bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An anisotropic elastic‐decohesive constitutive relation for sea ice
Authors: Tran Han D. , Sulsky Deborah L. , Schreyer Howard L. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThermodynamic growth or melt and mechanical redistribution due to lead opening or ridge formation shape the thickness distribution of the Arctic ice cover and impact the overall strength of pack ice. Specifically, the deformation and strength of ice are not isotropic but vary with the thickness and lead orientation. To reflect these facts, we develop an anisotropic, elastic‐decohesive constitutive model for sea ice together with a model to describe an oriented, ice thickness distribution. The tight connection between the mechanical response and the thickness distribution is an improvement over a previous model that only depended on the average ice thickness. The model describes mechanical responses anisotropically in both the elastic and failure regimes. In the elastic regime, the constitutive relation implicitly reflects strong and weak directions of the pack ice depending on the distribution of thin ice (including open water) and thicker ice (e.g., multi‐year ice or ridges). In the failure regime, the model predicts both failure initiation and the lead orientation. Evolution from initial failure to complete failure when traction‐free crack surfaces are formed is also modeled. Crack or lead width is determined during the evolution. Various examples of failure surfaces are presented to describe the behavior of modeled ice when the thickness distribution varies. The model predictions are also illustrated and compared with previous modeling efforts by examining regions of ice under idealized loading. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A NURBS‐based finite element model applied to geometrically nonlinear elastodynamics using a corotational approach
Authors: Espath L. F. R. , Braun A. L. , Awruch A. M. , Dalcin L. D. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryA numerical model to deal with nonlinear elastodynamics involving large rotations within the framework of the finite element based on NURBS (Non‐Uniform Rational B‐Spline) basis is presented. A comprehensive kinematical description using a corotational approach and an orthogonal tensor given by the exact polar decomposition is adopted. The state equation is written in terms of corotational variables according to the hypoelastic theory, relating the Jaumann derivative of the Cauchy stress to the Eulerian strain rate.The generalized‐α method (Gα) method and Generalized Energy‐Momentum Method with an additional parameter (GEMM+ξ) are employed in order to obtain a stable and controllable dissipative time‐stepping scheme with algorithmic conservative properties for nonlinear dynamic analyses.The main contribution is to show that the energy–momentum conservation properties and numerical stability may be improved once a NURBS‐based FEM in the spatial discretization is used. Also it is shown that high continuity can postpone the numerical instability when GEMM+ξ with consistent mass is employed; likewise, increasing the continuity class yields a decrease in the numerical dissipation. A parametric study is carried out in order to show the stability and energy budget in terms of several properties such as continuity class, spectral radius and lumped as well as consistent mass matrices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chocolate‐candy consumption and 3‐year weight gain among postmenopausal U.S. women
Authors: Greenberg James A. , Manson JoAnn E. , Buijsse Brian , Wang Lu , Allison Matthew A. , Neuhouser Marian L. , Tinker Lesley , Waring Molly E. , Isasi Carmen R. , Martin Lisa W. , Thomson Cynthia A. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that greater chocolate‐candy intake is associated with more weight gain in postmenopausal women.MethodsA prospective cohort study involved 107,243 postmenopausal American women aged 50‐79 years (mean = 60.7) at enrollment in the Women's Health Initiative, with 3‐year follow‐up. Chocolate‐candy consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and body weight was measured. Linear mixed models, adjusted for demographic, socio economic, anthropomorphic, and behavioral variables, were used to test our main hypotheses.ResultsCompared with women who ate a 1 oz (∼28 g) serving of chocolate candy <1 per month, those who ate this amount 1 per month to <1 per week, 1 per week to < 3 per week and ≥3 per week showed greater 3‐year prospective weight gains (kg) of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.85), 0.95 (0.84, 1.06), and 1.40 (1.27, 1.53), respectively, (P for linear trend<0.0001). Each additional 1 oz/day was associated with a greater 3‐year weight gain (kg) of 0.92 (0.80, 1.05). The weight gain in each chocolate‐candy intake level increased as BMI increased above the normal range (18.5‐25 kg/m2), and was inversely associated with age.ConclusionsGreater chocolate‐candy intake was associated with greater prospective weight gain in this cohort of postmenopausal women.
Salsalate treatment improves glycemia without altering adipose tissue in nondiabetic obese hispanics
Authors: Alderete Tanya L. , Sattler Fred R , Richey Joyce M. , Allayee Hooman , Mittelman Steven D. , Sheng Xia , Tucci Jonathan , Gyllenhammer Lauren E. , Grant Edward G. , Goran Michael I. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveSalsalate treatment has well‐known effects on improving glycemia, and the objective of this study was to examine whether the mechanism of this effect was related to changes in adipose tissue.MethodsA randomized double‐blind and placebo‐controlled trial in obese Hispanics (18‐35 years) was conducted. The intervention consisted of 4 g day−1 of salsalate (n = 11) versus placebo (n = 13) for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included glycemia, adiposity, ectopic fat, and adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation.ResultsIn those receiving salsalate, plasma fasting glucose decreased by 3.4% (P < 0.01), free fatty acids decreased by 42.5% (P = 0.06), and adiponectin increased by 27.7% (P < 0.01). Salsalate increased insulin AUC by 38% (P = 0.01) and HOMA‐B by 47.2% (P < 0.01) while estimates of insulin sensitivity/resistance were unaffected. These metabolic improvements occurred without changes in total, abdominal, visceral, or liver fat. Plasma markers of inflammation/immune activation were unchanged following salsalate. Salsalate had no effects on adipose tissue including adipocyte size, presence of crown‐like structures, or gene expression of adipokines, immune cell markers, or cytokines downstream of NF‐κB with the exception of downregulation of IL‐1β (P < 0.01).ConclusionsFindings suggest that metabolic improvements in response to salsalate occurred without alterations in adiposity, ectopic fat, or adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation.
Functional brain response to food images in successful adolescent weight losers compared with normal‐weight and overweight controls
Authors: Jensen Chad D. , Kirwan C. Brock 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveResearch conducted with adults suggests that successful weight losers demonstrate greater activation in brain regions associated with executive control in response to viewing high‐energy foods. No previous studies have examined these associations in adolescents. Functional neuroimaging was used to assess brain response to food images among groups of overweight (OW), normal‐weight (NW), and successful weight‐losing (SWL) adolescents.MethodsEleven SWL, 12 NW, and 11 OW participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing images of high‐ and low‐energy foods.ResultsWhen viewing high‐energy food images, SWLs demonstrated greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared with OW and NW controls. Compared with NW and SWL groups, OW individuals demonstrated greater activation in the ventral striatum and anterior cingulate in response to food images.ConclusionsAdolescent SWLs demonstrated greater neural activation in the DLPFC compared with OW/NW controls when viewing high‐energy food stimuli, which may indicate enhanced executive control. OW individuals' brain responses to food stimuli may indicate greater reward incentive processes than either SWL or NW groups.
Impact of BMI on gonadorelin‐stimulated LH peak in premenarcheal girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty
Authors: Fu Jun‐Fen , Liang Jian‐Feng , Zhou Xue‐Lian , Prasad Heranmaye C. , Jin Ju‐Hua , Dong Guan‐Ping , Rose Susan Rogers 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo clarify the impact of body mass index (BMI) on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in response to gonadorelin (GnRH) stimulation testing in girls diagnosed with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP).MethodsRetrospective single‐center cohort study was carried out in 865 confirmed ICPP girls who underwent GnRH stimulation tests. Pubertal development according to Tanner, sex hormone parameters, and LH secretion in response to GnRH‐stimulation was compared.ResultsAround 609 girls were of normal weight (70.4%), while 168 children (19.4%) were overweight, and 88 (10.2%) were obese. Peak LH levels after GnRH were much higher in the normal‐weight group, with a median of 9.1 mIU ml−1 (interquartile 5.2‐13.1), compared with the median peak LH in the overweight and obese groups (8.5 mIU ml−1, interquartile 5.3‐11.6, and 6.2 mIU ml−1, interquartile 5.3‐11.0, respectively P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Peak LH/FSH ratio was also lower in the obese group (median 0.6, interquartile 0.68‐0.90) compared with the normal‐weight (median 0.8, interquartile 0.61‐1.11) and overweight (median 0.8, interquartile 0.64‐0.92) groups.ConclusionsHigher BMI is associated with lower LH response to GnRH‐stimulation testing in girls with ICPP. It is recommended that BMI should be considered when interpreting GnRH‐stimulation tests.
Adults with long‐duration type 2 diabetes have blunted glycemic and β‐Cell function improvements after bariatric surgery
Authors: Khanna Vishesh , Malin Steven K. , Bena James , Abood Beth , Pothier Claire E. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Nissen Steven , Watanabe Richard , Brethauer Stacy A. , Schauer Philip R. , Kirwan John P. , Kashyap Sangeeta R. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of type 2 diabetes duration on glucose regulation 24 months post‐bariatric surgery.MethodsTwenty‐seven adults with short‐ (<5 years) and long‐duration (≥10 years) type 2 diabetes received a mixed‐meal tolerance test at baseline and 24 months postsurgery. Body weight, insulin sensitivity, first‐ and second‐phase meal‐stimulated insulin secretion, disposition index (i.e., DI or pancreatic β‐cell function), and incretin responses were examined.ResultsAdults with short‐duration type 2 diabetes had better HbA1c, greater insulin secretory capacity, and greater DI compared with adults with long‐duration type 2 diabetes, despite similar weight loss and incretin responses. Diabetes duration correlated with smaller improvements in HbA1c and DI but not weight loss.ConclusionsEnhanced β‐cell function characterizes the effect of bariatric surgery in adults with diabetes for <5 years, independent of weight loss or incretins. Additional therapy postsurgery may be required to improve glycemia for people with long‐standing type 2 diabetes.
Managing fatigue after cancer treatment: development of RESTORE, a web‐based resource to support self‐management
Authors: Foster C. , Calman L. , Grimmett C. , Breckons M. , Cotterell P. , Yardley L. , Joseph J. , Hughes S. , Jones R. , Leonidou C. , Armes J. , Batehup L. , Corner J. , Fenlon D. , Lennan E. , Morris C. , Neylon A. , Ream E. , Turner L. , Richardson A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study is to co‐create an evidence‐based and theoretically informed web‐based intervention (RESTORE) designed to enhance self‐efficacy to live with cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) following primary cancer treatment.MethodsA nine‐step process informed the development of the intervention: (1) review of empirical literature; (2) review of existing patient resources; (3) establish theoretical framework; (4) establish design team with expertise in web‐based interventions, CRF and people affected by cancer; (5) develop prototype intervention; (6) user testing phase 1; (7) refinement of prototype; (8) user testing phase 2; and (9) develop final intervention.ResultsKey stakeholders made a critical contribution at every step of intervention development, and user testing, which involved an iterative process and resulted in the final intervention. The RESTORE intervention has five sessions; sessions 1 and 2 include an introduction to CRF and goal setting. Sessions 3–5 can be tailored to user preference and are designed to cover areas of life where CRF may have an impact: home and work life, personal relationships and emotional adjustment.ConclusionsIt is feasible to systematically ‘co‐create’ an evidence‐based and theory‐driven web‐based self‐management intervention to support cancer survivors living with the consequences of cancer and its treatment. This is the first account of the development of a web‐based intervention to support self‐efficacy to manage CRF. An exploratory trial to test the feasibility and acceptability of RESTORE is now warranted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reciprocal regulation of GAS5 lncRNA levels and mTOR inhibitor action in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Yacqub‐Usman Kiren , Pickard Mark R. , Williams Gwyn T. 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDNew therapies are required for castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and growth‐arrest specific 5 (GAS5) lncRNA, which riborepresses androgen receptor action, may offer novel opportunities in this regard. This lncRNA promotes the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells and its levels decline as prostate cancer cells acquire castrate‐resistance, so that enhancing GAS5 expression may improve the effectiveness of chemotherapies. Since GAS5 is a member of the 5' terminal oligopyrimidine gene family, we have examined mTOR inhibition as a strategy to increase GAS5 expression. Furthermore, we have determined if GAS5 itself mediates the action of mTOR inhibitors, as demonstrated for other chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer cells.METHODSThe effects of mTOR inhibitors on GAS5 lncRNA levels and cell growth were determined in a range of prostate cancer cell lines. Transfection of cells with GAS5 siRNAs and plasmid constructs was performed to determine the involvement of GAS5 lncRNA in mTOR inhibitor action.RESULTSFirst generation mTORC1, combined mTORC1/mTORC2 and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors all increased cellular GAS5 levels and inhibited culture growth in androgen‐dependent (LNCaP) and androgen‐sensitive (22Rv1) cell lines, but not in androgen‐independent (PC‐3 and DU 145) cell lines. The latter exhibited low endogenous GAS5 expression, and GAS5 silencing in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells decreased the sensitivity to mTOR inhibitors, whereas transfection of GAS5 lncRNA sensitized PC‐3 and DU 145 cells to these agents.CONCLUSIONmTOR inhibition enhances GAS5 transcript levels in certain prostate cancer cell lines. This selectivity is likely to be related to endogenous GAS5 expression levels, since GAS5 lncRNA is itself required for mTOR inhibitor action in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 75:693–705, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors of the HIV Transmission in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Suizhou City from 2009 to 2013
Authors: Yang Fan , Shi Xiuye , He Weihua , Wu Songjie , Wang Jiaojiao , Zhao Kai , Yuan Hongfang , Martin Kuete , Zhang Huiping 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Introduction
The primary transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been recently changing worldwide. In China, HIV transmission through heterosexual contact remains the predominant mode, but the prevalence of men who have sex with men (MSM) has been increasing.

Aim
This article investigated the overall epidemic trend and associated high-risk behavior among MSM in Suizhou City and explored the government's responses to the epidemic.

Methods
We conducted yearly cross-sectional behavioral surveillance surveys among MSM in Suizhou City from 2009 to 2013. Participation was anonymous and self-completed. Recruitment methods were consistently applied in each survey.

Main Outcome Measures
Semi-structured questionnaire surveys and yearly work summaries were conducted.

Results
Most of the MSM groups in Suizhou City were young adults (P &lt; 0.05), well educated (P &lt; 0.05), and married (P &lt; 0.05). Two years after our interventions, we found an increasing trend of condom use during anal sex (P &lt; 0.05), as well as commercial sex trade (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
HIV continues to spread rapidly among MSM in Suizhou City. The high-risk behavior among MSM remains a hindrance to HIV prevention. Innovative intervention approaches are essential for HIV surveillance and prevention among MSM in Suizhou City.
Applying superresolution localization‐based microscopy to neurons
Authors: Zhong Haining 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTProper brain function requires the precise localization of proteins and signaling molecules on a nanometer scale. The examination of molecular organization at this scale has been difficult in part because it is beyond the reach of conventional, diffraction‐limited light microscopy. The recently developed method of superresolution, localization‐based fluorescent microscopy (LBM), such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), has demonstrated a resolving power at a 10 nm scale and is poised to become a vital tool in modern neuroscience research. Indeed, LBM has revealed previously unknown cellular architectures and organizational principles in neurons. Here, we discuss the principles of LBM, its current applications in neuroscience, and the challenges that must be met before its full potential is achieved. We also present the unpublished results of our own experiments to establish a sample preparation procedure for applying LBM to study brain tissue. Synapse 69:283–294, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ionic solutes impact collagen scaffold bioactivity
Authors: Pawelec K. M. , Husmann A. , Wardale R. J. , Best S. M. , Cameron R. E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The structure of ice-templated collagen scaffolds is sensitive to many factors. By adding 0.5 wt% of sodium chloride or sucrose to collagen slurries, scaffold structure could be tuned through changes in ice growth kinetics and interactions of the solute and collagen. With ionic solutes (sodium chloride) the entanglements of the collagen molecule decreased, leading to fibrous scaffolds with increased pore size and decreased attachment of chondrocytes. With non-ionic solutes (sucrose) ice growth was slowed, leading to significantly reduced pore size and up-regulated cell attachment. This highlights the large changes in structure and biological function stimulated by solutes in ice-templating systems.

Graphical Abstract
Local adaptation and ecological fitting in host use of theDrosophilaparasitoidLeptopilina japonica
Authors: Kimura Masahito T. , Novković Biljana 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLocal adaptation and ecological fitting are the major processes by which organisms colonize and persist in novel environments and form novel associations with unfamiliar species. In this study, we assessed the role of these two processes in the formation of associations between the parasitoidLeptopilina japonicaand various hostDrosophilaspecies using laboratory populations from three different localities. EachL. japonicapopulation was highly virulent to someDrosophilaspecies from its original locality, meaning they used theseDrosophilaspecies as major hosts. However, major host species at a given locality were usually less successfully parasitized by parasitoid populations from different localities. These results indicate that the investigated parasitoid populations showed local adaptation in host use. We also observed cases in which unfamiliarDrosophilaspecies were successfully parasitized or allopatricDrosophilapopulations were more successfully parasitized. These findings suggest thatL. japonicacan form novel associations with someDrosophilaspecies in novel environments without undergoing adaptive changes, a phenomenon called ecological fitting. In this study,L. japonicaalso usually appeared to have oviposited well inD. melanogasterspecies group members irrespective of their suitability as hosts. This result suggests that the parasitoid makes oviposition decisions based on characteristics common to the drosophilids in this species group.
Shifts in natural enemy assemblages resulting from landscape simplification account for biocontrol loss in wheat fields
Authors: Zhao Zi‐Hua , Sandhu Hardev S. , Gao Feng , He Da‐Han 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn recent decades, landscape simplification due to agricultural intensification has resulted in biocontrol loss within agroecosystems leading to an increase in pest outbreaks. Empirical experiments have focused on the relationship between landscape pattern and the abundance of specific species. However, fewer studies have examined the varied responses of multiple natural enemy modules to landscape simplification. In the present study, 23 landscapes were examined to determine the effects of landscape simplification on cereal aphids and their natural enemies. Results showed that landscape simplification can increase cereal aphid populations with no significant effects on the total abundance of natural enemies. For each natural enemy module, it was found that the abundance of parasitic wasps was greatly increased by landscape simplification while the abundance of ground‐dwelling predators was significantly reduced. In contrast, the abundance of leaf‐dwelling predators was not significantly altered by landscape simplification. Therefore, the varied response of the three natural enemy modules to landscape simplification can result in major fluctuations in natural enemy–pest ratios and ultimately disrupt the top‐down control of natural predators and biocontrol services within agroecosystems. In conclusion, quantitative food‐web analysis could be a promising technique in clarifying the varied response of the three natural enemy modules to landscape pattern changes and species‐specific abundance, a field of biological pest control that requires further study.
Short-term pelvic fracture outcomes in adolescents differ from children and adults in the National Trauma Data Bank
Authors: Marmor Meir , Elson Joshua , Mikhail Christopher , Morshed Saam , Matityahu Amir 
Published: February 2015

Background Pediatric pelvic fractures are associated with high-energy trauma and injury to other systems, leading to an increased incidence of complication and mortality. Previous studies analyzed the pediatric population as a whole, including both children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adolescents with pelvic fracture have different complication and mortality rates compared to younger children and adults. Methods Using the National Trauma Data Bank, 37,784 patients below the age of 55 years with pelvic fractures were identified and divided into children (age <13 years), adolescents (age 13–17 years), and adults (age >17 years). Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Children had an increased odds of death [odds ratio (OR) 2.29, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.96–2.67] and complications (OR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.20–1.55), whereas adolescents had a decrease in odds of death (OR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.74–1.06) and complications (OR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.61–0.81) compared to the adult population. Conclusions Adolescents with pelvic fractures exhibit a different physiologic response to the children and adult populations. This emphasizes the need to distinguish these subpopulations in future epidemiological research and treatment planning.