bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stricter microprudential supervision versus macroprudential supervision
Authors: Wall Larry D 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop an explicitly macroprudential supervisory framework designed to identify threats to financial stability use existing mechanisms to reduce the risk of these threats and to provide information to the authorities to more efficiently mitigate any instability that does arise.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper begins with an analysis of the limitations of microprudential regulation. It then develops a macroprudential surveillance framework focused on those financial markets that have the potential to undermine financial stability. It concludes with a discussion of how the surveillance results may be used to enhance financial stability.

Findings
– The current supervisory focus on microprudential supervision of systemically important institutions is insufficient; an explicitly macroprudential focus is required.

Research limitations/implications
– Although this paper’s conceptual framework is applicable to all advanced financial systems the discussion of specific regulatory structures focuses on the USA.

Practical implications
– An explicit supervisory focus on the threats posed by major financial markets is feasible and desirable.

Social implications
– The probability of a financial crisis and the economic damage caused by a crisis can be significantly reduced by redirecting some regulatory efforts toward in-depth analysis of major financial markets.

Originality/value
– The paper emphasizes that macroprudential supervision must include both quantitative and detailed analysis of the qualitative aspects of key markets.
Strengthening credit rating integrity
Authors: Adelson Mark , Jacob David 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of the article is to explain the significance of key features of the SEC’s new rules for credit rating agencies. Those rules include three key items: they prohibit the influence of sales or marketing considerations on criteria development; they include guidance that preserves the ability of ratings to serve as relative rather than absolute measures of credit risk; and they require cross-sector consistency of rating symbols. When they were released the significance of the rules was under-appreciated because of other simultaneous regulatory announcements.

Design/methodology/approach
– The approach is to consider how effectively the rules address their target issues. In doing so the article explores how the final rules evolved from their original proposed form and from the statutory specifications in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act.

Findings
– The new rules should promote the integrity of credit ratings in the future. They should be effective in reducing the influence of sales and marketing considerations on the development of rating criteria. In addition they should enhance rating integrity through superior cross-sector consistency in the meanings of rating symbols while allowing rating agencies to maintain their traditional emphasis on relative risk.

Originality/value
– The authors are not aware of any similar work assessing the selected provisions of the new SEC rules for credit rating agencies.
Myopericytoma proliferating in an unusual anastomosing multinodular fashion
Authors: Inoue Takuya , Misago Noriyuki , Asami Akihiko , Tokunaga Osamu , Narisawa Yutaka 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe herein describe a case of myopericytoma that proliferated in an unusual fashion. Myopericytoma is described as a group of rare, benign, dermal or subcutaneous tumors that are characterized histologically by a striking, concentric, perivascular proliferation of spindle cells and showing apparent differentiation towards perivascular myoid cells. Myopericytoma forms a morphological continuum with myofibroma/myofibromatosis, glomus tumor and angioleiomyoma. The patient was a 64‐year‐old woman who demonstrated a recurrent ulcer on an atrophic plaque on her left shin. A histopathological examination of the plaque demonstrated that tumor cells proliferated in an anastomosing multinodular fashion along the vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. In those nodules, there were numerous, small, concentric proliferations of myoid‐appearing spindle cells around small vascular lumina. The present case is an unusual example of myopericytoma, manifesting in a characteristic anastomosing, multinodular, infiltrating fashion.
Offset‐variable density improves acoustic full‐waveform inversion: a shallow marine case study
Authors: Silverton Akela , Warner Michael , Morgan Joanna , Umpleby Adrian 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTWe have previously applied three‐dimensional acoustic, anisotropic, full‐waveform inversion to a shallow‐water, wide‐angle, ocean‐bottom‐cable dataset to obtain a high‐resolution velocity model. This velocity model produced an improved match between synthetic and field data, better flattening of common‐image gathers, a closer fit to well logs, and an improvement in the pre‐stack depth‐migrated image. Nevertheless, close examination reveals that there is a systematic mismatch between the observed and predicted data from this full‐waveform inversion model, with the predicted data being consistently delayed in time. We demonstrate that this mismatch cannot be produced by systematic errors in the starting model, by errors in the assumed source wavelet, by incomplete convergence, or by the use of an insufficiently fine finite‐difference mesh. Throughout these tests, the mismatch is remarkably robust with the significant exception that we do not see an analogous mismatch when inverting synthetic acoustic data. We suspect therefore that the mismatch arises because of inadequacies in the physics that are used during inversion. For ocean‐bottom‐cable data in shallow water at low frequency, apparent observed arrival times, in wide‐angle turning‐ray data, result from the characteristics of the detailed interference pattern between primary refractions, surface ghosts, and a large suite of wide‐angle multiple reflected and/or multiple refracted arrivals. In these circumstances, the dynamics of individual arrivals can strongly influence the apparent arrival times of the resultant compound waveforms. In acoustic full‐waveform inversion, we do not normally know the density of the seabed, and we do not properly account for finite shear velocity, finite attenuation, and fine‐scale anisotropy variation, all of which can influence the relative amplitudes of different interfering arrivals, which in their turn influence the apparent kinematics. Here, we demonstrate that the introduction of a non‐physical offset‐variable water density during acoustic full‐waveform inversion of this ocean‐bottom‐cable field dataset can compensate efficiently and heuristically for these inaccuracies. This approach improves the travel‐time match and consequently increases both the accuracy and resolution of the final velocity model that is obtained using purely acoustic full‐waveform inversion at minimal additional cost.
Foetal trauma, body memory and early infant communication: a case illustration
Authors: Merchant John 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper presents the complex case of a male patient who started life as an unwanted pregnancy and adoptee in an era of socio‐cultural shame and blame. When able to contact his birth mother later in life, he experienced a number of confronting synchronicities as well as visions which he felt were related to failed abortion attempts and to other pre‐ and post‐natal events.The case material lends weight not only to Freud's, Ehrenwald's and FitzHerbert's assertions that the earliest form of mother‐infant communications is telepathic in nature but that this mode of communication can be retained if emotional trauma inhibits normal developmental processes. Contemporary neuroscience research is presented supporting the hypothesis that emotional memory can become imbedded in the psyche/soma of the foetus. Such memory traces can later emerge into imagery and/or words if the traumatic impingement has been substantial enough and if other defensive strategies are in place.Clinical implications are then suggested regarding analysts’ attention to the emotional conditions underpinning their patients’ conceptions and foetal development; the connection to projective identification components of the countertransference as being aspects of the earliest telepathic mother/infant communication channel and the need for reductive analyses in analyst training programmes.
Two in one or one in two? Pushing off from Jung with Wolfgang Giegerich
Authors: Saban Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper responds to a recent paper by Wolfgang Giegerich entitled ‘Two Jungs: apropos a paper by Mark Saban’. Giegerich disputes my assertion that the ‘rigorous notion’ at the heart of his psychology ‘finds no source in Jung's psychology, implicit or explicit’. In order to do this he posits the existence of two Jungs, an exoteric Jung and an esoteric Jung. The implications of Giegerich's binary scission of Jung are explored in this paper, and show that the tendency to exalt one Jung while disparaging the other betrays a comprehensive blindness toward the contradictory complexity of Jung's psychology as a whole. It is suggested that this blindness is the consequence of Giegerich's systematic prioritization of a neo‐Hegelian agenda that is in profound conflict with the telos of Jung's psychology.
Reflections on the Jungian nature of psychology as the discipline of interiority: a response to Saban's ‘Misunderstandings’
Authors: Hoedl John 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPsychology as the discipline of interiority is the name of the psychology that has developed from Wolfgang Giegerich's work in the field of analytical psychology. This article offers a counterview to that of Mark Saban's claim that Giegerich's psychology is ‘irrelevant’ to Jungians today and is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of Jungian psychology. It will be shown that, in fact, it is a fundamental misunderstanding of Giegerich's work that has led Saban to form erroneous conclusions. Links between Jung's and Giegerich's conceptions of the ‘objective psyche’ will be highlighted, along with other examples of how, contrary to Saban's conclusions, psychology as the discipline of interiority has obvious connections to, and grounding in, Jungian psychology.
The effect of primary midwife‐led care on women's experience of childbirth: results from the COSMOS randomised controlled trial
Authors: McLachlan HL , Forster DA , Davey M‐A , Farrell T , Flood M , Shafiei T , Waldenström U 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of primary midwife‐led care (‘caseload midwifery’) on women's experiences of childbirth.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingTertiary care women's hospital in Melbourne, Australia.PopulationA total of 2314 low‐risk pregnant women.MethodsWomen randomised to caseload care received antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care from a primary midwife, with some care provided by a ‘back‐up’ midwife. Women in standard care received midwifery‐led care with varying levels of continuity, junior obstetric care or community‐based medical care.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome of the study was caesarean section. This paper presents a secondary outcome, women's experience of childbirth. Women's views and experiences were sought using seven‐point rating scales via postal questionnaires 2 months after the birth.ResultsA total of 2314 women were randomised between September 2007 and June 2010; 1156 to caseload and 1158 to standard care. Response rates to the follow‐up questionnaire were 88 and 74%, respectively. Women in the caseload group were more positive about their overall birth experience than women in the standard care group (adjusted odds ratio 1.50, 95% CI 1.22–1.84). They also felt more in control during labour, were more proud of themselves, less anxious, and more likely to have a positive experience of pain.ConclusionsCompared with standard maternity care, caseload midwifery may improve women's experiences of childbirth.Tweetable abstractPrimary midwife‐led care (‘caseload midwifery’) improves women's experiences of childbirth.
Democracy prevention: The international collaboration of authoritarian regimes
Authors: von Soest Christian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCurrent scholarship increasingly argues that international factors and, more specifically, authoritarian collaboration fundamentally affect the persistence of authoritarian rule. In order to generate a better understanding of the nature and effects of these international dimensions of authoritarianism, this article provides a conceptual framework for various aspects of authoritarian collaboration to prevent democracy, particularly the relationship between authoritarian regime types and their international democracy‐prevention policies. It differentiates between authoritarian diffusion, learning, collaboration and support, as well as between deliberate efforts to avert democracy and efforts not explicitly geared towards strengthening autocracy. The article further distinguishes between crisis events and normal conditions where authoritarian rulers' hold on power is not in danger. It is argued that authoritarian powers' motivations to provide support to fellow autocrats are self‐serving rather than driven by an ideological commitment to creating an ‘authoritarian international’: authoritarian rulers first and foremost strive to maximise their own survival chances by selectively supporting acquiescent authoritarian regimes, maintaining geostrategic control and fostering their developmental goals.
Anembryonic Gestation in Wild South American Sea Lion, Otaria flavescens
Authors: Grandi M. F. , Crespo E. A. , Dans S. L. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryWe present the first record and description of an anembryonic gestation in a wild South America sea lion, Otaria flavescens (Carnivora, Pinniped). This is the first report of an anembryonic gestation in a wild marine mammal species. This description furthers the knowledge of general aspects of the reproduction of an otariid species, which presents the particularities of delayed implantation and polygynic breeding system, and adds information on a reproductive abnormality in marine mammals.
Alterations in ductus venosus velocity indices in relation to umbilical venous pulsations and perinatal outcome
Authors: Dahlbäck Charlotte , Myren Ola Øra , Gudmundsson Saemundur 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionAbnormal blood velocity in the ductus venosus is more frequently detected than pulsations in the umbilical vein, but both are considered to be indicators of fetal compromise. The aim of this study was to investigate blood flow patterns in the ductus venosus and the association between individual blood velocity ratios and pulsations in the umbilical vein and perinatal outcome.Material and methodsRetrospective cohort study on Doppler ultrasound examination of ductus venosus and umbilical venous blood velocity in 358 high‐risk pregnancies. Ductus venosus blood velocity pattern was analyzed for pulsatility index and the following velocity ratios: S/ES, S/a and ES/a (where S is systole, ES is end‐systole, and a is atrial contraction). Ductus venosus ratio z‐scores were calculated and related to pulsations in the umbilical vein and adverse perinatal outcome.ResultsSystolic ratios in the ductus venosus were less frequently abnormal than ratios taking into account diastolic velocities, particularly at full‐term. High S/ES, ES/a ratios and pulsatility index (z‐score >2), were all related to presence of pulsations in the umbilical vein. Umbilical venous pulsations were the best indicator of adverse perinatal outcome.ConclusionsChanges in ductus venosus blood flow during systole occur more rarely than diastolic changes, and alterations in end‐diastolic blood velocity in the ductus venosus might give false‐positive indications of worsening fetal condition. Umbilical venous pulsations seem to better predict adverse outcome of pregnancy than do indices in the ductus venosus.
Semiparametric Methods to Contrast Gap Time Survival Functions: Application to Repeat Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Shu Xu , Schaubel Douglas E. 
Published: October 2015

Summary
Times between successive events (i.e., gap times) are of great importance in survival analysis. Although many methods exist for estimating covariate effects on gap times, very few existing methods allow for comparisons between gap times themselves. Motivated by the comparison of primary and repeat transplantation, our interest is specifically in contrasting the gap time survival functions and their integration (restricted mean gap time). Two major challenges in gap time analysis are non-identifiability of the marginal distributions and the existence of dependent censoring (for all but the first gap time). We use Cox regression to estimate the (conditional) survival distributions of each gap time (given the previous gap times). Combining fitted survival functions based on those models, along with multiple imputation applied to censored gap times, we then contrast the first and second gap times with respect to average survival and restricted mean lifetime. Large-sample properties are derived, with simulation studies carried out to evaluate finite-sample performance. We apply the proposed methods to kidney transplant data obtained from a national organ transplant registry. Mean 10-year graft survival of the primary transplant is significantly greater than that of the repeat transplant, by 3.9 months (), a result that may lack clinical importance.
Surface air plasma-induced cell death and cytokine release of human keratinocytes in the context of psoriasis
Authors: Zhong S.Y. , Dong Y.Y. , Liu D.X. , Xu D.H. , Xiao S.X , Chen H.L. , Kong M.G. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundCold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has shown promise for wound healing, although little is understood of the underpinning mechanisms. Little has been reported so far of its potential use in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases such as psoriasis.ObjectivesTo study CAP-induced cell death and cytokine release in human keratinocytes as a first assessment of possible CAP use for psoriasis.MethodsUsing a CAP generator free of energetic ions, we observed its effects on keratinocytes in terms of morphology, cell viability and apoptosis, intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), lysosomal integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential; and on secretion and expression of eight cytokines at protein and gene levels.ResultsCAP-induced reduced cell viability, apoptotic death and production of intracellular and mitochondrial ROS in dose-dependent manner. Mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal leakage were found in CAP-treated cells. It also induced release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and enhanced the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, interferon-γ and VEGF. By contrast, IL-12 declined monotonically.ConclusionsThe results suggest that with appropriate control of its dose, physical plasma could induce cell death via apoptotic pathways and enable simultaneous reduction in IL-12. These effects may be used to suppress keratinocyte hyperproliferation and to target T-cell activation to control amplification of inflammation. This provides an initial basis for further studies of CAP as a potential therapeutic option for inflammatory and immune-related diseases in dermatology, including psoriasis.
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides potentiate the antitumor activity of anti‐BST2 antibody
Authors: Hiramatsu Kosuke , Serada Satoshi , Kobiyama Kouji , Nakagawa Satoshi , Morimoto Akiko , Matsuzaki Shinya , Ueda Yutaka , Fujimoto Minoru , Yoshino Kiyoshi , Ishii Ken J. , Enomoto Takayuki , Kimura Tadashi , Naka Tetsuji 
Published: October 2015

Numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting tumor antigens have recently been developed. Antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody‐dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) via effector cells such as tumor‐infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages are often involved in mediating the antitumor activity of mAb. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) have a potent antitumor activity and are considered to increase tumor infiltration of NK cells and macrophages. Our group previously reported significant antitumor activity of anti‐bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2) mAb against BST2‐positive endometrial cancer cells through ADCC. In this study, we evaluated the synergistic antitumor activity of combination therapy with anti‐BST‐2 mAb and CpG ODN using SCID mice and elucidated the mechanisms underlying this activity. Anti‐BST2 mAb and CpG ODN monotherapy had a significant dose‐dependent antitumor activity (P = 0.0135 and P = 0.0196, respectively). Combination therapy with anti‐BST2 mAb and CpG ODN had a significant antitumor activity in SCID mice (P < 0.01), but not in NOG mice. FACS analysis revealed significantly increased numbers of NK cells and macrophages in tumors treated with a combination of anti‐BST2 mAb and CpG ODN and with CpG ODN alone in SCID mice (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). These results suggested that the combination therapy with anti‐BST2 mAb and CpG ODN has a significant antitumor activity and induces tumor infiltration of NK cells and macrophages. Combination therapy with CpG ODN and anti‐BST2 mAb or other antitumor mAb depending on ADCC may represent a new treatment option for cancer.
How does human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 cause central nervous system disease? The importance of cross‐talk between infected T cells and astrocytes
Authors: Yamano Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHuman T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) can cause HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. The main feature of HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis pathogenesis is a virus‐induced hyperactive immune response that causes chronic inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), but the question remains: what is the mechanism by which HTLV‐1 deregulates the immune response and induce chronic inflammation? While T cell infiltrates in the CNS include HTLV‐1‐infected cells, HTLV‐1 does not appear to infect the neuronal cells themselves. It has been established that HTLV‐1 is a unique virus that mainly infects CD4+ helper T cells. We recently showed that HTLV‐1 heavily infects CCR4+ cells, which are known to include regulatory T cells. We showed that HTLV‐1 induces a Th1‐like state in these CCR4+ cells through T‐bet expression. We have also found that CXCL10 plays an important role in a positive feedback loop that maintains inflammation in the CNS. Astrocytes, which were shown to be the main producers of CXCL10 in the CNS, are another key player in the loop. To complete the picture, we showed that the infected CCR4+ Th1‐like T cells produce interferon‐γ, which is what stimulates astrocytes to produce CXCL10. Now we have a much better understanding of the molecular mechanisms at play in HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis pathogenesis, and clearly CCR4+ cells are a significant contributor to the inflammatory pathways. Thus, we are currently carrying out a phase I/IIa clinical trial to test the effects and safety of a therapy that uses antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity to target CCR4+ cells.