bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients
Authors: Shafiee Gita , Mohajeri-Tehrani Mohammadreza , Pajouhi Mohammad , Larijani Bagher 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHypoglycemia is one of the most important complications of diabetes treatment. The risk of severe hypoglycemia is higher in elderly patients, those having comorbidities such as vascular disease or renal failure, pregnant women and in children with type 1diabetes. Moreover, in type 2 diabetes, progressive insulin deficiency, longer duration of diabetes, and tight glycemic control increase the risk of hypoglycemia as much as type 1 diabetes.Episodes hypoglycemia may lead to impairment of counter-regulatory system, with the potential of development of hypoglycemia unawareness. So, hypoglycemia may increase the vascular events even death in addition to other possible detrimental effects. Glycemic control should be individualized based on patient characteristics with some degree of safety. Recognition of hypoglycemia risk factors, blood glucose monitoring, selection of appropriate regimens and educational programs for healthcare professionals and patients with diabetes are the major issues to maintain good glycemic control, minimize the risk of hypoglycemia, and prevent long- term complications.
G-CSF-activated STAT3 enhances production of the chemokine MIP-2 in bone marrow neutrophils
Authors: Nguyen-Jackson Hoainam T , Li Haiyan S , Zhang Huiyuan , Ohashi Erika , Watowich Stephanie S 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
G-CSF stimulates the expression of the chemokine MIP-2 in mature neutrophils by a direct transcriptional mechanism dependent upon STAT3.
Neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow is a critical aspect of the innate immune response, enabling a rapid deployment of phagocytes to infected or inflamed tissue. The cytokine G-CSF, which is induced rapidly during infection, elicits a swift and potent mobilizing response, yet its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the role of G-CSF and its principal signal transducer STAT3 in regulating expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant MIP-2. Our studies revealed Gr-1hi mature neutrophils as major sources of Cxcl2 (MIP-2) mRNA in bone marrow and G-CSF-responsive MIP-2 protein production. Induction of Cxcl2 was regulated directly by G-CSF-activated STAT3 via interaction at a STAT consensus element in the Cxcl2 promoter. G-CSF coordinately stimulated the association of STAT3, induction of the transcriptionally active H3K4me3 modification, and recruitment of RNA Pol II at the Cxcl2 proximal promoter, as well as the promoter region of Il8rb, encoding the MIP-2 receptor. These results suggest that the G-CSF–STAT3 pathway directly regulates transcriptional events that induce neutrophil mobilization.
Hysteria, conversion and functional disorders: a neurological
contribution to classification issues
Authors: Reynolds Edward H. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryProposals by psychiatrists to reclassify conversion disorder in DSM-5 and
ICD-11 are proving difficult and controversial. Patients with conversion
disorder usually present initially to neurologists, who often use different
concepts and terminology. History and clinical practice suggest that the way
forward is to seek agreed principles and a common understanding between the
two disciplines, preferably in a single universal classification.
Do conflict-affected societies need
psychiatrists?
Authors: Silove Derrick 
Published: October 2012

SummarySymptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression
are prevalent among post-conflict populations worldwide but controversy
about the cultural meaning of these symptoms, particularly in relation to
PTSD, adds to the challenge for psychiatry in mounting appropriate
intervention programmes. Accumulating scientific evidence assists in guiding
the focus and scope of emergency mental health programmes, initiatives that
can become the vanguard of mental health development and reform for
countries recovering from conflict.
Psychotic experiences: disadvantaged and different from the
norm
Authors: van Os Jim 
Published: October 2012

SummaryStress-induced alterations in how a person attributes meaning to internal
and external stimuli may represent the first step in explaining how
population ethnic minority–majority interactions affect mental health.
Cross-context and diagnostic assumption-free research is required to
elucidate how the wider social environment interacts with personal
characteristics to increase expression of psychosis.
Importance of specialisation in psychiatric services: Commentary on … How did we let it come to this?
Authors: Killaspy Helen 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIn this issue, Dr Lodge makes a plea for continuity of care in the face of the increased specialisation of mental healthcare over recent years. However, continuity of care is not a straightforward concept and its relationship to clinical outcome is not established. The increased specialisation of mental healthcare reflects an evolving evidence base that has increased our understanding of mental illness and the treatments and delivery systems that are most effective. In other words, specialisation is the sign of a progressive field.
Role of Substance P in Renal Injury During DOCA-Salt Hypertension
Authors: Wang Youping , Wang Donna H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSubstance P (SP), a neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) agonist, is mainly produced and stored in primary sensory nerves and, upon its release, participates in cardiovascular and renal functional regulation. This study tests the hypothesis that activation of the NK-1Rs by SP occurs during hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt treatment, which contributes to renal injury in this model. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to uninephrectomy and DOCA-salt treatment in the presence or absence of administration of selective NK-1 antagonists, L-733,060 (20 mg/kg·d, ip) or RP-67580 (8 mg/kg·d, ip). Five weeks after the treatment, mean arterial pressure determined by the telemetry system increased in DOCA-salt mice but without difference between NK-1R antagonist-treated or NK-1R antagonist-untreated DOCA-salt groups. Plasma SP levels were increased in DOCA-salt compared with control mice (P &lt; 0.05). Renal hypertrophy and increased urinary 8-isoprostane and albumin excretion were observed in DOCA-salt compared with control mice (P &lt; 0.05). Periodic acid-Schiff and Masson's trichrome staining showed more severe glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury in the renal cortex in DOCA-salt compared with control mice, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Hydroxyproline assay and F4/80-staining showed that renal collagen levels and interstitial monocyte/macrophage infiltration were greater in DOCA-salt compared with control mice, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Blockade of the NK-1R with L-733,060 or RP-67580 in DOCA-salt mice suppressed increments in urinary 8-isoprostane and albumin excretion, interstitial monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis (P &lt; 0.05). Thus, our data show that blockade of the NK-1Rs alleviates renal functional and tissue injury in the absence of alteration in blood pressure in DOCA-salt-hypertensive mice. The results suggest that elevated SP levels during DOCA-salt hypertension play a significant role contributing to renal damage possibly via enhancing oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration of the kidney.
The role of nectins in different types of cell–cell adhesion
Authors: Rikitake Yoshiyuki , Mandai Kenji , Takai Yoshimi 
Published: October 2012

Summary
Mammalian tissues and organs are composed of different types of cells that adhere to each other homotypically (i.e. interactions between cells of the same cell type) or heterotypically (i.e. interactions between different cell types), forming a variety of cellular patterns, including mosaic patterns. At least three types of cell–cell adhesion have been observed: symmetric homotypic, asymmetric homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesions. Cadherins and nectins, which are known cell–cell adhesion molecules, mediate these cell adhesions. Cadherins comprise a family of more than 100 members, but they are primarily involved in homophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same cadherin members) between opposing cells. By contrast, the nectin family comprises only four members, and these proteins form both homophilic and heterophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same and different nectin members on opposing cells). In addition, heterophilic trans-interactions between nectins are much stronger than homophilic trans-interactions. Because of these unique properties, nectins have crucial roles in asymmetric homotypic cell–cell adhesion at neuronal synapses and in various types of heterotypic cell–cell adhesions. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the biology of nectins and discuss their roles in heterotypic cell–cell adhesions, whose formation cannot be solely explained by the action of cadherins.
The Effect of Tetraphenylphosphonium Chloride on Phase Behavior and Nanoscale Structures in a Mixture of D2O and 3-Methylpyridine
Authors: Sadakane Koichiro , Horikawa Yuka , Nagao Michihiro , Seto Hideki 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The effects of adding an “inversely antagonistic” salt, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (PPh4Cl), to a binary mixture of deuterated water and 3-methylpyridine were investigated by visual inspection and small-angle neutron scattering. With increasing salt concentration, the two-phase region shrinks and a charge density wave structure is induced, as in the case of adding a “normally antagonistic” salt, sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4), to the binary mixture. The concentration range of the periodic structure is narrower than that in the case of adding NaBPh4, and no ordered lamellar structure is observed in the present study.
Reverse Variation of Cloud Points of Light-responsive Assemblies of Azobenzene-modified Amphiphilic Polymers
Authors: Marie Emmanuelle , Tribet Christophe 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In water, cloud points are usually increased upon making the chain more polar in response to light exposure of photochrome side groups. We show here that a reverse response to light is obtained in azobenzene-modified amphiphilic polymers because of the formation of self-assemblies. We propose a model to calculate the cloud point accounting for the balance between inter- and intramolecular hydrophobic interactions. The principle illustrated in this study could help to tailor the polymer architecture for optimizing the magnitude of responses.
Colonoscopy and Colorectal Cancer Screening in Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Review of a Series of Cases and Recommendations for Examination
Authors: Fischer Leonard S. , Becker Andrew , Paraguya Maria , Chukwu Cecilia 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) frequently have comorbidities that might interfere with colonoscopy preparation and examination. In this article, the authors review their experience with colonoscopies performed from 2002 through 2010 on adults with IDD at a state institution to evaluate quality and safety of examinations and to formulate a plan to improve quality. In addition to IDD, these individuals had associated comorbidities, including digestive motility disorders and epilepsy. Results were compared with examinations performed in a random group of 40 adults without IDD examined between 2004 and 2008. The authors discovered a high rate of colonoscopy preparation failure and failed examinations in the IDD group. Preparation complications were also noted. The authors recommend careful preoperative evaluation of individuals with IDD and limiting colonoscopy to individuals who are able to tolerate preparation and comply with hydration.
Understanding Differences in Neurotypical and Autism Spectrum Special Interests Through Internet Forums
Authors: Jordan Chloe Jennifer , Caldwell-Harris Catherine L. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Special interests are frequently developed by individuals with autism spectrum disorder, expressed as an intense focus on specific topics. Neurotypical individuals also develop special interests, often in the form of hobbies. Although past research has focused on special interests held by children with autism spectrum disorder, little is known about their role in adulthood. The current study investigated differences in the content, number, and specificity of the special interests held by adult individuals with autism spectrum disorder and neurotypical individuals, using Internet discussion forums as a data source. Quantitative analysis of forum posts revealed significant differences between the diagnostic groups. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder reported having more interests in systemizing domains, more specific interests, and a greater number of interests overall than neurotypical individuals. Understanding special interests can lead to the development of educational and therapeutic programs that facilitate the acquirement of other important social and communication skills.
Strategies for Organizational Change from Group Homes to Individualized Supports
Authors: Walker Pam 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Organizations are increasingly looking to convert from facility-based services for adults with developmental disabilities to individualized supports. Such conversion involves not only a change in services but a transformation of organizational culture. This qualitative study involved four organizations that have made sustained efforts to transform. Although the approach taken by each organization was unique, there were also some common strategies, which included generating commitment to common values and mission, a turn or return to authentic person-centered planning, shifting power and control, using community supports and relationships, moving away from facility-based settings, and nurturing staff engagement. Ultimately, organizational change is an ongoing process that requires organizational perseverance and commitment.
Resistance and Resilience in a Life Full of Professionals and Labels: Narrative Snapshots of Chris
Authors: Van Hove Geert , Gabel Susan L. , De Schauwer Elisabeth , Mortier Kathleen , Van Loon Jos , Loots Gerrit , Devlieger Patrick , Roets Griet , Claes Lien 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article, the authors relate the life of Chris through narrative snapshots. Chris asked the authors to tell her story. They decided that it could be used to provide an insight into the different ways people with labels are confronted with professional practices and rituals.Although Chris lived a “tough life,” her story is full of resilience and resistance. Chris will be kept in the authors' memory as a strong woman, a teacher, and a friend.
Situating Sexual Violence in Rwanda (1990–2001): Sexual Agency, Sexual Consent, and the Political Economy of War
Authors: Bumet Jennie E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract:This article situates the sexual violence associated with the Rwandan civil war and 1994 genocide within a local cultural history and political economy in which institutionalized gender violence shaped the choices of Rwandan women and girls. Based on ethnographic research, it argues that Western notions of sexual consent are not applicable to a culture in which colonialism, government policy, war, and scarcity of resources have limited women's access to land ownership, economic security, and other means of survival. It examines emic cultural models of sexual consent and female sexual agency and proposes that sexual slavery, forced marriage, prostitution, transactional sex, nonmarital sex, informal marriage or cohabitation, and customary (bridewealth) marriages exist on a continuum on which female sexual agency becomes more and more constrained by material circumstance. Even when women's choices are limited, women still exercise their agency to survive. Conflating all forms of sex in conflict zones under the rubric of harm undermines women's and children's rights because it reinforces gendered hierarchies and diverts attention from the structural conditions of poverty in postconflict societies.
Introduction
Authors: Dewey Susan , Germain Tonia St. 
Published: October 2012

This special ASR forum, “The Case of Gender-Based Violence: Assessing the Impact of International Human Rights Rhetoric on African Lives,” grounds itself in the notion that gender relations (and, indeed, gendered social norms) can undergo significant transformation in zones of conflict or in other contexts of extreme socioeconomic and political instability. Individuals actively reconfigure moral landscapes of power and sexuality amidst the everyday chaos, violence, and deprivation that constitutes the experience of war for most people, thereby formulating new normative frame-works of appropriately gendered norms for social interaction and sexual expression. These norms, of course, are rather dramatically cross-cut, for all actors involved, by an extensive list of factors that include one's ethnolinguistic or religious affiliation, citizenship status, gender, and myriad other allegiances that are all too frequently brought to the fore by conflict or other forms of instability. War and instability, it seems, force individuals to think of themselves, and others, in ways that might not otherwise have seemed imaginable.The case studies in this issue are based upon research in Rwanda, Congo, Uganda, South Africa, and Liberia. One unifying theme is the frequency with which human rights rhetoric divorces conflict-related gender based violence from the peacetime normative framework. The authors illustrate the cultural restrictions and patriarchal oppression that encourage violence within different dimensions of the socioeconomic and political context (home, culture, political authority, economy, and military), and they analyze gender-based violence as a form of structural violence. Nonetheless, as Sharon Abramowitz and Mary Moran caution us, gender-based violence in conflict and postconflict zones is not simply an enhanced version of “traditional” gender oppression. We would be severely remiss, the authors remind us, to read conflict and crisis as culture.
Cognitive General Imagery: The Forgotten Imagery Function?
Authors: Westlund Nicole , Pope J. Paige , Tobin Danielle 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
It is well known that athletes use mental imagery for five different functions; motivational general-arousal (MG-A; arousal and stress) motivational general-mastery (MG-M; control, mental toughness, and self-confidence), motivational specific (MS; goal-oriented responses), cognitive general (CG; sport-specific strategies), and cognitive specific (CS; sport-specific skills; Hall et al., 1998; Paivio, 1985). While much research has been conducted on the MG-A, MG-M, MS, and CS imagery functions, there has not been as much focus on CG imagery. This is somewhat disheartening since various researchers have pointed out this issue many times (e.g., Hall, 2001). The purpose of this review was to examine the research conducted on CG imagery since the publication of Martin and colleagues’ (1999) applied model of imagery use. A literature search was conducted of published peer-reviewed journal articles using Proquest to identify all studies that have examined CG imagery. Forty-three articles were identified as relevant towards understanding the role of CG imagery in sport. The research findings were discussed in one of two sections depending on the type of study design used (e.g., descriptive/correlational study or imagery intervention). The strengths and weaknesses of the CG imagery studies are discussed. From this review, the authors hope to make researchers aware of the avenues that still need to be explored in regards to CG imagery, as well as provide researchers with potential approaches to answer such questions.
Applications of sub-wavelength grating mirrors in high-power lasers
Authors: Ahmed Marwan Abdou , Rumpel Martin , Voss Andreas , Graf Thomas 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A grating waveguide mirror (GWM) results from the combination of a waveguide and a sub-wavelength grating which lead, for given incidence conditions, to polarization and or wavelength filtering. In the present paper, we report on the application of such elements for the selection of the polarization (linear, radial, or azimuthal) as well as the narrowing, stabilizing and tuning of the emission spectrum of high-power lasers. Using a leaky-mode circular GWM, beams with radial and azimuthal polarization with output powers of up to 275 W and 145 W, respectively, could be extracted from a Yb:YAG thin-disk with optical efficiencies of 52.5% and 43%, respectively. In both cases, the GWM was composed of a highly reflective (HR) mirror and a sub-wavelength grating as the end-mirror of the resonator. Using a leaky-mode linear GWM operating under Littrow condition, beams with linear polarization and a narrow spectral bandwidth were obtained from a Yb:YAG thin-disk laser. In multimode operation, an output power of 325 W was achieved at an optical efficiency of 53.5%. In near-fundamental mode operation, 110 W was extracted at an optical efficiency of 36.2%. In this latter case, the spectral bandwidth was measured to be around 25 pm. Moreover, continuous wavelength tuning from 1007 to 1053 nm was demonstrated with our device.
Non-invasive prenatal diagnostics of aneuploidy using next-generation DNA sequencing technologies, and clinical considerations
Authors: Nepomnyashchaya Yana N. , Artemov Artem V. , Roumiantsev Sergey A. , Roumyantsev Alexander G. , Zhavoronkov Alex 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRapidly developing next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies produce a large amount of data across the whole human genome and allow a large number of DNA samples to be analyzed simultaneously. Screening cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) obtained from maternal blood using NGS technologies has provided new opportunities for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) of fetal aneuploidies. One of the major challenges to the analysis of fetal abnormalities is the development of accurate and reliable algorithms capable of analyzing large numbers of short sequence reads. Several such algorithms have recently been developed. Here, we provide a review of recent NGS-based NIPD methods as well as the available algorithms for short-read sequence analysis. We furthermore introduce the practical application of these algorithms for the detection of different types of fetal aneuploidies, and compare the performance, cost and complexity of each approach for clinical deployment. Our review identifies several main technologies and trends in NGS-based NIPD. The main considerations for clinical development for NIPD and screening tests using DNA sequencing are: accuracy, intellectual property, cost and the ability to screen for a wide range of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic defects. The cost of the diagnostic test depends on the sequencing method, diagnostic algorithm and volume of the tests. If the cost of sequencing equipment and reagents remains at or around current levels, targeted approaches for sequencing-based aneuploidy testing and SNP-based methods are preferred.