bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of fasting and refeeding on expression of genes involved in the gastric nutrient sensing and orexigenic control of pigs
Authors: Priori D. , Trevisi P. , Mazzoni M. , Messori S. , Bosi P. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryKnowledge on orexigenic signals in the pig stomach is poor. Gastric amino acid sensing by taste receptor type 1 member 3 (T1R3) and calcium‐sensing receptor (CASR), and active ghrelin release, controlled by preproghrelin, proprotein convertase (PC1/3) and ghrelin O‐acyltransferase (GOAT) genes, may be affected by fasting or refeeding. Twelve pigs (12.0 kgLW) were adapted to a base diet and assigned to three individual feeding schedules: Control (C), fed twice a day; Fasting (F), fasted for 24 h; Refeeding (R), fasted for 24 h and refed before slaughtering. Gastrointestinal segments were collected for histology and molecular biology analyses. TotalRNAisolated from oxyntic and pyloric mucosae was reverse transcribed, specific porcine primers were designed and transcript quantification was performed by real‐timeRT‐PCR. F decreased villus height in duodenum (p < 0.01) and ileum (p < 0.05) vs. C and R. R increased oxynticPC1/3 (p < 0.05) and tended to increase oxyntic preproghrelin (p = 0.06), and pyloricGOAT(p = 0.07) gene expression vs. C.PC1/3 gene expression was higher in pyloric mucosa. Ghrelin‐positive cells numbers were not different between the two gastric mucosae. Gastrin expression tended to be higher in R than in C and F (p = 0.068 and p = 0.055).CASRwas higher in pyloric than in oxyntic mucosa, and pyloricCASRexpression tended to be higher in R than in C (p = 0.072). T1R1 was not affected by treatment. Our results indicate that the pool of genes involved in the secretion of active ghrelin is active both in oxyntic and pyloric mucosa of pig. Refeeding can significantly affect the expression of genes that control octanoyl‐ghrelin production and partially the amino acid sensing byCASRgene, while the absence of effect of fasting on the expression of ghrelin‐related genes needs further confirmations.
Land‐use impacts on small‐scale Mpologoma wetland fishery, eastern Uganda: A socio‐economic perspective
Authors: Ssanyu Grace A. , Kipkemboi Julius , Mathooko Jude M. , Balirwa John 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSmall‐scale fisheries in developing countries are characterized by uncertain futures attributable to ever‐increasing pressures on wetland resources. Data on the interconnectivity between wetland fishery, land‐use changes and the socio‐economic situation in the Mpologoma wetland, Uganda, were obtained through interviews and structured questionnaire surveys at sampling sites exhibiting differing different levels of environmental disturbance (ranging from less disturbed to highly disturbed). Rice production was the major economic activity at the highly disturbed sites, while maize production was the major activity at the less‐disturbed sites. Of the secondary activities, the Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1815) and Protopterus aethiopicus (Heckel, 1851) fishery was more important at the less‐disturbed sites. The high daily fish sale income ranging from US$ 8 to 12 and the high‐percentage (52%) catch preference of all large wetland fish species were observed for the less‐disturbed sites. A high percentage of respondents from the area of the less‐disturbed sites had higher annual incomes, resulting in more accumulated wealth than for the highly disturbed Nsango site, whose fishery was affected by large‐scale rice schemes. The overall socio‐economic impact of the small‐scale fishery, based on the data regarding the number of fishermen and their dependents, and the income from fish sales and other wetland activities, was low, with differences between sites being attributed to the level of wetland disturbance. The Mpologoma wetland is threatened by overexploitation of its fisheries services, but also overlooked and undervalued by policymakers because of inadequate fisheries statistics. Thus, the information derived from this study will facilitate the formulation and design of riverine wetland‐specific and small‐scale fisheries management strategies.
Stakeholder evaluation of the feasibility of watershed management alternatives, using Integrated Lake Basin Management principles
Authors: Saunders B. A. , Rast W. , Lopes V. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractContaining more than 90% of the liquid fresh water on our planet's surface, lakes are used for a wide range of human needs. Managing them for sustainable use also requires consideration of a multitude of scientific, socioeconomic and governance issues. Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) is a comprehensive approach for achieving sustainable management of lakes and reservoirs through gradual, continuous and holistic improvement of basin governance, involving sustained efforts for improvement of six governance ‘pillars’ (Policy; Institutions: Stakeholders; Knowledge; Technology; Finances). This study demonstrates that ILBM is applicable not only to lentic water systems (lakes, reservoirs), but also to the upstream and downstream water systems (rivers, tributaries) of which they are a part. Two watersheds in eastern Pennsylvania (USA), designated as ‘Critical Water Planning Areas,’ are used as a case study for this application, with a focus on the ILBM Stakeholder pillar. The primary objective was to rank the feasibility of alternative management options for these watersheds on the basis of watershed stakeholder perceptions and discussions. The results of this process and the analyses undertaken in this study are discussed, including the management options ultimately identified, the lessons learned in the evaluation process, and means for improving the process for future evaluations.
Multivariate analysis of the sediment quality of a tropical coastal lake system
Authors: Sheela A. M. , Letha J. , Joseph S. , Joseph J. , Thomas J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAccurate knowledge of sediment quality is essential because it affects the magnitude and trends of water quality constituents. There are only a few analyses of sediment quality characteristics using multivariate analysis tools. This study utilizes hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), factor analysis (FA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) to demonstrate the usefulness of these techniques to analyse sediment quality for Akkulam–Veli Lake, a tropical coastal lake system in Kerala, India. The variation of sediment quality patterns during the premonsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON) and postmonsoon (POM) periods were assessed with cluster analysis. Factor analysis was used to identify prominent factors influencing sediment quality, while the factors influencing heavy metal partitioning in the sediment and overlying water were identified using multiple regression analysis. The study results indicated the sediment in the upstream portion of the lake was polluted during PRM, with the prominent factors being the ‘heavy metal factor’ and the ‘organic pollution factor’, followed by the ‘phosphorus pollution factor’ and the ‘cadmium pollution factor’. The ‘heavy metal factor’ and the ‘organic pollution factor’ are the prominent factors during MON, whereas the ‘heavy metal factor’, ‘organic pollution factor’ and ‘salinity factor’ were prominent POM factors. The salinity of the overlying water above the sediments plays an important role during PRM and POM, whereas the dissolved oxygen content was important during MON.
Sensitivity of water quality indicators in a large tropical reservoir to selected climate and land‐use changes
Authors: Williams Gustavious P. , Obregon Oliver , Nelson E. James , Miller Woodruff , Borup M. Brett , Buahin Caleb 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study compared the sensitivity of water quality in tropical Aguamilpa Reservoir, as represented by normalized algae mass and dissolved oxygen, to selected projected changes from global climate change and development. The sensitivity of reservoir stratification as an indicator of reservoir sensitivity also was analysed. Model simulations indicated the reservoir was more sensitive to changes during the warm‐dry season than at other times. Both indexes (normalized algal mass and dissolved oxygen mass) were more sensitive to changes in air temperature (climate change) and nitrogen loading (development) than to changes in flow. The sensitivity to air temperature was similar to, but generally less than, the sensitivity to nutrient inflow. At the bounding values for change (3 °C for temperature; 50% increase in nitrogen loading), the algae mass sensitivities were 0.15 mg L−1 per 3 °C and 0.2 mg L−1 per 50% nitrogen load increase, and the dissolved oxygen mass sensitivities were 0.7 mg L−1 per 3 °C and 2.0 mg L−1 per 50% load increase. Changes in air temperature and nitrogen loadings affect the reservoir in different ways, air temperature mostly changing the timing of the algal growth with little change in peak values, while nutrient loadings change the peak values with little change in the timing. While the sensitivities are similar, the total algal mass change is significantly larger for nitrogen loading, compared to air temperature changes. These results imply global climate change effects can be partially mitigated by implementing management measures in the surrounding watersheds to minimize nutrient inflows, especially nitrogen in the case of Aguamilpa Reservoir.
Identification of the amino acids essential for LytSR‐mediated signal transduction in Staphylococcus aureus and their roles in biofilm‐specific gene expression
Authors: Lehman McKenzie K. , Bose Jeffrey L. , Sharma‐Kuinkel Batu K. , Moormeier Derek E. , Endres Jennifer L. , Sadykov Marat R. , Biswas Indranil , Bayles Kenneth W. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryRecent studies have demonstrated that expression of the Staphylococcus aureus lrgAB operon is specifically localized within tower structures during biofilm development. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this spatial control of lrgAB expression, we carried out a detailed analysis of the LytSR two‐component system. Specifically, a conserved aspartic acid (Asp53) of the LytR response regulator was shown to be the target of phosphorylation, which resulted in enhanced binding to the lrgAB promoter and activation of transcription. In addition, we identified His390 of the LytS histidine kinase as the site of autophosphorylation and Asn394 as a critical amino acid involved in phosphatase activity. Interestingly, LytS‐independent activation of LytR was observed during planktonic growth, with acetyl phosphate acting as a phosphodonor to LytR. In contrast, mutations disrupting the function of LytS prevented tower‐specific lrgAB expression, providing insight into the physiologic environment within these structures. In addition, overactivation of LytR led to increased lrgAB promoter activity during planktonic and biofilm growth and a change in biofilm morphology. Overall, the results of this study are the first to define the LytSR signal transduction pathway, as well as determine the metabolic context within biofilm tower structures that triggers these signaling events.
The pressure drop across the endotracheal tube in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients
Authors: Spaeth Johannes , Steinmann Daniel , Kaltofen Heike , Guttmann Josef , Schumann Stefan 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundDuring mechanical ventilation, the airway pressure (Paw) is usually monitored. However, Paw comprises the endotracheal tube (ETT)‐related pressure drop (∆PETT) and thus does not reflect the pressure in the patients’ lungs. Therefore, monitoring of mechanical ventilation should be based on the tracheal pressure (Ptrach). We systematically investigated potential factors influencing ∆PETT in pediatric ETTs.MethodsIn this study, the flow‐dependent pressure drop across pediatric ETTs from four manufacturers [2.0–4.5 mm inner diameter (ID)] was estimated in a physical model of the upper airways. Additionally, ∆PETT was examined with the ETTs shortened to 75% of their original length and at different curvatures. In nine healthy mechanically ventilated children (aged between 9 days and 29 months), Ptrach was compared to Paw.Results∆PETT was nonlinearly flow dependent. Low IDs corresponded to high ∆PETT. Differences between ETTs from different manufacturers were identified. Shortening of the ETTs’ length by 25% reduced ∆PETT on average by 14% of the value at original length. Ventilation frequency and tube curvature did not influence ∆PETT to a relevant extent. In the pediatric patients, the root mean square deviation between Paw and Ptrach was 2.3 cm H2O.ConclusionPaw and Ptrach differ considerably (by ∆PETT) during mechanical ventilation of pediatric patients. The ETTs’ ID, tube length, and manufacturer type are significant factors for ∆PETT and should be taken into account when Paw is valuated. For this purpose, Ptrach can be continuously calculated with good precision by means of the Rohrer approximation.
Enhancement of Analgesic Effect by Combination of Non‐Noxious Stimulation and Noxious Stimulation in Humans
Authors: Fujii‐Abe Keiko , Umino Masahiro , Fukayama Haruhisa , Kawahara Hiroshi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe aim of the this study was to investigate the combined effects of heterosegmental non‐noxious and noxious stimulation on electrically induced tooth pain.The late component of somatosensory‐evoked potentials (SEP), induced by electrical tooth stimulation and pain intensity, were examined under electrical stimulation to forearms. Noxious, non‐noxious, and combined non‐noxious and noxious electrical stimulation were applied to median nerves on the forearms. Four experimental sessions (ie, control session, combined non‐noxious and noxious stimulation session, non‐noxious stimulation session, and noxious stimulation session were performed for each subject at each 10‐minute interval for 30 minutes.The amplitudes of the SEP and VAS scores in the combined stimulation session decreased significantly compared with those in the control session and the reduction rates were 51.1% (13.4 μV) and 41.0% (23.5 mm), respectively.These results show that the combined stimulation has a more potent analgesic effect than that of either the non‐noxious or the noxious stimulation. It is suggested that a potent analgesia was produced by an activated central mechanism, including endogenous opioid and descending pain inhibitory systems due to combined non‐noxious and noxious stimulation.
The dominance behavioural system: A multidimensional transdiagnostic approach
Authors: Tang‐Smith Eliot , Johnson Sheri L. , Chen Stephen 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe dominance behavioural system (DBS) is multi‐faceted, and various aspects of this system have links with a range of psychopathologies. Different scales have been used across psychopathologies though, and no single measure captures the core dimensions of the DBS. Our goal was to assess the importance of multiple DBS dimensions across psychopathologies.MethodsUndergraduates (N = 612) completed a broad set of dominance items (many from pre‐existing measures) and measures of lifetime depression, anxiety, and manic symptoms.ResultsFactor analysis suggested six distinct DBS factors: Authentic Pride, Hubristic Pride, Cooperation, Power/Influence, Discomfort with Leadership, and Ruthless Ambition. Depressive and anxious symptoms related to notably similar DBS profiles, characterized by lower authentic pride, lower perceived power, and greater willingness to endorse hubris. In contrast, hypomanic tendencies related to heightened pride, and an emphasis on the pursuit of power despite interpersonal costs.ConclusionsWith a multi‐faceted approach, the DBS appears to be relevant for understanding multiple forms of psychopathology. Although limited by the reliance on self‐report questionnaires, this is the first transdiagnostic study to consider these multiple facets of the DBS.Practitioner points

The dominance system involves multiple separable dimensions.

Manic tendencies appear tied to experiencing a heightened sense of pride and being willing to use more aggressive behavioural strategies to pursue dominance.

Anxious and depressive tendencies appear particularly tied to low levels of subjective power, and more willingness to describe oneself as having hubris.

Pride, the subjective sense of achieving power, and behavioural approaches to achieving power appear to be important dimensions of the dominance system for understanding psychopathology.
Long‐Term Efficacy of Oxybutynin for Palmar and Plantar Hyperhidrosis in Children Younger than 14 Years
Authors: Wolosker Nelson , Teivelis Marcelo P. , Krutman Mariana , de Paula Rafael P. , Schvartsman Claudio , Kauffman Paulo , de Campos José R. M. , Puech‐Leão Pedro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOxybutynin for treating hyperhidrosis in children has been evaluated only in short‐term studies. We aimed to investigate the long‐term effects of oxybutynin in treating children with palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis who had not undergone surgery and who were monitored for at least 6 months (median 19.6 mos). A cohort of 97 patients was evaluated retrospectively, with particular attention to 59 children (ages 4–14 yrs) who were treated for longer than 6 months. Their quality of life (QOL) was evaluated using a validated clinical questionnaire before and after 6 weeks of pharmacologic therapy. A self‐assessment of hyperhidrosis was performed after 6 weeks and after the last consultation. By their final office visit, more than 91% of the children with hyperhidrosis treated with oxybutynin experienced moderate or great improvement in their level of sweating and 94.9% experienced improvement in QOL. More than 90% of children reported improvement of hyperhidrosis at other sites. Dry mouth was the most common side effect. Oxybutynin appears to be an effective treatment option for children with hyperhidrosis, and positive results are maintained over the long term (median 19.6 mos).
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis in a Newborn after Brief Therapeutic Hypothermia: Ultrasonographic Examination
Authors: Tognetti Linda , Filippou Georgios , Bertrando Sara , Picerno Valentina , Buonocore Giuseppe , Frediani Bruno , Fimiani Michele , Rubegni Pietro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA 7‐day‐old infant developed erythematous indurated plaques on the back, left shoulder, and arm a few days after therapeutic hypothermia. Ultrasonographic study along with Doppler blood flow analysis of lesional skin areas revealed flogistic fat involvement and calcifications. On the basis of clinical appearance, patient history, and ultrasonographic study, a diagnosis of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn was established.
Comparison of Gestational Weight Gain z‐Scores and Traditional Weight Gain Measures in Relation to Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Bodnar Lisa M. , Hutcheon Jennifer A. , Parisi Sara M. , Pugh Sarah J. , Abrams Barbara 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundConventional measures of gestational weight gain (GWG) are correlated with pregnancy duration, and may induce bias to studies of GWG and perinatal outcomes. A maternal weight‐gain‐for‐gestational‐age z‐score chart is a new tool that allows total GWG to be classified as a standardised z‐score that is independent of gestational duration. Our objective was to compare associations with perinatal outcomes when GWG was assessed using gestational age‐standardised z‐scores and conventional GWG measures.MethodsWe studied normal‐weight (n = 522 120) and overweight (n = 237 923) women who delivered liveborn, singleton infants in Pennsylvania, 2003–11. GWG was expressed using gestational age‐standardised z‐scores and three traditional measures: total GWG (kg), rate of GWG (kg per week of gestation), and the GWG adequacy ratio (observed GWG/GWG recommended by the Institute of Medicine). Log‐binomial regression models were used to assess associations between GWG and preterm birth, and small‐ and large‐for‐gestational‐age births, while adjusting for race/ethnicity, education, smoking, and other confounders.ResultsThe association between GWG z‐score and preterm birth was approximately U‐shaped. The risk of preterm birth associated with weight gain <10th percentile of each measure was substantially overestimated when GWG was classified using total kilogram and was moderately overestimated using rate of GWG or GWG adequacy ratio. All GWG measures had similar associations with small‐ or large‐for‐gestational‐age birth.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that studies of gestational age‐dependent outcomes misspecify associations if total GWG, rate of GWG, or GWG adequacy ratio are used. The potential for gestational age‐related bias can be eliminated by using z‐score charts to classify total GWG.
Nitrosatable Drug Exposure during Pregnancy and Preterm and Small‐for‐Gestational‐Age Births
Authors: Vuong Ann M. , Shinde Mayura U. , Brender Jean D. , Shipp Eva M. , Huber John C , Zheng Qi , McDonald Thomas J. , Sharkey Joseph R. , Hoyt Adrienne T. , Werler Martha M. , Kelley Katherine E. , Langlois Peter H. , Canfield Mark A. ,   National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundNitrosatable drugs react with nitrite in the stomach to form N‐nitroso compounds, observed in animal models to result in adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as birth defects and reduced fetal weight. Previous studies examining prenatal exposure to medications classified as nitrosatable have reported an increased risk of preterm births (PTBs) and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants.MethodsUsing data from mothers (controls) of babies without major birth defects from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, prenatal nitrosatable drug usage by trimester and month of gestation was examined in relation to PTBs and SGA infants.ResultsPositive associations were observed with nitrosatable drug use and PTBs, with the strongest relationship with second trimester exposure (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.37, [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10, 1.70]). Of the nitrosatable functional groups, secondary amines were the most notable, with a higher association among women with second (aHR 1.37, [95% CI 1.05, 1.79]) and third (aHR 1.34, [95% CI 1.02, 1.76]) trimester exposure compared with women with no prenatal nitrosatable drug use. Among SGA infants, a borderline association was noted with amide exposure during the third trimester (adjusted odds ratio 1.43 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00, 2.05]).ConclusionsPrenatal exposure to nitrosatable drugs during the second and third trimester of pregnancy, particularly secondary amines, might increase the risk of PTBs. However, prenatal exposure to nitrosatable drugs was not associated with SGA infants, with the exception of amide drugs.