bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host‐plant quality adaptively affects the diapause threshold: evidence from leaf beetles in willow plantations
Authors: DALIN PETER , NYLIN SÖREN 
Published: November 2012

1. Voltinism of herbivorous insects can vary depending on environmental conditions. The leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima L. is univoltine in Sweden but will sometimes initiate a second generation in short‐rotation coppice (SRC) willow plantations.2. The study investigated whether increased voltinism by P. vulgatissima in plantations can be explained by (i) rapid life‐cycle development allowing two generations, or (ii) postponed diapause induction on coppiced willows.3. In the field, no difference was found in the phenology or development of first‐generation broods between plantations (S. viminalis) and natural willow habitats (S. cinerea). However, the induction of diapause occurred 1–2 weeks later in SRC willow plantations.4. Laboratory experiments indicated no genetic difference in the critical day‐length for diapause induction between beetles originating from plantations and natural habitats. Development time was unaffected by host‐plant quality but critical day‐length was prolonged by almost an hour when the beetles were reared on a non‐preferred willow species (S. phylicifolia). When reared on new leaves from re‐sprouting shoots of recently coppiced willow plants, diapause incidence was significantly less than when the beetles were reared on mature leaves from uncoppiced plants.5. The study suggests that P. vulgatissima has a plastic diapause threshold influenced by host‐plant quality. The use of host‐plant quality as a diapause‐inducing stimulus is likely to be adaptive in cases where food resources are unpredictable, such as when new host‐plant tissue is produced after a disturbance. SRC willows may allow two beetle generations due to longer growing seasons of coppiced plants that grow vigorously.
Density‐dependent polyphenism and baculovirus resistance in teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Cramer)
Authors: BINDU THELAKKATTUMANA N. , BALAKRISHNAN PEROTH , SUDHEENDRAKUMAR VALLIKKAT V. , SAJEEV THAVALATHADATHIL V. 
Published: November 2012

1. Field populations of the teak defoliator larvae, Hyblaea puera Cramer exhibit colour polyphenism under different population densities: greyish‐green with black‐ and orange‐coloured dorsal bands in low‐density endemic populations and uniformly black or intermediate colour during high‐density population.2. The density dependence of colour polyphenism was confirmed by field monitoring of H. puera populations during 2008–2010.3. The above findings were later substantiated by rearing H. puera larvae under different densities (i.e. solitary and crowded in the laboratory). Ninety one per cent of the solitary reared laboratory population developed bright coloration whereas, 92% of the group reared larvae turned to black. Eight per cent of larvae from both the rearing densities were of intermediate colour.4. Density‐dependent resistance build‐up against H. puera nucleopolyhedrovirus by H. puera were tested using the fifth instar larvae. The results showed three‐fold increase of median lethal dose (LD50) value for the group reared larvae (5332 polyhedral occlusion bodies/larvae) compared to the solitary reared ones (1727 polyhedral occlusion bodies/larva) and also significant difference for the mean time to death (3.6 and 3.3 days, respectively).5. The study revealed the strong influence of larval density on H. puera larval melanism and resistance build‐up against H. puera nucleopolyhedrovirus.
Global Economic Governance After the Crisis
Authors: Frieden Jeffry 
Published: November 2012

Abstract It has become common to insist that contemporary international economic problems require a great increase in the extent of “global governance” of economic affairs. This desire, understandable as it may be, confronts a series of major obstacles. First, the normative case for global governance is more difficult to justify, and more complex, than is usually recognized, and requires consideration of both economic and political-economy principles. Second, in practice, the provision of governance at the supra-national level - that is, of international public goods - depends largely on support from powerful and concentrated interests. Third, this dynamic means that the types of international public goods provided, the way they are provided, and the governance structures erected around them are biased in favor of their strongest supporters, and are therefore likely to be a source of continuing controversy.
Warum der Baseler Ausschuss für Bankenaufsicht mit seinem antizyklischen Kapitalpuffer falsch liegt
Authors: Ludwig Björn 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe Basel III Framework introduces a countercyclical capital buffer to reduce the procyclicality of the minimum capital requirements. The reference point for the decision to impose the buffer is based on the credit-to-GDP ratio. However, this guidance will exacerbate the problem of procyclicality in a rule based application, because in periods with a low GDP growth it sends a signal to increase the capital requirements and in periods with a high GDP growth it sends a signal to reduce the capital requirements. Instead of the credit-to-GDP ratio the credit growth and the credit impulse should be used as reference point, because these variables are high correlated with the real GDP growth.
Begrenzung von TARGET2-Risiken – ein kritischer Überblick
Authors: Burgold Peter , Voll Sebastian 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSince 2011 the trans-European payment system TARGET2 has been heavily criticised. TARGET2 is argued to create automatic financial risks for the economically stronger core countries of the European Monetary Union. TARGET2 risks only materialise in case of a country leaving the Monetary Union. We show that a sound analysis of these risks has to explicitely consider the Community’s bank note traffic. So far, four substantial suggestions have been made to reform TARGET2. These suggestios aim at limiting the core countries’ risks relating to the payment system. We discuss the consequences of these reforms and conclude that they are no meaningful options in the present crisis.
Energiepolitik: Erfolgreiche Energiewende nur im europäischen Kontext
Authors: Hübner Malte , Schmidt Christoph M. , Weigert Benjamin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe German government’s adoption of the so-called Energy Concept in 2010 and its decision in the summer of 2011 to phase out nuclear energy altogether within the next ten years, has started a process of severe transformation of the German system of energy provision. Specifically, until 2050 renewables will have to become the dominant source of electricity generation. Disconcertingly, up to now the government has not outlined a comprehensive overall strategy how this objective should be achieved in practice. In this paper we discuss the necessary preconditions for a successful transformation in the German energy system. Overall cost of this transition could be held in check, if economic policy were to rely exclusively on a properly designed European Emission Trading System. Yet, instead of attempting to eliminate the remaining deficiencies of this already existing instrument, policy makers in Germany and all across Europe insist on devising additional subsidy schemes for renewables. We argue that the most sensible way to do this is by implementing a renewable support system that is harmonized across Europe. To this end, Germany should switch from current system of feed-in tariffs to a quantity-based system of Green Certificates and, in a second step, combine the German Green Certificate market with that of other European countries.
Constructing Density Forecasts from Quantile Regressions
Authors: GAGLIANONE WAGNER PIAZZA , LIMA LUIZ RENATO 
Published: November 2012

The departure from the traditional concern with the central tendency is in line with the increasing recognition that an assessment of the degree of uncertainty surrounding a point forecast is indispensable (Clements 2004). We propose an econometric model to estimate the conditional density without relying on assumptions about the parametric form of the conditional distribution of the target variable. The methodology is applied to the U.S. unemployment rate and the survey of professional forecasts. Specification tests based on Koenker and Xiao (2002) and Gaglianone et al. (2011) indicate that our approach correctly approximates the true conditional density.
Optical performance after bilateral implantation of apodized aspheric diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses with +3.00‐D addition power
Authors: Peng Cheng , Zhao Jiangyue , Ma Liwei , Qu Bo , Sun Qi , Zhang Jinsong 
Published: November 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine whether bilateral implantation of an aspheric apodized diffractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) with +3.00 diopters (D) results in optical adverse effects compared with an aspheric monofocal IOL.Methods:  In a prospective, randomized study of 204 eyes (102 patients) with bilateral implantation of an AcrySof ReSTOR SN6AD1 IOL or an AcrySof IQ SN60WF IOL, binocular uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuities (CDVA), uncorrected (UIVA) and distance‐corrected intermediate visual acuities (DCIVA), uncorrected (UNVA) and distance‐corrected near visual acuities (DCNVA), defocus curve, intraocular straylight, wavefront aberrations, modulation transfer functions (MTF) and patient questionnaires were evaluated postoperatively.Results:  Both groups resulted in similar UDVA and CDVA (p > 0.05), whereas the multifocal IOL group performed significantly better UIVA and DCIVA at 50, 60 cm, and better UNVA and DCNVA at 40 cm (p ≤ 0.001). Higher intraocular straylight was obtained in the multifocal IOL group (p = 0.016). Total, higher‐order, spherical and coma aberrations performed similar in both groups (p > 0.05). MTF was lower in the multifocal IOL group than in the monofocal IOL group with 3.0‐mm pupils at 5 and 10 cycles per degree (cpd). Although patients in the multifocal IOL group complained more glare/flare, problems with night vision, and halos, they reported excellent spectacle independence, and high satisfaction.Conclusions:  Compared with the AcrySof IQ IOL, the ReSTOR SN6AD1 IOL provided excellent visual outcomes, satisfactory spectacle independence without compromising wavefront aberrations; however, optical adverse effects with respect to higher intraocular straylight and lower MTF at lower spatial frequency were demonstrated.
Peri‐implant bone loss in cement‐ and screw‐retained prostheses: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Brandão Marcelo L. , Vettore Mario V. , Vidigal Júnior Guaracilei M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimThe aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess and compare peri‐implant marginal bone loss in cement‐ and screw‐retained prostheses.Material and MethodsElectronic database and manual searches were undertaken to identify trials, prospective or retrospective studies reporting on radiographic marginal bone loss around dental implants restored with cement‐ and/or screw‐retained prostheses. Two reviewers independently conducted the article selection and data extraction. Random‐effects models were used to obtain estimates of peri‐implant marginal bone loss [mean, 95% confidence intervals (CI)].ResultsOf the 1217 identified studies, nine finally met the inclusion criteria. Only two studies included both cement‐ and screw‐retained prostheses, three assessed only screw‐retained prostheses, and four evaluated only cement‐retained prostheses. Pooled mean marginal bone loss was 0.53 mm (CI 95%, 0.31–0.76 mm) for cement‐retained prostheses and 0.89 mm (CI 95%, 0.45–1.33 mm) for screw‐retained prostheses.ConclusionThere is no evidence to support differences in the marginal bone loss through indirect comparison between cement and screw‐retained restorations.
Replication study for the association of rs391300 in SRR and rs17584499 in PTPRD with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population
Authors: Imamura Minako , Iwata Minoru , Maegawa Hiroshi , Watada Hirotaka , Hirose Hiroshi , Tanaka Yasushi , Tobe Kazuyuki , Kaku Kohei , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Kadowaki Takashi , Kawamori Ryuzo , Maeda Shiro 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAims/IntroductionGenetic risk variants for type 2 diabetes; rs391300‐G in SRR and rs17584499‐T in PTPRD, have been identified by a genome‐wide association study using Han Chinese individuals living in Taiwan. In an attempt to know the effects of these two variants in conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese, we carried out a replication study for the association of the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population.Materials and MethodsWe genotyped 11,530 Japanese individuals (8,552 type 2 diabetes patients and 2,978 controls) for rs391300 and rs17584499, and analyzed the association of these two SNPs with type 2 diabetes by logistic regression analysis.ResultsNeither of the variants was associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population (rs391300‐G: odds ratio [OR] = 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91–1.04; P = 0.44; rs17584499‐T: OR = 1.04; 95% CI 0.96–1.14; P = 0.34). Adjustment or stratified analysis for age, sex and body mass index (BMI) did not affect the association of these variants with the disease. We did not observe a significant association of the SNPs with any metabolic traits, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (HOMA‐β) and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) (P > 0.05).ConclusionsNeither rs391300 nor rs17584499 had a significant effect on conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population.
Sequential mate choice and sexual isolation in threespine stickleback species
Authors: Kozak G. M. , Head M. L. , Lackey A. C. R. , Boughman J. W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSequential mate choice strategies predict how females should alter their choosiness based on the availability of attractive males. There are many studies on sequential mate choice within species, but few have asked whether females apply these strategies to interactions between species and how these strategies may affect hybridization. We tested how previous interactions with conspecific and heterospecific males affect mate preference and sexual isolation in two threespine stickleback species (benthics and limnetics:Gasterosteusspp.). Consistent with previous work, we found that within species, stickleback females gauge male attractiveness relative to previously encountered males. If females extend these decision rules between species, we predicted that previous interactions with conspecifics should make heterospecifics less attractive, whereas interactions with heterospecifics should make conspecifics more attractive. However, females found heterospecifics less attractive after prior experience, largely independent of the species of male first encountered. Thus, sequential mate choice strategies are used within but not between species in sticklebacks. Further, learning from prior courtship interactions acts to enhance existing sexual isolation between species.
Seasonal selection and resource dynamics in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly
Authors: Morehouse N. I. , Mandon N. , Christides J.‐P. , Body M. , Bimbard G. , Casas J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeasonal polyphenisms are widespread in nature, yet the selective pressures responsible for their evolution remain poorly understood. Previous work has largely focussed either on the developmental regulation of seasonal polyphenisms or putative ‘top‐down’ selective pressures such as predation that may have acted to drive phenotypic divergence. Much less is known about the influence of seasonal variation in resource availability or seasonal selection on optimal resource allocation. We studied seasonal variation in resource availability, uptake and allocation in Araschnia levana L., a butterfly species that exhibits a striking seasonal colour polyphenism consisting of predominantly orange ‘spring form’ adults and black‐and‐white ‘summer form’ adults. ‘Spring form’ individuals develop as larvae in the late summer, enter a pupal diapause in the fall and emerge in the spring, whereas ‘summer form’ individuals develop directly during the summer months. We find evidence for seasonal declines in host plant quality, and we identify similar reductions in resource uptake in late summer, ‘spring form’ larvae. Further, we report shifts in the body composition of diapausing ‘spring form’ pupae consistent with a physiological cost to overwintering. However, these differences do not translate into detectable differences in adult body composition. Instead, we find minor seasonal differences in adult body composition consistent with augmented flight capacity in ‘summer form’ adults. In comparison, we find much stronger signatures of sex‐specific selection on patterns of resource uptake and allocation. Our results indicate that resource dynamics in A. levana are shaped by seasonal fluctuations in host plant nutrition, climatic conditions and intraspecific interactions.
Reporting ‘number needed to treat’ in meta‐analyses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Naing Cho , Aung Kyan , Mak Joon Wah 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAim: In translating clinical research into practice, the summarization of data from randomized trials in terms of measures of effect to be readily appreciated by the point‐of‐care clinicians is important. In this context, the body of literature highlighted the ‘number needed to treat’ as a useful measure. The objectives of our study were to assess how meta‐analyses described number needed to treat and corresponding 95% CI, and to explore issues related to reporting number needed to treat in the selected meta‐analyses.Method: For an illustration, we searched for the Cochrane systematic reviews and non‐Cochrane systematic reviews. Two‐stage selection was done to identify eligible studies. First, we fixed a date and then, we searched meta‐analyses in PUBMED available on the date fixed. Secondly, we purposively selected five Cochrane systematic reviews and three non‐Cochrane systematic reviews, according to our inclusion criteria. The critical appraisal of meta‐analyses identified for the current study was done with the 5‐item quality checklist introduced to the current analysis.Results: A total of 8 systematic reviews, 5 Cochrane systematic reviews and 3 non‐Cochrane systematic reviews/meta‐analyses, were identified for the present study. Of these 8 meta‐analyses, some (50%; 4/8) described number needed to treat in the method session of the study. However, the majority (87.5%; 7/8) reported number needed to treat in the results. For the details, 80% in Cochrane reviews and 66.5% in non‐Cochrane reviews reported number needed to treat in the results. Only two studies (25%; 2/8) reported susceptibility to publication bias, provided simplified interpretation or discussed number needed to treat.Conclusion: Although the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions suggests the reviewers to include number needed to treat in reporting effect estimations, there still is a need to improve.
Reflections on the implementation of governance structures for early‐stage clinical innovation
Authors: Cowie Luke , Sandall Jane , Ehrich Kathryn 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectivesThis paper seeks to further explore the question of how best to monitor and govern innovative clinical procedures in their earliest phase of development. We examine the potential value of proposed governance frameworks, such as the IDEAL model, and examine the functioning of a novel procedures review committee.MethodsThe paper draws upon 20 qualitative, semi‐structured interviews. Nine interviews were conducted with members of a committee that was established as a means of governing innovative procedures within a large National Health Service Foundation Trust hospital in the UK. Eleven interviews were conducted with health providers involved with the development of a variety of novel clinical procedures.ResultsProminent themes from the data include the potential willingness of clinicians to engage with regulatory frameworks for innovative procedures, existing ways in which clinicians and others attempt to ensure patient's safety and manage uncertainty in the context of novel procedures, views on the potential benefits and drawbacks of engaging with a review committee for novel procedures, and the pragmatic considerations and potential unintended consequences that are entailed in the implementation of regulatory requirements for the monitoring of innovative procedures.ConclusionsThe views of committee members and clinical innovators help us to understand the practical issues of implementing governance structures for novel clinical procedures. The data illustrate those factors that must be taken into account if governance is to support innovation rather than act as an inhibiting factor in the development of new clinical procedures.
The Newly Described Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Gyrodinium moestrupii, an Effective Protistan Grazer of Toxic Dinoflagellates
Authors: Yoo Yeong Du , Yoon Eun Young , Jeong Hae Jin , Lee Kyung Ha , Hwang Yeong Jong , Seong Kyeong Ah , Kim Jae Seong , Park Jae Yeon 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFew protistan grazers feed on toxic dinoflagellates, and low grazing pressure on toxic dinoflagellates allows these dinoflagellates to form red‐tide patches. We explored the feeding ecology of the newly described heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium moestrupii when it fed on toxic strains of Alexandrium minutum, Alexandrium tamarense, and Karenia brevis and on nontoxic strains of A. tamarense, Prorocentrum minimum, and Scrippsiella trochoidea. Specific growth rates of G. moestrupii feeding on each of these dinoflagellates either increased continuously or became saturated with increasing mean prey concentration. The maximum specific growth rate of G. moestrupii feeding on toxic A. minutum (1.60/d) was higher than that when feeding on nontoxic S. trochoidea (1.50/d) or P. minimum (1.07/d). In addition, the maximum growth rate of G. moestrupii feeding on the toxic strain of A. tamarense (0.68/d) was similar to that when feeding on the nontoxic strain of A. tamarense (0.71/d). Furthermore, the maximum ingestion rate of G. moestrupii on A. minutum (2.6 ng C/grazer/d) was comparable to that of S. trochoidea (3.0 ng C/grazer/d). Additionally, the maximum ingestion rate of G. moestrupii on the toxic strain of A. tamarense (2.1 ng C/grazer/d) was higher than that when feeding on the nontoxic strain of A. tamarense (1.3 ng C/grazer/d). Thus, feeding by G. moestrupii is not suppressed by toxic dinoflagellate prey, suggesting that it is an effective protistan grazer of toxic dinoflagellates.