bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Flood Risk Communication by Focusing on Prevention‐Focused Motivation
Authors: de Boer Joop , Wouter Botzen W. J. , Terpstra Teun 
Published: July 2013

This article proposes an approach to flood risk communication that gives particular emphasis to the distinction between prevention and promotion motivation. According to E. Tory Higgins, the promotion system and the prevention system are assumed to coexist in every person, but one or the other may be temporarily or chronically more accessible. These insights have far‐reaching implications for our understanding of people's reasoning about risks. Flood risk communication framed in terms of prevention involves the notions of chance and harm, woven into a story about particular events that necessitate decisions to be more careful about safety issues and protect one's family and oneself from danger. The article describes how the insights worked out in practice, using a flood risk communication experiment among a sample from the general population in a highly populated river delta of the Netherlands. It had a posttest‐only control group design (n = 2,302). The results showed that risk communication had a large effect on the participants’ responses and that this effect was higher among chronic prevention‐focused people than among others. Any information that increased the fit between a prevention‐framed message and a person's chronic prevention motivation produced stronger situationally induced, prevention‐focused responses. This may significantly improve communication about risks. In contrast, the notion of water city projects, featuring waterside living, had more appeal to promotion‐focused people.
Kidney Transplantation in the Obese Transplant Candidates: To Transplant or Not To Transplant?
Authors: Pham Phuong‐Thu T. , Danovitch Gabriel M. , Pham Phuong‐Chi T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) at the time of transplantation among kidney transplant recipients in the United States has doubled between 1987 and 2001 and continues to increase inexorably. Single‐center and large registry studies in kidney transplant recipients demonstrated that high body mass index (BMI) at transplant is associated with increased risk of wound and surgical site infections, delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection episodes, and graft loss, among others. Hence, in many centers, obese transplant candidates are denied a transplant based on their body mass index (BMI) alone. The impact of obesity on short‐ and long‐term graft and patient outcomes after kidney transplantation are herein revisited, followed by the authors' proposed approach to evaluate and select obese transplant candidates for a kidney transplant. Suggested interventions to optimize the health of such candidates are also discussed.
The Functions of Social Support as Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Air Force Personnel
Authors: Bryan Craig J. , Hernandez Ann Marie 
Published: July 2013

This study examined various functions of social support (i.e., tangible, esteem, belonging, and appraisal) were examined as protective factors for suicidal ideation in a sample of 273 active duty Air Force Security Forces personnel. Generalized linear regression analyses were conducted to determine if various social support functions were differentially associated with the presence and severity of suicidal ideation, both as main effects and as moderators of emotional distress. None of the four social support functions differentiated suicidal from nonsuicidal Airmen, but esteem support (i.e., feeling respected, encouraged, and valued by others) was associated with significantly less severe suicidal ideation (B = −.074, SE = .025, p = .003). A significant interaction of tangible support (i.e., access to material resources) with emotional distress indicated that emotional distress was associated with more severe suicidal ideation only among Airmen reporting low levels of tangible support (B = .006, SE = .003, p = .018). When considered concurrently, both tangible and self‐esteem functions of social support are differentially associated with decreased suicidal ideation among Airmen, but belonging (i.e., having someone to do things with) and appraisal (i.e., having someone to talk to about problems) functions were not. Findings suggest that different aspects of social support affect suicidal ideation in different ways.
Stereotypes as Valid Categories of Knowledge and Human Perceptions of Group Differences
Authors: Lee Yueh‐Ting , McCauley Clark , Jussim Lee 
Published: July 2013

AbstractStereotypes – beliefs about group differences – are more complex than is generally assumed. First, we address the multidimensionality of stereotypes under the framework of the Cubic EPA model which suggests that stereotypes are characterized by three dimensions: evaluation, potency, and accuracy. Specific attention is given to the relationship between stereotypes and totemic beliefs as collectively shared representations. Second, we review controversial research on the accuracy of stereotypes. Cultural stereotypes, personal stereotypes, judgment of individuals and groups, judgment criteria, and meta‐analytical results are examined, revealing the robust relationship between stereotypes and reality. Finally, we point to the importance of explanations of group differences, especially the perception of essence that is encouraged by group entitativity (perceptual “oneness”). We suggest that stereotyping is particularly powerful for groups with high entitativity and a perceived essence, and that a group's totem is the manifestation of the group's essence. Though we cannot resolve all the controversies relating to stereotyping, our perspective emphasizes stereotypes as categories useful for human interaction and survival.
Navigating Social Roles in Pursuit of Important Goals: A Communal Goal Congruity Account of STEM Pursuits
Authors: Diekman Amanda B. , Steinberg Mia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOur exploration of communal goal processes in decisions about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers integrates research on goal pursuit processes with research on stereotyping and on social role occupancy. Social roles encompass expectations and resources that can originate from group membership in broad social categories, such as gender, ethnicity, or nationality, or from more narrowly focused occupational and family roles. Our review elaborates on three ways in which social roles intersect with goal pursuit processes, with particular attention to how communal goals influence STEM pursuits. First, social roles influence goal selection or what goals are prioritized generally and at a particular time. Second, beliefs about social roles can influence the kinds of roles that people shy away from or seek out. Third, occupying a particular social role can actually facilitate or impede goal progress. With regard to STEM pursuits, we demonstrate that communal goals are valued both generally by people and especially by women, and that consensual stereotypes describe STEM fields as less likely to afford communal goals than other occupational roles. However, emphasizing the communal aspects of STEM fields elicits greater positivity toward these roles. Finally, we explore the ways in which STEM occupational roles are or might be enacted in communally‐oriented ways. The goal congruity perspective thus can offer a unifying framework to integrate an understanding of the social structure – that is, roles and contexts – with the social cognition of the individual – that is, critical motivational and cognitive processes.
The development of a methodology using fuzzy logic to assess the performance of cropping systems based on a case study of maize in the Po Valley
Authors: Carozzi M. , Bregaglio S. , Scaglia B. , Bernardoni E. , Acutis M. , Confalonieri R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe development of tools for evaluating the sustainability of cropping systems is fundamental to providing reliable information on crop performance. In this study, an integrated index [Performance Index (PI)] was developed based on environmental, production and cost variables. In this approach, data are aggregated using a fuzzy logic‐based procedure to deal with the inherent subjectivity at each aggregation step. The PI was tested for three cropping systems in the Po Valley (northern Italy) where maize was grown using minimum tillage, sod seeding and conventional tillage. The methodology proved to be effective for evaluating the three systems. In contrast to other methods for evaluating cropping systems such as those based on agro‐ecological indicators (AEIs), direct aggregation of measured variables reduces the risk of losing information because the level of abstraction in the mathematical formalization of AEIs is usually higher. This advantage is counterbalanced by an increase in the data needed for the evaluation process. The use of domain experts and the mathematical management of subjective decisions should encourage the use of the methodology in other regions and cropping systems.
H435‐containing immunoglobulin G3 allotypes are transported efficiently across the human placenta: implications for alloantibody‐mediated diseases of the newborn
Authors: Einarsdottir Helga , Ji Yanli , Visser Remco , Mo Chunyan , Luo Guangping , Scherjon Sicco , van der Schoot C. Ellen , Vidarsson Gestur 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThe neonatal receptor (FcRn) extends the half‐life of human immunoglobulin (Ig)G and transports it across the placenta, providing the newborn with humoral immunity. Of the four subclasses, IgG3 stands out with strong effector functions, short half‐life (7 days vs. 21 days for other subclasses), and poor placental transport. We recently described how a single‐amino‐acid polymorphism at Position 435 in IgG3 is sufficient to explain the short half‐life of R435‐containing IgG3 and demonstrated that H435‐IgG3 has a normal half‐life of 21 days. Here, we investigated whether the R435 also explains the relatively poor placental transport of IgG3.Study Design and MethodsSera were collected from paired mothers and newborns at birth. The study included six mothers expressing R435‐IgG diagnosed with fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and treated with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG; containing H435‐IgG3, also known as G3m16 or G3m(s,t) allotype), as well as 33 paired samples of both G3m16− and G3m16+ mothers. Placental IgG transport was estimated by comparing cord and maternal concentrations of IgG subclass and G3m16 allotype.ResultsThe placental transport of naturally occurring H435‐IgG3 allotypes was significantly more efficient than that of other R435‐IgG3 allotypes and was comparable to IgG1 transport.ConclusionWe demonstrate that the poor maternal–fetal transport of IgG3 is only true for most individuals of western populations where the G3m16 is not common. In G3m16+ individuals, expressing H435‐containing IgG3, IgG3 transport is similar to IgG1, which may give rise to enhanced complications in pregnancy‐associated alloimmune disease in ethnic communities where this naturally occurring H435 containing IgG3 allotype is more frequent.
Identification of 23-(
S
)-2-Amino-3-Phenylpropanoyl-Silybin as an Antiviral Agent for Influenza A Virus Infection
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Authors: Dai Jian-Ping , Wu Li-Qi , Li Rui , Zhao Xiang-Feng , Wan Qian-Ying , Chen Xiao-Xuan , Li Wei-Zhong , Wang Ge-Fei , Li Kang-Sheng 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

It has been reported that autophagy is involved in the replication of many viruses. In this study, we screened 89 medicinal plants, using an assay based on the inhibition of the formation of the Atg12-Atg5/Atg16 heterotrimer, an important regulator of autophagy, and selected
Silybum marianum
L. for further study. An antiviral assay indicated that silybin (S0), the major active compound of
S. marianum
L., can inhibit influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We later synthesized 5 silybin derivatives (S1 through S5) and found that 23-(
S
)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-silybin (S3) had the best activity. When we compared the polarities of the substituent groups, we found that the hydrophobicity of the substituent groups was positively correlated with their activities. We further studied the mechanisms of action of these compounds and determined that S0 and S3 also inhibited both the formation of the Atg12-Atg5/Atg16 heterotrimer and the elevated autophagy induced by IAV infection. In addition, we found that S0 and S3 could inhibit several components induced by IAV infection, including oxidative stress, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB kinase (IKK) pathways, and the expression of autophagic genes, especially Atg7 and Atg3. All of these components have been reported to be related to the formation of the Atg12-Atg5/Atg16 heterotrimer, which might validate our screening strategy. Finally, we demonstrated that S3 can significantly reduce influenza virus replication and the associated mortality in infected mice. In conclusion, we identified 23-(
S
)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-silybin as a promising inhibitor of IAV infection.
Platform Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum with Reduced Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Activity for Improved Production of
l
-Lysine,
l
-Valine, and 2-Ketoisovalerate
Authors: Buchholz Jens , Schwentner Andreas , Brunnenkan Britta , Gabris Christina , Grimm Simon , Gerstmeir Robert , Takors Ralf , Eikmanns Bernhard J. , Blombach Bastian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Exchange of the native
Corynebacterium glutamicum
promoter of the
aceE
gene, encoding the E1p subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), with mutated
dapA
promoter variants led to a series of
C. glutamicum
strains with gradually reduced growth rates and PDHC activities. Upon overexpression of the
l
-valine biosynthetic genes
ilvBNCE
, all strains produced
l
-valine. Among these strains,
C. glutamicum aceE
A16 (pJC4
ilvBNCE
) showed the highest biomass and product yields, and thus it was further improved by additional deletion of the
pqo
and
ppc
genes, encoding pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, respectively. In fed-batch fermentations at high cell densities,
C. glutamicum aceE
A16 Δ
pqo Δppc
(pJC4
ilvBNCE
) produced up to 738 mM (i.e., 86.5 g/liter)
l
-valine with an overall yield (
Y
P/S
) of 0.36 mol per mol of glucose and a volumetric productivity (

Q
P

) of 13.6 mM per h [1.6 g/(liter × h)]. Additional inactivation of the transaminase B gene (
ilvE
) and overexpression of
ilvBNCD
instead of
ilvBNCE
transformed the
l
-valine-producing strain into a 2-ketoisovalerate producer, excreting up to 303 mM (35 g/liter) 2-ketoisovalerate with a
Y
P/S
of 0.24 mol per mol of glucose and a

Q
P

of 6.9 mM per h [0.8 g/(liter × h)]. The replacement of the
aceE
promoter by the
dapA
-A16 promoter in the two
C. glutamicum
l
-lysine producers DM1800 and DM1933 improved the production by 100% and 44%, respectively. These results demonstrate that
C. glutamicum
strains with reduced PDHC activity are an excellent platform for the production of pyruvate-derived products.
Variability in Southern Hemisphere Ocean Circulation from the 1980s to the 2000s
Authors: Katsumata K. , Masuda S. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Interannual-to-decadal variability of ocean circulation in the Southern Hemisphere was examined using data from the 1980s to the 2000s in a box inverse model to estimate transport across hydrographic sections and three ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). The westerly wind stress over the OGCM Southern Ocean showed a steady increase of 5%–8% decade−1. The meridional overturning circulation was quantified by the transport across 30°S. The OGCMs suggested a slight strengthening [from 0.2 ± 1.0 to 0.8 ± 1.3 Sv decade−1 (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1)] of the upper meridional cell (Deacon cell) and two OGCMs showed a weakening (−0.8 ± 0.6 and −1.0 ± 0.3 Sv decade−1) of the lower meridional [Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)] cell, partly explained by contraction of the AABW volume. The box inverse estimates did not contradict these two findings. For Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport, quantified by zonal transport across four key sections, the box inverse model estimated a decrease of 5–21 Sv. Decomposition of the decrease into baroclinic transport by the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts, barotropic transport, and others shows that the decrease is mostly due to barotropic transport and transport carried by the flow north of the Subantarctic Front and south of the Polar Front. In the OGCMs, the variability of transport across key sections is often correlated with transport carried by a flow south of the Polar Front and with the southern annular mode index. In all models, then, the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, defined as the transport carried by the fronts, has not decreased significantly over the study period.
Diapycnal and Isopycnal Transports in the Southern Ocean Estimated by a Box Inverse Model
Authors: Katsumata K. , Sloyan B. M. , Masuda S. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Quantitative descriptions of Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling and evolution into a lighter mode and heavier bottom waters in the Southern Ocean are still not well constrained. Here, data from two occupations of eight hydrographic sections are combined and used in a box inverse model to estimate isopycnal and diapycnal transports in the Southern Ocean. A mixed layer box allows diapycnal transports in the surface mixed layer to be estimated separately. Current velocity at 1000 dbar was constrained by the mean velocity field estimated from subsurface float drift data. The estimated isopycnal transports are largely consistent with past estimates and with outputs of three ocean general circulation models. The estimated subduction and upwelling at the base of the Southern Ocean mixed layer show that Upper Circumpolar Deep Water upwells [16 ± 15 and 17 ± 21 Sv (where 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) by different inversion methods] and evolves into heavier Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (5 ± 13 and 6 ± 18 Sv) and Bottom Water (8 ± 9 and 8 ± 13 Sv) or lighter Mode and Intermediate Waters (9 ± 18 and 13 ± 24 Sv). Meridional transport in the surface mixed layer is due to northward Ekman transport and mostly southward eddy transport. In seasonal ice-covered areas near Antarctica, a significant (14 ± 14 Sv) southward transport was found. The southward eddy transport is largest north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and decreases poleward because of the poleward decrease in the eddy diffusivity. The interior diapycnal transports, which can be either upward (gaining buoyancy) or downward (gaining density), are comparable in magnitude to the horizontal diapycnal transports within the surface mixed layer.
Understanding the Climate-Sensitive Decisions and Information Needs of Freshwater Resource Managers in Hawaii
Authors: Finucane Melissa L. , Miller Rachel , Corlew L. Kati , Keener Victoria W. , Burkett Maxine , Grecni Zena 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Understanding how climate science can be useful in decisions about the management of freshwater resources requires knowledge of decision makers, their climate-sensitive decisions, and the context in which the decisions are being made. A mixed-methods study found that people managing freshwater resources in Hawaii are highly educated and experienced in diverse professions, they perceive climate change as posing a worrisome risk, and they would like to be better informed about how to adapt to climate change. Decision makers with higher climate literacy seem to be more comfortable dealing with uncertain information. Those with lower climate literacy seem to be more trusting of climate information from familiar sources. Freshwater managers in Hawaii make a wide range of climate-sensitive decisions. These decisions can be characterized on several key dimensions including purpose (optimization and evaluation), time horizon (short term and long term), level of information uncertainty (known, uncertain, deeply uncertain, and completely unknown), and information type (quantitative and qualitative). The climate information most relevant to decision makers includes vulnerability assessments incorporating long-term projections about temperature, rainfall distribution, storms, sea level rise, and streamflow changes at an island or statewide scale. The main barriers to using available climate information include insufficient staff time to locate the information and the lack of a clear legal mandate to use the information. Overall, the results suggest that an integrated and systematic approach is needed to determine where and when uncertain climate information is useful and how a larger set of organizational and individual variables affect decision making.
Topaz as an important host for Ge in granites and greisens
Authors: Breiter K. , Gardenová N. , Vaculovič T. , Kanický V. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe composition of topaz from different granites and greisen in the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge area was investigated using electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). All topaz grains are rich in F (17.9 19.8 wt.%, 1.73 1.90 a.p.f.u.) and the most important minor/trace elements are P, Ge and Ga. Contents of P up to 1 wt.% P2O5 (0.025 a.p.f.u.) were found in topaz from the strongly peraluminous P-rich magmatic systems at Podlesí. Regardless of genetic type, topaz from granites typically contains 50 100 ppm Ge. The greatest amounts (up to 204 ppm Ge) were found in topaz from quartz-topaz-apatite greisen in Krásno. In fractionated granites and greisens, topaz is calculated to contain 23 87% of the bulk Ge content in the rock. In contrast, topaz does not concentrate Ga. The Ga content of topaz (typically 5 35 ppm in S-type granites, <10 ppm Ga in A-type granites) is usually smaller than the bulk Ga content of the rock. In addition, up to 16 ppm Sc, 23 ppm Sn and >400 ppm Fe may be present.