bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stability and Change of Value Structure and Priorities in Childhood: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Cieciuch Jan , Davidov Eldad , Algesheimer René 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis longitudinal study explores the stability and change of values in childhood. Children's values were measured in Poland three times (with one‐year intervals) using the Picture Based Values Survey (PBVS‐C; Döring, Blauensteiner, Aryus, Drögekamp, & Bilsky, 2010), developed to measure values differentiated according to the circular model of Schwartz (1992). 801 children (divided into 5 cohorts aged 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 years at the first measurement occasion) completed the PBVS‐C three times on a yearly basis. Separate analyses were performed for each cohort using the data of the three measurement occasions. Multidimensional scaling revealed that, in children, Schwartz's (1992) circular structure of values is stable and does not change over time. Although priorities of values displayed moderate stability over time, the means changed between the ages of 7 and 11 years. Specifically, latent growth curve modeling revealed changes in children's values hierarchy as indicated by the decrease in the mean level of conservation values and the increase in the mean level of openness to change values. Self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement also changed in different directions. As indicated by mean levels over time, self‐transcendence first increased in importance, slightly decreased, and finally increased again. In contrast, self‐enhancement first decreased in importance, then increased, and finally began to decrease again.
Association between maternal dental periapical infections and pregnancy outcomes: results from a cross‐sectional study in Malawi
Authors: Harjunmaa Ulla , Järnstedt Jorma , Alho Lotta , Dewey Kathryn G. , Cheung Yin Bun , Deitchler Megan , Ashorn Ulla , Maleta Kenneth , Klein Nigel J. , Ashorn Per 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesMaternal infections are associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth (PTB). Dental infections are common in low‐income settings, but their contribution to adverse pregnancy outcomes is unknown. We studied the epidemiology of dental periapical infections among pregnant women and their association to foetal growth restriction and the duration of pregnancy in a rural sub‐Saharan African population.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study on the association between maternal dental periapical infections and birth outcomes, in Malawi, Africa. We assessed oral health clinically and radiologically among recently delivered women with known duration of pregnancy and measured birthweight (BW), length and head circumference of their infants.ResultsOf 1024 analysed participants, 23.5% had periapical infections. Mean duration of pregnancy was 39.4 weeks, BW 2979 g and length 49.7 cm. Women with periapical infection had mean (95% CI) pregnancy duration 0.4 weeks (0.1–0.8) shorter and delivered infants with 79 g (13–145) lower BW and 0.5 cm (0.2–0.9) shorter neonatal length than women without periapical infection. The incidence of PTB was 10.0% among women with periapical infection and 7.3% among those without (adjusted difference 3.5%, 95% CI −1.1–8.1%). Corresponding prevalences for stunting were 20.9% and 14.2% (adjusted difference 9.0%, 95% CI 2.7%–15.2%). The population‐attributable risk fraction attributable to periapical infection was 9.7% for PTB and 12.8% for stunting.ConclusionsPeriapical infection was associated with shorter pregnancy duration and IUGR in the study area; interventions addressing this risk factor may improve birth outcomes in low‐income settings.
Molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell alterations in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Veith Christine , Schermuly Ralph T. , Brandes Ralf P. , Weissmann Norbert 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOxygen (O2) is essential for the viability and function of most metazoan organisms and thus is closely monitored at both the organismal and the cellular levels. However, alveoli often encounter decreased O2 levels (hypoxia), leading to activation of physiological or pathophysiological responses in the pulmonary arteries. Such changes are achieved by activation of transcription factors. The hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) are the most prominent hypoxia‐regulated transcription factors in this regard. HIFs bind to hypoxia‐response elements (HREs) in the promoter region of target genes, whose expression and translation allows the organism, amongst other factors, to cope with decreased environmental O2 partial pressure (pO2). However, prolonged HIF activation can contribute to major structural alterations, especially in the lung, resulting in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH is characterized by a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure associated with pulmonary arterial remodelling, concomitant with a reduced intravascular lumen area. Patients with PH develop right heart hypertrophy and eventually die from right heart failure. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms of HIF regulation in PH is critical for the identification of novel therapeutic strategies. This review addresses the relationship of hypoxia and the HIF system with pulmonary arterial dysfunction in PH. We particularly focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the HIF‐driven pathophysiological processes.
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Attenuated Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 (HPIV1) Expressing the Fusion Glycoprotein of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) as a Bivalent HPIV1/RSV Vaccine
Authors: Mackow Natalie , Amaro-Carambot Emérito , Liang Bo , Surman Sonja , Lingemann Matthias , Yang Lijuan , Collins Peter L. , Munir Shirin 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Live attenuated recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 1 (rHPIV1) was investigated as a vector to express the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) glycoprotein, to provide a bivalent vaccine against RSV and HPIV1. The RSV F gene was engineered to include HPIV1 transcription signals and inserted individually into three gene locations in each of the two attenuated rHPIV1 backbones. Each backbone contained a single previously described attenuating mutation that was stabilized against deattenuation, specifically, a non-temperature-sensitive deletion mutation involving 6 nucleotides in the overlapping P/C open reading frames (ORFs) (C
Δ170
) or a temperature-sensitive missense mutation in the L ORF (L
Y942A
). The insertion sites in the genome were pre-N (F1), N-P (F2), or P-M (F3) and were identical for both backbones.
In vitro
, the presence of the F insert reduced the rate of virus replication, but the final titers were the same as the final titer of wild-type (wt) HPIV1. High levels of RSV F expression in cultured cells were observed with rHPIV1-C
Δ170
-F1, -F2, and -F3 and rHPIV1-L
Y942A
-F1. In hamsters, the rHPIV1-C
Δ170
-F1, -F2, and -F3 vectors were moderately restricted in the nasal turbinates, highly restricted in lungs, and genetically stable
in vivo
. Among the C
Δ170
vectors, the F1 virus was the most immunogenic and protective against wt RSV challenge. The rHPIV1-L
Y942A
vectors were highly restricted
in vivo
and were not detectably immunogenic or protective, indicative of overattenuation. The C
Δ170
-F1 construct appears to be suitably attenuated and immunogenic for further development as a bivalent intranasal pediatric vaccine.

IMPORTANCE
There are no vaccines for the pediatric respiratory pathogens RSV and HPIV. We are developing live attenuated RSV and HPIV vaccines for use in virus-naive infants. Live attenuated RSV strains in particular are difficult to develop due to their poor growth and physical instability, but these obstacles could be avoided by the use of a vaccine vector. We describe the development and preclinical evaluation of live attenuated rHPIV1 vectors expressing the RSV F protein. Two different attenuated rHPIV1 backbones were each engineered to express RSV F from three different gene positions. The rHPIV1-C
Δ170
-F1 vector, bearing an attenuating deletion mutation (C
Δ170
) in the P/C gene and expressing RSV F from the pre-N position, was attenuated, stable, and immunogenic against the RSV F protein and HPIV1 in the hamster model and provided substantial protection against RSV challenge. This study provides a candidate rHPIV1-RSV-F vaccine virus suitable for continued development as a bivalent vaccine against two major childhood pathogens.
The Structure of Immature Virus-Like Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Particles Reveals a Structural Role for the p10 Domain in Assembly
Authors: Schur Florian K. M. , Dick Robert A. , Hagen Wim J. H. , Vogt Volker M. , Briggs John A. G. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

The polyprotein Gag is the primary structural component of retroviruses. Gag consists of independently folded domains connected by flexible linkers. Interactions between the conserved capsid (CA) domains of Gag mediate formation of hexameric protein lattices that drive assembly of immature virus particles. Proteolytic cleavage of Gag by the viral protease (PR) is required for maturation of retroviruses from an immature form into an infectious form. Within the assembled Gag lattices of HIV-1 and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), the C-terminal domain of CA adopts similar quaternary arrangements, while the N-terminal domain of CA is packed in very different manners. Here, we have used cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to study
in vitro
-assembled, immature virus-like Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) Gag particles and have determined the structure of CA and the surrounding regions to a resolution of ∼8 Å. We found that the C-terminal domain of RSV CA is arranged similarly to HIV-1 and M-PMV, whereas the N-terminal domain of CA adopts a novel arrangement in which the upstream p10 domain folds back into the CA lattice. In this position the cleavage site between CA and p10 appears to be inaccessible to PR. Below CA, an extended density is consistent with the presence of a six-helix bundle formed by the spacer-peptide region. We have also assessed the affect of lattice assembly on proteolytic processing by exogenous PR. The cleavage between p10 and CA is indeed inhibited in the assembled lattice, a finding consistent with structural regulation of proteolytic maturation.

IMPORTANCE
Retroviruses first assemble into immature virus particles, requiring interactions between Gag proteins that form a protein layer under the viral membrane. Subsequently, Gag is cleaved by the viral protease enzyme into separate domains, leading to rearrangement of the virus into its infectious form. It is important to understand how Gag is arranged within immature retroviruses, in order to understand how virus assembly occurs, and how maturation takes place. We used the techniques cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to obtain a detailed structural picture of the CA domains in immature assembled Rous sarcoma virus Gag particles. We found that part of Gag next to CA, called p10, folds back and interacts with CA when Gag assembles. This arrangement is different from that seen in HIV-1 and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, illustrating further structural diversity of retroviral structures. The structure provides new information on how the virus assembles and undergoes maturation.
Arthropod-Borne Diseases: The Camper’s Uninvited Guests
Authors: Juckett Gregory 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Arthropod-borne diseases are a major problem whenever outdoor activities bring arthropods and people into contact. The arthropods discussed here include arachnids (ticks) and insects. Most arthropod bites and stings are minor, with the notable exception being bee-sting anaphylaxis. Ticks cause the most disease transmission. Key hard tick vectors include black-legged (
Ixodes
), dog (
Dermacentor
), and lone star (
Amblyomma
) ticks, which transmit Lyme and various rickettsial diseases. Insect repellents, permethrin sprays, and proper tick inspection reduce this risk significantly. Lyme disease and the milder southern-tick-associated rash illness (STARI) are characterized by the erythema migrans rash followed, in the case of Lyme disease, by early, disseminated, and late systemic symptoms. Treatment is with doxycycline or ceftriaxone. Indefinite treatment of “chronic Lyme disease” based on subjective symptoms is not beneficial. Rickettsial diseases include ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which are characterized by fever, headache, and possible rash and should be empirically treated with doxycycline while awaiting laboratory confirmation. Tularemia is a bacterial disease (
Francisella
) spread by ticks and rabbits and characterized by fever and adenopathy. Treatment is with gentamicin or streptomycin. Babesiosis is a protozoal disease, mimicking malaria, that causes a self-limited flu-like disease in healthy hosts but can be life threatening with immune compromise. Treatment is with atovaquone and azithromycin. Other tick-related conditions include viral diseases (Powassan, Colorado tick fever, heartland virus), tick-borne relapsing fever (
Borrelia
), and tick paralysis (toxin). Mosquitoes, lice, fleas, and mites are notable for their annoying bites but are increasingly significant disease vectors even in the United States.
An Overview of Genome Organization and How We Got There: from FISH to Hi-C
Authors: Fraser James , Williamson Iain , Bickmore Wendy A. , Dostie Josée 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARY

In humans, nearly two meters of genomic material must be folded to fit inside each micrometer-scale cell nucleus while remaining accessible for gene transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. This fact highlights the need for mechanisms governing genome organization during any activity and to maintain the physical organization of chromosomes at all times. Insight into the functions and three-dimensional structures of genomes comes mostly from the application of visual techniques such as fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH) and molecular approaches including chromosome conformation capture (3C) technologies. Recent developments in both types of approaches now offer the possibility of exploring the folded state of an entire genome and maybe even the identification of how complex molecular machines govern its shape. In this review, we present key methodologies used to study genome organization and discuss what they reveal about chromosome conformation as it relates to transcription regulation across genomic scales in mammals.
Subepicardial delayed gadolinium enhancement in asymptomatic athletes: let sleeping dogs lie?
Authors: Schnell Frédéric , Claessen Guido , La Gerche André , Bogaert Jan , Lentz Pierre-Axel , Claus Piet , Mabo Philippe , Carré François , Heidbuchel Hein 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundSubepicardial delayed gadolinium enhancement (DGE) patches without underlying cardiomyopathy is poorly understood. It is often reported as the result of prior silent myocarditis. Its prognostic relevance in asymptomatic athletes is unknown; therefore, medical clearance for competitive sports participation is debated. This case series aims to relate this pattern of DGE in athletes to outcome.MethodsWe report on seven young asymptomatic athletes with isolated subepicardial DGE detected during workup of abnormalities on their regular screening examination, that is, pathological T-wave inversions on ECG (n=4) or ventricular arrhythmias on exercise test (n=3). All underwent a comprehensive initial investigation in order to assess left ventricular (LV) function at rest and exercise (exercise cardiac MRI and/or exercise echocardiography) and occurrence of arrhythmias (exercise test, 24 h-ECG Holter, electrophysiological study). All underwent a careful follow-up with biannual evaluation.ResultsAll athletes had extensive subepicardial DGE (12.0±4.8% of LV mass), predominantly in the lateral wall. Three athletes had non-sustained ventricular arrhythmias, whereas two of them had LV ejection fraction <50% at rest with no contractile reserve at exercise. During a follow-up of 3.0±1.5 years in the four remaining athletes, two had symptomatic ventricular tachycardia and one demonstrated progressive LV dysfunction. Hence, six of seven athletes had to be excluded from competitive sports participation.ConclusionsIsolated large areas of subepicardial DGE in an asymptomatic athlete are not benign and require a careful evaluation at exercise and a strict follow-up. These findings question whether extreme exercise during silent myocarditis may facilitate fibrosis generation and adverse remodelling.
Horizon straddling ISCOs in spherically symmetric string black holes
Authors: Pradhan Parthapratim 
Published: July 2015

The causal geodesics in the equatorial plane of a static extremal charged black holes in heterotic string theory is examined with regard to their geodesic stability and compared with similar geodesics in the nonextremal situation. Extremization of the effective potential for timelike and null circular geodesics implies that in the extremal limit, the radius of ISCO (Inner-most Stable Circular Orbit) (r ISCO ), circular photon orbit (CPO) (r ph ) and marginally bound circular orbit (MBCO) (r mb ) are coincident with the event horizon (r hor ) i.e. r ISCO = r ph = r mb = r hor = 2M. Since the proper radial distance on a constant time slice both in Schwarzschild and Painlevé–Gullstrand (PG) coordinates become zero, thus these three orbits indeed coincide with the null geodesic generators of the event horizon. This strange behavior is quite different from the static, spherically symmetric extremal Reissner–Nordstrøm (RN) BH.
Getting fast, free, and anonymous answers to questions asked by people with visual impairments
Authors: Brady Erin 
Published: July 2015

Much of the information we encounter in daily life is visual. For people with visual impairments, this information is not inherently accessible. Technology can be used to provide access to this visual information, through automated tools like currency identifiers, object recognizers, and optical character recognition, which allow for immediate access to visual information in a users' environment. However, these tools are often are limited to a specific domain, and can fail in non-ideal conditions (e.g., an optical character recognition tool trying to identify handwritten text).
By incorporating people into the information access pipeline, human-powered tools can allow for more complex information to be extracted from the user's surroundings. Human-powered access tools connect people who have disabilities to other people who can access information on their behalf. While people may not be as quick as automated tools, the person answering can make inferences based on prior knowledge and experiences, ask for clarification, and reason over the information provided.
In this article, we explore the long-term public deployment and lessons learned from VizWiz Social, a human-powered access tool that connects people with visual impairments to sighted workers or friends and family members who can answer their visual questions. By analyzing the use of this service, and running controlled experiments to determine how users value different answer sources, we have been able to build upon the original VizWiz design to create social microvolunteering, a method for getting fast, free, and anonymous answers to visual questions.
Circulating C-Reactive Protein and Breast Cancer Risk—Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Chan Doris S.M. , Bandera Elisa V. , Greenwood Darren C. , Norat Teresa 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
We conducted a systematic literature review to explore the association between circulating C-reactive protein (CRP), a low-grade inflammation biomarker, and breast cancer risk. Relevant prospective studies in women were identified in PubMed and Web of Science until February 2015. Random-effects dose–response meta-analysis was conducted, overall and in postmenopausal women. Twelve out of 15 studies identified were included in the meta-analysis on any breast cancers (3,522 cases; 69,610 women) and nine on postmenopausal breast cancer (2,516 cases; 36,847 women). For each doubling of CRP concentration, a 7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2%–12%] and 6% (95% CI, 1%–11%) increased risk was observed (I2 = 47% and 32%; Pheterogeneity = 0.04 and 0.17), respectively. The association was linear over most of the range of CRP concentrations. Positive associations remained in the studies that examined the exclusion of early years of follow-up. Associations were attenuated in studies adjusted for lifestyle factors, which partly explained the significant heterogeneity between studies in the overall analysis. On average, the associations in studies adjusted or not adjusted for body mass index were similar. Low-grade inflammation may have a role in breast cancer development. Additional prospective studies are needed to better understand confounding and effect modification from lifestyle factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(10); 1439–49. ©2015 AACR.
Integrative Protein-Based Prognostic Model for Early-Stage Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Yang Ji-Yeon , Werner Henrica M.J. , Li Jie , Westin Shannon N. , Lu Yiling , Halle Mari K. , Trovik Jone , Salvesen Helga B. , Mills Gordon B. , Liang Han 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) is the major histologic type of endometrial cancer, the most prevalent gynecologic malignancy in the United States. EEC recurrence or metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis. Early-stage EEC is generally curable, but a subset has high risk of recurrence or metastasis. Prognosis estimation for early-stage EEC mainly relies on clinicopathologic characteristics, but is unreliable. We aimed to identify patients with high-risk early-stage EEC who are most likely to benefit from more extensive surgery and adjuvant therapy by building a prognostic model that integrates clinical variables and protein markers.
Experimental Design: We used two large, independent early-stage EEC datasets as training (n = 183) and validation cohorts (n = 333), and generated the levels of 186 proteins and phosphoproteins using reverse-phase protein arrays. By applying an initial filtering and the elastic net to the training samples, we developed a prognostic model for overall survival containing two clinical variables and 18 protein markers and optimized the risk group classification.
Results: The Kaplan–Meier survival analyses in the validation cohort confirmed an improved discriminating power of our prognostic model for patients with early-stage EEC over key clinical variables (log-rank test, P = 0.565 for disease stage, 0.567 for tumor grade, and 1.3 × 10−4 for the integrative model). Compared with clinical variables (stage, grade, and patient age), only the risk groups defined by the integrative model were consistently significant in both univariate and multivariate analyses across both cohorts.
Conclusions: Our prognostic model is potentially of high clinical value for stratifying patients with early-stage EEC and improving their treatment strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 22(2); 513–23. ©2015 AACR.