bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Differentiation in a Bacillus thuringiensis Population during Planktonic Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Host Infection
Authors: Verplaetse Emilie , Slamti Leyla , Gohar Michel , Lereclus Didier 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) is armed to complete a full cycle in its insect host. During infection, virulence factors are expressed under the control of the quorum sensor PlcR to kill the host. After the host's death, the quorum sensor NprR controls a necrotrophic lifestyle, allowing the vegetative cells to use the insect cadaver as a bioincubator and to survive. Only a part of the Bt population sporulates in the insect cadaver, and the precise composition of the whole population and its evolution over time are unknown. Using fluorescent reporters to record gene expression at the single-cell level, we have determined the differentiation course of a Bt population and explored the lineage existing among virulent, necrotrophic, and sporulating cells. The dynamics of cell differentiation were monitored during growth in homogenized medium, biofilm formation, and colonization of insect larvae. We demonstrated that in the insect host and in planktonic culture in rich medium, the virulence, necrotrophism, and sporulation regulators are successively activated in the same cell. In contrast, in biofilms, activation of PlcR is dispensable for NprR activation and we observed a greater heterogeneity than under the other two growth conditions. We also showed that sporulating cells arise almost exclusively from necrotrophic cells. In biofilm and in the insect cadaver, we identified an as-yet-uncharacterized category of cells that do not express any of the reporters used. Overall, we showed that PlcR, NprR, and Spo0A act as interconnected integrators to allow finely tuned adaptation of the pathogen to its environment.

IMPORTANCE
Bt is an entomopathogen found ubiquitously in the environment and is a widely used biopesticide. Studies performed at the population level suggest that the infection process of Bt includes three successive steps (virulence, necrotrophism, and sporulation) controlled by different regulators. This study aimed to determine how these phenotypes are activated at the cellular level and if they are switched on in all cells. We used an insect model of infection and biofilms to decipher the cellular differentiation of this bacterium under naturalistic conditions. Our study reveals the connection and lineage existing among virulent, necrotrophic, and sporulating cells. It also shows that the complex conditions encountered in biofilms and during infection generate great heterogeneity inside the population, which might reflect a bet-hedging strategy to ameliorate survival. These data generate new insights into the role of regulatory networks in the adaptation of a pathogen to its host.
Treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tear: five year outcome of randomised trial
Authors: Frobell Richard B , Roos Harald P , Roos Ewa M , Roemer Frank W , Ranstam Jonas , Lohmander L Stefan 
Published: April 2015

STUDY QUESTIONIn young active adults with an acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, do patient reported or radiographic outcomes after five years differ between those treated with rehabilitation plus early ACL reconstruction and those treated with rehabilitation and optional delayed ACL reconstruction?SUMMARY ANSWERAt five years, patients assigned to rehabilitation plus early ACL reconstruction did not differ significantly in patient reported or radiographic outcomes from those assigned to initial rehabilitation with the option of having a later reconstruction if needed.WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSThe relative efficacy of surgical reconstruction and rehabilitation for short and long term outcomes of ACL rupture is debated. Clinicians and young active adult patients should consider rehabilitation as a primary treatment option following an acute ACL tear.
Risk factors for HIV and syphilis infection among male sex workers who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Hangzhou, China, 2011
Authors: Luo Yan , Zhu Chunyan , Chen Shuchang , Geng Qingshan , Fu Rong , Li Xiting , Xu Ke , Cheng Jie , Ding Jianming 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in male sex workers (MSW).DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingHangzhou, China.Participants259 MSW in MSM were recruited by respondent-driven sampling from May 2011 to December 2011.The inclusion criteria were: (1) age ≥18 years; (2) engaging in sex with men in the previous year and (3) willing to cooperate in the implementation of the study.Outcome measuresHIV-related knowledge, high-risk behaviour and condom use.ResultsAmong these MSW in MSM, 23.2% were infected with HIV and/or syphilis, 8.9% were infected only with HIV, 12.7% only with syphilis and 1.5% with HIV/syphilis co-infection; 96.6% sold sex to males, 8.9% bought sex from males and 15.4% sold sex to females; 49.0% had non-commercial sex behaviours with males and 24.3% with females. The rate of condom use while having commercial sex with clients was 86.9% and 53.3% (selling anal and oral sex to males, respectively), 95.5% (buying sex from males) and 77.5% (selling sex to females), respectively. Regarding their non-commercial sex behaviour, the rate of condom use was 77.2% (with males) and 49.2% (with females), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age >30 years (OR 1.055; 95% CIs 1.015 to 1.095) and having ≥10 non-commercial male sex partners (OR, 1.573; 95% CI 1.018 to 2.452) were significantly associated with HIV/syphilis infection, while heterosexuality (OR, 0.238; 95% CI 0.066 to 0.855) was significantly associated with a low HIV/syphilis infection rate.ConclusionsThe MSW in MSM population in Hangzhou has a high prevalence of HIV/syphilis infection, poor perceived risks of HIV and more engagement in unsafe sex with its clients and partners, in addition to a low rate of condom use. These risk factors may account for their relatively high infection rate of HIV/syphilis.
Recall of physical activity advice was associated with higher levels of physical activity in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Fisher A , Williams K , Beeken R , Wardle J 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThe present study tested the hypothesis that recall of receiving physical activity (PA) advice would be associated with higher levels of PA in patients with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC).SettingColorectal cancer patients who were diagnosed in 2010 or 2011, and had been treated in the English National Health Service (NHS).Participants17 753 respondents completed at least one section of the survey relevant to the current study and after exclusion of 171 with dementia (since results relied on recall), 15 254 had complete data for the current study. 60% were male, 67% were>65 years and 96% were from a white ethnic group.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPatients completed the ‘Living with and Beyond Colorectal Cancer’ Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMS) survey in 2013. The survey included questions on receiving exercise advice/information (‘PA advice’), and the frequency of currently doing at least 30 min of brisk PA per day (‘PA level’: 0, 1–4 or 5–7 days, within the past week; with the top category meeting UK guidelines).ResultsA third of respondents (31%) recalled receiving PA advice. Independent of demographics and treatment, patients who recalled having PA advice were more likely to be currently doing some brisk PA (51% in the advice group vs 42% in the no advice group; OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.60 to 1.90; p<0.001), and more likely to be meeting PA guidelines (25% vs 20%; OR 1.70, CI 1.54 to 1.88; p<0.001).ConclusionsRecalling being given PA advice after a diagnosis of CRC was associated with higher levels of PA. However, less than a third of patients recalled receiving advice. Future research should examine the context in which advice is given and randomised trials are required. However, encouraging clinicians working with patients with CRC to give brief PA advice is warranted and may help improve outcomes for CRC survivors.
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in female clinic attendees in Honiara, Solomon Islands
Authors: Marks M , Kako H , Butcher R , Lauri B , Puiahi E , Pitakaka R , Sokana O , Kilua G , Roth A , Solomon A W , Mabey D C 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThis study sought to determine the prevalence of common bacterial sexually transmitted infections, includingChlamydia trachomatisandNeisseria gonorrhoeae, in women attending clinics in the Solomon Islands.MethodsWe conducted a sexual health survey among women attending three nurse-led community outpatient clinics in August 2014, to establish the prevalence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in female clinic attenders in Honiara, Solomon Islands. Vaginal swab samples were tested for infection withC. trachomatisandN. gonorrhoeaeusing a commercial strand displacement amplification assay. Serum samples were tested for syphilis.ResultsWe enrolled 296 women, aged 16–49, attending three clinics. Knowledge of safe sexual practices was high but reported condom usage was low. The prevalence of infection withC. trachomatiswas 20%. The prevalence of infection withN. gonorrhoeaeand syphilis were 5.1% and 4.1%, respectively.ConclusionsBacterial sexually transmitted infections are a major health problem in the Solomon Islands. Interventions are urgently needed.
Multicentre observational study of adults with asthma exacerbations: who are the frequent users of the emergency department in Japan?
Authors: Watase Hiroko , Hagiwara Yusuke , Chiba Takuyo , Camargo Carlos A , Hasegawa Kohei 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesEmergency department (ED) visits for asthma exacerbation reflect a failure of longitudinal asthma management. However, little is known about the characteristics of patients with frequent ED visits (≥2 visits in a 1-year period). We aimed to characterise the adult patients who frequently presented to the ED for asthma exacerbation in Japan.DesignA multicentre chart review study of 23 EDs across Japan.ParticipantsAdults aged 18–54 years who presented to the ED with asthma exacerbation from 2009 to 2011.Outcome measuresFrequency of ED visits for asthma exacerbation in a 1-year period, including the index ED visit.ResultsOf the 1002 eligible patients, 218 (22%) had frequent ED visits, accounting for 48% of total ED visits for asthma exacerbation in the 1-year period. Specifically, 12% had 2 ED visits and 10% had ≥3 visits. In these patients, guideline-recommended chronic management was suboptimal. For example, among patients with ≥3 ED visits, only 63% were treated with inhaled corticosteroids and 49% were current smokers. In a multinomial logistic regression model, markers of chronic asthma severity (history of hospitalisation for asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroids) were significantly associated with a higher frequency of ED visits (both p<0.05).ConclusionsThis multicentre study in Japan demonstrated that many patients are frequent ED users for asthma exacerbation. We also found that their asthma control management is suboptimal, most likely contributing to worse chronic severity and more frequent ED visits. Further dissemination and adoption of evidence-based guidelines are required to reduce asthma morbidity in this high-risk population.
Fifty moves a year: is there an association between joint physical custody and psychosomatic problems in children?
Authors: Bergström Malin , Fransson Emma , Modin Bitte , Berlin Marie , Gustafsson Per A , Hjern Anders 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundIn many Western countries, an increasing number of children with separated parents have joint physical custody, that is, live equally much in their parent's respective homes. In Sweden, joint physical custody is particularly common and concerns between 30% and 40% of the children with separated parents. It has been hypothesised that the frequent moves and lack of stability in parenting may be stressful for these children.MethodsWe used data from a national classroom survey of all sixth and ninth grade students in Sweden (N=147839) to investigate the association between children's psychosomatic problems and living arrangements. Children in joint physical custody were compared with those living only or mostly with one parent and in nuclear families. We conducted sex-specific linear regression analyses for z-transformed sum scores of psychosomatic problems and adjusted for age, country of origin as well as children's satisfaction with material resources and relationships to parents. Clustering by school was accounted for by using a two-level random intercept model.ResultsChildren in joint physical custody suffered from less psychosomatic problems than those living mostly or only with one parent but reported more symptoms than those in nuclear families. Satisfaction with their material resources and parent–child relationships was associated with children's psychosomatic health but could not explain the differences between children in the different living arrangements.ConclusionsChildren with non-cohabitant parents experience more psychosomatic problems than those in nuclear families. Those in joint physical custody do however report better psychosomatic health than children living mostly or only with one parent. Longitudinal studies with information on family factors before and after the separation are needed to inform policy of children's postseparation living arrangements.
Recurrence, retreatment, and rebleed rates of coiled aneurysms with respect to the Raymond–Roy scale: a meta-analysis
Authors: Darflinger Robert , Thompson Laura A , Zhang Zhiwei , Chao Kuo 
Published: April 2015

Background and purposeThe Raymond–Roy grading scale is used for aneurysm coiling with only limited data on its validity. The scale was developed based on the extent of initial aneurysm occlusion from 1 to 3. However, the model usefulness in evaluating recurrence, retreatment, and rebleeding is unknown. Our goal was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the predictiveness of the Raymond scale.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the English literature for aneurysm coiling which reported the initial embolization results, based on the Raymond–Roy grading scale, and the respective recurrence rates, retreatment rates, and rebleed rates. This yielded data for 4587 aneurysms. We conducted a Bayesian random effects meta-analysis to evaluate the outcomes with respect to the reported initial embolization results.ResultsWe found the Raymond scale to be predictive of retreatment, with statistically higher rates of retreatment with higher initial Raymond grade. Furthermore, we found a higher probability of rebleeding for initial grades 2 or 3 versus grade 1, which approached significance. The rebleed rates were probably affected by monitoring and treatment of recurrence. However, although there was a trend towards higher recurrence rates with initial grade, this was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe modified Raymond–Roy scale appears to provide reasonable predictive value for treated aneurysm, especially for the clinically more important aspects of retreatment and rebleed rates.
Effect of urethral infusion of atracurium besylate on manual bladder expression in dogs and cats with spinal cord injuries: a randomised trial
Authors: Galluzzi F. , De Rensis F. , Saleri R. , Spattini G. 
Published: April 2015

The aim of this randomised trial was to assess the effect of urethral infusion of atracurium besylate in dogs and cats with signs of urinary retention secondary to lesions affecting spinal cord segments T3–L3. Eighteen dogs and six cats with urinary retention were examined and scored before treatment on the degree of difficulty of inducing bladder emptying by manual bladder compression. Animals were subsequently treated in a blinded fashion by the same operator with urethral infusion of 2–4 ml of either a solution of 0.5 mg/ml of atracurium (treatment group) or placebo (control group) and, after five minutes, a second attempt was made to induce bladder emptying by manual compression and a post‐treatment score assigned. Pretreatment scores did not differ between the treatment and control groups (5.6±0.8 v 6.2±0.7, respectively; P=0.22); however, post‐treatment scores were significantly lower in the treatment group compared with the control group (2.9±0.4 v 5.9±0.3; P<0.05). Urethral infusion of atracurium facilitates manual bladder expression in dogs and cats with urinary retention secondary to spinal cord injuries. No side effects were recognised.
Genome Medicine in Cancer: What's in a Name?
Authors: Schott Anne F. , Perou Charles M. , Hayes Daniel F. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This is an exciting time to be in cancer medicine. New technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), have increased our understanding of the molecular aberrations that define cancer. This, in turn, has led to the identification of cancer-specific molecular targets and potential drugs to confront these targets. As these new technologies move toward clinical application, a new vocabulary of “genome medicine” has been introduced to the field of oncology. Unfortunately, unclear or incorrect use of the new terminology has led to semantic misunderstandings that impair communication between the basic research and clinical practice arenas. These misunderstandings have led to assumptions regarding the clinical application of NGS and other technologies that may or may not be true. For example, some organizations that perform NGS testing on clinical samples have endorsed use of the results of such tests to direct specific therapies based on laboratory hypotheses, but without clinical testing of the hypotheses to show utility for these potential predictive claims. Here, we review some simple, and hopefully universally acceptable, definitions, concepts, and trial designs so that laboratory researchers and clinicians can move closer toward speaking the same language. Cancer Res; 75(10); 1930–5. ©2015 AACR.
Mitochondrial Crisis in Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells Opens the Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: Doll Danielle N. , Hu Heng , Sun Jiahong , Lewis Sara E. , Simpkins James W. , Ren Xuefang 
Published: April 2015

Background and Purpose—
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable cerebrovascular endothelial barrier that maintains homeostasis between the periphery and the central nervous system. BBB disruption is a consequence of ischemic stroke and BBB permeability can be altered by infection/inflammation, but the complex cellular and molecular changes that result in this BBB alteration need to be elucidated to determine mechanisms.

Methods—
Infection mimic (lipopolysaccharide) challenge on infarct volume, BBB permeability, infiltrated neutrophils, and functional outcomes after murine transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo; mitochondrial evaluation of cerebrovascular endothelial cells challenged by lipopolysaccharide in vitro; pharmacological inhibition of mitochondria on BBB permeability in vitro and in vivo; the effects of mitochondrial inhibitor on BBB permeability, infarct volume, and functional outcomes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Results—
We report here that lipopolysaccharide worsens ischemic stroke outcome and increases BBB permeability after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Furthermore, we elucidate a novel mechanism that compromised mitochondrial function accounts for increased BBB permeability as evidenced by: lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in oxidative phosphorylation and subunit expression of respiratory chain complexes in cerebrovascular endothelial cells, a compromised BBB permeability induced by pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial function in cerebrovascular endothelial cells in vitro and in an in vivo animal model, and worsened stroke outcomes in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mice after inhibition of mitochondrial function.

Conclusions—
We concluded that mitochondria are key players in BBB permeability. These novel findings suggest a potential new therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke by endothelial cell mitochondrial regulation.
Microphysics of Aerodynamic Contrail Formation Processes
Authors: Jansen Joachim , Heymsfield Andrew J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Aerodynamic condensation is a result of intense adiabatic cooling in the airflow over aircraft wings and behind propeller blades. Out of cloud, condensation appears as a burstlike fog (jet aircraft during takeoff and landing, propellers) or as an iridescent trail visible from the ground behind the trailing edge of the wing (jet aircraft in subsonic cruise flight) consisting of a monodisperse population of ice particles that grow to sizes comparable to the wavelength of light in ambient humidities above ice saturation.
In this paper, the authors focus on aerodynamic contrail ice particle formation processes over jet aircraft wings. A 2D compressible flow model is used to evaluate two likely processes considered for the initial ice particle formation: homogeneous droplet nucleation (HDN) followed by homogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) and condensational growth of ambient condensation nuclei followed by their homogenous freezing. The model shows that the more numerous HDN particles outcompete frozen solution droplets for water vapor in a 0.5–1-m layer directly above the wing surface and are the only ice particles that become visible. Experimentally verified temperature and relative humidity–dependent parameterizations of rates of homogeneous droplet nucleation, growth, and freezing indicate that visible aerodynamic contrails form between T = −20° and −50°C and RH ≥ 80%. By contrast, combustion contrails require temperatures below −38°C and ice-saturated conditions to persist. Therefore, aerodynamic and combustion contrails can be observed simultaneously.
Predictable Components in Australian Daily Temperature Data*
Authors: Fischer Matt J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Dynamical components of Earth’s ice–ocean–atmosphere system evolve along characteristic trajectories, which make these components partly predictable. This paper reviews several methods for extracting these predictable components from space–time fields. These methods are optimal persistence analysis (OPA), slow feature analysis (SFA), principal trend analysis (PTA), average predictability time decomposition (APTD), and forecastable components analysis (ForeCA). These methods generally find a set of components that are ordered by their predictability, but each method uses a different measure of predictability. Also, a new bootstrap test for investigating the type of predictability exhibited by these components is introduced. This new test is based on an “integrated red noise” hypothesis. The five methods and new test are applied to a dataset of Australian daily near-surface minimum air temperature, spanning 1910–2013. For all five methods, the two leading predictable components are a long-term trend and a low-frequency pattern that decreased in the first half of the twentieth century and increased after that. The third predictable component differs between the methods based on persistence (e.g., OPA) and those based on more general measures of predictability (APTD and ForeCA). In addition, the use of spectral entropy for analyzing time-dependent predictability is investigated. Further research is needed into the application of predictable component methods to specific problems, such as to fields that require regularization (i.e., using ridge regression), to fields with missing values, and to fields with propagating predictable components.