bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restitution of Hemagglutinating Activity to Spikeless Particles of HVJ (Sendai Virus) by Glycoprotein Components of Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Iinuma Masao , Maeno Koichiro , Matsumoto Toshisada , Hoshino Munemitsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSpikeless particles of HVJ (Sendai virus) lacking in hemagglutinating (HA) activity were obtained by enzymatic digestion of virions with trypsin followed by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient. When they were mixed with glycoprotein components of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained by treatment of purified virions with deoxycholate (DOC), the mixture showed hemagglutination reaction, which was inhibited by anti‐NDV serum, but not by anti‐HVJ serum. Sedimentation profile of the HA active agents was then examined by centrifugation of the mixture of spikeless particles of HVJ (labeled with 3H‐uridine) and glycoproteins of NDV (labeled with 14C‐amino acid mixture). The results showed that the peak of HA activity had both of the radioactivities, and that the sedimentation rate of the HA was faster than that of spikeless HVJ but slower than that of intact HVJ. Electron micrographs of such HA active structures showed that they were morphologically closely similar to intact virion of HVJ, although they had neither hemolytic activity nor infectivity. The mixture of spikeless HVJ and glycoproteins of HVJ or NDV which were removed from virions by proteolytic enzymes, on the other hand, did not show any detectable hemagglutinating activity.
Gelation of Limulus Lysate by Synthetic Dextran Derivatives
Authors: Suzuki Masuko , Mikami Takeshi , Matsumoto Tatsuji , Suzuki Shigeo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Limulus test has been considered specific for the presence of bacterial endotoxins. To synthesize a simple model of endotoxin, palmitoyldextran phosphate was prepared by modification of dextran by palmitoylation and phosphorylation. The present studies indicated that a variety of polysaccharide derivatives, such as palmitoyldextran phosphate, palmitoyldextran, and dextran phosphate, give a positive Limulus test and show pyrogenic activity, except for low molecular dextran derivatives. On the other hand, polysaccharides, such as dextran, starch (soluble), chitosan, xylan, and lentinan, were negative in these assays. The gelation reaction of Limulus lysate by modified dextran derivatives may depend on the molecular weight or modification of polysaccharides by palmitoylation and/or phosphorylation to a great extent.
Immunochemical Isolation of γ‐Globulin mRNA and Estimation of Immunoglobulin Gene Reiteration
Authors: Muto Masahiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe polyribosomes synthesizing γ‐globulin have been isolated by the achievement of specific precipitation using bentonite‐treated anti‐IgG antibody. The RNA extracted from the immunochemically precipitated polysomes was tested for its ability to direct the synthesis of proteins in a cell‐free system. The specific γ‐globulin‐synthesizing activity (cpm of γ‐globulin synthesized/μg RNA) of this RNA was 10‐fold greater than that from total polysomes. γ‐globulin mRNA (messenger RNA) isolated by immunoprecipitation was more than 89% pure with respect to contamination by other species of mRNA. The products synthesized by the cell‐free system were also analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate(SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.This RNA has been hybridized with mouse myeloma DNA. The estimation of immunoglobulin gene reiteration was carried out using hybridization kinetics with consideration given to the DNA/RNA ratio since the estimation from the “half Cot value” is not accurate. The results suggest that in the mouse there are about 20 copies per subgroup of genes coding for the variable region of the H and L chains.
Effect of Dihydroxymethyl Furatrizine on Cell Division of Escherichia coli
Authors: Iida Kyoko , Koike Masaatsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAntibacterial activities of 3‐di(hydroxymethyl) amino‐6‐[2‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)vinyl]‐1, 2, 4‐triazine, (dihydroxymethyl furatrizine) were investigated using mutant strains of Escherichia coli lacking repair systems for DNA damage, i.e. polA, uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, recA, recB, recC and uvrArecA. All of the mutant strains were more sensitive to the drug than the parent strains, as was the case with the sensitivity to UV‐irradiation. These results indicate that the drug acts lethally on sensitive bacteria by damaging their DNA, and parts of the damaged DNA are repaired by excision and recombinational repair systems. Filamentous cell formation was induced in all strains except the uvrArecA strain by sublethal concentration of the drug, as well as by UV‐irradiation. It is possible that the occurrence of the short period of “unbalanced growth” induced by such DNA damaging agents leads to filament formation. In the cells of the double mutant, filament formation was induced by the drug but not by UV‐irradiation, and the majority of the filamentous cells formed were multinucleated. This suggests that, in this double mutant, the drug directly reacts with the septation machinery of the cell envelope, resulting in filament formation. This hypothesis is supported by the electron microscopic observations that septation is interrupted in the filamentous cells induced by the drug.
Comparative Studies on Cytopathic Effects Induced by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Two Cell Types
Authors: Nishiyama Yukihiro , Ito Yasuhiko , Shimokata Kaoru , Nagata Ikuya , Kurachi Noriko , Sugiura Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInfection of mouse L cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) leads to an extensive cell fusion, while porcine kidney stable (PS) cells infected with VSV show only cell rounding. Therefore, comparative morphological studies on the infection of the two cell lines were carried out using a transmission or scanning electron microscope and an immunofluorescence microscope. PS cells infected with VSV contrasted to L cells infected with the same virus in the following two points; (1) the principal site of VSV maturation was the intracytoplasmic vacuolar membrane in PS cells and the plasma membrane in L cells. However, it was found that viral glycoprotein was present on the cell surface of infected PS cells; (2) the morphological changes at the cell surface of infected PS cells occurred much earlier and were severer than those at the cell surface of infected L cells. From these observations, we discuss the possibility that the surface membrane of PS cells is too sensitive to the VSV‐induced cell damage to cause cell fusion.
Cellular Elements in the Resistance to Candida Infection in Mice
Authors: Miyake Tsunenori , Takeya Kenji , Nomoto Kikuo , Muraoka Shizuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLive organisms (cfu) of Candida albicans per organ were counted 1 hr and 1 to 20 days after an intravenous inoculation into various groups of mice which had distinct levels of immunologic or non‐immunologic defense mechanisms. a) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively in normal mice, but those in the kidney maintained a constant level during the observation period. b) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively also in nude mice. In their kidneys, however, cfu increased progressively at a late stage of infection. c) In lethally irradiated AKR or nude mice in which phagocyte functions were severely depressed, the number of cfu increased progressively in both liver and kidney from the initial stage of infection. d) In immunized AKR mice, growth of C. albicans was suppressed at late stages of infection. Such protective immunity could be transferred partly with immune lymphoid cells but not with hyperimmune serum in the experimental system employed. In protection against Candida infection, non‐immune phagocytosis and T cell‐mediated immunity appear to be required at the early and late stages of infection, respectively.
Growth of Measles Virus in Various Human Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Minagawa Tomonori , Sakuma Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNeurovirulent TYCSA strain and attenuated Schwarz strain of measles virus and Halle strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus replicated in cultures of human lymphoid cell lines of the T‐cell type, MOLT‐3, MOLT‐4 and CCRF‐CEM. TYCSA and Halle strains grew rapidly, but Schwarz strain grew slowly in these cell lines. Furthermore, these three strains established persistent infection in CCRF‐CEM cells but not in the other cell lines. In these persistently infected cultures an almost entire population of cells were shown to be infected and infectious virus was produced constantly for over 100 days. Cells persistently infected with Schwarz strain contained nucleocapsid structures in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and produced low titered infectious virus, whereas nucleocapsid structures were observed only in the cytoplasm of cells persistently infected with either TYCSA or Halle strain and the titers of infectious virus produced from these cells were high.
Antibacterial and Inducer Activities for Tetracycline Resistance by Its Derivatives and Analogues
Authors: Inoue Matsuhisa , Kazawa Toshio , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAntibacterial and inducer activities of thirteen TC derivatives were investigated for tetracycline (TC) resistance in staphylococcus aureus. Four compounds of the TC derivatives were not able to induce the resistance to TC in Staphylococcus aureus MS3937 rms7 (TC)+ harboring an inducible TC resistance determinant located on a plasmid. The 12a‐hydroxy position seems to be essential for the inducer activity.
Resistance Mechanism of Chloramphenicol in Streptococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus faecalis
Authors: Miyamura Sadao , Ochiai Hiroshi , Nitahara Yoshiyuki , Nakagawa Yoji , Terao Michinori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe chloramphenicol resistance of Streptococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus faecalis isolated from clinical materials was proved to be due to an inactivating enzyme produced by these bacteria. The inactivated products of chloramphenicol were identified as 1‐acetoxy, 3‐acetoxy and 1,3‐diacetoxy derivatives by thin‐layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The responsible enzyme was thus confirmed to be chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. The enzyme was inducible. It was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE‐cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G‐150. The enzymes obtained from S. haemolyticus, S. pneumoniae and S. faecalis have been compared with the conclusion that they are identical with respect to molecular weight (approximately 75,000–80,000), optimum pH and heat stability.
Detection of R Plasmids in Naturally Occurring Fish‐Pathogenic Bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda
Authors: Aoki Takashi , Arai Toshihiko , Egusa Syuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe conjugative R plasmids were detected from fish‐pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda isolated from cultured eels. These R plasmids were resistant to sulfonamide and tetracycline, or sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and kanamycin. There were no inhibitions in growth of phages W‐31, P1, T1, T3, T7, and λ. They were classified into incompatibility group A.
Evidence That the Multi‐Drug‐Resistance of Streptococcus faecalis BIO‐4R Is Not Carried by a Plasmid
Authors: Yamashita Yutaka , Ozawa Kyosuke , Takeda Yoshifumi , Miwatani Toshio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe multi‐drug‐resistant strain Streptococcus faecalis BIO‐4R was studied to see if it carried a plasmid responsible for antibiotic resistance. From results indicating that the antibiotic resistance of S. faecalis BIO‐4R was not transferred to recipient bacteria, that the organism did not produce enzymes which inactivated antibiotics, and that the presence of covalently closed circular DNA was not demonstrated by dye‐cesium chloride buoyant density gradient centrifugation, it was concluded that the organism did not carry such a plasmid. Studies on polyphenylalanine synthesis by cell‐free extracts of the organism showed that its ribosomes were resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin and kanamycin. These results, although rather indirectly, support the above notion that the multi‐drug‐resistance of S. faecalis BIO‐4R is not mediated by a plasmid.
Relation between Delayed Skin Reactivity and Macrophage Migration Inhibition or Lymphocyte Transformation in Tuberculin‐Type Hypersensitivity and Jones‐Mote Hypersensitivity
Authors: Himeno Kunisuke , Nomoto Kikuo , Kuroiwa Ataru , Miyazaki Sumio , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrecise time‐course studies on delayed skin reaction, lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition were carried out from day 3 to 270 and from day 3 to 120, respectively, in guinea pigs immunized with bovine gamma‐globulin (BGG) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and those immunized with BGG in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). a) Delayed skin reactions could be elicited for a long period of time after immunization with BGG in CFA in the presence of prominent antibody production and were accompanied by induration. b) Delayed reactions could be elicited transiently after immunization with BGG in IFA and were not accompanied by induration. c) At the peak of hypersensitivity, infiltrating cells at the reaction sites were composed largely of mononuclear cells and basophils, respectively, in the animals immunized with BGG in CFA and those immunized with BGG in IFA. d) Uptake of 3H‐thymidine by lymphocytes was increased remarkably in the presence of BGG when cells were obtained at early stages after immunization by both methods. e) Macrophage migration inhibition was strongly positive in animals immunized with BGG in CFA but weakly positive in those immunized with BGG in IFA. Increased lymphocyte transformation preceded the appearance of a positive migration inhibition. f) After immunization with BGG in CFA, Jones‐Mote hypersensitivity appeared to precede the development of tuberculin‐type hypersensitivity.
The Characterization of Antibacterial Antibodies in Bovine Immune Sera to Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Yokomizo Yuichi , Isayama Yasuro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHumoral antibody responses to the encapsulated Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus were examined in cows immunized with the killed vaccine via different systemic routes. The sequential appearance of the antibody within different immunoglobulin classes in the sera during the course of immunization was followed by passive hemagglutination (PHA) and precipitation (PC) reactions and the mouse passive protection test. Repeated intravenous injections with the killed vaccine suspended in buffered saline stimulated production of IgM antibody exclusively during the whole period of immunization. On the contrary, following intramuscular administration with the vaccine incorporated in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, the antibodies appeared predominantly in IgG fractions of the sera.Specific antibody to the homologous strain used for vaccination was prepared from bovine immune sera by an absorption and elution process. The mouse passive protective activity of the antibody preparation was removed by absorption with the capsular polysaccharide antigen as well as by the whole cell adsorbent of the Smith diffuse strain, but not by the Smith compact and Cowan I strains of S. aureus. IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 proteins were isolated from the purified antibody and were compared, on a weight basis, with respect to their biological activities. Slightly higher activity of the IgG over the IgM antibody was demonstrated both in the mouse passive protection test and PC reaction, whereas in the PHA reaction, IgM antibody was shown to possess a significantly higher activity than IgG antibody.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Peritoneal Macrophages Activated with Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Yamamoto Saburo , Tokunaga Tohru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIncorporation of 3H‐TdR into EL4 leukemic cells in vitro was inhibited by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) harvested from syngeneic C57BL/6J mice given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1 × 107 viable Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 (Smeg) 4 days before. This phenomenon was also observed in the following five systems of PEC from animals and syngeneic tumor cells: C57BL/6J mice and B16 melanoma; DBA/2 mice and P815 mastocytoma; SWM/Ms mice and K5 fibrosarcoma; BALB/c, nu/nu mice and KKN‐1 fibrosarcoma; and strain 2 guinea pigs and line‐10 hepatoma. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the PEC activated by viable Smeg was much higher than those activated by dead‐Smeg, viable BCG or proteose peptone. The activity of the adherent fraction of the PEC was stronger than that of the nonadherent one, and not influenced by either anti‐θ or anti‐mouse lymphocyte rabbit sera. The PEC induced with Smeg 4 days before contained a large population of mononuclear cells (88.9%) and a significant level of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) (3.2%), and showed a much higher cytotoxicity than the PEC induced with Smeg 3 hr before, which contained a much larger population of PMN (71.9%), suggesting that PMN were not the effector cells in this system. In vitro and in vivo treatment with macrophage‐inhibitors such as carrageenan, trypan blue and cytochalacin B, reduced the activity of the PEC. All of these facts suggested macrophages as the effector. Viable macrophages were required for the growth inhibition of EL4 in vitro: gamma‐ray irradiated or freeze‐thawed macrophages were ineffective. Kinetic studies revealed that inhibition of 3H‐TdR incorporation into EL4 cells started within 3 hr of incubation together with the activated macrophages at an effector to target (E/T) ratio of 5, and the incorporation decreased gradually with the lapse of incubation time. On the other hand, 51Cr release from labelled EL4 was undetected when the E/T ratio was 5 but detected at on E/T of 10 or more. Even at the higher E/T ratio, at least 10 hr were needed until the release of 51Cr, suggesting that the activated macrophages produced growth inhibition of tumor cells followed by cell destruction.
Cell Wall Autolysis in Log Phase Cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus)*
Authors: Monodane Toshihiko , Matsushima Yoshio , Hirachi Yoshiyuki , Kotani Shozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLog phase cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) IFO 3333 autolyzed when incubated at 37 C in 0.01 m sodium‐phosphate buffer pH 7.5. The enzyme involved in the autolysis was recovered mainly in an aqueous phase from cytoplasmic membranes and cytoplasmic materials treated with n‐butanol, and proved to be an N‐acetylmuramyl‐L‐alanine amidase. The autolysis of log phase cells suspended in autolyzing buffer was depressed by the addition of trypsin to the buffer.
Demonstration of the Physiological Role of Autolysis by a Comparative Study with a Wild‐Type and its Non‐Autolytic Mutant of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) Cultivated with Externally Added Proteolytic Enzymes*
Authors: Monodane Toshihiko , Matsushima Yoshio , Kotani Shozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe log phase cells of autolytic Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) IFO 3333 did not autolyze when grown in the presence of trypsin although the growth curve and morphology of the cells were not influenced.A non‐autolytic mutant was obtained by subculture of the wild‐type strain IFO 3333 on an agar slant containing 1% glucose. The mutant (strain MT) was arranged in tetrads or in clusters consisting of regular tetrads, in contrast to the wild‐type IFO 3333 which occurred singly or in irregular masses. The mutant MT grown in a culture medium containing trypsin caused remarkable alteration in cell morphology: large cell packets consisting of a number of “unit tetrads” arranged regularly in three dimensions were formed by the addition of trypsin to the medium. The findings suggest that inhibition of the separation of divided cells is brought about by inactivation or suppression of a cell wall autolytic enzyme which plays an important role in the separation step and is accessible to externally added trypsin in the mutant cells but not in the wild‐type cells.The possibility that there are two kinds or phases of autolytic enzymes, “a physiological autolytic enzyme” and “a useless autolytic enzyme”, is discussed.
A New Method for Extraction of Extravasated Dye in the Skin and the Influence of Fasting Stress on Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs and Rats*
Authors: Katayama Satoshi , Shionoya Hiroshi , Ohtake Shinzaburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA method for quantitative extraction of extravasated dye from the skin was studied in guinea pigs and rats. A simple method with a low cost and good recovery was established as follows; A piece of the skin containing extravasated dye was soaked overnight in a stoppered glass tube containing 1 ml of 1 n KOH at 37 C. Then, 9 ml of a mixed solution of 0.6 n H3PO4 and acetone (5:13) was added to the tube. The tube was shaken vigorously for a few seconds and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 min. Absorbance of supernatant was measured at 620 nm. The recovery rate of the dye was about 95% both in guinea pigs and rats.Using this method we observed that fasting stress significantly reduced the intensity of skin reactions induced by chemical mediators, heterologous PCA and especially homologous PCA in guinea pigs.
Improvement of the Micromethod for the Limulus Lysate Test
Authors: Okuguchi Shuji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFrauch's micro‐slide method was improved to facilitate the endpoint‐determination of the Limulus test. Two precise observations, by inverted phase contrast microscopy and with a staining procedure, were newly performed as additions to the slide test. The staining procedure was proposed as an improved method for the Limulus test since it is simple and convenient. In the staining method, bromophenol blue (BPB) solution was used as the staining solution. A negative (–), a strong positive (++) and a weak positive reaction (+) were characterized by a “ring” formation, a “cloud‐like” spread of gel and a “spot” in the “cloud,” respectively. Since the distinction between (–) and (+) reactions was obvious in the proposed method, determination of the endpoint was easier than in the ordinary tube and Frauch's method. The sensitivity of the present method was equal to or higher than that of other methods. Inverted phase contrast microscopy was utilized to confirm the findings obtained by the staining method. The volume of the lysate used in this method was as little as 1/10 of that used in the tube method.
Inhibition by Ammonium Ion of Germination of Unactivated Spores of Bacillus cereus T Induced by L‐Alanine and Inosine
Authors: Shibata Hirofumi , Takamatsu Hiroaki , Tani Isamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStudies were carried out on the inhibitory effect of NH4+ on germination of spores of Bacillus cereus T induced by L‐alanine and inosine. Kinetic analysis showed that NH4+ inhibited the germination competitively. Its inhibitory effect was greater when the unactivated spores had been preincubated with L‐alanine. NH4+ did not inhibit the response of unactivated spores to L‐alanine during preincubation. These results suggest that L‐alanine sensitizes the spores to the inhibitory effect of NH4+.