bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of interpolation methods for estimating spatial distribution of precipitation in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Wang S. , Huang G. H. , Lin Q. G. , Li Z. , Zhang H. , Fan Y. R. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, different interpolation techniques in a geographical information system (GIS) environment are analysed and compared for estimating the spatial distribution of precipitation in the province of Ontario, Canada. A high‐resolution regional climate modelling system [Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS)] is used to simulate the present (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) precipitation events for 12 meteorological stations over Ontario. The results verify that for the present case PRECIS simulates well the precipitation events when compared with observed data. The future precipitation events can be projected after the validation of PRECIS. Six interpolation methods are then used to generate spatial distribution of precipitation based on the projections of future precipitation of 12 meteorological stations; they include inverse distance weighting (IDW), global polynomial interpolation (GPI), local polynomial interpolation (LPI), radial basis functions (RBF), ordinary kriging (OK), and universal kriging (UK). Cross‐validation is applied to evaluate the accuracy of interpolation methods in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicate that LPI is the optimal method with the least RMSE for interpolating the PRECIS precipitation. LPI is then used to analyse spatial variations of the average annual precipitation for the period of 2071–2100 over Ontario.
13th Latest Advances in Psychiatry: Biopsychosocial Approaches to Psychiatry
Authors: Laight Katherine 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe 13th Latest Advances in Psychiatry Symposium, which will be held on the 12th March 2014 at the Royal College of Physicians in London, promises an impressive line‐up of speakers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Statistical Methods in Kansei Engineering: a Case of Statistical Engineering
Authors: Marco‐Almagro Lluís , Tort‐Martorell Xavier 
Published: February 2014

Kansei engineering (KE) is a methodology used to incorporate emotions in products and services design. Its basic purpose is discovering in which way some properties of a product or a service convey certain emotions in its users. Data are typically collected using questionnaires. KE studies follow a model with three main steps: (i) defining the elicited emotions (semantic space); (ii) deciding on the factors that might affect the responses (space of properties); and (iii) modeling how each factor affects each response (synthesis phase). The procedure resembles that of an experimental design in an industrial context. However, practitioners of KE are hardly ever statisticians. Statistical techniques in KE are sometimes misused, and the discipline could benefit from a more extensive use of statistical methods. KE is thus a good area of application of statistical engineering: focusing not in advancement of statistics but on how current techniques can be best used in a new area.The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to present the fundamentals of KE while giving an easy to understand example to illustrate the procedure; and (ii) to explain why KE is a good example of statistical engineering by proposing improvements that emanate from the adequate use of statistical techniques. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified finite element analyses for fire design of slabs including membrane action
Authors: Stadler Martin , Mensinger Martin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSimplifications to finite element models are the subject of this article. These simplifications form part of a new method for the fire design of concrete and composite slab systems with partly unprotected secondary steel beams, taking into account tensile membrane action. Internal forces can be determined with the simplified model and cross‐section design procedures can be applied to calculate the required reinforcement amount equivalent to ambient temperature. The FE model is simplified by replacing the thermal analysis with a substitute thermal loading. Non‐linear material behaviour is taken into account via a reduced model stiffness, which allows an efficient linear elastic calculation. The new method presented therefore enables the simple and efficient design of slab systems for fire.
Between geometry and craft: the setting‐out of the NiGRES Tower
Authors: Nozhova Ekaterina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn 1899 Vladimir Shuchov (1853–1939), the polymath Russian engineer, was awarded a patent covering the principles he had devised for hyperbolic lattice towers. These hyperbolic towers are constructed from an assembly of straight elements connected together with complex three‐dimensional joints. However, their full geometry is difficult to discern from the (orthogonal) drawings still available. Until now, little was known about the technological advances that made these complex designs feasible. This paper presents an investigation into the mathematical principles and operational practices that may have been used for determining the actual geometry of individual elements for setting out and constructing the metal lattices, thus illuminating the conjunction of geometry and craft.
Orthotropic steel bridges in Germany
Authors: Friedrich Heinz 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis document describes the development and state of the art of orthotropic steel bridges in Germany. Following a short historical review of the performance of orthotropic bridge decks over the last decades, the present traffic loads are described and related to the resistance of the existing structures. Based on four different hazard categories, this paper describes different retrofitting methods. Although several promising strengthening techniques are introduced and evaluated, it appears that further research is urgently required in order to improve these techniques.
Engineering in a computational design environment – New Terminal 3 at Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport, China
Authors: Helbig Thorsten , Scheible Florian , Kamp Florian , Schieber Roman 
Published: February 2014

AbstractShenzhen Airport’s Terminal 3 is one of the largest buildings in the world designed with parametrically controlled digital tools. These tools enabled the teams from Fuksas and Knippers Helbig to develop the free‐form, perforated, double‐skin building envelope into which a space truss structure is integrated. The inherent optimization potential of the iterative process not only facilitated the geometrical definition of a large number of unique, non‐repetitive components, but also resulted in a successive performance improvement for the integrated structural system.In a close collaboration with the architects, specific solutions were developed to provide sufficient structural integrity for the space structure, which is clad by the façade layers. These design interventions enable the mega‐structure to withstand all impacting loads, such as high winds and seismic loads, without disrupting the transparency of the architects’ intended honeycomb‐shaped perforations.The design process of the new Terminal 3 clearly demonstrates how parametrically controlled design tools can offer the means to design new structures and envelopes that go beyond existing typologies.
Differential and linear insertion of atrioventricular valves: a useful tool?
Authors: Adriaanse B. M. E. , Bartelings M. M. , van Vugt J. M. G. , Chaoui R. , Gittenberger‐de Groot A. C. , Haak M. C. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe differential insertion of the atrioventricular valves is the ultrasonographic representation of the more apical attachment of the tricuspid valve to the septum with respect to the mitral valve. A linear insertion is present when both valves form a linear continuum and has been suggested as a marker for atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the anatomical substratum of differential and linear insertions of the atrioventricular valves in normal fetal hearts and fetal hearts with an AVSD.MethodsThe extent and position of the fibrous skeleton and attachment of the atrioventricular valves to the septum were studied in histological sections of 17 normal hearts and four hearts with an AVSD from 10 + 0 weeks' gestation to 3 days postpartum with various immunohistochemical tissue markers. In addition, spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) volumes of 10 normal hearts and STIC volumes of eight hearts with an AVSD at 13 + 6 to 35 + 5 weeks' gestation were examined.ResultsThe differential insertion of the atrioventricular valves was visible in normal hearts in the four‐chamber plane immediately beneath the aorta, but nearer the diaphragm a linear insertion was found. In hearts with an AVSD, a linear appearance was observed in the four‐chamber plane immediately beneath the aorta. Towards the diaphragm, however, first a differential insertion and, more caudally, a linear insertion was found.ConclusionsBoth differential and linear insertions can be found in normal fetal hearts and fetal hearts with AVSD, depending on the plane in which the four‐chamber view is visualized. Therefore, measurement of the differential insertion is likely to be useful only in experienced hands. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Coriolopsis rigida, a potential model of white-rot fungi that produce extracellular laccases
Authors: Saparrat Mario C N , Balatti Pedro A , Arambarri Angélica M , Martínez María J 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the last two decades, a significant amount of work aimed at studying the ability of the white-rot fungus Coriolopsis rigida strain LPSC no. 232 to degrade lignin, sterols, as well as several hazardous pollutants like dyes and aliphatic and aromatic fractions of crude oil, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, has been performed. Additionally, C. rigida in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi appears to enhance plant growth, albeit the physiological and molecular bases of this effect remain to be elucidated. C. rigida's ability to degrade lignin and lignin-related compounds and the capacity to transform the aromatic fraction of crude oil in the soil might be partially ascribed to its ligninolytic enzyme system. Two extracellular laccases are the only enzymatic components of its lignin-degrading system. We reviewed the most relevant findings regarding the activity and role of C. rigida LPSC no. 232 and its laccases and discussed the work that remains to be done in order to assess, more precisely, the potential use of this fungus and its extracellular enzymes as a model in several applied processes.
The NCS‐LSD cohort study: a description of the methods and analyses used to assess the long‐term effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy and substrate reduction therapy in patients with lysosomal storage disorders
Authors: Henley W. E. , Anderson L. J. , Wyatt K. M. , Nikolaou V. , Anderson R. , Logan S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) comprise more than 50 extremely rare, inherited metabolic diseases resulting from a deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes required for normal macromolecular metabolism. The National Collaborative Study for Lysosomal Storage Disorders (NCS‐LSD), was a longitudinal cohort study which collected prospective and retrospective clinical data, and patient‐reported data from adults and children with a confirmed diagnosis of Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), Pompe disease and Niemann Pick disease type C (NPC) in the UK. The study aimed to determine the natural history of these conditions and estimate the effectiveness and cost of therapies. Clinical outcomes were chosen to reflect disease progression. Age‐ and gender‐adjusted treatment effects were estimated using generalised linear mixed models. Treated patients contributed data before and during treatment while untreated patients contributed natural history data. A total of 711 adults and children were recruited to this study from the seven LSD treatment centres in England. Data was collected from 2008 to 2011. This paper describes the methods used to collect and analyse clinical data for this study. The clinical findings are reported separately in a series of condition‐specific articles in this issue.
A Cohort Study of One-Year Functional and Radiographic Outcomes following Intra-Articular Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Lalone Emily A. , Rajgopal Vaishnav , Roth James , Grewal Ruby , MacDermid Joy C. 
Published: February 2014

Background The purpose of this study was to describe the outcomes of a series of patients followed prospectively after intra-articular distal radius fractures. Methods One hundred forty-eight patients with intra-articular fractures (mean age, 47 years; age range, 44–54 years; gender distribution, 60 males and 88 females) were treated with cast only, arthroscopy/closed reduction plus pins, arthroscopy/closed reduction with external fixation, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) alone, and ORIF with external fixation according to surgeon preference and fracture characteristics. The 1-year outcomes across the groups were measured radiographically ( n =148) and functionally ( n =113; 1-year Wrist Outcome Measure score, Grip Strength, SF-36, and PRWE scores). Results Radiographically, the groups had statistically significant differences in radial inclination, volar tilt, intra-articular step-off, and radial shortening in the pre-treatment X-rays. However, following treatment, treatment groups demonstrated no difference statistically in their follow-up radiographic measures. One-year PRWE scores were found to be statistically different across groups. Across groups, the ORIF-alone treatment group had the highest PRWE score reflecting greatest amount of pain and disability. One-year wrist outcome measure scores and grip strength scores were also found to be significantly different across treatment groups. The general health status as measured by the SF-36 was not found to be different across treatment groups. Conclusions These findings are consistent with treatment by indication; suboptimal ORIF outcomes may reflect older practice patterns with dorsal plating. A randomized control trial that compares treatments controlling for fracture severity and studies that develop formal clinical prediction rules for treatment assignment are needed.
Volar Locking Plate Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures: Use of an Intra-Operative ‘Carpal Shoot Through’ View to Identify Dorsal Compartment and Distal Radioulnar Joint Screw Penetration
Authors: Marsland Daniel , Hobbs Chris M. , Sauvé Philip S. 
Published: February 2014

Introduction We report our experience using a ‘carpal shoot through’ view of the distal radius to identify dorsal compartment screw penetration intra-operatively when performing volar plating of the distal radius. Methods A prospective study of 42 patients (mean age 56 years) with acute distal radius fractures treated with open reduction internal fixation was undertaken. Surgical fixation was performed using a volar locking plate in all patients. After plate application, inclined posteroanterior and lateral radiographs were taken followed by the carpal shoot through view. Results In six cases (14 %), the carpal shoot through view revealed dorsal screw protrusion, which was not detectable on standard PA and lateral views. In one case, a screw had penetrated the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), which was only apparent on the shoot through view. The overall screw exchange rate was 17 %. Conclusions Using the hand and carpus to minimise the contrast in X-ray penetration, the dorsal cortex of the distal radius may be imaged intra-operatively and dorsal compartment screw penetration detected in cases with significant multifragmentation when screw measurement is difficult. This view potentially reduces the risk of post-operative pain and extensor tendon injury and also provides excellent visualisation of the DRUJ.
Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa approximation for different-sized particles in application to macromolecular bead models
Authors: Zuk P. J. , Wajnryb E. , Mizerski K. A. , Szymczak P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa (RPY) approximation is a commonly used approach to model the hydrodynamic interactions between small spherical particles suspended in a viscous fluid at a low Reynolds number. However, when the particles overlap, the RPY tensors lose their positive definiteness, which leads to numerical problems in the Brownian dynamics simulations as well as errors in calculations of the hydrodynamic properties of rigid macromolecules using bead modelling. These problems can be avoided by using regularizing corrections to the RPY tensors; so far, however, these corrections have only been derived for equal-sized particles. Here we show how to generalize the RPY approach to the case of overlapping spherical particles of different radii and present the complete set of mobility matrices for such a system. In contrast to previous ad hoc approaches, our method relies on the direct integration of force densities over the sphere surfaces and thus automatically provides the correct limiting behaviour of the mobilities for the touching spheres and for a complete overlap, with one sphere immersed in the other one. This approach can then be used to calculate hydrodynamic properties of complex macromolecules using bead models with overlapping, different-sized beads, which we illustrate with an example.
A reciprocal theorem for Marangoni propulsion
Authors: Masoud Hassan , Stone Howard A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe study the Marangoni propulsion of a spheroidal particle located at a liquid–gas interface. The particle asymmetrically releases an insoluble surface-active agent and so creates and maintains a surface tension gradient leading to the self-propulsion. Assuming that the surface tension has a linear dependence on the concentration of the released agent, we derive closed-form expressions for the translational speed of the particle in the limit of small capillary, Péclet and Reynolds numbers. Our derivations are based on the Lorentz reciprocal theorem, which eliminates the need to develop the detailed flow field.
‘We want no authors’: William Nicholson and the contested role of the scientific journal in Britain, 1797–1813
Authors: WATTS IAIN P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article seeks to illuminate the shifting and unstable configuration of scientific print culture around 1800 through a close focus on William Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts, generally known as Nicholson's Journal. Viewing Nicholson as a mediator between the two spheres of British commercial journalism and scientific enquiry, I investigate the ways he adapted practices and conventions from the domain of general-readership monthly periodicals for his Journal, forging a virtual community of scientific knowledge exchange in print. However, in pursing this project Nicholson ran up against disreputable associations connected with the politics of journalism and came into conflict with more established models of scientific publication. To illustrate this, I turn to examine in detail the practice of reprinting, a technique of information transmission which the Journal adapted from general periodicals and newspapers, looking at a clash between Nicholson and the Royal Society that exposes disagreements over the appropriate role for journals during this period of reorganization in the scientific world.
Bioavailability of lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) polyphenols in rats: impact of colonic inflammation
Authors: Felgines Catherine , Fraisse Didier , Besson Catherine , Vasson Marie-Paule , Texier Odile 
Published: February 2014

Lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) infusion, a widely consumed herbal tea, contains significant amounts of polyphenols such as flavone diglucuronides and phenylpropanoid glycosides (mainly verbascoside). We have recently shown that lemon verbena infusion offers beneficial effects against dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colonic inflammation in rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of polyphenols derived from lemon verbena infusion in both healthy and colitic rats. For this purpose, lemon verbena infusion was given to rats ad libitum for 14 d, and then 4 % DSS was added to the infusion for 7 d. Before and after DSS administration, 24 h urinary excretion of polyphenols was determined. Flavones were excreted in the urine as conjugated aglycones, and their excretion was not significantly altered by colonic inflammation. Only trace amounts of verbascoside were excreted in the urine, but various metabolites (hydroxycinnamic acids) were detected. The urinary excretion of hydroxycinnamic acids, particularly that of caffeic acid, increased after DSS administration (P< 0·05). Only flavone aglycones (luteolin and diosmetin) were excreted in the faeces in small proportions (3·2 % of ingested flavones). Intestinal absorption of lemon verbena polyphenols was examined using an in situ intestinal perfusion model. Intestinal absorption of verbascoside and flavone diglucuronides did not significantly differ between the healthy and colitic rats. Collectively, these results show that intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of lemon verbena flavone diglucuronides were not altered by colonic inflammation, but that urinary excretion of hydroxycinnamic acids derived from verbascoside was affected in a colitic situation.
Ethnic differences in infant feeding practices and their relationship with BMI at 3 years of age – results from the Born in Bradford birth cohort study
Authors: Santorelli Gillian , Fairley Lesley , Petherick Emily S. , Cabieses Baltica , Sahota Pinki 
Published: February 2014

The present study aimed to explore previously unreported ethnic differences in infant feeding practices during the introduction of solid foods, accounting for maternal and birth factors, and to determine whether these feeding patterns are associated with BMI at 3 years of age. An observational study using Poisson regression was carried out to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and infant feeding practices and linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between feeding practices and BMI at 3 years of age in a subsample of 1327 infants in Bradford. It was found that compared with White British mothers, mothers of Other ethnicities were less likely to replace breast milk with formula milk before introducing solid foods (adjusted relative risk (RR) – Pakistani: 0·76 (95 % CI 0·64, 0·91), Other South Asian: 0·58 (95 % CI 0·39, 0·86), and Other ethnicities: 0·50 (95 % CI 0·34, 0·73)). Pakistani and Other South Asian mothers were less likely to introduce solid foods early ( < 17 weeks) (adjusted RR – Pakistani: 0·92 (95 % CI 0·87, 0·96) and Other South Asian: 0·87 (95 % CI 0·81, 0·93)). Other South Asian mothers and mothers of Other ethnicities were more likely to continue breast-feeding after introducing solid foods (adjusted RR – 1·72 (95 % CI 1·29, 2·29) and 2·12 (95 % CI 1·60, 2·81), respectively). Pakistani and Other South Asian infants were more likely to be fed sweetened foods (adjusted RR – 1·18 (95 % CI 1·13, 1·23) and 1·19 (95 % CI 1·10, 1·28), respectively) and Pakistani infants were more likely to consume sweetened drinks (adjusted RR 1·72 (95 % CI 1·15, 2·57)). No association between infant feeding practices and BMI at 3 years was observed. Although ethnic differences in infant feeding practices were found, there was no association with BMI at 3 years of age. Interventions targeting infant feeding practices need to consider ethnicity to identify which populations are failing to follow recommendations.