bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigrants Doing Business in a Mid‐sized Canadian City: Challenges, Opportunities, and Local Strategies in Kelowna, British Columbia
Authors: Lo Lucia , Teixeira Carlos 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLacking a tradition of settling immigrants and the appropriate infrastructure to integrate them, small‐ and medium‐sized cities often face the challenge of attracting and retaining immigrants. Using a mixed methods approach, this study compares the experiences of immigrant and non‐immigrant entrepreneurs in a mid‐sized Canadian city, Kelowna, British Columbia. A survey reveals different experiences between these two groups, with immigrants facing more challenges. In the absence of institutionally complete communities or strong ethnic economies, immigrants do not rely extensively on their own community resources, an element considered instrumental for immigrant business development in large cities. Compared to non‐immigrants, immigrant entrepreneurs have a more optimistic outlook on doing business in Kelowna; this is encouraging for a city trying hard to attract immigrant investment. Key informants recommended transforming the city into a more welcoming community, establishing appropriate support infrastructure, and removing potential institutional offsets. This paper adds new theoretical insights to the literature on immigrant entrepreneurship; all socio‐cultural, political‐institutional, and economic‐structural considerations are embedded in geography. The findings also have implications for growth strategies in small‐ and medium‐sized cities.
Family carers' experience of caring for an older parent with severe and persistent mental illness
Authors: McCann Terence V. , Bamberg John , McCann Flora 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhile the burden of caring for older people with chronic medical illness and dementia has been well documented, considerably less is known about how carers develop the strength and resilience to sustain this important role with older family members with mental illness. The aim of the study was to understand the lived experience of primary caregivers of older people with severe and persistent mental illness, and to explore what, if anything, helps to sustain them in their caring role. An interpretative phenomenological analysis approach was adopted, and qualitative interviews were used with 30 primary caregivers. Two overarching themes, and related subthemes, were abstracted from the data. First, caring is a difficult and demanding responsibility. It affects carers adversely, emotionally, physically, socially, and financially, and their lifestyle in general. This is reflected in three subthemes: (i) physically and emotionally draining; (ii) grieving about the loss; (iii) and adverse effects on lifestyle and social relationships. Second, carers develop resilience in caring, which helps sustain them in their role, as illustrated in three subthemes: (i) caring as purposeful and satisfying; (ii) harnessing social support from others; and (iii) purposefully maintaining their own well‐being. Community mental health nurses have a key role in assessing carers' needs and supporting them in their caring role.
2015 European guidelines for the management of partners of persons with sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Tiplica G.‐S. , Radcliffe K. , Evans C. , Gomberg M. , Nandwani R. , Rafila A. , Nedelcu L. , Salavastru C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundPartner management is the process of identifying the contacts of a person infected by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and referral to a health care provider for appropriate management. It represents a public health activity.MethodsThis guideline is produced by the IUSTI European Guideline Editorial Board and EDF Guideline Committee.ResultsIt provides recommendations concerning the infections that require partner management, the lookback periods for this STI and the main steps to follow for partner management (offering support to patients, notifying partners, identification of contacts). Partner management is voluntary and needs to be performed with respect to human rights, social, cultural and religious behaviours.ConclusionsIn European countries, there are different approaches to the partner management; some common type of actions can enhance the fight against STI.
Severity and duration of pain after colonoscopy and gastroscopy: a cohort study
Authors: Allen Penny , Shaw Elissa , Jong Anne , Behrens Heidi , Skinner Isabelle 
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence, severity, location and duration of pain post‐colonoscopy, and to explore possible associations between pain, demographic variables and diagnostic findings. The study also sought to provide information to guide decision‐making on CO2 insufflation.BackgroundColonoscopy with sedation is a common day surgery procedure in Australia. Attendance for colonoscopy is influenced by patient expectations, particularly about pain. Research on post‐colonoscopy pain has focussed on pain experienced immediately post‐procedure, with few studies investigating pain beyond 24 hours.DesignFollow‐up study using patient‐completed Pain Numerical Rating Scales.MethodsPatients undergoing colonoscopy at a single hospital day surgery unit were invited to complete Pain Numerical Rating Scales (where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain) three times daily for three days post‐colonoscopy.ResultsAmong the 277 participants, 124 (45%) reported pain at any time during follow‐up. Twenty‐one (8%) participants experienced pain on each of the three days. Pain was most commonly experienced in the hypogastric and iliac regions. The severity of pain was low, with only 33 participants self‐administering analgesics (paracetamol or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) during follow‐up. Participants who had both colonoscopy and gastroscopy were not more likely to report pain overall. However, they were more likely to report pain on days 2 and 3 and were also more likely to take analgesics. Pain was not associated with procedure duration, abdominal pressurisation, removal of polyps, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease or the presence of benign or malignant lesions.ConclusionsThis research indicates that fewer than half of the patients undergoing colonoscopy will experience post‐procedure pain and that just over one in ten patients will require analgesics. Patients undergoing both gastroscopy and colonoscopy are more likely to experience pain for longer and require over‐the‐counter analgesics. The low prevalence of pain suggests that room air insufflation is an acceptable alternative to more expensive CO2.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings provide evidence for nurses and clinicians to advise patients about the likelihood of experiencing pain post‐colonoscopy, and the characteristics of this pain. Nurses may reassure patients that pain is not more likely among patients diagnosed with colorectal disease or malignancy. Patients who have persistent pain for longer than 24 hours post‐colonoscopy should be advised to seek medical care to investigate the cause of their pain.
Alcohol, Isolation, and Access to Treatment: Family Physician Experiences of Alcohol Consumption and Access to Health Care in Rural British Columbia
Authors: Slaunwhite Amanda K. , Macdonald Scott 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this project was to study the experiences of physicians who treat persons with alcohol‐attributed diseases in rural areas of British Columbia, Canada.MethodA cross‐sectional survey was distributed to primary health care physicians that had a family practice in a designated rural community using the Rural Coordination Centre of British Columbia's community isolation rating system. Data were collected through a mail and online survey sent to primary health care physicians. Purposeful sampling was used to select participants that had a primary health care practice in a designated rural community.ResultsSurveys were returned by 22% of potential participants (N = 67) that had an average of 15.8 years in family practice. The majority of participants (95.4%) reported that alcohol had a negative impact on population health, and physicians expressed particular concern for alcohol consumption in relation to mental health (85.1%) and physical illness (82.1%). Most participants had referred patients out of the community for treatment; however, 76.4% reported difficulty with referrals, including long wait‐lists, limited services, and issues related to transportation and leaving the community for substance use treatment.ConclusionRural physicians showed an awareness and concern for alcohol consumption in their community, but they also reported difficulties referring patients for substance use treatment. Additional study is required to understand how to improve the continuity of care provided to persons with alcohol‐related issues in rural British Columbia.
Risk factors for acute asthma in tropical America: a case–control study in the City of Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Authors: Ardura‐Garcia Cristina , Vaca Maritza , Oviedo Gisela , Sandoval Carlos , Workman Lisa , Schuyler Alexander J. , Perzanowski Matthew S. , Platts‐Mills Thomas A.E. , Cooper Philip J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundDespite the high asthma rates described in Latin America, asthma risk factors in poor urban settings are not well established. We investigated risk factors for acute asthma among Ecuadorian children.MethodsA matched case–control study was carried out in a public hospital serving a coastal city. Children with acute asthma were age‐ and sex‐matched to non‐asthmatics. A questionnaire was administered, and blood, as well as stool, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected.ResultsSixty cases and 119 controls aged 5–15 were evaluated. High proportions of cases were atopic with population‐attributable fractions for atopy of 68.5% for sIgE and 57.2% for SPT. Acute asthma risk increased with greater titers of mite IgE (3.51–50 kU/l vs. <0.70kU/l – OR 4.56, 95% CI 1.48–14.06, p = 0.008; >50kU/l vs. <0.70kU/l – OR 41.98, 95% CI: 8.97–196.39, p < 0.001). Asthma risk was significantly independently associated with bronchiolitis (adj. OR: 38.9, 95% CI 3.26–465), parental educational level (adj. OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08–1.46), and presence of sIgE (adj. OR: 36.7, 95% CI: 4.00–337), while a reduced risk was associated with current contact with pets (adj. OR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01–0.56). Rhinovirus infection was more frequent in cases (cases 35.6% vs. controls 7.8%, p = 0.002). None of the cases were on maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids and most relied on emergency department for control.ConclusionsA high proportion of children presenting to a public hospital with acute asthma were allergic to mite, particularly at high IgE titer. Poor asthma control resulted in overuse of emergency care.
Assessing disease severity: accuracy and reliability of rater estimates in relation to number of diagrams in a standard area diagram set
Authors: Bock C. H. , Hotchkiss M. W. , Wood B. W. 
Published: May 2015

Error in estimates of plant disease severity occur and standard area diagrams (SADs) help improve accuracy and reliability. The effects of diagram number in SADs are unknown. The objective of this study was to compare estimates of pecan scab severity made without SADs, and using three‐, five‐, seven‐ or 10‐diagram SADs. Disease severity was estimated to the nearest percent (NPE), or classified to the closest reference diagram value using a scale. Twelve raters assessed 20 images of scabbed pecan valves with and without the SADs using NPEs and the scale method (values were converted to midpoints prior to analysis). Increases in diagram number using NPEs did not necessarily result in more accurate or reliable estimates. Inter‐rater reliability was positively correlated with number of diagrams using NPEs (r = 0·3288 (P < 0·0001)) or a scale (r = 0·2803 (P < 0·0001)). The least accurate estimates improved the most using SADs with NPEs, but the gain did not relate to number of diagrams; as few as three diagrams reduced error of inaccurate estimates as much as five, seven or 10 diagrams. When used as a scale, only estimates made with 10‐diagram SADs had similar accuracy and inter‐rater reliability to estimates made using SADs with NPEs. Maximum disease severity and the disease severity range for the pathosystem and the SADs are important factors and will probably influence resulting accuracy and reliability. The ramifications of diagram numbers in SADs and assessment methods on accuracy and reliability of disease estimates are discussed.
Gamma‐irradiation of deglycerolized red cells does not significantly affect in vitro quality
Authors: Winter K. M. , Johnson L. , Webb R. G. , Marks D. C. 
Published: May 2015

Background and ObjectivesRed cells frozen with glycerol may require gamma‐irradiation after thawing and deglycerolization for transfusion to at‐risk patients. Both freezing and irradiation are known to cause red cell damage. However, the effect of irradiation on the quality of deglycerolized red cells and the optimal shelf life of such a component is currently unknown.Materials and MethodsRed cells (<7 days) were pooled, split and glycerolized using an ACP‐215 automated cell washer (n = 12 pairs) and frozen at −80°C. Red cells were thawed, deglycerolized and resuspended in SAG‐M. One of each pair was gamma‐irradiated, while the other served as a control. Products were stored at 2–6°C and sampled for in vitro testing immediately after irradiation, and at 24 and 48 h postirradiation.ResultsIrradiation of deglycerolized red cells led to a >1·5‐fold increase in extracellular potassium, compared to control units at 24 and 48 h postirradiation. Other parameters, including haemolysis, were not significantly affected by irradiation postdeglycerolization.ConclusionDeglycerolized, irradiated red cells had increased supernatant potassium, but remained of acceptable quality for 24 h postirradiation.
A hollow‐fibre column system to effectively prepare washed platelets
Authors: Tanaka S. , Hayashi T. , Sugaya S. , Osabe M. , Ueno Y. , Tani Y. , Hirayama F. 
Published: May 2015

Background and ObjectivesWe developed a hollow‐fibre column system specifically adapted to prepare washed platelet concentrates (WPCs). This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the hollow‐fibre column system for preparing WPCs.Materials and MethodsFirst, the percentages of platelet (PLT) recovery and remaining plasma proteins were calculated by determining the PLT count, volume and plasma protein levels in both the prewash and postwash. Secondly, washed PLTs and unwashed control PLTs were stored for 5 days, and the changes during this 5‐day storage of in vitro PLT characteristics were determined.ResultsThe hollow‐fibre column system effectively removed >98% of plasma in platelet concentrates (PCs), and the PLT recovery was 97% on an average. The CD62P‐expression level on washed PLTs immediately after washing was approximately twofold higher than that on prewashed PLTs as well as on PLTs washed via manual methods or cell washing devices. Until day 5 during storage, PLT aggregability, hypotonic shock response and swirling scores of washed PLTs were not significantly different from those of the control PCs.ConclusionOur novel hollow‐fibre column system proved valuable in preparing washed PLTs with <2% of residual plasma proteins and high recovery of PLTs.
The human transcriptome across tissues and individuals
Authors: Melé Marta , Ferreira Pedro G. , Reverter Ferran , DeLuca David S. , Monlong Jean , Sammeth Michael , Young Taylor R. , Goldmann Jakob M , Pervouchine Dmitri D. , Sullivan Timothy J. , Johnson Rory , Segrè Ayellet V. , Djebali Sarah , Niarchou Anastasia , Consortium The GTEx , Wright Fred A. , Lappalainen Tuuli , Calvo Miquel , Getz Gad , Dermitzakis Emmanouil T. , Ardlie Kristin G. , Guigó Roderic 
Published: May 2015

Expression, genetic variation, and tissuesHuman genomes show extensive genetic variation across individuals, but we have only just started documenting the effects of this variation on the regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, only a few tissues have been examined per genetic variant. In order to examine how genetic expression varies among tissues within individuals, the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Consortium collected 1641 postmortem samples covering 54 body sites from 175 individuals. They identified quantitative genetic traits that affect gene expression and determined which of these exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns. Meléet al.measured how transcription varies among tissues, and Rivaset al.looked at how truncated protein variants affect expression across tissues.Science, this issue p.648, p.660, p.666; see also p.640
Definitive Identification of Laribacter hongkongensis Acquired in the United States
Authors: Beilfuss Hope A. , Quig David , Block Mary Ann , Schreckenberger Paul C. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Laribacter hongkongensis
is a potential emerging pathogen associated with community-acquired gastroenteritis and traveler's diarrhea. We report the isolation of
L. hongkongensis
from the stool of a patient who had no history of travel outside the United States. The organism was identified by phenotypic tests, mass spectrometry, and gene sequencing.
In Vivo
IS
6110
Profile Changes in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain as Determined by Tracking over 14 Years
Authors: Millán-Lou María Isabel , Otal Isabel , Monforte María Luisa , Vitoria María Asunción , Revillo María José , Martín Carlos , Samper Sofía 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Transposition and homologous recombination of IS
6110
appear in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
along
in vivo
sequential infections. These events were checked in different clones of a successful strain,
M. tuberculosis
Zaragoza, with the focus on a variant in which integration of a copy of IS
6110
in the origin of replication (
oriC
) region occurred.
Characterization of the Human Papillomavirus 16 E8 Promoter
Authors: Straub Elke , Fertey Jasmin , Dreer Marcel , Iftner Thomas , Stubenrauch Frank 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Persistent infections with certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) such as HPV16 are a necessary risk factor for the development of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV16 genomes replicate as low-copy-number plasmids in the nucleus of undifferentiated keratinocytes, which requires the viral E1 and E2 replication proteins. The HPV16 E8^E2C (or E8^E2) protein limits genome replication by repressing both viral transcription and the E1/E2-dependent DNA replication. How E8^E2C expression is regulated is not understood. Previous transcript analyses indicated that the spliced E8^E2C RNA is initiated at a promoter located in the E1 region upstream of the E8 gene. Deletion and mutational analyses of the E8 promoter region identify two conserved elements that are required for basal promoter activity in HPV-negative keratinocytes. In contrast, the transcriptional enhancer in the upstream regulatory region of HPV16 does not modulate basal E8 promoter activity. Cotransfection studies indicate that E8^E2C inhibits, whereas E2 weakly activates, the E8 promoter. Interestingly, the cotransfection of E1 and E2 induces the E8 promoter much more strongly than the major early promoter, and this is partially dependent upon binding of E2 to Brd4. Mutation of E8 promoter elements in the context of HPV16 genomes results in an increased genome copy number and elevated levels of viral early and late transcripts. In summary, the promoter responsible for the expression of E8^E2C is both positively and negatively regulated by viral and cellular factors, and this regulatory circuit may be crucial to maintain a low but constant copy number of HPV16 genomes in undifferentiated cells.

IMPORTANCE
HPV16 replicates in differentiating epithelia and can cause cancer. How HPV16 maintains its genome in undifferentiated cells at a low but constant level is not well understood but may be relevant for the immunological escape of HPV16 in the basal layers of the infected epithelium. This study demonstrates that the expression of the viral E8^E2C protein, which is a potent inhibitor of viral replication in undifferentiated cells, is driven by a separate promoter. The E8 promoter is both positively and negatively regulated by viral proteins and thus most likely acts as a sensor and modulator of viral copy number.
Human Memory B Cells Producing Potent Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies against Human Parechovirus: Implications for Prevalence, Treatment, and Diagnosis
Authors: Westerhuis B. M. , Benschop K. S. M. , Koen G. , Claassen Y. B. , Wagner K. , Bakker A. Q. , Wolthers K. C. , Beaumont T. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

The family
Picornaviridae
is a large and diverse group of positive-sense RNA viruses, including human enteroviruses (EVs) and human parechoviruses (HPeVs). The human immune response against EVs and HPeVs is thought to be mainly humoral, and an insufficient neutralizing antibody (Ab) response during infection is a risk factor and can ultimately be life threatening. The accessibility of different antigenic sites and observed cross-reactivity make HPeVs a good target for development of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). In this study, we generated two different human MAbs specific for HPeV by screening culture supernatants of Ab-producing human B cell cultures for direct neutralization of HPeV1. Both MAbs showed HPeV1-specific neutralization as well as neutralization of HPeV2. One antibody, AM18, cross-neutralized HPeV4, -5, and -6 and coxsackievirus A9 (CV-A9). VP1 capsid protein-specific assays confirmed that AM18 bound VP1 of HPeV1, -2, and -4 with high affinity (11.5 pM). In contrast, the HPeV1-specific MAb AM28, which neutralized HPeV1 even more efficiently than did AM18, showed no cross-reactivity with HPeV3 to -6 or other EVs and did not bind any of the capsid proteins, suggesting that AM28 is specific for a conformation-dependent, nonlinear epitope on the virus. The discovery of MAbs that are cross-reactive between HPeVs may help development of HPeV treatment options with antibodies and vaccine design based on epitopes recognized by these antibodies.

IMPORTANCE
HPeV infections are widespread among young children and adults, causing a broad range of disease. Infections can be severe and life threatening, while no antiviral treatment is available. Given that the absence of neutralizing Abs is a risk factor for severe disease in infants, treatment of picornavirus infections with MAbs would be a therapeutic option. To study antibody neutralization of HPeV in more detail, we generated two different HPeV1-specific human MAbs. Both MAbs show HPeV1-specific neutralization and cross-neutralized HPeV2. One MAb also cross-neutralized other HPeVs. Surprisingly, this MAb also neutralized CV-A9. These MAbs provide a unique tool for further research and for the diagnosis (antigen detection) and possible treatment of HPeV infections.
Sticky tries
Authors: Joisha Pramod G. 
Published: May 2015

We present the sticky trie, a new variant of the standard trie data structure that achieves high-performing atomic insertions and lookups for large key universes by precluding deletions. It has applications in several areas, including address tracking, logging, and garbage collection. By leveraging features of a modern operating system, we show how a runtime can exploit the absence of deletions to realize an efficient sticky-trie implementation.
We report on an evaluation of two representative uses---compelling Bloom-filter alternative and fast substitute for a garbage collector's sequential store buffer (SSB). We demonstrate that a sticky trie, when compared with what is perhaps among the simplest Bloom filters, can be over 43% faster, scale substantially better with increasing threads, and yet be free of false positives. By introducing the concept of an ideal SSB, we also demonstrate that a sticky trie could be competitive in performance with a class of SSBs.