bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterocin HZ produced by a wildEnterococcus faeciumstrain isolated from a traditional, starter-free pickled cheese
Authors: Yildirim Zeliha , Bilgin Harun , Isleroglu Hilal , Tokatli Kader , Sahingil Didem , Yildirim Metin 
Published: February 2014

BacteriogenicEnterococcus faeciumHZ was identified by using biochemical (Strep-API 20, API-50 CHL, fatty acid profile) and 16S rRNA analysis (99·99 %).Ent. faeciumHZ was sensitive to clinically important antibiotics such as vancomycin, and did not have gelatinase and haemolysis activities. Enterocin HZ, a bacteriocin fromEnt. faeciumHZ, was sensitive to papain and tyripsin, but resistant to pepsin, lipase, catalase, α-amylase, organic solvents, detergents, ß-mercaptoethanol, and heat treatment (90 °C/30 min). It was biologically active at pH 2·0–9·0 and synthesised at the highest level in MRS or M17 broth at 32 or 37 °C with an inoculum amount of 0·1–0·5 % and an initial pH of 6·0–7·0. Enterocin HZ production reached maximum level at middle and late logarithmic phase and its molecular weight was ∼4·5 kDa. It was active against some Gram-positive foodborne bacteria.Ent. faeciumHZ or its bacteriocin enterocin HZ is a good candidate to be studied as a food biopreservative since enterocin HZ showed strong bactericidal activity againstListeria monocytogenesin UHT milk and alsoEnt. faeciumHZ grew very well in milk and produced enterocin HZ at maximum level.
Imachi Nkwu: Trade and the Commons
Authors: Fenske James 
Published: February 2014

The conventional view is that an increase in the value of a natural resource can lead to private property over it. Many Igbo groups in Nigeria, however, curtailed private rights over palm trees in response to the palm produce trade of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I use the Ostrom (2007, 2009) framework for analyzing social-ecological systems to guide the construction of a model of this transition. An increase in the resource price leads the owner to prefer communal harvesting, which simplifies monitoring against theft. I support this framework with evidence from colonial court records. “Palm cutting always cause palaver.”
Obuba of Ububa, Nkwo Udara Civil Suit 111/37
Conservation ecology of rare plants within complex local habitat networks
Authors: Crain Benjamin J. , Sánchez-Cuervo Ana María , White Jeffrey W. , Steinberg Steven J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEffective conservation of rare plant species requires a detailed understanding of their unique distributions and habitat requirements to identify conservation targets. Research suggests that local conservation efforts may be one of the best means for accomplishing this task. We conducted a geographical analysis of the local distributions of rare plants in Napa County, California, to identify spatial relationships with individual habitat types. We measured the potential contribution of individual habitats to rare plant conservation by integrating analyses on overall diversity, species per area, specificity-weighted richness, presence of hotspots, and the composition of the rare plant community in each habitat type. This combination of analyses allowed us to determine which habitats are most significant for rare plant conservation at a local scale. Our analyses indicated that several habitat types were consistently associated with rare plant species. In broad terms, grasslands, oak forests, coniferous forests, wetlands, serpentines, chaparral, and rock outcrops were most consistently highlighted. No single habitat stood out in every analysis however, and therefore we conclude that careful selection of an assemblage of habitats that best represents diverse, restricted and unique rare plant communities will be the most efficient approach to protecting rare plant habitat at local scales. Accordingly we present a means of identifying conservation targets and protecting global biodiversity through local efforts.
Aivazovsky's Icebergs: an Antarctic mystery
Authors: Bulkeley Rip 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe Armenian-Russian artist Ivan Aivazovsky completed a painting of a polar seascape entitled Ledyanyye gory [Ice mountains] in 1870. The picture has usually been taken for an Antarctic scene depicting HIMS Mirnyi, one of the two ships of the Russian Antarctic Expedition of 1819–1821, in the presence of icebergs, ice cliffs and floes. The author contends, first, that this identification is open to considerable doubt, and second, that other aspects of the painting are also problematic. The painting is in the Aivazovsky Museum in Ukraine. The Museum kindly supplied him with high resolution photographs of the painting but personal scrutiny has proved impossible hitherto. Further research, especially into Aivazovsky's papers, might resolve some of the questions which it raises.
Extreme microclimate conditions in artificial nests for Endangered African Penguins
Authors: LEI BONNIE R. , GREEN JONATHAN A. , PICHEGRU LORIEN 
Published: February 2014

SummaryAfrican Penguins Spheniscus demersus naturally breed in guano burrows which provide shelter from predators and extreme weather conditions. Past guano harvesting has removed this habitat and artificial nests of different types have been deployed, with previous research identifying variable success of these different types. We investigated climatic conditions in two types of artificial nests, and compared them to natural burrows and surface nests for two weeks in the incubation and early chick-rearing phases of the 2012 summer breeding season on Bird Island, Algoa Bay, South Africa. We also compared breeding success since 2009 between some of these nest types. Natural burrows remained the best insulated from extremes of temperature and humidity, with temperatures consistently higher and humidity consistently lower than in exposed nests and the two types of artificial nests. Fibreglass nests retained temperatures > 30°C, when Spheniscus penguins start being heat-stressed, for the longest periods of time. Sustained high temperatures will induce increased energy expenditure associated with active thermoregulation for birds in these nests. The combination of high temperatures and low humidity could also have contributed to damaging water loss in the eggs and reduced egg survival, as suggested by the consistent lower hatching success in the fibreglass nests. Cement nests had more moderate temperatures than fibreglass nests and higher breeding success, possibly due to superior ventilation. Vegetation cover had no effect on the temperature regime inside fibreglass nests. To maximise conservation efforts for these endangered penguins, additional research should be conducted towards engineering artificial nests that better mimic the conditions of natural burrows.
Utilization of Optical Polarization Microscopy in the Study of Sorption Characteristics of Wound Dressing Host Materials
Authors: Devetak Miha , Peršin Zdenka , Stana-Kleinschek Karin , Maver Uroš 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPolarization microscopy was used for evaluation of kinetics of diclofenac sorption in three different wound dressing materials. The sorption kinetics can be evaluated by radii change and intensity of the light traveling through the fiber. The most frequently used host materials for drugs in wound dressings are alginate, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, and viscose. We studied sorption of diclofenac as an example drug. Effective, but rather simple in vitro simulation of diclofenac sorption gives insight into the applicability of the mentioned materials for development of wound healing materials.
Sample Preparation to Observe The Straight And Flat Posture of Silkworm Embryo under Scanning Electron Microscopy via Glycerol Substitution Method
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Li Chenzhao , Zhang Qi , Lei Zhixin , Hou Yanqi , Dai Fangyin , Lu Cheng 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the preparation process for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flexed silkworm embryos typically assume several curled shapes with irregular postures that obscure morphological details during SEM observation. We describe a preparation technique based on glycerol substitution for better SEM visualization of straight and flat silkworm embryos. Glycerol has high viscosity, low vapor pressure, and sufficient electrical conductivity. Silkworm embryos were infiltrated with glycerol and arranged in a straight posture or flattened using a cover slip. Samples were directly observed by SEM without additional dehydration, drying, or coating procedures. The complete ventral side could be easily viewed in one image. Recoating alleviated the charging phenomenon. This represents a simple method for preparation of straight and flat samples from curled biological specimens for SEM observation.
Excessive abundance of common resources deters social responsibility
Authors: Chen Xiaojie , Perc Matjaž 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe study the evolution of cooperation in the collective-risk social dilemma game, where the risk is determined by a collective target that must be reached with individual contributions. All players initially receive endowments from the available amount of common resources. While cooperators contribute part of their endowment to the collective target, defectors do not. If the target is not reached, the endowments of all players are lost. In our model, we introduce a feedback between the amount of common resources and the contributions of cooperators. We show that cooperation can be sustained only if the common resources are preserved but never excessively abound. This, however, requires a delicate balance between the amount of common resources that initially exist and the amount cooperators contribute to the collective target. Exceeding critical thresholds in either of the two amounts leads to loss of cooperation and consequently to the depletion of common resources.
Topics at the left periphery in Russian
Authors: Polinsky Maria , Potsdam Eric 
Published: February 2014

This paper analyses a paradigm in Russian in which a preposed nominal stranding a numeral can show (paucal) number connectivity, with a gap following the numeral, or can appear in a non-agreeing (plural) form:
(1)	theater-paucal/plural, there were three. paucal__
Numerous syntactic diagnostics confirm that, when there is number connectivity, the nominal has been fronted via A′-movement, creating a syntactic A′-chain dependency. In the absence of connectivity, the construction involves a hanging topic related via discourse mechanisms to a base-generated null pronoun. These two constructions constitute a minimal pair and can be considered a counterpart to the better-known left edge topics observed in Romance or Germanic languages.
Phototoxic reaction associated with Malarone (atovaquone/proguanil) antimalarial prophylaxis
Authors: Amelot Aymeric , Dupouy‐Camet Jean , Jeanmougin Michel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPhototoxic reaction has not been reported previously as an adverse reaction to the combination of atovaquone and proguanil (AP) (Malarone) used for antimalarial prophylaxis and therapy. We report here a 32‐year‐old patient treated with AP who presented with clinical manifestations of photosensitivity. AP‐induced phototoxicity in this patient was further supported by phototesting. Malarone is not known to photosensitize and render the skin more susceptible to severe sunburn‐like reactions. That it may do so, as in this case, is of importance especially as this drug is used predominantly by those travelling to sunnier climes. A notification of potential phototoxic effects of AP should be published for the choice of prophylaxis made by tourists traveling in malarial areas.
Thermal adaptation of cellular membranes in natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Cooper Brandon S. , Hammad Loubna A. , Montooth Kristi L. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryChanges in temperature disrupt the fluidity of cellular membranes, which can negatively impact membrane integrity and cellular processes. Many ectotherms, includingDrosophila melanogaster(Meigen), adjust the glycerophospholipid composition of their membranes to restore optimal fluidity when temperatures change, a type of trait plasticity termed homeoviscous adaptation.Existing data suggest that plasticity in the relative abundances of the glycerophospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) underlies cellular adaptation to temporal variability in the thermal environment. For example, laboratory populations ofD. melanogasterevolved in the presence of temporally variable temperatures have greater developmental plasticity of the ratio ofPEtoPC(PE/PC) and greater fecundity than do populations evolved at constant temperatures.Here, we extend this work to natural populations ofD. melanogasterby evaluating thermal plasticity of glycerophospholipid composition at different life stages, in genotypes isolated from Vermont, Indiana and North Carolina, USA. We also quantify the covariance between developmental and adult (reversible) plasticity, and between adult responses of the membrane to cool and warm thermal shifts.As predicted by physiological models of homeoviscous adaptation, flies from all populations decreasePE/PCand the degree of lipid unsaturation in response to warm temperatures. Furthermore, these populations have diverged in their degree of membrane plasticity. Flies from the most variable thermal environment (Vermont, USA) decreasePE/PCto a greater extent than do other populations when developed at a warm temperature, a pattern that matches our previous observation in laboratory‐evolved populations. We also find that developmental plasticity and adult plasticity ofPE/PCcovary across genotypes, but that adult responses to cool and warm thermal shifts do not.When combined with our previous observations of laboratory‐evolved populations, our findings implicate developmental plasticity ofPE/PCas a mechanism of thermal adaptation in temporally variable environments. While little is known about the genetic bases of plastic responses to temperature, our observations suggest that both environmentally sensitive and environmentally specific alleles contribute to thermal adaptation of membranes and that costs of plasticity may arise when the adult environment differs from that experienced during development.
Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in marine bacteria from salmon aquaculture and non‐aquaculture sites
Authors: Shah Syed Q. A. , Cabello Felipe C. , L'Abée‐Lund Trine M. , Tomova Alexandra , Godfrey Henry P. , Buschmann Alejandro H. , Sørum Henning 
Published: February 2014

SummaryAntimicrobial resistance (AR) detected by disc diffusion and antimicrobial resistance genes detected by DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction with amplicon sequencing were studied in 124 marine bacterial isolates from a Chilean salmon aquaculture site and 76 from a site without aquaculture 8 km distant. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was present in 81% of the isolates regardless of site. Resistance to tetracycline was most commonly encoded by tetA and tetG; to trimethoprim, by dfrA1, dfrA5 and dfrA12; to sulfamethizole, by sul1 and sul2; to amoxicillin, by blaTEM; and to streptomycin, by strA‐strB. Integron integrase intl1 was detected in 14 sul1‐positive isolates, associated with aad9 gene cassettes in two from the aquaculture site. intl2 Integrase was only detected in three dfrA1‐positive isolates from the aquaculture site and was not associated with gene cassettes in any. Of nine isolates tested for conjugation, two from the aquaculture site transferred AR determinants to Escherichia coli. High levels of AR in marine sediments from aquaculture and non‐aquaculture sites suggest that dispersion of the large amounts of antimicrobials used in Chilean salmon aquaculture has created selective pressure in areas of the marine environment far removed from the initial site of use of these agents.
Panama as Palimpsest: The Reformulation of the ‘Transit Corridor’ in a Global Economy
Authors: Sigler Thomas J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe interface between economic globalization and territorial formation has been a fundamental concern to scholars from a wide range of disciplines as both supra‐ and subnational configurations increasingly supplant the role of the nation‐state so as to achieve purported political or economic objectives. Though extensive literatures document this process, considerable lacunae exist with regard to the understanding thereof within a socio‐historical framework. This article invokes the concept of ‘palimpsest’ as a metaphor through which one reads the re‐inscription of multiple layers of the built environment or territory vis‐à‐vis the widespread changes within Panama's ‘transit corridor’ — a densely settled territorial strip extending from the northern city of Colón to Panama City in the south. Though much of this transformation has been attributed to the newfound economic stability of the Panamanian state, I argue that these structural changes are best understood in the context of prior developments on the Isthmus of Panama dating back centuries. To this end, both structural and poststructural arguments are invoked so as to transgress a narrow focus on Panama as a fixed territorial entity.
Optimization of Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction Technique for Extraction of Volatile Smokeless Powder Compounds in Forensic Applications
Authors: Chang Kah Haw , Yew Chong Hooi , Abdullah Ahmad Fahmi Lim 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSmokeless powders are low explosives and are potentially found in cases involving firearms and improvised explosive devices. Apart from inorganic compound analysis, forensic determination of organic components of these materials appears as a promising alternative, especially the chromatographic techniques. This work describes the optimization of a solid‐phase microextraction technique using an 85 μm polyacrylate fiber followed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection for smokeless powder. A multivariate experimental design was performed to optimize extraction‐influencing parameters. A 24factorial first‐order design revealed that sample temperature and extraction time were the major influencing parameters. Doehlert matrix design has subsequently selected 66°C and 21 min as the compromised conditions for the two predetermined parameters. This extraction technique has successfully detected the headspace compounds of smokeless powders from different ammunition types and allowed for their differentiation. The novel technique allows more rapid sample preparation for chromatographic detection of smokeless powders.
A Time Course Study Demonstrating mRNA, microRNA, 18S rRNA, and U6 snRNA Changes to Estimate PMI in Deceased Rat's Spleen
Authors: Lv Ye‐hui , Ma Kai‐jun , Zhang Heng , He Meng , Zhang Ping , Shen Yi‐wen , Jiang Nan , Ma Duan , Chen Long 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDetermining the postmortem interval (PMI) is important in criminal, civil, and forensic cases. We examined the feasibility of using the transcript abundances of mRNAs, 18S rRNA, U6 snRNA, and microRNAs as a means to estimate the PMI. We removed spleen tissues from rats at different PMIs under 4°C or 25°C and examined gene transcript abundances in these samples by RT‐qPCR. Using the algorithm geNorm, we found that microRNAs to be appropriate control markers because they were less affected by PMI and temperature. We also characterized relationships between observed PMI and the transcript levels of the above‐mentioned RNAs. GAPDH1 and ACTB1 fluctuated slightly like cubic curves, while GAPDH2 and ACTB2 decreased rapidly. 18S rRNA transcript level exhibited a parabolic‐like trend at 25°C and exponential growth at 4°C, while U6 transcript level exhibited exponential decay at 25°C and a parabolic‐like trend at 4°C. Following validation, we conclude that GAPDH2, ACTB2, and 18S rRNA are suitable makers in the accurate determination of PMI.
Coeliac disease and the gluten‐free diet in New Zealand: The New Zealand Coeliac Health Survey
Authors: Sharp Kiri , Walker Heather , Coppell Kirsten J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to describe the health and dietary treatment of people with coeliac disease in New Zealand.MethodsThe New Zealand Coeliac Health Survey was a self‐administered cross‐sectional survey adapted, with permission, from the Canadian Celiac Health Survey. All members of Coeliac New Zealand Incorporated (n = 2720) were surveyed, primarily online (n = 2383). Surveys were posted to those without an email address (n = 337).ResultsThe overall response rate was 46.5% (n = 1264). This analysis included biopsy‐positive respondents aged 16 years and over (n = 936). Mean age at diagnosis was 43.5 (SD: 15.5) years. The median time between reported onset of symptoms and diagnosis of coeliac disease was 5 years (IQR 1–16). Most (88.4%) described their diet as being strictly gluten free, yet many had incomplete recovery from symptoms. Of 81.6% reported being referred to a dietitian, 19.9% considered the information they received to be fair or poor. Following a gluten‐free diet was very difficult for 6.2%, and moderately difficult for 29.8%. Common problems included finding good quality gluten‐free foods and identifying whether foods were gluten free or not from the label. More than one‐third (36.3%) avoided travelling because of coeliac disease at least some of the time, and one‐quarter (25.6%) never or rarely ate at restaurants.ConclusionsAlthough coeliac disease is a common condition in New Zealand, ongoing symptoms among patients suggest that dietary management is inadequate. Knowledge of a gluten‐free diet and its implementation among dietitians, and the preparation of commercial and restaurant gluten‐free foods could be improved.
Association of IRS1, CAPN10, and PPARG gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the high‐risk population of Hyderabad, India 在印度海得拉巴高风险人群中IRS1、CAPN10以及PPARG基因多态性与2型糖尿病的关系
Authors: Kommoju Uma Jyothi , Maruda Jayaraj , Kadarkarai Samy Subburaj , Irgam Kumuda , Kotla Jaya Prasad , Reddy Battini Mohan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe attempted to validate earlier findings on the nature of the association of the IRS1, CAPN10, and PPARG genes with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the high‐risk population of Hyderabad, India.MethodsA sample of 1379 subjects (758 T2DM patients, 621 controls) was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IRS1 (rs1801278), CAPN10 (rs3792267, rs5030952), and PPARG (rs1801282) genes.ResultsThe allele and genotype frequencies of IRS1 (rs1801278) and CAPN10 (rs3792267) SNPs differed significantly between the patient and control groups. Logistic regression analysis suggested a significant association of these two SNPs (P ≤ 0.007) with T2DM and the strength of association did not alter when adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and the waist : hip ratio as covariates. The same two SNPs showed significant association in multivariate logistic regression analyses, even after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, suggesting an independent nature of the role of these genes in the manifestation of T2DM in our population.ConclusionsWe replicated the significant association of rs1801278 and rs3792267 SNPs of the IRS1 and CAPN10 genes with T2DM in the population of Hyderabad. Despite the known biological significance of the PPARG gene and a sufficient statistical power of the present study, we could not replicate the association of PPARG with T2DM in our high‐risk population. Given the vast ethnic, geographic, and genetic heterogeneity of the Indian population, many more studies are needed covering the ethnic and geographic heterogeneity of India to enable identification of an Indian‐specific profile of genes associated with T2DM.