bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substructure of Functional Network for Auditory Stream Segregation in Auditory Cortex
Authors: Noda Takahiro , Kanzaki Ryohei , Takahashi Hirokazu 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYPerceptual integration and segregation of alternating tone sequences differing in frequency (ABA‐ABA‐...) depend on the frequency differences (ΔFs) between the A and B tones and the intertone intervals (ITIs) between successive tones. In the auditory cortex, tonotopic separation, forward suppression, and multisecond habituation have been considered as possible neural mechanisms of this perceptual phenomenon. These mechanisms, however, cannot completely account for van Noorden's perceptual boundary and the temporally continuous perception of auditory streaming. Here we examined the temporal changes of the functional network properties in the auditory cortex in response to tone sequences with different ΔFs and ITIs. Specifically, we recorded LFPs using microelectrode arrays from anesthetized rats and constructed the functional network based on phase synchrony in gamma‐band oscillation. Consequently, the networks consisted of subnetworks highly correlated with the place code of frequency, that is, a tonotopic map, and the subnetwork selective to B tones lasted for a prolonged period at large ΔF. Such characteristic substructures of the functional network are a possible candidate for the neural basis of auditory stream segregation.
Estimation of PSF for a Shaking Blurred Image Restoration
Authors: Shimomukai Takumi , Yoshioka Michifumi , Yanagimoto Hidekazu 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThe development of downsized digital cameras has caused numerous undesirable shaking‐blurred images. In order to restore these images, we need to estimate the PSF (point spread function) from them. It has been proposed to estimate the PSF using cepstrum images. There are PSF features in the cepstrum images of blurred images. We can estimate the PSF by searching pixels in the cepstrum images. However cepstrum images also show features of ground‐truth images, so that we cannot estimate the PSF accurately. We propose a method of PSF estimation using a genetic algorithm (GA). We use the cepstrum images as a fitness function, so that the estimation results are not affected by other features in the cepstrum images. The effectiveness of our proposed method is confirmed by simulations.
Feruloylbenzotriazole and Weinreb Amide as Bioinspired Building Blocks: A Reactivity Study towards O‐, N‐, S‐, and C‐Nucleophiles
Authors: Roman Bart I. , Monbaliu Jean‐Christophe , De Coen Laurens M. , Verhasselt Sigrid , Schuddinck Bart , Van Hoeylandt Evelien , Stevens Christian V. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA versatile route for the conversion of ferulic acid into biologically relevant molecules is presented. The compatibility of a number of protection and activation strategies with the 1,2‐addition of a variety of O‐, N‐, S‐, and C‐nucleophiles to ferulic acid is evaluated. In particular, this report contains the first systematic study of the addition of (hetero)aryllithium reagents to 3‐phenylpropenoyl Weinreb amides. The relevance of this “bioinspired” method is illustrated by the synthesis of a number of natural products or analogues, such as zingerone, curcuminoids, and (heteroaryl) chalcones.
Implications of serum creatinine measurements on GFR estimation and vancomycin dosing in children
Authors: Neuman Gal , Nulman Irena , Adeli Khosrow , Koren Gideon , Colantonio David A , Helldén Anders 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundDifferent serum creatinine (sCr) assays may obtain different values in the same patient, causing discrepancies in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and sCr‐based vancomycin dosing calculations.ObjectiveTo identify potential discrepancies in sCr concentrations obtained by different assays, the compensated Jaffe (sCr‐Jaffe) and the enzymatic (sCr‐enz), and to compare between the eGFR and vancomycin daily dose, based on these sCr values.MethodsCr‐Jaffe and, sCr‐enz concentrations of 890 healthy children, aged 1–18 years, were available from the Canadian Laboratory Initiative in Pediatric Reference Intervals study in Ontario. For each subject, eGFR (eGFR‐Jaffe, eGFR‐enz) was calculated using the revised Schwartz equation, and vancomycin daily dose (Vdose‐Jaffe, Vdose‐enz) was calculated using a sCr‐based pharmacokinetic model.ResultSignificant, age‐related differences were found in sCr concentrations, and in subsequent eGFR and Vdose, between the two assays. In children aged 1–5 years, mean sCr‐Jaffe was higher than sCr‐enz (44.0 ± 5.0 vs. 27.7 ± 7.3 μmol/L, P < 0.001), leading to lower eGFR‐Jaffe (83.2 ± 9.0 vs. 137.9 ± 27.1 mL/min/1.73m2, P < 0.001) and lower Vdose‐Jaffe (44.7 ± 2.5 vs. 53.5 ± 5.1 mg/kg/24 h, P < 0.001).ConclusionBased on these findings, young children may be at risk for vancomycin under‐treatment. Further research is needed to define the more accurate sCr assay in young children treated with renally excreted drugs.
Adriamycin‐induced nephropathy in rats: Functional and cellular effects characterized by MRI
Authors: Egger Christine , Cannet Catherine , Gérard Christelle , Debon Corinne , Stohler Nadine , Dunbar Andrew , Tigani Bruno , Li Jianping , Beckmann Nicolau 
Published: March 2014

PurposeTo assess with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adriamycin‐induced nephropathy in living rats, an established model for proteinuric renal disease was used.Materials and MethodsFunctional information of contrast agent clearance was obtained with dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) imaging following intravenous Gd‐DOTA administration. Perfusion data were obtained with a bolus tracking technique comprising intravenous injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Cellular information was derived from anatomical images acquired 24 hours after SPIO. Treatment with the transforming growth factor‐β123 (TGF‐β1,2,3) antibody, 1D11, started 1 week after adriamycin. Histology was performed at week 6 post‐adriamycin.ResultsTracer washout rates derived by DCE‐MRI decreased by 65.5% with respect to baseline at week 6 post‐adriamycin. The impaired kidney function agreed with glomerulopathy, nephropathy and fibrosis revealed histologically (picrosirius collagen staining in adriamycin‐treated rats increased by 125.8% [P = 0.005] with respect to controls). Perfusion was reduced by 16.1%. Images acquired 24 hours after SPIO presented contrast changes that correlated inversely with the histologically determined iron content (R = −0.74, P = 2.6 × 10−4). In adriamycin‐challenged animals, iron was found in macrophages and in sclerotic tubuli, only in areas where macrophages were present. Treatment with 1D11 did not improve the adriamycin‐induced renal injury.ConclusionMRI provides longitudinal functional and cellular (macrophage infiltration) information that correlates with nephropathy development in adriamycin‐challenged rats. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:829–840. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AlN/GaN heterostructure TFTs with plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of epitaxial AlN thin film
Authors: Liu Cheng , Liu Shenghou , Huang Sen , Li Baikui , Chen Kevin J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAlN/GaN heterostructures with AlN thin film growing by low‐thermal‐budget (300 °C) plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) were realized on a semi‐insulating GaN‐on‐sapphire template. By applying in situ ALD‐grown Al2O3 as the gate dielectric, thin film transistors (TFTs) have been successfully fabricated. The proposed TFTs exhibit effective gate control with a low subthreshold swing of ∼ 85 mV/dec, an ION/IOFF ratio of 105 and good channel conductive with a low‐field mobility of ∼ 27 cm2/(V·s). This mobility is one order of magnitude higher than that achieved in AlN/GaN heterostructures growing by magnetron sputtering. The enhanced device performance is attributed to a high‐quality ALD‐AlN/GaN interface obtained by in situ remote‐plasma pre‐deposition cleaning and the single crystal nature of subsequent epitaxial AlN thin film by plasma‐enhanced ALD. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MIMOSA–a dual approach to detailed land mobile satellite channel modeling
Authors: Burkhardt F. , Eberlein E. , Jaeckel S. , Sommerkorn G. , Prieto‐Cerdeira R. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYAs multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) transmission technologies are common in terrestrial mobile communications and getting attention for mobile broadcasting satellite systems, the need for a comprehensive MIMO channel model for the dual‐polarized land mobile satellite (LMS) channel arises. In the course of the Characterisation of the MIMO Channel for Mobile Satellite Systems (MIMOSA) project, two complementary modeling approaches have been developed that form a dual model. They provide a scalable modeling solution, which permits a user selectable level of simulation complexity and detail. The models have been evaluated by comparing their results with data gathered from the extensive field trials carried out within the MIMOSA project. This paper describes the dual wideband‐modeling and narrowband‐modeling approaches, provides examples of the usage and provides some evaluation results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Map matching — Elastic shape matching by multiangled parallelism
Authors: Yamada Hiromitsu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo extract geometric features by parallel operation, a directional erosion/dilation operation method by unifying directional feature field and directional parallel operation was proposed and its effectiveness was verified by application to the extraction of buildings, roads, hatching regions, and character regions from a topographical map.This paper extends this method further and proposes the “multiangled parallelism matching method” for extracting higher‐order features (models of shapes) composed of relation among lines. The input is represented by “directional planes.” The model of a shape is given as a “direction” at each “evaluation point” and “displacement” from the previous evaluation point to the evaluation point. Matching is performed by repeating parallel operation for the entire plane of “translation” of a “counter plane” storing evaluated quantity and “addition” of the plant of input direction into the counter plane.The MAP matching method has a feature that the result of exhaustive matching for directional elastic templates is obtained as consecutive evaluated quantities by parallel operation. The exhaustive template matching, Hough transform, and DP matching method are compared, and the results of recognition experiments of echocardiograms of the heart are shown.
XI.—The Quality of the Forth Estuary (1)
Authors: Collett W. F. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe Forth Estuary is divided into two parts, the narrow part to the west of Queensferry which is wholly within the area of the Forth River Purification Board and in which there is a substantial tidal variation in salinity, and the broader part to the east of Queensferry which is divided between the Forth and Lothians Boards and is virtually open sea.There is no record of extensive biological appraisal of the narrow part of the Forth and the quality is assessed largely by general physical and chemical observations. The quality is largely determined by discharge of degradable organic matter in the form of sewage, sewage effluents and trade effluents, the bacterial oxidation of which deoxygenates the water, more or less, according to the combination of fresh water flow, meteorological conditions and the monthly tide cycle. The condition may be aggravated by thermal waste discharge.In the broader part of the estuary on the north shore, pollution problems are limited to the littoral zone. In a number of places there is local beach pollution from sewage solids but mining pollution in the form of washery slurry pit redd and ferruginous pit waters has extensively affected conditions over a six mile stretch of shore.
Historical Background to the International Biological Programme Project at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Morgan N. C. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe location and major characteristics of Loch Leven and land use of its catchment are briefly described. The water level was lowered in 1830 affecting migrant fish. Many changes have taken place in the fauna and flora in the present century with serious depletions to the macrophytes, Odonata and Ephemeroptera. The loch is of international importance for waterfowl and was made into a National Nature Reserve in 1964. An IBP project was started in 1966 to measure production and production processes in the food chain to fish and diving duck. Energy and nutrient input, production of phytoplankton, chironomids and the larger trout and perch have been measured for the whole loch. Many other related studies have been carried out. The numbers of several groups have been shown to fluctuate greatly from year to year, as have the principal components of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos.
Nutrient Chemistry of Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Holden A. V. , Caines L. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisA study has been made of the supply and utilisation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Loch Leven, a shallow eutrophic lake receiving discharges from sewage treatment plants, industry and agricultural sources. Calculations of the nutrient budgets over a period of several years indicate that nitrogen enters primarily as nitrate derived from agricultural fertilisers, in quantities more than sufficient to sustain the dense algal blooms which occur. Much of the nitrate appears to be removed by benthic algae, or other processes associated with the sediments, and a high proportion of the incoming nitrogen is retained in the lake.Phosphorus enters the lake mainly from industry, with some contribution from sewage and agriculture, and a high proportion is discharged at the outflow. The algal blooms require more phosphate than is present in solution initially, and utilise it at rates greater than that of the inflowing sources, and it is deduced that the additional phosphate is derived from the sediments. A mechanism for such a release, occurring in the absence of stratification, is postulated, and the processes involved in the return of phosphorus to the sediments are discussed.
Primary Productivity of Phytoplankton in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Bindloss Margaret E. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisPhotosynthetic productivity of phytoplankton in Loch Leven was studied over a 4-year period (1968–71), using the oxygen light and dark bottle technique. Marked seasonal changes in hourly and daily rates of gross photosynthetic productivity are described within the range 0·02 to 1·59 g O2/m2.h and 0·4 to 21·0 g O2/m2.day respectively. Hourly rates are shown to be relatively insensitive to variations in surface light intensity, whereas daily rates are influenced to a considerable extent by the duration of incident radiation (daylength).The phytoplankton itself exerts a dominant influence on underwater light penetration, accounting forca75 per cent of light extinction at highest crop densities. This self-shading effect contributes to the poor correlation observed between crop density and areal gross productivity. The chlorophyllacontent per unit area in the euphotic zone often approached its estimated theoretical limit of 430 mg/m2.In general, increase in photosynthetic capacity (per unit content of chlorophylla) accompanied increase in water temperature. During certain periods an inverse relationship between photosynthetic capacity and population density was evident. Reduction in photosynthetic capacity is attributed, in part, to the high pH values (> 9·5) with concomitant CO2-depIetion associated with dense phytoplankton crops.Estimates of net photosynthetic productivity were frequently zero or negative, even over periods when algal populations were increasing and dissolved oxygen and pH values were above their respective air-equilibrium values. Underestimation of gross photosynthesis due to photochemical oxidation, photorespiration or the use of stationary bottles could not account for this apparent anomaly. The most probable sources of error in the estimates of net photosynthetic productivity are discussed.
The Zoobenthos of Loch Leven, Kinross, and Estimates of its Production in the Sandy Littoral Area during 1970 and 1971
Authors: Maitland Peter S. , Hudspith Patricia M. G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe available information, both published and unpublished, on the zoobenthos of Loch Leven has been studied and tabulated. There have been a number of major changes in the community over the last 100 years—notably a reduction in diversity of the fauna with the disappearance of many species of invertebrates, particularly Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Coleoptera. The existing macro-invertebrate fauna is dominated by larval Chironomidae, but Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida and Crustacea are also of importance. Dramatic changes have taken place in the chironomid population during the present study (1968–71), notable among which has been the disappearance of Endochironomus. Production studies of the two dominant larval Chironomidae (Glyptotendipes and Stictochironomus) in the sandy littoral area (42 per cent of the loch bed) gave annual estimates of 40·5 and 1·2 g (dry weight)/m2 respectively for 1970 and 5·0 and 10·2 g/m2 for 1971. Speculative estimates of the entire zoobenthos production in 1970 gave a value of 46·5 g/m2. The significance of these results is briefly discussed.
The Planktonic Activity of Larval Chironomidae in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Davies B. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe planktonic movements of larval Chironomidae in Loch Leven, Kinross, are described, together with a provisional list of the species and age groups involved. The importance of this type of behaviour in determining the distribution of larval Chironomidae is discussed.
Activity Levels of Trout (Salmo trutta) in Airthrey Loch, Stirling, and Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Holliday F. G. T. , Tytler P. , Young A. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisBrown trout were tagged with sonic tags in Airthrey Loch, Stirling, and Loch Leven, Kinross. The results were expressed as mean hourly and maximum specific swimming speeds, centres of activity and home ranges. The results indicated that tagging effects lasted for up to 48 hours after release. There were seasonal changes in the levels of activity with a peak in March. Home ranges tended to be widest at dusk and dawn. Mean hourly specific swimming speeds were very low (0·14 BL/sec). The trout did not move randomly throughout either loch, and in Loch Leven remained within 1·4 km of the release point.
III.—New Developments in Large-scale Plasma Fractionation
Authors: Watt J. G. , Smith J. K. , Grant W. , Turnbull C. 
Published: March 2014

‘Selective transfusion of appropriate blood components is preferable to the routine use of whole blood.’ (American Association of Blood Banks.Physicians' Handbook of Blood Component Therapy, 1969).The rational use of donor blood in the environment of modern blood transfusion revolves around a series of developments in the field of component therapy. The fractionation of plasma, i.e. the separation of plasma into a series of subdivisions each containing one or other of the constituent proteins in varying degrees of purity and concentration, was one of the first of these developments to become established.Early fractionation of plasma was applied in various ways to the purification of animal antisera; initially to antipneumococcal serum for therapeutic use. These sera frequently provoked reactions in patients until Sabin showed that absorption with Fullers earth could abolish these side-effects by removing complexed molecules.
VII.—Plasma Coagulation Factors
Authors: Douglas A. S. 
Published: March 2014

Synopsis(1) Factor VIII preparations in the treatment of haemophilia and von Willebrand's syndrome. It should be appreciated that despite the recognition of many genetically determined coagulation defects, haemophilia is the only relatively common hereditary coagulation defect. The incidence is of the order of 1 per 20 000 of the population. Although relatively rare, the severe haemophiliac has so many problems that relevant therapeutic issues impinge more frequently on the physician than the incidence rate would indicate. These preparations also have a role in the rarer disorder of von Willebrand's syndrome, which is a genetically determined haemorrhagic state characterised by a prolonged bleeding time and often by a deficiency of factor VIII.Plasma is used in the treatment of these conditions either as whole plasma or as one of its fractions —a simple prepared fraction called cryoprecipitate or as a lyophil dried preparation made by much more sophisticated and expensive techniques.(2) Consideration must also be given to factor IX in the treatment of haemophilia B or Christmas disease.In some ways this is easier to treat while in others it is more difficult. It is easier in the sense that factor IX is much less labile than factor VIII, but cryoprecipitate does not contain therapeutic amounts of factor IX and there is no equivalent simple fractionation procedure for factor IX. The ‘purified’ fractions are prepared by relatively more sophisticated and expensive techniques.(3) In the management of vitamin K deficiency, oral anticoagulant therapy or liver disease then purified preparations of factors II, VII, IX and X may be required.(4) In the defibrination syndrome fibrinogen may be needed.
Compensating the flexibility uncertainties of a cable suspended robot using SMC approach
Authors: Korayem M. H. , Taherifar M. , Tourajizadeh H. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYA sliding mode controller is designed to compensate for the flexibility uncertainties of a cable robot and improve its tracking performance. Of the most significant sources of these uncertainties are the elasticity of the cables and the flexibility of the joints. A favorable approach to improve the accuracy of the system is first to model the cable and joint flexibilities and then convert the model uncertainties into parametric uncertainties. Parametric uncertainties are the product of imprecise flexibility coefficients and are finally neutralized by a sliding mode controller. The flexibility in cables is modeled by considering the longitudinal vibration of the time-varying length cables. A simulation study is carried out to confirm the presented model and the positive effect of the designed controller. Then the impact of these uncertainties on the dynamic load carrying capacity (DLCC) of the robot is examined and compared for different cases. Finally, experimental tests are conducted on the IUST (Iran University of Science and Technology) cable-suspended robot to validate the presented theories and simulation results.
Seasonal changes in the numbers and distributions of seabirds at sea in the Moray Firth, northeast Scotland
Authors: Mudge G. P. , Crooke C. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisIn 1982 and 1983 monthly shipboard surveys of seabirds at sea were carried out in the Moray Firth. A sea area of about 8.000 knr was studied in a systematic manner using a survey grid of 5λ latitude by 10λ longitude. Guillemot was the most abundant single species for most of the year, but was replaced by herring gull in mid-winter. Numbers of guillemots, razorbills and kittiwakes were all relatively low during the winter period. Total sea bird numbers were greatest in autumn each year, with particularly large concentrations of flightless guillemots and razorbills. A very large influx of razorbills into the Moray Firth was noted in August, 1983. The main offshore concentrations of seabirds through most of the year were over Smith Bank, particularly the northeastern part of the bank. This area was particularly important in spring and autumn for guillemots, razorbills, kittiwakes. gannets and sooty shearwaters, but held relatively few in winter.