bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A global review of weeds that can germinate from horse dung
Authors: Ansong Michael , Pickering Catherine 
Published: October 2015

SummaryTo assess the diversity of weed seeds dispersed via horse dung, we reviewed 15 studies on seed germination from horse dung – six from Europe, four from North America, three from Australia and one study each from Africa and Central America. Seed from 249 species from 43 families have been identified germinating from horse dung. Almost two‐thirds of the species were forbs and 33% graminoids, with over half being perennials and 32% annuals. Nearly every species (totalling 99% of those reviewed) is considered a weed somewhere, with 47% recorded as invasive and 19% international environmental weeds. Of the 2739 non‐native plants that are naturalized in Australia, 156 have been shown to germinate from horse dung. This includes 16 of the 429 listed noxious weeds in Australia and two weeds of national significance. Seed from 105 of the 1596 invasive/noxious plant species in North America have also been identified germinating from horse dung. Seed traits including seed size, length, width and mass affect dispersal via horse dung. Habitat disturbance from trampling facilitates germination of seedlings from dung in both natural and experimental studies. Some studies found that plants germinating from dung reach maturity and flower, while others found plants did not survive due to unfavourable growing conditions in the field. The diversity of species with seed that can germinate from horse dung highlights the potential of horses to disperse a range of seed over long distances. Whether such dispersal is beneficial or harmful depends on the plant and the context in which it germinates. To maintain the conservation value of protected areas, it is important to understand and manage the different potential weed dispersal vectors, including horses.
Radio‐tracking three Sugar Gliders using forested highway median strips at Bongil Bongil National Park, north‐east New South Wales
Authors: Taylor Brendan D. , Rohweder David 
Published: October 2015

SummaryMajor roads and highways disrupt ecological flows and create barriers or filters to the movement of many species of wildlife, including gliding mammals. Mitigating these impacts presents major challenges for road authorities. One approach has been the retention of forest vegetation in median strips to serve as ‘stepping stones’ for gliding mammals to cross road gaps otherwise beyond their glide capacity. A recently upgraded section of the Pacific Highway through tall open forest near Bonville in north‐east New South Wales retained forest within two 10‐ to 45‐m‐wide median strips separating each carriageway and a service road. We investigated whether Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps) used these median strips to cross an 85 to 135 m‐wide road corridor. Three radio‐collared Sugar Gliders (one male and two females) moved between both highway medians and forest on either side of the road corridor during 32 days of radio‐tracking. Although the sample size is small, these results suggest that highway median strips, featuring mature vegetation with a major den tree, can provide ‘stepping stones’ for gliding mammals to cross a highway that would otherwise function as a movement barrier or filter. Longer‐term research with greater numbers of animals at this and other sites is required to determine whether such strips would be commonly used when den trees are absent and whether gliding via median strips may also increase road mortality of the species.
Why monitoring often fails to inform adaptive management: a case study
Authors: Reid Thomas , Hazell Donna , Gibbons Philip 
Published: October 2015

SummaryMonitoring that facilitates adaptive management requires us to link observed changes in resource condition with management actions. Here, we present a case study to discuss how monitoring should be undertaken so it can facilitate adaptive management. Drawing on monitoring data collected by landholders as part of an incentive programme for native vegetation conservation on private land, we examined whether it was possible to determine to what extent changes in native vegetation condition were affected by funded management actions. Using a simple statistical technique (linear regression), we were unable to find strong links between the intended natural resource management (NRM) outcomes and funded management actions because (i) we could only use data from 22% of the 55 monitored sites as most data sheets were incomplete; (ii) sampling was undertaken in different seasons making it difficult to distinguish change due to management from change due to natural variability; and (iii) management actions were recorded in a generic way only, and not monitored through time, thus making it difficult to link observed changes in vegetation condition to on‐ground management. We suggest that monitoring programmes will only inform adaptive management where NRM bodies can prosecute (i) sampling designs that enable change as a result of management to be distinguished from change due to natural variability, and (ii) protocols that provide consistent data capture between sites and through time.
Assessing strategies to minimize unintended fitness consequences of aquaculture on wild populations
Authors: Baskett Marissa L. , Burgess Scott C. , Waples Robin S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractArtificial propagation programs focused on production, such as commercial aquaculture or forestry, entail strong domestication selection. Spillover from such programs can cause unintended fitness and demographic consequences for wild conspecifics. The range of possible management practices to minimize such consequences vary in their control of genetic and demographic processes. Here, we use a model of coupled genetic and demographic dynamics to evaluate alternative management approaches to minimizing unintended consequences of aquaculture escapees. We find that, if strong natural selection occurs between escape and reproduction, an extremely maladapted (i.e., nonlocal‐origin, highly domesticated) stock could have fitness consequences analogous to a weakly diverged cultured stock; otherwise, wild population fitness declines with increasing maladaptation in the cultured stock. Reducing escapees through low‐level leakage is more effective than reducing an analogous number of escapees from large, rare pulses. This result arises because low‐level leakage leads to the continual lowering of wild population fitness and subsequent increased proportional contribution of maladapted cultured escapees to the total population. Increased sterilization efficacy can cause rapid, nonlinear reductions in unintended fitness consequences. Finally, sensitivity to the stage of escape indicates a need for improved monitoring data on how the number of escapees varies across life cycle stages.
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) in Quarter Horses: A review of clinical signs, genetics and research
Authors: Rashmir‐Raven A. M. , Spier S. J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryHereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) results from a genetic mutation which affects the skin and other tissues of Quarter Horses and horses with Quarter Horse lineage. The disease HERDA has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and has become a significant concern in the Quarter Horse industry due to the high frequency of heterozygote carriers. Affected homozygous horses appear normal at birth; however, within the first 2 years of life they usually acquire loose, hyperextensible skin and wounds which result in disfiguring scars either spontaneously or from minor trauma. Some severely affected horses also develop haematomas and seromas. Consequently, most affected horses are subjected to euthanasia at an early age. No treatment options other than palliative therapy currently exist. As part of a five panel test (http://www.aqha.com/News/News-Articles/2013/April/04292013-Genetic-Testing.aspx) the American Quarter Horse Association presently requires DNA testing for HERDA on all breeding stallions. There are currently no restrictions on registration of horses heterozygous or homozygous for the HERDA mutation. Due to the autosomal recessive nature of the disease, Quarter Horse mares and horses of all breeds from HERDA‐associated bloodlines should also be tested.
Anaerobic peritonitis caused by Clostridium septicum as a complication of routine castration in a 2‐year‐old Warmblood horse
Authors: Shearer T. R. , Smith A. D. , Freeman D. E. , Regan S. A. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThis case report describes an unusual case of anaerobic peritonitis in a 2‐year‐old horse following castration. The horse was evaluated 2 weeks following castration for signs of acute, severe abdominal pain and swelling surrounding a previous castration site. Physical examination revealed marked scrotal and ventral abdominal oedema that was cool and crepitant upon palpation. Ultrasonographic evaluation was unrewarding because gas shadowing distributed throughout the subcutis prevented imaging of the abdominal cavity. Ventral midline celiotomy revealed a copious amount of malodorous, serosangious, cloudy peritoneal fluid that was submitted for culture. Abdominal exploration revealed the gastrointestinal tract to be in its anatomically correct position. There was diffuse petechiation of the small intestine and large intestine, oedema and crepitant swelling surrounding the left inguinal ring and body wall. The abdomen was lavaged with 10 l of sterile saline prior to closure of the celiotomy and the left castration incision was opened digitally, releasing a large volume of serosanguinous fluid and gas that flowed freely from the incision site and deeper inguinal tissues. The horse was placed in the recovery box where it suffered cardiac arrest. Culture of the peritoneal fluid revealed heavy growth of Clostridium septicum. This case of anaerobic peritonitis represents an unusual complication following castration not previously reported in the horse.
Is Russian Public Sector Accounting in the Process of Modernization? An Analysis of Accounting Reforms in Russia
Authors: Antipova Tatiana , Bourmistrov Anatoli 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe major public sector accounting reform in Russia began in 2004 envisaging ideas of ‘top‐down’ modernization through adoption of international accounting ideas from GFS/IPSASs. However, there is a decoupling between accounting practices and declared accounting norms. This is explained by ideas of accrual accounting reform fitting very well into the top political context aiming to achieve the international legitimization of Russia as a modern state, but contradicting the Russian public sector accounting tradition. Successful accounting reform, so far very much a ‘top‐down’ push process, requires strong ‘context ambassadors’ to stimulate ‘accounting curiosity’ and the processes of ‘bottom up’ accounting modernization.
Using Meaningful Interpretation and Chunking to Enhance Memory: The Case of Chinese Character Learning
Authors: Xu Xiaoqiu , Padilla Amado M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLearning and retaining Chinese characters are often considered to be the most challenging elements in learning Chinese as a foreign language. Applying the theory of meaningful interpretation, the chunking mnemonic technique, and the linguistic features of Chinese characters, this study examines whether the method of meaningful interpretation and chunking (MIC) can promote learners' immediate learning and retention of Chinese characters. Mandarin Chinese learners at two high schools were randomized into a treatment group and a control group. Students in the treatment group learned Chinese characters with the MIC method, whereas their peers in the control group learned characters by the traditional method of rote repetition according to the stroke order. Four balanced character sets were introduced each day for four continuous days with three different interventions: teacher‐instructed method on Day 1, teacher‐cued method on Day 2, and students' independent work on Day 3 and Day 4. Students' learning outcomes of the characters were measured with (1) immediate quizzes given each day after instruction, (2) a retention test (after one week) that integrated all the immediate quizzes, and (3) an application test administered two months after the experiment. The findings suggest that MIC enhances learners' immediate learning and retention of Chinese characters. In addition, the teacher‐cued method and familiar independent work were more effective for learning and retaining Chinese characters than the teacher‐instructed method and unfamiliar independent work. Furthermore, the treatment effect also varied across the measurement components (meaning vs. perception), levels of instruction, and heritage versus non‐heritage groups.
Another Look at the Equity Risk Premium Puzzle
Authors: Bamberg Günter , Heiden Sebastian 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The model of Mehra and Prescott (1985, J. Econometrics, 22, 145-161) implies that reasonable coefficients of risk-aversion of economic agents cannot explain the equity risk premium generated by financial markets. This discrepancy is hitherto regarded as a major financial puzzle. We propose an alternative model to explain the equity premium. For normally distributed returns and for returns far away from normality (but still light tailed), realistic equity risk premia do not imply puzzlingly high risk aversions. Following our approach, the ‘equity premium puzzle’ does not exist. We also consider fat-tailed return distributions and show that Pareto tails are incompatible with constant relative risk aversion.
Colonialism and Resettling British Columbia: Canadian Aboriginal Historiography, 1992–2012
Authors: Neylan Susan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis is the first of two essays examining the recent historiography of Canadian Aboriginal History published roughly in the last two decades (1992–2012) using a regional focus – British Columbia. Influenced by broader political contexts and land claims litigation, BC scholarship has been characterized by diversity and interdisciplinarity. The impact of ethnohistorical methodologies, “the cultural turn,” and the centrality of race and imperialism have brought an international scholarship to bear on the writing of British Columbia Aboriginal History. From reading the colonial archive against the grain to better appreciate Indigenous histories hidden within to seeking out Indigenous historical knowledge and employing collaborative relationships to facilitate this, historians have shifted their methods to be more inclusive of the Aboriginal perspectives. The prominence of colonialism and the acknowledgement of resettlement, rather than settlement, as the foundation of the province's past have kept Native‐Settler relations in the foreground in the scholarship.
New Ways to Write the History of Western Europe and the United States: The Concept of Intercultural Transfer
Authors: Adam Thomas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe concept of intercultural transfer was originally developed in the 1980s for the study of exchange processes between France and Germany in the time of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. More recently, various scholars have applied it to the exchange processes across the Atlantic (and between Germany and the United States in particular) and across the British Chanel (and between Germany and Great Britain in particular). Its focus is cultural transformation, since the transferred elements reflect the influence of the agents of intercultural transfer as well as both the giving and the receiving society. This paper seeks to provide an alternative to traditional accounts of German and American history by highlighting transfers that occurred in the realm of culture, education, and customs in the 19th century. Such transfer included concepts for the organization of the urban infrastructure of American cities (from museums and schools to city parks) as well as models for education (from kindergarten to university). Both cultures and societies were deeply connected by these cultural transfers even though they occurred outside the realm of state action and apart from the increasing control of both nation states over the movement of its citizens within civil society. Intercultural transfers were organized and carried out by agents of intercultural transfer. These agents were private citizens who acted on their own initiative as agents of civil society but not as agents of nation states. The development of German and American society and culture in the 19th century was, thus, intrinsically linked and resulted in a multitude of cross‐cultural interconnections that contributed to the diversification of both societies. The Atlantic represented in this narrative a “connective lifeline” rather than a separating gulf.
Band Gap and Diameter Modulation of Quantum Dots in Glasses
Authors: Liu Chao , Heo Jong 
Published: October 2015

Modulation of the band gap energy and diameter of quantum dots (QDs) formed in glasses is important to achieve the optimized performance for applications as infrared light sources, lasers, saturable absorbers, etc. Absorption and photoluminescence of PbS QDs were extended into mid‐infrared wavelength range in glasses containing small amount of lead but oversaturated with sulfur. Dual‐band photoluminescence of PbSe QDs was prepared in oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics containing BaF2 nanocrystals. By introducing SnO in the glasses, alloyed Pb1‐xSnxSe QDs with smaller band gap energies were formed in glasses, and mid‐infrared photoluminescence of Pb1‐xSnxSe QDs at ~2570 nm in wavelength was achieved.
Long‐term outcomes in adults with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa fed by a gastrostomy tube in situ
Authors: Hubbard Lynne D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundPeople with severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) have reduced oral intake as a result of oropharyngeal blistering, esophageal stricture, and constipation. Their nutritional requirements are increased by the need for constant wound repair and inflammation. No studies have been published on long‐term outcomes in patients in whom gastrostomy tubes (G‐tubes) were placed in childhood and who have now reached adulthood.MethodsTwelve adults with RDEB who had used G‐tubes in situ for a mean of 14.5 years (range: 10–19 years) were studied. The following growth parameters were recorded: current body mass index (BMI); height centile pre‐gastrostomy; best height centile post‐gastrostomy; height centile reached by the age of 18 years; and pubertal status. Nutrient intake via the tube and leakage were noted. Data on BMI and height centile reached by the age of 18 years in five young adults with severe RDEB who had declined tube placement were recorded.ResultsThe mean ± SD BMI of patients fed by G‐tube at adulthood was 20.2 ± 3.9 kg/m2. Eight subjects had increased, three had maintained, and one had decreased their BMI centile position. Three patients had increased, six had maintained, and three had decreased their height centile position; the latter three all increased their height centile initially. They were compared with five adults with severe RDEB who had declined G‐tube placement. Four had reached a height within the normal centile range. In two, this was lower than their best height centile. None had reached a normal BMI (mean: 15.4 kg/m2).ConclusionsBy increasing nutritional intake, G‐tube feeding led to an improvement in BMI and helped maintain or improve linear growth.
Four cases of mucous membrane pemphigoid with clinical features of oral lichen planus
Authors: Fukuda Aoi , Himejima Akio , Tsuruta Daisuke , Koga Hiroshi , Ohyama Bungo , Morita Shosuke , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundMucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) and oral lichen planus (OLP) show similar clinical features on the oral mucosa. As clinical manifestations of oral mucosal lesions, MMP shows blisters and erosions, whereas OLP shows lace‐like whitish lesions in an annular arrangement with erythema and erosions. Histopathologically, MMP shows subepithelial bullae with infiltrates of lymphocytes and neutrophils, whereas OLP shows band‐like interface infiltration of lymphocytes with damage in basal cells. However, these two diseases are frequently difficult to distinguish both clinically and histopathologically.ObjectivesWe report four patients with oral MMP who showed OLP‐like clinical and histopathological lesions.MethodsWe performed direct immunofluorescence, indirect immunofluorescence of normal human skin and 1 m NaCl‐split skin, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for BP180, BP230, and desmogleins 1 and 3, and immunoblotting of normal human epidermal and dermal extracts, recombinant proteins of BP180‐NC16a and ‐C‐terminal domains, concentrated culture supernatant of HaCaT cells, and purified laminin‐332.ResultsThe results of various immunological studies suggested the diagnoses of various types of MMP for all four patients.ConclusionsBecause MMP and OLP require different treatments, all dentists and dermatologists should have knowledge about the disease entity and the serological diagnostic methods for various types of MMP.
Spectrum of winter dermatoses in rural Yemen
Authors: Al‐Kamel Mohamed A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundSurveys that have been carried out to determine the prevalence of skin diseases in rural Yemen are scarce or not available.ObjectiveTo investigate the spectrum of winter dermatoses in a rural Yemeni community.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted at the dermatology outpatient clinic of the Al‐Helal Specialized Hospital (Radaa' district of Al Bayda' Governorate) using data analysis of 700 selected records of patients managed during four months of the 2013–14 winter season.ResultsSeven hundred patients with 730 diseases were reported in this study; the major bulk of patients (46.57%) were in the >18–40‐year age group, and females outnumbered males. By far, dermatitis, eczematous, and allergic disorders (38.49%) topped the list of the most frequent skin disorders groups, followed by skin infections and infestations (20%) and the pigmentary disorders (13.70%) group. Contact dermatitis (10.68%) was the most prevalent skin disorder, followed by hyperpigmentations (8.77%), acne (8.08%), viral infections (5.75%), atopic dermatitis (5.62%), and parasitic infestations (5.34%).ConclusionThis survey has documented the spectrum of winter dermatoses in a rural Yemeni community but also reflects the pattern of common dermatoses in the whole country. Dermatitis, eczematous, and allergic disorders, skin infections, and pigmentary disorders are the commonest groups. Contact dermatitis is the most prevalent disorder, and leishmaniasis is the most prevalent skin infectious disease. Climate, occupational, social, and environmental factors are the main contributors. Such statistics can form an important basis for community‐based health policies.