bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association for Computing Machinery
Authors: Williams Samuel B. 
Published: July 2002

As the Association for Computing Machinery enters a new phase of its existence, it seems befitting to review, briefly, the conditions in the computing field just prior to its organization and the events of the past six years of its life. Since its formation, in 1947, the Association has adhered to the originally established policy of informality. That is, meetings and discussions were encouraged and information was generally put out in mimeographed form and more formal publications were discouraged. The function of the organization was to maintain a mailing list of members paying only such dues as were necessary to cover the cost of printing or mimeographing and mailing. Such an organization served its purpose excellently, but times have changed.
Prior to the formation of the Association, the automatic computing field, as such, hardly existed. Probably the first meeting of those interested in the field was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945. The occasion was to introduce the differential analyzer, designed by Dr. Vannevar Bush and Dr. Samuel H. Caldwell, to the public. This machine is a refinement of the original machine built by Dr. Bush in 1925. The earlier machine served as a pattern for several machines which were in operation in 1945, including those at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, the General Electric Company and in Manchester, England.
It is interesting to note that, at the time of this first meeting, other analog type machines were in operation. Network analyzers were employed to simulate power distribution systems and aid in their study. None of these machines employed digital representation but represented the values in analog form, such as voltage, current or angular position. Digital computation was possible only by hand operated calculators or by some business machines.
Although automatic digital computation by machinery was the goal Charles Babbage strove to reach, it was not until the Hollerith rotary counter was suggested in 1890 and the International Business Machines Corporation began producing machines employing such counters for accounting purposes in the period from 1903 to 1905, that such goal was reached. The automatic multiplying punch machine was not produced until 1931.
Computation by means of telephone relays was first introduced in the Bell System Complex Computer, known as Model I, in 1939. The method of employing the relays was suggested by Dr. George R. Stibitz and the machine was designed by Samuel B. Williams. This was not a fully automatic machine. The complex quantities for a single
A Survey of Microcellular Research
Authors: Minnick Robert C. 
Published: July 2002

This paper is a survey of research on microcellular techniques. Of particular interest are those techniques that are appropriate for realization by modern batch-fabrication processes, since the rapid emergence of reliable and economical batch-fabricated components represents probably the most important current trend in the field of digital circuits.
First the manufacturing methods for batch-fabricated components are reviewed, and the advantages to be realized from the application of the principles of cellular logic design are discussed. Also two categorizations of cellular arrays are made in terms of the complexity of each cell (only low-complexity cells are considered) and in terms of the various application areas.
After a survey of very early techniques that can be viewed as exemplifying cellular approaches, modern-day cellular arrays are discussed on the basis of whether they are fixed cell-function arrays or variable cell-function arrays. In the fixed cell-function arrays the switching function produced by each cell is fixed; the cell parameters are used only in the modification of the interconnection structure. Several versions of NOR gate arrays, majority gate arrays, adder arrays, and others are reviewed in terms of synthesis techniques and array growth rates.
Similarly, the current status of research is summarized in variable cell-function arrays, where not only the interconnection structure but also the function produced by each cell is determined by parameter selection. These arrays include various general function cascades, outpoint arrays, and cobweb arrays, for example. Again, the various cell types that have been considered are pointed out, as well as synthesis procedures and growth rates appropriate for them.
Finally, several areas requiring further research effort are summarized. These include the need for more realistic measures of array growth rates, the need for synthesis techniques for multiple-function arrays and programmable arrays, and the need for fault-avoidance algorithms in integrated structures.
A parser-generating system for constructing compressed compilers
Authors: Mickunas M. D. , Schneider V. B. 
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a parser-generating system (PGS) currently in use on the CDC-6500 computer at Purdue University. The PGS is a Fortran-coded program that accepts a translation grammar as input and constructs from it a compact, machine-coded compiler. In the input translation grammar, each BNF syntactic rule corresponds to a (possibly empty) “code generator” realizable as an assembly language, Fortran or Algol, subroutine that is called whenever that syntactic rule is applied in the parse of a program.
Typical one-pass compilers constructed by the PGS translate source programs at speeds approaching 14,000 cards per minute. For an XPL compiler, the parser program and its tables currently occupy 288 words of 60-bit core memory of which 140 words are parsing table entries and 82 words are links to code generators.
Time-sharing and batch-processing
Authors: Gold Michael M. 
Published: July 2002

An experimental comparison of problem-solving using time-sharing and batch-processing computer systems conducted at MIT is described in this paper. This study is the first known attempt to evaluate two such systems for what may well be the predominant user population within the next decade—the professionals who, as nonprogrammers, are using the computer as an aid in decision-making and problem-solving rather than as a programming end in itself.
Statistically and logically significant results indicate equal cost for usage of the two computer systems; however, a much higher level of performance is attained by time-sharing users. There are indications that significantly lower costs would have resulted if the time-sharing users had stopped work when they reached a performance level equal to that of the batch users. The users' speed of problem-solving and their attitudes made time-sharing the more favorable system.
FOODWEBS INPHYTOTELMATA: “Bottom-Up” and “Top-Down” Explanations for Community Structure
Authors: Kitching R. L. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The field study of food webs and the processes maintaining them is hampered by the sheer complexity and unreplicated nature of natural systems. The animal communities in phytotelmata—plant-held waters—are a convenient exception to this generalization. Tree holes, bamboo internodes, pitcher plants, tank bromeliads, and water-retaining plant axils contain a rich fauna, principally of arthropods, which constitute more or less complex, highly discrete food webs. They are widespread and replicated. The explanations for the community structure observed in these systems may call on “bottom-up” mechanisms such as simple environmental limitations, competition, predation, and facilitation, or they may adduce grander “top-down” theories, which explore biogeographic, energetic, dynamic, or biodiversity-related constraints. The existence of the bottom-up mechanisms is well established in experimental systems, and their consequences may be apparent in naturally occurring food webs. Top-down mechanisms demand a more holistic approach and are more difficult to test either by pattern analysis or experimental manipulation. The synoptic explanation of community composition and structure demands a multidimensional approach best expressed as a heuristic “template.” Phytotelmata represent nearly ideal natural instruments for further study of food web dynamics, and exciting opportunities exist for the development and testing of community theories through their manipulation.This review is dedicated to the memory of Masanori Higashi and Gary Polis, food web theorists, colleagues, and friends, who were killed in a tragic accident while on field work in Mexico in March 2000.
fMRI Study of Cognitive Interference Processing in Females with Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Tamm Leanne , Menon Vinod , Johnston Cindy K. , Hessl David R. , Reiss Allan L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFemales with fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited developmental and learning problems, are known to be impaired in executive function. The current study is the first to investigate the performance of females with fragile X on a cognitive interference task utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fourteen females with fragile X and 14 age-matched healthy controls were imaged while they performed a counting Stroop interference task. Compared to controls, females with fragile X appeared to have longer reaction times during the interference condition of the task, and adopted a strategy trading speed for accuracy. Females with fragile X also had a significantly different pattern of activation than controls. Whereas controls showed significant activation in the inferior/ middle frontal gyrus and inferior/superior parietal lobe, females with fragile X showed more extensive activation in the anterior region of the prefrontal cortex, and failed to show expected activation in the inferior/superior parietal lobe. Further, between-group analyses revealed that females with fragile X had reduced activation in the left orbitofrontal gyrus, thought to be involved in modulating goal-directed behavior. Females with fragile X also demonstrated a markedly different pattern of deactivation from controls. These findings suggest that deficits in cognitive interference processing during the counting Stroop task observed in females with fragile X may arise from inability to appropriately recruit and modulate lateral prefrontal and parietal resources.
Testing a Computational Account of Category-Specific Deficits
Authors: Perry Conrad 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Patients displaying mild symptoms of Alzheimer's disease sometimes have more difficulty naming items from an artifact than from a natural kind category; others displaying more severe symptoms almost always have more difficulty naming items from a natural kind than from an artifact category. This paper examined a computational model of this double dissociation (Devlin, Gonnerman, Andersen, & Seidenberg, 1998). Four basic tests of the model were proposed: The model should be able to generalize to new exemplars, the model should be expandable such that training sets of a realistic size can be used, the model's performance should not be unduly affected by small changes in architecture, and the learning algorithm should produce results that are not inconsistent with any major underlying factor of semantic organization. The model was found to be deficient in all four areas. Results reported from the model may therefore have been idiosyncratic to the model and not reflect general properties of a real semantic system.
Independent Component Analysis: A Flexible Nonlinearity and Decorrelating Manifold Approach
Authors: Everson Richard , Roberts Stephen 
Published: July 2002

Independent component analysis (ICA) finds a linear transformation to variables that are maximally statistically independent. We examine ICA and algorithms for finding the best transformation from the point of view of maximizing the likelihood of the data. In particular, we discuss the way in which scaling of the unmixing matrix permits a “static” nonlinearity to adapt to various marginal densities. We demonstrate a new algorithm that uses generalized exponential functions to model the marginal densities and is able to separate densities with light tails. We characterize the manifold of decorrelating matrices and show that it lies along the ridges of high-likelihood unmixing matrices in the space of all unmixing matrices. We show how to find the optimum ICA matrix on the manifold of decorrelating matrices, and as an example we use the algorithm to find independent component basis vectors for an ensemble of portraits.
ACTS OF ADMONITION AND REBUKE: A SPEECH ACT APPROACH TO 1 CORINTHIANS 6:1-11
Authors: Neufeld Dietmar 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper attempts a reading of 1 Cor. 6:1-11 primarily from the perspective of speech act theory. The approach, however, will be augmented by insights from a variety of methodological perspectives. The conclusions of social scientists about honor-shame and patron-client relationships will permit conclusions about Paul's loss of institutional status. Determining the language and genre of 1 Corinthians and locating it in the context of exhortation, paraenesis and apologia is also useful. Ascertaining the social structure of the congregation in Corinth, as based on various sociological studies, permits the conclusion that secular models of leadership had infiltrated the congregation. Status-conscious members of the congregation were seeking to enhance their reputation in the community by taking each other to secular courts. Lawsuits were, in effect, social competitions for incremental increases in prestige through the game of challenge and riposte. Collectively, the litigious behaviour of the congregants also represented an aggressive public challenge that damaged Paul's achieved honor as founding father. In order to regain his status in the community and have it publicly recognised, Paul engaged in retaliatory verbal sallies—he rebuked and admonished them.
Explaining Support for Animal Rights: A Comparison of Two Recent Approaches to Humans, Nonhuman Animals, and Postmodernity
Authors: Franklin Adrian , Tranter Bruce , White Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractQuestions on "animal rights" in a cross-national survey conducted in 1993 provide an opportunity to compare the applicability to this issue of two theories of the socio-political changes summed up in "postmodernity": Inglehart's (1997) thesis of "postmaterialist values" and Franklin's (1999) synthesis of theories of late modernity. Although Inglehart seems not to have addressed human-nonhuman animal relations, it is reasonable to apply his theory of changing values under conditions of "existential security" to "animal rights." Inglehart's postmaterialism thesis argues that new values emerged within specific groups because of the achievement of material security. Although emphasizing human needs, they shift the agenda toward a series of lifestyle choices that favor extending lifestyle choices, rights, and environmental considerations. Franklin's account of nonhuman animals and modern cultures stresses a generalized "ontological insecurity." Under postmodern conditions, changes to core aspects of social and cultural life are both fragile and fugitive. As neighborhood, community,family,and friendship relations lose their normative and enduring qualities, companion animals increasingly are drawn in to those formerly exclusive human emotional spaces.With a method used by Inglehart and a focus in countries where his postmaterialist effects should be most evident, this study derives and tests different expectations from the theories, then tests them against data from a survey supporting Inglehart's theory. His theory is not well supported. We conclude that its own anthropocentrism limits it and that the allowance for hybrids of nature-culture in Franklin's account offers more promise for a social theory of animal rights in changing times.
THE TEACHING OF AMENEMOPE AND PROVERBS XXII 17-XXIV 22: FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON A LONG-STANDING PROBLEM
Authors:   Emerton
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article seeks to counter the scepticism of R.N. Whybray about the dependence of Prov. xxii 17-xxiv 22 on the Teaching of Amenemope. It is generally held that the influence of Amenemope may be seen in a number of Hebrew verses, but not that this part of Proverbs follows the Egyptian work closely throughout; rather, the author treated Amenemope with great freedom and also drew on other sources. There is a plausible case for reading selōsîm in Prov. xxii 20, where neither silsôm nor salîsîm makes good sense, and for the hypothesis that there are thirty sayings in Prov. xxii 22-xxiii 11. Ruffle's questioning of the relationship between the two texts has not succeeded in refuting the case built on the similarities in a number of verses.
FEMALE-FEMALE CONFLICT IN THE HAREM OF A SNAIL CICHLID (LAMPROLOGUS OCELLATUS): BEHAVIOURAL INTERACTIONS AND FITNESS CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Brandtmann Gesine , Scandura Massimo , Trillmich Fritz 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Female intra-sexual competition plays an important role in the settlement process during pair or harem formation and in established harems of Lamprologus ocellatus , a small snail shell inhabiting cichlid from Lake Tanganyika. Larger females settle first and this could partly be due to male preference for larger females as shown in simultaneous choice tests but is also due to dominance of the larger female. Smaller females were unable to settle close to a larger one. Even when snail shells were not limiting the smaller was either unable to settle or had to settle at a considerable distance. This effect was independent of prior residence. Intense female-female aggression suggests that close settlement is disadvantageous to females. Genetic analyses of maternity using microsatellite length polymorphism at five loci showed a reproductive skew between females in a harem. Additionally, it proved brood mixing in aquaria as well as in the field. Brood mixing can be detrimental to female breeding success through interbrood cannibalism if size difference of juveniles amounts to 5 mm. Territoriality of juveniles, shown even between same-sized siblings, may cause indirect mortality through earlier dispersal of young. Females rejected experimentally added larger juveniles but accepted young smaller than their own fry. Acceptance of smaller juveniles could be advantageous through a dilution of predator attacks but it also appears to induce costs since females with young at the shell do not rear another brood. Large median distances of 91 cm maintained aggressively between breeding females in the field may serve to minimize the adverse effects of breeding in a harem.
Nematode parasitism of harvestmen (Opiliones: Arachnida)
Authors: Cokendolpher James , Karaman Ivo , Poinar George , Mitov Plamen , Čurčic Boźidar P.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNew records of nematode parasitism of harvestmen (Opiliones: Arachnida) are reported and a list of all published records of nematode parasitism of these arachnids is presented. Nomenclatorial problems of early mermithid citations are discussed and the possible type of life cycle (indirect) is considered in light of what appears to be a type of behavioural 'immunity' of this host group to many invertebrate parasitic nematodes. Parasitisme des faucheurs (Opiliones: Arachnida) par les nématodes - Sont reportées de nouvelles observations du parasitisme des faucheurs (Opiliones: Arachnida) par les nématodes et une liste de toutes les observations publiées concernant les nématodes parasites de ces arachnides est donnée. Les problèmes nomenclatoriaux concernant les citations des premiers mermithides sont discutés et le type éventuel de cycle biologique (indirect) est considéré à la lumière de ce qui apparaît être un type ''d'immunité'' comportementale de ce groupe d'hôtes pour de nombreux nématodes parasites d'invertébrés.
Reproduction of Radopholus similis isolates after inoculation of carrot disks with one or more females
Authors: De Waele Dirk , Moens Maurice , Elbadri Gamal 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSummary - The reproduction of Radopholus similis isolates from different origins and hosts was compared in carrot disk cultures at different temperatures. At 15°C, only the isolates collected from ornamental plants in Europe reproduced. The greatest fecundity was observed at 25°C. The reproduction factor (final population/initial population: Pf/Pi) ranked the isolates in similar order for four of the temperatures studied (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). When carrot discs at 28°C were inoculated with single females of isolates selected from those with different reproductive factors, this ranking was confirmed. This suggests that reproduction is controlled by intrinsic isolate characteristics which are not influenced by temperature. Isolates with most reproduction had a greater percentage of reproductive females than isolates with less reproduction, associated with a high ratio of females : males and a high proportion of females in the total production. The mean offspring per productive female was similar for high and low reproducing isolates.
The effects of indigenous and introduced microbes on deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, North Sea
Authors: Spark I. , Patey I. , Duncan B. , Hamilton A. , Devine C. , McGovern-Traa C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnaerobic bacteria were identified in live drilling muds and cores from nine different North Sea and Irish Basin oilfields, varying in depth from 3500 to 15000 ft, and at temperatures up to 150°C. The anaerobic bacteria may be introduced into the reservoir during drilling operations or injection of water, but in many cases the bacteria are indigenous to the oilfield reservoirs. Confirmation of the indigenous anaerobic bacteria was made using molecular biology techniques (16S rDNA sequence analysis), comparing microbial populations present in the blank drilling mud as supplied to wellsite, in the live drilling mud taken during coring, and in the live core. The role of anaerobic bacteria in oilfield diagenesis is not fully understood, though pyrite precipitation, and exopolymer and H2S gas production were noted in this study, up to temperatures of 95°C.
Glass-bearing felsic nodules from the crystallizing sidewalls of the 1944 Vesuvius magma chamber
Authors: Fulignati P. , Marianelli P. , Sbrana A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the 1944 Vesuvius eruption, the shallow magma chamber was disrupted during the highly energetic explosive phases. Abundant cognate xenoliths such as subvolcanic fergusites and cumulates, hornfels, skarns and rare marbles occur in tephra deposits.Mineral chemistry, melt inclusions in minerals and glassy matrix compositions show that fergusites (highly crystalline rocks made of leucite, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, apatite, oxides and glass) do not correspond to melt compositions but result from combined sidewall accumulation of crystals, formed from K-tephriphonolitic magma resident in the chamber, and in situ crystallization of the intercumulus melt. Very low H2O contents in the intercumulus glass are revealed by FTIR and apatite composition. Whole rock compositions are essentially determined by the bulk mineral assemblages.Glass–bearing fergusites constitute the outer shell of the magma chamber consisting of a highly viscous crystal mush with a melt content in the range 20–50 wt.%. The leucite/(clinopyroxene+olivine) modal ratio, varies with the extraction order of magmas from the chamber, decreasing upwards in the stratigraphic sequence. This reflects a vertical mineralogical zonation of the crystal mush. These data contribute to the interpretation of the subvolcanic low–pressure crystallization processes at the magma chamber sidewalls affecting alkaline potassic magmas.