bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the effect of population size on cumulative cultural evolution
Authors: Baldini Ryan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHenrich (2004) argued that larger populations can better maintain complex technologies because they contain more highly skilled people whom others can imitate. His original model, however, did not distinguish the effects of population size from population density or network size; a learner’s social network included the entire population. Does population size remain important when populations are subdivided and networks are realistically small? I use a mathematical model to show that population size has little effect onequilibriumlevels of mean skill under a wide range of conditions. The effects of network size and transmission error rate usually overshadow that of population size. Population size can, however, affect therateat which a population approaches equilibrium, by increasing the rate at which innovations arise. This effect is small unless innovation is very rare. Whether population size predicts technological complexity in the real world, then, depends on whether technological evolution is innovation-limited and short of equilibrium. The effect of population “connectedness,” via migration or trade, is similar. I discuss the results of this analysis in light of the current empirical debate.
Autophagy-Related Proteins Are Required for Degradation of Peroxisomes inArabidopsisHypocotyls during Seedling Growth
Authors: Kim Jimi , Lee Heeeun , Lee Han Nim , Kim Soon-Hee , Shin Kwang Deok , Chung Taijoon 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPlant peroxisomes play a pivotal role during postgerminative growth by breaking down fatty acids to provide fixed carbons for seedlings before the onset of photosynthesis. The enzyme composition of peroxisomes changes during the transition of the seedling from a heterotrophic to an autotrophic state; however, the mechanisms for the degradation of obsolete peroxisomal proteins remain elusive. One candidate mechanism is autophagy, a bulk degradation pathway targeting cytoplasmic constituents to the lytic vacuole. We present evidence supporting the autophagy of peroxisomes in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls during seedling growth. Mutants defective in autophagy appeared to accumulate excess peroxisomes in hypocotyl cells. When degradation in the vacuole was pharmacologically compromised, both autophagic bodies and peroxisomal markers were detected in the wild-type vacuole but not in that of the autophagy-incompetent mutants. On the basis of the genetic and cell biological data we obtained, we propose that autophagy is important for the maintenance of peroxisome number and cell remodeling in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.
Phosphatidic Acid Interacts with a MYB Transcription Factor and Regulates Its Nuclear Localization and Function inArabidopsis
Authors: Yao Hongyan , Wang Geliang , Guo Liang , Wang Xuemin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPhosphatidic acid (PA) has emerged as a class of cellular mediators involved in various cellular and physiological processes, but little is known about its mechanism of action. Here we show that PA interacts with WEREWOLF (WER), a R2R3 MYB transcription factor involved in root hair formation. The PA-interacting region is confined to the end of the R2 subdomain. The ablation of the PA binding motif has no effect on WER binding to DNA, but abolishes its nuclear localization and its function in regulating epidermal cell fate. Inhibition of PA production by phospholipase Dζ also suppresses WER's nuclear localization, root hair formation, and elongation. These results suggest a role for PA in promoting protein nuclear localization.
SPECT‐based functional lung imaging for the prediction of radiation pneumonitis: A clinical and dosimetric correlation
Authors: Hoover Douglas A. , Reid Robert H. , Wong Eugene , Stitt Larry , Sabondjian Eric , Rodrigues George B. , Jaswal Jasbir K. , Yaremko Brian P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIntroductionWhen we irradiate lung cancer, the radiation dose that can be delivered safely is limited by the risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP) in the surrounding normal lung. This risk is dose‐dependent and is commonly predicted using metrics such as the V20, which are usually formulated assuming homogeneous pulmonary function. Because in vivo pulmonary function is not homogeneous, if highly functioning lung can be identified beforehand and preferentially avoided during treatment, it might be possible to reduce the risk of RP, suggesting the utility of function‐based prediction metrics.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 26 patients who received ventilation and perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT‐CT) immediately prior to curative‐intent radiation therapy. Patients were separated into non‐RP and RP groups. As‐treated dose‐volume histogram (DVH), perfusion‐SPECT‐based and ventilation‐SPECT‐based dose‐function histogram (DFH) parameters were defined for each group and were tested for differences. The relative utilities of ventilation‐based and perfusion‐based DFH metrics were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsThe standard mean lung dose (MLD) was significantly higher in the RP group; the standard V20 and V30 were higher in the RP group but not significantly. Perfusion‐weighted and ventilation‐weighted values of the MLD, V20 and V30 were all significantly higher in the RP group. ROC analysis suggested that SPECT‐based DFH parameters outperformed standard DVH parameters as predictors of RP.ConclusionsSPECT‐based DFH parameters appear to be useful as predictors of RP.
Prevalence, nature and potential preventability of adverse drug events – a population‐based medical record study of 4970 adults
Authors: Hakkarainen Katja M. , Gyllensten Hanna , Jönsson Anna K. , Andersson Sundell Karolina , Petzold Max , Hägg Staffan 
Published: December 2013

AimsTo estimate the 3 month prevalence of adverse drug events (ADEs), categories of ADEs and preventable ADEs, and the preventability of ADEs among adults in Sweden. Further, to identify drug classes and organ systems associated with ADEs and estimate their seriousness.MethodsA random sample of 5025 adults in a Swedish county council in 2008 was drawn from the Total Population Register. All their medical records in 29 inpatient care departments in three hospitals, 110 specialized outpatient clinics and 51 primary care units were reviewed retrospectively in a stepwise manner, and complemented with register data on dispensed drugs. ADEs, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs), sub‐therapeutic effects of drug therapy (STEs), drug dependence and abuse, drug intoxications from overdose, and morbidities due to drug‐related untreated indication, were detected during a 3 month study period, and assessed for preventability.ResultsAmong 4970 included individuals, the prevalence of ADEs was 12.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 11.1, 12.9%), and preventable ADEs 5.6% (95% CI 5.0, 6.2%). ADRs (6.9%; 95% CI 6.2, 7.6%) and STEs (6.4%; 95% CI 5.8, 7.1%) were more prevalent than the other ADEs. Of the ADEs, 38.8% (95% CI 35.8–41.9%) was preventable, varying by ADE category and seriousness. ADEs were frequently associated with nervous system and cardiovascular drugs, but the associated drugs and affected organs varied by ADE category.ConclusionsThe considerable burden of ADEs and preventable ADEs from commonly used drugs across care settings warrants large‐scale efforts to redesign safer, higher quality healthcare systems. The heterogeneous nature of the ADE categories should be considered in research and clinical practice for preventing, detecting and mitigating ADEs.
Significant Association between Serum Interleukin-6 andHelicobacter pyloriAntibody Levels amongH. pylori-Positive Japanese Adults
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroko , Tamura Takashi , Mitsuda Yoko , Goto Yasuyuki , Kamiya Yoshikazu , Kondo Takaaki , Wakai Kenji , Hamajima Nobuyuki 
Published: December 2013

Background. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine produced by many types of cells. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis that is an underlying cause of coronary heart disease (CHD). Since the 1990s, some studies have shown an association betweenH. pyloriinfection and CHD, which may be mediated by inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between serum anti-H. pyloriIgG levels and serum IL-6 levels inH. pylori-infected adults.Methods.We enrolled 158 subjects who visited a clinic located in an urban area to be tested forH. pyloriinfection, using the13C-urea breath test, and who were found to be infected and subsequently received eradication.Results.The geometric mean serum IL-6 level was 1.78 pg/mL for men, 1.57 pg/mL for women, and 1.64 pg/mL overall. Logarithms of serum IL-6 levels were positively correlated with logarithms of serumH. pyloriIgG levels(r=0.24, P=0.002). In multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for sex and age, the serum IL-6 level was still significantly associated with the IgG level in all subjects(β=0.18, P=0.012).Conclusion.HigherH. pyloriIgG levels were significantly associated with higher serum IL-6 levels amongH. pylori-infected individuals.
Head-to-Head Comparison of a Drug-Free Early Programmed Dismantling Polylactic Acid Bioresorbable Scaffold and a Metallic Stent in the Porcine Coronary Artery
Authors: Durand Eric , Sharkawi Tahmer , Leclerc Guy , Raveleau Marine , van der Leest Machiel , Vert Michel , Lafont Antoine 
Published: December 2013

Background—
We aimed to evaluate a new drug-free fully bioresorbable lactic acid–based scaffold designed to allow early dismantling synchronized with artery wall healing in comparison with a bare metal stent (BMS).

Methods and Results—

Twenty-three BMS (3.0×12 mm) and 36 lactic acid–based bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS, 3.0×11 mm) were implanted in porcine coronary arteries. QCA and optical coherence tomographic analyses were performed immediately after implantation and repeated after 1, 3, and 6 months. Microcomputed tomography was used to detect scaffold dismantling. Polymer degradation was evaluated throughout the study. The primary end-point was late lumen loss, and the secondary end-points were scaffold/stent diameter and acute recoil. Acute recoil was low and comparable between the BRS and the BMS groups (4.6±6.7 versus 4.6±5.1%;
P
=0.98). BRS outer diameter increased significantly from 1 to 6 months indicating late positive scaffold remodeling (
P
<0.0001), whereas BMS diameter remained constant (
P
=0.159). Late lumen loss decreased significantly from 1 to 6 months in the BRS group (
P
=0.003) without significant difference between BRS and BMS groups at 6 months (
P
=0.68). Microcomputed tomography identified BRS dismantling starting at 3 months, and weight-average molar masses of scaffold parts were 20% and 14% of their initial values at 3 and 6 months.

Conclusions—
BRS and BMS have similar 6-month outcomes in porcine coronary arteries. Interestingly, BRS dismantling was detected from 3 months and resulted in late lumen enlargement by increased scaffold diameter at 6 months.
Antiplatelet Treatment for Prevention of Cerebrovascular Events in Patients With Vascular Diseases
Authors: Gouya Ghazaleh , Arrich Jasmin , Wolzt Michael , Huber Kurt , Verheugt Freek W.A. , Gurbel Paul A. , Pirker-Kees Agnes , Siller-Matula Jolanta M. 
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose—
The efficacy and safety of different antiplatelet regimes for prevention of stroke in patients at high risk were investigated in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods—
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. Twenty-two studies comprising 173 371 patients were included.

Results—

In the overall population, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel in comparison to aspirin monotherapy reduced the relative risk of total stroke by 20% (risk ratio [RR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73–0.88;
P
<0.0001; I
2
=28%) and of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack by 23% (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69–0.85;
P
<0.0001; I
2
=18%) without increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. In the secondary prevention cohort, DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel also reduced the relative risk of total stroke by 24% as compared with aspirin alone (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68–0.86;
P
<0.0001; I
2
=0%). DAPT with prasugrel or ticagrelor and aspirin versus DAPT with clopidogrel and aspirin was not associated with a risk reduction of stroke.

Conclusions—
DAPT with clopidogrel and aspirin compared with aspirin effectively reduces the risk of total and ischemic stroke in the overall cohort consisting of patients with cardiovascular disease without increase in intracranial hemorrhage, as well as decreases the risk of a recurrent total stroke in patients with a previous stroke/transient ischemic attack. Our meta-analysis suggests that DAPT including low-dose aspirin (75–100 mg) and clopidogrel (75 mg) should be further investigated as a strategy to reduce recurrent strokes.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero
. Unique identifier: CRD42011001596.
The Effect of Exogenous Creatine Phosphate on Myocardial Injury After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Ke-Wu Deng , Xu-Bo Shi , Ying-Xin Zhao , Shi-Wei Yang , Yu-Jie Zhou , Dong-Mei Shi , Yu-Yang Liu , De-An Jia , Zhe Fang , Zhi-Ming Zhou , Hai-Long Ge , Zhen-Xian Yan , Chang-Sheng Ma 
Published: December 2013

Objective: To evaluate the effect of exogenous creatine phosphate (CP) on myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Method: Four hundred patients were divided to receive conventional therapy (control group) or 3-day intravenous infusion of CP after PCI (CP group). Levels of creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and troponin I (TnI) were measured before and on postprocedural day 3. Results: Postprocedural CK-MB and TnI in the CP group were significantly increased compared to the control group. In the CP group, 8.0% and 5.0% of patients had an increase in CK-MB 1 to 3 times and >3 times, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of the control group (19.0% and 9.0%, respectively); 12.0% and 10.0% of patients had an increase in TnI 1 to 3 times and >3 times, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of the control group (21.0% and 18.0%, respectively). Conclusion: Exogenous CP was helpful to reduce myocardial injury after PCI.
Influences on teachers’ use of participatory learning strategies in health education classes
Authors: Cahill Helen , Coffey Julia , Lester Leanne , Midford Richard , Ramsden Robyn , Venning Lynne 
Published: December 2013

Objective: Participatory learning strategies are integral to the effectiveness of school-based health education programmes; however, use of such methods is not the norm in teaching. The omission of participatory learning strategies is a common form of programme breakdown leading to erosion of positive learning and behavioural outcomes. Based on a survey of 75 Australian high school health education teachers, the study’s objective is to examine teachers’ perspectives on the factors that influence their use of participatory learning strategies. Results: Whilst it is often presumed that training is the most significant factor, this study found that teachers identify understanding the educational rationale for the approach, student engagement, confidence in class control, and having positive relationships with the students, along with practicalities such as having time to adequately prepare a class, as the most significant influences on their pedagogical choices. Conclusion: The study concludes that a better understanding of the reasons why teachers make particular choices in their delivery of programmes gives valuable insight into what teachers need in order to support uptake or maintenance of such approaches. This understanding may in turn contribute to health education programmes being delivered with a higher fidelity and better outcomes for students.
A new computational strategy for predicting essential genes
Authors: Cheng Jian , Wu Wenwu , Zhang Yinwen , Li Xiangchen , Jiang Xiaoqian , Wei Gehong , Tao Shiheng 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Determination of the minimum gene set for cellular life is one of the central goals in biology. Genome-wide essential gene identification has progressed rapidly in certain bacterial species; however, it remains difficult to achieve in most eukaryotic species. Several computational models have recently been developed to integrate gene features and used as alternatives to transfer gene essentiality annotations between organisms.

Results
We first collected features that were widely used by previous predictive models and assessed the relationships between gene features and gene essentiality using a stepwise regression model. We found two issues that could significantly reduce model accuracy: (i) the effect of multicollinearity among gene features and (ii) the diverse and even contrasting correlations between gene features and gene essentiality existing within and among different species. To address these issues, we developed a novel model called feature-based weighted Naïve Bayes model (FWM), which is based on Naïve Bayes classifiers, logistic regression, and genetic algorithm. The proposed model assesses features and filters out the effects of multicollinearity and diversity. The performance of FWM was compared with other popular models, such as support vector machine, Naïve Bayes model, and logistic regression model, by applying FWM to reciprocally predict essential genes among and within 21 species. Our results showed that FWM significantly improves the accuracy and robustness of essential gene prediction.

Conclusions
FWM can remarkably improve the accuracy of essential gene prediction and may be used as an alternative method for other classification work. This method can contribute substantially to the knowledge of the minimum gene sets required for living organisms and the discovery of new drug targets.
Development and initial validation of a traditional Chinese medicine symptom-specific outcome measure: a Zheng-related atopic dermatitis symptom questionnaire (ZRADSQ)
Authors: Wu Darong , Huang Chujun , Mo Xiumei , Liu Junfeng , Cai Jianxiong , Liu Chi , Zhu Haili , Li Hongyi , Chen Dacan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundZhengrepresents pattern differentiation in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as the basic unit and a key concept in TCM therapeutic theory, is based on the physiology and pathology of TCM. None of the outcome measurements of atopic dermatitis (AD) areZheng-specific. The effectiveness of TCM is likely to be underestimated without aZheng-related symptom-specific instrument. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument for measuring theZheng-related symptom-specific status of patients with AD.MethodsWe followed standard methodology to develop the instrument, including item generation and selection, item reduction and presentation, and pretesting, and recruited 188 patients with AD involved in a six-center randomized-controlled trial (ChiCTR-TRC-08000156) to validate the questionnaire. We conducted construct validity, reliability, and responsiveness analysis. The standardized effect size (SES) and standardized response mean (SRM) were used to calculate the responsiveness of additional items and the total score for the rating items.ResultsZRADSQ has 15 items, with 12 rating items and 3 additional items. The 12 rating items fall within three domains: AD symptoms (n = 6 items); Heat (n = 4 items) and Mood (n = 2 items). Confirmatory factor analysis provided good support for a three-factor model (d.f. = 51,x2=97.11, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.96), and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between ZRADSQ and Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) was 0.40 (P < 0.001). The reliability was also good, with a Cronbach’s alpha value for ZRADSQ of 0.84, a split-half coefficient of 0.75, and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.98. The standardized effect size and standardized response mean were close to or larger than 1, which indicated moderate to good responsiveness.ConclusionsThe ZRADSQ demonstrates promising reliability, validity, and responsiveness. It can be used to determine whetherZheng-specific or symptom-specific treatments relieve the symptom that is most bothersome the patient.
Psychometric evaluation of the sleep hygiene index: a sample of patients with chronic pain
Authors: Cho Sungkun , Kim Gye-Seok , Lee Jang-Han 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) was designed to assess sleep hygiene. Although the SHI has shown adequate psychometric properties in a nonclinical sample, it has not been validated in a sample with chronic pain. Also, its factor structure, measurement error, and incremental validity over and above other factors affecting sleep quality have not been investigated in a nonclinical sample. Thus, this present study aimed to extend prior psychometric investigation of the SHI. Specifically, we evaluated the factor structure, measurement error, and incremental validity as well as the reliabilities and concurrent validity of the SHI in a sample with chronic pain.

Methods
A total of 161 patients seeking treatment in a tertiary pain center located in Seoul, Korea participated. To explore the factor structure of the SHI, we performed an exploratory factor analysis using principal component with varimax. Cronbach’s alphas and intraclass correlation coefficients were computed to investigate internal consistency and 2-week test-retest stability of the SHI, respectively. Measurement error was estimated using standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change (MDC) of the SHI. For concurrent validity, Pearson correlations were calculated to examine the relations between the SHI and outcome measures including background variables. Also for incremental validity, a hierarchical multiple regression was performed in relation to sleep quality.

Results
Results indicated that two-factor solution is most appropriate; sleep disturbing behavior and environment (B/E) and irregular sleep-wake schedule. Results also showed that the internal consistencies and test–retest stability estimates of the SHI were deemed acceptable. At the 95% confidence level, the MDCs were 5.75 for ‘sleep disturbing B/E,’ 3.65 for ‘irregular sleep-wake schedule,’ and 7.49 points for total. The SHI was significantly correlated with age, depression, pain-related anxiety, and sleep quality. Also, sleep quality was significantly predicted by the irregular sleep-wake schedule subscale of the SHI, over and above background variables, pain intensity, depression, pain-related anxiety.

Conclusions
The SHI has the reliability, measurement error, and concurrent and incremental validity support for assessing sleep hygiene in a sample with chronic pain.