bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEMBERSHIP AND KNOWLEDGE. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AS A GROUP ACTIVITY
Authors: Tossut Silvia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMuch scientific research is characterized by a high degree of multidisciplinarity and interdependence between the experts. In these cases research may be described as a group activity, and as such analysed in terms of the intentions of the participants. In this paper I apply Bratman's notion of shared intentionality to explain the relations between social and epistemic elements in groups with a truth-oriented common goal. I argue that in truth-oriented activities the disposition to help – which is a constitutive part of Bratman's notion of shared intentionality – takes the form of a commitment not to lie, and that mutual knowledge of this commitment gives the members an entitlement to rely on other members' testimonies. Thus, in truth-oriented group activities, common knowledge of the disposition toward mutual support gives epistemic relevance to cooperation. Scientific research is shaped by the coexistence of social and epistemic elements: social relations influence knowledge attributions, and the epistemic goal of the activity confers a particular character to these relations.
Generation of high-energy neutrons with the 300-ps-laser system PALS
Authors: Krása J. , Klír D. , Velyhan A. , Krouský E. , Pfeifer M. , Řezáč K. , Cikhardt J. , Turek K. , Ullschmied J. , Jungwirth K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The laser system PALS, as a driver of a broad-beam ion source, delivered deuterons which generated neutrons with energies higher than 14 MeV through the

$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{}^{7}\mathrm{Li(d,n)}{}^{8}\mathrm{Be}$

reaction. Deuterons with sub-MeV energy were accelerated from the front surface of a massive

$\mathrm{CD}_{2}$

target in the backward direction with respect to the laser beam vector. Simultaneously, neutrons were emitted from the primary

$\mathrm{CD}_{2}$

target and a secondary LiF catcher. The total maximum measured neutron yield from

${}^{2}\mathrm{D(d,n)}{}^{3}\mathrm{He}$

,

${}^{7}\mathrm{Li(d,n)}{}^{8}\mathrm{Be}$

,

${}^{12}\mathrm{C(d,n)}{}^{13}\mathrm{N}$

reactions was

${\sim } 3.5 ({\pm }0.5) \times 10^{8}\ \mathrm{neutrons/shot}$

.
Critical layer and radiative instabilities in shallow-water shear flows
Authors: Riedinger Xavier , Gilbert Andrew D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this study a linear stability analysis of shallow-water flows is undertaken for a representative Froude number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}F=3.5$. The focus is on monotonic base flow profiles $U$ without an inflection point, in order to study critical layer instability (CLI) and its interaction with radiative instability (RI). First the dispersion relation is presented for the piecewise linear profile studied numerically by Satomura (J. Meterol. Soc. Japan, vol. 59, 1981, pp. 148–167) and using WKBJ analysis an interpretation given of mode branches, resonances and radiative instability. In particular surface gravity (SG) waves can resonate with a limit mode (LM) (or Rayleigh wave), localised near the discontinuity in shear in the flow; in this piecewise profile there is no critical layer. The piecewise linear profile is then continuously modified in a family of nonlinear profiles, to show the effect of the vorticity gradient $Q^{\prime } = - U^{\prime \prime }$ on the nature of the modes. Some modes remain as modes and others turn into quasi-modes (QM), linked to Landau damping of disturbances to the flow, depending on the sign of the vorticity gradient at the critical point. Thus an interpretation of critical layer instability for continuous profiles is given, as the remnant of the resonance with the LM. Numerical results and WKBJ analysis of critical layer instability and radiative instability for more general smooth profiles are provided. A link is made between growth rate formulae obtained by considering wave momentum and those found via the WKBJ approximation. Finally the competition between the stabilising effect of vorticity gradients in a critical layer and the destabilising effect of radiation (radiative instability) is studied.
Perturbation theory and numerical modelling of weakly and moderately nonlinear dynamics of the incompressible Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
Authors: Velikovich A. L. , Herrmann M. , Abarzhi S. I. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA study of incompressible two-dimensional (2D) Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) by means of high-order perturbation theory and numerical simulations is reported. Nonlinear corrections to Richtmyer’s impulsive formula for the RMI bubble and spike growth rates have been calculated for arbitrary Atwood number and an explicit formula has been obtained for it in the Boussinesq limit. Conditions for early-time acceleration and deceleration of the bubble and the spike have been elucidated. Theoretical time histories of the interface curvature at the bubble and spike tip and the profiles of vertical and horizontal velocities have been calculated and favourably compared to simulation results. In our simulations we have solved 2D unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for immiscible incompressible fluids using the finite volume fractional step flow solver NGA developed by Desjardins et al. (J. Comput. Phys., vol. 227, 2008, pp. 7125–7159) coupled to the level set based interface solver LIT (Herrmann, J. Comput. Phys., vol. 227, 2008, pp. 2674–2706). We study the impact of small amounts of viscosity on the flow dynamics and compare simulation results to theory to discuss the influence of the theory’s ideal inviscid flow assumption.
Pilot study on the European Portuguese version of the Confusion Assessment Method
Authors: Martins Sónia , Moldes Patrícia , Pinto-de-Sousa João , Conceição Filipe , Paiva José Artur , Simões Mário R. , Fernandes Lia 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo present the pilot study on the European Portuguese validation of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).MethodsThe translation process was carried out according to International Society Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines with trained researchers and inter-rater reliability assessment. The study included 50 elderly patients, admitted (≥24 h) to two intermediate care units. Exclusion criteria were: Glasgow Coma Scale (total score ≤11), blindness/deafness, inability to communicate and not able to speak Portuguese. The sensitivity and specificity of CAM were assessed, with DSM-IV-TR criteria of delirium used as a reference standard.ResultsFindings revealed excellent inter-rater reliability (k>0.81), moderate sensitivity (73%) and excellent specificity (95%).ConclusionThese preliminary results suggested that this version emerges as a promising diagnostic instrument for delirium.
Continuous milking of dairy cows disrupts timing of peak IgG concentration appearance in mammary secretions
Authors: Baumrucker Craig R , Zbinden Rahel S , van Dorland H Anette , Remmelink Gerrit J , Kemp Bas , van Knegsel Ariette T M , Bruckmaier Rupert M 
Published: June 2014

The length of the dry period in commercial dairy production is under close scrutiny. While the main concern is the composition and volume of milk produced, the evaluation of colostrum quality under these new paradigms has suggested a decline in IgG concentrations, while some reports indicate no change. Colostrum quality has been defined as an adequate concentration (>50 mg/ml) of immunoglobulin in the secretions to provide the newborn with maximal disease resistance. We investigated the appearance of IgG in mammary pre- and post partum secretions in cows without a dry period (continuously milked, Dry0) and compared the secretions with cows that experienced a dry period of 60 d (Dry60). Blood was collected during the experimental period and plasma analysed for progesterone (P4) and prolactin (Prl). Approximately −6 d relative to parturition, the Dry0 animals exhibited increased concentration of IgG in their secretions to an average of ∼35 mg/ml that remained rather constant through subsequent pregnancy and following parturition. Dry0 cows were producing an average IgG concentration in parturition colostrum of 44·2±17·6 mg/ml that was not different than that of controls (66·86±16·8 mg/ml). However, Dry0 cows exhibited high variation, different peak times (day) of IgG concentration including times that occurred both pre and post parturition. IgG mass of the Dry0 cows remained rather constant pre- and post partum and did not show the same declining mass following parturition that was shown for the Dry60 cows. The change in plasma P4 and Prl were shown to have no timing effect on colostrum IgG concentration.
Observations on the ecology and reproductive biology of the sipunculan wormAspidosiphon muelleriin temperate waters
Authors: Ferrero-Vicente L.M. , Marco-Méndez C. , Loya-Fernández A. , Sánchez-Lizaso J.L. 
Published: June 2014

A population of the sipunculan wormAspidosiphon muelleri, located in temperate waters of the western Mediterranean Sea, was monitored monthly for a year. Some aspects related to its ecology and reproductive biology are shown in the present work. The sex-ratio for this population was close to 1:1 (54% females vs 46% males), thus indicating a dioecious reproduction, although showing a lack of sexual dimorphism. Oocytes were detected in females from 4–5 mm; this size might be reached byA. muelleriin a few months. The population density increased notably during the summer (June–August). The spawning event date was indirectly estimated from the average size of the oocytes and the percentage of females with free oocytes in the coelom. Both variables were significantly correlated to shallow water temperature (Pearson correlation;P = 0.003 andP = 0.001, respectively). Oocyte size was also significantly correlated to average irradiance level (Pearson correlation;P = 0.044). Spawning took place between August and September (when the water temperature is getting close to its annual maximum) and may last only a few weeks in these temperate waters. The abundance ofA. muelleridecreased drastically in September, likely as a consequence of the spawning event effort. Bivalves of the speciesEpilepton clarkiaewere collected together with specimens ofA. muelleriliving inside the polychaete tubes used as shelters by the sipunculans, with a prevalence of 11.64%. To a lesser extent some Foraminifera were also reported attached to the body of the sipunculans.
Parasites and low temperatures
Authors: Wharton D. A. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYLow temperatures affect the rate of growth, development and metabolism of parasites and when temperatures fall below 0°C may expose the parasite to the potentially lethal risk of freezing. Some parasites have mechanisms, such as diapause, which synchronise their life cycle with favourable seasons and the availability of hosts. Parasites of endothermic hosts are protected from low temperatures by the thermoregulatory abilities of their host. Free-living and off-host stages, however, may be exposed to subzero temperatures and both freezing-tolerant and freeze-avoiding strategies of cold hardiness are found. Parasites of ectothermic hosts may be exposed to subzero temperatures within their hosts. They can rely on the cold tolerance adaptations of their host or they may develop their own mechanisms. Exposure to low temperatures may occur within the carcass of the host and this may be of epidemiological significance if the parasite can be transmitted via the consumption of the carcass.
ADHD in DSM-5: a field trial in a large, representative sample of 18- to 19-year-old adults
Authors: Matte B. , Anselmi L. , Salum G. A. , Kieling C. , Gonçalves H. , Menezes A. , Grevet E. H. , Rohde L. A. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThe DSM criteria for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not been tested in American Psychiatric Association (APA) field trials for either DSM-IV or DSM-5. This study aimed to assess: (a) the prevalence of ADHD according to DSM-5 criteria; (b) the factor solution that provides the best fit for ADHD symptoms; (c) the symptoms with the highest predictive value for clinical impairment; and (d) the best symptomatic threshold for each ADHD dimension (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity).MethodTrained psychologists evaluated 4000 young adults from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study with an instrument covering all DSM-5 ADHD criteria. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) tested the best factor structure. Complex logistic regressions assessed differential contributions of each symptom to clinical impairment. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses tested which would be the best symptomatic cut-off in the number of symptoms for predicting impairment.ResultsThe prevalence of DSM-5 ADHD was 3.55% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.98–4.12]. The estimated prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD was 2.8%. CFA revealed that a bifactor model with a single general factor and two specific factors provided the best fit for DSM-5 symptoms. Inattentive symptoms continued to be the most important predictors of impairment in adults. The best cut-offs were five symptoms of inattention and four symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity.ConclusionsOur results, combined with previous findings, suggest a 27% increase in the expected prevalence of ADHD among young adults, comparing DSM-IV to DSM-5 criteria. The DSM-5 symptomatic organization derived a similar factor structure for adults as DSM-IV symptoms. Data using DSM-5 criteria support lowering the symptomatic threshold for diagnosing ADHD in adults.
Decision making in young people at familial risk of depression
Authors: Mannie Z. N. , Williams C. , Browning M. , Cowen P. J. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundMajor depression is associated with abnormalities in reward processing at neural and behavioural levels. Neural abnormalities in reward have been described in young people at familial risk of depression but behavioural changes in reward-based decision making have been less studied in this group.MethodWe studied 63 young people (mean age 18.9 years) with a parent with a diagnosis of major depression but who had never been depressed themselves, that is with a positive family history of depression (the FH+ group). Participants performed the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT), which provides several measures of decision making including deliberation time, quality of decision making, risk taking, risk adjustment and delay aversion. A control group of 49 age- and gender-matched young people with no history of mood disorder in a first-degree relative undertook the same task.ResultsBoth FH+ participants and controls had low and equivalent scores on anxiety and depression self-rating scales. Compared to controls, the FH+ participants showed overall lower risk taking, although like controls they made more risky choices as the odds of a favourable outcome increased. No other measures of decision making differed between the two groups.ConclusionsYoung people at increased familial risk of depression have altered risk taking that is not accounted for by current affective symptomatology. Lowered risk taking might represent an impairment in reward seeking, which is one of several changes in reward-based behaviours seen in acutely depressed patients; however, our findings suggest that decreased reward seeking could be part of a risk endophenotype for depression.
Identifying keystone plant resources in an Amazonian forest using a long-term fruit-fall record
Authors: Diaz-Martin Zoë , Swamy Varun , Terborgh John , Alvarez-Loayza Patricia , Cornejo Fernando 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:The keystone plant resources (KPR) concept describes certain plant species in tropical forests as vital to community stability and diversity because they provide food resources to vertebrate consumers during the season of scarcity. Here, we use an 8-y, continuous record of fruit fall from a 1.44-ha mature forest stand to identify potential KPRs in a lowland western Amazonian rain forest. KPRs were identified based on four criteria: temporal non-redundancy; year-to-year reliability; abundance of reproductive-size individuals and inferred fruit crop size; and the variety of vertebrate consumers utilizing their fruit. Overall, seven species were considered excellent KPRs: two of these belong to the genusFicus, confirming that this taxon is a KPR as previously suggested.Celtis iguanaea(Cannabaceae) – a canopy liana – has also been previously classified as a KPR; in addition,Pseudomalmea diclina(Annonaceae),Cissus ulmifolia(Vitaceae),Allophylus glabratus(Sapindaceae) andTrichilia elegans(Meliaceae) are newly identified KPRs. Our results confirm that a very small fraction (<5%) of the plant community consistently provides fruit for a broad set of consumers during the period of resource scarcity, which has significant implications for the conservation and management of Amazonian forests.
Crossed pulmonary arteries with hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch
Authors: Hernandez Lazaro E. , Anderson Robert H. , Hoggard Eric , St. Louis James D. , Shepard Charles W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe entity of crossed pulmonary arteries was first described by Jue, Lockman, and Edwards in 1966, in a patient with trisomy 18. Since then, several series have been described, both in terms of the isolated anatomic variant, or its association with other intracardiac or extracardiac anomalies. We describe a rare association that has previously not been reported.Methods and resultsInstitutional Review Board approval for a retrospective chart review was obtained. Over the period 2011 through 2013, we have encountered six patients in whom the crossed origins of the pulmonary arteries from the pulmonary trunk were associated with hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch, an association that, to the best of our knowledge, has previously not been reported. In all of the patients, the isthmic component of the aortic arch was inserted in an end-to-side manner into the ductal arch, with additional discrete coarctation in half of the patients.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, no cases of crossed pulmonary arteries have been described in association with hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch. We draw comparisons between the cases with exclusively tubular hypoplasia, and those with the added problem of the more typical isthmic variant of aortic coarctation. In all cases, the ability to reconstruct cross-sectional images added significantly to the diagnosis and understanding of these complex lesions. These findings have specific surgical implications, which are discussed.
Salinity and pH affect Na+-montmorillonite dissolution and amino acid adsorption: a prebiotic chemistry study
Authors: Farias Ana Paula S. F. , Tadayozzi Yasmin S. , Carneiro Cristine E. A. , Zaia Dimas A. M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe adsorption of amino acids onto minerals in prebiotic seas may have played an important role for their protection against hydrolysis and formation of polymers. In this study, we show that the adsorption of the prebiotic amino acids, glycine (Gly), α-alanine (α-Ala) and β-alanine (β-Ala), onto Na+-montmorillonite was dependent on salinity and pH. Specifically, adsorption decreased from 58.3–88.8 to 0–48.9% when salinity was increased from 10 to 100–150% of modern seawater. This result suggests reduced amino acid adsorption onto minerals in prebiotic seas, which may have been even more saline than the tested conditions. Amino acids also formed complexes with metals in seawater, affecting metal adsorption onto Na+-montmorillonite, and amino acid adsorption was enhanced when added before Na+-montmorillonite was exposed to high saline solutions. Also, the dissolution of Na+-montmorillonite was reduced in the presence of amino acids, with β-Ala being the most effective. Thus, prebiotic chemistry experiments should also consider the integrity of minerals in addition to their adsorption capacity.
The effect of financial knowledge and demographic variables on passive and active investment in Chile's pension plan
Authors: KRISTJANPOLLER WERNER D. , OLSON JOSEPHINE E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper contributes to research on defined contribution (DC) retirement plans by examining how financial knowledge and demographic factors influenced Chile's pension holders' choice between a default life-cycle retirement plan and active management. About one third of Chileans held default funds in 2009; younger people, men, people with lower incomes, and people with low financial knowledge were more likely to choose the default. For active investors, we examined what variables influenced their choice. Nearly three quarters of active investors chose more risky funds that the defaults for their age group. However, risk taking tended to decrease with age and to increase with income, financial knowledge and risk tolerance.
The future of evolutionary economics: why the modalities of explanation matter
Authors: WITT ULRICH 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:Far from inspiring that paradigmatic shift in economics that was envisioned by its early proponents, ‘evolutionary’ economics today represents a patchwork of unconnected theories and topics. In other disciplines, evolutionary thinking has induced a paradigm shift, resulting from the adoption of the Darwinian paradigm extended by hypotheses about cultural evolution. Concerning economics, however, even a preliminary discourse on the potential of this paradigm for future theorizing remains controversial. The present paper therefore focuses on the methodological implications of the paradigm. It is shown that hitherto unnoticed common ground can be identified underlying the diversity of approaches to evolutionary economics. It rests in the modalities of causal explanations germane to the Darwinian paradigm. Understanding these modalities also makes it possible to distinguish evolutionary from non-evolutionary research irrespective of the specific theories and topics concerned. The argument is illustrated for the exemplary case of institutional economics.
A cochlear-bone wave can yield a hearing sensation as well as otoacoustic emission
Authors: Tchumatchenko Tatjana , Reichenbach Tobias 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA hearing sensation arises when the elastic basilar membrane inside the cochlea vibrates. The basilar membrane is typically set into motion through airborne sound that displaces the middle ear and induces a pressure difference across the membrane. A second, alternative pathway exists, however: stimulation of the cochlear bone vibrates the basilar membrane as well. This pathway, referred to as bone conduction, is increasingly used in headphones that bypass the ear canal and the middle ear. Furthermore, otoacoustic emissions, sounds generated inside the cochlea and emitted therefrom, may not involve the usual wave on the basilar membrane, suggesting that additional cochlear structures are involved in their propagation. Here we describe a novel propagation mode within the cochlea that emerges through deformation of the cochlear bone. Through a mathematical and computational approach we demonstrate that this propagation mode can explain bone conduction as well as numerous properties of otoacoustic emissions.