bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials, Measurement, and Error: Comparative Class Data and Scientific Argumentation via a Cloud-based Application
Authors: Sinex Scott A. , Chambers Theodore L. , Halpern Joshua B. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe Next Generation Science Standards make scientific discourse a vital part of the classroom and arguing with evidence needs to become a common practice for students. Analysis and interpretation of data are an integral part as well. We present an approach using 21st-century technology combined with collection of laboratory data that is suitable for middle school through college. In an experiment using common nuts and bolts first semester chemistry students form six groups and determine a bolt mass indirectly. They collect mass data; then enter the data into an online form that compiles the data into a spreadsheet in Google Drive, a free cloud-based application. Once all the groups have submitted their data, they access the spreadsheet online and start an emulated online discussion in the laboratory as if the groups were globally dispersed using the chat feature available in Google Drive. Each group is identified by a group number having a unique group email address so there is a semi-anonymous sense among the members that allows for a fairly free discussion among students.
The NANOLAB Project: Educational Nanoscience at High School
Authors: Lisotti Annamaria , De Renzi Valentina , Goldoni Guido 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe growing role of the nano-perspective in contemporary technologies naturally calls for the inclusion of Nanoscience in high school curricula. Reasons range from-the need to educate future responsible citizens to more exquisitely didactical ones. Nanosciences are-in fact a natural playground to introduce modern Physics in a hands-on interdisciplinary way, therefore opening the possibility to expose intrinsically quantum phenomena even in school laboratories. In some cases in fact the unusual properties of nanomaterials can be probed by simple experiments, including systematic data collection, in contrast to spectacular but qualitative-only demonstrations. In this paper-we will present NANOLAB, an open project by FIM Department of Modena and Reggio E. University in Italy, which aims at including nano-inspired hands-on activities in high schools. It consists of simple, cheap, robust and safe experimental protocols, currently covering four areas of nanoscience: smart metals, nanoparticles, conductive polymers, nanostructured surfaces, each linked to one of Nanoscience “big ideas”. The experimental activities range from manual to digital data collection and elaboration, including use of pupils’ own mobile devices (cell and smart phones, tablets) which turn out to be powerful, low-cost, sensitive multi-purpose lab tools, with an added impact on students’ motivation and active involvement in what we could rightly call a high-tech hands-on approach. All accompanying materials are published under Creative Commons license. In such a picture teachers’ role is crucial. To give them adequate support and provide solid background knowledge a coaching program has been running since 2011.
Fabrication of a Large-area-patterned Monolayer of Polytetrafluoroethylene Nanoparticles by Surface Charge Induced Colloidal deposition
Authors: Du Chuan , Wang Jiadao , Chen Darong 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA facile and novel method of fabricating large-area-patterned monolayer of polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) nanoparticles was achieved using surface charge induced colloidal deposition. Chemical processes of amination and hydroxylation were used to make the silicon substrates positively and negatively charged, respectively, while the PTFE colloidal nanoparticles were anisotropic and negatively charged. After colloidal deposition, an ordered monolayer with microholes was formed on the amination surface, while an island-like monolayer was achieved on the hydroxylation surface. Both of the two kinds of monolayers were as large as 1.5 square centimeters. It is worth pointing out that these large-area-patterned monolayers were fabricated without any templates and the whole process only took several hours. The formation mechanism of the different structures can be generally attributed to the cooperation and competition of three-body, two-body and particle-wall interactions. It is believed that the interesting patterned monolayer formation mechanism, high production efficiency, good adaptability and quality will make this novel method attractive.
The vortex flow caused by sound in a bubbly liquid
Authors: Perelomova Anna , Wojda Pawel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGeneration of vorticity in the field of intense sound in a bubbly liquid in the free half-space is considered. The reasons for generation of vorticity are nonlinearity, diffraction, and dispersion. Acoustic streaming differs from that in a Newtonian fluid. Under some conditions, the vortex flow changes its direction. Conclusions concern streaming induced by a harmonic or an impulse Gaussian beam.
Electrovac universes with a cosmological constant
Authors: Posada-Aguirre Nelson , Batic Davide 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present the extension of the Einstein-Maxwell system called electrovac universes by introducing a cosmological constant Λ. In the absence of the Λ term, the crucial equation in solving the Einstein-Maxwell system is the Laplace equation. The cosmological constant modifies this equation to become in a nonlinear partial differential equation which takes the form ΔU =2ΛU 3. We offer special solutions of this equation.
Amelioration of oxidative stress and protection against early brain injury by astaxanthin after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Zhang Xiang-Sheng , Zhang Xin , Zhou Meng-Liang , Zhou Xiao-Ming , Li Ning , Li Wei , Cong Zi-Xiang , Sun Qing , Zhuang Zong , Wang Chun-Xi , Shi Ji-Xin 
Published: April 2014

Object
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes devastating rates of mortality and morbidity. Accumulating studies indicate that early brain injury (EBI) greatly contributes to poor outcomes after SAH and that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of EBI following SAH. Astaxanthin (ATX), one of the most common carotenoids, has a powerful antioxidative property. However, the potential role of ATX in protecting against EBI after SAH remains obscure. The goal of this study was to assess whether ATX can attenuate SAH-induced brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, neural cell death, and neurological deficits, and to elucidate whether the mechanisms of ATX against EBI are related to its powerful antioxidant property.

Methods
Two experimental SAH models were established, including a prechiasmatic cistern SAH model in rats and a one-hemorrhage SAH model in rabbits. Both intracerebroventricular injection and oral administration of ATX were evaluated in this experiment. Posttreatment assessments included neurological scores, body weight loss, brain edema, Evans blue extravasation, Western blot analysis, histopathological study, and biochemical estimation.

Results
It was observed that an ATX intracerebroventricular injection 30 minutes post-SAH could significantly attenuate EBI (including brain edema, blood-brain barrier disruption, neural cell apoptosis, and neurological dysfunction) after SAH in rats. Meanwhile, delayed treatment with ATX 3 hours post-SAH by oral administration was also neuroprotective in both rats and rabbits. In addition, the authors found that ATX treatment could prevent oxidative damage and upregulate the endogenous antioxidant levels in the rat cerebral cortex following SAH.

Conclusions
These results suggest that ATX administration could alleviate EBI after SAH, potentially through its powerful antioxidant property. The authors conclude that ATX might be a promising therapeutic agent for EBI following SAH.
L'indemnité viagère de départ dans l'Allier et ses incidences sur les structures agraires
Authors: Chevrier S. 
Published: April 2014

Résumé
L'attribution de l'indemnité viagère de départ (qui est un supplément de retraite pour les cultivateurs âgés laissant leur domaine dans des conditions qui permettent la « restructuration » d'autres exploitations) a eu dans le département de l'Allier des répercussions inégales selon les régions agricoles et originales par rapport aux résultats enregistrés pour l'ensemble de la France. Agrandissement des exploitations moyennes, disparition de celles trop petites, le but visé par la loi semble atteint ; mais pratiquement, le fils reprenant souvent l'exploitation du père, la cohabitation de plusieurs générations subsiste, atténuant ainsi sensiblement la portée de la loi.
Pays en voie de développement et tourisme
Authors: Burnet L. 
Published: April 2014

Les pays en vote de développement bénéficient, en général, d'une nature et d'une vie humaine originales. Cependant, bien souvent, les moments où ils peuvent être fréquentés ne correspondent pas aux périodes de loisirs dans les pays évolués. Ces derniers, d'ailleurs, disposent encore d'un énorme potentiel touristique non exploité.
Il faut aussi ajouter que les pays en voie de développement manquent d'une infrastructure solide, de capitaux et de personnel spécialisé. Ils sont exposés plus que les autres à la spéculation qui hypothèque leurs possibilités d'avenir.
Si l'on peut être optimiste, c'est uniquement en espérant qu'une législation draconienne sauvegardera leur patrimoine.
Phénomènes périglaciaires en Sibérie orientale. Définition d'une nouvelle province périglaciaire actuelle.
Authors: Journaux André , Dresch Jean 
Published: April 2014

Résumé.
La Yakoutie Centrale, traversée par la Lena, présente des exemples morphogénétiques particuliers, grâce à son climat très rude en hiver et très chaud en été. Sous une taiga de mélèzes, le permafrost atteint 1.450 m d'épaisseur. Fentes de gel, coins de glace et soil veins y présentent toutes sortes de variétés : leur origine et leur évolution en sont discutées. Mais ce sont les effets localisés de la thermokarstie (notamment les dépressions ou alass, les cirques d'érosion thermique), et les effets généralisés de la thermokarstie (largeur des vallées sibériennes et abaissement général du niveau des plaines) qui caractérisent le mieux une nouvelle province périglaciaire actuelle.
Experience-Driven Development: Effector/Memory-Like αE+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Originate from Both Naive T Cells and Naturally Occurring Naive-Like Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Siewert Christiane , Lauer Uta , Cording Sascha , Bopp Tobias , Schmitt Edgar , Hamann Alf , Huehn Jochen 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Naturally occurring Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have initially been described as anergic cells; however, more recent in vivo studies suggest that Tregs vigorously proliferate under both homeostatic as well as inflammatory conditions. We have previously identified a subset of murine CD4+ Tregs, which is characterized by expression of the integrin αEβ7 and which displays an effector/memory-like phenotype indicative of Ag-specific expansion and differentiation. In the present study, the αE+ Treg subset was found to contain a large fraction of cycling cells under homeostatic conditions in healthy mice. Using an adoptive transfer system of Ag-specific T cells, we could demonstrate that the vast majority of transferred natural, naive-like CD25+CD4+ Tregs acquired expression of the integrin αEβ7 upon tolerogenic application of Ag via the oral route. In addition, using the same system, Foxp3+ Tregs could be de novo induced from conventional naive CD25−CD4+ T cells, and this conversion was associated with concomitant expression of αE. These findings suggest that Tregs expressing the integrin αE are effector/memory Tregs with a high turnover rate that can develop in the periphery upon Ag contact under tolerogenic conditions, both from thymic-derived CD25+CD4+ Tregs with a naive-like phenotype as well as from conventional naive T cells.
Early Effector T Cells Producing Significant IFN-γ Develop into Memory
Authors: Bell J. Jeremiah , Ellis Jason S. , Guloglu F. Betul , Tartar Danielle M. , Lee Hyun-Hee , Divekar Rohit D. , Jain Renu , Yu Ping , Hoeman Christine M. , Zaghouani Habib 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Currently, transition of T cells from effector to memory is believed to occur as a consequence of exposure to residual suboptimal Ag found in lymphoid tissues at the waning end of the effector phase and microbial clearance. This led to the interpretation that memory arises from slightly activated late effectors producing reduced amounts of IFN-γ. In this study, we show that CD4 T cells from the early stage of the effector phase in which both the Ag and activation are optimal also transit to memory. Moreover, early effector T cells that have undergone four divisions expressed significant IL-7R, produced IFN-γ, and yielded rapid and robust memory responses. Cells that divided three times that had marginal IL-7R expression and no IFN-γ raised base level homeostatic memory, whereas those that have undergone only two divisions and produced IFN-γ yielded conditioned memory despite low IL-7R expression. Thus, highly activated early effectors generated under short exposure to optimal Ag in vivo develop into memory, and such transition is dependent on a significant production of the cell’s signature cytokine, IFN-γ.
Increased Antigen Presentation Efficiency by Coupling Antigens to MHC Class I Trafficking Signals
Authors: Kreiter Sebastian , Selmi Abderraouf , Diken Mustafa , Sebastian Martin , Osterloh Phillip , Schild Hansjörg , Huber Christoph , Türeci Özlem , Sahin Ugur 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Genetic modification of vaccines by linking the Ag to lysosomal or endosomal targeting signals has been used to route Ags into MHC class II processing compartments for improvement of CD4+ T cell responses. We report in this study that combining an N-terminal leader peptide with an MHC class I trafficking signal (MITD) attached to the C terminus of the Ag strongly improves the presentation of MHC class I and class II epitopes in human and murine dendritic cells (DCs). Such chimeric fusion proteins display a maturation state-dependent subcellular distribution pattern in immature and mature DCs, mimicking the dynamic trafficking properties of MHC molecules. T cell response analysis in vitro and in mice immunized with DCs transfected with Ag-encoding RNA showed that MITD fusion proteins have a profoundly higher stimulatory capacity than wild-type controls. This results in efficient expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and improved effector functions. We used CMVpp65 and NY-ESO-1 Ags to study preformed immune responses in CMV-seropositive individuals and cancer patients. We show that linking these Ags to the MITD trafficking signal allows simultaneous, polyepitopic expansion of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, resulting in distinct CD8+ T cell specificities and a surprisingly broad and variable Ag-specific CD4+ repertoire in different individuals.
Cutting Edge: Requirement for TRAF6 in the Induction of T Cell Anergy
Authors: King Carolyn G. , Buckler Jodi L. , Kobayashi Takashi , Hannah Jeffrey R. , Bassett Garrett , Kim Taesoo , Pearce Erika L. , Kim Gregory G. , Turka Laurence A. , Choi Yongwon 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
TRAF6, TNFR-associated factor 6, is a key adaptor downstream from the TNF receptor and TLR superfamily members. T cell-specific deletion of TRAF6 (TRAF6-ΔT) was recently shown to result in the development of multiorgan inflammatory disease and the resistance of responder T cells to suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. In this study we examined the role of TRAF6 in an additional mechanism of peripheral tolerance, anergy. We have determined that the loss of TRAF6 restores the ability of CD28−/− T cells to proliferate and produce IL-2. Consistent with this, TRAF6-ΔT T cells were resistant to anergizing signals both in vitro and in vivo. Resistance to anergy was correlated with decreased expression of Cbl-b. These findings reveal that in addition to its role in rendering T cells susceptible to control by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, TRAF6 is essential for the induction of T cell anergy, implicating TRAF6 as a critical mediator of peripheral tolerance.
HLA-A*0201-Restricted CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitopes Identified from Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D
Authors: Chentoufi Aziz Alami , Zhang Xiuli , Lamberth Kasper , Dasgupta Gargi , Bettahi Ilham , Nguyen Alex , Wu Michelle , Zhu Xiaoming , Mohebbi Amir , Buus Søren , Wechsler Steven L. , Nesburn Anthony B. , BenMohamed Lbachir 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEvidence obtained from both animal models and humans suggests that T cells specific for HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD) contribute to protective immunity against herpes infection. However, knowledge of gD-specific human T cell responses is limited to CD4+ T cell epitopes, with no CD8+ T cell epitopes identified to date. In this study, we screened the HSV-1 gD amino acid sequence for HLA-A*0201-restricted epitopes using several predictive computational algorithms and identified 10 high probability CD8+ T cell epitopes. Synthetic peptides corresponding to four of these epitopes, each nine to 10 amino acids in length, exhibited high-affinity binding in vitro to purified human HLA-A*0201 molecules. Three of these four peptide epitopes, gD53–61, gD70–78, and gD278–286, significantly stabilized HLA-A*0201 molecules on T2 cell lines and are highly conserved among and between HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains. Consistent with this, in 33 sequentially studied HLA-A*0201-positive, HSV-1-seropositive, and/or HSV-2-seropositive healthy individuals, the most frequent and robust CD8+ T cell responses, assessed by IFN-γ ELISPOT, CD107a/b cytotoxic degranulation, and tetramer assays, were directed mainly against gD53–61, gD70–78, and gD278–286 epitopes. In addition, CD8+ T cell lines generated by gD53–61, gD70–78, and gD278–286 peptides recognized infected target cells expressing native gD. Lastly, CD8+ T cell responses specific to gD53–61, gD70–78, and gD278–286 epitopes were induced in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice following ocular or genital infection with either HSV-1 or HSV-2. The functional gD CD8+ T cell epitopes described herein are potentially important components of clinical immunotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic herpes vaccines.
NF-κB Signaling, Elastase Localization, and Phagocytosis Differ in HIV-1 Permissive and Nonpermissive U937 Clones
Authors: Bristow Cynthia L. , Wolkowicz Roland , Trucy Maylis , Franklin Aaron , Di Meo Fernando , Kozlowski Mark T. , Winston Ronald , Arnold Roland R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
To identify positive or negative factors for HIV-1 infectivity, clones from the U937 promonocytic cell line that express similar levels of CD4 and CXCR4, but differ in HIV-1 susceptibility, were compared. In contrast to HIV-1 permissive clone 10 (plus), nonpermissive clone 17 (minus) was adherent to coverslips coated with chemokines, was phagocytic, killed bacteria, and expressed human leukocyte elastase (HLE) in a granule-like compartment (HLEG) that was never detected at the cell surface (HLECS). In contrast to the minus clone, the plus clone expressed HLE on the cell surface and was adherent to coverslips coated with the HLECS ligands α1proteinase inhibitor (α1PI, α1antitrypsin) and the HIV-1 fusion peptide. The phosphorylation status of several important signaling proteins was studied at the single cell level. Tumor suppressor p53, NF-κB p65, and Akt were constitutively phosphorylated in the plus clone, but not in the minus clone. Surprisingly, both α1PI and LPS induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 Ser-536 in both clones, but induced dephosphorylation of Ser-529 in the plus clone only. HIV-1 permissivity was conferred to the minus clone in a manner that required stimulation by both α1PI and LPS and was coincident to NF-κB p65 phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events as well as translocation of HLE to the cell surface. Even when stimulated, the minus clone exhibited greater reverse transcriptase activity, but less p24, than the plus clone. Results presented suggest that HIV-1 uptake and production efficiency are influenced by signaling profiles, receptor distribution, and the phagocytic capacity specific to the stage of differentiation of the CD4+ target cell.
Multichannel Fluorescence Spinning Disk Microscopy Reveals Early Endogenous CD4 T Cell Recruitment in Contact Sensitivity via Complement
Authors: Norman M. Ursula , Hulliger Sara , Colarusso Pina , Kubes Paul 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Contact sensitivity (CS) is one of the primary in vivo models of T cell-mediated inflammation. The presence of CS-initiating CD4 T lymphocytes at the time of challenge is essential for transfer and full development of the late phase CS inflammatory response. From this observation investigators have speculated that early recruitment of CD4 T cells to the site of challenge must occur. Moreover, there must be rapid synthesis/release and disappearance of an important mediator during the first hours after hapten challenge. Using spinning disk confocal microscopy, we observed the very early effector events of the immune response. Simultaneous, real-time visualization of predominant neutrophil and extremely rare CD4 T cell trafficking in the challenged skin vasculature was noted (one rolling CD4 T cell for every 10–18 rolling and adherent neutrophils). We demonstrate that neutrophil adhesion during the early CS response was reduced in C5a receptor-deficient (C5aR−/−) mice or leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist-treated mice, whereas CD4 T cell recruitment was only inhibited in C5aR−/− mice. In line with these observations, leukocyte infiltration and the associated tissue damage were significantly reduced in C5aR−/− mice but not in leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist-treated wild-type mice 24 h after challenge. C5a receptor expression on T cells and not on tissue resident cells was important for the development of a CS response. Thus, by using spinning disk confocal microscopy we visualized the early events of an adaptive immune response and identified the rare but essential recruitment of CD4 T cells via the complement pathway.
Ex Vivo Rapamycin Generates Apoptosis-Resistant Donor Th2 Cells That Persist In Vivo and Prevent Hemopoietic Stem Cell Graft Rejection
Authors: Mariotti Jacopo , Foley Jason , Jung Unsu , Borenstein Todd , Kantardzic Nermina , Han Soo , Hanson Joshua T. , Wong Elaine , Buxhoeveden Nicole , Trepel Jane B. , Fojo Antonio Tito , Telford William , Fowler Daniel H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Because ex vivo rapamycin generates murine Th2 cells that prevent Graft-versus-host disease more potently than control Th2 cells, we hypothesized that rapamycin would generate Th2/Tc2 cells (Th2/Tc2.R cells) that abrogate fully MHC-disparate hemopoietic stem cell rejection more effectively than control Th2/Tc2 cells. In a B6-into-BALB/c graft rejection model, donor Th2/Tc2.R cells were indeed enriched in their capacity to prevent rejection; importantly, highly purified CD4+ Th2.R cells were also highly efficacious for preventing rejection. Rapamycin-generated Th2/Tc2 cells were less likely to die after adoptive transfer, accumulated in vivo at advanced proliferative cycles, and were present in 10-fold higher numbers than control Th2/Tc2 cells. Th2.R cells had a multifaceted, apoptosis-resistant phenotype, including: 1) reduced apoptosis after staurosporine addition, serum starvation, or CD3/CD28 costimulation; 2) reduced activation of caspases 3 and 9; and 3) increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL expression and reduced proapoptotic Bim and Bid expression. Using host-versus-graft reactivity as an immune correlate of graft rejection, we found that the in vivo efficacy of Th2/Tc2.R cells 1) did not require Th2/Tc2.R cell expression of IL-4, IL-10, perforin, or Fas ligand; 2) could not be reversed by IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15 posttransplant therapy; and 3) was intact after therapy with Th2.R cells relatively devoid of Foxp3 expression. We conclude that ex vivo rapamycin generates Th2 cells that are resistant to apoptosis, persist in vivo, and effectively prevent rejection by a mechanism that may be distinct from previously described graft-facilitating T cells.