bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and self‐assembly of thermoresponsive block‐graft fluoropolymer as well as its tunable wettability surface
Authors: Jiang Bingyan , Pang Hao 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThermo‐responsive block‐graft fluoropolymer is synthesized and investigated the self‐assembly morphology and the tunable wettability surface on cotton fabric by dip‐coating into the micelles with different temperatures. Well‐defined block‐graft copolymer is prepared by click chemistry with poly(hexafluorobutyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PHFBMA‐b‐PGMA) and homopolymer poly(N‐isopropylacrylate) with alkyne on main chain (Alkynyl‐PNIPAM) to synthesize final block‐graft polymer PHFBMA‐b‐(PGMA‐g‐PNIPAM). The thermo‐responsive behaviors of block‐graft polymer prove that the diameter for fluoropolymer micelle is about 50–70 nm with uniform sphere shape at room temperature and bigger and broader at 40 °C. The surface of cotton fabric processed in micelle solution at room temperature is smooth and has good hydrophobic property, while it has the hydrophilic property dipped in high temperature micelle solution. This work may give valuable guidance for fabricating a facile strategy to establish controllable wettability surfaces on different substrates, which is a promising candidate for the coating materials and industrial fields. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 992–1002
Impact of Spodoptera frugiperda neonate pretreatment conditions on Vip3Aa19 insecticidal protein activity and laboratory bioassay variation
Authors: Da Silva Karen F , Spencer Terence A , Camargo Gil Carolina , Siegfried Blair D , Walters Frederick S 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDVariation in response to insecticidal proteins is common upon repetition of insect bioassays. Understanding this variation is a prerequisite to detecting biologically important differences. We tracked neonate Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) susceptibility to Vip3Aa19 over 17 generations using standardized bioassay methods. Five larval pretreatment conditions and one bioassay condition were tested to determine whether susceptibility was affected. These included: storage time; prefeeding; storage at reduced temperature; storage at reduced humidity; colony introgression of field‐collected individuals. Extremes of photoperiod during the bioassay itself were also examined.RESULTSLC50 values for two strains of S. frugiperda varied 6.6‐fold or 8.8‐fold over 17 generations. Storage time and humidity had no impact on Vip3Aa19 susceptibility, whereas prefeeding significantly reduced subsequent mortality (by 27%). Storage at reduced temperature increased mortality for one colony (from 45.6 to 73.0%) but not for the other. Introgression of field‐collected individuals affected susceptibility at the first generation but not for subsequent generations. A 24 h bioassay photophase significantly reduced susceptibility (by 26%) for both colonies.CONCLUSIONCertain pretreatment and bioassay conditions were identified that can affect S. frugiperda Vip3Aa19 susceptibility, but innate larval heterogeneity was also present. Our observations should help to increase the consistency of insecticidal protein bioassay results. © 2015 Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Functional joint regeneration is achieved using reintegration mechanism in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Tsutsumi Rio , Yamada Shigehito , Agata Kiyokazu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA functional joint requires integration of multiple tissues: the apposing skeletal elements should form an interlocking structure, and muscles should insert into skeletal tissues via tendons across the joint. Whereas newts can regenerate functional joints after amputation, Xenopus laevis regenerates a cartilaginous rod without joints, a “spike.” Previously we reported that the reintegration mechanism between the remaining and regenerated tissues has a significant effect on regenerating joint morphogenesis during elbow joint regeneration in newt. Based on this insight into the importance of reintegration, we amputated frogs’ limbs at the elbow joint and found that frogs could regenerate a functional elbow joint between the remaining tissues and regenerated spike. During regeneration, the regenerating cartilage was partially connected to the remaining articular cartilage to reform the interlocking structure of the elbow joint at the proximal end of the spike. Furthermore, the muscles of the remaining part inserted into the regenerated spike cartilage via tendons. This study might open up an avenue for analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint regeneration using Xenopus.
Satellite RNA pathogens of plants: impacts and origins—an RNA silencing perspective
Authors: Wang Ming‐Bo , Smith Neil A. 
Published: October 2015

Viral satellite RNAs (satRNAs) are among the smallest RNA pathogens in plants. They have little or no protein‐coding capacity but can have a major impact on the host plants through trilateral interactions with helper viruses and host plants. Studies around the 1980s revealed much of what we know about satRNAs: they can affect helper virus accumulation, modulate helper virus‐induced disease symptoms, and induce their own symptoms with the assistance of helper viruses which depend on specific nucleotide sequences of their genome and host species. The molecular basis of these satRNA‐caused impacts and the origin of satRNAs have yet to be fully understood and revealed, but recent understanding of the antiviral RNA silencing pathways and advancement in RNA and DNA sequencing technologies have provided new avenues and opportunities to examine these unanswered questions. These RNA silencing‐based studies have revealed the existence of cross silencing between some satRNAs and helper viruses, the downregulation of helper virus‐encoded suppressor (VSR) of RNA silencing or inhibition/enhancement of VSR activity by satRNAs, the silencing of host‐encoded genes by satRNA‐derived small interfering RNA (siRNAs), and the presence of satRNA‐like small RNAs in uninfected host plants. These findings have provided alternative RNA silencing‐based models to explain the pathogenicity and origin of satRNAs. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:5–16. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1311This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Les couples non-mariés ont-ils des droits ? Comment juristes, intellectuels et journalistes ont construit l’affaire Éric c Lola
Authors: Biland Emilie , Schütz Gabrielle 
Published: October 2015

RésuméPortant sur une affaire relative aux droits des couples non mariés qui agite le Québec depuis 2009, cet article compare son traitement par les tribunaux, l’expertise académique et la presse. S’inspirant du cadre d’analyse de la « forme affaire », il étudie le processus par lequel ce conflit privé hors-normes devient un problème public, mobilisant une rhétorique des droits, en l’occurrence celui des couples non mariés à être traités également aux couples mariés. Son analyse discute les travaux sur la « politique des droits », en interrogeant les conditions de succès des stratégies judiciaires pour la réduction des inégalités, dans un contexte où la mise à l’agenda échappe en large part aux mouvements sociaux, en particulier féministes. Les luttes définitionnelles entre les fractions des élites issues des trois espaces sociaux étudiés construisent de nouveaux cadres cognitifs et moraux d’appréhension des droits des conjoints de fait, rendant pensable le changement social.
A waterborne norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in a school, eastern China
Authors: ZHOU N. , ZHANG H. , LIN X. , HOU P. , WANG S. , TAO Z. , BI Z. , XU A. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYIn late 2014, a gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in a school in Shandong Province, eastern China. Hundreds of individuals developed the symptoms of diarrhoea and vomiting. Epidemiological investigation showed that food consumption was not linked to this outbreak, and unboiled direct drinking water was identified as the independent risk factor with a relative risk of 1·37 (95% confidence interval 1·03–1·83). Furthermore, examination of common bacterial and viral gastroenteritis pathogens was conducted on different specimens. Norovirus GI.1, GI.2, GI.6, GII.4, GII.6 and GII.13 were detected in clinical specimens and a water sample. GII.4 sequences between clinical specimens and the water sample displayed a close relationship and belonged to GII.4 variant Sydney 2012. These results indicate that direct drinking water contaminated by norovirus was responsible for this gastroenteritis outbreak. This study enriches our knowledge of waterborne norovirus outbreaks in China, and presents valuable prevention and control practices for policy-makers. In future, strengthened surveillance and supervision of direct drinking-water systems is needed.
First records of small-sized young giant squid Architeuthis dux from the coasts of Kyushu Island and the south-western Sea of Japan
Authors: Wada Toshifumi , Kubodera Tsunemi , Yamada Morihiko , Terakado Hiroyoshi 
Published: October 2015

Three individuals of small, young giant squidArchiteuthis duxwere caught in or near Japanese coastal waters during April–June 2013. The first occurrence of a young individual of 140.8 mm dorsal mantle length with a total weight of 44.81 g was recorded on the coast off Uchinoura, Kagoshima, Kyushu Island, southern Japan. The remaining two young individuals, both measuring 332.0 mm in dorsal mantle length with total weights of 390.63 and 356.95 g respectively, were caught on the coast off Hamada, Shimane, south-western Sea of Japan. Most morphological traits of all the specimens were consistent with those ofA. dux, which was supported by further genetic analysis. Here we present some morphological traits of young giant squids with morphometric data and photographs.
Electromechanical oscillations in bilayer graphene
Authors: Benameur Muhammed M. , Gargiulo Fernando , Manzeli Sajedeh , Autès Gabriel , Tosun Mahmut , Yazyev Oleg V. , Kis Andras 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNanoelectromechanical systems constitute a class of devices lying at the interface between fundamental research and technological applications. Realizing nanoelectromechanical devices based on novel materials such as graphene allows studying their mechanical and electromechanical characteristics at the nanoscale and addressing fundamental questions such as electron–phonon interaction and bandgap engineering. In this work, we realize electromechanical devices using single and bilayer graphene and probe the interplay between their mechanical and electrical properties. We show that the deflection of monolayer graphene nanoribbons results in a linear increase in their electrical resistance. Surprisingly, we observe oscillations in the electromechanical response of bilayer graphene. The proposed theoretical model suggests that these oscillations arise from quantum mechanical interference in the transition region induced by sliding of individual graphene layers with respect to each other. Our work shows that bilayer graphene conceals unexpectedly rich and novel physics with promising potential in applications based on nanoelectromechanical systems.
Spatiotemporal progression of metastatic breast cancer: a Markov chain model highlighting the role of early metastatic sites
Authors: Newton Paul K , Mason Jeremy , Venkatappa Neethi , Jochelson Maxine S , Hurt Brian , Nieva Jorge , Comen Elizabeth , Norton Larry , Kuhn Peter 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Background:
Cancer cell migration patterns are critical for understanding metastases and clinical evolution. Breast cancer spreads from one organ system to another via hematogenous and lymphatic routes. Although patterns of spread may superficially seem random and unpredictable, we explored the possibility that this is not the case.

Aims:
Develop a Markov based model of breast cancer progression that has predictive capability.

Methods:
On the basis of a longitudinal data set of 446 breast cancer patients, we created a Markov chain model of metastasis that describes the probabilities of metastasis occurring at a given anatomic site together with the probability of spread to additional sites. Progression is modeled as a random walk on a directed graph, where nodes represent anatomical sites where tumors can develop.

Results:
We quantify how survival depends on the location of the first metastatic site for different patient subcategories. In addition, we classify metastatic sites as “sponges” or “spreaders” with implications regarding anatomical pathway prediction and long-term survival. As metastatic tumors to the bone (main spreader) are most prominent, we focus in more detail on differences between groups of patients who form subsequent metastases to the lung as compared with the liver.

Conclusions:
We have found that spatiotemporal patterns of metastatic spread in breast cancer are neither random nor unpredictable. Furthermore, the novel concept of classifying organ sites as sponges or spreaders may motivate experiments seeking a biological basis for these phenomena and allow us to quantify the potential consequences of therapeutic targeting of sites in the oligometastatic setting and shed light on organotropic aspects of the disease.
Substitute sweeteners: diverse bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases with unique N-glycosylation site preferences
Authors: Ollis Anne A. , Chai Yi , Natarajan Aravind , Perregaux Emily , Jaroentomeechai Thapakorn , Guarino Cassandra , Smith Jessica , Zhang Sheng , DeLisa Matthew P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe central enzyme in the Campylobacter jejuni asparagine-linked glycosylation pathway is the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), PglB, which transfers preassembled glycans to specific asparagine residues in target proteins. While C. jejuni PglB (CjPglB) can transfer many diverse glycan structures, the acceptor sites that it recognizes are restricted predominantly to those having a negatively charged residue in the −2 position relative to the asparagine. Here, we investigated the acceptor-site preferences for 23 homologs with natural sequence variation compared to CjPglB. Using an ectopic trans-complementation assay for CjPglB function in glycosylation-competent Escherichia coli, we demonstrated in vivo activity for 16 of the candidate OSTs. Interestingly, the OSTs from Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter upsaliensis, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio gigas and Desulfovibrio vulgaris, exhibited significantly relaxed specificity towards the −2 position compared to CjPglB. These enzymes glycosylated minimal N-X-T motifs in multiple targets and each followed unique, as yet unknown, rules governing acceptor-site preferences. One notable example is D. gigas PglB, which was the only bacterial OST to glycosylate the Fc domain of human immunoglobulin G at its native ‘QYNST’ sequon. Overall, we find that a subset of bacterial OSTs follow their own rules for acceptor-site specificity, thereby expanding the glycoengineering toolbox with previously unavailable biocatalytic diversity.
Evaluation and Validation of the Detection of soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1 by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Hasibeder Astrid , Stein Pamela , Brandwijk Ricardo , Schild Hansjörg , Radsak Markus P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTriggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 plays an important role in innate immune responses and is upregulated under infectious as well as non-infectious conditions. In addition, a soluble TREM-1 variant (sTREM-1) is detectable in sera or bronchoalveolar-lavage fluids from patients. Currently, various studies are difficult to compare, since the methods of detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) vary among different research groups. In this study, we compared three different s-TREM-1 specific ELISAs and identified individual assay characteristics finding notable differences in sTREM-1 concentrations in part depending on the employed buffers. Investigating potential confounding factors for sTREM-1 detection, serum heat-inactivation (HI) showed improved recovery compared to non-HI (NHI) serum, reproducible by addition of complement and re-heat-inactivation. Hence we identified complement as a heat-sensitive confounder in some sTREM-1 ELISAs. We conclude that it is difficult to directly compare data of several studies, in particular if different ELISAs are engaged. Immunoassays for research use only are in general hampered by lack of standardization. Further standardization is needed until sTREM-1 ELISA is capable for better reproducibility of studies and clinical application.
Genome-wide differential expression of synaptic long noncoding RNAs in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Wang Y , Zhao X , Ju W , Flory M , Zhong J , Jiang S , Wang P , Dong X , Tao X , Chen Q , Shen C , Zhong M , Yu Y , Brown W T , Zhong N 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA genome-wide differential expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) was identified in blood specimens of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A total of 3929 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in ASD peripheral leukocytes, including 2407 that were upregulated and 1522 that were downregulated. Simultaneously, 2591 messenger RNAs (mRNAs), including 1789 upregulated and 821 downregulated, were also identified in ASD leukocytes. Functional pathway analysis of these lncRNAs revealed neurological pathways of the synaptic vesicle cycling, long-term depression and long-term potentiation to be primarily involved. Thirteen synaptic lncRNAs, including nine upregulated and four downregulated, and 19 synaptic mRNAs, including 12 upregulated and seven downregulated, were identified as being differentially expressed in ASD. Our identification of differential expression of synaptic lncRNAs and mRNAs suggested that synaptic vesicle transportation and cycling are important for the delivery of synaptosomal protein(s) between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes in ASD. Finding of 19 lncRNAs, which are the antisense, bi-directional and intergenic, of HOX genes may lead us to investigate the role of HOX genes involved in the development of ASD. Discovery of the lncRNAs of SHANK2-AS and BDNF-AS, the natural antisense of genes SHANK2 and BDNF, respectively, indicates that in addition to gene mutations, deregulation of lncRNAs on ASD-causing gene loci presents a new approach for exploring possible epigenetic mechanisms underlying ASD. Our study also opened a new avenue for exploring the use of lncRNA(s) as biomarker(s) for the early detection of ASD.
Nanopurification of silicon from 84% to 99.999% purity with a simple and scalable process
Authors: Zong Linqi , Zhu Bin , Lu Zhenda , Tan Yingling , Jin Yan , Liu Nian , Hu Yue , Gu Shuai , Zhu Jia , Cui Yi 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Achieving precise purity control in semiconductors is a crucial step in the development of semiconductor devices. However, the production of high-purity semiconductors, including Si, is still of high capital cost, high energy consumption, and heavy pollution. Taking advantage of small size and large surface to volume ratio of nanomaterials, we develop a scalable and low-cost nanopurification process to produce and purify Si directly from low-grade ferrosilicon [84% (wt %) Si; ∼$1/kg]. Purity as high as 99.999% (wt %) is achieved, making it one of few techniques that can achieve this high purity without any high-temperature (energy-intensive) processes. This nanopurification process opens tremendous opportunities to recover low-quality materials for commercially viable materials through an energy-efficient and inexpensive path.
Survival of human lymphoma cells requires B-cell receptor engagement by self-antigens
Authors: Young Ryan M. , Wu Tianyi , Schmitz Roland , Dawood Moez , Xiao Wenming , Phelan James D. , Xu Weihong , Menard Laurence , Meffre Eric , Chan Wing-Chung C. , Jaffe Elaine S. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Campo Elías , Rosenwald Andreas , Ott German , Delabie Jan , Rimsza Lisa M. , Staudt Louis M. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Signals emanating from the B-cell receptor (BCR) promote survival of malignant B cells, such as the activated B-cell–like subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Although there is evidence that many lymphoid cancers arise from antigen selected B cells, it is not known whether these malignant cells require ongoing antigenic engagement of the BCR for their survival. In activated B-cell–like DLBCL, we identified key determinants of self-antigen recognition by the BCR that are required to augment the relative viability of these malignant cells. Our findings imply that similar mechanisms may contribute to other B-cell malignancies and suggest precision medicine strategies to identify patients whose cancers may respond to BCR pathway inhibitors, such as ibrutinib.
Deep Morality and the Laws of War
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
It is important to reflect on the way we evaluate the laws and customs of armed conflict and the responsibilities we take on when we criticize and propose possible changes to them. These laws are not robust, and there is a danger that criticism may undermine their force while not providing effective alternatives. Moreover, in the area of armed conflict, it is easy to underestimate the pressures that a satisfactory set of norms has to respond to and easy to exaggerate the “merely” conventional character of such norms. Laws of war must be administrable in circumstances of fear, confusion, and violence and must include elements of technicality difficult to understand in philosophical terms. One of the most influential of recent laws of war revisionists, Jeff McMahan, acknowledges that his deep moral critique of existing norms of armed conflict does not necessarily yield a set of prescriptions for legal reform. This chapter extends McMahan’s and counsels the utmost caution in these critiques and re-examinations.
Hepatoblastoma in Children With Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: Lautz Timothy B. , Shah Sonam A. , Superina Riccardo A. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTTwo children developed hepatoblastoma concurrent with congenital portosystemic shunts (PSSs) (Abernethy malformations). Both underwent operative ligation of their PSSs. One received concurrent tumor resection, whereas the other was deemed initially unresectable and underwent biopsy followed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Although benign hepatic masses, such as focal nodular hyperplasia and nodular regenerative hyperplasia, are common in patients with Abernethy malformations, malignant tumors have also been documented and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with a congenital PSS and a hepatic mass.