bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL SHORELINE OIL SPILLS
Authors: Baker J. M. , Little D. I. , Owens E. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill research and development has involved a large number of experiments to evaluate the effectiveness and the effects of marine shoreline protection and cleanup techniques. Considerable knowledge has accumulated from laboratory and wave tank studies, and there have also been a number of field experiments, in which oil was intentionally spilled on shorelines under controlled conditions. This review summarizes those field experiments, which are grouped in five major habitat types: rocky intertidal, cobble/pebble/gravel, sand/mud, saltmarshes, and mangroves/seagrasses. Tables included in the paper itemize the oil type and volume, location and substrate character, number and size of plots, response techniques tested, and referenced publications. This information is then used to combine understanding of the effectiveness of cleanup with understanding of the ecological effects of cleanup methods, compared with those of untreated oil. It is very difficult to achieve this type of information and understanding from toxicity testing or from spills of opportunity.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS1
Authors: Badesha Surjit S. , Hunt John , Wenck Eric 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In recent years, major oil spills, such as the Exxon Valdez incident, and many smaller spills have given rise to a worldwide marine environmental concern. One of the most successful devices for containing and facilitating the recovery of spilled oil, and one which does not endanger or alter the environment in any way, is the oil containment boom. Described in this paper is a finite element (FE) based method for structural analysis of oil booms.
In general, a number of FE models for a typical oil boom section are set up using the COSMOS FEA code. These models differ from one another in oil boom geometry, deployment configurations, and oil boom components. The FEA (fimite element analysis) models are made from the plate elements (skirt and tube), truss elements (tension members and ballast chain), and beam elements (end connector). Loads due to tow/current velocity, wind velocity, wave action, and ballasting, as determined from aero/hydrodynamics analysis, are applied as distributed pressures on the plate and beam elements.
This method will predict boom tensile load strength, detailed stress distribution, and distortion characteristics for a particular boom with specific deployment configuration and environmental condition. The derived information can be used to highlight critical design features, thereby optimizing the oil boom design. Alternatively, this information can be used for the selection of an oil boom suited for a particular application and, more importantly, can provide the user with a control evaluation tool to determine whether a given oil boom design can withstand the stresses of its intended application.
MODELING OIL SPILLS IN RIVER-LAKE SYSTEMS
Authors: Yapa Poojitha D. , Shen Hung Tao , Angammana Keerthisri 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A general model shell, ROSS3, simulates oil spills in complex river systems and has features that have not been available previously in oil spill models. The new approach has several advantages: It uses a time-varying boundary-fitted coordinate system that allows accurate accounting for a complex river/lake boundary as well as river boundary changes as water levels fluctuate; it can confine two-dimensional hydrodynamic computations to a limited region of the river; and, in addition to the traditional data entry and visualization interfaces, it can interactively lay out the channel networks for setting up the model and define extra cross sections to increase accuracy.
ROSS3 is a two-layer two-dimensional oil spill model that can simulate the mechanisms of advection, horizontal diffusion, mechanical spreading, shoreline deposition, evaporation, dissolution, vertical mixing, resurfacing, and sinking. Both free surf ace and ice cover conditions can be simulated. In this study, ROSS3 is applied to the environmentally sensitive area of the St. Clair River, where the river branches into multiple channels before entering Lake St. Clair, and to the lake.
STORAGE OF OIL ABOVE GROUND OR UNDERGROUND: REGULATIONS, COSTS, AND RISKS
Authors: Lively-Diebold Bobbie , Driscoll William , Ameer Paul , Watson Steve 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Some owners of underground storage tank systems (USTs) appear to be replacing their systems with aboveground storage tank systems (ASTs) without full knowledge of the U.S. Government environmental regulations that apply to facilities with ASTs, and their associated costs. This paper discusses the major federal regulatory requirements for USTs and ASTs, and presents the compliance costs for new tank systems that range in capacity from 1,000 to 10,000 gallons. The costs of two model UST systems and two model AST systems are considered for new oil storage capacity, expansion of existing capacity, and replacement of an existing UST or AST. For new capacity, ASTs are less expensive than USTs, although ASTs do have significant regulatory compliance costs that range from an estimated $8,000 to $14,000 in present value terms, depending on the size and type of system. For expanded or replacement capacity, ASTs are in all but one case less expensive than USTs; the exception is the expansion of capacity at an existing UST facility. In this case, the cost of a protected steel tank UST system is comparable to the cost of an AST system. Considering the present value of all costs over a 30 year useful life, the cost for an AST with a concrete dike is less than the cost of an AST with an earthen dike, for the tank sizes considered. This is because concrete dikes are cost competitive for small tanks, and the costs to clean up a release are higher for earthen dikes, due to the cost of disposal and replacement of oil contaminated soil.
The cost analyses presented here are not comprehensive, and are intended primarily for illustrative purposes. Only the major costs of tank purchase, installation, and regulatory compliance were considered. The costs for ASTs do not include the opportunity costs for the use of the land on which the AST is located. This omission indicates lower relative costs for ASTs than actually are the case. The analysis does consider the major costs for a range of tank types and sizes that are widely used and provides a framework for facility owners to compare the costs of USTs and ASTs for a given facility. Costs should be only one element in the decision as to whether to install an AST or UST at a facility. Other facility-specific considerations include local zoning and fire protection codes, the availability of land, and whether there is a high water table at the site.
OIL SPILL LEGISLATION IN THE COASTAL UNITED STATES SINCE THE OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990
Authors: Stolls Amy M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Because the federal Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) allows state preemption, vessel and facility owners that operate in the United States know that simply complying with federal laws and regulations is not enough. Though some states have enacted legislation similar to OPA 90 and have taken a wait-and-see approach to the promulgation of regulations, many others did not wait for federal agencies to resolve certain issues. This paper reviews new state oil spill laws and regulations in the coastal United States and compares their approaches to contingency planning, prevention, responder immunity, financial responsibility, liability, and other key issues.
PREVENTIVE SALVAGE: THE GAP IN OPA POLLUTION DEFENSES
Authors: Witte John Arnold 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Despite the strong emphasis on oil spill cleanup in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the United States still faces a major gap in its defenses against oil pollution: the lack of adequate professional ship salvage capability. Availability of preventive salvage capability would contribute to the most effective way of preventing a marine environmental catastrophe: keeping the oil, or chemicals, in the ship. This is especially important in view of the increasing age of the world tanker fleet.
THE NATIONAL RESPONSE SYSTEM: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?1
Authors: Johnson Richard C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The response to the Exxon Valdez incident showed that the nation needs to be better prepared to respond to a spill of that magnitude. In research conducted on the Valdez response, several inadequacies were noted in the National Response System (NRS). A key deficiency identified was the critical need for a standardized management system to direct the response effort more effectively and efficiently.
The most pressing question for preparedness planners in improving the NRS is “where do we go from here?” In answering this question, planners must address another question, “how long is it going to take?” There has been widespread failure to put existing knowledge into practice. To fill the management void identified in the NRS, it is imperative that a response management system be adopted as soon as possible. Once adopted, it can be modified and refined to provide a more effective response.
The system proposed in this paper uses the sound management practices of an incident command system and modifies and/or expands these practices to fit onto the foundation built by the NRS. This response management system could be used for all spills from minor ones to large, catastrophic spills of national significance (SONS).
APPLICABILITY OF THE CLEAN WATER ACT TO INDIAN TRIBES—MAY TRIBES STOP OR CONSTRAIN A CLEANUP?1
Authors: Emge Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Indian tribes retain their sovereign rights of self-government and self-determination unless it is specifically waived by the tribe or abrogated by the U. S. Congress, through treaty or statute. The Clean Water Act does not specifically abrogate tribal sovereignty. This raises the issue of what would occur if an on-scene coordinator decides that cleanup of tribal lands is necessary to protect the public health and welfare, but the tribe does not want the cleanup activities to proceed? May a tribe impede cleanup efforts? During the cleanup of the barge Nestucca oil spill, this occurred when the Quinault Tribe did not allow the OSC to clean lands that the tribe holds sacred.
This issue with the Clean Water Act has not been decided by Congress, nor by the courts. Recently, courts have applied at least three different approaches to determine if a statute of general application, such as the Clean Water Act, applies to Indian tribes. The different tests do not always yield the same result.
An on-scene coordinator, when confronted with this scenario, might handle the situation in several different ways, or perhaps move to prevent such an occurrence. The different approaches used by the courts can be taken together to gain a sense of whether the Clean Water Act may preempt tribal sovereignty.
EXPERIMENTAL CONTINGENT VALUES FOR REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Hudson Sara P. , Desvousges William H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recently, government agencies, acting as trustees for natural resources, have sought substantial claims from potentially responsible parties for natural resource damages resulting from oil spills. Often, non-use damages, which involve losses suffered by people who never use the injured resources, constitute large components of these damage claims. To date, the only method used for measuring these non-use damages is contingent valuation (CV), which uses survey questions to elicit respondents' expressed values for non-market goods. Because CV is the only method available for measuring non-use damages, its estimates need to accurately reflect the true damages. Our results indicate that CV does not provide accurate estimates of these values, which implies that CV is not sufficiently reliable for assessing non-use damages from oil spills. (As part of the same study, we conducted another experiment on valuing different levels of protection for migratory waterfowl in the central fly way, the results of which also indicate that CV does not yield accurate estimates of non-use values for damage assessments.6)
DEVELOPING STANDARDIZED FACILITY CONTINGENCY PLANS
Authors: Davidson David A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Texaco consists of several operating departments that are, in effect, independent companies. Each of these departments is responsible for complying with all environmental laws and regulations. This includes the preparation by each facility to respond to an oil spill at that location. For larger spills, however, management of the response will rest with corporate regional response teams. Personnel from all departments make up the regional teams.
In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act. In 1991, the U.S. Coast Guard began developing oil spill response contingency plan regulations, which they are still working on. Meanwhile, four of the five west coast states have also passed laws requiring contingency plans. (Only Hawaii has chosen to wait and see what the federal regulations will entail.) Three of the states have already adopted regulations. Given these laws and regulations, along with its corporate structure, Texaco addressed the need to standardize local facility plans as well as its response organization.
This paper discusses how, by working together, the Texaco corporate international oil spill response staff and the Texaco western region on-scene commander developed:A standard contingency plan format crossing corporate boundaries and meeting federal and state requirements.A response organization applicable to any size facility or spill.A strategy to sell the standard contingency plan and response organization to the operating units.
WASHINGTON'S MARINE OIL SPILL COMPENSATION SCHEDULE—SIMPLIFIED RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Geselbracht Laura , Logan Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Washington State Preassessment Screening and Oil Spill Compensation Schedule Rule (Chapter 173–183 Washington Administrative Code), which simplifies natural resource damage assessment for many oil spill cases, became effective in May 1992. The approach described in the rule incorporates a number of preconstructed rankings that rate environmental sensitivity and the propensity of spilled oil to cause environmental harm. The rule also provides guidance regarding how damages calculated under the schedule should be reduced to take into account actions taken by the responsible party that reduce environmental injury. To apply the compensation schedule to marine/estuarine spills, the resource trustees need only collect a limited amount of information such as type of product spilled, number of gallons spilled, compensation schedule subregions the spill entered, season of greatest spill impact, percent coverage of habitats affected by the spill, and actions taken by the responsible party. The result of adding a simplified tool to the existing assortment of damage assessment approaches is that resource trustees will now be able to assess damages for most oil spill cases and shift more effort than was possible in the past to resource restoration.
NRDA CASE STUDY: THE ARTHUR KILL OIL SPILL1
Authors: Desvousges William H. , Dunford Richard W. , Mathews Kristy E. , Banzhaf H. Spencer 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) methods used to estimate the damages from the Arthur Kill oil spill employed a transfer methodology. The base-case estimate for use damages was $46,000 and for non-use damages was $525,000.
EVALUATION OF COMPENSATION FORMULAE TO MEASURE NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES1
Authors: Robilliard Gordon A. , Fischel Marion , Desvousges William H. , Dunford Richard W. , Mathews Kristy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Most of the oil spills in marine, estuarine, or freshwater environments of the United States are small (less than 1,000 gallons) and result in minimal injury to natural resources or little to no loss of services. However, federal, state, and Indian tribe trustees for natural resources are entitled under a variety of laws, including the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, to collect damages (money) from responsible parties to compensate for the foregone services and restoration of the services provided by the natural resources.
Alaska, Washington, and Florida have developed a formula-based approach to calculating natural resource damages resulting from most spills; the federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and several other states are considering developing a compensation formula. The ideal compensation formula is a simplified assessment process that (a) can be applied rapidly, (b) requires relatively small transaction or assessment costs, (c) requires minimal site- and spill-specific data as inputs, (d) is based on generally accepted scientific and economic principles and methods, and (e) results in damage values acceptable to both the trustees and the responsible party. In theory, a compensation formula could be applied to most small oil spills in United States waters.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BURNING SPILLED OIL
Authors: Allen Alan A. , Ferek Ronald J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The full potential for in situ burning as a controlled oil spill response technique is a subject of growing interest throughout the world. Information now available from burning oil during accidental fires, war-related fires in Kuwait, spillage from the Exxon Valdez, and controlled test burns, permits an objective and comprehensive assessment of both the positive and negative aspects of in situ burning. A thorough analysis has been made of direct and indirect impacts and concerns typically associated with the decision, to burn or not to burn. These factors, together with the comparative costs of various response techniques, have been identified and described to provide spill control planners and response organizations with a means of assessing the potential use of burning to clean up offshore oil spills.
A PRO-ACTIVE SPILL RESPONSE TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Waldron Darryle 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Training is necessary, required by agencies, and cost-effective in dealing with response to oil spills. Clean Seas has for the past 22 years, developed and provided over 10,000 training days to member company personnel as well as contractors and regulatory agencies. The practice of having an annual drill, reviewing the contingency plan, having a cookout, and going back to real work is over. Member companies in the Santa Barbara Channel work in a tightly regulated environment that hasn't noticed the change that other areas felt after the Exxon Valdez. On-the-job training has no place when a spill occurs. A proactive training program has proven to be cost-effective whenever contingency plans have had to be used.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE: A PROGRAM OF JOINT IMO/OIL INDUSTRY REGIONAL SEMINARS
Authors: Bavister Richard , Wonham Jon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Cooperative efforts between the oil industry and governments at the national and local levels have resulted in a series of reports for both technical and general audiences on subjects relating to oil spills, as well as an ongoing series of government/industry regional seminars for senior executives. The seminars emphasize the crucial importance of joint government/industry attention to contingency planning. These activities, which are continuing, are organized under the auspices of an International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association working group, and the International Maritime Organization. Feedback is solicited from seminar participants for use in planning further seminars and to give the IMO a clear picture of follow up activities that have resulted from the seminars.
IMPLEMENTING THE SHORELINE CLEANUP ASSESSMENT TEAM PROCESS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Debusschere Karolien , Penland Shea , Ramsey Karen E. , Lindstedt Dianne , Westphal Karen A. , Seal Robert , McBride Randolph A. , Byrnes Mark R. , Owens Ed 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Louisiana State University (LSU) and Woodward-Clyde Consultants are working with state and federal agencies, and industry through the LSU Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Research and Response Program to establish a shoreline cleanup assessment team program (SCAT) in the Gulf of Mexico. Each SCAT team consists of a coastal geomorphologist and ecologist (and archaeologist when appropriate), as well as representatives from the responsible federal, state, and private agencies. This cooperative effort is aimed at identifying oil spill impact and interagency coastal resource concerns and recommendations, and developing a cleanup strategy based on interagency cooperation and concurrence within a systematic and standardized framework. The SCAT program provides interagency coordination, SCAT preparedness, spill drill participation, interagency training, geographic information systems services, monitoring, and routine aerial videotape surveys. It also offers technical support to the decision-making process within spill response operations.
DEVELOPING THE STATE ON-SCENE COORDINATORS' COURSE FOR ALASKA
Authors: Young Harry , Dietrick Larry , Pilot Arthur , Harben Geoff , Burger Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Before the development of the state on-scene coordinators’ course, spill response training available to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation focused on technical aspects, safety, and the incident command system. To function in a unified command and carry out legislatively mandated tasks, a program was needed to instruct responders in the department's duties. As the course evolved, a synergistic relationship developed, which is redefining the response program.
ALASKA NEARSHORE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS
Authors: Dietrick Larry , Harben Geoff , Burger Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) was appropriated $1.2 million to design and conduct nearshore demonstration (NSD) projects in the Gulf of Alaska and southeast Alaska. The objective of these projects was to demonstrate response equipment positioned in coastal communities using local resources and local vessels of opportunity to contain and recover oil from orphan spills or spills that have escaped primary containment efforts. Depending on the coastal communities involved, the vessels of opportunity may be seiners, trollers, gill-netters, crabbers, or tenders. The NSD project successfully served as a prototype for the development of a statewide nearshore coastal oil spill response capability.
DRILLING FOR REALITY1
Authors: Levine Robert A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
ARCO Marine, Inc. (AMI) has been holding regular oil spill drills for its spill team members since the mid-1970s. Over the years the drills have gotten more elaborate and more costly, employing equipment and testing initial response and transition management. By the 1993 drill, it was found, the drills were losing their educational benefits and for the most part had become well-rehearsed stage plays, with spill team members and other participants as actors and equipment as props. The drills were not providing the education necessary to develop team members for their roles as response managers. AMI rethought the drill process and, with the concurrence of the U.S. Coast Guard, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, and the Ship Escort and Response Vessel System, decided that it was time to “drill for reality.”
DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS AT SEA
Authors: Lunel T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Information from five incidents in U.K. waters since 1980 in which dispersants have been used in responses, and two experimental spills using dispersants in 1993, shed light on the questions of whether dispersion of oil can reduce the overall environmental impact at a spill, whether we can demonstrate that dispersants enhance the rate of natural dispersion, and whether we can quantify how effective dispersants are.