bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An efficient method for the immobilization of inulinase using new types of polymers containing epoxy groups
Authors: Trytek Mariusz , Fiedurek Jan , Podkościelna Beata , Gawdzik Barbara , Skowronek Marcin 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
New glycidyl methacrylate copolymers containing different numbers of epoxy groups were synthesized and used to develop effective procedures for inulinase immobilization. The beneficial characteristics of the carriers included a high degree of crosslinking, stability at ambient temperature, an appropriate surface, and the presence of reactive epoxy groups. Some factors affecting the efficiency of immobilization of crude inulinase, including the kind and amount of carrier, the number of epoxy groups, as well as buffer pH and buffer concentration were examined. The yield of immobilization of this enzyme on the investigated type of microspheres was higher than on the commercial carrier, Eupergit® C. After immobilization, the optimum temperature for inulinase activity shifted from 55 to 45 °C, whereas the optimum pH = 5 remained unchanged. The basic parameters of inulin hydrolysis were examined, and the possibility of applying the obtained biocatalyst in continuous conditions was tested. Inulin at a concentration of 0.5 % (w/v) was almost completely hydrolyzed to fructose (in a yield of 98 %) at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. A tenfold increase in the speed of flow resulted in an increase in the yield of oligosaccharides (DP2-DP6) up to ~41 % in the overall hydrolysate, as analysed by HPLC-RID and LC-ESI/MS. These results indicate that two forms of inulinase, an exo- and an endo-acting enzyme, were immobilized on our carrier. The enzyme showed good operational stability in a packed column over 28 days. There were no significant decreases in the efficiency of continuous hydrolysis during this time (about 17.4 % in comparison to its initial value).
Effects of base flow modifications on noise amplifications: flow past a backward-facing step
Authors: Mao X. 
Published: April 2015

Amplifications of flow past a backward-facing step with respect to optimal inflow and initial perturbations are investigated at Reynolds number 500. Two mechanisms of receptivity to inflow noise are identified: the bubble-induced inflectional point instability and the misalignment effect downstream of the secondary bubble. Further development of the misalignment results in decay of perturbations from $x=28$ onwards (the step is located at $x=0$), as has been observed in previous non-normality studies (Blackburn et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 603, 2008, pp. 271–304), and eventually limits the receptivity. The receptivity is found to be maximized at an inflow perturbation frequency of ${\it\omega}=0.50$ and a spanwise wavenumber of ${\it\beta}=0$, where the inflow noise takes full advantage of both mechanisms and is amplified over two orders of magnitude in terms of the velocity magnitude. In direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow perturbed by optimal or random inflow noise, vortex shedding, flapping of bubbles, three-dimensionality and turbulence are observed in succession as the magnitude of the inflow noise increases. Similar features of linear and nonlinear receptivity are observed at higher Reynolds numbers. The Strouhal number of the bubble flapping is 0.08, at which the receptivity to inflow noise reaches a maximum. This Strouhal number is close to reported values extracted from DNS or large eddy simulations (LES) at larger Reynolds numbers (Le et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 330, 1997, pp. 349–374; Kaiktsis et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 321, 1996, pp. 157–187; Métais, New Trends in Turbulence, 2001, Springer; Wee et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, 2004, pp. 3361–3373). Methods to further clarify the mechanisms of receptivity and to suppress the noise amplifications by modifying the base flow using a linearly optimal body force are proposed. It is observed that the mechanisms of optimal noise amplification are fully revealed by the distribution of the base flow modification, which weakens the bubble instabilities and misalignment effects and subsequently reduces the receptivity significantly. Comparing the base flow modifications with respect to amplifications of inflow and initial perturbations, it is found that the maximum receptivity to initial perturbations is highly correlated with the receptivity to inflow noise at the optimal frequency ${\it\omega}=0.50$, and the correlation reduces as the inflow frequency deviates from this optimal value.
Zinc status of northern Tasmanian adults
Authors: Beckett Jeffrey M. , Ball Madeleine J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInformation regarding Zn status in the Australian population is very limited. Mild deficiencies in Zn have been associated with CVD, impaired immune function and poor healing. A cross-sectional study of 497 northern Tasmanian adults (24–82 years of age) was conducted to assess Zn status. Dietary intakes were assessed by FFQ and serum concentrations of Zn were evaluated using International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group methodology. Mean Zn intakes were 12·6 (sd4·4) mg/d for men and 10·9 (sd3·6) mg/d for women. It was found that 52 % of men but only 9 % of women consumed less than the Australia/New Zealand estimated average requirement for Zn. Mean serum Zn was 13·0 (sd2·4) µmol/l in men and 13·0 (sd2·5) µmol/l in women. Overall, 15 % of men and 7 % of women had low serum Zn levels. Furthermore, low serum Zn was observed in 18 % of men 50 years or older and 30 % of men 70 years or older. The present results suggest that mild Zn deficiency may be prevalent in older Tasmanian adults, particularly men; and due to the importance of Zn in many areas of health, this could be of public health concern.
Guiding healthier food choice: systematic comparison of four front-of-pack labelling systems and their effect on judgements of product healthiness
Authors: Hodgkins Charo E. , Raats Monique M. , Fife-Schaw Chris , Peacock Matthew , Gröppel-Klein Andrea , Koenigstorfer Joerg , Wasowicz Grazyna , Stysko-Kunkowska Malgorzata , Gulcan Yaprak , Kustepeli Yesim , Gibbs Michelle , Shepherd Richard , Grunert Klaus G. 
Published: April 2015

Different front-of-pack (FOP) labelling systems have been developed in Europe by industry and organisations concerned with health promotion. A study (n2068) was performed to establish the extent to which inclusion of the most prevalent FOP systems – guideline daily amounts (GDA), traffic lights (TL), GDA+TL hybrid (HYB) and health logos (HL) – impact consumer perceptions of healthiness over and above the provision of a FOP basic label (BL) containing numerical nutritional information alone. The design included within- and between-subjects factors. The within-subjects factors were: food (pizzas, yogurts and biscuits), healthiness of the food (high health, medium health and low health) and the repeated measurements under BL and test FOP label conditions. The between-subjects factors were: the system (GDA, TL, GDA+TL hybrid, HL), portion size (typical portion size and a 50 % reduction of a typical portion) and country (the UK, Germany, Poland and Turkey). Although the FOP systems tested did result in small improvements for objective understanding under some conditions, there was little difference between the provision of an FOP label containing basic numerical nutritional information alone or between the various systems. Thus, any structured and legible presentation of key nutrient and energy information on the FOP label is sufficient to enable consumers to detect a healthier alternative within a food category when provided with foods that have distinctly different levels of healthiness. Future research should focus on developing greater understanding of the psychological and contextual factors that impact motivation and the opportunity to use the various FOP systems in real-world shopping settings.
Locke and the Fundamental Right to Preservation: on the Convergence of Charity and Property Rights
Authors: Udi Juliana 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLooking to the relatively recent “religious turn” in Locke scholarship, this paper argues for an interpretation that reconciles two apparently contradictory aspects of his thought: on the one hand, property rights, thought absolute by many of Locke's readers; on the other hand, Locke's notion of duties of charity. On the basis of a rereading of the “Essay on the Poor Law,” I argue that Lockean charity may ground coercively enforceable distributive obligations. Nevertheless, I contend that the redistributive poor-relief system grounded on the principle of charity does not infringe property rights. The reason for this is that the right to charity and the right to property are both based on Locke's theological commitment to the right of each man to the means of preservation.
Between Nihilism and Transcendence: Camus's Dialogue with Dostoevsky
Authors: Illing Sean 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article examines the influence of Fyodor Dostoevsky on Albert Camus's political philosophy of revolt. The aim is to clarify Camus's reactions to the problems of absurdity, nihilism, and transcendence through an analysis of his literary and philosophical engagement with Dostoevsky. I make three related claims. First, I claim that Camus's philosophy of revolt is informed in crucial ways by Dostoevsky's accounts of religious transcendence and political nihilism. Second, that Camus's conceptualization of the tension between nihilism and transcendence corresponds to and is personified by the dialogue between Ivan Karamazov and Father Zossima in Dostoevsky'sThe Brothers Karamazov. Finally, that Camus uses his novelThe Plagueto bridge the moral and metaphysical divide between these two characters. In particular, I argue that Camus offers a distinct vision of revolt inThe Plague, which clarifies both the practical implications of revolt and his philosophical rejoinder to Dostoevsky.
At all costs and in spite of all terror? The victory of just war
Authors: O’DRISCOLL CIAN 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDerived from the LatinVictoria, which itself can be traced tovino victus, meaning ‘to conquer’, victory evokes a number of close synonyms, principally conquest and triumph. It occupies an ambivalent position in respect of contemporary war. Though in some regards a concept that is essential to the very idea of combat, the notion ofwinningwars has acquired an ironic ring in the aftermath of two brutal world wars and the advent of nuclear weapons. Victory in war is clearly a contentious subject. Yet scholars of the just war tradition have largely ignored it. This article fills that breach by asking what, if anything, victory can mean in relation to just war? It argues that victory has an aporetic quality insofar as it appears both integral to but incompatible with the just war ethos. As such, it reveals both the limits and possibilities of just war thinking.
‘X’ ten years on: The fictions of George F. Kennan’s recent factual representations
Authors: BABÍK MILAN 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGeorge F. Kennan belongs among the most revered American foreign policy thinkers of the last one hundred years. He was also very protective of his future legacy, going to extraordinary measures to control it. These included authorising a single historian, John Lewis Gaddis, to write his biography,George F. Kennan: An American Life(2011). Is Gaddis’s account definitive? On the tenth anniversary of Kennan’s death, this article investigates this question as part of a broader critical reflection on methods and presuppositions governing traditional historiography. It answers in the negative by illuminating the various fictions of Gaddis’s ostensibly factual representation. These surface especially in contrast toThe Kennan Diaries(2014), whose minimalist chronological structure makes the non-empirical content brought by Gaddis to his image of Kennan by virtue of narrativising it all the more visible. The larger implications of this finding are significant, particularly in the present geopolitical context of Russia’s renewed expansionism. Should the US foreign policy community (re)turn to Kennan for guidance in its attempts to understand and respond to Moscow’s current behaviour, what kind of diagnosis and prescriptions he has to offer depends on which Kennan one chooses to consult, giving historians behind his representations genuine political power.
The desensitization gate of inhibitory Cys-loop receptors
Authors: Gielen Marc , Thomas Philip , Smart Trevor G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCys-loop neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are vital for communication throughout the nervous system. Following activation, these receptors enter into a desensitized state in which the ion channel shuts even though the neurotransmitter molecules remain bound. To date, the molecular determinants underlying this most fundamental property of Cys-loop receptors have remained elusive. Here we present a generic mechanism for the desensitization of Cys-loop GABAA (GABAARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs), which both mediate fast inhibitory synaptic transmission. Desensitization is regulated by interactions between the second and third transmembrane segments, which affect the ion channel lumen near its intracellular end. The GABAAR and GlyR pore blocker picrotoxin prevented desensitization, consistent with its deep channel-binding site overlapping a physical desensitization gate.
A single cyclin–CDK complex is sufficient for both mitotic and meiotic progression in fission yeast
Authors: Gutiérrez-Escribano Pilar , Nurse Paul 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe dominant model for eukaryotic cell cycle control proposes that cell cycle progression is driven by a succession of CDK complexes with different substrate specificities. However, in fission yeast it has been shown that a single CDK complex generated by the fusion of the Cdc13 cyclin with the CDK protein Cdc2 can drive the mitotic cell cycle. Meiosis is a modified cell cycle programme in which a single S-phase is followed by two consecutive rounds of chromosome segregation. Here we systematically analyse the requirements of the different fission yeast cyclins for meiotic cell cycle progression. We also show that a single Cdc13–Cdc2 complex, in the absence of the other cyclins, can drive the meiotic cell cycle. We propose that qualitatively different CDK complexes are not absolutely required for cell cycle progression either during mitosis or meiosis, and that a single CDK complex can drive both cell cycle programmes.
Real-time tunable lasing from plasmonic nanocavity arrays
Authors: Yang Ankun , Hoang Thang B. , Dridi Montacer , Deeb Claire , Mikkelsen Maiken H. , Schatz George C. , Odom Teri W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPlasmon lasers can support ultrasmall mode confinement and ultrafast dynamics with device feature sizes below the diffraction limit. However, most plasmon-based nanolasers rely on solid gain materials (inorganic semiconducting nanowire or organic dye in a solid matrix) that preclude the possibility of dynamic tuning. Here we report an approach to achieve real-time, tunable lattice plasmon lasing based on arrays of gold nanoparticles and liquid gain materials. Optically pumped arrays of gold nanoparticles surrounded by liquid dye molecules exhibit lasing emission that can be tuned as a function of the dielectric environment. Wavelength-dependent time-resolved experiments show distinct lifetime characteristics below and above the lasing threshold. By integrating gold nanoparticle arrays within microfluidic channels and flowing in liquid gain materials with different refractive indices, we achieve dynamic tuning of the plasmon lasing wavelength. Tunable lattice plasmon lasers offer prospects to enhance and detect weak physical and chemical processes on the nanoscale in real time.
Low Temperature Processed Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Device by Oxidation Effect from Capping Layer
Authors: Wang Zhenwei , Al-Jawhari Hala A. , Nayak Pradipta K. , Caraveo-Frescas J. A. , Wei Nini , Hedhili M. N. , Alshareef H. N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this report, both p- and n-type tin oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) were simultaneously achieved using single-step deposition of the tin oxide channel layer. The tuning of charge carrier polarity in the tin oxide channel is achieved by selectively depositing a copper oxide capping layer on top of tin oxide, which serves as an oxygen source, providing additional oxygen to form an n-type tin dioxide phase. The oxidation process can be realized by annealing at temperature as low as 190°C in air, which is significantly lower than the temperature generally required to form tin dioxide. Based on this approach, CMOS inverters based entirely on tin oxide TFTs were fabricated. Our method provides a solution to lower the process temperature for tin dioxide phase, which facilitates the application of this transparent oxide semiconductor in emerging electronic devices field.
N2O production, a widespread trait in fungi
Authors: Maeda Koki , Spor Aymé , Edel-Hermann Véronique , Heraud Cécile , Breuil Marie-Christine , Bizouard Florian , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Steinberg Christian , Philippot Laurent 
Published: April 2015

AbstractN2O is a powerful greenhouse gas contributing both to global warming and ozone depletion. While fungi have been identified as a putative source of N2O, little is known about their production of this greenhouse gas. Here we investigated the N2O-producing ability of a collection of 207 fungal isolates. Seventy strains producing N2O in pure culture were identified. They were mostly species from the orderHypocrealesorder—particularlyFusarium oxysporumandTrichodermaspp.—and to a lesser extent species from the ordersEurotiales, Sordariales and Chaetosphaeriales.The N2O15N site preference (SP) values of the fungal strains ranged from 15.8‰ to 36.7‰ and we observed a significant taxa effect, withPenicilliumstrains displaying lower SP values than the other fungal genera. Inoculation of 15 N2O-producing strains into pre-sterilized arable, forest and grassland soils confirmed the ability of the strains to produce N2O in soil with a significant strain-by-soil effect. The copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirK) was amplified from 45 N2O-producing strains and its genetic variability showed a strong congruence with theITSphylogeny, indicating vertical inheritance of this trait. Taken together, this comprehensive set of findings should enhance our knowledge of fungi as a source of N2O in the environment.
Establishment of a rat model of lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis using intraarticular injection of urinary plasminogen activator
Authors: Shuang Feng , Hou Shu-Xun , Zhu Jia-Liang , Liu Yan , Zhou Ying , Zhang Chun-Li , Tang Jia-Guang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLumbar facet joint (LFJ) osteoarthritis (OA) is an important etiology of low back pain. Several animal models of LFJ OA have been established using intraarticular injection of various chemicals. This study aimed to establish a rat model of LFJ OA using urinary plasminogen activator (uPA). Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with intraarticular injection in the L5-L6 facet joints with uPA (OA group, n = 40) or normal saline (vehicle group, n = 40). Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hind paws were evaluated using von Frey hairs and a thermoalgesia instrument, respectively. Toluidine blue staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical examination of the LFJ was performed. Treatment with uPA induced cartilage damage, synovitis and proliferation of synovial cells in the fact joints. The OA group showed significantly higher hyperalgesia in the hind paws in comparison with the vehicle group and normal controls (P < 0.05). Expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS in the LFJ cartilage in the OA group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). A rat model of LFJ OA was successfully established using intraarticular injection of uPA. This animal model is convenient and shows good resemblance to human OA pathology.
Spatiotemporal distribution of different extracellular polymeric substances and filamentation mediate Xylella fastidiosa adhesion and biofilm formation
Authors: Janissen Richard , Murillo Duber M. , Niza Barbara , Sahoo Prasana K. , Nobrega Marcelo M. , Cesar Carlos L. , Temperini Marcia L. A. , Carvalho Hernandes F. , de Souza Alessandra A. , Cotta Monica A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMicroorganism pathogenicity strongly relies on the generation of multicellular assemblies, called biofilms. Understanding their organization can unveil vulnerabilities leading to potential treatments; spatially and temporally-resolved comprehensive experimental characterization can provide new details of biofilm formation and possibly new targets for disease control. Here, biofilm formation of economically important phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa was analyzed at single-cell resolution using nanometer-resolution spectro-microscopy techniques, addressing the role of different types of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) at each stage of the entire bacterial life cycle. Single cell adhesion is caused by unspecific electrostatic interactions through proteins at the cell polar region, where EPS accumulation is required for more firmly-attached, irreversibly adhered cells. Subsequently, bacteria form clusters, which are embedded in secreted loosely-bound EPS and bridged by up to ten-fold elongated cells that form the biofilm framework. During biofilm maturation, soluble EPS forms a filamentous matrix that facilitates cell adhesion and provides mechanical support, while the biofilm keeps anchored by few cells. This floating architecture maximizes nutrient distribution while allowing detachment upon larger shear stresses; it thus complies with biological requirements of the bacteria life cycle. Using new approaches, our findings provide insights regarding different aspects of the adhesion process of X. fastidiosa and biofilm formation.
Vertical type double gate tunnelling FETs with thin tunnel barrier
Authors: Kim Jang Hyun , Kim Sang Wan , Kim Hyun Woo , Park Byung‐Gook 
Published: April 2015

A vertical type tunnelling field‐effect transistor (TFET) with a thin tunnel junction based on a bulk Si substrate is presented. In the authors' previously reported L‐shaped TFET, a thin tunnel barrier and a large tunnelling area were employed on the source side to achieve a steep subthreshold swing (SS) and high on‐current, which can lead to the TFET's outstanding performance. The proposed TFET devices demonstrate a SS of 32 mV/decade averaged over five decades and an Ion > 10−5 A/μm. Moreover, the on‐current can be increased easily by adjusting the height of the source. However, since a hump phenomenon in the transfer curves occurred, the hump behaviour in the proposed device was investigated. After investigating it, the hump behaviour was found to have originated from two different tunnelling regions. Moreover, their threshold voltages show different values. Using a capping layer that can be made by gradual doping, the hump behaviour can be suppressed.
Vertical and horizontal transmission enhancement between antennas using textile artificial magnetic conductor waveguide sheet
Authors: Kamardin K. , Rahim M.K.A. , Hall P.S. , Samsuri N.A. 
Published: April 2015

A textile artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) waveguide sheet with a textile diamond dipole is proposed to improve wireless on‐body transmission. The sheet‐like waveguide provides an independent transmission path which can reduce the performance degradation caused by the human body. The proposed AMC sheet is made entirely of textiles for both the substrate and the conducting parts, thus making it suitable for wearable communications. Transmission characteristics between antennas are studied rigorously in free space and on‐body environments. Significant transmission enhancement is observed for all the tested orientations and positions for both free space and on‐body placements. With the presence of the AMC, the S21 has peaks of up to a maximum of −9.9 dB. This textile AMC sheet constitutes a new approach for efficient wearable wireless body‐centric communications.