bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Being a Good Expert Witness in a Criminal Case
Authors: Kogan JD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is essential for the forensic scientist to understand what the criminal justice system expects of the expert witness. By the very nature of the word forensic (“belonging to courts of justice” [1]) [2], the expert must realize that any tests, examinations, observations, or experiments he performs may require testimony in the courtroom regardless of the results. Preparation for this responsibility begins the first day the expert enters the laboratory.
A Modern Medical Examiner Facility
Authors: Weston JT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Within the past several years a number of new medical examiner facilities have been completed in Washington, D.C., Phoenix, Arizona, and Los Angeles, California. In July 1976, the Office of the Medical Investigator, an integral part of the Department of Pathology of The University of New Mexico, relocated into a newly completed facility located on The University of New Mexico Health Sciences campus. Within this combined structure, in addition to the offices and laboratories of the state medical investigator (examiner), are all the laboratories supporting the state health and environmental program and shared conference and teaching laboratories. The structure, completed at a cost of $4.1 million in 1976, contains 740 m2 (8000 ft2) for present medical investigator and medical school autopsy functions, pathology functions, and related teaching and research, and 2700 m2 (29 000 ft2) for other laboratory services. The building is connected by a tunnel with the medical school and affiliated hospital. The area is officially designated the morphology suite because morgues as traditionally designed were repugnant not only to the public but to hospital personnel as well. There is 280 m2 (3000 ft2) of unimproved interior space designated for future expansion, some of which is already being completed for the computer suite.
The Use of a Xerox 6500 Color Copier in Forensic Sciences
Authors: Davis JH , Wright RK , Donalds M , Peevy J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Photographic documentation of wounds and disease processes is a well-established supplemental method of recording pathological findings both within the hospital and the forensic environment. The first recorded use of a photograph in a homicide trial was in 1874, when an antemortem photograph was used for the purpose of body identification [1].
A Review of Muir's Textbook of Pathology
Authors: Rose EF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
According to the preface, this book is intended as an illustrated text of pathology suitable for medical students, yet sufficiently comprehensive for graduate trainees. Both should be quite well served by this multi-authored textbook. The organization is traditional general pathology progressing to systemic pathology, with some duplication which is crossreferenced with paginations. A number of outstanding sections are clear, lucid, and well illustrated. These are of the quality that should admirably serve as a “review of current concepts” for the practicing (forensic) pathologist. Particularly impressive is the section on the respiratory system, while the sections on the immune response, immunopathology, bone repair, pyrexia, and radiation injury are excellent although not exhaustive. Other sections of this textbook do not share these strengths. Congenital heart disease and viral diseases are given short shrift; the breast section is marred by poor illustration, and breast malignancies are classified as “spheroidal-cell” and “encephaloid” carcinoma, a classification somewhat at variance with that of the World Health Organization.
Phencyclidine-Related Deaths in Los Angeles County, 1976
Authors: Noguchi TT , Nakamura GR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The current widespread use of the illicit drug phencyclidine (PCP), more commonly known as “angel dust” by the “street people,” elicits not only a health hazard but also criminality through violence and public disturbance. Files of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Crime Laboratory show that 25.3% of the 17 000 drug possession cases in 1976 involved PCP. Since the drug can be readily prepared clandestinely, it has been substituted for tetrahydrocannabinol and mescaline for illicit distribution. Jain et al [1] reported that in the analysis of urine specimens from probationers in Los Angeles County there was an increase in the PCP-positive samples from 36 to 145 for the months of January and February from 1975 to 1976. In 1977, there were 435 positives in these two months. The consequence of this street activity was that approximately 50 PCP cases per month were admitted on an emergency basis to the Los Angeles County General Hospital in 1976.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax in the Newborn: A Report of Two Fatalities
Authors: Norton LE , DiMaio VJM , Zumwalt RE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Pneumothorax in the newborn is a well-known complication of the respiratory distress syndrome and its therapy [1,2]. The sudden unexpected development of this condition in a full-term, apparently healthy infant is uncommon. When this pneumothorax leads to immediate death, the diagnosis will most likely elude clinicians and the case be reported to the medical examiner. The diagnosis can be readily made and documented if one is familiar with this entity and considers it prior to autopsy. The Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences has encountered two such deaths in a year.
Embalming Artifacts
Authors: Rivers RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Exacting accuracy is a necessity for the forensic scientist, but that accuracy becomes a challenge when the scientist is faced with common or unusual mortuary procedures that have simulated or disguised antemortem conditions of the body. The forensic scientist can spend many difficult hours attempting to correctly interpret the postmortem insult if he is not familiar with techniques used by morticians in the preparation of a body for burial. Should the condition of the body be incorrectly analyzed, the result could be the acquittal of a person guilty of murder, or worse, the conviction of an innocent person.
Chemiluminescence in the Visualization of Forensic Bloodstains
Authors: Lytle LT , Hedgecock DG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin forms the basis for those tests most commonly employed for the preliminary identification of blood: the benzidine, phenolphthalein, and luminol tests. Among these the luminol reagent is unique in that its reaction with blood results in the production of light rather than color. This distinction makes it use somewhat inconvenient because of the need for darkness when the test is performed but also gives it its unique value. Since the luminol is applied as a spray, large areas may be quickly screened for blood; furthermore, luminol is relatively nondestructive to the surroundings (it is noncorrosive and nonstaining) and to the blood (it does not prevent subsequent identification tests or ABO blood grouping analysis although it does interfere with electrophoretic analysis of those systems thus far tested, erythrocyte acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase). Although often used in this manner to locate unnoticed blood for collection and further testing, a large part of the luminol test's value comes from the observation of patterns of blood residue which it makes visible. Traditionally, the only means of recording this information has been through written description. Although luminol photography has been previously reported [1] most people still believe that successful photography of the luminol test is impossible or at least very difficult. Since the previous publication we have continued testing and refining the luminol test and its photography, and it is now used and photographed whenever a crime scene is investigated in which it might be of value.
Population Frequencies of Forensically Important Genetic Markers: Phosphoglucomutase, Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase, and Haptoglobin
Authors: Hagins AM , Shaler RC , Mortimer CE , Stuver WC , Neilson DM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Of the more than 500 antigenic systems theoretically available, relatively few (ABO, MN, and Rh) are routinely identified by criminalists. As a result of extensive blood bank typing throughout this country, comprehensive local population frequencies are available for the ABO and Rh systems.
Problems of Reliability in the Phenotyping of Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase in Bloodstains
Authors: Zajac PL , Grunbaum BW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) phenotypes have been shown to have a good frequency distribution [1] and EAP is therefore a useful discriminator in forensic investigations. The five common phenotypes, namely AA, BA, BB, CA, and CB, can now be readily and accurately determined with fresh blood [2]. Bloodstains aged for 30 days on white cotton cloth under laboratory conditions were also accurately typed [2].
Identification of Burnt Matches by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Andrasko J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An arson case recently investigated in our laboratory started the work reported in this paper. A fire broke out in one of the detention ceils at the Stockholm police headquarters. The fire was restricted to a plastic board mounted on the wall of a high security cell. During the investigation of the cause of the fire several small fragments of some burnt material were found in one of the small holes in the board. These were sent to the National Laboratory of Forensic Science (NLFS). The fragments were examined in a light microscope. The dimensions, the cross sections, and the fiber structures resembled those of burnt matches. The investigation was continued in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Morphological observation showed very good agreement between burnt matches and the examined fragments. A small amount of nonfibrous substance was observed at the edge of one of the fragments. With energy dispersive X-ray analysis (Fig. 1a) the following elements were detected: chlorine, potassium, silicon, aluminum, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, chromium, zinc, and magnesium. The same elemental composition was found for the burnt heads of the most common match in Sweden (brown head, Svenska Tändsticks AB). A typical analysis is shown in Fig. 1b. Furthermore, the elemental composition of the suspect fragments agreed with that of the wood from burnt matches (Fig. 2). The strong phosphorus signal originates from additives to the matchsticks. The phosphorns signal in Fig. 1a stems presumably from the same source.
Weakly Basic Impurities in Illicit Amphetamine
Authors: van der Ark AM , Verweij AMA , Sinnema A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the last two years several illegal workshops for the production of amphetamine were discovered in the Netherlands. The substance was mainly prepared for the Scandinavian and German drug markets, but a portion was sold in Holland and some of it was seized by the police.
Trace Element Analysis of Steel Sections on Either Side of an Oxygen Cut in a Vehicle Suspected of Being Stolen
Authors: Powell GLF , Robinson RR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There is an increasing number of criminal offenses that involve the cutting up or destruction of steel components. The most common of these is the oxygen cutting of steel safes. Also on the increase is the theft of late model cars and trucks. These vehicles are taken to isolated sites and dismantled for the resale of expensive parts. With car and truck parts becoming increasingly more expensive this form of theft is likely to continue.
Genetic Markers in Human Semen. II: Quantitation of Polymorphic Proteins
Authors: Blake ET , Sensabaugh GF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Semen evidence is almost always present in cases involving sexual assault. The typing of genetic markers in this evidence material can be very valuable in the investigation and prosecution of these crimes. In many cases the victim of the assault cannot identify the assailant and in these cases genetic information gained from the semen can be used to include or exclude potential suspects. Even when the victim can identify the assailant, genetic typing information can provide important independent corroborating evidence. It is therefore clear that more extensive genetic characterization of semen evidence would be beneficial.
Some Further Thoughts on Probabilities and Human Hair Comparisons
Authors: Gaudette BD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Publication of two previous papers [1,2] on the subject of human hair comparisons has aroused considerable interest. The significance of this research is not in the actual probability numbers found but in the experimental proof of the proposition that macroscopic and microscopic hair comparison is a useful technique and that hair evidence is good evidence. Although the results of the two studies are not inconsistent with those expected by an experienced hair examiner, some further experimental confirmation was attempted. Also, the limitations and use of such results require elaboration. A discussion of the individualization of human hair and the role of this type of work will be given.
The Individuality of Human Footprints
Authors: Robbins LM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An aspect of human identification that has received scant attention from forensic anthropologists is the study of human feet and the footprints made by the feet. During the last ten years, I have worked with archaeologists from Washington University (St. Louis) in studying the use of caves by prehistoric peoples in the Flint-Mammoth Cave region of Kentucky [1,2]. In some isolated sections of the caves, footprints of the early peoples have been found in dust and in soil that once was mud. Some of the footprints were made by bare human feet; others are of sandal (moccasin) impressions. When found, the footprints are recorded and photographed, usually by a Cave Research Foundation photographer, and left in situ. I measured some of the dust footprints in the lower passage of Salts Cave (Flint Ridge Cave system) in 1972, but at that time equipment was not available to “lift” a footprint so that it could be examined more fully in the laboratory.
Contributors to Vehicular Violence
Authors: Russell DH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
National statistics reveal that in the year 1975 over 20 000 young persons met death as the result of automobile accidents. Daily accounts in the news appall us, and there are few of us whose lives have not been touched, directly or indirectly, by such tragedy. We are still living the history of the motorcar, within the intricate phenomena of its use and abuse, and the vital place it has had in our economy. Automobilization has, in half a century, instrumented great changes in our lifestyle and influenced our culture; it has altered our concepts of time and distance, our terrain and atmosphere, and revolutionalized commercial enterprise. The immediacy of the auto, its gratifications, its utility, have tended to overwhelm and obscure thoughtful consideration of even the most significant vital implications of its use.
Reliability of the Acid Phosphatase Test for the Identification of Seminal Fluid
Authors: Schiff AF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
From the day in 1677 when a medical student named Johann Ham first discovered spermatozoa swimming about in a microscopic field to the present, it has been traditional to identify seminal fluid by finding spermatozoa in the specimen. It has been pointed out [1–4], however, that conditions exist in which the ejaculate bears no spermatozoa. Because of this situation, forensic scientists have been searching for a foolproof method of identifying seminal fluid in the absence of spermatozoa.
Rape in the United States
Authors: Schiff AF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Although a great percentage of the population in the United States is unaware of the full extent of the crime of rape, police authorities know the crime is definitely increasing. In the four-year period ending in 1976, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) [1] reported a 21% increase (Fig. 1). In the last reported year, 1976, there was an estimated total of 56 730 forcible rapes. This was a 1% increase over 1975. Stated more succinctly, in 1976, of every 100 000 females in this country, 52 were rape victims; one rape was occurring every 9 min. In 1974, the rate was one rape every 10 min and in 1972, it was one every 11 min.
Chemical Reagents for the Development of Latent Fingerprints. I: Scope and Limitations of the Reagent 4-Dimethylamino-Cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Sasson Y , Almog J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Among the chemical reagents that are currently used for the development of latent fingerprints on paper, ninhydrin is undoubtedly the most common [1]. Yet the ninhydrin method suffers from several disadvantages because the reaction is slow and requires heat for complete development. Sometimes the method is misleading because of background reactions [1,2], and not all individuals excrete sufficient perspiration to leave latent prints identifiable with ninhydrin [3].
A Study of False Positives in the Chemical Identification of Marihuana
Authors: Hughes RB , Warner VJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Many authors have reported using the Duquenois, Duquenois-Negm, Duquenois-Levine, or modified Duquenois-Levine color tests on various substances with varying results. Some authors [1] apparently consider any resultant color to be a positive response. Recently this diversity of testing methods has been used by defense lawyers in an attempt to confuse judges and juries. Therefore, a search of the literature was conducted for the various substances reported to give a positive response to any of the above methods; all of those that were commercially available were tested with the modified Duquenois-Levine test and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) employed by this laboratory for marihuana identification. In addition, other compounds of similar structures were selected and tested in like manner, as were minor components of Cannabis resin [2]. Another major objective was to determine if a mixture of materials that would lead to a false positive identification of marihuana could be made.
Heroin Abuse and a Gas Chromatographic Method for Determining Illicit Heroin Samples in Singapore
Authors: Lim HY , Chow ST 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the last few years the pattern of drug abuse in Singapore (an island city-republic with a land area of 584 km2 and a population of 2.3 million) has undergone dramatic changes. The changing pattern resulted in the introduction in 1973 of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) to replace the Dangerous Drugs Act and the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act, which were found to be inadequate. The abuse of Mandrax (methaqualone) rose to a high point in 1973 and 1974 [1] but tapered off to almost nil in 1976. However, during this period there was an alarming increase in heroin abuse.
The Postmortem Diagnosis of Magnesium Deficiency: Studies in an Animal Model for the Human Infant
Authors: Caddell JL , Scheppner R 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Magnesium deficiency is a cause of sudden death in animals [1–5]. Normal-appearing mice experience violent death [3], while cows may die quickly and quietly [4]. The lower the age and weight of the animal when placed on the magnesium-deficient diet, the earlier and more violent the death [2]. Early death may follow a period of rapid growth, particularly if the diet supplies large amounts of protein, calcium, and phosphorus [5].
A Comparison of Absorption-Inhibition and Absorption-Elution Methods in the Detection of ABO(H) Antigens Found in Vaginal Samples Submitted in Sexual Offense Cases
Authors: Graves MH , White JM , Fitzpatrick FA , Kuo MC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Absorption-inhibition is a well-established method for the identification of ABO(H) antigens in human body fluids submitted as evidence in sexual offense cases. Absorption-elution has been proposed [1] as an alternative method to inhibition for typing this material. Absorption-elution has several potential advantages over absorption-inhibition, including sensitivity and widespread use.
Gunshot Wounds: Visual and Analytical Procedures
Authors: Stone IC , DiMaio VJM , Petty CS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In most instances of death from gunshot wounds, the forensic pathologist is readily able to determine whether or not a particular gunshot wound was inflicted at contact, intermediate, or distant range. In some instances, however, such a determination is virtually impossible. Most difficulty occurs in differentiating a contact wound from a distant wound. A contact wound is apparent when soot is present on the outside of the skin, if there is a muzzle imprint, or if there is tearing of the skin caused by the effects of gas. However, determination of whether a wound is contact or distant can be a problem when (1) the body is decomposed; (2) the deceased has survived days or weeks after the initial wound; (3) the wound is a contact wound and there are multiple layers of clothing that filter out the soot and powder; and (4) the edges of the wound have dried in contact wounds with small caliber weapons.
The Application of Oxygen Plasma Ashing to Gunshot Residue Analysis
Authors: Kinard WD , Midkiff CR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the analysis of hand samples for barium and antimony levels indicative of gunshot residue, severe problems are encountered with swabs contaminated by blood, dirt, or grease. These problems originate from two main sources: decreased effectiveness of sample leaching and high instrumental backgrounds. When the flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) method developed in our laboratory [1] is used, the choice of sample collection materials is restricted to those that can be easily separated from the elements of interest. In our approach, a sample such as a cotton swab is leached with dilute nitric acid to extract any residues present. Surface contamination may make the swab impervious to solvent penetration and, therefore, inefficient leaching occurs. Contaminants such as blood, dirt, or grease on the sample can coat any primer residue particles present and prevent their dissolution in the acid, resulting in the amount of the elements of interest being lower in the solution than expected. The measured level of these elements will thus be lower than that actually present in the sample. Increasing the contact time between solvent and sample, or rigorous agitation to improve solvent attack, usually results in enhancement of the background response during the atomization phase of the AA analysis with no improvement in analytical results. This enhanced background, especially notable at the 217.6- and 217.9-nm (2176- and 2179-Å) lines used for antimony detection, may be attributed to light scattering by organic materials not completely destroyed during the drying and ashing cycle of the AA determination. Destruction of the matrix by ashing of the samples prior to analysis significantly decreases the analytical background and eliminates leaching difficulties.
Sleeping Arrangements of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Victims in the District of Columbia—A Preliminary Report
Authors: Luke JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Although instances of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have been described as occurring under diverse circumstances of sleep, the impression has been fostered that the victim is almost invariably found dead in his crib (hence the term “crib” or “cot” death). However, information developed over the past decade in Tennessee [1] and elsewhere (13.1% of SIDS fatalities in Oklahoma investigated over a two-year period were found dead in their parents' beds) [2] and more recent data from the District of Columbia Medical Examiner's Office [3] have tended to dispel this notion.