bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Appropriate Educational Background for Entry Level Forensic Scientists: A Survey of Practitioners
Authors: Siegel JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To assess the need to modify its forensic science degree programs, the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University surveyed some of its own students majoring in Forensic Science, the forensic scientists working for the Michigan State Police, and the membership of the American Society of Crime Lab Directors. The results of the surveys showed the educational background most preferred for a carreer in forensic science would consist of a B.S. degree which has a major chemistry component and a Master of Science in Forensic Science. Personal comments sent back with some of the surveys also suggested the need for a strong background in chemistry. Survey results and personal comments also showed a general disdain for the B.S. in Forensic Science as the terminal degree unless it has a strong hard science component.
A Review of Personal Identification from Human Remains
Authors: Hinkes MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Is it possible for a book to be published without passing editorial review? This book is filled to distraction with run-on sentences, inappropriate subtitles, typographical errors, and misspellings. Parts of it are written in a stream-of-consciousness style that is quite disorganized and results in a great deal of unnecessary repetition.
Repetitive Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Human Genome Variation—A Concise Review Relevant to Forensic Biology
Authors: Fowler JCS , Burgoyne LA , Scott AC , Harding HWJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The various classes of human repetitive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are described, with particular emphasis being given to their variation in the human genome. The significance of this information to forensic science is discussed.
Heroin, Morphine, and Hydromorphone Determination in Postmortem Material by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Sawyer WR , Waterhouse GAW , Doedens DJ , Forney RB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the simultaneous determination of heroin, morphine, and hydromorphone from postmortem tissues by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using electrochemical detection. This method permits the direct determination of unmetabolized heroin from antemortem or postmortem urine as evidence of illegal drug use. Presumptive confirmation of heroin was based on the ability to hydrolyze the HPLC heroin fraction to morphine. Heroin was also confirmed in urine by gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic (GC/MS) analysis of the HPLC fraction. Analysis of postmortem blood, gastric contents, urine, and injection site tissues have revealed the presence of morphine and hydromorphone, while heroin has only been identified in urine.
An Epidemic of Intravenous Narcoticism Deaths Associated with the Resurgence of Black Tar Heroin
Authors: Sperry K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the latter part of 1985, a dramatic rise in the number of illicit narcotic (heroin) related deaths in the State of New Mexico became apparent, and this increase persisted through the majority of the following year. A careful inspection of samples of narcotics found at the scenes of death, coupled with changes in the illicit drug traffic detected by local and state law enforcement agencies, revealed that the rising death rate corresponded with the distinctively increased availability of a form of heroin that is produced in Mexico, commonly termed “black tar” heroin. An analysis of heroin deaths, comparing characteristics of cumulative deaths in the six years before the increase with those deaths associated with the apparent epidemic, revealed several significant observations. These factors, along with the distinctive physical features of black tar heroin, suggest that the rise in the narcotic abuse death rate may be related to both unfamiliarity with this type of heroin on the part of the user and the inherent difficulty of diluting nonpowdered forms of the drug to sublethal levels.
Transmission and Reflectance Microspectrophotometry of Inks
Authors: Zeichner A , Levin N , Klein A , Novoselsky Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Various inks were shown to obey the Beer-Lambert Law as deposits on glass slides. However, spectra of ink traces on paper are subject to scattering and bronzing interferences which cause deviations from the law. Theoretical considerations and experimental results show that there is an inherent advantage of the transmission method over the reflectance method since the former does not suffer from bronzing interference. The deviations from the law may be considerably lower using transmission microspectrophotometry of single inked fibers in a mounting medium instead of the nondestructive transmission method because of large variations in the opacity of paper substrates. In any case, when measuring spectra of ink traces on paper, care must be taken when applying the Beer-Lambert Law to normalize spectra to eliminate concentration differences and substrate background contributions.
Evaluation of the Air Bubbles Present in Polyurethane Shoe Outsoles as Applicable in Footwear Impression Comparisons
Authors: Music DK , Bodziak WJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Polyurethane, an increasingly popular material in the manufacture of shoe outsoles, contains air bubbles which are visible on the surface of the outsole and which may become part of a footwear impression. How to weigh the significance of each air bubble when conducting an examination of these footwear impressions is discussed. The most common methods of manufacture of polyurethane outsoles and how each of these methods affect the resulting air bubble pattern are explained. A summary of the chemical, mechanical, and physical variables influencing the position and contour of these trapped air bubbles is given. These characteristics, alone or in conjunction with the traditional wear patterns and accidental characteristics acquired during the use of the shoe, can help the examiner form a stronger opinion toward the identification of the footwear.
Group Specific Component Subtyping in Bloodstains by Separator Isoelectric Focusing in Micro-Ultrathin Polyacrylamide Gels Followed by Immunoblotting
Authors: Alonso A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The identification of group specific component (Gc) subtypes derived from bloodstains by separator isoelectric focusing in micro-ultrathin polyacrylamide gels (interelectrode distance: 50 mm) containing 4.5 to 5.4 pharmalytes is described. The separation achieved between Gc 1F and Gc 1S bands is compared favorably with that obtained using separator isoelectric focusing in conventional polyacrylamide gels dimensions (interelectrode distance: 110 to 120 mm). The technique is rapid and economical, and the immunoblotting method described is more sensitive than immunofixation followed by silver staining.
ABH Antigen Typing in Bone Tissue
Authors: Lee HC , Gaensslen RE , Wayne Carver H , Pagliaro EM , Carroll-Reho J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Results obtained from the ABH grouping of bone tissues by the absorption-elution procedure and by a recently described two-dimensional absorption-inhibition procedure are reported. Neither the elution nor the inhibition procedure alone yielded uniformly correct results. A combination procedure consisting of the use of both absorption-elution and two-dimensional absorption-inhibition is proposed for bone ABH grouping. When elution and inhibition were used in combination, specimens yielding concordant results with both techniques were correctly grouped.
Rapid Confirmation of Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT®) Cocaine Positive Urine Samples by Capillary Gas-Liquid Chromatography/Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection (GLC/NPD)
Authors: Verebey K , DePace A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the confirmation of benzoylecgonine (BE) positive urine samples screened by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT®) assay. The procedure is performed by solvent extraction of BE from 0.1 or 0.2 mL of urine, followed by an aqueous wash of the solvent and evaporation. The dried residue was derivatized with 50 µL of pentafluoropropionic anhydride and 25 µL of pentafluoropropropanol at 90°C for 15 min. The derivatizing reagents were evaporated to dryness, and the derivatized BE, and cocaine if present, were reconstituted and injected into the gas chromatograph. The column was a 15-m by 0.2-mm fused silica capillary column, coated with 0.25 µm of DB-1, terminating in a nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD). Cocaine and the pentafluoro BE derivatives retention times were 3.2 and 2.6 min, respectively. Nalorphine was used as reference or internal standard with a retention time of 4.78 min. The complete procedure can be performed in approximately 1.5 h. The EMIT cutoff between positive and negative urine samples is 300 ng/mL of BE. The lower limit of sensitivity of this method is 25 ng of BE extracted from urine. Validation studies resulted in confirmation of 101 out of 121 EMIT cocaine positive urine samples that could not be confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This represents 84% confirmation efficiency.
Dates of Introduction of Specific Photocopy Machines
Authors: Crown DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The dates of introduction (DOI) of 1504 known photocopy machines/models using diffusion transfer, stabilization, thermal transfer, dye transfer, dual spectrum, indirect electrostatic, and direct electrostatic copy processes are detailed, when known. The DOIs are derived from published listings, yearly compilations of machines available, and publicity releases indicating relative availability.
Temporal Clustering of Heroin Overdoses in Washington, DC
Authors: Kalter HD , Ruttenber AJ , Zack MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the 5-day period from 28 Feb. 1985 through 4 March 1985, 24 heroin overdoses occurred in the District of Columbia. Statistical tests for clustering of fatal and nonfatal overdoses during this interval identified 7 heroin-related deaths that occurred on March 1 to 2 as a statistically significant cluster (p = 0.007). An extension of the analysis for clustering to a 15-month period identified 2 additional clusters, 1 of fatal overdoses and 1 of nonfatal ones. When all victims of fatal overdose in cluster intervals were combined and compared with all other heroin-related deaths, no significant differences were noted for levels of morphine or ethanol in blood. However, bile morphine concentrations of cluster decedents were significantly lower than those of noncluster decedents (p = 0.033), suggesting that these decedents were less tolerant to the effects of narcotics than the comparison group. Heroin concentrations in street-level heroin samples collected during clusters did not differ from those collected during comparison intervals. These data conflict with the traditional explanation of overdose clusters, which attributes these events to unusually potent street-level heroin.
Forensic Science Applications of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): V. Direct Analysis of Metallic Paints—Screening of Panels
Authors: Suzuki EM , Brown JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Direct sampling using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is particularly useful for rapidly screening metallic reference panels in some hit-and-run cases. For panels with finishes having high densities of metallic flakes, spectra identical to those obtained using conventional transmittance techniques may be obtained with DRIFTS and relatively minor spectral features may be used to distinguish between different topcoats. For panels with finishes having low densities of metallic flakes, information about the minor constitutents of the topcoat and the presence of specific pigments in the undercoats is also obtained in certain cases. These data, likewise, may serve to differentiate between different finish systems.
Comparison of Chemical Methods for Determining Postmortem Interval
Authors: Larry Sparks D , Oeltgen PR , Kryscio RJ , Hunsaker JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Accurate determination of postmortem interval (PMI) is a problem for the forensic thanatologist, especially in unwitnessed deaths. A number of objective chemical methods for determining PMI have been developed, the most widely used being accumulation of potassium in the vitreous humor. The authors previously have reported a chemical method for determining PMI from the predictable accumulation or clearance of the dopaminergic metabolite 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the putamen of the brain.
They have extended their previous study to compare directly the accuracy of determining PMI from the level of 3-MT in putamen with the level of potassium in vitreous humor. The data indicate that 3-MT is at least as accurate as, if not more accurate than, potassium accumulation in vitreous humor, although 3-MT levels can be affected by the cause of death and drugs present at the time of death. Nevertheless, determination of both the 3-MT and potassium levels can afford the most accurate method of determining PMI; preliminary nomograms for determining PMI from both variables are presented.
A Study of Sex Identification of Trace, Dried Bloodstains Using a Y-Chromosome-Specific Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Probe
Authors: He Z-N , Jiang X-H , Lu S-H , Wang G-L , Zhu Y-W , Wang S-W , Shen Y , Gao Q-S , Liu J-Z , Wu G-Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new method is discussed which examines trace, dried bloodstains by gel in situ hybridization using a Y-chromosome-specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe to determine the sex of the bloodstain for forensic medicine application. The complete DNA is transferred directly by electrophoresis onto the gel intact, bypassing the possibilities of impurities contaminating the sample and of DNA degradation. The method has proven accurate for small (2.5-mm-diameter) samples aged up to eight years and is quick, simple, and easily read.
Class Characteristics of Hispanic Writing in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Muehlberger RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Handwriting exemplars of Hispanic writers, who were born in a Latin American country and who now reside in the southeastern United States, were examined to discern class characteristics. Embellishments, pen-lifts, and variety of letter forms and writing movements were common features found in the handwriting of Hispanics. Although Hispanic writing reflected a “foreign” influence, determination as to the writer's country of origin was not possible.
Cocaine- and Methamphetamine-Related Deaths in San Diego County (1987): Homicides and Accidental Overdoses
Authors: Bailey DN , Shaw RF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cocaine- and methamphetamine-related homicides and fatal accidental overdoses in San Diego County were studied retrospectively for the 1987 calendar year. Cocaine was involved in 66 cases (39 homicides, 27 accidental overdoses), methamphetamine in 32 cases (23 homicides, 9 accidental overdoses), and a combination of cocaine and methamphetamine in 10 cases (4 homicides, 6 accidental overdoses). The composite for cocaine-related deaths was a 30-year-old black man in whom was also found at least 1 other drug, usually ethanol or morphine. The composite for methamphetamine-related deaths was a 32-year-old Caucasian man who used methamphetamine with at least 1 other drug (usually ethanol). For cases involving both cocaine and methamphetamine, the composite was a 36-year-old Caucasian man in whom was also found at least 1 other drug, usually ethanol, codeine, or morphine. Mean tissue concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine were significantly higher in accidental overdoses than in homicides except for cocaine concentrations in liver, which did not differ significantly between the two groups. For methamphetamine-related deaths there was no significant difference between mean tissue concentrations in accidental overdoses and in homicides. Cocaine or methamphetamine or both were involved in approximately one third of homicides in San Diego County in 1987, and when fatal accidental overdoses were included, cocaine was involved in twice as many cases as methamphetamine.
A Preliminary Classification of the Writing Elements of Chinese Characters
Authors: Hanna GA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chinese writing from 100 Asians who recently migrated to the United States was collected and intercompared to determine the frequency of handwriting characteristics. The general elements of handwriting form and execution were assessed in each sample. They include: system, style, size, slant, proportions, angularity, skill, speed, pressure, arrangement, spacing, and alignment. The basic strokes of Chinese characters are delineated, and the methods and application of foreign writing comparison are summarized.
Fatal Intoxication by Remoxipride
Authors: Segerberg-Konttinen M , Vuori E , Lukkari I , Penttilä A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The case history and toxicologic findings of a 23-year-old woman who committed suicide with Remoxipride are described. Remoxipride® is a recently developed neuroleptic drug of the benzamide type. Remoxipride was detected in the liver, stomach content, blood, and urine. The concentration of Remoxipride in the blood was 230 mg/L. The recommended therapeutic level for Remoxipride should not exceed 7 to 8 mg/L. The victim had no blood alcohol, but an ethanol concentration of 0.048 g/100 L was detected in the urine. The mechanism of death from Remoxipride intoxication is not known. In clinical studies, sinus bradycardia and infrequent supraventricular and ventricular ectopic beats have been noted.
The Differentiation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) from N-Methyl-N-Propyl and N-Butyl Amides of Lysergic Acid
Authors: Clark CC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The N-methyl-N-propyl, N-methyl-N-isopropy, N-butyl, N-isobutyl, N-sec-butyl and N-tert-butyl amides of lysergic acid were synthesized to determine the specificity of electron impact mass spectroscopy (EI/MS), when combined with other analytical techniques, for the identification of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). After separation of the C8 axial and equatorial isomers by preparative thin-layer chromatography, the amides were subjected to gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and EI/MS. EI/MS, when combined with other analytical techniques, is shown to be capable of differentiating LSD from any of the other compounds included in this study.
A Simple Laboratory Test for the Determination of the Chemical Form of Cocaine
Authors: Logan BK , Steve Nichols H , Stafford DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors describe a simple chemical test to determine whether a suspect specimen contains cocaine and if so whether it is present as free base cocaine or in a salt form. The distinction is based on the relative solubility of the two compounds in aqueous or organic solvent. The test, based on the widely accepted cobalt thiocyanate color reaction, is performed in three stages to make the interpretation as complete as possible.
Fatal Arrow Wounds
Authors: Hain JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two instances of fatal arrow wounds are described, one by a field-tip (target arrowhead), the other by a broadhead (large-game hunting arrowhead). The essential characteristics of the two types of wounds are discussed. In particular, the field-tip can closely simulate a bullet wound by causing a circular entrance hole with abraded margins, whereas the broadhead can create unusual radiating incised wounds.
Prevalence and Impact of Ethical Problems in Forensic Science
Authors: Saks MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The prevalence of ethical problems in the forensic sciences is difficult to discover because of the limited sources of this information. A clear understanding of ethical violations is essential to establish the extent to which justice is hindered by unethical conduct among forensic scientists and then to improve the ethical state of the profession by addressing these specific problems. Seven major classes of evidence of ethical conduct and examples of each are examined: proficiency testing studies, self-report surveys and focus groups, complaints to forensic science associations, court cases, content analysis of ethical codes, anecdotal data (news reports, the professional literature, and case studies), and circumstantial evidence. Three main categories of ethical problems emerged from the data: problems of competency, individual misbehavior, and problems of practicing science in an adversary system. There is a need for more studies and various data collections to improve understanding of ethical problems in the forensic sciences and to seek to ameliorate them.
A Review of Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives
Authors: Drucker F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is an exciting book. Written by two Special Agents of the FBI and a Professor of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, it presents in detail extensive data concerning 36 convicted, incarcerated sexual murderers. Primarily for law enforcement personnel, this volume provides an excellent perspective of criminal personality profiling, a technique developed by the FBI to help identify, apprehend, and convict violent criminal offenders. The authors demonstrate many ways in which these techniques have assisted in the apprehension, identification, and conviction of offenders. They show the social, environmental, and behavioral antecedents to sexual homicides; the relationship between the crime and the surroundings; the motivation leading to the criminal behaviors; and the factors assessed in legal and psychiatric investigations. These myriad elements ultimately cohere leading to criminal conviction and incarceration.
Studies on the Stability and Detection of Cocaine, Benzoylecgonine, and 11-Nor-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid in Whole Blood Using Abuscreen® Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Horton McCurdy H , Callahan LS , Williams RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A study was undertaken to assess the stability and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) detection of cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BZE), and 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in whole blood while stored in 4 different kinds of blood collection tubes for up to 30 days at refrigeration and room temperatures. At various intervals, the tubes were sampled and analyzed using Abuscreen® RIA. Also, semi-quantitative data derived from RIA analysis of forensic blood specimens were compared with quantitative data acquired using gas chromatography (GC) or GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on the same specimens. RIA and chromatographic studies revealed that BZE and THC-COOH were stable in blood under all conditions studied. Cocaine, however, was found not to be stable in blood, especially when stored at room temperatures. Despite cocaine's instability in blood, RIA was able to detect the presence of cocaine and its breakdown products in blood under all conditions studied.