bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permeability Changes of Coal Cores and Briquettes under Tri-Axial Stress Conditions
Authors: Wierzbicki Mirosław , Konečný Pavel , Kožušníková Alena 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The paper is dealing with the permeability of coal in triaxial state of stress. The permeability of coal, besides coal’s methane capacity, is the main parameter determining the quantity of methane inflow into underground excavations. The stress in a coal seam is one of the most important factors influencing coal permeability therefore the permeability measurements were performed in tri-axial state of stress. The hydrostatic three-axial state of stress was gradually increased from 5 MPa with steps of 5 MPa up to a maximum of 30 MPa. Nitrogen was applied as a gas medium in all experiments.
The results of the permeability measurements of coal cores from the “Zofiówka” mine, Poland, and three mines from the Czech Republic are presented in this paper. As a “reference”, permeability measurements were also taken for coal briquettes prepared from coal dust with defined porosity.
It was confirmed that the decreasing porosity of coal briquettes affects the decreasing permeability. The advantage of experimentation on coal briquettes is its good repeatability.
From the experimental results, an empirical relation between gas permeability and confining pressure has also been identified. The empirical relation for coal briquettes is in good correspondence with published results. However, for coal cores, the character of change differs. The influence of confining pressure has a different character and the decrease in permeability is stronger due to the increasing confining pressure
Chemical bath deposition synthesis and electrochemical properties of MnO2 thin film: Effect of deposition time and bath temperature
Authors: Aref A. , Tang Y. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) films with different nanostructures were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) glasses by using chemical bath deposition (CBD). Deposition temperature and time were varied from 60 °C to 90 °C and from 2 h to 72 h, respectively. The samples have been characterized using an X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an electrochemical workstation. The films deposited at 60 °C for 8 h showed that obtained nanoflowers had an amorphous nature, while those deposited at higher temperatures of 70, 80 and 90 °C showed a well-developed nanowire and nanorod morphology. However, those which were deposited at 60 °C, showed the best electrochemical properties, including a higher specific capacitance, good rate of performance and a cycling stability (93 % loss of the initial value after 10,000 cycles).
On the mechanism of catalysis induced by mechano-activation of solid body
Authors: Kulczycki Andrzej , Kajdas Czesław , Liang Hong 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The paper presents a new model of the mechanism of mechanocatalysis and tribocatalysis. The reason for the increase in heterogeneous catalysis effect after mechanical activation of a catalyst has not been fully understood yet. There is no known theory, which would explain the mechanism of the influence of mechanical energy introduced to catalyst particles on the rate of chemical reaction. All existing theories are based on Arrhenius equation and assume that catalysts increase reaction rate due to decreasing of activation energy E
a. We hypothesize that both for standard and catalyzed heterogeneous reactions the same E
a (real activation energy) is needed to trigger the reaction processes and the catalytic effect is the result of energy introduced to the reaction system, its accumulation by a catalyst and then emission of high flux of energy to the space near the catalyst particles. This energy emitted by molecules of reagents can reach a value equal to the value of E
a at lower ambient temperature than it would result from Arrhenius equation. This hypothesis is based on α
i model described in previous papers by Kajdas and Kulczycki as well as the results of tribochemical research described by Hong Liang et al., which demonstrate that the reaction rate is higher than that resulting from temperature.
Non-destructive characterization of superionic conductor: lithium nitride
Authors: Yadawa Pramod 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Higher order elastic constants have been calculated in hexagonally structured superionic conductor Li3N at room temperature using the interaction potential model. The temperature variation of the ultrasonic velocities was evaluated along different angles with z axis (unique axis) of the crystal, using the second order elastic constants. The ultrasonic velocity decreased with the temperature along a particular orientation of the unique axis. Temperature variation of the thermal relaxation time and Debye average velocities was also calculated along the same orientation. The temperature dependency of ultrasonic properties was discussed in correlation with elastic, thermal and electrical properties. It has been found that the thermal conductivity is the main contributor to the behavior of ultrasonic attenuation as a function of temperature and the cause responsible for attenuation is phonon-phonon interaction. The mechanical properties of Li3N at low temperature are better than at high temperature because at low temperature it has low ultrasonic attenuation. Superionic conductor lithium nitride has many industrial applications, such as those used in portable electronic devices.
Magnetic properties of manganese doped PrAlO3 monocrystalline fibres
Authors: Guzik A. , Talik E. , Pajączkowska A. , Turczyński S. , Kusz J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Monocrystalline fibres of undoped PrAlO3 and PrAlO3:0.1 Mn, have been grown by the pulling-down method under nitrogen atmosphere. The as-grown crystal doped with Mn had a visible brown core surrounded by a green ring, whereas this effect was weaker for the undoped PrAlO3. A coloration of the brown core was caused by a presence of Pr4+ ions. The presence of the Pr4+ ions was confirmed by XPS and magnetic studies. The XPS chemical analysis showed the increased concentration of oxygen in the crystals with the brown core. The most probable valency of manganese is Mn4+. It is located in Al3+ sites.
Chemical properties of hydroxyapatite deposited through electrophoretic process on different sandblasted samples
Authors: Gradinariu Irina , Stirbu Ioan , Gheorghe Cristina , Cimpoesu Nicanor , Agop Maricel , Cimpoesu Ramona , Popa Cristina 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
An implantable material based on titanium (Ti6Al4V) was sandblasted in order to be deposited with a thin film of hydroxyapatite. Two samples of the alloy, in a shape of a bar with 10 mm diameter and 20 mm length, were subjected to mechanical treatment. After deposition of the hydroxyapatite through electrophoresis process, the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The nature and chemical properties of thin films formed on Ti-based substrate were investigated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy based on the extremely high polarization resistance of the material. The results revealed the formation of a homogeneous layer on the surface of the metallic substrate. The layer composed of TiO2 and hydroxyapatite provided a high corrosion protection.
Effects of different Sn contents on formation of Ti2SnC by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method in Ti-Sn-C and Ti-Sn-C-TiC systems
Authors: Sun Hong-Yan , Kong Xin , Sen Wei , Yi Zhong-Zhou , Wang Bao-Sen , Liu Gui-Yang 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Effect of different Sn contents on combustion synthesis of Ti2SnC was studied using elemental Ti, Sn, C and TiC powders as raw materials in the Ti-Sn-C and Ti-Sn-C-TiC system, in which the molar ratio of Ti/C was set as 2:1. The reaction mechanism for the formation of Ti2SnC was also investigated. The results showed that the amount of Ti2SnC in combustion products firstly increased with increasing of Sn content (0.6 to 0.8 mol), and then decreased with further increasing of Sn content (1.0 to 1.2 mol). Upon addition of 15 % TiC instead of Ti and C, the optimum addition of Sn decreased to 0.7 mol and a higher purity of Ti2SnC was obtained. The Ti2SnC powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Further Development and Validation of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development–Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS)
Authors: Caçola Priscila M. , Gabbard Carl , Montebelo Maria I.L. , Santos Denise C.C. 
Published: December 2014

Background
Affordances in the home environment may play a significant role in infant motor development.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to further develop and validate the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development–Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS), an inventory that measures the quantity and quality of motor affordances in the home.

Design
A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate criteria for content validity, reliability, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects, and interpretability of the instrument.

Methods
A pilot version of the inventory with 5 dimensions was used for expert panel analysis and administered to parents of infants (N=419). Data were analyzed with Cronbach alpha, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), ceiling and floor effects, and item and dimension interpretability analyses for creation of a scoring system with descriptive categories for each dimension and total score.

Results
Average agreement among the expert panel was 95% across all evaluation criteria. Cronbach alpha values with the 41-item scale ranged between .639 and .824 for the separate dimensions, with a total value of .824 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]=.781, .862). The ICC values were .990 for interrater reliability and .949 for intrarater reliability. There was a ceiling effect on 3 questions for the Inside Space dimension and on 3 questions for the Variety of Stimulation dimension. These results demonstrated the need for reduction in total items (from 41 to 35) and the combination of space dimensions. After removal of questions, internal consistency was .766 (95% CI=.729, .800) for total score. Overall assessment categories were created as: less than adequate, moderately adequate, adequate, and excellent.

Limitations
The inventory does not determine specific use (time, frequency) of affordances in the home, and it does not account for infants' out-of-home activities.

Conclusions
The AHEMD-IS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess affordances in the home environment that promote infant motor development.
Does Perturbation-Based Balance Training Prevent Falls? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Mansfield Avril , Wong Jennifer S. , Bryce Jessica , Knorr Svetlana , Patterson Kara K. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundOlder adults and individuals with neurological conditions are at an increased risk for falls. Although physical exercise can prevent falls, certain types of exercise may be more effective. Perturbation-based balance training is a novel intervention involving repeated postural perturbations aiming to improve control of rapid balance reactions.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of perturbation-based balance training on falls in daily life.Data SourcesMEDLINE (1946–July 2014), EMBASE (1974–July 2014), PEDro (all dates), CENTRAL (1991–July 2014), and Google Scholar (all dates) were the data sources used in this study.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials written in English were included if they focused on perturbation-based balance training among older adults or individuals with neurological conditions and collected falls data posttraining.Data ExtractionTwo investigators extracted data independently. Study authors were contacted to obtain missing information. A PEDro score was obtained for each study. Primary outcomes were proportion of participants who reported one or more falls (ie, number of “fallers”) and the total number of falls. The risk ratio (proportion of fallers) and rate ratio (number of falls) were entered into the analysis.&gt;Data SynthesisEight studies involving 404 participants were included. Participants who completed perturbation-based balance training were less likely to report a fall (overall risk ratio=0.71; 95% confidence interval=0.52, 0.96; P=.02) and reported fewer falls than those in the control groups (overall rate ratio=0.54; 95% confidence interval=0.34, 0.85; P=.007).LimitationsStudy authors do not always identify that they have included perturbation training in their intervention; therefore, it is possible that some appropriate studies were not included. Study designs were heterogeneous, preventing subanalyses.ConclusionsPerturbation-based balance training appears to reduce fall risk among older adults and individuals with Parkinson disease.
Burnup analysis of the VVER-1000 reactor using thorium-based fuel
Authors: Korkmaz M. E. , Agar O. , Büyüker E. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper aims to investigate 232Th/233U fuel cycles in a VVER-1000 reactor through calculation by computer. The 3D core geometry of VVER-1000 system was designed using the Serpent Monte Carlo 1.1.19 Code. The Serpent Code using parallel programming interface (Message Passing Interface-MPI), was run on a workstation with 12-core and 48 GB RAM. 232Th/235U/238U oxide mixture was considered as fuel in the core, when the mass fraction of 232Th was increased as 0.05–0.1–0.2–0.3–0.4 respectively, the mass fraction of 238U equally was decreased. In the system, the calculations were made for 3 000 MW thermal power. For the burnup analyses, the core is assumed to deplete from initial fresh core up to a burnup of 16 MWd/kgU without refuelling considerations. In the burnup calculations, a burnup interval of 360 effective full power days (EFPDs) was defined. According to burnup, the mass changes of the 232Th, 233U, 238U, 237Np, 239Pu, 241Am and 244Cm were evaluated, and also flux and criticality of the system were calculated in dependence of the burnup rate.
The nonsurgical nature of patients with subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage associated with mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ditty Benjamin J. , Omar Nidal B. , Foreman Paul M. , Patel Daxa M. , Pritchard Patrick R. , Okor Mamerhi O. 
Published: December 2014

OBJECT
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 or higher, is a common problem in the United States and worldwide, estimated to affect more than 1 million patients yearly. When associated with intracranial hemorrhage, it is a common reason for neurosurgical consultation and transfer to tertiary care centers. The authors set out to investigate the clinical implications of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and/or intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) associated with mTBI in hopes of standardization of mTBI clinical care and optimization of resource allocation.

METHODS
The authors performed a retrospective review of 500 consecutively treated patients with mTBI and SAH and/or IPH admitted to a Level I trauma center in Alabama between May 2003 and May 2013. They performed a review of medical records to confirm the diagnosis, determine neurological condition at admission, and assess for episodes of neurological decline or brain injury–related complications including altered mental status, seizures, and hyponatremia.

RESULTS
Of the 500 patients for whom data were reviewed, 304 (60.8%) were male and 196 (39.2%) were female. Average age was 46.3 years. Overall, 63 patients (12.6%) had isolated IPH, 411 (82.2%) had isolated SAH, and 26 (5.2%) had radiographic evidence of both IPH and SAH. One hundred forty-five patients (29%) were transferred an average distance of 64.5 miles. The authors identified no patients who experienced neurological worsening during their hospital course. Two patients experienced hyponatremia that required treatment with sodium supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with the constellation of SAH and/or IPH and mTBI do not require neurosurgical consultation, and these findings should not be used as the sole criteria to justify transfer to tertiary referral centers.
Relationship of vocal cord paralysis to the coil diameter of vagus nerve stimulator leads
Authors: Robinson Leslie C. , Winston Ken R. 
Published: December 2014

OBJECT
This investigation was done to examine, following implantation of vagus nerve stimulators, the relationship of vocal cord paralysis to the inner diameter of the coils used to attach the stimulator lead to the nerve.

Methods
All data in this investigation were collected, as mandated by the FDA, by the manufacturer of vagus nerve stimulators and were made available without restrictions for analysis by the authors. The data reflect all initial device implantations in the United States for the period from 1997 through 2012.

Results
Vocal cord paralysis was reported in 193 of 51,882 implantations. In patients aged 18 years and older, the incidence of paralysis was 0.26% when the stimulator leads had coil diameters of 3 mm and 0.51% when the leads had 2-mm-diameter coils (p < 0.05). Across all age groups, the incidence of vocal cord paralysis increased with age at implantation for leads having 2-mm-diameter coils.

Conclusions
In patients aged 18 years and older, vocal cord paralysis occurred at almost twice the rate with the implantation of vagus nerve stimulator leads having 2-mm-diameter coils than with leads having 3-mm-diameter coils. The incidence of vocal cord paralysis increases with patient age at implantation.
Venous organization in the transverse foramen: dissection, histology, and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Magro Elsa , Gentric Jean-Christophe , Talagas Matthieu , Alavi Zarrin , Nonent Michel , Dam-Hieu Phong , Seizeur Romuald 
Published: December 2014

OBJECT
The anatomical arrangement of the venous system within the transverse foramen is controversial; there is disagreement whether the anatomy consists of a single vertebral vein or a confluence of venous plexus. Precise knowledge of this arrangement is necessary in imaging when vertebral artery dissection is suspected, as well as in surgical approaches for the cervical spine. This study aimed to better explain anatomical organization of the venous system within the transverse foramen according to the Trolard hypothesis of a transverse vertebral sinus.

METHODS
This was an anatomical and radiological study. For the anatomical study, 10 specimens were analyzed after vascular injection. After dissection, histological cuts were prepared. For the radiological study, a high-resolution MRI study with 2D time-of-flight segment MR venography sequences was performed on 10 healthy volunteers.

RESULTS
Vertebral veins are arranged in a plexiform manner within the transverse canal. This arrangement begins at the upper part of the transverse canal before the vertebral vein turns into a single vein along with the vertebral artery running from the transverse foramen of the C-6. This venous system runs somewhat ventrolaterally to the vertebral artery. In most cases, this arrangement is symmetrical and facilitates radiological readings. The anastomoses between vertebral veins and ventral longitudinal veins are uniform and arranged segmentally at each vertebra.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings confirm recent or previous anatomical descriptions and invalidate others. It is hard to come up with a common description of the arrangement of vertebral veins. The authors suggest providing clinicians as well as anatomists with a well-detailed description of components essential to the understanding of this organization.
Carbon dioxide laser for corpus callosotomy in the pediatric population
Authors: Choudhri Omar , Lober Robert M. , Camara-Quintana Joaquin , Yeom Kristen W. , Guzman Raphael , Edwards Michael S. B. 
Published: December 2014

OBJECT
The authors describe the application of a flexible CO2 laser for corpus callosotomy in children with epilepsy.

METHODS
This retrospective case series reviews all cases in which pediatric patients underwent a corpus callosotomy performed using the CO2 OmniGuide laser between May 2005 and October 2012. Data were collected from 8 corpus callosotomy procedures in 6 pediatric patients presenting with medically refractory epilepsy marked by drop attacks.

RESULTS
Complete corpus callosotomies were performed in 6 patients (3 boys, 3 girls; ages 5–14 years). In 4 patients the complete callosotomy occurred as a single procedure, and in 2 patients an anterior two-thirds callosotomy was performed first. These 2 patients subsequently required a complete callosotomy due to inadequate control of their drop attacks. In all cases there was clean lesioning of the tract with preservation of the ependymal plane and less inadvertent thermal tissue damage due to low penetration of the laser through cerebrospinal fluid. All patients had resolution or improvement of drop attacks after surgery. No complications were encountered, and imaging demonstrated a clean sectioning of callosal fibers with preservation of normal ventricular anatomy.

CONCLUSIONS
These cases illustrate the use of this device in completing corpus callosotomy in pediatric patients. The low-profile laser fiber tip was well suited for working in the depths of the interhemispheric fissure with minimal brain retraction. The flexible CO2 laser allows a precise callosal lesioning through an interhemispheric approach and is a useful adjunct to be employed in these cases.
Environmental correlates of cytotype distribution inAndropogon gerardii(Poaceae)
Authors: McAllister Christine , Blaine Russell , Kron Paul , Bennett Brent , Garrett Heidi , Kidson Jennifer , Matzenbacher Blanda , Glotzbach Anna , Miller Allison J. 
Published: December 2014

•Premise of the study:Information about geographic distribution of cytotypes can provide insight into the origin and maintenance of autopolyploid complexes and builds a foundation for understanding cytotype differentiation and the dynamics of mixed‐ploidy populations. Here, we investigate environmental correlates of the geographic distributions of 6xand 9xindividuals in the ecologically dominant grassAndropogon gerardiito examine the role of climate in shaping patterns of cytotype distribution in this species.•Methods:Flow cytometry was used to estimate ploidy level in 352 individuals from 32 populations across North America. Ecological differentiation of cytotypes was tested by relating BIOCLIM variables to cytotype distribution using principal components analysis and partial linear regression.•Key results:Broad geographic sampling confirmed two primary cytotypes—6x(hexaploid) and 9x(enneaploid)—and revealed that 9xplants are more common than previously thought. Enneaploids occur frequently in the southern portions of the range, with hexaploids dominating in northern regions. Mixed‐ploidy populations were common (46.9%). Principal components analysis and partial linear regression indicated that reduced summer precipitation and increased variation in diurnal and seasonal temperature range were significant predictors of the frequency of 9xplants in a population.•Conclusions:Results indicate that (1) geographic distribution of 6xand 9xindividuals is nonrandom; (2) environmental variables are associated with cytotype distribution inA. gerardii; and (3) nearly half of populations surveyed include both 6xand 9xindividuals. The persistence of mixed‐ploidy populations may reflect a combination of recurrent polyploid formation and the prevalence of clonal reproduction.