bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissolution Kinetics and Polarization Of Iron Whiskers
Authors: SHEMENSKI R. M. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The dissolution kinetics of iron filamentary single crystals were found to obey a mechanistic analysis based on the terrace-ledge-kink surface model. At low undersaturations, dissolution-ledge propagation from edge sites of finite crystals controlled the process and the dissolution rate was found to be a linear function of the ferrous ion concentration in solution. Generation of ledges from spiral or screw dislocation sources was rate-controlling at moderate undersaturations, the rate being dependent upon the logarithm of the undersaturation ratio. A linear relationship was again followed at high undersaturations because the spacing of ledges emitted from spiral sources was small, which dictated evolution to a limiting linear case.
An anodic polarization curve for the dissolution of iron whiskers in 1 N sulfuric acid, obtained by varying potassium persulfate depolarizer additions in solution, agreed favorably with the literature. The Tafel curve in the active range bifurcated with increasing current density and showed a greater rate of dissolution perpendicular to {110} surfaces. As the dissolution rate was shown to depend on the logarithm of the interfacial free energy, the orientation-dependent dissolution phenomena were in accord with the mechanistic model for surface anisotropy, especially with respect to ledge-kink configurations.
Corrosion of Iron in an H2S-CO2-H2O System: Some Factors Affecting Hydrogen Penetration Rate Through 8640 Steel
Authors: BRICKELL W. F. , GRECO E. C , SARDISCO J. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The rate of hydrogen penetration through 8640 steel exposed to an H2S-CO2-H2O environment was shown to depend on concentration of the hydrogen sulfide, structure of the steel and condition of the surface through which the emerging hydrogen passed. Greater penetration rate resulted from an increase in corrodent concentration and from a decrease in martensitic structure. Surfaces coated with iron sulfide film were found to retard penetration by hydrogen to a significantly greater extent than mechanically prepared surfaces.
Hydrogen Embrittlement Of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: WHITEMAN M. B. , TROIANO A. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Type 310 stainless steel in thin sections was embrittled by hydrogen. The temperature and strain rate dependence of this embrittlement was almost analogous to that well-established for hydrogenated body-centered cubic (b.c.c.) metals, differing only in that at low temperatures and relatively high strain rates complete recovery in ductility was not achieved. The activation energy for recovery in ductility, determined by aging at several temperatures, was 10,900 cal/mole.
Emission Spectrographic Method For Quantitative Analysis Of Corrosion Products
Authors: SHIFLETT G. M. , LIEBERMAN M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion studies of metals, piping systems, steam generators, etc., often require knowledge of chemical nature of corrosion products formed. As amounts of such products are sometimes very small, wet chemical analysis may be difficult. Therefore, a direct arc emission spectrographic method has been developed for quantitatively determining 13 elements, many of which are known to be present in water systems as the result of corrosion, scaling or fouling. Using high purity graphite as diluent, germanium dioxide as buffer, and barium carbonate as internal standard, it was found that an element concentration of 0.3 percent provided the spectral line densities suitable for quantitative analysis. The 13 elements yielding satisfactory results were aluminum, calcium, chromium, cobalt, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, silicon, tin, titanium and vanadium. Method was applied to carbonates, oxides and silicates of these elements with results indicating accuracy of ±15 percent and precision of approximately 12 percent. Corrosion deposits, scales, slags and oxides can be analyzed routinely by this method.
Type 304 Stainless Steel vs Flowing CO2 At Atmospheric Pressure and 1100-1800F
Authors: McCOY H. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Oxidation characteristics of Type 304 stainless steel in CO2 were observed over the temperature range 1100–1800 F (593–982 C). Although in general oxidation rate curves were parabolic, several periods were observed in which they were approximately linear. These breaks were reproducible and thought to be associated with changes in rate-controlling step of the oxidation process. Carburization of Type 304 stainless steel during exposure to CO2 was observed. Several other alloys were studied, to determine earbiorization mechanism. These included Type 406 stainless steel, a British 20 Cr– 25 Ni, niobium-stabilized steel, Inconel, iron, Fe–1 Cr, Fe–3 Cr, and Fe–10 Cr. Correlation was found between carburization and chromium content, with low chromium favoring and higher chromium inhibiting this reaction. Mechanism was proposed based upon influence of chromium on type of surface oxide formed.
Stress Analysis Of Bent-Beam Stress Corrosion Specimens
Authors: HAAIJER G. , LOGINOW A. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Many types of specimens are available for determining stress corrosion properties of metals and alloys. The bent-beam specimen is particularly well suited for determining atmospheric stress corrosion properties of higher-strength sheet materials. It is relatively simple to prepare and has given satisfactory results in extensive programs. Mathematical analysis used to calculate appropriate specimen dimensions to obtain a desired stress and results of tests to verify the mathematical analysis are presented.
Elastic stresses in bent-beam stress corrosion specimens were determined by mathematical large-deflection analysis. Relationships were established between maximum stress and specimen and holder dimensions, as well as between maximum deflection and these dimensions. The relationships were verified experimentally by comparing measured with theoretical values calculated from the derived relationships. Agreement was good; most experimentally determined data were within 5 percent of calculated values.
Variation in stress across specimen width was measured by strain gages. Results of these tests indicated that the variation was within acceptable limits.
Intergranular Corrosion of Alpha-Brass And Some Effects of Stress
Authors: LYNES W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Intergranular corrosion of α-brass was produced in both ammoniacal and non-ammoniacal solutions, and on both visually bare and filmed surfaces. Cracking of 70–30 brass under stress occurred only in solutions containing NH3. When the surface of the brass was visually bare, path of cracking was transgranular; when the surface was filmed, it was intergranular. Addition of NH4+ ion prevented trans-granular cracking. Addition of Cl− ion produced transgranular cracking on both visually bare and filmed surfaces. When NO3− was added, path of cracking was transgranular on visually bare surfaces, but on filmed surfaces there was no cracking.
Investigation of Inhibiting Properties Of the Pertechnetate Ion
Authors: SPITSIN V. I. , ROSENFELD I. L , PERSIANTSEVA V. P. , ZAMOSHNIKOVA N. N. , KUZINA A. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion of iron in an aggressive medium containing sulfate and chloride ions has been completely inhibited by addition of minute amounts of the pertechnetate ion. Its effectiveness on the basis of mol concentration required under similar conditions is much greater than that of such widely-used inhibitors as the nitrite, chromate and dichromate ions. The pertechnetate ion is capable of inhibiting corrosion caused by a mol concentration of aggressive ions higher than that of the inhibitor itself.
Experimental results indicate that the corrosion inhibiting power of the pertechnetate ion is the result of its adsorption on the metal surface, with resultant stifling of the anodic process of metal ionization. This is accomplished with a quantity of pertechnetate considerably smaller than that needed to produce a monomolecular layer on the metal surface; complete surface coverage is not required for complete inhibition.
Initial Stages Of Stress Corrosion Cracking In Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: LOUTHAN M. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Initial stages of stress corrosion cracking in Types 304 and 304L stainless steel were investigated with optical and electron microscopy techniques. Studies of U-bend samples and electron-transmission quality thin foils revealed that cracks initiated preferentially on the {111} family of planes and that formation of corrosion products accompanied both crack nucleation and propagation.
U-bend samples formed from metal-lographically polished strips were studied after exposures in 42 percent MgCl2 solutions at 154 C (309.2 F). Tiny corrosion pits were observed initially, then extension of corrosion formed linear traces of corrosion product on the sample surfaces. These traces lay parallel to the {ill} traces on grain surfaces and cracking was seen later in the corroded regions. Samples then had many small cracks which often formed Widmanstatten-like patterns in several grains. All the small cracks were in corroded regions and were on the {111} family of planes. Continued exposure caused the small cracks to propagate, interconnect and form characteristic trans-granular branching crack patterns.
Electron transmission studies of thin foils exposed to dilute chloride solutions revealed a similar sequence of crack initiation and propagation. Preferential pitting formed linear arrays along {111} traces on the foil surfaces.
Also, preferential attack occurred at stacking faults and dislocation arrays, producing crack-like voids in the foil.
Extent of preferential attack increased with increasing exposure time and temperature and corrosion products were observed in regions of attack. Foils exposed under similar conditions to deionized water and solutions of NaI did not contain the attacked regions, demonstrating importance of chloride ion in the stress corrosion process.
These results support the electrochemical mechanism of crack propagation by localized anodic dissolution and show that crystallographic defects provide the sites for such attack.
Oxidation Characteristics of Vapor-Plated Tungsten
Authors: NIEBERLEIN VERNON A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Vapor-deposition is being used increasingly for fabricating complex shapes from tungsten. In contrast to conventional tungsten whose oxidation kinetics have been well explored, vapor-deposited material has never been investigated systematically with regard to oxidation.
Oxidation rates were run at 600–1000 C (1112–1832 F) in air using a recording balance. Activation energies were calculated and oxidation rates were compared to those of sheet tungsten prepared using powder metallurgy techniques. Humid air and dry air were compared as corroding media.
Observations on the Anodic Behavior off Nickel and Chromium: Surface Topography and Temperature Effect
Authors: MYERS J. R. , CROW W. B. , BECK F. H. , SAXER R. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Metallographic examination of anodically polarized nickel and chromium after long-time exposure at selected active, passive and transpassive potentials in H2-saturated, IN H2SO4 at 25 C (77 F) revealed significant differences in surface topography. Etch figures, present only in the trans-passive state, supported the belief that “active patches” are generated in passive films of these metals at potentials more noble than the passive region. The difference in nature of nickel surface in the early trans-passive region and visible oxygen evolution region is discussed.
Effect of temperature on passive nickel (i.e., nickel in passive potential region) over the range 25 to 95 C (77 to 203 F) was determined for H2-saturated 0.5, 1, 5 and ION H2SO4 (pH = 0.85 to −1.05). Apparent activation energies for dissolution of passive nickel were determined. Inflection temperature (Ti) above which “active patches” apparently are formed in passive film was dependent on acid concentration according to the expression 1/Ti × 103 = −0.11 pH+ 3.04 over the pH range investigated and was independent of the direction from which the temperature was approached. The change in apparent activation energy (ΔQ) was a function of direction from which the temperature was approached.
Measurements in which temperature was increased stepwise showed that ΔQ is related to pH by the expression ΔQ (kg - cal/mole) = 15,4 pH - 4.7 for acid concentrations studied. Because Ti and ΔQ are dependent on acid concentration, Seeger's activation energy for crystallization of a very thin pseudomorphic film and Kramer's exo-electron emission temperature which are independent of concentration cannot be used to explain fully generation of “active patches” in a passive film as proposed by previous investigators.
Using Radioactive Tracers to Study Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steels
Authors: OVERMAN R. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A combination of radioactive tracer and metallurgical techniques has made it possible to study some of the conditions necessary to produce chloride stress corrosion cracks in stainless steel The existence of charged areas on the surface of steel was demonstrated by autoradiography of samples exposed to solutions containing radioactive tracers. Charged areas on the surface may be created by a high concentration of small sulfide inclusions; the cracks that appeared were initiated within these charged areas. Seven nanograms of chloride on one charged area was sufficient to start corrosion and subsequent surface cracks in a surface of steel stressed by grinding.
Surface Disintegration of Zinc Hono-and Polycrystals Dissolving Anodically in Sodium Bromate Solutions and the Apparent Valency of Zinc Ions
Authors: STRAUMANIS M. E. , WANG Y. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Zinc, if dissolved anodically in an aqueous 3 percent NaBrO3 solution apparently deviates from Faraday's law in the sense that more Zn goes into solution than calculated. It can be proved that this disagreement is due to partial surface disintegration of the Zn anode while current is flowing. Very small particles of Zn are carried away from the anode when the surface oxide film detaches. The flakes are dark due to the presence of fine metallic particles. In moisture, the latter are oxidized quickly and turn white. The amount of disintegration (including the self-dissolution) is between 25 and 31 percent of the total Zn weight loss. Anodic disintegration decreases for Zn electrodes containing Au. The amount of disintegration is nearly independent of the crystallographic plane of the single Zn crystal and agrees with that of a polycrystal The reasons for and the mechanism of disintegration are discussed.
Boiling Mercury Corrosion of Certain Refractory Metals and Stainless Steels From 593–703C
Authors: FLEITMAN A. H. , ROMANO A. J. , KLAMUT C J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Mercury corrosion of the refractory metals W, Mo, Ta and Cb-1Zr was studied in natural circulation quartz loops with two-phase mercury at temperatures from 593 to 703 C (1095–1295 F). Three thousand hour tests on these materials indicate that Ta and W showed no attack or weight loss and could not be detected in the mercury. Mo and Cb-1Zr alloy were detected in trace amounts in the mercury.
Similar tests in quartz loops on Types 304 and 410 stainless steel also were completed. Effectiveness of small additions of Ti to the mercury in preventing corrosion was evaluated. Results indicate that Ti when added to mercury is effective in reducing mass transfer, of Type 410 stainless steel but appears to increase both the depth of corrosion and weight loss of Type 304.
Corrosion Behavior of Steels and Nickel Alloys in Superheated Steam
Authors: RUTHER W. E. , SCHLUETER R. R. , LEE R. H. , HART R. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Small amounts of a number of alloying materials were added to Type 304 stainless steel in an effort to improve its corrosion resistance to superheated steam at 650 C (1202 F), 42 kg/cm2. Aluminum and siliconwere valuable additions, but the amount of aluminum required to reduce the corrosion rate significantly embrittled the alloy. Type 304 containing about 3w/oSi appeared to be a practical alloy.
In a similar fashion, the addition of about 3w/oAl to Incoloy 800 greatly improved its resistance to static superheated steam.
Films stripped from samples corroded in steam with various prior surface preparations were examined by electron microscopy and chemical analysis in an attempt to clarify the reasons for differing corrosion behavior. It was concluded that the rapid diffusion of chromium into the corrosion films formed on mechanically worked surfaces is the key factor in the improved corrosion resistance of these surfaces.
Oxidation of Iron-Aluminum Alloys in the Range 500–1000 C
Authors: SAEGUSA F. , LEE L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Oxidation of 1 and 5 weight percent aluminum-iron base alloys has been investigated in oxygen at one atmosphere pressure over the temperature range 500–1000 C (932–1832 F). Effects of temperature and alloy composition on oxidation rate were determined by a gravimetric method. Oxide scales formed on alloy surfaces were examined by metallography, electron diffraction and electron microprobe analysis.
During the initial period of reaction the oxidation process obeyed a parabolic rate law. After prolonged exposure oxidation occurred at a constant rate. Several layers consisting of oxide mixtures were observed on oxidized specimens. The innermost layer was found to have a high aluminum content, whereas the outermost layer was found to be mainly iron oxide.
Surface Chemical Factors in the Stress-Corrosion Cracking off Alpha Brass
Authors: JOHNSON H. E. , LEJA J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking of alpha brass in ammonia solutions containing copper-ammonia complexes is most rapid in the pH range 6 to 7, where weight loss corrosion is insignificant, Linear relationships were found for (a) log 1/tc (tc = cracking time) vS log Cu++ (initial copper concentration) and (b) l/tc vs 1/T (T = absolute temperature). Oxygen appears necessary for general corrosion and cracking at pH values above 8.
Rapid cracking is interpreted in terms of a drastic surface free energy decrease caused by the adsorption of an intermediate copper-zinc- ammonia complex (not yet identified) which is catalytically formed at the brass/solution interface and is surface active. It is suggested also that linear relationships like (a) and (b) above may be distinguishing features of stress corrosion cracking mechanisms which involve surface energy lowering.
“Kansite” = Mackinawite, FeS
Authors: MILTON CHARLES 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
“Kansite” is mackinawite, FeS. References to recent publications establishing this and correctly describing this important corrosion compound are given. Besides appearing as a corrosion product, it occurs naturally in tidal sediments, where hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron or iron compounds and in most high temperature copper and nickel ore deposits. It also has been synthesized in the laboratory. Mackinawite has been observed repeatedly for nearly a century, but until 1963 was generally confused with a similar-appearing but much rarer ore mineral, valleriite, CuFeS2, and was described under that name.
An Investigation off the Utility off Instantaneous Corrosion Rate Measurements for Inhibitor Studies
Authors: ANNAND ROBERT 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Instantaneous corrosion rate measurements were evaluated under laboratory conditions to determine their utility, both in brine solutions and in two-phase brine/hydrocarbon systems containing nitrogen, air, H2S, CO2 and mixtures of these gases. Measurements are based on the “polarization resistance” equation first reported by Stern in 1958. Both 3-electrode and 2-electrode techniques were used. In the 3-electrode technique, one electrode serves as a reference and the use of a steel electrode identical to the test electrode was evaluated. Techniques were evaluated from two standpoints: (1) To determine that the data obtained corresponded to polarization characteristics of steel under conditions where a corrosion product layer accumulated; and (2) to establish that with sufficiently constant corrosion conditions measurements will correlate to weight loss. Analysis of the data produced the following conclusions: 1. Use of a never-polarized steel reference electrode is well founded; 2. Three-electrode measurements reliably measure the instantaneous corrosion rate of the test electrode; 3. Even with non-ideal curves, as long as the complex β's are reasonably constant, the Stern equation can be used to relate ΔI/AE to Icorr.; 4. There is reason to prefer anodic pulses because of the better shape of the anodic branches of the technique; 5. The 3-electrode technique is preferred because, although 2-electrode data are qualitatively related to the corrosion rate, the measurements exhibit variations which make them less reliably correlated to the corrosion rate of an identifiable electrode; 6. The measurements are uniquely suited for changing corrosion conditions, especially in nearly neutral saline solutions containing air, H2S or CO2; 7. The measurements should be useful in all practical solutions where the conductance is high enough to support electrochemical corrosion.
Stress Corrosion of Beryllium in Synthetic Sea Water
Authors: MILLER R. A. , MYERS J. R. , SAXER R. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Continuous total immersion testing of pickled beryllium sheet material in synthetic sea water revealed mat corrosion rate decreases asymptotically from about 21.5 to 2.0 mpy as exposure period increased from 5 to 150 days. Beryllium was observed to be susceptible to severe pitting attack. Testing established that beryllium is susceptible to stress-corrosion when exposed to synthetic sea water. Time-to-failure decreased from about 2340 to 40 hours as applied tensile stress was increased from 1220 to 40,000 psi. Electron fractography studies suggested that stress-corrosion failure occurred transgranularly.
Relationships Between Electrochemical Measurements and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Maraging Steel
Authors: GREEN J. A. S. , HANEY E. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking of 18Ni maraging steel foil has been studied in deionized water solutions with the pH adjusted by NaOH additions over a range from 8 to 13. The full range of NaCl contents from saturated solutions to no addition was tested with specimens stressed to 75 percent of yield strength. For each variation in NaCl content, the specimen failure times go through a minimum with respect to pH. With increasing NaCl content, the minimum becomes more pronounced and its position shifts towards higher pH values. The position of each minimum is indicated by electrode potential measurements. Potentiostatic measurements as a function of pH confirm that maximum susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking occurs just prior to the onset of passivation.
Corrosion Resistance of Ti and a Ti-Pd Alloy in Hot, Concentrated Sodium Chloride Solutions
Authors: TAKAMURA AKIRA 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Case histories are described concerning corrosion of titanium in hot concentrated chloride solutions and the results of the laboratory investigation on the corrosion behavior of titanium and titanium-palladium alloy in chloride environments reported. Although passivity of titanium was very stable in solutions of moderate concentration, this stability was found to decrease with increasing temperature, chloride and hydrogen ion concentration. In boiling concentrated chloride solutions, severe corrosion occurred locally in crevices such as interfaces between two titanium sheets or titanium and Teflon sheets which was identical to that encountered in field experience. In contrast to titanium, no crevice corrosion was observed to occur under the same conditions for titanium-palladium alloys. Superior corrosion resistance of the alloy was confirmed by field tests.