bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signature, Ratification, and Accession
Authors: Krisper Stephanie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 27 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, covering the chronology of draft texts, analysis of Working Group discussions, and issues of interpretation. Article 27 stipulates that only States parties that have signed, ratified, or acceded to the Convention against Torture may likewise sign, ratify, or accede to the Optional Protocol. The mere signature of the Optional Protocol does not per se create an obligation to ratify the Protocol. However, in accordance with Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the signing of a multilateral treaty creates an obligation upon the signatory State to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and the purpose of the treaty in question, in this case the Optional Protocol. Therefore, signing the Protocol expresses the willingness to become legally bound by its obligations in the near or at least medium term.
Relation to Regional Systems of Preventive Visits to Places of Detention
Authors: Krisper Stephanie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 31 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, covering the chronology of draft texts, analysis of Working Group discussions, and issues of interpretation. This provision reflects the principle of cooperation, which is at the heart of the Optional Protocol's preventive approach. It aims to ensure not only that the work of other monitoring bodies in the field of torture prevention shall not be undermined by the Subcommittee on Prevention (SPT), but also that the experiences gained so far by regional mechanisms shall be shared with the SPT in order to promote the objectives of the Optional Protocol. Unnecessary duplication, however, shall be avoided in order not to waste valuable and limited resources.
Obligations of Members of the Subcommittee during Country Missions
Authors: Buchinger Kerstin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 36 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, covering the chronology of draft texts, analysis of Working Group discussions, and issues of interpretation. Article 36 states that, ‘When visiting a State Party, the members of the Subcommittee on Prevention shall, without prejudice to the provisions and purposes of the present Protocol and such privileges and immunities as they may enjoy: (a) respect the laws and regulations of the visited State; (b) refrain from any action or activity incompatible with the impartial and international nature of their duties’.
The Energy Security Principles
Authors: Sourgens Frédéric G , Sempertegui Leonardo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the six key legal principles of energy security, which refers to reliable and resilient access to energy. It cites how energy security adds a further wrinkle to energy transition governance. Energy security is imperative to the system because energy equity remains necessary for energy systems to fulfil a core function in every economy. Energy transitions hold a highly competitive stance from a geopolitical perspective. The chapter explains that a bottom-up practice is needed to balance climate principles and energy equity principles as both binding and prudent while also taking competitive conditions, cooperation, and solidarity factors into account.
WTO Law in Domestic Law
Authors: Herdegen Matthias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) law in domestic law. It then explains the reluctance of national courts to consider the WTO agreements as self-executing or directly applicable in US courts. In the European Union, an extensive discussion has focused on the applicability of WTO law by the European Court of Justice. The European Court of Justice has shown an astonishing lack of sensitivity to the binding effect of international legal obligations for the European Union. Nevertheless, the European Court of Justice recognizes the effects of procedural issues of the WTO agreements in domestic law.
The Regional Integration of Markets
Authors: Herdegen Matthias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the regional integration of markets. It starts with the key concepts of free trade areas, customs unions, and economic communities to elaborate on the forms of regional market integration. Meanwhile, mega-regionals refer to a recent and salient feature of sub-global trade liberalization wherein trade agreements often have an intercontinental reach. The chapter further details the free movement of goods and services in the European Union and the work of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) of 1992. It also considers regional integration across South America, Central America, the Caribbean, Asia, the Pacific, and Africa.
International Company Law
Authors: Herdegen Matthias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on international company law, which governs the corporate issues of cross-border activities of companies. A key aspect of international company law is the recognition of a corporation as a legal person outside its home country. Additionally, the law of a single jurisdiction governs core internal issues, which ensures a uniform regime for corporate organizations by the founders’ intent. The chapter clarifies that the law governing a company (home law) follows the place of incorporation or the seat of administration, typically those with control and management. It notes how corporate governance became the conceptual platform for corporate and individual accountability and transparency.
The International Monetary Fund
Authors: Herdegen Matthias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the objectives, organization, and functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The establishment of the IMF ensures a stable international monetary system as a basis of international trade and capital movements while simultaneously fostering sound economic growth and contributing to a stable monetary regime of Member States. Moreover, under the IMF Agreement, stable exchange currency arrangements and the free convertibility of currencies are cornerstones of international monetary relations. The chapter further elaborates on the general obligations of IMF members and the exchange rate policies with stability and fair competitive conditions. It looks into the convertibility of currencies and restriction of exchange controls, which play a vital role in international capital movements and transboundary payments.
International Regulation of the Banking Sector
Authors: Herdegen Matthias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the international regulation of the banking sector. It highlights the need for enhanced cooperation of supervisory authorities and harmonized standards, citing that the banking sector is always extensively engaged in cross-border transactions. The global financial crisis (GFC) highlighted the urgent need to strengthen international cooperation and coordinate standards for supervision. Thus, the Financial Stability Board (FSB) was established to coordinate at international levels with national financial authorities and international standard-setting bodies (SSBs) to develop and promote the implementation of effective regulatory, supervisory, and other financial sector policies. The chapter then references the Basel Accords to elaborate on global regulatory standards for adequate bank capital.
Candida parapsilosis: Heterogeneous and strain-specific expression of secreted aspartic proteases (Sapp1 and Sapp2)
Authors: Gandra Rafael M , Ramos Lívia S , Cruz Lucas P S , Souza Lucieri O P , Branquinha Marta H , Santos André L S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Candida parapsilosis as a causative agent of fungal infections underscores the need to comprehensively understand its virulence factors. Secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) play a significant role in adhesion events, promoting biofilm formation, causing tissue damage and evading the host’s immune response. In C. parapsilosis, three Saps have been identified: Sapp1, Sapp2 and Sapp3. The present study investigates the production dynamics of Sapp1 and Sapp2 across 10 clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis using various approaches. Each fungal isolate demonstrated the capability to utilize bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the sole nitrogen source, as evidenced by its degradation in a cell-free culture medium, forming low molecular mass polypeptides. Interestingly, the degradation of different proteinaceous substrates, such as BSA, human serum albumin (HSA), gelatin and hemoglobin, was typically isolate-dependent. Notably, higher proteolysis of HSA compared to BSA, gelatin and hemoglobin was observed. A quantitative assay revealed that the cleavage of a peptide fluorogenic substrate (cathepsin D) was isolate-specific, ranging from 44.15 to 270.61 fluorescence arbitrary units (FAU), with a mean proteolysis of 150.7 FAU. The presence of both Sapp1 and Sapp2 antigens on the cell surface of these fungal isolates was confirmed through immunological detection employing specific anti-Sapp1 and anti-Sapp2 antibodies. The surface levels of Sapp1 were consistently higher, up to fourfold, compared to Sapp2. Similarly, higher levels of Sapp1 than Sapp2 were detected in fungal secretions. This study provides insights into the dynamic expression and regulation of Sapps in C. parapsilosis, highlighting a known virulence factor that is considered a potential target for drug development against this increasingly prominent pathogen.
The response of the cometary ionosphere to space weather forcing
Authors: Timar Aniko , Nemeth Zoltan , Burch James L 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
The Rosetta spacecraft observed the temporal evolution of the ion populations within the ionosphere of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. A striking feature of the ion spectrum is represented by the so-called medium-energy ion peaks, which recurrently emerge from the low-energy ion background with their energy levels typically reaching 50 to 1000 eV before their energy gradually decreases, and they disappear from the measurements. These peaks are believed to be caused by space weather forcing, but there was no conclusive evidence until now. We investigated the characteristics of these ions, paying special attention to the connection between the solar wind dynamic pressure and the amount and energy of the medium-energy ions. Our findings reveal a strikingly accurate direct correlation between the dynamic pressure of the solar wind at the position of the comet and the amount of medium-energy ions measured by Rosetta. The ion energy also unquestionably reacts to the effects of solar wind pressure variation, but this parameter is strongly affected by the production rate and the distance from the nucleus as well. We explain these close correlations between cometary ion and solar wind characteristics using the well-founded assumption that certain boundary layers of the magnetosphere can move in and out under the influence of higher and lower solar wind pressure.
Measuring the spin of black hole transient 4U 1543–47 Using Insight-HXMT
Authors: Yang Jun , Jia Nan , Qiao Erlin , Song Yujia , Gou Lijun 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We provided a comprehensive study of the properties of the black hole in the low-mass X-ray binary system 4U 1543-47, specifically focusing on the 2021 outburst (MJD 59380–59470). Using observations from the Insight-HXMT mission, we employed X-ray reflection fitting method and analysed spectral data to estimate key black hole parameters. Through our investigation redbased on 6 out of the 52 available observations, we estimated the spin parameter of the black hole to be $0.902_{-0.053}^{+0.054}$ and the inclination angle of the accretion disc to be $28.91_{-1.24}^{+1.82}$° (90 per cent confidence limits, statistical only), then we discussed the influence of high luminosity. Based on the relxill series models are not suitable for thick disc scenario, and in comparison with findings from other studies, we propose that our estimation of the spin value may be exaggerated.
On the lack of X-ray pulsation in most neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Niang N , Ertan Ü , Gençali A A , Toyran O , Ulubay A , Devlen E , Alpar M A , Gügercinoğlu E 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We have investigated whether the lack of X-ray pulsations from most neutron star (NS) low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) could be due to the extension of their inner disc to the NS surface. To estimate the inner disc radii, we have employed the model, recently proposed to account for the torque reversals of LMXBs. In this model, the inner disc radius depends on the spin period as well as the dipole moment and the mass inflow rate of the disc. Our model results indicate that most LMXBs have mass accretion rates above the minimum critical rates required for the inner disc to reach down to the NS surface and thereby quench the pulsed X-ray emission. For most sources X-ray pulsations are allowed when the period decreases below a certain critical value. For the same parameters, the model is also consistent with the observed X-ray luminosity ranges of the individual accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars (AMXPs). The paucity of AMXPs compared to the majority population of non-pulsing LMXBs is explained, as well as the fact that AMXPs are transient sources.
Overview and public data release of the augmented Auriga Project: cosmological simulations of dwarf and Milky Way-mass galaxies
Authors: Grand Robert J J , Fragkoudi Francesca , Gómez Facundo A , Jenkins Adrian , Marinacci Federico , Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We present an extended suite of the Auriga cosmological gravo-magnetohydrodynamical ‘zoom-in’ simulations of 40 Milky Way-mass haloes and 26 dwarf galaxy–mass haloes run with the moving-mesh code arepo. Auriga adopts the Lambda cold dark matter cosmogony and includes a comprehensive galaxy formation physics model following the coupled cosmic evolution of dark matter, gas, stars, and supermassive black holes which has been shown to produce numerically well-converged galaxy properties for Milky Way-mass systems. We describe the first public data release of this augmented suite of Auriga simulations, which includes raw snapshots, group catalogues, merger trees, initial conditions, and supplementary data, as well as public analysis tools with worked examples of how to use the data. To demonstrate the value and robustness of the simulation predictions, we analyse a series of low-redshift global properties that compare well with many observed scaling relations, such as the Tully–Fisher relation, the star-forming (SF) main sequence, and H i gas fraction/disc thickness. Finally, we show that SF gas discs appear to build rotation and velocity dispersion rapidly for $z\gtrsim 3$ before they ‘settle’ into ever-increasing rotation-dispersion ratios ($V/\sigma$). This evolution appears to be in rough agreement with some kinematic measurements from H$\alpha$ observations, and demonstrates an application of how to utilize the released data.
The Role of Harm Visibility for Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Cigars
Authors: Clark Sonia A , Kowitt Sarah D , Jarman Kristen L , Lazard Allison J , Queen Tara L , Ranney Leah M , Cornacchione Ross Jennifer , Sheeran Paschal , Thrasher James F , Goldstein Adam O 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) can communicate the harms of tobacco product use, yet little research exists for cigars. We sought to identify the most effective types of images to pair with newly developed cigar HWLs.

Aims and Methods
In September 2021, we conducted an online survey experiment with US adults who reported using little cigars, cigarillos, or large cigars in the past 30 days (n = 753). After developing nine statements about health effects of cigar use, we randomized participants to view one of three levels of harm visibility paired with each statement, either: (1) an image depicting internal harm not visible outside the body, (2) an image depicting external harm visible outside of the body, or (3) two images depicting both internal and external harm. After viewing each image, participants answered questions on perceived message effectiveness (PME), negative affect, and visual-verbal redundancy (VVR). We used linear mixed models to examine the effect of harm visibility on each outcome, controlling for warning statement.

Results
Warnings with both and external harm depictions performed significantly better than the internal harm depictions across all outcomes, including PME (B = 0.21 and B = 0.17), negative affect (B = 0.26 and B = 0.25), and VVR (B = 0.24 and B = 0.17), respectively (all p &lt; .001). Compared to both, the external depiction of harm did not significantly change PME or negative affect but did significantly lower VVR (B = −0.07, p = .01).

Conclusions
Future cigar pictorial HWLs may benefit from including images depicting both or external harm depictions. Future research should examine harm visibility’s effect for other tobacco pictorial HWLs.

Implications
The cigar health warning labels (HWLs) proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration are text-only. We conducted an online survey experiment among people who use cigars to examine the effectiveness of warnings with images depicting different levels of harm visibility. We found HWLs with images depicting both an internal and external depiction of cigar harm, or an external depiction of harm alone, performed better overall than images portraying internal depictions of harm. These findings provide important regulatory evidence regarding what type of images may increase warning effectiveness and offer a promising route for future cigar HWL development.
NRC Immune receptor networks show diversified hierarchical genetic architecture across plant lineages
Authors: Goh Foong-Jing , Huang Ching-Yi , Derevnina Lida , Wu Chih-Hang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPlants' complex immune systems include nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) proteins, which help recognize invading pathogens. In solanaceous plants, the NRC (NLR required for cell death) family includes helper NLRs that form a complex genetic network with multiple sensor NLRs to provide resistance against pathogens. However, the evolution and function of NRC networks outside solanaceous plants are currently unclear. Here, we conducted phylogenomic and macroevolutionary analyses comparing NLRs identified from different asterid lineages and found that NRC networks expanded significantly in most lamiids but not in Ericales and campanulids. Using transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, we showed that NRC networks are simple in Ericales and campanulids, but have high complexity in lamiids. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the NRC helper NLRs into three NRC0 subclades that are conserved, and several family-specific NRC subclades of lamiids that show signatures of diversifying selection. Functional analyses revealed that members of the NRC0 subclades are partially interchangeable, whereas family-specific NRC members in lamiids lack interchangeability. Our findings highlight the distinctive evolutionary patterns of the NRC networks in asterids and provide potential insights into transferring disease resistance across plant lineages.
Is a keystone Bone Anomaly the Main Cause of Flatfoot (Pes Planus)?
Authors: Payas Ahmet , Batin Sabri 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Flatfoot (pes planus) is a decrease or loss of longitudinal medial arch height. The cause of symptomatic flatfoot occurring in adolescents is still unclear. In this study, the relationship between adolescent pes planus and foot bone shape was investigated. For this purpose, the volume and superficial area data of the foot bones of adolescent individuals with flatfoot deformity and individuals without any foot deformity were compared.

Methods:
Between September 2022 and June 2023, 30 individuals with adolescent pes planus with a medial arch angle greater than 145 degrees and 30 individuals without any foot deformity were included in the study. Computed tomography (CT) images of the participants’ feet were obtained with a General Electric brand IQ model 32 detector CT device with a section thickness of 0.625 mm in accordance with the bone protocol. Using the 3D Slicer program on CT images, foot bones were segmented and the volume and surface area ratios of each foot bone were determined.

Results:
Cuneiforme mediale and cuneiforme intermediale volume ratios in individuals with flatfoot deformity decreased by 14% and 24%, respectively, compared with the control group (P<0.05). Cuneiforme mediale and cuneiforme intermediale superficial area ratios were found to be 10% and 30% lower in the flatfoot group compared with the control group, respectively (P<0.05). There was no difference in the volume and superficial area ratios of other foot bones between the groups (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
The study results suggest that symptomatic adolescent flatfoot deformity may be associated with developmental anomalies of the os cuneiforme mediale and os cuneiforme intermedium.
Lung-Protective Ventilation for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial*
Authors: Wong Judith Ju Ming , Dang Hongxing , Gan Chin Seng , Phan Phuc Huu , Kurosawa Hiroshi , Aoki Kazunori , Lee Siew Wah , Ong Jacqueline Soo May , Fan Li Jia , Tai Chian Wern , Chuah Soo Lin , Lee Pei Chuen , Chor Yek Kee , Ngu Louise , Anantasit Nattachai , Liu Chunfeng , Xu Wei , Wati Dyah Kanya , Gede Suparyatha Ida Bagus , Jayashree Muralidharan , Liauw Felix , Pon Kah Min , Huang Li , Chong Jia Yueh , Zhu Xuemei , Hon Kam Lun Ellis , Leung Karen Ka Yan , Samransamruajkit Rujipat , Cheung Yin Bun , Lee Jan Hau ,   for the Pediatric Acute & Critical Care Medicine Asian Network (PACCMAN)
Published: June 2024

OBJECTIVES:
Despite the recommendation for lung-protective mechanical ventilation (LPMV) in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS), there is a lack of robust supporting data and variable adherence in clinical practice. This study evaluates the impact of an LPMV protocol vs. standard care and adherence to LPMV elements on mortality. We hypothesized that LPMV strategies deployed as a pragmatic protocol reduces mortality in PARDS.

DESIGN:
Multicenter prospective before-and-after comparison design study.

SETTING:
Twenty-one PICUs.

PATIENTS:
Patients fulfilled the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference 2015 definition of PARDS and were on invasive mechanical ventilation.

INTERVENTIONS:
The LPMV protocol included a limit on peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), delta/driving pressure (DP), tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to Fio
2 combinations of the low PEEP acute respiratory distress syndrome network table, permissive hypercarbia, and conservative oxygen targets.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
There were 285 of 693 (41·1%) and 408 of 693 (58·9%) patients treated with and without the LPMV protocol, respectively. Median age and oxygenation index was 1.5 years (0.4–5.3 yr) and 10.9 years (7.0–18.6 yr), respectively. There was no difference in 60-day mortality between LPMV and non-LPMV protocol groups (65/285 [22.8%] vs. 115/406 [28.3%]; p = 0.104). However, total adherence score did improve in the LPMV compared to non-LPMV group (57.1 [40.0–66.7] vs. 47.6 [31.0–58.3]; p < 0·001). After adjusting for confounders, adherence to LPMV strategies (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97–0.99; p = 0.004) but not the LPMV protocol itself was associated with a reduced risk of 60-day mortality. Adherence to PIP, DP, and PEEP/Fio
2 combinations were associated with reduced mortality.

CONCLUSIONS:
Adherence to LPMV elements over the first week of PARDS was associated with reduced mortality. Future work is needed to improve implementation of LPMV in order to improve adherence.