bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Problématique of State Capitalism
Authors: Alami Ilias , Dixon Adam D 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on theoretical reconstruction and conceptual development. It argues that unleashing the generative potential of state capitalism as a lens for analysis requires three conceptual moves. First, it requires rethinking how we conceive of state capitalism as a representational category. The chapter makes the case not to use state capitalism as a static analytical construct, but as a set of critical interrogations concerning the changing role of the state. Conceiving state capitalism as a research puzzle rather than a turnkey category ready to be deployed in empirical research can help us address the series of theoretical, political, and geographical conundrums raised by the present upward trajectory in the repertoires of state intervention. Second, unleashing the productive potential of state capitalism requires that we firmly locate it within a set of logical relations with other fundamental political economic categories, such as the capitalist state and capital accumulation. Instead of juxtaposing state capitalism to other varieties of capitalism (presumed to be more conventional), we must clearly articulate how the category relates to the capitalist state. For this, a solid grounding in materialist state theory is crucial. Third, bolstering the analytical purchase of the category state capitalism demands a keener attention to questions of space and time. To do so, the chapter brings state capitalism into conversation, epistemologically and methodologically, with the notion of uneven and combined development, thereby enabling a major conceptual and programmatic reorientation of the field. The chapter calls this ‘uneven and combined state capitalism’.
Expropriation of Capitalist by State Capitalist
Authors: Alami Ilias , Dixon Adam D 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter zooms in on the paradigmatic organizational forms of the new state capitalism: state enterprises, sovereign funds, and other state-capital hybrids. How can we explain their global rise and organizational transformation into increasingly sophisticated and globally competitive forms? Why do they increasingly emulate the practices and organizational goals of comparable private-sector entities, adopt the techniques of modern finance, resort to mixed-ownership, and extend their operations across geographic space? After critically engaging with arguments which emphasize the role of firm strategies, developmentalist logics, financialized norms, and Polanyian double movements, the chapter develops an explanatory model of organizational change grounded in historical-geographical materialism and economic geographies of the firm. The expansion of state ownership (the role of states as owners) created the conditions for a massive round of centralization of capital as state property (the mass of capital controlled by states) since the early 2000s. This historically unprecedented phenomenon is arguably the elephant in the room of state capitalism studies. The modern, marketized, globally spread state-capital hybrid emerged as an ‘organizational fix’ to mediate the geographical contradictions and imperatives associated with this process: in order to be able to invest across geographies and sectors, acquire target firms across borders, develop portfolio diversification strategies, and manage global operations, state-capital hybrids developed new skills and competencies, reconfigured their internal structures and relations with other firms and financial actors, and developed more flexible and liquid forms of property in order to expand control across the planetary circuits of capital without full ownership.
The Rhetorical Weaponization of the New State Capitalism
Authors: Alami Ilias , Dixon Adam D 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Drawing upon critical geopolitics, this chapter explores the importance of geopolitical discourse, and in particular the rhetorical weaponization of the new state capitalism in academic, policy-making, and popular analyses. The chapter contends that, on the one hand, the emerging new spatiality of the global economy, and on the other, the parallel development of new geopolitical rivalries manifesting most notably around China and the United States, but also the uneasy position of the EU in this new geopolitical environment, have prompted the need for new discursive frames and geopolitical lines of reasoning. The category state capitalism operates as a form of geopolitical knowledge in this new global context. It projects meaning and identity across space by reinstituting a simple narrative of competition between two easily identifiable protagonists—(Western) democratic free-market capitalism and its deviant ‘other’, (Eastern) authoritarian state capitalism—and by reactivating older geopolitical grand narratives, such as the Cold War. This imaginary is saturated with notions of hostility, competition, but also deviance and abnormality, which portray non-West political economies as a threat to global security. The chapter then traces out some of the effects that are produced by the mobilization of these discourses in two policy areas, where the category state capitalism is rapidly entering the main political lexicon, thereby discursively enabling Western business and state actors to politically justify tougher policy stances vis-à-vis what they refer to as ‘rogue’ state capitalist countries and firms: (1) diplomacy and foreign policy; and (2) trade, technology, competition regulation, and investment screening.
Annihilation and dislocation
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Annihilation and dislocation represent the “ideal outcome” in military strategy: a swift victory with as few casualties and economic costs as possible. Annihilation seeks to reduce an adversary’s physical capacity to fight, usually in a single battle or “lightning” campaign, such as Hannibal’s victory against the Romans in Cannae (216 bce). Dislocation endeavors to reduce an opponent’s willingness to fight by causing confusion or disorientation through unexpected maneuvers or the use of surprise, such as Hitler’s blitzkrieg conquests in the Second World War. Annihilation and dislocation strategies can be considered high risk, high reward. They both require military forces trained well enough, and led effectively enough, to execute complex maneuvers.
Winning without fighting: information and cyber power
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
“Winning without fighting: information and cyber power” discusses the role of cyber power in reducing a rival power’s physical capacity and willingness to fight. This issue is important for contemporary military strategists because cyber power—the ability to operate within cyberspace with relative security—is comparatively new and has political advantages in that it rarely causes human casualties. The difference between cyber war and cyber power is explained before discussing cyber power’s indispensability to military strategy. It is difficult to imagine any exercise of military force today that would not also involve an attendant use of cyber power.
What causes military strategies to succeed or fail?
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
How can military strategists improve the odds of success while reducing the chances of failure? “What causes military strategies to succeed or fail?” identifies four tasks are necessary for a successful strategy: a critical appraisal of the adversary’s strengths and weaknesses matched against one’s own; the net assessment should serve as a baseline for developing courses of action that weaken the foe enough to get what one wants; the head of state must select a suitable military commander to develop and implement the desired strategy; and sound war plans are needed to pull everything together. Military strategies often fail because the opposing party refuses to concede, even if continuing to fight is patently self-destructive.
Plague
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The plague is a disease caused by a bacillus, Yersinia pestis, transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. There have been three main periods of the pandemic. It first appeared in the sixth century CE with several epidemics in Europe and the Near East lasting until the end of the eight century. The second pandemic—the Black Death—began in 1347 and killed up to half of the continent’s population. The last European outbreak was in Russia in 1770. The third pandemic began in China in 1890 and spread rapidly around the Pacific world. Improved sanitation, isolation, and new antibiotics help, but the plague still exists today.
Smallpox
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The world was declared smallpox-free in 1980, but this endemic and pandemic disease had killed hundreds of millions of people over the preceding millennium. Smallpox was first described in fourth-century China, but the most deadly epidemics occurred from the early sixteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century. ‘Smallpox’ considers how the disease became such a killer in the Americas, explaining virgin soil epidemics. It also describes the development of vaccination by Edward Jenner in the late eighteenth century, which was a success, but major epidemics continued to break out. Once enough people had been vaccinated, smallpox, with no non-human host, had no place to go. The Smallpox Eradication Program, led by the WHO, killed it off.
Influenza
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The influenza that swept across the globe in three waves in 1918–1919 was the worst pandemic in history since the Black Death. Pandemic influenza had erupted before—most recently and severely in 1889–1892. But none approached the impact of the post–World War I pandemic, which killed at least fifty million people. ‘Influenza’ explains that more young adults and females were affected. Influenza can jump from animals to humans and back because it changes rapidly and often via antigenic drift. There were further pandemics in 1957, 1968, and 2009, and there will be more in the future. There is still much to learn about influenza.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
HIV/AIDS had been percolating in central Africa since the early twentieth century, but it appeared in its now recognizable form in the spring of 1981. Doctors in America spotted a strange increase in rare infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma, especially in sexually active gay men. In 1982, it was named acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ‘HIV/AIDS’ explains that soon afterward the virus was identified as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a complex retrovirus with several different identities. HIV makes its way into the body via infected fluids and can affect all members of society. There is no vaccine, but HIV/AIDS is now treatable, although access to drugs is uneven.
COVID-19
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
COVID- 19 emerged at the end of 2019 and killed millions across the world. The pandemic followed the contours laid out by past pandemics. There was differential susceptibility; some had access to health care while many others did not; those least able to protect themselves were the poor and the vulnerable. Responses to the pandemic varied tremendously. Some countries went into long lockdowns; others responded aggressively early on and then relaxed; still others took a more laissez-faire approach. There was no unified global response. Further, many people bristled at what they perceived to be onerous demands mask mandates and social distancing. Others complied with such regulations. Shutting downs schools proved to be controversial. A vaccine was developed in a remarkably short period of time and has been effective. Many still wonder about the origins of COVID-19. Figuring out the mystery might help in responding to a future pandemic.
Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Lyon David 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction examines the key processors of and concepts surrounding surveillance. It explains that surveillance is central to doing business, meeting friends, organizing governance, maintaining security, and being entertained. Surveillance makes people visible to organizations. However, the processes and involved parties behind the free-flowing data provided by surveillance and its subsequent social and personal consequences raise criticisms. Additionally, Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction details how surveillance depends on technologies to process data, while also considering its current global growth and prevalence. It then discusses ethics of surveillance and its development of cultural features before considering its potential to evoke political struggles as well as everyday limitation strategies.
Visible lives: invisible watchers
Authors: Lyon David 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how people’s lives are made visible to invisible watchers. It starts with the definition of surveillance, which originates from notions and practices of watching and visibility. Surveillance embraces a wide range of modes for making people and their activities ‘visible’. Even though surveillance has also become more invisible because of the technically obscure systems by which it operates, people themselves are more and more visible at an increasing rate in the modern world due to various factors like social media. The chapter explains the spectrum of surveillance systems that may directly serve the cause of evil and violence or could be guided by principles such as people’s dignity, freedom, peace of mind, and security.
Questioning surveillance: critical probes
Authors: Lyon David 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the criticisms regarding surveillance. It starts with identification systems being intended to lead to appropriate intervention in the lives of specific individuals or groups. Even though surveillance can be very beneficial in some contexts, the very techniques on which surveillance depends and the corporate and governmental powers that promote it also make it questionable. The chapter then examines different ways of questioning surveillance while considering the key concepts of privacy and ethics. It looks into how surveillance affects the management and labour frictions and the conflict concerning gender and indignity, especially when everyday human life is touched by surveillance.
Encountering surveillance: what to do?
Authors: Lyon David 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses some strategies on how to handle everyday surveillance. It acknowledges the personal unease around surveillance, sensitive data, and egregious data-handling activities, citing that data, algorithms, and organizational protocols are so arcane and invisible to non-expert citizens compared to state and corporate actors. Legal instruments to curb unnecessary, inappropriate, excessive, and illegal surveillance expanded in later 20th-century computerization, especially after privacy and data protection laws became the backbone of governmental efforts to curtail and govern surveillance. The chapter mentions the increasing regularity of various threats, such as data breaches, subtle cyber-warfare, and state surveillance overreach. It also considers the future of surveillance trends, including higher levels of digital citizenship.
Mediating pathways between neighborhood disadvantage and cardiovascular risk: quasi-experimental evidence from a Danish refugee dispersal policy
Authors: Kim Min Hee , Frøslev Trine , White Justin S , Glymour M Maria , Ilango Sindana D , Sørensen Henrik T , Pedersen Lars , Hamad Rita 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Research has documented that neighborhood disadvantage is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, but it is unclear which mechanistic pathways mediate this association across the life course. Leveraging a natural experiment in which refugees to Denmark were quasi-randomly assigned to neighborhoods across the country during 1986-1998, and using 30 years of follow-up data from population and health registers, we assessed whether and how individual-level poverty, unstable employment, and poor mental health mediate the relation between neighborhood disadvantage and the risk of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes among Danish refugees (n = 40 811). Linear probability models using the discrete time-survival framework showed that neighborhood disadvantage was associated with increased risk of hypertension (0.05 percentage points [pp] per year [95% CI, −0.00 to 0.10]); hyperlipidemia (0.03 pp per year [95% CI, −0.01 to 0.07]), and diabetes (0.01 pp per year [95% CI, −0.02 to 0.03]). The Baron-Kenny product-of-coefficients method for counterfactual mediation analysis indicated that cumulative income mediated 6%-28% of the disadvantage effect on these outcomes. We find limited evidence of mediation by unstable employment and poor mental health. This study informs our theoretical understanding of the pathways linking neighborhood disadvantage with cardiovascular disease risk and identifies income security as a promising point of intervention to be studied in future research.
345 Protecting workers from chemical hazards in Europe now and in the future
Authors: McGuinness Sharon 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Exposure to chemical hazards in the workplace has been and remains a key concern of the European Union (EU) and Member State (MS) authorities. As workers are exposed to ever increasing numbers of chemical substances and mixtures as well as existing and new hazards associated with these, ensuring our regulatory framework in Europe can address and meet these challenges is a constant focus. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an EU Agency that has a role in the implementation of a wide range of chemical specific legislation together with the EU Commission and the Member States. The presentation will focus on two specific regulations, namely, the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation and the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CL) Regulation. We will show how our work on chemical safety under these regulations can protect workers from chemical hazards and exposures. We will also discuss ECHA’s role in providing scientific opinions on occupational exposure limits. Finally, an outline of how new legislation and efforts arising from the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability will contribute to the protection of workers from chemical hazards in the future, will be presented.
24 Containment Performance (CP): a risk-based, SF6-free method for evaluating fume cupboards as part of an overall facility management
Authors: Poffet Jean-Michel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Introduction
At the EPFL Campus there are 1,150 fume cupboards, among the main engineering controls of occupational exposure in laboratories. Ensuring that cupboards provide the required user safety and level of containment demands a special risk-based management strategy from the logistics department. Robot-Aided On-site Testing of Fume Cupboard (2022, M. Bittner, C. Moirandat, Annals of Work Exposures and Health) has assisted EPFL in developing its CP risk-based methodology.

Protection goals
According to the American Chemical Society (ACS) the hazard level in research laboratories belongs typically to Chemicals Safety Level 3 (CSL3) (2015, ACS, Identifying and evaluating hazards in research laboratories). The CP considers a limit of 1 ppm of isopropanol (IPA) as the maximum acceptable exposure value given most solvent’s occupational exposure limits.

Method
Signals from multiple IPA sensors on a robot go through several tests (chronic and acute risk, containment) elaborated based on expert judgments and statistics. The CP combines these results to determine if a hood can be qualified for a CSL3. Rapid on-site tests can be performed with the normal sash opening at 50 (QCSL3-50) or 40 cm (QCSL3-40) in case of limited aeraulic capacity.

Outcomes
Installation qualification, periodic checks (5 years), data management, user instruction, and labelling were introduced at EPFL. After two years, this approach demonstrated its ability to identify poor laboratory aeraulic design, defective cupboards, and perturbing currants. The CP showed a better discriminatory ability than the robustness test in the old European standard EN14175 “Fume cupboards and could become the new tool for fume cupboard installation, maintenance programs, and performance qualification without SF6.
53 A portable dust generation system for calibrating real time RCS measuring instruments
Authors: Noi David , Davies Brian , Apthorpe Linda , Gopaldasani Vinod 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Aim
The research was aimed at enhancing in-field calibration of portable Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) instrument.

Problem
There are challenges with calibrating instruments designed for near-real time RCS measurement at the workplace, in that, historical methods of calibration of laboratory instrumentation are not appropriate as they are based on short collection times of a standard material on filters from a generated dust cloud of short duration, not real time RCS dust clouds.

Method
This involved the development and validation of a small portable, low cost, dust generation system, for the generation of reproducible dust clouds and consequently standard RCS concentrations allowing near-real time instruments to be calibrated against known concentration of RCS standard in a dust cloud of significant duration.

Results
Preliminary laboratory data has shown that reproducible dust clouds of any dust can be generated including the Australian RCS standard material (A9950 Aust. No.1). Testing has shown that the physical characteristics of a dust can influence the generated concentration, and measures were found to improve the dust generation process for materials that may adhere to the dust generator drum’s surface. Four different ways of controlling the amount of dust generated and sampled out of the dust generator were determined, enabling increased dust input to the real time instrument, thus improving their means of calibration.

Conclusion
The dust generation system has potential to improve calibration of portable analytical instruments for RCS analysis. Further research may provide a means of estimating the “dustiness” of workplace materials before sampling.