bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Cervical Facet Joint Nociception and Pain Attenuates Physical and Psychological Features of Chronic Whiplash: A Prospective Study
Authors: Smith Ashley Dean , Jull Gwendolen , Schneider Geoff M. , Frizzell Bevan , Hooper Robert A. , Sterling Michele 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate changes in clinical (physical and psychological) features of individuals with chronic whiplash−associated disorder who had previously undergone cervical radiofrequency neurotomy at the time point when the effects of radiofrequency neurotomy had dissipated and pain returned.DesignProspective cohort observational trial of consecutive patients.SettingTertiary spinal intervention centre in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.PatientsA total of 53 consecutive individuals with chronic whiplash−associated disorder.MethodsIndividuals underwent radiofrequency neurotomy and were assessed before radiofrequency neurotomy, at 1 and 3 months postprocedure, and then after the return of pain (approximately 10 months postprocedure).Main Outcome MeasurementsQuantitative sensory tests (pressure; thermal pain thresholds; brachial plexus provocation test), nociceptive flexion reflex, and motor function (cervical range of movement; craniocervical flexion test) were measured. Self‐reported disability, psychological distress, pain catastrophization, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms also were measured.ResultsUpon the return of pain after radiofrequency neurotomy, levels of disability increased (P < .0001), and were no different to those before radiofrequency neurotomy (P = .99). There also was a significant deterioration in quantitative sensory testing measures and reduced cervical range of motion after the return of pain (all P < .05); all approaching values were recorded before radiofrequency neurotomy (P > .22). There were no significant changes in pressure hyperalgesia (P > .054) or craniocervical flexion test performance (P > .07) after the return of pain. Psychological distress and pain catastrophizing increased significantly after the return of pain (P < .01), and again were no different than measures taken prior to radiofrequency neurotomy (P > .13). However, there was no difference in number or severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms after the return of pain (P > .30).ConclusionsPhysical and psychological features of chronic whiplash−associated disorder are modulated dynamically with cervical radiofrequency neurotomy. These findings indicate that peripheral nociception is involved in the manifestations of chronic whiplash−associated disorder in this cohort of individuals.
Intra‐rater Reliability of Arm and Hand Muscle Strength Measurements in Persons With Late Effects of Polio
Authors: Brogårdh Christina , Flansbjer Ulla‐Britt , Carlsson Håkan , Lexell Jan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundMuscle weakness in the upper limb is common in persons with late effects of polio. To be able to measure muscle strength and follow changes over time, reliable measurements are needed.ObjectiveTo evaluate the intra‐rater reliability of isometric and isokinetic arm and hand muscle strength measurements in persons with late effects of polio.DesignA test‐retest design.SettingsA university hospital outpatient clinic.ParticipantsTwenty‐eight persons (mean age 68 years, SD 11 years) with late effects of polio in their upper limbs.MethodsIsometric shoulder abduction, isokinetic concentric elbow flexion and extension, isometric elbow flexion, and isometric grip strength were measured twice, 14 days apart. Reliability was evaluated with the intra‐class correlation coefficient, the mean difference between the test sessions (), together with the 95% confidence intervals for , the standard error of measurement (SEM and SEM%), the smallest real difference (SRD and SRD%), and Bland‐Altman graphs.Main Outcome MeasurementsA fixed dynamometer (Biodex) was used to measure arm strength and an electronic dynamometer (GRIP‐it) was used to measure grip strength.ResultsIntra‐rater reliability was high, with intra‐class correlation coefficients between 0.87 and 0.98. The SEM%, representing the smallest change for a group of persons, ranged from 7%‐24% for all strength measurements, and the SRD%, representing the smallest change for an individual person, ranged from 20%‐67%.ConclusionMuscle strength in the upper limbs can be reliably measured in persons with late effects of polio. However, the measurement errors indicate that the method is more suitable to detect changes in muscle strength for a group of persons than for an individual person.
General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia: state of the art and problems
Authors: Zhamoida A.I. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The history of the development of the General Stratigraphic Scale (GSS), its significance, purpose, and difference from the International Stratigraphic Chart (ISC) are briefly reported. The most global achievements in the GSS refinement based on the Proceedings of the All-Russian conference at the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (May 2013) are considered. The main problems related to the GSS improvement are formulated: the structure of the Precambrian and Quaternary stratigraphic scales, the location of the Vendian System in the GSS, formal substantiation of the “Russian” stages of the Cambrian, Carboniferous, and Permian Systems, and the significance of the regional limitotypes of the ISC subdivisions.
The International Stratigraphic Chart: state of the art
Authors: Alekseev A.S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe International Stratigraphic Chart of the Phanerozoic is constructed by drawing lower boundaries of stratigraphic units with reference to Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point. Some systems retain former, usually European, names of stages, whereas new sequences of stages are proposed for others, such as for Cambrian and Ordovician. The boundaries of 64 stages of 100 had been approved by the beginning of 2014. Fifty-three of these boundaries were drawn with regard to biostratigraphic criteria; one ichnological, six magnetostratigraphic, two chemostratigraphic, one impact, and one climatic criteria. Their type sections are distributed over continents as follows: thirty-nine in Europe, twelve in Asia, nine in North America, and four in Africa. They are located in 19 countries: ten in China, nine in the United Kingdom, nine in Italy, seven in the United States, six in France, five in Spain, three in Czech, two in Morocco, two in Sweden, and one in each of several more countries. Although none is in Russia, candidates are proposed for stages of the Cambrian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic Systems. Type sections for the Sakmarian and Artinskian have already been agreed. With the present work speed, it will take two or three decades to complete the scale construction. The General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia and the International Chart gradually converge. Their similarity at the stage level is 84%. Major disagreements exist only in the Cambrian and Permian Systems.
Vendian of the Fore-Yenisei sedimentary basin (southeastern West Siberia)
Authors: Grazhdankin D.V. , Kontorovich A.E. , Kontorovich V.A. , Saraev S.V. , Filippov Yu.F. , Efimov A.S. , Karlova G.A. , Kochnev B.B. , Nagovitsin K.E. , Terleev A.A. , Fedyanin G.O. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Fossiliferous Upper Vendian strata are discovered in the Upper Proterozoic to Lower Paleozoic Fore-Yenisei sedimentary basin under a thick Mesozoic–Cenozoic cover in southeastern West Siberia. Two depositional systems are recognized based on sedimentological features: (1) wave- and current-agitated shoreface–forereef–biohermal reef system (Vostok-3 Borehole section) and (2) tidal flat–evaporite basin (Averinskaya-150 Borehole section). The forereef facies yielded fossilized tubular calcareous skeletons of reef-building metazoans Cloudina riemkeae, Cloudina hartmannae and Cloudina carinata, phosphatized Namacalathus-like fossils, and a diversity of tubular phosphatized and agglutinated tubular fossils. The fossil assemblage can be interpreted as the evidence of ecological complexity of the reef system. Paleontological characteristics suggest correlation of the Vendian strata with the lowermost Purella antiqua Assemblage Zone and the boundary interval with the underlying Anabarites trisulcatus Assemblage Zone of the Siberian Platform. Therefore, at least in the late Proterozoic, the Fore-Yenisei sedimentary basin was part of a larger pericratonic depositional system on the western margin of the Siberian Craton.
Biofacies zonation of Ordovician deposits of the southern Siberian Platform
Authors: Stepanova N.I. , Byalyi V.I. , Kanygin A.V. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Based on the inventory, revision, and analysis of stratigraphic, paleontological, and lithofacies data on the area of Ordovician deposits in the southern Siberian Platform (Irkut amphitheater), the refined and detailed schemes of biofacies zonation of this paleobasin are substantiated. Schemes of zonation have been compiled for the Nyaian, Ugorian, Kimaian, Mukteian, Volginian, Kirenskian–Kudrinian, Chertovskian, and Baksanian Horizons of the regional Ordovician stratigraphic chart of the Siberian Platform. The schemes present biofacies different in lithologic composition, spread of dominant groups of fauna, and hydrochemical regime (normal-marine salinity, freshwater, or high salinity). It is shown that contrasting changes in paleogeographic environments and the spread of faunal communities under changing environmental conditions were influenced by the transgression–regression cyclicity of the evolution of the Siberian Platform paleobasin and by the proximity of the land. Specific groups of fauna localized in particular facies are described. These groups are regarded as communities that were the first to occupy the littoral zones of epicontinental sea basins in the Ordovician.
Living in a ‘fat swamp’: exposure to multiple sources of accessible, cheap, energy-dense fast foods in a deprived community
Authors: Saunders Patrick , Saunders Annie , Middleton John 
Published: April 2015

This study assesses the levels of fats, including trans-fatty acids, and salt in common takeaway fast foods in a deprived urban municipality in the West Midlands, England, and implications in the context of the spatial distribution of fast food takeaways. The results of the compositional analysis of over 250 take-out foods were compared with established and derived standards. About 70 % of products exceeded the recommendation that a meal should contain less than 30 % of a Guideline Daily Amount (GDA). More than half of them exceeded 50 % GDA for at least one metric, including 81 % of all analyses for SFA. And 17 % of samples exceeded the GDA for SFA, including each of two meals that contained about twice the GDA. Over 30 % samples exceeded the children's GDA for total fat or SFA. 27 % of salt analyses exceeded the GDA. People in Sandwell are exposed to large portion sizes and high levels of fats and salt in takeaway foods, with levels in some foods having increased since 2010. Given this population's limited options to break out of a highly compromising environment of living simultaneously in a ‘swamp’ of unhealthy, readily accessible and cheap takeaways, and a ‘desert’ of healthy options, an immediate and innovative package of interventions is required.
2-aminopurine as a fluorescent probe of DNA conformation and the DNA–enzyme interface
Authors: Jones Anita C. , Neely Robert K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNearly 50 years since its potential as a fluorescent base analogue was first recognized, 2-aminopurine (2AP) continues to be the most widely used fluorescent probe of DNA structure and the perturbation of that structure by interaction with enzymes and other molecules. In this review, we begin by considering the origin of the dramatic and intriguing difference in photophysical properties between 2AP and its structural isomer, adenine; although 2AP differs from the natural base only in the position of the exocyclic amine group, its fluorescence intensity is one thousand times greater. We then discuss the mechanism of interbase quenching of 2AP fluorescence in DNA, which is the basis of its use as a conformational probe but remains imperfectly understood. There are hundreds of examples in the literature of the use of changes in the fluorescence intensity of 2AP as the basis of assays of conformational change; however, in this review we will consider in detail only a few intensity-based studies. Our primary aim is to highlight the use of time-resolved fluorescence measurements, and the interpretation of fluorescence decay parameters, to explore the structure and dynamics of DNA. We discuss the salient features of the fluorescence decay of 2AP when incorporated in DNA and review the use of decay measurements in studying duplexes, single strands and other structures. We survey the use of 2AP as a probe of DNA-enzyme interaction and enzyme-induced distortion, focusing particularly on its use to study base flipping and the enhanced mechanistic insights that can be gained by a detailed analysis of the decay parameters, rather than merely monitoring changes in fluorescence intensity. Finally we reflect on the merits and shortcomings of 2AP and the prospects for its wider adoption as a fluorescence-decay-based probe.
Commemoration and Élite Benefaction of Buildings and Spectacles in the Roman World
Authors: Ng Diana 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCurrent scholarship on élite munificence in the Roman Empire often sees architectural benefactions as being at least partially driven by the élite desire for personal commemoration. I use juristic opinions from theDigestand other textual evidence related to building gifts to argue that there was an ancient understanding of the physical and symbolic ephemerality of architectural benefactions. In contrast, I present legal and epigraphic evidence to argue that there was an explicit expectation for gifts of spectacles and monetary distributions to be lasting memorials for their donors, and that the perpetuation of identity was also a motivating factor in the euergetic choice of a spectacle.
Study of uniformity of elongated plasma channels formed in gas puff targets using extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation
Authors: Wachulak P.W. , Bartnik A. , Jarocki R. , Fok T. , Węgrzyński Ł. , Kostecki J. , Szczurek M. , Fiedorowicz H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe results of formation of elongated krypton/helium plasma channels are presented. Two laser pulses were used: one to produce plasma channels and the second one for conversion to soft X rays. The soft X-ray radiation was in turn used for backlighting the channels and their visualization. The study of their formation and uniformity was performed using a combination of soft X-ray shadowgraphy and pinhole camera imaging. The plasma channels, with various lengths and various densities, were visualized and the results of their characterization are presented. Using moderate laser pulse energy quite uniform channels, up to 9 mm in length, were demonstrated.
Physiological linkage in co-variation of foliar nitrogen and phosphorus in tropical tree species along a gradient of soil phosphorus availability
Authors: Hidaka Amane , Kitayama Kanehiro 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:In order to understand the stoichiometric balance between foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on P-poor soils, we investigated how foliar N and P attributes (i.e. N and P concentrations in green and senesced leaves, N and P resorption efficiencies) of 30 tropical tree species co-vary along a gradient of soil P availability across three forests on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. We found strong and positive correlations between foliar N and P in the concentrations and resorption efficiencies within each forest and across the three forests. Slopes of standardized major axis between foliar N and P concentrations for both green and senesced leaves were not different among the three forests, although the values of the scaling exponent in the relationships of foliar N to P across the three forests were significantly lower than 1. We suggest that down-regulation of N concentrations in green leaves on P-poor soils is one of several possible mechanisms explaining why N concentrations decrease with decreasing P concentrations in both green and senesced leaves toward a lower P availability in soils. On the other hand, the physiological and ecological reasons why N and P resorption efficiencies are positively correlated with each other across tree species remain unclear.
FTO influences adipogenesis by regulating mitotic clonal expansion
Authors: Merkestein Myrte , Laber Samantha , McMurray Fiona , Andrew Daniel , Sachse Gregor , Sanderson Jeremy , Li Mengdi , Usher Samuel , Sellayah Dyan , Ashcroft Frances M. , Cox Roger D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene plays a pivotal role in regulating body weight and fat mass; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that primary adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from FTO overexpression (FTO-4) mice exhibit increased potential for adipogenic differentiation, while MEFs derived from FTO knockout (FTO-KO) mice show reduced adipogenesis. As predicted from these findings, fat pads from FTO-4 mice fed a high-fat diet show more numerous adipocytes. FTO influences adipogenesis by regulating events early in adipogenesis, during the process of mitotic clonal expansion. The effect of FTO on adipogenesis appears to be mediated via enhanced expression of the pro-adipogenic short isoform of RUNX1T1, which enhanced adipocyte proliferation, and is increased in FTO-4 MEFs and reduced in FTO-KO MEFs. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into how upregulation of FTO leads to obesity.
Single-molecule chemo-mechanical unfolding reveals multiple transition state barriers in a small single-domain protein
Authors: Guinn Emily J. , Jagannathan Bharat , Marqusee Susan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA fundamental question in protein folding is whether proteins fold through one or multiple trajectories. While most experiments indicate a single pathway, simulations suggest proteins can fold through many parallel pathways. Here, we use a combination of chemical denaturant, mechanical force and site-directed mutations to demonstrate the presence of multiple unfolding pathways in a simple, two-state folding protein. We show that these multiple pathways have structurally different transition states, and that seemingly small changes in protein sequence and environment can strongly modulate the flux between the pathways. These results suggest that in vivo, the crowded cellular environment could strongly influence the mechanisms of protein folding and unfolding. Our study resolves the apparent dichotomy between experimental and theoretical studies, and highlights the advantage of using a multipronged approach to reveal the complexities of a protein’s free-energy landscape.
Unconventional transformation of spin Dirac phase across a topological quantum phase transition
Authors: Xu Su-Yang , Neupane Madhab , Belopolski Ilya , Liu Chang , Alidoust Nasser , Bian Guang , Jia Shuang , Landolt Gabriel , Slomski Batosz , Dil J. Hugo , Shibayev Pavel P. , Basak Susmita , Chang Tay-Rong , Jeng Horng-Tay , Cava Robert J. , Lin Hsin , Bansil Arun , Hasan M. Zahid 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe topology of a topological material can be encoded in its surface states. These surface states can only be removed by a bulk topological quantum phase transition into a trivial phase. Here we use photoemission spectroscopy to image the formation of protected surface states in a topological insulator as we chemically tune the system through a topological transition. Surprisingly, we discover an exotic spin-momentum locked, gapped surface state in the trivial phase that shares many important properties with the actual topological surface state in anticipation of the change of topology. Using a spin-resolved measurement, we show that apart from a surface bandgap these states develop spin textures similar to the topological surface states well before the transition. Our results offer a general paradigm for understanding how surface states in topological phases arise from a quantum phase transition and are suggestive for the future realization of Weyl arcs, condensed matter supersymmetry and other fascinating phenomena in the vicinity of a quantum criticality.
Alterations in Ovarian Cancer Cell Adhesion Drive Taxol Resistance by Increasing Microtubule Dynamics in a FAK-dependent Manner
Authors: McGrail Daniel J. , Khambhati Niti N. , Qi Mark X. , Patel Krishan S. , Ravikumar Nithin , Brandenburg Chandler P. , Dawson Michelle R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractChemorefractory ovarian cancer patients show extremely poor prognosis. Microtubule-stabilizing Taxol (paclitaxel) is a first-line treatment against ovarian cancer. Despite the close interplay between microtubules and cell adhesion, it remains unknown if chemoresistance alters the way cells adhere to their extracellular environment, a process critical for cancer metastasis. To investigate this, we isolated Taxol-resistant populations of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines. Though Taxol-resistant cells neither effluxed more drug nor gained resistance to other chemotherapeutics, they did display increased microtubule dynamics. These changes in microtubule dynamics coincided with faster attachment rates and decreased adhesion strength, which correlated with increased surface β1-integrin expression and decreased focal adhesion formation, respectively. Adhesion strength correlated best with Taxol-sensitivity and was found to be independent of microtubule polymerization but dependent on focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which was up-regulated in Taxol-resistant cells. FAK inhibition also decreased microtubule dynamics to equal levels in both populations, indicating alterations in adhesive signaling are up-stream of microtubule dynamics. Taken together, this work demonstrates that Taxol-resistance dramatically alters how ovarian cancer cells adhere to their extracellular environment causing down-stream increases in microtubule dynamics, providing a therapeutic target that may improve prognosis by not only recovering drug sensitivity, but also decreasing metastasis.
Massively parallel multiplex DNA sequencing for specimen identification using an Illumina MiSeq platform
Authors: Shokralla Shadi , Porter Teresita M. , Gibson Joel F. , Dobosz Rafal , Janzen Daniel H. , Hallwachs Winnie , Golding G. Brian , Hajibabaei Mehrdad 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGenetic information is a valuable component of biosystematics, especially specimen identification through the use of species-specific DNA barcodes. Although many genomics applications have shifted to High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) or Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, sample identification (e.g., via DNA barcoding) is still most often done with Sanger sequencing. Here, we present a scalable double dual-indexing approach using an Illumina Miseq platform to sequence DNA barcode markers. We achieved 97.3% success by using half of an Illumina Miseq flowcell to obtain 658 base pairs of the cytochrome c oxidase I DNA barcode in 1,010 specimens from eleven orders of arthropods. Our approach recovers a greater proportion of DNA barcode sequences from individuals than does conventional Sanger sequencing, while at the same time reducing both per specimen costs and labor time by nearly 80%. In addition, the use of HTS allows the recovery of multiple sequences per specimen, for deeper analysis of genetic variation in target gene regions.