bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) starch isolated by conventional and ultrasound‐assisted starch isolation methods
Authors: Yadav Shweta , Mishra Sunita , Vivek Kambhampati , Mishra Sabyasachi 
Published: June 2024

SummaryStarch is a versatile biomaterial with a wide range of applications across various industrial sectors. Therefore, starch isolation methods play a crucial role in fulfilling the demand for high‐quality starch required for different applications. Waxy maize starch is the most used starch for different food applications. It is isolated using an alkaline extraction method and available in the market at a high price. The traditional process of starch isolation involves labour‐intensive and costly downstream processing that leads to exploring cost‐effective isolation methods for various food applications. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is an underutilised cereal crop composed of 65–70% of starch. In the present study, the starch from finger millet is isolated using conventional and ultrasound‐assisted isolation methods to fulfil the current requirement. The isolated finger millet starch was characterised by morphological structure obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffractogram (XRD), infrared spectrum obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and rheological analysis. The SEM images confirmed the reduced particle size and uniform grain size distribution in the starch isolated using ultrasound‐assisted isolation. The relative crystallinity of starch isolated using ultrasound‐assisted isolation method (69.05 ± 0.57%) was higher compared to other conventional isolation methods (57.18 ± 0.70%, 67.66 ± 1.00%, and 68.34 ± 0.33% for distilled water soaking, alkali soaking, and sodium bisulphite soaking, respectively). The FTIR analysis confirmed no significant changes in the functional group of starch with respect to different isolation methods. Thermal and rheological analysis of isolated starch using ultrasound‐assisted isolation indicated the lowest gelatinisation enthalpy (45.38 ± 1.67 J/g) and showed the lowest loss factor indicating the most elastic behaviour, respectively.
Functional chocolate: exploring advances in production and health benefits
Authors: Sarıtaş Sümeyye , Duman Hatice , Pekdemir Burcu , Rocha João Miguel , Oz Fatih , Karav Sercan 
Published: June 2024

SummaryChocolate has been a part of human consumption for millennia, serving as a confection, medicine and aphrodisiac. Chocolate consumption is increasing worldwide, and independent of the age or social background. The substantial content of chocolate may provide consumers with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiallergenic, and anticarcinogenic benefits. Beyond such properties, diverse bioactive ingredients are utilised in the creation of functional chocolate products aiming at promoting health and meeting the modern consumers' demands and market orientations. These products are primarily focused on enhancing nutraceutical effects, such as antioxidant activity, protein content and prebiotic effects. Additionally, the use of A2 milk powder in chocolate production holds promising expectations towards enhancing the digestibility of the products. Due to the superior affinity of proteolytic enzymes, A2 milk can be digested more easily than A1 milk. In this way, with the addition of A2 milk to chocolate, it may become more easily digestible. The objectives of this review are a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of chocolate consumption, its health benefits, and the contemporary innovations in chocolate production. Additionally, the potential for developing easily digestible, functional chocolates made from A2 milk, which could rejuvenate functional chocolate production, is discussed in this article.
Dispersal patterns and potential distribution prediction of three rice planthopper species in China based on the ensemble model
Authors: Xiu Xianzhi , Zhao Yuechao , Yu Mingli , Gao Ying , Yang Guangyi , Wang Jinyang , Shi Xueping , Wang Xingya 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThree rice planthopper species, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus, are destructive rice pests that cause serious economic losses in major rice‐producing regions of China. Understanding their dispersal patterns and potential distribution areas is crucial for effective management and control. Based on historical climate data and simulated future climate data combined with species occurrence data, the dispersal patterns of three planthopper species were analysed and their potential distributions were predicted. The results showed that from 1993 to 2022, the suitable areas for the three rice planthoppers gradually expanded. By 2022, the total suitable area for S. furcifera reached 478.35 × 104 km2, followed by 376.02 × 104 km2 for L. striatellus and 264.97 × 104 km2 for N. lugens. The optimum area for S. furcifera exhibited the most significant increase, expanding by 136.07 × 104 km2. The species has extended its range from southern China to the northeastern and northwestern regions within the past three decades. The suitable areas for L. striatellus and N. lugens did not show a significant spread trend. In addition, compared to that in 2022, the total suitable area for the three rice planthopper species increased slightly from 2041 to 2060. The study revealed that the wettest monthly rainfall and the lowest temperature were the most influential factors affecting the distributions of these planthopper species. This study provides valuable insights into the dispersal patterns and potential distribution of rice planthoppers in China and provides a theoretical basis for effective prevention and control strategies for destructive rice pests.
Predictors of frailty after cardiovascular surgery and the relationship between frailty and postoperative recovery: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kankaya Eda Ayten , Özer Özlü Nazife Gamze , Bilik Özlem 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAimTo investigate the factors affecting postoperative frailty and the relationship between frailty and postoperative recovery in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.DesignThe study was descriptive, cross‐sectional, and predictive.MethodsData were collected by researchers in a university research and application hospital cardiovascular surgery inpatient clinic between March 2022 and March 2023. Sociodemographic‐Clinical Characteristics Form, Comorbidity Index, Edmonton Frail Scale, Postoperative Recovery, and Nutritional Risk Screening were used to collect the data.ResultsOf the 145 patients included in the study, 65.51% (n = 95) were male and the mean age was 62.02 ± 10.16 years. While frailty was not found to be significant by age group, it was found that women had more comorbidities and were more frail than men. It was found that 17.2% (n = 25) of patients had a history of falls before surgery, 26.2% (n = 38) had a fear of falling after surgery and 17.24% (n = 25) had rehospitalisations. While postoperative recovery index predicted fraility by 34% in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery; general symptoms and psychological symptoms, which are the sub‐dimensions of the postoperative recovery index and comorbidity and, fear of falling after surgery predicted frailty by 61%. The order of importance of variables on fraility: general symptoms (β = 0.297), fear of falling (β = 0.222), psychological symptoms (β = 0.218), Charlson Comorbidity Index (β = 0.183).Patient or Public ContributionThis study clarifies the role of frailty as an important factor influencing the recovery process in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. The findings show that frailty has a determining effect on postoperative recovery in these patients. Among the factors affecting frailty status, comorbidities, fear of postoperative falls, and postoperative general and psychological symptoms were found to contribute. These findings emphasise that these factors should be taken into account when assessing and managing the postoperative recovery process. Understanding these factors that influence postoperative frailty is crucial for patient care. Recognising the multifaceted nature of frailty, personalised interventions are needed to improve patient care and postoperative outcomes. Personalised interventions are particularly important for older women with multiple comorbidities, as they are more likely to be frail.
Characterization of the organellar genomes of Mazzaella laminarioides and Mazzaella membranacea (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Sepúlveda‐Espinoza Francisco , Cofré‐Serrano Angela , Veloso‐Valeria Tomás , Quesada‐Calderon Suany , Guillemin Marie‐Laure 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMazzaella, a genus with no genomic resources available, has extensive distribution in the cold waters of the Pacific, where they represent ecologically and economically important species. In this study, we aimed to sequence, assemble, and annotate the complete mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes from two Mazzaella spp. and characterize the intraspecific variation among them. We report for the first time seven whole organellar genomes (mitochondria: OR915856, OR947465, OR947466, OR947467, OR947468, OR947469, OR947470; chloroplast: OR881974, OR909680, OR909681, OR909682, OR909683, OR909684, OR909685) obtained through high‐throughput sequencing for six M. laminarioides sampled from three Chilean regions and one M. membranacea. Sequenced Mazzaella mitogenomes have identical gene number, gene order, and genome structure. The same results were observed for assembled plastomes. A total of 52 genes were identified in mitogenomes, and a total of 235 genes were identified in plastomes. Although the M. membranacea plastome included a full‐length pbsA gene, in all M. laminarioides samples, the pbsA gene was split in three open reading frames (ORFs). Within M. laminarioides, we observed important plastome lineage‐specific variations, such as the pseudogenization of the two hypothetical protein‐coding genes, ycf23 and ycf45. Nonsense mutations in the ycf23 and ycf45 genes were only detected in the northern lineage. These results are consistent with phylogenetic reconstructions and divergence time estimation using concatenated coding sequences that not only support the monophyly of M. laminarioides but also underscore that the three M. laminarioides lineages are in an advanced stage of divergence. These new results open the question of the existence of still undisclosed species in M. laminarioides.
Comparison of grapiprant and meloxicam for management of postoperative joint pain in dogs: A randomized, double‐blinded, prospective clinical trial
Authors: Cassemiche Anaelle , Schoffit Sarah , Manassero Mathieu , Kohlhauer Matthias 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBackgroundGrapiprant is a novel anti‐inflammatory drug approved for the treatment of pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.ObjectiveCompare the efficacy of grapiprant vs meloxicam for the management of postoperative joint pain in dogs.AnimalsForty‐eight dogs presented with cranial cruciate ligament disease and treated by tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) between May 2020 and May 2022.MethodsIn this randomized, double blinded, prospective clinical trial, client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring unilateral cruciate ligament rupture were enrolled on the day of surgery. The day after surgery, all animals received a subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg of meloxicam and were randomly assigned to receive either oral grapiprant (2 mg/kg) or meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), once a day for 14 days, in a blinded manner. The primary endpoint of the study was the pain severity (PSS) and interference (PIS) scores, assessed by the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) at day 3, 7, 10 and 15 after the surgery.ResultsThree days after surgery, grapiprant treated dogs had lower PSS compared to meloxicam treated dogs with a mean ± SD of 2.76 ± 0.18 vs 3.25 ± 0.23, respectively (difference of −0.49 [95% CI −0.94 to −0.04],P = .032). Pain Interference Score was also lower in grapiprant group at day 3 (4.11 ± 0.18 vs 4.69 ± 0.16 in meloxicam group [difference of −0.58 {95% CI −1.03 to −0.13},P = .013]) and at day 10 (2.23 ± 0.13 vs 2.72 ± 0.28 [difference of −0.49 {95% CI −0.92 to −0.01},P = .049]).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur study supports the use of grapiprant as an alternative analgesic to meloxicam for management of postoperative joint pain in dogs.
Assessing the risk of takeover catastrophe from large language models
Authors: Baum Seth D. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis article presents a risk analysis of large language models (LLMs), a type of “generative” artificial intelligence (AI) system that produces text, commonly in response to textual inputs from human users. The article is specifically focused on the risk of LLMs causing an extreme catastrophe in which they do something akin to taking over the world and killing everyone. The possibility of LLM takeover catastrophe has been a major point of public discussion since the recent release of remarkably capable LLMs such as ChatGPT and GPT‐4. This arguably marks the first time when actual AI systems (and not hypothetical future systems) have sparked concern about takeover catastrophe. The article's analysis compares (A) characteristics of AI systems that may be needed for takeover, as identified in prior theoretical literature on AI takeover risk, with (B) characteristics observed in current LLMs. This comparison reveals that the capabilities of current LLMs appear to fall well short of what may be needed for takeover catastrophe. Future LLMs may be similarly incapable due to fundamental limitations of deep learning algorithms. However, divided expert opinion on deep learning and surprise capabilities found in current LLMs suggests some risk of takeover catastrophe from future LLMs. LLM governance should monitor for changes in takeover characteristics and be prepared to proceed more aggressively if warning signs emerge. Unless and until such signs emerge, more aggressive governance measures may be unwarranted.
The low‐carbon risk society: Dilemmas of risk–risk tradeoffs in energy innovations, transitions, and climate policy
Authors: Sovacool Benjamin K. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAs countries and communities grapple with climate change, they seek to rapidly decarbonize their economies and cultures. A low‐carbon future will likely depend on more distributed solar energy, the electrification of mobility, and more efficient homes and buildings. But what emergent risks are evident within this low‐carbon society? This exploratory study first reviews the existing literature to identify 75 risk–risk tradeoffs by their category, medium of distribution, and type. It builds on these 75 examples to apply a typology of Risk Offsets, Risk Substitution, Risk Transfer, and Risk Transformation. Based on extensive document analysis, it applies that typology to three low‐carbon innovations: solar energy, battery electric vehicles, and building energy efficiency retrofits, identifying 36 distinct risk–risk tradeoffs in total. As such, the paper moves to discuss complexities and challenges in risk management. In doing so, it calls for a more refined risk assessment that better accounts for decision‐making considerations such as the magnitude or probability of risk, size of population exposed, certainty in risk estimation, severity of adverse outcome, distributional considerations, and the timing of risk impacts. It also summarizes emergent research gaps. Risk management in the context of climate action becomes a three‐dimensional chess game of weighing risk transmission, risk mediums, and risk categories.
Paradoxes, uncertainty, and resistance: A psychology of meaning‐making at the margins
Authors: Covarrubias Rebecca , Laiduc Giselle 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe college transition is a multifaceted experience. Navigating the unfamiliar terrain of college allows for tremendous growth and self‐discovery while simultaneously evoking fear and uncertainty as students encounter new struggles. How students come to make sense of their transition experiences, especially moments of struggle, informs how they come to define who they are, who they can become, and where they belong. Robust psychological investigation has advanced three motivations for making sense of struggle: the need to understand, the need for self‐integrity, and the need to belong. Scholars target these motivations to design educational interventions and improve outcomes for students from marginalized backgrounds. What is missing is an exploration of how the uncertainty and marginalization arising from negotiating multiple social worlds can incite paradoxical expectations, messages, and cues that shape these three motivations for meaning‐making. In this paper, we aim to nuance these three motivations by attending to paradoxes. Unearthing the paradoxes lurking within each motivation advances a better understanding of what it means to make meaning from the margins and, consequently, offers new directions and possibilities for psychological research.
Discontinuous homomorphisms on C(X) with the negation of CH and a weak forcing axiom
Authors: Aoki Yushiro 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn this paper, I introduce the properties and for forcing notions and show that it is consistent that the forcing axiom for forcing notions holds, the continuum hypothesis fails, and an ultrapower of the field of reals has the property . This provides a partial solution to H. Woodin's question concerning the existence of discontinuous homomorphisms on the Banach algebra of all complex‐valued continuous functions on a compact space. Furthermore, we prove that the uniformization of a coloring of a ladder system on a stationary–costationary set is an example of an forcing notion. As a corollary, it is consistent that a nonfree Whitehead group exists, the continuum hypothesis fails, and an ultrapower of the field of reals has the property .
Paramedic student and preceptor experiences of a clinical facilitator model during ambulance clinical placements: A qualitative study
Authors: Langford Liam , Pearce James , Lenson Shane 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Ambulance service clinical placements are fundamental to paramedicine student education, but the quality and safety of these placements can be highly variable. Inspired by positive results from a nursing facilitator model, this study reports on a collaboration between an Australian university and ambulance service that introduced a paramedic clinical facilitator for undergraduate paramedic students during their ambulance clinical placements. This article describes the experiences of a clinical facilitator model for paramedicine students and their preceptors during the study period.
Methods: This study follows an exploratory qualitative research methodology. After implementation of the paramedic clinical facilitator model, two focus groups with paramedicine student participants and two semi-structured interviews with their paramedic preceptors were conducted. Intimate observations were recorded in a reflexive logbook by the facilitator, which was kept for data analysis. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants, and thematic analysis was used to code data and conceptualise themes.
Results: Three broad overarching themes were conceptualised from the data: 1) increased educational opportunities, 2) improved clinical placement management and 3) greater student support and welfare. Both paramedicine students and paramedic preceptors felt that the paramedic clinical facilitator model improved the quality of ambulance clinical placements for undergraduate paramedicine students.
Conclusion: This study suggests that a paramedic clinical facilitator model improved the safety and quality of ambulance clinical placement experience for paramedicine students and preceptors. Universities and ambulance services could consider implementing a paramedic facilitator model for ambulance clinical placements in their local contexts.
A large-scale surveillance revealed that KPC variants mediated ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in clinically isolated
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Qiao Sai , Xin Shaojun , Zhu Yufeng , Zhao Feng , Wu Heng , Zhang Jingjing , Yao Bingyan , Yu Yunsong , Fu Ying , Jiang Yan , Xie Xinyou , Zhang Jun 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

To monitor the resistance rate and gain a deeper understanding of the resistance mechanisms, we conducted over a 2-year surveillance focusing on the
Klebsiella pneumoniae
associated with the clinical usage of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) in a teaching hospital. A total of 4,641
K
.
pneumoniae
isolates were screened to identify the CZA resistance through antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Comprehensive analyses, including homology analysis, conjugation experiments, clone assays, and whole genome sequencing, were furtherly performed on the CZA-resistant strains. In total, four CZA-resistant
K. pneumoniae
(CZA-R-Kp) strains were separated from four patients, in which three of them received CZA treatment during the hospitalization, accounting for a 4% (3/75) resistance development rate of
K. pneumoniae
under CZA stress. All CZA-R-Kp isolates were found to possess variants of
bla
KPC-2
. The identified mutations included
bla
KPC-33
,
bla
KPC-86
, and a novel variant designated as
bla
KPC-129
, all of which were located in the Ω loop of the KPC enzyme. These mutations were found to impact the amino acid sequence and spatial structure of the enzyme’s active center, consequently affecting KPC carbapenemase activity. This study underscores the importance of active surveillance to monitor the emergence of resistance to CZA, highlighting the need for ongoing research to develop effective strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance. Understanding the mechanisms behind resistance is crucial in maintaining the efficacy of CZA, a vital tool in the battle against multidrug-resistant infections.

IMPORTANCE

As an effective drug for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) began to develop resistance in recent years and showed an increasing trend. In order to effectively monitor the resistance rate of CZA and understand its resistance mechanism, we monitored
K. pneumoniae
for more than 2 years to find CZA-resistant strains. Through comprehensive analysis of the selected CZA-resistant strains, it was found that all the CZA-resistant strains had mutation, which could affect the activity of KPC carbapenemase. This study highlights the importance of proactive surveillance to monitor the emergence of CZA resistance, which highlights the need for ongoing research to develop effective strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance. Understanding the mechanisms behind resistance is critical to maintaining the effectiveness of CZA, an important tool in the fight against multidrug-resistant infections.