bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Shear Strain on Texture in Pressed Plastic Bonded Explosives
Authors: Schwarz Ricardo B. , Brown Geoffrey W. , Thompson Darla G. , Olinger Barton W. , Furmanski Jevan , Cady Howard H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe insensitive explosive PBX 9502 contains 95 wt‐% of TATB crystals and a plastic bonding agent (Kel‐F). The TATB crystals have plate‐like morphology, similar to that of graphite or boron nitride. We have used X‐ray diffraction to measure the preferred orientation (texture) of the TATB crystals in parts fabricated by pressing PBX 9502 powder. Independently, we have used finite‐element calculations to derive the direction and magnitude of the shear imposed during the consolidation of this composite material. Based on our results, we propose that the texture develops because the applied shear causes the TATB crystals to rotate such that their (002) basal planes are parallel to shear planes. The texture predicted by this model agrees qualitatively with that measured at various locations within the PBX 9502 compact. Further validation of this model is obtained by the measurement of the thermal expansion coefficient of PBX 9502, which is highly anisotropic.
High quantum efficiency UV detection using a‐Se based photodetector
Authors: Masuzawa Tomoaki , Onishi Masanori , Saito Ichitaro , Yamada Takatoshi , Koh Angel T. T. , Chua Daniel H. C. , Ogawa Shuichi , Takakuwa Yuji , Mori Yusuke , Shimosawa Tatsuo , Okano Ken 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHigh‐sensitivity ultraviolet (UV) photodetection has been attempted by utilizing the carrier multiplication effect in amorphous selenium. The prototype photodetector presented in this Letter showed an extremely high sensitivity to UV light, so that up to 1000 carriers are generated per incident photon. This result should lead to the development of an ultrahigh‐sensitivity photodetector that can be used for spectrometric applications covering the visible to UV region. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Systems Integration: Key Perspectives, Experiences, and Challenges
Authors: Madni Azad M. , Sievers Michael 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTAs systems continue to grow in scale and complexity, systems integration (SI) has become a key concern. This is especially the case in defense and aerospace. SI involves interfacing and enabling the interactions of component elements to collectively provide the functionality needed by the system to accomplish its goals. SI is part of the overall system development life cycle. SI increases in complexity when there are legacy systems that need to be integrated, and when humans are an integral part of the system. An added layer of complexity is introduced when the system has to exhibit resilience and adaptability in the face of contingencies in the operational environment. This paper addresses key perspectives and challenges in SI. Specifically, it presents the integration continuum, ranging from loose to tight integration. It presents a SI ontology that captures the key issues and concerns in a standard language. It also presents various categories of integration and their unique challenges. This paper is intended to clarify various types of integration and to stimulate new ways of thinking about SI.
Systems Theory as the Foundation for Understanding Systems
Authors: Adams Kevin MacG. , Hester Patrick T. , Bradley Joseph M. , Meyers Thomas J. , Keating Charles B. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTAs currently used, systems theory is lacking a universally agreed upon definition. The purpose of this paper is to offer a resolution by articulating a formal definition of systems theory. This definition is presented as a unified group of specific propositions which are brought together by way of an axiom set to form a system construct: systems theory. This construct affords systems practitioners and theoreticians with a prescriptive set of axioms by which a system must operate; conversely, any set of entities identified as a system may be characterized by this set of axioms. Given its multidisciplinary theoretical foundation and discipline‐agnostic framework, systems theory, as it is presented here, is posited as a general approach to understanding system behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 17:
Current and future challenges facing transboundary river basin management
Authors: Zeitoun Mark , Goulden Marisa , Tickner David 
Published: May 2013

This review employs academic and policy literature to gage the relative importance and concerns associated with the main challenges facing the management of transboundary river basins: increasing pressures; management and policy that has not kept pace with a broadened set of actors; the influence of climate change; and the politics of reconciling political borders and basin boundaries. The persistence of the supply‐side management philosophy within current political economies is also reviewed, along with infrastructure and institutional responses to the challenges (e.g., IWRM, dams, treaties). An analytical frame developed from the review is applied to three basins where there has been successful, considerable, or no effort at transboundary basin management: the Rhine, the Nile, and the Euphrates. International politics and national self‐interest are found to be the key challenge facing international basins, though each of the challenges is interconnected and should be considered in combination. If transboundary basin management is to confront the challenges successfully, it should develop along two paths: away from a supply‐side management paradigm toward adaptive management, and away from sovereignty and unilateralism to multilateralism. While infrastructure built under a paradigm of reducing uncertainty is found to reduce the adaptation options set, adaptive management that can make the most of the increasingly diverse governance and confront the supply‐management philosophy is seen as best‐suited to meet future challenges. The disabling effect of sovereignty and international politics may best be addressed by confronting resistance of the promotion of ‘shared sovereignty’ and fair water‐sharing. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:331–349. doi: 10.1002/wcc.228This article is categorized under:

Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development
Polyethylenimines for siRNA and miRNA delivery in vivo
Authors: Höbel Sabrina , Aigner Achim 
Published: May 2013

The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) as a naturally occurring mechanism for gene knockdown has attracted considerable attention toward the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for therapeutic purposes. Likewise, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important cellular regulators of gene expression, and their pathological underexpression allows for novel therapeutic strategies (‘miRNA replacement therapy’). To address issues related to the instability, charge, and molecular weight of small RNA molecules, nanoparticle formulations have been explored for their in vivo application. Polyethylenimines (PEIs) are positively charged, linear, or branched polymers that are able to form nanoscale complexes with small RNAs, leading to RNA protection, cellular delivery, and intracellular release. This review highlights the important properties of various PEIs with regard to their use for in vivo RNA delivery. PEI modifications for increased efficacy, altered pharmacokinetic properties, improved biocompatibility and, upon covalent coupling of ligands, targeted delivery are described. An overview of various modified PEIs and a comprehensive list of representative studies using PEI‐based siRNA or miRNA delivery in vivo are given. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1228This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Copper(II) Complex with the Tridentate Ligand N,N‐bis(2‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐imidazol‐5‐ylmethyl)phenylethylamine (biaq). X‐ray Crystal Structure and Biological Activity on Bacillussubtilis of [Cu(biaq)Cl2].
Authors: Mendoza Ángeles , Mendoza‐Díaz Guillermo , Pedraza‐Reyes Mario , Bernès Sylvain 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe ligand N,N‐bis(2‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐imidazol‐5‐ylmethyl)‐1‐phenylethylamine (biaq) was prepared by Mannich reaction of 2‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole, (R)‐1‐phenylethylamine and formaldehyde. It was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. This ligand reacts with CuCl2 to give a coordination compound with formula [Cu(biaq)Cl2]. In this compound, biaq acts as a tridentate ligand with one tertiary amine and two azole nitrogen atoms coordinated to the central metal atom. The complex was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. The X‐ray structure of [Cu(biaq)Cl2] shows a pentacoordinate cooper(II) atom, where two chloride ions and the three nitrogen atoms of the biaq ligand are coordinated in a distorted square pyramidal arrangement. The biological activity of the complex [Cu(biaq)Cl2] was tested using the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis as a model. Results revealed that the copper complex interfered with bacterial growth, inducing cell death, most probably by altering the primary structure of the chromosome, since a significant increase of the mutation frequency to rifampicin resistance was observed.
Effects of preoperative exposure to a high-fat versus a low-fat diet on ingestive behavior after gastric bypass surgery in rats
Authors: Seyfried Florian , Miras Alexander D. , Bueter Marco , Prechtl Christina G. , Spector Alan C. , le Roux Carel W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe consumption of high fat and sugar diets is decreased after gastric bypass surgery (GB). The mechanisms remain unclear, with tests of motivated behavior toward fat and sugar producing conflicting results in a rat model. These discrepancies may be due to differences in presurgical maintenance diets. The authors used their GB rat model to determine whether the fat content of preoperative maintenance diets affects weight loss, calorie intake, and macronutrient selection after surgery.MethodsMale Wistar rats were either low-fat diet fed (LFDF) with normal chow or high-fat diet fed (HFDF) before randomization to GB or sham surgery. In food preference test 1, the animals were offered the choice of a vegetable drink (V8) or a high-calorie liquid (Ensure), and in food preference test 2, they could choose normal chow or a solid high-fat diet.ResultsThe GB groups did not differ significantly in terms of body weight loss or caloric intake. In food preference test 1, both groups responded similarly by reducing their preference for Ensure and increasing their preference for V8. In food preference test 2, the HFDF-GB rats reduced their preference for a solid high-fat diet gradually compared with the immediate reduction observed in the LFDF-GB rats.ConclusionThe consumption of presurgical maintenance diets with different fat contents did not affect postoperative weight loss outcomes. Both the LFDF-GB and HFDF-GB rats exhibited behaviors consistent with the possible expression of a conditioned taste aversion to a high-fat stimulus. These results suggest that for some physiologic parameters, low-fat-induced obesity models can be used for the study of changes after GB and have relevance to many obese humans who consume high-calorie but low-fat diets.
Normal dose of pilsicainide showed marked negative inotropic effects in a patient who had no underlying heart disease
Authors: Yoshida Masayoshi , Ando Shin‐ichi , Chishaki Akiko , Makita Naomasa , Hasegawa Yoshiyuki , Narita Sumito , Momii Hidetoshi , Kadokami Toshiaki 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe report the case of an otherwise healthy 64‐year‐old female who developed cardiopulmonary arrest after the administration of pilsicainide for treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. She had had an episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, but no liver dysfunction, renal dysfunction, or echocardiographic abnormality before her admission. On the day of admission and the following day, 50 mg of pilsicainide was administered intravenously over 10 min (total 100 mg). Shortly after the second injection, she developed marked bradycardia and hypotension and eventually fell into a state of pulseless electrical activity. Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation was started. Although application of a temporary pacemaker restored her heart rate, echocardiography revealed no left ventricular contraction. We started percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) and intra‐aortic balloon pumping (IABP). Her cardiac contraction gradually recovered and returned to completely normality 3 days after the onset. The patient was discharged in an ambulatory condition.
From the Front Line: The State as a Failed Parent
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Hansen Patricia 
Published: May 2013

The focus of this article is young women aged 16–17 years who, while in State care in New South Wales gave birth, and from whom the child was then removed by the same department that is responsible for the mother's care. This topic is rarely examined due to two constraints. One is the lack of available data about the incidence of events of this kind. The second is the confidentiality provision in the New South Wales Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 which defines the Children's Court as a closed court and prohibits the reporting of identifiable case information.As a consequence much of this article is based on the authors' direct observation of cases involving young women of this age that they have encountered while undertaking professional duties in the Children's Court. The article also explores the further issue of the adoption of children removed from mothers who are still in State care.Because of the lack of data this article can be classified as an opinion piece which attempts to raise awareness about an important care issue. The article has a New South Wales focus but the authors expect that the same concerns are echoed in other Australian states and territories.
Competency-Based Standardized Training for Humanitarian Providers: Making Humanitarian Assistance a Professional Discipline
Authors: Johnson Kirsten , Idzerda Leanne , Baras Rachel , Camburn Jessica , Hein Karen , Walker Peter , Burkle Frederick M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe number of people employed in international humanitarian care is growing at a yearly rate of 6%. The demand for better coordination, accountability, and training has led to a need for standardized humanitarian training programs for providers. Training should be based on comprehensive core competencies that providers must demonstrate in addition to their skill-specific competencies. This report explores the competencies specific to humanitarian training that are practice- and application-oriented, teachable, and measurable. Competency-based, standardized programs will be used to select humanitarian workers deployed in future crises and to guide the professionalization of this discipline.
Faster growth rate inad libitum-fed cats: a risk factor predicting the likelihood of becoming overweight during adulthood
Authors: Serisier Samuel , Feugier Alexandre , Venet Claudie , Biourge Vincent , German Alexander J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn human subjects, the risk of becoming overweight (OW) in adulthood is largely determined early in childhood. However, early-life factors have not been considered for feline obesity. A total of eighty colony cats, fedad libitum, were studied; various breeds, ages and sex were included, with thirty-six (45 %) being OW and forty-four (55 %) being of ideal weight (IW). The effects of various factors (including age, sex, neuter status, breed (purev. mixed), mean daily food intake (FI), housing status (indoor with outdoor accessv. exclusively indoor) and body weight at 1 year of age (BW1y)) on weight status were assessed. Initial statistical analyses identified BW1y as the main significant variable. Body weight (BW) and FI were then assessed between 1 and 8·5 years of age, with group differences (OWv. IW) noted for BW, which increased significantly with age only in the OW group (P < 0·001). However, no difference in BW (P = 0·17) was noted when BW1y was included as a covariate in the model. FI did not change with age in either group. Finally, given the importance of BW1y, changes in BW from 3 to 12 months were then assessed with BW at 3 months of age included as a covariate. Whereas at 3 months of age, no group difference in BW was observed, a faster rate of weight gain was seen in OW cats. In conclusion, as in human subjects, the rate of growth is a key risk factor for cats becoming OW, although the factors responsible are currently not known.
High sodium:potassium intake ratio increases the risk for all-cause mortality: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study
Authors: Judd Suzanne E. , Aaron Kristal J. , Letter Abraham J. , Muntner Paul , Jenny Nancy S. , Campbell Ruth C. , Kabagambe Edmond K. , Levitan Emily B. , Levine Deborah A. , Shikany James M. , Safford Monika , Lackland Daniel T. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIncreased dietary Na intake and decreased dietary K intake are associated with higher blood pressure. It is not known whether the dietary Na:K ratio is associated with all-cause mortality or stroke incidence and whether this relationship varies according to race. Between 2003 and 2007, the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort enrolled 30 239 black and white Americans aged 45 years or older. Diet was assessed using the Block 98 FFQ and was available on 21 374 participants. The Na:K ratio was modelled in race- and sex-specific quintiles for all analyses, with the lowest quintile (Q1) as the reference group. Data on other covariates were collected using both an in-home assessment and telephone interviews. We identified 1779 deaths and 363 strokes over a mean of 4·9 years. We used Cox proportional hazards models to obtain multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR). In the highest quintile (Q5), a high Na:K ratio was associated with all-cause mortality (Q5v. Q1 for whites: HR 1·22; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·47,Pfor trend = 0·084; for blacks: HR 1·36; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·77,Pfor trend = 0·028). A high Na:K ratio was not significantly associated with stroke in whites (HR 1·29; 95 % CI 0·88, 1·90) or blacks (HR 1·39; 95 % CI 0·78, 2·48), partly because of the low number of stroke events. In the REGARDS study, a high Na:K ratio was associated with all-cause mortality and there was a suggestive association between the Na:K ratio and stroke. These data support the policies targeted at reduction of Na from the food supply and recommendations to increase K intake.
Association of schizophrenia with T102C (rs6313) and 1438 A/G (rs6311) polymorphisms of HTR2A gene
Authors: Yildiz Saliha Handan , Akilli Asli , Bagcioglu Erman , Ozdemir Erdogan Mujgan , Coskun Kerem Senol , Alpaslan Ahmet Hamdi , Subasi Burak , Arikan Terzi Evrim Suna 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate whether there were any associations between the T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and schizophrenia. We conducted a case–control study of the T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms in Turkish patients.MethodsWe compared genotypes and allele frequencies of T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms of 5-HT2A receptor gene in 102 patients with schizophrenia diagnosed, according to DSM-IV, and 107 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsWe found no significant association between schizophrenia and genotypic or allele frequencies of HTR2A gene 102T/C (rs6313) and 1438 A/G (6311) polymorphisms. However, comparison of HTR2A gene 102 T/C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms in terms of genotypic and allele frequencies between the two patient groups, with or without a family history of schizophrenia, shows that T- and A-allele frequencies were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the case group that has a history of schizophrenia in their family.ConclusionIn conclusion, our results do not support the hypothesis that the T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms in the 5-HT2A receptor gene are associated with schizophrenia, but further studies in a larger sample are needed.
AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ADVERSE EVENTS, ANXIETY AND BODY SIZE OF ADOLESCENTS
Authors: HANĆ TOMASZ , JANICKA KLAUDIA , DURDA MAGDALENA , CIEŚLIK JOACHIM 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe aim of the study was to assess the relationship between adverse life events, a tendency to respond with a high level of anxiety, and height and adiposity of adolescents. The sample included 575 persons (309 girls and 266 boys) aged 10–15 (mean 12.73) from the Wielkopolska region of Poland. The influence of adverse events during the 6 months before the examination and anxiety trait, as assessed with a STAIC questionnaire, on body height and BMI was analysed. Also sex, age, chronic diseases and socioeconomic status indicators were assessed. One-way and two-way ANOVA was used for assessment of relationships. Adverse events had no influence on body height and BMI. Subjects with a high level of anxiety trait (>34 score) were shorter (differencez=0.21) than subjects with a normal level of anxiety trait (≤34 score). The association of anxiety trait and body height was significant after adjustment for sex, age, chronic diseases and history of adverse life events. The analysis showed no statistically significant influence of adverse life events on height and BMI and a significant relationship between the general tendency to respond with anxiety and body height of adolescents. This suggests that psychological characteristics associated with the cognitive tendency to interpret events as threatening, and consequently, to respond with stress, may be involved in the variability of biological traits regardless of the objective harmfulness of the situation.
Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History of Mumbai
Authors: HAYNES DOUGLAS E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis review examines three major books on the history of Bombay. Historians of the city have tended to focus primarily on the period before 1930; this tendency has seriously limited our understanding of the dramatic transformations that have taken place in Bombay over the course of the twentieth century. Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. Collectively these works make a significant contribution to the appreciation of such matters as working-class politics, the changing character of workers’ neighbourhoods, land use, urban planning, and the ways the city has been imagined and experienced by its citizens. At the same time, these works all shift their analytic frameworks as they approach more contemporary periods and this restricts the authors' ability to assess fully the character of urban change. This paper calls upon historians to continue to apply the tools of social history, particularly its reliance on close microcosmic studies of particular places and groups over long periods of time, as they try to bridge the gap between the early twentieth century and the later twentieth century. At the same time, it suggests that historians need to consider Gyan Prakash's view of cities as ‘patched-up societies’ whose entirety cannot be understood through single, linear models of change.