bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Viral Polymerase Inhibitor 2′-
C
-Methylcytidine Inhibits Norwalk Virus Replication and Protects against Norovirus-Induced Diarrhea and Mortality in a Mouse Model
Authors: Rocha-Pereira Joana , Jochmans Dirk , Debing Yannick , Verbeken Erik , Nascimento Maria S. J. , Neyts Johan 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Human noroviruses are a major cause of food-borne illness, accountable for 50% of all-etiologies outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (in both developing and developed countries). There is no vaccine or antiviral drug for the prophylaxis or treatment of norovirus-induced gastroenteritis. We recently reported the inhibitory effect of 2′-
C
-methylcytidine (2CMC), a hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor, on the
in vitro
replication of murine norovirus (MNV). Here we evaluated the inhibitory effect of 2CMC on
in vitro
human norovirus replication through a Norwalk virus replicon model and in a mouse model by using AG129 mice orally infected with MNV. Survival, weight, and fecal consistency were monitored, and viral loads in stool samples and organs were quantified. Intestines were examined histologically. 2CMC reduced Norwalk virus replicon replication in a dose-dependent manner and was able to clear cells of the replicon. Treatment of MNV-infected AG129 mice with 2CMC (i) prevented norovirus-induced diarrhea; (ii) markedly delayed the appearance of viral RNA and reduced viral RNA titers in the intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, and stool; (iii) completely prevented virus-induced mortality; and (iv) resulted in protective immunity against a rechallenge. We demonstrate for the first time that a small-molecule inhibitor of norovirus replication protects from virus-induced disease and mortality in a relevant animal model. These findings pave the way for the development of potent and safe antivirals as prophylaxis and therapy of norovirus infection.
Role of DNA Methylation in Expression and Transmission of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses
Authors: Matoušková Magda , Veselý Pavel , Daniel Petr , Mattiuzzo Giada , Hector Ralph D. , Scobie Linda , Takeuchi Yasuhiro , Hejnar Jiří 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) represent a major safety concern in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. To date, no PERV infection of a xenograft recipient has been recorded; however, PERVs are transmissible to human cells
in vitro
. Some recombinants of the A and C PERV subgroups are particularly efficient in infection and replication in human cells. Transcription of PERVs has been described in most pig cells, but their sequence and insertion polymorphism in the pig genome impede identification of transcriptionally active or silenced proviral copies. Furthermore, little is known about the epigenetic regulation of PERV transcription. Here, we report on the transcriptional suppression of PERV by DNA methylation
in vitro
and describe heavy methylation in the majority of PERV 5′ long terminal repeats (LTR) in porcine tissues. In contrast, we have detected sparsely methylated or nonmethylated proviruses in the porcine PK15 cells, which express human cell-tropic PERVs. We also demonstrate the resistance of PERV DNA methylation to inhibitors of methylation and deacetylation. Finally, we show that the high permissiveness of various human cell lines to PERV infection coincides with the inability to efficiently silence the PERV proviruses by 5′LTR methylation. In conclusion, we suggest that DNA methylation is involved in PERV regulation, and that only a minor fraction of proviruses are responsible for the PERV RNA expression and porcine cell infectivity.
Foul play is associated with injury incidence: an epidemiological study of three FIFA World Cups (2002–2010)
Authors: Ryynänen Jaakko , Junge Astrid , Dvorak Jiri , Peterson Lars , Kautiainen Hannu , Karlsson Jón , Börjesson Mats 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundFoul play has been considered as one of the most important known extrinsic risk factors for injuries in football.AimsTo compare the incidence and characteristics of foul play injuries and non-foul injuries.MethodsTeam physicians’ postmatch injury reports and official match statistics were obtained from all matches of the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cups.ResultsThe number of injuries was associated with the number of fouls in a match. The incidence of foul play injuries (20.6/1000 match-hours, 95% CI 17.3 to 24.4) was significantly lower than that of non-foul injuries (42.6, 37.7 to 47.9), which also applied to all playing positions. The causation of injury (foul/non-foul), match period and teams’ drawing/losing/winning status were associated with the injury incidence. The interactions between the causation of injury (foul/non-foul) and match time, as well as the teams’ drawing/losing/winning status or playing position were not statistically significant. The median (IQR) days of absence resulting from foul play injuries were significantly shorter than that of non-foul injuries. The lower leg and ankle were more common locations for foul play injuries than for non-foul injuries, whereas the opposite was observed for thigh injuries. Contusions were a more common type of foul play injuries than non-foul injuries, while the opposite was found for muscle strains/ruptures/tears.ConclusionsThe numbers of injuries and fouls in a match were significantly associated. No significant differences in the variation of foul play and non-foul injury incidences regarding match period, teams’ current winning/drawing/losing status and playing position were observed, suggesting that foul play injuries and non-foul injuries may share similar underlying risk factors.
Sexual orientation identity in relation to smoking history and alcohol use at age 18/19: cross-sectional associations from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE)
Authors: Hagger-Johnson Gareth , Taibjee Rafik , Semlyen Joanna , Fitchie Isla , Fish Julie , Meads Catherine , Varney Justin 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesInformation about the health behaviours of minority groups is essential for addressing health inequalities. We evaluated the association among lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) sexual orientation identity and smoking and alcohol use in young people in England.DesignData drawn from wave 6 of the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE).SettingSelf-completion questionnaires during home visits, face-to-face interviews and web-based questionnaires.ParticipantsData from 7698 participants (3762 men) with information on sexual orientation identity and health behaviours at age 18/19.Outcome measuresCigarette smoking history, alcohol drinking frequency and risky single occasion drinking (RSOD).ResultsLGB identity was reported by 3.1% of participants (55 gay, 33 lesbian, 35 bisexual male, 111 bisexual female), 3.5% when adjusting for the survey design. Adjusting for a range of covariates, identification as lesbian/gay was found to be associated with smoking (OR=2.23, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.51), alcohol drinking >2 days/week (OR=1.99, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.17) and RSOD (OR=1.80, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.86) more than weekly. Bisexual identity was associated with smoking history (OR=1.84, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.61) but not alcohol drinking >2 days/week (OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.81) or RSOD (OR=1.04, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.86).ConclusionsIn a sample of more than 7600 young people aged 18/19 years in England, lesbian/gay identity is associated with cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol frequency and RSOD. Bisexual identity is associated with smoking but not RSOD or frequent alcohol drinking.
Strong association of fascin expression with triple negative breast cancer and basal-like phenotype in African-American women
Authors: Esnakula Ashwini K , Ricks-Santi Luisel , Kwagyan John , Kanaan Yasmine M , DeWitty Robert L , Wilson Lori L , Gold Bert , Frederick Wayne A I , Naab Tammey J 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundFascin, an actin bundling protein, plays a critical role in cell motility due to formation of actin rich protrusions called filopodia, important in cell migration, invasion and metastatic spread. Fascin overexpression has been associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition and correlates with progression and unfavourable prognosis in breast carcinoma.ObjectiveTo evaluate fascin expression by immunohistochemistry and correlate the expression pattern with clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer in African-American (AA) women, in whom triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype, is more prevalent.MethodsTissue microarrays were constructed from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of tumour tissue from primary breast carcinomas in 202 AA women. Immunohistochemical detection of fascin was correlated with four major subtypes of breast carcinoma (luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and triple negative (TN)) and other clinicopathological factors, including age, grade, tumour size, stage, regional lymph node status and survival.ResultsWe observed a significant association between fascin expression and TN subtype, oestrogen receptor (ER) negativity, progesterone receptor (PR) negativity, Elston–Nottingham (EN) grade 3 and decreased overall survival. There was also a significant association between expression of CK 5/6, a marker of basal-like phenotype, and fascin expression.ConclusionThese results suggest that fascin is a marker for TN subtype having a basal-like phenotype and decreased overall survival. Fascin may represent a target for therapy in TNBC in AA women.
Medical microbiology training needs and trainee experience
Authors: Seale Josephine , Elamin Wael , Millar Michael 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundTraining in microbiology is continuing to evolve. Standardisation of this process has, in part, been achieved through the development of a training curriculum by the Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath). A substantial proportion of microbiology training occurs through telephone consultations.AimsTo ascertain the content of these interactions and the extent to which the necessary skills outlined by the curriculum are attainable via these consultations.MethodsRecords of telephone consultations made by microbiology registrars (SpR) on the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) over a 6 month period were analysed with regard to who initiated contact and the type of advice provided.ResultsAn average of 426 SpR entries per month were made on the LIMS following telephone consultations. These consultations were predominantly initiated by fellow clinicians as opposed to the SpR. The majority (79%) of advice entailed guidance as to the use of antimicrobials which resulted in an alteration of the current regimen in 54% of cases.ConclusionsThis study represents the first attempt to quantify the telephone consultations of microbiology trainees. It is concluded that although such interactions provide a means of attaining some of the competencies outlined by the RCPath curriculum, the bias towards antimicrobial advice reflects a discrepancy between the needs of the service users and the broad skill set advocated by the current microbiology training programme. Future modifications will need to take this into account to ensure both the training of SpRs and the microbiology service is fit for purpose.
Achieving high and equitable coverage of adolescent HPV vaccine in Scotland
Authors: Sinka Katy , Kavanagh Kimberley , Gordon Ruth , Love John , Potts Alison , Donaghy Martin , Robertson Chris 
Published: August 2013

Background and methodsThe national immunisation records of over 220 000 girls offered vaccine in the routine or catch-up programme of the Human papillomavirus (HPV) programme in Scotland were analysed. Descriptive statistics and multilevel modelling were used to determine individual and organisational factors associated with uptake. Age, school year, school denomination, deprivation and, for school-leavers, mode of delivery were explored. Additional aggregate data were used to examine the effect of late uptake of missed doses in the routine vaccination programme.ResultsSchool-based delivery initially achieved over 80% uptake of complete courses in routine and catch-up age groups. Within this context of generally high coverage, there was an association between individual level deprivation and lower uptake, and a decline in in-year course completion over time. However, later uptake of missed doses in the following year substantially decreased these effects. There was no influence on uptake of the type of school (non-denominational/denominational). Vaccination of school-leavers in the catch-up campaign had lower coverage, with 50% starting and 30% completing the course in-year. There was no clear advantage of vaccination through general practice or through Board-run clinics in reaching this group.ConclusionsSchool-based vaccination can achieve high and equitable uptake of a multidose vaccine in a routine immunisation programme. Sustained high coverage with HPV vaccine across Scotland provides a stable platform for planning future strategies for cervical screening and understanding the impact of the vaccination at a population level.
Endovascular treatment of pediatric intracranial aneurysms: a retrospective study of 35 aneurysms
Authors: Takemoto Koichiro , Tateshima Satoshi , Golshan Ali , Gonzalez Nestor , Jahan Reza , Duckwiler Gary , Vinuela Fernando 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPediatric intracranial aneurysms are rare and not well characterized in comparison with those in adults.ObjectiveTo analyze our institution’s longitudinal experience of endovascular treatment for pediatric aneurysms to better understand this rare condition.MethodsA retrospective record review was performed of patients aged <20 years treated with endovascular methods for intracranial aneurysms between 1995 and 2012. There were 31 patients (average 14.4±4.2 years; 20 male, 11 female) with 35 intracranial aneurysms.ResultsThe rate of subarachnoid hemorrhage as the initial presentation was 48% and the rates of multiple and giant aneurysms were 13% and 31%, respectively; 28.5% of the cases were posterior circulation aneurysms. Fifteen saccular aneurysms occurred in 14 patients and 17 fusiform aneurysms were noted in 14 patients. Two infectious aneurysms were diagnosed in two patients and one traumatic aneurysm occurred in another patient. Thirty-four aneurysms were treated endovascularly and one had thrombosed spontaneously on a follow-up angiogram. Of the 15 saccular aneurysms, 11 were treated with conventional coiling, one was treated with stent-assisted coiling, one was treated with a flow-diverting stent and two were treated with parent vessel occlusion (PVO). Of the 17 fusiform aneurysms, 15 were treated with PVO with or without prior bypass surgery and one was treated with a flow-diverting stent. The rate of permanent complications and a favorable outcome were 2.9% and 87%, respectively.ConclusionsEndovascular treatment of pediatric aneurysms is technically feasible with an acceptable complication rate despite the high incidence of fusiform aneurysms.
Fischer Black
Authors: Merton Robert C. , Scholes Myron S. 
Published: August 2013

Reprint This article was originally published by Wiley for the American Finance Association (Merton RC, Scholes MS. 1995. Fischer Black. J. Finance 50(5):1359–70). It is reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons © 1995. Reference formatting was updated to facilitate linking.
Pediatric Heart Transplantation From Donors With Depressed Ventricular Function
Authors: Rossano Joseph W. , Lin Kimberly Y. , Paridon Stephen M. , Zhang Xuemei , Gaynor J. William , Kaufman Beth D. , Shaddy Robert E. 
Published: August 2013

Background—
Wait-list mortality for children awaiting heart transplantation remains high. Potential donor hearts with depressed ventricular function are often declined. We aimed to test the hypothesis that pediatric heart transplant recipients of grafts with depressed ventricular function would have comparable survival with those with normal function.

Methods and Results—

A retrospective study was performed for pediatric heart transplants from the United Network of Organ Sharing Database from October 26, 1999, to June 30, 2011. Patients were grouped based on accepted donor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): normal function (LVEF ≥55%), mildly depressed function (LVEF 45%–54%), or moderately-to-severely depressed function (LVEF <45%). During the study period, there were 3672 pediatric heart transplants; 3306 (90%) had a LVEF reported. Ventricular function was mildly depressed in 245 (7%) and moderately-to-severely depressed in 172 (5%). Patients receiving grafts with moderately-to-severely depressed function were more likely to be younger and weigh less (
P
<0.001 for both) than those receiving grafts with normal function. Median graft survival from accepted donors with normal ventricular function (10.6 years) was similar to survival from accepted donors with mildly depressed ventricular function (9.7 years;
P
=0.24) and from accepted donors with moderately-to-severely depressed ventricular function (9.1 years;
P
=0.13). On propensity-matched analysis, donor ventricular function was not associated with graft survival.

Conclusions—
The use of donors with depressed ventricular function is uncommon in pediatric heart transplantation (<15% of all transplants), yet graft survival does not differ significantly from accepted donors with normal ventricular function. Hearts from donors with depressed ventricular function may be considered in selected patients.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies Are Associated With Cardiovascular Remodeling In Utero That Persists Postnatally
Authors: Valenzuela-Alcaraz Brenda , Crispi Fàtima , Bijnens Bart , Cruz-Lemini Monica , Creus Montserrat , Sitges Marta , Bartrons Joaquim , Civico Salvadora , Balasch Juan , Gratacós Eduard 
Published: August 2013

Background—
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been shown to be associated with general vascular dysfunction in late childhood. However, it is unknown whether cardiac remodeling is also present and if these changes already manifest in prenatal life. Our aim was to assess fetal and infant (6 months of age) cardiovascular function in ART pregnancies.

Methods and Results—

This prospective cohort study included 100 fetuses conceived by ART and 100 control pregnancies. ART fetuses showed signs of cardiovascular remodeling, including a more globular heart with thicker myocardial walls, decreased longitudinal function (tricuspid ring displacement in controls: median, 6.5 mm [interquartile range, 6.1–7.1 mm]; tricuspid ring displacement in ART: 5.5 mm [interquartile range, 5.1–6.1];
P
<0.001), impaired relaxation, and dilated atria (atrial area in controls, 1.46 cm
2
[interquartile range, 1.2–1.5 cm
2
]; atrial area in ART, 1.6 cm
2
[interquartile range, 1.3–1.8 cm
2
];
P
<0.001). Additionally, ART infants showed persistence of most cardiac changes and a significant increase in blood pressure and aortic intima-media thickness (systolic blood pressure in controls, 74 mm Hg [interquartile range, 67–83 mm Hg]; systolic blood pressure in ART, 83 mm Hg [interquartile range, 75–94 mm Hg];
P
<0.001; aortic intima-media thickness in controls, 0.52 mm [interquartile range, 0.45–0.56 mm]; aortic intima-media thickness in ART, 0.64 mm [interquartile range, 0.62–0.67];
P
<0.001). We could not demonstrate that our findings were directly caused by ART because of their association with various confounding factors, including intrauterine growth restriction or factors related to the cause of infertility.

Conclusions—
Children conceived by ART manifest cardiac and vascular remodeling that is present in fetal life and persists in postnatal life, suggesting opportunities for early detection and potential intervention. The underlying mechanisms and the effect of potential confounders such as growth restriction or prematurity remain to be elucidated.
From Sacrifice to the Slaughterhouse
Authors: Reed Annette Yoshiko 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis essay uses a focus on meat and animals to illumine ancient and modern discourses about sacrifice and “civilization.” It suggests that attention to recent research on meat-production and the “sociology of the slaughterhouse” might open new perspectives on the range of ways in which the sanctified ritual slaughter of animals has been understood by its proponents, critics, and theorists—both ancient and modern. It begins by historicizing the rise of modern scholarly interest in animal sacrifice, with reference to dramatic shifts in the production and consumption of meat in modern European societies. Then, it looks to the Vedas and the Torah/Pentateuch to reflect upon the place of meat and animals in two of the best documented of ancient sacrificial systems. Lastly, it considers some trajectories in theirNachlebenwith an eye to the value and limits of dominant narratives about the cessation, interiorization, or spiritualization of sacrifice.
A Response to Fabio Gironi’s “Turning a Critical Eye Upon Science and Religion”
Authors: Reeves Josh A. , Peters Richard A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn a previous issue of this journal, Fabio Gironi criticizes the field of science and religion from his perspective as a religious studies scholar. Our reaction to his paper is mixed. Though we share many of Gironi’s concerns, we do not believe that his criticisms count for much against religion-and-science scholarshipper se, and we therefore attempt to nuance and redirect those criticisms in what follows.
Jesus’ Empire or the Empire’s Jesus?
Authors: Martin Craig 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn response to Burton Mack’s argument in “A Secular Bible?” that a Christian myth or “Christian mentality” drives American empire, this essay suggests that Christian myths should be seen as products of empire. As we can see by looking at 19th and 20th century racist and anti-racist versions of Jesus, base determines superstructure at least some of the time.
A review of past and recent research on Cretaceous silicoflagellates
Authors: McCARTNEY KEVIN 
Published: August 2013

Previous knowledge of Cretaceous silicoflagellates has come primarily from scattered Maastrichtian or late Campanian localities. Silicoflagellates from the earlier Upper Cretaceous have been observed from the southern shore of the Baltic Sea and eastern slope of the northern Ural Mountains, and Lower Cretaceous from the Weddell Sea near Antarctica are also known. Much of the previous work, including type specimens for genera and species, have been illustrated with few and simple line drawings. Taxonomic distinctions and evolutionary lineages have often been speculative. Recent studies of Santonian and lower Campanian marine sediments from several sites in the northern Canada Arctic Margin and Archipelago substantially increase our knowledge of Cretaceous silicoflagellate morphology, biostratigraphy, and early evolutionary history. This work, which develops from previous diatom studies, provides new information on the enigmatic genera Cornua and Variramus, describes new genera and species, and presents new information on the timing of silicoflagellate evolutionary events. Seven new biostratigraphic zones replace the previously applied single biostratigraphic unit for the Cretaceous. This article reviews recent silicoflagellate discoveries in the context of previous work to provide a current general knowledge of the subject that includes important taxa.