bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISTURBANCES OF FUNCTION INDUCED BY LEWISITE (2‐CHLORVINYLDICHLORARSINE)
Authors: Cameron G. R. , Courtice F. C. , Short R. H. D. 
Published: December 2014

The effects on the water balance of the body when lewisite is applied to the skin of animals have been investigated, using rabbits, goats, and dogs.Skin application of liquid lewisite causes vesication in man, and in animals a central area of necrosis surrounded by an area of subcutaneous cœdema. Some of the lewisite is absorbed into the blood stream and circulates as lewisite oxide.Experiments on the composition and flow of lymph in dogs show that the skin capillaries at the site of application of lewisite are rendered freely permeable to the plasma proteins. Local œdema, therefore, results because the osmotic effect of the plasma proteins is neutralized by the same concentration of proteins in the tissue fluid.In dogs the lung capillaries are also often rendered freely permeable to the plasma proteins, after a lethal dose of lewisite on the skin, with resultant pulmonary œdema and a great increase in lymph flow from the right lymph duct. Elsewhere in the body the study of the lymph does not show any increased permeability of the capillaries.The effect of the fluid loss from the circulation is primarily a fall in plasma volume. This causes hæmoconcentration, as is evident from a rise in the hæmoglobin per cent., red‐cell count, and hæmatocrit, a fall in the plasma protein concentration with hypo‐proteinæmia, a fall in rectal temperature, and if the fluid loss is great enough, a fall in blood pressure. This picture of shock is similar to that seen in thermal burns.Associated with these circulatory changes are changes in renal function and nitrogen metabolism. With a substantial fall in blood pressure, urine secretion ceases. In less severe cases the syndrome associated with anhydræmia is observed, viz. oliguria, increased daily urea output and increased plasma urea. This means an increased endogenous nitrogen metabolism with breakdown of muscle tissue, which liberates more water than would the oxidation of fat.The period of hæmoconcentration is followed by one of anæmia, the actual amount of circulating hæmoglobin falling considerably. This anæmia is at its peak about seven to ten days after lewisite application and is probably due to destruction of red cells as a result of the anhydræmia. It is followed by a reticulocyte response and recovery to normal in about two weeks. The administration of iron does not affect the course of the anæmia.Our acknowledgments are due to the Director‐General, Scientific Research and Development, Ministry of Supply, for permission to publish this investigation. We are also greatly indebted to Professor J. M. Yoffey for teaching one of us (F. C. C.) the technique of lymphatic cannulation.
AGENTS ACTING ON THE LUNG CIRCULATION
Authors: Dirken M. N. J. , Heemstra H. 
Published: December 2014

By methods described in previous papers the action of various agents on the blood circulation in the lungs has been studied in the living rabbit. Resection of part of the sympathetic trunk, including the upper thoracic ganglia, causes an increase of blood‐flow through the lung. Vagotomy is without effect.Some evidence is produced that carbon dioxide might exert a local vasoconstrictor action. If so, both the development of the effect and its disappearance must be fairly rapid.In the living rabbit an adrenaline‐aerosol produces a distinct constriction of the lung‐vessels accompanied by a slight decrease in ventilation.The effect of acetylcholine‐aerosol proves to be a weak vasodilatation, which on the addition of physostigmine changes into a strong vasoconstriction accompanied by a decrease in ventilation. These latter effects are abolished by atropine. A large dose of choline has been found to exert a slight constrictor action.The inhalation of histamine‐aerosol causes a very pronounced narrowing of the lung‐vessels, which at a high dose is accompanied by a great diminution of the ventilation. Anti‐histaminics (neo‐antergan) rapidly abolish the effects of the histamine‐aerosol.The adaptation of the calibre of the lung‐vessels to the alveolar oxygen tension is not mediated by extrapulmonary nerves. Neither adrenaline, acetylcholine nor histamine seem to be involved in the mechanism of its production. The histamine content of the nitrogen lung generally surpasses that of the oxygen lung by approximately 50 per cent.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF HISTAMINE IN URTICARIA
Authors: Adam H. M. , Hunter R. B. , Kinnear T. W. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect on the urinary histamine of histamine given by mouth or by intravenous infusion was studied in three men with chronic urticaria and found not to differ from that recorded in normal men. Two of these men who received histamine intravenously developed some hours later an urticarial reaction of unusual severity.2. In two of the intravenous infusions no changes were detected in the histamine content of the plasma or cells obtained from the antecubital vein; no changes were detected in a single sample withdrawn from the femoral artery. The possible significance of this result is discussed.3. The mean daily excretion of free histamine in a group of nine cases of urticaria differed significantly from the mean in a group of ten patients with other diseases and in a group of ten normal and convalescent subjects. The mean daily excretion of conjugated histamine did not differ significantly in the three groups.These results support the conception that histamine is either liberated or newly formed in urticaria.
SOME CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE PERFUSED MAMMARY GLAND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF ADRENALINE
Authors: Hebb Catherine O. , Linzell J. L. 
Published: December 2014

Inclusion of the lungs in a circuit for perfusion of the mammary gland makes it possible, by destroying vasotonins, to maintain the gland blood flow at or near its normal values. However, if the passage of blood through the apparatus is slow, more vasotonins form before it reaches the mammary vessels and blood flow is seriously reduced. It is therefore necessary to arrange the system so that there is minimal circulatory delay between lungs and gland. Similar considerations apply to experiments in which the perfused gland is supplied with arterial blood from an anesthetized animal: rapid re‐circulation of blood through the animal reduces the vasotonin content of the blood, and the mammary blood flow is much higher than previously observed for prolonged periods of perfusion.In mammary‐lung preparations of the dog, cat and goat the mammary blood vessels are exceedingly sensitive to adrenaline, and vasoconstrictor responses are obtained when the amount of adrenaline injected, expressed as g. per g. of tissue, is of the order of 10‐14.
A RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE FOAL
Authors: Alexander F. , Benzie D. 
Published: December 2014

1. The disposition and surface relations of the alimentary tract of the foal have been studied radiographically.2. The rate of progress of a barium meal through the digestive tract was determined. The barium traversed the stomach and ileum of the weaned foal faster than that of the suckling foal, but was longer retained in the cæcum and ventral colon of the weaned foal.
STUDIES OF THE CIRCULATION IN HÆMORRHAGIC SHOCK BY MEANS OF ERYTHROCYTES LABELLED WITH RADIO‐PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Delorme E. J. , Mukherjee S. R. , Rowlands S. 
Published: December 2014

1. In any form of oligæmic shock, blood volume measurement by the labelled cell method measures only the circulating blood volume.2. In established hæmorrhagic shock, the injection of labelled red cells is followed by a fall in the concentration of labelled cells in the circulating blood, which suggests that there is a delay in complete mixing of the circulation. This is believed to be due to the presence of peripheral stasis, which acts as a source of unmixed unlabelled cells.3. When labelled cells are injected and allowed to mix thoroughly in the circulation of normal animals, a similar fall in the concentration of labelled cells occurs within two hours of bleeding. This cannot be explained by a delay in mixing which is already complete, and it has been postulated that sequestered red cells are released from some blood depot. The spleen and probably the lung and liver have been excluded as sources of these cells.4. Evidence is given that these dilution effects are not due to changes in cell‐plasma ratio, increased rate of loss of phosphorus from the cell under anoxic conditions, change in pH in the blood, selective destruction of labelled cells or to changes in circulation time.5. The closed sinusoidal system of the bone marrow is considered to be the most likely source of these cells, and this is in keeping with the known stimulant effect of chronic anoxæmia upon hæmatopoietic tissue, although rapid responses of this nature have not hitherto been demonstrated.
REVERSIBLE EFFECTS OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND PROTAMINE ON ALIMENTARY LIPAÆMIA
Authors: Brown W. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Injections of heparin or protamine had no statistically significant effect on the total fatty acid content of the plasma of fasting rats.2. The visible lipæmia of rats fed olive oil was abolished by heparin within five minutes of injection. A decrease in total plasma fatty acids was associated with the change. Dextran sulphate had a similar effect.3. The visible lipæmia of rats fed olive oil was increased by protamine within five minutes of injection. An increase in total serum fatty acids was associated with the change.4. Protamine and heparin were mutually antagonistic in their effects on alimentary lipæmia.5. It is suggested that the anti‐alimentary lipæmic activity of heparin was due to the influence of its negatively charged sulphate groups.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND PROTAMINE ON THE ENDOGENOUS LIPÆMIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Brown W. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. The endogenous lipæmia in the rat during the last triempster of pregnancy is briefly described.2. The visible lipæmia of pregnancy is abolished by heparin in vivo but not in vitro. Decreases of plasma fatty acids in excess of 200 mg. per cent may occur. The decreases also occur in whole blood.3. These effects of heparin are not obtained with dextran sulphate.4. Protamine has no effect on the visible lipæmia, or on the total fatty acid content of the lipæmic serum.5. These findings are discussed in relation to the effect of the drugs used on alimentary lipæmia.6. Simple proportionality between prolongation of clotting time and fall in lipæmia does not exist after treatment of the pregnant animals with heparin and dextran sulphate.7. A heavy precipitate may form in serum, plasma and whole blood drawn from pregnant rats after injection of heparin or dextran sulphate. Its occurrence is not necessarily associated with that of the endogenous lipæmia. The precipitate contains lipid.
CONDITIONS MODIFYING THE RELEASE OF SPERMATOZOA IN MALE XENOPUS LÆVIS IN RESPONSE TO CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Hobson B. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. An account is given of the method of obtaining and examining spermatozoa from Xenopus lœvis.2. Speed of response to chorionic gonadotrophin is increased at high temperatures; the ultimate response is little affected.3. The interval between injection of chorionic gonadotrophin and appearance of sperm is affected by the amount injected.4. There is no significant difference between response of “gloved” and “ungloved” animals of the same weight with the particular doses employed.5. Response is roughly proportional to the weight of the toad.6. Old and new stock imported males respond similarly; laboratorybred Xenopus seem to be less sensitive.7. Sperm motility and the time Xenopus males remain positive is influenced by dose.8. Male toads are more sensitive 10 days after previous injection. There is a significant decline in sensitivity from the 15th day onwards. It is suggested that toads for bioassay be used every 10 days.9. Dose response data are based upon response 4 hrs. and 24 hrs. after injection. Male and female responses to C.G. are compared; their D.R.C. slopes are not significantly different.10. Spermiation in Xenopus lœvis is not specific for C.G. This reaction can be induced by certain steroids, adrenergic drugs and gonadotrophins of the A.L.P., pregnant mares' serum and menopausal urines.
INHIBITION OF ALIMENTARY LIPÆMIA BY ANTICOAGULANTS
Authors: Brown W. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Negatively charged anticoagulants can prevent the development of alimentary lipæmia in rats absorbing olive oil at a rate sufficient to produce an alimentary lipæmia in normal rats.2. An injection of protamine into these anticoagulant‐treated fatabsorbing rats is followed within a few minutes by the appearance of an alimentary lipæmia.
Host Demise as a Beneficial Function of Indigenous Microbiota in Human Hosts
Authors: Blaser Martin J. , Webb Glenn F. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe age structure of human populations is exceptional among animal species. Unlike with most species, human juvenility is extremely extended, and death is not coincident with the end of the reproductive period. We examine the age structure of early humans with models that reveal an extraordinary balance of human fertility and mortality. We hypothesize that the age structure of early humans was maintained by mechanisms incorporating the programmed death of senescent individuals, including by means of interactions with their indigenous microorganisms. First, before and during reproductive life, there was selection for microbes that preserve host function through regulation of energy homeostasis, promotion of fecundity, and defense against competing high-grade pathogens. Second, we hypothesize that after reproductive life, there was selection for organisms that contribute to host demise. While deleterious to the individual, the presence of such interplay may be salutary for the overall host population in terms of resource utilization, resistance to periodic diminutions in the food supply, and epidemics due to high-grade pathogens. We provide deterministic mathematical models based on age-structured populations that illustrate the dynamics of such relationships and explore the relevant parameter values within which population viability is maintained. We argue that the age structure of early humans was robust in its balance of the juvenile, reproductive-age, and senescent classes. These concepts are relevant to issues in modern human longevity, including inflammation-induced neoplasia and degenerative diseases of the elderly, which are a legacy of human evolution.IMPORTANCEThe extended longevity of modern humans is a very recent societal artifact, although it is inherent in human evolution. The age structure of early humans was balanced by fertility and mortality, with an exceptionally prolonged juvenility. We examined the role of indigenous microbes in early humans as fundamental contributors to this age structure. We hypothesize that the human microbiome evolved mechanisms specific to the mortality of senescent individuals among early humans because their mortality contributed to the stability of the general population. The hypothesis that we present provides new bases for modern medical problems, such as inflammation-induced neoplasia and degenerative diseases of the elderly. We postulate that these mechanisms evolved because they contributed to the stability of early human populations, but their legacy is now a burden on human longevity in the changed modern world.
Health-related quality of life in partners of persons with MS: a longitudinal 10-year perspective
Authors: Gottberg Kristina , Chruzander C , Einarsson U , Fredrikson S , Johansson S , Widén Holmqvist L 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesMultiple sclerosis (MS) impacts the health-related quality of life (HRQL) in partners, but knowledge on the longitudinal perspective is needed. The aim was to analyse HRQL in partners of persons with MS living in Sweden a decade ago and after 10 years.Materials and methodsPartners were identified through a population-based study of persons with MS in Stockholm. Information on HRQL (the Sickness Impact profile), personal factors and disease-specific factors, and measures of functioning of persons with MS was collected at both time points mainly by home visits.ResultsSome 64 of 102 identified partners (63%) agreed to participate at baseline, and at 10 years 40 of 54 eligible partners were included (74%). HRQL in partners was worse than in a Swedish, aged-grouped reference population at both baseline and follow-up. Depressive symptoms in persons with MS were independently associated with worse HRQL in partners.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms in persons with MS were associated with worse HRQL in their partners, and HRQL of partners was continuously impacted in the longitudinal perspective. This knowledge needs to be accounted for in the planning of MS care, together with the development of evidence-based support for depressive symptoms, and engagement in recreational life in both partners and persons with MS.
Impaired imitation of gestures in mild dementia: comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Authors: Nagahama Yasuhiro , Okina Tomoko , Suzuki Norio 
Published: December 2014

IntroductionTo examine whether imitation of gestures provided useful information to diagnose early dementia in elderly patients.MethodsImitation of finger and hand gestures was evaluated in patients with mild dementia; 74 patients had dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 100 with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 52 with subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD).ResultsSignificantly, more patients with DLB (32.4%) compared with patients with AD (5%) or SVaD (11.5%) had an impaired ability to imitate finger gestures bilaterally. Also, significantly, more patients with DLB (36.5%) compared with patients with AD (5%) or SVaD (15.4%) had lower mean scores of both hands. In contrast, impairment of the imitation of bimanual gestures was comparable among the three patient groups (DLB 50%, AD 42%, SVaD 42.3%).DiscussionOur study revealed that imitation of bimanual gestures was impaired non-specifically in about half of the patients with mild dementia, whereas imitation of finger gestures was significantly more impaired in patients with early DLB than in those with AD or SVaD. Although the sensitivity was not high, the imitation tasks may provide additional information for diagnosis of mild dementia, especially for DLB.
Conserved syntenic clusters of protein coding genes are missing in birds
Authors: Lovell Peter V , Wirthlin Morgan , Wilhelm Larry , Minx Patrick , Lazar Nathan H , Carbone Lucia , Warren Wesley C , Mello Claudio V 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Background
Birds are one of the most highly successful and diverse groups of vertebrates, having evolved a number of distinct characteristics, including feathers and wings, a sturdy lightweight skeleton and unique respiratory and urinary/excretion systems. However, the genetic basis of these traits is poorly understood.

Results
Using comparative genomics based on extensive searches of 60 avian genomes, we have found that birds lack approximately 274 protein coding genes that are present in the genomes of most vertebrate lineages and are for the most part organized in conserved syntenic clusters in non-avian sauropsids and in humans. These genes are located in regions associated with chromosomal rearrangements, and are largely present in crocodiles, suggesting that their loss occurred subsequent to the split of dinosaurs/birds from crocodilians. Many of these genes are associated with lethality in rodents, human genetic disorders, or biological functions targeting various tissues. Functional enrichment analysis combined with orthogroup analysis and paralog searches revealed enrichments that were shared by non-avian species, present only in birds, or shared between all species.

Conclusions
Together these results provide a clearer definition of the genetic background of extant birds, extend the findings of previous studies on missing avian genes, and provide clues about molecular events that shaped avian evolution. They also have implications for fields that largely benefit from avian studies, including development, immune system, oncogenesis, and brain function and cognition. With regards to the missing genes, birds can be considered ‘natural knockouts’ that may become invaluable model organisms for several human diseases.
Vespas Sociais (Vespidae: Polistinae) em uma Área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Amazônica no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil
Authors: Somavilla Alexandre , Marques Dayse Willkenia Almeida , Barbosa Ernesto Augusto Silva , Junior Juarez da Silva Pinto , De Oliveira Marcio Luiz 
Published: December 2014

As vespas sociais constituem um grupo com elevada riqueza de espécies e muito comum em áreas amazônicas. Apesar disto, nenhum trabalho foi realizado na Amazônia Maranhense e apenas 58 espécies de vespas sociais são registradas para o estado do Maranhão. O presente trabalho apresenta dados faunísticos referentes às vespas sociais da Reserva Biológica do Gurupi, caracterizada por ser uma floresta ombrófila latifoliada amazônica localizada no noroeste do Maranhão. As coletas e instalação de armadilhas (Malaise do tipo Gressitt & Gressitt, armadilha suspensa, armadilha luminosa, armadilha atrativa com isca de fruta) ocorreram entre janeiro de 2010 e maio de 2011, totalizando 63 dias amostrados. Para a Reserva Biológica do Gurupi foram obtidos 384 espécimes de vespas sociais pertencentes a Epiponini e Polistini, alocados em 12 gêneros e 38 espécies. Polybia destacou-se por apresentar o maior número de espécies (14), seguido de Agelaia (seis espécies) e Apoica (quatro espécies). Quatorze espécies são registradas pela primeira vez para o estado do Maranhão, aumentando, desta forma, para 72 espécies com registros confirmados para o estado.
Social Wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) in a Dense Ombrophilous Amazon Forest in the Maranhão State, Brazil

Abstract. Social wasps are a high species richness group and very common in Amazonian areas. Despite this, no study have been made in the amazonian forest on the state of Maranhão and only 58 species of social wasps are registered for this state. This paper presents data about the social wasps fauna of Gurupi Biological Reserve, characterized as an ombrophylous broadleaf forest located in the northwest Amazon of Maranhão. The collect and traps installation (Malaise trap, suspended trap, light traps and fruit attractive trap) occurred between January 2010 and May 2011, with a total of 63 sample days. We collected 384 specimens in the Biological Reserve of Gurupi, were obtained social wasps belonging to Epiponini and Polistini, allocated to 12 genera and 38 species. Polybia have the largest number of species (14), followed by Agelaia (six species) and Apoica (four species). Fourteen species are first records for the state of Maranhão, increasing, thus, for 72 species with confirmed records occurrence to Maranhão.
Evaluative criteria of diamond jewellery used in the decision-making process: Variations across ethnic groups
Authors: Strubel Jessica , Burnsed Annette 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Given the growing importance of ethnicity in America and the unique nature of diamonds, this study formally asked whether an ethnicity effect exists in diamond jewellery attribute preferences (shape, cut, colour, clarity, weight, type, treatment, venue, certification, willingness to spend and origin of the diamond) and, if it does, what differences and similarities have been expressed by the key ethnic consumer groups in America. Survey data were analysed through profile analysis and Tukey’s HSD to determine whether ethnic differences exist in diamond jewellery consumption among African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Caucasians, Hispanics/Latinos, Middle Easterners and Native Americans. Study results suggest that there is an ethnicity effect associated with diamond jewellery attribute preferences. Ultimately, this study will allow the diamond industry to effectively reach specific end-use consumers.