bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utile forms: power and knowledge in small war
Authors: ANSORGE JOSEF TEBOHO , BARKAWI TARAK 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of ‘utile forms’ and analyses the effects of these forms in imperial rule and contemporary counterinsurgency. Utile forms are media that enable bureaucracies to disseminate specialised knowledges to officials operating in the field. Examples include smart cards, field manuals, and handheld biometric devices. We argue that utile forms have significant social and political effects irrespective of the ‘truth value’ of the knowledge they contain. We analyse these effects in terms of world-ordering and world-making properties: utile forms both embody a particular worldview or ideology (world-ordering) and they facilitate official attempts to remake the world in accordance with this vision (world-making). We draw on examples of utile forms from British India and more recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The article concludes by reflecting on the relations between truth, knowledge, and power in times of war and imperialism.
China's Defence Industrial Base in 1985
Authors: Bachman David 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis essay assesses various dimensions of China's defence industrial enterprises. It argues that the defence industrial system should be divided into two tiers: tier one, composed of weapons and equipment producers for the military, and tier two, composed of “civilian” industrial enterprises that provided critical inputs for tier one enterprises, and which in national emergencies could be mobilized to produce weapons themselves. In 1985, there were 1,158 tier one defence enterprises and 827 tier two enterprises among China's 8,285 large- and medium-scale enterprises. Additional information is provided on defence enterprise shares of the economy at the provincial and the national levels, on enterprise distribution by industrial sector, and on when enterprises were built. The article attempts to estimate the total number of workers, output value and fixed assets of the defence industrial sector, and their weight in the national economy.
An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis at a swimming club – can rapid field epidemiology limit the spread of illness?
Authors: McCANN R. , JONES R. , SNOW J. , CLEARY P. , BURGESS S. , BOTHRA V. , CHALMERS R. M. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYIn September 2010, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis affected members of a swimming club. A cohort study was undertaken to identify the number affected and risk factors for infection. Of 101 respondents, 48 met the case definition for probable cryptosporidiosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a strong and highly significant association between illness and attendance at a training session on 13 September 2010 (adjusted odds ratio 28, P < 0·0001). No faecal incidents were reported and pool monitoring parameters were satisfactory. The competitive nature of club swimming requires frequent training and participation in galas, potentially facilitating contamination into other pools and amplification of outbreaks among wider groups of swimmers. There was a lack of awareness of the 2-week exclusion rule among swimmers and coaches, and a high level of underreporting of illness. The study demonstrates the benefits of rapid field epidemiology in identifying the true burden of illness, the source of infection and limiting spread.
Summertime fluxes of N2O, CH4and CO2from the littoral zone of Lake Daming, East Antarctica: effects of environmental conditions
Authors: Ding Wei , Zhu Renbin , MA Dawei , Xu Hua 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were investigated from the algal-rich littoral zone of Lake Daming, East Antarctica during the summers of 2008/09 and 2009/10, using a static chamber technique. High N2O emissions occurred in the littoral zone with the mean flux range of 0.19–7.11 μmol N2O m-2h-1. The mean CH4fluxes ranged from 2.51–5.32 μmol CH4m-2h-1, and they were significantly affected by the lake thermal regime. There were significant differences (P< 0.05) in CH4and N2O fluxes under the light and dark conditions, and sunlight greatly increased N2O emissions by stimulating the algal photosynthesis, but decreased CH4emissions. Overall the littoral zone represented a weak CO2sink with the mean flux range of -0.37–0.13 mmol CO2m-2h-1. The mean ecosystem respiration and photosynthesis rates varied from 0.47–2.90 mmol CO2m-2h-1and from -0.33 to -2.63 mmol CO2m-2h-1. The combined global warming potential (GWP) of N2O and CH4fluxes completely counteracted and surpassed CO2uptake by the algal photosynthesis, and high GWP-positive of N2O and CH4emissions might convert an algal-rich lake site with a net CO2uptake into a net radiative forcing source during the ice-free period.
The summer foraging ranges of adult spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata
Authors: Reid Tim A. , Ronconi Robert A. , Cuthbert Richard J. , Ryan Peter G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSatellite transmitters were attached to eight adult spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata Gould captured during the early incubation period at their breeding grounds on Inaccessible Island, one of the Tristan da Cunha Islands in the central South Atlantic Ocean. Data on their at-sea distribution was obtained for up to six months. All birds remained within the South Atlantic from 24–44°S, with most between 25 and 40°S. Breeding birds mainly foraged in oceanic waters, but failed breeders or non-breeders concentrated their foraging activity over the Rio Grande Rise and the Walvis Ridge and along the shelf break off the east coast of South America. Little foraging occurred along the Benguela shelf break off southern Africa. Non-breeders favoured relatively warm water with low chlorophyll concentrations, reducing the risk of bycatch in fisheries. Tracked birds spent 16% of their time in areas with high levels of tuna longline fishing activity, with overlap greater for non-breeding birds (22%) than breeding birds (3%). Birds in this study foraged in shallower waters along the continental shelf edge off South America than spectacled petrels tracked in this area in winter, potentially increasing their risk of exposure to demersal longline fisheries in this area in summer.
Terrestrial palynomorphs of the Cenozoic Pagodroma Group, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica
Authors: Wei L.J. , Raine J.I. , Liu X.H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTerrestrial palynomorphs from the glaciomarine Pagodroma Group provide the first stratigraphically-constrained record of Cenozoic terrestrial vegetation for the northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. In general, contemporaneous spores and pollen are extremely sparse, but palynological assemblages of the late middle–late Miocene Fisher Bench Formation and Battye Glacier Formation have relatively more abundant Cenozoic spores and pollen compared with those of the Oligocene Mount Johnston Formation and the Pliocene–early Pleistocene Bardin Bluffs Formation. Spore-pollen assemblages from the Battye Glacier Formation and the Fisher Bench Formation are dominated by Chenopodipollis, with a few other accessory angiosperm and podocarp pollen, pteridophyte and bryophyte spores, and algal cysts, reflecting a low diversity herb-tundra vegetation and a climate similar to the present-day cool to cold sub-Antarctic regions. Reworked Permian–Triassic miospores in Amery oasis (unofficial name) sediments probably indicate local provenance from the Amery Group but Jurassic–Cretaceous and possible early Cenozoic miospores reflect an unknown source.
Meiosis progression and donor age affect expression profile of DNA repair genes in bovine oocytes
Authors: Bilotto S. , Boni R. , Russo G.L. , Lioi M.B. 
Published: May 2013

SummarySeveral genetic and physiological factors increase the risk of DNA damage in mammalian oocytes. Two critical events are: (i) meiosis progression, from maturation to fertilization, due to extensive chromatin remodelling during genome decondensation; and (ii) aging, which is associated with a progressive oxidative stress. In this work, we studied the transcriptional patterns of three genes,RAD51,APEX-1andMLH1, involved in DNA repair mechanisms. The analyses were performed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in immature andin vitromatured oocytes collected from 17 ± 3-month-old heifers and 94 ± 20-month-old cows. Batches of 30–50 oocytes for each group (three replicates) were collected from ovarian follicles of slaughtered animals. The oocytes were freed from cumulus cells at the time of follicle removal, or afterin vitromaturation (IVM) carried out in M199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 10 IU luteinising hormone (LH)/ml, 0.1 IU follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/ml and 1 μg 17β-oestradiol/ml. Total RNA was extracted by Trizol method. The expression of bovineGAPDHgene was used as the internal standard, while primers for bovineRAD51,APEX-1andMLH1genes were designed from DNA sequences retrieved from GenBank. Results obtained indicate a clear up-regulation ofRAD51,APEX-1andMLH1genes after IVM, ranging between two- and four-fold compared with germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes. However, onlyRAD51showed a significant transcript increase between the immature oocytes collected from young or old individuals. This finding highlightsRAD51as a candidate gene marker for discriminating bovine immature oocytes in relation to the donor age.
On information dissemination as an informal environmental regulation
Authors: Jamalpuria Aditi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe paper analyzes the impact of environmental information dissemination by an information agent in a product market duopoly. The information agent performs the task of disseminating information regarding a green and a polluting firm's environmental profiles to consumers differing in their preferences for the two firms’ products. The result reveals that, in the absence of information dissemination, the green firm earns a lower market share which necessitates the information agent's intervention to encourage the consumption of green product. Moreover, complete information dissemination regarding the green firm's environmental profile is sufficient to generate a higher market share for the green firm. The paper also finds that an increase in information dissemination regarding either of the two firms’ environmental profiles decreases environmental damage accrued to the society and encourages a greener consumption pattern. An eco-efficiency drive is shown to be self-corrective as it negates the need for the informational intervention.
Property rights, tenure security and forest investment incentives: evidence from China's Collective Forest Tenure Reform
Authors: Yi Yuanyuan , Köhlin Gunnar , Xu Jintao 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper assesses how tenure reform in China's collective forest sector affects Chinese farmer households’ perception of tenure security and propensity to invest in their forestland. A large database consisting of information from 3,180 households in eight provinces from south to north is used to explore factors correlated with more strongly perceived tenure security and determinants of forest-related investment. The study adds to the limited research testing whether there is endogenous causality between investment and tenure security in forestland, and finds that investment was not undertaken to enhance tenure security. In addition, the data allow for differentiation between perceived tenure security and contracted use and transferability rights. Overall, stronger contracted rights were found to affect investment. China's forest tenure reform – where individual households can manage forestland, empowered by legal certification and stronger contract rights – has thus enhanced tenure security and encouraged forest investment.
Blood Capillary Length Estimation from Three-Dimensional Microscopic Data by Image Analysis and Stereology
Authors: Kubínová Lucie , Mao Xiao Wen , Janáček Jiří 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStudies of the capillary bed characterized by its length or length density are relevant in many biomedical studies. A reliable assessment of capillary length from two-dimensional (2D), thin histological sections is a rather difficult task as it requires physical cutting of such sections in randomized directions. This is often technically demanding, inefficient, or outright impossible. However, if 3D image data of the microscopic structure under investigation are available, methods of length estimation that do not require randomized physical cutting of sections may be applied. Two different rat brain regions were optically sliced by confocal microscopy and resulting 3D images processed by three types of capillary length estimation methods: (1) stereological methods based on a computer generation of isotropic uniform random virtual test probes in 3D, either in the form of spatial grids of virtual “slicer” planes or spherical probes; (2) automatic method employing a digital version of the Crofton relations using the Euler characteristic of planar sections of the binary image; and (3) interactive “tracer” method for length measurement based on a manual delineation in 3D of the axes of capillary segments. The presented methods were compared in terms of their practical applicability, efficiency, and precision.
Evaluation of the effects of extended release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy on sleep disturbance in patients with major depressive disorder: a pooled analysis of four randomized acute studies
Authors: Trivedi Madhukar H. , Bandelow Borwin , Demyttenaere Koen , Papakosts George I. , Szamosi Johan , Earley Willie , Eriksson Hans 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEffects of once-daily extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy on sleep quality and disturbance in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were evaluated. Pooled data from four 6- or 8-wk placebo-controlled quetiapine XR (50–300 mg/d) monotherapy studies (D1448C00001; D1448C00002; D1448C00003; D1448C00004) were analysed. Primary efficacy end-point was change from randomization in Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score. Post hoc analyses of secondary end-points were conducted for change from randomization in: MADRS item 4 (reduced sleep); Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) items 4 (insomnia-early), 5 (insomnia-middle), 6 (insomnia-late) and sleep disturbance factor (items 4 + 5+6) scores; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global scores. MADRS total score change was also evaluated in patients experiencing high and low baseline sleep disturbance (HAMD sleep disturbance factor scores ⩾4 and < 4, respectively). In total, 1808 patients were randomized to quetiapine XR or placebo across four studies. At last assessment, quetiapine XR reduced MADRS item 4, HAMD items 4, 5 and 6, HAMD sleep disturbance factor score and PSQI global scores from baseline vs. placebo (p < 0.001). For those experiencing high sleep disturbance (n = 865, quetiapine XR; n = 514, placebo), quetiapine XR improved MADRS total score vs. placebo at all visits (p < 0.001). For those with low sleep disturbance (n = 252, quetiapine XR; n = 121, placebo), quetiapine XR improved MADRS total score vs. placebo at weeks 2 (p < 0.001), 4 and 6 (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, quetiapine XR (50–300 mg/d) monotherapy improved symptoms of sleep disturbance vs. placebo in patients with MDD, including those with either high or low baseline sleep disturbance levels.
Evaluation of adjunct extended-release quetiapine fumarate on sleep disturbance and quality in patients with major depressive disorder and an inadequate response to on-going antidepressant therapy
Authors: Bauer Michael , McIntyre Roger S. , Szamosi Johan , Eriksson Hans 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSleep disturbance is common in depression and is a risk factor for recurrence and suicide. This analysis evaluated the effects of adjunct extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) on sleep disturbance and quality in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and an inadequate response to on-going antidepressant therapy. Pooled data from two 6-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were analysed post hoc. Patients received once-daily quetiapine XR [(150 mg/d), n = 309; (300 mg/d), n = 307] or placebo (n = 303) adjunct to on-going antidepressant therapy. Analyses included: change from randomization in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Item 4 (reduced sleep) score; Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) Items 4 (insomnia-early), 5 (insomnia-middle) and 6 (insomnia-late) scores; HAMD sleep disturbance factor (Items 4+5+6); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score. Change in MADRS total score was also evaluated in patients stratified by HAMD sleep disturbance factor score (high ⩾4 and low < 4) at randomization. At week 6, adjunct quetiapine XR (150 and 300 mg/d) reduced MADRS Item 4, HAMD Items 4, 5 and 6, HAMD sleep disturbance factor and PSQI global scores from randomization vs. placebo (all p < 0.001). In patients with high sleep disturbance, quetiapine XR (both doses) improved depressive symptoms (MADRS total score) vs. placebo from week 1 onwards (p < 0.01). Adjunct quetiapine XR improved sleep disturbance and quality vs. placebo in patients with MDD and an inadequate response to on-going antidepressant treatment, and was effective against depressive symptoms in patients experiencing high sleep disturbance.
Biological substrates underpinning diagnosis of major depression
Authors: Sibille Etienne , French Beverly 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMajor depression is characterized by low mood, a reduced ability to experience pleasure and frequent cognitive, physiological and high anxiety symptoms. It is also the leading cause of years lost due to disability worldwide in women and men, reflecting a lifelong trajectory of recurring episodes, increasing severity and progressive treatment resistance. Yet, antidepressant drugs at best treat only one out of every two patients and have not fundamentally changed since their discovery by chance >50 yr ago. This status quo may reflect an exaggerated emphasis on a categorical disease classification that was not intended for biological research and on oversimplified gene-to-disease models for complex illnesses. Indeed, genetic, molecular and cellular findings in major depression suggest shared risk and continuous pathological changes with other brain-related disorders. So, an alternative is that pathological findings in major depression reflect changes in vulnerable brain-related biological modules, each with their own aetiological factors, pathogenic mechanisms and biological/environment moderators. In this model, pathological entities have low specificity for major depression and instead co-occur, combine and interact within individual subjects across disorders, contributing to the expression of biological endophenotypes and potentially clinical symptom dimensions. Here, we discuss current limitations in depression research, review concepts of gene-to-disease biological scales and summarize human post-mortem brain findings related to pyramidal neurons, γ-amino butyric acid neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, as prototypical brain circuit biological modules. Finally we discuss nested aetiological factors and implications for dimensional pathology. Evidence suggests that a focus on local cell circuits may provide an appropriate integration point and a critical link between underlying molecular mechanisms and neural network dysfunction in major depression.
Measuring the cost of international trade in services
Authors: MIROUDOT SÉBASTIEN , SAUVAGE JEHAN , SHEPHERD BEN 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe present a new dataset of international trade costs in services sectors. Using a theory-based methodology combined with data on domestic shipments and cross-border trade, we find that trade costs in services are much higher than in goods sectors: a multiple of two to three times in many cases. Trade costs in services have remained relatively steady over the last ten years, whereas trade costs in goods have fallen overall at an impressive rate. We show that even in a regional grouping that has done much to promote a single market in services–the EU–there remains considerable heterogeneity in trade costs across countries. Our findings generally suggest an important role for future policy reforms to reduce the regulatory burdens facing services sectors and facilitate trade in services.
skNAC depletion stimulates myoblast migration and perturbs sarcomerogenesis by enhancing calpain 1 and 3 activity
Authors: Berkholz Janine , Zakrzewicz Andreas , Munz Barbara 
Published: May 2013

skNAC (skeletal and heart muscle specific variant of nascent polypeptide-associated complex α) is a skeletal and heart muscle-specific protein known to be involved in the regulation of sarcomerogenesis. The respective mechanism, however, is largely unknown. In the present paper, we demonstrate that skNAC regulates calpain activity. Specifically, we show that inhibition of skNAC gene expression leads to enhanced, and overexpression of the skNAC gene to repressed, activity of calpain 1 and, to a lesser extent, calpain 3 in myoblasts. In skNAC siRNA-treated cells, enhanced calpain activity is associated with increased migration rates, as well as with perturbed sarcomere architecture. Treatment of skNAC-knockdown cells with the calpain inhibitor ALLN (N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal) reverts both the positive effect on myoblast migration and the negative effect on sarcomere architecture. Taken together, our data suggest that skNAC controls myoblast migration and sarcomere architecture in a calpain-dependent manner.
Visualization of pinholin lesions in vivo
Authors: Pang Ting , Fleming Tinya C. , Pogliano Kit , Young Ry 
Published: May 2013

Significance
How a virus schedules the termination of its infection cycle is a mystery. Here, we show that a small-membrane protein called a pinholin controls the infection cycle of a bacterial virus. By tagging the pinholin with a fluorescent marker, we show that, while the virus is replicating, the pinholin accumulates harmlessly and uniformly in the membrane until suddenly aggregating into foci (rafts), causing a fatal deenergization of the bacterial membrane and the onset of lysis. The entire temporal program of the virus may, thus, depend on achieving a critical concentration of a single protein.