bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptive Analysis of Toothpaste Flavor Using Novel Sample Preparation Procedure
Authors: Kim Ji‐Yoon , Sung Young‐Eun , Kim Kwang‐Ok 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is difficult to conduct a sensory (flavor) evaluation of toothpastes because toothbrushing can cause oral pain and memory loss. The effective descriptive test protocol for the evaluation of toothpaste was required. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop an alternative procedure for evaluation of toothpastes and (2) to identify sensory attributes of eight commercial toothpastes. An adequate form of toothpaste, which not only does not require toothbrushing but also contributes to the similar effects to toothbrushing, was developed. The diluting procedure and the ratio of toothpaste to water (1:4 w/v) for tasting were determined and applied in descriptive analysis. Fifteen sensory attributes, including flavor and mouthfeel attributes, were generated and evaluated by eight trained panelists. There were significant differences among the toothpaste samples and in all sensory attributes, indicating this alternative procedure was successfully used for the identification of flavor characteristics of toothpastes.Practical ApplicationsWe developed a new sample preparation and evaluation procedure of toothpastes, which does not require toothbrushing. Tasting diluted toothpaste, a developed method, could be spread evenly throughout the oral cavity in several seconds with similar feeling to tooth brushing. Diluted toothpaste would be effectively applied to identify flavor characteristics of toothpastes on the various stages of product development, which focuses on flavors. Our proposed protocol also could be used to evaluate the other products that are highly irritating or mentholated, such as alcohols, mouthwash, etc.
Translation and validation of the Japanese version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A
Authors: Takegata Mizuki , Haruna Megumi , Matsuzaki Masayo , Shiraishi Mie , Murayama Ryoko , Okano Tadaharu , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSevere antenatal fear of childbirth causes adverse effects on emotional well‐being during the postpartum period. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire is widely used to measure fear of childbirth among women before (version A) and after (version B) delivery. In this study, the original Swedish version was translated into Japanese, and its validity and reliability were examined among healthy, pregnant Japanese women. The Japanese‐translated version presented a multidimensional structure with four factors: fear, lack of positive anticipation, isolation, and riskiness. Exhibiting concurrent/convergent validity, the Japanese version correlated with other psychological measures at expected levels. The Cronbach's α (0.90) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (0.86, P < 0.001) were high. In conclusion, the results provide support for the Japanese version to be considered a valid and reliable measure of prenatal fear of childbirth among pregnant Japanese women.
Massive osteolysis of the mandible: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Munoyath S.K. , Prasad K. , Lalitha R.M. , Ranganath K. , Misra G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMassive osteolysis (Gorham's disease) first described by Jackson in 1838, is a rare disorder characterised by the spontaneous and progressive resorption of one or more of the skeletal bones. Any bone may be affected although there is predilection for the pelvis, humeral head, humeral shaft, axial skeleton and mandible. To date, 150 cases have been described in the literature, with fewer than 37 cases involving a maxillofacial site.Considering the rarity of the condition we have reported a case of massive osteolysis involving the mandible in a 41–year‐old male patient, with a brief review of literature.
Policy Entrepreneurship inChina's Response to Urban Poverty
Authors: Hammond Daniel R. 
Published: February 2013

Recent studies of policy and policy actors inChina have made use of the policy entrepreneur concept that has been popular in studies of policy inNorthAmerica andEurope. These approaches have understood the concept in its traditional form dealing with agenda setting and nonstate actors. The policy entrepreneur has developed beyond these confines and now offers a broader descriptive framework within which to understand the successes and failures of particular initiatives.This article uses these new developments, specifically the framework outlined byMintrom andNorman, to describe the success of policy entrepreneurship in the development of the urban residentMinimumLivelihoodGuarantee. This case was selected because existing scholarship has ignored the entrepreneurial role of bureaucrats in its development. The use of this framework without adaptation to describe policy actors inChina demonstrates the further application of policy entrepreneurs outside of Western democracies.
Structure and Dynamics of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 1 VP1-Unique N-Terminal Domain and Its Role in Capsid Trafficking
Authors: Venkatakrishnan Balasubramanian , Yarbrough Joseph , Domsic John , Bennett Antonette , Bothner Brian , Kozyreva Olga G. , Samulski R. Jude , Muzyczka Nicholas , McKenna Robert , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

The importance of the phospholipase A
2
domain located within the unique N terminus of the capsid viral protein VP1 (VP1u) in parvovirus infection has been reported. This study used computational methods to characterize the VP1 sequence for adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1 to 12 and circular dichroism and electron microscopy to monitor conformational changes in the AAV1 capsid induced by temperature and the pHs encountered during trafficking through the endocytic pathway. Circular dichroism was also used to monitor conformational changes in AAV6 capsids assembled from VP2 and VP3 or VP1, VP2, and VP3 at pH 7.5. VP1u was predicted (computationally) and confirmed (in solution) to be structurally ordered. This VP domain was observed to undergo a reversible pH-induced unfolding/refolding process, a loss/gain of α-helical structure, which did not disrupt the capsid integrity and is likely facilitated by its difference in isoelectric point compared to the other VP sequences assembling the capsid. This study is the first to physically document conformational changes in the VP1u region that likely facilitate its externalization from the capsid interior during infection and establishes the order of events in the escape of the AAV capsid from the endosome en route to the nucleus.
Decline in new drug launches: myth or reality? Retrospective observational study using 30 years of data from the UK
Authors: Ward Derek J , Martino Orsolina I , Simpson Sue , Stevens Andrew J 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo describe trends in new drugs launched in the UK from 1982 to 2011 and test the hypothesis that the rate of new drug introductions has declined over the study period. There is wide concern that pharmaceutical innovation is declining. Reported trends suggest that fewer new drugs have been launched over recent decades, despite increasing investment into research and development.DesignRetrospective observational study.Setting and data sourceDatabase of new preparations added annually to the British National Formulary (BNF).Main outcome measuresThe number of new drugs entered each year, including new chemical entities(NCEs) and new biological drugs, based on first appearance in the BNF.ResultsThere was no significant linear trend in the number of new drugs introduced into the UK from 1982 to 2011. Following a dip in the mid-1980s (11–12 NCEs/new biologics introduced annually from 1985 to 1987), there was a variable increase in the numbers of new drugs introduced annually to a peak of 34 in 1997. This peak was followed by a decline to approximately 20 new drugs/year between 2003 and 2006, and another peak in 2010. Extending the timeline further back with existing published data shows an overall slight increase in new drug introductions of 0.16/year over the entire 1971 to 2011 period.ConclusionsThe purported ‘innovation dip’ is an artefact of the time periods previously studied. Reports of declining innovation need to be considered in the context of their timescale and perspective.
Reuse of Pacemakers
Authors: Nava Santiago , Morales José L. , Márquez Manlio F. , Barrera Fausto , Gómez Jorge , Colín Luis , Brugada Josep , Iturralde Pedro 
Published: February 2013

Background—
In developing economies, there are patients in whom pacemaker implantation is delayed because they cannot afford one. Reused devices have been a solution. To address concerns about safety, a cohort of consecutive patients implanted with a reused pacemaker was compared with a control group.

Methods and Results—

A cohort of 603 consecutive patients from 2000 to 2010 was studied in an ambispective noninferiority study. The study group patients (n=307) received resterilized pacemakers, and the control group patients (n=296) received a new pacemaker. A combined end point of 3 major outcomes–unexpected battery depletion, infection, and device dysfunction–was analyzed. A total of 85 pacemakers had to be explanted, 31 in the control group (10.5%) and 54 in the study group (17.6%; relative risk, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.5;
P
=0.02). Forty-three reached the primary end point, 16 in the control group (5.5%) and 27 in the study group (7.2%; relative risk, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–2.45;
P
=0.794). In terms of individual outcomes, 5 new pacemakers (1.7%) and 11 resterilized pacemakers (3.6%) had unexpected battery depletion (relative risk, 2.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.75–6;
P
=0.116); 3.7% new pacemakers and 3.2% reused pacemakers had a procedure-related infection (relative risk, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.38–2.03;
P
=0.46); and 1 pacemaker in the study group malfunctioned.

Conclusions—
Pacemaker reuse is feasible and safe and is a viable option for patient with bradyarrhythmias. Other than the expected shorter battery life, reuse of pacemaker generators is not inferior to the use of new devices.
To be involved or not to be involved: A survey of public preferences for self-involvement in decision-making involving mental capacity (competency) within Europe
Authors: Daveson Barbara A , Bausewein Claudia , Murtagh Fliss EM , Calanzani Natalia , Higginson Irene J , Harding Richard , Cohen Joachim , Simon Steffen T , Deliens Luc , Bechinger-English Dorothee , Hall Sue , Koffman Jonathan , Ferreira Pedro Lopes , Toscani Franco , Gysels Marjolein , Ceulemans Lucas , Haugen Dagny F , Gomes Barbara ,   on behalf of PRISMA
Published: February 2013

Background: The Council of Europe has recommended that member states of European Union encourage their citizens to make decisions about their healthcare before they lose capacity to do so. However, it is unclear whether the public wants to make such decisions beforehand. Aim: To examine public preferences for self-involvement in end-of-life care decision-making and identify associated factors. Design: A population-based survey with 9344 adults in England, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Results: Across countries, 74% preferred self-involvement when capable; 44% preferred self-involvement when incapable through, for example, a living will. Four factors were associated with a preference for self-involvement across capacity and incapacity scenarios, respectively: higher educational attainment ((odds ratio = 1.93–2.77), (odds ratio = 1.33–1.80)); female gender ((odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval = 1.14–1.41), (odds ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.20–1.42)); younger-middle age ((30–59 years: odds ratio = 1.24–1.40), (50–59 years: odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval = 1.04–1.46)) and valuing quality over quantity of life or valuing both equally ((odds ratio = 1.49–1.58), (odds ratio = 1.35–1.53)). Those with increased financial hardship (odds ratio = 0.64–0.83) and a preference to die in hospital (not a palliative care unit) (odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval = 0.60–0.88), a nursing home or residential care (odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval = 0.54–0.99) were less likely to prefer self-involvement when capable. For the incapacity scenario, single people were more likely to prefer self-involvement (odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.18–1.53). Conclusions: Self-involvement in decision-making is important to the European public. However, a large proportion of the public prefer to not make decisions about their care in advance of incapacity. Financial hardship, educational attainment, age, and preferences regarding quality and quantity of life require further examination; these factors should be considered in relation to policy.
Thermal and mechanical characterisation of Phormium tenax-reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Puglia D , Santulli C , Sarasini F , Kenny JM , Valente T 
Published: February 2013

Composites including short and randomly arranged Phormium tenax fibres in a polypropylene (PP) matrix (fibre content of 20, 30 and 40 wt%) were produced by twin-screw compounding and injection moulding. They have been characterised by tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that tensile modulus has been increased by reinforcing the matrix with growing amounts of fibres, whilst the effect on tensile strength had lower evidence. Fracture surface characterisation by SEM indicated that debonding and pull-out are prevalent, which suggests the need to optimise the interfacial bonding. Thermal characterisation results have shown that the main degradation peak for PP was slightly shifted to higher temperatures with the increasing fibre contents, thus improving the thermal stability of the composites. The introduction of fibres did not result in a significant variation in the position of the peaks for calorimetric analysis, except for the melting peak, which appeared lower for the composites with respect to the neat matrix. A slight increase in crystallinity was also measured.
How I treat patients with indolent and smoldering mastocytosis (rare conditions but difficult to manage)
Authors: Pardanani Animesh 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIndolent systemic mastocytosis (SM) patients have a varied clinical presentation, ranging from predominantly cutaneous symptoms to recurrent systemic symptoms (eg, flushing, palpitations, dyspepsia, diarrhea, bone pain) that can be severe and potentially life threatening (anaphylaxis). Mastocytosis patients without skin involvement pose a diagnostic challenge; a high index of suspicion is needed in those with mast cell–degranulation symptoms, including anaphylaxis following Hymenoptera stings or other triggers. Modern-era molecular and flow-cytometric diagnostic methods are very sensitive and can detect minimal involvement of bone marrow with atypical/clonal mast cells; in some cases, full diagnostic criteria for SM are not fulfilled. An important aspect of treatment is avoidance of known symptom triggers; other treatment principles include a stepwise escalation of antimediator therapies and consideration of cytoreductive therapies for those with treatment-refractory symptoms. The perioperative management of mastocytosis patients is nontrivial; a multidisciplinary preoperative assessment, adequate premedications, and close intra- and postoperative monitoring are critical. Smoldering mastocytosis is a variant with high systemic mast cell burden. While its clinical course can be variable, there is greater potential need for cytoreductive therapies (eg, interferon-alpha, cladribine) in this setting. A systematic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of indolent SM using a case-based approach of representative clinical scenarios is presented here.
Genome sequence-based species delimitation with confidence intervals and improved distance functions
Authors: Meier-Kolthoff Jan P , Auch Alexander F , Klenk Hans-Peter , Göker Markus 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundFor the last 25 years species delimitation in prokaryotes (ArchaeaandBacteria) was to a large extent based on DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH), a tedious lab procedure designed in the early 1970s that served its purpose astonishingly well in the absence of deciphered genome sequences. With the rapid progress in genome sequencing time has come to directly use the now available and easy to generate genome sequences for delimitation of species. (Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny) infers genome-to-genome distances between pairs of entirely or partially sequenced genomes, a digital, highly reliable estimator for the relatedness of genomes. Its application as an in-silico replacement for DDH was recently introduced. The main challenge in the implementation of such an application is to produce digital DDH values that must mimic the wet-lab DDH values as close as possible to ensure consistency in the Prokaryotic species concept.ResultsCorrelation and regression analyses were used to determine the best-performing methods and the most influential parameters. was further enriched with a set of new features such as confidence intervals for intergenomic distances obtained via resampling or via the statistical models for DDH prediction and an additional family of distance functions. As in previous analyses, obtained the highest agreement with wet-lab DDH among all tested methods, but improved models led to a further increase in the accuracy of DDH prediction. Confidence intervals yielded stable results when inferred from the statistical models, whereas those obtained via resampling showed marked differences between the underlying distance functions.ConclusionsDespite the high accuracy of -based DDH prediction, inferences from limited empirical data are always associated with a certain degree of uncertainty. It is thus crucial to enrich in-silico DDH replacements with confidence-interval estimation, enabling the user to statistically evaluate the outcomes. Such methodological advancements, easily accessible through the web service athttp://ggdc.dsmz.de, are crucial steps towards a consistent and truly genome sequence-based classification of microorganisms.
Are family practice trainers and their host practices any better? comparing practice trainers and non-trainers and their practices
Authors: van den Hombergh Pieter , Schalk-Soekar Saskia , Kramer Anneke , Bottema Ben , Campbell Stephen , Braspenning Jozé 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Family Physician (FP) trainees are expected to be provided with high quality training in well organized practice settings. This study examines differences between FP trainers and non-trainers and their practices to see whether there are differences in trainers and non-trainers and in how their practices are organized and their services are delivered.

Method
203 practices (88 non-training and 115 training) with 512 FPs (335 non-trainers and 177 trainers) were assessed using the “Visit Instrument Practice organization (VIP)” on 369 items (142 FP-level; 227 Practice level). Analyses (ANOVA, ANCOVA) were conducted for each level by calculating differences between FP trainees and non-trainees and their host practices.

Results
Trainers scored higher on all but one of the items, and significantly higher on 47 items, of which 13 remained significant after correcting for covariates. Training practices scored higher on all items and significantly higher on 61 items, of which 23 remained significant after correcting for covariates. Trainers (and training practices) provided more diagnostic and therapeutic services, made better use of team skills and scored higher on practice organization, chronic care services and quality management than non-training practices. Trainers reported more job satisfaction and commitment and less job stress than non-trainers.

Discussion
There are positive differences between FP trainers and non-trainers in both the level and the quality of services provided by their host practices. Training institutions can use this information to promote the advantages of becoming a FP trainer and training practice as well as to improve the quality of training settings for FPs.
Neurogenesis in zebrafish – from embryo to adult
Authors: Schmidt Rebecca , Strähle Uwe , Scholpp Steffen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Neurogenesis in the developing central nervous system consists of the induction and proliferation of neural progenitor cells and their subsequent differentiation into mature neurons. External as well as internal cues orchestrate neurogenesis in a precise temporal and spatial way. In the last 20 years, the zebrafish has proven to be an excellent model organism to study neurogenesis in the embryo. Recently, this vertebrate has also become a model for the investigation of adult neurogenesis and neural regeneration. Here, we summarize the contributions of zebrafish in neural development and adult neurogenesis.
Gedruckte Filmbatterien
Authors: Hübner Gunter , Krebs Martin 
Published: February 2013

Zusammenfassung
Die Siebdrucktechnologie erlaubt es, Stromableiter-, Elektroden- und Separator/Elektrolyt-Materialien in mehreren Schichten auf ein Foliensubstrat übereinander zu drucken und damit eine flache, flexible Filmbatterie in Einzel- oder Multizellen-Reihenschaltung aufzubauen. Zum ersten Mal werden gedruckte, wieder aufladbare Ni-MH-Zellen realisiert, die eine Kapazität von ca. 32 mAh aufweisen bei einer aktiven Fläche von 20×20 mm2 und einer Gesamtdicke von rund 0,6 mm. Die Verkapselungsproblematik konnte mit Hilfe thermisch aktivierbarer, verdruckbarer Siegelschichten gelöst werden. In Langzeit-Zyklisierungen wurde die Langzeitstabilität der Zellen geprüft. Ein druckbarer Elektrolyt/Separator wurde entwickelt.
The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely related to the metabolic syndrome components
Authors: Hurjui Daniela Maria , Niţă Otilia , Graur Lidia Iuliana , Popescu Dana Ştefana , Mihalache Laura , Huţanaşu Cătălin Ilie , Graur Mariana 
Published: February 2013

Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with all features ofthe metabolic syndrome (MS). This strongly supports the notion that NAFLD may bethe hepatic manifestation of the MS. NAFLD is currently the most common cause ofabnormal liver function tests and affects approximatively 15-25% of the generalpopulation. NAFLD covers a spectrum of liver disease, from steatosis to nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Insulin resistance (IR) has centraletiologic roles in the development of MS and NAFLD, usually related to obesity. MSis frequently associated with chronic inflammation, having as principal mediatorsthe adipocytokines and free fatty acids (FFA), but also CRP, TNF-a and IL-6.Chronic inflammation results in more IR and lipolysis of adipose tissue triglyceridestores, in enhanced hepatic glucose and VLDL production. The steatotic liver isthought to be vulnerable to secondary injuries including adipocytokines,mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress which lead to hepatocellularinflammation and fibrosis.