bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voting
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy , Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of voting, which allows citizens to make their judgments on those who govern in a democracy. It explains how democratic countries vary significantly in how their citizens vote, which includes people’s eligibility to vote and their threshold for citizenship. The extent to which a nation’s citizenry turns out to vote measures the health of a democracy. Meanwhile, much of the controversy over voting in the 2020s concerns the administration of elections, especially how policies and policymakers can affect turnout. The chapter notes that voting is an act that requires the citizen to make some level of effort.
Administering elections
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy , Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the administration of elections. Electoral administration involves regulating the most political of activities; however, in some nations, consequential decisions concerning the administration of the most political of acts has been taken out of politics and made by appointed experts. The chapter details the notion of an electoral district, which is represented in the legislature by a seat in a single-member district or by some number of seats in a multimember district. It then elaborates on the process of elections, including the legal requirements for candidacy, political parties, political consulting, and counting votes. The electoral process differs greatly from one modern democracy to another.
Why electoral systems matter
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy , Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the significance of electoral systems. Electoral systems are shaped by incentives, which are influenced largely by their architects, as they usually prioritize one set of objectives over another. When electoral systems were designed in many older democracies, the public’s support was not necessarily a factor, since the designers likely aimed to protect their status and perpetuate the status quo. However, elections and electoral rules can influence whether people believe they are fairly represented by their elected officials. The chapter considers the outcomes and impact of electoral systems, such as government strength, representation, political parties’ ability to gain seats in legislatures, and the incentives and behavior of voters.
Reforming electoral systems: values and priorities
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy , Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter details efforts to reform electoral systems. Finding solutions to some problems with how elections operate throughout the world is an ongoing problem of adaptation to how citizens live and learn. In some cases, countries have adopted laws to respond to changes in political communication, while some have restricted political TV advertising. There is no one-size-fits-all formula for how elections should be run, especially when history, culture, demography, and context matter. Moreover, democratic elections reflect certain core values, such as fairness, openness, transparency, and representativeness. The chapter mentions that social media has transformed how candidates and campaigns communicate with their followers and recruit new adherents.
Afterlives
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the legacy of Sylvia Plath. Plath’s reputation and popularity survived controversies and only grew steadily years after her passing. Al Alvarez brought to light Plath’s death and brilliant career, shaping her early reception and initiating the myth of Plath as an oracular priestess. Ted Hughes inherited Plath’s literary estate, which meant he controlled her work and literary legacy, so that he felt the obligation to promote Plath’s work in an effort to secure her legacy while providing a financial cushion for her children. The chapter describes how Plath blurred the borders between her life and her work in innovative ways that complicate her biographers’ task. It notes that the women’s movement began to embrace Plath during the 1970s.
Use of dual intraventricular vasodilators for refractory cerebral vasospasm in a pediatric patient with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: A case report
Authors: Javellana Marion , Asbury William H , Kandiah Prem , Pimentel Cederic , Kinariwala Jay P , Howard Brian M , Francois Yvonne , Cawley C Michael , Samuels Owen B 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a rare but life-threatening clinical event for pediatric patients. Cerebral vasospasm is a common complication of SAH that often leads to poor outcomes. This case report describes the use of dual intraventricular (IVT) vasodilators in a pediatric patient.

Summary
An 11-year-old male presented with traumatic diffuse SAH and cerebral vasospasm. Despite treatment with IVT nicardipine, intravenous (IV) milrinone by continuous infusion, enteral nimodipine, and intraarterial verapamil and milrinone given during digital subtraction angiography, transcranial Doppler (TCD) mean velocities continued to rise. IVT milrinone was then added to IVT nicardipine and IV milrinone. The combination of IVT nicardipine, IV milrinone, and rescue therapy with IVT milrinone was continued for a total of 7 days. TCD mean velocities decreased into the mild to moderate range within 2 days of the patient receiving this combined regimen and remained globally low thereafter.

Conclusion
This case illustrates the potential benefit of using dual IVT vasodilators to improve outcomes for pediatric patients with refractory cerebral vasospasm.
Genetic and morphometric variation in populations of Partamona cupira and Partamona mulata, stingless bees endemic to the Cerrado biome in Brazil
Authors: Dessi Mariana C , Magri Lucas A , Franco Fernando F , Del Lama Marco Antonio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado biome stands out as a biodiversity hotspot, boasting a rich flora and endemic species. However, human activities have significantly altered nearly 80% of its area. Partamona cupira and Partamona mulata are stingless bees from the Cerrado that have received limited attention regarding their intraspecific variation. Our objective was to estimate the genetic and morphometric variation across the geographical distribution of these bees. We accomplished this by sequencing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (COI and CytB genes) and obtaining phenotypic traits of wings using landmark-based approaches. Genetic analyses revealed a common pattern found in Partamona bees, characterized by high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity, and the presence of exclusive low-frequency haplotypes. These characteristics support the hypothesis that stingless bees exhibit genetic structuring in their mtDNA due to their colony-dependent mode of reproduction. We observed an association between morphometric and geographical distances, suggesting that phenotypic gradients may be produced by environmental factors. The time to the most recent common ancestor for P. cupira and P. mulata was estimated at 147.8 and 284.0 kya, respectively. Demographic analyses suggested population equilibrium for both species, indicating that climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene had no impact on the distributions of P. cupira and P. mulata.
Anti-ageing interventions for the treatment of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Abdellatif Mahmoud , Schmid Sophie T , Fuerlinger Alexander , Kroemer Guido 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As the global demographic landscape continues to shift towards an aged population, so does the medical and socioeconomic burden of cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, ageing is one of, if not, the key risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, there are currently no approved cardiovascular therapeutics that primarily target the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the ageing process itself. In this review, we present the potential of emerging anti-ageing strategies, including epigenetic rejuvenation, metabolic reprogramming, autophagy activation, as well as senolytic and anti-inflammatory therapies, in delaying or reversing the development of age-related cardiovascular disorders, while considering potential sex differences. In doing so, we implicate cellular ageing processes in the pathogenesis of several prevalent cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, various types of cardiomyopathies (including its hypertrophic, ischaemic, dilated, diabetic, and arrhythmogenic forms) and heart failure, particularly that with preserved ejection fraction. Finally, we outline future challenges and steps needed for the implementation of these novel anti-ageing strategies in the clinical setting, with the aim of challenging the long-held notion of ageing as a ‘non-modifiable’ risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
Longitudinal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging following clinical response to rilonacept and prior to recurrence upon treatment suspension: a RHAPSODY subgroup analysis
Authors: Cremer Paul C , Brucato Antonio , Insalaco Antonella , Lin David , Luis Sushil A , Kwon Deborah H , Jellis Christine L , Clair JoAnn , Curtis Allison , Wang Sheldon , Klein Allan L , Imazio Massimo , Paolini John F 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Aims
In the Phase 3 trial, RHAPSODY, rilonacept effectively resolved active pericarditis recurrences, and long-term treatment led to sustained pericarditis recurrence risk reduction. Prior analysis suggested association between higher late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) at baseline and more rapid recurrence upon rilonacept suspension after 12 weeks of treatment. This subgroup analysis assessed the utility of longitudinal serial cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging for tracking clinical improvement and predicting post-treatment cessation outcomes to help guide clinical decision-making.

Methods and results
At an 18-month decision milestone (18MDM) in the RHAPSODY long-term extension, investigators decided if patients would continue rilonacept, suspend rilonacept for off-treatment observation, or discontinue the study. Pericardial thickness, pericardial oedema (T2-short tau inversion recovery, T2-STIR), and LGE were determined at baseline and 18MDM by an imaging core lab blinded to clinical data, and pericarditis recurrence was investigator-assessed. CMR results in patients with data at both baseline and 18MDM (n = 13) showed that pericardial thickness, T2-STIR, and LGE were reduced during rilonacept treatment. Among patients with CMR data who suspended rilonacept at the 18MDM (n = 7), five (71%) had a pericarditis recurrence within 1–4 months of rilonacept suspension, despite all having had none/trace LGE (n = 7) and negative T2-STIR (n = 7) at the 18MDM and two having received prophylactic colchicine.

Conclusion
Continued clinical improvement during prolonged rilonacept treatment corresponded with improvement on CMR, including reduced pericardial thickness, resolution of pericardial oedema, and resolution of LGE. However, none/trace LGE at 18MDM while on treatment did not predict absence of pericarditis recurrence upon subsequent rilonacept suspension in this size-limited subgroup.
Remote sensing for estimating genetic parameters of biomass accumulation and modeling stability of growth curves in alfalfa
Authors: Thapa Ranjita , Kunze Karl H , Hansen Julie , Pierce Christopher , Moore Virginia , Ray Ian , Wickes-Do Liam , Morales Nicolas , Sabadin Felipe , Santantonio Nicholas , Gore Michael A , Robbins Kelly 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Multispectral imaging by unoccupied aerial vehicles provides a nondestructive, high-throughput approach to measure biomass accumulation over successive alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa) harvests. Information from estimated growth curves can be used to infer harvest biomass and to gain insights into the relationship between growth dynamics and forage biomass stability across cuttings and years. In this study, multispectral imaging and several common vegetation indices were used to estimate genetic parameters and model growth of alfalfa cultivars to determine the longitudinal relationship between vegetation indices and forage biomass. Results showed moderate heritability for vegetation indices, with median plot level heritability ranging from 0.11 to 0.64, across multiple cuttings in three trials planted in Ithaca, NY, and Las Cruces, NM. Genetic correlations between the normalized difference vegetation index and forage biomass were moderate to high across trials, cuttings, and the timing of multispectral image capture. To evaluate the relationship between growth parameters and forage biomass stability across cuttings and environmental conditions, random regression modeling approaches were used to estimate the growth parameters of cultivars for each cutting and the variance in growth was compared to the variance in genetic estimates of forage biomass yield across cuttings. These analyses revealed high correspondence between stability in growth parameters and stability of forage yield. The results of this study indicate that vegetation indices are effective at modeling genetic components of biomass accumulation, presenting opportunities for more efficient screening of cultivars and new longitudinal modeling approaches that can provide insights into temporal factors influencing cultivar stability.
Complementary approaches to dissect late leaf rust resistance in an interspecific raspberry population
Authors: Prado Melina , da Silva Allison Vieira , Campos Gabriela Romêro , Borges Karina Lima Reis , Yassue Rafael Massahiro , Husein Gustavo , Akens Felix Frederik , Sposito Marcel Bellato , Amorim Lilian , Behrouzi Pariya , Bustos-Korts Daniela , Fritsche-Neto Roberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Over the last 10 years, global raspberry production has increased by 47.89%, based mainly on the red raspberry species (Rubus idaeus). However, the black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), although less consumed, is resistant to one of the most important diseases for the crop, the late leaf rust caused by Acculeastrum americanum fungus. In this context, genetic resistance is the most sustainable way to control the disease, mainly because there are no registered fungicides for late leaf rust in Brazil. Therefore, the aim was to understand the genetic architecture that controls resistance to late leaf rust in raspberries. For that, we used an interspecific multiparental population using the species mentioned above as parents, 2 different statistical approaches to associate the phenotypes with markers [GWAS (genome-wide association studies) and copula graphical models], and 2 phenotyping methodologies from the first to the 17th day after inoculation (high-throughput phenotyping with a multispectral camera and traditional phenotyping by disease severity scores). Our findings indicate that a locus of higher effect, at position 13.3 Mb on chromosome 5, possibly controls late leaf rust resistance, as both GWAS and the network suggested the same marker. Of the 12 genes flanking its region, 4 were possible receptors, 3 were likely defense executors, 1 gene was likely part of signaling cascades, and 4 were classified as nondefense related. Although the network and GWAS indicated the same higher effect genomic region, the network identified other different candidate regions, potentially complementing the genetic control comprehension.
General
Authors: Hartley Trevor C 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the three legal instruments which constitute a package governing jurisdiction and the recognition of judgments in wide areas of civil and commercial litigation. These include Brussels 2012, Lugano 2007, and the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. As far as courts in the United Kingdom and other EU countries are concerned, the three instruments constitute EU law. The final authority on their interpretation is the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). When Member-State courts interpret them, they must do so in the same way as the CJEU would: they must follow any relevant decisions of the CJEU; if there is no decision in point, they must adopt the same method of interpretation as the CJEU. The chapter then looks at the aims and objectives of the three legal instruments.
Update to Chapter 9: Multiple Parties and Multiple claims
Authors: Hartley Trevor C 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores jurisdictional problems caused by the existence of multiple parties or multiple claims in the same proceedings. Article 8 of Brussels 2012 and Article 6 of Lugano 2007 deal with these matters. Like the provisions discussed in the previous chapter, they concern special jurisdiction in that they apply only where a defendant domiciled in one Member State is sued in another Member State. Generally speaking, multiple claimants cause no jurisdictional problems. Subject to a small number of exceptions, the domicile or nationality of the claimant is irrelevant for jurisdictional purposes. However, where one of these exceptions applies, jurisdiction must exist independently for each claimant. The rules discussed in the chapter are all subject to an exception where the courts of another Member State have exclusive jurisdiction under an exclusive choice-of-court agreement or under Brussels 2012, Article 24. There are also exceptions in the case of protective jurisdiction.
The Anti-Suit Injunction
Authors: Raphael QC Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Questions relating to anti-suit injunctions arise frequently in commercial practice, as commercial litigation is often disputed in several jurisdictions simultaneously. In these circumstances, a party preferring to conduct its litigation in England would need to determine whether it might be possible and effective to obtain an anti-suit injunction to restrain the other party from conducting its proceedings in another jurisdiction. This second edition provides a comprehensive update on all relevant changes in the law since the publication of the first edition. The book presents a thorough analysis of the anti-suit injunction in practice and principle, digesting all the case law and explaining the theoretical issues arising from it. Its scope is now extended to include an analysis of Commonwealth case law, which casts a new light on English law. This dedicated and in-depth analysis continues to be the only work to examine in detail the treatment of anti-suit injunctions, examine in detail those effects, and evaluate the case law as it has developed.
Singapore Law
Authors: Raphael Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses Singapore law. The Singapore law on anti-suit injunctions follows the broad contours of English law and the jurisprudence of the Privy Council, with both the Singapore High Court and the Singapore Court of Appeal contributing to its development. There has been a steady stream of clams and applications for such injunctions since the Singapore courts first had the occasion to consider the question in 1993. Leaving aside the context of injunctions to protect arbitration, permanent and interim anti-suit injunctions are granted in Singapore under the broad powers conferred on the High Court by Section 18(2) and paragraph 14 of Schedule 1 of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act to grant ‘all reliefs and remedies at law and in equity’ and section 4(10) of the Civil Law Act.
Media and Communications
Authors: Bacon Kelyn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the application of State aid rules in relation to the broadcasting, broadband, postal services, and film/audiovisual sectors. In relation to each of the sectors, the chapter discusses the policy and legislative framework, the sector-specific Commission guidelines and communications, specific issues relating to the existence of aid, the applicability of the General Block Exemption Regulation (GBER), and the avenues for authorisation under Article 106(2) or Article 107(2) and (3).
Agriculture and Fisheries
Authors: Bacon Kelyn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the State aid rules applicable to the agriculture and fisheries sectors, placing them in the context of the specific Treaty rules and secondary legislation concerning support for these sectors. The chapter outlines the two pillars of the common agricultural policy and the overall framework for State aid rules in the agricultural sector, before considering in turn the application of State aid rules to agriculture, the agriculture de minimis exemption, the Agriculture Block Exemption Regulation, and the Agriculture Guidelines. In relation to fisheries, the chapter discusses the application of State aid rules to the sector, the de minimis exemption, the Fisheries Block Exemption Regulation, and the Fisheries Guidelines.
Fit and Proper Requirements in EU Financial Regulation
Authors: Busch Danny , Palm-Steyerberg Iris 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a cross-sectoral analysis of the fit and proper requirements applicable to the different types of financial institutions which are the subject of EU financial regulation, such as credit institutions, investment firms, pension funds, and insurance undertakings. These requirements differ substantially across the different sectors. High standards — laid down in the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV) and Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) — were not followed up upon by EU rules in other sectors. Against this backdrop, the chapter poses the question whether these differences can be adequately explained or whether more cross-sectoral harmonisation is actually needed. Ultimately, fit and proper requirements in several sectors should be enhanced, taking into account the proportionality principle. This should lead to more cross-sectoral harmonisation, following the example of the Netherlands.
Risk, Risk Management, and Internal Controls
Authors: van Setten Lodewijk 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies risk, risk management, and internal controls. Risk denotes a set of potential outcomes assessed against a specific objective, such as market risk, liquidity risk, or operational risk. The concept of risk and risk management is intrinsic to the design of a firm’s governance system. The governance of a firm is commonly understood to refer to the system by which that firm is directed and controlled. In that context, the system by which a firm is controlled is referred to as ‘internal controls’. Risk management is part of the internal controls of a firm. The internal controls may be described as the framework of checks and balances that is embedded in the organisational structure that provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of the organisation’s objectives, both in terms of the execution of the business model and in reporting terms.
Capital
Authors: Collier Richard S , Andrus Joseph L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the problems surrounding the transfer, use, and rewards to capital. It highlights the evolution of international tax planning by MNEs to include significant shifts of capital to low or no tax states. The chapter also discusses the limited relevance of the ALP to those developments. The scale and public profile of MNE tax planning using tax havens, coupled with the apparent inability of the international tax system to prevent these developments, increased the pressure for some form of response. In addition, the significant shift of capital to low-function companies in low or no tax states has led to increased concerns on the lack of guidance relating to the return to capital for transfer pricing purposes. The combination of these issues meant that, in the run-up to BEPS, there were mounting questions and pressures facing the ALP and the OECD.