bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Probabilistic Approach to Forecast the Uncertainty with Ensemble Spread
Authors: Van Schaeybroeck Bert , Vannitsem Stéphane 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The ensemble spread is often used as a measure of forecast quality or uncertainty. However, it is not clear whether the spread is a good measure of uncertainty and how the spread–error relationship can be properly assessed. Even for perfectly reliable forecasts the error for a given spread varies considerably in amplitude and the spread–error relationship is therefore strongly heteroscedastic. This implies that the forecast of the uncertainty based only on the knowledge of spread should itself be probabilistic.
Simple probabilistic models for the prediction of the error as a function of the spread are introduced and evaluated for different spread–error metrics. These forecasts can be verified using probabilistic scores and a methodology is proposed to determine what the impact is of estimating uncertainty based on the spread only. A new method is also proposed to verify whether the flow-dependent spread is a realistic indicator of uncertainty. This method cancels the heteroscedasticity by a logarithmic transformation of both spread and error, after which a linear regression can be applied. An ensemble system can be identified as perfectly reliable with respect to its spread.
The approach is tested on the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System over Europe. The use of spread only does not lead to skill degradation, and replacing the raw ensemble by a Gaussian distribution consistently improves scores. The influences of non-Gaussian ensemble statistics, small ensemble sizes, limited predictability, and different spread–error metrics are investigated and the relevance of binning is discussed. The upper-level spread–error relationship is consistent with a perfectly reliable system for intermediate lead times.
Adhesives in the footwear industry
Authors: Paiva Rosa MM , Marques Eduardo AS , da Silva Lucas FM , António Carlos AC , Arán-Ais Francisca 
Published: September 2015

Footwear manufacturing is basically a process of transformation and assembly of various components made up of several materials where different adhesives play a key role, because without them, the shoe would lack shape and structure. This paper aims to understand the importance of adhesives in the footwear industry. It is necessary to identify the different processes in a shoemaking where adhesives are involved and the different adhesive joints produced, as well as their technical requirements. The adhesive joint performance will depend on the different adherends’ nature used as footwear materials, the joint design, the surface treatments, the adhesive properties which depend on their formulation, and so on. Adhesive joints in a shoe act under different stress types (peel, shear, tensile, etc.). The most disfavourable are the peel stress. For that reason, the peel strength test is one of the most common to evaluate adhesive joints’ performance. When heat resistance is an important adhesive requirements, a creep test is carried out. Furthermore, aging tests are undertaken in order to evaluate durability. This methodology is described in this paper. In the literature, one can find several papers on adhesives, specifically on their mechanical properties. However, there is little research related to footwear applications, including not only the mechanical properties that this industry demands, but also the composition of the adhesives. Therefore, this paper aims to connect the important mechanical properties for the footwear industry with the constituents of the adhesives. However, other properties are also important, such as viscosity, wettability, compatibility, etc., depending on the materials and the adhesive joint type.
ERK1 and ERK2 present functional redundancy in tetrapods despite higher evolution rate of ERK1
Authors: Buscà Roser , Christen Richard , Lovern Matthew , Clifford Alexander M. , Yue Jia-Xing , Goss Greg G. , Pouysségur Jacques , Lenormand Philippe 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is involved in essential cell processes and it is abnormally activated in ~30 % of cancers and cognitive disorders. Two ERK isoforms have been described, ERK1 and ERK2; ERK2 being regarded by many as essential due to the embryonic lethality of ERK2 knock-out mice, whereas mice lacking ERK1 are viable and fertile. The controversial question of why we have two ERKs and whether they have differential functions or display functional redundancy has not yet been resolved.ResultsTo investigate this question we used a novel approach based on comparing the evolution of ERK isoforms’ sequencesandprotein expression across vertebrates. We gathered and cloned erk1 and erk2 coding sequencesandwe examined protein expression of isoforms in brain extracts in all major clades of vertebrate evolution. For the first time, we measured each isoforms’ relative protein level in phylogenetically distant animals using anti-phospho antibodies targeting active ERKs. We demonstrate that squamates (lizards, snakes and geckos), despite having both genes, do not express ERK2 protein whereas other tetrapods either do not express ERK1 protein or have lost theerk1gene. To demonstrate the unexpected squamates’ lack of ERK2 expression, we targeted each ERK isoform in lizard primary fibroblasts by specific siRNA-mediated knockdown. We also found that undetectable expression of ERK2 in lizard is compensated by a greater strength of lizard’serk1promoter. Finally, phylogenetic analysis revealed that ERK1 amino acids sequences evolve faster than ERK2’s likely due to genomic factors, including a large difference in gene size, rather than from functional differences since amino acids essential for function are kept invariant.ConclusionsERK isoforms appeared by a single gene duplication at the onset of vertebrate evolution at least 400 Mya. Our results demonstrate that tetrapods can live by expressing either one or both ERK isoforms, supporting the notion that ERK1/2 act interchangeably. Substrate recognition sites and catalytic cleft are nearly invariant in all vertebrate ERKs further suggesting functional redundancy. We suggest that future ERK research should shift towards understanding the role and regulation of total ERK quantity, especially in light of newly describederk2gene amplification identified in tumors.
Phenotypic convergence in bacterial adaptive evolution to ethanol stress
Authors: Horinouchi Takaaki , Suzuki Shingo , Hirasawa Takashi , Ono Naoaki , Yomo Tetsuya , Shimizu Hiroshi , Furusawa Chikara 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Background
Bacterial cells have a remarkable ability to adapt to environmental changes, a phenomenon known as adaptive evolution. During adaptive evolution, phenotype and genotype dynamically changes; however, the relationship between these changes and associated constraints is yet to be fully elucidated.

Results
In this study, we analyzed phenotypic and genotypic changes in Escherichia coli cells during adaptive evolution to ethanol stress. Phenotypic changes were quantified by transcriptome and metabolome analyses and were similar among independently evolved ethanol tolerant populations, which indicate the existence of evolutionary constraints in the dynamics of adaptive evolution. Furthermore, the contribution of identified mutations in one of the tolerant strains was evaluated using site-directed mutagenesis. The result demonstrated that the introduction of all identified mutations cannot fully explain the observed tolerance in the tolerant strain.

Conclusions
The results demonstrated that the convergence of adaptive phenotypic changes and diverse genotypic changes, which suggested that the phenotype–genotype mapping is complex. The integration of transcriptome and genome data provides a quantitative understanding of evolutionary constraints.
The presurgical T staging of non-small cell lung cancer: efficacy comparison of 64-MDCT and 3.0 T MRI
Authors: Tang Wei , Wu Ning , OuYang Han , Huang Yao , Liu Li , Li Meng 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background
Lung cancer has been the main concern of the cancer-related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is reported the most common subtype of lung cancer. Initial staging of NSCLC is highly associated with the choice of treatment and prognosis of the patients. This study aims to prospectively compare the diagnostic efficacies of 64-multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) and 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in T staging of NSCLC.

Methods
Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained. Forty-five patients diagnosed with NSCLC who underwent preoperative MRI and MDCT scans were enrolled in the study. The efficacies of determination of T staging on MRI and MDCT were compared by using the McNemar test.

Results
Of 45 patients diagnosed with NSCLC, the primary tumors were correctly staged in 38 (84.4 %) patients on MDCT, and in 37 (82.2 %) patients on MRI. There was no statistically significant difference between the two modalities in the overall T staging of NSCLC with the reference of pathological findings (p = 0.564). However, MDCT was indicated more accurate in determination of NSCLC staged T1 and T2 (100 % vs 75 %, 96.4 % vs 82.1 %), whereas MRI was presented slightly superior in identification of NSCLC staged T3 and T4 (80 % vs 50 %, 100 % vs 33.3 %).

Conclusion
Both MDCT and MRI provided acceptable overall accuracies in determination of T staging in NSCLC. Furthermore, MRI was presented slight superiority for the advanced-stage tumors (i.e., NSCLC staged T3 and T4), whereas MDCT was indicated mild acceptance for the limited-stage tumors (i.e., NSCLC staged T1 and T2).
A systematic and quantitative method for wound-dressing evaluation
Authors: Zhang Xiaorong , Xu Rui , Hu Xiaohong , Luo Gaoxing , Wu Jun , He Weifeng 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background
For patients with skin defects such as burns, wound dressing plays important roles in protecting the wound. Before a novel wound dressing is applied to a patient, a series of tests should be performed to ensure its safety and efficacy. Different types of animal wound-healing models have been used to study the bio-function of different wound dressings; however, a systematic way to evaluate the effect of a wound dressing on wound healing and cutaneous regeneration is lacking.

Methods
In the study presented here, full-thickness wound models were established in mice, and a systematic way to quantitatively analyze the wound-healing process and the histological results is described.

Results
It was found that the rate of wound healing in the tested wound dressing (TWD) group was higher than that in the control group, and the re-epithelialization and the formation of granulation tissue were enhanced when the TWD was applied. Meanwhile, the inflammatory response was attenuated in the TWD group, and more mature and better aligned collagen fibers in the healed wound tissue was found in the TWD group compared with that in the control group.

Conclusions
A systematic, quantitative way to analyze the effect of a wound dressing on wound healing was established. And it might be helpful for the design of wound dressing in the future.
Simultaneous inversion of the background velocity and the perturbation in full-waveform inversion
Authors: Wu Zedong , Alkhalifah Tariq 
Published: September 2015

The gradient of standard full-waveform inversion (FWI) attempts to map the residuals in the data to perturbations in the model. Such perturbations may include smooth background updates from the transmission components and high wavenumber updates from the reflection components. However, if we fix the reflection components using imaging, the gradient of what is referred to as reflected-waveform inversion (RWI) admits mainly transmission background-type updates. The drawback of existing RWI methods is that they lack an optimal image capable of producing reflections within the convex region of the optimization. Because the influence of velocity on the data was given mainly by its background (propagator) and perturbed (reflectivity) components, we have optimized both components simultaneously using a modified objective function. Specifically, we used an objective function that combined the data generated from a source using the background velocity, and that by the perturbed velocity through Born modeling, to fit the observed data. When the initial velocity was smooth, the data modeled from the source using the background velocity will mainly be reflection free, and most of the reflections were obtained from the image (perturbed velocity). As the background velocity becomes more accurate and can produce reflections, the role of the image will slowly diminish, and the update will be dominated by the standard FWI gradient to obtain high resolution. Because the objective function was quadratic with respect to the image, the inversion for the image was fast. To update the background velocity smoothly, we have combined different components of the gradient linearly through solving a small optimization problem. Application to the Marmousi model found that this method converged starting with a linearly increasing velocity, and with data free of frequencies below 4 Hz. Application to the 2014 Chevron Gulf of Mexico imaging challenge data set demonstrated the potential of the proposed method.
Rhodium(III)-catalyzed Intramolecular Ar–H/Ar–H Coupling Directed by Carboxylic Group to Produce Dibenzofuran Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Okada Takeshi , Unoh Yuto , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular Ar–H/Ar–H coupling of 3-phenoxybenzoic acids proceeds smoothly, accompanied by double C–H bond cleavage at the 2- and 2′-positions, to produce dibenzofuran-1-carboxylic acid derivatives. Related tetra- and pentacyclic molecules can also be readily constructed by the present procedure. A reaction mechanism involving 1,4-rhodium(III) migration is proposed.
Measuring what matters: Effectiveness of implementing evidence-based supported employment for adults with severe mental illness
Authors: Waghorn Geoffrey , Dias Shannon , Gladman Beverley , Harris Meredith 
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: This investigation compared the utility of two approaches to measuring the effectiveness of a supported employment programme. Both were multi-site trials of evidence-based supported employment which differed by research design. The first approach, a non-randomised multisite intervention, used a parallel group design that did not involve a control group at the site level. The second approach was conducted simultaneously in different locations. This was a controlled trial with randomisation to an evidence-based supported employment programme and a control condition consisting of existing local employment services. The results of the four-site randomised controlled trial (RCT) have recently been reported and provide benchmarks for this comparison. Methods: A four-site parallel group design (n=160) evaluated the implementation of the individual placement and support approach in Brisbane (two sites), Sunshine Coast and Bellerive (Tasmania). The employment intervention involved a full-time employment specialist employed by an existing employment service, to be hosted by a community mental health team. Results: There was no significant difference in commencing employment outcomes between the four-site non-randomised approach to implementation and the four-site RCT (35.6% vs 42.5%). The RCT provided two cohorts whose performance benchmarked the implementation in the non-controlled sites. The promising results of both evaluation approaches show that randomisation did not inflate results, and both methods show utility for programme evaluation in different settings. Conclusions: For the purpose of evaluating new programme implementations, both RCT and non-RCT parallel group designs have potential utility. If the focus is on determining which programme type or which programme ingredient is the most effective, then an RCT design with high internal validity is recommended. In this case, the non-randomised parallel group design had utility through its use of more natural implementation conditions with greater ecological validity. If suitable benchmarks are available and strong potential confounders, such as client age, diagnostic mix and service delivery attributes, are managed, then non-randomised evaluations can be informative, particularly when randomisation is neither practical nor feasible.
Association between suitability of bra fit and pectoral girdle myalgia in Nigerian women
Authors: Odebiyi Daniel O , Aweto Happiness A , Gbadebo Olumide A , Oluwole Ayodeji A , Aiyegbusi Ayoola I , Olaogun Matthew O , Lee Lester J 
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: Bra cup size has been shown to be associated with shoulder–neck pain, or pectoral girdle myalgia (PGM), in women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PGM in a population of Nigerian women and investigate the association of PGM with the congruence of measured vs reported bra size. Methods: A total of 291 females aged 15–50 years completed a 31-item, closed-ended questionnaire, which collected information on biodata, prevalence of PGM, and bra use. Bra size was recorded as reported by the participants and as measured by one of the investigators. A chi-squared test was used to determine the association between age, cup size, congruence of measured vs reported bra size, and occurrence of PGM. Results: The 12-month prevalence of PGM was 44% (n=122). Having tightly pulled straps was the factor most commonly reported to worsen PGM (n=75, 58.9%). Removing the bra was the factor most commonly reported to relieve pain (n=94, 73.4%). Of the 252 respondents (86.6%) who claimed to know their bra size, only 63 (25%) were correct when their bra size was measured. Self-selection was the most common method for determining bra size (n=224, 77.3%). There was no association between age, cup size, congruence of measured vs reported bra size, and occurrence of PGM (p>0.05). Conclusions: PGM was found to be common among the respondents. The fact that the size of bra worn was largely dependent on self-selection might have been responsible for the high number of respondents wearing wrong-sized bras. Working with the arms elevated had a significant association with the development of PGM (χ2=4.12; p=0.040), a finding that requires further exploration.
Streamlining clinical practice in an Australian community rehabilitation service using The Calderdale Framework
Authors: Patterson Sarah A , Comans Tracy A , Pitt Erin L , Currin; Michelle L 
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: With increased budgetary demands, pressure exists to create a flexible workforce and ensure efficient service delivery within health care services. This study investigated the impact of using The Calderdale Framework on team dynamics, client focus and communication, and resource use in an existing community rehabilitation service. Methods: The Calderdale Framework provided a structured process where clinicians were able to determine relevant tasks that could be shared with other health professionals to develop a streamlined transprofessional screening tool. Associated risks were reviewed and the resulting training and governance structures were embedded into practice. Staff views and resource usage costs were collected at three time points during the implementation process. Findings: Qualitative data from staff suggest a positive impact of The Calderdale Framework on team dynamics, understanding each other's roles, and client focus. Resource usage analysis revealed an increase in the number of client services provided, as well a reduction in cost per client appointment. Conclusions: This study provides further insight into the processes, resource usage outcomes and staff reflections of using The Calderdale Framework. This structured tool appears beneficial to develop a flexible workforce and an efficient service within this community rehabilitation context.
Book Reviews
Authors: Levy Gal , Ross Alistair , Issitt John 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Citizenship, Education and Social Conflict: Israeli Political Education in Global Perspective, Hanan Alexander, Halleli Pinson and Yossi Yonah (eds) (2011) NY & Abingdon: Routledge, 314 pp., ISBN-13: 9780415744256 p/bk $48.95
Education for Citizenship in Europe: European Policies, National Adaptations and Young Pe ople’s Attitudes, Avril Keating (2014) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 233+ix pp., ISBN: 9781137019561, h/bk, £61.75
Education and the Common Good: Essays in Honor of Robin Barrow, John Gingell (ed.) (2014) Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 162 pp., ISBN-13: 9780415518345, h/bk, £90
LC-MS/MS method for hepcidin-25 measurement in human and mouse serum: clinical and research implications in iron disorders
Authors: Lefebvre Thibaud , Dessendier Nathalie , Houamel Dounia , Ialy-Radio Nathalie , Kannengiesser Caroline , Manceau Hana , Beaumont Carole , Nicolas Gael , Gouya Laurent , Puy Hervé , Karim Zoubida 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe peptide hepcidin plays a central role in regulating dietary iron absorption and body iron distribution. This 25-amino acid hormone is produced and secreted predominantly by hepatocytes. Hepcidin has been suggested as a promising diagnostic marker for iron-related disorders. However, its accurate quantification for clinical use remains so far challenging. In this report we describe a highly specific and quantitative serum hepcidin method using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).The analytical validation included the determination of the limit of detection, of quantification, repeatability, reproducibility and linearity. This assay was developed for human and mouse hepcidin. The human assay was performed on serum patients with unexplained microcytic anemia. We applied our LC-MS/MS method for quantifying hepcidin-1 in mouse in various conditions: inflammation, hemolytic anemia,We show that the LC-MS/MS is suitable for accurate determination of hepcidin-25 in clinical samples, thereby representing a useful tool for the clinical diagnosis and follow-up of iron-related diseases. In mouse, a strong correlation between hepaticTherefore, we propose this adaptive LC-MS/MS method as a suitable method for accurate determination of hepcidin-25 in clinical samples and as a major tool contributing to the clinical diagnosis, follow-up and management of iron-related disorders. It also opens new avenues to measure hepcidin in animal models without interspecies antigenic limitations.
Phenobarbital inhibits calpain activity and expression in mouse hepatoma cells
Authors: Groll Nicola , Kollotzek Ferdinand , Goepfert Jens , Joos Thomas O. , Schwarz Michael , Braeuning Albert 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The antiepileptic drug phenobarbital (PB) exerts hepatic effects related to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis which are closely linked to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This pathway is, amongst others, regulated by calpain proteases. We now identified PB as an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse hepatoma cells. Further analyses revealed that PB inhibits calpain activity, an effect which is at least in parts mediated by a transcriptional regulation of calpain mRNA levels and which is furthermore independent of the constitutive androstane receptor, the known mediator of most effects of PB in liver cells.