bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CO2-Free Power Generation on an Iron Group Nanoalloy Catalyst via Selective Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol to Oxalic Acid in Alkaline Media
Authors: Matsumoto Takeshi , Sadakiyo Masaaki , Ooi Mei Lee , Kitano Sho , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Matsumura Syo , Kato Kenichi , Takeguchi Tatsuya , Yamauchi Miho 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn Fe group ternary nanoalloy (NA) catalyst enabled selective electrocatalysis towards CO2-free power generation from highly deliverable ethylene glycol (EG). A solid-solution-type FeCoNi NA catalyst supported on carbon was prepared by a two-step reduction method. High-resolution electron microscopy techniques identified atomic-level mixing of constituent elements in the nanoalloy. We examined the distribution of oxidised species, including CO2, produced on the FeCoNi nanoalloy catalyst in the EG electrooxidation under alkaline conditions. The FeCoNi nanoalloy catalyst exhibited the highest selectivities toward the formation of C2 products and to oxalic acid, i.e., 99 and 60%, respectively, at 0.4 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), without CO2 generation. We successfully generated power by a direct EG alkaline fuel cell employing the FeCoNi nanoalloy catalyst and a solid-oxide electrolyte with oxygen reduction ability, i.e., a completely precious-metal-free system.
Unspeciated organic emissions from combustion sources and their influence on the secondary organic aerosol budget in the United States
Authors: Jathar Shantanu H. , Gordon Timothy D. , Hennigan Christopher J. , Pye Havala O. T. , Pouliot George , Adams Peter J. , Donahue Neil M. , Robinson Allen L. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the atmospheric oxidation of gaseous combustion emissions is an important component of global fine-particle pollution, which influences the Earth’s energy budget and affects human health. However, existing models underpredict the amount of SOA measured in laboratory experiments and in the atmosphere. We analyze smog chamber and emissions data to demonstrate that unspeciated organics in combustion emissions are a major class of SOA precursors. We develop source-specific parameterizations for these emissions using surrogate chemical compounds. We find that unspeciated organics dominate SOA mass formed from combustion emissions in the United States; therefore, unspeciated organics must be included in models to simulate ambient fine particulate matter concentrations.
Giant vacuum forces via transmission lines
Authors: Shahmoon Ephraim , Mazets Igor , Kurizki Gershon 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Quantum theory states that at zero temperature and in the absence of any radiation, there still exist fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, the so-called vacuum fluctuations. These fluctuations give rise to the well-known van der Waals (vdW) or Casimir forces between neutral objects, which underlie diverse phenomena in physics and chemistry. We find that these forces can be drastically enhanced for neutral particles near a transmission line (TL), the standard workhorse of electronic signal transmission. The vacuum fluctuations are then confined to propagate along the TL axis, resulting in a giant long-range vdW force. This dramatic effect would have profound implications on vdW and Casimir phenomena and may find novel applications in emerging quantum technologies.
Stone tools from the ancient Tongan state reveal prehistoric interaction centers in the Central Pacific
Authors: Clark Geoffrey R. , Reepmeyer Christian , Melekiola Nivaleti , Woodhead Jon , Dickinson William R. , Martinsson-Wallin Helene 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceThe Tongan state was the only maritime polity in Oceania to encompass an entire archipelago and, through long-distance voyaging, to extend its influence to other island groups through political and economic exchanges. Stone tools recovered from the central places of the Tongan state were geochemically analyzed to provide the first archaeological assessment of maritime interaction in the Central Pacific, with a high proportion of tools (66%) identified as long-distance imports from Fiji, Samoa, and the Society Islands. Exotic lithics were an important source of political capital used by Tongan elites, and an important consequence of centralization was the development of interaction centers through which people, products, and information about political organizations reached many parts of the prehistoric Pacific.
New Possibilities for Early Mathematics Education
Authors: Ginsburg Herbert P. , Labrecque Rachael , Carpenter Kara , Pagar Dana 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMathematics instruction for young children should begin early, elaborate on and mathematize children’s everyday mathematics, promote a meaningful integration and synthesis of mathematics knowledge, and advance the development of conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and use of effective strategies. The affordances provided by computer programs can be used to further these goals by involving children in activities that are not possible with traditional methods. Drawing on research and theory concerning the development of mathematical cognition, learning, and teaching, high quality mathematics software can provide a productive learning environment with several components: (1) useful instructions and demonstrations, scaffolds, and feedback; (2) mathematical tools (like a device that groups objects into tens); and (3) virtual objects, manipulatives and mathematical representations. We propose a five-stage iterative research and development process consisting of (1) coherent design; (2) formative research; (3) revision; (4) learning studies; and (5) summative research. A case study of MathemAntics, software for children ranging from age 3 to grade 3, illustrates the research and development process. The chapter concludes with implications for early childhood educators, software designers, and researchers.
Numerical Abilities and Arithmetic in Infancy
Authors: McCrink Koleen , Birdsall Wesley 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNumerical Abilities and Arithmetic in Infancy. In this chapter, infants’ capacity to represent and manipulate numerical amounts via a precise system for small numbers (the object-tracking system) and an imprecise system for large numbers (the Approximate Number System, or ANS) is detailed. Of particular interest is the presence of an untrained ability to calculate arithmetic outcomes as a result of mathematical operations. The evidence for addition, subtraction, ordering, multiplication, and division in infancy is reviewed and links to other domains such as statistical learning are explored.
Points to Be Considered When Applying FibroScan S Probe in Children With Biliary Atresia
Authors: Kim Seung , Kang Yunkoo , Lee Mi Jung , Kim Myung Joon , Han Seok Joo , Koh Hong 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:With the introduction of smaller probes (S1, S2), the use of transient elastography has been expanded to children. Accordingly, we aimed to address points of consideration in probe choice and interpretation of measured liver stiffness by applying and comparing FibroScan S and M probes in biliary atresia.Methods:Using S1, S2, and M probes, 3 liver stiffness measurements, success rates, and interquartile ranges were obtained from 100 patients. Patients were assigned to 2 groups according to thoracic perimeter (≤45 cm vs >45 cm). In both groups, obtained values were compared and the relation between liver stiffness measurement and aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index was analyzed.Results:In the small‐thorax group, the success rate was highest with the S1 probe and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was highest for S1 versus S2 (0.98), compared with that for S1 versus M (0.69) and S2 versus M (0.77). In the large‐thorax group, ICC was the highest for S2 versus M (0.88), compared with that for S1 versus S2 (0.69) and S1 versus M (0.51). In the small‐thorax group, correlations between aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index and liver stiffness measurement were stronger for S1 (0.65) and S2 (0.64) than for M (0.49). In the large‐thorax group, all probes showed good correlation, S1 (0.68), S2 (0.62), and M (0.62).Conclusions:We recommend that the S1 probe is more appropriate for use in small children, especially those with a thorax perimeter of <45 cm. If no S probe is available, the M probe may be acceptable in children whose thorax perimeter is >45 cm.
hCTLA4‐Ig transgene expression in keratocytes modulates rejection of corneal xenografts in a pig to non‐human primate anterior lamellar keratoplasty model
Authors: Vabres Bertrand , Le Bas‐Bernardet Stéphanie , Riochet David , Chérel Yan , Minault David , Hervouet Jérémy , Ducournau Yvette , Moreau Anne , Daguin Véronique , Coulon Flora , Pallier Annaïck , Brouard Sophie , Robson Simon C. , Nottle Mark B. , Cowan Peter J. , Venturi Eric , Mermillod Pascal , Brachet Philippe , Galli Cesare , Lagutina Irina , Duchi Roberto , Bach Jean‐Marie , Blancho Gilles , Soulillou Jean‐Paul , Vanhove Bernard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundHuman corneal allografting is an established procedure to cure corneal blindness. However, a shortage of human donor corneas as well as compounding economic, cultural, and organizational reasons in many countries limit its widespread use. Artificial corneas as well as porcine corneal xenografts have been considered as possible alternatives. To date, all preclinical studies using de‐cellularized pig corneas have shown encouraging graft survival results; however, relatively few studies have been conducted in pig to non‐human primate (NHP) models, and particularly using genetically engineered donors.MethodsIn this study, we assessed the potential benefit of using either hCTLA4‐Ig transgenic or α1,3‐Galactosyl Transferase (GT) Knock‐Out (KO) plus transgenic hCD39/hCD55/hCD59/fucosyl‐transferase pig lines in an anterior lamellar keratoplasty pig to NHP model.ResultsCorneas from transgenic animals expressing hCTLA4‐Ig under the transcriptional control of a neuron‐specific enolase promoter showed transgene expression in corneal keratocytes of the stroma and expression was maintained after transplantation. Although a first acute rejection episode occurred in all animals during the second week post‐keratoplasty, the median final rejection time was 70 days in the hCTLA4‐Ig group vs. 21 days in the wild‐type (WT) control group. In contrast, no benefit for corneal xenograft survival from the GTKO/transgenic pig line was found. At rejection, cell infiltration in hCTLA4Ig transgenic grafts was mainly composed of macrophages with fewer CD3+ CD4+ and CD79+ cells than in other types of grafts. Anti‐donor xenoantibodies increased dramatically between days 9 and 14 post‐surgery in all animals.ConclusionsLocal expression of the hCTLA4‐Ig transgene dampens rejection of xenogeneic corneal grafts in this pig‐to‐NHP lamellar keratoplasty model. The hCTLA4‐Ig transgene seems to target T‐cell responses without impacting humoral responses, the control of which would presumably require additional peripheral immunosuppression.
Brucella melitensis Invades Murine Erythrocytes during Infection
Authors: Vitry Marie-Alice , Hanot Mambres Delphine , Deghelt Michaël , Hack Katrin , Machelart Arnaud , Lhomme Frédéric , Vanderwinden Jean-Marie , Vermeersch Marjorie , De Trez Carl , Pérez-Morga David , Letesson Jean-Jacques , Muraille Eric 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBrucellaspp. are facultative intracellular Gram-negative coccobacilli responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis. We observed thatBrucella melitensisis able to persist for several weeks in the blood of intraperitoneally infected mice and that transferred blood at any time point tested is able to induce infection in naive recipient mice. Bacterial persistence in the blood is dramatically impaired by specific antibodies induced followingBrucellavaccination. In contrast toBartonella, the type IV secretion system and flagellar expression are not critically required for the persistence ofBrucellain blood. ImageStream analysis of blood cells showed that following a brief extracellular phase,Brucellais associated mainly with the erythrocytes. Examination by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy formally demonstrated thatB. melitensisis able to invade erythrocytesin vivo. The bacteria do not seem to multiply in erythrocytes and are found free in the cytoplasm. Our results open up new areas for investigation and should serve in the development of novel strategies for the treatment or prophylaxis of brucellosis. Invasion of erythrocytes could potentially protect the bacterial cells from the host's immune response and hamper antibiotic treatment and suggests possibleBrucellatransmission by bloodsucking insects in nature.
Pedogenic alteration of illite in subtropical China
Authors: Han W. , Hong H. L. , Yin K. , Churchman G. J. , Li Z. H. , Chen T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPedogenic alteration of illite from red earth sediments in Jiujiang in subtropical China was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Illite, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV), kaolinite and mixed-layer illite-HIV (I-HIV) are present in the soils. The characteristic reflections of the clay phases were 14 Å, 10–14 Å, 10 Å, and 7 Å, respectively. After Mg-glycerol saturations, the 14 Å peak of the samples did not expand, and after heating at 350°C and 550°C it shifted to 13.8 Å and 12 Å respectively, with no residual 14 Å reflection, suggesting the occurrence of hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. The randomly interstratified I-HIV clays were characterized by a broad peak at 10–14 Å, which did not change its position after Mg-glycerol saturation, but collapsed to 10 Å after heating at 350°C and 550°C. HRTEM analysis showed different lattice fringes of 12 Å, 10 Å and 7 Å . Mixed-layer I-HIV, HIV-K and illite-kaolinite (I-K) were observed in the HRTEM images which represented the intermediate phases during illite alteration. The merging of two 10 Å illite layers into a 12 Å HIV layer, lateral transformation of one HIV layer into one kaolinite layer and alteration of one illite layer into two kaolinite layers illustrated the mechanisms of illite-to-HIV, HIV-to-kaolinite and illite-tokaolinite transformation, respectively. The proposed pedogenic alteration of illite and the weathering sequence of the clay minerals in Jiujiang is illite → I-HIV → HIV → HIV-K → kaolinite. In addition, illite may transform directly to kaolinite.
Structural basis for PTPA interaction with the invariant C-terminal tail of PP2A
Authors: Löw Christian , Quistgaard Esben M. , Kovermann Michael , Anandapadamanaban Madhanagopal , Balbach Jochen , Nordlund Pär 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a highly abundant heterotrimeric Ser/Thr phosphatase involved in the regulation of a variety of signaling pathways. The PP2A phosphatase activator (PTPA) is an ATP-dependent activation chaperone, which plays a key role in the biogenesis of active PP2A. The C-terminal tail of the catalytic subunit of PP2A is highly conserved and can undergo a number of posttranslational modifications that serve to regulate the function of PP2A. Here we have studied structurally the interaction of PTPA with the conserved C-terminal tail of the catalytic subunit carrying different posttranslational modifications. We have identified an additional interaction site for the invariant C-terminal tail of the catalytic subunit on PTPA, which can be modulated via posttranslational modifications. We show that phosphorylation of Tyr307PP2A-C or carboxymethylation of Leu309PP2A-C abrogates or diminishes binding of the C-terminal tail, whereas phosphorylation of Thr304PP2A-C is of no consequence. We suggest that the invariant C-terminal residues of the catalytic subunit can act as affinity enhancer for different PP2A interaction partners, including PTPA, and a different ‘code’ of posttranslational modifications can favour interactions to one subunit over others.
Influence of the polypeptide environment next to amyloidogenic peptides on fibril formation
Authors: Damm Steffen , Schwarz Elisabeth 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Alternative folding or fibril formation of proteins is associated with many diseases. Although uncertainty remains for many diseases as to whether the fibrils themselves constitute the main pathogenicity factor, the biophysics or molecular steps leading to fibrils cannot easily be reduced to a common denominator. To date, it is known that fibrils can form (i) upon aberrant (over-)production or false processing, (ii) upon infection with prions that act as seeds and induce unfolding of a thus far native protein – as has been shockingly experienced during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy episode, (iii) when mutations are present that increase the propensity of an otherwise stable protein to aggregate, or (iv) when mutation decreases the overall stability of an individual protein. This review intends to highlight some of the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms that favor fibril formation. Special emphasis is given on the relevance of the polypeptide environment of amyloidogenic segments and the currently discussed driving forces of fibril formation.
Variability in IRBs Regarding Parental Acceptance of Passive Consent
Authors: Higgerson Renee A. , Olsho Lauren E.W. , Christie LeeAnn M. , Rehder Kyle , Doksum Teresa , Gedeit Rainer , Giuliano John S. , Brennan Beth , Wendlandt Rachael , Randolph Adrienne G. 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Passive, opt-out recruitment strategies have the potential to improve efficiency and enlarge the participant pool for clinical studies. We report on the feasibility of using a passive consent strategy for a multicenter pediatric study.

METHODS:
We assessed the response to passive and active control recruitment strategies used in a multicenter pediatric cohort study and describe the variability in acceptance among institutional review boards (IRBs) and parents of pediatric patients.

RESULTS:
Twenty-six pediatric centers submitted IRB applications; 24 centers participated. Sixteen IRBs approved the proposed passive recruitment strategy, and 6 IRBs required active consent strategies; 2 centers used a modified participation mode using control subjects from neighboring centers. In all, 4529 potential participants were identified across 22 centers. In the pre-enrollment phase, opt-out rates were significantly lower in the passive consent group compared with the active recruitment centers (1.6% vs 11.8%; P &lt; .001). During the enrollment phase, however, refusal rates in the passive consent group were significantly higher (38.1% vs 12.2%; P = .004). The overall refusal rate across both groups was 33.3%.

CONCLUSIONS:
IRB variability in interpretation and application of regulations affects consistency of study procedure across sites and may reduce validity of study findings. Opt-out consent allowed us to create a large representative pool of control subjects. Parents were more likely to refuse to be approached for a study in the pre-enrollment phase when active consent was used, but were more likely to decline actual study enrollment when passive consent was used in the pre-enrollment period.
Hookah Use Among US High School Seniors
Authors: Palamar Joseph J. , Zhou Sherry , Sherman Scott , Weitzman Michael 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVES:
Prevalence of hookah use is increasing significantly among adolescents. This study aimed to delineate demographic and socioeconomic correlates of hookah use among high school seniors in the United States. We hypothesized that more impoverished adolescents and those who smoked cigarettes would be more likely to use hookahs.

METHODS:
Data were examined for 5540 high school seniors in Monitoring the Future (years 2010–2012), an annual nationally representative survey of high school students in the United States. Using data weights provided by Monitoring the Future, we used multivariable binary logistic regression to delineate correlates of hookah use in the last 12 months.

RESULTS:
Eighteen percent of students reported hookah use in the past year. Compared with white students, black students were at lower odds for use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.27, P &lt; .0001). High parent education increased the odds for use (AOR = 1.58, P &lt; .001), and student weekly income from a job of &gt;$50/week (AOR = 1.26, P &lt; .05) or $11 to $50 per week from other sources (AOR = 1.35, P &lt; .01) also increased odds for use. Males and urban students were also at higher odds for use, as were users of alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit substances. Former cigarette smokers were at higher risk, and current smokers were at highest risk for use.

CONCLUSIONS:
Adolescents of higher socioeconomic status appear to be at particularly high risk for hookah use in the United States. Prevention efforts must target this group as prevalence continues to increase.
A Novel Method for Judging Health/Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kaneko Futao , Kawakami Takahiro , Baba Akira , Shinbo Kazunari , Kato Keizo , Miyazaki Shigetoshi , Shimizu Koichi , Sato Kenichi , Hanaoka Osamu 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA novel and fundamental method was reported to judge states of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using the capacitance and the voltage of the cells that were estimated from the real-time currents and voltage characteristics of the cells. We measured the differential capacitance, that is, dQ/dV or delta Q/ delta V that is equal to the currents (I) divided by differential voltages (dV/dt) calculated from the current and the voltage characteristics of the cell during the charging/ discharging, where Q is the charge that flows through the cell, V is the voltage of the cell and t is time. It is thought that the capacitance decrease with the degradation of the cell because the effective area of the electrodes is decreasing due to formation of undesirable compounds. The differential capacitance in some specific voltage range for the LIBs was approximately directly proportional to the state of the degradation of the cell. Therefore, it is concluded that the novel method is very useful to judge the state of the LIBs.
Interaction volume of electron beam in carbon nanomaterials: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Yasuda Masaaki , Wakuda Shinya , Asayama Yoshiki , Kawata Hiroaki , Hirai Yoshihiko 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to study the interaction volume of electron beam in carbon nanomaterials. The interaction between incident electron and carbon atom in the target materials during electron irradiation is introduced by the relativistic binary collision theory. The motion of each atom in the material under electron irradiation is calculated with the MD simulation. The primary energy dependence of the interaction volume in the carbon nanotube and the multi-layered graphene are studied. The secondary damages caused by the knock-on atoms are also discussed.