bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy im In-room-Coaching
Authors: Briegel Wolfgang , Walter Thomas , Schimek Martina , Knapp Dirk , Bussing Regina 
Published: December 2014

Störungen des Sozialverhaltens mit frühem Beginn weisen ohne effektive Behandlung eine schlechte Prognose auf. In internationalen Studien erwies sich Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) für zwei- bis siebenjährige Kinder als effektive Therapieform, entsprechende Nachweise fehlten bisher für den deutschsprachigen Raum. Mit der vorliegenden Fallstudie, in die 16 Mutter-Kind-Dyaden eingeschlossen werden konnten (Alter der Kinder: drei bis neun Jahre), konnte für PCIT im sogenannten In-room-Coaching eine sehr gute Akzeptanz (Abbrecherquote: 12.5 %) bei großer Behandlungszufriedenheit gezeigt werden. Bei Behandlungsende hatten positive elterliche Erziehungsstrategien signifikant zugenommen und die Intensitätswerte des Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) lagen signifikant niedriger als vor PCIT-Beginn. Bei einer Nachuntersuchung nach im Mittel fast drei Jahren waren die erreichten Effekte in elf Fällen weiterhin erheblich, neun der 14 Kinder zeigten normale ECBI-Werte. Die Ergebnisse sprechen insgesamt dafür, dass für PCIT in Deutschland mit ähnlich guten Effekten zu rechnen ist wie z. B. in den USA.
Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium with Decomposable Graphical Models
Authors: Abel Haley J. , Thomas Alun 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter describes the use of decomposable graphical models (DGMs) to represent the dependences within genetic data, or linkage disequilibrium (LD), prior to various downstream applications. First, general learning algorithms are reviewed: schemes based on Markov chains Monte Carlo and related simulated annealing strategies are described. However, for tractable processing of high-dimensional data, it is shown that sampling the space of DGMs is efficiently replaced with the sampling of representations of DGMs — the junction trees. Then, a first application is considered: the phase imputation for diploid data, which consists in inferring the latent genetical phased haplotypes underlying the observed genetical unphased genotypes. In particular, it is shown that in the case of diploid data, decoupling the model estimation step from the phasing step allows scalability of the whole learning process. The chapter ends with the illustration of the potentialities of DGMs through four applications.
On explanation and theory in Arabic linguistics
Authors: Wilmsen David 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Formal, theoretical linguistics accounts of Arabic lack observational, descriptive, or explanatory adequacy in ignoring or glossing over the history of Arabic and current dialect diversity, and in concentrating solely or primarily upon (or directing their greatest attention to) the Arabic of writing, a language that no one speaks natively. Even when taking dialect data into account, they defeat themselves by comparing unalike dialects of Arabic, possessing divergent grammars. Meanwhile, descriptions of individual idiolects are contradicted by counter-examples from closely related grammars. Their attempts at accounting for Arabic grammatical šī, almost exclusively grappling with interrogation and negation, while coming close to forming accurate descriptions of those phenomena, end by proposing partial and ad hoc explanations for its manifold functions.
Prosodic templates
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractProsodic templates are morphological constructions, sometimes stem-forming and in other cases associated with derivational or inflectional morphological categories, which directly constrain the phonological shape of the derived stem. Templates have played a highly significant role in theories of phonology and morphology. From the perspective of phonology, templatic shape contraints have played an important role in illuminating the nature of phonological representations. On the morphology side, templates have been cited as evidence that morphology is not strictly concatenative. Templatic effects challenge the boundary between morphologically conditioned phonology and process phonology. This chapter surveys a variety of templates from the familiar root and pattern morphology of Semitic to lesser known cases, and poses the question of whether templates are units of phonological representation or the emergent effect of a cluster of morphologically conditioned phonological patterns in the same morphological context.
Reduplication
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractReduplication is the doubling of some part of a morphological constituent (root, stem, word) for some morphological purpose. Reduplication has long been a topic of intense interest for morphological and phonological theory alike. From the morphological perspective, reduplication poses a challenge for item‑based theories of morphology because of its process‑like phonological character. From the phonological perspective, reduplication has provided evidence outside phonology proper for phonological constituents like the mora, syllable, and foot. This chapter surveys reduplication phenomena as well as the leading theories of reduplication, exploring theoretical issues such as whether reduplication is phonological copying or morphological doubling, and whether reduplicative templates are atomic units of phonological representation or the emergent effect of morphologically conditioned phonological restrictions on output shape.
Conclusion
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPhonology-morphology interaction is very different from syntax-phonology interaction. It sheds light on word-internal structure and on the ability for relatively unnatural phonological alternations to be productive, at least within a given morphological niche. Morphophonological patterns are crucial for theories of phonological universals, and must be taken seriously by morphologists and phonologists, especially those seeking to reduce all synchronic morphological patterns to syntax, or all synchronic phonological patterns to universal phonetic motivations.
Food Security and the Supermarket Transition in the Middle East
Authors: Seyfert Karin , Chaaban Jad , Ghattas Hala 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Over the past decade, developing countries have witnessed two food system transitions affecting their food security. The first, known as the ‘nutrition transition’, is a shift from so-called ‘traditional diets’ — based on the consumption of foods high in fibre such as cereals, legumes, fruit and vegetables — to so-called ‘modern’ diets — which feature larger proportions of saturated fats, sugar and processed foods. This dietary shift has been facilitated by the second transition, in food procurement, known as the ‘supermarket transition’ or the ‘third food regime’. This chapter focuses on changes in national procurement channels in two case study countries of Lebanon and Qatar. The supermarket transition involves a shift from food production and processing in small units — whose output is sold to small retailers at wholesale spot markets — to larger retail outlets trading with dedicated or contracted specialised wholesalers and food producers.
Detention of Combatants and the War on Terror
Authors: Schoettler James A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The right of States to detain enemy combatants in armed conflict to prevent their return to the field of combat has been described by the U.S. Supreme Court as a “fundamental incident of waging war.” This chapter looks at this fundamental belligerent right of States as it has been applied by the United States in its armed conflict with al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The chapter looks closely at the law applicable to the determination of a person’s status as a combatant, the U.S. government’s approach to these status determinations in the armed conflict against al-Qaeda and associated terrorist groups, the principal U.S. court decisions scrutinizing that approach, and the response of presidential administrations and Congress to those decisions, including by developing requirements for periodic review of the basis for detention at U.S. facilities in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and in Afghanistan.
Battlefield Perspectives on the Laws of War
Authors: Lewis Michael W. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter addresses the challenges of communicating the laws of war to the combatants who are required to abide by them. It describes the process by which law has been brought ever closer to the battlefield and the life-or-death decisions that are made there every day. It describes specific legal developments relating to the use of air power, drones, and artillery. In so doing it uncovers the challenges that law faces in competing for bandwidth against the many other considerations that influence the actions of soldiers in combat. By describing the process by which combatants internalize the laws of armed conflict, it offers suggestions about how law is best injected into the battlefield.
Pharmacodynamic studies of nitrofurantoin against common uropathogens
Authors: Komp Lindgren P. , Klockars O. , Malmberg C. , Cars O. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index that best correlates to nitrofurantoin's antibacterial effect, we studied nitrofurantoin activity against common causative pathogens in uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI).

Methods
Five isolates [two Escherichia coli (one isolate producing the ESBL CTX-M-15), two Enterococcus faecium (including one that was vancomycin resistant) and one Staphylococcus saprophyticus] were used. The MICs of nitrofurantoin were determined by Etest. Time–kill curves with different concentrations of nitrofurantoin (based on multiples of isolate-specific MICs) were followed over 24 h. An in vitro kinetic model was used to simulate different time–concentration profiles, exposing E. coli to nitrofurantoin for varying proportions of the dosing interval. The outcome parameters reduction in cfu 0–24 h (Δcfu0–24) and the area under the bactericidal curve (AUBC), were correlated with time over MIC (T&gt;MIC) and area under the antibiotic concentration curve divided by the MIC (AUC/MIC).

Results
A bactericidal effect at varying static drug concentrations was achieved for all isolates. All isolates showed similar kill curve profiles. In the kinetic model, the effect of nitrofurantoin on E. coli displayed a 4 log reduction in cfu/mL within 6 h at 8 × MIC. The outcome parameters Δcfu0–24 and AUBC had a good correlation with T&gt;MIC (R ≈ 0.83 and R ≈ 0.67, respectively), whereas log(AUC/MIC) was significantly poorer (R ≈ 0.39 and R ≈ 0.53, respectively).

Conclusions
Nitrofurantoin was highly effective against E. coli and S. saprophyticus isolates; the killing effect against E. faecium was not as rapid, but still significant. Against E. coli, nitrofurantoin was mainly associated with a concentration-dependent action; this was confirmed in the kinetic model, in which T&gt;MIC displayed the best correlation.
Indication of family-specific DNA methylation patterns in developing oysters
Authors: Olson Claire E. , Roberts Steven B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundDNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is ubiquitous across many eukaryotes, with variable patterns and functions across taxa. The roles of DNA methylation during invertebrate development remain enigmatic, especially regarding the inheritance and ontogenetic dynamics of methylation. In order to better understand to what degree DNA methylation patterns are heritable, variable between individuals, and changing duringCrassostrea gigasdevelopment, we characterized the genome-wide methylome ofCrassostrea gigassperm and larvae from two full-sib families nested within a maternal half-sib family across developmental stages.ResultsBisulfite treated DNA sequencing ofCrassostrea gigassperm and larvae at 72 hours post fertilization and 120 hours post fertilization revealed DNA methylation ranges from 15-18%. Our data suggest that DNA methylation patterns are inherited, as methylation patterns were more similar between the two sires and their offspring compared to methylations pattern differences among developmental stages. Loci differing between the two paternal full-sib families (189) were found throughout the genome but were concentrated in transposable elements. The proportion of differentially methylated loci among developmental stages was not significantly greater in any genomic region.ConclusionsThis study provides the first single-base pair resolution DNA methylomes for both oyster sperm and larval samples from multiple crosses. Assuming DNA methylation is introduced randomly, the predominance of differentially methylated loci between families within transposable elements could be associated with selection against altering methylation in gene bodies. For instance, differentially methylated loci in gene bodies could be lethal or deleterious, as they would alter gene expression. Another possibility is that differentially methylated loci may provide advantageous phenotypic variation by increasing transposable element mobility. Future research should focus on the relationship between epigenetic and genetic variation, and explore the possible relationship of DNA methylation and transposable element activity.
Large loop versus straight‐wire excision of the transformation zone for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised controlled trial of electrosurgical techniques
Authors: Camargo MJ , Russomano FB , Tristão MA , Huf G , Prendiville W 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo compare two electrosurgical techniques, straight‐wire excision of transformation zone (SWETZ) with large loop excision of transformation zone, as a cone procedure (LLETZ‐cone), for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), when disease is present at the cervical canal.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingTwo public hospitals, one in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and one in Dublin, Ireland.PopulationOne hundred and three women with indication to treat CIN located at cervical canal.MethodsWomen were randomised to receive LLETZ‐cone or SWETZ.OutcomesMain outcome was the incidence of complete excision of disease at endocervical margin of the surgical specimen. Secondary outcomes were complete excision at ectocervical and stromal margins, time to complete the procedure, specimen fragmentation, blood loss and death after 1 year.ResultsFifty‐two women were allocated to LLETZ‐cone and 51 to SWETZ. Ten women were lost for main outcome because of damaged specimens. Forty‐two women in the LLETZ‐cone group had free endocervical margin versus 43 women in the SWETZ group (relative risk 1.04, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.87–1.25; P = 0.64). For secondary outcomes related to margins, we observed a relative risk of 1.15 (95% CI 0.95–1.39; P = 0.15) for ectocervical free margin. For free stromal margin, the relative risk was 1.07 (95% CI 0.89–1.29; P = 0.47). No death was observed.ConclusionsThis study was inconclusive; SWETZ and LLETZ‐cone were equally effective to treat endocervical disease, with no difference in protecting against margin involvement. Higher, but not severe, blood loss and longer surgical time were observed in the SWETZ group.
Value of allohaemagglutinins in the diagnosis of a polysaccharide antibody deficiency
Authors: Schaballie H , Vermeulen F , Verbinnen B , Frans G , Vermeulen E , Proesmans M , De Vreese K , Emonds M P , De Boeck K , Moens L , Picard C , Bossuyt X , Meyts I 
Published: December 2014

Summary
Polysaccharide antibody deficiency is characterized by a poor or absent antibody response after vaccination with an unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Allohaemagglutinins (AHA) are antibodies to A or B polysaccharide antigens on the red blood cells, and are often used as an additional or alternative measure to assess the polysaccharide antibody response. However, few studies have been conducted to establish the clinical significance of AHA. To investigate the value of AHA to diagnose a polysaccharide antibody deficiency, pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody titres and AHA were studied retrospectively in 180 subjects in whom both tests had been performed. Receiver operating characteristic curves for AHA versus the pneumococcal vaccine response as a marker for the anti-polysaccharide immune response revealed an area under the curve between 0·5 and 0·573. Sensitivity and specificity of AHA to detect a polysaccharide antibody deficiency, as diagnosed by vaccination response, were low (calculated for cut-off 1/4–1/32). In subjects with only low pneumococcal antibody response, the prevalence of bronchiectasis was significantly higher than in subjects with only low AHA (45·5 and 1·3%, respectively) or normal pneumococcal antibody response and AHA (2·4%). A logistic regression model showed that low pneumococcal antibody response but not AHA was associated with bronchiectasis (odds ratio 46·2). The results of this study do not support the routine use of AHA to assess the polysaccharide antibody response in patients with suspected immunodeficiency, but more studies are warranted to clarify the subject further.
Squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a refilled thin‐walled cavity in lung: a case report
Authors: Lu Ming , Zhu Xiang , Liu Chen , Cao Baoshan , Yao Wanzhen , Chen Yahong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThin‐walled cavity with air‐fluid level is often considered radiographically benign‐looking lesion. We recently encountered a patient with a rare lung cavity. A 58‐year‐old male presented with intermittent fever, chest pain and hemoptysis. A large thin‐walled cavity, with a smooth inner surface and a clear air‐fluid level, occupied the left upper lobe on the chest computerized tomography (CT) scan. After intravenous antibiotics was administrated, the air‐fluid level in the cavity disappeared, and the cavity was gradually fluid refilled unexpectedly. However, the cavitary lesion kept the previous contour. Then CT‐guided percutaneous needle lung biopsy was performed, revealing a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Although it is rare, a refilled thin‐walled cavity in lung may be malignant, which should be kept in mind by clinician.
Effects of fire on vegetation and arthropods in a coastal heath, south‐east Queensland
Authors: Manwaring Mathew , Eliott Martyn , Barton Philip , Weaver Haylee 
Published: December 2014

SummaryFire is an important part of many Australian ecosystems, and determining how it affects different vegetation communities and associated fauna is of particular interest to land managers. Here, we report on a study that used sites established during a 39‐year fire experiment in coastal heathland in southeastern Queensland to compare arthropod abundance and vegetation in 1.5–2.6 ha sites that were (i) long unburnt, (ii) burnt every 5 years and (iii) burnt every 3 years. We found that the abundance of ants was more than four times higher in the frequently burnt sites compared to long unburnt sits. Moreover, long unburnt sites had greater dominance of Xanthorrhoea johnsonii and Caustis recurvata, whereas burnt sites had greater cover of Lomandra filiformis, Leucopogon margarodes and Leucopogon leptospermoides. Our findings show that frequent fire can alter vegetation structure and composition, and this is matched by an increase in the relative dominance of ants in the arthropod community.
Neurobrucellosis in children: Case series from Turkey
Authors: Aydın Teke Türkan , Koyuncu Hilal , Oz Fatma Nur , Metin Ozge , Bayhan Gülsüm Iclal , Gayretli Aydın Zeynep Gökçe , Kaman Ayşe , Tanır Gönül 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundBrucellosis is a multisystem disease that may present with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and complications. Neurobrucellosis is an uncommon and serious complication of pediatric brucellosis.MethodsWe describe seven cases of neurobrucellosis.ResultsAtaxia (one patient), diplopia (one patient) and hearing loss (one patient) were among the neurological signs and symptoms. The most common diagnoses were acute meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Five of the patients fully recovered, one was lost to follow up and the other had hearing loss as a sequela.ConclusionNeurobrucellosis should be kept in mind in patients with any neurological or neuropsychiatric diseases who live in endemic areas of brucellosis.
Antipsychotic polypharmacy among elderly patients with schizophrenia and dementia during hospitalization at a Taiwanese psychiatric hospital
Authors: Wu Yu‐Hsuan , Lai Chun‐Yang , Chang Yu‐San 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study was to investigate the prescribing patterns for antipsychotic drugs in elderly hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or dementia at a psychiatric hospital in Taiwan from 2007 to 2012. This study also explored the predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP).MethodsWe collected patients' demographic data, including year of admission, age, gender, and length of hospital stay, and drug‐related information.ResultsSecond‐generation antipsychotic (SGA) monotherapy was the most common type of therapy in both those with dementia and with schizophrenia, and quetiapine and risperidone were the most commonly prescribed drugs for these conditions, respectively. In late‐life schizophrenia, 33.8% of the patients used first‐generation antipsychotics (FGA) alone. Regarding APP, a combination of FGA and SGA and combinations of SGA were most commonly noted in schizophrenia patients and dementia patients, respectively. Overall, APP increased from 2007 to 2012. It was significantly more common in patients with dementia (odds ratio: 3.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.29–9.39, P = 0.014), less concurrent use of hypnotics and sedatives (odds ratio: 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.17–0.99, P = 0.046), and a higher‐than‐recommended dose of antipsychotic drugs (odds ratio: 4.98, 95% confidence interval: 2.75–9.02, P < 0.001).ConclusionsFGA are still commonly used for the late‐life schizophrenia at our hospital. Given their potentially hazardous side effects, FGA must be employed with caution. The use of APP involving SGA increased over the 6 years of the study period, especially among patients with dementia. However, the use of SGA in dementia began to decline after the US Food and Drug Administration's 2005 warning about SGA being associated with increased mortality in dementia patients, which contrasts with the trends examined in this study. Further controlled trials exploring the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of APP in this population are warranted to gain an additional insight into this practice.