bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Criminalization of Torture in South Africa
Authors: Fernandez Lovell , Muntingh Lukas 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article describes the politics related to the criminalization of torture in South Africa. It studies the differences between torture as an international crime and as a crime under international human rights law. The South African anti-torture law is analysed and critiqued against the standards and provisions set out in the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. The article recommends amendments to the South African law, aimed at making the combating of torture more effective.
Levels of helminth infection in the flat lizardTropidurus semitaeniatusfrom north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Bezerra C.H. , Ávila R.W. , Passos D.C. , Zanchi-Silva D. , Galdino C.A.B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractParasites represent a great, unknown component of animal biodiversity. Recent efforts have begun to uncover patterns of infection by helminth parasites in several Neotropical lizards. The present study reports, for the first time, levels of helminth infection in a population of the flat lizardTropidurus semitaeniatus. One hundred and thirty-nine lizards were examined and evidence of five intestinal helminth species was found, comprising four species of nematodes, one species of cestode and an unidentified encysted larval nematode. The most frequently occurring species was the intestinal nematodeParapharyngodon alvarengai, which did not exhibit differences in prevalence and intensity of infection relative to host sex or age/body size. Furthermore, helminth species richness was not related to host body size.
Altered functioning of reward circuitry in youth offspring of parents with bipolar disorder
Authors: Manelis A. , Ladouceur C. D. , Graur S. , Monk K. , Bonar L. K. , Hickey M. B. , Dwojak A. C. , Axelson D. , Goldstein B. I. , Goldstein T. R. , Bebko G. , Bertocci M. A. , Gill M. K. , Birmaher B. , Phillips M. L. 
Published: September 2015

Background.Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) (BO) are at higher risk of BD than offspring of parents with non-BD psychopathology (NBO), although both groups are at higher risk than offspring of psychiatrically healthy parents (HC) for other affective and psychiatric disorders. Abnormal functioning in reward circuitry has been demonstrated previously in individuals with BD. We aimed to determine whether activation and functional connectivity in this circuitry during risky decision-making differentiated BO, NBO and HC.Method.BO (n = 29; mean age = 13.8 years; 14 female), NBO (n = 28; mean age = 13.9 years; 12 female) and HC (n = 23; mean age = 13.7 years; 11 female) were scanned while performing a number-guessing reward task. Of the participants, 11 BO and 12 NBO had current non-BD psychopathology; five BO and four NBO were taking psychotropic medications.Results.A 3 (group) × 2 (conditions: win-control/loss-control) analysis of variance revealed a main effect of group on right frontal pole activation: BO showed significantly greater activation than HC. There was a significant main effect of group on functional connectivity between the bilateral ventral striatum and the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Z > 3.09, cluster-p < 0.05): BO showed significantly greater negative functional connectivity than other participants. These between-group differences remained after removing youth with psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medications from analyses.Conclusions.This is the first study to demonstrate that reward circuitry activation and functional connectivity distinguish BO from NBO and HC. The fact that the pattern of findings remained when comparing healthy BO v. healthy NBO v. HC suggests that these neuroimaging measures may represent trait-level neurobiological markers conferring either risk for, or protection against, BD in youth.
Refining the push and pull framework: identifying inequalities in residential relocation among older adults
Authors: SMETCOREN AN-SOFIE , DE DONDER LIESBETH , DURY SARAH , DE WITTE NICO , KARDOL TINIE , VERTÉ DOMINIQUE 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTOlder people consider moving home when there is a discrepancy between actual and desired living conditions. This study builds on the classic push and pull framework described in the early work of Lee and Wiseman by identifying whether or not individual differences among older people can be predictive for certain push and pull reasons (such as housing, health, neighbourhood and social contact). On the basis of data from the Belgian Ageing Studies (N = 35,402), it was found that 13.9 per cent of older respondents had moved in the last ten years (N = 4,823). An analysis of the movers revealed inequalities in the reasons for moving in later life and raises the question of whether a relocation is voluntary (being able to move) or involuntary (being forced to move). Respondents with lower household incomes and poor mental health were significantly more likely to have moved because of stressors pushing them out of their previous dwelling, whereas older people with higher household incomes or home-owners were mainly pulled towards a more attractive environment.
Gender differences in leisure patterns at age 50 and above: micro and macro aspects
Authors: AVITAL DANA 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe current paper seeks to explore whether there are differences in leisure patterns among men and women aged 50 and above, and whether the characteristics of one's country of residence influence these patterns. Data were obtained from the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE 2004/5), as well as from the database of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The research population comprised 7,769 men and 9,337 women aged 50 and above from 11 European countries. Three clustered-robust logistic regression models examined the likelihood of participating in one or more of three leisure activities: going to sport or social clubs, participating in a course or educational class, and volunteering. Three Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions were used to examine gender gaps in participation in each activity. At the micro level, the results showed that men were more active than women and that men were also less influenced by the observed characteristics. In addition, retirement only increased the likelihood of participating in sport club activities for men. At the macro level, the country's expenditure on culture and recreation was found to contribute significantly to women's participation in leisure activities, especially those in which most of the participants are men. In addition, macro variables as a whole were found to reduce the contribution of the observed micro characteristics. The main conclusion of the study is that the macro factors, especially the country's expenditure on culture and recreation as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product, contribute substantially to reducing the gender gap in participation in leisure activities in older age.
A closed-form solution for the position analysis of a novel fully spherical parallel manipulator
Authors: Enferadi Javad , Shahi Amir 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYIn this paper, a novel 3(RPSP)-S fully spherical parallel manipulator (SPM) is introduced. Also, an innovative method based on the geometry of the manipulator is presented for solving the forward position problem of the manipulator. The presented method provides a framework for the future research to solve the forward position problem of the other fully spherical PMs (for examples 3(UPS)-S and 3(RSS)-S). In the proposed method, two coupled trigonometric equations are obtained by utilizing the geometry of the manipulator and Rodrigues' rotation formula. Using Bezout's elimination technique, the two coupled equations lead to a polynomial of degree eight. We show that the polynomial is minimal and optimal. Furthermore, the other method is proposed for selecting an admissible solution of the forward position problem. This algorithm is required to control modeling and dynamic simulations.
Children's identification of questions from rising terminal pitch
Authors: SAINDON MATHIEU R. , TREHUB SANDRA E. , SCHELLENBERG E. GLENN , VAN LIESHOUT PASCAL 
Published: September 2015

AbstractYoung children are slow to master conventional intonation patterns in their yes/no questions, which may stem from imperfect understanding of the links between terminal pitch contours and pragmatic intentions. In Experiment 1, five- to ten-year-old children and adults were required to judge utterances as questions or statements on the basis of intonation alone. Children eight years of age or younger performed above chance levels but less accurately than adult listeners. To ascertain whether the verbal content of utterances interfered with young children's attention to the relevant acoustic cues, low-pass filtered versions of the same utterances were presented to children and adults in Experiment 2. Low-pass filtering reduced performance comparably for all age groups, perhaps because such filtering reduced the salience of critical pitch cues. Young children's difficulty in differentiating declarative questions from statements is not attributable to basic perceptual difficulties but rather to absent or unstable intonation categories.
Using financial incentives to motivate conservation of an at-risk species on private lands
Authors: RAMSDELL C. PAXTON , SORICE MICHAEL G. , DWYER ANGELA M. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYFinancial incentives have become a core component of private lands conservation programmes because of their ability to motivate stewardship behaviour. Concern exists about the durability of stewardship behaviours after payments end. Payments for performance may impact farmers' current and future engagement with an incentive programme to protect an at-risk ground-nesting grassland bird. Farmer motivations for participating in the programme, as well as their intention to continue the programme if the financial incentive no longer existed, were quantified. Although farmers did not report a high level of current involvement in the programme, most reported they would continue at a similar or higher level of engagement if the payments ended. These outcomes were related to their perception that their participation was driven by their internal motivation to help rather than the desire to obtain the financial reward. The perception that their behaviour was self-directed was positively influenced by the flexibility surrounding landowners’ engagement with the programme, a feeling of competence and achievement, and a feeling of connectedness to the organization implementing the programme. The success of conservation incentive programmes over the long term can be enhanced by explicitly accounting for the needs of landowners in programme design and administration.
Submarine geomorphology and sea floor processes along the coast of Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, from multibeam bathymetry and video data
Authors: O’Brien Philip E. , Smith Jodie , Stark Jonathan S. , Johnstone Glenn , Riddle Martin , Franklin Dennis 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA survey of nearshore areas in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica, using high-resolution multibeam swath bathymetry provided both a detailed digital bathymetric model and information on sediment acoustic backscatter. Combined with underwater video transects and sediment sampling, these data were used to identify and map geomorphic units. Six geomorphic units identified in the survey region include: rocky outcrops, basins, pediments, valleys, scarps and embayments. In addition to geomorphic units, the data revealed sedimentary features that provide insights into post-glacial sediment transport and erosion in the area. Ice keel pits and scours are common, and sea floor channels, scour depressions and sand ribbons indicate transport and deposition by wind-driven currents and oceanographic circulation. Gullies and sediment lobes observed on steep slopes indicate mass movement of sediment. Some of these processes have not been directly observed to date, but their effectiveness in shaping the modern sea floor is clearly indicated by the sea floor mapping data. The embayments preserve a mantle of boulder sand probably deposited by cold-based glaciers which were flanked by faster-flowing ice in adjoining regions.
Not always variable: Probing the vernacular grammar
Authors: D'Arcy Alexandra , Tagliamonte Sali A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWritten and spoken language are known to differ substantially (Biber, 1988; 1995; Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999). Standard written language is highly uniform and governed by prescription, whereas the vernacular is most revealing of structured heterogeneity (Weinreich, Labov, & Herzog, 1968). We focus on four English morphosyntactic variables that problematize assumptions about the nature of variation in the vernacular: the genitive, the comparative, the dative, and relative pronouns. Each is characterized in casual speech by functional divides that reflect discrete configurations of variant use. After detailing the patterning of these variables in speech, we explore a characteristic arguably shared by each: its historical pathway into the language, where analogy and prestige were powerful motivations for variant choice. We suggest that this combination of systemic and social factors contributed to the nature of these variables in the vernacular grammar. Furthermore, we advocate for greater scrutiny of written and spoken data and the outcomes of change from above and below within each register. The type of innovation and its trajectory may affect the nature of the emergent variable grammar.
Gender and language change in Old Norse sentential negatives
Authors: Blaxter Tam 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOne consistent finding across sociolinguistic studies is the tendency for female speakers to lead in ongoing change. Different explanations have been proposed for this and a key method of testing these explanations is to identify whether the pattern occurs in the languages of a wider range of societies than have been studied thus far. Historical societies are relatively understudied in this regard, but undertaking variationist research into gender in historical varieties presents many challenges. One way to overcome these is to examine variation internal to fiction data. This paper presents an analysis of the effect of gender on the adverb selected for sentential negation in Old Norse prose fiction. It finds that female characters lead consistently in this change over time. In doing so, it demonstrates the feasibility of using fiction data when examining the effect of gender in historical varieties such as Old Norse.
Community rules and speaker behavior: Individual adherence to group constraints on (ING)
Authors: Forrest Jon 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the degree to which individual speakers follow the morphosyntactic hierarchy governing grammatical constraints on (ING) in the Southern U.S. city of Raleigh, North Carolina. (ING) was used as the variable of study for its well-studied internal constraints and comparability to previous studies on the internal constraints oft/ddeletion. A lexical category constraint hierarchy for the community was determined via multivariate mixed-effects statistical models, and each speaker's (ING) pattern was compared to this hierarchy. Results show maintenance in grammatical constraints even when taking phonological factors into account, unlike some work ont/ddeletion. Uniformity exists across speakers with respect to the ordering of internal constraints despite the overall decline in rates of –inover time, but constraint weights (expressed as log odds) vary significantly from speaker to speaker, with no correlates to social or internal factors. These results have consequences for representation of individuals in terms of an aggregate pattern, questioning the consistency of factor weight values at the speaker level despite consistent ordering of constraints.
A dose–response meta-analysis reveals an association between vitamin B12and colorectal cancer risk
Authors: Sun Nai-Hui , Huang Xuan-Zhang , Wang Shuai-Bo , Li Yuan , Wang Long-Yi , Wang Hong-Chi , Zhang Chang-Wang , Zhang Cong , Liu Hong-Peng , Wang Zhen-Ning 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe current meta-analysis evaluated the association between vitamin B12intake and blood vitamin B12level and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk.DesignThe PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched. A dose–response analysis was performed with generalized least squares regression, with the relative risk (RR) and 95 % CI as effect values.SettingThe meta-analysis included seventeen studies.SubjectsA total of 10 601 patients.ResultsThe non-linear dose–response relationship between total vitamin B12intake and CRC risk was insignificant (P=0·690), but the relationship between dietary vitamin B12intake and CRC risk was significant (P<0·001). Every 4·5 μg/d increment in total and dietary vitamin B12intake was inversely associated with CRC risk (total intake: RR=0·963; 95 % CI 0·928, 0·999; dietary intake: RR=0·914; 95 % CI 0·856, 0·977). The inverse association between vitamin B12intake and CRC risk was also significant when vitamin B12intake was over a dosage threshold, enhancing the non-linear relationship. The non-linear dose–response relationship between blood vitamin B12level and CRC risk was insignificant (P=0·219). There was an insignificant association between every 150 pmol/l increment in blood vitamin B12level and CRC risk (RR=1·023; 95 % CI 0·881, 1·187).ConclusionsOur meta-analysis indicates that evidence supports the use of vitamin B12for cancer prevention, especially among populations with high-dose vitamin B12intake, and that the association between CRC risk and total vitamin B12intake is stronger than between CRC risk and dietary vitamin B12intake only.
Elemental Distribution in Multilayer Systems by Laser-Assisted Atom Probe Tomography with Various Analysis Directions
Authors: Kubota Masaki , Takamizawa Hisashi , Shimizu Yasuo , Nozawa Yasuko , Ebisawa Naoki , Toyama Takeshi , Ishida Yoichi , Yanagiuchi Katsuaki , Inoue Koji , Nagai Yasuyoshi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractElemental distributions in a magnetic multilayer system with the structure Si substrate/Ta/NiFe/Ru/CoFeB/Ru/NiFe were studied using atom probe tomography (APT) along different analysis directions. The distributions of Ru and B atoms, which require a high evaporation field, were strongly influenced by the APT analysis direction. In particular, B in the CoFeB layer appeared near the interface with the lower Ru layer when the analysis was anti-parallel to the film growth direction, while B atoms were observed at the other side of the CoFeB layer when the analysis was parallel to the film growth direction. Moreover, when the analysis was perpendicular to the film growth direction, a homogenous distribution of B atoms was found within the CoFeB layer. Owing to this B behavior, the underlying Ru layer was affected in both of these analysis directions. In APT measurements of such a multilayer system composed of a stack of different evaporation field materials, evaluation of the elemental distribution around interfaces should be performed from more than one analysis direction.
United States – Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products (WT/DS259; WT/DS252; WT/DS248; WT/DS249; WT/DS251; WT/DS258; WT/DS254; WT/DS253: DSR 2003:VII, 3117)
Authors: Grossman Gene M. , Sykes Alan O. 
Published: September 2015

Since the inception of the WTO, safeguard measures have regularly been the subject of dispute settlement proceedings. The latest in this chain of disputes concerns the definitive safeguard measures imposed by the United States on a wide range of steel products in 2002.The safeguards investigation of steel imports was initiated under the US law by the US International Trade Commission (USITC) at the request of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) in June, 2001. The request covered four broad categories of steel products, which were divided into 33 categories by the USITC for purposes of data collection. Ultimately, the USITC defined 27 separate “industries” producing steel products within the scope of the investigation. For each of these industries, the USITC proceeded to determine whether imports had increased, and if so, whether increased imports were a substantial cause of serious injury or threat of injury. This analysis resulted in negative determinations for 15 industries, affirmative determinations for eight industries, and “divided” determinations (a 3–3 vote) for four industries.
Ultrafast optical modification of exchange interactions in iron oxides
Authors: Mikhaylovskiy R.V. , Hendry E. , Secchi A. , Mentink J.H. , Eckstein M. , Wu A. , Pisarev R.V. , Kruglyak V.V. , Katsnelson M.I. , Rasing Th. , Kimel A.V. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUltrafast non-thermal manipulation of magnetization by light relies on either indirect coupling of the electric field component of the light with spins via spin-orbit interaction or direct coupling between the magnetic field component and spins. Here we propose a scenario for coupling between the electric field of light and spins via optical modification of the exchange interaction, one of the strongest quantum effects with strength of 103 Tesla. We demonstrate that this isotropic opto-magnetic effect, which can be called inverse magneto-refraction, is allowed in a material of any symmetry. Its existence is corroborated by the experimental observation of terahertz emission by spin resonances optically excited in a broad class of iron oxides with a canted spin configuration. From its strength we estimate that a sub-picosecond modification of the exchange interaction by laser pulses with fluence of about 1 mJ cm−2 acts as a pulsed effective magnetic field of 0.01 Tesla.
Bloch-like waves in random-walk potentials based on supersymmetry
Authors: Yu Sunkyu , Piao Xianji , Hong Jiho , Park Namkyoo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBloch’s theorem was a major milestone that established the principle of bandgaps in crystals. Although it was once believed that bandgaps could form only under conditions of periodicity and long-range correlations for Bloch’s theorem, this restriction was disproven by the discoveries of amorphous media and quasicrystals. While network and liquid models have been suggested for the interpretation of Bloch-like waves in disordered media, these approaches based on searching for random networks with bandgaps have failed in the deterministic creation of bandgaps. Here we reveal a deterministic pathway to bandgaps in random-walk potentials by applying the notion of supersymmetry to the wave equation. Inspired by isospectrality, we follow a methodology in contrast to previous methods: we transform order into disorder while preserving bandgaps. Our approach enables the formation of bandgaps in extremely disordered potentials analogous to Brownian motion, and also allows the tuning of correlations while maintaining identical bandgaps, thereby creating a family of potentials with ‘Bloch-like eigenstates’.