bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Development and Exclusion of the Poor: An Integrated Perspective
Authors: Jakhanwal S.P. 
Published: November 2014

The study focus on the urgency and relevance of debate on the subject in the context of (a) MDG 7 (b) Rangarajan Committee’s Report and (c) new versions of MDG and JnNURM on the anvil. The latest UN report (mid-2014) saying that one-third of the world’s extreme poor are in India is of serious concern. Urban poverty, all over the globe, has many dimensions. It can be viewed from economic, spatial and social/cultural perspectives. Being multi-dimensional in its genesis and manifestations, it calls for multi-pronged strategies. In India, policy makers have concentrated on (a) planning and policy framework (b) in situ improvement of slums (basic services for the urban poor (BSUP); (c) affordable housing; and (d) improving skill and job opportunities of slum dwellers. Interestingly, in a recent survey in 127 cities on the perceived constraints to inclusiveness, the highest tally was for failures of planning/policy framework and not the scarcity of funds. While emphasising the role of city governments in ensuring inclusiveness, the author relies on knowledge gathered by UN-HABITAT in ‘success cities’. The urban divide can possibly be encapsulated in three D’s: dynamics of the divide (DD), characteristics of the divide (CD) and bridging the divide (BD).
A comparative study of apparent diffusion coefficient and intravoxel incoherent motion-derived parameters for the characterization of common solid hepatic tumors
Authors: Zhu Liuhong , Cheng Qihua , Luo Wenbin , Bao Lijun , Guo Gang 
Published: November 2014

Background The performance of diffusion-weighted imaging parameters for characterizing hepatic tumors is controversial. Purpose To compare the performances of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-derived parameters, including the pure diffusion coefficient (D), perfusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f), in the characterization of common solid hepatic tumors. Material and Methods Twelve healthy volunteers and 43 patients underwent free-breath diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) of the liver using eight b values (10–800 s/mm2). Twelve regions of interest (ROIs) of normal liver tissue in healthy volunteers and 49 hepatic lesions (23 hepatocellular carcinomas [HCCs], 16 hemangiomas, and 10 metastases) were measured. Conventional ADC(0,500) and ADCtotal obtained by the mono-exponential model, as well as D, D*, and f were calculated. Student t-tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were also performed. Results ADC(0,500), ADCtotal, and D were significantly lower in the malignant group ([1.48 ± 0.35] × 10−3 mm2/s; [1.35 ± 0.30] × 10−3 mm2/s; [1.18 ± 0.33] × 10−3 mm2/s) compared to the hemangioma group ([2.74 ± 1.03] × 10−3 mm2/s; [2.61 ± 0.81] × 10−3 mm2/s; [1.97 ± 0.79] × 10−3 mm2/s]. D* did not differ among multiple comparisons. For the area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC), the maximum value was attained with ADCtotal (0.983) and was closely followed by ADC(0,500) (0.967), with lower values obtained for D (0.837), f (0.649), and D* (0.599). Statistically significant differences were found between the AUC-ROC of both ADCs (ADCtotal and ADC(0,500)) and D. There was no statistically significant difference between the AUC-ROC of ADCtotal and ADC(0,500). Conclusion ADCs showed superior diagnostic performance compared to IVIM-derived parameters in detecting differences between the malignant group and hemangioma group.
CT characteristics of dehiscent sigmoid plates presenting as pulsatile tinnitus: a study of 23 patients
Authors: Geng Wei , Liu Zhaohui , Fan Zhanming 
Published: November 2014

Background Although some features of dehiscent sigmoid plates as a cause of pulsatile tinnitus (PT) have been reported, detailed imaging findings have not been evaluated. Purpose To retrospectively evaluate the computed tomography (CT) features of dehiscent sigmoid plates associated with PT. Material and Methods The CT images of 23 PT patients were assessed to evaluate the features of the dehiscent sigmoid plates, lateral sinuses, and temporal bone pneumatization. Results A total of 31 defects were found on the PT side. Twenty-five defects involved the superior curve or the descending segment, four involved above both sites, and only two involved the inferior curve. Twenty-six defects involved the anterior border or the anterolateral border, and only five involved the lateral border of the sigmoid sinus. The dehiscent sigmoid plate was on the dominant side in all 18 patients with a unilateral dominant lateral sinus, and on the right side in two patients and on the left side in three patients with co-dominant lateral sinuses. Fourteen patients had hyperpneumatization and nine had good pneumatization of temporal bone. Fifteen of the 17 patients with resolution of PT after surgery had a single defect. Four of the six patients with persistence of PT after surgery had more than one defect. Conclusion Sigmoid plate dehiscence often involves the anterior or anterolateral border of the superior curve or the descending segment of the sigmoid sinus on the side of the dominant lateral sinus, which often coexists with extensive pneumatization of the temporal bone.
Characteristics of bipolar disorder patients treated with immediate- and extended-release quetiapine in a real clinical setting: a longitudinal, cohort study of 1761 patients
Authors: Carlborg Andreas , Thuresson Marcus , Ferntoft Lena , Bodegard Johan 
Published: November 2014

Objectives: The objective of this work was to study characteristics and clinical treatment patterns of bipolar disorder (BD) patients admitted to hospital and treated with quetiapine (immediate-release [IR] or extended-release [XR] formulations). Methods: BD patients admitted to hospital and prescribed quetiapine IR were followed by linking two Swedish nationwide registries; the hospitalization and drug dispense registries [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01455961]. The study period was from 1 January 2008, to end of 31 December 2011. Data was primarily analysed using descriptive methods. Results: Quetiapine IR was used in 1761 patients of whom 1303 subsequently switched to XR (switch XR) and 458 remained on IR (continuous IR). At baseline, Switch XR patients were younger (−3.3 years), more frequently employed (+7.1%), had higher prevalence of single depressive episodes (+6.7%) and anxiety disorders (+5.8%), lower mean daily IR dose (−19.3%) and fewer medications for somatic disorders (−7.5%) than continuous IR patients. During follow up, the number of concomitant psychiatric medications was lower in switch XR patients (−6%) and higher in continuous IR patients (+6%). Mean daily quetiapine dose was 21% higher in switch XR versus continuous IR patients. Prescriptions of lower quetiapine dosages calculated below 50 mg per day in the XR switch and IR continuous groups were seen in 8% versus 10% of the patients, respectively. Conclusions: Differential use of quetiapine XR and IR in bipolar disorder patients with different and important characteristics was demonstrated. Patients who were switched to quetiapine XR had a higher psychiatric disease burden, were younger and had a higher degree of employment. These differences demonstrate the heterogeneity among bipolar disorder patients and indicate the need in clinical practice for individualized treatment to reduce the risk for both patient and society related losses.
Thromboembolism Following Shoulder Arthroscopy
Authors: Schick Cameron W. , Westermann Robert W. , Gao Yubo ,   ACESS Group, Wolf Brian R. , Abboud Joseph A. , Athwal George S. , Bicknell Ryan T. , Chebli Caroline , Cheung Emilie V. , Getz Charles L. , Keener Jay D. , Klepps Steven , Lashgari Cyrus J. , Lervick Gregory N. , Levy Jonathan C. , Miller Suzanne L. , Sethi Paul M. , Stein Jason A. , Tashjian Robert Z. , Throckmorton Thomas W. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Thromboembolism following shoulder arthroscopy is considered an uncommon complication, with fewer than 50 cases reported in the literature. Arthroscopy of the shoulder is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures, with low associated risks. Purpose: To identify potential risk factors for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following shoulder arthroscopy and to determine the overall incidence of this complication. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective case-control review was performed of patients who developed symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) following shoulder arthroscopy. Multiple surgeons from across North America were queried. For every case of DVT or PE identified, 2 control cases of shoulder arthroscopy were analyzed. The incidence of DVT/PE following shoulder arthroscopy was determined. A univariate analysis and a multivariate logistic regression model were conducted to identify any potential risk factors for the development of VTE following shoulder arthroscopy. Results: A total of 17 surgeons participated in this study and had performed a total of 15,033 cases of shoulder arthroscopy from September 2002 through August 2011. Eleven of the 17 participating surgeons had had a patient with a VTE complication during this time frame. The incidence of VTE in the 15,033 cases was 0.15%; 22 patients of the 15,033 patients had a DVT (n = 15) and/or PE (n = 8). Forty-four control cases were also analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. No significant risk factors were identified other than patient positioning. All cases and controls were positioned in the beach-chair position for surgery. Conclusion: The results of this study show that although rare, VTE occurs following shoulder arthroscopy at a rate of 0.15%. The variables analyzed in the cases of VTE compared with the control cases did not show any significant risk factors. All cases were positioned in the beach-chair position. Further analysis of future cases is warranted.
Patient-conducted anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex alleviates pain in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Hagenacker Tim , Bude Vera , Naegel Steffen , Holle Dagny , Katsarava Zaza , Diener Hans-Christoph , Obermann Mark 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Background
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex has been shown to modulate pain and trigeminal nociceptive processing.

Methods
Ten patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were stimulated daily for 20 minutes over two weeks using anodal (1 mA) or sham tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) in a randomized double-blind cross-over design. Primary outcome variable was pain intensity on a verbal rating scale (VRS 0–10). VRS and attack frequency were assessed for one month before, during and after tDCS. The impact on trigeminal pain processing was assessed with pain-related evoked potentials (PREP) and the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR) following electrical stimulation on both sides of the forehead before and after tDCS.

Results
Anodal tDCS reduced pain intensity significantly after two weeks of treatment. The attack frequency reduction was not significant. PREP showed an increased N2 latency and decreased peak-to-peak amplitude after anodal tDCS. No severe adverse events were reported.

Conclusion
Anodal tDCS over two weeks ameliorates intensity of pain in TN. It may become a valuable treatment option for patients unresponsive to conventional treatment.
Rare ocular features in a case of Kabuki syndrome (Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome)
Authors: Chen Yi-Hsing , Sun Ming-Hui , Hsia Shao-Hsuan , Lai Chi-Chun , Wu Wei-Chi 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Background
Kabuki syndrome is a multi-system disorder with peculiar facial features, and ophthalmic abnormalities are frequently involved. This case report of a child with Kabuki syndrome describes two new previously unreported ophthalmic conditions.

Case presentation
A 3-year-old Taiwanese boy with Kabuki syndrome had a short stature, spinal dysraphism, intellectual disability and typical facial features. Ophthalmic findings which have been previously reported in the literature and in this patient, included ptosis, esotropia, coloboma of the iris, retina, choroid and optic disc, and microcornea. The newly identified ophthalmic features in this patient included colobomatous microphthalmos and a dysplastic and elevated disc without central cupping. The genetic analysis identified an MLL2 gene mutation.

Conclusion
The presentations of a dysplastic disc and colobomatous microphthalmia are rarely reported in patients with Kabuki syndrome, but these ophthalmic abnormalities may affect vision. Detailed ophthalmic evaluations in children with Kabuki syndrome are advised.
A composite CdS thin film/TiO2 nanotube structure by ultrafast successive electrochemical deposition toward photovoltaic application
Authors: Fu Han , Liu Hong , Shen Wenzhong 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Fabricating functional compounds on substrates with complicated morphology has been an important topic in material science and technology, which remains a challenging issue to simultaneously achieve a high growth rate for a complex nanostructure with simple controlling factors. Here, we present a novel simple and successive method based on chemical reactions in an open reaction system manipulated by an electric field. A uniform CdS/TiO2 composite tubular structure has been fabricated in highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays in a very short time period (~90 s) under room temperature (RT). The content of CdS in the resultant and its crystalline structure was tuned by the form and magnitude of external voltage. The as-formed structure has shown a quite broad and bulk-like light absorption spectrum with the absorption of photon energy even below that of the bulk CdS. The as-fabricated-sensitized solar cell based on this composite structure has achieved an efficiency of 1.43% without any chemical doping or co-sensitizing, 210% higher than quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) under a similar condition. Hopefully, this method can also easily grow nanostructures based on a wide range of compound materials for energy science and electronic technologies, especially for fast-deploying devices.
An integrated transcriptome and expressed variant analysis of sepsis survival and death
Authors: Tsalik Ephraim L , Langley Raymond J , Dinwiddie Darrell L , Miller Neil A , Yoo Byunggil , van Velkinburgh Jennifer C , Smith Laurie D , Thiffault Isabella , Jaehne Anja K , Valente Ashlee M , Henao Ricardo , Yuan Xin , Glickman Seth W , Rice Brandon J , McClain Micah T , Carin Lawrence , Corey G Ralph , Ginsburg Geoffrey S , Cairns Charles B , Otero Ronny M , Fowler Vance G , Rivers Emanuel P , Woods Christopher W , Kingsmore Stephen F 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Background
Sepsis, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, is not a homogeneous disease but rather a syndrome encompassing many heterogeneous pathophysiologies. Patient factors including genetics predispose to poor outcomes, though current clinical characterizations fail to identify those at greatest risk of progression and mortality.

Methods
The Community Acquired Pneumonia and Sepsis Outcome Diagnostic study enrolled 1,152 subjects with suspected sepsis. We sequenced peripheral blood RNA of 129 representative subjects with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis (SIRS due to infection), including 78 sepsis survivors and 28 sepsis non-survivors who had previously undergone plasma proteomic and metabolomic profiling. Gene expression differences were identified between sepsis survivors, sepsis non-survivors, and SIRS followed by gene enrichment pathway analysis. Expressed sequence variants were identified followed by testing for association with sepsis outcomes.

Results
The expression of 338 genes differed between subjects with SIRS and those with sepsis, primarily reflecting immune activation in sepsis. Expression of 1,238 genes differed with sepsis outcome: non-survivors had lower expression of many immune function-related genes. Functional genetic variants associated with sepsis mortality were sought based on a common disease-rare variant hypothesis. VPS9D1, whose expression was increased in sepsis survivors, had a higher burden of missense variants in sepsis survivors. The presence of variants was associated with altered expression of 3,799 genes, primarily reflecting Golgi and endosome biology.

Conclusions
The activation of immune response-related genes seen in sepsis survivors was muted in sepsis non-survivors. The association of sepsis survival with a robust immune response and the presence of missense variants in VPS9D1 warrants replication and further functional studies.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00258869. Registered on 23 November 2005.
Multiple Biopsies and Detection of Cervical Cancer Precursors at Colposcopy
Authors: Wentzensen Nicolas , Walker Joan L. , Gold Michael A. , Smith Katie M. , Zuna Rosemary E. , Mathews Cara , Dunn S. Terence , Zhang Roy , Moxley Katherine , Bishop Erin , Tenney Meaghan , Nugent Elizabeth , Graubard Barry I. , Wacholder Sholom , Schiffman Mark 
Published: November 2014

Purpose Women with abnormal cervical cancer screening results are referred to colposcopy and biopsy for diagnosis of cervical cancer precursors (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [HSILs]). Colposcopy with a single biopsy can miss identification of HSILs. No systematic study has quantified the improved detection of HSIL by taking multiple lesion-directed biopsies. Methods The Biopsy Study was an observational study of 690 women referred to colposcopy after abnormal cervical cancer screening results. Up to four directed biopsies were taken from distinct acetowhite lesions and ranked by colposcopic impression. A nondirected biopsy of a normal-appearing area was added if fewer than four directed biopsies were taken. HSIL identified by any biopsy was the reference standard of disease used to evaluate the incremental yield and sensitivity of multiple biopsies. Results In the overall population, sensitivities for detecting HSIL increased from 60.6% (95% CI, 54.8% to 66.6%) from a single biopsy to 85.6% (95% CI, 80.3% to 90.2%) after two biopsies and to 95.6% (95% CI, 91.3% to 99.2%) after three biopsies. A significant increase in sensitivity of multiple biopsies was observed in all subgroups. The highest increase in yield of HSIL was observed for women with a high-grade colposcopic impression, HSIL cytology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 positivity. Only 2% of all HSILs diagnosed in the participants were detected by biopsies of normal-appearing transformation zone. Conclusion Collection of additional lesion-directed biopsies during colposcopy increased detection of histologic HSIL, regardless of patient characteristics. Taking additional biopsies when multiple lesions are present should become the standard practice of colposcopic biopsy.
Hospital Volume, Complications, and Cost of Cancer Surgery in the Elderly
Authors: Nathan Hari , Atoria Coral L. , Bach Peter B. , Elkin Elena B. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose Hospital surgical volume has been shown to correlate with short-term outcomes after cancer surgery, but the relationship between volume and cost of care is unclear. We sought to characterize variation in payments for cancer surgery and assess the relationship between hospital volume and payments. Methods Using 2000 to 2007 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data, we assessed risk-adjusted 30-day episode Medicare payments for elderly patients undergoing one of six procedures for resection of cancer. Payments for the index hospitalization, readmissions, physician services, emergency room visits, and postdischarge ancillary care were analyzed, as were data on 30-day mortality and complications. Results The analysis included 31,191 colectomies, 2,670 cystectomies, 1,514 pancreatectomies, 2,607 proctectomies, 12,228 prostatectomies, and 10,151 pulmonary lobectomies. There was substantial variation in cost; differences between the first and third terciles of cost varied from 27% for cystectomy to 40% for colectomy. The majority of variation (66% to 82%) was attributable to payments for the index admission rather than readmissions or physician services. There were no meaningful associations between total risk-adjusted payments and hospital volume. Surgical mortality was low, but complication rates ranged from 10% (prostatectomy) to 56% (lobectomy). Complication rates were not correlated with hospital volume, but occurrence of complications was associated with 47% to 70% higher costs. Conclusion We found substantial variation in Medicare payments for these six cancer procedures. Cost was strongly associated with postoperative complications and primarily driven by differences in the cost of the index hospitalization. Efforts to prevent and cost-effectively manage complications are more likely to reduce costs than volume-based referral of cancer surgery alone.
Statistical consequences of using bone mineral density to pair cadaver femurs in comparative ex vivo hip fracture studies
Authors: Basso T. , Klaksvik J. , Foss O. A. 
Published: November 2014

Objective In ex vivo hip fracture studies femoral pairs are split to create two comparable test groups. When more than two groups are required, or if paired femurs cannot be obtained, group allocation according to bone mineral density (BMD) is sometimes performed. In this statistical experiment we explore how this affects experimental results and sample size considerations. Methods In a hip fracture experiment, nine pairs of human cadaver femurs were tested in a paired study design. The femurs were then re-matched according to BMD, creating two new test groups. Intra-pair variance and paired correlations in fixation stability were calculated. A hypothetical power analysis was then performed to explore the required sample size for the two types of group allocation. Results The standard deviation (sd) of the mean paired difference in fixation stability increased from 2 mm in donor pairs to 5 mm in BMD-matched pairs. Intra-pair correlation was 0.953 (Pearson’s r) in donor pairs and non-significant at -0.134 (Pearson’s r) in BMD-matched pairs. Required sample size to achieve a statistical power of 0.8 increased from ten pairs using donor pairs to 54 pairs using BMD-matched pairs. Conclusion BMD cannot be used to create comparable test groups unless sample size is increased substantially and paired statistics are no longer valid. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:317–20.
Be(coming) clean: Confessions as governance in professional cycling
Authors: Sefiha Ophir , Reichman Nancy 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Drawing from the public confessions of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use by high-profile riders and interviews with current North American-based professional cyclists, we examine the role that confessional accounts play in anti-doping regulation and governance of the sport of cycling. Our research examines the ways in which the confessional accounts make sense of cycling’s PED use and then become the raw material that the current generation of professionals use to both explain the past and inform their own thinking on PED use. We argue that these accounts are key to the emerging narrative of clean cycling, a narrative that legitimates and bolsters the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA) strategies, rationalities and cultures that are distinctive to sport governance.