bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Eye Gaze in Virtual Agents, Social Robotics and HCI: Behaviour Generation, User Interaction and Perception
Authors: Ruhland K. , Peters C. E. , Andrist S. , Badler J. B. , Badler N. I. , Gleicher M. , Mutlu B. , McDonnell R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA person's emotions and state of mind are apparent in their face and eyes. As a Latin proverb states: ‘The face is the portrait of the mind; the eyes, its informers’. This presents a significant challenge for Computer Graphics researchers who generate artificial entities that aim to replicate the movement and appearance of the human eye, which is so important in human–human interactions. This review article provides an overview of the efforts made on tackling this demanding task. As with many topics in computer graphics, a cross‐disciplinary approach is required to fully understand the workings of the eye in the transmission of information to the user. We begin with a discussion of the movement of the eyeballs, eyelids and the head from a physiological perspective and how these movements can be modelled, rendered and animated in computer graphics applications. Furthermore, we present recent research from psychology and sociology that seeks to understand higher level behaviours, such as attention and eye gaze, during the expression of emotion or during conversation. We discuss how these findings are synthesized in computer graphics and can be utilized in the domains of Human–Robot Interaction and Human–Computer Interaction for allowing humans to interact with virtual agents and other artificial entities. We conclude with a summary of guidelines for animating the eye and head from the perspective of a character animator.
An Analysis of the Time Course of Lexical Processing During Reading
Authors: Sheridan Heather , Reichle Erik D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractReingold, Reichle, Glaholt, and Sheridan (2012) reported a gaze‐contingent eye‐movement experiment in which survival‐curve analyses were used to examine the effects of word frequency, the availability of parafoveal preview, and initial fixation location on the time course of lexical processing. The key results of these analyses suggest that lexical processing begins very rapidly (after approximately 120 ms) and is supported by substantial parafoveal processing (more than 100 ms). Because it is not immediately obvious that these results are congruent with the theoretical assumption that words are processed and identified in a strictly serial manner, we attempted to simulate the experiment using the E‐Z Reader model of eye‐movement control (Reichle, 2011). These simulations were largely consistent with the empirical results, suggesting that parafoveal processing does play an important functional role by allowing lexical processing to occur rapidly enough to mediate direct control over when the eyes move during reading.
The meaning of leisure for children and young people with physical disabilities: a systematic evidence synthesis
Authors: Powrie Benita , Kolehmainen Niina , Turpin Merrill , Ziviani Jenny , Copley Jodie 
Published: May 2015

AimParticipation in leisure has known health benefits. Children and young people (CYP) with physical disabilities demonstrate reduced participation in leisure. To facilitate their meaningful participation, one must understand what leisure means to CYP. The aim of this study was to systematically synthesize evidence from qualitative studies on the meaning of leisure for CYP with physical disabilities.MethodsCINAHL, MEDLINE, AMED, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and ERIC were searched periodically from January 2012 until May 2013. Qualitative studies reporting the views of CYP (0–18y) with physical disabilities on leisure participation were included. The analysis involved thematic syntheses, double coding, and established quality appraisal procedures.ResultsTwelve studies met inclusion criteria, addressing the leisure experiences of 146 CYP with disabilities. Four themes core to the meaning of leisure for these CYP were (1) ‘fun’: the enjoyment and pleasure experienced from leisure; (2) ‘freedom’ of choice and from constraints; (3) ‘fulfilment’: discovering, developing, and displaying potential; and (4) ‘friendship’: social connectedness and belonging.InterpretationThe identified themes resonate with the psychological needs outlined by self‐determination theory: fun relates to satisfaction and intrinsic motivation; freedom relates to ‘autonomy’; fulfilment relates to a belief in 'competence'; and friendship resonates with ‘relatedness’. Social context had an impact on all of these themes, indicating that this is an important target for leisure participation interventions.
The roles of resource availability and competition in mediating growth rates of invasive and native freshwater snails
Authors: Riley Leslie A. , Dybdahl Mark F. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

The classic paradigm in community ecology is that competition structures communities, limiting the number of species that can coexist. Under this paradigm, highly diverse communities should be biotically resistant to invasion. However, the importance of biotic resistance in repelling invasions might depend on resources because high resource availability can increase growth rates of invasive species and either reduce or increase competitive effects of invasive species on native community members.

We tested how experimentally altered resource levels affected growth rates of an invasive (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) and a native snail (Pyrgulopsis robusta) and interspecific competition between them. Potamopyrgus and Pyrgulopis are the dominant macroinvertebrates in streams within the range of the locally endemic Pyrgulopsis in Wyoming, U.S.A.

In the absence of competition, we found that Potamopyrgus always grew faster than Pyrgulopsis at both high and low resource levels. In the presence of interspecific competition, Potamopyrgus growth rates were not affected by resource levels or the biomass of Pyrgulopsis competitors. On the other hand, Pyrgulopsis grew slower at low resource levels and especially when the biomass of Potamopyrgus competitors was high.

These results indicate that negative effects of Potamopyrgus on Pyrgulopsis growth rates were stronger at low resource levels. In contrast, Pyrgulopsis did not reduce Potamopyrgus growth under any resource scenario. Thus, increased resource availability seems to mitigate strong competitive effects of Potamopyrgus on the native snail in this stream.
Wearing complete dentures is associated with changes in the three‐dimensional shape of the oropharynx in edentulous older people that affect swallowing
Authors: Furuya Junichi , Tamada Yasushi , Sato Tomohide , Hara Atsushi , Nomura Taro , Kobayashi Takuya , Sakai Maiko , Kondo Hisatomo 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of wearing complete dentures on pharyngeal shape for swallowing in edentulous older people.BackgroundIn the absence of complete dentures, edentulous older people often lose the occlusal support necessary to position the mandible, which leads to an anterosuperior shift of the mandible during swallowing. This may result in pharyngeal shape changes effecting swallowing function in older people. However, the details of this phenomenon are currently unclear.Materials and methodsParticipants were 17 older edentulous volunteers. Cone‐beam computed tomography imaging was performed with the participant in the seated position and wearing (i) both maxillary and mandibular dentures, (ii) maxillary dentures only and (iii) no dentures. During imaging, participants were instructed to keep their mouth closed to the mandibular position determined in advance during swallowing for each denture‐wearing condition. The volume, height and average cross‐sectional area of the velopharynx and oropharynx were measured, and the positions of the epiglottis and mandible were recorded.ResultsWhile the vertical height of the oral cavity and pharynx significantly decreased, the volume and average cross‐sectional area of the oropharynx significantly increased when dentures were not worn (p < 0.01). The absence of dentures caused an anterosuperior shift of the mandible when swallowing and drew the epiglottis forward, resulting in expansion of the oropharynx where the tongue base forms the anterior wall.ConclusionThe absence of dentures results in anatomical changes in oropharyngeal shape that may exacerbate the pharyngeal expansion caused by ageing and reduce the swallowing reserve.
Discovery of an NRF1‐specific inducer from a large‐scale chemical library using a direct NRF1‐protein monitoring system
Authors: Tsujita Tadayuki , Baird Liam , Furusawa Yuki , Katsuoka Fumiki , Hou Yoshika , Gotoh Satomi , Kawaguchi Shin‐ichi , Yamamoto Masayuki 
Published: May 2015

NRF1 (NF‐E2‐p45‐related factor 1) plays an important role in the regulation of genes encoding proteasome subunits, a cystine transporter, and lipid‐metabolizing enzymes. Global and tissue‐specific disruptions of the Nrf1 gene in mice result in embryonic lethality and spontaneous development of severe tissue defects, respectively, suggesting NRF1 plays a critical role in vivo. Mechanistically, the continuous degradation of the NRF1 protein by the proteasome is regarded as a major regulatory nexus of NRF1 activity. To develop NRF1‐specific inducers that act to overcome the phenotypes related to the lack of NRF1 activity, we constructed a novel NRF1ΔC‐Luc fusion protein reporter and developed cell lines that stably express the reporter in Hepa1c1c7 cells for use in high‐throughput screening. In screening of a chemical library with this reporter system, we identified two hit compounds that significantly induced luciferase activity. Through an examination of a series of derivatives of one of the hit compounds, we identified T1‐20, which induced a 70‐fold increase in luciferase activity. T1‐20 significantly increased the level of NRF1 protein in the mouse liver, indicating that the compound is also functional in vivo. Thus, these results show the successful identification of the first small chemical compounds which specifically and significantly induce NRF1.
Population genetics of the endangered obligatorily myrmecophilous butterfly Phengaris (=Maculinea) arion in two areas of its European range
Authors: Sielezniew Marcin , Patricelli Dario , Rutkowski Robert , Witek Magdalena , Bonelli Simona , Buś Magdalena M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The socially parasitic Phengaris arion is one of the most threatened butterfly species in Europe. Using 12 microsatellite loci, we studied the genetic structure of 14 ecologically diverse populations (285 individuals) originating from two distinct areas of the European distribution range (Poland and Italy).

Italian populations were more differentiated (FST = 0.124) than Polish populations (0.073). Nevertheless, in contrast to the results of previous studies on mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (EF‐1α) genes, indices of genetic variability were higher in Poland. Within‐population genetic variability in Italy decreased southwards, whereas in Poland no similar gradient of changes was detected.

Bayesian clustering of individuals (STRUCTURE, BAPS) and analysis of principal components (PCA) indicated a genetic structure in Italian sampling sites that was more pronounced than in Poland. The analysis also suggested a common evolutionary history for populations inhabiting the northern slopes of the Alps and Central Europe, or that the alpine populations are localised in a mixed zone of different post‐glacial colonisation routes (STRUCTURE, PCA). In addition, implementation of spatial information into the analysis (BAPS) suggested that the observed pattern of differentiation could be shaped simply by landforms as all Italian sampling sites and two mountainous Polish sites formed separate cluster.

The pattern of ecological variation did not influence genetic structure and no grounds for separation of subspecies (P. arion ligurica and P. arion obscura) were found. Our results are therefore in agreement with conclusions inferred from other studies carried out in Europe on P. arion.
Randomized, double‐blinded, vehicle‐controlled, split‐face study to evaluate the effects of topical application of a Gold Silk Sericin/Niacinamide/Signaline complex on biophysical parameters related to skin ageing
Authors: Berardesca E. , Ardigo M. , Cameli N. , Mariano M. , Agozzino M. , Matts P.J. 
Published: May 2015

SynopsisObjectiveTo investigate the effects of topical application of a Gold Silk Sericin (GSS) complex on biophysical parameters related to skin ageing.MethodsA range of non‐invasive bioengineering methods were deployed in an 8‐week randomized, double‐blinded, vehicle‐controlled, split‐face study among 40 female subjects aged 40–70. Endpoints measured included expert grades of skin condition, stratum corneum (SC) hydration, SC barrier function, elasticity and surface topography.ResultsThe GSS complex produced significant single‐variable (P < 0.05) improvements in SC hydration, barrier function, elasticity and surface topography compared with the Vehicle control.ConclusionThe GSS complex examined in this study represents an interesting new cosmetic topical technology with which to address multiple aspects of aged/photoaged female facial skin.
Food waste paradox: antecedents of food disposal in low income households
Authors: Porpino Gustavo , Parente Juracy , Wansink Brian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article aims to identify antecedents of food waste among lower‐middle class families – a paradox, given the financial constraints this population faces. The importance of this research is evident in escalating environmental pressures for better use of our planet's scarce resources. Given that most of the world is low‐income, any behavioral change in this population is likely to have a considerable impact. Empirical data were collected from 14 lower‐middle income Brazilian households, based on observations, in‐depth interviews, photographs and a focus group (n = 6). Five major categories of food waste antecedents were identified: (1) excessive purchasing, (2) over‐preparation, (3) caring for a pet, (4) avoidance of leftovers and (5) inappropriate food conservation. Several subcategories were also found, including impulse buying, lack of planning and preference for large packages. Surprisingly, findings show that strategies used to save money – such as buying groceries in bulk, monthly shopping trips, preference for supermarkets and cooking from scratch – actually end up generating more food waste. This mitigates the savings made during the purchasing phase.
Framing consumer education conceptual innovations as consumer activism
Authors: McGregor Sue L.T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis position paper developed the argument that creating innovative and forward‐thinking conceptual approaches to consumer education is aproactiveprocess, the trademark of consumer activism. Assuming that (re)conceptualizing consumer education is a form of consumer activism, this article identified the conceptual contributions and intellectual innovations of 24 consumer education initiatives in North America (1962–2012). Using an historical analysis method, this study profiled consumer educators who tried to stay ahead of the curve by creating leading‐edge approaches to socializing people into their consumer role. In effect, they were expressing their personal and intellectual convictions about the potential and possibilities of consumer education as a means to promote change to protect and empower people in their consumer‐citizen role.
Conceptualizing and measuring consumer social responsibility: a neglected aspect of consumer research
Authors: Quazi Ali , Amran Azlan , Nejati Mehran 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDespite the availability of extensive research on a wide range of consumer‐related areas, some socially sensitive consumer issues have still remained relatively unexplored. Since literature review revealed a gap in the conceptualization of consumer social responsibilities, this article conceptualized, developed and validated a measurement scale for consumer social responsibility (CnSR), using a rigorous methodology suggested in the scale development literature. The study responded to the scholarly calls for further research in this area. Using a total sample of 491 respondents (53 respondents for pilot, 207 for exploratory survey and 231 for confirmatory survey), the study proposed a six‐dimensional measurement scale for CnSR, including: (1) social impacts, (2) solidarity, (3) critical appraisal, (4) supporting business growth, (5) environmental impacts and (6) action. It is argued that with ever growing impacts of corporate social responsibility on business practices, the validated measurement scale will contribute to the advancement of research in this nascent consumer area.
Compositions, flavour and antiradical properties of products from subcritical water treatment of raw Isada krill
Authors: Koomyart Intira , Nagamizu Hironori , Khuwijitjaru Pramote , Kobayashi Takashi , Shiga Hirokazu , Yoshii Hidefumi , Adachi Shuji 
Published: May 2015

SummaryComparative analysis of subcritical water (SCW) treatment and ambient pressure boiling one of raw Isada krill was performed for the nutritive, flavour and antiradical properties of krill extracts and residues as well as the molecular mass and odour intensity of the extract. SCW treatment was performed for 10 min in a batch‐type vessel in the temperature range of 100–240 °C, using a 1:1 weight ratio of raw krill to water. Higher protein and lipid contents were obtained by SCW treatment relative to boiling. The lipid content of the SCW extracts increased with increasing treatment temperature. Protein was the main component in these extracts, and the highest protein content was achieved by SCW treatment at 200 °C. High‐molecular‐mass species decomposed under SCW treatment at high temperatures with consequent generation of smaller molecules. The antiradical activity of the SCW extract, determined by DPPH and ABTS assays, increased with increasing treatment temperature. The krill extracts and residues exhibited shrimp‐like flavour, and the most desirable flavour was obtained by SCW treatment at 140 °C or 160 °C for 10 min. The treatment would be applicable for the production of seasonings from Isada krill.
Influence of processing on the antioxidant capacity and bioactive compounds in jellies from different blackberry cultivars
Authors: de Souza Vanessa Rios , Pereira Patrícia Aparecida Pimenta , Teixeira Taísa Rezende , Silva Thais Lomônaco Teodoro da , Pio Rafael , Queiroz Fabiana 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe effect of thermal processing and the berry cultivar has been the subject of several studies, to serve as a basis for the least possible loss of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. In Brazil, there are numerous blackberry cultivars under cultivation, and in this context, the aim of this work was to study how the bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacity of blackberry jelly were influenced by the cultivars (Guarani, Brazos, Comanche, Tupy, Cherokee, Caingangue and Choctaw). Analysis was made of 7 fresh blackberry cultivars and 7 blackberry jelly formulations. Analysis of antioxidant activity, total phenolics, total anthocyanins and ascorbic acid was performed. It was verified that the contribution of the heat sensitive antioxidants compounds is considerable in all blackberry cultivars, and the degradation of these compounds was significantly different between the different blackberry cultivars. The Brazos and Caingangue cultivars stand out as undergoing the lowest losses in processing, resulting in jellies richer in bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant capacity.
Antioxidant activity of prebiotic ginseng polysaccharides combined with potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum C88
Authors: He Zhongmei , Wang Xiaohui , Li Guofeng , Zhao Yujuan , Zhang Jian , Niu Chunhua , Zhang Li , Zhang Xue , Ying Dashi , Li Shengyu 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe potential prebiotic properties of Panax ginseng polysaccharides were studied using ten strains of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods. These probiotics showed different growth characteristics depending on the extract and strain specificity. L. plantarum C88 showed higher cell densities and growth rate when cultured on P. ginseng polysaccharides. In the in vitro antioxidant assay, P. ginseng polysaccharides combined with L. plantarum C88 were found to possess significant DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activities, and acidic polysaccharides showed better antioxidant activity than neutral polysaccharides. Furthermore, we evaluated the antioxidant effect of acidic P. ginseng polysaccharide combined with L. plantarum C88 strain in natural ageing mice in vivo. Acidic P. ginseng polysaccharide and L. plantarum C88 together inhibited the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacities (T‐AOC) in a dose‐dependent manner.
Effect of exogenous spermine on quality and sucrose metabolism of vegetable soya bean (Glycine max L.) during cold storage
Authors: Song Jiangfeng , Wang Yuan , Liu Chunquan , Li Dajing 
Published: May 2015

SummaryVegetable soya bean deteriorates quickly after harvest at ambient temperature due to loss of green colour and consequent yellowing of grains. To seek an effective method to control the postharvest quality, the effect of exogenous spermine on visual quality, sugar loss and sucrose‐metabolising enzyme activities of vegetable soya bean (Glycine max L.) during cold storage was investigated. The results showed that exogenous spermine (1.0 mmol L−1) noticeably prolonged shelf life, inhibited the increase of weight loss and decay index and retained the colour. It also significantly minimised sucrose loss by regulating the activities of sucrose‐metabolising enzymes. Sucrose content negatively correlated with acid invertase (AI) activity at P < 0.05, while positively with sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity at P < 0.01. There was no significant correlation with the activities of neutral invertase and sucrose synthase. These results indicated that the AI and SPS activities might play an important role in the control of sucrose metabolism resulting in reduction of sucrose loss.
Urban stormwater flood management in the Cordeiro watershed, São Paulo, Brazil: does the interaction between socio‐political and technical aspects create an opportunity to attain community resilience?
Authors: Borba M.L. , Warner J. F. , Porto M. F. A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the urban Cordeiro watershed, São Paulo, Brazil, the impervious surface has reduced stormwater infiltration and the drainage system has become insufficient. Engineering firms have been contracted, under government supervision, to implement the construction of six water reservoirs in order to decrease the frequent flood events in the watershed. The main purpose of this article is to contribute to the study of the relationship between technical and socio‐political aspects of urban stormwater drainage, as technical solutions alone have proven to be insufficient. Research conducted in the area shows that residents and businessmen construct individual infrastructure to protect their homes and businesses, independent of any interaction with engineering firms or local government officials. Relevant literature suggests that stronger interaction among these stakeholders offers an opportunity to evolve from self‐reliance into a collective strategy of resilience, enhancing the effectiveness of flood risk management practices.