bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing the Antioxidant Effect of Essential Oils and BHT on Corn Oil at Frying Temperatures: a Response Surface Methodology
Authors: İnanç Tuğba , Maskan Medeni 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFood habits worldwide have increased the demand for oxidative‐resistant oils that can be used for deep‐frying. Oxidative stability in oils can be improved by changing the fatty acid composition of the oil or by adding natural antioxidants to the oil. In this study, the effect of essential oils of seven plants; cinnamon, rosemary, sage, turmeric, clove, thyme and oregano enriched with carvacrol on the oxidative stability of corn oil at frying temperatures were studied. Experiments were conducted by using a PetroOxy device, a rapid small scale oxidation stability test. A central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of concentration of essential oil (X1: 1,500–5,000 ppm) and temperature (X2: 150–180 °C), on the induction time of corn oil. In order to compare the results with the synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), another design was made with a concentration range (60–350 ppm) containing the legal upper limit of BHT, 200 ppm. Induction periods obtained from the accelerated oxidation test revealed that increasing temperature decreased the induction time of all the samples. However, the essential oils except for oregano oil had no significant antioxidative effect on corn oil, probably due to a lower content of their active components. The antioxidative effect of oregano oil was also found to be higher compared to BHT. At very high temperatures (e.g., 180 °C), the concentration of antioxidants had no effect on the induction periods.
Increasing Tree Cover in Degrading Landscapes: ‘Integration’ and ‘Intensification’ of Smallholder Forest Culture in the Alutilla Valley, Matiranga, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Syed Ajijur , Rahman Md Faizar , Sunderland Terry 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Research was conducted in Alutilla Valley in eastern Bangladesh to identify the nature of existing agroforestry systems and to identify potential agroforestry models that could ameliorate currently degrading forest resources Data were collected through farmer participatory research and a structured quarterly survey in two villages. Qualitative and supplementary quantitative analysis methods were used to assess the financial potential of agroforestry systems. Various patterns of agroforestry exist in the study site, but all have two common principles, namely ‘integration with agriculture’ and ‘multi-functionality’. Two agroforestry models suitable for adoption by farmers have been identified. Multi-strata agroforestry, based on a fruit and timber tree canopy with vegetables and tuber species in the understorey, can be practiced in the shifting cultivation fields near settlements. Fruit and timber tree-based conservation agroforestry is well suited to manage large-scale biologically depleted landscapes. Both systems yield early financial returns, facilitating the change from shifting cultivation to multi-strata agroforestry or fruit and tree-based conservation agroforestry.
The Educational Consequences of Teen Childbearing
Authors: Kane Jennifer B. , Morgan S. Philip , Harris Kathleen Mullan , Guilkey David K. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA huge literature shows that teen mothers face a variety of detriments across the life course, including truncated educational attainment. To what extent is this association causal? The estimated effects of teen motherhood on schooling vary widely, ranging from no discernible difference to 2.6 fewer years among teen mothers. The magnitude of educational consequences is therefore uncertain, despite voluminous policy and prevention efforts that rest on the assumption of a negative and presumably causal effect. This study adjudicates between two potential sources of inconsistency in the literature—methodological differences or cohort differences—by using a single, high-quality data source: namely, The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We replicate analyses across four different statistical strategies: ordinary least squares regression; propensity score matching; and parametric and semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation. Results demonstrate educational consequences of teen childbearing, with estimated effects between 0.7 and 1.9 fewer years of schooling among teen mothers. We select our preferred estimate (0.7), derived from semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation, on the basis of weighing the strengths and limitations of each approach. Based on the range of estimated effects observed in our study, we speculate that variable statistical methods are the likely source of inconsistency in the past. We conclude by discussing implications for future research and policy, and recommend that future studies employ a similar multimethod approach to evaluate findings.
Effect of glutamate transporter EAAT2 gene variants and gray matter deficits on working memory in schizophrenia
Authors: Poletti S. , Radaelli D. , Bosia M. , Buonocore M. , Pirovano A. , Lorenzi C. , Cavallaro R. , Smeraldi E. , Benedetti F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, with up to 40% of all synapses being glutamatergic. An altered glutamatergic transmission could play a critical role in working memory deficts observed in schizophrenia and could underline progressive changes such as grey matter loss throughout the brain. The aim of the study was to investigate if gray matter volume and working memory could be modulated by a genetic polymorphism related to glutamatergic function. Fifty schizophrenia patients underwent magnetic resonance and working memory testing outside of the scanner and were genotyped for rs4354668 EAAT2 polymorphism. Carriers of the G allele had lower gray matter volumes than T/T homozygote and worse working memory performance. Poor working memory performance was associated with gray matter reduction. Differences between the three genotypes are more relevant among patients showing poor performance at the 2-back task. Since glutamate abnormalities are known to be involved in excitotoxic processes, the decrease in cortical thickness observed in schizophrenia patients could be linked to an excess of extracellular glutamate. The differential effect of EAAT2 observed between good and poor performers suggests that the effect of EEAT2 on gray matter might reveal in the presence of a pathological process affecting gray matter.
Thyroid hormone‐dependent development of the GABAergic pre‐ and post‐synaptic components in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Sawano Erika , Takahashi Masaki , Negishi Takayuki , Tashiro Tomoko 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThyroid hormone (TH) plays essential roles in normal brain development mainly by regulating gene expression through binding to specific nuclear receptors which serve as transcription factors. Previous studies showed that perinatal deficiency of TH or impairment of its signaling severely affect brain development, especially the development of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, but cellular and molecular targets of the hormone are only partly uncovered. In the present study, we focused on the developing rat hippocampus which was confirmed to be one of the regions highly sensitive to TH status, and found two new targets of the hormone among the pre‐ and post‐synaptic components of the GABAergic system. One was glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), the protein level of which was reduced to less than 50% of control in the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats (obtained by administering 0.025% methimazole in drinking water to pregnant dams from gestational day 15 until 4 weeks postpartum) and recovered to control levels by daily thyroxine‐replacement after birth. Reduction in GAD65 protein was correlated immunohistochemically with a 37% reduction in the number of GAD65‐positive cells as well as a reduction in GAD65‐positive processes. In contrast, the other GAD isotype, GAD67, was not affected by TH status. A subpopulation of GABAergic neurons containing parvalbumin was also confirmed to be highly dependent on TH status. The second target of thyroid hormone was neuron‐specific K+/Cl−co‐transporter, KCC2, which is responsible for switching of GABA action from excitatory to inhibitory. In the euthyroid hippocampus, a sharp rise ofkcc2expression was observed at postnatal day (PND)10 which was followed by a large increase in KCC2 protein at PND15. This transient rise inkcc2expression was completely suppressed by hypothyroidism, resulting in nearly 80% reduction in KCC2 protein at PND15. These results indicate that the development of GABAergic terminals and the excitatory to inhibitory maturation of GABA signaling are strongly dependent on TH.
Late Precambrian terrigenous rocks of the Anamakit–Muya zone of the Baikal–Muya belt: geochemistry and results of LA-ICP-MS dating of detrital zircons
Authors: Dmitrieva N.V. , Letnikova E.F. , Buslov M.M. , Proshenkin A.I. , Geng H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A comparative geochemical characteristics of Late Precambrian sedimentary rocks (Ust’-Kelyana and Tuluya rock units) in the Anamakit–Muya zone of the Baikal–Muya belt is given, and the conditions of their sedimentation are considered. The first results of U–Pb (LA-ICP-MS) dating of detrital zircons and Sm–Nd isotope data on the Tuluya unit deposits are presented. Petrogeochemical study showed that the studied sediments are first-cycle rocks similar in composition to terrigenous island-arc sediments. The low contents of Th, Rb, Zr, Hf, and LREE and high contents of Co, Ni, Sc, V, Cr, and Fe2O3* in the sandstones of the Ust’-Kelyana unit evidence that these rocks are similar to oceanic-arc deposits. In contrast, the enrichment of the Tuluya unit rocks in Zr, LREE, Th, Rb, and Nb indicates their similarity to deposits of continental island arcs or active continental margin. Isotope-geochronological studies of the Tuluya rock unit showed the mixing of detrital material resulted from the erosion of Neoproterozoic island-arc igneous rock associations (625–700 Ma), like those in the Karalon–Mamakan zone (Yakor’ and Karalon Formations), and more ancient associations, like the Kelyana (812–824 Ma) and/or Dzhaltuk Groups. Judging from the minimum age of detrital zircon, the lower time bound of sedimentation corresponds to 0.6 Ga.
Restitic ultramafic rocks in the Early Caledonian collisional system of western Cisbaikalia
Authors: Mekhonoshin A.S. , Vladimirov A.G. , Vladimirov V.G. , Volkova N.I. , Kolotilina T.B. , Mikheev E.I. , Travin A.V. , Yudin D.S. , Khlestov V.V. , Khromykh S.V. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Early Caledonides in the Olkhon region of western Cisbaikalia, being part of the folded framing of the Siberian craton, are a unique geologic object for studying processes of mantle–crust interaction at deep levels of the Earth’s crust. This paper describes restitic ultramafic bodies and boudins spatially confined to faults (blastomylonite sutures), as well as synkinematic granites related to amphibolite facies of metamorphism. Estimates are given for the PT-conditions of metamorphic rocks from the folded framing of the ultramafic bodies, the chemical and mineral compositions of ultramafic rocks, blastomylonites and synkinematic granites, and the results of U–Pb and Ar–Ar isotopic dating. Particular attention is paid to the thermal history of tectonic exposure of the ultramafic bodies as relics of the paleo-oceanic crust in the Early Caledonian collisional system of western Cisbaikalia.
Petrology and geochemistry of gabbro and picrites from the Altai collisional system of Hercynides: evidence for the activity of the Tarim plume
Authors: Khromykh S.V. , Vladimirov A.G. , Izokh A.E. , Travin A.V. , Prokop’ev I.R. , Azimbaev E. , Lobanov S.S. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
We present petrological, isotopic, and geochronological data on gabbro-picrite plutons from the Altai collisional system of Hercynides (eastern Kazakhstan). The geological, geochemical, and geochronological data suggest that these rocks are indicators of the activity of the Tarim plume. The gabbro and picrites formed in two stages (~293 and 280 Ma) in an acid-to-basic succession, explained by a model for the interaction of thermochemical plumes with the lithosphere. Early igneous activity, which gave rise to subalkalic gabbro plutons, reflects the first interaction between the ascending plume and the lithosphere, with low-melting sublithospheric protoliths. Further interaction was characterized by the sublithospheric spread of the plume head with intense heating of the lithospheric base and possible intrusion of deep melts, which resulted in the formation of Cu–Ni–PGE gabbro-picrite plutons in the Altai collisional system and Northwest China.
Unsteady pitching flat plates
Authors: Granlund Kenneth O. , Ol Michael V. , Bernal Luis P. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDirect force measurements and qualitative flow visualization were used to compare flow field evolution versus lift and drag for a nominally two-dimensional rigid flat plate executing smoothed linear pitch ramp manoeuvres in a water tunnel. Non-dimensional pitch rate was varied from 0.01 to 0.5, incidence angle from 0 to 90°, and pitch pivot point from the leading to the trailing edge. For low pitch rates, the main unsteady effect is delay of stall beyond the steady incidence angle. Shifting the time base to account for different pivot points leads to collapse of both lift/drag history and flow field history. For higher rates, a leading edge vortex forms; its history also depends on pitch pivot point, but linear shift in time base is not successful in collapsing lift/drag history. Instead, a phenomenological algebraic relation, valid at the higher pitch rates, accounts for lift and drag for different rates and pivot points, through at least 45° incidence angle.
Global stability of flow in symmetric wavy channels
Authors: Rivera-Alvarez Alejandro , Ordonez Juan C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA two-dimensional global stability analysis is numerically conducted for the basic fully developed steady flow inside symmetric wavy channels. The relative amplitude of channel modulation, defined as ratio of wall modulation amplitude to mean hydraulic diameter, is fixed via the analysis at a large value of 0.15. The relative channel wavelength, defined as the ratio of wall modulation wavelength to mean hydraulic diameter, is varied between 1 and 5. An important feature of the present approach is the detailed consideration of the streamwise conditions imposed on the flow, which allows a tailored restriction of the possible disturbances by modifying the number of channel sections that set the periodicity. Stability of the base flow is determined on the basis of the spectral structure analysis conducted, possible after calculation of the complete eigenvalue spectrum and facilitated by the spectral method employed. Two different destabilization mechanisms have been identified for the geometry studied. For small relative channel wavelengths, with values below approximately 2.7, the flow is destabilized via a Hopf bifurcation produced by a Tollmien–Schlichting wave at Reynolds numbers in the approximated range from 265 to 324. For large relative channel wavelengths, with values above approximately 2.5, a pitchfork bifurcation (or a Hopf bifurcation with very small oscillation frequency), not previously reported in the literature and produced by a symmetric stationary disturbance, is found at Reynolds numbers in the approximated range from 146 to 230.
Bending of elastic fibres in viscous flows: the influence of confinement – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Wexler Jason S. , Trinh Philippe H. , Berthet Helene , Quennouz Nawal , du Roure Olivia , Huppert Herbert E. , Linder Anke , Stone Howard A. 
Published: September 2013

The original version of this article (Wexler et al.2013) was published with author A. Lindner’s name incorrectly spelled. The error has been rectified in the online PDF and HTML copies.
Mechanical Response of Dental Cements as Determined by Nanoindentation and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Saghiri Mohammad Ali , Nazari Amir , Garcia-Godoy Franklin , Asatourian Armen , Malekzadeh Mansour , Elyasi Maryam 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of nanoindentation on the surface of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), Bioaggregate and Nano WMTA cements. Cements were mixed according to the manufacturer directions, condensed inside glass tubes, and randomly divided into three groups (n = 8). Specimens were soaked in synthetic tissue fluid (pH = 7.4) and incubated for 3 days. Cement pellets were subjected to nanoindentation tests and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Then, the images were processed and the number of cracks and total surface area of defects on the surface were calculated and analyzed using ImageJ. Data were submitted to one-way analysis of variance and a post hoc Tukey's test. The lowest number of cracks and total surface of defects were detected in Nano WMTA samples; however, it was not significantly different from WMTA samples (p = 0.588), while the highest values were noticed in Bioaggregate specimens that were significantly different from Nano WMTA and WMTA (p = 0.0001). The surface of WMTA and Nano WMTA showed more resistance after exposure to nano-compressive forces which indicated a better surface tolerance against these forces and crack formation. This suggests these substances are more tolerant cement materials which can predictably withstand loaded situations in a clinical scenario.
Is expert opinion enough? A critical assessment of the evidence for potential impacts of climate change on tick-borne diseases
Authors: Randolph Sarah E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBefore attributing cause and consequence to climate change, the precise patterns of change must be known. Ground records across much of Europe show a 1–2 °C rise in temperatures in 1989 with no significant rise since then. The timing and spatial uniformity of this pattern, relative to changes in the distribution and incidence of many vector-borne diseases, are sufficient to falsify most simple claims that climate change is the principal cause of disease emergence. Furthermore, age-specific increases in incidence indicate causes other than, or in addition to, climate change. Unfortunately, many public health professionals repeat the received wisdom that climate change is worsening the burden of indirectly transmitted infections; this ‘expert opinion’ soon becomes consensus dogma divorced from quantitative evidence. The pressing need is to gather appropriate data to test the simple concept that the composition and relative importance of disparate multifactorial factors, commonly integrated within a causal nexus, will inevitably vary with the geographical, cultural, socio-economical, wildlife, etc. context. The greatest impact of warming occurs at the geographical limits of current distributions, where low temperatures limit the hazard of infected vectors. Within core endemic regions, changing exposure of humans to this hazard, through changing socio-economic factors is evidently more important amongst both the poor and the wealthy.
Assignment of the Q-Bands of the Chlorophylls: Coherence Loss via Qx − Qy Mixing
Authors: Reimers Jeffrey R. , Cai Zheng-Li , Kobayashi Rika , Rätsep Margus , Freiberg Arvi , Krausz Elmars 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe provide a new and definitive spectral assignment for the absorption, emission, high-resolution fluorescence excitation, linear dichroism, and/or magnetic circular dichroism spectra of 32 chlorophyllides in various environments. This encompases all data used to justify previous assignments and provides a simple interpretation of unexplained complex decoherence phenomena associated with Qx → Qy relaxation. Whilst most chlorophylls conform to the Gouterman model and display two independent transitions Qx (S2) and Qy (S1), strong vibronic coupling inseparably mixes these states in chlorophyll-a. This spreads x-polarized absorption intensity over the entireQ-band system to influence all exciton-transport, relaxation and coherence properties of chlorophyll-based photosystems. The fraction of the total absorption intensity attributed to Qx ranges between 7% and 33%, depending on chlorophyllide and coordination and is between 10% and 25% for chlorophyll-a. CAM-B3LYP density-functional-theory calculations of the band origins, relative intensities, vibrational Huang-Rhys factors and vibronic coupling strengths fully support this new assignment.
Role of orthopyroxene in rheological weakening of the lithosphere via dynamic recrystallization
Authors: Farla Robert J. M. , Karato Shun-ichiro , Cai Zhengyu 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The theory of plate tectonics is well established for Earth; however, why it operates is less well known. Here we propose that the deformation of a realistic two-phase aggregate (olivine and orthopyroxene) contributes to the rheological weakening and localization in the lower lithosphere and upper mantle. In particular, in a certain temperature range, the experimentally deformed aggregates show substantial weakening and the partitioning of strain in fine-grained regions composed of both olivine and orthopyroxene, possibly governed by grain-boundary pinning effects. However, at higher temperatures, the polyphase aggregates deform more homogeneously and are subject to less weakening. Using a model, we predict the conditions under which localized deformation may occur in the Earth.
Node-by-node disassembly of a mutualistic interaction web driven by species introductions
Authors: Rodriguez-Cabal Mariano A. , Barrios-Garcia M. Noelia , Amico Guillermo C. , Aizen Marcelo A. , Sanders Nathan J. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Examining the effects of species gains and losses is fundamental to understanding the assembly and disassembly of ecological communities in a changing world. However, field-based empirical studies that demonstrate the disassembly of mutualistic webs are exceedingly rare. In this study, we take advantage of an ongoing natural experiment that links the gain of invasive species (introduced large mammals and wasps), the loss of a native keystone species (a mistletoe), and the ensuing node-by-node disassembly of an interaction web in Patagonia, Argentina. Our results demonstrate that the gains and losses of species are both consequences and drivers of global change that can lead to underappreciated cascading coextinctions through the disruption of mutualisms.
Phonon-interface scattering in multilayer graphene on an amorphous support
Authors: Sadeghi Mir Mohammad , Jo Insun , Shi Li 
Published: September 2013

SignificanceThe thermal conductivity of suspended graphene can be even higher than the basal-plane value of graphite, which is among the highest found in solids. However, when graphene is in contact with an amorphous material, the thermal conductivity is suppressed considerably. This paper reports that the thickness of multilayer graphene supported on an amorphous substrate needs to be more than 30 atomic layers to recover the graphite thermal conductivity. The finding is explained by long phonon mean free paths in graphite even along the cross-plane direction, and is used to clarify interface leakage of phonons as an important mechanism for the observed suppression. The result is relevant for the application of graphene for electronics, thermal management, and other applications.