bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endometrioma: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Management
Authors: Luisi Stefano , Renner Stefan P. , Santulli Pietro 
Published: October 2013

An endometrioma (OMA) is the localization of endometriosis in ovary, and it most often develops as a cyst. The pathogenesis of OMA is still an open question and controversial; a cystic hemorrhagic corpus luteum may be a prerequisite, occurring as a transition to an endometriotic cyst. Inversion and progressive invagination of the ovarian cortex after the accumulation of menstrual debris derived from bleeding of superficial endometriotic implants, located on the ovarian surface and adherent to the peritoneum, is another hypothesis. Gene studies show that WNT4 and FN1 are predisposing genes for OMA development. A role of environmental toxicants in the development of OMA is also under investigation; dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), interacting with steroid receptors, are possible factors. Even if women with endometriosis have a 1.5 times greater lifetime risk to develop an ovarian carcinoma, an OMA is not to be considered a preneoplastic lesion. The clinical management of OMAs is complex and should be individualized. Ultrasounds and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are sensitive but not specific for diagnosis. Treatment is influenced by patient age, desire for pregnancy, pain severity, cyst dimensions and characteristics (unilateral/bilateral), coexistence of deep endometriosis, previous gynecological or obstetrical history and previous surgery. Laparoscopic surgery is considered the treatment of choice in cases of infertile patients with a large OMA or pain, and in patients not responding to medical therapy. It should be performed with proper techniques by trained surgeons to decrease the damage to the remaining ovarian tissue, and to maintain the ovarian reserve after surgery. A medical hormonal and nonhormonal treatment is used for asymptomatic and/or pain-associated OMA (progestins, estroprogestins and antiinflammatory drugs). Considering the relative high recurrence rate after surgery, a medical treatment should be offered.
An update on alcohol use and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: Meta-analysis and future research directions
Authors: Woolf-King Sarah E , Steinmaus Craig M , Reingold Arthur L , Hahn Judith A 
Published: October 2013

Woolf-King, S., Steinmaus, C. M., Reingold, A. L. & Hahn, J. A. (2013). An update on alcohol use and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: Meta-analysis and future research directions. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 99-110. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.45 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.45)Aims: Sub-Saharan Africa is disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, and growing evidence suggests that alcohol consumption is a co-occurring problem in the region. We conducted a meta-analysis on studies of alcohol use and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa in order to assess associations, evaluate heterogeneity in the literature, identify susceptible subgroups, and suggest avenues for future research.Design: We performed a systematic review, including published review articles and electronic database searches, and identified 35 studies on alcohol use and HIV.Setting and participants: All of the studies included in the meta-analysis occurred with adults in sub-Saharan Africa.Measurements: Pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates were calculated using both the fixed inverse variance weighting method and the random effects method when evidence of heterogeneity was present.Findings: The pooled OR estimate for all studies was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.44–1.80). The association between alcohol use and prevalence or incident HIV infection was particularly large among samples who reported problem drinking (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.64–2.87) and drinking in sexual contexts (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.55–2.06). Some evidence of publication bias was present; however, the OR remained statistically significant in small and large studies and with population-based and high-risk samples.Conclusions: These results suggest that alcohol consumption, particularly at high levels and in sexual contexts, is associated with an increased risk of HIV infection. An increased focus on methods that allow for more sensitive tests of the event-level association between alcohol consumption and risk of HIV infection may provide a better understanding of the causal mechanisms underlying this relationship.
A national alcohol strategy for Chile: Rationale, development, content and status of implementation
Authors: Giesbrecht Norman , Spagg Jaime C. , Pemjean Alfredo , Marquez Judith , Khenti Akwatu , Rehm Jürgen , Minoletti Alberto 
Published: October 2013

Giesbrecht, N., Sapag, J. C., Pemjean, A., Marquez, J., Khenti, A., Rehm, J., & Minoletti, A. (2013). A National Alcohol Strategy For Chile: Rationale, Development, Content and Status Of Implementation. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(2), 17-29. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.128 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.128)Aim: This paper describes the rationale for the Chilean strategy on alcohol, how it was developed, its key recommendations, which of its dimensions have been implemented, and remaining challenges.Design: The paper is based on archival data, a literature review, and survey data from Chilean sources. It draws on presentations at two seminars in Santiago, and a background document commissioned by the Chilean Ministry of Health. Building on ongoing initiatives in Chile, it was informed by international research on the global and regional burden of disease from alcohol.Setting and Context:In 2008 the Ministry of Health, Government of Chile, embarked on developing a national alcohol strategy. The strategy’s rationale was informed by the high rate of alcohol-related trauma, including drinking and driving; the high rate of liver cirrhosis mortality and morbidity; the high rate of heavy drinking, including among youth and young adults; and gender differences.Measures: The main recommendations focused on several themes: pricing and taxation interventions, controlling physical availability, curtailing alcohol marketing, promoting server intervention, controlling drinking and driving, promoting community-based interventions, facilitating screening and brief interventions, and monitoring and tracking local and national developments on alcohol issues.Findings & Conclusions: Since 2008, there has been progress in several areas, including a National Strategy for brief interventions in primary care; a new law on legal blood alcohol content; proposals to increase taxes on spirits, introduce warning labels on beverage containers, and limit promotion of alcoholic beverages; and the integration of alcohol-related goals within the National Health Strategy 2011–2020. Nevertheless, challenges remain: the broad acceptance of drinking, including high-risk drinking; the importance and influence of the alcohol industry; and the need for an evidence-based inter-sector response.
Design of Benzothiazole‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole Conjugates: Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Evaluation
Authors: Siddiqui Nadeem , Ahuja Priya , Malik Sachin , Arya Satish K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVarious 2‐[(6‐substituted‐1,3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl)amino]‐N‐[5‐substituted‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl]acetamides were synthesized with a prospective exploration of “lead hopping”, using pharmacophoric elements for in vivo anticonvulsant activity. This yielded three potent candidates (5i, 5t, and 5u) in the preliminary screening employing the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) test, showing minimal neurotoxicity. Their quantitative study indicated an increase of nearly 2–10 times for the MES test and 7‐ to 67‐fold for the scPTZ test in the protective index, the keystone in drug discovery for anticonvulsant activity.
Thermoresponsive Dendronized Polyprolines via the “Grafting to” Route
Authors: Zhang Xiuqiang , Li Wen , Zhao Xin , Zhang Afang 
Published: October 2013

The first and second generations of dendronized polyprolines P3G1, P3G2, and P4G1 are prepared via the “grafting to” route, and their thermoresponsive properties and helical conformations investigated. High molar masses of polyproline main chains carrying azido groups are achieved first by polycondensation of peptide precursors through activated ester strategy. Oligoethylene glycol dendrons cored with alkyne are then attached onto the main chains through click reaction. These polymers are found to be thermoresponsive. Circular dichroism spectroscopy investigation indicates, in contrast to P3G2 and P4G1 which adopt the expected PPII conformation in aqueous conditions, P3G1 prefers to adopt PPI helical conformation, and this conformation is stable within the measured time period and temperature range.
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Clinical Significance of Ghrelin Expression in the Gastric Mucosa of Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Miyazaki Yasuhiro , Takiguchi Shuji , Seki Yosuke , Kasama Kazunori , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Kurokawa Yukinori , Yamasaki Makoto , Miyata Hiroshi , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe concentration of ghrelin, which can affect body weight by influencing appetite, is thought to decrease after sleeve gastrectomy. However, no detailed investigations have examined ghrelin expression in the stomach. The purpose of the present study was to assess localized ghrelin expression and its clinical significance in obese patients.MethodsA total of 52 obese patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy with or without duodenojejunal bypass were enrolled in the study. The number of ghrelin‐positive cells (GPCs) was counted using immunohistochemistry of the gastric mucosa at the fundus. The obese patients were compared with 14 nonobese patients treated for gastric cancer. Ghrelin mRNA expression was also measured in 22 obese patients using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe number of GPCs was significantly higher in obese patients than in nonobese controls (33.2 ± 18.3 vs. 14.1 ± 6.1; p < 0.001) and correlated with ghrelin mRNA expression. The obese patients were divided into two groups with high and low ghrelin levels based on the number of GPCs. The percent excess body weight loss was significantly greater in the high‐ghrelin group, without differences in the patient backgrounds between the two groups (p = 0.015).ConclusionsThe number of GPCs was higher in obese patients than in nonobese patients and varied individually regardless of body weight. These results suggest that ghrelin expression in gastric mucosa might be a prognostic factor after surgery.
Outcomes of Chemical Component Paralysis Using Botulinum Toxin for Incisional Hernia Repairs
Authors: Zendejas Benjamin , Khasawneh Mohammad A. , Srvantstyan Boris , Jenkins Donald H. , Schiller Henry J. , Zielinski Martin D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundBotulinum toxin A (BTX) confers flaccid paralysis and pain modulation when injected into a muscle. We hypothesized that long‐term paralysis of the abdominal wall musculature (i.e., chemical component paralysis, CCP) would benefit incisional hernia repair (IHR) by decreasing postoperative pain, the use of opioid analgesia, and thus opioid‐related side effects.MethodsAdult patients who underwent elective IHR with preoperative CCP (n = 22) were compared to concurrent matched controls (n = 66, 1:3 ratio) based on age (±5 years), sex, body mass index (±5 kg/m2), history of hernia recurrence (0 vs. ≥1), and type of repair (open vs. laparoscopic). BTX was injected under ultrasonographic guidance into the transversus abdominis and internal and external oblique muscles at three sites bilaterally (300 units total).ResultsPatients who underwent IHR with CCP used significantly less opioid analgesia (mean ± SD morphine equivalents) when compared to controls on hospital days (HDs) 2 and 5: HD2, 48 ± 27 versus 87 ± 41; HD5, 17 ± 16 versus 48 ± 45. Likewise, CCP patients reported significantly less pain (visual analogue scale 1–10) when compared to controls on HD2 (5.2 ± 1.5 vs. 6.8 ± 2) and HD4 (3.6 ± 1.2 vs. 5.2 ± 1.9): all p < 0.007 (Bonferroni adjusted). There was no difference in postoperative complications (surgical site, 9 vs. 14 %), opioid‐related adverse events (ileus 5 vs. 5 %), hospital stay (4 ± 3 vs. 3 ± 2 days), or hernia recurrence (18 months mean follow‐up: 9 vs. 9 %).ConclusionsDespite similar multimodality treatment of postoperative pain after IHR, patients who underwent CCP required significantly less opioid analgesia and reported less pain.
Catheter‐Based Endovascular Damage‐Control (CDET): Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Ferrada Paula , Anand Rahul J. , Aboutanos Michel , Ivatury Rao 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroduction
Endovascular technology during the past decade has introduced innovative strategies to manage vascular trauma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current use catheter‐based endovascular damage‐control techniques (CDET) in North, Central, and South America.MethodsA survey was sent to the presidents of local societies in Latin America, members of the board, and past presidents of the Pan‐American Trauma Society. The survey was sent using the Research Electronic Data Capture collection tool.ResultsA total of 67 surveys were sent with an 85 % response rate. Surgeons from 15 countries participated in the survey. All of the centers in North America had capabilities to perform these procedures. In none of these centers, however, were they performed by trauma and acute care surgeons. In Central and South America, 64 % of the surgeons responded that they have an interventional radiology service, and in 56 % of the cases, trauma and acute care surgeons were already performing CDET. Eight‐eight percent of those surveyed thought that the addition of CDET to trauma would improve patient care; 86 % would be interested in further training in this technique if such programs were available. Finally, 68 % thought that the addition of CDET would help the field of acute care surgery and trauma financially.ConclusionsCDET is being performed already by trauma and acute care surgeons in Latin American countries. More research is necessary to evaluate the role of the trauma surgeon in the endovascular suite as well as training requirements.
Open Versus Thoracoscopic Esophagectomy in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hsu Po‐Kuei , Huang Chien‐Sheng , Wu Yu‐Chung , Chou Teh‐Ying , Hsu Wen‐Hu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of minimally invasive esophagectomy on patient prognosis, particularly disease‐free survival (DFS), has not been well addressed. We compared the clinical outcomes of open and thoracoscopic esophagectomy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).MethodsSixty‐three and 66 patients, nonrandomized, underwent open and thoracoscopic esophagectomies for ESCC between 2008 and 2011 were included. The clinicopathological data were reviewed retrospectively. Perioperative outcome, overall survival (OS), DFS, and the recurrence sites after open and thoracoscopic esophagectomy were compared.ResultsThe open and thoracoscopic groups were comparable with regard to the total number of harvested lymph nodes and the percentage patients undergoing R0 resection. Fewer patients in the thoracoscopic group had pneumonia and wound complications. Intensive care unit (ICU) stay also was shorter in the thoracoscopic group. The recurrence pattern was similar in the two groups. In the open and thoracoscopic groups, the 3‐year OS rates were 47.6 and 70.9 % (p = 0.031), respectively, and the 3‐year DFS rates were 35 and 62.4 % (p = 0.007), respectively. However, the trends in better OS and DFS in the thoracoscopic group were not significant after stratification according to pathologic stage.ConclusionsThe perioperative benefit of thoracoscopic esophagectomy included fewer postoperative complications and shorter ICU stays. Mid‐term OS and DFS associated with thoracoscopic techniques are at least equivalent to those associated with open procedures.
Functional salivary gland regeneration by transplantation of a bioengineered organ germ
Authors: Ogawa Miho , Oshima Masamitsu , Imamura Aya , Sekine Yurie , Ishida Kentaro , Yamashita Kentaro , Nakajima Kei , Hirayama Masatoshi , Tachikawa Tetsuhiko , Tsuji Takashi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSalivary gland hypofunction, also known as xerostomia, occurs as a result of radiation therapy for head cancer, Sjögren’s syndrome or aging, and can cause a variety of critical oral health issues, including dental decay, bacterial infection, mastication dysfunction, swallowing dysfunction and reduced quality of life. Here we demonstrate the full functional regeneration of a salivary gland that reproduces the morphogenesis induced by reciprocal epithelial and mesenchymal interactions through the orthotopic transplantation of a bioengineered salivary gland germ as a regenerative organ replacement therapy. The bioengineered germ develops into a mature gland through acinar formations with a myoepithelium and innervation. The bioengineered submandibular gland produces saliva in response to the administration of pilocarpine and gustatory stimulation by citrate, protects against oral bacterial infection and restores normal swallowing in a salivary gland-defective mouse model. This study thus provides a proof-of-concept for bioengineered salivary gland regeneration as a potential treatment of xerostomia.
Damage-induced DNA replication stalling relies on MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 activity
Authors: Köpper Frederik , Bierwirth Cathrin , Schön Margarete , Kunze Meike , Elvers Ingegerd , Kranz Dominique , Saini Priyanka , Menon Manoj B. , Walter David , Sørensen Claus Storgaard , Gaestel Matthias , Helleday Thomas , Schön Michael P. , Dobbelstein Matthias 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Our results imply a direct impact of the p38–MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) kinase pathway on the cellular response to replicative stress. In this situation, MK2 activity determines the decision between replication fork stalling and translesion synthesis. In the absence of MK2 activity, even the otherwise essential checkpoint kinase Chk1 becomes dispensable for S phase progression and cell survival. Moreover, MK2 represents a determinant of cancer cell sensitivity toward nucleoside analogue treatment.
Higher 5-hydroxymethylcytosine identifies immortal DNA strand chromosomes in asymmetrically self-renewing distributed stem cells
Authors: Huh Yang Hoon , Cohen Justin , Sherley James L. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Distributed stem cells (DSCs), which continuously divide asymmetrically to replenish mature tissue cells, adopt a special form of mitotic chromosome segregation. Chromosome segregation is nonrandom instead of random. DSCs cosegregate the set of sister chromosomes with the older of the two template DNA strands used for semiconservative DNA replication during the preceding S phase. Neither the responsible molecular mechanisms nor the cellular function of nonrandom segregation are known. Here, we report evidence that immortal strand chromosomes have a higher level of cytosine 5-hydroxymethylation than mortal chromosomes, which contain the younger DNA template strands. We propose that asymmetric chromosomal 5-hydroxymethylation is a key element of a cellular mechanism by which DSCs distinguish older DNA template strands from younger ones.
Autoreactive thymic B cells are efficient antigen-presenting cells of cognate self-antigens for T cell negative selection
Authors: Perera Jason , Meng Liping , Meng Fanyong , Huang Haochu 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceIn the thymus, developing T cells undergo negative selection to remove T-cell specificities that react to self-antigens. This process generates a T-cell repertoire that is tolerant to one’s own tissues. It depends on antigen-presenting cells to present self-antigens to developing T cells. This paper characterizes the development and antigen-presenting function of a poorly understood population of B cells within the thymus. These cells develop intrathymically, are phenotypically distinct from all other B-cell lineages, and have properties that make them extremely efficient at presenting self-antigens to developing T cells. In particular, they accomplish this by binding to self-antigens with their specific B-cell receptors.
The City and Its Spatial Order
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the connection between space and identity on two levels. It begins by examining how Delhi’s physical configuration reflects the diversity of identities, be they religious, familial, professional, or social, that is, how the layout of the city reproduces conceptions of belonging and distance. Second, space not only defines and reflects other identities, but also the manner in which individuals relate to spaces forges an identity of its own, the territorial identity. The first section examines how the ashraf conceived of the urban space and what they saw as constituting the essence of the city, distinguishing it from any other. In the second section, these questions are examined with regard to the Europeans, who came to Delhi from the late eighteenth century onwards, first as travelers and later as rulers. The third section traces the colonial efforts to collate and order precise geographical knowledge.
Nobility and Middle Classes
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The boundary between those groups which in the European context would be described as ‘nobility’ and ‘middle class’ had been very permeable in northern India. Individuals who had received titles and estates from the court and those who earned their living were connected by a common concept of the respectability of descent from immigrants from the Islamic heartlands. This chapter argues that the identity the new ashraf sought to attain demarcated them from the nobility and brought them closer to the merchants, shifting the emphasis to the middle-class virtue of achievement. The first section of the chapter examines the consequences of the uprising of 1857 and its suppression on the position of the nobility. The second section turns to the traders and the changes in ownership structure in Delhi. The third section traces the increasing gap between noble and middle-class values and the ashraf’s convergence with the trading elite.
Religious Identities between Secularization and Re-Islamization
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines whether and to what extent there was a long-term tendency towards secularization, towards religion becoming a specialized subsystem which was distinguished from the other subsystems with regard to its institutions and the specialists involved. It also looks at how this development related to the growing importance of religion, particularly within the reformist Islamic movement. The first section explores this by contrasting the two most important Muslim colleges in northern India. The second section then traces the development of Delhi’s religious centres and the development of Madrasa Rahimiya’s teachings. It also looks at the retreat of Mirza Jan-e Janan’s successors from the public sphere and their rapprochement with Sufism. The final section focuses on efforts to secure the position of Muslims by developing an elaborate network of associations where spokespeople from the middle classes were now the authoritative representatives of the community of Muslims.