bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospects for a Cashless and Checkless Society
Authors: Costain JE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The object of a document examiner's professional attention is typically some sort of paper instrument representing something of value. Of particular importance to most working examiners are the basic noncash elements of our current money payments system: checks and credit cards. Checks and credit cards on the scale they are used today would not be possible without modern computers, but even modern techniques will be inadequate to cope with continued expansion of the current payment system. The development of a money system without checks, credit cards, or even cash has already begun and should be completed by the end of this century. This presentation will review some of the evidence which suggests we are on the brink of a cashless and checkless society. We will look briefly into the history of checks and credit cards, and then review some recent and incipient developments regarding these aspects of our current money system. On a more speculative level, we will inquire about the realistic prospects for a cashless and checkless society, look at the form such a future money system might take, and briefly consider the impact of such developments on the forensic sciences.
Systematic Analysis of Explosive Residues
Authors: Beveridge AD , Payton SF , Audette RJ , Lambertus AJ , Shaddick RC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Examination of bomb scene evidence is an area of increasing involvement for the forensic scientist in which incidents may vary from student mischief to mass murder. To undertake explosive casework responsibilities, the scientist must have personal experience of the type of physical evidence left after explosions, including device remains, characteristic damage, and chemical residues.
Analysis of Paraffin Wax in Fire Remains
Authors: Ettling BV 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Candles are sometimes used for arson because of fairly predictable delay in ignition of other combustibles as the candle burns down. Also, they are easily consumed in the resulting fire. It has been known that residues of paraffin often survive a fire and can be detected by chemical or physical means. Extraction procedures have usually been used to remove paraffin residues from fire remains. The isolated paraffin could then be characterized by infrared spectrophotometry, melting point, or X-ray pattern [1]. There are a number of other analytical procedures that have been used for paraffin wax, although not necessarily with regard to arson investigation. These include differential scanning calorimetry [2], differential thermal analysis [3], mass spectrometry [4], liquid-phase chromatography [5], and vapor-phase chromatography starting with Ogilvie et al [6]. Some of the methods are useful for distinguishing among samples of known waxes but do not give a detailed fingerprint of composition. Vapor-phase chromatography combines simplicity with the best yield of information on wax composition.
Differentiation of Bullets by Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Haney MA , Gallagher JF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Matching of evidence bullets with a particular suspect is most frequently accomplished by comparing the striations on the evidence bullets with those on test bullets fired from the suspect's gun. This method cannot be used, of course, when the striations are obliterated or when the gun is not available for test-firing. In this case, if unspent bullets are found in possession of the suspect, they may be chemically compared with the evidence bullets. Identical elemental composition is usually taken as evidence that the bullets may have the same origin; that is, they may have come from the same box or lot.
On the Legality of Cannabis: The Responsibility of the Expert Witness
Authors: Lowry WT , Garriott JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The possibility that the genus Cannabis comprises more than one species has been a matter for considerable controversy over a long period of time. The literature on the botany of Cannabis is complicated and confusing because of numerous specific and varietal names, most of which have never been properly published or described according to the rules of botanical nomenclature. Thus, the genus has been considered to be monotypic and most taxonomists have, in the past, agreed that Cannabis sativa Linnaeus included all variants. A recent publication by Schultes et al [1] listed some of the specific epithets which have so far been proposed in the literature: Cannabis americana Houghton et Hamilton in Am. Journal Pharm. 80 (1908) 17, nomen nudum Cannabis erratica Sievers ex Pallas Neue Nord. Beytr. 7 (1796) 174, nomen nudum Cannabis foetens Gilibert Exercit. Phytol. 2 (1792) 450, nomen illegitimum Cannabis generalis E. H. L. Krause in Strum. Fl. Deutchland, Ed. 2, 4 (1905) 199 Cannabis gigantea Crevost in Bull. Econ. Indochine, n.s., 20 (1917) 613 Cannabis indica Larmarck Encycl. 1 (1783) 695 X Cannabis intersita Sojak in Novit. Bot. Del. Sem. Hort. Bot. Univ. Carol Prage (1690) 20 Cannabis lupulus Scopoli Pl. Carniol. Ed. 2, 2 (1772) 263 Cannabis macrosperma Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 4 (1812) 539 Cannabis pedemontana Camp, J. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 36 (1936) 114, nomen nudum in synon Cannabis ruderalis Janischewsky, Uchenyl Zap. Gas. Saratov. Univ. 2, pt. 2 (1924) 14 Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 1027
Comparison of Results for Quantitative Determination of Morphine by Radioimmunoassay, Enzyme Immunoassay, and Spectrofluorometry
Authors: Spiehler VR , Reed D , Cravey RH , Wilcox WP , Shaw RF , Holland S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 1970, Spector and Parker [1] reported the production of antibodies to morphine as a 3-0-carboxymethoxymorphine-bovine serum albumin. They described a method for quantitative determination of morphine in serum by a competitive binding assay using the antimorphine antibody and radio-labeled morphine (radioimmunoassay) [2].
The Examination of Disc and Pin Tumbler Locks for Tool Marks Made by Lock Picks
Authors: Plumtree WG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There are many references on the techniques of lock picking (for example, Refs 1 and 2) and on the subject of tool mark examination (Ref 3, for example), yet there are only a few articles published on the tool marks made by lock picks [4–6]. These articles indicate that certain methods of picking locks can be detected. No in-depth study has been published on the types of marks left by different picks, nor to what extent tumbler composition plays in detecting pick marks. It is the purpose of this study to indicate what can be learned from pick marks on cylinder locks. This paper will attempt, through use of photographs, to demonstrate the tool marks often left on pin and disc tumbler locks by various lock picks in use today.
The Use of an Agglomerative Numerical Technique in Physical Evidence Comparisons
Authors: Thornton JI 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThere is an element of subjectivity to virtually all types of examinations conducted in the forensic laboratory. The level of this subjectivity may range from relatively low, as in the interpretation of certain instrumental results, to relatively high, as in the comparison of handwriting or firearms evidence. It is generally held, however, that comparisons of physical evidence should be as objective as possible.
A Review of “The Pathology of Homicide”
Authors: Harris LS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The subtitle of this book reads “A Vade Mecum for Pathologist, Prosecutor and Defense Counsel.” It is indeed a vade mecum, in the sense that it is “a book for ready reference” (Def. 1). We do not recommend that it be “regularly carried about by a person” (Def. 2). Weighing nearly 2.6 kg, this handbook is more like a tome.
A Review of “Scapegoat Justice—Lloyd Miller and the Failure of the American Legal System”
Authors: McCrone WC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This could well be the most important book ever reviewed in this journal. Certainly its lesson is trenchant for every Fellow the the Academy. The author, a lawyer, details an account of a criminal case which began in 1955 with the rape and murder of an 8-year-old girl in Canton, Ill. As absorbing as Truman Capote's In Cold Blood, he recounts the happenings from the time of the murder until the case against the convicted murderer is closed 16 years later. The story starts with the suspect coerced into a confession and continues with suppressed and falsified evidence by the prosecution, the defense being denied access to evidence or reports, a criminalist falsely testifying in court, an unstable and unreliable witness helped by the prosecution to render perjured testimony, and the suspect being convicted and sentenced to death.
Modeling Epistasis in Genomic Selection
Authors: Jiang Yong , Reif Jochen C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Modeling epistasis in genomic selection is impeded by a high computational load. The extended genomic best linear unbiased prediction (EG-BLUP) with an epistatic relationship matrix and the reproducing kernel Hilbert space regression (RKHS) are two attractive approaches that reduce the computational load. In this study, we proved the equivalence of EG-BLUP and genomic selection approaches, explicitly modeling epistatic effects. Moreover, we have shown why the RKHS model based on a Gaussian kernel captures epistatic effects among markers. Using experimental data sets in wheat and maize, we compared different genomic selection approaches and concluded that prediction accuracy can be improved by modeling epistasis for selfing species but may not for outcrossing species.
Las reformas a la protección social en salud en México: ¿rupturas o continuidades?
Authors: Uribe Gómez Mónica , Abrantes Pêgo Raquel 
Published: July 2015

Desde la década de los ochenta comenzó un proceso de reformas al sistema de salud mexicano con el fin de promover cambios estructurales en el sector mediante una mayor presencia del sector privado. Se argumenta que la reforma fue propuesta por un grupo de actores tecno-burocráticos que han concentrado recursos de poder cruciales para modificar las reglas institucionales y que tales cambios se han llevado a cabo sin consultar ampliamente a los diversos actores interesados: gobiernos de los estados de la república, proveedores de los servicios públicos y usuarios.Abstract This paper examines the reform process within the Mexican health system undertaken since the eighties that led to an increasing privatization of health services. It argues that such process have been led by a small group of techno-bureaucratic actors that have changed institutional rules according to their interests without considering the interests of local governments, public services providers and public health services users.
Ecological and biogeographic null hypotheses for comparing rarefaction curves
Authors: Cayuela Luis , Gotelli Nicholas J. , Colwell Robert K. 
Published: July 2015

The statistical framework of rarefaction curves and asymptotic estimators allows for an effective standardization of biodiversity measures. However, most statistical analyses still consist of point comparisons of diversity estimators for a particular sampling level. We introduce new randomization methods that incorporate sampling variability encompassing the entire length of the rarefaction curve and allow for statistical comparison of i ≥2 individual‐based, sample‐based, or coverage‐based rarefaction curves. These methods distinguish between two distinct null hypotheses: the ecological null hypothesis (H0eco) and the biogeographical null hypothesis (H0biog).H0eco states that the i samples were drawn from a single assemblage, and any differences among them in species richness, composition, or relative abundance reflect only sampling effects. H0biog states that the i samples were drawn from assemblages that differ in their species composition but share similar species richness and species abundance distributions. To test H0eco, we created a composite rarefaction curve by summing the abundances of all species from the i samples. We then calculated a test statistic Zeco, the (cumulative) summed areas of difference between each of the i individual curves and the composite curve. For H0biog, the test statistic Zbiog was calculated by summing the area of difference between all possible pairs of the i individual curves. Bootstrap sampling from the composite curve (H0eco) or random sampling from different simulated assemblages using alternative abundance distributions (H0biog) was used to create the null distribution of Z, and to provide a frequentist test of Z | H0. Rejection of H0eco does not pinpoint whether the samples differ in species richness, species composition, and/or relative abundance.In benchmark comparisons, both tests performed satisfactorily against artificial data sets randomly drawn from a single assemblage (low Type I error). In benchmark comparisons with different species abundance distributions and richness, the tests had adequate power to detect differences among curves (low Type II error), although power diminished at small sample sizes and for small differences among underlying species rank abundances.
Role of Graded Compression Ultrasonography in Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis.
Authors: Shrestha Mukunda Singh , Pant Hom Prasad , Basnet Shiv Bahadur , Khadka Govinda Bhahadur , Shahi Rajive Raj , Panta Sujata 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is common surgical emergency which can lead to high morbidity and mortalityin absence of timely treatment. Ultrasonography (USG) is commonly used to diagnose appendicitis and excludeother intraabdominal pathology leading to right iliac fossa pain in emergency setting. We aimed to Þ nd out thediagnostic value of graded compression USG in suspected appendicitis cases.Methods: Altogether 107 patients with clinical impression of acute appendicitis were followed. Four caseswere excluded because of other diagnosis established in USG. Appendicitis was diagnosed by standard criteriasof inß ammed appendix by graded compression technique. Informations of 103 cases were recorded in proformawhich was later entered in SPSS and statistical calculations done.Results: Out of 103 cases followed, 93 had appendicitis. Of those, 46 cases only showed inß ammed anddistended appendix, others showed ancillary features only. Males were more affected 61(65.6%) than females.Sensitivity, speciÞ city, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ultrasound indetecting appendicitis were 98.9%,90%,98.9%,90% and 97.1% respectively.Conclusions: Graded compression ultrasonography is good investigation modality in assessement of suspectedacute appendicitis.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v12i2.12929
Bilateral Three Headed Biceps Brachii Muscle
Authors: Singh Poonam , Tandon Aseem , Bhatnagar Rajan , Pokhrel Rishi 
Published: July 2015

During routine human cadaveric dissection for the purpose of teaching learning of medical undergraduates inour department, third head of the biceps brachii muscle was found bilaterally in a 67 years old male cadaver. Bilaterally symmetrical third head was found with ß eshy proximal attachment on humerus between the insertionof the coracobrachialis and the upper part of the origin of the brachialis. This supernumerary head was deep tothe other two heads of biceps and was inserted into the bicipital aponeurosis. A branch of musculocutaneousnerve could be traced upto the third head. Long and short heads of biceps were of usual anatomy.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v12i2.12931
“Does Supplementing Traditional teaching with Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) Module Facilitates Understanding of Human Embryology in Medical Undergraduates? A Randomized Control Trial”
Authors: Bhatnagar Rajan Bhatnagar , Tandon Aseem , Pokhrel Rishi 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: In present scenario when lesser time is being devoted to basic medical sciences, and at the same time knowledge and concepts required to be mastered by medical undergraduates increasing exponentially, structured modules and software have a potential role to play. Embryology in particular can be a subject for such modules owing to its complex dynamics and even less proportion of time available to master it. This study evaluates if supplementing traditional methods with computer-aided instruction improve students' understanding of human embryology. Methods: The study was conducted during revision sessions before university examinations. Subjects of study were first year medical undergraduates (n=128), divided into two equal groups by simple randomization. Demographic data and prior academic performance of students were collected from student profile register. Revision sessions for control group were conducted using traditional methods and for test group CAL module was used. Students were evaluated by pre and post-tests consisting of 50 multiple choice answers questions each and each question fetched 0.5 marks. Independent sample t test was used for comparison of means. Opinion of students and instructors were collected using anonymous questionnaire under heads of subject-interest, appropriateness of CAL module as teaching materials, overall satisfaction and its possible effectiveness as self-learning module. Results: Two groups showed no statistical difference in terms of sex ratio, age and prior academic performance. Pre-test showed no significant difference in mean scores of two groups, mean post-test scores on the other hand were significantly greater in test group as compared to the control group. Most of the students and instructors involved in the study graded the CAL-module as ‘excellent’. Conclusions: The study shows that traditional teaching methods supplemented with CAL module improves the understanding of developmental anatomy in medical undergraduates. Use of this module as a self-study material requires further evaluations.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v13i1.12997
Digesting Hunter, Gatherer, Purveyor
Authors: Moschopedis Eric , Rushton Mia 
Published: July 2015

Abstract: This article considers the project Hunter, Gatherer, Purveyor, created by interdisciplinary artists Eric Moschopedis and Mia Rushton. Hunter, Gatherer, Purveyor attempts to reveal how planted and indigenous flora affects social and spatial relationships within a city. Through a process of urban foraging, the artists create edible art objects using ingredients from specific communities as a way of tasting class differences and geography. The article reflects on how the experience of creating the project was one of misconception and discovery, and it relates the artists’ experience of collecting vegetation in different communities in Edmonton, Alberta, and elsewhere in Canada. Hunter, Gatherer, Purveyor proposes the mouth as a stage for performance, a site where the artist’s research about the city can be enacted and digested by residents of a community and participants of the project.
Collaborative Producing
Authors: Jain Ravi 
Published: July 2015

Abstract: This article looks at a new collaborative producing model called the RISER Project, led by Why Not Theatre. The RISER Project brings together a community of senior leadership and emerging artists to support the artistic risk that independent artists must take in order to create art and innovate. The model is designed to maximize existing infrastructures by sharing resources, risk, and energy to reduce the producing burden on artists. This model was created to address the major challenges that independent theatre creators face when producing work: the rising costs of production and the challenge of building an audience to see those productions.
The Futures of Theatre Criticism
Authors: Fricker Karen 
Published: July 2015

Abstract: Canadian theatre criticism will look considerably different in fifteen years than it does now, argues Karen Fricker, because it is already a field in ongoing, radical transition, largely triggered by the global decline in print media and the rise of the Internet. Fricker provides an overview of the shifting dynamics throughout the Western world between critics working for mainstream outlets and independent (and largely unremunerated) bloggers, arguing that new voices are adding dynamism to the field. In Canada as elsewhere, the amount of paid criticism is in decline, and while bloggers have emerged in many markets, they are still considered a less significant source of legitimation by artists and funding agencies than their mainstream counterparts. These changes are nonetheless causing anxiety among mainstream critics, as became evident in the strongly negative reaction of Toronto critics to an attempt by the Factory Theatre to delay the press night of a production in September 2014 in an attempt to favour public and community responses over reviews. Fricker further considers the ethics and practicalities around new forms of critical engagement, including theatre organizations’ hiring of critics and “embedded” or behind-the-scenes criticism, and exhorts theatre scholars to take a leadership role in shaping Canada’s theatre critical future.
Matter Matters: Performing a Stone in the Woods
Authors: Horner Mariah , Renyk Grahame 
Published: July 2015

Abstract: A conversation between an emerging theatre artist (Mariah Horner) and a Queen’s University professor (Grahame Renyk), this article analyzes Stones in the Woods, a production mounted in 2014 by Mariah’s historical and site-specific company, the Cellar Door Project. The production was performed around a stone in a park that was originally a part of Kingston’s nineteenth-century observatory. Drawing inspiration from thing theory (as discussed in Performing Objects and Theatrical Things, edited by Marlis Schweitzer and Joanne Zerdy) and Pierre Nora’s work on lieux de mémoire, Mariah and Grahame discuss how the performance treats the stone as an actant, equal in status to the human actors. By foregrounding the stone in its “thingness,” the performance highlights its material longevity and reveals its presence in actor networks past, present, and since. Clear threads are tied from the past, through the stories in between, and into the present, reconnecting audiences with a sense of historical continuum at the site. Distinguishing the Cellar Door Project’s work as a rematerialization rather than a reanimation of history, Mariah and Grahame discover that this kind of work may be a more effective approach than re-enactment for connecting ourselves with those who came before.
Taking the Measure of Nuit Blanche 2014
Authors: Austin Caitlin , Santos Kat Dos , Gilpin Sarah , Kim Minji (Rita) , Trottier Jonas , Solga Kim 
Published: July 2015

Abstract:Six years ago, Laura Levin and Kim Solga reflected in CTR on their travels through the 2008 edition of Toronto’s Scotiabank Nuit Blanche all-night art festival. That review offered a trenchant critique of the ways in which “the event that is Nuit Blanche” was beginning uncomfortably to “eclips[e] the art that is Nuit Blanche.” Today, with nearly a decade of Nuit Blanches in Toronto behind us, with attendance numbers increasing every year, and with Toronto an established “creative city” at the forefront of urban neoliberalism, that critique seems almost too obvious. Nuit Blanche is now marketed and represented in the media as a good-time street party, but it does not necessarily follow that the meanings Nuit Blanche makes for spectators on the ground are in any way stable, or necessarily banal.In October 2014, Solga set out for Nuit Blanche with a vanload of students from her undergraduate performance studies seminar. The goal: to experience as much of the festival as possible, with an eye to investigating the ways in which the art on offer hailed it spectators and invited active, participatory engagement. What did Nuit Blanche want from a keen and largely novice group of performance art enthusiasts? What would it offer in return? Would it let them down? And, if so, what might they learn from their disappointment?