bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ICAN- International Common Assessment Number: The need of the hour
Authors: Sekhar G.V. Satya 
Published: October 2012

When there is a system of international financial reporting system (IFRS) is much in discussion, why the policy makers are not thinking for ICAN( International Common Assessment Number) in place of PAN (Permanent Assessment Number)as in the in case of assessees in India. In this situation, any individual’s income earned any where in the world can become under a common tax planning tool.The government of India has agreements with most other nations that determine how multinational companies are taxed. In other words, the tax treaties attempt to avoid the double-taxation that would occur if two nations taxed the same income. Since transfer prices represent revenue to the upstream division and an expense to the downstream division, the transfer price affects the calculation of divisional profits that represent taxable income in the nations where the divisions are based. Further, double taxation avoidance agreements also helpful for monitoring and control of fraudulent affairs in the corporate world. In this context, this paper is intended to examine the significance of uniform assessment system in the entire world and need for common assessment number.
Carrier Lifetime: Free Carrier Absorption, Photoconductivity, and Photoluminescence
Authors: Grivickas Vytautas , Linnros Jan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article we present a survey of three basic methods of carrier lifetime determination in semiconductor materials. Different methodical approaches are, however, sensitive to different experimental conditions, such as injection level, temperature, surface condition, and to specific physical parameters of defects. This leads to a determination of qualitatively different lifetimes at variable measurement conditions. We concentrate, first, on the interplay of standard competing recombination processes: the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination mechanism, the radiative recombination, and the three‐particle Auger recombination. Aspects related to carrier trapping and to carrier diffusion‐associated surface/interface recombination and typical actions to control this problem are considered.A short overview of carrier lifetime extraction from different optical and diffusion length‐based methods as well as from device‐related techniques is presented. Three conceptually different approaches are reviewed such as the quasi‐steady‐state, the harmonic modulated‐type and the dynamic‐type methods and their advantages/disadvantages in terms of the lifetime data interpretation is discussed.In the following sections, three dynamic methods are presented and compared: Free carrier absorption (FCA), photoconductivity (PC), and photoluminescence (PL). The principle of FCA under collinear and orthogonal geometry of the pump and probe beam is explained. Carrier lifetime results in the bulk and scanning techniques such as depth‐profiling and mapping are described. The provided examples cover Si, epitaxial SiC, and GaN materials. The section of PC dynamics presents the main principles of classical lifetime measurements via electrical contacts as well as through noncontact microwave and radio frequency PC detection circuits. Some practical considerations are given. In the PL section, a diversity of carrier lifetime dynamic extraction from the bulk of semiconductors, as well as from semiconductor nanostructures and quantum dots are summarized. At the end, a selection guide for different methods is given by appropriate tables.
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
Authors: Harbison Gerard S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe provide an overview of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), including two‐dimensional NQR methods and NQR imaging. We review the quantum mechanics of quadrupolar nuclear spins at zero‐field, including the trends and magnitudes of nuclear quadrupole moments. We review the coupling of these moments with the local electric field gradients, and examine the observable spectral transitions associated with this coupling.Wereview the major methods of detecting these transitions, including standard frequency‐swept NQR, SQUID detection, and field‐cycling methods. Webriefly examineNQRhardware.Weexamine multidimensional methods to obtain full quadrupolar coupling tensors and characterize exchange processes in solids, and then consider the major methods of NQR imaging. Finally, we consider computational techniques for obtaining reliable theoretical quadrupolar couplings to compare with experiment, and alert the reader tocommonpitfalls of using “canned” quantum chemistry programs and methods to calculate quadrupolar couplings.
Positron Annihilation Studies of Materials
Authors: Keeble David J. , Brossmann U. , Puff W. , Würschum R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPositron annihilation provides sensitive and versatile probe techniques in materials science that can characterize electronic structure and vacancy‐type, open volume, defects. The techniques utilize the information carried by the photons that result from the quantum relativistic process of the annihilation of a positron with its antiparticle the electron. For the implanted positron, the time to the annihilation event with a host electron depends on the electron density of the local environment probed. Annihilation normally results in the conversion to two anticolinear γ photons, this emitted radiation carries information on the momentum of the electron ‐positron pair at the instant of annihilation.The present article focuses on the standard e+annihilation methods applied to the study of defects in materials. Current developments in e+ annihilation are briefly described.
Semiadiabatic (Isoperibol) Solution Calorimetry
Authors: Vargas Edgar F. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The semi‐adiabatic (isoperibol) solution calorimetry is a versatile calorimetric technique with a broad field of applications. The principles of the method and the common designs of the calorimeters are described. The Regnault–Pfaundler and Dickinson methods for determination of temperature change of the reaction/solution or the calibration are also described. Finally, applications of the semi‐adiabatic solution calorimetry are mentioned.
Absolute Measurement of Domain Composition and Nanoscale Size Distribution Explains Performance in PTB7:PC71BM Solar Cells
Authors: Collins Brian A. , Li Zhe , Tumbleston John R. , Gann Eliot , McNeill Christopher R. , Ade Harald 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe importance of morphology to organic solar cell performance is well known, but to date, the lack of quantitative, nanoscale and statistical morphological information has hindered obtaining direct links to device function. Here resonant X‐ray scattering and microscopy are combined to quantitatively measure the nanoscale domain size, distribution and composition in high efficiency solar cells based on PTB7 and PC71BM. The results show that the solvent additive diiodooctane dramatically shrinks the domain size of pure fullerene agglomerates that are embedded in a polymer‐rich 70/30 wt.% molecularly mixed matrix, while preserving the domain composition relative to additive‐free devices. The fundamental miscibility between the species – measured to be equal to the device's matrix composition – is likely the dominant factor behind the overall morphology with the additive affecting the dispersion of excess fullerene. As even the molecular ordering measured by X‐ray diffraction is unchanged between the two processing routes the change in the distribution of domain size and therefore increased domain interface is primarily responsible for the dramatic increase in device performance. While fullerene exciton harvesting is clearly one significant cause of the increase owing to smaller domains, a measured increase in harvesting from the polymer species indicates that the molecular mixing is not the reason for the high efficiency in this system. Rather, excitations in the polymer likely require proximity to a pure fullerene phase for efficient charge separation and transport. Furthermore, in contrast to previous measurements on a PTB7‐based system, a hierarchical morphology was not observed, indicating that it is not necessary for high performance.
Clinical features and treatment outcome of primary systemic light‐chain amyloidosis in Korea: Results of multicenter analysis
Authors: Jun Hyun Jung , Kim Kihyun , Kim Seok Jin , Mun Yeung‐Chul , Bang Soo‐Mee , Won Jong‐Ho , Kim Chul Soo , Lee Jae Hoon ,   Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP)
Published: October 2012

AbstractPrimary systemic light‐chain (AL) amyloidosis a disorder characterized by accumulation of monoclonal light chains as aggregated amyloid fibrils in tissues of multiple organs to cause organ dysfunction and death (Kyle and Gertz, Semin Hematol 1995;32:45–59; Merlini and Bellotti, N Engl J Med 2003;349:583–596). Although there are quite a number of data regarding clinical features and treatment outcomes of AL amyloidosis, most of them are from western countries except for a couple of reports from Japan (Kyle and Gertz, Semin Hematol 1995;32:45–59; Yamazaki et al., Clin Exp Nephrol 2009;13:522–525; Goodman et al., Br J Haematol 2006;134:417–425; Michael et al., Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2010;10:56–61; Palladini et al., Blood 2004;103:2936–2938). Considering the effect of ethnic difference on the clinical course and outcomes of AL amyloidosis, the analysis of Asian patients may help better understanding of this disease entity. Therefore, we conducted retrospective analysis of clinical features and treatment outcomes of 84 newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis patients in six referral centers in Korea between 1995 and 2010. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early interneuron dysfunction in ALS: Insights from a mutant sod1 zebrafish model
Authors: McGown Alexander , McDearmid Jonathan R. , Panagiotaki Niki , Tong Huaxia , Al Mashhadi Sufana , Redhead Natasha , Lyon Alison N. , Beattie Christine E. , Shaw Pamela J. , Ramesh Tennore M. 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo determine, when, how, and which neurons initiate the onset of pathophysiology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using a transgenic mutant sod1 zebrafish model and identify neuroprotective drugs.MethodsProteinopathies such as ALS involve mutant proteins that misfold and activate the heat shock stress response (HSR). The HSR is indicative of neuronal stress, and we used a fluorescent hsp70‐DsRed reporter in our transgenic zebrafish to track neuronal stress and to measure functional changes in neurons and muscle over the course of the disease.ResultsWe show that mutant sod1 fish first exhibited the HSR in glycinergic interneurons at 24 hours postfertilization (hpf). By 96 hpf, we observed a significant reduction in spontaneous glycinergic currents induced in spinal motor neurons. The loss of inhibition was followed by increased stress in the motor neurons of symptomatic adults and concurrent morphological changes at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) indicative of denervation. Riluzole, the only approved ALS drug and apomorphine, an NRF2 activator, reduced the observed early neuronal stress response.InterpretationThe earliest event in the pathophysiology of ALS in the mutant sod1 zebrafish model involves neuronal stress in inhibitory interneurons, resulting from mutant Sod1 expression. This is followed by a reduction in inhibitory input to motor neurons. The loss of inhibitory input may contribute to the later development of neuronal stress in motor neurons and concurrent inability to maintain the NMJ. Riluzole, the approved drug for use in ALS, modulates neuronal stress in interneurons, indicating a novel mechanism of riluzole action. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:246–258
An array of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrates based on plasmonic lenses
Authors: Kahraman M. , Cakmakyapan S. , Ozbay E. , Culha M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAn array of ring‐shaped holes is prepared from silver thin films using electron beam lithography. The optimal conditions for high performance as a surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate are investigated. Either the diameter of the hole (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 µm) or the slit width (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 nm) is varied. 4‐Aminothiophenol (ATP) adsorbed on the structures as a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) is used as probe to evaluate the SERS performance of the generated structures. It is found that there is an optimal configuration for ring‐shaped holes with a 3.0‐µm diameter and 200‐nm slit width. The SERS activity on this optimal lens configuration is found to be 13 times greater than that of the activity on the silver thin film. An array of these structures at this optimal configuration can easily be constructed and used in a range of SERS‐based sensing applications.
MgO and ZnO as reinforcing fillers in cured polychloroprene rubber
Authors: Chokanandsombat Yotwadee , Sirisinha Chakrit 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPolychloroprene rubber (CR) is generally cured in a manner different from that of other diene rubbers. Compounding formulations based on metal oxides have been used satisfactorily for the crosslinking of CR, especially magnesium oxide (MgO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) at loadings of 4 and 5 phr, respectively. In this work, the total loading of MgO and ZnO was varied while the MgO : ZnO loading ratio of 4 : 5 (equivalent to MgO and ZnO volume fractions of 0.013 and 0.009, respectively) that usually used with CR was kept constant. Cure and mechanical properties of CR compounds and cured specimens were investigated. The obtained results could resolve the separate increments in hardness, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and modulus associated with the increases in crosslink density and total loading of metal oxides. Furthermore, poor compression set and increased heat build‐up of cured CR specimens, particularly at high total loading of metal oxides, were believed to be the result of a post‐curing effect and of molecular restriction by the increased crosslink density, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of nanofiller dimensionality on the crystallization behavior of HDPE/carbon nanocomposites
Authors: Shi Xiaomei , Wang Jingdai , Jiang Binbo , Yang Yongrong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE) containing various zero, one, and two dimensional (0‐D, 1‐D, and 2‐D) carbon nanofillers were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. For a given temperature, the isothermal crystallization incubation time of HDPE became longer with the addition of lower dimensional carbon nanofillers, and the isothermal crystallization rate got slower. The values of Avrami and Tobin exponents indicated that the isothermal crystallization of HDPE followed two‐dimensional crystal growth in the presence of 2‐D and 1‐D carbon nanofillers, while exhibited three‐dimensional heterogeneous crystal growth in the presence of 0‐D carbon nanofillers. Contrary to the isothermal study, the nonisothermal crystallization of HDPE was accelerated in the presence of lower dimensional nanofillers. The nonisothermal crystallization data were finally analyzed using Ozawa and Mo methods. It was observed that only Mo approach could successfully describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of HDPE and HDPE/carbon nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Riverine connectivity, upstream influences, and multi‐taxa representation in a conservation area network for the fishes of Michigan, USA
Authors: Esselman Peter C. , Edgar Minako , Breck Jason , Hay‐Chmielewski Elizabeth M. , Wang Lizhu 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Fisheries resource conservation is a national priority in the USA because of the high economic and social value of fish to society. Landscape spatial planning to identify focal areas for conservation of fishes is an important step to targeted site‐level interventions to protect or restore fish habitats, because it can provide a strategic approach to guide conservation efforts. Computerized spatial planning algorithms that identify networks of sites that meet user‐specified targets for species representation indicate locations with favourable conditions for fish protection.
Here a commonly used systematic planning software, Marxan, was employed with previously published fish range and human disturbance predictions to define a network of conservation focal areas for rivers in Michigan. This network focused on large‐bodied species, small‐bodied species, species of greatest conservation need (SGCN), and all species together.
Depending on the scenario, the networks identified comprised between 14 and 20% of Michigan stream length in over 1700 focal areas ranging from 6 to 8 km in average length. Mean focal area sizes were much larger for the Upper Peninsula than the Lower Peninsula. Approximately 35% of the focal areas defined flowed through already protected lands, but less than 5% had upstream catchments that were secure within protected areas. There was a 45% overlap in the focal areas selected for the large‐ and small‐bodied fish and SGCN.
The rivers defined may serve as appropriate core areas for fish conservation. Resultant maps show locations with a high natural potential to conserve all of Michigan's native fish species, and can serve as a reference point for regionalization of comprehensive state‐wide planning efforts for fish conservation. It is recommended that this study is followed up with additional planning steps to define complementary conservation zones for protecting the functionality of ecosystems to support fishes, and to forward methods for incorporating spatial metapopulation dynamics into the planning process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic solid substrate–room temperature phosphorimetry for the determination of residual perphenazine based on the electronic effect of rhodamine 6G
Authors: Zheng Zhi‐Yong , Cui Ma‐Lin , Zhang Li‐Hong , Jiang Shu‐Lian , Jiao Li , Lin Xuan , Lin Shao‐Qin , Liu Jia‐Ming 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe rhodamine 6G+‐perphenazine (Rhod 6G+–PPH) compound is formed in the ester‐exchange reaction between ‐OH of PPH and ‐COOC2H5 of Rhod 6G+. PPH was oxidized to a red compound (PPH') in the presence of K2S2O8. Interestingly, the room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of Rhod 6G+ was quenched because the ‐OH of PPH′ reacted with ‐COOC2H5 of Rhod 6G+–PPH to form Rhod 6G+–PPH’ and PPH, which decreased the π‐electron density (δ) of the carbon atom in the Rhod 6G+–PPH’ conjugated system and enhanced the nonradiation energy loss of the excited Rhod 6G+ of the triplet state. The PPH content was directly proportional to the ΔIp of the system. Thus, a new catalytic solid‐substrate room temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) method was established for the determination of PPH. The method had high sensitivity (the limit of detection was 0.019 fg/spot, corresponding to a concentration of 4.8 × 10–14 g/mL; the sampling quantity was 0.40 μL/spot), good selectivity, convenience and speed. The analytical results were in accordance with those of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of Rhod 6G+, PPH and Rhod 6G+–PPH were characterized by infrared spectra. The reaction mechanism by which PPH was determined is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered leucocyte progenitor profile in human bone marrow from patients with major trauma during the recovery phase
Authors: Francis W R , Bodger O G , Pallister I 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Changes in human bone marrow associated with the systemic inflammatory response to injury are little understood. It was hypothesized that major trauma results in an altered bone marrow leucocyte progenitor profile, with either uniform depletion or the balance between multipotent and committed progenitors varying, depending on whether self-renewal is favoured over differentiation.

Methods
Bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood samples were obtained at definitive surgery in adults with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma (major trauma with Injury Severity Score (ISS) at least 18, or isolated fractures) and control patients undergoing iliac crest bone grafting. ISS, interval to surgery and transfusion in the first 24 h were recorded. Bone marrow aspirate flow cytometry was used to identify haemopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+), multipotent cells (CD34+ CD45+ CD38−) and oligopotent cells (CD34+ CD45+ CD38lo/+ and CD34+ CD45+ CD38BRIGHT(++ +) subsets). Peripheral blood levels of inflammatory markers were measured, and the ratio of immature to mature (CD35−/CD35+) granulocytes was determined.

Results
The median (range) interval between injury and sampling was 7 (1–21) and 5 (1–21) days in the major trauma and isolated fracture groups respectively. The CD34+ pool was significantly depleted in the major trauma group (P = 0·017), particularly the CD34+ CD45+ CD38BRIGHT(++ +) oligopotent pool (P = 0·003). Immature CD35− granulocytes increased in bone marrow with increasing injury severity (P = 0·024) and massive transfusion (P = 0·019), and in peripheral blood with increasing interval to surgery (P = 0·005).

Conclusion
Major blunt trauma resulted in changes in the bone marrow CD34+ progenitor pool. At the point in recovery when these samples were obtained, oligopotent progenitors were lost from the bone marrow, with continued release of immature cells.
Cytokinesis in trypanosomes
Authors: Farr Helen , Gull Keith 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCytokinesis is a crucial step in the cell division cycle whereby the cell membrane and underlying cortex is remodelled and drawn together to create two new daughter cells. While in many eukaryotic systems this process is accomplished by an actomyosin contractile ring, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei displays an unusual mechanism for cytokinesis, with an increased reliance on microtubules. There are a number of crucial preparatory steps involving the replication and segregation of organelles that must be undertaken in order for cytokinesis to occur. In this review, we will discuss the cellular architecture of the trypanosome and its importance within cytokinesis, and the recent progress in understanding the regulatory systems involved. Recent advances in three‐dimensional imaging techniques have improved our understanding of the mechanisms driving cytokinesis and are likely to yield further insights in the future. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Inherently slow and weak forward forces of neuronal growth cones measured by a drift‐stabilized atomic force microscope
Authors: Fuhs Thomas , Reuter Lydia , Vonderhaid Iris , Claudepierre Thomas , Käs Josef A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPrevious results have shown that glial cells provide a soft environment for the neurons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). This raises the question whether neurons are confined to the CNS and cannot wander off into more rigid tissues, such as brain capillary walls. We investigated the mechanical properties and force generation of extending mouse retinal ganglion cells and NG108‐15 growth cones (GCs) using different atomic force microscope (AFM)‐based methods. For the first time, to our knowledge, we were able to measure the forward pushing forces at the leading edge of outgrowing neuronal GCs with our drift‐stabilized AFM. Our results demonstrate that these GCs have neither the required stability nor the ability to produce forces necessary to penetrate tissues that are at least an order of magnitude stiffer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.