bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking industrial citizenship: the role and meaning of work in an age of austerity
Authors: Strangleman Tim 
Published: September 2015

AbstractT. H. Marshall in his famous tract Citizenship and Social Class wrote briefly about what he called ‘industrial citizenship’, a type of belonging rooted in the workplace. Here Marshall's ideas are developed alongside a consideration of Durkheim's Professional Ethics and Civic Morals together with research material from the Guinness Company. It shows the way the Company actively sought to create ‘Guinness citizenship’ within its London brewery. The article draws out the ways in which the significance and potential of work based citizenship for ameliorating the ills of industrial society are clearly articulated in mid‐twentieth century Britain and echo earlier neglected Durkheimian sociological ideas on work. These ideas have real potential to inform contemporary academic and policy debates about the nature of capitalism and the form and content of work now and in the future.
Effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid on the physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties of yoghurt
Authors: Liu Mingying , Wang Yaosong , Jiang Lihua , Xia Quanming , Qiu Yongjun , Fan Liqiang , Zhou Jiachun , Zhao Liming 
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to investigate the impacts of dairy processing conditions on the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and the effect of GABA on the quality of the resulting yoghurt. Serial concentrations of GABA (0.05–1.0%, w/w, milk basis) were designed during the preparation of yoghurt. Colour and physicochemical and rheological properties of yoghurt were also examined. The results indicated that the fermentation process had no significant influence on GABA content. The GABA level greatly improved the texture properties of the resulting product at a concentration of 0.5% (w/w), whereas higher GABA concentrations impaired the texture. The lightness (L) value of yoghurt also increased in line with the GABA concentration.
Asset Measurement in Imperfect Credit Markets
Authors: BERTOMEU JEREMY , CHEYNEL EDWIGE 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTHow should a firm measure a productive asset used as collateral? To answer this question, we develop a model in which firms borrow funds subject to collateral constraints. We characterize the qualities of optimal asset measurements and analyze their interactions with financing needs, collateral constraints, and interest rates. Because of real effects, complete transparency would reduce contracting efficiency and, hence, the measurement must be suitably adapted to credit conditions. The optimal measurement is asymmetric and reports precise information about high collateral values if credit frictions are low, but the reverse if credit frictions are high. Tighter credit market conditions may lead to more opaque measurements and increased investment, in the form of inefficient continuations.
Acetaldehyde as Key Compound for the Authenticity of Sherry Wines: A Study Covering 5 Decades
Authors: Zea Luis , Serratosa María P. , Mérida Julieta , Moyano Lourdes 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSherry wines are consumed worldwide and are principally produced in the Jerez and Montilla‐Moriles regions of southern Spain. Acetaldehyde is a relevant carbonyl compound in wines and one of the main responsible for the particular personality of Sherry wines with a ripe apple odor descriptor. Aldehyde dehydrogenase plays an important role in yeast acetaldehyde metabolism. Acetaldehyde contents in Sherry wines subjected to biological aging strongly depend on yeast populations, and the formation of velum depends on specific amino acids, oxygen availability, and the composition of the wine. Both biological and oxidative aging processes increase the acetaldehyde content in Sherry, although some of the acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid and subsequently transformed into acetyl‐CoA. In sensory terms, 1,1‐diethoxyethane and other acetals, acetoin, and sotolon are the main compounds formed from acetaldehyde in Sherry wines. The chemical browning pathway of wine by the condensation between phenols and acetaldehyde is especially important in Sherry wines. Acetaldehyde can inhibit the velum formation at higher concentration than its threshold tolerance; also, it could be responsible for the high mitochondrial DNA polymorphism observed in flor yeasts. Usually, acetaldehyde is used to control the biological aging of Fino Sherry. A faster production of acetaldehyde could be considered to shorten the aging process of Sherry. In recent years, the acetaldehyde formed during ethanol metabolism in alcoholic beverages has been associated with carcinogenic processes; however, no systematic data are available about this statement.
Variant of the clock circadian regulator (CLOCK) gene and related haplotypes are associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population
Authors: Uemura Hirokazu , Katsuura‐Kamano Sakurako , Yamaguchi Miwa , Arisawa Kokichi , Hamajima Nobuyuki , Hishida Asahi , Kawai Sayo , Oze Isao , Shinchi Koichi , Takashima Naoyuki , Suzuki Sadao , Nakahata Noriko , Mikami Haruo , Ohnaka Keizo , Kuriyama Nagato , Kubo Michiaki , Tanaka Hideo ,   for the Japan Multi‐Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) Study Group
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundCircadian rhythm disruptions can cause various health disorders. The present study evaluated associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core circadian gene clock circadian regulator (CLOCK) and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the Japanese population.MethodsCross‐sectional data were analyzed from 2485 subjects (1243 men, 1242 women; age 35–69 years) enrolled in the baseline surveys of the Japan Multi‐Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) Study. Associations between three CLOCK gene polymorphisms (rs1801260, rs3736544, and rs4864548) and the prevalence of obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI ≥23 kg/m2), and T2D were evaluated by logistic regression analyses; haplotype analysis and stratified analyses for the prevalence of diabetes were also conducted.ResultsCompared with those who were homozygous for the respective major alleles, subjects with the rs1801260 minor allele C had a significantly higher odds ratio (1.5; 95% confidence interval 1.1–2.1) for the prevalence of diabetes after adjustment for potential confounding factors, including BMI. When stratified by overweight, the associations between rs1801260 and the prevalence of diabetes were marked and significant in non‐overweight subjects, but not in overweight subjects. The TGA (rs1801260–rs3736544–rs4864548) haplotype was associated with a lower prevalence of diabetes, whereas the CGG haplotype was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes.ConclusionsVariant of the CLOCK gene and related haplotypes are associated with the prevalence of T2D in the Japanese population, in which obesity is less common, and the association between CLOCK gene variant at rs1801260 and the prevalence of diabetes is enhanced in normal‐weight subjects.
The Half RR Rule: A Poor Rule of Thumb and Not a Risk Assessment Tool for QT Interval Prolongation
Authors: Berling Ingrid , Isbister Geoffrey K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesMeasuring the QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG) is integral to risk assessment of Torsade de Pointes (TdP). This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of the 1/2 RR rule as a risk assessment tool for drug‐induced TdP, comparing it to the QT nomogram, Bazett's corrected QT (QTcB), and Fridericia's corrected QT (QTcF).MethodsThe authors calculated sensitivity and specificity of the 1/2 RR rule using a published data set of 129 cases of drug‐induced TdP and 316 controls (noncardiotoxic overdoses), compared to the QT nomogram, QTcB > 500 msec and QTcF > 500 msec. To further determine the value of the 1/2 RR rule, its observed positive, and negative agreement were calculated when compared to the QT nomogram for determining an abnormal QT in eight samples of different drugs in overdose.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of the 1/2 RR rule were 88% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 80% to 93%) and 53% (95% CI = 47% to 58%), respectively, compared to the QT nomogram (sensitivity = 97%, 95% CI = 92% to 99%; specificity = 99%, 95% CI = 97% to 100%). It was also less sensitive than QTcB > 500 msec and had a lower specificity than QTcB > 500 msec and QTcF > 500 msec. In drug overdose patients, the 1/2 RR rule had poor observed agreement averaging 41%, which was mainly due to poor positive agreement, except for amisulpride where there was good agreement.ConclusionsThe 1/2 RR rule was not as sensitive as the QT nomogram or QTcB > 500 msec for drug‐induced TdP. It had poor positive agreement in almost all overdose patients, resulting in over half of patients receiving unnecessary cardiac monitoring and repeat ECGs.
Are Mortality and Acute Morbidity in Patients Presenting With Nonspecific Complaints Predictable Using Routine Variables?
Authors: Jenny Mirjam A. , Hertwig Ralph , Ackermann Selina , Messmer Anna S. , Karakoumis Julia , Nickel Christian H. , Bingisser Roland 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesPatients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with nonspecific complaints are difficult to accurately triage, risk stratify, and diagnose. This can delay appropriate treatment. The extent to which key medical outcomes are at all predictable in these patients, and which (if any) predictors are useful, has previously been unclear. To investigate these questions, we tested an array of statistical and machine learning models in a large group of patients and estimated the predictability of mortality (which occurred in 6.6% of our sample of patients), acute morbidity (58%), and presence of acute infectious disease (28.2%).MethodsTo investigate whether the best available tools can predict the three key outcomes, we fed data from a sample of 1,278 ED patients with nonspecific complaints into 17 state‐of‐the‐art statistical and machine learning models. The patient sample stems from a diagnostic multicenter study with prospective 30‐day follow‐up conducted in Switzerland. Predictability of the three key medical outcomes was quantified by computing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for each model.ResultsThe models performed at different levels but, on average, the predictability of the target outcomes ranged between 0.71 and 0.82. The better models clearly outperformed physicians’ intuitive judgments of how ill patients looked (AUC = 0.67 for mortality, 0.65 for morbidity, and 0.60 for infectious disease).ConclusionsModeling techniques can be used to derive formalized models that, on average, predict the outcomes of mortality, acute morbidity, and acute infectious disease in patients with nonspecific complaints with a level of accuracy far beyond chance. The models also predicted these outcomes more accurately than did physicians’ intuitive judgments of how ill the patients look; however, the latter was among the small set of best predictors for mortality and acute morbidity. These results lay the groundwork for further refining triage and risk stratification tools for patients with nonspecific complaints. More research, informed by whether the goal of a model is high sensitivity or high specificity, is needed to develop readily applicable clinical decision support tools (e.g., decision trees) that could be supported by electronic health records.
Short‐term Efficacy of a Brief Intervention to Reduce Drug Misuse and Increase Drug Treatment Utilization Among Adult Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Merchant Roland C. , Baird Janette R. , Liu Tao 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesAlthough brief interventions (BIs) have shown some success for smoking cessation and alcohol misuse, it is not known if they can be applied in the emergency department (ED) to drug use and misuse. The objectives of this investigation were to assess the 3‐month efficacy of a BI to reduce drug use and misuse, increase drug treatment services utilization among adult ED patients, and identify subgroups more likely to benefit from the BI.MethodsThis randomized, controlled trial enrolled 18‐ to 64‐year‐old English‐ or Spanish‐speaking patients from two urban, academic EDs whose responses to the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test indicated a need for a brief or intensive intervention. Treatment participants received a tailored BI, while control participants only completed the study questionnaires. At the 3‐month follow‐up, each participant's past 3‐month drug use and misuse and treatment utilization were compared to his or her baseline enrollment data. Regression modeling was used to identify subgroups of patients (per demographic and clinical factors) more likely to stop or reduce their drug use or misuse or engage in drug treatment by the 3‐month follow‐up assessment.ResultsOf the 1,030 participants, the median age was 30 years (interquartile range = 24 to 42 years), and 46% were female; 57% were white/non‐Hispanic, 24.9% were black/non‐Hispanic, and 15% were Hispanic. The most commonly misused drugs were marijuana, prescription opioids, cocaine/crack, and benzodiazepines. Although at follow‐up the proportions of participants reporting any past 3‐month drug misuse had decreased in both study arms (control 84% vs. treatment 78%), the decreases were similar between the two study arms (Δ–6.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = –13.0% to 0.0). In addition, at follow‐up there were no differences between study arms in those who were currently receiving drug treatment (Δ1.8; 95% CI = –3.5 to 6.8), who had received treatment during the past 3 months (Δ–2.0; 95% CI = –6.5 to 2.4), or who at least contacted a treatment program (Δ 1.7; 95% CI = –2.4 to 6.1). Those whose baseline screening indicated the need for a brief instead of a more intensive intervention, and those currently engaged in drug treatment at the 3‐month follow‐up, were generally more likely to stop or decrease their drug use/misuse.ConclusionsThe BI employed in this study did not reduce drug use and misuse or increase treatment utilization more than the control condition over a 3‐month period. Future research should help determine what role, if any, BIs should play in affecting drug use and misuse among ED patients.
The Role of Necroptosis in Burn Injury Progression in a Rat Comb Burn Model
Authors: Reddy Avanish S. , Abraham Ariel , McClain Steve A. , Clark Richard A.F. , Ralen Pryanka , Sandoval Steven , Singer Adam J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesProgression of cell death after burn injury may occur by one of three mechanisms: passive necrosis, apoptosis, and programmed necroptosis that requires the receptor‐interacting protein kinase‐3 (RIP‐3). The hypothesis was that RIP‐3 is present in normal and burned skin; that necroptosis plays a role in burn injury progression; and that treatment with necrostatin‐1, an inhibitor of necroptosis, would reduce burn progression.MethodsSkin specimens from rats were examined for the presence of RIP‐3. Using a 150‐g brass comb preheated to 100°C, we created two comb burns (one on each side) consisting of four rectangular burns, separated by three unburned interspaces, on both sides of the backs of anesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats (240 to 300 g). The interspaces represent the ischemic zones surrounding the central necrotic core. Left untreated, these areas undergo necrosis. In the first experiment, 10 rats each were randomized to 1.65 mg/kg necrostatin‐1 or control given by intraperitoneal injection 1 hour after injury. In the second experiment, 10 rats each were randomized to two intravenous injections of 1.65 mg/kg necrostatin‐1 or its vehicle at 1 and 4 hours after injury. The primary outcome was the percentage of interspaces undergoing necrosis within 7 days of injury. Binary data were compared with chi‐square or Fishers’ exact tests.ResultsAll normal and burned skin specimens from rats stained positive for RIP‐3. In the first experiment, nearly all unburned interspaces in both the experimental and the control rats underwent necrosis (47 of 48, 97.9% vs. 48 of 48, 100%; p = not significant [NS]). Similarly, in the second experiment, there was no difference in the percentage of unburned interspaces undergoing necrosis within 7 days of injury in rats treated with two doses of necrostatin‐1 or the control vehicle (46 of 48, 95.8% vs. 48 of 48, 100%; p = NS). There were no wound infections noted in rats injected with necrostatin‐1.ConclusionsThe skin of rats contains RIP‐3 necessary for necroptosis. Injection of rats with either a single intraperitoneal dose or two intravenous doses of necrostatin‐1 failed to reduce burn injury progression in a rat comb burn model. This may be due to inactivity of necrostatin‐1 or the lack of a role of necroptosis in burn injury progression in the rat comb burn model.
Genetic diversity and population structure of six Chinese indigenous pig breeds in the Taihu Lake region revealed by sequencing data
Authors: Wang Z. , Chen Q. , Yang Y. , Liao R. , Zhao J. , Zhang Z. , Chen Z. , Zhang X. , Xue M. , Yang H. , Zheng Y. , Wang Q. , Pan Y. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe Chinese indigenous pig breeds in the Taihu Lake region are the most prolific pig breeds in the world. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of six breeds, including Meishan, Erhualian, Mi, Fengjing, Shawutou and Jiaxing Black, in this region using whole‐genome SNP data. A high SNP with proportions of polymorphic markers ranging from 0.925 to 0.995 was exhibited by the Chinese indigenous pigs in the Taihu Lake region. The allelic richness and expected heterozygosity also were calculated and indicated that the genetic diversity of the Meishan breed was the greatest, whereas that of the Fengjing breed was the lowest. The genetic differentiation, as indicated by the fixation index, exhibited an overall mean of 0.149. Both neighbor‐joining tree and principal components analysis were able to distinguish the breeds from each other, but structure analysis indicated that the Mi and Erhualian breeds exhibited similar major signals of admixture. With this genome‐wide comprehensive survey of the genetic diversity and population structure of the indigenous Chinese pigs in the Taihu Lake region, we confirmed the rationality of the current breed classification of the pigs in this region.
Use of thiazolidinediones and the risk of elective hip or knee replacement: a population based case–control study
Authors: Nielen Johannes T.H. , de Vries Frank , Dagnelie Pieter C. , van den Bemt Bart J.F. , Emans Pieter J. , Lalmohamed Arief , de Boer Anthonius , Boonen Annelies 
Published: September 2015

AimsOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal condition in the elderly population. However, no disease modifying drug exists for this disease. In vivo animal studies have suggested that thiazolidinediones (TZD) may be used as disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs). To our knowledge, this has not yet been examined in humans before. The aim was to determine the risk of total joint replacement (TJR) in patients using TZDs compared with diabetic patients using other antidiabetic drugs.MethodsA population based case–control study was performed using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Cases (n = 94 609) were defined as patients >18 years of age who had undergone total knee (TKR) or hip replacement (THR) between 2000 and 2012. Controls were matched by age, gender and practice/surgery. Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the risk of TKR and THR with the use of TZDs in patients currently using one or more antidiabetic drugs. In order to determine effect with prolonged use, we also stratified TZD users by total number of prescriptions prior to surgery. We statistically adjusted our analyses for lifestyle factory, comorbidities and concomitant drug use.ResultsThere was no difference in risk of TKR (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.93, 1.27) and THR (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.76, 1.10) when TZD users were compared with other AD users. Furthermore, we did not find an association with prolonged use of TZDs and TJR.ConclusionDespite promising results from animal in vivo studies, this study did not find any evidence for a disease modifying osteoarthritic effect of TZDs.
Sola Gratia as Divine Attribute: Resurrecting the God of the Gospel
Authors: Brondos David A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCan we speak of sola gratia as a divine attribute so as to affirm that all that God does is grace? Traditionally, Western Christian theology has answered that question negatively, placing God's justice in opposition with God's grace and presenting a God whose love does not seem to be unconditional. This has been especially evident in the ways in which Scripture, the work of Christ, justification by faith, and the distinction between law and gospel commonly have been interpreted. By rethinking those traditional interpretations on the basis of an understanding of divine grace as unconditional love, we can indeed proclaim a God of sola gratia and a gospel capable of transforming human lives and responding effectively to the crisis of faith we face today.
Updating digital soil maps with new data: a case study of soil organic matter in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Sun X.‐L. , Wu Y.‐J. , Lou Y.‐L. , Wang H.‐L. , Zhang C. , Zhao Y.‐G. , Zhang G.‐L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe rapid developments in the acquisition of data on soil should enable pedologists to update existing digital soil maps readily. The methods by which that is done must take into account temporal change in soil properties and local differences in spatial variation. The common mapping techniques will have to be modified to make full use of digital data. We show what can be achieved with a case study on updating maps of soil organic matter (SOM) in Jiangsu Province, China, with three sets of soil data collected in the 1980s, 2000 and 2006. Our results showed that temporal changes in SOM between the three sampling periods occurred in only very small parts of the regions. Models of spatial variation of SOM based on the data collected in the 1980s and 2006 for the whole region differed somewhat, whereas models based on the data collected in the 1980s, 2000 and 2006 for the Taihu region (south Jiangsu) were significantly different. As updating with Bayesian maximum entropy continued, the accuracy of prediction increased and that of the prediction variance decreased. Finally, our study leads us to suggest improved technologies for updating digital soil maps with new data.
Development of a technique for quarantining Great Artesian Basin springs from colonisation by the invasive fish Eastern Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki)
Authors: Kerezsy Adam 
Published: September 2015

SummaryA species recovery project for the endangered fish Red‐finned Blue‐eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis) commenced in 2009 at Edgbaston Reserve in central western Queensland. To date, the project has included relocations and control of alien Eastern Gambusia (henceforth Gambusia, Gambusia holbrooki), using the piscicide rotenone. Preventing Gambusia colonising springs where Red‐finned Blue‐eye occur or have been relocated is crucial to the success of the project. As such, this study tested the use of porous silt fences that were installed around five springs from 2012. Results indicate that silt fencing is a suitable barrier material and that provided installed silt fences are serviced regularly, the material is an effective method of quarantining populations of endangered species in isolated aquatic environments. Four of the five installed fences were effective, and maintenance consisted of small repairs at regular intervals (quarterly) followed by replacement after 2 years. As such, silt fencing may have wider application in the conservation of endangered fish and other organisms, particularly in areas where isolated waterbodies occur and where their size renders exclusion fencing a practical recovery action.