bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic and Electronic Structures of Interfaces in Dye‐Sensitized, Nanostructured Solar Cells
Authors: Johansson Erik M. J. , Lindblad Rebecka , Siegbahn Hans , Hagfeldt Anders , Rensmo Håkan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractKey processes in nanostructured dye‐sensitized solar cells occur at material interfaces containing, for example, oxides, dye molecules, and hole conductors. A detailed understanding of interfacial properties is therefore important for new developments and device optimization. The implementation of X‐ray‐based spectroscopic methods for atomic‐level understanding of such properties is reviewed. Specifically, the use of the chemical and element sensitivity of photoelectron spectroscopy, hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy for investigating interfacial molecular and electronic properties are described; examples include energy matching, binding configurations, and molecular orbital composition. Finally, results from the complete oxide/dye/hole‐conductor systems are shown and demonstrate how the assembly itself can affect the molecular and electronic structure of the materials.
Silica Mineralization by a Peptide Template Having a High Charge Relay Effect
Authors: Murai Kazuki , Higuchi Masahiro , Kuno Tatsuya , Kato Katsuya 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe influence of the charge relay effects of peptide organic templates on silica mineralization has been investigated. β‐Sheet‐type peptide showed higher catalytic activity towards the condensation of trimethylsilanol than random‐coil peptides. The higher activity of the β‐sheet peptide was attributed to an effective charge relay effect between the His and Glu residues of the β‐sheet assembly. Furthermore, the silica mineralized on the VHVEVS peptide template formed a flat surface, which was affected by the peptide morphology. This result implied that the growth of the silica occurred at the surface of the peptide template in a manner very similar to that of the enzyme reaction. Thus, by using a specific structural design strategy, this process could be used for the preparation of specific silica particles.
Lignol Cleavage by Pd/C Under Mild Conditions and Without Hydrogen: A Role for Benzylic CH Activation?
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyuan , Mitra Joyee , Rauchfuss Thomas B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe cleavage of CO bonds in lignin model compounds without hydrogen was developed using the commercially available Pd/C. Hydrogen donor solvents are helpful for this reaction through transfer hydrogenation, but not necessary. A redox neutral process that utilizes the internal hydrogen source for the cleavage is also possible. An initial mechanistic study indicates that the β‐benzylic‐H atom in the substrate plays a critical role and that the present system undergoes a process different from previous reports.
Ionic Liquid Promoted Synthesis of Conjugated Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts from Urea
Authors: Lin Zhenzhen , Wang Xinchen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTo allow for simultaneous textural engineering and doping of carbon nitride materials with heteroatoms, urea has been polymerized with an ionic liquid. The role of urea is to create a delamination effect during carbon nitride synthesis, whereas ionic liquid functions as texture modifier as well as B/F dopant source. This will result in the rational fabrication of boron‐ and fluorine‐containing 2D carbon nitride nanosheets with enhanced optical harvesting and charge separation capabilities for hydrogen evolution catalysis using visible light. We believe that the innovative modification strategy developed herein can be coupled with the already known modification tools of 2D carbon nitride, thus further developing a new family of light‐harvesting 2D platforms for the efficient and sustained utilization of solar radiation for a variety of advanced applications, including CO2 photofixation, organic photosynthesis, and pollutant controls.
Chenani‐Nashri Tunnel, the longest road tunnel in India: the “Himalayan challenge” for design in heterogeneous rock masses
Authors: Palomba Michele , Amadini Federico , Russo Giordano , Carrieri Giampiero 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe 9 km long Chenani‐Nashri Tunnel, currently under construction, is the longest road tunnel in India and is part of the planned four‐lane widening of the NH‐1A between Udhampur and Banihal in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Bypassing the existing NH‐1A from km 89 to km 130, the tunnel crosses a sub‐Himalayan formation with a maximum overburden of 1,050 m. With an escape tunnel running parallel to the main tunnel, excavation is performed by Leighton‐Welspun Contractors using the drill and blast method. Geodata Engineering (GDE) is providing consultancy services for detailed design and construction supervision including 3D‐geotechnical monitoring. Back‐analyses of already‐excavated sections are performed to better understand the behaviour of the heterogeneous rock mass in which the tunnels are excavated. The numerical models are fed with the actual geological and geomechanical conditions encountered during excavation and the monitoring results. The 3D‐monitoring system, specially implemented by GDE for this project, has played a key role in understanding the real rock mass behaviour, allowing the highlighting of potential risks, selecting the correct tunnel support class, checking of the effectiveness of countermeasures, identification of the tunnel stretches in which the final lining needs to be reinforced and providing cost‐effective solutions to speed‐up the construction process.
The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel
Authors: Golger Mario , Höfer‐Öllinger Giorgio , Prinzl Friedrich 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel was the first tunnel in India to be constructed in accordance with the principles of the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. Despite very heterogeneous rock conditions with frequent changes of solid and completely fractured rock, with high water inflow in places, the work progressed without prolonged excavation‐related interruption and delays. This was possible because of the design and construction method, which permits prompt reaction to changing geology and installation of initial support measures, but also rapid adaptation of support measures to cope with the conditions of a young rock mass like the Himalayas. An important tool in regard to control and manage the ground deformations in the different geological conditions was the 3D monitoring of the lining displacements and its interpretation.The tunnel was driven from numerous faces by conventional mined tunnelling methods using drill and blast as well as roadheader, with immediate installation of the primary support. The excavation and lining works were completed in late 2012, mechanical and electrical works in early 2013. Considering the difficult geology, extreme weather situation in winter and the hostile conditions of the area, the overall performance was satisfactory, although the initially scheduled target was not achieved. The tunnel has now been in operation since summer 2013.
The underground crude oil storage caverns of Visakhapatnam, India
Authors: Sigl Oskar , Millen Bernard , Höfer‐Öllinger Giorgio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUnderground storage schemes are gaining importance in India, as all over the world. Such storage schemes involve the excavation of large underground caverns, connecting tunnels and various types of shafts. This example provides storage for more than 1.3 mill. metric tons of crude oil stored in unlined caverns 20 m wide, 30 m high and up to 820 m long. The scheme also includes three 110 m deep product intake shafts, two 90 m deep product extraction shafts and about 2,600 m of tunnels. The total volume, excavated by drill and blast method, is about 2 mill. m3 and rock support is provided by post‐grouted rock bolts and steel fibre reinforced shotcrete. The product is confined on the principle of a groundwater curtain system, essentially employing ground water pressure gradients to contain the crude oil within the unlined rock cavern complex. Excavation works on the project commenced in the middle of 2008 and, after some delays, were finally completed in February 2014. This paper focuses on the risk management practices employed for this project. The paper “Rock mass behaviour of weathered, jointed and faulted Khondalite – Examples from the underground crude oil storage caverns, Visakhapatnam, India” by Sigl, Millen and Höfer‐Öllinger that refers to the actual situation will be published in issue 3‐2014 of Geomechanics and Tunnelling.
Distinct fine‐scale fMRI activation patterns of contra‐ and ipsilateral somatosensory areas 3b and 1 in humans
Authors: Ann Stringer Elizabeth , Qiao Peng‐Gang , Friedman Robert M. , Holroyd Lauren , Newton Allen T. , Gore John C. , Min Chen Li 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInter‐areal and ipsilateral cortical responses to tactile stimulation have not been well described in human S1 cortex. By taking advantage of the high signal‐to‐noise ratio at 7 T, we quantified blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response patterns and time courses to tactile stimuli on individual distal finger pads at a fine spatial scale, and examined whether there are inter‐areal (area 3b versus area 1) and interhemispheric response differences to unilateral tactile stimulation in healthy human subjects. We found that 2‐Hz tactile stimulation of individual fingertips evoked detectable BOLD signal changes in both contralateral and ipsilateral area 3b and area 1. Contralateral digit activations were organized in an orderly somatotopic manner, and BOLD responses in area 3b were more digit selective than those in area 1. However, the area of cortex that was responsive to stimulation of a single digit (stimulus–response field) was similar across areas. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, response magnitudes in both areas 3b and 1 were significantly weaker than those of the contralateral hemisphere. Digit activations exhibited no clear somatotopic organizational pattern in either area 3b or area 1, yet digit selectivity was retained in area 1 but not in area 3b. The observation of distinct digit‐selective responses of contralateral area 3b versus area 1 supports a higher order function of contralateral area 1 in spatial integration. In contrast, ipsilateral cortices may play a less discriminative role in the perception of unilateral tactile sensation in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4841–4857, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High Dietary Phosphate Intake Induces Development of Ectopic Calcifications in a Murine Model of Familial Tumoral Calcinosis
Authors: Ichikawa Shoji , Gray Amie K , Padgett Leah R , Reilly Austin M , Unsicker Tyler R 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Familial tumoral calcinosis is characterized by ectopic calcifications due to persistent hyperphosphatemia. The most common genetic cause of the disease is mutations in GALNT3, encoding a glycosyltransferase involved in a posttranslational modification of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). The Galnt3 knockout mouse we developed was hyperphosphatemic due to low intact Fgf23 levels, but did not develop any apparent calcifications on a standard rodent diet. We therefore tested the hypothesis that a further challenge with a high phosphate diet could induce ectopic calcifications in Galnt3 knockout mice. Mice were fed either normal (0.6%) or high (1.65%) phosphate diet for 20 weeks beginning from weaning at 3 weeks. The high phosphate diet did not affect serum phosphorus concentration. However, regardless of the dietary phosphate contents, serum phosphorus levels were consistently elevated in Galnt3 knockout mice. The mice on the high phosphate diet had slightly low serum calcium, but significantly high alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium in the kidney. Although none of Galnt3 knockout mice on the normal phosphate diet developed calcifications, calcifications appeared in approximately one-half of the mice on the high phosphate diet by 12 weeks. Calcified masses were most often found around the neck and on the back and as large as 9.9 mm in length. These data indicate that dietary phosphate load has major impact on the development of ectopic calcifications in tumoral calcinosis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effect of protein binding on unbound atazanavir and darunavir cerebrospinal fluid concentrations
Authors: Delille Cecile A. , Pruett Sarah T. , Marconi Vincent C. , Lennox Jeffrey L. , Armstrong Wendy S. , Arrendale Richard F. , Sheth Anandi N. , Easley Kirk A. , Acosta Edward P. , Vunnava Aswani , Ofotokun Ighovwerha 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHIV‐1 protease inhibitors (PIs) exhibit different protein binding affinities and achieve variable plasma and tissue concentrations. Degree of plasma protein binding may impact central nervous system penetration. This cross‐sectional study assessed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) unbound PI concentrations, HIV‐1 RNA, and neopterin levels in subjects receiving either ritonavir‐boosted darunavir (DRV), 95% plasma protein bound, or atazanavir (ATV), 86% bound. Unbound PI trough concentrations were measured using rapid equilibrium dialysis and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma and CSF HIV‐1 RNA and neopterin were measured by Ampliprep/COBAS® Taqman® 2.0 assay (Roche) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ALPCO), respectively. CSF/plasma unbound drug concentration ratio was higher for ATV, 0.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06–0.12] than DRV, 0.04 (95%CI 0.03–0.06). Unbound CSF concentrations were lower than protein adjusted wild‐type inhibitory concentration‐50 (IC50) in all ATV and 1 DRV‐treated subjects (P < 0.001). CSF HIV‐1 RNA was detected in 2/15 ATV and 4/15 DRV subjects (P = 0.65). CSF neopterin levels were low and similar between arms. ATV relative to DRV had higher CSF/plasma unbound drug ratio. Low CSF HIV‐1 RNA and neopterin suggest that both regimens resulted in CSF virologic suppression and controlled inflammation.
Analyzing the relationship of QT interval and exposure to Nitazoxanide, a prospective candidate for influenza antiviral therapy—A formal TQT study
Authors: Täubel Jörg , Lorch Ulrike , Rossignol Jean‐François , Ferber Georg , John Camm A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled study, the safety of therapeutic (675 mg) and supra‐therapeutic (2,700 mg) doses of nitazoxanide was evaluated in accordance with the ICH E14 guidelines. Fifty six (56) subjects participated in four treatment periods and received single doses of nitazoxanide 675 mg, nitazoxanide 2,700 mg, moxifloxacin 400 mg, or placebo. For 675 mg nitazoxanide, the largest change in QTcF from baseline was observed at 12 hours post‐dose with a peak value of 1.6 ms (two‐sided 90% CI: −0.3, 3.6 ms). The largest negative change in QTcF was observed at 1 hour post‐dose (−2.7 ms with two‐sided 90% CI: −4.5, −0.8 ms). The largest change in QTcF from baseline for 2,700 mg nitazoxanide was observed at 24 hours post‐dose with a peak value of 3.4 ms (two‐sided CI: 1.4, 5.4 ms). These findings demonstrate that neither a single dose of 675 mg nor 2,700 mg nitazoxanide prolonged the QT interval in healthy male and female volunteers. The safety results also demonstrate that all four treatments were well‐tolerated and the most frequently reported adverse events in the nitazoxanide and moxifloxacin treatment groups were gastrointestinal disorders which were as expected according to the reference safety information.
Changes in the role of the thyroid axis during metamorphosis of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica
Authors: Sudo Ryusuke , Okamura Akihiro , Kuroki Mari , Tsukamoto Katsumi 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTo clarify the role of thyroid function during metamorphosis from leptocephalus to glass eel in the Japanese eel, we examined the histology of the thyroid gland and measured whole‐body concentrations of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid stimulating hormone β‐subunit TSH (TSHβ) mRNA expression levels in five stages of artificially hatched eels (leptocephalus, early‐metamorphosis, late‐metamorphosis, glass eel, and elver). During metamorphosis, the inner colloid of thyroid follicles showed positive immunoreactivity for T4, and both T4 and T3 levels were significantly increased, whereas a small peak of TSHβ mRNA level was observed at the early‐metamorphosis stage. Similarly, TSHβ mRNA levels were highest in the glass eel stage, and then decreased markedly in the elver stage. In contrast to TSHβ mRNA expression, thyroid hormones (both T4 and T3) increased further from the glass eel to elver stages. These results indicated that thyroid function in the Japanese eel was active both during and after metamorphosis. Therefore, the thyrotropic axis may play important roles not only in metamorphosis but also in subsequent inshore or upstream migrations. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 357–364, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical exposures during internal medicine acting internship: Profiling student and team experiences
Authors: Smith Todd I. , LoPresti Charles M. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDThe clinical learning model in medical education is driven by knowledge acquisition through direct patient‐care experiences. Despite the emphasis on experiential learning, the ability of educators to quantify the clinical exposures of learners is limited.OBJECTIVETo utilize Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic medical record information through a data warehouse to quantify clinical exposures during an inpatient internal medicine rotation.METHODSWe queried the VA clinical data warehouse for the patients encountered by each learner completing an acting internship rotation at the Cleveland VA Medical Center from July 2008 to November 2011. We then used discharge summary information to identify team exposures—patients seen by the learner's inpatient team who were not primarily assigned to the learner. Based on the learner and team exposures, we complied lists of past medical problems, medications prescribed, laboratory tests that resulted, radiology evaluated, and primary discharge diagnoses.RESULTSPrimary learner and team‐based clinical exposures were evaluated for a total of 128 acting internship students. The percentage of learners who had a primary exposure to a medication/lab value/imaging result/diagnosis was calculated. The percentage of learners with at least 1 primary or team‐based exposure to an item was also calculated. The most common exposures in each category are presented.CONCLUSIONSAnalysis of the clinical exposures during an inpatient rotation can augment the ability of educators to understand learners' experiences. These types of analyses could provide information to improve learner experience, implement novel curricula, and address educational gaps in clinical rotations. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:436–440. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Manipulating transverse magnetic modes in waveguide using thin plasmonic materials
Authors: Xu Yadong , Wu Qiannan , Chen Huanyang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTransverse magnetic modes propagate freely for any frequency in a parallel plated waveguide. Here, it is shown that when two thin plasmonic materials are attached to the metal walls of the waveguide, a bandgap emerges due to the excited surface plasmon polaritons. As the plasmonic materials become thin enough, a critical thickness is observed. For any width larger than such a value, the bandgap is fixed, otherwise a tunable bandgap can be achieved (different widths induce different bandgaps). For application, such a tunable bandgap system can be utilized to design a band‐stop filter for terahertz frequencies with a high quality factor.
Combined ipsilateral and contralateral second toe flaps for repair of finger degloving injury
Authors: Zhang Guangliang , Ju Jihui , Zhao Qiang , Li Xiangjun , Jin Guangzhe , Tang Linfeng , Hou Ruixing 
Published: April 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this report was to retrospectively review the results of treatment of degloving injury of the finger by use of combined ipsilateral second dorsal nail‐skin flap and contralateral medial second toe flap.MethodsFrom 2010 to 2012, seven fingers in seven patients with complete degloving injuries from the level of middle or distal phalanx were reconstructed with combined ipsilateral second dorsal nail‐skin flap and contralateral medial second toe flap. The injured fingers included the index finger in four cases, and middle finger in three cases. The nerves of both the flaps were sutured to the bilateral common digital nerves. The donor site of second toe flap was covered with a full‐thickness skin graft.ResultsAll transferred flaps survived after surgery, and all postoperative courses were uneventful. During the follow‐up period (mean of 15 months; ranging 6–20 months), the appearance of the reconstructed fingers was comparable with normal ones. The range of motion of the distal interphalangeal joint averaged 55 ± 5.8 degrees. The two point discrimination of the pulp ranged from 8 to > 15 mm (average, 11.3 mm). All the patients were able to walk without difficulty. The MHQ score averaged 59 ± 4.2 points and Maryland foot rating score averaged 92 ± 4.2 points.ConclusionThe ipsilateral second toe dorsal nail‐skin flap combined with contralateral medial second toe flap may provide an alternative for the reconstruction of completely degloved fingers at the middle and the distal phalangeal level, with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:540–546, 2014.
Microplate Quantification of Total Phenolic Content from Plant Extracts Obtained by Conventional and Ultrasound Methods
Authors: Wong‐Paz Jorge E. , Muñiz‐Márquez Diana B. , Aguilar‐Zárate Pedro , Rodríguez‐Herrera Raúl , Aguilar Cristóbal N. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionThere is increasing interest in phenolic compounds around the world because of their potential positive impact on human health. Phenolic compounds are largely found in fruits and vegetables. Extraction of phenolic compounds is a very important step in their recovery. The newly developed technique of ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) appears to be an advantageous alternative compared with conventional techniques, because it is simple and environmental friendly. The potential of UAE needs to be evaluated in each plant in order to demonstrate its efficiency.ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to compare a conventional method and UAE on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds from Jatropha dioica, Fluorensia cernua, Turnera diffusa and Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants and evaluate the in vitro anti‐oxidant potential.MethodsValidation of the new method was carried out using mixed‐model methodology and regression analysis. Feasibility of this new method was shown and applied using several plants extracts obtained by different extraction methods from semi‐arid Mexican plants, which were characterised by high levels of polyphenols. Additionally, the anti‐oxidant potential of these extracts was determined by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity.ResultsResults showed that the new microplate method can be used to determine total phenolic content in plant extracts. Additionally, an alternative extraction method by ultrasound was less efficient compared with the conventional method.ConclusionThe tested plants are good candidates to obtain nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.