bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability and Oxidizing Effect of Membraneless Electrolyzed Water
Authors: Xin Christopher M. , Zhao Yang , Yao Linxing , Wang Wendy , Wang Tong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMembraneless electrolyzed water (MLEW) is generated by electrolysis of dilute salt water solution without a membrane separating cathodic and anodic water. The stability of MLEW under different storage temperatures and pHs, as well as its lipid oxidizing effects have not been extensively studied. In this study, three storage temperatures and two pH conditions were used to study the stability of the water. MLEW's lipid degradation potential was investigated using two methods by measuring the degree of oxidation of lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipid oxidation in an emulsion model free of other interferences was conducted with MLEW containing 30, 50 and 100 mg L−1 free chlorine (FC), and lipid oxidation in a salmon fish fillet was conducted by washing the fillet pieces with MLEW containing 100 mg L−1 FC. We found that the MLEW was relatively stable in capped containers under both acidic and neutral pH during the 21‐day period. Although there was significant lipid oxidation in the emulsion system, and the extent of oxidation was FC concentration dependent, we did not observe significantly more lipid oxidation in fish treated with MLEW compared to the control (stored under 4 °C for 10 days). Therefore, we conclude that MLEW may be used as a disinfectant in commercial operations without causing significant lipid oxidation and rancidity generation in foods.
Near-wall nanovelocimetry based on total internal reflection fluorescence with continuous tracking
Authors: Li Zhenzhen , D’eramo Loïc , Lee Choongyeop , Monti Fabrice , Yonger Marc , Tabeling Patrick , Chollet Benjamin , Bresson Bruno , Tran Yvette 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe goal of this work is to make progress in the domain of near-wall velocimetry. The technique we use is based on the tracking of nanoparticles in an evanescent field, close to a wall, a technique called TIRF (total internal reflection fluorescence)-based velocimetry. The particles are filmed continuously, with no time gap between two frames, so that no information on their trajectories is lost. A number of biases affect the measurements: Brownian motion, heterogeneities induced by the walls, statistical biases, photobleaching, polydispersivity and limited depth of field. Their impacts are quantified by carrying out Langevin stochastic simulations, in a way similar to Guasto & Breuer (Exp. Fluids, vol. 47, 2009, pp. 1059–1066). By using parameters calibrated separately or known, we obtain satisfactory agreement between experiments and simulations, concerning the intensity density distributions, velocity fluctuation distributions and the slopes of the linear velocity profiles. Slip lengths measurements, taken as benchmarks for analysing the performances of the technique, are carried out by extrapolating the corrected velocity profiles down to the origin along with determining the wall position with an unprecedented accuracy. For hydrophilic surfaces, we obtain $1\pm 5~\text{nm}$ for the slip length in sucrose solutions and $9\pm 10~\text{nm}$ in water, and for hydrophobic surfaces, $32\pm 5~\text{nm}$ for sucrose solutions and $55\pm 9~\text{nm}$ for water. The errors (based on 95 % confidence intervals) are significantly smaller than the state of the art, but more importantly, the method demonstrates for the first time a capacity to measure slippage with a satisfactory accuracy, while providing a local information on the flow structure with a nanometric spatial precision and velocity errors of a few per cent. Our study confirms the discrepancy already pointed out in the literature between numerical and experimental slip length estimates. With the progress conveyed by the present work, TIRF-based technique with continuous tracking can be considered as a quantitative method for investigating flow properties close to walls, providing both global and local information on the flow.
Clinical effectiveness of cognitive therapyv.interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lemmens L. H. J. M. , Arntz A. , Peeters F. , Hollon S. D. , Roefs A. , Huibers M. J. H. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundAlthough both cognitive therapy (CT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) have been shown to be effective treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), it is not clear yet whether one therapy outperforms the other with regard to severity and course of the disorder. This study examined the clinical effectiveness of CTv.IPT in a large sample of depressed patients seeking treatment in a Dutch outpatient mental health clinic. We tested whether one of the treatments was superior to the other at post-treatment and at 5 months follow-up. Furthermore, we tested whether active treatment was superior to no treatment. We also assessed whether initial depression severity moderated the effect of time and condition and tested for therapist differences.MethodDepressed adults (n = 182) were randomized to either CT (n = 76), IPT (n = 75) or a 2-month waiting list control (WLC) condition (n = 31). Main outcome was depression severity, measured with the Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II), assessed at baseline, 2, 3, and 7 months (treatment phase) and monthly up to 5 months follow-up (8–12 months).ResultsNo differential effects between CT and IPT were found. Both treatments exceeded response in the WLC condition, and led to considerable improvement in depression severity that was sustained up to 1 year. Baseline depression severity did not moderate the effect of time and condition.ConclusionsWithin our power and time ranges, CT and IPT appeared not to differ in the treatment of depression in the acute phase and beyond.
A differential susceptibility analysis reveals the “who and how” about adolescents' responses to preventive interventions: Tests of first- and second-generation Gene × Intervention hypotheses
Authors: Brody Gene H. , Yu Tianyi , Beach Steven R. H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate a genetic moderation effect of dopamine receptor 4 gene (DRD4) alleles that have seven or more repeats (long alleles) on an intervention to deter drug use among rural African American adolescents in high-risk families. Adolescents (N= 291,Mage = 17) were assigned randomly to the Adults in the Making (AIM) program or to a control condition and were followed for 27.5 months. Adolescents provided data on drug use and vulnerability cognitions three times after pretest. Pretest assessments of caregiver depressive symptoms, disruption in the home, and support toward the adolescent were used to construct a family risk index. Adolescents living in high-risk families who carried at least oneDRD4long allele and were assigned to the control condition evinced greater escalations in drug use than did (a) adolescents who lived in high-risk families, carried theDRD4long allele, and were assigned to AIM, or (b) adolescents assigned to either condition who carried noDRD4long alleles. AIM-induced reductions in vulnerability cognitions were responsible for the Family Risk × AIM ×DRD4status drug use prevention effects. These findings support differential susceptibility predictions and imply that prevention effects on genetically susceptible individuals may be underestimated.
Spatial synchrony of a threatened shorebird: Regional roles of climate, dispersal and management
Authors: EBERHART-PHILLIPS LUKE J. , HUDGENS BRIAN R. , COLWELL MARK A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryCorrelated climate patterns, dispersal, and similar management practices may synchronise dynamics of populations in close proximity, which tends to reduce metapopulation persistence. However, synchronising and desynchronising mechanisms can act at multiple spatial scales, which means that for wide-ranging species, patterns of spatial synchrony and their causes might vary across the species’ range. We examined the relationships of spatial autocorrelation in winter climate, dispersal distance and predator management to the spatio-temporal dynamics of the Western Snowy Plover Charadrius nivosus nivosus, a threatened shorebird that breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States. We investigated how signals and drivers of plover population growth dynamics vary among populations occupying northern, central, and southern regions of the species’ U.S. range. Across the metapopulation and specifically the core of the species’ range in the south, we found that plover populations within 132 km of each other exhibited detectable levels of synchrony, which fell within published estimates of dispersal distance. Furthermore, similar predator management among sites increased the degree to which nearby populations were synchronised. There was, however, no evidence of spatial synchrony in populations of the northern and central regions. Regional differences in synchrony were associated with different population drivers and structure; prolonged cold periods had the strongest influence on the growth of northern populations while predator management had the strongest influence on southern populations. Northern populations were also smaller than the south, which likely reduced our ability to detect spatial synchrony because of increased demographic stochasticity. Neither climatic nor management variables had a detectable influence on central populations. Although the primary objective of threatened and endangered species management is to increase populations to viable levels, we recommend that conservation biologists and land managers acknowledge region-specific processes when considering the long-term persistence of wide-ranging species and coordinate inter-agency efforts to manage neighbouring populations effectively.
The Forest Thrush Turdus lherminieri prefers mature mesic forest with dense canopy
Authors: PARASHURAM DEVATHI , OPPEL STEFFEN , FENTON CALVIN , JAMES GLENFORD , DALEY JAMES , GRAY GERARD , COLLAR NIGEL J. , DOLMAN PAUL M. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryHabitat loss, the primary driver for loss of biodiversity worldwide, is of special concern for species that have a small area of occurrence, such as those restricted to islands. The Forest Thrush Turdus lherminieri is a ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) species endemic to four islands in the Caribbean, and its population has declined dramatically over the past 15 years. Because this decline is poorly understood, we studied its habitat associations on Montserrat. We conducted three repeat point count surveys and measured forest structure and habitat at each of 88 randomly placed locations in the largest forest area remaining on the island. We related Forest Thrush abundance to habitat using binomial mixture models that account for imperfect detection. Detection probability was a function of survey time, survey date, location of the survey point, and wind. Local habitat structure had the greatest influence on Forest Thrush abundance, with birds being more abundant at mid-elevations under closed canopies. We conclude that the Forest Thrush prefers mature mesic and wet forests on Montserrat. Assuming similar habitat selection in the rest of its range, the species’s long-term future depends on good protection of these natural forests on all four islands where it occurs.
Lipid changes throughout pregnancy according to pre‐pregnancy BMI: results from a prospective cohort
Authors: Farias DR , Franco‐Sena AB , Vilela AAF , Lepsch J , Mendes RH , Kac G 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of change in serum lipids and the factors associated with their variations, stratifying for pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories.DesignProspective cohort.SettingPublic Health centre, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.PopulationTwo hundred and twenty‐five healthy pregnant women recruited between 2009 and 2011.MethodsWomen were evaluated during the three trimesters of pregnancy (5th–13th, 20th–26th and 30th–36th gestational weeks). Pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m²) was classified as normal weight (NW = 18.5–24.9), overweight (OW = 25.0–29.9) or obese (OB ≥ 30.0). The independent variables included maternal socioeconomic, demographic, biochemical and lifestyle factors. We performed linear mixed‐effects models adjusted for gestational age and body weight, reporting coefficient (β) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).Main outcome measuresLongitudinal total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL‐c), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL‐c) and triglyceride (TG) measurements.ResultsOW and OB women presented higher mean TG, TC and LDL‐c compared with their NW counterparts (P < 0.05). The mean HDL‐c concentrations were higher in NW than in OB women (P = 0.03). OW and OB women presented lower serum TC (βOW = −0.014; 95% CI = −0.026 to −0.002; P = 0.022; βOB = −0.015; 95% CI −0.015 to 0.001; P = 0.066) and LDL‐c (βOW = −0.012; 95% CI = −0.021 to −0.002; P = 0.017; βOB = −0.018; 95% CI = −0.031 to −0.005; P = 0.005) rates of change (mmol/l per gestational week) compared with the NW. Pre‐gestational BMI was the main factor associated with the rate of changes in TC and LDL‐c concentrations.ConclusionPre‐pregnancy BMI was the main factor associated with the rate of change in TC and LDL‐c throughout pregnancy, and OW and OB women presented lower rates of change compared with NW controls.
Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing for reducing injection risk behaviours among people who inject drugs
Authors: Bertrand Karine , Roy Élise , Vaillancourt Éric , Vandermeerschen Jill , Berbiche Djamal , Boivin Jean‐François 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimWe tested the efficacy of a brief intervention based on motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce high‐risk injection behaviours over a 6‐month period among people who inject drugs (PWID).DesignA single‐site two‐group parallel randomized controlled trial comparing MI with a brief educational intervention (EI).SettingA study office located in downtown Montréal, Canada, close to the community‐based harm reduction programmes where PWID were recruited.ParticipantsPWID who had shared drug injection equipment or shared drugs by backloading or frontloading in the month prior to recruitment were randomized to either the MI (112) or EI (109) groups.InterventionThe MI aimed to (1) encourage PWID to voice their desires, needs and reasons to change behaviours; (2) boost motivation to change behaviours; and (3) when the person was ready, support the plan he or she chose to reduce injection risk behaviours. The EI consisted of an individual session about safe injection behaviours.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was defined as having any of these risk behaviours at 6 months: having shared syringes, containers, filters or water to inject drugs in the previous month and backloading/frontloading; each behaviour was examined separately, as secondary outcomes.FindingsThe probability of reporting a risk injection behaviour decreased in both the MI and the EI groups. At 6‐month follow‐up, participants who reported any risk behaviours were 50% [odds ratio (OR) = 0.50; confidence interval (CI) = 0.13–0.87] less likely to be in the MI group than in the EI group as well as those who reported sharing containers (OR = 0.50; CI = 0.09–0.90). PWID who reported sharing equipment excluding syringes were 53% less likely to be in the MI group (OR = 0.47; CI = 0.11–0.84).ConclusionsA brief motivational interviewing intervention was more effective than a brief educational intervention in reducing some high risk injecting behaviours up in the subsequent 6 months.
Manometric measurement of the outflow facility in the living human eye and its dependence on intraocular pressure
Authors: Karyotakis Nikolaos G. , Ginis Harilaos S. , Dastiridou Anna I. , Tsilimbaris Miltiadis K. , Pallikaris Ioannis G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposeThe intraocular pressure (IOP) is determined by a dynamic equilibrium between the production and outflow of the aqueous humour. The relationship between IOP and the outflow rate through the conventional and unconventional pathway is quantified by the outflow facility coefficient (C). The purpose of this study is to employ a direct (manometric) tonographic technique and determine C as well as its inverse, resistance (R), as a function of IOP in the living human eye.MethodsNineteen cataract patients were enrolled in the study. An intraoperative manometric device was used to measure IOP. After cannulation of the anterior chamber, the IOP was increased by infusion of controlled amounts of saline solution. At 40 mmHg, the infusion stopped, and a pressure sensor recorded the IOP. The measured pressure–volume relationship was considered in order to convert pressure changes to corresponding ocular volume changes. An appropriate mathematical model was applied to calculate C and (its inverse), R.ResultsThe average C was 0.0672 ± 0.0296 μl/min/mmHg at 40 mmHg and 0.2652 ± 0.1164 μl/min/mmHg at 20 mmHg. There was a strong dependence of coefficient C on IOP in all subjects (p < 0.001). The corresponding values for R were 17.9 ± 11.17 min mmHg/μl at 40 mmHg and 4.51 ± 2.69 min mmHg/μl at 20 mmHg.ConclusionThis study provides measurement of outflow facility and its dependence with pressure in healthy living human eyes. This relation is shown to be non‐linear, using a direct manometric method.
Corridors for aliens but not for natives: effects of marine urban sprawl at a regional scale
Authors: Airoldi Laura , Turon Xavier , Perkol‐Finkel Shimrit , Rius Marc 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimThe global sprawl of marine hard infrastructure (e.g. breakwaters, sea walls and jetties) can extensively modify coastal seascapes, but the knowledge of such impacts remains limited to local scales. We examined the regional‐scale effects of marine artificial habitats on the distribution and abundance of assemblages of ascidians, a key group of ecosystem engineer species in benthic fouling systems.LocationFive hundred kilometers of coastline in the North Adriatic Sea.MethodsWe sampled a variety of natural reefs, marine infrastructures and marinas, and tested hypotheses about the role of habitat type and location in influencing the relative distribution and abundance of both native and non‐indigenous species.ResultsAssemblages differed significantly between natural and artificial habitats and among different types of artificial habitats. Non‐indigenous species were 2–3 times more abundant on infrastructures built along sedimentary coastlines than on natural rocky reefs or infrastructures built close to rocky coastlines. Conversely, native species were twice as abundant on natural reefs than on nearby infrastructures and were scarce to virtually absent on infrastructures built along sedimentary coasts. The species composition of assemblages in artificial habitats was more similar to that of marinas than of natural reefs, independently of their location.Main conclusionsOur results show that marine infrastructures along sandy shores disproportionally favour non‐indigenous over native hard bottom species, affecting their spread at regional scales. This is particularly concerning for coastal areas that have low natural densities of rocky reef habitats. We discuss design and management options to improve the quality as habitat of marine infrastructures and to favour their preferential use by native species over non‐indigenous ones.
Hematite‐coated microfossils: primary ecological fingerprint or taphonomic oddity of the Paleoproterozoic?
Authors: Shapiro R. S. , Konhauser K. O. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMicrofossils belonging to the 1.88‐billion‐year‐old ‘Gunflint‐biota’ are preserved as carbonaceous and hematitic filaments and spheres that are believed to represent ancient chemolithoautotrophic Fe(II) oxidizing bacteria that grew above a chemocline where ferruginous seawater upwelled into shallow, oxygenated waters. This ‘biological’ model posits that hematite formed during burial from dewatering of the precursor ferric oxyhydroxides that encrusted Fe(II)‐oxidizing bacteria. Here, we present an alternate ‘taphonomic’ model in which iron‐rich groundwaters discharged into buried stromatolites; thus, the mineralization reactions are more informative of diagenetic processes than they are for primary marine conditions. We sampled centimeter‐scale columnar stromatolites from both the lower and upper stromatolite horizons of the Biwabik and Gunflint formations, across a range of metamorphic gradients including unaltered to prehnite‐pumpellyite taconite, supergene altered ore, and amphibolite‐pyroxene grade contact‐metamorphic zones. Fossils are rare to very rare and comprise curved filaments that exist in clusters with similar orientations. The filaments from throughout the Biwabik are similar to well‐preserved carbonaceous Gunflintia from Ontario. Spheres of Huroniospora are also found in both formations. Microfossils from the least altered sections are preserved as carbon. Prehnite‐pumpellyite samples are composed of either carbon or hematite (Fe2O3). Within the contact aureole, filaments are densely coated by magnetite (Fe3O4); the highest grade samples are secondarily oxidized to martite. The consistency in stromatolite microstructure and lithofacies throughout the metamorphic grades suggests they formed under similar environmental conditions. Post‐depositional alteration led to replacement of the carbon by iron oxide. The facies association, filament distribution, and lack of branching and attached spherical cells argue against Gunflintia being a direct analogue to common marine, chemolithoautotrophic Fe(II)‐oxidizing bacteria. Instead, we propose that the presence of hematite‐coated microfossils is a reflection of taphonomic processes and does not necessarily reflect the byproduct of an original microbial ecosystem.
Biogenicity of an Early Quaternary iron formation, Milos Island, Greece
Authors: Chi Fru E. , Ivarsson M. , Kilias S. P. , Frings P. J. , Hemmingsson C. , Broman C. , Bengtson S. , Chatzitheodoridis E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA ~2.0‐million‐year‐old shallow‐submarine sedimentary deposit on Milos Island, Greece, harbours an unmetamorphosed fossiliferous iron formation (IF) comparable to Precambrian banded iron formations (BIFs). This Milos IF holds the potential to provide clues to the origin of Precambrian BIFs, relative to biotic and abiotic processes. Here, we combine field stratigraphic observations, stable isotopes of C, S and Si, rock petrography and microfossil evidence from a ~5‐m‐thick outcrop to track potential biogeochemical processes that may have contributed to the formation of the BIF‐type rocks and the abrupt transition to an overlying conglomerate‐hosted IF (CIF). Bulk δ13C isotopic compositions lower than ‐25‰ provide evidence for biological contribution by the Calvin and reductive acetyl–CoA carbon fixation cycles to the origin of both the BIF‐type and CIF strata. Low S levels of ~0.04 wt.% combined with δ34S estimates of up to ~18‰ point to a non‐sulphidic depository. Positive δ30Si records of up to +0.53‰ in the finely laminated BIF‐type rocks indicate chemical deposition on the seafloor during weak periods of arc magmatism. Negative δ30Si data are consistent with geological observations suggesting a sudden change to intense arc volcanism potentially terminated the deposition of the BIF‐type layer. The typical Precambrian rhythmic rocks of alternating Fe‐ and Si‐rich bands are associated with abundant and spatially distinct microbial fossil assemblages. Together with previously proposed anoxygenic photoferrotrophic iron cycling and low sedimentary N and C potentially connected to diagenetic denitrification, the Milos IF is a biogenic submarine volcano‐sedimentary IF showing depositional conditions analogous to Archaean Algoma‐type BIFs.