bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Kristal Alan R. , Till Cathee , Song Xiaoling , Tangen Catherine M. , Goodman Phyllis J. , Neuhauser Marian L. , Schenk Jeannette M. , Thompson Ian M. , Meyskens Frank L. , Goodman Gary E. , Minasian Lori M. , Parnes Howard L. , Klein Eric A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background:In vitro, animal, and ecological studies suggest that inadequate vitamin D intake could increase prostate cancer risk, but results of biomarker-based longitudinal studies are inconsistent.
Methods: Data for this case (n = 1,731) and cohort (n = 3,203) analysis are from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Cox proportional hazard models were used to test whether baseline plasma vitamin D (25-hydroxy) concentration, adjusted for season of blood collection, was associated with the risk of total and Gleason score 2–6, 7–10, and 8–10 prostate cancer.
Results: There were U-shaped associations of vitamin D with total cancer risk: compared with the first quintile, HRs were 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66–1.03; P = 0.092], 0.74 (95% CI, 0.59–0.92; P = 0.008), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.69–1.07; P = 0.181), and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.78–1.21; P = 0.823), for the second through fifth quintiles, respectively. For Gleason 7–10 cancer, corresponding HRs were 0.63 (95% CI, 0.45–0.90; P = 0.010), 0.66 (95% CI, 0.47–0.92; P = 0.016), 0.79 (95% CI, 0.56–1.10; P = 0.165), and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.63–1.22; P = 0.436). Among African American men (n = 250 cases), higher vitamin D was associated with reduced risk of Gleason 7–10 cancer only: in the a posteriori contrast of quintiles 1–2 versus 3–5, the HR was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.31–0.97; P = 0.037), with no evidence of dose–response or a U-shaped association.
Conclusions: Both low and high vitamin D concentrations were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, and more strongly for high-grade disease.
Impact: The optimal range of circulating vitamin D for prostate cancer prevention may be narrow. Supplementation of men with adequate levels may be harmful. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1494–504. ©2014 AACR.
Need for Prophylactic Application of Verapamil in Transradial Coronary Procedures: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Hizoh Istvan , Majoros Zsuzsanna , Major Laszlo , Gulyas Zalan , Szabo Gabor , Kerecsen Gabor , Korda Andras , Molnar Ferenc , Kiss Robert Gabor 
Published: April 2014

Background
Verapamil is traditionally applied prophylactically in transradial procedures to prevent radial artery spasm. However, verapamil may have side effects and is contraindicated in some clinical settings.

Methods and Results

During an investigator‐initiated, randomized, double‐blind trial, we evaluated the need for preventive verapamil administration. After vascular access was established, patients received either 5 mg verapamil (n=297) or placebo (n=294). We compared the rate of access site conversions as primary end point using a superiority margin of 5%. Occurrence of code breaks (composite of conversions and unplanned use of verapamil), overall verapamil use, procedural and fluoroscopic times, contrast volume, and subjective pain were investigated as secondary end points. The rate of access site conversions was not different in the 2 arms (placebo 1.7% versus verapamil 0.7%,
P
=0.28, difference 1.0%, 95% CI for the difference −1.1% to 3.3%). Proportion of code breaks was similar in the 2 groups (3.4% versus 1.3%,
P
=0.11), whereas overall verapamil use was markedly lower in the placebo arm (2.0% versus 100%,
P
<0.0001). Procedural time (median [
IQR
] 16.0 minutes [9.0 to 30.0 minutes] versus 17.0 minutes [10.0 to 31.0 minutes],
P
=0.37), fluoroscopic time (4.4 minutes [2.1 to 9.6 minutes] versus 4.8 minutes [2.4 to 10.7 minutes],
P
=0.28), contrast volume (72.5 mL [48.0 to 146.0 mL] versus 75.5 mL [47.0 to 156.5 mL],
P
=0.74), and pain score (
P
for trend=0.12) were comparable in the 2 groups.

Conclusions
The preventive use of verapamil may be unnecessary for transradial procedures. The omission of prophylactic verapamil may not only reduce the rate of potential complications related to the drug but also allow the safe extension of the transradial method to those with contraindications to verapamil.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01402427.
Early Clopidogrel Versus Prasugrel Use Among Contemporary STEMI and NSTEMI Patients in the US: Insights From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry
Authors: Sherwood Matthew W. , Wiviott Stephen D. , Peng S. Andrew , Roe Matthew T. , DeLemos James , Peterson Eric D. , Wang Tracy Y. 
Published: April 2014

Background

P2Y12 antagonist therapy improves outcomes in acute myocardial infarction (
MI
) patients. Novel agents in this class are now available in the
US
. We studied the introduction of prasugrel into contemporary
MI
practice to understand the appropriateness of its use and assess for changes in antiplatelet management practices.

Methods and Results

Using
ACTION
Registry‐
GWTG
(Get‐with‐the‐Guidelines), we evaluated patterns of P2Y12 antagonist use within 24 hours of admission in 100 228 ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 158 492 Non‐ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients at 548 hospitals between October 2009 and September 2012. Rates of early P2Y12 antagonist use were approximately 90% among
STEMI
and 57% among
NSTEMI
patients. From 2009 to 2012, prasugrel use increased significantly from 3% to 18% (5% to 30% in
STEMI
; 2% to 10% in
NSTEMI
;
P
for trend <0.001 for all). During the same period, we observed a decrease in use of early but not discharge P2Y12 antagonist among
NSTEMI
patients. Although contraindicated, 3.0% of patients with prior stroke received prasugrel. Prasugrel was used in 1.9% of patients ≥75 years and 4.5% of patients with weight <60 kg. In both
STEMI
and
NSTEMI
, prasugrel was most frequently used in patients at the lowest predicted risk for bleeding and mortality. Despite lack of supporting evidence, prasugrel was initiated before cardiac catheterization in 18% of
NSTEMI
patients.

Conclusions

With prasugrel as an antiplatelet treatment option, contemporary practice shows low uptake of prasugrel and delays in P2Y12 antagonist initiation among
NSTEMI
patients. We also note concerning evidence of inappropriate use of prasugrel, and inadequate targeting of this more potent therapy to maximize the benefit/risk ratio.
Gloria in Profundis: Comparing the Glory of Moses in Sirach to Jesus in the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Gupta Nijay K. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The glory of Jesus is a leitmotif of the Fourth Gospel and probably reflects both the Shekinah “glory” of Israel’s God revealed in Jesus as well as honor attributed to Jesus by John. The Jewish wisdom teacher Ben Sira also employs glorification language frequently and carefully in Sirach. Bringing these two texts into conversation illuminates the peculiar and unique ways in which John portrayed the identity of Jesus.
In Sirach 45:1-5, in particular, Ben Sira praised the glory of Moses—a man beloved of God, made equal to the angels, great before his enemies, powerful in word, intrepid before kings, sanctified in faithfulness, party to the holy presence of God, and privy to the secret things of God. Given that John also had much interest in Moses comparison and typology, setting these texts side-by-side brings to the forefront the double-nature of the Fourth Gospel’s glory-Christology. On the one hand, the Johannine Jesus offered great demonstrations of power and authoritative teaching. On the other hand, he fared quite the opposite as Ben Sira’s vision of the exalted Moses, especially in John’s passion narrative where Jesus appears frail, weak, shamed, and defeated. Comparing the Moses of Sirach to the Jesus of John’s Gospel especially reveals the Evangelist’s paradoxical theology of gloria in profundis—the humble glory of God demonstrated in Jesus.
Revision of the genus Polymerus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the Eastern Hemisphere. Part 1: Subgenera Polymerus, Pachycentrum subgen. nov. and new genus Dichelocentrum gen. nov.
Authors: GAPON D. A. 
Published: April 2014

The paper represents the first part of a series dealing with the Eastern Hemisphere species of the genus Polymerus Hahn, 1831 and includes a redescription of the genus and the nominative subgenus, and descriptions of Pachycentrum subgen. nov., P. (Polymerus) russatus sp. nov. and P. (Pachycentrum) unciniger sp. nov. The specific name P. funestus Reuter, 1906 is transferred from the subgenus Poeciloscytus Fieber, 1858 to the nominative subgenus and synonymised with P. pekinensis Horváth, 1901. New combinations for seven African, Indian, and Australian species are proposed: Charagochilus aureus (Ballard, 1927) comb. nov., Ch. bimaculatus (Poppius, 1910) comb. nov., Ch. consanguineus (Distant, 1904) comb. nov., Ch. flavipes (Distant, 1904) comb. nov., Ch. madagascariensis (Poppius, 1914) comb. nov., Ch. obscuratus (Poppius, 1914) comb. nov., Proboscidocoris solitus (Walker, 1873) comb. nov. The species Polymerus nitidus (Odhiambo, 1959) is returned to the genus Proboscidocoris. Five African and Arabian species are included in the new genus Dichelocentrum gen. nov.: D. alkadanum (Linnavuori & van Harten, 2005) comb. nov., D. flora (Linnavuori & van Harten, 2005) comb. nov., D. longirostre (Reuter, 1905) comb. nov., D. ornatifrons (Odhiambo, 1959) comb. nov. and D. transvaalicum sp. nov. The specific name Polymerus xerophilus Linnavuori, 1975 syn. nov. is synonymised with D. ornatifrons comb. nov. Key, diagnoses, data on distribution, and illustrations of the parameres, entirely inflated vesica and the gynatrium are provided for all recognised species from the subgenera Polymerus, Pachycentrum subgen. nov. and the genus Dichelocentrum gen. nov.
Process-Oriented MJO Simulation Diagnostic: Moisture Sensitivity of Simulated Convection
Authors: Kim Daehyun , Xavier Prince , Maloney Eric , Wheeler Matthew , Waliser Duane , Sperber Kenneth , Hendon Harry , Zhang Chidong , Neale Richard , Hwang Yen-Ting , Liu Haibo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Process-oriented diagnostics for Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) simulations are being developed to facilitate improvements in the representation of the MJO in weather and climate models. These process-oriented diagnostics are intended to provide insights into how parameterizations of physical processes in climate models should be improved for a better MJO simulation. This paper proposes one such process-oriented diagnostic, which is designed to represent sensitivity of simulated convection to environmental moisture: composites of a relative humidity (RH) profile based on precipitation percentiles. The ability of the RH composite diagnostic to represent the diversity of MJO simulation skill is demonstrated using a group of climate model simulations participating in phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5). A set of scalar process metrics that captures the key physical attributes of the RH diagnostic is derived and their statistical relationship with indices that quantify the fidelity of the MJO simulation is tested. It is found that a process metric that represents the amount of lower-tropospheric humidity increase required for a transition from weak to strong rain regimes has a robust statistical relationship with MJO simulation skill. The results herein suggest that moisture sensitivity of convection is closely related to a GCM’s ability to simulate the MJO.
Polar Amplification in CCSM4: Contributions from the Lapse Rate and Surface Albedo Feedbacks
Authors: Graversen Rune G. , Langen Peter L. , Mauritsen Thorsten 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A vertically nonuniform warming of the troposphere yields a lapse rate feedback by altering the infrared irradiance to space relative to that of a vertically uniform tropospheric warming. The lapse rate feedback is negative at low latitudes, as a result of moist convective processes, and positive at high latitudes, due to stable stratification conditions that effectively trap warming near the surface. It is shown that this feedback pattern leads to polar amplification of the temperature response induced by a radiative forcing. The results are obtained by suppressing the lapse rate feedback in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). The lapse rate feedback accounts for 15% of the Arctic amplification and 20% of the amplification in the Antarctic region. The fraction of the amplification that can be attributed to the surface albedo feedback, associated with melting of snow and ice, is 40% in the Arctic and 65% in Antarctica. It is further found that the surface albedo and lapse rate feedbacks interact considerably at high latitudes to the extent that they cannot be considered independent feedback mechanisms at the global scale.
Disentangling the Multiple Sources of Large-Scale Variability in Australian Wintertime Precipitation
Authors: Maher Penelope , Sherwood Steven C. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Precipitation is influenced by multiple large-scale natural processes. Many of these large-scale precipitation “drivers” are not independent of one another, which complicates attribution. Moreover, it is unclear whether natural interannual drivers alone can explain the observed longer-term precipitation trends or account for projected precipitation changes with global warming seen in climate models. Separating the main interannual drivers from processes that may prevail on longer time scales, such as a poleward circulation shift or increased specific humidity, is essential for an improved understanding of precipitation variability and for making longer-term predictions.
In this study, an objective approach to disentangle multiple sources of large-scale variability is applied to Australian precipitation. This approach uses a multivariate linear independence model, involving multiple linear regressions to produce a partial correlation matrix, which directly links variables using significance thresholds to avoid overfitting. This is applied to regional winter precipitation in Australia as a test case, using the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and Australian Water Availability Project datasets. Traditional drivers and several drivers associated with the width of the tropics are assessed.
The results show that the web of interactions implied by correlations can be simplified using this multivariate linear independence model approach: the total number of apparent precipitation drivers was reduced in each region studied, compared to correlations meeting the same statistical significance. Results show that the edge of the tropics directly influences regional precipitation in Australia and also has an indirect influence, through the interaction of the subtropical ridge and atmospheric blocking. These results provide observational evidence that changes associated with an expansion of the tropics reduce precipitation in subtropical Australia.
Evaluation of Skewness and Kurtosis of Wind Waves Parameterized by JONSWAP Spectra
Authors: Annenkov S. Y. , Shrira V. I. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The authors consider the deviations of wave height statistics from Gaussianity, manifested in higher statistical moments of random wind-wave fields, namely, in the nonzero values of the skewness and the kurtosis. These deviations are examined theoretically under the standard set of assumptions used in the established statistical theory of water waves, in particular in the derivation of the Hasselmann kinetic equation. P. Janssen proposed integral representations of the skewness and the kurtosis in terms of multidimensional integrals of wave spectra. However, the use of these representations for broadband wind-wave fields proved to be challenging; it requires substantial computational resources, which is unsuitable for applications. Using specially designed parallel algorithms to evaluate the integrals, the authors provide a comprehensive picture of the behavior of the kurtosis and the skewness of wind waves in the multidimensional parameter space of the most commonly used Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) parameterizations of wind-wave spectra. Except for very narrow angular distributions where the overall picture is qualitatively different, the behavior of the higher moments proved to be not sensitive to the particular form of the directional spectrum. On this basis for the broad angular spectra typical of the ocean, the study puts forward simple parameterizations of the skewness and the kurtosis in terms of the JONSWAP peakedness parameter γ and in terms of the inverse wave age. These parameterizations can be used in operational wave forecasting and other applications.
A Bistatic Phased-Array Doppler Sonar for Wave–Current Research
Authors: Smith Jerome A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Wave breaking and wave-forced flows are important to air–sea interactions and to the transport and dispersal of materials at sea. But recent measurements have shown a discrepancy in the Eulerian response to wave groups compared to scientists’ current theoretical understanding of wave–current interactions. Flow structures on scales of centimeters to meters occur underneath breaking waves, and larger-scale flows are driven by wave–current interactions (e.g., Langmuir circulation, alongshore flows). Such details of the vertically resolved flow are just beginning to be modeled, and observational guidance is needed. Here a new instrument is described that is intended to measure waves and currents over a 2D vertical plane underwater, resolving two components of velocity on this plane. Initial observations were made near the Scripps Pier (La Jolla, California), where steep waves and strong currents can be reliably found, yet logistics are not too burdensome. To get the spatial resolution desired using 200-kHz sound, ping-to-ping “coherent processing” would have be used for Doppler estimation; however, near shore the reverberations remain too strong for far too long to get any coherence, unlike the previous experience in deep water. In view of this, using much higher frequencies (&gt;1 MHz) with “incoherent processing” is suggested; the increased attenuation at higher frequencies then would subdue the reverberation problem, but with comparable space–time resolution.
Measuring Stratospheric H2O with an Airborne Spectrometer
Authors: Shahabadi Maziar Bani , Huang Yi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study examines the ability of an infrared spectral sensor flying at the tropopause level for retrieving stratospheric H2O. Synthetic downwelling radiance spectra simulated by the line-by-line radiative transfer model are used for this examination. The potential of high-sensitivity water vapor retrieval is demonstrated by an ideal sensor with low detector noise, high spectral resolution, and full infrared coverage. A suite of hypothetical sensors with varying specifications is then examined to determine the technological requirements for a satisfactory retrieval. This study finds that including far infrared in the sensor’s spectral coverage is essential for achieving accurate H2O retrieval with an accuracy of 0.4 ppmv (1-sigma). The uncertainties in other gas species such as CH4, N2O, O3, and CO2 do not significantly affect the H2O retrieval. Such a hyperspectral instrument may afford an advantageous tool, especially for detecting small-scale lower-stratospheric moistening events.
Influence of Assimilating Surface Observations on Numerical Prediction of Landfalls of Hurricane Katrina (2005) with an Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Zhang Hailing , Pu Zhaoxia 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A series of numerical experiments are conducted to examine the impact of surface observations on the prediction of landfalls of Hurricane Katrina (2005), one of the deadliest disasters in U.S. history. A specific initial time (0000 UTC 25 August 2005), which led to poor prediction of Hurricane Katrina in several previous studies, is selected to begin data assimilation experiments. Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) ocean surface wind vectors and surface mesonet observations are assimilated with the minimum central sea level pressure and conventional observations from NCEP into an Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) using an ensemble Kalman filter method. Impacts of data assimilation on the analyses and forecasts of Katrina’s track, landfalling time and location, intensity, structure, and rainfall are evaluated. It is found that the assimilation of QuikSCAT and mesonet surface observations can improve prediction of the hurricane track and structure through modifying low-level thermal and dynamical fields such as wind, humidity, and temperature and enhancing low-level convergence and vorticity. However, assimilation of single-level surface observations alone does not ensure reasonable intensity forecasts because of the lack of constraint on the mid- to upper troposphere. When surface observations are assimilated with other conventional data, obvious enhancements are found in the forecasts of track and intensity, realistic convection, and surface wind structures. More importantly, surface data assimilation results in significant improvements in quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) during landfalls.
Novel Indocyanine Green–Phytate Colloid Technique for Sentinel Node Detection in Head and Neck: Mouse Study
Authors: Araki Koji , Mizokami Daisuke , Tomifuji Masayuki , Yamashita Taku , Ohnuki Kazunobu , Umeda Izumi O. , Fujii Hirofumi , Kosuda Shigeru , Shiotani Akihiro 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveSentinel node navigation surgery using real‐time, near‐infrared imaging with indocyanine green is becoming popular by allowing head and neck surgeons to avoid unnecessary neck dissection. The major drawback of this method is its quick migration through the lymphatics, limiting the diagnostic time window and undesirable detection of downstream nodes. We resolved this problem by mixing indocyanine green (ICG) with phytate colloid to retard its migration and demonstrated its feasibility in a nude mouse study.Study DesignExperimental prospective animal study.SettingsAnimal laboratory.Subjects and MethodsIndocyanine green at 3 concentrations was tested to determine the optimal concentration for sentinel lymph node detection in a mouse model. Effect of indocyanine green with phytate colloid mixture solutions was also analyzed. Indocyanine green or mixture solution at different mixing ratios were injected into the tongue of nude mice and near‐infrared fluorescence images were captured sequentially for up to 48 hours. The brightness of fluorescence in the sentinel lymph node and lymph nodes further downstream were assessed.ResultsIndocyanine green concentration >50 μg/mL did not improve sentinel lymph node detection. The addition of phytate colloid to indocyanine green extended the period when sentinel lymph node was detectable. Second echelon lymph nodes were not imaged in mice injected with the mixture, while these were visualized in mice injected with indocyanine green alone.ConclusionThis novel technique of ICG–phytate colloid mixture allows prolonged diagnostic time window, prevention of downstream subsequent nodes detection, and improved accuracy for the detection of true sentinel lymph nodes.