bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysthymia, cyclothymia, and hyperthymia
Authors: Akiskal Hagop S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLong before psychiatry moved to the outpatient arena in the latter part of the twentieth century, psychiatrists had observed milder mood disturbances among the kin of patients hospitalized for endogenous or psychotic depressions or mania. Some were described as sullen, morose, or otherwise moody, without discrete episodes; others reported self-limited episodes, but often went untreated. With the advent of modern treatments, practitioners are being increasingly consulted by patients presenting with attenuated affective disturbances. Although the relationship of these ambulatory mood states and more classical severe affective disorders has not been resolved, there is emerging sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and familial-genetic evidence that a continuum exists between them. Along the same lines, studies conducted in the United States and Germany into what were once described as ‘neurotic’ depressions have revealed a progression to more endogenous, psychotic, or bipolar switching. For these and related reasons, current official classification systems such as the ICD-10 and DSM-IV, have dropped the neurotic-endogenous dichotomy. Sceptics would perhaps argue that the new categorization of depressive disorders into dysthymic and major subtypes is not much of an improvement. Nonetheless, the new terminology has drawn attention to a large universe of human suffering that had been neglected in the past, and the conceptualization of dysthymia as a variant of mood disorder has had a far-reaching impact on diagnostic and therapeutic habits of clinicians worldwide. The emerging concept of the bipolar spectrum, which does include manic, cyclic depressive (bipolar II), cyclothymic, hyperthymic and related conditions, is beginning to have a similar impact on practice. The subthreshold mood disorders are not only in continuum with more pathological mood states, but they also provide a bridge with normal affective conditions. In this context, temperament, as a construct encompassing affective personalities, is currently enjoying a renaissance as one of the possible substrates for the origin of mood disorders. Temperament classically refers to an adaptive mixture of traits which, in the extreme, can lead to illness or modify the expression of superimposed affective states. The subthreshold conditions covered in this chapter represent the extreme expressions of these temperaments. A new self- administered instrument, the TEMPS-A, now validated in 10 language versions, is being used internationally to measure the classical constructs of depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, and irritable, as well as anxious temperaments.
Insomnias
Authors: Espie Colin A. , Bartlett Delwyn J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMost people's experiences of poor sleep are memorable, because sleeplessness and its daytime consequences are unpleasant. There are those, however, for whom insomnia is the norm. Persistent and severe sleep disturbance affects at least one in 10 adults and one in five older adults, thus representing a considerable public health concern. Sleep disruption is central to a number of medical and psychiatric disorders, and insomnia is usually treated by general practitioners. Therefore differential diagnosis is important, and respiratory physicians, neurologists, psychiatrists, and clinical psychologists need to be involved. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize current understanding of the insomnias, their appraisal, and treatment. Particular emphasis will be placed upon evidence-based practical management.
Parasomnias
Authors: Schenck Carlos H. , Mahowald Mark W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractParasomnias are defined as undesirable physical and/or experiential phenomena accompanying sleep that involve skeletal muscle activity (movements, behaviours), autonomic nervous system changes, and/or emotional-perceptual events. Parasomnias can emerge during entry into sleep, within sleep, or during arousals from any stage of sleep; therefore, all of sleep carries a vulnerability for parasomnias. Parasomnias can be objectively diagnosed by means of polysomnography (i.e. the physiologic monitoring of sleep—figures 4.14.4.1, 4.14.4.2), and can be successfully treated in the majority of cases. Understanding of the parasomnias, based on polysomnographic documentation, has expanded greatly over the past two decades, as new disorders have been identified, and as known disorders have been recognized to occur more frequently, across a broader age group, and with more serious consequences than previously understood. Parasomnias demonstrate how our instinctual behaviours, such as locomotion, feeding, sex, and aggression, can be released during sleep, itself a basic instinct. There are at least eight reasons why parasomnias should be of interest and importance to psychiatrists: 1 Parasomnias can be misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated as a psychiatric disorder. 2 Parasomnias can be a direct manifestation of a psychiatric disorder, e.g. dissociative disorder, nocturnal bulimia nervosa. 3 The emergence and/or recurrence of a parasomnia can be triggered by stress. 4 Psychotropic medications can induce the initial emergence of a parasomnia, or aggravate a preexisting parasomnia. 5 Parasomnias can cause psychological distress or can induce or reactivate a psychiatric disorder in the patient or bed partner on account of repeated loss of self-control during sleep and sleep-related injuries. 6 Familiarity with the parasomnias will allow psychiatrists to be more fully aware of the various medical and neuro-logical disorders, and their therapies, that can be associated with disturbed (sleep-related) behaviour and disturbed dreaming. 7 Parasomnias present a special opportunity for interlinking animal basic science research (including parasomnia animal models) with human (sleep) behavioural disorders. 8 Parasomnias carry forensic implications, as exemplified by the newly-recognized entity of ‘Parasomnia Pseudo-suicide.’ Also, psychiatrists are often asked to render an expert opinion in medicolegal cases pertaining to sleep-related violence.
Medical conditions associated with psychiatric disorder
Authors: Rundell James R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSeven out of 10 office visits to a primary care practitioner are related to a chronic illness. There are high levels of association of many of these chronic conditions with psychiatric disorders. Comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions increase use of medical resources and costs, as well as amplify functional impairment. For example, depression is associated with an approximately 50 per cent increase in medical costs of chronic medical illness, even after controlling for severity of physical illness. Dementia is associated with hospital costs up to 75 per cent higher than for non-demented patients. As important as a comprehensive knowledge of psychiatric diagnosis and psychosocial formulation is to a consulting psychiatrist, it is also vital to understand the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of the medical and surgical conditions that frequently coexist with psychiatric disorders. It is also important to know the behavioural and psychiatric side effects of medications and substances. Lacking this data permits only a partial and inadequate approach to diagnosis and treatment. This section describes general medical disorders associated with psychiatric syndromes. The pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of the medical disorder are described first, followed by psychiatric syndromes often seen with that diagnosis.
Rehabilitation techniques
Authors: Rössler W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe goal of psychiatric rehabilitation is to help disabled individuals to establish the emotional, social, and intellectual skills needed to live, learn, and work in the community with the least amount of professional support. Rehabilitation practice has changed the perception of mental illness. Enabling disabled people to live a normal life in the community causes a shift away from a focus on an illness model towards a model of functional disability. As such, other outcome measures aside from clinical conditions become relevant. Social role functioning including social relationship, work, and leisure as well as quality of life and family burden are of major interest for the people affected living in the community. The relevance of psychosocial and environmental problems is reflected in the DSM-IV and ICD-10. Axis IV of DSM-IV and codes Z55–Z65 and Z73 of ICD-10 are assigned for reporting psychosocial and environmental problems that may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders.
Delirium in the elderly
Authors: Lindesay James 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough delirium occurs at all ages, it is most frequently encountered in late life. This is because delirium is the result of an interaction between individual vulnerability factors (e.g. brain disease, sensory impairment) and external insults (e.g. physical illness, medication), the rates of which both increase with age. Our current concept of delirium derives principally from the florid clinical stereotype that has evolved from centuries of clinical observations on younger patients, and it may not be applicable to our historically unique ageing population. In younger adults, a major physical insult is usually necessary to precipitate delirium, which is often a dramatic disturbance. This is not the case in vulnerable elderly patients when relatively mild physical, psychological, or environmental upsets may be sufficient to bring about acute disturbances of mental functioning. These disturbances may be less obvious than in younger patients, particularly if they occur in the context of pre-existing cognitive impairment. Consequently, despite being common and problematic, delirium in elderly patients is frequently missed or misdiagnosed as dementia or depression by medical and nursing staff. This is unfortunate, because delirium is an important non-specific sign of physical illness or intoxication, and if left untreated there may be costly consequences, both for the patient and for health services.
Mood disorders in the elderly
Authors: Baldwin Robert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter considers some of the commonly asked questions about mood disorders in later life. Is depression in later life a distinct clinical syndrome? How common is it? Is there an organic link, for example to cerebral changes, and if so, is there an increased risk of later dementia? Is it more difficult to diagnose and treat late-life depression, and once treated, is the outcome good, bad, or indifferent? The emphasis will be on depression but bipolar disorder and mania will also be considered.
Gender identity disorder in children and adolescents
Authors: Green Richard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPsychosexual development of sex-typed behaviours spans a broad mix of the elements that comprise ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’. The possibility for variation is extensive. Among males, there are boys and men whose stereotypical masculinity may pose problems in mental health and criminality. They are not the focus here. Rather, here it is the marked deviation from the mean towards the ‘non-masculine’ or ‘feminine’ extreme. That pattern can also cause clinical concern and constitutes gender identity disorder (GID) as manifested in childhood. For females, conventional ‘tomboyism’ is not the focus here, but rather the extreme that can cause clinical concern and constitutes GID.
Effects of parental psychiatric and physical illness on child development
Authors: Ramchandani Paul , Stein Alan , Murray Lynne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA broad range of physical and psychiatric illnesses commonly affect adults of parenting age. For example, approximately 13 per cent of women are affected by depression in the postnatal period, and the prevalence of depression in parents of all ages remains high. Many parents will also experience severe physical illness; breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 12 women in the United Kingdom, about a third of whom have children of school age. Worldwide HIV has an enormous impact on adults of parenting age. In some parts of sub-Saharan Africa up to 40 per cent of women attending antenatal clinics are HIV positive. Many of these parental disorders are associated with an increased risk of adverse emotional and social development in their children, and in some cases cognitive development and physical health are also compromized. It must be emphasized that a significant proportion of children at high risk do not develop problems and demonstrate resilience, and, many parents manage to rear their children well despite their own illness. Nonetheless these risks represent a significant additional impact and burden of adult disease (both physical and psychiatric) that is often overlooked. This chapter reviews the current state of evidence regarding selected examples of psychiatric and physical conditions, from which general themes can be extracted to guide clinical practice. Some of the key mechanisms whereby childhood disturbance does or does not develop in conjunction with parental illness are considered, and strategies for management and intervention reviewed.
The effects of bereavement in childhood
Authors: Black Dora , Trickey David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBereavement in childhood, particularly the loss of a parent, represents a significant adversity, although the majority of bereaved children do not develop anything other than transient symptoms. Nevertheless, there is evidence that a brief preventive intervention can reduce subsequent morbidity. Children, who lose a parent through suicide, homicide, accident, or disaster, especially if they have witnessed the death, are at high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric disorders and their treatment needs should be assessed by mental health professionals.
Epilepsy and epilepsy-related behaviour disorders among people with intellectual disability
Authors: Iivanainen Matti 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEpilepsy is defined as at least one epileptic seizure; this in practice means two or more epileptic seizures unprovoked by any immediate identifiable cause during a relatively short period of time. Epileptic seizure is a clinical manifestation presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive discharge of a set of neurones in the brain. An epileptic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms and signs including type of seizure, mode of seizure recurrence, neurological findings, and neuroradiological or other findings of special investigations, customarily occurring together. An epileptic syndrome can have more than one cause or the cause may remain unknown; consequently outcomes may be different. Pseudoseizure is used to denote epilepsy-like seizures without concomitant EEG changes. Epilepsy and intellectual disability are symptoms of brain origin. The former is an unstable condition, where during the seizure or ictally the behaviour of a person with epilepsy is abnormal, but between the seizures or interictally there is no affect of epilepsy on his or her behaviour. Intellectual disability is a more or less stable condition. However, the categories of the degrees of intellectual disability are neither absolute nor static, as some children may move up or down between them. This chapter deals with the diagnosis, manifestations, behavioural disorders, frequency, aetiology, treatment, effects of antiepileptic drugs on behaviour, and prognosis of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability.
Methods of treatment
Authors: Berney T. P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere are a large number and variety of treatments for any disorder in intellectual disability: a good indication of the complexity of disturbance and the inconsistency of the effectiveness of any one treatment. Therapists have an unusual responsibility not to exploit the limited ability of their patients to withhold consent as well as to try to see the world through their eyes. They have also to combine simultaneously the enthusiasm of the charismatic healer with the objectivity and scepticism of the scientist. As in any experiment, changes in treatment should be introduced singly to ensure that it is clear which manoeuvre produces which result. However, treatments complement each other and should not be used in isolation. This is the area above all in which the patient depends on teamwork and cooperation between therapists, disciplines, and agencies.
Technologies for Extraction and Production of Bioactive Compounds to be Used as Nutraceuticals and Food Ingredients: An Overview
Authors: Joana Gil‐Chávez G. , Villa José A. , Fernando Ayala‐Zavala J. , Basilio Heredia J. , Sepulveda David , Yahia Elhadi M. , González‐Aguilar Gustavo A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNatural bioactive compounds include a broad diversity of structures and functionalities that provide an excellent pool of molecules for the production of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and food additives. Some of those compounds can be found in nature at high concentration such as polyphenols but others can only be found at very low levels, so that massive harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts, and their structural diversity and complexity make chemical synthesis unprofitable. The inherent difficulties in screening and producing these compounds have led to the development of advanced technologies. The commonly used methods for their extraction are the conventional liquid–liquid or solid–liquid extraction and the advanced include pressurized‐liquid extraction, subcritical and supercritical extractions, and microwave‐ and ultrasound‐assisted extractions. In addition, these extraction techniques have been improved with previous steps (enzyme‐and instant controlled pressure drop‐assisted extractions) which help to release the compounds from the matrix. These technologies could provide in the next few years an innovative approach to increase the production of specific compounds for use as nutraceuticals or as ingredients in the design of functional foods.
Bone‐healing pattern at the surface of titanium implants: an experimental study in the dog
Authors: Rossi Fabio , Lang Niklaus P. , De Santis Enzo , Morelli Fabrizio , Favero Giovanni , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo study the early sequential stages of osseointegration at implants installed in alveolar bony.Materials and methodsIn 12 Labrador dogs, all mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted bilaterally. After 3 months of healing, full‐thickness flaps were elevated in the edentulous region of the right side of the mandible. Implants were installed, and the flaps were sutured to allow a fully submerged healing. The timing of the installations in the left side of the mandible and of sacrifices were performed with a schedule that various observation periods to sacrifice from 5, 10, 20, and 30 days were available so thatn = 6 was obtained per each healing period. Ground sections were prepared and analyzed.ResultsNewly formed bone in contact with the implant surface was found after 10 days of healing and the percentage increased up to 50% after 1 month of healing. A higher percentage was found in the trabecular compared with the cortical bony compartment. Old bone decreased by about 50% during healing, being still present after 1 month (16%). The proportions of bone debris and bone particles were at 27% after 5 days and decreased during healing to 6% after 1 month.ConclusionOsseointegration (new bone‐to‐implant contact) developed at various rates for cortical and trabecular compartments, respectively. In the trabecular region, mesenchymal cells were identified, subsequently developing into new bone in contact with the implant surface. In the cortical compartment, however, resorptive processes were observed throughout all periods of healing. The proportion of newly formed bone percentage was lower compared with that of the trabecular area. Old bone was still present after 1 month of healing in both compartments. Bone debris and small bone particles appeared to be involved in initial bone formation.
Trophic fingerprint of fish communities in subtropical floodplain lakes
Authors: Zhang Huan , Zhang Huan , Wu Gongguo , Zhang Peiyu , Xu Jun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractStable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) and gut content analysis are commonly used to detect trophic relationships in aquatic systems. Nonetheless, the use of δ15N in determining the suitability of quantitative and qualitative dietary data as representations of trophic relationships in lake ecosystems remains unverified. Quantitative and qualitative dietary data on 46 fish species were obtained from field surveys in the floodplain lakes of the Yangtze Plain to calculate trophic position and benthivory. Dietary measures using the stable isotope approach were validated. The dietary approach yields comparable results in detecting trophic relationships in lake ecosystems. Our estimation of the benthivory of the 46 fish species ranged from 1.5% to 100%, with an average of 60.3%. These figures support the assumption that benthic energy pathways account for more than half of total fish consumption. Our feeding guild data confirm that more than 50% (including 25 species) of the studied fish species in the floodplain lakes of the Yangtze Plain are omnivorous, suggesting that omnivory is prevalent among subtropical floodplain lakes.
Syndecan‐1 modulates β‐integrin‐dependent and interleukin‐6‐dependent functions in breast cancer cell adhesion, migration, and resistance to irradiation
Authors: Hassan Hebatallah , Greve Burkhard , Pavao Mauro S. G. , Kiesel Ludwig , Ibrahim Sherif A. , Götte Martin 
Published: January 2013

Syndecan‐1 is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan with various biological functions relevant to tumor progression and inflammation, including cell–cell adhesion, cell–matrix interaction, and cytokine signaling driving cell proliferation and motility. Syndecan‐1 is a prognostic factor in breast cancer, and has a predicitive value for neodadjuvant chemotherapy. It is still poorly understood how syndecan‐1 integrates matrix‐dependent and cytokine‐dependent signaling processes in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we evaluated the potential role of syndecan‐1 in modulating matrix‐dependent breast cancer cell migration in the presence of interleukin‐6, and its potential involvement in resistance to irradiation in vitro. MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells were transiently transfected with syndecan‐1 small interfering RNA or control reagents, and this was followed by stimulation with interleukin‐6 or irradiation. Cellular responses were monitored by adhesion, migration and colony formation assays, as well as analysis of cell signaling. Syndecan‐1 depletion increased cell adhesion to fibronectin. Increased migration on fibronectin was significantly suppressed by interleukin‐6, and GRGDSP peptides inhibited both adhesion and migration. Interleukin‐6‐induced activation of focal adhesion kinase and reduction of constitutive nuclear factor kappaB signaling were decreased in syndecan‐1‐deficient cells. Focal adhesion kinase hyperactivation in syndecan‐1‐depleted cells was associated with dramatically reduced radiation sensitivity. We conclude that loss of syndecan‐1 leads to enhanced activation of β1‐integrins and focal adhesion kinase, thus increasing breast cancer cell adhesion, migration, and resistance to irradiation. Syndecan‐1 deficiency also attenuates the modulatory effect of the inflammatory microenvironment constituent interleukin‐6 on cancer cell migration.