bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Litter as a filter of emergence for herbaceous seedlings and sporophytes in central Amazonia
Authors: Rodrigues Flávio Rogério de Oliveira , Costa Flávia Regina Capellotto 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:We conducted a study in 30 plots distributed uniformly in an area of 25 km2 at Ducke Reserve, Manaus, to test the hypothesis that understorey herb richness and abundance are mediated by litter, manipulating experimentally the amount of litter in the field. Over 10 mo, we followed the emergence of herbaceous seedlings and sporophytes in control, litter-addition and litter-exclusion treatments, covering an area of 1.2 m2 per plot in each treatment. We also assessed the relationship between topography and litter depth and frequency of bare-soil patches; and the influence of density of reproductive individuals on the emergence of herbs. Litter depth decreased, and the frequency of bare-soil patches increased with terrain slope in the wet season, but were not related with the soil clay content. Neither was related to the topography in the dry season. Emergence of pteridophytes was four times higher in the litter-exclusion treatment (3.7 ± 1.1 individuals m−2) than in the litter-addition treatment (0.9 ± 0.28 indiv. m−2) and increased with soil clay content. Seedlings from monocot herbs emerged twice more frequently in the litter exclusion (0.71 ± 0.25 indiv. m−2) than in the litter-addition treatment (0.33 ± 0.11 indiv. m−2), and also more in sites with high density of fruiting plants. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that regeneration of herbs with very small propagules is strongly affected by the physical barrier imposed by litter. Given that litter is shallower on slopes during the wet season, this creates a pattern of higher density and richness of pteridophytes in these areas. Monocot herbs, although also limited by litter, were more highly limited by availability of propagules, and their distribution patterns are at least in part explained by dispersal limitation. We conclude that litter is an important causal factor behind the herb distribution patterns along topographical gradients.
Spatial association between floral resources and hummingbird activity in a Mexican tropical montane cloud forest
Authors: Jiménez Leonor , Negrete-Yankelevich Simoneta , Macías-Ordóñez Rogelio 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Spatial distribution of resources is known to govern animal distribution and behaviour. However, few empirical studies have formally evaluated this relationship. Unlike previous studies in which a patch or gap of floral resources is defined a priori by the observer at a subjective perception scale, we used the Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) to assess the location, length and spatial co-occurrence of patches and gaps of Palicourea padifolia inflorescences and hummingbird activity (feeding, perching, vocalizing, flying past and agonistic behaviour) in a tropical montane cloud forest of central Veracruz, Mexico. Along a 1010-m transect, both resource and hummingbird activity had a distribution approximately 200% more aggregated than expected by chance, at a scale of tens to hundreds of metres in length. In addition, aggregation patterns of resource and overall and agonistic hummingbird activity were found to be positively associated in 2009 but negatively in 2010. Campylopterus curvipennis and Amazilia cyanocephala were the most frequent species involved in vocal and agonistic activity. The difference observed between the two years may be due to changes in the composition and dominance of hummingbird species with different foraging strategies. In both years, hummingbird overall activity was positively correlated to size of resource patches.
It Is the Outcome that Counts! Damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Disrupts the Integration of Outcome and Belief Information for Moral Judgment
Authors: Ciaramelli Elisa , Braghittoni Davide , di Pellegrino Giuseppe 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMoral judgment involves considering not only the outcome of an action but also the intention with which it was pursued. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has shown that integrating outcome and belief information for moral judgment relies on a brain network including temporo-parietal, precuneus, and medial prefrontal regions. Here, we investigated whether the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a crucial role in this process. Patients with lesions in vmPFC (vmPFC patients), and brain-damaged and healthy controls considered scenarios in which the protagonist caused intentional harm (negative-outcome, negative-belief), accidental harm (negative-outcome, neutral-belief), attempted harm (neutral-outcome, negative-belief), or no harm (neutral-outcome, neutral-belief), and rated the moral permissibility of the protagonists’ behavior. All groups responded similarly to scenarios involving intentional harm and no harm. vmPFC patients, however, judged attempted harm as more permissible, and accidental harm as less permissible, than the control groups. For vmPFC patients, outcome information, rather than belief information, shaped moral judgment. The results indicate that vmPFC is necessary for integrating outcome and belief information during moral reasoning. During moral judgment vmPFC may mediate intentions’ understanding, and overriding of prepotent responses to salient outcomes. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
The potent M1 receptor allosteric agonist GSK1034702 improves episodic memory in humans in the nicotine abstinence model of cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Nathan Pradeep J. , Watson Jeannette , Lund Jesper , Davies Ceri H. , Peters Gary , Dodds Chris M. , Swirski Bridget , Lawrence Philip , Bentley Graham D. , O'Neill Barry V. , Robertson Jon , Watson Stephen , Jones Gareth A. , Maruff Paul , Croft Rodney J. , Laruelle Marc , Bullmore Edward T. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Episodic memory deficits are a core feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Muscarinic M1 receptors play a critical role in modulating learning and memory and are highly expressed in the hippocampus. We examined the effect of GSK1034702, a potent M1 receptor allosteric agonist, on cognitive function, and in particular episodic memory, in healthy smokers using the nicotine abstinence model of cognitive dysfunction. The study utilized a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in which 20 male nicotine abstained smokers were tested following single doses of placebo, 4 and 8 mg GSK1034702. Compared to the baseline (nicotine on-state), nicotine abstinence showed statistical significance in reducing immediate (p=0.019) and delayed (p=0.02) recall. GSK1034702 (8 mg) significantly attenuated (i.e. improved) immediate recall (p=0.014) but not delayed recall. None of the other cognitive domains was modulated by either nicotine abstinence or GSK1034702. These findings suggest that stimulating M1 receptor mediated neurotransmission in humans with GSK1034702 improves memory encoding potentially by modulating hippocampal function. Hence, selective M1 receptor allosteric agonists may have therapeutic benefits in disorders of impaired learning including Alzheimer's disease.
A new diagnostic approach for Turkish speaking populations DAWBA Turkish Version
Authors: Dursun O. B. , Guvenir T. , Aras S. , Ergin C. , Mutlu C. , Baydur H. , Ozbek A. , Ozek H. , Alsen S. , Iscanli L. , Karaman B. I. , Goodman R. 
Published: August 2012

Aims.Turkey has the youngest population in Europe with about 25 million people aged below 19 years and Turkish-speaking people comprise the biggest migrant group in Europe with 2.5 million people dispersed in different countries, but conducting epidemiologic surveys on Turkish people is challenging due to the lack of a suitable diagnostic tool. The Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) is one of the most widely used diagnostic interviews in child and adolescent psychiatry. In this study, we aimed at translating the DAWBA into Turkish and then examined its validity and reliability.Methods.The validity of the Turkish version was examined in clinical (n = 50) and community (n = 104) samples. The interrater reliability was also evaluated on 20 cases.Results.The translation method used in the study achieved semantic, conceptual, content, technical, item and criterion equivalence between the Turkish and original forms. The validity of the Turkish DAWBA was good or excellent for different diagnostic categories (κ: 0.43–0.84); the interrater reliability was also excellent (κ: 0.85–1).Conclusions.The Turkish DAWBA may be useful for future prevalence studies in Turkey. European clinicians and researchers who work with Turkish-speaking families can use the online Turkish DAWBA to gather structured information from Turkish-speaking informants and review the answers in their own language.
Liquid crystal anchoring utilizing surface topological effects of self-structured dual-groove patterns
Authors: Park Chang-sub , Park Min-Kyu , Joo Kyung-Il , Park Ji-Sub , Park Kyung-Woo , Han Yeonjeong , Kang Shin-Won , Kim Hak-Rin 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
We demonstrate topologically patterned dual-groove surfaces for liquid crystal (LC) surface anchoring, where the dual-groove structure is made by a replica-moulding method from a self-structured poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surface. In our method, the micro-groove structure with a periodicity on the order of micrometres is self-structured on the oxidized PDMS mould surface having a photolithographically defined macro-groove pattern owing to a thermally induced anisotropic stress effect. The direction of the micro-groove is determined to be perpendicular to the macro-groove direction and to form a mutually orthogonal dual-groove structure. With the presented method, the relative azimuth anchoring strength ratio (g) between the macro-groove and the micro-groove can be controlled precisely and easily. We investigated the LC anchoring effect created by the self-structured dual-groove pattern based on g, where the monostable LC anchoring surface is provided by the dual-groove surface with a g value close to 0 or infinity, and bistable LC anchoring is promoted as g approaches 1.
Modelling of the nanoscale channel length effect on the subthreshold characteristics of junctionless field-effect transistors with a symmetric double-gate structure
Authors: Jin Xiaoshi , Liu Xi , Wu Meile , Chuai Rongyan , Lee Jung-Hee , Lee Jong-Ho 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
An analytical subthreshold current of deep nanoscale short channel junctionless field-effect transistors (JL FETs) with a symmetric double-gate (DG) structure has been proposed. It is derived from two-dimensional Poisson's equation using a variable separation technique. The proposed models can exactly describe the behaviour of subthreshold I–V characteristics with nanoscale channel length without any empirical fitting parameter. The model accounts for channel length, body thickness, gate oxide thickness and body doping concentrations. The models are verified by comparison with TCAD simulations and show good agreement.
Control of Li configuration and electrical properties of Li-doped ZnO
Authors: Zhang Z , Knutsen K E , Merz T , Yu Kuznetsov A , Svensson B G , Brillson L J 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Li-doped ZnO after different thermal treatments was characterized by depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS), secondary ion mass spectrometry, surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), coupled with other surface science techniques. It is found that the Li configuration and electrical properties of Li-doped ZnO could be controlled by different thermal processes. Within a 500–600 °C annealing temperature range, subsequent quenching of ZnO leaves Li as interstitial donors, resulting in n-type low room temperature resistivity. In contrast, slower cooling in air enables these interstitials to fill Zn vacancies, forming Li acceptors 3.0 eV below the conduction band edge. Emergence of this acceptor and the resultant resistivity increase agree with the calculated diffusion lengths based on published diffusion coefficients. In general, these acceptors are compensated by residual intrinsic and extrinsic donors, resulting in a semi-insulating material. DRCL spectra exhibit a 3.0 eV optical signature of the LiZn acceptor and its depth distribution in slow-cooled ZnO. A 3.0 eV SPS absorption feature corresponding to a conduction band-to-acceptor level transition confirms this acceptor assignment. Nanoscale SPS spectra reveal p-type band bending localized near ZnO surface nano-mounds, where VZn and LiZn acceptor densities increase. The slow-cooled and quenched Li-doped ZnO spectra display an inverse relationship between the optical emission densities of lithium on zinc versus zinc vacancy sites, demonstrating the time dependence of Li interstitial diffusion to reach zinc vacancies and form substitutional Li acceptors.
Characterization of heat flux generated by ICRH heating with cantilevered bars and a slotted box Faraday screen
Authors: Corre Y. , Firdaouss M. , Colas L. , Argouarch A. , Guilhem D. , Gunn J. , Hamlyn-Harris C , Jacquot J. , Kubic M. , Litaudon X. , Missirlian M. , Richou M. , Ritz G. , Serret D. , Vulliez K. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In the framework of the ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) development led at CEA Cadarache, an actively cooled Faraday screen (FS) prototype with cantilevered horizontal bars and a slotted box has been designed to increase the heat exhaust capability (for high-power operation), reduce the parallel RF electric field along long field lines and qualify alternative mechanical solutions for ITER (bars are disconnected from the septum to reduce the stress level). The new FS has been installed on an existing ICRH antenna, and was tested during the 2011 Tore Supra experimental campaign. The antenna hosting the new screen exhibits high sensitivity to the edge plasma condition, some instabilities of electrical matching and improved heat exhaust capabilities in accordance with the thermo-mechanical design. RF-induced heat loads derived from IR thermography have been found to be about five times higher in the equatorial plane with the new design compared with the conventional design. The experimental results show that minimizing the parallel RF electric field along long field lines is not enough to reduce the wave–plasma interaction on the screen. This paper summarizes the experimental RF-induced heat load for several plasma scenarios and edge parameters (plasma current, density and heating power level) with emphasis on RF-sheath rectification and E × B convection generated in front of the antenna through the differential biasing of adjacent field lines.
Ignition conditions for inertial confinement fusion targets with a nuclear spin-polarized DT fuel
Authors: Temporal M. , Brandon V. , Canaud B. , Didelez J.P. , Fedosejevs R. , Ramis R. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The nuclear fusion cross-section is modified when the spins of the interacting nuclei are polarized. In the case of deuterium–tritium it has been theoretically predicted that the nuclear fusion cross-section could be increased by a factor δ = 1.5 if all the nuclei were polarized. In inertial confinement fusion this would result in a modification of the required ignition conditions. Using numerical simulations it is found that the required hot-spot temperature and areal density can both be reduced by about 15% for a fully polarized nuclear fuel. Moreover, numerical simulations of a directly driven capsule show that the required laser power and energy to achieve a high gain scale as δ
−0.6 and δ
−0.4 respectively, while the maximum achievable energy gain scales as δ
0.9.
Susceptibility of Arabidopsis Ecotypes to Infection by Iris yellow spot virus
Authors: Naveed Khalid , Pappu Hanu R. 
Published: August 2012

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is a serious constraint for onion production in the United States and several other parts of the world. A few experimental indicator hosts were reported for IYSV but there is no report of infection of Arabidopsis by IYSV. Establishing IYSV infection in onion by mechanical inoculation has so far proven to be inefficient resulting in numerous escapes. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a host for studies on the biology and tospovirus-host interactions has an advantage of the plant's small genome size, short life cycle, and a genome that has been sequenced. Several ecotypes were evaluated for their susceptibility to IYSV and identified some where IYSV produces localized infection. Together with wild type and various mutants, the IYSV-Arabidopsis system could be useful for studying host-tospovirus interactions. Accepted for publication 12 June 2012. Published 14 July 2012.
Spatial Patterns of Brown Rot Epidemics and Development of Microsatellite Markers for Analyzing Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of Monilinia fructicola Populations Within Peach Tree Canopies
Authors: Everhart S. E. , Askew A. , Seymour L. , Glenn T. C. , Scherm H. 
Published: August 2012

To better understand the fine-scale spatial dynamics of brown rot disease and corresponding fungal genotypes, we analyzed three-dimensional spatial patterns of pre-harvest fruit rot caused by Monilinia fructicola in individual peach tree canopies and developed microsatellite markers for canopy-level population genetics analyses. Using a magnetic digitizer, high-resolution maps of fruit rot development in five representative trees were generated, and M. fructicola was isolated from each affected fruit. To characterize disease aggregation, nearestneighbor distances among symptomatic fruit were calculated and compared with appropriate random simulations. Within-canopy disease aggregation correlated negatively with the number of diseased fruit per tree (r = −0.827, P = 0.0009), i.e., aggregation was greatest when the number of diseased fruit was lowest. Sixteen microsatellite primers consistently amplified polymorphic regions in a geographically diverse test population of 47 M. fructicola isolates. None of the test isolates produced identical multilocus genotypes, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16. We are applying these markers to determine fine-scale population structure of the pathogen within and among canopies. Accepted for publication 23 May 2012. Published 23 July 2012.
First Report of Turnip mosaic virus Occurrence in Garlic Mustard in Minnesota
Authors: Lockhart Benham E. 
Published: August 2012

The verified presence of TuMV in symptomatic plants fulfils Koch's postulates establishing its role in the etiology of the disease. Infection of garlic mustard by TuMV has been reported previously from Central Europe and Ontario. The only other report of natural viral infection in garlic mustard in the US is the occurrence of Cucumber mosaic virus in this host in Ohio. Accepted for publication 29 July 2012. Published 24 August 2012.
First Report of Alfalfa mosaic virus Occurrence in Tecoma capensis in the USA
Authors: Lockhart Benham E. , Mollov Dimitre 
Published: August 2012

Tecoma capensis or cape honeysuckle is an evergreen vine-line shrub that is widely used as a landscape plant in many areas of the southern and western USA. This is the first report of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) infection associated with a disease of T. capensis outside of Israel and Spain. In addition to the effect on marketability, AMV infection in cape honeysuckle may be a source of infection of other susceptible crop species since AMV is readily transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by at least 13 species of aphid. Accepted for publication 11 July 2012. Published 24 August 2012.
A modified Glasgow Blatchford Score improves risk stratification in upper gastrointestinal bleed: a prospective comparison of scoring systems
Authors: Cheng D. W. , Lu Y. W. , Teller T. , Sekhon H. K. , Wu B. U. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryBackgroundSeveral risk scoring systems exist for upper gastrointestinal bleed (UGIB). We hypothesised that a modified Glasgow Blatchford Score (mGBS) that eliminates the subjective components of the GBS might perform as well as current scoring systems.AimTo compare the performance of the mGBS to the most widely reported scoring systems for prediction of clinical outcomes in patients presenting with UGIB.MethodsProspective cohort study from 9/2010 to 9/2011. Accuracy of the mGBS was compared with the full GBS, full Rockall Score (RS) and clinical RS using area under the receiver operating characterstics‐curve (AUC). Primary outcome was need for clinical intervention: blood transfusion, endoscopic, radiological or surgical intervention. Secondary outcome was repeat bleeding or mortality.ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐nine patients were included. Median age was 56 with 40% women. Thirty‐two per cent patients required blood transfusion, 24% endoscopic interventions, 0.5% radiological intervention, 0 surgical interventions, 5% had repeat bleeding and 0.5% mortality. Primary outcome: the mGBS (AUC 0.85) performed as well as the GBS (AUC = 0.86, P = 0.81), and outperformed the full RS (AUC 0.75, P = 0.005) and clinical RS (AUC 0.66, P < 0.0001). Secondary outcome: the mGBS (AUC 0.83) performed as well as the GBS (AUC 0.81, P = 0.38) and full RS (AUC 0.69, and outperformed the clinical RS (AUC 0.59, P = 0.0007).ConclusionsThe modified Glasgow Blatchford Score performed as well as the full Glasgow Blatchford Score while outperforming both Rockall Scores for prediction of clinical outcomes in American patients with upper gastrointestinal bleed. By eliminating the subjective components of the Glasgow Blatchford Score, the modified Glasgow Blatchford Score may be easier to use and therefore more easily implemented into routine clinical practice.
Lay people's and health professionals’ views about breaking bad news to children
Authors: Muñoz Sastre M. T. , Sorum P. C. , Mullet E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundBad health news is difficult to communicate, especially when parents must give bad news to their children.MethodsWe had 170 lay persons, 33 nurses and six physicians in Toulouse, France, judge the appropriateness of the parents’ behaviour in 64 scenarios of parents dealing with this problem. The scenarios were composed according to a four within‐subject orthogonal design: child's age (4, 6, 8 or 10), severity of disease (lethal or worrisome but curable), child's concern or not about his illness and parents’ decision about communicating the news (tell nothing, minimize, tell the truth or ask the physician to tell the truth).ResultsCluster analysis revealed four clusters, labelled ‘Always Tell the Truth’ (33%, including a majority of doctors and nurses), ‘Tell Nothing or Minimize’ (16%, with an older average age), ‘Tell the Truth Except in Cases of Incurable Illness’ (22%) and ‘Depends on Child's Characteristics’ (29%).ConclusionsPhysicians in training and in practice need to be aware that lay people – and likely parents as well – have diverse and complex opinions about when and how parents should give bad health news to their children.