bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative overwintering strategies in an Antarctic midge: freezing vs. cryoprotective dehydration
Authors: Kawarasaki Yuta , Teets Nicholas M. , Denlinger David L. , Lee Richard E. 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Cryoprotective dehydration is a relatively new addition to our understanding of freeze avoidance strategies employed by polar invertebrates. Although the underlying cellular processes associated with this strategy are similar to those of freeze tolerance, little is known about potential trade‐offs of overwintering in these physiological states.

This study compares the potential of larvae of the terrestrial midge Belgica antarctica (Diptera, Chironomidae) to overwinter in these two states. As the only insect with the capacity to tolerate freezing and to cryoprotectively dehydrate, it is an ideal model to compare the benefits and costs of these strategies.

Compared to summer‐acclimated larvae, supercooling points of winter‐acclimatized larvae were significantly depressed and were lower than observed minima for their microhabitat temperatures. Thus, if larvae avoid inoculative freezing from environmental ice, they could remain unfrozen via cryoprotective dehydration.

Both frozen and cryoprotectively dehydrated larvae readily survived a 32‐day exposure to simulated overwintering temperatures.

Freezing had little effect on larval body water content and haemolymph osmolality. In contrast, cryoprotective dehydration at −5 °C resulted in a progressive loss of body water, ultimately reducing larval water content by 62%. This level of dehydration corresponded to an increase in haemolymph osmolality to c. 2750 mOsm kg−1, depressing the haemolymph melting point to −4·9 °C.

Freezing and cryoprotective dehydration resulted in distinctly different patterns of glycogen breakdown. Whereas the glycogen content decreased only during the first 14 days in cryoprotectively dehydrated larvae, frozen larvae continued to break down glycogen throughout the 32‐day subzero exposure. However, after recovery at 0 °C for 5 days, glycogen levels were similar in these two groups, as were the levels of total lipids.

Our results indicate that freezing and cryoprotective dehydration are both effective in promoting winter survival of larvae, with surprisingly few differences in energetic costs. Whether larvae freeze or become cryoprotectively dehydrated ultimately depends on the hydric condition of their microhabitat. The physiological flexibility of B. antarctica to overwinter in these alternative states likely contributed to its range distribution that extends further south than any other free‐living insect.
Developing biographies: the experiences of children, young people and their parents of living with a long‐term condition
Authors: Bray Lucy , Kirk Sue , Callery Peter 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article reports on data from a qualitative interview study that sought to understand the experiences, choices and actions of children and young people undergoing surgery for a long‐term condition and that of their parents. Using the concept of biography the article examines how the biographies of children, young people and their parents can be influenced by surgery and the ongoing management of a long‐term continence condition. This article challenges previous work that characterises the presence of a condition from birth as a continuous and normal part of the illness experiences of these patients. Although this may be the case in some instances, children, young people and their parents can experience diverse and changing experiences associated with ongoing condition management as well as surgery. Biographical continuity, enrichment and disruption are all relevant concepts for such patients living with a long‐term continence condition. These can be influenced by their previous experiences of their condition, their expectations, and dynamics with parents, including changes associated with development and the increasing independence of young people.
Reflexes Of Indo‐European ‘Ē‐Statives’ In Old Indic
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe paper addresses the reconstruction of the Indo‐European verbal derivational category that is conventionally called ‘ē‐statives’ can be illustrated by Lat.sen‐ē‐re‘to be old’ ortac‐ē‐re‘to be silent’. Its empirical contribution consists in tracing the Old Indicreflexes of ‘ē‐statives’, which have not been systematically investigated up to now. The analysis of the new data is conducive to the conclusion that that the Indo‐European stative suffix *‐eh1‐i̯e/o‐was originally typical of denominative verbs belonging to the Caland System. Its subsequent spread to primary verbs was implemented indifferent ways in individual ancient Indo‐European languages, and therefore need not be projected into Proto‐Indo‐European.
International Capital Flow, Vanishing Industries and Two‐sided Wage Inequality
Authors: Marjit Sugata , Kar Saibal 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper shows that international capital flow can lead to a rise in the relative wage between skilled and unskilled workers simultaneously in both capital‐exporting and capital‐importing nations. The impossibility of two‐sided wage inequality as an outcome of exogenous shocks has been previously discussed in the literature. We argue that such a result is highly probable when some industries vanish following changes in factor prices as a consequence of factor flows. The asymmetry in the nature of finite changes is the critical factor.
Offshoring Prompts High Quality Labour Markets
Authors: Ngienthi Wanida 
Published: November 2013

AbstractI consider offshoring in the low‐technology and high‐technology sectors in a host country. I build a model in which the occurrence of offshoring is determined by both the skill level of unskilled workers and the level of ‘offshoring facilitators’. Offshoring factilitators are factors or activities that promote offshoring in the high‐technology sector, such as technological advancement, economic integration, services liberalization and harmonization of rules and regulations. If the level of offshoring facilitators is low, a rise in the skill level can attract offshoring to the low‐technology sector but not to the high‐technology sector. A rise in the level of offshoring facilitators can attract offshoring to the high‐technology sector. Because offshoring in the high‐technology sector provides jobs to skilled workers, it also improves the quality of labour markets. I discuss services liberalization in ASEAN and examine a case study of Thailand as the host country in the global economy.
Efficacy of Icotinib treatment in patients with stage IIIb/IV non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Qin Na , Yang Xinjie , Zhang Quan , Li Xi , Zhang Hui , Lv Jialin , Wu Yuhua , Wang Jinghui , Zhang Shucai 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of Icotinib – an orally administered, highly potent selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its active mutations, in the treatment of patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsA total of 101 patients with stage IIIb/IV NSCLC were treated with 125 mg Icotinib three times a day until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Response rate was evaluated using response evaluation criteria in solid tumors and progression‐free survival (PFS) was collected.ResultsThe overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 37.6% (38/101) and 79.2% (80/101), respectively. The median PFS was 6.5 months. Multivariate analysis showed that female gender (P = 0.048, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.010–6.016) and occurrence of rash (P = 0.002, 95% CI 1.667–9.809) were the independent predictive factors for ORR, while a performance status (PS) score of 0–1 (P = 0.001, 95% CI 0.024–0.402) and rash (P = 0.042, 95% CI 1.089–76.557) were the independent predictive factors for DCR. In addition, PS scores of 0–1 (P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.135–0.509), and non‐smoking (P = 0.017, 95% CI 0.342–0.900) were found to be independent influencing factors for PFS. Moreover, patients with EGFR mutations had better PFS than patients with wild type EGFR, while patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion had better survival than those with EGFR exon 21 mutation. The most common adverse effects of Icotinib were rash (35.6%) and diarrhea (17.8%), which was tolerable.ConclusionTreatment of stage IIIb/IV NSCLC patients with Icotinib was effective and tolerable, specifically in patients with EGFR mutation.
Restricted Two Parameter Ridge Estimator
Authors: Şİray Gülesen Üstündağ , Toker Selma 
Published: December 2013

SummaryIn 2005 Lipovetsky and Conklin proposed an estimator, the two parameter ridge estimator (TRE), as an alternative to the ordinary least squares estimator (OLSE) and the ordinary ridge estimator (RE) in the presence of multicollinearity, and in 2006 Lipovetsky improved the two parameter model. In this paper, we introduce two new estimators, one of which is the modified two parameter ridge estimator (MTRE) defined by following Swindel's paper of 1976. The other one is the restricted two parameter ridge estimator (RTRE) which is derived by setting additional linear restrictions on the parameter vectors. This estimator is a generalization of the restricted least squares estimator (RLSE) and includes the restricted ridge estimator (RRE) proposed by Groß in 2003. A numerical example is provided and a simulation study is conducted for the comparisons of the RTRE with the OLSE, RLSE, RE, RRE and TRE.
Radiocontrast‐induced thyroid dysfunction: is it common and what should we do about it?
Authors: Hudzik Bartosz , Zubelewicz‐Szkodzińska Barbara 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThere has been a substantial increase in the use of radiocontrast‐enhanced imaging studies in the past two decades (particularly computed tomography and coronary angiography). Sudden exposure to high levels of iodide may result in thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism alike). Although the adverse‐event rate is not very high, the condition is notable considering the large number of contrast‐enhanced radiographic studies performed. Clinicians often have to decide on the most suitable diagnostic modality and the safest contrast medium when it comes to certain patients. In this study, we stress that the thyroid function of the patients should also be taken into consideration while making such decisions. We discuss in detail the prevalence and types (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) of radiocontrast‐induced thyroid dysfunction. We list the subsets of the population that are at a higher risk of radiocontrast‐induced thyroid dysfunction and summarize the necessary prophylaxis and possible treatment. The presented principles apply to intravenous, intra‐arterial and enteral (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) routes of iodinated contrast medium administration.
Surface Damage on Dental Implants with Release of Loose Particles after Insertion into Bone
Authors: Senna Plinio , Antoninha Del Bel Cury Altair , Kates Stephen , Meirelles Luiz 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundModern dental implants present surface features of distinct dimensions that can be damaged during the insertion procedure into bone.PurposeThe aims of this study were (1) to quantify by means of roughness parameters the surface damage caused by the insertion procedure of dental implants and (2) to investigate the presence of loose particles at the interface.Materials and MethodsThree groups of dental implants representing different surface topographies were inserted in fresh cow rib bone blocks. The surface roughness was characterized by interferometry on the same area before and after the insertion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–back‐scattered electron detector (BSD) analysis was used to identify loose particles at the interface.ResultsThe amplitude and hybrid roughness parameters of all three groups were lower after insertion. The surface presenting predominance of peaks (Ssk [skewness] > 0) associated to higher structures (height parameters) presented higher damage associated to more pronounced reduction of material volume. SEM‐BSD images revealed loose titanium and aluminum particles at the interface mainly at the crestal cortical bone level.ConclusionsShearing forces during the insertion procedure alters the surface of dental implants. Loose metal particles can be generated at bone‐implant interface especially around surfaces composed mainly by peaks and with increased height parameters.
Interactive Effects of Water Diversion and Climate Change for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Lemhi River Basin (U.S.A.)
Authors: WALTERS ANNIKA W. , BARTZ KRISTA K. , MCCLURE MICHELLE M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe combined effects of water diversion and climate change are a major conservation challenge for freshwater ecosystems. In the Lemhi Basin, Idaho (U.S.A.), water diversion causes changes in streamflow, and climate change will further affect streamflow and temperature. Shifts in streamflow and temperature regimes can affect juvenile salmon growth, movement, and survival. We examined the potential effects of water diversion and climate change on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a species listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). To examine the effects for juvenile survival, we created a model relating 19 years of juvenile survival data to streamflow and temperature and found spring streamflow and summer temperature were good predictors of juvenile survival. We used these models to project juvenile survival for 15 diversion and climate‐change scenarios. Projected survival was 42–58% lower when streamflows were diverted than when streamflows were undiverted. For diverted streamflows, 2040 climate‐change scenarios (ECHO‐G and CGCM3.1 T47) resulted in an additional 11–39% decrease in survival. We also created models relating habitat carrying capacity to streamflow and made projections for diversion and climate‐change scenarios. Habitat carrying capacity estimated for diverted streamflows was 17–58% lower than for undiverted streamflows. Climate‐change scenarios resulted in additional decreases in carrying capacity for the dry (ECHO‐G) climate model. Our results indicate climate change will likely pose an additional stressor that should be considered when evaluating the effects of anthropogenic actions on salmon population status. Thus, this type of analysis will be especially important for evaluating effects of specific actions on a particular species.Efectos Interactivos de la Desviación del Agua y el Cambio Climático en Individuos Juveniles de Salmón Chinook en la Cuenca del Río Lemhi (E.U.A.)
Incorporating Climate and Ocean Change into Extinction Risk Assessments for 82 Coral Species
Authors: BRAINARD RUSSELL E. , WEIJERMAN MARISKA , EAKIN C. MARK , MCELHANY PAUL , MILLER MARGARET W. , PATTERSON MATT , PINIAK GREGORY A. , DUNLAP MATTHEW J. , BIRKELAND CHARLES 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMany marine invertebrate species facing potential extinction have uncertain taxonomies and poorly known demographic and ecological traits. Uncertainties are compounded when potential extinction drivers are climate and ocean changes whose effects on even widespread and abundant species are only partially understood. The U.S. Endangered Species Act mandates conservation management decisions founded on the extinction risk to species based on the best available science at the time of consideration—requiring prompt action rather than awaiting better information. We developed an expert‐opinion threat‐based approach that entails a structured voting system to assess extinction risk from climate and ocean changes and other threats to 82 coral species for which population status and threat response information was limited. Such methods are urgently needed because constrained budgets and manpower will continue to hinder the availability of desired data for many potentially vulnerable marine species. Significant species‐specific information gaps and uncertainties precluded quantitative assessments of habitat loss or population declines and necessitated increased reliance on demographic characteristics and threat vulnerabilities at genus or family levels. Adapting some methods (e.g., a structured voting system) used during other assessments and developing some new approaches (e.g., integrated assessment of threats and demographic characteristics), we rated the importance of threats contributing to coral extinction risk and assessed those threats against population status and trend information to evaluate each species’ extinction risk over the 21st century. This qualitative assessment resulted in a ranking with an uncertainty range for each species according to their estimated likelihood of extinction. We offer guidance on approaches for future biological extinction risk assessments, especially in cases of data‐limited species likely to be affected by global‐scale threats.Incorporación del Cambio Climático y Oceánico en Estudios de Riesgo de Extinción para 82 Especies de Coral
Investment and the Policy Process in Conservation Monitoring
Authors: SANCHIRICO JAMES N. , SPRINGBORN MICHAEL R. , SCHWARTZ MARK W. , DOERR ANGELA N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDespite decades of discussion and implementation, conservation monitoring remains a challenge. Many current solutions in the literature focus on improving the science or making more structured decisions. These insights are important but incomplete in accounting for the politics and economics of the conservation decisions informed by monitoring. Our novel depiction of the monitoring enterprise unifies insights from multiple disciplines (conservation, operations research, economics, and policy) and highlights many underappreciated factors that affect the expected benefits of monitoring. For example, there must be a strong link between the specific needs of decision makers and information gathering. Furthermore, the involvement of stakeholders other than scientists and research managers means that new information may not be interpreted and acted upon as expected. While answering calls for sharply delineated objectives will clearly add focus to monitoring efforts, for practical reasons, high‐level goals may purposefully be left vague, to facilitate other necessary steps in the policy process. We use the expanded depiction of the monitoring process to highlight problems of cooperation and conflict. We critique calls to invest in monitoring for the greater good by arguing that incentives are typically lacking. Although the benefits of learning accrued within a project (e.g., improving management) provide incentives for investing in some monitoring, it is unrealistic, in general, to expect managers to add potentially costly measures to generate shared benefits. In the traditional linear model of the role of science in policy decisions, monitoring reduces uncertainty and decision makers are rational, unbiased consumers of the science. However, conservation actions increasingly involve social conflict. Drawing insights from political science, we argue that in high‐conflict situations, it is necessary to address the conflict prior to monitoring.Las Inversiones y el Proceso de Políticas en el Monitoreo de la Conservación Sanchirico et al.
Functional imaging in lung cancer
Authors: Harders S. W. , Balyasnikowa S. , Fischer B. M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryLung cancer represents an increasingly frequent cancer diagnosis worldwide. An increasing awareness on smoking cessation as an important mean to reduce lung cancer incidence and mortality, an increasing number of therapy options and a steady focus on early diagnosis and adequate staging have resulted in a modestly improved survival. For early diagnosis and precise staging, imaging, especially positron emission tomography combined with CT (PET/CT), plays an important role. Other functional imaging modalities such as dynamic contrast‐enhanced CT (DCE‐CT) and diffusion‐weighted MR imaging (DW‐MRI) have demonstrated promising results within this field. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a brief and balanced introduction to these three functional imaging modalities and their current or potential application in the care of patients with lung cancer.
Positron emission tomography of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque in man – a contemporary review
Authors: Pedersen Sune F. , Hag Anne Mette F. , Klausen Thomas L. , Ripa Rasmus S. , Bodholdt Rasmus P. , Kjær Andreas 
Published: December 2013

SummaryAtherosclerosis is the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world today and is set to become the prevailing disease and major cause of death worldwide by 2020. In the 1950s surgical intervention was introduced to treat symptomatic patients with high‐grade carotid artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis – a procedure known as carotid endarterectomy (CEA). By removing the atherosclerotic plaque from the affected carotid artery of these patients, CEA is beneficial by preventing subsequent ipsilateral ischemic stroke. However, it is known that patients with low to intermediate artery stenosis may still experience ischemic events, leading clinicians to consider plaque composition as an important feature of atherosclerosis. Today molecular imaging can be used for characterization, visualization and quantification of cellular and subcellular physiological processes as they take place in vivo; using this technology we can obtain valuable information on atherosclerostic plaque composition. Applying molecular imaging clinically to atherosclerotic disease therefore has the potential to identify atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture. This could prove to be an important tool for the selection of patients for CEA surgery in a health system increasingly focused on individualized treatment. This review focuses on current advances and future developments of in vivo atherosclerosis PET imaging in man.
Enhanced development of auditory change detection in musically trained school‐aged children: a longitudinal event‐related potential study
Authors: Putkinen Vesa , Tervaniemi Mari , Saarikivi Katri , Ojala Pauliina , Huotilainen Minna 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAdult musicians show superior auditory discrimination skills when compared to non‐musicians. The enhanced auditory skills of musicians are reflected in the augmented amplitudes of their auditory event‐related potential (ERP) responses. In the current study, we investigated longitudinally the development of auditory discrimination skills in musically trained and nontrained individuals. To this end, we recorded the mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a responses from children who play a musical instrument and age‐matched children with no musical training at ages 7, 9, 11, and 13. Basic auditory processing was investigated by recording ERPs in the Multi‐Feature Paradigm that included frequency, duration, intensity, location, and gap deviants. The detection of musically more relevant sound changes was examined in an oddball paradigm with major chords as standards and minor chords as deviants. The musically trained children showed larger increase in MMN and P3a amplitudes with age for the chord deviants than the control children. There was also a strong trend (p = .054) for larger increase in MMN amplitude in the musically trained children for the location deviant. As no group differences in response amplitudes were evident at the early stages of the training, our results suggest that the superior neural auditory discrimination in adult musicians is due to training and not pre‐existing differences between musicians and non‐musicians.