bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting Realistic Recovery Targets for Two Interacting Endangered Species, Sea Otter and Northern Abalone
Authors: Chadès Iadine , Curtis Janelle M. R. , Martin Tara G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFailure to account for interactions between endangered species may lead to unexpected population dynamics, inefficient management strategies, waste of scarce resources, and, at worst, increased extinction risk. The importance of species interactions is undisputed, yet recovery targets generally do not account for such interactions. This shortcoming is a consequence of species‐centered legislation, but also of uncertainty surrounding the dynamics of species interactions and the complexity of modeling such interactions. The northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and one of its preferred prey, northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), are endangered species for which recovery strategies have been developed without consideration of their strong predator–prey interactions. Using simulation‐based optimization procedures from artificial intelligence, namely reinforcement learning and stochastic dynamic programming, we combined sea otter and northern abalone population models with functional‐response models and examined how different management actions affect population dynamics and the likelihood of achieving recovery targets for each species through time. Recovery targets for these interacting species were difficult to achieve simultaneously in the absence of management. Although sea otters were predicted to recover, achieving abalone recovery targets failed even when threats to abalone such as predation and poaching were reduced. A management strategy entailing a 50% reduction in the poaching of northern abalone was a minimum requirement to reach short‐term recovery goals for northern abalone when sea otters were present. Removing sea otters had a marginally positive effect on the abalone population but only when we assumed a functional response with strong predation pressure. Our optimization method could be applied more generally to any interacting threatened or invasive species for which there are multiple conservation objectives.Definición de Metas de Recuperación Realistas para Dos Especies en Peligro Interactuantes, Enhydra lutris y Haliotis kamtschatkana
Alcohol Use in Hazardous Situations: Implications for DSM‐IV and DSM‐5 Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Mewton Louise , Slade Tim , Memedovic Sonja , Teesson Maree 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe use in hazardous situations criterion (hazard) is 1 of 4 criteria related to alcohol abuse in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV), and 1 of the 11 criteria related to the new alcohol use disorder (AUD) proposed for DSM‐5. The current study aims to evaluate the hazard criterion in the context of both DSM‐IV alcohol abuse and DSM‐5 AUD.MethodsData came from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well‐Being (n = 8,841) as a stratified, multistage area probability sample of persons aged 16 to 85 years. Logistic regressions were used to: (i) compare the clinical characteristics of those with alcohol abuse including hazard and those with alcohol abuse because of other criteria; (ii) investigate the relationship between the hazard criterion and indices of socioeconomic status (SES); and (iii) investigate the effect of eliminating the hazard criterion on the epidemiology and correlates of the proposed DSM‐5 AUD diagnosis.ResultsWhen compared with the other abuse subgroup, those with abuse including hazard (irrespective of other abuse criteria endorsed) were more likely to report another drug use disorder. The 2 abuse subgroups could not be differentiated by any other clinical characteristics. There were no systematic relationships between the hazard criterion and indices of SES. The elimination of the hazard criterion would lead to a considerable decrease in the prevalence of AUD, with those no longer receiving a diagnosis more likely to be young males with drug use disorders and suicidal behaviors.ConclusionsThe current study failed to replicate previous analyses that indicated problems with the hazard criterion when assessed in the U.S. population. Many of the problems identified in the hazard criterion appear to be due to operationalizations of this criterion that includes items specifically related to drink‐driving. The current results indicate that the elimination of the hazard criterion would lead to a considerable decline in the prevalence of DSM‐5 AUD and risk excluding a potentially clinically significant subtype of AUD from future diagnosis.
TACR1 Genotypes Predict fMRI Response to Alcohol Cues and Level of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Blaine Sara , Claus Eric , Harlaar Nicole , Hutchison Kent 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1) gene is a promising candidate gene in the search for the genetic basis of alcohol dependence (AD); TACR1 antagonists improve symptomology not only in preclinical models of AD but also in a clinical sample of detoxified alcoholics (George et al., Science 319:1536, 2008). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether TACR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with (i) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation in response to gustatory alcohol cues in a sample of heavy drinkers and (ii) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) AD symptom count in a large, publicly available data set—the Study of Addictions: Genetics and Environment Genome Wide Association study (SAGE GWAS) (Bierut et al., 2010).MethodsFirst, we examined relationships between TACR1 genotypes and neural responses during a craving task in 326 individuals with alcohol use disorders. Next, correlational analyses between 69 TACR1 SNPs and DSM‐IV‐TR AD symptoms were performed on the SAGE data set.Resultsrs3771863, rs3755459, and rs1106855 predicted BOLD activation in response to alcohol cues in those same reward and reinforcement brain areas, especially in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and insula. rs3771863 also predicted AD symptom count in the SAGE data set and BOLD activation in the mesocorticolimbic pathway response to alcohol cues.ConclusionsEach of the 5 SNPs in the TACR1 gene that was significantly related to AD severity in the SAGE data set and/or the BOLD response to the craving task is near the 3′ or 5′ areas of the gene and may therefore be near mutations with potential functional significance. In particular, the potential functional significance of rs1106855 should be explored because of its location within a stop codon.
Ethosuximide Reduces Ethanol Withdrawal–Mediated Disruptions in Sleep‐Related EEG Patterns
Authors: Wiggins Walter F. , Graef John D. , Huitt Tiffany W. , Godwin Dwayne W. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundChronic ethanol (EtOH) leads to disruptions in resting electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and in sleep patterns that can persist into the withdrawal period. These disruptions have been suggested to be predictors of relapse. The thalamus is a key structure involved in both normal brain oscillations, such as sleep‐related oscillations, and abnormal rhythms found in disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Previously, we have shown progressive changes in mouse thalamic T‐type Ca2+ channels during chronic intermittent EtOH exposures that occurred in parallel with alterations in theta (4 to 8 Hz) EEG patterns.MethodsTwo groups of 8‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were implanted with wireless EEG/electromyogram (EMG) telemetry and subjected to 4 weeks of chronic, intermittent EtOH vapor exposure and withdrawal. During the week after the final withdrawal, mice were administered ethosuximide (ETX; 200 mg/kg) or saline. EEG data were analyzed via discrete Fourier transform, and sleep‐scored for further analysis.ResultsChronic intermittent EtOH exposure produced changes in the diurnal rhythms of the delta (0.5 to 4 Hz) and theta bands that persisted into a subsequent week of sustained withdrawal. These disruptions were restored with the T‐channel blocker ETX. Repeated EtOH exposures preferentially increased the relative proportion of lower frequency power (delta and theta), whereas higher frequencies (8 to 24 Hz) were decreased. The EtOH‐induced decreases in relative power for the higher frequencies continued into the sustained withdrawal week for both groups. Increases in absolute delta and theta power were observed in averaged nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep spectral data during withdrawal in ETX‐treated animals, suggesting increased sleep intensity.ConclusionsThese results suggest that persistent alterations in delta and theta EEG rhythms during withdrawal from chronic intermittent EtOH exposure can be ameliorated with ETX and that this treatment might also increase sleep intensity during withdrawal.
Decomposition of Toxic Chemical Substance Management in Three U.S. Manufacturing Sectors from 1991 to 2008
Authors: Fujii Hidemichi , Managi Shunsuke 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThis study analyzes toxic chemical substance management in three U.S. manufacturing sectors from 1991 to 2008. Decomposition analysis applying the logarithmic mean Divisia index is used to analyze changes in toxic chemical substance emissions by the following five factors: cleaner production, end‐of‐pipe treatment, transfer for further management, mixing of intermediate materials, and production scale. Based on our results, the chemical manufacturing sector reduced toxic chemical substance emissions mainly via end‐of‐pipe treatment. In the meantime, transfer for further management contributed to the reduction of toxic chemical substance emissions in the metal fabrication industry. This occurred because the environmental business market expanded in the 1990s, and the infrastructure for the recycling of metal and other wastes became more efficient. Cleaner production is the main contributor to toxic chemical reduction in the electrical product industry. This implies that the electrical product industry is successful in developing a more environmentally friendly product design and production process.
The effect of statin therapy on the formation of arteriovenous fistula stenoses and the rate of reoccurrence of previously treated stenoses
Authors: Birch Nathan , Fillaus Jennifer , Florescu Marius C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractStatins reduce inflammation in end‐stage renal disease patients and improve endothelial function beyond cholesterol lowering. Despite this, statins do not improve the maturation rate, primary patency rate, and the cumulative survival of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). It is unknown if statins decrease the number of stenoses developing in AVFs or prolong the intervals between angioplasties needed to treat recurring stenoses. We conducted a retrospective chart review of our 265 active dialysis patients. The statin group was significantly more likely to be diabetic (64% vs. 43.6%) and treated with aspirin (64% vs. 40%) when compared to those not treated with statins (P = 0.04 and 0.01). The mean time to first intervention (primary patency) was 16.5 months in statin users and 15.8 months in the nonstatin group (P = 0.49) with standard deviations of ±18.5 and 16.6 months, respectively. Statin use was not associated with a significant decrease in the number of stenoses diagnosed (P = 0.28). The mean time between recurrent stenoses’ angioplasties was 8.9 months in statin users and 7.3 months in the nonstatin patients (P = 0.25). Aspirin users were more likely to have a decreased primary patency (rate ratio = 1.65, P = 0.03) compared with nonaspirin users. Patients who were prescribed aspirin developed 1.6 (P 0.01) times more stenoses than those not treated with aspirin. We report for the first time that statin therapy does not decrease the number of stenotic lesions developing in the AVF or prolong the interval between procedures required to treat recurrent stenoses.
Commotio Cordis – A Report of Two Similar Cases
Authors: Zheng Na , Liang Man , Liu Yan , Liu Liang , Zhu Shao H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCommotio cordis is a rare and fatal mechano‐electric arrhythmogenic syndrome, occurring mainly during sports activities. The present study describes two similar cases of sudden death caused by commotio cordis associated with homicide. The two decedents were both 15‐year‐old male teenagers. Both collapsed within several minutes after being punched in the precordial region, as observed by witnesses at the scenes. Although electrocardiograms were not recorded at the scenes or the hospitals, the sudden onset of cardiovascular, respiratory, and neural symptoms were consistent with sudden cardiac death caused by commotio cordis. Autopsy and forensic morphology both revealed no cardiac or pericardiac structural damage, evident lesions of other internal organs, or underlying diseases, along with negative toxicological analysis, conforming to criteria for diagnosis of commotio cordis. The diagnosis of commotio cordis by forensic pathologists is important in deliberating a verdict of homicide, especially involuntary homicide. In rare instances, a death caused by commotio cordis may have a homicide manner of death.
Inequality in oral health‐care utilisation exists among older Thais despite a universal coverage policy
Authors: Somkotra Tewarit 
Published: October 2012

AimTo assess socioeconomic‐related inequality in oral health‐care utilisation among older Thais.MethodThe data on 8951 and 11 402 older Thais (≥60 years) from national representative Thailand Health and Welfare Surveys (HWS) of 2003 and 2009, respectively, were analysed. Descriptive analyses were performed on oral health‐care utilisation, and a concentration index (CI) quantified the extent of socioeconomic‐related inequality in oral health‐care utilisation.ResultsAnalyses indicated that socioeconomic‐related inequalities in oral health‐care utilisation among older Thais existed, and tended to favour those of higher socioeconomic status. However, the older poor were more likely to utilise oral health care at public facilities, particularly primary care facilities, than those of higher socioeconomic status.ConclusionDespite universal coverage policy, socioeconomic‐related inequalities in oral health‐care utilisations exist among the older Thais. To alleviate these, strengthening the primary health‐care system deserves particular attention.
Discovery of Raman-scattered lines in the massive luminous emission-line star LHA 115-S 18
Authors: Torres A. F. , Kraus M. , Cidale L. S. , Barbá R. , Borges Fernandes M. , Brandi E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
LHA 115-S 18 is a very peculiar emission-line star exhibiting the B[e] phenomenon. Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud, its spectrum shows features of an extremely wide range of excitation and ionization stages, extending from highly ionized atomic lines (Si iv, C iv, He ii) in the ultraviolet and optical regions to molecular emission bands of CO and TiO in the optical and infrared regions. The most distinguishing spectral characteristic of LHA 115-S 18 is the high variability detected in the He iiλ4686 emission line, which can be a very conspicuous or completely invisible feature.
In this work, we report on another peculiarity of LHA 115-S 18. From high-resolution optical spectra taken between 2000 and 2008, we discovered the appearance and strengthening of two emission features at λλ6825 and 7082 Å, which we have identified as Raman-scattered lines. This is the first time that these lines have been detected in the spectrum of a massive luminous B[e] star. As the classification of LHA 115-S 18 is highly controversial, we discuss how the discovery of the appearance of Raman-scattered lines in this peculiar star might help us to solve this puzzle.
Shaving and Masculinity in Eighteenth‐Century Britain
Authors: WITHEY ALUN 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHow did new technologies inform conceptions of masculinity in Enlightenment Britain? This article explores the practice and material culture of shaving as an expression of polite masculinity. The eighteenth‐century masculine ideal was clean‐shaven. New types of steel meant sharper and more durable razors, in turn affecting the practice of shaving. Men at this time increasingly began to shave themselves rather than visit a barber. But razor‐makers advertised their wares using carefully constructed discourses, linking razors – and shaving – to a broader male interest in science. Razors were thus simultaneously a product of, and a vector for, Enlightenment ideas.
Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma with dual CD3 and c‐kit expression in a dog
Authors: Shiomitsu Keijiro , Bauer Rudy W. , Grasperge Britton J. , Suter Steven E. , Waite Kyle J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAn 11‐year‐old 8.9‐kg spayed female Boston Terrier was presented for evaluation of a mucocutaneous tumor on the right side of the upper lip that had been biopsied (punch biopsy) by the referring veterinarian. The histologic diagnosis was poorly differentiated round cell tumor involving the submucosa with patchy involvement of the mucosa. On presentation of the dog to Louisiana State University, the tumor was found to involve the mucosa and haired skin surface of the right upper lip. A fine‐needle aspirate of the right mandibular lymph node contained atypical poorly differentiated round cells similar to those in the histologic sections. To further characterize the tumor, immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor on the lip was performed; tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive for both CD3 and c‐kit in a cytoplasmic to membranous pattern, with CD3 expression having a more intense membranous component. The diagnosis was cutaneous epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma with co‐expression of CD3 and c‐kit by neoplastic lymphocytes, an unusual finding. As receptor tyrosine kinases can be attractive targets for cancer treatment, expression of these molecular targets in tumors is a promising subject of future research.
Preliminary evaluation of total protein concentration and electrophoretic protein fractions in fresh and frozen serum from wild Horned Vipers (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes)
Authors: Proverbio Daniela , de Giorgi Giada Bagnagatti , Pepa Alessandra Della , Baggiani Luciana , Spada Eva , Perego Roberta , Comazzi Carlo , Belloli Angelo 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDetermination of the health status of reptiles is based on physical examination and evaluation of hematologic and biochemical values. Evaluation of serum total protein (TP) concentration and protein fractions plays an important role in health assessment; however, little is known about references value for these analytes in wild viperoid snakes. In addition, studies evaluating the stability of proteins in frozen viperoid serum are lacking.ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to establish preliminary reference values for concentrations ofTPand protein fractions in serum from wild vipers and to evaluate the stability of serum proteins in frozen serum samples from viperoid snakes.MethodsBlood samples were collected from wild Horned Vipers (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes). Using fresh serum,TPconcentrations were determined using the biuret method and protein fractions were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE); albumin/globulin ratios were calculated. Analyses were also performed on serum frozen at −20°C for 70 days and then thawed. Pre‐ and post‐storage results were compared using the Mann–Whitney U‐test.ResultsFive adult wild Horned Vipers were sampled and comprised 4 males and 1 female. The female snake had higherTPconcentrations than the male snakes. The electrophoretic patterns demonstrated 6 protein fractions that were similar for all 5 snakes. There were no significant changes in the concentrations of the 6 protein fractions post‐storage; the percentage of the alpha‐1 fraction was increased in frozen/thawed serum.ConclusionTotal protein concentrations in serum fromVipera ammodytes ammodyteswere in agreement with published reference intervals for healthy reptiles and viperoid snakes. Serum protein fractions were easy to identify usingAGEelectrophoresis.
Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain1
Authors: Epps Thomas H. , Hitchcock Daniel R. , Jayakaran Anand D. , Loflin Drake R. , Williams Thomas M. , Amatya Devendra M. 
Published: October 2012

Epps, Thomas H., Daniel R. Hitchcock, Anand D. Jayakaran, Drake R. Loflin, Thomas M. Williams, and Devendra M. Amatya, 2012. Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12000Abstract:  Hydrologic monitoring was conducted in two first‐order lower coastal plain watersheds in South Carolina, United States, a region with increasing growth and land use change. Storm events over a three‐year period were analyzed for direct runoff coefficients (ROC) and the total storm response (TSR) as percent rainfall. ROC calculations utilized an empirical hydrograph separation method that partitioned total streamflow into sustained base flow and direct runoff components. ROC ratios ranged from 0 to 0.32 on the Upper Debidue Creek (UDC) watershed and 0 to 0.57 on Watershed 80 (WS80); TSR results ranged from 0 to 0.93 at UDC and 0.01 to 0.74 at WS80. Variability in event runoff generation was attributed to seasonal trends in water table elevation fluctuation as regulated by evapotranspiration. Groundwater elevation breakpoints for each watershed were identified based on antecedent water table elevation, streamflow, ROCs, and TSRs. These thresholds represent the groundwater elevation above which event runoff generation increased sharply in response to rainfall. For effective coastal land use decision making, baseline watershed hydrology must be understood to serve as a benchmark for management goals, based on both seasonal and event‐based surface and groundwater interactions.
Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study1
Authors: Lu Haorong , Li S. Samuel , Guo Jinsong 
Published: October 2012

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003Abstract:  Fluctuations in water submersion of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China have not been explored in spite of their important implications for shoreline erosion and other undesirable consequences. This article aims to quantify the monthly fluctuations in response to changing hydraulic parameters and regional climatic factors. Flow velocity and water levels distributed along the 609‐km long dammed river reservoir are calculated with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamics model. Evaporation of water from the surface of the reservoir is determined using mass transfer‐based methods. Calculated flow velocities and water levels compare well with field data. We show that the water surface slope decreases with rising water level at the dam, and decreases to almost zero during the winter months of water storage when the downstream water level reaches the normal pool level. The submersion area varies between 830 and 1,070 km2 over the year or over 20% of the reservoir zone will experience the annual cycle of dry land and partial or complete submersion. These fluctuations are of relevance to shoreline management and to the prevention and restoration of shoreline erosion. Evaporation is estimated to fluctuate between 1,240 and 26,110 tons of water per month per kilometer length of reservoir channel; this can possibly affect the hydrological budget of the reservoir region. The simple methodologies discussed in this article can easily be applied to other dammed river reservoirs for submersion estimates.