bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A single-center experience of non-bioartificial liver support systems among Chinese patients with liver failure
Authors: Xia Qi , Dai Xiahong , Huang Jianrong , Xu Xiaowei , Yang Qian , Liu Xiaoli , Chen Yuemei , Li Lanjuan 
Published: July 2014

Introduction Liver failure is one of the most deadly, prevalent, and costly diseases worldwide. Non-bioartificial liver support systems (NBALs) have been shown to be effective in improving the clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters of patients with liver failure. The main aim of this large case series analysis was to investigate the status of NBALs and their effectiveness in improving survival in liver-failure patients. Methods In this retrospective study, 460 patients with liver failure who received NBAL treatment in addition to conventional medications were compared with 422 patients who were treated with conventional medications alone. Kaplan-Meier and life table analyses were used to estimate survival rates. Results Clinical outcomes were improved after NBAL treatment. The 30-day survival rates of subacute liver failure (SALF) patients were 63% among those who received NBALs and 21% among those who did not receive NBALs (p<0.01). Similarly, the 30-day survival rate of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients who received NBALs was 47%, significantly higher than that of the non-NBAL patients (p<0.05). The survival rates of ACLF patients with low Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores (MELD≤20) were 64% and 40% among whom received NBALs and those who did not, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions NBAL treatment is helpful to improve the survival of patients with ALF, SALF or ACLF. ACLF patients with lower MELD scores showed improved outcomes relative to those with higher MELD scores.
A Responsive Approach to Organizational Misconduct: Rehabilitation, Reintegration, and the Reduction of Reoffense
Authors: Bertels Stephanie , Cody Michael , Pek Simon 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT:In this article, we examine how regulators, prosecutors, and courts might support and encourage the efforts of organizations to not only reintegrate after misconduct but also to improve their conduct in a way that reduces their likelihood of re-offense (rehabilitation). We explore a novel experiment in creative sentencing in Alberta Canada that aimed to try to change the behaviour of an industry by publicly airing the root causes of a failure of one the industry’s leaders. Drawing on this case and prior work, we articulate a model for a responsive and restorative approach to organizational misconduct that balances the punitive role of regulators and courts with new roles in supporting and overseeing rehabilitation.
Growth of the harbour porpoise (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>) in eastern Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Richardson S F , Stenson G B , Hood C 
Published: July 2014

Although the stock relationships among harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Northwest Atlantic are unknown, it has been postulated that there are 4 local populations: Bay of Fundy/Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, and west Greenland. Data on the Newfoundland population are extremely limited. To determine growth rates and examine if these animals can be differentiated from other sub-populations on the basis of growth characteristics, 94 porpoises caught incidentally in fishing gear along the southeast coast of Newfoundland during the summers of 1990 and 1991 were examined. Most porpoises (56%) were ≤ 4 years of age. Maximum age was 9 for females and 12 for males. Growth rates were similar for both sexes until one year of age, after which females grew longer and weighed more than males of similar ages. Using the Gompertz growth model, asymptotic values for body length were 156.3 cm for females and 142.9 cm for males. Asymptotic weights were 61.6 kg and 49.1 kg for females and males respectively. With the exception of West Greenland porpoise that were shorter and females from Norway that were lighter, Newfoundland porpoises could not be differentiated from animals collected in other areas based on growth data. However, differences in dental deposition patterns were noted suggesting that Newfoundland porpoise may belong to a separate population.
Belugas (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) of the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas
Authors: Boltunov Andrei N , Belikov Stanislav E 
Published: July 2014

This paper reviews published information on the white whale or beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabiting the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas. Some data obtained during multi-year aerial reconnaissance of sea ice in the Russian Arctic are also included. Ice conditions, considered one of the major factors affecting distribution of belugas, are described. The number of belugas inhabiting the Russian Arctic is unknown. Based on analysis of published and unpublished information we believe that the primary summer habitats of belugas in the Western Russian Arctic lie in the area of Frants-Josef Land, in the Kara Sea and in the western Laptev Sea. Apparently most belugas winter in the Barents Sea. Although it has been suggested that a considerable number of animals winter in the Kara Sea, there is no direct evidence for this. Apparent migrations of animals are regularly observed at several sites: the straits of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, the waters north of the archipelago, and Vilkitskiy Strait between the Kara and Laptev seas. Calving and mating take place in summer, and the beluga mother feeds a calf for at least a year. Females mature earlier than males, and about 30% of mature females in a population are barren. Sex ratio is apparently close to 1:1. The diet of the beluga in the region includes fish and crustaceans and shows considerable spatial and temporal variations. However, polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is the main prey most of the year, and whitefish (Coregonidae) contribute in coastal waters in summer. Usually belugas form groups of up to 10 related individuals of different ages, while large aggregations are common during seasonal migrations or in areas with abundant and easily available food. Beluga whaling in Russia has a history of several centuries. The highest catches were taken in the 1950s and 1960s, when about 1,500 animals were caught annually in the Western Russian Arctic. In the 1990s, few belugas were harvested in the Russian Arctic. In 1999 commercial whaling of belugas in Russia was banned. Belugas can be caught only for research, cultural and educational purposes and for the subsistence needs of local people. With the absence of significant whaling, anthropogenic pollution seems to be the major threat for the species.
Surveys of larval sealworm (<i>Pseudoterranova decipiens</i>) infection in various fish species sampled from Nova Scotian waters between 1988 and 1996, with an assessment of examination procedures
Authors: McClelland G , Martell DJ 
Published: July 2014

Between November 1988 and October 1996, >10,000 fish from the Breton Shelf, Sable Island Bank and the northeastern Gulf of Maine were examined for larval anisakines. Larval sealworm, Pseudoterranova decipiens, occurred in 30 of 39 species surveyed, including 8 new host records, Enchelyopus cimbrius, Lycodes reticulatus, Eumesogrammus praecisus, Lumpenus lumpretaeformis, Lumpenus maculatus, Cryptacanthodes maculatus, Artediellus atlanticus and Triglops murrayi. The parasite was most prevalent and abundant in mature demersal piscivores and benthic consumers. Sealworm densities (nr kg-1 host wt.), however, were greatest in small benthophagous fish including mature E. cimbrius, A. atlanticus, T. murrayi and Aspidophoroides monopterygius, and juvenile Hippoglossoides platessoides. ANOVA revealed that geographical disparities in sealworm prevalence and abundance were highly significant in 14 of 20 species tested, although significant disparities between samples from each of the three areas were evident only in H. platessoides. Almost invariably, infection parameters were greatest in fish from Sable Island Bank. ANOVA also indicated that sealworm prevalence and/or abundance increased significantly in Sable Island Bank populations of Gadus morhua, H. platessoides, and seven other species between 1985-1986 and 1989-1990. Routine examinations, in which host flesh was sliced and candled, proved as efficacious as digestion in warm (35° C) pepsin-HCl for detection of larval sealworm in the flesh of large frozen fish. Procedures employing fresh (iced) samples, digestion at ambient temperature and microscopy are recommended, however, for surveys of small benthic consumers. Many of the sealworm infecting the latter hosts are tiny (2 to 10 mm in length) nematodes, which escape detection by routine inspection, and may not survive in warm pepsin-HCl solution.
Distribution and abundance of sealworm (<i>Pseudoterranova decipiens</i>) and other anisakid nematodes in fish and seals in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: potential importance of climatic conditions
Authors: Marcogliese David J 
Published: July 2014

Prevalence and abundance of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) and other anisakid nematodes were determined in a variety of fishes from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1990 and 1992. Sealworm abundance and prevalence were also determined in three species of seals in the Gulf between 1988 and 1992. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and shorthorn (Myoxocephalus scorpius) and longhorn sculpin (M. octodecemspinosus) were the fishes most heavily infected with sealworm. Grey seals(Halichoerus grypus) proved to be the most important definitive hosts for sealworm in the Gulf. Abundance of sealworm increased, whereas that of Anisakis simplex and contracaecine nematodes decreased, from north to south in the Gulf. Abundance of sealworm increased compared to earlier surveys in most areas of the Gulf, but decreased in both cod and grey seals during the course of this study. In contrast, abundance of Contracaecum osculatum and Phocascaris spp. in grey seals and cod continued to increase during the study period. Observed increases of nematodes are attributed to growing populations of grey seals (for sealworm) and harp seals (for Contracaecinea). Levels of A. simplex remained relatively constant between 1988 and 1992 in both grey seals and cod. There is no evidence suggesting that observed patterns in nematode abundance were due to changes in grey seal diet. Nor was there any evidence of competition between P. decipiens and C. osculatum in grey seals affecting either sealworm abundance or fecundity. The trends detected herein are attributed to climatic events in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where water temperatures in the cold intermediate layer consistently decreased between 1986 and 1994. It is suggested that low temperatures inhibited development and hatching of sealworm eggs, but not those of C. osculatum.
Estimated food consumption of minke whales <i>Balaenoptera acutorostrata</i> in Northeast Atlantic waters in 1992-1995
Authors: Folkow Lars P , Haug Tore , Nilssen Kjell T , Nordøy Erling S 
Published: July 2014

Data on energy requirements, diet composition, and stock size were combined to estimate the consumption of various prey species by minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Northeast Atlantic waters. In the period 1992-1995, the stock of 85,000 minke whales appeared to have consumed more than 1.8 million tonnes of prey per year in coastal waters off northern Norway, in the Barents Sea and around Spitsbergen during an assumed 6 month stay between mid-April and mid-October.Uncertainties in stock estimates suggest a 95% confidence range of 1.4 - 2.1 million tonnes. The point estimate was composed of 602,000 tonnes of krill Thysanoessa spp., 633,000 tonnes of herring Clupea harengus, 142,000 tonnes of capelin Mallotus villosus, 256,000 tonnes of cod Gadus morhua, 128,000 tonnes of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and 54,500 tonnes of other fish species, including saithe Pollaehius virens and sand eel Ammodytes sp. Consumption of various prey items by minke whales may represent an important mortality factor for some of the species. For example, the estimated annual consumption of herring corresponds to about 70% of the herring fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic in 1995. Minke whale diets are subject to year-to-year variations due to changes in the resource base in different feeding areas. Thus, the regional distribution of consumption of different prey items is highly dynamic.
The ringed seal (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in the western Russian Arctic
Authors: Belikov Stanislav E , Boltunov Andrei N 
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a review of available published and unpublished material on the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in the western part of the Russian Arctic, including the White, Barents and Kara seas. The purpose of the review is to discuss the status of ringed seal stocks in relation to their primary habitat, the history of sealing, and a recent harvest of the species in the region. The known primary breeding habitats for this species are in the White Sea, the south-western part of the Barents Sea, and in the coastal waters of the Kara Sea, which are seasonally covered by shore-fast ice. The main sealing sites are situated in the same areas. Female ringed seals become mature by the age of 6, and males by the age of 7. In March-April a female gives birth to one pup in a breeding lair constructed in the shore-fast ice. The most important prey species for ringed seals in the western sector of the Russian Arctic are pelagic fish and crustaceans. The maximum annual sealing level for the region was registered in the first 70 years of the 20th century: the White Sea maximum (8,912 animals) was registered in 1912; the Barents Sea maximum (13,517 animals) was registered in 1962; the Kara Sea maximum (13,200 animals) was registered in 1933. Since the 1970s, the number of seals harvested has decreased considerably. There are no data available for the number of seals harvested annually by local residents for their subsistence.
Catch history of ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in Canada
Authors: Reeves Randall R , Wenzel George W , Kingsley Michael CS 
Published: July 2014

The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) has always been a staple in the diet and household economy of Inuit in Canada. The present paper was prepared at the request of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee to support their assessment of ringed seal stocks in the North Atlantic Basin and adjacent arctic and subarctic waters. Specifically, our objective was to evaluate recent and current levels of use of ringed seals by Canadian Inuit. Annual removals probably were highest (possibly greater than 100,000) in the 1960s and 1970s, a period when sealskin prices were particularly strong. Catches declined substantially in the 1980s following a collapse in sealskin prices, presumably related to the European trade ban on skins from newborn harp and hooded seals (Phoca groenlandica and Cystophora cristata, respectively). Recent catch levels throughout Canada (1980s and early 1990s) are believed to be in the order of 50,000 to 65,000 ringed seals, with a total average annual kill (including hunting loss) in the high tens of thousands. No reliable system is in place to monitor catches of ringed seals, so any estimate must be derived from a heterogeneous array of sources.
Endophthalmitis Rates and Types of Treatments After Intraocular Procedures
Authors: VanderBeek Brian L. , Chen Yineng , Tomaiuolo Maurizio , Deaner Jordan D. , Syed Zeba A. , Acharya Binod , Zhang Qiang , Schuman Joel S. , Hyman Leslie 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceLong-term trend analyses of overall endophthalmitis rates and treatment patterns are scarce. It is also unknown if the deviation from the recommendations of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study toward decreased utilization of vitrectomy is associated with different vision outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine whether the rate of endophthalmitis after intraocular procedures or the primary treatment (prompt vitrectomy vs tap and inject) for endophthalmitis has changed over the past 20 years.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study examined data for cohorts created by querying for different intraocular procedures, including intravitreal injections and surgeries for cataract removal, glaucoma, retinal conditions, and corneal transplants from 2000 to 2022. The data source was a US administrative medical claims database comprising commercial and Medicare Advantage insurance plans. Any intraocular procedure with at least 6 months of data available before and 6 weeks after the procedure was eligible. Exclusion criteria consisted of any previous diagnosis of endophthalmitis or another intraocular procedure during the follow-up period.Main Outcome MeasureThe main outcomes were rate of postprocedure endophthalmitis and relative rate of prompt vitrectomy (vs tap and inject) as the primary method of treatment.ResultsAmong 2 124 964 patients, the mean (SD) age was 71.4 (10.2) years; 1 230 320 were female and 894 414 male. Over 22 years, 5 827 809 intraocular procedures were analyzed with 4305 cases of endophthalmitis found for an overall endophthalmitis rate of 0.07%. The yearly rate of endophthalmitis varied but generally declined from a high of 7 cases per 3502 procedures (0.20%) in 2000 to a low of 163 cases per 332 159 procedures (0.05%) in 2022. The percentage of cases treated with prompt vitrectomy also varied but generally declined over time with a high of 17 of 35 (48.6%) in 2003 and a low of 60 of 515 (11.6%) in 2021. Multivariable analysis of the endophthalmitis incidence rate ratio (IRR) showed a per-year decrease of 2.7% (IRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.97-0.98; P &amp;lt; .001) over the study period. A similar analysis also showed that the incidence rate of prompt surgical treatment decreased by 3.8% per year throughout the study period (IRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95-0.97; P &amp;lt; .001).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that the incidence of endophthalmitis following intraocular procedures appears to have decreased substantially over the past 20 years while prompt vitrectomy is being used less frequently as primary treatment than in the past.
Introducing Volume 100 of
Organic Syntheses
Authors: Danheiser* Rick L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

For over one hundred years
Organic Syntheses
(OS) has provided the chemistry community with reliable procedures for the synthesis of organic compounds. Procedures for synthesizing specific compounds of interest comprised the subject of nearly all of the articles published in
Organic Syntheses
for many years. More recently, however, the majority of articles in
Organic Syntheses
showcase reactions serving to demonstrate a representative protocol for a generally useful synthetic method. “OS Perspectives” provide authors with an opportunity to provide personal perspectives on topics associated with the field of organic synthesis. Appropriate subjects for OS Perspectives include, but are not limited to, discussions of the following: Trends and developments in the strategies, methods, and the applications of organic synthetic chemistry; Trends and developments with regard to the community of researchers in the field; Reflections on how research in the field is carried out and published.
Preparation of Highly‐Substituted Pyridines via Diels‐Alder Reactions of Vinylallenes and Tosyl Cyanide
Authors: Faialaga Nathan H. , Gomez Christian , Bartko Samuel G. , Natho Philipp , Danheiser* Rick L. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents the procedure for preparation of highly‐substituted pyridines via Diels‐Alder reactions of vinylallenes and tosyl cyanid. The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as “Prudent Practices in the Laboratory”. The development of practical and efficient methods for the construction of highly substituted pyridines remains a challenging goal for organic synthesis. Vinylallenes are reactive dienes in Diels‐Alder reactions which engage in cycloadditions with triple bonds to afford isoaromatic products that isomerize to aromatic systems spontaneously or under mild conditions. The authors have developed several strategies for the synthesis of highly substituted pyridines based on the cycloadditions of vinylallenes with nitrogen heterodienophiles. The chapter also describes the optimal conditions for the Diels‐Alder reaction of vinylallene 2 and tosyl cyanide.
Synthesis of a 2,5‐Bis(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)furan and its Reaction with Benzyne
Authors: Budwitz Jessica E. , Newton * Christopher G. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents the procedure for synthesis of a 2,5‐bis(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)furan and its reaction with benzyne. Ring forming strategies for para‐hydro‐ and para‐benzoquinone synthesis include the Wulff–Dötz reaction, Moore–Liebeskind rearrangement, Hauser–Kraus annulation, oxidative Bergman cyclization, and variants of the Diels–Alder reaction utilizing oxygenated furans as dienes. In analogy to the ring‐opening chemistry of 2‐oxy‐substituted furans, treatment of the cycloadducts with aqueous NaF provided the corresponding para‐hydroquinones in up to 98% yield. Conceptually, these furans can be considered as vicinal bisketene equivalents for application as dienes in the Diels–Alder reaction. Representative para‐hydroquinones synthesized from 2,5‐bis(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)furan include indole, silyl enol ether, and BiPhePhos‐inspired derivative. Reaction with acetylenic dienophiles yield the corresponding para‐benzoquinones (with no evidence for para‐hydroquinone formation), and illustrative examples prepared by reaction with arynes.
Discussion Addendum for: Indium‐Catalyzed Heteroaryl–Heteroaryl Bond Formation through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Preparation of 2‐Methyl‐3‐(thien‐2‐yl)‐1H‐indole
Authors: Tsuchimoto Teruhisa 
Published: August 2024

AbstractOne of the most frequently utilized strategies for constructing bonds on heteroaryl scaffolds is transition metal catalysis, where diverse types of bonds can now be constructed on heteroaryl rings. Another option for functionalizing heteroaryl rings is the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The C–C bond cleavage is observed during the indium‐catalyzed three‐component alkylation of pyrroles or indoles with alkynes or carbonyl compounds and nucleophiles. The electron‐rich compound that is next focused on is an amine, thereby allowing the synthesis of a broad range of heteroarylamines. This chapter describes Nitrogen–Heteroaryl Bond‐Forming reaction followed by Carbon–Heteroaryl Bond‐Forming Annulation. The chemistry of the indium–heteroarene π‐complex can be further applied to a distinct type of reaction: indium‐catalyzed formal N‐arylation and N‐alkylation of pyrroles. This transformation involves a unique nitrogen–nitrogen exchange strategy, or in other words, a pyrrole‐ring opening–closing strategy.
Preparation of 4‐(5‐(p‐Tolyl)‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (ArSO
2
F)
Authors: Wagner Lucas , Ghiazza Clément , Cornella Josep 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the procedure for preparation of 4‐(5‐(p‐Tolyl)‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride. Sulfonyl fluorides are highly coveted compounds by practitioners of both medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Importantly, aryl sulfonyl fluorides are particularly stable towards hydrolysis compared to their chlorinated analogues, thus paving the way for a plethora of applications in biological domains. For instance, sulfonyl chlorides are particularly attractive as they readily react with simple fluoride sources. It should be mentioned that sulfonyl chlorides are highly unstable towards hydrolysis, thus prohibiting the widespread use of this strategy. As sulfonamides are usually made from the parent sulfonyl chloride or fluoride, one can consider this approach counter‐intuitive. However, the chemical stability of sulfonamides enables their incorporation at the early stages of a synthetic route and can be therefore regarded as a masked handle to selectively prepare bio‐relevant sulfonyl fluorides.