bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measles outbreak spreading from the community to an anthroposophic school, Berlin, 2011
Authors: LASSEN S. GILLESBERG , SCHUSTER M. , STEMMLER M. , STEINMÜLLER A. , MATYSIAK-KLOSE D. , MANKERTZ A. , SANTIBANEZ S. , WICHMANN O. , FALKENHORST G. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYBetween April and July 2011 there was an outbreak of measles virus, genotype D4, in Berlin, Germany. We identified 73 case-patients from the community and among students of an anthroposophic school, who participated in a 4-day school trip, as well as their family and friends. Overall, 27% were aged ⩾20 years, 57% were female and 15% were hospitalized. Of 39 community case-patients, 38% were aged ⩾20 years, 67% were female and 63% required hospitalization. Unvaccinated students returning from the school trip were excluded from school, limiting transmission. Within the group of 55 school-trip participants, including 20 measles case-patients, a measles vaccine effectiveness of 97·1% (95% confidence interval 83·4–100) for two doses was estimated using exact Poisson regression. Our findings support school exclusions and the recommendation of one-dose catch-up vaccination for everyone born after 1970 with incomplete or unknown vaccination status, in addition to the two-dose routine childhood immunization recommendation.
PTSD Modifies Performance on a Task of Affective Executive Control among Deployed OEF/OIF Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Amick Melissa M. , Clark Alexandra , Fortier Catherine B. , Esterman Michael , Rasmusson Ann M. , Kenna Alexandra , Milberg William P. , McGlinchey Regina 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIndividuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show a cognitive bias for threatening information, reflecting dysregulated executive control for affective stimuli. This study examined whether comorbid mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) with PTSD exacerbates this bias. A computer-administered Affective Go/No-Go task measured reaction times (RTs) and errors of omission and commission to words with a non–combat-related positive or negative valence in 72 deployed United States service members from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Incidents of military-related mTBI were measured with the Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Participants were divided into those with (mTBI+,n= 34) and without a history of military-related mTBI (mTBI−,n= 38). Valence of the target stimuli differentially impacted errors of commission and decision bias (criterion) in the mTBI+ and mTBI− groups. Specifically, within the mTBI+ group, increasing severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with an increasingly liberal response pattern (defined as more commission errors to negative distractors and greater hit rate for positive stimuli) in the positive compared to the negative blocks. This association was not observed in the mTBI− group. This study underscores the importance of considering the impact of a military-related mTBI and PTSD severity upon affective executive control. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–10)
5-HT1A-receptor agonist modified amygdala activity and amygdala-associated social behavior in a valproate-induced rat autism model
Authors: Wang Chao-Chuan , Lin Hui-Ching , Chan Yun-Han , Gean Po-Wu , Yang Yen Kung , Chen Po See 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of the amygdala is related to abnormal fear processing, anxiety, and social behaviors noted in autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). In addition, studies have shown that disrupted brain serotonin homeostasis is linked to ASD. With a valproate (VPA)-induced rat ASD model, we investigated the possible role of amygdala serotonin homeostasis in autistic phenotypes and further explored the underlying mechanism. We first discovered that the distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the caudal raphe system was modulated on postnatal day (PD) 28 of the VPA-exposed offspring. Then, we found a significantly higher serotonin transporter availability in the amygdala of the VPA-exposed offspring on PD 56 by using single photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography co-registration following injection of 123I-labeled 2-((2-(dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine(123I[ADAM]). Furthermore, treatment with 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, increased social interaction and improved fear memory extinction in the VPA-exposed offspring. 8-OH-DPAT treatment also reversed the characteristics of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents as well as paired pulse facilitation observed in lateral amygdala slices. These results provided further evidence to support the role of the amygdala in characteristic behavioral changes in the rat ASD model. The serotonergic projections that modulate the amygdala function might play a certain role in the development and treatment of behavioral symptoms exhibited in individuals with ASD.
Slingshot dynamics for self-replicating probes and the effect on exploration timescales
Authors: Nicholson Arwen , Forgan Duncan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractInterstellar probes can carry out slingshot manoeuvres around the stars they visit, gaining a boost in velocity by extracting energy from the star's motion around the Galactic Centre. These manoeuvres carry little to no extra energy cost, and in previous work it has been shown that a single Voyager-like probe exploring the Galaxy does so 100 times faster when carrying out these slingshots than when navigating purely by powered flight (Forgan et al. 2012). We expand on these results by repeating the experiment with self-replicating probes. The probes explore a box of stars representative of the local Solar neighbourhood, to investigate how self-replication affects exploration timescales when compared with a single non-replicating probe. We explore three different scenarios of probe behaviour: (i) standard powered flight to the nearest unvisited star (no slingshot techniques used), (ii) flight to the nearest unvisited star using slingshot techniques and (iii) flight to the next unvisited star that will give the maximum velocity boost under a slingshot trajectory. In all three scenarios, we find that as expected, using self-replicating probes greatly reduces the exploration time, by up to three orders of magnitude for scenarios (i) and (iii) and two orders of magnitude for (ii). The second case (i.e. nearest-star slingshots) remains the most time effective way to explore a population of stars. As the decision-making algorithms for the fleet are simple, unanticipated ‘race conditions’ among probes are set up, causing the exploration time of the final stars to become much longer than necessary. From the scaling of the probes' performance with star number, we conclude that a fleet of self-replicating probes can indeed explore the Galaxy in a sufficiently short time to warrant the existence of the Fermi Paradox.
BOLZANO’S CONCEPT OF GROUNDING (ABFOLGE) AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF NORMAL PROOFS
Authors: RUMBERG ANTJE 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this paper, I provide a thorough discussion and reconstruction of Bernard Bolzano’s theory of grounding and a detailed investigation into the parallels between his concept of grounding and current notions of normal proofs. Grounding (Abfolge) is an objective ground-consequence relation among true propositions that is explanatory in nature. The grounding relation plays a crucial role in Bolzano’s proof-theory, and it is essential for his views on the ideal buildup of scientific theories. Occasionally, similarities have been pointed out between Bolzano’s ideas on grounding and cut-free proofs in Gentzen’s sequent calculus. My thesis is, however, that they bear an even stronger resemblance to the normal natural deduction proofs employed in proof-theoretic semantics in the tradition of Dummett and Prawitz.
Ultrahigh-resolution imaging reveals formation of neuronal SNARE/Munc18 complexes in situ
Authors: Pertsinidis Alexandros , Mukherjee Konark , Sharma Manu , Pang Zhiping P. , Park Sang Ryul , Zhang Yunxiang , Brunger Axel T. , Südhof Thomas C. , Chu Steven 
Published: July 2013

Significance
Synaptic vesicle fusion is catalyzed by multiprotein complexes that bring two lipid bilayers into close opposition. Several assembly mechanisms have been proposed for the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery, but exactly how these proteins interact in vivo remains unclear. We developed two-color fluorescence nanoscopy to directly visualize molecular interactions in situ and discovered that syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, and Munc18-1 (mammalian uncoordinated-18), three essential components for neurotransmission, closely colocalize on the plasma membrane, suggesting possible pathways for SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Our superresolution method provides a framework for delineating the molecular underpinnings of the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery.
An integrative approach to understanding the combinatorial histone code at functional elements
Authors: Lai William K. M. , Buck Michael J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Summary: The rapid advancement of genomic technology has revealed the enormous complexity and combinatorial nature of chromatin modifications. To facilitate interpretation of the combinatorial nature of chromatin, we have developed a novel method to integrate all chromatin datasets into distinct nucleosome types (nucleosome alphabet). We have applied this approach to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, generating a nucleosome alphabet, which forms chromatin motifs when mapped back to the genome. By applying novel chromatin alignment and global word search approaches, we have defined distinctive chromatin motifs for introns, origins of replication, tRNAs, antisense transcripts, double-strand-break hotspots and DNase hypersensitive sites, and can distinguish genes by expression level. We have also uncovered strong associations between transcription factor binding and specific types of nucleosomes. Our results demonstrate the uses and functionality of defining a chromatin alphabet and provide a unique and novel framework for exploring chromatin architecture.
Contact: mjbuck@buffalo.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Attachment site recognition and regulation of directionality by the serine integrases
Authors: Rutherford Karen , Yuan Peng , Perry Kay , Sharp Robert , Van Duyne Gregory D. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Serine integrases catalyze the integration of bacteriophage DNA into a host genome by site-specific recombination between ‘attachment sites’ in the phage ( attP ) and the host ( attB ). The reaction is highly directional; the reverse excision reaction between the product attL and attR sites does not occur in the absence of a phage-encoded factor, nor does recombination occur between other pairings of attachment sites. A mechanistic understanding of how these enzymes achieve site-selectivity and directionality has been limited by a lack of structural models. Here, we report the structure of the C-terminal domains of a serine integrase bound to an attP DNA half-site. The structure leads directly to models for understanding how the integrase-bound attP and attB sites differ, why these enzymes preferentially form attP × attB synaptic complexes to initiate recombination, and how attL × attR recombination is prevented. In these models, different domain organizations on attP vs. attB half-sites allow attachment-site specific interactions to form between integrase subunits via an unusual protruding coiled-coil motif. These interactions are used to preferentially synapse integrase-bound attP and attB and inhibit synapsis of integrase-bound attL and attR . The results provide a structural framework for understanding, testing and engineering serine integrase function.
Control of Reproductive Floral Organ Identity Specification inArabidopsisby the C Function Regulator AGAMOUS
Authors: Ó’Maoiléidigh Diarmuid S. , Wuest Samuel E. , Rae Liina , Raganelli Andrea , Ryan Patrick T. , Kwaśniewska Kamila , Das Pradeep , Lohan Amanda J. , Loftus Brendan , Graciet Emmanuelle , Wellmer Frank 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe floral organ identity factor AGAMOUS (AG) is a key regulator of Arabidopsis thaliana flower development, where it is involved in the formation of the reproductive floral organs as well as in the control of meristem determinacy. To obtain insights into how AG specifies organ fate, we determined the genes and processes acting downstream of this C function regulator during early flower development and distinguished between direct and indirect effects. To this end, we combined genome-wide localization studies, gene perturbation experiments, and computational analyses. Our results demonstrate that AG controls flower development to a large extent by controlling the expression of other genes with regulatory functions, which are involved in mediating a plethora of different developmental processes. One aspect of this function is the suppression of the leaf development program in emerging floral primordia. Using trichome initiation as an example, we demonstrate that AG inhibits an important aspect of leaf development through the direct control of key regulatory genes. A comparison of the gene expression programs controlled by AG and the B function regulators APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, respectively, showed that while they control many developmental processes in conjunction, they also have marked antagonistic, as well as independent activities.
Evidence for Dualism in Inquisitorial Registers of the 1240s: A Contribution to a Debate
Authors: Taylor Claire 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn theChristian middle ages, people who refused to accept what they were supposed to believe about God or HisChurch were labelled ‘heretics’. But who decided whether their views were ‘orthodox’ or ‘heretical'? ‘Heretics’ typically saw themselves as the trueChristians. Most did not dispute the central doctrines ofChristianity itself, but challenged theChurch as it was constituted in their day. In this they clashed with the vested interests of clerics, and as a result they typically had doctrinal and moral crimes attributed to them in the sources. These possibly bore little relationship to what they actually believed. Given this, how can we know that they were heretics in the first place? Through examining the testimony of witnesses giving evidence to inquisitors in southernFrance in the 1240s, this article demonstrates not only that the role of theRomanChurch was contested, but also that core orthodox doctrines, such as belief in one God, in His creation of the world, and in HisSonJesus suffering and dying in human form, were disputed. Such concepts were not simply imposed on the written record by inquisitors. We have evidence of sincerely held dissenting beliefs, which were often the result of discussion and debate between three competing religious systems prevalent in the region:Catholicism, what historians now call ‘Catharism’, and ‘Waldensianism’. Inquisitors did not simply impose an externally constructed or stereotypical ‘heretic’ onto its records. The evidence indicates that ‘Catharism’ was both real and antithetical to other belief systems.
Churchill's Black Dog at the Home Office, 1910–1911: The Evidential Reliability of Psychiatric Inference
Authors: Attenborough Wilfred 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis is a case study of what passes for the evidential basis of psychological and psychiatric generalizations within popular historical accounts of, and widely publicized conceptions of, Winston Churchill. There are two objectives. First, to sift and evaluate textual evidence concerning Black Dog's actual manifestations and impact during Churchill's term at the Home Office – a period often suggested as one in which he experienced significant mental ill‐health – utilizing, wherever possible, information and clues Churchill himself left behind. The second objective, interwoven with the first, is to subject to test and challenge the evidence relied on for diagnostic pronouncements from the dominant Storr/Ghaemi perspective, while being alert for indications of the alternative apprehension perspective identified, though not consistently adhered to, by Lord Moran. The overall conclusion is that, although clinical precision is unobtainable, the likelihood is that Black Dog at the Home Office manifested as, not melancholia, but worry and other forms of anxiety disorder.
Making Gibraltar British in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe conquest and retention of Gibraltar was a challenge for Britain in the eighteenth century, not only militarily and diplomatically, but also in the context of domestic politics and culture. Gibraltar was a British imperial possession on the edge of Europe, an imposing but isolated outpost, and the centre of a trade network dominated by Muslim Africans and Sephardic Jews. Its largest ethnic group was Catholic and Genoese. Never well understood by most Britons, Gibraltar became an object of fantasy. The British fantasies are revealing, providing evidence, for example, on popular understandings of Anglo‐Muslim relations, the place of Jews within the British empire and Britain's relationship with the European continent. Gibraltar defied easy classification and forced the Britons who commanded there, resided there, or contemplated the outpost from afar to reconsider the importance of Protestantism, European heritage and British identity within the framework of the empire. Before 1748 most British commentary on Gibraltar associated the place with Africans, but after the middle of the century it was increasingly viewed as a bastion defending one frontier of Europe. Following the unsuccessful Spanish siege of 1779–83, Gibraltar became a symbol of British strength and endurance, with Britons standing alone against the rest of the world.
Hypnosis Antenatal Training for Childbirth: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cyna AM , Crowther CA , Robinson JS , Andrew MI , Antoniou G , Baghurst P 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the use of pharmacologic analgesia during childbirth when antenatal hypnosis is added to standard care.DesignRandomised controlled clinical trial, conducted from December 2005 to December 2010.SettingThe largest tertiary referral centre for maternity care in South Australia.PopulationA cohort of 448 women at >34 weeks of gestation, with a singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation, planning a vaginal birth. Exclusions were: the need for an interpreter; pre‐existing pain; psychiatric illness; younger than 18 years; and previous experience of hypnosis for childbirth.MethodsAll participants received usual care. The group of women termedHypnosis + CD(hypnotherapist guided) were offered three antenatal live hypnosis sessions plus each session's corresponding audioCDfor further practise, as well as a final fourthCDto listen to during labour. The group of women termedCDonly (nurse administered) were played the same antenatal hypnosisCDs as group 1, but did not receive live hypnosis training. The control group participants were given no additional intervention orCDs.Main outcome measureUse of pharmacological analgesia during labour and childbirth.ResultsNo difference in the use of pharmacological analgesia during labour and childbirth was found comparing hypnosis + CDwith control (81.2 versus 76.2%; relative risk,RR1.07; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI0.95–1.20), or comparingCDonly with control (76.9 versus 76.2%,RR1.01, 95% CI0.89–1.15).ConclusionsAntenatal group hypnosis using the Hypnosis Antenatal Training for Childbirth (HATCh) intervention in late pregnancy does not reduce the use of pharmacological analgesia during labour and childbirth.
Randomized Pilot Trial Between Prostaglandin I2 Analog and Anti‐Platelet Drugs on Peripheral Arterial Disease in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Ohtake Takayasu , Sato Motoyoshi , Nakazawa Ryoichi , Kondoh Morihiro , Miyaji Takehiko , Moriya Hidekazu , Hidaka Sumi , Kobayashi Shuzo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe effect of the prostaglandin I2 analog, beraprost sodium (BPS), on hemodialysis (HD) patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has not been fully elucidated. The effect of BPS was compared to that of PAD drugs in HD patients with PAD in a multicenter randomized prospective interventional pilot study (J‐PADD). Seventy‐two PAD patients on HD were entered and randomly divided into two groups; that is, BPS group (Group A: n = 35) and PAD drug (cilostazol or sarpogrelate) group (Group B: n = 37). Primary endpoint was changes in skin perfusion pressure (SPP). Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) score, cardiovascular events, PAD events, and adverse events were also evaluated. SPP increased significantly in both groups at 24 weeks from their basal levels. The absolute increase of SPP in Group A and Group B were 15.4 ± 30.0 mm Hg (P < 0.0001) and 20.2 ± 22.1 mm Hg (P = 0.025) (instep), and 13.8 ± 19.3 mm Hg (P < 0.0001) and 9.2 ± 16.3 mm Hg (P = 0.041) (sole), respectively. Changes of KDQOL score showed significantly better result in the role of physical score in Group A compared with Group B. Although heart rate was unchanged in Group A, 9.3/min increase was seen in Group B patients who received cilostazol. There was no intergroup difference in cardiovascular events and/or PAD events between the two groups during the study period. This exploratory pilot study suggested BPS was as effective as anti‐platelet drugs in improving microcirculation in HD patients.
Efficacy of Intra‐Arterial Treatment for Massive Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Banshodani Masataka , Kawanishi Hideki , Moriishi Misaki , Shintaku Sadanori , Sato Tomoyasu , Tsuchiya Shinichiro 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe incidence of acute nonvariceal massive gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is higher in hemodialysis (HD) patients than in healthy individuals, and this is often a life‐threatening event. We evaluated the efficacy of intra‐arterial treatment for GIB in HD patients. Between January 2006 and June 2012, eight HD patients with GIB were treated with superselective transarterial embolization. Of the eight cases, one was duodenal bleeding, two were jejunal bleeding, one was ileocecum bleeding, two were ascending colonic bleeding, and two were sigmoid colonic bleeding. After examining the site of bleeding by endoscopy or contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT), embolizations with microcoils, gelatin sponges, or N‐butyl cyanoacrylate were performed through interventional radiology (IVR). In all cases, blood transfusions were frequently administered. Six of the eight patients with GIB were successfully salvaged by transarterial embolization. In one case, duodenal bleeding was refractory to endoscopic treatment. Embolization was performed twice in this case; however, the patient died of an aneurysm rupture at the embolization site 24 days after the embolizations. In another case, massive jejunal bleeding and disseminated intravascular coagulation were identified at the time of the first examination, and the patient died of multiorgan failure 26 days after the embolization. On the basis of our experience, we established an effective treatment strategy for HD patients with acute nonvariceal massive GIB, by immediately identifying the exact site and degree of bleeding using contrast‐enhanced computed tomography and performing early treatment with transarterial embolization.