bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible mechanisms for intravenous immunoglobulin–associated hemolysis: clues obtained from review of clinical case reports
Authors: Padmore Ruth 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUNDIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an efficacious treatment modality for a number of conditions and is usually well tolerated with few reports of serious adverse events; however, the administration of IVIG may occasionally result in clinically significant hemolysis.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe literature was reviewed for case reports and case series of IVIG‐associated hemolysis. The cases were scrutinized for clues as to the possible mechanism(s) of the hemolysis.RESULTSReview of the 129 individual cases reported in the literature identifies clinical features shared by the majority of patients. These features included non‐O blood group patients and treatment with high‐dose IVIG as an immune‐modulating agent for an underlying inflammatory or immune‐mediated disorder. Other patient factors such as secretor phenotype, soluble ABH substance, and Fcgamma receptor polymorphisms may also play a role.CONCLUSIONSIt is known that high‐dose IVIG given to non‐O blood group patients with underlying inflammatory and/or immune‐mediated disorders is associated with increased risk of hemolysis. This review reveals additional patient characteristics in cases of IVIG‐associated hemolysis, including underrepresentation of D– and group B cases, higher incidence in pediatric Kawasaki disease and unique at‐risk patient groups including allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients with group A donor in a group O recipient, and patients in whom soluble AB substance is removed by plasma exchange at the same time as receiving IVIG.
Effects of the manufacturing process on the anti‐A isoagglutinin titers in intravenous immunoglobulin products
Authors: Romberg Val , Hoefferer Liane , El Menyawi Ibrahim 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUNDThe first intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) preparations for clinical use were produced from human plasma by Cohn‐like fractionation processes. To achieve higher purity and yield, chromatography‐based processes were developed. Using two products as examples, we compare the capacity of these two manufacturing processes to reduce the levels of anti‐A and anti‐B isoagglutinins in IVIG, which are believed to be responsible for rare hemolytic adverse events.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe isoagglutinin levels of Sandoglobulin (lyophilized, sucrose‐stabilized IVIG produced by Cohn‐like fractionation) and Privigen (10% l‐proline–stabilized IVIG produced by a chromatography‐based process) were measured by the indirect agglutination test (IAT). The intrinsic isoagglutinin reduction capacity of each fractionation step was assessed in laboratory‐ and industry‐scale experiments using the IAT and a flow cytometry–based immunoglobulin‐binding assay, respectively.RESULTSThe median anti‐A isoagglutinin titer recorded in 248 Sandoglobulin lots was three titer steps lower than the one measured in 651 Privigen lots (1:2 vs. 1:16). Over the entire process, we measured a five‐titer‐step isoagglutinin reduction in laboratory‐scale Cohn‐like fractionation; the largest reduction was observed between Fraction (F)II+III and FII. An overall four‐titer‐step reduction was recorded in the industry‐scale process. In contrast, none of the steps of the chromatography‐based manufacturing process caused any decrease in anti‐A isoagglutinin content. Similar results were obtained for anti‐B isoagglutinin reduction.CONCLUSIONUnlike Cohn‐like fractionation, chromatography‐based IVIG manufacturing processes do not have an intrinsic capacity for isoagglutinin reduction. The addition of dedicated isoagglutinin reduction steps may help minimize the potential risk of hemolysis in IVIG‐treated patients.
Pathogenesis and mechanisms of antibody‐mediated hemolysis
Authors: Flegel Willy A. 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUNDThe clinical consequences of antibodies to red blood cells (RBCs) have been studied for a century. Most clinically relevant antibodies can be detected by sensitive in vitro assays. Several mechanisms of antibody‐mediated hemolysis are well understood. Such hemolysis after transfusion is reliably avoided in a donor‐recipient pair, if one individual is negative for the cognate antigen to which the other has the antibody.STUDY DESIGN AND RESULTSMechanisms of antibody‐mediated hemolysis were reviewed based on a presentation at the Strategies to Address Hemolytic Complications of Immune Globulin Infusions Workshop addressing intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and ABO antibodies. The presented topics included the rates of intravascular and extravascular hemolysis; immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG isoagglutinins; auto‐ and alloantibodies; antibody specificity; A, B, A,B, and A1 antigens; A1 versus A2 phenotypes; monocytes‐macrophages, other immune cells, and complement; monocyte monolayer assay; antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity; and transfusion reactions due to ABO and other antibodies.CONCLUSIONSeveral clinically relevant questions remained unresolved, and diagnostic tools were lacking to routinely and reliably predict the clinical consequences of RBC antibodies. Most hemolytic transfusion reactions associated with IVIG were due to ABO antibodies. Reducing the titers of such antibodies in IVIG may lower the frequency of this kind of adverse event. The only way to stop these events is to have no anti‐A or anti‐B in the IVIG products.
Accurate body composition measures from whole‐body silhouettes
Authors: Xie Bowen , Avila Jesus I. , Ng Bennett K. , Fan Bo , Loo Victoria , Gilsanz Vicente , Hangartner Thomas , Kalkwarf Heidi J. , Lappe Joan , Oberfield Sharon , Winer Karen , Zemel Babette , Shepherd John A. 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:Obesity and its consequences, such as diabetes, are global health issues that burden about 171 × 106 adult individuals worldwide. Fat mass index (FMI, kg/m2), fat‐free mass index (FFMI, kg/m2), and percent fat mass may be useful to evaluate under‐ and overnutrition and muscle development in a clinical or research environment. This proof‐of‐concept study tested whether frontal whole‐body silhouettes could be used to accurately measure body composition parameters using active shape modeling (ASM) techniques.Methods:Binary shape images (silhouettes) were generated from the skin outline of dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole‐body scans of 200 healthy children of ages from 6 to 16 yr. The silhouette shape variation from the average was described using an ASM, which computed principal components for unique modes of shape. Predictive models were derived from the modes for FMI, FFMI, and percent fat using stepwise linear regression. The models were compared to simple models using demographics alone [age, sex, height, weight, and body mass index z‐scores (BMIZ)].Results:The authors found that 95% of the shape variation of the sampled population could be explained using 26 modes. In most cases, the body composition variables could be predicted similarly between demographics‐only and shape‐only models. However, the combination of shape with demographics improved all estimates of boys and girls compared to the demographics‐only model. The best prediction models for FMI, FFMI, and percent fat agreed with the actual measures with R2 adj. (the coefficient of determination adjusted for the number of parameters used in the model equation) values of 0.86, 0.95, and 0.75 for boys and 0.90, 0.89, and 0.69 for girls, respectively.Conclusions:Whole‐body silhouettes in children may be useful to derive estimates of body composition including FMI, FFMI, and percent fat. These results support the feasibility of measuring body composition variables from simple cameras such as those found in cell phones.
Recurrent Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Bacteremia in an Infant
Authors: Watson Joshua R. , Leber Amy , Velineni Sridhar , Timoney John F. , Ardura Monica I. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTWe describe a case of an infant with recurrent bacteremia caused byStreptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicus, likely transmitted from mother to infant. Our case highlights the importance of an epidemiological history and molecular diagnostics in ascertaining insights into transmission, pathogenesis, and optimal management.
RNA and Nucleocapsid Are Dispensable for Mature HIV-1 Capsid Assembly
Authors: Mattei Simone , Flemming Annica , Anders-Össwein Maria , Kräusslich Hans-Georg , Briggs John A. G. , Müller Barbara 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is released from infected cells in an immature, noninfectious form in which the structural polyprotein Gag is arranged in a hexameric lattice, forming an incomplete spherical shell. Maturation to the infectious form is mediated by the viral protease, which cleaves Gag at five sites, releasing the CA (capsid) protein, which forms a conical capsid encasing the condensed RNA genome. The pathway of this structural rearrangement is currently not understood, and it is unclear how cone assembly is initiated. RNA represents an integral structural component of retroviruses, and the viral nucleoprotein core has previously been proposed to nucleate mature capsid assembly. We addressed this hypothesis by replacing the RNA-binding NC (nucleocapsid) domain of HIV-1 Gag and the adjacent spacer peptide 2 (SP2) by a leucine zipper (LZ) protein-protein interaction domain [Gag(LZ)] in the viral context. We found that Gag(LZ)-carrying virus [HIV(LZ)] was efficiently released and viral polyproteins were proteolytically processed, though with reduced efficiency. Cryo-electron tomography revealed that the particles lacked a condensed nucleoprotein and contained an increased proportion of aberrant core morphologies caused either by the absence of RNA or by altered Gag processing. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of HIV(LZ) particles contained mature capsids with the wild-type morphology. These results clearly demonstrate that the nucleoprotein complex is dispensable as a nucleator for mature HIV-1 capsid assembly in the viral context.

IMPORTANCE
Formation of a closed conical capsid encasing the viral RNA genome is essential for HIV-1 infectivity. It is currently unclear what viral components initiate and regulate the formation of the capsid during virus morphogenesis, but it has been proposed that the ribonucleoprotein complex plays a role. To test this, we prepared virus-like particles lacking the viral nucleocapsid protein and RNA and analyzed their three-dimensional structure by cryo-electron tomography. While most virions displayed an abnormal morphology under these conditions, some particles showed a normal mature morphology with closed conical capsids. These data demonstrate that the presence of RNA and the nucleocapsid protein is not required for the formation of a mature, cone-shaped HIV-1 capsid.
Circulative Nonpropagative Aphid Transmission of Nanoviruses: an Oversimplified View
Authors: Sicard Anne , Zeddam Jean-Louis , Yvon Michel , Michalakis Yannis , Gutiérrez Serafin , Blanc Stéphane 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Plant virus species of the family
Nanoviridae
have segmented genomes with the highest known number of segments encapsidated individually. They thus likely represent the most extreme case of the so-called multipartite, or multicomponent, viruses. All species of the family are believed to be transmitted in a circulative nonpropagative manner by aphid vectors, meaning that the virus simply crosses cellular barriers within the aphid body, from the gut to the salivary glands, without replicating or even expressing any of its genes. However, this assumption is largely based on analogy with the transmission of other plant viruses, such as geminiviruses or luteoviruses, and the details of the molecular and cellular interactions between aphids and nanoviruses are poorly investigated. When comparing the relative frequencies of the eight genome segments in populations of the species
Faba bean necrotic stunt virus
(FBNSV) (genus
Nanovirus
) within host plants and within aphid vectors fed on these plants, we unexpectedly found evidence of reproducible changes in the frequencies of some specific segments. We further show that these changes occur within the gut during early stages of the virus cycle in the aphid and not later, when the virus is translocated into the salivary glands. This peculiar observation, which was similarly confirmed in three aphid vector species,
Acyrthosiphon pisum
,
Aphis craccivora
, and
Myzus persicae
, calls for revisiting of the mechanisms of nanovirus transmission. It reveals an unexpected intimate interaction that may not fit the canonical circulative nonpropagative transmission.

IMPORTANCE
A specific mode of interaction between viruses and arthropod vectors has been extensively described in plant viruses in the three families
Luteoviridae
,
Geminiviridae
, and
Nanoviridae
, but never in arboviruses of animals. This so-called circulative nonpropagative transmission contrasts with the classical biological transmission of animal arboviruses in that the corresponding viruses are thought to cross the vector cellular barriers, from the gut lumen to the hemolymph and to the salivary glands, without expressing any of their genes and without replicating. By monitoring the genetic composition of viral populations during the life cycle of
Faba bean necrotic stunt virus
(FBNSV) (genus
Nanovirus
), we demonstrate reproducible genetic changes during the transit of the virus within the body of the aphid vector. These changes do not fit the view that viruses simply traverse the bodies of their arthropod vectors and suggest more intimate interactions, calling into question the current understanding of circulative nonpropagative transmission.
Metabolism and Pathogenicity ofPseudomonas aeruginosaInfections in the Lungs of Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Palmer Gregory C. , Whiteley Marvin 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIndividuals with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) accumulate mucus or sputum in their lungs. This sputum is a potent growth substrate for a range of potential pathogens, and the opportunistic bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosais generally most difficult of these to eradicate. As a result,P. aeruginosainfections are frequently maintained in the CF lung throughout life, and are the leading cause of death for these individuals. While great effort has been expended to better understand and treat these devastating infections, only recently have researchers begun to rigorously examine the roles played by specific nutrients in CF sputum to cueP. aeruginosapathogenicity. This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding howP. aeruginosametabolism in CF sputum affects initiation and maintenance of these infections. It contains an overview of CF lung disease and the mechanisms ofP. aeruginosapathogenicity. Several model systems used to study these infections are described with emphasis on the challenge of replicating the chronic infections observed in humans with CF. Nutrients present in CF sputum are surveyed, and the impacts of these nutrients on the infection are discussed. The chapter concludes by addressing the future of this line of research including the use of next-generation technologies and the potential for metabolism-based therapeutics.
Adherence to guidelines on antibiotic treatment for respiratory tract infections in various categories of physicians: a retrospective cross-sectional study of data from electronic patient records
Authors: Tell David , Engström Sven , Mölstad Sigvard 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo study how prescription patterns concerning respiratory tract infections differ between interns, residents, younger general practitioners (GPs), older GPs and locums.DesignRetrospective study of structured data from electronic patient records.SettingData were obtained from 53 health centres and 3 out-of-hours units in Jönköping County, Sweden, through their common electronic medical record database.ParticipantsAll physicians working in primary care during the 2-year study period (1 November 2010 to 31 October 2012).Outcome measuresPhysicians’ adherence to current guidelines for respiratory tract infections regarding the use of antibiotics.ResultsWe found considerable differences in prescribing patterns between physician categories. The recommended antibiotic, phenoxymethylpenicillin, was more often prescribed by interns, residents and younger GPs, while older GPs and locums to a higher degree prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics. The greatest differences were seen when the recommendation in guidelines was to refrain from antibiotics, as for acute bronchitis. Interns and residents most often followed guidelines, while compliance in descending order was: young GPs, older GPs and locums. We also noticed that male doctors were somewhat overall more restrictive with antibiotics than female doctors.ConclusionsIn general, primary care doctors followed national guidelines on choice of antibiotics when treating respiratory tract infections in children but to a lesser degree when treating adults. Refraining from antibiotics seems harder. Adherence to national guidelines could be improved, especially for acute bronchitis and pneumonia. This was especially true for older GPs and locums whose prescription patterns were distant from the prevailing guidelines.
Drug eluting stents versus bare metal stents for the treatment of extracranial vertebral artery disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Tank Vivek H , Ghosh Ritam , Gupta Vikas , Sheth Nakul , Gordon Shariyah , He Wenzhuan , Modica Steven F , Prestigiacomo Charles J , Gandhi Chirag D 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundWhile a growing number of reports offer evidence for the potential of drug eluting stents (DES) in treating atherosclerotic stenosis of the extracranial vertebral artery, their efficacy when compared with bare metal stents (BMS) is uncertain due to the lack of a large prospective randomized trial.MethodsA search strategy using the terms ‘stents’, ‘drug-eluting stents’, ‘atherosclerosis’, ‘vertebral artery’, and ‘vertebrobasilar insufficiency’ was employed through Medline. Five studies met the criteria for a comparative meta-analysis. The technical/clinical success, periprocedural complications, target vessel revascularization (TVR), rates of restenosis, recurrent symptoms, and overall survival were compared.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the technical success (OR=1.528, p=0.622), clinical success (OR=1.917, p=0.274), and periprocedural complications (OR=0.741, p=0.614) between the two groups. An OR of 0.388 for no restenosis in the BMS to DES arms (p=0.001) indicated a significantly higher restenosis rate in the BMS group relative to the DES group (33.57% vs 15.49%). When compared with the DES group, the BMS group had a significantly higher rate of recurrent symptoms (2.76% vs 11.26%; OR=3.319, p=0.011) and TVR (4.83% vs 19.21%; OR=4.099, p=0.001).ConclusionsA significantly lower rate of restenosis, recurrent symptoms, and TVR was noted in the DES group compared with the BMS group.
Eosinophilia predicts poor clinical outcomes in recent-onset arthritis: results from the ESPOIR cohort
Authors: Guellec Dewi , Milin Morgane , Cornec Divi , Tobon Gabriel J , Marhadour Thierry , Jousse-Joulin Sandrine , Chiocchia Gilles , Vittecocq Olivier , Devauchelle-Pensec Valérie , Saraux Alain 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of eosinophilia in patients with recent-onset arthritis suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to describe their features and outcomes.MethodsWe performed an ancillary study of data from a French prospective multicentre cohort study monitoring clinical, laboratory and radiographic data in patients with inflammatory arthritis of 6 weeks to 6 months duration. We determined the proportion of patients with eosinophilia, defined as a count >500/mm3, at baseline and after 3 years. Features of patients with and without baseline eosinophilia were compared.ResultsBaseline eosinophilia was evidenced in 26 of 804 (3.2%) patients; their mean eosinophil count was 637.7±107/mm3. Baseline eosinophilia was ascribed to atopic syndrome in 6 of 26 (23.1%) patients. After 3 years, patients with eosinophilia had higher Health Assessment Questionnaire scores (0.9 vs 0.5, p=0.004), higher patient visual analogue scale activity score and morning stiffness intensity (p=0.05), and were more often taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (p=0.02). Baseline eosinophilia was not associated with presence of extra-articular manifestations.ConclusionsEosinophilia is rare in recent-onset arthritis suggestive of RA, and is usually directly related to the rheumatic disease. Our data suggest that patients with mild eosinophilia at diagnosis could respond worse to the treatment than those without.
The stratigraphic, sedimentological and structural evolution of the southern margin of the Kazakhstan continent in the Tien Shan Range during the Devonian to Permian
Authors: Alexeiev Dmitriy V. , Cook Harry E. , Djenchuraeva Alexandra V. , Mikolaichuk Alexander V. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The passive margin carbonate platform in the Middle Tien Shan rests on Givetian–Frasnian red siliciclastic strata. It evolved from an attached carbonate platform in the Famennian and early Tournaisian to an isolated carbonate platform in the late Tournaisian to early Bashkirian. The open-ocean side of the platform was reef-rimmed, whereas the continental side was both reef- and shoal-rimmed. Platform interiors exhibit low-energy facies during the Famennian to early Visean and high-energy facies during the late Visean to Bashkirian. Eustatic sea-level rises in the middle Tournaisian, early Visean and near the Visean and Serpukhovian boundary caused major reorganizations in platform architecture.
Deformation in the middle Bashkirian reflects the onset of a convergent margin. Flexural loading by an orogenic thrust wedge controlled basin subsidence along the southern edge of the Middle Tien Shan in the Late Pennsylvanian to Asselian. Cessation of deposition in the Asselian followed by folding and granitoid plutonism reflects the onset of a rigid collision.
Devonian to Permian carbonates represent outcrop analogues of coeval oil- and gas-rich carbonate platforms in the North Caspian basin and can be used for comparative and predictive sedimentological studies. Palaeozoic carbonate reservoir facies may host subsurface Cenozoic oil fields in the Fergana Basin.