bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of 2,6‐Diaryl‐4‐hydroxybenzenethiol
Authors: Sasaki Shigeru , Sutoh Katsuhide , Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTNovel 2,6‐diaryl‐4‐hydroxybenzenethiol, 2,6‐bis(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)‐4‐hydroxybenzenethiol, was synthesized from the corresponding 2,6‐diaryl‐4‐bromoiodobenzene as a potential precursor of the corresponding thiobenzoquinone. The X‐ray crystallography showed that the two aryl groups are nearly orthogonal to the central benzene ring and shield the mercapto group, but there still remains open space and the oxidation of the 4‐hydroxybenzenethiol by MnO2 led to the formation of the corresponding disulfide. The oxidation of the 4‐hydroxybenzenethiol as well as the corresponding disulfide was studied, and the spectroscopic studies suggested the formation of the labile thiobenzoquinone.
Developing and Verifying a Questionnaire for Evaluating User Value of a Mobile Device
Authors: Park Jaehyun , Han Sung H. , Kim Hyun K. , Moon Heekyung , Park Joohwan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUser experience has become a major issue lately with user value as one of its key elements. This study proposes a method to evaluate user value using a questionnaire specialized for a mobile device such as smartphones. The questionnaire was developed considering elements of user value, product features, and context of use. Then, a case study with hundreds of participants was conducted via the Internet to verify and screen out questionnaire items in terms of reliability and validity. Finally, a total of 16 questionnaire items were selected for evaluating elements of user value, consisting of self‐satisfaction, pleasure, sociability, customer need, and attachment. The results of this study are expected to help understand potential users and select design alternatives.
First Stereoselective and Concise Synthesis of Rhoiptelol C
Authors: Purushotham Reddy Sudina , Chinnababu Baggu , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe first concise stereoselective total synthesis of diarylheptanoid rhoiptelol C (1) was achieved from readily available vanillin. The synthesis involves Keck's asymmetric allylation, olefin cross metathesis, and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction as key steps.
Three New Cassane‐Type Diterpenes from Caesalpinia minax
Authors: Ma Rui‐Jing , Hu Jiang‐Miao , Yang Xun‐Yun , Wang Li‐Qin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThree new cassane‐type diterpenes, 14‐dehydroxy‐12,16‐dihydrocaesaldekarin L (1), 1‐deacetyl‐12‐ethoxyneocaesalpin N (2), and 1‐deacetylneocaesalpin N (3), together with two known cassane‐type diterpenes, neocaesalpin A and neocaesalpin L, were isolated from the EtOH extract of the twigs and leaves of Caesalpinia minax. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, as well as by comparison of their spectral data with those of related compounds.
Synthesis of 1‐Acyl‐3,4‐dihydroquinazoline‐2(1H)‐thiones by Cyclization of N‐[2‐(Isothiocyanatomethyl)phenyl] Amides Generated in situ from N‐[2‐(Azidomethyl)phenyl] Amides
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Matsumoto Naoki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn efficient method for the preparation of 1‐acyl‐3,4‐dihydroquinazoline‐2(1H)‐thiones 5 has been developed. The reaction of N‐[2‐(azidomethyl)phenyl] amides 3, easily prepared by a three‐step sequence starting with (2‐aminophenyl)methanols, with Ph3P, followed by CS2, allowed generation of N‐[2‐(isothiocyanatomethyl)phenyl]‐amide intermediates 4, which underwent cyclization on treatment with NaH to furnish the corresponding desired products in generally good yields.
Limited Clinical Utility of a Genetic Risk Score for the Prediction of Fracture Risk in Elderly Subjects
Authors: Eriksson Joel , Evans Daniel S , Nielson Carrie M , Shen Jian , Srikanth Priya , Hochberg Marc , McWeeney Shannon , Cawthon Peggy M , Wilmot Beth , Zmuda Joseph , Tranah Greg , Mirel Daniel B , Challa Sashi , Mooney Michael , Crenshaw Andrew , Karlsson Magnus , Mellström Dan , Vandenput Liesbeth , Orwoll Eric , Ohlsson Claes 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

It is important to identify the patients at highest risk of fractures. A recent large-scale meta-analysis identified 63 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with bone mineral density (BMD), of which 16 were also associated with fracture risk. Based on these findings, two genetic risk scores (GRS63 and GRS16) were developed. Our aim was to determine the clinical usefulness of these GRSs for the prediction of BMD, BMD change, and fracture risk in elderly subjects. We studied two male (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study [MrOS] US, MrOS Sweden) and one female (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures [SOF]) large prospective cohorts of older subjects, looking at BMD, BMD change, and radiographically and/or medically confirmed incident fractures (8067 subjects, 2185 incident nonvertebral or vertebral fractures). GRS63 was associated with BMD (≅3% of the variation explained) but not with BMD change. Both GRS63 and GRS16 were associated with fractures. After BMD adjustment, the effect sizes for these associations were substantially reduced. Similar results were found using an unweighted GRS63 and an unweighted GRS16 compared with those found using the corresponding weighted risk scores. Only minor improvements in C-statistics (AUC) for fractures were found when the GRSs were added to a base model (age, weight, and height), and no significant improvements in C-statistics were found when they were added to a model further adjusted for BMD. Net reclassification improvements with the addition of the GRSs to a base model were modest and substantially attenuated in BMD-adjusted models. GRS63 is associated with BMD, but not BMD change, suggesting that the genetic determinants of BMD differ from those of BMD change. When BMD is known, the clinical utility of the two GRSs for fracture prediction is limited in elderly subjects. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Nutrient removal via nitrite from reject water and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) storage during nitrifying conditions
Authors: Frison Nicola , Katsou Evina , Malamis Simos , Oehmen Adrian , Fatone Francesco 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDNutrient removal via nitrite was investigated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating reject water produced from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and the subsequent dewatering process. The polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) storage capacity of the biomass obtained under nitrifying (nitritation) and non‐nitrifying aerobic conditions was investigated in batch reactors for biomass taken from the SBR.RESULTSIn situ activity tests showed that the nitritation rate was not affected by the type of external organic carbon source that was added (i.e. propionic acid ‐ HPr and sludge fermentation liquid ‐ SFL). In contrast, the specific nitrite uptake rate (sNUR) and the specific phosphate uptake rate (sPUR) via nitrite were much higher when SFL was applied compared with HPr (22.39 ± 1.08 mgN g−1VSS h−1 and 3.41 ± 1.71mgP g−1VSS h−1 when SFL was added compared with 7.80 ± 1.23mgN g−1VSS h−1 and 1.09 ± 0.12mgP g−1VSS h−1 when HPr was added). The majority of phosphorus removal was attributed to the normal growth of biomass rather than the activity of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). The PHA yield was 0.65–0.67 C‐mmol PHA/C‐mmol short chain fatty acid (SCFA) when nitrification was inhibited, and 0.60–0.63 C‐mmol PHA/C‐mmol SCFA when nitritation also occurred.CONCLUSIONThe PHA yield was not adversely affected under nitrifying conditions, demonstrating that nitritation can be integrated with the production of PHA. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Transducer hygiene: Comparison of procedures for decontamination of ultrasound transducers and their use in clinical practice
Authors: Häggström Mikael , Spira Jack , Edelstam Greta 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundTo determine whether current hygiene practices are appropriate during sonographic examinations.MethodsFive major hospitals in Sweden were investigated with a survey. At each hospital, the departments corresponding to the main types of sonographic examination were chosen. Personnel who were responsible for or acquainted with the local hygiene procedures completed a standardardized questionnaire.ResultsThe surveys were completed by 25 departments, where the total number of sonographic examinations was approximately 20,000 per month. For transvaginal and transrectal sonographic examinations, the most common method for decontamination of the transducer was barrier protection during the procedure followed by cleansing with alcohol. Latex was the predominant cover material, but one department used polyethylene gloves, and another department used nitrile gloves. Both of these involved transvaginal ultrasonography. In transcutaneous examinations, all hospitals were using alcohol and paper or cloth for decontamination at a minimum. Transesophageal examinations were carried out without barrier protection, and decontamination was performed with an alkylating substance.ConclusionsThe hygiene practices appear to be appropriate at most hospitals, but there is a prevalence of transducer cover materials of unacceptable permeability, as well as use of gloves on transducers despite insufficient evidence of safety. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 43:81–88, 2015
Last glacial hydrological variations at the southern margin of sub‐tropical North America and a regional comparison
Authors: ROY PRIYADARSI D. , CHARLES‐POLO MARCELA P. , LOPEZ‐BALBIAUX NAYELI , PI‐PUIG TERESA , SANKAR G. MUTHU , LOZANO‐SANTACRUZ RUFINO , LOZANO‐GARCÍA SOCORRO , ROMERO FRANCISCO M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTGeochemical and magnetic characteristics of sediments from paleolake La Salada provide information about the last glacial hydrological conditions at the southern margin of sub‐tropical North America. Proxy records of runoff, lake water salinity, brine composition and provenance of organic matter are based on multi‐element concentration, magnetic susceptibility, mineralogy, carbonate content and C/N relation. Runoff was higher than average during ca. 43–36k cal a BP and at ca. 33k cal a BP. A shift in mineralogical assemblage from calcite > protodolomite–halite to protodolomite–gaylussite suggests that the brine composition changed from Ca–(Mg–Na)–HCO3–(Cl) to Mg–Na–Ca–HCO3 because of more runoff after the desiccation event at ca. 28k cal a BP. In general, organic matter deposited during the intervals of more runoff and deeper lake conditions were sourced from lacustrine phytoplankton. The contribution of terrestrial vegetation dominates during the intervals of reduced runoff. Comparison with other records provides a regional perspective of moisture variability. Humid conditions at ca. 33k cal a BP could be due to more summer precipitation in northern Mexico as well as increased winter rainfall in the south‐western USA.
Effect of dietary fat modification on subcutaneous white adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Jimenez‐Gomez Yolanda , Cruz‐Teno Cristina , Rangel‐Zuñiga Oriol A. , Peinado Juan R. , Perez‐Martinez Pablo , Delgado‐Lista Javier , Garcia‐Rios Antonio , Camargo Antonio , Vazquez‐Martinez Rafael , Ortega‐Bellido Maria , Perez‐Jimenez Francisco , Roche Helen M. , Malagon Maria M. , Lopez‐Miranda Jose 
Published: July 2014

ScopeTo determine whether the insulin resistance that exists in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients is modulated by dietary fat composition.Methods and resultsSeventy‐five patients were randomly assigned to one of four diets for 12 wk: high‐saturated fatty acids (HSFAs), high‐MUFA (HMUFA), and two low‐fat, high‐complex carbohydrate (LFHCC) diets supplemented with long‐chain n‐3 (LFHCC n‐3) PUFA or placebo. At the end of intervention, the LFHCC n‐3 diet reduced plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and nonsterified fatty acid concentration (p < 0.05) as compared to baseline Spanish habitual (BSH) diet. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) analysis revealed decreased EH‐domain containing‐2 mRNA levels and increased cbl‐associated protein gene expression with the LFHCC n‐3 compared to HSFA and HMUFA diets, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LFHCC n‐3 decreased gene expression of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase with respect to HMUFA and BSH diets (p < 0.05). Finally, proteomic characterization of subcutaneous WAT identified three proteins of glucose metabolism downregulated by the LFHCC n‐3 diet, including annexin A2. RT‐PCR analysis confirmed the decrease of annexin A2 (p = 0.027) after this diet.ConclusionOur data suggest that the LFHCC n‐3 diet reduces systemic insulin resistance and improves insulin signaling in subcutaneous WAT of MetS patients compared to HSFA and BSH diets consumption.
A model for extra‐axonal diffusion spectra with frequency‐dependent restriction
Authors: Lam Wilfred W. , Jbabdi Saâd , Miller Karla L. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeIn the brain, there is growing interest in using the temporal diffusion spectrum to characterize axonal geometry in white matter because of the potential to be more sensitive to small pores compared to conventional time‐dependent diffusion. However, analytical expressions for the diffusion spectrum of particles have only been derived for simple, restricting geometries such as cylinders, which are often used as a model for intra‐axonal diffusion. The extra‐axonal space is more complex, but the diffusion spectrum has largely not been modeled. We propose a model for the extra‐axonal space, which can be used for interpretation of experimental data.Theory and MethodsAn empirical model describing the extra‐axonal space diffusion spectrum was compared with simulated spectra. Spectra were simulated using Monte Carlo methods for idealized, regularly and randomly packed axons over a wide range of packing densities and spatial scales. The model parameters are related to the microstructural properties of tortuosity, axonal radius, and separation for regularly packed axons and pore size for randomly packed axons.ResultsForward model predictions closely matched simulations. The model fitted the simulated spectra well and accurately estimated microstructural properties.ConclusionsThis simple model provides expressions that relate the diffusion spectrum to biologically relevant microstructural properties. Magn Reson Med 73:2306–2320, 2015. © 2014 The authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.
Statistical simulation of SAR variability with geometric and tissue property changes by using the unscented transform
Authors: Shao Yu , Zeng Peng , Wang Shumin 
Published: July 2014

PurposeThe local specific absorption rate (SAR) is critical to the safety of radio frequency transmit coils. A statistical simulation approach is introduced to address the local SAR variability related to tissue property and geometric variations.MethodsThe local SAR is modeled as the output of a nonlinear transformation with factors that may affect its value being treated as random input variables. Instead of using the Monte Carlo method with a large number of sample points, the unscented transform is applied with a small set of deterministic sample points. A sensitivity analysis is further performed to determine the significance of each input variable. Electromagnetic simulations are carried out by the finite‐difference time‐domain method implemented on graphic processing unit.ResultsThe local SAR variability of a 7 Tesla square loop coil for spine imaging and a 16‐element brain imaging array as the result of tissue property and geometric changes were examined respectively. SAR limits were determined based on their means and standard deviations.ConclusionThe proposed approach is efficient and general for the study of local SAR variability. Magn Reson Med 73:2357–2362, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multiscale flaw detection algorithm based on XFEM
Authors: Sun Hao , Waisman Haim , Betti Raimondo 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYWe present a novel multiscale algorithm for nondestructive detection of multiple flaws in structures, within an inverse problem type setting. The key idea is to apply a two‐step optimization scheme, where first rough flaw locations are quickly determined, and then, fine tuning is applied in these localized subdomains to obtain global convergence to the true flaws.The two‐step framework combines the strengths of heuristic and gradient‐based optimization methods. The first phase employs a discrete‐type optimization in which the optimizer is limited to specific flaw locations and shapes, thus converting a continuous optimization problem in the entire domain into a coarse discrete optimization problem with limited number of choices. To this end, we develop a special algorithm called discrete artificial bee colony. The second phase employs a gradient‐based optimization of the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno type on local well‐defined and bounded subdomains determined in the previous phase. A semi‐analytical approach is developed to compute the stiffness derivative associated with the evaluation of objective function gradients.The eXtended FEM (XFEM), with both circular and elliptical void enrichment functions, is used to solve the forward problem and alleviate the costly remeshing of every candidate flaw, in both optimization steps.The multiscale algorithm is tested on several benchmark examples to identify various numbers and types of flaws with arbitrary shapes and sizes (e.g., cracks, voids, and their combination), without knowing the number of flaws beforehand. We study the size effect of the pseudo grids in the first optimization step and consider the effect of modeling error and measurement noise. The results are compared with the previous work that employed a single continuous optimization scheme (XFEM–genetic algorithm and XFEM–artificial bee colony methods). We illustrate that the proposed methodology is robust, yields accurate flaw detection results, and in particular leads to significant improvements in convergence rates compared with the previous work. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing structurally altered and aggregated states of therapeutically relevant proteins using GroEL coupled to bio‐layer interferometry
Authors: Naik Subhashchandra , Kumru Ozan S. , Cullom Melissa , Telikepalli Srivalli N. , Lindboe Elizabeth , Roop Taylor L. , Joshi Sangeeta B. , Amin Divya , Gao Phillip , Middaugh C. Russell , Volkin David B. , Fisher Mark T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe ability of a GroEL‐based bio‐layer interferometry (BLI) assay to detect structurally altered and/or aggregated species of pharmaceutically relevant proteins is demonstrated. Assay development included optimizing biotinylated‐GroEL immobilization to streptavidin biosensors, combined with biophysical and activity measurements showing native and biotinylated GroEL are both stable and active. First, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐1) was incubated under conditions known to promote (40°C) and inhibit (heparin addition) molten globule formation. Heat exposed (40°C) FGF‐1 exhibited binding to GroEL‐biosensors, which was significantly diminished in the presence of heparin. Second, a polyclonal human IgG solution containing 6–8% non‐native dimer showed an increase in higher molecular weight aggregates upon heating by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The poly IgG solution displayed binding to GroEL‐biosensors initially with progressively increased binding upon heating. Enriched preparations of the IgG dimers or monomers showed significant binding to GroEL‐biosensors. Finally, a thermally treated IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) solution also demonstrated increased GroEL‐biosensor binding, but with different kinetics. The bound complexes could be partially to fully dissociated after ATP addition (i.e., specific GroEL binding) depending on the protein, environmental stress, and the assay's experimental conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of GroEL‐mAb complexes, released from the biosensor, also confirmed interaction of bound complexes at the GroEL binding site with heat‐stressed mAb. Results indicate that the GroEL‐biosensor‐BLI method can detect conformationally altered and/or early aggregation states of proteins, and may potentially be useful as a rapid, stability‐indicating biosensor assay for monitoring the structural integrity and physical stability of therapeutic protein candidates.
BIPROJECTIVITY AND BIFLATNESS OF LAU PRODUCT OF BANACH ALGEBRAS DEFINED BY A BANACH ALGEBRA MORPHISM
Authors: ABTAHI F. , GHAFARPANAH A. , REJALI A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLet${\it\varphi}$be a homomorphism from a Banach algebra${\mathcal{B}}$to a Banach algebra${\mathcal{A}}$. We define a multiplication on the Cartesian product space${\mathcal{A}}\times {\mathcal{B}}$and obtain a new Banach algebra${\mathcal{A}}\times _{{\it\varphi}}{\mathcal{B}}$. We show that biprojectivity as well as biflatness of${\mathcal{A}}\times _{{\it\varphi}}{\mathcal{B}}$are stable with respect to${\it\varphi}$.
Glomerulonephropathies inPlasmodium inui-infected rhesus monkey: a primate model and possible applications for human quartan malaria
Authors: NIMRI L. F. , LANNERS H. N. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYNone of the few animal models proposed for the study of human quartan malaria nephritic syndrome have shown complete pathological findings that are similar to those seen in humans. This study investigated the histopathological changes in kidneys in 10Plasmodium inuiinfectedMacaca mulattamonkeys by light and electron microscopy in order to develop a suitable animal model for human quartan malaria. Ten healthy adult rhesus monkeys were infected withP. inuiand clinical chemistry and haematologic tests were done before and after infection. A renal biopsy sample was collected before infection as a baseline control and another biopsy was collected after infection. Histopathological changes examined by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed abnormalities in all infected monkeys to variable degrees. Several electron-dense discrete or diffused mesangial deposits, and increase in mesangial cells and matrix were associated with the morphological changes observed by light microscope. This pattern is consistent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type reported in humans infected withPlasmodium malariae. Results strongly support that theP. inui-infected rhesus monkey develop an immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in the course of the infection. Therefore, this experimental model represents a useful tool to better understand the different parameters and the consequences of quartan malaria infections comparable to situations in humans.
Hume's Scepticism Revisited
Authors: Parusniková Zuzana 
Published: July 2014

AbstractI shall situate Hume's scepticism within a broader philosophical and historical context. Firstly, I shall consider the place of Hume's thought within the early modern break with the almost millennium long metaphysical tradition, a break initiated by Descartes. The framework of being structured by a universal order was replaced by the individual human mind that broke free from any higher authority and became an autonomous cognitive agent. Subsequently, the ontological self-evidence of the world or the possibility of adequate knowledge came under sceptical attack. Hume firmly belongs to this discourse and can be seen as themost consistent exponent of this early modern sceptical line. In this light, the ‘New Hume’ claim that Hume was an ontological realist will be shown to be misplaced in principle. Secondly, the strong influence of Pyrrhonism on Hume's philosophy will be considered, together with his concept of mitigated scepticism. The Pyrrhonian legacy is especially noticeable in Hume's acceptance of the weakness of reason and in his emphasis on the instructive role of philosophy – instead of attempting to make it the foundation of science it becomes a guide to a balanced, happy life. In this respect, Hume standsoutside the early modern mainstreamin philosophy.