bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disparities in Wheelchair Procurement by Payer Among People With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Groah Suzanne L. , Ljungberg Inger , Lichy Alison , Oyster Michelle , Boninger Michael L. 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo identify insurance provider‐related disparities in the receipt of lightweight, customizable manual wheelchairs or power wheelchairs with programmable controls among community‐dwelling people with spinal cord injury (SCI).SettingSix Spinal Cord Injury Model System centers.DesignA multicenter cross‐sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 359 individuals at least 16 years of age or older and 1 year after SCI who use a manual or power wheelchair as their primary means of mobility. The subjects were stratified by payer, and payers were grouped according to reimbursement characteristics as follows: Medicaid/Department of Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR), private/prepaid, Medicare, Worker's Compensation (WC)/Veterans Affairs (VA), and self pay.MethodsDemographic, wheelchair, and payer data were collected by medical record review and face‐to‐face interview.ResultsThere were 125 participants in the Medicaid/DVR group, 120 in the private/prepaid group, 55 in the Medicare group, 30 in the WC/VA group, and 29 in the self‐pay group. For manual wheelchair users, the likelihood of having a lightweight, customizable wheelchair was 97.5% for private/prepaid, 96.3% for Medicaid/DVR, 94.1% for WC/VA, 87.5% for Medicare, and 82.6% for self pay. For power wheelchair users, those with WC/VA (100%) were most likely to receive a customizable power wheelchair with programmable controls, followed by private/prepaid (95.1%), Medicaid/DVR (86.0 %), Medicare (83.9%), and self pay (50.0%).ConclusionsThe only payer group for which all beneficiaries received wheelchairs that met standard of care were power wheelchairs provided by WC/VA. Fewer than 90% of people whose manual wheelchair was paid for by Medicare and self pay, and whose power wheelchair was paid for by Medicaid/DVR, Medicare, and self pay did not meet standard of care. Although these findings need to be correlated with long‐term risks, such as overuse injuries, breakdowns, and participation, this study demonstrates that disparities in wheelchair procurement by insurance provider persist.
One‐Year All‐Cause Mortality After Stroke: A Prediction Model
Authors: Bates Barbara E. , Xie Dawei , Kwong Pui L. , Kurichi Jibby E. , Ripley Diane Cowper , Stineman Margaret G. 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveBy using data from Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national databases, this article presents and internally validates a 1‐year all‐cause mortality prediction index after hospitalization for acute stroke.DesignAn observational cohort.SettingVA medical centers.ParticipantsVeterans with a diagnosis of a new stroke who were discharged between October 1, 2006, and September 30, 2008.Main Outcome MeasureDeath due to any cause that occurred between the index hospital discharge date and the 1‐year anniversary of that date.ResultsWithin 1‐year after discharge, 1542 (12.3%) of the total 12,565 patients had died. Seventeen risk factors known at the point of hospital discharge remained in the predictive model of 1‐year postdischarge mortality after backward selection, including advanced age, admission from extended care, type of stroke, 8 comorbid conditions, 4 types of procedures that occurred during the index hospitalization, hospital length of stay (longer than 3 weeks), and discharge location. We assigned a score to each variable in the final model and a risk score was determined for each patient by adding up the points for all risk factors present. According to these risk scores, the patients were divided into approximate quartiles that yielded low, moderate, high, and highest mortality likelihood strata. The risk of 1‐year mortality ranged from 2.24% in the lowest quartile to 29.50% in the highest quartile in the derivation cohort and from 2.11%‐30.77% in the validation cohort. Model discrimination demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.785 in the derivation cohort and 0.787 in the validation cohort. The Hosmer‐Lemeshow goodness of fit indicated that the model fit was adequate (P = .69).ConclusionWhen using readily available data, a simple index that stratifies stroke patients at hospital discharge according to low, moderate, high, and highest likelihood of all‐cause 1‐year mortality is feasible and can inform the postdischarge planning process, depending on level of risk.
Similarity models for unsteady free convection flows along a differentially cooled horizontal surface
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Fedorovich Evgeni 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA class of unsteady free convection flows over a differentially cooled horizontal surface is considered. The cooling, specified in terms of an imposed negative buoyancy or buoyancy flux, varies laterally as a step function with a single step change. As thermal boundary layers develop on either side of the step change, an intrinsically unsteady, boundary-layer-like flow arises in the transition zone between them. Self-similarity model solutions of the Boussinesq equations of motion, thermal energy, and mass conservation, within a boundary-layer approximation, are obtained for flows of unstratified fluids driven by a surface buoyancy or buoyancy flux, and flows of stably stratified fluids driven by a surface buoyancy flux. The motion is characterized by a shallow, primarily horizontal flow capped by a weak return flow. Stratification weakens the primary flow and strengthens the return flow. The flows intensify as the step change in surface forcing increases or as the Prandtl number decreases. Simple formulas are obtained for the propagation speeds, trajectories and the evolution of velocity maxima and other local extrema. Similarity-model predictions are verified through numerical simulations in which no boundary-layer approximations are made.
Wandering anatomists and itinerant anthropologists: the antipodean sciences of race in Britain between the wars
Authors: JONES ROSS L. , ANDERSON WARWICK 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhile the British Empire conventionally is recognized as a source of research subjects and objects in anthropology, and a site where anthropological expertise might inform public administration, the settler-colonial affiliations and experiences of many leading physical anthropologists could also directly shape theories of human variation, both physical and cultural. Antipodean anthropologists like Grafton Elliot Smith were pre-adapted to diffusionist models that explained cultural achievement in terms of the migration, contact and mixing of peoples. Trained in comparative methods, these fractious cosmopolitans also favoured a dynamic human biology, often emphasizing the heterogeneity and environmental plasticity of body form and function, and viewing fixed, static racial typologies and hierarchies sceptically. By following leading representatives of empire anatomy and physical anthropology, such as Elliot Smith and Frederic Wood Jones, around the globe, it is possible to recover the colonial entanglements and biases of interwar British anthropology, moving beyond a simple inventory of imperial sources, and crediting human biology and social anthropology not just as colonial sciences but as the sciences of itinerant colonials.
Comparing the effects of release methods on survival of the Eurasian black vultureAegypius monachusreintroduced in France
Authors: Mihoub Jean-Baptiste , Princé Karine , Duriez Olivier , Lécuyer Philippe , Eliotout Bertrand , Sarrazin François 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Near Threatened Eurasian black vultureAegypius monachusis considered highly threatened in Europe, and the species was reintroduced in France between 1992 and 2004. A total of 53 individuals were released, using two methods: immatures were released from large aviaries at the reintroduction site after a stay of several months (the aviary method), whereas juveniles were placed on artificial nests until fledging (the hacking method). The survival rates of released birds were compared to the survival of wild-born offspring through a multi-event capture–recapture analysis accounting for tag loss. Survival rates were higher in adults than in juveniles and immatures (0.98 ± SE 0.02 vs 0.85 ± SE 0.03) and were constant over time. Overall there were no differences in post-release survival between the two release methods: immatures released by the aviary method had a similar survival to juveniles released by the hacking method or born in the wild. Immatures can breed before juveniles, so releasing immatures by the aviary method could accelerate reintroduction settlement and increase population viability. Accurate estimates of post-release survival are essential to improve the reliability of viability analysis of reintroduced populations and the management of such populations.
Vertical transmission ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonae(Myxozoa), the causative agent of salmonid proliferative kidney disease
Authors: ABD-ELFATTAH AHMED , FONTES INÊS , KUMAR GOKHLESH , SOLIMAN HATEM , HARTIKAINEN HANNA , OKAMURA BETH , EL-MATBOULI MANSOUR 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYThe freshwater bryozoan,Fredericella sultana, is the main primary host of the myxozoan endoparasite,Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonaewhich causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonid fish. Because spores that develop in bryozoan colonies are infectious to fish, bryozoans represent the ultimate source of PKD. Bryozoans produce numerous seed-like dormant stages called statoblasts that enable persistence during unfavourable conditions and achieve long-distance dispersal. The possibility thatT. bryosalmonaemay undergo vertical transmission via infection of statoblasts has been the subject of much speculation since this is observed in close relatives. This study provides the first evidence that such vertical transmission ofT. bryosalmonaeis extensive by examining the proportions of infected statoblasts in populations ofF. sultanaon two different rivers systems and confirms its effectiveness by demonstrating transmission from material derived from infected statoblasts to fish hosts. Vertical transmission in statoblasts is likely to play an important role in the infection dynamics of both bryozoan and fish hosts and may substantially contribute to the widespread distribution of PKD.
Recent advances in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction ofFasciola hepaticain cattle
Authors: CHARLIER J. , VERCRUYSSE J. , MORGAN E. , VAN DIJK J. , WILLIAMS D. J. L. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYFasciola hepaticais a pathogenic trematode parasite of ruminants with a global distribution. Here, we briefly review the current epidemiology of bovine fasciolosis in Europe and discuss the progress made over the last decade in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction ofF. hepaticain cattle. Advances in diagnosis have led to significantly improved coprological and serological methods to detect presence of infection. Diagnostic test results have been correlated with intensity of infection and associated production losses, unravelling the impact on carcass weight and milk yield in modern cattle production systems. The economic impact of fasciolosis may, however, go beyond the direct impacts on production as evidence shows thatF. hepaticacan modulate the immune response to some co-infections. Control of bovine fasciolosis remains hampered by the limitations of the currently available flukicidal drugs: few drugs are available to treat dairy cows, many have low efficacies against juvenile stages ofF. hepaticaand there is evidence for the development of drug resistance. This makes research into the prediction of risk periods, and thus the optimum application of available drugs more pertinent. In this field, the recent research focus has been on understanding spatial risk and delivering region-specific spatial distribution maps. Further advances in epidemiological and economic research on bovine fasciolosis are expected to deliver farm-specific economic assessments of disease impact, to leverage non-chemotherapeutic management options and to enhance a more targeted use of anthelmintics.
Geographic distribution of Theileria sp. (buffalo) and Theileria sp. (bougasvlei) in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in southern Africa: implications for speciation
Authors: PIENAAR RONEL , LATIF ABDALLA A. , THEKISOE ORIEL M. M. , MANS BEN J. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYStrict control measures apply to movement of buffalo in South Africa including testing for Theileria parva, the causative agent of Corridor disease in cattle. The official test is a real-time hybridization PCR assay that amplifies the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region of T. parva, T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Mixed infections with the latter organisms affect diagnostic sensitivity due to PCR suppression. While the incidence of mixed infections in the Corridor disease endemic region of South Africa is significant, little information is available on the specific distribution and prevalence of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Specific real-time PCR assays were developed and a total of 1211 samples known to harbour these parasites were screened. Both parasites are widely distributed in southern Africa and the incidence of mixed infections with T. parva within the endemic region is similar (∼25–50%). However, a significant discrepancy exists in regard to mixed infections of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) (∼10%). Evidence for speciation between T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) is supported by phylogenetic analysis of the COI gene, and their designation as different species. This suggests mutual exclusion of parasites and the possibility of hybrid sterility in cases of mixed infections.
Nationalism, Patriotism and Foreign Policy Attitudes among Chinese University Students
Authors: Sinkkonen Elina 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDoes empirical evidence support treating “nationalism” and “patriotism” as separate concepts in China and is there a relationship between strong nationalist/patriotic attitudes and foreign policy preferences? To analyse the construction of Chinese national identity, Chinese university students (N = 1346) took part in a survey in Beijing in spring 2007. The data supported the assumption of a conceptual separation between nationalism and patriotism. CCP members and students from rural backgrounds were more nationalistic than non-members and students with urban upbringings. Moreover, nationalism had a stronger link to foreign policy preferences than patriotism, and respondents with a greater degree of nationalism were less likely to favour international cooperation and more likely to prefer protectionist policies. The associations of nationalism and patriotism with foreign policy attitudes, and the contribution of other potential explanatory factors to the relationship between nationalism, patriotism and policy attitudes were explored with linear regression models.
X-ray powder diffraction data for bis (1-amidino-2-ethylisourea) copper(II) nitrate
Authors: Maixner J. 
Published: November 2013

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters and space group for C8H20CuN10O8 are presented [a = 5.262 (2) Å, b = 14.051 (3) Å, c = 12.183 (3) Å, β = 96.912 (5)°, unit-cell volume V = 894.3 Å3, Z = 2, space group P21/n]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/n space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
A New Look at the Berekhat Ram Figurine: Implications for the Origins of Symbolism
Authors: d'Errico Francesco , Nowell April 
Published: November 2013

This article addresses the nature of the evidence for symbolling behaviour among hominids living in the Near East during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Traditionally, Palaeolithic art and symbolling have been synonymous with the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe. The Berekhat Ram figurine, a piece of volcanic material from a Lower Palaeolithic site in Israel, described as purposely modified to produce human features, challenges the view of a late emergence of symbolic behaviour. The anthropogenic nature of these modifications, however, is controversial. We address this problem through an examination of volcanic material from the Berekhat Ram site and from other sources, and by experimentally reproducing the modifications observed on the figurine. We also analyze this material and the figurine itself through optical and SEM microscopy. Our conclusion is that this object was purposely modified by hominids.With comments from Ofer Bar-Yosef, Angela E. Close, João Zilhão, Steven Mithen, Thomas Wynn, and Alexander Marshack followed by a reply from the authors.
Managing complex problems: treatment for common mental disorders in the UK
Authors: Tylee Andre , Haddad Mark 
Published: November 2013

SummaryAims– This paper aims to describe current trends in the UK primary care management of common mental disorders and explore the appropriateness of differing management approaches in light of the course and common complications of these disorders.Methods– It highlights key findings concerning the course and comorbidity of depression to indicate that depression and associated mental illnesses may often form part of more complex patterns of ill health and that these conditions have a clear potential for chronicity. A narrative review of studies providing detail of depression prevalence in selected comorbid conditions is presented for this purpose.Conclusion– The presentation and course of common mental disorders indicate organizational changes in health service delivery, and - for a sizeable patient group – the use of chronic disease management strategies.Declaration of Interest: None.
The Mongol conquest of Tibet
Authors: HAW STEPHEN G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Mongol conquest of Tibet has been poorly understood. ‘Traditional’ Mongol and Tibetan accounts, in comparatively late sources, tell of a submission to Chinggis Khan by Tibetan chieftains. This version of history was rejected some time ago, and replaced with an account that begins with a Mongol invasion of Tibet in 1240. Problems with clarifying this issue include the often poor quality of Tibetan sources, the confusion of Tibet and Tangut (Xi Xia) in Persian sources, and misunderstanding by modern scholars of Chinese terms relating to Tibet. In fact, Chinese sources make clear that there was considerable contact between the Mongols and Tibet before 1240. Chinggis Khan may never have invaded Tibet, but undoubtedly had the intention of doing so. The picture that emerges is of a gradual conquest, with early incursions across the borders of Tibet followed by more penetrating invasions in the 1240s and 1250s.
CONSTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THE DECISION TO PURSUE BUSINESS OWNERSHIP
Authors: Bates Timothy , Tuck Stephen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe choice between working as an employee and owning a business is shaped by constraints and opportunities. Among African Americans, understanding why the entrepreneurial path is chosen requires evaluating not only the relative importance of constraints pushing workers toward self-employment versus opportunities pulling entrants into firm ownership, but, more fundamentally, the changing opportunity structures shaping occupational choices. This study focuses on the 1960s and 1970s period when specific constraints historically limiting entrepreneurial alternatives began to change dramatically. Findings indicate that expanding opportunities sharply altered the industry composition of the Black business community.Because economists view the decision to enter into business ownership as an exercise in freedom of choice made on the basis of one’s preferences, they tend not to appreciate that these decisions are made in specific socio-economic contexts and that changes in context matter. Facing altered opportunity structures, prospective Black entrepreneurs have often chosen to abandon fields offering low remuneration—particularly personal services—entering instead into higher yielding fields where creation of viable firms requires investment of capital by owners possessing appropriate expertise. This transformation has remolded the stagnant business community of the mid-1960s into a profoundly different, more dynamic one.
Access all areas: creative adaptations for CBT with people with cognitive impairments – illustrations and issues
Authors: Rossiter Rowena , Holmes Sophie 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPolicy and legislation requires clinicians and services to address diversity and equalities including disability. Currently, practice, training and research do not do this adequately. This paper outlines why adapted CBT is important and presents some evidence to increase accessibility for people who have cognitive impairments, learning disabilities and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. It demonstrates how CBT can be made accessible through clinical examples using traditional, adapted and personalized assessment and intervention materials. Implications and recommendations are identified.
BER-driven synthesis for directional modulation secured wireless communication
Authors: Ding Yuan , Fusco Vincent 
Published: November 2013

Directional modulation (DM) is a recently introduced technique for secure wireless transmission using direct physical layer wave-front manipulation. This paper provides a bit error rate (BER)-based DM array synthesis method. It is shown for the first time that the standard constellation mappings in In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) space to a pre-specified BER can be exactly achieved along a given specified spatial direction. Different receiver capabilities are investigated and different assessment metrics for each case are discussed. The approach is validated for a1 × 4element dipole array operating at 1 GHz.
Disability Profile/Clinician-Rated: Validity for Brazilian University Students with Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Vaccaro de Morais Abumusse Luciene , Osório Flávia L. , Crippa José Alexandre S. , Loureiro Sonia Regina 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFunctional impairment scales are important to assess Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) patients. The present study aims to evaluate the reliability, internal consistency, validity and factorial structure of the Disability Profile/Clinician-Rate (DP) scale, as well as to present an interview-guide to support its application by clinicians. University students (n = 173) of both genders participated in the study (SAD = 84 and Non-SAD = 89), with ages ranging between 17 and 35 years, systematically diagnosed. The SAD group presented more difficulties when compared to the Non-SAD group. The DP presented, for the SAD group, internal consistency of 0.68 (lifetime) and 0.67 (last two weeks). Inter-rater reliability varied from 0.75 to 0.93. Two factors were extracted and the correlation among such factors and the Social Phobia Inventory subscales presented association between fear and avoidance symptoms and the functional impairments. The scale presents good psychometric properties and can contribute to the assessment of functional impairments.