bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of Sago Palms as Private Property: An Extension of Demsetz’s Thesis of the Origins of Private Property
Authors: Landa Janet T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Harold Demsetz (1967. “Towards a Theory of Property Rights,” The American Economic Review 57(2): 350), in a seminal paper, developed an economic thesis of the emergence of private property: “[P]roperty rights develop to internalize externalities when the gains of internalization become larger than the cost of internalization…. [G]iven a community’s tastes … the emergence of new private or state-owned property rights will be in response to changes in technology and relative prices.” Demsetz used his theory to explain anthropologist Leacock’s findings about the emergence of private hunting grounds for fur-bearing animals among the Canadian Montagne Indian tribes living in Quebec. In a more recent paper, Demsetz (2002. “Toward a Theory of Property Rights II: The Competition between Private and Collective Ownership,” The Journal of Legal Studies 31: S653–72) broadened his theory to include the emergence of private property from state enforcement of contractual rights. In this paper, I revisit Demsetz’s thesis by showing that there is another pathway to the emergence of private property. The facts I use to develop my law and bioeconomics-public choice theory of the emergence of sago palms as private property are based on anthropologist H. S. Morris’s (1976. “A Problem in Land Tenure,” in G. N. Appell (ed.) The Societies of Borneo: Explorations in the Theory of Cognatic Social Structure, pp. 110–20. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association) case study of Melanau hunter-gatherer-fishing tribal people living in Sarawak where individuals held sago palms as private property.
How to Boost the Production of Free Services: In Search of the Holy Referee Grail
Authors: Canoy Marcel , Veld Daan L. in ’t 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper argues that delivering free services is driven by a combination of motivations and explains how policy makers or other principals can exploit them to deal with underproduction of free services. We identify intrinsic motivation, respect and gratitude as main examples of underlying motivations. What is essential for free services is that there is considerable heterogeneity in how these motivations are valued across the population. We show how a menu of (monetary and non-monetary) rewards can easily outperform simple compensation approaches since it allows for self-selection and caters for the heterogeneity. As the leading example, we illustrate how a menu can improve the academic referee process. The menu idea can be used in a large set of settings and is potentially very fruitful.
An integrative, multi‐scale, genome‐wide model reveals the phenotypic landscape of Escherichia coli
Authors: Carrera Javier , Estrela Raissa , Luo Jing , Rai Navneet , Tsoukalas Athanasios , Tagkopoulos Ilias 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGiven the vast behavioral repertoire and biological complexity of even the simplest organisms, accurately predicting phenotypes in novel environments and unveiling their biological organization is a challenging endeavor. Here, we present an integrative modeling methodology that unifies under a common framework the various biological processes and their interactions across multiple layers. We trained this methodology on an extensive normalized compendium for the gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli, which incorporates gene expression data for genetic and environmental perturbations, transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and metabolic pathways, as well as growth measurements. Comparison with measured growth and high‐throughput data demonstrates the enhanced ability of the integrative model to predict phenotypic outcomes in various environmental and genetic conditions, even in cases where their underlying functions are under‐represented in the training set. This work paves the way toward integrative techniques that extract knowledge from a variety of biological data to achieve more than the sum of their parts in the context of prediction, analysis, and redesign of biological systems.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: in search of gold standards for assessing functional genetic screen quality
Authors: Evers Bastiaan , Bernards Rene , Beijersbergen Roderick L 
Published: July 2014

Variable screen quality, off‐target effects, and unclear false discovery rates often hamper large‐scale functional genomic screens in mammalian cells. Hart et al (2014) introduce gold standard reference sets of essential and non‐essential genes, aiming at standardizing the analysis of genome‐wide screens. This work provides a framework to compare both the quality and analysis methods of functional genetic screens.
C-14 Release Behavior and Chemical Species from Irradiated Hull Waste under Geological Disposal Conditions
Authors: Yamashita Yu , Tanabe Hiromi , Sakuragi Tomofumi , Takahashi Ryota , Sasoh Michitaka 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTC-14 contained in Hull waste is one of the most important radionuclides in the safety assessment of transuranic (TRU) waste disposal. For more realistic safety assessment, it is important to clarify the release mechanism and chemical species of C-14 from Hull waste. In this research, leaching tests were conducted using an irradiated Zry cladding tube from a boiling-water reactor (BWR) to obtain leaching data and to investigate the relationship between Zry metal corrosion and C-14 release behavior. Both organic and inorganic C-14 compounds existed in the the liquid phase, and some C-14 moved to the gaseous phase. The release rate of C-14 obtained from the BWR cladding tube after two-year leaching tests was lower than the release rate from a pressurize water reactor (PWR) cladding tube. It is considered that the BWR cladding tube used in this test did not easily corrode since it used a comparatively new material. The release rate of C-14 was slightly lower as compared with the corrosion rate of unirradiated Zry. This is thought to be the result of improved corrosion resistance conferred by neutron irradiation, which encouraged the dissolution of grain boundary precipitation elements, such as Fe, Cr, and Ni, into the crystal grains. The leaching tests will be continued for 10 years.
Corrosion Tests of Zircaloy Hull Waste to Confirm Applicability of Corrosion Model and to Evaluate Influence Factors on Corrosion Rate under Geological Disposal Conditions
Authors: Kato Osamu , Tanabe Hiromi , Sakuragi Tomofumi , Nishimura Tsutomu , Tateishi Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTCorrosion behavior is a key issue in the assessment of disposal performance for activated waste such as spent fuel assemblies (i.e., hulls and end-pieces) because corrosion is expected to initiate radionuclide (e.g., C-14) leaching from such waste. Because the anticipated corrosion rate is extremely low, understanding and modeling Zircaloy (Zry) corrosion behavior under geological disposal conditions is important in predicting very long-term corrosion. Corrosion models applicable in the higher temperature ranges of nuclear reactors have been proposed based on considerable testing in the 523−633 K temperature range.In this study, corrosion tests were carried out to confirm the applicability of such existing models to the low temperature range of geological disposal, and to examine the influence of material, environmental, and other factors on corrosion rates under geological disposal conditions. A characterization analysis of the generated oxide film was also performed.To confirm applicability, the corrosion rate of Zry-4 in pure water with a temperature change from 303 K to 433 K was obtained using a hydrogen measuring technique, giving a corrosion rate for 180 days of 8 × 10-3 μm/y at 303 K.To investigate the influence of various factors, corrosion tests were carried out. The corrosion rates for Zry-2 and Zry-4 were almost same, and increased with a temperature increase from 303 K to 353 K. The influence of pH (12.5) compared with pure water was about 1.4 at 180 days at 303 K.
Physico-chemical characterization of a spent UO2 fuel with respect to its stability under final disposal conditions
Authors: González-Robles Ernesto , Wegen Detlef H. , Bohnert Elke , Papaioannou Dimitrios , Müller Nikolaus , Nasyrow Ramil , Kienzler Bernhard , Metz Volker 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTTwo adjacent fuel rod segments were irradiated in a pressurized water reactor achieving an average burn-up of 50.4 GWd/tHM. A physico-chemical characterisation of the high burn-up fuel rod segments was performed, to determine properties relevant to the stability of the spent nuclear fuel under final disposal conditions. No damage of the cladding was observed by means of visual examination and γ-scanning. The maximal oxide layer thickness was 45 µm. The relative fission gas release was determined to be (8.35 ± 0.66) %. Finally, a rim thickness of 83.7 µm and a rim porosity of about 20% were derived from characterisation of the cladded pellets.
Rating Agency Adjustments to GAAP Financial Statements and Their Effect on Ratings and Credit Spreads
Authors: Kraft Pepa 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
I examine a dataset of both quantitative (hard) adjustments to firms' reported U.S. GAAP financial statement numbers and qualitative (soft) adjustments to firms' credit ratings that Moody's develops and uses in its credit rating process. I first document differences between firms' reported and Moody's adjusted numbers that are both large and frequent across firms. For example, primarily because of upward adjustments to interest expense and debt attributable to firms' off-balance sheet debt, on average, adjusted coverage (cash flow-to-debt) ratios are 27 percent (8 percent) lower and adjusted leverage ratios are 70 percent higher than the corresponding U.S. GAAP ratios. I then find that Moody's hard and soft rating adjustments are associated with significantly higher credit spreads and flatter credit spread term structures. Overall, the results indicate that Moody's quantitative adjustments to financial statement numbers and qualitative adjustments to credit ratings enable it to better capture default risk, consistent with it effectively processing both hard and soft information.
Somatotypes in Sport
Authors: Tóth Teodor , Michalíková Monika , Bednarčíková Lucia , Živčák Jozef , Kneppo Peter 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The submitted article deals with the evaluation of the somatotype of persons and determination of a suitable somatotype for selected sports. In the introduction the method for determining and evaluating a somatotype according to Carter and Heath is characterised. The processes used for calculating the individual components - endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy - are presented as well as a description of these elements. The calculated components are subsequently put into a somatograph. The evaluation of a somatotype is of great benefit and offers a guideline with the selection of sporting activities; it subsequently helps assign athletes into a suitable position where they will be able to best develop their talents in view of their bodily construction. In this work two types of sports are evaluated - basketball and bodybuilding. With each sport the measurements which give the prerequisites for the given sport are presented. The selection of the presented sports was made with regard to the different requirements and demands in the scope of bodily constitution. The aim of the presented paper is to assess physical parameters of subjects groups in relation to selected sports (basketball and bodybuilding). Based on the body constitution to determine the conditions for developing the physical condition and success in the appointed sports. Another objective is to compare the rating form and equation methods for somatotype determination. The sample consist 32 subjects with age between 22-28 years of both sexes, who are dedicated to basketball, or bodybuilding at amateur level.
Survey on privacy preserving data mining techniques in health care databases
Authors: Gál Tamás Zoltán , Kovács Gábor , Kardkovács Zsolt T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In health care databases, there are tireless and antagonistic interests between data mining research and privacy preservation, the more you try to hide sensitive private information, the less valuable it is for analysis. In this paper, we give an outlook on data anonymization problems by case studies. We give a summary on the state-of-the-art health care data anonymization issues including legal environment and expectations, the most common attacking strategies on privacy, and the proposed metrics for evaluating usefulness and privacy preservation for anonymization. Finally, we summarize the strength and the shortcomings of different approaches and techniques from the literature based on these evaluations.
Impact of selected stand characteristics on the occurrence of the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the Beskid Żywiecki Mountains
Authors: Grodzki Wojciech , Starzyk Jerzy R. , Kosibowicz Mieczysław 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Recently, Norway spruce stands in Beskid Żywiecki (Western Carpathians) have been plagued by bark beetle outbreak affecting an extensive area over a large range of altitudes. Georeferenced data (2356 records) from 2009-2011 of the volume of felled spruces showing insect infestation in forest sub-compartments were analysed with respect to selected site and stand characteristics. The infestation intensity varied between individual parts of the examined area. Spruce mortality, recorded evenly across all slope expositions, was higher in the zones 800 m - 1000 m and above 1000 m than in the zone below 800 m. The infestation intensity increased slightly with spruce representation in the stands and was higher in stands older than 80 years. There was no clear correlation between spruce mortality and site quality. However, in areas with more diverse and fertile sites mortality was lower. In overall, the results obtained in this study are in line with previous knowledge on the subject, but patterns describing bark beetle preferences in infested areas appear to be less pronounced than those found in earlier publications. Risk assessment and current planning of forest protection measures in stands affected by bark beetle outbreaks should be based on the here described characteristics of spruce susceptibility to insect infection.
The trophic requirements of selected underwood species occurring in forests
Authors: Lasota Jarosław , Błońska Ewa , Wanic Tomasz , Zwydak Maciej 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The subject of this study were soil requirements of common woody shrubs, which may be part of the forest understory (Sorbus aucuparia L., Frangula alnus Mill., Corylus avellana L., Juniperus communis L., Padus avium Mill., Euonymus europaea L., Sambucus nigra L.). We focused on phytocenoses in the vicinity of natural forests in reserves and national parks of Polish lowlands and defined optimal types and subtypes of soil with trophic variations for each underwood species. The range of trophism for each species of shrub was determined using specific physicochemical properties of the soils, while soil quality was assessed using the Trophic Soil Index (SIG) (Brożek et al. 2011a). The ecological requirements of the before-mentioned underwood species were linked with forest typology as well as natural vegetation and they showed different soil requirements. Here we report significant differences in particle size and dynamics of organic matter decomposition in soils associated with these underwood species.
Timber prices after natural disasters in the Forest District of Węgierska Górka
Authors: Sikora Adam Tomasz , Ukalska Joanna 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the impact of increased timber logging after natural disasters on timber assortments, unit prices, as well as average prices of timber spruce and total timber. The net sales prices of the years 2004-2010, available from the database of the State Forests Information System (SFIS) for the Forest District of Węgierska Górka, were analysed and compared to the prices of selected forest districts within the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Cracow (RDSF). The forest districts were classified based on the volume of logged timber leading to a separation into two groups of two and six forest districts. Moreover, we tested for significance in the linear trends of relevant characteristics and determined confidence intervals. Furthermore, we calculated the rate of growth (decrease) of the unit prices. Our studies show a decrease in price of only some of the timber assortments despite a significantly increased supply. Price declines were observed for the average prices of timber spruce and total timber due to their lowered quality. The price of timber assortments was mainly determined by effects of macroeconomic factors.
Photographic survey of the prey-choice of European Bee-eaters (Merops apiaster Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary at three colonies
Authors: Fuisz Tibor István , Vas Zoltán , Túri Katalin , Kőrösi Ádám 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Prey choice of European Bee-eaters was monitored via taking pictures of parent birds carrying prey items to their perches in front of the nests between 2011 and 2013 at three colonies in Hungary: at Pócsmegyer, Nagykarácsony and Albertirsa. All the colonies were studied in the breeding season, and prey items were identified from the digital images taken of adults carrying food for their chicks. During the three years 25 days were spent with collecting photographic data, and from the thousands of pictures taken 805 were suitable for analysis. On 775 photographs the prey item was identified at least to order level. Combining data from all the colonies hymenopterans were by far the most often consumed insects (50%), followed by dragonflies (17%), while beetles, orthopterans, lepidopterans and dipterans each contributed approximately 7-9% of the consumed prey. Prey composition showed marked differences between the individual colonies, although the ratio of hymenopterans was everywhere high. Bee-eaters at Pócsmegyer, probably due to the abundance of aquatic habitats nearby on the Danube shore, consumed almost as much dragonflies as hymenopterans, and ate very few orthopterans. While at the Albertirsa colony, surrounded by agricultural fields and meadows in a more arid environment, hymenopterans dominated the prey, and orthopterans were almost as often consumed as dragonflies. Lepidopterans constituted approximately 8% of Bee-eaters’ diet in all colonies. From an insect ecological viewpoint, our study provides valuable data on the species pool that might be at risk of predation by Bee-eaters, and enables us to roughly estimate the predation pressure on some taxa, and in certain cases even on species by these birds.
Late Glacial and Holocene Vegetation Changes in the Wigry National Park, Ne Poland – New Pollen Data from Three Small Dystrophic Lakes
Authors: Fiłoc Magdalena , Kupryjanowicz Mirosława , Drzymulska Danuta 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe main phases of the Late Glacial and Holocene development of vegetation in the Wigry National Park were reconstructed based on the pollen analysis of sediments from three small dystrophic lakes (Lake Suchar Wielki, Lake Suchar II and Lake Ślepe). At the current stage of research, the age of the studied deposits was determined by AMS radiocarbon dating of few samples only. This meant that the chronology of the investigated sections had to be estimated also indirectly using their palynological correlation with the radiometrically well-dated section from Lake Wigry. The obtained pollen data confirmed the picture of the postglacial vegetation changes of the Wigry National Park, which was based on earlier studies of Lake Wigry. Furthermore, it documented the existence, mainly in the Preboreal and Atlantic chronozones, of temporary changes in vegetation, which might be a reaction to a short-lived cold fluctuations of climate.
Palynology and Archaeology of Late Vistulian and Early Holocene Sites in Lubuskie Lake District, Western Poland
Authors: Okuniewska-Nowaczyk Iwona , Sobkowiak-Tabaka Iwona 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The Lubuskie Lake District played an important part in recolonisation of the Polish Plain due to its location and the character of the terrain. Despite that, it is and especially its northern part, poorly explored regarding both history of Late Glacial and early Holocene settlements, and the natural environment. The paper presents results of multidisciplinary research in this area. The most spectacular discoveries were connected with remains of settlements of the Hamburgian culture societies at Myszęcin - currently the richest site of this culture over the entire North European Plain. In the vicinity of this site several Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic settlements of varied functions were recorded. First palynological records came from the Younger Dryas sediments in this area. In a log with a palynological spectrum comprising Younger Dryas and the beginning of the Holocene, a charcoal dust was found and it could indicate human activity as humans lived at a lake shore. An important complement to the image of the Late Glacial settlement at the Lubuskie Lake District was provided by the research near Lubrza that resulted in data regarding settlements of the Federmesser and Świderian culture societies. This region was not typical in a palynological spectrum of deposits during Allerød but also indicated highly diversified thickness of basal peat in a small area.
La forêt du canton du Jura – ses caractéristiques et ses liens avec la surface agricole adjacente
Authors: Eschmann Patrice , Gerber Jacques , Bader Hervé 
Published: July 2014

The forest of the Canton of Jura – main features and links to agriculture
The Canton of Jura has a high share of forests and wooded pastures. The forest is mostly publicly owned (72%). The essay presents the strong points of the Canton's forest: its area is large, offering space for the various forest functions, and there is a significant potential for wood production. The weak points of forestry in the Jura today, notably traditional structures and limited financial resources of owners and the Canton, are also described. Policies for agriculture and forestry are very important for rural development. The two types of policy interact directly, with synergies, but also with conflicts, at the forest edge and above all in the wooded pastures, which are an archetypal landscape of the Canton of Jura. The essay discusses the relationship between the agriculture and forest worlds, but also demonstrates the necessity of better harmonisation of practice in the framework of integrated management of the rural space. It also stresses the solutions to be found by local stakeholders. Support for adequate framework conditions and targeted financial support must be maintained when services in public interest are at stake.