bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimal Geografical Units (MGU): a new model for injury Geografical Units (MGU) in Costa Rica health surveillance
Authors: Marvin C , Leandra A , Roy W , Guiselle R , Xiomara B , Luis V , Gloria S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe need to standardise geographical analysis of the injuries reported by the National Surveillance System has led to development of georeferencing tools nonexistent in our health systems.ObjetiveDevelop tools for georeferencing of injury to strengthen the geographical analysis of the data and the identification of risk areas.MethodsMGU were established from the new cartography national 2011, were standardised MGU of a canton in Costa Rica. It was validated in the field with the primary care technicians (PCT). Was implemented in one canton with high rates of injuries. Were trained PCT and others of institutions involved in the prevention and control of injury using arcview, google earth and microsoft excel.ResultsWe developed a geographic analysis tool in Goicoechea, geocoding in 951 MSU (2%) of the all country. It validated the geographic information system with the health centres. Georeferencing the traffic accidents, all types of violence in Goicoechea. We identified three sectors with high-risk and other with medium and low risk, facilitating the monitoring of these events to community level and strengthen decision making and the implementation of strategies.Contribution to the FieldSuch as surveillance and management of injuries is often complex these opportunity to identify geographically these events facilitates the development of strategies community and local teams, improving the scope for prevention and control. One limitation observed in the process was the lack of knowledge of people in the use of digital geographic tools. It is recommended to advance the process to complete throughout the country.
Understanding accident causation in led outdoor activities: development of an accident analysis framework
Authors: Salmon PM , Goode N , Lenné MG , Finch C , Cassell E 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn Australia, injury-causing accidents during led outdoor activities are currently problematic; however, the industry's understanding of accidents is limited and the surveillance systems required to enhance it do not exist. This paper describes the development of a new accident analysis framework for led outdoor activities.AimsThe aim of this research was to develop a new accident analysis framework for led outdoor activities.MethodsDevelopment of the framework was informed by three activities:1. An analysis of existing led outdoor activity incident data;2. A review of the accident causation literature; and3. A review of existing accident analysis methods.The framework was then tested through analysis of a series of led outdoor activity incidents.ResultsThe newly developed accident analysis framework comprises taxonomies of causal factors across the following led outdoor activity ‘system’ levels: Government policy and budgeting, Regulatory bodies and associations, Local area government planning and budgeting and company management, technical and operational management, physical processes and actor activities, and equipment and environment (Rasmussen, 1997). The test applications demonstrate that the framework can be used to identify causal factors across all levels of the led outdoor activity system.Contribution to the FieldThe new accident analysis framework provides a theoretically driven, structured methodology for analysing led outdoor activity accidents. Application of the framework will increase the sector's understanding of accidents, which in turn will support development of more informed and effective countermeasures. The long term contribution will therefore be a reduction in accident and injury rates.
Does pedestrian safety video education influence children's pedestrian route selection: results from a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Shen J , Mcclure L , Johnston A , Schwebel D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPedestrian injuries are a leading cause of paediatric injury. One aspect of pedestrian safety is selection of safe routes across roads. Children often select routes based on expedience but not safety.AimsTest efficacy of video-based training on safe pedestrian route selection for children ages 7–8.MethodsAs part of a larger study, 240 children were randomly assigned to one of four groups: video training, virtual reality (VR) training, streetside training, control. Videos included instructions on selecting safe crossing routes; other groups received training in different aspects of pedestrian safety (VR, streetside) or no training (control). All training groups received six 30-minute sessions.A story task evaluated route selection skills before and after interventions. Children heard four brief vignettes accompanied by graphic representations of streetside locations, then selected preferred crossing routes from three options: distant crosswalk (safest), directly across street without crosswalk (less safe), diagonally across intersection (riskiest).ResultsAmong children trained by video, the percentage selecting the safest route in all scenarios increased 56% post-training. For VR, streetside training and control groups, comparable increases were 9%, 19%, −33%. One-way ANCOVA (IV: condition; DV: post-training score; covariates: age, pre-training scores) yielded significant results,F(3211)=3.46, p<0.05. Post-hocs confirmed video group (M=1.85) scored safer post-training than VR (M=2.13, p<0.01) or controls (M=2.06, p<0.05), plus trend with streetside training (M=2.01, p=0.09).SignificanceVideo education apparently teaches children safer pedestrian route selection than control groups. It is inexpensive and easy-to-implement, and warrants broad dissemination.
Trends of road traffic accidents in Cameroon between 2007 and 2011
Authors: Sobngwi J , Taniform P , Lagarde E 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInsufficient valid statistics is a hindrance to the development and implementation of targeted and appropriate interventions to tackle the problem of road traffic accidents (RTAs) in the developing world.AimsTo undertake a descriptive study of frequency and characteristics of RTAs in Cameroon, from 2007 through 2011.MethodsWe compiled and analysed data from messages of accident reports transmitted by all the traffic police units of the country to the police headquarters. Such messages are transmitted mostly for intercity accidents representing 86% of all reports. The source data comprise the type of crash, type of conflict, the number of people injured and the number of death.ResultsBetween 2007 and 2011, the trends in RTA were erratic with 15% increase of killed and 20% of injured in 2008 compared to 2007 and a 13–17% drop in 2009. In 2011, while the number of crashes markedly dropped by 47%, the fatality rate of recorded accidents increased by 40%. Detailed analysis of year 2010 data shows that on average the fatality rate was 58 death/100 accidents, which is at least 10-fold higher than in most developed countries. The most vulnerable road users (VRU) are pedestrians and 2-wheel users representing 27% and 35% of death respectively. In fact, 22% of the recorded accidents involve a car and a pedestrian.SignificanceOn average, at least four people per day are killed on Cameroon roads. The saw tooth evolution of RTA numbers and fatality reflect the insufficiency of prevention policy. Efforts to preserve the most VRU are warranted.
Thinking about quality in qualitative injury prevention research—does having different researchers collect data for the same study impact on the quality of the research?
Authors: Stewart J , Kendrick D , Leighton P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn medical/health research it is increasingly recognised that whilst we may build evidence about what works using quantitative methods, we need to use qualitative methods to work out how best to implement it. Qualitative research is increasingly incorporated into injury research, which is frequently carried out by teams, working in different areas of the same country/different countries. However, evidence is emerging that different researchers, collecting data for the same qualitative, study can impact on the quality of the research.AimTo explore the impact of different researchers collecting data for the same semi-structured qualitative interview research study being undertaken as part of a large multi-centre programme of injury prevention research in the UK.MethodsSemi-structured interviews undertaken with researchers working on the study explored what shaped the researchers approach to qualitative interviewing and the diversity of interview techniques. Framework analysis is ongoing.ResultsData were collected from five researchers. Researchers had different perceptions of what was most important to explore in the interview, took different approaches to what they told participants about themselves whilst interviewing and to checking what the interviewee was saying. Further work includes exploring the outcome of the interviews undertaken by the different researchers assessing the impact on the data collected.Contribution to the FieldQualitative research is an emerging method in injury prevention research. Using the example of current injury prevention research, this work offers insights into maintaining/ensuring the quality of qualitative data collected by multiple researchers.
Collecting Road Traffic Injury (RTI) data: barriers and enablers experienced by research personnel
Authors: Shailaja Tetali , Lakshmi Josyula , Shivam Gupta , Gururaj Gopalakrishna 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPrimary and Secondary data pertaining to two risk factors, helmets and alcohol, were collected as part of the Road Safety (RS-10) project in Hyderabad, India. Observational studies, road side interviews, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted. Preliminary results indicate low helmet use, presence of drunk driving and poor road infrastructure. We encountered numerous enablers and barriers during data collection.ObjectivesTo describe and categorise the experiences faced by the research personnel, during the initial round of Road Traffic Injury (RTI) data collection, in Hyderabad.MethodsDocumentation of research personnel's experiences through field notes, personal discussions, verification of data collection forms, and observation of data collection mechanisms by the chief investigator, through surprise field visits.ResultsExperiences of data collectors were categorised as barriers and enablers.Barriers included:(i) Physical environment—heat, rain, dust, risk of injury, traffic noise, pollution through vehicular emissions.(ii) Administrative—difficulty in accessing different authorities, delays in receiving permissions.(iii) Operational—gender bias in law enforcement, lack of female police personnel, inter-personal conflicts with road users, incomplete information in secondary data sources.Enablers were:(i) Pro-active involvement of some high level government administrators.(ii) Organised documentation by a medical records officer during hospital surveillance.(iii) Involvement of a few committed police officers.SignificanceThis field based observational study will offer insights to be borne in mind when RTI data collection is planned in similar settings. It offers learnings about accounting for these kinds of barriers and harnessing the enablers during data collection.
A comparative study of mortality data for all causes and unintentional injuries between Japan and other developed countries
Authors: Uchiyama Y , Tanaka T , Ishii H. , Matsuda H , Ikemi Y , Eto T 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIt is true that Japan is one of the lowest infant mortality countries in the world. However unintentional injury is the leading cause of death, as in other developed countries. This trend has been true for more than 30 years, so unintentional injury death has received much attention in Japan recently.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine Japanese mortality data for all causes and unintentional injury among developed countries.MethodsCompare Japanese mortality data for all causes and unintentional injuries with 13 developed countries, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and USA. These mortality data are available from World Health Statistics Annual.ResultsAs a consequence of comparison, mortality rate for all causes of death among under 1-year-old, 5–14 year olds, 55–64-year-olds, 65–74-year-olds and over 75-year-olds in Japan are almost lowest in these developed countries. However, unintentional injury death rates for these age groups are not so low.Also, mortality rate for all causes of 1–4-year-olds and unintentional Injury death of under 1-year-old, 55–64-year-olds and 65–74-year-olds in Japan are higher than the average mortality rate of 13 advanced countries.SignificanceThese maybe caused by Japanese insufficient emergency care system and structure, and lack of injury prevention materials. Also, it is necessary for Japanese to spread the knowledge of first aid for injury.
Community based Epidemiological study of injury in India
Authors: Verma Pramod Kumar 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundWHO, SEARO sponsored this study to find various epidemiological factors of injury before planning preventive strategies.ObjectiveTo find various epidemiological factors of injury.MethodsThis is a retrospective 1-year descriptive epidemiological study of various types of injuries among 30 554 population of Delhi.Results2232 injuries were observed with Annual incidence Rate (IR) 73.1/1000 population. The injuries were more among under 5 years of age (IR90.7) followed by age group of 5–25 years (48%), 25–45 age group (28%). Males had double incidence (IR94.9) as compared to females (IR47.6). Incidence of injury was more among lower educated group (primary education IR79.6), as compared to educated (postgraduate group IR66.1). Business group most affected (IR95) followed by labour class IR(92.9) and least among housewives (IR52.1). Limbs (IR37.4 lower limbs and IR27.3 upper limbs) were most often injured. Head injuries were more common among fall (179 followed by mechanical injury (36) and homicidal injuries (14). Superficial injuries were most common (IR 51.3) followed by fracture (14.1%) and concealed injuries (13.6%). In case of traffic injuries, crush injuries (96 cases) were more common. Fall (832 cases) was most common followed by traffic injury (680 cases). Both injuries account for 69% of total cases. 69% injuries occurred during routine work, 20.47% during recreation activities, 3.9% due to hurry and 2.4% due to fatigue after work.SignificanceBased on the epidemiology of injury, specific risk population/risk factors can be identified and accordingly preventive measures can be planned for community.
Simplified injury severity scale for developing countries
Authors: Verma Pramod Kumar 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIncidence of injury widely varies because researcher uses own criteria for including minor/major injury. AIS is not applicable among community/without diagnosis.ObjectiveTo prepare Simplified Injury Severity Scale (SISS)MethodsVarious severity-related physiological and anatomical variables included and graded according to its effect on severity of injury.Simplified Injury Severity Scale (SISS): Age of the injured victim: 0–5 year(1), 6–25 years(2), 26–50 years(3),>50 years(4).Part of the body injured: Limbs(1), Abdomen/Pelvis(3), Thorax/Chest(4), Head/ Neck/ multiple/ whole body(5).Type of Injury: Superficial(4), Deep(8).Level of consciousness after injury: Normal(0), dizziness(4), Drowsiness(8), Unconscious(10).Duration of deterioration of consciousness: Momentary(2), <1 h (4), 1–24 h(8),>24 h (10).Amount of bleeding after injury/type of treatment/ systolic BP: Minimum bleeding without I/V fluid or>100(0), Moderate bleeding with I/V fluid or 100 to 80(4), Severe bleeding with transfusion or <80(8).No. of days of hospitalisation/work affected: Nil(0),<1 day(2), 1–3 days(4), 4–7 days(6), 8–15 days(8), 16–30 days(10), >30(12)Type of treatment availed: Nil(0), Outdoor(2), Indoor(4), Major operation(6), Intensive ward(8).Outcome after treatment: Normal(0), scarring(2), Disfigurement(4), Disability not affect routine work(6), Disability affect routine work(8), Incapable(10).Total scoring for injury severity: No Injury(<10), Minor Injury(10–20), Moderate(20–35), Severe(35–50), Critical(50–60), Maximum Injury(>60).ResultsCommunity based study shows 18% no injury, 41% minor injury, 32% moderate injury, 8% severe injury, 0.5% critical injury and 0.5% maximum injury. 185 injured victims in hospital show 2.7% minor injury, 8.6% moderate injury, 34.6% severe injury, 41.1% critical injury and 13% maximum injury.SignificanceThis is very useful in developing countries with the advantage of it being simple, specific and effective.
Burden of fatal and hospitalised injury in Fiji: findings from a population-based injury surveillance system
Authors: Wainiqolo I , Kafoa B , Kool B , Herman J , McCaig E , Ameratunga S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDespite estimates indicating high-rates of injuries in low-and middle-income countries, population-based data from Pacific Island nations are scant.Aim/Objectives/PurposeTo describe the epidemiology of injury-related deaths and hospitalisations in Fiji.MethodsThe Fiji Injury Surveillance in Hospitals (FISH) database prospectively collected data on all injury deaths and primary admissions to hospital (≥12 h stay) in Viti Levu, Fiji during a 12-month period (October 2005–September 2006).Results/OutcomesThe 2233 injury cases identified corresponded to an annualised incidence rate of 343/100 000. Eighty percent of cases were aged less than 45 years, and males had twice the injury rate of females. Most injuries (73.8%) were unintentional. Among intentional injuries, assaults were highest amongst Fijians and self harm injuries highest amongst Indians. The crude rates of death and hospitalisation were 37.8 and 316 per 100 000 population, respectively. Among the 246 fatalities (71% of whom died before hospitalisation), the leading causes were road traffic injury (28%) and hanging (25%), with the principal injury most commonly noted to be asphyxia or head injury. Among the 2059 hospital admissions, the leading causes were falls (30%) and being struck by a person or object (23%); fractures and open wounds were the commonest types of injury. Alcohol was considered a contributing factor in at least 12% of injury events.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis study has identified the high risk groups of fatal and serious non-fatal injuries that can guide the development of national strategies and help prioritise monitoring, evaluation and research strategies to address injury hazards and determinants.
Methodological studies on injury comprehensive surveillance
Authors: Wang Y , Wang LH 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundBesides National Injury surveillance System, there are many data system in China can provide information about injury epidemic.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo explore the method of integrated utilisation of multi injury data resource in China.MethodsCurrent surveillance systems, as well as community survey, were used to collect the data about epidemic situation of injury. Mortality, prevalence of hospitalisation caused by injury, prevalence of outpatient caused by injury, and prevalence of injury without clinic treatment, were used to describe the overall view of the epidemic of injury.Results/OutcomesInjury Pyramids were generated for the two sites. For Site-1, when there was one death case caused by injury, there would be seven inpatients, 176 outpatients, and 416 injury cases with clinical treatment. For Site-2, when there was one death case caused by injury, there would be 12 inpatients, 103 outpatients, and 352 injury cases without clinical treatment.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe injury comprehensive surveillance system can be established on the base of National Injury Surveillance System, current death surveillance system, inpatient medical record system, and community survey.
Increasing seat belt use in the Russian context: tailored social marketing campaign and concerted strengthened enforcement
Authors: Zambon F , Hyder A , Ma S , Peden M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSeat-belt wearing is the single most effective road safety measure a car occupant can take to prevent deaths and injury. However its use in the Russian Federation remains low.AimsTo increase seat-belt use in Lipetsk Region (1,2 million inhabitants).MethodsUnder the framework of the projectRoad Safety in 10 Countries,WHO implemented a large social marketing campaign and worked in collaboration with police officers to strengthen enforcement on seat-belt wearing. Qualitative research was conducted to explore the public's motivations behind wearing or not wearing seat-belts. Based on these results, the campaign targeted the following audiences: youth, families and businessmen. For each target group a series of video and radio clips were tested through focus groups under the campaign motto ‘Do not break the line of life’. The social marketing campaign was launched on World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims in 2010 and was followed by a series of public relation initiatives which ran for 40 days and repeated on a regular basis thereafter. During the campaign, enforcement operations by police officers were increased 10-fold compared to pre-campaign measures.ResultsThe baseline wearing rates of 56% for drivers and 46% for passengers in October 2010 (pre-campaign measures) reached the level of 65% and 54% in February 2011 and steadily increased afterwards to 75% and 70% in December 2011.SignificanceTailored campaigns based on sound research in connection with concerted strengthened enforcement by police officers represented a successful way to increase seat-belt use in the Russian context.
External causes of injuries in Tehran, Iran: a household survey
Authors: Zangi M , Mohammadi R , Saadat S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjuries continue to be significant health problems and leading causes of death and disability in many populations.AimsA household survey was conducted to determine the external causes of injuries among people living in Tehran, Iran.MethodsUsing cluster random sampling approach, a household survey was conducted in April 2007, seeking information about external causes and severity of injuries occurred within families in past Persian year. External causes were classified according to ICD-10 and analysed using SPSS 16.ResultsOut of 9173 household participants, 765 ones (8.3%) had injuries with male to female ratio of 0.54 : 1 during the past Persian year. Injuries occurred mostly due to ‘exposure to the inanimate mechanical forces’, while the second and third causes were ‘contact with heat or hot substances’ and ‘falls’, respectively. When it comes to required attention injuries, the incidence rate was 175.5 per 10 000 person per year with male to female ratio of 2.37 : 1 and mostly associated with ‘falls’ and ‘transport accidents’. Exposure to inanimate mechanical forces and also burns mostly occurred among middle aged women at home and leaded to open wounds and superficial burns respectively. Young boys were more vulnerable to falls which mostly took place at home and sport places and frequently resulted in superficial injuries and fractures. Traffic accidents mostly took place among middle aged men and leaded to fractures and superficial injuries.Contribution to the FieldThe priority in injury prevention programme should be given based on common external causes and to traffic and home injuries.