bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Lymph Node Gastrinoma or Metastatic Gastrinoma with Unidentified Primary Tumor Site?
Authors: Martin Jack L , Tedeschi Michele , Jackson James E , Spalding Duncan , Goldstone Anthony P , Cohen Patrizia , Frilling Andrea 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine tumors that secrete gastrin and result in a clinical syndrome of peptic ulcer disease first described by Zollinger and Ellison in 1955.1 They present either sporadically or as a component of a hereditary determined syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. They are usually located in the pancreas and duodenum but have been reported to occur in both abdominal and extraabdominal sites.2 Reports of clinical and biochemical cure following resection of lymph nodes found to contain gastrinomas, in patients without a localized primary tumor, led investigators to cite the existence of the primary lymph node gastrinoma. Whether these cases represent metastatic disease from an, as yet, unidentified primary tumor, or de novo occurrence of a gastrinoma in a lymph node remains controversial. While some authors report that primary lymph node gastrinomas account for up to 10% of sporadic gastrinomas3,4 others question this theory, hypothesizing that their presentation represents an undetected microgastrinoma with metastatic lymph node involvement.5
Herewith, we report on a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in whom a peripancreatic lymph node with evidence of gastrinoma is the only apparent morphologic manifestation of the disease.

How to cite this article
Martin JL, Tedeschi M, Jackson JE, Spalding D, Goldstone AP, Cohen P, Frilling A. Primary Lymph Node Gastrinoma or Metastatic Gastrinoma with Unidentified Primary Tumor Site? World J Endocr Surg 2012;4(2):66-70.
Extreme Tracheal Compression due to Substernal Goiter: Surgical and Anesthetic Management
Authors: Dy Benzon , Wise Kevin , Farley David , McGlinch Brian 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Substernal goiters can have a range of presentations and pathology from a complete lack of symptoms to minimal biochemical abnormalities to potentially lethal physical derangements due to tracheal compression. We review a case of a substernal goiter with severe tracheal compression and airway compromise and describe the presentation, diagnosis, operative treatment, perianesthetic management and outcome of this patient. Substernal goiters can have a myriad of symptoms and etiologies. Once the diagnosis is secured, a multidisciplinary approach is key to successful management in the perioperative period.

How to cite this article
Dy B, Wise K, Farley D, McGlinch B. Extreme Tracheal Compression due to Substernal Goiter: Surgical and Anesthetic Management. World J Endocr Surg 2012;4(2):71-73.
Spindle Epithelial Tumor with Thymus-like Element of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Satyanarayana V , Mote Dajiram Govonda 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like different ion (SETTLE) is an extremely rare tumor arising from thyroid gland which was first time recognized and reported by Chan and Rosai. It is believed to be arising from the branchial pouch or the remnant of thymus within the thyroid gland as it reveals primitive thymic elements. It has been reported more than 20 times as an individual case reports in the searched English literature. It mostly occurs in the children and adolescent but cases of SETTLE are reported in adults and even in elderly patients. Age of patient is not diagnostic feature of the SETTLE tumor. According to the published data, SETTLE tumor has an indolent course but delayed blood-borne distant metastases is seen in the cases with long-term follow-up. The present case is 13-year-old boy who presented with solitary nodule of left lobe of the thyroid without any other symptoms. The patient was subjected to ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy. The histopathological report revealed the diagnosis of SETTLE tumor which was confirmed with the immunohistochemistry. The patient is followed-up regularly and there is no evidence of metastasis with more than 4 years follow-up. There are no existing guidelines regarding the optimum treatment and the duration of follow-up due to paucity of data about management of SETTLE tumor. The long-term follow-up is needed to detect recurrence or metastases.

How to cite this article
Mote DG, Satyanarayana V. Spindle Epithelial Tumor with Thymus-like Element of the Thyroid Gland. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):74-76.
Circuit Theory Extended: The Role of Speculation in Crises
Authors: Lancastle Neil 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This paper asks why modern finance theory and the efficient market hypothesis have failed to explain long-term carry trades; persistent asset bubbles or zero lower bounds; and financial crises. It extends Godley and Lavoie (Monetary Economics: An Integrated Approach to Credit, Money, Income, Production and Wealth, 2007) and the Theory of the Monetary Circuit to give a mathematical representation of Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis. In the extended circuit, the central bank rate is not neutral and the path is nonergodic. The extended circuit has survival constraints that include a living wage, a zero interest rate and an upper interest rate. Inflation is everywhere. The possibility of stable carry trades emerges. In high interest rate, hedge economies, powerful banks invest surplus loan interest. With speculation, banks lobby to enter investment markets and the system is precariously liquid/illiquid. In a Ponzi economy, where loans never get repaid, solvency is a balance between increasing reserves, reducing interest rates and rebuilding banks’ balance sheets during systemic crises. Simulating bank bailouts, household bailouts and a Keynesian boost suggests that bank bailouts are the least effective intervention, exerting downward pressure on wages and household spending: austerity.
On the Use and Abuse of Necessity in the Law of State Responsibility
Authors: Sloane Robert D. 
Published: August 2012

Necessity,necessità,is Machiavelli’s guiding principle . . . that infringing the moral law is justified when it is necessary.Thus is inaugurated the dualism of modern political culture, which simultaneously upholds absolute and relative standards of value. The modern state appeals to morality, to religion, and to natural law as the ideological foundation for its existence. At the same time it is prepared to infringe any or all of these in the interest of self-preservation.—J. M. CoetzeeRecent jurisprudence in investment arbitration, almost all of which originated in disputes arising out of Argentina’s turn-of-the-century fiscal crisis, has raised difficult questions about the existence, nature, and advisability of necessity as a defense to state responsibility. The jurisprudence has contributed to a sophisticated literature focusing on necessity’s role in the special context of investment arbitration. But the growing prominence of necessity pleas in international law has not been so limited. Nor will its effects be. In the first place, investor-state arbitral jurisprudence contributes to the evolution of general international law. Investment tribunals invoke the latter, for example, to inform their interpretation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) or to cure lacunae in the law. More significantly, beyond the realm of investment arbitration, the past few decades have seen a striking growth in necessity pleas in fields ranging widely across the landscape of international law.
Attorney General Bradford’s Opinion and the Alien Tort Statute
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: August 2012

In debates over the scope of the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), one historical document has played an especially prominent role. That document is a short opinion by U.S. Attorney General William Bradford, issued in the summer of 1795, concerning the involvement of U.S. citizens in an attack by a French fleet on a British colony in Sierra Leone. In the opinion, Bradford concluded that “[s]o far ... as the transactions complained of originated or took place in a foreign country, they are not within the cognizance of our courts; nor can the actors be legally prosecuted or punished for them by the United States.” He also expressed the view that the actors could be prosecuted for crimes on the high seas, while noting that “some doubt rests on this point” in light of the language of the relevant criminal statute. Finally, he stated—in an obvious reference to the ATS—thatthere can be no doubt that the company or individuals who have been injured by these acts of hostility have a remedy by acivilsuit in the courts of the United States; jurisdiction being expressly given to these courts in all cases where an alien sues for a tort only, in violation of the laws of nations, or a treaty of the United States . . . .The Bradford opinion contains one of the few early historical references to the ATS, so it not surprisingly has received a lot of attention. Numerous academic articles, judicial opinions, and litigation briefs have invoked the Bradford opinion, for a variety of propositions. Reliance on the opinion has increased since the Supreme Court’s 2004 decision inSosa v. Alvarez-Machain, in which the Court cited the opinion in support of the proposition that the ATS provides jurisdiction over certain common law causes of action derived from the law of nations. As an illustration of its perceived significance, both sides discussed the opinion in the oral argument before the Supreme Court in the first hearing in the pending ATS case,Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.
Utility of colposcopy in a phase 2 portion of a microbicide clinical trial of BufferGel and 0.5% PRO 2000 Gel
Authors: Chirenje Zvavahera M , Mâsse Benoît R , Maslankowski Lisa A , Ramjee Gita , Coletti Anne S , Tembo Tchangani N , Magure Tsitsi M , Soto‐Torres Lydia , Kelly Cliff , Hillier Sharon , Karim Abdool 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundThe majority of new HIV infections are acquired through heterosexual transmission. There is urgent need for prevention methods to compliment behavior change and condom use. Topical microbicide represent a potential strategy for reduction of HIV transmission in women.MethodsMonthly Colposcopy evaluations were performed during pelvic examinations among 299 women enrolled in the Phase 2 portion of HPTN 035 study at four sites (1 in USA, 3 in Southern Africa). This was a phase 2/2b, multisite, randomized, and controlled clinical trial with four arms: BufferGel, 0.5% PRO2000 Gel, placebo gel and no gel. At two of the sites, pelvic examinations were conducted by the use of naked eye without colposcopy.ResultsA colposcopy finding of any kind was detected in 48% of participants at baseline compared to 40% at 3 months (p =0.04). The lower rates were also observed in vaginal discharge (22% at baseline, 16% at 3 months, p=0.06), erythema (15% at baseline, 8% at 3 months, p=0.004). The trend towards significance at p=0.05 disappear when utilizing stringent statistical significance levels. A pelvic finding of any kind was detected in 71% of colposcopy participants compared to 41% of participants who had naked eye examination only conducted at two sites that performed both colposcopy and naked eye without colposcopy. Use of colposcopy yielded significantly higher rates of participants with deep epithelial disruption, erythema and ecchymosis. We observed no cases of incident Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, or Syphilis during the three month follow up. There were 2 cases of incident HIV during 3‐month study period neither of which was associated with any abnormal colposcopy evaluation findings.ConclusionNo safety signals were observed in the 4 study arms, allowing seamless transition from phase 2 to 2b. Colposcopy utility in microbicide clinical trials has minimal value given high rates of background noise findings of no relevant clinical significance.
Controlling Interconnected Silver Network Structure in Sol–Gel Nanocomposite Via Shrinkage‐Induced Stress
Authors: Chiu Chi‐Kai , Chen Tsan‐Yao , Luo Tzy‐Jiun M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAn interconnected silver network composed of grain boundary layers with each layer about 100 nm thick was spontaneously formed inside a silica matrix when a sol–gel sample containing silver ion and polyethylene glycol was dried and heat‐treated. The minimum spacing of the silver structure was ≈15 µm and the density of the silver structure was related to the drying rate, which can be controlled by either drying temperature or vacuum drying time. It was found that the shrinkage‐induced stress during the drying process results in microcracks where the crack surfaces serve as a 3D template for silver to develop into interconnected network when the sample is annealed at 160 °C. The ability to control the density of microcracks and to utilize the microcracks as silver template suggests that this method can be utilized to (1) create interconnected silver network of desired density in silica materials, (2) visualize the microcracks of sol–gel materials, and (3) reinforce and repair the defects after microcracks have formed.
Energy Upconversion via Triplet Fusion in Super Yellow PPV Films Doped with Palladium Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin: a Comprehensive Investigation of Exciton Dynamics
Authors: Jankus Vygintas , Snedden Edward W. , Bright Daniel W. , Whittle Victoria L. , Williams J. A. G. , Monkman Andy 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOne of the key issues concerning the development of efficient polymer solar cell technology is the lack of viable materials which absorb in the near‐infrared (NIR) region. This could be resolved by up‐converting energy from the NIR into visible using triplet fusion (TF) with an additional layer that is fabricated separately from the solar cell and deposited on top. Theoretically a maximum upconversion (UC) via TF efficiency of 50% could be obtained. Here, it is demonstrated that in a film of commercially available poly(para‐phenylene vinylene) copolymer “super yellow” (SY) doped with 4% palladium(meso‐tetraphenyl‐tetrabenzoporphyrin) (PdTPBP) sensitizer, an UC efficiency of 6% can be achieved. By using femtosecond and nanosecond spectroscopies it is shown that the main UC efficiency loss mechanism is due to triplet quenching in PdTPBP aggregates. The PdTPBP intersystem crossing rate constant is determined to be 1.8 × 1011 s−1 and the triplet energy transfer rate constant from PdTPBP to SY to be 109 s−1. Quenching in PdTPBP aggregates can account for a triplet concentration loss in the range of 76‐99%. As such, preventing sensitizer aggregation in NIR‐to‐visible upconverting films is crucial and may lead to substantial increase of UC efficiencies in films.
Vertically Segregated Structure and Properties of Small Molecule–Polymer Blend Semiconductors for Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Shin Nayool , Kang Jihoon , Richter Lee J. , Prabhu Vivek M. , Kline R. Joseph , Fischer Daniel A. , DeLongchamp Dean M. , Toney Michael F. , Satija Sushil K. , Gundlach David J. , Purushothaman Balaji , Anthony John E. , Yoon Do Y. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA comprehensive structure and performance study of thin blend films of the small‐molecule semiconductor, 2,8‐difluoro‐5,11‐bis(triethylsilylethynyl)anthradithiophene (diF‐TESADT), with various insulating binder polymers in organic thin‐film transistors is reported. The vertically segregated composition profile and nanostructure in the blend films are characterized by a combination of complementary experimental methods including grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction, neutron reflectivity, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Three polymer binders are considered: atactic poly(α‐methylstyrene), atactic poly(methylmethacrylate), and syndiotactic polystyrene. The choice of polymer can strongly affect the vertical composition profile and the extent of crystalline order in blend films due to the competing effects of confinement entropy, interaction energy with substrate surfaces, and solidification kinetics. The variations in the vertically segregated composition profile and crystalline order in thin blend films explain the significant impacts of binder polymer choice on the charge carrier mobility of these films in the solution‐processed bottom‐gate/bottom‐contact thin‐film transistors.
Solid State Enabled Reversible Four Electron Storage
Authors: Yersak Thomas A. , Macpherson H. Alex , Kim Seul Cham , Le Viet‐Duc , Kang Chan Soon , Son Seoung‐Bum , Kim Yong‐Hyun , Trevey James E. , Oh Kyu Hwan , Stoldt Conrad , Lee Se‐Hee 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe report that a solid‐state battery architecture enables the reversible, four electron storage of fully utilized solvothermally synthesized cubic‐FeS2 (pyrite). With a sulfide based glass electrolyte we successfully confine electro‐active species and permit the safe use of a lithium metal anode. These FeS2/Li solid‐state cells deliver a theoretical specific capacity of 894 mAh g−1 at 60 °C. We find that nanoparticles of orthorhombic‐FeS2 (marcasite) are generated upon recharge at 30–60 °C which explains a coincident change in rate kinetics.
Computed intranasal spray penetration: comparisons before and after nasal surgery
Authors: Frank Dennis O. , Kimbell Julia S. , Cannon Daniel , Rhee John S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground:Quantitative methods for comparing intranasal drug delivery efficiencies pre‐ and postoperatively have not been fully utilized. The objective of this study is to use computational fluid dynamics techniques to evaluate aqueous nasal spray penetration efficiencies before and after surgical correction of intranasal anatomic deformities.Methods:Ten three‐dimensional models of the nasal cavities were created from pre‐ and postoperative computed tomography scans in 5 subjects. Spray simulations were conducted using a particle size distribution ranging from 10 μm to 110 μm, a spray speed of 3 m/second, plume angle of 68 degrees, and with steady state, resting inspiratory airflow present. Two different nozzle positions were compared. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student t test for matched pairs.Results:On the obstructed side, posterior particle deposition after surgery increased by 118% and was statistically significant (p = 0.036), while anterior particle deposition decreased by 13% and was also statistically significant (p = 0.020). The fraction of particles that bypassed the airways either pre‐ or postoperatively was less than 5%. Posterior particle deposition differences between obstructed and contralateral sides of the airways were 113% and 30% for pre‐ and postsurgery, respectively. Results showed that nozzle positions can influence spray delivery.Conclusion:Simulations predicted that surgical correction of nasal anatomic deformities can improve spray penetration to areas where medications can have greater effect. Particle deposition patterns between both sides of the airways are more evenly distributed after surgery. These findings suggest that correcting anatomic deformities may improve intranasal medication delivery. For enhanced particle penetration, patients with nasal deformities may explore different nozzle positions. © 2013 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
A novel sinonasal endoscopy scoring system: the discharge, inflammation, and polyps/edema (DIP) score
Authors: Durr Megan L. , Pletcher Steven D. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Murr Andrew H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground:There is an increasing need for a validated grading system to assess sinusitis severity as observed on endoscopic examination. Existing endoscopy scales have limitations in complexity, validation, and/or applicability. We present a novel and straightforward endoscopic scoring system measuring discharge, inflammation, and polyps/edema (DIP). The aim of this study is to determine correlation of the DIP score with existing sinus endoscopy scoring systems, and to determine interrater and test‐retest reliability.Methods:This retrospective cohort includes a total of 29 patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis. Sinus endoscopy videos were scored in a random and blinded fashion by 3 rhinologists (S.D.P., A.N.G., A.H.M.) using the Lund‐Kennedy Endoscopic Score (LKES), the Perioperative Sinus Endoscopy (POSE) score, and the DIP score. Pearson correlation coefficients, interrater reliability and test‐retest reliability were determined.Results:The results of this study show that the DIP score correlates well (p < 0.0001) with the existing LKES and POSE (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.90, respectively). The interrater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is highest for the DIP score (0.87), followed by the POSE score (0.84) and the LKES (0.78). Test‐retest reliability ICC is highest for the DIP score (0.78), followed by the POSE score (0.59) and the LKES (0.53).Conclusion:The DIP score is a novel and straightforward endoscopic sinus scoring system that shows substantial test‐retest and interrater reliability in the post‐FESS population. It also demonstrates a high correlation with existing scoring parameters (LKES and POSE). © 2013 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
Opp‐Dibenzoporphyrins as a Light‐Harvester for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Deshpande Rohit , Wang Bo , Dai Lin , Jiang Lin , Hartley C. Scott , Zou Shouzhong , Wang Hong , Kerr Lei 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNew opp‐dibenzoporphyrins were prepared in a concise method that was based on a Pd0‐catalyzed cascade reaction. These porphyrins, which contained carboxylic‐acid linker groups on benzene rings that were fused to the porphyrin at their β,β′‐positions, were examined as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells for the first time. Whereas all of the porphyrins showed solar‐energy‐to‐electricity conversion, an opp‐dibenzoporphyrin with conjugated carboxylic‐acid linkers displayed the highest conversion efficiency and an exceptionally high Jsc value. Cyclic voltammetry of these porphyrins suggested that the fusion of two aromatic benzene rings onto the periphery of the porphyrin lowered the HOMO–LUMO energy gap; the incorporation of a conjugated carboxylic‐acid linker group decreased the HOMO–LUMO gap even further. These CV data are consistent with DFT calculations for these porphyrins and agree well with the UV/Vis absorption‐ and fluorescence spectra of these porphyrins.
Preparation and Catalysis of Carbon‐Supported Iron Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Sun Bo , Xu Ke , Nguyen Luan , Qiao Minghua , Tao Franklin (Feng) 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is essential for the transformation of natural gas, coal, and biomass to clean transportation fuels and value‐added chemicals. Traditionally, iron catalysts for FTS are predominantly fused iron catalysts and precipitated iron catalysts using silica as the support. Owing to an intense surge in interest in carbon materials during recent years, along with the unique properties of these materials, such as high surface area, high porosity, and ample structures, carbon‐supported iron‐based FTS catalysts have attracted increasing attention. In this detailed review of the progress of the Fe/C catalysts for FTS in the last three decades, particular emphasis is put on their preparation, characterization, and catalytic performance relevant to the characteristics of carbon materials. This review is intended to be a valuable resource to researchers interested in this exciting field of catalysis, as well as the foundation for those investigating applications of novel carbon materials. A brief discussion is also devoted to the challenges and opportunities regarding the future development of Fe/C FTS catalysts.