bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sign of cascading predator effects varies with prey traits in a detrital system
Authors: Wu Xinwei , Griffin John N. , Xi Xinqiang , Sun Shucun 
Published: May 2015

SummaryTheory and experiments show that the nature of ‘green’ trophic cascades, between predators, herbivores and plants, varies with several key species traits: predator hunting mode and predator and prey habitat domains. Meanwhile, ‘brown’ cascades between predators, environment‐modifying detritivores and plants have been largely overlooked and the roles of species traits, particularly prey traits, in determining the nature of these cascades remains unclear.We hypothesize that, in predator–detritivore–plant interaction chains, the burrowing ability of plant‐facilitating detritivores determines their response to predators and thus the sign of indirect effect transmitted. In the dung‐decomposer food web of an alpine meadow, we predicted that in the presence of above‐ground predacious beetles: (i) non‐burrowing detritivores will suffer mortality due to predation and transmitnegativeindirect effects to plants, whereas (ii) burrowing detritivores will escape predation by retreating deeper into the soil, transmittingpositiveindirect effects to plants.In support of predictions, experiments showed that a single species of predacious beetle (i) reduced the density of the non‐burrowing species and indirectly reduced dung loss rate, soil nutrient concentrations and plant biomass, but (ii) drove the burrowing species deeper, indirectly improved soil conditions and increased plant biomass.These results show that the burrowing ability of a detritivore can determine whether it transmits a negative indirect effect mediated by a reduction in its density, or a positive indirect effect mediated by its behavioural response to predation risk.We call for further tests of our detritivore‐trait hypothesis in different regions and ecosystems to further develop a general trait‐based framework for trophic cascades in detrital food webs. We further advance the general hypothesis that the locomotion traits of prey species (e.g. burrowing/flying ability) may help explain their behavioural response to predation risk and the nature of indirect effect they transmit from predators to plants.
Guaranteed Rotation in Office: A ‘New’ Model Of Democracy
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Lepora Chiara 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough once a classic democratic ideal, rotation in office is nowadays seen more as a natural consequence of competitive elections than a goal in its own right. But this article proposes that a strict rota, with each group taking a turn in office, might be preferable to ordinary electoral democracy in certain sorts of countries: nascent democracies, divided societies with persistent minorities and failed one‐party democracies. Ways are suggested of combining intraparty democracy with interparty rotation.
Prospective Randomized Trial of Insulin Glargine in Acute Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department: A Pilot Study
Authors: Doshi Pratik , Potter Andrew J. , De Los Santos Daniel , Banuelos Rosa , Darger Bryan F. , Chathampally Yashwant 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to determine the efficacy of coadministration of subcutaneous (SQ) insulin glargine in combination with intravenous (IV) insulin for treating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing coadministration of insulin glargine and IV insulin (experimental) with IV insulin (standard care control). The setting was emergency departments (EDs) in two hospitals in Houston, Texas. Patients presenting with blood sugar ≥ 200 mg/dL, pH ≤ 7.3, bicarbonate (HCO3) ≤ 18 mg/dL, ketonemia or ketonuria, and anion gap ≥ 16 between November 2012 and April 2013 were enrolled. All patients received IV insulin. Additionally, the experimental group was given SQ insulin glargine within 2 hours of diagnosis. Upon closure of anion gap, patients in the control group were subsequently transitioned to long‐acting insulin. In the study group, IV insulin was discontinued and long‐acting SQ insulin was reinstituted 24 hours after initial introduction. The primary outcome of time to closure of anion gap (TCAG) was compared between groups using a general linear model (GLM), adjusting for initial anion gap, etiology, and presence of comorbidities. Similarly, the secondary outcome hospital length of stay (LOS) was adjusted for age, etiology, and hospital site in the GLM. Rate of hypoglycemia and intensive care unit (ICU) admission was compared using Fisher's exact test while ICU LOS was compared using Wilcoxon's two‐sample test.ResultsA total of 40 patients were enrolled in this pilot trial. The estimated mean TCAG was 10.2 hours (SE ± 6.8 hours) in the experimental group and 11.6 hours (SE ± 6.4 hours) in the control group (p = 0.63). The estimated mean hospital LOS was 3.9 days (SE ± 3.4 days) in the experimental group and 4.8 days (SE ± 3.6 days) in the control group (p = 0.66). Incidents of hypoglycemia, rates of ICU admission, and ICU LOS were similar between the groups.ConclusionsCoadministration of glargine in combination with an insulin infusion in the acute management of DKA is feasible. Further study is needed to determine the true efficacy in terms of TCAG and hospital LOS.
The diversity of expertise on corporate boards in Australia
Authors: Gray Stephen , Nowland John 
Published: May 2015

AbstractExpertise diversity is expected to enhance the monitoring and advising functions of boards of directors. Yet, little is known about the expertise that actually exists on corporate boards. In this study, we examine the diversity of professional expertise on corporate boards in Australia and implications for shareholder value. We categorise directors by 11 types of professional expertise and find the most common types of expertise are business executives, accountants, bankers, scientists, lawyers and engineers. We find that expertise diversity is primarily related to board size, industry and location. Our analysis also suggests that shareholders benefit when boards diversify their expertise within a subset of specialist business expertise (lawyers, accountants, consultants, bankers and outside CEOs). Further diversity beyond this subset of expertise is associated with lower firm value and performance.
‘White matter connectivity and Internet gaming disorder’ and broader considerations in the field
Authors: Tam Philip G. E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis invited commentary on the paper ‘White Matter Connectivity and Internet gaming disorder’ by Jeong et al. (unpublished) looks at the implications and importance of the MRI findings in the present study—one of the largest to date—and also considers the broader developments of neuroimaging within the complex, emerging field of ‘Internet psychology’ and problematic Internet usage.
Overactivation of Complement Alternative Pathway in Postpartum Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Patients with Renal Involvement
Authors: Song Di , Yu Xiao‐juan , Wang Feng‐mei , Xu Bing‐ning , He Ying‐dong , Chen Qian , Wang Su‐xia , Yu Feng , Song Wen‐chao , Zhao Ming‐hui 
Published: May 2015

ProblemPostpartum atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a life‐threatening syndrome with unclear pathogenesis. The current study aimed to investigate the clinical and pathological features, complement activation status, and the genetic variations in a Chinese cohort of patients with renal biopsy‐proven postpartum aHUS.Method of studyFive patients with postpartum aHUS were recruited. Renal biopsy specimens were examined and scored. Plasma levels of complements were detected, and coding sequences of complement regulators were screened. Anti‐CFH/CFI autoantibodies were further detected.ResultsPatients with postpartum aHUS patients presented with severe clinical manifestations and renal involvement. The renal biopsies of the five patients showed typical features of thrombotic microangiopathies. The levels of the following complement components, C4d, Bb, C3a, C5a, and SC5b‐9, were significantly elevated in patients with postpartum aHUS compared with normal non‐pregnant controls. The plasma levels of CFH and CFI significantly decreased in patients with postpartum aHUS compared with normal pregnant women. Three CFH single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the five patients. Two patients presented with CFH autoantibodies.ConclusionPostpartum aHUS is a clinical syndrome with severe renal damage. Genetic deficiencies and autoantibodies of CFH may lead to alternative pathway overactivation and participated in the pathogenesis of postpartum aHUS.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of a low‐dose contraceptive levonorgestrel intrauterine system in Sweden
Authors: Henry Nathaniel , Hawes Charlie , Lowin Julia , Lekander Ingrid , Filonenko Anna , Kallner Helena K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of a novel intrauterine system, levonorgestrel intrauterine system 13.5 mg vs. oral contraception, in women at risk of unintended pregnancy.DesignCost‐effectiveness model using efficacy and discontinuation data from published articles.SettingSocietal perspective including direct and indirect costs.PopulationWomen at risk of unintended pregnancy using reversible contraception.MethodsAn economic analysis was conducted by modeling the different health states of women using contraception over a 3‐year period. Typical use efficacy rates from published articles were used to determine unintended pregnancy events. Discontinuation rates were used to account for method switching.Main outcome measuresCost‐effectiveness was evaluated in terms of the incremental cost per unintended pregnancy avoided. In addition, the incremental cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year was calculated.ResultsLevonorgestrel intrauterine system 13.5 mg generated costs savings of €311 000 in a cohort of 1000 women aged 15–44 years. In addition, there were fewer unintended pregnancies (55 vs. 294) compared with women using oral contraception.ConclusionLevonorgestrel intrauterine system 13.5 mg is a cost‐effective method when compared with oral contraception. A shift in contraceptive use from oral contraception to long‐acting reversible contraception methods could result in fewer unintended pregnancies, quality‐adjusted life‐year gains, as well as cost savings.
Influenza virus infection in pregnancy: a review
Authors: Meijer Wouter J. , van Noortwijk Aleid G.A. , Bruinse Hein W. , Wensing Annemarie M.J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundInfluenza virus infection is very common and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in specific populations like pregnant women. Following the 2009 pandemic, several reports on the effects of influenza virus infection on maternal health and pregnancy outcome have been published. Also the safety and efficacy of antiviral treatment and vaccination of pregnant women have been studied. In this review, we have analyzed and summarized these data.ObjectiveTo provide information on the influence of influenza virus infection during pregnancy on maternal health and pregnancy outcome and on the effect of treatment and vaccination.Data sourcesWe have searched Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library. We used influenza, influenz*, pregnancy and pregnan* as search terms.Study selectionIn total, 294 reports were reviewed and judged according to the STROBE guidelines or CONSORT statement. In all, 100 studies, published between 1961 and 2015, were included.ResultsCompared to the general population, pregnant women are more often hospitalized and admitted to an intensive care unit due to influenza virus infection. For hospitalized patients, increased rates of preterm birth and fetal/neonatal death are reported. Early treatment with oseltamivir is associated with a reduced risk of severe disease. Vaccination of pregnant women is safe and reduces maternal and neonatal morbidity.ConclusionsThere is level 2b evidence that maternal health and pregnancy outcome can be severely affected by influenza virus infection. Antiviral treatment may diminish these effects and vaccination protects pregnant women and neonates from infection (level of evidence 2b and 1b, respectively).
Ophthalmological findings in relation to auxological data in moderate‐to‐late preterm preschool children
Authors: Raffa Lina , Aring Eva , Dahlgren Jovanna , Karlsson Ann‐Katrine , Andersson Grönlund Marita 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate ophthalmological findings in preschool children born moderate‐to‐ late preterm (MLP) and relate the findings to auxological data at birth and at 5.5 years of age.MethodsSeventy‐eight MLP children [gestational age (GA) 32–36 weeks; 34 girls; mean age 5.7 years] were investigated. Gestational age, weight, length and head circumference at birth and at the time of assessment were registered. Visual acuity (VA), refraction, orthoptic evaluation, slit‐lamp examination and ophthalmoscopy were conducted, and a history of visuoperceptual problems was recorded. The data were compared with age‐ and sex‐matched controls born full term (n = 35).ResultsOphthalmological abnormalities were noted in 82% of MLP children and 47% of controls (p = 0.0004). There was a significant difference with regard to impaired motility (p = 0.03), heterophoria at distance (p = 0.006) and refraction expressed as spherical equivalent dioptre (p = 0.01). Amongst auxological data at birth, birthweight (BW) was the strongest predictor to ophthalmological abnormalities (p = 0.0003). In a stepwise logistic regression, GA was the strongest predictor of VA outcome at time of assessment (p = 0.0036). Moderate‐to‐late preterm birth showed a 2.4‐fold increased risk of refractive errors compared with full‐term children (RR 2.39: 95% CI 1.10–5.20; p = 0.02).ConclusionBased on our findings, MLP birth may be associated with increased ocular morbidity compared with their full‐term counterparts. Auxological data at birth, especially BW, seems to be an important factor when conducting an ophthalmological diagnosis in preschool MLP children, and an increased VA was correlated to a higher GA.
1 Past is Present: The Production and Consumption of Archaeological Legacies in Mexico
Authors: Clark Dylan J. , Anderson David S. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe material expressions of the powerful symbols and cultural traditions of ancient Mesoamerican civilizations have long played vital roles in constructing social and political discourses, collective identities, and worldviews in the Mexican present. In this chapter, we provide the theoretical background for this volume, highlighting the early history of archaeological representation and patrimony in Mexico prior to the 20th century and situating these studies within the current phase of anthropological research in the related areas of public archaeology, heritage studies, and community (engaged) archaeology.
5 Continuity and Transformation in Central Mexico: “The Legend of Tepozteco” and the People of Tepoztlán
Authors: Vargas‐Betancourt Margarita 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThis chapter takes an ethnohistorical approach to the study of cultural continuity in the town of Tepoztlán, Morelos. During the course of history, the people of Tepoztlán have maintained social cohesion by reenacting a historical legend, the “Legend of Tepozteco,” which brings together pre‐Hispanic and colonial mythologies with contemporary performance art at the base of an ancient temple. This social cohesion produced through performance and place has allowed the community to resist economic projects that have threatened the ecological, cultural, and social identity of their town, such as a movement against the construction of a golf course in 1995.
Positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy patients do not predict long‐term oncological outcomes: results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) cohort
Authors: Mithal Prabhakar , Howard Lauren E. , Aronson William J. , Terris Martha K. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Kane Christopher J. , Amling Christopher , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of positive surgical margins (PSMs) on long‐term outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP), including metastasis, castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM).Patients and MethodsRetrospective study of 4 051 men in the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) cohort treated by RP from 1988 to 2013. Proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of PSMs in predicting biochemical recurrence (BCR), CRPC, metastases, and PCSM. To determine if PSMs were more predictive in certain patients, analyses were stratified by pathological Gleason score, stage, and preoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) follow‐up was 6.6 (3.2–10.6) years and 1 127 patients had >10 years of follow‐up. During this time, 302 (32%) men had BCR, 112 (3%) developed CRPC, 144 (4%) developed metastases, and 83 (2%) died from prostate cancer. There were 1 600 (40%) men with PSMs. In unadjusted models, PSMs were significantly associated with all adverse outcomes: BCR, CRPC, metastases and PCSM (all P ≤ 0.001). After adjusting for demographic and pathological characteristics, PSMs were associated with increased risk of only BCR (HR 1.98, P < 0.001), and not CRPC, metastases, or PCSM (HR ≤1.29, P > 0.18). Similar results were seen when stratified by pathological Gleason score, stage, or PSA level, and when patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy were excluded.ConclusionsPSMs after RP are not an independent risk factor for CRPC, metastasis, or PCSM overall or within any subset. In the absence of other high‐risk features, PSMs alone may not be an indication for adjuvant radiotherapy.
Adverse pathology and undetectable ultrasensitive prostate‐specific antigen after radical prostatectomy: is adjuvant radiation warranted?
Authors: Simon Ross M. , Howard Lauren E. , Freedland Stephen J. , Aronson William J. , Terris Martha K. , Kane Christopher J. , Amling Christopher L. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Vidal Adriana C. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo determine if men with adverse pathology but undetectable ultrasensitive (<0.01 ng/mL) PSA are at high‐risk for biochemical recurrence (BCR), or if there is a subset of patients at low‐risk for whom the benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy might be limited.Patients and MethodsWe evaluated 411 patients treated with RP from 2001 to 2013 without adjuvant radiation who had an undetectable (<0.01 ng/mL) PSA level after RP but with adverse pathology [positive surgical margins (PSMs), extraprostatic extension (EPE), and/or seminal vesicle invasion (SVI)]. Multivariable Cox regression analyses tested the relationship between pathological characteristics and BCR to identify groups of men at highest risk of early BCR.ResultsOn multivariable analysis, only pathological Gleason 7 (4 + 3), Gleason ≥8, and SVI independently predicted BCR (P = 0.019, P < 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively), although on two‐way analysis men with Gleason 7 (4 + 3) did not have significantly higher rates of BCR compared with patients with Gleason ≤6 (log‐rank, P = 0.074). Men with either Gleason ≥8 (with PSMs or EPE) or SVI (15% of the cohort) defined a high‐risk group vs men without these characteristics (3‐year BCR risk of 50.4% vs 11.9%, log‐rank, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAmong men with adverse pathology but an undetectable (<0.01 ng/mL) PSA level after RP, the benefits of adjuvant radiation are probably limited except for men with Gleason 8–10 (with PSMs or EPE) or SVI who are at high‐risk of early BCR.
Parents’ Talk About Letters With Their Young Children
Authors: Treiman Rebecca , Schmidt John , Decker Kristina , Robins Sarah , Levine Susan C. , Demir Özlem E. 
Published: May 2015

A literacy‐related activity that occurs in children's homes—talk about letters in everyday conversations—was examined using data from 50 children who were visited every 4 months between 14 and 50 months. Parents talked about some letters, including those that are common in English words and the first letter of their children's names, especially often. Parents’ focus on the child's initial was especially strong in families of higher socioeconomic status, and the extent to which parents talked about the child's initial during the later sessions of the study was related to the children's kindergarten reading skill. Conversations that included the child's initial were longer than those that did not, and parents presented a variety of information about this letter.
Platelet‐rich plasma increases proliferation of tendon cells by modulating Stat3 and p27 to up‐regulate expression of cyclins and cyclin‐dependent kinases
Authors: Yu T.‐Y. , Pang J.‐H. S. , Wu K. P.‐H. , Lin L.‐P. , Tseng W.‐C. , Tsai W.‐C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate effects of platelet‐rich plasma on tendon cell proliferation and the underlying molecular mechanisms.Materials and methodsPlatelet‐rich plasma was prepared manually by two‐step centrifugation. Proliferation was evaluated in cultured rat tendon cells by the 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell cycle progression was assessed by flow cytometry. Messenger RNA expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin E1, A2 and B1, and cyclin‐dependent kinases (Cdks) 1 and 2 was assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression of the above cyclins and Cdks and of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 and p27 was evaluated by western blotting.ResultsPlatelet‐rich plasma used in the present study had concentrations of platelets, TGF‐β1 and PDGF over 3‐fold higher than normal whole blood. Platelet‐rich plasma enhanced tendon cell proliferation (P = 0.008) by promoting G1/S phase transition in the cell cycle, and increased expression of PCNA, cyclin E1, A2 and B1, Cdks1 and 2, and phosphorylated Stat3, while inhibiting p27 expression.ConclusionsPlatelet‐rich plasma contains high concentrations of TGF‐β1 and PDGF that increase tendon cell proliferation by modulating Stat3/p27Kip1, which enhances expression of cyclin–Cdk complexes that promote cell cycle progression. These results provide molecular evidence for positive effects of platelet‐rich plasma on tendon cell proliferation, which can be useful in clinical applications of tendon injury.