bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Absorption and Metabolic Products of Sucrose and its Monosaccharides in Man
Authors: Cook G. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. In order to compare the absorption products of sucrose with those of its constituent monosaccharides in man, constant intrajejunal infusions of sucrose and of fructose and glucose were given to six cirrhotic patients with portal-systemic collateral vessels or surgical porta-caval anastomoses. To investigate further the subsequent metabolic fate of fructose and glucose, two further groups of four patients with normal liver function were given constant intravenous infusions of (1) fructose and glucose and (2) fructose, or (1) fructose and glucose and (2) glucose.
2. Solutions containing 292 m-mole/l sucrose, and 277 m-mole fructose and 277 m-mole glucose/l, were used for the intrajejunal infusions. Solutions containing 555 m-mole fructose and 555 m-mole glucose/l, 555 m-mole/l fructose, or 555 m-mole/l glucose, were used for the intravenous infusions. All of the intrajejunal and intravenous infusions were given at 6·0 ml kg−1 hr−1 for 3 hr.
3. During the intrajejunal infusions, blood concentrations of fructose, glucose, insulin, pyruvate, lactate and triglyceride-glycerol were similar with both sugar solutions. In most they were very slightly higher during the sucrose than the fructose and glucose infusions. These differences can be largely accounted for by the small difference in the quantities of the monosaccharides given during the two infusions.
4. The blood concentrations of fructose, glucose, insulin, pyruvate and lactate during the intravenous infusions did not seem to be influenced by the presence of the other monosaccharide. These findings are entirely consistent with the view that in man the constituent monosaccharides of sucrose are handled by separate metabolic paths.
Effect in the Conscious Dog of Constriction of the Renal Artery to a Sole Remaining Kidney on Haemodynamics, Sodium Balance, Body Fluid Volumes, Plasma Renin Concentration and Pressor Responsiveness to Angiotensin
Authors: Bianchi G. , Tenconi L. Tilde , Lucca R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal artery to a lone remaining kidney was constricted in fourteen concious dogs. The following variables were measured in all animals: blood pressure (BP), cardiac rate (CR), plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma volume (PV), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma non-protein nitrogen (NPN). Sodium balance was estimated in eleven dogs. Cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistence (TPR) and stroke volume (SV) were measured in nine dogs. Angiotensin responsiveness (AR) was measured in six animals.
2. Within 2 hr the following changes occurred: a sharp increment of BP, PRC and TPR, with initial reduction or no change in CO and CR; SV and PV were not changed. The linear regression of BP changes on PRC changes did not differ statistically from the one previously obtained during the infusion of exogenous renin in the conscious dog. AR was much depressed at 2 hr.
3. After 24 hr a slight but significant sodium retention developed, while PV and ECFV and SV increased, CO remained unchanged owing to a decrease of CR. PRC tended to return toward normal while BP remained high. Thus the linear regression between these two variables disappeared. At this stage AR increased toward normal and in two dogs exceeded normal.
4. On days 3–4 and 6–7 after constriction, CO increased owing to a rise of SV, while TPR decreased. PV and ECFV were expanded while sodium balance was maintained. AR varied very much in the individual dogs according mainly to changes of PRC, sodium balance and PV.
5. On days 12–14 sodium balance became positive again, PRC returned within normal levels in almost all the dogs. PV and ECFV also tended to decrease to normal. CO and AR were measured in only two dogs at this stage.
6. It is suggested that the early rise of blood pressure might be produced by the increase of PRC, while 3–6 days after the constriction the expansion of PV with the increase of CO contributed to the maintenance of the hypertension.
The in Vivo Plasma Clearance of Iron from Transferrins of Low and High Iron Saturation
Authors: Lane R. S. , Finch C. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of in vivo release of iron from plasma transferrin samples at low and high saturation was measured simultaneously in fifteen subjects with differing amounts of body iron and different rates of erythropoiesis. Iron atoms bound to transferrin at low and high plasma iron saturation were identified by using tracer labels 55Fe and 59Fe respectively. Results were expressed as the plasma 55Fe and 59Fe half-clearance time.
2. Plasma iron clearance times ranged from 15·6 to 350 min, reflecting the different amounts of available iron and marrow requirements of the patients studied. The simultaneous rates of 55Fe and 59Fe clearance from the plasma were the same in thirteen patients. Clearances in two subjects showed differences between the two isotopes, but clearances of the identical paired isotopes in two other subjects showed no difference.
3. These results confirm earlier findings of homogeneity in the plasma iron pool, extending the observations to include varying per cent saturation of transferrin and varying rates of iron uptake.
Some Effects of Metabolic Acidosis on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Rat
Authors: Alleyne G. A. O. , Fraser H. S. , Besterman H. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Metabolic acidosis was induced by feeding ammonium chloride to rats which were maintained on a carbohydrate diet for 48 h.
2. Fasting blood glucose was the same in acidotic and control animals, but there was an increase in liver glycogen in the former. Muscle glycogen was unchanged.
3. In vitro glycogenolysis was the same in liver slices from normal rats when incubated at a range of pH from 6·90 to 7·40.
4. The peak blood glucose in response to intraperitoneal injections of glucagon was the same in control and acidotic rats. The rate of disappearance of glucose was slower in acidotic rats both after the glucagon induced hyperglycaemia and after intravenously injected glucose.
5. Liver phosphorylase, total glycogen synthetase and the I form of this enzyme were unchanged in acidosis.
6. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that in the acidotic rat there is a block in glycolysis—possibly at the phosphofructokinase step.
The Relationship of Dietary Potassium Intake to the Aldosterone Stimulating Properties of ACTH
Authors: Williams G. H. , Dluhy R. G. , Underwood R. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Six normal volunteers were studied on four diets (10 mEq Na/40 mEq K, 10 mEq Na/200 mEq K, 200 mEq Na/40 mEq K, and 200 mEq Na/200 mEq K) and stimulated with a continuous 48-h infusion of ACTH.
2. Aldosterone secretions were measured basically and on the days of ACTH infusion. Basal aldosterone secretion was increased by restricting sodium or by increasing potassium.
3. The mean peak response of aldosterone secretion to ACTH on the 200 mEq Na/40 mEq K diet was 241 μg/day, and 1044 μg/day on the 200 mEq Na/200 mEq K diet. The mean peak response on the 10 mEq Na/40 mEq K diet was 1803 μg/day, and on the 10 mEq Na/200 mEq K diet was 2062 μg/day.
4. These results indicate that potassium, independent of sodium and angiotensin, can regulate basal aldosterone secretion and sensitize the adrenal response to the aldosterone stimulatory properties of ACTH.
Factors Determining the Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide in Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease
Authors: King T. K. C. , Yu D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide was measured in a group of patients with chronic obstructive airways disease using a rebreathing method.
2. The slope of the carbon dioxide response curve was obtained by plotting the ventilation at successive half minutes against the corresponding mean end tidal Pco2.
3. The slope of the carbon dioxide response curve was positively correlated with (a) the FEV1 and (b) the reciprocal of the resting arterial Pco2, both these correlations being statistically significant.
4. Reference to FEV1 alone could explain more than 80% of the variation in the slope of the CO2 response curve. This explained variation was not significantly improved by the additional consideration of the resting arterial Pco2.
5. It was suggested that whatever the underlying complex mechanisms that determine the response to CO2, the FEV1 can be used as an empirical factor for the prediction of this response in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease.
The Haematinic Effect of Iron in Flour
Authors: Elwood P. C. , Waters W. E. , Sweetnam P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Two large-scale community based studies of the haematinic effect of iron added to flour used to bake bread are reported. These were designed to simulate conditions in the community as closely as possible.
2. Neither trial gave conclusive evidence of benefit in terms of an effect on circulating haemoglobin level, but in one trial the results suggested a small haematinic effect.
3. The availability of an iron salt from bread eaten in a normal varied diet is clearly much lower than has been suggested from highly controlled radioactive isotope studies.
The Metabolism of Isotopically Labelled Vitamin D3 in Man: The Influence of the State of Vitamin D Nutrition
Authors: Mawer E. Barbara , Lumb G. A. , Schaefer K. , Stanbury S. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of radioactive vitamin D3 has been studied in individuals low or deficient in vitamin D (group I) and in vitamin D treated subjects (group II).
2. In group I there was a smaller serum pool of vitamin D, turning over more rapidly than in group II. The principal metabolite, peak IV, appeared more rapidly in the serum of group I; the level of radioactivity attained in this and in the more polar metabolites, peak V and VI, was also higher than in group II. Peak VI was the major radioactive component in serum after 100 days.
3. Vitamin D treatment of individuals in group I converted the pattern of metabolism of radioactive vitamin D3 to that characteristic of group II. This effect was observed in healthy individuals and in patients with vitamin D deficiency or with chronic renal failure.
4. The metabolic disposal of vitamin D entering the body appears to be determined by the state of vitamin D nutrition in the individual. Reported changes of vitamin D metabolism in diseases such as renal failure could be determined by the nutritional state of the patients studied rather than by the primary disease.
The Effect of Phenyl Ethyl Biguanide In Vivo and In Vitro on Gluconeogenesis and Ammonia Production in Rats
Authors: Alleyne G. A. O. , Besterman H. S. , Flores H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The drug phenyl ethyl biguanide (PEBG) was used in vivo and in vitro to study further the relationship between renal gluconeogenesis and ammonia production in the rat.
2. When PEBG was injected intraperitoneally into the rats, it caused a decrease in urinary ammonia in spite of a greater degree of systemic acidosis. PEBG injections also blocked the increase in glucose and ammonia production by renal cortical slices from rats which had been made acidotic by oral administration of ammonium chloride 2 h previously.
3. With increasing concentrations of PEBG in vitro, there was inhibition of gluconeogenesis and ammonia production from glutamine and glutamate as substrates. The two processes were equally inhibited when glutamate was used as substrate but with glutamine, gluconeogenesis was more inhibited than ammonia production.
4. The inhibition of renal gluconeogenesis by PEBG in vitro was similar when succinate, oxaloacetate, fructose, glutamine and glutamate were used as substrates.
5. The results show that PEBG does not inhibit gluconeogenesis by blocking a specific site in the gluconeogenic pathway. In addition, further proof is provided of the physiological interrelationship of renal ammonia production and gluconeogenesis.
Human Glomerular Membrane Porosity and Filtration Pressure: Dextran Clearance Data Analysed by Theoretical Models
Authors: Arturson G. , Groth T. , Grotte G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal clearance of dextran of different molecular sizes has been measured in normal humans from 6 days to 61 years of age. Gel chromatography of dextran has been used for determination of molecular weight distribution.
2. Information about the functional ultrastructure of the glomerular membrane has been deduced from the experimental clearance data in the light of theoretical models. The glomerular membrane was here visualized as a gel filter, localized in the basement membrane. The physical analogue of this membrane was interpreted as a somewhat heteroporous structure of quite well defined pore sizes: one system of smaller pores in the range of 20–28 Å radius and an additional system of larger pores of radii up to 80 Å. These larger pores are quite few in number with an approximate ratio of one large pore per 10 000 small pores.
3. The values obtained for the transglomerular pressure difference were low, about 1 cm of water or less. This supports the concept that tubular reabsorption may be the rate limiting factor in the process of urine formation and may also control the glomerular filtration rate.
4. The changes of the dextran clearance with ageing found in this investigation may be explained by an increase of the pore radii of the glomerular membrane and a concomitant decrease of the transglomerular pressure difference.
Thermoregulation and Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: Downey J. A. , Leroy E. C. , Miller J. M. , Darling R. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hand heat elimination was measured during central body heating or cooling to evaluate the sensitivity of thermoregulation in patients exhibiting Raynaud's Phenomenon.
2. Patients with Raynaud's Phenomenon responded to central heating and cooling very much as did normal subjects.
3. Patients with Raynaud's Phenomenon and associated connective tissue disease do not vasodilate in the hand in response to central heating as much as normals. These findings are compatible with the concept of a local structural defect in the blood vessels of the hand.
4. The nature of the abnormality causing Raynaud's Phenomenon is not apparent but it does not appear to be due to an increased sensitivity of the central thermoregulatory system.
Drug Interactions with Warfarin: Studies with Dichloralphenazone, Chloral Hydrate and Phenazone (Antipyrine)
Authors: Breckenridge A. , Orme M. L'E. , Thorgeirsson S. , Davies D. S. , Brooks R. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Administration of dichloralphenazone, a complex of chloral hydrate and phenazone (antipyrine) caused a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration and loss of anticoagulant control in five subjects.
2. This effect of dichloralphenazone is due to stimulation of the drug-oxidizing enzymes of the liver endoplasmic reticulum by antipyrine, the non-hypnotic part of the complex. Administration of antipyrine caused a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration in five subjects, a shortening of the plasma warfarin half-life, with increased urinary excretion of the metabolites of 14C-labelled warfarin in two subjects and increased urinary excretion of 6β-hydroxycortisol which is formed in the liver endoplasmic reticulum.
3. Administration of chloral hydrate, the hypnotic part of dichloralphenazone, caused no change in anticoagulant control but a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration in five subjects. This is due to the accumulation of trichloroacetic acid which displaces warfarin from plasma protein binding sites.
4. Individual differences in the extent of enzyme induction have been shown to be related to the subjects' rates of drug oxidation.
5. In the rat administration of dichloralphenazone and antipyrine, but not chloral hydrate, caused shortening of pentobarbitone sleeping time and of the plasma [14C]pentobarbitone half-life, shortening of the zoxazolamine paralysis time and increase in the maximal velocity of N-demethylation of ethylmorphine.
Cardio-Respiratory Response to Exercise in Normal Children
Authors: Godfrey S. , Davies C. T. M. , Wozniak E. , Barnes Carolyn A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The results of studies during simple progressive exercise to exhaustion and steady-state submaximal exercise in 117 boys and girls aged 6–16 years are presented.
2. In the simple progressive exercise test, the highest work load achieved and the submaximal heart rate were related to size and sex. The maximum heart rate and submaximal ventilation were largely independent of size and sex.
3. Steady-state exercise was performed at one-third and two-thirds of the maximum work load achieved in the simple progressive test. The Indirect (CO2) Fick method was used to measure cardiac output.
4. At any given level of steady-state work, tidal volume, dead space, heart rate and stroke volume were closely related to size, with girls having higher heart rates and smaller stroke volumes than boys. Minute ventilation and cardiac output were virtually independent of size and sex. The cardiac output in children was the same as that in the adult for any given oxygen consumption. Blood lactate was related to size at any given work load, but was independent of size at any given fraction of the maximum working capacity.
The Different Effects of Oral Sucrose and Glucose on Alimentary Lipaemia
Authors: Mann J. I. , Truswell A. S. , Pimstone B. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. A formula breakfast containing protein, carbohydrate and fat was given on two occasions to nine middle-aged male convalescent patients and to ten young men. The meals differed only in the type of carbohydrate given; sucrose or an isocalorific amount of glucose.
2. After the formula meal containing sucrose; (a) the alimentary lipaemia was cleared more slowly; (b) insulin response was smaller, and (c) there was a lower blood sugar curve than after the glucose meal.
3. The degree of lipaemia showed a significant positive correlation with insulin response which was, as expected, lower after sucrose than glucose.
While attempting to confirm a report (Schilling, Hashim & Leonardy, 1964) that serum triglycerides are not significantly elevated after the ingestion of a small mixed meal, it was noticed that the triglyceride concentrations seemed to depend on the type of carbohydrate given (Mann & Truswell, 1971). Albrink, Fitzgerald & Mann (1958) and Sullivan (1960) have shown that the lipaemia which occurs after a fatty meal is diminished by the addition of glucose to the meal. Krut & Barsky (1964) found that postprandial lipaemia in patients with ischaemic heart disease is decreased by intravenous infusion of glucose and insulin.
These considerations led us to examine the effects of glucose and sucrose and subsequent insulin release on alimentary lipaemia.
Diuretics in Chronic Renal Disease: A Study of High Dosage Frusemide
Authors: Allison Marjorie E. M. , Kennedy A. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The efficacy and mode of action of frusemide (100–750 mg) have been studied acutely in thirty-four investigations on twenty-four water-loaded subjects with stable, non-oedematous chronic renal disease (GFR 2.3–26.0 ml/min) of varying aetiology (fourteen ‘tubular’, ten ‘glomerular’).
2. Water loading alone resulted in a slight increase in urine flow rate, a flow-dependent rise in electrolyte excretion and a small fall in urine osmolality.
3. Basal fractional excretion of fluid and electrolytes was closely related to GFR, increasing as this fell, so that at a GFR of 3.0 ml/min 80% of the fluid filtered, 50–60% of the filtered load of sodium and chloride and 400% of potassium was excreted.
4. After oral or intravenous frusemide, up to 93% of the filtered load of chloride, 87% of sodium and apparently all of the glomerular filtrate could be excreted; the magnitude of the response depended on dose, GFR and basal fractional sodium excretion, being greatest at higher GFR and lowest fractional excretion. Free water clearance increased.
5. No significant change in inulin clearance was found after frusemide and no difference in the response of ‘tubular’ as opposed to ‘glomerular’ subjects.
6. Long-term treatment of nineteen patients with ‘resistant’ oedema and chronic renal disease has shown high dosage frusemide (0.12–2.0 g/day) to be an effective diuretic, although significant side effects were found in five patients.
Studies on the Mechanism of Hypernatriuresis in Essential Hypertension in Relation to Measurements of Plasma Renin Concentration, Body Fluid Compartments and Renal Function
Authors: Schalekamp M. A. D. H. , Krauss X. H. , Schalekamp-Kuyken M. P. A. , Kolsters G. , Birkenhäger W. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. In twenty-two patients representing different stages of benign essential hypertension, hyperosmotic saline was administered intravenously. Determinations of intra-arterial pressure, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and plasma renin concentration were carried out before and, in the majority, also during and after saline infusion. Changes in cardiac output were followed in ten patients. Plasma volume and extracellular volume were determined in the control period only, although haemodilution was assessed by haematocrit readings.
2. Excess of sodium excretion showed a wide range and was related to the patient's age, as well as to a set of parameters reflecting intrarenal pressure patterns; hypernatriuresis consistently occurred in older patients, in whom renal vascular resistance and nitration fraction were elevated and plasma renin was suppressed. It could not be clarified whether hypernatriuresis together with renin suppression were determined by intrarenal pressure relationships or by an independent age-related factor in the hypertensive patient.
3. Excess of sodium excretion was not related to increments in arterial pressure, cardiac output, renal blood flow or glomerular filtration rate.
4. Plasma renin concentration failed to show consistent changes after hyperosmotic saline infusion.
5. It is concluded that natriuresis is not mediated by changes in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Hypernatriuresis appears to be a feature of progressive benign hypertension.
The Effect of Long-Term Mestranol Administration on Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis in Oophorectomized Women
Authors: Aitken J. M. , Hart D. McKay , Smith D. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A group of women who had undergone hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy were studied and subsequently given either 20–40 μg of mestranol per day or a placebo for 1 year.
2. The administration of mestranol to these oophorectomized women for 1 year was associated with significant falls in serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, a fall in urinary calcium excretion and a rise in relative urinary phosphorus excretion.
3. It is suggested that these results are consistent with an increase in sensitivity to calcitonin and that the relative hyperphosphaturia reflects a compensatory rise in parathyroid hormone activity.