bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual development in primates: Neural mechanisms and critical periods
Authors: Kiorpes Lynne 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTDespite many decades of research into the development of visual cortex, it remains unclear what neural processes set limitations on the development of visual function and define its vulnerability to abnormal visual experience. This selected review examines the development of visual function and its neural correlates, and highlights the fact that in most cases receptive field properties of infant neurons are substantially more mature than infant visual function. One exception is temporal resolution, which can be accounted for by resolution of neurons at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In terms of spatial vision, properties of single neurons alone are not sufficient to account for visual development. Different visual functions develop over different time courses. Their onset may be limited by the existence of neural response properties that support a given perceptual ability, but the subsequent time course of maturation to adult levels remains unexplained. Several examples are offered suggesting that taking account of weak signaling by infant neurons, correlated firing, and pooled responses of populations of neurons brings us closer to an understanding of the relationship between neural and behavioral development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1080–1090, 2015
No evidence that within‐group male relatedness reduces harm to females in Drosophila
Authors: Hollis Brian , Kawecki Tadeusz J. , Keller Laurent 
Published: January 2015

AbstractConflict between males and females over whether, when, and how often to mate often leads to the evolution of sexually antagonistic interactions that reduce female reproductive success. Because the offspring of relatives contribute to inclusive fitness, high relatedness between rival males might be expected to reduce competition and result in the evolution of reduced harm to females. A recent study investigated this possibility in Drosophila melanogaster and concluded that groups of brothers cause less harm to females than groups of unrelated males, attributing the effect to kin selection. That study did not control for the rearing environment of males, rendering the results impossible to interpret in the context of kin selection. Here, we conducted a similar experiment while manipulating whether males developed with kin prior to being placed with females. We found no difference between related and unrelated males in the harm caused to females when males were reared separately. In contrast, when related males developed and emerged together before the experiment, female reproductive output was higher. Our results show that relatedness among males is insufficient to reduce harm to females, while a shared rearing environment – resulting in males similar to or familiar with one another – is necessary to generate this pattern.
Memory CD8+ T cells colocalize with IL‐7+ stromal cells in bone marrow and rest in terms of proliferation and transcription
Authors: Sercan Alp Özen , Durlanik Sibel , Schulz Daniel , McGrath Mairi , Grün Joachim R. , Bardua Marcus , Ikuta Koichi , Sgouroudis Evridiki , Riedel René , Zehentmeier Sandra , Hauser Anja E. , Tsuneto Motokazu , Melchers Fritz , Tokoyoda Koji , Chang Hyun‐Dong , Thiel Andreas , Radbruch Andreas 
Published: January 2015

It is believed that memory CD8+ T cells are maintained in secondary lymphoid tissues, peripheral tissues, and BM by homeostatic proliferation. Their survival has been shown to be dependent on IL‐7, but it is unclear where they acquire it. Here we show that in murine BM, memory CD8+ T cells individually colocalize with IL‐7+ reticular stromal cells. The T cells are resting in terms of global transcription and do not express markers of activation, for example, 4‐1BB (CD137), IL‐2, or IFN‐γ, despite the expression of CD69 on about 30% of the cells. Ninety‐five percent of the memory CD8+ T cells in BM are in G0 phase of cell cycle and do not express Ki‐67. Less than 1% is in S/M/G2 of cell cycle, according to propidium iodide staining. While previous publications have estimated the extent of proliferation of CD8+ memory T cells on the basis of BrdU incorporation, we show here that BrdU itself induces proliferation of CD8+ memory T cells. Taken together, the present results suggest that CD8+ memory T cells are maintained as resting cells in the BM in dedicated niches with their survival conditional on IL‐7 receptor signaling.
Rehabilitation or the death penalty: Autoimmune B cells in the dock
Authors: Dahal Lekh N. , Cragg Mark S. 
Published: January 2015

CD20‐based monoclonal antibodies have become established as treatments for lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis and dermatomyositis, with the principle therapeutic mechanism relating to B‐cell depletion through effector cell engagement. An article by Brühl et al. in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 705–715] reveals a fundamentally distinct mechanism of silencing autoimmune B‐cell responses. Rather than B‐cell depletion, the authors use anti‐CD79b antibodies to induce B‐cell tolerance and suppress humoral immune responses against collagen to prevent the development of arthritis in mice. Here we highlight the differences in the mechanisms used by anti‐CD20 and anti‐CD79b Ab therapy and discuss why depletion of B cells may not be required to treat autoimmune arthritis and other B‐cell‐associated pathologies.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of a 3D Manganese(II) Framework Featuring a Heptanodal Topology and Tube‐in‐Tube Dihelical Chains
Authors: Chen Zilu , Quan Lixia , Liu Long , Wang Yifei , Zou Huahong , Liang Fupei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe interaction of MnII ions with acetate in a chemical environment provided by a decomposition reaction of the Schiff base 2‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropan‐2‐ylimino)‐1,2‐di‐phenylethanone gave a 3D MnII framework [Mn5(μ3‐OH)2(CH3COO)8]·2CH3CH2OH (1). This was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and powder X‐ray diffraction patterns, and structurally determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The title compound features two kinds of unprecedented tube‐in‐tube dihelical MnII chains with opposite chiralities. They are alternatively arranged and bridged by MnII ions linked by acetate ions to form a 3D framework with a rare heptanodal topology. Magnetic studies revealed that compound 1 shows spin‐canted and metamagnetic behavior. This work affords a synthetic strategy incorporating the decomposition reaction of a Schiff base which provides the chemical environment for another reaction and to direct the formation of the title compound and its crystals.
Supplementation of increasing amounts of linoleic acid to Leymus chinensis decreases methane production and improves fatty acid composition in vitro
Authors: Wu Duanqin , Xu Liwei. , Tang Shaoxun , He Zhixiong. , Tan Zhiliang. , Han Xuefeng , Zhou Chuanshe , Kang Jinhe , Wang Min 
Published: February 2015

The effects of linoleic acid (LA) supplementation on in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD), gas production, methane and hydrogen gas production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in fermentation fluid were investigated in vitro. Rumen fluid was collected from four ruminally cannulated goats, diluted with incubation buffer, and then incubated with 500 mg Leymus chinensis meal supplemented with different amounts of LA (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg for the control, LA20, LA40, and LA60 groups, respectively). In vitro rumen incubation was anaerobically carried out in 130‐mL sealed fermentation bottles at 39°C for 48 h, and samples were collected at three time points (12, 24, and 48 h) for analysis. Supplementation of LA reduced DMD (P<0.05), the cumulative gas production, theoretical maximal gas production and methane production (P<0.05), whilst increased the hydrogen gas production. In addition, LA addition to substrate had no negative effects on ruminal fermentation parameters (pH, NH3, and VFA). The concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were higher for LA groups than for control during the whole incubation process. These results indicate that LA supplementation in substrate reduces gas and methane production, and increases the amounts of some beneficial fatty acids in fermentation liquid in vitro.Practical applications: Achieving reduction of the production of methane and improving the composition of fatty acids in ruminant products.Information about H2 concentrations in the rumen of ruminents is scarce. This study investigated the effects of increasing amounts of linoleic acid on CH4 and H2 production when Leymus chinensis was fermented as a substrate in vitro. Supplementing different doses of LA to Leymus chinensis decreased the GP and suppressed CH4 emissions in vitro.
Synthesis of 3‐Arylisocoumarins by Using Acyl Anion Chemistry and Synthesis of Thunberginol A and Cajanolactone A
Authors: Sudarshan Kasireddy , Manna Manash Kumar , Aidhen Indrapal Singh 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA new strategy for the synthesis of 3‐arylisocoumarins and 8‐hydroxy‐3‐arylisocoumarins was investigated by using acyl anion chemistry for the initial C–C bond formation. The obtained keto esters and keto lactones as intermediates underwent based‐promoted intramolecular cyclization to afford 3‐arylisocoumarins in good yields. The developed methodology was applied for the synthesis of the important natural products thunberginol A and cajanolactone A.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Imides from Aldehydes or Alcohols and Amine Hydrochloride Salts
Authors: Yu Hui , Zhang Yonghao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn efficient approach to imides has been developed. With tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant, CuBr (20 mol‐%) as the catalyst, and PhI(OAc)2 (50 mol‐%) as the additive, aldehydes or alcohols reacted with amine hydrochloride salts to provide imides in moderate to good yields. A possible reaction pathway for the formation of the products is also discussed in this paper.
Copper‐Catalyzed Innate Ethoxycarbon­yldifluoromethylation of Electron‐Rich ­Arenes
Authors: Belhomme Marie‐Charlotte , Bayle Alexandre , Poisson Thomas , Pannecoucke Xavier 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe report the direct introduction of the CF2CO2Et moiety into electron‐rich arenes. The copper‐catalyzed process uses commercially available and inexpensive BrCF2CO2Et as a fluorinated building block. This radical‐free reaction proceeds smoothly to give the desired difluoromethylated arenes in modest to good yields with a Friedel–Crafts‐type regioselectivity. The direct introduction of α,α‐difluoromethylated amides was also investigated, and this gave the corresponding difluoromethylated arenes, albeit in moderate yields. This method represents the first transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct introduction of a functionalized fluorinated moiety into electron‐rich arenes.
Rational Design of Latent Fluorophores from Water‐Soluble Hydroxyphenyltriazine Dyes Suitable for Lipase Sensing
Authors: Jacquemet Alicia , Rihn Sandra , Ulrich Gilles , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Romieu Anthony , Ziessel Raymond 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDerivatives of 2‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐dimethylaminobenzyl)‐4,6‐dimethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine were synthesized by an original multistep protocol that afforded, after quaternization of the N,N‐dimethylaminobenzyl moiety, water‐soluble fluorescent dyes. These fluorophores exhibited excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer and large Stokes shifts (ΔSS > 10000 cm–1). The phenol residue was masked by an enzyme‐labile protecting group based on self‐immolative para‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Lipases were used to unveil the fluorescence under physiological conditions (phosphate‐buffered saline, pH 7.2) without aggregation or precipitation of the fluorescent dyes.
Shaking table test and numerical simulation of a 1/2‐scale self‐centering reinforced concrete frame
Authors: Lu Xilin , Cui Ye , Liu Jingjing , Gao Wenjun 
Published: February 2015

SummarySelf‐centering reinforced concrete frames are developed as an alternative of traditional seismic force‐resisting systems with better seismic performance and re‐centering capability. This paper presents an experimental and computational study on the seismic performance of self‐centering reinforced concrete frames. A 1/2‐scale model of a two‐story self‐centering reinforced concrete frame model was designed and tested on the shaking table in State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering at Tongji University to evaluate the seismic behavior of the structure. A structural analysis model, including detailed modeling of beam–column joints, column–base joints, and prestressed tendons, was constructed in the nonlinear dynamic modeling software OpenSEES. Agreements between test results and numerical solutions indicate that the designed reinforced concrete frame has satisfactory seismic performance and self‐centering capacity subjected to earthquakes; the self‐centering structures can undergo large rocking with minor residual displacement after the earthquake excitations; the proposed analysis procedure can be applied in simulating the seismic performance of self‐centering reinforced concrete frames. To achieve a more comprehensive evaluation on the performance of self‐centering structures, research on energy dissipation devices in the system is expected. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on the burning behaviour of Pinus halepensis needles using small‐scale fire calorimetry of live, aged and dead samples
Authors: Jervis Freddy X. , Rein Guillermo 
Published: February 2015

SummaryLimited research has been conducted on the burning characteristics of live fuels, which are commonly assumed to behave like moist dead fuels. We use small‐scale laboratory calorimetric experiments to investigate the differences in fire dynamics between live and dead Pinus halepensis needles. The study includes laboratory‐aged samples and different moisture conditions (fresh or oven dry). A series of ten fire behaviour parameters are extracted from the measurements to identify and quantify differences. The main parameters are the following: time to ignition; flaming time; mass loss pre‐ignition, during flaming, and during smouldering; peak power; effective heat of combustion; mean and peak CO/CO2; and radiative fraction. Using these parameters, we show that the most flammable samples are fresh dead and aged needles, followed by dry dead and dry live needles. The least flammable is fresh live needles. Live needles ignite about four times slower, and burn with ~60% lower power and ~50% lower heat of combustion than dead needles. Aged needles resemble most closely the behaviour of dead needles, but many fire behaviour parameters were significantly different. The results confirm the importance of moisture content in the burning behaviour of pine needles, but the differences between live and dead samples cannot be explained solely in terms of moisture but require consideration of plant chemistry and sample drying. © 2015 The Authors. Fire and Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Reading on the Internet
Authors: Cho Byeong‐Young , Afflerbach Peter 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSuccessful Internet reading requires making strategic decisions about what texts to read and a sequence for reading them, all in accordance with readers’ goals. In this paper, we describe the process of realizing and constructing potential texts as an important and critical part of successful Internet reading and use verbal report data to examine such strategic actions by readers in the complex environments of the Internet. We focus on Amalie (pseudonym), a participant in a study of adolescents’ Internet reading strategy use. Amalie's verbal reports describe representative cognitive and metacognitive processes that strategic high‐school readers use as they negotiate the Internet to locate, choose, and use multiple sources. We conclude with a consideration of classroom implications in the era of Common Core State Standards for helping students become accomplished Internet readers.
Literacy as a Translocal Practice
Authors: Omerbašić Delila 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSituated in critical sociocultural theory of literacy with a particular focus on literacy in relation to space and displacement, this qualitative study considers how nine teenage girls who were resettled as refugees from Thailand engage in productions of translocality through multimodal literacy practices in digital spaces. The girls are ethnically Karen, Burmese Muslim, Poe Karen, and Burmese, and they bridge histories of displacement, resettlement, and belonging in their translocal productions in digital spaces. Data was gathered over eight months through semi‐structured in‐depth interviews, multimodal interviews, document collection, and participant observation, and was analyzed thematically. This research adds to the growing understanding of language and literacy practices as global, as well as local, by offering a perspective on how newly resettled youth learn, use, and develop their multimodal literacy practices in digital social spaces.
Intestinal Calcium Absorption Decreases Dramatically After Gastric Bypass Surgery Despite Optimization of Vitamin D Status
Authors: Schafer Anne L , Weaver Connie M , Black Dennis M , Wheeler Amber L , Chang Hanling , Szefc Gina V , Stewart Lygia , Rogers Stanley J , Carter Jonathan T , Posselt Andrew M , Shoback Dolores M , Sellmeyer Deborah E 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has negative effects on bone, mediated in part by effects on nutrient absorption. Not only can RYGB result in vitamin D malabsorption, but the bypassed duodenum and proximal jejunum are also the predominant sites of active, transcellular, 1,25(OH)2D-mediated calcium (Ca) uptake. However, Ca absorption occurs throughout the intestine, and those who undergo RYGB might maintain sufficient Ca absorption, particularly if vitamin D status and Ca intake are robust. We determined the effects of RYGB on intestinal fractional Ca absorption (FCA) while maintaining ample 25OHD levels (goal ≥30 ng/mL) and Ca intake (1200 mg daily) in a prospective cohort of 33 obese adults (BMI 44.7 ± 7.4 kg/m2). FCA was measured preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively with a dual stable isotope method. Other measures included calciotropic hormones, bone turnover markers, and BMD by DXA and QCT. Mean 6-month weight loss was 32.5 ± 8.4 kg (25.8% ± 5.2% of preoperative weight). FCA decreased from 32.7% ± 14.0% preoperatively to 6.9% ± 3.8% postoperatively (p &lt; 0.0001), despite median (interquartile range) 25OHD levels of 41.0 (33.1 to 48.5) and 36.5 (28.8 to 40.4) ng/mL, respectively. Consistent with the FCA decline, 24-hour urinary Ca decreased, PTH increased, and 1,25(OH)2D increased (p ≤ 0.02). Bone turnover markers increased markedly, areal BMD decreased at the proximal femur, and volumetric BMD decreased at the spine (p &lt; 0.001). Those with lower postoperative FCA had greater increases in serum CTx (ρ = −0.43, p = 0.01). Declines in FCA and BMD were not correlated over the 6 months. In conclusion, FCA decreased dramatically after RYGB, even with most 25OHD levels ≥30 ng/mL and with recommended Ca intake. RYGB patients may need high Ca intake to prevent perturbations in Ca homeostasis, although the approach to Ca supplementation needs further study. Decline in FCA could contribute to the decline in BMD after RYGB, and strategies to avoid long-term skeletal consequences should be investigated. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Upregulation of PI3K/Akt and MAP Kinase Pathways is Associated with Resistance of Microtubule‐Targeting Drugs in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Liu Zhi , Zhu Guangjing , Getzenberg Robert H. , Veltri Robert W. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTResistance is a significant limitation to the effectiveness of cancer therapies. The PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase pathways play important roles in a variety of normal cellular processes and tumorigenesis. This study is designed to explore the relationship of these signaling pathways with multidrug resistance in prostate cancer (PCa). The PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase pathways were investigated utilizing paclitaxel resistant DU145‐TxR PCa cells and their parental non‐resistant DU145 cells to determine their relationship with resistance to paclitaxel and other anticancer drugs. Our results demonstrate that the PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase pathways are upregulated in DU145‐TxR cells compared to the DU145 cells. Inactivating these pathways using the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 or the MAP kinase pathway inhibitor PD98059 renders the DU145‐TxR cells more sensitive to paclitaxel. We investigated the effects of these inhibitors on other anticancer drugs including docetaxel, vinblastine, doxorubicin, 10‐Hydroxycamptothecin (10‐HCPT) and cisplatin and find that both inhibitors induces DU145‐TxR cells to be more sensitive only to the microtubule‐targeting drugs (paclitaxel, docetaxel and vinblastine). Furthermore, the treatment with these inhibitors induces cleaved‐PARP production in DU145‐TxR cells, suggesting that apoptosis induction might be one of the mechanisms for the reversal of drug resistance. In conclusion, the PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase pathways are associated with resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Inactivating these pathways renders these PCa cells more sensitive to microtubule‐targeting drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel and vinblastine. Combination therapies with novel inhibitors of these two signaling pathways potentially represents a more effective treatment for drug resistant PCa. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1341–1349, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
17β‐Estradiol Abrogates Apoptosis Inhibiting PKCδ, JNK, and p66Shc Activation in C2C12 Cells
Authors: La Colla Anabela , Boland Ricardo , Vasconsuelo Andrea 
Published: February 2015

Abstract17β‐Estradiol (E2) protects several non‐reproductive tissues from apoptosis, including skeletal muscle. Previously, we showed that E2 at physiological concentrations prevented apoptosis induced by H2O2 in skeletal myoblasts. As we have also demonstrated a clear beneficial action of this hormone on skeletal muscle mitochondria, the present work further characterizes the signaling mechanisms modulated by E2 that are involved in mitochondria protection, which ultimately result in antiapoptosis. Here, we report that E2 through estrogen receptors (ERs) inhibited the H2O2‐induced PKCδ and JNK activation, which results in the inhibition of phosphorylation and translocation to mitochondria of the adaptor protein p66Shc. In conjunction, the inhibition by the hormone of this H2O2‐triggered signaling pathway results in protection of mitochondrial potential membrane. Our results provide basis for a putative mechanism by which E2 exerts beneficial effects on mitochondria, against oxidative stress, in skeletal muscle cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1454–1465, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.