bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unintentional Flow of Alloying Elements in Steel during Recycling of End‐of‐Life Vehicles
Authors: Ohno Hajime , Matsubae Kazuyo , Nakajima Kenichi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Nagasaka Tetsuya 
Published: January 2014

SummaryAlloying elements in steel add a wide range of valuable properties to steel materials that are indispensable for the global economy. However, they are likely to be effectively irretrievably blended into the steel when recycled because of (among other issues) the lack of information about the composition of the scrap. This results in the alloying elements dissipating in slag during steelmaking and/or becoming contaminants in secondary steel. We used the waste input‐output material flow analysis model to quantify the unintentional flows of alloying elements (i.e., chromium, nickel, and molybdenum) that occur in steel materials and that result from mixing during end‐of‐life (EOL) processes. The model can be used to predict in detail the flows of ferrous materials in various phases, including the recycling phase by extending steel, alloying element source, and iron and steel scrap sectors. Application of the model to Japanese data indicates the critical importance of the recycling of EOL vehicles (ELVs) in Japan because passenger cars are the final destination of the largest share of these alloying elements. However, the contents of alloying elements are rarely considered in current ELV recycling. Consequently, the present study demonstrates that considerable amounts of alloying elements, which correspond to 7% to 8% of the annual consumption in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, are unintentionally introduced into EAFs. This result suggests the importance of quality‐based scrap recycling for efficient management of alloying elements.
Targeted gene mutation of E2F1 evokes age‐dependent synaptic disruption and behavioral deficits
Authors: Ting Jenhao H. , Marks David R. , Schleidt Stephanie S. , Wu Joanna N. , Zyskind Jacob W. , Lindl Kathryn A. , Blendy Julie A. , Pierce R. Christopher , Jordan‐Sciutto Kelly L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAberrant expression and activation of the cell cycle protein E2F1 in neurons has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. As a transcription factor regulating G1 to S phase progression in proliferative cells, E2F1 is often up‐regulated and activated in models of neuronal death. However, despite its well‐studied functions in neuronal death, little is known regarding the role of E2F1 in the mature brain. In this study, we used a combined approach to study the effect of E2F1 gene disruption on mouse behavior and brain biochemistry. We identified significant age‐dependent olfactory and memory‐related deficits in E2f1 mutant mice. In addition, we found that E2F1 exhibits punctated staining and localizes closely to the synapse. Furthermore, we found a mirroring age‐dependent loss of post‐synaptic protein‐95 in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb as well as a global loss of several other synaptic proteins. Coincidently, E2F1 expression is significantly elevated at the ages, in which behavioral and synaptic perturbations were observed. Finally, we show that deficits in adult neurogenesis persist late in aged E2f1 mutant mice which may partially contribute to the behavior phenotypes. Taken together, our data suggest that the disruption of E2F1 function leads to specific age‐dependent behavioral deficits and synaptic perturbations.
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E2F1 is a transcription factor regulating cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Although E2F1 dysregulation under toxic conditions can lead to neuronal death, little is known about its physiologic activity in the healthy brain. Here, we report significant age‐dependent olfactory and memory deficits in mice with dysfunctional E2F1. Coincident with these behavioral changes, we also found age‐matched synaptic disruption and persisting reduction in adult neurogenesis. Our study demonstrates that E2F1 contributes to physiologic brain structure and function.
Melatonin from Cerebrospinal Fluid but Not from Blood Reaches Sheep Cerebral Tissues Under Physiological Conditions
Authors: Legros C. , Chesneau D. , Boutin J. A. , Barc C. , Malpaux B. 
Published: January 2014

The pineal gland secretes melatonin (MLT) that circulates in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We provide data to support the hypothesis that, in sheep and possibly in humans, only the CSF MLT, and not the blood MLT, can provide most of MLT to the cerebral tissue in high concentrations, particularly in the periventricular area. The MLT content of sheep brain, our chosen animal model, was found in significant concentration gradients oriented from the ventricle (close to the CSF) to the cerebral tissue, with concentrations varying by a factor of 1–125. The highest concentrations were observed close to the ventricle wall, whereas the lowest concentrations were furthest from the ventricles (407.0 ± 71.5 pg/ml compared to 84.7 ± 5.2 pg/ml around the third ventricle). This concentration gradient was measured in brain tissue collected at mid‐day and at the end of the night. Nocturnal concentrations were higher than daytime concentrations, reflecting the diurnal variation in the pineal gland. The concentration gradient was not detected when MLT was delivered to the brain via the bloodstream. The diffusion of MLT to cerebral tissues via CSF was supported by in vivo scintigraphy and autoradiography. 2‐[123I]‐MLT infused into the CSF quickly and efficiently diffused into the brain tissues, whereas [123I]‐iodine (control) was mostly washed away by the CSF flow and [123I]‐bovine serum albumin remained mostly in the CSF. Taken together, these data support a critical role of CSF in providing the brain with MLT.
Sequential adaptive introgression of the mitochondrial genome inDrosophila yakubaandDrosophila santomea
Authors: Llopart Ana , Herrig Danielle , Brud Evgeny , Stecklein Zachary 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInterspecific hybridization provides the unique opportunity for species to tap into genetic variation present in a closely related species and potentially take advantage of beneficial alleles. It has become increasingly clear that when hybridization occurs, mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA) often crosses species boundaries, raising the possibility that it could serve as a recurrent target of natural selection and source of species' adaptations. Here we report the sequences of 46 complete mitochondrial genomes ofDrosophila yakubaandDrosophila santomea, two sister species known to produce hybrids in nature (~3%). At least two independent events of mtDNAintrogression are uncovered in this study, including an early invasion of theD. yakubamitochondrial genome that fully replaced theD. santomeamtDNAnative haplotypes and a more recent, ongoing event centred in the hybrid zone. Interestingly, this recent introgression event bears the signature ofDarwinian natural selection, and the selective haplotype can be found at low frequency inAfrica mainland populations ofD. yakuba. We put forward the possibility that, because the effective population size ofD. santomeais smaller than that ofD. yakuba, the faster accumulation of mildly deleterious mutations associated with Muller's ratchet in the former species may have facilitated the replacement of the mutationally loaded mitochondrial genome ofD. santomeaby that ofD. yakuba.
Phylogenomic analyses reveal latitudinal population structure and polymorphisms in heat stress genes in the North Atlantic snail Nucella lapillus
Authors: Chu Nathaniel D. , Kaluziak Stefan T. , Trussell Geoffrey C. , Vollmer Steven V. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNorth Atlantic rocky intertidal species have been shaped by repeated glaciations and strong latitudinal temperature gradients, making them an excellent system to study postglacial phylogeography and thermal tolerance. Population genetics data from northwestern Atlantic species, however, often show patterns inconsistent with the prediction that high dispersal should generate weaker genetic structure among populations. Here, we used next‐generation sequencing restriction‐associated DNA tags (RAD‐seq) and a transcriptome assembled from RNA‐seq data to analyse the genetic structure of northwestern Atlantic populations of the low‐dispersal intertidal snail Nucella lapillus. Although previous studies in this region have detected almost no genetic structure in N. lapillus, our phylogenomic approach identified a well‐supported split between northern and southern clades. By comparing RAD‐seq data and our transcriptome assembly, we identified thousands of fixed single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between these latitudinal clades that map to protein‐coding genes, including genes associated with heat stress tolerance. These fixed SNPs might represent loci under selection for different thermal regimes in the northwestern Atlantic.
Exome sequencing shows a novel de novo mutation in ATL1
Authors: Koh Kishin , Ishiura Hiroyuki , Miwa Michiaki , Doi Koichiro , Yoshimura Jun , Mitsui Jun , Goto Jun , Morishita Shinichi , Tsuji Shoji , Takiyama Yoshihisa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground and AimWe experienced treating a male patient born to healthy parents, who presented with spastic gait from childhood, and his son and daughter similarly presented with spastic gait, raising the possibility of a de novo mutation in the patient. With the hypothesis of a de novo mutation in the patient, we carried out exome sequencing of the patient and his parents to identify the gene with a disease‐causative mutation in the patient.MethodsThe genomic DNA obtained from the patient and his parents were subjected to exome sequencing. We applied various filters to identify candidate de novo mutations.ResultsWe identified three de novo mutations, namely, PLB1 c.3601T>A p.C1201S, PHF2 c.2678C>T p.S893L and ATL1 c.1259A>C p.Q420P. Two of these mutations (ATL1 and PHF2) cosegregated with the disease phenotype in this family. Because the clinical presentations of the affected individuals in this family are typical for spastic paraplegia type 3A, the novel mutation (p.Q420P) in ATL1 is likely the cause of early‐onset spastic paraplegia in this family.ConclusionIn the present, study we confirm the efficacy and usefulness of exome sequencing of parent–child trios for establishing the molecular diagnosis of patients with neurological diseases, in whom de novo mutations are suspected.
Case of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis showing gadolinium‐enhanced cranial nerves on magnetic resonance imaging associated with rapid progression of facial nerve palsy
Authors: Mizuno Masayuki , Ueki Yoshino , Sakurai Keita , Okita Kenji , Endo Fumito , Yamanaka Koji , Morita Mitsuya , Matsukawa Noriyuki 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe evaluation of cranial nerves in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at early developmental stage has not been established in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A 23‐year‐old man with familial ALS developed peripheral facial nerve palsy, and showed the striking gadolinium enhancement on MRI in those nerves at an early stage. His symptoms progressed rapidly and he died approximately 3 months after onset. We identified a missense mutation in exon 1 of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene (SOD‐1), resulting in a Cys6Gly (C6G) amino acid substitution. Based on the rapid progression and neurotoxicity resulting from SOD‐1 protein aggregation, the gadolinium enhancement of facial nerves might be caused by the rapid Wallerian degeneration and blood–brain barrier disruption at the early phase of progression.
Seed dispersal in time can counteract the effect of gene flow between natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Falahati‐Anbaran Mohsen , Lundemo Sverre , Stenøien Hans K. 
Published: January 2014

Summary

Plants may escape unfavorable environments by dispersing to new sites, or by remaining in an ungerminated state at a given site until environmental conditions become favorable. There is limited evidence regarding the occurrence, interplay and relative importance of dispersal processes in time and space in plant populations.

Thirty‐six natural populations of the annual ruderal species Arabidopsis thaliana were monitored over five consecutive years, sampling both seed bank and above‐ground cohorts.

We show that immigration rates are considerably higher than previously inferred, averaging 1.7% per population yr–1. On the other hand, almost one‐third of the individuals in a given above‐ground cohort result from seeds shed 2 or 3 yr back in time in 10 of the studied populations. Populations that disappeared one year were recolonized by regeneration from the seed bank the subsequent year.

Thus, dispersal in both time and space is an important contributor to the structuring of genetic variability in natural populations of A. thaliana, where a high dispersal rate in time may partly counteract the homogenizing effects of spatial seed and pollen dispersal.
The association between brain injury, perioperative anesthetic exposure, and 12‐month neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Andropoulos Dean B. , Ahmad Hasan B. , Haq Taha , Brady Ken , Stayer Stephen A. , Meador Marcie R. , Hunter Jill V. , Rivera Carlos , Voigt Robert G. , Turcich Marie , He Cathy Q. , Shekerdemian Lara S. , Dickerson Heather A. , Fraser Charles D. , Dean McKenzie E. , Heinle Jeffrey S. , Blaine Easley R. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundAdverse neurodevelopmental outcomes are observed in up to 50% of infants after complex cardiac surgery. We sought to determine the association of perioperative anesthetic exposure with neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 12 months in neonates undergoing complex cardiac surgery and to determine the effect of brain injury determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsRetrospective cohort study of neonates undergoing complex cardiac surgery who had preoperative and 7‐day postoperative brain MRI and 12‐month neurodevelopmental testing with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley‐III). Doses of volatile anesthetics (VAA), benzodiazepines, and opioids were determined during the first 12 months of life.ResultsFrom a database of 97 infants, 59 met inclusion criteria. Mean ± sd composite standard scores were as follows: cognitive = 102.1 ± 13.3, language = 87.8 ± 12.5, and motor = 89.6 ± 14.1. After forward stepwise multivariable analysis, new postoperative MRI injury (P = 0.039) and higher VAA exposure (P = 0.028) were associated with lower cognitive scores. ICU length of stay (independent of brain injury) was associated with lower performance on all categories of the Bayley‐III (P < 0.02).ConclusionsAfter adjustment for multiple relevant covariates, we demonstrated an association between VAA exposure, brain injury, ICU length of stay, and lower neurodevelopmental outcome scores at 12 months of age. These findings support the need for further studies to identify potential modifiable factors in the perioperative care of neonates with CHD to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Incidence of pain after craniotomy in children
Authors: Bronco Alfio , Pietrini Domenico , Lamperti Massimo , Somaini Marta , Tosi Federica , Minguell del Lungo Laura , Zeimantz Elena , Tumolo Miriam , Lampugnani Elisabetta , Astuto Marinella , Perna Francesco , Zadra Nicola , Meneghini Luisa , Benucci Valentina , Bussolin Leonardo , Scolari Anna , Savioli Alessandra , Locatelli Bruno G. , Prussiani Viviana , Cazzaniga Michela , Mazzoleni Fabio , Giussani Carlo , Rota Matteo , Ferland Catherine E. , Ingelmo Pablo M. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundThere is very few information regarding pain after craniotomy in children.ObjectivesThis multicentre observational study assessed the incidence of pain after major craniotomy in children.MethodsAfter IRB approval, 213 infants and children who were <10 years old and undergoing major craniotomy were consecutively enrolled in nine Italian hospitals. Pain intensity, analgesic therapy, and adverse effects were evaluated on the first 2 days after surgery. Moderate to severe pain was defined as a median FLACC or NRS score ≥4 points. Severe pain was defined as a median FLACC or NRS score ≥7 points.ResultsData of 206 children were included in the analysis. The overall postoperative median FLACC/NRS scores were 1 (IQR 0 to 2). Twenty‐one children (16%) presented moderate to severe pain in the recovery room and 14 (6%) during the first and second day after surgery. Twenty‐six children (19%) had severe pain in the recovery room and 4 (2%) during the first and second day after surgery. Rectal codeine was the most common weak opiod used. Remifentanil and morphine were the strong opioids widely used in PICU and in general wards, respectively. Longer procedures were associated with moderate to severe pain (OR 1.30; CI 1.07–1.57) or severe pain (OR 1.41; 1.09–1.84; P < 0.05). There were no significant associations between complications, pain intensity, and analgesic therapy.ConclusionChildren receiving multimodal analgesia experience little or no pain after major craniotomy. Longer surgical procedures correlate with an increased risk of having postoperative pain.
Bistable Retinal Schiff Base Photodynamics of Histidine Kinase Rhodopsin HKR1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Penzkofer Alfons , Luck Meike , Mathes Tilo , Hegemann Peter 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe photodynamics of the recombinant rhodopsin fragment of the histidine kinase rhodopsin HKR1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The retinal cofactor of HKR1 exists in two Schiff base forms RetA and RetB. RetA is the deprotonated 13‐cis‐retinal Schiff base (RSB) absorbing in the UVA spectral region. RetB is the protonated all‐trans RSB absorbing in the blue spectral region. Blue light exposure converts RetB fully to RetA. UVA light exposure converts RetA to RetB and RetB to RetA giving a mixture determined by their absorption cross sections and their conversion efficiencies. The quantum efficiencies of conversion of RetA to RetB and RetB to RetA were determined to be 0.096 ± 0.005 and 0.405 ± 0.01 respectively. In the dark thermal equilibration between RetA and RetB with dominant RetA content occurred with a time constant of about 3 days at room temperature. The fluorescence emission behavior of RetA and RetB was studied, and fluorescence quantum yields of ϕF(RetA) = 0.00117 and ϕF(RetB) = 9.4 × 10−5 were determined. Reaction coordinate schemes of the photodynamics are developed.
Hypericin as a Marker for Determination of Myocardial Viability in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jiang Cuihua , Li Yue , Jiang Xiao , Yao Nan , Gao Meng , Zhang Xueli , Wang Junying , Wang Xiaoning , Sun Ziping , Zhang Jian , Ni Yicheng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the necrosis‐avid agent hypericin as a potential indicator for determination of myocardial infarction (MI). Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 30) weighing 350 ± 20 g were subjected to acute reperfused MI. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 6), in which hypericin was intravenously injected at 0, 1, 2 and 5 mg kg−1 respectively. One day after injection, rats were euthanized with their hearts excised for qualitative and quantitative studies by means of microscopic fluorescence examination to decide the dosage of hypericin. Another group was injected with hypericin at the decided dose and evaluated by fluorescence macroscopy in colocalization with triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC) and histomorphology. Infarct‐to‐normal contrast ratio and relative infarct size were quantified. Hypericin‐induced red fluorescence was significantly brighter in necrotic than in viable myocardium as proven by a six times higher mean fluorescence density. Mean MI area was 35.66 ± 22.88% by hypericin fluorescence and 32.73 ± 21.98% by TTC staining (R2 = 0.9803). Global MI‐volume was 34.56 ± 21.07% by hypericin and 35.11 ± 20.47% by TTC staining (R2 = 0.9933). The results confirm that hypericin specifically labeled necrosis, and enhanced the imaging contrast between the infarcted and normal myocardium, suggesting its potential applications for the assessment of myocardial viability.
Effects of the Histone Methyltransferase Inhibitor UNC0638 on Histone H3K9 Dimethylation of Cultured Ovine Somatic Cells and Development of Resulting Early Cloned Embryos
Authors: Fu L , Yan F‐X , An X‐R , Hou J 
Published: January 2014

ContentsAberrant hypermethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) may be involved in the developmental failure of cloned embryos. UNC0638 is a type of small molecule that can specifically inhibit the enzyme activity of histone methyltransferase EHMT2 and reduce the H3K9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) levels in cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of UNC0638 in regulating H3K9me2 and development of cloned embryos. Results showed that UNC0638 could efficiently reduce H3K9me2 levels of cultured sheep foetal fibroblast cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Cloned embryos were subsequently produced from UNC0638‐treated donor cells with down‐regulated H3K9me2, but their in vitro development was not improved when compared with the control. Our study suggested that revision of the single histone H3K9me2 modification may be not sufficient for rescuing the development of cloned embryos. However, because of its low cellular toxicity, UNC0638 may still be a potential chemical that could be used in regulating epigenetic modification of cloned embryos.
Fertility in Dairy Cows After Artificial Insemination Using Sex‐Sorted Sperm or Conventional Semen
Authors: Karakaya E , Yilmazbas‐Mecitoglu G , Keskin A , Alkan A , Tasdemir U , Santos JEP , Gumen A 
Published: January 2014

ContentsThe aim of this study was to compare pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) after timed AI with sex‐sorted sperm (SS) or conventional semen (CS) in lactating dairy cows. Cyclic cows (n = 302) were synchronized by Ovsynch and randomly assigned into two groups at the time of AI. Cows with a follicle size between 12 and 18 mm and clear vaginal discharge at the time of AI were inseminated with either frozen‐thawed SS (n = 148) or CS (n = 154) of the same bull. A shallow uterine insemination was performed into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the side of probable impending ovulation. Pregnancy per AI on Day 31 tended (p = 0.09) to be less for SS (31.8%) than CS (40.9%). Similarly, P/AI on Day 62 was less (p = 0.01) for cows inseminated with SS (25.7%) compared with CS (39.0%). The increased difference in fertility between treatments from Days 31 to 62 was caused by the greater (p = 0.02) pregnancy loss for cows receiving SS (19.2%) than CS (4.8%). Cow parity (p = 0.02) and season (p < 0.01) when AI was performed were additional factors affecting fertility. Primiparous cows had greater P/AI than multiparous cows both on Day 31 (41.7% vs 25.0% in SS and 53.0% vs 31.8% in CS groups) and on Day 62 (33.3% vs 20.5% in SS and 48.5% vs 31.8% in CS groups). During the hot season of the year, P/AI on Day 31 was reduced (p = 0.01) in the SS group (19.6%) when compared with the rates during the cool season (38.1%). In conclusion, sex‐sorted sperm produced lower fertility results compared to conventional semen even after using some selection criteria to select most fertile cows.