bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Features and Outcome of Dogs with Epiglottic Retroversion With or Without Surgical Treatment: 24 Cases
Authors: Skerrett S.C. , McClaran J.K. , Fox P.R. , Palma D. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundPublished information describing the clinical features and outcome for dogs with epiglottic retroversion (ER) is limited.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe clinical features, comorbidities, outcome of surgical versus medical treatment and long‐term follow‐up for dogs withER. We hypothesized that dogs withERwould have upper airway comorbidities and that surgical management (epiglottopexy or subtotal epiglottectomy) would improve long‐term outcome compared to medical management alone.AnimalsTwenty‐four client‐owned dogs.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records to identify dogs withERthat underwent surgical or medical management ofER.ResultsDogs withERcommonly were middle‐aged to older, small breed, spayed females with body condition score (BCS) ≥6/9. Stridor and dyspnea were the most common presenting signs. Concurrent or historical upper airway disorders were documented in 79.1% of cases. At last evaluation, 52.6% of dogs that underwent surgical management, and 60% of dogs that received medical management alone, had decreased severity of presenting clinical signs. In dogs that underwent surgical management forER, the incidence of respiratory crisis decreased from 62.5% before surgery to 25% after surgical treatment. The overall calculated Kaplan–Meier median survival time was 875 days.Conclusion and clinical importanceOur study indicated that a long‐term survival of at least 2 years can be expected in dogs diagnosed with epiglottic retroversion. The necessity of surgical management cannot be determined based on this data, but dogs with no concurrent upper airway disorders may benefit from a permanent epiglottopexy to alleviate negative inspiratory pressures.
Reading and Writing Romance in Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained
Authors: Lahive Colin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis essay argues that Milton's strategic handling of romance in Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained can be read as a conscious attempt to reconstitute the genre according to his own Christian focus. Challenging the view that Milton rejected romance outright in his late poems, it points towards some of the ways in which Milton may have thought about romance after the execution of Charles I in 1649 and suggests how the genre could be accommodated to his theopolitical vision. The essay also underscores the necessity for a critical approach that will situate Milton's use of romance in its historical and cultural contexts in the years before and after the Restoration.
The Victorian Provincial Novel
Authors: Robinson Amy J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractProvincial novels such as those by Gaskell, Trollope, and Eliot are well‐known, well‐loved, and often canonical, but scholars have not always examined in detail the characteristics that qualify them as provincial. Furthermore, past scholarship tends to focus on a negative definition of the provincial, concentrating on its difference from the metropolis, and on the ways in which provincial novels ignore the forces of modernity. However, this article traces the resurgence in scholarship on the subgenre of the Victorian provincial novel and how this scholarship transcends discussion of the local. This article shows that Victorian provincial novels connect to debates about regionalism, nationalism, cosmopolitanism, and empire.
Re‐assessing Trial by Jury in Early Modern Law and Literature
Authors: Dunne Derek 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTrial by jury has been lauded as the defining feature of English common law since at least the 15th century, considered by English legal professionals to be far superior to Continental legal models. Yet there is evidence for a growing disdain for the jury in the early modern period, which was compounded by the introduction of numerous legal procedures designed to circumvent the need for trial by jury. These include multiple arraignments, the introduction of plea‐bargaining and increased powers of justices of the peace for summary conviction. Little by little, such changes to the administration of justice undermined the central place traditionally afforded to the jury and in the process significantly altered the participatory structure of English common law. Meanwhile, the tension between judge and jury in the early modern courtroom is a recurring theme in the legal history of the period. Such a shift is of interest to legal historians, but it is also germane to the study of early modern literature, since law formed such an important interface between citizen and state in the period. Drama in particular has a close relationship to law in this period, so that changing how we look at the jury can change our approach to early modern plays.
Interference with nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway by pathogen‐encoded proteases: global and selective inhibition
Authors: Hodgson Andrea , Wan Fengyi 
Published: October 2015

SummaryPathogens have evolved a myriad of ways to abrogate and manipulate the host response to infections. Of the various mechanisms involved, pathogen‐encoded and sometimes host‐encoded proteases are an important category of virulence factors that cause robust changes on the host response by targeting key proteins along signaling cascades. The nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway is a crucial regulatory mechanism for the cell, controlling the expression of survival, immune and proliferation genes. Proteases from pathogens of almost all types have been demonstrated to target and cleave members of the NF‐κB signaling pathway at nearly every level. This review provides discussion of proteases targeting the most abundant NF‐κB subunit, p65, and the impact of protease‐mediated p65 cleavage on the immune responses and survival of the infected host cell. After examining various examples of protease interference, it becomes evident that the cleavage fragments produced by pathogen‐driven proteolytic processing should be further characterized to determine whether they have novel and unique functions within the cell. The selective targeting of p65 and its effect on gene transcription reveals unique mechanisms by which pathogens acutely alter their microenvironment, and further research may open new opportunities for novel therapeutics to combat pathogens.
Estimating the burden of fungal disease in Vietnam
Authors: Beardsley J. , Denning D. W. , Chau N. V. , Yen N. T. B. , Crump J. A. , Day J. N. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryData regarding the prevalence of fungal infections in Vietnam are limited yet they are likely to occur more frequently as increasingly sophisticated healthcare creates more iatrogenic risk factors. In this study, we sought to estimate baseline incidence and prevalence of selected serious fungal infections for the year 2012. We made estimates with a previously described actuarial method, using reports on the incidence and prevalence of various established risk factors for fungal infections from Vietnam, or similar environments, supplemented by personal communications. Global data were used if local data were unavailable. We estimated 2 352 748 episodes of serious fungal infection occurred in Vietnam in 2012. Frequent conditions included recurrent vaginal candidiasis (3893/100 000 women annually), tinea capitis (457/100 000 annually) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (61/100 000/5 year period). We estimated 140 cases of cryptococcal meningitis, 206 of penicilliosis and 608 of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. This is the first summary of Vietnamese fungal infections. The majority of severe disease is due to Aspergillus species, driven by the high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The AIDS epidemic highlights opportunistic infections, such as penicilliosis and cryptococcosis, which may complicate immunosuppressive treatments. These estimates provide a useful indication of disease prevalence to inform future research and resource allocation but should be verified by further epidemiological approaches.
Cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans genotype AFLP1/VNI in Iran: a review of the literature
Authors: Badali Hamid , Alian Shahriar , Fakhim Hamed , Falahatinejad Mahsa , Moradi Ali , Mohammad Davoudi Mehrnaz , Hagen Ferry , Meis Jacques F. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryCryptococcal meningitis is the most important opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality in HIV‐patients in less developed regions. Here, we report a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a 49‐year‐old HIV‐positive female due to Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A, mating‐type alpha, genotype AFLP1/VNI) in Sari, Iran. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests showed MICs of isavuconazole (0.016 μg ml−1), voriconazole (0.031 μg ml−1), posaconazole (0.031 μg ml−1), itraconazole (0.063 μg ml−1), amphotericin B (0.125 μg ml−1) and fluconazole (8 μg ml−1). Despite immediate antifungal therapy, the patient died 4 days later due to respiratory failure. Cryptococcal infections have been infrequently reported from Iran and therefore we analysed all published cases of cryptococcosis in Iran since the first reported case from 1969.
Comparative genomic de‐convolution of the cotton genome revealed a decaploid ancestor and widespread chromosomal fractionation
Authors: Wang Xiyin , Guo Hui , Wang Jinpeng , Lei Tianyu , Liu Tao , Wang Zhenyi , Li Yuxian , Lee Tae‐Ho , Li Jingping , Tang Haibao , Jin Dianchuan , Paterson Andrew H. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

The ‘apparently’ simple genomes of many angiosperms mask complex evolutionary histories. The reference genome sequence for cotton (Gossypium spp.) revealed a ploidy change of a complexity unprecedented to date, indeed that could not be distinguished as to its exact dosage.

Herein, by developing several comparative, computational and statistical approaches, we revealed a 5× multiplication in the cotton lineage of an ancestral genome common to cotton and cacao, and proposed evolutionary models to show how such a decaploid ancestor formed.

The c. 70% gene loss necessary to bring the ancestral decaploid to its current gene count appears to fit an approximate geometrical model; that is, although many genes may be lost by single‐gene deletion events, some may be lost in groups of consecutive genes. Gene loss following cotton decaploidy has largely just reduced gene copy numbers of some homologous groups.

We designed a novel approach to deconvolute layers of chromosome homology, providing definitive information on gene orthology and paralogy across broad evolutionary distances, both of fundamental value and serving as an important platform to support further studies in and beyond cotton and genomics communities.
Contrasting microbial biogeographical patterns between anthropogenic subalpine grasslands and natural alpine grasslands
Authors: Geremia Roberto A. , Pușcaș Mihai , Zinger Lucie , Bonneville Jean‐Marc , Choler Philippe 
Published: October 2015

Summary

The effect of plant species composition on soil microbial communities was studied at the multiregional level. We compared the soil microbial communities of alpine natural grasslands dominated by Carex curvula and anthropogenic subalpine pastures dominated by Nardus stricta.

We conducted paired sampling across the Carpathians and the Alps and used Illumina sequencing to reveal the molecular diversity of soil microbes.

We found that bacterial and fungal communities exhibited contrasting regional distributions and that the distribution in each grassland is well discriminated. Beta diversity of microbial communities was much higher in C. curvula grasslands due to a marked regional effect. The composition of grassland‐type core microbiomes suggest that C. curvula, and N. stricta to a lesser extent, tend to select a cohort of microbes related to antibiosis/exclusion, pathogenesis and endophytism.

We discuss these findings in light of the postglacial history of the studied grasslands, the habitat connectivity and the disturbance regimes. Human‐induced disturbance in the subalpine belt of European mountains has led to homogeneous soil microbial communities at large biogeographical scales. Our results confirm the overarching role of the dominant grassland plant species in the distribution of microbial communities and highlight the relevance of biogeographical history.
Realism and Constructivism in Kantian Metaethics (1): Realism and Constructivism in a Kantian Context
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMetaethical constructivism is one of the main movements within contemporary metaethics – especially among those with Kantian inclinations. But both the philosophical coherence and the Kantian pedigree of constructivism are hotly contested. In the first half of this article, I first explore the sense in which Kant's own views might be described as constructivist and then use the resulting understanding as a guide to how we might think about Kantian constructivism today. Along the way, I hope to suggest that a fairly diverse range of views within contemporary metaethics – including some without any explicit allegiance to Kant – may be thought of as pursuing a version of the resulting strategy.
Incidence and distribution of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ and its vector Cacopsylla pruni in Spain: an approach to the epidemiology of the disease and the role of wild Prunus
Authors: Sabaté J. , Laviña A. , Batlle A. 
Published: October 2015

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ is the causal agent of the European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) disease. This phytoplasma affects wild and cultivated species of Prunus to different degrees, depending on their susceptibility. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ is present in the four regions of Spain surveyed in this study (Aragon, Catalonia, Extremadura and Valencia) with a variable incidence. Results showed that ‘Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum’ was detected in all of the cultivated Prunus species studied, except P. avium and P. dulcis, and was widespread in Spain. The most affected species was P. salicina, with symptoms including early bud break and blooming, leaf curling and yellowing, collapse, and a major decrease in production. In some plots in the Baix Llobregat area of Barcelona province (Catalonia), the incidence of ESFY on P. salicina was as high as 80%. The insect vector, Cacopsylla pruni, was present in all four of the regions studied, with the highest captures in yellow sticky traps in Catalonia on P. mahaleb and in Extremadura in peach orchards. In Baix Llobregat, large populations of C. pruni were present on infected P. mahaleb bushes, and with high infection rates. This was a key factor in the local pathogenic cycle that caused a major ESFY outbreak in the nearby P. salicina orchards. In the Ebro valley (Lleida and Aragon) and Valencia, the surveys showed very low incidences of the disease and low C. pruni populations.
Ancient Mesopotamian Religion: A Profile of the Healing Goddess
Authors: Böck Barbara 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn his introduction to Ancient Mesopotamia, A. L. Oppenheim expressed his doubts about the feasibility to write a systematic account of Mesopotamian religion (, p. 172; cf.). Indeed, if we understand religion as the sum of individual, conceptual and social concepts and take into account the nature and the state of preservation of the sources, it becomes evident that any description must remain incomplete. This is also the case when portraying the figure of the Ancient Mesopotamian healing goddess or goddesses. As a matter of fact, five deities were associated with the domain of healing and merged together into principally one goddess. Though they are all presented in the following discussion, emphasis is laid on the specific character of the healing goddess.
Affect and the Study of Religion
Authors: Supp‐Montgomerie Jenna 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article provides an introduction to affect theory in the study of religion. While emotion and affect appear to be similar, particularly given their shared lineage in the passions, the distinguishing aspects of affect provide critical supplements to the study of religion. After a brief discussion of emotion and affect in Spinoza, the article maps three aspects of affect theory that invite us to consider religion in its persistent dynamism: affect theory's turn away from the individual as the bearer of emotion to the social lives that emerge between bodies and things, its attention to corporeality and materiality, and its focus on non‐representational creative energy. The article closes with key forays in affect and religious studies and some future directions for affect and the study of religions in the Americas.
Asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS): A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Tho Nguyen Van , Park Hye Yun , Nakano Yasutaka 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAsthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation with several features usually associated with asthma and several features usually associated with COPD. ACOS may be a special phenotype of a spectrum of chronic obstructive airway diseases, in which asthma and COPD are at the two opposite ends. The prevalence of ACOS varies considerably due to differing criteria being applied for diagnosis. Patients with ACOS utilize a large proportion of medical resources. They are associated with more frequent adverse outcomes than those with asthma or COPD alone. ACOS is currently a diagnostic challenge for physicians because there are no specific biomarkers to differentiate ACOS from asthma or COPD. The approach to diagnosing ACOS depends on the population from which the patient originated. The management of ACOS should be individualized to ensure the most effective treatment with minimal side effects. In this paper, we review the diagnostic criteria of ACOS used in previous studies, propose practical approaches to diagnosing and managing ACOS and raise some research questions related to ACOS.
Truth, Trust, and Sanctions: On Institutional Selection in Sender–Receiver Games*
Authors: Peeters Ronald , Vorsatz Marc , Walzl Markus 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the impact of institutions and institutional choice on truth‐telling and trust in sender–receiver games. We find that in an institution with sanctioning opportunities, receivers sanction predominantly after having trusted lies. Individuals who sanction are responsible for truth‐telling beyond standard equilibrium predictions, and they are more likely to choose the sanctioning institution. Sanctioning and non‐sanctioning institutions coexist if their choice is endogenous, and the former shows a higher level of truth‐telling but lower material payoffs. Our experimental findings are consistent with logit agent quantal response equilibrium with two distinct groups of individuals: one consisting of subjects who experience non‐monetary lying costs as senders and non‐monetary costs when being lied to as receivers, and the other consisting of payoff maximizers.
Health Selection and the Effect of Smoking on Mortality
Authors: Adda Jérôme , Lechene Valérie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe show that individuals who are in poorer health, independently from smoking, are more likely to start smoking and to smoke more cigarettes than those with better non‐smoking‐related health. We present evidence of selection, relying on extensive data on morbidity and mortality. We show that health‐based selection into smoking has increased over the last 50 years with knowledge of its health effects. We show that the effect of smoking on mortality is greater for more highly educated individuals and for individuals in good non‐smoking‐related health.
Sudden Stop and Sudden Flood of Foreign Direct Investment: Inverse Bank Run, Output, and Welfare Distribution
Authors: Calvo Guillermo A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, I focus on a phenomenon that has not received much attention in the literature, namely that the mere expectation of foreign direct investment (FDI) incentivizes long‐maturity investment projects by domestic residents, and a Sudden Stop when expectations are frustrated. Long‐maturity investment projects enhance productivity but increase the economy's vulnerability to Sudden Stop. The discussion is framed in a context in which a Sudden Stop follows a surge of capital inflows (Sudden Flood), and FDI is concentrated on ongoing projects. A Sudden Stop episode can trigger a fire sale of long‐term assets, output collapse, and welfare redistribution, which is another ignored phenomenon.
Housing Collateral and the Monetary Transmission Mechanism
Authors: Walentin Karl 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we quantify the effects of the recent increase in the housing loan‐to‐value ratio (LTV) on the monetary transmission mechanism. We set up a two‐sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with collateral constraints and production of goods and housing. Using Bayesian methods, we quantify the component of the monetary transmission mechanism that is generated by housing collateral. We find that this component is substantial and strongly increasing in the LTV. We conclude that in order to properly understand the monetary transmission mechanism, we need to take into account the effects of housing‐related collateral constraints and their changing nature.
Hiring Older Employees: Do the Age Limits of Early Retirement and the Contribution Rates of Firms Matter?
Authors: Ilmakunnas Pekka , Ilmakunnas Seija 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe examine the effects of a Finnish pension reform on firms' incentives to hire older employees. The reform restricted the eligibility ages for early retirement and changed the size‐related contribution rates of firms. According to our theoretical model, the positive effect on the values of new hires extends to age groups younger than those directly affected by the reform, and the effects are strongest in the largest firms. These model predictions were confirmed in a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences analysis on the probability of the hiring of workers of different ages in firms of different sizes.
Can Agents Be Better Off with Pay Caps?
Authors: Chou Eric S. , Chen Chien‐Lung 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA popular way to discipline the managers of companies or banks that got into trouble during the recent financial crisis has been to impose caps on managers' pay. Using a small extension of the standard principal–agent model, we argue that pay caps might serve the opposite purpose, because the agent might be better off with a pay cap. Specifically, we show that, given a fixed effort level to be implemented, the agent's expected utility can be decreasing in an upper bound for the agent's reward. The effect of pay caps on the general structure of optimal incentive contracts is also characterized. While an improvement of contracting information always helps the principal, it might increase or decrease the marginal cost of imposing pay caps.
“Interest Rate Trap”, or Why Does the Central Bank Keep the Policy Rate Too Low for Too Long?
Authors: Cao Jin , Illing Gerhard 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we provide a framework for modeling one risk‐taking channel of monetary policy, the mechanism whereby financial intermediaries' incentives for liquidity transformation are affected by the central bank's reaction to a financial crisis. The anticipation of the central bank's reaction to liquidity stress gives banks incentives to invest in excessive liquidity transformation, triggering an “interest rate trap” – the economy will remain stuck in a long‐lasting period of suboptimal, low interest rate equilibrium. We demonstrate that interest rate policy as a financial stabilizer is dynamically inconsistent, and the constrained efficient outcome can be implemented by imposing ex ante liquidity requirements.