bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Disabilities and Inequality
Authors: Shifrer Dara 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFunctionally speaking, students are labeled with learning disabilities (LDs) and placed into special education to enable them to achieve up to their potential. Nonetheless, potential links between LDs and inequality have been a dominant research theme. Inequality may determine who experiences LDs, or who receives the LD label, just as inequality may result from LDs, or from the LD label. This article reviews broad theoretical perspectives of LDs, as well as research focused specifically on LDs and inequality. With significant data and methodological limitations hindering this body of research, this article also demonstrates how theoretical perspectives and methodologies from sociology of education and sociology of health could make significant contributions to the literatures and policy focused on this group of students.
Social Stratification and the Body: Gender, Race, and Class
Authors: Mason Katherine 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article introduces the study of social stratification and the body in sociology. Two major fields of social inequality, race and sex, are characterized by visible, physical markers (such as skin tone or body shape) that people use to attribute meaning to the bodies of those around them. Class, on the other hand, offers far subtler bodily clues to the casual observer. Drawing on studies of racialized and sexed bodies, this article derives two principles for studying bodies, class, and social stratification more broadly. First, the relationship between bodies and inequality is bidirectional and co‐constitutive: while beliefs about the meanings of bodily difference are used to legitimate social inequality, preexisting inequalities also shape the appearance, health, and capabilities of the body. Second, the mechanism by which bodily difference is used to justify inequality is the ideology of self‐control: claims about the bodies of marginalized groups tend to frame them as reflecting a lack of self‐discipline, thereby “proving” their moral or evolutionary unfitness for power. The article ends by identifying emerging areas of study that promise to advance the study of embodied stratification and by highlighting the continuing centrality of intersectisonal theories of difference and inequality in embodiment research.
Social Capital and Internet Use: The Irrelevant, the Bad, and the Good
Authors: Neves Barbara Barbosa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe social effects of Internet use have been a major concern for social scientists and society alike. How the Internet affects social capital has been a hot topic in sociology and other social sciences: Is the Internet reinforcing and complementing social capital? Or is it isolating people and diminishing their social capital? Social capital is here defined as the resources that are embedded in one's social ties. This article reviews the literature on the subject, looking at three perspectives: one that suggests no relationship between the Internet and social capital, a second that suggests a negative relationship between the Internet and social capital, and a third that suggests a positive relationship between the Internet and social capital. I conclude by showing that despite the prominent dystopian view of the Internet in the public and in some academic discourse (and the moral panic associated with it), research supports a positive relationship between Internet use and social capital. In addition, I discuss new trends and directions for future research.
Understanding Popularity and Relational Aggression in Adolescence: The Role of Social Dominance Orientation
Authors: Mayeux Lara 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study investigated a potential moderator of the association between popularity and relational aggression: social dominance orientation (SDO), the degree to which an individual endorses the importance of social hierarchy. One hundred eighty‐five ninth graders completed a sociometric assessment of RA and popularity, and a self‐report SDO measure. SDO was positively associated with popularity for both boys and girls, and with RA for girls. Popularity and RA were positively correlated for both genders. Regression analyses showed that SDO moderated the association between popularity and RA for girls, but not for boys. Girls who were both popular and who were social dominance‐oriented were particularly high in peer‐nominated RA. SDO may provide a useful framework for understanding the role of popularity in adolescent peer groups.
Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in patients with incisional hernia
Authors: Henriksen Nadia A. , Sørensen Lars T. , Jorgensen Lars N. , Ågren Magnus S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIncisional hernia formation is a common complication to laparotomy and possibly associated with alterations in connective tissue metabolism. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are closely involved in the metabolism of the extracellular matrix. Our aim was to study serum levels of multiple MMPs and TIMPs in patients with and without incisional hernia. Out of 305 patients who underwent laparotomy, 79 (25.9%) developed incisional hernia over a median follow‐up period of 3.7 years. Pooled sera from a subset (n = 72) of these patients were screened for MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, MMP‐10, MMP‐12, MMP‐13, TIMP‐1, TIMP‐2, and TIMP‐4 using a multiplex sandwich fluorescent immunoassay supplemented with gelatin zymography. The screening indicated differences in serum MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 levels. Consequently, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 levels were measured in serum in the whole patient cohort with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. There were no significant differences in either MMP‐9 (p = 0.411) or TIMP‐1 (p = 0.679) levels between hernia and hernia‐free patients. MMP‐9 was significantly increased in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p = 0.016). In conclusion, a possible involvement of MMPs and TIMPs in the pathogenesis of incisional hernia formation was not reflected systemically.
Wound hypoxia in deep tissue after incision in rats
Authors: Kang Sinyoung , Lee Dongchul , Theusch Brett E. , Arpey Christopher J. , Brennan Timothy J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOur previous studies using rat models of incisional pain have shown that tissue lactate levels increase and pH decreases for several days after incision, suggesting the presence of an ischemic‐like condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time course and the extent of tissue hypoxia that develops in incised muscle and skin. We directly measured oxygen tension at several time points after incisions of the gastrocnemius muscle, the paraspinal skin, and the plantar hindpaw in anesthetized rats using an oxygen‐sensitive microelectrode. In vivo hypoxia of the incised tissues was also evaluated immunohistochemically using a hypoxia marker, pimonidazole hydrochloride. To minimize intersubject variability, unincised contralateral tissues were used as a control. Tissue oxygen tension was decreased in both skeletal muscle and skin compared with control, for several days after incision. When measured directly, oxygen tension decreased immediately and remained low for several days after incisions. Pimonidazole immunostaining revealed hypoxic areas in incised muscle and skin for several days. By postoperative day 10, tissue oxygen tension recovered to that of control tissue. These results support the evidence that a hypoxic condition is present in deep tissue after incisions and that an ischemic‐like mechanism may contribute to postoperative pain.
Antibody Avidity in Humoral Immune Responses in Bangladeshi Children and Adults following Administration of an Oral Killed Cholera Vaccine
Authors: Alam Mohammad Murshid , Leung Daniel T. , Akhtar Marjahan , Nazim Mohammad , Akter Sarmin , Uddin Taher , Khanam Farhana , Mahbuba Deena Al , Ahmad Shaikh Meshbahuddin , Bhuiyan Taufiqur Rahman , Calderwood Stephen B. , Ryan Edward T. , Qadri Firdausi 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTAntibody avidity for antigens following disease or vaccination increases with affinity maturation and somatic hypermutation. In this study, we followed children and adults in Bangladesh for 1 year following oral cholera vaccination and measured the avidity of antibodies to the T cell-dependent antigen cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and the T cell-independent antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in comparison with responses in other immunological measurements. Children produced CTB-specific IgG and IgA antibodies of high avidity following vaccination, which persisted for several months; the magnitudes of responses were comparable to those seen in adult vaccinees. The avidity of LPS-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in vaccinees increased significantly shortly after the second dose of vaccine but waned rapidly to baseline levels thereafter. CTB-specific memory B cells were present for only a short time following vaccination, and we did not find significant memory B cell responses to LPS in any age group. For older children, there was a significant correlation between CTB-specific memory T cell responses after the second dose of vaccine and CTB-specific IgG antibody avidity indices over the subsequent year. These findings suggest that vaccination induces a longer-lasting increase in the avidity of antibodies to a T cell-dependent antigen than is measured by a memory B cell response to that antigen and that early memory T cell responses correlate well with the subsequent development of higher-avidity antibodies.
Molecular Characterization of Reptile Pathogens Currently Known as Members of the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii Complex and Relationship with Some Human-Associated Isolates
Authors: Sigler Lynne , Hambleton Sarah , Paré Jean A. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn recent years, theChrysosporiumanamorph ofNannizziopsis vriesii(CANV),Chrysosporium guarroi,Chrysosporium ophiodiicola, andChrysosporiumspecies have been reported as the causes of dermal or deep lesions in reptiles. These infections are contagious and often fatal and affect both captive and wild animals. Forty-nine CANV isolates from reptiles and six isolates from human sources were compared withN. vriesiibased on their cultural characteristics and DNA sequence data. Analyses of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal gene revealed that the reptile pathogens and human isolates belong in well-supported clades corresponding to three lineages that are distinct from all other taxa within the familyOnygenaceaeof the orderOnygenales. One lineage represents the genusNannizziopsisand comprisesN. vriesii,N. guarroi, and six additional species encompassing isolates from chameleons and geckos, crocodiles, agamid and iguanid lizards, and humans. Two other lineages comprise the genusOphidiomyces, with the speciesOphidiomyces ophiodiicolaoccurring only in snakes, andParanannizziopsisgen. nov., with three new species infecting squamates and tuataras. The newly described species areNannizziopsis dermatitidis,Nannizziopsis crocodili,Nannizziopsis barbata,Nannizziopsis infrequens,Nannizziopsis hominis,Nannizziopsis obscura,Paranannizziopsis australasiensis,Paranannizziopsis californiensis, andParanannizziopsis crustacea.Chrysosporium longisporumhas been reclassified asParanannizziopsis longispora.N. guarroicauses yellow fungus disease, a common infection in bearded dragons and green iguanas, andO. ophiodiicolais an emerging pathogen of captive and wild snakes. Human-associated species were not recovered from reptiles, and reptile-associated species were recovered only from reptiles, thereby mitigating concerns related to zoonosis.
Long-Term Carriage of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Patients Discharged from Hospitals: a 12-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Karki Surendra , Land Gillian , Aitchison Stacey , Kennon Jacqueline , Johnson Paul D. R. , Ballard Susan A. , Leder Karin , Cheng Allen C. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Contact precautions are recommended in hospitals to prevent the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE); however, there is no clear policy for how long patients should be under contact precautions due to a lack of information on the duration of carriage of these organisms. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to understand the duration of carriage of VRE (by screening of a single stool culture) and associated factors among patients who had been identified with VRE infection and/or colonization since the year 2000 at our health facilities. Of the 345 eligible participants, 136 did not respond, 90 declined to participate, and 16 did not send in the required specimens. Of the 103 remaining participants, 13 were found to have current VRE fecal carriage. The proportion of colonized patients fell from 40% (2/5) in the first year to 23.3% (7/30) in year 4. None of the 40 patients who had VRE detected >4 years prior were found to be colonized at the time of the study. The longest duration of detected VRE positivity was 46.5 months. Univariate analysis revealed that recent exposure to any antibiotics (
P
= 0.016), multiple antibiotics (
P
= 0.001), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (
P
= 0.021), piperacillin-tazobactam (
P
= 0.007), glycopeptides (
P
< 0.001), meropenem (
P
= 0.007), aminoglycosides (
P
= 0.021), or fluoroquinolones (
P
= 0.021), being the index case in a clinical specimen (
P
= 0.016), and recent hospitalization (
P
< 0.001) were significantly associated with continued carriage on follow-up. In the surviving outpatients, a significant proportion appeared to clear VRE carriage. Our results suggest that in the absence of recent risk factors, such as hospitalization or antibiotic use, patients with a remote history of colonization (>4 years) may no longer require contact isolation precautions.
Four Main Virotypes among Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Isolates of Escherichia coli O25b:H4-B2-ST131: Bacterial, Epidemiological, and Clinical Characteristics
Authors: Blanco Jorge , Mora Azucena , Mamani Rosalia , López Cecilia , Blanco Miguel , Dahbi Ghizlane , Herrera Alexandra , Marzoa Juan , Fernández Val , de la Cruz Fernando , Martínez-Martínez Luis , Alonso María Pilar , Nicolas-Chanoine Marie-Hélène , Johnson James R. , Johnston Brian , López-Cerero Lorena , Pascual Álvaro , Rodríguez-Baño Jesús 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

A total of 1,021 extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing
Escherichia coli
(ESBLEC) isolates obtained in 2006 during a Spanish national survey conducted in 44 hospitals were analyzed for the presence of the O25b:H4-B2-ST131 (sequence type 131) clonal group. Overall, 195 (19%) O25b-ST131 isolates were detected, with prevalence rates ranging from 0% to 52% per hospital. Molecular characterization of 130 representative O25b-ST131 isolates showed that 96 (74%) were positive for CTX-M-15, 15 (12%) for CTX-M-14, 9 (7%) for SHV-12, 6 (5%) for CTX-M-9, 5 (4%) for CTX-M-32, and 1 (0.7%) each for CTX-M-3 and the new ESBL enzyme CTX-M-103. The 130 O25b-ST131 isolates exhibited relatively high virulence scores (mean, 14.4 virulence genes). Although the virulence profiles of the O25b-ST131 isolates were fairly homogeneous, they could be classified into four main virotypes based on the presence or absence of four distinctive virulence genes: virotypes A (22%) (
afa
FM955459 positive,
iroN
negative,
ibeA
negative,
sat
positive or negative), B (31%) (
afa
FM955459 negative,
iroN
positive,
ibeA
negative,
sat
positive or negative), C (32%) (
afa
FM955459 negative,
iroN
negative,
ibeA
negative, sat positive), and D (13%) (
afa
FM955459 negative,
iroN
positive or negative,
ibeA
positive,
sat
positive or negative). The four virotypes were also identified in other countries, with virotype C being overrepresented internationally. Correspondingly, an analysis of XbaI macrorestriction profiles revealed four major clusters, which were largely virotype specific. Certain epidemiological and clinical features corresponded with the virotype. Statistically significant virotype-specific associations included, for virotype B, older age and a lower frequency of infection (versus colonization), for virotype C, a higher frequency of infection, and for virotype D, younger age and community-acquired infections. In isolates of the O25b:H4-B2-ST131 clonal group, these findings uniquely define four main virotypes, which are internationally distributed, correspond with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles, and exhibit distinctive clinical-epidemiological associations.
Structural Insights into Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 5
Authors: Govindasamy Lakshmanan , DiMattia Michael A. , Gurda Brittney L. , Halder Sujata , McKenna Robert , Chiorini John A. , Muzyczka Nicholas , Zolotukhin Sergei , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
The adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) display differential cell binding, transduction, and antigenic characteristics specified by their capsid viral protein (VP) composition. Toward structure-function annotation, the crystal structure of AAV5, one of the most sequence diverse AAV serotypes, was determined to 3.45-Å resolution. The AAV5 VP and capsid conserve topological features previously described for other AAVs but uniquely differ in the surface-exposed HI loop between βH and βI of the core β-barrel motif and have pronounced conformational differences in two of the AAV surface variable regions (VRs), VR-IV and VR-VII. The HI loop is structurally conserved in other AAVs despite amino acid differences but is smaller in AAV5 due to an amino acid deletion. This HI loop is adjacent to VR-VII, which is largest in AAV5. The VR-IV, which forms the larger outermost finger-like loop contributing to the protrusions surrounding the icosahedral 3-fold axes of the AAVs, is shorter in AAV5, creating a smoother capsid surface topology. The HI loop plays a role in AAV capsid assembly and genome packaging, and VR-IV and VR-VII are associated with transduction and antigenic differences, respectively, between the AAVs. A comparison of interior capsid surface charge and volume of AAV5 to AAV2 and AAV4 showed a higher propensity of acidic residues but similar volumes, consistent with comparable DNA packaging capacities. This structure provided a three-dimensional (3D) template for functional annotation of the AAV5 capsid with respect to regions that confer assembly efficiency, dictate cellular transduction phenotypes, and control antigenicity.
Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Novel Arenaviruses, the Etiological Agents of Boid Inclusion Body Disease
Authors: Hetzel Udo , Sironen Tarja , Laurinmäki Pasi , Liljeroos Lassi , Patjas Aino , Henttonen Heikki , Vaheri Antti , Artelt Annette , Kipar Anja , Butcher Sarah J. , Vapalahti Olli , Hepojoki Jussi 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) is a progressive, usually fatal disease of constrictor snakes, characterized by cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB) in a wide range of cell types. To identify the causative agent of the disease, we established cell cultures from BIBD-positive and -negative boa constrictors. The IB phenotype was maintained in cultured cells of affected animals, and supernatants from these cultures caused the phenotype in cultures originating from BIBD-negative snakes. Viruses were purified from the supernatants by ultracentrifugation and subsequently identified as arenaviruses. Purified virus also induced the IB phenotype in naive cells, which fulfilled Koch's postulates
in vitro
. One isolate, tentatively designated University of Helsinki virus (UHV), was studied in depth. Sequencing confirmed that UHV is a novel arenavirus species that is distinct from other known arenaviruses including those recently identified in snakes with BIBD. The morphology of UHV was established by cryoelectron tomography and subtomographic averaging, revealing the trimeric arenavirus spike structure at 3.2-nm resolution. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting with a polyclonal rabbit antiserum against UHV and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) revealed the presence of genetically diverse arenaviruses in a large cohort of snakes with BIBD, confirming the causative role of arenaviruses. Some snakes were also found to carry arenavirus antibodies. Furthermore, mammalian cells (Vero E6) were productively infected with UHV, demonstrating the potential of arenaviruses to cross species barriers. In conclusion, we propose the newly identified lineage of arenaviruses associated with BIBD as a novel taxonomic entity, boid inclusion body disease-associated arenaviruses (BIBDAV), in the family
Arenaviridae
.
Thiazolides, a New Class of Antiviral Agents Effective against Rotavirus Infection, Target Viral Morphogenesis, Inhibiting Viroplasm Formation
Authors: La Frazia Simone , Ciucci Alessandra , Arnoldi Francesca , Coira Maurizio , Gianferretti Patrizia , Angelini Mara , Belardo Giuseppe , Burrone Oscar R. , Rossignol Jean-Francois , Santoro M. Gabriella 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Rotaviruses, nonenveloped viruses presenting a distinctive triple-layered particle architecture enclosing a segmented double-stranded RNA genome, exhibit a unique morphogenetic pathway requiring the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viroplasms in a process involving the nonstructural viral proteins NSP5 and NSP2. In these structures the concerted packaging and replication of the 11 positive-polarity single-stranded RNAs take place to generate the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomic segments. Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of gastroenteritis-associated severe morbidity and mortality in young children, but no effective antiviral therapy exists. Herein we investigate the antirotaviral activity of the thiazolide anti-infective nitazoxanide and reveal a novel mechanism by which thiazolides act against rotaviruses. Nitazoxanide and its active circulating metabolite, tizoxanide, inhibit simian A/SA11-G3P[2] and human Wa-G1P[8] rotavirus replication in different types of cells with 50% effective concentrations (EC
50
s) ranging from 0.3 to 2 μg/ml and 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC
50
s) higher than 50 μg/ml. Thiazolides do not affect virus infectivity, binding, or entry into target cells and do not cause a general inhibition of viral protein expression, whereas they reduce the size and alter the architecture of viroplasms, decreasing rotavirus dsRNA formation. As revealed by protein/protein interaction analysis, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and viroplasm-like structure formation analysis, thiazolides act by hindering the interaction between the nonstructural proteins NSP5 and NSP2. Altogether the results indicate that thiazolides inhibit rotavirus replication by interfering with viral morphogenesis and may represent a novel class of antiviral drugs effective against rotavirus gastroenteritis.