bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory T Cell Induction, Migration, and Function in Transplantation
Authors: Burrell Bryna E. , Nakayama Yumi , Xu Jiangnan , Brinkman C. Colin , Bromberg Jonathan S. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Treg) are important in maintaining immune homeostasis and in regulating a variety of immune responses, making them attractive targets for modulating immune-related diseases. Success in using induction or transfer of Treg in mice to mediate transplant tolerance suggests Treg-based therapies as mechanisms of long-term drug-free transplant tolerance in human patients. Although more work is needed, critical analyses suggest that key factors in Treg induction, migration, and function are important areas to concentrate investigative efforts and therapeutic development. Elucidation of basic biology will aid in translating data gleaned from mice to humans so that Treg therapies become a reality for patients.
Medication Errors: Scope and prevention strategies
Authors: Brunetti Luigi , Suh Dong-Churl 
Published: November 2012

Background: Medication errors are a significant public health concern. Although significant advances have been made, errors are still relatively common and represent an opportunity for healthcare improvement.Methodology/Principal Findings: Since the publication of To Err is Human, medication errors have been under tremendous scrutiny. Organizations have moved towards a non-punitive approach to evaluating errors. This approach to medication errors has aided in identifying common pathways to medication errors and improving understanding regarding the anatomy of a medication error. As a result, prevention strategies have been developed to target common themes contributing to errors. Error prevention strategies may target common contributors of medication errors, broadly grouped as performance lapses, lack of knowledge, and lack or failure of safety systems. Strategies to thwart medication errors range from process improvement to integration of technology in the health care environment.Conclusions/Significance: Organizations should devote resources to address medication error prevention strategies in an effort to improve patient outcomes and decrease morbidity and mortality associated with medication errors.
What matters most to patients when they assess quality of their care?
Authors: Lepnurm Rein , Dobson Roy T. , Voigts Debora , Lissel Margaret , Stamler Lynnette L. 
Published: November 2012

Objectives: To report the capabilities of a patient satisfaction questionnaire in capturing factors which are important to patients in their evaluations of the quality of care provided to them. Design: An experienced research officer introduced the study to all patients with defined tracer conditions in the Saskatoon Health Region from Jan to April of 2009. Patients who agreed to participate returned their completed questionnaire directly to the research officer or placed them in a special box held by the nursing unit clerk on their unit. Measures: The instrument contained: 18 items of the General Practice Assessment Questionnaire for physicians and nurses; as well as single items capturing patient observations regarding: attentiveness of nurses; tidiness of facilities; efficiency of tests and treatments; patient comments; and a grading scale assessing overall quality of care. Contextual items covered health status, expenses, insurance and demographics. A provider care model and a client satisfaction model were constructed and tested. Results: Almost 96 percent of eligible patients (n=378) completed the questionnaire. The provider care model explained 84.2 percent of the variation in patients’ assessments of overall quality; and the client satisfaction model explained 67.6 percent of the variation. The quality of nursing and medical care were, the most important factors; however, attentiveness, tidiness, efficiency, and quantified comments each explained small but significant percentages of variance in overall quality. Conclusions: Patients consider separate dimensions in their assessments of overall quality of care. While quality of care by professionals trumps other considerations, the passive role for patients is fading.
Latin America: development and migration
Authors: Délano Alexandra 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLatin America as a region has experienced most, if not all, aspects related to migration. Latin American countries have been sites of immigration, emigration, internal displacement, and transit migration, and with diasporic populations living abroad, in some cases all at once. Migrations to, from, and within Latin America have been historically related to a myriad of causes such as socioeconomic conditions, political conflict, natural disasters, and religious freedom. The flows include labor migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers as well as internally displaced persons (IDPs). However, a historical distinction can be made between the different periods of emigration and immigration as well as migrant destinations. While in the past many countries in the region experienced a high influx of migrants from Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, the bulk of current flows consists of outward migration towards North America and Europe, as well as intra‐regional migration. The causes and effects of these flows are closely linked with patterns of development and there is growing attention being paid to migration policies, multilateral cooperation frameworks, and diaspora engagement strategies that can help to maximize the benefits and reduce the negative effects of migration into and from the region.
Transnationalism: an overview
Authors: Khadria Binod 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTransnationalism could be understood as a process which has brought cross‐border ties of geographically mobile persons and collectives to the center‐stage of international migration. Not only the destination countries of migrants and supra‐national organizations and international development agencies, but even nation states and local governments of origin of migrants have also sought to co‐opt and to establish ties with transnational agents. Variously called “migrants,” “diaspora,” or “transnational community,” these agents engage in sustained and continuous cross‐border relationships on a personal, collective, and organizational level (Faist 2009). The global workforce among these transnational agents is, however, increasingly being divided in a binary of “knowledge workers” who become globalized and therefore transnational, and “service workers” who remain localized (Drucker 1993; Khadria 1999).
Multilayered Blood Capillary Analogs in Biodegradable Hydrogels for In Vitro Drug Permeability Assays
Authors: Yoshida Hiroaki , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBlood capillaries are crucial for the biological evaluation of drug diffusion to target tissues, and the penetration of cancer cells or viruses. Since most capillaries have a bilayered structure consisting of a monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) and surrounding smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the in vitro reconstruction of this bilayered structure is a key challenge for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Here, a unique technology to construct size, length, orientation, and layer‐number controllable blood capillary networks in biodegradable hydrogels is reported. Uniaxial microchannels are prepared inside biodegradable hydrogels by the simple extraction of silica capillary tubes. The channel size, length, and distance of the uniaxial channels are easily controlled by altering these parameters of the silica tubes. The inner surfaces of the channels are successfully covered by bilayered structures consisting of ECs and SMCs by a hierarchical cell manipulation technique. Notably, serum albumin, which has an approximately 8 nm size, cannot penetrate this capillary wall during several hours of incubation due to the high blood vessel wall barrier property. This suggests a successful reconstruction of multilayered blood capillary networks possessing similar barrier function as native blood capillaries. Moreover, these capillary networks can be completely collected by the selective degradation of the surrounding hydrogels. This technique will be an innovative and versatile approach for in vitro permeability assays of drugs, drug delivery carriers, and cancer cells.
Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Hydrogenation and Deuteration of Graphene
Authors: Paris Alessio , Verbitskiy Nikolay , Nefedov Alexei , Wang Ying , Fedorov Alexander , Haberer Danny , Oehzelt Martin , Petaccia Luca , Usachov Dmitry , Vyalikh Denis , Sachdev Hermann , Wöll Christoph , Knupfer Martin , Büchner Bernd , Calliari Lucia , Yashina Lada , Irle Stephan , Grüneis Alexander 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTime‐dependent photoemission spectroscopy is employed to study the kinetics of the hydro‐genation/deuteration reaction of graphene. Resulting in an unusual kinetic isotope effect, the graphene deuteration reaction proceeds faster than hydrogenation and leads to substantially higher maximum coverages of deuterium (D/C≈35% vs H/C≈25%). These results can be explained by the fact that in the atomic state H and D have a lower energy barrier to overcome in order to react with graphene, while in the molecular form the bond between two atoms must be broken before the capture on the graphene layer. More importantly, D has a higher desorption barrier than H due to quantum mechanical zero‐point energy effects related to the C–D or C–H stretch vibration. Molecular dynamics simulations based on a quantum mechanical electronic potential can reproduce the experimental trends and reveal the contribution of the constituent chemisorption, reflection, and associative desorption processes of H or D atoms onto graphene. Regarding the electronic structure changes, a tunable electron energy gap can be induced by both deuteration and hydrogenation.
Physicochemical, Cytotoxic, and Dermal Release Features of a Novel Cationic Liposome Nanocarrier
Authors: Carboni Maura , Falchi Angela M. , Lampis Sandrina , Sinico Chiara , Manca Maria L. , Schmidt Judith , Talmon Yeshayahu , Murgia Sergio , Monduzzi Maura 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA novel cationic liposome nanocarrier, having interesting performance in topical drug delivery, is here presented and evaluated for its features. Two penetration enhancers, namely monoolein and lauroylcholine chloride, are combined to rapidly formulate (15 min) a cationic liposome nanostructure endowed of excellent stability (>6 months) and skin penetration ability, along with low short‐term cytotoxicity, as evaluated via the MTT test. Cytotoxicity tests and lipid droplet analysis give a strong indication that monoolein and lauroylcholine synergistically endanger long‐term cells viability. The physicochemical features, investigated through SAXS, DLS, and cryo‐TEM techniques, reveal that the nanostructure is retained after loading with diclofenac in its acid (hydrophobic) form. The drug release performances are studied using intact newborn pig skin. Analysis of the different skin strata proves that the drug mainly accumulates into the viable epidermis with almost no deposition into the derma. Indeed, the flux of the drug across the skin is exceptionally low, with only 1% release after 24 h. These results validate the use of this novel formulation for topical drug release when the delivery to the systemic circulation should be avoided.
The Effect of Organic and Metal Oxide Interfacial layers on the Performance of Inverted Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Savva Achilleas , Petraki Foteini , Elefteriou Polyvios , Sygellou Lambrini , Voigt Monika , Giannouli Myrsini , Kennou Stella , Nelson Jenny , Bradley Donal D. C. , Brabec Christoph J. , Choulis Stelios A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe study the origin of the improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted organic solar cells when an interfacial insulating organic layer of polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether (PTE) is introduced between the indium tin oxide (ITO) bottom electrode and the TiOx interfacial layer. XPS and UPS measurements are used to investigate the energy level alignment at the interfaces within the ITO/TiOx and ITO/PTE/TiOx structures and to identify any effects due to chemical interaction and interfacial dipoles. Scanning electron microscopy studies show that the surface structure of the TiOx layer is affected, when it is coated on top of the PTE layer. Surface contact angle measurements show that the incorporated interfacial layer of PTE is more hydrophilic than ITO and thus PTE modified TiOx becomes more hydrophilic. This, in combination with the surface gaps of the PTE interfacial layer, is likely to lead to changed wetting and hydrolysis properties of TiOx when coated on ITO/PTE than on ITO alone. The different TiOx layer quality is reflected in improved electron selectivity, leading to enhanced fill factor, reduced parasitic resistance effects and higher power conversion efficiency for inverted solar cells with a PTE interfacial layer between ITO and TiOx.
Carbon Coated ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Anodes
Authors: Bresser Dominic , Paillard Elie , Kloepsch Richard , Krueger Steffen , Fiedler Martin , Schmitz René , Baither Dietmar , Winter Martin , Passerini Stefano 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe preparation and electrochemical characterization of a new material consisting of carbon coated ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles is presented. This material, which offers an interesting combination of alloying and conversion mechanisms, is capable of hosting up to nine equivalents of lithium per unit formula, corresponding to an exceptional specific capacity, higher than 1000 mAh g−1. Composite electrodes of such a material, prepared using environmentally friendly sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as binder, showed the highest, ever reported, specific capacity and high rate performance upon long‐term testing. Furthermore, in situ X‐ray diffraction analysis allowed identifying the reduction process occurring upon initial lithiation.
Archaic human genomics
Authors: Disotell Todd R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFor much of the 20th century, the predominant view of human evolutionary history was derived from the fossil record. Homo erectus was seen arising in Africa from an earlier member of the genus and then spreading throughout the Old World and into the Oceania. A regional continuity model of anagenetic change from H. erectus via various intermediate archaic species into the modern humans in each of the regions inhabited by H. erectus was labeled the multiregional model of human evolution (MRE). A contrasting model positing a single origin, in Africa, of anatomically modern H. sapiens with some populations later migrating out of Africa and replacing the local archaic populations throughout the world with complete replacement became known as the recent African origin (RAO) model. Proponents of both models used different interpretations of the fossil record to bolster their views for decades. In the 1980s, molecular genetic techniques began providing evidence from modern human variation that allowed not only the different models of modern human origins to be tested but also the exploration demographic history and the types of selection that different regions of the genome and even specific traits had undergone. The majority of researchers interpreted these data as strongly supporting the RAO model, especially analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Extrapolating backward from modern patterns of variation and using various calibration points and substitution rates, a consensus arose that saw modern humans evolving from an African population around 200,000 years ago. Much later, around 50,000 years ago, a subset of this population migrated out of Africa replacing Neanderthals in Europe and western Asia as well as archaics in eastern Asia and Oceania. mtDNA sequences from more than two‐dozen Neanderthals and early modern humans re‐enforced this consensus. In 2010, however, the complete draft genomes of Neanderthals and of heretofore unknown hominins from Siberia, called Denisovans, demonstrated gene flow between these archaic human species and modern Eurasians but not sub‐Saharan Africans. Although the levels of gene flow may be very limited, this unexpected finding does not fit well with either the RAO model or MRE model. More thorough sampling of modern human diversity, additional fossil discoveries, and the sequencing of additional hominin fossils are necessary to throw light onto our origins and our history. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why be against darwin? Creationism, racism, and the roots of anthropology
Authors: Marks Jonathan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this work, I review recent works in science studies and the history of science of relevance to biological anthropology. I will look at two rhetorical practices in human evolution—overstating our relationship with the apes and privileging ancestry over emergence—and their effects upon how human evolution and human diversity have been understood scientifically. I examine specifically the intellectual conflicts between Rudolf Virchow and Ernst Haeckel in the 19th century and G. G. Simpson and Morris Goodman a century later. This will expose some previously concealed elements of the tangled histories of anthropology, genetics, and evolution—particularly in relation to the general roles of race and heredity in conceptualizing human origins. I argue that scientific racism and unscientific creationism are both threats to the scholarly enterprise, but that scientific racism is worse. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sirtuin 1 enzymatic activity is required for cartilage homeostasis in vivo in a mouse model
Authors: Gabay Odile , Sanchez Christelle , Dvir‐Ginzberg Mona , Gagarina Viktoria , Zaal Kristien J. , Song Yingjie , He Xiao Hong , McBurney Michael W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveWe and others previously demonstrated that sirtuin 1 (SIRT‐1) regulates apoptosis and cartilage‐specific gene expression in human chondrocytes and mouse models. This study was undertaken to determine if SIRT‐1 enzymatic activity plays a protective role in cartilage homeostasis in vivo, by investigating mice with SIRT‐1 mutations to characterize their cartilage.MethodsArticular cartilage was harvested from the paws and knees of 5‐ and 6‐month‐old wild‐type (WT) mice and mice homozygous for SIRT‐1tm2.1Mcby (SIRT‐1y/y), an allele carrying a point mutation that encodes a SIRT‐1 protein with no enzymatic activity (y/y mice). Mice ages 2 days old and 6–7 days old were also examined. Mouse joint cartilage was processed for histologic examination or biochemical analyses of chondrocyte cultures.ResultsWe found that articular cartilage tissue sections from y/y mice of up to 6 months of age contained reduced levels of type II collagen, aggrecan, and glycosaminoglycan compared to sections from WT mice. In contrast, protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP‐8), MMP‐9, and MMP‐13 were elevated in the cartilage of y/y mice. In addition, chondrocyte apoptosis was elevated in SIRT‐1 mutant mice as compared to their WT littermates. Consistent with these observations, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b was elevated in the y/y mice.ConclusionOur in vivo findings in this animal model demonstrate that mice with defective SIRT‐1 also have defective cartilage, with elevated rates of cartilage degradation with age. Hence, normal cartilage homeostasis requires enzymatically active SIRT‐1 protein.
Testing the feasibility of a National Spina Bifida Patient Registry
Authors: Thibadeau Judy K. , Ward Elisabeth A. , Soe Minn M. , Liu Tiebin , Swanson Mark , Sawin Kathleen J. , Freeman Kurt A. , Castillo Heidi , Rauen Karen , Schechter Michael S. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to describe the development and early implementation of a national spina bifida (SB) patient registry, the goal of which is to monitor the health status, clinical care, and outcomes of people with SB by collecting and analyzing patient data from comprehensive SB clinics.METHODSUsing a web‐based, SB‐specific electronic medical record, 10 SB clinics collected health‐related information for patients diagnosed with myelomeningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, fatty filum, or meningocele. This information was compiled and de‐identified for transmission to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for quality control and analysis.RESULTSA total of 2070 patients were enrolled from 2009 through 2011: 84.9% were younger than 18 years of age; 1095 were women; 64.2% were non‐Hispanic white; 6.5% were non‐Hispanic black or African American; and 24.2% were Hispanic or Latino. Myelomeningocele was the most common diagnosis (81.5%).CONCLUSIONSThe creation of a National Spina Bifida Patient Registry partnership between the CDC and SB clinics has been feasible. Through planned longitudinal data collection and the inclusion of additional clinics, the data generated by the registry will become more robust and representative of the population of patients attending SB clinics in the United States and will allow for the investigation of patient outcomes. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ liver transection with portal vein ligation for rapid growth of the future liver remnant in two-stage liver resection
Authors: Knoefel W T , Gabor I , Rehders A , Alexander A , Krausch M , Schulte am Esch J , Fürst G , Topp S A 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
Portal vein embolization (PVE) has become a standard procedure to increase the future liver remnant (FLR) and enable curative resection of initially unresectable liver tumours. This study investigated the safety and feasibility of a new two-stage liver resection technique that uses in situ liver transection (ISLT) and portal vein ligation before completion hepatectomy.

Methods
A consecutive series of patients undergoing ISLT and extended right hepatectomy between 2009 and 2011 were compared with consecutive patients undergoing extended right hepatectomy after PVE. All patients had initially unresectable primary or secondary liver tumours, owing to an insufficient FLR (liver segments II/III).

Results
Fifteen patients who had PVE and seven who underwent ISLT before extended right hepatectomy were evaluated. ISLT induced rapid growth of the FLR within 3 days, particularly after insufficient PVE, from a mean(s.d.) of 293(58) ml to 477(85) ml, corresponding to a volume increase of 63(29) per cent. All patients who had ISLT underwent completion extended right hepatectomy within 8 days (range 4–8 days).

Conclusion
ISLT is an effective and reliable technique to induce rapid growth of the FLR, even in patients with insufficient volume increase after PVE.
Mass Transfer Simulation of Gold Extraction in Membrane Extractors
Authors: Ghadiri M. , Shirazian S. , Ashrafizadeh S. N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe extraction of gold in membrane extractors was theoretically investigated. Extraction of gold in the form of $ {\rm Au(CN)}_2^- $ in a solution of n‐heptane and synergistic extractants of LIX79+TOPO was studied. The membrane extractor consists of three sections: the tube side, the membrane, and the shell side. Conservation equations were derived for $ {\rm Au(CN)}_2^- $ in the membrane module and were numerically solved based on finite element method. Simulations were conducted through solving the momentum and mass transfer equations simultaneously. It was indicated that as the feed flows within the tube side, it moves into the membrane due to the concentration difference, and then gets swept by the moving extractants within the shell side. The distribution of solute concentration in the membrane contactor was obtained. Simulation results showed increasing the feed flow rate reduces the extraction efficiency, while doing the same for the organic phase flow rate does not change the extraction efficiency.