bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme Typing of Human Hair Roots
Authors: Twibell J , Whitehead PH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
At present there exists no reliable means of characterizing human hair. Although several attempts have been made to provide improved techniques for the examination of hair, relatively little progress has been made [1]. In the present study, the possibility of detecting isoenzymes in hair roots after electrophoresis was investigated as a means of characterizing human hair. The enzymes chosen were those for which genetically determined isoenzyme systems are well documented (phosphoglucomutase, acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, and esterase D) and which are easily demonstrable after starchgel electrophoresis.
Can Sudden Cardiac Death be Murder?
Authors: Davis JH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A problem faced by police, medical examiners, and prosecutors is the course of action to be pursued when a criminal act results in emotionally precipitated death in the absence of physical injury or contact. The determination of proximate causation may be difficult if there is no autopsy evidence of life-threatening physical trauma nor any historical evidence of physical contact between the victim and the assailant. The usual circumstance is a robbery or burglary during which, or shortly after, a victim collapses. The victim is usually found to be suffering from severe coronary atherosclerosis and its complications.
A Review of Legacies in Law and Medicine
Authors: Labowitz DI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This work is intended for use by historians as a basis for the study of the interrelationships between medicine and the law in society. To emphasize that medicine has found a structured, although different, role today, the first section deals with pre-1500 relations. These dissertations show us the place of the physician and surgeon in those times and especially the difficulties in licensing and controlling the unauthorized practice of the profession. The remainder of the book deals with medical licensure through the last century in England and the United States, medical malpractice, public health legislation, and forensic medicine.
A Review of Crime Scene Investigation
Authors: Thornton JI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Over the next few years, this text is likely to emerge as one of the best sources dealing with crime scene investigation. Although the author states that the text is written for only one audience, the crime scene investigator, the material is certain to be of interest to the criminalist, the latent fingerprint examiner, and the pathologist. In the introduction to the text, the respective roles of the crime scene investigator and the criminalist are discussed from a perspective that is more historical than philosophical, and some interesting insights into the development of operational attitudes toward crime scene investigation are offered. The seven chapters of the text comprehensively cover the equipment used in the processing of crime scenes, investigative approaches, and specific collection techniques. The most attractive feature of the text is the clarity and simplicity with which it is written. The second most attractive feature is the manner in which the book is illustrated. The illustrations are both felicitous and numerous. In the section dealing with the making of plaster casts, for example, there are a total of twelve photographs to illustrate each step in the process. The section dealing with equipment used in the collection of physical evidence is very much up-to-date and is profusely illustrated. For each type of evidence, the why is explained as well as the how, and the investigator using the text as a model need not rely on doing something by rote as opposed to doing something because of a more fundamental understanding of the process. The section dealing with photography and the sections dealing with the marking and packaging of various types of physical evidence are particularly clear and well written. In short, this is a very readable book that should be very useful to anyone responsible for any aspect of crime scene investigation.
Concentrations of Phenobarbital, Flurazepam, and Flurazepam Metabolites in Autopsy Cases
Authors: Ferrara SD , Tedeschi L , Marigo M , Castagna F 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Flurazepam hydrochloride (7-chloro-1-(diethylaminoethyl)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one dihydrochloride) was synthesized in 1965 by Sternbach et al [1]. It is used clinically as a hypnotic in the treatment of anxiety and depression syndromes as well as an anticonvulsant in association with other drugs. Its pharmacology and metabolism have been extensively studied by various workers [2–4]. The toxicological features of phenobarbital (ethylphenylbarbituric acid) are also almost completely known, and this compound has been used for years as the basic drug in the treatment of various clinical forms of epilepsy.
The Application of Prefiltration to the Analysis of Acid-Degraded Gunshot Residue Swabs
Authors: Kopec RJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The collection of gunshot residues (GSR) from a suspect's hands is a routine forensic technique widely utilized by police investigators. Presently the most widely used method for the collection and analysis of GSR samples is by swabbing the hands with dilute nitric-acid-moistened cotton swabs and determining the barium and antimony levels by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). These techniques of collection and analysis have acquired wide acceptance because of their low cost, uncomplicated procedures, and overall reliability when compared with alternate methods.
Sex Determination with Fragmented Skeletal Remains
Authors: Kelley MA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is well established that the adult human pelvis offers a high degree of reliability in sexing skeletal remains. The ischiopubic index devised by Schultz [1] and tested by Washburn [2,3] and Hanna and Washburn [4] is generally reliable for 90% or more of cases tested. The ischiopubic index is derived by measuring the lengths of the pubis and ischium from a common point in the acetabulum. The success of this technique rests on the fact that, as a rule, the pubis is absolutely longer in females while the ischium is absolutely longer in males. A second and perhaps more important sexing technique elucidated by Phenice [5] is a nonmetrical method employing three features of the pubic bone. The first and generally most reliable feature is the ventral arc, followed by the subpubic concavity and, finally, the medial aspect of the inferior pubic ramus. The use of all three features gave Phenice in excess of 95% reliability in American whites and blacks. Kelley [6, 7] obtained similar results with this technique in California Indian material. In terms of time, energy, and reliability Phenice's visual sexing technique seems preferable over the ischiopubic index.
Determination of Sex by Discriminant Function Analysis of Postcranial Skeletal Measurements
Authors: Richman EA , Michel ME , Schulter-Ellis FP , Corruccini RS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Techniques for accurately determining the sex of skeletal material are invaluable to workers concerned with the identification of human remains. Well-known methods that have been employed include traditional qualitative evaluations of morphological characteristics and statistical analyses of metrical data [1–10]. Some measurements have been found to be more valuable discriminators than others, showing that sexual dimorphism differs according to the measurements [11–15].
Some Difficulties in the Gustafson Dental Age Estimations
Authors: Maples WR , Rice PM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Estimation of the age at death of an individual from dental remains is commonly practiced. Ages of mineralization, crown completion, eruption, and root completion are usually accurate and reasonably easy to determine. After these and other growth processes are completed (at approximately age 30 years), age estimation becomes more difficult. Histological changes in bones and teeth have great potential for being the best age indicators for adult life.
Identification of Mass Disaster Victims: The Swiss Identification System
Authors: Mühlemann HR , Steiner E , Brandestini M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In eleven airplane crashes between 1963 and 1974 there were 1189 victims [1]. One hundred sixty-seven victims could not be identified, 331 were identified wholly on the basis of dental evidence, and 166 other cases were identified from dental and other evidence (Table 1). With the standard methods of forensic odontology each victim who had to be identified by comparison of postmortem and antemortem dental records required, on the average, three man-hours just for the postmortem oral examination [2]. A complete set of antemortem dental records may take days to reach the identification center, may be incomplete or incorrect, or may not exist at all [3,4]. Thus a quicker and more accurate identification procedure for victims of mass disasters remains a goal of forensic science.
Verifying Identification of Military Remains: A Case Study
Authors: Warren CP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In March, 1974, the skeletal remains of 23 individuals were repatriated from Hanoi, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and delivered to the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory in Sattahip, Thailand. According to the report of the U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Missing Persons in Southeast Asia [1], In 1974 the North Vietnamese returned the remains of 23 American pilots who had died in captivity. The remains were accompanied by certificates of death purporting to show the proximate cause of death, but no additional information was provided by the Vietnamese. In each of these cases the testimony of returned POW's provided sufficient information about the final days of the deceased pilots to affirm that in all likelihood they died in the manner described in the certificates of death.
Training Police Officers to Handle Suicidal Persons
Authors: Cooke G 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Center for the Administration of Justice at Temple University in Philadelphia conducts training for persons attending the police academy. Part of the crisis intervention training includes dealing with a suicidal person. Didactic material is presented on depression and suicide. Class members are then taught the technique of reflection and practice briefly with each other. The technique is demonstrated by the instructor with an actor posing as a suicidal person. Finally, some members of the class get an opportunity to use the techniques with the actor. Feedback and suggestions are given by other class members and the instructor.
A Review of Bombers and Firesetters
Authors: Bradford LW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The author, a professor of psychiatry, acknowledges contributions to the book by a bomb squad police captain and another professor of psychiatry. The book is written in a vein which will interest nontechnical readers, yet be of interest to those who want some insight into the mechanics and motivations for bombing and arson incidents. The book is laced with fragments of case histories and anecdotes derived from interviews with more than 30 bombers and more than 100 fire setters, including on-the-scene observations in Northern Ireland.
A Review of Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Volume 1
Authors: Standefer J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This first volume of a two-volume series presents pertinent toxicological information on more than 100 drugs ranging from ethanol to nitrous oxide. The drugs are presented alphabetically within general sections. A brief review format with citations current through 1977 includes pertinent data on drug history, metabolic parameters, structure, tissue distribution, and analytical methods. In particular, plasma concentrations, drug halflife, and urinary excretion rate following low or therapeutic doses are well delineated for most drugs. This type of reference information will be especially useful for clinical toxicologists who provide interpretive assistance to clinicians. In addition, each review includes current information on postmortem blood and tissue concentrations following overdose that will assist forensic toxicologists in their evaluations of antemortem drug abuse. Although details of methods are not included in the review, the author does provide a variety of current references to published methods for each drug.
A Review of Toxicology Annual Volume 2
Authors: Byers JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The book consists of reprints of selected papers from Volume 10 of the Journal of Clinical Toxicology. So many varied areas and approaches in toxicology are represented that no central theme is evident and the overall product is fragmented. Research approaches to small animal autopsies, XAD-2 resin for biologic specimen extraction, safety testing of fragrances, drug abuse control program support, mutagenesis, comparative toxicology, and various topics in therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical laboratory toxicology are all mixed together in an anthology of current topics in toxicology. Individually most of the papers are meritorious; as a volume they are not cohesive. One could review the Journal of Clinical Toxicology and learn the same information. This volume is a selected duplication of previously published papers with no evident format advantage over the original material.
A Review of Truth and Science, A Bibliography
Authors: Harris JJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This is a comprehensive bibliography of books, articles, and leading news publications, published here and abroad between 1895 and 1976, covering the subject of detection of deception and polygraph techniques. Both favorable and anti-polygraph references are included. The book does not list minor news articles, brief references in texts and books, unverified foreign publications, or legal decisions relating to admissibility of polygraph evidence.
A Comparative Analysis of Cannabis Material
Authors: Coutts RT , Jones GR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is an offense under the Narcotic Control Act of Canada for a person to have in his possession Cannabis sativa (marihuana), Cannabis resin (hashish), or any of the cannabinoid constituents of C. sativa, including cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), unless such possession is legally authorized. Each year, thousands of Canadians are convicted under this Act; the figure for 1976 was in excess of 33 000 [1].
A Mineralogical Soil Classification Technique for the Forensic Scientist
Authors: Graves WJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Mineral grains form the largest component of most soils. These grains are quite stable and undergo no significant change over the periods of time in which the forensic scientist is normally interested. In most naturally occurring soils, there is a large variety of different minerals whose relative proportions vary from one area to another [1,2]. These factors make the mineralogy of soils an attractive property for the forensic scientist to investigate.
The Detection of Y Chromosomes in Bloodstains—A Reevaluation
Authors: Wigmore R , Werrett DJ , King LA , Whitehead PH , Emes A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Traditional approaches to the grouping of bloodstains in forensic science involve a comparison of blood groups found in a stain with those of the suspect or victim involved in a crime. However, in some instances, such as those crimes in which no control blood samples are available, the blood grouping data alone are of little value to either the police officer or the courts. Information, however, relating to an individual's physical appearance, such as sex or age, which can be derived from a bloodstain is of value even in the absence of control blood. Such an approach to bloodstain investigation has been discussed earlier [1] and forms the philosophic basis of the present work concerned with the determination of the sex of the donor of a bloodstain.
Absorption Patterns for 32P Phosphate into Single Human and Animal Hairs
Authors: Pankhurst CA , Pate BD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Human hair has been extensively analyzed for its trace element content in various contexts. The following references are typical of work in the respective fields: toxicology [1], nutrition [2], environmental pollution [3], and forensic science [4]. The current literature on hair analysis has been reviewed by the authors [5].
Chemical Reagents for the Development of Latent Fingerprints. II: Controlled Addition of Water Vapor to Iodine Fumes—A Solution to the Aging Problem
Authors: Almog J , Sasson Y , Anati A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The iodine fuming method for the development of latent fingerprints on paper has many advantages. It is simple, fast, and inexpensive; it enables the search of relatively large surfaces in a short time without the development of background coloration; it is suitable for field work; and in case of its failure other methods can still be applied.
Sex and Race Determination of Crania by Calipers and Computer: A Test of the Giles and Elliot Discriminant Functions in 52 Forensic Science Cases
Authors: Snow CC , Hartman S , Giles E , Young FA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The sex and race of unidentified skeletons must sometimes be determined by medical examiners or crime laboratory personnel who have no formal training in physical anthropology. Their diagnoses, based on a hasty review of the chapter on skeletal identification in a forensic pathology textbook or on old lecture notes from a homicide seminar, are often wrong. Such knowledge cannot always substitute for the skilled eye and practiced judgment of a physical anthropologist who, in the course of his career, may have examined hundreds of skeletons.
Handwritten Entry Research
Authors: Foley BG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The document examiner will infrequently encounter a handwritten entry problem. When such a problem does arise, it is usually to determine if an entry is spurious. Generally, the problem is to prove that a group of diaries, logs, or similar entries were not written on several different occasions over an extended period as purported but rather were all written at the same time. Most examiners, because of the lack of experience and published reference literature dealing with such problems, find they know neither how to approach such problems nor how to develop or interpret the value of possible latent evidence. The problem as stated cannot always be answered in a satisfactory fashion, even by examiners with extensive experience. A lot of valuable information dealing with such problems, most of which was not published, has been exchanged. In many instances, the information formulated has been a direct result of examination of cases. Many of these cases did not have adequate contemporary reference diaries, logs, calendars, or similar exemplars on which to base an opinion. This is not to say that a reliable opinion on a set of questioned entries cannot be given without comparable exemplars. In many instances, the opinion rendered depends a great deal on the evidence in each case. However, the scientific process dictates that opinions concerning an unknown be based on its deviation from a compatible known or reference.
A Data-Independent Information Retrieval System: A Solution for the Small Laboratory's Computer Needs
Authors: Oakes KA , Budnick C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
At some point in the development and operation of a forensic science laboratory the question of computerization will be considered. Studies on this question done several years ago provided the basis for the development of the Crime Laboratory Information Service (CLIS) program [1]. The size and organizational structures of forensic science laboratories were found to vary greatly. Nevertheless, the study revealed a need or desire for computerization to provide analytical support, to provide statistics necessary to establish the uniqueness of a sample, to store and retrieve rifling specifications, to provide bibliographic information and references, and to provide a means of exchanging various types of information with other laboratories. The study recognized two general types of computer applications currently in use: support for instrumentation and management information systems.
“Paradoxical Undressing”in Fatal Hypothermia
Authors: Wedin B , Vanggaard L , Hirvonen J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Death from exposure to cold presents one of the threats to the survival of man in arctic and subarctic regions. Yet we do not have much actual knowledge of the clinical events leading to fatal hypothermia. Apart from the experiments performed by the Nazis at the Dachau concentration camp [1] most of our knowledge has to be gathered from such sources as memoirs, historical accounts, police reports, and hospital files.
Examination of Line Crossings by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Waeschle PA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A document examiner is often faced with determining the age of certain writing, whether done by ball-point pen, pencil, ink, typewriter, or something else; the problem is almost unsolvable because no method exists that yields reliable and direct results. Ways and means have often to be found that permit an indirect determination. One of the most important factors in this connection is the investigation of line crossings. If the writing sequence of two crossing lines can be determined, it is then possible to estimate accurately the age of one writing characteristic in relation to the other. For instance, the frequently posed question as to whether a signature on a contract was made before or after the text was written can be answered.
A Simple Method for Preparing Human Skeletal Material for Forensic Examination
Authors: Stephens BG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The examination of partially or totally decomposed bodies that may have skeletal changes or injuries of potential evidentiary value is a common problem faced by forensic scientists. In many such cases, thorough cleaning of the bone may be required for the examination, understanding, interpretation, and documentation of the injuries as well as for obtaining quality photographic evidence for presentation to a jury. Unfortunately, thorough cleaning of the bone is often not performed because of the time-consuming nature of the preparatory work, the cost, and the necessity of maintaining insect colonies.
A Review of A Color Atlas of Neuropathology
Authors: Peterson G 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Neuropathology has long been an intimidating subdivision of anatomic pathology. Eponymous diseases (diagnosed by esoteric stains) seem to comprise an uncomfortable segment of the subspecialty, and yet a significant percentage of a forensic pathologist's cases involve neuropathologic conditions. C. S. Treip has added another volume to the Color Atlas series, and the result is a compact but surprisingly useful handbook. It makes a welcome complement to Fascicle 6 of the Tumor Pathology Series by covering, in addition to neoplasia, infectious and inflammatory disease, vascular disease, degenerative and demyelinating diseases, metabolic disorders, nutritional deficiencies, congenital malformations, and perinatal disorders. Also included is a section on traumatic lesions that is, unfortunately, very brief.