bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Private International Law in Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Van Calster Geert 
Published: November 2014

The Role of Private International Law in Corporate Social Responsibility
This contribution firstly reviews developments in the EU and in the United States on corporate social responsibility and conflict of laws. It concludes with reference to some related themes, in particular on the piercing of the corporate veil and with some remarks on compliance strategy, and compliance reality, for corporations.
Gas emission strength and evolution of the molar ratio of BrO/SO2 in the plume of Nyiragongo in comparison to Etna
Authors: Bobrowski N. , von Glasow R. , Giuffrida G. B. , Tedesco D. , Aiuppa A. , Yalire M. , Arellano S. , Johansson M. , Galle B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAirborne and ground‐based differential optical absorption spectroscopy observations have been carried out at the volcano Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of Congo) to measure SO2 and bromine monoxide (BrO) in the plume in March 2004 and June 2007, respectively. Additionally filter pack and multicomponent gas analyzer system (Multi‐GAS) measurements were carried out in June 2007. Our measurements provide valuable information on the chemical composition of the volcanic plume emitted from the lava lake of Nyiragongo. The main interest of this study has been to investigate for the first time the bromine emission flux of Nyiragongo (a rift volcano) and the BrO formation in its volcanic plume. Measurement data and results from a numerical model of the evolution of BrO in Nyiragongo volcanic plume are compared with earlier studies of the volcanic plume of Etna (Italy). Even though the bromine flux from Nyiragongo (2.6 t/d) is slightly greater than that from Etna (1.9 t/d), the BrO/SO2 ratio (maximum 7 × 10−5) is smaller than in the plume of Etna (maximum 2.1 × 10−4). A one‐dimensional photochemical model to investigate halogen chemistry in the volcanic plumes of Etna and Nyiragongo was initialized using data from Multi‐GAS and filter pack measurements. Model runs showed that the differences in the composition of volcanic volatiles led to a smaller fraction of total bromine being present as BrO in the Nyiragongo plume and to a smaller BrO/SO2 ratio.
A study of 732.0 nm dayglow emission at the equator under varying atomic oxygen density conditions for equinox and solstice cases
Authors: Dharwan Maneesha , Thirupathaiah P. , Singh Vir 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA comprehensive model is developed to compute the volume emission rate of O+(2P) 732.0 nm dayglow emission. The modeled volume emission rates are compared with the measurements as provided by Atmosphere Explorer C satellite and Dynamics Explorer 2 spacecraft. It is found that the model explains quite well the measured emission profiles. The present model is used to study the effect of atomic oxygen abundance on the volume emission rate of 732.0 nm dayglow emission at the equator for equinox and solstice. To study the effect of atomic oxygen abundance on 732.0 nm dayglow emission, the atomic oxygen number densities obtained from the NRLMSISE‐00 model are increased (or decreased) in an increment (or decrement) of 20% and are incorporated into the model to compute volume emission rate profiles. The present study shows that the peak emission rate (PER) varies linearly below the reference level of atomic oxygen number density and does not vary linearly above the reference level of atomic oxygen number density. The atomic oxygen number density at reference level corresponds to that value which is obtained from the NRLMSISE‐00 model. It is found that the altitude of peak emission rate moves upward as the F10.7 solar index increases. On average the upward movement of altitude of PER is about 9 km for both the equinox and solstice cases. The upward movement of the altitude of peak emission rate is due to the enhancement in atomic oxygen number density with increase in F10.7 solar index.
Rock magnetic properties and paleomagnetic behavior of Neogene marine sediments from northern Chile
Authors: Tapia Claudio A. , Wilson Gary S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNeogene sediments from La Portada and Bahia Inglesa formations located at Mejillones Peninsula and Caldera Port, northern Chile carry multicomponent magnetizations, which can lead to misidentification of the characteristic paleomagnetic vector and consequently, errors in chronostratigraphic and structural interpretation of the strata. Here we present a complete rock magnetic and paleomagnetic behavior study of Neogene sediments from La Portada and Bahia Inglesa formations. Isothermal remanent magnetization, thermal‐magnetic susceptibility, magnetic hysteresis, and X‐ray diffractometer experiments are combined with paleomagnetic, alternating field, and thermal demagnetization data to determine magnetization history. Remanent magnetizations generally comprises three components: a low blocking temperature (Tb) component, below 150°C, close to the present‐day field in direction, interpreted as a thermoviscous component; an intermediate Tb component, between 150°C and 290°C, overprinted by the low and the high Tb components, considered as the survival of the characteristic detrital magnetization; and a high Tb component, above 290°C, thought to be of diagenetic origin. Detrital magnetite, titanomagnetite, and low titanium maghemite are identified as the main carrier of the magnetic remanence. Rock magnetic results of a minor group of samples at both locations detected the presence of a high‐coercivity mineral, possibly hematite, interpreted to carry the high Tb component and to represent oxidation of minerals in postdepositional processes.
Crustal structure beneath the Rif Cordillera, North Morocco, from the RIFSIS wide‐angle reflection seismic experiment
Authors: Gil Alba , Gallart Josep , Diaz Jordi , Carbonell Ramon , Torne Montserrat , Levander Alan , Harnafi Mimoun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe different geodynamic models proposed since the late 1990s to account for the complex evolution of the Gibraltar Arc System lack definite constraints on the crustal structure of the Rif orogen. Here we present the first well‐resolved P‐wave velocity crustal models of the Rif Cordillera and its southern continuation toward the Atlas made using controlled‐source seismic data. Two 300+ km‐long wide‐angle reflection profiles crossed the Rif along NS and EW trends. The profiles recorded simultaneously five land explosions of 1Tn each using ∼850 high frequency seismometers. The crustal structure revealed from 2‐D forward modeling delineates a complex, laterally varying crustal structure below the Rif domains. The most surprising feature, seen on both profiles, is a ∼50 km deep crustal root localized beneath the External Rif. To the east, the crust thins rapidly by 20 km across the Nekkor fault, indicating that the fault is a crustal scale feature. On the NS profile the crust thins more gradually to 40 km thickness beneath Middle Atlas and 42 km beneath the Betics. These new seismic results are in overall agreement with regional trends of Bouguer gravity and are consistent with recent receiver function estimates of crustal thickness. The complex crustal structure of the Rif orogen in the Gibraltar Arc is a consequence of the Miocene collision between the Iberian and African plates. Both the abrupt change in crustal thickness at the Nekkor fault and the unexpectedly deep Rif crustal root can be attributed to interaction of the subducting Alboran slab with the North African passive margin at late Oligocene‐early Miocene times.
Changing tectonic controls on the long‐term carbon cycle from Mesozoic to present
Authors: Mills Benjamin , Daines Stuart J. , Lenton Timothy M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTectonic drivers of degassing and weathering processes are key long‐term controls on atmospheric CO2. However, there is considerable debate over the changing relative importance of different carbon sources and sinks. Existing geochemical models have tended to rely on indirect methods to derive tectonic drivers, such as inversion of the seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve to estimate uplift or continental basalt area. Here we use improving geologic data to update the representation of tectonic drivers in the COPSE biogeochemical model. The resulting model distinguishes CO2 sinks from terrestrial granite weathering, total basalt weathering, and seafloor alteration. It also distinguishes CO2 sources from subduction zone metamorphism and from igneous intrusions. We reconstruct terrestrial basaltic area from data on the extent of large igneous provinces and use their volume to estimate their contribution to degassing. We adopt a recently published reconstruction of subduction‐related degassing, and relate seafloor weathering to ocean crust creation rate. Revised degassing alone tends to produce unrealistically high CO2, but this is counteracted by the inclusion of seafloor alteration and global basalt weathering, producing a good overall fit to Mesozoic‐Cenozoic proxy CO2 estimates and a good fit to 87Sr/86Sr data. The model predicts that seafloor alteration and terrestrial weathering made similar contributions to CO2 removal through the Triassic and Jurassic, after which terrestrial weathering increased and seafloor weathering declined. We predict that basalts made a greater contribution to silicate weathering than granites through the Mesozoic, before the contribution of basalt weathering declined over the Cenozoic due to decreasing global basaltic area.
The Iceland Basin excursion: Age, duration, and excursion field geometry
Authors: Channell J. E. T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Iceland Basin geomagnetic excursion coincided with the marine isotope stage (MIS) 6/7 boundary. The age and duration of the excursion, at seven North Atlantic sites with sufficient isotope data, are estimated by matching marine isotope stage (MIS) 7a–7c to a calibrated template. Two criteria for defining the excursion, virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) latitudes <0° and <40°N, yield excursion durations of 1–4 and 2–5 kyr, respectively. The midpoints of the excursion are in the 189–192 ka range, with a mean of ∼190.2 ka. Although component magnetization directions are generally well defined, rapid changes in field direction during a time of low field intensity are not adequately recorded. During the excursion, VGPs transit southward over Africa and the South Atlantic, reach high southern latitudes at the culmination of the excursion, with partial recovery in relative paleointensity (RPI), and then track northward through the western Pacific. The high southern latitude VGPs, and the recovery in RPI, imply that the Earth's main axial dipole reversed polarity during the excursion, if only for ∼1 kyr; implying that excursions can be manifested globally and are important in millennial‐scale stratigraphy. VGP clustering in the South Atlantic and NW Pacific roughly coincide with maxima in the vertical‐downward component of the modern nondipole (ND) field determined at the Earth's surface, which implies that the ND field became dominant as the geocentric dipole field weakened during the excursion, and also that the ND field configuration is long‐lived on multimillennial timescales.
FORCulator: A micromagnetic tool for simulating first‐order reversal curve diagrams
Authors: Harrison Richard J. , Lascu Ioan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe describe a method for simulating first‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of interacting single‐domain particles. Magnetostatic interactions are calculated in real space, allowing simulations to be performed for particle ensembles with arbitrary geometry. For weakly interacting uniaxial particles, the equilibrium magnetization at each field step is obtained by direct solution of the Stoner‐Wohlfarth model, assuming a quasi‐static distribution of interaction fields. For all other cases, the equilibrium magnetization is calculated using an approximate iterated solution to the Landau‐Lifshitz‐Gilbert equation. Multithreading is employed to allow multiple curves to be computed simultaneously, enabling FORC diagrams to be simulated in reasonable time using a standard desktop computer. Statistical averaging and post processing lead to simulated FORC diagrams that are comparable to their experimental counterparts. The method is applied to several geometries of relevance to rock and environmental magnetism, including densely packed random clusters and partially collapsed chains. The method forms the basis of FORCulator, a freely available software tool with graphical user interface that will enable FORC simulations to become a routine part of rock magnetic studies.
On the earthquake predictability of fault interaction models
Authors: Marzocchi W. , Melini D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSpace‐time clustering is the most striking departure of large earthquakes occurrence process from randomness. These clusters are usually described ex‐post by a physics‐based model in which earthquakes are triggered by Coulomb stress changes induced by other surrounding earthquakes. Notwithstanding the popularity of this kind of modeling, its ex‐ante skill in terms of earthquake predictability gain is still unknown. Here we show that even in synthetic systems that are rooted on the physics of fault interaction using the Coulomb stress changes, such a kind of modeling often does not increase significantly earthquake predictability. Earthquake predictability of a fault may increase only when the Coulomb stress change induced by a nearby earthquake is much larger than the stress changes caused by earthquakes on other faults and by the intrinsic variability of the earthquake occurrence process.
The current system associated with the boundary of plasma bubbles
Authors: Sun Wei‐Jie , Fu Suiyan , Pu Zuyin , Parks George K. , Slavin James A. , Yao Zhonghua , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Shi Quanqi , Zhao Duo , Cui Yanbo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe current system associated with the boundary of plasma bubbles in the Earth's magnetotail has been studied by employing Cluster multipoint observations. We have investigated the currents in both the dipolarization front (DF, leading edge of the plasma bubble) and the trailing edge of the plasma bubble. The distribution of currents at the edge indicates that there is a current circuit in the boundary of a plasma bubble. The field‐aligned currents in the trailing edge of the plasma bubble are flowing toward the ionosphere (downward) on the dawnside and away from the ionosphere (upward) on the duskside, in the same sense as region‐1 current. Together with previous studies of the current distributions in the DF and magnetic dip region, we have obtained a more complete picture of the current system surrounding the boundary of plasma bubble. This current system is very similar to the substorm current wedge predicted by MHD simulation models but with much smaller scale.
Solar cycle variations of trapped proton flux in the inner radiation belt
Authors: Qin Murong , Zhang Xianguo , Ni Binbin , Song Hongqiang , Zou Hong , Sun Yueqiang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTrapped proton population in the inner radiation belt is highly dense, posing a potential danger to astronauts and man‐made space assets traversing through this region. While being significantly stable within timescales up to hundreds of days, inner zone proton fluxes can exhibit considerable solar cycle variations, which has not been investigated comprehensively yet. To analyze the long‐term variation of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), we adopt the proton flux data measured by NOAA 15 from 1999 through 2009 and perform statistical analyses on the basis of reasonable Gaussian fits. We report that the variation of the peak proton flux in the SAA is anticorrelated with that of F10.7 during a solar cycle. There also exists a phase lag of 685 days between the solar F10.7 flux and the proton flux. Similar features are seen for changes of the SAA distribution area, which in addition shows a rapid decrease during the solar maximum and a slow increase during the solar minimum. We also find that the region where the proton flux peaks drifts westward year by year with larger drift rates during the solar minimum. The peak region shifts southward during the solar maximum but in the opposite direction during the solar minimum with higher shift speed. Enhancements in solar wind dynamic pressure can favor the north‐south drift of the SAA.
Compositional diapirism as the origin of the low‐albedo terrain and vaporization at midlatitude on Ceres
Authors: Shoji D. , Kurita K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRecent observations of Ceres, made using the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared on board the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, have shown that water vapor is emanated from the low‐albedo midlatitude regions. Based on the supposition that some dark spots on Europa may be caused by diapirism, we explored whether Ceres' environment also can induce compositional diapirism, and whether an upwelling diapir could explain the origin and distribution of the dark spots and vaporization of Ceres. If the density of the rock that constitutes Ceres is around 2700 kg m−3, the undifferentiated crust is stable over geological time periods at less than 180 K. At a surface temperature of 170 K, a diapir can reach the surface if the crust is a few tens of kilometers thick. Alternatively, if the surface temperature is 150 K, a large contrast in viscosity would prevent diapirs from reaching the surface. The relatively moderate surface temperature in the midlatitude regions of Ceres may be the reason for the formation of dark terrains occurring only in such areas. Our finite difference calculations do not show that diapirism melts the surface ice because the temperature gradient changes very little. However, if the observed vapor emission is caused by the sublimation of fresh ice, compositional diapirism could be the mechanism that transports the fresh ice to the surface. In addition to other mechanisms such as cryovolcanism, diapirism is a valid hypothesis for explaining the dark terrain and vapor emissions of Ceres.
When the final catalyst activity profile depends only on the total amount of admitted substance: Theoretical proof
Authors: Constales Denis , Yablonsky Gregory S. , Phanawadee Phungphai , Pongboutr Nattapong , Limtrakul Jumras , Marin Guy B. 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceIt is shown, based on pulse‐response experiments, that under special conditions the activity profile of a prepared catalytic system depends only on the total amount of admitted substance. This property, previously found computationally, is here established mathematically for porous and nonporous catalysts in different pulse reactors. This result can be used as a theoretical guidance for the design of systems or materials with an optimal activity profile, in particular a catalyst bed or a catalyst particle. Consequently, it can be used for understanding and developing the different diffusion‐reaction processes, e.g., wet impregnation, deactivation of active materials, and so forth. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 31–34, 2015
Bor als überaus starkes Reduktionsmittel: Synthese eines Bor‐ zentrierten Radikalanionen‐Radikalkationen‐Paares
Authors: Bissinger Philipp , Braunschweig Holger , Damme Alexander , Hörl Christian , Krummenacher Ivo , Kupfer Thomas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTrotz der grundlegenden Bedeutung von Radikalanionen‐Radikalkationen‐Paaren in Ein‐Elektronen‐Transfer‐Reaktionen (SET) sind derartige Spezies noch immer sehr selten und meistens nur von kurzlebiger Natur. Die elektronenreiche B‐B‐Doppelbindung, welche Diborene zu ungewöhnlich starken neutralen Reduktionsmitteln macht, inspirierte uns dazu, ein Bor‐zentriertes Radikalanionen‐Radikalkationen‐Paar durch SET von einem Diboren auf ein Borol zu realisieren. Da sich die Reduktionspotentiale aller bisher bekannten Diborene (E1/2=−1.05/−1.55 V) für die Reduktion von MesBC4Ph4 (E1/2=−1.69 V) jedoch als nicht ausreichend erwiesen, wurde zuerst ein geeignetes Diboren entwickelt. Mit einem Reduktionspotential von E1/2=−1.95 V zählt IiPr⋅ (iPr)BB(iPr)⋅IiPr zu den stärksten bislang bekannten neutralen Reduktionsmitteln überhaupt. Dessen SET‐Reaktion mit MesBC4Ph4 verläuft hochselektiv unter Bildung eines Radikalanionen‐Radikalkationen‐Paares.
Elucidating membrane surface properties for preventing fouling of bioreactor membranes by surfactin
Authors: Behary Nemeshwaree , Lecouturier Didier , Perwuelz Anne , Dhulster Pascal 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe large scale production of bacterial surfactin‐an anionic lipopeptide is restricted by its high cost of production. Surface sorption of surfactin causes membrane fouling, decreasing air permeation, or filtration efficiency of membranes used in bioreactors. The aim of this study was to elucidate surface properties leading to reduction or even the prevention of surfactin sorption on fibrous membranes. Surface modification of fibrous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nonwoven membranes using cationic and/or anionic biopolymers, or an antiadhesive fluorinated polymer, with or without a prior air plasma treatment, resulted in membranes with varying surface properties. Membranes with superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic behavior with varying surface charges (positive, nul, and negative) were produced. Water contact angle (WCA), capillary uptake, as well as Zeta potential of each modified membrane, were quantified. Sorption tests using surfactin, were carried during 5, 24, and 48 h, at pH 7. The amphiphilic anionic lipopeptide sorbed on positively charged membranes as well as on negatively charged hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or superhydrophobic membranes. PET membrane functionalized with alternate deposition of chitosan and alginate presented surface properties (zeta potential of −20 mV and WCA = 80°), which was effective in rejecting 100% of the anionic surfactin both at an initial stage and at a late stage (after 48 h). Discussion is proposed to explain possible interactions between the anionic lipopeptide and the functionalized nonwovens. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41622.
A conductive foam: Based on novel poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐co‐styrene‐b‐styrene) tri‐block copolymer filled by carbon black
Authors: Zhang Jihai , Zhou Tao , Zhao Jing , Yuan Canyao , Xia Liping , Sun Ningfeng , Zhang Weidong , Zhang Aimin 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, a conductive foam based on a novel styrene‐based thermoplastic elastomer called poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐co‐styrene‐b‐styrene) tri‐block copolymer S(BS)S was prepared and introduced. S(BS)S was particularly designed for chemical foaming with uniform fine cells, which overcame the shortcomings of traditional poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) tri‐block copolymer (SBS). The preparation of conductive foams filled by the carbon black was studied. After the detail investigation of cross‐linking and foaming behaviors using moving die rheometer, the optimal foaming temperature was determined at 180°C with a complex accelerator for foaming agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images shown that the cell bubbles of conductive foam were around 30–50 µm. The conductivity of foams was tested using a megger and a semiconductor performance tester. SEM images also indicated that the conductivity of foams was mainly affected by the distribution of carbon black in the cell walls. The formation of the network of the carbon black aggregates had a contribution to perfect conductive paths. It also found that the conductivity of foams declined obviously with the foaming agent content increasing. The more foaming agent led to a sharp increasing of the number of cells (from 2.93 × 106 to 6.20 × 107 cells/cm3) and a rapid thinning of the cell walls (from 45.3 to 1.4 µm), resulting in an effective conductive path of the carbon black no forming. The conductive soft foams with the density of 0.48–0.09 g/cm3 and the volume resistivity of 3.1 × 103−2.5 × 105 Ω cm can be easily prepared in this study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41644.