bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Distal Drift in Rat Molars Contributes to Acellular Cementum Formation
Authors: Tsuchiya Shinobu , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Nishioka Takashi , Suzuki Osamu , Sasano Yasuyuki , Igarashi Kaoru 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTOcclusal forces may induce the physiological teeth migration in humans, but there is little direct evidence. Rat molars are known to migrate distally during aging, possibly caused by occlusal forces. The purpose of this study was to determine if a reduction in occlusion would decrease teeth migration and affect associated periodontal structures such as cementum. To reduce occlusal forces, the right upper first molar (M1) in juvenile rats was extracted. The transition of the position of upper second molar (M2) and formation of M2 cementum was followed during aging. From the cephalometric analyses, upper M2 was located more anterior compared with the original position with aging after M1 extraction. Associated with this “slowing‐down” of the physiological drift, cementum thickness on distal surface, but not on mesial surface, of M2 root was significantly increased. The accumulation of alizarin red as vital stain indicative of calcification, was observed in the distal cementum of M2 root only on the side of M1 extraction. Extraction of M1 that results in less functional loading, distinctly attenuates the physiological drift only in the upper dentition. The decreased physiological drift appears to activate acellular cementum formation only on distal surface of M2 root, perhaps due to reduced mechanical stress associated with the attenuated distal drift. In conclusion, the physiological distal drift in rat molars appears to be largely driven by the occlusal force and also affects the formation of acellular cementum. These findings provide additional direct evidence for an important role of occlusal forces in tooth migration. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcriptional Regulation of Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis
Authors: Díaz‐Guerra Eva , Pignatelli Jaime , Nieto‐Estévez Vanesa , Vicario‐Abejón Carlos 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe neurons in the olfactory bulb originate from molecularly defined and spatially distinct proliferative regions. Glutamatergic projection neurons are generated during the embryonic period in the local ventricular zone of the olfactory bulb, a territory in the dorsal telencephalon in which the transcription factor Pax6 is expressed. Some cells in this zone also express Tbr1, a marker of glutamatergic neurons. By contrast, embryonic olfactory bulb interneurons are derived from Gsx2 expressing cells in the dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence of the ventral telencephalon, and from progenitors outside the dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence, including the olfactory bulb neuroepithelium. Postnatally, interneurons arise from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, although the rostral migratory stream and the olfactory bulb also appear to serve as a source of neurons. Transcription factors are crucial to generate all classes of neurons and glia in the olfactory bulb, both during development and adulthood. In this article, we discuss and propose models on how the spatial and temporal regulation of transcription factor expression controls the self‐renewal, proliferation and cell fate of neural stem cells and progenitors, which finally leads to the generation of distinct functional subtypes of neurons in the developing and adult olfactory bulb. Anat Rec, 296:1364‐1382, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A World Without the Olfactory Dimension
Authors: Tafalla Marta 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis article aims to describe what is it like to perceive reality when suffering from congenital anosmia. Nevertheless, this objective entails a fundamental difficulty. Since I have never had the experience of olfaction, it seems natural to me to live in a world lacking the olfactory dimension; this subjective perception is the only one I know and in consequence it is difficult to describe. For this reason, in recent years I have begun to develop long conversations with other people suffering from congenital anosmia, people who have lost their sense of olfaction in adulthood and also people with a good sense of smell. My goal is to draw a map showing the principal differences that might allow us to develop a systematic comparison. Obviously, this is not an experimental or quantitative scientific procedure, but only a modest attempt to compare personal stories about subjective experiences. It is a philosophical‐literary exercise, and does not aim to be anything other than that. But I hope it will help to formulate meaningful questions, which would then need a properly scientific approach. In the first part of this article I want to try to describe how I became aware that other people could smell; and in a second part, I will try to examine the consequences of anosmia in different areas of everyday life: nourishment, relationships with people, own body perception, natural or urban environments perception, time perception, and finally aesthetic appreciation and the implications of living in a world without stench. Anat Rec, 296:1287‐1296, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SND1 Affects Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line SMMC‐7721 by Regulating IGFBP3 Expression
Authors: Yin Jie , Ding Jianmin , Huang Li , Tian Xiao , Shi Xuebin , Zhi Lei , Song Juan , Zhang Yi , Gao Xingjie , Yao Zhi , Jing Xiang , Yang Jie 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTStaphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein involved in transcriptional regulation, RNA splicing and RNA metabolism. Ectopic expression of SND1 has been observed in various tumors including colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), indicating a positive role of SND1 in tumor initiation and progression. However, the exact role of SND1 in cancers has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we investigated the role of SND1 in HCC. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the expression level of SND1 was higher in HCC tissues than in adjacent nontumor tissues. Stable knock‐down of SND1, performed on the HCC cell line SMMC‐7721 using shRNA lentiviral expression system, led to reduced cell proliferation, clone formation and tumor formation in nude mice. The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway was frequently dysregulated in HCC, which could facilitate tumor progression. Screening of gene expression levels of the IGF pathway, using real‐time PCR, revealed that a decrease in SND1 expression could increase the expression of IGF‐binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), which can negatively regulate activation of the IGF pathway by restricting interactions between IGF and IGF receptors. Results from previous studies showed that the downregulation of IGFBP3 expression is a common feature in HCC, and the upregulation of IGFBP3 expression could suppress HCC cells proliferation. We further confirmed that stable knock‐down of IGFBP3 could promote SMMC‐7721 cells proliferation. Therefore, we concluded that SND1 could affect SMMC‐7721 cells proliferation by regulating IGFBP3 expression and IGF signaling pathway. Anat Rec, 296:1568–1575, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dens Invaginatus in Ancient Chinese Teeth of 2,000 Years Ago
Authors: Shi Sasa , Duan Xiaohong , Shao Jinling , Duan Qingbo , Peng Shaobin 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDens invaginatus (DI) is a developmental anomaly of teeth. Here we observed the characteristics of DI in 517 permanent teeth from 67 ancient Chinese people using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scanning techniques. The individuals were excavated from Shaanxi province of China and identified to be about 2,000 years old. Four DI categories are proposed to distinguish the different types of DI. The invaginated lingual fossa is classified into three classes. The overall prevalence of DI in 67 individuals was 31.34% (21 of 67). DI was found in 25 of 517 teeth (4.83%). All affected teeth were maxillary lateral incisors. The invaginated lingual fossa (Type I DI) occurred most frequently (84%), followed by radicular grooves (Type II; 16%), while Type III and Type IV were not found in the present study. Some of fossae correspond with radicular grooves (8 of 21; 3 located at mesial, 5 were distal). The bilateral incidence of DI was 19.05%. Comparing our results to those of a retrospective survey of DI from 1873 to present, we found a higher rate of DI in the excavated teeth of Chinese individuals 2,000 years ago. The use of the micro‐CT technique and ethnic origin might have contributed to the higher incidence of DI. Anat Rec, 296:1628–1633, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Distribution of Muscles Fibers and Their Types in the Female Rat Urethra: Cytoarchitecture and Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction
Authors: Lim Seh Hong , Wang Tsyr‐Jiuan , Tseng Guo‐Fang , Lee Yee Fun , Huang Yong‐San , Chen Jeng‐Rung , Cheng Chen‐Li 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAn attempt to explore urethral cytoarchitecture including the distribution of smooth muscles and fast and slow striated muscles of adult female Sprague Dawley rat—a popular model in studying lower urinary tract function. Histological and immunohistochemical stainings were carried out to investigate the distribution of urethral muscle fibers and motor end plates. The urethral sphincter was furthermore three‐dimensionally reconstructed from serial histological sections. The mucosa at the distal urethra was significantly thicker than that of other segments. A prominent inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscles covered the proximal end of urethra. Thick circular smooth muscles of the bladder neck region (urethral portion) decreased significantly distalward and longitudinal smooth muscles became 2‐ to 3‐fold thicker in the rest of the urethra. An additional layer of striated muscles appeared externally after neck region (urethra) and in association with motor end plates ran throughout the remaining urethra as the striated sphincter layer. Most striated muscles were fast fibers while relatively fewer slow fibers often concentrated at the periphery. A pair of extraneous striated muscles, resembling the human urethrovaginal sphincter muscles, connected both sides of mainly the distal vagina to the dorsal striated muscles in the wall of the middle urethra. The tension provided by this pair of muscles, and in conjunction with the striated sphincter of the urethral wall, was likely to function to suspend the middle urethra and facilitates its closure. Comprehensive morphological data of urethral sphincter offers solid basis for researchers conducting studies on dysfunction of bladder outlet. Anat Rec, 296:1640–1649, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Olfactory Amygdala in Amniotes: An Evo‐Devo Approach
Authors: Abellán Antonio , Desfilis Ester , Medina Loreta 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn tetrapods, the medial amygdala is a forebrain center that integrates olfactory and/or vomeronasal signals with the endocrine and autonomic systems, playing a key role in different social behaviors. The vomeronasal system has undergone important changes during evolution, which may be behind some interspecies differences in chemosensory‐mediated social behavior. These evolutionary changes are associated with variations in vomeronasal‐recipient brain structures, including the medial amygdala. Herein, we employed an evolutionary developmental biology approach for trying to understand the function and evolution of the medial amygdala. For that purpose, we reviewed published data on fate mapping in mouse, and the expression of orthologous developmental regulatory genes (Nkx2.1, Lhx6, Shh, Tbr1, Lhx9, Lhx5, Otp, and Pax6) in embryos of mouse, chicken, emydid turtles, and a pipid frog. We also analyzed novel data on Lhx9 and Otp in a lacertid lizard. Based on distinct embryonic origin and genetic profile, at least five neuronal subpopulations exist in the medial amygdala of rodents, expressing either Nkx2.1/Lhx6, Shh, Lhx9, Otp/Lhx5, or Pax6. Each neuronal subpopulation appears involved in different functional pathways. For example, Lhx6 cells are specifically activated by sex pheromones and project to preoptic and hypothalamic centers involved in reproduction. Based on data in nonmammals, at least three of these neuronal subtypes might have been present in the medial amygdala of the amniote common ancestor. During mammalian evolution, the downregulation of Nkx2.1 in the alar hypothalamus may have been a driving force for an increment of the Otp/Lhx5 subpopulation. Anat Rec, 296:1317‐1332, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elements of Olfactory Reception in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Martin Fernando , Boto Tamara , Gomez‐Diaz Carolina , Alcorta Esther 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe olfactory system of Drosophila has become an attractive and simple model to investigate olfaction because it follows the same organizational principles of vertebrates, and the results can be directly applied to other insects with economic and sanitary relevance. Here, we review the structural elements of the Drosophila olfactory reception organs at the level of the cells and molecules involved. This article is intended to reflect the structural basis underlying the functional variability of the detection of an olfactory universe composed of thousands of odors. At the genetic level, we further detail the genes and transcription factors (TF) that determine the structural variability. The fly's olfactory receptor organs are the third antennal segments and the maxillary palps, which are covered with sensory hairs called sensilla. These sensilla house the odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) that express one or few odorant receptors in a stereotyped pattern regulated by combinations of TF. Also, perireceptor events, such as odor molecules transport to their receptors, are carried out by odorant binding proteins. In addition, the rapid odorant inactivation to preclude saturation of the system occurs by biotransformation and detoxification enzymes. These additional events take place in the lymph that surrounds the ORNs. We include some data on ionotropic and metabotropic olfactory transduction, although this issue is still under debate in Drosophila. Anat Rec, 296:1477‐1488, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interneurons and Beta‐Amyloid in the Olfactory Bulb, Anterior Olfactory Nucleus and Olfactory Tubercle in APPxPS1 Transgenic Mice Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Saiz‐Sanchez Daniel , De La Rosa‐Prieto Carlos , Ubeda‐Bañon Isabel , Martinez‐Marcos Alino 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTImpaired olfaction has been described as an early symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroanatomical changes underlying this deficit in the olfactory system are largely unknown. Given that interneuron populations are crucial in olfactory information processing, we have quantitatively analyzed somatostatin‐ (SOM), parvalbumin‐ (PV), and calretinin‐expressing (CR) cells in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and olfactory tubercle in PS1 x APP double transgenic mice model of AD. The experiments were performed in wild type and double transgenic homozygous animal groups of 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of age to analyze early stages of the pathology. In addition, beta‐amyloid (Aβ) expression and its correlation with SOM cells have been quantified under confocal microscopy. The results indicate increasing expressions of Aβ with aging as well as an early fall of SOM and CR expression, whereas PV was decreased later in the disease progression. These observations evidence an early, preferential vulnerability of SOM and CR cells in rostral olfactory structures during AD that may be useful to unravel neural basis of olfactory deficits associated to this neurodegenerative disorder. Anat Rec, 296:1413‐1423, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
P21‐Activated Kinase 4 Regulates the Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitor P57Kip2 in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Li Yanshu , Wang Di , Zhang Hongyan , Wang Chunyu , Dai Wei , Cheng Zhenguo , Wang Guanqiao , Li Feng 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe p21‐activated kinases have been implicated in the control of cell cycle progression. However, the biological mechanism underlying the role of p21‐activated kinase 4 (PAK4) in cell cycle control remains unknown. Here, by using quantitative RT–PCR and immunoblot analyses, we discovered that over‐expression of PAK4 could suppress cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57Kip2) expression in the MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell line, whereas lentiviral vector‐mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of PAK4 markedly promoted p57Kip2 expression in MCF‐7 cells. Furthermore, PAK4‐mediated down‐regulation of p57Kip2 was reversed by MG132, a specific proteasome inhibitor. The ubiquitination assay confirmed that the activity of PAK4 attenuated p57Kip2 protein stability through the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway in MCF‐7 cells. Moreover, a significant inverse correlation between PAK4 and p57Kip2 protein levels was observed in breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemical analysis. Taken together, our data demonstrate a novel function for PAK4 in regulating the stability of p57Kip2, possibly through the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway, leading to increased proliferation of breast cancer cells. Thus, PAK4 may be used as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for human breast cancer. Anat Rec, 296:1561–1567, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Human Tongue Slows Down to Speak: Muscle Fibers of the Human Tongue
Authors: Sanders Ira , Mu Liancai , Amirali Asif , Su Hungxi , Sobotka Stanislaw 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the specializations of human tongue muscles. In this study, myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) histochemical staining was used to study the percentage and distribution of slow twitch muscle fibers (slow MFs) within tongue muscles of four neurologically normal human adults and specimens from a 2‐year‐old human, a newborn human, an adult with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), and a macaque monkey. The average percentage of slow MFs in adult and the 2‐year‐old muscle specimens was 54%, the IPD was 45%, while the neonatal human (32%) and macaque monkey (28%) had markedly fewer slow MFs. In contrast, the tongue muscles of the rat and cat have been reported to have no slow MFs. There was a marked spatial gradient in the distribution of slow MFs with the highest percentages found medially and posteriorly. Normal adult tongue muscles were found to have a variety of uniquely specialized features including MF‐type grouping (usually found in neuromuscular disorders), large amounts of loose connective tissue, and short branching MFs. In summary, normal adult human tongue muscles have by far the highest proportion of slow MFs of any mammalian tongue studied to date. Moreover, adult human tongue muscles have multiple unique anatomic features. As the tongue shape changes that are seen during speech articulation are unique to humans, we hypothesize that the large proportion of slow MFs and the anatomical specializations observed in the adult human tongue have evolved to perform these movements. Anat Rec, 296:1615–1627, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical and morphological aspects of the calcaneal tendon of mdx mice at 21 days of age
Authors: Nakagaki Wilson Romero , Tomiosso Tatiana Carla , Pimentel Edson Rosa , Camilli José Angelo 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA relationship between compromised muscles and other tissues has been demonstrated in mdx mouse, an animal model studied for understanding of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The hypothesis is that changes in the calcaneal tendon of mdx mice occur previous to the onset of rigorous and most marked episodes of muscle degeneration, which start suddenly after 21 days of life. Thus, this study aimed to identify possible alterations in the calcaneal tendon of mdx mouse at 21 days of age. Control and mdx tendons were submitted to mechanical tensile testing, quantification of hydroxyproline, and staining with toluidine blue and picrosirius red. Hydroxyproline content was similar between mdx and control groups. The control tendon presented higher mechanical strength (load, stress, and elastic modulus) and its morphological analysis showed a larger number of round fibroblasts, nuclei with well‐decondensed chromatin, and slightly metachromatic well‐stained cytoplasmic material, different from that observed in mdx tendons. The results suggest that the absence of dystrophin in mdx mouse can provoke directly or indirectly alterations in the mechanical properties and morphology of the calcaneal tendon. Anat Rec, 296:1546–1551, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linear and Angular Measurements of the Foot of Modern Humans: A Test of Morton'S Foot Types
Authors: Lautzenheiser Steven G. , Kramer Patricia Ann 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn his classic research, Morton established two functionally different configurations of the bipedal and non‐bipedal primate foot: one optimized for stability, with a stiff longitudinal arch and adducted first metatarsal, and the other for compliance. Modern human feet were seen as conforming to the bipedal norm and variation from it as pathology, even though clinical evidence has been clear that variation from the norm of a stiff longitudinal arch or adducted first metatarsal exists. This study aims to document the variation in linear and angular measurements of the foot, using weight‐bearing radiographs of 50 randomly selected people (25 men) from an urban US Level 1 trauma center. The radiographs were obtained to “rule‐out” a foot fracture after trauma or as comparison films for a contralateral foot injury. Measurements were made using Osirix and correlations among the angular and length measurements were determined using Stata with P < 0.05 and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. We found that foot length was not correlated with angular measurements, except for the angle between the first and fifth metatarsal. People with lower medial longitudinal arches also had more abducted first metatarsals and more vertical posterior facets, in accordance with Morton's foot types. Whether or not this variation in modern humans is linked to functionally important consequences remains to be determined in future research. With the new evidence of a more variable foot structure in fossil hominins, understanding the relationship between foot morphology and function becomes more urgent. Anat Rec, 296:1526–1533, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supplementation With Quercetin Attenuates 4‐Nitrophenol‐Induced Testicular Toxicity in Adult Male Mice
Authors: Mi Yuling , Tu Longlong , Wang Huimin , Zeng Weidong , Zhang Caiqiao 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe beneficial effects of quercetin on reproductive damage elicited by 4‐nitrophenol (PNP) were studied in adult male mice. A six‐week treatment of weekly intraperitoneal injections of PNP (50 mg/kg) resulted in severe damage to the seminiferous tubules, a remarkable increase in both hydroxyl radical and malondiadehyde production, and notably decreased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Moreover, PNP treatment induced germ cell apoptosis, inhibited Bcl‐xl expression, and then activated Bax expression and the caspase‐3 enzyme. Exposure to PNP also increased XBP‐1 and HO‐1 mRNAs levels. However, simultaneous supplementation with quercetin (75 mg/kg) attenuated the toxicity induced by PNP through renewal of the antioxidant enzyme's status, alleviating apoptosis by regulating the expressions of Bax and Bcl‐xl, XBP‐1 and HO‐1mRNAs, and the regulation of caspase‐3 activity. Taken together, these findings indicated that the antioxidant quercetin displays a potential preventive effect on PNP‐induced oxidative damage in mouse testes and may represent an efficient supplement to attenuate reproductive toxicity from environmental toxicants in order to ensure reproductive health and sperm production. Anat Rec, 296:1650–1657, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.