bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome using low‐dose aspirin: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Roberge S. , Nicolaides K. H. , Demers S. , Villa P. , Bujold E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare early vs late administration of low‐dose aspirin on the risk of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome.MethodsDatabases were searched for keywords related to aspirin and pregnancy. Only randomized controlled trials that evaluated the prophylactic use of low‐dose aspirin (50–150 mg/day) during pregnancy were included. The primary outcome combined fetal and neonatal death. Pooled relative risks (RR) with their 95% CIs were compared according to gestational age at initiation of low‐dose aspirin (≤ 16 vs > 16 weeks of gestation).ResultsOut of 8377 citations, 42 studies (27 222 women) were included. Inclusion criteria were risk factors for pre‐eclampsia, including: nulliparity, multiple pregnancy, chronic hypertension, cardiovascular or endocrine disease, prior gestational hypertension or fetal growth restriction, and/or abnormal uterine artery Doppler. When compared with controls, low‐dose aspirin started at ≤ 16 weeks' gestation compared with low‐dose aspirin started at >16 weeks' gestation was associated with a greater reduction of perinatal death (RR = 0.41 (95% CI, 0.19–0.92) vs 0.93 (95% CI, 0.73–1.19), P = 0.02), pre‐eclampsia (RR = 0.47 (95% CI, 0.36–0.62) vs 0.78 (95% CI, 0.61–0.99), P < 0.01), severe pre‐eclampsia (RR = 0.18 (95% CI, 0.08–0.41)
vs 0.65 (95% CI, 0.40–1.07), P < 0.01), fetal growth restriction (RR = 0.46 (95% CI, 0.33–0.64) vs 0.98 (95% CI, 0.88–1.08), P < 0.001) and preterm birth (RR = 0.35 (95% CI, 0.22–0.57) vs 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83–0.97), P < 0.001).ConclusionLow‐dose aspirin initiated at ≤ 16 weeks of gestation is associated with a greater reduction of perinatal death and other adverse perinatal outcomes than when initiated at >16 weeks. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Functional protein–organic/inorganic hybrid nanomaterials
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhang Yifei , Lu Diannan , Ge Jun , Liu Zheng , Zare Richard N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNanotechnology oﬀers immense opportunities for regulating and improving biological functions of proteins in vitro. Recent years have witnessed growing eﬀorts to develop protein‐incorporated hybrid nanostructured materials with potential applications in functional materials, enzymatic catalysis, drug delivery, and analytical sciences. In this review, recent advances in functional protein–organic/inorganic hybrid nanomaterials are discussed with an emphasis on the novel preparation methods, resulting nanostructures, and their potential applications in drug delivery and enzymatic catalysis. Future directions toward the rational design of these bionanomaterials are suggested. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:320–328. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1210This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Polarization Issues
Authors: Minty Michiko G. , Zimmermann Frank 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe study of spin dynamics in synchrotrons has evolved over the years as has the desire for achieving polarized particle beams of the highest possible beam energies. A selection of reviews of the dynamics of polarized beams may be found in [1]–[9]. In this chapter, we focus on experimental data and describe spin transport in circular accelerators and transport lines. Except where explicitly mentioned, radiative effects in electron accelerators or very high energy proton accelerators are not treated here. We begin with a review of the Thomas-BMT equation for spin motion. This will be given in terms of the SU(2) spinor representation. Spinor algebra will be introduced and applied in the description of techniques used for preserving the beam polarization during acceleration through depolarizing resonances at moderate beam energies.
Transverse Optics Measurement and Correction
Authors: Minty Michiko G. , Zimmermann Frank 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn order to preserve the beam quality, accurate knowledge of the transverse optics and its correction is most often mandatory. For example, if the distribution of a beam injected into a storage ring is not matched to the ring optics, the emittance will grow due to filamentation. Or, if there is a significant optics error, e.g., induced by a strength error in a quadrupole magnet, the beam envelope may vary strongly. The resulting reduction in dynamic aperture may then lead to enhanced beam loss.
Transverse Beam Emittance Measurement and Control
Authors: Minty Michiko G. , Zimmermann Frank 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe beam emittance ∈xyz represents the volume of the beam occupied in the six dimensional phase space (x, x′, y, y′, φ, δ), where x and y are the transverse positions, x′ and y′ are the transverse angles, φ is the time-like variable representing the relative phase of the beam, and δ is the relative beam momentum error. Using the notation of the beam matrix Σbeam introduced in Chap. 1, the 6-dimensional emittance is
$${\varepsilon _{xyz}} = \det \Sigma _{beam}^{xyz}.$$
Considering now only the horizontal plane, the corresponding 2-dimensional horizontal emittance is obtained from
$${\varepsilon _x} = \sqrt {\left\langle {{x^2}} \right\rangle \left\langle {{{x'}^2}} \right\rangle- {{\left\langle {xx'} \right\rangle }^2}} ,$$
where the first moments have been subtracted, and the average (〈…〉) is taken over the distribution function of the beam; recall also (1.27–1.29). An analoguous expression holds for the vertical plane. For a coupled system, the general form of (4.1) must be taken.
Longitudinal Optics Measurement and Correction
Authors: Minty Michiko G. , Zimmermann Frank 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLongitudinal focusing for a bunched beam is provided by both the change in path length with particle energy and by the time-dependent accelerating voltage. Usually one employs a smooth approximation, i.e., one ignores the discrete locations of the rf cavities, in describing the particle motion. The longitudinal motion can then be modelled by second order differential equations. For small oscillation amplitudes these equations simplify to those of harmonic oscillators.
Injection and Extraction
Authors: Minty Michiko G. , Zimmermann Frank 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn transferring the beam from one accelerator to another, preservation of the beam properties is essential. Injection should be accomplished with minimum beam loss and often minimal emittance dilution. Single-turn injection, in which a single bunch of particles is injected into a single empty rf bucket, is usually straightforward. In many cases, however, to attain higher bunch currents, one may also wish to accumulate beam in a storage ring by reinjecting different beam pulses into the same rf bucket. This is called multi-turn injection. In addition to conventional schemes, there are several new or more exotic injection techniques, devised to control and improve the properties of the stored beam.
Preoperative Risk Factors Influencing the Incidence of Postoperative Sepsis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Su Jinsong , Tsun Andy , Zhang Lei , Xia Xianjun , Li Bin , Guo Ruizhang , Liu Baochi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundCompared to noninfected patients, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients undergoing surgery have an increased postoperative risk of developing sepsis. We aimed to investigate the preoperative risk factors that affect the incidence of sepsis after surgery in HIV‐infected patients.MethodsClinical parameters of 215 patients with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who had undergone surgery between January 2011 and February 2012 were examined retrospectively for the effect of HIV/AIDS on the incidence of postoperative sepsis.ResultsLogistic regression analysis identified four independent risk factors of postoperative sepsis in HIV‐infected patients: CD4 counts [B = −0.007, odds ratio (OR) 0.993]; blood albumin levels (B = −0.077, OR 0.926); surgical infection (B = 1.887, OR 6.598); major surgery (B = 1.013, OR 2.754). The incidence of postoperative sepsis was high with CD4 counts ≤ 100 cells/μl, albumin levels <35 g/L, the presence of surgical infection, the patient had undergone major surgery—81.25%, 39/48; 76.47%, 26/34; 70.73%, 29/41; and 54.76%, 46/84, respectively, compared to that of the total cohort (40.93%, 88/215). When CD4 counts were >350 cells/μl, the incidence of postoperative sepsis was significantly lower (16.36%, 9/55).ConclusionsLow CD4 cell counts, hypoalbuminemia, surgical infection, and major surgery are independent risk factors for the development of postoperative sepsis among HIV‐infected patients. CD4 cell numbers and albumin levels negatively correlated with the incidence of postoperative sepsis, whereas surgical infections and major surgical procedures positively correlated with the incidence of postoperative sepsis.
Large balloon dilation for the treatment of recurrent bile duct stones prevents short‐term recurrence in patients with previous endoscopic sphincterotomy
Authors: Harada Ryo , Maguchi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Kuniyuki , Katanuma Akio , Osanai Manabu , Yane Kei , Hashigo Syunpei , Kaneko Maki , Katoh Ryusuke , Katoh Shin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground/purposeOur previous study revealed the efficacy and safety of the large balloon dilation (LBD) technique. However, there is insufficient objective data about the recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to compare the recurrence rate of common bile duct (CBD) stones between patients treated with and without LBD.MethodsPatients with recurrent CBD stones treated between April 2006 and August 2010, and who had a history of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), were enrolled. Patients were excluded if they had a CBD diameter of less than 10 mm or if the diameter of their largest CBD stone was <10 mm.ResultsA total of 62 consecutive patients were investigated. From April 2006 to November 2007, 32 patients were treated without LBD (non‐LBD group; historical control). From December 2007 to August 2010, 30 patients underwent LBD (LBD group). The median follow‐up times in the LBD and non‐LBD groups were 517 and 1034days (p < 0.001), respectively. Kaplan—Meier analysis revealed a significantly lower incidence of recurrent CBD stones in the LBD group than in the non‐LBD group (p = 0.048).ConclusionsLBD reduces the short‐term recurrence of CBD stones in patients with previous ES.
Inhibition of Cast Iron Corrosion in Acid, Base, and Neutral Media Using Schiff Base Derivatives
Authors: Rajeswari Velayutham , Kesavan Devarayan , Gopiraman Mayakrishnan , Viswanathamurthi Periasamy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThree Schiff bases, 2‐acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (I1), 2‐acetylpyridine‐(4‐methylthiosemicarbazone) (I2), and 2‐acetylpyridine‐(4‐phenylthiosemicarbazone) (I3) were tested against corrosion of cast iron in aqueous solutions of HCl, NaOH, NH4Cl, and NaCl by means of a mass loss method and electrochemical measurements. The inhibition efficiency is directly proportional to inhibitor concentration, while it decreases with prolonged immersion time and at low temperatures. In order to study the effect of an additive, synergism of KI was also studied. The adsorption of Schiff bases in corrosive media obeys Langmuir's isotherm, both in the presence and absence of KI. The UV–Vis, FT‐IR, WAXD and SEM analyses were carried out to support the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The ΔGads values reveal that the inhibition was mainly due to physisorption of the inhibitor molecules on the surface of cast iron. The electrochemical polarization results showed the predominantly cathodic nature of the inhibitors.
Hepatic Isoprenoid Metabolism in a Rat Model of Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz Syndrome
Authors: Keller R. Kennedy , Mitchell David A. , Goulah Christopher C. , Fliesler Steven J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractElevated (4 to 7‐fold) levels of urinary dolichol and coenzyme Q and substantially longer chain lengths for urinary dolichols have been reported in Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) patients, compared to normal subjects. We investigated the possibility of similar alterations in hepatic, nonsterol isoprenoids in a well‐established rat model of SLOS. In this model, the ratio of 7‐dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol (Chol) in serum approached 15:1; however, total sterol mass in serum decreased by >80 %. Livers from treated rats had 7DHC/Chol ratios of ~32:1, but the steady‐state levels of total sterols were >40 % those of livers from age‐matched (3‐month‐old) control animals. No significant differences in the levels of LDL receptor or HMG‐CoA reductase were observed. The levels of dolichol and coenzyme Q were elevated only modestly (by 64 and 31 %, respectively; p < 0.05, N = 6) in the livers of the SLOS rat model compared to controls; moreover, the chain lengths of these isoprenoids were not different in the two groups. We conclude that hepatic isoprenoid synthesis is marginally elevated in this animal model of SLOS, but without preferential shunting to the nonsterol branches (dolichol and coenzyme Q) of the pathway and without alteration of normal dolichol chain lengths.
Leaf conjugacies on the torus
Authors: HAMMERLINDL ANDY 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIf a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism on a torus of dimension $d\geq 3$ has stable and unstable foliations which are quasi-isometric on the universal cover, and its centre direction is one-dimensional, then the diffeomorphism is leaf conjugate to a linear toral automorphism. In other words, the hyperbolic structure of the diffeomorphism is exactly that of a linear, and thus simple to understand, example. In particular, every partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism on the 3-torus is leaf conjugate to a linear toral automorphism.
On the logarithmic region in wall turbulence
Authors: Marusic Ivan , Monty Jason P. , Hultmark Marcus , Smits Alexander J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractConsiderable discussion over the past few years has been devoted to the question of whether the logarithmic region in wall turbulence is indeed universal. Here, we analyse recent experimental data in the Reynolds number range of nominally$2\times 1{0}^{4} \lt {\mathit{Re}}_{\tau } \lt 6\times 1{0}^{5} $for boundary layers, pipe flow and the atmospheric surface layer, and show that, within experimental uncertainty, the data support the existence of a universal logarithmic region. The results support the theory of Townsend (The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, Vol. 2, 1976) where, in the interior part of the inertial region, both the mean velocities and streamwise turbulence intensities follow logarithmic functions of distance from the wall.
Turbulent two-phase plumes with bubble-size reduction owing to dissolution or chemical reaction
Authors: Domingos Mariana G. , Cardoso Silvana S. S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTurbulent two-phase plumes consisting of a continuous phase of entrained fluid and a dispersed phase, in the form of buoyant droplets/bubbles, are investigated. Chemical reaction or dissolution causes both a decrease in the size of the droplets/bubbles and a change in the buoyancy of the plume. The behaviours of such a plume in environments with uniform and stratified density are considered. We show that the dynamics of the plume are determined by two dimensionless groups: $N/ T$ and $G/ T$. Here, $N$ is the buoyancy frequency of the environment, $G$ measures the ability of the reaction to change buoyancy and $T$ reflects the effect of reaction on the size of the droplets/bubbles. We identify four regimes of behaviour of a plume in a stratified environment depending on whether the dominant effect on buoyancy arises from reaction or stratification, and on the occurrence of either multiple or single zero-buoyancy levels. For a uniform environment, perturbation solutions for the fluxes of volume, momentum, buoyancy and chemical species as a function of ascent distance are obtained. We apply our findings to understand the dynamics of both of the cases of a release of methane and a release of carbon dioxide in the ocean. For a methane release in the Gulf of Mexico, the motion of the plume is shown to be controlled by external density stratification for a bubble diameter of methane above ${\sim }1$–2 mm. In the case of a carbon dioxide release in the Norwegian Sea, dissolution determines the motion of the plume when the bubble diameter is smaller than ${\sim }0. 5$–3.5 cm. In both scenarios, the plume releases seawater enriched with the chemical at multiple levels.
Multiscale dynamic wetting of a droplet on a lyophilic pillar-arrayed surface
Authors: Yuan Quanzi , Zhao Ya-Pu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDynamic wetting of a droplet on lyophilic pillars was explored using a multiscale combination method of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The excess lyophilic area not only provided excess driving force, but also pinned the liquid around the pillars, which kept the moving contact line in a dynamic balance state every period of the pillars. The flow pattern and the flow field of the droplet on the pillar-arrayed surface, influenced by the concerted effect of the liquid–solid interactions and the surface roughness, were revealed from the continuum to the atomic level. Then, the scaling analysis was carried out employing molecular kinetic theory. Controlled by the droplet size, the density of roughness and the pillar height, two extreme regimes were distinguished, i.e. $R\sim {t}^{1/ 3} $ for the rough surface and $R\sim {t}^{1/ 7} $ for the smooth surface. The scaling laws were validated by both the experiments and the simulations. Our results may help in understanding the dynamic wetting of a droplet on a pillar-arrayed lyophilic substrate and assisting the future design of pillar-arrayed lyophilic surfaces in practical applications.
Receptivity coefficients at excitation of cross-flow waves by free-stream vortices in the presence of surface roughness
Authors: Borodulin V. I. , Ivanov A. V. , Kachanov Y. S. , Roschektaev A. P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe present experimental study is devoted to examination of the vortex receptivity mechanism associated with excitation of unsteady cross-flow (CF) waves due to scattering of unsteady free-stream vortices on localized steady surface non-uniformities (roughness). The measurements are carried out in a low-turbulence wind tunnel by means of a hot-wire anemometer in a boundary layer developing over a $25\textdegree $ swept-wing model. The harmonic-in-time free-stream vortices were excited by a thin vibrating wire located upstream of the experimental-model leading edge and represented a kind of small-amplitude von Kármán vortex street with spanwise orientation of the generated instantaneous vorticity vectors. The controlled roughness elements (the so-called ‘phased roughness’) were placed on the model surface. This roughness had a special shape, which provided excitation of CF-waves having basically some predetermined (required) spanwise wavenumbers. The linearity of the stability and receptivity mechanisms under study was checked accurately by means of variation of both the free-stream-vortex amplitude and the surface roughness height. These experiments were directed to obtaining the amplitudes and phases of the vortex-roughness receptivity coefficients for a number of vortex disturbance frequencies. The vortex street position with respect to the model surface (the vortex offset parameter) was also varied. The receptivity characteristics obtained experimentally in Fourier space are independent of the particular roughness shape, and can be used for validation of receptivity theories.
Energetics of horizontal convection
Authors: Gayen Bishakhdatta , Griffiths Ross W. , Hughes Graham O. , Saenz Juan A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThree-dimensional direct numerical simulation of horizontal convection is reported for a large Rayleigh number, $\mathit{Ra}\sim O(1{0}^{12} )$, and boundary conditions that allow comparison with previous laboratory experiments. The convection is forced by heating over half of the horizontal base of a long channel and cooling over the other half of the base. The solutions are consistent with the experiments, including small-scale streamwise roll instability developing into a convectively mixed layer within the bottom thermal boundary layer, and a turbulent endwall plume. The mechanical energy budget is shown to be dominated by conversions of available potential energy to kinetic energy by buoyancy flux in the plume and the reverse in the interior of the circulation. These local conversions are three orders of magnitude greater than the total rate of viscous dissipation. The total irreversible mixing is exactly equal to the generation of available potential energy by buoyancy forcing, and one order of magnitude larger than the viscous dissipation. This confirms that dissipation rate is not an indicator of the strength of the circulation and explains why horizontal convection is more energetic than might be expected.
Stability of surfactant-laden core–annular flow and rod–annular flow to non-axisymmetric modes
Authors: Blyth M. G. , Bassom Andrew P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe linear stability of core–annular fluid arrangements are considered in which two concentric viscous fluid layers occupy the annular region within a straight pipe with a solid rod mounted on its axis when the interface between the fluids is coated with an insoluble surfactant. The linear stability of this arrangement is studied in two scenarios: one for core–annular flow in the absence of the rod and the second for rod–annular flow when the rod moves parallel to itself along the pipe axis at a prescribed velocity. In the latter case the effect of convective motion on a quiescent fluid configuration is also considered. For both flows the emphasis is placed on non-axisymmetric modes; in particular their impact on the recent stabilization to axisymmetric modes at zero Reynolds number discovered by Bassom, Blyth and Papageorgiou (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 704, 2012, pp. 333–359) is assessed. It is found that in general non-axisymmetric disturbances do not undermine this stabilization, but under certain conditions the flow may be linearly stable to axisymmetric disturbances but linearly unstable to non-axisymmetric disturbances.
Dynamic Problem Concerning Mode I Semi-Infinite Crack Propagation
Authors: Lü N. C. , Cheng Y. H. , Li X. G. , Cheng J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBy the approaches of the theory of complex functions, dynamic problem concerning mode I semi-infinite crack propagation was studied. Analytical solutions are very easily obtained by application of the measures of self-similar functions. The problems researched can be changed into Riemann-Hilbert problems and analytical solutions to semi-infinite crack under the condition of impulse loads and increasing loads Pt located at the origin of the coordinates, respectively, are attained.