bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive History and Later-Life Comorbidity Trajectories: A Medicare-Linked Cohort Study From the Utah Population Database
Authors: Hanson Heidi A. , Smith Ken R. , Zimmer Zachary 
Published: November 2015

AbstractReproductive lives of men and women may provide significant insight into later-life morbidity and mortality. Sociological, biological, and evolutionary theories predict a relationship between reproductive history and later-life health; however, current research is lacking consensus on the direction of the relationship. Parity, early age at first birth and last birth, birth weight of offspring, having a child die as an infant, and having a preterm birth may have long-term effects on health for both men and women. In this study, the relationship between these measures of reproductive history and later-life health is examined using the Utah Population Database (a rich source of longitudinal data), and Medicare claims data from 1992–2009. Later-life health is measured using annual Charlson comorbidity index scores, a construct that summarizes most serious illnesses afflicting older individuals. Group-based trajectory modeling that accounts for nonrandom attrition due to death is used to identify the number and types of morbidity trajectories by sex and age for 52,924 individuals aged 65–84 in 1992. For females, early age at first birth, high parity, and having a preterm or high-birth-weight baby are associated with increased risks of comorbidity; later age at last birth is associated with a decreased risk of comorbidity. For males, early age at first birth and having a child with an abnormal birth weight leads to increased risk of comorbidity. The results suggest that both biological and social factors play important roles in the relationships between fertility and morbidity profiles at older ages.
RELIGIOUS DISAGREEMENT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY AMONG ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHERS
Authors: De Cruz Helen 
Published: November 2015

AbstractReligious disagreement is an emerging topic of interest in social epistemology. Little is known about how philosophers react to religious disagreements in a professional context, or how they think one should respond to disagreement. This paper presents results of an empirical study on religious disagreement among philosophers. Results indicate that personal religious beliefs, philosophical training, and recent changes in religious outlook have a significant impact on philosophers' assessments of religious disagreement. They regard peer disagreement about religion as common, and most surveyed participants assume one should accord weight to the other's opinion. Theists and agnostics are less likely to assume they are in a better epistemic position than their interlocutors about religious questions compared with atheists, but this pattern only holds for participants who are not philosophers of religion. Continental philosophers think religious beliefs are more like preferences than analytic philosophers, who regard religious beliefs as fact-like.
Effect of bread gluten content on gastrointestinal function: a crossover MRI study on healthy humans
Authors: Coletta Marina , Gates Fred K. , Marciani Luca , Shiwani Henna , Major Giles , Hoad Caroline L. , Chaddock Gemma , Gowland Penny A. , Spiller Robin C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGluten is a crucial functional component of bread, but the effect of increasing gluten content on gastrointestinal (GI) function remains uncertain. Our aim was to investigate the effect of increasing gluten content on GI function and symptoms in healthy participants using the unique capabilities of MRI. A total of twelve healthy participants completed this randomised, mechanistic, open-label, three-way crossover study. On days 1 and 2 they consumed either gluten-free bread (GFB), or normal gluten content bread (NGCB) or added gluten content bread (AGCB). The same bread was consumed on day 3, and MRI scans were performed every 60 min from fasting baseline up to 360 min after eating. The appearance of the gastric chime in the images was assessed using a visual heterogeneity score. Gastric volumes, the small bowel water content (SBWC), colonic volumes and colonic gas content and GI symptoms were measured. Fasting transverse colonic volume after the 2-d preload was significantly higher after GFB compared with NGCB and AGCB with a dose-dependent response (289 (sem96)v. 212 (sem74)v. 179 (sem87) ml, respectively;P=0·02). The intragastric chyme heterogeneity score was higher for the bread with increased gluten (AGCB 6 (interquartile range (IQR) 0·5) compared with GFB 3 (IQR 0·5);P=0·003). However, gastric half-emptying time was not different between breads nor were study day GI symptoms, postprandial SBWC, colonic volume and gas content. This MRI study showed novel mechanistic insights in the GI responses to different breads, which are poorly understood notwithstanding the importance of this staple food.
The effects of a mid-morning snack and moderate-intensity exercise on acute appetite and energy intake in 12–14-year-old adolescents
Authors: Varley-Campbell Joanna L. , Moore Melanie S. , Williams Craig A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEnergy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) should not be considered independent entities, but more an inter-connected system. With increased physical activity and reduced snacking initiatives as prevalent Public Health measures, any changes to subsequent EI from these recommendations should be monitored. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in acute EI and appetite over four conditions: (1) a control condition with no snack and no exercise (CON); (2) a snack condition (+1 MJ; SK); (3) a moderate-intensity cycling exercise condition (−1 MJ; EX); and finally (4) both snack and exercise condition (+1 MJ, −1 MJ; EXSK). Acute changes in appetite (visual analogue scale) and lunchtime EI (ad libitum pizza meal) were recorded in twenty boys and eighteen girls (12–13 years). Lunch EI was not significantly different between conditions or sexes (P>0·05). Relative EI was calculated, where the energy manipulation (+1 MJ from the snack or −1 MJ from the exercise) was added to lunchtime EI. Relative EI indicated no significant differences between the sexes (P>0·05); however, in the EX condition, relative EI was significantly lower (P<0·001) compared with all other conditions. Appetite increased significantly over time (P<0·001) and was significantly higher in the CON and EX conditions compared with the SK and EXSK conditions. No significant sex differences were found between conditions. When aiming to evoke an acute energy deficit, increasing EE created a significantly larger relative energy deficit than the removal of the mid-morning snack. Sex was not a confounder to influence EI or appetite between any of the conditions.
Molecular and morphological diversity in photobionts associated withMicareas. str. (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)
Authors: Yahr Rebecca , Florence Anna , Škaloud Pavel , Voytsekhovich Anna 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLichenization is a symbiotic ecological strategy that is widely distributed among the fungi, but in which the diversity of partners is relatively poorly known. Limited morphological diversity has hindered the recognition of true diversity in many lichen fungi, and also in their algal partners. In the temperate and boreal zones, the crustose microlichens are the most speciose but arguably the least studied, particularly in terms of their photobiont partners. In this study, we sampled eight species ofMicareas. str. collected from Europe, culturing and sequencing their green-algal partners using chloroplast (rbcL) and nuclear ribosomal (nucSSU) markers. All specimens collected in Great Britain were associated with members ofCoccomyxa(includingPseudococcomyxa), but in the smaller sample of Ukrainian material, bothCoccomyxaandElliptochloriswere found. This study extends the known range of fungal hosts for symbionts in the genusCoccomyxa, and supports earlier findings that a separate lineage of predominantly non-symbioticCoccomyxaexists.
Unmethylated CpG motifs inToxoplasma gondiiDNA induce TLR9- and IFN-β-dependent expression ofα-defensin-5 in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: SANTAMARIA MIGUEL H. , PEREZ CABALLERO EUGENIA , CORRAL RICARDO S. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYThe gut epithelial barrier is a strategic place to prevent, or at least to limit, parasite dissemination upon oral infection withToxoplasma gondii. Innate immunity to this pathogen results from delicate interactions involving different components of the infecting agent and the host. We herein aimed to examine the molecular mechanism by which protozoan DNA boosts the production ofα-defensin-5 (DEFA-5), the main antimicrobial peptide at the target site of infection. The present study shows that DEFA-5 is rapidly upregulated in intestinal epithelial cells following intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation by unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA fromT. gondii(CpG-DNA). Concomitantly, CpG-DNA purified from the pathogen markedly increased TLR9 mRNA expression levels in the Caco-2 cell line. We further verified that DEFA-5 production was dependent on interferon-βreleased from these cells upon treatment with CpG-DNA prepared from tachyzoites. Our results suggest that, in protozoan DNA-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells, the TLR9/interferon-β/DEFA-5 pathway may initiate an innate anti-T. gondiiresponse without the need of parasite invasion. These findings highlight the key role of the gut epithelium in Toxoplasma recognition and amplification of local host defence against this microbe, thereby contributing to gain insight into immunoprotective mechanisms and to improve therapeutic strategies.
Development of a versatile in vitro method for understanding the migration of Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles
Authors: GARCIA-CAMPOS ANDRES , BAIRD ALAN W. , MULCAHY GRACE 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYFasciola hepatica is a parasitic trematode that causes serious losses to livestock producers, and also zoonotic disease. The limitations of chemotherapy for the control of fasciolosis have led to significant interest in the development of vaccines to protect cattle and sheep from infection. However, relatively few studies have concentrated on the mechanisms of invasion of the gut by newly excysted juvenile liver flukes (NEJ) and the host response triggered by this event. The aim of this work was to develop an in vitro model to study invasion by NEJ, while also reducing the requirement for challenge infections of experimental animals. Fasciola hepatica metacercariae were excysted in vitro and placed into compartments containing rat distal jejunal sheets. Variations in incubation medium, chamber size and incubation temperature were used to identify optimal conditions for NEJ migration across the gut. Histological examination showed increased migration until 120 min post-incubation. The use of RPMI, without gassing at 39 °C, as the incubation medium was found to be optimal, with 40·5% of NEJ migrating after 150 min. This study describes a readily-reproducible method for studying the migration of F. hepatica NEJ within the definitive host. It will be useful for identifying potential drug and vaccine targets.
Age Differences in Reaction Times and a Neurophysiological Marker of Cholinergic Activity
Authors: Young-Bernier Marielle , Tanguay Annick N. , Tremblay François , Davidson Patrick S. R. 
Published: November 2015

RÉSUMÉLa détérioration du système cholinergique lors du vieillissement normal semble contribuer au déclin de l’attention avec l’âge. Nous avons examiné l’effet potentiel de l’âge sur la performance au « Attention Network Test » (ANT) ainsi que sur la variabilité intra-individuelle dans la vitesse des réponses à une tâche go/no-go et à une tâche de temps de réaction (TR) à choix multiples chez un groupe de jeunes adultes et de personnes âgées en santé. Nous avons ensuite examiné si un marqueur neurophysiologique de l’activité cholinergique dérivé de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (i.e., inhibition afférente à courte latence; IACL) était associé à la performance. Les personnes âgées montraient un ralentissement au ANT ainsi qu’une plus grande variabilité intra-individuelle que les jeunes adultes à la tâche de TR à choix multiples, mais il n’y avait pas de différence liée à l’âge dans les scores reflétant les réseaux attentionnels du ANT (vigilance, orientation aux stimuli et contrôle exécutif). Les niveaux de IACL étaient diminués chez les personnes âgées, mais ils n’étaient pas associés à la performance. Il est possible que des relations entre le marqueur de l’activité cholinergique et l’attention émergent seulement en cas de déficits de neurotransmission sévères. D’autres mécanismes corticaux pourraient aussi être plus fortement associés aux fonctions liées à l’attention.
The effect of temperature on differentSalmonellaserotypes during warm seasons in a Mediterranean climate city, Adelaide, Australia
Authors: MILAZZO A. , GILES L. C. , ZHANG Y. , KOEHLER A. P. , HILLER J. E. , BI P. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYChanging trends in foodborne disease are influenced by many factors, including temperature. Globally and in Australia, warmer ambient temperatures are projected to rise if climate change continues.Salmonellaspp. are a temperature-sensitive pathogen and rising temperature can have a substantial effect on disease burden affecting human health. We examined the relationship between temperature andSalmonellaspp. and serotype notifications in Adelaide, Australia. Time-series Poisson regression models were fit to estimate the effect of temperature during warmer months onSalmonellaspp. and serotype cases notified from 1990 to 2012. Long-term trends, seasonality, autocorrelation and lagged effects were included in the statistical models. DailySalmonellaspp. counts increased by 1·3% [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1·013, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·008–1·019] per 1 °C rise in temperature in the warm season with greater increases observed in specific serotype and phage-type cases ranging from 3·4% (IRR 1·034, 95% CI 1·008–1·061) to 4·4% (IRR 1·044, 95% CI 1·024–1·064). We observed increased cases ofS. Typhimurium PT9 andS. Typhimurium PT108 notifications above a threshold of 39 °C. This study has identified the impact of warm season temperature on differentSalmonellaspp. strains and confirms higher temperature has a greater effect on phage-type notifications. The findings will contribute targeted information for public health policy interventions, including food safety programmes during warmer weather.
Evaluation of a nutrient-based diet quality index in UK young children and investigation into the diet quality of consumers of formula and infant foods
Authors: Verger Eric O , Eussen Simone , Holmes Bridget A 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo adapt and evaluate a nutrient-based diet quality index (PANDiet) for UK young children and to determine the nutritional adequacy of their diets according to consumption of young child formula (YCF) and commercial infant foods (CIF).DesignContent and construct validity of the PANDiet were assessed by studying associations between the PANDiet and its components, energy intake, food intakes, and child and maternal characteristics. Four groups of children were defined according to their intake of YCF and CIF: (i) no consumption; (ii) consumption of YCF; (iii) consumption of CIF; and (iv) consumption of YCF and CIF. Child and maternal characteristics, PANDiet scores and food intakes of these four groups were compared.SettingSecondary analysis of data from the UK Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children (DNSIYC, 2011).SubjectsYoung children (n1152) aged 12–18 months.ResultsThe PANDiet was adapted to the UK based on twenty-five nutrients. A lower PANDiet score was linked to lower intakes of YCF, CIF, vegetables and fruits. Determinants of having a lower score were being older, having siblings and having a younger mother with a lower educational level. Compared with children consuming neither YCF nor CIF, PANDiet scores were higher in children consuming CIF (+1·4), children consuming YCF (+7·2) and children consuming YCF and CIF (+7·8; allP<0·001).ConclusionsThe PANDiet is a valid indicator of the nutrient adequacy of the diet of UK young children. Consuming CIF was not found to be associated with lower nutritional adequacy whereas consuming YCF was associated with higher nutritional adequacy.
Performing towns. Steps towards an understanding of medieval urban communities as social practice
Authors: Christophersen Axel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUrban archaeology in Scandinavia has long been dominated by a processual understanding of medieval urban development. The author proposes that the concept of urbanity in the sense of ‘urban living’ should replace the processual and functionalist-oriented concept of ‘urbanization’, and that instead focus should be directed towards social processes, practices and materiality. He perceives the emergence of urbanity in the Middle Ages in the light of the formation of specific urban patterns of practice that can be analysed with the aid of theoretical tools from recent social-practice theory. Against this background, the potential of recent social-practice theory is examined as a possible analytical tool in an urban archaeological approach to medieval urban communities. Through concepts such as interaction, event, leakage and creativity, the medieval urban landscape can be reformulated as a dynamic social space in which diverse everyday routines were intertwined in patterns, bundles and complexes.
Physicochemical and nutritional evaluation of Spanish melon landraces
Authors: Escribano Sandra , Lázaro Almudena 
Published: November 2015

The study of unknown and therefore unexploited genetic material from landraces and wild relatives could be essential to help modern plant breeders to respond to ongoing requirements and new challenges in food production. The present study evaluates the most relevant physicochemical values and nutrient contents of a genetically unique array of traditional melon varieties, cultivated in Spain at least since the 19th century, and compares them with modern melon hybrids available on the market. This research is complemented with an assessment of variety, environment and repetition effects on each trait to determine their stability. Spanish melon landraces displayed extraordinary diversity with respect to juiciness (70.59–95.97 g/100 g water fresh weight), firmness (20.75–149.89 N), soluble solids content (9.57–16.53 °Brix), pH (5.04–6.38), total sugars (360.21–877.36 mg/g dry weight), carotenoids (0.01–2.05 μg/g fresh weight) and ascorbic acid values (7.55–44.33 mg/100 g fresh weight). A subset of these landraces, belonging to Piel de Sapo and Rochet market classes, revealed remarkably superior values of ascorbic acid in comparison with all commercial varieties, doubling ascorbic acid values with respect to their corresponding market class. Furthermore, most of these landraces exhibited high acidity and accumulated high levels of sugars, fulfilling those sensory and physicochemical characteristics that researchers and breeders have spent many years seeking. The possibilities of these landraces to be used in improvement projects are innumerable; they should be surely taken into account in the near future.
Transracial adoption in England: a critical race and systems theory analysis
Authors: Sargent Sarah 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe legal requirements of transracial adoption of children in England changed in 2014. An amendment to the law removed a requirement that due consideration be given to the ‘child's religious persuasion, racial origin and ethnic and linguistic background’. This change was motivated by the belief that to do so would increase the number of transracial adoptions and thus decrease the number of children in care awaiting adoption. The likelihood of this change being successful is examined through a combination of critical race theory and systems theory. The combination of these theories permits an investigation into the communications between the political, legal and child welfare systems. This paper offers an enriched evaluation of the interactions of the child welfare, legal and political systems that should be of use to those who work in those systems, as well as providing a basis for understanding why this legal amendment will not achieve its objectives.
Shared parenting, law and policy: considering power within the framework of autopoietic theory
Authors: Newnham Annika 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper uses the last few decades’ developments in the area of shared parenting to explore power within the framework of autopoietic theory. It traces how, prompted by turbulence from the political subsystem, family law has made several unsuccessful attempts to solve the perceived problem of post-separation dual-household parenting. It agrees with Luhmann and Teubner that closed autopoietic systems’ developments are limited by their normative and cognitive frameworks, and also argues that changes which have occurred in family law show that closed social systems do not function in total isolation. It considers power asego's ability to limitalter's choices. In our functionally differentiated society, with its recent proliferation of communication, power appears more diffuse and impossible to plot into causal one-way relationships.
Can the Acoustic Analysis of Expressive Prosody Discriminate Schizophrenia?
Authors: Martínez-Sánchez Francisco , Muela-Martínez José Antonio , Cortés-Soto Pedro , García Meilán Juan José , Vera Ferrándiz Juan Antonio , Egea Caparrós Amaro , Pujante Valverde Isabel María 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEmotional states, attitudes and intentions are often conveyed by modulations in the tone of voice. Impaired recognition of emotions from a tone of voice (receptive prosody) has been described as characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the ability to express non-verbal information in speech (expressive prosody) has been understudied. This paper describes a useful technique for quantifying the degree of expressive prosody deficits in schizophrenia, using a semi-automatic method, and evaluates this method’s ability to discriminate between patient and control groups. Forty-five medicated patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were matched with thirty-five healthy comparison subjects. Production of expressive prosodic speech was analyzed using variation in fundamental frequency (F0) measures on an emotionally neutral reading task. Results revealed that patients with schizophrenia exhibited significantly more pauses (p< .001), were slower (p< .001), and showed less pitch variability in speech (p< .05) and fewer variations in syllable timing (p< .001) than control subjects. These features have been associated with «flat» speech prosody. Signal processing algorithms applied to speech were shown to be capable of discriminating between patients and controls with an accuracy of 93.8%. These speech parameters may have a diagnostic and prognosis value and therefore could be used as a dependent measure in clinical trials.