bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Corticospinal Tract Fractional Anisotropy Can Discriminate Stroke Onset Within the First 4.5 Hours
Authors: Puig Josep , Blasco Gerard , Daunis-I-Estadella Josep , Thomalla Götz , Castellanos Mar , Soria Guadalupe , Prats-Galino Alberto , Sánchez-González Javier , Boada Imma , Serena Joaquín , Pedraza Salvador 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
The role of diffusion tensor imaging in determining stroke age remains unclear. We tested the ability of diffusion tensor imaging metrics to discriminate ischemic stroke <4.5 hours of onset.

Methods—
We enrolled 60 consecutive patients for multimodal 1.5 T MRI within 12 hours of middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke onset. We measured fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and T2-weighted signal intensity in affected ipsilateral and unaffected contralateral deep gray matter, cortical gray matter, deep white matter in the corticospinal tract (CST), and subcortical white matter and calculated ipsilateral-to-contralateral ratios (r). Hyperintensity in infarcted tissue was considered fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-positive.

Results—

We analyzed the 48 patients (17 women; mean age, 68±14 years) with known onset. In 25 (52.1%) patients, onset was ≤4.5 hours (mean, 182.3±65.6 minutes). Variables differing significantly between infarcts <4.5 hours and >4.5 hours were rFA CST (
P
=0.001), rMD cortical gray matter (
P
=0.036), rADC cortical gray matter (
P
=0.009), rT2 CST (
P
=0.006), and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (
P
<0.001). rFA at CST was the most reliable to discriminate infarcts <4.5 hours (Goodman-Kruskal=0.76). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for infarct <4.5 hours of onset by rFA at CST >0.970 were 93.8%, 84.6%, 88.2%, and 91.7%, respectively.

Conclusions—
These preliminary results suggest rFA at CST may be a surrogate marker of acute stroke age.
Heavenly Matter in Aristotle, Metaphysics Lambda 2
Authors: Fazzo Silvia 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This paper emphasizes an unnoticed connection between two lines in Aristotle, Metaphysics Λ.1, 1069a32, and Λ.2, 1069b26. It argues that the Greek text of the former has been obscured in standard editions by unnecessary emendation: if the reading of the mss. is preserved, the text here sets out a programme for research into the elements of heavenly bodies which is taken up in the second part of Λ.2. There, Aristotle distinguishes the matter of heavenly substance as if it were matter in a certain sense only, and not sensu stricto: the only change it underlies is coming-to-be ποθέν ποι, ‘from one place to another’ (not from privation to form, the standard case). In Θ.8 as well, this is what allows Aristotle to deny that eternal things can have matter (strictly speaking) as an element of their substance. The reading argued for here may also explain how Aristotle can claim, by the end of Lambda, that he has succeeded in responding to an important aporia which (he says) was neglected by predecessors, namely ‘why some things are corruptible and other incorruptible’ (Metaphysics B, Aporia 10).
Kuhnian Consensus & Historiography
Authors: Timmins Adam 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Thomas Kuhn’s conception of paradigms has proved tremendously popular with the social sciences, in spite of the fact that Kuhn himself stopped using the concept by the time of his death; and the idea has come in for some fairly harsh treatment by philosophers of science. In this article I examine the historiography of the Second World War, paying specific attention to internal and external mechanisms of maintaining consensus – or lack therefore – within the field to see if anything like paradigms can be said to exist in historical writing.
A Multimodel Assessment of Future Projections of North Atlantic and European Extratropical Cyclones in the CMIP5 Climate Models*
Authors: Zappa Giuseppe , Shaffrey Len C. , Hodges Kevin I. , Sansom Phil G. , Stephenson David B. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The response of North Atlantic and European extratropical cyclones to climate change is investigated in the climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In contrast to previous multimodel studies, a feature-tracking algorithm is here applied to separately quantify the responses in the number, the wind intensity, and the precipitation intensity of extratropical cyclones. Moreover, a statistical framework is employed to formally assess the uncertainties in the multimodel projections. Under the midrange representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5) emission scenario, the December–February (DJF) response is characterized by a tripolar pattern over Europe, with an increase in the number of cyclones in central Europe and a decreased number in the Norwegian and Mediterranean Seas. The June–August (JJA) response is characterized by a reduction in the number of North Atlantic cyclones along the southern flank of the storm track. The total number of cyclones decreases in both DJF (−4%) and JJA (−2%). Classifying cyclones according to their intensity indicates a slight basinwide reduction in the number of cyclones associated with strong winds, but an increase in those associated with strong precipitation. However, in DJF, a slight increase in the number and intensity of cyclones associated with strong wind speeds is found over the United Kingdom and central Europe. The results are confirmed under the high-emission RCP8.5 scenario, where the signals tend to be larger. The sources of uncertainty in these projections are discussed.
Variations in Antibiotic Prescribing of Acute Rhinosinusitis in United States Ambulatory Settings
Authors: Smith Stephanie Shintani , Kern Robert C. , Chandra Rakesh K. , Tan Bruce K. , Evans Charlesnika T. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo identify variations in antibiotic treatment of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) on a national level.Study DesignCross‐sectional study of a national database.SettingOtolaryngology and primary care ambulatory settings.Subjects and MethodsA nationally representative sample of adult outpatient visits was extracted from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey data for 2006 to 2009. Antibiotic prescriptions associated with ARS were tabulated. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify variations in antibiotic prescribing by patient and physician characteristics.ResultsAntibiotics were prescribed in 82.3% ± 2.6% of 18.7 million visits for ARS (mean age, 46.2 years; 65.9% female). The ratio of primary care physician (PCP) to otolaryngologist (ENT) ARS visits was 18.6:1. Antibiotic prescription rates were inversely related to increasing age groups of 18 to 39, 40 to 64, and ≥65 years (87.8%, 81.2%, and 71.0%, respectively; P =. 02). Physicians in general medicine outpatient departments, internal medicine, and family medicine were more likely to prescribe antibiotics compared with ENTs (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.9 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5‐17.8]; 6.9 [2.5‐19.2]; and 3.9 [2.0‐7.7], respectively). The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were azithromycin, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanate acid (27.5%, 15.5%, and 14.6%, respectively). The ENTs selected broad‐spectrum antibiotics more often than PCPs (94.3% vs 75.7% of visits with antibiotics were broad‐spectrum agents; P =. 01).ConclusionAntibiotics were prescribed frequently despite recent consensus guidelines that discourage antibiotic use in mild cases. Furthermore, antibiotic prescription was more likely for younger patients and in primary care settings. This highlights the need to promote awareness of practice guidelines.
When Performance Fails to Meet Expectations: Managers’ Objectives for Outsourcing
Authors: Young Suzanne , Macneil Johanna 
Published: March 2013

AbstractManagers may implement outsourcing for one or more of a range of reasons: to improve strategic focus, to achieve numerical or functional flexibility, to reduce costs or risk, to change their own roles, to change organisational culture or workplace power structure, and to intensify work effort. However, often there are associated costs, either unanticipated or unquantified. This paper provides evidence from two food processing companies to address the following questions: (1) Why do managers pursue outsourcing? and (2) Have managers anticipated and quantified the potential costs as well as the benefits of outsourcing? We conclude that while it seems clear that managers do begin with clear objectives for outsourcing and anticipate that benefits will flow, sometimes these objectives are not met, unexpected costs are incurred, or objectives change as new information is available or situations change. In other cases managers have been unable to objectively substantiate the outsourcing decision.
The New Public Management and Workplace Change
Authors: O’Donnell Michael , Allan Cameron , Peetz David 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA burgeoning literature has emerged over the last decade examining the growth of the New Public Management model in the public sector. The literature, however, tends to overlook the implications of these reforms for employment relations in the public sector. This paper presents evidence from two major surveys from the mid-1990s that compare the impact of workplace change on Australian public and private sector workers. Public sector workers reported they were working more intensively, under greater stress and with less job security than private sector workers. They also reported that their satisfaction with their job, with management and with their work/family balance had declined to a greater extent than their private sector counterparts. These employee responses suggest, despite the assertions of public sector management reports to the contrary, that the NPM reforms in the Australian public sector have resulted in more intensive workloads, increased job-related stress and reduced job security for many Australian public sector employees in the 1990s.
Towards a New Public Unitarism: Employment and Industrial Relations in the Australian Public Service
Authors: O’Brien John , O’Donnell Michael 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article traces the transformation of the Australian federal public service from an administrative towards a more managerial model of the state. The paper will argue that the process has been uneven and, at times, contested. A particular feature of the paper will be a discussion of the role of organised labour in the process. The paper outlines the central features of the administrative state model and the emerging features of the managerial model of the state. The focus of the paper is on the employment and industrial relations characteristics of public service employment. Comparison will be made between the different paths taken by the Labor government from 1983 and the Coalition government since 1996.
The Impact of Breaching and Financial Penalties on Income Support Recipients
Authors: Eardley Tony 
Published: March 2013

Abstract‘Breaching’, or the imposition of financial penalties for infringing income support rules and obligations, has been highly controversial in recent years. This is mainly because of a large increase in the number of breaches imposed between 1999 and 2002 in the context of an intensified ‘mutual obligation’ regime. Welfare advocacy groups have argued that these penalties are unnecessarily harsh and tend to fall most heavily on the more vulnerable income support recipients. However, there has been little systematic examination of the impact of breaching, either in terms of hardship or in terms of its effect on future compliance with obligations. This article discusses the results of the first large-scale study of these impacts, commissioned by the Department of Family and Community Services and carried out by the Social Policy Research Centre in 2002/03. The research involved a review of existing literature, a national telephone survey of breached income support recipients, together with in-depth interviews with a small number of survey respondents, and a national postal survey of welfare agencies.
Restructuring the Australian Construction Industry and Workforce: Implications for a Sustainable Labour Supply
Authors: Toner Phil 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study examines long term changes in the industrial and workforce structure of the Australian construction industry and their effect on the capacity of the industry to invest in training. The study finds that restructuring has raised the barriers to employer investment in vocational training and is the principal cause of sustained skill shortages in the industry. Using the 1986 and 2001 Population Censuses and economic and labour force surveys, it examines the significant changes in the occupational, industry, firm size, educational attainment and demographic structure of employment in the industry that have occurred over the last two decades. The major drivers of change include: new technologies; evolving consumer tastes; an intensification of sub-contracting through the intra-industry division of labour; outsourcing of activities through the inter-industry division of labour; and reduced role of the public sector in the industry. The study also finds evidence that a large proportion of sub-trade vacancies are filled by qualified tradespersons. This finding has important implications for current strategies to address trade skills shortages. It is concluded that changes in industry and workforce structure which exacerbate the lack of employer investment in training are creating an industry which does not have the skilled people required to meet demands.
Social Innovation and Why it has Policy Significance
Authors: Adams David , Hess Michael 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAcademic discussion of social challenges and the government interventions which might address them are overlooking social innovation as an option. Contemporary trends at the community-public management interface, however, show an upsurge of interest in social innovation as a way of simultaneously creating social benefit and economic opportunity. While this indicates that the idea has genuine substance our observation of international and Australian developments convinces us that there is now sufficient experience upon which to base an understanding of what social innovation is and why it has policy significance. In this article we identify some components of social innovation practice and indicate how these might be theorised into generally applicable models.
The Enforcement of Minimum Labour Standards in an Era of Neo-Liberal Globalisation: An Overview
Authors: Quinlan Michael , Sheldon Peter 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article has three objectives. First, we examine what is meant by minimum labour standards, including the array of different standards and their procedural and substantive elements, in differing or even diverging regulatory jurisdictions. Examination of different areas of labour standards provides instruction in the dynamics of these protections and we give illustrative examples, from several countries. The second objective is to highlight the importance of enforcement of standards. We do this through a brief historical overview of the emergence of labour standards as well as of how the recent rise of neo-liberalism has shaped current debates over their development and application. The third element of the analysis is an examination of some contemporary debates, pointing to areas requiring further study as well as to positive examples both in research and in policy/regulation.
The Fruits of Abdication: Australian Multi-employer Award Respondency
Authors: Plowman David H. , Rimmer Malcolm 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the structure of Australian multi-employer awards. It suggests that these awards do not exhibit occupational, industry or representational concentration and thus follow no clear rational principles. The hybrid award system is sub-optimal and can be explained by employer associations’ neglect in the formative period of arbitration. Multi-employer awards are in need of reform if Australia is to become and remain internationally competitive.
A Set of Generational Accounts for Australia: Base Year 1994/95
Authors: Ablett John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe baseline Australian generational accounts for 1994/95 presented in this paper reveal a moderate imbalance in favour of current generations, and thus a reversal of the imbalance evident in the 1990/91 base year accounts (Ablett, 1996a). However, alternative simulations suggest the fiscal constraint implied by recent official government projections should be sufficient to correct the generational imbalance of the baseline accounts. Generational accounting results involving several migration scenarios are also presented. These lend support to the view that migration has an overall net positive effect on government finances.
The Waterfront Dispute: Of Vendetta and the Australian Way
Authors: Dabscheck Braham 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn the latter part of 1997, and the first half of 1998, Australian industrial relations was dominated by a major recognition dispute on the waterfront. Patrick Stevedores sacked its Maritime Union of Australia workforce on 7 April 1998, employing labour supplied by a National Farmers Federation subsidiary. The sackings precipitated mass picketing around Australian ports. The Federal Court issued an interlocutory injunction, which in essentials was upheld by the High Court 6-1, ordering reinstatement of the workforce because of the possibility that Patrick, the National Farmers Federation and the Australian government had conspired to thwart the Freedom of Association provisions of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Comm.). The dispute is further complicated by an unsuccessful attempt to train former and current military personnel as stevedores in the port of Dubai. This article examines and analyses major twists and turns associated with this dispute.
Outsourcing, Organisational Performance and Employee Commitment
Authors: Benson John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA growing trend in work organisation in Australia is for firms to outsource many activities that had been previously performed in-house. Outsourcing these activities, it is argued, will free up human and capital resources as well as allow for increased flexibility in the way labour is employed. Although the extent of outsourcing and other approaches to flexibility have been well documented in Australia, little attempt has been made to evaluate such practices. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing research and to evaluate the effect of outsourcing on firm performance and employee commitment. The research findings, which are based on four manufacturing companies, shows that employee commitment among contractor employees is generally high, although the economic benefits to the firm may take several years to realise.
The International Labour Organisation and Maternity Rights: Evaluating the Potential for Progress
Authors: Earle Jenny 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper analyses the International Labour Organisation’s recent review of its Maternity Protection Convention (No. 103) and Recommendation (No. 95) from a feminist perspective, arguing the need for more comprehensive provisions in a revised convention. It also evaluates the provision of maternity rights in Australia, the Australian government’s position in relation to the ILO convention, and the capacity for international standards to extend maternity rights in this country. It argues that federal law reform is necessary to strengthen women’s maternity rights at work, and notes the importance of ratification of ILO 103 to such an agenda. However, the author is somewhat pessimistic about the immediate prospects both for the extension of standards in ILO provisions, and for substantial progress on maternity rights in Australia.
What Will Work Consist of in the Future?
Authors: Oliver Susan , Wettenhall Gib 
Published: March 2013

Change is driven by trends and value shifts in the key areas of science and technology, social and cultural issues, politics, economics and, increasingly, environmental sustainability. Science holds some mind-boggling changes. Research is under way that seeks to unravel the circuitry of the brain. Educators may be able to run up a training program for, say, becoming a doctor, the imprinting of which on a student might become as simple as customising software for today's computers. Technology is leading to massive restructuring of the workplace, and is supposedly responsible for two thirds of the jobs lost since 1989. In post industrial society, the majority of the labour force will no longer be employed in such traditional areas as manufacturing and retailing. To find employment, people will have to move into the information and service sectors, where 40 per cent of today's workforce can be found. The new information and communication technologies create the potential for radically reorganising the location of employment to meet both environmental and social goals: that is, of reducing travel and bringing the home, the school and the workplace together. The reality, however, is that much high-tech home working is targeted at women caring for young children at home. Such home work thereby reinforces the traditional distinction between men's and women's work. Social and cultural issues play a major part in setting future trends. One of the major challenges is to look at how men could be encouraged to broaden their focus from the competitive climb up the career ladder to taking up caring roles both in the home and in the community. Environmental management, both at the government and corporate level, is likely to be one of the key career growth areas. On the economic front, many would now argue that, in its traditional sense, full employment is unachievable. Unless current policies change, we can expect the creation of a permanent rump of unemployed, many of whom we can expect to be young. Any discussion of future employment and education needs, therefore, to look beyond the traditional definition of what constitutes a job.
Career Aspirations of Young Australians in Relation to the Defence Force
Authors: O'Brien Kevin , Rahmani Zakir 
Published: March 2013

At present some 7000 jobs are available for young Australians in the Australian Defence Force. As a part of recruiting strategies the Defence Force Recruiting Branch regularly examines the issues and concerns on which 17–24 year olds base their career decisions. This case study describes the key findings of recent research undertaken by two different consultants on the perceptions of young Australians towards schooling, careers and employment, and identifies the factors affecting their choice of a career in the Australian Defence Force. Based on a paper presented at the Australian Association of Career Counsellors Conference, April 1995.
Mentoring as a Career Development Tool
Authors: Maresca Maryanna 
Published: March 2013

Imagine this. You have skills, knowledge and experience, plus a pinch of wisdom, after climbing the career ladder and advising others along the way. You've discovered some tools to share with those who might well be your bosses in the next millennium. You have been invited to attend a “Women of Substance Breakfast” and pay a fee, which sponsors a schoolgirl. Your interests lie in mentoring the talented, particularly gifted girls, and this is an opportunity not to be missed. You reach for the telephone and make a booking. You arrive on that fateful Friday morning at 6.45 am after arriving back to Brisbane from Sydney at 9.50 pm the evening before — a regular routine! Curious and comfortable, a veteran of business breakfasts and networking functions, you take your assigned place at the table and through a non-scientific matching process, you meet your “mentee”. Let me share the experience with you.