bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gallium Trihalide Catalyzed Sequential Addition of Two Different Carbon Nucleophiles to Esters by Using Silyl Cyanide and Ketene Silyl Acetals
Authors: Inamoto Yoshihiro , Kaga Yuta , Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA sequential addition of silyl cyanide and ketene silyl acetals to esters was achieved by a gallium trihalide catalyst to produce β‐cyano‐β‐siloxy esters. This is the first example of the sequential addition of two different carbon nucleophiles to esters. The employment of lactones provided α,α‐disubstituted cyclic ethers with a cyano group and an ester moiety. A variety of esters and lactones are applicable to this reaction system.
Silicon Carbide Refractories for Gasification Reactors
Authors: Standke Gisela , Herrmann Mathias , Kunze Steffen , Heymer Heike , Adler Jörg , Höhn Sören 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSiliciumcarbidwerkstoffe bieten eine mögliche Alternative zur feuerfesten Auskleidung von hocheffektiven Vergasungsreaktoren. Hier wurden rekristallisierte Siliciumcarbid‐Werkstofe (RSiC) untersucht, die aus einem dreidimensionalen SiC‐Gerüst ohne zusätzliche Bindephasen bestehen. Dabei konnte zwar eine Infiltration, jedoch keine Wechselwirkungen mit der entstehenden Asche beobachtet werden. Zudem zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass die hohe Stabilität des RSiC durch Imprägnierung mit Kohlenstoff oder ZrO2 noch verbessert werden konnte.
Die Molekulardynamik
Authors: Bopp Philippe A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDies ist eine kurze Einführung in die Grundlagen der modernen molekularen Simulationen, insbesondere in die Methode der Molekulardynamik (MD). Dieses Gebiet zählt zur Computerchemie, genauer zur angewandten statistischen Mechanik. Anhand von Beispielen wird die Anwendung der MD‐Methode auf einige Problemstellungen der physikalischen Chemie erläutert. Die Darstellung endet mit einigen epistemologischen Betrachtungen.
Ein Fisch mit pH‐Meter
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMit ausgeklügelten Experimenten wiesen Forscher nach, dass mindestens eine Fischart ihre Beute aufspüren kann, indem sie die leichte Ansäuerung des Meerwassers durch ausgeschiedenes Kohlendioxid detektiert. Schreitet die von unseren CO2‐Emissionen verursachte Versauerung der Ozeane weiter fort, dann ist diese Art des Beutefangs allerdings zum Untergang verurteilt.
Outcomes and Predictors of Mortality Among Octogenarians and Older With ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Caretta Giorgio , Passamonti Enrico , Pedroni Paolo Nicola , Fadin Bianca Maria , Galeazzi Gian Luca , Pirelli Salvatore 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundElderly patients are at high risk of mortality when they present with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, few data exist about prognostic factors in this sub‐group when treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).HypothesisTo assess outcome and predictors of mortality among patients aged >80 years treated with pPCI.MethodsWe evaluated 139 consecutive patients (age 85.1 ± 3.9 years, 43.2% males) who underwent pPCI for STEMI.ResultsMale patients were younger and were more likely to have a history of coronary artery disease. Overall 30‐day and 1‐year mortality rates were 20.9% and 28.1%, respectively. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow 3 was achieved in 82% of patients. There was a pPCI success rate in male patients. At univariable analysis, older age, diabetes mellitus, Killip class >III, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, no use of stent, failure of pPCI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <100 mm Hg, and infarct‐related artery (left anterior descending vs others) were associated with higher 1‐year mortality. Multivariate analysis identified LVEF <40% (hazard ratio: [HR] = 3.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30‐7.87; P = 0.0001), age (1‐year step, HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.23; P = 0.007), failure of pPCI (HR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.44‐5.98; P = 0.0001), Killip class ≥III (HR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.03‐5.4; P = 0.04) and SBP <100 mm Hg (HR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.22‐5.19; P = 0.01) to be independently associated with increased 1‐year mortality.ConclusionsOur data show that elderly patients with STEMI have a high risk of mortality, which is particularly high in the first 30 days. Older age, LVEF <40% at admission, hemodynamic instability (higher Killip class or low SBP), and postinterventional TIMI flow <3 were independent predictors of mortality in our population.
Evaluation of a 4‐protein serum biomarker panel—biglycan, annexin‐A6, myeloperoxidase, and protein S100‐A9 (B‐AMP)—for the detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zaidi Ali H. , Gopalakrishnan Vanathi , Kasi Pashtoon M. , Zeng Xuemei , Malhotra Usha , Balasubramanian Jeya , Visweswaran Shyam , Sun Mai , Flint Melanie S. , Davison Jon M. , Hood Brian L. , Conrads Thomas P. , Bergman Jacques J. , Bigbee William L. , Jobe Blair A. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDEsophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is associated with a dismal prognosis. The identification of cancer biomarkers can advance the possibility for early detection and better monitoring of tumor progression and/or response to therapy. The authors present results from the development of a serum‐based, 4‐protein (biglycan, myeloperoxidase, annexin‐A6, and protein S100‐A9) biomarker panel for EAC.METHODSA vertically integrated, proteomics‐based biomarker discovery approach was used to identify candidate serum biomarkers for the detection of EAC. Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue samples that were collected from across the Barrett esophagus (BE)‐EAC disease spectrum. The mass spectrometry‐based spectral count data were used to guide the selection of candidate serum biomarkers. Then, the serum enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay data were validated in an independent cohort and were used to develop a multiparametric risk‐assessment model to predict the presence of disease.RESULTSWith a minimum threshold of 10 spectral counts, 351 proteins were identified as differentially abundant along the spectrum of Barrett esophagus, high‐grade dysplasia, and EAC (P<.05). Eleven proteins from this data set were then tested using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in serum samples, of which 5 proteins were significantly elevated in abundance among patients who had EAC compared with normal controls, which mirrored trends across the disease spectrum present in the tissue data. By using serum data, a Bayesian rule‐learning predictive model with 4 biomarkers was developed to accurately classify disease class; the cross‐validation results for the merged data set yielded accuracy of 87% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 93%.CONCLUSIONSSerum biomarkers hold significant promise for the early, noninvasive detection of EAC. Cancer 2014;120:3902–3913. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Inbreeding alters intersexual fitness correlations in Drosophila simulans.
Authors: Duffy Eoin , Joag Richa , Radwan Jacek , Wedell Nina , Hosken David J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntralocus sexual conflict results from sexually antagonistic selection on traits shared by the sexes. This can displace males and females from their respective fitness optima, and negative intersexual correlations (rmf) for fitness are the unequivocal indicator of this evolutionary conflict. It has recently been suggested that intersexual fitness correlations can vary depending on the segregating genetic variation present in a population, and one way to alter genetic variation and test this idea is via inbreeding. Here, we test whether intersexual correlations for fitness vary with inbreeding in Drosophila simulans isolines reared under homogenous conditions. We measured male and female fitness at different times following the establishment of isofemale lines and found that the sign of the association between the two measures varied with time after initial inbreeding. Our results are consistent with suggestions that the type of genetic variation segregating within a population can determine the extent of intralocus sexual conflict and also support the idea that sexually antagonistic alleles segregate for longer in populations than alleles with sexually concordant effects.
Sila‐α‐galbanone and Analogues: Synthesis and Olfactory Characterization of Silicon‐Containing Derivatives of the Galbanum Odorant α‐Galbanone
Authors: Dörrich Steffen , Ulmer Anna , Mahler Christoph , Burschka Christian , Baus Johannes A. , Tacke Reinhold , Chai An , Ding Changming , Zou Yue , Brunner Gerhard , Goeke Andreas , Kraft Philip 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSilicon compounds 1b–3b are sila‐analogues of the galbanum odorants α‐galbanone (1a), α‐spirogalbanone (2a), and nor‐α‐galbanone (3a), respectively. Sila‐α‐galbanone (1b), sila‐α‐spirogalbanone (2b), and sila‐nor‐α‐galbanone (3b) were synthesized in multistep syntheses in isomerically pure form, starting from Me2SiCl2, (CH2=CH)2SiCl2, and Me2(CH2=CH)SiCl, respectively. Hydroformylation of vinylsilanes, followed by either ring‐closing aldol condensation or ring‐closing alkene metathesis, were the key steps in these syntheses. The C/Si pairs 1a/1b, 2a/2b, and 3a/3b were studied for their olfactory properties. All compounds possess green‐fruity galbanum‐type odors with pineapple aspects and thus are olfactorily related. However, sila‐analogues 1b–3b were found to be weaker than the corresponding parent carbon compounds 1a–3a. This effect is most pronounced for the C/Si pair 2a/2b as indicated by the odor thresholds of 0.023 ng L–1 air (2a) and 3.8 ng L–1 air (2b). However, due to their higher molecular mass, the silicon compounds are less volatile and thus more substantive in functional applications. In contrast to the stable 5‐silacyclohex‐1‐enes 1b and 2b, the 4‐silacyclopent‐1‐ene 3b shows a limited chemical stability. For compound 3a an extremely low odor threshold of 0.0087 ng L–1 air was measured, and the silicon analogue 3b with an odor threshold of 0.085 ng L–1 air is the sila‐odorant with the lowest odor threshold measured so far.
Development of frankfurter‐type sausages with healthy lipid formulation and their nutritional, sensory and stability properties
Authors: Ospina‐E Juan Camilo , Rojano Benjamín , Ochoa Oscar , Pérez‐Álvarez José Angel , Fernández‐López Juana 
Published: August 2014

Chemically modified vegetable oils (CMVO) with a specific solid fat content were used at different substitution levels (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to replace pork backfat (20% of total formula) in vacuum packaged frankfurter‐type sausage. Color, pH and lipid oxidation were evaluated throughout shelf life. The proximal composition, weight loss, and sensory profile were also evaluated. Significant color changes were identified between treatments at instrumental level, in some of the color parameters, during storage. However, this does not imply that the products were visually different, and it is unlikely that consumers would notice any differences without specific training. All the other variables analyzed behaved similarly to the control. It was concluded that up to 100% of pork backfat can be replaced by CMVO, without affecting the variables studied in this research.Practical applications: The importance of this study lies in the finding that 100% pork backfat in frankfurters‐type sausages can be replaced by a mix of chemically modified vegetable oils (rich in unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol free), providing advantages in the following three aspects: (i) Consumers: no significant changes in overall sensory quality, (ii) Health: reduced saturated fat content, higher unsaturated fatty acid content, and cholesterol‐free, (iii) Industry: The mix of oils can be directly added during the manufacturing process with no intermediate steps.Healthier frankfurtes with 100% pork backfat substituted with chemically modified vegetable oils.
An algebraic variational multiscale‐multigrid‐multifractal method (AVM4) for large‐eddy simulation of turbulent variable–density flow at low Mach number
Authors: Rasthofer U. , Burton G. C. , Wall W. A. , Gravemeier V. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYAn algebraic variational multiscale‐multigrid‐multifractal method is proposed for large‐eddy simulation of turbulent variable‐density flow at low Mach number. In the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach, the subgrid‐scale quantities are explicitly evaluated from a multifractal description of associated gradient fields. The multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach is embedded into a residual‐based form of the variational multiscale method. A particular feature of the proposed form of the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach is scale separation by level‐transfer operators from plain aggregation algebraic multigrid methods to identify the required smaller resolved scales. In this study, we introduce a novel development of the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach for application to turbulent variable–density flow at low Mach number. Based on the physical background, we derive a variable‐density extension of the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach to recover the subgrid‐scale velocity and temperature field. The proposed method is validated via two numerical test cases. First, turbulent flow in a channel with a heated and a cooled wall is considered for two different temperature ratios. Second, turbulent flow over a backward‐facing step with heating is investigated. The results obtained with the algebraic variational multiscale‐multigrid‐multifractal method are compared with results obtained with the widely‐used dynamic Smagorinsky model and a residual‐based variational multiscale method. Particularly, the results obtained for turbulent flow in a channel with a heated and a cooled wall indicate the excellent prediction quality achievable by the proposed method for turbulent variable‐density flow at low Mach number. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A voxel‐based morphometry comparison of the 3.0T ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 volumetric MRI protocols
Authors: Brunton Simon , Gunasinghe Cerisse , Jones Nigel , Kempton Matthew J , Westman Eric , Simmons Andrew 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 3.0T MRI image acquisition scheme changed between the original ADNI‐1 grant and the two subsequent grants (ADNI‐GO and ADNI‐2). The aim of the current study was to investigate the compatibility of the 3.0T ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 T1‐weighted volumes using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM).MethodsT1‐weighted images of 30 subjects were acquired using a 3T GE Signa HDx using the ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 T1‐weighted volume sequences. Images were pre‐processed and analysed using SPM8. Global grey matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes were compared, as well as voxel‐by‐voxel differences in GM and WM.ResultsCorrelation coefficients and percentage differences for each tissue type between ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 were as follows: ((GM: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.86, ADNI‐1 3.09% < ADNI‐2) (WM: ICC = 0.91, ADNI‐1 2.92% > ADNI‐2) (CSF: ICC = 0.90, ADNI‐1 1.94% > ADNI‐2)). For ADNI‐2, widespread increases in GM were found relative to ADNI‐1 (cerebellum and pre‐central gyrus), with localised decreases along the midline and temporal lobes. For ADNI‐1, widespread increases in WM were found relative to ADNI‐2 (cerebellum and pre‐central gyrus), together with localised decreases in the temporal gyrus.ConclusionsThe widespread increase in GM and localised decrease in WM in ADNI‐2 compared to ADNI‐1 images suggests that the image acquisition protocols are not directly comparable using SPM‐8. Total volumes of GM, WM and CSF also differed between the protocols in the following order of magnitude: GM > WM > CSF. This has implications for studies aiming to analyse images acquired using the ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 protocols under VBM. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Zinc exposure has differential effects on uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen in Chinese cabbage
Authors: Stuiver C. Elisabeth E. , Posthumus Freek S. , Parmar Saroj , Shahbaz Muhammad , Hawkesford Malcolm J. , Kok Luit J. De 
Published: August 2014

AbstractZinc (Zn) is a plant nutrient; however, at elevated levels it rapidly becomes phytotoxic. In order to obtain insight into the physiological background of its toxicity, the impact of elevated Zn2+ concentrations (1 to 10 μM) in the root environment on physiological functioning of Chinese cabbage was studied. Exposure of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) to elevated Zn2+ concentrations (≥ 5 μM) in the root environment resulted in leaf chlorosis and decreased biomass production. The Zn concentrations of the root and shoot increased with the Zn2+ concentration up to 68‐fold and 14‐fold, respectively, at 10 μM compared to the control. The concentrations of the other mineral nutrients of the shoot were hardly affected by elevated Zn2+ exposure, although in the root both the Cu and Fe concentrations were increased at ≥ 5 µM, whereas the Mn concentration was decreased and the Ca concentration strongly decreased at 10 µM Zn2+. The uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen were differentially affected at ≥ 5 µM Zn2+. Zn2+ exposure resulted in an increase of sulfate uptake and the activity of the sulfate transporters in the root, and in enhanced total sulfur concentration of the shoot, which could be ascribed partially to an accumulation of sulfate. Moreover, Zn2+ exposure resulted in an up to 6.5‐fold increase in water‐soluble non‐protein thiol (and cysteine) concentration of the root. However, nitrate uptake by the root and the nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations of the shoot were decreased upon Zn2+ exposure, demonstrating the absence of a mutual regulation of the uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen at toxic Zn levels. Evidently, elevated Zn2+ concentrations in the root environment did not only disturb the uptake, distribution and assimilation of sulfate, it also affected the uptake and metabolism of nitrate in Chinese cabbage.
A study to improve night time fog detection in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin using satellite data and to investigate the connection to aerosols
Authors: Ahmed Rizwan , Dey Sagnik , Mohan Manju 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFog is a socio‐economically important weather hazard in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin, Northern India, disrupting public life and incurring massive economic loss because of delays in road, rail and air traffic every winter (December–January). Accurate detection of the spatial extent of fog and forecasting of its persistence and dispersion are critical in minimizing this economic loss. In the present study, a satellite based bi‐spectral brightness temperature difference (BTD) technique has been applied to detect night time fog over this region during the fog episodes of 2010–2011. The method, validated against ground‐based observations from four urban centres (Amritsar, New Delhi, Lucknow and Varanasi), yields 83.9% accuracy in detecting fog for a total 393 satellite overpasses using the operational 2.5 °C BTD threshold. The accuracy further increases to 88.3% with a reduction in the BTD threshold to 1.5 °C. A minimum fog droplet number concentration of 3.23 cm−3 is required to degrade visibility below 1 km in the presence of aerosols at 95% RH in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin. The results emphasize the need to improve treatment of aerosols in order to improve forecasting of fog occurrence in this region.
Generalized fractional operators for nonstandard Lagrangians
Authors: Taverna Giorgio S. , Torres Delfim F.M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this note, we study the application of generalized fractional operators to a particular class of nonstandard Lagrangians. These are typical of dissipative systems, and the corresponding Euler–Lagrange and Hamilton equations are analyzed. The dependence of the equation of motion on the generalized kernel permits to obtain a wide range of different configurations of motion. Some examples are discussed and analyzed.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief Report: Complement C5a Promotes Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency in the Absence of FGF2
Authors: Hawksworth Owen A. , Coulthard Liam G. , Taylor Stephen M. , Wolvetang Ernst J. , Woodruff Trent M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The complement activation product, C5a, is a pivotal member of the innate immune response; however, a diverse number of nonimmune functions are now being ascribed to C5a signaling, including roles during embryonic development. Here, we identify the expression of the C5a precursor protein, C5, as well as the C5a receptors, C5aR and C5L2, in both human embryonic stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells. We show that administration of a physiologically relevant dose of purified human C5a (1 nM) stimulates activation of ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, and is able to promote maintenance of the pluripotent state in the absence of FGF2. C5a also reduced cell loss following dissociation of human pluripotent stem cells. Our results reveal that complement C5a signaling supports human stem cell pluripotency and survival, and thus may play a key role in shaping early human embryonic development. Stem Cells 2014;32:3278—3284
Agreement of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional transvaginal ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of parametrial infiltration in cervical cancer
Authors: Chiappa V. , Di Legge A. , Valentini A. L. , Gui B. , Miccò M. , Ludovisi M. , Giansiracusa C. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo compare two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) transvaginal ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the gold standard in assessment of parametrial infiltration of cervical cancer and to determine if all parts of the cervix are equally assessable with ultrasound.MethodsPatients with macroscopically evident and histologically confirmed cervical cancer were staged using International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria and underwent MRI and 2D and 3D ultrasound examination before treatment. When assessing parametrial infiltration with 3D ultrasound and MRI, the cervix was (virtually) divided into three cylinders (cranial, middle and caudal) of equal size and each cylinder was then divided into six sectors in a clockwise manner following a consensus between radiologists and ultrasound examiners. The presence and the extent of parametrial invasion were recorded for each sector. Results of 2D ultrasound, 3D ultrasound and MRI were compared and reported in terms of percentage agreement and kappa value.ResultsA total of 29 consecutive patients were included in the study. The percentage agreement between 2D ultrasound and MRI in assessing parametrial infiltration (yes or no) was 76% (kappa, 0.459) and that between 3D ultrasound and MRI was 79% (kappa, 0.508). The results of 2D ultrasound showed the following agreement with those of MRI: 90% for the ventral parametrium (kappa, 0.720), 72% for the right lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.494), 69% for the left lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.412) and 58.5% for the dorsal parametrium (kappa, 0.017). The results of 3D ultrasound showed the following agreement with those of MRI: 62.5% for the ventral parametrium (kappa, 0.176), 81% for the right lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.595), 70% for the left lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.326) and 52% for the dorsal parametrium (kappa, 0.132). The best agreement between 3D ultrasound and MRI was for the middle cervical cylinder (76%; kappa, 0.438) and the poorest agreement was for the caudal cylinder (42%; kappa, 0.125).ConclusionThe results of 2D and 3D ultrasound showed similar moderate agreement with MRI; 2D and 3D ultrasound examinations are less costly and more readily available than MRI and should be considered in the preoperative work‐up for cervical cancer. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.