bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forecasting of Hazardous Layers at the Exploration Wells Drilling Stage
Authors: Antipova Ksenia , Kulakova Olga 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the process of well construction in difficult drilling conditions and in the Arctic, the technologies that let us forecast formation heterogeneity and possible zones of complications and drilling hazards at early stages of field development become especially relevant. It has been found that a considerable number of drilling hazards and complications with drill bit failures and mud losses is associated with abnormal reservoir leyers. Anomaly show as alternation of hard and soft rocks; as a result in productive area we can observe both super-reservoir layers with up to 40–50% porosity and up to 1 m thickness, and abnormal consolidated and abrasive zones. Rock density in super-reservoir layer may decrease by 35–40% and increase to the same extent in the precipitation zone, which inevitably affects the strength and filtration properties of rocks. Based on the results of core and thin section analysis of 6 major fields of Volga-Urals oil and gas province, innovative catagenetic model of oil and gas deposit was built which can be used for any field. There is a clear relationship between catagenetic heterogeneity and zones of ancient oil-water and gas-fluid contacts, which allow us to develop a method for forecasting of drilling hazardous layers based on core data on one drilled well.
Generation of catagenetic reservoir model for a new field will enable us at the exploration and planning stage to identify zones of possible complications and use appropriate technical and technological decisions for trouble-free drilling of new wells.
Testing of the method made it possible to increase the life cycle of the drill bits due to reduction of their abrasive wear, select proper measures to minimize mud losses, save time and money for elimination of accidents related to drill bits.
Regularities emerged in location of abnormal layers, their relationship with catagenetic processes was established, and a method was developed for forecasting possible complication zones based on core data on one well. To eliminate hazards in well drilling, we suggest using a model forecasting real depth of occurrence of hazardous layers. This can help implement deep and ultra-deep well drilling program, incorporating technical solutions aimed at prevention of complications.
Case Studies: E-line ‘Heavy’ Workovers in High Latitude Environments
Authors: Sidle Brian , Crist Rick , Kirsanov Kirill , Albright Jeremy , Ray Jeremy 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Drilling and producing in high latitude environments is unforgiving. Temperatures often drop below –20°C and can reach as low as –50°C. Isolated locations or vast distances, extreme weather conditions and periods of deep darkness can restrict transportation of personnel and equipment. As a result, job complexity often leads to outright failure or an exponential increase in time to accomplish what would be a routine task in a normal environment. Often the best route to success and efficiency in these conditions is proven technologies and strategies. For over 80 years, e-line conveyance and tools have been refined and improved to become a very reliable means of data gathering and workovers, such as plug setting, debris removal, hardware milling, pipe recovery and so forth.
Modern electric line (e-line) capabilities can now accomplish what conventionally would have been rig- or coiled tubing-based
workovers. In the North Sea, Canada, Alaska and Russia operators use e-line to perform ‘heavy’ workovers; explosion-free cutting of tubulars, scale and debris removal, milling through hardware such as nipples, failed isolation valves and flapper valves, and replacement of hardware, such as gas lift valves and Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP’s) in extended reach horizontals.
This paper discusses the benefits e-line tools can bring to accomplish ‘heavy’ workovers in a reliable manner in high latitude environments. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate these applications in practice.
New Standard ISO 19901-8 (Marine Soil Investigations) and Russian Practice of Offshore Engineering-Geological Survey
Authors: Loktev Andrei 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The working group WG398 of technical subcommittee ISO/TC67/SC7 has completed development of a new standard for geotechnical soil investigation (ISO 19901–8). The task has being carried out in the frame of complex offshore structure requirements development for petroleum and natural gas industries (series ISO 19901. Petroleum and natural gas industries — Specific requirements for offshore structures — Part 8: Marine soil investigations). The new standard is planned to be commissioned in 2014. It should be of interest to compare international and Russian practices in the area of offshore soil investigations, particularly at Arctic shelf with severe climate.
Traditionally in Russia requirements for engineering survey (scope and kinds of work) are defined by various normatives which have the state status (state and industrial standards, regulations, recommendations, guides etc.). On the other hand this kind of unification is more likely exclusion around the world (in particular national standards of USA, Norway and others); with more typical specifications and rules of some companies, institutes, societies, regional and inter-regional organisations. However shelf development is very global process, deleting boundaries and contributing integration of knowledge, experience and efforts. Therefore motion toward unification seems to be logical and expedient (under umbrella of International and European organizations for Standardization, ISO and CEN).
Laboratory Modeling of Mass Transfer During Internal Waves Interaction with Bottom Profile in the Shelf Zone
Authors: Shishkina Olga D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the thermostratified tank of the overall dimensions L:B:H = 18:4:2 m full-scale laboratory modeling of interaction of internal waves with a shelf's model at the depths corresponding to 60 - 80 m in natural conditions is performed. Spatial and frequency transformations of horizontal and vertical structure of an internal wave field as a result of propagation of periodic internal waves along a shelf edge with a flat and inclined bottom are investigated. Frequencies of the internal waves produced by a wave-maker in the pycnocline correspond to the natural ones. The coefficient of geometrical similarity of an internal wave field and the vertical seasonal pycnocline KL = 1:100 is provided. The depth of the laboratory installation of 2 m provides modeling of natural conditions at the depths up to 200 meters.
Results of the study can be applied to forecasting of nature of distribution of oil spills in a shelf zone under the influence of an internal wave field in the seasonal pycnocline. Including water areas covered with ice for a long time.
As a result of restoration of a three-dimensional wave field by contact measurements the formation of narrow wave packages while periodic wave system propagation along a shelf is revealed.
The analysis of dispersive dependences over an inclined bottom showed existence of physical preconditions for evolution of vertical structure of a field of internal waves. That leads to an intensive vertical mass exchange between liquid layers within the pycnocline.
Similar model experiments weren't made earlier.
Results of researches open physical features of process of a horizontal and vertical mass transfer in non-uniform liquid on density at interaction of internal waves with a bottom profile in a shelf zone.
Effect of Fault Tectonics on The Surface Subsidence During The Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Garagash I. A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Subsidence of the surface during the oil and gas production is usually associated with consolidation of reservoir as result of decreasing of pore pressure. However, sometimes it is difficult to explain as in the case of the Ekofisk oil deposit when the local subsidence reach more than 10 meters and which is impossible to stop with help of water injection at the layer. It is shown that this phenomenon may be related with the displacements along the faults that cross the reservoir.
The numerical analysis of the action of movements along faults for Ekofisk deposits and oil and gas Russkoe deposit of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District are realized. For calculations the elastic-plastic model with the Mohr-Coulomb yield condition are used. First it is assumed that the fault remains as elastic. Then gradually transition of various parts of fault to the plastic state is performed. It is assumed that the fault zone are softening after the peak of strength, i.e. the strength decreases with increasing of inelastic deformation until the stress are reached the some residual level. Slipping of fault sides leads to the formation of local subsidence of the surface.
It is established that in the case of deposit located at the great depth (about 4km for Ekofisk deposit), we can expect significant surface subsidence, whereas the shallow deposits as in the case of Russcoe deposit at the depth about 1 km, the contribution of the faults is small. The reason is that when the deposit is the deeper the the initial elastic energy accumulated on the fault is greater. So than more energy is released at the fault then the more displacements we can expect.
Study of the Temperature of Near-Surface Permafrost layers to Providing Their Stability During the Operation of Oilfields
Authors: Gubaidullin M. G. , Makarsky N. A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Oilfield development in the European North of Russian, within the territory of Nenets Autonomous Okrug, provides a negative impact on the components of the environment, including the geological environment. In a permafrost environment, disturbance of the permafrost's thermal regime may cause the subsidence of production facilities, deformations and stresses in structures and buildings. This can lead to accidents involving pollution of top portion of the geological environment (GE) by petroleum products. Accumulation of significant volumes of industrial waste causes additional pollution
This study of the nature of the thermal impact on the top portion of the GE has been conducted at the Ardalin group of oilfields located in the northern part of Timan-Pechora Oil and Gas Province (TPOGP). The study utilizes the results of many years of monitoring and studies of the thermal state of permafrost near the oil production facilities and injection wells, as well as the thermal state of the drilling waste buried at Ardalin Oilfield Facility (AOF) located in the Pechora-Kolva Oil and Gas section of TPOGP. AOF includes Ardalin, Oshkotyn, East Kolva and Dyusushev oilfields (Fig. 1).
Oil deposits at AOF oilfields are associated with the Middle and Upper Devonian and are represented by different types of enclosing rocks, ranging from algal, porous and porous-vugular limestones at Ardalin oilfield to vugular-porous, clayed dolomitic limestones at Oshkotyn oilfield (Fig. 2). The oil deposits of East Kolva and Dyusushev oilfields are associated with the Frasnian Stage, represented by interbedded greenish-gray dense, hard argillites. The thickness of the productive pools ranges from 100 m at Ardalin to 27 m at Oshkotyn to 25 at East Kolva and Dyusushev oilflelds. The ultimate oil reserves are 25 MM tons (16.4 MM tons at rdalin, 4.7 MM tons at Oshkotyn, 1.3 MM tons at East Kolva and 2.6 MM tons at Dyusushev).
Feature Of Gravity Current Which Propagate With Mass Transfer With Bottom Sediments
Authors: Nikolaevich Zavialov Ivan , Dmitrievich Yakimov Ilya 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Gravity currents are enough widespread and can reach catastrophic proportions.
It is still poorly understood features of the motion of the gravity current motion with the active mass transfer with the bottom sediments. In addition, it is difficult reliable quantitative estimates of the mass involved in the movement and carried down the slope sediments. An important goal is the development of physics catastrophically strong turbidity currents, especially in their head.
In this work, a laboratory simulation of gravity current along the bottom using the active mass transfer from the bottom sediments, as a model for sediment used polystyrene, with a density of 1.08 g/cm3, a lightweight bottom sediment was used because it is easy to make turbid, leading to maximize current mass transfer with the bottom sediments.
The experiment proved that the current’s motion down the slope has a constant speed, and the geometric dimensions of the current does not undergo a change in scale deviation from a mean. The overall strength of the resistance to flow can be divided into the power of resistance associated with the external environment, the strength of bottom friction and the force associated with involvement in the current bottom sediments. It makes sense to make further clarifications. A particle of sediments has velocity equel zero, when it is captured by current. After the capture of the particle it is accelerated to a speed of current. By the law of conservation of momentum current must to "slow down". Therefore, every act of taking a particles by current is accompanied by its inhibition.
During the experiments, it was found that the greatest braking force is the force associated with involvement in the movement of new sediment approximately 80% of gravity force. Accounting for all three forces gives a good agreement between experimental and theoretical results.
Iceberg Monitoring Service For Offshore Oil Rig Safety By Spaceborne Radar Technologies And Drift Modeling
Authors: Longépé N.. , Mercier F.. , Greiner E.. , Sutton M.. , Lefèvre F.. , Salman A.. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology of iceberg monitoring for Arctic Seas. Indeed, oil/gas operations and seismic surveys are challenging in these areas, when icebergs drifting in the operation areas constitute major hazards.
The proposed Icebergs Monitoring Service is based on spaceborne radar technologies for iceberg detection, numerical modeling for icebergs drifting, and GIS/web map server for the visualization of the ice reports. The idea is to provide on a regular basis an Icebergs Situation Map giving the icebergs’ location in real time and in a few days forecast. Different levels of surveillance apply around the location of interest, depending upon the proximity of icebergs location with sensitive areas or infrastructures [from surveillance mode by using altimetry and medium-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery every 2–3 days, to critical mode with late or fast 24h programming service of high resolution SAR images activated].
A dedicated processing chain collects the information on icebergs observations (altimetry, radar, in situ), acquires the necessary metocean data in due time, and runs the drift model in order to forecast the icebergs positions. The iceberg drift model, the so-called MOBIDRIFT, is able to model the advection, thawing, rolling over, and dislocation. All the results (from altimetry and radar analyses, model prediction) are then exported to a GIS to allow further analyses from an expert or visualization for the end-users.
These technologies have proven their efficiency in the Antarctic seas at several occasions (e.g. yacht race Vendée Globe 2012). The adaptation of the methodologies to the Arctic conditions is fully explained (radar capabilities for small iceberg detection, detection in icy waters…). In particular, the iceberg/vessel identification is of high importance: the use of ARGOS/Iridium and satellite AIS systems for vessel monitoring is also outlined.
Ornithological Investigations and Estimation Of Potential Threats In A Process Of Off-Shore Oil and Gas Fields Exploitation in the Barents Sea
Authors: Krasnov Yu.V.. V. , Nikolaeva N.G.. G. 
Published: October 2013

Резюме
In recent years developing and exploitation of oil and gas field of the Barents Sea arctic shelf resulted in requirement of detailed information about status of the main ecosystem parameters. Relating to marine birds data on trends of distribution pattern at the sea, number of certain species and seasonal dynamics are of particular attention. Historically regional marine bird investigations were carried out in coastal areas with large breeding colonies (Belopolskiy, 1957; Demme, 1934; Uspenskiy, 1956). Evaluation of rapid increasing information about marine bird breeding biology and ecology in 1970–90s shows that many concrete tasks can’t be solved in absence of data from open sea. In1990s large complex of important information was obtained as a result of intensive ornithological observation in the open sea. The most successful censuses methods were developed, seabird species composition and quantity index was determined, number of seabirds calculating on a base of aerial surveys was formulated.
Colonial seabirds were shown to be dominated in the open sea with the most diversity in its western part. Seabird composition of the eastern part of the open Barents Sea is restricted by only three species. In central Barents Sea 16 colonial seabird species were observed regular. However, when assessing the impact of planned projects on the marine avifauna the obtained information is taken into account to a small extent or not at all taken into account. The avifauna investigation for the Engineering and Environmental Survey (EES)(inzhenerno-ekologicheskie uzyskaniya in the Russian official terminology) are carried out in minimal volume in order to reduce the financial costs of environmental support projects. When planning the environmental monitoring of the area required parameters of the ornithological information shall not be considered. At the same time, the amount of environmental studies for Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental research is not defined in the Russian Federation legislation.
Environmental Aspects of Hydrocarbon Production in West Arctic Basin
Authors: Kuznetsov Yuri 
Published: October 2013

Detailed Abstract
The Russian portion of the West Arctic Shelf (including the Barents Sea, Pechora Bay and Kara Sea) contains over 75 % (8.2 billion tons of reference fuel) of the proved hydrocarbon reserves of the whole Russian offshore. The Norwegian continental shelf also bears significant oil and gas reserves distributed among three big water areas: continental shelves of the North, Norwegian and Barents Seas (35 %, 36 % and 29 % respectively).
Marine And Coastal Protected Areas (MPA) As The Basis For The Monitoring Network Of Ecosystem Of Seas Of Russia
Authors: Mokievsky V.. , Shirshov P.P.. P. , Nikolaeva N.. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The system of protected areas of the Russian Federation includes nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and natural monuments, and other categories of objects. The report discusses the reserves and, to a lesser extent, national parks and federal wildlife preserves, as soon as they are include in system of marine and coastal protected areas (MPA) because the waters of the seas are under the jurisdiction of the Federation and any protected areas can be established only at the federal level there. Only nature reserves and national parks are composed of scientific departments, which are responsible to conduct scientific researches and monitor the status of ecosystems. Currently in Russia there are 108 nature reserves, 40 national parks and 70 federal reserves.
Training Expectations for Mariners in the Arctic Offshore
Authors: Maddock Bill , Simpson Richard 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Oil and Gas industry operations are on the threshold of a significant increase in activity in arctic regions and a significant investment in constructing new Polar Class vessels will be required to safely meet the mission requirements for exploration drilling, ice management and resupply operations. There will be a corresponding requirement for both management and operational personnel with the appropriate level of training and experience in order to operate these new vessels.
The existing experience of arctic mariners is generally based on vessels transiting ice covered waters, typically transiting with icebreaker escort when operating in sea ice. As a consequence the arctic knowledge and experience rests mostly with the icebreaker crews providing the escort duties.
Arctic offshore operations require specialized skill sets different from those required to conduct arctic transit voyages and there are only a small cadre of mariners with this type of experience, many of whom are now nearing retirement age. Offshore operations in ice will require specialized skills in station-keeping, anchor handling and ice management with ancillary skills in ice monitoring and ice forecasting. Performing complex high arctic operations requires years of experience in combination with the foundation training requirements and there is a need for forward planning, in parallel with the commissioning of new arctic vessels, to ensure that this experience base is at the appropriate level of competence.
This paper addresses the training requirements for officers and crew to operate the expected new Polar Class offshore fleet for the offshore industry including DP operations, anchor handling and ice management duties. For future arctic operations, there is a potential need for industry to cooperate in developing crew training and operational proficiency on a sustained basis over a continuous time span rather than a project-by-project basis.
Ecological Monitoring of Coastal and Shelf Zone: Analysis of Russian Regulatory Structure
Authors: Spiridonov V. A. , Shabalin N. V. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Active exploration of gas, oil and fish resources of Baltic, Barents, White, Japanese and Okhotsky seas leads to constant increase of anthropogenic pressure on costal and surrounding shelf areas. Development of coastal infrastructure, growth of freight traffics thought northern routes, including oil and liquified natural gas transportations from coast of Artics, fishery development requires careful environmental and resource management in order to avoid pollution, numerous forms of technogenic influence and conflicts in these urbanized areas.
Key concept of Russian Federation Sea policy suggests development of comprehensive scientific research of costal territories. Special attention is paid to ecological monitoring of Sea and ensuring its safety, including prevention of oil spills during investigation and transportation, construction and reconstruction of reception facilities for collecting and processing of waste.
The Federal Ecomonitoring program is understood as comprehensive supervision and forecast of environment state under influence of natural and anthroponous factors. It includes monitoring of atmosphere, lands, woods, water objects and marine habitants of unique system of Baikal Lake, continental shelf of Russian Federation; as well as subsoil conditions of the sea bed beneath the maritime belt, inland seas and exclusive economic zone of Russian Federation. The implementation of these functions has been signed to Federal Nature Management Supervision Service founded at 2004.