bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE TO MAJOR OIL SPILL—TANK BARGE ST. THOMAS
Authors: Tanos Alexander E. , Hart Tony E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In early February 1986 the U.S. tank barge St. Thomas struck a submerged object in Charlotte Amalie harbor, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Damage to the barge's number 1 starboard cargo tank resulted in the loss of an estimated 500 barrels of No. 6 fuel oil. Later, an additional 100 barrels were lost when temporary patching of the tank let go. These two spills are believed to be the largest that have affected the U.S. Virgin Islands.
When the operators of the barge failed to initiate an appropriate response to remove the oil, the Coast Guard on-scene coordinator initiated a federal response under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Over the next month the OSC coordinated the cleanup of this oil which had pocketed around the harbor. Total costs for the cleanup exceeded $1.9 million. No long-term environmental damage is believed to have occurred.
OIL SPILL TRAINING: THE NEED CONTINUES
Authors: Meyers Robert J. , Payne J. Larry , Strong Clyde B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To effectively handle oil spill incidents, response personnel must possess certain knowledge relevant to spill control activities. These personnel must demonstrate adequate manipulative and problem-solving abilities—practical skills—that can be used in managing oil spills. As a rule, this knowledge and these skills are obtained by one of two means. Response personnel attend and participate in training activities, or they learn from experience.
Learning strictly by experience can provide valuable lessons, but such a method proves costly, inefficient, and incomplete in the long term. On the other hand, classroom and field programs in spill control are readily available and, to some extent, are successful in providing general knowledge to a broad audience.
Time, scheduling, and especially financial constraints must be considered in planning training activities. Careful planning of an overall training can result in a series of short programs that, if properly designed and sequenced, can provide stronger results than an intensive program. Many companies are modifying budgets as a result of the current economic climate, however the need for training continues. In the long term, benefits gained by responding promptly and effectively to environmental incidents can far outweigh the insignificant training costs involved. With recent industrywide reductions in experienced manpower it is even more important that personnel with limited experience be well trained to handle an emergency when it arises. The training programs described in this paper are designed with this current situation in mind.
Special emphasis is placed here on simulation exercises. Such exercises familiarize participants with their roles, relations, responsibilities, interfaces, and communications procedures during a spill cleanup operation, and also address crisis management, all in a classroom environment. Examples of actual simulations conducted at several Sohio facilities with state-of-the-art computer enhancement will be presented, and their benefits discussed.
OIL SPILL TRAINING—AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH
Authors: Wiebe Wayne 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response and equipment deployment training is a vital part of oil spill contingency planning. The Petroleum Industry Training Service has recognized the oil industry's needs in this regard and has established a number of oil spill related courses. These programs have been constructed to meet individual needs for contingency planning, response planning, equipment handling, cleanup techniques, and restoration procedures.
Our organization understands the need for practical field training and because of this has designed the material around effective communications, coordination, cooperation, and case histories.
In our training programs the varied subject matter is covered by personnel from the oil industry and regulatory agencies. Each of these individuals is well experienced in oil spill countermeasures and is capable of providing both theoretical and practical information.
In addition, the province of Alberta, Canada, has been divided into 24 oil spill cooperatives. Each co-op is required to provide adequately trained personnel who can respond to and handle an oil spill on land, water, or under ice conditions. To make the educational process more effective, a full-time oil spill training coordinator is available to assist the cooperative chairman and his members with response planning and training exercise details.
The system of classroom orientation, case studies, and hands-on field training has proven successful over the past five years, has paid dividends to the oil industry and regulatory agencies, and has received positive comments from many oil spill strategy groups.
POLLUTION PREVENTION AT THE PORT OF MARSEILLE AUTHORITY
Authors: Jointe P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Port of Marseille Authority has established measures both for the prevention of oil pollution and for mounting a rapid, effective response to any spills that do occur. These include an Integrated Regulations Center that provides necessary documents to port users advising them of port rules and regulations, the providing of waste removal services for materials from ships' rubbish to oily ballast waters, and stockpiles of cleanup equipment such as booms, sorbents, and skimmers. A pollution response organization—GAPAM—also has been set up to plan for and carry out major cleanup operations.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CANADIAN OIL SPILL TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Potter S. G. , Ross S. L. , Oddy L. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A comprhensive program has been developed to train industry personnel in Canada who have marine oil spill countermeasures responsibilities. Four distinct phases were involved in the design of the program: first, in-depth interviews with oil company environmentalists and managers and analyses of company oil spill contingency plans were conducted to identify the exact training needs of the industry; second, a detailed evaluation was performed of the numerous existing courses available in Canada and internationally in order to identify which courses could satisfy the training requirements identified in the first phase; third, a curriculum for the program was developed as were recommendations on program implementation, course delivery, and certification processes; and finally, specific courses were designed to fill the deficiencies of existing courses or to satisfy the unique requirements specific to the Canadian environment. The end result is a program comprising 12 training modules, combinations of which serve to train the five category positions in any company's oil spill response organization.
POLLUTION FIGHTING: TRAINING IN FRANCE
Authors: Melguen M. , Levy J. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
France provides various forms of training or information in the field of oil pollution prevention and combat. Some to date have been directed only to French nationals; others are open to international participation.
Every effort is made to fully train French nationals involved in pollution intervention. Handbooks are available and regularly updated; practical exercises allow them to keep pace with the evolution of equipment, and audio-visual aids complete the picture.
For international participation, several types of actions are carried out. A 2½ week session called Infopol is directed to decision makers and other senior officials involved in contingency planning. They become acquainted with the knowledge acquired in France both by actual pollution fighting after accidents and through various practical exercises. This includes organization, storage of equipment, and its behavior and capabilities.
Other sessions on more specific topics are organized either by the Port of Marseille authority, which may propose à la carte or set training programs at various levels, or by CEDRE (Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux), which also offers à la carte training courses for pollution control center managers as well as for field work coordinators and technicians from any background and level. All French centers already have extensive training experience and could help other countries develop their own training organizations or train their personnel.
A MODEL FOR MANAGING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
Authors: Smith Anne E. , Cohan David , Selker Frank 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The potential costs of underground tank leaks provide companies with a solid incentive to take action to reduce leak risks. However, a cost-effective risk management strategy is difficult to identify when faced with the uncertainties in the occurrence, nature, and timing of costly incidents. A decision support model based on the techniques of decision analysis has been developed to help managers choose the best course of action. The model works by balancing the known costs of preventive and mitigating actions with the uncertain costs of tank leaks.
The model uses tank- and site-specific data to help determine how much testing or monitoring to do at each tank site, when to replace tanks, what to do in the future contingent on monitoring results, and what new tank system to install. For each strategy, the model assesses detailed outcomes such as the expected life-cycle cost of the tank system, the expected time for replacing the system, the likelihood of a leak, and the expected costs of leaks. Input data include the reliability of the tank type, its age and its previous testing results, the vulnerability of resources near the tank, and the cost and accuracy of tank-testing technologies.
The underground tank management model can be valuable to tank managers. Through sensitivity analysis, it can identify those aspects of the problem that critically determine sound management rules, and the areas for further data gathering that would be most fruitful for decision making. By looking at detailed results, one can investigate the implications of each strategy for different management goals. The model helps one sound out one's own management intuition, and leads to new insights on good management strategies.
Initial model results have led to important insights. Leak costs are often a significant fraction of total life-cycle costs. The optimal management policy is thus quite sensitive to the characteristics of the tank site and the type of tank. Hence, a single management strategy applied to all types of tanks and sites may be detrimental to the tank owner's overall costs.
A MOBILE PLANT PROTOTYPE FOR THE RESTORATION OF POLLUTED BEACHES BY WASHING OILY SAND
Authors: Bocard Christian , Quinquis Jean-Jacques , Such Christian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A research program was undertaken in 1980 with the support of the European Economic Community and the French Ministry of the Environment to develop a technique for treating beaches polluted by an oil spill, after the bulk of the oil has been removed from the surface of the sand by mechanical equipment. Final cleanup is often necessary, especially in the case of recreational beaches, when the oil remaining in the upper layer of sand—frequently in the range of 2 to 3 percent—in unacceptable. There is some controversy regarding the use of dispersants for this purpose.
The basic principle of the technique is to wash oil-contaminated sand in transportable equipment which is operated either close to the polluted beach or at a centralized location, the washed sand then being returned to the beach or used for other purposes.
The selected equipment and three different cleaning agents were tested in pilot trials carried out on sand polluted with heavy fuel oil. A plant prototype was set up and tested in 1985. It is composed mainly of a horizontally rotating wash drum associated with a screen, a hydrocyclone to separate the sand from the wash-water phase and a vibrating screen for sand dewatering. These three pieces of equipment are mounted on the bed of a semi-trailer along with two transfer pumps. Oil and sand fines are separated from the water, before recycling, in several ground tanks in which a flocculating agent may be added. The operating parameters of the process are discussed on the basis of trials carried out at a throughput of 18 metric tons of sand per hour, giving a washed sand with an average oil content of 0.2 percent in the case of moderate weathering.
DISPERSANT APPLICATION BY HYDROFOIL: HIGH SPEED CONTROL AND CLEANUP OF LARGE OIL SPILLS
Authors: Vacca-Torelli Marcello , Geraci Alberto L. , Risitano Antonino 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Experiments undertaken in different parts of the world have shown so far that cleanup at a speed greater than 10 knots is unadvisable due to the bow wave breaking up the oil film on the water. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that a high-speed craft such as a hydrofoil, when flying foilborne, solves this problem.
ATYPICAL MITIGATION OF AN OIL SPILL, SAM HOUSTON NATIONAL FOREST
Authors: Zehner Warren B. , Mullins James R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In March 1986 an unknown quantity of paraffin-based oil and brine was spilled in the Sam Houston National Forest, San Jacinto County, Texas. The source of the spill was a ruptured production flow line. A tributary to the East Fork of the San Jacinto River and 12.5 acres of the forest were affected by the spill. Mitigative options were evaluated for speed and environmental acceptability. Two atypical control methods were selected: freshwater flushing in areas principally affected by brine, and controlled burning in oil-saturated areas. These techniques provided rapid control of the contaminants and exerted the least additional stress on the forest. Restoration methods were suggested after the initial mitigation of the spill by burning and flushing.
OIL POLLUTION CONTROL AND SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN THE ROPME SEA AREA
Authors: Ryan P. Bernard , S. Derek J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The ROPME sea area as defined in this paper is the scene of some of the world's most intensive offshore oil exploration and production and the associated crude oil refining and tanker terminaling for oil exportation. The potential for oil pollution in the area is high, with its confined nature making it especially vulnerable to the effects of oil pollution. Awareness of this problem is well developed in the region in both government and industry, and good progress has been made in recent years toward preparing for the big oil spill which has so far not materialized, but which most experts consider inevitable at some time.
Two distinct groups share the concern for oil pollution. The oil industry has well over 40 companies active in the area in some way. Many of these have a 15 year history of cooperation in oil spill response and continue to play a full role in protecting the environment from the adverse effects of oil pollution. More recently, nations bordering the area have taken an active interest in the problem and have demonstrated an impressive record of commitment and action over the past five or six years. While government and industry have maintained their separate identities, a good working relationship exists between them, and there is good information exchange and practical cooperation between the two groups, most especially at the national level. Future years should see this trend develop even further.
A very impressive arsenal of oil pollution response equipment has been built up in the sea area since two major oil spill incidents in 1980. What is especially noticeable now is the proportion of this equipment that is owned and operated directly by the government agencies. This stands in marked contrast to the situation in 1980. In addition to the equipment resources available, the pool of personnel trained in oil spill response technology and methods is rapidly expanding as a result of seminars, workshops, and training courses that are being organized on a regular basis.
The development of national and regional legislation to control the main sources of man-made pollution, for example, from tanker operations and offshore exploration and production, is in a very active stage and the oil industry is expected to have clear operational guidelines within the next few years.
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING OIL SLICKS AT SEA—A REVIEW OF WORK CARRIED OUT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Cormack Douglas , Hurford Neil , Tookey David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.K. Department of Transport has equipped a light aircraft with a remote sensing system. The capabilities of the sensors for detecting oil slicks have been evaluated and the aircraft is now being used to carry out surveillance patrols. A detailed evaluation has been carried out into the feasibility of using microwave radiometry to supply more detailed information about oil slick thickness. The results showed that such a detector should only be used in conjunction with existing IR and UV sensors.
THE 1987 NEWFOUNDLAND OIL SPILL EXPERIMENT1
Authors: Tennyson E. J. , Whittaker H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A joint Canadian-United States exercise involving the intentional spilling of approximately 18,000 gallons of specially treated crude oil was conducted off Newfoundland in September 1987 to evaluate the containment and recovery capabilities of three state-of-the-art booms and skimmers. As part of the exercise, data were collected on a specially instrumented oil spill boom in an attempt to verify a proposed performance test procedure for open-ocean oil spill booms. A viscoelastic chemical additive was used, after the equipment evaluation was completed, to enhance recovery operations. Additional observations were made on the persistence of spilled oil slicks in advanced sea states. The containment and recovery effort was successful, despite winds and sea states commonly thought to be beyond existing capabilities.
IS OVEREXPOSURE TO BENZENE LIKELY DURING CRUDE OIL SPILL RESPONSE?1
Authors: Eley W. D. , Morris R. J. , Hereth L. L. , Lewis T. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This article examines the potential for benzene exposure during crude oil spill response. Literature review found that under normal conditions benzene is lost from an oil slick within 40 minutes to 8 hours. A correlation between benzene and API gravity is presented graphically. This information was used to develop worst-case scenarios. Results of a preliminary field investigation indicate that benzene overexposure may be possible during “ideal adverse” conditions. Four generic crude oil spills are described along with rationale for the suggested level of self protection.
IMPROVING THE PUMPING OF VISCOUS OIL BY THE USE OF DEMULSIFIERS OR BY AN ANNULAR WATER INJECTION
Authors: Peigne Georges , Cessou Maurice 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Pumping viscous oil, whether when lightening a disabled vessel or recovering spilled oil, has always been an obstacle to efficient operations aiming to avoid or limit the impact of an oil spill. French authorities have had to deal with this during many oil spills: for example, the Amoco Cadiz, Tanio, or, more recently, the Amazzone incident.
For many years, CEDRE and Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP) have been developing and testing various methods of improving the handling of naturally viscous products like heavy fuels or products that have become viscous by the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion.
The technique of injecting a ring of water at the periphery of the hoses was studied. After some preliminary tests done by IFP on a laboratory scale, full-scale experiments were conducted by CEDRE using a specially designed injector. This device enabled a large reduction of the pressure drop in the back flow of a volumetric pump moving heavy fuels. The influence of different parameters also was evaluated.
Concerning a break-up of “chocolate mousse” emulsions, it was necessary to verify the effectiveness of demulsifiers when applying them in the presence of free water, such as found when actually recovering oil spilled at sea. The influence of different parameters was first studied with a laboratory physical model and then confirmed during full-scale tests.
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF POLLUTION RESPONSE EFFORT—BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE SPILL
Authors: Waldron Darryle M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response has evolved tremendously over the past 20 years in technology and technique, as well as in the social demand for a clean environment. The cost of response to a pollution incident has likewise grown at a time in which both federal and private funds are less available. Although the spiller may publicly claim he will clean up the spill no matter what the cost, cost becomes an issue as the bills start coming in. The purpose of this paper is to provoke consideration of the financial management of an oil spill response, not only to reduce costs, but to reduce confusion during the early days of a response. As in any type of emergency response, contingency planning is essential for success. Having designated, but flexible, procedures and plans in place before the spill will allow the experts to concentrate on mitigation instead of future litigation. The ideas presented here are based on experience in federal responses, common sense, basic financial management principles, and a business philosophy of integrity and efficiency.
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION FOR THE U.S.S.R. IN 1987–1988
Authors: Khalimonov Oleg N. , Nunuparov Sergey M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An important event setting the course of further development for the National Marine Pollution Control Administration (NMPCA) was the establishment in January 1988 of the U.S.S.R. State Committee for Nature Protection (Goskompriroda) aimed at improving nature protection management and the control of natural resources.
It is along these lines that measures to improve the preparedness of the NMPCA response teams to combat an oil spill at sea have to be intensified. Thus in addition to the existing response teams in the ports of Batumi, Ventspils, Klaipeda, Murmansk, Novorossisk, Nakhodka, Baku, and Odessa, a response team was established in Korsakov in the Far East Basin. There are also plans to establish one or two response teams in the northern regions as well as smaller auxiliary response teams in areas of high pollution risk.
During the past two years, the environmental fleet of the U.S.S.R. has acquired eight multipurpose vessels with oil skimming capability, and two large dredge/skimmers—the Professor Goryunov and the Vaidagubsky. In 1989-90 additional seagoing environmental vessels will be constructed. State-of-the-art oil skimming systems have been acquired for all response teams.
These steps have made it possible to create the material facilities and technological capability necessary for maintaining initial response readiness to combat major oil spills and to further improve the organization and methods of oil pollution control.
As a new possibility for the future, plans are being considered to delegate to NMPCA certain rescue operations at sea. This would expand its role in oil spill response by improving technical capabilities and personnel training. A design is being considered for a sea-going salvage vessel which would also have the capability for rapid delivery and deployment of containment booms as well as the transfer of personnel and special equipment.
Work is in progress to develop auxiliary equipment including coastal booms and shipboard portable oil skimmers. Work has been initiated to develop a baseline program to support contingency plans for hazardous chemical substances response (through identification of cargoes, traffic patterns, and risk zones, etc.).
Considerable efforts are in progress to improve existing and develop new basin, zone, and regional contingency plans which would provide