bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of shock absorption ability of custom‐fit mouthguards with new‐generation polyolefin self‐adapting mouthguards in three different maxillary anterior teeth alignments using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors
Authors: Grewal Navneet , Kumari Foolan , Tiwari Umesh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPurposePrevention of orofacial injuries is one of the biggest pre‐occupations in sports dentistry. The custom‐fitted mouthguard is considered the best choice for fit and protection when compared to over‐the‐counter commercial mouthguards. However, cost and time prohibit their mass production. It is therefore imperative to have an over‐the‐counter true mouth‐formed mouthguard with comparable properties. The present in vitro experimental study was carried out to compare the shock absorption ability of EVA laminate mouthguards with self‐adapting polyolefin material mouthguards in three different anterior teeth alignments.Materials and methodsFinite element analysis (FEA) was performed to simulate the stress distribution due to impact on the respective mouthguards. Customized pendulum device with three interchangeable standard size impact objects was used. Response of grating was monitored using a FBG interrogation system. Shift in wavelength for each impact was measured. Three standardized jaw models were subjected to a total of 72 impact strikes with three different balls on two specified sites by releasing the objects from two different heights H1 24 cm and H2 48 cm.Results and conclusionsTwo‐way anova was applied and comparative values computed. It was found that the percentage shock absorption ability of self‐adapted polyolefin mouthguard was highly significant at <0.001 level in both regions. The influence of height on the shock absorption ability of both mouthguards was highly significant at P < 0.001. It was concluded that self‐adapting polyolefin mouthguards fulfill similar protection requirement as custom‐fit mouthguards and can be used for millions of athletes if properly fitted chairside by a dentist without requiring laboratory fabrication.
The Procedurally Directive Approach to Teaching Controversial Issues
Authors: Gregory Maughn Rollins 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRecent articles on teaching controversial topics in schools have employed Michael Hand's distinction between “directive teaching,” in which teachers attempt to persuade students of correct positions on topics that are not rationally controversial, and “nondirective teaching,” in which teachers avoid persuading students on topics that are rationally controversial. However, the four methods of directive teaching discussed in the literature — explicit directive teaching, “steering,” “soft‐directive teaching,” and “school ethos endorsement” — make rational persuasion problematic, if not self‐defeating. In this essay, Maughn Rollins Gregory argues that “procedurally directive teaching” offers an alternative to such approaches because it derives from the intention to guide inquiry rather than to persuade. He demonstrates that the conceptual frameworks of perfectionism and antiperfectionism, which have been proposed for directive teaching on same‐sex marriage, can instead be used to generate open questions for student inquiry, as can a third, civil rights framework. Given these considerations, Gregory maintains that pedagogical guidance on this topic should be procedurally directive rather than substantively directive. Further, the fact that legal, political, and ethics scholars disagree about which framework is more appropriate to the issue of same‐sex marriage indicates that such arguments cannot be dispositive of the pedagogical issue of how to frame classroom discussions about it. Rather, students should inquire into this meta‐level framing dispute for themselves.
Variations in reproductive potential between nearshore and offshore spawning contingents of hogfish in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Collins A. B. , McBride R. S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum), have multiple traits that confound measuring reproductive potential: they are protogynous, relatively long‐lived harem‐forming fish that spawn daily for months. Additionally, recent evidence demonstrates that size, age and timing of sex change vary on a spatial scale within the study area (West Florida shelf, USA). This study investigates the effect of this spatial variation on hogfish reproductive potential by evaluating spawning seasonality, spawning frequency and batch fecundity using an indeterminate egg production model. Offshore females were larger than nearshore females, and batch fecundity was related in a log‐linear manner to female size. Gonad histology demonstrated a more protracted reproductive period for females offshore (8 months) than nearshore (4 months). Spatial variations in size coincide with ontogeny because hogfish move offshore with growth; however, even after accounting for fish size, offshore females spawned more. In areas where male removal rates are elevated, spawning harems are disrupted; thus, greater fishing effort nearshore may further reduce the reproductive potential of these females. These nearshore and offshore spawning components of the population are not genetically distinct, but instead represent two contingent spawning strategies that likely enhance total population stability and resilience of this stock in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Converting land into golf courses – effects on ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Saarikivi Jarmo , Tähtinen Saara , Malmberg Sampsa , Kotze D. Johan 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Some golf courses start off as half‐size, 9‐hole courses and, if successful, expand in area to full‐size courses, thus converting more land to highly managed greenspace. We investigated carabid beetle assemblages in three established and newly created suburban golf courses in Helsinki, southern Finland.

Beetles were collected from similar habitat types on established courses, newly created courses and nearby reference areas.

Seventy‐one carabid beetle species were collected and the beetle assemblages were dominated by open habitat and generalist species.

Assemblages differed considerably between the three golf courses studied and between the habitat types sampled, but not between course development stages (established vs. newly created) or reference areas.

We argue that some carabid beetle species in the urban landscape in Helsinki are resilient and capable of rapidly colonising these modified environments.

Under current management regimes, these golf courses in Helsinki, Finland, do not host carabid beetles of conservation concern, yet are rich in generalist and open habitat species.
Supply chain coordination based on return contracts with a threshold ordering quantity
Authors: Cai Jianhu , Deng Shiming , Hu Xiaoqing , Han Yi , Cheng Haifang , Huang Weilai 
Published: November 2014

AbstractReturn contracts are commonly used by companies selling products with short life cycles and highly uncertain demand. Current research on return contracts assumes suppliers are responsible for all surplus products. In practice, retailers tend to order more than necessary and leave suppliers with large after‐season returns. To mitigate the problem, a new type of return contract with a threshold ordering quantity has been developed by some enterprises. Under these contracts, suppliers specify a threshold for retailers’ ordering quantity. They buy back only the portion in excess of the threshold. In this paper, we show that this new type of contract can achieve two objectives: (a) the supply chain is coordinated, and (b) both the supplier and the retailer can gain more profit than they can gain under a wholesale‐price‐only contract. The new contract does not require any manipulation of wholesale prices. This makes it more acceptable in practice by supply chain members. We also illustrate our findings in a numerical example.
Predictive validity of the Italian parental questionnaire for developmental evaluation at age 4 (QS4‐G)
Authors: Bevilacqua Francesca , Giannantoni Patrizia , Pasqualetti Patrizio , di Ciommo Vincenzo M , Coletti Maria Franca , Ravà Lucilla , Caselli Maria Cristina , Dall'Oglio Anna Maria 
Published: November 2014

AimTo examine whether the results at 4 years of age of the developmental questionnaire QS4‐G can predict the outcome of cognitive, neuropsychological and academic abilities 4–6 years later. The QS4‐G is a validated parental questionnaire designed for the screening and surveillance of the neuropsychological and behavioural developmental status of 4‐year‐olds (93 questions).MethodsLongitudinal prospective study on a subsample of the QS4‐G validation original sample was conducted. According to previous results, the sample was divided into two groups: ‘at risk’ and ‘not at risk’. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and likelihood ratios were assessed and referred to outcomes.ResultsThirty‐five children were classified as ‘not at risk’ and 16 as ‘at risk’. There were significant associations between past QS4‐G score and cognitive, neuropsychological and academic abilities 4–6 years later. With the same cut‐off identified at the first cross‐sectional study, sensitivity and specificity for difficulties in cognitive development were 90% and 83% while in the neuropsychological abilities 62% and 90%, respectively. A lower predictive validity was found for difficulties in academic abilities (sensitivity 43%, specificity 86%). QS4‐G specific area scores showed significant correlations with related academic tests at follow‐up (rho range: 0.404–0.565, P < 0.005).ConclusionsQS4‐G shows good predictive validity for cognitive development and neuropsychological abilities. The risk of false negatives for academic abilities can be reduced by analysing the specific area results of QS4‐G, which show good correlations with related tests at follow‐up.
An experimental study of the formation of cubanite (CuFe2S3) in primitive meteorites
Authors: Berger Eve L. , Keller Lindsay P. , Lauretta Dante S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe low‐temperature form of CuFe2S3, cubanite, has been identified in the CI chondrite and NASA Stardust mission collections. The presence of this mineral constrains the maximum temperature to 210 °C since the time of its formation. However, until now, the conditions under which cubanite forms were less well constrained. In order to refine the history of the time‐varying, low‐temperature fluids which existed on the CI‐chondrite parent body and Comet 81P/Wild 2 (Wild 2), we synthesized cubanite. The experimental synthesis of this mineral was achieved, for the first time, under low‐temperature aqueous conditions relevant to the CI‐chondrite parent body. Using a variant of in situ hydrothermal recrystallization, cubanite formed in aqueous experiments starting with temperatures of 150 and 200 °C, pH approximately 9, and oxygen fugacities corresponding to the iron‐magnetite buffer. The composition and structure of the cubanite were determined using electron microprobe and transmission electron microscopy techniques, respectively. The combined compositional, crystallographic, and experimental data allow us to place limits on the conditions under which the formation of cubanite is feasible, which in turn constrains the nature of the fluid phase on the CI‐chondrite parent body and Wild 2 when cubanite was forming.
Discrete and overlapping functions of peptidoglycan synthases in growth, cell division and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Rismondo Jeanine , Möller Lars , Aldridge Christine , Gray Joe , Vollmer Waldemar , Halbedel Sven 
Published: November 2014

SummaryUpon ingestion of contaminated food, Listeria monocytogenes can cause serious infections in humans that are normally treated with β‐lactam antibiotics. These target Listeria's five high molecular weight penicillin‐binding proteins (HMW PBPs), which are required for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The two bi‐functional class A HMW PBPs PBP A1 and PBP A2 have transglycosylase and transpeptidase domains catalyzing glycan chain polymerization and peptide cross‐linking, respectively, whereas the three class B HMW PBPs B1, B2 and B3 are monofunctional transpeptidases. The precise roles of these PBPs in the cell cycle are unknown. Here we show that green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐PBP fusions localized either at the septum, the lateral wall or both, suggesting distinct and overlapping functions. Genetic data confirmed this view: PBP A1 and PBP A2 could not be inactivated simultaneously, and a conditional double mutant strain is largely inducer dependent. PBP B1 is required for rod‐shape and PBP B2 for cross‐wall biosynthesis and viability, whereas PBP B3 is dispensable for growth and cell division. PBP B1 depletion dramatically increased β‐lactam susceptibilities and stimulated spontaneous autolysis but had no effect on peptidoglycan cross‐linkage. Our in vitro virulence assays indicated that the complete set of all HMW PBPs is required for maximal virulence.
Two distinct old yellow enzymes are involved in naphthyl ring reduction during anaerobic naphthalene degradation
Authors: Estelmann Sebastian , Blank Ilona , Feldmann Annika , Boll Matthias 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe 2‐naphthoyl‐coenzyme A (NCoA) reductase (NCR) is so far the only characterized enzyme involved in the anaerobic degradation of the environmentally relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The old yellow enzyme (OYE) family member apparently reduced the nonactivated naphthyl ring to 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐napthoyl‐CoA (THNCoA). In this work, the candidate genes of three NCRs from the sulphate‐reducing, naphthalene‐degrading N47 and NaphS2 cultures were expressed in Escherichia coli. The isolated products contained flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) a [4Fe‐4S] cluster and catalyzed only the two‐electron reduction of NCoA to 5,6‐dihydro‐2‐naphthoyl‐CoA (5,6‐DHNCoA) at a very negative E°′ = −493 mV. All NCRs exhibited high NCoA‐forming DHNCoA oxidase activities that are proposed to be involved in oxygen‐detoxification during naphthalene degradation. Extracts of N47 and NaphS2 catalyzed the reduction of 5,6‐DHNCoA to THNCoA. Genes putatively coding for 5,6‐DHNCR from N47 and NaphS2 were heterologously expressed in E. coli. The enriched enzyme products specifically catalyzed the reduction of 5,6‐DHNCoA to THNCoA at E°′ = −375 mV. With the three NCRs and two 5,6‐DHNCRs, five OYEs have been characterized that are involved in the reduction of the nonsubstituted naphthyl‐ring system; these unprecedented enzymatic reactions expand our knowledge of the functional diversity of OYE.
Conditional inactivation of Aspergillus nidulans sarASAR1 uncovers the morphogenetic potential of regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit
Authors: Hernández‐González Miguel , Peñalva Miguel A. , Pantazopoulou Areti 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIn the genetic model Aspergillus nidulans, hyphal growth is exquisitely dependent on exocytic traffic. Following mutagenic PCR and gene replacement, we characterized thermosensitive mutations in sarASAR1 encoding a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit. Six sarAts alleles permitting relatively normal growth at 30°C prevented it at 42°C. This growth phenotype correlated with markedly reduced SarA levels at high temperature, suggesting that these alleles cause temperature‐dependent SarA misfolding. sarA8 results in Ser substitution for conserved P‐loop Gly27. sarA5 (Trp185Cys) and sarA6 (Ser186Pro) substitutions underscore the importance of the C‐terminal α‐helix on SarASar1 function/stability. sarA6 markedly diminishing growth at 37°C was useful for microscopy experiments in which ER exit was impaired by shifting the incubation temperature. Early and late Golgi cisternae, labeled with the integral membrane syntaxins SedVSed5 and TlgBTlg2, respectively, were rapidly dissipated by sarA6. However, whereas SedVSed5 was shifted toward the ER, TlgBTlg2 relocalized to a haze, underscoring the asymmetry of Golgi organization. This rapid Golgi dissipation that takes place after blocking anterograde COPII traffic is consistent with the cisternal maturation model. Incubation of sarA6 cells at 37°C led to the formation of apical balloons resembling specialized fungal structures. The formation of these balloons highlights the morphogenetic consequences of impairing ER exit.
Escherichia coli persister cells suppress translation by selectively disassembling and degrading their ribosomes
Authors: Cho Junho , Rogers Janet , Kearns Mark , Leslie Macall , Hartson Steven D. , Wilson Kevin S. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBacterial persisters are rare, phenotypically distinct cells that survive exposure to multiple antibiotics. Previous studies indicated that formation and maintenance of the persister phenotype are regulated by suppressing translation. To examine the mechanism of this translational suppression, we developed novel methodology to rapidly purify ribosome complexes from persister cells. We purified His‐tagged ribosomes from Escherichia coli cells that over‐expressed HipA protein, which induces persister formation, and were treated with ampicillin to remove antibiotic‐sensitive cells. We profiled ribosome complexes and analyzed the ribosomal RNA and protein components from these persister cells. Our results show that (i) ribosomes in persisters exist largely as inactive ribosomal subunits, (ii) rRNAs and tRNAs are mostly degraded and (iii) a small fraction of the ribosomes remain mostly intact, except for reduced amounts of seven ribosomal proteins. Our findings explain the basis for translational suppression in persisters and suggest how persisters survive exposure to multiple antibiotics.
Translation of Obesity Practice Guidelines: Measurement and Evaluation
Authors: Erickson Kristin J. , Monsen Karen A. , Attleson Ingrid S. , Radosevich David M. , Oftedahl Gary , Neely Claire , Thorson Diane R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjective(s)A public health nurse (PHN) in the Midwestern United States (U.S.) led a collaborative system‐level intervention to translate the Institute of Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) Adult Obesity Guideline into interprofessional practice. This study (1) evaluated the extent of guideline translation across organizations and (2) assessed the Omaha System as a method for translating system‐level interventions and measuring outcomes.Design and SampleThis retrospective, mixed methods study was conducted with a purposeful sample of one administrator (n = 10) and two to three clinicians (n = 29) from each organization (n = 10).MeasuresOmaha System Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes Knowledge, Behavior, and Status (KBS). KBS ratings gathered from semi‐structured interviews and Omaha System documentation were analyzed using standard descriptive and inferential statistics and triangulated findings with participant quotes.ResultsKBS ratings and participant quotes revealed intervention effectiveness in creating sustained system‐level changes. Self‐reported and observed KBS ratings demonstrated improvement across organizations. There was moderate to substantial agreement regarding benchmark attainment within organizations. On average, self‐reported improvement exceeded observer improvement.ConclusionsSystem‐level PHN practice facilitator interventions successfully translated clinical obesity guidelines into interprofessional use in health care organizations. The Omaha System Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes reliably measured system‐level outcomes.
Red blood cell storage lesion
Authors: Obrador Rafael , Musulin Sarah , Hansen Bernie 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for changes occurring during red blood cell (RBC) storage, collectively known as the storage lesion, and to review the biological and clinical consequences of increasing storage time of RBCs.Data SourcesHuman and veterinary clinical studies, experimental animal model studies, and reviews of the RBC storage lesion with no date restrictions.Human Data SynthesisExperimental studies have characterized the evolution of human RBC and supernatant changes that occur during storage and form the basis for concern about the potential for harm from long‐term storage of RBCs. Although 4 randomized controlled trials of varying sizes failed to find an association between RBC storage time and negative clinical outcomes, a recent meta‐analysis and numerous observational clinical studies have demonstrated that transfusion of old versus fresh stored RBCs is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, particularly among trauma victims and cardiac surgery patients. Potential clinical consequences of RBC transfusion following development of the storage lesion include risk of organ dysfunction, organ failure, infections, and death.Veterinary Data SynthesisExperimental animal models have contributed to the evidence supporting adverse consequences of the RBC storage lesion. Studies on relevant RBC storage issues such as the effect of different preservative solutions and leukoreduction have been completed. Transfusion with RBCs stored for 42 days increases mortality in dogs with experimental sepsis.ConclusionStorage of RBCs induces progressive biochemical, biomechanical, and immunologic changes that affect red cell viability, deformability, oxygen carrying capacity, microcirculatory flow, and recipient response. Most reports in the human and veterinary literature support the concept that there are deleterious effects of the RBC storage lesion, but additional studies with improved experimental design are needed to identify compelling reasons to modify current blood banking and transfusion practices.
Outcome of male cats managed for urethral obstruction with decompressive cystocentesis and urinary catheterization: 47 cats (2009–2012)
Authors: Hall Jennifer , Hall Kelly , Powell Lisa L. , Lulich Jody 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the duration of urinary catheterization, length of hospitalization, complications and clinical outcome in cats with urethral obstruction managed with decompressive cystocentesis and subsequent urinary catheterization.DesignRetrospective, observational, descriptive study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsForty‐seven client‐owned male cats diagnosed with urethral obstruction.Measurements and Main ResultsThe medical records of 47 cats diagnosed with urethral obstruction were reviewed. Treatment of all cats included decompressive cystocentesis, placement of an indwelling urinary catheter and hospitalization for a minimum of 6 hours. Collected data included signalment, body weight, body condition score, owner‐reported clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, vital signs, and venous blood gas or chemistry values. Mean duration of urinary catheterization was 27.9 hours, median length of hospitalization was 40 hours, and survival to discharge was 91%. Of 34 cats that had survey abdominal radiographs, 56% (19/34) had loss of peritoneal detail consistent with abdominal effusion. No cat was diagnosed with a ruptured bladder during hospitalization.ConclusionsDecompressive cystocentesis, in cats with urethral obstruction, followed by placement of an indwelling urinary catheter, did not result in a diagnosis of bladder rupture in any cat. The source of and clinical significance of the reported abdominal effusion is not known. Survival to discharge, duration of catheterization, and length of hospitalization were similar to previously reported populations.