bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent Antigen and Prolonged AKT–mTORC1 Activation Underlie Memory CD8 T Cell Impairment in the Absence of CD4 T Cells
Authors: Li Yingzhong , Shen Chase , Zhu Bingdong , Shi Feng , Eisen Herman N. , Chen Jianzhu 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recall responses by memory CD8 T cells are impaired in the absence of CD4 T cells. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, the molecular basis is still largely unknown. Using a local influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract and the lung of CD4−/− mice, we show that memory CD8 T cell impairment is limited to the lungs and the lung-draining lymph nodes, where viral Ags are unusually persistent and abundant in these mice. Persistent Ag exposure results in prolonged activation of the AKT–mTORC1 pathway in Ag-specific CD8 T cells, favoring their development into effector memory T cells at the expense of central memory T cells, and inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin largely corrects the impairment by promoting central memory T cell development. The findings suggest that the prolonged AKT–mTORC1 activation driven by persistent Ag is a critical mechanism underlying the impaired memory CD8 T cell development and responses in the absence of CD4 T cells.
Dual Function of the IRF8 Transcription Factor in Autoimmune Uveitis: Loss of IRF8 in T Cells Exacerbates Uveitis, Whereas Irf8 Deletion in the Retina Confers Protection
Authors: Kim Sung-Hye , Burton Jenna , Yu Cheng-Rong , Sun Lin , He Chang , Wang Hongsheng , Morse Herbert C. , Egwuagu Charles E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is constitutively expressed in monocytes and B cells and plays a critical role in the functional maturation of microglia cells. It is induced in T cells following Ag stimulation, but its functions are less well understood. However, recent studies in mice with T cell–specific Irf8 disruption under direction of the Lck promoter (LCK-IRF8KO) suggest that IRF8 directs a silencing program for Th17 differentiation, and IL-17 production is markedly increased in IRF8-deficient T cells. Paradoxically, loss of IRF8 in T cells has no effect on the development or severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), although exacerbating colitis in a mouse colitis model. In contrast, mice with a macrophage/microglia-specific Irf8 disruption are resistant to EAE, further confounding our understanding of the roles of IRF8 in host immunity and autoimmunity. To clarify the role of IRF8 in autoimmune diseases, we have generated two mouse strains with targeted deletion of Irf8 in retinal cells, including microglial cells and a third mouse strain with targeted Irf8 deletion in T cells under direction of the nonpromiscuous, CD4 promoter (CD4-IRF8KO). In contrast to the report that IRF8 deletion in T cells has no effect on EAE, experimental autoimmune uveitis is exacerbated in CD4-IRF8KO mice and disease enhancement correlates with significant expansion of Th17 cells and a reduction in T regulatory cells. In contrast to CD4-IRF8KO mice, Irf8 deletion in retinal cells confers protection from uveitis, underscoring divergent and tissue-specific roles of IRF8 in host immunity. These results raise a cautionary note in the context of therapeutic targeting of IRF8.
Natural Anti-Infective Pulmonary Proteins: In Vivo Cooperative Action of Surfactant Protein SP-A and the Lung Antimicrobial Peptide SP-BN
Authors: Coya Juan Manuel , Akinbi Henry T. , Sáenz Alejandra , Yang Li , Weaver Timothy E. , Casals Cristina 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The anionic antimicrobial peptide SP-BN, derived from the N-terminal saposin-like domain of the surfactant protein (SP)-B proprotein, and SP-A are lung anti-infective proteins. SP-A–deficient mice are more susceptible than wild-type mice to lung infections, and bacterial killing is enhanced in transgenic mice overexpressing SP-BN. Despite their potential anti-infective action, in vitro studies indicate that several microorganisms are resistant to SP-A and SP-BN. In this study, we test the hypothesis that these proteins act synergistically or cooperatively to strengthen each other’s microbicidal activity. The results indicate that the proteins acted synergistically in vitro against SP-A– and SP-BN–resistant capsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae (serotype K2) at neutral pH. SP-A and SP-BN were able to interact in solution (Kd = 0.4 μM), which enabled their binding to bacteria with which SP-A or SP-BN alone could not interact. In vivo, we found that treatment of K. pneumoniae–infected mice with SP-A and SP-BN conferred more protection against K. pneumoniae infection than each protein individually. SP-A/SP-BN–treated infected mice showed significant reduction of bacterial burden, enhanced neutrophil recruitment, and ameliorated lung histopathology with respect to untreated infected mice. In addition, the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in lung homogenates increased early in infection in contrast with the weak inflammatory response of untreated K. pneumoniae–infected mice. Finally, we found that therapeutic treatment with SP-A and SP-BN 6 or 24 h after bacterial challenge conferred significant protection against K. pneumoniae infection. These studies show novel anti-infective pathways that could drive development of new strategies against pulmonary infections.
Adaptive Immunity against Streptococcus pyogenes in Adults Involves Increased IFN-γ and IgG3 Responses Compared with Children
Authors: Mortensen Rasmus , Nissen Thomas Nørrelykke , Blauenfeldt Thomas , Christensen Jan P. , Andersen Peter , Dietrich Jes 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Each year, millions of people are infected with Streptococcus pyogenes, leading to an estimated 500,000 annual deaths worldwide. For unknown reasons, school-aged children have substantially higher infection rates than adults. The goal for this study was to provide, to our knowledge, the first detailed characterization of the human adaptive immune response against S. pyogenes in both children and adults. We report that all adults in our study, as well as most children, showed immunity against the two conserved group A streptococci (GAS) Ags, streptococcal C5a peptidase and immunogenic secreted protein. The response primarily consisted of three subsets of Th1 T cells, in which the TNF-α+ and IL-2+TNF-α+ subsets were most frequent. Humoral immunity was dominated by IgG1 and IgG3, whereas the Th2-associated IgG4 isotype was only detected at very low amounts. IgG3 levels correlated significantly with IFN-γ, but not with IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, or TNF-α. Interestingly, children showed a similar pattern of Ag-specific cytokine release, but displayed significantly lower levels of IgG3 and IFN-γ compared with adults. Thus, human immune responses against S. pyogenes consist of a robust Th1 cellular memory response in combination with IgG1/IgG3-dominated humoral immunity that increase with age. The significance of these data regarding both the increased GAS infection rate in children and the development of protective GAS vaccines is discussed.
Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition
Authors: Pantazi Eirini , Marks Ellen , Stolarczyk Emilie , Lycke Nils , Noelle Randolph J. , Elgueta Raul 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a critical regulator of the intestinal adaptive immune response. However, the intrinsic impact of RA on B cell differentiation in the regulation of gut humoral immunity in vivo has never been directly shown. To address this issue, we have been able to generate a mouse model where B cells specifically express a dominant-negative receptor α for RA. In this study, we show that the silencing of RA signaling in B cells reduces the numbers of IgA+ Ab-secreting cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that RA has a direct effect on IgA plasma cell differentiation. Moreover, the lack of RA signaling in B cells abrogates Ag-specific IgA responses after oral immunization and affects the microbiota composition. In conclusion, these results suggest that RA signaling in B cells through the RA receptor α is important to generate an effective gut humoral response and to maintain a normal microbiota composition.
Germinação e vigor de sementes de pau d’alho sob estresse salino
Authors: Lopes José Carlos , Freitas Allan Rocha de , Beltrame Rômulo André , Venancio Luan Peroni , Manhone Pedro Ramon , Silva Fernanda Rodrigues Nunes e 
Published: July 2015

<p> A salinidade dos solos é um dos mais importantes fatores de estresse abiótico, afetando negativamente diversos aspectos da fisiologia e bioquímica das plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do pré-condicionamento de sementes de <em>Gallesia integrifolia </em>sob de estresse salino com nitrato de potássio (KNO<sub>3</sub>) e nitropurinato de sódio (SNP). As sementes foram tratadas através do pré-condicionamento de imersão em soluções com cinco concentrações de KNO<sub>3</sub> (0,0, 0,01, 0,1, 1 e 10 mg L-1) e de SNP (0, 0,01, 0,1, 1 e 10 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) por uma hora. Em seguida, as sementes foram distribuídas em folhas de papel filtro previamente umedecidos com soluções salinas em três potenciais osmóticos (0,0, -0,6 e - 1,2 MPa), sendo os rolos de papel mantidos em câmara de germinação do tipo BOD sob temperatura alternada de 20-30 ºC com fotoperíodo de 8/16 h durante 22 dias. Observou-se que o menor potencial osmótico acarretou redução das médias para todas as variáveis avaliadas. O potencial osmótico de -1,2 MPa influenciou negativamente a germinação e vigor de sementes de pau d’alho. KNO<sub>3</sub> e SNP na concentração de 1 mg L<sup>-1</sup> proporcionam redução do efeito salino nas sementes.</p>
Modeling and Simulation of CO2 Absorption into Promoted Aqueous Potassium Carbonate Solution in Industrial Scale Packed Column
Authors: Altway Ali , Susianto Susianto , Suprapto Suprapto , Nurkhamidah Siti , Nisa Nur Ihda Farihatin , Hardiyanto Firsta , Mulya Hendi Riesta , Altway Saidah 
Published: July 2015

Carbon dioxide gas is a harmful impurity which is corrosive and it can damage the utilities and the piping system in industries. Chemical absorption is the most economical separation method which is widely applied in chemical industries for CO2 removal process. Hot potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is the most effective solvent that has been used extensively, especially for the CO2 separation process from gas synthesis and natural gas. This paper aims to develop mathematical model for investigating the CO2 absorption into promoted hot K2CO3 solution in industrial scale packed column in an ammonia plant. The CO2 was removed from the gas stream by counter-current absorption in two stages column. To represent the gas-liquid system, a rigorous mathematical model based on the two-film theory was considered. The model consists of differential mass and heat balance and considers the interactions between mass-transfer and chemical kinetics using enhancement factor concept. Gas solubility, mass and heat transfer coefficients, reaction kinetics and equilibrium were estimated using correlations from literatures. The model was validated using plant data and was used to compute temperature and concentration profiles in the absorber. The variation of CO2 recovery with respect to changes in some operating variables was evaluated. The effect of various kinds of promoters added into K2CO3 solution on the CO2 recovery was also investigated. The simulation results agree well with the plant data. The results of the simulation prediction, for the absorber pressure of 33 atm with a lean flow rate of 32,0867 kg/h, temperature of 343 K, and semi lean flow rate of 2,514,122 kg/h, temperature of 385 K, showed %CO2 removal of 95.55%, while that of plant data is 96.8%. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Thermal Behavior and Hydrogen Production of Methanol Autothermal Reforming Performed Using Oxygen Enrichment and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3/CeO2 Catalyst
Authors: Lesmana Donny , Wu Ho-Shing 
Published: July 2015

A fixed-bed reactor designed for the autothermal reforming (ATR) of methanol under adiabatic conditions was constructed to experimentally determine the profile of temperature and catalyst activity generated using the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3/CeO2 catalyst. The effect of oxygen enrichment in this experiment was investigated, and the experimental results showed that an increase in oxygen concentration correlated with an increase in the temperature of the catalytic bed; by contrast, this increase in oxygen concentration resulted in a reduction of the startup time of the catalyst. Moreover, the reaction temperature was determined to vary with the position within the catalytic fixed bed. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
The Applications of Mixed Metal Oxides to Capture the CO2 and Convert to Syn-Gas
Authors: Babhare Sajan , Raskar Reshma , Bobade Komal , Gaikwad Abaji 
Published: July 2015

The applications of different mixed metal oxides were explored for the capture of CO2 and convert of CO2 to syn-gas. The several samples of the mixed metal oxides were prepared by the sol-gel, solid-solid fusion, precipitation, molten salt and template methods in order to investigate the performance of mixed mtal oxides to the CO2 applications. These samples were calcined for the 3 h in air at 900 oC. The mixed metal oxides samples were characterized by acidity/basicity, surface area, XRD pattern, SEM images and to capture CO2. The basicity and surface area of the samples of mixed metal oxides were found to be in the range from 0.7 to 15.7 mmol.g-1 and 2.24 to 138.76 m2.g-1, respectively. The ob-tained results of prepared mixed metal oxides by different method were compared for the purpose of searching the efficient materials. The temperature profiles of the captured CO2 by the samples of mixed metal oxides were obtained in the range 100 to 800 oC. The captured CO2 was found to be in the range from 7.36 to 26.93 wt.%. The conversions of CO2 by methane were explored to syn-gas over the mixed metal oxides including the calcium iron lanthanum mixed metal oxides and (5 wt.%) Pd/Al2O3 at 700 oC with the gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) 6000 ml.h-1.g-1 of methane, 6000 ml.h-1.g-1 of CO2 and 24000 ml.h-1.g-1 of helium. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Application of La-ZSM-5 Coated Silicon Carbide Foam Catalyst for Toluene Methylation with Methanol
Authors: Ghosal Debarpita , Basu Jayanta Kumar , Sengupta Sonali 
Published: July 2015

The performance of toluene methylation reaction was studied on H-ZSM-5 catalyst modified with La, Ce and Nb at different percentage loading. It was found that 10% metal loading produced the best performance in the reaction in terms of toluene conversion. The catalyst was coated on silicon carbide foam support which showed better conversion than the pelleted catalyst. Again, among the treated and untreated H-ZSM-5, the La-ZSM-5 catalyst is chosen for the reaction for its highest selectivity towards xylene, the main product. All catalysts were characterized in terms of surface properties, SEM, XRD and NH3-TPD. Kinetic study was done on La-ZSM-5 catalyst with 10% loading. In this kineticstudy, Langmuir Hinshelwood kinetic model with surface reaction as rate controlling step was selected as the rate equation. The activation energy was found to be 47 kJ/mol. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Cu/Cu2O Nanoparticles Prepared in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Badawy Sayed M. , El-Khashab R. A. , Nayl A. A. 
Published: July 2015

Copper/Copper oxide (Cu/Cu2O) nanoparticles were synthesized by modified chemical reduction method in an aqueous medium using hydrazine as reducing agent and copper sulfate pentahydrate as precursor. The Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The analysis revealed the pattern of face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure of copper Cu metal and cubic cuprites structure for Cu2O. The SEM result showed monodispersed and agglomerated particles with two micron sizes of about 180 nm and 800 nm, respectively. The TEM result showed few single crystal particles of face-centered cubic structures with average particle size about 11-14 nm. The catalytic activity of Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was investigated and compared with manganese oxide MnO2. The results showed that the second-order equation provides the best correlation for the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 on Cu/Cu2O. The catalytic activity of hydrogen peroxide by Cu/Cu2O is less than the catalytic activity of MnO2 due to the presence of copper metal Cu with cuprous oxide Cu2O. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Production of Biodiesel from Coconut Oil Using Microwave: Effect of Some Parameters on Transesterification Reaction by NaOH Catalyst
Authors: Suryanto A. , Suprapto Suprapto , Mahfud Mahfud 
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of reaction time and NaOH catalyst in transesterification of coconut oil enhanced by microwave and to obtain a biodiesel. Reaction was conducted in batch reactor which equipped by microwave. Coconut oil contains saturated fatty acids about 70% with medium chain (C8-C14), especially lauric acid and myristic acid. The reaction was initiated by mixing oil and methanol with oil to methanol mole ratios of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9 and 1:12, catalyst concentration of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 wt.%, as well as setting electrical power at 100, 264 and 400 W. The reaction times were of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 min. The result showed that microwave could be employed as an energy source and was able to accelerate the transesterification process to produce biodiesel using NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel yields increase with increasing microwave power. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained was of 97.37% with reaction conditions set at 0.2 wt.% catalyst, a reaction time of 2 min, molar ratio of methanol to oil 1:9 and microwave power of 400 watt. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Subglacial discharge at tidewater glaciers revealed by seismic tremor
Authors: Bartholomaus Timothy C. , Amundson Jason M. , Walter Jacob I. , O'Neel Shad , West Michael E. , Larsen Christopher F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSubglacial discharge influences glacier basal motion and erodes and redeposits sediment. At tidewater glacier termini, discharge drives submarine terminus melting, affects fjord circulation, and is a central component of proglacial marine ecosystems. However, our present inability to track subglacial discharge and its variability significantly hinders our understanding of these processes. Here we report observations of hourly to seasonal variations in 1.5–10 Hz seismic tremor that strongly correlate with subglacial discharge but not with basal motion, weather, or discrete icequakes. Our data demonstrate that vigorous discharge occurs from tidewater glaciers during summer, in spite of fast basal motion that could limit the formation of subglacial conduits, and then abates during winter. Furthermore, tremor observations and a melt model demonstrate that drainage efficiency of tidewater glaciers evolves seasonally. Glaciohydraulic tremor provides a means by which to quantify subglacial discharge variations and offers a promising window into otherwise obscured glacierized environments.
An empirical model of the extreme ultraviolet solar spectrum as a function of F10.7
Authors: Girazian Z. , Withers P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe F10.7 solar index is frequently used as a proxy for the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance. However, the relationship between F10.7 and the EUV spectrum has not been quantified in great detail for Solar Cycles 23 and 24. We use more than 2800 spectra (2003–2010) from the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) to construct an empirical model of the EUV spectrum as a function of F10.7P =
(F10.7+F10.7A) where F10.7A is the 81 day average. We compare our spectra to the HEUVAC model and find the HEUVAC soft X‐ray irradiance is ∼65% larger than SEE during solar minimum and HEUVAC H Lymann continuum fluxes are ∼30% smaller. We derive power law relationships between F10.7P and the ionizing irradiance—the integrated flux within some EUV wavelength band—in units of energy flux (FE) and photon flux (FP) for five neutral species and show that the relationship between F10.7P and FE is more linear than that of FP and that the magnitude of FP and its solar cycle variation is species dependent. In addition, we derive power law relationships between F10.7P and the ionization frequencies of these species and confirm that F10.7P is a better EUV proxy than F10.7. Finally, we investigate the hardening of the spectrum and its consequences for the Venus, Earth, and Mars ionospheres; the ratio of the soft X‐ray to EUV irradiance appropriate for Earth's E and F layers stayed constant during the prolonged solar minimum. Our results can elucidate ionospheric processes such as the saturation effect.
Complex refractive index of secondary organic aerosol generated from isoprene/NOx photooxidation in the presence and absence of SO2
Authors: Nakayama Tomoki , Sato Kei , Tsuge Masashi , Imamura Takashi , Matsumi Yutaka 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe report the first measurements of the complex refractive index (RI) at 375, 405, 532, and 781 nm for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from isoprene/NOx photooxidation. At all wavelengths studied, slightly greater real components of the RI were observed for the SOA generated in the absence of SO2 compared with those generated in its presence. Considering the chemical properties, the differences in the oxidation state and/or ratio of particle density to molecular weight of compounds in the SOA are considered to be the main factors determining the real components. The imaginary components at ≤532 nm were found to increase with increasing initial SO2 concentration. The highly conjugated oligomers are suggested to be plausible chromophore candidates. This study suggests that when large amounts of SOA are generated after mixing of isoprene with NOx and SOx, light absorption of these SOAs may compete with that of black carbon, especially at ultraviolet wavelengths.