bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History of Tour de France from the Geographical Point of View
Authors: Bačík Vladimír , Klobučník Michal 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The Tour de France, a three week bicycle race has a unique place in the world of sports. The 100th edition of the event took place in 2013. In the past of 110 years of its history, people noticed unique stories and duels in particular periods, celebrities that became legends that the world of sports will never forget. Also many places where the races unfolded made history in the Tour de France. In this article we tried to point out the spatial context of this event using advanced technologies for distribution of historical facts over the Internet. The Introduction briefly displays the attendance of a particular stage based on a regional point of view. The main topic deals with selected historical aspects of difficult ascents which every year decide the winner of Tour de France, and also attract fans from all over the world. In the final stage of the research, the distribution of results on the website available to a wide circle of fans of this sports event played a very significant part (www.tdfrance.eu). Using advanced methods and procedures we have tried to capture the historical and spatial dimensions of Tour de France in its general form and thus offering a new view of this unique sports event not only to the expert community, but for the general public as well.
Superconvergence of Finite Element Methods for Optimal Control Problems Governed by Parabolic Equations with Time-Dependent Coefficients
Authors: Tang Yuelong , Chen Yanping 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this article, a fully discrete finite element approximation is investigated for constrained parabolic optimal control problems with time-dependent coefficients. The spatial discretisation invokes finite elements, and the time discretisation a nonstandard backward Euler method. On introducing some appropriate intermediate variables and noting properties of the L2 projection and the elliptic projection, we derive the superconvergence for the control, the state and the adjoint state. Finally, we discuss some numerical experiments that illustrate our theoretical results.
A Block Matrix Loop Algebra and Bi-Integrable Couplings of the Dirac Equations
Authors: Ma Wen-Xiu , Zhang Huiqun , Meng Jinghan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA non-semisimple matrix loop algebra is presented, and a class of zero curvature equations over this loop algebra is used to generate bi-integrable couplings. An illustrative example is made for the Dirac soliton hierarchy. Associated variational identities yield bi-Hamiltonian structures of the resulting bi-integrable couplings, such that the hierarchy of bi-integrable couplings possesses infinitely many commuting symmetries and conserved functionals.
An Unconditionally Energy Stable Immersed Boundary Method with Application to Vesicle Dynamics
Authors: Hu Wei-Fan , Lai Ming-Chih 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe develop an unconditionally energy stable immersed boundary method, and apply it to simulate 2D vesicle dynamics. We adopt a semi-implicit boundary forcing approach, where the stretching factor used in the forcing term can be computed from the derived evolutional equation. By using the projection method to solve the fluid equations, the pressure is decoupled and we have a symmetric positive definite system that can be solved efficiently. The method can be shown to be unconditionally stable, in the sense that the total energy is decreasing. A resulting modification benefits from this improved numerical stability, as the time step size can be significantly increased (the severe time step restriction in an explicit boundary forcing scheme is avoided). As an application, we use our scheme to simulate vesicle dynamics in Navier-Stokes flow.
Un siècle, deux littératures : le xxe siècle français
Authors: Auger Manon , Huglo Marie-Pascale 
Published: September 2013

En raison d’un décloisonnement et d’une diffraction critiques manifestes, il n’est pas aisé de tracer les contours de la recherche québécoise portant sur la littérature française duxxesiècle. Il appert néanmoins que la recherche au Québec présente des lignes de forces, des « tangentes », que peut révéler une étude attentive tant des parcours des chercheurs, des problématiques qui les intéressent et des principaux lieux de collaboration, que des oeuvres et des corpus qui retiennent leur attention. Ainsi, tout en problématisant la pertinence qu’il y a à faire duxxesiècle la mesure d’un découpage disciplinaire, cet article propose un examen à la fois scrupuleux et subjectif de la recherche québécoise afin d’établir quels sont les points de convergence ou de démarcation susceptibles de mieux définir son apport spécifique. L’observation d’une répartition très nette entre la « littérature duxxesiècle » et celle du « contemporain » (allant des années 1980 jusqu’à aujourd’hui) permet par ailleurs de mettre en parallèle « deux » lectures duxxesiècle, mais aussi « deux » littératures relativement distinctes ayant leurs enjeux critiques spécifiques
Classical Sociology
Authors: Cockerham William C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Classical sociology is the systematic study of human society and social life in its earliest period that led to its establishment as a scientific discipline. While Auguste Comte came up with the idea of a sociological science that eventually evolved into reality and Karl Marx provided insight into the dynamics of class conflict and social change, other scholars were more decisive in establishing sociology as an academic discipline. One of these was Herbert Spencer, who was important in popularizing the field, but two others – Émile Durkheim and Max Weber – emerged as the greatest masters of classical sociology.
Variation of the anterior aspect of the femoral head‐neck junction in a modern human identified skeletal collection
Authors: Radi Nico , Mariotti Valentina , Riga Alessandro , Zampetti Stefania , Villa Chiara , Belcastro M. Giovanna 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of the so‐called skeletal markers of activity as functional indicators is widely debated. Among them, certain morphological features of the anterior aspect of the femoral head‐neck junction (Poirier's facet, cervical fossa of Allen, etc.) have been considered in relation to some behaviors and specific activities (e.g., squatting, horseback riding, etc.). However, disagreement on terminology and descriptions, the absence of standardized scoring methods and poor knowledge of the variability and distribution of these features make it difficult to interpret their meaning. The aim of this study is to analyze the variability of the anterior aspect of the femoral neck through a new scoring method taking into account three main traits: Poirier's facet, plaque, and cribra (including the Allen's fossa). This method has been applied to a sample of 225 adult individuals of both sexes coming from an identified modern skeletal collection, achieving low intraobserver and interobserver error values. The results highlight some significant trends: plaque, almost always bilateral, appears to be a normal condition of the femur, being present in approximately 90% of the individuals. Cribra is more frequent in females and decreases with age. Poirier's facet shows a very low frequency. This method allows the representation of both the anatomical diversity of the region already described in literature and part of the variability never considered before. Our results suggest caution in considering these features as markers related to specific activities. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:261–272, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesoscopic approach to inviscid gas dynamics with thermal lag
Authors: Cimmelli Vito Antonio 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA phenomenological model for thermal relaxation and wave propagation in ideal polyatomic gases is developed by introducing a dynamical non‐equilibrium temperature. The system of equations governing the evolution of the gas is derived and the speeds of propagation of thermo‐mechanical disturbances together with the Rankine‐Hugoniot jump conditions for shock waves are calculated. The hyperbolic theories of heat propagation in incompressible fluids and rigid solids are recovered as particular cases. For rigid solids, the well posedness of the Cauchy problem is proved by a classical method.
Finite‐Time H∞ State Estimation for Discrete‐Time Switched Control Systems Under Asynchronous Switching
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Naveed , Xiao Jian , Xiang Weiming 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe Luenberger observer technique has long been used for reliable state estimation of feedback control systems. In this paper it is employed for asynchronously switched control systems. The theory of finite‐time stability (FTS) and finite‐time boundedness (FTB) is incorporated, which is a relatively new concept offering open and challenging problems, especially in the field of robust state estimation for switched control systems. Many real‐world systems are supposed to run for a fixed interval of time and hence the design of finite‐time state observers has more significance from the point of view of many engineering applications. This investigation considers asynchronous switching between observer and physical systems, which accounts for inherent delays in practical applications caused by measurement and sensing mechanisms, and crafts a more practical and accurate design method. Furthermore, performance index which is a vital technique for robust system design against external disturbances is integrated in the design procedure.
Long-term clinical and functional outcome following treatment for Paget–Schroetter syndrome
Authors: Taylor J M , Telford R J , Kinsella D C , Watkinson A F , Thompson J F 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Effort-related thrombosis of the axillosubclavian vein (Paget–Schroetter syndrome, PSS) is uncommon. It tends to affect young, active individuals and yet consensus on management is lacking. The aim here was to analyse late outcomes in a series of patients treated for PSS using a standard protocol.

Methods
The medical records of patients treated for PSS over 16 years were analysed. Patients were divided into four groups according to their management. Clinical and functional outcomes were analysed regarding residual venous defects after treatment, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire scores, respectively.

Results
Some 117 patients (52 men and 65 women, mean age 32 years) were included. Catheter-directed thrombolysis was successful in 42 of 56 treated patients. Thoracic outlet decompression surgery was performed in 95 patients. DASH scores improved significantly in patients treated surgically (P &lt; 0.001 to P = 0·009); early surgery had a better outcome than delayed surgery (P = 0·040). Patients who were managed conservatively showed no improvement (P = 0·116). Where venoplasty was necessary, it was successful in 18 of 25 patients. A short duration of lysis (less than 24 h) increased the risk of rethrombosis (P = 0·020). The method of postoperative anticoagulation had no influence on the rate of rethrombosis.

Conclusion
Patients treated surgically for PSS had better functional outcomes than those managed conservatively. Prompt thrombolysis and surgery was superior to delayed management with respect to rethrombosis and functional outcome.
Programming instruction using a micro robot as a teaching tool
Authors: Yamanishi Teruya , Sugihara Kazutomi , Ohkuma Kazumasa , Uosaki Katsuji 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis practical report analyzes a programming class using a micro robot (MR), the smallest soccer robot in the RoboCup world competition. This class examined the effect of using the MR as the actual equipment employed in programming. Questionnaire results on this class revealed that these teaching materials evoked a heightened programming interest among students. Moreover, the problems related to programming instruction using an MR were better understood; therefore, a strategy for improving the related problems is discussed here. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:109–116, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21582
Lewis Acid Mediated Vinyl‐Transfer Reaction of Alkynes to N‐Alkylimines by Using the N‐Alkyl Residue as a Sacrificial Hydrogen Donor
Authors: Malakar Chandi C. , Stas Sara , Herrebout Wouter , Abbaspour Tehrani Kourosch 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA variety of N‐alkyl‐α,α‐dichloroaldimines were vinylated by terminal acetylenes in the presence of Lewis acids such as In(OTf)3 or BF3⋅OEt2 and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as an additive. The reaction proceeds at ambient temperature and leads to geometrically pure allylic β,β‐dichloroamines. This approach is complementary to previously reported transition‐metal‐catalyzed vinyl‐transfer methods, which are not applicable to aliphatic imines and are restricted to imines that contain an electron‐withdrawing nitrogen substituent. In the present approach, terminal alkynes were used as a source of the vinyl residue, and the N‐alkyl moiety of the imine acts as a sacrificial hydrogen donor. The additional advantage of this methodology is the fact that no external toxic or hazardous reducing agents or molecular hydrogen has to be used. This new methodology nicely combines a C(sp2)C(sp) bond formation, hydride transfer, and an unusual cleavage of an unactivated CN bond, thereby giving rise to functionalized primary allylic amines. A detailed experimental study supported by DFT calculations of the mechanism has been done.
Patterns of delivery of chemoimmunotherapy to patients with follicular lymphoma in the United States: Results of the National LymphoCare Study
Authors: Martin Peter , Byrtek Michelle , Dawson Keith , Ziemiecki Ryan , Friedberg Jonathan W. , Cerhan James R. , Flowers Christopher R. , Link Brian K. 
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUNDDrug choice and delivered dose of treatment potentially influence outcome in patients treated for follicular lymphoma (FL). Historically, observational studies have evaluated drug choice. The National LymphoCare Study (NLCS) is a prospective, observational study of patients with FL who were enrolled at academic and community practice sites in the United States between 2004 and 2007. In the current study, the authors report on measures of delivered dose and its impact on outcomes for the most common first‐line regimens.METHODSAll evaluable patients with FL who were treated with initial rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP); rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CVP); or rituximab plus a fludarabine‐containing regimen (R‐Flu) were included. Associations between baseline factors, choice of treatment, number of cycles received, completion of therapy, and patient outcomes were assessed.RESULTSA total of 646 patients received R‐CHOP, 297 received R‐CVP, and 222 received R‐Flu. Characteristics were similar between the 3 groups with the following exceptions. Patients receiving R‐CHOP were more often found to have grade 3 FL and patients receiving R‐CVP were older and had higher Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index scores. The majority of patients (80%) received ≥ 5 cycles of treatment. Toxicity, but not disease progression, was commonly cited as the reason for the early discontinuation of treatment (51% vs 6%). Time to retreatment was shorter for patients receiving ≤ 4 cycles, regardless of the treatment regimen used. The number of cycles was associated with overall survival, progression‐free survival, and lymphoma‐related mortality for patients receiving R‐CVP.CONCLUSIONSThe majority of patients with FL receiving chemoimmunotherapy in the NLCS completed ≥ 5 cycles of treatment. Strategies to improve dose delivery appear unlikely to impact outcomes, except possibly in patients receiving R‐CVP. Although early treatment discontinuation appears to be associated with survival, this analysis does not implicate causality. Cancer 2013;119:4129–4136. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Phased arrays in communication system based on Taguchi‐neural networks
Authors: Smida A. , Ghayoula R. , Nemri N. , Trabelsi H. , Gharsallah A. , Grenier D. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYPhased antenna array design is one of the most important electromagnetic optimization problems. This research combined the Taguchi method and artificial intelligence methods, used them as the prediction tool in designing parameters for the communication system, and then constructed a set of the optimal parameter analysis flow and steps. In this paper, we present an application of artificial neural networks in the electromagnetic domain. We particularly look at the multilayer perceptron network, which has been the most used of artificial neural networks architectures both in the electromagnetic domain and in the Taguchi optimization technique and describes the Taguchi method to optimize the excitations elements of the linear array to produce a radiation pattern with minimum side lobe level and null placement control. This paper investigates how the implementation of the signal processing in hardware affects the performance of the adaptive array antenna. The investigation is confined to uplink or receive antenna array only. Results of a prototype of antenna array with feeding values designed using the proposed techniques are also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bemessung von Mauerwerk nach EC 6 – einfach und praxisnah
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Schmitt Michael , Förster Valentin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDie zeitnah vorgesehene bauaufsichtliche Einführung der neuen europäischen Normengeneration DIN EN 1996 (Eurocode 6) stellt Planer und Bauausführende im Mauerwerksbau vor neue Herausforderungen, bietet aber auch vielfältige Chancen. Gegenüber der bisher gültigen DIN 1053‐1 müssen sich alle Beteiligten auf einige wenige, aber grundlegende Neuerungen im Sicherheitskonzept sowie in der Nachweisführung einstellen und diesbezügliche Erfahrungen sammeln. Nach kurzer Einarbeitung zeigt sich jedoch die Vorteilhaftigkeit der neuen Regelungen für einen einfachen und effizienten Nachweis von unbewehrten Mauerwerksbauteilen. Hinsichtlich der Bemessung von Mauerwerk sind größere Unterschiede in der Regelungsdichte sowie der Nachweisdetaillierung zwischen den einzelnen europäischen Staaten festzustellen, sodass bei der Erarbeitung der europäischen Vorschrift EN 1996 (EC 6) gewisse Kompromisse unvermeidlich waren. Der deutsche Nationale Anhang bot jedoch die Möglichkeit zur Ergänzung bzw. Zuschärfung des Normentextes, sodass das bisher in Deutschland übliche Anforderungsniveau weitestgehend erhalten werden konnte. Gleichzeitig ist es gelungen, die für übliche Bauwerke erforderlichen Nachweise deutlich zu vereinfachen und zu reduzieren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Neuerungen anhand von Diagrammen erläutert und die Nachweisführung in Form von Tabellen aufbereitet, um eine einfache und praxisnahe Anwendung von DIN EN 1996/NA zu ermöglichen.Design of unreinforced Masonry Structures according to EC 6 – simple and practical. Concerning masonry structures the upcoming introduction of the new European standards DIN EN 1996 (Eurocode 6) with national annexes is a major challenge for civil engineers and building contractors but also implies great opportunities. In comparison with the current DIN 1053‐1 civil engineers and building contractors have to get used to a few but essential improvements as well as to gather experience with the new regulations. But after a short familiarization the practical engineers will realize the advantages of the new codes for a simple and efficient calculation. Especially in design and execution of masonry structures significant differences exist between the European countries and compromises for the harmonization had to be found. The German National Annex provides the possibility for amendments to keep the current performance level as far as possible and to ease the design for common unreinforced constructions. With this article the most important innovations are pointed out using diagrams, charts and tables in order to allow an easy and practical application of DIN EN 1996/NA.
Complexation Enhanced Excited‐State Deactivation by Lithium Ion Coordination to a Borondipyrromethene (Bodipy) Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Dyad
Authors: Benniston Andrew C. , Yang Songjie , Lemmetyinen Helge , Tkachenko Nikolai V. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA donor–acceptor dyad was prepared comprised of a borondipyrromethene (Bodipy) chromophore as the acceptor and a dimethylamino moiety as the donor. The two groups are separated by a 2,2′‐biphenol moiety. The excited state of the Bodipy is efficiently quenched by electron transfer involving donation from the dimethyl amino group. The rate constant for forward electron transfer in DMF was measured to be ca. 2 × 1010 s–1. The charge recombination process is ultrafast. Titration of aliquots of LiClO4 to a DMF solution of the dyad resulted in alterations to the absorption spectrum associated with the 2,2′‐biphenol unit. Changes were modelled as Li+ ions bound to the oxygen atoms of the 2,2′‐biphenol to produce 1:1 (Li+/ligand) and 2:1 (Li+/ligand) complexes. The rate constant for excited state quenching is enhanced upon lithium ion binding.
Review of Attentional Bias Modification: A Brain‐directed Treatment for Eating Disorders
Authors: Renwick Beth , Campbell Iain C. , Schmidt Ulrike 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectivePsychological treatments for eating disorders (ED) rely on mastery of effortful attentional control to divert attention from anxiety provoking thoughts. This paper assesses the potential suitability of attentional bias modification treatment (ABMT) for EDs as a way to target early automatic attentional processes and implicitly retune threat perception that happens outside of conscious control.MethodWe review data on anxiety in EDs, the neurobiological and behavioural relationship between anxiety disorders and EDs, attentional biases (AB) in EDs and the use of ABMT.ResultsCo‐morbidities between EDs and anxiety disorders are common and negatively affect illness outcome. EDs and anxiety disorders share many underlying elements, including AB towards threatening and disorder‐relevant stimuli. AB has been modified across a range of anxiety disorders using ABMT. It is possible to modify AB in EDs.ConclusionThere is evidence to suggest that ABMT has potential as a targeted, rapid and convenient treatment option for EDs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.