bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear instability as a resonance between neutral waves hidden in a shear flow
Authors: Iga Keita 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA concept which explains unstable modes by resonance between two neutral waves is applied to instability in shear flows with non-uniform potential vorticity distribution. In basic flows where shear instability occurs, a pair of neutral waves which should resonate to form an unstable mode does not exist mathematically unless the basic potential vorticity is uniform, owing to the shear of the basic flow. However, if a small window region is made where the potential vorticity of the basic flow is uniform, regular neutral modes can exist. The neutral wave located at the centre of this window region, which corresponds to a mode where the jump in its first derivative at one end of the window region cancels that at the other end, can be considered to be the hidden neutral wave. It is equivalent to a continuous mode which does not have a jump in its first derivative at the critical point even though it can have a singularity of $(y\ensuremath{-} {y}_{c} )\log \vert y\ensuremath{-} {y}_{c} \vert $, in the limit of an infinitely small window region. Thus, a method for retrieving neutral waves hidden in the shear of the basic flow is proposed here. By sweeping the basic flow range with this uniform potential vorticity window, all the features of the hidden neutral wave appear. By applying this method, shear instability in a flow with a tanh-shaped basic velocity profile is well explained via the resonance between neutral waves.
Variation in actual relationship among descendants of inbred individuals
Authors: HILL W. G. , WEIR B. S. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIn previous analyses, the variation in actual, or realized, relationship has been derived as a function of map length of chromosomes and type of relationship, the variation being greater the shorter the total chromosome length and the coefficient of variation being greater the more distant the relationship. Here, the results are extended to allow for the relatives’ ancestor being inbred. Inbreeding of a parent reduces variation in actual relationship among its offspring, by an amount that depends on the inbreeding level and the type of mating that led to that level. For descendants of full-sibs, the variation is reduced in later generations, but for descendants of half-sibs, it is increased.
The Strikes of the Tyneside Keelmen in 1809 and 1819
Authors: Rowe D. J. 
Published: January 2013

The keelmen, who transferred coal in keels or barges from the river banks to the waiting colliers at the ports of the north-eastern coalfield, had a history of industrial unrest during the eighteenth century, particularly on Tyneside. So early as 1671 there is an entry in Gateshead parish books which reads: “Paide for powder and match when the keelemen mutinyed 2s.”, and five strikes occurred between 1738 and 1771. As a relatively powerful economic group, which, in the absence of any other method of transporting the coal from the inland pits to the colliers bound chiefly for London, could almost put a stop to the coal trade, the keelmen were often successful in obtaining consent to their demands, especially in the field of wages, where they were well-paid as compared with other labouring groups. In spite of this they had a continuing grievance, with regard to the overloading of the keels, which it was difficult to satisfy, even although an Act of Parliament, passed in 1787, to establish a permanent fund for the support of sick and aged keelmen, had contained the following:“…. in order that the keels used on the River Tyne may be fairly and justly loaded, after the due and accustomed rate of eight chaldrons to each keel, be it enacted …. that no person or persons shall …. be capable of acting as an offputter or offputters at any coal staith upon the said river, until he or they respectively shall have taken and subscribed an oath ….”
From Working to Applying: Employment Transitions of Applicants for Disability Insurance in the United States
Authors: LINDNER STEPHAN 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPolicies that reduce applications for disability insurance by improving employment prospects of people at risk of applying could be an effective way to control the costs of such programmes. Yet little is known about whether potential applicants would respond to such policies. This paper uses administrative records merged with the Survey of Income and Programme Participation to document employment transitions preceding applications for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) in the US. Most future applicants report a health shock shortly before they stop working, but they typically remain out of work for some months before they apply for DI. Classifying episodes of non-employment by beginning events reveals that spell length, job search, Unemployment Insurance participation and DI application processing time differ notably by reason of job loss. These findings suggest that applicants generally do not apply immediately after job loss and that those not directly affected by an illness or injury tend to consider other options before applying for benefits. Social policies aimed at increasing re-employment opportunities for such individuals could therefore be effective in reducing application rates.
Re-establishment of VA mycorrhizas following severe disturbance: comparative patch dynamics of a shrub desert and a subalpine volcano
Authors: Allen Michael F. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisAlthough current models of the roles of VA mycorrhizas in succession describe the fungal effects on the plant, they ignore the immigration patterns of the fungi. It is suggested here that the vectors of spore immigration (animals and wind) determine the pattern of re-invasion with respect to the patches of vegetation establishing on a disturbed site. The environment dictates the dominant vector. If invasion is facilitated by animals (locomotion), such as at Mount St Helens, they inoculate patches of plants, not individuals, and the patches change faster than immigration rates. Thus, the island biogeography equilibrium model is not applicable to describe VA mycorrhizal fungal establishment. If invasion is by wind (mass flow), such as in a cold desert system, inoculum is rapidly distributed across a site and VA mycorrhizal fungal richness and density rapidly equilibrates with its resource, a single shrub. By applying these models, a priori prediction of establishment following catastrophic disturbance might be possible, as opposed to mere description.
A Standards-Based Method for Compositional Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis: Application to Multicomponent Alloys
Authors: Rathi Monika , Ahrenkiel S.P. , Carapella J.J. , Wanlass M.W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGiven an unknown multicomponent alloy, and a set of standard compounds or alloys of known composition, can one improve upon popular standards-based methods for energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry to quantify the elemental composition of the unknown specimen? A method is presented here for determining elemental composition of alloys using transmission electron microscopy–based EDX with appropriate standards. The method begins with a discrete set of related reference standards of known composition, applies multivariate statistical analysis to those spectra, and evaluates the compositions with a linear matrix algebra method to relate the spectra to elemental composition. By using associated standards, only limited assumptions about the physical origins of the EDX spectra are needed. Spectral absorption corrections can be performed by providing an estimate of the foil thickness of one or more reference standards. The technique was applied to III-V multicomponent alloy thin films: composition and foil thickness were determined for various III-V alloys. The results were then validated by comparing with X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence analysis, demonstrating accuracy of approximately 1% in atomic fraction.
The Influence of the Sample Thickness on the Lateral and Axial Resolution of Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ramachandra Ranjan , Demers Hendrix , de Jonge Niels 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe lateral and axial resolution of three-dimensional (3D) focal series aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy was studied for samples of different thicknesses. The samples consisted of gold nanoparticles placed on the top and at the bottom of silicon nitride membranes of thickness between 50 and 500 nm. Atomic resolution was obtained for nanoparticles on top of 50-, 100-, and 200-nm-thick membranes with respect to the electron beam traveling downward. Atomic resolution was also achieved for nanoparticles placed below 50-, 100-, and 200-nm-thick membranes but with a lower contrast at the larger thicknesses. Beam broadening led to a reduced resolution for a 500-nm-thick membrane. The influence of the beam broadening on the axial resolution was also studied using Monte Carlo simulations with a 3D sample geometry.
Quantification of Physical and Chemical Properties, and Identification of Potentially Valuable Components from Fuel Ethanol Process Streams
Authors: Wood Christine , Rosentrater Kurt A. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan , Gu Zhengrong 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWider exploration of ethanol coproduct uses is necessary as the ethanol industry continues to face challenges. Currently, process streams such as thin stillage and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) are processed into distillers dried grains with solubles and used as animal feeds, but other higher value opportunities may exist. The objective of this study was to identify chemical components and quantify physical properties of CDS and thin stillage. Protein, organic acid, and sugar profiles were determined. Zein protein was identified, and glycerol was determined to have a concentration of 18.8 g/L in thin stillage and 63.2 g/L in CDS. Physical properties including density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and rheological behaviors were also examined. Thermal conductivity of thin stillage and CDS was approximately 0.54 and 0.45 W/m°C, respectively. Quantification of the physical properties and identification of the chemical constituents pave the way for exploration of new value‐added uses for thin stillage and CDS.
Cortical Microtubule Arrays Are Initiated from a Nonrandom Prepattern Driven by Atypical Microtubule Initiation
Authors: Lindeboom Jelmer J. , Lioutas Antonios , Deinum Eva E. , Tindemans Simon H. , Ehrhardt David W. , Emons Anne Mie C. , Vos Jan W. , Mulder Bela M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ordered arrangement of cortical microtubules in growing plant cells is essential for anisotropic cell expansion and, hence, for plant morphogenesis. These arrays are dismantled when the microtubule cytoskeleton is rearranged during mitosis and reassembled following completion of cytokinesis. The reassembly of the cortical array has often been considered as initiating from a state of randomness, from which order arises at least partly through self-organizing mechanisms. However, some studies have shown evidence for ordering at early stages of array assembly. To investigate how cortical arrays are initiated in higher plant cells, we performed live-cell imaging studies of cortical array assembly in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 cells after cytokinesis and drug-induced disassembly. We found that cortical arrays in both cases did not initiate randomly but with a significant overrepresentation of microtubules at diagonal angles with respect to the cell axis, which coincides with the predominant orientation of the microtubules before their disappearance from the cell cortex in preprophase. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cells, recovery from drug-induced disassembly was also nonrandom and correlated with the organization of the previous array, although no diagonal bias was observed in these cells. Surprisingly, during initiation, only about one-half of the new microtubules were nucleated from locations marked by green fluorescent protein-γ-tubulin complex protein2-tagged γ-nucleation complexes (γ-tubulin ring complex), therefore indicating that a large proportion of early polymers was initiated by a noncanonical mechanism not involving γ-tubulin ring complex. Simulation studies indicate that the high rate of noncanonical initiation of new microtubules has the potential to accelerate the rate of array repopulation.
Occupational hand eczema among nursing staffs inKorea:Self‐reported hand eczema and contact sensitization of hospital nursing staffs
Authors: LEE Sang W. , CHEONG Seung H. , BYUN Ji Y. , CHOI You W. , CHOI Hae Y. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOccupational hand eczema is frequent in hospital workers, especially in nurses. A comprehensive understanding regarding hand eczema is essential for establishing proper prevention and treatment strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for hand eczema in hospital nursing staffs. A self‐administered questionnaire study was performed on hospital nursing staffs at a single general hospital in Korea. In addition, 70 patients with hand eczema underwent patch testing. Five hundred and twenty‐five of 700 invited nurses completed the study (response rate, 75.0%). The overall frequency of symptom‐based hand eczema was 75.6%, and self‐reported hand eczema was 31.0%. Risk factors for hand eczema were young age, history of atopic dermatitis, frequent hand washing (>20 times/day) and long duration of glove wearing (>5 min). Hand eczema was less frequent among frequent hand moisturizer users (>3–4 times/day). Positive patch test reactions were observed in 61.4%. Frequent allergens were nickel sulfate (35.7%), cobalt chloride (28.6%) and thiomersal (21.4%). Among various antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (11.4%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11.4%) and gentamicin (7.1%) were revealed as common allergens, in order of frequency. Hand eczema is quite common among hospital nursing staffs. Proper preventive programs and educations are demanded.
Daily intake of Jeju groundwater improves the skin condition of the model mouse for human atopic dermatitis
Authors: Tanaka Akane , Jung Kyungsook , Matsuda Akira , Jang Hyosun , Kajiwara Naoki , Amagai Yosuke , Oida Kumiko , Ahn Ginnae , Ohmori Keitaro , Kang Kyung‐goo , Matsuda Hiroshi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDrinking water is an important nutrient for human health. The mineral ingredients included in drinking water may affect the physical condition of people. Various kinds of natural water are in circulation as bottled water in developed countries; however, its influence on clinical conditions of patients with certain diseases has not been fully evaluated. In this study, effects of the natural groundwater from Jeju Island on clinical symptoms and skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis (AD) were evaluated. NC/Tnd mice, a model for human AD, with moderate to severe dermatitis were used. Mice were given different natural groundwater or tap water for 8 weeks from 4 weeks of age. Clinical skin severity scores were recorded every week. Scratching analysis and measurement of transepidermal water loss were performed every other week. The pathological condition of the dorsal skin was evaluated histologically. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for cytokine expression in the affected skin. The epidermal hyperplasia and allergic inflammation were reduced in atopic mice supplied with Jeju groundwater when compared to those supplied with tap water or other kinds of natural groundwater. The increase in scratching behavior with the aggravation of clinical severity of dermatitis was favorably controlled. Moreover, transepidermal water loss that reflects skin barrier function was recovered. The early inflammation and hypersensitivity in the atopic skin was alleviated in mice supplied with Jeju groundwater, suggesting its profitable potential on the daily care of patients with skin troubles including AD.
New scanning technique using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) significantly reduced the radiation dose of cardiac CT
Authors: Tumur Odgerel , Soon Kean , Brown Fraser , Mykytowycz Marcus 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe aims of our study were to evaluate the effect of application of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm on the radiation dose of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and its effects on image quality of CCTA and to evaluate the effects of various patient and CT scanning factors on the radiation dose of CCTA.MethodsThis was a retrospective study that included 347 consecutive patients who underwent CCTA at a tertiary university teaching hospital between 1 July 2009 and 20 September 2011. Analysis was performed comparing patient demographics, scan characteristics, radiation dose and image quality in two groups of patients in whom conventional Filtered Back Projection (FBP) or ASIR was used for image reconstruction.ResultsThere were 238 patients in the FBP group and 109 patients in the ASIR group. There was no difference between the groups in the use of prospective gating, scan length or tube voltage. In ASIR group, significantly lower tube current was used compared with FBP group, 550 mA (450–600) vs. 650 mA (500–711.25) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P < 0.001. There was 27% effective radiation dose reduction in the ASIR group compared with FBP group, 4.29 mSv (2.84–6.02) vs. 5.84 mSv (3.88–8.39) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P < 0.001. Although ASIR was associated with increased image noise compared with FBP (39.93 ± 10.22 vs. 37.63 ± 18.79 (mean ± standard deviation), respectively, P < 0.001), it did not affect the signal intensity, signal‐to‐noise ratio, contrast‐to‐noise ratio or the diagnostic quality of CCTA.ConclusionApplication of ASIR reduces the radiation dose of CCTA without affecting the image quality.
Quality improvements in prostate radiotherapy: Outcomes and impact of comprehensive quality assurance during the TROG 03.04 ‘RADAR’ trial
Authors: Kearvell Rachel , Haworth Annette , Ebert Martin A , Murray Judy , Hooton Ben , Richardson Sharon , Joseph David J , Lamb David , Spry Nigel A , Duchesne Gillian , Denham James W 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe Trans‐Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 03.04 ‘Randomised Androgen Deprivation and Radiotherapy’ multicentre prostate cancer trial examined the optimal duration of androgen deprivation in combination with dose‐escalated radiotherapy. Rigorous quality assurance (QA) processes were undertaken to ensure the validity and reliability of the radiation therapy treatment plan data.MethodQA processes included a planning benchmarking exercise and a periodic audit of target and normal tissue delineation. Centralised electronic review of digital plan data for external‐beam radiotherapy was undertaken to detect protocol variations. The impact of clinical factors and feedback to submitting centres during the trial on variation rates was investigated.ResultsTwenty‐three centres across Australia and New Zealand recruited 1071 participants to the trial. Treatment plans for 754 participants receiving external‐beam treatment alone were reviewed. From these, 1185 minor and 86 major variations were identified, leading to feedback to treating centres to reduce variations for subsequent patients' treatment and plans, suggesting improvement in treatment quality through these QA programs. Participant anatomical factors (delineated clinical target volume and rectal volume) and treatment planning factors (beam energy, beam definition and patient position orientation) were found to significantly impact variation rates. The dummy run demonstrated disagreement in identification of the base of the prostate and the superior extent of the rectum. Feedback from the periodic audit led to a change of practice at five contributing centres.ConclusionThe application of a suite of complementary QA activities allows the quality of trial data to be optimised and quantified, and can provide a catalyst for reforming treatment practices.
Diagnostic accuracy of whole‐body diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging with 3.0 T in detection of primary and metastatic neoplasms
Authors: Akay Sinan , Kocaoglu Murat , Emer Ozdes , Battal Bilal , Arslan Nuri 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionTo discuss the accuracy of the whole‐body diffusion‐weighted imaging with background body signal suppression (WB‐DWIBS) technique performed in the 3.0‐T system.MethodsWe studied 17 patients who underwent positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and WB‐DWIBS examinations for staging their diseases. The DWIBS pulse and echo‐planar imaging‐short T1 inversion recovery single‐shot pulse sequences were performed for WB‐DWIBS. A PET/CT scan was performed with 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose. The lesions were localised and counted in both of the examinations, and WB‐DWIBS was evaluated for the neoplastic tissue detection rate, while PET/CT was accepted as the reference standard modality.ResultsThe WB‐DWIBS scan had a room occupation time of 32–35 min. All of the metastasis positive patients (n = 12) detected with PET/CT were also detected with WB‐DWIBS (100%). In our patient group, there were a total of 109 bone metastases on PET/CT scans, and 93 of them (85.3%) were demonstrated with WB‐DWIBS. We detected 128 metastatic lymph nodes on PET/CT, and 123 of them (96.3%) were demonstrated with WB‐DWIBS. There were a total of 17 liver metastases on PET/CT, and 15 of them (88.2%) were detected with WB‐DWIBS. There was no statistically significant difference between the two imaging modalities in detecting bone, lymph node and liver metastases (P > 0.05).ConclusionsWB‐DWIBS is a non‐invasive technique that may successfully detect the spreading of the tumoural tissue in cancer patients when compared with PET/CT.
Association between the Interleukin‐6 Gene −572 C/G Polymorphism and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta‐Analysis of 11,681 Subjects
Authors: Yin Yan‐Wei , Sun Qian‐Qian , Zhang Bei‐Bei , Hu Ai‐Min , Liu Hong‐Li , Wang Qi , Zeng Yi‐Hua , Xu Rui‐Jia , Zhang Zhong‐Dong , Zhang Zhi‐Guo 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe association between the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) gene −572 C/G (rs1800796) polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk remains controversial. Thus, we performed this meta‐analysis by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CBMdisc and CNKI databases until January 30, 2012. In addition, hand searching of the references of identified articles was performed. A total of 10 case–control studies including 11,681 subjects were selected to evaluate the possible association. Our results showed evidence for significant association between the IL‐6 gene −572 C/G polymorphism and T2DM risk (for G allele vs. C allele: odds ratio [OR] = 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–1.52, P = 0.002, P = 0.008 after Bonferroni testing; for G/G vs. C/C: OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.51–2.37, P <
0.00001, P <
0.00004 after Bonferroni testing; for GG vs. G/C + C/C: OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.20–2.56, P = 0.004, P = 0.016 after Bonferroni testing; for G/G + G/C vs. C/C: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.11–1.57, P = 0.001, P = 0.004 after Bonferroni testing). In addition, similar results were obtained in the subgroup analysis based on ethnicity. In summary, the present meta‐analysis suggests a significant association between the IL‐6 gene −572 G allele and increased risk of T2DM.
Cardiac arrest in an obstetric patient using remifentanil patient‐controlled analgesia
Authors: Marr R. , Hyams J. , Bythell V. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis case report describes the management of a patient, diagnosed with an intrauterine death at 31 weeks’ gestation, who suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest during her induced labour while using a remifentanil PCA. She made a full recovery from resuscitation which included a peri‐mortem caesarean section.