bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passive sampling coupled to ultraviolet irradiation: A useful analytical approach for studying oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in bioavailable mixtures
Authors: Forsberg Norman D. , O'Connell Steven G. , Allan Sarah E. , Anderson Kim A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The authors investigated coupling passive sampling technologies with ultraviolet irradiation experiments to study polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and oxygenated PAH transformation processes in real-world bioavailable mixtures. Passive sampling device (PSD) extracts were obtained from coastal waters impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Superfund sites in Portland, Oregon, USA. Oxygenated PAHs were found in the contaminated waters with our PSDs. All mixtures were subsequently exposed to a mild dose of ultraviolet B (UVB). A reduction in PAH levels and simultaneous formation of several oxygenated PAHs were measured. Site-specific differences were observed with UVB-exposed PSD mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:XX–XX. © 2013 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles toxicity to Daphnia magna: size-dependent effects and dissolution
Authors: Lopes Sílvia , Ribeiro Fabianne , Wojnarowicz Jacek , Łojkowski Witold , Jurkschat Kerstin , Crossley Alison , Soares Amadeu M. V. M. , Loureiro Susana 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

As the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and other metal oxides is exponentially increasing, it is important to investigate potential environmental and health impacts of such nanoparticles. Nanoparticles' properties (e.g., size, dissolution rate) may change in different water media, and their characterization is essential to derive conclusions about toxicity results. Therefore, an aquatic model organism, Daphnia magna, was used to investigate the effect of ZnO-NPs with 2 different particle sizes (30 nm and 80–100 nm) and then compare these effects with ZnO microsized particles (&gt;200 nm) and the ionic counterpart (in the form of ZnCl2) on immobilization, feeding inhibition, and reproduction endpoints. The 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) for immobilization ranged between 0.76 mg Zn L−1 for the ionic zinc and 1.32 mg Zn L−1 for ZnO-NPs of 80 nm to 100 nm. For the chronic exposures, the reproduction output was impaired similarly among zinc exposures and possibly driven mainly by the zinc ionic form. The concentrations used showed a total dissolution after 48 h. On the other hand, feeding activity was more affected by the 30 nm ZnO-NPs than by the ionic zinc, showing that the particulate form was also playing an important role in the feeding inhibition of D. magna. Dissolution and particle size in the daphnia test media were found to be essential to derive conclusions on toxicity. Therefore, they can possibly be considered critical for evaluating nanoparticles' toxicity and fate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:190–198. © 2013 SETAC
Biomagnification of mercury through a subtropical coastal food web off Southwest Florida
Authors: Thera Jennifer C. , Rumbold Darren G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Total mercury and stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) were measured in samples from 57 species of invertebrates (17 species) and finfish (40 species) from the coastal waters off southwest Florida, USA, to evaluate the biomagnification of mercury through the food web. Mercury concentrations (wet wt) and δ15N values were highly variable among species, ranging from 0.004 mg/kg in an unidentified species of brittlestar (class Ophiuroidea) to 2.839 ± 1.39 mg/kg in king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and from 4.67‰ in a Florida fighting conch (Strombus alatus) to 13.68‰ in crevalle jack (Caranx hippos). In general, observed Hg levels were in the upper range of levels previously reported for other Gulf populations. Species means of log-transformed Hg concentrations were positively correlated with δ15N (p &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.66) and had a slope of 0.21. A trophic magnification factor of 5.05 was calculated from the relationship between log-transformed mean Hg concentrations and trophic level (calculated from δ15N), indicating that Hg increased by a factor of 5 with each increase in trophic level. The log10[Hg]-δ15N slope and trophic magnification factor were also in the upper range of values reported from other regions and ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:65–73. © 2013 SETAC
Assessment of toxicity test endpoints for freshwater mussel larvae (glochidia)
Authors: Fritts Andrea K. , Barnhart M. Christopher , Bradley Megan , Liu Na , Cope W. Gregory , Hammer Edward , Bringolf Robert B. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The objectives of the present study were to determine if the viability of freshwater mussel larvae (glochidia) is an ecologically relevant endpoint for toxicity tests and to define the appropriate duration of those tests. The authors assessed 1) how viability (the shell closure response to sodium chloride) compares with infectivity (ability to attach to a host fish and successfully metamorphose to the juvenile stage), and 2) the decline of viability and infectivity over time after glochidia were released from female mussels. Glochidia of 7 mussel species were isolated from females, placed in water, and subsampled daily for 2 d to 5 d. Viability, when ≥90%, was generally a good predictor of infectivity; however, when viability was &lt;90%, infectivity was often disproportionately low, especially for glochidia collected near the end of the brooding period. Viability and infectivity declined more rapidly in natural water and sediment compared to reconstituted water. Following 24-h exposure to a toxicant (sodium chloride or copper), infectivity of the viable glochidia did not differ among concentrations of toxicants. The results indicate that viability is a valid proxy for infectivity and an ecologically relevant endpoint for standard toxicity tests with freshwater mussels for any test duration with control viability &gt;90%. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:199–207. © 2013 SETAC
Bioavailability of copper in contaminated sediments assessed by a DGT approach and the uptake of copper by the aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum
Authors: Caillat Amélie , Ciffroy Philippe , Grote Matthias , Rigaud Sylvain , Garnier Jean-Marie 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The assessment of the potentially harmful effects of metals on biota depends on the speciation and bioavailability of the metals. In the present study, the authors investigated Cu accumulation and toxicity in the aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum after exposure to artificial sediments varying in peat or ferric hydroxide content and spiked with Cu (5–200 mg kg−1). Modeling of the kinetic diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) measurements revealed fast and slow Cu resupply from the solid phase for sediment formulated with and without peat, respectively. Myriophyllum aquaticum proved to be sensitive to Cu, as the Cu accumulation and growth differed depending on the sediment composition and Cu concentration. Comparing the Cu accumulation in M. aquaticum with total dissolved concentration, free concentration, and concentration in solution derived from DGT measurements (CDGT), Cu concentrations revealed that CDGT concentrations were a better predictor of accumulation than the others. However, the relatively weak correlation observed (r2 = 0.6) and the fact that plant uptake does not increase proportionally to DGT fluxes suggest that Cu uptake in plants was not diffusion limited. Thus, the free Cu concentrations near the root surface were sufficient to meet the plant's demand during the experiment. Furthermore, labile complexes that continuously resupply the Cu2+ pool may also contribute to the concentrations available for plant uptake. In the range of Cu concentrations investigated in the present study, saturation of uptake processes as well as toxicity are considered responsible for the poor DGT prediction of plant uptake. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:278–285. © 2013 SETAC
Mobility management in packet transport networks for network convergence
Authors: Cortés‐Polo David , González‐Sánchez José‐Luis , Rodríguez‐Pérez Francisco‐Javier , Carmona‐Murillo Javier 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMobility management and quality of service (QoS) are two of the most important goals in the present and future development of wireless networks. These tasks involve not only the wireless domain but also the access network that interconnects mobile devices with the Internet. This emerging topic is known as fixed mobile convergence. The intention of this convergence is the integration and creation of a unified infrastructure from fixed and wireless mobile networks. In this converged infrastructure, users can move across networks and access services seamlessly. In this paper, we present a study on recent advances and open research issues on mobility protocols in conjunction with multi‐protocol label switching (MPLS)‐based access networks. Various mobile management protocols and their interaction with the access network are briefly introduced. A new architecture called integrated proxy mobile MPLS transport profile is also outlined to provide the highest integration level, QoS and high rates of mobility to achieve fixed mobile convergence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the glowing combustion of moist wood by means of a front‐based model
Authors: Galgano Antonio , Di Blasi Colomba , Ritondale Sergio , Todisco Andrea 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA model is presented for the glowing combustion of thick moist wood samples exposed to fire‐level heat fluxes. It includes the description of all the relevant heat and mass transfer phenomena and assumes that the thermally controlled drying, the finite‐rate kinetics pyrolysis, and the mixed kinetic‐diffusive controlled combustion take place at infinitely thin fronts. The solution, based on the integral method, shows that apart from short initial and final transients, an ablation regime is established given high external heat fluxes and/or high moisture contents, high wood density and thermal conductivity, and low char density. Drying, pyrolysis, and combustion take place simultaneously along a constant‐thickness layer that propagates at a constant rate (the same for the three fronts) towards the cold sample side. Good quantitative agreement is obtained between model predictions and measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salt and fat contents influence the microstructure of model cheeses, chewing/swallowing and in vivo aroma release
Authors: Boisard Lauriane , Tournier Carole , Sémon Etienne , Noirot Elodie , Guichard Elisabeth , Salles Christian 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe effects of the lipid/protein ratio (20/28, 24/24, 28/20) and salt content of model cheeses were investigated simultaneously with respect to chewing behaviour, swallowing events and in vivo aroma release. Chewing parameters were measured by electromyography. Swallowing events were recorded manually. In vivo aroma release was investigated using nose‐space on‐line atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation–mass spectrometry. The values for chewing activity and time before swallowing were higher with lower lipid/protein ratios and lower salt contents, due to the greater mechanical resistance of the model cheeses. The corresponding microstructure was made up of smaller and more circular fat droplets in a stronger protein network. Furthermore, the maximum intensity and in‐mouth release rate of aroma decreased as the lipid/protein ratio fell. This could be explained by a retention effect of the proteins, which was stronger than the chewing effect. A rise in salt content triggered more rapid aroma release from the protein phase of the model cheese to the oral cavity, and thence to the nasal cavity. The larger fat droplet size in salt‐supplemented model cheeses slowed down the transfer of aroma release and the levels of aroma release after swallowing were higher. A more rapid swallowing was observed for model cheeses containing added salt and with a higher L/P ratio. It is suggested that this was due to greater salivation and lubrication. Moreover, the number of swallows was positively correlated to the total amount of aroma release. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and controllable release of chitosan/vanillin microcapsules and their application to cotton fabric
Authors: Yang Zujin , Zeng Zhangfu , Xiao Zuobing , Ji Hongbing 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe textile industries have incorporated perfume microencapsulation technology to improve their products. However, certain industrial microcapsules show low encapsulation capacity and low material stability. In this study, vanillin/chitosan microcapsules were prepared via spray‐drying, and the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the microcapsule were 50.69% and 30.31%, respectively. Quantum–chemical calculations confirm the interactions of hydrogen bonds between vanillin and chitosan. Their applicability to the cotton fabric with citric acid as the cross‐linking reagent has been investigated. The structure of the microcapsule‐treated cotton fabric has been characterized with various physico‐chemical techniques. The results confirm the microcapsules have been successfully grafted onto the cotton fabrics. The release experiments show that 21.9% vanillin was retained under 65°C and 80% humidity conditions and 8.6% vanillin still existed after 14 washes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p‐Menthandiol‐vanillin acetals: synthesis and study of their chemo‐sensorial properties
Authors: Serra Stefano , Cominetti Alessandra A. , Gatti Francesco G. , Lavanga Davide , Ottolina Gianluca 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA study on the synthesis of a number of p‐menthandiols‐vanillin(isovanillin) acetals derivatives is reported here. Properties of the compounds prepared were crudely investigated by tasting and by focusing on their chemesthetic effect. In particular some of these acetals showed a definite warming effect. In order to investigate correlation between chemical structure and biological activity, a large number of the aforementioned acetals were prepared by means of the targeted modification of the p‐menthane framework. This approach revealed that structural modifications considerably affect the chemesthetic properties of these compounds, allowing the identification of two kinds of sensorially active chemical frameworks. The potential of these findings in the design of new food additives featuring a warming/tingling effect is discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of new bioflavonoids in bergamot (Citrus bergamia) peel oil by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem ion trap–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Donato Paola , Bonaccorsi Ivana , Russo Marina , Dugo Paola 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA new investigation on manually extracted samples of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil was performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ion trap–time‐ of‐flight mass spectrometer. The study aimed to define new quality parameters for the evaluation of bergamot essential oils based on the composition of bioflavonoid. Polymethoxylated flavones were identified in manually cold‐pressed bergamot (C. bergamia) essential oil from fruits of three different cultivars (‘Femminello’, ‘Castagnaro’ and ‘Fantastico’) harvested in southern Italy. The separation of the oxygen heterocyclic compounds was optimized by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography on a partially porous C18 column under gradient elution. Afterwards, calibration curves were obtained for the quantitative assay using photodiode array detection, while a hybrid ion trap–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer was used for structure elucidation, by tandem mass experiments. The methods applied for the identification and the quantitative determination were validated. The results obtained on samples of secure origin prove that the profile of the non‐volatile fraction of bergamot peel oil is characterized, in addition to the well known coumarines and psoralens, also by four polymethoxylated flavones, namely sinensetin, nobiletin, tetra‐O‐methyl‐scutellarein, and tangeretin. In particular, the identification and quantitative determination of nobiletin and tangeretin are hereby reported, for the first time, in cold‐pressed bergamot essential oil. All the essential oil manually extracted from fruits of the three most common cultivars of C. bergamia contain variable amounts of the four polymethoxyflavones, with the cv. ‘Femminello’ being the one with the highest total content. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing the Euro Area‐wide Leading Indicator (ALI): Real‐Time Signals of Turning Points in the Growth Cycle from 2007 to 2011
Authors: de Bondt Gabe J. , Hahn Elke 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces a new monthly euro Area‐wide Leading Indicator (ALI) for the euro area growth cycle which is composed of nine leading series and derived from a one‐sided bandpass filter. The main findings are that (i) the GDP growth cycle in the euro area can be well tracked, in a timely manner and at monthly frequency, by a reference growth cycle indicator (GCI) derived from industrial production excluding construction, (ii) the ALI reliably leads turning points in the GCI by 5 months and (iii) longer leading components of the ALI are good predictors of the GCI up to 9 months ahead. A real‐time case study on the ALI's capabilities for signalling turning points in the euro area growth cycle from 2007 to 2011 confirms these findings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoneutral Design Aspects of Gasoline Chemical Looping Reformer
Authors: Kale G. R. , Kulkarni B. D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChemical looping reforming (CLR) is a new technology for syngas generation. The theoretical process design aspects of syngas generation using CLR of isooctane (gasoline) are studied in this paper to assess its ability for fuel processor development for solid oxide fuel cells. The fuel processor operating conditions for maximum syngas generation at thermoneutral conditions are determined in this study using nickel oxide as oxygen carrier for different inputs of oxygen carrier within the temperature range of 600–1,000 °C at 1 bar pressure. The thermoneutral temperatures for the dual reactor fuel processor were calculated using the hot product gas stream and exothermic CLR process enthalpy to completely balance the endothermic process requirements. The thermoneutral point of 879.5 °C (NiO input of 7 moles) delivered maximum syngas (13.92 moles) using lowest amount of air (26.13 moles) in the process was found to be the most suitable thermoneutral temperature for the fuel processor operation. The novel fuel processor design can also be used for other fuels and oxygen carriers.
Enhanced Proton Conductivity of Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Membrane Embedded by Dopamine‐Modified Nanotubes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhang T. , Wang J. , Pei F. , He Y. , Liu J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDesign and fabrication of alternative proton exchange membrane (PEM) with high proton conductivity is crucial to the commercial application of PEM fuel cell. Inspired by the bioadhesion principle, dopamine‐modified halloysite nanotubes (DHNTs) bearing –NH2 and –NH– groups are facilely synthesized by directly immersing natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) into dopamine aqueous solution under mild conditions. DHNTs are then embedded into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix to prepare hybrid membranes. HNTs‐filled hybrid membranes are prepared for comparison. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the membranes are extensively investigated. Fourier transform infrared analysis implies that ordered acid–base pairs (e.g., –S–O–…+H–HN–, –S–O–…+H–N–) are formed at SPEEK–DHNT interface through strong electrostatic interaction. In such a way, continuous surface‐induced ion‐channels emerge along DHNTs. Although the incorporation of DHNTs reduces the channel size, water uptake, and area swelling of the hybrid membranes, which in turn would reduce the vehicle‐type proton transfer, the acid–base pairs create continuous pathways for fast proton transfer with low energy barrier via Grotthuss mechanism. Consequently, DHNT‐filled hybrid membrane with 15% DHNTs achieves a 30% increase in proton conductivity and a 52% increase in peak power density of single cell when compared with SPEEK control membrane, particularly.
Sound velocity of hexagonal close‐packed iron up to core pressures
Authors: Ohtani Eiji , Shibazaki Yuki , Sakai Takeshi , Mibe Kenji , Fukui Hiroshi , Kamada Seiji , Sakamaki Tatsuya , Seto Yusuke , Tsutsui Satoshi , Baron Alfred Q. R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe determined the compressional velocity of hcp‐Fe using high‐resolution inelastic X‐ray scattering combined with in situ X‐ray powder diffraction: Our measurements extend up to 174 GPa at room temperature, to 88 GPa at 700 K, and to 61.5 GPa at 1000 K. Our data, including those obtained at high temperature, are well described by a linear relation to density, extending the range of verification of Birch's law and suggesting only small temperature dependence up to 1000 K. This result, once compared to the preliminary reference Earth model seismologically based model, indicates that there is either a strong temperature effect on Birch's law above 1000 K or the composition of the core is rather different than expected, containing, e.g., heavy impurities. Noting that both recent theoretical calculations and shock wave velocity measurements are consistent with modification of Birch's law at high temperature, we favor the former explanation.
Aquarius and SMOS detect effects of an extreme Mississippi River flooding event in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Gierach Michelle M. , Vazquez‐Cuervo Jorge , Lee Tong , Tsontos Vardis M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from the Aquarius/Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC)‐D satellite and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission were used to document the freshening associated with the record 2011 Mississippi River flooding event in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Assessment of the salinity response was aided by additional satellite observations, including chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) and ocean surface currents, and a passive tracer simulation. Low SSS values associated with the spreading of the river plume were observed 1–3 months after peak river discharge which then receded and became unidentifiable from satellite observations 5 months after maximum discharge. The seasonal wind pattern and general circulation of the GoM dramatically impacted the observed salinity response, transporting freshwater eastward along the Gulf coast and entraining low salinity waters into the open GoM. The observed salinity response from Aquarius was consistent with SMOS SSS, chl‐a concentrations, and the passive tracer simulation in terms of the pathway and transit time of the river plume spreading. This study is the first successful application of satellite SSS to study salinity variation in marginal seas.