bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of soil textural properties on hydrologic fluxes in the Mississippi river basin
Authors: Livneh Ben , Kumar Rohini , Samaniego Luis 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHydrological simulation of states and fluxes represents a viable approach for predicting the occurrence of extreme events and diagnosing their underlying causes. In recent decades, databases of soil textural properties have been published that provide a basis for estimating hydrologic model parameters. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of soil textural assumptions on hydrologic states and fluxes: an often overlooked source of hydrologic modelling uncertainty. Mesoscale hydrologic model simulations driven by the digital general soil map of the USA (STATSGO2) soil database (1 : 250 000) were compared with those using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)‐based harmonized world soil database (1 : 5 000 000) over the Mississippi river basin. Annual and seasonal differences in modelled water fluxes and states were explored, in addition to major historical flood and drought events during 1988, 1993 and 2012. Model simulations using STATSGO2 consistently led to greater separation between fast and slow runoff responses (by approximately 24–39%) and, generally, more extreme responses to historic flood and drought events. Simulated soil moisture and runoff from the coarser harmonized world soil database produced greater persistence by roughly 0.10 autocorrelation points at 1‐, 3‐ and 6‐month lags, due to larger active water storage capacity. Overall, the choice of soil database altered the partitioning of precipitation between evapotranspiration and runoff, and affected the correlation structure between forcing and modelled fluxes by up to 0.2 points. As compared with other decisions needed to make hydrologic predictions, this analysis demonstrates that choice of soil textural properties for a single model can be an appreciable source of uncertainty and therefore warrants careful consideration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐structural hair alterations in Friedreich's ataxia: A scanning electron microscopic investigation
Authors: Turkmenoglu F. Pinar , Kasirga U. Baran , Celik H. Hamdi 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTFriedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder involving progressive damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems and cardiomyopathy. FRDA is caused by the silencing of the FXN gene and reduced levels of the encoded protein, frataxin. Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein that functions primarily in iron‐sulfur cluster synthesis. Skin disorders including hair abnormalities have previously been reported in patients with mitochondrial disorders. However, to our knowledge, ultra‐structural hair alterations in FRDA were not demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to determine ultra‐structural alterations in the hairs of FRDA patients as well as carriers. Hair specimen from four patients, who are in different stages of the disease, and two carriers were examined by scanning electron microscope. Thin and weak hair follicles with absence of homogeneities on the cuticular surface, local damages of the cuticular layer, cuticular fractures were detected in both carriers and patients, but these alterations were much more prominent in the hair follicles of patients. In addition, erosions on the surface of the cuticle and local deep cavities just under the cuticular level were observed only in patients. Indistinct cuticular pattern, pores on the cuticular surface, and presence of concavities on the hair follicle were also detected in patients in later stages of the disease. According to our results, progression of the disease increased the alterations on hair structure. We suggest that ultra‐structural alterations observed in hair samples might be due to oxidative stress caused by deficient frataxin expression in mitochondria. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:731–736, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A descriptive study to provide evidence of the teratogenic and cellular effects of sibutramine and ephedrine on cardiac‐ and liver‐tissue of chick embryos
Authors: Oberholzer Hester Magdalena , Van Der Schoor Ciska , Taute Helena , Bester Megan Jean 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTExposure to drugs during pregnancy is a major concern, as some teratogenic compounds can influence normal foetal development. Although the use of drugs during pregnancy should generally be avoided, exposure of the developing foetus to teratogens may occur unknowingly since these compounds may be hidden in products that are being marketed as “all natural.” The aim of the current study was to investigate the possible teratogenic and cellular effects of sibutramine—a serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of obesity—on the heart and liver tissue of chick embryos. Ephedrine was used as a positive control. The chick embryo model was chosen because it has been used in studying developmental and experimental biology and teratology with great success. The embryos were exposed to three different concentrations of sibutramine and ephedrine respectively. The results obtained revealed that both compounds exhibited embryotoxicity when compared to the control groups. Liver and heart tissue of the exposed embryos was severely affected by these compounds in a dose‐related manner. Morphology similar to that of muscle dystrophy was observed in the heart, where the muscle tissue was infiltrated by adipose and connective tissue. Severe liver steatosis was also noted. A more in‐depth investigation into the molecular pathways involved might provide more information on the exact mechanism of toxicity of these products influencing embryonic development. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:737–746, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semi‐automated hippocampal segmentation in people with cognitive impairment using an age appropriate template for registration
Authors: Merkel Bernd , Steward Christopher , Vivash Lucy , Malpas Charles B. , Phal Pramit , Moffat Bradford A. , Cox Kay L. , Ellis Kathryn A. , Ames David J. , Cyarto Elizabeth V. , Lai Michelle M.Y. , Sharman Matthew J. , Szoeke Cassandra , Masters Colin L. , Lautenschlager Nicola T. , Desmond Patricia 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundTo evaluate a new semi‐automated segmentation method for calculating hippocampal volumes and to compare results with standard software tools in a cohort of people with subjective memory complaints (SMC) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsData from 58 participants, 39 with SMC (17 male, 22 female, mean age 72.6) and 19 with MCI (6 male, 13 female, mean age 74.3), were analyzed. For each participant, T1‐weighted images were acquired using an MPRAGE sequence on a 3 Tesla MRI system. Hippocampal volumes (left, right, and total) were calculated with a new, age appropriate registration template, based on older people and using the advanced software tool ANTs (Advanced Normalization Tools). The results were compared with manual tracing (seen as the reference standard) and two widely accepted automated software tools (FSL, FreeSurfer).ResultsThe hippocampal volumes, calculated by using the age appropriate registration template were significantly (P < 0.05) more accurate (mean volume accuracy more than 90%) than those obtained with FreeSurfer and FSL (both less than 70%). Dice coefficients for the hippocampal segmentations with the new template method (75.3%) were slightly, but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those from FreeSurfer (72.4%).ConclusionThese results suggest that an age appropriate registration template might be a more accurate alternative to calculate hippocampal volumes when manual segmentation is not feasible. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1631–1638.
Effects of poplar buds as an alternative to propolis on postharvest diseases control of strawberry fruits
Authors: Yang Shuzhen , Zhou Yefeng , Ye Junli , Fan Gang , Peng Litao , Pan Siyi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDBotrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer, two main postharvest pathogens, cause great loss of strawberry fruits. Here, the effects of poplar buds extracts, a main plant source for Chinese propolis, on disease control were investigated in vitro and in vivo.RESULTSThe HPLC profile of poplar buds ethanol extract (PBEE) was almost identical to that of propolis ethanol extract (PEE), with the active flavonoids identified as pinocembrin, chrysin and galangin. PBEE exhibited similar inhibitory activities on spore germination of both pathogens compared with PEE, and PBEE also strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogens. In vivo, PBEE could effectively reduce decay of strawberry fruits stored at 13 °C. Although the weight loss was slightly increased, the contents of total soluble solid, titritable acid, vitamin C and total anthocyanins were significantly higher in PBEE treated fruits than those of the control.CONCLUSIONPBEE had the similar antifungal activity with propolis and had great potential as an alternative to propolis to control strawberry fruits diseases. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
RGB converter based on liquid prism
Authors: Yao Li‐Xiao , Liu Chao , Wang Ming‐Huan , Li Da‐Hai , Wang Qiong‐Hua 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a Red Green Blue (RGB) converter, which is an expanded application of electrowetting liquid prism in the micro‐systems. Four rectangular indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates having the same size are stacked to form the sidewalls. Another ITO electrode is fabricated and stuck on the bottom polymethyl methacrylate substrate as the opposite electrode. With two immiscible fluids in the transparent cell, the shape of the liquid–liquid interface can be deformed by electrostatic force. Three different color filters are placed under the prism. When we apply different voltages, the light beam will propagate through different filters by deforming the liquid–liquid interface. Our results show that we can obtain the light having three different colors from a non‐transparent cap's light hole. The device is capable of reasonable switch time (~75 and ~140 ms). It has a wide potential application in tunable lasers, adaptive indicators, and display systems.
Volumetric MRI of the lungs during forced expiration
Authors: Berman Benjamin P. , Pandey Abhishek , Li Zhitao , Jeffries Lindsie , Trouard Theodore P. , Oliva Isabel , Cortopassi Felipe , Martin Diego R. , Altbach Maria I. , Bilgin Ali 
Published: July 2015

PurposeLung function is typically characterized by spirometer measurements, which do not offer spatially specific information. Imaging during exhalation provides spatial information but is challenging due to large movement over a short time. The purpose of this work is to provide a solution to lung imaging during forced expiration using accelerated magnetic resonance imaging. The method uses radial golden angle stack‐of‐stars gradient echo acquisition and compressed sensing reconstruction.MethodsA technique for dynamic three‐dimensional imaging of the lungs from highly undersampled data is developed and tested on six subjects. This method takes advantage of image sparsity, both spatially and temporally, including the use of reference frames called bookends. Sparsity, with respect to total variation, and residual from the bookends, enables reconstruction from an extremely limited amount of data.ResultsDynamic three‐dimensional images can be captured at sub‐150 ms temporal resolution, using only three (or less) acquired radial lines per slice per timepoint. The images have a spatial resolution of
mm. Lung volume calculations based on image segmentation are compared to those from simultaneously acquired spirometer measurements.ConclusionDynamic lung imaging during forced expiration is made possible by compressed sensing accelerated dynamic three‐dimensional radial magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:2295–2302, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Treated with a Monoamine Oxidase Type‐B inhibitor: A Cross‐Sectional, Cohort Study
Authors: Dashtipour Khashayar , Chen Jack J. , Kani Camellia , Bahjri Khaled , Ghamsary Mark 
Published: July 2015

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term risk of developing cognitive symptoms (e.g., dementia, hallucinations), dyskinesia, falls, and freezing of gait (FoG) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who received monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors (MAOB‐Is) compared with patients who had never received MAOB‐Is.DesignRetrospective, cross‐sectional, cohort study.SettingAcademic movement disorders clinic.PatientsOne hundred eighty‐one patients with idiopathic PD who were receiving MAOB‐I therapy on a long‐term basis for a minimum of 1 year (MAOB‐I current‐user cohort) and 121 patients with idiopathic PD who had never received MAOB‐I therapy (MAOB‐I never‐user cohort [control group]) between January 1, 1996, and November 30, 2011.Measurements and Main ResultsThe five study outcome variables were dementia, dyskinesia, falls, FoG, and hallucinations. Baseline and outcome data were collected from medical records. Patients in the MAOB‐I current‐user group were included only if absence of the specified outcomes was documented at baseline. Adjusted multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for MAOB‐I use versus never use on clinical outcomes. MAOB‐I treatment was associated with a 44.7% reduced risk of dyskinesia (adjusted OR 0.553, 95% confidence interval 0.314–0.976, p=0.041), with the greatest risk reduction observed after 2 years of treatment. No significant association was noted with MAOB‐I use and development of dementia, falls, FoG, or hallucinations.ConclusionLong‐term use of MAOB‐I therapy was associated with reduced risk of dyskinesia in patients with PD.
A Rock Glacier Activity Index Based on Rock Glacier Thickness Changes and Displacement Rates Derived From Airborne Laser Scanning
Authors: Bollmann Erik , Girstmair Anna , Mitterer Susanna , Krainer Karl , Sailer Rudolf , Stötter Johann 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRegional assessments of whether a rock glacier is active are mainly based on expert interpretation of surface characteristics. This study presents a quantitative approach to assess rock glacier activity based on magnitudes (average and standard deviation) of rock glacier thickness changes and displacement rates calculated from repeated airborne laser scanning data. In contrast to the established three‐part activity classification, the activity index ρR indicates the degree of rock glacier activity, with values ranging between 0 (not active, because no surface changes are observed) and 1 (very active, because the highest magnitudes of surface changes are observed). The activity index values determined correspond well with the activity type determined in the Tyrolean rock glacier inventory: rock glaciers with ρR values > 0.65 are mainly classified as active (77% active, 22% inactive, 1% relict), whereas 88 per cent of all relict rock glaciers correspond to ρR values < 0.4. For some rock glaciers, the ρR does not support the classification given in the Tyrolean rock glacier inventory and the activity index provides valuable information to improve and complement existing inventories. The workflow developed can be adapted to other rock glacier data‐sets, allowing quantitatively comparable results to be obtained between different regions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Imaging of Explosions – Mapping BO2 Light Emission
Authors: McNesby Kevin L. , Biss Matthew M. , Benjamin Richard A. , Thompson Ronnie A. , Rozanski Anthony 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis work describes chemical imaging of BO2 formed during ballistic initiation of 1 : 1 by weight powder‐mixtures of boron (B) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) contained within a polyethylene spherical projectile (25 mm diameter). Initiation was achieved by impact of the gas‐gun‐launched B/KNO3‐filled projectile with an anvil in a windowed, air‐filled chamber. To monitor the subsequent chemical reaction, a two‐camera, optically‐filtered method to map discrete chemical emission from the BO2 molecule was used. This technique distinguishes incandescence of hot particles produced during the event from discrete chemical emission by BO2 near a wavelength of 546 nanometers (nm). The dependence of delay in BO2 chemical emission (that exceeded particle incandescence) with impact velocity was investigated and chemical emission movies which ratio the intensity of discrete to thermal emission are discussed. Emission spectra (300–1000 nm wavelength) were recorded during the impact event, and used to determine a grey‐body temperature of the hot particles during the time when BO2 emission was most intense.
Allosteric transitions of ATP‐binding cassette transporter MsbA studied by the adaptive anisotropic network model
Authors: Xie Xiao Lu , Li Chun Hua , Yang Yong Xiao , Jin Lu , Tan Jian Jun , Zhang Xiao Yi , Su Ji Guo , Wang Cun Xin 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe transporter MsbA is a kind of multidrug resistance ATP‐binding cassette transporter that can transport lipid A, lipopolysaccharides, and some amphipathic drugs from the cytoplasmic to the periplasmic side of the inner membrane. In this work, we explored the allosteric pathway of MsbA from the inward‐ to outward‐facing states during the substrate transport process with the adaptive anisotropic network model. The results suggest that the allosteric transitions proceed in a coupled way. The large‐scale closing motions of the nucleotide‐binding domains occur first, accompanied with a twisting motion at the same time, which becomes more obvious in middle and later stages, especially for the later. This twisting motion plays an important role for the rearrangement of transmembrane helices and the opening of transmembrane domains on the periplasmic side that mainly take place in middle and later stages respectively. The topological structure plays an important role in the motion correlations above. The conformational changes of nucleotide‐binding domains are propagated to the transmembrane domains via the intracellular helices IH1 and IH2. Additionally, the movement of the transmembrane domains proceeds in a nonrigid body, and the two monomers move in a symmetrical way, which is consistent with the symmetrical structure of MsbA. These results are helpful for understanding the transport mechanism of the ATP‐binding cassette exporters. Proteins 2015; 83:1643–1653. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the elucidation of hydroxyl radical oxidation of metsulfuron methyl and related sulfonylurea pesticide products: evidence for the triazine skeleton scission
Authors: Chahboune Rajae , Mountacer Hafida , Sarakha Mohamed 
Published: July 2015

RationaleSulfonylureas are among the most important class of antidiabetic and herbicides. Solar light excitation and Advanced Oxidation Processes may result in the formation of a wide array of products owing to the relative complex structure. These products, that should be identified, may present a more toxic effect than the parent compound.MethodsLiquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐QTOFMS) with accurate mass determination emerges as a valuable technique for the precise elucidation of all possible byproducts. The hydroxyl radical was generated by excitation of the iron(III) aquacomplex [Fe(H2O)OH]2+ and hydrogen peroxide at pH 3.5. Three different sulfonylureas were studied: metsulfuron methyl, cinosulfuron and thifensulfuron methyl.ResultsSeveral products owing to the reactivity of hydroxyl radicals with sulfonylurea were obtained. They arise from scission of the sulfonylurea bridge, hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, demethylation of the methoxy group and more importantly and unequivocally from the rupture of the triazine skeleton. To reach such scission, a primary demethylation of the methoxy group on the triazine moiety seems to act as a precursor process. Such a process was observed with the three studied sulfonylurea compounds.ConclusionsThe reported results demonstrated the usefulness of accurate mass measurements undertaken by LC/ESI‐QTOFMS for structural elucidation of the unknown byproducts that were generated during hydroxyl radical reactions with some sulfonylureas. It has been possible herein to identify the structures of products arising from the opening of the recalcitrant triazine structure via hydrolysis processes in acidic solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability in the routing of dietary proteins and lipids to consumer tissues influences tissue‐specific isotopic discrimination
Authors: Wolf Nathan , Newsome Seth D. , Peters Jacob , Fogel Marilyn L. 
Published: July 2015

RationaleThe eco‐physiological mechanisms that govern the incorporation and routing of macronutrients from dietary sources into consumer tissues determine the efficacy of stable isotope analysis (SIA) for studying animal foraging ecology. We document how changes in the relative amounts of dietary proteins and lipids affect the metabolic routing of these macronutrients and the consequent effects on tissue‐specific discrimination factors in domestic mice using SIA. We also examine the effects of dietary macromolecular content on a commonly used methodological approach: lipid extraction of potential food sources.MethodsWe used carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes to examine the routing of carbon from dietary proteins and lipids that were used by mice to biosynthesize hair, blood, muscle, and liver. Growing mice were fed one of four diet treatments in which the total dietary content of C4‐based lipids (δ13C = −14.5‰) and C3‐based proteins (δ13C = −27‰) varied inversely between 5% and 40%.ResultsThe δ13C values of mouse tissues increased by approximately 2–6‰ with increasing dietary lipid content. The difference in δ13C values between mouse tissues and bulk diet ranged from 0.1 ± 1.5‰ to 2.3 ± 0.6‰ for all diet treatments. The mean (±SD) difference between the δ13C values of mouse tissues and dietary protein varied systematically among tissues and ranged from 3.1 ± 0.1‰ to 4.5 ± 0.6‰ for low fat diets and from 5.4 ± 0.4‰ to 10.5 ± 7.3‰ for high fat diets.ConclusionsMice used some fraction of their dietary lipid carbon to synthesize tissue proteins, suggesting flexibility in the routing of dietary macromolecules to consumer tissues based on dietary macromolecular availability. Consequently, all constituent dietary macromolecules, not just protein, should be considered when determining the relationship between diets and consumer tissues using SIA. In addition, in cases where animals consume diets with high lipid contents, non lipid‐extracted prey samples should be analyzed to estimate diets using SIA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.