bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐crisis restructuring of the corporate governance of Korean companies
Authors: Jung Jin‐young 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify both the problems and their solutions in the corporate governance systems of Korean business groups (chaebols) in the wake of the Asian financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper and includes suggestions for improving international governance systems.FindingsIn this paper, the author focuses on how chaebols should be restructured to improve the Korean economy. In order to figure out how they should be restructured, the author explains the positives and negatives of their current structure and how these can be modified/eliminated to make stronger corporate governance.Originality/valueThe paper provides conceptual insights into systems and laws, which can be used to improve the corporate governance of business groups.
Sovereign wealth funds and shareholder activism: applying the Ryan‐Schneider antecedents to determine policy implications
Authors: Ghahramani Salar 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the propensity of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) for shareholder activism and their potential impact on corporate governance.Design/methodology/approachThe study highlights the relationships between SWFs and corporate governance and also applies eight antecedents/determinants of institutional activism to analyze whether SWFs have a predisposition for shareholder activism.FindingsThe study only finds two instances of SWF activism. Additionally, it finds that despite their mostly passive investments, SWFs possess a natural tendency toward shareholder activism. Some are more likely to engage in activism than others, however. SWFs with a higher proportion of their assets invested in equities, those with portfolios fully or partially constructed to emulate the broader financial markets through indexing, and those that depend less on external fund managers are the likeliest candidates for activism. The study also finds that the regulatory environment can curb the natural SWF inclination for activist behavior.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the lack of transparency within the SWF universe, this study largely depends on the limited data available for sovereign wealth funds.Practical implicationsGiven the growing importance of SWFs, managers, directors, and policymakers must assess SWF activism, its influence on corporate governance, and its implications for public policy deliberations.Originality/valueThis project, to the best of the author's knowledge, is the first study that applies tested financial models to SWFs in order to determine if they have inherent activist tendencies.
Diffuse traumatic brain injury and the sensory brain
Authors: Alwis Dasuni S , Johnstone Victoria , Yan Edwin , Rajan Ramesh 
Published: April 2013

SummaryIn this review we discuss the consequences to the brain's cortex, specifically to the sensory cortex, of traumatic brain injury.The thesis underlying this approach is that long‐term deficits in cognition seen after brain damage in humans are likely underpinned by an impaired cortical processing of the sensory information needed to drive cognition or to be used by cognitive processes to produce a response.We take it here that the impairment to sensory processing does not arise from damage to peripheral sensory systems, but from disordered brain processing of sensory input.
Three Ways of Speaking Europe to the World: Markets, Peace, Cosmopolitan Duty and the EU's Normative Power
Authors: Rosamond Ben 
Published: April 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract A sympathetic critique of the literature on ‘Normative Power Europe’ that incorporates economic liberalism into the repertoire of the EU's constitutive principles. The derivation of three ideal type liberal modes of justification for external action and a discussion of their potential complementarities and contradictions. An application of the three modes to the case of EU external action. This article—a sympathetic critique of the literature on ‘Normative Power Europe’—observes that the rationales for EU external action, while understandable in terms of the concept of ‘normative power’, emerge from a variety of overlapping and potentially contradictory liberal arguments. For the purposes of the argument, these liberalisms are organised into three ideal types: market liberalism, the pursuit of peace through liberal means and the ethic of cosmopolitan duty. The article suggests that while it is possible to associate different domains of EU external action with different varieties of liberal discourse, it is often more appropriate to see these policy domains as sites of struggle, negotiation and (perhaps) reconciliation between competing liberal projects.
A novel permutation test for case‐only analysis identifies epistatic effects on human longevity in the FOXO gene family
Authors: Tan Qihua , Soerensen Mette , Kruse Torben A. , Christensen Kaare , Christiansen Lene 
Published: April 2013

SummaryGenetic interactions or epistasis could make a substantial contribution to variation in human complex traits including longevity. However, detecting epistatic interactions in high dimensional datasets is difficult due to various reasons including multiple testing of correlated tests. We introduce a novel permutation strategy to the case‐only analysis of gene‐by‐gene interaction using multiple SNPs. The method is applied to genes coding for Forkhead box O transcription factors which recently have been associated with human longevity across different populations hypothesizing that epistatic interaction in the regulation and expression of the FOXO gene family could contribute to the human longevity phenotype. Genotype data were collected from 1088 individuals from the Danish 1905 birth cohort aged over 92–93 years with 12 SNPs in the FOXO1a and 15 SNPs in the FOXO3a genes. Our analysis detected a joint effect between rs9486902 in FOXO3a and rs2701858 in FOXO1a that highly significantly contributes to human longevity (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 2.93–3.53) which is consistent in both males and females. Our results were compared with published studies, and importance of our novel method and findings was discussed.
Prospective observational study of dementia in older patients admitted to acute hospitals
Authors: Travers Catherine , Byrne Gerard J , Pachana Nancy A , Klein Kerenaftali , Gray Len C 
Published: April 2013

AimFew Australian studies have examined the impact of dementia on hospital outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of dementia to adverse outcomes in older hospital patients.MethodProspective observational cohort study (n = 493) of patients aged ≥70 years admitted to four acute hospitals in Queensland. Trained research nurses completed comprehensive geriatric assessments using standardised instruments and collected data regarding adverse outcomes. The diagnosis of dementia was established by independent physician review of patients' medical records and assessments.ResultsPatients with dementia (n = 102, 20.7%) were significantly older (P = 0.01), had poorer functional ability (P < 0.01), and were more likely to have delirium at admission (P < 0.01) than patients without dementia. Dementia (odds ratio = 4.8, P < 0.001) increased the risk of developing delirium during the hospital stay.ConclusionOlder patients with dementia are more impaired and vulnerable than patients without dementia and are at greater risk of adverse outcomes when hospitalised.
Histidine‐rich glycoprotein gene polymorphism in patients with recurrent miscarriage
Authors: Lindgren Karin E. , Kårehed Karin , Karypidis Helena , Hosseini Frida , Bremme Katarina , Landgren Britt‐Marie , Skjöldebrand‐Sparre Lottie , Stavreus‐Evers Anneli , Sundström‐Poromaa Inger , Åkerud Helena 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAssociation between the histidine‐rich glycoprotein (HRG) C633T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and recurrent miscarriage was investigated in a case–control study. The cases constituted 187 women with recurrent miscarriage that were compared with 395 controls who had delivered a child and had no history of miscarriage. Blood samples were collected from each woman, genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped for the HRG C633T SNP. In the whole study population, the percentage of miscarriage was the same, regardless of genotype (C/C 31.2%, C/T 32.9% and T/T 32.5%). However, an association between homozygous T/T carriers and recurrent miscarriage was detected in a subgroup of women with primary recurrent miscarriage (odds ratio 2.44, 95% CI 1.01–5.92). Our results indicate an important role for the HRG C633T SNP in the occurrence of recurrent miscarriage.
Epstein–Barr virus patterns in US Burkitt lymphoma tumors from the SEER residual tissue repository during 1979–2009
Authors: Mbulaiteye Sam M. , Pullarkat Sheeja T. , Nathwani Bharat N. , Weiss Lawrence M. , Nagesh Rao  , Emmanuel Benjamin , Lynch Charles F. , Hernandez Brenda , Neppalli Vishala , Hawes Debra , Cockburn Myles G. , Kim Andre , Williams Makeda , Altekruse Sean , Bhatia Kishor , Goodman Marc T. , Cozen Wendy 
Published: April 2013

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) occurs at all ages, but the patterns of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) positivity in relation to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), immunoprofiles and age have not been fully explored. BL tissues from residual tissue repositories, and two academic centers in the United States were examined by expert hematopathologists for morphology, immunohistochemistry, MYC rearrangement, EBV‐encoded RNA (EBER), and diagnosed according to the 2008 WHO lymphoma classification. Analysis was done using frequency tables, Chi‐squared statistics, and Student's t‐test. Of 117 cases examined, 91 were confirmed as BL. The age distribution was 26%, 15%, 19%, and 29% for 0–19, 20–34, 35–59, 60+ years, and missing in 11%. MYC rearrangement was found in 89% and EBER positivity in 29% of 82 cases with results. EBER positivity varied with age (from 13% in age group 0–19 to 55% in age group 20–34, and fell to 25% in age group 60+ years, p = 0.08); with race (56% in Blacks/Hispanics vs 21% in Whites/Asians/Pacific Islanders, p = 0.006); and by HIV status (64% in HIV positive vs 22% in HIV negative cases, p = 0.03). EBER positivity was demonstrated in about one‐third of tumors and it was strongly associated with race and HIV status, and marginally with age‐group.
Improving quality and safety in the hospital: The link between organizational culture, burnout, and quality of care
Authors: Montgomery Anthony , Todorova Irina , Baban Adriana , Panagopoulou Efharis 
Published: April 2013

The need to improve quality of care represents a major goal of all health care systems. The objective of this series is to illuminate how the contextual factors of hospitals from eight European countries, and the well‐being of their healthcare professionals, contribute to either construct or degrade quality of care. The studies reported here provide an important bottom‐up perspective on quality of care, and the way that burnout and organizational culture are intertwined within it. Overall, the collected studies represent an in‐depth examination through focus groups of the experiences of 153 physicians, 133 nurses, and 46 patients from Greece, Portugal, Bulgaria, Romania, Ireland, Turkey, Croatia, and the Republic of Macedonia. Each paper makes a unique contribution to the understanding of how institutional contexts, organizational management, and job characteristics impose constrains, both on the capacity of health workers for better treatment decisions and choices, but also on their day‐to‐day professional satisfaction and quality of life. Taken as a whole, the papers make an even greater contribution, by pointing out the underlying similarities and differences across these eight European countries.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?Organizational factors play a crucial role in the development of health professionals' job burnout, which in turn impacts the patient experience and quality of care.What does this study add?We discuss the impact of highly contextualized organizational cultures in hospitals from eight European countries on health professionals' burnout and quality of medical care.Despite the diversity of the countries reporting research data, significant patterns with regard to quality of care and job strain were identified.We propose that improving quality of care requires not only the understanding of the clinical environment, health workers' motivation and commitment, but also patients' needs and literacy, health policy, and the social and political context in which health services are delivered.
Development of the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve in the mouse embryo: Involvement of semaphorin 3A in dorsal muscle innervation
Authors: Masuda Tomoyuki , Taniguchi Masahiko , Sakuma Chie , Yamagishi Toshiyuki , Ueda Shuichi , Kawaguchi Masahumi , Yaginuma Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe spinal nerve, which is composed of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory axons and spinal motor axons, forms the dorsal ramus projecting to the dorsal musculature. By using the free‐floating immunohistochemistry method, we closely examined the spatiotemporal pattern of the formation of the dorsal ramus and the relationship between its projection to the myotome/dorsal musculature and semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), which is an axonal guidance molecule. In embryonic day (E) 10.5–E11.5 wild‐type mouse embryos, we clearly showed the existence of a waiting period for the dorsal ramus projection to the myotome. In contrast, in E10.5–E11.5 Sema3A‐deficient embryos, the dorsal ramus fibers projected beyond the edge of the myotome without exhibiting the waiting period for projection. These results strongly suggest that the delayed innervation by dorsal ramus fibers may be caused by Sema3A‐induced axon repulsion derived from the myotome. Next, by performing culture experiments, we confirmed that E12.5 mouse axons responded to Sema3A‐induced repulsion. Together, our results imply that Sema3A may play a key role in the proper development of the dorsal ramus projection.
Abnormal continuation of umbilical vein into extra‐hepatic portal vein: Report of three cases
Authors: Jaiman Sunil , Nalluri Hima Bindu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAnomalies of the umbilical venous system are perplexing essentially due to dissection errors and vascular connection delineation failure. Continuation of umbilical vein into the extra‐hepatic portal vein is classified as group IV umbilical vein anomaly and involves the vitelline vein or its remnants. Despite this categorization most examiners ascribe fetal extra hepatic abdominal vascular abnormality as an umbilical vein anomaly. Since these anomalies involve vitelline vein, the term “umbilical vein anomaly” is inappropriate and should be referred to as “vitelline vein abnormalities”. Vitelline vein abnormalities are exceedingly rare and to the best of our knowledge only three cases have been reported prenatally. We report three cases presenting with intrauterine fetal demise and on perinatal autopsy demonstrating aneurysmally dilated group IV umbilical vein anomaly. Review of the literature, embryological basis and clinical implications of persistent vitelline vein and its varix are discussed.
Difference in weight loss based on ethnicity, age and comorbidity status in a publicly funded adult weight management centre: 1‐year results
Authors: Liu R. H. , Wharton S. , Sharma A. M. , Ardern C. I. , Kuk J. L. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryLimited evidence is available on the effectiveness of publicly funded weight loss (WL) clinics. We examined the 1‐year WL outcomes and investigated predictors of WL and discontinuation of 1566 overweight and obese adults, who attended the Wharton Medical Clinic (WMC) weight management centre for at least 6 months. Overall, 42.7% (n = 669) of the entire sample achieved a ≥5%WL over the entire follow‐up period from July 2008 to February 2012. On average, patients lost 5.6 ± 7.2 kg (5.0 ± 6.3%) of initial body weight (BW), while a subsample of patients attending the clinic for at least 1 year had a mean weight reduction of 6.6 ± 7.9 kg (5.9 ± 7.2%) of BW. Older patients were more likely to achieve a greater WL in comparison with young patients while White patients and those without type 2 diabetes (T2D) lost almost twice as much weight and %BW in comparison with Asian patients and patients with T2D, respectively (P < 0.05). Discontinuing patients did not differ in terms of sex, body mass index, education and smoking status from those who continued treatment (P > 0.05). Results of this study demonstrate that the WMC provides a practical model for clinically effective lifestyle‐based treatment, accessible to a wide range of demographically diverse adults.
Competitive Processes in Cross‐Situational Word Learning
Authors: Yurovsky Daniel , Yu Chen , Smith Linda B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCross‐situational word learning, like any statistical learning problem, involves tracking the regularities in the environment. However, the information that learners pick up from these regularities is dependent on their learning mechanism. This article investigates the role of one type of mechanism in statistical word learning: competition. Competitive mechanisms would allow learners to find the signal in noisy input and would help to explain the speed with which learners succeed in statistical learning tasks. Because cross‐situational word learning provides information at multiple scales—both within and across trials/situations—learners could implement competition at either or both of these scales. A series of four experiments demonstrate that cross‐situational learning involves competition at both levels of scale, and that these mechanisms interact to support rapid learning. The impact of both of these mechanisms is considered from the perspective of a process‐level understanding of cross‐situational learning.
Socioeconomic and political trade‐offs in biodiversity conservation: a case study of theCerradoBiodiversityHotspot,Brazil
Authors: Faleiro Frederico V. , Loyola Rafael D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo analyse spatial trade‐offs in conservation of mammals, considering benefits of biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic costs.LocationCerradoBiodiversityHotspot,Brazil.MethodsWe built ecological niche models (ENMs) for 154 mammals inhabiting the cerrado. We combined model projections to produce consensus maps of species' distributions for three types of models (envelope, statistical and machine‐learning models). We used these range summaries as input data in spatial prioritization analyses. We compared six conservation scenarios, considering human population density, land cost, anthropogenic land use, political willingness to act and the distribution of species using trade‐off analyses. We complemented the current network of protected areas, aiming to achieve a target of 17% of land protection in the cerrado.ResultsSpecies‐rich sites coincide with regions with high human population, high land cost, high anthropogenic land use and diverse levels of political willingness to act. We found a significant change in spatial priorities when we included socioeconomic and political dimensions in analyses: top‐priority sites moved north, reduced by 68% potential conservation conflicts with human population, reduced by 72% the total monetary cost of actions and reduced by 68% conflict with other anthropogenic land uses. It also increased by 80% the beneficial effect of political willingness to act.Main conclusionsOur results reinforce the idea that using only biological criteria for proposing spatial conservation priorities can undermine conservation plans given increases in socioeconomic and political conflicts.
Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species – 2013 update of the global database
Authors: Rejmánek Marcel , Richardson David M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe global database of invasive trees and shrubs (Richardson & Rejmánek, 2011; Diversity Distrib. 17, 788‐809) has been updated, resulting in a total of 751 species (434 trees and 317 shrubs) from 90 families. Ten originally listed species were deleted (synonyms, inconclusive identification, etc.) and 139 additional invasive species (86 trees and 53 shrubs) are now included in the database. For many species, new records on their adventive distributions are added. The updated database also includes the native ranges for all listed species.
Developmental origins of a novel gut morphology in frogs
Authors: Bloom Stephanie , Ledon‐Rettig Cris , Infante Carlos , Everly Anne , Hanken James , Nascone‐Yoder Nanette 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYPhenotypic variation is a prerequisite for evolution by natural selection, yet the processes that give rise to the novel morphologies upon which selection acts are poorly understood. We employed a chemical genetic screen to identify developmental changes capable of generating ecologically relevant morphological variation as observed among extant species. Specifically, we assayed for exogenously applied small molecules capable of transforming the ancestral larval foregut of the herbivorous Xenopus laevis to resemble the derived larval foregut of the carnivorous Lepidobatrachus laevis. Appropriately, the small molecules that demonstrate this capacity modulate conserved morphogenetic pathways involved in gut development, including downregulation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Identical manipulation of RA signaling in a species that is more closely related to Lepidobatrachus, Ceratophrys cranwelli, yielded even more similar transformations, corroborating the relevance of RA signaling variation in interspecific morphological change. Finally, we were able to recover the ancestral gut phenotype in Lepidobatrachus by performing a reverse chemical manipulation to upregulate RA signaling, providing strong evidence that modifications to this specific pathway promoted the emergence of a lineage‐specific phenotypic novelty. Interestingly, our screen also revealed pathways that have not yet been implicated in early gut morphogenesis, such as thyroid hormone signaling. In general, the chemical genetic screen may be a valuable tool for identifying developmental mechanisms that underlie ecologically and evolutionarily relevant phenotypic variation.