bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nachbehandlung an Schweißnähten
Authors: Baier Erhard 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDie Erhöhung der Lebensdauer an geschweißten Konstruktionen ist eine ständige Herausforderung für Konstrukteure und Berechnungsingenieure, aber besonders auch für die Werkstatt und deren Schweißaufsicht inklusive Qualitätssicherung. Die Einführung hochfester Stähle im Stahlbau und die Notwendigkeit, die Konstruktionen gewichtsmäßig und somit kostenmäßig zu optimieren, erfordern immer mehr die Aufmerksamkeit an schweißtechnischen Details. Wesentlich an der Erhöhung der Lebensdauer geschweißter Konstruktionen ist das Vermeiden jeglicher Schwachpunkte, also Stellen, die zu vorzeitigem Versagen durch Rissbildung führen können. Insbesondere an Kehlnähten, die an üblichen Stahlbaukonstruktionen geschweißt werden, sind Nachbehandlungsmethoden wie das Überschleifen kaum realisierbar. Da derzeit verschiedene Nachbehandlungsverfahren breit diskutiert werden, wurden eigene vergleichende Untersuchungen zu einfachen, kostengünstigen und seit langem bekannten Werkstattverfahren durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde die Auswirkung von üblichen Strahlbehandlungen untersucht.Post treatment on fillet weld seams – Old technique compared. The increase of lifetime of welded structures is a permanent challenge for design and stress calculation engineers, but also for the workshop and quality engineers. The inauguration of high strength steels also in structural steel engineering and the need to reduce the weight and therefore the cost requires more and more concentration on weldment details. Fundamental on the increase of lifetime welded structures is to avoid any weak areas, which can fail ahead of lifetime due to initiated cracks.Particularly fillet welds, which are widely used in all types of structures, are difficult to treat after welding by grinding. Presently in Germany the application of mechanical post weld treatment techniques are discussed and investigated. To compare the quite sophisticated technique UIT with a very simple and cheap workshop tool an own investigation had been carried out. It is shown that even low cost tools appropriate applied can give comparable good effects on extended life time on welded structures. The investigations were carried out with robot welded cruciform joint samples on middle strength mild steel S355.The UIT treatment techniques give a significant improvement in fatigue strength of fillet welds. This applies not only in the increase of the achieved load cycles, but also in the increase of a possible stress level. The fatigue strength rises from 60 MPa as welded to 145 MPa after UIT treatment. The achievable load cycles can be increased by 10 times.However with proper application of the quite simple pneumatic needle scaler or slag hammer a similar improvement can be achieved. Even shot peeling improves lifetime up to 5 times.The effect of these post weld treatment techniques based on three important factors: the improvement of the geometry of the weld toe, the compacting of the metal, thereby a higher strength in the important zone and the neutralization of the welding residual stress by inserting compression stress.
Walzprofile mit aufgeschweißten Schienenklemmen
Authors: Bucak Ömer , Rodic Slobodan , Ehard Heinrich , Strohbach Holger 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGeschweißte Schienenklemmen werden in der Regel im Druckbereich von Kranträgern zur Befestigung der Schiene genutzt. Die Spannungsverhältnisse an Kranbahnträgern, besonders in Einfeld‐Bauweise, sind dabei sehr ähnlich. Da für dieses Kerbdetail eine eindeutige Behandlung in den Kerbfallkatalogen der maßgebenden Normen bisher nicht erfolgte, wurden hier Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die eine Einstufung erlauben. Es zeigt sich im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Kerbdetails, wie etwa der Gurtlamelle, dass aufgeschweißte Schienenklemmen ein deutlich günstigeres Kerbverhalten aufweisen. Das gilt vor allem für Klemmen, die im Druckbereich der Träger aufgeschweißt wurden.Rolled sections with welded rail clamps – Fatigue behaviour under compressive stress. Welded rail clamps are usually used to fix the rail at the compression area of crane girders. Especially for single span beams, the stress ratios of crane runway girders are similar. For this notch detail, a clear classification in the standards is not available, so experimental investigations with the aim of a notch classification of this detail were executed. A comparison to similar notch details like the welded lamellas on beam belts shows, that welded rail clamps have an improved fatigue behavior, especially for clamps at the compression area of the girders.
Duktilitäts‐ und Zähigkeitsanforderungen für hochfeste Stähle bei festigkeitsgesteuertem Versagen
Authors: Schaffrath Simon , Feldmann Markus 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn DIN EN 1993 sind die Tragfähigkeitsfunktionen auf Grundlage einfacher Ingenieurmodelle aufgestellt worden. Kennzeichen dieser Modelle, insbesondere bei festigkeitsgesteuertem Versagen, ist häufig die implizite Inanspruchnahme von Materialduktilitäten. Sowohl hinsichtlich der Genauigkeit der Festigkeitsprognose als auch des Einsatzes hochfester Stähle birgt diese Herangehensweise einige Probleme. So werden die Traglasten letztendlich nur mit Streuungen abgeschätzt, da die Plastizierungs‐ und Schädigungsvorgänge nicht zufriedenstellend berücksichtigt werden können. Hinzu kommt, dass die pauschalen Duktilitätsanforderungen des EC 3 hochfesten Stähle mit fy ≥ 500 MPa häufig entgegenstehen. Diese Probleme können durchaus überwunden werden, wenn komplementär zu Versuchen numerische Methoden zur Vorausberechnung duktilen Bruchversagens angewandt werden, insbesondere unter Einbezug der Plastizierungs‐ und Schädigungsentwicklung, um damit tatsächliche Duktilitätsanforderungen maßgebender Details insbesondere aus hochfesten Stahlsorten zu bestimmen. Hierbei wird auf schädigungsmechanische Ansätze zurückgegriffen.Ductility and toughness requirements for high strength steels under strength controlled failure – Analysis of the ultimate limit behaviour to derive ductility and toughness requirements. In Eurocode 3 the strength functions are derived from simple engineering models, the results of which are compared and evaluated with those of tests. Inherently these models often require implicit material ductilities. With regard to the model precision as well as to the use of high strength steel this approach involves several problems due to a lack of sound consideration of the plastification and damage process in the hot spot. Additionally, the lump ductility requirements of EC 3 are hindering the use of high strength steels with fy ≥ 500 MPa in construction. To overcome these obstacles, complementary to experimental results, improved numerical methods are to be used for the prediction of the real plastification and damage process for relevant details. From this a deeper insight in the real ductility requirements will be achieved allowing for a better estimation of high strength steels behaviour in constructions. For this damage mechanics will be used.
Hochfeste nahtlose Rohre und Stahlbauhohlprofile für Krane und den Maschinenbau
Authors: Müller Thomas , Straetmans Boris 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHochfeste Rohre und eckige Stahlbauhohlprofile für Krane sowie für den Maschinenbau werden eingesetzt, um bei zunehmender Auslastung den stetig wachsenden Anforderungen an die Konstruktion gerecht zu werden. In vielen Anwendungen besteht die Notwendigkeit, Konstruktionsmassen zu begrenzen. Damit werden entweder regulatorische Vorgaben, wie beispielsweise Achslastbeschränkungen bei Mobilkranen, oder andere anwendungsspezifische Erfordernisse erfüllt, wie die Steigerung der Hakenlast bei Gittermastkranen. Zudem bietet sich die Möglichkeit, Wanddicken zu reduzieren und damit den Verarbeitungsaufwand beim Schweißen zu reduzieren. Für Bemessung und Ausführung sind neben der Streckgrenze und den statischen Eigenschaften meist die Duktilität, die Kerbschlagzähigkeit sowie eine möglichst einfache Verarbeitung durch gleichmäßige Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Werkstoffe von zentralem Interesse. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über Anforderungen, Herstellung und Eigenschaften hochfester nahtloser Rohre und Stahlbauhohlprofile.High strength seamless tubes and steel hollow sections for cranes and machine building applications – production and properties. High strength tubes and steel hollow sections for cranes and machine building applications are used with increasing utilization of the designs to cover continuously growing requirements. For many applications limiting construction weight is a necessity. Either regulatory inputs, like axle load limitation of mobile cranes, or other application‐specific requirements such as load capacity of crawler cranes are covered. Additionally high strength steels allow wall thickness reductions and thereby give opportunity to reduce the effort of welding. For design and execution beside yield strength and static properties mostly ductility, impact properties and preferable easy processing through uniform properties of the used steel grade are key interests. This article will provide an overview of requirements, manufacturing and properties of high strength seamless tubes and steel hollow sections.
Writing Inspired
Authors: Tischhauser Karen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractStudents need inspiration to write. Assigning is not teaching. In order to inspire students to write fiction worth reading, teachers must take them through the process of writing. Physical objects inspire good writing with depth. In this article, the reader will be taken through the process of inspiring young writers through the use of boxes. There is no substitute for physical objects when the goal is writing. By following this writing process, good fiction writing will be inspired.
A REPLICABLE MODEL FOR VALUING LOCAL FOOD SYSTEMS
Authors: MILLER STEVEN R. , MANN JOHN , BARRY JUDITH , KALCHIK TOM , PIROG RICH , HAMM MICHAEL W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe use the underlying data of the IMPLAN Pro 3.0 regional economic simulation model to estimate the current economic contribution of Michigan's local food system and explore the chain of transactions giving rise to consumption of locally sourced goods from producer to processor to consumption. The proposed methodology includes both unprocessed and processed foods in the estimation of the local food system's economic value. The model also provides a replicable and consistent approach to estimating the value of local food systems within regional and state economies.
Disaster Vulnerability of Hospitals: A Nationwide Surveillance in Japan
Authors: Ochi Sae , Kato Shigeaki , Kobayashi Kenichi , Kanatani Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveHospital preparedness against disasters is key to achieving disaster mitigation for health. To gain a holistic view of hospitals in Japan, one of the most disaster-prone countries, a nationwide surveillance of hospital preparedness was conducted.MethodsA cross-sectional, paper-based interview was conducted that targeted all of the 8701 registered hospitals in Japan. Preparedness was assessed with regard to local hazards, compliance to building code, and preparation of resources such as electricity, water, communication tools, and transportation tools.ResultsAnswers were obtained from 6122 hospitals (response rate: 70.3%), among which 20.5% were public (national or city-run) hospitals and others were private. Eight percent were the hospitals assigned as disaster-base hospitals and the others were non-disaster-base hospitals. Overall compliance to building code, power generators, water tanks, emergency communication tools, and helicopter platforms was 90%, 84%, 95%, 43%, and 22%, respectively.ConclusionMajor vulnerabilities in logistics in mega-cities and stockpiles required for chronic care emerged from the results of this nationwide surveillance of hospitals in Japan. To conduct further intensive surveillance to meet community health needs, appropriate sampling methods should be established on the basis of this preliminary study. Holistic vulnerability analysis of community hospitals will lead to more robust disaster mitigation at the local level. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:614–618)
A qualitative study exploring pupil and school staff perceptions of school meal provision in England
Authors: Day Rhiannon E. , Sahota Pinki , Christian Meaghan S. , Cocks Kim 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDespite recent attempts to improve the quality of school meals in England through the introduction of school meal standards, uptake remains low. Since the introduction of the universal infant free school meal (UIFSM) scheme in September 2014 all pupils in Reception, Year 1 and Year 2 in English state-funded primary schools are eligible to receive a free lunch. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of pupils, catering managers and head teachers concerning school meal provision in eight primary schools in North England and provides a unique insight into each school’s preparation for implementation of UIFSM. A total of thirty-two focus groups were conducted with sixty-four pupils aged 7–8 years (Year 3) and sixty-four pupils aged 9–10 years (Year 5) in June–July 2014, to explore perceptions of school meals. Interviews were carried out with six catering managers and five head teachers concerning catering and the impending implementation of UIFSM. Increasing acceptance of school meals could lead to improved uptake. Pupils desired increased choice and menu variety, including greater variety of vegetables and fruit. Caterers can influence the quantity and types of foods offered to pupils, and there are opportunities for them to promote healthy eating behaviours in the dining room. The important roles of school meal providers, caterers, pupils and parents need to be recognised to improve delivery and acceptability of school meals and ultimately school meal uptake. There were practical challenges to implementation of UIFSM, with some concerns expressed over its feasibility. Head teachers were mainly positive about the potential beneficial impacts of the scheme.
Mothers' talk to children with Down Syndrome, language impairment, or typical development about familiar and unfamiliar nouns and verbs
Authors: KAY-RAINING BIRD ELIZABETH , CLEAVE PATRICIA 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study investigated how forty-six mothers modified their talk about familiar and unfamiliar nouns and verbs when interacting with their children with Down Syndrome (DS), language impairment (LI), or typical development (TD). Children (MLUs < 2·7) were group-matched on expressive vocabulary size. Mother–child dyads were recorded playing with toy animals (noun task) and action boxes (verb task). Mothers of children with DS used shorter utterances and more verb labels in salient positions than the other two groups. All mothers produced unfamiliar target nouns in short utterances, in utterance-final position, and with the referent perceptually available. Mothers also talked more about familiar nouns and verbs and labelled them more often and more consistently. These findings suggest that mothers of children in the early period of language development fine-tune their input in ways that reflect their children's vocabulary knowledge, but do so differently for nouns and verbs.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Neural Mechanisms Associated with Non-right Handedness in Children Born Very Preterm
Authors: Pascoe Leona , Scratch Shannon E. , Burnett Alice C. , Thompson Deanne K. , Lee Katherine J. , Doyle Lex W. , Cheong Jeanie L.Y. , Inder Terrie E. , Anderson Peter J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNon-right handedness (NRH) is reportedly more common in very preterm (VPT; <32 weeks’ gestation) children compared with term-born peers, but it is unclear whether neonatal brain injury or altered brain morphology and microstructure underpins NRH in this population. Given that NRH has been inconsistently reported to be associated with cognitive and motor difficulties, this study aimed to examine associations between handedness and neurodevelopmental outcomes in VPT 7-year-olds. Furthermore, the relationship between neonatal brain injury and integrity of motor tracts (corpus callosum and corticospinal tract) with handedness at age 7 years in VPT children was explored. One hundred seventy-five VPT and 69 term-born children completed neuropsychological and motor assessments and a measure of handedness at 7 years’ corrected age. At term-equivalent age, brain injury on MRI was assessed and diffusion tensor measures were obtained for the corpus callosum and posterior limb of the internal capsule. There was little evidence of stronger NRH in the VPT group compared with term controls (regression coefficient [b] −1.95, 95% confidence interval [−5.67, 1.77]). Poorer academic and working memory outcomes were associated with stronger NRH in the VPT group. While there was little evidence that neonatal unilateral brain injury was associated with stronger NRH, increased area and fractional anisotropy of the corpus callosum splenium were predictive of stronger NRH in the VPT group. VPT birth may alter the relationship between handedness and academic outcomes, and neonatal corpus callosum integrity predicts hand preference in VPT children at school age. (JINS, 2015, 21, 610–621)
Effect of feeding pattern on infant illness in Chinese cities
Authors: Cai Li , Yu Pan , Zhang Yumei , Yang Xiaoguang , Li Wenjun , Wang Peiyu 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of different feeding patterns on the occurrence of diseases among infants.DesignData on socio-economic status, feeding patterns before 6 months (exclusive breast-feeding (EBF); mixed feeding with breast milk and formula (MBF); exclusive formula-feeding (EFF)) and illness of infants were collected via face-to-face interviews. The proportions of infants who had ever been ill or hospitalized and their potential influence factors were investigated.SettingEight large cities in China.SubjectsInfants (n1654) aged 0–11·9 months were recruited from hospitals.ResultsFor infants aged 0–2·9 months, the percentage who had been ill was 19·2 %, 24·1 % and 26·3 % among the EBF, MBF and EFF groups, respectively. For those aged 3–5·9 and 6–11·9 months, the corresponding percentages were 41·6 %, 45·6 % and 51·0 %, and 67·0 %, 73·4 % and 67·7 %. Respiratory disease was the most common reported illness and cause of hospitalization. The risks of having (total) illness, diarrhoea and respiratory disease increased significantly with age, but not allergic disease. Compared with EBF, MBF and EFF infants had significantly higher risks of having illnesses except for allergic disease, and feeding patterns were not related to hospitalization. Low birth weight, middle family income and low level of mother’s education also increased the risk of illness.ConclusionsA protective effect of EBF against total illness in urban Chinese infants was found. An increasing trend with age was observed among the percentages of infants who had been ill or had diarrhoea or respiratory disease, but not allergic disease.
Suicide mortality trends in Galicia, Spain and their relationship with economic indicators
Authors: Fernández-Navarro P. , Barrigón M. L. , Lopez-Castroman J. , Sanchez-Alonso M. , Páramo M. , Serrano M. , Arrojo M. , Baca-García E. 
Published: September 2015

Background.Recent research has shown an association between unemployment and suicide, but the mediating factors in this relationship are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of unemployment and economic recession on suicide rates in the Spanish region of Galicia between 1975 and 2012Method.We analysed age-standardised suicide rates in men and women and in four age groups: less than 25 years, 25–45 years, 45–65 years and more than 65 years and performed a joinpoint analysis to determine trend changes throughout 1975–2012 period. Also we analysed the association between suicide, recession and unemployment by means of a temporal trend model with a Generalised Additive Model.Results.Suicide rates increased from 145 suicides in 1975 to a high in 1993, with 377 deaths by suicide, representing 1.38% of all causes of death, and thereafter they tend to decrease to 335 suicides in 2012. Joinpoint analyses revealed that suicide rates changed differently across sex and age groups. For men, the annual percentage of change (APC) between 1975 and 1988 (CI 95% 1986–1994) was 5.45 (CI 95% = 3.5, −7.2) but from 1988 the APC became negative [−0.66 (CI 95% = −1.3, −0.1)]. For women, APC between 1974 and 1990 (CI 95% 1986–1992) was 4.86 (CI 95% = 3.2, −6.4) and −1.46 subsequently (CI 95% = −2.2, −0.5). Women aged 24 years or less showed stable suicide rates while men from 45–65 years showed two incidence peaks. When we studied the independent correlation between unemployment, recession and suicide, we found a significant association between unemployment and suicide, but not between recession and suicide for both sexes together and for men while for women there was no significant correlation between suicide and unemployment or recession. Finally, when we studied the effect of the interaction between unemployment and recession on suicide we found economic recession and unemployment interacted with regards to suicide rates (F = 5.902; df = 4.167; p = 0.00098) and after adjusting by sex, the effect was confirmed among men (F = 4.827; df = 2.823; p = 0.0087), but not among women (F = 0.001; df = 1.000; p = 0.979).Conclusions.Although suicide rates in Galicia are gradually decreasing in the last decades, there are important sex and age differences. Unemployment was related with suicide during economic recession periods according to our results.
Robust and highly performant ring detection algorithm for 3d particle tracking using 2d microscope imaging
Authors: Afik Eldad 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThree-dimensional particle tracking is an essential tool in studying dynamics under the microscope, namely, fluid dynamics in microfluidic devices, bacteria taxis, cellular trafficking. The 3d position can be determined using 2d imaging alone by measuring the diffraction rings generated by an out-of-focus fluorescent particle, imaged on a single camera. Here I present a ring detection algorithm exhibiting a high detection rate, which is robust to the challenges arising from ring occlusion, inclusions and overlaps and allows resolving particles even when near to each other. It is capable of real time analysis thanks to its high performance and low memory footprint. The proposed algorithm, an offspring of the circle Hough transform, addresses the need to efficiently trace the trajectories of many particles concurrently, when their number in not necessarily fixed, by solving a classification problem and overcomes the challenges of finding local maxima in the complex parameter space which results from ring clusters and noise. Several algorithmic concepts introduced here can be advantageous in other cases, particularly when dealing with noisy and sparse data. The implementation is based on open-source and cross-platform software packages only, making it easy to distribute and modify. It is implemented in a microfluidic experiment allowing real-time multi-particle tracking at 70 Hz, achieving a detection rate which exceeds 94% and only 1% false-detection.