bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employment Status Among Parenting Teenage Mothers Enrolled in High School
Authors: Smith Matthew Lee , Wilson Kelly L. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMany programs emphasize subsequent pregnancy prevention and high school graduation among teenage mothers; however, less is known about their ability to increase financial earnings from employment opportunities while concurrently enrolled in school. This study evaluates factors influencing employment status among teenage mothers after enrolling in a community‐based randomized intervention.METHODSProject Mothers and Schools (PMAS) initiative participants were surveyed at baseline and 12 months after enrollment. The 56 control group participants received homebound education and family case management, whereas the 59 intervention group participants received these basic‐level services as well as group parenting time, life skills, and leadership training. A generalized estimating equation was used to identify statistically significant changes associated with the intervention.RESULTSParticipants were significantly more likely to receive money from their jobs at postintervention relative to baseline (OR = 4.75, p = .023); however, this change was not statistically significant when comparing the control group to the intervention group. At postintervention, those who received money from parents were significantly less likely to receive money from their job (OR = 0.12, p = .002).CONCLUSIONSWhile PMAS benefited participants in terms of employment, the role of parental support requires additional investigation to determine its influence on teenage mothers' ability to achieve financial independence.
Species variation in the enantioselective metabolism of tegafur to 5-fluorouracil among rats, dogs and monkeys
Authors: Yamamiya Ikuo , Yoshisue Kunihiro , Ishii Yuji , Yamada Hideyuki , Yoshida Ken-ichiro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Tegafur (FT), a pro-drug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is a racemate consisting of two enantiomers, R and S-FT. The aim of this study was to clarify interspecies variation in the enantioselective metabolism of FT.

Methods
Plasma concentrations of FT enantiomers were determined in rats, dogs and monkeys following intravenous and oral dosing of the racemate (5 mg/kg). In addition, the enzymatic conversion of FT enantiomers to 5-FU was assayed using hepatic preparations.

Key findings
Metabolic clearance of R-FT was higher than that of S-FT in rats and monkeys, but S-FT was the preferential substrate for dogs. An inhibition study revealed that cytochrome P450 is primarily responsible for the enantioselective metabolism of FT in rats and dogs. In contrast, in monkeys, thymidine phosphorylase was a determinant of the enantioselectivity in FT metabolism. Although oral bioavailability was not enantioselective, in-vitro and in-vivo kinetic studies suggested that the enantioselectivity in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of FT directly influences the body clearance in all animal species examined.

Conclusions
The interspecies variations were observed in the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of FT, and the in-vivo enantioselectivity could be extrapolated from the in-vitro metabolic activities.
Uliginosin B, a natural phloroglucinol derivative, presents a multimediated antinociceptive effect in mice
Authors: Stolz Eveline Dischkaln , Hasse Diego Rafael , von Poser Gilsane Lino , Rates Stela M K 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objective
Investigate the involvement of monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems on the antinociceptive and ataxic effects of uliginosin B, which we have already demonstrated to be a promising molecular scaffold to develop new analgesic drugs.

Methods
Uliginosin B was obtained from hexane extract of aerial parts of Hypericum polyanthemum by chromatographic methods. Uliginosin B antinociceptive and motor coordination effects were evaluated in mice by using hot-plate (15 and 90 mg/kg, i.p.) and rotarod (90 mg/kg, i.p.) tests, respectively. The mechanism of action was investigated through pretreatments with prazosin 1 mg/kg intraperitoneal (α1 receptor antagonist), yohimbine 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal (α2 receptor antagonist), pCPA 300 mg/kg intraperitoneal (serotonin synthesis inhibitor) and MK-801 0.25 mg/kg intraperitoneal (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist).

Key findings
The antinociceptive effect of uliginosin B (15 and 90 mg/kg, i.p.) was reduced significantly by pCPA and MK-801. Prazosin and yohimbine improved the antinociceptive effect of the highest dose (90 mg/kg, i.p.) of uliginosin B only. The ataxic effect of uliginosin B (90 mg/kg, i.p.) was completely prevented by pretreatment with pCPA or MK-801, but it was unaffected by pretreatment with prazosin or yohimbine.

Conclusion
These data confirm the contribution of monoaminergic neurotransmission as well as provide the first evidence of glutamatergic neurotransmission contribution to the uliginosin B effects.
Cross‐cultural validation of the factor structure for theKorean version of theClassroomClimateInventory
Authors: Choi Hyunju , Rhee Eunjeong , Ito Ayako , Lee Sang Min 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to validate theClassroomClimateInventory (CCI) inKorean middle schools. Specifically, we investigated whether the original eight‐factor structure of theJapanese version of theCCI(Involvement,Affiliation,Friction,Satisfaction,Self‐disclosure,TaskOrientation,Order, andEquity) is appropriate forKorean middle schools. The results indicated that theKorean version of theCCIshowed a different factor structure from theJapaneseCCI. In the cross‐culturally validatedCCI, theFriction factor included in theJapanese version was divided into two factors (i.e.,Harmony andConflict), andEquity was excluded. The final model of theKoreanCCIdisplayed acceptable goodness‐of‐fit indices, which indicated that it is a valid instrument by which to measure the classroom climate ofKorean middle schools. Lastly, implications for future research and limitations are discussed.
Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs: A Comparative Study of Heterosexual Men and Women, Gay Men, and Lesbian Women With and Without Sexual Problems
Authors: Peixoto Maria Manuela , Nobre Pedro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Conservative and dysfunctional sexual beliefs are commonly associated with sexual problems among heterosexual men and women. However, little is known about the role of sexual beliefs in sexual problems in gay men and lesbians.

Aim
The present study aimed at analyzing the role of sexual beliefs in sexual dysfunction in a sample of heterosexual and homosexual men and women.

Main Outcome Measures
Participants answered questions about self-perceived sexual problems and completed the Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire.

Methods
Two hundred twelve men (106 gay) and 192 women (96 lesbian) completed a Web survey.

Results
Findings indicated that men with sexual dysfunction (regardless of sexual orientation) reported significantly more conservative beliefs and more erroneous beliefs related to partner's sexual satisfaction compared with sexually healthy men. Also, gay men with sexual dysfunction (but not heterosexual men) scored higher on belief in sex as an abuse of men's power compared with healthy controls. In addition, heterosexual men scored higher on “macho” beliefs, beliefs regarding partner's sexual satisfaction, and partner's power, compared with gay men. For women, a main effect was found for sexual orientation, with lesbian women scoring higher on sexual desire as a sin, age-related beliefs, and affection primacy and lower on beliefs related to motherhood primacy.

Conclusions
Overall, findings suggest that dysfunctional sexual beliefs may play a role as vulnerability factors for sexual dysfunction regardless of sexual orientation, particularly in men.
SdrC induces staphylococcal biofilm formation through a homophilic interaction
Authors: Barbu E. Magda , Mackenzie Chris , Foster Timothy J. , Höök Magnus 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe molecular pathogenesis of many Staphylococcus aureus infections involves growth of bacteria as biofilm. In addition to polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) and extracellular DNA, surface proteins appear to mediate the transition of bacteria from planktonic growth to sessile lifestyle as well as biofilm growth, and can enable these processes even in the absence of PIA expression. However, the molecular mechanisms by which surface proteins contribute to biofilm formation are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that self‐association of the serine‐aspartate repeat protein SdrC promotes both bacterial adherence to surfaces and biofilm formation. However, this homophilic interaction is not required for the attachment of bacteria to abiotic surfaces. We identified the subdomain that mediates SdrC dimerization and subsequent cell‐cell interactions. In addition, we determined that two adjacently located amino acid sequences within this subdomain are required for the SdrC homophilic interaction. Comparative amino acid sequence analysis indicated that these binding sites are conserved. In summary, our study identifies SdrC as a novel molecular determinant in staphylococcal biofilm formation and describes the mechanism responsible for intercellular interactions. Furthermore, these findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that homophilic interactions between surface proteins present on neighbouring bacteria induce biofilm growth.
Dynamin‐mediated lipid acquisition is essential for Chlamydia trachomatis development
Authors: Gurumurthy Rajendra Kumar , Chumduri Cindrilla , Karlas Alexander , Kimmig Sonja , Gonzalez Erik , Machuy Nikolaus , Rudel Thomas , Meyer Thomas F. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryChlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for a high burden of human disease. Here, a loss‐of‐function screen using a set of lentivirally transduced shRNAs identified 14 human host cell factors that modulate C. trachomatis infectivity. Notably, knockdown of dynamin, a host GTPase, decreased C. trachomatis infectivity. Dynamin functions in multiple cytoplasmic locations, including vesicle formation at the plasma membrane and the trans‐Golgi network. However, its role in C. trachomatis infection remains unclear. Here we report that dynamin is essential for homotypic fusion of C. trachomatis inclusions but not for C. trachomatis internalization into the host cell. Further, dynamin activity is necessary for lipid transport into C. trachomatis inclusions and for normal re‐differentiation from reticulate to elementary bodies. Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is proposed to be an important strategy used by C. trachomatis for efficient lipid acquisition and replication within the host. Here we show that a subset of C. trachomatis‐infected cells displayed Golgi fragmentation, which was concurrent with increased mitotic accumulation. Golgi fragmentation was dispensable for dynamin‐mediated lipid acquisition into C. trachomatis inclusions, irrespective of the cell cycle phase. Thus, our study reveals a critical role of dynamin in host‐derived lipid acquisition for C. trachomatis development.
Global biogeography of Alnus‐associated Frankia actinobacteria
Authors: Põlme Sergei , Bahram Mohammad , Kõljalg Urmas , Tedersoo Leho 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Macroecological patterns of microbes have received relatively little attention until recently. This study aimed to disentangle the determinants of the global biogeographic community of Alnus‐associated actinobacteria belonging to the Frankia alni complex.

By determining a global sequence similarity threshold for the nitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene, we separated Frankia into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and tested the relative effects of Alnus phylogeny, geographic relatedness, and climatic and edaphic variables on community composition at the global scale.

Based on the optimal nifH gene sequence similarity threshold of 99.3%, we distinguished 43 Frankia OTUs from root systems of 22 Alnus species on four continents. Host phylogeny was the main determinant of Frankia OTU‐based community composition, but there was no effect on the phylogenetic structure of Frankia. Biogeographic analyses revealed the strongest cross‐continental links over the Beringian land bridge.

Despite the facultative symbiotic nature of Frankia, phylogenetic relations among Alnus species play a prominent role in structuring root‐associated Frankia communities and their biogeographic patterns. Our results suggest that Alnus species exert strong phylogenetically determined selection pressure on compatible Actinobacteria.
Selling a natural community: Exploring the role of representations in promoting a new urban development
Authors: Opit Simon , Kearns Robin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe explore the rhetoric and symbolism deployed in the course of selling residential properties at Hobsonville Point, a new development in Auckland. Specifically, we ask what understanding of community is promoted in this development, and how this understanding is represented in promotional material. Our study is informed by analysis of newspaper articles, promotional material and planning/legal documents as well as field observation (2011–2012). We conclude that appealing to a contemporary yearning for nature and social cohesion at an urban coastal location has generated a situation in which community is being ‘sold’ at Hobsonville Point, yet paradoxically is yet to be found.
Sleeping with the past? Heritage, recreation and transition in New Zealand tramping huts
Authors: Kearns Robin , Fagan Joe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNew Zealand tramping huts are a rudimentary but valued form of recreational accommodation. While huts fundamentally offer shelter, their aesthetics and history can also be valued. We review the origins of the huts system and draw on entries in visitor books to demonstrate divergent views regarding newer and more traditional huts. We conclude that while ‘new‐generation’ huts facilitate a broader spectrum of users, ‘heritage’ huts may need partnerships with user groups and corporate sponsorship to ensure their survival.
The p‐EVES study design and methodology: a randomised controlled trial to compare portable electronic vision enhancement systems (p‐EVES) to optical magnifiers for near vision activities in visual impairment
Authors: Taylor John , Bambrick Rachel , Dutton Michelle , Harper Robert , Ryan Barbara , Tudor‐Edwards Rhiannon , Waterman Heather , Whitaker Chris , Dickinson Chris 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeTo describe the study design and methodology for the p‐EVES study, a trial designed to determine the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and acceptability of portable Electronic Vision Enhancement System (p‐EVES) devices and conventional optical low vision aids (LVAs) for near tasks in people with low vision.MethodsThe p‐EVES study is a prospective two‐arm randomised cross‐over trial to test the hypothesis that, in comparison to optical LVAs, p‐EVES can be: used for longer duration; used for a wider range of tasks than a single optical LVA and/or enable users to do tasks that they were not able to do with optical LVAs; allow faster performance of instrumental activities of daily living; and allow faster reading. A total of 100 adult participants with visual impairment are currently being recruited from Manchester Royal Eye Hospital and randomised into either Group 1 (receiving the two interventions A and B in the order AB), or Group 2 (receiving the two interventions in the order BA). Intervention A is a 2‐month period with conventional optical LVAs and a p‐EVES device, and intervention B is a 2‐month period with conventional optical LVAs only.ResultsThe study adopts a mixed methods approach encompassing a broad range of outcome measures. The results will be obtained from the following primary outcome measures: Manchester Low Vision Questionnaire, capturing device ‘usage’ data (which devices are used, number of times, for what purposes, and for how long) and the MNRead test, measuring threshold print size, critical print size, and acuity reserve in addition to reading speed at high (≈90%) contrast. Results will also be obtained from a series of secondary outcome measures which include: assessment of timed instrumental activities of daily living and a ‘near vision’ visual functioning questionnaire. A companion qualitative study will permit comparison of results on how, where, and under what circumstances, p‐EVES devices and LVAs are used in daily life. A health economic evaluation will provide results on: the incremental cost‐effectiveness of p‐EVES compared to optical magnifiers; cost‐effectiveness; and cost‐utility.ConclusionsThe evidence base in low vision rehabilitation is modest and further high quality clinical trials are required to inform decisions on healthcare provision. The p‐EVES study findings are anticipated to contribute to this broader evidence requirement, with the methodological issues evident here being relevant to other trials within the field.
Challenges for paediatric transplantation in Africa
Authors: Spearman C. W. N. , McCulloch M. I. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTransplantation is the accepted mode of treatment for patients with end‐stage organ disease affecting the heart, lungs, kidney, pancreas, liver and intestine. Long‐term outcomes have significantly improved and the aim of management is no longer only long‐term survival, but also focuses on quality of life especially in children. Transplantation in Africa faces a number of challenges including wide socioeconomic disparity, lack of legislation around brain death and organ donation in many countries, shortage of skilled medical personnel and facilities, infectious disease burden and insecure access to and monitoring of immunosuppression. Whilst there is a need for transplantation, the establishment and sustainability of transplant programmes require careful planning with national government and institutional support. Legislation regarding brain death diagnosis and organ retrieval/donation; appropriate training of the transplant team; and transparent and equitable criteria for organ allocation are important to establish before embarking on a transplant programme. Establishing sustainable, self‐sufficient transplant programmes in Africa with equal access to all citizens is an important step towards curtailing transplant tourism and organ trafficking and has a further beneficial effect in raising the level of medical and surgical care in these countries.
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 as inflammation markers of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis infections in mice
Authors: Bruschi F. , Bianchi C. , Fornaro M. , Naccarato G. , Menicagli M. , Gomez‐Morales M. A. , Pozio E. , Pinto B. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTrichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis exhibit differences in the host‐parasite relationship such as the inflammatory response in parasitized muscles. Several studies indicate that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) represent a marker of inflammation since they regulate inflammation and immunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of gelatinases (MMP‐9 and MMP‐2) in mice experimentally infected with T. spiralis or T. pseudospiralis, to elucidate the involvement of these molecules during the inflammatory response to these parasites. Gelatin zymography on SDS polyacrilamide gels was used to assess the serum levels and in situ zymography on muscle histological sections to show the gelatinase‐positive cells. In T. spiralis infected mice, the total MMP‐9 serum level increased 6 days post‐infection whereas, the total MMP‐2 serum level increased onward. A similar trend was observed in T. pseudospiralis infected mice but the MMP‐9 level was lower than that detected in T. spiralis infected mice. Significant differences were also observed in MMP‐2 levels between the two experimental groups. The number of gelatinase positive cells was higher in T. spiralis than in T. pseudospiralis infected muscles. We conclude that MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 are markers of the inflammatory response for both T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis infections.
Disease protection and growth promotion of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Paenibacillus dendritiformis
Authors: Lapidot D. , Dror R. , Vered E. , Mishli O. , Levy D. , Helman Y. 
Published: August 2014

One of the challenges in developing plant‐beneficial bacterial agents for agricultural application is ensuring that an effective selection and screening procedure is in place. The sporadic success of using bacterial agents in the field is usually due to the inability of added bacteria to compete with the local microorganisms. In the present study, the effectiveness of Paenibacillus dendritiformis, a unique pattern‐forming, Gram‐positive, soil bacterium, to reduce disease indices and increase yield in potato crops was examined. This bacterium was chosen as a potential agent based on genome analysis carried out in previous studies. In vitro laboratory experiments, as well as three greenhouse and one field experiment, were conducted. The results show that, in agreement with the hypothesis, P. dendritiformis significantly reduced the maceration area of tuber slices infected by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, significantly reduced disease indices in greenhouse experiments and significantly increased tuber yield of infected plants in the field. This work demonstrates the potential of preliminary screening based on genome analysis to identify effective biocontrol agents.
Short‐term trained lexical categories produce preattentive categorical perception of color: Evidence from ERPs
Authors: Zhong Weifang , Li You , Li Peixin , Xu Guiping , Mo Lei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe present study investigated whether short‐term trained lexical categories could produce lateralized preattentive categorical perception (CP) of color. Participants' event‐related potentials were recorded while performing a visual oddball task in which standard and deviant colored stimuli from the same or different novel lexical categories were presented. Two groups of participants were recruited: a group trained on these novel categories (n = 26), and an untrained control group (n = 26). Results of paired t tests showed that deviants did not evoke significant visual mismatch negativity, with the exception of deviants from different novel categories presented in the right visual field of the training group. This suggests that short‐term trained lexical categories produce lateralized preattentive color CP, and language enhances sensitivity to the differences among between‐category stimuli.