bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species specific effect of nest-box cleaning on settlement selection decisions in an artificial colony system
Authors: Fehérvári Péter , Piross Imre Sándor , Kotymán László , Solt Szabolcs , Horváth Éva , Palatitz Péter 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Selecting a suitable breeding habitats and a nest-site within are crucial decisions birds have to make. Free ranging solitary Kestrels may use public information derived from leftover pellets and prey remnants from previous conspecific breeding attempts to assess location quality. However, this information may also indicate potentially higher nestling ectoparasite load. In colonies where habitat quality is similar for all available nests, the only information of previous nest usage may reflect expected future parasite pressure. In this study we explored whether Kestrels, Red-footed Falcons and Jackdaws rely on nest-material consisting of pellets and prey remnants when choosing a nest in a multi species artificial colony system. We also assessed potential effects of these decisions on reproductive success. We randomly selected and cleaned half (n=102) of all available nest-boxes in each of the studied 4 colonies before the breeding season. We then monitored occupancy, egg-laying date, hatching and fledging success. In case of Red-footed Falcons, we also acquired adult age and nestling condition data. Our results show that Kestrels were more likely to breed in uncleaned nest-boxes, however, eggs laid in cleaned nest-boxes were more likely to develop into fledged nestlings. There was a weak indication that lower hatching rate was responsible for this effect, rather than increased parasite load. Nest box cleaning had no effect on measured variables in case of Red-footed Falcons and Jackdaws. Colonial breeding of Kestrels, the only species to react to nest-box cleaning, is rare and is probably a consequence of extreme nest-site shortage in our study site. We conclude that Kestrels are not adapted to interpret the information carried by pellets and prey-remnants in colony nest-boxes.
Research Approaches in the Study of Religion
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Despite development of secular ideas and concepts in the Western world, we can observe increasing interest in the study of religion. However, this popularity of the study of religion and different research approaches has caused that in some sense scholars that were studying religion came to a dead point. Here I show that the most optimal research approach in the study of religion is pluralistic, integral paradigm which connects old traditional methods with naturalistic, cognitive and sometimes experimental approach.
Thinking Through Tools: What Can Tool-Use Tell Us About Distributed Cognition?
Authors: Baber Chris 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this paper, I question the notion that tool-use must be driven by an internal representation which specifies the “motor program” enacted in the behaviour of the tool-user. Rather, it makes more sense to define tool-use in terms of characteristics of the dynamics of this behaviour. As the behaviour needs to be adjusted to suit changes in context, so there is unlikely to be a one-to-one, linear mapping between an action and its effect. Thus, tool-use can best be described using concepts from Nonlinear Dynamics. Such an approach can be used to create a sort of cybernetic model of tool-use. However, there is a danger that such a model can either lead us back to internal representations (in that the comparator used to evaluate feedback during behaviour could be assumed to be pre-defined) or could fail to capture cognitive aspects of behaviour. In particular, the question of how the craftworker’s intent can be enacted in the use of tools to produce a specific object seems to be lost in the cybernetic account. My solution is two-fold. First, the “model” is created on-the-fly and adapted through moment-by-moment interactions in the system of tool-user–tool–material–environment. This means that, rather than assuming a pre-defined internal representation that drives behaviour, I propose that cognition involves the selection of salient parameters that characterize the behaviour and the continued monitoring and management of behaviour in terms of these parameters. Second, intent is only loosely defined a priori but crystallizes through the continued interactions between craftworker and object through a process in which the affordances of the object become apparent to, and responded to by, the craftworker.
Interactivity And Mental Arithmetic: Coupling Mind And World Transforms And Enhances Performance
Authors: Guthrie Lisa G. , Vallée-Tourangeau Frédéric 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Interactivity has been linked to better performance in problem solving, due in part to a more efficient allocation of attentional resources, a better distribution of cognitive load, but perhaps more important by enabling the reasoner to shape and reshape the physical problem presentation to promote the development of the problem solution. Interactivity in solving quotidian arithmetic problems involves gestures, pointing, and the recruitment of artefacts to facilitate computation and augment efficiency. In the experiment reported here, different types of interactivity were examined with a series of mental arithmetic problems. Using a repeated-measures design, participants solved series of five 11-digit sums in four conditions that varied in the type of interactivity: (i) no interactivity (participants solved the problems with their hands on the table top), (ii) pointing (participants could point at the numbers), (iii) pen and paper (participants could note interim totals with a pen), and (iv) tokens (the sums were presented as 11 numbered tokens the arrangement of which participants were free to modify as they proceeded to the solution). Performance in the four conditions was measured in terms of accuracy, calculation error, and efficiency (a ratio composed of the proportion correct over the proportion of time invested in working on the sums). These quantitative analyses were supplemented by a detailed qualitative examination of a participant’s actions in the different conditions. The integration of artefacts, such as tokens or a pen, offered reasoners the opportunity to reconfigure the physical presentation of the problem, enacting different arithmetic strategies: the affordance landscape shifts as the problem trajectory is enacted through interactivity, and this generally produced better “mental” arithmetic performance. Participants also felt more positive about and better engaged with the task when they could reconfigure the problem presentation through interactivity. These findings underscore the importance of engineering task environments in the laboratory that offer a window on how problem solving unfolds through a coalition of mental and physical resources.
Affectivity And Time: Towards A Phenomenology Of Embodied Time-Consciousness
Authors: Pokropski Marek 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the article, I develop some ideas introduced by Edmund Husserl concerning time-consciousness and embodiment. However, I do not discuss the Husserlian account of consciousness of time in its full scope. I focus on the main ideas of the phenomenology of time and the problem of bodily sensations and their role in the constitution of consciousness of time. I argue that time-consciousness is primarily constituted in the dynamic experience of bodily feelings.
In the first part, I outline the main ideas of Husserl’s early phenomenology of consciousness of time. In the second part, I introduce the phenomenological account of bodily feelings and describe how it evolved in Husserl’s philosophy. Next, I discuss the idea of bodily self-affection and the affective-kinaesthetic origin of consciousness’ temporal flow. In order to better understand this “pre-phenomenal temporality”, I analyse the dynamics of non-intentional, prereflective bodily self-affection. In the third part, I try to complement Husserl’s account by describing the specific dynamics of bodily experience. In order to do so, I appeal to Daniel Stern’s psychological account of dynamic bodily experience, which he calls the “vitality affect”. I argue that the best way to understand the pre-phenomenal dynamics of bodily feelings is in terms of the notion of rhythm.
Sudden Infant Death: Chemical Analysis of Vitreous Humor
Authors: Sturner WQ , Dempsey JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The syndrome of sudden and unexpected infant death ("crib death") has long been the subject of investigation. Most reports indicate that a cause of death can be demonstrated at autopsy in one-half to two-thirds of the cases. New diagnostic approaches have been attempted for the remainder; but microbiologic, hematologic, toxicologic, and other studies have been helpful in only a few instances.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Morphine in Opium
Authors: Wittwer JD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Opium is obtained from the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It contains 25 to 30 alkaloids. Commercially, morphine, narcotine (noscapine), papaverine, thebaine, codeine, and narceine are considered the most important of these alkaloids.
Identifying the Copying Machine Used in Preparation of Simulated Forgeries
Authors: Kelly JH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The proliferation of rapid office copiers has in recent years provided a new problem for Document Examiners. Not only is it possible to determine which of many processes was used to prepare a given copy, in many cases an individual machine can be identified as the one on which the copy was made. One of the more common types of office copiers, the xerograph machine, lends itself to these sorts of identification quite well. To establish that a copy was in fact made on a particular copying machine requires full analysis of the copy and the machine.
Ink Differentiation with Infrared Techniques
Authors: Chowdhry R , Gupta SK , Bami HL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There are often questioned document problems in which alterations, additions, and obliterations have been made by visually similar inks. Such cases of forgery have been found in checks, passports, birth certificates, receipts, currency notes, lottery tickets, account books, etc. In the examination of such documents, an expert is often not interested in the complete composition of the inks involved, but is basically concerned with discriminating between these inks which are visually similar but chemically different in composition. He is thus interested in comparative study of the properties of various inks at large. A chemical analyst provided with a bottle of ink can determine the complete composition of an ink by several physico-chemical methods, but examination of ink on paper presents a much more complex and difficult problem [1,2]. For instance, about ninety-eight percent of the ink evaporates on writing and the residue is an extremely small quantity covering a very large surface. Ink writings, therefore, are either tested on paper or physically removed by special techniques [1,3]. This approach, apart from other basic handicaps, results in physical damage to the document in varying degrees depending upon the method used. Removal of ink from the document by solvents or physical punching of paper, followed by chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, etc. are some of the other recent techniques which may give some specific information about composition and comparative identification [1–5]. However, these micromethods are cumbersome and require a good deal of expertise, apart from the basic disadvantage that the document is bound to be physically altered—even though to a small extent.
Determination of Propoxyphene in Biological Materials
Authors: McBay AJ , Turk RF , Corbett BW , Hudson P 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Propoxyphene is 4-dimethylamino-3-methyl-1, 2-diphenyl-2-butanol propionate. The dextrorotatory salt is a very popular prescription analgesic marketed as Darvon®. The levorotatory product, which is not especially popular as an antitussive, is marketed as Novrad®. Dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride is very soluble in water (2 g/ml) and is marketed in capsules by itself and together with acetylsalicylic acid, phenacetin, caffeine, and also a tranquilizer. The capsules usually contain 32 or 65 mg of dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride. Unfortunately, the ready solubility of the hydrochloride has allowed for easy abuse of this drug by injection. A capsule which contained the drug in a spherical tablet also allowed the easy separation of this drug from other ingredients. This form has been discontinued. In an effort to prevent the misuse of the drug and to increase its safety, the manufacturer has produced a water-insoluble salt (1.5 mg/ml), propoxyphene napsylate, or the 2-naphthalene sulfonate which is marketed as Darvon-N®. Because of the weight of the salt this product is supplied in 50- and 100-mg dosage forms as tablets and a suspension containing 50 mg of Darvon-N® per 5 ml. The tablets are film-coated. The insolubility of this product should restrict its abuse and might prevent deaths by allowing for a much slower absorption of the drug.
On Playing the Game of Expert Witness in a Two-Value Logic System
Authors: McCarthy JF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The public is easily enamored with beliefs in the magic of science and the finality of expert testimony of all kinds. Upon being exposed to newspaper articles, comic strips, and television presentations concerning the forensic use of radar, lie detection, chemistry, graphology, microscopy, handwriting identification, etc (all of questionable scientific value and all presented with the same rhetorical conviction), the average person tends to place them on the same plane of scientific acceptance and reliability and is apparently unable or unwilling to differentiate between these disciplines. As a result of this unfortunate situation, when expert testimony is presented the average juror expects definite responses to all questions asked of the witness. When the normal pretrial preparations have been made (actually little or none in criminal cases), the direct testimony of the witness will tend to enhance this belief on the part of jurors because, by the nature of the questions asked, all answers are geared to being definite.
Forensic Psychiatry in the Legal Defense of Murder
Authors: Tanay E 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The crime of murder exists in some form in all known societies. In the disposition of those who are found guilty, the law places little reliance upon behavioral sciences. Homicide occurs for diverse reasons. The law recognizes this fact by providing several legal categories of homicide, one of which is "not guilty by virtue of insanity." The concept of insanity in determining responsibility for the crime is defined according to legal criteria. The literature on the issue of criminal responsibility is extensive, but that issue will not be the subject of this paper.
Determination of Propoxyphene in Biological Materials by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry and Gas Chromatography
Authors: Wallace JE , Ladd SL , Blum K 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Propoxyphene has received widespread utilization as an analgesic agent. Originally thought to be nontoxic, the compound in recent years has been reported as a contributing agent in numerous intoxications of which several have been lethal [1]. The compound is a tertiary amino ester, α-d-4-dimethylamino-l-2-diphenyl-3-methyl-2-butanol propionate. Of the four possible stereoisomers only the α-d form has an analgesic effect [2–4]. Since propoxyphene absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the manner characteristic of benzenoid compounds, methods which utilize ultraviolet spectra of unconverted propoxyphene have little application to the analysis of this compound in biological systems [5].
The Determination of Plasma Ethanol by Gas Liquid Chromatography using Trichloracetic Acid as the Protein Precipitant
Authors: Gupta RN , Galdenzi S , Keane PM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Gas liquid chromatography is now a common method of estimating certain volatile compounds in body fluids [1,2,3]. There is, however, no general agreement regarding sample preparation prior to injection.
A New Look at Qualifying Expert Witnesses and the Doctrine of Privilege for Forensic Scientists
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The expert witness looks at the court system from a somewhat different point of view than judges and attorneys. He sees only a small segment of the whole so that the section in which forensic science fits takes on special importance to him. In many respects this area of the law is relatively new and contains problems which have not been fully recognized or considered by the courts.
The Specificity of the Duquenois Color Test for Marihuana and Hashish
Authors: Pitt CG , Hendron RW , Hsia RS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Duquenois color test [1,2], coupled when possible with botanical examination [3], is regarded as one of the most reliable indications of the trace presence of cannabinoids, the physiologically active constituents of marihuana and hashish [4]. Consequently, this color test is used widely in forensic laboratories in the United States. Analysis of extracts from a substantial number of plant families has failed as yet to discover any exception to the specificity of the test [3,5]. However, it is clear that an understanding of the chemical basis of the test would allow a better appreciation of the molecular features which are necessary for a positive color test, and an increased confidence in its specificity. With this end in mind, we have studied the minimum structural features of the cannabinoid skeleton which are necessary for a positive test.
Eva Braun Hitler's Odontological Identification—A Forensic Enigma?
Authors: Sognnaes RF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Through generous cooperation by custodians of several museums, libraries, and government archive centers, the author has had occasion to explore various historical dental relics and reports covering the evolution of dental art and science over a period ranging from the time of George Washington to that of Adolf Hitler [1,2].
Stardust on the Bar: Space Fallout in Criminalistics
Authors: Pickering WH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Gravity began to slacken its hold on man fifteen years ago, when Sputnik and Explorer 1 first succeeded in loosening the Promethean bonds that had been inviolate for perhaps five billion years. In orbiting and escaping Earth, we have again demonstrated the validity of the great physical laws of Kepler, of Newton, of Einstein. And, inevitably, we have also generated much new knowledge as we have launched satellites around our planet and flown men to the Moon and instruments to Venus and Mars.
Reflections upon Case History, Diagnosis, and Therapy of a Frustrated Patient: Forensic Science
Authors: Maehly AC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
I have set myself the task of critically reviewing the state of forensic science and pointing out possible remedies for some of the unsatisfactory situations prevailing. I shall refrain from further elaborating on the role played by Swedish forensic workers, merely mentioning such names as Harry Söderman, Arne Svensson, and Otto Wendel and the fact that the development of fingerprints with ninhydrin originated in Sweden.
On the Improvement of Suicide Determination
Authors: Murphy GE , Gantner GE , Wetzel RD , Katz S , Ernst MF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Simply stated, suicide is intentional self-destruction. It is tempting to think of it as a clear-cut phenomenon with discrete borders. But every medical examiner and coroner knows the problem of deciding intent when the blood alcohol level is high and the barbiturate level low. The presence of a suicide note, verified to be in the victim's handwriting, may be accepted as reliable proof of suicide. But a note is found in no more than one third of cases judged to be suicide [1,2]. The criteria employed in the remainder of cases are unstated, although physical circumstances at the scene and toxicologic findings must be assumed to carry much weight. No set of established criteria or indices exists to guide the decision.
The Role of Forensic Jurisprudence in the Judicial Process
Authors: Matte PJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The intent of this paper is a clarification of the role of forensic jurisprudence in the judicial process. Confronted with this task, one is left feeling rather like the man who has been persuaded to wrestle with an octopus: uncertain how best to begin. The question is most relevant to lawyers already engaged in that branch of the law which deals with evidence derived from the sciences and the scientifically based arts of our technological society. It seems therefore appropriate to focus initially on the confusion of roles and terminology, and the occasional conflicts of interest which are the inevitable lot of the lawyer who calls himself a forensic jurisprudent, and whose professional concerns include the conflicts of a society in collision with its technology.
Two Deaths Caused by a Lack of Oxygen in an Underground Chamber
Authors: Di Maio DJ , Di Maio VJM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Asphyxial deaths caused by a gross deficiency of oxygen and associated with elevated levels of carbon dioxide are relatively rare. Most such deaths are industrial accidents. The typical case occurs when an individual descends into a sewer, brewery vat, or mine that has not been ventilated for some time. In some of these cases, especially those occurring in sewers, death may be due to other gases such as methane or hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, for proper interpretation of these deaths, it is essential to specifically identify the gas or gases that caused death. Herein are presented two deaths in an underground chamber caused by a gross deficiency of oxygen and associated with an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide. Both these conditions were the direct result of primitive forms of plant life and funguslike organisms growing in the chamber, consuming the oxygen, and producing carbon dioxide.
Respirator-Induced Pneumothorax and Subcutaneous Emphysema: Experimental Overinflation of Cadaver Lungs
Authors: Lawrence RD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Resuscitation maneuvers (including positive-pressure ventilation and closed chest cardiac massage) may be complicated by the formation of pneumothorax (PT), mediastinal emphysema (ME), or subcutaneous emphysema (SCE) [1–4]. Proposed mechanisms of these untoward effects have included overinflation [2–5], violent inspiratory efforts during inflation [4], pulmonary parenchymal laceration due to rib fractures [1], and perforation of air passages during intracardiac injections [1].
Quinine Cardiotoxicity: A Mechanism for Sudden Death in Narcotic Addicts
Authors: Levine LH , Hirsch CS , White LW 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNarcotic abuse has reached alarming proportions in many areas of the United States, carrying with it a pernicious morbidity and a tragic mortality. The latter is estimated to be approximately 0.7 percent of the addict population per annum. There were over 1000 such deaths annually in 1969 and 1970 in New York City alone. Eighty percent of these fatalities in New York are attributed to “immediate acute reactions” following administration (usually intravenous) of narcotics. In Dade County (Metropolitan Miami), Florida, 86 of 87 narcotic-related fatalities, excluding 13 violent deaths in the reported series, “collapsed and died following the injection of a narcotic”. The mechanisms of sudden death in this circumstance are complex and have not been elucidated completely. Several possible explanations include narcotic overdosage with respiratory depression, narcotic induced postural hypotension, hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reaction, idiosyncratic reaction to unspecified material(s), adverse response to intravenous injection of colloid or particulate material (“colloidoclastic crisis”), or adverse reactions to adulterants in narcotic packets which are purchased “on the street”.