bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pr3S2Cl2[AsS3]: A Praseodymium(III) Sulfide Chloride Thioarsenate(III) with Double Chains of Condensed [SPr4]10+ Tetrahedra
Authors: Kang Dong‐Hee , Ledderboge Florian , Kleinke Holger , Schleid Thomas 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSingle crystals of Pr3S2Cl2[AsS3] were obtained by reacting praseodymium sesquisulfide and trichloride with arsenic and sulfur (molar ratio: 7:4:6:9) in torch‐sealed evacuated silica ampoules at 850 °C for a week and subsequent slow cooling to room temperature. The transparent, pale yellowish green platelets crystallize monoclinically (Pr3S2Cl2[AsS3]: a = 2190.96(9) pm, b = 685.49(3) pm, c = 701.87(3) pm, β = 98.752(3)°) in the non‐centrosymmetric space group Cc with Z = 4. The crystal structure of Pr3S2Cl2[AsS3] comprises three crystallographically different Pr3+ cations. (Pr1)3+ and (Pr2)3+ exhibit bicapped trigonal prismatic environments of five sulfur and three chlorine atoms (C.N. = 8) each, whereas only seven sulfur atoms arranged as capped trigonal prism (C.N. = 7) are present in the case of (Pr3)3+. Two of the five crystallographically different sulfur atoms (S1 and S2) are coordinated by four Pr3+ cations, each in the shape of slightly distorted [SPr4]10+ tetrahedra (d(S–Pr) = 278–294 pm). Hence, the crystal structure of Pr3S2Cl2[AsS3] contains double chains with the composition 1∞{[S2Pr3]5+}, consisting of two parallel edge‐fused chains of anti‐SiS2‐analogous single strands 1∞{[SPr2]4+}, formed by trans‐edge sharing [SPr4]10+ tetrahedra. The arrangement of the 1∞{[S2Pr3]5+} double chains running along [001] can be described as a hexagonal rod‐packing. Chloride anions (Cl1 and Cl2) as well as the isolated, ψ1‐tetrahedral thioarsenate(III) groups [AsS3]3– (d(As–S) = 228–229 pm) consisting of three sulfur atoms (S3, S4, and S5) and an As3+ cation carrying a stereochemically active non‐bonding electron pair take care of the three‐dimensional interconnection and the charge balance of the 1∞{[S2Pr3]5+} double chains. All lone pairs at the As3+ cations of the [AsS3]3– pyramids point in the same direction parallel to the c axis of the acentric crystal structure of Pr3S2Cl2[AsS3].
Effects of a classroom-based bridge resource management training on knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and performance of junior naval officers
Authors: Röttger Stefan , Vetter Saskia , Kowalski Jens T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This study asses the effectiveness of classroom-based bridge resource management (BRM) training for junior naval officers, in which general principles of human behaviour and performance in teams and under stress were conveyed. Although BRM training is recommended by the International Maritime Organization and is increasingly common in seafaring, very little is known about whether the adaptation of crew resource management (CRM) training from aviation to the maritime domain has been successful and what type of training is effective. A study with a quasi-experimental, two-factorial mixed design was conducted with BRM training as the between factor and time as the within factor. For 117 study participants, evaluation criteria were assessed on all levels as defined by Kirkpatrick (Train Dev J, 178–192 1979): subjective training evaluation, knowledge, attitudes and behaviour as well as performance while commanding a vessel during a real-world exercise. BRM participants showed better subjective training evaluations and more BRM-related knowledge than controls. Training did not produce differences between groups regarding BRM-related attitudes, the demonstration of non-technical skills or the overall success in the real-world exercise. Overall, BRM training effectiveness was rather low, which can most probably be attributed to the focus of training on generalizable knowledge, skills and attitudes at the expense of their specific application to the context of the real-world exercise. In the design of BRM and CRM training courses alike, the effective application of general principles to a given context must be defined, and the application must be emphasised during training delivery.
The motivations and expectations of students pursuing maritime education
Authors: Lau Yui-yip , Ng Adolf K.Y. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The ever-changing global environment has increased emphasis on the research and creation of knowledge dedicated to professional practice. The maritime industry serves as the illustrative example, of which it has transformed from a traditionally largely unskilled, labor-intensive industry to a capital-intensive, sophisticated one. This has transformed the nature of maritime education from a highly practical, hands-on approach to tertiary education emphasizing on business and analytical skills, as characterized by the increasing number of tertiary institutions offering under- and postgraduate maritime programs. However, the motivations and expectations of students pursuing such programs have remained under-researched. In this study, we have conducted a questionnaire survey towards under- and postgraduate students who pursue maritime programs. The aim is to understand their profiles, motivations, and expectations of respective programs that these students have enrolled in. Constructive recommendations and strategies are provided to contribute to an effective planning and management of program articulation.
DIRTY AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: DAS GUPTA SUPRATIM 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPollution from fossil fuel use is a global problem. Studies have shown that a worsening of environmental quality has adverse effects on worker productivity and health. In this study, there is an inexhaustible natural resource that deteriorates environmental quality and affects productivity. There also exists a perfect substitute clean backstop, which is initially too costly to operate and whose costs can be reduced through investments in knowledge. Depending on the endowment of environmental quality, the optimal solution shows that the planner should only use the resource or only the backstop until a constant steady state is reached in which the polluting resource and backstop are used in fixed proportions. We show that investments in alternative technologies from the very beginning can help an economy make the eventual switch to clean energy sources, thereby attaining better environmental quality.
Dynamical variability of axisymmetric buoyant plumes
Authors: Ezzamel A. , Salizzoni P. , Hunt G. R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present experimental measurements conducted on freely propagating, turbulent, steady thermal air plumes. Three plumes are studied with differing source conditions, ranging from jet-like, momentum flux dominated releases, to pure plume releases, characterised by a balance between the momentum, volume and buoyancy fluxes at the source. Velocity measurements from near the source to a height of tens of source diameters were made using particle image velocimetry (PIV), providing a high spatial resolution. Temperatures were measured with thermocouples. From these measurements, we investigate the vertical development of the plume fluxes and radial profiles of the mean velocity and temperature. These allow us to analyse the local self-preserving characteristics of the mean flow and to estimate the dependence with height of the plume Richardson number ${\it\Gamma}$. In addition, we analyse the similarity of one-point and two-point second-order velocity statistics, and we discuss the role of ${\it\Gamma}$ on the vertical development of the bulk dynamical parameters of the plume, namely, the turbulent viscosity, the turbulent Prandtl number and the entrainment coefficient ${\it\alpha}_{G}$. Comparison with previous experimental results and with estimates of the entrainment coefficient based on the mean kinetic energy budget allow us to conclude on the influence of ${\it\Gamma}$ on the entrainment process and to explain possible physical reasons for the high scatter in estimates of ${\it\alpha}_{G}$ in the literature.
Shape dynamics and scaling laws for a body dissolving in fluid flow
Authors: Huang Jinzi Mac , Moore M. Nicholas J. , Ristroph Leif 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhile fluid flows are known to promote dissolution of materials, such processes are poorly understood due to the coupled dynamics of the flow and the receding surface. We study this moving boundary problem through experiments in which hard candy bodies dissolve in laminar high-speed water flows. We find that different initial geometries are sculpted into a similar terminal form before ultimately vanishing, suggesting convergence to a stable shape–flow state. A model linking the flow and solute concentration shows how uniform boundary-layer thickness leads to uniform dissolution, allowing us to obtain an analytical expression for the terminal geometry. Newly derived scaling laws predict that the dissolution rate increases with the square root of the flow speed and that the body volume vanishes quadratically in time, both of which are confirmed by experimental measurements.
Lock-exchange gravity currents propagating in a channel containing an array of obstacles
Authors: Ozan Ayse Yuksel , Constantinescu George , Hogg Andrew J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLarge eddy simulation (LES) is used to investigate the evolution of Boussinesq gravity currents propagating through a channel of height$H$containing a staggered array of identical cylinders of square cross-section and edge length$D$. The cylinders are positioned with their axes horizontal and perpendicular to the (streamwise) direction along which the lock-exchange flow develops. The effects of the volume fraction of solids,${\it\phi}$, the Reynolds number and geometrical parameters describing the array of obstacles on the structure of the lock-exchange flow, total drag force acting on the gravity current, front velocity and global energy budget are analysed. Simulation results show that the currents rapidly transition to a state in which the extra resistance provided by the cylinders strongly retards the motion and dominates the dissipative processes. A shallow layer model is also formulated and similarity solutions for the motion are found in the regime where the driving buoyancy forces are balanced by the drag arising from the interaction with the cylinders. The numerical simulations and this shallow layer model show that low-Reynolds-number currents transition to a drag-dominated regime in which the resistance is linearly proportional to the flow speed and, consequently, the front velocity,$U_{f}$, is proportional to$t^{-1/2}$, where$t$is the time measured starting at the gate release time. By contrast, high-Reynolds-number currents, for which the cylinder Reynolds number is sufficiently high that the drag coefficient for most of the cylinders can be considered constant, transition first to a quadratic drag-dominated regime in which the front speed determined from the simulations is given by$U_{f}\sim t^{-0.25}$, before undergoing a subsequent transition to the aforementioned linear drag regime in which$U_{f}\sim t^{-1/2}$. Meanwhile, away from the front, the depth-averaged gravity current velocity is proportional to$t^{-1/3}$, a result that is in agreement with the shallow water model. It is suggested that the difference between these two is due to mixing processes, which are shown to be significant in the numerical simulations, especially close to the front of the motion. Direct estimation of the drag coefficient$C_{D}$from the numerical simulations shows that the combined drag parameter for the porous medium,${\it\Gamma}_{D}=C_{D}{\it\phi}(H/D)/(1-{\it\phi})$, is the key dimensionless grouping of variables that determines the speed of propagation of the current within arrays with different$C_{D},{\it\phi}$and$D/H$.
Filling the gap: new precise Early Cretaceous radioisotopic ages from the Andes
Authors: AGUIRRE-URRETA BEATRIZ , LESCANO MARINA , SCHMITZ MARK D. , TUNIK MAISA , CONCHEYRO ANDREA , RAWSON PETER F. , RAMOS VICTOR A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTwo tuffs in the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation, Neuquén Basin, provided U–Pb zircon radioisotopic ages of 129.09±0.16 Ma and 127.42±0.15 Ma. Both horizons are well constrained biostratigraphically by ammonites and nannofossils and can be correlated with the ‘standard’ sequence of the Mediterranean Province. The lower horizon is very close to the base of the Upper Hauterivian and the upper horizon to the Hauterivian/Barremian boundary, indicating that the former lies atc. 129.5 Ma and the latter atc. 127 Ma. These new radioisotopic ages fill a gap of over 8 million years in the numerical calibration of the current global Early Cretaceous geological time scale.
Lyme disease: sudden hearing loss as the sole presentation
Authors: Espiney Amaro C , Montalvão P , Huins C , Saraiva J 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackground:Lyme disease is an uncommon tick-borne multisystemic infection caused byBorrelia burgdorferi. The most common clinical manifestation is erythema migrans. In this report, a very unusual presentation of this condition is described, in which sudden onset sensorineural hearing loss was the sole presenting symptom.Methods:Case report and review of English-language literature.Results:A patient presented with sensorineural hearing loss, with no other symptoms or signs. Acute Lyme infection was detected by laboratory tests. Magnetic resonance imaging showed signs of labyrinthitis of the same inner ear. After hyperbaric oxygen and systemic antibiotic treatment, the patient showed total hearing recovery, and magnetic resonance imaging showed complete resolution of the labyrinthitis.Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Lyme disease presenting only with sensorineural hearing loss. Borreliosis should be considered as an aetiological factor in sensorineural hearing loss. Adequate treatment may provide total recovery and prevent more severe forms of Lyme disease.
Does systemic clarithromycin therapy have an inhibitory effect on tympanosclerosis? An experimental animal study
Authors: Genc G , Koyuncu M , Kutlar G , Guvenc T , Gacar A , Aksoy A , Arslan S , Kurnaz S C 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjective:To demonstrate the inhibitory effects of clarithromycin on in vitro tympanosclerosis.Method:Twenty-eight rats were divided into three groups: a clarithromycin group, a non-clarithromycin group and a negative control group. Those in the first two groups were injected with Streptococcus pneumoniae following a myringotomy, and tympanosclerosis was experimentally induced. Oral clarithromycin therapy was administered in the clarithromycin group. The other groups received no medical treatment.Results:All eardrums in the clarithromycin and non-clarithromycin groups developed myringosclerosis, but there was only one eardrum, in the clarithromycin group, with very severe myringosclerosis. In the clarithromycin group, 11 ears showed no inflammation and there were no ears with severe inflammation. In the non-clarithromycin group, there were 11 ears with severe inflammation. The mean eardrum thickness in the clarithromycin group was 20.93 µm and in the non-clarithromycin group it was 42.71 µm.Conclusion:Acute otitis media and myringotomies induced tympanosclerosis, but clarithromycin reduced the severity of tympanosclerosis.
Molecular and biochemical characterization ofParagonimus westermanityrosinase
Authors: BAE Y.-A. , KIM S.-H. , AHN C.-S. , KIM J.-G. , KONG Y. 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYTrematode tyrosinases (TYRs) play a major role in the tanning process during eggshell formation. We investigated the molecular and biochemical features ofParagonimus westermaniTYR (PwTYR). ThePwTYRcDNA was composed of 1568-bp encompassing a 1422-bp-long open reading frame (474-amino acid polypeptide). A strong phylogenetic relationship with Platyhelminthes and Deuterostomian orthologues was evident. The recombinant PwTYR expressed in prokaryotic cells promptly oxidized diphenol substrates, with a preferential affinity towardortho-positioned hydroxyl groups. It demonstrated fairly weak activity for monophenol compounds. Diphenol oxidase activity was augmented with an increase of pH from 5·0 to 8·0, while monophenol oxidase activity was highest at an acidic pH and gradually decreased as pH increased. Transcription profile ofPwTYRwas temporally upregulated along with worm development. PwTYR was specifically localized in vitellocytes and eggs. The results suggested that conversion of tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine by PwTYR monophenol oxidase activity might be rate-limiting step during the sclerotization process ofP. westermanieggs. The pH-dependent pattern of monophenol and diphenol oxidase activity further proposes that the initial hydroxylation might slowly but steadily progress in acidic secreted vesicles of vitellocytes and the second oxidation process might be rapidly accelerated by neural or weak alkaline pH environments within the ootype.
Translinguistic apposition in a multilingual media blog in Rwanda: Towards an interpretive perspective in language policy research
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph 
Published: January 2015

AbstractResearchers have called for studies that link the macro and the micro in language policy research. In turn, the notion of ‘micro’ has been theorised as referring either to the micro implementation of macro policies or to micro policies. In this article, a third way of thinking about the relationship between the macro and the micro in language policy—referred to as the interpretive perspective—is proposed. In this perspective, macro language policies and micro language choice practices are seen as interdependent, as shaping each other. The article substantiates this view drawing on a practice I calltranslinguistic appositionand that I have observed in a variety of ‘most highly regulated’ texts in Rwanda. However, for an in- depth understanding, the practice is described drawing on data from a single source, namely the Rwandan multilingual media blogwww.igihe.com. The article demonstrates how this practice can be seen as shaped by the Rwandan macro language policy and, conversely, how the same macro policy can be seen as written into being through the same micro level practice. (Language policy, micro language policy, micro implementation of macro policy, translanguaging, translinguistic apposition, interpretive perspective)
Is the inherence heuristic simply WEIRD?
Authors: Baron Andrew Scott 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAlthough many studies suggest that children and adults focus more on internal causes rather than situational causes to explain observed patterns, such findings may be more limited to WEIRD populations (western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) samples. Evidence from cross-cultural studies may point to several distinct attribution mechanisms with their culturally specific deployment reflecting both a developmental achievement as well as a possible signal of group boundaries.
The inherence heuristic: A key theoretical addition to understanding social stereotyping and prejudice
Authors: Bigler Rebecca S. , Clark Caitlin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPrior work has detailed the constructivist processes that lead individuals to categorize others along particular dimensions (e.g., gender) and generate the content (e.g., stereotypes) and affect (e.g., prejudices) associated with social groups. The inherence heuristic is a novel mechanism that appears to shape the content and rigidity of children's social stereotypes and prejudices.
The psychology of inherence is self-referential (and that is a good thing)
Authors: Bookstein Fred L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCimpian & Salomon (C&S) appear to characterize the inherence heuristic and essentialism as unwise or childish aspects of human reasoning. But actually, these cognitive modes lie at the core of statistical analysis across all of the quantitative sciences, including the developmental cognitive psychology in which the argument here is couched. Their whole argument is as much an example of its topic as an analysis of it.
A single cognitive heuristic process meets the complexity of domain-specific moral heuristics
Authors: Dubljević Veljko , Racine Eric 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTheinherence heuristic(a) offers modest insights into the complex nature of both theis–oughttension in moral reasoning and moral reasoning per se, and (b) does not reflect the complexity of domain-specific moral heuristics. Formal and general in nature, we contextualize the process described as “inherence heuristic” in a web of domain-specific heuristics (e.g., agent specific; action specific; consequences specific).
Does the inherence heuristic take us to psychological essentialism?
Authors: Marmodoro Anna , Murphy Robin A. , Baker A. G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe argue that the claim that essence-based causal explanations emerge, hydra-like, from an inherence heuristic is incomplete. No plausible mechanism for the transition from concrete properties, or cues, to essences is provided. Moreover, the fundamental shotgun and storytelling mechanisms of the inherence heuristic are not clearly enough specified to distinguish them, developmentally, from associative or causal networks.
‘Patria, Honor y Fuerza’: A Study of a Right-Wing Youth Movement in Mexico during the 1930s–1960s
Authors: BREWSTER CLAIRE , BREWSTER KEITH 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article focuses on the intricate and developing nature of official politics and grassroots activism in post-revolutionary Mexico. It does so by tracing the trajectory of the Pentathlón Deportivo Militar Universitario, a right-wing youth movement that emerged in Mexico in 1938. By locating the group within both the international and domestic emergence of youth movements in the early twentieth century, the article shows how the study of Pentathlón's formation, objectives and later evolution can significantly enrich our understanding of an important phase in Mexico's post-revolutionary history. Within the context of right wing oppositional politics, analysis of the movement provides a fascinating insight into both the emerging Mexican state's ability to appropriate the radical impulses of the younger generation and the Pentathlón's willingness to accommodate such strategies in order to ensure its own survival.
The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976
Authors: MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ALBERTO , CORTINA ORERO EUDALD 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.