bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governmental internet information collection: Cookies placing personal privacy at risk
Authors: Gervais Norman 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEDITOR'S SUMMARYThe U.S. government has been lax in implementing website policies to protect personal privacy, and it actively uses cookies to track site visitors' activities. Collecting user information is prevalent across the web, with personal information frequently resold for marketing as well as illegitimate purposes. Government policy statements in 2000 and 2010 authorize cookie use on agency websites, acknowledging privacy concerns and requiring clear notice of cookie use and an opt‐out option. Though Internet users recognize the privacy risk of tracking, they fail to block cookies entirely on their computers. This lack of action may argue against any mandate for government to sharply curtail its use of cookies, but it should use technology solutions to minimize cookie use and maintain control over user information without sharing.
Does post‐9/11 equal post‐privacy?
Authors: Warwick Shelly 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEDITOR'S SUMMARYThe terrorist events of September 11, 2001, are commonly seen as a turning point, with security concerns justifying sacrificing a degree of privacy, but the tension between personal privacy and government need is longstanding. While the Supreme Court established the notion of a reasonable expectation of privacy, later legislation chipped away at it, from the Digital Telephony Act of 1994 to the PATRIOT Act of 2001. Under the guise of combatting terrorism, the PATRIOT Act authorizes increasing levels of intrusion and data gathering, enabled by continuing technology advances, data aggregation and people living their lives intertwined with the Internet. We are left with little reasonable expectation of privacy and a diminishing right to be left alone. Yet while individuals cannot count on personal privacy, the government engages in secretive information gathering on a massive scale. One may wonder whether privacy is an outdated concept and ask if we are more secure for giving it up.
Estimation of capture probabilities using generalized estimating equations and mixed effects approaches
Authors: Akanda Md. Abdus Salam , Alpizar‐Jara Russell 
Published: March 2014

AbstractModeling individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities has been one of the most challenging tasks in capture–recapture studies. Heterogeneity in capture probabilities can be modeled as a function of individual covariates, but correlation structure among capture occasions should be taking into account. A proposed generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) approaches can be used to estimate capture probabilities and population size for capture–recapture closed population models. An example is used for an illustrative application and for comparison with currently used methodology. A simulation study is also conducted to show the performance of the estimation procedures. Our simulation results show that the proposed quasi‐likelihood based on GEE approach provides lower SE than partial likelihood based on either generalized linear models (GLM) or GLMM approaches for estimating population size in a closed capture–recapture experiment. Estimator performance is good if a large proportion of individuals are captured. For cases where only a small proportion of individuals are captured, the estimates become unstable, but the GEE approach outperforms the other methods.
Battery‐powered portable instrument system for single‐cell trapping, impedance measurements, and modeling analyses
Authors: Tsai Sung‐Lin , Chiang Yang , Wang Min‐Haw , Chen Ming‐Kun , Jang Ling‐Sheng 
Published: March 2014

A battery‐powered portable instrument system for the single‐HeLa‐cell trapping and analyses is developed. A method of alternating current electrothermal (ACET) and DEP are employed for the cell trapping and the method of impedance spectroscopy is employed for cell characterizations. The proposed instrument (160 mm × 170 mm × 110 mm, 1269 g) equips with a highly efficient energy‐saving design that promises approximately 120 h of use. It includes an impedance analyzer performing an excitation voltage of 0.2–2 Vpp and a frequency sweep of 11–101 kHz, function generator with the sine wave output at an operating voltage of 1–50 Vpp with a frequency of 4–12 MHz, cell‐trapping biochip, microscope, and input/output interface. The biochip for the single cell trapping is designed and simulated based on a combination of ACET and DEP forces. In order to improve measurement accuracy, the curve fitting method is adopted to calibrate the proposed impedance spectroscopy. Measurement results from the proposed system are compared with results from a precision impedance analyzer. The trapped cell can be modeled for numerical analyses. Many advantages are offered in the proposed instrument such as the small volume, real‐time monitoring, rapid analysis, low cost, low‐power consumption, and portable application.
Reciprocally opportunistic spectrum access
Authors: Chen Xianfu , Zhang Honggang , Höyhtyä Marko , Lasanen Mika , Palicot Jacques 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe problem of opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is considered in this paper. Especially, we discuss designing distributed learning protocols for non‐cooperative secondary users (SUs) to efficiently utilise the spectrum opportunities. It is well known that the SUs’ selfish behaviors will result in a network collapse. Each SU is thus enabled to form conjectures over how the competing SUs would respond to its decision‐makings and believes that they alter future spectrum access strategies in proportion to its own current strategy variation. The conjectural belief adapts in accordance with local observations. The interaction among SUs is modelled as a stochastic learning procedure, in which each autonomous SU behaves as an intelligent agent. In this way, all SUs can independently ‘learn’ the behaviors of their competitors, optimise the opportunistic spectrum access strategies and finally achieve the goal of reciprocity in CRNs. Based on the belief model, two learning mechanisms, that is, the best response learning algorithm and the gradient ascent learning algorithm, are proposed to stabilise the opportunistic CRNs. We also theoretically prove that the SUs’ stochastic behaviors and beliefs converge to the conjectural equilibrium under some conditions rising from the learning procedure. Numerical results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanisms, and show that the achieved system performance gain outperforms the multi‐agent Q‐learning scheme and the Nash equilibrium scheme when there are numerous SUs in the CRN. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of horseradish peroxidase onto titanate nanowires
Authors: Nicolini João Victor , de Resende Neuman Solange , Ferraz Helen Conceição 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDHorseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a peroxidase‐type enzyme containing heme as prosthetic group. It is a versatile enzyme that has been used for detection of H2O2. New supports for immobilization based on nanomaterials have demonstrated ideal characteristics for maintaining enzyme stability, offering many advantages over conventional immobilization supports. Titanate nanostructures show attractive properties for this application.RESULTSHRP (EC 1.11.1.7) was immobilized onto titanate nanowires (TNW) by both non‐specific and covalent coupling through amine groups. TNW were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption (77 K), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The coverage of TNW containing HRP adsorbed by covalent coupling was 1.56 mgHRP m−2 and residual enzymatic activity around 40%. Desorption tests were conducted under different conditions to evaluate the stability of the coupling, showing no significant loss of the enzyme.CONCLUSIONSImmobilization of the enzyme HRP was successfully achieved by covalent coupling to TNW. The enzyme is firmly attached to TNW surface, remaining active for more than 160 days. Altogether, these results indicate that TNW is an excellent matrix for immobilization of HRP and a very promising platform for constructing biosensors. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Numerical analysis of direct current circuits containing bipolar and metal oxide semiconductor transistors
Authors: Tadeusiewicz M. , Hałgas S. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThe paper brings a numerical method for finding multiple DC operating points of circuits containing bipolar and metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors fabricated in micrometer technology. The method is based on the concept of separable Newton homotopy and division of the searching space into currently changed rectangles (boxes). The method traces a piecewise‐linear homotopy path and intersects some specific plane at the points corresponding to the operating points. Numerical experiments show that the method is remarkably efficient. Three examples including bipolar junction transistors and metal oxide semiconductor circuits are given. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing the electromagnetic field of the system of arbitrarily positioned conductors in horizontally stratified multilayer medium
Authors: Sarajcev Petar , Vujevic Slavko , Lovric Dino 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThis paper presents a novel computational methodology, based on the finite element technique, for the analysis of electromagnetic field due to system of arbitrarily positioned current‐carrying conductors in horizontally stratified multilayer medium, having arbitrary number of layers with different characteristics (including air). Each soil layer is horizontally unbounded, homogenous and isotropic, whereas conductors can penetrate different layers and extend into the air. The effect of the stratified multilayer medium is taken into account by using the originally developed fixed image method. Complete electromagnetic coupling between grounding system conductors (satisfying thin‐wire approximation) is taken into account, whereas attenuation and phase shift effects are approximated. The electric and magnetic field in stratified multilayer medium are computed from the scalar electric and vector magnetic potentials, using the said fixed image method and approximations to the attenuation and phase shift effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of lycopene‐enriched olive and argan oils upon lipid serum parameters in Wistar rats
Authors: Aidoud Aziouz , Ammouche Ali , Garrido María , Rodriguez Ana B 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDLycopene has the highest antioxidant activity within carotenoids and is an effective free radical scavenger. Virgin olive oil (VOO) and argan oil (AO) contain trace amounts of a wide variety of phytochemicals which have desirable nutritional properties. The present study intended to assess the effect of various dietary VOO and AO in combination with lycopene consumption on serum biochemical parameters, including total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids, as well as on hepatosomatic index (HSI) of rats.RESULTSResults showed that ingestion of VOO and AO diminished TC, LDL‐C, TGs and phospholipid levels, whereas the HDL‐C levels augmented in all the groups assayed. The enrichment of VOO and AO with lycopene improved the beneficial effects derived from the consumption of both oils on serum biochemical parameters. A decrease in body weight gain and HSI was detected after the consumption of lycopene‐enriched oils.CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that the inclusion of lycopene in VOO and AO may be used as a natural tool to fight against hyperlipidaemic and hypercholesterolaemic‐derived disorders. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitive interferometric detection of ultrasound for minimally invasive clinical imaging applications
Authors: Rosenthal Amir , Kellnberger Stephan , Bozhko Dmitry , Chekkoury Andrei , Omar Murad , Razansky Daniel , Ntziachristos Vasilis 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMiniaturized optical detectors of ultrasound represent a promising alternative to piezoelectric technology and may enable new minimally invasive clinical applications, particularly in the field of optoacoustic imaging. However, the use of such detectors has so far been limited to controlled lab environments, and has not been demonstrated in the presence of mechanical disturbances, common in clinical imaging scenarios. Additionally, detection sensitivity has been inherently limited by laser noise, which hindered the use of sensing elements such as optical fibers, which exhibit a weak response to ultrasound. In this work, coherence‐restored pulse interferometry (CRPI) is introduced – a new paradigm for interferometric sensing in which shot‐noise limited sensitivity may be achieved alongside robust operation. CRPI is implemented with a fiber‐based resonator, demonstrating over an order of magnitude higher sensitivity than that of conventional 15 MHz intravascular ultrasound probes. The performance of the optical detector is showcased in a miniaturized all‐optical optoacoustic imaging catheter.
Construction of PIB‐b‐PDEAEMA well‐defined amphiphilic diblock copolymers via sequential living carbocationic and RAFT polymerization
Authors: Ren Chunhong , Jiang Xue , Lu Guolin , Jiang Xiuyu , Huang Xiaoyu 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA series of well‐defined amphiphilic diblock copolymers consisting of hydrophobic polyisobutylene (PIB) and hydrophilic poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) segments was synthesized via the combination of living carbocationic polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Living carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene followed by end‐capping with 1,3‐butadiene was first performed at −70 °C to give a well‐defined allyl‐Cl‐terminated PIB with a low polydispersity (Mw/Mn =1.29). This end‐functionalized PIB was further converted to a macromolecular chain transfer agent for mediating RAFT block copolymerization of 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate at 60 °C in tetrahydrofuran to afford the target well‐defined PIB‐b‐PDEAEMA diblock copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≤1.22). The self‐assembly behavior of these amphiphilic diblock copolymers in aqueous media was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope, and furthermore, their pH‐responsive behavior was studied by UV‐vis and dynamic light scattering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1478–1486
The molecular architecture of QdtA, a sugar 3,4‐ketoisomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum
Authors: Thoden James B. , Holden Hazel M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUnusual di‐ and trideoxysugars are often found on the O‐antigens of Gram‐negative bacteria, on the S‐layers of Gram‐positive bacteria, and on various natural products. One such sugar is 3‐acetamido‐3,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose. A key step in its biosynthesis, catalyzed by a 3,4‐ketoisomerase, is the conversion of thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)−4‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose to dTDP‐3‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose. Here we report an X‐ray analysis of a 3,4‐ketoisomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. For this investigation, the wild‐type enzyme, referred to as QdtA, was crystallized in the presence of dTDP and its structure solved to 2.0‐Å resolution. The dimeric enzyme adopts a three‐dimensional architecture that is characteristic for proteins belonging to the cupin superfamily. In order to trap the dTDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose substrate into the active site, a mutant protein, H51N, was subsequently constructed, and the structure of this protein in complex with the dTDP–sugar ligand was solved to 1.9‐Å resolution. Taken together, the structures suggest that His 51 serves as a catalytic base, that Tyr 37 likely functions as a catalytic acid, and that His 53 provides a proton shuttle between the C‐3′ hydroxyl and the C‐4′ keto group of the hexose. This study reports the first three‐dimensional structure of a 3,4‐ketoisomerase in complex with its dTDP–sugar substrate and thus sheds new molecular insight into this fascinating class of enzymes.
Group II archaeal chaperonin recognition of partially folded human γD‐crystallin mutants
Authors: Sergeeva Oksana A. , Yang Jingkun , King Jonathan A. , Knee Kelly M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe features in partially folded intermediates that allow the group II chaperonins to distinguish partially folded from native states remain unclear. The archaeal group II chaperonin from Methanococcus Mauripaludis (Mm‐Cpn) assists the in vitro refolding of the well‐characterized β‐sheet lens protein human γD‐crystallin (HγD‐Crys). The domain interface and buried cores of this Greek key conformation include side chains, which might be exposed in partially folded intermediates. We sought to assess whether particular features buried in the native state, but absent from the native protein surface, might serve as recognition signals. The features tested were (a) paired aromatic side chains, (b) side chains in the interface between the duplicated domains of HγD‐Crys, and (c) side chains in the buried core which result in congenital cataract when substituted. We tested the Mm‐Cpn suppression of aggregation of these HγD‐Crys mutants upon dilution out of denaturant. Mm‐Cpn was capable of suppressing the off‐pathway aggregation of the three classes of mutants indicating that the buried residues were not recognition signals. In fact, Mm‐Cpn recognized the HγD‐Crys mutants better than (wild‐type) WT and refolded most mutant HγD‐Crys to levels twice that of WT HγD‐Crys. This presumably represents the increased population or longer lifetimes of the partially folded intermediates of the mutant proteins. The results suggest that Mm‐Cpn does not recognize the features of HγD‐Crys tested—paired aromatics, exposed domain interface, or destabilized core—but rather recognizes other features of the partially folded β‐sheet conformation that are absent or inaccessible in the native state of HγD‐Crys.
Characterisation of 3D‐GaN/InGaN core‐shell nanostructures by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Griffiths Ian , Cherns David , Wang Xue , Wehman Hergo‐Heinrich , Mandl Martin , Strassburg Martin , Waag Andreas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTransmission and scanning electron microscopy have been used to characterise GaN/InGaN 3D nanostructures grown on patterned GaN/sapphire substrates by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). It has been found that the growth of well ordered arrays of such nanostructures, containing multiple quantum wells on non‐polar side‐facets, can be achieved with a low density of defects. Growth changes and surface morphology play a major role in the nucleation of any defects present. The nanostructure morphology has been investigated and differing growth rates on adjacent facets studied. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced name and vote separated E‐voting system: an E‐voting system that ensures voter confidentiality and candidate privacy
Authors: Pan Haijun , Hou Edwin , Ansari Nirwan 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we propose an improved electronic voting (E‐voting) system based on our previous work Name and vOte separaTed E‐voting system. The proposed E‐voting system, referred to as Enhanced Name and vOte separaTed E‐voting system, is improved with a new protocol design and a watchdog hardware device added to ensure voter confidentiality and voting accuracy. In our improved scheme, rather than Election Committee and Vote Counting Committee, an impartial third party, Ballot Distribution Center, is proposed to take the responsibility of distributing ballots. The votes and the candidates' names are separated into two parts while voters cast their votes. The watchdog device records all voting transactions during the election to prevent voting disputes and other malicious behaviors from voter frauds. Our proposed procedure addresses issues related to voter confidentiality and candidate privacy, voting frauds and voting accuracy, and will thus help to create a fair election. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient centralized approach to prevent from replication attack in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kenaza Tayeb , Hamoud Othmane Nait , Nouali‐Taboudjemat Nadia 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe majority of key management schemes suffer from the physical compromising of nodes. This vulnerability allows an adversary to reproduce clones and inject them throughout the network to perform other types of attacks. Furthermore, adding new nodes to the network (for maintenance), which is an inevitable step to prolong its life or to repair voids, is the best opportunity to carry out the cloning attack. Our contribution in this paper is to perfectly secure network maintenance against the cloning attack, using a solution based on the digital signature of the base station. Our solution is based on the agreement that the base station should give to a new node to share a pairwise key with its neighbors. The conducted simulations under TinyOS SIMulator (TOSSIM) show that, in addition to perfect resilience, our approach is efficient in terms of time consumption and communication overhead. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐Scale Modeling of Grain Size and Phase Transformation Effects
Authors: Böhlke Thomas , Neumann Rudolf , Rieger Florian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA nonlinear homogenization scheme is applied to consider two classes of micromechanical problems, i.e. to estimate the grain size dispersion influence and to model phase transformation effects in steels. The macroscopic material behavior is described purely based on micro‐mechanical constitutive models. The coarse graining procedure contains the classical bounds, i.e. mixture theories, as special cases and determines the macroscopic stress and the evolution of the microstructural variables. In the context of the grain size dependent flow behavior of polycrystals, a log‐normal distributed grain size is assumed together with a grain size dependent local plastic behavior. The numerical results are well approximated by a simple analytical expression. It is found that grain size dispersion leads to a decrease of the material strength, especially for small mean diameters around one micron. In the context of phase transformation phenomena, the thermo‐mechanically strongly coupled Greenwood‐Johnson effect is considered. Here, temperature driven phase transformation under external applied stress below the yield stress is modeled that leads to plastic strains. The main result of the present work is, that based on the suggested nonlinear homogenization technique of Hashin‐Shtrikman type a numerically effective modeling approach is given, that can be applied at the Gauss point level of structural finite element simulations. In contrast to FE2 schemes, full three‐dimensional microstructures can be modeled effectively with standard computers. The simulation results presented in this work are in good agreement with the experimental data.