bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The concept of hybridization and its contribution to urban ethnobiology
Authors: Ladio Ana Haydeé , Albuquerque Ulysses Paulino 
Published: November 2014

Both ethnozoological and ethnobotanical studies carried out in cities mention the complexity of these cases and the need for shortcuts to aid understanding of the different social, cultural, economic and ecological processes which interact. In this work we propose and discuss a possible shortcut that could be useful in studies related to urban ethnobiology, the use of the concept of process of hybridization. Particularly, we show in the case of the study of medicinal plant use in cities that the hybridization process can be detected and described in a more complete way if we take into account some sub processes such as: fusion or juxtaposition, re-localization, recombination, restructuring, special segregation, new developments in production, circulation and consumption and simultaneous coexistence of different symbolic universes. We propose that these seven processes could be used as a quali-quantitative check list in future urban ethnobiological studies in order to visualize, contextualize and characterize hybridization more profoundly.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEWLY THERMOSTABLE PROTEASE PRODUCED BY Brevibacillus thermoruber LII ISOLATED FROM PADANG CERMIN HOTSPRING, INDONESIA
Authors: Zilda Dewi Zeswita , Harmayani Eni , Widada Jaka , Asmara Widya , Irianto Hari Eko , Patantis Gintung , Fawzya Yusro Nuri 
Published: November 2014

Thermo stability is among of the vital enzyme characteristics for industrial application. Brevibacillus thermoruber LII was obtained as a potential isolate from the previous researchwhich screened the potential thermostable protease producing bacteria from Indonesian hotspring.The newly thermostable protease produced by thermophilic Brevibacillus thermoruber LII hadbeen purified and characterized. It was predicted that the pure enzyme obtained from Brevibacillusthermoruber LII was homo hexameric, having molecular weight of 36 kDa unit protein and itsnative was 215 kDa. In addition, it was also a neutral metalo serine protease according tobiochemical tests that it was totaly inhibited by PMSF (Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) and EDTA(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). It showed optimum activity at pH of 8 and active in acidic buffer(up to pH of 4). All of metal ion in the form of chloride salt (2.5 mM) which were tested on theenzyme enhanced the enzyme activity but Li2+. Ca2+ion increased the activity and the stability ofenzyme against thermal. The enzyme also showed the stability against solvent. The protease LIIhad optimum temperature at 60oC without CaCl 2and 80 – 85oC with addition of 2.5 mM CaCl 2. TheK Mand V maxvalues for the purified protease LII were 27.2 mg/ml or 0.362 – 0.272 M for substrateHammersteinCasein (MM 75–100 kDa) and 261.1 µg/minute/ml, respectively.
Searching for Adaptation to Abiotic Stress: Ecogeographical Analysis of Highland Ecuadorian Maize
Authors: Tapia César , Torres Elena , Parra‐Quijano Mauricio 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThere are 26 maize (Zea mays L.) races found in the Andean highlands of Ecuador. Knowing the environmental characteristics of the sites where these races occur is useful to understanding their adaptive capacities and to identify germplasm potentially adapted to abiotic stress conditions. Passport data of 1186 accessions from the Ecuadorian national collection were used. On the basis of the geographical coordinates of collecting sites, data were extracted for five climatic, two geophysical, and five edaphic variables. Additionally, a specific ecogeographical land characterization map for maize landraces was developed for the Ecuadorian Andes and, subsequently, an ecogeographical category was assigned to each collecting site. Wide ecogeographical variability was detected within and among races. Maize accessions were collected at sites with a seasonal mean temperature between 8.7 and 22.9°C, temperature annual range between 10.3 and 16.9°C, and December minimum temperature between 3.4 and 16.9°C. Seasonal precipitation ranged between 363 and 1809 mm and October precipitation between 18 and 171 mm. Ten accessions were found to be potentially adapted to extremely cold environments and 40 accessions to dry conditions. Most of the accessions were obtained from farms located at altitudes between 1900 and 2800 m with flat to moderate slopes. Only 37% of accessions were collected from sites with favorable soil properties regarding texture, depth to rock, pH, organic matter content, and fertility. Maize landraces were found in 28 of the 56 ecogeographical categories identified in the region, three of which were considered to be preferred environments and 10 to be marginal environments.
Temporal Sensitivities of Rice Seed Development from Spikelet Fertility to Viable Mature Seed to Extreme‐Temperature
Authors: Martínez‐Eixarch Maite , Ellis Richard H. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTExtreme temperature during reproductive development affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and seed quality. A controlled‐environment reciprocal‐transfer experiment was designed where plants from two japonica cultivars were grown at 28 and 24°C (day and night temperatures) and moved to 18 and 14°C and vice versa or from 28 and 24° to 38 and 34°C and vice versa, for 7‐d periods to determine the respective temporal pattern of sensitivity of spikelet fertility, yield, and seed viability to each temperature extreme. Spikelet fertility and seed yield per panicle were severely reduced by extreme temperature in the 14‐d period before anthesis; both cultivars were affected at 38 and 34°C while only Gleva was affected at 18 and 14°C. The damage was greater the earlier the panicles were stressed within this period. Later‐exserted panicles compensated only partly for yield loss. Seed viability was significantly reduced by 7‐d exposure to 38 and 34°C or 18 and 14°C at 1 to 7 d and 1 to 14 d after anthesis, respectively, in Gleva. Taipei 309 was not affected by 7‐d exposure at 18 and 14°C; no consistent temporal pattern of sensitivity was evident at 38 and 34°C. Hence, brief exposure to low or high temperature was most damaging to spikelet fertility and yield 14 to 7 d before anthesis, coinciding with microsporogenesis; it was almost as damaging around anthesis. Seed viability was most vulnerable to low or high temperature in the 7 or 14 d after anthesis, when histodifferentiation occurs.
Emergence, Forage Production, and Ion Relations of Alfalfa in Response to Saline Waters
Authors: Cornacchione Mónica V. , Suarez Donald L. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important crop utilized in irrigated regions that are commonly impacted by salinity. We evaluated the effect of salinity continually from emergence to mature plant growth in successive harvests. We studied emergence, biomass production, salt tolerance, and shoot ion composition as potential physiological mechanisms in four nondormant salt‐tolerant cultivars: Salado, SW 8421S, SW 9720, and SW 9215. Irrigation water salinity dominated by sodium sulfate ranging from 3.1 to 30 dS m−1 of electrical conductivity (ECiw) was imposed at planting date. Plants were grown in outdoor sand tanks in Riverside, CA for 300 d. Relative emergence (%) decreased above ECiw 12.7 dS m−1 and was reduced to 53 and 13.4% at 18.4 and 24 dS m−1, respectively. At ECiw 30 dS m−1 there were no survivor plants. Absolute and relative accumulated biomass from 6 harvests significantly decreased for ECiw above 12.7 dS m−1 (6.0 dS m−1 in the saturation extract [ECe]). Plants grown at 18.4 and 24 dS m−1 produced 68% and 30% respectively of the biomass produced at 3.1 dS m−1. Salado showed the least reduction in biomass at elevated salinity and, as with all the cultivars, exhibited yield increases in successive harvests from first through seventh. Increasing salinity increased shoot Na+, total‐S, Cl−, Mg2+, and P and decreased K+ and Ca2+. The ability of Salado to maintain low shoot Na was the mechanism most associated with salt tolerance. Saline waters with resultant ECe values of up to 6 dS m−1 did not significantly reduce total forage production of the second through the seventh harvests. This suggests that irrigation with saline waters resulting in ECe values less than 6 dS m‐1 can be used throughout the production cycle (planting to multiple harvests) without significant yield loss for the cultivars examined.
Responses of Canopy Reflectance, Light Interception, and Soybean Seed Yield to Replanting Suboptimal Stands
Authors: Gaspar Adam P. , Conley Shawn P. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planting date trends have steadily shifted earlier within the northern Corn Belt, while inclement weather, insect pressure, and disease pressure associated with spring planting can result in replanting some years. However, limited published literature exists about soybean replant thresholds for suboptimal plant stands and the effects of seed treatments on this decision. This study evaluated three planting dates, three seed treatments, and twelve seeding rate–replant combinations to determine replant thresholds in terms of maximizing seed yield, the effects of seed treatments on these thresholds, and the relationship of cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (CIPAR) and cumulative normalized difference vegetative index (CumNDVI) on seed yield. Trials were conducted during 2012 and 2013 in southern Wisconsin. Soybean planting in early May increased seed yield by 358 kg ha−1 compared with late May and by 805 kg ha−1 compared with mid‐June. Seed yield reductions were due to decreased seeds m−2 while CIPAR and CumNDVI measurements may partially explain this planting date effect. When initial plant stands were below threshold (<247,000 plants ha–1), filling in these stands with enough seed to bring the final plant stand above the threshold increased yield, whereas using tillage and replanting the entire stand only increased yield when initial plant stands were extremely low (<91,000 plants ha−1). Yield was related to both CIPAR (R2 = 0.54) and CumNDVI (R2 = 0.49) and the latter two variables were highly correlated (r = 0.89). We observed linear yield increases through 700 MJ m−2 of CIPAR; therefore, management practices to increase CIPAR should be used. This study showed that early May planting with a fungicide/insecticide seed treatment (CruiserMaxx) and generating adequate plant stands (>247,000 plants ha−1) maximized CIPAR.
Mega‐environment Analysis and Test Location Evaluation Based on Unbalanced Multiyear Data
Authors: Yan Weikai 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTMega‐environment analysis and test location evaluation are two important issues for effective crop variety evaluation through multilocation variety trials. These must be done based on multiyear multilocation variety‐trial data, which are usually highly unbalanced. This paper presents a new graphical approach for conducting mega‐environment analysis and test location evaluation utilizing unbalanced multiyear variety trial data. It consists of three steps: (i) generating a G (genotypic main effect) plus GE (genotype × environment interaction), or GGE, biplot using a missing‐value estimation procedure and treating each location–year combination (trial) as an environment; (ii) summarizing the interrelations among test locations (L) in a GGL + GGE biplot, which is the same GGE biplot imposed with the test locations. The placement of a test location in the biplot is defined by the coordinates of all environments at the location; and (iii) summarizing any subregion (S) (i.e., mega‐environment) differentiation revealed in Step 2 in a GGS biplot, which is the same GGE biplot imposed with the subregions. The placement of a subregion in the biplot is defined by the coordinates of all environments in the subregion. The same GGL + GGE biplot can also be used to visualize the ability and stability of each test location to represent a target mega‐environment. Yield data from the 2006–2012 Quebec oat (Avena sativa L.) registration and recommendation trials were analyzed as a demonstration.
Perspectives for Genomic Selection Applications and Research in Plants
Authors: Heslot Nicolas , Jannink Jean‐Luc , Sorrells Mark E. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTGenomic selection (GS) has created a lot of excitement and expectations in the animal‐ and plant‐breeding research communities. In this review, we briefly describe how genomic prediction can be integrated into breeding efforts and point out achievements and areas where more research is needed. Genomic selection provides many opportunities to increase genetic gain in plant breeding per unit time and cost. Early empirical and simulation results are promising, but for GS to deliver genetic gains, careful consideration of the problem of optimal resource allocation is needed. Consideration of the cost‐benefit balance of using markers for each trait and stage of the breeding cycle is needed, moving beyond only focusing on recurrent selection with GS on a few complex traits, using prediction on unphenotyped individuals. With decreasing marker cost, phenotype data is quickly becoming the most valuable asset and marker‐assisted selection strategies should focus on making the most of scarce and expensive phenotypes. It is important to realize that markers can also improve accuracy of selection for phenotyped individuals. Use of markers as an aid to phenotype analysis suggests a number of new strategies in terms of experimental design and multi‐trait models. GS also provides new ways to analyze and deal with genotype by environment interactions. Lastly, we point to some recent results showing that new models are needed to improve predictions particularly with respect to the use of distantly related individuals in the training population.
Residual Stress Analysis of Strongly Textured Materials by Means of the Incremental Hole-Drilling Method – Survey on the Application Limits
Authors: Schuster Simone , Gibmeier Jens 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn sheet metal forming, residual stress distributions are often accompanied by crystallographic texture. Incremental hole-drilling for stress analysis is only reliably applicable for isotropic materials. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of texture on residual stress analysis using conventional evaluation methods and to specify the application limits in case of textured material states. A systematic finite element simulation study for ideal texture orientations is conducted with respect to the strain gage rosette orientation. The results of the numerical investigations show that reliable stress analysis on strongly textured materials is not feasible using the existing evaluation method. The application limits are given for the application of commercially available evaluation software with respect to degree of anisotropy, stress state and strain gage orientation.
Effect of the Purging Gas on Properties of Ti Stabilized AISI 321 Stainless Steel TIG Welds
Authors: Taban Emel , Kaluc Erdinc , Aykan T. Serkan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGas purging is necessary to provide a high quality of stainless steel pipe welding in order to prevent oxidation of the weld zone inside the pipe. AISI 321 stabilized austenitic stainless steel pipes commonly preferred in refinery applications have been welded by the TIG welding process both with and without the use of purging gas. As purging gases, Ar, N2, Ar +N2 and N2 + 10% H2 were used, respectively. The aim of this investigation is to detect the effect of purging gas on the weld joint properties such as microstructure, corrosion, strength and impact toughness. Macro sections and microstructures of the welds were investigated. Chemical composition analysis to obtain the nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen content of the weld root was done by Leco analysis. Ferrite content of the beads including root and cap passes were measured by a ferritscope. Vickers hardness (HV10) values were obtained. Intergranular and pitting corrosion tests were applied to determine the corrosion resistance of all welds. Type of the purging gas affected pitting corrosion properties as well as the ferrite content and nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen contents at the roots of the welds. Any hot cracking problems are not predicted as the weld still solidifies with ferrite in the primary phase as confirmed by microstructural and ferrite content analysis. Mechanical testing showed no significant change according to the purge gas. AISI 321 steel and 347 consumable compositions would permit use of nitrogen rich gases for root shielding without a risk of hot cracking.
Lubrication Effects during Biaxial Stretch Forming of Galvanized Steel Compared to Interstitial-Free Steel
Authors: Sener Bora , Kayali Eyup Sabri , Kucukyildirim Bedri Onur 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this study, the effect of lubrications in biaxial forming zone was investigated and their performances in stretch forming process were compared. Two different ultra low carbon steel sheets which are extensively used in the industries, interstitial-free steel and galvanized steel, were tested. Three different lubrications were tested and changes in the right hand of the forming limit diagrams of the materials with different lubricants were determined by using out-of-plane formability test as well as limiting dome heights were obtained for each lubricant. Moreover, strain distributions of samples, which were stretched with dry and different lubricants, were evaluated experimentally and the effectiveness of lubricants is compared. As a result, it was observed that deep-drawing oil has the highest performance among all lubricants. Furthermore, galvanized steel has lower formability under all conditions when compared to interstitial-free steel.
Influence of Specimen Dimensions and Orientation on the Tensile Properties of Structural Steel
Authors: Motra Hem Bahadur , Hildebrand Jörg , Dimmig-Osburg Andrea 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFor the measurement of tensile properties of materials, specimens with a rectangular cross-section are commonly used. However, the results are affected by the size of the specimen and the orientations. In this study, the rectangular cross-section specimens in both longitudinal (strain ratio r = 0°) and transverse (strain ratio r = 90°) directions were used to investigate the influence of specimen and orientation on the tensile properties of I-profile of IPE360 and IPE400 steel grade S235. For both I-profiles, four types of sixty dog bone samples with varying dimensions were tested. An electromechanical test machine together with contacting strain gauge and extensometer was used to perform standard tensile test procedures. The conclusion is drawn that specimen dimensions and orientation have a significant influence on the mechanical properties of both I-profile structural steel such as Young's modulus of elasticity, upper and lower yield strength, tensile strength, post-necking elongation and strain hardening rate, which increase with increasing thickness or decreasing gauge length.
Optimization of Screw Elements by Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Baskal Tamer 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn the present study, dimensional optimization of screw system elements, like shaft diameter, arm length and nut height, has been performed by tensile, torsional, and shear strength calculations via genetic algorithm. Genetic algorithm has been used to minimize the objective function work with the idea of natural selection. The volume of the designed screw device has been defined as the object function. The limit function is composed of the total stresses affecting the screw system. The algorithm was set up in this way, due to the fact that it relies on the principle of finding the best in a genetic process. Values of the variables within the limiting intervals ensure that the screw device has an optimum size.
Application of ANOVA and Taguchi Methods for Evaluation of the Surface Roughness of Stellite-6 Coating Material
Authors: Ozturk Sabri 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this study, the machinability of Stellite-6 coating was examined using a ceramic cutting tool. Orthogonal tube-cutting experiments were performed on a lathe and the data collected was evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find out the percentage contributions of the key factors. Whisker reinforced ceramic inserts with ISO tool designations RNGN 1907 00T01020 were used for the machining trials and round type cutting tool inserts which are common in the manufacturing industry were chosen. Taguchi design of experiments was implemented to determine the optimal cutting parameters for analyzing the effects of the cutting speed and feed rate on the surface quality. Four cutting speeds and three feed rates were used during the turning operations to produce the regression model for Ra (average surface roughness) in terms of the actual parameter values. Hardness of the cutting inserts gets affected significantly at higher feed rate.
Design, Manufacture and Analysis of Composite Epoxy Material with Embedded MWCNT Fibers
Authors: Aldosari Saad M. , Khashaba Usama A. , Hamed Mostafa A. , Hedia Hassan S. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The weight and fuel savings offered by composite materials make them attractive not only to the military, but also to the civilian aircraft, space, and automobile industries. In these industries, bolted and riveted joints are extensively used as a primary method for structural joining. Bolted joints in composite materials have complex failure modes, and hence the demand for improving their performance exists. The main objective of this work is to improve the performance of bolted joints in composite structures by introducing nanoparticles/fibers around the expected failure zone. The literature on this issue showed shortcomings in the investigations of such materials. Most of the investigations in this field aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of epoxy materials, which cannot be used alone for high performance structural applications due to their low mechanical properties. In the present work, epoxy resin was modified with different types of nanofillers including multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Nano-phased epoxy was used to fabricate different types of nanocomposites as well as nano-hybridized glass fiber reinforced composite laminates. Therefore, six different advanced materials were fabricated including a nanocomposite material (MWCNT/E), a quasi-isotropic nano-hybridized composite laminate (QI-GFR/MWCNT/E), a unidirectional nano-hybridized composite laminate (UD-GFR/MWCNT/E) and a control panel manufactured without nano-fillers (neat epoxy, QI-GFR/E, UD-GFR/E). The materials were characterized by tension and compression tests. The obtained properties are essential for the validation of respective finite element analysis. The results showed improvements in the tensile and compressive properties (strength and modulus) of the fabricated nanocomposites (MWCNT/E) compared with neat epoxy. The hybridized composite laminate with MWCNT showed high improvements in their mechanical properties compared to the composite laminates without nanofillers.