bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated examination, prioritized examination, and other petitions to make special: what’s right for you?
Authors: Pham Chinh H. , Garsson Ross Spencer 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWith the enactment of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act on September 16, 2011, there are now multiple opportunities to speed up the patenting process for which companies, such as those focusing on nanotechnology-related inventions, can take advantage. The three main options include (1) prioritized examination, (2) accelerated examination, and (3) certain categories under petition to make special. This article provides an overview of each option, so nanotech companies can decide which strategy is right for them.
Antibiotic Exposure and IBD Development Among Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kronman Matthew P. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Haynes Kevin , Feng Rui , Coffin Susan E. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether childhood antianaerobic antibiotic exposure is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

METHODS:
This retrospective cohort study employed data from 464 UK ambulatory practices participating in The Health Improvement Network. All children with ≥2 years of follow-up from 1994 to 2009 were followed between practice enrollment and IBD development, practice deregistration, 19 years of age, or death; those with previous IBD were excluded. All antibiotic prescriptions were captured. Antianaerobic antibiotic agents were defined as penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, tetracyclines, clindamycin, metronidazole, cefoxitin, carbapenems, and oral vancomycin.

RESULTS:
A total of 1 072 426 subjects contributed 6.6 million person-years of follow-up; 748 developed IBD. IBD incidence rates among antianaerobic antibiotic unexposed and exposed subjects were 0.83 and 1.52/10 000 person-years, respectively, for an 84% relative risk increase. Exposure throughout childhood was associated with developing IBD, but this relationship decreased with increasing age at exposure. Exposure before 1 year of age had an adjusted hazard ratio of 5.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.66–18.28) but decreased to 2.62 (95% CI: 1.61–4.25) and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.35–1.84) by 5 and 15 years, respectively. Each antibiotic course increased the IBD hazard by 6% (4%–8%). A dose-response effect existed, with receipt of &gt;2 antibiotic courses more highly associated with IBD development than receipt of 1 to 2 courses, with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.77 (95% CI: 2.13–10.68) versus 3.33 (95% CI: 1.69–6.58).

CONCLUSIONS:
Childhood antianaerobic antibiotic exposure is associated with IBD development.
Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfed 4-Month-Old Infants Supplemented During Different Seasons
Authors: Halicioglu Oya , Sutcuoglu Sumer , Koc Feyza , Yildiz Omur , Akman Sezin A. , Aksit Sadik 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the vitamin D status of 4-month-old exclusively breastfed infants supplemented with 400 IU daily of vitamin D and to determine whether there was any seasonal variation in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels of infants.

METHODS:
In this cross-sectional study, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and 25(OH)D levels of 143 exclusively breastfed 4-month-old infants supplemented daily with 400 IU of vitamin D were measured in a temperate latitude, Izmir, Turkey, between May 2008 and April 2009. A questionnaire on demographic characteristics of infants and mothers, vitamin D supplementation of infants after birth, mothers' multivitamin supplementation, dressing habits, and consumption of dairy products during pregnancy was used.

RESULTS:
Vitamin D deficiency (≤50 nmol/L) and insufficiency (51–74 nmol/L) were determined in 40 (28%) and 55 (38.5%) infants, respectively. During winter days, serum 25(OH)D levels were &lt;20 ng/mL in 45.4% of infants and &lt;10 ng/mL in 10.6% of infants. Season of blood sampling, compliance of vitamin D supplementation, maternal education level, and consumption of dairy products were highly predictive of serum 25(OH)D levels in multiple linear regression analysis (P &lt; .05). The use of the Pearson correlation test found a statistically significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone levels (r = −0.419, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite supplementation with 400 IU of vitamin D daily, the rate of vitamin D deficiency was worryingly high in 4-month-old exclusively breastfed infants living in Izmir, Turkey. So, additional studies are needed to clarify optimal amount of vitamin D supplementation to the infants, especially during winter days.
Phase I Study and Biomarker Analysis of Lapatinib and Concurrent Radiation for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Kimple Randall J. , Horton Janet K. , Livasy Chad A. , Shields Janiel M. , Lawrence Julia A. , Chiu WingKeung M. , Ivanova Anastasia , Ollila David W. , Carey Lisa A. , Halle Jan S. , Sartor Carolyn I. , Dees E. Claire 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Purpose.
This phase I study assessed the toxicity and safety of combining daily lapatinib with radiation therapy. Sequential tumor biopsies were obtained to evaluate changes in biomarkers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human EGFR-2 (HER2) signaling pathways.

Methods.
Eligibility for this dose-escalation study included unresectable and locally recurrent or chemotherapy-refractory and locally advanced breast cancer, and adequate organ function. Patients underwent three serial biopsies: at baseline, after 1 week of lapatinib alone, and after 1 week of lapatinib and radiation. Endpoints included determination of toxicity, maximum tolerated dose, and analysis of the effect of lapatinib with or without radiation on EGFR and HER2 signaling pathways by immunohistochemistry.

Results.
Doses of lapatinib up to 1,500 mg/day were well tolerated. Toxicity of grade 3 or more was limited to radiation dermatitis and pain. Out of 19 patients treated, in field responses per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria were complete in four patients and partial in six patients. Serial biopsies were obtained in 16 patients with no complications. Total Her2 was relatively unchanged while phospho-Her2, phospho-Akt, and phospho-ERK showed variable responses to both lapatinib alone and dual therapy with lapatinib and radiation.

Conclusions.
The combination of lapatinib and radiation was well tolerated in this patient cohort. Overall local response rates were comparable to those reported in other studies in this patient population. Biopsies were safely performed at all time points. Inhibition of HER2 and downstream signaling pathways was identified, although no strong correlation with response was seen.
Is Radical Prostatectomy a Useful Therapeutic Option for High-Risk Prostate Cancer in Older Men?
Authors: Graefen Markus , Schlomm Thorsten 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Prostate cancer affects a high proportion of men over 70 years of age, who are likely to have high-risk disease and a substantial risk of prostate-cancer-specific death. With life expectancy increasing worldwide, the burden of prostate cancer is also expected to rise. Thus, effective management of this high-risk senior patient group is increasingly important. Radical prostatectomy can increase survival and decrease the risk of metastatic progression. Postsurgery complications are affected more by comorbidity than by age. In patients without comorbidities, surgery is associated with a low risk of mortality. Advanced age may increase the likelihood of incontinence following radical prostatectomy, but patients with higher risk disease are no more likely to experience this complication compared with lower risk groups. Treatment decisions should be made after considering the health status and life expectancy of the individual patient. If eligible, the patient should be offered radical prostatectomy as a potentially curative treatment, without a rigid restriction to a certain chronological age.
Radical Radiotherapy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer in Older Men
Authors: Payne Heather A. , Hughes Simon 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Historical data for older men with high-risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy alone have demonstrated a 10-year prostate-cancer-specific mortality of around 30%. The development of dose escalation, using techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy, has enabled more targeted delivery of treatment with improved efficacy and a reduction in the risk of toxicity compared with conventional radiotherapy. The combination of radiotherapy and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) has been shown to improve overall survival compared with radiotherapy or ADT alone without a significant increase in toxicity in patients with minimal comorbidities. There is evidence that patient age has only a marginal effect on genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities following radiotherapy. Further research has shown that although age does have an effect on the likelihood of sexual dysfunction after radiation therapy, there is no significant difference in the proportion of men aged ≥75 years who feel that sexual dysfunction is a moderate or serious problem before or 24 months after diagnosis. Radical radiotherapy is effective and well tolerated in senior men with high-risk prostate cancer and should be offered in combination with long-term ADT to patients with minimal comorbidities. In case of significant comorbid conditions, shorter durations of ADT may be considered.
The Importance of Supportive Care in Optimizing Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Scotté Florian 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Optimal oncologic care of older men with prostate cancer, including effective prevention and management of the disease and treatment side effects (so-called best supportive care measures) can prolong survival, improve quality of life, and reduce depressive symptoms. In addition, the proportion of treatment discontinuations can be reduced through early reporting and management of side effects. Pharmacologic care may be offered to manage the side effects of androgen-deprivation therapy and chemotherapy, which may include hot flashes, febrile neutropenia, fatigue, and diarrhea. Nonpharmacologic care (e.g., physical exercise, acupuncture, relaxation) has also been shown to benefit patients. At the Georges Pompidou European Hospital, the Program of Optimization of Chemotherapy Administration has demonstrated that improved outpatient follow-up by supportive care measures can reduce the occurrence of chemotherapy-related side effects, reduce cancellations and modifications of treatment, reduce chemotherapy wastage, and reduce the length of stay in the outpatient unit. The importance of supportive care measures to optimize management and outcomes of older men with advanced prostate cancer should not be overlooked.
Enhancing Guided Tissue Regeneration of Periodontal Defects by Using a Novel Perforated Barrier Membrane
Authors: Gamal Ahmed Y. , Iacono Vincent J. 
Published: September 2012

Background: The present study was designed to determine whether exclusion of the gingival connective tissue (CT) and periosteum with contained stem cells has a positive or negative effect on periodontal regeneration by comparing the use of a novel modified perforated collagen membrane with a traditional cell occlusive barrier membrane.Methods: Twenty non‐smoking patients with severe chronic periodontitis were included in the study. Single deep intrabony defects from each of the patients were randomly divided into two groups, as follows: occlusive bovine collagen membranes (OM control group, 10 sites) and modified perforated bovine collagen membranes (MPM test group, 10 sites). Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), defect base level (DBL), and crestal bone level (CBL) were measured at baseline and were reassessed at 6 and 9 months after therapy to evaluate the quantitative changes in the defect.Results: At 6‐ and 9‐month observation periods, the MPM‐treated sites showed a statistically significant improvement in PD reduction and CAL gain compared with the OM control group. DBL was significantly reduced with no significant difference between the two groups at 6‐ and 9‐month observation periods. CBL was significantly higher in the MPM group when compared with that of the OM group at both observation periods. The postoperative differences between the two groups were 2 and 1.7 mm at 6 and 9 months, respectively, in favor of the MPM‐treated sites.Conclusions: The present study demonstrated enhanced clinical outcomes when using novel MPMs compared to OMs in guided tissue regeneration procedures. These results may be affected by the penetration of gingival CT contained stem cells and periosteal cells and their differentiation into components of the attachment apparatus.
Mast Cells in Periodontal Disease of Individuals With and Without HIV Undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Segundo Takeshi Kato , Souto Giovanna Ribeiro , Costa Fernando Oliveira , Mesquita Ricardo Alves 
Published: September 2012

Background: Mast cells appear to be associated with human periodontal disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the presence of mast cells in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Methods: Gingival samples were obtained from 50 individuals with and without HIV who presented with chronic gingivitis and periodontitis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify c‐kit and tryptase mast cells. Inflammatory infiltrate was evaluated and quantified in the specimens of gingival tissue. In the inflammatory infiltrate subjacent to the pocket epithelium, the densities of the mast cells were calculated. These results were compared between the groups with and without HIV. Correlations could be drawn between the densities of c‐kit and tryptase mast cells and the density of inflammatory infiltrate, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)‐positive and CD8+ T‐lymphocyte levels, and viral loads.Results: Although the individuals with HIV had higher densities of c‐kit or tryptase mast cells than those without HIV, both groups presented with chronic gingivitis or periodontitis, and no statistically significant differences could be observed. Both strong and negative correlations could be observed among the inflammatory infiltrate, c‐kit, and tryptase in individuals both with and without HIV. Concerning the chronic gingivitis of the individuals with HIV, both strong and positive correlations could be observed between the density of c‐kit and CD8+ T‐lymphocyte levels.Conclusions: Individuals with HIV undergoing HAART, compared with individuals without HIV, had no statistically significant differences in mast cell densities in gingival tissue.
Comparative Studies on Microvascular Endothelial Cells Isolated From Periodontal Tissue
Authors: Suphasiriroj Wiroj , Mikami Masato , Sato Soh 
Published: September 2012

Background: Most available periodontal studies regarding the endothelial cell (EC) were investigated by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); however, ECs can display remarkable heterogeneity in vascular beds of different origins. The aim of the present study, therefore, is to characterize microvascular ECs isolated from periodontal tissue and investigate their growth and gene expression compared to HUVECs (macrovascular).Methods: Periodontal ligament ECs (PDL‐ECs) and gingiva ECs (G‐ECs) were isolated by coupling to monoclonal anti‐CD31 antibody magnetic beads. Both PDL‐ECs and G‐ECs were characterized to definitively demonstrate that the culture represented pure ECs. Their growth was determined by resazurin reduction assay. Interleukin (IL)‐8, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), and E‐selectin gene expression were determined by real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction after treatment with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Results: PDL‐ECs and G‐ECs revealed specific EC characteristics but formed tube‐like structures and had slower growth rates than HUVECs. After E. coli LPS treatment, PDL‐ECs and G‐ECs showed similar dose‐dependently increased levels of IL‐8, ICAM‐1, and E‐selectin mRNA expression; however, their expressions were in contrast to HUVECs. PDL‐ECs and G‐ECs showed obviously increased ICAM‐1 mRNA expression, whereas HUVECs showed markedly increased E‐selectin mRNA expression after treatment with 0.1 μg/mL E. coli LPS.Conclusions: ECs isolated from periodontal tissue show different growth and gene expression from those of HUVECs. Thus, these microvascular ECs appear to be a more valuable in vitro model system than HUVECs (macrovascular) to further study pathogenesis and angiogenesis of periodontal disease.
Improving Visualization of Large Scale Reservoir Models
Authors: Dale Stein Inge , Sjaastad Magne , Høgstøl Håkon , Rustad Alf Birger 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
ResInsight is an open source project developing a cross-platform 3D visualization application for reservoir models and simulations. The main motivation of the development work is to improve key aspects of the human interaction when working with large scale reservoir models. The paper illustrates visualizations of properties, faults and wells designed for efficient interpretation of reservoir simulation data. To be highly responsive during visualization of large datasets, the system exploits multi-core CPUs and GPUs by a new core visualization library and a limited-intrusive multi-threading approach. Powerful and flexible mechanisms for result manipulation and numerical computations are established based on GNU Octave. Derived results can be returned to ResInsight for further handling and visualization. Eventually, derived and computed properties can be directly exported to form input to new simulations, thereby reducing the time needed for simulation cycles and parameter studies.
Advances in Modeling of Giant Reservoirs
Authors: Dzyuba Vladislav I. , Bogachev Kirill Yu. , Bogaty Anton S. , Lyapin Alexander R. , Mirgasimov Almaz R. , Semenko Alexey E. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In order to create an efficient system for modeling giant reservoir models, there is a whole range of technical challenges which have to be addressed. In this paper we concentrate on the topic of parallel scalability of complex computing systems like multi-CPU clusters and workstations with GPU processing cards. For multi-CPU distributed memory computing systems, it is shown that about 10 times improvement in parallel performance can be achieved if a new so called "hybrid" approach is used. In this "hybrid" approach, the usual MPI synchronization between the cluster nodes is being interleaved with a shared memory system thread based synchronization at the node level. It is demonstrated, that for some "black oil" models of real oil and gas fields, the parallel acceleration factor can exceed 1300 times for 4096 CPU cores. Even for the extreme example of a giant full field model containing over 14,000 production and injection wells, it is shown that a parallel acceleration of over 350 times can be achieved. For CPU-GPU, and CPU-CPU based systems, we compare the parallel performance of simple iterative and realistic pre-conditioner based algorithms typically used in oil and gas simulations. Hardware systems equipped with AMD FirePro, nVidia TESLA and 16-core dual Intel Xeon E2580 systems are compared in this study.
Exploration of the in vitro Antiviral Activity of a Series of New Pyrimidine Analogues on the Replication of HIV and HCV
Authors: Jafar Nadhir NA , Al-Masoudi Najim A , Baqir Sadiq J , Leyssen Pieter , Pannecouque Christophe 
Published: September 2012

Background: In continuation of our search for new anti-HIV and anti-HCV agents, the suggestion, synthesis and structure elucidation of a new series of 2,6-diamino-4-alkylthio- or (2-benzylhydrazinyl)-5- p-chlorophenylazopyrimidines), 2,6-diamino-4-(2-benzylhydrazinyl)-5-(aryl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyrimidines, 2,6-diamino-4-(aryl)-5-(aryl[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl) pyrimidines), 6-(aryl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-nitro pyrimidine-2,4-dione and 6-amino-4-methoxy- N,N-dimethyl-6-arylpyrimidines were described. Methods: The anti-HIV-1 (strain IIIB) and HIV-2 (strain ROD) activity of the newly synthesized pyrimidine analogues was evaluated in vitro in human MT-4 cells using the MT-4/MTT assay. Similarly, the same compounds were evaluated in vitro for their selective antiviral activity against HCV in the Huh 5–2 replicon system (type 1b, Con1 strain). Results: None of the tested compounds exhibited inhibition of HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in cell culture. Even though many compounds yielded a 50% effective concentration in the HCV replicon system with selectivity indexes up to 6.9, none of the compounds matched the selection criteria of a selective inhibitor of virus replication in this assay (that is, >70% inhibition at concentrations that do not elicit an anti-metabolic effect on the host cells). Conclusions: Structural modification of these compounds might optimize their anti-HCV activity by introducing diverse and potent functional groups at the pyrimidine backbone, like nitrile residue. Because of the nature of the molecules, these new derivatives will also be evaluated for their potential anti-HIV activity.
Hétérogénéité des corpus et textométrie
Authors: Pincemin Bénédicte 
Published: September 2012

L’homogénéité fait partie des critères habituellement requis en linguistique de corpus. Ce critère est à discuter en regard d’autres critères concernant également la textualité, comme la représentativité et l’interprétabilité ; et sa mise en œuvre suppose une définition pragmatique des genres textuels. Au stade de l’analyse, la méthode textométrique, statistique et endogène, modélisant le corpus à partir des distributions de ses unités lexicales, est directement sensible aux hétérogénéités. Mais la tradition textométrique est aussi particulièrement attentive à la forme originale des données. Aussi la textométrie a-t-elle développé des pratiques méthodologiques et mis au point des fonctionnalités pour gérer l’hétérogénéité des corpus, évitant des opérations de réduction a priori .
Du vent pour scier le marbre
Authors: Claude Sandrine 
Published: September 2012

Au cœur des Causses, à quelques kilomètres à l’est de Félines en Minervois, un moulin à scier le marbre s’insère dans une zone d’extraction du marbre griotte : on y en repère plusieurs carrières et sondages d’exploitation, des habitations de carriers et un chemin de charroi pour les blocs dégrossis. Le moulin, qui se dresse sur un socle artificiel aménagé en bordure d’une éminence naturelle, est entièrement réalisé à partir des déchets de taille de la carrière contiguë. Surprenante est ici l’utilisation de l’énergie éolienne pour activer le mécanisme, aujourd’hui disparu, des scies lisses qui entraînent du sable et, par abrasion, débitent des plaques de marbre d’une épaisseur comprise entre 1,5 et 2,5 cm : ce mode d’actionnement fait la spécificité et tout l’intérêt du moulin de Félines. Tout aussi étonnant est le silence des archives qui ne permet aujourd’hui d’avancer aucune datation précise pour cet ensemble dont les auteurs signalent l’état de ruine en 1892 ; seuls des indices d’ordre toponymique trahissent sinon une construction, du moins une utilisation du moulin au milieu du xixe siècle.