bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Massive Ice Features by Ice Types from Multi-Year Upward Looking Sonar Ice Draft Measurements
Authors: Fissel David B. , Ross Ed , Sadowy Dawn , Wyatt Glenda J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractModem ULS instruments provide year-long continuous measurements of sea ice drafts with an unprecedented time resolution of 1-2 seconds and a horizontal resolution of approximately 1 m. In this paper we analyze multi-year moored ULS measurements of sea ice in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas and off Northeast Greenland. Recently, the massive ice feature (MIF) parameter has been developed to provide a robust, geometrical characterization of all potentially hazardous marine ice features within a ULS ice draft data set. An MIF episode is the set of consecutive ice draft values which exceed a specific minimum ice draft (e.g. 1.2 or 2.0 m) having total cross-sectional area above a specified value (e.g. 250 m2). A database of all MIF episodes is prepared including area, distance and ice drafts (mean and maximum).Previous research has shown the MIF database from year-long mooring measurements to be a complete and robust characterization of potentially hazardous features. In this paper, we apply algorithms that detect different types of sea ice features: large singular ice keels, hummocky ice, thick brash ice, old or multi-year ice and marine glacial ice (icebergs and ice islands). These ice types are associated with individual MIF episodes so that each episode can be associated with one or more ice type. There are large variations in the numbers of MIF episodes among regions, with NE Greenland having the most frequent occurrences of MIFs. For NE Greenland approximately 40% of MIF episodes can be identified as large keels and less than 15% as hummocky ice episodes; however, the hummocky ice episodes typically have considerably larger crosssectional areas than large keels. There are fewer occurrences of multi-year ice and very rare occurrences of marine glacial ice. The MIF analysis results provide improved quantitative values for pressure loading of sea ice on offshore platforms and ships, as well as understandings about the nature of sea ice deformation and age characteristics.
Arctic Development of the Canadian Beaufort Sea, Geohazards and Export Route Options
Authors: Nash Ian 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Studies have suggested that the Arctic contains over 30% of the world's untapped natural gas reserves, and approximately 13% of its undiscovered oil reserves. The Beaufort shelf in the Canadian Arctic has been of interest for Oil and Gas development for many decades and reached a peak in the Mid 1980's when over 50 drilling islands were built to explore potential reserves by various international oil companies, with 92 wells recorded in the Canadian Beaufort Sea area.
The Amauligak field was discovered in the Canadian Beaufort in 1984, and is still the largest oil and gas discovery in the Mackenzie Delta or Beaufort Sea areas. Amauligak lies approximately 75 kilometres northwest of Tuktoyaktuk in 30 metres water depth in the Beaufort Sea. The field is thought to contain 235 million barrels of oil and 1.3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
Whilst vast resources such as Amauligak are known to exist in the Canadian Beaufort, the key to development of these remote areas is finding a viable export route for oil and natural gas. This was clearly the case for the development of the Prudhoe Bay Area of the Alaskan Arctic with the development of the Trans Alaskan Pipeline in the 1970's following the discovery of oil on Alaska's North Slope in 1968. This facilitated the development of the North Slope and shallow water offshore fields such as North Star which peaked in 1988 at about 738 million barrels per annum, about 25% of total U.S. production.
Unlike the offshore shallow water Prudhoe Bay Developments, the development of the Beaufort shelf and slope will bring with it significant remoteness and geohazard issues as well as the familiar ice challenges. This paper highlights some of the geohazard issues facing Canadian Beaufort developments and considers what options exist for the safe and economical export of the product to market.
Numerical Research on Usage of Podded Propulsors in Ice Management
Authors: Islam Mohammed , Jahra Fatima , Molyneux David , Hedd Lee 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Although podded propulsor technology has existed for nearly two decades, there has been little research into the use of these propulsors for ice management. Full-scale ice management trials with azimuthing thrusters revealed that it was possible to break and clear ice with the propulsors' wake and that precise ice management could be achieved with the wake of this propulsion system. This means dynamic placement ofpropeller wake wash can facilitate ice breaking and ice management operations. This paper presents preliminary outcome of a research program to evaluate the potentials ofpodded propulsors as an ice management device.
The kinematics i.e. the turbulence and velocity distribution in the propeller wake wash determines the capacity of the propulsor to break, push and clear the ice. In this research, efforts are made to model the propeller wash and data were predicted to quantify the capacity of a podded propulsor to clear ice under a range of operating conditions. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver is used to predict the propulsive performance of a generic podded propulsor system in various operating conditions and configurations. The effects ofpropeller shaft speed and pod configuration are evaluated. The predicted propeller thrust and torque as well as the loads on the pod are compared with corresponding data acquired in a complimentary experimental program. The simulations and measurements are carried out for both puller and pusher configurations at or near bollard pull condition and in uniform inflow condition. Analysis demonstrates that the RANS solver can accurately predict the performance coefficients of the podded propulsor in straight-ahead condition in both puller and pusher configurations. The kinematics of the propeller wash at multiple downstream locations are studied only to reveal that the pusher propulsor may be more effective in clearing ice than the puller one because of less interaction between the propeller and the strut. The current work aims to provide insight into the effect of propeller shaft speed and pod configurations on the quality of the propeller wake that can be used for ice management.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Geotechnical Monitoring of Pipelines in the Arctic
Authors: Cunningham Keith , Hatfield Michael , Pericón Laura Samsó 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Pipelines in the Arctic must contend with a variety of geotechnical obstacles affecting their construction and long-term operation. For example, thawing permafrost leads to unstable terrain, especially on slopes and pipeline river crossings. Research funded by the US Department of Transportation is underway to investigate how unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) could be used to monitor permafrost and unstable soils in order to develop a proactive decision-support system for pipeline operators. Leading this research is the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) in cooperation with the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The research will evaluate a variety of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to determine an optimal technology mix, and best practices for the persistent surveillance of thawing permafrost and shifting soils, thereby providing pipeline operators a broader picture of, and a means of mitigating, the geotechnical hazards that affect pipelines.
Remote-Controlled Cement-Pump Unit: A Step Change in Pressure Pumping
Authors: Gupta Nadish , Ray John Allen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The oil and gas industry involves various high-risk operations. In conventional oil and gas operations, pressure pumping is performed during the complete life cycle of the well. Normally, a cement-pump unit (CPU) is used to perform services such as cementing, blowout preventer (BOP) testing, formation integrity tests, and more. Operating a conventional cement unit requires the cement-unit operator to be directly over pumps and treating lines that contain pressurized fluid. During pumping operations, especially BOP testing, the pressures can get as high as 15,000 psi. Any leak or rupture in the lines at this pressure presents hazardous situation in the cement room.
As per the hazard-analysis risk-control (HARC) analysis, two factors are required to have an incident. One is "likelihood" and the other is "severity" of that risk. At present, the majority of the current industry preventive measures aim at reducing the likelihood of a risk. The remote-controlled cement-pump unit (RCCPU) sets a new benchmark in safety standards by removing the likelihood factor, thus eliminating the risks pertaining to pressure pumping. With this engineered innovation, the pump unit is in a safe room, and the cementer is in a separate control room with advanced computer systems to operate the unit. This unit isolates the cementer from risks such as pressure, noise, height, adverse climate, and more. The automated control of the unit and the cement mixing system helps in achieving a high service quality (SQ). The innovative systems and the advanced engineering that the RCCPU uses to isolate the risks from the personnel change the paradigms of pressure pumping. While the current technology still requires the RCCPU operator to be onboard the vessel, however, work is in progress to operate the RCCPU from onshore facility.
Update on a New Ice Simulation Tool using a Multi-Model Program
Authors: Septseault Cyril , Béal Pierre-Antoine , Yaouanq Sébastien Le , Dudal Alexey , Roberts Brian 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In June 2012, Technip signed an agreement with Cervval (a specialist software company in Brittany) and Bureau Veritas (BV) to develop an ice-modelling simulation program. The long term aim was for the simulator to predict the flow of ice around both fixed and floating structures and calculate the ice-loadings on the platforms. The program would allow platform structures to be optimised, to minimise ice loadings and ice rubble build-up, prior to final design verification in an ice test basin.
Initially the program was developed to predict ice behaviour in shallow waters since there are several projects imminent in the North Caspian but would be equally applicable in Arctic regions. Cervval has developed the software with ice expertise input and verification from BV. The program is unique in the Artic industry in that it uses a multi-model simulator which is able to cope with the complexity of calculating the kinematic and failure behaviour for the ice sheet and for each newly created ice fragment that results from contact with the structure or due to collision with other ice rubble particles for ice mechanical properties.
At ATC 2014 , the program was first presented to the industry but was still under development. At that stage, the program was able to simulate the flow of an ice sheet as it encroached on a conical structure and to predict vertical and horizontal loads on the structure with good accuracy. It also predicted the geometry of the ice accumulation in front of the structure above and below the ice sheet.
Since ATC 2014, the software development has considered ice interaction with straight sloping wall structures, then vertical walled structures (such as artificial islands) and finally a range of floating structures.
This follow-up paper will present details of the completed simulator, the verification program and plans for the future. A typical set of ice simulations will be shown and a comparison with ice basin test results will be presented as a measure of the program's accuracy.
A Simple Model for Glory Hole Dredge Spoil Dispersion Assessment
Authors: Haneberg William C. , Bruce Brittany , Kelly Joshua T. , Davis Laurence 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a simple mathematical model of hopper dumped dredge spoil dispersion that is based upon a modified version of Stokes’ law to estimate vertical particle velocities, and empirical metocean data to estimate horizontal particle velocities. The horizontal and vertical components are combined to simulate particle paths for computational packets of different grain size fractions under metocean conditions representative of those during the discharge period. Stokes’ law is modified using published relationships to account for large and non-spherical particles. Horizontal particle transport distance is controlled by water depth, particle size, current speed, and current direction variability based upon empirical metocean current speed and direction time series. The resultant dredge spoil depositional pattern is an irregular bull's eye in which particle size and deposit thickness decrease radially from the deposit center. Transport distances for each grain size fraction generally follow a lognormal-like distribution, with distances being inversely proportional to grain size. If there is a predominant current direction during disposal, the resulting deposit will be elongated in that direction. Application of the method, variations of which have been used to support dredge spoil discharge permit applications on several unnamed projects, is illustrated for a hypothetical site.
The Remote Coast: Baseline Mapping in Preparation for Arctic Coastal Disasters
Authors: Mitchell Todd 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Our coasts are a critical intersection of ecological, social, and economic interests. They are the breeding ground for aquatic plants and animals, the playground for residents and tourists, and the launching ground for shipping, fishing, and resource development projects. In arctic regions, these areas are generally poorly characterized (often due to their sheer size, sparse population and inaccessibility), yet are perhaps the most fragile environment. As such, the arctic coast is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of human activity - particularly accidental chemical spills. Reducing the risk of and/or responding to emergency situations requires a thorough understanding of both the coastal environment, adjacent submerged lands and often the jurisdictional boundaries of stakeholders. In most cases, this effort begins with a mapping program that identifies the land/seabed boundaries and usage, and provides adequate charting for over-water emergency response activities. These observations must be regularly repeated to track ongoing coastal and ecological processes as well as the impacts from episodic events. Whereas small, local site investigations are typically best performed from vessel-mounted sensors, aerial remote sensing techniques are often well suited for regional-scale mapping programs.
Zen and Zarathustra: Self-Overcoming without a Self
Authors: van der Braak André 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
A confrontation with the Zen Buddhist tradition can help to open up new perspectives on Nietzsche's thought that take us beyond the “familiar” Nietzsche. There are some gaps in most Nietzsche interpretations that could be fruitfully addressed by means of a comparison with East Asian thought. This article argues that Nietzsche's philosophy and Zen philosophy can both be considered philosophies of self-overcoming in four different respects: theoretical, performative, self-referential, and expressive. In a theoretical sense, both stress the importance of self-overcoming. In a performative sense, both aim at self-overcoming in the reader. In a self-referential sense, they continually overcome themselves as philosophy. In a self-expressive sense, both can be viewed as a celebration and expression of self-overcoming; they are philosophies of laughter and play. In reading Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra, these four aspects meet each other.
Omnidesire as the Ending of Desire: Zarathustra, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Tiantai
Authors: Ziporyn Brook 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra is a work that bears comparison to Mahāyāna Buddhist literature in more ways than one. Nietzsche was turning against the Schopenhauerian doctrine of the denial of the will, which he read as symptomatic of a larger nihilistic trend swallowing up almost all existing spiritual culture, while the Mahāyāna was turning against the world-denying implications of the doctrine of Nirvana as the ending of desire and samsara that was so central to early Buddhism. In this article, I explore one move made in both of these cases: the move from total negation to total affirmation seen as a convergence of these two apparently opposed extremes. Of central interest here is the “identity of indiscernibles” that applies structurally to these two opposite extremes, “willing nothing” and “willing everything,” with the latter effected only through “willing one thing intensely,” at once excluding and including all other things, and its liberative potential.
Naturalism, Causality, and Nietzsche's Conception of Science
Authors: Remhof Justin 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
There is a disagreement over how to understand Nietzsche's view of science. According to what I call the Negative View, Nietzsche thinks science should be reconceived or superseded by another discourse, such as art, because it is nihilistic. By contrast, what I call the Positive View holds that Nietzsche does not think science is nihilistic, so he denies that it should be reinterpreted or overcome. Interestingly, defenders of each position can appeal to Nietzsche's understanding of naturalism to support their interpretation. I argue that Nietzsche embraces a social constructivist conception of causality that renders his naturalism incompatible with the views of naturalism attributed to him by the two dominant readings.
Un dialogue de sourds ?
Authors: Charbonneau François 
Published: March 2015

Cet article s’intéresse aux attitudes par rapport au bilinguisme dans l’espace public anglo-canadien. À l’aide de citations tirées à même une banque de près de 800 articles de journaux publiés entre 2004 et 2009, est détaillé l’ensemble des arguments invoqués dans ce débat. La recherche démontre que lorsqu’ils critiquent le bilinguisme, les détracteurs de cette politique mobilisent des arguments presque exclusivement de nature pragmatique. En lisant cette fois les textes écrits par des gens se portant à la défense des politiques de bilinguisme, les arguments invoqués sont très souvent de nature « idéaliste ». En un mot, les « participants » à ce débat prennent part à un dialogue de sourds. Cette recherche permet de comprendre pourquoi plusieurs des arguments invoqués en appui aux politiques de bilinguisme du Canada restent, pour une partie de la population du Canada, largement inaudibles.
Légitimité et devenir en situation linguistique minoritaire
Authors: Landry Rodrigue 
Published: March 2015

Le texte propose un cadre théorique qui permet d’analyser l’effet de la légitimité sur le devenir d’une minorité. Selon ce modèle, la légitimité externe n’est pas toujours garante d’une forte légitimité interne. Le cadre théorique permet d’analyser des rapports de force qui influent sur la légitimité des minorités linguistiques non seulement par des pressions externes observables, mais aussi par la pénétration dans l’imaginaire intime de chaque individu. L’ article présente des résultats sur le métissage identitaire, phénomène déjà bien évident et observable chez une majorité des membres des communautés francophones et acadiennes. Les francophones semblent être influencés par deux discours légitimant en opposition, c’est-à-dire par l’idéologie dominante qui accorde la préséance à la légitimité culturelle de la langue anglaise, et concomitamment par des expériences de solidarité avec le groupe francophone qui renforcent un discours de légitimité de solidarité favorable à la francophonie.
Accueillir le majoritaire dans l’institution de la minorité ?
Authors: Cormier Marianne 
Published: March 2015

Une minorité peut chercher à manifester sa légitimité en s’affirmant et en luttant pour sa reconnaissance. C’est ainsi que la minorité francophone a livré bataille pour des écoles de langue française. Or, face à des défis démographiques, ces écoles deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes. Cette étude examine les perceptions d’acteurs scolaires et de parents exogames ayant un enfant en maternelle. Des entretiens avec ces personnes dans neuf écoles du Nouveau-Brunswick ont permis une analyse thématique qui révèle que les acteurs scolaires veulent accueillir ces familles, mais avec certaines réserves. Les parents se sentent, en général, accueillis, malgré une barrière langagière qui limite leur participation. L’ ambigüité est présente et les tensions entre légitimité et inclusion se manifestent au sein de l’école.
Légitimité interne des politiques linguistiques au Québec : le regard des immigrants récents
Authors: Calinon Anne Sophie 
Published: March 2015

Cet article aborde la question de la légitimité des actions de politiques linguistiques menées par le Québec en matière d’intégration linguistique au français selon le point de vue des allophones récemment arrivés dans la province. Nous nous demandons comment les immigrants récents au Québec, installés à Montréal, perçoivent les enjeux autour de leur francisation et quelles sont leurs représentations de leur place actuelle et projetée dans la société québécoise francophone. Une analyse des politiques et une ethnographie montrent que les immigrants récents ont du mal à se considérer comme membres à part entière de la société francophone, compte tenu de leur compétence linguistique en construction, de leur vision encore très monolingue et monolithique de la communauté francophone et d’un manque de passé en commun. Les faibles échanges avec des francophones considérés comme « légitimes » – les natifs – ont un impact direct sur leur sentiment d’appartenance et leur intégration sociale.
La Francophonie canadienne, un ensemble légitime en changement
Authors: Allaire Gratien 
Published: March 2015

La Francophonie canadienne est bien en vie. Elle trouve son origine dans le Canada français et elle est le résultat des grands changements que celui-ci a connus au cours du dernier demi-siècle. Le Canada français était tout aussi unitaire que le Canada anglo-britannique. La Francophonie canadienne se distingue par la complexité de sa francité, par sa modernité, par son urbanité. Elle est tout en nuances, inclusive, un ensemble de communautés provinciales, régionales, locales qui se savent légitimes et dont on reconnaît la légitimité, tant sur les plans historico-géographique et sociopolitique que sur les plans constitutionnel et juridique. Elle a changé au cours des décennies et elle continue, et continuera, de se transformer, perméable aux courants culturels. Elle est devenue un ensemble dont le coeur est constitué par les francophones « de souche », entouré de francophones de langue officielle, d’anglophones d’origine culturelle française et de sympathie française. C’est ce qui fait sa grande richesse.