bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« Backward India »
Authors: Durand-Dastès François 
Published: September 2015

Pour remédier aux inégalités spatiales du pays, les gouvernements indiens ont conçu une suite de nombreux programme d’aménagement. Pour leur mise en œuvre on a cherché identifier les besoins les plus urgents, donc les districts qui présentent les plus nets caractères de « backwardness ». Cet article cherche à montrer quels problèmes pose cette notion, quels enseignements on peut tirer de la localisation des districts qui relèvent de sa définition. On examine en premier lieu la variété des images de leur répartition et on discute des explications de cette diversité. On montre l’importance de convergences sur lesquelles on se fonde pour construire une image, dont l’examen détaillé conduit à une discussion des aspects et des facteurs de la « backwardness. » On insiste sur l’importance des logiques multifactorielle et le rôle des temps longs.
La relation entre tourisme, croissance et développement inclusifs dans les petites destinations insulaires de luxe : l’exemple d’Anguilla dans la Caraïbe
Authors: Dupont Louis 
Published: September 2015

L’image idyllique du tourisme de luxe dans certains territoires de la Caraïbe, de l’océan Indien et du Pacifique fait souvent rêver et attire depuis longtemps une clientèle fortunée. Pour autant, les dépenses effectuées sur place par cette clientèle induisent-elles véritablement des retombées positives sur la croissance et le développement économique de ces territoires, sur le niveau de vie de la population, contribue-t-il à combattre le chômage et à réduire la pauvreté ? Quels en sont les impacts au plan environnemental et humain ? En deux mots, les principes du développement durable trouvent-ils sur place un terrain d’application favorable et conforme à ce concept ? Pour y répondre, Anguilla, petite destination touristique de luxe de la Caraïbe, fréquentée majoritairement par une clientèle de séjour en provenance des États-Unis est utilisée comme étude de cas. Aussi, cette étude a pour but d’analyser les relations complexes entre le tourisme et la problématique du développement local dans ce microterritoire, en se fixant deux objectifs : en premier lieu, voir si l’hypothèse de la croissance tirée par le tourisme est une option concevable dans cette petite destination touristique. En second lieu, vérifier si l’activité touristique exerce un impact positif sur le développement économique inclusif d’Anguilla, par sa capacité ou non à stimuler les autres secteurs d’activité. À cet effet, deux modèles de régression employés dans un cadre de cointégration sont utilisés successivement. D’une part, les résultats montrent qu’un accroissement de 1 % de la recette touristique à Anguilla se traduit à long terme par une augmentation de 0,6 % de son PIB, confirmant ainsi l’hypothèse de la croissance tirée par le tourisme. De plus, les tests de causalité de Granger révèlent l’existence d’une causalité bidirectionnelle entre activité touristique et croissance économique. D’autre part, ces résultats montrent que la croissance du secteur touristique s’accompagne par une contraction de l’activité agricole à Anguilla, engendrant de ce fait une perte de ressources pour le pays, ainsi qu’un accroissement de « fuites » liées aux importations dérivées. En conséquence, le potentiel du tourisme en tant que facteur de développement inclusif devient une hypothèse irrecevable dans ce petit territoire, et ce, en raison des effets multiplicateurs et de liaison limités sur les producteurs locaux.
Les rapports entre l’État irlandais et ses citoyens après la crise : quelles orientations ?
Authors: Guillaumond Julien 
Published: September 2015

Jadis perçu comme modèle économique, l’Irlande fut
l’un des pays les plus touchés par la crise financière de 2008. Les
transformations que la société irlandaise a connues au cours des deux
dernières décennies, couplées à l’insécurité économique, politique
mais aussi sociale générée par la crise, ont-elles conduit à une
reconfiguration des rapports entre l’État et ses citoyens ? Entre
fuite démographique et demandes pour davantage de transparence et de
participation citoyenne par le biais des nouvelles technologies,
quelles grandes tendances se dessinent ?
L’étude du discours d’un scientifique : éclairage sur le processus de dépassement d’obstacles et perspectives didactiques
Authors: Dhouibi Manel , Schneeberger Patricia , Rebière Maryse 
Published: September 2015

La nature des obstacles ainsi que les stratégies pour les dépasser constituent l’un des centres d’intérêt des didacticiens. Cet article se base sur l’analyse de l’activité langagière du physiologiste C. Bernard pour comprendre les différentes dimensions de la création d’un nouveau savoir en dépassant les obstacles. Nous réalisons une analyse fine du discours de ce scientifique en mettant en exergue sa nature profondément dialogique et polyphonique au moment d’une découverte scientifique. Cette lecture révèle les différentes phases de progression de la pensée bernardienne en suivant l’évolution des rapports entre les voix mises en scène dans les énoncés du physiologiste. Nous montrons que l’harmonisation de ces voix dans ce dialogue interne, qui prend en considération les controverses réelles et éventuelles de la communauté scientifique, permet à C. Bernard de surmonter l’obstacle de ses anciennes conceptions du vivant. Cette étude nous conduit à esquisser quelques pistes de recherches en didactiques des sciences.
La représentation des individus d’une espèce animale devant le juge français
Authors: Boisseau-Sowinski Lucille 
Published: September 2015

L’animal est protégé en droit pénal français notamment contre les mauvais traitements et les actes de cruauté. Pour rendre cette protection effective, le code de procédure pénale permet aux associations de protection animale de se constituer partie civile pour défendre les intérêts des animaux victimes de telles infractions. Cette représentation des individus d’une espèce animale devant le juge interroge quant à l’intérêt défendu : est-ce l’intérêt de l’animal qui est représenté lors de sa protection ou plutôt celui de son propriétaire ou même l’intérêt général ? Nous constaterons qu’il existe aujourd’hui une forme de représentation indirecte de l’intérêt de l’animal qui reste cependant relativement limitée. Pour que cette représentation devienne utile et effective, il faudrait cependant que l’intérêt de l’animal puisse être défendu directement devant les juridictions et qu’il lui soit dès lors accordé un statut juridique autre que celui d’objet de droit.
Phosphatase PP4 Negatively Regulates Type I IFN Production and Antiviral Innate Immunity by Dephosphorylating and Deactivating TBK1
Authors: Zhan Zhenzhen , Cao Hao , Xie Xuefeng , Yang Linshan , Zhang Peng , Chen Yihan , Fan Huimin , Liu Zhongmin , Liu Xingguang 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The effective recognition of viral infection and subsequent type I IFN production is essential for the host antiviral innate immune responses. The phosphorylation and activation of kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) plays crucial roles in the production of type I IFN mediated by TLR and retinoic acid–inducible gene I–like receptors. Type I IFN expression must be tightly regulated to prevent the development of immunopathological disorders. However, how the activated TBK1 is negatively regulated by phosphatases remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a previously unknown role of protein phosphatase (PP)4 by acting as a TBK1 phosphatase. PP4 expression was upregulated in macrophages infected with RNA virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and Sendai virus in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of PP4C, the catalytic subunit of PP4, significantly increased type I IFN production in macrophages and dentritic cells triggered by TLR3/4 ligands, vesicular stomatitis virus, and Sendai virus, and thus inhibited virus replication. Similar results were also found in peritoneal macrophages with PP4C silencing in vivo and i.p. infection of RNA virus. Accordingly, ectopic expression of PP4C inhibited virus-induced type I IFN production and promoted virus replication. However, overexpression of a phosphatase-dead PP4C mutant abolished the inhibitory effects of wild-type PP4C on type I IFN production. Mechanistically, PP4 directly bound TBK1 upon virus infection, then dephosphorylated TBK1 at Ser172 and inhibited TBK1 activation, and subsequently restrained IFN regulatory factor 3 activation, resulting in suppressed production of type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. Thus, serine/threonine phosphatase PP4 functions as a novel feedback negative regulator of RNA virus-triggered innate immunity.
IL-4–Producing Dendritic Cells Induced during Schistosoma japonica Infection Promote Th2 Cells via IL-4–Dependent Pathway
Authors: Ma Yi-Lei , Huang Feng-Juan , Cong Li , Gong Wen-Ci , Bai Hong-Mei , Li Jun , Chen Chun-Xia , Zhou Nian-Yu , Jiang Xiao-Lu , Yin Lan , Chen Xiao-Ping 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Although dendritic cells (DCs) have been widely demonstrated to play essential roles in initiation of Th2 responses in helminth infections and allergic reactions, the mechanisms remain uncertain largely because DCs do not produce IL-4. In present investigation, we have uncovered a novel subset of DCs from mice infected with Th2-provoking pathogens Schistosoma japonica, which independently promoted Th2 cells via IL-4–dependent pathway. These DCs contained similar levels of IL-4 mRNA and higher levels of IL-12p40 mRNA comparing to basophils, correlating to their Th2-promoting and Th1-promoting dual polarization capacities. Characterized by expression of FcεRI+, these DCs were induced independent of T cells. Further investigations revealed that Th2-promoting FcεRI+ DCs were monocyte-derived inflammatory DCs, which were sufficient to induce Th2 cells in vivo. Egg Ags together with GM-CSF or IL-3 alone were able to stimulate the generation of Th2-promoting FcεRI+ DCs from bone marrow cells in vitro. To our knowledge, our data for the first time demonstrate that IL-4–producing DCs are induced under some Th2-provoking situations, and they should play important roles in initiation of Th2 response.
The role of thermal inertia in the representation of mean and diurnal range of surface temperature in semiarid and arid regions
Authors: Aït‐Mesbah S. , Dufresne J. L. , Cheruy F. , Hourdin F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this article we show the possible role of thermal inertia in the large spread of the simulated surface temperature over arid and semiarid regions among climate models. The surface‐atmosphere interactions are investigated based on single‐column simulations of the DIurnal land‐atmosphere Coupling Experiment and on global simulations. Low values of the surface thermal inertia increase the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and the daytime turbulent heat fluxes. The diurnal response of surface temperature to the thermal inertia is asymmetric between daytime and nighttime, inducing a change in the daily mean surface temperature that can reach several degrees over large areas. This asymmetrical response to thermal inertia is shown to be due to the diurnal contrast of the stability state of the atmospheric boundary layer. Thermal inertia in dry regions plays a critical role on both DTR and surface mean temperature and needs to be carefully represented in land surface models.
Penetration of magnetosonic waves into the plasmasphere observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Zhou Qinghua , He Yihua , Yang Chang , Liu Si , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuring the small storm on 14–15 April 2014, Van Allen Probe A measured a continuously distinct proton ring distribution and enhanced magnetosonic (MS) waves along its orbit outside the plasmapause. Inside the plasmasphere, strong MS waves were still present but the distinct proton ring distribution was falling steeply with distance. We adopt a sum of subtracted bi‐Maxwellian components to model the observed proton ring distribution and simulate the wave trajectory and growth. MS waves at first propagate toward lower L shells outside the plasmasphere, with rapidly increasing path gains related to the continuous proton ring distribution. The waves then gradually cross the plasmapause into the deep plasmasphere, with almost unchanged path gains due to the falling proton ring distribution and higher ambient density. These results present the first report on how MS waves penetrate into the plasmasphere with the aid of the continuous proton ring distributions during weak geomagnetic activities.
Plasmapause location under quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≤ 1): THEMIS observations
Authors: Kwon H.‐J. , Kim K.‐H. , Jee G. , Park J.‐S. , Jin H. , Nishimura Y. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe statistically examined the plasmapause location (Lpp) under quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≤ 1) using the electron density inferred from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft potential for 2 year period (2008 and 2009). Five hundred forty‐three Lpp samples were identified under steady quiet conditions with Kp values ≤ 1 during 12 h prior to the plasmapause crossing. From our large data set, we determined the medians and means of Lpp in L and magnetic local time (MLT). They are located near geosynchronous orbit and nearly circular. The Lpp medians show a slight bulge located in postdusk sector. Comparing with previous models, our median or mean Lpp is extended ∼1–2 L from the Earth than the model Lpp along the local time from 0800 to 2400 MLT. That is, Lpp locations in the previous models are underestimated during quiet geomagnetic conditions.
Pretreatment hematologic markers as prognostic factors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio and platelet‐lymphocyte ratio
Authors: Sun Wei , Zhang Linli , Luo Min , Hu Guangyuan , Mei Qi , Liu Dongbo , Long Guoxian , Hu Guoqing 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundPretreatment hematological markers of inflammatory response have emerged as prognostic factors for patients with cancer. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of various hematologic parameters in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).MethodsClinical data from 251 patients with NPC were retrospectively collected. Neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, platelet counts, neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were adopted as potential prognostic biomarkers. The Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test were adopted to calculate and compare the progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to carry out univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsNLR ≥2.7 (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23–3.29; p = .005) and PLR ≥167.2 (HR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.35–3.33; p = .001) were significantly associated with shorter PFS, whereas PLR ≥163.4 (HR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.25–5.60; p = .011) was correlated with poor OS.ConclusionPretreatment NLR and PLR can be independent prognostic factors for patients with NPC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Head Neck 38: E1332–E1340, 2016
Influences of vegetation disturbance on hydrogeomorphic response following wildfire
Authors: Hyde Kevin D. , Jencso Kelsey , Wilcox Andrew C. , Woods Scott 
Published: September 2015

AbstractQuantifying the linkages between vegetation disturbance by fire and the changes in hydrologic processes leading to post‐fire erosional response remains a challenge. We measured the influence of fire severity, defined as vegetation disturbance (using a satellite‐derived vegetation disturbance index, VDI), landscape features that organize hydrologic flow pathways (relief and elongation ratios), and pre‐fire vegetation type on the probability of the occurrence of post‐fire gully rejuvenation (GR). We combined field surveys across 270 burned low‐order catchments (112 occurrences of GR) and geospatial analysis to generate a probabilistic model through logistic regression. VDI alone discriminated well between catchments where GR did and did not occur (area under the curve = 0.78, model accuracy = 0.72). The strong effect of vegetation disturbance on GR suggests that vegetation exerts a primary influence on the occurrence of infiltration excess run‐off and post‐fire erosion and that major gully erosion will not occur until fire consumes aboveground biomass. Other topographic and local factors also influenced GR response, including catchment elongation, per cent pre‐fire shrub, mid‐slope riparian vegetation, armoured headwaters, firehose effects, and concentration of severe burn in source areas. These factors highlight the need to consider vegetation effects in concert with local topography and site conditions to understand the propensity for flow accumulation leading to GR. We present a process‐based conceptual hydrologic model where vegetation loss from fire decreases rainfall attenuation and surface roughness, leading to accelerated flow accumulation and erosion; these effects are also influenced by interactions between fire severity and landscape structure. The VDI metric provides a continuous measure of vegetation disturbance and, when placed in a hydrologic context, may improve quantitative analysis of burned‐area susceptibility to erosive rainfall, hazard prediction, ecological effects of fire, landform evolution, and sensitivity to climate change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of CD4 on mechanical properties of live cell membrane
Authors: Bui Van‐Chien , Nguyen Thi‐Huong 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAlthough much progress has been made in the characterization and identification of CD4 functions, its role in mechanical properties of cell membrane remains largely unknown. Here an atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the roles of CD4 in the elasticity of the leukemic human Jurkat (clone E6‐1) cell membranes. Analysis of the approach force curves with Hertz model for a completely elastic soft sample measured on the selected CD4+ and CD4‐ cells showed that CD4+ cell membrane was softer than CD4‐ one. To confirm that CD4 plays a role in altering cell elasticity, human embryonic kidney 293T cells were transiently transfected with wild type (wt) CD4 plasmid before being used in AFM nanoindentation experiments. The results also demonstrated CD4‐ membrane was stiffer than CD4+ one suggesting that CD4 integrated into plasma membrane and altered its mechanical properties. The study gives insights into the role of CD4 on cell membrane mechanical characteristics and might be helpful for development of cell biology and medicine. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 239–244, 2016.
Aromatic residues in RNase T stack with nucleobases to guide the sequence‐specific recognition and cleavage of nucleic acids
Authors: Duh Yulander , Hsiao Yu‐Yuan , Li Chia‐Lung , Huang Jason C. , Yuan Hanna S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRNase T is a classical member of the DEDDh family of exonucleases with a unique sequence preference in that its 3′‐to‐5′ exonuclease activity is blocked by a 3′‐terminal dinucleotide CC in digesting both single‐stranded RNA and DNA. Our previous crystal structure analysis of RNase T‐DNA complexes show that four phenylalanine residues, F29, F77, F124, and F146, stack with the two 3′‐terminal nucleobases. To elucidate if the π–π stacking interactions between aromatic residues and nucleobases play a critical role in sequence‐specific protein–nucleic acid recognition, here we mutated two to four of the phenylalanine residues in RNase T to tryptophan (W mutants) and tyrosine (Y mutants). The Escherichia coli strains expressing either the W mutants or the Y mutants had slow growth phenotypes, suggesting that all of these mutants could not fully substitute the function of the wild‐type RNase T in vivo. DNA digestion assays revealed W mutants shared similar sequence specificity with wild‐type RNase T. However, the Y mutants exhibited altered sequence‐dependent activity, digesting ssDNA with both 3′‐end CC and GG sequences. Moreover, the W and Y mutants had reduced DNA‐binding activity and lower thermal stability as compared to wild‐type RNase T. Taken together, our results suggest that the four phenylalanine residues in RNase T not only play critical roles in sequence‐specific recognition, but also in overall protein stability. Our results provide the first evidence showing that the π−π stacking interactions between nucleobases and protein aromatic residues may guide the sequence‐specific activity for DNA and RNA enzymes.
Atypical effect of temperature tuning on the insertion of the catalytic iron−sulfur center in a recombinant [FeFe]‐hydrogenase
Authors: Morra Simone , Cordara Alessandro , Gilardi Gianfranco , Valetti Francesca 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe expression of recombinant [FeFe]‐hydrogenases is an important step for the production of large amount of these enzymes for their exploitation in biotechnology and for the characterization of the protein‐metal cofactor interactions. The correct assembly of the organometallic catalytic site, named H‐cluster, requires a dedicated set of maturases that must be coexpressed in the microbial hosts or used for in vitro assembly of the active enzymes. In this work, the effect of the post‐induction temperature on the recombinant expression of CaHydA [FeFe]‐hydrogenase in E. coli is investigated. The results show a peculiar behavior: the enzyme expression is maximum at lower temperatures (20°C), while the specific activity of the purified CaHydA is higher at higher temperature (30°C), as a consequence of improved protein folding and active site incorporation.
Linking aptamer‐ligand binding and expression platform folding in riboswitches: prospects for mechanistic modeling and design
Authors: Aboul‐ela Fareed , Huang Wei , Abd Elrahman Maaly , Boyapati Vamsi , Li Pan 
Published: September 2015

The power of riboswitches in regulation of bacterial metabolism derives from coupling of two characteristics: recognition and folding. Riboswitches contain aptamers, which function as biosensors. Upon detection of the signaling molecule, the riboswitch transduces the signal into a genetic decision. The genetic decision is coupled to refolding of the expression platform, which is distinct from, although overlapping with, the aptamer. Early biophysical studies of riboswitches focused on recognition of the ligand by the aptamer‐an important consideration for drug design. A mechanistic understanding of ligand‐induced riboswitch RNA folding can further enhance riboswitch ligand design, and inform efforts to tune and engineer riboswitches with novel properties. X‐ray structures of aptamer/ligand complexes point to mechanisms through which the ligand brings together distal strand segments to form a P1 helix. Transcriptional riboswitches must detect the ligand and form this P1 helix within the timescale of transcription. Depending on the cell's metabolic state and cellular environmental conditions, the folding and genetic outcome may therefore be affected by kinetics of ligand binding, RNA folding, and transcriptional pausing, among other factors. Although some studies of isolated riboswitch aptamers found homogeneous, prefolded conformations, experimental, and theoretical studies point to functional and structural heterogeneity for nascent transcripts. Recently it has been shown that some riboswitch segments, containing the aptamer and partial expression platforms, can form binding‐competent conformers that incorporate an incomplete aptamer secondary structure. Consideration of the free energy landscape for riboswitch RNA folding suggests models for how these conformers may act as transition states—facilitating rapid, ligand‐mediated aptamer folding. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:631–650. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1300This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Riboswitches