bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐Molecule‐Magnet Behavior in the Family of [Ln(OETAP)2] Double‐Decker Complexes (Ln=Lanthanide, OETAP=Octa(ethyl)tetraazaporphyrin)
Authors: Giménez‐Agulló Nelson , de Pipaón Cristina Sáenz , Adriaenssens Louis , Filibian Marta , Martínez‐Belmonte Marta , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Carretta Pietro , Ballester Pablo , Galán‐Mascarós José Ramón 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDouble‐decker complexes of lanthanide cations can be readily prepared with tetraazaporphyrins (porphyrazines). We have synthesized and characterized a series of neutral double‐decker complexes [Ln(OETAP)2] (Ln=Tb3+, Dy3+, Gd3+, Y3+; OETAP=octa(ethyl)tetraazaporphyrin). Some of these complexes show analogous magnetic features to their phthalocyanine (Pc) counterparts. The Tb3+ and Dy3+ derivatives exhibit single‐molecule magnet (SMM) behavior with high blocking temperatures over 50 and 10 K, respectively. These results confirm that, in double‐decker complexes that involve Tb or Dy, the (N4)2 square antiprism coordination mode has an important role in inducing very large activation energies for magnetization reversal. In contrast with their Pc counterparts, the use of tetraazaporphyrin ligands endows the presented [Ln(OETAP)2] complexes with extraordinary chemical versatility. The double‐decker complexes that exhibit SMM behavior are highly soluble in common organic solvents, and easily processable even through sublimation.
Numerical prediction of acoustic streaming in a microcuvette
Authors: Catarino Susana O. , Miranda Joao M. , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu , Minas Graca 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper reports the modelling and simulation of the acoustic streaming phenomenon, generated by a polymeric piezoelectric transducer, used for promoting fluid mixing in microfluidic devices. The acoustic streaming process consists of the absorption of the acoustic waves by the fluid which results in a pressure drop along the direction of the acoustic propagation. The generated pressure drop promotes the flow and consequently mixing. This process overcomes the slow molecular diffusion resultant from the low Reynolds number that leads to laminar flows in microcuvettes. The numerical model comprises the compressible Navier‐Stokes equations, whose variables were expanded in first‐ and second‐order values, to overcome the great difference between the piezoelectric and the fluid flow time scales. The model was implemented in OpenFoam software, through finite volumes numerical methods. It was concluded that the excitation of the transducer above the microcuvette generates a mean global flow with visible recirculation of fluids within the domain, which can be used to predict the fluid flow behaviour.
A novel HoxB cluster protein expressed in the hindbrain and pharyngeal arches
Authors: Saxena Ankur , Bronner Marianne E. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWe describe a novel zebrafish line that fluorescently tags a previously unknown protein, CT74a, allowing us to follow its endogenous expression in real time and at subcellular resolution in live embryos. Our results showed that CT74a‐Citrine fusion protein is expressed in the developing pharyngeal arches, hindbrain, and fin buds in a pattern highly reminiscent of transcription factors belonging to anterior Hox gene families, including expression in a subset of neuronal nuclei. Consistent with this, splinkerette‐PCR revealed that CT74a‐Citrine's genomic integration is within the HoxB region, and 3′ RACE demonstrated that its downstream coding sequence has no recognizable homology. Thus, CT74a is a previously unknown protein located within the HoxB cluster adjacent to Hoxb4a and is expressed in a Hoxb4a‐like pattern. genesis 52:858–863, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in adolescent inpatients diagnosed with eating disorders
Authors: Modan‐Moses Dalit , Levy‐Shraga Yael , Pinhas‐Hamiel Orit , Kochavi Brigitte , Enoch‐Levy Adi , Vered Iris , Stein Daniel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivePrevious studies assessing vitamin D status in adolescents with eating disorders showed inconsistent results. The aim of the current study was to assess vitamin D status in a large cohort of adolescent inpatients with eating disorders and its relation to bone mineral density (BMD) and depression.Method25‐Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels as well as BMD and depression were assessed on admission in 87 inpatients (aged 16 ± 2 years, females = 81) with eating disorders [anorexia nervosa (AN) = 64; bulimia nervosa (BN) = 5; eating disorders not otherwise specified‐binge/purge type (EDNOS‐B/P) = 18].ResultsMean 25OHD levels were 24.1 ± 7.5 ng/ml (25.0 ± 7.6, 25.4 ± 9.9, and 22.0 ± 9.9 ng/ml in patients with AB, BN, and EDNOS‐B/P, respectively). Vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/ml) was found in 7.8% of the patients, and insufficiency (15–20 ng/ml) in 22.2%. Only 16.7% had levels >32 ng/ml, considered optimal by some experts. No associations were found between 25OHD levels and BMD or comorbid depression. 25OHD levels during winter were significantly lower than summer levels (p < .001). Mean lumbar spine BMD z‐score in patients with AN and EDNOS‐B/P type was low (−1.5 ± 1.1) and correlated with body mass index standard deviation score (p = .03).DiscussionAdolescents with eating disorders show a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Given the risk of osteoporosis in this population, 25OHD levels found in this group may not offer optimal bone protection. Vitamin D levels should be routinely checked and supplementation should be administered as required. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48: 607–614)
Insights from ecological niche modeling on the taxonomic distinction and niche differentiation between the black‐spotted and red‐spotted tokay geckoes (Gekko gecko)
Authors: Zhang Yueyun , Chen Chongtao , Li Li , Zhao Chengjian , Chen Weicai , Huang Yong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe black‐spotted tokay and the red‐spotted tokay are morphologically distinct and have largely allopatric distributions. The black‐spotted tokay is characterized by a small body size and dark skin with sundry spots, while the red‐spotted tokay has a relatively large body size and red spots. Based on morphological, karyotypic, genetic, and distribution differences, recent studies suggested their species status; however, their classifications remain controversial, and additional data such as ecological niches are necessary to establish firm hypotheses regarding their taxonomic status. We reconstructed their ecological niches models using climatic and geographic data. We then performed niche similarity tests (niche identity and background tests) and point‐based analyses to explore whether ecological differentiation has occurred, and whether such differences are sufficient to explain the maintenance of their separate segments of environmental ranges. We found that both niche models of the black‐ and the red‐spotted tokay had a good fit and a robust performance, as indicated by the high area under the curve (AUC) values (“black” = 0.982,SD = ± 0.002, “red” = 0.966 ± 0.02). Significant ecological differentiation across the entire geographic range was found, indicating that the involvement of ecological differentiation is important for species differentiation. Divergence along the environmental axes is highly associated with climatic conditions, with isothermality being important for the “black” form, while temperature seasonality, precipitation of warmest quarter, and annual temperature range together being important for the “red” form. These factors are likely important factors in niche differentiation between the two forms, which result in morphological replacement. Overall, beside morphological and genetic differentiation information, our results contribute to additional insights into taxonomic distinction and niche differentiation between the black‐ and the red‐spotted tokay.
Parasitism in early life: environmental conditions shape within‐brood variation in responses to infection
Authors: Granroth‐Wilding Hanna M. V. , Burthe Sarah J. , Lewis Sue , Reed Thomas E. , Herborn Katherine A. , Newell Mark A. , Takahashi Emi A. , Daunt Francis , Cunningham Emma J. A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractParasites play key ecological and evolutionary roles through the costs they impose on their host. In wild populations, the effect of parasitism is likely to vary considerably with environmental conditions, which may affect the availability of resources to hosts for defense. However, the interaction between parasitism and prevailing conditions is rarely quantified. In addition to environmental variation acting on hosts, individuals are likely to vary in their response to parasitism, and the combined effect of both may increase heterogeneity in host responses. Offspring hierarchies, established by parents in response to uncertain rearing conditions, may be an important source of variation between individuals. Here, we use experimental antiparasite treatment across 5 years of variable conditions to test how annual population productivity (a proxy for environmental conditions) and parasitism interact to affect growth and survival of different brood members in juvenile European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). In control broods, last‐hatched chicks had more plastic growth rates, growing faster in more productive years. Older siblings grew at a similar rate in all years. Treatment removed the effect of environment on last‐hatched chicks, such that all siblings in treated broods grew at a similar rate across environmental conditions. There were no differences in nematode burden between years or siblings, suggesting that variation in responses arose from intrinsic differences between chicks. Whole‐brood growth rate was not affected by treatment, indicating that within‐brood differences were driven by a change in resource allocation between siblings rather than a change in overall parental provisioning. We show that gastrointestinal parasites can be a key component of offspring's developmental environment. Our results also demonstrate the value of considering prevailing conditions for our understanding of parasite effects on host life‐history traits. Establishing how environmental conditions shape responses to parasitism is important as environmental variability is predicted to increase.
Energy‐efficient resource allocation for amplify‐and‐forward relaying in OFDM systems
Authors: Kazemi Jafar , Omidi Mohammad Javad , Navaie Keivan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we study end‐to‐end energy efficiency of an orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing relay‐based system under power constraints for the base station and relay node with system circuit power considerations. Using a two‐phase amplify‐and‐forward relaying protocol, we assume that relay has a fixed power constraint and the source power can vary in transmission power interval where the source employs a selective relaying mechanism for each individual subcarrier. Therefore, in our model, the source is able to adaptively select some subcarriers to be relayed. The radio resource allocation is then formulated as an energy‐efficient mixed binary integer programming, and then we propose a heuristic algorithm to find the suboptimal solution. The solution consists of the suboptimal transmit power of the source, the suboptimal set of subcarriers for relaying and the optimal transmit power of each subcarrier at the source and relay in the first and second time slots. The algorithm obtains energy‐efficient transmission power for a given relay transmission power based on a gradient descent method. Then a two‐step iterative scheme is proposed to obtain the subcarriers to be relayed as well as the optimal power allocation at the source and relay in the first and second time slots. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, we compare its efficiency through simulations with the cases without using selective subcarrier relaying and without circuit power consideration in low and high relay transmit power regimes. The simulation results indicate that using our proposed method results in a significant improvement in the energy efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Heterogeneity and Dynamics of the Unfolded Ensemble
Authors: Echeverria Ignacia , Papoian Garegin A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSignificant efforts have been devoted to understanding the structural and physicochemical properties of unfolded and intrinsically disordered proteins. Combining experimental measurements with molecular simulations and polymer theory calculations has emerged as a powerful route to accurately characterize the rapidly interchanging conformations of the unfolded ensemble. We review a selection of recent works on the dynamics of unfolded and intrinsically disordered proteins, focusing primarily on computer simulation and theoretical approaches. We use the energy landscapes paradigm to highlight various computational techniques and to outline several directions for future research. One major, immediate challenge is to gain deeper insights into the nature of the energy barriers that determine the roughness of the energy landscape of unfolded proteins. A second important challenge is to better characterize and understand the functional role of partial ordering, or alternatively, disorder‐to‐disorder transitions, between various phases of the unfolded state.
Early response to chemoradiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment: Value of dynamic contrast‐enhanced 3.0 T MRI
Authors: Zheng Dechun , Chen Yunbin , Liu Xiangyi , Chen Ying , Xu Luying , Ren Wang , Chen Weibo , Chan Queenie 
Published: August 2014

PurposeTo prospectively evaluate the dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) value for predicting early nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) chemoradiotherapy (CRT) response.Materials and MethodsForty‐two patients with advanced NPC were recruited and received three DCE‐MRI exams before treatment (Pre‐Tx), as well as 3 days (Day 3‐Tx) and 40 days (Day 40‐Tx) after chemotherapy initiation (two neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycles, NAC). We used DCE‐Tool to measure primary tumor kinetic parameters (Ktrans, Kep, ve, and vp) using the extended Tofts model. Kinetic parameters and corresponding changes were compared between responders and nonresponders after NAC or CRT treatment using Student's t or Mann–Whitney U tests.ResultsResponse to two NAC cycles correlated with short‐term local control (P = 0.01). Compared to the nonresponder group, the responder group presented with significantly larger ΔKtrans(0–3), ΔKep(0–3), and Δvp(0–3) values after NAC (P < 0.05). The complete response group after CRT exhibited significantly lower Ktrans(Day 40‐Tx) and larger ΔKtrans(0–3) values than the residual group (P = 0.05). High sensitivity (range: 74.1%–90%) and moderate‐to‐high specificity (range: 50%–84.3%) distinguished nonresponders from responders grouping after NAC or CRT, with diagnostic efficiency ranging from 69.3%–88%.ConclusionOur study showed kinetic parameter changes earlier after chemotherapy were potential markers for NPC patients receiving CRT therapy following NAC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1528–1540. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenolic compounds in grains, sprouts and wheatgrass of hulled and non‐hulled wheat species
Authors: Benincasa Paolo , Galieni Angelica , Manetta Anna Chiara , Pace Roberta , Guiducci Marcello , Pisante Michele , Stagnari Fabio 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe use of sprouts and young plantlets in human nutrition is increasing because they often contain phytochemicals and other high value nutrients. This is also the case for wheat, although there is no literature for hulled wheat species. Thus we determined total polyphenols, phenolic acids (PAs), fibre and minerals in grains, 5‐day‐old sprouts and 12‐day‐old wheatgrass of einkorn (cv. Monlis), emmer (cvs Augeo, Rosso Rubino, Zefiro), spelt (cvs Pietro, Giuseppe), durum wheat (cv. Creso) and soft wheat (cv. Orso).RESULTSGrains of einkorn and emmer contained twice bound PAs as compared to soft and durum wheat and spelt, with p‐coumaric acid accounting for about 50% of total bound PAs. In wheatgrass, differences between species for bound PAs decreased due to a decrease in einkorn and emmer and an increase in soft and durum wheat. In all species, total phenols and free PAs increased passing from grains to sprouts and wheatgrass. Neutral and acid detergent fibre content increased with sprouting only in einkorn and emmer.CONCLUSIONOur evidence suggests that the grains of einkorn and emmer and the sprouts and wheatgrass of all Triticum species might potentially be valuable for the development of functional foods. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Stone/tissue differentiation during intracorporeal lithotripsy using diffuse white light reflectance spectroscopy: In vitro and clinical measurements
Authors: Lange Birgit , Jocham Dieter , Brinkmann Ralf , Cordes Jens 
Published: August 2014

Background and ObjectiveHolmium laser lithotripsy is the ‘gold standard’ for intracorporeal fragmentation of stones. However, there is a risk of damaging and perforating the ureter wall when the laser is accidentally fired while the fiber is in contact with tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate if white illumination light, diffusely reflected back into the treatment fiber and spectrally analyzed, can be used for differentiating between stone and tissue.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFirstly, in vitro reflectance spectra (Xenon light source, wavelength range λ = 350–850 nm) of 38 human kidney stones, porcine renal calix and ureter tissue were collected. Secondly, in an in vivo study with 8 patients, 72 ureter and 49 stone reflectance signals were recorded during endourological interventions. The spectra were analyzed to discriminate between stone and tissue by the absence or presence of minima due to hemoglobin absorption at λ1 = 542nm and λ3 = 576nm.ResultsIn vitro, all stone and tissue signals could correctly be identified by calculating the ratio R = I (λ1 = 542 nm)/I (λ2 = 475 nm): Because of the hemoglobin absorption at λ1, R is smaller for tissue than for calculi. In vivo, only 75% tissue spots could correctly be identified utilizing this method. Using the more sophisticated evaluation of looking for minima in the diffuse reflectance spectra at λ1 = 542 nm and λ3 = 576 nm, 62 out of 64 tissue spots were correctly identified (sensitivity 96.9%). This was also the case for 39 out of 43 stone spots. Taking into account the number of measured spectra, a tissue detection probability of 91% and a stone detection probability of 77% was achieved (significance level 5%).ConclusionWhite light diffusely reflected off the treatment zone into the fiber can be used to strongly improve the safety of Holmium laser lithotripsy by implementing an automatic feedback control algorithm that averts mispositioning the fiber. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:614–619, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the Structure, Acoustic Property, Thermal Conductivity, and Mechanical Property of Highly Expanded Open‐Cell Polycarbonate Foams
Authors: Jahani Davoud , Ameli Aboutaleb , Saniei Mehdi , Ding Weidan , Park Chul B. , Naguib Hani E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper studies the processing, structural, and property relationships needed for highly expanded open‐cell polycarbonate (PC) foams. Acoustic insulation, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties of the foams were characterized. Using foam injection molding, samples expansion ratios ranging from 1 to 8 and open‐cell content up to 85% were prepared. Relative to their solid counterparts, the sound wave transmission loss was increased up to 2.5‐fold while their thermal conductivity was decreased up to fivefold. Thus, lightweight rigid PC foams, useful in both sound and thermal insulation applications, were developed.
Poly(Urea–Urethane) Synthesis by Miniemulsion Polymerization Using Microwaves and Conventional Polymerization
Authors: Valério Alexsandra , Fortuny Montserrat , Santos Alexandre F. , Araújo Pedro H. H. , Sayer Claudia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMicrowave irradiation has been an interesting alternative for heating systems of several chemical reactions. In this work, a comparative study between microwave reactions and conventional heating is evaluated. The effects of temperature, power, and polyol type on the synthesis of poly(urea–urethane) by step polymerization in miniemulsion are evaluated and the final polymer is analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, contact angle, and nanoparticles size and size distribution are characterized by dynamic light scattering. Polymerization under microwave irradiation have a higher reaction rate showing advantages of using microwaves in this miniemulsion step polymerization processes. In addition, microwave irradiation also affects particle size, the solubility of the polyurethane, and the urea/urethane ratio.
A continuum‐discrete model using Darcy's law: formulation and verification
Authors: Goodarzi Majid , Kwok Chung Yee , Tham Leslie George 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThis paper presents a numerical scheme for fluid‐particle coupled discrete element method (DEM), which is based on poro‐elasticity. The motion of the particles is resolved by means of DEM. While within the proposition of Darcian regime, the fluid is assumed as a continuum phase on a Eulerian mesh, and the continuity equation on the fluid mesh for a compressible fluid is solved using the FEM. Analytical solutions of traditional soil mechanics examples, such as the isotropic compression and one‐dimensional upward seepage flow, were used to validate the proposed algorithm quantitatively. The numerical results showed very good agreement with the analytical solutions, which show the correctness of this algorithm. Sensitivity studies on the effect of some influential factors of the coupling scheme such as pore fluid bulk modulus, volumetric strain calculation, and fluid mesh size were performed to display the accuracy, efficiency, and robustness of the numerical algorithm. It is revealed that the pore fluid bulk modulus is a critical parameter that can affect the accuracy of the results. Because of the iterative coupling scheme of these algorithms, high value of fluid bulk modulus can result in instability and consequently reduction in the maximum possible time‐step. Furthermore, the increase of the fluid mesh size reduces the accuracy of the calculated pore pressure. This study enhances our current understanding of the capacity of fluid‐particle coupled DEM to simulate the mechanical behavior of saturated granular materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.