bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeated Ethanol Exposure During Early and Late Adolescence: Double Dissociation of Effects on Waiting and Choice Impulsivity
Authors: Sanchez‐Roige Sandra , Peña‐Oliver Yolanda , Ripley Tamzin L. , Stephens David N. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundA strong association exists between impulsivity and binge drinking, and between adolescent alcohol exposure and alcohol abuse in humans. To understand the extent to which early‐life alcohol exposure contributes to increased impulsivity, we developed an animal model of binge drinking using 2 strains of mice, C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA2/J (D2), that differ in both motor impulsivity and alcohol drinking.MethodsMice were treated with 2 g/kg ethanol (EtOH) during their early (intermittent ethanol exposure [IEE]_Early; postnatal day [PND]30 to 45) or late (IEE_Late; PND45 to 60) adolescence or with saline (control group [CON]) throughout the adolescence period. To determine the consequences IEE on waiting impulsivity and attentional function, the number of premature responses and omissions, respectively, were evaluated in adulthood using the 5‐choice serial reaction time task (5‐CSRTT). To examine the effects of IEE on choice impulsivity, risky decision making was assessed in adulthood using a mouse version of the Iowa Gambling Task (mIGT). Additionally, the acute effects of EtOH in adulthood on waiting impulsivity and choice preference were investigated.ResultsWe provide experimental evidence that IEE during late, but not early, adolescence disrupts waiting impulsivity and attentional abilities in the 5‐CSRTT. In contrast, IEE during early, but not late, adolescence altered risky decision making in the mIGT. D2 mice consistently showed lower premature responding than B6 mice in both the mIGT and the 5‐CSRTT, but greater risky decision making on the mIGT. IEE and CON mice showed similar responsiveness to the acute EtOH effects on premature responding, but increased risky choices only in B6_IEE_Early mice.ConclusionsOur observations suggest a direct effect of IEE during adolescence on waiting and choice impulsivity and attention later in life.
The Seed and Fern Spore Bank of a Recovering African Tropical Forest
Authors: Esaete Josephine , Eycott Amy E. , Reiniö Jenny , Telford Richard J. , Vandvik Vigdis 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSeed banks contribute to forest regeneration after disturbance, but less is known about fern spore banks, particularly in a paleotropical context. We sampled the buried seed and fern spore bank in Mabira Forest, a 300 km2 forest in central Uganda, to explore the effect of time since disturbance. Soil cores (5 cm depth) were taken from 39 plots across three different classes of ‘recovery’: (1) not disturbed since 1950; (2) logged between 1950 and 1980; and (3) cleared for agriculture between 1970 and 1990 but reforested since. Plant emergence was monitored in a glasshouse. We predicted that the seed bank would reflect time since disturbance, with more pioneer species in recently disturbed stands, and that the fern spore bank would reflect stand age less closely due to greater dispersal capacity. We recorded a median 752 seeds per square meter, most of which were trees; the most abundant species was the invasive tree Broussonetia papyrifera. The fern spore bank was twice as dense, but 95 percent of fern spores were of one species, Christella parasitica. Tree seed density was significantly affected by time since disturbance with fewer seeds in the older stands. Herb seed density, fern spore density, and species richness for all groups were not significantly affected by time since disturbance. Neither seed bank nor fern spore bank closely resembled the aboveground vegetation. We compared our results to existing literature on seed banks in tropical forests, finding that our densities are relatively high for African forests, but low compared to the Neotropics and Australia.
Prevalence of functional bowel disorders and faecal incontinence: an Australian primary care survey
Authors: Ng K.‐S. , Nassar N. , Hamd K. , Nagarajah A. , Gladman M. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimInterest in functional bowel disorders (FBDs) and faecal incontinence (FI) has increased amongst coloproctologists. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of FBDs and FI (including its severity) among Australian primary healthcare seekers using objective criteria.MethodA cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a primary care setting in Sydney, Australia. A self‐administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and diagnose FBDs (irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, functional bloating and functional diarrhoea) based on Rome III criteria. The severity of FI was determined using the Vaizey incontinence score. Associations with medical/surgical history and healthcare utilization were assessed.ResultsOf 596 subjects approached, 396 (66.4%) agreed to participate. Overall, 33% had FBD and/or FI. Irritable bowel syndrome was present in 11.1% and these participants were more likely to report anxiety/depression (P < 0.01) and to have had a previous colonoscopy (P < 0.001) or cholecystectomy (P = 0.02). Functional constipation was present in 8.1%, and functional bloating and functional diarrhoea were diagnosed in 6.1%, and 1.5%, respectively. FI was present in 12.1% with the majority (52%) reporting moderate/severe incontinence (Vaizey score > 8). Participants with FI were more likely to have irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence and previous anal surgery (P < 0.01).ConclusionFBDs and FI are prevalent conditions amongst primary healthcare seekers and the needs of those affected appear to be complex given their coexisting symptoms and conditions. Currently, the majority do not reach colorectal services, although increased awareness by primary care providers could lead to sufferers being referred for specialist management.
Diverticular disease in Scotland: 2000–2010
Authors: Paterson H. M. , Arnott I. D. , Nicholls R. J. , Clark D. , Bauer J. , Bridger P. C. , Crowe A. M. , Knight A. D. , Hodgkins P. , Solomon D. , Dunlop M. G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimSymptomatic diverticular disease (DD) may be increasing in incidence in western society particularly in younger age groups. This study aimed to describe hospital admission rates and management for DD in Scotland between 2000 and 2010.MethodData were obtained from the Scottish Morbidity Records (SMR01). The study cohort included all patients with a hospital admission and a primary diagnosis of DD of the large intestine (ICD‐10 primary code K57).ResultsScottish NHS hospitals reported 90 990 admissions for DD (in 87 314 patients) from 2000 to 2010. The annual number of admissions increased by 55.2% from 6591 in 2000 to 10,228 in 2010, an average annual increase per year of 4.5%. Most of the increase attributable to DD was due to elective day cases (3618 in 2000; 6925 in 2010) a likely consequence of a greater proportion of the population accessing colonoscopy over that time period. There was an 11% increase in inpatient admissions (2973–3303), 60% of these patients being women. Admissions in younger age groups increased proportionally in the later years of the study, and there was an association between DD admissions and greater deprivation. Despite an increase in complicated DD from 22.9% in 2000 to 27.1% in 2010 and a 16.8% increase in emergency inpatient admissions, the rate of surgery fell during the period of study.ConclusionThis report supports findings of other population‐based studies of western countries indicating that DD is an increasing burden on health service resources, particularly in younger age groups.
Early parent–child relationships and risk of mood disorder in a Canadian sample of offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder: findings from a 16‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Doucette Sarah , Levy Adrian , Flowerdew Gordon , Horrocks Julie , Grof Paul , Ellenbogen Mark , Duffy Anne 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimExposure to parental bipolar disorder (BD) early in life may increase the risk of developing a mood disorder. However, the impact of early parent–child relationships when a parent is affected and how this impacts an offspring's risk remains unclear. The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between parent–child relationships and risk of mood disorder in offspring of parents with BD and, secondly, to determine the interaction of temperament and life stress on this association.MethodsTwo hundred and thirty‐three offspring completed annual clinical assessments following Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders (KSADS) format interviews as part of an ongoing Canadian prospective cohort study conducted from 1996 to 2013. Offspring completed measures of early adversity, life stress and temperament. Clinical data from the affected parents were prospectively collected over the first decade of their offspring's life using SADS format interviews.ResultsHigher perceived neglect from mother and offspring emotionality were significantly associated with the hazard of mood disorder (hazard ratio (HR): 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–1.2 and HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0–3.1, respectively). Duration of exposure to parental BD significantly interacted with offspring emotionality to predict mood disorder (P = 0.01). Further, perceived neglect from mother was associated with offspring high emotionality (P = 0.02).ConclusionsNeglect from mother is a significant early predictor of mood disorder in offspring at familial risk for BD and may increase emotional sensitivity. Psychosocial support and interventions for high‐risk families could be beneficial in reducing early adversity, maternal neglect and the risk of subsequent mood disorders in offspring.
Flow cytometry immunophenotypic findings in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and its utility in monitoring treatment response
Authors: Shen Qi , Ouyang Juan , Tang Guilin , Jabbour Elias J. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Routbort Mark , Konoplev Sergej , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Jorgensen Jeffrey L. , Wang Sa A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, characterized by persistent monocytosis. Due to the lack of unique surface markers expressed by neoplastic monocytes and the frequent CD34‐negative blast immunophenotype, the diagnostic value of flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) in CMML is rarely studied. In this study, by using a multicolor FCI assay, we assessed bone marrow (BM) immunophenotypical alterations in 118 CMML patients and follow‐up BM samples in 35 of these patients. The median BM monocytes as determined by FCI were 14% (1–63%), correlated with morphologic count (P = 0.0004). FCI alterations in monocytes were observed in 96% and granulocytes in 83% of cases. The percentage of CD34+ myeloblasts by FCI was low [median 0.6% (0.02–12.6%)], but exhibiting frequent aberrancies [median 6 (2–12)]. CD34+ B‐cell precursors were absent in 93% of cases. In 35 patients with follow‐up BM samples assessed, the CD34+ myeloblasts showed persistent FCI aberrancies in all 29 patients treated with hypomethylating agents and 3 patients on observation, but became normal in 3 patients following stem cell transplant. In conclusion, CMML exhibit numerous FCI alterations in monocytes, granulocytes, and more profound/frequent in CD34+ myeloblasts. These findings provide solid evidence for using FCI as an ancillary test in CMML diagnosis and also, in assessment of treatment responses.
Towards an understanding of bacterial metabolites prodigiosin and violacein and their potential for use in commercial sunscreens
Authors: Suryawanshi R. K. , Patil C. D. , Borase H. P. , Narkhede C. P. , Stevenson A. , Hallsworth J. E. , Patil S. V. 
Published: October 2014

SynopsisObjectivesTo exploit the microbial ecology of bacterial metabolite production and, specifically, to: (i) evaluate the potential use of the pigments prodigiosin and violacein as additives to commercial sunscreens for protection of human skin, and (ii) determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (against pathogenic bacteria) for these two pigments.MethodsProdigiosin and violacein were used to supplement extracts of Aloe vera leaf and Cucumis sativus (cucumber) fruit which are known to have photoprotective activity, as well as some commercial sunscreen preparations. For each, sunscreen protection factors (SPFs) were determined spectrophotometrically. Assays for antimicrobial activity were carried out using 96‐well plates to quantify growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.ResultsFor the plant extracts, SPFs were increased by an order of magnitude (i.e. up to ~3.5) and those for the commercial sunscreens increased by 10–22% (for 4% w/w violacein) and 20–65% (for 4% w/w prodigiosin). The antioxidant activities of prodigiosin and violacein were approximately 30% and 20% those of ascorbic acid (a well‐characterized, potent antioxidant). Violacein inhibited S. aureus (IC50 6.99 ± 0.146 μM) but not E. coli, whereas prodigiosin was effective against both of these bacteria (IC50 values were 0.68 ± 0.06 μM and 0.53 ± 0.03 μM, respectively).ConclusionThe bacterial pigments prodigiosin and violacein exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and were able to increase the SPF of commercial sunscreens as well as the extracts of the two plant species tested. These pigments have potential as ingredients for a new product range of and, indeed, represent a new paradigm for sunscreens that utilize substances of biological origin. We discussed the biotechnological potential of these bacterial metabolites for use in commercial sunscreens, and the need for studies of mammalian cells to determine safety.
Perceived knowledge, skills, attitude and contextual factors affecting evidence‐based practice among nurse educators, clinical coaches and nurse specialists
Authors: Malik Gulzar , McKenna Lisa , Plummer Virginia 
Published: October 2014

Evidence‐based practice (EBP) in the clinical setting is recognized as an approach that leads to improved patient outcomes. Nurse educators (NEs), clinical coaches (CCs) and nurse specialists are in key positions to promote and facilitate EBP within clinical settings and have opportunities to advance practice. Therefore, it is important to understand their perceptions of factors promoting EBP and perceived barriers in facilitating EBP in clinical settings, before developing educational programmes. This paper reports findings from a study that aimed to explore NEs' , CCs' and nurse specialists' knowledge, skills and attitudes associated with EBP.This study used a questionnaire containing quantitative and a small number of qualitative questions to capture data collected from NEs, CCs and nurse specialists working at a tertiary health‐care facility in Victoria, Australia. The questionnaire was distributed to a total of 435 people, of whom 135 responded (31%).Findings revealed that the three senior nurse groups relied heavily on personal experience, organizational policies and protocols as formal sources of knowledge. Furthermore, they had positive attitudes towards EBP. However, participants demonstrated lack of knowledge and skills in appraising and utilizing evidence into practice. They indicated a desire to seek educational opportunities to upskill themselves in the process of EBP.
A receptor‐binding protein of Campylobacter jejuni bacteriophage NCTC 12673 recognizes flagellin glycosylated with acetamidino‐modified pseudaminic acid
Authors: Javed Muhammad Afzal , van Alphen Lieke B. , Sacher Jessica , Ding Wen , Kelly John , Nargang Cheryl , Smith David F. , Cummings Richard D. , Szymanski Christine M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBacteriophage receptor‐binding proteins (RBPs) confer host specificity. We previously identified a putative RBP (Gp047) from the campylobacter lytic phage NCTC 12673 and demonstrated that Gp047 has a broader host range than its parent phage. While NCTC 12673 recognizes the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of a limited number of Campylobacter jejuni isolates, Gp047 binds to a majority of C. jejuni and related Campylobacter coli strains. In this study, we demonstrate that Gp047 also binds to acapsular mutants, suggesting that unlike the parent phage, CPS is not the receptor for Gp047. Affinity chromatography and far‐western analyses of C. jejuni lysates using Gp047 followed by mass spectrometry indicated that Gp047 binds to the major flagellin protein, FlaA. Because C. jejuni flagellin is extensively glycosylated, we investigated this binding specificity further and demonstrate that Gp047 only recognizes flagellin decorated with acetamidino‐modified pseudaminic acid. This binding activity is localized to the C‐terminal quarter of the protein and both wild‐type and coccoid forms of C. jejuni are recognized. In addition, Gp047 treatment agglutinates vegetative cells and reduces their motility. Because Gp047 is highly conserved among all campylobacter phages sequenced to date, it is likely that this protein plays an important role in the phage life cycle.
Philosophy, Famine Relief, and the Skeptical Challenge From Disagreement
Authors: Seipel Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDisagreement has been grist to the mills of sceptics throughout the history of philosophy. Recently, though, some philosophers have argued that widespread philosophical disagreement supports a broad scepticism about philosophy itself. In this paper, I argue that the task for sceptics of philosophy is considerably more complex than commonly thought. The mere fact that philosophical methods fail to generate true majority views is not enough to support the sceptical challenge from disagreement. To avoid demanding something that human reasoning cannot supply, sceptics must show that philosophers have sufficient overlap to resolve their disagreements in particular concrete cases.
Innovation in Africa: Why Institutions Matter
Authors: Oluwatobi Stephen , Efobi Uchenna , Olurinola Isaiah , Alege Philip 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGiven the role that innovation plays as an engine for economic development, we examined the enabling factor of institutions in Africa. Particularly, attention was given to determining the equivalent effects of institutional development on innovation. A sample of 40 African countries over the period 1996‐2012 was employed, and our baseline equation was estimated using the system generalised method of moments (SGMM) estimation technique. The empirical result reveals that government effectiveness and regulatory quality are two institutional measures that have the most equivalent impact on innovation. The extent of impact is an indication that institutions matter, especially when considering innovation in Africa. Therefore, to advance the rate of innovation in Africa, improving frameworks to drive regulations and enhance government effectiveness is a necessary instrument. Having these in place, Africa will be able to catch up with advanced economies.
Evaluation of Carbapenemase Screening and Confirmation Tests with Enterobacteriaceae and Development of a Practical Diagnostic Algorithm
Authors: Maurer Florian P. , Castelberg Claudio , Quiblier Chantal , Bloemberg Guido V. , Hombach Michael 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Reliable identification of carbapenemase-producing members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
is necessary to limit their spread. This study aimed to develop a diagnostic flow chart using phenotypic screening and confirmation tests that is suitable for implementation in different types of clinical laboratories. A total of 334 clinical
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates genetically characterized with respect to carbapenemase, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and AmpC genes were analyzed. A total of 142/334 isolates (42.2%) were suspected of carbapenemase production, i.e., intermediate or resistant to ertapenem (ETP) and/or meropenem (MEM) and/or imipenem (IPM) according to EUCAST clinical breakpoints (CBPs). A group of 193/334 isolates (57.8%) showing susceptibility to ETP, MEM, and IPM was considered the negative-control group in this study. CLSI and EUCAST carbapenem CBPs and the new EUCAST MEM screening cutoff were evaluated as screening parameters. ETP, MEM, and IPM with or without aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) or EDTA combined-disk tests (CDTs) and the Carba NP-II test were evaluated as confirmation assays. EUCAST temocillin cutoffs were evaluated for OXA-48 detection. The EUCAST MEM screening cutoff (<25 mm) showed a sensitivity of 100%. The ETP APBA CDT on Mueller-Hinton agar containing cloxacillin (MH-CLX) displayed 100% sensitivity and specificity for class A carbapenemase confirmation. ETP and MEM EDTA CDTs showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for class B carbapenemases. Temocillin zone diameters/MIC testing on MH-CLX was highly specific for OXA-48 producers. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the Carba NP-II test were 78.9, 100, 100, and 98.7%, respectively. Combining the EUCAST MEM carbapenemase screening cutoff (<25 mm), ETP (or MEM), APBA, and EDTA CDTs, and temocillin disk diffusion on MH-CLX promises excellent performance for carbapenemase detection.
Biochemical Characteristics, Adhesion, and Cytotoxicity of Environmental and Clinical Isolates of Herbaspirillum spp
Authors: Marques Ana C. Q. , Paludo Katia S. , Dallagassa Cibelle B. , Surek Monica , Pedrosa Fábio O. , Souza Emanuel M. , Cruz Leonardo M. , LiPuma John J. , Zanata Sílvio M. , Rego Fabiane G. M. , Fadel-Picheth Cyntia M. T. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Herbaspirillum
bacteria are best known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria but have also been recovered from clinical samples. Here, biochemical tests, matrix-assisted laser deionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, adherence, and cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells were used to compare clinical and environmental isolates of
Herbaspirillum
spp. Discrete biochemical differences were observed between human and environmental strains. All strains adhered to HeLa cells at low densities, and cytotoxic effects were discrete, supporting the view that
Herbaspirillum
bacteria are opportunists with low virulence potential.
Serological Misdiagnosis of Acute Liver Failure Associated with Echovirus 25 Due to Immunological Similarities to Hepatitis A Virus and Prozone Effect
Authors: Wollersheim Susan K. , Humphries Romney M. , Cherry James D. , Krogstad Paul 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTWe describe a case of acute liver failure caused by echovirus 25 (E25) in a previously healthy 2-year-old boy. Initial serological studies were consistent with hepatitis A virus (HAV), with prozone phenomenon. The similarity of E25 to HAV may obscure accurate diagnosis in some cases of hepatitis.
Canine Distemper Virus Envelope Protein Interactions Modulated by Hydrophobic Residues in the Fusion Protein Globular Head
Authors: Avila Mislay , Khosravi Mojtaba , Alves Lisa , Ader-Ebert Nadine , Bringolf Fanny , Zurbriggen Andreas , Plemper Richard K. , Plattet Philippe 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Membrane fusion for morbillivirus cell entry relies on critical interactions between the viral fusion (F) and attachment (H) envelope glycoproteins. Through extensive mutagenesis of an F cavity recently proposed to contribute to F's interaction with the H protein, we identified two neighboring hydrophobic residues responsible for severe F-to-H binding and fusion-triggering deficiencies when they were mutated in combination. Since both residues reside on one side of the F cavity, the data suggest that H binds the F globular head domain sideways.