bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transit time distributions, legacy contamination and variability in biogeochemical 1/fαscaling: how are hydrological response dynamics linked to water quality at the catchment scale?
Authors: Hrachowitz Markus , Fovet Ophelie , Ruiz Laurent , Savenije Hubert H. G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn spite of recent progress, hydrological processes underlying observed water quality response patterns, such as the emergence of near‐chemostatic conditions and fractal 1/fαscaling of stream chemistry, are not completely understood. Analysing hydrological and Cl−tracer data for two intensely managed, hydrologically contrasting yet biogeochemically similar catchments we tested if (1) a semi‐distributed, conceptual model can simultaneously reproduce catchment scale hydrological and biogeochemical responses, (2) legacy stores, allowing for long‐term storage of nutrient inputs can be identified and (3) a model can reproduce 1/fαscaling. Further we analysed (4) transit (TTD) and residence time distributions (RTD) and the associated response dynamics of legacy stores, to explore (5) what controls fluctuations in the scaling exponent α, thereby establishing a process based link between 1/fαscaling, legacy stores and age distributions. We found that the model could reproduce the variable hydrological and the stable Cl−responses. This was possible through Cl−accumulation in hydrologically passive legacy stores that are mainly associated with the groundwater store, where Cl−age is well above 2000 days, one magnitude above the Cl−age in other components, such as the root zone (~200 d). The results indicate that legacy stores can cause stable nutrient concentrations in streams for several decades after the end of nutrient input. It was further found that the model could reproduce fractal scaling of stream Cl−in both catchments, with higher values of α for the catchment with the smaller legacy store and faster response (α = −0.88vs−1.29). Further analysing the spectral properties of model components, it was found that the parts of the system with less storage are characterized by higher values of α. This suggests a plausible processes‐based link between the fluctuations of α, legacy stores and RTDs: the smaller the legacy store and the higher the flow contribution from faster responding system components, the higher α, suggesting that fractal scaling may potentially not be a universally emerging property of the biogeochemical response in streams. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Onset of hepatocarcinogen‐specific cell proliferation and cell cycle aberration during the early stage of repeated hepatocarcinogen administration in rats
Authors: Kimura Masayuki , Abe Hajime , Mizukami Sayaka , Tanaka Takeshi , Itahashi Megu , Onda Nobuhiko , Yoshida Toshinori , Shibutani Makoto 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe have previously reported that a 28‐day treatment of carcinogens evoking target cell proliferation activates G1/S checkpoint function and apoptosis, as well as induction of aberrant ubiquitin D (Ubd) expression, suggesting disruptive spindle checkpoint function, in rats. The present study aimed to determine the onset time of rat liver cells to undergo carcinogen‐specific cell cycle aberration and proliferation. Animals were treated orally with a hepatocarcinogenic dose of methyleugenol or thioacetamide for 3, 7 or 28 days. For comparison, some animals were subjected to partial hepatectomy or treated with noncarcinogenic hepatotoxicants (acetaminophen, α‐naphthyl isothiocyanate or promethazine). Carcinogen‐specific liver cell kinetics appeared at day 28 as evident by increases of cell proliferation, p21Cip1+ cells, phosphorylated‐Mdm2+ cells and cleaved caspase 3+ cells, and upregulation of DNA damage‐related genes. Hepatocarcinogens also downregulated Rbl2 and upregulated Cdkn1a and Mdm2, and decreased Ubd+ cells co‐expressing phosphorylated‐histone H3 (p‐Histone H3) and p‐Histone H3+ cell ratio within the Ki‐67+ proliferating population. These results suggest that it takes 28 days to induce hepatocarcinogen‐specific early withdrawal of proliferating cells from M phase due to disruptive spindle checkpoint function as evidenced by reduction of Ubd+ cells staying at M phase. Disruption of G1/S checkpoint function reflected by downregulation of Rbl2 as well as upregulation of Mdm2 suggestive of sequestration of retinoblastoma protein is responsible for the facilitation of carcinogen‐induced cell proliferation at day 28. Accumulation of DNA damage probably in association with facilitation of p53 degradation by activation of Mdm2 may be a prerequisite for aberrant p21Cip1 activation, which is responsible for apoptosis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An open‐label, phase 1 study to evaluate the effects of hepatic impairment on edoxaban pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Authors: Mendell Jeanne , Johnson Lisa , Chen Shuquan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEdoxaban, a once‐daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, is approved for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism treatment. This study examined the effects of mild or moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of edoxaban and its metabolite M4. Thirty‐three subjects enrolled in 4 treatment cohorts—mild hepatic impairment (n = 8), moderate hepatic impairment (n = 9), and 2 cohorts of healthy controls matched for age, sex, and weight (each n = 8)—and received a single 15‐mg dose of edoxaban. Plasma pharmacokinetics for edoxaban and M4, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and safety data were measured over 72 hours. Edoxaban and M4 exposures were similar in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared with matched controls. Higher PT and aPTT values were observed at baseline and after edoxaban dosing in the hepatic impairment groups compared with healthy controls. Edoxaban 15 mg was well tolerated in all cohorts. These results suggest that edoxaban exposure does not significantly increase in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. However, because of the potential for underlying coagulopathy, edoxaban is not recommended for use in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment. No dose reduction is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment.
Peramorphic traits in the tokay gecko skull
Authors: Daza Juan D. , Mapps Aurelia A. , Lewis Patrick J. , Thies Monte L. , Bauer Aaron M. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTraditionally, geckos have been conceived to exhibit paedomorphic features relative to other lizards (e.g., large eyes, less extensively ossified skulls, and amphicoelous and notochordal vertebrae). In contrast, peramorphosis has not been considered an important process in shaping their morphology. Here, we studied different sized specimens of Gekko gecko to document ontogenetic changes in cranial anatomy, especially near maturity. Comparison of this species with available descriptions of other geckos resulted in the identification of 14 cranial characteristics that are expressed more strongly with size increase. These characteristics become move evident in later stages of post‐hatching development, especially near maturation, and are, therefore, attributed to peramorphosis (hyperossification). ACCTRAN and DELTRAN character optimizations were applied to these characters using a tree of 11 genera derived from a gekkotan molecular phylogeny. This analysis revealed that G. gecko expresses the majority of these putative peramorphic features near maturity, and that some of these features are also expressed in species closely related to G. gecko. The characters studied have the potential to be applied in future phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of this group of lizards. J. Morphol. 276:915–928, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Viral load and mRNA expression of HPV type 6 among cases with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Forslund Ola , Schwartz Stefan , Olofsson Katarina , Rydell Roland 
Published: May 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine viral load of human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV6), physical state of HPV6‐DNA, and transcription level of HPV6 E7‐mRNA in laryngeal papilloma and in adjacent healthy mucosa.Study DesignCase series.MethodsA papilloma biopsy was collected from each of 25 adult patients with respiratory recurrent papillomatosis. From 14 of the 25 patients, we first collected a biopsy from healthy mucosa of the false vocal fold and another from the papilloma. Quantity of HPV6 and E7‐mRNA was measured by polymerase chain reaction.ResultsFor the papilloma, the median load of HPV6 was 41 copies/cell, and the lowest amount was 5.4 copies/cell. Human papillomavirus type 6 was detected in 50% (7/14) of the healthy mucosa, with a median of 1.1 copies/cell, and the highest amount was 6.6 copies/cell. Overall, viral load was higher in papilloma than in healthy mucosa (P < 0.05). The average HPV6 E2/E7‐DNA ratio was 1.3, indicating an episomal state. Human papillomavirus type 6‐mRNA was detected in all HPV6‐DNA‐positive samples. The transcription median ratio of HPV6‐mRNA/HPV6‐DNA was 1.5 in papilloma and 3.8 in healthy mucosa.ConclusionThe amount of HPV6‐DNA was consistently higher in the papilloma than in healthy mucosa. The transcription level of HPV6 E7 mRNA was similar in the papilloma and in normal mucosa. We suggest that interfering with replication of HPV6 and suppression of HPV6 to fewer than five copies/cell may be curative.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 126:122–127, 2016
Early spring phytoplankton dynamics in the subpolar North Atlantic: The influence of protistan herbivory
Authors: Morison Françoise , Menden‐Deuer Susanne 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe measured phytoplankton‐growth (μ) and herbivorous‐protist grazing (g) rates in relation to mixed‐layer‐depth (MLD) during the March/April 2012 EuroBasin cruise in the subpolar North Atlantic. We performed 15 dilution experiments at two open‐ocean (∼ 1300 m) and one shelf (160 m) station. Of the two open‐ocean stations one was deeply mixed (476 m), the other stratified (46 m). At the shelf station, MLD reached the bottom. Initial chlorophyll a (Chl a) varied from 0.2–1.9 μg L−1 and increased up to 2.7 μg L−1 at the shelf station. In 80% of experiments, regardless of MLD, growth‐rates exceeded grazing‐mortality rates. At the open‐ocean stations, the deep ML coincided with μ and g that varied over the same range (≤ 0–0.6 d−1), whereas stratification corresponded to μ and g that ranged from 0.14–0.41 d−1 to 0.11–0.34 d−1, respectively. At the stratified station, the balance between μ and g explained 98% of in situ variations in Chl a, whereas at the deep‐ML station, rate estimates had no explanatory power. The consistent relationship between μ and g, which corresponded to a grazing‐removal of 64% of primary production, suggests that g might be predictable if μ is known, and that a coefficient of 0.64 may be a useful parameter for subarctic carbon models. Composition and persistence of the plankton assemblages differed at the stations and may have been a significant driver of grazing‐pressure. Overall, these results showed no association of MLD with grazing‐pressure and highlight the need to assess to what extent MLD represents the depth of active‐mixing to understand the effects of protistan‐grazing on the development of the North Atlantic spring bloom.
High nigral iron deposition in LRRK2 and Parkin mutation carriers using R2* relaxometry
Authors: Pyatigorskaya Nadya , Sharman Michael , Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Valabregue Romain , Yahia‐Cherif Lydia , Poupon Fabrice , Cormier‐Dequaire Florence , Siebner Hartwig , Klebe Stephan , Vidailhet Marie , Brice Alexis , Lehéricy Stephane 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe goal of this work was to investigate iron deposition in the basal ganglia and thalamus in symptomatic and asymptomatic leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and Parkin‐associated Parkinson's disease (PD), using R2* relaxometry rate.MethodsTwenty subjects with genetic PD (four symptomatic and two asymptomatic Parkin subjects, nine symptomatic and five asymptomatic LRRK2 subjects) were compared with 20 patients with idiopathic PD (IPD) and 20 healthy subjects. Images were obtained at 3 teslas, using multi‐echo T2 and T2* sequences. R2 and R2* values were calculated in the substantia nigra (SN), the striatum, the globus pallidus, and the thalamus.ResultsThe R2* values in the SN were increased in IPD and mutation‐carrying patients as compared with controls and in mutation‐carrying patients as compared with IPD. Asymptomatic mutation carriers showed higher R2* values than controls and did not differ from IPD patients. No changes were seen in the other structures or in R2 values.ConclusionThese results are consistent with increased iron load in LRRK2‐ and Parkin‐mutation carriers. The increased R2* in asymptomatic PD‐mutation carriers suggests that iron deposition occurs early during the preclinical phase of the disease. R2* measurements may be used as markers for investigating nigrostriatal damage in preclinical mutation‐carrying patients. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Measuring age‐dependent myocardial stiffness across the cardiac cycle using MR elastography: A reproducibility study
Authors: Wassenaar Peter A. , Eleswarpu Chethanya N. , Schroeder Samuel A. , Mo Xiaokui , Raterman Brian D. , White Richard D. , Kolipaka Arunark 
Published: May 2015

PurposeTo assess reproducibility in measuring left ventricular (LV) myocardial stiffness in volunteers throughout the cardiac cycle using MR elastography (MRE) and to determine its correlation with age.MethodsCardiac MRE (CMRE) was performed on 29 normal volunteers, with ages ranging from 21 to 73 years. For assessing reproducibility of CMRE‐derived stiffness measurements, scans were repeated per volunteer. Wave images were acquired throughout the LV myocardium, and were analyzed to obtain mean stiffness during the cardiac cycle. CMRE‐derived stiffness values were correlated to age.ResultsConcordance correlation coefficient revealed good interscan agreement with rc of 0.77, with P‐value < 0.0001. Significantly higher myocardial stiffness was observed during end‐systole (ES) compared with end‐diastole (ED) across all subjects. Additionally, increased deviation between ES and ED stiffness was observed with increased age.ConclusionCMRE‐derived stiffness is reproducible, with myocardial stiffness changing cyclically across the cardiac cycle. Stiffness is significantly higher during ES compared with ED. With age, ES myocardial stiffness increases more than ED, giving rise to an increased deviation between the two. Magn Reson Med 75:1586–1593, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New 3D geometrical deposition methods for efficient packing of spheres based on tangency
Authors: De Cola F. , Falco S. , Barbieri E. , Petrinic N. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe morphology of many natural and man‐made materials at different length scales can be simulated using particle‐packing methods. This paper presents two novel 3D geometrical collective deposition algorithms for packed assemblies with prescribed distribution of radii: the ‘planar deposition’ and the ‘3D‐clew’ method. The ‘planar deposition’ method mimics an orderly granular flow through a funnel by stacking up spirally ordinated planar assemblies of spheres capable of achieving the theoretical maximum for monodisperse aggregates. The ‘3D‐clew’ method, instead, mimics the winding of a clew of yarn, thus yielding densely packed 3D polydispersed assemblies in terms of void ratio of the aggregate. The morphologies of such geometrically generated assemblies, achieved at several orders of magnitude reduced computational cost, are comparable with those consolidated uni‐directionally by means of discrete element method. In addition, significantly faster simulations of mechanical consolidation of granular media have been performed when relying upon the proposed geometrically generated assemblies as starting configurations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum power point tracker based on maximum power point resistance modeling
Authors: Enrique Juan Manuel , Andújar José Manuel , Durán Eladio , Martínez Miguel Angel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a new, simple, accurate, and inexpensive practical methodology and experimental solution for the modeling of conventional (domestic and commercial facilities) photovoltaic generators (PVG), so that they can work at their maximum power point (MPP). The PVG may be a panel, an array of panels, or a photovoltaic field. As a starting restriction (actual) it has to be assumed that it is not possible to isolate the PVG variables dependence (mainly current, voltage, and hence power) with solar radiation and temperature, because they are highly correlated. This methodology proposes the modeling facility on its MPP by its MPP resistance (RMPP = VMPP/IMPP), being VMPP and IMPP the voltage and current of the PVG, respectively, at its MPP. The analysis shows, by simulation first and then experimentally, that RMPP does not present significant temperature dependencies, at least in the usual range. This important result allows us to model the PVG only in terms of solar radiation. From a set of experimental data, different models to estimate RMPP are proposed. The obtained results are very accurate. These models allow an immediate practical application that it is also developed in the paper: MPP tracker (MPPT) design by the calculation of the DC/DC converter duty cycle which places the PVG at its MPP directly and continuously. This new methodology and experimental system has been registered in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office with the number P201530352. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covariant Lyapunov vectors of a quasi‐geostrophic baroclinic model: analysis of instabilities and feedbacks
Authors: Schubert Sebastian , Lucarini Valerio 
Published: May 2015

The classical approach for studying atmospheric variability is based on defining a background state and studying the linear stability of the small fluctuations around such a state. Weakly nonlinear theories can be constructed using higher order expansion terms. While these methods undoubtedly have great value for elucidating the relevant physical processes, they are unable to follow the dynamics of a turbulent atmosphere. We provide a first example of the extension of classical stability analysis to a nonlinearly evolving quasi‐geostrophic flow. The so‐called covariant Lyapunov vectors (CLVs) provide a covariant basis describing the directions of exponential expansion and decay of perturbations to the nonlinear trajectory of the flow. We use such a formalism to re‐examine the basic barotropic and baroclinic processes of the atmosphere with a quasi‐geostrophic beta‐plane two‐layer model in a periodic channel driven by a forced meridional temperature gradient ΔT. We explore three settings of ΔT, representative of relatively weak turbulence, well‐developed turbulence and intermediate conditions.We construct the Lorenz energy cycle for each CLV describing the energy exchanges with the background state. A positive baroclinic conversion rate is a necessary but not sufficient condition for instability. Barotropic instability is present only for a few very unstable CLVs for large values of ΔT. Slowly growing and decaying hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes closely mirror the properties of the background flow. Following the classical necessary conditions for barotropic/baroclinic instability, we find a clear relationship between the properties of the eddy fluxes of a CLV and its instability. CLVs with positive baroclinic conversion seem to form a set of modes for constructing a reduced model of the atmospheric dynamics.
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis: a rare interstitial lung disease
Authors: English John C. , Mayo John R. , Levy Robert , Yee John , Leslie Kevin O. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) is a newly described form of interstitial lung disease that originates in the upper lung zones and typically progresses to involve the entire lung. The disease may be idiopathic but is often associated with other pre‐ or coexisting conditions. Pneumothorax is a common complication and can occur at presentation or at other times during the course of the disease. Pathologically, interstitial fibrosis takes the form of a dense consolidation with some preservation of alveolar septal outlines and demonstrates a distinctly abrupt interface with residual normal lung. Unrecognized cases of PPFE may be incorrectly diagnosed as sarcoidosis, atypical idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or other unclassifiable interstitial pneumonias.
Advances on Modelling Riparian Vegetation—Hydromorphology Interactions
Authors: Solari L. , Van Oorschot M. , Belletti B. , Hendriks D. , Rinaldi M. , Vargas‐Luna A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRiparian vegetation actively interacts with fluvial systems affecting river hydrodynamics, morphodynamics and groundwater. These interactions can be coupled because both vegetation and hydromorphology (i.e. the combined scientific study of hydrology and fluvial geomorphology) involve dynamic processes with similar temporal and spatial scales. To predict and assess the consequences of restoration measures, maintenance operations or human pressures in rivers, managers and planners may wish to model these interactions considering the different and interdisciplinary implications in the fields of ecology, geomorphology and hydrology. In this paper, we review models that are currently available and that incorporate the processes that relate riparian vegetation to hydromorphology. The models that are considered include those emphasizing hydraulic‐geomorphological processes (such as flow resistance, sediment transport and bank dynamics) as well as those emphasizing ecological processes (seed dispersal, plant survival, growth, succession and mortality). Models interpreting the coupled evolution between riparian vegetation and river morphology and groundwater are also presented. The aim is to provide an overview of current modelling capabilities and limitations and to identify future modelling challenges. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.