bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postmortem Dating of Putrefied Material Through Ptomaine Estimation
Authors: Bonte W , Bleifuss J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ptomaines, also known as putrefactive bases, are microbiological degradation products of postmortem protein catabolism and have caused much concern for forensic toxicologists for more than 100 years [1,2]. In 1885 Brieger [3] noted, in a review of the considerable volume of literature that existed even then, “that no facet of medical research, even extending into the present day, is so confused and devoid of actual results, as the field of the so-called putrefaction or cadaveric alkaloids.” (The term ptomaine originates from Selmi [4] who, through the Stass-Otto method, succeeded in isolating from cadaveric material noncrystalline products that could be confused with morphine, codeine, and atropine in their reactions and effects.) Brieger's major contribution was to deviate from the standard practice of establishing such cadaveric alkaloids through experiments with aminals and chemical reactions by demonstrating the chemical individuality of the body and investigating its composition [3]. He succeeded in identifying (besides neurine, muscarine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and diethylamine) two diamines that he named “cadaverine” and “putrescine” that were then unknown to chemistry. Cadaverine was identified as pentylethyldiamine and putrescine was supposed to be a dimethylated ethyldiamine.
Human Body Buoyancy: A Study of 98 Men
Authors: Donoghue ER , Minnigerode SC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Can any conclusions regarding cause of death be drawn from whether a body floats or sinks in water? In 1699 a famous British murder trial was precipitated by the discovery of a young woman's body floating on the surface of a millpond very soon after death. The townspeople could not reconcile this circumstance with anything but foul play, and four lawyers were charged with her murder. Among the evidence presented was the testimony of a sailor who recounted that at the naval battle of Beachy Head the men who were shot and fell overboard floated, while those who were drowned immediately sank [1].
The Cocaine Diastereoisomers
Authors: Allen AC , Cooper DA , Kiser WO , Cottreli RC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the past, it has been argued in court, from a theoretical basis, that the techniques available to the forensic chemist would differentiate the “cocaines.” This work has moved that argument from the realm of the theoretical into that of experimental fact. The techniques of infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) will unequivocally identify the racemic cocaine diastereoisomer. In addition, this work shows that the enantiomeric form of cocaine can be assigned by crystal tests, IR, and melting point techniques. The pure enantiomers of allococaine and pseudoallococaine were not isolated. This does not create a problem because the techniques of NMR and MS, as performed in this study, will not differentiate enantiomers. Therefore, the logical sequence of first identifying the diastereoisomer (via IR, MNR, or MS) and then determining the chirality by crystal tests, IR, melting points, or optical rotation measurements is valid.
Identification of a Foreign Body Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis
Authors: Gettleman L , Carr RF , Herschaft EE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A foreign object, presumably swallowed during a dental appointment, was recovered by using an esophagoscope and thought to be a piece of dental impression material, probably alginate. It was identified as being of nondental origin by means of visible light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the latter coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Histologic examination revealed some amorphous crystalline material surrounded by parakeratin and exfoliated squamous cells. The material was essentially radiolucent. A known dental alginate impression material contained diatomaceous earth filler (siliceous shells of diatoms), but no microscopic symmetrical figures were seen in the foreign body. After dehydration, both materials were carbon-coated and observed in an SEM at 20 kV at magnifications up to 2000X. The spectrum of secondary X-rays produced by the scanning electron beam revealed only magnesium in the foreign body and mostly silicon in the dental alginate. There are no known dental products that contain magnesium as the only inorganic ingredient and so the foreign body is believed to be not of dental origin. The patient may have had an antacid or laxative having magnesium as a major ingredient in the stomach, and this may have been refluxed from the stomach after stimulation of the normal gag reflex during the dental procedure.
The Responsibilities of the State for the Prevention and Treatment of Mental Illness among Prisoners
Authors: Leuchter AF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There is mounting evidence that severe stress may produce profound psychophysiologic disturbances that can persist for many years. Imprisonment may be viewed as one such stress. The prison population has a high baseline incidence of mental illness, reflecting the societal groups from which most prisoners are drawn. The great stress of imprisonment may thus be a significant factor in the exacerbation of existing psychoses or in the precipitation of first psychotic episodes in certain prisoners. The responsibilities of the state in the prevention and treatment of mental illness among prisoners are not clear. United States Supreme Court rulings on sentencing procedures could be interpreted as requiring psychiatric evaluations of all prisoners. Furthermore, court rulings on the adequacy of medical care in prisons could be construed as requiring therapy for all prisoners suffering from major mental illnesses. Failure of the state to take reasonable steps to prevent and treat mental illness in the prison population may constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution.
Phenotyping of Carbonic Anhydrase II in Fresh Blood and Bloodstains on Cellulose Acetate Membranes
Authors: Andrus RH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple and rapid procedure is presented for the identification of carbonic anhydrase II in fresh blood and bloodstains using cellulose acetate membranes. Identification of the phenotypes is simplified by the migration of the isozyme bands to one side and away from the origin.
Characteristics of Silenced Firearms and Their Wounding Effects
Authors: Menzies RC , Scroggie RJ , Labowitz DI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The rate of seizure of illegally held silenced handguns has risen dramatically in recent years. Despite this, there are apparently no reports of wounds caused by these weapons. The efficiency, in terms of noise reduction, of silenced handguns is largely determined by construction, and homemade weapons are frequently more efficient than their commercially manufactured counterparts. Wounds are likely to be inflicted at either contact or close range. Muzzle imprints are erythematous rather than abraded and disproportionately large for the size of the wound. Close-range wounds frequently exhibit atypical entrances. Examination of wound edges by energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays may demonstrate the presence of unusual elements, sometimes associated with components of the silencer. Also, inspection of recovered bullets with the naked eye may reveal damage indicative of modifications to the barrel or misalignment of the device. With these criteria it should be possible in many cases to support or refute the suggestion that a silenced weapon had been used to inflict a given wound.
The Evidential Value of Peptidase A as a Semen Typing System
Authors: Parkin BH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Human erythrocyte peptidase A (Pep A) displays a genetic polymorphism in blacks. Its occurrence in human semen was examined for its possible use as a semen typing system. Studies by starch gel electrophoresis, in which the Pep A was located by an improved method, were carried out on semen, semen stains, and vaginal swabs taken at known times after intercourse. In addition, a large number of vaginal swabs, negative for semen, were taken from females throughout their menstrual cycles and examined for Pep A activity. The results indicated that Pep A typing could be carried out on semen and semen stains. However, it was possible to determine the Pep A type on vaginal swabs only when they had been taken within about 3 h after intercourse.
A Study of Criminal Defendants Referred for Multiple Psychiatric Examinations regarding Their Competency to Stand Trial
Authors: Bluestone H , Melella J , Buskin D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
One of the mainstays of forensic psychiatry has been the determination of a defendant's competency to stand trial. Competency to stand trial is based on the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that a defendant must have sufficient ability to understand court proceedings. Regardless of whether or not the defendant was mentally ill at the time a crime was committed or when charged, the court can try someone only if that person has the capacity to understand proceedings in order to defend himself. When there is any question as to the competency of the defendant, he is referred for psychiatric evaluation of competency. Very little research has been undertaken in the past to examine this clinically interesting group of subjects. A study was conducted to explore the characteristics of 137 defendants who had been charged and referred for evaluation at least twice to the Court Clinic of the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Department of Psychiatry. It was expected that these would reflect the consequence of deinstitutionalization in New York State. Data were collected for each evaluation with regard to demographic characteristics, criminal history, and psychiatric history. Results are presented and discussed in light of the issue of deinstitutionalization. Note is made of the fact that only very small percentage of these patients have received outpatient psychiatric care. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Modeling of Vehicular Accidents
Authors: Christopher RA , Feder KR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The accurate modeling of motor vehicle accidents is theoretically possible and practical. Through modeling, actual collisions can be reconstructed and reenacted numerous times and at nominal expense. Methods of presentation include: (1) multi-image stroboscopy, (2) high speed cinematography, and (3) actual demonstration of the accident in the courtroom. Two methods for modeling the actual damage to the cars are discussed. This approach to accident reconstruction should eliminate many lawsuits, because both plaintiff and defendant can observe a reenactment of a crash, and will further reduce the chances of erroneous judgment.
New Concepts About Hair Identification Revealed by Electron Microscope Studies
Authors: Clement J-L , Hagege R , Le Pareux A , Connet J , Gastaldi G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Current methods of hair identification are based on differential characteristics of the medulla observed with the light microscope. In this study, we propose a new method based on electron microscope observation of the medullary ultrastructure. Our studies revealed numerous new anatomical characteristics of the medulla, and a modern classification for mammalian hair identification was established.
Current Evidence for the Existence of Laryngeal Macrotremor and Microtremor
Authors: Shipp T , Izdebski K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To test for the existence of laryngeal “microtremors” two experiments were conducted on humans. The first analyzed the acoustic characteristics of observable tremors (macrotremors) in the voice of singers using vocal vibrato and in pathologic subjects producing vocal tremor. In both of these groups acoustic oscillations between 4 and 8 Hz were found. The second study, using a normal subject, sampled electromyographic (EMG) activity from laryngeal and arm muscles during isometric contraction to determine if a periodic component (microtremor) was present in either muscle's contraction pattern. A 9-Hz signal was detected in limb muscle contraction, whereas no periodicity was found in signals from laryngeal muscles. The application of these findings to the theory behind voice “stress” analyzers is discussed.
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography of Automobile Rubber Bumper Guard Samples
Authors: Blackledge RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A piece from an automobile rubber bumper guard was found at the scene of a hit-and-run accident and was compared to a sample obtained from the front bumper guard of a suspect's vehicle. The samples were examined by the pyrolysis method of Chih-An Hu, which provides both a chromatogram of the volatile components and a pyrogram of the nonvolatile polymeric component.
Sudden Unexpected Death Due to Asymptomatic Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
Authors: Violette EJ , Hardin NJ , McQuillen EN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of cardiac rhabdomyoma producing sudden unexpected death in an asymptomatic six-year-old boy is reported. Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a rare tumor, and its ability to cause sudden unexpected death in children beyond infancy is not generally known. The great majority of afflicted patients die in early infancy; few survive beyond five years of age. The signs and symptoms present in most cases are said to be due to interference of intracardiac blood flow or to interruption of the cardiac conduction system. Numerous cases have been clinically misdiagnosed because of this tumor's ability to mimic other cardiac diseases.
The Trapping, Storing, and Subsequent Analysis of Ethanol in In-Vitro Samples Previously Analyzed by a Nondestructive Technique
Authors: Wilkinson DR , Sockrider DW , Bartsch CL , Kataoka YG , Zettle JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There is a need for a simple technique to collect breath samples of persons suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. Solutions containing ethanol were analyzed using dichromate oxidation procedures. The standard solutions were placed in a breath alcohol simulator at 34°C and the vapors analyzed with a CMI Intoxilyzer, Model 4011AS, with one-way valves placed at either end to prevent air entering the outlet or leaving through the inlet. The analyzed 715-mL vapor sample was then pumped through an activated silica gel column. The trapped alcohol was removed from the column with water, and the resulting solution was analyzed by dichromate oxidation, liquid injection, and headspace gas chromatographic procedures. A very good linear relationship between concentration and peak height ratio was obtained by gas chromatography. The slope of the graph was used to calculate the percentage of blood alcohol for breath samples previously analyzed by the Intoxilyzer. The average deviation from the correct alcohol value was ±5%. Samples were collected, stored, and analyzed after 15, 90, and 120 days with no apparent loss of alcohol. The three methods of analyzing the trapped alcohol were compared. Over 100 trapped samples were collected in the field and analyzed, and the laboratory analyses were compared with the breath analyzer printouts.
Estimation of Stature from the Vertebral Column in American Blacks
Authors: Tibbetts GL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Linear regression analysis was applied to data from 100 male and 100 female skeletons of American blacks from the Terry Anatomical Collection. To develop regression formulas for the estimation of stature using the vertebral column and portions thereof, the vertebral column was divided into contiguous sections containing from 1 to 23 vertebrae (C2 through L5). These bone-groups produced correlation coefficients ranging from 0.18 to 0.64, and the resulting regression formulas had standard errors ranging from 53.09 to 68.33 mm. The study shows that the vertebral column can be an aid in the estimation of stature, but the estimations are not as accurate as those made from the lengths of the long bones. Comparisons were made between the vertebral column proportions found in this study and those found by Fully and Pineau using white European males. Consideration was also given to the proper method for estimating stature when the vertebral column contains less than or more than the normal number of vertebrae.
Bosnian Literature (reprint)
Authors: Jukić Ivan Franjo 
Published: August 2015

The reprint of Bosnian Literature, bibliography composed by Franciscan Ivan Franjo Jukić (1818-1857) is published in this issue of Libellarium as a supplement to Slavko Harni’s contribution ”Bibliographic work of Ivan Franjo Jukić and the end of cultural history. Bibliographies as a source for the history of books and cultural history”.The text was published in two installments in the first literary journal in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosanski prijatelj, started and edited by Jukić, the first part in 1850 and the second in 1851.The original of this reprint is preserved in National and University Library, Zagreb. Keywords:Bosnia; Franciscans; Ivan Franjo Jukić; Bosnian friend; National and University Library Zagreb
Istraživanje stajališta o čitanju i njihov utjecaj na nakladništvo (ocjena zainteresiranosti za književne vrste)
Authors: Tomašević Nives 
Published: August 2015

Istraživanje predstavljeno u ovom radu proizašlo je iz dviju pretpostavki. Prema prvoj (Kraaykamp 1993), razlike u čitateljskim navikama rezultat su različitih kulturnih ponašanja, a prema drugoj (Bourdieu 1984), kulturno je sudjelovanje uvjetovano pripadnošću socijalnoj klasi koja je određena osnovnim demografskim profilom ispitanika (izobrazba, prihodi, zanimanje). Iz navedenih razloga uzorak je ispitanika temeljen na trima središnjim mjestima prikupljanja podataka - u knjižnicama i knjižarama, na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu te na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Osijeku.
Metodologija istraživanja primijenjena u ovom radu oslanja se na dosadašnje teorijske spoznaje o „faktorima koji determiniraju sklonost čitanju” (Stokmans 1999), kao i na planiranje, provođenje i prikupljanje podataka te njihovo analiziranje metodama multivarijatne statistike. S ciljem statističkog kvantificiranja kreiran je upitnik kojim su se mjerila stajališta čitateljske populacije (n=400). Podaci su prikupljeni 2007. godine metodom „licem u lice” na izabranim centralnim lokacijama (knjižnice i knjižare u Zagrebu, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Ekonomski fakultet u Osijeku).
U ovom je radu prezentirana istraživačka studija te statistička analiza podataka u kojima su ispitanici ocjenjivali zainteresiranost za izabrane književne vrste. Rezultati istraživanja protumačeni su s posebnim osvrtom na njihovu važnost u nakladništvu, društvenoj djelatnosti koja se bavi produkcijom, promidžbom i prodajom knjige, te na taj način izravno ovisi o stajalištima čitatelja.
Psychological and Psychosocial Impairment in Preschoolers With Selective Eating
Authors: Zucker Nancy , Copeland William , Franz Lauren , Carpenter Kimberly , Keeling Lori , Angold Adrian , Egger Helen 
Published: August 2015

OBJECTIVE:
We examined the clinical significance of moderate and severe selective eating (SE). Two levels of SE were examined in relation to concurrent psychiatric symptoms and as a risk factor for the emergence of later psychiatric symptoms. Findings are intended to guide health care providers to recognize when SE is a problem worthy of intervention.

METHODS:
A population cohort sample of 917 children aged 24 to 71 months and designated caregivers were recruited via primary care practices at a major medical center in the Southeast as part of an epidemiologic study of preschool anxiety. Caregivers were administered structured diagnostic interviews (the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment) regarding the child’s eating and related self-regulatory capacities, psychiatric symptoms, functioning, and home environment variables. A subset of 188 dyads were assessed a second time ∼24.7 months from the initial assessment.

RESULTS:
Both moderate and severe levels of SE were associated with psychopathological symptoms (anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) both concurrently and prospectively. However, the severity of psychopathological symptoms worsened as SE became more severe. Impairment in family functioning was reported at both levels of SE, as was sensory sensitivity in domains outside of food and the experience of food aversion.

CONCLUSIONS:
Findings suggest that health care providers should intervene at even moderate levels of SE. SE associated with impairment in function should now be diagnosed as avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, an eating disorder that encapsulates maladaptive food restriction, which is new to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
Dispersantes químicos y cuantificación de fracciones texturales por los métodos Bouyoucos y pipeta
Authors: Borja M Katerine , Mercado Lázaro Jaime , Combatt Caballero Enrique Miguel 
Published: August 2015

Para cuantificar la composición porcentual real de las fracciones texturales en los suelos es necesaria la individualización de las partículas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar los porcentajes de frac-ciones granulométricas obtenidas con dos métodos de dispersión química en nueve muestras de suelos recolectadas en los departamentos de Córdoba y Sucre en la región Caribe colombiana, utilizando los métodos de Bouyoucos y pipeta. Como dispersantes se usaron soluciones de (NaPO3)6/Na2CO3 (calgón) y una mezcla propuesta constituida por pirofosfato de sodio 0.1M a pH 10 y calgón en una relación 2:1. Los resultados se analizaron utilizando el test de Leite y Oliveira (2002) además de pruebas de correlación. Se encontró relación significativa entre ambos métodos utilizando la mezcla propuesta para las fracciones de arena y arcilla, con valores de 0.97 y 0.89, respectivamente. Los menores contenidos de arena (26%) se obtuvieron utilizando el método de pipeta, seguido del dispersante propuesto con un valor de 28%. Los contenidos de arcilla promedios fueron 44 y 42% por el uso del dispersante propuesto y el método de pipeta.
Hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares y su efecto sobre la estructura de los suelos en fincas con manejos agroecológicos e intensivos
Authors: Lozano Sánchez Juan David , Armbrecht Inge , Montoya Lerma James 
Published: August 2015

En el suelo, los hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) ayudan a reducir los daños causa-dos por erosión y a mantener la estructura mediante la producción de micelio y sustancias adherentes. En el estudio se evaluó la estabilidad estructural del suelo y se estimaron la diversidad y la densidad de esporas de HMA presentes en tres sistemas de suelo (erosionado, bosque, cultivo de café) en una zona rural del municipio de Dagua, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Las fincas se clasificaron en sistemas con manejos intensivos o agroecológicos. Se encontraron 25 morfoespecies de micorrizas agrupadas en 13 géneros, siendo Glomus y Entrophospora los más representativos. Los valores de los índices de los diáme-tros geométrico medio (DGM) y ponderado medio (DPM) y la diversidad de esporas de micorrizas fueron significativamente más altos en las fincas clasificadas con manejos agroecológicos que en aquellas con manejo intensivo. Los análisis de estabilidad de agregados revelaron que los suelos erosionados tienen significativamente menor estabilidad que los de bosque y cultivo. Se encontró una relación estadística-mente significativa en la diversidad (r = 0.579) y densidad de esporas (r = 0.66) con respecto al DGM, y del DPM con el índice de diversidad H' (r = 0.54). Las diferencias en las prácticas, uso y manejo del suelo se reflejan en la diversidad de micorrizas encontradas en las fincas y su efecto, como agentes de agregación de partículas, genera cambios notorios en la estabilidad y estructura del suelo en suelos de las zonas de evaluación. En síntesis, el manejo agroecológico tiende a favorecer las micorrizas y la estructura de los suelos.