bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being Church in the Midst of Pagodas
Authors: Moe David Thang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Protestant Christian existence in Myanmar can be characterized by three significant phases: the first phase led by foreign missionaries; the second led by foreign missionary-trained local pastors; and the current third phase in which the local Christian churches need to be theologically and missiologically rooted. Despite its two hundred years of existence in the nation (since Adoniram Judson’s mission in 1813), Christianity remains alienated in society, primarily because of Christians’ exclusion from the national religion, Buddhism. Taking the third phase as a major concern for a theology of mission in the twenty-first century in Myanmar’s pluralistic context, where the churches exist in the midst of the Buddhist pagodas, I will propose a theology ofembraceas a missiological response to the problem ofexclusion.
Religion and Development
Authors: Skjortnes Marianne 
Published: April 2014

AbstractChristian churches across the world have long engaged in humanitarian assistance and diaconal work. Diaconal action, understood as integral to the church’s mission in today’s world, is conditioned and challenged by concrete contexts. In order to be relevant,diakoniarequires a careful reading of the contexts. This article presents life histories of three individuals who live in Madagascar. The stories relate how living in a world of poverty and need, humiliation and lack of safety provides many challenges relating to the fulfillment of needs and creating decent living conditions. The stories also tell of lives where many have met Christian individuals and institutions that give priority to the task of upholding human dignity. My aim has been to shed light on the meaning of diaconal work has for these young people and how new opportunities and challenges are creating new life stories and changes in their experience of human dignity. The objective has also been to describe the added value that religion and Christian organizations provide to the secular development project.
Engaging Norwegian Youth in Mission
Authors: Austnaberg Hans 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A reform of Christian education began in Norway in 2004 covering all those baptised in the Church of Norway from birth to 18. Mission is a significant dimension in the Plan for Christian Education but, despite the many projects initiated by congregations, relatively few deal with mission. The empirical material underpinning this article is a close study of four congregations’ projects on mission and youth aged from 14 to 18. Projects with good experience in this respect were selected and the main focus was on identifying factors which accounted for the success of projects designed to engage Norwegian youth in mission. Following a brief presentation of the Norwegian background regarding Christian education and an introduction to the empirical material the main part of the article discusses factors which were crucial to the projects’ success.
Contested Spaces and Contested Meanings in the Acts of Thomas
Authors: Gruen William “Chip” 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The agonistic character of the Apocryphal Acts literature has been well documented. The vast majority of these traditions revolve around the apostolic figure battling both demonic and human adversaries. The Acts of Thomas is no exception, showing the protagonist as Christian hero par-excellence, navigating both cosmological and theological adversaries, always emerging triumphant. Beyond the narration of these competitions themselves, however, the reader also witnesses Thomas navigating different places and spaces in his journeys. The dichotomies of deserted/inhabited, public/private, sacred/profane, domestic/communal are all encountered and their meanings adjudicated through the apostolic competitions. This paper will use spatiality theory to interrogate the use of these narrative topoi. In so doing, the role of space will not only be explored in these imagined places of the Acts of Thomas, but implications for the lived experience of the community will be investigated.
Paul and the “Tradition” of the Founder-Figures: A Response to James C. Hanges, Paul, Founder of Churches, 2011
Authors: Touna Vaia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe article is a review/response to James C. Hanges’s bookPaul, Founder of Churches. It presses further Hanges’s main thesis and challenges well-established traditions in the approach both to ancient Greece as well as Early Christianity.
“Severing the Joints and the Marrow”: The Double-Edged Sword of Comparison
Authors: Hanges James Constantine 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEdwin Hatch argued for the comparability of early Christian and Greco-Roman institutional forms. But his critics dismissed Hatch’scomparandafor being insufficiently precise, and thus no threat to the uniqueness of Christian forms. This paper explores comparison, the complexities of claiming comparability in specific cases, arguing that the process of identifyingcomparandais political and strategic, used both as a tool and a weapon, and too often in the study of religion – as in the case of Hatch’s critics – comparison is wielded in the service of incomparability, a strategic move that can be calledcomparatio iniquitatis causa(comparison for the sake of difference).
Amish in the 21st Century
Authors: Holmes David , Block Walter E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Amish community is a boon to social science analysis. They are so similar in many ways to the outside world; they live as part of it. And yet they are also quite different. These similarities and especially differences provide a contrast that can be studied. The present paper looks at this religious group of people through the eyeglasses of history, law, philosophy, culture and economics.
Spatialising Practices: Theory, Text, Practice Towards a Redescriptive Companion to Graeco-Roman Antiquity – A Response
Authors: van den Heever Gerhard 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper is a response to the Spatialising Practices panel that was organised under the auspices of the Greco-Roman Religions Section of the Society of Biblical Literature, November 2012. In the paper I respond to three foci represented in the presentations, namely spatiality theory, narrative space, and spatial practices. Overall the argument is made that conceptions of space arose already earlier in the 20th century with the rise of phenomenology, but that spatiality theories proper were epiphenomena of the emergence of cultural studies since the middle of the 20th century. It is argued that space is not so much an object of study and description but rather that space is a tool of analysis. Moreover, the essentially activist and political character of spatiality theory should continue to infuse studies of religion and space.
Relative Humidity in the Troposphere with AIRS
Authors: Ruzmaikin Alexander , Aumann Hartmut H. , Manning Evan M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
New global satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are applied to study the tropospheric relative humidity (RH) distribution and its influence on outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for January and July in 2003, 2007, and 2011. RH has the largest maxima over 90% in the equatorial tropopause layer in January. Maxima in July do not arise above 60%. Seasonal variations of about 20% in zonally averaged RH are observed in the equatorial region of the low troposphere, in the equatorial tropopause layer, and in the polar regions. The seasonal variability in the recent decade has increased by about 5% relative to that in 1973–88, indicating a positive trend. The observed RH profiles indicate a moist bias in the tropical and subtropical regions typically produced by the general circulation models. The new data and method of evaluating the statistical significance of bimodality confirm bimodal probability distributions of RH at large tropospheric scales, notably in the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation. Bimodality is also seen at 500–300 hPa in mid- and high latitudes. Since the drying time of the air is short compared with the mixing time of moist and dry air, the bimodality reflects the large-scale distribution of sources of moisture and the atmospheric circulation. Analysis of OLR dependence on surface temperature shows a 0.2 W m−2 K−1 difference in sensitivities between clear-sky and all-sky OLR, indicating a positive longwave cloud radiative forcing. Diagrams of the clear-sky OLR as functions of percentiles of surface temperature and relative humidity in the tropics are designed to provide a new measure of the supergreenhouse effect.
Predictability of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Intraseasonal Variability Hindcast Experiment (ISVHE)*
Authors: Neena J. M. , Lee June Yi , Waliser Duane , Wang Bin , Jiang Xianan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) represents a primary source of predictability on the intraseasonal time scales and its influence extends from seasonal variations to weather and extreme events. While the last decade has witnessed marked improvement in dynamical MJO prediction, an updated estimate of MJO predictability from a contemporary suite of dynamic models, in conjunction with an estimate of their corresponding prediction skill, is crucial for guiding future research and development priorities. In this study, the predictability of the boreal winter MJO is revisited based on the Intraseasonal Variability Hindcast Experiment (ISVHE), a set of dedicated extended-range hindcasts from eight different coupled models. Two estimates of MJO predictability are made, based on single-member and ensemble-mean hindcasts, giving values of 20–30 days and 35–45 days, respectively. Exploring the dependence of predictability on the phase of MJO during hindcast initiation reveals a slightly higher predictability for hindcasts initiated from MJO phases 2, 3, 6, or 7 in three of the models with higher prediction skill. The estimated predictability of MJO initiated in phases 2 and 3 (i.e., convection in Indian Ocean with subsequent propagation across Maritime Continent) being equal to or higher than other MJO phases implies that the so-called Maritime Continent prediction barrier may not actually be an intrinsic predictability limitation. For most of the models, the skill for single-member (ensemble mean) hindcasts is less than the estimated predictability limit by about 5–10 days (15–25 days), implying that significantly more skillful MJO forecasts can be afforded through further improvements of dynamical models and ensemble prediction systems (EPS).
Wind-Driven Seasonal Cycle of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Zhao Jian , Johns William 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The dynamical processes governing the seasonal cycle of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are studied using a variety of models, ranging from a simple forced Rossby wave model to an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model. The AMOC variability is decomposed into Ekman and geostrophic transport components, which reveal that the seasonality of the AMOC is determined by both components in the extratropics and dominated by the Ekman transport in the tropics. The physics governing the seasonal fluctuations of the AMOC are explored in detail at three latitudes (26.5°N, 6°N, and 34.5°S). While the Ekman transport is directly related to zonal wind stress seasonality, the comparison between different numerical models shows that the geostrophic transport involves a complex oceanic adjustment to the wind forcing. The oceanic adjustment is further evaluated by separating the zonally integrated geostrophic transport into eastern and western boundary currents and interior flows. The results indicate that the seasonal AMOC cycle in the extratropics is controlled mainly by local boundary effects, where either the western or eastern boundary can be dominant at different latitudes, while in the northern tropics it is the interior flow and its lagged compensation by the western boundary current that determine the seasonal AMOC variability.
Melting of Ice and Sea Ice into Seawater and Frazil Ice Formation
Authors: McDougall Trevor J. , Barker Paul M. , Feistel Rainer , Galton-Fenzi Ben K. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The thermodynamic consequences of the melting of ice and sea ice into seawater are considered. The International Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater—2010 (TEOS-10) is used to derive the changes in the Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity of seawater that occurs as a consequence of the melting of ice and sea ice into seawater. Also, a study of the thermodynamic relationships involved in the formation of frazil ice enables the calculation of the magnitudes of the Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity changes with pressure when frazil ice is present in a seawater parcel, assuming that the frazil ice crystals are sufficiently small that their relative vertical velocity can be ignored. The main results of this paper are the equations that describe the changes to these quantities when ice and seawater interact, and these equations can be evaluated using computer software that the authors have developed and is publicly available in the Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10.
An Idealized Model of Weddell Gyre Export Variability
Authors: Su Zhan , Stewart Andrew L. , Thompson Andrew F. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Recent observations suggest that the export of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) from the Weddell Sea has a seasonal cycle in its temperature and salinity that is correlated with annual wind stress variations. This variability has been attributed to annual vertical excursions of the isopycnals in the Weddell Gyre, modifying the water properties at the depth of the Orkney Passage. Recent studies attribute these variations to locally wind-driven barotropic dynamics in the northern Weddell Sea boundary current. This paper explores an alternative mechanism in which the isopycnals respond directly to surface Ekman pumping, which is coupled to rapidly responding mesoscale eddy buoyancy fluxes near the gyre boundary. A conceptual model of the interface that separates Weddell Sea Deep Water from Circumpolar Deep Water is described in which the bounding isopycnal responds to a seasonal oscillation in the surface wind stress. Different parameterizations of the mesoscale eddy diffusivity are tested. The model accurately predicts the observed phases of the temperature and salinity variability in relationship to the surface wind stress. The model, despite its heavy idealization, also accounts for more than 50% of the observed oscillation amplitude, which depends on the strength of the seasonal wind variability and the parameterized eddy diffusivity. These results highlight the importance of mesoscale eddies in modulating the export of AABW in narrow boundary layers around the Antarctic margins.
Uncertainties of the Ocean Heat Content Estimation Induced by Insufficient Vertical Resolution of Historical Ocean Subsurface Observations
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Zhu Jiang 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Assessment of the upper-ocean (0–700 m) heat content (OHC) is a key task for monitoring climate change. However, irregular spatial and temporal distribution of historical subsurface observations has induced uncertainties in OHC estimation. In this study, a new source of uncertainties in calculating OHC due to the insufficiency of vertical resolution in historical ocean subsurface temperature profile observations was diagnosed. This error was examined by sampling a high-vertical-resolution climatological ocean according to the depth intervals of in situ subsurface observations, and then the error was defined as the difference between the OHC calculated by subsampled profiles and the OHC of the climatological ocean. The obtained resolution-induced error appeared to be cold in the upper 100 m (with a peak of approximately −0.1°C), warm within 100–700 m (with a peak of ~0.1°C near 180 m), and warm when averaged over 0–700-m depths (with a global average of ~0.01°–0.025°C, ~1–2.5 × 1022 J). Geographically, it showed a warm bias within 30°S–30°N and a cold bias at higher latitudes in both hemispheres, the sign of which depended on the concave or convex shape of the vertical temperature profiles. Finally, the authors recommend maintaining an unbiased observation system in the future: a minimal vertical depth bin of 5% of the depth was needed to reduce the vertical-resolution-induced bias to less than 0.005°C on global average (equal to Argo accuracy).
An Observational and Modeling Study of the Processes Leading to Deep, Moist Convection in Complex Terrain
Authors: Weckwerth Tammy M. , Bennett Lindsay J. , Jay Miller L. , Van Baelen Joël , Di Girolamo Paolo , Blyth Alan M. , Hertneky Tracy J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A case study of orographic convection initiation (CI) that occurred along the eastern slopes of the Vosges Mountains in France on 6 August 2007 during the Convective and Orographically-Induced Precipitation Study (COPS) is presented. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers and two Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radars sampled the preconvective and storm environments and were respectively used to retrieve three-dimensional tomographic water vapor and wind fields. These retrieved data were supplemented with temperature, moisture, and winds from radiosondes from a site in the eastern Rhine Valley. High-resolution numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were used to further investigate the physical processes leading to convective precipitation.
This unique, time-varying combination of derived water vapor and winds from observations illustrated an increase in low-level moisture and convergence between upslope easterlies and downslope westerlies along the eastern slope of the Vosges Mountains. Uplift associated with these shallow, colliding boundary layer flows eventually led to the initiation of moist convection. WRF reproduced many features of the observed complicated flow, such as cyclonic (anticyclonic) flow around the southern (northern) end of the Vosges Mountains and the east-side convergent flow below the ridgeline. The WRF simulations also illustrated spatial and temporal variability in buoyancy and the removal of the lids prior to convective development. The timing and location of CI from the WRF simulations was surprisingly close to that observed.
Damage Survey, Radar, and Environment Analyses on the First-Ever Documented Tornado in Beijing during the Heavy Rainfall Event of 21 July 2012
Authors: Meng Zhiyong , Yao Dan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
On 21 July 2012, severe wind damage occurred in Beijing, China, during a heavy rainfall event. Through a damage survey that had the most detailed information in all of the published tornado damage surveys so far in China, this work showed significant evidence that the wind damage was caused by a mesocyclonic tornado rated as a category 3 storm on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF3) that was observed by people but of which not a single picture was taken. This was the first tornado ever reported or documented in Beijing. The most influential evidence indicating a tornado included a narrow damage swath 30–400 m wide and ~10 km long and convergent surface winds at multiple places along the swath. The radar analyses examined here show that the tornado was embedded in a strong mesocyclone. The initial linear and later sinusoidal tornado track was likely due to the intensification and expansion of the mesocyclone. The location, timing, and intensity variation of the wind damage were precisely collocated with those of a tornadic vortex signature. Descending reflectivity cores as well as their associated jetlets and counterrotating vortices were detected both before tornadogenesis and prior to the reintensification of the tornado damage. A tornadic debris signature was also detected in the later stages of the tornado. Compared to the U.S. climatology of forecast parameters for different storm categories, this storm developed in an environment that was favorable for the formation of supercells or weakly tornadic supercells rather than significantly tornadic supercells.
Nowcasting with the AROME Model: First Results from the High-Resolution AROME Airport
Authors: Hagelin Susanna , Auger Ludovic , Brovelli Pascal , Dupont Olivier 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME) Airport is the high-resolution version of the French operational numerical weather prediction model AROME. The purpose of AROME Airport is to provide rapidly updated forecasts with a 500-m resolution for nowcasting over an airport and to help with the prediction of wake vortices in order to increase the efficiency of the airport. Here, the model is evaluated for the area around Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), France. AROME Airport and other configurations of the AROME model are compared to observations during two 4-week periods, when additional observations are available for the area around CDG (May–June 2011 and September–October 2012). The root-mean-square error and the bias are calculated for the 2-m temperature, 10-m wind speed, and the vertical distribution of the wind speed using the available measurements. The performance of AROME Airport is compared to the operational configuration of the AROME model both for synoptic hours and in a more realistic setting using the forecasts from AROME Airport starting every hour. It is shown that the forecasts from AROME Airport are an improvement with respect to the operational when comparing runs from all forecast hours, particularly for the wind speed, but when comparing the synoptic hours, the results are less clear. The sensitivity of AROME Airport to its data assimilation and initial and lateral boundary conditions is also discussed.
Lifetime prevalence and underdiagnosis of migraine in a population sample of Mexican women
Authors: Arroyo-Quiroz C , Kurth T , Cantu-Brito C , Lopez-Ridaura R , Romieu I , Lajous M 
Published: April 2014

Objective The objective of this report is to evaluate migraine, migraine characteristics, and underdiagnosis of migraine in a large population sample of Mexican women. Methods Participants are part of a prospective cohort of Mexican teachers. Between 2011 and 2013, 77,855 participants completed a detailed questionnaire on headache characteristics. Migraine was defined according to criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICDH-II). Results We found lifetime migraine prevalence was 19%, prevalence peaked at 40–44 years (20.4%) and only 45.1% participants with migraine had a previous diagnosis of the disease. Conclusion Estimated lifetime prevalence of migraine was higher than previous reports in Latin America. Migraine may be underdiagnosed and undertreated in Mexico despite its considerable burden.