bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes towards English in Norway: A corpus-based study of attitudinal expressions in newspaper discourse
Authors: Graedler Anne-Line 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article explores some dimensions of how the role of the English language in Norway has been discursively constructed in newspapers during recent years, based on the analysis of data from the five-year period 2008–2012. The analysis is conducted using a specialised corpus containing 3,743 newspaper articles which were subjected to corpus-based macro-analyses and techniques, as well as manual micro-level analyses and categorisation. The main focus of the analysis is on the manifestation of attitudes through various ways of expression, such as the occurrence of lexical sequences and conceptual metaphors related to language. The results show that even though positive perceptions of English were quite frequent in the data, the main part consisted of expressions where English is seen in a negative light. Hence, a fairly negative attitude towards the role of English is predominant, as illustrated by the most frequent conceptual metaphor,
Language ideology or language practice? An analysis of language policy documents at Swedish universities
Authors: Björkman Beyza 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article presents an analysis and interpretation of language policy documents from eight Swedish universities with regard to intertextuality, authorship and content analysis of the notions of language practices and English as a lingua franca (ELF). The analysis is then linked to Spolsky’s framework of language policy, namely language practices, language beliefs, values (and ideology), and language planning or management (Spolsky 2004). The results show that the language policy documents refer heavily to official documents that have as their primary aim to protect and promote the Swedish language (e.g., the Language Act 2009), which appears to have been the point of departure for the language policy work in these settings, reflecting their protectionist stance towards the local language, Swedish. Little focus is put on actual language practices in these policy documents. The description of language practices is often limited to the description of the existing situation, based on concerns about Swedish losing ground as a result of the widespread use of English. Similarly, the notion of ELF is used primarily for description of the existing situation without sufficient guidance as to how students and staff in these university settings are to use English in their everyday practices. These results bring to the fore the question of what the purpose of university language policy documents should be with reference to a speech community’s everyday practices. It is suggested here that university language policy documents would benefit from taking research on actual language practices as their starting point and base their work on research on language practices, striving to provide guidance on local choices made for communicative effectiveness.
English as a lingua franca: A source of identity for young Europeans?
Authors: Gnutzmann Claus , Jakisch Jenny , Rabe Frank 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAs a result of globalisation and the European integration process, identity concepts of young Europeans are becoming more and more diverse and possibly heterogeneous. The factors that influence the development of identity formation and impact on identity constructions are complex – but language seems to be of central importance. It is generally accepted that language and identity are closely connected and that identities are shaped to a large extent through discursive practice. These interactions no longer take place in the mother tongue alone; they are increasingly affected by the wide use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in Europe or, Euro-English. This raises the question of whether European identity should be built upon linguistic diversity, as officially promoted by the European Union, or whether the use of ELF could help to fulfill this unifying function. Drawing on a questionnaire survey conducted at the University of Braunschweig with 1061 students, the article investigates the potential role of ELF in the formation of a common European identity.
A Disruption Mechanism for Bribes
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Garoupa Nuno 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCrimes such as bribery require the cooperation of two or more criminals for mutual gain. Instead of deterring these crimes, the state should disrupt them by creating distrust among criminals so they cannot cooperate. In a cooperative crime with two criminals, the state should offer amnesty and a bounty to the criminal who first secures punishment of the other criminal. When the bounty exceeds the bribe, a bribed official gains less from keeping the bribe than from confessing and receiving the bounty. Consequently the person who pays the bribe cannot trust the person who takes it. The game’s unique equilibrium is non-cooperative and bribes disappear. We explore legal implications and practical challenges to this disruption mechanism.
Influence of injection molding parameters on electrical resistivity of carbon nanotube reinforced polycarbonate
Authors: Dönmez Sinan , Kentli Aykut 
Published: September 2014

AbstractElectrical properties of plastic products can be adjusted by adding a certain amount of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the injection molding process. However, injection molding parameters should be arranged carefully due to their influence on electrical properties of CNT-reinforced plastic composites. In this study, polycarbonate/CNT nanocomposites, having three different CNT concentrations (1, 3 and 5 wt%), were produced and injection molded by using three different injection temperatures and speeds to investigate their influence on electrical resistivity. It was found that the electrical resistivity was influenced greatly by the injection temperature when 1 wt% amount of CNT was used in the nanocomposite. However, the effect of injection speed was negligible.
The Historical Example in 1 Clement
Authors: Breytenbach Cilliers 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
While previous research emphasised deliberative rhetoric employed by 1 Clement (van Unnik; Bakke), the current paper offers continued investigation on the function of historical examples as part of its argumentative strategy. The author of 1 Clement addresses the congregation in Corinth with an appeal to let concord and peace be the foundation of their community life, instead of strife and dissension. Illustrative parallels for 1 Clement can be found in contemporary writings by Dio Chrysostom, Aelius Aristides and Plutarch. They argue likewise in favour of concord by giving positive and negative examples from the past that reveal its benefit for household, polis or nation. 1 Clement adapts this widespread rhetoric strategy to expose the devastating role of jealousy for the Corinthian community, both for brotherhood and leadership. In addition, it promotes repentance and righteousness as positive values. Examples from the Greek Bible and from contemporary Christianity are thus fitted into Greek rhetorical tradition to form paradigmatic narratives for fellow Christians. 1 Clement therefore reveals a mode of reference to biblical tradition that is highly influenced by contemporary culture.
Irenaeus and the Gnostic Valentinus: Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Church of Rome around the Middle of the Second Century
Authors: Chiapparini Giuliano 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The re-examination of the first eight chapters of Book 1 of Adversus Haereses by Irenaeus of Lyon (so-called “Grande Notice”) has allowed reasserting the importance of this source, not only to reconstruct the history of early Valentinianism and Gnosticism as a whole, but also to get to know better a crucial phase of the doctrinal evolution which accompanied the exegetic-theological debate in the Church of Rome in the mid 2d century, a debate which was to result in the distinction between orthodoxy and heresy. Analysing the praefationes of Books 1 and 2 of Adversus Haereses, it seems that the phases of realization of the work are two and the conception of the “Grande Notice” and the retrieval of the sources (mainly from Ptolemy and his disciples) can be anticipated from the traditional dating, i.e. 180, to the Roman period of Irenaeus (ca. 160−165). The chronological distance between Valentinus’ stay in Rome and that of Irenaeus is shorter and Irenaeus knows the doctrine of Valentinus and that of the continuers in detail, as well as being well aware of the theological differences among them. The research was based on philological reconstruction, ever made so far, of the Greek text of the “Grande Notice” on the basis of the quotation handed down by Epiphanius, using synoptically the Latin transposition of Tertullian (Adversus Valentinianos) and considering that the Latin text of Adversus Haereses is not a version written by Irenaeus himself, but a translation dating back to the 4th−5th century, not always faithful to the original text.
Rare association of acromegaly with left atrial myxoma in Carney's complex due to novel PRKAR1A mutation
Authors: Birla Shweta , Aggarwal Sameer , Sharma Arundhati , Tandon Nikhil 
Published: September 2014

Summary
Carney complex (CNC) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by pigmented lesions of the skin and mucosae along with cardiac, endocrine, cutaneous, and neural myxomatous tumors. Mutations in the PRKAR1A gene have been identified in ∼70% of the CNC cases reported worldwide. A 30-year-old male was referred to the endocrinology clinic with suspected acromegaly. He had a history of recurrent atrial myxoma for the past 8 years for which he underwent repeated surgeries. Presently, he complained of having headache, excessive snoring, sweating, and also noticed increase in his shoe size. Evaluation for acromegaly revealed elevated levels of GH in random as well as in suppressed condition. Magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed enlarged sella with microadenoma in the left anterior pituitary. Screening of PRKAR1A gene was carried out for the patient, his parents and siblings who were available and willing to undergo the test. The patient was diagnosed to have the rare CNC syndrome characterized by recurrent atrial myxoma and acromegaly due to a novel 22 bp insertion mutation in PRKAR1A which was predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Screening the available family members revealed the absence of this mutation in them except the elder brother who also tested positive for this mutation. The present study reports on a novel PRKAR1A insertion mutation in a patient with acromegaly and left atrial myxoma in CNC.

Learning points

Identification of a novel deleterious PRKAR1A insertion mutation causing CNC.

It is important that patients with cardiac myxoma be investigated for presence of endocrine overactivity suggestive of CNC.

PRKAR1A mutation analysis should be undertaken in such cases to confirm the diagnosis in the patients as well as first degree relatives.

This case highlights an important aspect of diagnosis, clinical course, and management of this rare condition.
Flow Cytometry of Microencapsulated Colonies for Genetics Analysis of Filamentous Fungi
Authors: Delgado-Ramos Lidia , Marcos Ana T , Ramos-Guelfo María S , Sánchez-Barrionuevo Leyre , Smet Francis , Chávez Sebastián , Cánovas David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe analysis of filamentous fungi by flow cytometry has been impossible to date due to their filamentous nature and size. In this work, we have developed a method that combines single-spore microencapsulation and large-particle flow cytometry as a powerful alternative for the genetic analysis of filamentous fungi. Individual spores were embedded in monodisperse alginate microparticles and incubated in the appropriate conditions. Growth could be monitored by light or fluorescent microscopy and Complex Object Parametric Analyzer and Sorter large-particle flow cytometry. Microencapsulated Trichoderma and Aspergillus spores could germinate and grow inside the alginate capsules. Growth tests revealed that auxotrophic mutants required the appropriate nutrients and that pyrithiamine and glufosinate halted fungal growth of sensitive but not resistant strains. We used an Aspergillus nidulans, thermosensitive mutant in the cell-cycle regulator gene nimXCDK1 as proof-of-concept to the detection and identification of genetic phenotypes. Sorting of the microparticles containing the clonal fungal mycelia proved the power of this method to perform positive and/or negative selection during genetic screenings.
Reverse payment settlements – US-Rechtslage und die Antwort des europäischen Kartellrechts
Authors: Picht Peter 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der Vergleichsschluss hat einen guten Ruf, weil er Ressourcen schont und rasch Frieden schafft. Vor allem im Pharmasektor treten aber Vergleiche zu Tage, die ein ganz anderes Antlitz zeigen. Bei wettbewerbswidrigen „reverse payment settlements“ kauft sich der Hersteller eines patentgeschützten Originalmedikaments von der Generika-Konkurrenz frei. Die Zeche zahlt der Konsument in Gestalt hoher Arzneimittelpreise. In den USA haben sich Wissenschaft und Praxis bereits intensiv mit solchen Vergleichen befasst, jüngst so der Supreme Court in seiner wegweisenden Actavis-Entscheidung. In Europa führt die Kommission erste Wettbewerbsverfahren durch, eine fundierte Diskussion der Rechtsfragen steht aber noch am Anfang. Der folgende Beitrag soll zu ihr Anstoß und Beitrag sein.
Die Gesamtrechtsnachfolge in Kartellbußgeldverfahren nach § 30 Abs. 2a OWiG
Authors: Görner André 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
Verstöße gegen das deutsche und europäische Kartellrecht können von deutschen Kartellbehörden als Ordnungswidrigkeiten geahndet werden. Die Festsetzung von Bußgeldern gegen kartellrechtswidrig handelnde Unternehmen und Unternehmensvereinigungen ist dabei ein zentrales Instrument der Kartellbehörden zur Erfüllung ihrer Aufgaben. Damit Umstrukturierungen der betroffenen Unternehmen der Bußgeldfestsetzung nicht entgegenstehen, hat der Gesetzgeber mit § 30 Abs. 2a OWiG eine Regelung zur Gesamtrechtsnachfolge im Ordnungswidrigkeitenrecht geschaffen. Die Tatbestandsmerkmale und die Bewertung dieser Regelung sind Gegenstand des nachfolgenden Beitrags.
Es regnet Preiserhöhungen – Wie Preisschirme auch Unbeteiligte schädigen können
Authors: Hartmann-Rüppel Marco , Schrader Konstantin 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der EuGH hat anerkannt, dass grundsätzlich auch Abnehmer von Kartellaußenseitern Schadensersatzansprüche gegen Kartellanten geltend machen können müssen. Eine nationale Regelung, die dies kategorisch ausschließt, verstößt gegen EU-Recht. Dem ist vor dem Hintergrund der „jedermann“-Rechtsprechung des EuGH unter dem Gesichtspunkt des effet utile auch zuzustimmen. Mit dem Urteil dürften vermehrt Schadensersatzklagen erhoben und Ansprüche auf Ersatz von „Preisschirm-Schäden“ geltend gemacht werden. Einer ausufernden Haftung der Kartellanten dürften aber die Hürden eines Nachweises von Preisschirmeffekten und Preisschirm-Schäden einschließlich der erforderlichen Kausalität entgegenstehen. Die Rechtsprechung wird entscheiden, ob und inwieweit sie Beweiserleichterungen zulassen wird; ökonomisch mögen bei jedenfalls bestimmten Marktbedingungen kartellbedingte Preiserhöhungen auch bei dem Kartellaußenseiter zwingend sein. Die Kommission ist aufgerufen, das Thema Preisschirmeffekt in ihren Richtlinienvorschlag zu privaten Schadensersatzklagen aufzunehmen.
Die sachliche Rechtfertigung der Verweigerung des Zugangs zu einer Infrastruktureinrichtung durch die Unmöglichkeit einer Mitbenutzung
Authors: Zimmermann Martin 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
In seiner Entscheidung in Sachen Puttgarden II befasste sich der BGH erneut mit der Verweigerung des Zugangs zum Fährhafen Puttgarden. Im Zentrum stand dabei vor allem die Frage, unter welchen Voraussetzungen sich der Inhaber einer Infrastruktureinrichtung i. S. v. § 19 Abs. 2 Nr. 4 GWB zur sachlichen Rechtfertigung einer Zugangsverweigerung auf die rechtliche Unmöglichkeit der Mitbenutzung berufen kann und wie die Beweislast insoweit verteilt ist. Der Beitrag untersucht im Lichte dieser Entscheidung, wie der Rechtfertigungsgrund der Unmöglichkeit auszulegen ist, und zieht dabei insbesondere weitreichende Parallelen zur zivilrechtlichen Regelung der Unmöglichkeit der Leistung.
A Transient Two-Phase Fluid- and Heat-Flow Model for Gas-Lift-Assisted Waxy-Crude Wells With Periodical Electric Heating
Authors: Han Guoqing , Zhang He , Ling Kegang , Wu Di , Zhang Zuguo 
Published: September 2014

Summary
This paper presents innovative iteration algorithms for multi-interface heat transfer in pipe flow. To the best of our knowledge,this is the first approach derived from the drift-flux model (DFM), which is more competent than mechanistic models for high-slippage gas/liquid flow. The mass- and momentum-conservation equations are inherited from literature and we have written them in the differential forms. In parallel, we thoroughly analyzed the heat-flux conservation among different layers and successfully presented the derivatives of temperature in location and time. Finally, the solution is obtained numerically to capture the temperature/ pressure-distribution profiles under transient conditions. For waxy-crude fields, it is critical to sustain the flowing temperature above the wax-appearance temperature. This is especially challenging for gas-lift-assisted wells. The injected gas, commonly at a relatively low temperature, makes this flow-assurance problem sophisticated. An effective practice is to heat up the flowing fluid by installing an electrical cable in tubing. The heat exchange happens at three interfaces in the production system: between cable and flowing crude, flowing crude and injected gas, and injected gas and formation. It is challenging to model such a multiphase production system, including an inner annulus inside the tubing, because once the electrical cable is installed, an outer annulus is where the gas is injected. To optimize this production system, a rigorous transient multiphase and multi-interface heat transfer simulator is required. By integrating the subsurface boundary condition explicitly, new algorithms can optimize the cable length, heating period, supplied power, or gas-injection rate for the aforementioned production system. This new method has been applied successfully for several gas-lift-assisted wells in a waxy-crude field located in northern China. The power consumption has decreased noticeably by 30% more than the historical field performance. The delegated optimization scheme reduces the shut-in time in winters, which promises cost-savings. The presented model not only satisfies the exceptional modelling requirements for periodically heating crude producers, but it also is appropriate for other heat-transfer investigations under transient multi-interface and multiphase-flow conditions.
Mitigating HS&E Risks for Oil & Gas Services using a Comprehensive Risk Management Program during New Product Development
Authors: Meyer Nicholas , Cho Joseph J. , Phillips Randolph G. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper reviews a "total product and service life cycle" risk management program. The program goal is to ensure the products, people, processes and facilities are compliant to current and future standards required by current and future regulatory, third-party or customer-specific requirements regarding HS&E and performance risk management. In response to HS&E failure events worldwide, considerable efforts have been put forth to improve compliance to new and existing standards to further manage and improve HS&E programs.
Product and service risk mitigation in the oil and gas industry must start with a new product development process for product and services. Mitigating HS&E risks requires not only diligence to critical on-rig operations process improvements (e.g., training, procedures), but also a quantitative assessment of failure modes and mechanisms associated with how products fail during the missions they are required to execute. Stated differently, the reliability of HS&E critical products and parts must be modeled and quantified to mitigate HS&E risks to an acceptable level or minimize the likelihood of failure. This quantitative assessment will determine what mitigation is required during design and downstream (supply chain, operations) to reduce failure possibility to an acceptable level. Design and process failure modes and effects analysis (FMEAs) now take on a much more critical role of correlating risk (RPNs) to actual failure rates. The goal of this paper is to review the progress one company has made toward achieving this total product life cycle approach to HS&E and performance risk management.
Effective Crisis Management and Emergency Response in Total E&P Qatar
Authors: Barthelemy David 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The materials present the good practices of Total E&amp;P Qatar to make its crisis management and emergency response effective: the way it is organized and the way the people involved are behaving.
To protect its assets, TEPQ has developed its own Affiliate Emergency Response Plan. In case of emergency response, TEPQ sets different group of people structured in cells. Each cell has its own role in the emergency response, depending on the situation. The cross-functionality between each cell for the application of the emergency response plans is warranted by a central Emergency Response Cell.
Real cases confirmed the effectiveness of the TEPQ emergency response organization. Nevertheless it highlighted the need of having the involved people more comfortable with their role and responsibilities. For this purpose two main actions were taken: The drills and exercises frequency of the cells have been increased;The number of people likely to be involved was decreased to better train them.
As a summary, less people but better trained with more experience.
For the trainings, TEPQ has set-up training matrices, called ComPass, defining the trainings or awareness mandatory for each position. All the employees and contractors involved in the emergency response are namely identified in the ComPass matrix of their site and their training status is followed.
For the experience, each person likely to be involved in one of the emergency response cell participates to weekly tests, monthly table top, three-monthly exercises and yearly large scale exercises.