bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synovial Regulatory T Cells Occupy a Discrete TCR Niche in Human Arthritis and Require Local Signals To Stabilize FOXP3 Protein Expression
Authors: Bending David , Giannakopoulou Eirini , Lom Hannah , Wedderburn Lucy R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Although there is great interest in harnessing the immunosuppressive potential of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) for treating autoimmunity, a sizeable knowledge gap exists regarding Treg fate in human disease. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients, we have previously reported that atypical CD25+FOXP3− Treg-like cells uniquely populate the inflamed site. Intriguingly, their proportions relative to CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs associate with arthritis course, suggesting a role in disease. The ontogeny of these FOXP3− Treg-like cells is, however, unknown. In this study, we interrogated clonal relationships between CD4+ T cell subsets in JIA, using high-throughput TCR repertoire analysis. We reveal that FOXP3+ Tregs possess highly exclusive TCRβ usage from conventional T cells, in blood, and also at the inflamed site, where they are clonally expanded. Intriguingly, the repertoires of FOXP3+ Tregs in synovial fluid are highly overlapping with CD25+FOXP3− Treg-like cells, indicating fluctuations in FOXP3 expression in the inflamed joint. Furthermore, cultured synovial Tregs rapidly downregulated FOXP3 protein (but not mRNA), and this process was prevented by addition of synovial fluid from JIA patients, through an IL-6–independent mechanism. Our findings suggest that most Tregs arise from a separate lineage from conventional T cells, and that this repertoire divergence is largely maintained under chronic inflammatory conditions. We propose that subsequent Treg expansions at the inflamed site creates an environment that leads to competition for limited resources within the synovium, resulting in the destabilization of FOXP3 expression in some Tregs.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Protects Lungs from Cockroach Allergen–Induced Inflammation by Modulating Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Xu Ting , Zhou Yufeng , Qiu Lipeng , Do Danh C. , Zhao Yilin , Cui Zhuang , Wang Heng , Liu Xiaopeng , Saradna Arjun , Cao Xu , Wan Mei , Gao Peisong 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Exposure to cockroach allergen leads to allergic sensitization and increased risk of developing asthma. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a receptor for many common environmental contaminants, can sense not only environmental pollutants but also microbial insults. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with the capacity to modulate immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether AhR can sense cockroach allergens and modulate allergen-induced lung inflammation through MSCs. We found that cockroach allergen–treated AhR-deficient (AhR−/−) mice showed exacerbation of lung inflammation when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an AhR agonist, significantly suppressed allergen-induced mouse lung inflammation. MSCs were significantly reduced in cockroach allergen–challenged AhR−/− mice as compared with WT mice, but increased in cockroach allergen–challenged WT mice when treated with TCDD. Moreover, MSCs express AhR, and AhR signaling can be activated by cockroach allergen with increased expression of its downstream genes cyp1a1 and cyp1b1. Furthermore, we tracked the migration of i.v.-injected GFP+ MSCs and found that cockroach allergen–challenged AhR−/− mice displayed less migration of MSCs to the lungs compared with WT. The AhR-mediated MSC migration was further verified by an in vitro Transwell migration assay. Epithelial conditioned medium prepared from cockroach extract–challenged epithelial cells significantly induced MSC migration, which was further enhanced by TCDD. The administration of MSCs significantly attenuated cockroach allergen–induced inflammation, which was abolished by TGF-β1–neutralizing Ab. These results suggest that AhR plays an important role in protecting lungs from allergen-induced inflammation by modulating MSC recruitment and their immune-suppressive activity.
FOXO3–NF-κB RelA Protein Complexes Reduce Proinflammatory Cell Signaling and Function
Authors: Thompson Matthew G. , Larson Michelle , Vidrine Amy , Barrios Kelly , Navarro Flor , Meyers Kaitlyn , Simms Patricia , Prajapati Kushal , Chitsike Lennox , Hellman Lance M. , Baker Brian M. , Watkins Stephanie K. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Tumor-associated myeloid cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are immune suppressive. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism involving FOXO3 and NF-κB RelA that controls myeloid cell signaling and impacts their immune-suppressive nature. We find that FOXO3 binds NF-κB RelA in the cytosol, impacting both proteins by preventing FOXO3 degradation and preventing NF-κB RelA nuclear translocation. The location of protein–protein interaction was determined to be near the FOXO3 transactivation domain. In turn, NF-κB RelA activation was restored upon deletion of the same sequence in FOXO3 containing the DNA binding domain. We have identified for the first time, to our knowledge, a direct protein–protein interaction between FOXO3 and NF-κB RelA in tumor-associated DCs. These detailed biochemical interactions provide the foundation for future studies to use the FOXO3–NF-κB RelA interaction as a target to enhance tumor-associated DC function to support or enhance antitumor immunity.
Tumor-Unrelated CD4 T Cell Help Augments CD134 plus CD137 Dual Costimulation Tumor Therapy
Authors: Mittal Payal , St. Rose Marie-Clare , Wang Xi , Ryan Joseph M. , Wasser Jeffrey S. , Vella Anthony T. , Adler Adam J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The ability of immune-based cancer therapies to elicit beneficial CD8+ CTLs is limited by tolerance pathways that inactivate tumor-specific CD4 Th cells. A strategy to bypass this problem is to engage tumor-unrelated CD4 Th cells. Thus, CD4 T cells, regardless of their specificity per se, can boost CD8+ CTL priming as long as the cognate epitopes are linked via presentation on the same dendritic cell. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic impact of engaging tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells during dual costimulation with CD134 plus CD137 that provide help via the above-mentioned classical linked pathway, as well as provide nonlinked help that facilitates CTL function in T cells not directly responding to cognate Ag. We found that engagement of tumor-unrelated CD4 Th cells dramatically boosted the ability of dual costimulation to control the growth of established B16 melanomas. Surprisingly, this effect depended upon a CD134-dependent component that was extrinsic to the tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells, suggesting that the dual costimulated helper cells are themselves helped by a CD134+ cell(s). Nevertheless, the delivery of therapeutic help tracked with an increased frequency of tumor-infiltrating granzyme B+ effector CD8 T cells and a reciprocal decrease in Foxp3+CD4+ cell frequency. Notably, the tumor-unrelated CD4 Th cells also infiltrated the tumors, and their deletion several days following initial T cell priming negated their therapeutic impact. Taken together, dual costimulation programs tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells to deliver therapeutic help during both the priming and effector stages of the antitumor response.
Magnetic resonance imaging of optic nerve
Authors: Gala Foram 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Optic nerves are the second pair of cranial nerves and are unique as they represent an extension of the central nervous system. Apart from clinical and ophthalmoscopic evaluation, imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plays an important role in the complete evaluation of optic nerve and the entire visual pathway. In this pictorial essay, the authors describe segmental anatomy of the optic nerve and review the imaging findings of various conditions affecting the optic nerves. MRI allows excellent depiction of the intricate anatomy of optic nerves due to its excellent soft tissue contrast without exposure to ionizing radiation, better delineation of the entire visual pathway, and accurate evaluation of associated intracranial pathologies.
Joint-Stock Corporation under Turkish Commercial Law and the Doctrine of Increasing Shareholder Commitments
Authors: Tepe Berna 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT The principle that the shareholder of a joint-stock company is under the single obligation of paying in his contribution to the equity-capital is in force within the framework of the 2011 Turkish Commercial Code. It appears as if the reinforced principle of “single obligation” critically challenges the relevance of the formerly settled norm of subjecting increase in shareholders’ commitments to unanimous consent of all shareholders. That being said, since the Turkish Commercial Code also contains deviations to the single obligation principle in addition to the fact that the notion of increase is shareholders’ commitments was not made entirely obsolete from the Turkish Commercial Code, the doctrine for subjecting increases in shareholders’ commitments to the general assembly’s unanimous vote is - to an extent - still relevant within the context of the 2011 Turkish Commercial Code.
Displaying a Poster, Unifying a Campus: Undergraduate Research Day at Penn State Wilkes-Barre
Authors: Knies Jennie Levine , Mac Gregor Megan 
Published: November 2015

This article describes the first official Undergraduate Research Day at Penn State Wilkes-Barre, a small campus with approximately 550 undergraduate students and 8 four-year degree programs. In 2015, an informal planning committee, consisting of two librarians and two faculty members, embarked on a project to turn what had been an informal course assignment into a campus-wide research event. By remaining flexible, engaged, and open to collaboration, the committee made Undergraduate Research Day in April 2015 a success, and plans are underway to hold this event in subsequent years. The event energized and motivated students, faculty, and staff on campus and paved the way toward a unified organizational identity on campus.
Barbarians, Telescreens, and Jazz:
Authors: García Hugo 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
This article is a preliminary exploration of a large (some forty texts) and relatively unknown sample of reactionary uchronias—that is, works of fiction that imagine future revolutions in dystopian terms—published in Spain between the 1870s and the 1950s. Building on the work of Marc Angenot and Matthew Beaumont, among others, it argues that these texts not only provide a precious insight into the mentality of a large section of Spanish society in the transition to modernity but also illuminate the formative process of the modern dystopia. Spanish uchronias are interesting for various reasons: their abundance and variety during a very long period, the evidence of cultural transfers both into and—less often—from Spain, and their peculiar features, such as the important role played by religion both in the plot and in the identity of protagonists. More generally, the study shows the remarkable spread of the dystopian form in the Western world since the end of the nineteenth century and the need for further comparative and transnational analyses that integrate the traditions of “semiperipheral countries” into the general—and overwhelmingly Anglo-American—narrative on the history of utopianism.
Tokens of Identity: Gender and Recognition in Greek Tragedy
Authors: McClure Laura 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This essay explores the function of women in tragic recognition and its implications for understanding the genre and ancient Greek conceptions of gender more generally. It begins with the premise that recognition is a reciprocal process that confers social identity on the participants and affirms the importance of kin ties. Women are critical to discovery because of their knowledge of the material markers of male identity, whether physical scars or objects wrought or managed by them. Through their supervision of these tokens, particularly textiles, they are represented as maintaining and transmitting the knowledge of the past, indispensable to the recovery and preservation of male identity within the oikos.
Distorted Oaths in Aeschylus
Authors: Torrance Isabelle 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This paper argues that Aeschylus systematically distorts normative ritual paradigms of oath-taking for dramatic purposes. Oaths in Aeschylus tend to be conspiratorial and/or political in nature. In the Oresteia, conspiratorial oaths will conform to the general pattern evident throughout the trilogy where perverted or inverted images in Agamemnon become ambivalent in Libation Bearers and are restored to their auspicious context in Eumenides. Political oaths, however, remain anomalous throughout the trilogy up to the conclusion of Eumenides with the oath of alliance between Argos and Athens, and it is argued that these anomalies imply an ambiguous position vis-à-vis the alliance.
The Impact of Dividend Payment on Market’s Expectation after the Global Crisis
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Thai , Nguyen Tristan 
Published: November 2015

<p>This paper examines if there is any change in investors’ behavior toward dividend payout policy of the US corporations after the breakout of the global financial crisis in 2007-2008. In order to do so, dividend signaling theory is adopted as the main theme where we build econometrical models describing the influence of dividend payment on market’s expectation. Unlike most of the previous studies which use either price-dividend or dividend-earnings type tests to provide empirical evidence for the signaling theory, this paper attempts to perform a new type of test called present value of growth options (PVGO)-dividend type test. It is inspired by the recent development of real options as an investment valuation tool. This paper is in our opinion the very first to examine the implications of the signalling models in the context of the relation between dividend and PVGO using real options technique. Our result shows that in the market flooded with information like the US financial market, dividend no longer plays a significant role in delivering additional valuable information to investors. This outcome is highly inconsistent with dividend signaling theory. </p>
Des p’tits culs aux gangs de rue. Action concertée et enjeux définitionnels1
Authors: Cauchie2 Jean-François , Corriveau Patrice , Tracqui Héloïse , Cyr Kim 
Published: November 2015

Au Canada, le phénomène des « gangs de rue » suscite une inquiétude politique et policière depuis près d’une vingtaine d’années. Cette inquiétude s’est traduite au Québec par deux plans d’intervention successifs à la fin des années 2000. C’est ainsi que dans plusieurs villes de la province, des tables de concertation sur les gangs ont vu le jour. Informés des difficultés que connaissait l’une de ces tables à se situer par rapport à sa raison d’être, nous avons eu recours à des entretiens semi-directifs avec ses membres : service de police, centres jeunesse, organismes communautaires, milieux scolaires. Ces entretiens se sont spécifiquement penchés sur les décalages que les membres de la table de concertation percevaient entre la définition policière du phénomène de gangs de rue adoptée par le groupe et leurs « réalités de terrain » ; des réalités qui étaient par ailleurs loin de faire consensus. Nous verrons que de tels décalages occasionnent nombre de malaises touchant à la fois à la raison d’être de la table et à la légitimité de ses actions concertées.
Le désistement assisté ? Les interventions des agents de probation telles que perçues par des sursitaires qui se sont désistés du crime1
Authors: F.-Dufour2 Isabelle 
Published: November 2015

Un nombre grandissant d’études sur le désistement ont permis de déterminer le ou les processus qui conduisent à l’abandon de la « carrière criminelle ». On reconnaît généralement que ces processus peuvent être facilités (ou contrecarrés) par l’agent de probation chargé du suivi du désisteur. Or, il y a encore peu d’études ayant porté sur le rôle des agents de probation dans le processus de désistement du crime et, généralement, celles qui existent sont centrées sur l’étape de désistement primaire (arrêt des comportements criminels). Cet article illustre le point de vue de 22 désisteurs secondaires (changement identitaire) sur les interventions facilitantes (ou non) offertes par leurs agents de probation lors de leur emprisonnement avec sursis. Les résultats indiquent que la perception de ces interventions varie selon le type de processus de désistement du crime emprunté par les sursitaires.
Multiscale fracture network characterization and impact on flow: A case study on the Latemar carbonate platform
Authors: Hardebol N. J. , Maier C. , Nick H. , Geiger S. , Bertotti G. , Boro H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA fracture network arrangement is quantified across an isolated carbonate platform from outcrop and aerial imagery to address its impact on fluid flow. The network is described in terms of fracture density, orientation, and length distribution parameters. Of particular interest is the role of fracture cross connections and abutments on the effective permeability. Hence, the flow simulations explicitly account for network topology by adopting Discrete‐Fracture‐and‐Matrix description. The interior of the Latemar carbonate platform (Dolomites, Italy) is taken as outcrop analogue for subsurface reservoirs of isolated carbonate build‐ups that exhibit a fracture‐dominated permeability. New is our dual strategy to describe the fracture network both as deterministic‐ and stochastic‐based inputs for flow simulations. The fracture geometries are captured explicitly and form a multiscale data set by integration of interpretations from outcrops, airborne imagery, and lidar. The deterministic network descriptions form the basis for descriptive rules that are diagnostic of the complex natural fracture arrangement. The fracture networks exhibit a variable degree of multitier hierarchies with smaller‐sized fractures abutting against larger fractures under both right and oblique angles. The influence of network topology on connectivity is quantified using Discrete‐Fracture‐Single phase fluid flow simulations. The simulation results show that the effective permeability for the fracture and matrix ensemble can be 50 to 400 times higher than the matrix permeability of 1.0 · 10−14 m2. The permeability enhancement is strongly controlled by the connectivity of the fracture network. Therefore, the degree of intersecting and abutting fractures should be captured from outcrops with accuracy to be of value as analogue.
Effect of pore pressure buildup on slowness of rupture propagation
Authors: Ougier‐Simonin A. , Zhu W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPore fluid pressure is known to play an important role in brittle fracture initiation and propagation, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We conducted triaxial experiments on saturated porous sandstones to investigate effects of pore pressure buildup on the slowness of shear rupture propagation at different confining pressures. At low to intermediate confinements, rocks fail by brittle faulting, and pore pressure buildup causes a reduction in rock's shear strength but does not induce measurable differences in slip behavior. When the confinement is high enough to prohibit dynamic faulting, rocks fail in the brittle‐ductile transitional regime. In the transitional regime, pore pressure buildup promotes slip instability on an otherwise stably sliding fracture. Compared to those observed in the brittle regime, the slip rate, stress drop, and energy dissipated during rupture propagation with concurrent pore pressure buildup in the transitional regime are distinctively different. When decreasing confining pressure instead, the slip behavior resembles the ones of the brittle regime, emphasizing how the observed slowness is related to excess pore pressure beyond the effective pressure phenomenon. Analysis of the mechanical data using existing theoretical models confirms these observations. Quantitative microstructural analyses reveal that increasing pore pressure lessens the dilatancy hardening during failure, thus enhances slip along the localized zone in the transitional regime. Our experimental results suggest that pore pressure buildup induces slow slip in the transitional regime, and slip rates along a shear fracture may vary considerably depending on effective stress states.
Permeability and pressure measurements in Lesser Antilles submarine slides: Evidence for pressure‐driven slow‐slip failure
Authors: Hornbach Matthew J. , Manga Michael , Genecov Michael , Valdez Robert , Miller Peter , Saffer Demian , Adelstein Esther , Lafuerza Sara , Adachi Tatsuya , Breitkreuz Christoph , Jutzeler Martin , Le Friant Anne , Ishizuka Osamu , Morgan Sally , Slagle Angela , Talling Peter J. , Fraass Andrew , Watt Sebastian F. L. , Stroncik Nicole A. , Aljahdali Mohammed , Boudon Georges , Fujinawa Akihiko , Hatfield Robert , Kataoka Kyoko , Maeno Fukashi , Martinez‐Colon Michael , McCanta Molly , Palmer Martin , Stinton Adam , Subramanyam K. S. V. , Tamura Yoshihiko , Villemant Benoît , Wall‐Palmer Deborah , Wang Fei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRecent studies hypothesize that some submarine slides fail via pressure‐driven slow‐slip deformation. To test this hypothesis, this study derives pore pressures in failed and adjacent unfailed deep marine sediments by integrating rock physics models, physical property measurements on recovered sediment core, and wireline logs. Two drill sites (U1394 and U1399) drilled through interpreted slide debris; a third (U1395) drilled into normal marine sediment. Near‐hydrostatic fluid pressure exists in sediments at site U1395. In contrast, results at both sites U1394 and U1399 indicate elevated pore fluid pressures in some sediment. We suggest that high pore pressure at the base of a submarine slide deposit at site U1394 results from slide shearing. High pore pressure exists throughout much of site U1399, and Mohr circle analysis suggests that only slight changes in the stress regime will trigger motion. Consolidation tests and permeability measurements indicate moderately low (~10−16–10−17 m2) permeability and overconsolidation in fine‐grained slide debris, implying that these sediments act as seals. Three mechanisms, in isolation or in combination, may produce the observed elevated pore fluid pressures at site U1399: (1) rapid sedimentation, (2) lateral fluid flow, and (3) shearing that causes sediments to contract, increasing pore pressure. Our preferred hypothesis is this third mechanism because it explains both elevated fluid pressure and sediment overconsolidation without requiring high sedimentation rates. Our combined analysis of subsurface pore pressures, drilling data, and regional seismic images indicates that slope failure offshore Martinique is perhaps an ongoing, creep‐like process where small stress changes trigger motion.