bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DESIGNING SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS: LEARNING FROM AUSTRALIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES
Authors: Podger Andrew , Stanton David , Whiteford Peter 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYSocial protection systems reflect each country's history, culture and social values, as well as its economic capacity. But, once first established, they can be very hard to redesign as expectations are locked in, and the scale of the systems makes major change a difficult and risky management challenge. This paper describes alternative designs of social security systems and how each addresses the two core objectives of poverty alleviation and income maintenance. Drawing on the ‘pillars’ typology or framework, the paper describes how different systems are being adjusted to meet changing demographic profiles and economic pressures. It focuses in particular on Australia, which has always emphasised ‘foundation pillar’ programmes aimed at poverty alleviation and has only recently given emphasis to income maintenance. In doing so, it has chosen a very different approach involving mandated contributions into mostly fully funded schemes where individuals rather than the government and future generations of taxpayers bear most of the risks. Australia has also restructured its schemes for public sector employees. What possible lessons are there for countries at the early stages of design and implementation of a social security system? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BRAZIL'S SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM: PROSPECTIVE TRAJECTORY AND REFORM ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Beltrao Kaizo , Pinhanez Monica 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYThis article assesses the current status of Brazil's Social Security System in terms of the social and economic development of the Brazilian population it is intended to serve. It starts with a historical overview of the system. Data from a household survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio) is used to describe the workforce and its relationship with the social security system. The years 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012 were chosen to give a series of pictures of the Brazilian population at equal intervals but under different legal circumstances with respect to the implementation of social security legislation. Data with regard to beneficiaries and the corresponding expenditures and revenues of the system are also shown. The situation presented is rather bleak considering that, since 1997, expenditure on benefits has consistently surpassed revenues based on payrolls. Some alternative reform options (parametric in nature) are evaluated using simulations. These simulations show that the alternative of postponing the eligibility age would have the greatest positive effect on balancing the books, especially when using 65 years as the minimum pensionable age. This would be the equivalent of eliminating “seniority retirement.” Age testing is also effective for the recipients of survivor's benefit. Eliminating multiple benefits, though not impressive in terms of numbers, is progressive in nature and, therefore, an alternative to be considered. Dissociating the minimum wage from the minimum benefit would have a much larger impact in the long run, but the measure is highly unpopular and would most probably not be approved if proposed by the Government. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PUBLIC POLICY FOR PENSIONS REFORM: A GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Collins Paul D. , Podger Andrew , Dong Keyong 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYReform of pensions policies is a priority public policy issue around the world. It is high on the agenda across Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, transitional and developing countries alike. The individual country circumstances and drivers of reform may differ, as do the policy directions chosen, but there are also common factors and opportunities for cross‐country learning. These relate not only to technical aspects of pension system design but also to the processes of policy and administrative reform and to issues of development. For PAD, they raise questions about ideas, interests and institutions, as well as about specific pension system design. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family caregivers' involvement in caring for a hospitalized patient with cancer and their quality of life in a country with strong family bonds
Authors: Effendy Christantie , Vernooij‐Dassen Myrra , Setiyarini Sri , Kristanti Martina Sinta , Tejawinata Sunaryadi , Vissers Kris , Engels Yvonne 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundBeing involved in caring for family members during illness is part of the Indonesian culture, even during hospitalization. It is unknown which factors influence the quality of life (QoL) of family members taking care of their loved ones. The present study aims to identify factors influencing the QoL of family caregivers of hospitalized patients with cancer in Indonesia.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was performed. Data were collected in a general hospital in Yogyakarta from September to December 2011. Family caregivers of patients with cancer were invited to participate. Regression analysis was used to determine which aspects of caring and which demographic characteristics influenced their QoL. The Caregiver QoL Index—Cancer questionnaire was used to measure the QoL.ResultsOne hundred of 120 invited caregivers (83%) completed the questionnaire. Being involved in psychological issues in caring (β = 0.374; p = 0.000), younger age (β = −0.282; p = 0.003), no previous caring experience (β = −0.301; p = 0.001), and not being the spouse (β = −0.228; p = 0.015) negatively influenced the QoL and explained 31% of the variation (adjusted R2 = 0.312; F = 12.24; p = 0.000). Gender, education level, and time spent on caring did not influence the QoL of family caregivers.ConclusionsOur findings identified modifiable factors such as dealing with psychological issues and lack of experience in caring that negatively influenced the QoL of family caregivers. These factors are potential targets for intervention strategies. Education and intervention programs focusing on dealing with psychological problems in cancer care might improve the QoL of both patients and their families. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal green protein, an extremely stable, nonaggregating fluorescent protein created by structure‐guided surface engineering
Authors: Close Devin W. , Paul Craig Don , Langan Patricia S. , Wilce Matthew C. J. , Traore Daouda A. K. , Halfmann Randal , Rocha Reginaldo C. , Waldo Geoffery S. , Payne Riley J. , Rucker Joseph B. , Prescott Mark , Bradbury Andrew R. M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, we describe the engineering and X‐ray crystal structure of Thermal Green Protein (TGP), an extremely stable, highly soluble, non‐aggregating green fluorescent protein. TGP is a soluble variant of the fluorescent protein eCGP123, which despite being highly stable, has proven to be aggregation‐prone. The X‐ray crystal structure of eCGP123, also determined within the context of this paper, was used to carry out rational surface engineering to improve its solubility, leading to TGP. The approach involved simultaneously eliminating crystal lattice contacts while increasing the overall negative charge of the protein. Despite intentional disruption of lattice contacts and introduction of high entropy glutamate side chains, TGP crystallized readily in a number of different conditions and the X‐ray crystal structure of TGP was determined to 1.9 Å resolution. The structural reasons for the enhanced stability of TGP and eCGP123 are discussed. We demonstrate the utility of using TGP as a fusion partner in various assays and significantly, in amyloid assays in which the standard fluorescent protein, EGFP, is undesirable because of aberrant oligomerization. Proteins 2015; 83:1225–1237. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effects of Autonomy‐Supportive vs. Controlling Guidance on Learners' Motivational and Cognitive Achievement in a Structured Field Trip
Authors: BASTEN MELANIE , MEYER‐AHRENS INGA , FRIES STEFAN , WILDE MATTHIAS 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTField trips can provide unique opportunities for authentic, meaningful, and self‐determined learning. Capitalizing on these opportunities requires that field trips be structured. A common way to do this is through the use of educational materials such as worksheets. The extent to which the guide's or teacher's autonomy‐supportive or controlling motivating style influences learning structured by worksheets has not yet been investigated. We conducted two studies focusing on this specific issue. We hypothesized that autonomy‐support is beneficial to intrinsic motivation and cognitive achievement. The setting for our research involved a field trip to the local zoo. The participants were 100 fifth graders (medium achievers) for Study 1 and 106 fifth and sixth graders (high achievers) for Study 2. The classes were divided into two groups for each study. While completing worksheets, some classes were given autonomy‐supportive guidance and the others controlling guidance. We assessed the pupils’ intrinsic motivation and knowledge using a pre‐, post‐, follow‐up test design. Our research found that autonomy‐support appears to be beneficial to motivation and does not seem to impair cognitive achievement. The beneficial effect of autonomy‐support was found to be higher for the high‐achieving pupils than for the medium achievers.
Examining the Influence of RETs on Science Teacher Beliefs and Practice
Authors: ENDERLE PATRICK , DENTZAU MICHAEL , ROSELER KATRINA , SOUTHERLAND SHERRY , GRANGER ELLEN , HUGHES ROXANNE , GOLDEN BARRY , SAKA YAVUZ 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTFollowing the argument that an explicit focus on teacher thinking is an important outcome for professional development (Capps, Crawford, & Costas, 2012; Desimone, 2009), the research presented here examines the impact of one form of professional development, Research Experiences for Teachers (RETs), has in shaping teachers’ beliefs and affect related to inquiry in the classroom. By examining two distinct forms of RETs, this study incorporates 5 years of data collected from more than 100 RET participants, which include elementary, middle, and high school teachers. Evidence was drawn from analysis of multiple instruments measuring science teachers’ self‐efficacy (STEBI), pedagogical discontentment (STPD), teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning (TBI), and Contextual Beliefs about Teaching Science (CBATS). The results indicate that both RET programs were successful in shaping teachers’ beliefs and affect—particularly in decreasing pedagogical discontentment and enhancing beliefs about reform. However, the RET program that focused mainly on teacher practice was more successful in shaping teachers’ beliefs and was the only program to show an influence on teachers’ practice.
Prior Experiences Shaping Family Science Conversations at a Nature Center
Authors: McCLAIN LUCY R. , ZIMMERMAN HEATHER TOOMEY 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTUsing families as the analytical focus, this study informs the field of informal science education with a focus on the role of prior experiences in family science conversations during nature walks at an outdoor‐based nature center. Through video‐based research, the team analyzed 16 families during walks at a nature center. Each family's prior science learning experience provided conversational strategies for learning together as a social group and when making meaning out of observations in the outdoors. This analysis provides three main findings: (1) families frequently tapped into a vast repertoire of previous experiences during conversations about nature and very often, explicitly sourced a specific prior experience in their dialogue with one another; (2) when families sourced a prior experience, they almost exclusively named an experience from a nonschool setting, with everyday experiences, designed spaces (i.e., informal institutions), and programs for science learning being the most common experiences cited; and (3) families leveraged references to prior experiences during family science conversations to serve four primary facilitation processes in conversation: reminding, prompting, explaining, and orienting. Implications from this study emphasize the importance of referencing previous life experiences during family science conversations as a meaning‐making tool and for additional research on families learning science in outdoor education spaces.
Cranial osteology of Arctognathus curvimola, a short‐snouted gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of South Africa
Authors: Kammerer Christian F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGorgonopsia is one of the major clades of nonmammalian therapsids and includes the dominant vertebrate predators of the Late Permian. Unfortunately, gorgonopsian taxonomy is extremely problematic, due in large part to the lack of thorough descriptions and clear differential diagnoses for most nominal species. Here, the South African gorgonopsian species Arctognathus curvimola is redescribed based on a well‐preserved skull. Autapomorphies identified for A. curvimola include a characteristic curvature to the alveolar margin of the snout, extremely reduced lacrimal, lengthy upper postcanine tooth row and a unique vomerine morphology. The nominal gorgonopsian species Arctognathoides breviceps and Lycaenodontoides bathyrhinus are considered junior synonyms of A. curvimola. Other referred species of Arctognathus (A. whaitsi, A.? cookei and A.? nasuta) share no unique characters with A. curvimola and are removed from the genus; their generic placement is uncertain at present. Previous reports of Arctognathus from Tanzania and the Middle Permian of South Africa are not referable to this taxon. At present, definitive specimens of A. curvimola are restricted to the Upper Permian Cistecephalus and Dicynodon assemblage zones of South Africa.
Demographic parameters of sexes in an elusive insect: implications for monitoring methods
Authors: Le Gouar Pascaline Juliette , Dubois Glenn François , Vignon Vincent , Brustel Hervé , Vernon Philippe 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEstimating demographic parameters in rare species is challenging because of the low number of individuals and their cryptic behaviour. One way to address this challenge is to gather data from several regions or years through mark‐release‐recapture (MRR) and radio‐tracking monitoring. However, the comparison of demographic estimates obtained using these methods has rarely been investigated. Using 5 years of intensive MRR and radio‐tracking surveys of an elusive and endangered saproxylic insect, the hermit beetle (Osmoderma eremita), in two regions of France, we aimed to estimate population size at the adult stage for each sex separately and to assess differences in demographic parameter estimates between survey methods. We found that males were approximately three times more likely to be recaptured than females. Taking this into account, we determined that the sex ratio was male‐biased in almost all populations, except in Malus trees, where it was female‐biased. Temporal fluctuations of sex ratios were also detected in one region. The radio‐tracking transmitter (450 mg) allowed only the largest individuals (>2 g) to be targeted. However, we found that, among non‐equipped individuals, the larger males survived better than the smaller males. We also confirmed that transmitter‐equipped individuals survived approximately 25 % better than non‐equipped individuals. Extrapolating the estimates from radio‐tracking surveys to the population scale may result in overly optimistic population projections. Our results revealed large temporal and spatial variations in population size and sex ratios. This knowledge is crucial for predicting the persistence of small populations in fragmented landscapes. This study also questioned the representativeness of radio‐tracking surveys for insect species in estimating demographic parameters at the population scale.
Brief report: Play fighting to curb self‐reported aggression in young adolescents
Authors: Carraro Attilio , Gobbi Erica , Moè Angelica 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of play fighting on aggressive behaviors. It was hypothesized that the teaching of play fighting during physical education lessons could reduce self‐reported aggression in a group of adolescents to a greater extent than playing volleyball (a low physical contact activity). Participants were 210 young adolescents (mean age = 13.27, SD = 0.48 years) from 10 classrooms that were randomly assigned to an 8‐lesson play fighting session or to traditional volleyball lessons. They filled in the 12‐item short version of the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ‐12) pre‐ and post‐interventions. The play fighting group showed a significant reduction in all the four subscales of the AQ‐12 (Cohen d ranging from 0.61 to 0.67), while participants in the volleyball group did not. Results suggest that play fighting might provide useful contents in a physical education curriculum, with possible reduction in aggressive behavior.
THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE FROM FALSEHOOD
Authors: Schnee Ian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA growing number of authors defend putative examples of knowledge from falsehood (KFF), inferential knowledge based in a critical or essential way on false premises, and they argue that KFF has important implications for many areas of epistemology (whether evidence can be false, the Gettier debate, defeasibility theories of knowledge, etc.). I argue, however, that there is no KFF, because in any supposed example either the falsehood does not contribute to the knowledge or the subject lacks knowledge. In particular, I show that if the subject actually has knowledge in putative KFF cases, then there is always a veridical evidential path meeting the basing conditions that accounts for her knowledge; if there is no such path, then the subject is in a type of Gettier case. All the recent arguments that rely on KFF are therefore based on a mistake.
Linear and weakly nonlinear instability of a premixed curved flame under the influence of its spontaneous acoustic field
Authors: Assier Raphaël C. , Wu Xuesong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe stability of premixed flames in a duct is investigated using an asymptotic formulation, which is derived from first principles and based on high-activation-energy and low-Mach-number assumptions (Wu et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 497, 2003, pp. 23–53). The present approach takes into account the dynamic coupling between the flame and its spontaneous acoustic field, as well as the interactions between the hydrodynamic field and the flame. The focus is on the fundamental mechanisms of combustion instability. To this end, a linear stability analysis of some steady curved flames is undertaken. These steady flames are known to be stable when the spontaneous acoustic perturbations are ignored. However, we demonstrate that they are actually unstable when the latter effect is included. In order to corroborate this result, and also to provide a relatively simple model guiding active control, we derived an extended Michelson–Sivashinsky equation, which governs the linear and weakly nonlinear evolution of a perturbed flame under the influence of its spontaneous sound. Numerical solutions to the initial-value problem confirm the linear instability result, and show how the flame evolves nonlinearly with time. They also indicate that in certain parameter regimes the spontaneous sound can induce a strong secondary subharmonic parametric instability. This behaviour is explained and justified mathematically by resorting to Floquet theory. Finally we compare our theoretical results with experimental observations, showing that our model captures some of the observed behaviour of propagating flames.
Undulatory swimming in shear-thinning fluids: experiments withCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Gagnon D. A. , Keim N. C. , Arratia P. E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe swimming behaviour of micro-organisms can be strongly influenced by the rheology of their fluid environment. In this article, we experimentally investigate the effects of shear-thinning (ST) viscosity on the swimming behaviour of an undulatory swimmer, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. Tracking methods are used to measure the swimmer’s kinematic data (including propulsion speed) and velocity fields. We find that ST viscosity modifies the velocity fields produced by the swimming nematode but does not modify the nematode’s speed and beating kinematics. Velocimetry data show significant enhancement in local vorticity and circulation and an increase in fluid velocity near the nematode’s tail. These findings are compared with recent theoretical and numerical results.
Reynolds number scaling of inertial particle statistics in turbulent channel flows
Authors: Bernardini Matteo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe effect of the Reynolds number on the behaviour of inertial particles in wall-bounded turbulent flows is investigated through large-scale direct numerical simulations (DNS) of particle-laden canonical channel flow spanning almost a decade in the friction Reynolds number, from $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Re}_{\tau } = 150$ to $\mathit{Re}_{\tau } = 1000$. Lagrangian particle tracking is used to study the motion of six different particle sets, described by a Stokes number in the range $\mathit{St} = 1\text {--}1000$. At all Reynolds numbers a strong segregation in the near-wall region is observed for particles characterized by intermediate Stokes number, in the range $\mathit{St} =10\text {--}100$. The wall-normal concentration profiles of such particles collapse in inner scaling, thus suggesting the independence of the turbophoretic drift from the large-scale outer motions. This observation is also supported by the spatial organization of the suspended phase in the inner layer, which is found to be universal with the Reynolds number. The deposition rate coefficient increases with $\mathit{Re}_{\tau }$ for a given $\mathit{St}$. Suitable inner and outer scalings are proposed to collapse the deposition curves across the available ranges of Reynolds and Stokes numbers for the different deposition regimes.
Transverse dam-break waves
Authors: Ghannadi S. Karimpour , Chu Vincent H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNumerical simulations of the transverse dam-break waves (TDWs) produced by the sudden removal of a gate on the side of a waterway are conducted based on the shallow-water equations to find solutions to a family of water-diversion problems. The Froude numbers in the main flow identify the members of the family. The depth and discharge profiles are analysed in terms of Ritter’s similarity variable. For subcritical main flow, the waves are comprised of a supercritical flow expansion followed by a subcritical outflow. For supercritical main flow, on the other hand, the waves are analogous to the Prandtl–Meyer expansion in gas dynamics. The diversion flow rate of two-dimensional TDWs on a flat bed is 55 % greater than the one-dimensional flow rate of Ritter in the limiting case of zero main flow, and approaches the rate of Ritter in the other limit when the value of the Froude number in the main flow approaches infinity. The diversion flow rate over a weir is generally higher than the rate over a flat bed depending on the Froude number of the main flow. These numerical simulation results are consistent with laboratory observations.