bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The older patient with diabetes: a practical approach
Authors: Yehuda Arie Ben , Zinger Adar , Durso Samuel 
Published: October 2013

SummaryType 2 diabetes mellitus is very prevalent among persons aged 60–80 years old. This population is expected to increase in number and is characterized by the presence of comorbidities, long standing diabetes, frailty, high rate of cognitive impairment and limited life expectancy. These characteristics have a significant impact on diabetes and treatment among the elderly, much as diabetes predisposes to these conditions. In this article we will describe mechanisms that may lead to insulin resistance and diabetes among the elderly and also how these conditions contribute to the development of frailty and cognitive impairment. Hypoglycemia and it's consequences are important considerations when planning the treatment of diabetes. Treatment options in light of new goals and the danger of hypoglycemia will be detailed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steroid‐induced diabetes: a clinical and molecular approach to understanding and treatment
Authors: Hwang Jessica L. , Weiss Roy E. 
Published: October 2013

SummarySince the advent of glucocorticoid therapy for autoimmune disease in the 1940s, their widespread application has led to the concurrent therapy‐limiting discovery of many adverse metabolic side effects. Unanticipated hyperglycemia associated with the initiation of glucocorticoids often leads to preventable hospital admissions, prolonged hospital stays, increased risks for infection and reduced graft function in solid organ transplant recipients. Challenges in managing steroid‐induced diabetes stem from wide fluctuations in post‐prandial hyperglycemia and the lack of clearly defined treatment protocols. The mainstay of treatment is insulin therapy coincident with meals.This article aims to review the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment principles unique to steroid‐induced diabetes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of cell type‐specific transcriptome to identify genes specifically involved in Müller glia differentiation during retinal development
Authors: Mochizuki Yujin , Iida Atsumi , Lyons Eli , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Murakami Akira , Watanabe Sumiko 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTRetinal progenitor cells alter their properties over the course of development, and sequentially produce different sub‐populations of retinal cells. We had previously found that early and late retinal progenitor cell populations can be distinguished by their surface antigens, SSEA‐1 and c‐kit, respectively. Using DNA microarray analysis, we examined the transcriptomes of SSEA‐1 positive cells at E14, and c‐kit positive, and c‐kit negative cells at P1. By comparing data, we identified genes specifically expressed in c‐kit positive late retinal progenitor cells. The previous literature suggests that most of the c‐kit positive cell‐specific genes are related to glia differentiation in brain or are expressed in Müller glia. Since Notch signaling promotes Müller glia differentiation in retina, we examined the effects of gain‐ and loss‐of‐Notch signaling on expression of these genes and found that all the genes were positively affected by Notch signaling. Finally, we screened the genes for their function in retinal development by shRNA‐based suppression in retinal explants. In about half the genes, Müller glia differentiation was perturbed when their expression was suppressed. Taken together, these results show that at P1, c‐kit positive retinal progenitor cells, which include Müller glia precursor cells, are enriched for genes related to glial differentiation. We propose analysis of purified subsets of retinal cells as a powerful tool to elucidate the molecular basis of retinal development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 426–437, 2014
The role of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in proliferation and regeneration of the developing basilar papilla and lateral line
Authors: Jacques Bonnie E. , Montgomery William H. , Uribe Phillip M. , Yatteau Andrew , Asuncion James D. , Resendiz Genesis , Matsui Jonathan I. , Dabdoub Alain 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTCanonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling has been implicated in multiple developmental events including the regulation of proliferation, cell fate, and differentiation. In the inner ear, Wnt/β‐catenin signaling is required from the earliest stages of otic placode specification through the formation of the mature cochlea. Within the avian inner ear, the basilar papilla (BP), many Wnt pathway components are expressed throughout development. Here, using reporter constructs for Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, we show that this pathway is active throughout the BP (E6‐E14) in both hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells. To characterize the role of Wnt/β‐catenin activity in developing HCs, we performed gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments in vitro and in vivo in the chick BP and zebrafish lateral line systems, respectively. Pharmacological inhibition of Wnt signaling in the BP and lateral line neuromasts during the periods of proliferation and HC differentiation resulted in reduced proliferation and decreased HC formation. Conversely, pharmacological activation of this pathway significantly increased the number of HCs in the lateral line and BP. Results demonstrated that this increase was the result of up‐regulated cell proliferation within the Sox2‐positive cells of the prosensory domains. Furthermore, Wnt/β‐catenin activation resulted in enhanced HC regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line following aminoglycoside‐induced HC loss. Combined, our data suggest that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling specifies the number of cells within the prosensory domain and subsequently the number of HCs. This ability to induce proliferation suggests that the modulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling could play an important role in therapeutic HC regeneration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 438–456, 2014
Altered expression of atypical PKC and Ryk in the spinal cord of a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Tury Anna , Tolentino Kristine , Zou Yimin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive paralysis due to the selective death of motor neurons of unknown causes. Increasing evidence indicates that Wnt signaling is altered in ALS. In this study, we focused on two non‐canonical Wnt signaling components, atypical PKC (aPKC) and a Wnt receptor, Ryk, in a mouse model of ALS, SOD1 (G93A). aPKC mediates Wnt signaling to regulate growth cone guidance, axon differentiation and cell survival. Ryk is a Wnt repulsive receptor that regulates axon guidance and inhibits regeneration after spinal cord injury. aPKC expression was increased in motor neurons of the lumbar spinal cord in SOD1 (G93A) mice at both early and late stages. Interestingly, aPKC was co‐localized with SOD1 in motor neuron cell bodies and extracellular aggregates, and aPKC‐containing extracellular aggregates increased with disease progression. Biochemical fractionation showed that aPKC protein level was increased in the detergent‐insoluble protein fraction in SOD1 (G93A) mice at late stage but decreased in the detergent‐soluble fraction at symptomatic stage. These results suggest that aPKC may be sequestered in SOD1 aggregates, impairing its ability to protect motor neurons from death. Ryk expression was also increased in the motor neurons and the white matter in the ventral lumbar spinal cord of mutant SOD1 mice with a peak at early stage. These observations indicate that Wnt/aPKC and Wnt/Ryk signaling are altered in SOD1 (G93A) mice, suggesting that changed Wnt signaling may contribute to neurodegeneration in ALS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 839–850, 2014
The receptor‐like kinases GSO1 and GSO2 together regulate root growth in arabidopsis through control of cell division and cell fate specification
Authors: Racolta Adriana , Bryan Anthony C. , Tax Frans E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTBackground: The root apical meristem of Arabidopsis is established post‐embryonically as the main source of root cells, and its activity is maintained by complex bidirectional signaling between stem cells and mature cells. The receptor‐like kinases GASSHO1 (GSO1) and GSO2 have been shown to regulate aerial epidermal function and seedling growth in Arabidopsis. Results: Here we show that gso1; gso2 seedlings also have root growth and patterning defects. Analyses of mutant root morphology indicate abnormal numbers of cells in longitudinal files and radial cell layers, as well as aberrant stem cell division planes. gso1; gso2 double mutants misexpress markers for stem cells and differentiated root cell types. In addition, gso1; gso2 root growth defects, but not marker missexpression or patterning phenotypes, are rescued by growth on media containing metabolizable sugars. Conclusions: We conclude that GSO1 and GSO2 function together in intercellular signaling to positively regulate cell proliferation, differentiation of root cell types, and stem cell identity. In addition, GSO1 and GSO2 control seedling root growth by modulating sucrose response after germination. Developmental Dynamics 243:257–278, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biallelic genome modification in F0Xenopus tropicalis embryos using the CRISPR/Cas system
Authors: Blitz Ira L. , Biesinger Jacob , Xie Xiaohui , Cho Ken W.Y. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryGene inactivation is an important tool for correlation of phenotypic and genomic data, allowing researchers to infer normal gene function based on the phenotype when the gene is impaired. New and better approaches are needed to overcome the shortfalls of existing methods for any significant acceleration of scientific progress. We have adapted the CRISPR/Cas system for use in Xenopus tropicalis and report on the efficient creation of mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme tyrosinase, which is responsible for oculocutaneous albinism. Biallelic mutation of this gene was detected in the F0 generation, suggesting targeting efficiencies similar to that of TALENs. We also find that off‐target mutagenesis seems to be negligible, and therefore, CRISPR/Cas may be a useful system for creating genome modifications in this important model organism. genesis 51:827–834. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated targeted mutagenesis in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Nakayama Takuya , Fish Margaret B. , Fisher Marilyn , Oomen‐Hajagos Jamina , Thomsen Gerald H. , Grainger Robert M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe have assessed the efficacy of the recently developed CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated) system for genome modification in the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis. As a model experiment, targeted mutations of the tyrosinase gene were verified, showing the expected albinism phenotype in injected embryos. We further tested this technology by interrupting the six3 gene, which is required for proper eye and brain formation. Expected eye and brain phenotypes were observed when inducing mutations in the six3 coding regions, as well as when deleting the gene promoter by dual targeting. We describe here a standardized protocol for genome editing using this system. This simple and fast method to edit the genome provides a powerful new reverse genetics tool for Xenopus researchers. genesis 51:835–843. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are improvements in shame and self‐compassion early in eating disorders treatment associated with better patient outcomes?
Authors: Kelly Allison C. , Carter Jacqueline C. , Borairi Sahar 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTCompassion‐focused therapy (CFT; Gilbert, 2005, 2009) is a transdiagnostic treatment approach focused on building self‐compassion and reducing shame. It is based on the theory that feelings of shame contribute to the maintenance of psychopathology, whereas self‐compassion contributes to the alleviation of shame and psychopathology. We sought to test this theory in a transdiagnostic sample of eating disorder patients by examining whether larger improvements in shame and self‐compassion early in treatment would facilitate faster eating disorder symptom remission over 12 weeks. Participants were 97 patients with an eating disorder admitted to specialized day hospital or inpatient treatment. They completed the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire, Experiences of Shame Scale, and Self‐Compassion Scale at intake, and again after weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Multilevel modeling revealed that patients who experienced greater decreases in their level of shame in the first 4 weeks of treatment had faster decreases in their eating disorder symptoms over 12 weeks of treatment. In addition, patients who had greater increases in their level of self‐compassion early in treatment had faster decreases in their feelings of shame over 12 weeks, even when controlling for their early change in eating disorder symptoms. These results suggest that CFT theory may help to explain the maintenance of eating disorders. Clinically, findings suggest that intervening with shame early in treatment, perhaps by building patients' self‐compassion, may promote better eating disorders treatment response. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:54–64)
Plant chemical defense allocation constrains evolution of tolerance to community change across a range boundary
Authors: Siemens David H. , Haugen Riston 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBecause transplant experiments show that performance usually decreases across species range boundaries, some range limits might develop from factors and processes that prevent adaptation to stressful environments. Here, we determined whether an ecological cost of plant defense involving stress associated with changes in the local plant community may contribute to range limit development in the upland mustard species Boechera stricta. In a common garden experiment of 499 B. stricta plants, performance decreased and a multivariate axis of community structure increased across the boundary, indicating increased stress associated with the community change. There was also significant genetic variation (evolutionary potential) among marker‐inferred inbred lines of B. stricta for tolerance to the stress; however, lines with high basal levels of glucosinolate toxins had lower tolerance to the change in community structure. We suggest that defense allocation, which is also needed across the range, may impede adaptation to the stress associated with the community change and thus contribute to range limit development.
Forest insects and climate change: long‐term trends in herbivore damage
Authors: Klapwijk Maartje J. , Csóka György , Hirka Anikó , Björkman Christer 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLong‐term data sets, covering several decades, could help to reveal the effects of observed climate change on herbivore damage to plants. However, sufficiently long time series in ecology are scarce. The research presented here analyzes a long‐term data set collected by the Hungarian Forest Research Institute over the period 1961–2009. The number of hectares with visible defoliation was estimated and documented for several forest insect pest species. This resulted in a unique time series that provides us with the opportunity to compare insect damage trends with trends in weather patterns. Data were analyzed for six lepidopteran species: Thaumetopoea processionea, Tortrix viridana, Rhyacionia buoliana, Malacosoma neustria, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, and Lymantria dispar. All these species exhibit outbreak dynamics in Hungary. Five of these species prefer deciduous tree species as their host plants, whereas R. buoliana is a specialist on Pinus spp. The data were analyzed using general linear models and generalized least squares regression in relation to mean monthly temperature and precipitation. Temperature increased considerably, especially over the last 25 years (+1.6°C), whereas precipitation exhibited no trend over the period. No change in weather variability over time was observed. There was increased damage caused by two species on deciduous trees. The area of damage attributed to R. buoliana decreased over the study period. There was no evidence of increased variability in damage. We conclude that species exhibiting a trend toward outbreak‐level damage over a greater geographical area may be positively affected by changes in weather conditions coinciding with important life stages. Strong associations between the geographical extent of severe damage and monthly temperature and precipitation are difficult to confirm, studying the life‐history traits of species could help to increase understanding of responses to climate change.
Functional similarity and molecular divergence of a novel reproductive transcriptome in two male‐pregnant Syngnathus pipefish species
Authors: Small Clayton M. , Harlin‐Cognato April D. , Jones Adam G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEvolutionary studies have revealed that reproductive proteins in animals and plants often evolve more rapidly than the genome‐wide average. The causes of this pattern, which may include relaxed purifying selection, sexual selection, sexual conflict, pathogen resistance, reinforcement, or gene duplication, remain elusive. Investigative expansions to additional taxa and reproductive tissues have the potential to shed new light on this unresolved problem. Here, we embark on such an expansion, in a comparison of the brood‐pouch transcriptome between two male‐pregnant species of the pipefish genus Syngnathus. Male brooding tissues in syngnathid fishes represent a novel, nonurogenital reproductive trait, heretofore mostly uncharacterized from a molecular perspective. We leveraged next‐generation sequencing (Roche 454 pyrosequencing) to compare transcript abundance in the male brooding tissues of pregnant with nonpregnant samples from Gulf (S. scovelli) and dusky (S. floridae) pipefish. A core set of protein‐coding genes, including multiple members of astacin metalloprotease and c‐type lectin gene families, is consistent between species in both the direction and magnitude of expression bias. As predicted, coding DNA sequence analysis of these putative “male pregnancy proteins” suggests rapid evolution relative to nondifferentially expressed genes and reflects signatures of adaptation similar in magnitude to those reported from Drosophila male accessory gland proteins. Although the precise drivers of male pregnancy protein divergence remain unknown, we argue that the male pregnancy transcriptome in syngnathid fishes, a clade diverse with respect to brooding morphology and mating system, represents a unique and promising object of study for understanding the perplexing evolutionary nature of reproductive molecules.
Coalescent analyses show isolation without migration in two closely related tropical orioles: the case of Icterus graduacauda and Icterus chrysater
Authors: Cortés‐Rodríguez Nandadevi , Jacobsen Frode , Hernandez‐Baños Blanca E. , Navarro‐Siguenza Adolfo G. , Peters Jeffrey L. , Omland Kevin E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Isthmus of Tehuantepec has played an important role in shaping the avian diversity of Mexico, as well as the rest of the Western Hemisphere. It has been both a barrier and a land connector between North and South America for many groups of birds. Furthermore, climatic change over the Pleistocene has resulted in ecological fluctuations that led to periods of connection and isolation of the highlands in this area. Here we studied the divergence of two species of orioles whose distribution in the highlands is separated by the lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec: Icterus graduacauda (west of the Isthmus) and Icterus chrysater (east of the Isthmus). We sequenced multiple loci (one mitochondrial gene and six nuclear introns) and performed coalescent analyses (Isolation with Migration) to test whether their divergence resulted from prior occupancy of the ancestral area followed by a vicariant event or recent dispersal from one side or the other of this Isthmus. Results strongly indicate a vicariant event roughly 300,000 years ago in the Pleistocene followed by little or no gene flow. Both mitochondrial and nuclear genes show that the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is a strong barrier to gene flow. Thus, these two species appear to not exchange genes despite their recent divergence and the close geographic proximity of their ranges.
Modelling shifts in agroclimate and crop cultivar response under climate change
Authors: Rötter Reimund P. , Höhn Jukka , Trnka Mirek , Fronzek Stefan , Carter Timothy R. , Kahiluoto Helena 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper aims: (i) to identify at national scale areas where crop yield formation is currently most prone to climate‐induced stresses, (ii) to evaluate how the severity of these stresses is likely to develop in time and space, and (iii) to appraise and quantify the performance of two strategies for adapting crop cultivation to a wide range of (uncertain) climate change projections. To this end we made use of extensive climate, crop, and soil data, and of two modelling tools: N‐AgriCLIM and the WOFOST crop simulation model. N‐AgriCLIM was developed for the automatic generation of indicators describing basic agroclimatic conditions and was applied over the whole of Finland. WOFOST was used to simulate detailed crop responses at four representative locations. N‐AgriCLIM calculations have been performed nationally for 3829 grid boxes at a 10 × 10 km resolution and for 32 climate scenarios. Ranges of projected shifts in indicator values for heat, drought and other crop‐relevant stresses across the scenarios vary widely – so do the spatial patterns of change. Overall, under reference climate the most risk‐prone areas for spring cereals are found in south‐west Finland, shifting to south‐east Finland towards the end of this century. Conditions for grass are likely to improve. WOFOST simulation results suggest that CO2 fertilization and adjusted sowing combined can lead to small yield increases of current barley cultivars under most climate scenarios on favourable soils, but not under extreme climate scenarios and poor soils. This information can be valuable for appraising alternative adaptation strategies. It facilitates the identification of regions in which climatic changes might be rapid or otherwise notable for crop production, requiring a more detailed evaluation of adaptation measures. The results also suggest that utilizing the diversity of cultivar responses seems beneficial given the high uncertainty in climate change projections.