bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of case–time–control design in pharmacovigilance applications: exploration with high‐risk medications and unplanned hospital admissions in the Western Australian elderly
Authors: Price Sylvie D. , Holman C. D'Arcy J. , Sanfilippo Frank M. , Emery Jon D. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeTo use a case–time–control design to derive preliminary estimates of unplanned hospitalisations attributable to suspected high‐risk medications in elderly Western Australians.MethodsUsing pharmaceutical claims linked to inpatient and other health records, the study applied a case–time–control design and conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for unplanned hospital admissions associated with anticoagulants, antirheumatics, opioids, corticosteroids and four major groups of cardiovascular drugs. Attributable fractions (AFs) were derived from the ORs to estimate the number and proportion of admissions associated with drug exposure. Results were compared with those obtained from a more conventional method using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) external cause codes to identify admissions related to adverse drug events.ResultsThe study involved 1 899 699 index hospital admissions. Six of the eight drug groups were associated with an increased risk of unplanned hospitalisation, opioids (adjusted OR = 1.81, 95%CI 1.75–1.88; AF = 44.9%) and corticosteroids (1.48, 1.42–1.54; 32.2%) linked with the highest risks. For all six, the estimated number of hospitalisations attributed to the medication in the exposed was higher (two to 31‐fold) when derived from the case–time–control design compared with identification from ICD codes.ConclusionsThis study provides an alternative approach for identifying potentially harmful medications and suggests that the use of ICD external causes may underestimate adverse drug events. It takes drug exposure into account, can be applied to individual medications and may overcome under‐reporting issues associated with conventional methods. The approach shows great potential as part of a post‐marketing pharmacovigilance monitoring system in Australia and elsewhere. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of epitaxial c ‐plane ZnO film on a ‐plane sapphire by radio frequency reactive magnetron sputtering
Authors: Liu Hongyan , Gao Shuang , Zeng Fei , Song Cheng , Pan Feng 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this Letter, we report the successful growth of high quality c ‐plane oriented epitaxial ZnO films on a ‐plane sapphire substrates by using radio frequency reactive magnetron sputtering. The effect of substrate temperature on the structural and optical properties has been investigated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies reveal that the ZnO film is grown epitaxially on a ‐plane sapphire substrate, and the film quality is improv‐ ed as the substrate temperature is increased. Photoluminescence (PL) results manifest that screw dislocations can exert great influence on the optical properties. It is found that the line width of the near‐band‐edge emission of PL decreases linearly with increase in screw density. In addition, a simple and effective method is proposed to assess the defect density in epitaxial ZnO films by performing PL measurement. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cognitive development: changing views of cognitive change
Authors: Newcombe Nora S. 
Published: June 2013

The aim of research in cognitive development is to understand the origins of human knowledge and to provide an account of cognitive change. Theorizing regarding these issues is rooted in the nativist–empiricist debate. This article traces changing views in that debate, from the beginnings of psychology, through the cognitive revolution, Piaget, and alternatives to Piaget, including nativism, Vygotskyan theory, and information‐processing work. The last section presents current theorizing and outlines various modern versions of nativism, constructivism, and empiricism.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:479–491. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1245This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and Aging
Moment estimation based on quantiles
Authors: Ren Haobo , Shen Weining , Wu Richard , Soo Yuhwen 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe consider a moment estimation problem using empirical quantiles of the data. Specifically, we estimate the sample mean and the variance based only on the minimum, the quartiles, the median and the maximum values of the data. We propose a computational solution based on fitting a refined version of a generalized λ distribution. Simulation results suggest that our method works reasonably well for a wide range of distributions. WIREs Comput Stat 2013. doi: 10.1002/wics.1267This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Mathematics
MRI after Patellofemoral Replacement: The Component–Bone Interface and Rotational Alignment
Authors: Heyse Thomas J. , Figiel Jens , Hähnlein Ulrike , Timmesfeld Nina , Schofer Markus D. , Fuchs-Winkelmann Susanne , Efe Turgay 
Published: June 2013

Background In an earlier paper, it was shown that tailored magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for reproducible analysis of the preserved knee joint structures after patellofemoral replacement (PFR). Purposes This pilot study investigates to what degree MRI could produce reliable assessment of the implant–bone interface of femoral and patellar components and rotational alignment following PFR. Methods MRI tailored for reduction of metallic artefacts was performed in seven patients who had undergone PFR. Two independent investigators evaluated the implant–bone interface at femoral and patellar components and the rotational alignment of the femoral component. They also assessed their degree of confidence in evaluation using a five-point scale. The inter-observer reliability was determined. Results Implant-induced MRI artefact was barely observed and there was no interference with component–bone interface evaluation. There was excellent inter-observer reliability, inter-observer agreement, and confidence for the implant–bone interface at femoral and patellar components and for rotational alignment. The applied score for the interface was found to be reliable. Conclusion Tailored MRI allows reproducible analysis of the implant–bone interface and of rotational alignment of the femoral component in patients who have had PFR. It might prove helpful in the assessment of painful PFR.
Validation of the Data Elements for the Health System Domain of the PNDS
Authors: Morton Paula , Petersen Carol , Chard Robin , Kleiner Cathy 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis research study established the data elements for the health system domain in the Perioperative Nursing Data Set. A sample of AORN members were asked to confirm the clarity, necessity, measurability, and accuracy of each proposed data element. As a result of this study, the health system domain contains 114 data elements with definitions. When integrated into an electronic health record, data elements can be used to identify, compare, and evaluate the context in which patient care is delivered across settings.
Deep mechanisms in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan orogen (from results of seismic tomography)
Authors: Zabelina I.V. , Koulakov I.Yu. , Buslov M.M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Seismic-tomography studies were conducted in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan using two different observation schemes. The first was based on the arrival times of P and S waves from regional earthquakes recorded with local seismological networks (local scheme). Nonlinear tomographic inversion based on the LOTOS algorithm was used to construct the 3D distributions of P and S wave velocities in the crust beneath the Kyrgyz Tien Shan and to refine the earthquake locations. The second scheme was used to study the upper-mantle structure based on data from global earthquake catalogs (regional scheme). All the data on waves which at least partly travel within the volume studied were used here, including (1) those from regional earthquakes recorded at world seismic stations and (2) teleseisms recorded at the local stations. This approach was earlier applied to calculate the upper-mantle structure beneath Asia. We used a fragment of this structure beneath the Tien Shan and adjacent areas. A series of synthetic tests was performed to estimate the resolution provided by both schemes. The tomography shows traces of the delamination of the Tarim mantle lithosphere from south to north. Also, the local and regional schemes reveal evidence for cold-matter descent from north to south in the northern Tien Shan but on a much smaller scale. Low velocities in the upper mantle beneath the Tien Shan might indicate lithospheric thinning. These data suggest that mantle-lithosphere delamination is taking place underneath both the northern and the southern margins of the Tien Shan collision belt. Lack of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Tien Shan leads to lithospheric weakening and active deformation, thus causing intense orogeny.
Spatial variations of magnetic permeability as a source of dynamo action
Authors: Gallet B. , Pétrélis F. , Fauve S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe investigate dynamo action for a parallel flow of an electrically conducting fluid located over a boundary with spatially varying magnetic permeability. We first compute the dynamo threshold numerically. Then we perform an asymptotic expansion in the limit of small permeability modulation, which gives accurate results even for moderate modulation. We present in detail the mechanism at work for this dynamo. It is an interplay between shear (an $\omega $-effect) and a new conversion mechanism that originates from the non-uniform magnetic boundary. We illustrate how a similar mechanism leads to dynamo action in the case of spatially modulated electrical conductivity, a problem studied by Busse & Wicht (Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., vol. 64, 1992, pp. 135–144). Finally, we discuss the relevance of this effect to experimental dynamos and present ways to increase the dynamo efficiency and reduce the instability threshold.
The Health Factor in Anti-Waste Incinerator Campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou
Authors: Johnson Thomas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article draws on interview and documentary data from three anti-incinerator campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou to examine how urban middle-class homeowners respond to potential local health hazards. It illustrates how and why campaigners shifted from a heavily localized “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) approach that opposed incinerators based on their siting towards a much broader critique of incineration that exploited weaknesses in waste management policy. Although public health concerns remained central during the course of the three campaigns, how they were presented changed as campaigners developed expertise through self-study. This enabled them to construct an alternative narrative about incineration and present their arguments from a public interest perspective, thus deflecting the pejorative NIMBY label.
Discriminant Profile of Young Adulthood Driving Behavior among Brazilian Drivers
Authors: Dotta-Panichi Renata Maria , Wagner Adriana , Sarriera Jorge Castellá 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe aim of this article was to describe the driving behavior profile of drivers aged 18 to 25 years old. Four hundred young adults were interviewed, 320 (80%) of them male and 80 (20%) female. Cluster analysis identified a group characterized by sensation-seeking behavior (Cluster 1), a group that did not show any risky driving behavior (Cluster 2), and a group engaged in transgressive behavior and driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs (Cluster 3). Discriminant analysis classified successfully and correctly 81.3% of the young adults into their original profiles.Function 1distinguished cluster 1 from clusters 2 and 3, on the basis of the following factors: higher frequency of alcohol consumption, intrusive behavior, and motorcycle riding, as well as younger age, more aggressive behavior, and lower education level.Function 2distinguished cluster 3 from cluster 1 and 2, especially as to higher amounts of alcohol consumption, higher frequency of marijuana use and delinquent behavior, larger number of traffic tickets and motor vehicle accidents, higher paternal education level, which were the variables with discriminant values above .20. Characteristics of vulnerability were identified, especially those related to alcohol consumption, drug use, and externalizing issues.
Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Teaching Self-Efficacy in Relation to Personality Traits and Academic Self-Regulation
Authors: Senler Burcu , Sungur-Vural Semra 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the relationship among pre-service science teachers’ personality traits, academic self-regulation and teaching self-efficacy by proposing and testing a conceptual model. For the specified purpose, 1794 pre-service science teachers participated in the study. The Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire were administered to assess pre-service science teachers’ teaching self-efficacy, personality, and academic self-regulation respectively. Results showed that agreeableness, neuroticism, performance approach goals, and use of metacognitive strategies are positively linked to different dimensions of teaching self-efficacy, namely self-efficacy for student engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management. In general, while agreeableness and neuroticism were found to be positively associated with different facets of self-regulation and teaching self-efficacy, openness was found to be negatively linked to these adaptive outcomes.
Erratum: Coral reef invertebrate microbiomes correlate with the presence of photosymbionts
Authors: Bourne David G , Dennis Paul G , Uthicke Sven , Soo Rochelle M , Tyson Gene W , Webster Nicole 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 1452–1458; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.172; published online 10 January 2013 Since the publication of this paper, the authors have become aware of an error in terminology leading to confusion in the definition of ‘photosymbiont bearing’ and ‘non-photosymbiont bearing’ invertebrates.
Differences in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza infection in a house-dust-mite-induced asthma mouse model: consequences for steroid sensitivity
Authors: Mori Hiroki , Parker Nicole S. , Rodrigues Deborah , Hulland Kathryn , Chappell Deborah , Hincks Jennifer S. , Bright Helen , Evans Steven M. , Lamb David J. 
Published: June 2013

A significant number of clinical asthma exacerbations are triggered by viral infection. We aimed to characterize the effect of virus infection in an HDM (house dust mite) mouse model of asthma and assess the effect of oral corticosteroids. HDM alone significantly increased eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and a number of cytokines in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), all of which were sensitive to treatment with prednisolone (with the exception of neutrophils). Virus infection also induced cell infiltration and cytokines. RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) infection in HDM-treated animals further increased all cell types in BAL (except eosinophils, which declined), but induced no further increase in HDM-elicited cytokines. However, while HDM-elicited TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), IFN-γ (interferon-γ), IL (interleukin)-2, IL-5 and IL-10 were sensitive to prednisolone treatment, concomitant infection with RSV blocked the sensitivity towards steroid. In contrast, influenza infection in HDM- challenged animals resulted in increased BAL lymphocytes, neutrophils, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-12, but all were attenuated by prednisolone treatment. HDM also increased eNO (exhaled NO), which was further increased by concomitant virus infection. This increase was only partially attenuated by prednisolone. RSV infection alone increased BAL mucin. However, BAL mucin was increased in HDM animals with virus infection. Chronic HDM challenge in mice elicits a broad inflammatory response that shares many characteristics with clinical asthma. Concomitant influenza or RSV infection elicits differing inflammatory profiles that differ in their sensitivity towards steroids. This model may be suitable for the assessment of novel pharmacological interventions for asthmatic exacerbation.
Effects of Tubing Length and Coupling Method on Hearing Threshold and Real-Ear to Coupler Difference Measures
Authors: Gustafson Samantha , Pittman Andrea , Fanning Robert 
Published: June 2013

Purpose
This tutorial demonstrates the effects of tubing length and coupling type (i.e., foam tip or personal earmold) on hearing threshold and real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD) measures.

Method
Hearing thresholds from 0.25 kHz through 8 kHz are reported at various tubing lengths for 28 normal-hearing adults between the ages of 22 and 31 years. RECD values are reported for 14 of the adults. All measures were made with an insert earphone coupled to a standard foam tip and with an insert earphone coupled to each participant's personal earmold.

Results

Threshold and RECD measures obtained with a personal earmold were significantly different from those obtained with a foam tip on repeated measures analyses of variance. One-sample
t
tests showed these differences to vary systematically with increasing tubing length, with the largest average differences (7–8 dB) occurring at 4 kHz.

Conclusions
This systematic examination demonstrates the equal and opposite effects of tubing length on threshold and acoustic measures. Specifically, as tubing length increased, sound pressure level in the ear canal decreased, affecting both hearing thresholds and the real-ear portion of the RECDs. This demonstration shows that when the same coupling method is used to obtain the hearing thresholds and RECD, equal and accurate estimates of real-ear sound pressure level are obtained.
Speech-in-Noise Tests for Multilingual Hearing Screening and Diagnostics1
Authors: Zokoll Melanie A. , Hochmuth Sabine , Warzybok Anna , Wagener Kirsten C. , Buschermöhle Michael , Kollmeier Birger 
Published: June 2013

Purpose
New complementary multilingual speech-in-noise tests in Russian, Turkish, and Spanish for hearing self-screening purposes and follow-up hearing diagnostics are compared to the speech tests of the European project, HearCom (Hearing in the Communication Society).

Method
The tests consist of spoken numbers (Digit Triplet Test; Smits, Kapteyn, & Houtgast, 2004) or sentences (Matrix Test; e.g., Hagerman, 1982) presented in a background noise and estimate the speech reception threshold, which is the signal-to-noise ratio that yields 50% speech intelligibility. All tests were developed according to the HearCom minimum quality standards for speech intelligibility tests. This report presents a cross-language comparison of reference speech intelligibility functions for monaural headphone measurements with normal-hearing listeners. The same model function was employed to describe the speech intelligibility functions for all of the tests.

Results
Reference speech intelligibility functions of the new versions of the Digit Triplet Test and Matrix Test show high comparability to the HearCom tests. In order to achieve the highest possible comparability across languages, language- and speaker-dependent factors in speech intelligibility should be compensated for.

Conclusion
To date, several complementary tests for screening and diagnostics have been developed in several languages. Adhering to the HearCom standards, the tests are highly comparable across languages. For the Matrix Test, equal syntax and linguistic complexity were maintained across languages due to common methodological standards.
Masking Release Due to Linguistic and Phonetic Dissimilarity Between the Target and Masker Speech
Authors: Calandruccio Lauren , Brouwer Susanne , Van Engen Kristin J. , Dhar Sumitrajit , Bradlow Ann R. 
Published: June 2013

Purpose
To investigate masking release for speech maskers for linguistically and phonetically close (English and Dutch) and distant (English and Mandarin) language pairs.

Method
Thirty-two monolingual speakers of English with normal audiometric thresholds participated in the study. Data are reported for an English sentence recognition task in English and for Dutch and Mandarin competing speech maskers (Experiment 1) and noise maskers (Experiment 2) that were matched either to the long-term average speech spectra or to the temporal modulations of the speech maskers from Experiment 1.

Results
Listener performance increased as the target-to-masker linguistic distance increased (English-in-English < English-in-Dutch < English-in-Mandarin).

Conclusion
Spectral differences between maskers can account for some, but not all, of the variation in performance between maskers; however, temporal differences did not seem to play a significant role.
Correlations in ion channel expression emerge from homeostatic tuning rules
Authors: O'Leary Timothy , Williams Alex H. , Caplan Jonathan S. , Marder Eve 
Published: June 2013

Significance
A deep puzzle in neuroscience is how neurons maintain their electrical properties despite continuous ion channel turnover and activity perturbations. Previous work proposed that activity-dependent homeostatic rules ensure robust development of excitability by regulating channel density, although it is not understood how these rules shape the distribution of ion channel types nor how finely tuned these rules must be. We show that generic homeostatic regulation rules impose correlations in the steady-state distribution of ion channels, as has been recently observed experimentally. Specific correlations depend on relative expression rates, and the regulation rules themselves are far more robust than previously thought.
Impact of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic on Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Care Center in New York City
Authors: Bhadelia Nahid , Sonti Rajiv , McCarthy Jennifer Wright , Vorenkamp Jaclyn , Jia Haomiao , Saiman Lisa , Furuya E. Yoko 
Published: June 2013

Background and Objective.Assessing the impact of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) on healthcare workers (HCWs) is important for pandemic planning.Methods.We retrospectively analyzed employee health records of HCWs at a tertiary care center in New York City with influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and confirmed influenza from March 31, 2009, to February 28, 2010. We evaluated HCWs' clinical presentations during the first and second wave of the pandemic, staff absenteeism, exposures among HCWs, and association between high-risk occupational exposures to respiratory secretions and infection.Results.During the pandemic, 40% (141/352) of HCWs with ILI tested positive for influenza, representing a 1% attack rate among our 13,066 employees. HCWs with influenza were more likely to have fever, cough, and tachycardia. When compared with the second wave, cases in the first wave were sicker and at higher risk of exposure to patients' respiratory secretions (P = .049). HCWs with ILI- with and without confirmed influenza-missed on average 4.7 and 2.7 work days, respectively (P = .001). Among HCWs asked about working while ill, 65% (153/235) reported they did so (mean, 2 days).Conclusions.HCWs in the first wave had more severe ILI than those in the second wave and were more likely to be exposed to patients' respiratory secretions. HCWs with ILI often worked while ill. Timely strategies to educate and support HCWs were critical to managing this population during the pandemic.