bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An embedding finite element method for viscous incompressible flows with complex immersed boundaries on Cartesian grids
Authors: Lo D.C. , Hsieh Chih-Min , Young D.L. 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The main advantage of the proposed method is that the computations can be performed on a Cartesian grid with complex immersed boundaries (IBs). The purpose of this paper is to device a numerical scheme based on an embedding finite element method for the solution of two-dimensional (2D) Navier-Stokes equations.

Design/methodology/approach
– Geometries featuring the stationary solid obstacles in the flow are embedded in the Cartesian grid with special discretizations near the embedded boundary to ensure the accuracy of the solution in the cut cells. To comprehend the complexities of the viscous flows with IBs, the paper adopts a compact interpolation scheme near the IBs that allows to satisfy the second-order accuracy and the conservation property of the solver. The interpolation scheme is designed by virtue of the shape function in the finite element scheme.

Findings
– Three numerical examples are selected to demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of the proposed methodology. Simulation of flow past a circular cylinder for a range of Re=20-200 shows excellent agreements with other results using different numerical schemes. Flows around a pair of tandem cylinders and several bodies are particularly investigated. The paper simulates the time-based variation of the flow phenomena for uniform flow past a pair of cylinders with various streamwise gaps between two cylinders. The results in terms of drag coefficient and Strouhal number show excellent agreements with the results available in the literature.

Originality/value
– Details of the flow characteristics, such as velocity distribution, pressure and vorticity fields are presented. It is concluded the combined embedding boundary method and FE discretizations are robust and accurate for solving 2D fluid flows with complex IBs.
Finite difference approach in porous media transport modeling for magnetohydrodynamic unsteady flow over a vertical plate
Authors: Ahmed Sahin , Batin Abdul , J. Chamkha Ali 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of Darcian drag force and radiation-conduction on unsteady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow of viscous, electrically conducting and Newtonian fluid over a vertical plate adjacent to a Darcian regime in presence of thermal radiation and transversal magnetic field. A well-tested, numerically stable Crank-Nicolson finite-difference procedure is employed for the conservation equations. Excellent agreement is obtained for numerical solutions with previously published work.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this investigation, an efficient, accurate, extensively validated and unconditionally stable finite-difference scheme based on the Crank-Nicolson model is developed to solve the governing coupled, non-linear partial differential equations. The accuracy and effectiveness of the method are demonstrated.

Findings
– Different numerical results are obtained and presented graphically to explain the effect of various physical parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles, local, as well as average, skin friction and Nusselt number. It is found that, with a rise in Darcian drag force, flow velocity and temperature are reduced, but increased for all times. Both average and local skin frictions are reduced considerably with an increase in Darcian drag force, but reversed behavior is observed for the local Nusselt number. Increasing the thermal radiation effects accelerated the flow velocity as well as the fluid temperature and wall local skin friction in a saturated porous medium, but effectively reduced the local Nusselt number and average Nusselt number at the wall. Comparison with previously published works in the limits shows excellent agreement.

Research limitations/implications
– The analysis is valid for unsteady, two-dimensional laminar flow of an optically thick no-gray gas, electrically conducting, and Newtonian fluid past an isothermal vertical surface adjacent to the Darcian regime with variable surface temperature. An extension to three-dimensional flow case is left for future work.

Practical implications
– Practical interest of such study includes applications in electromagnetic lubrication, boundary cooling, bio-physical systems and in many branches of engineering and science. It is well known that the effect of thermal radiation is important in space technology and high temperature processes. Thermal radiation also plays an important role in controlling heat transfer process in polymer processing industry.
Flow into a hole in relation to laser drilling: influence of coating thickness
Authors: Zaman Shuja Shahzada , Yilbas Bekir 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– In laser drilling applications, hole wall remains almost the melting temperature of the substrate material and the thermodynamic pressure developed at high temperature molten surface vicinity influences the heat transfer rates and the skin friction at the surface of the hole wall. This effect becomes complicated for the holes drilled in coated substrates. In this case, melting temperatures of the coating and base materials are different, which in turn modifies the flow field in the hole due to jet impingement. Consequently, investigation of the heat transfer rates from the hole wall surfaces and the skin friction at the hole surface becomes essential. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Numerical solution for jet impingement onto a hole with high wall temperature is introduced. Heat transfer rates and skin friction from the hole wall is predicted. The numerical model is validated with the experimental data reported in the open literature.

Findings
– The Nusselt number attains high values across the coating thickness and it drops sharply at the interface between the coating and the base material in the hole. Since fluid temperature in the vicinity of the substrate surface is higher than that of the wall temperature, heat transfer occurs from the fluid to the substrate material while modifying the Nusselt number along the hole wall. This results in discontinuity in the Nusselt variation across the coating-base material interface. The Raighly line effect enhances the flow acceleration toward the hole exit while increasing the rate of fluid strain. Consequently, skin friction increases toward the hole exit. The influence of average jet velocity on the Nusselt number and the skin friction is significant.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings are very useful to analyze the flow field in the hole at different wall temperature. In the simulations hole diameter is fixed in line with the practical applications. However, it may be changed to examine the influence of hole diameter on the flow field and heat transfer. However, this extension be more toward academic study than the practical significance.

Practical implications
– The complete modeling of turbulent flow jet flow impinging onto a hole is introduced and boundary conditions are well defined for the numerical solutions. The method of handing the physical problem will be useful for those working in the area of heat transfer and fluid flow. In addition, the importance of heat transfer rates and skin friction at the hole wall is established, which will benefit the practical engineers and the academicians working in the specific area of laser machining.

Social implications
– The findings are useful for those working to improve the laser technology in the machining area.

Originality/value
– The work presented is original and never being published anywhere else. The findings are reported in detail such that academicians and engineers are expected to benefit from this original contribution.
Physician associate: new role within mental health teams
Authors: Gill Kaybinder , Kauser Sabina , Khattack Kalsum , Hynes Fiona 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to outline the role of a new healthcare professional, the physician associate (PA), within the developing National Health Service (NHS), particularly within the specialty of psychiatry.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors reviewed the available literature from the UK and the USA on the history and development of PAs, particularly within the UK. The paper focuses on PA training and the role of the PA, specialities in which PAs are employed in the UK and an insight into the role of PAs within psychiatry. This paper also drew upon research and viewpoints of the effectiveness and benefits of employing a PA, along with current misconceptions and limitations of the role.

Findings
– The initial influx of PAs into the NHS at a time of medical staffing crisis was found to be effective and successful in improving service provision and helping provide continuity of care for patients. Where PAs have been employed they have helped to relieve some of the strain by being a consistent member of the medical team and performing many of the duties of junior doctors. However they are still unable to prescribe and order radiological investigations, but this will come in time as the PA profession push for statutory registration.

Originality/value
– This paper is one of the first in the UK that gives an overview of the key roles of the PA within the liaison, forensic and community subspecialties of psychiatry.
International work and leadership in UK general practice
Authors: Young Peter , Smith Chris , Pettigrew Luisa , Seo Ha-Neul , Blane David 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present an exploration of the leadership competencies developed by UK GPs through having undertaken international work and the ability to transfer these competencies back to the UK.

Design/methodology/approach
– The approach taken is a cross-sectional survey.

Findings
– A total of 439 UK-based, ranging from GP specialty trainees to retired GPs who had worked overseas, responded to an online survey of UK general practice and international work. Doctors were asked to report competency development through international work using the domains of the Medical Leadership Competency Framework (MLCF). The most common competencies developed, to a “moderate or significant” degree, related to “personal qualities” (89 per cent) and “working in teams” (87 per cent). To a lesser extent Doctors developed competencies in “setting direction” (60 per cent), “managing services” (59 per cent), and “service improvement” (56 per cent), and found these competencies harder to transfer back to the UK. A common reason for limited transfer of competency was the lack of leadership opportunities for Doctors when returning to UK locum roles. Overseas posts were more common in low/middle income countries, and these Doctors reported a greater range of leadership roles, including in health policy, management and teaching, compared to high-income countries. Most doctors felt that they were able to develop their clinical skills overseas whilst relatively few Doctors performed research, especially in high-income countries.

Originality/value
– To the authors' knowledge this is the first cross-sectional survey exploring the international work of UK GPs and leadership development using the MLCF domains.
Effects of Pitavastatin on the Expression of VCAM‐1 and its Target Gene miR‐126 in Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Xu Qinglu , Luan Tianzhu , Fu Songbin , Yang Jian , Jiang Chao , Xia Fangfang 
Published: May 2014

SummaryObjectivesReducing the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules is conducive to the decrease of inflammation‐induced vascular complications. In this study, we observed pitavastatin on expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and its influence on VCAM‐1's target gene miR‐126 in endothelial cells. The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of pitavastatin in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.MethodsHUVEC were cultured in M1640 and passages 2–5 were used in experiments. The cells were randomly divided into three groups, control, TNF‐α and pitavastatin group. Cells of TNF‐α group were co‐incubated with different concentrations (10, 20, 30 μg/L) of TNF‐α for 24 h. Cells of pitavastatin group were firstly coincubated with (0.01, 0.1, 1 μmol/L) pitavastatin, respectively, for 1 h, then coincubated with 30 μg/L TNF‐α for 24 h. VCAM‐1 and miR‐126 mRNA were detected by RT‐PCR, and Western blotting was used to detect protein expression of VCAM‐1.ResultsBoth detection methods have showed that TNF‐α stimulation significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of VCAM‐1 in a dose‐dependent manner, and miR‐126 mRNA expression exhibited a decreasing trend. The increase of VCAM‐1 mRNA and protein expression induced by TNF‐α was inhibited by pitavastatin in a dose‐dependent manner, too. However, there were no differences of the expression of miR‐126 among three groups.ConclusionsThese effects may explain the ability of pitavastatin to reduce the progression of atherosclerosis. The findings further suggest that inhibitory effect of pitavastatin on VCAM‐1 is not related to miR‐126 but depends on other ways.
Routine pre‐operative focused ultrasonography by anesthesiologists in patients undergoing urgent surgical procedures
Authors: BØTKER M. T. , VANG M. L. , GRØFTE T. , SLOTH E. , FREDERIKSEN C. A. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundUnexpected cardiopulmonary complications are well described during surgery and anesthesia. Pre‐operative evaluation by focused cardiopulmonary ultrasonography may prevent such mishaps. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of unexpected cardiopulmonary pathology with focused ultrasonography in patients undergoing urgent surgical procedures.MethodsWe performed pre‐operative focused cardiopulmonary ultrasonography in patients aged 18 years or above undergoing urgent surgical procedures at pre‐defined study days. Known and unexpected cardiopulmonary pathology was recorded, and subsequent changes in the anesthesia technique or supportive actions were registered.ResultsA total of 112 patients scheduled for urgent surgical procedures were included. Their mean age (standard deviation) was 62 (21) years. Of these patients, 24% were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class 1, 39% were ASA class 2, 32% were ASA class 3, and 4% were ASA class 4. Unexpected cardiopulmonary pathology was disclosed in 27% [95% confidence interval (CI) 19–36] of the patients and led to a change in anesthesia technique or supportive actions in 43% (95% CI 25–63) of these. Unexpected pathology leading to changes in anesthesia technique or supportive actions was only disclosed in a group of patients above the age of 60 years and/or in ASA class ≥ 3.ConclusionFocused cardiopulmonary ultrasonography disclosed unexpected pathology in patients undergoing urgent surgical procedures and induced changes in the anesthesia technique or supportive actions. Pre‐operative focused ultrasonography seems feasible in patients above 60 year and/or with physical limitations but not in young, healthy individuals.
Circulating Cytokines and Alarmins Associated with Placental Inflammation in High‐Risk Pregnancies
Authors: Girard Sylvie , Heazell Alexander E. P. , Derricott Hayley , Allan Stuart M. , Sibley Colin P. , Abrahams Vikki M. , Jones Rebecca L. 
Published: May 2014

ProblemInflammation during pregnancy has devastating consequences for the placenta and fetus. These events are incompletely understood, thereby hampering screening and treatment.Method of studyThe inflammatory profile of villous tissue was studied in pregnancies at high‐risk of placental dysfunction and compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. The systemic inflammatory profile was assessed in matched maternal serum samples in cases of reduced fetal movements (RFM).ResultsPlacentas from RFM pregnancies had a unique inflammatory profile characterized by increased interleukin (IL)‐1 receptor antagonist and decreased IL‐10 expression, concomitant with increased numbers of placental macrophages. This aberrant cytokine profile was evident in maternal serum in RFM, as were increased levels of alarmins (uric acid, HMGB1, cell‐free fetal DNA).ConclusionThis distinct inflammatory profile at the maternal‐fetal interface, mirrored in maternal serum, could represent biomarkers of placental inflammation and could offer novel therapeutic options to protect the placenta and fetus from an adverse maternal environment.
Approximal caries increment in adolescents in a low caries prevalence area in Sweden after a 3.5‐year school‐based fluoride varnish programme with Bifluorid 12 and Duraphat
Authors: Bergström Eva‐Karin , Birkhed Dowen , Granlund Christina , Moberg Sköld Ulla 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate approximal caries increment among 12‐ to 16‐year‐olds in a low caries prevalence area in Sweden after a 3.5‐year school‐based fluoride (F) varnish programme with Bifluorid 12 and Duraphat.MethodsThe design was a RCT study with 1365 adolescents, divided into following four groups: Group 1 Bifluorid 12 two applications/year; Group 2 Duraphat two applications/year; Group 3 Bifluorid 12 four applications/year and Group 4 no F varnish at school. 1143 children (84%) completed the study. Approximal caries was registered on bitewing radiographs.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in caries prevalence among the groups either at baseline or after 3.5 years . The caries increment for Group 1 was 1.34 ± 2.99 (mean ± SD), 1.24 ± 2.84 for Group 2, 1.07 ± 2.66 for Group 3 and 1.25 ± 2.75 for Group 4, with no statically significant differences either between Bifluorid 12 and Duraphat with the same frequency of F varnish applications or between the F groups and the control group.ConclusionsIn an area with low caries prevalence in Sweden, the supplementary caries‐preventive effect of school‐based F varnish applications, to regular use of F toothpaste at home and to regular caries prevention given at the Public Dental Clinics, appears to be nonsignificant regarding approximal caries increment.
Pleuroscopy in ‘Idiopathic’ eosinophilic pleural effusions
Authors: Archontogeorgis Kostas , Anevlavis Stavros , Zarogoulidis Paul , Jain Ajay , Karpathiou Georgia , Giatromanolaki Alexandra , Sivridis Efthimios , Bouros Demosthenes , Froudarakis Marios E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundIdiopathic eosinophilic pleural effusions (IEPEs) comprise the eosinophilic pleural effusions for which a specific aetiology cannot be established. There are no reports investigating IEPE on the basis of a systematically applied pleuroscopy approach and entailing an appropriate patient follow‐up till the final outcome is established; existing series rather combine clinical and thoracocentesis criteria to establish the idiopathic character of the diagnosis.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to assess the clinical outcome of patients with IEPE, who underwent a systematic diagnostic approach by pleuroscopy.MethodsWe studied 10 patients with IEPE among 175 consecutive patients who underwent pleuroscopy for undiagnosed pleural effusion. Pleural biopsies were obtained from observed lesions. All patients were followed up by means of clinical examination and imaging.ResultsThe diagnosis of IEPE was established in 10 patients (median age was 50.5 years, range 35–91). Macroscopic examination of the pleura showed diffuse thickening with pleural plaques in eight patients, consistent with diffuse pleural eosinophilic inflammation histologically proven. In two patients, macroscopic examination showed scattered nodules associated with non‐caseating granulomas histologically. In all 10 patients, a specific aetiology could not be established. Follow‐up was available for all patients ranging from 24–102 months (median 60 months). No patient received a specific treatment during the follow‐up period. No relapse of a pleural effusion was documented during this period.ConclusionPleuroscopy is mandatory in diagnosing IEPE. Negative histology and a long follow‐up showed a benign course. These findings suggest that we should call these effusions ‘indeterminate’.
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: a review of the literature
Authors: Ulasli Sevinc Sarinc , Kupeli Elif 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundTracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBPOCP) is an uncommon benign condition affecting the lumen of tracheobronchial tree and characterized by abnormal chondrification and ossification. TBPOCP is more frequent than it has been reported, as it can be asymptomatic or present with non‐specific respiratory symptoms.AimsIn this article, we provide a review of the English literature on the condition and discuss its clinical features, general principles, diagnostic approaches and current treatment recommendations for TBPOCP.MethodsWe searched for all papers indexed in Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index – Expanded by using Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge Web of Science software.ResultsWe reviewed a total of 72 scientific publications.ConclusionIn order to highlight, diagnosis, treatment and treatment outcomes of TBPOCP, further review articles and large case series about this orphan disease are needed.
Effect of oral nutritional supplementation on wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Armstrong D. G. , Hanft J. R. , Driver V. R. , Smith A. P. S. , Lazaro‐Martinez J. L. , Reyzelman A. M. , Furst G. J. , Vayser D. J. , Cervantes H. L. , Snyder R. J. , Moore M. F. , May P. E. , Nelson J. L. , Baggs G. E. , Voss A. C. ,   the Diabetic Foot Nutrition Study Group
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimsAmong people with diabetes, 10–25% will experience a foot ulcer. Research has shown that supplementation with arginine, glutamine and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate may improve wound repair. This study tested whether such supplementation would improve healing of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes.MethodsAlong with standard of care, 270 subjects received, in a double‐blinded fashion, (twice per day) either arginine, glutamine and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate or a control drink for 16 weeks. The proportion of subjects with total wound closure and time to complete healing was assessed. In a post‐hoc analysis, the interaction of serum albumin or limb perfusion, as measured by ankle–brachial index, and supplementation on healing was investigated.ResultsOverall, there were no group differences in wound closure or time to wound healing at week 16. However, in subjects with an albumin level of ≤ 40 g/l and/or an ankle–brachial index of < 1.0, a significantly greater proportion of subjects in the arginine, glutamine and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate group healed at week 16 compared with control subjects (P = 0.03 and 0.008, respectively). Those with low albumin or decreased limb perfusion in the supplementation group were 1.70 (95% CI 1.04–2.79) and 1.66 (95% CI 1.15–2.38) times more likely to heal.ConclusionsWhile no differences in healing were identified with supplementation in non‐ischaemic patients or those with normal albumin, addition of arginine, glutamine and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate as an adjunct to standard of care may improve healing of diabetic foot ulcers in patients with risk of poor limb perfusion and/or low albumin levels. Further investigation involving arginine, glutamine and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate in these high‐risk subgroups might prove clinically valuable.