bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Time to Change's social marketing interventions on stigma in England 2009-2011
Authors: Evans-Lacko Sara , Malcolm Estelle , West Keon , Rose Diana , London Jillian , Rüsch Nicolas , Little Kirsty , Henderson Claire , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundEngland's Time To Change (TTC) social marketing campaign emphasised social contact between people with and without mental health problems to reduce stigma and discrimination.AimsWe aimed to assess the effectiveness of the mass media component and also that of the mass social contact events.MethodOnline interviews were performed before and after each burst of mass media social marketing to evaluate changes in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour and associations between campaign awareness and outcomes. Participants at social contact events were asked about the occurrence and quality of contact, attitudes, readiness to discuss mental health and intended behaviour towards people with mental health problems.ResultsPrompted campaign awareness was 38-64%. A longitudinal improvement was noted for one intended behaviour item but not for knowledge or attitudes. Campaign awareness was positively associated with greater knowledge (β = 0.80, 95% CI 0.52-1.08) and more favourable attitudes (commonality OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.10-1.70; dangerousness OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.22-1.63) and intended behaviour (β = 0.75, 95% CI 0.53-0.96). Social contact at events demonstrated a positive impact (M=2.68) v. no contact (M = 2.42) on perceived attitude change; t(211)= 3.30, P=0.001. Contact quality predicted more positive attitude change (r=0.33, P<0.01) and greater confidence to challenge stigma (r=0.38, P<0.01).ConclusionsThe favourable short-term consequences of the social marketing campaign suggest that social contact can be used by anti-stigma programmes to reduce stigma.
Reconstructing a B-cell clonal lineage. I. Statistical inference of unobserved ancestors
Authors: Kepler Thomas B 
Published: April 2013

One of the key phenomena in the adaptive immune response to infection and immunization is affinity maturation, during which antibody genes are mutated and selected, typically resulting in a substantial increase in binding affinity to the eliciting antigen. Advances in technology on several fronts have made it possible to clone large numbers of heavy-chain light-chain pairs from individual B cells and thereby identify whole sets of clonally related antibodies. These collections could provide the information necessary to reconstruct their own history - the sequence of changes introduced into the lineage during the development of the clone - and to study affinity maturation in detail. But the success of such a program depends entirely on accurately inferring the founding ancestor and the other unobserved intermediates. Given a set of clonally related immunoglobulin V-region genes, the method described here allows one to compute the posterior distribution over their possible ancestors, thereby giving a thorough accounting of the uncertainty inherent in the reconstruction.I demonstrate the application of this method on heavy-chain and light-chain clones, assess the reliability of the inference, and discuss the sources of uncertainty.
Gravitational Wave Detection by Interferometry (Ground and Space)
Authors: Rowan Sheila , Hough Jim 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in recent years on the development of gravitational wave detectors. Sources such as coalescing compact binary systems, low-mass X-ray binaries, stellar collapses and pulsars are all possible candidates for detection. The most promising design of gravitational wave detector uses test masses a long distance apart and freely suspended as pendulums on Earth or in drag-free craft in space. The main theme of this review is a discussion of the mechanical and optical principles used in the various long baseline systems being built around the world — LIGO (USA), VIRGO (Italy/France), TAMA 300 (Japan) and GEO 600 (Germany/UK) — and in LISA, a proposed space-borne interferometer.
Gravitational-Wave Data Analysis. Formalism and Sample Applications: The Gaussian Case
Authors: Jaranowski Piotr , Królak Andrzej 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe article reviews the statistical theory of signal detection in application to analysis of deterministic gravitational-wave signals in the noise of a detector. Statistical foundations for the theory of signal detection and parameter estimation are presented. Several tools needed for both theoretical evaluation of the optimal data analysis methods and for their practical implementation are introduced. They include optimal signal-to-noise ratio, Fisher matrix, false alarm and detection probabilities, ${\mathcal F}$-statistic, template placement, and fitting factor. These tools apply to the case of signals buried in a stationary and Gaussian noise. Algorithms to efficiently implement the optimal data analysis techniques are discussed. Formulas are given for a general gravitational-wave signal that includes as special cases most of the deterministic signals of interest.
The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
Authors: Will Clifford M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe status of experimental tests of general relativity and of theoretical frameworks for analyzing them is reviewed. Einstein’s equivalence principle (EEP) is well supported by experiments such as the Eötvös experiment, tests of special relativity, and the gravitational redshift experiment. Ongoing tests of EEP and of the inverse square law are searching for new interactions arising from unification or quantum gravity. Tests of general relativity at the post-Newtonian level have reached high precision, including the light deflection, the Shapiro time delay, the perihelion advance of Mercury, and the Nordtvedt effect in lunar motion. Gravitational wave damping has been detected in an amount that agrees with general relativity to better than half a percent using the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, and other binary pulsar systems have yielded other tests, especially of strong-field effects. When direct observation of gravitational radiation from astrophysical sources begins, new tests of general relativity will be possible.
Brane Effective Actions, Kappa-Symmetry and Applications
Authors: Simón Joan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis is a review on brane effective actions, their symmetries and some of their applications. Its first part covers the Green-Schwarz formulation of single M- and D-brane effective actions focusing on kinematical aspects: the identification of their degrees of freedom, the importance of world volume diffeomorphisms and kappa symmetry to achieve manifest spacetime covariance and supersymmetry, and the explicit construction of such actions in arbitrary on-shell supergravity backgrounds.Its second part deals with applications. First, the use of kappa symmetry to determine supersymmetric world volume solitons. This includes their explicit construction in flat and curved backgrounds, their interpretation as Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) states carrying (topological) charges in the supersymmetry algebra and the connection between supersymmetry and Hamiltonian BPS bounds. When available, I emphasise the use of these solitons as constituents in microscopic models of black holes. Second, the use of probe approximations to infer about the non-trivial dynamics of strongly-coupled gauge theories using the anti de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. This includes expectation values of Wilson loop operators, spectrum information and the general use of D-brane probes to approximate the dynamics of systems with small number of degrees of freedom interacting with larger systems allowing a dual gravitational description.Its final part briefly discusses effective actions for N D-branes and M2-branes. This includes both Super-Yang-Mills theories, their higher-order corrections and partial results in covariantising these couplings to curved backgrounds, and the more recent supersymmetric Chern-Simons matter theories describing M2-branes using field theory, brane constructions and 3-algebra considerations.
Binary Neutron Star Mergers
Authors: Faber Joshua A. , Rasio Frederic A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe review the current status of studies of the coalescence of binary neutron star systems. We begin with a discussion of the formation channels of merging binaries and we discuss the most recent theoretical predictions for merger rates. Next, we turn to the quasi-equilibrium formalisms that are used to study binaries prior to the merger phase and to generate initial data for fully dynamical simulations. The quasi-equilibrium approximation has played a key role in developing our understanding of the physics of binary coalescence and, in particular, of the orbital instability processes that can drive binaries to merger at the end of their lifetimes. We then turn to the numerical techniques used in dynamical simulations, including relativistic formalisms, (magneto-)hydrodynamics, gravitational-wave extraction techniques, and nuclear microphysics treatments. This is followed by a summary of the simulations performed across the field to date, including the most recent results from both fully relativistic and microphysically detailed simulations. Finally, we discuss the likely directions for the field as we transition from the first to the second generation of gravitational-wave interferometers and while supercomputers reach the petascale frontier.
A History of Solar Activity over Millennia
Authors: Usoskin Ilya G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPresented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method.The concept of solar activity is discussed along with an overview of the special indices used to quantify different aspects of variable solar activity, with special emphasis upon sunspot number.Over long timescales, quantitative information about past solar activity can only be obtained using a method based upon indirect proxy, such as the cosmogenic isotopes 14 C and 10Be in natural stratified archives (e.g., tree rings or ice cores). We give an historical overview of the development of the proxy-based method for past solar-activity reconstruction over millennia, as well as a description of the modern state. Special attention is paid to the verification and cross-calibration of reconstructions. It is argued that this method of cosmogenic isotopes makes a solid basis for studies of solar variability in the past on a long timescale (centuries to millennia) during the Holocene.A separate section is devoted to reconstructions of strong solar-energetic-particle (SEP) events in the past, that suggest that the present-day average SEP flux is broadly consistent with estimates on longer timescales, and that the occurrence of extra-strong events is unlikely.Finally, the main features of the long-term evolution of solar magnetic activity, including the statistics of grand minima and maxima occurrence, are summarized and their possible implications, especially for solar/stellar dynamo theory, are discussed.
Magnetic Fields in the Solar Convection Zone
Authors: Fan Yuhong 
Published: April 2013

AbstractActive regions on the solar surface are generally thought to originate from a strong toroidal magnetic field generated by a deep seated solar dynamo mechanism operating at the base of the solar convection zone. Thus the magnetic fields need to traverse the entire convection zone before they reach the photosphere to form the observed solar active regions. Understanding this process of active region flux emergence is therefore a crucial component for the study of the solar cycle dynamo. This article reviews studies with regard to the formation and rise of active region scale magnetic flux tubes in the solar convection zone and their emergence into the solar atmosphere as active regions.
Evidence for Therapeutic Uses of Nebulized Lidocaine in the Treatment of Intractable Cough and Asthma
Authors: Slaton Rachel M , Thomas Rachel H , Mbathi Joseph Wallace 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE To summarize the efficacy and safety data for use of nebulized lidocaine in intractable cough and asthma. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted using PubMed (through November 2012), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–December 2012), and Cochrane Library (up to 2012) with the search terms nebulization, nebulized or nebulised; administration, inhalation; cough; asthma; and lidocaine. Results were limited to human studies published in the English language. Referenced citations from relevant publications were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All articles identified from the data sources were reviewed for inclusion. Clinical trials and descriptive studies that discussed use of nebulized lidocaine for treatment of intractable cough and asthma were included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS Seventeen studies were identified for review. Seven studies (6 descriptive studies and 1 clinical trial) evaluating the use of nebulized lidocaine in intractable cough reported efficacy in doses ranging from 10 mg to 400 mg. Five clinical trials in asthma showed conflicting results regarding improvement in pulmonary function and glucocorticoid-sparing effects. General improvements in pulmonary function as well as the initial bronchoconstriction induced by nebulized lidocaine in subjects with baseline bronchial hyperreactivity were investigated in 5 studies. Overall, the available evidence does not appear to preclude the use of lidocaine as a treatment option for intractable cough after failure of traditional cough suppressants. Data on its use for short-term glucocorticoid-sparing effects in asthma are conflicting. Study limitations, including design, small sample size, and inconsistencies in method and adjunctive therapies, should be considered. Nebulized lidocaine is well tolerated; however, reports of initial bronchoconstriction have occurred. CONCLUSIONS Although nebulized lidocaine is not first-line therapy in intractable cough and asthma, it may provide an alternative treatment option in patients who cannot tolerate or are unresponsive to other treatments. Appropriate monitoring precautions should be used to ensure patient safety.
Serotonergic and Adrenergic Drug Interactions Associated with Linezolid: A Critical Review and Practical Management Approach
Authors: Ramsey Tasha D , Lau Tim TY , Ensom Mary HH 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE To describe the evidence for serotonergic and adrenergic drug interactions with linezolid and discuss clinical management strategies. DATA SOURCES A literature search of PubMed (1947–November 2012), MEDLINE (1946–November 2012), EMBASE (1974–November 2012), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–November 2012) was conducted using the terms linezolid, drug interaction, serotonin syndrome, serotonin toxicity, sympathomimetic, serotonergic agents, and adrenergic agents. Citations of retrieved articles were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION English-language articles describing coadministration of serotonergic or adrenergic agents with linezolid to humans were included. Studies published only in abstract form were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS One prospective study, 6 retrospective studies, and 24 case reports were identified describing a serotonergic or adrenergic drug interaction. Incidence of serotonin syndrome in patients on linezolid and serotonergic agents ranged between 0.24% and 4%. Serotonergic agents determined to have probable (according to the Horn Drug Interaction Probability Scale) linezolid interactions in case reports included meperidine, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, duloxetine, and venlafaxine. Serotonergic agent dose and duration of coadministration with linezolid did not appear to influence the occurrence of serotonin syndrome. Adrenergic medication coadministration was associated with a possible drug interaction as determined by the Horn Drug Interaction Probability Scale but did not appear to result in clinically significant drug interactions with linezolid. CONCLUSIONS Linezolid-associated serotonergic drug interactions occur more commonly than adrenergic interactions. Serotonergic interactions considered probable according to the Horn Drug Interaction Probability Scale do not appear to correlate with drug dosage; time of onset ranges from <1 to 20 days, and effect resolves in <1 to 5 days after discontinuation of offending agents. If coadministration of linezolid and a serotonergic agent cannot be avoided, clinicians should be aware of the symptoms and management of serotonergic toxicity; close monitoring is recommended and additional serotonergic agents should not be used. While adrenergic drug interactions with linezolid are less common in clinical practice, monitoring for signs of hypertension remains important.
Dissociation between Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampal Theta Oscillations during Decision-Making
Authors: Schmidt Brandy , Hinman James R. , Jacobson Tara K. , Szkudlarek Emily , Argraves Melissa , Escabí Monty A. , Markus Etan J. 
Published: April 2013

Hippocampal theta oscillations are postulated to support mnemonic processes in humans and rodents. Theta oscillations facilitate encoding and spatial navigation, but to date, it has been difficult to dissociate the effects of volitional movement from the cognitive demands of a task. Therefore, we examined whether volitional movement or cognitive demands exerted a greater modulating factor over theta oscillations during decision-making. Given the anatomical, electrophysiological, and functional dissociations along the dorsal–ventral axis, theta oscillations were simultaneously recorded in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in rats trained to switch between place and motor–response strategies.Stark differences in theta characteristics were found between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in frequency, power, and coherence. Theta power increased in the dorsal, but decreased in the ventral hippocampus, during the decision-making epoch. Interestingly, the relationship between running speed and theta power was uncoupled during the decision-making epoch, a phenomenon limited to the dorsal hippocampus. Theta frequency increased in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus during the decision epoch, although this effect was greater in the dorsal hippocampus. Despite these differences, ventral hippocampal theta was responsive to the navigation task; theta frequency, power, and coherence were all affected by cognitive demands. Theta coherence increased within the dorsal hippocampus during the decision-making epoch on all three tasks. However, coherence selectively increased throughout the hippocampus (dorsal to ventral) on the task with new hippocampal learning. Interestingly, most results were consistent across tasks, regardless of hippocampal-dependent learning. These data indicate increased integration and cooperation throughout the hippocampus during information processing.
Thyroid autoimmunity and obstetric outcomes in women with recurrent miscarriage: a case–control study
Authors: Lata Kusum , Dutta Pinaki , Sridhar Subbiah , Rohilla Minakshi , Srinivasan Anand , Prashad G R V , Shah Viral N , Bhansali Anil 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesThyroid antibody positivity during pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes including miscarriage and preterm delivery. The aim of the study is to evaluate the obstetric outcome in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage and their response to levothyroxine (l-T4) therapy.Study design and methodsAll pregnant and non-pregnant women between 21 and 35 years of age with a history of two or more consecutive miscarriages were included in the study. A third group comprising 100 pregnant women without a history of miscarriage were taken as healthy controls. Thyroid autoimmunity, prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and maternal and foetal complications were analysed in all the groups with appropriate statistical methods.ResultsThe mean age of the patients included in the study was 27.0±3.1 years. Of 100 pregnant patients with previous recurrent miscarriage, thyroid autoimmunity (thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb+) >34 U/ml) was found in 31% of the cases. The incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was higher in TPOAb+ group than in TPOAb− group (52 vs 16%; P=0.0002). There was no difference in the prevalence of miscarriage or obstetric outcomes between recurrent miscarriage and healthy pregnant women group irrespective of TPO status.ConclusionsThe prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity was higher in pregnant women with a history of recurrent abortion compared with healthy pregnant control population. Following l-T4 treatment, there was no difference in prevalence of miscarriage between hypothyroid and euthyroid individuals in TPOAb+ women.
LiBH4@Carbon Micro-Macrocellular Foams: Tuning Hydrogen Release through Varying Microporosity
Authors: Brun Nicolas , Janot Raphaël , Gervais Chrystel , Sanchez Clément , Backov Rénal 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTMicroporous-macroporous carbononaceous monolith-type materials, prepared through a hard template method using silica as exo-templating matrices, have been impregnated by an etheric solution of LiBH4 to prepare LiBH4@Carbon samples. It has been shown that the amorphous character of LiBH4 is largely favoured when developing the carbon microporosity (pores smaller than 2 nm) and that LiBH4 dehydrogenation is strongly enhanced at low temperatures. The onset temperature of dehydrogenation can be decreased to 200°C and hydrogen capacity reaching 4.0 wt.% is obtained at 300°C with the carbon having the largest microporous volume, whereas the hydrogen release for bulk LiBH4 is negligible at the same temperature. In addition to some irreversible reactions with carbon surface groups the explanation for such modification could lie in the LiBH4 destabilization through confinement to the nanoscale range and associated amorphization.
The Management of Defective Resin Composite Restorations: Current Trends in Dental School Teaching in Japan
Authors: Lynch CD , Hayashi M , Seow LL , Blum IR , Wilson NHF 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYAim:The aim of this article is to investigate the contemporary teaching of the management of defective direct resin composite restorations in dental schools in Japan.Methods:A questionnaire relating to the teaching of the management of defective resin composite restorations was developed and e-mailed to 29 dental schools in Japan in 2010.Results:Completed responses were received from 19 of the 29 invited schools (response rate = 66%). Eighteen schools (95%) report that they included the teaching of repair of direct defective resin composite restorations in their dental school programs. Thirteen schools reported that they included both clinical and didactic instruction on the repair of direct resin composite restorations. Fourteen schools did not teach any mechanical roughening of the exposed resin composite restoration surface before undertaking a repair. The most commonly reported treatment was acid etching with phosphoric acid (12 schools). The most commonly taught material for completing repairs was a flowable resin composite (16 schools).Conclusion:The teaching of repair of defective resin composite restorations is well established within many Japanese dental schools, to a greater extent than in some other regions of the world. The impact of this teaching on subsequent clinical practices in Japan should be investigated. Furthermore, it is concluded that there is a need for much stronger leadership in operative and conservative dentistry, ideally at the global level, to resolve differences in key aspects of operative procedures such as repairs.