bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulating Biomarkers of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Children
Authors: Pavan Kumar Nathella , Anuradha R. , Andrade Bruno B. , Suresh N. , Ganesh R. , Shankar Janani , Kumaraswami V. , Nutman Thomas B. , Babu Subash 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) in children is not only more likely to cause more severe disease than that seen in adults, it is also more likely to be extrapulmonary. Moreover, pediatric TB is very difficult to diagnose and suffers from a lack of understanding of host biomarkers for monitoring the progression of disease. Hence, we sought to identify the expression patterns of a variety of biomarkers in the plasma of children with pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (ETB), as well as in healthy control (HC) children. Thus, we examined a variety of circulating markers reflecting tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, innate immune activation, fibrosis, and the cytokine response. Children with active TB, compared to HC children, showed markedly elevated plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors. In addition, children with active TB had significantly elevated levels of C-reactive protein, α-2 macroglobulin, and haptoglobin, as well as hemoxygenase 1. Markers of innate immune activation (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) were significantly lower in ETB than in PTB children. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in their levels of cytokines (type 1 [gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and IL-12], type 2 [IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33], and most type 17 [IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1β, and IL-6] and type 1 interferons [IFN-α and IFN-β]) or most of the cytokines associated with immune modulation (IL-10 and IL-20), pediatric TB was associated with elevated plasma transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-21, and IL-23 levels. Thus, pediatric TB is characterized by elevated levels of a variety of biomarkers at homeostasis, suggesting that these responses may play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis.
Vaccination of Piglets up to 1 Week of Age with a Single-Dose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Vaccine Induces Protective Immunity within 2 Weeks against Virulent Challenge in the Presence of Maternally Derived Antibodies
Authors: Wilson Stephen , Van Brussel Leen , Saunders Gillian , Runnels Paul , Taylor Lucas , Fredrickson Dan , Salt Jeremy 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTEnzootic pneumonia, resulting from infection withMycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is of considerable economic importance to the pig industry and normally is controlled through active vaccination of piglets. We have demonstrated that administration of an inactivatedMycoplasma hyopneumoniaevaccine to piglets less than 1 week old is efficacious under field conditions and reduces the level of lung lesions observed in comparison to that in control pigs. Here, the results of two separate studies, one in piglets with and the second one in piglets without maternal antibodies, conducted to satisfy the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (monograph no. 07/2009:2448), are reported. Piglets received either minimal titer Suvaxyn MH-One or saline at less than 1 week of age and were challenged withMycoplasma hyopneumoniae2 weeks later. The number of lung lesions was recorded 4 weeks after challenge, and bronchial swab and lung tissue specimens were analyzed for quantification ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeDNA. In the presence and absence of maternal antibodies, vaccination of piglets at less than 1 week of age was efficacious, with vaccinated piglets having significantly lower percentages of lung with lesions and lowerMycoplasma hyopneumoniaecounts detected in bronchial swab and lung tissue specimens at necropsy. In conclusion, the vaccination of piglets at 1 week of age with Suvaxyn MH-One is efficacious in the presence of high levels of maternal antibodies.
Characterization of Plasmablasts in the Blood of HIV-Infected Viremic Individuals: Evidence for Nonspecific Immune Activation
Authors: Buckner Clarisa M. , Moir Susan , Ho Jason , Wang Wei , Posada Jacqueline G. , Kardava Lela , Funk Emily K. , Nelson Amy K. , Li Yuxing , Chun Tae-Wook , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Terminal differentiation of B cells and hypergammaglobulinemia are hallmarks of B-cell hyperactivity in HIV disease. Plasmablasts are terminally differentiating B cells that circulate transiently in the blood following infection or vaccination; however, in HIV infection, they arise early and are maintained at abnormally high levels in viremic individuals. Here we show that only a small fraction of plasmablasts in the blood of viremic individuals is HIV specific. Assessment of plasmablast immunoglobulin isotype distribution revealed increased IgG
+
plasmablasts in early and most prominently during chronic HIV viremia, contrasting with a predominantly IgA
+
plasmablast profile in HIV-negative individuals or in aviremic HIV-infected individuals on treatment. Of note, IgG is the predominant immunoglobulin isotype of plasmablasts that arise transiently in the blood following parenteral immunization. Serum immunoglobulin levels were also elevated in HIV-infected viremic individuals, especially IgG, and correlated with levels of IgG
+
plasmablasts. Several soluble factors associated with immune activation were also increased in the sera of HIV-infected individuals, especially in viremic individuals, and correlated with serum immunoglobulin levels, particularly IgG. Thus, our data suggest that while plasmablasts in the blood may contribute to the HIV-specific immune response, the majority of these cells are not HIV specific and arise early, likely from indirect immune-activating effects of HIV replication, and reflect over time the effects of chronic antigenic stimulation. Such B-cell dysregulation may help explain why the antibody response is inadequate in HIV-infected individuals, even during early infection.
Brazilian Begomovirus Populations Are Highly Recombinant, Rapidly Evolving, and Segregated Based on Geographical Location
Authors: Rocha Carolina S. , Castillo-Urquiza Gloria P. , Lima Alison T. M. , Silva Fábio N. , Xavier Cesar A. D. , Hora-Júnior Braz T. , Beserra-Júnior José E. A. , Malta Antonio W. O. , Martin Darren P. , Varsani Arvind , Alfenas-Zerbini Poliane , Mizubuti Eduardo S. G. , Zerbini F. Murilo 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The incidence of begomovirus infections in crop plants sharply increased in Brazil during the 1990s following the introduction of the invasive B biotype of the whitefly vector,
Bemisia tabaci
. It is believed that this biotype transmitted begomoviruses from noncultivated plants to crop species with greater efficiency than indigenous
B. tabaci
biotypes. Either through rapid host adaptation or selection pressure in genetically diverse populations of noncultivated hosts, over the past 20 years various previously unknown begomovirus species have became progressively more prevalent in cultivated species such as tomato. Here we assess the genetic structure of begomovirus populations infecting tomatoes and noncultivated hosts in southeastern Brazil. Between 2005 and 2010, we sampled and sequenced 126 DNA-A and 58 DNA-B full-length begomovirus components. We detected nine begomovirus species in tomatoes and eight in the noncultivated host samples, with four species common to both tomatoes and noncultivated hosts. Like many begomoviruses, most species are obvious interspecies recombinants. Furthermore, species identified in tomato have probable parental viruses from noncultivated hosts. While the population structures of five well-sampled viral species all displayed geographical subdivision, a noncultivated host-infecting virus was more genetically variable than the four predominantly tomato-infecting viruses.
Hemoglobin Subunit Beta Interacts with the Capsid Protein and Antagonizes the Growth of Classical Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Li Dan , Dong Hong , Li Su , Munir Muhammad , Chen Jianing , Luo Yuzi , Sun Yuan , Liu Lihong , Qiu Hua-Ji 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The capsid (C) protein of the
Flaviviridae
family members is involved in nucleocapsid formation and virion assembly. However, the influence of C protein-interacting partners on the outcome of pestivirus infections is poorly defined. In this study, hemoglobin subunit beta (HB) was identified as a C protein-binding protein by glutathione
S
-transferase pulldown and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis of PK-15 cells, which are permissive cells for classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy confirmed that HB interacts and colocalizes with the C protein in the cytoplasm. Silencing of HB with small interfering RNAs promoted CSFV growth and replication, whereas overexpression of HB suppressed CSFV replication and growth. Interestingly, HB was found to interact with retinoic acid-inducible gene I and increase its expression, resulting in increased production of type I interferon (IFN). However, HB was unable to suppress CSFV growth when the RIG-I pathway was blocked. Overall, our results suggest that cellular HB antagonizes CSFV growth and replication by triggering IFN signaling, and might represent a novel antiviral restriction factor. This study reports for the first time the novel role of HB in innate immunity.
Structures of the Compact Helical Core Domains of Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus VPg Proteins
Authors: Leen Eoin N. , Kwok K. Y. Rex , Birtley James R. , Simpson Peter J. , Subba-Reddy Chennareddy V. , Chaudhry Yasmin , Sosnovtsev Stanislav V. , Green Kim Y. , Prater Sean N. , Tong Michael , Young Joanna C. , Chung Liliane M. W. , Marchant Jan , Roberts Lisa O. , Kao C. Cheng , Matthews Stephen , Goodfellow Ian G. , Curry Stephen 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
We report the solution structures of the VPg proteins from feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV), which have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In both cases, the core of the protein adopts a compact helical structure flanked by flexible N and C termini. Remarkably, while the core of FCV VPg contains a well-defined three-helix bundle, the MNV VPg core has just the first two of these secondary structure elements. In both cases, the VPg cores are stabilized by networks of hydrophobic and salt bridge interactions. The Tyr residue in VPg that is nucleotidylated by the viral NS7 polymerase (Y24 in FCV, Y26 in MNV) occurs in a conserved position within the first helix of the core. Intriguingly, given its structure, VPg would appear to be unable to bind to the viral polymerase so as to place this Tyr in the active site without a major conformation change to VPg or the polymerase. However, mutations that destabilized the VPg core either had no effect on or reduced both the ability of the protein to be nucleotidylated and virus infectivity and did not reveal a clear structure-activity relationship. The precise role of the calicivirus VPg core in virus replication remains to be determined, but knowledge of its structure will facilitate future investigations.
Evaluation of how different implementation strategies of an injury prevention programme (FIFA 11+) impact team adherence and injury risk in Canadian female youth football players: a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Steffen Kathrin , Meeuwisse Willem H , Romiti Maria , Kang Jian , McKay Carly , Bizzini Mario , Dvorak Jiri , Finch Caroline , Myklebust Grethe , Emery Carolyn A 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundInjury prevention programme delivery on adherence and injury risk, specifically involving regular supervisions with coaches and players on programme execution on field, has not been examined.AimThe objective of this cluster-randomised study was to evaluate different delivery methods of an effective injury prevention programme (FIFA 11+) on adherence and injury risk among female youth football teams.MethodDuring the 4-month 2011 football season, coaches and 13-year-old to 18-year-old players from 31 tier 1–3 level teams were introduced to the 11+ through either an unsupervised website (‘control’) or a coach-focused workshop with (‘comprehensive’) and without (‘regular’) additional supervisions by a physiotherapist. Team and player adherence to the 11+, playing exposure, history and injuries were recorded.ResultsTeams in the comprehensive and regular intervention groups demonstrated adherence to the 11+ programme of 85.6% and 81.3% completion of total possible sessions, compared to 73.5% for teams in the control group. These differences were not statistically significant, after adjustment for cluster by team, age, level and injury history. Compared to players with low adherence, players with high adherence to the 11+ had a 57% lower injury risk (IRR 0.43, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.00). However, adjusting for covariates, this between-group difference was not statistically significant (IRR=0.44, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.06).ConclusionFollowing a coach workshop, coach-led delivery of the FIFA 11+ was equally successful with or without the additional field involvement of a physiotherapist. Proper education of coaches during an extensive preseason workshop was more effective in terms of team adherence than an unsupervised delivery of the 11+ programme to the team.Trial registrationISRCTN67835569.
Diffusion tensor imaging of sport related concussion in adolescents
Authors: Virji-Babul Naznin , Borich Michael , Makan Nadia , Moore Tiffany , Frew Kira , Emery Carolyn A , Boyd Lara 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesTo establish the short-term changes in white matter integrity following sport related concussion in adolescents and to examine the association between changes in white matter integrity and a clinical measure of concussion.DesignCross-sectional within cohort study.SettingUniversity hospital and community ice hockey arenas.SubjectsTwelve adolescents with sport related concussion (ages 14–17 years) within 2 months of injury and 10, active adolescents with no previous history of concussion.Assessment of Risk FactorsAdolescents within 2 months of sport-related concussion and healthy adolescents with no history of concussion were assessed using the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2) and total SCAT2 score (/100) was considered.Outcome MeasuresTwo measures of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI): fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD).ResultsWhole brain FA values were significantly increased (F (1,40)=6.29, p=0.01) and MD values decreased (F(1,40)=4.75, p=0.036) in concussed athletes compared with control participants. SCAT2 total scores were associated with whole brain FA and MD values with lower scores associated with higher FA (R2=0.25, p=0.017) and lower MD (R2=0.2, p=0.038).ConclusionThis preliminary study provides evidence of microstructural changes in the integrity of the white matter in adolescent athletes following a sport related concussion. In addition, we found a relationship between measures of white matter integrity and the SCAT2 up to 16–61 days following concussion, which may indicate persistent structural change in the adolescent brain after injury. Further study should chart the trajectory of brain injury and recovery in this population.AcknowledgementsMartha Piper Research Fund, University of British Columbia and the Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia.Competing interestsNone.
Quantitative assessment of sensorimotor dysfunction and recovery using robotics in athletes sustaining an acute sport-related concussion
Authors: Benson Brian , Semrau Jennifer , Debert Chantel , Scott Stephen , Meeuwisse Willem , Dukelow Sean 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the utility of a novel robotic assessment tool to aid with acute sport concussion assessment and management.DesignProspective case series.Setting2011–2012 athletic season.Subjects313 male and female elite athletes (mean age: 21 years).Outcome MeasuresBaseline and post-concussion (physician diagnosed) robotic assessments of neurological function using the KINARM end-point robotic device in five different tasks.ResultsTwenty-nine of the 313 athletes (9.3%) completing a baseline clinical and robotic assessment in 2011 sustained an acute sport concussion during the 2011–2012 season. Many of the concussed athletes declined in performance on the post-concussion robotic testing (<72 h post-injury). Twenty-two concussed athletes demonstrated increases in the contraction parameter of the multi-target position sense task (p=0.005). Nineteen demonstrated slowing of their movement speed in a bimanual interactive task requiring subjects to hit and avoid various virtual shapes (left hand p=0.03; right hand p=0.09). Twenty-two of the concussed athletes demonstrated increased dwell time/movement time when performing an automated version of the Trails B test (p=0.002). In general, performance trended back towards baseline in the weeks following the concussion.ConclusionsThe clinical use of robotics in post-concussion assessment shows promise in objectively quantifying degradation of sensorimotor performance that is not always evident in existing clinical tools. Further analyses is warranted including the development of baseline sensorimotor normative data for high risk athletic populations (with reliable change indexes) and comparing the sensitivity of this device with other standardised measures of clinical concussion recovery (ie, symptoms, neurological examination, balance, and neurocognitive).AcknowledgmentsUniversity of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre BKIN Technologies, Queen's University Own the Podium, Canada Jim Smith, Calgary, Alberta Canadian Sport Centre Calgary University of Calgary, Edge High School, and SAIT Athletic Therapists, Physiotherapists, and Coaches Hotchkiss Brain Institute Sarah Snow & Kerri Downer.
Head contacts in collegiate football measured with an instrumented mouthguard
Authors: Camarillo David , Mattson James , Flynn Michael , Yang Sheng , Shull Pete , Shultz Rebecca , Matheson Gordon , Garza Daniel 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundThe clinical relationship between accumulated head impacts and chronic cognitive dysfunction is under increasing scrutiny. There is therefore a need to track an athlete's accumulation of head impacts.ObjectiveWe sought to develop and test an inexpensive wireless device that could be widely used for monitoring blows to the head in football.DesignProspective, descriptive.SettingStanford University scrimmages.Subjects16 males from 6 different positions.MethodsDuring four spring practice sessions, players wore mouthguards instrumented with three accelerometers and gyroscopes for measuring head motion. When the acceleration magnitude exceeded 15G (after 110 Hz low-pass filter), an event was recorded. Simultaneously, full-speed scrimmage sessions were video recorded from two perpendicular angles and later analysed for ‘helmet-helmet contacts.’ Plays were only considered if the subject's helmet was struck by the opposing player's helmet at the initial point of contact, or if the subject's helmet sustained “no-contact” at all during the play. Mouthguard events were then synchronised and evaluated during the time period of each play to determine agreement with video data.ResultsVideo analysis yielded 153 helmet-helmet contacts and 402 no-contacts. Mouthguard sensitivity for detecting observed helmet contact at the 15G threshold was 61% (95% CI 0.54 to 0.69) and the specificity was 91% (95% CI 0.88 to 0.93). Overall accuracy was 83%.ConclusionAlthough the 15G threshold is based on published helmet telemetry clinical studies, 39% of observed helmet-helmet contacts were below this threshold. Further research is required to understand if lower acceleration contacts are clinically relevant, and if they can be accurately detected.AcknowledgementsWe acknowledge the Stanford athletic training, videography, and football staff for their cooperation as well as X2 Impact Inc. for donation of mouthguards.
Concussion and strength performance in youth ice hockey players
Authors: Reed Nick , Taha Tim , Keightley Michelle L 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of concussion on strength performance within youth ice hockey players.DesignAthletes were assessed prospectively before and after a sport-related concussion and longitudinally across a 3-year period.SettingUniversity research laboratory.Participants178 unique male and female youth ice hockey players (ages 8–14 years). Nineteen of the 178 participants sustained a concussion while enrolled in the study, where three participants sustained repeated concussions for a total of 23 concussive events.InterventionParticipants completed a pre-season/baseline assessment of strength performance annually for up to 3 years. If a concussion was sustained, follow-up assessment on the same measures was.Outcome MeasuresLower body and upper body strength performance (leg maximal voluntary contraction, squat jump height, counter movement jump height and hand grip).ResultsUsing a linear mixed-effects model, when accounting for severity of post-concussive symptoms, significant average effects were found for jump height (squat jump: Estimate=−0.05; SE=0.02; t=−2.51; P=0.0186; countermovement jump: Estimate=−0.03; SE=0.02; t=−2.20; P=0.0371) during the symptomatic stage post-concussion and for leg maximal voluntary contraction (Estimate=−1.05; SE=0.47; t=−2.27; P=0.0421) during the asymptomatic stage post-concussion, indicating decreased strength performance following concussion.ConclusionsThis study acts as an initial step towards better understanding concussion-related strength performance deficits that may limit the on and off ice performance of the youth ice hockey player population.AcknowledgementsOntario Neurotrauma Foundation (ONF).Competing interestsNone.
Quantitative assessment of postural stability using accelerometer and gyroscopic data during balance error scoring system
Authors: Alberts Jay L , Hirsch Joshua R , Figler Richard , Russman Andrew N , Gray Robert , Linder Susan M 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to validate a portable method of objectively quantifying postural stability using accelerometer and gyroscopic data from the iPad2 during BESS.DesignParticipants completed the six 20 s BESS conditions. BESS errors were recorded by trained evaluators. Linear and angular acceleration were simultaneously collected via the iPad2 accelerometer and gyroscope.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsFifty healthy participants aged 14–25 with no concussion in previous 6 months.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe primary outcome measures were evaluator-reported errors and natural-logarithmic volume of a 3D ellipsoid (iVE) encompassing 95% of postural sway data. The iVE characterises movement along anterior–posterior, medial-lateral, and trunk-rotational movement axes. It was hypothesised that iVE would provide a more sensitive assessment of postural stability than traditional BESS error scoring.ResultsFor the two double-leg stance conditions, BESS error scores were nearly identical, as few participants made errors. However, iVE data indicated a significant difference in stability between these conditions, as iVE for double-leg stance on firm surface was 0.3±0.16 s3while iVE on foam was 3.4±0.16 s3.ConclusionsThe objective data gathered using a consumer electronics device provides a reliable and valid assessment of postural stability and increases the sensitivity of the BESS. Accordingly, it is recommended that all six BESS conditions be completed in order to fulfill the current Zurich recommendation of a comprehensive balance assessment. We are currently using the ‘C3 App’ and BESS in the collection of baseline data in 12 000 high school and college athletes.