bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CARICOM
Authors: Reddock Rhoda , Lamb Alicia 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), formerly known as the Caribbean Community and Common Market, is a regional organization comprising 15 Caribbean full Member States: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Additionally, five dependent territories are Associate Members which have limited rights and obligations within CARICOM, namely Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, and Turks and Caicos Islands.CARICOM was preceded by the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA), which lasted from 1965 to 1972 and was organized to provide stronger economic relationships among Englishn‐speaking countries in the Caribbean. At the Seventh Heads of Government Conference in October 1972 in Guyana, the members decided that steps should be taken to further deepen the integration process by transforming the free trade association (CARIFTA) into a common market and by establishing the Caribbean Community of which the Common Market would be an integral part.
Fallback foods, preferred foods, adaptive zones, and primate origins
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAppreciation has grown for the impact of tropical forest seasonality and fallback foods on primate diets, behaviors, and morphology. As critically important resources in times of shortage, seasonal fallback foods may have an outsized role in selecting for form and function while the diversity of preferred plant foods has played an equally prominent role in shaping primate evolution. Here, hypotheses of primate origins are examined in the context of food choice models developed by Marshall and Wrangham [2007] and related to the broader concepts of adaptive zones and radiations. The integrated evolution of primate diet and positional behavior is consistent with a growing reliance on angiosperm products—not prey—as preferred and seasonal fallback foods, temporally and phylogenetically coordinated with evolutionary phases of the angiosperm adaptive radiation. Selection for an incisor oriented but non‐specialized heterodont dentition, in contrast with most other orders, attests to the universal role of a highly varied vegetation diet as the primates' primary food resource, with diverse physical properties, phenology and high seasonality. A preference by plesiadapiforms for eating small protein‐ and lipid‐rich seeds may have predisposed the primates and advanced angiosperms to diversify their evolving ecological interdependence, which established the primate adaptive zone and became realized more fully with the rise of the modern euprimate and angiosperm phenotypes. The “narrow niche” hypothesis, a recent challenge to the angiosperm co‐evolution hypothesis, is evaluated further. Finally, I note support for visual predation as a core adaptive breakthrough for primates or euprimates remains elusive and problematic, especially considering the theoretical framework provided by the Marshall–Wrangham model, updated evidence of primate feeding habits and the counterpoint lessons of the most successful primate predators, the tarsiiforms. Am. J. Primatol. 75:883–890, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of 5‐(1,2,4‐Triazol‐3‐yl)tetrazoles with Various Energetic Functionalities
Authors: Dippold Alexander A. , Klapötke Thomas M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this contribution the synthesis and full structural as well as spectroscopic characterization of three 5‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)tetrazoles along with selected energetic moieties like nitro, nitrimino, and azido groups are presented. The main goal is a comparative study on the influence of those variable energetic moieties on structural and energetic properties. A complete characterization including IR and Raman as well as multinuclear NMR spectroscopy of all compounds is presented. Additionally, X‐ray crystallographic measurements were performed and reveal insights into structural characteristics as well as inter‐ and intramolecular interactions. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for all compounds at the CBS‐4M level of theory and reveal high positive heats of formation for all compounds. The calculated detonation parameters (using the EXPLO5.05 program) are in the range of 8000 m s−1 (8097 m s−1 (5), 8020 m s−1 (6), 7874 m s−1 (7)). As expected, the measured impact and friction sensitivities as well as decomposition temperatures strongly depend on the energetic moiety at the triazole ring. The CC connection of a triazole ring with its opportunity to introduce a large variety of energetic moieties and a tetrazole ring, implying a large energy content, leads to the selective synthesis of primary and secondary explosives.
Potential routes for thermochemical biorefineries
Authors: Haro Pedro , Ollero Pedro , Villanueva Perales Ángel L. , Vidal‐Barrero Fernando 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis critical review focuses on potential routes for the multi‐production of chemicals and fuels in the framework of thermochemical biorefineries. The up‐to‐date research and development in this field has been limited to BTL/G (biomass‐to‐liquids/gases) studies, where biomass‐derived ‐synthesis gas (syngas) is converted into a single product with/without the co‐production of ‐electricity and heat. Simultaneously, the interest on biorefineries is growing but mostly refers to the biochemical processing of biomass. However, thermochemical biorefineries (multi‐product plants using thermochemical processing of biomass) are still the subject of few studies. This scarcity of studies could be attributed to the limitations of current designs of BTL/G for multi‐production and the limited number of considered routes for syngas conversion. The use of a platform chemical (an intermediate) brings new opportunities to the design of process concepts, since unlike BTL/G processes they are not restricted to the conversion of syngas in a single‐reaction system. Most of the routes presented here are based on old‐fashioned and new routes for the processing of coal‐ and natural‐gas‐derived ‐syngas, but they have been re‐thought for the use of biomass and the multi‐production plants (−thermochemical ‐biorefinery). The considered platform chemicals are methanol, DME, and ethanol, which are the ‐common products from syngas in BTL/G studies. Important keys are given for the integration of reviewed routes into the design of thermochemical biorefineries, in particular for the selection of the mix of co‐products, as well as for the sustainability (co‐feeding, CO2 capture, and negative ‐emissions). © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Species Differences in Developmental Toxicity of Epoxiconazole and Its Relevance to Humans
Authors: Schneider Steffen , Hofmann Thomas , Stinchcombe Stefan , Moreno Maria Cecilia Rey , Fegert Ivana , Strauss Volker , Gröters Sibylle , Fabian Eric , Thiaener Jutta , Fussell Karma C. , van Ravenzwaay Bennard 
Published: April 2013

Epoxiconazole, a triazole‐based fungicide, was tested in toxicokinetic, prenatal and pre‐postnatal toxicity studies in guinea pigs, following oral (gavage) administration at several dose levels (high dose: 90 mg/kg body weight per day). Maternal toxicity was evidenced by slightly increased abortion rates and by histopathological changes in adrenal glands, suggesting maternal stress. No compound‐related increase in the incidence of malformations or variations was observed in the prenatal study. In the pre‐postnatal study, epoxiconazole did not adversely affect gestation length, parturition, or postnatal growth and development. Administration of epoxiconazole did not alter circulating estradiol levels. Histopathological examination of the placentas did not reveal compound‐related effects. The results in guinea pigs are strikingly different to those observed in pregnant rats, in which maternal estrogen depletion, pathological alteration of placentas, increased gestation length, late fetal death, and dystocia were observed after administration of epoxiconazole. In the studies reported here, analysis of maternal plasma concentrations and metabolism after administration of radiolabeled epoxiconazole demonstrated that the different results in rats and guinea pigs were not due to different exposures of the animals. A comprehensive comparison of hormonal regulation of pregnancy and birth in murid rodents and primates indicates that the effects on pregnancy and parturition observed in rats are not applicable to humans. In contrast, the pregnant guinea pig shares many similarities to pregnant humans regarding hormonal regulation and is therefore considered to be a suitable species for extrapolation of related effects to humans. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 98:230–246, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural variations, the regulatory landscape of the genome and their alteration in human disease
Authors: Spielmann Malte , Mundlos Stefan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHigh‐throughput genomic technologies are revolutionizing human genetics. So far the focus has been on the 1.5% of the genome, which is coding, in spite of the fact that the great majority of genomic variants fall outside the coding regions. Recent efforts to annotate the non‐coding sequence show that over 80% of the genome is biochemically active. The genome is divided into regulatory domains consisting of sequence regions that enhance and/or silence the expression of nearby genes and are, in some cases, separated by boundaries with insulator activity. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the identification of variations that influence gene regulation and their consequences for human disease. We hypothesize that structural variations outside of the coding genome can interfere with normal gene regulation by disrupting the regulatory landscape. Therefore, the regulatory landscape of the genome has also to be taken into consideration when investigating the pathology of human disease.
How Young Is Too Young? The Evidence of Children Under Five in the English Criminal Justice System
Authors: Marchant Ruth 
Published: April 2013

Perceptions of children's competence as witnesses have shifted repeatedly in the last few decades. Recent international research confirms that very young children can provide reliable descriptions of past events when properly interviewed. In England, the legislative foundations are now in place to enable the evidence of very young children to be heard and tested: clear guidance is available for interviewing teams, prosecutors and advocates, and the judiciary.Yet practice with very young children is erratic across England, both at investigation and at trial. Many practitioners do not feel confident to interview or cross‐examine very young children and in some areas children under five are not interviewed at all. Very few under fives give evidence in English courts, although this is beginning to change.‘Very few under fives give evidence in English courts, although this is beginning to change’This paper briefly summarises recent research and current guidance and explores the reasons for variability in practice. A range of practical strategies are suggested to enable very young children to give their best evidence. These strategies link the research base to the author's direct involvement as a registered witness intermediary in more than 70 investigative interviews and criminal trials with children aged two to five.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages

Very young children are particularly vulnerable, both to maltreatment and to inept adult questioning.
Very young children can give reliable and accurate evidence.
There is now consistency and clarity of guidance in relation to the evidence of very young children at interview and at trial.
The communicative competence of very young child witnesses depends heavily on the competence of interviewing teams, intermediaries, advocates and the judiciary.‘Young children are particularly vulnerable, both to maltreatment and to inept adult questioning’
The Toxicity of Graphene Oxides: Dependence on the Oxidative Methods Used
Authors: Chng Elaine Lay Khim , Pumera Martin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGraphene, a class of two‐dimensional carbon nanomaterial, has attracted extensive interest in recent years, with a significant amount of research focusing on graphene oxides (GOs). They have been primed as potential candidates for biomedical applications such as cell labeling and drug delivery, thus the toxicity and behavior of graphene oxides in biological systems are fundamental issues that need urgent attention. The production of GO is generally achieved through a top‐down route, which includes the usage of concentrated H2SO4 along with: 1) concentrated nitric acid and KClO3 oxidant (Hoffmann); 2) fuming nitric acid and KClO3 oxidant (Staudenmaier); 3) concentrated phosphoric acid with KMnO4 (Tour); or 4) sodium nitrate for in‐situ production of nitric acid in the presence of KMnO4 (Hummers). It has been widely assumed that the properties of these four GOs produced by using the above different methods are roughly similar, so the methods have been used interchangeably. However, several studies have reported that the toxicity of graphene‐related nanomaterials in biological systems may be influenced by their physiochemical properties, such as surface functional groups and structural defects. In addition, considering how GOs are increasingly used in the field of biomedicine, we are interested to see how the oxygen content/functional groups of GOs can impact their toxicological profiles. Since in‐vitro testing is a common first step in assessing the health risks related with engineered nanomaterials, the cytotoxicity of the GOs prepared by the four different oxidative treatments was investigated by measuring the mitochondrial activity in adherent lung epithelial cells (A549) by using commercially available viability assays. The dose–response data was generated by using two assays, the methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the water‐soluble tetrazolium salt (WST‐8). From the viability data, it is evident that there is a strong dose‐dependent cytotoxic response resulting from the four GO nanomaterials tested after a 24 h exposure, and it is suggested that there is a correlation between the amounts of oxygen content/functional groups of GOs with their toxicological behavior towards the A549 cells.
Automated Quantification of Bubble Size Distributions in an Agitated Air/Water System
Authors: Panckow Robert , Maaß Sebastian , Emmerich Jörn , Kraume Matthias 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDie exakte Bestimmung der Phasengrenzfläche in Gas/flüssig‐Systemen ist unabdingbar für die optimierte Prozessführung verfahrenstechnischer Anlagen. Die experimentelle Studie zeigt Untersuchungen an einem Luft/Wasser‐System mittels dreier Messtechniken hinsichtlich der Bestimmung der Veränderung der Blasengröße in Abhängigkeit von der Rührerdrehfrequenz. Die äußerst präzise und selbstreferenzielle Methode der foto‐optischen Analyse wird bzgl. der Bildverarbeitung näher betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die neuesten Entwicklungen im Bereich der Foto‐Optik und der Bildverarbeitung wertvolle Grundlagen zur Etablierung einer präzisen Echtzeitgrößenmesstechnik geliefert haben. Dies ist notwendig, da laserbasierte Methoden nur unzureichende Prozessdaten liefern.
Enhanced extraction of 2,3‐butanediol by medley solvent of salt and n‐butanol from aqueous solution
Authors: Wu Yan‐Yang , Chen Kui , Zhu Jia‐Wen , Wu Bin , Ji Lijun , Shen Ya‐Ling 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEnhanced extraction of 2,3‐butanediol by adding salt into solvent n‐butanol has been studied in this paper. Ternary phase diagrams for 2,3‐butanediol + water + salt have been determined. The influences of phase ratio, type of salts and salt content on distribution coefficient and selectivity have also been investigated systematically. With phase ratio of 0.75 (w/w) and salt content of K2HPO4 of 25% (w/w), the distribution coefficient, separation factors and recovery yield in a single extraction process by n‐butanol can reach 5.2%, 34% and 80%, respectively. Salt addition can greatly enlarge the two phase region and enhance extraction simultaneously in this system.
Study Design and Rationale of a Dose‐Ranging Trial of LX4211, a Dual Inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2, in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Metformin Monotherapy
Authors: Lapuerta Pablo , Rosenstock Julio , Zambrowicz Brian , Powell David R. , Ogbaa Ike , Freiman Joel , Cefalu William T. , Banks Phillip , Frazier Kenny , Kelly Mike , Sands Arthur 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTSodium‐glucose cotransporters 1 (SGLT1) and 2 (SGLT2) are the major cellular transporters responsible for gastrointestinal (GI) glucose absorption and renal glucose reabsorption, respectively. LX4211, a dual inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2, reduces glucose absorption from the GI tract and enhances urinary glucose excretion. Although several SGLT2‐selective inhibitors have been tested in large phase 2 studies, dual inhibition of SGLT1 and SGLT2 is novel at this stage of drug development, and it has implications for clinical‐trial design. In this article, we describe the design and rationale of a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel group study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LX4211 in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have inadequate glycemic control on metformin monotherapy. The primary endpoint is the change in glycated hemoglobin A1c from baseline to week 12. Secondary endpoints include the proportion of subjects achieving a glycated hemoglobin A1c value of <7%, change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose and postprandial glucose (as part of an oral glucose tolerance test), body weight, and blood pressure. Safety is evaluated with particular focus on hypoglycemia, GI symptoms, and incidence of genitourinary tract infections.
Glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the brain of a shark (Scyliorhinus canicula L.)
Authors: Anadón Ramón , Rodríguez‐Moldes Isabel , Adrio Fátima 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe glycinergic cell populations in the brain of the lesser spotted dogfish were studied by a glycine immunofluorescence method. Numerous glycine‐immunoreactive (Gly‐ir) neurons were observed in different brain nuclei. In the telencephalon, Gly‐ir cells were observed in the olfactory bulb, telencephalic hemispheres, and preoptic region. In the hypothalamus, cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting Gly‐ir neurons were observed in the lateral and posterior recess nuclei. Coronet cells of the saccus vasculosus were Gly‐ir. In the diencephalon, Gly‐ir neurons were observed in the prethalamus and pretectum. In the midbrain, both the optic tectum and lateral mesencephalic nucleus contained numerous Gly‐ir neurons. In the cerebellum, many Golgi cells were Gly‐ir. In the rhombencephalon, Gly‐ir cells were observed in the medial and ventral octavolateral nuclei, vagal lobe, visceromotor nuclei, and reticular formation, including the inferior raphe nucleus. In the spinal cord, some neurons of the marginal nucleus and some cells of the dorsal and ventral horns were Gly‐ir. Comparison of dogfish Gly‐ir cell populations with those reported for the sea lamprey, Siberian sturgeon, and zebrafish revealed some shared features but also notable differences. For example, Gly‐ir cells were observed in the dogfish cerebellum, unlike the case in the Siberian sturgeon and zebrafish, whereas the absence of Gly‐ir neurons in the isthmus is shared by all these species, except for lampreys. Gly‐ir populations in the dogfish hypothalamus and telencephalon are notable in comparison with those of the other jawed vertebrates investigated to date. Together, these results reveal a complex and divergent evolution of glycinergic systems in the major groups of fishes. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 3057–3082, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Müller cells express the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the vervet monkey retina
Authors: Bouskila Joseph , Javadi Pasha , Casanova Christian , Ptito Maurice , Bouchard Jean‐François 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe presence of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) has been largely documented in the rodent and primate retinae in recent years. There is, however, some controversy concerning the presence of the CB2 receptor (CB2R) within the central nervous system. Only recently, CB2R has been found in the rodent retina, but its presence in the primate retina has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to characterize the distribution patterns of CB2R in the monkey retina and compare this distribution with that previously reported for CB1R and 2) to resolve the controversy on the presence of CB2R in the neural component of the retina. We therefore thoroughly examined the cellular localization of CB2R in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus sabeus) retina, using confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrate that CB2R, like CB1R, is present throughout the retinal layers, but with striking dissimilarities. Double labeling of CB2R and glutamine synthetase shows that CB2R is restricted to Müller cell processes, extending from the internal limiting membrane, with very low staining, to the external limiting membrane, with heavy labeling. We conclude that CB2R is indeed present in the retina but exclusively in the retinal glia, whereas CB1R is expressed only in the neuroretina. These results extend our knowledge on the expression and distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the monkey retina, although further experiments are still needed to clarify their role in retinal functions. J. Comp. Neurol. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2399–2415, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent Methodological Advances in the Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Nitration
Authors: Díaz‐Moreno Irene , García‐Heredia José M. , González‐Arzola Katiuska , Díaz‐Quintana Antonio , De la Rosa Miguel Á. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTyrosine nitration is a common post‐translational modification affecting protein structure and function. It is based on the addition of a NO2 group at the ortho position of the phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine to yield 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NTyr). Understanding how tyrosine nitration affects the structure and functionality of proteins is of considerable interest, as it is associated with pathogenesis in diseases related to oxidative stress in all living organisms. There are several methods to nitrate tyrosine residues in native proteins. Among them, nitration by the chemical agent peroxynitrite stands out for its biological relevance. Recently, a genetically evolved suppressor tRNA has been developed to provide in vivo incorporation of 3‐NTyr into proteins. In this minireview, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these chemical and biological methods and propose a non‐damaging method to analyze the configuration and dynamics of nitrotyrosine residues in native proteins by NMR spectroscopy.
Hyperchaos and horseshoe in a 4D memristive system with a line of equilibria and its implementation
Authors: Li Qingdu , Hu Shiyi , Tang Song , Zeng Guang 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTWe study a four‐dimensional system modified from a three‐dimensional chaotic circuit by adding a memristor, which is a new fundamental electronic element with promising applications. Although the system has a line of infinitely many equilibria, our studies show that when the strength of the memristor increases, it can exhibit rich interesting dynamics, such as hyperchaos, long period‐1 orbits, transient hyperchaos, as well as non‐attractive behaviors frequently interrupting hyperchaos. To verify the existence of hyperchaos and reveal its mechanism, a horseshoe with two‐directional expansion is studied rigorously in detail by the virtue of the topological horseshoe theory and the computer‐assisted approach of a Poincaré map. At last, the system is implemented with an electronic circuit for experimental verification. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.