bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Super 6 Safe Driving Rules: Enhancing Fleet Safety Management in China
Authors: Fei Leong Weng , Shen Chen 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The increasing prospect for hydrocarbon in the interior parts of China présents opportunities as well risks to organizations operating in these remote corners of the Middle Kingdom which presents harsh driving conditions coupled with poor driving etiquette. In the more developed provinces, driving also has its challenges with the exponential proliferation of automobile population in the world's most populous country; ensuring safety of personnel on the road remains an ongoing challenge both in urban and remote corners of China. Keeping driving safety messaging simple and relevant is key to getting to the heart and minds of population of drivers in China, many whom are contractor employees. The use of the Super 6 Safe Driving Rules which were formulated based on 80% of common motor vehicle accident causes. The Super 6 Safe Driving Rules is more than a vehicle safety campaign. Proactive performance measures based on the Super 6 Rules are also implemented and the results are used as a leading indicator for transportation risk management. In essence, this is balanced approach for fleet management and in particular provides an effective mechanism to pinpoint, monitor and review driving data. The Super 6 Safe Driving Rules has helped to shift the driving behavior of drivers managed under this program in China and early lagging performance data have been encouraging.
Mangrove Restoration in the Vicinity of Oil and Gas Facilities: Lessons Learned from a Large Scale Project
Authors: Dutrieux Eric , Proisy Christophe , Fromard François , Walcker Romain , Ilman Muhammad , Pawlowski Frédéric , Ferdiansyah Henry 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mangroves are critical ecosystems given their key role in conserving biodiversity, protecting coastlines from érosion and supporting coastal resources. They may be impacted by oil and gas activities, either directly or indirectly. Restoring them is therefore of prime importance. In the Mahakam Delta (East Kalimantan, Indonesia), oil and gas exploration and production have been conducted for more than 40 years. This industry has operated in a quasi-pristine area barely affected by human activities until the mid 80’s. Toward the late 1980’s and until 2000, the delta was subject to massive and rapid development of shrimp farming and by 2001, 85% of the delta mangroves were destroyed and most of it replaced by ponds used for aquaculture. By the end of 1990’s, shrimp farm productivity in the delta decreased due to a lack of nutrients in ponds and the occurrence of shrimp diseases. Numerous ponds were abandoned in the delta. This economic situation generated social instabilities that could threaten the oil and gas industry in the region. Therefore, in order to better protect mangroves and optimize restoration of damaged areas, Total E&P Indonesie embarked on a mangrove restoration initiative of the Mahakam Delta aimed at understanding and contributing to the restoration processes through both natural recolonization and planting techniques. The general methodology implemented has been to i) describe the land cover using satellite imagery, interpreting aerial photos, conducting field work, and establishing GIS maps, ii) inventory the fauna and flora (including mangroves, birds, mammals, reptiles), iii) monitoring the naturally re-colonized areas, replanted areas and original forest in selected areas. Results show that natural recolonization of a mangrove area can be very quick under certain conditions (subject to availability of seeds and easy access of seeds to the area to be recolonized). But in areas where seeds cannot easily move, or where seed supply is scarce, replanting remains the best option. Social aspects have also to be taken into account given that replanting can promote the local commitment to sustainable environmental conservation.
Micro-Finance: A Tool for Promoting Women’s Economic Development in Yemen’s Governorate of Shabwah
Authors: Rascher Jeanette , Al-Naami Howaida , Jubary Nashwan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
SME development is well established in some of Yemen’s Governorates. However, the Shabwah Governorate in which the Company operates is constrained by financial and other resources including a lack of support for small and micro-enterprise (SME) development. The majority of the Company’s project neighbors live in remote areas where no employment opportunities are available. In a conservative and traditional society like Yemen, women are not allowed to work out of home, unless they have the permission of their husbands. In addition, only a limited number of job skills centers and job opportunities are available for women in Yemen that limit their opportunity to work in the fields of their preference.
SME development is well integrated in the Company’s 5-year Sustainable Community Development Program and its importance in a developing country such as Yemen cannot be overemphasized. The Company has made several efforts since 2010 to establish partnerships with Yemen banks/financial institutions in support of SME development in its project neighboring areas, however due to the socio-political instability, those consulted, were not prepared to take the risk.
Based on international best practice, the Company has established its own model in support of SME development in its project neighboring areas and implementation and monitoring are carried out jointly by the Company and local partners, mainly women’s associations. Although both men and women are supported with micro-loans and training, particular attention is given to women as micro-finance constitutes an important tool for their economic development and social empowerment.
During 2011, more than hundred males and females have received micro-finance in the form of loans from the Company in support of small businesses that vary from sewing to small grocery shops and car repairs, with almost a hundred percent success rate in repayments. During 2012, loans have been given to one hundred and twenty potential and existing entrepreneurs (including males and females). The expected outcomes of microfinance support to project neighbors is an improved economic situation, poverty reduction, enhancement of women’s self-confidence, their ability in decision-making in the household and contribution to the overall well-being of their families.
The Company’s efforts have paid off. Several financial institutions have recently approached the Company with a view on partnership projects. These ongoing efforts to support economic development and poverty alleviation in its neighboring communities and lessons learned from establishing the Company’s SME development strategy are expected to have valuable application for other major oil and gas investment projects in Yemen and other developing countries where the social, economic and environmental context creates particular challenges.
Putting the "H" in "HSE" – A Business Friendly Means to Effectively Address the Health and Hygiene Aspects of the E&P Industry
Authors: Randolph B. L. , Hinton J. J. , D’Orsie Sharon 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
With most HSE professionals either skilled in safety or environment, few have occupational hygiene skills or formal training. This many times results in the occupational health and hygiene aspects of the workplace not receiving the attention workers may deserve. And, when occupational hygiene is addressed, it is usually through an over-dependence on consultants by HSE professionals who do not possess the requisite skillsets to effectively oversee the work. Baker Hughes has developed Health Hazard Profiles – user-friendly field guides to assist the local HSE practitioner in effectively addressing the occupational health aspects of the workplace. These have proven to be a cost-effective way to render professional health and hygiene guidance to equip the HSE practitioner with practical guidance to control and manage the occupational health aspect of the workplace. The Health Hazard Profiles have been demonstrated to be an effective means to level the attention of HSE to health, instead of having it remain focused on safety or the environment. This paper addresses how modifications were made to make Health Hazard Profiles more effective to better ensure work practices protect employee health.
Screening Personnel Exposures to Hydrocarbons Using the Ion Science CUB Photoionization Detector
Authors: Owens Patrick 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Petroleum industry workers have a potential for exposure to a variety of organic compounds while performing a variety of tasks. Therefore, it could be useful to have an exposure screening monitor with a low enough detection limit for these compounds. A direct-reading data-logging ionizable hydrocarbon monitor with low concentration capability could help identify potential toxic exposures more economically than laboratory-based monitoring methods. This paper evaluated the IonScience CUB monitor for usefulness in monitoring routine full-shift hydrocarbon exposure by measuring the CUB’s accuracy and bias, response time, and other specifications relevant for use in screening petroleum worker exposures. The CUB was chosen because it is one of the first pocket-sized wearable data-logging monitors with the ability to detect (parts per billion) organic compounds in low concentrations (parts per billion). The IonScience CUB was repeatedly exposed to test concentrations of isobutylene and n-hexane delivered from purchased calibration cylinders. Four concentrations were tested: 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ppm. In addition, workers in a petroleum refinery wore the CUB side-by-side with traditional charcoal tube and pump monitoring methods for laboratory analysis of total hydrocarbons. For the measurements against the known calibration gases, the CUB’s peak and time-weighted measurements agreed well with the expected values. For the refinery personnel monitoring, there were some differences between the CUB and the laboratory charcoal tube results that could be due to the CUB sensor response to the real-world mixtures, the CUB baseline/zero measurements, and other factors such as temperature changes in the workplace. This study indicates the usefulness of the CUB in screening workers’ exposure to ionizable hydrocarbons. The CUB is small enough for workers to wear repeatedly day after day to screen for potential toxic exposures. Furthermore, the CUB’s data logging features can be used to capture peak exposure events and estimate time-weighted average exposures. Occupational exposure limits to petroleum compounds are continuously being lowered. With the ability to detect low concentrations, i.e., parts per billion, the CUB can be useful to screen exposures within the present and future lower exposure limits.
Process for Security Policy and Requirements Development
Authors: Aarab Najoua , Houmb Siv Hilde , Hulick Kent , Engum Erlend A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Control systems such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Drilling Control Systems (DCS) are part of the critical infrastructures of the oil and gas industry. These systems were originally designed to be in physically secured and isolated areas. However, the need of integrating the DCS with IT networks and the increased use of commercial off the shelf components (COTS), such as USB, Windows etc., has resulted in less isolation. In addition, the new industrial targeted cyber security attacks have demonstrated that this air gap isolation strategy is no longer a viable security model.
The first industrial cyber-attack was Stuxnet discovered in June 2010. Stuxnet is so far considered to be by far the most complex and sophisticated malware ever discovered. Stuxnet targeted specific SCADA systems that were configured to control and monitor the Iranian uranium enrichment facilities. It targeted a special model of Siemens 400 PLC series, commonly used in the oil and gas industry. While Stuxnet did spread to oil and gas control systems it did no harm on these systems because Stuxnet was so specifically designed to attack it’s Iranian targets. However, according to the statistics from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) more than 40% of cyber-attacks against critical infrastructure in 2012 targeted the energy industry. Stuxnet represents a paradigm shift and confirms the need for a holistic and preventive security strategy and model.
One important aspect of this holistic approach is security policy and requirements. There are three internationally recognized cyber security standards relevant for security policy and requirements development and these are: ISO/IEC 27001ISO/IEC 27002ISO/IEC 15408
ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 cover organizational and physical security, while ISO/IEC 15408 covers technical security.
This paper describes a process that properly addresses security throughout the lifecycle of a DCS. The process is built on the above mentioned cyber security standards and does a stepwise development of security policies and requirements. The process starts with analyzing the system architecture and understanding the existing security barriers of the system, follows with defining the security architecture, and ends with creating a set of security policies that are refined into security requirements.
This process has four benefits: Ensures the fulfillment of the three core security objectives: availability, integrity, and confidentially.Produces documents aligned with international standards.Enables change and requirements tracking.Eases product evolution.
The security policy and development process has been developed for DCS, but can easily be extended to support other types of control systems.
Incorporating Respect for Human Rights in Petroleum Projects in Papua New Guinea: Is Compliance Measurement Possible or is Performance about Setting Standards for Acceptable Practice?
Authors: Genter Sabrina , Bryson Ian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Description of the material
Over the last decade, there has been considerable discussion about the role that business plays in relation to human rights. This paper focuses on the operationalization of this role and the measurement of the effectiveness of its application. The objective is to highlight the challenges faced by petroleum project operators associated with embedding respect for human rights in social and environmental management systems in countries where protection of such rights by the state is limited.

Application/Development
Through a detailed review of petroleum projects currently in exploration and operational phases in Papua New Guinea (PNG), this paper shows that compliance with international and even internal corporate human rights related performance standards is, in the end, possibly immeasurable. It is certainly possible to measure a company’s efforts to promote respect for fundamental human rights through compliance performance audits but this does not necessarily reduce the risk of complicity in infringements and abuses by third parties. The International Finance Corporation’s renewed focus on such risks emanating from supply chains is an important step toward company’s reducing the potential for implication in abuses by others but conducting due diligence on human rights compliance on all suppliers in such typically complex jurisdictions can be costly, onerous and sometimes duplicitous.

Results, Observations, and Conclusions
Effective supply chain management requires traditional procurement methods and tools; however, additional rigour is required when managing human rights performance. In a country such as PNG, where mining and petroleum operators have already been called into question for their human rights performance, it is important for an operator to implement additional differentiated measures that effectively enforce ongoing compliance on suppliers to ensure complicity in abuses and infringements within the supply chain are avoided.

Significance of Subject Matter
In order to ensure long-term mitigation of human rights risks and impacts, particularly in the supply chain, performance monitoring should not just be about compliance but should also be about establishing standards of what is acceptable practice. This in the longer-term will support the shift in thinking and behaviour among all personnel that is required to ensure that human rights risks and impacts are managed effectively.
Human Reliability Analysis for the Petroleum Industry: Lessons Learned from Applying SPAR-H
Authors: van de Merwe Koen , Hogenboom Sandra , Rasmussen Martin , Laumann Karin , Gould Kristian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Human error has shown to be a contributor to a number of major accidents in the petroleum industry. However, Quantitative Risk Analyses (QRA) have only to a limited extent taken into account the contribution of human performance to major accident risk. Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) has the potential to overcome this by systematically analysing human performance for safety critical tasks. A joint effort between industry and academia is underway in Norway to adapt SPAR-H, an HRA technique from the nuclear industry, to a petroleum setting (PetroHRA). This paper discusses some of the lessons learned so far in directly applying the technique to a petroleum case study.
A case study was performed where the operator’s task was to manually activate the platform’s depressurisation system upon detection of a hydrocarbon leakage. The factors influencing the performance (Performance Shaping Factors; PSF) of the operator were analysed indicating the potential contributors to operator failure. The PSFs were: time, stress/stressors, complexity, experience/training, procedures, HMI/ergonomics, fitness for duty, and work processes.
A number of issues were identified in when directly applying of SPAR-H. These were challenges in deciding on the multiplier of the PSFs, the potential for overlap between the PSFs, the industry specificity of the HMI/Ergonomics PSF description and the method’s tendency to inflated Human Error Probabilities (HEP). A first step to improve the definitions and guidance material for a petroleum-specific SPAR-H was taken in a separate literature study performed by two of the authors of this paper (Rasmussen, Standal, & Laumann, in submission).
The lessons learned presented in this paper provided a basis for further development of SPAR-H and its guidance material. It was further shown that directly applying and integrating SPAR-H in QRA in a petroleum context is possible and relatively straightforward. In addition, the qualitative outcomes provided a structured and meaningful understanding of human performance previously not available to QRA. Ultimately, this effort contributes to a further integration of HRA and QRA and therewith providing a more complete picture of the factors contributing to major accident risk.
Performance Standards for Environmentally Critical Elements
Authors: Yessekeyeva Zhanar , Vandenbussche Valentin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In the aftermath of the April 2010 Macondo well blowout and explosion, the offshore oil and gas industry in the UK and Norwegian sectors has been undergoing major changes. This includes the issuance of a number of guidelines and requirements for offshore oil and gas facilities to effectively manage the Safety and Environmentally Critical Elements (SCEs and ECEs) in their installations.
Effective Environmental and Safety Risk Management practice requires that processing systems and associated equipment are assessed for their criticality both for safety and environment. It is aimed to be proactive, preventive, and risk based, in an attempt to reduce the likelihood that events similar to the Macondo incident will reoccur.
In the past the emphasis has been on safety barriers. The common methodology for identifying and managing SCEs has already been developed and is established. There is now a need for a methodology for managing barriers preventing discharges to the environment as well.
Thus, this paper will be mainly focused on Environmentally Critical Elements (ECEs) and the approach for determining ECEs, developing their respective performance standards and associated maintenance requirements, helping operators to answer the following questions: Which equipment is critical for major environmental hazards (MEHs)?What are the performance standards requirements for MEHs?How to ensure that prevention barriers are maintained during operation?
This new methodology makes use of specific risk instruments such as Environmental Hazard Identification (ENVID), bowtie diagrams, and barrier management, together with extensive experience in managing SCEs related to major safety hazards.
Relevant examples from the European, offshore O&G industry will be presented and discussed.
Development of Operational and Scientific Monitoring Programs to Support Marine Spill Response
Authors: Lane Alison , Krause Paul R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
While operational response techniques are well established, typically the most problematic and long-lasting aspect of a marine pollution incident is the assessment of environmental harm, environmental rehabilitation programs and continued monitoring of impacts and the success of restoration. Concerns about real or perceived environmental impacts receive intense attention from regulators, media and the public long after the immediate cleanup is complete. Failure to address these concerns can result in serious, long-term reputational damage, along with the potential for large compensation claims that are hard to refute. Following recent significant offshore spills, there is an increased focus by industry and regulators on marine pollution response. Regulators now consider not only at an operator’s spill contingency plan, but also their ability to implement that plan.
Australian regulators now also require a comprehensive operational and scientific monitoring program to support a spill response and assess the level of damage. This paper draws on our experience developing these programs for offshore oil and gas operators.
To be effective, implementation of some aspects of the OSMP must begin almost immediately an incident occurs, when traditionally the focus is on physical containment and clean-up. Pre-impact baseline assessment before oil hits sensitive environments is critical to demonstrating whether the spill has resulted in contamination and the extent of impacts, and a challenge for companies is to identify how they will gather baseline data in a timely and cost-effective way. A credible, robust program of environmental sampling and analysis is also essential to justify the demobilisation of response and remediation activities.
Developing and planning for the rapid implementation of an OSMP is a complex and challenging task. The OSMP must include study protocols that are flexible enough to account for the specific spill characteristics, in addition to the organisation, staffing (including identification of suitably credible experts to lead scientific programs), HSE plans, initiation and termination criteria, and logistic support requirements.
In this paper each of these fundamental components of an Operational and Scientific Monitoring Program (OSMP) are described and discussed in the context of spill contingency planning and with a focus on improving spill response outcomes.