bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing copyright piracy using entrepreneurial intermediary platforms
Authors: Briggs Kristie , Eiermann Joshua , Hodgson Thomas , McNamara Elizabeth 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of intermediary platforms, such as Pandora and Spotify, in reducing piracy of digital music.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors modify a predator-prey theoretical framework of copyright piracy to account for the impact of intermediary platforms on the consumption of original works and illegal copies.

Findings
– The theory shows that an increase in the number of legal alternative platforms available to consumers of digital music results in an unambiguous increase in the consumption of legitimate music and an unambiguous decrease in the consumption of unauthorized copies.

Practical implications
– The results suggest that policies to encourage entrepreneurship by intermediary platforms in the music industry serve as a complement to other policies currently being employed to combat piracy of digital music.

Originality/value
– The paper is the first of its kind to analyze the important role of intermediary platforms in reducing piracy of digital music while encouraging innovation by artists. Historically, entrepreneurship in this field has been controversial, given the gray areas surrounding what is and is not copyright infringement in the ever-evolving digital age. This paper highlights that once copyright laws are clearly defined, business growth in this area can be a highly effective solution to the piracy problem.
Expected corruption and business formation
Authors: Campbell Noel , S. Cordis Adriana 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether public corruption influences entrepreneurial activity in the USA. Because the true underlying level of corruption is inherently unobservable, it cannot be factored into business venturing decisions. The authors hypothesize, therefore, that new business venturing should be related to the expected corruption level.Design/methodology/approach– The authors follow Cordis (2009) to calculate the expected rate of public corruption given observed levels of public corruption. The authors embed the expected level of corruption in a relatively standard model of business venturing, which the authors estimate using a cross section of the US states covering the period of 1986-2009.Findings– Using a relatively standard model of business venturing that accounts for variation in predicted corruption levels, the authors find that entrepreneurs launch more businesses in states with higher predicted corruption.Originality/value– To the knowledge, no one has previously tested the impact of expected corruption on entrepreneurial activity.
Willingness to adopt e-procurement to reduce corruption
Authors: Neupane Arjun , Soar Jeffrey , Vaidya Kishor , Yong Jianming 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to report on research that evaluates the perceived willingness of potential bidders to adopt public e-procurement for the supply of goods and services to the government of Nepal. The authors have identified anti-corruption attributes through an extensive literature review and developed a theoretical model representing the impact of four latent variables, monopoly of power, information asymmetry, trust and transparency and accountability on the dependent variable, the intent-to-adopt e-procurement (ITA).Design/methodology/approach– Data for this research were obtained by the use of a questionnaire survey of bidders who were officially registered with the Government of Nepal. As part of the fieldwork for this research, the first author collected the perceptions of 220 bidders regarding the potential of public e-procurement to reduce corruption in public procurement processes.Findings– The findings suggest that a high level of the ITA has a positive and significant relationship with the independent variables that might inform the developed and emerging countries to make a decision to adoption of e-procurement to combat corruption in public procurement.Research limitations/implications– This study has some limitations that should be taken into consideration. The evaluation of anti-corruption factors, as they affect the willingness of users to adopt e-procurement on the bidder’s perception research model is relatively new to e-procurement research. A limitation of the research was that it gathered and analyzed data from a single country with a limited number of respondents. More research is needed to identify the anti-corruption factors of e-procurement in reducing corruption, and also need strong empirical test to valid the factors that influence the adoption of e-procurement.Originality/value– This study aimed to contribute to the academic scholar, government agencies and public procurement practitioner in enhancing their understanding of the perceived anti-corruption factors of public e-procurement to reduce corruption.
Diversity and dynamics of bacteriocins from human microbiome
Authors: Zheng Jinshui , Gänzle Michael G. , Lin Xiaoxi B. , Ruan Lifang , Sun Ming 
Published: October 2014

SummaryHuman commensal microbiota are an important determinant of health and disease of the host. Different human body sites harbour different bacterial microbiota, bacterial communities that maintain a stable balance. However, many of the factors influencing the stabilities of bacterial communities associated with humans remain unknown. In this study, we identified putative bacteriocins produced by human commensal microbiota. Bacteriocins are peptides or proteins with antimicrobial activity that contribute to the stability and dynamics of microbial communities. We employed bioinformatic analyses to identify putative bacteriocin sequences in metagenomic sequences obtained from different human body sites. Prevailing bacterial taxa of the putative bacteriocins producers matched the most abundant organisms in each human body site. Remarkably, we found that samples from different body sites contain different density of putative bacteriocin genes, with the highest in samples from the vagina, the airway, and the oral cavity and the lowest in those from gut. Inherent differences of different body sites thus influence the density and types of bacteriocins produced by commensal bacteria. Our results suggest that bacteriocins play important roles to allow different bacteria to occupy several human body sites, and to establish a long‐term commensal relationship with human hosts.
XbmR, a new transcription factor involved in the regulation of chemotaxis, biofilm formation and virulence in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
Authors: Yaryura Pablo M. , Conforte Valeria P. , Malamud Florencia , Roeschlin Roxana , de Pino Verónica , Castagnaro Atilio P. , McCarthy Yvonne , Dow J. Maxwell , Marano María R. , Vojnov Adrián A. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryXanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the causal agent of citrus canker. Biofilm formation on citrus leaves plays an important role in epiphytic survival of Xcc. Biofilm formation is affected by transposon insertion in XAC3733, which encodes a transcriptional activator of the NtrC family, not linked to a gene encoding a sensor protein, thus could be considered as an ‘orphan’ regulator whose function is poorly understood in Xanthomonas spp. Here we show that mutation of XAC3733 (named xbmR) resulted in impaired structural development of the Xcc biofilm, loss of chemotaxis and reduced virulence in grapefruit plants. All defective phenotypes were restored to wild‐type levels by the introduction of PA2567 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which encodes a phosphodiesterase active in the degradation of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP). A knockout of xbmR led to a substantial downregulation of fliA that encodes a σ28 transcription factor, as well as fliC and XAC0350 which are potential member of the σ28 regulon. XAC0350 encodes an HD‐GYP domain c‐di‐GMP phosphodiesterase. These findings suggest that XbmR is a key regulator of flagellar‐dependent motility and chemotaxis exerting its action through a regulatory pathway that involves FliA and c‐di‐GMP.
‘Devolving through the Maze of Eloquence’: James Thomson's The Seasons and the Eighteenth‐Century Verse Labyrinth
Authors: Stenke Katarina Maria 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article combines readings of The Seasons' many mazes and amazements with a survey of labyrinths in contemporary British landscape design and literature. In doing so it reassesses recent accounts of the poem's ideological perspectives and demonstrates the wider importance of maze allusions in early eighteenth‐century literature. Figuring the Creation as a maze allowed authors of this period to represent nature's intricate concordia discors while harnessing the prestige of canonical poetry. In The Seasons, James Thomson uses similar strategies to establish the primacy of poetry over nature and so facilitate interventions into controversial topics such as theodicy and party politics.
Gate crashing arbuscular mycorrhizas: in vivo imaging shows the extensive colonization of both symbionts by Trichoderma atroviride
Authors: Lace Beatrice , Genre Andrea , Woo Sheridan , Faccio Antonella , Lorito Matteo , Bonfante Paola 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPlant growth‐promoting fungi include strains of Trichoderma species that are used in biocontrol, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, that enhance plant nutrition and stress resistance. The concurrent interaction of plants with these two groups of fungi affects crop performance but has only been occasionally studied so far. Using in vivo imaging of green fluorescent protein‐tagged lines, we investigated the cellular interactions occurring between Trichoderma atroviride PKI1, Medicago truncatula and two Gigaspora species under in vitro culture conditions. Trichoderma atroviride did not activate symbiotic‐like responses in the plant cells, such as nuclear calcium spiking or cytoplasmic aggregations at hyphal contact sites. Furthermore, T. atroviride parasitized G. gigantea and G. margarita hyphae through localized wall breaking and degradation – although this was not associated with significant chitin lysis nor the upregulation of two major chitinase genes. Trichoderma atroviride colonized broad areas of the root epidermis, in association with localized cell death. The infection of both symbionts was also observed when T. atroviride was applied to a pre‐established AM symbiosis. We conclude that – although this triple interaction is known to improve plant growth in agricultural environments – in vitro culture demonstrate a particularly aggressive mycoparasitic and plant‐colonizing behaviour of a biocontrol strain of Trichoderma.
Tle distribution and diversity in metagenomic datasets reveal niche specialization
Authors: Egan Frank , Reen F. Jerry , O'Gara Fergal 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe existence of microbial communities and the complex interactions that govern their dynamics have received considerable attention in recent years. Advances in genomic sequencing technologies have greatly enhanced our understanding of ‘what is there’. However, the question as to ‘what are they doing’ remains less well defined. The continual development of the genomic and metagenomic sequence databases provides an exciting opportunity to interrogate the distribution and prevalence of key microbial systems across a diverse set of ecosystems. The widely distributed type VI secretion system (T6SS) has been shown to play a significant role in bacterial–bacterial and bacterial–host interactions. While several T6SS effectors have been shown to target the cell wall and membrane of competing cells, little is known about the roles these proteins play in different ecosystems. Therefore, the prevalence of a key T6SS effector superfamily known as type six lipase effectors (Tle) was studied in over 2000 metagenomic datasets representing diverse ecosystems and host niches. Increased Tle representation in environmental categories strongly supports the hypothesis of niche specialization and suggests that these effectors may play important niche‐specific roles.
Genomic distribution of B‐vitamin auxotrophy and uptake transporters in environmental bacteria from the Chloroflexi phylum
Authors: Rodionova Irina A. , Li Xiaoqing , Plymale Andrew E. , Motamedchaboki Khatereh , Konopka Allan E. , Romine Margaret F. , Fredrickson James K. , Osterman Andrei L. , Rodionov Dmitry A. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBacteria from the Chloroflexi phylum are dominant members of phototrophic microbial mat communities in terrestrial thermal environments. Vitamins of B group are key intermediates (precursors) in the biosynthesis of indispensable enzyme cofactors driving numerous metabolic processes in all forms of life. A genomics‐based reconstruction and comparative analysis of respective biosynthetic and salvage pathways and riboswitch regulons in over 20 representative Chloroflexi genomes revealed a widespread auxotrophy for some of the vitamins. The most prominent predicted phenotypic signature, auxotrophy for vitamins B1 and B7 was experimentally confirmed for the best studied model organism Chloroflexus aurantiacus. These observations along with identified candidate genes for the respective uptake transporters pointed to B vitamin cross‐feeding as an important aspect of syntrophic metabolism in microbial communities. Inferred specificities of homologous substrate‐binding components of ABC transporters for vitamins B1 (ThiY) and B2 (RibY) were verified by thermofluorescent shift approach. A functional activity of the thiamine‐specific transporter ThiXYZ from C. aurantiacus was experimentally verified by genetic complementation in E. coli. Expanding the integrative approach, which was applied here for a comprehensive analysis of B‐vitamin metabolism in Chloroflexi would allow reconstruction of metabolic interdependencies in microbial communities.
Cell‐specific CO2 fixation rates of two distinct groups of plastidic protists in the Atlantic Ocean remain unchanged after nutrient addition
Authors: Grob Carolina , Jardillier Ludwig , Hartmann Manuela , Ostrowski Martin , Zubkov Mikhail V. , Scanlan David J. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryTo assess the role of open‐ocean ecosystems in global CO2 fixation, we investigated how picophytoplankton, which dominate primary production, responded to episodic increases in nutrient availability. Previous experiments have shown nitrogen alone, or in combination with phosphorus or iron, to be the proximate limiting nutrient(s) for total phytoplankton grown over several days. Much less is known about how nutrient upshift affects picophytoplankton CO2 fixation over the duration of the light period. To address this issue, we performed a series of small volume (8–60 ml) – short term (10–11 h) nutrient addition experiments in different regions of the Atlantic Ocean using NH4Cl, FeCl3, K medium, dust and nutrient‐rich water from 300 m depth. We found no significant nutrient stimulation of group‐specific CO2 fixation rates of two taxonomically and size‐distinct groups of plastidic protists. The above was true regardless of the region sampled or nutrient added, suggesting that this is a generic phenomenon. Our findings show that at least in the short term (i.e. daylight period), nutrient availability does not limit CO2 fixation by the smallest plastidic protists, while their taxonomic composition does not determine their response to nutrient addition.
Patient perspectives of diagnostic delay for suspicious oral mucosal lesions
Authors: Allen K , Farah CS 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate patient experiences regarding the discovery of and subsequent referral for suspicious oral mucosal pathology. The population under investigation were patients of an oral medicine clinic in Australia who had been referred for oral lesions suspected for malignancy.MethodsA self‐completed questionnaire gathered information regarding patient experiences and beliefs leading up to diagnosis at their review appointments.ResultsFifty‐four per cent of participants knew about their mucosal pathology before referral. The highest proportion of delay occurred between self‐discovery of a lesion and seeking help. Ninety‐one per cent of self‐aware participants had reason for seeking help in relation to their mucosal pathology. The three most common reasons for this was the desire for an explanation, being advised by a health care provider or presence of pain.ConclusionsSome patients were unaware of their own oral mucosal pathology and some seek help only when worried, in pain or following advice. Practitioners should examine the oral mucosa to detect suspicious oral mucosal pathology since patients may not be aware of its existence.
Sexual dimorphism of adult labial palps of the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) with notes on their sensilla
Authors: Chen Jing , Hua Baozhen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe labial palps and their sensilla of the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii Matsumura, a serious pest of pome fruits in eastern Asia, were investigated using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The labial palps are three‐segmented and exhibit distinct sexual dimorphism in length: much longer in the female than in the male. Four types of sensilla were found on the labial palps: campaniform, squamiform, chaetic and flattened sensilla. The campaniform sensilla are present on the first segment alone. The squamiform sensilla are located on all the three segments. The chaetic sensilla are mainly present on the third segment. The flattened sensilla are grooved with wall pores and situated in a labial palp‐pit organ, which is located at the apex of the distal segment of the labial palp. The sexual dimorphism of the labial palp and the labial palp‐pit organ was briefly discussed.
Effects of degree of segmentation and learner disposition on multimedia learning
Authors: Doolittle Peter E. , Bryant Lauren H. , Chittum Jessica R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe construction of asynchronous learning environments often involves the creation of self‐paced multimedia instructional episodes that provide the learner with control over the pacing of instruction (segmentation); however, does the amount of segmentation impact learning? This study explored the effects of the degree of segmentation on recall and application of new knowledge and the nature of learner dispositions toward segmentation. Undergraduate students (n = 212) were randomly assigned to engage in a 9‐minute multimedia tutorial (ie, instructionally designed video‐based presentation) addressing historical inquiry that was divided into 1, 7, 14 or 28 segments (degree of segmentation) where students had control over when each segment began via a “Continue” button. Students' dispositions toward the segmentation—helped learning, made learning easier, made learning confusing, was annoying or seemed appropriate—were also measured. Results indicated that increased segmentation facilitated recall and application; however, learners perceived a high degree of segmentation (28 segments) more negatively. Overall, these results indicate that increased segmentation within a multimedia instructional environment has a positive influence on recall and application, regardless of the learner's disposition toward the segmentation.
Establishment of a three‐dimensional culture system of gastric stem cells supporting mucous cell differentiation using microfibrous polycaprolactone scaffolds
Authors: Pulikkot S. , Greish Y. E. , Mourad A‐H. I. , Karam S. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo generate various polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds and test their suitability for growth and differentiation of immortalized mouse gastric stem (mGS) cells.Materials and methodsNon‐porous, microporous and three‐dimensional electrospun microfibrous PCL scaffolds were prepared and characterized for culture of mGS cells. First, growth of mGS cells was compared on these different scaffolds after 3 days culture, using viability assay and microscopy. Secondly, growth pattern of the cells on microfibrous scaffolds was studied after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days culture using DNA PicoGreen assay and scanning electron microscopy. Thirdly, differentiation of the cells grown on microfibrous scaffolds for 3 and 9 days was analysed using lectin/immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe mGS cells grew preferentially on microfibrous scaffolds. From 3 to 6 days, there was increase in cell number, followed by reduction by days 9 and 12. To test whether the reduction in cell number was associated with cell differentiation, cryosections of cell‐containing scaffolds cultured for 3 and 9 days were probed with gastric epithelial cell differentiation markers. On day 3, none of the markers examined bound to the cells. However by day 9, approximately, 50% of them bound to N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine‐specific lectin and anti‐trefoil factor 2 antibodies, indicating their differentiation into glandular mucus‐secreting cells.ConclusionsMicrofibrous PCL scaffolds supported growth and differentiation of mGS cells into mucus‐secreting cells. These data will help lay groundwork for future experiments to explore use of gastric stem cells and PCL scaffolds in stomach tissue engineering.
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings: The Role of Music in Breaching the Barriers of the Box
Authors: Sheehy Daniel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSmithsonian Folkways Recordings is the nonprofit record label of the Smithsonian Institution, the United States national museum. Folkways pairs with the Smithsonian's annual Folklife Festival in honoring and bringing to public attention the keepers of intangible cultural heritage traditions from many parts of the world. At the Folklife Festival, which takes place on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. each summer, the culture bearers speak for themselves in a presentational environment designed to promote interaction among the participants and audience members. In 2011, Folkways recordings of regional music from Colombia sparked an entire Folklife Festival program.