bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of injection molding process for car fender in consideration of energy efficiency and product quality
Authors: Park Hong Seok , Nguyen Trung Thanh 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Energy efficiency is an essential consideration in sustainable manufacturing. This study presents the car fender-based injection molding process optimization that aims to resolve the trade-off between energy consumption and product quality at the same time in which process parameters are optimized variables. The process is specially optimized by applying response surface methodology and using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) in order to resolve multi-object optimization problems. To reduce computational cost and time in the problem-solving procedure, the combination of CAE-integration tools is employed. Based on the Pareto diagram, an appropriate solution is derived out to obtain optimal parameters. The optimization results show that the proposed approach can help effectively engineers in identifying optimal process parameters and achieving competitive advantages of energy consumption and product quality. In addition, the engineering analysis that can be employed to conduct holistic optimization of the injection molding process in order to increase energy efficiency and product quality was also mentioned in this paper.
Naval ship's susceptibility assessment by the probabilistic density function
Authors: Kim Kwang Sik , Hwang Se Yun , Lee Jang Hyun 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The survivability of the naval ship is the capability of a warship to avoid or withstand a hostile environment. The survivability of the naval ship assessed by three categories (susceptibility, vulnerability and recoverability). The magnitude of susceptibility of a warship encountering with threat is dependent upon the attributes of detection equipment and weapon system. In this paper, as a part of a naval ship's survivability analysis, an assessment process model for the ship's susceptibility analysis technique is developed. Naval ship's survivability emphasizing the susceptibility is assessed by the probability of detection, and the probability of hit. Considering the radar cross section (RCS), the assessment procedure for the susceptibility is described. It's emphasizing the simplified calculation model based on the probability density function for probability of hit. Assuming the probability of hit given a both single-hit and multiple-hit, the susceptibility is accessed for a RCS and the hit probability for a rectangular target is applied for a given threat.
Phenological characteristics of global coccolithophore blooms
Authors: Hopkins Jason , Henson Stephanie A. , Painter Stuart C. , Tyrrell Toby , Poulton Alex J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCoccolithophores are recognized as having a significant influence on the global carbon cycle through the production and export of calcium carbonate (often referred to as particulate inorganic carbon or PIC). Using remotely sensed PIC and chlorophyll data, we investigate the seasonal dynamics of coccolithophores relative to a mixed phytoplankton community. Seasonal variability in PIC, here considered to indicate changes in coccolithophore biomass, is identified across much of the global ocean. Blooms, which typically start in February–March in the low‐latitude (~30°) Northern Hemisphere and last for ~6–7 months, get progressively later (April–May) and shorter (3–4 months) moving poleward. A similar pattern is observed in the Southern Hemisphere, where blooms that generally begin around August–September in the lower latitudes and which last for ~8 months get later and shorter with increasing latitude. It has previously been considered that phytoplankton blooms consist of a sequential succession of blooms of individual phytoplankton types. Comparison of PIC and chlorophyll peak dates suggests instead that in many open ocean regions, blooms of coccolithophores and other phytoplankton can co‐occur, conflicting with the traditional view of species succession that is thought to take place in temperate regions such as the North Atlantic.
Sensitivity of terrestrial precipitation trends to the structural evolution of sea surface temperatures
Authors: Anderson Bruce T. , Lintner Benjamin R. , Langenbrunner Baird , Neelin J. David , Hawkins Ed , Syktus Jozef 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPronounced intermodel differences in the projected response of land surface precipitation (LSP) to future anthropogenic forcing remain in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model integrations. A large fraction of the intermodel spread in projected LSP trends is demonstrated here to be associated with systematic differences in simulated sea surface temperature (SST) trends, especially the representation of changes in (i) the interhemispheric SST gradient and (ii) the tropical Pacific SSTs. By contrast, intermodel differences in global mean SST, representative of differing global climate sensitivities, exert limited systematic influence on LSP patterns. These results highlight the importance to regional terrestrial precipitation changes of properly simulating the spatial distribution of large‐scale, remote changes as reflected in the SST response to increasing greenhouse gases. Moreover, they provide guidance regarding which region‐specific precipitation projections may be potentially better constrained for use in climate change impact assessments.
Internally generated decadal cold events in the northern North Atlantic and their possible implications for the demise of the Norse settlements in Greenland
Authors: Moreno‐Chamarro Eduardo , Zanchettin Davide , Lohmann Katja , Jungclaus Johann H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe attribute and describe the governing mechanisms of decadal cold excursions in the subpolar North Atlantic of similar amplitude and duration to cold events reconstructed from climate‐proxies during the last millennium detected in an ensemble of three transient and one unperturbed climate simulation. The cold events are attributed to internal regional climate variability, with varying external forcing increasing their magnitude and frequency. The underlying general mechanism consists of a feedback loop initiated by a weakening of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, which induces persistent colder and fresher surface conditions in the Labrador Sea and, eventually, a deep convection shutdown. We thus exclude a hemispheric climate reorganization or a weak ocean overturning circulation as necessary trigger for such events. An associated northeastward atmospheric cold advection over the Labrador Sea deteriorates local living conditions on south Greenland, essential for the sustainability of the Norse settlements.
Absolute magnetization of the seafloor at a basalt‐hosted hydrothermal site: Insights from a deep‐sea submersible survey
Authors: Szitkar Florent , Dyment Jérôme , Fouquet Yves , Choi Yujin , Honsho Chie 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe analysis of high‐resolution vector magnetic data acquired by deep‐sea submersibles (DSSs) requires the development of specific approaches adapted to their uneven tracks. We present a method that takes advantage of (1) the varying altitude of the DSS above the seafloor and (2) high‐resolution multibeam bathymetric data acquired separately, at higher altitude, by an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, to estimate the absolute magnetization intensity and the magnetic polarity of the shallow subseafloor along the DSS path. We apply this method to data collected by DSS Nautile on a small active basalt‐hosted hydrothermal site. The site is associated with a lack of magnetization, in agreement with previous findings at the same kind of sites: the contrast between nonmagnetic sulfide deposits/stockwork zone and strongly magnetized basalt is sufficient to explain the magnetic signal observed at such a low altitude. Both normal and reversed polarities are observed in the lava flows surrounding the site, suggesting complex history of accumulating volcanic flows.
Sparse set membership identification of nonlinear functions and application to fault detection
Authors: Novara Carlo 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe problem of approximating an unknown function from data and deriving reliable interval estimates is important in many fields of science and technology. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to solve this problem, based on a sparsification technique and a nonparametric set membership analysis. Assuming that the noise affecting the data is bounded and the unknown function satisfies a mild regularity assumption, it is shown that the algorithm provides an approximation with suitable optimality properties, together with tight interval estimates. An innovative approach to fault detection, based on the derived interval estimates, is then proposed, overcoming some relevant problems proper of the ‘classical’ techniques. The approach is applied in a simulation study to solve the challenging problem of fault detection for a new class of wind energy generators, which uses kites to capture the power from high‐altitude winds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymeric Ionic Liquid and Carbon Black Composite as a Reusable Supporting Electrolyte: Modification of the Electrode Surface
Authors: Yoo Seung Joon , Li Long‐Ji , Zeng Cheng‐Chu , Little R. Daniel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOne of the major impediments to using electroorganic synthesis is the need for large amounts of a supporting electrolyte to ensure the passage of charge. Frequently this causes separation and waste problems. To address these issues, a polymeric ionic liquid–Super P carbon black composite has been formulated. The system enables electrolyses to be performed without adding an additional supporting electrolyte, and its efficient recovery and reuse. In addition, the ability of the composite to modify the electrode surface in situ leads to improved kinetics. A practical consequence is that one can decrease catalyst loading without sacrificing efficiency.
The Structure and Optical Properties of the [Au18(SR)14] Nanocluster
Authors: Chen Shuang , Wang Shuxin , Zhong Juan , Song Yongbo , Zhang Jun , Sheng Hongting , Pei Yong , Zhu Manzhou 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDecreasing the core size is one of the best ways to study the evolution from AuI complexes into Au nanoclusters. Toward this goal, we successfully synthesized the [Au18(SC6H11)14] nanocluster using the [Au18(SG)14] (SG=L‐glutathione) nanocluster as the starting material to react with cyclohexylthiol, and determined the X‐ray structure of the cyclohexylthiol‐protected [Au18(C6H11S)14] nanocluster. The [Au18(SR)14] cluster has a Au9 bi‐octahedral kernel (or inner core). This Au9 inner core is built by two octahedral Au6 cores sharing one triangular face. One transitional gold atom is found in the Au9 core, which can also be considered as part of the Au4(SR)5 staple motif. These findings offer new insight in terms of understanding the evolution from [AuI(SR)] complexes into Au nanoclusters.
λ‐Orthogonal Pericyclic Macromolecular Photoligation
Authors: Hiltebrandt Kai , Pauloehrl Thomas , Blinco James P. , Linkert Katharina , Börner Hans G. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA photochemical strategy enabling λ‐orthogonal reactions is introduced to construct macromolecular architectures and to encode variable functional groups with site‐selective precision into a single molecule by the choice of wavelength. λ‐Orthogonal pericyclic reactions proceed independently of one another by the selection of functional groups that absorb light of specific wavelengths. The power of the new concept is shown by a one‐pot reaction of equimolar quantities of maleimide with two polymers carrying different maleimide‐reactive endgroups, that is, a photoactive diene (photoenol) and a nitrile imine (tetrazole). Under selective irradiation at λ=310–350 nm, any maleimide (or activated ene) end‐capped compound reacts exclusively with the photoenol functional polymer. After complete conversion of the photoenol, subsequent irradiation at λ=270–310 nm activates the reaction of the tetrazole group with functional enes. The versatility of the approach is shown by λ‐orthogonal click reactions of complex maleimides, functional enes, and polymers to the central polymer scaffold.
Starch foams containing biomass from the second generation cellulosic ethanol production
Authors: Ge Changfeng , Lansing Baxter , Aldi Robert 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTSecond generation bioethanol is produced from lignocellulose which comes from agricultural waste instead of agricultural feedstock. This study utilized the residuals from the extraction of C5 and C6 sugars in the second generation bioethanol while 20 and 40 wt % of the biomass was blended with starch into a starch/biomass foam. After adding the biomass into starch foam, the morphology of the starch foam changed significantly, showing rough surfaces, higher cell densities, as well as smaller cell areas than the starch only foam. Adding the biomass into the starch overall resulted in the reduction of the compressive strength, the stiffness, and the density of the starch foam. The water sensitivity of the starch foam/biomass was reduced by 60%, indicating a significant improvement of the hydrophilic nature of the starch foam. The foam/biomass demonstrated a lower thermal stability than neat starch foam due to the decomposition of the biomass. The study concluded that the biomass from the second generation cellulosic ethanol process possess similar physical, mechanical, and thermal properties as the other starch foam composite, and yet, no additive is required. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41940.
Phosphorous, nitrogen co‐doped carbon from spent coffee grounds for fuel cell applications
Authors: Ramasahayam Sunil Kumar , Azam Saad , Viswanathan Tito 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTSpent coffee grounds, which represents the vast solid residual matter generated from consumed coffee beans, requires proper reutilization. This work represents the production of an alternate material from spent coffee grounds to replace expensive metal based catalysts currently used as electrodes in fuel cells. A novel microwave assisted technique which is easy, rapid, and economical is utilized for the synthesis of Phosphorous, Nitrogen co‐doped carbon (PNDC) from spent coffee grounds and ammonium polyphosphate. SEM analysis revealed that PNDC is composed of distinct, spherical shaped particles. PNDC has a BET surface area of ∼507 m2 g−1 and is predominantly mesoporous. XPS reveals that PNDC contains about 1.90% N and 3.02% P besides C and O. PNDC exhibits good O2 reduction response in 0.1M KOH, which was found to be comparable to that of 20% Pt/C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41948.
Aliphatic–aromatic poly(butylene carbonate‐co‐terephthalate) random copolymers: Synthesis, cocrystallization, and composition‐dependent properties
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhu Wenxiang , Li Chuncheng , Zhang Dong , Xiao Yaonan , Guan Guohu , Zheng Liuchun 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA series of aliphatic–aromatic poly(carbonate‐co‐ester)s poly(butylene carbonate‐co‐terephthalate)s (PBCTs), with weight‐average molecular weight of 113,000 to 146,000 g/mol, were synthesized from dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl terephthalate, and 1,4‐butanediol via a two‐step polycondensation process using tetrabutyl titanate as the catalyst. The PBCTs, being statistically random copolymers, show a single Tg over the entire composition range. The thermal stability of PBCTs strongly depends on the molar composition. Melting temperatures vary from 113 to 213°C for copolymers with butylene terephthalate (BT) unit content higher than 40 mol %. The copolymers have a eutectic melting point when about 10 mol % BT units are included. Crystal lattice structure shifts from the poly(butylene carbonate) to the poly(butylene terephthalate) type crystal phase with increasing BT unit content. DSC and WAXD results indicate that the PBCT copolymers show isodimorphic cocrystallization. The tensile modulus and strength decrease first and then increase according to copolymer composition. The enzymatic degradation of the PBCT copolymers was also studied. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41952.
Identification and Putative Roles of Distinct Subtypes of Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Neuroimmune Communication: What can be Learned from Other Organ Systems?
Authors: Alpaerts Katrien , Buckinx Roeland , Adriaensen Dirk , Van Nassauw Luc , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract, just like the skin and the airways, is constantly exposed to both harmless and pathogenic organisms and hence requires a tightly regulated immune homeostasis to function properly. A central role in the regulation of this balance is played by the dendritic cells (DCs), a heterogeneous population of antigen‐presenting cells that can be further divided into distinct subsets with different functions depending on the tissue they reside in. In recent years, the DC population in the lamina propria (LP) of the intestine has emerged as a key player in immune surveillance. Given the extensive innervation of the GI mucosa, these DC subsets possibly are also regulated by interactions with neuronal components. Current knowledge, be it still fragmentary, indicates that dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication leads to the onset of pathological disorders. The present review article deals with the identification and interaction of distinct subtypes of mouse intestinal LP DCs with elements of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in normal and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, the question is addressed whether any parallels can be drawn between intestinal LP DCs and DCs residing in the skin and lung in order to gain a better insight into common or clearly distinct mechanistic pathways and the possible impact of the mucosal components in the microenvironment. The exact way in which the ENS is serving its immunomodulatory roles in the GI tract is still largely unknown, although there are significant indications for a crosstalk between LP DCs and components of the ENS. This review clearly shows that in the three different organ systems the same neurotransmitters (i.e., SP, CGRP, and VIP) reoccur, serving similar functions. Mechanistic lessons learned from other organ systems, such as the skin and lung, may be of substantial help in further exploring the nature of the neuroimmune communication between GI innervation and LP DCs. Anat Rec, 298:903–916, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Muscular reconstruction and functional morphology of the hind limb of santacrucian (Early Miocene) sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) of Patagonia
Authors: Toledo Néstor , Bargo M. Susana , Vizcaíno Sergio F. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis article presents a morphofunctional analysis of the hind limb of Santacrucian (Early Miocene) sloths from southernmost Patagonia (Argentina). These fossil sloths were mid sized to large animals, ranging from 40 to 120 kg, and their postcranial skeleton was markedly different in shape compared with that of extant tree sloths, which vary from 2 to 10 kg. The functional anatomy of the hind limb of Santacrucian sloths was compared with that of living xenarthrans (tree sloths, anteaters, and armadillos), which involved reconstruction of the hind limb musculature and comparative and qualitative morphofunctional analyses, and hypotheses on the biological role of the hind limb in terms of preferences in substrate, posture, and strategies of locomotion were formulated. The hind limb of Santacrucian sloths bears strong resemblances to that of living South American anteaters in stoutness of skeletal elements, form of the characteristics related to muscular and ligamentous attachments, and conservative, pentadactylous strong‐clawed pes. The musculature was very well developed, allowing powerful forces, principally in entire limb adduction, crus flexion and extension, pes extension, and toe prehension. These functional features, together with those of the forelimb, are congruent with climbing behavior, and support the hypothesis that Santacrucian sloths were good but slow climbing mammals. However, their climbing strategies were limited, owing principally to their comparatively large body size, and they relied to a large extent on their powerful musculature and curved manual and pedal unguals for both moving and standing on the arboreal supports. Anat Rec, 298:842–864, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Unexpected Double Diels–Alder Reaction of (E)‐2‐Bromo‐4‐aryl‐1,3‐pentadiene Involving [1,5]‐Hydrogen Migration and HBr Elimination: Synthesis of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Derivatives
Authors: Huang Pingping , Liu Lingyan , Chang Weixing , Li Jing 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn unexpected double Diels–Alder (DDA) reaction of (E)‐2‐bromo‐4‐aryl‐1,3‐pentadiene was developed and resulted in a series of “butterfly‐like” bicyclo[2.2.2]octene derivatives in moderate to good yields without the need for a metal catalyst. The proposed mechanism involves a [1,5]‐sigmatropic hydrogen migration and HBr elimination. Through this decisive [1,5]‐hydrogen shift step, the electronic properties and steric hindrance of the conjugated diene substrate are completely altered and the DDA reaction of this potential diene synthon is successfully achieved.
Anthryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole‐Substituted Calix[4]arenes as Highly Selective Fluorescent Chemodosimeters for Fe3+
Authors: Chen Ying‐Jung , Yang Shun‐Chieh , Tsai Chia‐Chen , Chang Kai‐Chi , Chuang Wen‐Han , Chu Wei‐Lun , Kovalev Vladimir , Chung Wen‐Sheng 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFluorescent chemosensors1and2, with 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles as the binding ligands and anthracene as the fluorophore, were synthesized through sequential 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of 25,27‐dioxyacetonitrilecalix[4]arenes8and11. The fluorescence of1was severely quenched by both Fe3+and Cu2+, whereas that of2was selectively quenched only by Fe3+. Control compound4was also selectively quenched by Fe3+, which implied the importance of anthryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole core; furthermore, it was shown to give various oxidation products such as oxanthrone13, anthraquinone14, and imidazolyl oxanthrone15. In addition to product separation and identification, the fluorescent quenching mechanism of these 9‐anthryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolyl derivatives by Fe3+is also discussed. Furthermore, it should be noted that the oxadiazole‐substituted anthracene4and calix[4]arene2are Fe3+‐selective fluorescent chemodosimeters without the interference by Cu2+.
Stability Analysis of Stochastic Interconnected Systems by Vector Lyapunov Function Method
Authors: Shi Jizhong , Zhang Jiye , Xu Xiaohui , Yu Xuecai 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, the interconnecting structure between a certain system and its lower order subsystems within the infinite‐dimension stochastic interconnected systems is analyzed. Assuming that the excitations are parametric white noises, the exponential string stability for a few classes of nonlinear stochastic interconnected systems is discussed. By using the vector Lyapunov function method, the sufficient conditions of exponential string stability are derived, expanding the scope of the parameters for systems stability. Moreover, some cases of exponential string stability for vehicle‐following systems in automated highway systems are specified. Finally, an example is shown to illustrate the proposed method.