bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and initial psychometric properties of the Barriers to Physician Compassion questionnaire
Authors: Fernando Antonio T , Consedine Nathan S 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Objective
Physicians are expected to be compassionate. However, most compassion research focuses on compassion fatigue—an outcome variable—rather than examining the specific factors that may interfere with compassion in a physician’s practice. This report describes the development and early psychometric data for a self-report questionnaire assessing barriers to compassion among physicians.

Methods
In 2011, a pilot sample of 75 physicians helped to generate an initial list of barriers to compassion. A final 34 item Barriers to Physician Compassion (BPC) questionnaire was administered to 372 convenience-sampled physicians together with measures of demographics, practice-related variables, stress, locus of control and trait compassion.

Results
The barriers to physician compassion were not one-dimensional. Principal component analysis revealed the presence of four distinct, face-valid and discriminable factors—physician burnout/overload, external distractions, difficult patient/family and complex clinical situation. All barrier components had adequate internal reliabilities (&gt;0.70) and meaningful patterns of convergent and divergent validity.

Conclusions
Remaining compassionate in medical practice is difficult. With the newly developed BPC questionnaire, specific barriers to compassion can be assessed. These barriers illuminate potential targets for future self- and practice management, interventions and compassion training among physicians.
Selenium Suppresses Leukemia through the Action of Endogenous Eicosanoids
Authors: Gandhi Ujjawal H. , Kaushal Naveen , Hegde Shailaja , Finch Emily R. , Kudva Avinash K. , Kennett Mary J. , Jordan Craig T. , Paulson Robert F. , Prabhu K. Sandeep 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEradicating cancer stem-like cells (CSC) may be essential to fully eradicate cancer. Metabolic changes in CSC could hold a key to their targeting. Here, we report that the dietary micronutrient selenium can trigger apoptosis of CSC derived from chronic or acute myelogenous leukemias when administered at supraphysiologic but nontoxic doses. In leukemia CSC, selenium treatment activated ATM-p53–dependent apoptosis accompanied by increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Importantly, the same treatment did not trigger apoptosis in hematopoietic stem cells. Serial transplantation studies with BCR–ABL-expressing CSC revealed that the selenium status in mice was a key determinant of CSC survival. Selenium action relied upon the endogenous production of the cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins Δ12-PGJ2 and 15d-PGJ2. Accordingly, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and NADPH oxidase inhibitors abrogated the ability of selenium to trigger apoptosis in leukemia CSC. Our results reveal how selenium-dependent modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism can be directed to trigger apoptosis of primary human and murine CSC in leukemia. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3890–901. ©2014 AACR.
Religion, Repression, and Human Rights in Eritrea and the Diaspora
Authors: Hepner Tricia Redeker 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper analyzes the logic of the Eritrean state’s repression of religious identities and institutions from a historical and transnational perspective. It argues that contemporary religious repression expresses cultural, political, and generational conflicts related to the internal dynamics of Eritrea’s postrevolutionary transition, the transnational configuration of the nation-state, and larger preoccupations with the pressures of globalization. A key proposition is that repression of religion is related to both the modernist secularism of the nationalist regime and the ways in which human rights discourse intersects simultaneously with northern interventionism and transnational diaspora opposition to the Eritrean regime. Analyzing the Eritrean case with respect to contemporary critical scholarship on the tensions and contradictions inherent in secularism and human rights discourse highlights how their emancipatory potentials can be co-opted by regimes of power.
Christian Revivalism and Political Imagination in Madagascar
Authors: Nielssen Hilde , Skeie Karina Hestad 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe point of departure for this paper is the particular role of Christian movements in Madagascar’s most recent political crisis. During the coup d’état in March 2009, ritual specialists from the Christian revival movementFifohazanawere called on to carry out an exorcism to cleanse the presidential palace of evil forces. This incident not only shows the significance of Christian revival movements within the Malagasy political landscape and society in general, but also indicates how Malagasy politics is imagined in spiritual terms. With its recurrent efforts to restore the nation-state, Malagasy national politics is impossible to understand without taking into account how thoroughly the Malagasy political imagination is infused with the cosmology and ontologies of power. This paper explores the ambivalent relationships between the various Christian movements and national politics in the light of history as well as through the recent transmutations of power, showing howFifohazanahave provided a site for the (re)production of the contemporary political imagination.
Norway’s Readmission Agreements: Spellbound by European Union Policies or Free Spirits on the International Field?
Authors: Janmyr Maja 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article offers an analysis of the objective and substance of Norway’s readmission agreements in light of European Union readmission policies. It explores how readmission policy developments on the eu level also impact Norway’s practice, and argues that eu practice influences Norway’s work on readmission in three important ways. First, as part of a preventative strategic policy, Norway seeks to conclude readmission agreements with countries with which eu readmission agreements (eura) exist. Second, eu visa facilitation agreements that are paired with euras form an indirect link between eu and Norwegian readmission agreements. Third, Norway uses the eura-format as a basis for negotiations even with countries where no eura exists. This article also examines Norway’s participation in the eu Global Approach on Migration and Mobility (gamm), and finds that it is limited by the gamm being only tangentially within the Schengen cooperation, and also by national political perceptions about linking readmission and development aid.
Diurnal Variations of Albedo Retrieved from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Measurements
Authors: Rutan David A. , Smith G. Louis , Wong Takmeng 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFive years of measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) have been analyzed to define the diurnal cycle of albedo from 55°N to 55°S. The ERBS precesses through all local times every 72 days so as to provide data regarding the diurnal cycles for Earth radiation. Albedo together with insolation at the top of the atmosphere is used to compute the heating of the Earth–atmosphere system; thus its diurnal cycle is important in the energetics of the climate system. A principal component (PC) analysis of the diurnal variation of top-of-atmosphere albedo using these data is presented. The analysis is done separately for ocean and land because of the marked differences of cloud behavior over ocean and over land. For ocean, 90%–92% of the variance in the diurnal cycle is described by a single component; for land, the first PC accounts for 83%–89% of the variance. Some of the variation is due to the increase of albedo with increasing solar zenith angle, which is taken into account in the ERBS data processing by a directional model, and some is due to the diurnal cycle of cloudiness. The second PC describes 2%–4% of the variance for ocean and 5% for land, and it is primarily due to variations of cloudiness throughout the day, which are asymmetric about noon. These terms show the response of the atmosphere to the cycle of solar heating. The third PC for ocean is a two-peaked curve, and the associated map shows high values in cloudy regions.
Analytical Investigation of Glaciation Time in Mixed-Phase Adiabatic Cloud Volumes
Authors: Pinsky M. , Khain A. , Korolev A. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Glaciation in mixed-phase adiabatic cloudy parcels is investigated analytically using two new equations: the equation for coexistence of liquid water and ice and the mass balance equation. The analysis of glaciation time is performed for a vertically moving adiabatic mixed-phase cloud parcel. The effects of vertical velocity, liquid water content, and concentrations of ice particles, liquid droplets, temperature, and other parameters on the glaciation process are discussed. It is shown analytically that, for a certain envelope of vertical velocities, the glaciation time depends only on the vertical displacement of the parcel and does not depend on the trajectory along which the cloud parcel travels toward the glaciation point. Analytical dependencies of the glaciation time and of the altitude of glaciation on vertical velocity are presented. The results demonstrate a good agreement with those obtained using the corresponding parcel model. The limitations of the newly proposed approach are discussed as well, and it is shown that implementation of a simple correction factor allows one to calculate the glaciation time within a wide range of temperatures, from 0° down to −30°C.
How Much Has the North Atlantic Ocean Overturning Circulation Changed in the Last 50 Years?
Authors: Tett Simon F. B. , Sherwin Toby J. , Shravat Amrita , Browne Oliver 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Volume transports from six ocean reanalyses are compared with four sets of in situ observations: across the Greenland–Scotland ridge (GSR), in the Labrador Sea boundary current, in the deep western boundary current at 43°N, and in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) at 26°N in the North Atlantic. The higher-resolution reanalyses (on the order of ¼° × ¼°) are better at reproducing the circulation pattern in the subpolar gyre than those with lower resolution (on the order of 1°). Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) and Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO)–Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) produce transports at 26°N that are close to those observed [17 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1)]. ECCO, version 2, and SODA produce northward transports across the GSR (observed transport of 8.2 Sv) that are 22% and 29% too big, respectively. By contrast, the low-resolution reanalyses have transports that are either too small [by 31% for ECCO-JPL and 49% for Ocean Reanalysis, system 3 (ORA-S3)] or much too large [Decadal Prediction System (DePreSys)]. SODA had the best simulations of mixed layer depth and with two coarse grid long-term reanalyses (DePreSys and ORA-S3) is used to examine changes in North Atlantic circulation from 1960 to 2008. Its results suggest that the AMOC increased by about 20% at 26°N while transport across the GSR hardly altered. The other (less reliable) long-term reanalyses also had small changes across the GSR but changes of +10% and −20%, respectively, at 26°N. Thus, it appears that changes in the overturning circulation at 26°N are decoupled from the flow across the GSR. It is recommended that transport observations should not be assimilated in ocean reanalyses but used for validation instead.
Logistic regression analysis of psychosocial correlates associated with recovery from schizophrenia in a Chinese community
Authors: Tse Samson , Davidson Larry , Chung Ka-fai , Yu Chong Ho , Ng King Lam , Tsoi Emily 
Published: May 2014

Background and Aims: More mental health services are adopting the recovery paradigm. This study adds to prior research by (a) using measures of stages of recovery and elements of recovery that were designed and validated in a non-Western, Chinese culture and (b) testing which demographic factors predict advanced recovery and whether placing importance on certain elements predicts advanced recovery. Method: We examined recovery and factors associated with recovery among 75 Hong Kong adults who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and assessed to be in clinical remission. Data were collected on socio-demographic factors, recovery stages and elements associated with recovery. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables that could best predict stages of recovery. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to detect the classification accuracy of the model (i.e. rates of correct classification of stages of recovery). Results: Logistic regression results indicated that stages of recovery could be distinguished with reasonable accuracy for Stage 3 (‘living with disability’, classification accuracy = 75.45%) and Stage 4 (‘living beyond disability’, classification accuracy = 75.50%). However, there was no sufficient information to predict Combined Stages 1 and 2 (‘overwhelmed by disability’ and ‘struggling with disability’). It was found that having a meaningful role and age were the most important differentiators of recovery stage. Conclusion: Preliminary findings suggest that adopting salient life roles personally is important to recovery and that this component should be incorporated into mental health services.
Up-regulation of Glutamate in Painful Human Supraspinatus Tendon Tears
Authors: Franklin Sarah L. , Dean Benjamin J.F. , Wheway Kim , Watkins Bridget , Javaid Muhammad K. , Carr Andrew J. 
Published: May 2014

Background: Pain related to rotator cuff tendinopathy is a common problem, but little is known regarding the origin and cause of pain from the tendon substance. No study to date has looked at the association between tissue changes and patient outcomes. Purpose: To describe the peripheral neuronal phenotype in painful rotator cuff tears and to determine correlations between tissue changes and clinical outcome measures. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Tissue samples of the supraspinatus were taken from patients undergoing surgery to repair a rotator cuff tendon tear. Patients were classified as having small/medium or large/massive tears. Control tissue was obtained from patients undergoing surgery for posttraumatic shoulder instability. Immunohistochemical techniques were performed using antibodies to known nociceptive and neuronal markers as well as general tissue structural markers. Results: There was no correlation between tissue changes and patient-reported outcomes. A significant increase in the expression of glutamate was seen in tendon tears. There were differences in the expression of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors. Expression changes were also observed for markers of the sensory and autonomic systems; however, no differences were found in neurotrophins. Conclusion: Glutamate and the glutaminergic system play a key role in painful human tendon tears; however, the exact role is still uncertain, as glutamate is highly involved in both pain and metabolic pathways. Clinical Relevance: This study has identified a number of markers that could be potential therapeutic targets.
Dose-finding studies, MCP-Mod, model selection, and model averaging: Two applications in the real world
Authors: Verrier Dominique , Sivapregassam Sïndou , Solente Anne-Catherine 
Published: May 2014

Background Phase II clinical trials are important milestones to determine whether a dose-effect exists and to decide on future doses to use in confirmatory studies. To take into account the overall shape of the dose–response curve, modeling the relationship by linear or non-linear models is preferable to the classical pair-wise comparisons of the effect of each dose versus the placebo or the comparator. The multiple comparisons and modeling approach has been developed within the last 10 years to address this important question in the clinical development of drugs. Despite some recent publications referring to this methodology, few detailed applications have been shown so far and several practical questions remain to be addressed. Methods Starting from a set of candidate models, model selection using classical methods criteria is possible. However, it suffers some limitations, not taking into account the uncertainty of the selection process itself. An attractive solution is to use model averaging, which applies appropriate weights to the parameters (e.g., the minimum effective dose) obtained from each model. Results A discussion of the selection criteria is first presented. Through two real examples, how to proceed with model selection and model averaging is presented and discussed. Limitations The first multiple comparisons and modeling approach papers addressed normal responses. More recently, an extension of this methodology has been proposed to deal with other types of responses, in particular binary, time-to-event and longitudinal data. Questions that remain are concerned with the choice of the candidate models and of their parameters’ guesstimates. Conclusions The analysis of clinical dose-finding studies using a modeling of the entire curve offers a promising alternative as compared with the classical multiple comparisons methods, while not compromising the necessary rigor of the analysis.
Medically Unexplained Symptoms: an acceptable term?
Authors: Marks Elizabeth M , Hunter Myra S 
Published: May 2014

Background: The term ‘Medically Unexplained Symptoms’ (MUS) is used by health professionals and researchers to refer to persistent bodily complaints, including pain and discomfort. Aims: This study explores the views held by a lay sample on the clinical terminology used to describe ‘MUS’, to ascertain reasons for particular preferences and whether preferences differ between individuals who experience more somatic symptoms. Design and methods: A sample (n = 844) of healthy adults completed an online survey, which included a questionnaire measuring somatic symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)) and a question about their preferences for terminology used to describe MUS. Results: Of 844 participants, 698 offered their preferences for terminology. The most popular terms were ‘Persistent Physical Symptoms’ (20%) and ‘Functional Symptoms’ (17%). ‘MUS’ (15%), ‘Body Distress Disorder’ (13%) and ‘Complex Physical Symptoms’ (5%) were less popular. And 24% indicated no preference, but high PHQ-15 scorers were more likely to express preferences than low scorers. Conclusion: Persistent Physical Symptoms and Functional Symptoms are more acceptable to this sample of healthy adults than the more commonly used term ‘MUS’.
Is intramuscular morphine satisfying frontline medical personnels’ requirement for battlefield analgesia in Helmand Province, Afghanistan? A questionnaire study
Authors: Blankenstein Tom N , Gibson Lorna M , Claydon Michael A 
Published: May 2014

Background: All deployed British Army personnel carry intramuscular (IM) morphine auto-injectors to treat battlefield casualties. No other nation supplies parenteral opiate analgesia on individual issue. Studies highlight this agent’s inefficacy and safety issues, but are limited by a relative lack of inclusion of frontline personnel. We aimed to determine the opinions of frontline medical personnel on current battlefield analgesia. Methods: We surveyed 88 British Army frontline medical personnel (medical officers (n = 12), nurses (n = 7), combat medical technicians (CMTs) (n = 67), paramedics (n = 1) and health-care assistants (n = 1)) upon completion of a six-month deployment (September 2011 to April 2012) to Helmand Province, Afghanistan, using Likert scale questions on the efficacy of battlefield analgesia, complications of IM morphine, safety of morphine auto-injectors and its suitability for treating child casualties. Results: A total of 88/88 questionnaires were returned. Of these, 61/88 had treated casualties on the battlefield, 26/86 agreed that current battlefield analgesia is effective, 80/87 agreed that a more potent analgesic with a faster onset than IM morphine is desirable in the first hour following injury, 47/65 CMTs agreed that they can manage complications of current battlefield analgesia and 53/86 respondents correctly disagreed that current battlefield analgesia is suitable for child casualties. The potential for accidental self-injection was reported. Conclusions: A more potent, faster onset analgesic than IM morphine is desirable in the first hour following injury. Pre-deployment training should emphasise management of complications of opiate analgesics and treatment of child casualties. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate is now being issued to all frontline medical personnel. IM morphine will remain on individual issue to all deployed soldiers for environments where an oral agent is not suitable, for example, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear warfare. Summary points Frontline medical personnel agree that a more potent, faster onset analgesic than IM morphine is desirable in the first hour following injury. The two most desirable features of the ideal analgesic were ranked as rapid onset of action, and when fully onset produces a high degree of pain relief. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) has now been issued to all frontline medical personnel as an adjunct to IM morphine. IM morphine will remain on individual issue for situations where parenteral analgesia is required. Consideration should be given to individual issue of OTFC to all deployed personnel in the future. Pre-deployment training should emphasise management of complications of opiate analgesics and treatment of child casualties.
Stable long-term mixed chimerism achieved in a canine model of allogeneic in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Vrecenak Jesse D. , Pearson Erik G. , Santore Matthew T. , Todorow Carlyn A. , Li Haiying , Radu Antoneta , Bhatti Tricia , Peranteau William H. , Johnson Mark P. , Flake Alan W. 
Published: May 2014

Key PointsOptimization of IUHCT in a preclinical canine model yields stable long-term donor engraftment. Clinically significant levels of chimerism can be achieved without conditioning, immunosuppression, or graft-versus-host disease.
Double sequence spaces over n-normed spaces defined by a sequence of Orlicz functions
Authors: Alotaibi Abdullah , Mursaleen Mohammad , Sharma Sunil K 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In the present paper we introduce double sequence space

m
2

(
M
,
A
,
ϕ
,
p
,
∥
⋅
,
…
,
⋅
∥
)

defined by a sequence of Orlicz functions over n-normed space. We examine some of its topological properties and establish some inclusion relations.

MSC:40A05, 46A45.