bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androecial evolution in Caryophyllales in light of a paraphyletic Molluginaceae
Authors: Brockington Samuel , Dos Santos Patricia , Glover Beverley , De Craene Louis Ronse 
Published: September 2013

• Premise of the study: Caryophyllales are highly diverse in the structure of the perianth and androecium and show a mode of floral development unique in eudicots, reflecting the continuous interplay of gynoecium and perianth and their influence on position, number, and identity of the androecial whorls. The floral development of five species from four genera of a paraphyletic Molluginaceae (Limeum, Hypertelis, Glinus, Corbichonia), representing three distinct evolutionary lineages, was investigated to interpret the evolution of the androecium across Caryophyllales.• Methods: Floral buds were dissected, critical‐point dried and imaged with SEM. The genera studied are good representatives of the diversity of development of stamens and staminodial petaloids in Caryophyllales.• Key results: Sepals show evidence of petaloid differentiation via marginal hyaline expansion. Corbichonia, Glinus, and Limeum also show perianth differentiation via sterilization of outer stamen tiers. In all four genera, stamens initiate with the carpels and develop centrifugally, but subsequently variation is significant. With the exception of Limeum, the upper whorl is complete and alternisepalous, while a second antesepalous whorl arises more or less sequentially, starting opposite the inner sepals. Loss or sterilization of antesepalous stamens occurs in Glinus and Limeum and is caused by altered carpel merism and inhibition by sepal pressures.• Conclusions: Outer stamens of Hypertelis correspond with petaloids of Caryophyllaceae and suggest that staminodial petaloids and outer alternisepalous stamens are interchangeable in the Caryophyllales. We emphasize a switch in the position of first formed stamens from antesepalous to alternisepalous following the divergence of Limeum; thus stamen position is an important synapomorphy for the globular inclusion clade.
Teaching Resident Physicians Chronic Disease Management: Simulating a 10-Year Longitudinal Clinical Experience With a Standardized Dementia Patient and Caregiver
Authors: Schlaudecker Jeffrey D. , Lewis Timothy J. , Moore Irene , Pallerla Harini , Stecher Anna M. , Wiebracht Nathan D. , Warshaw Gregg A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Education for all physicians should include specialty-specific geriatrics-related and chronic disease-related topics.

Objective
We describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a chronic disease/geriatric medicine curriculum designed to teach Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies and geriatric medicine competencies to residents by using longitudinal encounters with a standardized dementia patient and her caregiver daughter.

Intervention
Over 3 half-day sessions, the unfolding standardized patient (SP) case portrays the progressive course of dementia and simulates a 10-year longitudinal clinical experience between residents and a patient with dementia and her daughter. A total of 134 residents participated in the University of Cincinnati-based curriculum during 2007–2010, 72% of whom were from internal medicine (79) or family medicine (17) residency programs. Seventy-five percent of participants (100) said they intended to provide primary care to older adults in future practice, yet 54% (73) had little or no experience providing medical care to older adults with dementia.

Results
Significant improvements in resident proficiency were observed for all self-reported skill items. SPs' evaluations revealed that residents' use of patient-centered language and professionalism significantly improved over the 3 weekly visits. Nearly all participants agreed that the experience enhanced clinical competency in the care of older adults and rated the program as “excellent” or “above average” compared to other learning activities.

Conclusions
Residents found this SP-based curriculum using a longitudinal dementia case realistic and valuable. Residents improved in both self-perceived knowledge of dementia and the use of patient-centered language and professionalism.
Toward Defining and Measuring Social Accountability in Graduate Medical Education: A Stakeholder Study
Authors: Reddy Anjani T. , Lazreg Sonia A. , Phillips Robert L. , Bazemore Andrew W. , Lucan Sean C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Since 1965, Medicare has publically financed graduate medical education (GME) in the United States. Given public financing, various advisory groups have argued that GME should be more socially accountable. Several efforts are underway to develop accountability measures for GME that could be tied to Medicare payments, but it is not clear how to measure or even define social accountability.

Objective
We explored how GME stakeholders perceive, define, and measure social accountability.

Methods
Through purposive and snowball sampling, we completed semistructured interviews with 18 GME stakeholders from GME training sites, government agencies, and health care organizations. We analyzed interview field notes and audiorecordings using a flexible, iterative, qualitative group process to identify themes.

Results
Three themes emerged in regards to defining social accountability: (1) creating a diverse physician workforce to address regional needs and primary care and specialty shortages; (2) ensuring quality in training and care to best serve patients; and (3) providing service to surrounding communities and the general public. All but 1 stakeholder believed GME institutions have a responsibility to be socially accountable. Reported barriers to achieving social accountability included training time constraints, financial limitations, and institutional resistance. Suggestions for measuring social accountability included reviewing graduates' specialties and practice locations, evaluating curricular content, and reviewing program services to surrounding communities.

Conclusions
Most stakeholders endorsed the concept of social accountability in GME, suggesting definitions and possible measures that could inform policy makers calls for increased accountability despite recognized barriers.
Stalin on Stamps and other Philatelic Materials: Design, Propaganda, Politics
Authors: Kolchinsky Alexander 
Published: September 2013

Stamps, postcards, and illustrated covers present a valuable and underappreciated resource in historical research, particularly when they deal—directly or indirectly—with images of national leaders. Th eir content and design refl ect and sometimes even anticipate political developments. Th e case of Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953, is especially complex due to his extraordinary national and international infl uence. Th is work analyzes the usage of Joseph Stalin’s likeness and name on stamps and other postal items in the context of contemporaneous political circumstances and the needs of domestic and international propaganda. Th e study examines philatelic items issued not only in the Soviet Union and other communist countries, but also in Western Europe and the United States.
A Dialogic Approach to Implementing General Education Assessment at the Department Level
Authors: Rosaen Sarah F. , Hayes Rebecca A. , Paroske Marcus , Mare Danielle De La 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A quasi-experimental design found that an induction of nonhierarchical dialogue, called meta-assessment, about general education assessment at the program level increases faculty commitment to assessment in comparison to a control group. Full- and part-time communication faculty participated in a seminar about assessment. Results indicate that both faculty groups felt comfortable bringing up negative and risky topics about assessment during the seminar. Attending the seminar, moreover, improved the communication faculties' attitudes, confidence, and understanding of assessment in comparison to the control department. Moreover, communication faculty continued to have higher confidence and understanding compared to the control after completing assessment.
Archaeological Fingerprinting and Fremont Figurines
Authors: Pitblado Bonnie L. , Cannon Molly Boeka , Bloxham Megan , Janetski Joel , Adovasio J.M. , Anderson Kathleen R. , Nelson Stephen T. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAfter the anonymous 2011 return of a long-missing Pilling Fremont figurine, a multi-disciplinary research team conducted “fingerprint” analyses in an effort to match it to 10 mates with intact provenance. The Pilling figurines, crafted 1,000 years ago and cached in a remote sandstone niche in eastern Utah, are the most significant find of Fremont portable art ever documented because they occurred in situ and are unparalleled in detail and completeness. Most of the other 400-plus known Fremont figurines derive from secondary contexts, limiting inferences archaeologists might otherwise draw in domains ranging from Fremont exchange to inter- and intra-cultural ideology. Basketry-imprint analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and portable X-ray fluorescence suggest that the returned specimen is the original Pilling. After a 40-year absence, it is now permanently curated with the rest of the collection at the Prehistoric Museum, USU Eastern, in Price, Utah, and can contribute to research of a rare artifact class. The techniques reported can also be applied to finds of fragmentary Fremont figurines in secondary contexts to assess relationships among specimens and sites. Most broadly, the successful application of nondestructive pXRF may inspire confidence in scientists studying rare and delicate specimens traditionally profiled using destructive methods such as INAA.
Designing a Sample of Cores to Estimate the Number of Features at a Site
Authors: Welch Paul 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPrevious literature dealing with designing samples of points on a grid focuses on finding all the targets in a sample area, as would be the case when shovel-testing to discover features or sites within an impact zone. That goal will be achieved most efficiently using offset-square or hexagonal grid patterns. However, if the goal is to estimate the number of features based on a probability sample, the optimum design is actually a square grid with a grid interval greater than the target diameter. This surprising but welcome result is due to the interaction of several nonlinear relationships between the grid interval, the target size, the number of sample points, and the probability of intersecting a feature, combined with the fact that square grids can avoid edge-effect biases more efficiently than the other designs. The square also requires the lowest total travel time. Substantial additional cost-efficiency can be gained by using a cluster design with at least five clusters.
Quantum states and vortex patterns in nanosuperconductors
Authors: Deloof Bart , Moshchalkov Victor V. , Chibotaru Liviu F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe quanum levels and corresponding vortex states in nanoscale superconductors are investigated within generalized Bogolubov‐de Gennes theory. For symmetric (square‐shaped) samples thermodynamically stable vortex phases form symmetry‐consistent patterns and no transition to conventional Abrikosov‐like vortex patterns occurs till T=0K for sizes not exceeding 25 nm. For vorticity a giant vortex is stabilized at temperatures in the vicinity of , which transforms into a giant antivortex and four normal vortices with lowering the temperature. On the other hand, the vortex pattern for vorticity corresponds to an antivortex and four normal vortices in the whole temperature domain.
Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of hydrogel–nanosilver composites based on copolymers from 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium
Authors: Valle Hernán , Rivas Bernabé L. , Fernández Mar , Mondaca María A. , Aguilar María R. , Román Julio San 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTIn this research, we contributed to the search for potential hydrogel–silver dressings by generating hydrogel–silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composites prepared by the dipping of the crosslinked hydrogel poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium) (1:1) and poly(acrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium) (1:1) into an aqueous suspension of citrate‐stabilized AgNPs. The composites obtained were evaluated by an antibacterial activity assay on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and subjected to an in vitro cytotoxicity assay for human fibroblasts. The composite formed from the hydrogel poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium) with 3 mol % N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide showed the highest antibacterial activity and the least cytotoxicity among the composites tested; this makes it an excellent alternative as a potential dressing for the treatment of deep and exudative wounds. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39644.
Effect of surface modification of graphite oxide on the morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of polyurea/graphite oxide composites
Authors: Yang Jintao , Zheng Jiongzhou , Hu Renhao , Chen Feng , Fan Ping , Zhong Mingqiang 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThree surface modifiers, namely, aminopolyether (D2000), phenyl isocyanate, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG800), which have different affinities to the hard and soft segments in polyurea, were used to synthesize functionalized graphite oxides (GO). The PEG800‐modified (PEG800‐GO) and phenyl isocyanate‐modified (i‐GO) GOs were highly exfoliated and dispersed in DMF, whereas the D2000‐modified GO (D2000‐GO) produced some precipitates. Polyurea/GO composites were prepared using a solution‐blending method, in which functionalized GO platelet suspensions in dimethyl formamide were used. Results show that PEG800‐GO and i‐GO are uniformly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix on a nanoscale, whereas D2000‐GO forms visible aggregates. The well‐dispersed GO platelets improved the thermal stability and mechanical properties of polyurea. PEG800‐GO, which has a strong affinity for the soft segments, shows a more significant reinforcing effect. At 2.0 wt % GO loading, the tensile strength of polyurea was enhanced by ∼75%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39775.
Two‐Photon Polarity Probes Built from Octupolar Fluorophores: Synthesis, Structure–Properties Relationships, and Use in Cellular Imaging
Authors: Le Droumaguet Céline , Sourdon Aude , Genin Emilie , Mongin Olivier , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA series of octupolar fluorophores built from a triphenylamine (TPA) core connected to electron‐withdrawing (EW) peripheral groups through conjugated spacers has been synthesized. Their photoluminescence, solvatochromism, and two‐photon absorption (2PA) properties were systematically investigated to derive structure–property relationships. All derivatives exhibit two 2PA bands in the 700–1000 nm region: a first band at low energy correlated with a core‐to‐periphery intramolecular charge transfer that leads to an intense 1PA in the blue‐visible range, and a second more intense band at higher energy due to an efficient coupling of the branches through the TPA core. Increasing the strength of the EW end groups or the length of the conjugated spacers and replacing triple‐bond linkers with double bonds induces both enhancement and broadening of the 2PA responses, thereby leading to cross‐sections up to 2100 GM at peak and higher than 1000 GM over the whole 700–900 nm range. All derivatives exhibit intense photoluminescence (PL) in low‐ to medium‐polarity environments (with quantum yields in the 0.5–0.9 range) and display a strong positive solvatochromic behavior (with Lippert–Mataga specific shifts ranging from 15 000 to 27 500 cm−1), triple bonds, and phenyl moieties in the conjugated spacers, thereby leading to larger sensitivities than those of double bonds and thienyl moieties. More hydrophilic derivatives were also shown to be biocompatible, to retain their 2PA and PL properties in biological conditions, and finally to be suitable as polarity sensors for multiphoton cell imaging.
Non‐Parametric Identification Method of Volterra Kernels for Nonlinear Systems Excited by Multitone Signal
Authors: Han H. T. , Ma H. G. , Tan L. N. , Cao J. F. , Zhang J. L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTo solve the problem of Volterra frequency‐domain kernels (VFKs) of nonlinear systems, which can be difficult to identify, we propose a novel non‐parametric identification method based on multitone excitation. First, we have studied the output properties of VFKs of nonlinear systems excited by the multitone signal, and derived a formula for identifying VFKs. Second, to improve the efficiency of the non‐parametric identification method, we suggest an increase in the number of tones for multitone excitation to simultaneously identify multi‐point VFKs with one excitation. We also propose an algorithm for searching the frequency base of multitone excitation. Finally, we use the interpolation method to separate every order output of VFK and extract its output frequency components, then use the derived formula to calculate the VFKs. The theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the non‐parametric method has a high precision and convenience of operation, improving the conventional methods, which have the defects of being unable to precisely identify VFKs and identification results are limited to three‐order VFK.
Service attachment: The relative contributions of ward climate perceptions and attachment anxiety and avoidance in male inpatients with psychosis
Authors: Campbell Roslyn , Allan Steven , Sims Patrick 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundIt has been suggested that mental health services can help meet the attachment needs of inpatients and improve patient outcomes through the provision of a ‘secure base’; however, what defines the latter is unclear. Perception of ward climate might be a useful indicator.AimThe aim of this study was to examine whether inpatient perceptions of the ward climate, which is partly under the control of the service, or inpatients' own personal levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance are more associated with their attachment to their service.MethodSeventy‐six men diagnosed with a psychotic illness, who were residents in one of four regional medium‐security units in England, completed questionnaire measures of service attachment, personal attachment style and ward climate.ResultsWard climate was more strongly associated with service attachment than personal levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance. The most important aspect of ward climate for service attachment was the depth and influence of staff support for the inpatients.ConclusionsAlthough patient characteristics are important influences on development of service attachment, ward climate is also important. The latter may be easily and reliably monitored with a brief questionnaire. Strategies to enhance and maintain its positive components are likely to be important for progress with forensic hospital inpatients who have a psychotic illness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailoring the S‐Selectivity of 2‐Succinyl‐5‐enolpyruvyl‐6‐hydroxy‐3‐cyclohexene‐1‐carboxylate Synthase (MenD) from Escherichia coli
Authors: Westphal Robert , Hahn Doris , Mackfeld Ursula , Waltzer Simon , Beigi Maryam , Widmann Michael , Vogel Constantin , Pleiss Jürgen , Müller Michael , Rother Dörte , Pohl Martina 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)‐dependent enzyme 2‐succinyl‐5‐enolpyruvyl‐6‐hydroxy‐3‐cyclohexene‐1‐carboxylate synthase from Escherichia coli (EcMenD, E.C. 2.2.1.9) catalyzes the carboligation of α‐ketoglutarate (α‐KG) and various benzaldehyde derivatives with excellent chemo‐ as well as high R‐selectivity (enantiomeric excess (ee) >93 %) to yield chiral α‐hydroxy ketones. Based on the recently developed S‐pocket concept, we engineered S‐selective EcMenD variants by optimizing the steric properties and stabilization of the acceptor substrate in the S‐pocket. Moreover, the moderate S‐selectivity of the EcMenD variant I474A/F475G described recently for the carboligation of α‐KG and benzaldehyde (ee=75 %) could be improved by selective destabilization of the R‐pathway, which resulted in the variant I474A/F475G/R395Y (ee=85 % S). Subsequent investigation of the acceptor substrate range of this new variant revealed high S‐selectivity especially with meta‐substituted benzaldehydes, which gave access to 5‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐5‐arylpentanoates with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99 % ee S. Thus, opening the S‐pocket and simultaneous destabilization of the R‐pathway provides a potential general new strategy to enhance the S‐selectivity of ThDP‐dependent enzymes.
Radial Profiles of Gas Bubble Behavior in a Gas‐Liquid Bubble Column Reactor under Elevated Pressures
Authors: Jin H. , Qin Y. , Yang S. , He G. , Guo Z. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe effects of operating conditions on radial variation of gas holdups, bubble swarm rising velocity, and Sauter mean diameter were investigated in a bubble column reactor under elevated pressures using a conductivity probe method. Air served as gas phase and tap water as liquid phase with varying gas velocity and pressure. All three parameters increased constantly with higher superficial gas velocity. Maximum holdup, velocity, and Sauter mean diameter were found at the center of the cross section. Two different cases for Sauter mean diameter distribution were observed. The gas holdups increase continuously with higher system pressure, but decrease for bubble swarm rising velocity and Sauter mean diameter. According to experimental results, an empirical correlation of the gas holdup profiles is presented.
Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Adiabatic Hot‐Storage Experiments for Reactive Dusts
Authors: Schmidt M. , Wanke C. , Krause U. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe formal kinetics of self‐ignition of solid bulk materials theoretically can be derived from just one single adiabatic hot‐storage test. The question arises how uncertainties in the measurements can be quantified and how these uncertainties affect the results of the subsequent predictions. Adiabatic and isoperibolic hot‐storage basket tests were performed for samples of lignite coal, black coal, cork dust, a polymer dust, and wax‐coated silicid acid. In the adiabatic experiments, the starting temperature and the temperature control of the oven were varied systematically to study the uncertainty margin of adiabatic tests. The apparent activation energy and the pre‐exponential factor of the lumped reaction were derived from the adiabatic tests including average values and standard deviations and compared to isoperibolic experiments performed according to the European standard EN 15188. It could be shown that with a precise temperature control of the adiabatic oven combined with an automated computation of the maximum rate of temperature rise the uncertainty of the apparent activation energy can be limited to less than 10 %.