bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Device and circuit performance analysis of double gate junctionless transistors at Lg = 18 nm
Authors: Sahu Chitrakant , Singh Jawar 
Published: September 2014

The design and characteristics of double‐gate (DG) junctionless (JL) devices are compared with the DG inversion‐mode (IM) field effect transistors (FETs) at 45 nm technology node with effective channel length of 18 nm. The comparison are performed at iso‐V th for both n‐ and p‐type of devices. The JL device shows lower drain‐induced barrier lowering, steep subthreshold slope and lower OFF state current. For the first time, the authors demonstrate a pass gate (PG) logic, inverter circuit and static random access memory (SRAM) stability analysis using JL devices, rather than a complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) configuration. They observed that transient response of JL PG configuration is similar to that of conventional CMOS PGs. JL inverter also shows similar transient characteristics with 25% reduction in delay and 12% improvement in 6 T SRAM cell stability compared with IMFETs, which shows large potential in digital circuit applications. The simulations were performed using coupled device‐circuit methodology in ATLAS technology aided computer design (TCAD) mixed‐mode simulator.
Dynamic crosstalk analysis of mixed multi‐walled carbon nanotube bundle interconnects
Authors: Das Pankaj Kumar , Majumder Manoj Kumar , Kaushik Brajesh Kumar 
Published: September 2014

Multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles have potentially provided attractive solutions in current nanoscale VLSI interconnects. From fabrication point of view, it is difficult to control the growth of a densely packed bundle having MWCNTs with similar diameters. A realistic bundle is combination of MWCNTs with different number of shells. Thus, this research work focuses on the analytical model of a bundle having the MWCNTs with different number of shells or in turn different diameters [mixed MWCNT bundle (MMB)]. Based on the multi‐conductor transmission line theory, an equivalent single conductor (ESC) model is employed for the proposed MMB arrangements. The ESC model of MMB is used to compare the dynamic crosstalk delay with conventionally arranged bundle containing MWCNTs with similar diameters [MWCNT bundle (MB)] under different input transition time and spacing conditions. It is observed that a realistic MMB correctly estimates the crosstalk delay for the different transition time that overestimates the delay of a conventionally arranged MB by 1.35 times. Moreover, the MMB arrangement reduces the overall crosstalk delay by 47.26% compared with the conventional MB arrangements for an inter‐bundle spacing ranging from 5 to 30 nm.
Miller experiments in atomistic computer simulations
Authors: Saitta Antonino Marco , Saija Franz 
Published: September 2014

Significance
In 1953, Stanley Miller reported on the spontaneous formation of glycine when applying an electric discharge on a mixture of simple molecules, giving birth to modern research on the origins of life. The effect of electric fields on mixtures of simple molecules is presently studied in computer simulations at the quantum level, and Miller results are reproduced for the first time, to our knowledge, in atomistic simulations, as glycine forms spontaneously only in the presence of electric fields. However, this occurs through reaction pathways more complex than believed, identifying formamide as a key compound in prebiotic chemistry. Moreover, electric fields are naturally present at mineral surfaces, suggesting a potentially crucial role in the biogeochemistry of both the primordial and the modern Earth.
Male tolerance and male–male bonds in a multilevel primate society
Authors: Patzelt Annika , Kopp Gisela H. , Ndao Ibrahima , Kalbitzer Urs , Zinner Dietmar , Fischer Julia 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Recent theoretical approaches to understanding the evolution of cooperation point to a close link between spatial structure and cooperative tendencies and question the importance of kin relations. We here show that Guinea baboon males living in a multilevel society maintain strong male bonds, irrespective of relatedness, and exhibit low levels of overt aggression. Although our results are compatible with the idea that kin relations may have favored male tolerance and bond formation in the course of evolution, they also support the notion that these relations are not necessary to maintain cooperative relationships in a multilevel society. Guinea baboons thus may constitute a valuable model for understanding the conditions that played a role in the emergence of human social evolution.
Increased Aurora B activity causes continuous disruption of kinetochore–microtubule attachments and spindle instability
Authors: Muñoz-Barrera Marta , Monje-Casas Fernando 
Published: September 2014

Significance
During mitosis, Aurora B kinase plays a key role in ensuring that sister chromatids (each of the copies of a replicated chromosome) attach to different poles of the spindle to create a bipolar array of microtubules that allows correct distribution of the chromosomes. Aurora B deficiency leads to massive defects in chromosome segregation. Surprisingly, an increase in Aurora B activity also is deleterious for the cells and has been associated with various cancers. Here we demonstrate that in yeast an increase in Aurora B activity causes defects in chromosome segregation and spindle-assembly checkpoint activation by erroneously destabilizing even correct attachments of the chromosomes to the spindle, and also promotes premature collapse of the spindle midzone.
Collapse of an ecological network in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Yeakel Justin D. , Pires Mathias M. , Rudolf Lars , Dominy Nathaniel J. , Koch Paul L. , Guimarães Paulo R. , Gross Thilo 
Published: September 2014

Significance
The composition of animal communities directly impacts the stability of ecosystems. Here, we use historical information of species extinctions in Egypt over 6,000 years to reconstruct predator–prey interactions and determine to what extent observed changes in species composition influence predictions of community stability. Our study reveals that the roles of species and the stability of the community have fundamentally changed throughout the Holocene, and provides compelling evidence that local dynamic stability is informative of species persistence over time.
Altered mechanobiology of Schlemm’s canal endothelial cells in glaucoma
Authors: Overby Darryl R. , Zhou Enhua H. , Vargas-Pinto Rocio , Pedrigi Ryan M. , Fuchshofer Rudolf , Braakman Sietse T. , Gupta Ritika , Perkumas Kristin M. , Sherwood Joseph M. , Vahabikashi Amir , Dang Quynh , Kim Jae Hun , Ethier C. Ross , Stamer W. Daniel , Fredberg Jeffrey J. , Johnson Mark 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. The elevated intraocular pressure characteristic of many cases of glaucoma is attributable to increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow. However, the cause of this increased flow resistance has eluded investigators for over 140 y. Here we demonstrate that cells from the canal of Schlemm of glaucomatous eyes have altered gene expression and increased cytoskeletal stiffness that leads to reduced pore formation in these cells, likely accounting for increased outflow resistance associated with glaucoma. These findings thus establish that dysfunctional cytoskeletal mechanics may lie at the heart of this disease process and thereby motivate development of glaucoma therapeutics that target cell stiffness.
Whipping of electrified liquid jets
Authors: Guerrero Josefa , Rivero Javier , Gundabala Venkata R. , Perez-Saborid Miguel , Fernandez-Nieves Alberto 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Whipping is a lateral instability experienced by charged jets and exploited in electrospinning to make polymer fibers. In contrast to its axisymmetric, Rayleigh–Plateau counterpart, which induces jet breakup and drop formation, whipping is nonaxisymmetric and manifests itself in a chaotic fashion, with the jet moving in uncontrolled and hardly quantifiable ways. As a result and despite its physical significance, we still do not know its detailed structure and properties. Here we perform microfluidics experiments to generate and study steady-state whipping. Remarkably, when the longest characteristic time scale in the problem is that of the surrounding liquid, the whipping structure is steady and helicoidal. Otherwise, it is as chaotic as it was in all previous studies.
In vivoanti-LAP mAb enhances IL-17/IFN-γ responses and abrogates anti-CD3-induced oral tolerance
Authors: da Cunha Andre P. , Wu Henry Y. , Rezende Rafael M. , Vandeventer Tyler , Weiner Howard L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance. The best-characterized Tregs are those expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 and in vivo modulation of Foxp3 Tregs has been employed to study their role in immune homeostasis. Latency-associated peptide (LAP) is a membrane-bound TGF-β complex that has also been shown to play a role in Treg function and oral tolerance. We developed a novel anti-mouse LAP mAb that allowed us to investigate the effect of targeting LAP in vivo on immune function and on anti-CD3-induced oral tolerance. We found that in vivo anti-LAP mAb administration led to a decrease in the number of CD4+LAP+ Tregs in spleen and lymph nodes without affecting CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs. Spleen cells from anti-LAP-injected mice proliferated more in vitro and produced increased amounts of IL-2, IL-17 and IFN-γ. Moreover, injection of anti-LAP antibody abrogated the protective effect of oral anti-CD3 on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Finally, in vivo anti-LAP administration prior to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunization resulted in severe EAE in the absence of pertussis toxin, which is used for EAE induction. Our findings demonstrate the importance of CD4+LAP+ T cells in the control of immune homeostasis and autoimmunity and provides a new tool for the in vivo investigation of murine LAP+ Tregs on immune function.
Using the Milky Way satellites to study interactions between cold dark matter and radiation
Authors: Bœhm C. , Schewtschenko J. A. , Wilkinson R. J. , Baugh C. M. , Pascoli S. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The cold dark matter (CDM) model faces persistent challenges on small scales. In particular, taken at face value, the model significantly overestimates the number of satellite galaxies around the Milky Way. Attempts to solve this problem remain open to debate and have even led some to abandon CDM altogether. However, current simulations are limited by the assumption that dark matter feels only gravity. Here, we show that including interactions between CDM and radiation (photons or neutrinos) leads to a dramatic reduction in the number of satellite galaxies, alleviating the Milky Way satellite problem and indicating that physics beyond gravity may be essential to make accurate predictions of structure formation on small scales. The methodology introduced here gives constraints on dark matter interactions that are significantly improved over those from the cosmic microwave background.
Suture Choice in Lumbar Dural Closure Contributes to Variation in Leak Pressures: Experimental Model
Authors: Ghobrial George M. , Maulucci Christopher M. , Viereck Matthew J. , Beygi Sara , Chitale Ameet , Prasad Srinivas , Jallo Jack , Heller Joshua , Sharan Ashwini D. , Harrop James S. 
Published: September 2014

Study Design:
Open-label laboratory investigational study; non-animal surgical simulation.

Objective:
The authors perform a comparison of dural closure strength in a durotomy simulator across 2 different suture materials.

Summary of Background Data:
Incidental durotomy leading to persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak adds considerable morbidity to spinal procedures, often complicating routine elective lumbar spinal procedures. Using an experimental durotomy simulation, the authors compare the strength of closure using Gore-Tex with other suture types and sizes, using various closure techniques.

Methods:
A comparison of dural closures was performed through an analysis of the peak pressure at which leakage occurred from a standardized durotomy closure in an established cerebrospinal fluid repair model with a premade L3 laminectomy. Nurolon was compared with Gore-Tex sutures sizes (for Gore-Tex, CV-6/5-0 and CV-5/4-0 was compared with Nurolon 4-0, 5-0, and 6-0).

Results:
Thirty-six trials were performed with Nurolon 4-0, 5-0, and 6-0, whereas 21 trials were performed for 4-0 and 5-0 Gore-Tex. The mean peak pressure at which fluid leakage was observed was 21 cm H2O for Nurolon and 34 cm H2O for Gore-Tex. Irrespective of suture choice, all trials were grouped by closure technique: running suture, locked continuous, and interrupted suture. No significant difference was noted between the groups. For each of the 3 trials groups by closure technique, running, locked continuous, and interrupted, Gore-Tex closures had a significantly higher peak pressure to failure. Interrupted Gore-Tex was significantly higher than Interrupted Nurolon (P=0.007), running Gore-Tex was significantly higher than running Nurolon (P=0.034), and locked Gore-Tex was significantly higher than locked Nurolon (P=0.014).

Conclusions:
Durotomy closure in the lumbar spine with Gore-Tex suture may be a reasonable option for providing a watertight closure. In this laboratory study, Gore-Tex suture provided watertight dural closures that withstood higher peak pressures.
Cervical Disk Replacement With Discover Versus Fusion in a Single-Level Cervical Disk Disease
Authors: Rožanković Marjan , Marasanov Sergej M. , Vukić Miroslav 
Published: September 2014

Study Design:Prospective randomized study.Objective:To compare the clinical outcome after Discover arthroplasty versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in patients treated for symptomatic single-level cervical disk disease.Summary of Background Data:ACDF is still the gold standard for surgical treatment of cervical spine degenerative disk disease. However, results of many studies suggest that it may cause degenerative changes at levels immediately above and below the fusion, known as adjacent segment degenerative disease. Cervical arthroplasty has recently been introduced as an alternative to standard procedure of ACDF. It showed decreased surgical morbidity, decreased complications from postoperative immobilization, and an earlier return to previous level of function.Materials and Methods:A total of 105 consecutive patients with single-level cervical disk disease, producing radiculopathy and/or myelopathy were randomly divided into groups to undergo ACDF or Discover arthroplasty. All patients were evaluated with preoperative and postoperative serial radiographic studies and clinically, using Neck Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale and neurological status at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months.Results:The results of our study indicate that cervical arthroplasty using Discover Artificial Cervical Disc provides favorable clinical and radiologic outcomes in a follow-up period of 24 months. There has been significant improvement in clinical parameters, Visual Analog Scale and Neck Disability Index, at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months in arthroplasty group comparing to control group.Conclusion:The Discover artificial cervical disc replacement offers favorable outcome compared with ACDF for a single-level cervical disk disease at short-term and long-term follow-up.
Magnetic Resonance Classification System of Cervical Intervertebral Disk Degeneration
Authors: Suzuki Akinobu , Daubs Michael D. , Hayashi Tetsuo , Ruangchainikom Monchai , Xiong Chenjie , Phan Kevin , Scott Trevor P. , Wang Jeffery C. 
Published: September 2014

Study Design:
Retrospective analysis of kinetic magnetic resonance images (kMRIs).

Objective:
(1) To analyze the changes seen on MRI related to disk degeneration and to develop a new grading system for cervical disk degeneration. (2) To evaluate the reliability and validity of the grading system.

Summary of Background Data:
Few have studied the relationship between changes seen on MRI with cervical disk degeneration and the chronological order of disk degeneration. A few grading systems for cervical disk degeneration have been reported; however, there have been problems related to subjectivity and lack of a clear, reliable algorithm.

Methods:
A total of 300 cervical intervertebral disks were graded for nucleus color, structure, disk bulge, and disk height. On the basis of the analysis, a new grading system consisting of 4 grades (grade 0–III) and algorithm were developed. Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities were assessed. A total of 2802 intervertebral disks were then evaluated using the grading system to correlate disk degeneration grades with patient age and function and to evaluate the validity of the new system.

Results:
On the basis of cross-table analysis, disk degeneration presents in the following order: (1) decrease and/or change of nucleus intensity; (2) loss of distinction between nucleus and annulus; (3) positive disk bulge; and (4) disk height decrease. The κ-coefficients for intraobserver and interobserver agreements were 0.96 and 0.90, respectively. Severe disk degeneration is most common at C5/C6 followed by C6/C7 and C4/C5, and total disk degeneration grade is correlated with age (R=0.467). There was a decrease of angular motion in grades I–III and an increase in translational motion and decrease of space available for the cord in grades II–III.

Conclusions:
We developed a new classification system of cervical disk degeneration based on analysis of the changes seen on MRI. Reliability tests indicated high reproducibility of this system, and further analysis confirmed its validity and clinical significance.
Bacteriological, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Colostrum and Mature Milk From Mothers of Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Moles Laura , Manzano Susana , Fernández Leonides , Montilla Antonia , Corzo Nieves , Ares Susana , Rodríguez Juan M. , Espinosa‐Martos Irene 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The objective of this work was to elucidate the influence of extremely premature birth (gestational age 24–27 weeks) on the microbiological, biochemical, and immunological composition of colostrum and mature milk.Methods:A total of 17 colostrum and 34 mature milk samples were provided by the 22 mothers of extremely preterms who participated in this study. Bacterial diversity was assessed by culture‐based methods, whereas the concentration of lactose, glucose, and myo‐inositol was determined by a gas chromatography procedure. Finally, the concentrations of a wide spectrum of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and immunoglobulins were measured using a multiplex system.Results:Bacteria were present in a small percentage of the colostrum and milk samples. Staphylococci, streptococci, and lactobacilli were the main bacterial groups isolated from colostrum, and they could be also isolated, together with enterococci and enterobacteria, from some mature milk samples. The colostrum concentrations of lactose and glucose were significantly lower than those found in mature milk, whereas the contrary was observed in relation to myo‐inositol. The concentrations of most cytokines and immunoglobulins in colostrum were higher than in mature milk, and the differences were significant for immunoglobulin G3, immunoglobulin G4, interleukin (IL)‐6, interferon‐γ, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), IL‐13, IL‐17, macrophage‐monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1β.Conclusions:The bacteriological, biochemical, and immunological content of colostrum and mature milk from mothers of extremely preterm infants is particularly valuable for such infants. Efforts have to be made to try that preterm neonates receive milk from their own mothers or from donors matching, as much as possible, the gestational age of the preterm.
Epigenomic co-localization and co-evolution reveal a key role for 5hmC as a communication hub in the chromatin network of ESCs
Authors: Juan David , Perner Juliane , Carrillo de Santa Pau Enrique , Marsili Simone , Ochoa David , Chung Ho-Ryun , Vingron Martin , Rico Daniel , Valencia Alfonso 
Published: September 2014

SummaryEpigenetic communication through histone and cytosine modifications is essential for gene regulation and cell identity. Here, we propose a framework that is based on a chromatin communication model to get insight on the function of epigenetic modifications in ESCs. The epigenetic communication network was inferred from genome-wide location data plus extensive manual annotation. Notably, we found that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is the most influential hub of this network, connecting DNA demethylation to nucleosome remodeling complexes and to key transcription factors of pluripotency. Moreover, an evolutionary analysis revealed a central role of 5hmC in the co-evolution of chromatin-related proteins. Further analysis of regions where 5hmC colocalizes with specific interactors shows that each interaction points to chromatin remodelling, stemness, differentiation or metabolism. Our results highlight the importance of cytosine modifications in the epigenetic communication of ESCs.
DiffVar: A new method for detecting differential variability with application to methylation in cancer and aging
Authors: Phipson Belinda , Oshlack Alicia 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMethylation of DNA is known to be essential to development and dramatically altered in cancers. The Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip has been used extensively as a cost-effective way to profile nearly half a million CpG sites across the human genome. Here we present DiffVar, a novel method to test for differential variability between sample groups. DiffVar employs an empirical Bayes model framework that can take into account any experimental design and is robust to outliers. We applied DiffVar to several datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, as well as an aging dataset. DiffVar is available in themissMethylBioconductor R package.