bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OIL SPILL SORBENTS: TESTING PROTOCOL AND CERTIFICATION LISTING PROGRAM
Authors: Cooper David , Gausemel Ingvil 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Environment Canada's Emergencies Engineering Division is spearheading a program in conjunction with the Canadian General Standards Board that would see the development of a certification and listing program in addition to a national standard for the testing of sorbent materials. Funding for this program is provided by Environment Canada (EC), Canadian Coast Guard (CCG), Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS).
The test methods are based upon those defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials and previous test methods developed by Environment Canada for our series of reports entitled Selection Criteria and Laboratory Evaluation of Oil Spill Sorbents. This series, which was started in 1975, encompasses a number of commercially available oil spill sorbents tested with different petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents.
The testing program will categorize the sorbents according to their operating characteristics. The main categories are oil spills on water, oil spills on land, and industrial use. The characteristics we will be evaluating with the new test protocols include initial and maximum sorption capacities, water pickup, buoyancy, reuse potential, retention profile, disintegration (material integrity), and ease of application and retrieval.
In the near future we plan to incorporate changes to the test that would involve increasing our list of test liquids to encompass spills in an industrial setting, in addition to testing sorbent booms and addressing the disposal problem.
INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISE FOR REMOTE SENSING AIRCRAFT
Authors: Descleves M. , Pellen Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Intercalibration exercises are organized each year in the North Sea area. In 1991, the tests revealed that airborne detection techniques have limits that are not completely taken into account by the regulations (MARPOL 73–78). It was also shown that using color codes could reduce the risks of error in evaluating the volume of a spill, which can occur even when made by very experienced crews.
IMPLICATIONS OF OBSERVATIONS OF INTENTIONAL OIL SPILLS
Authors: Reed Mark , Turner Chris , Price James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Intentional releases of crude oil on the open ocean were carried out in the Norwegian Sea in 1989 and 1991. The releases were used to evaluate selected satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys for their ability to simulate the movement of oil on the sea surface, and to improve our understanding of the behavior and fate of oil at sea. The crude oil used in 1989 rapidly formed a stable, highly viscous emulsion with water; the crude oil used in 1991 formed a very unstable emulsion, and spread rapidly to a relatively uniform, thin sheen. Both the surface drifters and a simple drift model simulated slick drift relatively well in 1989, but were significantly in error two out of three times in 1991. A physical explanation and numerical model have been constructed to explain the data. Implications of these and other observations, both for surface drifters and models of oil spills, are discussed.
APPLICATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC HOLLOW GLASS MICROBEADS IN THE CLEANUP OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Heller Adam , Nair Maya , Davidson Lois , Schwitzgebel Jörg , Luo Zhenghao , Norrell Jeffery L. , Brock James R. , Ekerdt John G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Crude oil films on water are dissolved by photocatalytic oxidation. The photocatalyst, titanium dioxide, when excited by near-ultraviolet light, accelerates the oxidation of both the alipathic and the aromatic components of crude oil. The photocatalyst is maintained at the air-oil interface through attachment to sandlike ceramic microbeads that are hollow and buoyant.
Experiments in the laboratory show that the near-ultraviolet solar irradiance is not rate limiting in the 25 to 50 W/m2 range. Thus the rate of cleanup is not expected to vary with season or latitude except in the Arctic winter. The projected cleanup times range from one week to several months. Times are shorter when larger amounts of beads are applied per barrel of oil and when the beads are smaller, more buoyant, or less aggregated by the oil. The rate of cleanup was found to be limited by oxygen mass transport and was accelerated by waves.
Photocatalytic oxidation of crude oil, like natural noncatalytic oxidation, results in elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are carcinogens. Both the natural and the photocatalytic processes oxidize the aromatic hydrocarbons to phenols. However, the phenols are more rapidly eliminated in the photocatalytic reaction than they are in the natural photooxidation process.
RESTORATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Mazzotta Marisa J. , Opaluch James J. , Grigalunas Thomas A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To date, the focus of damage assessment has tended to be either on economic valuation of lost services in monetary terms or on scientific studies of resource restoration. This paper suggests an alternative approach that integrates legal concepts based on the public trust doctrine, economic methods of determining compensation, and scientific approaches to restoration. The approach is based on a definition of restoration as a remedy for oil spill damages which identifies alternative restoration actions that provide resource services that are “equally desirable” to society as those lost due to the spill. The least costly of these alternatives is then selected as the cost-effective means of making the public whole.
OPA 90 and the Shipowner
Authors: Bovet David M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
OPA 90 is significantly impacting the business of U.S. and international tanker owners engaged in the U. S. trades. This paper delineates the affected segments of the oil shipping industry, the salient regulatory elements stemming from OPA 90, the financial and operational impacts that result, and the strategic choices open to shipowners.
Regulatory areas addressed include liability and compensation, financial responsibility, new ships, existing vessels, and vessel response plans. Strategic issues and action items are suggested for individual owners and industry groups.
SOOT REDUCTION CHEMICALS FOR IN-SITU BURNING
Authors: Moir Michael E. , Charbonneau Stéphanie , Mitchell J. Brian A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A soot reduction additive for use in the in-situ burning of oil spills has been developed. The additive is in the form of a liquid concentrate that can be sprayed on a spill. The soot producing tendency of hydrocarbons decreases in the order: aromatics, branched paraffins, cycloalkanes, normal paraffins. Similarly, the soot reduction ability of ferrocene and derivatives decreases in the order: aromatics, cycloalkanes, branched paraffins, normal paraffins. A method of predicting soot reduction is inferred from model studies and confirmation obtained from experiments on known hydrocarbon mixtures.
A COORDINATED STATE/FEDERAL VOLUNTEER TRAINING PROGRAM1
Authors: Chuba Thomas J. , Dimmick Elizabeth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
While the sinking of the Tenyo Maru and resultant oil spill off Washington's Olympic Peninsula in July 1991 was tragic, it fostered the birth of a cooperative effort by federal and state agencies to train volunteer responders prior to another oil spill. This effort, under the auspices of an Oregon nonprofit group known as SOLV (Stop Oregon Littering and Vandalism), is known as the SOS (SOLV Oil Spill) Steering committee. The purpose of the group is to train volunteer responders to aid federal, state, and local agencies in future oil spill cleanup activities. For the first time in the nation, governmental agencies have joined with corporations and environmental organizations in coordinating educational programs involving citizens in oil spill remediation efforts before the advent of a major spill that could affect coastal areas or inland waterways.
Free classes meeting federal and state hazardous waste training criteria are offered quarterly to citizens interested in either volunteer wildlife rehabilitation or beach cleanup. The four-hour course was developed by the U.S. Coast Guard, Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality, and Oregon OSHA. Topics covered include agency responsibilities, site safety plans, general safety, toxicology, material safety data sheets, personal protective equipment, decontamination, heat stress, helicopter safety, and wildlife safety.
In addition to course materials, participants receive a certificate and identification card verifying their training. A 1–800 number, computer data base, and newsletter are used to maintain contact with graduates. So far more than 600 volunteers have been trained and are ready to assist should the need arise.
IMPLEMENTATION OF FIELD TECHNIQUES TO STABILIZE ABANDONED OIL WELLS—BOYD'S CREEK, KENTUCKY1
Authors: Eger Charles K. , Fang Wen-Jei , Maybriar Jon , Sims Keith 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Boyd's Creek, situated in Barren County, is recognized as the birthplace of the oil industry in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Naturally occurring oil seeps were identified as early as the 1820s. Commercial crude-oil drilling production began in the early 1860s.3 From the early days to present, countless unrecorded exploration wells were drilled and many of these wells have been found to be improperly abandoned. The Corniferous limestone is the first oil producing interval and is situated at an average subsurface depth of 135 feet. The potential for impacting natural resources is high because of the shallow depth(s) of the Corniferous limestone and the presence of overlying artesian sulfur-water zones which routinely mix with brine and oil in uncased boreholes. The occurrence of limestone related (karstic) features, such as fractures and dissolution cavities, and the close proximity of the Boyd's Creek oil field to nearby surface streams are also of concern. Initially, two abandoned wells were identified as flowing into nearby streams.
Pursuant to federal removal authority provided by Subsection (c) of Section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in accordance with Subtitle ? of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the National Contingency Plan, the Environmental Protection Agency has initiated cleanup operations within properties nearest to Boyd's Creek. Most wells are difficult to identify because they lack any casing strings and/or they have been buried with soil to hide uncontrolled flows at the surface. Field operations have included the utilization of multiple geophysical techniques to identify anomaly areas thought to represent buried unplugged wells. These include the excavation of surface soils down to the underlying limestone bedrock to search for cable tool and rotary boreholes, the drilling out of old wells using conventional industry technology and standards to plug them permanently with cement, the construction of temporary underflow dams downgradient from identified oil spills to minimize impacts on Boyd's Creek and its adjoining tributaries, and the burning of spilled product in temporary holding pits to minimize associated cleanup cost. In undertaking these actions, the agency is eliminating potential sources of petroleum related contamination.
A PROGRAM APPROACH FOR SITE SAFETY AT OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Whipple Frank L. , Glenn Stephan P. , Ocken Joseph J. , Ott Gary L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When OSHA developed the hazardous waste operations (Hazwoper) regulations (29 CFR 1910.120) members of the response community envisioned a separation of oil and “hazmat” response operations. Organizations that deal with oil spills have had difficulty applying Hazwoper regulations to oil spill operations. This hinders meaningful implementation of the standard for their personnel. We should approach oil spills with the same degree of caution that is applied to hazmat response.
Training frequently does not address the safety of oil spill response operations. Site-specific safety and health plans often are neglected or omitted. Certain oils expose workers to carcinogens, as well as chronic and acute hazards. Significant physical hazards are most important. In responding to oil spills, the hazards must be addressed.
It is the authors' contention that a need exists for safety programs at oil spill sites. Gone are the days of labor pool hires cleaning up spills in jeans and sneakers. The key to meaningful programs for oil spills requires application of controls focused on relevant safety risks rather than minimal chemical exposure hazards. Working with concerned reviewers from other agencies and organizations, we have developed a generic safety and health program for oil spill response. It is intended to serve as the basis for organizations to customize their own written safety and health program (required by OSHA). It also provides a separate generic site safety plan for emergency phase oil spill operations (checklist) and long term post-emergency phase operations.
COMPARING CRUDE OIL TOXICITY UNDER STANDARD AND ENVIRONMENTALLY REALISTIC EXPOSURES
Authors: Pace Charles B. , Clark James R. , Bragin Gail E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Standard aquatic toxicity tests do not address real-world, spiked exposure scenarios that occur during oil spills. We evaluated differences in toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed Kuwait crude oil to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) under continuous and spiked (half-life of 2 hours) exposure conditions. The 96-hr LC50s for physically dispersed oil were 0.78 mg/L (continuous) and &gt;2.9 mg/L (spiked), measured as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Values for chemically dispersed oil were 0.98 mg/L (continuous) and 17.7 mg/L (spiked) TPH. Continuous-exposure tests may overestimate the potential for toxic effects under real-world conditions by a factor of 18 or more.
DISPERSION AND BIODEGRADATION OF OIL SPILLS ON WATER
Authors: Varadaraj R. , Robbins M. L. , Bock J. , Pace S. , MacDonald D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Published literature indicates that oil spill dispersion by chemical dispersants will enhance biodegradation because of the increase in interfacial area. However, some of the literature is contradictory concerning whether the use of surfactants will enhance or temporarily inhibit biodegradation, suggesting that more than one mechanism is at work.
We set out to study the correlation between the area of dispersed oil droplets and the rate and extent of microbial oil degradation using sorbitan surfactants. We varied the surfactant blend hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) and treat level in a statistically designed experiment. Both dispersed area and percent oil degraded at a given time were shown to depend on surfactant HLB and treat level, but to different degrees. The difference was accounted for by demonstrating that percent oil degraded depended on both dispersed area and percent sorbitan in the dispersant treat. The quantitative finding that both dispersed area and surfactant chemistry control microbial growth and oil biodegradation explains the apparent contradiction that some good dispersants enhance, while others temporarily inhibit, degradation. Corexit 9500 dispersant was observed to have a positive influence on biodegradation of oil on water.
REVIEW OF U.K. POLICY ON RESPONSE TO OIL AT SEA
Authors: Lunel T. , Albone D. , McDonagh M. , Abbott J. , Tookey D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The review carried out by NETCEN on the most appropriate response methods for oil spilled in U. K. waters concludes that aerial application of dispersants remains the most effective primary response. Modifications to operational procedures, in particular increased monitoring of the effectiveness of the dispersant response, is suggested. Research is ongoing on dispersant efficiency and toxicity, and changes in operational procedures should be dependent on these research programs.
DEPLOYMENT TEST FOR ALYESKA, GPS-POSITIONED DRIFTER BUOY
Authors: Hefer Michael , Burda Brian , Hillman Sharon , Eldridge Kevin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The field test of a free-floating buoy system (the Oil Tracker) was conducted for the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company on November 15–17, 1994. During those three days, several buoy deployments were conducted in varying weather conditions. The Oil Tracker buoys transmitted their positions to both the response vessel and the command center in Valdez in real time.
TRAINING FOR SUCCESS: A FUNCTIONAL MANAGEMENT TRAINING SYSTEM FOR RESPONSE ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Stalfort David C. , Ott Gary L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard and other organizations have adopted the unified command system (UCS) as “the” management system for pollution response. However, people in these organizations have little experience working within the UCS. This training gives participants an alternative way to think during pollution response by raising their experience level so that they will be able to predict what to do during a response and will know how to do it. Experiencing this alternative way of thinking will improve their chances for success by helping them plan their missions, determine goals, and assemble cohesive staffs capable of coordinating successful responses.
QUALITY AND THE UNIFIED COMMAND: THE REINVENTION OF SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Thornton Gary J. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Area contingency planning guidance advocates a unified command support mechanism. Marine Safety Office (MSO) Hampton Roads used total quality management to improve the unified command processes. Following participation in an industry-sponsored spill management team exercise in October 1993, MSO Hampton Roads chartered a quality action team (QAT) to prepare for its December 1993 area exercise.
Before this exercise, the Hampton Roads unified command had the opportunity to try out several quality-based innovations during an actual response. They were further refined by the QAT and effectively executed during the exercise. The enhancements were operationally validated during a March 1994 spill.
EVALUATION AND CORRECTION: KEYS TO RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS
Authors: Mickelson Roger W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Preparedness for oil spill response requires having trained people and relevant equipment. It must also include a disciplined and logical approach to define and implement clear policies, reasonable and coordinated plans, complementary operational and support procedures, and focused training. Preparedness relies on evaluation of team performance in simulated and actual response operations, objectively critiquing the results, and improving proficiency through a formal remedial action program to build better response capabilities.
STUDIES OF IN SITU BURNING OF EMULSIONS IN NORWAY
Authors: Guénette Chantal C. , Sveum Per , Bech Cathe M. , Buist Ian A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An experimental program, spanning four years, was initiated in 1990 to study the in-situ burning of emulsions. Its main objectives were to study the in-situ burning of emulsions in dynamic conditions (wind, waves, currents, and ice); to define the limitations and effectiveness of in-situ burning in terms of water content, evaporation, and film thickness of crude oils and emulsions; and to determine the physical processes involved in burning water-in-oil emulsions. Field experiments were conducted in basins cut into sea ice ranging in size from 4 m2 to 300 m2. Small-scale pan burns and emulsion-heating experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The results show that evaporated water-free oil can be easily ignited and burned with a high efficiency, even in the presence of swells and slush ice. When water contents exceeded 25 percent, the emulsions were difficult to ignite using gelled gasoline, and could not be ignited in the presence of moderate swells. However; ignition could be improved by using alternative igniters. Some postulated processes on the burning of stable emulsions have been confirmed: water must be removed from the emulsion surface before ignition can occur, water is released mainly through evaporation, and the temperature in the emulsion slick does not seem to exceed the boiling point of water.
OIL THICKNESS DETECTION USING WIDEBAND RADIOMETRY
Authors: McMahon O. B. , Brown E. R. , Daniels G. D. , Murphy T. J. , Hover G. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A major problem in the cleanup of oil spills on large bodies of water is determining the oil thickness distribution since much of the oil can be contained in a small fraction of the spill area. Knowledge of the location of the thick patches allows one to use cleanup resources more efficiently. To address this problem, we have designed, built and tested a millimeter-wave, frequency-scanning radiometer for remotely determining the thickness of oil films. The work is based on the theory of the frequency-scanning radiometer. Experimental results, obtained in an outdoor laboratory setting, show agreement between our theory and measured data for oil thicknesses ranging from 0 to 10 mm in 1 mm steps. A visible change was obtained for 0.1 mm steps from 0.0 to 1.0 mm of oil. The study also demonstrated that thin oil/water emulsions are detectable.
IMPROVED LABORATORY DEMULSIFICATION TESTS FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Fiocco Robert J. , Becker Kenneth W. , Walsh Marjorie A. , Hokstad Jorunn N. , Daling Per S. , Lewis Alun 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A critical need currently exists for standard laboratory procedures for evaluating demulsifiers over the range of applications encountered in oil spill response. The procedures should be flexible enough to generate emulsions that are representative of those encountered at various times during a spill situation, and the applications should cover emulsion inhibition, breaking emulsion slicks at sea, and breaking recovered emulsions. Two laboratory test procedures are proposed. The procedures have different mixing energy and treating conditions, but each has the desirable feature of utilizing the same apparatus to generate the emulsion and to test the demulsifier. One procedure, called the wrist-action shaker emulsion test (WRASET), utilizes a standard laboratory apparatus, and is applicable for emulsion inhibition and for simulating at-sea applications of demulsifiers. A second procedure, called the rotating flask emulsion test (ROFLET), can also be used for a range of applications and is applicable for treating emulsions during oil recovery operations. Data from each of the two laboratory emulsion tests are used to demonstrate their features and to provide guidance on their use. An important implication of this work is that laboratory tests currently used to evaluate the effectiveness of dispersants to break up emulsions at sea need to be modified to provide time for the emulsions to be first broken by the dispersant.