bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
InnateandLearned: Carey, Mad Dog Nativism, and the Poverty of Stimuli and Analogies (Yet Again)
Authors: REY GEORGES 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn her recent (2009) book,The Origins of Concepts, Susan Carey argues that what she calls ‘Quinean Bootstrapping’ and processes of analogy in children show that the expressive power of a mind can be increased in ways that refute Jerry Fodor's (1975, 2008) ‘Mad Dog’ view that all concepts are innate. I argue that it is doubtful any evidence about themanifestationof concepts in children will bear upon thelogico‐semanticissues ofexpressive power. Analogy and bootstrapping may be ways to bring about the former, but only by presupposing the very expressive powers Carey is claiming they explain. Analogies must beunderstood, and bootstrapping involves confirmation of hypotheses alreadyexpressible; otherwise they can't select among an infinitude of hypotheses compatible with the finite data the child has encountered, a fact rendered vivid by Goodman's ‘grue’ paradox and Chomsky's poverty of stimulus argument. The problems have special application to minds, since there is no reason to expect a child's concepts to be ‘projectible’ or to correspond to mind‐independent natural kinds. I conclude with an ecumenical view that concepts are reasonably regarded asbothinnate and often learned, and that what is learned can in fact increase what really concerns Carey, thefunctioning psychological expressive powerof the child, even if it leaves untouched what concerns Fodor,the semantic expressive power. Less ecumenically: maybe Fodor (2008) miscast the debate, and the real issue that bothers people concerns not nativism, but an issue on which Carey and Fodor surprisingly agree, his conceptualAtomism, or the view that all mono‐morphemic concepts are primitive and unanalyzable. The issue deserves further discussion independently of Mad‐doggery.
Making rivers governable: Ecological monitoring, power and scale
Authors: Tadaki Marc , Brierley Gary , Fuller Ian C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe recently proposed centralisation of freshwater monitoring networks reveals how rivers themselves are being disciplined by the nature of the national monitoring apparatus. Freshwater monitoring is being reimagined and re‐practiced through new rationalities relating to international economic branding and particular national methodological capabilities built around reductionist monitoring frameworks. While a reductionist scaling may serve certain important (and powerful) disciplinary and discursive interests, we argue that the biophysical basis for reductionist scaling is flawed and that a national monitoring framework should work to enable place‐based understandings of river systems, which might be related to the national scale in more biophysically meaningful, institutionally innovative and democratic ways.
Who's in and who's out? Inclusion and exclusion in Canterbury's freshwater governance
Authors: Nissen Sylvia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe question of who is included, or who is excluded, from environmental governance arrangements is at the heart of debates of institutional legitimacy. The recent redefinition of representation as a claim to ‘speak for’ another provides an opportunity to re‐examine the inclusiveness of environmental governance arrangements. This article builds on these developments by empirically evaluating the inclusiveness of three representative claims embedded in freshwater governance in Canterbury since 2002. The contribution argues that accounts of environmental governance must consider implicit forms of representation that can exclude or marginalise and raises some caveats relating to expansion of network governance.
Impact of sevoflurane anesthesia on brain oxygenation in children younger than 2 years
Authors: Rhondali Ossam , Juhel Simon , Mathews Sylvain , Cellier Quentin , Desgranges François‐Pierrick , Mahr Aurélie , De Queiroz Mathilde , Pouyau Agnès , Rhzioual‐Berrada Khalid , Chassard Dominique 
Published: April 2014

SummaryObjective/AimTo assess the impact of sevoflurane and anesthesia‐induced hypotension on brain oxygenation in children younger than 2 years.BackgroundInhalational induction with sevoflurane is the most commonly used technique in young children. However, the effect of sevoflurane on cerebral perfusion has been only studied in adults and children older than 1 year. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of sevoflurane anesthesia on brain oxygenation in neonates and infants, using near‐infrared spectroscopy.MethodsChildren younger than 2 years, ASA I or II, scheduled for abdominal or orthopedic surgery were included. Induction of anesthesia was started by sevoflurane 6% and maintained with an expired fraction of sevoflurane 3%. Mechanical ventilation was adjusted to maintain an endtidal CO2 around 39 mmHg. Brain oxygenation was assessed measuring regional cerebral saturation of oxygen (rSO2c), measured by NIRS while awake and 15 min after induction, under anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) variation was recorded.ResultsHundred and ninety‐five children were included. Anesthesia induced a significant decrease in MAP (−27%). rSO2c increased significantly after induction (+18%). Using children age for subgroup analysis, we found that despite MAP reduction, rSO2c increase was significant but smaller in children ≤6 months than in children >6 months (≤6 months: rSO2c = +13%, >6 months: rSO2c = +22%; P < 0.0001). Interindividual comparison showed that, during anesthesia at steady‐state with comparable CMRO2, rSO2c values were significantly higher when MAP was above 36 mmHg. And the higher the absolute MAP value during anesthesia was, the higher the rSO2c was. We observed a rSO2c variation ≤0 in 21 patients among the 195 studied, and the majority of these patients were younger than 6 months (n = 19). No increase or decrease of rSO2c during anesthesia despite reduction of CMRO2 can be explained by a reduction of oxygen supply. Using the ROC curves, we determined that the threshold value of MAP under anesthesia, associated with rSO2c variation ≤0%, was 39 mmHg in all the studied population (AUC: 0.90 ± 0.02; P < 0.001). In children younger than 6 months, this value of MAP was 33 mmHg, and 43 mmHg in children older than 6 months.ConclusionDespite a significant decrease of MAP, 1 MAC of sevoflurane induced a significant increase in regional brain oxygenation. But subgroup analysis showed that MAP decrease had a greater impact on brain oxygenation, in children younger than 6 months. According to our results, MAP value during anesthesia should not go under 33 mmHg in children ≤6 months and 43 mmHg in children >6 months, as further changes in MAP, PaCO2 or hemoglobin during anesthesia may be poorly tolerated by the brain.
Mesophyll cells of C4 plants have fewer chloroplasts than those of closely related C3 plants
Authors: STATA MATT , SAGE TAMMY L. , RENNIE TROY D. , KHOSHRAVESH ROXANA , SULTMANIS STEFANIE , KHAIKIN YANNAY , LUDWIG MARTHA , SAGE ROWAN F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe evolution of C4 photosynthesis from C3 ancestors eliminates ribulose bisphosphate carboxylation in the mesophyll (M) cell chloroplast while activating phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylation in the cytosol. These changes may lead to fewer chloroplasts and different chloroplast positioning within M cells. To evaluate these possibilities, we compared chloroplast number, size and position in M cells of closely related C3, C3–C4 intermediate and C4 species from 12 lineages of C4 evolution. All C3 species had more chloroplasts per M cell area than their C4 relatives in high‐light growth conditions. C3 species also had higher chloroplast coverage of the M cell periphery than C4 species, particularly opposite intercellular air spaces. In M cells from 10 of the 12 C4 lineages, a greater fraction of the chloroplast envelope was pulled away from the plasmalemma in the C4 species than their C3 relatives. C3–C4 intermediate species generally exhibited similar patterns as their C3 relatives. We interpret these results to reflect adaptive shifts that facilitate efficient C4 function by enhancing diffusive access to the site of primary carbon fixation in the cytosol. Fewer chloroplasts in C4 M cells would also reduce shading of the bundle sheath chloroplasts, which also generate energy required by C4 photosynthesis.
Alien interference: disruption of infochemical networks by invasive insect herbivores
Authors: DESURMONT GAYLORD A. , HARVEY JEFF , VAN DAM NICOLE M. , CRISTESCU SIMONA M. , SCHIESTL FLORIAN P. , COZZOLINO SALVATORE , ANDERSON PETER , LARSSON MATTIAS C. , KINDLMANN PAVEL , DANNER HOLGER , TURLINGS TED C.J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInsect herbivores trigger various biochemical changes in plants, and as a consequence, affect other organisms that are associated with these plants. Such plant‐mediated indirect effects often involve herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that can be used as cues for foraging herbivores and their natural enemies, and are also known to affect pollinator attraction. In tightly co‐evolved systems, the different trophic levels are expected to display adaptive response to changes in HIPVs caused by native herbivores. But what if a new herbivore invades such a system? Current literature suggests that exotic herbivores have the potential to affect HIPV production, and that plant responses to novel herbivores are likely to depend on phylogenetic relatedness between the invader and the native species. Here we review the different ways exotic herbivores can disrupt chemically mediated interactions between plants and the key users of HIPVs: herbivores, pollinators, and members of the third (i.e. predators and parasitoids) and fourth (i.e. hyperparasitoids) trophic levels. Current theory on insect invasions needs to consider that disruptive effects of invaders on infochemical networks can have a short‐term impact on the population dynamics of native insects and plants, as well as exerting potentially negative consequences for the functioning of native ecosystems.
Non‐specific phospholipase C5 and diacylglycerol promote lateral root development under mild salt stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: PETERS CARLOTTA , KIM SANG‐CHUL , DEVAIAH SHIVAKUMAR , LI MAOYIN , WANG XUEMIN 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDeveloping a robust root system is crucial to plant survival and competition for soil resources. Here we report that the non‐specific phospholipase C5 (NPC5) and its derived lipid mediator diacylglycerol (DAG) mediate lateral root (LR) development during salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. T‐DNA knockout mutant npc5‐1 produced few to no LR under mild NaCl stress, whereas overexpression of NPC5 increased LR number. Roots of npc5‐1 contained a lower level of DAG than wild type, whereas NPC5 overexpressor exhibited an increase in DAG level. Application of DAG, but not phosphatidic acid, fully restored LR growth of npc5‐1 to that of wild type under NaCl stress. NPC5 expression was significantly induced in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with NaCl. Npc5‐1 was less responsive to auxin‐mediated root growth than the wild type. These results indicate that NPC5 mediates LR development in response to salt stress and suggest that DAG functions as a lipid mediator in the stress signalling.
Effects of elevated [CO2] on maize defence against mycotoxigenic Fusarium verticillioides
Authors: VAUGHAN MARTHA M. , HUFFAKER ALISA , SCHMELZ ERIC A. , DAFOE NICOLE J. , CHRISTENSEN SHAWN , SIMS JAMES , MARTINS VITOR F. , SWERBILOW JAY , ROMERO MARITZA , ALBORN HANS T. , ALLEN LEON HARTWELL , TEAL PETER E. A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMaize is by quantity the most important C4 cereal crop; however, future climate changes are expected to increase maize susceptibility to mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens and reduce productivity. While rising atmospheric [CO2] is a driving force behind the warmer temperatures and drought, which aggravate fungal disease and mycotoxin accumulation, our understanding of how elevated [CO2] will effect maize defences against such pathogens is limited. Here we report that elevated [CO2] increases maize susceptibility to Fusarium verticillioides proliferation, while mycotoxin levels are unaltered. Fumonisin production is not proportional to the increase in F. verticillioides biomass, and the amount of fumonisin produced per unit pathogen is reduced at elevated [CO2]. Following F. verticillioides stalk inoculation, the accumulation of sugars, free fatty acids, lipoxygenase (LOX) transcripts, phytohormones and downstream phytoalexins is dampened in maize grown at elevated [CO2]. The attenuation of maize 13‐LOXs and jasmonic acid production correlates with reduced terpenoid phytoalexins and increased susceptibility. Furthermore, the attenuated induction of 9‐LOXs, which have been suggested to stimulate mycotoxin biosynthesis, is consistent with reduced fumonisin per unit fungal biomass at elevated [CO2]. Our findings suggest that elevated [CO2] will compromise maize LOX‐dependent signalling, which will influence the interactions between maize and mycotoxigenic fungi.
Are solar UV‐B‐ and UV‐A‐dependent gene expression and metabolite accumulation in Arabidopsis mediated by the stress response regulator RADICAL‐INDUCED CELL DEATH1?
Authors: MORALES LUIS O. , BROSCHÉ MIKAEL , VAINONEN JULIA P. , SIPARI NINA , LINDFORS ANDERS V. , STRID ÅKE , APHALO PEDRO J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the solar spectrum, UV‐B (280–315 nm) and UV‐A (315–400 nm), are key environmental signals modifying several aspects of plant physiology. Despite significant advances in the understanding of plant responses to UV‐B and the identification of signalling components involved, there is limited information on the molecular mechanisms that control UV‐B signalling in plants under natural sunlight. Here, we aimed to corroborate the previous suggested role for RADICAL‐INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) in UV‐B signalling under full spectrum sunlight. Wild‐type Arabidopsis thaliana and the rcd1‐1 mutant were used in an experimental design outdoors where UV‐B and UV‐A irradiances were manipulated using plastic films, and gene expression, PYRIDOXINE BIOSYNTHESIS1 (PDX1) accumulation and metabolite profiles were analysed in the leaves. At the level of transcription, RCD1 was not directly involved in the solar UV‐B regulation of genes with functions in UV acclimation, hormone signalling and stress‐related markers. Furthermore, RCD1 had no role on PDX1 accumulation but modulated the UV‐B induction of flavonoid accumulation in leaves of Arabidopsis exposed to solar UV. We conclude that RCD1 does not play an active role in UV‐B signalling but rather modulates UV‐B responses under full spectrum sunlight.
Experience‐based modulation of behavioural responses to plant volatiles and other sensory cues in insect herbivores
Authors: ANDERSON P. , ANTON S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPlant volatiles are important cues for many herbivorous insects when choosing a suitable host plant and finding a mating partner. An appropriate behavioural response to sensory cues from plants and other insects is crucial for survival and fitness. As the natural environment can show both large spatial and temporal variability, herbivores may need to show behavioural plasticity to the available cues. By using earlier experiences, insects can adapt to local variation of resources. Experience is well known to affect sensory‐guided behaviour in parasitoids and social insects, but there is also increasing evidence that it influences host plant choice and the probability of finding a mating partner in herbivorous insects. In this review, we will focus upon behavioural changes in holometabolous insect herbivores during host plant choice and localization of mating partners, modulated by experience to sensory cues. The experience can be acquired during both the larval and the adult stage and can influence later responses to plant volatiles and other sensory cues not only within the developmental stage but also after metamorphosis. Furthermore, we will address the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the experience‐dependent behavioural adaptations and discuss ecological and evolutionary aspects of insect behavioural plasticity based upon experience.
Is stomatal conductance optimized over both time and space in plant crowns? A field test in grapevine (Vitis vinifera)
Authors: BUCKLEY THOMAS N. , MARTORELL SEBASTIA , DIAZ‐ESPEJO ANTONIO , TOMÀS MAGDALENA , MEDRANO HIPÓLITO 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCrown carbon gain is maximized for a given total water loss if stomatal conductance (gs) varies such that the marginal carbon product of water (∂A/∂E) remains invariant both over time and among leaves in a plant crown, provided the curvature of assimilation rate (A) versus transpiration rate (E) is negative. We tested this prediction across distinct crown positions in situ for the first time by parameterizing a biophysical model across 14 positions in four grapevine crowns (Vitis vinifera), computing optimal patterns of gs and E over a day and comparing these to the observed patterns. Observed water use was higher than optimal for leaves in the crown interior, but lower than optimal in most other positions. Crown carbon gain was 18% lower under measured gs than under optimal gs. Positive curvature occurred in 39.6% of cases due to low boundary layer conductance (gbw), and optimal gs was zero in 11% of cases because ∂A/∂E was below the target value at all gs. Some conclusions changed if we assumed infinite gbw, but optimal and measured E still diverged systematically in time and space. We conclude that the theory's spatial dimension and assumption of positive curvature require further experimental testing.
Dissociable effects of psychopathic traits on cortical and subcortical visual pathways during facial emotion processing: An ERP study on the N170
Authors: Almeida Pedro R. , Ferreira‐Santos Fernando , Vieira Joana B. , Moreira Pedro S. , Barbosa Fernando , Marques‐Teixeira João 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study examined the relation between psychopathic traits and the brain response to facial emotion by analyzing the N170 component of the ERP. Fifty‐four healthy participants were assessed for psychopathic traits and exposed to images of emotional and neutral faces with varying spatial frequency content. The N170 was modulated by the emotional expressions, irrespective of psychopathic traits. Fearless dominance was associated with a reduced N170, driven by the low spatial frequency components of the stimuli, and dependent on the tectopulvinar visual pathway. Conversely, coldheartedness was related to overall enhanced N170, suggesting mediation by geniculostriate processing. Results suggest that different dimensions of psychopathy are related to distinct facial emotion processing mechanisms and support the existence of both amygdala deficits and compensatory engagement of cortical structures for emotional processing in psychopathy.
Survival analysis of time‐to‐event data in respiratory health research studies
Authors: Kasza Jessica , Wraith Darren , Lamb Karen , Wolfe Rory 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article provides a review of techniques for the analysis of survival data arising from respiratory health studies. Popular techniques such as the Kaplan–Meier survival plot and the Cox proportional hazards model are presented and illustrated using data from a lung cancer study. Advanced issues are also discussed, including parametric proportional hazards models, accelerated failure time models, time‐varying explanatory variables, simultaneous analysis of multiple types of outcome events and the restricted mean survival time, a novel measure of the effect of treatment.
Mycobacterium avium complex infection in non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
Authors: Zoumot Zaid , Boutou Afroditi K. , Gill Simon S. , van Zeller Mafalda , Hansell David M. , Wells Athol U. , Wilson Robert , Loebinger Michael R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveReliable markers of disease progression or stability to assist in management decisions are lacking in patients with non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection.MethodsData from 52 adults with non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and coexisting MAC infection managed at our institution over a 5‐year period were retrospectively analysed. High‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans were scored using a scoring system that focused on findings associated with MAC infection.ResultsChronic pulmonary aspergillosis was independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 8.916, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.324–60.027), as were nodules with cavitation (HR = 5.911, 95% CI = 1.095–25.911) and emphysema (HR = 1.027, 95% CI = 1.002–1.053) on HRCT. Anti‐MAC chemotherapy was more likely to lead to MAC culture conversion (67% vs 27%, P = 0.005) but did not improve survival as compared with patients managed with observation. Longitudinally, patients who had improvements in HRCT scores were younger (60.2 ± 9.19 years vs 69.83 ± 12.43 years, P = 0.043), while the presence of cavitation within nodules predicted a deterioration in HRCT scores (0.5 (0–3) vs 0 (0–1), P = 0.033). No significant longitudinal differences were found in lung function in the cohort as a whole or within different groups.ConclusionsChronic pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with bronchiectasis and coexisting MAC infection is a strong predictor of mortality. Cavitation within nodules and emphysema on HRCT at presentation were independently associated with mortality.
Measuring the Impact of Trade Protection on Industrial Production Size
Authors: Tian Wei , Yu Miaojie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTrade theory has no clear prediction on how import protection affects an importing sector's relative size. In this paper, we estimate the impact of US trade protection on industrial production relative size based on a translog GDP functional system. Using an industrial panel data set and controlling for factor endowments and technology improvement, we find empirical evidence that trade protection does not help much increase a sector's relative size. Such findings are also robust to both the inclusion of the role of political economy and the coverage of various non‐tariff measures as proxies of industrial protection.
Religious Attitudes and Home Bias: Theory and New Evidence from Primary Data
Authors: Leroch Martin A. , Reggiani Carlo , Rossini Gianpaolo , Zucchelli Eugenio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between religion and home bias. A theoretical framework is proposed suggesting that countries may show a certain degree of religion‐enhanced international altruism associated with a lower home bias. These predictions are investigated empirically using original individual‐level data from a survey on religious attitudes and home bias that was designed and collected in 15 countries. Contrary to previous evidence, the empirical investigation suggests that religious denominations may not play an important role in determining home bias. The findings partly corroborate the hypothesis that an open and tolerant attitude towards religion may enhance trust and altruism and, hence, may have a pro‐trade effect by lowering home bias. It is concluded that models investigating the relationship between religion and home bias should incorporate different aspects of religion beyond affiliations and should consider different dimensions of home bias.