bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal Rights Movement
Authors: TraÏni C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the English‐speaking world, the expression “animal rights movement” is used to designate activist organizations that, since the late 1970s, have denounced the exploitation of animals. By then, however, the history of social movements for the protection of animals was already more than 150 years old. Indeed, since the start of the nineteenth century, activists appalled at the human treatment of animals have mobilized against the brutality of our customary behavior. The initial concern was with the treatment of cattle and it is only through a gradual sociological process that animal protection extended to pets and then, much later still, to wild species and to their natural environment. This long history of mobilization for the protection of animals is inevitably linked to the evolution, not merely of socially acceptable emotions, but also of the threshold of tolerance of uncontrolled violence (Élias & Dunning 1986). Methodologically, historical analysis has proven essential in reconstructing the genesis of the variety of emotional gratifications thanks to which animal advocacy can still today mobilize activists of widely varying sociological profiles.
Labor Movement
Authors: Fantasia Rick , Voss Kim , Eidlin Barry 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The labor movement is a broad, multidimensional social formation that is generated from the social structures of work and industry in a society. It may comprise both legally recognized and formally sanctioned institutions (like trade unions, political parties, and works councils) as well as less formal groupings of workers and their allies (industrial actions, organizations of strike supporters, workers centers, dissident movements within unions, cultural forms, etc.). Labor movements operate at the intersection of economic practice, civil society, and the state. They are more or less firmly institutionalized in any given society in any given historical period, and can be partly characterized by the extent to which extra‐institutional practices are permitted and have been incorporated into the routine operations of industrial and labor relations. The social and organizational composition of a labor movement, as well as the degree to which its practices have been institutionalized, are thus two important analytical axes through which the social logic of a labor movement can be discerned.
Attac
Authors: Uggla Fredrik 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFounded in France in 1998, Attac (Association pour une taxation des transactions financiers pour l'aide aux citoyens) has been one of the most prominent groups in the so‐called global justice (also known as the antiglobalization or the alter‐mondialization) movement, with tens of thousands of members in its country of origin, and national chapters in dozens of other countries. The group has mixed a critique of liberal economic policies in general with a very specific demand: the introduction of a tax on financial transfers as a method to restrain financial markets and raise revenue for development projects.
Consciousness, Conscience, and Social Movements
Authors: Snow David A. , Lessor Roberta G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFew concepts and/or processes have so intrigued and perplexed philosophers, theologians, social scientists, and, more recently, neuroscientists, as that of consciousness (Ornstein 1973; Jaynes 1976; Velmans & Schneider 2007). At its core, “consciousness” translates into awareness, both internal awareness of self and external awareness of context. “Conscience,” on the other hand, can be regarded as the moral component or value‐laden dimension of consciousness. Conscience constitutes the core of the “superego” of the Freudian triadic structure of the self (Freud 1962), and the “me” of the Meadian dyadic structure of the self (Mead 1962). In both cases, conscience can be construed as the socially or culturally constraining part of self, and thus inextricably linked to consciousness. Both consciousness and conscience figure prominently in theorizing and analyzing social movements.
Green Movement in
I
ran
Authors: Rezai Hamid 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Like analysts of Iran during the 1970s, current observers of Iranian politics overwhelmingly described the outbreak of massive protests in the aftermath of the controversial presidential election on June 12, 2009, known as the Green Movement, as surprising and unpredictable. Yet many actors on the ground accurately anticipated the post‐election turbulence. Shortly before the election, as rumors about possible election fraud spread through text‐messaging and online media, masses of supporters of Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karrubi, two presidential candidates in the race against incumbent Mahmood Ahmadinejad, shouted slogans such as “agar taqallob besheh Iran qiamat misheh,” or “if there has been cheating [in the election], Iran will explode” (Fassihi 2009). When state officials declared Ahmadinejad as the clear winner the next day, claiming that he had received 62 percent of the votes, millions of Iranians poured into the streets shouting “r'aye man kojast?” or “where is my vote?” to express outrage over what they perceived to be electoral fraud. Since then, many protesters across Iran have been killed and thousands arrested. Several hundred activists have left the country to escape state repression.
Meetings
Authors: Haug Christoph 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A meeting is a gathering of three or more participants who maintain a single focus of cognitive and visual attention while engaging in multiparty talk that is ostensibly related to some common business of the participants (cf. Schwartzman 1989: 7, 61, 274–275); it has clearly marked boundaries in time (beginning and end are officially announced) and space (a spatial environment of mutual monitoring possibilities). These boundaries partially suspend the social structures of the meeting's environment, thus creating a relatively autonomous unit of social life. The meeting develops its own structures which both enable and constrain the interactions of the participants. These structures include the sequential organization of meeting talk (turn‐taking) and topics (agenda), the need to be relevant with regard to the current topic, procedural rules, as well as a number of functional roles related to the maintenance of the meeting itself, usually including the role of a facilitator. These structures are culturally contingent and social movements often develop their own specific meeting culture which—consciously or unconsciously—reflects much of the movement's identity and the goals for which it strives.
Politics of Grief and Grieving “Mothers” Movements
Authors: Flam Helena 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRecently social movement research has opened to the idea that emotions are important to collective action. Social movements challenge emotions, such as loyalty, gratitude, or love, that cement society, and reinforce the established institutions and relations of domination. They also redirect (empathy, anger, loyalty), weaken (fear, in‐group animosities), convert (shame into anger) or intensify (anger with the opponent, in‐group solidarity) the emotions of their members to sustain the momentum, help win over accidental onlookers and deal with movement opponents (Flam & King 2005). An entire spectrum of emotions in various constellations plays a role in social movement mobilization, internal dynamics, and demise. Of these solidarity, shame, anger, pride, and fear receive most attention.
Slave Rebellions
Authors: Peterson David K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSlavery has existed in various places and times throughout human history. So too have slave rebellions. Some of the most well‐known and compelling stories of all time have depicted these rebellions. Moses led a revolt against the enslavement of Hebrews in ancient Egypt, demanding of Pharoah to “Let my people go!” This episode is important, if not central, to the Abrahamic spiritual traditions—Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and others. Spartacus, during the Third Servile War in the first century, led a rebellion of slaves against their Roman captors. The tale of this revolt is especially beloved in the Western political tradition. In ninth‐century Iraq more than 500 000 East African slaves rose up against their Arab masters in what is known as the Zanj Rebellion. Rebellions have occurred in other places and times and have similarly become the stuff of legend. Because slave rebellions emerge from the site of the most extreme dispossession, in the face of the most terrifying odds, they are paradigm cases of resistance to oppressive power; they represent, in the words of Herbert Aptheker (1943: 3), the preeminent historian on the subject, “the highest form of protest.”
Visual Analysis of Social Movements
Authors: Doerr Nicole , Teune Simon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Visual analysis
is the development of concepts and methods to study visual elements of the mobilization, framing, diffusion, and resonance of protest and social movements. In the early 1990s, the “visual turn” in the humanities and cultural studies inspired a theoretical debate about the “power of images” in political conflict (Müller & Özcan 2007). While the visual turn resonated in international relations and media studies, especially in reaction to contentious global media events such as September 11, few social movement scholars have adjusted their focus to the visual realm. Although it is widely acknowledged that visible manifestations are a vital part of social movements and their reception in the public sphere, analysts of social movements have relied almost entirely on text‐based concepts and methods.
Adaptive state tracking of switched systems based on a hyperstability criterion
Authors: Wang Xia , Zhao Jun 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThe adaptive state tracking problem of switched systems is studied in this paper. The desirable state trajectory is generated by a switched reference model. First, a condition for asymptotical hyperstability of switched systems is proposed and a switching law is designed, which is a generalization of the classical hyperstability condition for non‐switched systems. Then, the result is applied to uncertain switched systems to achieve state tracking. An individual adaptive law is designed for each subsystem such that the Popov inequality is satisfied. Asymptotical state tracking is achieved under non‐persistent exciting input when the error system switches in a certain way. The result is demonstrated by a numerical example and a practical system of Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology vehicle, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced and Engineered d0 Ferromagnetism in Molecularly‐Thin Zinc Oxide Nanosheets
Authors: Taniguchi Takaaki , Yamaguchi Kazuhiro , Shigeta Ayako , Matsuda Yuki , Hayami Shinya , Shimizu Tetsuya , Matsui Takeshi , Yamazaki Teruo , Funatstu Asami , Makinose Yukihiro , Matsushita Nobuhiro , Koinuma Michio , Matsumoto Yasumichi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMolecularly‐thin nanosheets are ultimate two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials potentially giving unusual physical and chemical properties due to the strong 2D quantum and surface effects. Here, it is demonstrated that 1.5‐nm‐thick ZnO nanosheets exhibit greatly enhanced room‐temperature ferromagnetism. Saturation magnetization value of the nanosheets with intercalated dodecyl sulfate layers is approximately 100 times that of ZnO mesocrystals. Anion exchange with dodecyl phosphate layers strongly suppresses ferromagnetic ordering as a result of surface defect passivation while maintaining bulk‐like n‐type semiconducting properties, which reveals significance of interfacial states to engineer functional properties of nanosheet‐based hybrid materials.
Spray Layer‐by‐Layer Electrospun Composite Proton Exchange Membranes
Authors: Liu David S. , Ashcraft J. Nathan , Mannarino Matthew M. , Silberstein Meredith N. , Argun Avni A. , Rutledge Gregory C. , Boyce Mary C. , Hammond Paula T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPolymer electrolyte films are deposited onto highly porous electrospun mats using layer‐by‐layer (LbL) processing to fabricate composite proton conducting membranes. By simply changing the assembly conditions for generation of the LbL film on the nanofiber mat substrate, three different and unique composite film morphologies can be achieved in which the electrospun mats provide mechanical support; the LbL assembly produces highly conductive films that coat the mats in a controlled fashion, separately providing the ionic conductivity and fuel blocking characteristics of the composite membrane. Coating an electrospun mat with the LbL dipping process produces composite membranes with “webbed” morphologies that link the fibers in‐plane and give the composite membrane in‐plane proton conductivities similar to that of the pristine LbL system. In contrast, coating an electrospun mat using the spray‐LbL process without vacuum produces a uniform film that bridges across all of the pores of the mat. These membranes have methanol permeability similar to free‐standing poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)/sulfonated poly(2,6‐dimethyl 1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PDAC/sPPO) thin films. Coating an electrospun mat with the vacuum‐assisted spray‐LbL process produces composite membranes with conformally coated fibers throughout the bulk of the mat with nanometer control of the coating thickness on each fiber. The mechanical properties of the LbL‐coated mats display composite properties, exhibiting the strength of the glassy PDAC/sPPO films when dry and the properties of the underlying electrospun polyamide mat when hydrated. By combining the different spray‐LbL fabrication techniques with electrospun fiber supports and tuning the parameters, mechanically stable membranes with high selectivity can be produced, potentially for use in fuel cell applications.
Capsular Assemblies of Calix[4]resorcinarene‐based Cavitands
Authors: Yamanaka Masamichi , Kobayashi Kenji 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVarious supramolecular capsule structures have been developed in recent decades. Calix[4]resorcinarene‐based cavitands with bowl‐shaped aromatic cavities are suitable platforms for the formation of capsular assemblies. This Focus Review examines the construction of supramolecular capsules through the self‐assembly of cavitand derivatives. Various types of intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal–ligand coordination, dynamic covalent bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions have been used as driving forces for the formation of diverse structures of capsular assemblies.
Gene expression of the IGF pathway family distinguishes subsets of gastrointestinal stromal tumors wild type for KIT and PDGFRA
Authors: Beadling Carol , Patterson Janice , Justusson Emily , Nelson Dylan , Pantaleo Maria A. , Hornick Jason L. , Chacón Matias , Corless Christopher L. , Heinrich Michael C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. While the majority of GISTs harbor activating mutations in either the v‐kit Hardy‐Zuckerman feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) or platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) tyrosine kinases, approximately 10–15% of adult GISTs and 85% of pediatric GISTs lack such mutations. These “wild‐type” GISTs have been reported to express high levels of the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), and IGF1R‐targeted therapy of wild‐type GISTs is being evaluated in clinical trials. However, it is not clear that all wild‐type GISTs express IGF1R, because studies to date have predominantly focused on a particular subtype of gastric wild‐type GIST that is deficient in the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. This study of a series of 136 GISTs, including 72 wild‐type specimens, was therefore undertaken to further characterize wild‐type GIST subtypes based on the relative expression of transcripts encoding IGF1R. Additional transcripts relevant to GIST biology were also evaluated, including members of the IGF‐signaling pathway (IGF1, IGF2, and insulin receptor [INSR]), neural markers (CDH2[CDH: Cadherin], neurofilament, light polypeptide, LHX2 [LHX: LIM homeobox], and KIRREL3 [KIRREL: kin of IRRE like]), KIT, PDGFRA, CD34, and HIF1A. Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B protein expression was also assessed as a measure of SDH complex integrity. In addition to the previously described SDH‐deficient, IGF1Rhigh wild‐type GISTs, other SDH‐intact wild‐type subpopulations were defined by high relative expression of IGF1R, neural markers, IGF1 and INSR, or low IGF1R coupled with high IGF2. These results underscore the complexity and heterogeneity of wild‐type GISTs that will need to be factored into molecularly‐targeted therapeutic strategies.
Catch‐and‐Release Probes Applied to Semi‐Intact Cells Reveal Ubiquitin‐Specific Protease Expression in Chlamydia trachomatis Infection
Authors: Claessen Jasper H. L. , Witte Martin D. , Yoder Nicholas C. , Zhu Angela Y. , Spooner Eric , Ploegh Hidde L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractProtein ubiquitylation controls many cellular pathways, and timely removal of ubiquitin by deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) is essential to govern these different functions. To map endogenous expression of individual DUBs as well as that of any interacting proteins, we developed a catch‐and‐release ubiquitin probe. Ubiquitin was equipped with an activity‐based warhead and a cleavable linker attached to a biotin affinity‐handle through tandem site‐specific modification, in which we combined intein chemistry with sortase‐mediated ligation. The resulting probe is cell‐impermeable and was therefore delivered to the cytosol of perfringolysin O (PFO)‐permeabilized cells. This allowed us to retrieve and identify 34 DUBs and their interacting partners. We also noted the expression, in host cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, of two additional DUBs. Furthermore, we retrieved and identified chlamydial DUB1 (ChlaDUB1) and DUB2 (ChlaDUB2), demonstrating by experiment that ChlaDUB2, the presence and activity of which had not been detected in infected cells, is in fact expressed during the course of infection.
Exploring the Reactivity of Multicomponent Photocatalysts: Insight into the Complex Valence Band of BiOBr
Authors: Fang Yan‐Fen , Ma Wan‐Hong , Huang Ying‐Ping , Cheng Gen‐Wei 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe band structure of multicomponent semiconductor photocatalysts, as well as their reactivity distinction under different wavelengths of light, is still unclear. BiOBr, which is a typical multicomponent semiconductor, may have two possible valence‐band structures, that is, two discrete valence bands constructed respectively from O 2p and Br 4p orbitals, or one valence band derived from the hybridization of these orbitals. In this work, aqueous photocatalytic hydroxylation is applied as the probe reaction to investigate the nature and reactions of photogenerated holes in BiOBr. Three organic compounds (microcystin‐LR, aniline, and benzoic acid) with different oxidation potentials were selected as substrates. Isotope labeling (H218O as the solvent) was used to determine the source of the O atom in the hydroxyl group of the products, which distinguishes the contribution of different hydroxylation pathways. Furthermore, a spin‐trapping ESR method was used to quantify the reactive oxygen species (.OH and .OOH) formed in the reaction system. The different isotope abundances of the hydroxyl O atom of the products formed, as well as the reverse trend of the .OH/.OOH ratio with the oxidative resistance of the substrate under UV and visible irradiation, reveal that BiOBr has two separate valence bands, which have different oxidation ability and respond to UV and visible light, respectively. This study shows that the band structure of semiconductor photocatalysts can be reliably analyzed with an isotope labeling method.
Selective Removal of Hydroxyl Groups from Graphene Oxide
Authors: Chua Chun Kiang , Pumera Martin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGraphene has a wide range of potential applications, thus tremendous efforts have been put into ensuring that the most direct and effective methods for its large‐scale production are developed. The formation of graphene materials from graphene oxide through a chemical reduction method is still one of the most preferred routes. Numerous methods starting from various reducing agents have been developed to obtain near‐pristine graphene sheets. However, most of the reducing agents are not mechanistically supported by classical organic chemistry knowledge and of those that are supported, they are only theoretically capable of, at most, reducing oxygen‐containing groups on graphene oxide to hydroxyl groups. Herein, we present a mechanistically proven method for the selective defunctionalisation of hydroxyl groups from graphene oxide that is based on ethanethiol–aluminium chloride complexes and provides a graphene material with improved properties. The structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of the graphene materials have been fully characterised based on high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Our analyses showed that the obtained graphene materials exhibited high heterogeneous electron‐transfer rates, low charge‐transfer resistance and high conductivity as compared to the parent graphene oxide. Moreover, the selective defunctionalisation of hydroxyl groups could potentially allow for the tailoring of graphene properties for various applications.
A 24‐h Forecast of Oxidant Concentration in Tokyo Using Neural Network and Fuzzy Learning Approach
Authors: Pai Tzu‐Yi , Hanaki Keisuke , Su Han‐Chang , Yu Lu‐Feng 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this study, several types of adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with different membership functions (MFs) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to predict hourly photochemical oxidants that were oxidizing substances such as ozone and peroxiacetyl nitrate produced by photochemical reactions. The results indicated that ANFIS statistically outperforms ANN in terms of hourly oxidant prediction. The minimum mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of 4.99% could be achieved using ANFIS with bell shaped MFs. The maximum correlation coefficient, the minimum mean square errors, and the minimum root mean square errors were 0.99, 0.15, and 0.39, respectively. ANFIS's architecture consists of both ANN and fuzzy logic including linguistic expression of MFs and if‐then rules, so it can overcome the limitations of traditional neural network and increase the prediction performance.