bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition from brand to generic tacrolimus is associated with a decrease in trough blood concentration in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Duong Son Q. , Lal Ashwin K. , Joshi Rujuta , Feingold Brian , Venkataramanan Raman 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThere are limited data available on the bioequivalence of generic and brand‐name tacrolimus in pediatric and heart transplant patients. We characterized changes in 12‐hour trough concentrations and clinical outcomes after transition from brand to generic tacrolimus in pediatric thoracic organ transplant recipients. Patients with a pharmacy‐confirmed date of switch between generic and brand tacrolimus were identified, as well as a matched control group that did not switch for comparison. We identified 18 patients with a confirmed date of switch, and in 12 patients that remained on the same dose, trough concentrations were 14% less than when they were on brand (p = 0.037). The average change was −1.15 ± 1.76 ng/mL (p = 0.045). The control group did not experience a change in trough concentration and was different than the switched group (p = 0.005). There were no differences in dosage changes or kidney or liver function. In the year after switch, 24% of patients who were switched to generic experienced a rejection event vs. 18% in the patients on brand. We suggest a strategy of monitoring around the time of transition, and education of the patient/family to notify the care team when changes from brand to generic or between generics occur.
Diversifying Nature Protection: Evaluating the Changing Tools for Forest Protection in Canada and Norway
Authors: Auld Graeme , Gulbrandsen Lars H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGovernments increasingly struggle to protect representative nature types and ecological diversity within their territories only via the instrument of publicly designated protected areas. This article examines the rise of voluntary conservation and certification (i.e., private conservation) as tools for forest protection in Norway and Canada. We contrast the differing potential of these private conservation tools with protection through government legislation and regulation using four evaluative criteria: the representativeness of protected areas, the strength of protection, the longevity of protection, and the information generated through protection. We find that private conservation tools can match the strength of legal protection and help to dispel conflict, but that private tools create protection that is more likely to be reversed in the future. However, we also show that voluntary private conservation can become public protection, which highlights the importance of examining different paths toward secure and long‐lasting protection.
How Self‐Image and Compassionate Goals Shape Intrapsychic Experiences
Authors: Canevello Amy , Crocker Jennifer 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSelf‐image goals focus on constructing, maintaining, and defending desired public and private images of the self, whereas compassionate goals focus on being supportive and not harming others. We suggest that these goals shape construals of others in relation to the self, which in turn, shape affective experiences. We review research showing that when people have self‐image goals, they construe others as competitors, which leads to feeling uneasy with others (i.e., conflicted, confused, and fearful), and that when they have compassionate goals, they construe others as collaborators and have more constructive approaches to interpersonal problems, which leads to feeling at ease with others (i.e., peaceful, clear, and loving) and less upset with them. Thus, interpersonal goals shape construals of others, which in turn shape intrapsychic experiences of the world and of the self.
The Tripartite Foundations of Temporal Psychological Distance: Metaphors, Ecology, and Teleology
Authors: Van Boven Leaf , Caruso Eugene M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhat is psychological distance? Why do events sometimes seem “close” yet other times seem “ages away?” We propose a tripartite model of the foundations of psychological distance in which: (a) people use spatial distance as a metaphor for psychological distance; (b) the ecology of subjective experiences that coincide with changes in objective distance define, and hence, influence psychological distance; (c) psychological distance is shaped in the service of people's ultimate goals, or teleological considerations, of successfully navigating through time. This model implies that the subjective experiences that are typically associated with reductions in objective temporal distance should reduce temporal psychological distance–the subjective sense of how close or far away events are. We review evidence indicating that emotional arousal, attention, fluency, and motivational considerations all reduce psychological distance. This model also implies a temporal asymmetry in which people prioritize thinking about the future, which approaches in time, over thinking about the past, which recedes in time. Consequently, the future is psychologically closer than the past, people attend more to the future than to the past, and people feel more emotionally aroused about the future than about the past. These findings help advance understanding of psychological distance as a distinct psychological construct.
Experimental Investigations of Fracture Process in Concrete by Means of X‐ray Micro‐computed Tomography
Authors: Skarżyński Ł. , Tejchman J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe paper describes investigation results on fracture in notched concrete beams under quasi‐static three‐point bending by the X‐ray micro‐computed tomography. The two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional image procedures were used. Attention was paid to width, length, height and shape of cracks along beam depth. In addition, the displacements on the surface of concrete beams during the deformation process were measured with the 2D digital image correlation technique in order to detect strain localisation before a discrete crack occurred. The 2D fracture patterns in beams were numerically simulated with the finite‐element method using an isotropic damage constitutive model enhanced by a characteristic length of micro‐structure. Concrete was modelled as a random heterogeneous four‐phase material composed of aggregate, cement matrix, interfacial transitional zones and air voids. The advantages of the X‐ray micro‐computed tomography were outlined.
Measuring Connectivity in a Globally Networked Industry: The Case of Air Transport
Authors: Arvis Jean‐François , Shepherd Ben 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe develop a new method for measuring air transport connectivity and apply it to data for 211 countries and territories for the year 2007. Our approach is grounded both in network analysis and in gravity modelling. It produces a global measure of connectivity, which captures the full range of interactions among all network nodes, even when there is no direct flight between them. Connectivity follows a power‐law distribution that is fully consistent with a hub‐and‐spoke network. Our approach provides a new basis for future research in related areas.
The impact of an experimentally induced increase in arterial blood pressure on left ventricular twist mechanics
Authors: Balmain B. , Stewart G. M. , Yamada A. , Chan J. , Haseler L. J. , Sabapathy S. 
Published: October 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Increases in blood pressure elicited by isometric hand‐grip exercise (IHG) have been shown to impair ventricular twist mechanics. However, the utility of the IHG model is confounded by a concurrent increase in heart rate, which independently influences ventricular mechanics.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We show that a period of post‐IHG circulatory occlusion isolates the effect of an arterial blood pressure increase from heart rate and magnifies the impairment of left ventricular twist when compared with IHG alone. A protocol using IHG followed by brief circulatory occlusion may serve as a useful tool in examining and understanding the relationships between afterload and cardiac function in various disease states.

The effects of isometric hand‐grip exercise (IHG) coupled with a period of postexercise circulatory occlusion (OCC; known to sustain exercise‐induced increases in blood pressure while facilitating a decrease in heart rate) on left ventricular (LV) twist mechanics was examined. Two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography was used to assess LV apical and basal rotation and LV twist in 19 healthy participants (23 ± 2 years old) at rest, during 3 min of IHG (performed at 40% maximal voluntary contraction) and 3 min of OCC immediately following IHG. The IHG elicited significant (P < 0.001) increases in mean arterial pressure (rest, 91 ± 1 mmHg; IHG, 122 ± 2 mmHg) and heart rate (rest, 65 ± 2 beats min−1; IHG, 91 ± 4 beats min−1). Mean arterial pressure remained elevated during OCC (116 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.001 versus rest), whereas heart rate returned to resting levels (68 ± 3 beats min−1; P = 0.159 versus rest). Apical rotation decreased significantly (P < 0.01) by 10 ± 5% during IHG and 21 ± 4% during OCC, whereas basal rotation remained unchanged from rest. Left ventricular twist decreased from rest to IHG (12 ± 5%; P = 0.015) and OCC (21 ± 4%; P = 0.001), whereas a decrease in LV untwist rate was observed only during OCC. An increase in blood pressure generated by IHG, and maintained by a period of OCC, impairs aspects of LV twist mechanics. Postexercise circulatory occlusion isolated the effect of the arterial blood pressure rise (from heart rate), magnifying the impairment of LV twist mechanics when compared with IHG, whilst also negatively impacting LV relaxation. We propose that a protocol using isometric exercise followed by circulatory occlusion provides a method for studying the effects of blood pressure changes on LV twist mechanics.
Nonlinear optical properties of 3-HF in different polar solvents investigated by Z-scan technique using picosecond laser pulse
Authors: Wu Feng , Ma Lina , Zhang Siwen , Wang Zhe , Cheng Xiaoman 
Published: October 2015

3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) is an organic molecule with excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effect. The nonlinear optical properties of 3-HF in the three different polar solvents (cyclohexane, ethanol and their mixture) were investigated by Z-scan technique under the excitation of the 1064 nm picoseconds laser pulse. The 3-HFs in these solvents exhibit the self-defocusing effect and their nonlinear refraction indices are in the order of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. The large nonlinear refraction indices may allow them to be widely used for the optoelectronic devices.
Genesis of Hurricane Julia (2010) within an African Easterly Wave: Sensitivity to Ice Microphysics
Authors: Cecelski Stefan F. , Zhang Da-Lin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhile much attention has been given to investigating the dynamics of tropical cyclogenesis (TCG), little work explores the thermodynamical evolution and related cloud microphysical processes occurring during TCG. This study elaborates on previous research by examining the impact of ice microphysics on the genesis of Hurricane Julia during the 2010 North Atlantic Ocean hurricane season. As compared with a control simulation, two sensitivity experiments are conducted in which the latent heat of fusion owing to depositional growth is removed in one experiment and homogeneous freezing is not allowed to occur in the other. Results show that removing the latent heat of fusion substantially reduces the warming of the upper troposphere during TCG. This results in a lack of meso-α-scale hydrostatic surface pressure falls and no tropical depression (TD)-scale mean sea level pressure (MSLP) disturbance. In contrast, removing homogeneous freezing has little impact on the structure and magnitude of the upper-tropospheric thermodynamic changes and MSLP disturbance. Fundamental changes to the strength and spatial extent of deep convection and related updrafts are found when removing the latent heat of fusion from depositional processes. That is, deep convection and related updrafts are weaker because of the lack of heating in the upper troposphere. These changes to convective development impact the creation of a storm-scale outflow and thus the accumulation of upper-tropospheric warming and the development of the TD-scale MSLP disturbance.
Cloud Droplet Collisions in Turbulent Environment: Collision Statistics and Parameterization
Authors: Chen Sisi , Bartello Peter , Yau M. K. , Vaillancourt P. A. , Zwijsen Kevin 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to quantify the influence of turbulence in collision statistics by separately studying the impacts of computational domain sizes, eddy dissipation rates (EDRs), and droplet sizes and eventually to develop an accurate parameterization of collision kernels. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were performed with a relatively wide range of EDRs and Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers . EDR measures the turbulence intensity levels. DNS model studies have simulated homogeneous turbulence in a small domain in the cloud’s adiabatic core. Clouds clearly have much larger scales than current DNS can simulate. For this reason, it is emphasized that obtained from current DNS is fundamentally only a measure of the computational domain size for a given EDR and cannot completely describe the physical properties of cloud turbulence. Results show that the collision statistics are independent of the domain sizes and hence of the computational for droplet sizes no bigger than 25 μm as long as the droplet separation distance, which is on the order of the Kolmogorov scale in real clouds, is resolved. Instead, they are found to be highly correlated with EDRs and droplet sizes, and this correlation is used to formulate an improved parameterization scheme. The new scheme well represents the turbulent geometric collision kernel with a relative uncertainty of 14%. A comparison between different parameterizations is made, and the formulas proposed here are shown to improve the fit to the collision statistics.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Contributions to Irreducible Forecast Uncertainty of Arctic Surface Climate
Authors: Tietsche Steffen , Hawkins Ed , Day Jonathan J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Uncertainty of Arctic seasonal to interannual predictions arising from model errors and initial state uncertainty has been widely discussed in the literature, whereas the irreducible forecast uncertainty (IFU) arising from the chaoticity of the climate system has received less attention. However, IFU provides important insights into the mechanisms through which predictability is lost and hence can inform prioritization of model development and observations deployment. Here, the authors characterize how internal oceanic and surface atmospheric heat fluxes contribute to the IFU of Arctic sea ice and upper-ocean heat content in an Earth system model by analyzing a set of idealized ensemble prediction experiments. It is found that atmospheric and oceanic heat flux are often equally important for driving unpredictable Arctic-wide changes in sea ice and surface water temperatures and hence contribute equally to IFU. Atmospheric surface heat flux tends to dominate Arctic-wide changes for lead times of up to a year, whereas oceanic heat flux tends to dominate regionally and on interannual time scales. There is in general a strong negative covariance between surface heat flux and ocean vertical heat flux at depth, and anomalies of lateral ocean heat transport are wind driven, which suggests that the unpredictable oceanic heat flux variability is mainly forced by the atmosphere. These results are qualitatively robust across different initial states, but substantial variations in the amplitude of IFU exist. It is concluded that both atmospheric variability and the initial state of the upper ocean are key ingredients for predictions of Arctic surface climate on seasonal to interannual time scales.
An In-Depth Evaluation of Heritage Algorithms for Snow Cover and Snow Depth Using AMSR-E and AMSR2 Measurements
Authors: Lee Yong-Keun , Kongoli Cezar , Key Jeffrey 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) was launched in 2012 on board the Global Change Observation Mission 1st–Water (GCOM-W1) satellite. This study presents a robust evaluation of AMSR2 algorithms for the retrieval of snow-covered area (SCA) and snow depth (SD) that will be used operationally by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Quantitative assessment of the algorithms was performed for a 10-yr period with AMSR-E and a 2-yr period with AMSR2 data using the NOAA Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) snow cover and in situ SD data as references. AMSR-E SCA showed a monthly overall accuracy rate of about 80% except in May. Accuracy improves significantly to over 90% when wet snow cases are excluded, and accuracy differences between ascending and descending portions of orbits also decrease. Microwave-derived SCA over dry snow areas can therefore be obtained with accuracy close to optically derived SCA. An evaluation of the results for AMSR-E SD showed a low overall bias of 1 cm and a root-mean-square error of 20 cm. Results for AMSR2-based SCA and SD are similar to those from AMSR-E. Biases and root-mean-square errors show dependencies on elevation, forest fraction, the magnitude of snow depth, and snow cover class.
Predictors of costs from the hospital perspective of primary pulmonary embolism
Authors: Motte Serge , Mélot Christian , Di Pierdomenico Lionel , Martins Dimitri , Leclercq Pol , Pirson Magali 
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study was to estimate the total hospital cost per patient admitted through the emergency department with a primary diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), and to identify the main components and predictors of costs.Actual costs of care of 652 consecutive patients hospitalised in 10 general hospitals in Belgium, including 31 outlier patients in terms of length of stay (4.8%), were obtained by aggregating all cost components contributing to care of each patient.In both inlier and outlier patients, the mean total cost per patient increased linearly with the degree of severity of illness classes related to the All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group (p<0.0001). Medical procedures, nursing activities and hospitalisation accommodation were the main cost components. We identified six independent predictors of costs in inliers: age group, chronic pulmonary heart disease, heart failure, admission to intensive care unit, initial thrombolysis treatment and type of hospital. There was a statistically significant linear trend between age groups and costs (p<0.0001).An increasing burden of comorbid illness was strongly associated with increasing actual cost for caring hospitalised patients for PE. Increasing age was associated with an increase in all main cost components.
Change in the manifestations of asthma and asthma-related traits in childhood: a latent transition analysis
Authors: Garden Frances L. , Simpson Judy M. , Mellis Craig M. , Marks Guy B. 
Published: October 2015

It is known that asthma is a heterogeneous entity whose manifestations vary with age. Our objective was to examine changes in the manifestation of asthma and asthma-related traits in childhood by defining empirically derived childhood asthma phenotypes and examining their transitions over time.To define the phenotypes we used data on respiratory symptoms, healthcare utilisation, medications, spirometry, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), exhaled nitric oxide concentration and atopy from a birth cohort recruited on the basis of having a first-degree relative with asthma. Data were acquired at ages 1.5–11.5 years and analysed using latent transition analysis.In a study population of 370 participants, we classified subjects into four phenotypes: 1) nonatopic, few symptoms (prevalence range from 1.5 to 5 years: 52–60%), 2) atopic, few symptoms (3–21%), 3) nonatopic, asthma and rhinitis symptoms (13–35%), and 4) atopic, asthma and rhinitis symptoms (2–14%) in early childhood; and 1) nonatopic, no respiratory disease (prevalence range from 8 to 11.5 years: 41–46%), 2) atopic, no respiratory disease (23–33%), 3) nonatopic, asthma symptoms, no AHR or airway inflammation (8–12%) and 4) atopic asthma (19%) in mid-childhood. Transitioning between phenotypes was common in early childhood, but less common in later childhood.This analysis represents the first attempt to incorporate longitudinal patterns of several manifestations of asthma into a single model to simultaneously define phenotypes and examine their transitions over time. It provides quantitative support for the view that asthma is a heterogeneous entity, and that some children with wheeze and other respiratory symptoms in early life progress to asthma in mid-childhood, while others become asymptomatic.
The minimal important difference for the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire in patients with severe COPD
Authors: Welling Jorrit B.A. , Hartman Jorine E. , Ten Hacken Nick H.T. , Klooster Karin , Slebos Dirk-Jan 
Published: October 2015

The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) is a validated, commonly used questionnaire for measuring quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The current established minimal important difference (MID) for SGRQ scores in an average COPD population is −4 units. However, for patients with severe COPD, the MID has not been thoroughly validated. We re-determined the SGRQ MID for this patient group.115 severe COPD patients (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 26±9% of predicted, SGRQ score 62±11 units; mean±sd,) who participated in seven different bronchoscopic lung volume reduction clinical trials were included in the analysis. Anchor- and distribution-based methods were used to define the MID for SGRQ scores. FEV1, 6-min walk distance and residual volume were used as anchors.Combining both anchor- and distribution-based methods, we identified a SGRQ MID of −8.3 units at 1 month and −7.1 units at 6 months.This study proposes an alternative SGRQ MID for patients with severe COPD of −8.3 units at 1 month and −7.1 units at 6 months follow-up after intervention. Our new MID estimates could be applied for both interpreting SGRQ outcomes as well as sample size determination in future clinical trials investigating interventions in severe COPD patients.
Pathological variations in mummified feet between two near‐distance/long‐time populations in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Isidro Albert , Huber Beatrice , Malik Aamer , Malgosa Assumpció 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn ancient populations, a significant quantity of foot pathology was related either to the type of footwear they used or the underlying terrain they walked on. Our study was carried out to analyze these parameters with the foot pathologies the mummies presented.MethodsBetween 2006 and 2012, more than 650 individuals were recovered from the Sharuna and Qarara necropolis (Middle Egypt) dating from the VIth Dynasty of the first Ptolemaic Period to the second Coptic Period. From among them, a total of 73 mummified feet (41 from Sharuna and 32 from Qarara) were studied. We took into account the differences existing between both sites in location (15 km apart) and in time (2500 years apart).ResultsAlmost all feet from Sharuna were wrapped and impregnated with a preservative substance (anthropological mummification), while the mummification process in Qarara was quite natural. Pathologies were found in 36 of the 73 ft (20 from Sharuna and 16 from Qarara). The differences in foot pathologies between the two sites were analysed.ConclusionsThe foot pathologies we found in both necropolises have led us to hypothesise that the majority of the diachronic differences could be related more to progressive changes in the type of the terrain brought out through droughts, than the changes in footwear habits.