bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragrance mix I and II: results of breakdown tests
Authors: Geier Johannes , Uter Wolfgang , Lessmann Holger , Schnuch Axel 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTSince the late 1970s, a fragrance mix (FM I) consisting of amyl cinnamal, cinnamal, cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellal, isoeugenol and oakmoss absolute (Evernia prunastri) has been used as a screening agent for contact allergy to fragrances in the baseline patch test series. In 2005, another mix (FM II) was added, consisting of citronellol, coumarin, farnesol, hexyl cinnamal and hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC). Leading allergens are oakmoss absolute and isoeugenol in FM I, and HICC in FM II. The aim of the present study was analyse, if the internal ranking of fragrance allergens has changed in the course of the years, and to analyse cross reactivity between selected fragrance compounds. Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 1998‐2013 (FM I), and 2005‐2013 (FM II). The ranking of the most frequent allergens in the FMs is largely unchanged, except for an increase in sensitization to hexyl cinnamal. Limitations of exposure to oakmoss absolute, isoeugenol and HICC in cosmetics and body care products had a positive effect, as confirmed by the declining proportions of sensitized patients. Nevertheless, they remain the most important fragrance allergens in FM I and FM II. FM I and FM II are valuable tools for screening for fragrance allergy. However, a diagnosis of fragrance allergy cannot be made by patch testing with FM I and FM II alone. In case of suspected fragrance allergy and/or positive test reaction to FM I or FM II, testing the full mix breakdown and other fragrance allergens is obligatory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitivity analysis on the parameter of the GLS method for a second‐gradient theory of incompressible flow
Authors: Barbosa da Cruz Antônio G. , Dutra do Carmo Eduardo G. , Duda Fernando P. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryUsing a non‐conforming C0‐interior penalty method and the Galerkin least‐square approach, we develop a continuous–discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for discretizing fourth‐order incompressible flow problems. The formulation is weakly coercive for spaces that fail to satisfy the inf‐sup condition and consider discontinuous basis functions for the pressure field. We consider the results of a stability analysis through a lemma which indicates that there exists an optimal or quasi‐optimal least‐square stability parameter that depends on the polynomial degree used to interpolate the velocity and pressure fields, and on the geometry of the finite element in the mesh. We provide several numerical experiments illustrating such dependence, as well as the robustness of the method to deal with arbitrary basis functions for velocity and pressure, and the ability to stabilize large pressure gradients. We believe the results provided in this paper contribute for establishing a paradigm for future studies of the parameter of the Galerkin least square method for second‐gradient theory of incompressible flow problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordinate‐invariant phase field modeling of ferro‐electrics, part I: Model formulation and single‐crystal simulations
Authors: Schrade D. , Keip M.‐A. , Thai H. , Schröder J. , Svendsen B. , Müller R. , Gross D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn electro‐mechanically coupled phase field model for ferroelectric domain evolution is introduced. Based on Gurtin's concept of a microforce balance, a generalized Ginzburg‐Landau evolution equation is derived from the second law of thermodynamics. The thermodynamic potential is formulated for transversely isotropic material behavior by adopting a coordinateinvariant formulation. The model is reduced to 2D and implemented into a finite element framework. The numerical simulations concern the microstructure evolution in mechanically clamped BaTiO3 single‐crystals. In the second part of this contribution Keip et al. [1], the poling behavior of ferroelectric composites and polycrystals is investigated with regard to size effects and the influence of a discontinuous order parameter field across grain boundaries. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The second S‐Bahn trunk line in Munich / Die zweite S‐Bahn‐Stammstrecke München
Authors: Scheller Albert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn order to relieve the existing S‐Bahn urban transit railway trunk line under the inner city of Munich, the construction of a second S‐Bahn trunk line with a further inner‐city tunnel is planned, which will also link the transport nodes at the Hauptbahnhof main station, at the Marienhof/Marienplatz and at the Ostbahnhof east station. The two‐track line is about 10 km long, of which about 7 km will run in tunnels, and will mainly run in the Tertiary at a depth of about 40 m due to the existing dense building and underground transport routes that have to be crossed. The platform level of the three new stations will also be correspondingly 35 to 41 m deep. The high water pressures and the cross‐sections of the station tunnels of up to 330 m2 pose particular challenges for the design and construction of the stations. The article provides an overview of the overall project and the special technical features of the tunnels.Zur Entlastung der bestehenden S‐Bahn‐Stammstrecke unter der Innenstadt von München ist der Bau einer 2. S‐Bahn‐Stammstrecke mit einem weiteren Innenstadttunnel geplant, die ebenfalls die Verkehrsknotenpunkte am Hauptbahnhof, am Marienhof/Marienplatz und am Ostbahnhof erschließen soll. Die rd. 10 km lange, zweigleisige Strecke, von der rd. 7 km im Tunnel liegen werden, wird aufgrund der bereits vorhandenen dichten Bebauung und der zu kreuzenden unterirdischen Verkehrsbauwerke überwiegend im Tertiär in einer Tiefe von rd. 40 m verlaufen. Entsprechend tief werden mit 35 bis 41 m auch die Bahnsteigebenen der drei neu zu erstellenden unterirdischen Haltepunkte liegen. Die hohen Wasserdrücke und die Querschnittsflächen der Bahnsteigröhren von bis zu 330 m2 stellen besondere Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und den Bau der Stationen. Nachfolgend wird ein Überblick über das Gesamtvorhaben und die tunnelbautechnischen Besonderheiten gegeben.
Karst investigation and treatment measures for the high‐speed track on the Swabian Jura / Karsterkundungs‐ und Sanierungsmaßnahmen für den Hochgeschwindigkeitsfahrweg auf der Schwäbischen Alb
Authors: Kielbassa Stefan , Prischmann Falk , Beer Norbert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe new line from Stuttgart to Ulm is part of the new trans‐European Main Line from Paris to Budapest. It crosses the Schwäbische Alb (Swabian Jura) and is divided for planning approval purposes into the sections Albvorland, Albaufstieg, Albhochfläche and Albabstieg (Alb foreland, climb, high plain and descent). While the high plain is mostly characterised by open‐air line, long tunnels dominate the adjoining slope sections. Common to all these sections is a similar geology with karstified Weissjura limestone as the most frequent formation. The construction of a structurally safe and serviceable high‐speed railway track demands careful handling of the karst.This article presents the concept for karst investigation and treatment for the high plain. A differentiation is made between wide‐area investigation for the permanent way in cuttings and on embankment and isolated investigation for bridge foundations. Selected investigation results are described as well as the treatment measures derived from them. A decision is made based on generally valid rules about relevant cavity sizes dependant on the depth below the foundation whether and what treatment is necessary. This is generally based on the results of the karst working group, who performed appropriate work on the basics for the new line from Nuremberg to Ingolstadt on the Franconian Jura.Die Neubaustrecke Stuttgart–Ulm ist Teil der neuen transeuropäischen Magistrale Paris–Budapest. Sie quert die Schwäbische Alb und wird von der Planfeststellung in die Abschnitte Albvorland, Albaufstieg, Albhochfläche und Albabstieg unterteilt. Während die Albhochfläche überwiegend durch offene Strecken charakterisiert wird, dominieren in den angrenzenden Hangabschnitten lange Tunnel. Diesen Bereichen gemeinsam ist eine ähnliche Geologie mit verkarstetem Weißjura‐Kalkstein als häufigste Formation. Für die Herstellung eines standsicheren und gebrauchstauglichen Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Fahrwegs bedarf es eines sorgfältigen Umgangs mit dem Karst.In diesem Beitrag wird das Konzept der Karsterkundung und ‐sanierung für die Albhochfläche vorgestellt. Dabei wird zwischen singulären Erkundungen für Brückengründungen und flächendeckenden Erkundungen für den Fahrweg im Einschnitt und in Dammlage unterschieden. Ausgewählte Erkundungsergebnisse sowie daraus abgeleitete Sanierungsmaßnahmen werden vorgestellt. Auf Grundlage allgemeingültiger Festlegungen über relevante Hohlraumgrößen in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefenlage unter der Gründung wird entschieden, ob und welche Sanierungsmaßnahmen erforderlich sind. Hierbei wird generell auf die Ergebnisse des Arbeitskreises Karst zurückgegriffen, der für die Neubaustrecke Nürnberg–Ingolstadt auf der Fränkischen Alb entsprechende Grundlagenarbeit geleistet hat.
Evaluating lifestyle and health‐related characteristics of older adults with co‐occurring depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities
Authors: Freitas Cassandra , Deschênes Sonya , Au Bonnie , Smith Kimberley , Schmitz Norbert 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveComorbid depression and cardiometabolic abnormalities might represent an important subgroup of depression. The aim of the present study was to evaluate lifestyle and health‐related characteristics of individuals with both depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities.MethodsData were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The sample was comprised of 5365 adults aged 50–80 years. High depressive symptoms were based on the eight‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scale. Cardiometabolic abnormalities were defined as having ≥3 cardiometabolic risk factors (hypertension, impaired glycemic control, systemic inflammation, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and central obesity). Four groups were created based on Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scores and cardiometabolic abnormalities: those with (i) comorbid depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities (DCM); (ii) depressive symptoms only (DnoCM); (iii) cardiometabolic abnormalities only; and (iv) neither depressive symptoms nor cardiometabolic abnormalities. Lifestyle and health‐related characteristics of the four groups were compared using chi‐square tests. A modified Poisson regression analysis was performed to compare the DCM and the DnoCM groups with respect to lifestyle and health‐related characteristics.ResultsThose in the DCM group were significantly less physically active (p = 0.003), had poorer self‐rated health (p < 0.001), had lower income (p = 0.001), and were more likely to be retired (p < 0.001) than those in the DnoCM group. The pattern of results remained after controlling for other lifestyle and health‐related factors.ConclusionThese results provide support for a cardiometabolic subgroup of depression that is associated with physical inactivity, poorer self‐rated health, lower income, and retirement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schizophrenia‐like topological changes in the structural connectome of individuals with subclinical psychotic experiences
Authors: Drakesmith Mark , Caeyenberghs Karen , Dutt Anirban , Zammit Stanley , Evans C. John , Reichenberg Abraham , Lewis Glyn , David Anthony S. , Jones Derek K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSchizophrenia is often regarded as a “dysconnectivity” disorder and recent work using graph theory has been used to better characterize dysconnectivity of the structural connectome in schizophrenia. However, there are still little data on the topology of connectomes in less severe forms of the condition. Such analysis will identify topological markers of less severe disease states and provide potential predictors of further disease development. Individuals with psychotic experiences (PEs) were identified from a population‐based cohort without relying on participants presenting to clinical services. Such individuals have an increased risk of developing clinically significant psychosis. 123 individuals with PEs and 125 controls were scanned with diffusion‐weighted MRI. Whole‐brain structural connectomes were derived and a range of global and local GT‐metrics were computed. Global efficiency and density were significantly reduced in individuals with PEs. Local efficiency was reduced in a number of regions, including critical network hubs. Further analysis of functional subnetworks showed differential impairment of the default mode network. An additional analysis of pair‐wise connections showed no evidence of differences in individuals with PEs. These results are consistent with previous findings in schizophrenia. Reduced efficiency in critical core hubs suggests the brains of individuals with PEs may be particularly predisposed to dysfunction. The absence of any detectable effects in pair‐wise connections illustrates that, at less severe stages of psychosis, white‐matter alterations are subtle and only manifest when examining network topology. This study indicates that topology could be a sensitive biomarker for early stages of psychotic illness. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2629–2643, 2015.© 2015 TheAuthors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age and sex effects on corpus callosum morphology across the lifespan
Authors: Prendergast Daniel M. , Ardekani Babak , Ikuta Toshikazu , John Majnu , Peters Bart , DeRosse Pamela , Wellington Robin , Malhotra Anil K. , Szeszko Philip R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe corpus callosum (CC) is the largest interhemispheric white matter tract in the human brain, and is characterized by pronounced differences in morphology among individuals. There are limited data, however, regarding typical development, sex differences, and the neuropsychological correlates of individual differences within CC subregions. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging exams were collected in a large cohort (N = 305) of healthy individuals (ages 8–68). We used a highly reliable program to automatically identify the midsagittal plane and obtain CC subregion measures according to approaches described by Witelson [1989]: Brain 112:799–835 and Hampel et al. [1998]: Arch Neurol 55:193–198 and a measure of whole CC shape (i.e., circularity). CC measurement parameters, including area, perimeter, length, circularity, and CC subregion area values were generally characterized by inverted U‐shaped curves across the observed age range. Peak values for CC subregions were observed between ages 32 and 45, and descriptive linear correlations were consistent with sharper area changes in development. We also observed differing age‐associated changes across the lifespan between males and females in the CC subregion corresponding to the genu (Witelson's subregion 2), as well as CC circularity. Mediation analysis using path modeling indicated that genu area mediated the relationship between age and processing speed for females, and the relationship between age and visual learning and executive functioning for males. Taken together, our findings implicate sex differences in CC morphology across the lifespan that are localized to the genu, which appear to mediate neuropsychological functions. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2691–2702, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactions between default mode and control networks as a function of increasing cognitive reasoning complexity
Authors: Hearne Luke , Cocchi Luca , Zalesky Andrew , Mattingley Jason B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSuccessful performance of challenging cognitive tasks depends on a consistent functional segregation of activity within the default‐mode network, on the one hand, and control networks encompassing frontoparietal and cingulo‐opercular areas on the other. Recent work, however, has suggested that in some cognitive control contexts nodes within the default‐mode and control networks may actually cooperate to achieve optimal task performance. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine whether the ability to relate variables while solving a cognitive reasoning problem involves transient increases in connectivity between default‐mode and control regions. Participants performed a modified version of the classic Wason selection task, in which the number of variables to be related is systematically varied across trials. As expected, areas within the default‐mode network showed a parametric deactivation with increases in relational complexity, compared with neural activity in null trials. Critically, some of these areas also showed enhanced connectivity with task‐positive control regions. Specifically, task‐based connectivity between the striatum and the angular gyri, and between the thalamus and right temporal pole, increased as a function of relational complexity. These findings challenge the notion that functional segregation between regions within default‐mode and control networks invariably support cognitive task performance, and reveal previously unknown roles for the striatum and thalamus in managing network dynamics during cognitive reasoning. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2719–2731, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences in Theory of Mind and Pretend Play Associations in Children with and Without Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Jester Melanie , Johnson Carla J. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) have difficulty engaging in social pretend play, which cannot be explained exclusively by their deficient language skills. Alternatively, the ability to represent mental states (Theory of Mind [ToM]) might be important in appreciating peers' perspectives during pretend play. This study investigated whether ToM was associated with pretend play abilities in children with and without SLI. Forty‐four children (22 with SLI, 22 with typical development [TD]) between 4 and 6 years of age participated in ToM tasks and a dyadic role play activity. Children with SLI performed significantly more poorly on ToM tasks than children with TD; however, there were no significant group differences in children's role play abilities. Partial correlations revealed a positive and significant association between ToM and social pretend play in children with TD but a negative and not significant association in children with SLI. These findings suggest that not all forms and aspects of pretend play require mental representation in order to understand or engage in pretend play. Further, children with SLI may differ in their mental representational abilities from children with TD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic Barriers and the Self‐organization of Life
Authors: Pascal Robert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis review is devoted to an analysis of the consequences of the Eschenmoser view that the origin of life requires a chemical environment held far from equilibrium by kinetic barriers. The corresponding conditions, in which replicating entities comply with a specific form of stability, are considered in terms of temperature and potential sources of energy capable of feeding the system. The need for kinetic irreversibility of reproduction cycles is emphasized as a condition for effective selection. High turnover rates for cyclic processes would facilitate the development of entities capable of reproducing themselves. A preference is given here to processes involving selective catalytic pathways, rather than to a temperature increase likely to preferentially facilitate noncatalytic degradation pathways. Accordingly, emphasis is placed on direct or induced intramolecular pathways. Lastly, energy barriers are considered to help reveal the nature of potential energy carriers.
Reconstructing Agriculture in Vitcos Inca Settlement, Peru
Authors: Meseth Enrique , Wang Liang‐Chi , Chen Su‐Hwa , Yu Jason C. S. , Buzinny Michael 
Published: April 2015

AbstractVitcos was occupied by the Incas of Vilcabamba in the sixteenth century, which included about 20 ha of agricultural fields with crops such as maize, potato, quinoa, amaranth and beans.The current study assessed water management for agriculture on this site. Desk research included relating past climatic data to a parallel study on modern climate, evapotranspiration, crop schedules, crop water requirements and capillary rise estimates; additionally, field studies comprised soil sample collection and analysis, watercourse flow measurements and hydrological interpretation, GIS mapping of crop fields, and the reconstruction of crops with palynology techniques and radiocarbon dating.Results indicate that irrigation requirements for crops sown once a year occurred only in May, for potato (15.3 mm) and quinoa (3.5 mm), but rainfed irrigation was feasible if capillary rise is considered. Finally, the Inca population of Vitcos was estimated in relation to food production, considering dietary habits, crop field area, crop yields, nutrition value of crops and calorie requirements, reaching 365 people, taking into account that crops were sown once a year and meat supply represented 10% of the diet. This estimate matches with the number of people that could have been accommodated in Vitcos Inca dwellings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the process, nature and impact of rehabilitation for development of a moderniZation strategy for national irrigation systems in the Philippines
Authors: Delos Reyes Mona Liza F. , David Wilfredo P. , Schultz Bart , Prasad Krishna 
Published: April 2015

AbstractData on medium‐ to large‐scale canal irrigation systems in the Philippines suggest that rehabilitation projects were not sufficient to close the gap between actual area irrigated and irrigation service area. This study analysed the underlying details of various rehabilitation and improvement works in three canal irrigation systems to identify an effective approach to close this gap. The findings show that the rehabilitation works generally focused on maintaining the original canals. Canal lining was the most common improvement work.The planning and design process adopted lacked revalidation of design criteria and assumptions used in the original system design. It did not have the benefit of diagnostic assessment studies. No technical assessments of water supply adequacy for proposed projects were carried out.The findings also indicate that the potential for increasing the actual area irrigated lay in augmentation of water supply, reuse of drainage water, use of adjustable gates at major water distribution points and strategic timing of irrigation schedules between tertiary areas to adapt to prevailing hydrological regimes. Consideration of these findings and an increased attention to consistency among available water supply, irrigation demand, physical design of structures and a realistic operational plan can greatly enhance the impacts of the irrigation modernisation plan in the Philippines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.