bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Mattarozzi Monica , Careri Maria 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLiquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) technique enables analysis of emergent polar compounds without the need for derivatization reaction, while the introduction of high‐resolution mass analyzers in hybrid configurations makes possible to elucidate chemical structure, also without reference standards. Over the past 10 years, besides target analysis, the coupling of LC to high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has allowed screening of compounds expected to be in the environment, as well as nontarget screening of unknown compounds, such as transformation products (TPs) formed in the environment or during technical wastewater and sewage purification treatments. Nowadays, analytical chemists are trying to achieve real nontarget analysis of numerous unknowns in environmental samples for a comprehensive view of the true overall contamination present in samples, but it still remains a very challenging issue. The development of new software tools to extract relevant data, spectra libraries, and databases will be of great help to solve this issue, enhancing the success rate.This article represents the second edition of a previous manuscript by Careri,2000 which was updated to take into account the huge progress in MS instrumentation and related methodologies and also advances in environmental analytical chemistry. In this overview, among the environmental applications of LC‐MS, current and innovative approaches for the analysis of selected classes of emerging pollutants, such as novel brominated flame retardants, nanomaterials, hormones and other endocrine disruptors, and pharmaceutical and personal care products in environmental samples are discussed.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Organics in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Benner Bruce A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSupercritical fluids (SFs) possess several physical properties that make them attractive substitutes for conventional liquid solvents in analytical‐scale extractions. Molecular diffusivities of SFs are typically a factor of 10 greater (10−4cm2s−1versus 10−5cm2s−1) and their viscosities are a factor of 10 lower (10−4N s m−2versus 10−3N s m−2) than liquid solvents. These properties improve the rate of mass transfer of solutes from the matrix surface to the bulk extractions fluid – a transfer believed to be the rate‐limiting step of most extractions. Under optimized conditions, the improvements in mass transfer can enable a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to be completed in <1 h compared to ≥12 h for extractions involving conventional solvent techniques, while generating little solvent waste compared with traditional extraction methods. Significant limitations in the efficiency of SFE due to differences in sample composition (matrix effect) have been discussed in the past 15 years and have reduced its impact on environmental analysis. The ability of SFE with CO2to simulate (in minutes) long‐term leeching of pollutant species from soils and sediments, however, has enabled researchers to predict the efficacy of bioremediation and may be SFE's most important contribution to environmental analytical chemistry. This review discusses the progress made over the past nearly 30 years in SFE as an alternative technique to liquid solvent extractions of environmental samples for the subsequent measurement of organic constituents.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Analysis of Crudes and Transportation Fuels
Authors: Alves Julio C.L. , Poppi Ronei J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThere is an ongoing need for improvement in the optimization of petroleum refining processes. To this end, the technological development of analytical instrumentation and data treatment have been explored using process analytical chemistry (PAC) tools, which allow real‐time on‐line or in‐line analysis faster and with lower cost than the standard reference methods. The use of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods is an ideal fit for PAC tasks. This combination has provided good results in the analysis of crude oil and petroleum derivatives such as gasoline and diesel oil, for which many quality parameters can be adequately determined using process analyzers, providing information for process control by means of real‐time optimization (RTO) systems. The final quality control of gasoline and diesel oil, as well as their mixtures with biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, respectively, can also be adequately performed in the laboratory using NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods.
Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation of Colloidal Suspensions
Authors: Eslahian Kyriakos A. , Maskos Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThermal field‐flow fractionation (ThFFF) is a powerful method for analytical and semi‐preparative particle separations according to colloidal properties. State of the art in terms of experiment and theory are reviewed. Surfactant‐free ThFFF is introduced, allowing for determination of method‐independent Soret coefficients, whereas significant electrostatic and van der Waals interactions in the channel have to be accounted. In these conditions, superior sensitivity of ThFFF on particle surface properties is demonstrated, as well as crucial dependence of fractionation of the ionic strength of the carrier. Electrostatic submechanisms to thermophoresis of charged colloids are discussed. Specific salt‐dependent fractionation is investigated in solutions mixed from NaCl and NaOH. Simulations are in good agreement with experimental data, and observed sign inversion of thermophoresis is shown to arise from thermoelectric effects. Also, temperature dependence of model colloids is simulated to be governed by electrostatic forces.
Abatement of Polybrominated Molecules by Various Radiative Methods
Authors: Nadim Abdelouahab , Bouberka Zohra , Agguine Yassine , Eddarir Said , Maschke Ulrich 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This study presents new aspects in photochemical degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3‐dibromopropylether) (TBBPA‐DBPE). The reaction kinetics were followed in particular by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, and the byproducts of degradation were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A good agreement was obtained from the results of different analytical methods in terms of the overall conversion of TBBPA‐DBPE and the corresponding rate. The obtained results show that the photodegradation of TBBPA‐DBPE can be described by pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. It is interesting to mention a strong presence of a large number of low molecular weight molecules, which proves the efficiency of the radiative treatment, as these products contain only a low amount of bromine.
Raman Spectroscopy in Food and Seawater Analysis
Authors: Sowoidnich Kay , Kronfeldt Heinz‐Detlef 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRaman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique providing chemically specific information by excitation of molecular vibrations within the sample. This article starts with an overview of advanced Raman spectroscopic techniques for fluorescence removal and signal enhancement, namely shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Specially developed state‐of‐the‐art microsystem diode lasers provide the basis for custom‐designed portable Raman instrumentation enabling investigations outside the common laboratory environment. Selected applications in the field of food analysis discussed here comprise meat spoilage detection and authentication of meat species. Conventional Raman spectroscopy and SERDS combined with multivariate data analysis have proven successful for the determination of microbial meat status and animal species. Furthermore, shifted excitation resonance Raman difference spectroscopy was capable of high‐sensitive detection of food colorants in liquids. Using target‐specific developed SERS substrates and a combination of SERS with SERDS, trace detection of water pollutants has been realized in the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This includes offshore measurements in real seawater at selected locations in the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea applying underwater Raman systems. These application examples highlight the large potential of Raman spectroscopy for fast, sensitive, and nondestructive in situ monitoring purposes.
Forensic Anthropology and Cognitive Bias
Authors: Nakhaeizadeh Sherry , Morgan Ruth M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The effect of cognitive bias in forensic science is being empirically tested within a number of forensic domains. The presence and impact of cognitive interpretation issues within the domain of forensic anthropology have yet to be fully recognized in much of the published literature. However, the experimental studies that have been carried out to examine the effect of external manipulations on judgment and decision‐making in forensic anthropological methods have revealed a significant influence. Current empirical findings focus on the visual interpretation of skeletal remains and the degree to which biases may occur when conducting a biological profile. This article deals with the influence of cognitive bias in forensic anthropological methods, with special emphasis on non‐metric assessments. It highlights the degree to which cognitive biases can potentially influence the forensic anthropologists' judgments and interpretations. It also provides recommendations for the mitigation of this effect to ensure that the value of forensic anthropology continues to develop and aid forensic investigations.
Face Identification, Cross‐Race
Authors: Kehn Andre , Pica Emily , Gamblin Bradlee W. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The cross‐race effect (CRE) refers to the phenomenon in which own‐race faces are remembered better than other‐race faces. Although this effect has been examined for over 30 years, an adequate theoretical explanation has not yet been discerned. This article reviews the most prevalent theories trying to explain the CRE and differences in face processing for own‐ and other‐race faces. Specifically, we discuss perceptual expertise models, social‐cognitive models, and differences in configural processing for own‐ and other‐race faces.
Postpartum Psychosis
Authors: Friedman Susan H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPostpartum psychosis (also known aspuerperal psychosis) may include the mother experiencing hallucinations, delusions, confusion, and mood swings. Worsening can occur rapidly and psychiatric hospital admission is often needed. Risks may include neglect of her infant, abuse, suicide, and infanticide. Depending on the circumstances and locale, mothers who commit infanticide may qualify for the insanity defense.
Suicide (Behavior)
Authors: McNally Matthew R. , Patton Christina L. , Fremouw William J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Murder–suicide is the occurrence of suicide preceded by murder within a short period of time; typically 24 h to 1 week. It occurs rarely at an annual rate of approximately 0.1–0.3 per 100 000 individuals in the United States. In most murder–suicide events, the perpetrator is a male and the victim is female; the most common murder–suicide incidents involve a jealous male killing a current or former female romantic partner. Murder–suicide incidents involving strangers are rare. Although there is usually one perpetrator and one victim, there may be multiple victims. In countries that permit firearm ownership, firearms are the most common weapon used in murder–suicide incidents. The majority of murder–suicide incidents occur in the home of either the victim or the perpetrator. While murder–suicide is frequently described as a psychological phenomenon distinct from either homicide or suicide, it may be more similar to suicide than homicide. It has been suggested that the murder component of murder–suicide incidents occurs subsequent to the decision to die by suicide. Various classification systems have been used to group murder–suicide incidents by perceived motive, relationship to the victim(s), and other perpetrator or incident factors.
Boron Hydrides and Nanostructured Boron Materials
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A. , Chakrabarti Amartya 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Boranes are hydrides of boron in which B–H groups occupy the apices of electron‐deficient clusters. The term “electron deficient” arises from the fact that boron has more valence orbitals than it has valence electrons. The consequence of this imbalance is that the clusters are stabilized by extensive multi‐centered bondings. The relationships between cage structures and the number of cage electrons are discussed for boranes and their extension to heteroboranes, where one or more
BH
units are replaced by isolobal main group or transition metal moieties. General synthetic methods and reactivities of the heteroboranes are also discussed. On the other hand, boron nanomaterials are a new class of materials emerged over the past two decades due to immense development in the field of nanotechnology. These materials are very useful in diverse applications including electronics, energy, space, and biomedicine. A description of different boron and boron‐based nanomaterials along with their applications are included in this article.
Iron–Sulfur Models of Protein Active Sites
Authors: Perry Zachary , Martinez Baldemar , Zhou Hong‐Cai 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

In pervasiveness of occurrence and multiplicity of function, iron–sulfur clusters rival biological prosthetic groups such as hemes and flavins. The development of iron–sulfur cluster chemistry paralleled the founding and maturation of the field of bioinorganic chemistry. Starting from the first spontaneous self‐assembly of the [Fe
4
S
4
(SR)
4
]
2−
cluster in 1972, and the identification of the protein‐bound Fe
4
S
4
in the same year, the study of iron–sulfur models of protein active sites has evolved into a unique field in which synthetic inorganic chemistry now resembles the total synthesis of natural products in organic chemistry. Some of the models had been built before the crystal structure of the protein was determined. Almost all the models successfully replicated the topology and the electronic properties of the protein active sites. In this article, the models are discussed in the order of their complexity, from single iron rubredoxin models to Fe
2
S
2
, Fe
3
S
4
, Fe
4
S
4
, and Fe
8
S
7
model compounds. In each section the form and function of the models will be compared to that of naturally occurring systems. Biomimetic synthetic reasoning can be split into two portions: structural and functional. Such relevant geometry and connectivity are discussed and synthetic routes to desired structures are outlined. As the major function of iron–sulfur proteins is electron transfer, and the oxidation state of the iron atom determines its reactivity, electrochemical and Mössbauer data are tabulated in detail. Some of the recent developments in site‐differentiated, peptide, and all‐ferrous Fe
4
S
4
clusters are reviewed. The challenge posed by iron–sulfur proteins has inspired new iron–sulfur cluster chemistry. No other metal–nonmetal combination has produced more structural types than the iron–sulfur system; the majority of them are yet to be found in biological systems. The limitations of the synthesis and control of these systems are discussed in terms of structural and functional similarities to the biological analogs.
GlmU fromMycobacterium tuberculosis– Structure, Function, and the Role of Metal Ions in Catalysis
Authors: Vithani Neha , Prakash Balaji 
Published: June 2015

AbstractN‐Acetylglucosamine‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GlmU) forms a biological trimer. Each monomer has two independent domains that catalyze two independent enzymatic reactions. The C‐terminal domain catalyzes an acetyltransfer reaction:The product of this reaction,N‐acetylglucosamine‐1‐phosphate (GlcNAc‐1‐P), is subsequently utilized by the N‐terminal domain to synthesize a sugar nucleotide,UDP‐GlcNAc. The reaction catalyzed by the N‐terminal domain, that is, the uridyltransfer reaction isWhile the acetyltransfer reaction catalyzed by the C‐terminal domain is metal independent, the uridyltransfer reaction requires the binding of two Mg2+ions at the active site, for stabilizing the substrates and for catalysis. The coordination chemistry of Mn2+is similar to that of the Mg2+, and therefore Mn2+too can catalyze this reaction effectively. Besides, Co2+ions were also found to bind at the active site and catalyze the reaction.
Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Yan Xiaodong , Chen Xiaobo 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

As a versatile material of photocatalytic properties, low cost, good biocompatibility, and high chemical stability, titanium dioxide (TiO
2
), especially at the nanometer scale, have been investigated extensively and intensively in applications from energy and environment to health. To date, various preparation methods have been developed to synthesize TiO
2
nanomaterials with well‐controlled shape (e.g., nanorod, nanowire, and nanotube) and desired properties. This article briefly introduces the up‐to‐date developments of TiO
2
nanomaterials. It focuses on their synthesis and also covers their properties, modifications, and applications.
Silicon‐Based Nanoparticles for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Martín‐Palma Raúl J. , Hernández‐Montelongo> Jacobo , Muñoz‐Noval Álvaro , Manso‐Silván Miguel , Torres‐Costa Vicente 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNanostructured porous silicon (nanoPS) has found a large number of applications in the broad fields of photonics and optoelectronics, triggered by the discovery of its photoluminescence in 1990. It is also an appealing biomaterial given its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioresorbability. Moreover, modifications can be made to these Si‐based nanoparticles to better suit their integration with biological systems, leading to such interesting properties as enhanced aqueous solubility, biocompatibility, or bio‐recognition. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the most remarkable applications of nanoPS in the broad fields of biosensing and biomedicine, including tumor imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
Steiglitz–McBride adaptive notch filter based on a variable‐step‐size LMS algorithm and its application to active noise control
Authors: Roopa S. , Narasimhan S. V. , Babloo B. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis paper proposes a new Steiglitz–McBride (SM) adaptive notch filter (SM‐ANF) based on a robust variable‐step‐size least‐mean‐square algorithm and its application to active noise control (ANC). The proposed SM‐ANF not only has fast convergence but also has small misadjustment. The variable‐step‐size algorithm uses the sum of the squared cross correlation between the error signal and the delayed inputs corresponding to the adaptive weights. The cross correlation provides robustness to the broadband signal, which plays the role of noise. The proposed SM‐ANF is computationally simpler than the existing Newton/recursive least‐squares‐type ANF. The frequency response of the new SM‐ANF has a notch depth of about −25 dB (for each of the three frequencies considered) and has spectral flatness within 5 dB (peak to peak). This robust notch filter algorithm is used as an observation noise canceller for the secondary path estimation of an ANC system based on the SM method. The ANC with proposed SM‐ANF provides not only faster convergence but also an 11‐dB improvement in noise attenuation over the SM‐based ANC without such a SM‐ANF. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comments on ‘comparison of architectures and robustness of model reference adaptive controllers and L1‐adaptive controllers’
Authors: Ortega Romeo , Panteley Elena , Bobtsov Alexey 
Published: June 2015

SummaryIn a recent paper it is claimed that adding a filter at the plant input to a classical direct model reference adaptive control constitutes a ‘new architecture’ for adaptive control. The purpose of this note is to show that this claim is specious. Towards this end, we bring to the readers attention the some recent results where a rigorous mathematical analysis shows that the resulting control signal always converges to the output of a linear time‐invariant proportional plus integral (PI) controller, whose gains are independent of the plant parameters. Moreover, it is shown that if the PI controller does not stabilize the plant, the proposed controller will not stabilize it either, making unnecessary the addition of the adaptation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation Behavior of Al8Co17Cr17Cu8Fe17Ni33, Al23Co15Cr23Cu8Fe15Ni15, and Al17Co17Cr17Cu17Fe17Ni17 Compositionally Complex Alloys (High‐Entropy Alloys) at Elevated Temperatures in Air
Authors: Daoud Haneen M. , Manzoni Anna M. , Völkl Rainer , Wanderka Nelia , Glatzel Uwe 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOxidation behavior of the compositionally complex alloys (high‐entropy alloys) Al8Co17Cr17Cu8Fe17Ni33 (fcc‐alloy), Al23Co15Cr23Cu8Fe15Ni15 (bcc‐alloy), and Al17Co17Cr17Cu17Fe17Ni17 (reference‐alloy) at elevated temperatures in air is investigated. The microstructures of the oxide scales and the substrates are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. All oxidized alloys follow a parabolic kinetic law with low mass change per surface area at 800 °C. The Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33 alloy follows sub‐parabolic kinetic law at 1 000 °C and exhibits good oxidation resistance at both tested temperatures (800 and 1 000 °C). Two alloys, Al23Co15Cr23Cu8Fe15Ni15 and Al17Co17Cr17Cu17Fe17Ni17 suffer from strong spallation at 1 000 °C.
Are immigrants in Canada over‐represented in riskier jobs relative to Canadian‐born labor market participants?
Authors: Tiagi Raaj 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThis paper uses new data to examine the gap in injury and fatality rates between immigrant men and women and their Canadian‐born counterparts.MethodsData from the 2011 National Household Survey and the Association of Workers′ Compensation Boards of Canada were used to determine the difference in occupational and industry injury and fatality rates between various arrival cohorts of immigrants and those Canadian born.ResultsFor both men and women, there is no significant difference in occupational injury and fatality rates between various arrival cohorts of immigrants and Canadian‐born workers. However, industry injury and fatality rates are lower for the most recent arrival cohorts of immigrants relative to Canadian‐born workers.ConclusionsAlthough immigrants face many hurdles and challenges in their resettlement process in Canada, given the evidence from the paper, they are not likely to be at higher risk for work‐related injuries relative to those Canadian‐born. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:933–942, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.