bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−Immature Myeloid Cells Recruited in Response to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection Exhibit Protective and Immunosuppressive Properties
Authors: Tam Jason W. , Kullas Amy L. , Mena Patricio , Bliska James B. , van der Velden Adrianus W. M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTImmature myeloid cells in bone marrow are a heterogeneous population of cells that, under normal conditions, provide tissues with protective cell types such as granulocytes and macrophages. Under certain pathological conditions, myeloid cell homeostasis is altered and immature forms of these cells appear in tissues. Murine immature myeloid cells that express CD11b and Ly6C or Ly6G (two isoforms of Gr-1) have been associated with immunosuppression in cancer (in the form of myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and, more recently, infection. Here, we found that CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−and CD11b+Ly6CintLy6G+cells accumulated and persisted in tissues of mice infected withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Recruitment of CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−but not CD11b+Ly6CintLy6G+cells from bone marrow into infected tissues depended on chemokine receptor CCR2. The CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−cells exhibited a mononuclear morphology, whereas the CD11b+Ly6CintLy6G+cells exhibited a polymorphonuclear or band-shaped nuclear morphology. The CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells followingex vivoculture and could present antigen to T cellsin vitro. However, significant proliferation of T cells was observed only when the ability of the CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−cells to produce nitric oxide was blocked. CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−cells recruited in response toS. Typhimurium infection could also present antigen to T cellsin vivo, but increasing their numbers by adoptive transfer did not cause a corresponding increase in T cell response. Thus, CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G−immature myeloid cells recruited in response toS. Typhimurium infection exhibit protective and immunosuppressive properties that may influence the outcome of infection.
Lipid A Is More than Acyl Chains
Authors: Apicella Michael A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe acyl chain length, number, and distribution have been considered the major factors contributing to this biological activity of lipid A. The charged head groups on the dihexosamine backbone have also been implicated in contributing to this biology. InNeisseria, it has now been shown that loss of the 4′ phosphoethanolamine has an impact on virulence in an animal model and on the organism's susceptibility to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Such studies offer potential insight into targets for novel antimicrobial agents.
Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume in older women with probable mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial
Authors: ten Brinke Lisanne F , Bolandzadeh Niousha , Nagamatsu Lindsay S , Hsu Chun Liang , Davis Jennifer C , Miran-Khan Karim , Liu-Ambrose Teresa 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a well-recognised risk factor for dementia and represents a vital opportunity for intervening. Exercise is a promising strategy for combating cognitive decline by improving brain structure and function. Specifically, aerobic training (AT) improved spatial memory and hippocampal volume in healthy community-dwelling older adults. In older women with probable MCI, we previously demonstrated that resistance training (RT) and AT improved memory. In this secondary analysis, we investigated: (1) the effect of RT and AT on hippocampal volume and (2) the association between change in hippocampal volume and change in memory.Methods86 women aged 70–80 years with probable MCI were randomly assigned to a 6-month, twice-weekly programme of: (1) AT, (2) RT or (3) balance and tone training (BAT; ie, control). At baseline and trial completion, participants performed a 3T MRI scan to determine hippocampal volume. Verbal memory and learning were assessed by Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test.ResultsCompared with the BAT group, AT significantly improved left, right and total hippocampal volumes (p≤0.03). After accounting for baseline cognitive function and experimental group, increased left hippocampal volume was independently associated with reduced verbal memory and learning performance as indexed by loss after interference (r=0.42, p=0.03).ConclusionsAerobic training significantly increased hippocampal volume in older women with probable MCI. More research is needed to ascertain the relevance of exercise-induced changes in hippocampal volume on memory performance in older adults with MCI.Trail registration numberNCT00958867.
The effect of funding sources on donepezil randomised controlled trial outcome: a meta-analysis
Authors: Killin Lewis O J , Russ Tom C , Starr John M , Abrahams Sharon , Della Sala Sergio 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate whether there is a difference in the treatment effect of donepezil on cognition in Alzheimer disease between industry-funded and independent randomised controlled trials.DesignFixed effects meta-analysis of standardised effects of donepezil on cognition as measured by the Mini Mental State Examination and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale.Data sourcesStudies included in the meta-analyses reported in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) technical appraisal 217 updated with new studies through aPubMedsearch.Eligibility criteriaInclusion criteria were double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of any length comparing patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer disease (according to the NINCDS-ADRDA/DSM-III/IV criteria) taking any dosage of donepezil. Studies of combination therapies (eg, donepezil and memantine) were excluded, as were studies that enrolled patients with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease associated with other disorders (eg, Parkinson's disease and Down's syndrome).ResultsOur search strategy identified 14 relevant trials (4 independent) with suitable data. Trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies reported a larger effect of donepezil on standardised cognitive tests than trials published by independent research groups (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.46, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.55 vs SMD=0.33, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.48, respectively). This difference remained when only data representing change up to 12 weeks from baseline were analysed (industry SMD=0.44, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.53 vs independent SMD=0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.52). Analysis revealed that the effect of funding as a moderator variable of study heterogeneity was not statistically significant at either time point.ConclusionsThe effect size of donepezil on cognition is larger in industry-funded than independent trials and this is not explained by the longer duration of industry-funded trials. The lack of a statistically significant moderator effect may indicate that the differences are due to chance, but may also result from lack of power.
Keeping children safe at home: protocol for a matched case-control study of modifiable risk factors for poisoning
Authors: Majsak-Newman Gosia , Benford Penny , Ablewhite Joanne , Clacy Rose , Coffey Frank , Cooper Nicola , Coupland Carol , Hayes Mike , Kay Bryony , McColl Elaine , Reading Richard , Sutton Alex , Stewart Jane , Watson Michael Craig , Kendrick Denise 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundChildhood unintentional and suspected poisonings are a serious public health problem. Evidence from systematic reviews demonstrates that home safety education in combination with safety equipment provision increases the safe storage of medicines and other products. There is lack of evidence that poisoning prevention practices reduce poisoning rates.ObjectivesTo estimate ORs for medically attended poisonings in children aged 0–4 years for items of safety equipment, home hazards and parental safety practices aimed at preventing poisoning, and to explore differential effects by child and family factors.DesignMulticentre case-control study in UK hospitals with validation of parent-reported exposures using home observations. Cases are aged 0–4 years with a medically attended poisoning occurring at home, matched on age and sex with community controls. Children attending hospital for other types of injury will serve as unmatched hospital controls. Matched analyses will use conditional logistic regression; unmatched analyses will use unconditional logistic regression to adjust for confounding variables. The study requires 266 poisoning cases and 1064 matched controls to detect an OR of 0.64 for safe storage of medicinal products and of 0.65 for non-medicinal products, with 80% power, a 5% significance level and a correlation between exposures in cases and controls of 0.1.Main outcome measuresUnintentional childhood poisoning.DiscussionThis will be the largest study to date exploring modifiable risk factors for poisoning in young children. Findings will inform: policy makers developing poison prevention strategies, practitioners delivering poison prevention interventions, parents to reduce the risk of poisoning in their homes.
Pathology reporting of bone marrow biopsy in myelofibrosis; application of the Delphi consensus process to the development of a standardised diagnostic report
Authors: Raya José M , Montes-Moreno Santiago , Acevedo Agustín , Ferrández Antonio , Fraga Máximo , García Juan F , García Mar , Mayordomo-Aranda Empar , Menárguez Javier , Besses Carlos , Calzada Reyes , Rozman María 
Published: April 2014

AimsThe diagnosis of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) strongly relies on the bone marrow biopsy findings, but a report model has not been standardised. Our aim was to establish general recommendations for bone marrow evaluation and standardised reporting in a case suspicious of PMF.MethodsThe Delphi method was employed to obtain expert consensus. An advisory panel of 10 leading members identifies a total of 37 haematopathology experts to participate. The first Delphi round included a questionnaire with three main groups of items: minimal clinical and laboratory data considered necessary before reporting, minimal descriptive aspects to record and main histological differential diagnosis. The final report content was based on consensus obtained after the second Delphi round.ResultsThe minimal data considered necessary were age, splenomegaly, haemoglobin, leucocyte and platelet counts, differential blood cell count, leucoerythroblastic blood picture, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level,BCR-ABLandJAK2mutational status, reticulin stain and the internal control for the reticulin staining. The minimal descriptive aspects to report were cellularity, osteosclerosis, megakaryocytic morphology and localisation, dense megakaryocytic clusters, quantity of granulocytic precursors, grade of myelofibrosis in a scale of 4, and a proposed final diagnostic approach. The entities to be considered for differential diagnosis were mainly the other classical chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms.ConclusionsThe Delphi method is a robust tool to determine essential information to be included in a pathology report. A standardised good-quality histopathological report form may help to homogenise PMF diagnosis. A close collaboration between the pathologist and the haematologist is desirable according to our survey.
Effect of montmorillonite content on mechanical and hydraulic properties of bentonite and its numerical modelling
Authors: Takayama Yusuke , Tsurumi Shuhei , Kobayashi Ichizo , Ohwada Hitoshi , Ishii Tomoko , Yahagi Ryoji , Iizuka Atsushi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Recently, the hydraulic/mechanical/chemical (HMC) analytical method has been studied with the aim of evaluating the long-term performance of Trans-Uranium (TRU) geological repositories. In this particular research, the hydraulic/mechanical modelling of bentonite materials for HMC analyses has been studied, with bentonite materials considered as the engineered barrier. It is said that the bentonite material in the TRU disposal facilities is altered chemically by cement leachate. Moreover, there is a concern that chemical alteration changes the expansion characteristics and water permeability of the bentonite material. In this paper, using past test results, the influence of montmorillonite content and the exchange of sodium and calcium ions on mechanical and hydraulics behaviour is examined. Hydraulic/mechanical mathematical modelling is also presented, describing the mechanical behaviour of bentonite from an initially unsaturated state while also taking into account the hydraulic and mechanical characteristics of bentonite mentioned above. We also simulate the saturation process from an initially unsaturated state in a TRU disposal facility, which is modelled one-dimensionally.
Workshop report
Authors: Ford Mat 
Published: April 2014

This paper reports on a workshop convened to develop an action plan to reduce Internet latency.
Internet latency has become a focus of attention at the leading edge of the industry as the desire to make Internet applications more responsive outgrows the ability of increased bandwidth to address this problem. There are fundamental limits to the extent to which latency can be reduced, but there is considerable capacity for improvement throughout the system, making Internet latency a multifaceted challenge. Perhaps the greatest challenge of all is to re-educate the mainstream of the industry to understand that bandwidth is not the panacea, and other optimizations, such as reducing packet loss, are at odds with latency reduction.
For Internet applications, reducing the latency impact of sharing the communications medium with other users and applications is key. Current Internet network devices were often designed with a belief that additional buffering would reduce packet loss. In practice, this additional buffering leads to intermittently excessive latency and even greater packet loss under saturating load. For this reason, getting smarter queue management techniques more widely deployed is a high priority. We can reduce these intermittent increases in delay, sometimes by up to two orders of magnitude, by shifting the focus from packet loss avoidance to delay avoidance using technology that we already have developed, tested, implemented and deployed today.
There is also plenty of scope for removing other major sources of delay. For instance, connecting to a website could be completed in one roundtrip (the time it takes for packets to travel from source to destination and back again) rather than three or four, by folding two or three rounds of flow and security set-up into the first data exchange, without compromising security or efficiency.
Motivating the industry to deploy these advances needs to be aided by the availability of mass-market latency testing tools that could give consumers the information they need to gravitate towards low latency services, providers and products. There is no single network latency metric but several alternatives have been identified that compactly express aggregate delay (e.g. as relationships or a constellation), and tools that make use of these will give greater insight into the impact of changes and the diversity of Internet connections around the world.
In many developing countries (and in rural regions of developed countries), aside from Internet access itself, there are significant structural issues, such as trombone routes through the developed world and a lack of content distribution networks (CDNs), that need to be addressed with more urgency than Active Queue Management (AQM) deployment, but the `blank slate' of new deployments provides an opportunity to consider latency now. More widespread use of Internet exchange points for hosting local content and fostering local interconnections is key to addressing some of these structural challenges.
Whole Body Bone Tissue and Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Popescu Claudiu , Bojincă Violeta , Opriş Daniela , Ionescu Ruxandra 
Published: April 2014

Introduction. Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis share an age-independent bidirectional correlation. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) represents a risk factor for both conditions.Objectives. The study aims to evaluate the connection between the estimated cardiovascular risk (CVR) and the loss of bone tissue in RA patients.Methods. The study has a prospective cross-sectional design and it includes female in-patients with RA or without autoimmune diseases; bone tissue was measured using whole body dual X-ray absorptiometry (wbDXA); CVR was estimated using SCORE charts and PROCAM applications.Results. There were 75 RA women and 66 normal women of similar age. The wbDXA bone indices correlate significantly, negatively, and age-independently with the estimated CVR. The whole body bone percent (wbBP) was a significant predictor of estimated CVR, explaining 26% of SCORE variation along with low density lipoprotein (P < 0.001) and 49.7% of PROCAM variation along with glycemia and menopause duration (P < 0.001). Although obese patients had less bone relative to body composition (wbBP), in terms of quantity their bone content was significantly higher than that of nonobese patients.Conclusions. Female patients with RA and female patients with cardiovascular morbidity have a lower whole body bone percent. Obese female individuals have higher whole body bone mass than nonobese patients.
miR-483-5p Promotes Invasion and Metastasis of Lung Adenocarcinoma by Targeting RhoGDI1 and ALCAM
Authors: Song Qiancheng , Xu Yuanfei , Yang Cuilan , Chen Zhenguo , Jia Chunhong , Chen Juan , Zhang Yue , Lai Pinglin , Fan Xiaorong , Zhou Xuan , Lin Jun , Li Ming , Ma Wenli , Luo Shenqiu , Bai Xiaochun 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The nodal regulatory properties of microRNAs (miRNA) in metastatic cancer may offer new targets for therapeutic control. Here, we report that upregulation of miR-483-5p is correlated with the progression of human lung adenocarcinoma. miR-483-5p promotes the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by invasive and metastatic properties of lung adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, miR-483-5p is activated by the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and exerts its prometastatic function by directly targeting the Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha (RhoGDI1) and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), two putative metastasis suppressors. Furthermore, we found that downregulation of RhoGDI1 enhances expression of Snail, thereby promoting EMT. Importantly, miR-483-5p levels are positively correlated with β-catenin expression, but are negatively correlated with the levels of RhoGDI1 and ALCAM in human lung adenocarcinoma. Our findings reveal that miR-483-5p is a critical β-catenin–activated prometastatic miRNA and a negative regulator of the metastasis suppressors RhoGDI1 and ALCAM. Cancer Res; 74(11); 3031–42. ©2014 AACR.
Thrombin Drives Tumorigenesis in Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer
Authors: Turpin Brian , Miller Whitney , Rosenfeldt Leah , Kombrinck Keith , Flick Matthew J. , Steinbrecher Kris A. , Harmel-Laws Eleana , Mullins Eric S. , Shaw Maureen , Witte David P. , Revenko Alexey , Monia Brett , Palumbo Joseph S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The established association between inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer underscores the importance of inflammation in colon cancer development. On the basis of evidence that hemostatic proteases are powerful modifiers of both inflammatory pathologies and tumor biology, gene-targeted mice carrying low levels of prothrombin were used to directly test the hypothesis that prothrombin contributes to tumor development in colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). Remarkably, imposing a modest 50% reduction in circulating prothrombin in fII+/− mice, a level that carries no significant bleeding risk, dramatically decreased adenoma formation following an azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate challenge. Similar results were obtained with pharmacologic inhibition of prothrombin expression or inhibition of thrombin proteolytic activity. Detailed longitudinal analyses showed that the role of thrombin in tumor development in CAC was temporally associated with the antecedent inflammatory colitis. However, direct studies of the antecedent colitis showed that mice carrying half-normal prothrombin levels were comparable to control mice in mucosal damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and associated local cytokine levels. These results suggest that thrombin supports early events coupled to inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis in CAC that are distinct from overall inflammation-induced tissue damage and inflammatory cell trafficking. That prothrombin is linked to early events in CAC was strongly inferred by the observation that prothrombin deficiency dramatically reduced the formation of very early, precancerous aberrant crypt foci. Given the importance of inflammation in the development of colon cancer, these studies suggest that therapeutic interventions at the level of hemostatic factors may be an effective means to prevent and/or impede colitis-associated colon cancer progression. Cancer Res; 74(11); 3020–30. ©2014 AACR.
Le modèle sotériologique et l’histoire de la doctrine valentinienne. Une évaluation critique de la thèse d’Einar Thomassen
Authors: Sabau Gelu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article is a critical evaluation of Einar Thomassen’s thesis, according to which the Valentinian doctrine evolves from the Eastern to the Western school. E. Thomassen starts his classfication from the classical separation of Valentinism in two schools – Eastern and Western – and he traces the evolution of the Valentinian doctrine, relying on the extant historical testimonies and also, on the inner logic of the Christological doctrine’s evolution from one spiritual nature of the Saviour to his double nature (spiritual and psychical). In this article I tried to question E. Thomassen’s thesis of the two christological and soteriological models, through a comparative analysis of direct and indirect sources. I tried to show that such a perspective over the Valentinian doctrine’s evolution is difficult to maintain if we are to abandon the heresiologists’ assumptions (specially those of Irenaeus of Lyon) on Valentinism.
Migration as a Theologizing Experience
Authors: Corrie John 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe suggestion by Hanciles that migration is a “theologizing experience” is the starting point for exploring the way in which mission in a western context, in partnership with non-western migrants, can be a mutually transforming experience. Hanciles suggests that non-western migrant people bring a new paradigm of mission which is radically different from the way Western mission has been done in the past because it offers itself in weakness, risk, diversity, and dependency. However, theologically and experientially, migration brings with it many ambiguities and creative tensions, which means that Hanciles’ analysis may need to be more nuanced. In particular the notion that migrants are involved in a “reverse mission” to the West “from below” which characterizes the new paradigm has a number of problems in reality. This is explored particularly in a British context, in which we find that the contribution of migrants to mission, though sometimes encouraging, is varied, and that issues which have mired western mission in the past are re-appearing “in reverse”. It is therefore suggested that a mutual inter culturality between migrants and indigenous Western churches from the very beginning of the encounter may provide the promise of a more transformative mission experience. They have more in common than they realize: the irony is that the western church finds itself also in a situation of “exile”, though in a very different sense. Marginalized, alien to the secular culture, in decline, with their religious identity no longer “at home”, the Western Christian experience of exile resonates with the migrant experience of exile, which is ground for a genuine partnership in mission. It is concluded that mission as a theologizing experience can work for transformative mission where there is genuine interculturality, and that this could mitigate the problems of thinking of migrant mission purely in terms of “reverse mission”.