bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Comprehensive Care Bundle on Management of Candidemia
Authors: Antworth Allen , Collins Curtis D. , Kunapuli Anjly , Klein Kristin , Carver Peggy , Gandhi Tejal , Washer Laraine , Nagel Jerod L. 
Published: January 2013

Study ObjectiveTo analyze the impact of a comprehensive care bundle directed by an antimicrobial stewardship team (AST) on the management of candidemia.DesignSingle‐center, quasi‐experimental study.SettingA 930‐bed academic hospital.PatientsSeventy‐eight patients with candidemia were evaluated; 41 patients received the candidemia care bundle (AST group), and 37 did not (historical control group).Measurements and Main ResultsA candidemia care bundle was developed by an interdisciplinary AST, incorporating key elements from the Infectious Diseases Society of America's Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Candidemia. The AST made prospective recommendations in accordance with the care bundle. Bundle elements were utilization of appropriate antifungal agents with appropriate duration of use, removal of intravenous catheters, repeat blood cultures, monitoring of time until clearance of candidemia, and performance of ophthalmologic examinations. Compliance with all candidemia care bundle elements was significantly higher in the AST group versus the control group (78.0% vs 40.5%, p=0.0016). Implementation of the care bundle significantly improved rates of ophthalmologic examination (97.6% vs 75.7%, p=0.0108), selection of appropriate antifungal therapy (100% vs 86.5%, p=0.0488), and compliance with an appropriate duration of therapy (97.6% vs 67.7%, p=0.0012). In addition, the AST group had fewer excess total days of therapy beyond the recommended duration than the control group (5 vs 83 total antifungal days). Length of hospitalization (20 vs 21 days, p=0.9184), time until clearance of candidemia (3 vs 3 days p=0.610), rate of persistent candidemia (22% vs 40.5%, p=0.126), and rate of recurrent candidemia (4.9% vs 5.4%, p=0.916) were similar in the AST group versus the control group.ConclusionA comprehensive candidemia care bundle directed by our institution's AST improved the management of patients with candidemia. We encourage further exploration into the use of care bundles by ASTs as part of their multifaceted approach to promoting appropriate antimicrobial utilization and optimizing the management of patients with infectious diseases.
Recovery from chronic factitious disorder (Munchausen's syndrome): a personal account
Authors: Bass Christopher , Taylor Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis case report provides an account by a patient (with permission) of chronic factitious disorder and the factors that led to recovery. Such accounts are extremely rare in the literature. This account also throws into sharp focus current controversies in the classification of factitious disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Socio‐Technical Challenges of Finland's Nuclear Waste Policy: Discussion of the Techno‐Scientific Community on the Geological Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Litmanen Tapio , Kojo Matti , Nurmi Anna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe objective of the paper is to study different views on the future challenges that the geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) will encounter. We investigate how engineers, natural scientists, representatives of the nuclear industry, regulators, and laypersons from non‐governmental organizations perceive the remaining socio‐technical challenges for implementing geological disposal by examining discussions in a professional magazine covering nuclear waste management issues. The paper focuses on the post‐site selection phase associated with the planned disposal facility at Olkiluoto in Finland. This phase (between 1999 and 2010) represents the period after the nuclear waste management company Posiva submitted the Decision‐in‐Principle (DiP) application for the final disposal facility for SNF in 1999 and the ratification of the DiP regarding the final disposal of SNF by the Finnish Parliament in May 2001. The paper provides a theoretical elaboration of the term socio‐technical that will lay the foundation for empirical analysis as well as a brief overview of the state of affairs regarding the Finnish SNF management program. Results show that market actors were clearly the most active players in defining and discussing final disposal. Qualitative analysis identified six kinds of socio‐technical challenges: socio‐technical regime challenges, social acceptance challenges, knowledge challenges, safety challenges, construction challenges, and flexibility challenges.
Why the Department of Homeland Security Needs an Office of Net Assessment
Authors: Forrest Patrick , Hilliker Alex 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Department of Homeland Security (DHS) continues to search for a distinct “added value” within the national security community. Statute requires DHS to lead on various security‐related programs and activities for which the Department frequently lacks sufficient analytical capacity. The authors argue that establishing an Office of Net Assessment (ONA) at DHS would bring much needed analytical capacity to the Department's planning efforts and provide a distinct and significant contribution to U.S. security efforts. The DHS ONA work product would be diagnostic as opposed to prescriptive, providing DHS leadership with substantive future threat assessments necessary to conduct long‐term strategic planning and address vulnerabilities within the homeland security enterprise. The Department could, in turn, share this original information with other members of the homeland security enterprise to better prioritize and focus their short‐term and long‐term security and planning efforts.
Fischer–Tropsch conversion of biomass‐derived synthesis gas to liquid fuels
Authors: Lillebø Andreas Helland , Holmen Anders , Enger Bjørn Christian , Blekkan Edd Anders 
Published: January 2013

Recent and ongoing research on Fischer–Tropsch catalysts for biomass conversion typically focus on the effects of impurities common in bio‐derived synthesis gas, and also on the effect of different synthesis gas compositions expected from biomass gasifiers. Cobalt and iron catalysts share the sensitivity toward some, but not all of the impurities. The most profound difference is the strong negative effect of alkali, alkaline earth, and nitrogen containing compounds on cobalt catalysts while these impurities have a negligible or no effect on iron catalysts. CO2 appears to mainly act as a diluent in cobalt‐based processes while iron catalysts respond differently to this component depending on catalyst design. In particular, iron catalysts containing Al2O3 as a structural promoter display a high stability, C5+ selectivity, and activity in CO2 rich synthesis gas.This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Comparing Outcomes Between Side‐to‐Side Anastomosis and Other Anastomotic Configurations After Intestinal Resection for Patients with Crohn’s Disease: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Guo Zhen , Li Yi , Zhu Weiming , Gong Jianfeng , Li Ning , Li Jieshou 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundAnastomotic configurations may be a predictor of postoperative recurrence for Crohn’s disease. One previous meta‐analysis showed side‐to‐side anastomosis was associated with fewer anastomotic leaks but did not reduce postoperative recurrence rates. After 2007, more articles that found distinct results were published. We aimed to update the meta‐analysis comparing outcomes between side‐to‐side anastomosis and other anastomotic configurations after intestinal resection for patients with Crohn’s disease.MethodsA literature search that included PubMed, EMBASE, the Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify studies up to May 2012. Trials comparing side‐to‐side anastomosis with other anastomotic configurations for Crohn’s disease were analyzed. Sensitivity analysis and heterogeneity assessment were also performed.ResultsEleven trials compared side‐to‐side with other anastomotic configurations were included. Overall, results showed a significant reduction in the overall postoperative complications [n = 777; odds ratio (OR) = 0.60; P = 0.01], but side‐to‐side anastomosis did not reduce the anastomotic leak rate (n = 879; OR = 0.48; P = 0.07), complications other than anastomotic leak (n = 777; OR = 0.72; P = 0.13), endoscopic recurrence rates [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.73; P = 0.07], symptomatic recurrence rates (HR = 0.74; P = 0.20), and reoperation rates for recurrence (HR = 0.37; P = 0.06). Sensitivity analysis including two randomized controlled trials found no significant differences in short‐term complications between the two groups. Sensitivity analysis including nine trials comparing only stapled side‐to‐side anastomosis with other anastomotic configurations showed stapled side‐to‐side anastomosis could reduce reoperation rates (HR = 0.38; P = 0.01).ConclusionsSide‐to‐side anastomosis did not reduce short‐term complications and postoperative recurrence for Crohn’s disease. Stapled side‐to‐side anastomosis may lead to fewer reoperations needed for recurrence. Further randomized, controlled trials should be conducted for confirmation of recurrent events.
Bovine tuberculosis and badgers in Britain: relevance of the past
Authors: ATKINS P. J. , ROBINSON P. A. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThe European badger (Meles meles) has been identified as a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis and a source of transmission to cattle in Britain and Ireland. Both behavioural ecology and statistical ecological modelling have indicated the long-term persistence of the disease in some badger communities, and this is postulated to account for the high incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle across large tracts of England and Wales. This paper questions this consensus by using historical cartographic evidence to show that tuberculosis in cattle had a very different spatial distribution before 1960 to the present day. Since few of the badgers collected in road traffic accidents between 1972 and 1990 had tuberculosis in counties such as Cheshire, where the disease had until shortly before that been rife in the cattle population, the role of badgers as reservoirs in spreading disease in similar counties outside the south-west of England has to be questioned.
Pathogenesis of listeriosis during pregnancy
Authors: Poulsen Keith P. , Czuprynski Charles J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractListeria monocytogenescauses several clinical manifestations in humans and domestic animals. This bacterium is a saprophyte in soil and ensiled feeds, which are sources of infection for food producing animals (i.e. ruminants). The most common route of infection for people is via ingestion of contaminated ready-to-eat food products such as produce, soft cheeses and deli meats. In the United States,L. monocytogenescauses relatively few cases of clinical disease compared to other food-borne pathogens. However, clinical listeriosis is associated with high mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, neonates, and the elderly.Listeriais an intracellular pathogen, which has been widely used in basic research to elucidate mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis and protective cell-mediated immunity. Despite the sizeable knowledge onL. monocytogenespathogenesis, key points regarding listeriosis during pregnancy and the perinatal period remain unknown. This review summarizes listeriosis in humans and domestic animals during pregnancy, and animal models used to study the pathogenesis and immune response toL. monocytogenesinfection during these periods.
Veränderung subjektiver Kompetenzeinschätzungen von Lehramtsstudierenden im Praxissemester
Authors: Gröschner Alexander , Schmitt Cordula , Seidel Tina 
Published: January 2013

Im Rahmen der Reform der Lehrerausbildung in Deutschland sind Praxisphasen und die Gestaltung der Lernbegleitung Studierender während dieser Phasen besonders im Blick. Dabei fehlen bislang Analysen von Zusammenhängen zwischen der Lernbegleitung und den Kompetenzeinschätzungen von Lehramtsstudierenden in Praxisphasen. Die Studie untersucht die Veränderung subjektiver Kompetenzeinschätzungen von Lehramtsstudierenden und betrachtet Zusammenhänge dieser mit der wahrgenommenen Lernbegleitung im Rahmen eines Praxissemesters. Hierzu wurden N = 221 Lehramtsstudierende vor und nach einem Praxissemester schriftlich befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen systematische Zusammenhänge zwischen der universitären Lernbegleitung und den Veränderungen in den Kompetenzeinschätzungen der Studierenden. Insbesondere die wahrgenommene Lernbegleitung in den universitären Begleitseminaren stellt einen Prädiktor für die Zuwächse in den Kompetenzselbsteinschätzungen während des Praxissemesters dar.
Der subjektive Wert von Schule in Abhängigkeit vom verbalen und mathematischen Selbstkonzept
Authors: Kessels Ursula , Steinmayr Ricarda 
Published: January 2013

Ausgehend von der aktuellen Betonung von – vor allem auf verbalen Kompetenzen basierenden – Schlüsselkompetenzen in der Schule untersucht die Studie erstens, ob das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept (FSK) im verbalen Bereich mit einer höheren Wertschätzung für Schule einhergeht als die Einschätzung der eigenen mathematischen Begabung, und zweitens, ob der Befund, dass Mädchen der Schule einen höheren Wert zuschreiben als Jungen, zum Teil darauf zurückgeführt werden kann, dass Mädchen ein höheres verbales Selbstkonzept haben. In einer Stichprobe von N = 630 Schülerinnen und Schülern der gymnasialen Oberstufe (Alter M = 17.0 Jahre) zeigte sich, dass das FSK Deutsch mit dem der Schule zugeschriebenen Wert korrelierte, nicht aber das FSK Mathematik. Mädchen hielten Schule für nützlicher, interessanter und wichtiger als Jungen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Geschlecht und dem Wert von Schule wurde durch das FSK Deutsch partiell mediiert. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund des derzeit geringeren Bildungserfolges von Jungen und dem Nachwuchsmangel in den MINT-Fächern diskutiert.
PARRICIDE: BASIC FACTS AND LITERATURE
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines killings of parents (mothers and fathers combined) and stepparents (stepmothers and stepfathers combined). Special attention is focused on parricides and stepparricides involving youths under 18, females, multiple offenders, and multiple victims. It also includes a discussion of research involving double parricides (the killing of both parents) and familicides (the killing of parents and other family members, such as siblings). Analyses of thousands of parricide cases in the United States over a 32-year period indicated that adult males predominated in parricide and stepparricide incidents. Their rate of involvement was even higher in multiple-victim killings involving parents and stepparents. A higher percentage of juveniles than of adults was involved in multiple-offender parricides. Girls who killed parents often had accomplices. In fact, the percentages of juvenile and adult females involved in multiple-offender situations involving both parents and stepparents were higher than those for their male counterparts.
Defending Parricide Offenders
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses defense strategies in parricide cases. It highlights the importance of the early involvement of mental health professionals in helping defense lawyers understand the dynamics that lead sons or daughters to kill their parents. It explains the law of self-defense, with special attention to battered child syndrome (BCS), given its relevance to youths who kill their abusive parents. Parallels between battered woman's syndrome and BCS are examined. The chapter concludes with a review of other mental health status defenses, most notably the insanity defense. Adult parricide offenders are more likely to be found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) than adolescents. NGRI judgments are more common among adult parricide offenders than younger parricide offenders because adults who kill parents are more likely than their adolescent counterparts to have a documented history of severe mental illness and to be delusional at the time of the killing.
Peter Jones
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the case of Peter Jones, a 17-year-old white male from a lower-middle-class background, who was arrested within five hours of killing his father. He shot his father twice in the back of the neck and once just behind the ear with a .22 caliber rifle as the man sat watching television in the middle of the night. It describes the assessment of Peter based on a six-hour clinical interview and a review of numerous case materials. This homicide represents the most common type of adolescent parricide: the abused child who has been pushed beyond his or her limits. Peter was raised in a home with an alcoholic father. His recollections of his life before the homicide indicated that he had witnessed spouse abuse, other extreme forms of physical violence, and verbal abuse. He was himself a victim of physical and verbal abuse, physical and emotional neglect, and emotional incest.
Daniel Culbreath
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the case of Daniel Culbreath, a 20-year-old who was convicted for shooting his parents. It presents the assessment of Daniel based on a six-and-a-half-hour evaluation conducted in jail about nine months after his arrest, and another evaluation six years later when he was 27 years old and housed in a medium-security prison. Daniel believes that the idea of killing his parents often popped into his mind, was rehearsed in conversations with friends, was fantasized about during arguments with his parents, and later exploded into reality when he erupted into rage.
Simple Heuristics: The Foundations of Adaptive Social Behavior
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Hoffrage Ulrich 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter shows how simple heuristics can be an essential tool for navigating the complexities and vagaries of social environments. The research program on the nature of social rationality presented here can be summarized by the following theses: As perceived by the human mind, the social world (Umwelt) is complex, but not necessarily more complex than the nonsocial world. However complex the social world may be, its complexity does not require cognitive complexity; rather, it entails conditions that make simple heuristics indispensible, such as intractability, multiple competing goals, and incommensurable reasons. Much of reasoning and decision making occurring in human and animal social environments can be modeled in terms of simple heuristics. Although simple heuristics forgo extensive information search and complex calculations, they can be as accurate and even more accurate than more complex strategies and/or can be used to reach other goals that are valued in social environments (e.g., transparency, fairness, speed). Heuristics can be simultaneously successful and simple by coopting evolved capacities. The capacities themselves can represent complex adaptive specializations (e.g., memory, movement tracking). Simple heuristics per se are neither rational nor irrational. Their rationality is ecological. That is, their performance depends on the match between the architecture of the heuristic and the structure of the environment in which it is used. The heuristics' simplicity inoculates them against overfitting and enables them to achieve robust performance given small samples of information. Simple heuristics can model adaptive decision making both in games against nature and in social games. There is no social intelligence distinct from nonsocial intelligence. Simple heuristics are tools of moderate generalizability. Some can be used only in games against nature, whereas others are restricted to social games. Still other heuristics can be applied in both types of games. Shedding light on the adaptive toolbox of simple heuristics used to navigate social environments, and characterizing their strengths and weaknesses, can help us design environments and/or heuristics in ways that improve public welfare.
Trust-Your-Doctor: A Simple Heuristic in Need of a Proper Social Environment
Authors: Wegwarth Odette , Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany health decisions appear so complex and inscrutable that laypersons may feel the best solution for making a right decision to be “trust your doctor.” Although applying this heuristic may have been rational in the past when access to information was limited, in today's modern world full of advanced science, statistics, and books, it may not always be rational. Using the dual-mode model of trust (Siegrist, Earle, & Gutscher, 2003), this chapter defines requirements in which the “trust-your-doctor” heuristic would and would not be socially rational and subsequently investigated whether these requirements are met in the current environment of health decision making. This chapter focuses on decisions about cancer screening because these do not involve hurry or pain, and evidence on the effectiveness of several screening tests exist. The investigation makes obvious that mere trust in doctors is often not justified, given that many doctors do not know basic facts about screening and some of their decisions are not free of conflicting interests. When investigating the alternative strategy of patients searching for health information on their own, however, the chapter finds it to be unjustified as well, because health-related pamphlets and web sites designed for patients often provide misleading and unbalanced information about screening. To solve this dilemma, the chapter suggests different ways of how to redesign the health environment so that applying the heuristic “trust-your-doctor” when making health decisions can become socially rational again.
Writing with Scissors
Authors: Gruber Garvey Ellen 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Men and women 150 years ago grappled with information overload by making scrapbooks—the ancestors of Google and blogging. From Abraham Lincoln to Susan B. Anthony, African American janitors to farmwomen, abolitionists to Confederates, people cut out and pasted down their reading. This book opens a new window into the feelings and thoughts of ordinary and extraordinary Americans. Like us, nineteenth-century readers spoke back to the media, and treasured what mattered to them. The book reveals a previously unexplored layer of American popular culture, where the proliferating cheap press touched the lives of activists and mourning parents, and all who yearned for a place in history. Scrapbook makers documented their feelings about momentous public events such as living through the Civil War, mediated through the newspapers. African Americans and women's rights activists collected, concentrated, and critiqued accounts from a press that they did not control to create “unwritten histories” in books they wrote with scissors. Whether scrapbook makers pasted their clippings into blank books, sermon collections, or the pre-gummed scrapbook that Mark Twain invented, they claimed ownership of their reading. They created their own democratic archives. The book argues that people have long had a strong personal relationship to media. Like newspaper editors who enthusiastically “scissorized” and reprinted attractive items from other newspapers, scrapbook makers passed their reading along to family and community. This book explains how their scrapbooks underlie our present-day ways of thinking about information, news, and what we do with it.