bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Life Ain’t Easy for a President Named Barack”: Party, Ideology, and Tea Party Freshman Support for the Nation’s First Black President
Authors: Bond Jon R. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In the heated rhetoric of the 2010 elections, there were some accusations that the Tea Party movement was racist, and charges of Tea Party racism persisted through 2011 as President Obama attempted to deal with an intransigent Republican majority. This paper seeks to refute the charge of Tea Party racism. In particular, I treat the charge of racism as a research hypothesis (HR): If racial animosity is a systematic motivation, then Republican freshmen elected to the House in 2010 with Tea Party endorsements should be significantly less supportive of the nation’s first Black president than are other conservative Republicans. The null hypothesis (H0) is of course that Tea Party freshmen support for Obama is not different from that of other conservative Republicans. Controlling for the most obvious competing hypotheses (party, ideology, district partisanship) while comparing the results to analogous control groups, the analysis is able to reject the null hypothesis: ceteris paribus, Tea Party freshman support is significantly lower than should be expected, and this behavior is different from that of control groups. Although these results fail to provide evidence to refute charges of racism, it does not prove that President Obama’s race is the cause of lower Tea Party support. In the end, it suggests that more research is needed to look for causes other than race to explain Tea Party behavior.
Nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of lipid droplet-associated protein gene expression in adipose tissue
Authors: Christian Mark 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In adipose tissues, nuclear receptors (NRs) have important metabolic actions on cellular lipid-storing capacity through targeted gene regulation. Lipid droplets (LDs) are the organelles for intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) storage and are present in all eukaryotic cells. They are small in most cells, but in white adipocytes, they can occupy 90% of the cytoplasm. LDs consist of a TAG core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and an array of associated proteins that determine size, stability, inter-droplet interaction, and lipid storage capacity. The genes that encode these proteins are more highly expressed in brown compared with white fat, correlating with the greater LD surface area in multilocular brown adipocytes. Gene expression profiling reveals that most NRs are present in adipose tissues, with some showing greater expression in brown compared with white fat, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, estrogen-related receptor α, and NURR1. NR signaling is important for the regulated expression of most genes that encode LD-associated proteins. For example, estradiol signals via estrogen receptor α to regulate the levels of PLIN1 and the lipase ATGL controlling LD size and total lipid accumulation. PPARγ is essential for adipocyte differentiation and function, and analysis of data obtained through chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing shows that it binds to the promoters of many genes encoding LD proteins in adipocytes. Of these genes, the greatest PPARγ binding was to regulatory regions for Plin1, Cidec, and G0s2. NRs represent an important target for controlling LD dynamics in diseases affected by altered fat storage encompassing obesity and lipodystrophy, which are an increasing health problem.
Modeling the Interfering Effects of Gas Condensate and Geological Heterogeneities on Transient Pressure Response
Authors: Hamdi H.. , Jamiolahmady M.. , Corbett P.W.M.. W.M. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryNumerous publications have investigated the effect of gas condensate fluid on the transient pressure well-test (WT) response. However, to the best of our knowledge, its combined effect with geology has rarely been studied. Our findings in the present report demonstrate that geology can complicate the WT response and make it difficult for interpretation. In this study, the impact of geological heterogeneities on the WT response of a commingled braided fluvial gas condensate reservoir has been investigated. Numerical WT data were generated for a single-well model with a commercial compositional reservoir simulator. Several sensitivity simulations were performed to explore the effects of correlation length, vertical permeability, production rate, and drawdown time on the pseudopressure-derivative curves. The WT weighting kernel function and the calculated well-pressure sensitivity coefficients were implemented to demonstrate different trends of drawdown and buildup responses encountered in this study.The results clarified the idea that some geological heterogeneities and production parameters can alter pressure distribution and condensate saturation and mask the native model WT signatures. In this exercise, it was demonstrated that ramp effect, a geologically complex phenomenon in high-net/gross commingled reservoirs, is affected by the condensate formation. This interfering phenomenon is reflected on the derivative curves and is magnified in the presence of the shorter correlation lengths, the lower vertical communications, and the higher production rates. We also examined the stepwise stripping of the reservoir heterogeneity, demonstrating the significant impact of some facies on the buildup and drawdown transient pressure response. The time-dependent sensitivity coefficients were calculated to show that the drawdown test is sensitive to effective permeability in near-wellbore regions, in which condensate is prone to build up with time. In the buildup, on the other hand, the condensate saturation is almost invariant with time and affects the early-time region. This work leads toward better understanding of the influence of geology in gas condensate WT interpretation of fluvial reservoirs.
Almost Condensed Domains
Authors: Khalid Waseem , Ur Rehman Shafiq 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
As an extension of the class of half condensed domains introduced by D.D. Anderson and Dumitrescu, we introduce and study the class of almost condensed domains. An integral domain D is almost condensed if whenever 0≠ z ∈ IJ with I; J ideals of D, there exist I′ ; J′ ideals of D such that I′ ⊆ Iw, J′ ⊆ Jw and zD = (I′ J′ )w.
A comprehensive comparison of atmospheric mapping functions for GPS measurements in Egypt
Authors: Younes S. A. , Elmezayen A. G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe principal limiting error source in the Global Positioning System (GPS) is the mismodeling of the delay experienced by radio waves in propagating through the atmosphere. The atmosphere causing the delay in GPS signals consists of two main layers: the ionosphere and the troposphere. The ionospheric delay can be mitigated using dual frequency receivers, but the tropospheric delay is often corrected using a standard tropospheric model. The tropospheric delay can be described as a product of the delay at the zenith and a mapping function, which models the elevation dependence of the propagation delay. A large number of mapping functions have been developed for use in the analysis of space geodetic data. An assessment of most of these mapping functions including those developed by Niell (NMF), Herring (MTT), Davis (CfA-2.2), Ifadis, Chao, Black & Eisner (B & E), Yang & Ping, Moffett, Vienna (VMF), and Isobaric (IMF) have been performed. The behavior of these mapping functions was assessed by comparing their results with highly accurate Numerical Integration based Models (NIM) for three different stations in Egypt (Aswan, Helwan, and Mersa Matrouh) at different times throughout the year. The meteorological data used in this study was taken from the Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA) as average values between 1990 and 2005. It can be concluded that the Black & Eisner mapping function is recommended for dry tropospheric delay prediction for low zenith angles, whereas VMF will be the choice for elevation angles up to 10°.
A conventional approach for comparing vertical reference frames
Authors: Kotsakis C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA conventional transformation model between different realizations of a vertical reference system is an important tool for geodetic studies related to precise vertical positioning and physical height determination. Its fundamental role is the evaluation of the consistency for colocated vertical reference frames that are obtained from different observation techniques, data sources or optimal estimation strategies in terms of an appropriate set of “vertical datum perturbation” parameters. Our scope herein is to discuss a number of key issues related to the formulation of such a transformation model and to present some simple examples from its practical implementation in the comparison of existing vertical frames over Europe.
Approximations of the GOCE error variance-covariance matrix for least-squares estimation of height datum offsets
Authors: Gerlach Ch. , Fecher Th. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOne main geodetic objective of the European Space Agency’s satellite mission GOCE (gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer) is the contribution to global height system unification. This can be achieved by applying the Geodetic Boundary Value Problem (GBVP) approach. Thereby one estimates the unknown datum offsets between different height networks (datum zones) by comparing the physical (e.g. orthometric) height values H of benchmarks in different datum zones to the corresponding values derived from the difference between ellipsoidal heights h (e.g. determined by means of global navigation satellite systems) and geoid heights N. In the ideal case, i.e. neglecting data errors, the misfit between H and (h − N) is constant inside one datum zone and represents the datum offset. In practise, the accuracy of the offset estimation depends on the accuracy of the three quantitiesH, h andN, where the latter can be computed from the combination of a GOCE-derived Global Potential Model (GPM) for the long to medium wavelength and terrestrial data for the short wavelength content. Providing an optimum estimation of the datum offsets along with realistic error estimates, theoretically, requires propagation of the full error variance and covariance information of the GOCE spherical harmonic coefficients to geoid heights, respectively geoid height differences. From a numerical point of view, this is a very demanding task which cannot simply be run on a single PC. Therefore it is worthwhile to investigate on different levels of approximation of the full variance-covariance matrix (VCM) with the aim of minimizing the numerical effort. In this paper, we compare the estimation error based on three levels of approximation, namely (1) using the full VCM, (2) using only elements of the dominant m-block structure of the VCM and (3) using only the main diagonal of the VCM, i.e. neglecting all error covariances between the spherical harmonic coefficients. We show that the m-block approximation gives almost the same result as provided by the full VCM. The diagonal approximation however over- or underestimates the geoid height error, depending on the geographic location and therefore is not regarded to be a suitable approximation.
Towards worldwide height system unification using ocean information
Authors: Woodworth P.L. , Hughes C.W. , Bingham R.J. , Gruber T. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe describe the application of ocean levelling to worldwide height system unification. The study involves a comparison of ‘geodetic’ and ‘ocean’ approaches to determination of the mean dynamic topography (MDT) at the coast, from which confidence in the accuracy of stateof- the-art ocean and geoid models can be obtained. We conclude that models are consistent at the sub-decimetre level for the regions that we have studied (North Atlantic coastlines and islands, North American Pacific coast and Mediterranean). That level of consistency provides an estimate of the accuracy of using the ocean models to provide an MDT correction to the national datums of countries with coastlines, and thereby of achieving unification. It also provides a validation of geoid model accuracy for application to height system unification in general. We show how our methods can be applied worldwide, as long as the necessary data sets are available, and explain why such an extension of the present study is necessary if worldwide height system unification is to be realised.
Estimating Canadian vertical datum offsets using GNSS/levelling benchmark information and GOCE global geopotential models
Authors: Hayden T. , Amjadiparvar B. , Rangelova E. , Sideris M.G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe performance of GOCE-based geopotential models is assessed for the estimation of offsets for three regional vertical datums in Canada with respect to a global equipotential surface using the GNSS benchmarks from the first-order vertical control network. Factors that affect the computed value of the local vertical datum offset include the GOCE commission and omission errors, measurement errors, the configuration of the network of GNSS/levelling benchmarks, and systematic levelling errors and distortions propagated through the vertical control network. Among these various factors, the effect of the GOCE omission error on the datum offsets is investigated by extending the models with the high resolution gravity field model EGM2008 and by means of Canada’s official high resolution geoid model CGG2010. The effect of the GOCE commission error in combination with errors from the GNSS/levelling data is also examined, in addition to the effect of systematic levelling errors. In Canada, the effect of the GOCE omission error is at the dm-level when computing local vertical datum offsets. The effect of including accuracy information for the GNSS/levelling data and the GOCE geoid heights can be up to 4 cm over the Canadian mainland and at the dm-level for island regions. Lastly, the spatial tilts found in the levelling network can be modelled with a 2-parameter bias corrector model, which reduces the RMS of the adjusted geoid height differences by 4 cm when compared to the RMS of adjusted geoid height differences computed without the use of a bias corrector model. Thus, when computing local vertical datum offsets in Canada, it is imperative to account for GOCE commission and omission errors, ellipsoidal and levelling height errors, as well as the systematic levelling errors of the vertical control network.
Sleep Enhances Learning of a Functional Motor Task in Young Adults
Authors: Al-Sharman Alham , Siengsukon Catherine F. 
Published: August 2013

Background
Sleep has been demonstrated to enhance simple motor skill learning “offline” in young adults. “Offline learning” refers to either the stabilization or the enhancement of a memory through the passage of time without additional practice. It remains unclear whether a functional motor task will benefit from sleep to produce offline motor skill enhancement. Physical therapists often teach clients functional motor skills; therefore, it is important to understand how sleep affects learning of these skills.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether sleep enhances the learning of a functional motor task.

Design
A prospective, cross-sectional, repeated-measures design was used.

Methods
Young participants who were healthy (N=24) were randomly assigned to either a sleep group or a no-sleep group. The sleep group practiced a novel walking task in the evening and underwent retention testing the following morning, and the no-sleep group practiced the task in the morning and underwent retention testing in the evening. Outcome measures included time around the walking path and spatiotemporal gait parameters.

Results
Only participants who slept after practicing the novel walking task demonstrated a significant offline improvement in performance. Compared with the no-sleep group, participants in the sleep group demonstrated a significant decrease in the time around the walking path, an increase in tandem velocity, an increase in tandem step length, and a decline in tandem step time.

Limitations
Time-of-day effect and inability to ensure a certain amount of sleep quantity and quality of participants were limitations of the study.

Conclusions
This study is the first to provide evidence that sleep facilitates learning clinically relevant functional motor tasks. Sleep is an important factor that physical therapists should consider when teaching clients motor skills.
Assessment of the difference in posterior circulation involvement between pediatric and adult patients with moyamoya disease
Authors: Hishikawa Tomohito , Tokunaga Koji , Sugiu Kenji , Date Isao 
Published: August 2013

Object
There is no description of the change in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in the diagnostic criteria of moyamoya disease (MMD). However, PCAs are often involved in the clinical setting, and an understanding of the significance of PCA lesions is therefore of great importance when evaluating the disease progression and predicting prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess the difference in posterior circulation involvement in pediatric and adult patients with MMD.

Methods
The records of 120 consecutive patients with MMD were reviewed. The clinical manifestations at diagnosis were evaluated on the basis of symptoms and CT and MRI findings. The degree of steno-occlusive internal carotid artery (ICA) lesions and the existence of steno-occlusive PCA lesions were evaluated by observing a total of 240 ICAs and PCAs on angiography. Angiographic correlation between anterior and posterior circulation was assessed in pediatric and adult patients with MMD.

Results
Seventeen (26%) of 66 pediatric patients and 18 (33%) of 54 adult patients exhibited steno-occlusive PCA lesions. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of PCA lesions between pediatric and adult patients with MMD (p = 0.36). The prevalence of infarction in pediatric and adult patients with PCA involvement was significantly higher than that in pediatric and adult patients without PCA involvement (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.003, respectively). There was no significant difference in the distribution of infarction areas between pediatric and adult patients with PCA involvement (p = 0.62). On the basis of the staging system used, steno-occlusive lesions in ICAs ipsilateral to PCAs with lesions were in significantly advanced stages compared with lesions in ICAs ipsilateral to PCAs without lesions in both pediatric and adult cases (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0008, respectively). Pediatric patients had less advanced steno-occlusive lesions in ICAs ipsilateral to PCAs with lesions compared with adults (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The clinical significance of posterior circulation involvement in MMD was similar between pediatric and adult patients. The only significant difference was that less advanced ICA lesions could complicate posterior circulation involvement in pediatric patients.
Increased expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in peritumoral tissue associated with prolonged survival and decreases in tumor growth in a rat model of experimental malignant glioma
Authors: Sattler Rita , Tyler Betty , Hoover Benjamin , Coddington Luke T. , Recinos Violette , Hwang Lee , Brem Henry , Rothstein Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2013

Object
Gliomas are known to release excessive amounts of glutamate, inducing glutamate excitotoxic cell death in the peritumoral region and allowing the tumor to grow and to expand. Glutamate transporter upregulation has been shown to be neuroprotective by removing extracellular glutamate in a number of preclinical animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson disease as well as psychiatric disorders such as depression. The authors therefore hypothesized that the protective mechanism of glutamate transporter upregulation would be useful for the treatment of gliomas as well.

Methods
In this study 9L gliosarcoma cells were treated with a glutamate transporter upregulating agent, thiamphenicol, an antibiotic approved in Europe, which has been shown previously to increase glutamate transporter expression and has recently been validated in a human Phase I biomarker trial for glutamate transporter upregulation. Cells were monitored in vitro for glutamate transporter levels and cell proliferation. In vivo, rats were injected intracranially with 9L cells and were treated with increasing doses of thiamphenicol. Animals were monitored for survival. In addition, postmortem brain tissue was analyzed for tumor size, glutamate transporter levels, and neuron count.

Results
Thiamphenicol showed little effects on proliferation of 9L gliosarcoma cells in vitro and did not change glutamate transporter levels in these cells. However, when delivered locally in an experimental glioma model in rats, thiamphenicol dose dependently (10–5000 μM) significantly increased survival up to 7 days and concomitantly decreased tumor size from 46.2 mm2 to 10.2 mm2 when compared with lesions in nontreated controls. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of peritumoral tissue confirmed an 84% increase in levels of glutamate transporter protein and a 72% increase in the number of neuronal cells in the tissue adjacent to the tumor.

Conclusions
These results show that increasing glutamate transporter expression in peritumoral tissue is neuroprotective. It suggests that glutamate transporter upregulation for the treatment of gliomas should be further investigated and potentially be part of a combination therapy with standard chemotherapeutic agents.
A Negative Feedback Model for a Mechanism Based Description of Longitudinal Observations
Authors: Schmidt S. , Boroujerdi M. A. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryIn modern medicine the diagnosis and prognosis of an abnormal metabolic condition is based on blood borne measurements involving one or more biomarker.Objective: This paper reports the development of a minimal negative feedback model for the description of longitudinal biomarkers concentrations for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Methods: Literature data were obtained from double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial over three years. There were four treatment groups: 1) Placebo, 2) Alendro -nate, 3) Conjugated Estrogen, and/or 4) Combination therapy. The negative feedback model consists of a biomarker and a companion controller. By considering the above basal biomarker values it is shown that the dynamics can be described by a second order differential equation without the involvement of biomarker production rate. The second order differential equation is also analogous to classical negative feedback servomechanism model with two parameters ωn and ξ. It was assumed that the rate constants defining the negative feedback model were equal which would set ξ to 0.707 with only ωn to be estimated.Results: ωn was estimated for both lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) in four treatments groups. The t½ of BMD and BAP were estimated at 26.8 (0.30) and 9.4 (0.30) days respectively.Conclusions: The negative feedback model of BMD supports the mechanism whereby Conjugated Estrogen and Alendronate decrease the clearance rate constant of BMD analogous to increased apoptosis of osteoclasts. The linked negative feedback models facilitate a mechanism based prediction of BMD using the concentrations of the bone turnover marker BAP.