bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Unique Polarization Index: A Mean‐Preserving Axiomatic Approach
Authors: GENG DIFEI 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new axiomatic approach to identify the unique polarization index from a class of polarization measures proposed by Esteban and Ray. Methodologically, we consider the absolute income or the mean normalized income instead of the logarithm of income, which in our opinion is useful under various circumstances. Accordingly, we propose a set of mean‐preserving axioms so that the obfuscating effects of income scale can be removed. We also discuss some properties of the polarization indices based on different types of income differences.
Age‐related change of location‐based visual selectivity depending on conflict frequency
Authors: YOSHIZAKI KAZUHITO , KURATOMI KEI , KIMURA YUMI , KATO KIMIKO 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAge‐related change in cognitive control for visual selectivity was examined using a conflict adaptation effect (CAE). The CAE reflects an increased stimulus compatibility effect for low levels of conflict frequency within blocks of trials. Younger (n = 20) and elderly (n = 20) adults received an Eriksen‐type flanker task involving compatible (e.g., “44444”) or incompatible (e.g., “44644”) arrays presented to either the left or right visual field (VF). The participants identified the central digit of an array. Relative frequency of conflict (incompatible) trials varied as a function of the VF. Also manipulated was the presentation order of more‐conflict VF and less‐conflict VF conditions over trial blocks. The results showed that a location‐based CAE appeared for both age groups in the first set of trial blocks, whereas in the final set of trial blocks the location‐based CAE appeared only for the younger adults. These results suggested that cognitive flexibility related to context‐dependent cognitive control diminishes with age.
Individual differences in empathizing and systemizing in Japanese children: Psychometric properties of the children's versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ)
Authors: WAKABAYASHI AKIO 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the present study, children's versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ‐C) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ‐C) were administered to 626 Japanese children (313 boys, 313 girls) aged 6–15 years. The psychometric properties of both quotients were found to be satisfactory. Sex differences were found in the scores for both quotients. The girls scored higher than the boys on the EQ‐C, while the boys scored higher than the girls on the SQ‐C. Proportions of cognitive styles, which were determined by differences between the standardized scores of the EQ‐C and SQ‐C, showed clear sex differences. The proportion of participants whose cognitive style was classified as empathizing‐dominant was greater for the girls, while the proportion of participants classified as systemizing‐dominant was greater for the boys. No developmental changes were found in either the scores for the EQ‐C and SQ‐C or the proportions of the cognitive styles.
Anatomical, architectural, and biochemical diversity of the murine forelimb muscles
Authors: Mathewson Margie A. , Chapman Mark A. , Hentzen Eric R. , Fridén Jan , Lieber Richard L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe characterized the architecture, fiber type, titin isoform distribution, and collagen content of 27 portions of 22 muscles in the murine forelimb. The mouse forelimb was different from the human arm in that it had the extensor digitorum lateralis muscle and no brachioradialis muscle. Architecturally, the mouse forelimb differed from humans with regard to load bearing, having a much larger contribution from extensors than flexors. In mice, the extensor : flexor PCSA ratio is 2.7, whereas in humans it is only 1.4. When the architectural difference index was calculated, similarities became especially apparent between flexors and extensors of the distal forelimb, as well as pronators. Discriminant analysis revealed that biochemical measures of collagen, titin, and myosin heavy chain were all strong between‐species discriminators. In terms of composition, when compared with similar muscles in humans, mice had, on average, faster muscles with higher collagen content and larger titin isoforms. This report establishes the anatomical and biochemical properties of mouse forelimb muscles. Given the prevalence of this species in biological studies, these data will be invaluable for studying the biological basis of mouse muscle structure and function.
Structural tissue organization in the beak of Java and Darwin's finches
Authors: Genbrugge Annelies , Adriaens Dominique , De Kegel Barbara , Brabant Loes , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Podos Jeffrey , Dirckx Joris , Aerts Peter , Herrel Anthony 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBirds are well known for occupying diverse feeding niches, and for having evolved diverse beak morphologies associated with dietary specialization. Birds that feed on hard seeds typically possess beaks that are both deep and wide, presumably because of selection for fracture avoidance, as suggested by prior studies. It follows then that birds that eat seeds of different size and hardness should vary in one or more aspects of beak morphology, including the histological organization of the rhamphotheca, the cellular interface that binds the rhamphotheca to the bone, and the organization of trabeculae in the beak. To explore this expectation we here investigate tissue organization in the rhamphotheca of the Java finch, a large granivorous bird, and describe interspecific differences in the trabecular organization of the beak across 11 species of Darwin's finches. We identify specializations in multiple layers of the horny beak, with the dermis anchored to the bone by Sharpey's fibers in those regions that are subjected to high stresses during biting. Moreover, the rhamphotheca is characterized by a tight dermo‐epidermal junction through interdigitations of these two tissues. Herbst corpuscles are observed in high density in the dermis of the lateral aspect of the beak as observed in other birds. Finally, the trabecular organization of the beak in Darwin's finches appears most variable in regions involved most in food manipulation, with the density of trabeculae in the beak generally mirroring loading regimes imposed by different feeding habits and beak use in this clade.
The inner ear of Diacodexis, the oldest artiodactyl mammal
Authors: Orliac M. J. , Benoit J. , O'Leary M. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe provide the first detailed description of the inner ear of the oldest artiodactyl, Diacodexis, based on a three‐dimensional reconstruction extracted from computed tomography imagery of a skull of Diacodexis ilicis of earliest Wasatchian age (ca. 55 Ma). This description provides new anatomical data for the earliest artiodactyls, and reveals that the bony labyrinth of Diacodexis differs greatly from that of modern artiodactyls described so far. The bony labyrinth of Diacodexis presents a weakly coiled cochlea (720 °), a secondary common crus, a dorsal extension of the anterior semicircular canal more pronounced than that of the posterior one, and a small angle between the basal turn of the bony cochlear canal and the lateral semicircular canal. This suite of characters also occurs in basal eutherian mammals. Diacodexis strongly resembles small living tragulid ruminants in its overall body shape and hindlimb proportions. Comparison of the bony labyrinth of Diacodexis to that of the tragulid Moschiola meminna (Indian mouse deer) reveals great morphological difference in cochlear shape and semicircular canal disposition. The shape of the cochlea suggests that Diacodexis was a high‐frequency hearing specialist, with a high low‐frequency hearing limit (543 Hz at 60 dB). By comparison, the estimated low‐frequency limit of Moschiola meminna is much lower (186.0 Hz at 60 dB). We also assess the locomotor agility of Diacodexis based on measurements of the semicircular canals. Locomotor agility estimates for Diacodexis range between 3.62 and 3.93, and suggest a degree of agility compatible with a nimble, fast running to jumping animal. These results are congruent with the postcranial functional analysis for this extinct taxon.
THE INFLUENCE OF CATIONS ON GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY THE FUNGUS DENDRYPHIELLA SALINA
Authors: ALLAWAY A. E. , JENNINGS D. H. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe effect of potassium, sodium and bivalent cations, particularly calcium, on glucose uptake by Dendryphiella salina was investigated. Sodium reduces glucose uptake, but calcium ions overcome this inhibition. In all instances, there is a linear relationship between glucose uptake and the mycelial potassium content. If the mycelium is allowed to reabsorb potassium ions which have been lost, there is a different relationship, the exact form of which has been difficult to determine. When potassium ions are added to the medium, glucose uptake is slightly inhibited. Suggestions are put forward for these differences.
THE INFLUENCE OF CATIONS ON GLUCOSE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM BY, AND THE LOSS OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS FROM, THE FUNGUS DENDRYPHIELLA SALINA
Authors: ALLAWAY A. E. , JENNINGS D. H. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe carbohydrate changes which occur in Dendryphiella salina during glucose uptake over a 5‐hour period in different ionic media were analysed. In all treatments the mannitol and arabitol concentration in the hyphae increased, which in 200 mM NaCl were equivalent to 85% of the glucose absorbed, and in other treatments about 30%. Polysaccharide content of the fungus either remained steady or fell, depending on the medium. From an analysis of the data, it has been possible to suggest where potassium and sodium ions might be acting in cell metabolism. Cations in the medium can affect the ability of the fungus to retain mannitol, arabitol and some unidentified compounds inside the mycelium. Sodium ions increase permeability; calcium ions decrease it. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of potassium, sodium and calcium ions on growth.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE ON LICHENS AND BRYOPHYTES
Authors: GILBERT O. L. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAfter comparing sixteen aspects of their biology it is clear that despite wide differences in botanical affinity bryophytes and lichens are outstandingly similar in their response to SO2. This suggests that these lower plants can only colonize inhospitable habitats by adaptations which carry with them an inherent susceptibility to air pollution. Extensive laboratory and field work has emphasized the controlling influence of habitat on the survival of species. Among the strongest modifying influences are shelter, the pH and buffer capacity of the substratum and nutrient flushing. There is an apparent connection between survival and age of substratum. Water relations were found to have little effect. The extreme sensitivity of most epiphytes and the problems raised by resistant species are discussed.
A BIOLOGICAL SCALE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE POLLUTION
Authors: GILBERT O. L. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBy observing the distribution of lichens and bryophytes in an area where levels of SO2 are well known it has been possible to produce a scale from which annual average levels of this pollutant can be estimated. Instructions on how to use the scale are given and its accuracy and possible usefulness are discussed.
Plant facilitation occurs between species differing in their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Montesinos‐Navarro A. , Segarra‐Moragues J. G. , Valiente‐Banuet A. , Verdú M. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Complementary beneficial effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can result in a more efficient exploitation of the soil nutrients available, thus influencing plant communities. Here, we hypothesize that plant–AMF specificity is mediated by phylogenetic constraints defining possible interactions, and that plant–AMF interaction patterns can influence plant–plant facilitation specificity.

We reanalyzed previous data describing plant–plant and plant–AMF interaction at the community level to specifically test for a phylogenetic signal on plant and AMF interactions and for a relationship between plant–plant facilitation specificity and plant species differences in their AMF associates.

Closely related AMF operational taxonomical units (OTUs) tend to interact with the same plant species, but there is not a significant signal in the interaction through the plant phylogeny. This indicates that the similarity in the AMF associates of two plant species is independent of their phylogenetic relatedness. Interestingly, plant–AMF interactions match plant facilitation specificity, with pairs of plant species recruiting more frequently under each other tending to have different AMF associates.

An increment of AMF diversity in the rhizosphere, as a result of plant–AMF and plant–plant selectivity, is suggested as a potential driver of plant–plant facilitation. This study highlights the role of plant–AMF interactions in shaping plant community assemblages.
Naturalization of introduced plants: ecological drivers of biogeographical patterns
Authors: Richardson David M. , Pyšek Petr 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe literature on biological invasions is biased in favour of invasive species – those that spread and often reach high abundance following introduction by humans. It is, however, also important to understand previous stages in the introduction–naturalization–invasion continuum (‘the continuum’), especially the factors that mediate naturalization. The emphasis on invasiveness is partly because most invasions are only recognized once species occupy large adventive ranges or start to spread. Also, many studies lump all alien species, and fail to separate introduced, naturalized and invasive populations and species. These biases impede our ability to elucidate the full suite of drivers of invasion and to predict invasion dynamics, because different factors mediate progression along different sections of the continuum. A better understanding of the determinants of naturalization is important because all naturalized species are potential invaders. Processes leading to naturalization act differently in different regions and global biogeographical patterns of plant invasions result from the interaction of population‐biological, macroecological and human‐induced factors. We explore what is known about how determinants of naturalization in plants interact at various scales, and how their importance varies along the continuum. Research that is explicitly linked to particular stages of the continuum can generate new information that is appropriate for improving the management of biological invasions if, for example, potentially invasive species are identified before they exert an impact.

Contents

Summary
383

I.
Introduction
383

II.
The introduction–naturalization–invasion continuum for conceptualizing biological invasions
384

III.
The biogeographical background for studying naturalization: variation among populations and regions
385

IV.
Factors determining naturalization in plants
388

Acknowledgements
392

References
392
Phylogenetic niche conservatism: what are the underlying evolutionary and ecological causes?
Authors: Crisp Michael D. , Cook Lyn G. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryPhylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) is the tendency of lineages to retain their niche‐related traits through speciation events. A recent surge in the availability of well‐sampled molecular phylogenies has stimulated phylogenetic approaches to understanding ecological processes at large geographical scales and through macroevolutionary time. We stress thatPNCis a pattern, not a process, and is found only in some traits and some lineages. At the simplest level, a pattern ofPNCis an inevitable consequence of evolution – descent with modification and divergence of lineages – but several intrinsic causes, including physicochemical, developmental and genetic constraints, can lead directly to a marked pattern ofPNC. A pattern ofPNCcan also be caused indirectly, as a by‐product of other causes, such as extinction, dispersal limitation, competition and predation. Recognition of patterns ofPNCcan contribute to understanding macroevolutionary processes: for example, release from constraint in traits has been hypothesized to trigger adaptive radiations such as that of the angiosperms. Given the multiple causes of patterns ofPNC, tests should address explicit questions about hypothesized processes. We conclude thatPNCis a scientifically useful concept with applications to the practice of ecological research.ContentsSummary681I.Introduction681II.What is phylogenetic niche conservatism?682III.Pattern or process?683IV.What causes a pattern of PNC?683V.Tests for PNC687VI.Conclusion: is a concept of PNC scientifically useful?961Acknowledgements692References692
Health risk behaviors among young adults with spina bifida
Authors: SOE MINN M , SWANSON MARK E , BOLEN JULIE C , THIBADEAU JUDY K , JOHNSON NATALIE 
Published: September 2012

Aim  Persons with spina bifida who adopt unhealthy lifestyles could be at increased risk of adverse health outcomes because the presence of spina bifida may magnify this risk. We estimated overall and age‐specific prevalence of selected health risk behaviors (HRBs) in young people with spina bifida and examined the association between HRBs and depression.Method  We performed analyses on data obtained from individuals with spina bifida (n=130; mean age 23y SD 4y 5mo; 64 males, 66 females; 64% lumbosacral lesion; 77% with shunt) who participated in a population‐based survey conducted by the Arkansas Spinal Cord Commission in 2005.Results  Compared with national estimates, young people with spina bifida tend to eat less healthy diets, do less exercise, and engage in more sedentary activities. Respondents were less likely to use substances (alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs), which peaked among 25 to 31 year olds. About 90% saw a doctor in the previous year. Nearly one half reported mild or major depressive symptoms. In the logistic regression analysis after controlling for potential confounders (age, sex, ethnic group, education, employment, marital status, living arrangement, level of lesion, presence of shunt, mobility, self‐rated health and healthcare utilization), major depressive symptoms were associated with current alcohol drinking (adjusted odds ratio: 4.74; 95% CI 1.18–19.04).Interpretation  Young adults with spina bifida exhibit unhealthy behaviors that continue into their late 20s. The findings highlight the need to increase awareness of their health risk profiles in the spina bifida community and show opportunities for mental health and health risk screening and counseling by healthcare providers.
Febrile seizures and behavioural and cognitive outcomes in preschool children: the Generation R Study
Authors: VISSER ANNEMARIE M , JADDOE VINCENT WV , GHASSABIAN AKHGAR , SCHENK JACQUELINE J , VERHULST FRANK C , HOFMAN ALBERT , TIEMEIER HENNING , MOLL HENRIETTE A , ARTS WILLEM FRANS M 
Published: September 2012

Aim General developmental outcome is known to be good in school‐aged children who experienced febrile seizures. We examined cognitive and behavioural outcomes in preschool children with febrile seizures, including language and executive functioning outcomes.Method This work was performed in the Generation R Study, a population‐based cohort study in Rotterdam from early fetal life onwards. Information about the occurrence of febrile seizures was collected by questionnaires at the ages of 1, 2, and 3 years. At the age of 3 years, behaviour and emotion were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Information on expressive language development was obtained by the Language Development Survey at the age of 2 years 6 months. To assess executive functioning, parents completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Preschool Version when their children were 4 years old. Final analyses were based on 3157 children.Results No associations were found between febrile seizures and the risk of behavioural problems or executive functioning. In contrast to single febrile seizures, recurrent febrile seizures were significantly associated with an increased risk of delayed vocabulary development (odds ratio 3.22, [95% confidence interval 1.30–7.94]).Interpretation Febrile seizures are not associated with problem behaviour or executive functioning in preschool children, but the results suggest that children with recurrent febrile seizures might be at risk for delayed language development.
UVB irradiation down‐regulates type XVI collagen expression in mouse and human skin
Authors: Abe Hiroyuki , Tajima Shingo 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackground  Type XVI collagen is a member of the fibril‐associated collagens with interrupted triple helices; however, its function or regulation remain unclear.Aims  This study is to examine the effect of ultraviolet B (UVB) or photoaging on type XVI collagen expression in various cultured cells, mouse, and human skin.Methods  The level of α1 (XVI) collagen mRNA was determined by quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and the localization of type XVI collagen in normal human skins was detected by theα1 (XVI) collagen polypeptide antibody.Results  Exposure of keratinocytes resulted in suppression of mRNA level in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner and in normal fibroblasts or organotypic cocultures was also inhibited. Expression level in hairless mouse skin was decreased by UVB exposure. Messenger RNA level of human skins in the sun‐protected area appeared to be greater than that in the sun‐exposed area. Sun‐protected and sun‐exposed normal skin taken from young subjects showed positive immunoreactivities with the anti‐α1 (XVI) collagen antibody in the subepidermal region, whereas sun‐exposed skin from elderly subjects exhibited negative immunoreaction.Conclusions  Reduction of type XVI collagen by UVB irradiation in vitro and in vivo may be related to the alteration of extracellular matrix in the photodamaged skin.
Clinical efficacy of a serum integrating multiple cosmetic ingredients in the management of erythema of the face in aging skin
Authors: Dupont Eric , Léveillé Claude , Gomez Juan , Loigeret Manuel , Loing Estelle , Bilodeau Diane 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackground  Skin redness is a common cosmetic concern affecting predominantly fair‐skin individuals and often leading to rosacea. On the basis of the current scientific knowledge of the physiological mechanisms underlying the problem, a complex and integral skin care serum (100RXED2025) was developed and tested clinically for efficacy.Method  Forty‐five healthy men and women volunteers, age 30–65, were recruited. All subjects had fair skin (phototype I, II, or III) and presented some degree of skin redness with telangiectasia on the cheeks, the nose, or the nose sides, at baseline. In the course of this open label study, subjects applied the test product on their face, twice daily for 56 days. For each subject, skin redness was evaluated through colorimetric and visual analysis of photographs taken under cross‐polarized light at T = 28 (week 4) and T = 56 (week 8), then compared to baseline measurements obtained at day 0.Results  Forty‐four volunteers completed the study. On visual evaluation, skin redness had decreased in average by 32.2% at T = 28 (P < 0.001) and by 48.0% at T = 56 (P < 0.001). Importantly, 91% of the subjects showed improvement of skin redness at T = 28, reaching 100% at T = 56. Colorimetric analysis gave an average reduction in redness of 11.6% at T = 28 (P < 0.001) and 13.7% at T = 56 (P < 0.001).Conclusion  The anti‐redness efficacy of the test product was demonstrated after 28 days with further increase following 56 days of application.