bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexical Gaps
Authors: Janssen Maarten 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

When talking about words, linguists mostly focus on those words that are an established part of the vocabulary. However, in some cases it is useful to refer to the words that are
not
part of the vocabulary: the nonexisting words. Instead of referring to nonexisting words, it is common to speak about
lexical gaps
, since the nonexisting words are indications of “holes” in the lexicon of the language that could be filled.
Lexical Priming
Authors: Hoey Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Lexical priming is the name given to a linguistic theory developed by Michael Hoey (in particular in Hoey, 2003, 2004a, 2005), which seeks to relate corpus‐linguistic concepts such as collocation and colligation to the experimental findings of psycholinguists interested in the retardation and acceleration of word association.
Linguistic Creativity and World Englishes Literatures
Authors: Kachru Yamuna 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA three‐year‐old asks her mother to push her swing higher. The mother pushes the swing a little more vigorously. The child yells,High, mummy. The mother asks,You want it higher?The child says,Yes, bi … g high, with a long [iy] sound.
Multicompetence
Authors: Cook Vivian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe term “multicompetence” was originally defined as “the compound state of a mind with two grammars” (Cook, 1991); in the context of that paper, “grammar” was used in the Chomskyan sense of the total knowledge of language in the mind (the I‐language) leading some people to infer wrongly that multicompetence was restricted to syntax.
Qualitative Teacher Research
Authors: Burns Anne 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The notion of teachers being active participants in research has a relatively long history in the field of general education. However, it is only since the late 1980s that it has received increasing attention and acceptance in the field of English language teaching. In this entry I discuss what is meant by teacher research and consider qualitative approaches typically used in teacher research. In particular I focus on action research, an approach to undertaking research which has gained ground in language teacher education.
Quantitative and Mixed Methods: Overview
Authors: Jamieson Joan , McDonough Kim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe types of language‐related issues investigated by applied linguists are detailed and complex. They cut across many domains of social life from school to business, law, and government, to name a few. Questions pertain to issues such as the effectiveness of particular language‐teaching practices, the language needs for prospective employees in a business, comprehensibility of language used for legal purposes, and assessment of language ability to meet government‐set standards. In view of the many purposes of applied linguistics inquiry, it is not surprising that applied linguists draw upon a range of empirical methods for conducting research (Mackey & Gass, 2005; Dörnyei, 2007). The quantitative and mixed methods section of the encyclopedia introduces the characteristics of two approaches to research, which have been adopted and adapted from methods in social science, through entries that explain basic concepts underlying them, show the statistical tools used by researchers, and illustrate their use with descriptions of example studies.
Reliability in Language Assessment
Authors: Chapelle Carol A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Almost any test user will readily agree that tests should be valid and reliable, but if asked to explain what “reliability” means, most test users would be hard pressed, despite the widespread use of this measure in the documentation that accompanies language tests. Assessment experts would also agree that reliability is a central concern for interpreting assessment results, even to the point that it is an important part of most validity arguments. However, the experts would also point out that reliability is not a characteristic of a test, but rather a characteristic of test scores obtained from a given test administration or administrations.
Rhythm in Discourse
Authors: Erickson Frederick 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSpeech is uttered in real time. It is experienced as a succession of “now” moments, each “now” preceded by an immediately past moment. The rhythmic organization of that timing contributes both to our capacities as interlocutors to communicate referential meaning with one another and to organize conjoint actions together as speakers and auditors, actions such as turn exchange, and listening responses. Moreover, the rhythmic organization of uttering speech simplifies the perceptual and information‐processing tasks presented to an auditor, by marking the continuous stream of verbal and nonverbal behavior with prominence points whose emphasis underscores the current “now” moment and enables the auditor to anticipate the next “now” moment to come—a moment whose location in real time is projected by the rhythmic organization of verbal and nonverbal behavior at the current “now” moment.
Role of Deliberation in Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Bianco Joseph Lo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn an early phase of modern language planning and policy analysis there was a major focus on the idea of language problems and how language specialists could offer governments and other agencies solutions to these language problems. Borrowing from management theory and public administration early language planning work proposed operational models for the field involving an ordered sequence of research to understand and interventions to solve language problems. In effect this constituted the field of language policy and planning as various kinds of organized pursuit of solutions to language problems, in which the critical role was allocated to an expert language scholar. As a result language policy and planning itself became identified with procedures for analyzing language problems and the specification of protocols for how these are studied and interventions to resolve them.
Role of Language and Place in Language Policy
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn no proper sense can languages be said to belong to places. They belong unquestionably to individuals, and in a more complex way to a whole people. The complexity lies in the fact that “a people” is largely defined by its language, and vice versa, in a way that is at best dialectical, and at worst circular. Even the names used to designate peoples, places, and languages are usually variants of the same word—Finns in Finland speak Finnish—except in the case of post‐imperial situations such as have left English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese as the languages of many nations, and the religious spread that has put Arabic in the same condition.
Sociocultural Theory and Interlanguage Pragmatics
Authors: Rine Emily F. , van Compernolle Rémi A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Vygotskyan sociocultural theory (SCT) (e.g., Vygotsky, 1978, 1986; for second language [L2] development, see Lantolf & Thorne, 2006) has been extended to interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) research in a number of interesting and fruitful directions since the 1990s.
Swales, John M.
Authors: Samraj Betty 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPerhaps most widely known for the create‐a‐research‐space (CARS) model to account for the rhetorical structure of research article introductions, John M. Swales has made an indelible mark on English for specific purposes (ESP) through his many discourse studies of academic genres and by the significance of his publications on the relationship of linguistic research to the teaching of English for academic purposes (EAP), the role of English in the research world, and materials development for advanced academic writing.
Task‐Based Assessment
Authors: Brindley Geoff 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Task‐based assessment (TBA) is defined by Brindley (1994, p. 74) as “the process of evaluating, in relation to a set of explicitly stated criteria, the quality of the communicative performances elicited from learners as part of goal‐directed, meaning‐focused language use requiring the integration of skills and knowledge.”
Theses and Dissertations in English for Specific Purposes
Authors: Paltridge Brian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThere are a number of discussions in the literature of the issues that second language students face when writing a thesis or dissertation in English. One key issue that arises in this literature is the difficulty that many students face in meeting the demands of the kind of writing required of them at this particular level of study. It is not always clear to them whose responsibility it is that their piece of writing meets the requirements of their level or area of study. This is made more difficult for students who do not have an English‐speaking background by their lack of familiarity with the conventions and expectations of thesis and dissertation writing in English. As Dong (1997, p. 10) notes, writing a thesis or dissertation
Working Memory in Second Language Acquisition: Phonological Short‐Term
Authors: Service Elisabet 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIt is a common intuition that learning language is easier for some individuals than others. Empirical evidence from naturalistic and classroom learning contexts confirms that there is great variation in second language (L2) learning outcomes in both children and adults. Furthermore, such individual differences appear somewhat independent of general cognitive abilities. Individual personality and motivation as well as many environmental factors, such as type and intensity of input, are likely to be at play. A cognitively based theoretical construct that has shown promise for explaining a considerable portion of the variation in outcome is that of phonological memory. The first studies reporting a correlative relationship between memory for the spoken form of language and L2 acquisition were published at the end of the 1980s. The termphonological short‐term memory(PSTM) is used to refer to the ability to form and maintain a mental representation of spoken material so that it can be immediately accessed and accurately repeated back aloud or silently rehearsed. In tests of phonological memory, accuracy is required at the phonemic level. Thus, in a repetition task, all speech sounds in a word, for instance,cat(/kaat/), have to be correctly reproduced. In contrast, phonetic features, such as the puff of air accompanying a word‐initial /k/ sound produced by native speakers of English, need not be present. When material is presented in written form, PSTM refers to a representation specifying what its spoken form would be. The interest in PSTM in the context of language acquisition was born within the theory of working memory first put forward by Baddeley and Hitch (1974). This theory proposed that working memory, that is, the type of memory used for holding information needed in ongoing tasks, was composed of separable components. The researchers hypothesized one system for handling visuospatial material and another for verbal material. The two modality‐specific systems were assumed to be controlled by acentral executivecomponent, supervising the information maintenance and manipulation functions of working memory. The verbal component, referred to as thephonological loopin later versions of the theory (Baddeley, 1986), is thought to consist of aphonological store,maintaining memory traces for phonological material, and anarticulatory rehearsalprocess, actively refreshing these traces using a process based on inner speech. The termphonological memoryis neutral to the distinction between ability to recall material immediately, that is, short‐term memory, and ability to store language as permanent phonological representations of, for instance, words or word sequences. However, in the language‐learning literature, “phonological memory,” “phonological short‐term memory,” “phonological working memory,” and “phonological loop” are often used as synonyms.
Cenoz, Jasone
Authors: Barnes Julia D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractJasone Cenoz is a professor in the Department of Research Methods in Education at the Faculty of Education of the University of the Basque Country (UPV) in Donostia‐San Sebastian, Spain. Her academi interests encompass multilingualism, second (L2) and third (L3) language acquisition, bilingual and multilingual education, linguistic landscape, inter‐language pragmatics, and the age factor.
Phillipson, Robert
Authors: Skutnabb‐Kangas Tove 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Robert Phillipson was born in the United Kingdom in 1942. He was a chorister at St. Paul's Cathedral Choir School in London from 1950 to 1956 (the choir toured the United States for two months in 1953), after which he was a scholar at Cranbrook School in Kent. In 1961 he spent six months in Austria, Germany, and France before studying at the University of Cambridge. He completed a BA in Modern Languages and Law in 1964, and was employed by the British Council from 1964 to 1973.
Low Temperature Plasticity of Ultrafine‐Grained AE42 and AZ31 Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Shumilin Sergii Eduardovich , Janecek Milos , Isaev Nikolai Vasilievich , Minarik Peter , Kral Robert 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe low temperature peculiarities of plastic deformation of AZ31 and AE42 magnesium alloys processed by equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) were studied in temperature range 0.5–293 K. At 4.2 K and lower, the stress–strain curves become serrated with the jerk stress frequency and amplitude sensitive to the flow stress, temperature and processing history. The yield stress of the samples before and after ECAP is determined by both the grain size refinement and basal texture evolution. The slope of the temperature dependencies of the yield stress is typical for the thermally activated interaction of dislocations with a spectrum of local obstacles. The activation of the dynamic recovery is responsible for the decrease of the work hardening rate of the samples (i) with a temperature increase and (ii) after ECAP.
Flue gas conditioning by in situ oxidation of so2 applying dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Che Yao , Wang Zuwu , Zhou Jiayong 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTAn advanced flue gas conditioning technology was developed through in situ oxidation of SO2 using dielectric barrier discharge and heterogeneous condensation of SO3 on fly ash (FA). Orthogonal experiments were carried out for the design of discharge structure, whereas the optimal condition was achieved at 8 kV of discharge voltage, 2 mm of discharge gap and 56 cm2 of discharge area; single factor experiment was introduced here to investigate impacts of various elements (gas flux, temperature, concentration of SO2 and relative humidity) on oxidation of SO2, results showed that the oxidation of SO2 was in inverse proportion to gas flux and SO2 concentration, whereas in direct proportion to relative humidity, the optimal temperature was detected at 45 °C. Physical and chemical characterizations of treated samples were performed in this work using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Particle coagulation was found in the SEM, and a continuous peak rise of sulfate at 1086 cm−1 was detected by the FTIR analysis, which indicated that SO3 generated by in situ oxidation of SO2 could be successfully absorbed by the surface of FA particles. The specific resistance of conditioning FA showed a remarkable decrease from 1.41 × 1013 to 5.74 × 1011 Ω cm compared with the untreated sample. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of PNHMPA/PEG interpenetrating polymer networks gel and its application for phase change fibers
Authors: Zhang Hong , Yang Shurui , Liu Hui , Fang Yanping , Jiang Shuwen , Guo Jing , Gong Yumei 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this study, ploy(N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide)/polyethylene glycol (PNHMPA/PEG) interpenetrating polymer networks gel was prepared as a novel form‐stable composite phase change materials (PCMs) successfully. And PP/IPN (PNHMPA/PEG, hereinafter referred to as IPN) phase change fibers were also prepared by melt spinning. The composite PCMs and PP/IPN phase change fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mechanical analysis. The SEM results show that the PNHMPA/PEG interpenetrating polymer networks has porous structure but has no phase separation among multicomponent. In addition, the form‐stable composite PCMs distribute evenly in PP. The breaking strength of PP/IPN phase change fibers is slightly smaller than that of pure PP fiber. Thermal properties and thermal stabilities of the composite PCMs and fibers were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC results show that the melting temperature and the latent heat of the prepared composite PCMs are 54.79°C and 82.08 J g−1, respectively. The melting temperatures of PEG in composite PCMs and PP/IPN phase change fibers has a little fluctuation, and the relevant data indicate that the latent heat enthalpy of the composite PCMs and fibers are slightly smaller than the theoretical value. TGA indicated that the composite PCMs have good thermal stability. Furthermore, damping performance of phase change fibers has been improved due to IPN. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of the interfacial compatibility in wood flour/polypropylene composites with the dielectric approach
Authors: Zhu Lizhi , Cao Jinzhen , Wang Yi 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTo clarify the interaction between the wood and polymer in wood flour/polymer composites, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor values were measured for poplar (Populus tomentasa Carr.) wood flour/polypropylene (PP) composites with different wood contents. The dielectric relaxation strength, distribution of relaxation time, and activation thermodynamic quantities of the dielectric relaxation caused by the reorientation of the methylol groups (CH2OH) in the amorphous region of the wood cell wall were then calculated. The results show that the dielectric relaxation strength changed very little below a wood content of 40% and began to increase above that value; this was due to the strong hindrance of PP to the reorientation of methylol groups and, therefore, suggests a close interaction between the wood and PP below a wood content of 40%. The low distribution coefficient of the relaxation time at extremely low temperatures below a 40% wood content was also found; this indicated that some groups in the wood could not move because of the influence of PP. The apparent activation energy increased with wood contents below 40% and then decreased; this further confirmed the optimal interfacial compatibility at a 40% wood content in the wood flour/PP composites in the absence of additives. This result was consistent with the results we obtained by a stress‐relaxation approach. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The effects of binder on the physical and mechanical properties of chemically treated sawdust‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Idrus M. A. M. Mohd , Hamdan Sinin , Islam Md. Saiful , Roslee Ahmad Azmeer , Sobuz Habibur Rahman 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as a binder on the mechanical and physical properties of wood polymer composites (WPCs). The WPCs were manufactured from tropical sawdust and polypropylene using a hot press molding method at five levels of sawdust loading (10–30 wt). For the manufacturing of the composites, the sawdust was chemically treated with 2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate before 10 wt % PVA was added. The flexural strength, flexural modulus, Young's Modulus, and Rockwell hardness were found to improve with the treatments. However, the binder treated wood polymer composite (BTWPC) samples exhibited better mechanical properties than the raw wood polymer composite and the treated wood polymer composite (TWPC) samples. Moreover, water absorption decreased significantly for the TWPC and the BTWPC samples, indicating that their water resistance is higher than that of the raw samples. The SEM micrographs revealed that the interfacial bonding of the BTWPC had significantly improved, suggesting that the chemical treatment led to better dispersion of the filler into the matrix, and this improved further after the addition of the binder. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Removal of low concentration Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by modified wheat straw
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Feng , Jing Zhanxin , Wang Haihong , Li Yajing 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTwo kinds of adsorbents were prepared by modification of wheat straw using succinic anhydride and acrylic acid. The two adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and it was found that the carboxyl groups were introduced into the straw fiber. The use of the modified wheat straws for the removal of low concentration Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions were investigated with a variety of pH value, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosages, and initial Cr(VI) concentration. The removal percentage achieved 99.7% at an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 1 mg/L. The adsorption kinetics experiments were carried out, and the obtained data were fitted by the pseudo‐first‐order equation, pseudo‐second‐order equation, and intra‐particle diffusion equation. The adsorption kinetics was found to conform to the pseudo‐second‐order equation with a good correlation. This study reports that the modified wheat straws are better absorbents for the removal of low concentration Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions than crude wheat straw. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphology, interfacial interaction, and properties of a novel bioelastomer reinforced by silica and carbon black
Authors: Wang Runguo , Yao Hui , Lei Weiwei , Zhou Xinxin , Zhang Liqun , Hua Kuo‐chih , Kulig Joseph 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA novel poly(diisoamyl itaconate‐co‐isoprene) (PDII) bioelastomer was prepared by redox emulsion polymerization based on itaconic acid, isoamyl alcohol, and isoprene. Carbon black (CB), silica, and silica with coupling agent (bis(3‐(triethoxysilyl)‐propyl)tetrasulfide [TESPT]‐silica) were used as fillers to reinforce the novel elastomer. The difference in morphology, interfacial interaction, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of PDII composites filled with different fillers was studied. The homogeneous dispersion of silica and CB in the PDII matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Silica had homogenous dispersion possibly because of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the silica silanols and the PDII macromolecular chains. PDII/silica and PDII/TESTP‐silica have lower crosslink density and crosslinking rate than PDII/CB owing to the adsorption of accelerators by the silanols in the silica surfaces. PDII/silica had comparable tensile strength but higher elongation at break than PDII/CB. The tensile strength of PDII/TESPT‐silica was higher than PDII/CB and PDII/silica. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Gold Fluorides and Nobel Gas Complexes by Matrix‐Isolation Spectroscopy and Quantum‐Chemical Calculations.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester , Willmann Knut , Brosi Felix , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMatrix‐isolation experiments and quantum‐chemical calculations lead to the characterization of two new compounds, the first open‐shell AuII fluoride AuF2 and a NeAuF complex.
ChemInform Abstract: New Nonlinear Optical Potassium Iodate K[IO3] and Borates K3[B6O10]Br, KTa[B4O6(OH)4] (OH)2·1.33H2O — Synthesis, Structures and Relation to the Properties.
Authors: Belokoneva Elena L. , Stefanovich Sergej Yu. , Dimitrova Olga V. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractProcesses taking place in geological environment in the presence of SiO2 are modelled.