here, we detail what is known about the mechanisms used by endogenous molecules to modulate the activity of this important transducer for environmental and painful stimuli.
Understanding how these compounds modify TRPV1 activity will allow us to comprehend how some pathologies are associated with its deregulation.
Abstract  Pain is a physiological response to a noxious stimulus that decreases the quality of life of those sufferring from it. Research aimed at finding new therapeutic targets for the treatment of several maladies, including pain, has led to the discovery of numerous molecular regulators of ion channels in primary afferent nociceptive neurons. Among these receptors is TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1), a member of the TRP family of ion channels. TRPV1 is a calcium‐permeable channel, which is activated or modulated by diverse exogenous noxious stimuli such as high temperatures, changes in pH, and irritant and pungent compounds, and by selected molecules released during tissue damage and inflammatory processes. During the last decade the number of endogenous regulators of TRPV1's activity has increased to include lipids that can negatively regulate TRPV1, as is the case for cholesterol and PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐biphosphate) while, in contrast, other lipids produced in response to tissue injury and ischaemic processes are known to positively regulate TRPV1. Among the latter, lysophosphatidic acid activates TRPV1 while amines such as N‐acyl‐ethanolamines and N‐acyl‐dopamines can sensitize or directly activate TRPV1. It has also been found that nucleotides such as ATP act as mediators of chemically induced nociception and pain and gases, such as hydrogen sulphide and nitric oxide, lead to TRPV1 activation. Finally, the products of lipoxygenases and omega‐3 fatty acids among other molecules, such as divalent cations, have also been shown to endogenously regulate TRPV1 activity. Here we provide a comprehensive review of endogenous small molecules that regulate the function of TRPV1. Acting through mechanisms that lead to sensitization and desensitization of TRPV1, these molecules regulate pathways involved in pain and nociception. Understanding how these compounds modify TRPV1 activity will allow us to comprehend how some pathologies are associated with its deregulation.
Harmonin enhances voltage‐dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 channels and synchronous exocytosis in mouse inner hair cells
Authors: Gregory Frederick D. , Pangršič Tina , Calin‐Jageman Irina E. , Moser Tobias , Lee Amy 
Published: April 2013

Key points
Cav1.3 Ca2+ channels mediate sound transmission by triggering presynaptic exocytosis of glutamate from cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs).
Harmonin is a PDZ‐domain‐containing protein in IHCs that is altered in Usher syndrome, a form of deaf–blindness in humans.
We show that harmonin enhances Cav1.3 voltage‐dependent facilitation (VDF) in transfected HEK293T cells in a manner that depends on the identity of the auxiliary Ca2+ channel β subunit.
Cav1.3 VDF is impaired, and synchronous exocytosis and the Ca2+ efficiency of exocytosis are reduced, in IHCs from deaf‐circler mice expressing a mutant form of harmonin (dfcr) that cannot interact with Cav1.3.
We conclude that harmonin regulates presynaptic function in mouse IHCs, which adds to our understanding of the factors that may influence hearing impairment in Usher syndrome.
Abstract  Cav1.3 channels mediate Ca2+ influx that triggers exocytosis of glutamate at cochlear inner hair cell (IHC) synapses. Harmonin is a PDZ‐domain‐containing protein that interacts with the C‐terminus of the Cav1.3 α1 subunit (α11.3) and controls cell surface Cav1.3 levels by promoting ubiquitin‐dependent proteosomal degradation. However, PDZ‐domain‐containing proteins have diverse functions and regulate other Cav1.3 properties, which could collectively influence presynaptic transmitter release. Here, we report that harmonin binding to the α11.3 distal C‐terminus (dCT) enhances voltage‐dependent facilitation (VDF) of Cav1.3 currents both in transfected HEK293T cells and in mouse inner hair cells. In HEK293T cells, this effect of harmonin was greater for Cav1.3 channels containing the auxiliary Cavβ1 than with the β2 auxiliary subunit. Cav1.3 channels lacking the α11.3 dCT were insensitive to harmonin modulation. Moreover, the ‘deaf‐circler’dfcr mutant form of harmonin, which does not interact with the α11.3 dCT, did not promote VDF. In mature IHCs from mice expressing the dfcr harmonin mutant, Cav1.3 VDF was less than in control IHCs. This difference was not observed between control and dfcr IHCs prior to hearing onset. Membrane capacitance recordings from dfcr IHCs revealed a role for harmonin in synchronous exocytosis and in increasing the efficiency of Ca2+ influx for triggering exocytosis. Collectively, our results indicate a multifaceted presynaptic role of harmonin in IHCs in regulating Cav1.3 Ca2+ channels and exocytosis.
A real‐time regional adaptive exposure method for saving dose‐area product in x‐ray fluoroscopy
Authors: Burion Steve , Speidel Michael A. , Funk Tobias 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:Reduction of radiation dose in x‐ray imaging has been recognized as a high priority in the medical community. Here the authors show that a regional adaptive exposure method can reduce dose‐area product (DAP) in x‐ray fluoroscopy. The authors' method is particularly geared toward providing dose savings for the pediatric population.Methods:The scanning beam digital x‐ray system uses a large‐area x‐ray source with 8000 focal spots in combination with a small photon‐counting detector. An imaging frame is obtained by acquiring and reconstructing up to 8000 detector images, each viewing only a small portion of the patient. Regional adaptive exposure was implemented by varying the exposure of the detector images depending on the local opacity of the object. A family of phantoms ranging in size from infant to obese adult was imaged in anteroposterior view with and without adaptive exposure. The DAP delivered to each phantom was measured in each case, and noise performance was compared by generating noise arrays to represent regional noise in the images. These noise arrays were generated by dividing the image into regions of about 6 mm2, calculating the relative noise in each region, and placing the relative noise value of each region in a one‐dimensional array (noise array) sorted from highest to lowest. Dose‐area product savings were calculated as the difference between the ratio of DAP with adaptive exposure to DAP without adaptive exposure. The authors modified this value by a correction factor that matches the noise arrays where relative noise is the highest to report a final dose‐area product savings.Results:The average dose‐area product saving across the phantom family was (42 ± 8)% with the highest dose‐area product saving in the child‐sized phantom (50%) and the lowest in the phantom mimicking an obese adult (23%).Conclusions:Phantom measurements indicate that a regional adaptive exposure method can produce large DAP savings without compromising the noise performance in the image regions with highest noise.
A novel dose‐based positioning method for CT image‐guided proton therapy
Authors: Cheung Joey P. , Park Peter C. , Court Laurence E. , Ronald Zhu X. , Kudchadker Rajat J. , Frank Steven J. , Dong Lei 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:Proton dose distributions can potentially be altered by anatomical changes in the beam path despite perfect target alignment using traditional image guidance methods. In this simulation study, the authors explored the use of dosimetric factors instead of only anatomy to set up patients for proton therapy using in‐room volumetric computed tomographic (CT) images.Methods:To simulate patient anatomy in a free‐breathing treatment condition, weekly time‐averaged four‐dimensional CT data near the end of treatment for 15 lung cancer patients were used in this study for a dose‐based isocenter shift method to correct dosimetric deviations without replanning. The isocenter shift was obtained using the traditional anatomy‐based image guidance method as the starting position. Subsequent isocenter shifts were established based on dosimetric criteria using a fast dose approximation method. For each isocenter shift, doses were calculated every 2 mm up to ±8 mm in each direction. The optimal dose alignment was obtained by imposing a target coverage constraint that at least 99% of the target would receive at least 95% of the prescribed dose and by minimizing the mean dose to the ipsilateral lung.Results:The authors found that 7 of 15 plans did not meet the target coverage constraint when using only the anatomy‐based alignment. After the authors applied dose‐based alignment, all met the target coverage constraint. For all but one case in which the target dose was met using both anatomy‐based and dose‐based alignment, the latter method was able to improve normal tissue sparing.Conclusions:The authors demonstrated that a dose‐based adjustment to the isocenter can improve target coverage and/or reduce dose to nearby normal tissue.
A new segmentation framework based on sparse shape composition in liver surgery planning system
Authors: Wang Guotai , Zhang Shaoting , Li Feng , Gu Lixu 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:To improve the accuracy and the robustness of the segmentation in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) surgery planning system, the authors present a new segmentation framework that addresses challenges induced by the complex shape variations of patients’ livers with cancer. It is designed to achieve the accurate and robust segmentation of hepatic parenchyma, portal veins, hepatic veins, and tumors in the LDLT surgery planning system.Methods:The segmentation framework proposed in this paper includes two important modules: (1) The robust shape prior modeling for liver, in which the sparse shape composition (SSC) model is employed to deal with the complex variations of liver shapes and obtain patient‐specific liver shape priors. (2) The integration of the liver shape prior with a minimally supervised segmentation algorithm to achieve the accurate segmentation of hepatic parenchyma, portal veins, hepatic veins, and tumors simultaneously. The authors apply this segmentation framework to our previously developed LDLT surgery planning system to enhance its accuracy and robustness when dealing with complex cases of patients with liver cancer.Results:Compared with the principal component analysis, the SSC model shows a great advantage in handling the complex variations of liver shapes. It also effectively excludes gross errors and outliers that appear in the input shape and preserves local details for specific patients. The proposed segmentation framework was evaluated on the clinical image data of liver cancer patients, and the average symmetric surface distance for hepatic parenchyma, portal veins, hepatic veins, and tumors was 1.07 ± 0.76, 1.09 ± 0.28, 0.92 ± 0.35 and 1.13 ± 0.37 mm, respectively. The Hausdorff distance for these four tissues was 7.68, 4.67, 4.09, and 5.36 mm, respectively.Conclusions:The proposed segmentation framework improves the robustness of the LDLT surgery planning system remarkably when dealing with complex clinical liver shapes. The SSC model is able to handle non‐Gaussian errors and preserve local detail information of the input liver shape. As a result, the proposed framework effectively addresses the problems caused by the complex shape variations of livers with cancer. Our framework not only obtains accurate segmentation results for healthy persons and common patients, but also shows high robustness when dealing with specific patients with large variations of liver shapes in complex clinical environments.
A retrospective 30-year follow-up study of former Swedish-elite male athletes in power sports with a past anabolic androgenic steroids use: a focus on mental health
Authors: Lindqvist A S , Moberg T , Eriksson B O , Ehrnborg C , Rosén T , Fahlke C 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThe knowledge concerning the long-term effect of former anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)-use on mental health is sparse.AimThis study aims to investigate whether previous AAS-use affects mental health, present sociodemographic data, sport activity and substance abuse in a retrospective 30-year follow-up study of former elite athletes.MethodsSwedish male-elite power sport athletes (n=683) on the top 10 national ranking lists during any of the years 1960–1979 in wrestling, Olympic lifting, powerlifting and the throwing events in track and field answered a questionnaire.ResultsAt least 20% of the former athletes admitted previous AAS-use. They had more often sought professional expertise for mental problems and had used illicit drugs compared to those not having used AAS. The AAS-users also differed in former sport activity pattern compared to non AAS-users.ConclusionsIt is clear that a relationship exists between use of AAS and mental-health problems. Further studies need to be done in order to clarify this relationship.
Cardiac events in football and strategies for first-responder treatment on the field
Authors: Schmied Christian , Drezner Jonathan , Kramer Efraim , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThe incidence and outcomes of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and global strategies for prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in football are not known. The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of cardiac events in football and to investigate the preventive measures taken among the Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) member associations internationally.MethodsA questionnaire was sent to the member associations of FIFA. The first section addressed the previous events of SCA, SCD or unexplained sports-related sudden death within the last 10 years. Further questions focused on football player medical screening strategies and SCA resuscitation response protocols on the field.Results126 of 170 questionnaires were returned (response rate 74.1%), and 103 questionnaires (60.6%) were completed sufficiently to include in further analysis. Overall, 107 cases of SCA/SCD and 5 unexplained football-associated sudden deaths were reported. These events occurred in 52 of 103 responding associations (50.5%). 23 of 112 (20.5%) footballers survived. 12 of 22 (54.5%) players treated with an available automated external defibrillators (AED) on the pitch survived. A national registry to monitor cardiac events was established in only 18.4% of the associations. Most associations (85.4%) provide regular cardiac screening for their national teams while 75% screen teams of the national leagues. An AED is available at all official matches in 68% of associations.ConclusionsNational registries to accurately measure SCA/SCD in football are rare and greatly needed. Deficiencies in emergency preparations, undersupply of AEDs on the field during matches, and variability in resuscitation response protocols and training of team-staff members should be addressed to effectively prevent SCD in football.
The next generation HydroCoil: initial clinical experience with the HydroFill embolic coil
Authors: Speirs John W D , Burke Thomas H , Lee Stefanie Y , Ala Brigitte D 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundComplete packing of intracranial aneurysms has demonstrated a significant decrease in aneurysm recurrence rates with increased volumetric filling. The HydroCoil Embolization System (HES) was developed to increase volumetric filling within the aneurysm sac to maintain long term occlusion. To further enhance ease of HES deployment, a new next generation embolic coil, the HydroFill coil, was developed.ObjectiveTo report the first clinical experience with the HydroFill coil, focusing on safety and effectiveness, with immediate and long term follow-up on cases performed at a single institution by a single operator.MethodsRetrospective angiographic and clinical analysis was performed on a non-randomized single arm registry of the first consecutive 11 patients with 14 intracranial saccular aneurysms treated during a 9 month period.ResultsThe immediate angiographic occlusion rate according to the Raymond scale was 100%. Overall packing density of all coils used was 13–135% (mean 64%). The immediate complication rate was 9% (1/11 patients), secondary to a parent vessel occlusion which resolved after intravenous administration of eptifibatide (Integrilin) without neurological sequelae. The angiographic/MR angiography follow-up period for this series was 13–30 months, with an overall complete occlusion rate of 86% (12/14 aneurysms). 2/14 aneurysms (14%) converted from complete occlusion to filling of small neck remnants. Of the two, one (7%) was a cavernous aneurysm that was retreated.ConclusionsAlthough this initial case series is small, this study demonstrates safe deployment of the HydroFill coil in ruptured and unruptured aneurysms without major complications, and with a high rate of occlusion on long term follow-up.