bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translators' Code of Ethics
Authors: Arrojo Rosemary 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Every translation promises to represent the original in a different linguistic and cultural environment, and often in a different time. The complex process that makes it seem possible necessarily raises questions regarding the propriety of the translator's performance. How does a translation do justice to the original? What should the translator do in order to produce a faithful translation? How should the domestic and the foreign relate to one another? In fact, it would be practically impossible to address either the theory or the practice of translation—on any level, in any context, for whatever purpose—without at the same time invoking some kind of implicit or explicit code of ethics that should guide translators and reassure us about the legitimacy of their activity.
Trimble, Louis
Authors: Tarone Elaine 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Louis Preston Trimble (1917–88) was a leader of the American “Washington School” of rhetorically based research on English for science and technology (EST). EST mostly concerns English‐medium scientific and technical writing focused on facts and hypotheses about facts, and includes journal articles, teaching textbooks, and technical manuals (Trimble, 1985, pp. 5–6). The Washington School was a group of scholars at the University of Washington in Seattle between 1967 and 1988 who were then considered “the only serious and influential” group in the USA working on EST (Swales, 1985, p. 58). Trimble led this group in the development of the “grammatical‐rhetorical” approach, which fundamentally assumed that in researching scientific and technical language use, it is not sufficient to identify grammatical forms in isolated sentences; rather, it is important to identify the relationships between such grammatical forms and their rhetorical function in the discourse. Discourse is here defined as a collection of connected sentences and paragraphs that together make up a coherent, cohesive text. The “grammatical‐rhetorical” EST researcher aims to study the rhetorical organization and functional content of EST discourse as well as its “rhetorical‐grammatical” relationships—for example, the way tense markers function in such rhetorical devices as defining, classifying, describing, or evaluating information (Trimble, 1985).
Varieties of English in the Caribbean
Authors: Nero Shondel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe varieties of English spoken in the Anglophone Caribbean today reflect the linguistic contributions of the English‐speaking explorers and settlers who exported the language from the British homeland to the region in the early 16th century, as well as the range of peoples that have inhabited the region for the past 400 years, either by birth (indigenous Amerindians) or forced transplantation through slavery, indentureship, or both (e.g., Africans from West Africa, Indians from India, etc.).
Varieties of World Englishes
Authors: Bolton Kingsley 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOver the last thirty years, the term “World Englishes” has been widely used to refer to the localized forms of English found throughout the world, particularly with reference in the Caribbean, West and East Africa, and many parts of Asia. From the early 1980s onwards, in various branches of linguistics, research, and publications on World Englishes have contributed to a paradigm shift in English studies.
Web‐Based Lexical Resources
Authors: Nakata Tatsuya 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Internet offers numerous lexical resources that are useful for teaching, learning, and researching lexis. Useful resources for teachers and learners include online dictionaries, vocabulary support software for reading, word lists, vocabulary tests, vocabulary learning software, corpora, concordancers, vocabulary profilers, guides for teaching and learning vocabulary, and vocabulary quizzes. Researchers will benefit from bibliographies on vocabulary, online articles, and lexical databases. Most resources can be used free of charge, and knowing how to find and use these resources will be valuable for language teachers, students, and researchers.
World Englishes and Assessment
Authors: Lowenberg Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn tests of English as an international language, the prevailing assumption has long been that the universal target for proficiency in English around the world is the set of norms for Standard English that are accepted and followed by highly educated native speakers of English in the countries of Braj Kachru's Inner Circle (B. Kachru, 1985), particularly Great Britain and the United States.
Conversation Analysis and Design
Authors: Matthews Ben 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSince the mid‐1980s, the design of various technologies such as user interfaces for photocopiers, surgical monitoring alarms, London Underground control systems, videoconferencing software, and interactive museum exhibits has benefited from investigations informed by conversation analysis (CA). The exemplar studies which form the basis of this entry are best understood as contributions of CA‐informed work, rather than contributions to the discipline of CA.
Conversation Analysis and Dyads, Triads, and More
Authors: Egbert Maria 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn early sociological work Simmel (1902) first approached the relationship between group size and the possibility of different kinds of affiliation and opposition. Later, Goffman (e.g. 1961) explored how in groups of varying size diverse sorts and degrees of participation are possible. Seminal to later conversation analytic (CA) research has been Goffman's concept of “situation” or “participation framework” as “an environment of mutual moni‐toring possibilities, anywhere within which an individual will find himself accessible to the naked senses of all others who are ‘present’, and similarly find them accessible to him” (Goffman, 1972/1964, p. 63). CA has examined the interactional activities in participation frameworks in which the number of participants is related to the interactional outcome, depending on whether a person is in interaction with another person, in a triad, or in a participation framework with four or more persons.
Conversation Analysis and Prosody
Authors: SZCZEPEK REED BEATRICE 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe termprosodyhas varying definitions across language‐related disciplines. In conversation analysis (CA) and its linguistic counterpart, interactional linguistics (Selting & Couper‐Kuhlen, 2001), it refers to the “musical” aspects of speech, that is, pitch (intonation and pitch register), loudness, and time (syllable duration, speech rate, rhythm, and pauses); in addition, some writers include voice quality. Another term for prosody that is frequently used in linguistics issuprasegmentals. This term is based on the common linguistic distinction between articulation, which refers to the production of individual sounds orsegments, and those areas of speech production that are above the level of individual sounds, that is, suprasegmental.
Terminology and Data Encoding
Authors: L'Homme Marie‐Claude 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTerminology is “the study and field of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentation of terms”. A term can be defined as a lexical unit that conveys a specialized meaning (a meaning that is related to a field of knowledge, such as accounting, biology, computer science, history, or physics). Terminology shares many characteristics with lexicography, but has developed over the years as a separate field of activity and produces its own descriptions. Terminological descriptions can appear in specialized dictionaries (in printed or electronic form), large term banks, or in—house terminological databases.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Authors: Gu Yongqi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) are intuitively appealing to teachers and learners. This is partly due to the difficulty and conspicuousness associated with vocabulary in language learning. Learners of a foreign language are confronted with vocabulary learning right from the very beginning; and it is a never‐ending task. It is, therefore, practically useful and theoretically interesting to study the ways students go about learning vocabulary and to find out the effectiveness of various strategies.
Kachru, Braj B.
Authors: Nelson Cecil L. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Braj B. (Behari) Kachru was born in Srinagar, Kashmir, India, in 1932. “Kachru,” by the way, is an Englishization of his name, which is from the Kashmiri word
katsur
, “brown.” His family are Pandits (from Sanskrit
pandit
, “learnèd man, scholar”); that is, he is by heritage as well as by inclination a seeker after rational explanations and a willing instructor of willing students.
Kumaravadivelu, B.
Authors: Hasbany Lynn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNobody who enters Professor Kumaravadivelu's office can miss the huge, colorful world map that hangs on the wall behind his desk. It is not the Mercator map that most of us are familiar with since elementary school. This map, drawn by the German cartographer Arno Peters, projects a different view of the world. This view seeks to correct the Eurocentric bias by not making Europe the center of the world; instead the equator is placed at center view and the other areas are sized proportionately. “Start seeing the world differently”, Kumaravadivelu never tires of telling his inquisitive visitors.
Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology
Authors: Have Paul Ten 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThere can be hardly any doubt that ethnomethodology has been a major influence in the emergence of conversation analysis (CA) as a unique perspective in the human sciences. Gradually, however, the two seem to have drifted apart. The current situation is ambiguous: For some of its practitioners, CA is still part of the ethnomethodological movement, while many others treat it as an independent pursuit. This entry will provide a summary characterization of ethnomethodology with a focus on its research practices and a consideration of its relation to CA.
Pragmatics: Overview
Authors: González‐Lloret Marta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPragmatics may be defined as “the study of language use” (Levinson, 1983, p. 5); however, such a simple definition hardly reveals what the field really encompasses and it may be more productive to describe the range of phenomena studied within the domain of pragmatics (Levinson, 1983). Such a description would have been easier to develop 30 years ago than it is now, since the boundaries of the area of pragmatics have grown to intersect with disciplines such as linguistics, sociology, discourse analysis, conversation analysis, philosophy of language, anthropology, cognitive psychology, human‐computer communication, computer‐mediated communication, bilingual/multilingualism, ethnography of communication, and first and second language acquisition.
Culture and Context: Overview
Authors: RISAGER KAREN 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLarge parts of structural and functional linguistics have been developed and practiced without any reference to the role of language in culture and society. In applied linguistics, in contrast, the separation between language and culture is not possible because the very purpose of applied linguistics is to investigate the interface between language practices and other cultural and social practices in the real world, whether the primary aim is improvement or critique of existing practices. Thus the whole of applied linguistics can be said to be oriented toward an interest in language in relation to culture and context. For a comprehensive conceptual analysis of the relationship between language and culture in a historical and transnational perspective.
Analysis of Discourse and Interaction: Overview
Authors: JONES RODNEY H. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
When we speak of the study of discourse and interaction, we are mostly concerned with the analysis of synchronous conversation as opposed to written texts, although we might also consider text‐based computer‐mediated communication. This is not to say that writing is not interactive: people write letters to each other and, more recently, engage in asynchronous written interaction through blogs and social networking sites. The focus of the analysis of discourse and interaction, however, has traditionally been on “real‐time ”interaction in which participants are temporally copresent (though they may be spatially distant) and jointly engaged in some kind of social action. Examples include face‐to‐face interactions of various kinds (from religious rituals to casual conversations), telephone conversations, video conferences, chat and instant messaging sessions, and the interaction between avatars in online games or in virtual worlds. Discourse analysts are chiefly concerned with how parties in interaction work together to construct their social identities, their social relationships and their social realities moment by moment through language.
Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Students With Specific Learning Differences
Authors: Kormos Judit 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In our globalized world, proficiency in another language is often as important as other basic competencies such as literacy and arithmetic skills. Therefore, it is of great importance that students who have special educational needs receive assistance not only in basic academic skills but also in learning foreign/second languages (L2). Providing these language learners with adequate support is especially imminent in the case of English, which has become an international language, and which is a foreign language most frequently taught in many countries of the world.
Anion‐Doped Mixed Metal Oxide Nanostructures Derived from Layered Double Hydroxide as Visible Light Photocatalysts
Authors: Cho Seungho , Jang Ji‐Wook , Kong Ki‐jeong , Kim Eun Sun , Lee Kun‐Hong , Lee Jae Sung 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMixed metal oxide (MMO) nanostructures co‐doped uniformly by carbon and nitrogen are synthesized for the first time by annealing a terephthalate‐intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH) under ammonia gas flow. The interlayer gallery of LDH allows effective access of NH3 and the carbon source to its crystal lattice for a uniform nitrogen and carbon doping. Such co‐doped MMO exhibit significantly red‐shifted absorption spectra to visible light region relative to pure MMO. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation and incident‐photon‐to‐current‐conversion efficiency of LDH‐derived photocatalysts demonstrate that all the visible light absorption caused by the anion doping contributes to the photocatalytic activity over the entire absorbed wavelength range of <610 nm. Density functional theory calculations of electronic structures are performed to elucidate the possibility of bandgap narrowing upon nitrogen and carbon co‐doping on MMO structures.
Tunable Magnonic Spectra in Two‐Dimensional Magnonic Crystals with Variable Lattice Symmetry
Authors: Saha Susmita , Mandal Ruma , Barman Saswati , Kumar Dheeraj , Rana Bivas , Fukuma Yasuhiro , Sugimoto Satoshi , Otani YoshiChika , Barman Anjan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTunable magnonic properties are demonstrated in two‐dimensional magnonic crystals in the form of artificial ferromagnetic nanodot lattices with variable lattice symmetry. An all‐optical time‐domain excitation and detection of the collective precessional dynamics is performed in the strongly magnetostatically coupled Ni80Fe20 (Py) circular dot lattices arranged in different lattice symmetry such as square, rectangular, hexagonal, honeycomb, and octagonal symmetry. As the symmetry changes from square to octagonal through rectangular, hexagonal and honeycomb, a significant variation in the spin wave spectra is observed. The single uniform collective mode in the square lattice splits in two distinct modes in the rectangular lattice and in three distinct modes in the hexagonal and octagonal lattices. However, in the honeycomb lattice a broad band of modes are observed. Micromagnetic simulations qualitatively reproduce the experimentally observed modes, and the simulated mode profiles reveal collective modes with different spatial distributions with the variation in the lattice symmetry determined by the magnetostatic field profiles. For the hexagonal lattice, the most intense peak shows a six‐fold anisotropy with the variation in the azimuthal angle of the external bias magnetic field. Analysis shows that this is due to the angular variation of the dynamical component of magnetization for this mode, which is directly influenced by the variation of the magnetostatic field on the elements in the hexagonal lattice. The observations are important for tunable and anisotropic propagation of spin waves in magnonic crystal based devices.
Layered α‐Co(OH)2 Nanocones as Electrode Materials for Pseudocapacitors: Understanding the Effect of Interlayer Space on Electrochemical Activity
Authors: Wang Lei , Dong Zhi Hui , Wang Zheng Gong , Zhang Feng Xing , Jin Jian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe effect of space accessible to electrolyte ions on the electrochemical activity is studied for a system of transition‐metal hydroxide‐based pseudocapacitors. Layered α‐Co(OH)2 with various intercalated anions is used as a model material. Three types of layered α‐Co(OH)2 with intercalated anions of dodecyl sulfate, benzoate, or nitrate, are prepared by a simple reflux and an anion‐exchange process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data show the formation of layered α‐Co(OH)2 nanocones with interlayer spacing between adjacent Co(OH)2 single sheets of 1.6, 0.7, and 0.09 nm, corresponding to the anions as listed above. Electrochemical characterization reveals that interlayer space has a great effect on the electrochemical activity of α‐Co(OH)2 nanocones as an electrode material. For the interlayer spacing of 1.6 nm, in the case of dodecyl sulfate‐intercalated α‐Co(OH)2, the Faradaic reaction takes place more adequately than for benzoate‐ and nitrate‐intercalated α‐Co(OH)2. As a result, a higher specific capacitance and better cycling stability is obtained for the dodecyl sulfate‐intercalated α‐Co(OH)2. The electrochemical activity obviously reduces when the interlayer space decreases to 0.7 nm. Our results suggest the importance of rational designing the interlayer space of layered transition metal hydroxides for high‐performance pseudocapacitors.
Effects of various liquid organic solvents on solvent‐induced crystallization of amorphous poly(lactic acid) film
Authors: Sato Shuichi , Gondo Daiki , Wada Takayuki , Kanehashi Shinji , Nagai Kazukiyo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe effects of 60 organic solvent on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were systematically investigated using the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP). The hydrogen bonding solubility parameter accurately reflects the solubility of PLA films using HSP but it depends on hydrogen bonding, as well as dispersion and polar parameters. The PLA films immersed in organic solvent became cloudy and showed no changes in chemical structure. However, solvent‐induced crystallization of the PLA films was observed. Crystalline structures do not dependent on the organic solvent but on the degree of swelling. The organic solvent‐induced crystallization formed a crystallized mixture of a‐ and β‐forms. The density of the crystalline PLA films was lower than that of amorphous PLA films. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Boron removal by liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention technique using poly(glycidyl methacrylate N‐methyl D‐glucamine)
Authors: Sánchez Julio , Rivas Bernabé L. , Nazar Eliza , Bryjak Marek , Kabay Nalan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe removal of boron was analyzed by liquid‐phase polymer based retention (LPR) technique using washing and enrichment method. The extracting reagents were water‐soluble polymers (WSPs) containing quaternary ammonium salts and N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine (NMG) groups. The removal experiments of boron using the washing method were conducted at 1 bar of pressure by varying pH, polymer:boron molar ratio, and concentrations of interfering ions (chloride and sulfate). The results showed higher retention capacity for boron (60%) at pH 10 with the polymer containing NMG group. The optimal polymer:boron molar ratio was 40 : 1. Selectivity experiments showed that the presence of interfering ions did not affect the boron removal capacity. The maximal boron retention capacity was determined by the enrichment method, obtaining a value of 12 mg B/g‐polymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Resin film infusion: Toward structural composites with nanofillers
Authors: Anand Anoop , Harshe Rahul , Joshi Makarand 
Published: December 2012

AbstractResin Film Infusion (RFI) has been used to fabricate composites with continuous unidirectional E‐glass and epoxy with low weight fractions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in matrix. An ultrasound‐assisted dissolution‐evaporation method with thermoplastics or block copolymers as dispersing agents for nanoparticles enabled uniform dispersion of CNTs in the resin. Rheological characterization of CNT‐filled epoxy revealed that viscosity, and hence processing of the resin remains unaffected as compared to pristine resin at elevated temperatures of subsequent composite manufacturing. Local flow of the modified resin through the sandwiched fabric plies in RFI process as against the global flow in traditional liquid composite molding processes, made sure that uniform distribution of nanoparticles is accomplished throughout the composite. Compressive properties of hybrid composites improved considerably with CNTs at loading fractions as low as 0.2 wt %. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation of thiolated polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels
Authors: Gupta Bhuvanesh , Anjum Sadiya , Ikram Saiqa 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe esterification reaction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with thioglycolic acid (TGA) in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst offers an attractive route to develop thiolated functional material. During esterification maximum thiol content of 3.9 mmol/g was achieved. It was observed that the esterification is significantly influenced by the reaction conditions, such as TGA concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature and reactant concentration. Sulfuric acid had considerable influence on the thiolation. The thiol content was found to increase with the reaction temperature but showed significant increase beyond 60°C. The swelling decreases with the increasing reaction temperature indicating the role of crosslinking during the thiolation at higher temperature. Suitable conditions for the modification of PVA via thiolation have been investigated. The involvment of thiol group in the PVA matrix was confirmed by ATR‐FTIR spectra. The micro analysis of sulfur in sample by EDX analysis showed the sulphur content of 3.7%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013