bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haemodynamics and Body Fluid Volumes in Response to Fluid Loading in Conscious Dogs: Non-Excretory Renal Influences
Authors: Liard J.-F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twelve conscious, chronically instrumented dogs were subjected to rapid loading with sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l; saline) before and 1 day after bilateral nephrectomy (six dogs) or uretero-caval anastomosis (six dogs). Measurements were performed up to 3 h after the fluid load and included cardiac output with an electromagnetic flowmeter, mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure with chronically implanted catheters, interstitial fluid pressure with a plastic capsule, heart rate, extracellular fluid volume, erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, plasma protein concentration and other variables.
2. The increase in cardiac output in response to saline load was significantly prolonged in the anephric dogs compared with those with uretero-caval anastomosis; mean arterial pressure, right atrial pressure and heart-rate changes were similar in both groups.
3. Plasma volume appeared to increase more in the anephric dogs than in those with uretero-caval anastomosis during the first hour after the infusion, although conflicting results were obtained with different estimates of plasma volume changes. Interstitial fluid pressure increased significantly less in the anephric dogs in the early stages of the fluid load.
4. Effective vascular compliance (the ratio of the change in blood volume to the change in right atrial pressure) appeared increased in the anephric dogs. On the other hand, the change in cardiac output for a given change in right atrial pressure was found to increase after bilateral nephrectomy.
5. It is suggested that the prolonged increase in cardiac output observed in anephric dogs was not the consequence of preferential plasma volume expansion nor of decreased venous compliance, but may reflect an alteration in the cardiac function curve.
The Esterification of Exogenous Fatty Acids by Adipose Tissue of Hypertriglyceridaemic Subjects with or without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Clifton-Bligh P. , Galton D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The esterification of exogenous palmitate to diglyceride and triglyceride in adipocytes was studied in obese and diabetic patients with and without hypertriglyceridaemia. The rate of esterification correlated significantly with the triglyceride content of adipocytes.
2. In diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridaemia, the rate of esterification to triglyceride was significantly greater than in diabetic patients with normotriglyceridaemia. This difference could not be attributed to differences in glucose tolerance or to the degree of obesity.
3. Fasting plasma insulin levels were greater in the hypertriglyceridaemic group than in the normotriglyceridaemic group. The difference in esterification rates could have been due to differences in adipocyte size.
4. The esterification of fatty acid in adipose tissue of diabetic patients was lower than in non-diabetic subjects and this difference could not be accounted for by differences in adipocyte size or differences in the intracellular pools of fatty acid in adipose tissue.
5. The role of esterification of exogenous fatty acids in adipose tissue as a possible determinant of the uptake of glyceride fatty acids from plasma is discussed.
Generation of Ammonia from Non-Urea Sources in a Faecal Incubation System
Authors: Vince A. , Down P. F. , Murison J. , Twigg F. J. , Wrong O. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. A 25% faecal suspension in sodium chloride solution, incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 48 h, showed excellent survival of all the main groups of faecal bacteria.
2. All faecal incubation systems studied generated large amounts of ammonia, particularly those in which bacterial counts fell during incubation. As normal faeces contain negligible amounts of urea this ammonia must have been generated from sources other than urea.
3. Ammonia was also generated by faeces delivered by sodium chloride enema, and by ileostomy fluid, indicating that the phenomenon is not confined to distal colonic contents.
4. Ammonia generation by incubated faeces was inhibited by prior autoclaving of the sample, but not by sterilization with gamma-irradiation.
5. Generation of ammonia by incubated stool was accompanied by release of large amounts of organic anion and a fall in pH.
6. These observations are interpreted as evidence that ammonia generated within the colon in situ is not derived exclusively from urea, but also from bacterial deamination of amino acids, peptides and proteins. Simultaneously bacterial activity generates large amounts of organic acid. The presence of living bacteria is not essential for ammonia generation, provided that bacterial enzymes are present.
7. Bacterial generation of organic solute in faeces which have left the body is sufficiently rapid to cast serious doubts on the validity of faecal centrifugation, or other time-consuming techniques involving lengthy handling of faeces, as methods of obtaining extracellular faecal fluid for measurements of organic constituents or ammonia.
Does the Renin—Angiotensin System Contribute to the Vascular Lesions in Renal Hypertensive Rats?
Authors: Dietz R. , Haebara H. , Lüth B. , Mast G. , Nemes Z. , Schömig A. , Szokol M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal hypertensive rats with a normal or suppressed activity of the renin—angiotensin system develop vascular lesions which are similar to those observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats on high sodium diet.
2. Exposure of a vascular bed to high blood pressure results in a rapid damage of the vascular wall, irrespective of the state of the renin—angiotensin system.
Urinary Excretion of Peptides and of Hydroxyproline in Wilson's Disease
Authors: Asatoor A. M. , Milne M. D. , Walshe J. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. A study has been made of peptide excretion in twenty cases of Wilson's disease, ligand-exchange column chromatography being used to separate peptides from free amino acids. Previous reports of excess of peptide output in the disease were confirmed and the excess was shown to be highly significant statistically.
2. A considerable fraction of the excess of peptide output was shown to consist of hydroxyproline-containing peptides derived from collagen degradation.
3. The method of rank correlation showed that the difference both in free amino acid and peptide-bound amino acid output in cases of Wilson's disease and in control subjects was mainly quantitative; the pattern of amino acid excretion was qualitatively similar in both groups.
4. Evidence is presented that the increased copper output in the urine in the disease is not secondary to peptiduria.
A Study in Vivo of Peritubular Oncotic Pressure and Proximal Tubular Reabsorption in the Rat
Authors: Conger J. D. , Bartoli E. , Earley L. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Peritubular capillary microperfusion was used to examine the effects of protein-free and hyperoncotic homologous plasma on fluid reabsorption by proximal convoluted tubules in the hydropenic rat. 3H-labelled p-aminohippurate was added to perfusates for the purpose of estimating the extent to which tubules under study were bathed by the perfusates. [14C]Mannitol was added to perfusates in order to detect contamination of collected tubular fluid by perfusates.
2. Hydrostatic pressures were monitored in the peritubular microvasculature and adjacent proximal tubules during perfusion. Evidence for secretion of p-aminohippurate from perfusate into tubules under study was determined by collecting tubular fluid from both early and late puncture sites. Fractional and absolute reabsorption were not affected by either the protein-free or the hyperoncotic plasma.
3. When acetazolamide was added to the perfusate both fractional and absolute reabsorptive rates decreased by an average of 36%, indicating that the techniques were capable of detecting a decrease in proximal tubular reabsorption.
4. It is concluded that under the conditions of this study changes in peritubular capillary protein concentrations have no detectable effect on the rate of proximal convoluted tubule fluid reabsorption.
Intravenous Fat-Tolerance Test in Ischaemic Heart Disease and Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Lewis B. , Onitiri A. C. , Wootton I. D. P. , Chait A. , Sigurdsson G. , Oakley C. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The intravenous fat-tolerance test and serum lipid and lipoprotein measurements were carried out in ninety-three normal subjects, fifty-one patients with ischaemic heart disease and thirty patients with peripheral vascular disease.
2. The fractional turnover rate of exogenous triglyceride was significantly slower in patients with ischaemic heart disease and in patients with peripheral vascular disease than in normal men. The rate was also slower in normal men than normal women.
3. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were higher in both vascular disease groups than in control subjects.
4. The proportion of both groups of patients who had a subnormal fractional turnover rate of exogenous triglyceride was 35%, and 32% of patients had hypertriglyceridaemia in the fasting state; 27% of patients were hypercholesterolaemic.
5. Although the intravenous fat-tolerance test did not provide significantly better discrimination between cardiovascular patients and control subjects than did measurement of serum triglyceride, the results suggest that hypertriglyceridaemia in such patients may be separable into a group in which impaired triglyceride clearance may be partly responsible, and a group in which overproduction of serum triglyceride may be the major mechanism of the hyperlipidaemia.
The Influence of Orthophosphate on the Renal Handling of Inorganic Pyrophosphate in Man and Dog
Authors: Russell R. G. G. , Bisaz Sylvia , Fleisch H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The urinary excretion of inorganic pyrophosphate (PP1), a known inhibitor of the growth and aggregation of crystals of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate, increases after ingestion of orthophosphate (P1). This effect may contribute to the apparent ability of oral phosphate to reduce the formation of urinary stones in man. This paper is a study of the mechanism by which P1 increases PP1 excretion, investigated by renal clearance techniques in man and renal arterial infusion in dogs. PP1 in plasma was measured by an isotope-dilution method after ion-exchange chromatography.
2. The mean renal clearance of endogenous PP1 in ten men was 7·9 ± 1·7 (se) ml/min, and the mean ratio of PP1 clearance to creatinine clearance was 008 ±002 (se). The oral ingestion of P1 increased the urinary excretion and renal clearance of PP1 about threefold, without significantly changing its concentration in plasma.
3. In dogs, the infusion of P1 into one renal artery caused a greater increase in urinary PP1 from the infused than from the non-infused kidney, an effect that could be accentuated by simultaneous intravenous infusion of PP1. In dogs, only 1–3% of an injected or infused dose of PP1 appeared intact in the urine, regardless of whether it was infused into the systemic or renal circulation.
4. These results suggest that P1 has a direct effect on the kidney to increase the excretion of PP1. It is possible that P1 either interferes with tubular reabsorption of PP1, perhaps by competing for a common tubular transport mechanism, or that P1 diminishes the intrarenal hydrolysis of PP1.
Plasma Cadmium and Zinc in Human Hypertension
Authors: Thind G. S. , Fischer Grace M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma cadmium and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in inferior venal caval or peripheral venous blood in thirty hypertensive patients and fifteen normal subjects.
2. The mean plasma cadmium in hypertensive patients was significantly higher than in normal control subjects.
3. The plasma cadmium/zinc ratio was significantly greater in hypertensive patients.
4. There was a significant positive correlation between the plasma cadmium/zinc ratio and the mean arterial blood pressure.
Vascular Lesions in Hypertensive Rats under Salt Loading: Kidney Renin and Lysosomal Enzymes
Authors: Saito N. , Mukaino S. , Ogino K. , Kawai C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal and cerebral vascular lesions occurred more often and earlier in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) given a high salt diet than in SHR given a normal diet.
2. Kidney renin activity was low during high salt loading; the kidney renin activity of rats with hypertensive renal vascular lesions was moderately elevated. Kidney renin activity or cathepsin D activities were higher in stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) aged 9 months than in stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR).
3. β-Glucuronidase, cathepsin D and deoxyribonuclease activities were greater in the kidney of Wistar/Kyoto (WK) rats or SHR when there were hypertensive vascular lesions. These three enzyme activities were also greater in the aorta of SHR aged 13–14 months than in the aorta of WK rats.
4. It was supposed that kidney renin activity and lysosomal enzyme activities were related to hypertensive vascular lesions.
The Specificity of Antisera for the Radioimmunoassay of Arginine-Vasopressin in Human Plasma and Urine during Water Loading and Dehydration
Authors: Thomas T. H. , Lee M. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Rabbit antisera against arginine-vasopressin (AVP) were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in a radioimmunoassay based on the extraction of AVP from plasma and urine on to Florisil.
2. Comparison of the immunoreactivity of AVP with analogues showed that one antiserum (R2) reacted principally with the hexapeptide ring and another (R4) bound to the tripeptide tail and was reactive with some reduction and hydrolytic products of the native peptide.
3. The minimum amount of AVP measurable in the radioimmunoassay was 1 pg. The extraction of AVP from plasma and urine gave a recovery of 93% (sd 5%). A plasma sample repeatedly assayed with R2 gave a value of 1·4 ng/l (sd 0·2, n = 12).
4. The antiserum specific for the hexapeptide ring (R2) showed that in normal subjects AVP concentration ranged from 3·2 ± 2·52 ng/l after dehydration to 0·16 ± 0·1 ng/l after water loading.
Renin Inhibitory Effect of Synthetic Phosphorylethanolamine (PE-104) in the Rat
Authors: Miyazaki M. , Yamamoto K. , Hosoki K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renin inhibitory effect of 2-[4-(4′-chlorophenoxy)phenoxy - acetylamino]ethylphosphoryl - ethanolamine (PE-104) was examined both in vitro and in vivo.
2. PE-104 inhibited the rate of angiotensin formation from dog renin and renin substrate reaction. The Ki value was 2 mmol/l and the inhibition was competitive.
3. In normotensive rats, infusion of PE-104 abolished the increases of blood pressure and plasma angiotensin I concentration due to renin injection. In renal hypertensive rats, infusion of PE-104 decreased blood pressure and this was associated with a decrease of plasma angiotensin I concentration.
4. These observations confirm that PE-104 is a renin inhibitor.
The Nature of the β-Adrenoreceptor Controlling Plasma Renin Activity in Man
Authors: Johnson B. F. , Smith I. K. , Labrooy J. , Bye Carole 
Published: August 2015

1. Seven healthy sodium-replete male volunteer subjects remained supine during and for at least 1 h before the study. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded continuously, and peripheral venous blood samples were taken every 15 min for determinations of plasma renin activity.
2. All subjects were studied twice: after 3 days of oral practolol (100 mg, three times daily) and after a similar period on placebo. Each study consisted of an intravenous infusion of isoprenaline in graded doses (0–2·0 μg/min in the placebo phase; 0–16 μg/min in the practolol phase), followed after rest for 2 h by an intravenous infusion of salbutamol (0–20 μg/min after placebo; 0–80 μg/min after practolol).
3. Both salbutamol and isoprenaline produced dose-related increases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity and decreases in diastolic pressure.
4. The increases in heart rate and plasma renin activity induced by either agonist were competitively blocked by practolol, as was the fall in diastolic blood pressure induced by isoprenaline; the salbutamol-induced fall of diastolic blood pressure was unaffected by practolol.
5. Comparison of dose ratio — 1 estimates confirmed that practolol selectively blocked increases in heart rate and plasma renin activity due to salbutamol; no selective blockade against isoprenaline-induced changes was shown.
6. Selective blockade of salbutamol-induced changes indicate that a β1-adrenoreceptor mediates changes in plasma renin activity.
Tissue iso-renins
Authors: Ganten D. , Hutchinson J. S. , Haebara H. , Schelling P. , Fischer H. , Ganten U. 
Published: August 2015

1. Several extrarenal tissues contain enzymes which are similar to kidney renin: They hydrolyse angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I; they have characteristic substrate specificity; the physicochemical properties of kidney renin and of extrarenal tissue iso-renin are similar.
2. Results indicate that tissue iso-renins are part of a complex enzyme system with mainly local function. A possible biological role has been demonstrated in brain, adrenal gland and tissue culture.
Salt, Frusemide and Renin in Severe Experimental Renal Hypertension
Authors: Fernandes M. , Onesti G. , Dykyj R. , Fiorentini R. , Gould Anne B. , Kim K. E. , Swartz C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Sodium-deficient diet failed to alter development and maintenance of severe renal hypertension produced in the rat by ligation of the aorta between the renal arteries.
2. High sodium diet did not alter the early phase of this hypertension, but significantly decreased blood pressure elevation in the late phases.
3. The decrease in blood pressure produced by high sodium intake does not appear to be mediated by renin suppression.
4. Frusemide effectively reduced blood pressure and renin at all phases.
Surgical Intervention in Severe and Complicated Renal Hypertension: Report of the Sydney Renal Hypertension Group (1969–75)
Authors: Graham R. M. , Sebel E. F. , Stokes G. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. A prospective study was undertaken in seventy-eight patients with renal hypertension (fifty-eight with renovascular disease and twenty with renal parenchymal disease), after their presentation to an advisory group as possible candidates for surgical management.
2. Vascular repair and/or nephrectomy were performed in forty-four patients, and the remainder were treated with anti-hypertensive drugs. The control of blood pressure was then assessed over periods of 6–70 months.
3. Of the patients treated surgically, fifteen (34%) were normotensive without medication and fifteen had improved blood pressure control; the morbidity rate was the same as in the medically treated group, but mortality was lower and blood pressure control was better, particularly among patients under 40 years of age.
4. Surgery undertaken primarily to conserve renal function was beneficial in four of nine patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis and severe, progressive uraemia.
5. The blood pressure response to surgical correction of unilateral renal lesions was predicted correctly by the preoperative renal vein renin ratio in fifteen of eighteen cases.
The Immediate Plasma Renin Response to Propranolol: Evidence for a Different Mode of Renin Release in Essential and Renal Hypertension
Authors: Skrabal F. , Czaykowska W. , Dittrich P. , Braunsteiner H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The immediate short-term effects of intravenous injections of propranolol on plasma renin activity were studied in thirty-one normal subjects, 102 patients with benign essential and sixty-six patients with renal hypertension.
2. In essential hypertensive patients and normal subjects a marked fall in plasma renin activity was observed within 15 min, which was directly proportional to initial plasma renin values. In contrast, in patients with renal hypertension the fall observed was much less pronounced, or totally absent.
3. These differences in response to propranolol, which were particularly pronounced in patients with high initial renin values, suggest a dominant role of sympathetic tone at the juxtaglomerular apparatus for basal renin release in normal individuals and essential hypertensive subjects only.
4. The observations also indicate that sympathetic activity plays no part in the control of basal renin secretion in patients with renal hypertension, in whom basal renin secretion may be maintained by the renal baroreceptors.
Enhancement of the Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Methyldopa and other Anti-Hypertensive Drugs by Carbidopa in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Scriabine A. , Ludden C. T. , Stone C. A. , Wurtman R. J. , Watkins C. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A peripheral inhibitor of l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, carbidopa [(—)-l-α-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-α-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate], at doses up to 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally or 30 mg/kg orally had no effect on directly recorded arterial pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats derived from the Wistar/Okamoto strain. It enhanced, however, the anti-hypertensive effects of methyldopa, hydrallazine, guanethidine and clonidine, and, to a lesser extent, reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide. The mechanism of this enhancement is presently unknown, but biochemical studies support the assumption that carbidopa is likely to reduce sympathetic nervous system activity.
2. The conversion of [3H]tyrosine (given intraperitoneally) to dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and catecholamines was measured in the hearts and adrenals of control rats and animals pretreated with carbidopa (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Carbidopa significantly decreased the accumulation of 3H-labelled catecholamines in both organs and increased their total tyrosine content and the specific radioactivity of tyrosine.
Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Metoprolol in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Ljung B. , Åblad B. , Drews L. , Fellenius E. , Kjellstedt A. , Wallborg M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Oral and intravenous administration of metoprolol to adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with established hypertension lowered arterial blood pressure within 4 days of treatment.
2. Steady-state plasma concentrations of metoprolol were similar to those of patients during antihypertensive treatment with this drug.
3. The neuroeffector function of portal veins of SHR treated orally for 14 days or intravenously for 4 days was not impaired when studied in vitro. This is in contrast to previous findings after long-term treatment.
4. It is concluded that the anti-hypertensive effect of metoprolol in SHR in many respects resembles that observed in patients. It is suggested that impairment of vasomotor nerve control may contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of β-adrenoreceptor antagonists.
Interaction of Dopamine, Methyldopa and Reserpine in the Sympatho-Adrenal System in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Abe K. , Aoyagi H. , Yasujima M. , Miyazaki S. , Kusaka T. , Seino M. , Otsuka Y. , Irokawa N. , Chiba S. , Sakurai Y. , Saito K. , Yoshinaga K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The interactions of dopamine, reserpine and methyldopa on blood pressure of normal subjects and of those with essential hypertension were examined.
2. When biosynthesis of noradrenaline from dopamine was blocked by reserpine, dopamine induced a prominent depressor effect in essential hypertension.
3. The long-term treatment with methyldopa induced a marked potentiation of the pressor action of domapine in hypertension, although no significant pressor response was found in normal subjects.
4. It is suggested that methylnoradrenaline may accumulate in peripheral nerve endings of patients with essential hypertension in comparison with normal subjects, and this accumulated methylnoradrenaline potentiates the pressor response to dopamine in essential hypertension.