bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Blends Using Brasil's Proposed Offshore Drilling Regulations
Authors: Lee B. , Brown D. M. , Spence M. J. , Whale G. 
Published: October 2015

IBAMA recently proposed in its Technical Note of 2014 that organic base stocks used for offshore drilling fluids in Brasil must meet performance standards as measured by 10-day sediment toxicity and 275-day closed bottle anaerobic biodegradation tests. A series of organic bases and organic base blends were tested to measure the link between organic base chemical structure and performance in these tests.
All fluids chosen for the study are materials currently in use for drilling offshore Brasil or available for use. The components include linear olefins, internal olefins, low toxicity mineral oils, linear paraffins, branched paraffins and oleo based ester. All materials were evaluated independently and as mixtures in the 10-day ASTM E1367-99 sediment toxicity test with Leptocheirus plumulosus and the 275-day modified ISO 11734:1995 anaerobic closed bottle test using estuarine marine sediment. As the proposed Technical Note requires, the performance of all materials were measured against that of a C1618 internal olefin standard.
The results show that the sediment toxicity of organic base stock is connected primarily with molecular weight or carbon number of the hydrocarbon backbone. Materials with a carbon backbone greater than C15 had lower sediment toxicity than those with carbon numbers C14 or lower as measured against the standard. Performance of base stock in the anaerobic biodegradation test was dependent on the chemical structure. Products containing a more chemically reactive olefin or ester group degraded more than the C1618 IO standard. The relative anaerobic biodegradation performance of the organic bases was ester, olefin &gt; paraffin. The linearity of the carbon backbone of an organic base also played a role in anaerobic biodegradation with linear materials degrading faster than branched materials. The sediment toxicity and anaerobic biodegradation performance of a blend was influenced by the proportion of the constituents present and their individual sediment toxicity and anaerobic biodegradation properties.
This testing demonstrates the ability of the proposed sediment toxicity and anaerobic biodegradation tests to differentiate the performance of organic bases depending on their chemical and structural characteristics.
The Impact of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen in Fuel Gas on Gas Turbine Operation
Authors: Welch M. , Igoe B. 
Published: October 2015

It is not uncommon for gas turbines to be required to operate on fuel gases with high inert gas contents. The inert gas is usually carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2), and either occurs naturally in the gas or is present as a result of tertiary Enhanced Oil Recovery processes (CO2 or N2 injection)
While the primary concern of using high inert gas fuels is in the ability to combust the fuel gas, consideration needs to be given to other áreas of gas turbine design and performance on which high inert gases may have an impact.
Assuming the combustion issues are resolved, the low calorific value of a high inert gas fuel means that more fuel needs to be fed into the gas turbine to achieve the design power output. This additional fuel flow means that modifications must be made to the fuel supply system and fuel injectors, while the additional fuel flow also increases the mass flow across the turbine stages, affecting gas turbine performance. Starting the gas turbine with ‘weak’ fuel gases is an area of special significance; whilst it is possible in some case to ignite and operate on such fuels, the transient operation may result in ‘lean blow-out’. Alternative fuels, such as good quality kerosene, may not be a viable solution for Oil & Gas applications so gas enrichment to a fuel quality point where satisfactory transient operation is known to occur will be demonstrated.
This paper looks at all the effects of high inert fuel gases on all aspects of gas turbine performance and design, looking at the necessary changes from a unit operating on a pipeline quality natural gas, and the operational limitations, such as compressor surge margin and heat transfer on cooled blades, and why these limitations vary from gas turbine model to model. There are occasions where fuels contain so much inert species that some pre-treatment is required to make these more suitable for gas turbine use, and a brief introduction to some of these methods is provided.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 4, No. 4
Authors: Smith Wendy 
Published: October 2015

<p><em>International Journal of Statistics and Probability</em> wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.</p><p>Many authors, regardless of whether <em>International Journal of Statistics and Probability</em> publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.</p><p><strong>Reviewers for Volume 4, Number 4</strong></p><p>Abdullah A. SMADI</p><p>Afsin Sahin</p><p>Ali Reza Fotouhi</p><p>Anwar H Joarder</p><p>Bibi Abdelouahab</p><p>Carolyn Huston</p><p>Douglas Lorenz</p><p>Encarnación Alvarez-Verdejo</p><p>Gabriel A. Okyere</p><p>Gane Samb Lo</p><p>Hongsheng Dai</p><p>Ivair R. Silva</p><p>Marcelo Bourguignon</p><p>Milind Phadnis</p><p>Mirko D'Ovidio</p><p>Philip Westgate</p><p>Rebecca Bendayan</p><p>Sajid Ali</p><p>Samir Safi</p><p>Sohair F. Higazi</p><p>Tewfik Kernane</p><p>Vyacheslav Abramov</p><p>Wei Zhang</p><p>Wojciech Gamrot</p><p>Yimei Li</p><p> </p><p>Wendy Smith</p><p>On behalf of,</p><p>The Editorial Board of <em>International Journal of Statistics and Probability</em></p><p>Canadian Center of Science and Education</p>
The clock is ticking: the rate and timeliness of antiretroviral therapy initiation from the time of treatment eligibility in Kenya
Authors: Odeny Thomas A , DeCenso Brendan , Dansereau Emily , Gasasira Anne , Kisia Caroline , Njuguna Pamela , Haakenstad Annie , Gakidou Emmanuela , Duber Herbert C 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionUnderstanding the determinants of timely antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is useful for HIV programmes intent on developing models of care that reduce delays in treatment initiation while maintaining a high quality of care. We analysed patient‐ and facility‐level determinants of time to ART initiation among patients who initiated ART in Kenya.MethodsWe collected facility‐level information and conducted a retrospective chart review of adults initiating ART between 2007 and 2012 at 51 health facilities in Kenya. We evaluated the association between patient‐ and facility‐level covariates at the time of ART eligibility and time to ART initiation. We also explored the determinants associated with timeliness of ART initiation.ResultsThe analysis included 11,942 patients. The median age at the time eligibility was first determined was 37 years (interquartile range [IQR] 31–45). Overall, 75% of patients initiated ART within two months of eligibility. The median CD4 cell count at the time eligibility was first determined rose from 132 (IQR 51–217) in 2007 to 195 (IQR 91–286) in 2011 to 2012 (p<0.001). The cumulative probability of ART initiation among treatment‐eligible patients increased over time: 87.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85.1–89.0%) in 2007; 96.8% (96.0–97.5%) in 2008; 97.1% (96.3–97.7%) in 2009; 98.5% (98.0 −98.9%) in 2010; and 99.7% (95% CI 99.4 −99.8%) in 2011 to 2012 (p<0.0001). In multivariate analyses, attending a health facility with high ART patient volumes within two months of eligibility was considered the key facility‐level determinant of ART initiation (adjusted odds ratio 0.57, 95% CI 0.45–0.72, p<0.001). Patient‐level determinants included being eligible for ART in the years subsequent to 2007, advanced World Health Organization clinical stage and low CD4 cell count at the time eligibility was first determined.ConclusionsOverall, the time between treatment eligibility and ART initiation decreased substantially in Kenya between 2007 and 2012, with uniform gains across different types of health facilities. Our findings highlight the slow increase in CD4 cell counts at the time of ART eligibility over time, indicating that a large number of patients are still beginning ART with advanced HIV disease. Our findings also support the decentralisation of ART services at all health facilities that have the capacity to initiate treatment. Continued evaluation of programme‐ and country‐level data is needed to monitor timeliness of ART initiation as countries continue to expand treatment access.
NSAIDs and the gastrointestinal tract: An update on recent progress
Authors: Silverman Gary J 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This article outlines the mechanisms involved in specific cyclooxygenase-l (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition as they relate to the safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. New advancements in COX-2 technology appear to improve the safety profile of NSAID therapy. Gastroenterologic issues such as ulcer disease and liver disease as related to .these novel new medications are reviewed.
Inflammatory bowel disease: Strategies for assessment, treatment, and prevention of relapse
Authors: Efrusy Mark E 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic, lifelong disorder characterized by alternating periods of flare-ups and clinical remission. The majority of patients experience relapses several rimes a year. Prevention and treatment of these relapses are a major challenge to the practicing physician. Therefore, this article provides strategies that the primary care physician can use in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and prevention of relapses.
Treatment options for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Dinsmore Steven T 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
An understanding of the basic pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease is essential to effective treatment of the disease. Despite multiple hypotheses related to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, no unifying theory is currently available. Inflammation, oxidation stress, estrogen hormone status, pathways for production of Beta-amyloid 42, apolipoprotein E state, cholinergic neuron depletion, and head injury are all possible contributors and therefore provide points of intervention or potential intervention in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, this article reviews current therapeutic modalities, including estrogen replacement therapy, Ginkgo biloba, and the two cholinesterase inhibitors approved in the United States, tacrine and donepezil.
Development of Gluten-Free Composite Flour Blends
Authors: Quiñones Renissa S. , Macachor Corazon P. , Quiñones Hubert G. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
People with celiac disease depend on gluten-free foods to maintain quality of life. This study aimed to determine the physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of gluten-free composite flour blends for celiac disease patients utilizing different percentage composition of rice flour, potato starch, cassava starch, millet flour and corn flour. The experimental design was laid out in the study with six treatments in three replications using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under controlled condition. The experimental samples were subjected to different laboratory analyses. Sensory evaluation of the control and gluten-free treatments had revealed that there were no significant mean differences among treatments in all of the sensory characteristics. However, gluten-free flour blend (T2) had higher level of acceptance as compared to other gluten-free flour blend treatments. The composite gluten-free flour blends had zero percent crude gluten. Utilizing available novel/functional ingredients can produce gluten-free composite flour with a comparable sensory characteristics and nutritional quality except protein content with the commercially wheat flours. Hence, it is recommended for the use of gluten-free composite flour blends for food and pharmaceutical uses.
Parallel‐dominant and perpendicular‐dominant components of the fast bulk flow: Comparing with the PSBL beams
Authors: Zhang L. Q. , Dai L. , Baumjohann W. , Rème H. , Dunlop M. W. , Wei X. H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUtilizing multipoint observations by the Cluster satellites, we investigated the ion distributions of the fast bulk flows (FBFs) in the plasma sheet. Simultaneous observation by C1 and C3 revealed that parallel‐dominant and perpendicular‐dominant components of the flows coexist and correspond to Bx‐dominant and Bz‐dominant magnetic field regions within the FBFs, respectively. In both cases, the ions distributions are characterized by a single‐beam/crescent shape. In particular, no reflected ions are found within the FBFs. Statistical analysis showed that within the FBFs, the strength of the Bx component is typically less than 5 nT for Bz‐dominant regions and above 10 nT for Bx‐dominant regions. To distinguish between the parallel‐dominant component of the FBFs and the field‐aligned beams in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL), we further statistically analyzed the tailward parallel flows (TPF) with positive Bz in the plasma sheet. The results indicated that the FBFs tend to have higher velocity, weaker B, and higher magnetic tilt angle (θMTA) than the TPFs/PSBL beams. Statistically, in the region of B > 30 nT (θMTA > 10°), only PSBL beams can be observed, while in the region of B < 10 nT (θMTA > 30°), the FBFs are dominant. In the intermediate region (10° < θMTA < 30°) of the plasma sheet, the FBFs and the PSBL beams cooccur. These Cluster observations suggest that the X line can produce both perpendicular flow in central plasma sheet and parallel flow in the PSBL. In addition, the parallel‐dominant component of the FBFs could be an important origin for the PSBL beams.
Diurnal characteristics of lightning flashes detected over the São Paulo lightning mapping array
Authors: Chronis T. , Lang T. , Koshak W. , Blakeslee R. , Christian H. , McCaul E. , Bailey J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study examines diurnal variations of lightning flash characteristics observed by the Lightning Mapping Array in São Paulo, Brazil. The diurnal flash counts exhibit the typical afternoon convective maximum. The mean source altitude demonstrates a discrete increase that is temporally coincident with the local sunrise. The mean horizontal and vertical flash extents each attain a maximum (minimum) around local sunrise (afternoon, i.e., 13:00–17:00 local solar time). In addition, joint histograms of flash horizontal and vertical extents show that the majority of the flashes occurring during the afternoon convection are shorter and more comparable in size, and the differences between the horizontal and vertical extents are reduced. Conversely, flashes preceding and following the peak in afternoon convection are less symmetric, with larger horizontal than vertical extents. We discuss whether these observations could be partially explained by the diurnal variations in the convectively induced mixing regimes that control thundercloud charge regions and associated charge separation distances. The documented diurnal flash characteristics closely match recently published findings on the diurnal variation of the peak currents of cloud‐to‐ground flashes. Possible physical mechanisms for these observations are discussed.
Preparation of Polycyclic Pendant Chalcone Moiety Based Antimicrobial Polyacrylamides
Authors: Boopathy Mani , Subramanian Kathavarayan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTBiologically active chalcone‐based acrylamide monomers were synthesized via the Claisen–Schmidt condensation and polymerized by a free radical polymerization technique using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The newly synthesized polymers were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR analytic techniques. Thermal stability of the polymers was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The antimicrobial activity of polyacrylamides (PMNPA, PAPA, and PFPA) was evaluated from the minimum inhibitory concentration values by the resazurin reduction assay method. It is found that the polymers PMNPA and PAPA exhibit good antibacterial and antifungal activities, whereas polymer PFPA shows only antifungal activity and does not show any sign of antibacterial activity.
Increased symptom reporting persists in 1990–1991 Gulf War veterans 20 years post deployment
Authors: Gwini Stella M. , Forbes Andrew B , Kelsall Helen L. , Ikin Jillian F. , Sim Malcolm R. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundFollowing the 1990–1991 Gulf War, Gulf War veterans (veterans) reported health symptoms more commonly than non‐deployed groups. This article examines symptom persistence, incidence and prevalence 20 years on.MethodsIn 2000–2003 and 2011–2012, a 63‐item symptom checklist was administered to 697 veterans and 659 comparison group. Symptomatology was compared using log‐binomial regression.ResultsBoth veterans and comparison group reported significantly increased prevalence (3–52%) over time in more than half the symptoms, with a similar overall rate of increase. Half the symptoms had higher incidence (risk‐ratios ranged 1.43–1.50) and a quarter were more persistent (risk‐ratios ranged 1.12–1.20) in veterans than the comparison group.ConclusionsSymptomatology increased in both groups over time, but persisted to a similar extent and had higher incidence among veterans than the comparison group. The gap in symptom prevalence between the two groups remained unchanged. These findings suggest enduring health consequences of Gulf War service. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1246–1254, 2015. © 2015 Commonwealth of Australia. American Journal of Industrial Medicine © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective Stereochemical Catalysis Controlled by Specific Atomic Arrangement of Ordered Alloys
Authors: Furukawa Shinya , Ochi Kazuyoshi , Luo Hui , Miyazaki Masayoshi , Komatsu Takayuki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUnprecedented surface stereochemistry governed by specific atomic arrangement of intermetallic compounds (ordered alloys) is shown. Hydrogen‐mediated cis–trans alkene isomerization is selectively catalyzed without overhydrogenation to alkanes by Rh‐based intermetallic compounds displaying an orthorhombic Pnma structure such as RhSb. Multiple characterization techniques combined with DFT calculations revealed that (2 1 1), (0 2 0), and (0 1 3) planes comprising one‐dimensionally aligned Rh rows separated by Sb atoms (1D‐planes) dominated RhSb surfaces. Systematic DFT calculations indicated that geometric constraints of these 1D‐planes and steric hindrance from one alkyl group of cis‐alkene limited hydrogen access to the alkenyl carbon to one direction, enabling one‐atom hydrogenation for isomerization, but inhibiting two‐atom hydrogenation for overhydrogenation.
Characterization of Diastereo‐ and Enantioselectivity in Degradation of Synthetic Pyrethroids in Soils
Authors: Li Shaotong , Li Zhaoyang , Li Qiaoling , Zhao Jiahe , Li Sen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPermethrin (PM), cypermethrin (CP), and cyfluthrin (CF) are three important synthetic pyrethroids, which contain two, four, and four enantiomeric pairs (diastereomers) and thus have four, eight, and eight stereoisomers, respectively. In this study, the stereo‐ and enantioselective degradation of PM, CP, and CF in a Shijiazhuang alkaline yellow soil and a Wuhan acidic red soil were studied in detail by a combination of achiral and chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that PM, CP, and CF degraded faster in Shijiazhuang soil than in Wuhan soil, and the dissipation rate followed an order of PM > CF > CP in both soils. The three pyrethroids exhibited similar diastereomer selectivity, while CP and CF showed higher enantioselectivity than PM. Moreover, the trans‐diastereomers degraded faster, and showed higher enantioselectivity than the corresponding cis‐diastereomers. For PM, the enantiomer 1S‐trans‐PM degraded most rapidly in both soils. As for CP and CF, the highest enantioselectivity was observed for diastereomer trans‐3, and the insecticidally active enantiomer 1R‐trans‐αS degraded fastest among the 8 CP or CF stereoisomers in both soils. In addition, the Wuhan acidic soil displayed higher diastereomer and enantiomer selectivity than the Shijiazhuang alkaline soil for the three pyrethroids. Further incubation of CF in an alkaline‐treated Wuhan soil showed that the dissipation rate greatly increased and the diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity significantly decreased after the alkaline treatment process. Chirality 28:72–77, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employment and income losses among cancer survivors: Estimates from a national longitudinal survey of American families
Authors: Zajacova Anna , Dowd Jennifer B. , Schoeni Robert F. , Wallace Robert B. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDCancer presents a substantial hardship for patients and their families in multiple domains beyond health and survival. Relatively little is known about the economic impact of cancer. The authors present estimates of the aggregate effects of a cancer diagnosis on employment and income in a prospective, nationally representative sample of US adults.METHODSThe authors used data from the 1990 through 2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative, prospective, population‐based observational study with high‐quality individual and family‐level economic information. Age‐adjusted, sex‐stratified, individual fixed‐effects regression models were used to derive estimates of the impact of cancer on employment, hours worked, individual income, and total family income.RESULTSSignificant effects of cancer on all 4 outcomes were observed. The probability of a cancer patient being employed dropped by almost 10 percentage points, and hours worked declined by up to 200 hours in the first year after diagnosis. Annual labor‐market earnings dropped almost 40% within 2 years after diagnosis and remained low, whereas total family income declined by 20%, although it recovered within 4 years after the diagnosis. These economic impacts on survivors were driven by effects among men; the effects among women largely were not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONSA cancer diagnosis has substantial effects on the economic well‐being of affected adults and their families. With the increasing number of cancer survivors in the US population, there is a growing need for examining the long‐term implications for economic well‐being and ways to mitigate the economic hardship associated with cancer. Cancer 2015;121:4425–32. © 2015 American Cancer Society.