bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide‐treated clothes for the control of vector‐borne diseases: a review on effectiveness and safety
Authors: BANKS S. D. , MURRAY N. , WILDER‐SMITH A. , LOGAN J. G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInsecticide‐treated clothing has been used for many years by the military and in recreational activities as personal protection against bites from a variety of arthropods including ticks, chigger mites, sandflies and mosquitoes. Permethrin is the most commonly used active ingredient, but others, including bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, DEET (N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenz‐amide) and KBR3023, have also been trialled. Treatment is usually carried out by home or factory dipping. However, new microencapsulation technologies which may prolong the activity of insecticides on clothing are now available and may help to overcome the inevitable reduction in efficacy over time that occurs as a result of washing, ultraviolet light exposure, and the normal wear and tear of the fabric. The aim of this article is to review the evidence base for the use of insecticide‐treated clothing for protection against bites from arthropods and its effect on arthropod‐borne pathogen transmission. Although some studies do demonstrate protection against pathogen transmission, there are surprisingly few, and the level of protection provided varies according to the disease and the type of study conducted. For example, insecticide‐treated clothing has been reported to give between 0% and 75% protection against malaria and between 0% and 79% protection against leishmaniasis. Studies vary in the type of treatment used, the age group of participants, the geographical location of the study, and the pathogen transmission potential. This makes it difficult to compare and assess intervention trials. Overall, there is substantial evidence that insecticide‐treated clothing can provide protection against arthropod bites. Bite protection evidence suggests that insecticide‐treated clothing may be useful in the prevention of pathogen transmission, but further investigations are required to accurately demonstrate transmission reduction.
POLITICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND FISHERIES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES
Authors: BENSHOOF CHRIS , BAEK JUNGHO 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPacific salmon have always been a lucrative commodity in Alaska history. The primary contribution of this paper is to assess the effects of statewide policy changes such as the 1959 Alaska Statehood and the 1974 Limited Entry Act on the harvest of Pacific salmon in Alaska, controlling for changes in oceanic environmental conditions such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. An autoregressive distributed lag approach is employed to annual time‐series data for 1899–1996. We find that, while the 1974 Limited Entry Act has a significant effect on Alaska salmon harvests, the 1959 Alaska Statehood had little impact. In addition, the oceanic environment has an important determinant of long‐run Alaska salmon harvests.
How different do visuo‐tactile criteria assess caries lesions activity status on occlusal surfaces?
Authors: Floriano I , Bonini GC , Matos R , Novaes TF , Ekstrand KR , Mendes FM , Braga MM 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesWe tested the association between active caries lesions assessed by two different criteria and clinical features of these caries lesions.Materials and methodsThree examiners examined forty‐nine 3‐ to 12‐year‐old children: one examiner used the Nyvad criteria, another examiner used the International Caries Detection and Assessment System with an additional criteria – Lesion Activity Assessment (ICDAS + LAA), and a reference examiner classified lesions regarding plaque stagnation, colour, lustre, cavities, depth and texture. Logistic regressions were used to test associations. For analyses, we grouped sound sites and inactive lesions vs active caries lesions, but also considering only inactive vs active lesions.ResultsActive lesions scored by both criteria were similarly associated with different clinical parameters tested, except when the sound sites were excluded from the analysis. In these cases, active lesions according to ICDAS + LAA were associated only with cavitation and texture. Texture was associated with divergences between criteria when differentiating sound or inactive lesions from active ones. Fewer divergences in differentiating active from inactive lesions were observed when lesions present lustre.ConclusionMost clinical signs associated with active caries lesions were similar, but texture and severity tend to have a greater importance when using ICDAS + LAA for distinguishing caries activity status. Attention should be given to differences due to texture and lustre when using different indices.
RHINASTHMA‐Adolescents: a new quality of life tool for patients with respiratory allergy
Authors: La Grutta Stefania , Landi Massimo , Braido Fulvio , Montalbano Laura , Ferrante Giuliana , Malizia Velia , Fassio Omar , Canonica Giorgio W. , Baiardini Ilaria 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundSpecific instruments for health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment in adolescents with rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma are available. None of them evaluates rhinitis and asthma together, although they often coexist. Our aim was to validate a HRQoL questionnaire for adolescents with rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, or both.MethodsA pool of 38 items covering the main symptoms and problems related to respiratory allergy was generated based on literature review, clinical experience, and unstructured interviews to 54 adolescents. The items were randomly listed and presented to 88 consecutive outpatients (44 M; mean age 15.2 ± 3.1). Patients had to indicate which item they had experienced and, for each selected item, its importance on a four‐point scale (1 = not at all; 4 = very much). Twelve items were excluded from the list, because of low importance. In the validation phase, 102 patients (54 M; mean age 15.36 ± 1.12) completed the KINDL, a generic HRQoL tool, and the new questionnaire (RHINASTHMA‐Adolescents).ResultsFactor analysis revealed a five‐dimensional structure, which explained up to 71.23% of the total variance. Association between RHINASTHMA‐Adolescents and KINDL scores was all in the expected direction. Internal consistency for the extracted factors was satisfactory: Upper Airways (0.81), Lower Airways (0.89), Emotions (0.85), Social Relationship (0.79), Daily life management (0.74). Reliability was good for all factors with a Pearson coefficient ranged from 0.91 to 0.99.ConclusionsRHINASTHMA‐Adolescents is the first tool for evaluating HRQoL in patients with rhinitis and/or asthma. It provides a simple assessment and met the standards of validity, internal consistency, and reliability.
Continuous noninvasive cardiac output in children: is this the next generation of operating room monitors? Initial experience in 402 pediatric patients
Authors: Coté Charles J. , Sui Jinghu , Anderson Thomas Anthony , Bhattacharya Somaletha T. , Shank Erik S. , Tuason Pacifico M. , August David A. , Zibaitis Audrius , Firth Paul G. , Fuzaylov Gennadiy , Leeman Michael R. , Mai Christine L. , Roberts Jesse D. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryBackgroundElectrical Cardiometry™ (EC) estimates cardiac parameters by measuring changes in thoracic electrical bioimpedance during the cardiac cycle. The ICON®, using four electrocardiogram electrodes (EKG), estimates the maximum rate of change of impedance to peak aortic blood acceleration (based on the premise that red blood cells change from random orientation during diastole (high impedance) to an aligned state during systole (low impedance)).ObjectiveTo determine whether continuous cardiac output (CO) data provide additional information to current anesthesia monitors that is useful to practitioners.MethodsAfter IRB approval and verbal consent, 402 children were enrolled. Data were uploaded to our anesthesia record at one‐minute intervals. Ten‐second measurements (averaged over the previous 20 heart beats) were downloaded to separate files for later comparison with routine OR monitors.ResultsData from 374 were in the final cohort (loss of signal or improper lead placement); 292 012 measurements during 58 049 min of anesthesia were made in these children (1 day to 19 years and 1 to 107 kg). Four events had a ≥25% reduction in cardiac index at least 1 min before a clinically important change in other monitored parameters; 18 events in 14 children confirmed manifestations of other hemodynamic measures; eight events may have represented artifacts because the observed measurements did not seem to fit the clinical parameters of the other monitors; three other events documented decreased stroke index with extreme tachycardia.ConclusionsElectrical cardiometry provides real‐time cardiovascular information regarding developing hemodynamic events and successfully tracked the rapid response to interventions in children of all sizes. Intervention decisions must be based on the combined data from all monitors and the clinical situation. Our experience suggests that this type of monitor may be an important addition to real‐time hemodynamic monitoring.
Rhabdomyosarcoma Arising in a Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Authors: Christman Mitalee P. , Kerner Jennifer K. , Cheng Carol , Piris Adriano , Nepo Anne G. , Sepehr Alireza , Kroshinsky Daniela 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA number of lesions have been documented to arise within congenital melanocytic nevi (CMNs). Although the most frequent malignancy arising within a CMN is melanoma, the association between rhabdomyosarcoma and CMN has rarely been documented. We present a case arising in a 4‐month‐old girl with a giant CMN. She presented for evaluation of a pedunculated lesion at the superior gluteal crease that had been present since birth and exhibited rapid growth. Biopsy of the lesion revealed two distinct components: an expansile proliferation of pleomorphic cells with varying degrees of cellularity and a proliferation of banal‐appearing melanocytic nevic cells. The cells of the expansile proliferation displayed a wide range of morphologic features, including nests of round cells, spindle‐shaped cells, and more differentiated rhabdomyoblasts within a myxoid, highly vascularized stroma. Cross‐striations, a marker of skeletal muscle differentiation, were present. These tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive with desmin, myo‐D1, and myogenin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with PAX3/7‐FKHR probes was negative. A diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in association with CMN was made. Initial excision revealed tumor at the margins, and the patient underwent reexcision with subsequent chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide. She was disease‐free at the 6‐year follow‐up. It has been postulated that the combination of melanocytic and rhabdomyoblastic cells within the same lesion may imply derivation from a common pluripotent stem cell or neural crest cell. Clinicians following patients with giant CMN should consider rhabdomyosarcoma in the differential diagnosis of lesions arising within the nevus.
Long‐term adherence with non‐invasive ventilation improves prognosis in obese COPD patients
Authors: Borel Jean‐Christian , Pepin Jean‐Louis , Pison Christophe , Vesin Aurélien , Gonzalez‐Bermejo Jesus , Court‐Fortune Isabelle , Timsit Jean‐François 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveLong‐term non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) has become a widespread modality of treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with chronic respiratory failure. However, benefits in terms of patient‐related outcomes are still under debate. Both NIV adherence and heterogeneous responses in different COPD phenotypes may contribute to the difficulty of demonstrating NIV benefits. Our aim was to assess the impact of NIV adherence on the rate of hospitalization for acute exacerbation and death.MethodsThis is a prospective multi‐centre cohort study of COPD patients treated by long‐term NIV. Comorbidities, anthropometrics, respiratory parameters were collected at inclusion in the study. Follow‐up data included vital status, NIV adherence and hospitalizations. The influence of NIV adherence on prognosis was tested using an adjusted Cox model. Sensitivity analyses for obese and non‐obese COPD subtypes were also conducted.ResultsTwo hundred thirteen patients (48% obese) were included with 45.5% died during 47.7 [interquartile range = 27.8; 73] months' follow‐up. Survival was better in obese COPD than non‐obese COPD. The use of NIV > 9 h/day was associated with an increased risk of death or hospitalization for acute exacerbation [HR = 1.6; 95CI: 1.1–2.4]. In obese COPD, this risk described a U‐shaped curve from >1 to >9 h/day NIV usage with an improvement in prognosis when NIV adherence was > 5 h/day [HR = 0.5; 95CI: 0.2–0.9].ConclusionsAdherence to NIV was associated with better prognosis only in obese COPD. NIV use > 9 h/day predicted poor outcomes.
Three‐dimensional seismic analysis of sediment waves and related geomorphological features on a carbonate shelf exposed to large amplitude internal waves, Browse Basin region, Australia
Authors: Belde Johannes , Back Stefan , Reuning Lars 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study analyses the three‐dimensional geometry of sedimentary features recorded on the modern sea floor and in the shallow subsurface of a shelf to upper slope region offshore Australia that is characterized by a pronounced internal wave regime. The data interpreted comprise an extensive, >12 500 km2 industrial three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection survey that images the northern part of the Browse Basin, Australian North West Shelf. The most prominent seismic–morphological features on the modern sea floor are submarine terrace escarpments, fault‐scarps and incised channels, as well as restricted areas of seismic distortion interpreted as mass wasting deposits. Besides these kilometre‐scale sea floor irregularities, smaller bedforms were discovered also, including a multitude of sediment waves with a lateral extent of several kilometres and heights up to 10 m. These sedimentological features generally occur in extensive fields in water depths below 250 m mostly at the foot of submerged terraces, along the scarps of modern faults and along the shelf break between the outer shelf and the upper continental rise. Additional bedforms that characterize the more planar regions of the outer shelf are elongate, north‐west/south‐east oriented furrows and ridges. The formation of both sediment waves and furrow‐ridge systems requires flow velocities between 0·3 m sec−1 and 1·5 m sec−1, which could be generated by oceanic currents, gravity currents or internal waves. In the studied setting, these velocities can be best explained as being generated by bottom currents induced by internal waves, an interpretation that is discussed against oceanographic background data and modelling results. In addition to the documentation of three‐dimensional seismic–geomorphological features of the modern sea floor, it was also possible to map kilometre‐scale buried sediment wave fields in the seismic volume down to ca 500 ms two‐way‐time below the present sea floor, indicating the general potential for the preservation of such bedforms in the sedimentary record.
Starting Wages Respond to Employer's Risk
Authors: Berkhout Peter , Hartog Joop , van Ophem Hans 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFirms hiring new graduates face uncertainty on the future productivity of workers. Theory suggests that starting wages reflect this, with lower pay for greater uncertainty. We use the dispersion of exam grades within a field of education as an indicator of the unobserved heterogeneity that employers face. We find solid evidence that starting wages are lower if the variance of exam grades is higher and higher if the skew is higher: employers shift the cost of productivity risk to new hires, but pay for the opportunity to catch a really good worker. Estimating the extent of risk cost sharing between firm and worker shows that shifting to workers is larger in the market sector than in the public sector and diminishes with experience.
Virus‐induced gene silencing in transgenic plants: transgene silencing and reactivation associate with two patterns of transgene body methylation
Authors: Zhao Mingmin , San León David , Delgadillo Ma. Otilia , García Juan Antonio , Simón‐Mateo Carmen 
Published: June 2014

SummaryWe used bisulfite sequencing to study the methylation of a viral transgene whose expression was silenced upon plum pox virus infection of the transgenic plant and its subsequent recovery as a consequence of so‐called virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS). VIGS was associated with a general increase in the accumulation of small RNAs corresponding to the coding region of the viral transgene. After VIGS, the transgene promoter was not methylated and the coding region showed uneven methylation, with the 5′ end being mostly unmethylated in the recovered tissue or mainly methylated at CG sites in regenerated silenced plants. The methylation increased towards the 3′ end, which showed dense methylation in all three contexts (CG, CHG and CHH). This methylation pattern and the corresponding silenced status were maintained after plant regeneration from recovered silenced tissue and did not spread into the promoter region, but were not inherited in the sexual offspring. Instead, a new pattern of methylation was observed in the progeny plants consisting of disappearance of the CHH methylation, similar CHG methylation at the 3′ end, and an overall increase in CG methylation in the 5′ end. The latter epigenetic state was inherited over several generations and did not correlate with transgene silencing and hence virus resistance. These results suggest that the widespread CG methylation pattern found in body gene bodies located in euchromatic regions of plant genomes may reflect an older silencing event, and most likely these genes are no longer silenced.
A flavonoid 3‐O‐glucoside:2″‐O‐glucosyltransferase responsible for terminal modification of pollen‐specific flavonols in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yonekura‐Sakakibara Keiko , Nakabayashi Ryo , Sugawara Satoko , Tohge Takayuki , Ito Takuya , Koyanagi Misuzu , Kitajima Mariko , Takayama Hiromitsu , Saito Kazuki 
Published: June 2014

SummaryFlavonol 3‐O‐diglucosides with a 1→2 inter‐glycosidic linkage are representative pollen‐specific flavonols that are widely distributed in plants, but their biosynthetic genes and physiological roles are not well understood. Flavonoid analysis of four Arabidopsis floral organs (pistils, stamens, petals and calyxes) and flowers of wild‐type and male sterility 1 (ms1) mutants, which are defective in normal development of pollen and tapetum, showed that kaempferol/quercetin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosides accumulated in Arabidopsis pollen. Microarray data using wild‐type and ms1 mutants, gene expression patterns in various organs, and phylogenetic analysis of UDP‐glycosyltransferases (UGTs) suggest that UGT79B6 (At5g54010) is a key modification enzyme for determining pollen‐specific flavonol structure. Kaempferol and quercetin 3‐O‐glucosyl‐(1→2)‐glucosides were absent from two independent ugt79b6 knockout mutants. Transgenic ugt79b6 mutant lines transformed with the genomic UGT79B6 gene had the same flavonoid profile as wild‐type plants. Recombinant UGT79B6 protein converted kaempferol 3‐O‐glucoside to kaempferol 3‐O‐glucosyl‐(1→2)‐glucoside. UGT79B6 recognized 3‐O‐glucosylated/galactosylated anthocyanins/flavonols but not 3,5‐ or 3,7‐diglycosylated flavonoids, and prefers UDP‐glucose, indicating that UGT79B6 encodes flavonoid 3‐O‐glucoside:2″‐O‐glucosyltransferase. A UGT79B6‐GUS fusion showed that UGT79B6 was localized in tapetum cells and microspores of developing anthers.
Transfusion of fresh‐frozen plasma in critically ill patients with a coagulopathy before invasive procedures: a randomized clinical trial (CME)
Authors: Müller Marcella C. , Arbous M. Sesmu , Spoelstra‐de Man Angelique M. , Vink Roel , Karakus Atilla , Straat Marleen , Binnekade Jan M. , de Jonge Evert , Vroom Margreeth B. , Juffermans Nicole P. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundProphylactic use of fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) is common practice in patients with a coagulopathy undergoing an invasive procedure. Evidence that FFP prevents bleeding is lacking, while risks of transfusion‐related morbidity after FFP have been well demonstrated. We aimed to assess whether omitting prophylactic FFP transfusion in nonbleeding critically ill patients with a coagulopathy who undergo an intervention is noninferior to a prophylactic transfusion of FFP.Study Design and MethodsA multicenter randomized open‐label trial with blinded endpoint evaluation was performed in critically ill patients with a prolonged international normalized ratio (INR; 1.5‐3.0). Patients undergoing placement of a central venous catheter, percutaneous tracheostomy, chest tube, or abscess drainage were eligible. Patients with clinically overt bleeding, thrombocytopenia, or therapeutic use of anticoagulants were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned to omitting or administering a prophylactic transfusion of FFP (12 mL/kg). Outcomes were occurrence of postprocedural bleeding complications, INR correction, and occurrence of lung injury.ResultsDue to slow inclusion, the trial was stopped before the predefined target enrollment was reached. Eighty‐one patients were randomly assigned, 40 to FFP and 41 to no FFP transfusion. Incidence of bleeding did not differ between groups, with a total of one major and 13 minor bleedings (p = 0.08 for noninferiority). FFP transfusion resulted in a reduction of INR to less than 1.5 in 54% of transfused patients. No differences in lung injury scores were observed.ConclusionIn critically ill patients undergoing an invasive procedure, no difference in bleeding complications was found regardless whether FFP was prophylactically administered or not.
CD4+ and CD8+ skin‐associated T lymphocytes in canine atopic dermatitis produce interleukin‐13, interleukin‐22 and interferon‐γ and contain a CD25+FoxP3+ subset
Authors: Jassies‐van der Lee Annette , Rutten Victor P. M. G. , Bruijn Jet , Willemse Ton , Broere Femke 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundT Cells play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, the significance of cutaneous regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ T cells is currently unclear.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate the presence and distribution of Tregs in cAD and healthy skin and to determine the cytokine production of cutaneous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.AnimalsBiopsies were taken from four dogs with cAD (lesional and nonlesional skin) and four healthy control dogs.MethodsDistribution patterns of T‐cell subtypes in cAD lesional, nonlesional and control skin were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Phenotypic characterization of T cells from skin explant cultures and enzymatic digestions was performed using flow cytometry. Cytokine production of sorted CD4+ and CD8+ explant‐derived T cells was measured by RT‐qPCR.ResultsRegulatory T cells phenotypically characterized by CD25+FoxP3+ were found in both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of skin explant and digestion samples. The percentages of CD4+CD25+ cells that were FoxP3+ were similar in cAD and control skin. In atopic lesional and nonlesional explant samples, lower FoxP3+ percentages of CD8+CD25+ cells were seen compared with control skin. The presence of predominantly periadnexal CD25+FoxP3+ cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in lesional, nonlesional and control skin. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio was less than one in cAD skin with both skin explant and digestion methods. CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell subsets of lesional and nonlesional cAD skin were capable of producing interleukin‐13, interleukin‐22 and interferon‐γ.Conclusions and clinical importanceBoth CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are likely to contribute to the immunopathogenesis of cAD through the production of interleukin‐13, interleukin‐22 and interferon‐γ. In both subsets, functional analysis of FoxP3+ cells is essential to determine their role.