bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Dry‐Land Training Programs Between Age Groups of Swimmers
Authors: Krabak Brian J. , Hancock Kyle J. , Drake Shawn 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo describe the current use of dry‐land training in swimmers by age category.DesignRandomized sampling questionnaire.SettingWeb‐based survey.ParticipantsNinety‐seven coaches from swim clubs throughout the United States.Main Outcome MeasuresDry‐land training use, frequency, duration, mode of exercise, and exercise by body region in the following groups: ≤10 years, 11‐14 years, 15‐18 years, collegiate, and masters swimmers (≥18 years, noncollegiate).ResultsAmong the surveyed coaches (n = 97), dry‐land training use varied by swimmers' age (≤10 years [54%], 11‐14 years [83%], 15‐18 years [93%], collegiate [86%], and masters [26%]) and type of training modality (age ≤18 years [body weight exercises, stretching]; collegiate [free weight/machine weights and body weight exercises]; and masters [weight and cardiovascular training]). The most common body region exercised for all categories except masters was the spine/core, followed by the proximal leg, and then the shoulder. Masters swimmers focused on the shoulder region, followed by the spine. The primary reason for participation in dry‐land training was injury prevention for all categories except masters. Limited practice time was the most common reason for not using dry‐land training.ConclusionsA total of 50%‐93% of swim coaches surveyed for all groups except masters incorporated some form of dry‐land training; they used body weight exercises in younger swimmers. The focus of dry‐land training among swimmers ≤18 years and collegiate swimmers was the spine/core. These findings may be used to develop future studies on how dry‐land training contributes to performance or injuries, especially in the younger swimmer.
Different Relationships Between the Level of Patellofemoral Pain and Quality of Life in Professional and Amateur Athletes
Authors: Cheung Roy T.H. , Zhang Zhijie , Ngai Shirley P.C. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundPatellofemoral pain is a common orthopedic condition in the athletic population. Previous investigators focused on exploring the etiology and investigating the effectiveness of different treatment approaches for patellofemoral pain. However, the severity of symptoms and its corresponding impact on quality of life (QOL) in athletes at different skill levels have not been explored. Such information may help in formulating rehabilitation strategies targeting different levels of athletes.ObjectiveTo compare the perception of patellofemoral symptoms and its impact on QOL between professional and amateur athletes with patellofemoral pain.DesignCross‐sectional study.ParticipantsThirty‐eight athletes with patellofemoral pain: 19 professional athletes from the Chinese national track and field team and 19 matched amateur participants recruited from a local track and field club.Main Outcome MeasuresAll participants completed the Chinese version of Kujala scale and Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), which we used to quantify the severity of patellofemoral symptoms and QOL, respectively.ResultsProfessional athletes demonstrated a significantly higher level of patellofemoral symptoms (P < .001) and lower physical functioning subscore of SF‐36 (P < .014) than did the amateur athletes. We also found a trend of a lower mental health subscore of SF‐36 in professional athletes than in the amateurs (P = .07). The Kujala scale score was positively correlated with the subscore of “physical functioning” in both professional athletes (rs = 0.688, P = .001) and amateurs (rs = 0.751, P < .001). We also observed a trend of correlation between the subscore in the mental health domain and the severity of patellofemoral symptoms in professional athletes.ConclusionsAthletes at different elite levels might have varied perceptions of patellofemoral pain and the corresponding impact on physical aspects of quality of life. The results of this study may highlight the necessity of addressing psychosocial factors when formulating rehabilitation strategies in the athletic population with patellofemoral pain.
ON PSEUDO -ASYMPTOTICALLY PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: PIERRI MICHELLE , ROLNIK VANESSA 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe introduce the concept of pseudo$ \mathcal{S} $-asymptotically periodic functions and study some of the qualitative properties of functions of this type. In addition, we discuss the existence of pseudo$ \mathcal{S} $-asymptotically periodic mild solutions for abstract neutral functional differential equations. Some applications involving ordinary and partial differential equations with delay are presented.
RECONSTRUCTION OF LEX PERSONALIS IN CHINA
Authors: He Qisheng 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 2010, China's Legislature adopted a reconstructed new private international law which makes habitual residence the principal connecting factor of lex personalis. Prior to the new law, lex personalis had followed a mixed model that included the law of domicile, the law of nationality, the law of the country where a Chinese person resides, and the law of the place of an act. The reconstruction of lex personalis improves China's opportunities for accession to international conventions and for the adoption of common international measures to better protect the interests of Chinese citizens, especially children. However, China's legislature and its courts still have much to do in order to decrease and eliminate many conflicts among the previous and current provisions regarding lex personalis. Among other things, criteria need to be established for application in defining, judging and establishing habitual residence, especially with regard to appreciable period of time and settled intention.
Molecular characterization of putative Hepatozoon sp. from the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus)
Authors: BIEDRZYCKA ALEKSANDRA , KLOCH AGNIESZKA , MIGALSKA MAGDALENA , BIELAŃSKI WOJCIECH 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYWe characterized partial sequences of 18S rDNA from sedge warblers infected with a parasite described previously as Hepatozoon kabeeni. Prevalence was 47% in sampled birds. We detected 3 parasite haplotypes in 62 sequenced samples from infected animals. In phylogenetic analyses, 2 of the putative Hepatozoon haplotypes closely resembled Lankesterella minima and L. valsainensis. The third haplotype grouped in a wider clade composed of Caryospora and Eimeria. None of the haplotypes showed resemblance to sequences of Hepatozoon from reptiles and mammals. Molecular detection results were consistent with those from microscopy of stained blood smears, confirming that the primers indeed amplified the parasite sequences. Here we provide evidence that the avian Hepatozoon-like parasites are most likely Lankesterella, supporting the suggestion that the systematic position of avian Hepatozoon-like species needs to be revised.
Differential emergence of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from on-farm breeding substrates in Northern Ireland
Authors: THOMPSON GEOFFREY M. , JESS STEPHEN , MURCHIE ARCHIE K. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYBiting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of a number of viral diseases worldwide. Following the unforeseen outbreak of bluetongue in northern Europe (2006–2009) there was a need to clarify on-farm breeding substrates utilized by temperate Culicoides spp. Six substrates (cow dung, cow slurry, horse dung, sheep dung, maize silage and soil) were investigated for Culicoides spp. emergence over a 31-week period. Overall, most Obsoletus group Culicoides emerged from the cow dung and the most Pulicaris group Culicoides emerged from the sheep dung. Furthermore, Culicoides of the Obsoletus group were found to be abundant in cow slurry and sheep dung. Temperature played a significant role in the emergence times of adult Culicoides. The Obsoletus group appear to have undergone 3 generations during the experimental period. The sex ratio of emergent Obsoletus group Culicoides was affected by substrate type, with a greater proportion of males emerging from cow dung and slurry compared with the other substrates.
Human contact influences the foraging behaviour and parasite community in long-tailed macaques
Authors: WENZ-MÜCKE ALEXANDRA , SITHITHAWORN PAIBOON , PETNEY TREVOR N. , TARASCHEWSKI HORST 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYHuman–wildlife interactions have reached unprecedented levels, and humans are influencing the earth's ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than ever before. This situation is cause for serious concern, especially since disease interactions between wildlife and humans have been recognized as major conservation threats. In this study, long-tailed macaques,Macaca fascicularis, from 2 forest parks located in north-eastern Thailand were investigated to determine the influence of habitat modification by humans on helminth parasite associations in non-human primates. Macaque populations with contact to anthropogenically modified environments were compared with sylvatic groups in nearby natural environments. In order to test for human–non-human primate transmission of parasites, the local human populations were also examined. Humans were infected with a number of potentially pathogenic parasites, includingOpisthorchis viverriniandStrongyloides stercoralis. However, eggs of these helminths were not detected in macaque feces. Thus, no direct parasite transfer from humans to non-human primates could be confirmed. However, macaque groups with more frequent contact with human-modified habitats, and a higher portion of human-provided food in their diet, had significantly higher prevalences and intensities ofStrongyloides fuelleborniand of an intestinal fluke (probablyHaplorchissp.) than sylvatic groups. Positive correlations were found between the time foraging on the ground and infection withS. fuelleborni, and the amount of human-provided food and intestinal fluke infection. Human alteration of habitat and associated modifications in non-human primate behaviour are likely to play a role in determining the occurrence, prevalence and intensity of zoonotic helminth infection of wild non-human primates.
In vitroisolation fromAmblyomma ovale(Acari: Ixodidae) and ecological aspects of the Atlantic rainforestRickettsia, the causative agent of a novel spotted fever rickettsiosis in Brazil
Authors: SZABÓ M. P. J. , NIERI-BASTOS F. A. , SPOLIDORIO M. G. , MARTINS T. F. , BARBIERI A. M. , LABRUNA M. B. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYRecently, a novel human rickettsiosis, namely Atlantic rainforest spotted fever, was described in Brazil. We herein report results of a survey led around the index case in an Atlantic rainforest reserve in Peruibe municipality, southeastern Brazil. ARickettsia parkeri-like agent (Rickettsiasp. Atlantic rainforest genotype) andRicketsia belliiwere isolated from adultAmblyomma ovaleticks collected from dogs. Molecular evidence of infection with strain Atlantic rainforest was obtained for 30 (12·9%) of 232A. ovaleadult ticks collected from dogs. As many as 88·6% of the 35 examined dogs had anti-Rickettsiaantibodies, with endpoint titres at their highest toR. parkeri. High correlation among antibody titres in dogs,A. ovaleinfestations, and access to rainforest was observed.Amblyomma ovalesubadults were found predominantly on a rodent species (Euryoryzomys russatus). From 17E. russatustested, 6 (35·3%) displayed anti-Rickettsiaantibodies, with endpoint titres highest toR. parkeri. It is concluded that Atlantic rainforest genotype circulates in this Atlantic rainforest area at relatively high levels. Dogs get infected when bitten byA. ovaleticks in the forest, and carry infected ticks to households. The role ofE. russatusas an amplifier host ofRickettsiatoA. ovaleticks deserves investigation.
Relatives and passive object relatives in Italian-speaking children and adults: Intervention in production and comprehension
Authors: CONTEMORI CARLA , BELLETTI ADRIANA 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWe investigate the production of relative clauses in Italian children aged 3 years, 4 months to 8 years, 10 months and in adults, focusing on object relatives (ORs). For both adults and older children, we test the production of passive ORs (PORs) as an alternative to the production of active ORs. We also test the comprehension of active ORs and PORs in older children, showing that the comprehension of the latter is significantly more accurate than the former. The persistent difficulty that children experience with ORs is interpreted as due to intervention, following Friedmann, Belletti, and Rizzi (2009). We assume Collins’ (2005) approach to passive and account for the increasing use and more accurate comprehension of PORs as a consequence of lack of intervention, as in Belletti (2009a).
Le débat sur la diglossie en France: aspects scientifiques et politiques
Authors: MASSOT BENJAMIN , ROWLETT PAUL 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis article outlines the diglossic approach to intra-speaker grammatical variation (Ferguson 1959), wherein speaker-hearers acquire two grammars which are socio-stylistically distinct – one H(igh), the other L(ow) – but linguistically related (to the extent that users regard them as the same language), and then engage one or other of them (but do not mix them) in their active productions. It then sets out how a case could be made for such a model to capture variation in contemporary France, in place of the variationist model which envisages a single, flexible grammar, e.g., the bipolarity, strength and non-random nature of the sociolinguistic H–L distinction, the differing pattern of acquisition of H and L forms, the tendency for L forms to encroach on H terrain (rather than vice versa), and the internal coherence of each of the H and L varieties. Finally, the article sketches the politico-moral dimension to the debate, extending beyond scientific objectivity, and relating to the treatment of non-standard linguistic behaviour in context of the socio-cultural status of the standard.
‘chtileu qu'i m'freumereu m'bouque i n'est point coér au monne’: Grammatical variation and diglossia in Picardie
Authors: VILLENEUVE ANNE-JOSÉ , AUGER JULIE 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIn this article, we analyze French and Picard data, extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with four Picard–French bilingual speakers and four French monolingual speakers from the Vimeu (Somme) area of France, in order to determine whether the two closely-related varieties maintain distinct grammars or whether they now constitute varieties of the same language. Focusing on two linguistic variables, subject doubling andnedeletion, we argue that the variation observed in our French data results from variation within a single grammar, while our Picard data display markedly different patterns that can only be explained by a speaker's switch to a Picard grammar. We propose a model that schematises our results and attempts to reconcile the notions of diglossia and variation. In addition to providing empirical evidence in favour of an approach that recognises the structurally distinct status of Picard, our data indicate that resorting to a diglossic approach for French fails to capture the intrinsically variable nature of human language.
LEGAL OBLIGATION AND REASONS
Authors: Essert Christopher 
Published: January 2013

According to the legal rationalist, the law claims to give its subjects reasons for action. The leading legal rationalist, Joseph Raz, says, “the law claims that the existence of legal rules is a reason for conforming behaviour.” Putting the same point more casually, he writes:
The law sets things straight: telling people “this is what you should do and whether you agree that this is so or not, now that it is the law that you should you have the law as a new, special kind of reason to do so.”
Jules Coleman, who also at times plays the part of the legal rationalist, agrees:
The prevalent view among legal positivists today is that law purports to govern conduct as a practical authority. The distinctive feature of law's governance on this view is that it purports to govern by creating reasons for action.
Or more succinctly, “Law claims to create reasons for acting.”
Polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene are associated with visual hallucinations and levodopa equivalent dose in Brazilians with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Schumacher-Schuh Artur F , Francisconi Carolina , Altmann Vivian , Monte Thais L , Callegari-Jacques Sidia M , Rieder Carlos RM , Hutz Mara H 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The requirement for dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson's disease (PD) is highly variable. Visual hallucinations are a frequent and serious complication of chronic levodopa therapy. Polymorphisms in the DAT1 gene might affect the reuptake of dopamine in the synaptic cleft, but the influence of this variability on adverse effects or levodopa equivalent dose on PD patients is still poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate DAT1 gene polymorphisms on levodopa equivalent dose and visual hallucination occurrence in PD patients. Altogether, 196 PD patients in treatment with at least 200 mg levodopa equivalent dose for at least 1 yr were included. These patients were genotyped for the −839 C > T and 3′ VNTR DAT1 polymorphisms by PCR-based methodologies. Visual hallucinations occurred in 25.5% of the sample. After controlling for confounders, the dopamine transporter (DAT) −839 C allele was associated with visual hallucinations (prevalence ratio 2.5, 95% confidence intervals 1.13–5.5, p = 0.02). Levodopa equivalent dose was lower in carriers of the nine repeat allele of the DAT 3′UTR VNTR (741.2 ± 355.0 vs. 843.4 ± 445.7), explaining 21% of dose variability (p = 0.01). Our results support an effect of DAT1 polymorphisms in adverse effects of anti-Parkinsonian drugs and in levodopa equivalent dose usage.
CMB anisotropy science: a review
Authors: Challinor Anthony 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides us with our most direct observational window to the early universe. Observations of the temperature and polarization anisotropies in the CMB have played a critical role in defining the now-standard cosmological model. In this contribution we review some of the basics of CMB science, highlighting the role of observations made with ground-based and balloon-borne Antarctic telescopes. Most of the ingredients of the standard cosmological model are poorly understood in terms of fundamental physics. We discuss how current and future CMB observations can address some of these issues, focusing on two directly relevant for Antarctic programmes: searching for gravitational waves from inflation via B-mode polarization, and mapping dark matter through CMB lensing.
The Askaryan Radio Array
Authors: Hoffman Kara D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUltra high energy cosmogenic neutrinos could be most efficiently detected in dense, radio frequency (RF) transparent media via the Askaryan effect. Building on the expertise gained by RICE, ANITA and IceCube's radio extension in the use of the Askaryan effect in cold Antarctic ice, we are currently developing an antenna array known as ARA (The Askaryan Radio Array) to be installed in boreholes extending 200 m below the surface of the ice near the geographic South Pole. The unprecedented scale of ARA, which will cover a fiducial area of ≈ 100 square kilometers, was chosen to ensure the detection of the flux of neutrinos suggested by the observation of a drop in high energy cosmic ray flux consistent with the GZK cutoff by HiRes and the Pierre Auger Observatory. Funding to develop the instrumentation and install the first prototypes has been granted, and the first components of ARA were installed during the austral summer of 2010–2011. Within 3 years of commencing operation, the full ARA will exceed the sensitivity of any other instrument in the 0.1-10 EeV energy range by an order of magnitude. The primary goal of the ARA array is to establish the absolute cosmogenic neutrino flux through a modest number of events. This information would frame the performance requirements needed to expand the array in the future to measure a larger number of neutrinos with greater angular precision in order to study their spectrum and origins.
THz Observations of the Cool Neutral Medium
Authors: Dickey John M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe astrophysical drivers for far-infrared spectroscopy of the Galactic interstellar medium using a 15m class telescope on Dome A are compelling. For the diffuse, atomic phase, the most important lines in the far-IR spectrum are OIat 63μm and CIIat 158μm. These are the dominant cooling lines of the cool, neutral medium, and they show rich spectral structure in Herschel observations at low latitudes. But theory predicts that they should both be highly sub-thermal in excitation, so that the level populations are not in equilibrium with the kinetic temperature of the gas. A large single dish telescope or an interferometer may be able to study the absorption and emission to determine the optical depth and column density of atoms and the physical conditions in the emission regions. Comparison of Herschel CIIspectra with 21-cm absorption spectra indicates that a significant fraction of the 158μm flux may be coming from the atomic rather than the molecular phase.
The Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimetre Telescope (BLAST) and BLASTPol
Authors: Pascale Enzo ,   for the BLAST and BLASTPol collaboration
Published: January 2013

AbstractBalloon observations from Antarctica have proven an effective and efficient way to address open Cosmological questions as well as problems in Galactic astronomy. The Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimetre Telescope (BLAST) is a sub-orbital mapping experiment which uses 270 bolometric detectors to image the sky in three wavebands centred at 250, 350 and 500 μm with a 1.8 m telescope. In the years before Herschel launched, BLAST provided data of unprecedented angular and spectral coverage in frequency bands close to the peak of dust emission in star forming regions in our Galaxy, and in galaxies at cosmological distances. More recently, BLASTPol was obtained by reconfiguring the BLAST focal plane as a submillimetric polarimeter to study the role that Galactic magnetic fields have in regulating the processes of star-formation. The first and successful BLASTPol flight from Antarctica in 2010 is followed by a second flight, currently scheduled for the end of 2012.
The US Long Duration Balloon Facility at McMurdo Station
Authors: Jones W. Vernon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA sea change in scientific ballooning occurred with the inauguration of 8–20-day flights around Antarctica in the early 1990's. The attainment of 28–31-day flights and 35–42-day flights, respectively, in two and three circumnavigations of the continent has greatly increased the expectations of scientific users. There is a scientific need for the capability to provide similar-duration flights for investigations that cannot be done in the Polar Regions. A new super-pressure balloon is currently under development for future flights of 60–100 days at any latitude. This first new balloon in more than half a century would meet this need and allow the focus to change from increasing the durations of flights over and around Antarctica to ultra-long-duration flights from Antarctica.