bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Standard Deviation Matter? Using “Standard Deviation” to Quantify Security of Multistage Testing
Authors: Wang Chun , Zheng Yi , Chang Hua-Hua 
Published: December 2013

With the advent of web-based technology, online testing is becoming a mainstream mode in large-scale educational assessments. Most online tests are administered continuously in a testing window, which may post test security problems because examinees who take the test earlier may share information with those who take the test later. Researchers have proposed various statistical indices to assess the test security, and one most often used index is the average test-overlap rate, which was further generalized to the item pooling index (Chang & Zhang, 2002, 2003). These indices, however, are all defined as the means (that is, the expected proportion of common items among examinees) and they were originally proposed for computerized adaptive testing (CAT). Recently, multistage testing (MST) has become a popular alternative to CAT. The unique features of MST make it important to report not only the mean, but also the standard deviation (SD) of test overlap rate, as we advocate in this paper. The standard deviation of test overlap rate adds important information to the test security profile, because for the same mean, a large SD reflects that certain groups of examinees share more common items than other groups. In this study, we analytically derived the lower bounds of the SD under MST, with the results under CAT as a benchmark. It is shown that when the mean overlap rate is the same between MST and CAT, the SD of test overlap tends to be larger in MST. A simulation study was conducted to provide empirical evidence. We also compared the security of MST under the single-pool versus the multiple-pool designs; both analytical and simulation studies show that the non-overlapping multiple-pool design will slightly increase the security risk.
Ca2+/S100 proteins inhibit the interaction of FKBP38 with Bcl-2 and Hsp90
Authors: Shimamoto Seiko , Tsuchiya Mitsumasa , Yamaguchi Fuminori , Kubota Yasuo , Tokumitsu Hiroshi , Kobayashi Ryoji 
Published: December 2013

FKBP38 (FK506-binding protein 38), a membrane-anchored TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat)-containing immunophilin, regulates signalling pathways such as cell survival, apoptosis, proliferation and metastasis. However, the mechanisms that regulate the activity of FKBP38 are, at present, poorly understood. We previously reported that Ca2+/S100 proteins directly associate with the TPR proteins, such as Hop [Hsp70 (heat-shock protein of 70 kDa)/Hsp90-organizing protein], kinesin-light chain, Tom70 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70), FKBP52, CyP40 (cyclophilin 40), CHIP (C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) and PP5 (protein phosphatase 5), leading to the dissociation of the interactions of the TPR proteins with their target proteins. Therefore we have hypothesized that Ca2+/S100 proteins can interact with FKBP38 and regulate its function. In vitro binding studies demonstrated that S100A1, S100A2, S100A6, S100B and S100P specifically interact with FKBP38 and inhibit the interaction of FKBP38 with Bcl-2 and Hsp90. Overexpression of permanently active S100P in Huh-7 cells inhibited the interaction of FKBP38 with Bcl-2, resulting in the suppression of Bcl-2 stability. The association of the S100 proteins with FKBP38 provides a Ca2+-dependent regulatory mechanism of the FKBP38-mediated signalling pathways.
Comparison of Harvest Scenarios for the Cost-Effective Suppression of Lake Trout in Swan Lake, Montana
Authors: Syslo John M. , Guy Christopher S. , Cox Benjamin S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Given the large amount of resources required for long-term control or eradication projects, it is important to assess strategies and associated costs and outcomes before a particular plan is implemented. We developed a population model to assess the cost-effectiveness of mechanical removal strategies for suppressing long-term abundance of nonnative Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush in Swan Lake, Montana. We examined the efficacy of targeting life stages (i.e., juveniles or adults) using temporally pulsed fishing effort for reducing abundance and program cost. Exploitation rates were high (0.80 for juveniles and 0.68 for adults) compared with other lakes in the western USA with Lake Trout suppression programs. Harvesting juveniles every year caused the population to decline, whereas harvesting only adults caused the population to increase above carrying capacity. Simultaneous harvest of juveniles and adults was required to cause the population to collapse (i.e., 95% reduction relative to unharvested abundance) with 95% confidence. The population could collapse within 15 years for a total program cost of US$1,578,480 using the most aggressive scenario. Substantial variation in cost existed among harvest scenarios for a given reduction in abundance; however, total program cost was minimized when collapse was rapid. Our approach provides a useful case study for evaluating long-term mechanical removal options for fish populations that are not likely to be eradicated.
Received January 25, 2013; accepted July 3, 2013
Correcting Length–Frequency Distributions for Imperfect Detection
Authors: Breton André R. , Hawkins John A. , Winkelman Dana L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Sampling gear selects for specific sizes of fish, which may bias length-frequency distributions that are commonly used to assess population size structure, recruitment patterns, growth, and survival. To properly correct for sampling biases caused by gear and other sources, length-frequency distributions need to be corrected for imperfect detection. We describe a method for adjusting length-frequency distributions when capture and recapture probabilities are a function of fish length, temporal variation, and capture history. The method is applied to a study involving the removal of Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu by boat electrofishing from a 38.6-km reach on the Yampa River, Colorado. Smallmouth Bass longer than 100 mm were marked and released alive from 2005 to 2010 on one or more electrofishing passes and removed on all other passes from the population. Using the Huggins mark–recapture model, we detected a significant effect of fish total length, previous capture history (behavior), year, pass, year×behavior, and year×pass on capture and recapture probabilities. We demonstrate how to partition the Huggins estimate of abundance into length frequencies to correct for these effects. Uncorrected length frequencies of fish removed from Little Yampa Canyon were negatively biased in every year by as much as 88% relative to mark–recapture estimates for the smallest length-class in our analysis (100–110 mm). Bias declined but remained high even for adult length-classes (≥200 mm). The pattern of bias across length-classes was variable across years. The percentage of unadjusted counts that were below the lower 95% confidence interval from our adjusted length-frequency estimates were 95, 89, 84, 78, 81, and 92% from 2005 to 2010, respectively. Length-frequency distributions are widely used in fisheries science and management. Our simple method for correcting length-frequency estimates for imperfect detection could be widely applied when mark–recapture data are available.
Received January 7, 2013; accepted July 16, 2013
The Rapid Upstream Migration of Pre-Spawn Lake Sturgeon following Trap-and-Transport over a Hydroelectric Generating Station
Authors: McDougall C. A. , Hrenchuk C. L. , Anderson W. G. , Peake S. J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Spawning migrations of Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens are often blocked by dams, and fishway designs suitable for volitional upstream passage, particularly over high-head structures, remain elusive. Trap-and-transport has potential as a management tool but has yet to be evaluated in Lake Sturgeon. In spring 2009, six male and six female Lake Sturgeon in prespawn condition were captured using gill nets downstream of the Seven Sisters Generating Station, located on the Winnipeg River, Manitoba. Each fish received an acoustic transmitter and was released ∼ 500 m upstream of the station. Four stationary receivers were deployed in the 41-km stretch of river between the Seven Sisters and Slave Falls generating stations to monitor upstream movements, while an additional four were deployed downstream of Seven Sisters to monitor potential fallback. Following trap-and-transport, all 11 detected fish were observed moving rapidly upstream through backwatered habitats, into the stretch of river where Lake Sturgeon spawning sites occur, before or coincident with the onset of the spawning period. No fallback was observed during initial ascents. While further research is required, trap-and-transport of Lake Sturgeon may be a useful tool for fisheries managers wishing to facilitate historical spawning migrations interrupted by dams.
Received February 18, 2013; accepted July 24, 2013
Itineraries of immigrant women in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Cecilia Andrade de Moraes Weintraub Ana , da Penha Costa Vasconcellos Maria 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– This paper presents the results of a field research conducted with five immigrant women in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The aim of this paper is to show the itineraries they used in order to build a new life as foreigners in the city.

Design/methodology/approach
– An ethnography study was undertaken during one year (May/2010 to May/2011) mapping the itineraries made by them in the city and their correspondent narratives.

Findings
– Foreign women did not have difficulties to access health care structures in São Paulo, since the health care system is universal in Brazil; they found many more opportunities of social care and assistance in the multiplicity of the city, rather than in the self-proclaimed institutions that exists especially for foreigners. Their different juridical categories did not impact much in their routine activities in the city.

Practical implications
– This research may impact the activities of institutions that offer assistance to immigrants.

Originality/value
– This paper presents a unique map of itineraries of foreign undesirable immigrant women in São Paulo, in contrast with other researches that tend to focus either on the juridical status or mental health care strategies for immigrants.
Obesity is associated with higher risk of prostate cancer detection in a biopsy population in Korea
Authors: Park Juhyun , Cho Sung Yong , Lee Seung Bae , Son Hwancheol , Jeong Hyeon 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of obesity on prostate cancer detection, as measured by the body mass index (BMI) in a Korean biopsy population.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of 1213 men who underwent transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsy at our institution. Biopsy outcomes were analysed with respect to various variables, including patient age, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, digital rectal examination (DRE) findings and obesity, defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2, an Asian BMI category.ResultsAmong 1213 men, 408 (33.6%) were obese and 344 (28.4%) had a positive biopsy. Obese men were younger (65.5 vs 67.1 years, P = 0.003), had a larger prostate (49.2 vs 42.9 mL, P < 0.001) and were less likely to have any abnormality on DRE (8.1 vs 15.9% P < 0.001) than non‐obese men. In the multivariate analysis, obesity was significantly associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer detection in men undergoing biopsy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.446, P = 0.024). In addition, obesity was significantly associated with a higher rate of biopsy‐detected high grade (Gleason score ≥4 + 3) disease, and this association remained after multivariate adjustment (OR = 1.498, P = 0.039).ConclusionsObese men were younger, had a larger prostate, and had less tendency to have an abnormality on DRE than non‐obese men. Obesity was associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer detection as an independent factor, including high grade prostate cancer in a Korean biopsy population.
Innovations in Practice: The efficacy of nonviolent resistance groups in treating aggressive and controlling children and young people: a preliminary analysis of pilot NVR groups in Kent
Authors: Newman Mary , Fagan Catrin , Webb Rebecca 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundConduct disorders and adolescent violence have been found to be a significant problem in the United Kingdom.MethodNonviolent Resistance (NVR) Parenting Groups were piloted in Kent to address the demand on CAMHS for young people with this issue, and preliminary analysis on outcome measures was conducted.ResultsA significant difference in a positive direction was found on all but one of the measurements used.ConclusionFindings suggest that using NVR methods in a group format is an effective intervention for these families. De‐escalation and acts of unconditional love were rated by parents as the most useful interventions.
Low‐Cost Subpixel Rendering for Diverse Displays
Authors: Engelhardt Thomas , Schmidt Thorsten‐Walther , Kautz Jan , Dachsbacher Carsten 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSubpixel rendering increases the apparent display resolution by taking into account the subpixel structure of a given display. In essence, each subpixel is addressed individually, allowing the underlying signal to be sampled more densely. Unfortunately, naïve subpixel sampling introduces colour aliasing, as each subpixel only displays a specific colour (usually R, G and B subpixels are used). As previous work has shown, chromatic aliasing can be reduced significantly by taking the sensitivity of the human visual system into account. In this work, we find optimal filters for subpixel rendering for a diverse set of 1D and 2D subpixel layout patterns. We demonstrate that these optimal filters can be approximated well with analytical functions. We incorporate our filters into GPU‐based multi‐sample anti‐aliasing to yield subpixel rendering at a very low cost (1–2 ms filtering time at HD resolution). We also show that texture filtering can be adapted to perform efficient subpixel rendering. Finally, we analyse the findings of a user study we performed, which underpins the increased visual fidelity that can be achieved for diverse display layouts, by using our optimal filters.
The influence of mucosal tissue thickening on crestal bone stability around bone‐level implants. A prospective controlled clinical trial
Authors: Puisys Algirdas , Linkevicius Tomas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate how bone‐level implants maintain crestal bone stability after thickening of thin mucosal tissues with allogenic membrane.Materials and methodsNinety‐seven bone‐level implants of 4.1 mm diameter (Institute Straumann AG, Switzerland) were evaluated in 97 patients (28 men and 69 women, mean age 47.3 ± 1.2 years). According to vertical gingival thickness, patients were assigned into test T1 (thin, 2 mm or less, n = 33), test T2 (thin thickened with allogenic membrane, n = 32) and control C groups (thick, more than 2 mm, n = 32). Implants were placed in posterior mandible in one‐stage approach and after integration were restored with single screw‐retained metal‐ceramic restorations. Radiographic examination was performed after implant placement, 2 months after healing, after prosthetic restoration and after 1‐year follow‐up. Crestal bone loss was calculated mesially and distally. Mann–Whitney U‐test was applied and significance was set to 0.05.ResultsAfter 2 months, implants in group T1 had 0.75 ± 0.11 mm bone loss mesially and 0.73 ± 0.10 mm distally. Implants in group T2 had 0.16 ± 0.06 mm mesially and 0.20 ± 0.06 mm distally. C group implants lost 0.17 ± 0.05 mm mesially and 0.18 ± 0.03 mm distally. Differences between T1/T2, and T1/C were statistically significant (P = 0.000) both mesially and distally, while between T2 and C was not significant mesially (P = 0.861) and distally (P = 0.827). After 1‐year follow‐up implants in group T1 had 1.22 ± 0.08 mm bone loss mesially and 1.14 ± 0.07 mm distally. Implants in group T2 had 0.24 ± 0.06 mm mesially and 0.19 ± 0.06 mm distally. C group implants lost 0.22 ± 0.06 mm mesially and 0.20 ± 0.06 mm distally. Differences between T1/T2, and T1/C were statistically significant (P = 0.000) both mesially and distally, while between T2 and C was not significant mesially (P = 0.909) and distally (P = 0.312).ConclusionsSignificantly less bone loss can occur around bone‐level implants placed in naturally thick mucosal tissues, in comparison with thin biotype. Augmentation of thin soft tissues with allogenic membrane during implant placement could be way to reduce crestal bone loss.
Epilepsy and vaccinations: Italian guidelines
Authors: Pruna Dario , Balestri Paolo , Zamponi Nelia , Grosso Salvatore , Gobbi Giuseppe , Romeo Antonino , Franzoni Emilio , Osti Maria , Capovilla Giuseppe , Longhi Riccardo , Verrotti Alberto 
Published: December 2013

SummaryReports of childhood epilepsies in temporal association with vaccination have had a great impact on the acceptance of vaccination programs by health care providers, but little is known about this possible temporal association and about the types of seizures following vaccinations. For these reasons the Italian League Against Epilepsy (LICE), in collaboration with other Italian scientific societies, has decided to generate Guidelines on Vaccinations and Epilepsy. The aim of Guidelines on Vaccinations and Epilepsy is to present recent unequivocal evidence from published reports on the possible relationship between vaccines and epilepsy in order to provide information about contraindications and risks of vaccinations in patients with epilepsy. The following main issues have been addressed: (1) whether contraindications to vaccinations exist in patients with febrile convulsions, epilepsy, and/or epileptic encephalopathies; and (2) whether any vaccinations can cause febrile seizures, epilepsy, and/or epileptic encephalopathies. Diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis (DTP) vaccination and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR) increase significantly the risk of febrile seizures. Recent observations and data about the relationships between vaccination and epileptic encephalopathy show that some cases of apparent vaccine‐induced encephalopathy could in fact be caused by an inherent genetic defect with no causal relationship with vaccination.
Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: Recommendations of the Italian League Against Epilepsy
Authors: Capovilla Giuseppe , Beccaria Francesca , Beghi Ettore , Minicucci Fabio , Sartori Stefano , Vecchi Marilena 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe Italian League Against Epilepsy Commission Guidelines Subcommittee on Status Epilepticus (SE) has published an article on the management of SE in adults, and now presents a report on the management of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in children, excluding the neonatal period. Children's greater susceptibility than adults to epileptic seizures results from many factors. Earlier maturation of excitatory than inhibitory synapses, increased susceptibility and concentration of receptors for excitatory neurotransmitters, peculiar composition of the receptor subunits resulting in slower and less effective inhibitory responses, all cause the high incidence of SE in the pediatric population. The related morbidity and mortality rates, although lower than in adults, require immediate diagnosis and therapy. The division into focal and generalized, nonconvulsive and convulsive SE is applied in children and adolescents, as is the distinction in the three different stages according to the time elapsed since the start of the event and the response to drugs (initial, defined, and refractory SE). In children and adolescents, an “operational definition” is also accepted to allow earlier treatment (starting at 5–10 min). Maintenance and stabilization of vital functions, cessation of convulsions, diagnosis, and initial treatment of potentially “life‐threatening” causes are the objectives to be pursued in the management of children with CSE. The need for early pharmacologic intervention stresses the need for action in the prehospital setting, generally using rectal diazepam. In hospital, parenteral benzodiazepines are used (lorazepam, diazepam, or midazolam). When first‐line drugs fail, sodium phenytoin and phenobarbital should be used. As alternatives to phenobarbital, the following can be considered for treatment of refractory CSE: valproate, levetiracetam, and lacosamide. In cases with refractory CSE, pharmacologic options can be thiopental, midazolam, or propofol in continuous intravenous infusions to suppress electroencephalographic bursts and convulsive activity. These drugs need to be administered in intensive care units to ensure the monitoring and support of vital signs and brain electrical activity.
miR‐17 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of the neural precursor cells during mouse corticogenesis
Authors: Mao Susu , Li Hanqin , Sun Qi , Zen Ke , Zhang Chen‐Yu , Li Liang 
Published: December 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed small, non‐coding nucleotides that repress gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. In mammals, the developing brain contains a large, diverse group of miRNAs, which suggests that they play crucial roles in neural development. In the present study, we analyzed the miRNA expression patterns in the mouse cortex at various developmental stages. We found that miR‐17 family miRNAs were highly expressed in the cortex during early developmental stages, and that their expression levels gradually decreased as the cortex developed. Further investigation revealed that the change in miR‐17‐5p expression occurred in the ventricular zone/sub‐ventricular zone. In addition to promoting cell proliferation, miR‐17‐5p also influences the differentiation fate of neural precursor cells exposed to bone morphogenetic protein 2. Moreover, we show that these effects of miR‐17‐5p were mainly the result of regulating the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway by repressing expression of the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR‐17 family members play a pivotal role in regulating cell activity during early development of the mouse cortex.
A comparison of arthropod abundance and arthropod mediated predation services in urban green spaces
Authors: Bennett Ashley B. , Lovell Sarah T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

The need to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban landscapes is widely recognised, yet specific planning and design strategies that promote conservation in urban areas are limited. Little is known about the ability of different types of urban green spaces to support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services.

In this study, we compared the abundance of beneficial arthropods (predators and bees) and measured predation services in two different types of green space, areas of turf and prairies. Beneficial arthropods and predation services were measured three times during the 2011 field season in six Chicago (IL, USA) parks that contained both turf and prairie.

Using a repeated measures analysis, we found bee abundance was significantly higher in the prairie compared to turf by August, and predator abundance was higher in the prairie throughout the summer. While predation services were not significantly different between the turf and prairie in June, predation steadily increased in the prairie over the course of the summer with significantly higher rates of predation by August.

Of the predators measured, spiders were positively correlated with prairie habitat and negatively correlated with the survival of pest insects.

We found turf and prairie differentially supported beneficial arthropod abundance and ecosystem services, suggesting the type of green space incorporated into urban areas may be an integral component to expanding the conservation potential of urban landscapes.