bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
'Episodios de una guerra interminable' de Almudena Grandes: ¿novelas de la memoria histórica?
Authors: Becerra Mayor David 
Published: February 2014

Resumen: Este artículo propone un análisis de la presencia de la Guerra Civil española en la narrativa de Almudena Grandes, concretamente en El corazón helado (2007) y en las dos entregas que hasta el momento se han publicado de los Episodios de una guerra interminable, titulados Inés y la alegría (2010) y El lector de Julio Verne (2012). Mediante un enfoque crítico, se plantea en estas páginas una pregunta clave: ¿son estas novelas, en sentido estricto, novelas de la memoria histórica, o, por el contrario, estos textos no provocan sino un debilitamiento de la historicidad? El modo en que en estas novelas la Historia se interpreta desde el espacio privado, se lleva a cabo una reconstrucción neohumanista de la Historia donde las contradicciones radicales son desplazadas por contradicciones asumibles por el sistema, o se reduce el conflicto histórico, político y social a un mero enfrentamiento fratricida, entre otros elementos que están presentes en las obras analizadas, ofrecen algunas pistas acerca la ideología que late en el discurso literario de Almudena Grandes. Este artículo trata de analizar y definir el modo en que la ideología dominante se reproduce en estas novelas sobre la Guerra Civil española. Palabras Clave: Narrativa, Guerra Civil española, Almudena Grandes, Historia, enfrentamiento fratricida. Abstract: This article proposes an analysis of the presence of Spanish Civil War in Almudena Grandes’ narrative, particularly in The frozen heart (2007) and in the two installments of the Episodes of an unending war, entitled Inés and Mirth (2010) and The Reader of Jules Verne (2012). Using a critical approach a key question is raised: are these novels, strictly speaking, historical memory novels or they cause a weakening of historicity? History is reconstructed from the private space or from a neohumanist point of view where the radicals inconsistencies are displaced by inconsistencies assumable by the system, or the historical, political and social conflict is reduced to a fratricidal conflict, between other elements that are present in the analysed works. This article attempts to review and define the way in which the ruling ideology is produced in these novels about the Spanish Civil War. Key Words: Narrative, Spanish Civil War, Almudena Grandes, History, fratricidal conflict.
Developmental Toxicity Assays Using the Drosophila Model
Authors: Rand Matthew D. , Montgomery Sara L. , Prince Lisa , Vorojeikina Daria 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has long been a premier model for developmental biologists and geneticists. In toxicology studies, Drosophila has only recently gained broader recognition as a tool to elaborate molecular genetic mechanisms of toxic substances. In this article, two practical applications of Drosophila for developmental toxicity assays are described. The first assay takes advantage of newly developed methods to render the fly embryo accessible to small molecules, toxicants, and drugs. The second assay engages straightforward exposures to developing larvae and easy‐to‐score outcomes of adult development. With the extensive collections of flies that are publicly available and the ease of creating transgenic flies, these two assays have a unique power for identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways specific to the mode of action of a number of toxicants and drugs. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 59:1.12.1‐1.12.20. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparative Human and Rat “Neurosphere Assay” for Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing
Authors: Baumann Jenny , Barenys Marta , Gassmann Kathrin , Fritsche Ellen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe developing nervous system is highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of chemical agents. Currently, there is an increasing need for testing and regulating chemical compounds in general use and, due to the lack of available data, to identify those which are developmental neurotoxicants. In this context, alternative testing strategies are needed in order to allow fast and cost‐efficient screening and to reduce the number of animal experiments usually required. In this unit we present an in vitro three‐dimensional model for developmental neurotoxicity screening based on human and rat neural progenitor cells. This model enables the detection of disturbances in basic processes of brain development, such as proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis, and allows the distinction of these specific disturbances from general cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the comparison of human and rat data provides useful insights into species differences for toxicodynamics of compounds contributing to human risk assessment of developmental neurotoxicants. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 59:12.21.1‐12.21.24. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐Content Imaging Assays for Identifying Compounds that Generate Superoxide and Impair Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Adherent Eukaryotic Cells
Authors: Billis Puja , Will Yvonne , Nadanaciva Sashi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly produced in cells as a result of aerobic metabolism. When there is an excessive production of ROS and the cell's antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed, oxidative stress occurs. The superoxide anion is a type of ROS that is produced primarily in mitochondria but is also generated in other regions of the cell including peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and cytosol. Here, a high‐content imaging assay using the dye dihydroethidium is described for identifying compounds that generate superoxide in eukaryotic cells. A high‐content imaging assay using the fluorescent dye tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester is also described to identify compounds that impair mitochondrial membrane potential in eukaryotic cells. The purpose of performing both assays is to identify compounds that (1) generate superoxide at lower concentrations than they impair mitochondrial membrane potential, (2) impair mitochondrial membrane potential at lower concentrations than they generate superoxide, (3) generate superoxide and impair mitochondrial function at similar concentrations, and (4) do not generate superoxide or impair mitochondrial membrane potential during the duration of the assays. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 59:25.1.1‐25.1.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Morphology of sporadic E layer retrieved from COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements: Wind shear theory examination
Authors: Chu Y. H. , Wang C. Y. , Wu K. H. , Chen K. T. , Tzeng K. J. , Su C. L. , Feng W. , Plane J. M. C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOn the basis of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)‐measured fluctuations in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and excess phase of the GPS signal piercing through ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layers, the general morphologies of these layers are presented for the period from July 2006 to May 2011. It is found that the latitudinal variation in the Es layer occurrence is substantially geomagnetically controlled, most frequent in the summer hemisphere within the geomagnetic latitude region between 10° and 70° and very rare in the geomagnetic equatorial zone. Model simulations show that the summer maximum (winter minimum) in the Es layer occurrence is very likely attributed to the convergence of the Fe+ concentration flux driven by the neutral wind. In addition to seasonal and spatial distributions, the height‐time variations in the Es layer occurrence in the midlatitude (>30°) region in summer and spring are primarily dominated by the semidiurnal tides, which start to appear at local time around 6 and 18 h in the height range 110–120 km and gradually descend at a rate of about 0.9–1.6 km/h. In the low‐latitude (<30°) region, the diurnal tide dominates. The Horizontal Wind Model (HWM07) indicates that the height‐time distribution of Es layers at middle latitude (30°–60°) is highly coincident with the zonal neutral wind shear. However, Es layer occurrences in low‐latitude and equatorial regions do not correlate well with the zonal wind shear.
Nutrient dynamics in an oligotrophic arctic stream monitored in situ by wet chemistry methods
Authors: Snyder Lisle , Bowden William B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDiurnal trends in hydrochemical components of stream and river water, especially nutrients, is growing in interest as instrumentation capable of measuring at fine time scales becomes increasingly available. In this growing body of work, there are few studies that simultaneously report the dynamics of the major nutrients nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium through time. We used an in situ nutrient autoanalyzer to simultaneously measure nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium concentrations with wet chemistry methods in an arctic headwater stream. We operated the analyzer under two sampling regimes: (1) time interval (hourly) sampling to examine fine time scale nutrient dynamics and (2) continuous sampling (1 s data) to evaluate nutrient uptake from a pulse solute addition experiment. Hourly sampling showed inverse diurnal oscillating trends of nitrate and ammonium concentrations for several days during base flow conditions. We propose that this trend is a result of in‐stream nutrient processing (autotrophic demand and nitrification) combined with increased lateral inputs of water from the active (thawed) soil layer at night, after evapotranspiration (ET) has ceased. Pulse additions of ammonium resulted in rapid increases in nitrate concentration, confirming potential magnitude of nitrification in this system. Phosphate concentrations were usually at or below detection limits, consistent with results from previous manual sampling of this stream. We conclude that as studies examining fine time scale nutrient trends in streams and rivers increase, the ability to examine the behavior of multiple nutrients simultaneously will be pertinent to assess the underlying mechanisms driving those trends.
Universal scaling of gas diffusion in porous media
Authors: Ghanbarian Behzad , Hunt Allen G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGas diffusion modeling in percolation clusters provides a theoretical framework to address gas transport in porous materials and soils. Applying this methodology, above the percolation threshold the air‐filled porosity dependence of the gas diffusion in porous media follows universal scaling, a power law in the air‐filled porosity (less a threshold value) with an exponent of 2.0. We evaluated our hypothesis using 71 experiments (632 data points) including repacked, undisturbed, and field measurements available in the literature. For this purpose, we digitized Dp/D0 (where Dp and D0 are gas diffusion coefficients in porous medium and free space, respectively) and ε (air‐filled porosity) values from graphs presented in seven published papers. We found that 66 experiments out of 71 followed universal scaling with the exponent 2, evidence that our percolation‐based approach is robust. Integrating percolation and effective medium theories produced a numerical prefactor whose value depends on the air‐filled porosity threshold and the air‐filled porosity value above which the behavior of gas diffusion crosses over from percolation to effective medium.
Nonparametric estimation of groundwater residence time distributions: What can environmental tracer data tell us about groundwater residence time?
Authors: McCallum James L. , Engdahl Nicholas B. , Ginn Timothy R. , Cook Peter. G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractResidence time distributions (RTDs) have been used extensively for quantifying flow and transport in subsurface hydrology. In geochemical approaches, environmental tracer concentrations are used in conjunction with simple lumped parameter models (LPMs). Conversely, numerical simulation techniques require large amounts of parameterization and estimated RTDs are certainly limited by associated uncertainties. In this study, we apply a nonparametric deconvolution approach to estimate RTDs using environmental tracer concentrations. The model is based only on the assumption that flow is steady enough that the observed concentrations are well approximated by linear superposition of the input concentrations with the RTD; that is, the convolution integral holds. Even with large amounts of environmental tracer concentration data, the entire shape of an RTD remains highly nonunique. However, accurate estimates of mean ages and in some cases prediction of young portions of the RTD may be possible. The most useful type of data was found to be the use of a time series of tritium. This was due to the sharp variations in atmospheric concentrations and a short half‐life. Conversely, the use of CFC compounds with smoothly varying atmospheric concentrations was more prone to nonuniqueness. This work highlights the benefits and limitations of using environmental tracer data to estimate whole RTDs with either LPMs or through numerical simulation. However, the ability of the nonparametric approach developed here to correct for mixing biases in mean ages appears promising.
Effort–Reward Imbalance
Authors: Kivimäki Mika 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe concept of Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI), describing a source of work‐related stress, was developed by Johannes Siegrist of the University of Dusseldorf (Siegrist 1996, 2010). According to the ERI model, the experience of imbalance between high efforts spent at work and a perception of low reward received in return is stressful, as this imbalance violates core expectations about reciprocity. According to the ERI model, high demands at work and heavy obligations in private life (e.g., large debts) may lead to a high expenditure of effort. The reason for high efforts can also be intrinsic, reflecting an employee's excessive work‐related commitment (“overcommitment”). Low rewards refer to three factors: insufficient pay, low esteem (e.g., lack of help or acceptance by supervisors and colleagues), and poor career opportunities (no promotion prospects, job insecurity, and/or status inconsistency).
Interprofessional Conflict
Authors: Adams Tracey L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Interprofessional conflict occurs when two or more professions with related scopes of practice contest for privileges, responsibilities, authority, autonomy, and/or rewards. Sociologist Andrew Abbott has argued that conflict is endemic amongst professions where jurisdictions or scopes of practice overlap, and groups strive to stake a claim to an area of expertise. This appears to be particularly true in the occupationally crowded and highly specialized health care field. This entry explores what interprofessional conflict entails, what factors shape the outcomes of interprofessional conflict, and future prospects for conflict and collaboration.
Neuroscience, Health, and Medical Sociology
Authors: Pickersgill Martyn 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNeuroscience – the study of the brain and nervous system – is an interdisciplinary field that has garnered significant attention in biomedicine and beyond. To date, sociological engagement with the neurosciences has not been substantial; however, there is a growing sociology of neuroscience (and even a subfield of “neurosociology”). Neuroscience is interesting to sociologists not just because of the ways it promises to transform ideas about health, illness, and treatment, but also as a consequence of the diverse social practices that have been stimulated by it in fields as diverse as aesthetics and education in response to these claims.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Authors: Whooley Owen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPublished by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) is the standard classification of mental disorders in the United States. Often called the “bible of mental illness,” the DSM provides criteria for making psychiatric diagnoses and, in turn, a common language with which to discuss mental disorders. The most recent edition is DSM‐5, which was released in May 2013.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Usage among Men and Women
Authors: Goldner Melinda 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) refers to a broad range of practices and beliefs that consumers, especially women, increasingly turn to in the United States. A growing body of literature in sociology has examined how socio‐demographic factors affect usage. One consistent finding is that, given their differing health needs and behaviors, women are more likely than men to try CAM. Women may be drawn to CAM by the ideology or their frustration with the type of care or results that their physicians provide. Future sociological research should continue to explore why gendered patterns exist and how they vary by other social factors such as race and education.
Medical Systems, Mixed Utilization of
Authors: Quah Stella R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMixed utilization of health services refers to a person's use of healing solutions from more than one healing system; that is, the combination of biomedicine – Western medicine – and any of a wide array of traditional healing systems. Research findings in medical sociology and anthropology over the past five to six decades show that the main questions for anyone feeling ill are about the cause of the illness and finding a cure. This entry examines the patterns, conceptual definition, and empirical manifestations of mixed utilization of health services.
Health Care Delivery System: Singapore
Authors: Quah Stella R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This entry presents and discusses the distinguishing features of Singapore's health care system: the island republic's distinctive pragmatic approach balancing the principles of universal access, public sector scrutiny, and private sector development. The analysis is based on relevant figures on inputs and outcomes from Singapore discussed in a comparative fashion
vis‐à‐vis
five countries that illustrate three main health care system models: the United Kingdom and New Zealand representing the national health service; Germany and Japan representing the social security model; and the United States illustrating free market model.
Alienation
Authors: Yuill Chris 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Alienation is an underused theory in the sociology of health and illness, but it offers potential in understanding the complex interactions between social structures, human abilities and poor health. Associated with Karl Marx, the theory of alienation rests on a particular understanding of human nature that turns on the unique and transformative ability of humans to labor cooperatively on nature and the world around them in order to meet a range of natural and social needs. Alienation occurs when this fundamental human capacity is distorted and inverted by certain types of society, where people lose control over how and why they work. Labor then ceases to be rewarding and a moment of self‐realization, and instead is experienced as routine, unrewarding, and exploitative. People who are alienated can potentially experience a range of negative mental and physical health outcomes.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEating disorders (EDs) refer to a wide spectrum of self‐harming behaviors involving eating. There is a proliferation of names that seem to capture “variants” of EDs (anorexia athletica, healthism, orthorexia, and others). However, in clinical psychology and psychiatry, anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are thought to be the major EDs.
Biobanks and
DNA
Databases
Authors: Tutton Richard 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

In Spring 2009
Time
magazine produced a list of ten ideas which it considered were changing the world. At number eight was biobanks. Since the late 1990s, significant investment has been made in the creation of biobanks all over the world, with industry analysts claiming that more than US$1 billion has been invested in biobanking by research agencies, governments, academic institutions, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, medical charities, and disease advocacy organizations. To some extent, these initiatives build on a longer history of medical and genetic registers and epidemiological cohort studies. The term biobank itself describes a diverse range of activities, from research in epidemiology of common complex diseases, pharmacogenetics, rare genetic diseases, oncology, and stem cells, to therapeutic applications such as blood transfusion or organ transplantation. Given this, biobanks are also characterized by multiple expectations about their potential to be used to develop new scientific knowledge and new diagnostics and therapeutics.
Health Care Delivery System: Brazil
Authors: Nunes Everardo Duarte 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The central idea is to work within a framework of general information and texts regarding Brazilian health, placing it in a broader context – social, economical, and political. In a general sense, Brazilian history can be analyzed through long periods marked by phases: colonial Brazil, from the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500 to its independence; independent Brazil, from the proclamation of independence in 1822 to the installation of the republic in 1899; and the Brazilian republic, from 1899 to the present day. The emphasis in this entry will be on the occurrences of the last century. Even in the earlier periods, it is possible to perceive the evolution of a social system, although it was not much in evidence during the colonial period; the first sanitary actions took place in the early twentieth century. The building of social policies from 1930 through 1960 was first marked by individual medical assistance and its extension to various categories of workers: rural households, housemaids, and the self‐employed. Finally, the new constitution in 1988 led to the institutionalization of the Unified Health System, which is organized in accordance with the following directives: decentralization, full‐scale care from prevention to rehabilitation, and participation of the community, but not to the exclusion of a strong private system.
Traditional Health Services Utilization among Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Suwankhong Dusanee , Liamputtong Pranee 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Traditional health services (THS) play a significant role in the health care systems of developed and developing nations. Traditional healing can satisfy health care needs by improving access to alternative choices of care, especially in rural areas. It is increasingly adopted around the world because it has demonstrated beneficial health results and has existed as a health care resource in most settings. In particular, its practices have been linked with historical circumstances, social contexts, and the cultural beliefs of indigenous people.