bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Middle Bronze Age Barrow and Deverel-Rimbury Urnfield, at Latch Farm, Christchurch, Hampshire
Authors: Piggott C. M. 
Published: February 2015

Latch farm is situated on the gravel in the fork of the rivers Stour and Avon, and within a mile of their outlet into the sea at Christchurch.The barrow under discussion was suspected to be such by Mr J. H. Taylor, the owner of the land, in about 1934. It appeared then as a low flat mound, not more than 18 inches or so in elevation, and with no signs of a surrounding ditch. In 1936 gravel digging was started in a large quarry near the barrow, and when its destruction became imminent, Mr J. B. Calkin asked me to excavate the site and save as much material as possible from loss. Accordingly in July and again in September, 1937, with the very ready co-operation of the owner, this was undertaken. Although the contractor was extremely considerate and helped us in many ways it was not possible to keep back the work for many weeks; so in just over three weeks, with two paid men and three voluntary helpers the barrow was excavated as fully as circumstances demanded and time allowed.
Acheulian Flake Tools
Authors: Kelley Harper 
Published: February 2015

During the last few years the importance of the flake cultures of the lower Palaeolithic has been recognised by prehistorians, and great advances have been made towards the correlation of these industries with the various biface cultures, and in the working out of their stratigraphical sequence.The position of the Clactonian has been firmly established, and the long neglected Levalloisian industry is now assuming its proper place of importance. Much confusion has been caused in the past by the misleading nomenclature of these two industries. The Clactonian was often called Abbevillian (Chellian), or Acheulian, and the evolved Clactonian, Mousterian. The Levalloisian was believed to be a part of the Acheulian, and was also frequently miscalled Mousterian. These two flake cultures, sometimes dovetailing with, and sometimes running parallel to the biface industries, culminate in the Mousterian, when they join, via the Tayacian, with the Acheulian biface technique to form a polymorphic culture; the local variations of this usually combine at least two of the techniques. These variations are in a great respect governed by the quality and size of the blocks of material available for making artifacts.
New Aspects and Problems in Irish Prehistory Presidential Address for 1937
Authors: Mahr Adolf 
Published: February 2015

If our Society has for the current year, chosen a President representing Irish Archaeology, I hope it will not be misunderstood if I interpret it as a compliment to recent progress of work and research in Irish Archaeology rather than as a personal tribute.This is not rhetoric. Most Curators of large Museums are constantly facing the danger of becoming nothing else but glorified stamp-collectors; and, whilst they gradually acquire an ever-increasing first-hand knowledge of the actual material, it is the very material itself, with its continuous additions, which absorbs all too frequently their best energies.Hence, with notable exceptions, the Museum career does not make for fertility in literary output; and it is principally occasions like the present one which almost compel a museum Curator to open, as it were, his drawers of new material and to bring some of their contents to the knowledge of fellow-workers in his own and in allied fields of learning.
The Megalithic Monuments of Wales
Authors: Grimes W. F. 
Published: February 2015

This paper summarises the results of the first attempt at systematic study of the megalithic monuments of Wales. Time after time, in the pages of Archaeologia Cambrensis and other journals will be found scattered papers in which the same familiar tombs present themselves; they have formed very inadequate foundations upon which to build, and none of their writers has attempted to place matters upon the only really sound basis, which is that of the study of each and every individual site in the field.This omission is the more unfortunate because so much destruction has taken place in the last fifty years, and inevitably it has been the less well-known sites which have suffered most. No less inevitably the feeling of gratitude to earlier workers for what they have recorded—frequently under some difficulty—is tempered with one of regret for their failure to cover a wider field, and to replace passing references with plans, sketches, or even a few lines of more detailed description, which would have enabled us to obtain a better picture of the monuments as a whole than is now the case.
Problems of the Borderland of Archaeology and Geology in Britain: Presidential Address for 1936
Authors: Boswell P. G. H. 
Published: February 2015

To be the President of the Prehistoric Society is an honour that has a particular personal appeal to me. When the Society was founded in 1908, with a title that identified it with East Anglia, I was resident in Ipswich, the very place that was to become the Mecca of students of the Old Stone Age. My pride in being an early adherent of the Society is tinged with regret that I was not one of the small group of founder-members. Only one circumstance prevented me from so participating, and that was my impression that my close attachment to geology was not an appropriate qualification for membership. This is in itself a significant sidelight on the gap that then lay between the study of later geological history—the Pliocene and Pleistocene (in which I was especially interested)—and investigations relating to the traces of Early Man.In the quarter of a century that has elapsed since the founding of the Society, the gap between the two lines of approach has closed in a remarkable manner: geologists and archæologists now work side by side, and the effects of even the warmest arguments are merely transitory. The story of this interweaving of the sciences is now familiar to us all, and reference to some of the earlier phases of the rapprochement need only be incidental.
The Farnham Terraces and their Sequence
Authors: Bury Henry 
Published: February 2015

In 1913 the gravel beds on the right bank of the Wey at Farnham were described as occurring on four terraces (A, B, C, D,) though admittedly the highest terrace (A) was only part of the much-dissected plateau of Alice Holt. All authorities were until recently agreed that these beds consisted of river gravel, but now Mr R. A. Smith and Major Wade, without giving any clear reasons for their dissent, assure us that there are only two river terraces, one at 50 feet above the river (Terrace D) and the other at 100 feet (Terrace C); and that all the Pleistocene deposits above the latter are ‘contorted drift.’ It does not appear, however, that these words are used in their ordinary sense, to denote the product of a glacier, but Mr Reginald Smith tells us that the gravel is ‘clearly not of river origin; hence some other geological reason for the deposit must be sought.’In the following pages these assertions will be challenged, and an attempt will be made to show that river-gravels extend right up on to the plateau. The old names of the terraces, however, will be maintained throughout, as it seems undesirable to employ the terms ‘50 feet terrace,’ and ‘100 feet terrace’ until their relation to those of the Thames Valley is more fully established.
Three Combe-Capelle Hand-Axes from Norfolk
Authors: Sainty J. E. 
Published: February 2015

Although a number of specimens of Combe-Capelle type are recorded for the Gipping Valley above Ipswich few have so far been recognised in Norfolk. Fig. 1 shows the various aspects of a beautiful specimen found by Mr J. H. Capon in a shallow working for gravel on Mousehold Heath, on the northern border of Norwich. Dr. J. D. Solomon examined the section and reports:— ‘The deposit in which Mr Capon found the implement is a portion of the upper gravel of Mousehold Heath, which contains outwash from the Chalky Boulder Clay and is clearly of Great Eastern date. But the actual portion, in which the implement was found, has clearly been disturbed and re-arranged by solifluxion, perhaps of Little Eastern date. The implement is therefore, not to be considered as in situ in the main mass of the gravel.’It is of fine quality flint. The flatter face (fig. 1 c) is white and porcellanous, highly lustred, and showing two small patches of cortex. The flaking is flat in the extreme, only two of the scars showing resolved flaking. The upper face (fig. 1A) shows grey flint with distinct bluish patina, particularly towards the edges, fine white lines meandering over the whole surface, giving a typical criss-cross effect; some of the flaking is heavily resolved whilst the edges show a rather nibbling re-touch.
A Re-examination of the Therfield Heath Long Barrow, Royston, Hertfordshire
Authors: Phillips C. W. 
Published: February 2015

Therfield heath, the expanse of chalk downland on the west side of Royston, has long enjoyed a local fame for the number of barrows and other antiquities which diversify its surface. On the north side it is bounded by the Icknield Way and so is well placed on the corridor between Wessex and East Anglia.By far the most important monument on the Heath is a small long barrow notable as the only example known in East Anglia, its nearest neighbours being the destroyed Dunstable barrow 25 miles to the west, and, further still, the Churn barrow west of the Thames near the Goring Gap.The outward form of the barrow is well-preserved (fig. 1, plan 1), exhibiting the typical club-shaped plan, the broader and higher end to the east. It is 110 feet long, 56 feet wide and 6 feet high at the east end, and 25 feet wide and 2 feet wide at the west. The Ordnance Survey references are Herts 6 inch 4 NE and 25 inch 4, 8. The latitude is 52°2′35″ and the longitude 0° 2′ 40″ w. The height above sea level is 385 feet.It is unfortunate that the late E. B. Nunn of Royston, who opened most of the barrows on the Heath, completely gutted the interior of this long barrow. By the courtesy of Dr W. M. Palmer, M.A., M.D., F.S.A. I am able to publish the following extract from Nunn's manuscript describing his operations here eighty years ago. Fig. 2 is a reproduction of the sketch which illustrates his account.
British Iron Age Diet: Stable Isotopes and Other Evidence
Authors: Jay Mandy , Richards Michael P. 
Published: February 2015

This paper presents the results of new research into British Iron Age diet. Specifically, it summarises the existing evidence and compares this with new evidence obtained from stable isotope analysis. The isotope data come from both humans and animals from ten British middle Iron Age sites, from four locations in East Yorkshire, East Lothian, Hampshire, and Cornwall. These represent the only significant data-set of comparative humans (n = 138) and animals (n = 212) for this period currently available for the UK. They are discussed here alongside other evidence for diet during the middle Iron Age in Britain. In particular, the question of whether fish, or other aquatic foods, were a major dietary resource during this period is examined.The isotopic data suggest similar dietary protein consumption patterns across the groups, both within local populations and between them, although outliers do exist which may indicate mobile individuals moving into the sites. The diet generally includes a high level of animal protein, with little indication of the use of marine resources at any isotopically distinguishable level, even when the sites are situated directly on the coast. The nitrogen isotopic values also indicate absolute variation across these locations which is indicative of environmental background differences rather than differential consumption patterns and this is discussed in the context of the difficulty of interpreting isotopic data without a complete understanding of the ‘baseline’ values for any particular time and place. This reinforces the need for significant numbers of contemporaneous animals to be analysed from the same locations when interpreting human data-sets.
Analysis of preferential orientation in zirconium samples deformed by uniaxial tension using neutron and X-ray diffraction
Authors: Kučeráková M. , Vratislav S. , Kalvoda L. , Trojanová Z. 
Published: February 2015

Two series of zirconium samples were investigated by neutron and X-ray diffraction. First series of the samples was deformed at room temperature (RT), whereas the second series was deformed at 300 °C. Both series were deformed on uniaxial tensile machine INSTRON 5882 from strain 0 to 30% (strain step was 5%). The neutronographic texture measurements were performed on the KSN-2 neutron diffractometer located at the research reactor LVR-15 in the Nuclear Research Institute, plc. Rez, Czech Republic. The X-ray measurements were performed at the theta/theta X'Pert PRO diffractometer with the Cr X-ray tube. Observed data were processed by the software packages GSAS and X'Pert Texture. Preferential orientation of the $\left({10\bar 10} \right)$ and $\left({11\bar 20} \right)$ plane poles is found to be parallel to the rolling direction for both tested deformation series. Poles of the $\lpar 10\bar 12\rpar $ and $\lpar 10\bar 13\rpar $ planes tend to be parallel to the normal direction (Tables II and III). Orientation of the basal poles is tilted by 45° from the normal direction toward the transverse direction. Sharpness of the resulting texture increases with extends of the applied deformation as well as with rise of the tensile test temperature from the RT level to 300 °C.
ON MENELAUS' SPHERICS III.5 IN ARABIC MATHEMATICS, II: NAṢĪR AL-DĪN AL-ṬŪSĪ AND IBN ABĪ JARRĀDA
Authors: Rashed Roshdi , Papadopoulos Athanase 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn his Sphaerica, Menelaus did not prove Proposition III.5 which is particularly important. He only gave an outline of a proof. Once the Sphaerica were translated into Arabic, mathematicians, starting from the end of the 9th century on, took up this proof. That was made possible to Ibn ʿIrāq thanks to the development of spherical geometry. A first paper contained the history of his contribution. Two other mathematicians, from the 13th century – Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī and Ibn Abī Jarrāda – worked out again the proof of the proposition with the help of Menelaus' book and of the new acquisitions of Ibn ʿIrāq. This is the subject of this second paper.
ING2 (inhibitor of growth protein-2) plays a crucial role in preimplantation development
Authors: Zhou Lin , Wang Pei , Zhang Juanjuan , Heng Boon Chin , Tong Guo Qing 
Published: February 2015

SummaryING2 (inhibitor of growth protein-2) is a member of the ING-gene family and participates in diverse cellular processes involving tumor suppression, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and cellular senescence. As a subunit of the Sin3 histone deacetylase complex co-repressor complex, ING2 binds to H3K4me3 to regulate chromatin modification and gene expression. Additionally, ING2 recruits histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity for gene repression, which is independent of the HDAC class I or II pathway. However, the physiological function of ING2 in mouse preimplantation embryo development has not yet been characterized previously. The expression, localization and function of ING2 during preimplantation development were investigated in this study. We showed increasing expression of ING2 within the nucleus from the 4-cell embryo stage onwards; and that down-regulation of ING2 expression by endoribonuclease-prepared small interfering RNA (esiRNA) microinjection results in developmental arrest during the morula to blastocyst transition. Embryonic cells microinjected with ING2-specific esiRNA exhibited decreased blastulation rate compared to the negative control. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism indicated that down-regulation of ING2 significantly increased expression ofp21, whilst decreasing expression ofHDAC1.These results suggest that ING2 may play a crucial role in the process of preimplantation embryo development through chromatin regulation.
Induction of eosinophil apoptosis by hydrogen peroxide promotes the resolution of allergic inflammation
Authors: Reis A C , Alessandri A L , Athayde R M , Perez D A , Vago J P , Ávila T V , Ferreira T P T , de Arantes A CS , de Sá Coutinho D , Rachid M A , Sousa L P , Martins M A , Menezes G B , Rossi A G , Teixeira M M , Pinho V 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEosinophils are effector cells that have an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. Defective removal of these cells likely leads to chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Thus, there is great interest in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the elimination of eosinophils from inflammatory sites. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for certain mediators and molecular pathways responsible for the survival and death of leukocytes at sites of inflammation. Reactive oxygen species have been described as proinflammatory mediators but their role in the resolution phase of inflammation is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reactive oxygen species in the resolution of allergic inflammatory responses. An eosinophilic cell line (Eol-1) was treated with hydrogen peroxide and apoptosis was measured. Allergic inflammation was induced in ovalbumin sensitized and challenged mouse models and reactive oxygen species were administered at the peak of inflammatory cell infiltrate. Inflammatory cell numbers, cytokine and chemokine levels, mucus production, inflammatory cell apoptosis and peribronchiolar matrix deposition was quantified in the lungs. Resistance and elastance were measured at baseline and after aerosolized methacholine. Hydrogen peroxide accelerates resolution of airway inflammation by induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis of eosinophils and decrease remodeling, mucus deposition, inflammatory cytokine production and airway hyperreactivity. Moreover, the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production by apocynin or in gp91phox−/− mice prolonged the inflammatory response. Hydrogen peroxide induces Eol-1 apoptosis in vitro and enhances the resolution of inflammation and improves lung function in vivo by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis of eosinophils.
Prolyl hydroxylase regulates axonal rewiring and motor recovery after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Miyake S , Muramatsu R , Hamaguchi M , Yamashita T 
Published: February 2015

AbstractProlyl 4-hydroxylases (PHDs; PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3) are a component of cellular oxygen sensors that regulate the adaptive response depending on the oxygen concentration stabilized by hypoxia/stress-regulated genes transcription. In normoxic condition, PHD2 is required to stabilize hypoxia inducible factors. Silencing of PHD2 leads to the activation of intracellular signaling including RhoA and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), which are key regulators of neurite growth. In this study, we determined that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PHD2 in cultured cortical neurons prevents neurite elongation through a ROCK-dependent mechanism. We then explored the role of PHDs in axonal reorganization following a traumatic brain injury in adult mice. Unilateral destruction of motor cortex resulted in behavioral deficits due to disruption of the corticospinal tract (CST), a part of the descending motor pathway. In the spinal cord, sprouting of fibers from the intact side of the CST into the denervated side is thought to contribute to the recovery process following an injury. Intracortical infusion of PHD inhibitors into the intact side of the motor cortex abrogated spontaneous formation of CST collaterals and functional recovery after damage to the sensorimotor cortex. These findings suggest PHDs have an important role in the formation of compensatory axonal networks following an injury and may represent a new molecular target for the central nervous system disorders.
Mechanistic insight into the functional transition of the enzyme guanylate kinase induced by a single mutation
Authors: Zhang Yuebin , Niu Huiyan , Li Yan , Chu Huiying , Shen Hujun , Zhang Dinglin , Li Guohui 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDramatic functional changes of enzyme usually require scores of alterations in amino acid sequence. However, in the case of guanylate kinase (GK), the functional novelty is induced by a single (S→P) mutation, leading to the functional transition of the enzyme from a phosphoryl transfer kinase into a phosphorprotein interaction domain. Here, by using molecular dynamic (MD) and metadynamics simulations, we provide a comprehensive description of the conformational transitions of the enzyme after mutating serine to proline. Our results suggest that the serine plays a crucial role in maintaining the closed conformation of wild-type GK and the GMP recognition. On the contrary, the S→P mutant exhibits a stable open conformation and loses the ability of ligand binding, which explains its functional transition from the GK enzyme to the GK domain. Furthermore, the free energy profiles (FEPs) obtained by metadymanics clearly demonstrate that the open-closed conformational transition in WT GK is positive correlated with the process of GMP binding, indicating the GMP-induced closing motion of GK enzyme, which is not observed in the mutant. In addition, the FEPs show that the S→P mutation can also leads to the mis-recognition of GMP, explaining the vanishing of catalytic activity of the mutant.
Hierarchical multicolor nano-pixel matrices formed by coordinating luminescent metal ions to a conjugated poly(4′-octyl-2′,6′-bispyrazoyl pyridine) film via contact printing
Authors: Basak Supratim , Mohiddon Md Ahamad , Baumgarten Martin , Müllen Klaus , Chandrasekar Rajadurai 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe introduce a cost-effective, yet feasible reactive printing approach namely, “coordination chemistry at the conjugated ligand polymer surface”. By using a contact printing technique we selectively fabricated high resolution nano-pixel configurations consisting of red, blue and green (R,G,B) colors arranged in a hierarchical three-dimensional fashion. For this, we have synthesized a novel blue emitting conjugated ligand polymer, [poly(4′-octyl-2′,6′-bispyrazoyl pyridine)] ("Equation missing" ~ 7–8 KDa) having a tridentate ligand in its repeating unit which forms a thin film prone of binding metal ions. On top of this ligand polymer film, a layer of high-resolution cross-stripes (width ca. 800 nm) was printed comprised of Eu and Tb ions over a large area ~ 100 × 100 μm2. The final woodpile-like assembly produced a new pixel group consisting of B; BG; BR; and BGR (White) colors. The area of the white emitting square is ca. 0.64 μm2. The patterned layers that make up the pixels are very thin and thus this new technique might find applications in flexible light emitting devices.
Differential regulation of the hmsCDE operon in Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by the Rcs phosphorelay system
Authors: Guo Xiao-Peng , Ren Gai-Xian , Zhu Hui , Mao Xu-Jian , Sun Yi-Cheng 
Published: February 2015

AbstractYersinia pestis, the agent of plague, forms a biofilm in its flea vector to enhance transmission. Y. pestis biofilm development is positively regulated by hmsT and hmsD, encoding diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) involved in synthesis of the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP. rcsA, encoding an auxiliary protein in Rcs phosphorelay, is nonfunctional in Y. pestis, while in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, rcsA is functional and represses biofilms. Previously we showed that Rcs phosphorelay negatively regulates transcription of hmsT in Y. pestis and its ancestor Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. In this study, we show that Rcs positively regulates hmsCDE operon (encoding HmsD) in Y. pestis; while in the presence of functional rcsA, Rcs represses hmsCDE operon in Y. pseudotuberculosis. Loss of rcsA's function in Y. pestis not only causes derepression of hmsT but also causes activation of hmsD, which may account for the increased biofilm formation in Y. pestis. In addition, differential regulation of the two DGCs, HmsT and HmsD by Rcs may help Y. pestis to adapt to different environment.