bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive response to hypoxia and remote ischaemia pre‐conditioning: a new hypoxia‐inducible factors era in clinical medicine
Authors: Heyman S. N. , Leibowitz D. , Mor‐Yosef Levi I. , Liberman A. , Eisenkraft A. , Alcalai R. , Khamaisi M. , Rosenberger C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTransient ischaemia leads to tolerance to subsequent protracted ischaemia. This ‘ischaemia pre‐conditioning’ results from the induction of numerous protective genes, involved in cell metabolism, proliferation and survival, in antioxidant capacity, angiogenesis, vascular tone and erythropoiesis. Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF) play a pivotal role in this transcriptional adaptive response. HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), serving as oxygen sensors, control HIFα degradation. HIF‐mediated ischaemic pre‐conditioning can be achieved with the administration of PHD inhibitors, with the attenuation of organ injury under various hypoxic and toxic insults. Clinical trials are currently under way, evaluating PHD inhibitors as inducers of erythropoietin. Once their safety is established, their potential use might be further tested in clinical trials in various forms of acute ischaemic and toxic organ damage.Repeated transient limb ischaemia was also found to attenuate ischaemic injury in remote organs. This ‘remote ischaemic pre‐conditioning’ phenomenon (RIP) has been extensively studied recently in small clinical trials, preceding, or in parallel with an abrupt insult, such as myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery or radiocontrast administration. Initial results are promising, suggesting organ protection. Large‐scale multi‐centre studies are currently under way, evaluating the protective potential of RIP in cardiac surgery, in the management of myocardial infarction and in organ transplantation. The mechanisms of organ protection provided by RIP are poorly understood, but HIF seemingly play a role as well.Thus, Inhibition of HIF degradation with PHD inhibitors, as well as RIP (in part through HIF), might develop into novel clinical interventions in organ protection in the near future.
Predicting allopurinol response in patients with gout
Authors: Wright Daniel F. B. , Duffull Stephen B. , Merriman Tony R. , Dalbeth Nicola , Barclay Murray L. , Stamp Lisa K. 
Published: October 2015

AimsThe primary aim of this research was to predict the allopurinol maintenance doses required to achieve the target plasma urate of ≤0.36 mmol l−1.MethodsA population analysis was conducted in nonmem using oxypurinol and urate plasma concentrations from 133 gout patients. Maintenance dose predictions to achieve the recommended plasma urate target were generated.ResultsThe urate response was best described by a direct effects model. Renal function, diuretic use and body size were found to be significant covariates. Dose requirements increased approximately 2‐fold over a 3‐fold range of total body weight and were 1.25–2 fold higher in those taking diuretics. Renal function had only a modest impact on dose requirements.ConclusionsContrary to current guidelines, the model predicted that allopurinol dose requirements were determined primarily by differences in body size and diuretic use. A revised guide to the likely allopurinol doses to achieve the target plasma urate concentration is proposed.
On the Moral Acceptability of Physician‐Assisted Dying for Non‐Autonomous Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Varelius Jukka 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSeveral authors have recently suggested that the suffering caused by mental illness could provide moral grounds for physician‐assisted dying. Yet they typically require that psychiatric‐assisted dying could come to question in the cases of autonomous, or rational, psychiatric patients only. Given that also non‐autonomous psychiatric patients can sometimes suffer unbearably, this limitation appears questionable. In this article, I maintain that restricting psychiatric‐assisted dying to autonomous, or rational, psychiatric patients would not be compatible with endorsing certain end‐of‐life practices commonly accepted in current medical ethics and law, practices often referred to as ‘passive euthanasia’.
Urinary laminin‐γ2 is a novel biomarker of non‐muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Kamada Masayuki , Koshikawa Naohiko , Minegishi Tomoko , Kawada Chiaki , Karashima Takashi , Shuin Taro , Seiki Motoharu 
Published: October 2015

Lack of appropriate biomarkers has hampered early detection of urothelial cancer (UC), therefore, development of biomarkers for its diagnosis at earlier stages is of importance. Laminin‐332 (Ln‐332, formerly Ln‐5), a component of basement membranes, consists of Ln‐α3, Ln‐β3, and Ln‐γ2 polypeptides. However, monomeric Ln‐γ2 alone is frequently expressed in malignant neoplasms. If Ln‐γ2 is also expressed in UC and secreted into the urine, its detection could be useful for UC diagnosis. Here, we evaluated Ln‐γ2 levels from 60 patients with urinary diseases (including UC) by Western blotting, and detected it in approximately 53% of UC cases. Using immunohistochemistry, we confirmed Ln‐γ2 expression in UC tissues that were positive for Ln‐γ2, whereas Ln‐α3 expression was absent. We next developed a sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and applied it for screening 39 patients with non‐muscle invasive UC and 61 patients with benign urologic diseases. The Ln‐γ2 levels were higher in UC patients than in those with benign urologic diseases. Ln‐γ2 was detected even in patients with earlier stages of UC, such as Ta, T1, or carcinoma in situ. The sensitivity of Ln‐γ2 testing for UC was 97.4%, and the specificity was 45.9%, using a cut‐off of 0.5 μg/g∙crn. Ln‐γ2 had greater diagnostic value for detecting non‐muscle invasive UC compared to conventional urine cytology and available biomarkers for UC, and may be useful as a urine biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of UC.
By Sleight of Neoliberal Logics: Street Youth, Workfare, and the Everyday Tactics of Survival in London, Ontario, Canada
Authors: DOLSON MARK S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBased on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork with street youths in a mid‐sized city in Ontario, Canada, this paper centers on the ways some street youths are engaging in partial accommodation and selective resistance to Ontario's workfare program; Ontario Works (OW). Owing to its neoliberal reconceptualization in the mid 1990's OW “participants”—in order to receive social assistance—must engage in a documentable effort to pursue employment, practical education or skills‐development leading to entry into the labor market. However, many of my informants are unable or unwilling to seek low‐wage, precarious work; the only form of work available to them. Through creative interpretation and manipulation of OW rules, I argue that street youth challenge the redefinition of the morality of poverty through OW's neoliberal policies and discursive strategies, and refashion a moral economy based on survival and making do. Their alternative moral economy reveals the limits of the state's reach and effort to domesticate marginalized youths.
CD117 (KIT) is a useful immunohistochemical marker for differentiating porocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Goto Keisuke , Takai Toshihiro , Fukumoto Takaya , Anan Takashi , Kimura Tetsunori , Ansai Shin‐ichi , Oshitani Yoshimi , Murata Yozo , Sakuma Toshiko , Hirose Takanori 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundDistinguishing porocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is clinically significant but can pose a diagnostic dilemma. The present study sought to confirm the diagnostic utility of CD117 immunohistochemistry in distinguishing porocarcinoma from SCC and to examine histologic, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunohistochemical and CA19‐9 immunohistochemical differences between these tumors.MethodsImmunostaining with anti‐CD117, anti‐CEA and anti‐CA19‐9 antibodies was performed for 22 porocarcinomas and 31 SCCs. The extent of CD117, CEA and CA19‐9 staining was classified as negative (<1%), rarely positive (1–4%), focally positive (5–29%) or diffusely positive (30–100%). CD117 staining intensity was semi‐quantitatively graded as weak, moderate or strong.ResultsAll (100%) porocarcinomas were positive for CD117, with mainly focal (8/22) or diffuse (11/22) and moderate (9/22) to strong (8/22) staining. In contrast, only 6 of 31 SCCs (19.4%) expressed CD117 focally, and this expression was limited to the basal layer of the tumor in four cases. CEA immunostaining highlighted the lumina of all 22 porocarcinomas; however, CEA expression was not significantly different between porocarcinomas and SCCs (100 vs. 71.0%, respectively). CA19‐9 was not expressed in the lumina of 5 of 22 porocarcinomas.ConclusionsAlong with CEA, CD117 immunohistochemistry could be helpful in distinguishing porocarcinomas from SCCs.
Acral verruca‐like presentation of chronic graft‐vs.‐host disease
Authors: Park Joyce H. , Lester Laura , Kim Jinah , Kwong Bernice Y. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundChronic graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD) is a severe and potentially fatal complication in patients after undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant. This disease may be hard to diagnose as it has numerous cutaneous presentations.MethodsWe report four cases of patients seen at Stanford Hospital between January 2013 to December 2014 with hematologic malignancy who developed hyperkeratotic papules and plaques on the palms and soles after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.ResultsIn all four cases, standard treatments for verruca vulgaris failed. Histopathology uniformly showed basal vacuolar alteration at the dermal–epidermal junction and necrotic keratinocytes around the eccrine glands, consistent with GVHD. Interestingly, all four patients responded to topical immunosuppression.ConclusionsAcral verrucous lesions represent an underrecognized presentation of chronic GVHD. We describe four patients with verruca‐like lesions on the palms and soles following allogeneic HSCT. Histopathology confirmed GVHD, and lesions improved with immunosuppression. It is important for dermatologists and dermatopathologists to recognize this rare presentation of cutaneous GVHD.
Spatial patterns of species richness and functional diversity in Costa Rican terrestrial mammals: implications for conservation
Authors: González‐Maya José F. , Víquez‐R Luis R. , Arias‐Alzate Andrés , Belant Jerrold L. , Ceballos Gerardo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimFunctional diversity is a relatively recent approach to quantify species diversity and may provide a better understanding of the linkages between biological diversity and ecosystem functioning. Understanding the relationships between mammal species richness and functional diversity, the factors that influence these relationships, and the spatial scale at which they operate, can improve our knowledge of ecosystem functioning and may benefit conservation planning.LocationCosta Rica (8°0′–11°14′N and 82°32′–85°56′W).MethodsWe evaluated spatial patterns of species richness and functional diversity for terrestrial mammal species in Costa Rica using regression techniques and assessed the influence of environmental, biological and anthropogenic factors on those patterns.ResultsEnvironmental and anthropogenic factors influenced species richness and functional diversity, while a biological factor (i.e. species' geographic origin) only influenced functional diversity. Observed patterns of species richness and functional diversity resulted in identification of three regions which could be differentiated by ecosystem type and the occurrence of bats and rodents. The spatial scale at which variation in these diversity measures also differed, with species richness most affected at fine spatial scales (local) and functional diversity best explained at the meso‐scale (regional level).Main conclusionsBoth diversity measures varied spatially in relationship of examined factors, and the extent at which influencing factors affect both measures also varied across the country and scales. Our results highlight that investigating the interaction of scales is necessary for also further understanding macroecological patterns. Considering multiple measures of biological diversity and the spatial scales at which they operate may improve our understanding of biodiversity and the efficacy of species and community conservation planning.
Morphine decreases ticagrelor concentrations but not its antiplatelet effects: a randomized trial in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hobl Eva‐Luise , Reiter Birgit , Schoergenhofer Christian , Schwameis Michael , Derhaschnig Ulla , Kubica Jacek , Stimpfl Thomas , Jilma Bernd 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundOur recent drug interaction trial with clopidogrel shows that morphine decreases the concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects of clopidogrel, which could lead to treatment failure in susceptible individuals.We hypothesized that the pharmacodynamic consequences of drug–drug interactions would be less between morphine and ticagrelor.Materials and methodsTwenty‐four healthy subjects received a loading dose of 180 mg ticagrelor together with placebo or 5 mg morphine intravenously in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial. Pharmacokinetics were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and ticagrelor pharmacodynamic effects were measured by platelet function tests (whole blood platelet aggregation: multiplate, platelet plug formation: PFA‐100, vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation assay).ResultsConcomitant i.v. injection of morphine slows drug resorption of ticagrelor and its active metabolite (P < 0·05) by 1 h and decreases plasma levels of ticagrelor and its active metabolite by 25–31% (P ≤ 0·03) and the drug exposure (area under the curve) by 22–23% (P ≤ 0·01). Importantly, however, the pharmacodynamic effects of ticagrelor on platelet aggregation in whole blood, platelet plug formation and VASP phosphorylation are not affected by morphine.ConclusionsMorphine co‐administration moderately decreases ticagrelor plasma concentrations but does not inhibit its pharmacodynamic effects in healthy volunteers within 6 h after drug administration.Limitations of our trial include the investigation in healthy volunteers under standardized conditions, which does not necessarily reflect a realistic emergency scenario.
Ca2+–BK channel clusters in olfactory receptor neurons and their role in odour coding
Authors: Bao Guobin , de Jong Daniëlle , Alevra Mihai , Schild Detlev 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOlfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) have high‐voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels whose physiological impact has remained enigmatic since the voltage‐gated conductances in this cell type were first described in the 1980s. Here we show that in ORN somata of Xenopus laevis tadpoles these channels are clustered and co‐expressed with large‐conductance potassium (BK) channels. We found approximately five clusters per ORN and twelve Ca2+ channels per cluster. The action potential‐triggered activation of BK channels accelerates the repolarization of action potentials and shortens interspike intervals during odour responses. This increases the sensitivity of individual ORNs to odorants. At the level of mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, odour qualities have been shown to be coded by first‐spike‐latency patterns. The system of Ca2+ and BK channels in ORNs appears to be important for correct odour coding because the blockage of BK channels not only affects ORN spiking patterns but also changes the latency pattern representation of odours in the olfactory bulb.
Petroleum demand forecasting for Taiwan using modified fuzzy‐grey algorithms
Authors: Lu Shin‐Li , Tsai Chen‐Fang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we adopt the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method to develop the residual modification EWMA grey forecasting model REGM(1,1) and combines it with fuzzy theory to derive the fuzzy REGM or the FREGM(1,1) model. The proposed model is used to forecast annual petroleum demand in Taiwan. The experimental results show that the mean absolute percentage errors, median absolute percentage error, and symmetric mean absolute percentage error of FREGM(1,1) model are higher by 23.71, 12.26, and 23.06% respectively, compared with those obtained using the traditional GM(1,1) model.
Decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions from global agricultural production: 1970–2050
Authors: Bennetzen Eskild H. , Smith Pete , Porter John R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSince 1970 global agricultural production has more than doubled; contributing ~1/4 of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) burden in 2010. Food production must increase to feed our growing demands, but to address climate change, GHG emissions must decrease. Using an identity approach, we estimate and analyse past trends in GHG emission intensities from global agricultural production and land‐use change and project potential future emissions. The novel Kaya–Porter identity framework deconstructs the entity of emissions from a mix of multiple sources of GHGs into attributable elements allowing not only a combined analysis of the total level of all emissions jointly with emissions per unit area and emissions per unit product. It also allows us to examine how a change in emissions from a given source contributes to the change in total emissions over time. We show that agricultural production and GHGs have been steadily decoupled over recent decades. Emissions peaked in 1991 at ~12 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 and have not exceeded this since. Since 1970 GHG emissions per unit product have declined by 39% and 44% for crop‐ and livestock‐production, respectively. Except for the energy‐use component of farming, emissions from all sources have increased less than agricultural production. Our projected business‐as‐usual range suggests that emissions may be further decoupled by 20–55% giving absolute agricultural emissions of 8.2–14.5 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 by 2050, significantly lower than many previous estimates that do not allow for decoupling. Beyond this, several additional costcompetitive mitigation measures could reduce emissions further. However, agricultural GHG emissions can only be reduced to a certain level and a simultaneous focus on other parts of the food‐system is necessary to increase food security whilst reducing emissions. The identity approach presented here could be used as a methodological framework for more holistic food systems analysis.
Eating disorder professionals’ perceptions of oral health knowledge
Authors: Johnson LB , Boyd LD , Rainchuso L , Rothman A , Mayer B 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the oral health knowledge among professionals who specialize in treating eating disorders, and identify to what extent their education, and training addresses oral health care delivery, and recommendations for individuals with eating disorders.MethodParticipants for this study were licensed behavioural and medical providers specializing in eating disorder treatment (n = 107), and recruited through professional eating disorder organizations. Participants completed an anonymous, online questionnaire (33 items) assessing level of oral health‐related education, knowledge and treatment recommendations within the participant's respective eating disorder discipline.ResultsThe majority of respondents (85%) were formally trained in eating disorders, and of those trained, 64.4% were not satisfied with the level of oral health education during formal education, and 19.5% report no oral health education. Respondents consider their knowledge of risk of oral disease for their clients/patients as average or above (84%), and ranked tooth erosion as the greatest reason for oral care (63%) while dry mouth led in the rankings for least significant reason for oral care (33%). Referral for oral care was found to be more common after reports of complication (55%).DiscussionAccording to these findings, eating disorder professionals regard oral health care for their clients as significant, and may be unaware of associated oral risk factors, current oral care standards and long‐term oral effects of disordered eating apart from enamel erosion.
Validation of active surveillance criteria for pathologically insignificant prostate cancer in Asian men
Authors: Yamada Yasutaka , Sakamoto Shinichi , Sazuka Tomokazu , Goto Yusuke , Kawamura Koji , Imamoto Takashi , Nihei Naoki , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Akakura Koichiro , Ichikawa Tomohiko 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo validate the ability of contemporary active surveillance protocols to predict pathologically insignificant prostate cancer among Asian men undergoing radical prostatectomy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data on 132 patients eligible for any active surveillance criteria out of 450 patients that underwent radical prostatectomy at several institutions between 2006 and 2013. We validated the ability of seven contemporary active surveillance protocols to predict pathologically insignificant prostate cancer. Traditional and updated criteria to define pathologically insignificant prostate cancer were used. Predictive factors for pathologically insignificant prostate cancer were determined by logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe predictive rate for updated pathologically insignificant prostate cancer of respective active surveillance criteria was 51% for Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, 41% for Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance Study, 39% for University of Miami, 32% for University of California, San Francisco, 32% for Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center, 31% for Kakehi and 27% for University of Toronto. Predictive rates for pathologically insignificant prostate cancer in Asian men were far lower than in USA men. On multivariate analysis, predictive factors of updated pathologically insignificant cancer was prostate volume (odds ratio 1.07, P = 0.004). By adding prostate volume to Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance Study criteria, the predictive rate for updated insignificant prostate cancer was improved up to 66.7%.ConclusionsActive surveillance can be carried out considering the clinical characteristics of prostate cancers depending on ethnicity, as current active surveillance criteria seem to have a lower predictive ability value of insignificant prostate cancer in Asian men compared with men in Western countries.