bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social and Representational Cues Jointly Influence Spatial Perspective‐Taking
Authors: Galati Alexia , Avraamides Marios N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe examined how social cues (the conversational partner's viewpoint) and representational ones (the intrinsic structure of a spatial layout) jointly shape people's spatial memory representations and their subsequent descriptions. In 24 pairs, Directors studied an array with a symmetrical structure while either knowing their Matcher's subsequent viewpoint or not. During the subsequent description of the array, the array's intrinsic structure was aligned with the Director, the Matcher, or neither partner. According to memory tests preceding descriptions, Directors who had studied the array while aligned with its structure were more likely to use its orientation as an organizing direction. Directors who had studied the array while misaligned with its structure used its orientation more frequently as an organizing orientation when knowing that the Matcher would be aligned with it, but used their own viewpoint more frequently as an organizing direction when not knowing the Matcher's viewpoint. Directors also adapted their descriptions strategically, using more egocentric expressions when aligned with the intrinsic structure and more partner‐centered expressions when their Matchers were the ones aligned with the structure, even when this information wasn't available in advance. These findings suggest that speakers are guided by converging social and representational cues to adapt flexibly the organization of their memories and the perspectives of their descriptions.
The Interplay of Cross‐Situational Word Learning and Sentence‐Level Constraints
Authors: Koehne Judith , Crocker Matthew W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA variety of mechanisms contribute to word learning. Learners can track co‐occurring words and referents across situations in a bottom‐up manner (cross‐situational word learning, CSWL). Equally, they can exploit sentential contexts, relying on top–down information such as verb–argument relations and world knowledge, offering immediate constraints on meaning (word learning based on sentence‐level constraints, SLCL). When combined, CSWL and SLCL potentially modulate each other's influence, revealing how word learners deal with multiple mechanisms simultaneously: Do they use all mechanisms? Prefer one? Is their strategy context dependent? Three experiments conducted with adult learners reveal that learners prioritize SLCL over CSWL. CSWL is applied in addition to SLCL only if SLCL is not perfectly disambiguating, thereby complementing or competing with it. These studies demonstrate the importance of investigating word‐learning mechanisms simultaneously, revealing important characteristics of their interaction in more naturalistic learning environments.
Lamotrigine can be beneficial in patients with Dravet syndrome
Authors: Dalic Linda , Mullen Saul A , Roulet Perez Eliane , Scheffer Ingrid 
Published: September 2014

Dravet syndrome, a severe infantile epilepsy syndrome, is typically resistant to anti‐epileptic drugs (AED). Lamotrigine (LTG), an AED that is effective for both focal and generalized seizures, has been reported to aggravate seizures in Dravet syndrome. Therefore, LTG is usually avoided in Dravet syndrome. We describe two adults and a child with Dravet syndrome in whom LTG resulted in decreased seizure duration and frequency. This benefit was highlighted in each patient when LTG was withdrawn after 6 to 15 years, and resulted in an increased frequency of convulsive seizures together with longer seizure duration. A 25‐year‐old male required hospital admission for frequent seizures for the first time in 7 years, 6 weeks after ceasing LTG. Reintroduction of LTG improved seizure control, suggesting that in some patients with Dravet syndrome, LTG may be beneficial.
“Translated, it is: …” — An Ethics of Transreading
Authors: Zhang Huiwen (Helen) 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's idea of philology and William Gass's concept of transreading, Huiwen (Helen) Zhang employs “transreader” to suggest the integration of four roles in one: reader, translator, writer, and scholar. “Transreader” recognizes that close reading, literary translation, creative writing, and cultural hermeneutics are interdependent activities with intertwined goals: to transfer, transvalue, transform, and transcend the canon. From this perspective, Lu Xun, China's Nietzsche, is a twentieth‐century transreader of the canon, and his prose poem “Revenge (The Second)” delivers a self‐referential ethics of transreading. Zhang's transreading of this poem shows why slow reading is today more necessary than ever, in what sense translation is a universal dilemma, how humanity grows when its expression grows more subtle, and that transreading opens a space for genuine communication.
Induction of defensin response to dengue infection in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Wasinpiyamongkol Ladawan , Missé Dorothée , Luplertlop Natthanej 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInnate immune‐related defensin peptide expression, the major antimicrobial peptide (AMP) in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti, was analyzed following infection by dengue virus type 2 (strain 16681) (DENV‐2). In vitro, the mosquito cell line C6/36 was exposed to dengue virus at different multiplicities of infection (MOI) in an hour; it was found that the expression level of defensin transcripts was dependent upon viral dose. In addition, using both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting assays to determine defensin transcription and translation at a series of times post‐inoculation, we found that the time course of defensin transcripts correlated with the expression of defensin peptide post‐infection. In vitro, female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were fed different meals (DENV‐2 infected blood, non‐infectious blood and sugar) at 14 days post‐feeding, to determine defensin transcription in response to dengue infection, by surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF‐MS) assay. The results showed that a peak of 4.25 kDa peptide, composed of defensin, was predominantly induced by DENV‐2 infected blood‐fed mosquitoes. We observed that DENV‐2 could trigger the defensin peptide, defined molecularly as an innate immune response. Therefore, this peptide may be involved in dengue infection and/or transmission. Improved understanding of the mosquito's responses to dengue virus should strengthen our understanding of this vector's innate immune system.
Bayesian network construction using a fuzzy rule based approach for medical decision support
Authors: Zarikas Vasilios , Papageorgiou Elpiniki , Regner Peter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study proposes a novel method for the construction of efficient and convenient Bayesian networks (BNs) and influence diagrams regarding medical problems based on fuzzy rules. The general methodology that was developed is able to address decisions based on fuzzy medical rules that connect symptoms with the severity/rating scale of a disease. These fuzzy rules are rich enough to cover a large variety of medical decisions. The method overcomes the major disadvantage of Bayesian nets, that is, the need of a vast amount of subjective probabilities. Instead of filling conditional probability tables in BNs, physicians report their knowledge in the form of fuzzy rules. The knowledge of these rules after defuzzification is transformed according to certain equations into probabilities. This becomes possible, categorizing the rules into certain types. For each type of rule, a mathematical expression is determined, which sets correctly the conditional probabilities that relate a symptom with its child severity. A particular example of assessing pulmonary infections and making decisions on severity degree was explored, implementing a decision support system (DSS) to show the functionality of the proposed methodology. The developed front‐end DSS was evaluated and proved capable to drive fair decisions close to those obtained by physicians.
RGB‐D assistive technologies for acquired brain injury: description and assessment of user experience
Authors: Oliver Miguel , Montero Francisco , Fernández‐Caballero Antonio , González Pascual , Molina José Pascual 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes the use of RGB‐D sensors in motor rehabilitation of patients suffering acquired brain injury. Indeed, RGB‐D sensors are promising in their use as assistive technologies in ambient assisted living and rehabilitation places. The paper describes the system developed for creating and monitoring the ambient assisted environment for rehabilitation. The proposal consists of four major tasks: workspace configuration, information integration, user identification, and user tracking. Another main concern in this paper is to assess the user experience of the environment and scenario. A qualitative evaluation of the proposal has been performed to find out how the stakeholders of the proposed RGB‐D assistive technologies environment (injured patients and therapists) use and perceive the ambient assisted rehabilitation room.
Class IIa HDACs – new insights into their functions in physiology and pathology
Authors: Parra Maribel 
Published: September 2014

HDAC4, 5, 7 and 9 constitute the class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) within the large family of protein deacetylases. Class IIa HDACs have unique features that distinguish them from other HDACs. They contain an N‐terminal domain that is required for their interaction with tissue‐specific transcription factors and recruitment to their target genes. The N‐terminal domain on class IIa HDACs also bears conserved serine residues that undergo signal‐dependent phosphorylation, which brings about nuclear export of the enzymes and de‐repression of their targets. One of the most important aspects of class IIa HDACs is their expression in specific tissues and organs within the organism, where they have crucial roles in development and differentiation processes. This review brings up to date our knowledge of the physiological and pathological functions of class IIa HDACs, focusing in particular on the most recent discoveries from in vivo studies of mouse model systems.
Histone H3K9 acetylation level modulates gene expression and may affect parasite growth in human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Srivastava Sandeep , Bhowmick Krishanu , Chatterjee Snehajyoti , Basha Jeelan , Kundu Tapas K. , Dhar Suman K. 
Published: September 2014

Three‐dimensional positioning of the nuclear genome plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of genes. Although nucleographic domain compartmentalization in the regulation of epigenetic state and gene expression is well established in higher organisms, it remains poorly understood in the pathogenic parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, we report that two histone tail modifications, H3K9Ac and H3K14Ac, are differentially distributed in the parasite nucleus. We find colocalization of active gene promoters such as Tu1 (tubulin‐1 expressed in the asexual stages) with H3K9Ac marks at the nuclear periphery. By contrast, asexual stage inactive gene promoters such as Pfg27 (gametocyte marker) and Pfs28 (ookinete marker) occupy H3K9Ac devoid zones at the nuclear periphery. The histone H3K9 is predominantly acetylated by the PCAF/GCN5 class of lysine acetyltransferases, which is well characterized in the parasite. Interestingly, embelin, a specific inhibitor of PCAF/GCN5 family histone acetyltransferase, selectively decreases total H3K9Ac acetylation levels (but not H3K14Ac levels) around the var gene promoters, leading to the downregulation of var gene expression, suggesting interplay among histone acetylation status, as well as subnuclear compartmentalization of different genes and their activation in the parasites. Finally, we found that embelin inhibited parasitic growth at the low micromolar range, raising the possibility of using histone acetyltransferases as a target for antimalarial therapy.
Intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity across Europe
Authors: Tsiafouli Maria A. , Thébault Elisa , Sgardelis Stefanos P. , de Ruiter Peter C. , van der Putten Wim H. , Birkhofer Klaus , Hemerik Lia , de Vries Franciska T. , Bardgett Richard D. , Brady Mark Vincent , Bjornlund Lisa , Jørgensen Helene Bracht , Christensen Sören , Hertefeldt Tina D’ , Hotes Stefan , Gera Hol W.H. , Frouz Jan , Liiri Mira , Mortimer Simon R. , Setälä Heikki , Tzanopoulos Joseph , Uteseny Karoline , Pižl Václav , Stary Josef , Wolters Volkmar , Hedlund Katarina 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSoil biodiversity plays a key role in regulating the processes that underpin the delivery of ecosystem goods and services in terrestrial ecosystems. Agricultural intensification is known to change the diversity of individual groups of soil biota, but less is known about how intensification affects biodiversity of the soil food web as a whole, and whether or not these effects may be generalized across regions. We examined biodiversity in soil food webs from grasslands, extensive, and intensive rotations in four agricultural regions across Europe: in Sweden, theUK, the Czech Republic and Greece. Effects of land‐use intensity were quantified based on structure and diversity among functional groups in the soil food web, as well as on community‐weighted mean body mass of soil fauna. We also elucidate land‐use intensity effects on diversity of taxonomic units within taxonomic groups of soil fauna. We found that between regions soil food web diversity measures were variable, but that increasing land‐use intensity caused highly consistent responses. In particular, land‐use intensification reduced the complexity in the soil food webs, as well as the community‐weighted mean body mass of soil fauna. In all regions across Europe, species richness of earthworms, Collembolans, and oribatid mites was negatively affected by increased land‐use intensity. The taxonomic distinctness, which is a measure of taxonomic relatedness of species in a community that is independent of species richness, was also reduced by land‐use intensification. We conclude that intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity, making soil food webs less diverse and composed of smaller bodied organisms. Land‐use intensification results in fewer functional groups of soil biota with fewer and taxonomically more closely related species. We discuss how these changes in soil biodiversity due to land‐use intensification may threaten the functioning of soil in agricultural production systems.
Mechanical weakening of devitalized teeth: three‐dimensional Finite Element Analysis and prediction of tooth fracture
Authors: Zelic K. , Vukicevic A. , Jovicic G. , Aleksandrovic S. , Filipovic N. , Djuric M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo determine to which extent cavity preparation and each step of dentine removal in the process of root canal treatment (access cavity preparation and root canal enlargement) both individually and jointly contribute to the weakening of the tooth.MethodsNumerical analysis using finite element method (FEM) of separate and combined influence of two‐surface Class II preparation and root canal treatment was undertaken to evaluate the decrease in tooth strength. The influence of the two stages in root canal treatment, access cavity preparation and root canal enlargement, was also analysed separately and jointly. After each of these phases, the crown was restored with composite resin, and the FEA was performed only on restored teeth. To estimate the influence of all these procedures on tooth fracture resistance numerically, a Failure Index based on the maximum principal stress criterion (MPCS) was applied. Compressive and tensile stresses were analysed separately and corresponding Failure Indices were calculated.ResultsA two‐surface resin composite restoration weakened the tooth by 23.25%. Nevertheless, the Failure Indices showed that this tooth was not likely to fracture even under high occlusal stress (710N). However, after access cavity preparation, the Failure Indices reached the point where, under high occlusal force that may occur in the posterior area, a tooth fracture occurred. The enlargement of root canals had an additional, but relatively small impact on tooth weakening, making the tooth even more susceptible to fracture. The combined influence of both cavity preparation and root canal enlargement led to weakening of 62.6% under a load of 710N, ultimately causing tooth fracture.ConclusionThe combined finite element method and the maximum principal stress analysis gave insight into the fracture mechanisms of teeth with two‐surface composite restorations followed by root canal preparation. Removal of tooth tissue, despite its subsequent restoration with dental materials, weakened the tooth by changing the stress intensity and distribution through tooth structures. Access cavity preparation had the greatest influence on tooth strength whilst canal enlargement did not contribute to this process substantially.
Evidenced‐based clinical practice guideline for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (summary – Japanese Urological Association, 2014 edition)
Authors: Oya Mototsugu , Kikuchi Eiji ,   Committee for Establishment of the Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma and the Japanese Urological Association
Published: September 2014

AbstractUpper tract urothelial carcinoma is more rare than bladder cancer, although they are both categorized as urothelial carcinoma. Because of the low incidence, little clinical evidence is available regarding the treatment of the former. However, recently such evidence has slowly begun to accumulate. The guideline presented herein was compiled for the purpose of ensuring proper diagnosis and treatment by physicians involved in the treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We carefully selected 16 clinical questions essential for daily clinical practice and grouped them into four major categories: epidemiology, diagnosis, surgery and systemic chemotherapy/other matters. Related literature was searched using PubMed and Japan Medical Abstracts Society databases for articles published between 1987 and 2013. If the judgment was made on the basis of insufficient or inadequate evidence, the grade of recommendation was determined on the basis of committee discussions and resultant consensus statements. Here, we present a short English version of the original guideline, and overview its key clinical issues.
Dual careers, time‐use and satisfaction levels: evidence from the British Household Panel Survey
Authors: Wheatley Daniel , Wu Zhongmin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article empirically examines time‐use and its impact on satisfaction levels among dual career households in a post‐industrial economy, the UK. Analysis explores the 1993–2009 British Household Panel Survey using panel probit regression. The evidence reveals distinctions in time‐use relative to gender, occupations and employment sector. Long hours persist among managers and professionals. The uneven division of household labour, further, continues to burden women with extensive amounts of housework and care. Satisfaction with working hours and amount/use of leisure time are lower among women, especially the public sector professionals. Provision of care, occupation and partner employment characteristics represent important satisfaction determinants present among women, while income (including partner's income) only has relevance among men. Housework does not itself generate dissatisfaction. It is the overload of household tasks, due to inequality in the household division of labour, which constrains many highly skilled working women reducing satisfaction with time‐use and life overall.
Laparoscopic‐Guided Compared to Skilled Instructor Support for Student Rectal Examination Training Using Live Horses in the Veterinary Curriculum
Authors: Radcliffe Rolfe M. , Manchester Alison C. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Ortved Kyla , Reesink Heidi L. , Schnabel Lauren V. , Lang Hayley M. , Scrivani Peter V. , Fubini Susan L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the veterinary student learning outcome of 2 methods of equine rectal examination training.Study DesignRandomized prospective study.Sample PopulationVeterinary students (3rd and 4th year; n = 40) and practicing equine veterinarians (n = 10).MethodsYear 1: Group 1 (n = 11) and Group 2 students (n = 10) received skilled instructor (SI) and laparoscopic‐guidance (LG), respectively, during rectal exam instruction. All students were tested on rectal identification of 4 abdominal organs. Year 2: One group of students (n = 19) was trained and subsequently tested using each technique, first SI, followed by LG. Subjective evaluation of laparoscopy as a teaching tool was achieved with veterinary students and equine practitioners.ResultsA significantly greater percentage of students having LG compared to SI were able to correctly identify the left kidney (Year 1) and the spleen, cecum, and right ovary (Year 2). A significantly greater proportion of LG trained students in years 1 and 2 (100% and 95%, respectively) were also able to identify 75% of organs compared with SI (27% and 21%, respectively). Both students and veterinarians uniformly provided favorable feedback for LG in teaching rectal palpation skills.ConclusionThe LG method of equine rectal examination instruction resulted in improved learning for identification of several key abdominal organs compared with SI.
The Effect of Unions and Organized Civil Society on Social Policy: Pension and Health Reforms in Argentina and Brazil, 1988–2008
Authors: Niedzwiecki Sara 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article shows how modified European power resources theories can be applied to Latin America to explain differences in the depth of policy reforms. It innovates on previous work on Latin American social policy by particularly examining the effect of unions and other civil society groups on the process of structural reforms (or lack thereof) in the health and pension sectors in Argentina and Brazil. Through a most similar system design, this analysis shows that the strength and support (or opposition) of organized civil society groups is a crucial condition to account for the enactment (or failure) of a given broad policy reform.
Reducing Poverty Intensity: What Alternative Poverty Measures Reveal about the Impact of Brazil's Bolsa Família
Authors: Bither-Terry Russell 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBrazil's conditional cash transfer program Bolsa Família (Family Allowance) has gained a worldwide reputation as an effective antipoverty program. However, studies applying the dominant headcount poverty measure, which counts the percentage of households falling below a given poverty line, only credit the program with a first-order reduction in poverty (and extreme poverty) of 0.15 to 1.88 percentage points. This raises the puzzle of how such a modest impact could lead to Bolsa Família's political popularity. This article argues that Bolsa Família does dramatically reduce poverty, but measuring this impact requires thinking of poverty as how far a household is from meeting its basic human needs; choosing a continuous variable; and using income gap, intensity, and ordinal measures that reflect this conceptualization. The more substantial reduction of poverty intensity helps explain the program's reputation.