bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-Nitrobenzoate 2-Nitroreductase NbaA
Authors: Kim Yong-Hak , Song Wooseok , Kim Jin-Sik , Jiao Li , Lee Kangseok , Ha Nam-Chul 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
The bacterial 2-nitroreductase NbaA is the primary enzyme initiating the degradation of 2-nitrobenzoate (2-NBA), and its activity is controlled by posttranslational modifications. To date, the structure of NbaA remains to be elucidated. In this study, the crystal structure of a Cys194Ala NbaA mutant was determined to a 1.7-Å resolution. The substrate analog 2-NBA methyl ester was used to decipher the substrate binding site by inhibition of the wild-type NbaA protein. Tandem mass spectrometry showed that 2-NBA methyl ester produced a 2-NBA ester bond at the Tyr193 residue in the wild-type NbaA but not residues in the Tyr193Phe mutant. Moreover, covalent binding of the 2-NBA methyl ester to Tyr193 reduced the reactivity of the Cys194 residue on the peptide link. The Tyr193 hydroxyl group was shown to be essential for enzyme catalysis, as a Tyr193Phe mutant resulted in fast dissociation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) from the protein with the reduced reactivity of Cys194. FMN binding to NbaA varied with solution NaCl concentration, which was related to the catalytic activity but not to cysteine reactivity. These observations suggest that the Cys194 reactivity is negatively affected by a posttranslational modification of the adjacent Tyr193 residue, which interacts with FMN and the substrate in the NbaA catalytic site.
Activation of Histidine Kinase SpaK Is Mediated by the N-Terminal Portion of Subtilin-Like Lantibiotics and Is Independent of Lipid II
Authors: Spieß Tobias , Korn Sophie Marianne , Kötter Peter , Entian Karl-Dieter 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

The biosynthesis of the lantibiotic subtilin is autoinduced in a quorum-sensing mechanism via histidine kinase SpaK. Subtilin-like lantibiotics, such as entianin, ericin S, and subtilin, specifically activated SpaK in a comparable manner, whereas the structurally similar nisin did not provide the signal for SpaK activation at nontoxic concentrations. Surprisingly, nevertheless, nisin if applied together with entianin partly quenched SpaK activation. The N-terminal entianin
1–20
fragment (comprising N-terminal amino acids 1 to 20) was sufficient for SpaK activation, although higher concentrations were needed. The N-terminal nisin
1–20
fragment also interfered with entianin-mediated activation of SpaK and, remarkably, at extremely high concentrations also activated SpaK. Our data show that the N-terminal entianin
1–20
fragment is sufficient for SpaK activation. However, if present, the C-terminal part of the molecule further strongly enhances the activation, possibly by its interference with the cellular membrane. As shown by using lipid II-interfering substances and a lipid II-deficient mutant strain, lipid II is not needed for the sensing mechanism.
Prevention of groin injuries in sports: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Esteve E , Rathleff M S , Bagur-Calafat C , Urrútia G , Thorborg K 
Published: June 2015

Background/aimGroin injuries are common in football and ice hockey, and previous groin injury is a strong risk factor for future groin injuries, which calls for primary prevention. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of specific groin-injury prevention programmes in sports.MethodsA comprehensive search was performed in May 2014 yielding 1747 potentially relevant references. Two independent assessors evaluated randomised controlled trials for inclusion, extracted data and performed quality assessments using Cochrane's risk of bias tool. Quantitative analyses were performed in Review Manager 5.3.ResultsSeven trials were included: six on football players (four male and two female populations) and one on male handball players. In total there were 4191 participants with a total of 157 injuries. The primary analysis, including all participants, did not show a significant reduction in the number of groin injuries after completing a groin injury prevention programme (relative risk (RR) 0.81; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.09). Subgroup analysis based on type of sports, gender and type of prevention programme showed similar non-significant estimates with RR ranging from 0.48 to 0.81.ConclusionMeta-analysis revealed a potential clinically meaningful groin injury reduction of 19%, even though no statistical significant reduction in sport-related groin injuries could be documented.Trial registrationPROSPERO registration ID CRD42014009614.
Men at higher risk of groin injuries in elite team sports: a systematic review
Authors: Orchard John William 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundGroin injuries are common in sports, particularly multidirectional team sports, but incidence rates across sports other than football (soccer) have been poorly documented.MethodsA systematic review (initially using PubMed and SportDiscus databases) was performed to record incidence of groin and groin region injuries in sports. Inclusion criteria included presentation of groin injury incidence data for at least 10 team/squad seasons.ResultsData from 31 studies were included. These used varying injury definitions and also considered varying injury categories from general to specific (all groin/hip region injuries, groin injuries, adductor muscle strains, intra-articular hip injuries). When playing the same sport, men had greater injury incidence of groin injury than women (relative risk, RR 2.45, 95% CI 2.06 to 2.92). Sports with high incidences of groin injury included ice hockey and the football codes. There is variation by player position for rate of groin injury in many sports. Hip injuries have become more commonly diagnosed over the past decade in Australian football (p=0.001) and other sports.ConclusionsThere is moderate evidence that men have a higher risk of groin injury than women when playing the same sport. There is some evidence that hip injuries are being increasingly diagnosed in the subset of ‘groin injuries’ in recent years. It is recommended that injury epidemiology consensus statements aim to include a number of relevant sports to improve injury incidence comparisons among different sports.
Which factors differentiate athletes with hip/groin pain from those without? A systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Mosler Andrea B , Agricola Rintje , Weir Adam , Hölmich Per , Crossley Kay M 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundHip and groin injuries are common in many sports. Understanding the factors differentiating athletes with hip/groin pain from those without these injuries could facilitate management and prevention.ObjectiveConduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on factors differentiating athletes with and without hip/groin pain.MethodsThe review was registered as PROSPERO CRD42014007416 and a comprehensive, systematic search was conducted in June 2014. Inclusion criteria were: cross-sectional, cohort or case–control study designs of n>10 that examined outcome measures differentiating athletes with and without hip/groin pain. Two authors independently screened search results, assessed study quality, and performed data extraction. Methodological heterogeneity was determined and data pooled for meta-analysis when appropriate. A best evidence synthesis was performed on the remaining outcome measures.ResultsOf 2251 titles identified, 17 articles were included of which 10 were high quality. Sixty two different outcome measures were examined, 8 underwent meta-analysis. Pooled data showed strong evidence that athletes with hip/groin pain demonstrated: pain and lower strength on the adductor squeeze test, reduced range of motion in hip internal rotation and bent knee fall out; however, hip external rotation range was equivalent to controls. Strong evidence was found that lower patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores, altered trunk muscle function, and moderate evidence of bone oedema and secondary cleft sign were associated with hip/groin pain.ConclusionsPROs, pain and reduced strength on the adductor squeeze test, reduced range of motion in internal rotation and bent knee fall out are the outcome measures that best differentiate athletes with hip/groin pain from those without this pain.
Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes
Authors: Weir Adam , Brukner Peter , Delahunt Eamonn , Ekstrand Jan , Griffin Damian , Khan Karim M , Lovell Greg , Meyers William C , Muschaweck Ulrike , Orchard John , Paajanen Hannu , Philippon Marc , Reboul Gilles , Robinson Philip , Schache Anthony G , Schilders Ernest , Serner Andreas , Silvers Holly , Thorborg Kristian , Tyler Timothy , Verrall Geoffrey , de Vos Robert-Jan , Vuckovic Zarko , Hölmich Per 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundHeterogeneous taxonomy of groin injuries in athletes adds confusion to this complicated area.AimThe ‘Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes’ was convened to attempt to resolve this problem. Our aim was to agree on a standard terminology, along with accompanying definitions.MethodsA one-day agreement meeting was held on 4 November 2014. Twenty-four international experts from 14 different countries participated. Systematic reviews were performed to give an up-to-date synthesis of the current evidence on major topics concerning groin pain in athletes. All members participated in a Delphi questionnaire prior to the meeting.ResultsUnanimous agreement was reached on the following terminology. The classification system has three major subheadings of groin pain in athletes:1. Defined clinical entities for groin pain: Adductor-related, iliopsoas-related, inguinal-related and pubic-related groin pain.2. Hip-related groin pain.3. Other causes of groin pain in athletes.The definitions are included in this paper.ConclusionsThe Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes reached a consensus on a clinically based taxonomy using three major categories. These definitions and terminology are based on history and physical examination to categorise athletes, making it simple and suitable for both clinical practice and research.
How Are Spousal Depressed Mood, Distress, and Quality of Life Associated with Risk of Depressed Mood in Cancer Survivors? Longitudinal Findings from a National Sample
Authors: Litzelman Kristin , Yabroff K. Robin 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background: Spouses of cancer survivors experience both positive and negative effects from caregiving. However, it is less clear what role spousal well-being may have on cancer survivors. This study aimed to determine the impact of spousal psychosocial factors on survivor depressed mood and whether this association differed by gender.
Methods: We examined longitudinal data on cancer survivors and their spouses (n = 910 dyads) from the 2004–2012 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey and a matched sample of cancer-free dyads. Subjects reported depressed mood, psychologic distress, and mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) at two time points (T1/T2). Dyadic multilevel models evaluated the impact of psychosocial factors at T1 on depressed mood at T2, controlling for sociodemographics, cancer type, survivor treatment status, and depressed mood at T1.
Results: Cancer survivors whose spouses reported depressed mood at T1 were 4.27 times more likely to report depressed mood at T2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.01–9.07]; this was stronger for female survivors (OR, 9.49; 95% CI, 2.42–37.20). Better spousal mental and physical HRQoL at T1 were associated with a 30% decrease in survivor depressed mood risk at T2. Most spillover effects were not observed in comparison dyads.
Conclusion: Depressed mood and poor HRQoL in spouses may increase the risk of depressed mood in cancer survivors. The risk may be especially strong for female survivors.
Impact: Identifying and improving spousal mental health and HRQoL problems may reduce the risk of depressed mood in cancer survivors. Future research should examine whether incorporating spousal care into psychooncology and survivorship programs improves survivor outcomes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(6); 969–77. ©2015 AACR.
CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: Determining a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship for Sunitinib—A Look Back
Authors: Mendel Dirk B. , Cherrington Julie M. , Laird A. Douglas 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The article by Mendel and colleagues, published in the January 1, 2003, issue of Clinical Cancer Research, described their novel preclinical approach to developing a thorough understanding of the exposure–activity relationship for sunitinib, a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor being developed for oncology therapy. This work successfully set exposure guidelines to identify a biologically active dose in early clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 21(11); 2415–7. ©2015 AACR.
See related article by Mendel et al., Clin Cancer Res 2003;9(1) January 2003;327–37
Dietary Patterns after Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Relation to Disease-Specific and Total Mortality
Authors: Yang Meng , Kenfield Stacey A. , Van Blarigan Erin L. , Batista Julie L. , Sesso Howard D. , Ma Jing , Stampfer Meir J. , Chavarro Jorge E. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer have a long life expectancy, and many die of unrelated causes. It is therefore important to know to what extent post-diagnostic diet may affect disease-specific and overall mortality. A total of 926 men participating in the Physicians' Health Study diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer completed diet questionnaires for a median of 5.1 years after diagnosis, and were followed thereafter to assess mortality for a median of 9.9 years since questionnaire completion. Two post-diagnostic dietary patterns were identified: a Prudent pattern, characterized by higher intake of vegetables, fruits, fish, legumes, and whole grains; and a Western pattern, characterized by higher intake of processed and red meats, high-fat dairy and refined grains. Cox regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). During 8,093 person-years of follow-up, 333 men died, 56 (17%) of prostate cancer. The Western pattern was significantly related to a higher risk of prostate cancer–specific and all-cause mortality. Comparing men in the highest versus the lowest quartile of the Western pattern, the HRs were 2.53 (95% CI, 1.00–6.42; Ptrend = 0.02) for prostate cancer–specific mortality and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.16–2.42; Ptrend = 0.01) for all-cause mortality. The Prudent pattern was associated with a significantly lower all-cause mortality (HRQuartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44–0.93; Ptrend = 0.02); the relationship with prostate cancer–specific mortality was inverse but not statistically significant. A post-diagnostic Western dietary pattern was associated with higher prostate cancer–specific and all-cause mortality, whereas a Prudent dietary pattern was related to lower all-cause mortality after prostate cancer diagnosis. Cancer Prev Res; 8(6); 545–51. ©2015 AACR.
Can the Learnability Criterion Ensure Determinacy in New Keynesian Models?
Authors: Minford Patrick , Srinivasan Naveen 
Published: June 2015

Forward-looking rational expectation (RE) models such as the popular New Keynesian (NK) model do not provide a unique prediction about how the model economy behaves. We need some mechanism that ensures determinacy. McCallum (2012) says it is not needed because models are learnable only with the determinate solution and so the NK model, once learnt in this way, will be determinate. We agree the only learnable solution that has agents converge on the true NK model is the bubble-free one. But once they have converged, they must then understand the model and its full solution therefore including the bubble. Hence, the learnability criterion still fails to pick a unique RE solution in NK models. JEL Classifications: C62, D84
The Role of Political Regimes in the Macroeconomic Effectiveness of Foreign Aid in Pakistan
Authors: Luqman Muhammad , Haq Mirajul , Khan Karim 
Published: June 2015

This study is an attempt to analyze the role of political regimes in the effectiveness of foreign aid. In particular, we focus on the role of foreign aid in economic growth under democratic regimes. The empirical exercise is based on time-series data of the Pakistan economy over the period 1972–2011. To meet the objective of the study, an interactive term of democratic regime and foreign aid is used as a regressor in the growth equation. Our findings show that democratic regimes are harmful in the effectiveness of foreign aid as far as the economic growth of Pakistan is concerned. Moreover, the study suggests diminishing returns to scale of foreign aid as the assumption of a linear relationship between foreign aid and economic growth is relaxed. The other control variables such as physical capital and human capital enter the model in a significant way and with their expected signs in both the short and the long run. JEL Classification: F34, O4, O11, O43
Monetary Policy, Income Growth and Price Stability in Malaysia
Authors: Maitra Biswajit 
Published: June 2015

Malaysia is a rapidly progressing high middle-income economy. As a highly open economy with an increasingly liberalized financial sector, the implementation of a comprehensive macroeconomic policy is a challenging task. This article enquires into the efficacy of money in raising income and stabilizing price level, and it also attempts to identify the effective component of money in this direction over the period 1971–2012. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration confirms the existence of a long-run relationship among money, income and price level. Error correction mechanism (ECM–ARDL) models with a battery of econometric techniques such as vector autoregression (VAR) model, the Wald test and innovation accounting confirm that only M1 money supply causes a raise in income. Price level, on the other hand, negatively contributes to income. Three components of money supply namely M1, M2 and M3 lead to a raise in price or inflation where M2 money is found to be the most potent component provoking inflation. The role of income is insignificant. Competent management of monetary instruments, therefore, may promote higher income maintaining stability in price level. JEL Classification: E52, E31
Diagnostic advances and opportunities in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: D'Armini Andrea M. 
Published: June 2015

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterised by the presence of thromboembolic material in the pulmonary circulation, and patients have a poor prognosis without treatment. Patients present with nonspecific symptoms, such as breathlessness and syncope, which means that other more common conditions are sometimes suspected before CTEPH, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. This is problematic because CTEPH is potentially curable with surgical pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA); indeed, CTEPH should always be considered in any patient with unexplained pulmonary hypertension (PH).Several key evaluations are necessary and complementary to confirm a diagnosis of CTEPH and assess operability. Echocardiography is initially used to confirm a general diagnosis of PH. Ventilation/perfusion scanning is then essential in the first stage of CTEPH diagnosis, with a wedge-shaped perfusion deficit indicative of CTEPH. This should be followed by right heart catheterisation (RHC) which is mandatory in confirming the diagnosis and providing haemodynamic parameters that are key predictors of the risk associated with PEA and subsequent prognosis. RHC is ideally coupled with conventional pulmonary angiography, the gold-standard technique for confirming the location and extent of disease, and thus whether the obstruction is surgically accessible. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography is also now routinely used as a complementary technique to aid diagnosis and operability assessment.Recent improvements in the resolution of other noninvasive techniques, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, allow for detailed reconstructions of the vascular tree and imaging of vessel defects, and interest in their use is increasing.
Monitoring asthma in childhood
Authors: Lødrup Carlsen Karin C. , Pijnenburg Mariëlle W. 
Published: June 2015

The goal of asthma treatment is to obtain clinical control and reduce future risks to the patient. However, to date there is limited evidence on how to monitor patients with asthma. Childhood asthma introduces specific challenges in terms of deciding what, when, how often, by whom and in whom different assessments of asthma should be performed. The age of the child, the fluctuating course of asthma severity, variability in clinical presentation, exacerbations, comorbidities, socioeconomic and psychosocial factors, and environmental exposures may all influence disease activity and, hence, monitoring strategies. These factors will be addressed in herein.We identified large knowledge gaps in the effects of different monitoring strategies in children with asthma. Studies into monitoring strategies are urgently needed, preferably in collaborative paediatric studies across countries and healthcare systems.
Monitoring asthma in childhood: management-related issues
Authors: Rottier Bart L. , Eber Ernst , Hedlin Gunilla , Turner Steve , Wooler Edwina , Mantzourani Eva , Kulkarni Neeta 
Published: June 2015

Management-related issues are an important aspect of monitoring asthma in children in clinical practice. This review summarises the literature on practical aspects of monitoring including adherence to treatment, inhalation technique, ongoing exposure to allergens and irritants, comorbid conditions and side-effects of treatment, as agreed by the European Respiratory Society Task Force on Monitoring Asthma in Childhood.The evidence indicates that it is important to discuss adherence to treatment in a non-confrontational way at every clinic visit, and take into account a patient's illness and medication beliefs. All task force members teach inhalation techniques at least twice when introducing a new inhalation device and then at least annually. Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke, combustion-derived air pollutants, house dust mites, fungal spores, pollens and pet dander deserve regular attention during follow-up according to most task force members. In addition, allergic rhinitis should be considered as a cause for poor asthma control. Task force members do not screen for gastro-oesophageal reflux and food allergy. Height and weight are generally measured at least annually to identify individuals who are susceptible to adrenal suppression and to calculate body mass index, even though causality between obesity and asthma has not been established.In cases of poor asthma control, before stepping up treatment the above aspects of monitoring deserve closer attention.