bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Decentralization in Ghana’s Fourth Republic
Authors: Debrah Emmanuel 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:This article assesses how the District Assemblies in Ghana’s Fourth Republic have exercised political, administrative, and fiscal powers transferred to them by the central government. It notes that the creation of the assemblies has promoted popular participation and boosted the autonomy of front-line officials in terms of decision-making and the allocation of financial resources at the local level. However, the central government retains the authority to appoint the District Chief Executive and 30 percent of the assembly members. Local governments experience delays in the transfer of funds, an inability to absorb civil servants of decentralized departments into the local culture, and a lack of capacity to raise revenue for development. The article argues that local election of the District Chief Executive and increased allocation of funds to the rural districts would attract entrepreneurs and skilled civil servants who would be able to implement effective decentralization.
WELCOMING THE ‘FON OF FONS’: ANGLOPHONE ELITES AND THE POLITICS OF HOSTING CAMEROON'S HEAD OF STATE
Authors: Orock Rogers Tabe Egbe 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article draws on a political ethnography of the hosting of state ceremonies to engage with erstwhile theoretical accounts of African politics as highly patrimonial and built on a social complicity between African rulers and their citizens. The article examines the patrimonial relationship between Cameroon's head of state, Paul Biya, and political elites of local ethno-regional communities who support the president within the framework of the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) in Anglophone Cameroon. It approaches such elite politics of hosting as part of the vast cultural repertoire of patrimonial domination that emphasizes a spectacularization of proximity and intimacy between the head of state and his coterie of supporting elites as the latter seek development resources for their local and regional communities in exchange for their political support. To account for hosting as a practice of patrimonial elite politics, the article demonstrates the complex logics and pragmatics of ethnic and regional competition as well as the deployment of symbolic idioms of hierarchical relations, mutuality and interdependence in the cultural performance and legitimation of Biya's patrimonial domination of Cameroon.
RETHINKING POLITICAL RHETORIC AND AUTHORITY DURING RWANDA'S FIRST AND SECOND REPUBLICS
Authors: Desrosiers Marie-Eve 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDrawing on rarely analysed primary sources obtained during multi-site archival research, this article examines and proposes to reassesses the political rhetoric deployed in pre-genocide Rwanda (First and Second Republics). The article contends that the First and Second Republics' rhetoric was not as ethnocentric as often contended. It argues instead that this rhetoric, cautious and moderate, should be understood as part of regime resilience strategies. Born of questionable origins, the two regimes faced recurrent instability and only imposed their authority questionably on segments of the Rwandan population. Unlike ethnocentric rhetoric calling upon limited ethnic affinities, moderate rhetoric was meant to ‘persuade’ and ‘pre-empt’, in other words extend support for regimes that were uncertain of their grounding.
I TOOK AN ALLEGIANCE TO SECRECY: COMPLEXITIES OF CONDUCTING ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH AT HOME
Authors: Setlhabi Keletso Gaone 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAnthropological research was traditionally conducted by foreign researchers in ‘exotic’ places. However, the trend changed over the years due to various reasons such as less funding for research abroad, resistance from new independent states, and the realization that, after all, the ‘exotic’ could be found even ‘at home’. The research dynamics changed further when those who were studied earlier began to study their own. This paper is a reflection of my participatory observation in the 2009bojale(girls’ initiation) revival ceremony of Bakgatla-baga-Kgafela in Botswana. I enteredbojalewith dual roles of initiate and participant observer for my research. My ethnographic research was among my own and I was expected to adhere to the ceremony's rules in the same way as the other initiates. The discussion reflects on my dual identity experiences and relationships during initiation in order to interrogate ethnography among one's own culture. I conclude that, even though being ‘at home’ has advantages such as less travelling requirements and easy rapport, it is a complex process when it involves sacred ceremonies such asbojalebecause of the societal obligations such as adherence to secrecy that the researcher is bound by during and after the research.
Nation-State Science: Lappology and Sweden's Ethnoracial Purity
Authors: Mattson Greggor 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper introduces the concept of “nation-state science” to describe the scientific work of ethnoracial classification that made possible the ideal of the homogenous nation-state. Swedish scientists implicitly defined their nation for Continental Europeans when they explicitly created knowledge about the “Lapps” (today's Sámi/Saami). Nation was coupled to state through such ethnoracial categories, the content of which were redefined as Sweden's geopolitical power rose and fell. These shifts sparked methodological innovations to redefine the Lapp, making it a durable category whose content was plastic enough to survive paradigm shifts in political and scientific thought. Idiosyncratic Swedish concerns thus became universalized through the scientific diffusion of empirical knowledge about Lapps and generalizable anthropometric techniques to distinguish among populations. What Sweden lost during the nineteenth century in terms of geopolitical power, it gained in terms of biopower: the knowledge and control of internal populations made possible by its widely adopted anthropometric innovations. Nation-state science helps unpack the interrelationships between state-building, nation-making, and scientific labor.
Ghosts in the Academy: Historians and Historical Consciousness in the Making of Modern Uganda
Authors: Reid Richard J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe public and professional significance of precolonial History as a discipline has declined markedly across much of sub-Saharan Africa over the last forty years: History has been both demonized—depicted as deeply dangerous and the source of savagery and instability—and portrayed as irrelevant when set alongside the needs for economic modernization and “development.” This paper explores this trend in the context of Uganda, with a particular focus on the kingdom of Buganda, chosen for its particularly rich oral and literary heritage and the thematic opportunities offered by its complex and troubled twentieth century. The paper aims to explore how “the past”—with a focus on the precolonial era—has been understood there in several distinct periods. These include the era of imperial partition and the formation of the Uganda Protectorate between the 1880s and the 1910s; competition for political space within colonial society to the 1950s; decolonization and the struggle to create new nationhood in the mid-twentieth century; and political crises and partial recovery since the 1970s. Ultimately, the paper seeks to assess the role of History in a modern African society vis-à-vis the developmental agendas and notions of economic growth against which African “progress” and prospects for “stability” are currently measured.
Constructing Colonial Legality in Russian Central Asia: On Guardianship
Authors: Sartori Paolo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe history of Islamic law in Russian Central Asia defies many of the categorizations offered by both global and Russian imperial history. Recent studies of law in the age of colonialism have concluded that the attainment of legal hegemony in the colonies was consequent upon the initiative of indigenes that strategically manipulated jurisdictions; as colonial subjects increasingly involved the state in their private conflicts, they effectively pushed their masters to consolidate the institutional arrangements through which the state dispensed justice. Historians of the Russian Empire have reached a diametrically different conclusion: under tsarist rule, they argue, Muslims continued to access the services of the “native courts,” which remained mostly untouched following Russia's southeastward expansion. As the empire promoted a policy of differentiated jurisprudence, Russians effectively safeguarded the integrity of Islamic law. I argue that both of the aforementioned approaches are confined to the level of institutional history, and thus fail to consider that the creation of colonial hegemony rested on ways in which colonial subjects understood law and viewed themselves as legal subjects. I show that Russians, from the outset of their rule in Central Asia, initiated Muslims into colonial forms of legality by overcoming the jurisdictional separation they had themselves put in place. In allowing the local population to file their grievances with the military bureaucracy, the Russians effectively pushed Central Asians to reify colonial notions of justice, and thereby distance themselves from the tradition of Islamic legal practices.
On the Repugnance of Customary Law
Authors: Demian Melissa 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Constitution of Papua New Guinea (PNG) features a peculiar artifact of colonial-era law known as a repugnancy clause. This type of clause, used elsewhere as a neutral mechanism to identify conflicts between legal provisions, has in PNG become a tool for the moral-aesthetic evaluation of “customary law.” In this article, I follow the history of the PNG repugnancy clause from its colonial origins and through the relevant case law since the country's independence in order to ask both how the clause acquired its non-legal meaning through legal usage, and why it has been retained in its original form in PNG when so many postcolonial legal regimes have discarded it. Comparative material from Indonesia, sub-Saharan Africa, and especially Australia is used to contextualize the durability of the PNG repugnancy clause, and theoretical material on the affect of disgust and shame is brought to bear in order to understand the use of repugnancy in its moral-aesthetic sense. The article concludes with a meditation on the way the repugnancy clause has enabled the judiciary of PNG to distance the law of the country not simply from an uneducated or inadequately Christian general populace, but also from a history in which all Papua New Guineans were regarded as a contaminating threat to the European colonizers whose legal system the country has inherited.
Sequence variation in mitochondrialcox1 andnad1 genes of ascaridoid nematodes in cats and dogs from Iran
Authors: Mikaeili F. , Mirhendi H. , Mohebali M. , Hosseini M. , Sharbatkhori M. , Zarei Z. , Kia E.B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe study was conducted to determine the sequence variation in two mitochondrial genes, namely cytochromecoxidase 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) within and among isolates ofToxocara cati,Toxocara canisandToxascaris leonina. Genomic DNA was extracted from 32 isolates ofT. cati, 9 isolates ofT. canisand 19 isolates ofT. leoninacollected from cats and dogs in different geographical areas of Iran. Mitochondrial genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequence data were aligned using the BioEdit software and compared with published sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. Based on pairwise comparison, intra-species genetic diversity within Iranian isolates ofT. cati,T. canisandT. leoninaamounted to 0–2.3%, 0–1.3% and 0–1.0% for pcox1 and 0–2.0%, 0–1.7% and 0–2.6% for pnad1, respectively. Inter-species sequence variation among the three ascaridoid nematodes was significantly higher, being 9.5–16.6% for pcox1 and 11.9–26.7% for pnad1. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the pcox1 and pnad1 genes indicated that there is significant genetic diversity within and among isolates ofT. cati,T. canisandT. leoninafrom different areas of Iran, and these genes can be used for studying genetic variation of ascaridoid nematodes.
Reduced brain reward response during cooperation in first-degree relatives of patients with psychosis: an fMRI study
Authors: Gromann P. M. , Shergill S. S. , de Haan L. , Meewis D. G. J. , Fett A.-K. J. , Korver-Nieberg N. , Krabbendam L. 
Published: April 2014

Background.Psychosis is characterized by a profound lack of trust and disturbed social interactions. Investigating the neural basis of these deficits is difficult because of medication effects but first-degree relatives show qualitatively similar abnormalities to patients with psychosis on various tasks. This study aimed to investigate neural activation in siblings of patients in response to an interactive task. We hypothesized that, compared to controls, siblings would show (i) less basic trust at the beginning of the task and (ii) reduced activation of the brain reward and mentalizing systems.Method.Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired on 50 healthy siblings of patients with psychosis and 33 healthy controls during a multi-round trust game with a cooperative counterpart. An a priori region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of the caudate, temporoparietal junction (TPJ), superior temporal sulcus (STS), insula and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was performed focusing on the investment and repayment phases. An exploratory whole-brain analysis was run to test for group-wise differences outside these ROIs.Results.The siblings’ behaviour during the trust game did not differ significantly from that of the controls. At the neural level, siblings showed reduced activation of the right caudate during investments, and the left insula during repayments. In addition, the whole-brain analysis revealed reduced putamen activation in siblings during investments.Conclusions.The findings suggest that siblings show aberrant functioning of regions traditionally involved in reward processing in response to cooperation, which may be associated with the social reward deficits observed in psychosis.
Subtypes of major depression: latent class analysis in depressed Han Chinese women
Authors: Li Y. , Aggen S. , Shi S. , Gao J. , Li Y. , Tao M. , Zhang K. , Wang X. , Gao C. , Yang L. , Liu Y. , Li K. , Shi J. , Wang G. , Liu L. , Zhang J. , Du B. , Jiang G. , Shen J. , Zhang Z. , Liang W. , Sun J. , Hu J. , Liu T. , Wang X. , Miao G. , Meng H. , Li Y. , Hu C. , Li Y. , Huang G. , Li G. , Ha B. , Deng H. , Mei Q. , Zhong H. , Gao S. , Sang H. , Zhang Y. , Fang X. , Yu F. , Yang D. , Liu T. , Chen Y. , Hong X. , Wu W. , Chen G. , Cai M. , Song Y. , Pan J. , Dong J. , Pan R. , Zhang W. , Shen Z. , Liu Z. , Gu D. , Wang X. , Liu X. , Zhang Q. , Flint J. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: April 2014

Background.Despite substantial research, uncertainty remains about the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of major depression (MD). Can meaningful and valid subtypes be identified and would they be stable cross-culturally?Method.Symptoms at their lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years, with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed in Mplus.Results.Using the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria, the 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria and all independently assessed depressive symptoms (n = 27), the best LCA model identified respectively three, four and six classes. A severe and non-suicidal class was seen in all solutions, as was a mild/moderate subtype. An atypical class emerged once bidirectional neurovegetative symptoms were included. The non-suicidal class demonstrated low levels of worthlessness/guilt and hopelessness. Patterns of co-morbidity, family history, personality, environmental precipitants, recurrence and body mass index (BMI) differed meaningfully across subtypes, with the atypical class standing out as particularly distinct.Conclusions.MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several detectable subtypes with distinct clinical and demographic correlates. Three subtypes were most consistently identified in our analyses: severe, atypical and non-suicidal. Severe and atypical MD have been identified in multiple prior studies in samples of European ethnicity. Our non-suicidal subtype, with low levels of guilt and hopelessness, may represent a pathoplastic variant reflecting Chinese cultural influences.
Direct comparison of first-contact versus longitudinal register-based case finding in the same population: early evidence that the incidence of schizophrenia may be three times higher than commonly reported
Authors: Hogerzeil S. J. , van Hemert A. M. , Rosendaal F. R. , Susser E. , Hoek H. W. 
Published: April 2014

Background.The incidence of schizophrenia is commonly estimated by screening for psychosis among subjects presenting to psychiatric services. This approach (using a first-contact sampling frame) cannot account for cases that did not meet criteria for schizophrenia at first contact. We compared the usual approach directly with a register-based approach (using a longitudinal sampling frame) that also includes subjects initially diagnosed with other non-schizophrenic disorders.Method.We compared data from the Longitudinal Psychiatric Register (LPR) of The Hague over 1980–2009 with data previously collected in a first-contact study, and applied both methods to calculate the incidence of schizophrenia for subjects aged 20–54 years in the same catchment area and over the same period (October 2000 to September 2005). We reconstructed treatment pathways and diagnostic histories up to the end of 2009 and performed sensitivity analyses.Results.The LPR identified 843 first onsets of schizophrenia, corresponding to a treated incidence rate (IR) of 69 per 100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 64–74]. The first-contact study identified 254 first onsets, corresponding to a treated IR of 21 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 18–23). Two-thirds of the difference was accounted for by subjects treated for other disorders before the onset of psychosis, and by patients in older age groups.Conclusions.The incidence of schizophrenia was three times higher in a longitudinal register study than in a high-quality first-contact study conducted in the same population. Risk estimates based only on first-contact studies may have been affected by selection bias.
X-ray powder diffraction data for meloxicam, C14H13N3O4S2
Authors: Wu Xiao Qing , Tang Pei Xiao , Li Shan Shan , Zhang Li Li , Li Hui 
Published: April 2014

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for meloxicam, C14H13N3O4S2, are reported [a = 6.997(2) Å, b = 8.113(2) Å, c = 13.604(4) Å, α = 85.774(2)°, β = 88.311(1)°, γ = 74.994(1)°, unit-cell volume V = 743.821 Å3, Z = 2, and space group P-1]. All measured lines were indexed, and no detectable impurity was observed.
Adherence to nutritional guidelines in pregnancy: evidence from the Growing Up in New Zealand birth cohort study
Authors: Morton Susan MB , Grant Cameron C , Wall Clare R , Carr Polly E Atatoan , Bandara Dinusha K , Schmidt Johanna M , Ivory Vivienne , Inskip Hazel M , Camargo Carlos A 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine adherence to nutritional guidelines by pregnant women in New Zealand and maternal characteristics associated with adherence.DesignA cohort of the pregnant women enrolled into New Zealand’s new birth cohort study, Growing Up in New Zealand.SettingWomen residing within a North Island region of New Zealand, where one-third of the national population lives.SubjectsPregnant women (n 5664) were interviewed during 2009–2010. An FFQ was administered during the face-to-face interview.ResultsThe recommended daily number of servings of vegetables and fruit (≥6) were met by 25 % of the women; of breads and cereals (≥6) by 26 %; of milk and milk products (≥3) by 58 %; and of lean meat, meat alternatives and eggs (≥2) by 21 %. One in four women did not meet the recommendations for any food group. Only 3 % met all four food group recommendations. Although adherence to recommendation for the vegetables/fruit group did not vary by ethnicity (P=0·38), it did vary for the breads/cereals, milk/milk products and meat/eggs groups (all P<0·001). Adherence to recommendations for the vegetables/fruit group was higher among older women (P=0·001); for the breads/cereals group was higher for women with previous children (P<0·001) and from lower-income households (P<0·001); and for the meat/eggs group was higher for women with previous children (P=0·003) and from lower-income households (P=0·004).ConclusionsMost pregnant women in New Zealand do not adhere to nutritional guidelines in pregnancy, with only 3 % meeting the recommendations for all four food groups. Adherence varies more so with ethnicity than with other sociodemographic characteristics.
Surface Charge and Carbon Contamination on an Electron-Beam-Irradiated Hydroxyapatite Thin Film Investigated by Photoluminescence and Phase Imaging in Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Hristu Radu , Tranca Denis E. , Stanciu Stefan G. , Gregor Maros , Plecenik Tomas , Truchly Martin , Roch Tomas , Tofail Syed A. M. , Stanciu George A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe surface properties of hydroxyapatite, including electric charge, can influence the biological response, tissue compatibility, and adhesion of biological cells and biomolecules. Results reported here help in understanding this influence by creating charged domains on hydroxyapatite thin films deposited on silicon using electron beam irradiation and investigating their shape, properties, and carbon contamination for different doses of incident injected charge by two methods. Photoluminescence laser scanning microscopy was used to image electrostatic charge trapped at pre-existing and irradiation-induced defects within these domains, while phase imaging in atomic force microscopy was used to image the carbon contamination. Scanning Auger electron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy were used as a reference for the atomic force microscopy phase contrast and photoluminescence laser scanning microscopy measurements. Our experiment shows that by combining the two imaging techniques the effects of trapped charge and carbon contamination can be separated. Such separation yields new possibilities for advancing the current understanding of how surface charge influences mediation of cellular and protein interactions in biomaterials.
Focal-Series Reconstruction in Low-Energy Electron Microscopy
Authors: Duden Thomas , Thust Andreas , Kumpf Christian , Tautz F. Stefan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) we commonly encounter images which, beside amplitude contrast, also show signatures of phase contrast. The images are usually interpreted by following the evolution of the contrast during the experiment, and assigning gray levels to morphological changes. Through reconstruction of the exit wave, two aspects of LEEM can be addressed: (1) the resolution can be improved by exploiting the full information limit of the microscope and (2) electron phase shifts which contribute to the image contrast can be extracted. In this article, linear exit wave reconstruction from a through-focal series of LEEM images is demonstrated. As a model system we utilize a heteromolecular monolayer consisting of the organic molecules 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride and Cu-II-Phthalocyanine, adsorbed on a Ag(111) surface.