Abstract 1962: TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling drives tumor-progression via c-KIT/STAT3-signaling in advanced HCC
Authors: Rojas Andres , Zhang Pingyu , Wang Ying , Munoz Nina M. , Xiao Lianchun , Wang Jing , Gores Gregory J. , Hung Mien-Chie , Blechacz Boris R. A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background: Current systemic agents for advanced Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) achieve minimal survival benefits. Tumor Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent tumor suppressor via its SMAD2/3 signaling axis; its inactivation has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. Paradoxically, TGF-β serum concentrations are elevated in patients with advanced HCC. The TGF-β receptor is currently explored in clinical trials as a therapeutic target. However, the mechanisms mediating the functional switch of the TGF-β pathway to an oncogenic role in advanced HCC are unknown.
Material and Methods: Gene expression profiling of human HCC was performed using the Oncomine database. Immunohistochemical analysis of human HCC samples was performed using Tissue Micro Arrays. Established human HCC cell lines were used for in vitro studies. Gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR, ELISA and immunoblot analyses. shRNA was used for gene silencing. Cell cycle analysis was performed by FACS. Cell proliferation was assessed by microscopic quantification, MTS- and BrdU-assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL assay and DAPI. Migration was evaluated by wound assay, and invasion by Boyden Chamber assay.
Results: In human HCC, SMAD2 overexpression and decreased expression of the negative TGF-β/SMAD regulator SKI was correlated to shortened survival. Intranuclear pSer465/467-SMAD2 was identified in up to 65% of human HCC tumors, and correlated with TNM-stage, survival and pTyr705STAT3. In 50% of human HCC cell lines, the TGF-β/SMAD2 axis was functional. Exclusively in HCC cells with intact SMAD-signaling, TGF-β induced STAT3 Tyr705-phosporylation and nuclear translocation. We show that TGF-β1 transcriptionally regulates expression of the c-KIT ligand Stem Cell Factor (SCF). SCF is overexpressed in advanced HCC tumors, and correlated to pSMAD2, metastases and decreased survival. In human HCC cells, SCF activates STAT3 via auto- and paracrine stimulation of its cognate receptor c-KIT. TGF-β1-induced activation of STAT3 is inhibited by SCF-knockdown, inhibition of c-KIT or JAK1. The TGF-β1/STAT3 axis neutralizes the cell cycle inhibitory function of TGF-β in human HCC cell lines, and instead promotes EMT, tumor cell migration and invasion. Disruption of the TGF-β/STAT3 signaling axis inhibits its tumor promoting effects and restores TGF-β antiproliferative effects.
Conclusion: In advanced HCC, TGF-β/SMAD2-signaling is constitutively activated and correlated to worse outcomes. The functional switch of TGF-β is mediated through aberrant expression of SCF with subsequent stimulation of the c-KIT/STAT3 signaling axis. Disruption of this axis restores TGF-β tumor suppressor function. Disruption of the molecular network between TGF-β1/SMAD2 and SCF/STAT3 constitutes a novel therapeutic strategy aiming at restoration of a dysregulated tumor suppressor.
Citation Format: Andres Rojas, Pingyu Zhang, Ying Wang, Nina M. Munoz, Lianchun Xiao, Jing Wang, Gregory J. Gores, Mien-Chie Hung, Boris R. A. Blechacz. TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling drives tumor-progression via c-KIT/STAT3-signaling in advanced HCC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1962. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1962