bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modularity and Fractionation in Complex Systems: A Value‐Centric Approach1
Authors: Heydari Babak , Dalili Kia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems Complexity is driven by more connectivity among constituents and increased environmental uncertainties. Modularity is a system's mechanism to manage complexity in the presence of environmental heterogeneities. Here, a general design decision framework for modularity and fractionation in complex systems is presented. This framework incorporates spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the environment, adaptability of the system and costs associated with modularity. It is argued that as the space‐time heterogeneity of the environment increases, higher levels of modularity are needed. To determine the optimal level of modularity, a four‐level modularity pyramid is introduced. This pyramid takes into account functional and physical dimensions of modularity and allows for resource sharing to enables dynamic modularity. Moving up from each level is quantified by an M+ operation that calculates the net value of increased modularity for each sub‐system. In the end, a detailed case for F6 Satellite systems is presented, quantified and simulated.
9.3.2 The need to tailor competency models – with a use case from Rolls‐Royce
Authors: Beasley Richard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe definition of competency for Systems Engineering is an important aspect of the implementation and application of Systems Engineering into an organization. This paper outlines why the understanding of competency is important, and focuses on why it is absolutely necessary to tailor the competency model to a particular situation. Tailoring will handle variation both in the nature of the Systems Engineering that the organization does, and the nature of the existing organization in which Systems Engineering is performed. A specific and detailed example of how the Systems Engineering competency model was tailored in Rolls‐Royce (by the author) is presented. The conclusion from this case study is that the understanding of the organizations purpose for the competency model is vital in understanding how to develop it. Rather than attempting (and arguing endlessly) to create the single, definitive competency model INCOSE (through its Competency Working Group) should build a guide on how to create a bespoke model, drawing on a range of case studies that explore the range of purposes for which a competency model is needed.
9.3.1 Types and Roles of Systems Engineers
Authors: Amit Naftali , Shalgi Giora , Matalon Yossi , Zonnenshain Avigdor 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe correct placement of Systems Engineers (S.E.) is of importance to the efficient management of programs and projects. Following this observation, the result of many years of experience in Systems Engineering management, a research was initiated with the goal of improving S.E. selection and placement. In the framework of the research the assumption that different styles of Systems Engineering and S.E. types do exist was verified. To improve the ability to identify and to describe the different S.E types, a model was created dubbed the “kite” model. This simple model is used as a tool to identify the different S.E types and as a way to describe them.To achieve the correct matching of the S.E. types to the numerous roles and tasks of S.E. the roles and tasks were analyzed and organized into six categories. This grouping makes the task of matching S.E. types simple and easy. Finally several case studies and real life stories are presented to illustrate the importance of correct and timely positioning of Systems Engineers.This paper summarizes four years of research conducted under the auspices of the Gordon Center for Systems Engineering at the Technion I.I.T, Haifa.We would like to thank the Gordon Center and Prof. Aviv Rosen, Head of the Center for supporting and funding this research.
Interface between SysML and Sequence Planner Language for Formal Verification
Authors: Kanthabhabhajeya Sathyamyla , Berglund Joakim , Falkman Petter , Lennartson Bengt 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a method and software for interfacing Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and Sequence Planner Language (SPL). Exchange of information between different software tools is of major interest for modern manufacturing industries from early design to final implementation. SysML, with its structure as a common platform, can then be interfaced with other domain‐specific modeling tools to achieve information exchange. This paper presents a method to interface SysML with a recently introduced language for operation sequences called Sequence Planner Language (SPL). By this method, necessary information from behavioral constructs of SysML model are extracted and structured in SPL. This language, being a formal, graphical language, can be used to formally verify the system for any blocking states. An academic and an industrial model developed in SysML are tested using the interface implementation and the results show that information from SysML can be visualized in SPL and formally verified to have no blocking states.
9.2.2 Quantifying Systems Engineering Reuse – a Generalized Reuse Framework in COSYSMO
Authors: Wang Gan , Roedler Garry J. , Valerdi Ricardo , Pena Mauricio 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper further elaborates a generalized reuse framework for systems engineering reuse previously published and defines two interrelated reuse processes – development for reuse (DFR) and development with reuse (DWR). It proposes a quantitative approach for assessing such a reuse effort by defining a set of reuse categories for both the DFR and the DWR processes and by extending the model definition and cost estimating relationship of COSYSMO, a systems engineering cost model.
Tips in biliary stone removal using endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation
Authors: Teoh Anthony Yuen Bun , Lau James Yun Wong 
Published: November 2014

Abstract The use of limited endoscopic sphincterotomy with large balloon dilation (ESLBD) has recently been shown to be useful for removal of large common bile duct stones in a dilated bile duct. The technique can reduce the need of mechanical lithotripsy, risk of adverse events and costs of the procedure. The aim of the review is to provide an overview in the current status of ESLBD with particular focus on the technical aspects of the technique for bile duct stone removal.
Numerical modelling for simulation and treatment planning of prostate thermal therapy
Authors: Bellil Melouka , Saidane Abdelkader , Bennaoum Menouer 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA 2D transmission line matrix model is used to study thermal transfer in living tissues exposed to laser energy. Damage size because of thermal coagulation in thermal treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia is determined quantitatively. Results show a quasilinear dependency of blood perfusion on temperature at the beginning of coagulation. Immediately thereafter, blood perfusion decreases considerably until it shuts down when the tissue under investigation has been coagulated. Increase in perfusion rate (ω) leads to high values of t100, which is the time required to reach a primary zone temperature of about 100 °C, and reflects the increased cooling created by perfusion. The transmission line matrix numerical model predicts the coagulation damage contours; that way, it has a clinical interest in therapy as an aid for clinicians because damage cannot be easily measured within patients. Results are validated through comparison with other researches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of a direct‐fed microbial and xylanase enzyme on the dietary energy uptake efficiency and performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Murugesan Ganapathi Raj , Persia Michael E 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDEfficacy of a multi‐strain direct‐fed microbial product (PoultryStar® ME; PS) and a xylanase enzyme product on the dietary energy utilization efficiency and resulting performance in broiler chickens was evaluated. Apart from performance parameters, cecal and serum metabolites and activities of hepatic enzymes involved in energy metabolism were also determined. Ross 308 chicks were fed one of four experimental diets [control (CON), CON + PS, CON + xylanase and CON + PS + xylanase] using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement from 1–21 days of age.RESULTSCecal proportions of propionate and butyrate, as well as total short‐chain fatty acid concentration were increased (P <0.01) by PS suggesting increased fermentation of dietary fiber. Both additives reduced (P <0.01) serum non‐esterified free fatty acids, while PS reduced (P <0.01) serum triglyceride. Hepatic glycogen concentration was increased (P <0.01) by both additives. Changes in these serum metabolites and hepatic glycogen indicate the influence of additives in swiftly transitioning the birds from fasting to feeding metabolism. The activity of hepatic glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was increased (P <0.01) by PS. Elevated hepatic glycogen and G6PDH activity indicate increased glucose‐sparing potential. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowered by both additives, while the magnitude of reduction was higher with the combination.CONCLUSIONThe combination worked synergistically, compared to their individual effects, to increase dietary energy uptake and hepatic energy retention. The combination additively increased the FCR, suggesting involvement of synergistic modes of actions. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
White Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Star‐Shaped Polymers with an Orange Dendritic Phosphorescent Core
Authors: Zhu Minrong , Li Yanhu , Cao Xiaosong , Jiang Bei , Wu Hongbin , Qin Jingui , Cao Yong , Yang Chuluo 
Published: November 2014

A series of new star‐shaped polymers with a triphenylamine‐based iridium(III) dendritic complex as the orange‐emitting core and poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) (PFH) chains as the blue‐emitting arms is developed towards white polymer light‐emitting diodes (WPLEDs). By fine‐tuning the content of the orange phosphor, partial energy transfer and charge trapping from the blue backbone to the orange core is realized to achieve white light emission. Single‐layer WPLEDs with the configuration of ITO (indium‐tin oxide)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/polymer/CsF/Al exhibit a maximum current efficiency of 1.69 cd A−1 and CIE coordinates of (0.35, 0.33), which is very close to the pure white‐light point of (0.33, 0.33). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on star‐shaped white‐emitting single polymers that simultaneously consist of fluorescent and phosphorescent species.
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Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile depend on body fat in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study
Authors: Bel-Serrat Silvia , Mouratidou Theodora , Huybrechts Inge , Labayen Idoia , Cuenca-García Magdalena , Palacios Gonzalo , Breidenassel Christina , Molnár Dénes , Roccaldo Romana , Widhalm Kurt , Gottrand Frederic , Kafatos Anthony , Manios Yannis , Vyncke Krishna , Sjöström Michael , Libuda Lars , Gómez-Martínez Sonia , Moreno Luis A. 
Published: November 2014

The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile in adolescents from eight European cities participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) cross-sectional study (2006–7), and to assess the role of body fat-related variables in these associations. Weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol, TAG, apoB and apoA1 were measured in 454 adolescents (44 % boys) aged 12·5–17·5 years. Macronutrient intake (g/4180 kJ per d (1000 kcal per d)) was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Associations were evaluated by multi-level analysis and adjusted for sex, age, maternal education, centre, sum of four skinfolds, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behaviours and diet quality index for adolescents. Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with HDL-C (β = − 0·189,P< 0·001). An inverse association was found between fat intake and TAG (β = − 0·319,P< 0·001). Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipids varied according to adiposity levels, i.e. an inverse association between carbohydrate intake and HDL-C was only observed in those adolescents with a higher waist:height ratio. As serum lipids and excess body fat are the major markers of CVD, these findings should be considered when developing strategies to prevent the risk of CVD among adolescents.
Sympatric morphological and genetic differentiation of the pearl oysterPinctada radiata(Bivalvia: Pterioida) in the northern Persian Gulf
Authors: Rajaei Moein , Farahmand Hamid , Poorbagher Hadi , Mortazavi Mohammad Sedigh , Farhadi Ahmad 
Published: November 2014

The pearl oyster,Pinctada radiata, shows great variation in shell morphology throughout its distribution. This variation can be related to phenotypic plasticity, genetic variability or a combination of both. Using geometric morphometric and microsatellite DNA analyses, two morphologically distinct populations of the pearl oyster were studied in the northern Persian Gulf, i.e. from the Lavan and Hendourabi Islands. Ten landmarks were selected to define the shape of the left shell. In addition, concentration of Zn, Mg, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn and Cr of the soft tissues were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Six microsatellite loci were used to assess the population genetic structure of the pearl oyster. There were morphometric differences between the populations suggesting the existence of two morphotypes. There was a significant difference between the two populations in concentrations of Fe, Mg, Zn, Cd, Mn and Cr indicating that the specimens from the Lavan Island experience a more stressful environment than those from the Hendourabi Island. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the proportion of the genetic variation attributed to differences among populations of the pearl oyster was highly significant for bothFSTandRST(FST = 0.066,RST = 0.265,P < 0.001). Our findings showed that stressful conditions resulting from heavy metals may have a direct influence on the separation of the populations in Lavan and Hendourabi despite the lack of a physical barrier.
Bubbles of Congruent Primes
Authors: THORNE FRANK 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn [15], Shiu proved that ifaandqare arbitrary coprime integers, then there exist arbitrarily long strings of consecutive primes which are all congruent toamoduloq. We generalize Shiu's theorem to imaginary quadratic fields, where we prove the existence of “bubbles” containing arbitrarily many primes which are all, up to units, congruent toamoduloq.
ON THE NOTION OF PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY CAUSES: THE LEGACY OF RICARDO
Authors: Marcuzzo Maria Cristina 
Published: November 2014

This paper considers the distinction made by David Ricardo between “permanent” and “temporary” causes, which he sometimes refers to also as “stable” and “accidental” causes (seeThe Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo [hereinafter Works]I: 86, 88, 92; VI: 154), to derive implications useful to distinguish his approach from subsequent developments of the notions of short-period and long-period equilibrium. In particular, I trace the change of focus in the concept of “permanent” forces brought about by Alfred Marshall—from whose insights Alfred Kahn and John Maynard Keynes drew inspiration for their short-period analysis—which paved the way to fundamental changes in the method and theory.It is argued that Ricardo’s distinction maintains an heuristic value, in particular vis-à-vis the distinction between short and long period, which is part of the common language in standard economics.
Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Evaluation of Response to Treatment
Authors: Barr Daniel C. , Wald Christoph , Hussain Hero K. 
Published: November 2014

Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the USA, non-invasive imaging based diagnosis of HCC has largely replaced biopsy because of the high specificity and positive predictive value of imaging features for HCC. Because of the important role of imaging and the need to promote standardization of the management of HCC, several imaging-based algorithms for the diagnosis of HCC in at-risk patients have been developed.Imaging also plays a vital role in the assessment of HCC response to locoregional therapies (LRT) such as ablative and endovascular therapies. Standard imaging response criteria of solid tumors that rely solely on change in tumor size for determination of therapeutic success are not applicable to HCC undergoing LRT. Therefore, several systems have been developed over the years to objectively evaluate HCC response to LRT.In this review, we will describe major and ancillary imaging features of HCC, how these features are incorporated into the various imaging based algorithms, discuss the differences between algorithms, and address the emerging role of new imaging techniques and contrast agents in the diagnosis of HCC. We will also discuss the importance of assessment of HCC response to LRT, describe patterns of imaging response to the various therapies including newer volumetric and functional response measures, and examine and compare proposed response criteria of HCC to LRT.
Systemic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Issue of Treatment Stage Migration and Registration of Progression Using the BCLC-Refined RECIST
Authors: Reig Maria , Darnell Anna , Forner Alejandro , Rimola Jordi , Ayuso Carmen , Bruix Jordi 
Published: November 2014

Recent advancements have improved the management of patients with liver cancer. Results of studies have informed how to stage and decide the optimal treatment option for each patient with an adequate balance between risks and benefits. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging and treatment strategy has been widely endorsed for this purpose. This is not a rigid system: One of the key aspects in the management of patients is the optimal timing for systemic treatment initiation and for declaring tumor progression and/or treatment failure. Some patients at intermediate or even early stage may be considered for systemic therapy as options of higher priority may have failed or may not be feasible. Sorafenib is the sole systemic agent that has shown efficacy in phase 3 trials. Other agents (sunitinib, brivanib, linifanib, everolimus, ramucirumab) have failed in terms of safety and/or survival benefit. Optimal sorafenib administration and adequate adherence of the patients are crucial requirements to obtain the benefits of the drug. Because development of adverse events has been shown to correlate with better outcome, careful dose adjustments should be in place while avoiding unnecessary treatment interruption. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that progression at imaging may not translate in poor prognosis and that treatment beyond progression may be considered if there is no option for a second-line research trial.In this review, the authors examine all of the controversial aspects that affect treatment initiation and maintenance, how response to treatment should be evaluated, and define the needs that are faced by current research.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Ilyas Sumera I , Borad Mitesh J. , Patel Tushar , Gores Gregory J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive biliary tract malignancy with limited treatment options and low survival rates. Currently, there are no curative medical therapies for CCA. Recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the genetic basis of this disease, and elucidated therapeutically relevant targets. Therapeutic efforts in development are directed at several key pathways due to genetic aberrations including receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, mutant IDH enzymes, the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, and chromatin remodeling networks. A highly desmoplastic, hypovascular stroma is characteristic of CCAs and recent work has highlighted the importance of targeting this pathway via stromal myofibroblast depletion. Future efforts should concentrate on combination therapies with action against the cancer cell and the surrounding tumor stroma. As the mutational landscape of CCA is being illuminated, molecular profiling of patient tumors will enable identification of specific mutations and the opportunity to offer directed, personalized treatment options.
Calcium-mediated histone modifications regulate alternative splicing in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Sharma Alok , Nguyen Hieu , Geng Cuiyu , Hinman Melissa N. , Luo Guangbin , Lou Hua 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Calcium is an important intracellular second messenger that regulates many biological processes. Many extracellular environmental cues lead to cellular calcium-level changes, which impact on the output of gene expression. In cardiomyocytes, calcium is known to control gene expression at the level of transcription, whereas its role in regulating alternative splicing has not been explored. Our studies demonstrate that in these cells a network of alternatively spliced exons exists, which responds to the altered calcium levels by changing their splicing patterns. Our studies further elucidate an epigenetic regulatory mechanism, triggered by calcium signaling pathways, that leads to histone hyperacetylation along gene bodies, which increases the transcriptional elongation rate of RNA polymerase II and impacts alternative splicing.
Asymmetric hindwing foldings in rove beetles
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Yamamoto Shuhei , Maruyama Munetoshi , Okabe Yoji 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Rove beetles are known to fold their wings in the most complicated and sophisticated ways that have right–left asymmetric patterns. This asymmetric folding can confer both high deployment capability and high storage efficiency, and therefore has a great deal of potential for engineering applications. However, the detailed folding mechanisms have been unclear because of the difficulty of observing of the folding processes. This study used a high-speed camera to observe the wing folding movements of rove beetles. The results show that these characteristic asymmetrical patterns emerge as a result of simultaneous folding of overlapped wings. The specific crease patterns of respective wings and detailed folding motions in each folding sequence are also described here.
Completion of DNA replication in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Wendel Brian M. , Courcelle Charmain T. , Courcelle Justin 
Published: November 2014

Significance
All phases of DNA replication are tightly regulated to ensure that daughter cells inherit a precise copy of the genomic DNA. Although the mechanisms regulating initiation and elongation have been well characterized, the process of how cells recognize replicated regions and complete replication at the precise doubling point remains a fundamental question yet to be addressed. Here we show that the completion of replication involves a transient over-replication of the region where forks converge before the excess regions are incised, resected, and joined. Completion requires several proteins associated with repairing double-strand breaks, but unlike break repair, it occurs independently of homologous recombination and is targeted for inactivation by some bacterial viruses during the transition to lytic replication.