bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle Weakness and Speech in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Neel Amy T. , Palmer Phyllis M. , Sprouls Gwyneth , Morrison Leslie 
Published: October 2014

PurposeWe documented speech and voice characteristics associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). Although it is a rare disease, OPMD offers the opportunity to study the impact of myopathic weakness on speech production in the absence of neurologic deficits in a relatively homogeneous group of speakers.MethodsTwelve individuals with OPMD and 12 healthy age-matched controls underwent comprehensive assessment of the speech mechanism including spirometry (respiratory support), nasometry (resonance balance), phonatory measures (pitch, loudness, and quality), articulatory measures (diadochokinetic rates, segment duration measures, spectral moments, and vowel space), tongue-to-palate strength measures during maximal isometric and speechlike tasks, quality-of-life questionnaire, and perceptual speech ratings by listeners.ResultsIndividuals with OPMD had substantially reduced tongue strength compared to the controls. However, little impact on speech and voice measures or on speech intelligibility was observed except for slower diadochokinetic rates.ConclusionsDespite having less than half the maximal tongue strength of healthy controls, the individuals with OPMD exhibited minimal speech deficits. The threshold of weakness required for noticeable speech impairment may not have been reached by this group of adults with OPMD.
Design of linearity and efficiency improved Doherty PA using microstrip resonant cell
Authors: Lotfi A. , Hayati M. 
Published: October 2014

A Doherty power amplifier (DPA) using a novel front‐coupled tapered microstrip resonant cell (TMRC) is proposed for linearity and efficiency improvement. The suppression of the second‐ and higher‐order harmonics of the output of the main amplifier is achieved by incorporating the proposed TMRC. Moreover, the compensation of the phase delay and the impedance inversion are performed without any lumped element. The designed power amplifier has been simulated, and measurements of the fabricated power amplifier were made. The third‐order inter‐modulation distortion of the proposed DPA is reduced by 33 dB compared with the conventional ones.
CMOS temperature compensated logarithmic converter based on master–slave control
Authors: Bai Chunfeng , Wu Jianhui 
Published: October 2014

A logarithmic converter employing the proposed temperature compensating method based on a master–slave control is presented. With the help of a raised master–slave circuit, the proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) coefficient of the logarithmic converter is compensated by that of the PTAT current in the bandgap reference, which makes the CMOS implementation of the logarithmic converter employing no external component possible. The logarithmic converter provides a 45 dB linear range with < 3 dB error as the temperature varies from 0 to 90°C.
0.25 μm emitter InP/InAlGaAs/GaAsSb double heterojunction bipolar transistor with passivation ledge exhibiting a current gain of over 100
Authors: Kashio N. , Kurishima K. , Ida M. , Matsuzaki H. 
Published: October 2014

A suitable emitter structure for the fabrication of InP/InAlGaAs/GaAsSb double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) with a passivation ledge is reported. With a composite emitter structure consisting of an InP and thin InAlGaAs, a passivation ledge can be easily fabricated by wet etching. A high current gain of 117 is obtained even for a 0.25 μm emitter DHBT with a base sheet resistance of about 1100 Ω/sq. The fabricated HBT also exhibits an fmax of more than 330 GHz while maintaining a breakdown voltage of more than 9 V.
Diversity of Bacteria Cultured from the Blood of Lesser Electric Rays Caught in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Tao Zhen , Bullard Stephen A. , Arias Cova R. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The prevalence and taxonomic diversity of bacteria cultured from the blood of apparently healthy Lesser Electric Rays Narcine bancroftii captured from open beach habitat in the north-central Gulf of Mexico are reported herein. The blood of 9 out of 10 Lesser Electric Rays was positive for bacteria, and bacterial isolates (n = 83) were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The majority of the isolates belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria (91.5%). Vibrio spp. comprised 53% of all isolates and were recovered from all Lesser Electric Rays with culture-positive blood. Among them, V. harveyi (n = 14) and V. campbellii (n = 11) were most common, followed by a group of unidentified Vibrio sp. (n = 10) related to V. nigripulchritudo. Isolates representing other species of Proteobacteria included Pseudoalteromonas (n = 13), Shewanella (n = 5), Amphritea (n = 3), Nautella (n = 3), and Arenibacter (n = 1). Higher bacterial diversity was observed in blood cultured on marine agar relative to blood agar, but gram-positive bacteria were isolated from the latter only. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacterial isolates were compared phylogenetically to those from related type strains. Most isolates were identified to the level of species, but some clustered independently from reference strains, likely representing new species of Vibrio, Amphritea, Shewanella, and Tenacibaculum. The present study is the first record of any bacterium from this ray species and reveals a taxonomically and phylogenetically diverse microbiota associated with its blood. Moreover, these data document that the presence of bacteria in elasmobranch blood is not coincident with clinical signs of disease, thereby rejecting the paradigm of septicemia indicating a disease condition in aquatic vertebrates.
Received April 30, 2013; accepted April 16, 2014
Occurrence of the Parasitic Copepod Ergasilus labracis on Threespine Sticklebacks from the South Coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Eaves Alexandra A. , Ang Keng Pee , Murray Harry M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A study conducted from August to October 2013 surveyed Threespine Sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus (n = 822) for the presence of parasitic copepods in the vicinity of large sea-cage salmonid farms in Bay d'Espoir, Newfoundland. The majority of parasitic copepods surveyed were Ergasilus labracis (n = 4,684). Other parasitic copepods observed on Threespine Sticklebacks during the survey included chalimus-stage Lepeophtheirus spp. (n = 3), adult Argulus alosae (n = 2), and a single Thersitina gasterostei. This represents a new host record for E. labracis. The copepods were present on fish collected in a broad range of temperatures (6.9–17.7°C) and salinities (10.2–30.2 [Practical Salinity Scale]). The parasitic copepods were most commonly found on larger hosts estimated to be age 1 or older. Surprisingly, the highest infestations (approximately 65%) were found on regions of the hosts outside of the gills (behind the pectoral fins and pelvic spines); in some cases, the copepods had inflicted significant damage to the skin of their hosts. Among host fish with evidence of an additional infection, such as microsporidian tumors (xenomas) or hemorrhagic-like symptoms (dark red abdomens and bloody mucus), the prevalence of E. labracis was significantly higher (43.4%) than among healthy fish (28.9%) despite there being no significant difference in size between the two fish health groups. In contrast, intensity (mean number of individual parasites per host) was significantly higher among healthy hosts (23.6) than among unhealthy ones (7.63). Although this parasite has been listed as present in Newfoundland previously, it has a broad host range and has been reported to be pathogenic to farmed salmonids. Therefore, its potential impact on wild and farmed fish populations around Newfoundland should not be underestimated.
Received March 28, 2014; accepted June 16, 2014
Florfenicol Residues in Rainbow Trout after Oral Dosing in Recirculating and Flow-through Culture Systems
Authors: Meinertz J. R. , Hess K. R. , Bernardy J. A. , Gaikowski M. P. , Whitsel M. , Endris R. G. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Aquaflor is a feed premix for fish containing the broad spectrum antibacterial agent florfenicol (FFC) incorporated at a ratio of 50% (w/w). To enhance the effectiveness of FFC for salmonids infected with certain isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum causing coldwater disease, the FFC dose must be increased from the standard 10 mg·kg−1 body weight (BW)·d−1 for 10 consecutive days. A residue depletion study was conducted to determine whether FFC residues remaining in the fillet tissue after treating fish at an increased dose would be safe for human consumption. Groups of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (total n = 144; weight range, 126–617 g) were treated with FFC at 20 mg·kg−1 BW·d−1 for 10 d in a flow-through system (FTS) and a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) each with a water temperature of ∼13°C. The two-tank RAS included a nontreated tank containing 77 fish. Fish were taken from each tank (treated tank, n = 16; nontreated tank, n = 8) at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120, 240, 360, and 480 h posttreatment. Florfenicol amine (FFA) concentrations (the FFC marker residue) in skin-on fillets from treated fish were greatest at 12 h posttreatment (11.58 μg/g) in the RAS and were greatest at 6 h posttreatment (11.09 μg/g) in the FTS. The half-lives for FFA in skin-on fillets from the RAS and FTS were 20.3 and 19.7 h, respectively. Assimilation of FFC residues in the fillets of nontreated fish sharing the RAS with FFC-treated fish was minimal. Florfenicol water concentrations peaked in the RAS-treated tank and nontreated tanks at 10 h (453 μg/L) and 11 h (442 μg/L) posttreatment, respectively. Monitoring of nitrite concentrations throughout the study indicated the nitrogen oxidation efficiency of the RAS biofilter was minimally impacted by the FFC treatment.
Received January 8, 2014; accepted July 7, 2014
Effectiveness of Aquaflor (50% Florfenicol) Administered in Feed to Control Mortality Associated with Streptococcus iniae in Tilapia at a Commercial Tilapia Production Facility
Authors: Gaikowski Mark P , Schleis Susan M , Leis Eric , Lasee Becky A , Endris Richard G 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The efficacy of Aquaflor (florfenicol; FFC) to control mortality caused by Streptococcus iniae in tilapia was evaluated under field conditions. The trial was initiated following presumptive diagnosis of S. iniae infection in a mixed group of fingerling (mean, 4.5 g) Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and a hybrid of Nile Tilapia×Blue Tilapia O. aureus. Diagnoses included mortality in source tank; examination of clinical signs and presence or absence of gram-positive cocci in brain, and collection of samples for microbiological review and disease confirmation of 60 moribund fish. Following presumptive diagnosis, tilapia (83/tank) were randomly transferred to each of 20 test tanks receiving the same water as the source tank (test tank water was not reused). Tilapia were offered either nonmedicated control feed or FFC-medicated feed (FFC at 15 mg/kg body weight/d; 10 tanks per regimen) for 10 consecutive days followed by a 14-d observation period during which only the nonmedicated control feed was offered. Streptococcus iniae was presumptively identified during pretreatment necropsy and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction assay; S. iniae was confirmed in samples taken during the dosing period but was not detected during the postdosing period. The FFC disk diffusion zone of inhibition ranged from 29 to 32 mm, while the minimum inhibitory concentration of FFC ranged from 2 to 4 μg/mL for the S. iniae isolates collected. Survival of tilapia assigned to the FFC-dose group was significantly greater at 14 d posttreatment than that of the nonmedicated controls. The odds of tilapia assigned to the FFC-dose group surviving to the end of the postdosing period were 1.34 times the odds of survival of tilapia assigned to the nonmedicated control group. There were no clinically apparent adverse effects associated with the administration of FFC-medicated feed in this study.
Potential for a Mycotoxin Deactivator to Improve Growth and Performance of Rainbow Trout fed High Levels of an Ethanol Industry Co-Product, Grain Distiller's Dried Yeast
Authors: Hauptman Blake S , Barrows Frederic T , Block Stephanie S , Gaylord T Gibson , Paterson John A , Sealey Wendy M 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Coproducts from the production of fuel ethanol may have the potential to be used as protein sources for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss if dietary supplementation strategies that can maintain fish performance can be identified. A random sample of one such coproduct, grain distiller's dried yeast (GDDY), contained detectable levels of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonsin B1, and fumonsin B3. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test whether growth performance of Rainbow Trout fed GDDY could be improved by dietary supplementation of a mycotoxin deactivator (Mycofix Plus). The study was conducted as a 2 × 3 factorial design in which there were two levels of mycotoxin deactivator (0.1% or 0%) and three levels of GDDY inclusion (0, 15, and 30%). All diets were formulated to include 42% digestible protein and 20% crude lipid and were balanced for lysine, methionine, threonine, and total phosphorus. Juvenile Rainbow Trout (average initial body weight, 26.4 ± 0.9 g [mean ± SD]) were stocked at 15 fish per tank, three replicates per diet, and were fed twice daily for 12 weeks. Grain distiller's dried yeast inclusion at 15% and 30% of the diet reduced the growth of Rainbow Trout (P = 0.0010). In contrast, no significant differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed for Rainbow Trout fed diets having the 0% and 15% GDDY inclusion levels. However, increased feed intake (P = 0.0002) and FCR (P = 0.0002) were observed in Rainbow Trout fed the 30% GDDY diet. Only minor trends of increased fish growth (P = 0.0773) and protein (P = 0.0527) and energy (P = 0.0538) retention were observed when mycotoxin deactivator was supplemented regardless of yeast inclusion. These results suggest that there are minor benefits of myctoxin deactivator supplementation to Rainbow Trout diets where mycotoxin contamination may be suspected but was independent of GDDY inclusion level.
The Influence of Dietary Lysine on Yellow Perch Female Reproductive Performance and the Quality of Eggs
Authors: Kwasek Karolina , Dabrowski Konrad , Nynca Joanna , Takata Rodrigo , Wojno Michal , Wick Macdonald 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate if dietary lysine (Lys) has an effect on the free amino acid (FAA) pool of Yellow Perch Perca flavescens eggs, and (2) determine how dietary Lys influences the reproductive performance and eggs fertilization rate (embryo survival) of female Yellow Perch. Two-year-old Yellow Perch of initial size of approximately 75 g were randomly distributed into six 400-L tanks at 32±1 fish per tank. This experiment included two wheat gluten-based diets in triplicate Lys-deficient ([−]Lys) and Lys-supplemented ([+]Lys; 2.23% in dry feed) diets. Females from the reference group were fed a commercial diet. Females from reference, (+)Lys, and (−)Lys groups were stripped and their eggs divided into 0.4–1.2-g portions and mixed with sperm (21.4±4.3 μL) from either reference, (+)Lys, or (−)Lys males. The mean weight of Yellow Perch females and mean total weight of ovulated eggs were the greatest in the reference group compared with both (+)Lys and (−)Lys groups. There were no differences in the ratio of weight of eggs to female body weight as well as egg size among groups. There was no difference among treatments in the concentration of free amino acids except glutamic and aspartic acids in Yellow Perch eggs. There was significant effect of female dietary treatments on the egg fertilization rate averaged across all males. The higher fertilization rate was observed in the reference and (+)Lys groups compared with the (−)Lys group. The effect of female dietary treatment on the egg survival was also dependent on the dietary treatment of males.
An Isolated Picochlorum Species for Aquaculture, Food, and Biofuel
Authors: Tran Duc , Giordano Mario , Louime Clifford , Tran Ngan , Vo Trung , Nguyen Du , Hoang Tung 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
More than 500 marine algal strains in Vietnam were screened for their ability to produce high lipids. Among these, a Picochlorum species of Trebuxiophyceae emerged as the species that had the highest total lipid content with a value of 48.6% dry weight (DW), including 27.84% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The remaining lipid was mostly C16 and C18 fatty acids, which is appropriate for biofuel production. In addition, 20 different amino acids were identified and included a high ratio of essential amino acids. Subsequently, the effect of environmental conditions for growth, such as salinity, temperature, and media, on the oleogenic potential of this species was investigated. The alga grew better (μ = 0.25 divisions per day) at a salinity of 0.5 M NaCl in enriched seawater medium (MD1) and at high temperature, but the lipid production was higher at 2 M NaCl in artificial medium (MD2) and at low temperature. Consequently, a two-phase culture system is recommended for obtaining high nutritional lipids and essential amino acids: MD1 can be used for biomass maximization at a high temperature (25°C), and cells can then be transferred into MD2 at a lower temperature (15°C) for oleogenesis.
Adult Recovery of Hatchery Spring Chinook Salmon Adipose Fin-Clipped and Coded-Wire-Tagged Using an Automated and Manual Marking Trailer
Authors: Hand David M , Brignon William R , Olson Douglas E 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Marking and tagging fish is a critical component of many hatchery monitoring and evaluation programs, and coded wire tags are part of the foundation for managing Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. Fin-clipping and coded-wire-tagging large numbers of juvenile salmonids is done either by hand or by using an automated tagging trailer system. We compared the hatchery adult recovery rate of spring Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha marked and tagged as juveniles by manual and automated tagging trailers at Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery (NFH) and Carson NFH. At Warm Springs NFH, the adult recovery rate for fish marked in the automated trailer was 0.16%, compared with a recovery rate of 0.14% for fish marked in the manual trailer. A fish was 1.17 times more likely to be recovered as an adult at the hatchery if marked in an automated trailer. Coded wire tag retention rates were more variable for manually marked fish. At Carson NFH, there was no difference in recovery rate or coded wire tag retention rate between marking trailers. These data suggest that the automated marking procedure does not reduce adult recovery rates from the time of marking to adult return when compared with manual marking. The lower recovery rate of manually marked fish at Warm Springs NFH may have been due to manual marker inexperience, use of anesthetic, or other factors. Additional information on the implications of differential coded wire tag retention and adult survival related to marking methods is necessary for hatchery managers to make decisions on how to mark and tag their fish.
Low energy availability and low body fat of female gymnasts before an international competition
Authors: Silva M.‐R. G. , Paiva T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate dietary intake and body composition of elite rhythmic gymnastics (RG) athletes prior to a competition event. Sixty‐seven rhythmic gymnasts (18.7 ± 2.9 years old) of high performance level, with 36.6 ± 7.6 h of training/week were evaluated in order to collect training and competition data, medical and gynaecological history, detailed dietary intake and body composition before an international competition. The majority of the participants (n = 40; 59.7%) had already menstruated, but age of menarche was delayed (15.3 ± 1.3 years) and all revealed menstrual irregularities. Gymnasts' body mass (48.4 ± 4.9 kg) and body mass index (BMI; 17.4 ± 1.1 kg/m2) were below the normal for age, and height (1.66 ± 0.05 m) was normal or even slightly above normal for age. Body fat was 9.0 ± 2.0% with no significant differences between age strata. Gymnasts exhibited low energy availability (EA; 31.5 ± 11.9 kcal/kg fat‐free mass (FFM)/day). The average carbohydrate and protein intakes were 5.1 ± 2.3 g/kg/day and 1.6 ± 04 g/kg/day, which correspond to 51.4 ± 7.2% and 16.9 ± 3.4% of total energy intakes, respectively; average fat contribution was 33.0 ± 5.3%. Low intakes of pantothenic acid, folate and vitamins D, E and K and of minerals, including calcium, iron and magnesium were reported. Intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins A, B‐6, B‐12, C and manganese and zinc were above‐adequate (P < 0.05). Low EA, low body fat and micronutrient deficiencies are common among RG.
Effect of acute L‐Alanyl‐L‐Glutamine and electrolyte ingestion on cognitive function and reaction time following endurance exercise
Authors: Pruna Gabriel J. , Hoffman Jay R. , McCormack William P. , Jajtner Adam R. , Townsend Jeremy R. , Bohner Jonathan D. , La Monica Michael B. , Wells Adam J. , Stout Jeffrey R. , Fragala Maren S. , Fukuda David H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the L‐Alanyl‐L‐Glutamine dipeptide (AG) on cognitive function and reaction time (RT) following endurance exercise. Twelve male endurance athletes (23.5 ± 3.7 y; 175.5 ± 5.4 cm; 70.7 ± 7.6 kg) performed four trials, each consisting of running on a treadmill at 70% of VO2max for 1h, then at 90% of VO2max until exhaustion. One trial consisted of no hydration (DHY), another required ingestion of only a sports electrolyte drink (ED) and two trials required ingestion of a low dose (LD; 300 mg·500 ml−1) and high dose (HD) of AG (1 g·500ml−1) added to the ED. Cognitive function and reaction tests were administered pre‐ and post‐exercise. Magnitude based inferences were used to analyze ∆ cognitive function and ∆ reaction test data. Results indicated that DHY had a possible negative effect on number of hits in a 60‐sec reaction test compared to LD and HD, while ED appeared to have a negative effect compared to HD. Analysis of lower body quickness indicated that LD and HD were likely improved in comparison to DHY. Performance on the serial subtraction test appeared to be possibly better in ED than DHY, while other comparisons between groups regarding cognitive function were unclear. In conclusion, rehydrating with AG during submaximal exercise may maintain or enhance subsequent RT in upper and lower body activities compared to DHY. These same effects were not apparent when participants consumed ED.