bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental decision‐making on utilisation of out‐of‐home respite in children's palliative care: findings of qualitative case study research ‐ a proposed new model
Authors: Ling J. , Payne S. , Connaire K. , McCarron M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryBackgroundRespite in children's palliative care aims to provide a break for family's from the routine of caring. Parental decision‐making regarding the utilisation of out‐of‐home respite is dependent on many interlinking factors including the child's age, diagnosis, geographical location and the family's capacity to meet their child's care needs. A proposed model for out‐of‐home respite has been developed based on the findings of qualitative case study research.MethodsUtilising multiple, longitudinal, qualitative case study design, the respite needs and experiences of parents caring for a child with a life‐limiting condition were explored. Multiple, in‐depth interviews were undertaken with the parents identified by a hospital‐based children's palliative care team. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Each individual case consists of a whole study. Cross‐case comparison was also conducted.ResultsNine families were recruited and followed for two years. A total of 19 in‐depth interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers (one or both) caring for a child with a life‐limiting condition in Ireland. Each family reported vastly different needs and experiences of respite from their own unique perspective. Cross‐case comparison showed that for all parents utilising respite care, regardless of their child's age and condition, home was the location of choice. Many interlinking factors influencing these decisions included: past experience of in‐patient care, and trust and confidence in care providers. Issues were raised regarding the impact of care provision in the home on family life, siblings and the concept of home.ConclusionRespite is an essential element of children's palliative care. Utilisation of out‐of‐home respite is heavily dependent on a number of interlinked and intertwined factors. The proposed model of care offers an opportunity to identify how these decisions are made and may ultimately assist in identifying the elements of responsive and family‐focused respite that are important to families of children with life‐limiting conditions.
No data, no problem, no action: parenting programs in low‐income countries. Making the social–emotional outcomes more visible
Authors: Tinajero A. R. , Cohen N. J. , Ametorwo S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundParenting programs are delivered in many low income countries in an effort to address the effects of insufficient cognitive stimulation, major social–emotional risk factors related to inadequate caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness, maternal depression, violence and biological risk factors. However, the outcomes of these programs are often untested because of methodological limitations in the existing evaluation tools available for cross‐cultural research, and especially those related to social–emotional development and functioning.MethodThis study takes an approach that involves organizing data from focus groups collected following caregiver participation in a parenting program, Learning Through Play (LTP) delivered in 11 low income countries. The LTP program has as its aim to increase parent knowledge and influence parental practice regarding the essential components of early development of children aged birth to 6 years. The purpose of systematically organizing focus group data was to illustrate a means by which program developers worldwide can discuss outcomes of program participation, particularly in social–emotional domains that have been overlooked in past studies on parenting programs.Results and conclusionThe findings from this study suggest that qualitative outcome data can be organized to make the social–emotional outcomes of participation in parenting programs more visible.
Predictive factors for recurrence of cryptoglandular fistulae characterized by preoperative three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound
Authors: Visscher A. P. , Schuur D. , Slooff R. A. E. , Meijerink W. J. H. J. , Deen‐Molenaar C. B. H. , Felt‐Bersma R. J. F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimPrecise information regarding the location of an anal fistula and its relationship to adjacent structures is necessary for selecting the best surgical strategy. Retrospective and cross‐sectional studies were performed to determine predictive factors for recurrence of anal fistula from preoperative examination by three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D‐EAUS).MethodPatients in our tertiary centre and in a private centre specialized in proctology undergoing preoperative 3D‐EAUS for cryptoglandular anal fistulae between 2002 and 2012 were included. A questionnaire was sent in September 2013 to assess the patient's condition with regard to recurrence. Variables checked for association with recurrence were gender, type of centre, previous fistula surgery, secondary track formation and classification of the fistula.ResultsThere were 143 patients of whom 96 had a low fistula treated by fistulotomy, 28 a high fistula treated by fistulectomy and 19 a high fistula treated by fistulectomy combined with a mucosal advancement flap. The median duration of follow‐up was 26 (2–118) months. The fistula recurred in 40 (27%) patients. Independent risk factors included the presence of secondary track formation [hazard ratio 2.4 (95% CI 1.2–51), P = 0.016] and previous fistula surgery [hazard ratio 1.2 (95% CI 1.0–4.6), P = 0.041]. Agreement between the 3D‐EAUS examination and the evaluation under anaesthesia regarding the site of the internal opening, classification of the fistula and the presence of secondary tracks was 97%, 98% and 78%.ConclusionThe identification of secondary tracks by preoperative 3D‐EAUS examination was the strongest independent risk factor for recurrence. This stresses the importance of preoperative 3D‐EAUS in mapping the pathological anatomy of the fistula and a thorough search for secondary track formation during surgery.
Systematic review of guidelines for the assessment and management of high‐grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN II/III)
Authors: Alam N. N. , White D. A. , Narang S. K. , Daniels I. R. , Smart N. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimThere is ambiguity with regard to the optimal management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) III. The aim of this review was to assess and compare international/national society guidelines currently available in the literature on the management, treatment and surveillance of AIN III. We also aimed to assess the quality of the studies used to compile the guidelines and to clarify the terminology used in histological assessment.MethodAn electronic search of PubMed and Embase was performed using the search terms ‘anal intraepithelial neoplasia’, ‘AIN’, ‘anal cancer’, ‘guidelines’, ‘surveillance’ and ‘management’. Literature reviews and guidelines or practice guidelines in peer reviewed journals from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2014 assessing the treatment, surveillance or management of patients with AIN related to human papilloma virus were included. The guidelines identified by the search were assessed for the quality of evidence behind them using the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence.ResultsThe database search identified 5159 articles and two further guidelines were sourced from official body guidelines. After inclusion criteria were applied, 28 full‐text papers were reviewed. Twenty‐five of these were excluded, leaving three guidelines for inclusion in the systematic review: those published by the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons and the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery. No guidelines were identified on the management of AIN III from human papilloma virus associations and societies. All three guidelines agree that a high index of clinical suspicion is essential for diagnosing AIN with a disease‐specific history, physical examination, digital rectal examination and anal cytology. There is interchange of terminology from high‐grade AIN (HGAIN) (which incorporates AIN II/III) and AIN III in the literature leading to confusion in therapy use. Treatment varies from immunomodulation and photodynamic therapy to targeted destruction of areas of HGAIN/AIN II/III using infrared coagulation, electrocautery, cryotherapy or surgical excision but with little consensus between the guidelines. Recommendations on surveillance strategies are similarly discordant, ranging from 6‐monthly physical examination to annual anoscopy ± biopsy. Over 50% of the recommendations are based on Level 3 or Level 4 evidence and many were compiled using studies that were more than 10 years old.ConclusionDespite concordance regarding diagnosis, there is significant variation in the guidelines over recommendations on the treatment and surveillance of patients with HGAIN/AIN II/III. All three sets of guidelines are based on low level, outdated evidence originating from the 1980s and 1990s.
When does social learning become cultural learning?
Authors: Heyes Cecilia 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDevelopmental research on selective social learning, or ‘social learning strategies’, is currently a rich source of information about when children copy behaviour, and who they prefer to copy. It also has the potential to tell us when and how human social learning becomes cultural learning; i.e. mediated by psychological mechanisms that are specialized, genetically or culturally, to promote cultural inheritance. However, this review article argues that, to realize its potential, research on the development of selective social learning needs more clearly to distinguish functional from mechanistic explanation; to achieve integration with research on attention and learning in adult humans and ‘dumb’ animals; and to recognize that psychological mechanisms can be specialized, not only by genetic evolution, but also by associative learning and cultural evolution.
Survey on multisensory feedback virtual reality dental training systems
Authors: Wang D. , Li T. , Zhang Y. , Hou J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCompared with traditional dental training methods, virtual reality training systems integrated with multisensory feedback possess potentials advantages. However, there exist many technical challenges in developing a satisfactory simulator. In this manuscript, we systematically survey several current dental training systems to identify the gaps between the capabilities of these systems and the clinical training requirements. After briefly summarising the components, functions and unique features of each system, we discuss the technical challenges behind these systems including the software, hardware and user evaluation methods. Finally, the clinical requirements of an ideal dental training system are proposed. Future research/development areas are identified based on an analysis of the gaps between current systems and clinical training requirements.
Effectiveness of Jigsaw learning compared to lecture‐based learning in dental education
Authors: Sagsoz O. , Karatas O. , Turel V. , Yildiz M. , Kaya E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimThe objective of this study was to evaluate the success levels of students using the Jigsaw learning method in dental education.MethodFifty students with similar grade point average (GPA) scores were selected and randomly assigned into one of two groups (n = 25). A pretest concerning ‘adhesion and bonding agents in dentistry’ was administered to all students before classes. The Jigsaw learning method was applied to the experimental group for 3 weeks. At the same time, the control group was taking classes using the lecture‐based learning method. At the end of the 3 weeks, all students were retested (post‐test) on the subject. A retention test was administered 3 weeks after the post‐test. Mean scores were calculated for each test for the experimental and control groups, and the data obtained were analysed using the independent samples t‐test.ResultsNo significant difference was determined between the Jigsaw and lecture‐based methods at pretest or post‐test. The highest mean test score was observed in the post‐test with the Jigsaw method. In the retention test, success with the Jigsaw method was significantly higher than that with the lecture‐based method.ConclusionThe Jigsaw method is as effective as the lecture‐based method.
LPL gene expression is associated with poor prognosis in CLL and closely related to NOTCH1 mutations
Authors: Kristensen Louise , Kristensen Thomas , Abildgaard Niels , Royo Cristina , Frederiksen Mikael , Mourits‐Andersen Torben , Campo Elias , Møller Michael Boe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionChronic lymphocytic leukemia is a heterogeneous yet incurable disease. Whole‐genome and whole‐exome sequencing studies have revealed recurrently occurring somatic mutations in some genes. Several other prognostic markers have previously been tested for their prognostic value in CLL. LPL is among these markers.AimTo evaluate LPL gene expression together with the well‐established prognostic markers of CLL and investigate correlations with more recently identified prognostic markers, NOTCH1 and TP53 mutations.MethodsOn 149 patients, LPL gene expression was analyzed by real‐time RT‐PCR. Exon 34 of NOTCH1 was PCR‐amplified and directly sequenced.ResultsLPL gene expression could be measured as a categorical variable (LPL+/LPL‐) and was associated with time to treatment (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.007). In patients otherwise classified as having a good prognosis according to established and new prognostic markers, 3 of 4 patients, who received treatment within 24 months after diagnosis, were LPL+ (P = 0.03). There was a strong correlation between NOTCH1 mutation and LPL+ (P = 0.005). The unfavorable prognosis of LPL+ was maintained in CLL with wild‐type NOTCH1.ConclusionsNOTCH1 mutations are tightly associated with LPL gene expression. LPL expression is independently associated with poor outcome in CLL and can be measured as a categorical variable.
Alteration of SLP2‐like immunolabeling in mitochondria signifies early cellular damage in developing and adult mouse brain
Authors: Morozov Yury M. , Sun Yu‐Yo , Kuan Chia‐Yi , Rakic Pasko 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMitochondria play a critical role in various pathways of regulated cell death. Here we propose a novel method for detection of initial derangement of mitochondria in degenerating and dying neuronal cells. The method is based on our recent finding that antibodies directed against the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) also bind the mitochondrial stomatin‐like protein 2 (SLP2) that belongs to an inner mitochondrial membrane protein complex. It is well established that SLP2 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory functions. We now show that anti‐CB1 antibodies recognize conformational epitopes but not the linear amino acid sequence of SLP2. In addition we found that anti‐CB1 serum mostly labels swollen mitochondria with early or advanced stages of pathology in mouse brain while other proteins of the complex may mask epitopes of SLP2 in the normal mitochondria. Although neurons and endothelial cells in healthy brains contain occasional immunopositive mitochondria detectable with anti‐CB1 serum, their numbers increase significantly after hypoxic insults in parallel with signs of cellular damage. Moreover, use of electron microscopy suggests relocation of SLP2 from its normal functional position in the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in pathological cells. Thus, SLP2‐like immunolabeling serves as an in situ histochemical target detecting early derangement of mitochondria. Anti‐CB1 serum is crucial for this purpose because available anti‐SLP2 antibodies do not provide selective labeling of mitochondria in the fixed tissue. This new method of detecting mitochondrial dysfunction can benefit the in vitro research of human diseases and developmental disorders by enabling analysis in live animal models.
Individual and sex‐related differences in pain and relief responsiveness are associated with differences in resting‐state functional networks in healthy volunteers
Authors: Galli Giulia , Santarnecchi Emiliano , Feurra Matteo , Bonifazi Marco , Rossi Simone , Paulus Martin P. , Rossi Alessandro 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPain processing is associated with neural activity in a number of widespread brain regions. Here, we investigated whether functional connectivity at rest between these brain regions is associated with individual and sex‐related differences in thermal pain and relief responsiveness. Twenty healthy volunteers (ten females) were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging in resting conditions. Half an hour after scanning, we administered thermal pain on the back of their right hand and collected pain and relief ratings in two separate runs of twelve stimuli each. Across the whole group, mean pain ratings were associated with decreased connectivity at rest between brain regions belonging to the default mode and the visual resting‐state network. In men, pain measures correlated with increased connectivity within the visual resting‐state network. In women, in contrast, decreased connectivity between this network and parietal and prefrontal brain regions implicated in affective cognitive control were associated with both pain and relief ratings. Our findings indicate that the well documented individual variability and sex differences in pain sensitivity may be explained, at least in part, by network dynamics at rest in these brain regions.
Areas V1 and V2 show microsaccade‐related 3–4‐Hz covariation in gamma power and frequency
Authors: Lowet E. , Roberts M. J. , Bosman C. A. , Fries P. , De Weerd P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNeuronal gamma‐band synchronization (25–80 Hz) in visual cortex appears sustained and stable during prolonged visual stimulation when investigated with conventional averages across trials. However, recent studies in macaque visual cortex have used single‐trial analyses to show that both power and frequency of gamma oscillations exhibit substantial moment‐by‐moment variation. This has raised the question of whether these apparently random variations might limit the functional role of gamma‐band synchronization for neural processing. Here, we studied the moment‐by‐moment variation in gamma oscillation power and frequency, as well as inter‐areal gamma synchronization, by simultaneously recording local field potentials in V1 and V2 of two macaque monkeys. We additionally analyzed electrocorticographic V1 data from a third monkey. Our analyses confirm that gamma‐band synchronization is not stationary and sustained but undergoes moment‐by‐moment variations in power and frequency. However, those variations are neither random and nor a possible obstacle to neural communication. Instead, the gamma power and frequency variations are highly structured, shared between areas and shaped by a microsaccade‐related 3–4‐Hz theta rhythm. Our findings provide experimental support for the suggestion that cross‐frequency coupling might structure and facilitate the information flow between brain regions.
Origins of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia to the forelimb region of the ventral premotor cortex in macaque monkeys
Authors: Ishida Hiroaki , Inoue Ken‐ichi , Takada Masahiko , Hoshi Eiji 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe ventral premotor cortex (PMv), occupying the ventral aspect of area 6 in the frontal lobe, has been implicated in action planning and execution based on visual signals. Although the PMv has been characterized by cortico‐cortical connections with specific subregions of the parietal and prefrontal cortical areas, a topographical input/output organization between the PMv and the basal ganglia (BG) still remains elusive. In the present study, retrograde transneuronal labelling with the rabies virus was employed to identify the origins of multisynaptic projections from the BG to the PMv. The virus was injected into the forelimb region of the PMv, identified in the ventral aspect of the genu of the arcuate sulcus, in macaque monkeys. The survival time after the virus injection was set to allow either the second‐ or third‐order neuron labelling across two or three synapses. The second‐order neurons were observed in the ventral portion (primary motor territory) and the caudodorsal portion (higher‐order motor territory) of the internal segment of the globus pallidus. Subsequently, the third‐order neurons were distributed in the putamen caudal to the anterior commissure, including both the primary and the higher‐order motor territories, and in the ventral striatum (limbic territory). In addition, they were found in the dorsolateral portion (motor territory) and ventromedial portion (limbic territory) of the subthalamic nucleus, and in the external segment of the globus pallidus including both the limbic and motor territories. These findings indicate that the PMv receives diverse signals from the primary motor, higher‐order motor and limbic territories of the BG.
Tonically active NMDA receptors – a signalling mechanism critical for interneuronal excitability in the CA1 stratum radiatum
Authors: Riebe Ilse , Seth Henrik , Culley Georgia , Dósa Zita , Radi Shayma , Strand Karin , Fröjd Victoria , Hanse Eric 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn contrast to tonic extrasynaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor‐mediated signalling, the physiological significance of tonic extrasynaptic N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR)‐mediated signalling remains uncertain. In this study, reversible open‐channel blockers of NMDARs, memantine and phencyclidine (PCP) were used as tools to examine tonic NMDAR‐mediated signalling in rat hippocampal slices. Memantine in concentrations up to 10 μm had no effect on synaptically evoked NMDAR‐mediated responses in pyramidal neurons or GABAergic interneurons. On the other hand, 10 μm memantine reduced tonic NMDAR‐mediated currents in GABAergic interneurons by approximately 50%. These tonic NMDAR‐mediated currents in interneurons contributed significantly to the excitability of the interneurons as 10 μm memantine reduced the disynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic current in pyramidal cells by about 50%. Moreover, 10 μm memantine, but also PCP in concentrations ≤ 1 μm, increased the magnitude of the population spike, likely because of disinhibition. The relatively higher impact of tonic NMDAR‐mediated signalling in interneurons was at least partly explained by the expression of GluN2D‐containing NMDARs, which was not observed in mature pyramidal cells. The current results are consistent with the idea that low doses of readily reversible NMDAR open‐channel blockers preferentially inhibit tonically active extrasynaptic NMDARs, and they suggest that tonically active NMDARs contribute more prominently to the intrinsic excitation in GABAergic interneurons than in pyramidal cells. It is proposed that this specific difference between interneurons and pyramidal cells can explain the disinhibition caused by the Alzheimer's disease medication memantine.