bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les marchés du bétail en Bretagne en 1978.
Authors: Aubry-Breton Marie-Louise 
Published: January 2014

Cattle Markets in Brittany in 1978.

Traditional markets, in their ancient form, are in the process of disappearing — but the one at Fougères is an exceptional case for, although the methods of buying are traditional, most of its characteristics are marked by the process of modernization.
The markets by auction as well as the marchés au cadran can be devided into two groups: cattle markets and pig markets. Cattle markets were first established in the Finistère at the initiative of the SICAMOB. Other markets have been created in a similar way in the Côtes-du-Nord in the last two years under the influence of co-operatives. The pig trade, after a turbulent history, seems to be better organized now under the guidance of the « Marché du porc ».
Alongside these markets, there has also been parallel development of direct and integrated channels. Figure 1 shows the conflict between the liberal system (for example SICAMOB) and co-operatives, especially in the Côtes-du-Nord.
L'inégale prospérité des marchés agricoles en Anjou et en Poitou. Leur rôle dans l'organisation de l'espace
Authors: Vergneau Gustave 
Published: January 2014

The Unequal Prosperity of Agricultural Markets in Anjou and Poitou. Their Role in Spatial Organisation.

The modernisation of agriculture has often resulted in the economic integration of agricultural markets. In the Deux-Sèvres and neighbouring departments, the situation is extremely diversified. Using numerous surveys and varied documents, the author analyses the temporal and spatial fluctuations of trading places according to the products sold (vegetables or cattle). He shows how their traditional roots have endured and underlines the extraordinary vitality of some of them.
The author also discusses the wider role of the agricultural market in urbanisation, its links with other urban functions such as employment and trade (sedentary or itinerant). He ends with some reflections on spatial organisation as he compares the urban network to the agricultural market network; certain similarities and differences are thus made clear for the area studied.
Des paysanneries minoritaires
Authors: Dollfus Olivier 
Published: January 2014

Peasantries as Minorities.

Peasants are a minority in the population of the Andes and their economic weight is even smaller than their demographic importance. This new situation is a consequence of the extremely rapid urban growth which has been taking place in the last decades.
These different peasantries have had a largely common history since the Spanish conquest. Most of the people concerned live in the torrid zone and in mountains that are cultivated up to above 4 000 m.
The contrast between the great landowners and the minifundio which have marked the agricultural history of the last centuries is still very important, but new problems are now arising. Following agricultural reforms, average farms, well integrated into the market, have reinforced their role, and at the same time, poorer peasants have had to look for other jobs, which was made difficult by the state of the labour market.
Efforts are now being made to maintain peasants in the country, using the rebirth of an ethnic feeling which was long opposed and weakened, but they seem to have little chance of success in societies where the growth of urbanization is irrevocable.
Les maisons bourgeoisiales dans l'espace traditionnel anniviard (Suisse)
Authors: Rüegg François 
Published: January 2014

Cet essai souligne avant tout l'avantage d'une interprétation globale de l'architecture paysanne qui, contrairement à l'approche typologique habituelle, ne craint pas de faire appel aussi bien à l'histoire, à la sociologie qu'au folklore. L'évolution de l'habitat d'une vallée latérale du haut Rhône dont les habitants, semi-nomades, vécurent jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle en totale autarcie, reflète fidèlement l'histoire de leurs communautés villageoises : affranchissement, âge d'or, fixation, désintégration.
Interprétés non seulement dans leur dynamique, mais encore symboliquement, les divers lieux de l'espace et les divers éléments de l'habitat nous permettent de reconstituer une cosmologie du Val d'Anniviers et d'en repérer les principaux centres.
Le partage du ferum. Un rite de chasse au sanglier
Authors: Fabre-Vassas Claudine 
Published: January 2014

Quand un sanglier mâle est tué, on le châtre aussitôt. Cette coutume, attestée en Languedoc et Catalogne, est à la fois ancienne et générale. Pour la plupart des chasseurs l'acte est primordial car lui seul rend possible la consommation d'une viande soumise au ferum ou salvajum, le «sauvage», substance délétère, à la fois odeur et goût, qui siège dans les testicules. Mais ce geste, que tous partagent, partage à son tour ceux là même qui y sacrifient. De bons chasseurs contestent sa finalité voire son efficacité : pour eux le ferum, qui est aussi véhiculé par l'urine et le sang, stagne dans la plupart des viscères : rates, coeur, .foie... L'ensemble des témoignages met donc en évidence une physiologie du ferum marqué dans le corps du sanglier par un système complexe de frontières qui passent par ces divers organes. Les testicules en seraient l'élément emblématique.
Ce ferum dont on affirme qu'il rend la viande immangeable, ne se perd en fait jamais, il est réparti selon des coutumes cynégétiques diverses mais de très longue durée. A qui revient-il ? Aux chiens d'une part, pour qui cette consommation est précisément réglée, la plupart n'accédant à cette chair qu'avec précaution tandis que d'autres, les meneurs, se voient gratifiés des testicules crus ; d'autre part aux hommes et plus précisément aux grands chasseurs qui, dans le groupe, continuent à s'attribuer le ferum dont chacun, cependant, a fait la découverte et l'expérience au moment de son initiation à la chasse. Mais, au-delà du groupe de chasse, une autre distribution s'effectue que les chasseurs contrôlent encore. Élargie à la maison, au village, la consommation du ferum, soumis à des manipulations et à une cuisine complexe, opère par cercles de plus en plus larges sa dilution. A travers la diversité des discours et des pratiques, le partage du ferum apparaît donc comme le noyau social et symbolique de la chasse au sanglier où, dans le secret, se fonde et s'organise, en une stricte hiérarchie, la fraternité virile.
Embryonic Trophoblasts Induce Decidual Regulatory T Cell Differentiation and Maternal–Fetal Tolerance through Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Instructing Dendritic Cells
Authors: Du Mei-Rong , Guo Pei-Fen , Piao Hai-Lan , Wang Song-Cun , Sun Chan , Jin Li-Ping , Tao Yu , Li Yan-Hong , Zhang Di , Zhu Rui , Fu Qiang , Li Da-Jin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Physiological pregnancy requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate embryonic Ags. Although multiple mechanisms have been proposed, it is not yet clear how the fetus evades the maternal immune system. In this article, we demonstrate that trophoblast-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) instructs decidual CD11c+ dendritic cells (dDCs)with increased costimulatory molecules; MHC class II; and Th2/3-type, but not Th1-type, cytokines. TSLP-activated dDCs induce proliferation and differentiation of decidual CD4+CD25− T cells into CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) through TGF-β1. TSLP-activated dDC–induced Tregs display immunosuppressive features and express Th2-type cytokines. In addition, decidual CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs promote invasiveness and HLA-G expression of trophoblasts, resulting in preferential production of Th2 cytokines and reduced cytotoxicity in decidual CD56brightCD16− NK cells. Of interest, decreased TSLP expression and reduced numbers of Tregs were observed at the maternal–fetal interface during miscarriage. Our study identifies a novel feedback loop between embryo-derived trophoblasts and maternal decidual leukocytes, which induces a tolerogenic immune response to ensure a successful pregnancy.
Mst1/Mst2 Regulate Development and Function of Regulatory T Cells through Modulation of Foxo1/Foxo3 Stability in Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Du Xingrong , Shi Hao , Li Jiang , Dong Yongli , Liang JieLiang , Ye Jian , Kong Shanshan , Zhang Shujing , Zhong Tao , Yuan Zengqiang , Xu Tian , Zhuang Yuan , Zheng Biao , Geng Jian-Guo , Tao Wufan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell (Treg) development are critical for maintaining dominant tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. Human MST1 deficiency causes a novel primary immunodeficiency syndrome accompanied by autoimmune manifestations. However, the mechanism by which Mst1 controls immune regulation is unknown. In this article, we report that Mst1 regulates Foxp3 expression and Treg development/function and inhibits autoimmunity through modulating Foxo1 and Foxo3 (Foxo1/3) stability. We have found that Mst1 deficiency impairs Foxp3 expression and Treg development and function in mice. Mechanistic studies reveal that Mst1 enhances Foxo1/3 stability directly by phosphorylating Foxo1/3 and indirectly by attenuating TCR-induced Akt activation in peripheral T cells. Our studies have also shown that Mst1 deficiency does not affect Foxo1/3 cellular localization in CD4 T cells. In addition, we show that Mst1−/− mice are prone to autoimmune disease, and mutant phenotypes, such as overactivation of naive T cells, splenomegaly, and autoimmune pathological changes, are suppressed in Mst1−/− bone marrow chimera by cotransplanted wt Tregs. Finally, we demonstrate that Mst1 and Mst2 play a partially redundant role in Treg development and autoimmunity. Our findings not only identify Mst kinases as the long-searched-for factors that simultaneously activate Foxo1/3 and inhibit TCR-stimulated Akt downstream of TCR signaling to promote Foxp3 expression and Treg development, but also shed new light on understanding and designing better therapeutic strategies for MST1 deficiency–mediated human immunodeficiency syndrome.
The Association between Sport Participation and Dietary Behaviors among Fourth Graders in the School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey, 2009–2010
Authors: Dortch Katherine Skala , Gay Jennifer , Springer Andrew , Kohl Harold W. , Sharma Shreela , Saxton Debra , Wilson Kim , Hoelscher Deanna 
Published: January 2014

Purpose. To determine the association between youth sport team participation and dietary behaviors among elementary school–aged children. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting. Public schools in Texas during 2009–2010. Subjects. A total of 5035 ethnically diverse fourth graders. Measures. Participation in organized sports teams, consumption of select food items (fruits, vegetables, beverages, sweets/snacks). Analysis. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between each food item (eaten at least once on the previous day) and number of sports teams as the independent class variable (0, 1, 2, ≥3), adjusting for body mass index physical activity, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Results. Significant dose-response associations were observed between number of sports teams and consumption of fruits and vegetables. For boys, the likelihood of eating fruit and fruit-flavored drinks was significantly higher and the odds of drinking soda were lower with the number of teams. For girls, the likelihood of consuming green vegetables increased as sports teams participation increased, and participation was positively associated with diet soda consumption. A positive association was observed between the number of sports teams and scores on the Healthy Food Index for boys and girls. Conclusion. The findings that sports participation is associated with consumption of fruits and vegetables and lower consumption of soda suggest that efforts should be focused on supporting youth team sports to promote healthier food choices. Since sports are available to all ages, sports may be an important venue for promoting healthier dietary behaviors.
Intuitive Eating: Associations with Physical Activity Motivation and BMI
Authors: Gast Julie , Nielson Amy Campbell , Hunt Anne , Leiker Jason J. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose. To determine whether university women who demonstrated internal motivation related to eating behavior may also be internally motivated to participate in regular physical activity (PA) and have a lower body mass index (BMI) when controlling for age. Traditional approaches for health promotion related to healthy weight include restrictive eating and exercise prescription. Examining motivation for eating and PA may prove an effective alternative for achieving or maintaining healthy weight for university women. Design. Design was a cross-sectional study. Setting. Study setting was a large, public university in the western United States. Subjects. Study subjects were 200 undergraduate women with a mean age of 19 years, mostly white (90%) and of healthy weight (69%, with a BMI range of 18.5–24.9). Measures. Study measures were the Intuitive Eating Scale and the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Analysis. Correlations and regression models were used. Intuitive eating was examined in the sample as a whole and among subgroups of respondents grouped based on tertile rankings of intuitive eating scores. Results. There was evidence that women who demonstrated internal motivation related to eating were also internally motivated to participate in regular PA. Women who reported being internally motivated to eat were significantly more likely to engage in PA for pleasure and to view PA as part of their self-concept. Women who reported high levels of intuitive eating had significantly lower BMI scores than those reporting medium or low levels when controlling for age. Conclusion. For women to achieve or maintain a healthy weight, it may be best for health professionals to examine motivation for eating and PA rather than the encouragement of restrictive eating and exercise prescriptions.
Herbal extracts in the treatment of Diabetic Foot Syndrome
Authors: Kustova Tatyana , Karpenyuk Tatyana , Goncharova Alla , Mamonov Leonid , Ross Samir 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: One of the most serious complications of diabetes is the formation of Diabetic Foot Syndrome. Herbal extracts that combine high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties can be used to treat the resulting neuropathy.The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of crude extracts isolated from plants growing in Kazakhstan, which could be used to develop products for treatment of Diabetic Foot Syndrome.Method: Different solvents, including dichloromethane and ethanol, were used to prepare plant extracts. The crude extracts from the plants were tested for antimicrobial activity using a modified version of the CLSI/NCCLS methods. All organisms were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. These included the fungi Candida glabrata ATTC 90030, the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300. The 2,2-diphеnyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay were used to analyzed the antioxidant capacity.Results: The results clearly indicate that antibacterial and antifungal activities vary with plant species. Dichloromethane extracts produced favorable results in all assays. Epilobium hirsutum, Rhodiola quadrifida, Rumex confertus showed antifungal activity against Candida glabrata in all extracts where IC50 less than 3 μg/ml. Rumex confertus, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis and Vexibia alopecuroides showed anti-fungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 =10.80 μg/ml), (IC50 =11.10 μg/ml), (IC50 =3.05 μg/ml) and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (IC50 =16.20 μg/ml), (IC50 =11.00 μg/ml), (IC50 =2.90 μg/ml) respectively. In spite of this, Vexibia alopecuroides extract showed no antioxidant activity. The other extracts showed a dose dependent ABTS scavenging activity. IC50 values were for the following: 6.6 μg/ml Epilobium hirsutum; 4.5 μg/ml Rumex confertus; 3.8 μg/ml Rhodiola quadrifida, 5.7 μg/ml Glycyrrhiza Uralensis. Extracts of Epilobium hirsutum and Rumex confertus had high antioxidant activity greater than 85% inhibition of DPPH (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusion: The demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant activities showed evidence supporting the use of herbal extracts to treat Diabetic Foot Syndrome.
The International Responsibility of the European Union—The EU Perspective: Between Pragmatism and Proceduralisation
Authors: Casteleiro Andrés Delgado 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEU management of its international responsibility for wrongful acts varies between a pragmatic approach and the proceduralisation of its responsibility. The EU either lays down complex procedures in order to manage the allocation of responsibility in order to (allegedly) preserve the internal division of competences or takes a pragmatic approach which disregards any internal division of competences. This chapter critically analyses these two trends in EU practice. More precisely, it identifies from the ongoing development in the incipient foreign direct investment policy of the EU and in its accession to the European Convention on Human Rights the problems linked to this way of managing the EU’s international responsibility. Overall, it argues that instead of complex and slow procedures or ad hoc pragmatic solutions, the EU should adhere to a rule-based approach which is at the same time pragmatic and respects the principles underpinning the proceduralisation of responsibility.
Beyond the Control Paradigm? International Responsibility and the European Union
Authors: Hernández Gleider I 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrom the perspective of public international law, the legal personality of the European Union (EU) carries with it the possibility for it to exercise rights and to bear obligations on the international plane. Its quasi-federal structure, however, requires consideration as to how these rights and obligations may be exercised. In this chapter, two regimes are compared: the EU’s rights and obligations as an international organisation and the possibility that its internal structures might be recognised on the international plane, thus leading to more complex notions of subsidiary responsibility, shared between the various levels of European governance.
The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in the Light of the EU Accession to the ECHR—Is the Break-up Inevitable?
Authors: Kornezov Alexander 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEven though the decision to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) is a fait accompli, the terms under which the accession should take place are still very much open to debate. The present chapter focuses specifically on the possible tensions which may arise in the aftermath of the EU’s accession to the ECHR in four of the core elements of the EU area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ): recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, wrongful removal or retention of a child, the Common European Asylum System and the European Arrest Warrant. It then puts forward a number of solutions which could be included either in the accession agreement itself or in the post-accession case law of the ECtHR and which allow not only for the preservation of the coherence and integrity of the AFSJ but also for external judicial control on human rights matters in the AFSJ.
From ‘Don’t Mention theTitanium DioxideJudgment’ to ‘I Mentioned it Once, But I Think I Got Away with it All Right’: Reflections on the Choice of Legal Basis in EU External Relations after theLegal Basis for Restrictive MeasuresJudgment
Authors: de Baere Geert 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the choice of legal basis in EU external relations post-Lisbon in the light of the judgment of the Court of Justice in theLegal Basis for Restrictive Measurescase. Before reaching the conclusion that the regulation at issue there was rightly based on Article 215(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and rejecting the European Parliament’s argument that the measure ought to have been taken on the basis of Article 75 TFEU, the Court made a number of important observations on the principles to be followed when choosing a legal basis and recalled some of its earlier case law, in particularTitanium Dioxideand its progeny. This chapter reflects upon the application of those principles in a post-Lisbon framework.
Ready to Do Whatever it Takes? The Legal Mandate of the European Central Bank and the Economic Crisis
Authors: Wilsher Daniel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo complement the ‘no shared liability’ rule and public deficit limits, the Maastricht Treaty gave the European Central Bank (ECB) a narrow remit to focus on price stability. Crucially, as a ‘non-sovereign’ central bank, it was unclear that the ECB would act as lender of last resort in the event of market panics. The neoliberal orthodoxy at the heart of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) held that moral hazard and inflationary risks militated against anything resembling ‘illegal monetary financing’. Following monetary union, markets under-priced risks and encouraged bubbles, but, with the onset of the crisis, sentiment overshot the other way, starving credit from banks and later sovereigns. With bailout funds limited and austerity failing to improve debt spreads, sovereigns became illiquid. ECB officials reluctantly concluded that an uncontrolled sovereign default would threaten the continuation of monetary union. The ECB was thus forced de facto to expand its mandate, first to help banks and, later, to help sovereigns facing loss of access to bond markets. Ultimately this was successful in restoring confidence, but the ECB remained uncomfortable with its role. It has continued to stress its legal limitations and has pressed for reformed governance to enforce fiscal discipline. The economic case for a lender of last resort in a crisis was always strong, but brings with it a worsening moral hazard problem that may invite leaders to avoid the deeper political changes necessary to rebalance the Eurozone.
EU Development Policy: Constitutional and Legislative Foundation(s)
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Union’s constitutional regime for development policy has traditionally progressed alongside two parallel tracks. In addition to a general regime for all developing countries, there exists a special regime for African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries (ACP countries). The Union’s general development policy originated as a flanking policy within the Common Commercial Policy. This trade-centricity was only relativised by the insertion of an express development aid competence in 1992. The Union’s development cooperation competence can today be found in Article 209 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and allows the Union to adopt legislative acts or conclude international agreements to reduce poverty within developing countries. By contrast, the Union’s special development regime has had a very different constitutional source. It stemmed from the ‘colonial’ association to the Union (quaits Member States) of certain dependent ‘oversees countries and territories’ for which the 1957 Treaty of Rome had provided a limited development competence. Once these countries gained independence in the 1960s, however, the Union had to transfer this special regime to its contractual association competence under Article 217 TFEU. The association regime for ACP countries has itself undergone a number of significant changes with the transition from the Lomé Convention(s) to the Cotonou Agreement.