bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Imines by Oxidative Coupling of Benzyl Alcohols with Amines Catalysed by Dicopper Complexes
Authors: Lan Yung‐Syuan , Liao Bei‐Sih , Liu Yi‐Hong , Peng Shie‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung 
Published: June 2013

AbstractComplexation of 2,7‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐1,8‐naphthyridine (bpnp) with Cu2O in formic acid under aerobic conditions provided a dicopper complex [Cu2(bpnp)(μ‐OH)(HCOO)3] (1). This complex has been characterized by X‐ray crystallographic and spectroscopic analysis. With O2 as the oxidant, complex 1 is an efficient catalyst for the oxidative coupling of alcohols with amines or diamines, leading to the corresponding imines or diimines in good to excellent yields.
Asymmetric Michael/Aromatization Reaction of Azlactones to α,β‐Unsaturated Pyrazolones with C‐4 Regioselectivity Catalyzed by an Isosteviol‐Derived Thiourea Organocatalyst
Authors: Geng Zhi‐Cong , Chen Xiang , Zhang Jin‐Xin , Li Ning , Chen Jian , Huang Xiao‐Fei , Zhang Shao‐Yun , Tao Jing‐Chao , Wang Xing‐Wang 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPyrazoles are an important class of molecular structures with significant biological and pharmaceutical activities. Herein, heterocyclic compounds containing both a pyrazole motif and a masked amino acid structure are synthesized through the asymmetric Michael/aromatization of azlactones to α,β‐unsaturated pyrazolones by using isosteviol‐derived amine thiourea as the organocatalyst. The products are obtained in good yields (up to 93 %) with good diastereoselectivities and good enantioselectivities (up to >10:1 dr, 97 % ee).
A noniterative design procedure for supplemental brace–damper systems in single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems
Authors: Londoño Julián M. , Neild Simon A. , Wagg David J. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, a method for designing supplemental brace–damper systems in single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) structures is presented. We include the effects of the supporting brace stiffness in the dynamic response by using a viscoelastic Maxwell model. On the basis of the study of an SDOF under ground excitation, we propose a noniterative design procedure for simultaneously specifying both the damper and the brace while assuring a desired structural performance. It is shown that to increase the damper size beyond the value delivered by the proposed criteria will not provide any improvement but actually worsen the structural response. The design method presented here shows excellent agreement with the FEMA 273 design approach but offers solutions closer to optimality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second peak in the far eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly following strong El Niño events
Authors: Kim WonMoo , Cai Wenju 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTa) associated with El Niño usually peaks in December, January, and February, and decays in the ensuing months; sometimes, however, after a strong El Niño, a second peak in SSTa is observed in the far eastern equatorial Pacific. It is found that an enhanced westerly wind stress anomaly over the equatorial Pacific basin, usually associated with a meridional swing of South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), precedes the occurrence of the second peak. As the equatorial thermocline slope balances with the zonally integrated zonal‐wind stress, the westerly wind stress anomaly induces deepened thermocline and suppresses upwelling in the eastern Pacific for the double‐peak cases. On the other hand, enhanced latent heat release and reduced shortwave radiation cause a pause in warming between the two peaks. As a result, a strong El Niño, usually accompanied by a zonal SPCZ, exhibits distinct double‐peak characteristics.
Response of seismicity to static and dynamic stress changes induced by the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Kato Aitaro , Fukuda Jun'ichi , Obara Kazushige 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA growing body of evidence indicates that many earthquakes are triggered by static and dynamic stress changes following large earthquakes. However, it has been difficult to differentiate the roles of static and dynamic stress transfer on earthquake triggering. Here we focus on two adjacent seismic clusters aligned E‐W beneath the Hida Mountain Range, central Japan, where spatially uniform static and dynamic stress changes resulted from the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. The rate of seismicity in the western cluster, detected by the matched filter technique, showed a slight increase after the mainshock, which can be explained by static stress transfer. In contrast, seismicity in the eastern cluster showed a marked increase due to dynamic stress change. The difference in the number of triggered events between these clusters indicates that dynamic stress change is more important than the static one in terms of remote triggering, provided that large‐sized potential earthquake‐nucleation patches are close to failure.
Surgical anatomy of the supraglottic larynx using the da Vinci robot
Authors: Goyal Neerav , Yoo Frederick , Setabutr Dhave , Goldenberg David 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundTransoral robotic surgery (TORS) has facilitated organ‐preserving surgery of the larynx. It has also presented a change in the surgical perspective. We performed cadaveric dissections using the robot to highlight the vascular and muscular anatomy of the supraglottic larynx.MethodsCadaveric specimens underwent injection of their vasculature, and after injection a robotic surgical system was used to perform a transoral dissection of the supraglottic region. Care was taken to preserve anatomic landmarks and microvascular structures.ResultsFive fresh frozen cadaveric human heads were injected with silicone and used for the dissection. The superior laryngeal neurovascular bundle was identified and an absent superior laryngeal vein (SLV) was noted on 1 specimen. Using the robotic endoscope allowed us to visualize and identify the microvasculature of the head and neck.ConclusionThese dissections revealed anatomic variations in the superior laryngeal neurovascular bundle and also highlighted the differences in view using a surgical robotic system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Head Neck36: 1126–1131, 2014
Increased local failure risk with prolonged radiation treatment time in head and neck cancer treated with concurrent chemotherapy
Authors: Cannon Donald M. , Geye Heather M. , Hartig Gregory K. , Traynor Anne M. , Hoang Tien , McCulloch Timothy M. , Wiederholt Peggy A. , Chappell Richard J. , Harari Paul M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundProlonged radiation treatment time (RTT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with inferior tumor control in patients treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone. However, the significance of prolonged RTT with concurrent chemotherapy is less clear.MethodsWe reviewed outcomes for 171 patients with primary HNSCC treated with curative intent RT and concurrent drug therapy from 2001 to 2009. The effects of RTT and other variables on local control and survival were analyzed.ResultsPatients with RTT >7 weeks had a significantly increased risk of local failure (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; p = .018) and death (HR, 1.9 p = .035). These results retained significance even after adjustment for tumor stage (age was not significant).ConclusionFor patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (chemoRT), prolonged RTT may compromise tumor control as has been established in the setting of RT alone. Symptoms of patients with HNSCC undergoing definitive chemoRT should be managed aggressively to limit treatment interruptions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1120–1125, 2014
Carbon footprint of breton pâté production: A case study
Authors: Teixeira Ricardo , Himeno Anne , Gustavus Lori 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This study targeted 9 different pork pâtés, produced with pork from different meat production systems (conventional, organic, and other quality certifications). Besides greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the study also included a detailed analysis of product nutrition. Results show that the GHG emissions range from 200 g CO2e per 100 g of product for conventional pork pâtés and 330 g CO2e per 100 g for organic pork pâtés. Results for organic pâtés are an indirect consequence of the lower productivity of swine feed ingredients. However, if the reference flow unit is nutritional indicator (e.g., calories, protein) instead of 100 g of product, results can be inverted. This fact highlights the difficulty of choosing a functional unit for studies on food products. The function of a food product is to provide quality nutrition, but because there are many different nutritional indicators, life cycle assessment practitioners normally use simple comparisons between amounts. This issue together with the choice of emissions allocation method between pork parts are the main sources of uncertainty. Also, the life cycle of pork production is the main hotspot in the C footprint, accounting for more than 80% of the total emissions. Energy spent for processing and packaging, the only life cycle step that the producer controls directly, accounts for less than 10% of the impact. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:645–651. © 2013 SETAC
Impact of kanamycin on melanogenesis and antioxidant enzymes activity in melanocytes—an in vitro study
Authors: Wrześniok Dorota , Otręba Michał , Beberok Artur , Buszman Ewa 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTAminoglycosides, broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotics, are used in various infections therapy due to their good antimicrobial characteristics. However, their adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and auditory ototoxicity, as well as some toxic effects directed to pigmented tissues, complicate the use of these agents. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotic—kanamycin on viability, melanogenesis and antioxidant enzymes activity in cultured human normal melanocytes (HEMa‐LP). It has been demonstrated that kanamycin induces concentration‐dependent loss in melanocytes viability. The value of EC50 was found to be ∼6.0 mM. Kanamycin suppressed melanin biosynthesis: antibiotic was shown to inhibit cellular tyrosinase activity and to reduce melanin content in normal human melanocytes. Significant changes in the cellular antioxidant enzymes: SOD, CAT and GPx were stated in melanocytes exposed to kanamycin. Moreover, it was observed that kanamycin caused depletion of antioxidant defense sytem. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of kanamycin on melanogenesis and not sufficient antioxidant defense mechanism in melanocytes in vitro may explain the potential mechanisms of undesirable side effects of this drug directed to pigmented tissues in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 2746–2752, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative cognition: An approach whose time has come
Authors: Zentall Thomas R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe functional approach to comparative cognition research is exemplified by Shettleworth's (2010) book Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior. In this book, Shettleworth brings together the evolutionary perspective of behavioral ecology, the relative simplicity of behavior analysis, and the diverse research programs of cognitive psychology. This approach does not avoid the use of cognitive terminology but uses it to generate testable hypotheses that have the potential to provide evidence for or against the cognitive hypothesis. Unlike behavioral ecology and cognitive psychology, this approach postulates contingency learning as the default account of behavior but tests cognitive hypotheses against the default alternative. In this review, I present the results of three lines of research as examples of the kind of research that has been used to test cognitive hypotheses: functional equivalence, cognitive mapping, and rehearsal processes, all of which are covered by Shettleworth. In each case, I would argue that these experiments would not have been conducted had it not been for the hypothesis that a cognitive process might be involved. Whether or not evidence is found for the existence of a cognitive process, the results of such experiments are of interest for what they tell us about behavior as well as for their heuristic value.
A compact CCD‐monitored atomic force microscope with optical vision and improved performances
Authors: Mingyue Liu , Haijun Zhang , Dongxian Zhang 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTA novel CCD‐monitored atomic force microscope (AFM) with optical vision and improved performances has been developed. Compact optical paths are specifically devised for both tip‐sample microscopic monitoring and cantilever's deflection detecting with minimized volume and optimal light‐amplifying ratio. The ingeniously designed AFM probe with such optical paths enables quick and safe tip‐sample approaching, convenient and effective tip‐sample positioning, and high quality image scanning. An image stitching method is also developed to build a wider‐range AFM image under monitoring. Experiments show that this AFM system can offer real‐time optical vision for tip‐sample monitoring with wide visual field and/or high lateral optical resolution by simply switching the objective; meanwhile, it has the elegant performances of nanometer resolution, high stability, and high scan speed. Furthermore, it is capable of conducting wider‐range image measurement while keeping nanometer resolution. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:931–935, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The meteorology of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes with large charge moment changes: Implications for negative sprites
Authors: Lang Timothy J. , Cummer Steven A. , Rutledge Steven A. , Lyons Walter A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study examined the meteorological characteristics of precipitation systems that produced 38 “sprite‐class” negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) strokes (i.e., peak currents in excess of 100 kA and charge moment changes in excess of 800 C km) as well as those that produced three confirmed negative sprites on 23 different days during 2009–2011. Within 15 km of the negative sprite‐parent/class stroke, the median characteristics for these systems were to produce negative CGs as 69.2% of all CGs, and for the 30 dBZ radar reflectivity contour to reach on average 14.2 km above mean sea level (MSL), during a 25 min period encompassing the occurrence of the stroke. The median contiguous area of 30 dBZ composite radar echo (i.e., maximum value in the vertical column) for these systems was 6.73 × 103 km2. All but three of the discharges occurred in intense multicellular convection, with 30 dBZ exceeding 10 km MSL in altitude, while the others occurred in the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems. All but six of the systems produced greater than 50% negative CG lightning, though flash rates tended to be low near the stroke (1–2 min−1 on average). The results suggest that negative sprite‐parent/class lightning typically occurs in precipitation systems of similar size and intensity as those that produce positive sprites, but not necessarily the same systems, and the negative lightning normally strikes ground in the convection rather than the stratiform precipitation. However, upper‐level positive charge in the convection may play an important role in sprite‐class/parent lightning of either polarity.
Improved vegetation greenness increases summer atmospheric water vapor over Northern China
Authors: Jiang Bo , Liang Shunlin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNorthern China is an environmentally vulnerable region with a severe water shortage. Several ecological restoration projects since the 1980s have greatly increased vegetation greenness. This study aims to assess the impacts of the changes in vegetation greenness from 1982 to 2008 on the atmospheric precipitable water (PW) over northern China during the summer seasons (June, July, and August) using reanalysis PW and satellite vegetation index data. Several statistical methods, such as linear regression (piecewise, stepwise), the Empirical Orthogonal Function, Pearson's correlation, have been used to explore the variations in and the coupling between vegetation greenness and PW. The influences of three major atmospheric circulations (the East Asian summer monsoon, the South Asian summer monsoon, and the Westerly circulation) have also been considered and excluded. The results show that summer vegetation greenness within the semi‐arid western part of northern China, including the Tibetan Plateau, is closely linked to summer PW after excluding the influences of atmospheric circulations and that vegetation accounts for as much as 30% of the total PW variance. Vegetation greenness in the central and western water‐limited regions of northern China has significant (>90% confidence level) positive impacts on summer PW. After investigating the relationships among evapotranspiration (ET), PW, and precipitation, it was concluded that strengthened ET driven by increased vegetation greenness makes a major contribution to increased PW. Different from the earlier hypothesis in the literature “only intact contiguous cover of natural forest having extensive borders with larger water bodies is able to keep land moisten up to an optimal for life level everywhere on land,” this study found that interior forest covered regions with adequate water supply can also provide an ET benefit of PW for other regions. This study demonstrates the implications of large‐scale ecological restoration projects on the hydrological cycle in arid/semi‐arid regions.
Cartilage, bone, and intermandibular connective tissue in the australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi)
Authors: Kemp Anne 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe connective tissue that links the bones of the mandible in the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, has been described as an intermandibular cartilage, and as such has been considered important for phylogenetic analyses among lower vertebrates. However, light and electron microscopy of developing lungfish jaws demonstrates that the intermandibular tissue, like the connective tissue that links the bones of the upper jaw, contains fibroblasts and numerous bundles of collagen fibrils, extending from the trabeculae of the bones supporting the tooth plates. It differs significantly in structure and in staining reactions from the cartilage and the bone found in this species. In common with the cladistian Polypterus and with actinopterygians and some amphibians, lungfish have no intermandibular cartilage. The connective tissue linking the mandibular bones has no phylogenetic significance for systematic grouping of lungfish, as it is present in a range of different groups among lower vertebrates. J. Morphol. 274:1085–1089, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hoarseness evaluation: A transatlantic survey of laryngeal experts
Authors: Sadoughi Babak , Fried Marvin P. , Sulica Lucian , Blitzer Andrew 
Published: June 2013

Objectives/HypothesisHoarseness is a symptom of laryngeal dysfunction, without an existing consensus regarding its appropriate evaluation. A survey of laryngeal specialists is proposed to establish expert opinion on the methodology for evaluation of hoarseness, and to identify divergence of opinion regarding appropriate management.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey.MethodsA 13‐item questionnaire was submitted electronically to the membership of the American Laryngological Association, the American Broncho‐Esophagological Association, and the European Laryngological Society. Responses were collated anonymously and subjected to cross‐tabulated data analysis.ResultsA total of 195 responses were included for review. The majority of respondents identified themselves as laryngologists/phoniatricians (54.9%). Two‐thirds (64.1%) of the providers dedicated more than 25% of their practice to voice management, and 48.8% managed more than 10 dysphonic patients weekly. Most respondents defined hoarseness and dysphonia as symptoms and not diseases. The panel recommended a mandated time to laryngoscopy of 1 week to 1 month from the onset of symptoms for most acutely dysphonic patients, regardless of risk factors for malignancy, while it was not advised to defer laryngoscopy beyond 2 months of symptom persistence in any situation. A majority (96.2%) felt that an otolaryngologist ought to perform the initial laryngoscopy of a newly hoarse patient.ConclusionThis survey demonstrates an agreement to expedite specialized laryngeal visualization for cases of hoarseness not subsiding within 1 month, and exemplifies controversies stemming from a recently published clinical practice guideline. Ongoing research and practice evaluation will contribute to set forth improved standards of care and to appropriately counsel dysphonic patients.Level of Evidence5. Laryngoscope, 124:221–226, 2014
Chinese Corporate Social Responsibility by Multiple Objective Portfolio Selection and Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Qi Yue , Wu Fen , Peng Xiaofeng , Steuer Ralph E. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we study corporate social responsibility (CSR) in China through the prism of investments. We work with large stocks and assess their CSR performance from agency CSR data. We formulate Chinese CSR by a multiple objective extension of a traditional portfolio selection model and analytically solve the extension. We also solve the extension by a genetic algorithm and directly evaluate the algorithm's performance against the analytical solution. The multiple objective formulation is tested by randomly choosing nondominated portfolios with out‐of‐sample data to identify nondominated portfolios that outperform the 1/n portfolio (equally weighted portfolio). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Efficacy and Cost‐Effectiveness of Bespoke and Prefabricated Foot Orthoses for Plantar Heel Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ring Kate , Otter Simon 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundPlantar heel pain is a common reason for referral to podiatric practice, and one of the key interventions is the use of orthoses. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy of bespoke, casted foot orthoses and prefabricated foot orthoses for plantar heel pain.MethodsPeople with plantar heel pain were included if, following initial assessment, foot orthoses were indicated and participants received either bespoke, casted foot orthoses or prefabricated semi‐rigid orthoses (Powerstep™). Clinical efficacy was assessed at eight weeks using the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Questionnaire (MFPDQ).ResultsA total of 67 patients completed the trial and at baseline there were no appreciable differences in the two groups of patients in terms of the MFPDQ score; however, at eight weeks post‐treatment both had significantly reduced foot pain and disability (both p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in effectiveness between the bespoke or prefabricated orthoses. However, prefabricated devices were 38% cheaper per patient compared with the average costs of casted devices.ConclusionFor most patients with plantar heel pain, prefabricated semi‐rigid insoles such as the Powerstep™ devices used in the present trial provide short‐term benefit equivalent to that of bespoke, casted foot orthoses, but at considerably reduced costs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.