Abstract 2003: CPE-delta-N promotes metastasis by regulating Nedd9 and Yap1 expression
Authors: Murthy Saravana R.K , Lee Terence K. , Cawley Niamh X. , Hewitt Stephen M. , Loh Peng Y. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Cancer mortality is often from metastatic disease rather than the direct effect of the primary tumor. Identification of metastasis inducing genes may offer valuable mechanistic insight for guiding specific therapeutic strategies. We report here that the carboxypeptidase E gene (CPE) is alternatively spliced in human tumors to yield an N-terminal truncated protein (CPE-DELTA-N) that drives metastasis. CPE-DELTA-N mRNA was elevated in human metastatic colon, breast and HCC cell lines. Suppression of CPE-DELTA-N expression in these cell lines by si-RNA significantly inhibited their growth migration and invasion. To confirm these observations in vivo, an orthotopic nude mouse model was established. The mice implanted with a tumor derived from HCC cells transfected with si- CPE-DELTA-N RNA in the liver did not show tumor growth or metastasis, compared to scrambled controls. In HCC cytosolic CPE-DELTA-N protein was translocated to the nucleus and upregulated the expression of neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated gene 9 (Nedd9), through interaction with histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1/2. Inhibition of HDAC activity by the HDAC inhibitors suppressed expression of NEDD9, without effecting CPE-DELTA-N expression. The enhanced invasive phenotype of HCC cells stably transfected with CPE-DELTA-N was suppressed when Nedd9 was silenced by si-RNA. Furthermore CPE-DELTA-N protein up-regulation also increased Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAP1), Carcinoembryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecule 5 (ceacam5) and Carbonyl Reductase 1(cbr1) and silencing CPE-DELTA-N with siRNA suppressed YAP1, CEACAM5 and CBR1 protein expression. cDNA Microarray studies of HCC cells overexpressing CPE-DELTA-N showed elevated expression of 27 genes associated with metastasis, while 30 genes associated with tumor suppressor function, which included insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and 3 (igfbp5 and igfbp3) and h19 were down-regulated. These data were further confirmed by qRTPCR.. In clinical studies, CPE-DELTA-N mRNA quantification in 99 patients with primary tumor (T) and normal surrounding tissue (N) established a T/N cut off value which predicted future intra-hepatic metastasis with high sensitivity and specificity, independent of cancer stage. Additionally, prospective study on 46 resected PHEO/PGLs having very high CPE-DELTA-N mRNA copy numbers accurately predicted future metastasis or recurrence in patients diagnosed with benign tumors at time of surgery, versus low copy numbers in post-surgery, disease-free patients. Additionally, CPE-DELTA-N is a diagnostic biomarker for metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Thus CPE-DELTA-N induces tumor metastasis and is a powerful biomarker for predicting future metastasis and recurrence in HCC and PHEO/PGL patients, superior to histopathological diagnosis.
Citation Format: Saravana R.K Murthy, Terence K. Lee, Niamh X. Cawley, Stephen M. Hewitt, Peng Y. Loh. CPE-delta-N promotes metastasis by regulating Nedd9 and Yap1 expression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2003. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2003