bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial loading into and release from poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(acrylic acid) semi‐interpenetrating hydrogels
Authors: Wu Yong , Liang Jing , Horkay Ferenc , Libera Matthew 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTElectrostatic interactions within a semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) gel can control the postsynthesis loading, long‐term retention, and subsequent release of small‐molecule cationic antibiotics. Here, electrostatic charge is introduced into an otherwise neutral gel [poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)] by physically entrapping high‐molecular‐weight poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The network structure is characterized by small‐angle neutron scattering. PEG/PAA semi‐IPN gels absorb over 40 times more antibiotic than PAA‐free PEG gels. Subsequent soaking in physiological buffer (pH 7.4; 0.15 M NaCl) releases the loaded antibiotics for periods as long as 30 days. The loaded gels elute antibiotics with diffusivities of 4.46 × 10−8 cm2/s (amikacin) and 2.08 × 10−8 cm2/s (colistin), which are two orders of magnitude less than those in pure PEG gels where diffusion is controlled purely by gel tortuosity. The release and hindered diffusion can be understood based on the partial shielding of the charged groups within the loaded gel, and they have a significant effect on the antimicrobial properties of these gels. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 64–72
Current and field driven domain wall motion under influence of the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction
Authors: Wieser Robert 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA complete analytical description of the dynamics of current and field driven transverse domain walls under the influence of the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction using the q– model will be given. Five different scenarios will be observed where the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya vector is either parallel or perpendicular to the easy axis anisotropy of the system and a direct reversal, respectively, precessional motion will be assumed.
Strain‐ and correlation‐induced half‐metallic ferromagnetism in orthorhombic BaFeO
Authors: Rahman Gul , Sarwar Saad 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUsing first‐principles calculations, the electronic and magnetic properties of orthorhombic BaFeO (BFO) are investigated with the local spin density approximation (LSDA). The calculations reveal that at the optimized lattice volume, BFO has a lower energy in the ferromagnetic state as compared with the antiferromagnetic state. At the equilibrium volume, BFO shows metallic behavior, however, under a large tensile strain (), BFO shows half‐metallic behavior consistent with the integer magnetic moment of fu mainly caused by the and electrons of Fe. Including a Hubbard‐like contribution U (LSDA) on Fe d states induced half‐metallic behavior without external strain, which indicates that U can be used to tune the electronic structure of BFO. The magnetic moments remained robust against compressive and tensile strain. At large compressive (tensile) strain, the half‐metallicity of BFO is mainly destroyed by the Fe‐d (O‐p) electrons, in agreement with the noninteger value of the magnetic moments of BFO.
Oxygen isotope studies of phosphite oxidation: Purification and analysis of reactants and products by high‐temperature conversion elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Chang Sae Jung , Blake Ruth E. 
Published: September 2015

RationaleIncreased attention has been recently focused on the origin and reactions of reduced‐P oxyanions such as phosphite [PO3(III)] in terrestrial and biological systems. We present new methods for studying O‐isotopic reactions between PO3(III) and other oxygen sources during oxidation of PO3(III) to PO4(V).MethodsNa2(HPO3)·5H2O, used as a PO3(III) source, contains structural water due to its hygroscopic nature; thus, we developed a method for determining the δ18O value of PO3(III) after the removal of structural water. Next, we tested two techniques for purifying PO4(V) from aqueous PO3(III)/PO4(V) mixtures: (1) precipitation of PO4(V) as ammonium phosphomolybdate (APM); and (2) precipitation of PO4(V) as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP). The O‐isotope compositions, 18O:16O (δ18O values), of Na2(HPO3) and Ag3PO4 were analyzed by TC/EA/IRMS.ResultsStructural water was removed from Na2(HPO3)·5H2O after drying at 100 °C under vacuum and the δ18O value of PO3(III) was obtained. The δ18O values of PO4(V), which was extracted from 18O‐labeled PO3(III)/PO4(V) mixtures by APM and MAP precipitations, were not altered by the precipitation process. This result confirms that PO3(III) is not converted into PO4(V) by oxidation or hydrolysis under either strong acidic/oxidizing (APM) or alkaline (MAP) conditions for up to a 24‐h period.ConclusionsWe conclude that both APM and MAP precipitation are reliable and effective methods for the separation and purification of PO4(V) from aqueous PO3(III)/PO4(V) mixtures. The methods described here will permit the study of the isotopic evolution of various pathways of geochemical as well as biological PO3(III) oxidation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐specific 13С/12С isotope abundance ratios in dicarboxylic oxyacids as characteristics of their origin
Authors: Zyakun Anatoly M. , Oganesyants Lev A. , Panasyuk Alexander L. , Kuz'mina Elena I. , Shilkin Aleksey A. , Baskunov Boris P. , Zakharchenko Vladimir N. , Peshenko Valentina P. 
Published: September 2015

RationaleRecommendations of relevant international organizations controlling the quality of grape wines and beverages specify that only tartaric acids of grape origin can be introduced to achieve the required parameters. The development of methods for determining the origin of tartaric acid in grape wine is of great technological significance.MethodsOrganic dicarboxylic oxyacids were extracted from wines as barium salts. Carbon dioxide, which included all the carbon atoms of the acids, was used to determine the carbon isotope ratios by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. The alkyl part of the oxyacids was burned at 560°C in the presence of air; BaCO3 containing the carboxyl carbon was left. This carbonate was used to measure the carbon isotope ratios in the carboxyl part of the acid. The carbon isotope ratios of the alkyl part of tartaric acid were found by isotope mass balance.ResultsThe carbon isotope composition of carboxyl groups (δ13С values) in tartaric acid of grape (biogenic origin) had a higher 13С content than the carbon in the alkyl part of the molecule. Tartaric acid produced by chemical synthesis (abiogenic origin) was noted to have a different 13С/12С distribution: the carboxyl group of tartaric acid produced by chemical synthesis contained a smaller than or equal amount of 13С to the alkyl part.ConclusionsThis is the first determination of the site‐specific distribution of the 13С/12С isotopes in tartaric acids as evidence of their biogenic and abiogenic origins. The presented method for determining the origin of tartaric acid can be used for efficient control of the quality of grape wines and beverages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous analysis of 17O/16O, 18O/16O and 2H/1H of gypsum hydration water by cavity ring‐down laser spectroscopy
Authors: Gázquez Fernando , Mather Ian , Rolfe James , Evans Nicholas P. , Herwartz Daniel , Staubwasser Michael , Hodell David A. 
Published: September 2015

RationaleThe recent development of cavity ring‐down laser spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments capable of measuring 17O‐excess in water has created new opportunities for studying the hydrologic cycle. Here we apply this new method to studying the triple oxygen (17O/16O, 18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H) isotope ratios of gypsum hydration water (GHW), which can provide information about the conditions under which the mineral formed and subsequent post‐depositional interaction with other fluids.MethodsWe developed a semi‐automated procedure for extracting GHW by slowly heating the sample to 400°C in vacuo and cryogenically trapping the evolved water. The isotopic composition (δ17O, δ18O and δ2H values) of the GHW is subsequently measured by CRDS. The extraction apparatus allows the dehydration of five samples and one standard simultaneously, thereby increasing the long‐term precision and sample throughput compared with previous methods. The apparatus is also useful for distilling brines prior to isotopic analysis. A direct comparison is made between results of 17O‐excess in GHW obtained by CRDS and fluorination followed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) of O2.ResultsThe long‐term analytical precision of our method of extraction and isotopic analysis of GHW by CRDS is ±0.07‰ for δ17O values, ±0.13‰ for δ18O values and ±0.49‰ for δ2H values (all ±1SD), and ±1.1‰ and ±8 per meg for the deuterium‐excess and 17O‐excess, respectively. Accurate measurement of the 17O‐excess values of GHW, of both synthetic and natural samples, requires the use of a micro‐combustion module (MCM). This accessory removes contaminants (VOCs, H2S, etc.) from the water vapour stream that interfere with the wavelengths used for spectroscopic measurement of water isotopologues. CRDS/MCM and IRMS methods yield similar isotopic results for the analysis of both synthetic and natural gypsum samples within analytical error of the two methods.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that precise and simultaneous isotopic measurements of δ17O, δ18O and δ2H values, and the derived deuterium‐excess and 17O‐excess, can be obtained from GHW and brines using a new extraction apparatus and subsequent measurement by CRDS. This method provides new opportunities for the application of water isotope tracers in hydrologic and paleoclimatologic research. © 2015 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Distributional Hankel Transform of Marcel Riesz's Ultrahyperbolic Kernel
Authors: Aguirre Téllez Manuel A. 
Published: September 2015

In this article we give a sense to the distributional Hankel transform of Marcel Riesz's ultrahyperbolic kernel.First we evaluate Rα(u) in α = −2k and α = 2k for the cases μ even and ν odd, μ even and ν even, and μ odd and ν odd, μ odd and ν even, where
urn:x-wiley:00222526:media:sapm1994932133:sapm1994932133-math-0001
and
urn:x-wiley:00222526:media:sapm1994932133:sapm1994932133-math-0002
Finally in Section 4 we obtain the distributional Hankel transform of Marcel Riesz's ultrahyperbolic kernel.
A method for mapping the turbulence intensity and excess energy available to building mounted wind turbines over a UK City
Authors: Emejeamara F. C. , Tomlin A. S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAssessing the potential of proposed urban wind installations is hindered by insufficient assessments of both urban wind resource, and the effectiveness of commercial gust control solutions within built up areas. Evaluating the potential performance of wind turbines within the urban environment requires an estimation of the total energy that would be available to them were effective control systems to be used. This paper presents a methodology for estimating the excess energy content (EEC) present in the gusty urban wind, which is usually under represented when using assessments based only on mean wind speeds. The method is developed using high temporal resolution wind measurements from eight potential turbine sites within the urban and suburban environment. By assessing the relationship between turbulence intensities and the EEC, an analytical methodology for predicting the total wind energy available at a potential turbine site is proposed. Sensitivity analysis with respect to temporal data resolution on the predicted EEC is also demonstrated. The methodology is then integrated with an analytical methodology that was initially developed to predict mean wind speeds at different heights within a UK city based on detailed mapping of its aerodynamic characteristics. Additional estimates of turbulence intensities and EEC based on the current methodology allow a more complete assessment of the wind resource available. The methodology is applied to the UK city of Leeds as a case study and the potential to map turbulence intensities and the total kinetic energy available at different heights within a typical urban city is demonstrated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assembly and Function of the Precursor B-Cell Receptor
Authors: Übelhart Rudolf , Werner Markus , Jumaa Hassan 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
During early stages of development, precursor B lymphocytes express a characteristic type of antigen receptor known as the pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR). This receptor differs from conventional BCRs in that it possesses a germ line-encoded surrogate light chain (SLC), which is associated with the signal transduction machinery via heavy chain (HC) proteins that have been generated by productive rearrangement of the immunoglobulin HC genes. The pre-BCR marks a key step of B-cell commitment, as it activates the B-cell-specific signaling cascade and mediates the selection, expansion, and differentiation of cells expressing a productively rearranged HC protein. Another difference between the pre-BCR and conventional BCR might be the initial event that triggers receptor activation, as the pre-BCR is activated in the absence of external ligands, while conventional BCRs require antigen for activation. Nonetheless, the pre-BCR downstream signaling cascade is largely similar to that of the BCR suggesting that the characteristic LC of the pre-BCR mediates important receptor interactions thereby providing distinctive, germ line-encoded features to the pre-BCR. In fact, the SLC enables the pre-BCR to act as a surrogate autoreactive receptor. Here, we outline the structure and function of the pre-BCR and how the autonomous signaling capacity might be a direct consequence of pre-BCR assembly. In addition to its role in early B-cell development, we discuss how the ordered activation of downstream signaling cascades enables the pre-BCR to activate seemingly opposing cellular programs such as proliferation and differentiation.
The FAST-EU trial: 12-month clinical outcomes of women after intrauterine sonography-guided transcervical radiofrequency ablation of uterine fibroids
Authors: Brölmann Hans , Bongers Marlies , Garza-Leal José Gerardo , Gupta Janesh , Veersema Sebastiaan , Quartero Rik , Toub David 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe FAST-EU Trial was designed to establish the effectiveness and confirm the safety of transcervical intrauterine sonography-guided radiofrequency ablation with the VizAblate™ System in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids. This was a multicenter, prospective, single-arm trial involving academic and community hospitals in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Mexico. Women with qualifying uterine fibroids and heavy menstrual bleeding underwent intrauterine sonography-guided transcervical radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with the VizAblate System; anesthesia was individualized. Patients were required to have up to five fibroids from 1 to 5 cm in diameter. The primary trial endpoint was the percentage change in perfused fibroid volume, as assessed by contrast-enhanced MRI at 3 months by an independent core laboratory. Secondary endpoints, evaluated at 6 and 12 months, included safety, percentage reductions in the Menstrual Pictogram (MP) score, and the Symptom Severity Score (SSS) subscale of the Uterine Fibroid Symptom-Quality of Life (UFS-QOL) questionnaire, along with the rate of surgical reintervention for abnormal uterine bleeding and the mean number of days to return to normal activity. Additional assessments included the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) subscale of the UFS-QOL, nonsurgical reintervention for abnormal uterine bleeding, anesthesia regimen, patient satisfaction, and pain during the recovery period. An additional MRI study was performed at 12 months on a subgroup of patients. Fifty patients (89 fibroids) underwent transcervical radiofrequency ablation with the VizAblate System. At 3 and 12 months, perfused fibroid volumes were reduced from baseline by an average of 68.1 ± 28.6 and 67.4 ± 31.9 %, respectively, while total fibroid volumes were reduced from baseline by an average of 54.7 ± 37.4 and 66.6 ± 32.1 %, respectively (all P < .001 compared with baseline; Wilcoxon signed-rank test). At 12 months, mean MP score and SSS decreased by 53.8 ± 50.5 and 55.1 ± 41.0 %, respectively; the mean HRQOL score increased by 277 ± 483 %. There were four surgical reinterventions (8 %) within 12 months. This is the first report of the 12-month follow-up for patients in the FAST-EU Trial. In concert with previously reported 3- and 6-month endpoint data, the 12-month results of the FAST-EU Trial suggest that in addition to substantially reducing the perfused and total volume of targeted uterine fibroids, the VizAblate System is safe and effective through 12 months in providing relief of abnormal uterine bleeding associated with submucous, intramural, and transmural fibroids.
Collective motion in a suspension of micro-swimmers that run-and-tumble and rotary diffuse
Authors: Krishnamurthy Deepak , Subramanian Ganesh 
Published: September 2015

Recent experiments have shown that suspensions of swimming micro-organisms are characterized by complex dynamics involving enhanced swimming speeds, large-scale correlated motions and enhanced diffusivities of embedded tracer particles. Understanding this dynamics is of fundamental interest and also has relevance to biological systems. The observed collective dynamics has been interpreted as the onset of a hydrodynamic instability, of the quiescent isotropic state of pushers, swimmers with extensile force dipoles, above a critical threshold proportional to the swimmer concentration. In this work, we develop a particle-based model to simulate a suspension of hydrodynamically interacting rod-like swimmers to estimate this threshold. Unlike earlier simulations, the velocity disturbance field due to each swimmer is specified in terms of the intrinsic swimmer stress alone, as per viscous slender-body theory. This allows for a computationally efficient kinematic simulation where the interaction law between swimmers is knowna priori. The neglect of induced stresses is of secondary importance since the aforementioned instability arises solely due to the intrinsic swimmer force dipoles.Our kinematic simulations include, for the first time, intrinsic decorrelation mechanisms found in bacteria, such as tumbling and rotary diffusion. To begin with, we simulate so-called straight swimmers that lack intrinsic orientation decorrelation mechanisms, and a comparison with earlier results serves as a proof of principle. Next, we simulate suspensions of swimmers that tumble and undergo rotary diffusion, as a function of the swimmer number density$(n)$, and the intrinsic decorrelation time (the average duration between tumbles,${\it\tau}$, for tumblers, and the inverse of the rotary diffusivity,$D_{r}^{-1}$, for rotary diffusers). The simulations, as a function of the decorrelation time, are carried out with hydrodynamic interactions (between swimmers) turned off and on, and for both pushers and pullers (swimmers with contractile force dipoles). The ‘interactions-off’ simulations allow for a validation based on analytical expressions for the tracer diffusivity in the stable regime, and reveal a non-trivial box size dependence that arises with varying strength of the hydrodynamic interactions. The ‘interactions-on’ simulations lead us to our main finding: the existence of a box-size-independent parameter that characterizes the onset of instability in a pusher suspension, and is given by$nUL^{2}{\it\tau}$for tumblers and$nUL^{2}/D_{r}$for rotary diffusers; here,$U$and$L$are the swimming speed and swimmer length, respectively. The instability manifests as a bifurcation of the tracer diffusivity curves, in pusher and puller suspensions, for values of the above dimensionless parameters exceeding a critical threshold.
No longer take a tree for the forest: A cross-level learning-related perspective on individual innovative behavior
Authors: Yang Fu , Qian Jing , Tang Le , Zhang Lihua 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUsing trait activation theory as a framework, this study developed and tested a cross-level model of individual innovative behavior. Data from a sample of 334 employees within 75 work teams were used to examine the hypothesized model. Results showed that employee learning goal orientation was positively related to innovative behavior only when the team structure was more organic. Additionally, the relationship between employee learning goal orientation and innovative behavior would be strongest when both the team structure was more organic and team mean learning goal orientation was higher.
Effects of learning orientation and global mindset on virtual team members’ willingness to cooperate in: The mediating role of self-efficacy
Authors: Tran Thi Bich Hanh , Oh Chang Hoon , Choi Suk Bong 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of learning orientation and global mindset on virtual team member’s willingness to cooperate. It also explores the mediating role of self-efficacy in these relationships. To test the hypothesized relationships, the study used a sample of 224 employees from five global companies in South Korea. The results show that while global mindset is directly and positively related to virtual team members’ willingness to cooperate, learning orientation is not. Self-efficacy serves as a mediator in these relationships. The study concludes with a discussion of the theoretical contributions and managerial implications for improving virtual team members’ cooperative behavior.
Gravitational Waves from Neutron Stars: A Review
Authors: Lasky Paul D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNeutron stars are excellent emitters of gravitational waves. Squeezing matter beyond nuclear densities invites exotic physical processes, many of which violently transfer large amounts of mass at relativistic velocities, disrupting spacetime and generating copious quantities of gravitational radiation. I review mechanisms for generating gravitational waves with neutron stars. This includes gravitational waves from radio and millisecond pulsars, magnetars, accreting systems, and newly born neutron stars, with mechanisms including magnetic and thermoelastic deformations, various stellar oscillation modes, and core superfluid turbulence. I also focus on what physics can be learnt from a gravitational wave detection, and where additional research is required to fully understand the dominant physical processes at play.
Survey of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs in Norway
Authors: Ross J.L. , Ivanova E.S. , Hatteland B.A. , Brurberg M.B. , Haukeland S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA survey of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs was conducted for the first time in Norway. A total of 611 terrestrial slugs were collected from 32 sample sites. Slugs were identified by means of morphological examination, dissection of genitalia and molecular analysis using mitochondrial DNA. Twelve slug species were identified, representing four different slug families. Internal nematodes were identiﬁed by means of morphological analysis and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Of the sample sites studied, 62.5% were found to be positive for nematode parasites, with 18.7% of all slugs discovered being infected. Five nematode species were identified in this study:Alloionema appendiculatum,Agfa flexilis,Angiostoma limacis,Angiostomasp. andPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.Of these species, only one nematode was previously undescribed (Angiostomasp.). This is the first record of the presence ofA. appendiculatum,A. flexilis andA. limacisin Norway.