bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Physical Activity Mass Media Campaign Design
Authors: Lankford Tina , Wallace Jana , Brown David , Soares Jesus , Epping Jacqueline N. , Fridinger Fred 
Published: November 2014

Background:Mass media campaigns are a necessary tool for public health practitioners to reach large populations and promote healthy behaviors. Most health scholars have concluded that mass media can significantly influence the health behaviors of populations; however the effects of such campaigns are typically modest and may require significant resources. A recent Community Preventive Services Task Force review on stand-alone mass media campaigns concluded there was insufficient evidence to determine their effectiveness in increasing physical activity, partly due to mixed methods and modest and inconsistent effects on levels of physical activity.Methods:A secondary analysis was performed on the campaigns evaluated in the Task Force review to determine use of campaign-building principles, channels, and levels of awareness and their impact on campaign outcomes. Each study was analyzed by 2 reviewers for inclusion of campaign building principles.Results:Campaigns that included 5 or more campaign principles were more likely to be successful in achieving physical activity outcomes.Conclusion:Campaign success is more likely if the campaign building principles (formative research, audience segmentation, message design, channel placement, process evaluation, and theory-based) are used as part of campaign design and planning.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis for Efficacy of Ceftaroline Fosamil in Patients with Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Authors: Bhavnani Sujata M. , Hammel Jeffrey P. , Van Wart Scott A. , Rubino Christopher M. , Reynolds Daniel K. , Forrest Alan , Drusano George L. , Khariton Tatiana , Friedland H. David , Riccobene Todd A. , Ambrose Paul G. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Ceftaroline is a cephalosporin with broad-spectrum
in vitro
activity against pathogens commonly associated with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. Ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug of ceftaroline, is approved for the treatment of patients with ABSSSI. Using data from the microbiologically evaluable population from two phase 2 and two phase 3 randomized, multicenter, double-blind studies of patients with ABSSSI, an analysis examining the relationship between drug exposure, as measured by the percentage of time during the dosing interval that free-drug steady-state concentrations remain above the MIC (
f
%
T
>MIC), and clinical and microbiological responses was undertaken. The analysis population included 526 patients, of whom 423 had infections associated with
S. aureus
. Clinical and microbiological success percentages were 94.7 and 94.5%, respectively, among all of the patients and 95.3 and 95.7%, respectively, among those with
S. aureus
infections. Univariable analysis based on data from all of the patients and those with
S. aureus
infections demonstrated significant relationships between
f
%
T
>MIC and microbiological response (
P
< 0.001 and
P
= 0.026, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated other patient factors in addition to
f
%
T
>MIC to be significant predictors of microbiological response, including age and infection type for all of the patients evaluated and age, infection type, and the presence of diabetes mellitus for patients with
S. aureus
infections. Results of these analyses confirm that a ceftaroline fosamil dosing regimen of 600 mg every 12 h provides exposures associated with the upper plateau of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for efficacy.
Identification of TEM-135 β-Lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains Carrying African and Toronto Plasmids in Argentina
Authors: Gianecini R. , Oviedo C. , Littvik A. , Mendez E. , Piccoli L. , Montibello S. , Galarza P. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTOne hundred forty-three penicillinase-producingNeisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG) isolates obtained in Argentina from 2008 and 2012 were examined to detectblaTEM-135genes and to investigate plasmid profiles and multiantigen sequence types. Forty-two PPNG isolates were found to carry TEM-135, and two contained a new TEM derivative characterized as TEM-220. TheblaTEM-135allele was carried by the Toronto/Rio and African plasmids. Molecular epidemiology revealed that twoblaTEM-135isolates were related to previously described isolates from Thailand and China, indicating a common evolutionary origin.
Genomic Epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy and Novel Insights into the Origin and Global Evolution of Its Resistance to Carbapenem Antibiotics
Authors: Gaiarsa Stefano , Comandatore Francesco , Gaibani Paolo , Corbella Marta , Dalla Valle Claudia , Epis Sara , Scaltriti Erika , Carretto Edoardo , Farina Claudio , Labonia Maria , Landini Maria Paola , Pongolini Stefano , Sambri Vittorio , Bandi Claudio , Marone Piero , Sassera Davide 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Klebsiella pneumoniae
is at the forefront of antimicrobial resistance for Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, as strains resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems are widely reported. The worldwide diffusion of these strains is of great concern due to the high morbidity and mortality often associated with
K. pneumoniae
infections in nosocomial environments. We sequenced the genomes of 89
K. pneumoniae
strains isolated in six Italian hospitals. Strains were selected based on antibiotypes, regardless of multilocus sequence type, to obtain a picture of the epidemiology of
K. pneumoniae
in Italy. Thirty-one strains were carbapenem-resistant
K. pneumoniae
carbapenemase producers, 29 were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, and 29 were susceptible to the aforementioned antibiotics. The genomes were compared to all of the sequences available in the databases, obtaining a data set of 319 genomes spanning the known diversity of
K. pneumoniae
worldwide. Bioinformatic analyses of this global data set allowed us to construct a whole-species phylogeny, to detect patterns of antibiotic resistance distribution, and to date the differentiation between specific clades of interest. Finally, we detected an ∼1.3-Mb recombination that characterizes all of the isolates of clonal complex 258, the most widespread carbapenem-resistant group of
K. pneumoniae
. The evolution of this complex was modeled, dating the newly detected and the previously reported recombination events. The present study contributes to the understanding of
K. pneumoniae
evolution, providing novel insights into its global genomic characteristics and drawing a dated epidemiological scenario for this pathogen in Italy.
Recombinant ESAT-6-Like Proteins Provoke Protective Immune Responses against Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Disease in a Murine Model
Authors: Zhang Bao Zhong , Hua Yan Hong , Yu Bin , Lau Candy Choi Yi , Cai Jian Piao , Zheng Song Yue , Yam Wing Cheong , Kao Richard Yi Tsun , Sze Kong Hung , Zheng Bo Jian , Yuen Kwok Yung , Huang Jian Dong 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is a common pathogen found in the community and in hospitals. Most notably, methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
is resistant to many antibiotics, which is a growing public health concern. The emergence of drug-resistant strains has prompted the search for alternative treatments, such as immunotherapeutic approaches. To date, most clinical trials of vaccines or of passive immunization against
S. aureus
have ended in failure. In this study, we investigated two ESAT-6-like proteins secreted by
S. aureus
,
S. aureus
EsxA (SaEsxA) and SaEsxB, as possible targets for a vaccine. Mice vaccinated with these purified proteins elicited high titers of anti-SaEsxA and anti-SaEsxB antibodies, but these antibodies could not prevent
S. aureus
infection. On the other hand, recombinant SaEsxA (rSaEsxA) and rSaEsxB could induce Th1- and Th17-biased immune responses in mice. Mice immunized with rSaEsxA and rSaEsxB had significantly improved survival rates when challenged with
S. aureus
compared with the controls. These findings indicate that SaEsxA and SaEsxB are two promising Th1 and Th17 candidate antigens which could be developed into multivalent and serotype-independent vaccines against
S. aureus
infection.
Do patient-reported outcomes offer a more sensitive method for comparing the outcomes of consultants than mortality? A multilevel analysis of routine data
Authors: Varagunam Mira , Hutchings Andrew , Black Nick 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundPatient-reported outcome measures (PROM) might be better for comparing consultant surgeons' outcomes than mortality.ObjectivesTo describe variation in outcomes between consultants, compare the number of outlying consultants according to different measures, explore the effect that the hospital in which a consultant works has on their outcomes and determine the scope for improving outcomes by reducing variation between consultants.MethodConsultants performing hip replacement (n=948), knee replacement (1130) and hernia repair (974) in National Health Service hospitals in England in 2009–2012; disease-specific and generic PROMs and complications; fixed-effects and multilevel models to assess consultant outcomes, were all compared. Influence of patient factors and hospital factors was assessed.ResultsFixed-effects models showed that most consultants are ‘as or better than expected’. However, unlike with mortality, some consultants are more than three SDs ‘worse than expected’ according to disease-specific PROMs (2.4% for hip and 1.2% for knee replacement), generic PROMs (1.2% and 1.0%) and incidence of complications (1.8% and 0.8%). The proportion of consultants worse than expected is less with random-effects models. Controlling for hospital factors reduced the proportion further. After controlling for known patient characteristics, consultants and hospitals contribute little towards variation in patient outcomes.ConclusionsPROMs offer a more appropriate and sensitive method for comparing consultants’ outcomes. The influence of hospitals must be considered to ensure comparisons are meaningful. Improvements will be achieved by shifting the distribution of consultants rather than by reducing variation between them.
ISG15 Is a Critical Microenvironmental Factor for Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Sainz Bruno , Martín Beatriz , Tatari Marianthi , Heeschen Christopher , Guerra Susana 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are thought to play a major role in the development and metastatic progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the deadliest solid tumors. Likewise, the tumor microenvironment contributes critical support in this setting, including from tumor stromal cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) that contribute structural and paracrine-mediated supports, respectively. Here, we show that TAMs secrete the IFN-stimulated factor ISG15, which enhances CSC phenotypes in PDAC in vitro and in vivo. ISG15 was preferentially and highly expressed by TAM present in primary PDAC tumors resected from patients. ISG15 was secreted by macrophages in response to secretion of IFNβ by CSC, thereby reinforcing CSC self-renewal, invasive capacity, and tumorigenic potential. Overall, our work demonstrates that ISG15 is a previously unrecognized support factor for CSC in the PDAC microenvironment with a key role in pathogenesis and progression. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7309–20. ©2014 AACR.
Incidence, Mortality, and Sex Differences of Non‐Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Renoux Christel , Patenaude Valérie , Suissa Samy 
Published: November 2014

Background

It is unclear whether the incidence of non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (
NVAF
) has been increasing over time. We aimed to provide contemporary estimates of the incidence and case‐fatality of
NVAF
in a well‐defined population.

Methods and Results

We used the computerized databases of the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec (
RAMQ
), responsible for administering the universal health care services for all its residents, to identify a population‐based cohort of 243 800 patients with an incident diagnosis of
NVAF
during 2000–2009. The incidence rate of
NVAF
, age‐ and sex‐standardized to the 2004 population of Québec, was 32.4 (95% confidence interval, 32.3 to 32.5) per 10 000 per year. There was no evidence of an increasing incidence of
NVAF
during the 10‐year study period. The incidence rate was higher in men compared with women (age‐adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.51; 95%
CI
1.50 to 1.52). The 30‐day case‐fatality was 9.2% (95%
CI
9.0 to 9.3), higher for men (10.0%; 95%
CI
9.8 to 10.1) than women (8.5; 95%
CI
8.3 to 8.6), and increasing with age, ranging from around 1% for cases aged <40 years to around 16% for cases aged ≥80.

Conclusion

Current incidence estimates illustrate the significant burden of
NVAF
. Mortality remains particularly high around the time of diagnosis, and case‐fatality increases with age, being systematically higher in men than women.
The 2013 Rim Fire: Implications for Predicting Extreme Fire Spread, Pyroconvection, and Smoke Emissions
Authors: Peterson David A. , Hyer Edward J. , Campbell James R. , Fromm Michael D. , Hair Johnathan W. , Butler Carolyn F. , Fenn Marta A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The 2013 Rim Fire, which burned over 104,000 ha, was one of the most severe fire events in California’s history, in terms of its rapid growth, intensity, overall size, and persistent smoke plume. At least two large pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) events were observed, allowing smoke particles to extend through the upper troposphere over a large portion of the Pacific Northwest. However, the most extreme fire spread was observed on days without pyroCb activity or significant regional convection. A diverse archive of ground, airborne, and satellite data collected during the Rim Fire provides a unique opportunity to examine the conditions required for both extreme spread events and pyroCb development. Results highlight the importance of upper-level and nocturnal meteorology, as well as the limitations of traditional fire weather indices. The Rim Fire dataset also allows for a detailed examination of conflicting hypotheses surrounding the primary source of moisture during pyroCb development. All pyroCbs were associated with conditions very similar to those that produce dry thunderstorms. The current suite of automated forecasting applications predict only general trends in fire behavior, and specifically do not predict 1) extreme fire spread events and 2) injection of smoke to high altitudes. While these two exceptions are related, analysis of the Rim Fire shows that they are not predicted by the same set of conditions and variables. The combination of numerical weather prediction data and satellite observations exhibits great potential for improving automated regional-scale forecasts of fire behavior and smoke emissions.
Calculation and Evaluation of an Air-Freezing Index for the 1981–2010 Climate Normals Period in the Coterminous United States
Authors: Bilotta Rocky , Bell Jesse E. , Shepherd Ethan , Arguez Anthony 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe air-freezing index (AFI) is a common metric for determining the freezing severity of the winter season and estimating frost depth for midlatitude regions, which is useful for determining the depth of shallow foundation construction. AFI values represent the seasonal magnitude and duration of below-freezing air temperature. Departures of the daily mean temperature above or below 0°C (32°F) are accumulated over each August–July cold season; the seasonal AFI value is defined as the difference between the highest and lowest extrema points. Return periods are computed using generalized extreme value distribution analysis. This research replaces the methodology used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to calculate AFI return periods for the 1951–80 time period, applying the new methodology to the 1981–2010 climate normals period. Seasonal AFI values and return period values were calculated for 5600 stations across the coterminous United States (CONUS), and the results were validated using U.S. Climate Reference Network temperature data. Return period values are typically 14%–18% lower across CONUS during 1981–2010 versus a recomputation of 1951–80 return periods with the new methodology. For the 100-yr (2 yr) return periods, about 59% (83%) of stations show a decrease of more than 10% in the more recent period, whereas 21% (2%) show an increase of more than 10%, indicating a net reduction in winter severity that is consistent with observed climate change.
A Parameterization of Sticking Efficiency for Collisions of Snow and Graupel with Ice Crystals: Theory and Comparison with Observations*
Authors: Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Formenton Marco , Bansemer Aaron , Kudzotsa Innocent , Lienert Barry 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A new parameterization of sticking efficiency for aggregation of ice crystals onto snow and graupel is presented. This parameter plays a crucial role for the formation of ice precipitation and for electrification processes. The parameterization is intended to be used in atmospheric models simulating the aggregation of ice particles in glaciated clouds. It should improve the ability to forecast snow.
Based on experimental results and general considerations of collision processes, dependencies of the sticking efficiency on temperature, surface area, and collision kinetic energy of impacting particles are derived. The parameters have been estimated from some laboratory observations by simulating the experiments and minimizing the squares of the errors of the prediction of observed quantities. The predictions from the new scheme are compared with other available laboratory and field observations. The comparisons show that the parameterization is able to reproduce the thermal behavior of sticking efficiency, observed in published laboratory studies, with a peak around −15°C corresponding to dendritic vapor growth of ice.
Finally, a new theory of sticking efficiency is proposed. It explains the empirically derived parameterization in terms of a probability distribution of the work that would be required to separate two contacting particles colliding in all possible ways among many otherwise identical collisions of the same pair with a given initial collision kinetic energy. For each collision, if this work done would exceed the initial collision kinetic energy, then there is no separation after impact. The probability of that occurring equals the sticking efficiency.
On the Interpretation of EOF Analysis of ENSO, Atmospheric Kelvin Waves, and the MJO
Authors: Roundy Paul E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is frequently applied to derive patterns and indexes used to identify and track weather and climate modes as expressed in state variables or proxies of convection. Individual EOFs or pairs of EOFs are often taken to be a complete description of the phenomenon they are intended to index. At the same time, in the absence of projection of the phenomenon onto multiple EOFs yielding multiple similar eigenvalues, each EOF is often assumed to represent a physically independent phenomenon. This project analyzed the leading EOFs of the earth’s skin temperature on the equator and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies filtered for atmospheric equatorial Kelvin waves. Results show that the leading two EOFs of the skin temperature data—including east Pacific El Niño and El Niño Modoki—frequently evolve as a quadrature pair during El Niño events, even though the first EOF explains roughly 6 times as much variance as the second. They together diagnose the longitude of the SST anomaly maximum, and their linear combination frequently shows eastward or westward propagation. Analysis of the filtered OLR anomalies shows that the first six EOFs each represent Kelvin wave signals, with the first, second, and third pairs representing Kelvin waves characterized by zonal wavenumbers 2, 3, and 4, respectively. This result demonstrates that if a phenomenon occurs across a range of spatial scales, it is described by multiple EOFs at different scales. A similar analysis demonstrates that the Madden–Julian oscillation probably exhibits spread across a range of spatial scales that would also require multiple EOFs for full characterization.
Oculomotor nerve tumors masquerading as recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: Report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Kim Ryul , Kim Jae-Hyoung , Kim Eunhee , Yang Hee-Kyung , Hwang Jeong-Min , Kim Ji-Soo 
Published: November 2014

Background In recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) that was previously termed as ophthalmoplegic migraine, enhancement of the ocular motor cranial nerves could be seen in the cisternal segment during the acute phase. However, various tumors involving the oculomotor nerve may mimic RPON. Methods We report two patients with MRI findings of oculomotor nerve schwannoma who initially presented with RPON, and found through the literature review five more patients with oculomotor nerve tumors that masqueraded as RPON. Results All patients showed an involvement of the oculomotor nerve. The radiological or pathological diagnosis included schwannoma in five, venous angioma in one, and neuromuscular harmatoma in another one. MRIs with gadolinium documented an enhancing nodule involving the cisternal portion of the oculomotor nerve in six of them, which was also observed on follow-up MRIs without an interval change. Conclusions It should be recognized that an incomplete recovery may occur during future attacks in patients with otherwise uncomplicated RPON. Follow-up MRIs are required to detect tumors involving the ocular motor cranial nerves, especially in patients with suspected RPON when the recovery is incomplete.
Reconstruction of the Medial Talonavicular Joint in Simulated Flatfoot Deformity
Authors: Baxter Josh R. , LaMothe Jeremy M. , Walls Raymond J. , Prado Marcelo Pires , Gilbert Susannah L. , Deland Jonathan T. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Reconstructing the ligamentous constraints of the medial arch associated with adult acquired flatfoot deformity remains a challenge. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of several reconstruction techniques of the medial arch. We hypothesized that an anatomic reconstruction of the spring ligament complex would correct the deformity better than other techniques tested. Methods: Three reconstructions of the medial support structures were performed on each specimen to recreate the different lines of action and insertions of the medial ligamentous complex in 12 specimens with a simulated flatfoot deformity. Talonavicular and tibiocalcaneal (hindfoot) orientations were measured in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes in the intact, flatfoot, and reconstructed conditions. Results: While each reconstruction technique corrected the deformity ( P < .05), proximal fixation of the graft corrected the greatest amount of talonavicular deformity while also correcting hindfoot valgus ( P < .05). Conclusion: The fixation points and lines of action of a medial arch reconstruction have important implications on deformity correction in a flatfoot model. Despite its fidelity to the native structure, the anatomic spring ligament reconstruction provided the least amount of correction. These findings suggest that other ligamentous structures of the medial arch are critical in supporting the midfoot. Clinical Relevance: Reconstruction of the ligamentous supports of the medial arch might be able to correct substantial amounts of deformity without osseous procedures like calcaneal osteotomies or midfoot fusions.
MCL-1 but not BCL-XL is critical for the development and sustained expansion of thymic lymphoma in p53-deficient mice
Authors: Grabow Stephanie , Delbridge Alex R. D. , Valente Liz J. , Strasser Andreas 
Published: November 2014

Key PointsMCL-1 is critical for thymic lymphoma development mediated by loss of p53. MCL-1 is essential for sustained growth of p53-deficient thymic lymphoma cells.