bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE CHANGES IN ALI‐ESTERASE AND PSEUDO‐CHOLIN‐ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF CHICKEN SCIATIC NERVE DURING WALLERIAN DEGENERATION AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH CELLULAR PROLIFERATION
Authors: Cavanagh J. B. , Webster G. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. The changes in activity of tributyrinase in chicken sciatic nerve during Wallerian degeneration have been studied and a bimodal increase has been found. The first rise in activity parallels a similar rise in pseudo‐cholinesterase activity, and on the basis of mitotic counts with the use of colchicine these enzyme changes appear to be correlated with proliferative activity of the non‐macrophage elements. The second rise in tributyrinase is considered to be a function of the invading macrophages and may be concerned with the degradation of myelin.2. The administration of tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate initially inhibits enzyme activity in the nerve, but in no way affects subsequent changes either in the enzymes or in the nuclear population of the degenerating nerve.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BLOOD SUGAR CONCENTRATION IN HORSES
Authors: Alexander Frank 
Published: December 2014

1. The blood sugar concentration has been studied in 8 ponies over a period of from 3 to 36 months.2. Orally administered glucose caused a hyperglycæmia associated with the presence of a large concentration of glucose in the ileum.3. Within 3 hours of feeding hay a yeast fermentable reducing substance appeared in the ileal contents in concentrations equivalent to 40–90 mg. glucose/100 ml.4. Withholding food usually caused a fall in blood sugar concentration during the first 48 hours and thereafter a small rise.5. The horse, in contrast to the ruminant, is able to digest and absorb soluble carbohydrates without subjecting them to fermentation.
THE SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS OF THE HUMAN PALATE
Authors: Gairns F. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The sensory nerve endings of the adult human hard and soft palates and of the uvula have been described. They consist of free nerve endings within the epithelium, of numerous organized endings mainly in the dermal papillæ, and of a few organized endings in the subpapillary region of the dermis.2. The organized endings of the hard and soft palates show a general similarity in morphological character, but are more numerous in the former, where they also show “ultra‐terminal” fibrils penetrating the epithelium. Those in the uvula are of one type, show no “ultraterminal” fibrils and exhibit fine beading in their component fibrils.3. Most of the organized endings are of unnamed form. Typical Meissner corpuscles are infrequent, while Krause end‐bulbs are relatively uncommon. Accessory fibres are found associated with all these types. No Pacinian corpuscles or endings of Ruffini or Golgi‐Mazzoni types have been seen.4. An autonomic ground plexus is present in the dermis of palate and uvula.5. No taste buds have been found.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF ANTAGONISTS FOR 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE
Authors: Gaddum J. H. , Hameed Khan A. , Hathway D. E. , Stephens F. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. A number of synthetic indole compounds have been tested as antagonists for 5‐hydroxytryptamine (HT) in experiments on rat's uterus.2. Antagonisms are classified as unspecific except when it has been possible to inhibit the response to HT without altering the response to acetylcholine.3. The time course of the antagonisms has been followed by estimating the dose‐ratio: that is, the ratio of equiactive doses of HT before and after the administration of the antagonist.4. The activity of different compounds has been compared by estimating the drug‐ratio, which is equal to the ratio of the dose of HT to the dose of antagonist, when the effect after 1 hour is 50 per cent of the original maximal effect. This gives results in general agreement with estimates of the pA2, and is more convenient when there are many substances to be tested.5. The effects of the more active compounds, such as dibenamine, lysergic acid diethylamide and benzyloxygramine, developed slowly and became irreversible. Eventually the blockade could not be overcome even by enormous doses of HT, and it is then said to be unsurmountable.6. The effects of less active specific antagonists (such as methylgramines) developed more rapidly, and were reversible and surmountable.
LIPID EXCHANGE BETWEEN PLASMA AND LYMPH IN EXPERIMENTAL LIPÆMIA
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The exchange of lipids between plasma and lymph was studied in two groups of rabbits made hyperlipæmic with cholesterol‐feeding and by the intravenous injection of Tween 80.2. In rabbits fed cholesterol the plasma cholesterol rose elevenfold, whereas the plasma phospholipid and total esterified fatty acid showed only a twofold increase. The concentrations in the thoracic duct lymph also increased, but to a relatively less extent than in the plasma. The phospholipid/cholesterol ratio fell from 2·2 to 0·4 in the plasma and from 2·4 to 0·7 in the lymph.3. Tween 80 injections caused proportionately large increases of all the plasma‐lipid fractions to about 5 or 6 times the normal levels. There was an increase in the plasma‐lymph lipid gradient, as the lymph lipids showed only a two‐ or threefold increase. No significant change occurred in either the plasma or lymph phoshpolipid/cholesterol ratio.4. The physical state of the plasma and lymph lipids in both groups was altered. The cholesterol‐fed rabbits showed high concentrations of large cholesterol‐containing lipoprotein molecules which migrated on filter paper behind and with the beta globulin. These molecules were retained by the capillary membrane to a large extent, and appeared in the lymph in relatively low concentrations. The Tween 80 treated rabbits showed increases in the concentration of large molecular lipoprotein and particulate lipid which appeared in the lymph in even smaller amounts than the beta‐type lipoprotein of the cholesterol‐fed rabbits.
THE ORIGIN OF THE RHYTHMIC ELECTROPOTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE DUODENUM
Authors: Milton G. W. , Smith A. W. M. , Armstrong H. I. O. 
Published: December 2014

1. The electrical and mechanical activity of the exteriorized duodenum in otherwise intact dogs has been investigated.2. The electrical changes described by previous workers in vitro have been confirmed in vivo, using concentric needle electrodes embedded in the duodenal wall.3. The electrical activity consists of two components—a slow rhythmic wave followed, if visible movement is present, by a series of rapid deflections.4. The frequency and amplitude of the slow wave were unchanged by drugs which increased, or by drugs which eliminated, visible movement from the duodenum.5. The slow wave was found to have a linear velocity in a caudal direction of 9‐30 cm./sec.6. It is suggested that the slow wave may be associated with the mechanism which stimulates and co‐ordinates the contractions of the duodenum, possibly the nervous networks of the bowel wall. The magnitude of the contractions depends on the muscle response to the rhythmic stimulus.
GASTRIC ACIDITY IN THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Watt J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Using a simple technique for the aspiration of stomach contents from the unanæsthetized guinea‐pig, the acidity of the gastric juice has been studied.2. The fasting gastric juice of the guinea‐pig shows considerable variation in acidity, free acid ranging from 6 to 80 ml. and total acid from 40 to 136 ml. N/10 HCl per 100 ml. gastric juice in 15 animals studied.3. Persistent achlorhydria was not encountered in a series of over 50 healthy adult guinea‐pigs.4. Both in the anæsthetized and the unanæsthetized guinea‐pig, histamine produces a copious flow of highly acid gastric juice, the degree of acidity reaching maximal values similar to those in larger animals such as the cat and the dog.
PULMONARY VENTILATION AS AN INDEX OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE
Authors: Durnin J. V. G. A. , Edwards R. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. If, over a considerable range of human activity, it is possible to predict energy expenditure by measurement of ventilation alone, then field surveys can be considerably simplified by reduction of laboratory work; elimination of most of the gas analyses allows more subjects to be studied.2. Analysis of the results from two field surveys shows that this method of prediction can be utilized with very little increase in error.3. For each subject in these two surveys a regression line was drawn through the origin using 6 points of determined rates of ventilation and of energy expenditure to calculate the regression coefficient; these rates were reasonably far from zero, e.g. at about 7‐8 kcal./min.4. Subsequently, prediction of energy output from ventilation alone, using these regression lines, gave an additional error of only about 5 per cent.5. This technique is not valid when ventilation is low or high and should be restricted to the range of 15‐50 1./min.6. The application of this procedure in field studies of energy expenditure is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF DEXTRAN ON SERUM PROTEINS AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Morrison A. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. A solution of 10 per cent salt‐free Dextran was administered intravenously to four dogs and ten rats and its effect on the blood followed for twenty‐four hours.2. There was a decrease in the concentration of serum globulin and serum cholesterol which persisted twenty‐four hours after the infusion, when the other signs of dilution of the blood brought about by the Dextran had disappeared.
ARTERIO‐VENOUS ANASTOMOSES IN THE EXTERNAL EAR
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. In studies based on both injected preparations and histological material, arterio‐venous anastomoses were found to be present in large numbers in the external ears of eight species of animal. These highly specialized blood vessels, which are much larger than capillaries and form direct connexions between an artery and a vein, are present on both surfaces of the ear and are situated mainly at two levels: in the deepest layer of the skin, and on and in the perichondrium.2. In the different species the arterio‐venous anastomoses show certain variations in their size and shape, and in the thickness and cellular content of their walls, but the basic features of these vessels are the same in all. The arterio‐venous anastomoses run a more or less tortuous course; they have a thick wall, which is composed of variable numbers of epithelioid and modified smooth muscle cells, irregularly disposed; there is no internal elastic lamina. Studies made in the sheep's ear showed that the arterio‐venous anastomoses have a very rich innervation.3. It is suggested that one important function of the arterio‐venous anastomoses in the ears is to permit a greatly increased flow of blood through these exposed extremities and thus keep them warm in a cold environment.
THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE SULPHATE ON MEN EXPOSED TO WARM ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Cullumbine H. , Miles S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The process of acclimatization to hot dry (110° F., 36 per cent R.H.) and warm moist (90° F., 81 per cent R.H.) environments have been studied using 40 male volunteers, and the effects of I.M. injection of 2 mg. atropine sulphate on the 5th and 10th days of exposure assessed.2. In both environments acclimatization consisted of a readjustment of cardiovascular balance, an increase in sweat loss (hot and dry only), a decrease in sweat chloride content and an increase in blood volume.3. Atropine increased circulatory embarrassment by raising the pulse rate and by general vasodilation, and added to the climatic stress by limitation of sweating. In an unacclimatized or partially acclimatized individual in a hot dry environment, circulatory failure and cerebral irritation would be likely to produce casualties before failure of the heat‐controlling mechanism could develop.4. Subjective and individual effects of both heat and atropine are discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE LIPOLYTIC SYSTEM INDUCED IN PLASMA BY HEPARIN INJECTION
Authors: Robinson D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. When plasma, obtained from rats previously injected with heparin, is passed through a column of a strong anion exchange resin, heparin is retained by the column.2. The clearing activity of the effluent from the column, as determined with added chyle, is slightly increased by the addition of heparin.3. When the effluent is incubated for very short periods at 37° C. its clearing activity is destroyed. Incubation at 37° C. in the presence of very small quantities of heparin does not result in rapid destruction of the clearing activity.4. During the clearing of added chyle by the effluent no marked destruction of clearing activity occurs.
THE HEPATIC AND INTESTINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH
Authors: Morris Bede 
Published: December 2014

1. In the anæsthetized cat, the liver lymph contributes about 30 per cent of the total thoracic duct lymph volume and approximately 40 per cent of the total thoracic duct protein. The remaining thoracic duct lymph is almost entirely derived from the intestines.2. In the post‐absorptive state, liver lymph contains about 90 per cent of the plasma concentrations of protein, phospholipid and cholesterol, whilst the intestinal lymph contains 50‐60 per cent. There is a significant relationship between the concentrations of these substances in the plasma and lymph.3. During fat absorption no significant change occurs in the liver lymph composition, whereas the intestinal lymph total fatty acid, phospholipid and cholesterol show large increases. During fat absorption an additional pre‐albumin lipoprotein component appears in the intestinal lymph.
THE EXCHANGE OF PROTEIN BETWEEN THE PLASMA AND THE LIVER AND INTESTINAL LYMPH
Authors: Morris Bede 
Published: December 2014

1. The exchange of T‐1824 and I131‐tagged albumin between the plasma, liver and intestinal lymph has been investigated in cats. Both disappeared from the plasma at similar rates for 8 hours after intravenous injection.2. In intact, nembutalized cats after 8 hours about 70 per cent of the injected albumin remained in the circulation, whereas only 55 per cent remained in animals with the liver and thoracic lymph ducts cannulated.3. The tagged albumin appeared first in the liver lymph and reached 90 per cent of the plasma levels in 3 to 4 hours; in the intestinal lymph it reached about 50 to 60 per cent of the plasma levels.4. The specific activities of the plasma and liver lymph became identical after 3 to 4 hours, whereas equilibration of the plasma and intestinal lymph required 12 to 14 hours.5. The size of the hepatic interstitial protein pool was calculated as 154 mg./100 g. of liver tissue, and the interstitial fluid as 3 per cent of the organ weight.6. Following partial occlusion of the inferior vena cava above the liver there was an increase in liver lymph flow which accompanied the rise in portal venous pressure. An increase in portal venous pressure of about 10 to 12 cm. of H2O produced a ten‐to twelvefold increase in the liver lymph flow and an equilibration of the plasma and liver lymph specific activities in about 1 hour. There were relatively small changesin the intestinal lymph flow.7. Intravenous infusions of Ringer‐Locke solution 100 ml./kg./5 hrs. produced large increases in intestinal lymph flow and reduced the equilibration time for the plasma and intestinal lymph specific activities to about 5 hours. There was a much smaller increase in liver lymph flow, and specific activity equilibration between plasma and liver lymph occurred after about 2 hours.8. The significance of these results in the interpretation of capillary permeability and protein exchange dynamics is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF TRITON WR‐1339 ON THE LIPIDS OF THE PLASMA AND LIVER LYMPH OF RABBITS
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. A single intravenous injection of 400 mg./kg. Triton WR‐1339 caused a marked rise in the plasma lipids of rabbits. Liver and intestinal lymph lipids increased slightly during this mobilization of plasma lipids.2. There was a reorganization of the electrophoretic distribution of the plasma and lymph lipoproteins. The normal lipoproteins disappeared and were replaced by a lipid component which failed to migrate on filter paper.3. In animals in which a lipæmic state had been maintained for several days, the liver lymph appeared milky, due to the presence of very large numbers of lipid particles. The concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipid and total fatty acids in the lymph of these animals were about 20 per cent of the plasma levels.4. In these circumstances lipids mobilized from the liver probably pass directly from the hepatic cells to the blood capillaries arid the lymph transfers an insignificant fraction. While the plasma lipids are accumulating, some fat leaks out of the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces and enters the lymph, where it is found in the form of particulate lipid. This leakage occurs particularly in the liver.
THE ABSORPTION OF SUGARS AND WATER FROM RAT INTESTINE IN VIVO
Authors: Fullerton Pamela M. , Parsons D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method of measuring absorption from the intestinal tract of anæsthetized small laboratory animals is described in detail.2. The jejunal absorption rates of water and of glucose and galactose have been measured in groups of rats under various common anæthetics. These produced no distinguishable effects.3. A marked variation in the capacity of the jejunum to absorb occurred among individual rats subjected to the same treatment.4. The rate of glucose absorption from solutions of 290 mOsM tonicity can be described in terms of two components, one a constant amount and the other proportional to the water absorption rate.5. The rate of absorption of xylose from solutions of 290 mOsM tonicity is directly proportional to the water absorption rate.6. The increase in sugar absorption for a given increment of water absorption depends upon the concentration of sugar in the intestinal fluid.
THE STUDY OF SHEEP WITH PERMANENT UNILATERAL PAROTID FISTULÆ
Authors: Denton D. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. A new technique has been developed for the preparation of a permanent parotid fistula in the sheep. The advantage over the Pavlov‐Glinski operation is that the saliva drips from the dependent point of a skin teat. The secretion rate may be unobtrusively observed without fixation of any apparatus to the animal. Thirty‐seven sheep with parotid fistulæ have been studied.2. The presence of a parotid fistula for 6–93 weeks did not involve any anatomical or histological deviation from normal in the parotid gland.3. A sheep with a parotid fistula lost each day 1–4 l. of hypertonic alkaline saliva containing 160–650 m.equiv. of Na+. The animal could be maintained in good condition indefinitely provided enough Na+ was given to replace that lost from the fistula. Digestion proceeded normally.4. The rate of parotid salivary secretion increased during eating and rumination, and decreased during starvation or water depletion.5. The response of the animal to Na+ depletion was examined under strictly controlled conditions. The sheep has remarkable parotid and renal mechanisms of electrolyte regulation. The salivary Na+ concentration falls commensurately with Na+ depletion from a normal of 180 m.equiv/l. to as low as 10 m.equiv/l., and the salivary K+ concentration rises equivalently from 10 m.equiv/l. to 180 m.equiv/l. This allowed the sheep to establish a new Na+ equilibrium at a particular level of Na+ depletion. It could survive for weeks even though depleted of several hundred m.equiv. of Na+. Because of the nature of the fluid dynamics of digestion in the ruminant, the mechanism of conservation of salivary Na+ during Na+ depletion may have survival value under stringent environmental conditions such as drought.6. A sheep with a parotid fistula licked 5–15 g./day off a salt block which was provided in its cage. Prior to operation a normal sheep usually licked off only 0·5–2 g./day.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES
Authors: Buchthal Fritz 
Published: December 2014

In man during phonation, an increased electrical activity was found in all the intrinsic adductor muscles of the larynx investigated. The change in electrical activity started one‐third to one‐half of a second before audible sound could be recorded by microphone. This latency probably reflects the time necessary to build up a minimum air current and pressure. Whenever it could be discriminated, the maximum frequency of single motor unit discharges was of the order of 20‐50 per second during phonation. This is in contradiction to Husson's theory that the frequency of vibration of the vocal cord during a tone of a given pitch is the result of a corresponding number of impulses to the muscle fibres.During phonation with increasing pitch the electrical activity increased considerably, as long as the increase in pitch occurred within the same register. The increase in electrical activity was adjusted to the level corresponding to a given pitch before the onset of audible sound. The pronounced electrical activity in the adductor muscle in the absence of phonation was inhibited 0 3 sec. before the onset of phonation. This complete inhibition persisted throughout the entire period of voice production.In the abductor muscles also there was a slight activity in the absence of phonation. This activity persisted even when breathing stopped. It was enhanced during inspiration and remained unaltered during expiration.Electromyographical findings are consistent with the assumptions (1) that the vibrational frequency of the vocal cords, and thereby the pitch of the sound produced, is determined by the active and passive tension exerted by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and (2) that the active force of sound production is the air pressure, which separates the margins of the glottis with periodic recoil of the vocal cords.
THE ABSORPTION OF PARTICLES BY THE LYMPHATICS OF THE DIAPHRAGM
Authors: French J. E. , Florey H. W. , Morris B. 
Published: December 2014

The absorption of particles from the peritoneal cavity by the terminal lymphatics, or lacunes, of the rabbit's diaphragm has been studied with the light and electron microscopes. Absorption occurs predominantly through those parts of the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm which overlie the lymphatic lacunes. These parts are referred to as the lacunar roofs.The mesothelial cells of the roofs have features which distinguish them from mesothelial cells elsewhere on the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm. The cells are more closely set, stain more darkly, and separate from each other more readily, particularly at the base of the intercellular junctions. They are supported by a lattice of coarse and fine fibres. In the meshes of this lattice mesothelial and lymphatic endothelial cells are separated only by the basement membrane of the mesothelium which in places may be incomplete.Erythrocytes pass through the roof into the lumen of the lacune through gaps which are formed by separation of the mesothelial cells and of the endothelial cells at the intercellular junctions. Particles of India ink and colloidal particles of thorium dioxide and saccharated iron oxide enter the intercellular spaces of the mesothelium and spread freely within the meshes of the fibre lattice. These particles appear to pass through the mesothelium by a predominantly extracellular pathway and probably enter the lymphatic lumen through temporary channels which are formed by separation of endothelial cells at the intercellular junctions.Absorbed colloidal particles accumulate in the cytoplasm of mesothelial and lymphatic endothelial cells in the roofs and a proportion of absorbed material may be transported intracellularly through these two layers in cytoplasmic vesicles. Lymphatic endothelial cells at other sites in the diaphragm can take up colloidal particles from the lumen of the lymphatics.