bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CFTC proposes harmonization rules for mutual funds
Authors: Molesworth Rita , Tuchman Deborah A. , O'Donnell Dianne E. , Burwick Jonathan , Lippert James 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe paper aims to analyze amendments proposed by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission to its disclosure, recordkeeping and reporting rules that are designed to resolve or minimize certain conflicts between CFTC rules and US Securities and Exchange Commission rules applicable to registered investment companies (Futures RICs) whose futures and swaps trading will subject their advisers to regulation as commodity pool operators as a result of the amendments to CFTC Rule 4.5.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains certain significant differences between the CFTC's rules applicable to commodity pool operators (CPOs) and the SEC's rules applicable to Futures RICs and their advisers in the areas of disclosure, reporting and recordkeeping and describes how the CFTC's proposed rules for Futures RICs are intended to resolve or minimize conflicts with SEC rules.FindingsCFTC and SEC rules differ in several significant areas, including the required contents of the disclosure document by which the pool is offered; when the disclosure document has to be delivered; how disclosure documents are updated and reviewed; when periodic reports are required to be made and what they are required to contain; and whether required books and records may be maintained at a location other than the main business office. The proposed harmonization rules attempt to resolve these conflicts by exempting the CPOs of Futures RICs from certain CFTC requirements regarding delivery of disclosure documents and recordkeeping, permitting CFTC‐required disclosures to appear in the prospectuses of Futures RICs after the SEC‐required disclosures and requiring monthly account statements to be posted to the CPO's website rather than distributed to shareholders of Futures RICs. Other conflicts between CFTC and SEC rules applicable to Futures RICs were not addressed by the proposed harmonization rules.Practical implicationsThe proposed harmonization rules attempt to adapt CFTC requirements to Futures RICs that have not been subject to CFTC regulation since 2003. Other conflicts between CFTC and SEC rules were not addressed. The CFTC has not adopted the final rules in this area.Originality/valueThe paper provides expert guidance by lawyers experienced in regulation of CPOs and RICs.
Relevance lost! A critical review of project management standardisation
Authors: Hällgren Markus , Nilsson Andreas , Blomquist Tomas , Söderholm Anders 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the consequences of the diffusion of generic project management knowledge.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is conceptual in its nature, using short examples of four different areas (education, research, certification and practice) to show the diffusion of project management knowledge throughout these areas.FindingsIn this paper the authors argue that relevance may be lost at two levels. The first loss occurs when the practice of project management is transferred, through generalisation and standardisation, into what is generally known as “Best Practice”. The second occurs when “Best Practice” is transferred back to where it is applied (education, research, certification and practice).Research limitations/implicationsThe risk of losing relevance has consequences for what one bases one's assumptions of the nature of projects upon. If the assumptions are based on standardized knowledge, without critically assessing its correctness, the likelihood of producing less relevant research is higher.Practical implicationsWith the risk of losing relevance the authors argue that anyone involved in the areas of education, research, certification and practice needs to be cautious of how they perceive and work with the standards. There is a risk that the knowledge becomes even less relevant and students and practitioners are therefore less prepared for reality.Originality/valueThis paper is part of the literature critiquing the standardization of project management knowledge but it is distinct in terms of how the diffusion processes are perceived and utilized in a project setting.
Critical success factors in projects
Authors: Müller Ralf , Jugdev Kam 
Published: September 2012

PurposeFew scholars have been cited as frequently as Pinto, Slevin, and Prescott for their contributions to project success and related critical success factors (CSF) in the 1980s. Studies since then built on their articles to broaden and refine our understanding of the topic. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the reasons for the impact of these seminal contributions and how the topic of project success continues to evolve.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses the popularity of Pinto and his colleagues' contributions to project success and reviews the development of this field of research since then.FindingsProject success remains a vibrant school of thought as do the earlier definitions, measurement scales and dimensions, and assessment techniques that Pinto and his colleagues developed. The authors view success more broadly and think of it strategically because they consider longer‐term business objectives. Some research is now based on managerial or organizational theories and reflects the multi‐dimensional and networked nature of project success.Practical implicationsPractically, the classic contributions in project success continue to be valid. The authors see diversity in how success is defined and measured. The CSFs vary by project types, life cycle phases, industries, nationalities, individuals, and organizations.Originality/valueThe paper relates earlier understandings of project success to subsequent research in the field and underscores the significant findings by Pinto, Slevin, and Prescott.
Optimism in foreign investors
Authors: Lasfer Meziane , Xiaowen Lin Sharon , Muradoglu Gulnur 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare the short‐term trading behaviour of A shares owned by domestic investors and their dually‐traded B shares owned by foreign investors, after a period of significant price change.Design/methodology/approachGiven that the fundamentals of A and B shares are the same, the paper tests the hypothesis that both types of stocks should behave homogeneously either by exhibiting a momentum behaviour or an over‐reaction pattern. The paper relates any deviations in post‐shock stock returns to the differences in the trading patterns of foreign relative to domestic investors.FindingsWhile the prices of the A shares are relatively random after the event, those of the B shares carry on increasing significantly after both positive and negative shocks. This trend is more pronounced for large firms with high liquidity, in contrast to the efficient market hypothesis expectations, which suggests that any abnormal performance should be arbitraged away sooner in a frictionless (in this case liquid) market.Originality/valueThe paper relates these results to the high level of optimism of foreign investors, which is an under‐researched area in behaviour finance.
Overconfidence and debiasing in the financial industry
Authors: Kaustia Markku , Perttula Milla 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to measure overconfidence amongst finance professionals in domain relevant knowledge, and test for the impact of different debiasing methods.Design/methodology/approachThe approach used was survey field experiments with varying debiasing attempts.FindingsThe subjects were overconfident in terms of probability calibration, better‐than‐average beliefs, and unfounded confidence. Debiasing attempts yielded mixed results. Explicit written warnings reduced better‐than‐average‐type of overconfidence. There was a further strong effect from attending lectures on investor psychology covering relevant examples. In contrast, there was only limited success in reducing miscalibration in probability assessments.Research limitations/implicationsDifferent types of overconfidence are distinct and respond differentially to debiasing. Future research on debiasing professional judgment should concentrate on testing in‐depth/personally engaging methods.Practical implicationsIt is important for bankers to acknowledge the dangers of overconfidence. Correct confidence interval calibration is needed in order to have a sense of the risks involved in different asset allocation policies and trading strategies. Bankers should also be able to help their clients avoid overconfidence.Social implicationsDebiasing overconfidence in the finance industry likely carries public benefits. The results imply that this task is not easy, but not impossible either. The authors think further investment in this endeavor is justified.Originality/valueDocumenting an important judgment bias among finance professionals and estimating the effects of debiasing.
Vertical distribution of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in a rainforest area of Gabon
Authors: Mavoungou Jacques François , Kohagne Tongué Lisette , Acapovi‐Yao Geneviève Lydie , Gilles Jérémie , Ketoh Koffivi Guillaume , Duvallet Gérard 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe vertical distribution of Stomoxys spp. was studied in a rainforest area, Ipassa‐Makokou biosphere reserve located in the Ivindo National Park of Gabon. From April to June 2006, Vavoua traps were set out during 15 consecutive days per month at different heights above ground level corresponding to vertical layers of rainforest: 50 cm, 10, 20 and 30 m. Stomoxys calcitrans, S. transvittatus, S. omega, S. niger niger and S. niger bilineatus were more abundant at near ground level (50 cm), whereas abundance of S. xanthomelas was greatest in traps higher (20 and 30 m) in the canopy. Fly abundance was significantly different among vertical layers of the forest (H = 36.91; P < 0.001, ddl = 3), and among species to another (H = 41.11, P < 0.001). Vertical distribution of fly species corroborates feeding behaviour as the identification of blood meal origins showed heterogeneity of feeding hosts. High densities of flies were also observed at 10 m, and most S. inornatus were captured at that level. These results show that Stomoxyine flies in this rainforest are present in all vertical layers, from the ground level to the canopy. Their ubiquity, regarding both their habitats and their hosts, should be taken into account if a vector control strategy is planned in this touristic area.
The Effects of GM‐CSF and IL‐5 as Molecular Adjuvants on Immune Responses and Contraception Induced by mZP3 DNA Vaccination
Authors: Ma Xiaolin , Kadir Zibirnisa , Li Jinyao , Zhang Fuchun 
Published: August 2012

ProblemVarious approaches have been developed to improve the antibody response of zona pellucida glycoprotein‐3 (ZP3) vaccination. In this study, we investigated whether GM‐CSF and IL‐5 can be used as cytokine adjuvants to increase the humoral immune response generated by mouse ZP3 (mZP3) DNA vaccine.Method of studyMice in experimental group were injected by GM‐CSF 4 days before the co‐immunization of IL‐5 and mZP3 DNA vaccine. The contraception and the correlation with humoral and cellular immune responses were analyzed after immunization and mating. The effect of cytokine adjuvant on the maturation of DCs was evaluated.ResultsCo‐immunization of GM‐CSF and IL‐5 with mZP3 DNA vaccine induced the highest level of serum IgG and IL‐4 expression in CD4+ T cells. Importantly, this strategy reduced mice fertility without disrupting normal ovarian morphology. GM‐CSF enhanced the maturation of DCs evidenced by up‐regulating the expression of MHC‐II and CD86.ConclusionGM‐CSF and IL‐5 co‐administration enhanced humoral immune responses to mZP3, and this may be a potential strategy for development of immunocontraceptive vaccine.
Necrotizing enterocolitis after red blood cell transfusion in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus: a case series
Authors: Sellmer Anna , Tauris Lene Hjelle , Johansen Anders , Henriksen Tine Brink 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  Both patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion are risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The combination of PDA and PRBC transfusion may have a synergistic effect on the intestinal circulation.Methods:  We present four cases of NEC in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants within 14 h after PRBC transfusion.Results:  All infants were growing on full enteral feeding, and they all had a PDA.Conclusion:  We are concerned that the simultaneous presence of a PDA and PRBC transfusion in VLBW infants may place the infant at even greater risk of NEC than each of these factors alone.
Inhibition of lymphatic metastasis in neuroblastoma by a novel neutralizing antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor‐D
Authors: Kashima Kenji , Watanabe Miho , Satoh Yasuko , Hata Junichi , Ishii Nobuya , Aoki Yuko 
Published: September 2012

Lymphatic spread is an important clinical determinant in the prognosis of many human cancers. The lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor‐D (VEGF‐D) is implicated in the promotion of lymphatic metastasis through the development of lymphatic vessels in some human cancers. In this study, we developed an anti‐VEGF‐D monoclonal antibody, cVE199, and investigated its in vitro properties, in vivo effects against tumors and possible target indications to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic antibody. The cVE199 molecule was revealed to have a specific binding reactivity against human VEGF‐D, as well as a specific inhibitory activity against the binding of human VEGF‐D to VEGFR‐3. In addition, cVE199 was found to inhibit the biological activity of VEGF‐D against lymphatic cells in vitro. Because we determined that a neuroblastoma cell line, SK‐N‐DZ, abundantly expressed VEGF‐D, an in vivo efficacy study was performed using a xenograft model of SK‐N‐DZ. We found that cVE199 significantly decreased lymphatic metastasis of SK‐N‐DZ as well as lymphangiogenesis in primary lesions. Finally, we investigated VEGF‐D expression in human neuroblastoma, finding that the molecule was expressed in 11 of 29 human neuroblastoma specimens (37.9%). In conclusion, we found that a novel anti‐VEGF‐D monoclonal antibody, cVE199, with specific reactivity against human VEGF‐D, prevents lymphatic metastasis of neuroblastoma through the inhibition of lymphangiogenesis in an animal model. In addition, our results show that VEGF‐D is expressed in some cases of human neuroblastomas, which suggests that cVE199 is a potential anti‐metastasis therapeutic antibody in neuroblastoma treatment.
Skin autofluorescence and risk of micro‐ and macrovascular complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus—a multi‐centre study
Authors: Noordzij M. J. , Mulder D. J. , Oomen P. H. N. , Brouwer T. , Jager J. , Castro Cabezas M. , Lefrandt J. D. , Smit A. J. 
Published: September 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1556–1561 (2012)AbstractAims  Skin autofluorescence is a non‐invasive marker of advanced glycation end product accumulation. In a previous study, skin autofluorescence correlated with and predicted micro‐ and macrovascular complications in Type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting. The present cross‐sectional study aims to confirm the association between skin autofluorescence and diabetic complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes in a multi‐centre secondary care setting.Methods  We analysed 563 subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus from five Dutch hospitals.Results  Median age was 64 years, median duration of diabetes 13 years and median HbA1c 58 mmol/mol (7.5%). Sixty‐one per cent of patients had microvascular complications (38% nephropathy, 36% retinopathy, 35% neuropathy) and 42% had macrovascular complications. Median UK Prospective Diabetes Study 10‐year risk for coronary events was 19%. Median skin autofluorescence was elevated compared with age‐matched healthy control subjects: 2.77 (interquartile range 2.39–3.28) vs. 2.46 (2.08–2.84) arbitrary units. Skin autofluorescence was particularly increased in patients with complications: no complications, median 2.56 (2.26–2.90); microvascular complications, 2.79 (2.38–3.29); macrovascular complications, 2.85 (2.41–3.41); both micro‐ and macrovascular complications, 2.96 (2.56–3.60) arbitrary units, P < 0.001. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, duration of diabetes, renal function, gender, atrial fibrillation and skin autofluorescence were independently associated with macrovascular complications. Multiple regression analysis identified age, smoking, renal function, macrovascular complications and the number of microvascular complications as the determinants of skin autofluorescence.Conclusions This study confirms that skin autofluorescence is increased in patients with Type 2 diabetes in a secondary care setting. Skin autofluorescence was associated with macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes and this association was independent of classical risk factors.
Red cell and platelet‐derived microparticles are increased in G6PD‐deficient subjects
Authors: Nantakomol Duangdao , Palasuwan Attakorn , Chaowanathikhom Mallika , Soogarun Suphan , Imwong Mallika 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn response to oxidative stress and during apoptosis, cells often shed microparticles (MPs), submicron elements carrying phosphatidylserine and protein antigens. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)‐deficient cells are extremely sensitive to oxidative damage that may lead to the formation of MPs. To determine whether G6PD deficiency alters membrane phospholipid asymmetry and increases MPs production, we determined the concentrations and cellular origins of MPs in G6PD‐deficient individuals using flow cytometry. G6PD‐deficient individuals showed an increase in circulating MPs concentrations as compared with G6PD‐normal individuals [1051/μL (865–2532/μL) vs. 258/μL (235–575/μL), P < 0.01]. MPs concentrations were significantly increased with the severity of G6PD deficiency. Median MPs concentrations from individuals with severe G6PD deficiency, and individuals with moderate G6PD deficiency were 2567/μL (1216–2532/μL) and 984/μL (685–2107/μL), respectively (P < 0.01). Importantly, G6PD enzymatic activity was significantly correlated with MPs concentrations with r2 = 0.731. MPs found in G6PD deficiency individuals were largely derived from red blood cells (RBCs) (45%) and platelets (30%). Additionally, Atomic Force Microscopy was used to study the morphology and measures the diameter of MPs found in G6PD‐deficient individuals. The mean (SD) width and height of RMPs were 0. 41 (0.18) and 2.04 (0.14) μm, respectively. Together, these results indicate that MP concentration is significantly correlated with G6PD enzymatic activity and is increased in G6PD‐deficient as compared with G6PD‐normal individuals. Our data also provide an evidence for an alteration in cell membrane associated with a decreased in G6PD activity. However, the significance of MPs in G6PD deficiency needs further clarification.
Sensitivity of coral calcification to ocean acidification: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Chan Neil C. S. , Connolly Sean R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo date, meta‐analyses of effects of acidification have focused on the overall strength of evidence for statistically significant responses; however, to anticipate likely consequences of ocean acidification, quantitative estimates of the magnitude of likely responses are also needed. Herein, we use random effects meta‐analysis to produce a systematically integrated measure of the distribution of magnitudes of the response of coral calcification to decreasing ΩArag. We also tested whether methodological and biological factors that have been hypothesized to drive variation in response magnitude explain a significant proportion of the among‐study variation. We found that the overall mean response of coral calcification is ~15% per unit decrease in ΩAragover the range 2 < ΩArag < 4. Among‐study variation is large (standard deviation of 8% per unit decrease in ΩArag). Neither differences in carbonate chemistry manipulation method, study duration, irradiance level, nor study species growth rate explained a significant proportion of the among‐study variation. However, studies employing buoyant weighting found significantly smaller decreases in calcification per unit ΩArag(~10%), compared with studies using the alkalinity anomaly technique (~25%). These differences may be due to the greater tendency for the former to integrate over light and dark calcification. If the existing body of experimental work is indeed representative of likely responses of corals in nature, our results imply that, under business as usual conditions, declines in coral calcification by end‐of‐century will be ~22%, on average, or ~15% if only studies integrating light and dark calcification are considered. These values are near the low end of published projections, but support the emerging view that variability due to local environmental conditions and species composition is likely to be substantial.
Amazon's vulnerability to climate change heightened by deforestation and man‐made dispersal barriers
Authors: Feeley Kenneth J. , Rehm Evan M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSpecies migrations in response to climate change have already been observed in many taxonomic groups worldwide. However, it remains uncertain if species will be able to keep pace with future climate change. Keeping pace will be especially challenging for tropical lowland rainforests due to their high velocities of climate change combined with high rates of deforestation, which may eliminate potential climate analogs and/or increase the effective distances between analogs by blocking species movements. Here, we calculate the distances between current and future climate analogs under various climate change and deforestation scenarios. Under even the most sanguine of climate change models (IPSL_CM4, A1b emissions scenario), we find that the median distance between areas in the Amazon rainforest and their closest future (2050) climate analog as predicted based on just temperature changes alone is nearly 300 km. If we include precipitation, the median distance increases by over 50% to >475 km. Since deforestation is generally concentrated in the hottest and driest portions of the Amazon, we predict that the habitat loss will have little direct impact on distances between climate analogs. If, however, deforested areas also act as a barrier to species movements, nearly 30% or 55% of the Amazon will effectively have no climate analogs anywhere in tropical South America under projections of reduced or Business‐As‐Usual deforestation, respectively. These ‘disappearing climates’ will be concentrated primarily in the southeastern Amazon. Consequently, we predict that several Amazonian ecoregions will have no areas with future climate analogs, greatly increasing the vulnerability of any populations or species specialized on these conditions. These results highlight the importance of including multiple climatic factors and human land‐use in predicting the effects of climate change, as well as the daunting challenges that Amazonian diversity faces in the near future.