bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simply Sport Bikes case study
Authors: Ebben Jay , Johnson Alec 
Published: January 2015

Synopsis
This case is intended to introduce undergraduate entrepreneurship students to business models via an entrepreneur who has two businesses: a used-car dealership, which he owns with his father, and a used-sport-bike dealership, which he solely owns. Although these businesses seem similar, there are subtle differences in business model that make the sport-bike business much more attractive. Case analysis involves a step-by-step comparison of the two firms' revenue models, cost structures, and investment needs and leaves students with two decision: first, how to best grow the sport-bike business, and second, whether to continue operating the used-car business once his father retires.

Research methodology
Primary interviews, company document review, secondary market research.

Relevant courses and levels
Undergraduate introduction to entrepreneurship.
Configurational landscape heterogeneity shapes functional community composition of grassland butterflies
Authors: Perović David , Gámez‐Virués Sagrario , Börschig Carmen , Klein Alexandra‐Maria , Krauss Jochen , Steckel Juliane , Rothenwöhrer Christoph , Erasmi Stefan , Tscharntke Teja , Westphal Catrin 
Published: January 2015

Summary

Landscape heterogeneity represents two aspects of landscape simplification: (i) compositional heterogeneity (diversity of habitat types); and (ii) configurational heterogeneity (number, size and arrangement of habitat patches), both with different ecological implications for community composition.

We examined how independent gradients of compositional and configurational landscape heterogeneity, at eight spatial scales, shape taxonomic and functional composition of butterfly communities in 91 managed grasslands across Germany. We used landscape metrics that were calculated from functional maps based on habitat preferences of individual species during different life stages. The relative effects of compositional and configurational landscape heterogeneity were compared with those of local land‐use intensity on butterfly taxonomic diversity, community composition and functional diversity of traits related to body size, feeding breadth and migratory tendency.

As expected, compositional heterogeneity had strong positive effects on taxonomic diversity, while configurational heterogeneity had strong positive effects on trait dominance within the community. When landscapes had smaller mean patch size and greater boundary area, communities were dominated by species with more specialized larval feeding, decreased forewing length and limited migratory tendency.

The positive effects of increased configurational landscape heterogeneity outweighed the negative effects of local land‐use intensity on larval‐feeding specialization, at all spatial scales, highlighting its importance for specialists of all dispersal capabilities.

Synthesis and applications. We show that landscapes with high compositional heterogeneity support communities with greater taxonomic diversity, while landscapes with high configurational heterogeneity support communities that include vulnerable species (feeding specialists with larger body size, sedentary nature and more negatively affected by local management intensity). A decline in functional community composition can lead to functional homogenization, affecting the viability of the ecosystems by decreasing the variability in their responses to disturbance and altering their functioning. A landscape management for grasslands that promotes the maintenance of small patch sizes and a diversity of land uses in the surrounding landscape (within 250–1000 m) is recommended for the conservation of diverse butterfly communities. These strategies could also benefit government programmes such as the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy in their efforts to reduce the loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
Understanding health through social practices: performance and materiality in everyday life
Authors: Maller Cecily Jane 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe importance of recognising structure and agency in health research to move beyond methodological individualism is well documented. To progress incorporating social theory into health, researchers have used Giddens’ and Bourdieu's conceptualisations of social practice to understand relationships between agency, structure and health. However, social practice theories have more to offer than has currently been capitalised upon. This article delves into contemporary theories of social practice as used in consumption and sustainability research to provide an alternative, and more contextualised means, of understanding and explaining human action in relation to health and wellbeing. Two key observations are made. Firstly, the latest formulations of social practice theory distinguish moments of practice performance from practices as persistent entities across time and space, allowing empirical application to explain practice histories and future trajectories. Secondly, they emphasise the materiality of everyday life, foregrounding things, technologies and other non‐humans that cannot be ignored in a technologically dependent social world. In concluding, I argue the value of using contemporary social practice theories in health research is that they reframe the way in which health outcomes can be understood and could inform more effective interventions that move beyond attitudes, behaviour and choices.
Stopped hearts, amputated toes and NASA: contemporary legends among healthy volunteers in US phase I clinical trials
Authors: Fisher Jill A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe first stage of testing new pharmaceuticals in humans is referred to as a phase I clinical trial. The purpose of these studies is to test the safety of the drugs and to establish appropriate doses that can later be given to patients. Most of these studies are conducted under controlled, in‐patient conditions using healthy volunteers who are paid for their participation. To explore healthy volunteers’ experiences in clinical trials, an ethnographic study was conducted at six in‐patient phase I clinics in the USA. In addition to the observation of clinic activities (from informed consent procedures to dosing to blood draws), 268 semi‐structured interviews were conducted, 33 with clinic staff and 235 with healthy volunteers. Drawing on this dataset, this article explores healthy volunteers’ exchange of contemporary legends about phase I clinical trials. In addition to potentially scaring the listener and communicating distrust in the medical community, these incredible stories help participants cope with perceived stigma and establish a gradient of risk of trial participation, creating potential boundaries to their participation in medical research. The article argues that contemporary legends play a productive role in society, shaping how people view themselves and others and influencing their decisions about risky activities.
Prolonged second stage of labour, maternal infectious disease, urinary retention and other complications in the early postpartum period
Authors: Stephansson O , Sandström A , Petersson G , Wikström A‐K , Cnattingius S 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo study the association between duration of second stage of labour and risks of maternal complications (infection, urinary retention, haematoma or ruptured sutures) in the early postpartum period.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.Setting and sampleWe included 72 593 mothers with singleton vaginal deliveries at ≥37 weeks of gestation in cephalic presentation, using the obstetric database from the Stockholm‐Gotland region in Sweden, 2008–12.MethodsLogistic regression analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated and adjustments were made for maternal age, body mass index, height, smoking, cohabitation, gestational age, labour induction, epidural analgesia and oxytocin augmentation.ResultsRates of any complication varied by parity from 7.3% in parous women with previous caesarean section, 4.8% in primiparas and 1.7% in parous women with no previous caesarean section. Compared with a second stage <1 hour, the adjusted ORs for any complication (95% CI) in primiparas were for 1 to <2 hours 1.28 (1.11–1.47); 2 to <3 hours 1.54 (1.32–1.79), 3 to <4 hours 1.63 (1.38–1.93) and ≥4 hours 2.08 (1.74–2.49). The corresponding adjusted ORs for parous women without previous caesarean were 2.27 (1.78–2.90), 2.97 (2.09–4.22), 3.65 (2.25–5.94) and 3.16 (1.44–6.94), respectively. The adjusted ORs for women with previous caesarean were for 1 to <2 hours 1.62 (1.13–2.32); 2 to <3 hours 1.56 (1.00–2.43), 3 to <4 hours 2.42 (1.52–3.87), and ≥4 hours 2.31 (1.25–4.24).ConclusionsRisks of maternal complications in the postpartum period increase with duration of second stage of labour also after accounting for maternal, pregnancy and delivery characteristics. Special attention has to be given to parous women with previous caesarean deliveries.
Rheological, Physical, and Sensory Attributes of Gluten‐Free Rice Cakes Containing Resistant Starch
Authors: Tsatsaragkou Kleopatra , Papantoniou Maria , Mandala Ioanna 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this study the effect of resistant starch (RS) addition on gluten‐free cakes from rice flour and tapioca starch physical and sensorial properties was investigated. Increase in RS concentration made cake batters less elastic (drop of G'(ω), G''(ω) values) and thinner (viscosity decreased). Cakes specific volume increased with an increase in RS level and was maximized for 15 g/100 g RS, although porosity values were significantly unaffected by RS content. Crumb grain analysis exhibited a decrease in surface porosity, number of pores and an increase in average pore diameter as RS concentration increased. During storage, cake crumb remained softer in formulations with increasing amounts of RS. Sensory evaluation of cakes demonstrated the acceptance of all formulations, with cake containing 20 g/100 g RS mostly preferred. Gluten‐free cakes with improved quality characteristics and high nutritional value can be manufactured by the incorporation of RS.
Association between serum lipids and membrane fatty acids and clinical characteristics in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Solberg D. K. , Bentsen H. , Refsum H. , Andreassen O. A. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveEarlier reports indicate that patients with schizophrenia have altered lipid levels in serum and cell membranes. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between clinical characteristics and serum and membrane lipids.MethodFifty‐five patients with schizophrenia and 51 healthy controls were included. The patients were characterized with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Serum lipids [high‐ and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL, LDL) and triglyceride (TG)] and erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were measured.ResultsAmong the participants with schizophrenia, there was a significant correlation between serum triglyceride levels and PANSS‐positive symptoms (r = 0.28, P = 0.04), GAF‐S (r = −0.48, P = 0.001) and GAF‐F (r = −0.32, P = 0.01), and between HDL level and GAF‐S (r = 0.37, P = 0.008) and GAF‐F (r = 0.28, P = 0.04). Long‐chain PUFA were significantly associated with PANSS‐negative symptoms (r = 0.52, P < 0.001), GAF‐S (r = −0.32, P = 0.02), and GAF‐F (r = −0.29, P = 0.04). The patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher TG (P < 0.001) and lower HDL (P < 0.001) levels than healthy controls. HDL was also lower in the subgroup (n = 11) not receiving antipsychotic medication (P = 0.02).ConclusionThe results suggest associations between lipid profile and clinical characteristics. This may indicate a role for lipid biology in schizophrenia pathophysiology.
Effectiveness of Shrinkage and Variable Selection Methods for the Prediction of Complex Human Traits using Data from Distantly Related Individuals
Authors: Berger Swetlana , Pérez‐Rodríguez Paulino , Veturi Yogasudha , Simianer Henner , de los Campos Gustavo 
Published: January 2015

SummaryGenome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have detected large numbers of variants associated with complex human traits and diseases. However, the proportion of variance explained by GWAS‐significant single nucleotide polymorphisms has been usually small. This brought interest in the use of whole‐genome regression (WGR) methods. However, there has been limited research on the factors that affect prediction accuracy (PA) of WGRs when applied to human data of distantly related individuals. Here, we examine, using real human genotypes and simulated phenotypes, how trait complexity, marker‐quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage disequilibrium (LD), and the model used affect the performance of WGRs. Our results indicated that the estimated rate of missing heritability is dependent on the extent of marker‐QTL LD. However, this parameter was not greatly affected by trait complexity. Regarding PA our results indicated that: (a) under perfect marker‐QTL LD WGR can achieve moderately high prediction accuracy, and with simple genetic architectures variable selection methods outperform shrinkage procedures and (b) under imperfect marker‐QTL LD, variable selection methods can achieved reasonably good PA with simple or moderately complex genetic architectures; however, the PA of these methods deteriorated as trait complexity increases and with highly complex traits variable selection and shrinkage methods both performed poorly. This was confirmed with an analysis of human height.
Low signal quality pulse oximetry measurements in newborn infants are reliable for oxygen saturation but underestimate heart rate
Authors: Narayen Ilona C. , Smit Marrit , van Zwet Erik W. , Dawson Jennifer A. , Blom Nico A. , te Pas Arjan B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimWe assessed the influence of system messages (SyMs) on oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate measurements after birth to see whether clinical decision‐making changed if clinicians included SyM data.MethodsThe heart rate and SpO2 of term infants were recorded using Masimo pulse oximeters. Differences in means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated. Permutation corrected the nonrandom distribution and intersubject variation. SpO2 and heart rate centile charts were computed with, and without, SyMs.ResultsPulse oximetry measurements from 117 neonates provided 28 477 data points. SyMs occurred in 46% of measurements. Low signal quality accounted for 99.9% of SyMs. The mean SpO2 was lower with SyMs (p < 0.001), while the SpO2 SD was similar to data without SyMs. The SpO2 centile charts were approximately 2% lower with SyMs included, but they were not more dispersed. Mean heart rate was lower (p < 0.001) and more dispersed (p < 0.001) when a SyM occurred. The heart rate centile charts were lower, with increased variability, when SyMs were included.ConclusionA SyM occurred frequently during pulse oximetry in term infants after birth. SpO2 measurements with low signal quality proved reliable for monitoring an infant's clinical condition. However, heart rate could be underestimated by low signal quality measurements.
Previous Breastfeeding Experience and Duration of Any and Exclusive Breastfeeding among Multiparous Mothers
Authors: Bai Dorothy Li , Fong Daniel Yee Tak , Tarrant Marie 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundHigh breastfeeding attrition rates have been attributed to a number of factors, but the effect of previous breastfeeding experience on subsequent breastfeeding duration has not been adequately investigated.MethodsIn this study, 559 multiparous mothers were recruited and followed prospectively for 12 months or until the infant was weaned.ResultsWhen compared with having previously breastfed for > 3 months, no previous breastfeeding experience (HR 3.24 [95% CI 2.37–4.42]) or a breastfeeding duration of ≤ 3 months (HR 2.56; 95% CI 2.05?3.20) substantially increased the risk of early weaning. Similarly, participants who had not exclusively breastfed (HR 1.82 [95% CI 1.46?2.26]) or who had exclusively breastfed for ≤ 2 months (HR 1.65 [95% CI 1.29?2.10]) were more likely to stop exclusive breastfeeding when compared with those who had exclusively breastfed for > 2 months. More than 40 percent of the participants who had previously breastfed for > 3 months had shorter current breastfeeding durations. The median decreases in any and exclusive breastfeeding for this group were 16.4 weeks and 13.1 weeks, respectively.ConclusionsMultiparous women with no previous breastfeeding experience and those with a short duration of previous breastfeeding should be provided with greater support to promote a longer duration of breastfeeding. Multiparous women with a longer duration of breastfeeding should be strongly encouraged to meet or exceed this duration with their current infant.
There aren't plenty more fish in the sea: A causal network approach
Authors: Nikolic Milena , Lagnado David A. 
Published: January 2015

The current research investigated how lay representations of the causes of an environmental problem may underlie individuals' reasoning about the issue. Naïve participants completed an experiment that involved two main tasks. The causal diagram task required participants to depict the causal relations between a set of factors related to overfishing and to estimate the strength of these relations. The counterfactual task required participants to judge the effect of counterfactual suppositions based on the diagrammed factors. We explored two major questions: (1) what is the relation between individual causal models and counterfactual judgments? Consistent with previous findings (e.g., Green et al., 1998, Br. J. Soc. Psychology, 37, 415), these judgments were best explained by a combination of the strength of both direct and indirect causal paths. (2) To what extent do people use two‐way causal thinking when reasoning about an environmental problem? In contrast to previous research (e.g., White, 2008, Appl. Cogn. Psychology, 22, 559), analyses based on individual causal networks revealed the presence of numerous feedback loops. The studies support the value of analysing individual causal models in contrast to consensual representations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in relation to causal reasoning as well as environmental psychology.
Managerial and Disciplinary Responses to Abandoned Acquisitions in Bidding Firms: A New Perspective
Authors: McCann Michael , Ackrill Robert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueExisting research suggests that internal and external corporate governance mechanisms substitute for one another to mitigate agency problems in bidding firms. This paper tests whether the interaction between these mechanisms is more complementary.Research Findings/InsightsWhile there is evidence for disciplinary responses to bids for unrelated targets involving strategic retrenchment and significant asset divestment, the influence of the information conveyed by this characteristic on the likelihood of post‐abandonment discipline is not amplified when boards are less independent.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThe results suggest that certain characteristics are used to distinguish between abandoned bidders which require discipline and those that do not. However, our findings do not suggest that interaction between internal and external governance mechanisms is contingent on board independence. Instead, these interactions between shareholders and boards seem to be contingent on a range of company, industry, and situation‐specific factors.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsWhile policy in the UK has focused on board independence as a means of effective corporate governance, our results suggest that this is not a panacea. Effective governance involves active owners, communicating their interests to boards, and boards responding accordingly. Further encouragement of such communication before, during, and after acquisitions will improve signals to managers that shareholders can target the necessary discipline of those whom they perceive to need it most.
Surgical complications after kidney transplantation: different impacts of immunosuppression, graft function, patient variables, and surgical performance
Authors: Koch Martina , Kantas Alexandros , Ramcke Katja , Drabik Anna I. , Nashan Björn 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe population of kidney transplant (KTx) recipients often has complex medical and immunological conditions. Surgical complications (SCs) contribute to the increasing morbidity and costs in these patients. We analyzed the risk factors for SC in 405 KTx patients treated using defined immunosuppressive regimens according to their clinical and immunological risk profile: (1) standard immunosuppression (SIS) with IL‐2 receptor mAb, CNI, and (a) mycophenolic acid (MPA) or (b) mTOR inhibitor; and (2) more intense immunosuppression (IIS) with (a) ATG or (b) the additional use of plasma exchange and B‐ and T‐cell‐depleting agents. In a mixed effects logistic regression model, we identified the following risk factors for SC: male gender, diabetes, and post‐operative dialysis. No difference was found between the patients who received SIS with MPA and those who received mTOR inhibitors. The risk of suffering complications with IIS increases with age. In addition to IIS, diabetes was a risk for wound healing disorders. Therapeutic anticoagulation and a third or subsequent retransplantation increased the rate of bleeding. We did not identify immunosuppression or patient demographics as risk factors for lymphoceles or ureter complications; however, we demonstrated that the surgeon had a significant impact on severe complications, especially those of the ureter.
Development of postural adjustments during reaching in infants at risk for cerebral palsy from 4 to 18 months
Authors: Van Balen Lieke C , Dijkstra Linze‐Jaap , Bos Arend F , Van Den Heuvel Edwin R , Hadders‐Algra Mijna 
Published: January 2015

AimTo investigate postural adjustments during reaching in infants at high risk for cerebral palsy (CP).MethodObservational cohort study in which 25 infants at high risk (11 males, 14 females) and 11 infants with typical development (six males, five females) were assessed at 4, 6, and 18 months corrected age. Reaching movements were elicited during supported and unsupported sitting, while surface electromyography was recorded of arm, neck, and trunk muscles. Percentages of direction‐specific adjustments (first level of control), and recruitment patterns and anticipatory activation (second level of control) were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed with a binomial generalized estimating equations model for dichotomous variables and a linear mixed model for continuous variables.ResultsPostural activity of infants at high risk for CP at 4 months was virtually similar to that of infants with typical development. At 18 months, infants at high risk differed from infants with typical development with less direction‐specificity (median values 20% vs 58% at trunk and neck level, OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18–0.82); longer latencies to trunk muscle activation; and less anticipatory activation (41% vs 55%, in any direction‐specific muscle, OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.32–0.89). In unsupported sitting, results were largely similar to those in supported sitting.InterpretationInfants at high risk for CP grew into a postural deficit: at 18 months they showed delayed development of direction‐specificity, and postural dysfunction as evidenced by slower recruitment of postural muscles and less frequent anticipatory activation.