bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South Africa's Three Waves of Environmental Policy: (Mis)aligning the Goals of Sustainable Development, Environmental Justice and Climate Change
Authors: Patel Zarina 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThree distinct but overlapping policy objectives have influenced environmental policy, structures and processes in contemporary large South African cities: sustainable development, environmental justice and adapting and mitigating for climate change. These goals have been characterized here as three waves of urban environmental policy. This paper responds to the position that sustainability, justice and climate change interventions must be aligned. Despite the global and national commitment to this objective, evidence suggests that environmental injustices and a lack of environmental sustainability persist in all three waves, in spite of policy efforts. What's more is that these disjunctures are not confined to South Africa, or even the global south, but are experienced globally. The wisdom behind calls for aligning these objectives is therefore questioned through a review that illustrates that despite apparent similarities between the objective of addressing environment and development concerns, the motivations behind the three waves are distinct, as are the governance arrangements and structures and tools for implementation. By focusing on the distinctions between these three modes of environmental governance, this review provides a nuanced perspective on what it means to govern the environment at the urban scale.
Urban Photography/Cultural Geography: Spaces, Objects, Events
Authors: Hunt Mia A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractImage‐making is bound up in our experience of urban space. In artistic and academic practice, contemporary urban photography has critically reworked street photography traditions, embracing its energy and spontaneity, while inviting a more dialogic and reflexive approach. Although the use of urban photography has been somewhat limited in cultural geography research, the practice has enormous potential to complement and enhance contemporary enquiries in the field – particularly those that highlight feelings, experience, and textures of place and draw from more‐than‐representational approaches. A return to making urban photos also chimes with the current approaches that incorporate creative practice and performative methodologies to introduce uncertainty into research. Here, I consider what cultural geographers might gain by exploring city spaces, objects, and events through the lens. I focus not on the images themselves, but on the practice of doing urban photography and on what these images may do for research. In particular, photography may help evoke the feeling of place and its material richness. By focusing on urban microgeographies and by opening work to ambiguity and chance, geographers may create new space for interpretation. Attending to material with the camera also enables us to play with value and hierarchy and provokes the animation and agency of matter. Finally, as well as highlighting the matter of things, images can capture the matter of our own bodies caught up in events with the cities we inhabit. Urban photography offers a way of doing research that opens up city spaces, objects, and events, so we can better reflect on the complex textures, feelings, and experiences of urban space.
Prophylaxis with anti‐inhibitor coagulant complex improves health‐related quality of life in haemophilia patients with inhibitors: results from FEIBA NF Prophylaxis Study
Authors: Stasyshyn O. , Antunes S. , Mamonov V. , Ye X. , Epstein J. , Xiong Y. , Tangada S. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe Pro‐FEIBA study reported health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) improved following 6‐month of Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Activity (FEIBA) prophylaxis. This study investigates whether 12‐month of FEIBA prophylaxis improved HRQoL in haemophilia patients with inhibitors. Thirty‐six subjects in a 1‐year prospective, randomized, open‐label, parallel‐design study were randomized to prophylaxis (85 ± 15 U kg−1 every other day) or on‐demand treatment. HRQoL was assessed at screening, 6 and 12‐month termination using the EQ‐5D, Haem‐A‐QoL, Haemo‐QoL and a general pain visual analog scale (VAS). To evaluate changes, paired t‐tests and criteria for minimally important differences were applied. Repeated measures regression tested the association between annualized bleeding rate (ABR) and physical HRQoL. At 6 and 12 months, prophylaxis subjects reported clinically meaningful improvement in EQ‐5D index (mean improvement, 0.10 and 0.08, respectively) and both clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in EQ‐VAS scores (16.9 and 15.7, respectively; P < 0.05) vs. baseline. General pain was significantly reduced during prophylaxis at each follow‐up (mean improvement, 20.3 and 23.2, respectively; both P <0.05). At 12 months, prophylaxis subjects achieved significant improvements in Haem‐A‐QoL Total Score and in four domains: Physical Health, Feeling, View, and Work and School (all P < 0.05). No statistically significant changes, except for Haem‐A‐QoL Physical Health at 6 months, were observed with on‐demand treatment. ABR was decreased by 72.5% with prophylaxis vs. on‐demand treatment (P = 0.0003) and reduced ABR was associated with better physical HRQoL (P < 0.05). FEIBA prophylaxis significantly reduced ABR and improved HRQoL in inhibitor patients. Subjects with lower ABR reported better physical HRQoL.
Dermoscopic features of cutaneous melanoma are associated with clinical characteristics of patients and tumours and with MC1R genotype
Authors: Fargnoli M.C. , Sera F. , Suppa M. , Piccolo D. , Landi M.T. , Chiarugi A. , Pellegrini C. , Seidenari S. , Peris K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundSeveral algorithms are available for the dermoscopic diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. The MC1R gene is a key determinant of pigmentation characteristics that are established host‐related melanoma risk factors.ObjectivesTo investigate the association of dermoscopic features of sporadic cutaneous melanomas with clinical characteristics of patients and corresponding tumours and with genetic changes in the MC1R and BRAF genes.MethodsA total of 64 dermoscopic images of 62 patients were scored by ABCD rule and modified pattern analysis. Detailed patients' and melanomas' characteristics were collected. Patients were screened for germline MC1R variants and related melanomas for somatic V600 BRAF mutations.ResultsA lower total dermoscopic score (TDS) was observed in melanomas of patients with red hair (P = 0.019), due to reduced dermoscopic structures (P < 0.0001). Thicker melanomas showed higher TDS values (P = 0.021) due to sharper borders (P < 0.0001) and higher number of colors (P = 0.004). An atypical pigment network was prevalent in superficial spreading melanomas (P = 0.010), in individuals with dark skin (P = 0.043) and hair color (P = 0.001). An atypical vascular pattern was more frequent in nodular (P < 0.0001) and thick (P < 0.0001) melanomas, in individuals with skin type I‐II (P = 0.037), blond or red hair color (P = 0.032) and blue or green eyes (P = 0.014). Melanomas of MC1R R carriers showed lower TDS value (P = 0.037), reduced dermoscopic structures (P = 0.001) and lower prevalence of atypical pigment network (P = 0.001). No differences were identified between BRAF‐mutated or wild‐type melanomas.ConclusionsWe suggest a phenotypic/MC1R profile for melanoma patients and their tumours. Melanomas of MC1R R carriers show a significant lower TDS value, with reduced dermoscopic structures, and a lower prevalence of an atypical pigment network. Non‐carriers of MC1R R variants develop melanomas dermoscopically characterized by an atypical pigment network which is prevalent in superficial spreading melanomas, in patients with dark complexion and less frequent in red‐haired individuals.
Localization of BDNF expression in the developing brain of zebrafish
Authors: De Felice E. , Porreca I. , Alleva E. , De Girolamo P. , Ambrosino C. , Ciriaco E. , Germanà A. , Sordino P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is expressed in differentiating and post‐mitotic neurons of the zebrafish embryo, where it has been implicated in Huntington's disease. Little is known, however, about the full complement of neuronal cell types that express BDNF in this important vertebrate model. Here, we further explored the transcriptional profiles during the first week of development using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and whole‐mount in situ hybridization (WISH). RT‐qPCR results revealed a high level of maternal contribution followed by a steady increase of zygotic transcription, consistent with the notion of a prominent role of BDNF in neuronal maturation and maintenance. Based on WISH, we demonstrate for the first time that BDNF expression in the developing brain of zebrafish is structure specific. Anatomical criteria and co‐staining with genetic markers (shh, pax2a, emx1, krox20, lhx2b and lhx9) visualized major topological domains of BDNF‐positive cells in the pallium, hypothalamus, posterior tuberculum and optic tectum. Moreover, the relative timing of BDNF transcription in the eye and tectum may illustrate a mechanism for coordinated development of the retinotectal system. Taken together, our results are compatible with a local delivery and early role of BDNF in the developing brain of zebrafish, adding basic knowledge to the study of neurotrophin functions in neural development and disease.
39Ar‐40Ar chronology of the enstatite chondrite parent bodies
Authors: Hopp Jens , Trieloff Mario , Ott Uli , Korochantseva Ekaterina V. , Buykin Alexey I. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAr‐Ar isochron ages of EL chondrites suggest closure of the K‐Ar system at 4.49 ± 0.01 Ga for EL5 and 6 chondrites, and 4.45 ± 0.01 Ga for EL3 MAC 88136. The high‐temperature release regimes contain a mixture of radiogenic 40Ar* and trapped primordial argon (solar or Q‐type) with 40Ar/36ArTR ~ 0, which does not affect the 40Ar budget. The low‐temperature extractions show evidence of an excess 40Ar component. The 40Ar/36Ar is 180–270; it is defined by intercept values of isochron regression. Excess 40Ar is only detectable in petrologic types >4/5. These lost most of their primordial 36Ar from low‐temperature phases during metamorphism and retrapped excess 40Ar. The origin of this excess 40Ar component is probably related to metamorphic Ar mobilization, homogenization of primordial and in situ radiogenic Ar, and trapping of Ar by distinct low‐temperature phases. Ar‐Ar ages of EH chondrites are more variable and show clear evidence of a major impact‐induced partial resetting at about 2.2 Ga ago or alternatively, prolonged metamorphic decomposition of major K carrier phases. EH impact melt LAP 02225 displayed the highest Ar‐Ar isochron age of 4.53 ± 0.01 Ga. This age sets a limit of about 25–45 Ma for the age bias between the K‐Ar and U‐Pb decay systems.
Mid‐infrared study of stones from the Sutter's Mill meteorite
Authors: Nuevo Michel , Sandford Scott A. , Flynn George J. , Wirick Susan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Sutter's Mill meteorite fell in northern California on April 22, 2012. Several fragments of the meteorite were recovered, some of them shortly after the fall, others several days later after a heavy rainstorm. In this work, we analyzed several samples of four fragments―SM2, SM12, SM20, and SM30―from the Sutter's Mill meteorite with two infrared (IR) microscopes operating in the 4000–650 cm−1 (2.5–15.4 μm) range. Spectra show absorption features associated with minerals such as olivines, phyllosilicates, carbonates, and possibly pyroxenes, as well as organics. Spectra of specific minerals vary from one particle to another within a given stone, and even within a single particle, indicating a nonuniform mineral composition. Infrared features associated with aliphatic CH2 and CH3 groups associated with organics are also seen in several spectra. However, the presence of organics in the samples studied is not clear because these features overlap with carbonate overtone bands. Finally, other samples collected within days after the rainstorm show evidence for bacterial terrestrial contamination, which indicates how quickly meteorites can be contaminated on such small scales.
The antibacterial toxin colicin N binds to the inner core of lipopolysaccharide and close to its translocator protein
Authors: Johnson Christopher L. , Ridley Helen , Marchetti Roberta , Silipo Alba , Griffin David C. , Crawford Lucy , Bonev Boyan , Molinaro Antonio , Lakey Jeremy H. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryColicins are a diverse family of large antibacterial protein toxins, secreted by and active against Escherichia coli and must cross their target cell's outer membrane barrier to kill. To achieve this, most colicins require an abundant porin (e.g. OmpF) plus a low‐copy‐number, high‐affinity, outer membrane protein receptor (e.g. BtuB). Recently, genetic screens have suggested that colicin N (ColN), which has no high‐affinity receptor, targets highly abundant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instead. Here we reveal the details of this interaction and demonstrate that the ColN receptor‐binding domain (ColN‐R) binds to a specific region of LPS close to the membrane surface. Data from in vitro studies using calorimetry and both liquid‐ and solid‐state NMR reveal the interactions behind the in vivo requirement for a defined oligosaccharide region of LPS. Delipidated LPS (LPSΔLIPID) shows weaker binding; and thus full affinity requires the lipid component. The site of LPS binding means that ColN will preferably bind at the interface and thus position itself close to the surface of its translocon component, OmpF. ColN is, currently, unique among colicins in requiring LPS and, combined with previous data, this implies that the ColN translocon is distinct from those of other known colicins.
Early and Middle Adolescents' Reasoning About Moral and Personal Concerns in Opposite‐sex Interactions
Authors: Shaw Leigh A. , Wainryb Cecilia , Smetana Judith 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study examined how adolescents coordinate personal and moral concerns in reasoning about opposite‐sex interactions. Sixty‐four early and middle adolescents (Ms = 12.74, 16.05 years) were individually interviewed about two hypothetical situations involving opposite‐sex interactions (commenting on appearance, initiating a date), presented in four conditions that varied the salience of personal vs. moral concerns. Overall, participants viewed opposite‐sex interactions as harmless and acceptable in personal conditions, but as moral concerns became more salient, they were viewed more negatively, as less contingent on the target's response, and as entailing humiliation, coercion, and victimization. Age differences occurred primarily in reasoning about conditions entailing mixed‐personal and moral concerns. Implications for adolescents' understanding of harassment and victimization are discussed.
Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ produced by hypoxia and other depolarizing stimuli activates a non‐selective cation channel in chemoreceptor cells of rat carotid body
Authors: Kang Dawon , Wang Jiaju , Hogan James O. , Vennekens Rudi , Freichel Marc , White Carl , Kim Donghee 
Published: March 2014

Key points
Hypoxia is thought to depolarize glomus cells by inhibiting the outward K+ current, which sets in motion a cascade of ionic events that lead to transmitter secretion, increased afferent carotid sinus nerve activity and increased ventilation.
Our study of Na+‐permeable channels in glomus cells has revealed that hypoxia not only inhibits TASK background K+ channels but also indirectly activates a non‐selective cation channel with a single channel conductance of 20 pS. Under physiological conditions, the reversal potential of the cation channel is ∼ –28 mV, indicating that Na+ influx is also involved in hypoxia‐induced excitation of glomus cells.
Activation of the 20 pS cation channel is present when the O2 content is 5% or less, indicating that Na+ influx occurs during moderate to severe hypoxia (<5% O2), but not mild hypoxia (>5% O2).
The 20 pS cation channel is directly activated by a rise in intracellular Ca2+. Thus, factors that elevate intracellular Ca2+ such as hypoxia, extracellular acidosis and high external KCl all activate the cation channel. A feed‐forward mechanism may be present in which an initial depolarization‐induced rise in intracellular Ca2+ opens the Na+‐permeable cation channel, and the Na+ influx causes additional depolarization and influx of Ca2+ into glomus cells.
AbstractThe current model of O2 sensing by carotid body chemoreceptor (glomus) cells is that hypoxia inhibits the outward K+ current and causes cell depolarization, Ca2+ influx via voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels and a rise in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i). Here we show that hypoxia (<5% O2), in addition to inhibiting the two‐pore domain K+ channels TASK‐1/3 (TASK), indirectly activates an ∼20 pS channel in isolated glomus cells. The 20 pS channel was permeable to K+, Na+ and Cs+ but not to Cl− or Ca2+. The 20 pS channel was not sensitive to voltage. Inhibition of TASK by external acid, depolarization of glomus cells with high external KCl (20 mm) or opening of the Ca2+ channel with FPL64176 activated the 20 pS channel when 1 mm Ca2+ was present in the external solution. Ca2+ (10 μm) applied to the cytosolic side of inside‐out patches activated the 20 pS channel. The threshold [Ca2+]i for activation of the 20 pS channel in cell‐attached patches was ∼200 nm. The reversal potential of the 20 pS channel was estimated to be −28 mV. Our results reveal a sequential mechanism in which hypoxia (<5% O2) first inhibits the K+ conductance and then activates a Na+‐permeable, non‐selective cation channel via depolarization‐induced rise in [Ca2+]i. Our results suggest that inhibition of K+ efflux and stimulation of Na+ influx both contribute to the depolarization of glomus cells during moderate to severe hypoxia.
Neurotransmitters act as paracrine signals to regulate insulin secretion from the human pancreatic islet
Authors: Rodriguez‐Diaz Rayner , Menegaz Danusa , Caicedo Alejandro 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this symposium review we discuss the role of neurotransmitters as paracrine signals that regulate pancreatic islet function. A large number of neurotransmitters and their receptors has been identified in the islet, but relatively little is known about their involvement in islet biology. Interestingly, neurotransmitters initially thought to be present in autonomic axons innervating the islet are also present in endocrine cells of the human islet. These neurotransmitters can thus be released as paracrine signals to help control hormone release. Here we propose that the role of neurotransmitters may extend beyond controlling endocrine cell function to work as signals modulating vascular flow and immune responses within the islet.
Remote auditing of radiotherapy facilities using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters
Authors: Lye Jessica , Dunn Leon , Kenny John , Lehmann Joerg , Kron Tomas , Oliver Chris , Butler Duncan , Alves Andrew , Johnston Peter , Franich Rick , Williams Ivan 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:On 1 July 2012, the Australian Clinical Dosimetry Service (ACDS) released its Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter (OSLD) Level I audit, replacing the previous TLD based audit. The aim of this work is to present the results from this new service and the complete uncertainty analysis on which the audit tolerances are based.Methods:The audit release was preceded by a rigorous evaluation of the InLight® nanoDot OSLD system from Landauer (Landauer, Inc., Glenwood, IL). Energy dependence, signal fading from multiple irradiations, batch variation, reader variation, and dose response factors were identified and quantified for each individual OSLD. The detectors are mailed to the facility in small PMMA blocks, based on the design of the existing Radiological Physics Centre audit. Modeling and measurement were used to determine a factor that could convert the dose measured in the PMMA block, to dose in water for the facilityˈs reference conditions. This factor is dependent on the beam spectrum. The TPR20,10 was used as the beam quality index to determine the specific block factor for a beam being audited. The audit tolerance was defined using a rigorous uncertainty calculation. The audit outcome is then determined using a scientifically based two tiered action level approach. Audit outcomes within two standard deviations were defined as Pass (Optimal Level), within three standard deviations as Pass (Action Level), and outside of three standard deviations the outcome is Fail (Out of Tolerance).Results:To‐date the ACDS has audited 108 photon beams with TLD and 162 photon beams with OSLD. The TLD audit results had an average deviation from ACDS of 0.0% and a standard deviation of 1.8%. The OSLD audit results had an average deviation of −0.2% and a standard deviation of 1.4%. The relative combined standard uncertainty was calculated to be 1.3% (1σ). Pass (Optimal Level) was reduced to ≤2.6% (2σ), and Fail (Out of Tolerance) was reduced to >3.9% (3σ) for the new OSLD audit. Previously with the TLD audit the Pass (Optimal Level) and Fail (Out of Tolerance) were set at ≤4.0% (2σ) and >6.0% (3σ).Conclusions:The calculated standard uncertainty of 1.3% at one standard deviation is consistent with the measured standard deviation of 1.4% from the audits and confirming the suitability of the uncertainty budget derived audit tolerances. The OSLD audit shows greater accuracy than the previous TLD audit, justifying the reduction in audit tolerances. In the TLD audit, all outcomes were Pass (Optimal Level) suggesting that the tolerances were too conservative. In the OSLD audit 94% of the audits have resulted in Pass (Optimal level) and 6% of the audits have resulted in Pass (Action Level). All Pass (Action level) results have been resolved with a repeat OSLD audit, or an on‐site ion chamber measurement.
Antibacterial Activity of Pepducins, Allosterical Modulators of Formyl Peptide Receptor Signaling
Authors: Winther Malene , Gabl Michael , Oprea Tudor I. , Jönsson Bodil , Boulay Francois , Bylund Johan , Dahlgren Claes , Forsman Huamei 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
Pepducins containing a fatty acid linked to an amino acid sequence derived from cytosolic parts of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) constitute a new group of lipopeptide tools in GPCR studies. Pepducins corresponding to the third intracellular loop of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) activate human neutrophils, and we show here that, in addition, these allosteric modulators of receptor activity also kill bacteria. The functional dualism of FPR2 pepducins could potentially be explored as a novel class of antibacterial drugs with immunomodulatory properties.