bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The complex concept of sustainable of diversity management
Authors: Best Simon , Soyode Alistair , Muller-Camen Michael , Boff Andrew 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– Explores the notion of sustainable diversity-management practices.

Design/methodology/approach
– Summarizes research into the sustainability of diversity management across four countries and provides examples of efforts to maintain high levels of diversity.

Findings
– Looks at the activities of Africa House, an organization that develops business links with Africa, and of Bright Entertainment Network (BEN) Television, which is a television station that caters primarily for ethnic minorities.

Social implications
– Highlights the complexity of diversity and so the difficulty of legislating in this area.

Originality/value
– Explains that employees can also stifle attempts to engage in sustainable diversity management policies. A lack of understanding of local laws or language, or through limited social contacts, can prevent full participation by employees.
Owner-manager motives and the growth of SMEs in developing countries
Authors: Isaga Nsubili , Masurel Enno , Van Montfort Kees 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the motives of individuals in Tanzania to start their own businesses on the one hand and the growth of their firms on the other hand.Design/methodology/approach– A survey method was used to gather data from 300 small business owners and managers located in selected cities in Tanzania. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship between the motivation to start an own business on the one hand and firm growth on the other hand. Three indicators for growth, namely, employment, sales and assets, were used to measure growth.Findings– The results suggest that that pull factors are more important to start the businesses than push factors. This contradicts the common opinion and previous research that push factors are more important than pull factors in developing countries. Furthermore, the study found that pull factors are positively related to firm, whereas push factors are negatively related to firm growth.Research limitations/implications– It should be noted that while this paper makes a number of contributions, there are some limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. For instance, the data for this study were collected from only one type of business, i.e. the furniture industry (in Tanzania). Accordingly, we do not know the applicability of these findings to other businesses in other sectors. Therefore, future research should include businesses in other sectors to ascertain if the present findings are specific to the furniture business only or are applicable to other businesses as well.Practical implications– Our findings indicate that there are differences in motivations among owner-managers in starting the business and subsequent firm performance. Therefore, individuals need different forms of support depending on the level of development of their business, as well as their motivation. For example, we have seen that the presence of role models has a significant effect on business growth. Therefore, the government might consider using the media and other mechanisms to feature stories about successful entrepreneurs.Originality/value– The authors extend the findings of previous studies that investigate the owner-manager motives and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) growth in developed economy settings, but neglected emerging economies. The study also contradicts the common opinion and previous research that push factors are more important than pull factors in developing countries.
Analysis of the core genome and pangenome of Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Udaondo Zulema , Molina Lázaro , Segura Ana , Duque Estrella , Ramos Juan L. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryPseudomonas putida are strict aerobes that proliferate in a range of temperate niches and are of interest for environmental applications due to their capacity to degrade pollutants and ability to promote plant growth. Furthermore solvent‐tolerant strains are useful for biosynthesis of added‐value chemicals. We present a comprehensive comparative analysis of nine strains and the first characterization of the Pseudomonas putida pangenome. The core genome of P. putida comprises approximately 3386 genes. The most abundant genes within the core genome are those that encode nutrient transporters. Other conserved genes include those for central carbon metabolism through the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, the pentose phosphate cycle, arginine and proline metabolism, and pathways for degradation of aromatic chemicals. Genes that encode transporters, enzymes and regulators for amino acid metabolism (synthesis and degradation) are all part of the core genome, as well as various electron transporters, which enable aerobic metabolism under different oxygen regimes. Within the core genome are 30 genes for flagella biosynthesis and 12 key genes for biofilm formation. Pseudomonas putida strains share 85% of the coding regions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, in P. putida, virulence factors such as exotoxins and type III secretion systems are absent.
Off‐Label Prescribing by Psychiatrists: What is the Practitioner's Liability?
Authors: Bartoli Christophe , Berland‐Benhaim Caroline , Sastre Caroline , Baillif‐Couniou Valerie , Kintz Pascal , Leonetti Georges , Pelissier‐Alicot Anne‐Laure 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn psychiatry, the molecules available and the dosages recommended when a drug receives marketing authorization are not always adequate to treat patients with major behavioral disturbances. Off‐label prescribing is frequent in this context, with regard to the indications and the dosages given as well as to the drug combinations used. However, if complications or death occur, the practitioner's liability may be engaged. The authors report three deaths attributed to off‐label prescribing in psychiatry and which led to charges against the physicians. They review the precautions to be taken when prescribing in such conditions (no other possible treatment, existence of sound scientific evidence, consent obtained from the patient, or their legal representatives except in cases of force majeure) and the physician's liability if adverse events occur that could be attributed to off‐label prescribing.
Immunogenic properties of Landrace pigs selected for resistance to mycoplasma pneumonia of swine
Authors: Borjigin Liushiqi , Shimazu Tomoyuki , Katayama Yuki , Li Meihua , Satoh Takumi , Watanabe Kouichi , Kitazawa Haruki , Roh Sang‐gun , Aso Hisashi , Katoh Kazuo , Uchida Takafumi , Suda Yoshihito , Sakuma Akiko , Nakajo Mituru , Suzuki Keiichi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) lung lesions and immunogenic properties were compared between a Landrace line that was genetically selected for reduced incidence of pulmonary MPS lesions, and a non‐selected Landrace line. The MPS‐selected Landrace line showed significantly lower degrees of pulmonary MPS lesions compared with the non‐selected Landrace line. When changes in immunity before and after vaccination were compared, the percentage of B cells in the peripheral blood of the MPS‐selected Landrace line was significantly lower than that of the non‐selected line. Furthermore, the concentration of growth hormone and the mitogen activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the MPS‐selected Landrace line showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower increases after vaccination than the non‐selected line. Conversely, the concentration of peripheral blood interferon (IFN)‐γ and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) after Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination was significantly higher in the MPS‐selected Landrace line than in the non‐selected line. Gene expression of toll‐like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 was significantly higher in the MPS‐selected Landrace line in immune tissues, with the exception of the hilar lymph nodes. The present results suggest that peripheral blood IFN‐γ, salivary IgA TLR2, and TLR4 are important immunological factors influencing the development of MPS lesions.
Alteration of Upstream Autophagy‐Related Proteins (ULK1, ULK2, Beclin1, VPS34 and AMBRA1) in Lewy Body Disease
Authors: Miki Yasuo , Tanji Kunikazu , Mori Fumiaki , Utsumi Jun , Sasaki Hidenao , Kakita Akiyoshi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Wakabayashi Koichi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAutophagy is associated with the pathogenesis of Lewy body disease, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). It is known that several downstream autophagosomal proteins are incorporated into Lewy bodies (LBs). We performed immunostaining and Western blot analysis using a cellular model of PD and human brain samples to investigate the involvement of upstream autophagosomal proteins (ULK1, ULK2, Beclin1, VPS34 and AMBRA1), which initiate autophagy and form autophagosomes. Time course analysis of cultured cells transfected with flag‐α‐synuclein and synphilin‐1 revealed upregulation of these upstream proteins with accumulation of LB‐like inclusions. In human specimens, only mature LBs were positive for upstream autophagosomal proteins. Western blotting of fractionated brain lysates showed that upstream autophagosomal proteins were detected in the soluble and insoluble fraction in DLB, corresponding to the bands of phosphorylated α‐synuclein. However, Western blot analysis of total brain lysates in PD and DLB showed that the increase of upstream autophagosomal proteins was only partial. The quantitative, qualitative and locational alteration of upstream autophagosomal proteins in the present study indicates their involvement in the pathogenesis of LB disease. Our data also suggest that misinduction or impairment of upstream autophagy might occur in the disease process of LB disease.
Dental floss as a possible risk for the development of peri‐implant disease: an observational study of 10 cases
Authors: van Velzen Frank J. J. , Lang Niklaus P. , Schulten Engelbert A. J. M. , ten Bruggenkate Christiaan M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimTo report on a possible relationship between the use of dental floss or superfloss and the development of peri‐implantitis.Materials and methodsTen patients with progressive peri‐implantitis with an intensive oral hygiene protocol, which consisted of extensive professional supra‐ and submucosal cleaning, and not responding to this therapy were scheduled for examination. Plaque and bleeding indices and probing depth measurements were assessed, and radiographic examination was performed every two years.ResultsIn all ten cases, remnants of dental floss were found around the neck and coronal part of a dental implant. After careful removal of these floss remnants and implant cleansing, a significant improvement in the peri‐implant conditions in nine of ten cases was noted. In one case, peri‐implant probing depth decreased substantially. However, bleeding on probing was still present. In vitro testing yielded that the application of various types of dental floss on the exposed rough implant surfaces may easily lead to tearing of floss fibers. This may result in the deposition of floss remnants on rough implant surfaces, which, in turn, may lead to the development of plaque‐related peri‐implant inflammation and, subsequently, bone loss.ConclusionIn case of exposed rough surfaces of the dental implant, the peri‐implant conditions may be jeopardized by the application of dental floss, and hence, the utilization of interproximal brushes or toothpicks may be preferred for daily home care practices.
Assessing pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Ryan J. E. , Warrier S. K. , Lynch A. C. , Heriot A. G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimPathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is found in 20% of patients with rectal cancer undergoing long‐course chemoradiotherapy. Some authors have suggested that these patients do not need to undergo surgery and can be managed with careful follow‐up, with surgery only used in the event of clinical failure. Widespread adoption of this regimen is limited by the accuracy of methods to confirm a pathological complete response (pCR).MethodA systematic search of PubMed, Medline and Cochrane databases was conducted to identify clinical, histological and radiological features in those patients with rectal cancer who achieved a pCR following chemoradiotherapy. Searches were conducted with the following keywords and MeSH search terms: ‘rectal neoplasm’, ‘response’, ‘neoadjuvant’, ‘preoperative chemoradiation’ and ‘tumour response’. After review of title and abstracts, 89 articles addressing the assessment of pCR were identified.ResultsHistology and clinical assessment are the most effective methods of assessment of pCR, with histology considered the gold standard. Clinical assessment is limited to low rectal tumours and is open to significant inter‐rater variability, while histological examination requires a surgical specimen. Diffusion‐weighted MRI and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT demonstrate the greatest potential for the assessment of pCR, but both modalities have limited accuracy.ConclusionDetermination of a pCR is crucial if a nonoperative approach is to be undertaken proactively. Various methods are available, but currently they lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to define management. This is likely to be an area of further research in the future.
The development of implicit gender attitudes
Authors: Dunham Yarrow , Baron Andrew Scott , Banaji Mahzarin R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe development course of implicit and explicit gender attitudes between the ages of 5 and adulthood is investigated. Findings demonstrate that implicit and explicit own‐gender preferences emerge early in both boys and girls, but implicit own‐gender preferences are stronger in young girls than boys. In addition, female participants' attitudes remain largely stable over development, whereas male participants' implicit and explicit attitudes show an age‐related shift towards increasing female positivity. Gender attitudes are an anomaly in that social evaluations dissociate from social status, with both male and female participants tending to evaluate female more positively than male.
Behavioural and brain responses related to Internet search and memory
Authors: Dong Guangheng , Potenza Marc N. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe ready availability of data via searches on the Internet has changed how many people seek and perhaps store and recall information, although the brain mechanisms underlying these processes are not well understood. This study investigated brain mechanisms underlying Internet‐based vs. non‐Internet‐based searching. The results showed that Internet searching was associated with lower accuracy in recalling information as compared with traditional book searching. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, Internet searching was associated with less regional brain activation in the left ventral stream, the association area of the temporal‐parietal‐occipital cortices, and the middle frontal cortex. When comparing novel items with remembered trials, Internet‐based searching was associated with higher brain activation in the right orbitofrontal cortex and lower brain activation in the right middle temporal gyrus when facing those novel trials. Brain activations in the middle temporal gyrus were inversely correlated with response times, and brain activations in the orbitofrontal cortex were positively correlated with self‐reported search impulses. Taken together, the results suggest that, although Internet‐based searching may have facilitated the information‐acquisition process, this process may have been performed more hastily and be more prone to difficulties in recollection. In addition, people appear less confident in recalling information learned through Internet searching and that recent Internet searching may promote motivation to use the Internet.
Levels and limits in artificial selection of communities
Authors: Blouin Manuel , Karimi Battle , Mathieu Jérôme , Lerch Thomas Z. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractArtificial selection of individuals has been determinant in the elaboration of the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Nowadays, artificial selection of ecosystems has proven its efficiency and could contribute to a theory of natural selection at several organisation levels. Here, we were not interested in identifying mechanisms of adaptation to selection, but in establishing the proof of principle that a specific structure of interaction network emerges under ecosystem artificial selection. We also investigated the limits in ecosystem artificial selection to evaluate its potential in terms of managing ecosystem function. By artificially selecting microbial communities for lowCO2emissions over 21 generations (n = 7560), we found a very high heritability of community phenotype (52%). Artificial selection was responsible for simpler interaction networks with lower interaction richness. Phenotype variance and heritability both decreased across generations, suggesting that selection was more likely limited by sampling effects than by stochastic ecosystem dynamics.
Underuse of anticoagulation in stroke patients with atrial fibrillation – the FibStroke Study
Authors: Palomäki A. , Mustonen P. , Hartikainen J. E. K. , Nuotio I. , Kiviniemi T. , Ylitalo A. , Hartikainen P. , Airaksinen K. E. J. 
Published: August 2015

Background and purposeCurrent guidelines recommend oral anticoagulation (OAC) for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and increased risk of thromboembolic events. The reasons for not using OAC in AF patients suffering stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) were assessed.MethodsThis retrospective registry included 3404 patients with previously diagnosed AF who suffered a total of 2955 ischaemic strokes and 895 TIAs during 2003–2012.ResultsA CHA2DS2‐VASc score ≥2 and a CHADS2 score ≥2 was observed in 3590 (93.2%) and in 2784 (72.3%) of the events, respectively. Of the high‐risk patients (CHADS2 ≥2) only 55.1% were on OAC before the onset of stroke or TIA. The most frequently documented reasons for withholding OAC were infrequent paroxysms of AF (14%), previous bleeding episodes (13%) and the patient's decline/independent discontinuation of treatment (9%). Moreover, patients with paroxysmal AF (40% using OAC), previous bleeding (26% using OAC) and alcohol abuse (30% using OAC) were using OAC significantly less often than patients without these characteristics. A significant increase in the proportion of high‐risk patients using OAC from 49% in 2003 to 65% in 2012 was seen.ConclusionsUnderuse of anticoagulation is a common contributor to ischaemic strokes and TIA episodes in patients with AF. Infrequent AF episodes, previous bleeds, patient preference and alcohol abuse were the most common reasons for not using OAC.
Two distinct conformational states of Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulent factor early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa are behind the discrepancy around its biological functions
Authors: Refai Amira , Haoues Meriam , Othman Houcemeddine , Barbouche Mohamed Ridha , Moua Philippe , Bondon Arnaud , Mouret Liza , Srairi‐Abid Najet , Essafi Makram 
Published: August 2015

Early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa (ESAT‐6) and culture filtrate protein 10 kDa (CFP‐10) are complex proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that play a major role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. However, studies focusing on the biological functions of ESAT‐6 led to discordant results and the role of ESAT‐6 remains controversial. In the present study, we aim to address a potential explanation for this discrepancy and to highlight the physiological impact of two conformational states of ESAT‐6. Analysis of a recombinant form of ESAT‐6 by native gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography and CD spectroscopy revealed that ESAT‐6 forms dimers/multimers with higher molecular weight, which disappeared under the action of the detergent amidosulfobetaine‐14 (ASB), giving rise to another conformational state of the protein. NMR has further indicated that ASB‐treated versus nontreated ESAT‐6 adopted distinct structural forms but with no well defined tertiary structure. However, protein–protein docking analysis favored a dimeric state of ESAT‐6. Interestingly, the two preparations presented opposing effects on mycobacterial infectivity, as well as macrophage survival, interferon‐γ secretion and membrane pore formation. Thereafter, we generated a recombinant form of the physiological heterodimer ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 that ASB was also able to dissociate and which showed functions similar to those of ESAT‐6 dimers/multimers. Our data suggest that, in the absence of CFP‐10, the hydrophobic regions of the ESAT‐6 can form dimers/multimers, mimicking the ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 heterodimer, whereas their dissociation generates a protein presenting entirely different activities. Overall, the present study clarifies the intriguing divergences between reports that could be attributed to the ESAT‐6 oligomeric state and sheds light on its importance for a better comprehension of the physiopathology of tuberculosis.
Analysis of the association between IL‐23R rs11209026 polymorphism and incidence of atherosclerosis
Authors: Kave M. , Shadman M. , Alizadeh A. , Samadi M. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryTh17/IL‐23 axis is an important pro‐inflammatory pathway in atherosclerosis. IL‐23 receptor (IL‐23R) pathway has an important role in T‐helper cells 17 (Th17) differentiation and survival. We compared normal subjects and patients with atherosclerosis in terms of the R381Q variant of the IL‐23R gene as a functional single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). This case–control study recruited 200 patients who presented with cardiovascular symptoms to Afshar Hospital, Yazd, Iran. The participants were allocated to five groups based on angiographic results. The severity of the disease was determined according to the numbers of involved vessels. Patients with normal coronary arteries, minimal coronary artery involvement, one involved vessel, two involved vessels and three‐vessel disease were allocated to groups I–V, respectively. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples by the salting‐out method. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and multinomial logistic regression for analyses The presence of SNP A>G rs11209026 of IL‐23 receptor gene was significantly associated with disease severity (P = 0.008). The frequencies of the heterozygous (AG) genotype in the control group and subjects with minimal involvement, and patients with one‐, two‐, and three‐vessel disease were 22.5%, 12.5%, 10%, 10.24% and 4.8%, respectively. Our results indicated an association between the rs11209026 G>A polymorphism of the IL‐23 receptor gene and the risk of atherosclerosis. This genetic variant may in fact cause protection against atherosclerosis progression. However, further studies on gene polymorphism and cell expression are required to clarify the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.