bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language and migration: perspectives and experiences
Authors: Carnevale Nancy C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Immigrants have always had to contend with language. Even internal migrants may be faced with different languages. India, to take one example of a country with significant levels of internal migration, is home to some two dozen official languages and hundreds of “mother tongues” reflecting the country's tremendous cultural diversity that includes languages that are not native to the subcontinent. Migrants who share the language of their host country still encounter linguistic variations. While each circumstance is unique, immigrant encounters with language around the globe, p and present, have some common features.
Latin America: migration flows to the United States
Authors: Gouveia Lourdes 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFor much of its history, Latin America was a region of significant in‐migration. The number of Spanish and Portuguese people who settled in the region during the first century of colonization was rather unimpressive (less than 350,000 between 1500 and 1600) (Munck 2003). In contrast, African slaves in Latin America numbered in the millions by the end of the colonial era and were nearly 20 times the number brought to the United States (Gates 2011). Migration from Europe to Latin America dramatically increased after the 17th century and, most significantly, after the wars of independence in the late 1800s (Nugent 1996). Latin America emerged as a land of opportunity and open‐door policies by the dawn of the 20th century.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) migration
Authors: Yue Audrey 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLesbian gay bisexual transgender (LGBT) migration is synonymous with the framework of “sexual migration,” a term coined to refer to the “international relocation that is motivated, directly or indirectly, by the sexuality of those who migrate” (Carrillo 2004: 59). This framework removes the strict focus on economic motivations that dominate mainstream migration accounts on why people choose to relocate, and draws attention to the importance of sexuality in the life goals of LGBTs. The decision to migrate “may evolve from the desire to continue a romantic relationship with a foreign national or may be connected to hopes of exploring sexual desires or gender identity transformation. Sexual migration may also be necessary to avoid persecution, or it may be simply a search for more hospitable environs and sexual equality” (Howe et al. 2008: 33). These motivations highlight three issues central to sexual migration: the regulation of LGBT migration, the intersections of race and sexuality in home and host countries, and changing formations of kinship and community. They also resonate with “the queer political economy of migration” approach (Cantá 2009: 21) where “queer” is an umbrella term to refer to LGBTs, as well as a theoretical concept that disrupts normative ideologies and institutions. Emphasizing anti‐heteronormativity, the term “queer migration” (Luibhéid & Cantá 2005) is also inclusive of other groups such as transnational sex workers and irregular migrants (Yue 2009).
Links between internal and international migration
Authors: Vullnetari Julie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Amongst the range of dichotomies that divide migration studies, perhaps the most significant is that between internal and international migration. This essay is a modest contribution to narrowing this divide and, to this end, it does three things. First, it maps out some of the key differences, similarities, and links between these two migration types. Second, building on previous literature, it presents a perspective that could provide a platform which would integrate the study of internal and international migration. And, third, it illustrates these analyses with empirical material from research in Albania. The article argues for an integrative approach of both migration types, particularly imperative from the perspective of less developed countries, where internal and international trajectories are integral parts of the complex livelihood strategies for individuals and households.
Literature and migration
Authors: Sievers Wiebke 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration and literature have been inextricably linked since antiquity at least when several authors, including Cicero, Ovid, and Seneca, lived in exile and discussed this topic in their works, anticipating many of the ideas that have pervaded migrant writing up to the present day (Gaertner 2007). Many large‐scale migratory movements over the last centuries also involved or produced writers. Such movements laid the basis for the literatures of the Americas and of Australia as we know them today – to the detriment of existing indigenous traditions – and for numerous diasporic literatures ranging from Jewish writing in Spanish America (Sosnowski 2004) to Korean writing in Japan (Kim 2005). But writers have also taken less‐trodden paths and chosen to live in exile in order to gain a critical distance from their home countries and to gather new impetus for their writing, as many American authors, such as Gertrude Stein or Ernest Hemingway, did in Paris during the interwar years (Green 2011).
Malaysia, migration, 1970s to present
Authors: Hugo Graeme 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Malaysia is a leading international migration nation, not only within the Southeast Asian region but in a global context. A recent World Bank (2008) report listed the world's major immigration and emigration nations. Malaysia ranks in the top 30 countries in the world for both immigration and emigration. While all countries have both immigration and emigration flows, Malaysia is one of the few nations in the world where both inflows and outflows are on a substantial scale (others include Thailand and New Zealand).
Marriage migration
Authors: Lee Hye‐Kyung 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The term “marriage migration” falls within the broad category of international family migration, under the subgroup of family‐formation migration. This essay briefly overviews how terminology and perspectives on marriage migration have changed in the world over time, and then reviews the current driving forces and patterns of marriage migration with a particular focus on the Asian experience. The acceleration of the process of globalization in the 21st century has led to a marked increase in the incidence of marriage migration; however, marriage migration was previously neglected in academic and policy research on international migration, largely due to the field's emphasis on either individual‐based or economic‐based labor migration. More recently, as the feminization of migration has become more apparent and the incidences of family‐formation migration have increased, marriage migration has become the subject of considerable scholarly research and of pressing concern to policymakers across the world.
Marxist theories of migration
Authors: Vogel Richard D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMarxist theories of migration examine the relocation of people from one region or country to another in response to the economic forces at play in a specific historical context. These theories are based on historical materialism, a method of inquiry developed by Karl Marx in his early work and applied rigorously to a wide array of economic and political issues. In his unrivaled intellectual biography of Karl Marx, Isaiah Berlin observed, “He [Marx] did not regard it as a new philosophical system so much as a practical method of social and historical analysis, and a basis for political strategy” (1996: 89). Although Marx never published a comprehensive exposition of historical materialism, he summarized the basic principles quite succinctly:
Mediterranean ancient migrations, 2000–1BCE
Authors: Isayev Elena 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Mediterranean is a composite of multiple micro‐regions, which is the perfect environment for movement of people and goods. A highly mobile culture is what Horden and Purcell show to be the norm for ancient communities that surrounded theCorrupting Sea2000. Already in the second millenniumBCEthere is evidence of well‐established networks of connectivity. Pottery produced in one location, such as the distinctively painted ceramics of Mycenae, appears at sites hundreds of miles away, and mixed cargos found on shipwrecks. The so‐called Ulu Burun wreck, which sank off the coast of modern Turkey in the Bronze Age, carried goods from far reaching destinations including Bulgaria, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Egypt, and the Levant. The vessel was probably piloted by Phoenicians and Greeks, who were the main distributors of resources in this period, and the most visible in the material record as setting up new settlements well into the first millenniumBCE.
Mediterranean medieval era colonizations
Authors: König Daniel G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractColonization is a multifaceted phenomenon which features many variants situated between the “classical model” of Greek colonization and the standard pattern of modern colonialism. In the first case a mother city emits colonists to create an outpost in another region. In the second case a nation‐state imposes itself on another country or region with the aid of sophisticated military and administrative machinery which is used to exploit the colony for economic and strategic reasons and to the benefit of the mother country. A standardized definition of the term, accepted by historians working on all periods from Antiquity to our times, does not exist: The lowest common denominator which describes colonization as the spatial expansion of a social system seems as vague as the arbitrary classification of various forms of migration and expansion as colonization (Torró 2000).
Melting pot theory
Authors: Maddern Stacy Warner 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The melting pot theory has been used to describe societies that are formed by an assortment of immigrant cultures that eventually produce new hybrid social and cultural forms. The melting pot theory holds that, like metals melted together at great heat, the melting together of several cultures will produce a new compound, one that has great strength and other combined advantages. While the melting pot theory can be applied to any country that has integrated new cultures into its own, such as Brazil, Bangladesh, or even France, the theory is most commonly used to describe the United States as a new world with a distinct new breed of people amalgamated from many various groups of immigrants. Because of this, the melting pot theory has become synonymous with the process of Americanization.
Mexico–United States labor migration, 1980s to present
Authors: Garr Emily T. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Mexico–US labor migration refers to the movement of individuals from Mexico to the United States for the primary purpose of permanent or temporary employment and remuneration. It encompasses both the emigration of Mexicans to the United States and transit migration from Central and South American countries through Mexico to the United States. Because Mexicans make up the largest cohort of foreign‐born workers in the United States, the discussion here centers on the first: the emigration of Mexican‐born nationals and the characteristics related to their economic activity.
Mexico–United States migration, 1980s–2010
Authors: Wise Raúl Delgado 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Mexico–US migration dynamic underwent a new boost upon the shift to exports in Mexican economy in the neoliberal era, particularly after the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed and enforced in 1994. Although the long history of Mexican migration to the United States began at the end of the 19th century, it was not until the 1980s to 2010 that it became particularly high, increasing almost six‐fold, from 2.1 million (3.1 percent of Mexico's population) to 11.9 (10.8 percent of Mexico's population). By 2010, the growth was so dramatic and extensive that the Mexico–US migration corridor was the largest in the world, and Mexico became the world's top emigration and transit country.
Migration controls and restriction policies
Authors: Jiménez Gemma Pinyol 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Migration is a constant in human history and has a remarkable capacity for social transformation. Population mobility and migration were an essential component of the Neolithic revolution and the large‐scale population displacements that helped construct the great classical empires. In the modern era, population movement is a vital component of urbanization and the industrial revolution. In addition, forced displacement of people during during World War II was a major feature of 20th‐century European history and dislocation in the global South. In sum, international migrations are nothing new in global history.
Migration to Ancient Rome
Authors: de Ligt Luuk 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAs early as the 6th centuryBCERome was the most important city of Latium. In this period the city consisted of four “regions” with a total area of 285 hectares (Cornell 1995: 203). There are, however, strong reasons to think that only a relatively small proportion of this area was used for habitation, making it more or less impossible to estimate the size of the urban population.
Missionaries
Authors: Baggio Fabio 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Within the tradition of the Roman Catholic Church,
missionaries
are church members who are sent (Latin
missi
, from the verb
mittere
, to send) to perform religious or charitable work in a specific territory or foreign country. Such a mission entails a formal mandate issued by the corresponding church authorities (pope, bishops, religious superiors, mission directors, etc.). The kind of work to be performed would vary according to the different categories of beneficiaries.
Multiculturalism
Authors: Petrzela Natalia Mehlman 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term “multiculturalism” was used as early as the 1940s in Canada (Glazer 1997). Originally articulated to define a particular theory of social policy which prized the recognition of ethnoracial heritage over acculturation, by the 1990s the term attained the widespread usage it enjoys today in discussions ranging from education and politics to academia. “Multicultural” has arguably become protean with overuse; this essay endeavors to bring specificity to this concept which is so crucial to our understanding of contemporary politics and society. In exploring the key themes which define the capacious theory of multiculturalism in the 20th and early 21st centuries, this essay focuses on the case of the United States. Negotiating the problems and potential of its multicultural populace has necessarily been at the forefront of the intellectual, policy, and pedagogical agenda of this self‐styled “nation of immigrants.” While the American case is exceptional, it raises vital questions of global concern in a world becoming unequivocally more diverse as vast immigration flows disrupt traditional notions of the nation state and of attendant conceptions of citizenship and its privileges.
Multilateral approaches to managing migration
Authors: Abella Manolo I. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOne of the most contentious issues in international relations is the extent to which independent states agree to relinquish certain powers to control the admission of foreign nationals into their territories and to dictate the terms and conditions of their stay. The general resistance of states to yield autonomy over immigration matters is reflected in what has been referred to as the “thin layer of formal multilateralism” in the governance of migration (Betts 2010). In this essay we review the status of multilateralism in the management of migration. In the Report of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization at the ILO, co‐chaired by Tarja Holonen, president of the Republic of Finland and Benjamin William Mkapa, president of the United Republic of Tanzania at the International Labour Organisation in February 2004, the protection of migrants was established as a crucial necessity:
Myanmar/Burma, migration 1962 to present
Authors: Grundy‐Warr Carl 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAll forms of migration (documented/undocumented, internal/external, forced/voluntary) in Myanmar/Burma require understanding of both politics in the modern state since independence in 1948 and the political economy of a military‐led country since 1962. Myanmar/Burma has had a modern history characterized by simultaneous struggles for power and democracy in the center and ethnic political conflicts over forms of nation building in the extensive border regions (Smith 1999; Callahan 2004; South 2008; Steinberg 2010). Indeed, much of the period since independence has witnessed protracted political struggles and been dominated by successive military regimes eager to extend their vision of “national unity” across the country.
Napoleonic empire and migration
Authors: Aaslestad Katherine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWar varies the scale and dynamic of migration patterns. Soldiers coerced into armies, civilians in flight from disaster or seeking regular labor, refugees in search of security: such population displacements accompanied the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars between 1792 and 1815. Many historians suggest that the turmoil associated with the Revolutionary era and Napoleonic Wars disrupted or prevented the migration patterns that characterized earlier and later decades (Grabbe 2001). An examination of the historical literature on the Napoleonic era, however, confirms that the topic of migration between the French Revolution and Napoleon's exile to St. Helena needs to be recast as a category of historical inquiry.
Nationality policies and migration
Authors: Lüthi Barbara 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBy the beginning of the 21st century it may seem that the nation state has developed into the universal institutional form by which the peoples throughout the world have linked their aspiration for belonging with their need for administration and governance (Maier 2009). During the 19th century the nation state, with its bureaucratic apparatus, juridicial‐legislative systems, modes of governmentality, and economic capacities, had come to play an important role in defining, controlling, and regulating populations, including migrants, in many parts of the world. Nationalist politics and conflict have shaped the history of the 19th century up to the present. Yet, in other than nationality‐related terms which are frequently linked to the modern era, migration has been a constant feature of human history.
United States: nativism and migration
Authors: Marinari Maddalena 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNativism first emerged in cities on the East Coast of the United States in the late 1830s and early 1840s in response to the large number of immigrants arriving from Northern Europe. Although it has waxed and waned in American history, at its core, nativism is a belief system rooted in sweeping cultural stereotypes and ethnocentric beliefs that manifests itself in the zeal to destroy the enemies of what is perceived to be a distinctively American way of life. “Nativism,” wrote John Higham, the pre‐eminent historian on the subject, “should be defined as intense opposition to an internal minority on the ground of its foreign (i.e. ‘un‐American') connections” (Higham 2002: 4). Although with several virulent precedents, nativism emerged as a leading force in American society at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century when the country witnessed a wave of mass migration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Nativity, birth rates, and migration
Authors: Omoyeni Akanni Akinyemi and Sunday 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDemographic dynamics, particularly of fertility and migration, are two major issues of contemporary global dialogue. The central discourse around this is in two parts; first, that net migration offsets population growth deficit in region of low fertility and, second, that countries of high fertility are mostly vulnerable to high volumes of movement. For instance, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan all have very low birth rates, and they are high migration destination countries. Also, African countries with the highest birth rates in the world account for one of the highest migration rates globally. Migration is considered to a large extent as a major spur for a third demographic transition, particularly for its potential to offset birth and death rates (Coleman 2006).
Nazi Germany, escape and emigration
Authors: Caestecker Frank 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe historiography on the refugees from Nazi Germany started only in the 1980s. The tragedy of the Holocaust and the cold war overshadowed the analysis of the refugee issue in the 1930s. In the 1970s the refugees became a focus of historical research in Germany. When Willy Brandt (a former political refugee who had been in exile in Norway) became chancellor, it encouraged German historians to focus on the flight of political activists, intellectuals, and artists. At that time the German Democratic Republic commissioned studies on German communist refugees who had later been active as founders of the East German states. These studies were strongly centered on the political activism of Germans in exile.
New Zealand, migration 19th century to present
Authors: Spoonley Paul 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
New Zealand is one of the classic immigration societies or, as the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) refers to them, “traditional settler societies,” along with the USA, Canada, and Australia (Keeley 2009: 30). The term “traditional settler societies” refers to those immigrants who were dominant during the colonial era, specifically Europeans migrants and especially British and Irish settlers. “Nontraditional” migrants are those who have arrived in New Zealand as a result of immigration liberalization and diversification in the postcolonial era.
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and migration
Authors: Lindio‐McGovern Ligaya 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Migration generally takes two forms: internal migration and international migration. Internal migration is where people move from one area to another within their own country, usually from rural to urban areas where they perceive they will have better economic or job opportunities. International migration is where people move outside their own country of birth to a foreign country for various reasons, including seeking better job opportunities, which have resulted in international labor migration, usually from poorer countries to richer ones (Zlotnik 1998). Various factors may have influenced international labor migration. One factor can be the labor export policies of poor countries, such as the Philippines, to deal with high unemployment in their societies. Another factor could be the impact of neoliberal structural adjustment policies implemented in these poor or developing countries, under the dictates of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, that result in the destruction of local industries, ultimately causing unemployment and the preconditions for outmigration (Lindio‐McGovern 2004). Another factor is the creation of a demand for migrant labor in the labor‐receiving countries where capitalist enterprises seek cheap labor, turning to migrant work as the source of such labor. Therefore, foreign migrants tend to become vulnerable to human rights violations, discrimination, and other forms of exploitation. This condition has provided an impetus to the emergence of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This essay will focus on international labor migration and the models of nongovernmental organizations that have emerged in response to the needs and issues confronting foreign migrants, and conclude with a brief discussion on migrant NGOs' role in civil society in relation to states.