bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REMOTE THICKNESS MEASUREMENT OF OIL SLICKS ON WATER BY LASER-ULTRASONICS
Authors: Choquet Marc , Héon René , Vaudreuil Ghislain , Monchalin Jean-Pierre , Padioleau Christian , Goodman Ron H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At the National Research Council of Canada Industrial Materials Institute, research is in progress on the application of laser-ultrasonics to remote measurement of the thickness of oil on water. Laser-ultrasonics is a novel technique developed for the nondestructive inspection of materials. It uses a short pulse laser for the generation of ultrasonic waves in the oil layer and a second laser, coupled to an optical interferometer, for the remote detection of the ultrasonic surface motion. Direct measurement of the time of flight of the ultrasonic wave provides the value of the thickness of the oil layer. Application of this technique to thickness measurement of oil on water has been studied in small and large scale laboratory tests. Small scale tests demonstrate the direct and unambiguous determination of the oil layer thickness. Accuracy is essentially limited by the knowledge of the acoustic properties of the oil. Large scale tests show that a distance of almost 37 meters does not severely impede the method, so airborne application appears possible. Surface motion such as that caused by sea waves does not reduce the accuracy of the thickness determination but does limit the measurement rate. Preliminary airborne tests with a single laser probe confirm that laser-ultrasonics monitoring of the thickness of an oil spill is feasible.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SUPPORT TO SPILL RESPONSE OPERATIONS
Authors: Ducey Donald L. , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Department of Defense (DOD), operating through the Directorate of Military Support in the Department of the Army, supports state, local and other federal agency response operations in a wide range of natural and man-caused emergencies. Examples within the past six years include the Ashland Oil tank collapse in Floreffe, Pennsylvania, Exxon Valdez cleanup, Loma Prieta earthquake, hurricanes Hugo and Andrew, Mexico City earthquake, Armero (Columbia) volcanic eruption, and Puerto Rico floods and mudslides.
From March 24 to September 27, 1989, the period of the Exxon Valdez initial cleanup operations, DOD provided military and civilian personnel, U. S. Navy ships for housing response workers, cargo and medical evacuation aircraft (fixed wing and helicopters), skimmers, modified dredges, landing craft, Dracones, Zodiak boats, radios, computers, and other miscellaneous equipment. This was in addition to assets of the Alaska Army and Air National Guard, which were committed by the governor. Support was provided to the U. S. Coast Guard on-scene coordinator and supervised by the Alaska Oil Spill Joint Task Force. The General Accounting Office, in its January 1990 report, Federal Costs Resulting from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, estimated that DOD spent $62.8 million through September 30, 1989, the largest expenditure by any federal agency.
Use of military resources is a realistic scenario in certain situations. Primary responders at the federal and state level should understand how to request and employ these assets. This paper provides a background on DOD support to disaster relief operations, and discusses the types of support available to agencies responding to natural or man-caused emergencies, request and approval mechanisms, the Department of Defense organization to provide support, and reimbursement of the department.
OIL SPILL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION PROGRAM
Authors: Wood F. S. , Whittaker H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires vessel and facility owners and operators to prepare oil spill response plans to remove a worst case discharge (total loss of cargo in adverse weather). It requires the Coast Guard to review response plans for approval. Plan preparers need objective standards for selecting and assigning sufficient response resources to facilitate plan approval. All parties must have common, national standards for matching oil spill response resources to anticipated response needs.
The Coast Guard has solicited the assistance of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) to develop consensus technical standards for oil spill response equipment and systems. ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response formed separate work groups to develop standards for such things as booms, skimmers, temporary storage devices, sorbents, dispersants, pumps, and bioremediants. ASTM standards take the form of test methods, guidelines, specifications, terminology, practices, classifications, and other standards pertaining to performance, durability, strength of systems, and techniques for the control and removal of oil and hazardous substances spills.
The Coast Guard is working closely with Environment Canada on this process to ensure that resulting standards apply equally well across North America. This paper will discuss the Coast Guard's role and progress being made in the development of consensus standards to facilitate the enforcement of the regulations that implement OPA 90.
NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR FINNISH OIL RECOVERY VESSEL
Authors: Knuutila Timo , Mykkänen Erkki , Vase Niels 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Finland's National Board of Waters and the Environment (FNBWE) and the Finnish electronics company Jertec Oy have together developed a computer-based oil recovery system to improve the efficiency of oil recovery operations in the Baltic Sea.
The Baltic Sea is extremely vulnerable to oil spills, largely because at high latitudes there are only a few hours of daylight during winter. Integration of the ship's navigational equipment with a highly accurate positioning system such as the differential GPS makes it possible to operate 24 hours a day. Also, oil recovery can be made much more efficient by using a new technique to collect oil from a wider area than at present.
The oil recovery vessel Halli has a length of 60 meters and is capable of recovering oil either alone or with two assisting vessels. In the latter case, the assisting vessels draw oil booms to direct floating oil from a wide area into the Halli rather like a funnel. Previously, this operation was limited to straight runs and daylight hours.
The Halli is also equipped to perform underwater investigations (such as seabed wrecks) with a small submersible. Without an underwater positioning and tracking system, underwater operations are inefficient.
The main requirements for the new system were reliable positioning of all vessels (assisting vessels are not known in advance), reliable inter-vessel communication, and documentation and printouts of the planned and real routes.
The new navigation system was installed in November 1991 and has since fulfilled all FNBWE's requirements. The main benefit is the capability to operate 24 hours a day, which greatly increases the efficiency of oil recovery.
NON-USE VALUE IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS: THE NESTUCCA OIL SPILL
Authors: Grigalunas Thomas A. , Opaluch James J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A contingent valuation (CV) study that attempts to estimate non-use damages from the Nestucca spill was reviewed. The CV study faces formidable obstacles because it focuses on a controversial subject, oil spills, about which the public is known to have exaggerated perceptions, and because respondents may not have well defined dollar values for the environment. An examination of survey responses leads us to conclude that these problems are significant, and that, despite the substantial efforts by well known CV researchers, the results provide no basis for estimating damages due to this spill.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN COASTAL HABITATS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM EXXON VALDEZ
Authors: Dean Thomas A. , McDonald Lyman , Stekoll Michael S. , Rosenthal Richard R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines alternative designs for the monitoring and assessment of damages of environmental impacts such as oil spills. The optimal design requires sampling at pairs of impacted (oiled) and control (unoiled) sites both before and after the event. However, this design proved impractical in evaluating impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on nearshore subtidal communities, and may be impractical for future monitoring. An alternative design is discussed in which sampling is conducted at pairs of control and impact sites only after the impact.
FLORIDA'S POLLUTANT DISCHARGE NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT COMPENSATION SCHEDULE—A RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE RECOVERY OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES1
Authors: Plante Kenneth J. , Barnett Ernest L. , Preble Debra J. , Price Lanette M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Quantifying natural resource damages resulting from pollutant discharges has historically been difficult. The Florida legislature recognized this and developed a simplified compensation schedule using liquidated damage principles. The application of such an approach to natural resource damage assessment greatly simplifies the determination of monetary damages to natural resources resulting from pollutant discharges. The foundations for developing the multipliers for the factors used in the compensation schedule are restoration cost and loss of use. After a number of natural resource damage recoveries have taken place, the compensation schedule should be reevaluated to determine if the liquidated damages test of reasonableness remains adequate.
EVOLVING SPILL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS UNDER OPA 90 COULD REDUCE RESPONSE EFFECTIVENESS1
Authors: Ott Gary L. , Lindstedt-Siva June , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Compliance with the provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and several recently passed state spill laws requires major commitments of time and dollars from industry, government, and taxpayers. Most of this effort has gone into purchase of more response equipment by oil companies, cleanup cooperatives, the new Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC), and government agencies. Government and industry are also committed to increased research and development programs. These efforts have placed the means at hand to improve our ability to respond to spills. It is now time to consider management systems used during spill emergencies. Systems that are evolving under OPA 90 and state spill laws may actually delay the decision-making process and the implementation of effective response during the critical emergency phase of a spill event. Legal issues associated with Natural Resource Damage Assessment could hamper the response by reducing communication and teamwork among responders. These issues should be recognized and addressed in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan and Area Contingency Plans developed under OPA 90. This paper also provides a model for making decisions concerning oil spill response.
DOUBLE HULL OIL TANKERS—HOW EFFECTIVE ARE THEY?
Authors: Keith Virgil F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The groundings of the Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, spilling more than 10 million gallons of Alaska North Slope crude, and the American Trader off Huntington Beach, spilling almost 400,000 gallons of Alaska North Slope crude, suggest that the construction of oil tankers be re-examined with respect to a design which could reduce both the number and magnitude of oil spills. This paper discusses state-of-the-art tanker technology with respect to spill prevention, effectiveness, and cost.
The design features include double hulls, centralized bunker tankers, vacuum-retaining valves, cargo control systems, auxiliary thrusters, electronic charting, and the retransmission of the ship's position. Double hulls provide the highest probability of surviving damage, either from a collision or grounding, with no loss of cargo. Use of double hulls can reduce oil spill incidence by 90 percent in grounding situations and by 75 percent in collisions. The oil spill from the American Trader could have been completely avoided by double hull construction. The arrangement provides spaces below the cargo tanks and on the vessel's sides solely for the carriage of ballast water when the tanker is in ballast condition. These tanks are empty when the tanker is loaded and then also act as the first line of defense in the event of structural damage to the cargo tanks.
Tanker design is integrated with port safety measures, including vessel monitoring systems, in this total spill prevention analysis. All aspects of the tanker transportation system are considered.
OIL SPILL CONTAINMENT: VISCOUS OILS
Authors: Johnston Archie J. , Fitzmaurice Michael R. , Watt Ronald G. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The failure characteristics associated with boom containment of oil slicks consisting mainly of low-viscosity oils have been the focus of previous research. Sufficient experimental and theoretical evidence exists to allow the hydrodynamics of low-viscosity slicks to be predicted. However, a similar hydrodynamic understanding is not available for slicks containing highly viscous oils. This paper addresses this issue and presents the results of an experimental laboratory study in which the containment of highly viscous oils by boom systems was investigated. The results identify a surging type of failure mechanism that normally occurs just before the critical accumulation mode of failure develops. The importance of circulation within the oil slick and its relation to the failure mechanisms is emphasized. The paper also describes a theoretical model being developed to represent the containment of highly viscous oils by booms.
Santa Monica Bay Prep 94: MAJOR SPILL EXERCISE PLANNING/EXECUTION1
Authors: Satra Kara M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The largest simulated response conducted under the most realistic conditions since the grounding of the Exxon Valdez has been captured on video. It shows the production and execution of the Preparedness for Response Exercise Program oil spill exercise held in September 1994 in Santa Monica Bay. The exercise involved over 500 people from more than 60 organizations. Chevron played the role of responsible party in this simulation of a spill of about 10,000 barrels of crude oil. The video focuses on the incident command system and the people for whom prevention and preparedness is a daily business.
ON-SCENE COORDINATOR TRAINING: THE CHALLENGE AND THE SOLUTION
Authors: Goff Gordon , Norman Michael , Bragan Mary Jo , Smith Arthur 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Providing training and actual experience for on-scene coordinators can be accomplished by OSC meetings, tabletop exercises, and an annual training week involving classroom instruction and field exercises.
The training part is easy; it's getting the students to the training that's hard.
EFFECT OF STOKES’ LAW SETTLING ON MEASURING OIL DISPERSION EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Robbins M. L. , Varadaraj R. , Bock J. , Pace S. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Industry laboratory tests to measure dispersion effectiveness for oil spills on water measure only the volume percentage of oil dispersed and not the dispersed particle size. The effect of particle size on settling behavior is particularly pronounced in tests that use long settling times to superimpose a dispersion stability criterion on the effectiveness rating.
The authors have studied the effect of settling time on the volume cumulative particle size distribution measured by the Coulter Multisizer II. Using Stokes’ law settling to analyze the results, we have demonstrated the effects of settling flask geometry and sample volume on measured effectiveness. These arbitrary test variables control the settling path height and vary markedly from test to test. The intrinsic variables that control settling vs time—initial particle size distribution, aqueous viscosity, and aqueous and oil densities—are functions of aqueous, oil, and dispersant compositions; temperature; and dispersion energy.
The author's analysis shows that the effect of settling variables is to cut off the initial cumulative particle size distribution above a certain particle size, thereby fixing measured effectiveness. Stokes’ law provides a measure of this cutoff size. Experimental data have been developed to support this theoretical analysis. This analysis points to the variables that must be considered with different laboratory tests to rank dispersants when settling is part of the test procedure. Even with a single test, ranking may change with settling time given an initially large fraction of large particles and a sufficiently large difference between the densities of water and oil.
ADVANCED AERIAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF MARINE POLLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL AERIAL SURVEILLANCE COOPERATION IN THE NORTH AND BALTIC SEAS
Authors: Schroh Capt. Klaus 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Marine pollution of the North and the Baltic Seas caused by accidental and illegal operational discharges has sharpened the awareness of states adjoining these waters. Consequently, the member states of the Bonn Agreement1 for the North Sea and the Helsinki Convention2 for the Baltic Sea have agreed to cooperate closely to develop remote-sensing techniques to improve the detection of oil pollution and the identification of polluters, and to develop reliable methods to estimate the total level of oil pollution at sea. In the ministerial declaration of the Third International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea (1990) and according to a recommendation of the Helsinki Commission, the member states are invited to develop and improve the existing remote-sensing techniques for effective evaluation of spills, even at night and under bad weather conditions. With the integration of a laser fluorosensor (LFS) and a microwave radiometer (MWR) in its existing sensor system (SLAR, IR/UV scanner, single frequency MWR), Germany has widened the detection and identification by enabling classification of discharged oil and the detection of released chemicals with fluorescent properties.
Apart from this technical progress, the international cooperation between the North Sea and Baltic Sea states is a further step to deter potential polluters and to improve the prosecution of suspected offenders and to assist oil recovery operations at sea through permanent aerial guidance.
CERTIFICATES OF FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: CAN THE TRAIN WRECK BE AVERTED?
Authors: Bovet David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Certificates of Financial Responsibility (COFRs) have become one of the major issues facing the international shipping industry. This paper reviews the origins of the COFR impasse, assesses the alternatives presented to date, and outlines the characteristics of a possible new solution. Implications for shipowners are drawn as well.
FULL SCALE OIL CONTAINMENT BOOM TESTING AT SEA
Authors: Nordvik Atle , Hankins Paul , Bitting Ken , Hannon Larry , Urban Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In May 1994 the Marine Spill Response Corporation, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, and Minerals Management Service conducted a joint test of oil containment booms in Lower New York Bay and in the Atlantic Ocean east of Sandy Hook New Jersey. These tests allowed the collection of quantitative data on boom performance, including tow forces, skirt draft, and boom freeboard, as a function of tow speed and environmental forces due to currents, wind, and waves. Four booms were chosen for testing based on their different physical characteristics: The 3M Fire Boom, the Barrier Boom, the USCG/Oil Stop inflatable boom, and the U.S. Navy USS-42 boom. Use of these booms allowed data acquisition over a range of buoyancy to weight ratios from 5:1 up to 52:1, nominal skirt drafts from 61 cm up to 150 cm, and freeboards from 37 cm up to 119 cm.
The data collected allows a comparison between methods for calculating boom loads and measured loads. Existing calculation methods predict towing loads below the mean loads experienced by a boom when used at sea. Further research will be required to develop an encompassing dimensionless empirical formula, based on hydrodynamic theory and the dynamics of vessel motions, to more closely predict oil containment boom tow loads.
THE GREAT POM-POM CAPER: WASHINGTON'S FIRST COMPENSATION SCHEDULE APPLICATION
Authors: Heimowitz Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When the Washington State Oil Spill Compensation Schedule was developed as a shortcut to estimating natural resource damages, the concept was applauded. But how has it worked in reality? The first use of the compensation schedule successfully occurred in April 1993, when the Nosac Forest spilled an estimated 6,260 gallons of intermediate fuel oil into Commencement Bay in Tacoma during a fuel transfer. Within eight months, the P&I club representing the ship paid in full the $122,696 damage claim calculated by the compensation schedule. Although running the compensation schedule formulas is straightforward, determining the input values offers several challenges. Because the compensation schedule generates a $1-$50/gallon figure, spill volume is a key factor. Limited information about the oil transfer—a common problem—complicated efforts to measure the amount spilled from the Nosac Forest and led to much time spent gathering and analyzing recovery data to generate an estimate. Another complication of this case was ranking the toxicity of the product. Good coordination of the unified state Resource Damage Assessment Committee with tribal representatives and the responsible party expedited resolution of the damage claim. Through the Nosac Forest experience, the compensation schedule demonstrated its effectiveness in quantifying damages that might otherwise not be addressed, making restoration funds available relatively quickly. This case also taught some helpful lessons regarding data collection needs and ways the regulation can be improved.
IDENTIFYING AND MAPPING SENSITIVE RESOURCES FOR INLAND AREA PLANNING
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline , Dahlin Jeffrey A. , Barton Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is required to evaluate oil storage facilities to determine (1) which should be defined as those that could cause “significant and substantial harm” to environmentally sensitive areas in the event of a release, and (2) the appropriateness of facility response plans in addressing potential environmental threats. Accordingly, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been assisting USEPA in developing guidelines, data structures, and maps for sensitive resource assessment using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The recommended approach for developing sensitivity maps and databases include a shoreline-habitat mapping technique used for estuarine, lacustrine, and large river settings. Shoreline type is mapped and ranked on a scale of 1 to 10, from least to most sensitive to oil spill impacts. A watershed approach is used to differentiate among small rivers and streams. Stream reaches are mapped according to a system that relates oil behavior and effects to stream characteristics, such as gradient, discharge, and water turbulence. Data on sensitive biological and human-use resources include both spatial and temporal components. The focus is on water-associated species, riparian vegetation, and all wetland types, not just threatened and endangered species. Standardized formats for hard copy maps and screen presentation will facilitate use by response organizations.