bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPINAL REPOSITIONING DEFICIT. THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED FLEXED POSTURE
Authors: Korakakis Vasileios , Giakas Giannis 
Published: June 2013

Flexed sitting posture is commonly adopted in daily sitting activities and when sustained has been proposed to affect biological properties of spinal tissues and act detrimentally on proprioception. The objective of this study by using an optoelectronic motion analysis system was to assess sitting posture regarding the head, spine and pelvis, in healthy individuals; the time effect of flexed posture (FSP) on proprioception and the impact of an MDT (Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy) procedure on proprioceptive deficit.Using a cross sectional repeated measures design (N=47) physically active subjects were assessed regarding their habitual sitting posture (HSP), perception of optimal posture (SPOP), ability to adopt an instructed sitting posture (IOSP) and accuracy to reproduce the criterion posture immediately, after 10 and 30 minutes in FSP and after the “slouch-overcorrect” procedure (SOP). Dependent variables were nine sagittal upper body angles.Results revealed that HSP was more flexed than SPOP and IOSP (p<.05) and SPOP was significantly more flexed than IOSP (p<.05) in most measured angles. There was no significant difference in immediate repositioning to IOSP, while significant differences were identified in the lumbar angle (LU) after 10 minutes in FSP and in LU, head (HE) and cervico-thoracic (CT) angles after 30 minutes in FSP. Repositioning to IOSP after SOP abolished proprioceptive deficit in head and spine. Postural repositioning error showed significant differences for LU and HE angles.The findings suggest that healthy individuals habitually sit in more flexed posture than SPOP and IOSP. Postural education can be actualized in a reliable way and subjects can adopt an educated posture. Furthermore FSP challenged postural proprioception, but SOP increased proprioceptive accuracy.
HIGH RESISTANCE SHANK MUSCLE STRENGTH TRAINING CHANGES FOOT BEHAVIOUR DURING A SUDDEN ANKLE SUPINATION
Authors: Hagen Marco , Lescher Stephanie , Hennig Ewald , Felber Stephan 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundChronic lateral ankle instability afflicts many athletes. The peroneal muscles are the most effective lateral stabilizers whose strength increase might brace the ankle joint complex laterally. Purpose of this study was to identify the morphological and biomechanical effects of functional pronator and supinator strength training compared to traditional plantar and dorsiflexor resistance exercises.MethodsA functional anatomic strength training machine for the pronators and supinators of the foot (FSTM) was constructed. 22 healthy male sport students performed ten weeks of single-set high resistance strength training with 3 training sessions per week. The subjects conducted functional pronator/supinator training (FPST) at the FSTM with the right leg, the left leg was trained with plantar and dorsiflexions (PD) at traditional training machines. Intraindividual changes in foot behaviour during a sudden ankle turn were recorded by using a custom made supination platform, which was mounted on a force plate. Muscle reaction times (EMG) of m. tibialis anterior (TA) and m. peronaeus longus (PL) as well as supination angle (electrogoniometer) were measured. Additionally, the muscle volumes of both lower legs were quantified by MRI (3 Tesla) of 9 randomly chosen subjects. The results were analyzed by repeated measures analyses of variances (ANOVA).ResultsThe intraindividual comparison (FPST vs. PD) revealed similar biomechanical effects despite specific strength increase. Compared to PD, FPST resulted in significantly higher pronator (14% vs. 8%, p<0.01) and supinator MVC (25% vs. 12%, p<0.01). During sudden inversions both, FPST and PD, resulted in reduced (p<0.05) and delayed (p=0.06) first peak vertical impact as well as reduced supination velocity (p<0.01). Muscular reaction was faster after the training in PL (p<0.01) and TA (p<0.05) with an interaction trend in favour of FPST in PL (p=0.06).Muscle volume increased specifically in m. tibialis posterior (+10%; p>0.01) and m. flexor hallucis longus (+6%; p>0.01) after FPST. PL, TA and m. gastrocnemius showed significant muscle volume increase without interaction effects.Discussion/ConclusionsAfter both, FPST and PD, the ankle joint complex is more mechanically stabilized against sudden supinations due to muscle volume increase. According to the typical ankle sprain mechanism (plantarflexed and supinated foot in a landing maneuver), a combination of dorsiflexor and specific pronator strength training might show even higher functional ankle stability. Future clinical studies might show the preventive potential of shank muscle training.
EFFECTS OF STRIKING STRATEGY ON LOWER EXTREMITY LOADING DURING RUNNING
Authors: Kulmala Juha-Pekka , Avela Janne , Pasanen Kati , Parkkari Jari 
Published: June 2013

BackroundIt is expected that every second runner has a running-related overuse injury each year. The knee joint and Achilles tendon are the most commonly injured sites covering both about one fifth of all running related injuries.1Runners can be categorized into rearfoot strikers, mid-foot strikers or forefoot strikers based on the landing strategy at the instant of initial ground contact. Forefoot or mid-foot striking has been shown to reduce impact peak and loading rate of the ground reaction force during early stance phase.2Furthermore, the finding of the recent study suggest that forefoot striking may potentially decrease the risk of running-related injuries.3However, the effect of runner's foot striking pattern on the ankle and especially on the knee loading is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether runners with forefoot striking exhibit different lower limb loading profile than runners who use rearfoot strike pattern.MethodsNineteen female athletes with natural forefoot strike pattern and pair-matched females with rearfoot strike pattern (n=19) performed running analysis at 4 m/s. Kinematic (300Hz) and kinetic (1500Hz) data was recorded using Vicon motion analysis system. Inverse dynamics was used to calculate knee and ankle moments during stance phase of running and biomechanical model was then utilized to estimate patellofemoral stress and Achilles tendon force.ResultsForefoot strikers demonstrated lower patellofemoral stress compared to heel strikers (11.1±2.9 vs. 13.0±2.8 Mpa; P=0.04). In addition, the knee frontal plane moment was lower in the forefoot strikers compared heel strikers (1.49±0.51 vs. 1.97±0.66 Nm/kg; P=0.015). At the ankle level, forefoot strikers exhibited higher Achilles tendon force (6.3±0.8 vs. 5.1±1.3 BW; P=0.002) compared to rearfoot strikers.DiscussionForefoot strikers demonstrate lower patellofemoral stress and frontal plane moment compared to runners with rearfoot strike pattern. This suggests that runners with forefoot strike pattern may have reduced risk of running-related knee injuries. However, parallel increase in Achilles tendon loading may alter forefoot striker into higher risk of ankle and foot injuries.
IS THAT POSSIBLE TO RESTORE PRE-INJURY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AFTER ONE-STAGE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
Authors: Gudas Rimtautas , Šiupšinskas Laimonas 
Published: June 2013

Purposeto compare the concomitant treatment of the articular cartilage damage (ACD) in the knee with three different articular cartilage procedures at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Methodsbetween the 2006 and 2009, 102 patients with a mean age of 34.1 years and with an ACL rupture and the articular cartilage damage in the knee were randomized to undergo osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT), microfractures (MF) or debridement (D) at the time of ACL reconstruction. Matched control group was included with 34 patients having intact articular cartilage (IAC) at the time of ACL reconstruction. There were 34 patients in OAT-ACL group, 34 patients in MF-ACL group, 34-D-ACL group and 34-control IAC-ACL group. The mean ACL injury-operation time was 19.32±3.43 months and the mean follow-up was 36.1 months (range from 34 to 37 months). Patients were evaluated using International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Tegner activity score and clinical assessment.Results97 of 102 (95 %) were available for the final follow-up. According to subjective IKDC score, all 4 groups did significantly better at the 3-year follow up than preoperatively (P<0.0000001). OAT–ACL group IKDC Subjective Knee evaluation was significantly better than MF-ACL (p=0.024) and D-ACL (p=0.018). However, IKDC subjective score of IAC-ACL group was significantly better, than OAT-ACL group IKDC evaluation (p=0.043). There was no significant difference between the MF-ACL and D-ACL IKDC subjective scores (p=0.058). Evaluation of manual pivot-shift knee laxity according to IKDC Knee Examination Form revealed similar evaluations for the four groups immediate postoperative and at 3 year follow-up and was normal or nearly normal (IKDC grade A and B) for 29 of 33 patients (88%) with OAT-ACL, 28 of 32 patients (88%) with MF-ACL, 27 of 32 patients (84%) with D-ACL and 31 of 34 patients (91%) with intact IAC-ACL.ConclusionsOur study shows that intact articular cartilage during ACL reconstruction gives more favourable IKDC subjective scores compared to any other articular cartilage surgery types. However, if you have an articular defect, there are significantly better subjective IKDC scores for OAT versus microfracture or debridement after a mean period of 3 years. Anterior knee stability results were not significantly affected by the different articular cartilage treatment methods.
EFFECTS OF A 12-WKS AQUATIC TRAINING PROGRAM IN BODY POSTURE AND BALANCE
Authors: Matias Paula , Costa Mário , Marinho Daniel , Garrido Nuno , Silva António , Barbosa Tiago 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundAquatic programs have gained popularity in therapy programs for a number of diseases or physical conditions. However, evidences about the effect of such programs on posture remain scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-wks aquatic program on body posture and balance of sedentary women.Methods128 females were divided in experimental group (EG; N=85; 55.56±12.92-y; 159.21±6.11-cm of height; 65.28±8.76-kg) and control group (CG; N=43; 60.67±13.48-y; 159.19±4.87-cm of height; 63.86±8.64-kg). The program was conducted throughout 12 weeks, two sessions per week with 40 minutes each. Posture measurements were conducted before starting the program and at the end of the 12th week. The static posture, including bodýs centre of mass position (CoM), was assessed based on photogrammetry,2unipodal support (US), functional reaching (FR) and Romberg test (RT) with parallel feet. The dynamic posture was obtained by applying the Time Up & Go test (TUG).3The functional posture was assessed based on the Berg's balance scale (BBS).1Data variation was analyzed with ANOVA two-ways (group vs program duration) measures (P≤0.05).ResultsA significant effect from the program duration was observed in US (p<0.01), FR (p<0.01), RT (p=0.05), TUG (p<0.01) and BBS (p<0.01). The only exception was the CoM where a non-significant effect was determined (p=0.32). A significant effect from the group was observed for the TUG (p<0.01) and for the BBS (p=0.04) having the EG lower and higher values at the post-test than the CG, respectively. A non-significant effect was observed for the remaining assessments. The interaction between program duration vs group presented non-significant values for all the tests conducted.Discussion/ConclusionsSeveral selected variables presented a significant time effect (i.e., a posture and balance enhancement from the beginning to the end of the training program). So a 12-wks aquatic program is enough to provide an improvement in the body posture and balance of sedentary women.
INFLUENCE OF FAT PERCENTAGE, FRONT THIGH SKINFOLD AND GIRTH ON THE MAXIMUM RADIAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE DOMINANT RECTUS FEMORIS
Authors: Diez-Vega Ignacio , Rodriguez-Ruiz David , Fernández-del-Valle María , Rodríguez-Matoso Darío , Cerdá-Béjar Joaquín , Molina-Martín Juan José. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundTensiomyography (TMG) is an innovative tool to control athletic training, and prevent and follow up muscular injuries. The reliability and validity for different population (sport modality, physical activity level, medical history, body composition, etc.) have been reported (Rodriguez-Matosoet al., 2012; Tous-Fajardoet al., 2010). Body composition of individuals may determine the mechanical response of muscular contraction produced by electrical stimulation.The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of the values of fat percentage (%F), front thigh skinfold (FTS) and thigh girth (TG) to the maximal radial deformation (Dm) of the Rectus Femoris (RF) obtained using TMG.MethodsA total of 193 participants were assessed: 132 high performance volleyball players (79 male, and 53 female), and 61 Sport Sciences college students (40 male, and 21 female). Anthropometric variables (%F, FTS, and TG) where assessed following the ISAK guidelines (Marfell-Jones, 2001) by a certified instructor (level 3). Faulkner's equation was used to calculate %F, and the TMG was used following Rodriguez-Matosoet al(2012) guidelines. Pearson correlation was assessed for statistical analysis using the SPSS v.19.0 with a level of signification p≤0.05.ResultsResults did not show differences between total sample and gender-related samples (FTS vs Dm: r 2=0.0096; p=0.19, y %G vs Dm: r 2<0.001; p=0.98), neither when TG is used as a control variable (FTS vs Dm: r 2=0.01; p=0.18, and %G vs Dm: r 2<0.001; p=0.82).ConclusionsIn conclusion, the results point that Dm in this population is not affected by body composition variables such %F, FTS, or TG.
ISOKINETIC STRENGTH OF KNEE FLEXORS AND EXTENSORS IN VERY YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS
Authors: Maly Tomas , Zahalka Frantisek , Mala Lucia , Teplan Jaroslav 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundMonitoring of physical fitness characteristics in very young players could be helpful for the selection of talented youth or identification of the strengths and weaknesses in motor predispositions for physical performance. Muscular strength tested on an isokinetic dynamometer belongs to the most widely used methods of the identification of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) strength in adult soccer players It appears that there is the lack of information concerning monitoring of isokinetic strength of lower limbs and its parameters in very young soccer players. The purpose of the study was to find out the level of isokinetic strength (IS) of KE and KF and to compare the selected characteristics of IS related to the movement velocity and limb dominancy in very young players.MethodsYoung players (n=16, age 8.8±0.4 years, body height=137.5±6.2 cm, body weight=30.7±4.1 kg) were tested on an isokinetic dynamometer Cybex Humac Norm. Maximum peak muscle torque (PT) of KE and KF, their mutual ratio (H:Q) and bilateral ratio between Q:Q or H:H were assessed during concentric contraction at different velocities (60,180,300°.s-1) in the dominant leg (DL) and non-dominant leg (NL). Mixed-design ANOVA was used for evaluation of PT differences between the factors (angular velocity, limb dominancy, muscle groups–KE, KF). For multiple comparisons we used Bonferonni's post-hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. Effect size was assessed using the ηp2 coefficient.ResultsThe results of PT during 60,180 and 300°.s-1 were (KE [DL]: 60.9±11.6, 39.2±7.3, 30.9±5.4 N•m, [NL]: 60.8±12.2, 41.1±7.8, 33.6±6.3 N•m and for KF [DL]: 34.5±6.2, 24.5±4.1, 19.7±4.3 N•m, [NL]: 33.2±5.7, 24.6±5.8, 20.0±4.8 N•m). Movement velocity had a significant effect on the level of PT (peak torque) in the players F(1.3, 77.9)=414.9, p<0.01, ηp2=0.874 and HQ ratio (F(1.7, 49.8)=7.6, p<0.01, ηp2=0.202. With increasing velocity, significant differences were revealed in PT (L vs M, L vs H, M vs. H p<0.01) and HQ ratio (L vs M, L vs H p <0.05).Limb dominancy did not significantly influence the level of PT F(1, 60)=0.180, p>0.05, ηp2=0.687 or H:Q F(1, 30)=0.760, p>0.05, ηp2=0.025.Movement velocity and limb dominancy did not have any significant effect on the bilateral ratio between QQ and HH in young soccer players (p>0.05).ConclusionThe results indicated significant differences in PT and HQ in relation to movement velocity. On the contrary, no significant differences were found in bilateral ratio (Q:Q, H:Q). Limb dominancy did not significantly affect any of the observed characteristics. The presented data may contribute to comparison or establishment of standards for strength profile in this age category. Supported by GAČR P407/11/ P704 and MSM 0021620864.
EFFECTS OF TEN WEEKS OF EITHER MULTIPLE-SET TRAINING OR SINGLE-SET TRAINING ON STRENGTH AND MUSCLE MASS
Authors: Eichmann Björn , Gießing Jürgen 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundIt is generally accepted that strength and muscle mass can be increased by strength training programs. Results are known to depend on training volume and training intensity.1 2Strength increases when performing sets to the Repetition Maximum (PM) or even to the point of momentary muscular failure (PmF) and muscle hypertrophy has been proven to be superior to the results of sets performed at lower levels of intensity.3 4MethodsIn this study (n=43) subjects trained twice a week for ten weeks. One group performed high-intensity training (n=16) and did only one drop-set of each exercise to the point of momentary muscular failure (HIT), whereas the other group (n=14) performed as many repetitions as possible in each set and did three sets of each exercise (3ST). The control group (n=13) did not strength train at all. The body composition of all groups was analysed in weeks 0 and 11. Subjects also performed strength tests for nine exercises in weeks 0 and 11.ResultsStrength tests and bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita MC 180, MA) show increased strength and muscle mass in both training groups but not in the control group.5However, both strength and muscle mass increased to a greater extent in HIT than in 3ST. After ten weeks of training HIT increased the maximum number of repetitions in the nine test exercise by an average of 25 (15.7/40.3) repetitions per exercise while 3ST increased repetitions by an average of only 15 (6.4/24) repetitions per exercise. Furthermore, HIT increased to a significantly greater extent than 3ST while simultaneously decreasing body fat.Discussion/ConclusionsOne set of HIT is sufficient to improve muscle mass and strength. On average, results over a training period of ten weeks are better than those of 3ST. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of HIT and 3ST training periods longer than ten weeks.
OUTCOME OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION SURGERY IN FARMEDIAL FEMORAL TUNNEL PLACEMENT
Authors: Ramim Tayeb 
Published: June 2013

IntroductionPurpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery in medial tibia tunnel entrance in patients with ruptured ligament.Materials and MethodsThis cohort study was performed in patients admitted to Sina academic hospital in Tehran from April 2009 to April 2010. ACL reconstruction was done by arthroscopic surgery and the patients knee function was assessed six months later. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire and arthrometer (model KT-1000) were used to measure patients knee activity level and functional testing before and after the procedure. Final knee score was given to the patient based on the lowest score in each section and include four groups: A, B, C and D.Results107 patients with mean age 29.61±5.15 years (21–38 years) participated in this study. 84 patients (78.5%) were male. Most common cause ACL rupture was due to sport injuries (54.20%), followed by road traffic accidents (19.62%), daily activities (16.82%) and work activities (9.3%). The mean femoral channel length done in this operation was 44.75±3.41 mm. The mean of range of motion (ROM) of knee after surgery was 143.21±5.37° (133–150°), and showed a significant difference between males and females (p=0.000). The functional test was performed by an arthrometer. Displacement differences between normal and operated knee was calculated six months after surgery. It showed significant difference between both genders (p=0.03).ConclusionTranstibial graft position is closer to the anatomical position. This method is a simple procedure of transtibial graft surgery and has a good outcome.
REPORTING ON ACL DEFICIENT PATIENTS: A FUNCTION-BASED RETURN-TO-ACTIVITY ALGORITHM
Authors: Keller Matthias , Schmidtlein Oliver , Kurz Eduard 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundThe most current follow-up treatments after ACL injuries are time-oriented. The decision-making procedures for return-to-sport are not uniform. The ACL rehabilitation approaches comply mostly with empirical values in time-dependent schemes. However, specific questionnaires and functional assessments become more important during the control of rehabilitation. Therefore this presentation aimed to present a function-oriented return-to-activity algorithm.MethodsThe 29-year-old male professional soccer athlete with traumatic ACL rupture of the left knee and a bodyweight of 74 kg participated in an active rehabilitation program for a period of five months. The rehabilitation protocol started five days after surgical ACL repair through hamstring tendon. Anamnesis revealed no previous knee injuries and the absence of any further physical complaints. The athlete was free of psycho-social risk factors and showed a very good compliance.The return-to-activity algorithm applied consisted of different tests within four levels. Starting with quasi-static single leg stability measures, the algorithm proceeds with three dynamic hop tests with progressing impact. After ensuring sagittal (single leg hop) and frontal (side hop) planes stability, a multi-planar (square hop) test is performed. The protocol estimates limb symmetry indices (LSI) within each of the four levels. By using this approach, the unaffected side serves as the control. Only athletes who pass the test with a minimum LSI of 90% are allowed to move on to the next level and thus stress the structures with level-specific activities (e.g. cutting movements within the third level).ResultsThe first level (Y-balance test) was completed two months after operative treatment with an average LSI of 95%, whilst the LSI of the single leg hop for distance (second level) revealed only 50%. After a further period of four weeks, the LSI of the single leg hop test improved considerably to 81%. The athlete reached the predefined boundary of 90% four months after surgery. After that time, initial moderate jogging activities and dynamic exercises were allowed. Five months after the operation, the third (side hop test) and fourth (square hop test) levels revealed an LSI of 99% and 94% respectively. The rehab protocol was now completed and integration into team training could begin.ConclusionIn this case report, an athlete returned to his previous sport level within a period of twenty weeks. The proposed return-to-activity algorithm was easy applicable and helpful to control the different rehabilitation phases. On the basis of such a procedure, individual recommendations are decoupled from time-oriented approaches. Thus musculo-skeletal function becomes a central component in judging progressions during rehabilitation.