bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncovering Cryptic Asexuality in Daphnia magna by RAD Sequencing
Authors: Svendsen Nils , Reisser Celine M O , Dukić Marinela , Thuillier Virginie , Ségard Adeline , Liautard-Haag Cathy , Fasel Dominique , Hürlimann Evelin , Lenormand Thomas , Galimov Yan , Haag Christoph R 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The breeding systems of many organisms are cryptic and difficult to investigate with observational data, yet they have profound effects on a species’ ecology, evolution, and genome organization. Genomic approaches offer a novel, indirect way to investigate breeding systems, specifically by studying the transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring. Here we exemplify this method through an assessment of self-fertilization vs. automictic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. Self-fertilization reduces heterozygosity by 50% compared to the parents, but under automixis, whereby two haploid products from a single meiosis fuse, the expected heterozygosity reduction depends on whether the two meiotic products are separated during meiosis I or II (i.e., central vs. terminal fusion). Reviewing the existing literature and incorporating recombination interference, we derive an interchromosomal and an intrachromosomal prediction of how to distinguish various forms of automixis from self-fertilization using offspring heterozygosity data. We then test these predictions using RAD-sequencing data on presumed automictic diapause offspring of so-called nonmale producing strains and compare them with “self-fertilized” offspring produced by within-clone mating. The results unequivocally show that these offspring were produced by automixis, mostly, but not exclusively, through terminal fusion. However, the results also show that this conclusion was only possible owing to genome-wide heterozygosity data, with phenotypic data as well as data from microsatellite markers yielding inconclusive or even misleading results. Our study thus demonstrates how to use the power of genomic approaches for elucidating breeding systems, and it provides the first demonstration of automictic parthenogenesis in Daphnia.
A Walk-and-Eat Intervention Improves Outcomes for Patients With Esophageal Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Xu Yu-Juan , Cheng Jason Chia-Hsien , Lee Jang-Ming , Huang Pei-Ming , Huang Guan-Hua , Chen Cheryl Chia-Hui 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground.Preserving functional walking capacity and nutritional status is important for patients with esophageal cancer, but no effective intervention is available, particularly during active treatment.Methods.This pilot randomized controlled trial tested the effects of a walk-and-eat intervention for patients with esophageal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Participants with locally advanced esophageal cancer stage IIB or higher (n = 59) were randomly assigned to receive the walk-and-eat intervention (n = 30; nurse-supervised walking three times per week and weekly nutritional advice) or usual care (n = 29; control group) during 4–5 weeks of chemoradiotherapy. Primary endpoints were changes in distance on the 6-minute walk test, hand-grip strength, lean muscle mass, and body weight between initiation and completion of intervention.Results.Participants (mean age: 59.6 years) were mostly male (92.9%) with squamous cell carcinoma (96.4%). During chemoradiotherapy, participants who received the walk-and-eat intervention had 100-m less decline than controls in walk distance (adjusted p = .012), 3-kg less decrease in hand-grip strength (adjusted p = .002), and 2.7-kg less reduction in body weight (adjusted p &lt; .001), regardless of age. The intervention group also had significantly lower rates of need for intravenous nutritional support and wheelchair use.Conclusion.The nurse-led walk-and-eat intervention is feasible and effective to preserve functional walking capacity and nutritional status for patients with esophageal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.Implications for Practice:Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer patients often comes with side effects that affect patients’ appetite and body weight and lead to a marked decrease in physical activity that may reduce strength, muscle mass, and functional walking capacity. This study shows that these side effects may be reduced in esophageal cancer patients who participate in a walk-and-eat intervention. Nurses can implement this intervention in radiation oncology departments, provided physician and nursing leadership cooperate to achieve compliance with the protocols.
Hotel-type nursing and ethical dilemmas due to business interests
Authors: Zupančič Vesna 
Published: September 2015

Introduction: In the age of neoliberalism, there are differences in the implementation of nursing activities due to business interests being integrated into nurse-patient relationships. An example of this is hotel-type nursing, which involves fulfilling patients’ needs by charging for nursing services (or by charging an additional fee for extra services). Whether this constitutes a contemporary nursing development or a danger is an important question. This paper explores an approach to resolving ethical dilemmas, which often emerge when the interests of businesses, nurses, and patients are integrated, as contemporary nursing is implemented according to community care principles.Methods: In a case study of nurses’ activities conducted in June 2013 and 2014 in three different institutions, the methods of observation and interviews were used. The collected data were analyzed using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) methodology, and then verified and updated with a power diagram qualitative interpretation and the Decide, Establish, Consider, Identify, Develop, and Implement (DECIDE) decision-making model.Results: Based on my study of hotel-type nursing, an approach to resolving ethical dilemmas which arise with the integration of business interests into nurse-patient relationships is explained.Discussion: Hotel-type nursing involves an adaptation by nurses to a change in their relationship with the patient. This adaptation must ensure that the nurse’s professionalism is recognized as being significantly more beneficial to the patient than a reduction of the nurse’s role to one of simply fulfilling a patient’s wishes.Conclusion: Hotel-type nursing can be advantageous in the development of contemporary nursing if nurses adhere to high ethical standards and practice self-control.
Impact of Stormwater Discharges on Water Quality in Coastal Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Schiff Kenneth , Luk Brenda , Gregorio Dominic 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT: Marine protected areas worldwide limit harvest to protect sensitive fisheries, but rarely do they address water quality goals that may have equally demonstrable impacts. California has over 500 coastal shoreline miles of marine protected areas designated as Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS), but receives untreated wet weather runoff discharges from over 1600 storm drain outfalls. The goal of this study was to assess the extent and magnitude of water quality impacts in ASBS following storm events. A stratified probabilistic design was used for sampling receiving water shorelines near (discharge) and far (non‐discharge) from storm drain outfalls. In general, reasonably good water quality exists in California's ASBS following storm events. Many of the target analytes measured did not exceed water quality standards. The post‐storm concentrations of most constituents in discharge and non‐discharge strata of ASBS were similar. The three potentially problematic parameters identified were total PAH, chromium, and copper.
Effects of Stormwater Pipe Size and Rainfall on Sediment and Nutrients Delivered to a Coastal Bayou
Authors: Grigas Daniel , Lehrter John , Cebrian Just , Chen Yushun , Ehmen Brenna , Woodrey Mark 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT: Pollutants discharged from stormwater pipes can cause water quality and ecosystem problems in coastal bayous. A study was conducted to characterize sediment and nutrients discharged by small and large (< 20 cm and >20 cm in internal diameters, respectively) pipes under different rainfall intensities (< 2.54 cm and > 2.54 cm, respectively). Results showed that large pipes had greater discharge than small pipes. Pollutants concentrations did not vary by pipe size. Large pipes had greater loads of TSS (138.2 vs. 24.0 mg/s), NO3− (5.54 vs. 2.74 mg/s), and NH4+ (0.39 vs. 0.19 mg/s) than small pipes. Neither discharge nor constituents varied by rainfall events. Pipe size may be a useful metric for estimating loads to a system. Nutrient reduction efforts should be directed to reducing the dissolved nutrient pools, while stormwater management efforts should be directed to reducing pipe freshwater discharge volumes that drive constituent loads.
Emission of Carbon Dioxide and Methane from Duckweed Ponds for Stormwater Treatment
Authors: Dai Jingjing , Zhang Chiqian , Lin Chung‐Ho , Hu Zhiqiang 
Published: September 2015

ABSRACT: This study determined the greenhouse gas emission from two laboratory‐scale duckweed ponds for stormwater treatment. The rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from the two duckweed systems was 1472 ± 721 mg/m2·d and 626 ± 234 mg/m2·d, respectively. After the removal of duckweeds, CO2 emissions decreased to 492 ± 281 mg/m2·d and 395 ± 53 mg/m2·d, respectively. The higher CO2 emissions in the duckweed systems were attributed to duckweed biomass decay on the pond soil surface. A thin‐film model was able to predict the increasing CO2 concentrations in the closed static chamber during 2 weeks of sampling. The initial methane fluxes from the duckweed systems were 299 ± 74 mg/m2·d and 180 ± 91 mg/m2·d, respectively. After the removal of duckweeds, the flux increased to 559 ± 215 mg/m2·d and 328 ± 114 mg/m2·d, respectively.
Critical Review of Technical Questions Facing Low Impact Development and Green Infrastructure: A Perspective from the Great Plains
Authors: Vogel Jason R. , Moore Trisha L. , Coffman Reid R. , Rodie Steven N. , Hutchinson Stacy L. , McDonough Kelsey R. , McLemore Alex J. , McMaine John T. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT: Since its inception, Low Impact Development (LID) has become part of urban stormwater management across the United States, marking progress in the gradual transition from centralized to distributed runoff management infrastructure. The ultimate goal of LID is full, cost‐effective implementation to maximize watershed‐scale ecosystem services and enhance resilience. To reach that goal in the Great Plains, the multi‐disciplinary author team presents this critical review based on thirteen technical questions within the context of regional climate and socioeconomics across increasing complexities in scale and function. Although some progress has been made, much remains to be done including continued basic and applied research, development of local LID design specifications, local demonstrations, and identifying funding mechanisms for these solutions. Within the Great Plains and beyond, by addressing these technical questions within a local context, the goal of widespread acceptance of LID can be achieved, resulting in more effective and resilient stormwater management.
Roofing Materials Assessment: Investigation of Five Metals in Runoff from Roofing Materials
Authors: Winters Nancy , Granuke Kyle , McCall Melissa 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT: To assess the contribution of five toxic metals from new roofing materials to stormwater, runoff was collected from 14 types of roofing materials and controls during 20 rain events and analyzed for metals. Many of the new roofing materials evaluated did not show elevated metals concentrations in the runoff. Runoff from several other roofing materials was significantly higher than the controls for arsenic, copper, and zinc. Notably, treated wood shakes released arsenic and copper, copper roofing released copper, PVC roofing released arsenic, and Zincalume® and EPDM roofing released zinc. For the runoff from some of the roofing materials, metals concentrations decreased significantly over an approximately one‐year period of aging. Metals concentrations in runoff were demonstrated to depend on a number of factors, such as roofing materials, age of the materials, and climatic conditions. Thus, application of runoff concentrations from roofing materials to estimate basin‐wide releases should be undertaken cautiously.
Effect of Repeated Glucagon Doses on Hepatic Glycogen in Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for a Bihormonal Closed-Loop System
Authors: Castle Jessica R. , El Youssef Joseph , Bakhtiani Parkash A. , Cai Yu , Stobbe Jade M. , Branigan Deborah , Ramsey Katrina , Jacobs Peter , Reddy Ravi , Woods Mark , Ward W. Kenneth 
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate subjects with type 1 diabetes for hepatic glycogen depletion after repeated doses of glucagon, simulating delivery in a bihormonal closed-loop system.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eleven adult subjects with type 1 diabetes participated. Subjects underwent estimation of hepatic glycogen using 13C MRS. MRS was performed at the following four time points: fasting and after a meal at baseline, and fasting and after a meal after eight doses of subcutaneously administered glucagon at a dose of 2 µg/kg, for a total mean dose of 1,126 µg over 16 h. The primary and secondary end points were, respectively, estimated hepatic glycogen by MRS and incremental area under the glucose curve for a 90-min interval after glucagon administration.

RESULTS
In the eight subjects with complete data sets, estimated glycogen stores were similar at baseline and after repeated glucagon doses. In the fasting state, glycogen averaged 21 ± 3 g/L before glucagon administration and 25 ± 4 g/L after glucagon administration (mean ± SEM) (P = NS). In the fed state, glycogen averaged 40 ± 2 g/L before glucagon administration and 34 ± 4 g/L after glucagon administration (P = NS). With the use of an insulin action model, the rise in glucose after the last dose of glucagon was comparable to the rise after the first dose, as measured by the 90-min incremental area under the glucose curve.

CONCLUSIONS
In adult subjects with well-controlled type 1 diabetes (mean A1C 7.2%), glycogen stores and the hyperglycemic response to glucagon administration are maintained even after receiving multiple doses of glucagon. This finding supports the safety of repeated glucagon delivery in the setting of a bihormonal closed-loop system.
Ctr2 Regulates Mast Cell Maturation by Affecting the Storage and Expression of Tryptase and Proteoglycans
Authors: Öhrvik Helena , Logeman Brandon , Noguchi Glyn , Eriksson Inger , Kjellén Lena , Thiele Dennis J. , Pejler Gunnar 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential for multiple cellular functions. Cellular uptake of Cu+ is carried out by the Ctr1 high-affinity Cu transporter. The mobilization of endosomal Cu pools is regulated by a protein structurally similar to Ctr1, called Ctr2. It was recently shown that ablation of Ctr2 caused an increase in the concentration of Cu localized to endolysosomes. However, the biological significance of excess endolysosomal Cu accumulation has not been assessed. In this study, we addressed this issue by investigating the impact of Ctr2 deficiency on mast cells, a cell type unusually rich in endolysosomal organelles (secretory granules). We show that Ctr2−/− mast cells have increased intracellular Cu concentrations and that the absence of Ctr2 results in increased metachromatic staining, the latter indicating an impact of Ctr2 on the storage of proteoglycans in the secretory granules. In agreement with this, the absence of Ctr2 caused a skewed ratio between proteoglycans of heparin and chondroitin sulfate type, with increased amounts of heparin accompanied by a reduction of chondroitin sulfate. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a higher number of electron-dense granules in Ctr2−/− mast cells than in wild-type cells. The increase in granular staining and heparin content is compatible with an impact of Ctr2 on mast cell maturation and, in support of this, the absence of Ctr2 resulted in markedly increased mRNA expression, storage, and enzymatic activity of tryptase. Taken together, the present study introduces Ctr2 and Cu as novel actors in the regulation of mast cell maturation and granule homeostasis.
Hepatitis C Virus Sensing by Human Trophoblasts Induces Innate Immune Responses and Recruitment of Maternal NK Cells: Potential Implications for Limiting Vertical Transmission
Authors: Giugliano Silvia , Petroff Margaret G. , Warren Bryce D. , Jasti Susmita , Linscheid Caitlin , Ward Ashley , Kramer Anita , Dobrinskikh Evgenia , Sheiko Melissa A. , Gale Michael , Golden-Mason Lucy , Winn Virginia D. , Rosen Hugo R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) is the world’s most common blood-borne viral infection for which there is no vaccine. The rates of vertical transmission range between 3 and 6% with odds 90% higher in the presence of HIV coinfection. Prevention of vertical transmission is not possible because of lack of an approved therapy for use in pregnancy or an effective vaccine. Recently, HCV has been identified as an independent risk factor for preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, and other complications. In this study, we characterized the immune responses that contribute to the control of viral infection at the maternal–fetal interface (MFI) in the early gestational stages. In this study, we show that primary human trophoblast cells and an extravillous trophoblast cell line (HTR8), from first and second trimester of pregnancy, express receptors relevant for HCV binding/entry and are permissive for HCV uptake. We found that HCV–RNA sensing by human trophoblast cells induces robust upregulation of type I/III IFNs and secretion of multiple chemokines that elicit recruitment and activation of decidual NK cells. Furthermore, we observed that HCV–RNA transfection induces a proapoptotic response within HTR8 that could affect the morphology of the placenta. To our knowledge, for the first time, we demonstrate that HCV–RNA sensing by human trophoblast cells elicits a strong antiviral response that alters the recruitment and activation of innate immune cells at the MFI. This work provides a paradigm shift in our understanding of HCV-specific immunity at the MFI as well as novel insights into mechanisms that limit vertical transmission but may paradoxically lead to virus-related pregnancy complications.
Attenuation of Staphylococcus aureus–Induced Bacteremia by Human Mini-Antibodies Targeting the Complement Inhibitory Protein Efb
Authors: Georgoutsou-Spyridonos Maria , Ricklin Daniel , Pratsinis Haris , Perivolioti Eustathia , Pirmettis Ioannis , Garcia Brandon L. , Geisbrecht Brian V. , Foukas Periklis G. , Lambris John D. , Mastellos Dimitrios C. , Sfyroera Georgia 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause a broad range of potentially fatal inflammatory complications (e.g., sepsis and endocarditis). Its emerging antibiotic resistance and formidable immune evasion arsenal have emphasized the need for more effective antimicrobial approaches. Complement is an innate immune sensor that rapidly responds to bacterial infection eliciting C3-mediated opsonophagocytic and immunomodulatory responses. Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) is a key immune evasion protein of S. aureus that intercepts complement at the level of C3. To date, Efb has not been explored as a target for mAb-based antimicrobial therapeutics. In this study, we have isolated donor-derived anti-Efb IgGs that attenuate S. aureus survival through enhanced neutrophil killing. A phage library screen yielded mini-Abs that selectively inhibit the interaction of Efb with C3 partly by disrupting contacts essential for complex formation. Surface plasmon resonance–based kinetic analysis enabled the selection of mini-Abs with favorable Efb-binding profiles as therapeutic leads. Mini-Ab–mediated blockade of Efb attenuated S. aureus survival in a whole blood model of bacteremia. This neutralizing effect was associated with enhanced neutrophil-mediated killing of S. aureus, increased C5a release, and modulation of IL-6 secretion. Finally, these mini-Abs afforded protection from S. aureus–induced bacteremia in a murine renal abscess model, attenuating bacterial inflammation in kidneys. Overall, these findings are anticipated to pave the way toward novel Ab-based therapeutics for S. aureus–related diseases.
Proprietary Costs and the Disclosure of Information about Major Customers: Evidence from Chinese Listed Firms
Authors: Tang Song , He Kaigang , Xu Jie 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper empirically investigates the effect of proprietary costs on firms’ choices regarding the disclosure of major customer information in China. We document widespread variation in firms’ choices regarding the disclosure of the identities of their top five customers. Firms with high proprietary costs are more likely to conceal the identities of their top five customers. Specifically, firms with higher advertising expenditure and higher research and development (R&D) expenditure and firms operating in industries with intense product market competition tend to conceal the identities of their major customers. Considering the unique institutional environment in China, we further find that among politically connected firms, non-SOEs have a greater tendency to conceal the identities of their top five customers than SOEs. In addition, after controlling for the financing benefits gained from disclosing the identities of top five customers, our results do not change. Taken together, the results of this paper suggest that proprietary costs are an important factor in firms’ choices regarding the disclosure of information about major customers in China.
Magnetosheath plasma structures and their relation to foreshock processes
Authors: Gutynska O. , Sibeck D. G. , Omidi N. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present simultaneous Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations of plasma parameters upstream in the solar wind and downstream in the magnetosheath (MSH) from 2007 to 2008. We discuss the connection of foreshock (FSH) processes and magnetospheric disturbances to transmission mechanisms in the MSH. In 60% of the analyzed cases, the MSH was strongly influenced by the FSH. We analyze the results as a function of location, time scale, spatial orientation of the observed structures, and the prevailing interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind plasma parameters. We find that plasma structures with density enhancement are mostly observed during radial IMF orientations and for small θBN, the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the local bow shock normal; the observed structures are pressure balanced with strong anticorrelation between density and temperature; the scale size of the density fluctuations is about 0.4RE. We compare the observations with results from a 2.5‐dimensional hybrid simulation to investigate the mechanisms by which the foreshock plasma structures are generated, propagate through the bow shock, and evolve.
Experimental evidence of electrification processes during the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake main shock
Authors: Nenovski P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTwo types of coseismic magnetic field events are simultaneously observed: transient offset events and magnetic field signal that occurred at the destructive, Mw6.1 L'Aquila earthquake main shock. The offset event, conventionally interpreted as a signature of piezomagnetic effects, however, could not be explained as such. In the second type of coseismic event, the transient magnetic signal starts simultaneously with the offset event and reaches amplitude of 0.8 nT in the total magnetic field. The signal is a local one; its amplitude shape resembles diffusion‐like form with time scale characteristics that are indicative for a source deep in the crust. The polarity of the transient signal is in the horizontal plane and nearly parallel to the L'Aquila fault strike.