bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Feedback Controlled Anesthesia: Automated Flow Analytical System for Electrochemical Monitoring of Propofol in Serum Solutions
Authors: Rainey Felynncia , Kivlehan Francine , Chaum Edward , Lindner Ernő 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFor monitoring of the popular anesthetic drug propofol an automatic flow analytical system (AFAS) has been built that allows the quantitative measurement of electrochemically active compounds in continuous flow, stopped flow and flow injection analysis (FIA) modes. The performance characteristics of the AFAS is demonstrated using a microfabricated planar electrochemical cells in combination with a ∼15 µL volume flow cell. To perform continuous monitoring experiments and the analysis of individual propofol samples an organic membrane‐coated voltammetric sensor has been implemented into the AFAS. The membrane coating prevents electrode fouling, provides outstanding detection limit and selectivity for the voltammetric working electrode.
The unfolded protein response affects readthrough of premature termination codons
Authors: Oren Yifat S , McClure Michelle L , Rowe Steven M , Sorscher Eric J , Bester Assaf C , Manor Miriam , Kerem Eitan , Rivlin Joseph , Zahdeh Fouad , Mann Matthias , Geiger Tamar , Kerem Batsheva 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOne‐third of monogenic inherited diseases result from premature termination codons (PTCs). Readthrough of in‐frame PTCs enables synthesis of full‐length functional proteins. However, extended variability in the response to readthrough treatment is found among patients, which correlates with the level of nonsense transcripts. Here, we aimed to reveal cellular pathways affecting this inter‐patient variability. We show that activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) governs the response to readthrough treatment by regulating the levels of transcripts carrying PTCs. Quantitative proteomic analyses showed substantial differences in UPR activation between patients carrying PTCs, correlating with their response. We further found a significant inverse correlation between the UPR and nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD), suggesting a feedback loop between these homeostatic pathways. We uncovered and characterized the mechanism underlying this NMD‐UPR feedback loop, which augments both UPR activation and NMD attenuation. Importantly, this feedback loop enhances the response to readthrough treatment, highlighting its clinical importance. Altogether, our study demonstrates the importance of the UPR and its regulatory network for genetic diseases caused by PTCs and for cell homeostasis under normal conditions.
Diffusion MRI: what water tells us about the brain
Authors: Le Bihan Denis 
Published: April 2014

Diffusion MRI has been used worldwide to produce images of brain tissue structure and connectivity, in the normal and diseased brain. Diffusion MRI has revolutionized the management of acute brain ischemia (stroke), saving life of many patients and sparing them significant disabilities. In addition to stroke, diffusion MRI is now widely used for the detection of cancers and metastases (breast, prostate, liver). Another major field of application of diffusion MRI regards the wiring of the brain. Diffusion MRI is now used to map the circuitry of the human brain with incredible accuracy, opening up new lines of inquiry for human neuroscience and for the understanding of brain illnesses or mental disorders. Here, as a pioneer of the field, I provide a personal account on the historical development of these concepts over the last 30 years.
A residual‐based Allen–Cahn phase field model for the mixture of incompressible fluid flows
Authors: Vasconcelos D. F. M. , Rossa A. L. , Coutinho A. L. G. A. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThe hydrodynamics of fluid mixtures is receiving more and more attention in many science and engineering applications. Within the techniques for dealing with front displacements and moving boundaries between different density and/or viscosity fluids, phase fields are a class of models in which a diffusive transition region is taken into account instead of a steep interface. Although these models have a physical motivation, they require the definition of extra parameters. In order to make it less parameter dependent, the classic Allen–Cahn phase field model is modified, exploring its similarities with residual‐based discontinuity‐capturing schemes, making the phase field equation dependent on its own residual. We solve the coupling between incompressible viscous fluid flow and the phase field advective–diffusive–reactive transport to simulate the main processes in interface tension and/or buoyancy driven problems. For the solution of the Navier–Stokes and transport equations, we use a stabilized finite element formulation. The implementation has been performed using the libMesh finite element library, written in C++ , which provides support for adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening. A chemical convection benchmark problem is used to validate the proposed model, and then we solve two bubble interaction problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Going Formal or Informal, Who Cares? The Influence of Public Long‐Term Care Insurance
Authors: Bakx Pieter , de Meijer Claudine , Schut Frederik , van Doorslaer Eddy 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInternational differences in long‐term care (LTC) use are well documented, but not well understood. Using comparable data from two countries with universal public LTC insurance, the Netherlands and Germany, we examine how institutional differences relate to differences in the choice for informal and formal LTC. Although the overall LTC utilization rate is similar in both countries, use of formal care is more prevalent in the Netherlands and informal care use in Germany. Decomposition of the between‐country differences in formal and informal LTC use reveals that these differences are not chiefly the result of differences in population characteristics but mainly derive from differences in the effects of these characteristics that are associated with between‐country institutional differences. These findings demonstrate that system features such as eligibility rules and coverage generosity and, indirectly, social preferences can influence the choice between formal and informal care. Less comprehensive coverage also has equity implications: for the poor, access to formal LTC is more difficult in Germany than in the Netherlands. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Donor‐Acceptor Hybrids for Organic Electronics
Authors: Espíldora Eva , Delgado Juan Luis , Martín Nazario 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis review deals with functional molecules able to transfer one electron from the donor to the acceptor moiety upon light irradiation. Donor‐bridge‐acceptor molecular systems are of interest for a wide variety of applications, namely artificial photosynthetic architectures and materials for organic photovoltaic devices. In the respective sections, we have addressed some of the most recent and remarkable examples to explain the construction of artificial photosynthetic systems by means of a variety of remarkable photo‐ and electro‐active electron donor molecules covalently or supramolecularly connected to a fullerene unit as the electron acceptor unit. We have also systematically reviewed the most efficient fullerene derivatives used for photovoltaic applications by blending with different semiconducting organic polymers or small molecules, affording all‐organic solar cells.
Heparin surfaces: Impact of immobilization chemistry on hemocompatibility and protein adsorption
Authors: Gore Savannah , Andersson Jonas , Biran Roy , Underwood Clayton , Riesenfeld Johan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractImmobilization of heparin to surfaces has been used for decades to reduce the thrombogenicity of blood contacting devices. This study evaluates how the mode of covalent heparin bonding affects the hemocompatibility and uptake of antithrombin on surfaces in whole blood. End‐point attached (EPA) heparin, using the proprietary Carmeda® Bioactive Surface (CBAS® Surface), was compared with other methods of covalent heparin bonding that typically yield multiple covalent linkages (using reductive amination of periodate oxidized native heparin or EDC coupling of native heparin). All heparin surfaces were immobilized on flexible polyvinyl chloride tubing and exposed to fresh non‐anticoagulated blood in an in vitro recirculating Chandler loop blood model. After exposure, biomarkers for coagulation and platelet activation were analyzed in the solution phase, and adsorbed plasma proteins were eluted from the heparin surfaces and measured for surface concentration of antithrombin and total adsorbed protein. Only the EPA‐heparin surface conferred thromboresistance, as observed by the absence of clotting. Attachment and activation of platelets as well as activation of the clotting cascade was significantly lower on the EPA‐heparin surface when compared with the other heparin surfaces. In addition, antithrombin constituted ∼40% of the total adsorbed plasma protein concentration on the EPA‐heparin surfaces. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1817–1824, 2014.
Spontaneous scaling down of femtosecond laser‐induced apertures towards the 10‐nanometer level: the excitation of quasistatic surface plasmons
Authors: Huang Min , Xu Zhizhan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDuring ultrafast laser ablation on ZnO, the feature sizes of laser‐induced apertures always decrease spontaneously with the pulse increasing and the crater extending, and may eventually approach an astonishing 10‐nm scale, an ultradeep‐subwavelength laser–solid interaction regime relating new physics in laser‐induced damage. Based on the fundamental theories of plasmonics, it is proposed that the spontaneous scaling‐down originates in the conversion of physical regimes of plasmonic interaction from the optical regime to the electrostatic regime, which arouses quasistatic SPs with interaction scales far beyond the diffraction limit and results in ultrafast, nonthermal ablation for extraordinary electrostatic field enhancement. Basically, “nanoscale” eliminates electromagnetic retardation effects greatly, brings an instantaneous respond to the incident field, and arouses electrostatic interactions with giant local‐field enhancement, which may exert tremendous electrostatic forces on superficial electrons and ions and eventually lead to an “ultrafast” electrostatic nanoexplosion. Thus, the characteristics of simultaneous “nanoscale” and “ultrafast” arise spontaneously in femtosecond laser ablation.
Responsive Linear‐Dendritic Block Copolymers
Authors: Blasco Eva , Piñol Milagros , Oriol Luis 
Published: April 2014

The combination of dendritic and linear polymeric structures in the same macromolecule opens up new possibilities for the design of block copolymers and for applications of functional polymers that have self‐assembly properties. There are three main strategies for the synthesis of linear‐dendritic block copolymers (LDBCs) and, in particular, the emergence of click chemistry has made the coupling of preformed blocks one of the most efficient ways of obtaining libraries of LDBCs. In these materials, the periphery of the dendron can be precisely functionalised to obtain functional LDBCs with self‐assembly properties of interest in different technological areas. The incorporation of stimuli‐responsive moieties gives rise to smart materials that are generally processed as self‐assemblies of amphiphilic LDBCs with a morphology that can be controlled by an external stimulus. Particular emphasis is placed on light‐responsive LDBCs. Furthermore, a brief review of the biomedical or materials science applications of LDBCs is presented.
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Fine‐Tuning of Charge‐Conversion Polymer Structure for Efficient Endosomal Escape of siRNA‐Loaded Calcium Phosphate Hybrid Micelles
Authors: Maeda Yoshinori , Pittella Frederico , Nomoto Takahiro , Takemoto Hiroyasu , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Miyata Kanjiro , Kataoka Kazunori 
Published: April 2014

For efficient delivery of siRNA into the cytoplasm, a smart block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) and charge‐conversion polymer (PEG‐CCP) is developed by introducing 2‐propionic‐3‐methylmaleic (PMM) amide as an anionic protective group into side chains of an endosome‐disrupting cationic polyaspartamide derivative. The PMM amide moiety is highly susceptible to acid hydrolysis, generating the parent cationic polyaspartamide derivative at endosomal acidic pH 5.5 more rapidly than a previously synthesized cis‐aconitic (ACO) amide control. The PMM‐based polymer is successfully integrated into a calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticle with siRNA, constructing PEGylated hybrid micelles (PMM micelles) having a sub‐100 nm size at extracellular neutral pH 7.4. Ultimately, PMM micelles achieve the significantly higher gene silencing efficiency in cultured cancer cells, compared to ACO control micelles, probably due to the efficient endosomal escape of the PMM micelles. Thus, it is demonstrated that fine‐tuning of acid‐labile structures in CCP improves the delivery performance of siRNA‐loaded nanocarriers.
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Improving care of patients with MS and psychiatric disorders in general practice
Authors: Mansour Nassif S 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOur series of Commentaries from the Primary Care Neurology Society (P‐CNS) provide a primary care perspective on the neurology articles featured in Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry. Here, Dr Nassif Mansour considers ‘Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis’ (see page 14). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Charles Bonnet syndrome: an enigmatic neurological condition
Authors: Greener Mark 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCharles Bonnet syndrome is a neurological disease characterised by clear, recurrent visual hallucinations usually following visual loss. It is often misdiagnosed as psychosis, delirium or early dementia, but patients generally retain insight. Mark Greener discusses what we currently know about this fascinating condition and what remains a mystery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Soft template synthesis of donor–acceptor conjugated polymer nanoparticles: Structural effects, stability, and photothermal studies
Authors: MacNeill Christopher M. , Graham Elizabeth G. , Levi‐Polyachenko Nicole H. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDonor–acceptor conjugated polymer nanoparticles and nanofibers, based on Poly[4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b']dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt−2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole‐4,7‐diyl] (PCPDTBSe), were synthesized using Pluronic F127 as a template. The nanomaterials were compared to previously reported PCPDTBSe nanoparticles, which were synthesized without the use of a template. Our goal was to improve on the aqueous stability and photothermal heating efficiency of the previously synthesized PCPDTBSe nanoparticles by decreasing their size and coating them with a biocompatible surfactant. The pluronic wrapped PCPDTBSe (PW‐PCPDTBSe) nanoparticles (40–60 nm) showed excellent aqueous stability compared to the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers (d = 20–60 nm, l = 200–1000 nm) and previously synthesized PCPDTBSe nanoparticles (150 nm). Under stimulation from 800 nm near infrared light (3 W, 1 min), the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanoparticles showed greater heat generation (ΔT = 47 °C) compared to bare PCPDTBSe nanoparticles and PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers (ΔT = 35 °C for both). Cytotoxicity studies determined that both the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanoparticles and PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers displayed no significant toxicity toward either noncancerous small intestinal cells (FHs 74 Int) or colorectal cancer cells (CT26). Photothermal ablation studies confirmed that both the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanoparticles and the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers can be used as localized photothermal agents to eradicate colorectal cancer cells due to their excellent ablation efficiency (>95% cell death at 15 µg/mL concentration). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1622–1632
Preparation of Nano‐RDX by Evaporation Assisted SolventAntisolvent Interaction
Authors: Kumar Raj , Siril Prem F. , Soni Pramod 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNanoparticles of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) were prepared by a simple re‐precipitation method using acetone as solvent and water as the antisolvent. The effect of changing experimental parameters such as ratio of solvent to antisolvent, temperature of antisolvent during injection and concentration of solution on particle size and morphology of RDX was systematically studied. The size of the particles was characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The mean particle size of the RDX nanoparticles according to FESEM analysis ranged from 40 nm to 230 nm under different conditions of preparation. The UV/Vis absorption maximum of nano‐RDX was found to be blue shifted when compared to the absorption maximum for bulk‐RDX. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that RDX nanoparticles precipitated in stable α‐crystalline form. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the chemical nature of the nano‐RDX. Thermal characterization of the RDX‐nanoparticles was done using simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA‐DSC).
Synthesis and Desensitization of Nano‐β‐HMX
Authors: Risse Benedikt , Schnell Fabien , Spitzer Denis 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEfforts are made worldwide to desensitize explosives against accidental initiation. For several years, nanostructuring of explosives is a promising field of research aiming for this goal. In this work we describe the continuous preparation of nano‐β‐HMX and a promising approach towards the desensitization of nano‐energetic materials. By means of the Spray Flash‐Evaporation (SFE) technique, nano explosives and nano composites with reproducible properties can be prepared in a single processing step. By increasing the thermal effusivity of an energetic nanomaterial the heat created by hot‐spots can more rapidly be dissipated, reducing the risk of an unwanted reaction.
Shaped Charge Liner Early Collapse Experiment Execution and Validation
Authors: Scheid Eric , Burleigh T. David , Deshpande Nishkamraj U. , Murphy Michael J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA novel experiment developed for researching the initial collapse of an aluminum shaped charge liner was designed, executed, and validated. The experiment evolved from the need to recover shocked liner material to enable the analysis of relationships between microstructure and early liner collapse behavior. The research required material that had been shocked, yet was sufficiently intact to allow for metallurgical examination. Additionally, the experiment was designed to replicate the unique shock loading of shaped charge liners. Practically, the experiment had to be inexpensive to perform. The paper describes the experimental design, execution and validation and presents practical examples of the utility of the output. The experimental design is based on recreating a unique shock front, halting the deformation within a few microseconds and recovering material suitable for examination. Validation of the experiment employs a combination of available hydrocode modeling data and shaped charge liner collapse theory. The data collection supporting the validation was performed with computed tomography (CT) and laser generated 3D imagery. The output is recovered material valid for study.
Energetic Derivatives of 2‐Nitrimino‐5,6‐dinitro‐benzimidazole
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Preimesser Andreas , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: April 2014

Abstract2‐Nitrimino‐5,6‐dinitrobenzimidazole (1) was synthesized by nitration of 2‐aminobenzimidazole at ambient temperature in good yield. In order to explore new insensitive explosives four energetic nitrogen‐rich 1 : 1 salts such as the guanidinium (1a), aminoguanidinium (1b), triaminoguanidinium (1c) and hydroxylammonium (1d) were synthesized either by facile acid/base or in situ metathesis reaction. In addition 2‐nitrobenzimidazole (2) was synthesized by the reaction of 2‐aminobenzimidazole using potassium hyperoxide in THF. Different nitration methods were tested to obtain a theoretically 2,4,5,6,7‐pentanitrobenzimidazole but only the already known 4,5,6,7‐tetranitrobenzimidazol‐2‐one (3) could be isolated. All synthesized compounds were characterized especially by low temperature X‐ray diffraction, CHN elemental analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The heat of formation of all new synthesized compounds was calculated using CBS‐4M electronic enthalpies in combination with the atomization method to calculate their detonation parameters with the EXPLO 5 V5.05 computer code.
HeLa cells separation using MICA antibody conjugated to magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Lago‐Cachón David , Rivas Montserrat , López‐Larrea Carlos , López‐Vázquez Antonio , Martínez‐Paredes Graciela , García José A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSuperparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have attracted much interest for medical applications, like magnetic cell separation, magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery and hyperthermia In this work, 10 nm MNP were functionalized with human α‐MICA antibody, via biotin‐streptavidin conjugation, due to the importance of MICA receptor in antitumor immunity.The potentiality of the nanoparticles has been tested in vitro with two different cell lines: HeLa (with MICA ligands on surface) and HL‐60 (without MICA ligands). MNP tagged HeLa cells were effectively separated by application of a magnetic field gradient. TEM micrographs were performed after magnetic separation, proving intracellular presence of the functionalized MNP. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anisotropic magnetoresistance effect of a strong ferromagnet: magnetization direction dependence in a model with crystal field
Authors: Kokado Satoshi , Tsunoda Masakiyo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe theoretically study magnetization direction dependence of the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect of a strong ferromagnet. We here use the two‐current model which takes into account the s –d scattering, where s (d) is the conduction state (the localized d states). The d states have the spin–orbit interaction, exchange field, and crystal field of tetragonal symmetry. From the model, we derive analytic expressions of twofold and fourfold symmetric terms of the AMR ratio. The dominant component in the twofold symmetric term is proportional to the difference of partial density‐of‐states (DOS) at the Fermi energy (EF) between dγ and dε orbitals. The fourfold symmetric term is proportional to the difference of partial DOS at EF among dε orbitals. In addition, using the expressions, we analyze an experimental result of the AMR ratio of Fe4N. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Therapeutic applications of carbon nanotubes: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Rogers‐Nieman Gabrielle M. , Dinu Cerasela Zoica 
Published: April 2014

Based on their physicochemical properties that allow efficient functionalization with biomolecules and cellular membrane translocation, as well as on their applications in Raman and near‐infrared fluorescence imaging, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed as viable candidates for developing therapeutic platforms that ensure targeting of tumor cells without affecting healthy cells. This article reviews the research on toxicological effects of CNTs on host cells, as well as their pharmacological profiles on cancer cells. The potential impact of this approach is discussed along with some potential pitfalls that will need to be overcome when therapeutic implementation CNTs are considered.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials