bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and abundance of large whales in Norwegian and adjacent waters based on ship surveys 1995-2001
Authors: Øien Nils 
Published: November 2013

The abundances of large whale species are presented for the northeast Atlantic from near-complete survey coverage in 1995 and from multiple partial-area surveys during 1996-2001. These Norwegian shipboard surveys were generally conducted with 2 independent observer platforms, except for single-platform surveys during part of 1995. Tracking procedures implemented for minke whales – Balaenoptera acutorostrata (the target species) meant that the surveys had to be conducted in passing mode, and there were therefore only limited opportunities for closing on sightings to determine species identity and school size. Abundance estimates for large whale species (fin – Balaenoptera physalus, humpback – Megaptera novaeangliae and sperm whales – Physeter macrocephalus) were obtained by combining sightings from both platforms, and applying standard distance sampling techniques to the smeared and truncated perpendicular distances for each species. Abundance estimates for the 2 survey groupings (1995 and 1996-2001) summarised over comparable areas were: fin whales, 5,034 (cv 0.209) and 6,409 (cv 0.18); humpback whales, 1,059 (cv 0.248) and 1,450 (cv 0.29); and sperm whales, 4,319 (cv 0.199) and 6,207 (cv 0.22). The estimated cv’s are likely underestimates and specifically the combined partial-area survey cv’s do not include additional variance due to possible distributional shifts between years. Inclusion of a new survey stratum north of Iceland (block NVS) in the later set of surveys revealed a high additional abundance there of fin whales 3,960 (cv 0.538) and humpback whales 3,246 (cv 0.512). The high humpback whale estimate for this stratum confirms the Icelandic survey findings of a large humpback whale population summering in that area.
Sequence of infilling events in Gale Crater, Mars: Results from morphology, stratigraphy, and mineralogy
Authors: Deit Laetitia Le , Hauber Ernst , Fueten Frank , Pondrelli Monica , Rossi Angelo Pio , Jaumann Ralf 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGale Crater is filled by sedimentary deposits including a mound of layered deposits, Aeolis Mons. Using orbital data, we mapped the crater infillings and measured their geometry to determine their origin. The sediment of Aeolis Mons is interpreted to be primarily air fall material such as dust, volcanic ash, fine‐grained impact products, and possibly snow deposited by settling from the atmosphere, as well as wind‐blown sands cemented in the crater center. Unconformity surfaces between the geological units are evidence for depositional hiatuses. Crater floor material deposited around Aeolis Mons and on the crater wall is interpreted to be alluvial and colluvial deposits. Morphologic evidence suggests that a shallow lake existed after the formation of the lowermost part of Aeolis Mons (the Small yardangs unit and the mass‐wasting deposits). A suite of several features including patterned ground and possible rock glaciers are suggestive of periglacial processes with a permafrost environment after the first hundreds of thousands of years following its formation, dated to ~3.61 Ga, in the Late Noachian/Early Hesperian. Episodic melting of snow in the crater could have caused the formation of sulfates and clays in Aeolis Mons, the formation of rock glaciers and the incision of deep canyons and valleys along its flanks as well as on the crater wall and rim, and the formation of a lake in the deepest portions of Gale.
The water footprint of land grabbing
Authors: Rulli Maria Cristina , D'Odorico Paolo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe increasing global demand for food, fibers, and biofuels has made investments in agriculture a priority for some governments and corporations eager to expand their agricultural production while securing good profits. Here we calculate the water appropriation associated with land deals at different negotiation and implementation stages. Using estimates of actual and potential evapotranspiration for the crops planted in the acquired land, we calculate the green and blue water appropriated by land investors under a variety of irrigation scenarios. We also determine the grey water footprint as the amount of water required to dilute to allowable standards the pollution resulting from fertilizer applications. We found that about 380 × 109 m3 yr−1 of rainwater is appropriated with the 43 million ha of reported contract area acquired by agri‐investors (>240 × 109 m3 yr−1 in the 29 million ha of foreign acquisitions only). This water would be sufficient to feed ≈ 300–390 million people.
Origins of wind‐driven intraseasonal sea level variations in the North Indian Ocean coastal waveguide
Authors: Suresh I. , Vialard J. , Lengaigne M. , Han W. , McCreary J. , Durand F. , Muraleedharan P. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we show that a linear, continuously stratified ocean model reproduces observed wind‐driven intraseasonal sea level variability in the coastal waveguide of the Northern Indian Ocean (NIO). Sensitivity experiments with intraseasonal wind forcing selectively applied in the equatorial region, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea show that a large part of the basin‐scale sea level variations are driven by zonal wind fluctuations along the equator. Within the NIO coastal waveguide, the contribution of remote equatorial forcing decreases from ~80–90% in the Andaman Sea to ~50% northeast of Sri Lanka and then increases to ~60–70% along the west coast of India. During the southwest monsoon, intraseasonal wind variations become stronger over the NIO, resulting in a larger contribution of local wind forcing to sea level variability along the west (up to 60%) and east (up to 40%) coasts of India.
Downdrafts in the near cloud environment of deep convective updrafts
Authors: Glenn Ian B. , Krueger Steven K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe used a large domain, large eddy simulation (LES) of tropical deep convection to investigate the properties of 3‐D cloudy updrafts and the near cloud environment (NCE) directly adjacent to them. We show for the first time that the properties of the air in the NCE of deep convection imply the existence of a subsiding shell like that which is already known to exist around shallow convection. We show that there is negative buoyancy in the NCE due to mixing and evaporative cooling, and that there is significant negative net mass flux in the NCE relative to the cloudy updraft mass flux. This demonstrates that the “subsiding shell” viewpoint of the NCE region of shallow cumulus updrafts can and should be applied to deep convective updrafts as well.
Fenestrane in der Synthese: einzigartige und inspirierende Grundgerüste
Authors: Boudhar Aicha , Charpenay Mélanie , Blond Gaëlle , Suffert Jean 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDas Gerüst von Fenestranen ist einzigartig, da es vier kondensierte Ringe und ein verzerrtes vierfach koordiniertes zentrales Kohlenstoffatom aufweist, dessen Bindungswinkel größer als die regulären 109°28′′ sind. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird eine detaillierte Übersicht über die Entwicklungen bezüglich dieser Verbindungsklasse, einschließlich ihrer Synthese, für den Zeitraum seit 2006 gegeben. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden Naturstoffe, die als Heterofenestrane klassifiziert werden können, isoliert, und deren Synthesen werden ebenfalls diskutiert.
Catching an Entatic State—A Pair of Copper Complexes
Authors: Hoffmann Alexander , Binder Stephan , Jesser Anton , Haase Roxana , Flörke Ulrich , Gnida Manuel , Salomone Stagni Marco , Meyer‐Klaucke Wolfram , Lebsanft Benjamin , Grünig Lara Elena , Schneider Simon , Hashemi Maryam , Goos Arne , Wetzel Alina , Rübhausen Michael , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe structures of two types of guanidine–quinoline copper complexes have been investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), resonance Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory (DFT). Independent of the oxidation state, the two structures, which are virtually identical for solids and complexes in solution, resemble each other strongly and are connected by a reversible electron transfer at 0.33 V. By resonant excitation of the two entatic copper complexes, the transition state of the electron transfer is accessible through vibrational modes, which are coupled to metal–ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and ligand–metal charge transfer (LMCT) states.
Noise stress and the development of benzodiazepine dependence in the rat
Authors: File Sandra E. , Fernandes Cathy 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRats housed in conditions of noise stress were given daily injections of diazepam (4 mg/kg). Significant tolerance developed to the sedative effects within 5 days of treatment, as measured by head dipping and motor activity in the holeboard and by the number of closed arm entries in the plus‐maze. These results are in agreement with other reports of rapid tolerance to sedative effects. However, in contrast to the usual finding of tolerance to anxiolytic actions after 2–3 weeks of treatment, in this study no tolerance developed after 23 days of treatment to diazepam's anxiolytic effects in the plus‐maze. On withdrawal front the 23 days of diazepam treatment, there was no anxiogenic response in the plus‐maze. Therefore, it seems that when chronic administration of diazepam is accompanied by chronic stress, tolerance does not occur to the anxiolytic effects, although it does develop to the sedative effects. Anxiety 1:8–12 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Panic attacks, complex partial seizures, and multiple meningiomas
Authors: Nickel1 P. V. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA 39‐year‐old woman presented with typical panic disorder symptoms of two years duration. Imipramine (IMI) treatment yielded complete remission of her symptoms for three years. At that time, however, her symptoms recurred. Neither increasing the IMI dose nor an adequate trial of fluoxetine controlled her symptoms., Further history revealed subtle changes in her symptoms suggestive of complex partial seizures. Scalp EEG was normal, but an MRI revealed multiple meningiomas. Her symptoms remitted completely on carbamazepine. This case illustrates the phenomenologic overlap between panic attacks and complex partial seizures, and a neuroanatomic overlap between the two syndromes is hypothesized. Anxiety 1:40‐42 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum interleukin‐2 and soluble interleukin‐2 receptor levels in generalized social phobia
Authors: Rapaport Mark Hyman , Stein Murray B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlterations in immune function have been described in a variety of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and depression; however, we do not know of any research involving social phobia and the immune system. This preliminary study explores the relationship between social phobia and two well‐established immune parameters, serum interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) levels, a potent immune and central nervous system modulator, and soluble interleukin‐2 receptors (SIL‐2Rs), a well‐known marker of T‐cell activation. Fifteen subjects with generalized social phobia and 15 healthy volunteers had serum IL‐2, and SIL‐2Rs measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay. Subjects with social phobia and normal volunteers had similar mean serum IL‐2 and SIL‐2R levels. The data suggest that, unlike other psychiatric disorders, these immune measures may not be used to differentiate patients with generalized social phobia from normal volunteers. Anxiety 1:50–53 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social rhythm in anxiety disorder patients
Authors: Shear M. Katherine , Randall Jeff , Monk Timothy H. , Ritenour Angela , Frank Xin Tu, Ellen , Reynolds Charles , Kupfer David J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe social rhythm metric (SRM) is a self‐report diary instrument, which generates a numerical measure of rhythmicity of daily life behaviors. Depression researchers have proposed that life events cause disruption of social rhythmicity and this leads to disturbance in the sense of well being and to disruption of physiologic rhythmicity known to be related to depressive episodes. We hypothesized that low rhythmicity of daily activities might also be characteristic of anxiety disorder patients. Subjects: Forty‐eight patients who met DSM III‐R criteria for an anxiety disorder were recruited and compared with 41 previously monitored normal controls. Procedures: All patients and controls completed at least two weeks of daily monitoring with the SRM. Anxiety patients underwent structured diagnostic assessment and completed demographic and clinical rating scales. SRM was analyzed according to a previously developed algorithm. Results: Anxiety disorder patients report significantly lower regularity of daily activities than normal controls. The low SRM scores were not accounted for by the presence of comorbid affective disorder. Conclusions: We identify a new type of abnormality in anxiety disorder patients, which has potential clinical as well as theoretical interest. Anxiety 1:90–95 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐dose subchronic imipramine treatment: Effects on anxiety‐like (conflict) behavior in rats
Authors: Commissaris Randall L. , Hill Timothy J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the management of both anxiety and depression, agents such as imipramine (IMI) are noted for their 3–5 week delay to onset of clinical effect. A similar delay to onset has been reported for the anxiolytic‐like (i.e., anticonflict) effect of chronic IMI treatment (2.5 mg/kg, BID for 5 weeks) in the Conditioned Suppression of Drinking (CSD) conflict paradigm; similar effects have been reported with other antidepressants and in other conflict procedures. In contrast, in the Forced Swim Test (FST) model of depression, antidepressant‐like effects are reported immediately following subchronic treatment with relatively high doses of these agents (e.g., 30 mg/kg IMI, 3 times in 24 hr). The present study examined the effects of this high‐dose, subchronic treatment with IMI on CSD conflict behavior. Conflict‐trained female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups with comparable pretreatment baselines for shocks received. Treatments (0, 15, and 30 mg/kg IMI) were administered intraperitoneally (IP) at 23, 5, and 1 hr prior to CSD conflict testing on day 1; CSD conflict behavior was then monitored daily (Mon‐Fri) for 5 weeks following treatment. IMI treatment (30 and, to a lesser extent, 15 mg/kg) significantly reduced shocks received (punished responding) and water intake (unpunished responding) on day 1; although water intake was also slightly reduced in both IMI treatment groups for the remainder of test week 1, there was no difference in shocks received between the various treatments for this period. Subjects receiving 30 mg/kg IMI (but not those receiving 15 mg/kg IMI or vehicle) accepted significantly more shocks than controls on weeks 2–4 (maximal increase at week 3) and returned to pretreatment baseline levels by week 5. Thus, subchronic high‐dose treatment with IMI (and perhaps other antidepressants) produces anxiolytic‐like effects which are delayed in nature and persist for several weeks after treatment. Anxiety 1:109–113 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose‐response effects of intravenous caffeine in normal volunteers
Authors: Nickell P. V. , Uhde Thomas W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe administration of caffeine has been developed as a chemical model for the study of anxiety. However, previous researchers investigating caffeine‐induced anxiety states in humans have administered oral caffeine. In this dose‐response study, we investigated the effects of blindly administered intravenous caffeine (3, 5, and 7 mg/kg) versus placebo in normal control subjects. We report the first series of subjects experiencing olfactory hallucinations (10 of 10 subjects, 24 of 30 infusions) immediately following intravenous caffeine infusion. In addition, consistent with our previous work with oral caffeine, we found dose‐related increases in ratings of anxiety and blood levels of cortisol and lactate. One subject experienced a DSM‐III‐R panic attack. Further questioning revealed that his mother suffers panic attacks. Our findings of olfactory hallucinations are discussed within the context of localized limbic system dysfunction, noting the phenomenologic and possible neuroanatomic overlap between panic disorder and complex partial seizures. Anxiety 1:161–168 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Familial transmission of panic disorder: Effect of major depression comorbidity
Authors: Mannuzza Salvatore , Chapman Tim F. , Klein Donald F. , Fyer Abby J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study assesses the effect of major depressive disorder (MDD) comorbidity on familial transmission of panic disorder (PD). The following questions are addressed: (1) is PD familial, i.e., do relatives of patients with PD show an increased risk for PD? (2) do PD and MDD share a common diathesis, i.e., do relatives of patients with PD without MDD show an increased risk for MDD? (3) is lifetime comorbid PD with MDD conjointly familial, i.e., do relatives of patients with PD and MDD show an increased risk for the combined syndrome? Subjects were: (1) 152 relatives of 54 anxiety clinic patients with PD and MDD; (2) 193 relatives of 72 patients with PD without MDD; (3) 231 relatives of 77 not ill controls. Relatives were interviewed by clinicians, and best estimate DSM‐III‐R diagnoses were formulated by senior staff. Relatives of PD with MDD (13%) and PD without MDD probands (9%) showed significantly higher rates of PD than relatives of controls (3%). Relatives of PD with MDD probands (37%) showed significantly higher rates of MDD than relatives of PD without MDD (24%) and controls (21%), with no difference between the latter two groups. Relatives of PD with MDD probands (9%) showed significantly higher rates of PD with MDD than relatives of PD without MDD (3%) and controls (1%). We conclude that: (1) PD is familial; (2) PD in the absence of MDD does not incur increased risk of MDD to relatives; and (3) PD with MDD may represent a distinct, complex syndrome. Anxiety 1:180–185 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical characteristics of familial generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Neale Michael C. , Kessler Ronald C. , Heath Andrew C. , Eaves Lindon J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe authors seek to determine whether the clinical characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) differ in individuals with a high vs. low familial vulnerability to illness. We identified 486 personally interviewed female twins from a population‐based register who had both an interviewed co‐twin and a lifetime history of GAD using modified DSM‐III‐R criteria which required a one‐month minimum duration of illness. We attempted to predict risk for GAD in the co‐twin from the clinical features of the GAD in the proband twin using the Cox proportional hazard model, controlling for year of birth and zygosity. Only two variables uniquely predicted an increased risk for GAD in the co‐twin: number of GAD symptoms endorsed and comorbidity with bulimia. Variables that did not uniquely predict risk of illness in the co‐twin included age at onset, duration of the longest episode and number of episodes. The familial vulnerability to GAD can be meaningfully indexed by clinical features of the syndrome. These results suggest that if the syndrome of GAD is to be narrowed, it would, from a familial perspective, be more valid to increase the minimum number of required symptoms rather than to increase the minimum duration of illness. Anxiety 1:186–191 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased mRNA for corticotrophin releasing hormone in the amygdala of Fawn‐hooded rats: A potential animal model of anxiety
Authors: Altemus Margaret , Smith Mark A. , Diep Vinh , Aulakh Charanjit S. , Murphy Dennis L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCompared to the outbred Wistar rat strain, the Fawn‐hooded rat strain has several characteristics which suggest that the Fawn‐hooded strain is hyperaroused. Fawn‐hooded rats exhibit more freezing behavior in response to stress, have an increased preference for alcohol, develop adult onset hypertension, and have elevated urinary catecholamine levels. We used quantitative in situ hybridization to investigate central components of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and noradrenergic stress response and arousal systems in these rats. We also measured basal corticosterone levels and adrenal weights to assess tonic hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity. Compared to Wistar rats, Fawn‐hooded rats had significantly increased CRH mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and reduced CRH mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Fawn‐hooded rats also had reduced AVP mRNA expression in the parvocellular cells of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. There were no differences between strains in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the hippocampus or the paraventricular nucleus or in mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in the hippocampus. There was also no difference between strains in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the locus ceruleus. Finally, adrenal weights were significantly reduced in the Fawn‐hooded rats while basal corticosterone levels were similar in the two strains, which suggests central hypoactivity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in Fawn‐hooded rats compared to Wistar rats. Increased CRH mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and reduced tonic hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity may play a role in the unique behavioral and physiological characteristics of Fawn‐hooded rats. Anxiety 1:251–257 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Peptides and anxiety: A dose‐response evaluation of pentagastrin in healthy volunteers
Authors: McCann Una D. , Slate Shiyoko O. , Geraci Marilla , Uhde Thomas W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA large body of data suggest that brain cholecystokinin (CCK) systems are involved in the regulation of anxiety, and numerous studies have demonstrated that CCK‐4, a CCKB agonist, reliably induces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. Recently, pentagastrin, a commercially available CCKB agonist, has been reported to have similar anxiogenic properties. To further explore the utility of pentagastrin as a challenge agent and to determine whether its effects are dose‐related, a dose‐response study was conducted in ten healthy volunteers. Pentagastrin (0.2 μg kg, 0.6 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg) and inactive placebo were infused over one minute on four separate challenge days in a double‐blind fashion. Subjects received pentagastrin while participating in a structured social interaction task. Repeated measures of anxiety, blood pressure, pulse, ACTH, and cortisol were taken at baseline and postinfusion. Pentagastrin administration led to increases in anxiety, pulse, ACTH, cortisol and physical symptoms of panic, in a dose‐related manner. Participation in the social interaction task led to increases in measures of anxiety as well as increases in pulse and blood pressure. Few differences were found between the 0.2 μg/kg dose of pentagastrin and placebo, or between the 0.6 μg/kg and the 1.0 μg/kg doses of pentagastrin. These findings support the notion that CCK systems are involved in the regulation of anxiety, and suggest that the 0.6 μg/kg dose may be optimal for increasing symptoms of anxiety while minimizing unpleasant side effects. The powerful anxiogenic effects of the social interaction task underscore the importance of contextual variables in challenge studies. Anxiety 1:258–267 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.