bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Needle Sharing Among Intravenous Drug Abusers
Authors: Finkle BS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There is much that is right and pertinent about this volume, which is the eightieth in the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research monograph series, but the title is misleading. The real story presented here is about how to prevent the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The title should be “The Relationship Between HIV Infection (AIDS) and Needle Sharing Practices Among Intravenous Drug Abusers.” This book is based upon papers and discussion from a technical review which took place in May 1987, sponsored by the Division of Clinical Research, NIDA, but it was not printed until a year later and became available in early 1989.
A Review of Pathology Annual 1988, Part II
Authors: Sperry KL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The editors of the long-running Pathology Annual series once again have shown their interest in medicolegally oriented topics with several of the articles in Part 2 of Volume 23, the second issue for 1988. One of the distinct advantages of the Pathology Annual format is that authors are free to expand upon specific subjects to a length greater than is afforded in most periodically published medical journals, allowing a much more comprehensive review. The articles in this issue that are of interest to pathologists who practice forensic medicine, either occasionally or full time, are no exception.
Hae III—A Suitable Restriction Endonuclease for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Biological Evidence Samples
Authors: Budowle B , Waye JS , Shutler GG , Samuel Baechtel F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Hae III has been selected by our laboratories as the restriction endonuclease of choice for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of forensic science samples. The enzyme is compatible with the D2S44 probe system and generates relatively small DNA fragments for that marker system. Similarly, Hae III is compatible with several other independent polymorphic loci, including D1S7, D4S139, D16S85, D17S74, D17S79, D14S13, and D20S15. Hae III is functional under a variety of adverse conditions for DNA digestion and is not affected by the methylation pattern in mammals. Finally, Hae III is a relatively inexpensive restriction endonuclease.
Km(3) Identification by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) as an Internal Control for Km(1) Activity Determined by Inhibition in Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Lima SM , Newall PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A stability study comparing the identification of kappa marker Km(1), using the classical inhibition of agglutination, and the identification of Km(3), using an automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, was done.
Preliminary tests were performed to establish the specificity and sensitivity of the methods. Based on the results, the quantities of stain required to detect each marker were determined.
Blood samples from 24 staff donors of known phenotype were aged at room temperature and at 37°C in the dried stain and liquid forms. In addition, 192 stains from cases 1 to 7 months old and 76 staff-donor stains from 1½ to 10 years old were tested in dried stain form.
The known sensitivity of the ELISA technique was exploited by deliberately testing a decreased quantity of antigen. As control stains were aged beyond the detectable limits of sensitivity, results consistently showed an almost simultaneous success or failure to detect Km(1) and Km(3). This indicates that the interpretive criteria established for ELISA are sufficiently demanding to eliminate the danger of reporting false Km(−1) results but true Km(3) results.
Behavior of Genetic Markers in Recipients After Bone Marrow Transplantation and Problems in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Ikemoto S , Kajii E , Tsuchida S , Amemiya Y , Kato K , Miura Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors report studies on four pairs of donors and recipients in bone marrow transplantation (BMT). A broad range of gene markers at 41 gene loci, including 11 red blood cell markers, 5 human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) types, 12 serum protein markers, 5 red cell enzyme markers, and 8 salivary markers were evaluated before and after BMT over 2 months. As a result, 9 out of 41 gene loci of genetic markers in recipients were transformed into the donor type. BMT between family members may lead to transformation of gene markers, but within a pattern compatible with family inheritance patterns, and no genetic paradox will be found in later surveys of familial genetic relationships. However, in a personal identification system in forensic medicine using genetic markers as an index, the appearance of a phenotype incompatible with a blood relationship is possible after BMT with a non-blood-relative donor. This result is similar to the inheritance pattern observed after artificial insemination by a donor's semen (AID), a more complete out-of-family cross.
A Revised Glass Annealing Method to Distinguish Glass Types
Authors: Michael Marcouiller J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A revised glass annealing method is presented that results in the separation of tempered glass from the other common glass types. The method uses a temperature programmable muffle furnace that allows a very slow annealing process. The possibility of separating bottle glass from laminated windshield glass emerged. The ability to classify small pieces of glass removed from clothing as to type increases the value of existing glass databases compiled by forensic scientists and, thus, the value of glass evidence in the courts.
Shampoo Residue Profiles in Human Head Hair
Authors: Andrasko J , Stocklassa B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Washing hair with shampoo results in an accumulation of shampoo components in the hair. Hair of individuals using different shampoos can be distinguished by analysis of shampoo residues.
A method for extraction and analysis of such residues is presented. The hair is extracted using a methanol/water mixture, and the extract is analyzed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The detector system consists of two ultraviolet (UV) detectors connected in series. The method is nondestructive to hair and is sensitive enough to be applied to a single hair 5 to 10 cm in length. Residues from hair balsams are analyzed by this technique as well.
The use of this method in forensic science examination of human head hair is demonstrated.
Cocaine in Wayne County Medical Examiner's Cases
Authors: Hood I , Ryan D , Monforte J , Valentour J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We determined the incidence of detection of cocaine or its metabolites in Wayne County (Michigan) Medical Examiner's cases from 1984 to 1987. Over this four-year period there was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) increase each year in evidence of recent cocaine use in this population, reaching 38.3% of all tested cases in 1987. Much of this increase was accounted for by homicide victims, especially those in their third or fourth decade of life, of whom 58.6 and 56.3%, respectively, tested positive in 1987. There was a large increase in recent cocaine use in teenage homicide victims in 1987, having previously changed little from 1984 to 1986.
In victims of drug abuse, recent cocaine use also increased significantly (P &lt; 0.01) each year, reaching 47.6% in 1987, generally in combination with heroin. Although deaths attributed solely to cocaine were not as common, they also increased significantly each year from 4 in 1984 to 25 in 1987.
Compared with the general population, those who use cocaine in Wayne County are more likely than those who do not to die prematurely, often as a result of violence.
A Proposed Exception to the AIDS Confidentiality Laws for Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Botello TE , Weinberger LE , Gross BH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors offer psychotherapists a proposed exception to strict acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related confidentiality laws. The proposal is based on previously established exceptions to the psychotherapist-patient privilege. The recommended breach of confidentiality applies only to cases that meet all of the following criteria: (1) A patient knows that he or she has a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive blood test and has been informed of AIDS-related safety precautions, (2) the HIV-positive patient has a mental disorder, and (3) it is reasonable to believe that the mental disorder has significantly impaired or may significantly impair the patient's ability and behavior to follow AIDS-related safety precautions.
Children Don't Always Tell the Truth
Authors: Martin Kaplan J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although children are being more frequently called as witnesses in court proceedings, they often do not tell the truth. If lying is defined as giving a false statement for personal gain, then lying is only one of several causes for children not giving an accurate account of events. Other reasons include an immature brain, a congenitally acquired defect in the central nervous system, or the presence of an emotional disturbance such as psychosis or hysteria. The desire of a child to please others—that is, parents, therapists, or lawyers—may also result in an invalid statement. These factors and motivations should be considered in trying to interpret a youngster's statement.
Release of Tissue Paraquat into Formalin Solution During Fixation
Authors: Kuo T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Formalin-fixed tissues and formalin solutions are among the most frequently found materials in pathology and forensic science laboratories. However, these materials are seldom used for the identification of poisons for forensic toxicology purposes. In this study, the possibility that paraquat may be released from formalin-fixed tissues during the fixation process was investigated. However, because of the interference of formaldehyde on the reduction of paraquat with dithionite reagent, paraquat in formalin solutions was treated with ion-pair column chromatography and then determined by measuring the derivative spectrum of reduced paraquat. The results show that the interference of formalin on paraquat determination has been eliminated by the proposed method. Furthermore, a study on the formalin solutions of fixed organs in cases with suspected paraquat intoxication revealed that portions of tissue paraquat had been released into formalin during the fixation process. Moreover, the paraquat levels in formalin increased with increased storage time. Therefore, these data suggest that the combined concentrations of paraquat in the formalin-fixed tissues and formalin solutions might reflect more reliably the total paraquat in the postmortem tissues. This investigation could be of value to the forensic toxicologist, especially in cases in which no fresh tissue samples are available for analysis.
An Evaluation of the Potential for Clandestine Manufacture of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) Analogs and Homologs
Authors: Cason TAD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Encountering a novel controlled-substance analog (designer drug) has become a distinct possibility for all forensic drug laboratories. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in particular is a receptive parent compound for the molecular modifications which produce such homologs and analogs. The identification of these compounds, however, can prove to be an arduous task. It would be desirable to direct the focus of the identification to those compounds which are the more likely candidates for clandestine-laboratory synthesis. The process of narrowing the range of theoretical possibilities to logical choices may be enhanced by using a suitable predictive scheme. Such a predictive scheme for MDA analogs is presented based on putative Central Nervous System activity, existence or formulation of a reasonable synthesis method, and availability of the required precursors.
Accidental Deaths Involving Derringer Handguns: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: McKinney CD , Brinkhous WK , Butts JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Accidental deaths due to discharge of dropped handguns have been previously reported. In this report, the authors review the history and design of the derringer handgun and describe three cases of accidental death due to discharge of derringer-type handguns. In two of these cases, the gun was dropped, resulting in a fatal discharge. The design of the derringer and the absence of a safety feature are cited as underlying factors. If the alleged weapon can be obtained, testing may demonstrate that discharge could occur if the gun were dropped.
Vascular Lesions in Intestinal Ischemia Induced by Cocaine-Alcohol Abuse: Report of a Fatal Case Due to Overdose
Authors: Garfia A , Valverde JL , Borondo JC , Candenas I , Lucena J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Intestinal ischemia induced by cocaine abuse is a rare condition. To this date, only three cases have been described. The diagnosis of bowel ischemia should be suspected whenever a cocaine addict has severe abdominal pain. A pathological examination of the resected bowel segment was performed in one case, and the diagnosis was confirmed microscopically. However, the existence of pathologic alterations of the intestinal vessels was not confirmed. Why the intestinal injury is segmental and whether it is related to the dose ingested, the administration route, or the combination of cocaine with alcohol, caffeine, or marijuana remain unclear. The authors report one fatal case associated with cocaine-alcohol overdose. The postmortem examination demonstrated the existence of segmental intestinal ischemia. Microscopic study failed to demonstrate thrombosis in the mesenteric vessels; however, we found an unusual lesion affecting the arterioles located in the intestinal submucosa of the hemorrhagic areas.
An Unusual Case Involving the Individualization of a Clothing Impression on a Motor Vehicle
Authors: Drummond FC , Pizzola PA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the case reported herein, the authors compared two articles of clothing (a belt and pants) with the impression found on the bumper of an automobile alleged to have impacted a pedestrian, thereby causing his death. The following aspects of the clothing corresponded to sites in the impression: the weave pattern of the pants and belt loop, stitching of the belt loop, orientation of the belt and belt inscription with respect to the pants, and individual characteristics on the border of the belt. This unusual combination of features allowed an individualization to be made between the impression of the motor vehicle and the clothing of the victim.
A Review of Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Third Edition
Authors: Blanke RV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This third edition of Baselt's indispensable compilation of data summaries and references has several welcome changes. First and foremost is the addition of another author, R. Cravey, with whom Baselt has collaborated frequently in the past. The book itself has now expanded from a 15 by 22.5-cm page size to 17.5 by 25.5 cm, with a clearer, more legible type font. The total pages have increased from 795 to 875 to accommodate a 17% increase in monographs, and 56 additional substances are discussed. The familiar red cover now bears the structure of morphine rather than that of digoxin.
Validity Testing of Commercial Urine Cocaine Metabolite Assays: IV. Evaluation of the EMIT® d.a.u.™ Cocaine Metabolite Assay in a Quantitative Mode for Detection of Cocaine Metabolite
Authors: Cone EJ , Yousefnejad D , Dickerson SL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The EMIT® d.a.u.™ cocaine metabolite assay (EMIT dau) was evaluated in a quantitative mode for analysis of clinical specimens obtained after controlled cocaine administration to human subjects. The quantitative results showed high concordance with those of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) assays of the same specimens for benzoylecgonine, and no false positive or false negative results were obtained. The evaluation also included analysis of standardized solutions containing benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and other cocaine metabolites and isomers. The EMIT dau antibody demonstrated high selectivity for benzoylecgonine. The precision was somewhat less than that reported earlier for other commercial cocaine metabolite immunoassays. Quantitation of initial screening results from EMIT dau testing can serve as a useful guide for confirmation by GC/MS in forensic science urine testing.
Microcrystalline Identification of Drugs of Abuse: The Psychedelic Amphetamines
Authors: Julian EA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The optical crystallographic or microcrystalline properties of the diliturate derivatives (5-nitrobarbituric acid) of the most used psychedelic amphetamine drugs have been determined. The crystallographic properties, especially the orthographic projection drawings and photomicrography of the crystals and other optical crystallographic data, such as the indices of refraction, extinction angles, and optical orientations serve to characterize and identify this group of drug chemicals. These data can be used with ultraviolet-infrared (UV-IR) spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC/MS) data for the identification and confirmation of psychedelic amphetamine drugs.
A Preliminary Report: Proximal Facet Analysis and the Recovery of Trace Restorative Materials from Unrestored Teeth
Authors: Smith BC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A small sample of unrestored teeth with wear facets on the proximal surfaces was examined using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDS) analysis. Initial results indicate the potential of this technique for detection of residual restorative materials in these facet areas, and its resulting capability to determine the existence and composition of unrecovered adjacent restorations. The potential value of this technique in the identification of incomplete dental remains is discussed.
Damage to Clothing—Cuts and Tears
Authors: Monahan DL , Harding HWJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Examination of clothing in forensic science cases often involves forming an opinion as to the age and cause of any damage present. This study, involving a range of possible weapons, clothing types, and types of damage, showed that it is possible to distinguish a cut from a tear and a slash from a stab. The effect of blood on the appearance of the damaged areas was also investigated. In some cases it is also possible to determine the type of weapon used from the appearance of the damage. The study also demonstrated what features to look for in determining whether the damage to the yarns is recent.
Microbial Degradation of Gasoline in Soil
Authors: Mann DC , Gresham WR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic science analysis of soil samples for the presence of flammable liquids occasionally results in the detection of volatile mixtures that lack some of the diagnostic features of common petroleum products. The presence of these mixtures is not consistent with evaporation or with a chemical or physical process, but is reported in microbiological literature that addresses bacterial degradation.
Microbiological research has shown that crude oil spilled in the environment is sometimes degraded by bacteria. A study was conducted to demonstrate how automotive gasoline is degraded. Gasoline was spiked into 36 containers of soil (12 were stored at −5°C; 12 were stored at room temperature; and 12 of the soil samples were sterilized prior to the addition of the gasoline and were then stored at room temperature). These samples were monitored, and the results were compared using static heated headspace sampling and capillary gas chromatography.
The gasoline in the unsterilized samples stored at room temperature degraded rapidly, while the gasoline in the other two sets of samples was unaffected. This degradation followed trends that can be recognized in casework and can assist in the identification of affected petroleum product residues in soil.
Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to Identify Cuts and Tears in a Nylon Fabric
Authors: Stowell LI , Card KA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were obtained for fiber ends of a nylon fabric which had been experimentally cut with a scalpel or scissors, or torn by force. In the nylon fabric used, these three types of damage were identifiable on the basis of features of the fiber ends.
A Review of Criminal Court Consultation
Authors: Robinson D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a collection of 18 essays plus an introduction by the editors. The latter is icularly useful, as it emphasizes a matter of central importance to the use of mental th professionals in the courts: the issues which arise in litigation are framed by the icable law, not by psychiatry or psychology. Accordingly, the consultant should mpt to clarify the “legal criteria that define the [psychiatric-legal] issue” at the outset is or her work. Nothing has done more to obfuscate the often difficult interactions he courts and the medical and psychological consultants than failure to understand , for example, whether or not antisocial personality is regarded as an “illness” for nostic or treatment purposes is not determinative of whether it should be an exculpatory factor with respect to the legal issue of criminal responsibility. This is not to say the law makes the questions to be addressed clear; it is difficult to imagine concepts vague than those on which competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility lly turn. Lack of determinate legal meanings invites substitution of alternative concepts of the disciplines on which courts rely to assist them in resolving the cases before . Yet this substitution of terms confuses the task of rational adjudication.
A Review of Psychiatric and Psychological Evidence
Authors: Felthous AR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As trial lawyers must know from voir dire experience, some potential jurors categorically discount psychiatric testimony. Others question why greater use is not made of testimony from mental health experts, who seek to understand and help people with their psychological problems. Not only laypersons, but also writers in the professional literature both exalt and trash psychiatrists and psychologists as expert witnesses. Some writers present the mental health sciences as a body of valuable theory and knowledge which the legal system has failed to appreciate and apply towards the betterment of mankind. Others advise lawyers how to methodically destroy the witness's testimony and show virtually no appreciation of any contribution the mental health sciences can make towards the just resolution of legal issues.