bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Monitoring of the Oxidative Stability of Pork Grease
Authors: Petenucci Maria Eugênia , Fonseca Gustavo Graciano 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to characterize pork grease, an agroindustrial waste generated via food processing, and to monitor its oxidative stability during storage (150 days). The chemical parameters of the grease were assessed and fluorescence spectrometry was used to monitor its oxidation. The results indicated that the chemical parameters of the waste pork fat increased over time, indicating substantial deterioration and showing a significant difference (P < 0.05) after 60 days of storage. The fat contained 14 fatty different acids, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid component comprised 20.20 % of the total at time zero, although there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) after 90 days of storage. The fluorescence spectrometry intensity decreased over time, as did the polyunsaturated fatty acid content. The waste lard has potential as a raw material for the production of biodiesel, animal feed, and even food for human consumption if properly obtained and stored.
Augmentative Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Acute Treatment of Poor Responder Depressed Patients: A Comparison Study Between High and Low Frequency Stimulation
Authors: Dell’Osso B. , Oldani L. , Camuri G. , Dobrea C. , Cremaschi L. , Benatti B. , Arici C. , Grancini B. , Carlo Altamura A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackground:While the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is well established, the debate is still open in relation to bipolar depression and to a possible different effectiveness of high vs. low stimulation. The present study was aimed to assess and compare the efficacy and tolerability of different protocols of augmentative rTMS in a sample of patients with current Major Depressive Episode (MDE), poor drug response/treatment resistance and a diagnosis of MDD or bipolar disorder.Methods:Thirty-three patients were recruited in a 4-week, blind-rater, rTMS trial and randomised to the following three groups of stimulation: (1) (n = 10) right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) 1 HZ, 110% of the motor threshold (MT), 420 stimuli/day; (2) (n = 10) right DLPFC, 1 Hz, 110% MT, 900 stimuli/day; (3) (n = 13) left DLPFC, 10 Hz, 80% MT, 750 stimuli/day.Results:Twenty-nine patients completed the treatment, showing a significant reduction of primary outcome measures (HAM-D, MADRS and CGI-S total scores: t = 8.1, P < 0.001; t = 8.6, P < 0.001; t = 4.6, P < 0.001 respectively). No significant differences in terms of efficacy and tolerability were found between high vs. low frequency and between unipolar and bipolar patients. Side effects were reported by 21% of the sample. One of the 4 dropouts was caused by a hypomanic switch.Conclusions:Augmentative rTMS appeared to be effective and well tolerated for the acute treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression with features of poor drug response/treatment resistance, showing a comparable effectiveness profile between protocols of high and low frequency stimulation.
Frequency of Gc-globin promoter –158 (C>T) XmnI polymorphism in patients with homozygous/compound heterozygous beta thalassaemia
Authors: Ali Nadir , Ayyub Muhammad , Khan Saleem Ahmed , Ahmed Suhaib , Abbas Kazim , Malik Hamid Saeed , Tashfeen Sunila 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND:
Response to hydroxyurea therapy in homozygous or compound heterozygous beta thalassaemia (BT) has been reported as more favourable in the presence of XmnI polymorphism. The prevalence of XmnI polymorphism may vary with BT phenotypes and genotypes, and differs geographically in distribution. Prevalence of XmnI polymorphism is not known in northern Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the frequency of Gc-globin promoter –158 (C>T) XmnI polymorphism (XmnI polymorphism) in patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous beta thalassaemia.

MATERIALS:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for common beta thalassaemia mutations and Gc-globin promoter –158 (C>T) XmnI polymorphism was performed on 107 blood samples of transfusion dependent beta thalassaemia (BT) patients in Pakistan. One hundred samples of unrelated BT traits and 94 samples of healthy subjects as controls were also analysed for BT mutations and XmnI polymorphism.

RESULTS:
Out of 301 DNA samples, XmnI polymorphism was detected in 71(24%); in normal controls, XmnI polymorphism was detected in 34/94 (36%) subjects; while in homozygous/compound heterozygous BT, it was detected in 14/107(13%) patients (Fisher's exact test, p = .0002). In heterozygous BT group, XmnI polymorphism was detected in 23/100 subjects (Fisher's exact test, p = .03 with normal controls, and p = .049 with homozygous/compound heterozygous BT). The most common BT genotype was Frame Shift (Fr) 8-9/Fr 8-9, and none of the patients with this genotype had XmnI polymorphism. The second most common genotype was IVSI-5/IVSI-5; 4/26 (15%). Cases with this genotype had XmnI polymorphism.

CONCLUSION:
XmnI polymorphism in homozygous/compound heterozygous BT group is 13%. The most common genotype associated with XmnI polymorphism was IVSI-5/IVSI-5.
Satisfaction with diagnosis process for gestational diabetes mellitus and risk perception among Australian women
Authors: Goldstein Rebecca F. , Gibson‐Helm Melanie E. , Boyle Jacqueline A. , Teede Helena J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate satisfaction with diagnosis, risk perceptions, and health beliefs among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).MethodsIn a cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based study, participants with GDM diagnosed after 26 weeks of pregnancy were recruited from hospital‐based services at Monash Health (Melbourne, VIC, Australia) and through newspaper advertisements between 2008 and 2010. Eligible participants—aged at least 18 years and able to read English—completed a questionnaire.ResultsAmong 46 women who completed the questionnaire, 38 (83%) were satisfied with the explanation of the GDM screening test and 31 (67%) felt that the results were explained well. Generally, women were satisfied with the information provided about lifestyle management (29 [81%] of 36) and medical therapy (26 [72%] of 36). Most women (41 [89%]) associated poor GDM control with perinatal complications. Additionally, many participants thought that insulin (35 [76%]) and lifestyle changes (30 [65%]) could reduce macrosomia. A total of 37 (82%) of 45 women perceived that they were at risk of future GDM, and 33 (73%) thought they had an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Most women believed that they could change these risks (29 [64%] and 37 [82%] of 45, respectively).ConclusionWomen were largely positive about their experience of GDM diagnosis. Explanation of the screening test and provision of information could be improved. Risk perception was reasonable.
A modified suture technique for hemorrhage during cesarean delivery complicated by complete placenta previa
Authors: Zhu Lei , Zhang Zhenyu , Wang Hong , Zhao Jing , He Xin , Lu Junli 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the usefulness of a modified suture to treat postpartum bleeding among patients with complete placenta previa (CPP).MethodsAn observational study was conducted at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China, among patients with CPP (with or without placenta accreta) who were enrolled from January 1 to March 31, 2014. During surgery, a Foley catheter balloon containing 60–120 mL of water was used to compress the hemorrhage site and an absorbable suture was placed around the lower uterus segment to provide extra pressure on the balloon.ResultsSeven women with CPP underwent the procedure. The median hemostatic time was 4.6 minutes (range 3.0–7.0). The median estimated blood loss during surgery was 480 mL (range 400–600) for deliveries not complicated with placenta accreta and 1250 mL (range 1000–1500) for women with placenta accreta. Active bleeding was stopped after application of the modified suture; blood loss was less than 100 mL in all cases in the 24 hours after surgery.ConclusionThe modified suture technique provided an easy and efficient surgical choice for women with CPP, especially among those with placenta accreta.
TGF‐β1 and IL‐10 single nucleotide polymorphisms as risk factors for oral cancer in Taiwanese
Authors: Hsu Han‐Jen , Yang Yi‐Hsin , Shieh Tien‐Yu , Chen Chung‐Ho , Kao Yu‐Hsun , Yang Chia‐Fu , Ko Edward Cheng‐Chuan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCytokine production capacity varies among individuals and depends on cytokine gene polymorphisms. Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) plays a significant role in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of epithelial cells. Interleukin 10 (IL‐10) is an immunoregulatory cytokine with biological functions of anti‐inflammation, immunosuppression, allergy, and anti‐agenesis. The two cytokines are supposed to play an important role in carcinogenesis. The association between cytokine gene polymorphisms with oral cancer (OC) was investigated. We studied the association between the polymorphism in TGF‐β1 (G to C polymorphism at codon 25 <+915>) and IL‐10 (−1082 G/A, ‐819 C/T, and −592 C/A) and the risk of OC in patients (n = 162) and healthy controls (n = 118) in Taiwan. All genotyping experiments were performed using the polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) method. It was found that the codon 25 GC genotype of TGF‐β1 is significantly higher in frequency in patients with OC compared with a healthy control group (p < 0.0001). People with the GC genotype in codon 25 had an 11.09‐fold increased risk of OC [odds ratio (OR) = 11.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.16–113.23]. IL‐10 polymorphisms in −819 and −592 positions correlated with the risk of OC (p < 0.0001). The IL‐10 ‐592 C allele‐containing genotypes posed an increased risk of OC (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.11–2.91). People with the CT genotype in IL‐10 ‐819 had a 3.32‐fold increased risk of OC (OR = 3.32; 95% CI = 1.64–6.94). The results suggest that polymorphisms in TGF‐β1 and IL‐10 may have a significant influence on the development of OC.
Vertical natural convection: application of the unifying theory of thermal convection
Authors: Ng Chong Shen , Ooi Andrew , Lohse Detlef , Chung Daniel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractResults from direct numerical simulations of vertical natural convection at Rayleigh numbers $1.0\times 10^{5}$–$1.0\times 10^{9}$ and Prandtl number $0.709$ support a generalised applicability of the Grossmann–Lohse (GL) theory, which was originally developed for horizontal natural (Rayleigh–Bénard) convection. In accordance with the GL theory, it is shown that the boundary-layer thicknesses of the velocity and temperature fields in vertical natural convection obey laminar-like Prandtl–Blasius–Pohlhausen scaling. Specifically, the normalised mean boundary-layer thicknesses scale with the $-1/2$-power of a wind-based Reynolds number, where the ‘wind’ of the GL theory is interpreted as the maximum mean velocity. Away from the walls, the dissipation of the turbulent fluctuations, which can be interpreted as the ‘bulk’ or ‘background’ dissipation of the GL theory, is found to obey the Kolmogorov–Obukhov–Corrsin scaling for fully developed turbulence. In contrast to Rayleigh–Bénard convection, the direction of gravity in vertical natural convection is parallel to the mean flow. The orientation of this flow presents an added challenge because there no longer exists an exact relation that links the normalised global dissipations to the Nusselt, Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers. Nevertheless, we show that the unclosed term, namely the global-averaged buoyancy flux that produces the kinetic energy, also exhibits both laminar and turbulent scaling behaviours, consistent with the GL theory. The present results suggest that, similar to Rayleigh–Bénard convection, a pure power-law relationship between the Nusselt, Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers is not the best description for vertical natural convection and existing empirical relationships should be recalibrated to better reflect the underlying physics.
Hunting Indians: Globally Circulating Ideas and Frontier Practices in the Colombian Llanos
Authors: Bjork-James Carwil 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the mid-twentieth century, renewed colonization of the Llanos region of Colombia brought escalated violence to the closely related Guahibo and Cuiva peoples. This violence was made public by two dramatic episodes that became international scandals: a December 1967 massacre of sixteen Cuivas at La Rubiera Ranch, and a 1970 military crackdown on an uprising by members of a Guahibo agricultural cooperative in Planas. The scandals exposed both particular human rights abuses and the regional tradition of literally hunting indigenous people, and provoked widespread outrage. While contemporaries treated these events as aberrations, they can best be explained as the consequence of policies that organize and manage frontiers. Both events took place in a region undergoing rapid settlement by migrants, affected by cattle and oil interests, missionaries, the Colombian military, and U.S. counterinsurgency trainers. This paper draws on archival research to trace the events involved and explains their relation to globally circulating policies, practices, and ideas of frontier making. It illustrates how Colombians eager to expand their frontier in the Llanos emulated and adapted ideas of human inequality, moral geographies that make violence acceptable in frontier areas, economic policies that dispossess native peoples, and strategies of counterinsurgency warfare from distant sources. Ironically, their quest for modernity through frontier expansion licensed new deployments of “archaic” violence. The Llanos frontier was thus enmeshed in an interchange of frontier-making techniques that crisscrosses the world, but particularly unites Latin America and the United States.
A Curious Trade: The Recovery and Repatriation of U.S. Missing In Action from the Vietnam War
Authors: Wagner Sarah E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAmid its human and material tolls, the Vietnam War has given rise to a curious enterprise—the complex process of recovering and repatriating the remains of U.S. service members Missing In Action (MIA) and presumed dead. In this trade, the bones that “count” are American and the aims underwriting the forensic efforts to return them are rooted in an ideology of national belonging.The resultant exchange of both knowledge and physical remains has developed through two historically intertwined ventures: state-sponsored casualty resolution efforts; and the much smaller, informal trafficking of skeletal remains, identification media, and information about American MIAs. This article examines how these sought-after bones tack between roles as objects of recovery, sale, or barter, scientific study, ritual burial, and public commemoration. Through their mutable worth, MIA remains illustrate the dynamic symbolism of war dead that evokes differing sensibilities about familiar or foreign soil, about care and belonging. Like thereliquiaeof medieval Christianity, remains of missing service members, even in the most fragmentary form, are replete with the suggestion of power. Their pursuit depends on reciprocity. Indeed, more than just powerful symbols, these bones manifest and confer power itself, as caring for war dead demonstrates authority, and such authority falls to those who control access to the desired object, whether through formal or informal channels. Furthermore, power requires authentication, and the remains of missing American war dead become, in this system of circulation and exchange, a means to demonstrate knowledge, perform certainty, or exploit ambiguity.
Anti Anti-Colonialism: Vernacular Press and Emergent Possibilities in Colonial Zambia
Authors: Englund Harri 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAfrican newspapers published in vernacular languages, particularly papers sponsored by colonial governments, have been understudied. A close reading of their contents and related archival sources provides insights into diverse ways in which the colonized framed and made claims. New kinds of claims were mediated by the government-sponsored vernacular press no less than by nationalists. Just as vernacularism was not nativism, African aspirations that posed no direct challenge to the colonial order did not necessarily entail mimicry. I show also how Europeans who debated a newspaper for Africans in the 1930s Zambia voiced diverse approaches to print culture, addressing a variety of objectives. The newspaper that emerged,Mutende, was replaced by provincial newspapers in the 1950s, and I focus on one of these: the Chinyanja-languageNkhani za kum'mawa, published under African editorship in Eastern Province between 1958 and 1965. Its modes of addressing African publics were neither nationalist nor colonial in any straightforward senses. Its editors and readers deliberated on what it meant to be from the province in an era of labor migration, how African advancement and dependence on Europeans were to be envisaged, and how relationships between women and men should be reconfigured. To hold divergent views on a world in flux, they had to keep something constant, and the order of governance itself remained beyond dispute. But this did not preclude emergent possibilities. The newspaper's columns and letters to the editor reveal claims on novel opportunities and constraints of a sort that mainstream nationalist historiography, with its meta-narrative of anti-colonialism, has rendered invisible.
Development, democracy and corruption: how poverty and lack of political rights encourage corruption
Authors: Neudorfer Natascha S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOn average, higher per capita income comes with lower corruption levels. Yet, countries like Mexico, Libya and Saudi Arabia are relatively wealthy but experience comparatively high corruption levels. Simultaneously, countries like Madagascar or Mozambique (in the 1990s) combine poor economic development with a low level of corruption. I propose that the two most common variables in corruption research – wealth and democracy – are mutually conditional: economic development brings about a larger (and stronger) middle class that demands public goods from the government. However, citizens’ ability to influence governmental decision-making varies by political regime type. In democracies, citizens are, on average, more successful in demanding goods from the government than in autocracies. Using a large-N approach (up to 139 countries, 1984–2006), the analysis finds robust empirical support for the proposed conditional effect.
Kinetic gating mechanism of DNA damage recognition by Rad4/XPC
Authors: Chen Xuejing , Velmurugu Yogambigai , Zheng Guanqun , Park Beomseok , Shim Yoonjung , Kim Youngchang , Liu Lili , Van Houten Bennett , He Chuan , Ansari Anjum , Min Jung-Hyun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) complex initiates nucleotide excision repair by recognizing DNA lesions before recruiting downstream factors. How XPC detects structurally diverse lesions embedded within normal DNA is unknown. Here we present a crystal structure that captures the yeast XPC orthologue (Rad4) on a single register of undamaged DNA. The structure shows that a disulphide-tethered Rad4 flips out normal nucleotides and adopts a conformation similar to that seen with damaged DNA. Contrary to many DNA repair enzymes that can directly reject non-target sites as structural misfits, our results suggest that Rad4/XPC uses a kinetic gating mechanism whereby lesion selectivity arises from the kinetic competition between DNA opening and the residence time of Rad4/XPC per site. This mechanism is further supported by measurements of Rad4-induced lesion-opening times using temperature-jump perturbation spectroscopy. Kinetic gating may be a general mechanism used by site-specific DNA-binding proteins to minimize time-consuming interrogations of non-target sites.
Antibiotics in ingested human blood affect the mosquito microbiota and capacity to transmit malaria
Authors: Gendrin Mathilde , Rodgers Faye H. , Yerbanga Rakiswendé S. , Ouédraogo Jean Bosco , Basáñez María-Gloria , Cohuet Anna , Christophides George K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMalaria reduction is most efficiently achieved by vector control whereby human populations at high risk of contracting and transmitting the disease are protected from mosquito bites. Here, we identify the presence of antibiotics in the blood of malaria-infected people as a new risk of increasing disease transmission. We show that antibiotics in ingested blood enhance the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to malaria infection by disturbing their gut microbiota. This effect is confirmed in a semi-natural setting by feeding mosquitoes with blood of children naturally infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Antibiotic exposure additionally increases mosquito survival and fecundity, which are known to augment vectorial capacity. These findings suggest that malaria transmission may be exacerbated in areas of high antibiotic usage, and that regions targeted by mass drug administration programs against communicable diseases may necessitate increased vector control.
Full-Sun observations for identifying the source of the slow solar wind
Authors: Brooks David H. , Ugarte-Urra Ignacio , Warren Harry P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFast (>700 km s−1) and slow (~400 km s−1) winds stream from the Sun, permeate the heliosphere and influence the near-Earth environment. While the fast wind is known to emanate primarily from polar coronal holes, the source of the slow wind remains unknown. Here we identify possible sites of origin using a slow solar wind source map of the entire Sun, which we construct from specially designed, full-disk observations from the Hinode satellite, and a magnetic field model. Our map provides a full-Sun observation that combines three key ingredients for identifying the sources: velocity, plasma composition and magnetic topology and shows them as solar wind composition plasma outflowing on open magnetic field lines. The area coverage of the identified sources is large enough that the sum of their mass contributions can explain a significant fraction of the mass loss rate of the solar wind.
The multilayer temporal network of public transport in Great Britain
Authors: Gallotti Riccardo , Barthelemy Marc 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDespite the widespread availability of information concerning public transport coming from different sources, it is extremely hard to have a complete picture, in particular at a national scale. Here, we integrate timetable data obtained from the United Kingdom open-data program together with timetables of domestic flights, and obtain a comprehensive snapshot of the temporal characteristics of the whole UK public transport system for a week in October 2010. In order to focus on multi-modal aspects of the system, we use a coarse graining procedure and define explicitly the coupling between different transport modes such as connections at airports, ferry docks, rail, metro, coach and bus stations. The resulting weighted, directed, temporal and multilayer network is provided in simple, commonly used formats, ensuring easy access and the possibility of a straightforward use of old or specifically developed methods on this new and extensive dataset.