bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial orthodontic tooth movement of a multirooted tooth: a 3D study of a rat molar
Authors: Naveh G. R. S. , Weiner S. 
Published: January 2015

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo elucidate the 3D interactions in the tooth–PDL–bone complex immediately after application of orthodontic forces and their implications on tooth movement and function.MethodsA special visualization method using microCT allows us to directly image in 3D the movements of a multirooted molar tooth inside the alveolar bone as well as the collagenous network of the PDL. Using fresh, unstained rat mandibular 1st molar under mesial loads of 0.5–1 N, we address basic concepts in orthodontics during the initial stages of orthodontic movement.ResultsWe show that immediately after the application of orthodontic load, direct distinct contacts between the tooth and the bone form in the furcation area. These contacts limit tooth movement and interfere with whole body translation. Only localized sites of highly compressed PDL between the root surfaces and the bone were observed. In general, the collagenous network of the PDL appeared loose and not densely packed in the compressed side. On the tension side, the fibers maintained their overall orientation without any significant extension of the fibers.ConclusionsLocalized direct contact areas between the tooth roots and the bone at the furcation already form within a few minutes of orthodontic tooth movement. This direct and localized bone involvement guides the movement trajectory and provides a mechanism for the miscorrelation found between force levels and tooth movement during the initial stages of an orthodontic tooth movement.
Investigation of the cytotoxic effect of flavopiridol in canine lymphoma cell lines
Authors: Ema Y. , Igase M. , Takeda Y. , Yanase T. , Umeki S. , Hiraoka H. , Okuda M. , Mizuno T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, flavopiridol, was tested as a potential new cancer therapeutic agent to treat canine lymphoma by examining its effect on cell growth of canine lymphoma cell lines in vitro. Flavopiridol induced profound cell death in all eight lymphoma cell lines at 400 nM, and in all cases cell death was due to apoptosis. Apoptosis was inhibited by caspase inhibitor, despite the variable sensitivities between cell lines. Analysis of the mechanism of flavopiridol‐induced apoptosis showed that Rb phosphorylation was inhibited, possibly due to CDK4 or CDK6 inhibition. There was also decreased expression of Rb protein and anti‐apoptotic proteins, Mcl‐1 and XIAP, possibly through transcriptional regulation by inhibition of CDK7 or CDK9 activation. Canine lymphoma cell line‐xenotransplanted mice were then treated with flavopiridol and profound tumour shrinkage was observed. This study describes a new therapeutic approach using flavopiridol for canine lymphoma treatment.
A review of the potential for competitive cereal cultivars as a tool in integrated weed management
Authors: Andrew I K S , Storkey J , Sparkes D L 
Published: January 2015

SummaryCompetitive crop cultivars offer a potentially cheap option to include in integrated weed management strategies (IWM). Although cultivars with high competitive potential have been identified amongst cereal crops, competitiveness has not traditionally been considered a priority for breeding or farmer cultivar choice. The challenge of managing herbicide‐resistant weed populations has, however, renewed interest in cultural weed control options, including competitive cultivars. We evaluated the current understanding of the traits that explain variability in competitive ability between cultivars, the relationship between suppression of weed neighbours and tolerance of their presence and the existence of trade‐offs between competitive ability and yield in weed‐free scenarios. A large number of relationships between competitive ability and plant traits have been reported in the literature, including plant height, speed of development, canopy architecture and partitioning of resources. There is uncertainty over the relationship between suppressive ability and tolerance, although tolerance is a less stable trait over seasons and locations. To realise the potential of competitive crop cultivars as a tool in IWM, a quick and simple‐to‐use protocol for assessing the competitive potential of new cultivars is required; it is likely that this will not be based on a single trait, but will need to capture the combined effect of multiple traits. A way needs to be found to make this information accessible to farmers, so that competitive cultivars can be better integrated into their weed control programmes.
Monte Carlo simulation of the dose response of a novel 2D silicon diode array for use in hybrid MRI–LINAC systems
Authors: Gargett Maegan , Oborn Brad , Metcalfe Peter , Rosenfeld Anatoly 
Published: January 2015

Purpose:MRI‐guided radiation therapy systems (MRIgRT) are being developed to improve online imaging during treatment delivery. At present, the operation of single point dosimeters and an ionization chamber array have been characterized in such systems. This work investigates a novel 2D diode array, named “magic plate,” for both single point calibration and 2D positional performance, the latter being a key element of modern radiotherapy techniques that will be delivered by these systems.Methods:geant4 Monte Carlo methods have been employed to study the dose response of a silicon diode array to 6 MV photon beams, in the presence of in‐line and perpendicularly aligned uniform magnetic fields. The array consists of 121 silicon diodes (dimensions 1.5 × 1.5 × 0.38 mm3) embedded in kapton substrate with 1 cm pitch, spanning a 10 × 10 cm2 area in total. A geometrically identical, water equivalent volume was simulated concurrently for comparison. The dose response of the silicon diode array was assessed for various photon beam field shapes and sizes, including an IMRT field, at 1 T. The dose response was further investigated at larger magnetic field strengths (1.5 and 3 T) for a 4 × 4 cm2 photon field size.Results:The magic plate diode array shows excellent correspondence (< ± 1%) to water dose in the in‐line orientation, for all beam arrangements and magnetic field strengths investigated. The perpendicular orientation, however, exhibits a dose shift with respect to water at the high‐dose‐gradient beam edge of jaw‐defined fields [maximum (4.3 ± 0.8)% over‐response, maximum (1.8 ± 0.8)% under‐response on opposing side for 1 T, uncertainty 1σ]. The trend is not evident in areas with in‐field dose gradients typical of IMRT dose maps.Conclusions:A novel 121 pixel silicon diode array detector has been characterized by Monte Carlo simulation for its performance inside magnetic fields representative of current prototype and proposed MRI–linear accelerator systems. In the in‐line orientation, the silicon dose is directly proportional to the water dose. In the perpendicular orientation, there is a shift in dose response relative to water in the highest dose gradient regions, at the edge of jaw‐defined and single‐segment MLC fields. The trend was not observed in‐field for an IMRT beam. The array is expected to be a valuable tool in MRIgRT dosimetry.
Rotationally resliced 3D prostate TRUS segmentation using convex optimization with shape priors
Authors: Qiu Wu , Yuan Jing , Ukwatta Eranga , Fenster Aaron 
Published: January 2015

Purpose:Efficient and accurate segmentations of 3D end‐firing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images play an important role in planning of 3D TRUS guided prostate biopsy. However, poor image quality of the input 3D TRUS images, such as strong imaging artifacts and speckles, often makes it a challenging task to extract the prostate boundaries accurately and efficiently.Methods:In this paper, the authors propose a novel convex optimization‐based approach to delineate the prostate surface from a given 3D TRUS image, which reduces the original 3D segmentation problem to a sequence of simple 2D segmentation subproblems over the rotational reslices of the 3D TRUS volume. Essentially, the authors introduce a novel convex relaxation‐based contour evolution approach to each 2D slicewise image segmentation with the joint optimization of shape information, where the learned 2D nonlinear statistical shape prior is incorporated to segment the initial slice, its result is propagated as a shape constraint to the segmentation of the following slices. In practice, the proposed segmentation algorithm is implemented on a GPU to achieve the high computational performance.Results:Experimental results using 30 patient 3D TRUS images show that the proposed method can achieve a mean Dice similarity coefficient of 93.4% ± 2.2% in 20 s for one 3D image, outperforming the existing local‐optimization‐based methods, e.g., level‐set and active‐contour, in terms of accuracy and efficiency. In addition, inter‐ and intraobserver variability experiments show its good reproducibility.Conclusions:A semiautomatic segmentation approach is proposed and evaluated to extract the prostate boundary from 3D TRUS images acquired by a 3D end‐firing TRUS guided prostate biopsy system. Experimental results suggest that it may be suitable for the clinical use involving the image guided prostate biopsy procedures.
The current health of the signing Deaf community in the UK compared with the general population: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Emond Alan , Ridd Matthew , Sutherland Hilary , Allsop Lorna , Alexander Andrew , Kyle Jim 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo assess the current health of the Deaf community in the UK and compare with the general population.DesignA quota sample of adult Deaf British Sign Language (BSL) users underwent a health assessment and interview in 2012–2013. Comparative data were obtained from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2011 and the Quality Outcomes Framework (QOF) 2012.SettingParticipants completed a structured interview and health assessment at seven Bupa centres across the UK, supported in BSL by Deaf advisers and interpreters.Participants298 Deaf people, 20–82 years old, 47% male, with 12% from ethnic minorities.Main outcome measuresSelf–reported health conditions, medication usage, tobacco and alcohol consumption; measured blood pressure (BP), body mass index, fasting blood sugar and lipid profile.ResultsRates of obesity in the Deaf sample were high, especially in those over 65 years, and 48% were in a high risk group for serious illness. High BP readings were obtained in 37% of Deaf people (21% in HSE): 29% were unaware of this (6% in HSE). Only 42% of Deaf people being treated for hypertension had adequate control, compared with 62% of the general population. Deaf people with self-reported cardiovascular disease (CVD) were significantly less than the general population. One-third of Deaf participants had total cholesterol >5 mmol/L but although control rates were high compared with HSE, treatment rates for self-reported CVD were half the general population rate. Eleven per cent of Deaf participants had blood sugar at prediabetic or diabetic levels, and 77% of those at prediabetic levels were unaware of it. Deaf respondents self-reported more depression (31% of women, 14% of men), but less smoking (8%) and alcohol intake (2–8 units/week).ConclusionsDeaf people's health is poorer than that of the general population, with probable underdiagnosis and undertreatment of chronic conditions putting them at risk of preventable ill health.
Elevated Plasma YKL-40, Lipids and Lipoproteins, and Ischemic Vascular Disease in the General Population
Authors: Kjaergaard Alisa D. , Johansen Julia S. , Bojesen Stig E. , Nordestgaard Børge G. 
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose—
We tested the hypothesis that observationally and genetically elevated YKL-40 is associated with elevated lipids and lipoproteins and with increased risk of ischemic vascular disease.

Methods—

We conducted cohort and Mendelian randomization studies in 96 110 individuals from the Danish general population, with measured plasma levels of YKL-40 (n=21 647), plasma lipids and lipoproteins (n=94 461), and
CHI3L1
rs4950928 genotype (n=94 579).

Results—
From 1977 to 2013, 3256 individuals developed ischemic stroke, 5629 ischemic cerebrovascular disease, 4183 myocardial infarction, and 10 271 developed ischemic heart disease. The 91% to 100% versus 0% to 33% YKL-40 percentile category was associated with a 34% increase in triglycerides, but only with minor changes in other lipids and lipoproteins. For these categories, the multifactorially adjusted hazard ratio was 1.99 (95% confidence interval, 1.49–2.67) for ischemic stroke, 1.85 (1.44–2.37) for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, 1.28 (0.95–1.73) for myocardial infarction, and 1.23 (1.01–1.51) for ischemic heart disease. When compared with rs4950928 GG homozygosity, the presence of C-allele was associated with a doubling (CG) or tripling (CC) in YKL-40 levels, but not with triglyceride levels or with risk of ischemic vascular disease. A doubling in YKL-40 was associated with a multifactorially adjusted observational hazard ratio for ischemic stroke of 1.18 (1.11–1.27), and a genetic odds ratio of 1.04 (0.95–1.15). Corresponding risk estimates were 1.15 (1.09–1.22) observationally and 1.06 (0.99–1.14) genetically for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, 1.08 (1.00–1.15) observationally and 1.04 (0.96–1.13) genetically for myocardial infarction, and 1.07 (1.02–1.12) observationally and 1.01 (0.96–1.07) genetically for ischemic heart disease.

Conclusions—
Elevated YKL-40 was associated with a 34% increase in triglyceride levels and with a 2-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke, whereas genetically elevated YKL-40 were not.
Multidecadal-Scale Freshening at the Salinity Minimum in the Western Part of North Pacific: Importance of Wind-Driven Cross-Gyre Transport of Subarctic Water to the Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Nakanowatari Takuya , Mitsudera Humio , Motoi Tatsuo , Ishikawa Ichiro , Ohshima Kay I. , Wakatsuchi Masaaki 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUsing oceanographic observations and an eddy-resolving ice–ocean coupled model simulation from 1955 to 2004, the effects of the wind-driven ocean circulation change that occurred in the late 1970s during multidecadal-scale freshening of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) at salinity minimum density (~26.8 σθ) were investigated. An analysis of the observations revealed that salinity decreased significantly at the density range of 26.6–26.8 σθ in the western subtropical gyre, including the mixed water region (MWR). The temporal variability of the salinity is dominated by the marked change in the late 1970s. With results similar to the observations, the model, selectively forced by the interannual variability of the wind-driven ocean circulation, simulated significant freshening of the intermediate layer over the subtropical gyre. The significant freshening is related to the increase in southward transport of the Oyashio associated with the intensification of the Aleutian low. Accompanying these changes, the intrusion of fresh and low potential vorticity water, originating in the Okhotsk Sea, to the MWR increased, and the freshening signal propagated farther southward in the western subtropical gyre during the subsequent 6 yr, crossing the Kuroshio Extension. These results indicate that the multidecadal-scale freshening of the NPIW is partly caused by intensification of the wind-driven cross-gyre transport of the subarctic water to the subtropical gyre.
An Assessment of Numerical Weather Prediction–Derived Low-Cloud-Base Height Forecasts
Authors: Inoue Mana , Fraser Alexander D. , Adams Neil , Carpentier Scott , Phillips Helen E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As demand for flight operations in Antarctica grows, accurate weather forecasting of cloud properties such as extent, cloud base, and cloud-top altitude becomes essential. The primary aims of this work are to ascertain relationships between numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output variables and surface-observed cloud properties and to develop low-cloud-base (&lt;2000 m) height prediction algorithms for use across Antarctica to assist in low-cloud forecasting for aircraft operations. NWP output and radiosonde data are assessed against surface observations, and the relationship between the relative humidity RH profile and the height of the observed low-cloud base is investigated. The ability of NWP-derived RH and ice–water cloud optical depth profiles to represent the observed low-cloud conditions around each of the three Australian stations in East Antarctica is assessed. NWP-derived RH is drier than that reported by radiosonde from ground level up to ~2000 m. This trend reverses in the higher troposphere, and the largest positive difference is observed at ~10 000 m. A consequence is very low RH thresholds are needed for low-cloud-base height prediction using NWP RH profiles. RH and optical depth–based threshold techniques all show skill in reproducing the observed cloud-base height at all Australian Antarctic stations, but the radiosonde-derived RH technique is superior in all cases. This comparison of three low-cloud-base height retrieval techniques provides the first documented assessment of the relative efficacy of each technique in Antarctica.
Morphological engineering of self-assembled nanostructures at nanoscale on faceted GaAs nanowires by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Zha Guo-Wei , Zhang Li-Chun , Yu Ying , Xu Jian-Xing , Wei Si-Hang , Shang Xiang-Jun , Ni Hai-Qiao , Niu Zhi-Chuan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Fabrication of advanced artificial nanomaterials is a long-term pursuit to fulfill the promises of nanomaterials and it is of utter importance to manipulate materials at nanoscale to meet urgent demands of nanostructures with designed properties. Herein, we demonstrate the morphological tailoring of self-assembled nanostructures on faceted GaAs nanowires (NWs). The NWs are deposited on different kinds of substrates. Triangular and hexagonal prism morphologies are obtained, and their corresponding {110} sidewalls act as platforms for the nucleation of gallium droplets (GDs). We demonstrate that the morphologies of the nanostructures depend not only on the annealing conditions but also on the morphologies of the NWs' sidewalls. Here, we achieve morphological engineering in the form of novel quantum dots (QDs), ‘square’ quantum rings (QRs), ‘rectangular’ QRs, 3D QRs, crescent-shaped QRs, and nano-antidots. The evolution mechanisms for the peculiar morphologies of both NWs and nanostructures are modeled and discussed in detail. This work shows the potential of combining nano-structural engineering with NWs to achieve multifunctional properties and applications.
Markers for the identification of late breast cancer recurrence
Authors: Sestak Ivana , Cuzick Jack 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPostmenopausal women with early breast cancer are at an ongoing risk of relapse, even after successful surgery and treatment of the primary tumor. The treatment of breast cancer has changed in the past few years because of the discovery of prognostic and predictive biomarkers that allow individualized breast cancer treatment. However, it is still not clear how to identify women that are at high risk of a late recurrence. Clinical parameters are good prognostic markers for early recurrence, but only nodal status and, to a lesser extent, tumor size have proven to be strong prognostic markers for late recurrence. Multi-gene signatures have become widely used for the prediction of overall recurrence risk and tailoring administration of adjuvant chemotherapy, but only a few have been shown to be prognostic for late (distant) relapse. There is a need to accurately identify women who may benefit from extended endocrine therapy but also those who may be spared any additional treatment. Recent results from large clinical trials have shown that the research is going in the right direction, and these results might help to optimize extended endocrine therapy for patients with early breast cancer. However, further research is needed to select individual biomarkers or multi-gene signatures that offer identification of late recurrence specifically and thus justify routine use of these tests in the clinical setting.
The cost-effectiveness challenge: is it worth it?
Authors: Knapp Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractScarcity of resources means that difficult choices have to be made about how to use them. Cost-effectiveness evidence provides a way to help decision-makers get ‘best value’ from their resources when choosing between two or more clinical or other interventions. Often it is found that one intervention has better outcomes than another, but also costs more. In these circumstances there is a need for the decision-maker to reach a view as to whether those better outcomes are ‘worth’ the higher costs, necessitating difficult trade-offs. Illustrations from the dementia field are given to illustrate how these trade-offs might be made. For strategic decisions it has often proved helpful to use a generic outcome measure such as the quality-adjusted life year. The fundamental aim of a healthcare system is not to save money, but to save and improve lives. Cost-effectiveness and similar analyses can help by showing how to get the most out of available resources.
Total Synthesis of the COPD Biomarker Desmosine via Stepwise Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reactions
Authors: Yamada Haruka , Hayashi Takahiro , Usuki Toyonobu 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Desmosine, a COPD biomarker and elastin crosslinker, is a tetrasubstituted pyridinium amino acid. In this paper, the total synthesis of desmosine is described utilizing stepwise and regioselective palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of trihalopyridines and terminal alkynes as key steps. The 13-step synthesis starting from 4-hydroxypyridine was achieved in 11% overall yield.
An Unexpected Thermal [1,3]-[1,3]-para Rearrangement of Chromone-3-ylmethyl Aryl Ethers: Mechanism and Application of the Intercepted [1,3]-Rearranged Intermediates to the Synthesis of cis-Homopterocarpans
Authors: Devarajan Krishnan , Devaraj Somasundaram , Balasubramanian Kalpattu K , Bhagavathy Shanmugasundaram 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Chromone-3-ylmethyl aryl ethers with unsubstituted ortho-positions have been found to undergo a novel domino [1,3]-[1,3]-rearrangement to give 4′-hydroxyhomoisoflavones under thermal conditions while the para-substituted ethers lead to 2′-hydroxyhomoisoflavones involving an O- to C-[1,3]-migration, instead of the expected Claisen rearrangement. A few cis-homopterocarpans have been synthesized using the 2′-hydroxyhomoisoflavones obtained from the thermal [1,3]-rearrangement of chromene-3-ylmethyl aryl ethers.
Synthesis, Structures, and Electrochemical Properties of New Extensively Conjugated TTF
Authors: Ogi Daisuke , Yoshimoto Shuka , Shirahata Takashi , Misaki Yohji 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Extensively conjugated tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives substituted with a TTF-fused 1,4-dithiafulven-6-yl group 4 have been synthesized. Theoretical calculation and X-ray crystal structure analysis of 4a demonstrated that the conformation A, in which the two TTF units are linearly oriented, is slightly more stable than the conformation B, which adopted orthogonal arrangement of two TTF units in the neutral state. Cyclic voltammetry revealed the presence of the intramolecular 1,5-S···S interaction that brings about the stabilization of the conformation B in the tricationic state.