bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology of Injuries in Football at the London 2012 Paralympic Games
Authors: Webborn Nick , Cushman Daniel , Blauwet Cheri A. , Emery Carolyn , Derman Wayne , Schwellnus Martin , Stomphorst Jaap , Van de Vliet Peter , Willick Stuart E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of injury in Paralympic football has received little attention. A study of all sports at the London 2012 Paralympic Games identified football 5‐a‐side as the sport with the highest injury rate, meriting further detailed analysis, which may facilitate the development of strategies to prevent injuries.ObjectiveTo examine the injury rates and risk factors associated with injury in Paralympic football.DesignSecondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of injuries to football 5‐a‐side and football 7‐a‐side athletes.SettingLondon 2012 Paralympic Games.ParticipantsParticipants included 70 football 5‐a‐side athletes and 96 football 7‐a‐side athletes. Athletes from all but one country chose to participate in this study.MethodsThe Paralympic Injury and Illness Surveillance System was used to track injuries during the Games, with data entered by medical staff.Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury incidence rate (IR) and injury incidence proportion (IP).ResultsThe overall IR for football 5‐a‐side was 22.4 injuries/1000 athlete‐days (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1‐33.8) with an IP of 31.4 injuries per 100 athletes (95% CI, 20.9‐43.6). In 5‐a‐side competition, 62.5% of injuries were associated with foul play. The overall IR for football 7‐a‐side was 10.4 injuries/1000 athlete‐days (95% CI, 5.4‐15.5), with an IP of 14.6 injuries per 100 athletes (95% CI, 7.5‐21.6). The most commonly injured body region in both sports was the lower extremity.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this study is the first to examine IR and risk factors associated with injury in Paralympic football. Future studies are needed to determine mechanisms of injury and independent risk factors for injury, thus informing prevention strategies.
Spoken language usage events
Authors: CIENKI ALAN 
Published: November 2015

abstractAs an explicitly usage-based model of language structure (Barlow & Kemmer, 2000), cognitive grammar draws on the notion of ‘usage events’ of language as the starting point from which linguistic units are schematized by language users. To be true to this claim for spoken languages, phenomena such as non-lexical sounds, intonation patterns, and certain uses of gesture should be taken into account to the degree to which they constitute the phonological pole of signs, paired in entrenched ways with conceptual content. Following through on this view of usage events also means realizing the gradable nature of signs. In addition, taking linguistic meaning as consisting of not only conceptual content but also a particular way of construing that content (Langacker, 2008, p. 43), we find that the forms of expression mentioned above play a prominent role in highlighting the ways in which speakers construe what they are talking about, in terms of different degrees of specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Viewed in this way, usage events of spoken language are quite different in nature from those of written language, a point which highlights the need for differentiated accounts of the grammar of these two forms of expression taken by many languages.
Local meaning-negotiation, activity types, and the current-discourse-space model
Authors: LANGLOTZ ANDREAS 
Published: November 2015

abstractAny approach to interaction is confronted with the dilemma of reconciling the empirical fact that meaning is locally and interactionally managed, as shown by conversation analysis, with the fact that conversations are subject to genres that impose conventionalized expectations for allowable contributions and inferences, as advocated by the ethnography of communication. This theoretical paper attempts to overcome this challenge by integrating Langacker’s current-discourse-space model with Barsalou’s dynamic model of situated conceptualization. With reference to these frameworks, the paper sketches a grounded socio-cognitive model of meaning construction in context that combines the situated interactional negotiation of meaning with the discursive knowledge that underlies speech genres in the form of genre-simulators. To substantiate and illustrate the theoretical considerations, the paper draws on two extracts from spoken tourist-information transactions.
Evaluation of different methods to handle misreporting in obesity research: evidence from the Canadian national nutrition survey
Authors: Jessri Mahsa , Lou Wendy Y. , L’Abbé Mary R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe association of dietary exposures with health outcomes may be attenuated or reversed as a result of energy intake (EI) misreporting. This study evaluated several methods for dealing with implausible recalls when analysing the association between dietary factors and obesity. We examined data from 16 187 Canadians aged ≥12 years in the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2. Under- and over-reporting were defined as the ratio of EI:estimated energy requirement <0·7 and >1·42, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression-generalised logit model was conducted to test the utility of different methods for handling misreporting, including (a) adjusting for variables related to misreporting, (b) excluding misreported recalls, (c) adjusting for reporting groups (under-, plausible and over-reporters), (d) adjusting for propensity score and (e) stratifying the analyses by reporting groups. In the basic model, EI showed a negative association with overweight (OR 0·988; 95 % CI 0·979, 0·998) and obesity (OR 0·989; 95 % CI 0·977, 0·999). Similarly, the association between total energy density and overweight (OR 0·670; 95 % CI 0·487, 0·923) and obesity (OR 0·709; 95 % CI 0·495, 1·016) was inverse. Among all methods of handling misreporting, adjusting for the reporting status revealed the most satisfactory results, where a positive association between EI and overweight (OR 1·037; 95 % CI 1·019, 1·055) and obesity (OR 1·109; 95 % CI 1·082, 1·137) was observed (P<0·0001), as well as direct positive associations between energy density and percentage energy from solid fats and added sugars with obesity (P<0·05). The results of this study can help advance knowledge about the relationship between dietary variables and obesity and demonstrate to researchers and nutrition policy makers the importance of adjusting for recall plausibility in obesity research, which is highly relevant in light of global obesity epidemic.
Changes in metabolites in maize seedlings under chlorsulfuron and cadmium stress
Authors: ZHAO L. J. , XIE J. F. , ZHANG H. , WANG Z. T. , FAN R. J. , LV J. L. , ZHANG M. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYThe herbicide chlorsulfuron is commonly applied to cereals and may persist in alkaline soil long enough to damage subsequent sensitive crops. Sewage water, a potential source of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd), is used to irrigate agricultural soils in many developing countries. The current work evaluated the effects of the residual herbicide chlorsulfuron and Cd on maize seedlings, with particular attention to the mechanism of their action on plant growth. Maize seeds were planted in soil that had been sprayed with chlorsulfuron and Cd, after which residues in both seedlings and the soil were measured. The chlorsulfuron dose was correlated with the amount of residue found in seedlings but not in the soil. In all, 39 metabolites were identified in seedlings using the Automated Mass spectral Deconvolution and Identification System software program and the retention index method. The combination of chlorsulfuron and Cd significantly reduced multiple metabolites in the shikimate pathway, malic acid and citric acid production in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and lactic acid, glucose, aspartic acid, asparagine and 3-glycerophosphoric acid production. In addition, chlorsulfuron caused an increase in multiple amino acids, including tyrosine, methionine and asparagine, and a marked decrease in caffeic and cinnamic acids (the secondary metabolites derived from the shikimate pathway and galactose). Finally, chlorsulfuron and Cd stress markedly increased shikimate acid, decreased 3-glycerophosphoric acid and caused negative correlations between the amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine and those of quinic- and cinnamic-acid. In conclusion, chlorsulfuron and Cd did not have a synergistic effect on maize seedlings; rather, the combination of these pollutants had an antagonistic effect on some amino acids.
Stomach nematodes of three sympatric species of anatid birds off the coast of Patagonia
Authors: Agüero M.L. , Gilardoni C. , Cremonte F. , Diaz J.I. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe present study focuses on the nematode community in the stomachs of three sympatric anatid bird species from the Central Patagonian coast, Argentina. The bird species include the Chubut steamer duck,Tachyeres leucocephalus, the crested duck,Lophonetta specularioides,and the black-necked swan,Cygnus melancoryphus. Up to 138 nematodes representing five species were recovered from 10 of the 13 ducks examined, with an overall prevalence of 77% and a mean intensity of 13.8. Nematodes isolated from the gizzard wereStreptocara formosensisandSciadiocara legendrei(Acuariidae) inT. leucocephalus, andEpomidiostomum vogelsangi(Amidostomatidae) inC. melancoryphus, whereasEchinuria uncinata(Acuariidae) andTetrameres(Petrowimeres)fissispina(Tetrameriidae) were found in the proventiculus ofL. specularioides. In particular,S. legendreiwas registered for the first time in South America andT. leucocephalus, whereasT. fissispinarepresents a new record in Argentina andL. specularioides. Moreover,E. vogelsangiandE. uncinatawere isolated in Patagonia for the first time. The birds studied herein are sympatric in their distribution, and two of them are syntopic breeders; however, they were infected with different parasite species. This situation could be partially due to their diet or their seasonal movements, or a combination of both. Despite the low number of hosts examined, this work enhances our knowledge about parasites from a frequently occurring group of birds on the Patagonian coast, a subject that has not been studied extensively in South America.
Friedrich Berthold Reinke (1862–1919): brilliant yet troubled anatomist of the vocal fold
Authors: Senior A 
Published: November 2015

AbstractReinke's space is a critical laryngeal structure, and the eponym remains in current use in both clinical and research settings. However, little is known about the life of the German anatomist Friedrich Berthold Reinke. His name is missing from the otolaryngological histories, despite his work on the structure he described being responsible for a fundamental advance in our understanding of the larynx. Although brilliant, Reinke was described as impetuous and coarse by his colleagues, resulting in his academic career being cut short. Reinke's relative anonymity is thought to derive from the fact that he never defined himself as a laryngologist. Without question, Reinke's observations of the human vocal fold are substantive contributions, without which modern laryngology could not have evolved. This article aimed to summarise this brilliant yet troubled man's life and achievements, allowing appreciation for his singular genius and fundamental contribution to laryngology.
Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata, a new corticolous lichen (Teloschistaceae) in Europe, Turkey and Alaska
Authors: Arup Ulf , Vondrák Jan , Halıcı Mehmet Gökhan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn a recent phylogenetic analysis of the familyTeloschistaceaebased on three molecular markers, 31 genera were newly described or resurrected. One of these genera wasParvoplaca, currently including four species in which anthraquinones may be present or absent in the apothecia. We have re-analyzed the genus and propose one new species,P. nigroblastidiataArup, Halıcı & Vondrák, and one new combination,P. chelyae(Pérez-Vargas) Vondrák, Halıcı & Arup. The new species is known at present from Sweden, Turkey and Alaska. It is characterized by an endophloedal thallus, black blastidia produced in small spots and zeorin-lecanorine apothecia with an orange disc and black thalline margin. It is morphologically similar toCaloplaca turkuensis, but differs in the zeorine-lecanorine apothecia and the thalline margin that is dark grey-black instead of grey.
In conversation with Leo S. Klejn
Authors: Leach Stephen 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis interview discusses the comparison that Klejn draws between archaeology and forensic science. This is a comparison that has been made many times previously by many different archaeologists (and crime writers), but Klejn is unusual in that he explores the implications of their similarity. In his view it is archaeology rather than history that is most closely related to forensic science. The difference between archaeology and history is important because when this difference was ignored, in the Soviet Union, it was to the detriment of both disciplines. Hence Klejn's continued concern – that the difference between archaeology and history is still, to some extent, ignored. Other subjects discussed include Klejn's view of the role of theory in relation to practice, his criticisms of New Archaeology and postprocessual archaeology, typology, the underlying principles of archaeology, ethnogenesis and the history of archaeology. Of course, in an interview of this length not all of these subjects are covered in great depth but it is hoped that enough is said that the reader may appreciate something of the nature and originality of Klejn's views.
Vulnerable bodies, vulnerable systems
Authors: Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos Andreas , Webb Thomas E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this paper we examine the concept of vulnerability as it relates to the materiality of systems, the exclusion of human physical corporeality, and social exclusion in Luhmann's theory of social autopoiesis. We ask whether a concept of vulnerability can be included in autopoiesis in order to better conceptualise social exclusion and the excluded, with a view to understanding how, if at all, the dangers posed by this exclusion are mitigated by autopoietic processes. We are emphatically not returning to the human subject over operational systems, but seek instead to develop an understanding of the embodied nature of humans and their vulnerability within an autopoietic framework. We argue that the awareness of the risks to social functional differentiation posed by unmanaged exclusion – disenchantment, disassociation and, most drastically, dedifferentiation – provided by our analysis indicates why hyper-exclusion must be mitigated.
Power in sovereignty and its self-legitimation: on the autopoietic semantics and contingency of popular sovereignty
Authors: Přibáň Jiří 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper analyses sovereignty as part of multiple power operations and the self-referential semantics of positive law and politics regarding the concept of popular sovereignty. The interplay between power structures and the self-description of society as democratic polity with popular sovereignty reflects on the typically modern tension between democracy as a contingent form of government and democracy as an imagined stable form of social totality. Using autopoietic social systems theory, the author reformulates the concept of sovereignty as the specific semantics internally constructed by the functionally differentiated systems of politics and law beyond the image of Leviathan and its socially integrating force, and independently of state organisation and its limitations.
Transmembrane protein sorting driven by membrane curvature
Authors: Strahl H. , Ronneau S. , González B. Solana , Klutsch D. , Schaffner-Barbero C. , Hamoen L. W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe intricate structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells depends on the ability to target proteins to specific cellular locations. In most cases, we have a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. A typical example is the assembly of bacterial chemoreceptors at cell poles. Here we show that the classical chemoreceptor TlpA ofBacillus subtilisdoes not localize according to the consensus stochastic nucleation mechanism but accumulates at strongly curved membrane areas generated during cell division. This preference was confirmed by accumulation at non-septal curved membranes. Localization appears to be an intrinsic property of the protein complex and does not rely on chemoreceptor clustering, as was previously shown forEscherichia coli. By constructing specific amino-acid substitutions, we demonstrate that the preference for strongly curved membranes arises from the curved shape of chemoreceptor trimer of dimers. These findings demonstrate that the intrinsic shape of transmembrane proteins can determine their cellular localization.
Visualizing the morphology of vortex lattice domains in a bulk type-II superconductor
Authors: Reimann T. , Mühlbauer S. , Schulz M. , Betz B. , Kaestner A. , Pipich V. , Böni P. , Grünzweig C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAlike materials in the solid state, the phase diagram of type-II superconductors exhibit crystalline, amorphous, liquid and spatially inhomogeneous phases. The multitude of different phases of vortex matter has thence proven to act as almost ideal model system for the study of both the underlying properties of superconductivity but also of general phenomena such as domain nucleation and morphology. Here we show how neutron grating interferometry yields detailed information on the vortex lattice and its domain structure in the intermediate mixed state of a type-II niobium superconductor. In particular, we identify the nucleation regions, how the intermediate mixed state expands, and where it finally evolves into the Shubnikov phase. Moreover, we complement the results obtained from neutron grating interferometry by small-angle neutron scattering that confirm the spatially resolved morphology found in the intermediate mixed state, and very small-angle neutron scattering that confirm the domain structure of the vortex lattice.
Differential effect of caffeine intake in subjects with genetic susceptibility to Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Kumar Prakash M. , Paing Swe Swe Thet , Li HuiHua , Pavanni R. , Yuen Y. , Zhao Y. , Tan Eng King 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe examined if caffeine intake has a differential effect in subjects with high and low genetic susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder. A case control study involving 812 subjects consisting of PD and healthy controls were conducted. Caffeine intake assessed by a validated questionnaire and genotyping of PD gene risk variant (LRRK2 R1628P) was carried out. Compared to caffeine takers with the wild-type genotype (low genetic susceptibility), non-caffeine takers with R1628P variant (high genetic susceptibility) had a 15 times increased risk of developing PD (OR = 15.4, 95% CI = (1.94, 122), P = 0.01), whereas caffeine takers with R1628P (intermediate susceptibility) had a 3 times risk (OR = 3.07, 95% CI = (2.02, 4.66), P < 0.001). Caffeine intake would significantly reduce the risk of PD much more in those with high genetic susceptibility compared to those with low genetic susceptibility.
Lipid mediator profile in vernix caseosa reflects skin barrier development
Authors: Checa Antonio , Holm Tina , Sjödin Marcus O. D. , Reinke Stacey N. , Alm Johan , Scheynius Annika , Wheelock Craig E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractVernix caseosa (VC) is a protective layer that covers the skin of most human newborns. This study characterized the VC lipid mediator profile and examined its relationship to gestational period, gender of the newborn and maternal lifestyle. VC collected at birth from 156 newborns within the ALADDIN birth cohort was analyzed and 3 different groups of lipid mediators (eicosanoids and related oxylipin analogs, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids) were screened using LC-MS/MS. A total of 54 compounds were detected in VC. A number of associations between lipid mediators and the gestational period were observed, including increases in the ceramide to sphingomyelin ratio as well as the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Gender-specific differences in lipid mediator levels were observed for all 3 lipid classes. In addition, levels of the linoleic acid oxidation products 9(10)-epoxy-12Z-octadecenoic and 12(13)-epoxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (EpOMEs) as well as 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (DiHOME) were increased in VC of children from mothers with an anthroposophic lifestyle. Accordingly, VC was found to be rich in multiple classes of bioactive lipid mediators, which evidence lifestyle, gender and gestational week dependencies. Levels of lipid mediators in VC may therefore be useful as early stage non-invasive markers of the development of the skin as a protective barrier.
Optical Imaging of Nonuniform Ferroelectricity and Strain at the Diffraction Limit
Authors: Vlasin Ondrej , Casals Blai , Dix Nico , Gutiérrez Diego , Sánchez Florencio , Herranz Gervasi 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe have imaged optically the spatial distributions of ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity at the diffraction limit. Contributions to the birefringence from electro-optics –linked to ferroelectricity– as well as strain –arising from converse piezoelectric effects– have been recorded simultaneously in a BaTiO3 thin film. The concurrent recording of electro-optic and piezo-optic mappings revealed that, far from the ideal uniformity, the ferroelectric and piezoelectric responses were strikingly inhomogeneous, exhibiting significant fluctuations over the scale of the micrometer. The optical methods here described are appropriate to study the variations of these properties simultaneously, which are of great relevance when ferroelectrics are downscaled to small sizes for applications in data storage and processing.
Transfer of scarlet fever-associated elements into the group A Streptococcus M1T1 clone
Authors: Ben Zakour Nouri L. , Davies Mark R. , You Yuanhai , Chen Jonathan H. K. , Forde Brian M. , Stanton-Cook Mitchell , Yang Ruifu , Cui Yujun , Barnett Timothy C. , Venturini Carola , Ong Cheryl-lynn Y. , Tse Herman , Dougan Gordon , Zhang Jianzhong , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Beatson Scott A. , Walker Mark J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe group A Streptococcus (GAS) M1T1 clone emerged in the 1980s as a leading cause of epidemic invasive infections worldwide, including necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome1,2,3. Horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements has played a central role in the evolution of the M1T1 clone4,5, with bacteriophage-encoded determinants DNase Sda16 and superantigen SpeA27 contributing to enhanced virulence and colonization respectively. Outbreaks of scarlet fever in Hong Kong and China in 2011, caused primarily by emm12 GAS8,9,10, led to our investigation of the next most common cause of scarlet fever, emm1 GAS8,9. Genomic analysis of 18 emm1 isolates from Hong Kong and 16 emm1 isolates from mainland China revealed the presence of mobile genetic elements associated with the expansion of emm12 scarlet fever clones10,11 in the M1T1 genomic background. These mobile genetic elements confer expression of superantigens SSA and SpeC and resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin. Horizontal transfer of mobile DNA conferring multi-drug resistance and expression of a new superantigen repertoire in the M1T1 clone should trigger heightened public health awareness for the global dissemination of these genetic elements.