bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Received Concept of the Employer
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter conceptualizes the received concept of the employer in English law. Moving beyond a series of frequently unspoken and unchallenged assumptions, the analysis reveals two competing conceptual strands in the existing case law: the concept is shaped by a range of external factors (such as language and fact patterns, contract law and the corporate veil) as a unitary one. At the same time, there is little evidence in the traditional employment status tests to suggest an inherent need for the employer always to be a singular entity. Indeed, the common law frequently betrays a strongly multi-functional concept of the employer. Five different groups of such functions are identified and illustrated. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the tension between these different strands can quickly come to the fore in multilateral work settings, once more than one entity becomes involved in the direct management of employment relationships.
The Shared Exercise of Employer Functions Across MultipleLociof Control
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how developments in modern enterprise organization, from agency work to corporate groups and activist investors such as Private Equity funds, are increasingly building on complex multilateral arrangements, thus rapidly moving the majority of employment relationships outside the traditional unitary paradigm. Whilst the different structures surveyed on the basis of the author’s fieldwork reports and relevant academic literature vary considerably in their technical setup and day-to-day operation, they are united in the sheer complexity and variety of shared or parcelled-out management of work. As soon as employer functions are exercised from more than one locus of management control or divided across several legal entities, the tension inherent in the traditional concept of the employer becomes a challenge to the coherence of employment law coverage.
A Functional Concept
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias 
Published: June 2015

AbstractShifting from the previous analytical-descriptive approach into an openly normative attempt fundamentally to reconceptualize the concept of the employer, this chapter analyses the received multi-functional limb to show how a careful extension to a fully functional concept could be achieved. A first section develops a detailed theoretical account of the proposed functional typology, noting in particular its roots in the existing approach and testing its ability to draw clear outer boundaries of the application of employment law norms. Different examples for the practical operation of such a functional concept are explored in the following section, drawing on a broad range of existing avenues from both the common law (implied contracts) and different models of statutory regulation (discrimination law in the Equality Act 2010, and statutory Health and Safety provisions), before concluding with a positive evaluation of the proposed modifications of the multi-functional strand against previously developed criteria.
The IASB’s Vexed Relation with Europe
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The EU’s commitment to IFRSs was confirmed with the actual adoption of the standards in practice, beginning in 2005. The European Commission encouraged other jurisdictions to adopt or converge with IFRSs, through its requirement that non-EU companies listed in the EU should use IFRSs or national standards deemed equivalent with IFRSs. Nonetheless, the relationship between the IASB and the EU remained tense because of continuing controversy over some of the IASB’s technical work. The European Parliament actively involved itself in discussions of the IASB’s governance and accountability. By delaying the endorsement of IFRS 8 on segment reporting, the Parliament declared its authority to intervene in the endorsement of individual standards.
Assessing the inter-rater reliability and agreement of a hybrid assessment framework in the Emergency Department
Authors: Gan Han Nee , Tiah Ling , Lee Shu Woan , Lee Wee Yee 
Published: June 2015

Objective
There is often little consensus on the levels of trainees’ performances, given the varied expertise and experience of the assessors, different tasks to be assessed and dynamic circumstances. Consequently, assessors are considered to be a major source of measurement error in workplace assessment. The aim of this pilot study is to assess the inter-rater reliability and agreement of a hybrid framework for assessment of nonspecialist doctors in our Emergency Department.

Methods
A hybrid framework was used to evaluate two core competencies of medical knowledge and patient care of nonspecialist doctors in our Emergency Department. Pre and post scores of these doctors were obtained at the end of their posting.

Results
The inter-rater agreement and reliability was markedly higher for the group of nonspecialist doctors with previous Emergency Medicine experience, with fair-to-good reliability of the ratings among the assessors after application of the framework.

Conclusion
The use of our hybrid framework improved the inter-rater reliability and agreement in our Emergency Department for a specific group of learners who have had previous Emergency Medicine experience. To improve the reliability of ratings, faculty development has to address how observations and assessments should be synthesized into an overall rating.
Three-Dimensional Eyeball and Orbit Volume Modification After LeFort III Midface Distraction
Authors: Smektala Tomasz , Nysjö Johan , Thor Andreas , Homik Aleksandra , Sporniak-Tutak Katarzyna , Safranow Krzysztof , Dowgierd Krzysztof , Olszewski Raphael 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate orbital volume modification with LeFort III midface distraction in patients with craniosynostosis and its influence on eyeball volume and axial diameter modification. Orbital volume was assessed by the semiautomatic segmentation method based on deformable surface models and on 3-dimensional (3D) interaction with haptics. The eyeball volumes and diameters were automatically calculated after manual segmentation of computed tomographic scans with 3D slicer software. The mean, minimal, and maximal differences as well as the standard deviation and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intraobserver and interobserver measurements reliability were calculated. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare measured values before and after surgery. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Intraobserver and interobserver ICC for haptic-aided semiautomatic orbital volume measurements were 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. The intraobserver and interobserver ICC values for manual segmentation of the eyeball volume were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. The orbital volume increased significantly after surgery: 30.32% (mean, 5.96 mL) for the left orbit and 31.04% (mean, 6.31 mL) for the right orbit. The mean increase in eyeball volume was 12.3%. The mean increases in the eyeball axial dimensions were 7.3%, 9.3%, and 4.4% for the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, respectively. The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that preoperative and postoperative eyeball volumes, as well as the diameters along the X- and Y-axes, were statistically significant. Midface distraction in patients with syndromic craniostenosis results in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the orbit and eyeball volumes. The 2 methods (haptic-aided semiautomatic segmentation and manual 3D slicer segmentation) are reproducible techniques for orbit and eyeball volume measurements.
Remuneration consultants’ advice and its effect on pay
Authors: Ndzi Ernestine 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature of advice that the remuneration consultants offer to the companies on executive pay. It explores how the advice offered affects the level of executive remuneration. Furthermore, it investigates whether the nature of advice offered forms part of the reasons why remuneration consultants have been criticised to be correlated with high executive pay.Design/methodology/approach– This paper analysis the data obtained from interviewing remuneration consultants from prominent consultancy firms that operate in the UK and the USA.Findings– This paper demonstrates that remuneration consultants’ advice on executive remuneration is not always objective. The nature of advice depends on whether the consultants have a balance of portfolio of companies (self-interest) or whether they have the courage to stand up to confrontations from the executives (fear of executives). This study shows that the purpose of using remuneration consultants in advising on executive remuneration is defeated. Also, the practice pushes up pay levels.Research limitations/implications– The research focused on large consultancy firm operating in the UK and/or the USA. Access to the participants was very difficult due to their busy schedules.Practical implications– This paper demonstrates the effect that lack of best practice on benchmarking is partly responsible for the high executive pay levels.Social implications– This paper will inform companies on the nature of advice that remuneration consultant’s offer and its effect on pay levels. Secondly, it will provide the shareholders with vital information they require to vote on remuneration policy in the annual general meeting.Originality/value– This paper demonstrates the effect that lack of best practice on benchmarking is partly responsible for the high executive pay levels. This paper will inform companies on the nature of advice that remuneration consultant’s offer and its effect on pay levels. Secondly, it will provide the shareholders with vital information they require to vote on remuneration policy in the annual general meeting. Lastly, it informs policymakers on the grey areas of practice that requires best practice.
What Place For The Region? Reflections on the Regional Question and the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
Authors: Parker Simon , Harloe Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn our introduction to this Debates & Developments forum, ‘What place for the Region?’, we discuss why the founders of the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (IJURR) regarded the regional question as having the same importance as the urban question, and how the region has remained a significant focus during the journal's subsequent development. We then explore some of the conceptual challenges in defining and investigating regions before considering some of the key developments in contemporary regional theory. Our introduction proceeds by highlighting the key insights of the contributions to the forum––essays by Edward Soja, Mariona Tomàs, Joe Beall, Susan Parnell and Chris Albertyn, and Jean‐Paul Addie and Roger Keil––before concluding with a reaffirmation of the importance of the region in IJURR's mission as a journal of critical urban and regional studies.
Dental caries, fluorosis, and oral health behavior of children from Herat, Afghanistan
Authors: Schwendicke Falk , Doost Ferhat , Hopfenmüller Werner , Meyer‐Lueckel Hendrik , Paris Sebastian 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveDecades of conflict, poverty, and dysfunctional public services have affected people's health in Afghanistan. To estimate treatment needs and guide health initiatives, epidemiologic data are required. Such data are currently unavailable for dental health. The present study assessed caries experience, fluorosis, and oral health behavior in children from Afghanistan.MethodsWe performed a two‐stage, school‐based cross‐sectional study in Herat province in Afghanistan. A total of 1059 children, 369 children aged 6–7, 300 aged 12, and 390 aged 15 years, were sampled. Caries was assessed according to ICDAS, and oral hygiene, dietary habits, and parental economic and educational status evaluated. Prevalence of fluorosis was assessed, and fluoride concentrations in drinking water and in used toothpastes were measured.ResultsMean (SD) number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth was dmft = 4.88 (3.11), DMFT = 2.57 (2.16), and DMFT = 4.04 (3.03) in 6‐/7‐, 12‐, and 15‐year‐olds, respectively. The majority of lesions in 6‐year‐olds were cavitated, while 12‐ and 15‐year‐olds showed more non‐ or microcavitated lesions. Most lesions, especially in young children, were untreated. Mean (range) water fluoride concentration was 0.37 (0.19–0.67) ppm. Fluoride concentrations in evaluated toothpastes did not meet internationally recommended levels. The majority of children showed no or minimal fluorosis. Having fluorosis, infrequently consuming sweets, or having a father with high education was associated with low caries experience (dmfs/DMFS < 10), with OR (95% CI) being 0.64 (0.47/0.90), 0.65 (0.44–0.95), and 0.64 (0.47/0.90), respectively.ConclusionsExamined Afghan children had high unmet dental treatment needs and caries experience. Sufficient access to restorative treatment and prevention measures is urgently required.
Influence of implant angulation and cyclic dislodging on the retentive force of two different overdenture attachments – an in vitro study
Authors: Srinivasan Murali , Schimmel Martin , Badoud Isabelle , Ammann Patrick , Herrmann François R. , Müller Frauke 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis in vitro study evaluated the influence of implant angulations on the retentive behavior of two overdenture attachments during cyclic dislodging.MethodsModels simulating a two‐implant overdenture situation were fabricated. They were divided into five groups based on their simulated implant angulations (Groups: 1 = 0°; 2 = 20°; 3 = 30°; 4 = 40°; and 5 = 60°; n = 90). Each group was further divided into two subgroups based on its attachment system (control attachment: LOCATOR®; test attachment: SFI‐Anchor®) except for group 5 which had no LOCATOR® group. All models underwent 10,000 insertion–removal cycles in a wet environment. Mean retentive forces were recorded. ANOVA and linear regression models were used for statistical analyses, and the level of significance was at P < 0.05.ResultsThe ANOVA model revealed an effect of dislodging cycles for both attachments (P = 0.0070). The linear regression model with repeated measures revealed a significant effect of angulation within the LOCATOR® groups (0° vs. 20°: P < 0.0001; 0° vs. 30°: P < 0.0001; 0° vs. 40°: P < 0.0001), but was insignificant within the SFI‐Anchor® groups (0° vs. 20°: P = 0.544; 0° vs. 30°: P = 0.134; 0° vs. 40°: P = 0.254; 0° vs. 60°: P = 0.979). It further revealed a significant increase in the retentive force between the LOCATOR® and the SFI‐Anchor® (20°: P = 0.041; 30°: P < 0.0001; 40°: P < 0.0001), although there was no significant difference between the attachments at 0° (P = 0.623).ConclusionsThis study confirms that the retentive behavior of SFI‐Anchor® is not influenced by implant axial inclination even at angulations of up to 60°. The SFI‐Anchor® may therefore be particularly indicated for clinical situations with marked implant axial discrepancies.
Pharmacotherapy for alcohol addiction in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis and massive upper gastrointestinal bleed: A case study
Authors: Young Samantha , Wood Evan , Ahamad Keith 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAlcohol use causes a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pharmacologic treatment of alcohol dependence has been increasingly studied and proven to improve outcomes in individuals with alcohol use disorder. However, the treatment of alcohol use disorder is often challenging in the context of patients with hepatic impairment as many medications to treat alcohol use disorder are hepatically metabolised or may cause liver toxicity in some instances. We present a case history of an individual with significant medical complications from alcohol use disorder and explore the dilemma faced in prescribing pharmacologic treatment of alcohol use disorder in patients with significant liver dysfunction. [Young S, Wood E, Ahamad K. Pharmacotherapy for alcohol addiction in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis and massive upper gastrointestinal bleed: A case study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:236–239]
Influence of a glide path on apical extrusion of debris during canal preparation using single‐file systems in curved canals
Authors: Topçuoğlu H. S. , Düzgün S. , Akpek F. , Topçuoğlu G. , Aktı A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of a glide path on the amount of apically extruded debris during canal preparation using single‐file systems in curved canals.MethodologyNinety extracted mandibular molar teeth were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 15 for each group) for canal instrumentation. Endodontic access cavities were prepared in each tooth. In three of the six groups, a glide path was not created whereas a glide path was created using PathFile instruments on the mesial canals of all teeth in the remaining three groups. The mesial canals of the teeth were then instrumented with the following single‐file instrument systems: WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape. Debris extruded apically during instrumentation was collected into pre‐weighed Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70 °C for 5 days. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by subtracting the pre‐instrumentation and post‐instrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes for each group. The data obtained were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey's post hoc tests.ResultsThe OneShape file was associated with less debris extrusion than the Reciproc and WaveOne files when canal instrumentation was performed without a glide path (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the Reciproc and WaveOne files (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference amongst the OneShape, Reciproc and WaveOne files when a glide path was created before canal preparation in curved root canals (P > 0.05). All systems extruded significantly less debris in groups with a glide path than in groups without a glide path (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAll instruments were associated with apical extrusion of debris. Creating a glide path prior to canal instrumentation reduced the amount of apically extruded debris in curved canals.
Molecular and physiological roles of Pellino E3 ubiquitin ligases in immunity
Authors: Humphries Fiachra , Moynagh Paul N. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe sensing of foreign agents by the innate and adaptive immune system triggers complex signal transduction cascades that culminate in expression of gene patterns that facilitate host protection from the invading agent. Post‐translational modification of intracellular signaling proteins in these pathways is a key regulatory mechanism with ubiquitination being one of the important processes that controls levels and activities of signaling molecules. E3 ubiquitin ligases are the determining enzymes in dictating the ubiquitination status of individual proteins. Among these hundred E3 ubiquitin ligases are a family of Pellino proteins that are emerging to be important players in immunity and beyond. Herein, we review the roles of the Pellino E3 ubiquitin ligases in innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss their early discovery and characterization and how this has been aided by the highly conserved nature of innate immune signaling across evolution. We describe the molecular roles of Pellino proteins in immune signaling with particular emphasis on their involvement in pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling. The growing appreciation of the importance of Pellino proteins in a wide range of immune‐mediated diseases are also evaluated.
Structural Investigation of Monoclinic‐Rhombohedral Phase Transition in Na3Zr2Si2PO12 and Doped NASICON
Authors: Jolley Adam G. , Taylor Daniel D. , Schreiber Nathaniel J. , Wachsman Eric D. 
Published: June 2015

Aliovalent doping of the zirconium site in Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NASICON) was performed with a range of +3 (Al, Y, Fe) and +2 (Co, Ni, Zn) valent cations. The monoclinic‐rhombohedral phase transition was analyzed with high‐temperature in situ X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From the lattice parameters extracted at room temperature up to 300°C it was determined that the high‐temperature rhombohedral phase distorts to the low‐temperature monoclinic phase through a shear deformation of the unit cell. DSC confirmed the phase transition and demonstrated that the phase transition temperature was lowered by doping the NASICON structure. Furthermore, the distortion of the lattice was less severe for all doped samples. Ultimately aliovalent substitution for zirconium stabilized the higher symmetry rhombohedral phase of NASICON, with yttrium doping providing the lowest phase transition temperature and the smallest distortion of the lattice through the phase change.
Thermotolerance of Rifampicin‐Resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 Derivatives and Their Parental Strains in a Broth System
Authors: Ko Kyung Yuk , Geornaras Ifigenia , Byelashov Oleksandr A. , Paik Hyun‐Dong , Kim Kee‐Tae , Sofos John N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRifampicin‐resistant (RifR) strains have often been used in studies of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to assure more specific recovery. The present study compared the heat inactivation kinetics of rifampicin‐resistant variants of pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli O157 strains with those of the wild‐type parental strains. Spontaneous RifR derivatives of 11 pathogenic and six nonpathogenic E. coli O157 strains were selected. Stationary‐phase cells of each strain in sterile tryptic soy broth were heated at 60C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 or 240 s, and aliquots were plated on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.1% pyruvate + 100 μg/mL rifampicin. D values of three pathogenic and two nonpathogenic RifR E. coli O157 strains were 35–70% lower (P < 0.05) than those of their wild‐type counterparts. However, the heat resistance of most of the RifR E. coli O157:H7 strains (12 strains) was similar (P ≥ 0.05) to that of their parental counterparts. Therefore, the findings of this study demonstrated that the majority of the rifampicin‐resistant E. coli O157:H7 variants that were evaluated to assure more reliable recovery in microbial inactivation studies are suitable for use in various heat challenge studies.Practical ApplicationsMore reliable media are needed for the isolation or recovery of E. coli O157:H7 in inoculated challenge studies. Prior to use of rifampicin‐resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains in heat challenge studies, it is important that their thermal inactivation kinetics be compared with those of their wild‐type parental strains. The results of this study showed that the thermotolerance at 60C of the majority of the tested rifampicin‐resistant E. coli O157:H7 variants was not different than that of the corresponding wild‐type strains. These rifampicin‐resistant strains can, therefore, be used in heat challenge studies and can be recovered with non‐selective culture media supplemented with rifampicin.