bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In With the Old and Out With the New? A Comparison of the Old and New Binge Drinking Standards
Authors: Corbin William R. , Zalewski Suzanne , Leeman Robert F. , Toll Benjamin A. , Fucito Lisa M. , O'Malley Stephanie S. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThere is consistent evidence that the binge drinking standard of 5+ drinks per drinking occasion for men (4+ for women) is associated with risk for negative consequences. Yet, many have questioned the adequacy of this measure as an index of intoxication (e.g., a blood alcohol concentration [BAC] of 0.08 g%). In response to these concerns, a National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism task force recommended adding a time qualifier of 2 hours to this criterion. Although conceptually appealing, there has been little effort to determine whether this new measure better captures drinking that leads to negative consequences.MethodsThis study examined the new binge standard (2‐hour period) and old binge standard (no time qualifier) in relation to frequency of drinking to an estimated BAC of 0.08 g% and the experience of negative drinking consequences. These relations were examined within both a social drinking sample of adults (N = 200) and a sample of heavy‐drinking young adults (N = 168) participating in a randomized clinical trial for drinking reduction.ResultsContrary to the purpose of adding a time qualifier, the new binge measure was not more strongly correlated with drinking to an estimated BAC of 0.08 g% relative to the old binge measure. In addition, when both measures were entered simultaneously into a regression model, only the old binge measure accounted for significant variance in negative drinking consequences.ConclusionsThese empirically based results suggest that the original binge standard without a time qualifier may be preferable to the 2‐hour standard as a marker for risk. The findings also suggest that further efforts are needed to identify a brief measure that effectively captures drinking to intoxication and related risk for negative consequences.
Relative risk of injury from acute alcohol consumption: modeling the dose–response relationship in emergency department data from 18 countries
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Ye Yu , Bond Jason , Borges Guilherme , Monteiro Maristela 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimsTo update and extend analysis of the dose–response relationship of injury and drinking by demographic and injury subgroups and country‐level drinking pattern, and examine the validity and efficiency of the fractional polynomial approach to modeling this relationship.DesignPair‐matched case–cross‐over analysis of drinking prior to injury, using categorical step‐function and fractional polynomial analysis.SettingThirty‐seven emergency departments (EDs) across 18 countries.ParticipantsA total of 13 119 injured drinkers arriving at theEDwithin 6 hours of the event.MeasurementsThe dose–response relationship was analyzed by gender, age, cause of injury (traffic, violence, fall, other) and country detrimental drinking pattern (DDP).FindingsEstimated risks were similar between the two analytical methods, with injury risk doubling at one drink [odds ratio (OR) = 2.3–2.7] and peaking at about 30 drinks. Although risk was similar for males and females up to three drinks (OR = 4.6), it appeared to increase more rapidly for females and was significantly higher starting from 20 drinks [femaleOR = 28.6; confidence interval (CI) = 16.8, 48.9; maleOR = 12.8;CI = 10.1, 16.3]. No significant differences were found across age groups. Risk was significantly higher for violence‐related injury than for other causes across the volume range. Risk was also higher at all volumes forDDP‐3 compared withDDP‐2 countries.ConclusionsThere is an increasing risk relationship between alcohol and injury but risk is not uniform across gender, cause of injury or country drinking pattern. The fractional polynomial approach is a valid and efficient approach for modeling the alcohol injury risk relationship.
The Anti‐Politics of Climate Finance: The Creation and Performativity of the Green Climate Fund
Authors: Bracking Sarah 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper is an empirical case study of the institutional design process of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from December 2011 to May 2014. Powerful countries, corporations and banks have favoured a deepening of neoliberal environmental governance, while civil society actors have argued over retaining movement concepts, won small representational victories, while participating in a process that has subjected them to a deepened practise of advanced liberal governance. The process has thus far produced “non‐outcomes” that fail to meet hopes that the GCF could provide a significant scaling up and paradigm shift in global climate finance. However, civil society engagement appears to be, somewhat inadvertently, exposing the “overflows”, limits and contradictions inherent in advanced liberal governance. The impasse created has prompted alternative governmentalities to emerge, not least of spectacle and (non‐)performativity, which may be generating an anti‐politics in environmental governance.
Dying autologous cells as instructors of the immune system
Authors: Munoz L E , Herrmann M , Berens C 
Published: October 2014

Summary
In an organism, cell death occurs at many different sites and in many different forms. It is frequently part of normal development or serves to maintain cell homeostasis. In other cases, cell death not only occurs due to injury, disease or infection, but also as a consequence of various therapeutic interventions. However, in all of these scenarios, the immune system has to react to the dying and dead cells and decide whether to mount an immune response, to remain quiet or to initiate healing and repopulation. This is essential for the organism, testified by many diseases that are associated with malfunctioning in the cell death process, the corpse removal, or the ensuing immune responsiveness. Therefore, dying cells generally have to be considered as instructors of the immune system. How this happens and which signals and pathways contribute to modulate or shape the immune response is still elusive in many conditions. The articles presented in this Special Issue address such open questions. They highlight that the context in which cell death occurs will not only influence the cell death process itself, but also affect the surrounding cellular milieu, how the generation and presence of ‘eat me’ signals can have an impact on cell clearance, and that the exact nature of the residual ‘debris’ and how it is processed are fundamental to determining the immunological consequences. Hopefully, these articles initiate new approaches and new experiments to complete our understanding of how cell death and the immune system interact with each other.
Regulatory T cell levels and cytokine production in active non-infectious uveitis:in-vitroeffects of pharmacological treatment
Authors: Molins B , Mesquida M , Lee R W J , Llorenç V , Pelegrín L , Adán A 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to quantify the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) and cytokine expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with active non-infectious uveitis, and to evaluate the effect of in-vitro treatment with infliximab, dexamethasone and cyclosporin A on Treg levels and cytokine production in PBMCs from uveitis patients and healthy subjects. We included a group of 21 patients with active non-infectious uveitis and 18 age-matched healthy subjects. The proportion of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg cells and intracellular tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression in CD4+ T cells was determined by flow cytometry. PBMCs were also either rested or activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and cultured in the presence or absence of dexamethasone, cyclosporin A and infliximab. Supernatants of cultured PBMCs were collected and TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No significant differences were observed in nTreg levels between uveitis patients and healthy subjects. However, PBMCs from uveitis patients produced significantly higher amounts of TNF-α and lower amounts of IL-10. Dexamethasone treatment in vitro significantly reduced FoxP3+Treg levels in PBMCs from both healthy subjects and uveitis patients, and all tested drugs significantly reduced TNF-α production in PBMCs. Dexamethasone and cyclosporin A significantly reduced IL-17 and IFN-γ production in PBMCs and dexamethasone up-regulated IL-10 production in activated PBMCs from healthy subjects. Our results suggest that PBMCs from patients with uveitis express more TNF-α and less IL-10 than healthy subjects, and this is independent of FoxP3+ Treg levels. Treatment with infliximab, dexamethasone and cyclosporin A in vitro modulates cytokine production, but does not increase the proportion of FoxP3+ Treg cells.
Icariin attenuates hypoxia‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in osteoblasts and preserves their osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro
Authors: Ma H.‐P. , Ma X.‐N. , Ge B.‐F. , Zhen P. , Zhou J. , Gao Y.‐H. , Xian C. J. , Chen K.‐M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesIcariin, a prenylated flavonol glycoside isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal herb of the genus Epimedium, has been demonstrated to be a potential alternative therapy for osteoporosis, and its action mechanism so far has been mainly attributed to its phytoestrogenic property. As blood supply to bone is considerably reduced with ageing and by the menopause, we hypothesized that icariin treatment would reduce bone loss by preventing ischaemia‐induced hypoxic damages to bone.Materials and methodsTo investigate effects of icariin treatment on cultured rat calvarial osteoblasts exposed to hypoxic conditions (2% oxygen).ResultsCompared to normoxic control, cell viability decreased with time to 50% by 48 h in the hypoxic group, and icariin attenuated the reduction, dose dependently, with 10−6 and 10−5 m concentrations showing significant protective effects. Icariin also inhibited increase of lactate dehydrogenase activity in culture media. Measurements on oxidative stress, cell cycling and cell survival indicated that icariin protected osteoblasts by reducing production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, increasing superoxide dismutase activity, arresting the cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis. Icariin also preserved osteogenic differentiation potential of the hypoxic cells in a dose‐dependent manner, compared to the hypoxia alone group, as revealed by increased levels of RUNX‐2, OSX and BMP‐2 gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and formation of mineralized nodules.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that icariin attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis and preserved viability and osteogenic potential of osteoblasts exposed to hypoxia in vitro, and suggested that its anti‐osteoporotic effect may be attributed to its anti‐hypoxic activity and phytoestrogenic properties.
Punishing parents: Child removal in the context of drug use
Authors: Olsen Anna 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNew amendments to child welfare policy inNewSouthWales turn a spotlight on parents who use drugs and raise concerns about adequate provision of services for families facing issues with alcohol and other drug use. Sections of the new legislation are explicitly focused on parents who use illicit drugs, expanding the reach of child protection services over expectant parents during pregnancy. This targeting of women who are ‘addicted’ highlights the ambiguous scientific and moral attention to drug use in pregnancy. It also raises practical questions about the potential for the legislation to increase stigma towards drug use and disproportionately affect vulnerable and disadvantaged families.[Olsen A. Punishing parents: Child removal in the context of drug use.Drug Alcohol Rev2015;34:27–30]
Usefulness of the thread‐traction method in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Koike Yoshiki , Hirasawa Dai , Fujita Naotaka , Maeda Yuki , Ohira Tetsuya , Harada Yoshihiro , Suzuki Kenjiro , Yamagata Taku , Tanaka Megumi 
Published: October 2014

Background and AimTo assess the usefulness of the thread‐traction method (TT method) in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).MethodsA total of 40 lesions that were scheduled to be treated by esophageal ESD were included in the study. The TT method was used for 20 lesions (group TT) and conventional ESD was used for 20 lesions (group C) after randomization. The hook‐knife method was used in all cases. In group TT, after circumferential mucosal incision, a clip with thread was attached to the oral edge of the lesion.ResultsESD was carried out in all cases. Effective countertraction was created by the TT method, and it was possible to carry out an efficient dissection operation. Significant shortening of dissection time was achieved in group TT compared with group C (19.8 min vs 31.8 min, P = 0.044). Mean number of local injections during dissection was significantly less in group TT compared with that in group C (0.6 times vs 2.2 times, P < 0.001). As for the amount of local injection, group TT required significantly less compared with group C (2.6 mL vs 7.5 mL, P < 0.01). No complications were encountered.ConclusionThe TT method in esophageal ESD was safe and contributed to shortening of dissection time. The TT method is expected to become widespread as a safe and useful procedure.
Functional performance in self‐care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10‐year practice‐based follow‐up study
Authors: Josenby Annika Lundkvist , Wagner Philippe , Jarnlo Gun‐Britt , Westbom Lena , Nordmark Eva 
Published: October 2014

AimTo explore changes in performance in daily activities (self‐care and mobility) 10 years after selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR).MethodTwenty‐four children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy were followed; the median age at SDR was 4 years 1 month (range 2y 5mo–6y 4mo) and at 10‐year follow‐up was 14 years 6 months (range 12y 3mo–16y 9mo). The preoperative Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels were: I (n=1), II (n=7), III (n=4), IV (n=11), and V (n=1). The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) was used to assess performance in functional skills, caregiver assistance, and frequency of modifications and adaptive equipment (MAE) in self‐care and mobility domains. Changes were analysed in relation to preoperative GMFCS levels, PEDI scores, and age at operation.ResultsAll scores improved significantly (p<0.01) during the first 5 years in patients assigned to GMFCS levels I–III and IV–V. Between 5 years and 10 years, changes were seen in patients grouped in GMFCS levels I–III in the functional skills, mobility (p=0.04), caregiver assistance self‐care (p=0.03), and caregiver assistance mobility (p=0.03) domains. Those grouped in GMFCS levels IV–V showed small changes between 5 years and 10 years after surgery. Changes were dependent on the preoperative GMFCS levels in all domains; caregiver assistance, self‐care and mobility changes were dependent on preoperative values. The use of MAE increased in participants in GMFCS levels IV–V.InterpretationChildren who underwent SDR and physiotherapy improved in functional performance in self‐care and mobility and were more independent 10 years postoperatively.
Fractional anisotropy alterations in individuals born preterm: a diffusion tensor imaging meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Ke , Sun Zeguang , Han Yingping , Gao Luobin , Yuan Li , Zeng Dong 
Published: October 2014

AimThis meta‐analysis explored cerebral microstructural changes in individuals born preterm using fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor imaging.MethodWe used the activation likelihood estimate (ALE) method for the meta‐analysis to locate anatomical regions with white matter abnormalities in a group of individuals born preterm and in term‐born comparison participants. A statistical analysis of fractional anisotropy was conducted to quantitatively explore the extent of fractional anisotropy changes in the three subregions of the corpus callosum in the preterm group.ResultsALE analysis identified 11 regions of decreased fractional anisotropy and four regions of increased fractional anisotropy. Analysis of the corpus callosum revealed the largest decrease in fractional anisotropy in the splenium (standardized mean difference [SMD]=−0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.93 to −0.57), followed by the body (SMD=−0.73, 95% CI −1.13 to −0.32) and the genu (SMD=−0.65, 95% CI −0.97 to −0.33).InterpretationSignificant changes in fractional anisotropy in individuals born preterm reflect white matter abnormalities from childhood to young adulthood, and the mechanism of fractional anisotropy alterations in preterm infants may vary during different stages of white matter development. Furthermore, the variability of fractional anisotropy between studies can primarily be attributed to the age of the individuals at scanning and to the field strength of magnetic resonance scanners.
Macrophyte effects on algal turbidity in subtropical versus temperate lakes: a comment on Wang et al. (2014)
Authors: Dolman Andrew M. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

A recent analysis of 30 lakes in the Yangtze basin found no effect of benthic macrophyte coverage on the relationship between chlorophyll a concentrations and total phosphorus (TP).

While several recent studies have found the effects of macrophyte coverage to be weaker in subtropical versus temperate shallow lakes, in this case, the finding was due to a statistical error meaning that the comparison was effectively made for lakes with very low TP concentrations of just 1 μg L−1.

Centring the data so that the comparison is made at a TP concentration where both vegetated and non‐vegetated lakes are found confirms a strong effect of macrophytes on the chlorophyll a to TP relationship.

Thus, macrophyte effects for these subtropical lakes in the Yangtze basin are in fact similar to those found in temperate lakes.
The combined effects of a long‐term experimental drought and an extreme drought on the use of plant‐water sources in a Mediterranean forest
Authors: Barbeta Adrià , Mejía‐Chang Monica , Ogaya Romà , Voltas Jordi , Dawson Todd E. , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: October 2014

AbstractVegetation in water‐limited ecosystems relies strongly on access to deep water reserves to withstand dry periods. Most of these ecosystems have shallow soils over deep groundwater reserves. Understanding the functioning and functional plasticity of species‐specific root systems and the patterns of or differences in the use of water sources under more frequent or intense droughts is therefore necessary to properly predict the responses of seasonally dry ecosystems to future climate. We used stable isotopes to investigate the seasonal patterns of water uptake by a sclerophyll forest on sloped terrain with shallow soils. We assessed the effect of a long‐term experimental drought (12 years) and the added impact of an extreme natural drought that produced widespread tree mortality and crown defoliation. The dominant species,Quercus ilex,Arbutus unedoandPhillyrea latifolia, all have dimorphic root systems enabling them to access different water sources in space and time. The plants extracted water mainly from the soil in the cold and wet seasons but increased their use of groundwater during the summer drought. Interestingly, the plants subjected to the long‐term experimental drought shifted water uptake toward deeper (10–35 cm) soil layers during the wet season and reduced groundwater uptake in summer, indicating plasticity in the functional distribution of fine roots that dampened the effect of our experimental drought over the long term. An extreme drought in 2011, however, further reduced the contribution of deep soil layers and groundwater to transpiration, which resulted in greater crown defoliation in the drought‐affected plants. This study suggests that extreme droughts aggravate moderate but persistent drier conditions (simulated by our manipulation) and may lead to the depletion of water from groundwater reservoirs and weathered bedrock, threatening the preservation of these Mediterranean ecosystems in their current structures and compositions.
Health numeracy: Perspectives about using numbers in health management from African American patients receiving dialysis
Authors: Wright Nunes Julie A. , Osborn Chandra Y. , Ikizler T. Alp , Cavanaugh Kerri L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHealth numeracy is linked to important clinical outcomes. Kidney disease management relies heavily on patient numeracy skills across the continuum of kidney disease care. Little data are available eliciting stakeholder perspectives from patients receiving dialysis about the construct of health numeracy. Using focus groups, we asked patients receiving hemodialysis open‐ended questions to identify facilitators and barriers to their understanding, interpretation, and application of numeric information in kidney care. Transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. Twelve patients participated with a mean (standard deviation) age of 56 (12) years. All were African American, 50% were women, and 83% had an annual income <$20,000/year. Although patients felt numbers were critical to every aspect in life, they noted several barriers to understanding, interpreting and applying quantitative information specifically to manage their health. Low patient self‐efficacy related to health numeracy and limited patient–provider communication about quantitatively based feedback, were emphasized as key barriers. Through focus groups of key patient stakeholders we identified important modifiable barriers to effective kidney care. Additional research is needed to develop tools that support numeracy‐sensitive education and communication interventions in dialysis.
Efficacy and safety of open‐label ixekizumab treatment in Japanese patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis and generalized pustular psoriasis
Authors: Saeki H. , Nakagawa H. , Ishii T. , Morisaki Y. , Aoki T. , Berclaz P.‐Y. , Heffernan M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundIxekizumab, an anti‐IL‐17A monoclonal antibody, demonstrated a high level of efficacy in moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis (PP) patients.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of open‐label ixekizumab in Japanese patients with moderate‐to‐severe PP, erythrodermic psoriasis (EP) and generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP).MethodsPatients received 160‐mg subcutaneous ixekizumab injection at Week 0, 80‐mg every 2 weeks through Week 12 and 80‐mg every 4 weeks through Week 24. Efficacy and safety are reported through 24 weeks; additional safety data are available for some patients.ResultsA total of 78 patients with PP, 8 with EP and 5 with GPP enrolled. In PP patients, PASI75 and PASI90 response rates were 98.7% (77/78) and 83.3% (65/78) at Week 12 respectively. In EP patients, PASI75 and PASI90 were 100.0% (8/8) and 62.5% (5/8) and in GPP patients were 80.0% (4/5) and 60.0% (3/5). Overall, 84.0% (76/91) had a treatment‐emergent AE through ≥24 weeks. There were no serious AEs, deaths, cases of tuberculosis or invasive fungal infections.LimitationsNo control group and small sample sizes, especially for EP and GPP.ConclusionBy Week 12, nearly all patients with PP, EP and GPP achieved PASI75. The safety profile was consistent with reported results and no unexpected safety signals were observed.