bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volcanic ash concentration during the 12 August 2011 Etna eruption
Authors: Scollo Simona , Boselli Antonella , Coltelli Mauro , Leto Giuseppe , Pisani Gianluca , Prestifilippo Michele , Spinelli Nicola , Wang Xuan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMount Etna, in Italy, is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and an ideal laboratory to improve volcano ash monitoring and forecasting. During the volcanic episode on 12 August 2011, an eruption column rose up to several kilometers above sea level (asl), and the volcanic plume dispersed to the southeast. From the video‐surveillance system, we were able to estimate variations in the column height (peak value of 9.5 ± 0.5 km above sea level) with time. We derived the time‐varying discharge rate (peak value of 60 m3 s−1) and determined the ash concentration using a volcanic ash dispersal model. The modeled ash concentration was compared with lidar measurements using different particle effective radius, and differences are within the error bars. Volcanic ash concentrations range from 0.5 to 35.5 × 10−3 g m−3. The comparison highlights that to improve volcanic ash forecasting during volcanic crises it is necessary to take into account the time‐varying discharge rate of explosive eruptions.
Effects of crystallographic properties on the ice nucleation properties of volcanic ash particles
Authors: Kulkarni Gourihar , Nandasiri Manjula , Zelenyuk Alla , Beranek Josef , Madaan Nitesh , Devaraj Arun , Shutthanandan Vaithiyalingam , Thevuthasan Suntharampillai , Varga Tamas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSpecific chemical and physical properties of volcanic ash particles that could affect their ability to induce ice formation are poorly understood. In this study, the ice nucleating properties of size‐selected volcanic ash and mineral dust particles in relation to their surface chemistry and crystalline structure at temperatures ranging from −30 to −38°C were investigated in deposition mode. Ice nucleation efficiency of dust particles was higher compared to ash particles at all temperature and relative humidity conditions. Particle characterization analysis shows that surface elemental composition of ash and dust particles was similar; however, the structural properties of ash samples were different.
An analysis of global aerosol type as retrieved by MISR
Authors: Kahn Ralph A. , Gaitley Barbara J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn addition to aerosol optical depth (AOD), aerosol type is required globally for climate forcing calculations, constraining aerosol transport models and other applications. However, validating satellite aerosol‐type retrievals is more challenging than testing AOD results, because aerosol type is a more complex quantity, and ground truth data are far less numerous and generally not as robust. We evaluate the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) Version 22 aerosol‐type retrievals by assessing product self‐consistency on a regional basis and by making comparisons with general expectation and with the Aerosol Robotic Network aerosol‐type climatology, as available. The results confirm and add detail to the observation that aerosol‐type discrimination improves dramatically where midvisible AOD exceeds about 0.15 or 0.2. When the aerosol‐type information content of the observations is relatively low, increased scattering‐angle range improves particle‐type sensitivity. The MISR standard, operational product discriminates among small, medium, and large particles and exhibits qualitative sensitivity to single‐scattering albedo (SSA) under good aerosol‐type retrieval conditions, providing a categorical aerosol‐type classification. MISR Ångström exponent deviates systematically from ground truth where particle types missing from the algorithm climatology are present, or where cloud contamination is likely to occur, and SSA tends to be overestimated where absorbing particles are found. We determined that the number of mixtures passing the algorithm acceptance criteria (#SuccMix) represents aerosol‐type retrieval quality effectively, providing a useful aerosol‐type quality flag.
Advertising
Authors: Langman Lauren 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Advertising has most famously been defined as any paid form of communication, designed to persuade a receiver to take some form of action. This definition only begins to scratch the surface of what advertising is, how it functions, and why it is the most sophisticated form of organizational power. The original meaning of advertising was “to warn” – stemming, as it does, from the French verb
avertir
in the early fifteenth century. This tells us something about the early function of advertising – it was used to identify and declare the organization's products and services, primarily through print. Advertising has now evolved in media and function; it now acts as an ambient aesthetic ambassador of the organization. Modern advertising does not merely announce product and service offerings; at its most sophisticated, advertising engages in “dream‐work” – elaborate and implicit stage‐setting though which human consciousness is produced.
African Americans and Consumption
Authors: Brown Nicole 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAfrican American consumerism deals with the meanings, beliefs, and values that African Americans associate with individual or group consumption. African Americans have a deep, complicated, and at times tumultuous relationship with consumerism that engages topics which include culture, citizenship, and identity. African American consumerism engages a unique historical context, which includes goals related to access to material goods/services, a desire for acknowledgement and treatment as first‐class citizens within the United States, and political and entrepreneurial endeavors. African Americans have a long history of engaging consumerism and consumer spaces as a way of expressing identities, protesting inequities, and resisting distorted narratives.
Global Justice Movement
Authors: Funke Peter N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Global Justice Movement (GJM) is an umbrella term for the diverse and amorphous set of associated and loosely networked organizations, groups, and movements – mostly from the political left – including anti‐war, labor, environmental, feminist, peasant, indigenous, and student groups, that oppose corporate globalization and neoliberal capitalism, imperialism, and war. The GJM, which arguably peaked around the turn of the twenty‐first century, signifies a new cycle of contention. Distinct yet related to past movements and protest cycles, the GJM embraces novel tactics and strategies as well as organizing models. Emerging in the wake of the implementation and consolidation of global neoliberal restructuring policies, the GJM has organized and mobilized for massive protests (e.g., the “Battle for Seattle” in 1999) and initiated the World Social Forum, which has spurred social forums across the globe. The “Arab Spring” and Occupy Wall Street, as well as more recent anti‐austerity protests, can all be seen as part or outgrowths of the GJM's cycle of protest.
Apple
Authors: Riegel Viviane 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Apple Inc. is an American multinational company, established in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, that designs and markets consumer electronics, software, and personal computers. The company's products and services categories are: Macintosh computers,
iPod
,
iPhone
,
iPad
,
iOS
,
iTunes
, and
iCloud
. In 2013, it was considered the most valuable company in the
US
market and the most valuable brand in the world. Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry, with a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand.
Barbie
Authors: Nairn Agnes 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Barbie is a consumer and a cultural icon that continues to attract contradiction and controversy nearly six decades after her launch in 1959. At first sight, the 11.5‐inch plastic doll, owned by the Mattel Corporation, is a ubiquitous and timeless consumer success story. Two Barbie dolls are sold every second across 150 countries with more than one billion incarnations in existence; 90 percent of girls in the United States under the age of 10 own at least one, and the average number of Barbies per child is ten in the
USA
, seven in the
UK
and Italy, and five in France and Germany. As a collector's item, it also seems to be an appealing and enduring investment: the original 1959 Barbie that sold for
US
$3 in 1959 fetched €27,000 in 2006.
Birmingham School
Authors: Wolfson Todd 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The Birmingham School (1964–2002), formally known as the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (
CCCS
) at the University of Birmingham, was an innovative academic enterprise, which led the emergence and development of the field of cultural studies across the latter half of the twentieth century. The scholars and scholarship of the Birmingham School impacted a host of disciplines and fields of study, from anthropology and sociology to political theory, media studies, education, and literary theory.
Brands and Branding
Authors: Schroeder Jonathan E. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Brands and branding have emerged as key concepts in marketing, management, and strategy, and the concept of branding, referring to the process of bringing attention to a product, company, concept, person, or cause, has become an everyday term. Research and thinking about brands and branding can be divided into four perspectives: corporate perspectives, consumer perspectives, cultural perspectives, and critical perspectives. These four perspectives demonstrate the growing interdisciplinary interest in brands and branding, and how brand research sheds light on basic issues of consumer agency, consumer behavior, and consumer culture.
Burning Man
Authors: Chen Katherine K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOnce an evening bonfire in San Francisco, Burning Man now attracts more than 69,000 to the Nevada Black Rock Desert. Named after the celebratory bonfire of a 40‐foot‐tall neon‐lit wooden statue located at the city's center, Burning Man promotes 10 countercultural principles that emphasize forming relations with others and prosumption, in which event goers, dubbed “participants,” collaboratively produce the event's activities. Studies of various phenomena at Burning Man, including emotional affect, identity, consumption, art, spirituality, and organizations, all emphasize participants' agency in meaning‐making activities. Recent research has documented the dissemination of Burning Man practices, including prosumption, into everyday life.
Children's Consumer Culture
Authors: Sparrman Anna 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Children's consumer culture focuses on: cultural consumption, social and cultural contexts, lived cultures, symbolism, and meaning making. Interpretive analyses are made of advertising, children's use of money, policies, legislation, material and symbolic commodities, and historical contexts. Larger patterns of moral panics, globalization, gender, and age are investigated and questioned, as are the multidirectional influences between child and adult consumption. The notion of the consumer child draws on theories of child studies focusing on children as members of society. The area of children's consumer culture situates children's consumption in practices of everyday life, markets, and politics.
Consumption in Japan
Authors: Francks Penelope 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Until relatively recently, Japanese people were better known for their saving than for their consumption. This was despite the substantial evidence of the role of consumer activity in the vibrant culture of early modern cities and the significance of the domestic market in the growth and industrialization of the economy thereafter. With the “economic miracle” that followed World War
II
, however, Japanese consumers, especially female ones, began to emerge from the shadows, as they developed a lifestyle incorporating both Japanese‐ and Western‐style goods, supported by sophisticated and demanding global shopping habits. Although the frenetic consumerism of the 1980s has since given way to a more sober approach to consumer spending, the distinctive and historically conditioned characteristics of Japanese consumption, ranging from the role of the small‐scale retailer and the emphasis on quality and safety to the enjoyment of street fashion, remain despite changed economic times.
Cool
Authors: Manzo Lidia K. C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Cool, as a cultural category in its own right, has become somewhat fashionable. Its effects on human behavior and cultural artifacts can be seen in speech and dance, films and television shows, books and magazines, music, clothes, paintings, cars, computers, and even places like neighborhoods or streets. Cool has become, however, very much involved with commodities and the aesthetics of designer labels and niche brands. As faith in the revolutionary potential of “authentic” counterculture combined with the development of a new ideology of consumption, cool became the language of advertising and thus entered the mainstream as a marketing strategy.
Cooperatives
Authors: Esposti Piergiorgio Degli 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA cooperative, commonly referred to as a “co‐op,” is a voluntary association that is organized for the mutual benefit of a particular social, economic, and/or cultural agenda(s). The venerable idea of cooperative enterprise originated in Europe during the Middle Ages. In fact, the merchant guilds and trade associations of the Hanseatic League were built on the idea of cooperation. While various forms of cooperation have always existed in civil societies, the modern cooperative movement has its roots in the early industrial revolution as a response to industrial capitalism. A byproduct of this response is the cooperative's dualistic nature: its economic goal of making a profit and its social goal of redistributing wealth. Some countries simply classify cooperatives as nonprofit organizations, under the social or civic economy.
Cultural Omnivores
Authors: Maguire Jennifer Smith 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Cultural omnivores are people whose consumption tastes include both elite and popular genres. Survey research in Western consumer societies suggests that high‐status individuals, with higher levels of education and income, are more likely to have a greater diversity and volume of tastes than others. Interpretive research further highlights that omnivorousness is associated with a particular discerning disposition, which regards seemingly any genre as potentially worthy of aesthetic assessment. Issues highlighted include the relationship between social distinction and cultural democratization, and the social construction of cultural legitimacy through notions of the new and the authentic. Further research is required on how the sociohistorical factors underlying the rise of omnivorousness in the West translate into non‐Western contexts; on changing patterns of elite taste in emerging and maturing consumer cultures, such as those in India and China; and on the mechanisms involved in constructing, legitimating, and circulating new definitions and repertoires of good taste, and new, socially esteemed mentalities about taste and consumption.
Cultural Studies
Authors: Miller Toby 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Since the 1970s, cultural studies has been both an irritant and a master trope in the humanities and qualitative social sciences, blending and blurring textual analysis with social and cultural theory and empirical ethnography, and focusing on the margins of power rather than reproducing established lines of force and authority. For example, rather than researching canonical works of art, governmental leadership, or quantitative social data, cultural studies devotes time to subcultures, popular media, music, clothing, environmental representations, and sport. It does so with strong commitments to class, gender, racial, sexual, and cosmopolitan equality and justice, bringing together and incarnating various tendencies that productively splinter the human sciences: Marxism, feminism, queer theory, and postcolonialism.
Culture Industries
Authors: Langer Beryl 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe term “culture industry” was inherently critical when it was coined by Frankfurt School theorists in the 1940s. “Culture” denoted a plane of creativity that transcended the economic, “industry” an instrumental realm of mechanical production and economic calculation. The relationship between culture and industry changed in the second half of the twentieth century. The transition to consumer capitalism and new information technologies made the production and consumption of culture central to the economy. In current usage, the term “culture industry” denotes the sector of the economy in which profit is generated by the production of image and meaning.
Debt
Authors: Logemann Jan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis entry sketches the development of consumer debt and lending in the United States and other consumer societies since the late nineteenth century. It argues that consumer debt has become increasingly central to modern consumer economies, as consumer financing allowed for increased access to consumer goods at the cost of a precarious and at times financially restricting consumer lifestyle. This phenomenon has been particularly prominent in the United States, where the availability of credit has allowed consumers to partially compensate for a comparatively underdeveloped welfare state. Across modern consumer societies, however, growing consumer indebtedness raises questions about the sustainability of mass consumption economies.
Diderot Effect
Authors: Lorenzen Janet A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

According to Grant
McCracken
, when a familiar consumption pattern is disrupted, by a fine gift for example, individuals will seek to establish a new pattern of consumption which conforms to the level of quality and status represented by the gift.
McCracken
calls this the Diderot effect, named after French philosopher Denis Diderot who wrote an essay entitled “Regrets on Parting with my Old Dressing Gown; or, A Warning to Those who Have More Taste Than Money.” On receiving a new dressing gown as a gift from a friend, Diderot observed that it compelled him to redecorate his entire study because the new dressing gown made everything in the room look old and shabby by comparison. The Diderot effect is thus a mechanism for overconsumption: the attempt to purchase goods which fit together in some subjectively coherent way results in expansive consumer spending and continual trading up. Caught up in this process of the Diderot effect, individuals are also attempting to fulfill their ideal of a good life through the purchase of particular consumer goods.
Do‐It‐Yourself (
DIY
)
Authors: Doane Randal , Rumbo Joe 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The do‐it‐yourself (DIY) spirit associated with anti‐corporatism and alternative music scenes was first articulated in sociological circles in Vance Packard's celebration of the “do‐it‐yourself” handyman in
Status Seekers
. DIY in general refers to a range of consumer practices in which individuals or groups demonstrate self‐reliance in the production (and consumption) of material objects, representations, and cultural events. The articulation of the DIY and anti‐establishment spirit emerged in the late 1960s, and coincided with a shift from DIY material practices to the production, distribution, and consumption of culture. Advocates of lifestyle movements extolled the virtues of naturalness and authenticity, in newsletters and small‐batch consumer goods, for an ethically reflexive clientele. The DIY spirit was also manifest in the intentional communities of Haight‐Ashbury in San Francisco and elsewhere, as well as the Vortex Festival (1970 and 1971), the Rainbow Gathering (established 1972), and more recently the Burning Man Festival (established 1986). On remote sites, festival revelers constructed temporary autonomous spaces to celebrate free love, egalitarianism, cooperation, and altered states of consciousness.
Emotions and Consumption
Authors: Illouz Eva , Benger Yaara 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Until the 1960s, the same assumptions that had governed the sphere of production were those that were used to understand the black box of the consumer and of consumption conceived as an economic practice. Consumption was the act of “buying” and it was viewed as a rational utilitarian practice conducted under capitalism's tendency to produce, standardize, and rationalize. In many ways, the field of consumer studies which subsequently developed was nothing but a vast attempt to revise and reject the assumption of a rational actor. Various paradigms – semiotic, postmodern, symbolic, and post‐Marxist – all conceived of consumption as a complex cultural practice, imbued with meaning, symbols, and rituals. One of the most effective critiques of the utilitarian paradigm of consumption has been the Bourdieuian notion of “habitus,” which locates consumer choices in “tastes” and systems of preferences that are shaped by class position, which translates in the body and in a matrix of cognitive and preconscious judgments.
Fair Trade
Authors: Finch Mary Beth 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe fair trade movement is a values‐based consumer movement that strives to empower disadvantaged workers and promote more equitable international trade relations. It is based upon two central premises: on the one hand, unfettered capitalism leads to the exploitation of the most vulnerable participants in the global market; on the other hand, the market is the best avenue for improving the lives of disadvantaged workers. Fair trade is, thus, in the precarious and somewhat paradoxical position of being both “in and against the market.” Two primary goals of the movement are to create consumer demand for products made under nonexploitative conditions and to facilitate the process by which the workers who supply these products reach these consumers. Drawing upon Polanyi's analysis of market embeddedness, fair trade can be understood as attempting to “re‐embed” relationships between producers and consumers.
Flâneur
/
Flânerie
Authors: Wearing Stephen L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The original
flâneur
was regarded as a new kind of urban dweller who had the time to wander, watch, and browse in the public spaces of the emerging modern city. However, in the act of strolling the
flâneur
did not just observe life but was seemingly engaged in a process of unearthing the myths and “collective dreams” of modernity while remaining detached from what he observed. He was unquestionably male, and
flânerie
was a way of experiencing and occupying space that was available only – or predominantly – to men. The challenge now is to envision a more nuanced version of the
flâneur
for tourism and the tourism experience – one that is capable of providing the basis for an understanding of lived tourist cultures.
Franchising
Authors: Bills David B. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Franchising is a business arrangement in which a parent company contracts with one or more smaller firms to grant or sell to them the right to distribute its products, implement its processes, or use its trade name. The recent development of franchising in the United States and elsewhere is characterized by steady to rapid growth in the number of franchised establishments, their increased levels of employment and sales, and their proliferation beyond the restaurant and retailing sectors in which they have been historically most prevalent into virtually all areas of contemporary economies.