bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multistep weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme
Authors: Shen Yiqing , Liu Li , Yang Yan 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYA fifth‐order accurate multistep weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) scheme is constructed in this paper. Different from the traditional WENO schemes, which are designed to have (2r−1)th order accuracy in the smooth regions directly from r candidate stencils, the new scheme is constructed through (r−1) weighting steps. In each step, only two neighboring stencils are used to construct the intermediate fluxes (or the final flux), which are only one order higher than the fluxes obtained from the previous step. Henrick's mapping function is used in each step to satisfy the sufficient condition of fifth‐order convergence for a fifth‐order WENO scheme; hence, the new scheme is fifth‐order accurate in smooth regions. The distinctive advantage of the new scheme is that it can improve the accuracy by one order higher than the traditional WENO schemes at transition points (connecting a smooth region and a discontinuity point); and hence, it improves the accuracy in the regions near discontinuities. Numerical examples show that the new scheme is robust and is less dissipative than the traditional fifth‐order WENO schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and Parametric Study of a Single Solid Oxide Fuel Cell by Finite Element Method
Authors: Daneshvar K. , Dotelli G. , Cristiani C. , Pelosato R. , Santarelli M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA 2D isothermal axisymmetric model of an anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cell has been developed. The model, which is based on finite element approach, comprises electronic and ionic charge balance, Butler–Volmer charge transfer kinetic, flow distribution and gas phase mass balance in both channels and porous electrodes. The model has been validated using available experimental data coming from a single anode‐supported cell comprising Ni–YSZ/YSZ/LSM–YSZ as anode, electrolyte and cathode, respectively. Hydrogen and steam were used as fuel inlet and air as an oxidant. The validation has been carried out at 1 atm, 1,500 ml min–1 air flow rate and three different operating conditions of temperature and fuel flow rate: 1,073 K and 400 ml min–1, 1,073 K and 500 ml min–1, and 1,003 K and 400 ml min–1. The polarization and power density versus current density curves show a good agreement with the experimental data. A parametric analysis has been carried out to highlight which parameters have main effect on the overall cell performance as measured by polarization curve, especially focusing on the influence of two geometrical characteristics, temperature and some effective material properties.
Reversed hierarchy in the brain for general and specific cognitive abilities: A morphometric analysis
Authors: Román Francisco J. , Abad Francisco J. , Escorial Sergio , Burgaleta Miguel , Martínez Kenia , Álvarez‐Linera Juan , Quiroga María Ángeles , Karama Sherif , Haier Richard J. , Colom Roberto 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntelligence is composed of a set of cognitive abilities hierarchically organized. General and specific abilities capture distinguishable, but related, facets of the intelligence construct. Here, we analyze gray matter with three morphometric indices (volume, cortical surface area, and cortical thickness) at three levels of the intelligence hierarchy (tests, first‐order factors, and a higher‐order general factor, g). A group of one hundred and four healthy young adults completed a cognitive battery and underwent high‐resolution structural MRI. Latent scores were computed for the intelligence factors and tests were also analyzed. The key finding reveals substantial variability in gray matter correlates at the test level, which is substantially reduced for the first‐order and the higher‐order factors. This supports a reversed hierarchy in the brain with respect to cognitive abilities at different psychometric levels: the greater the generality, the smaller the number of relevant gray matter clusters accounting for individual differences in intelligent performance. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3805–3818, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Repetition suppression of face‐selective evoked and induced EEG recorded from human cortex
Authors: Engell Andrew D. , McCarthy Gregory 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn functional MRI studies, repetition suppression refers to the reduction of hemodynamic activation to repeated stimulus presentation. For example, the repeated presentation of a face reduces the hemodynamic response evoked by faces in the fusiform gyrus. The neural events that underlie repetition suppression are not well understood. Indeed, in contrast to the hemodynamic response, the face‐specific N200 recorded from subdural electrodes on the ventral occipitotemporal cortex, primarily along the fusiform gyrus, has been reported to be insensitive to face‐identity repetition. We have previously described a face‐specific broadband gamma (30–100 Hz) response at ventral face‐specific N200 sites that is functionally dissociable from the N200. In this study, we investigate whether gamma and other components of the electroencephalogram spectrum are affected by face‐identity repetition independently of the N200. Participants viewed sequentially presented identical faces. At sites on and around the fusiform gyrus, we found that face repetition modulated alpha (8–12 Hz), low‐gamma (30–60 Hz), and high‐gamma (60–100 Hz) synchrony, but not the N200. These findings provide evidence of a spatially co‐localized progression of face processing. Whereas the N200 reflects an initial obligatory response that is less sensitive to face‐identity repetition, the subsequent spectral fluctuations reflect more elaborative face processing and are thus sensitive to face novelty. It is notable that the observed modulations were different for different frequency bands. We observed repetition suppression of broadband gamma, but repetition enhancement of alpha synchrony. This difference is discussed with regard to an existing model of repetition suppression and behavioral repetition priming. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4155–4162, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial patterns of genome‐wide expression profiles reflect anatomic and fiber connectivity architecture of healthy human brain
Authors: Goel Pragya , Kuceyeski Amy , LoCastro Eve , Raj Ashish 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUnraveling the relationship between molecular signatures in the brain and their functional, architectonic, and anatomic correlates is an important neuroscientific goal. It is still not well understood whether the diversity demonstrated by histological studies in the human brain is reflected in the spatial patterning of whole brain transcriptional profiles. Using genome‐wide maps of transcriptional distribution of the human brain by the Allen Brain Institute, we test the hypothesis that gene expression profiles are specific to anatomically described brain regions. In this work, we demonstrate that this is indeed the case by showing that gene similarity clusters appear to respect conventional basal‐cortical and caudal‐rostral gradients. To fully investigate the causes of this observed spatial clustering, we test a connectionist hypothesis that states that the spatial patterning of gene expression in the brain is simply reflective of the fiber tract connectivity between brain regions. We find that although gene expression and structural connectivity are not determined by each other, they do influence each other with a high statistical significance. This implies that spatial diversity of gene expressions is a result of mainly location‐specific features but is influenced by neuronal connectivity, such that like cellular species preferentially connects with like cells. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4204–4218, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employment pathways and work‐related issues in head and neck cancer survivors
Authors: Koch Robert , Wittekindt Claus , Altendorf–Hofmann Annelore , Singer Susanne , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn this exploratory study, employment and psychological factors were investigated in head and neck cancer survivors with survivorship of ≥2 years.MethodsFifty‐five head and neck cancer survivors ≤60 years old completed a survey including subscales from the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) instrument, the Miller Behavioral Style Scale, the General Perceived Self‐Efficacy Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), and the Hornheider–Fragebogen short version (HFB) measuring the need for psychological interventions. Exploratory analyses of associations to the employment status were performed.ResultsThe rate of employed patients dropped from three‐fourths of patients before diagnosis to one‐third at an average of 66.8 months after diagnosis. Current unemployment was associated with harder physical work before cancer diagnosis, surgical treatment, and current risky alcohol consumption. Unemployed survivors reported decreased FACT functional and social well‐being and higher PHQ depression scores.ConclusionPsychosocial variables were significantly related to employment. Further research is needed to examine these relationships. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 585–593, 2015
Infiltration and soil water dynamics in a tropical dry forest: it may be dry but definitely not arid
Authors: Farrick Kegan K. , Branfireun Brian A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStudies of hydrological processes in tropical dry forests are less than 1% of published forest hydrology literature. The strong dry‐wet seasonality typical of the tropical dry forest ecoregion is similar to those that characterize semi‐arid regions. In semi‐arid systems, infiltration is often limited by low hydraulic conductivities (K) and extreme levels of soil water repellency, which when combined with high rainfall intensities, result in infiltration excess (Hortonian) overland flow (HOF) as a dominant runoff mechanism. Given that little is known about the surface runoff hydrology of tropical dry forests, we tested the hypothesis that our knowledge about controls on runoff in semi‐arid systems is transferrable to tropical dry forest hillslopes. Our results show that tropical dry forest soils do develop a strong water repellency during the dry season; however, this does not persist through the wet season. In our period of study, surface K ranged from 9 to 164 mm/h and was greater than the rainfall intensity for more than 75% of the rain events. In our period of study, rainfall intensities were generally low with more than half of the storm events falling between 0.2 and 4.2 mm/h. The low rainfall intensities, high K and lack of repellent surfaces during the wet season result in the percolation of >70% of the annual rainfall through the upper 30 cm of soil, indicating that subsurface flow, not HOF, is the primary runoff mechanism. These findings show that in spite of similar climate and vegetation regimes, hydrological knowledge from semi‐arid catchments is not transferrable to tropical dry forests. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Fas and Treg Cells in Fracture Healing as Characterized in the Fas-Deficient (lpr) Mouse Model of Lupus
Authors: Al-Sebaei Maisa O , Daukss Dana M , Belkina Anna C , Kakar Sanjeev , Wigner Nathan A , Cusher Daniel , Graves Dana , Einhorn Thomas , Morgan Elise , Gerstenfeld Louis C 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Previous studies showed that loss of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) signaling delayed fracture healing by delaying chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage resorption. Mechanistic studies showed that TNFα induced Fas expression within chondrocytes; however, the degree to which chondrocyte apoptosis is mediated by TNFα alone or dependent on the induction of Fas is unclear. This question was addressed by assessing fracture healing in Fas-deficient B6.MRL/Faslpr/J mice. Loss of Fas delayed cartilage resorption but also lowered bone fraction in the calluses. The reduced bone fraction was related to elevated rates of coupled bone turnover in the B6.MRL/Faslpr/J calluses, as evidenced by higher osteoclast numbers and increased osteogenesis. Analysis of the apoptotic marker caspase 3 showed fewer positive chondrocytes and osteoclasts in calluses of B6.MRL/Faslpr/J mice. To determine if an active autoimmune state contributed to increased bone turnover, the levels of activated T cells and Treg cells were assessed. B6.MRL/Faslpr/J mice had elevated Treg cells in both spleens and bones of B6.MRL/Faslpr/J but decreased percentage of activated T cells in bone tissues. Fracture led to ∼30% to 60% systemic increase in Treg cells in both wild-type and B6.MRL/Faslpr/J bone tissues during the period of cartilage formation and resorption but either decreased (wild type) or left unchanged (B6.MRL/Faslpr/J) the numbers of activated T cells in bone. These results show that an active autoimmune state is inhibited during the period of cartilage resorption and suggest that iTreg cells play a functional role in this process. These data show that loss of Fas activity specifically in chondrocytes prolonged the life span of chondrocytes and that Fas synergized with TNFα signaling to mediate chondrocyte apoptosis. Conversely, loss of Fas systemically led to increased osteoclast numbers during later periods of fracture healing and increased osteogenesis. These findings suggest that retention of viable chondrocytes locally inhibits osteoclast activity or matrix proteolysis during cartilage resorption. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Relationship Between Mortality and BMI After Fracture: A Population-Based Study of Men and Women Aged ≥40 Years
Authors: Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Premaor Melissa O , Avilés Francesc Fina , Castro Alberto Soria , Javaid M Kassim , Nogués Xavier , Arden Nigel K , Cooper Cyrus , Compston Juliet E , Diez-Perez Adolfo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Fractures in obese older individuals contribute significantly to the overall burden on primary health care, but data on their impact on mortality are lacking. We studied the association between obesity and mortality following hip and nonhip clinical fractures in a retrospective, population-based cohort study. The Sistema d'Informació pel Desenvolupament de la Investigació en Atenció Primària (SIDIAPQ) database contains primary care computerized medical records of a representative sample of &gt;2.1 million people (35% of the population) in Catalonia (Spain), linked to hospital admissions data. We included in this analysis anyone aged 40 years and older suffering a hip or nonhip clinical fracture in 2007 to 2009 in the SIDIAPQ database. The main exposure was the most recent body mass index (BMI) measured before fracture, categorized as underweight (&lt;18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5 to &lt;25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to &lt;30 kg/m2), and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Furthermore, the study outcome was all-cause mortality in 2007 to 2009 as provided to SIDIAPQ by the National Office of Statistics. Time to death after fracture was modeled using Cox regression. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, smoking, alcohol intake, oral glucocorticoid use, and Charlson comorbidity index. Within the study period, 6988 and 29,372 subjects with a hip or nonhip clinical fracture were identified and followed for a median (interquartile range) of 1.17 (0.53–2.02) and 1.36 (0.65–2.15) years, respectively. Compared to subjects of normal weight, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality in overweight and obese subjects were 0.74 (95% CI, 0.62–0.88; p = 0.001) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.60–0.91; p = 0.004) after hip and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.32–0.77; p = 0.002), 0.56 (95% CI, 0.36–0.87; p = 0.010) after nonhip fracture. In conclusion, the highest mortality was observed in individuals with low BMI, but compared to subjects of normal weight, obese and overweight individuals survived longer following fracture. The latter observation is consistent with data reported in other chronic conditions, but the reasons for reduced mortality in obese and overweight subjects when compared to those of normal weight require further research. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Synthesis and Characterization of Naphthalene‐Based Banana‐Shaped Liquid Crystals for Photoswitching Properties
Authors: Rahman Md Lutfor , Yusoff Mashitah Mohd , Hegde Gurumurthy , Malek Muhammad Nor Fazli Abdul , Samah Nurlin Abu , Srinivasa H. T. , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA series of banana‐shaped monomers containing naphthalene as central units, azobenzene in side arms with terminal alkenes were synthesized and characterized. Polarizing optical microscopy, DSC and X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that one compound processes a nematic phase while other four compounds exhibit B6 phase. The absorption spectrum of trans‐azobenzene displays high‐intensity π‐π* transition at 365 and low‐intensity n‐π* transition at 450 nm. These molecules exhibit strong photoisomerisation behaviour in solutions in which trans to cis isomerisation takes 55 seconds whereas reverse process takes about 32 hours. Such a long thermal back relaxation is useful for creation of optical image storage devices.
Microorganism‐mediated, CTAC‐directed synthesis of SERS‐sensitive Au nanohorns with three‐dimensional nanostructures by Escherichia coli cells
Authors: Jing Xiaolian , Huang Dengpo , Chen Huimei , Odoom‐Wubah Tareque , Sun Daohua , Huang Jiale , Li Qingbiao 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe synthesis and application of novel Au nanostructures are of increasing importance in modern nanotechnology.RESULTSClosely packed and chemically difficult‐to‐synthesize Au nanohorns (AuNHs) were synthesized in the presence of Escherichia coli cells (ECCs) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) by a microorganism‐mediated, CTAC‐directed (MCD) approach. A proper ECC dosage, ascorbic acid (AA) and CTAC concentrations were essential for the growth of the AuNHs. In the formation mechanism of the AuNHs the ECCs surface acted as a platform for preferential nucleation and initial anisotropic growth of Au nanocrystals. As a result, some of the adjacent nanoparticles over the cell surface connected together via linear fusion to form dendritic nanostructures. Meanwhile, secondary nucleation in the solution gave rise to smaller nanoparticles that were consumed later on via Ostwald ripening during the formation of the AuNHs. Eventually, the two‐dimensional film‐like nanostructures between adjacent cells easily connected to form well‐defined AuNHs with three‐dimensional nanostructures. Interestingly, the AuNH/ECC composites can be used directly as sensitive surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for effective detection of 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA).CONCLUSIONThe MCD strategy was an effective approach to novel AuNHs and AuNH/microorganism nanocomposites as SERS substrate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
MR pulse wave velocity increases with age faster in the thoracic aorta than in the abdominal aorta
Authors: Devos Daniel G.H. , Rietzschel Ernst , Heyse Catherine , Vandemaele Pieter , Van Bortel Luc , Babin Danilo , Segers Patrick , Westenberg Jos M. , Achten Rik 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo assess the difference between thoracic and abdominal aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) in apparently healthy subjects including young adults to elderly subjects.Materials and MethodsWe performed PWV and distensibility measurements and analysis of thoracic and abdominal aortic segments in 96 apparently normal subjects aged 20–80 years with magnetic resonance (MR). Both unadjusted correlation and General Linear Model (GLM) analysis of log‐transformed PWV (thoracic and abdominal aorta) and distensibility (four aortic cross‐sections) were performed.ResultsBoth thoracic and abdominal PWV values and distensibility values increased with age. In unadjusted analyses the correlation between the ln(thoracic PWV) and age (r = 0.71; P < 0.001) was stronger than between ln(abdominal PWV) and age (r = 0.50; P < 0.001). In GLM analysis, the only determinant of thoracic and abdominal PWV was age (F = 42.5 and F = 14.8, respectively; both P < 0.001). Similarly, correlation between ln(distensibility) and age was strong (r = −0.79, r = −0.67, r = −0.71, and r = −0.65 for ascending, descending, diaphragmatic, and low abdominal aorta, respectively; all P < 0.001). In GLM analysis, age was the major determinant for distensibility of the ascending aorta (F = 81.7; P < 0.001), descending aorta (F = 42.2; P < 0.001), diaphragmatic aorta (F = 39.2; P < 0.001), and low abdominal aorta (F = 32.8; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe thoracic aorta is less stiff than the abdominal aorta in young and middle‐aged subjects, and stiffens more rapidly with age than the abdominal aorta, resulting in a stiffer thoracic than abdominal aorta at older age. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:765–772. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
European degree‐day climatologies and trends for the period 1951–2011
Authors: Spinoni J. , Vogt J. , Barbosa P. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe global increase of temperature, together with more frequent severe winters and summer heat waves may lead to a change in energy consumption and agricultural production. Cooling, heating, and growing degree‐days (CDD,HDD, andGDD), respectively, are used to quantify the energy needed to condition or heat buildings, and to study the growing season. Using a new dataset made of 4023 dailyTN–TM–TXseries for the period 2001–2011 and 3897 monthlyTMhomogenized series for the period 1951–2011, we computedCDD,HDD,GDD, and Winkler Index (WI) for Europe. We developed a model that correlates degree‐days calculated with dailyTN–TM–TXdata with degree‐days obtained by monthlyTMdata, in the overlapping period 2001–2011. A set of parameters for each station was then applied to the corresponding 1951–2011 monthly records. We interpolated the parameters and the reconstructed degree‐day series onto a European 0.25° × 0.25° grid: with these gridded parameters, one can estimate the degree‐days for any European location if only monthlyTMis available. We present maps of HDD, CDD, GDD, and WI for the period 1951–2010. To validate them, we run a comparison in the Carpathian area using an independent dataset (from the CARPATCLIM project). The regional records show high correlations, especially for HDD (r> 0.99) and WI (r> 0.98). Subsequently, we performed a linear trend analysis on European and regional basis. HDD showed a significant decrease almost everywhere in Europe, whereas CDD, GDD, and WI showed a significant increase in particular in the last 30 years in the Mediterranean region. Moreover, WI indicated that new areas in France and central Europe became suitable for grape cultivation in the last decades.