bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods and preliminary findings of a cost‐effectiveness study of glass‐ionomer‐based and composite resin sealant materials after 2 yr
Authors: Goldman Ann S. , Chen Xi , Fan Mingwen , Frencken Jo E. 
Published: May 2014

The cost‐effectiveness of glass‐carbomer, conventional high‐viscosity glass‐ionomer cement (HVGIC) [without or with heat (light‐emitting diode (LED) thermocuring) application], and composite resin sealants were compared after 2 yr in function. Estimated net costs per sealant were obtained from data on personnel time (measured with activity sampling), transportation, materials, instruments and equipment, and restoration costs for replacing failed sealants from a community trial involving 7‐ to 9‐yr‐old Chinese children. Cost data were standardized to reflect the placement of 1,000 sealants per group. Outcomes were the differences in the number of dentine caries lesions that developed between groups. The average sealant application time ranged from 5.40 min (for composite resin) to 8.09 min (for LED thermocured HVGIC), and the average cost per sealant for 1,000 performed per group (simulation sample) ranged from $US3.73 (for composite resin) to $US7.50 (for glass‐carbomer). The incremental cost‐effectiveness of LED thermocured HVGIC to prevent one additional caries lesion per 1,000 sealants performed was $US1,106 compared with composite resin. Sensitivity analyses showed that differences in the cost of materials across groups had minimal impact on the overall cost. Cost and effectiveness data enhance policymakers’ ability to address issues of availability, access, and compliance associated with poor oral‐health outcomes, particularly when large numbers of children are excluded from care, in economies where oral health services are still developing.
Malocclusion and quality of life in Brazilian preschoolers
Authors: Sousa Raulison V. , Clementino Marayza A. , Gomes Monalisa C. , Martins Carolina C. , Granville‐Garcia Ana F. , Paiva Saul M. 
Published: May 2014

The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of malocclusion on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) among preschool children and their families. This study involved 732 preschoolers. Parents/caregivers filled out the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B‐ECOHIS) and a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic data. Overbite, overjet, and crossbite were recorded during the clinical examination. Bivariate and multiple Poisson regression analyses were performed and prevalence ratio (PR) were calculated (α = 5%). The prevalence of negative impact from malocclusion on OHRQoL was 27.6% among the children and 22.3% among the families. Mother's schooling (PR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.10–1.70), parent's/caregiver's assessment of child's oral health (PR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.60–2.58), history of toothache (PR = 3.84; 95% CI: 2.34–6.30), and visits to the dentist (PR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37–0.94) remained significantly associated with OHRQoL in the final model for the children, whereas parent's/caregiver's assessment of child's oral health (PR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.71–3.14) and history of toothache (PR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.69–3.09) remained significantly associated with OHRQoL for the families. Malocclusion was not associated with a negative impact on OHRQoL. In contrast, parents’/caregivers’ perceptions regarding the oral health of their children and a history of toothache were predictors of a negative impact on the OHRQoL.
Thermal burn of palate in an elderly diabetic patient
Authors: Kannan Sathya , Chandrasekaran Balamanikandasrinivasan , Muthusamy Senthilkumar , Sidhu Preena , Suresh Nanditha 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundBurns of the oral mucosa may be caused by thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical or radiation injury. Clinically, these burns can produce localised or diffuse areas of tissue damage depending on the severity and extent of the insult. Most oral thermal burns produce erosions or ulcers on the palate or tongue.Materials and methodsA case of palatal burn in a 66‐year‐old diabetic patient caused by drinking hot cereal is presented. The role of diabetes in causing oral mucosal dysesthesia that predisposed the occurrence of this burn is also discussed.ConclusionInsensate palatal burn as a rare complication of diabetes mellitus is reported here. With the disease being more widespread now, its potential oral complications will be seen with increasing frequency.
The Decline of International Migration as an Economic Force in Rural Areas: A Mexican Case Study
Authors: Jones Richard C. 
Published: May 2014

Since 2000, and especially since 2007, there has been a reduction in the importance of international migration and remittances in major global sending regions as a result of recession in receiving countries, anti-immigrant policies, and improvement in economic opportunities in origin countries. A household survey in five rural communities in Zacatecas, Mexico, in 1995 and again in 2009 exemplifies these trends. Among youthful adults likely to have first migrated in the decade prior to each of these years, there was a significant drop in the proportion of active migrants. Among the active migrants, stays abroad became longer and more permanent, and their households exhibited fewer remittances, less family business ownership, and fewer local purchases, in 2009 compared to 1995. Finally, non-migrant households greatly improved their economic status in relation to migrant households over the period, reaching approximate parity with their migrant counterparts. Remittances channeled into some of the most backward regions and countries of the third World are … likely to play a continuing role locally. [They] are safety nets for poor regions left behind by the agglomerative behavior of international capital, by the preoccupations of the international community with other matters, and by the indifference of their own governments (Jones, 1998).
Joined up Justice: Understanding the Links Between Employment, Benefits and Offending
Authors: Wingfield Melissa , Trenell Paul 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The cycle of prison, unemployment and re-offending dominates many lives. Strangely, data about this all-too-familiar scenario has been lacking: historically the information was split between three different government departments, unshared and in incompatible forms. Melissa Wingfield and Paul Trenell show how data-sharing across government has now yielded insights into the connections between employment, benefits and offending.
The Erebus, the Terror and the North-West Passage: Did Lead Really Poison Franklin's Lost Expedition?
Authors: Millar Keith , Bowman Adrian , Battersby William 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Franklin expedition of 1845 tried to find the North-West Passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. It disappeared into the ice. A classic example of historical detective work seemed to explain its fate – but is it plausible? Keith Millar, Adrian Bowman and William Battersby reanalyse variation in the evidence and evidence for variation.
Data and the Law: Beyond the Sweat of the Brow: Who Owns Published Data? And What is Data?
Authors: van Belle Gerald , Ruiter Leslie 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
You gather data for research, you publish – and who then owns your data? That begs the philosophical question: what is data? The US Supreme Court has ruled that “data” are facts and cannot be copyrighted. So can everyone use your data? And why do authors find themselves paying to use data that others have gathered? In the new age of supposedly open access to digital and big data, Gerald van Belle and Leslie Ruiter discuss the background, current status and future challenges to who legally owns data.
Health Freaks on Trial: Duct Tape, Bull Semen and the Call of Television
Authors: Bland Martin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Bull semen cures baldness? Tree bark treats Crohn's disease? Use toothpaste for love-bites and make love to cure a migraine? Prop yourself upside down to avert hair loss, and stick duct tape on verrucas? Martin Bland heard the call of TV to statistically test outlandish home remedies and found 10 minutes of fame and an astonishing clinical result.
Alphonse Bertillon and the Measure of Man: More Expert than Sherlock Holmes
Authors: Farebrother Richard , Champkin Julian 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
“Every measurement slowly reveals the workings of the criminal. Careful observation and patience will reveal the truth.” Thus wrote the French criminologist Alphonse Bertillon, who died 100 years ago in the spring of 1914. Almost forgotten today, he was the most famous criminologist of his time, a household name for his ingenious method of identifying criminals by carefully measuring 11 key dimensions of their bodies. He did more. He established the standardised procedures used in police forces to this day. Richard Farebrother and Julian Champkin look at a flawed near-genius.
Effects of Nighttime Single‐Dose Administration of Vasodilating vs Sympatholytic Antihypertensive Agents on Sleep Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients With Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Kuwabara Mitsuo , Hoshide Satoshi , Nagai Michiaki , Shimpo Masahisa 
Published: May 2014

Obstructive sleep apneas syndrome (OSAS) is associated with nocturnal hypertension with higher sleep blood pressure (BP) and its variability, both of which increase cardiovascular risk. In this crossover design study, the effect of nighttime single‐dose administration of vasodilating (nifedipine 40 mg) vs sympatholytic (carvedilol 20 mg) antihypertensive agents on sleep BP in 11 hypertensive OSAS patients was evaluated. The authors recently developed a trigger sleep BP monitor with an oxygen‐triggered function that initiates BP measurement when oxygen desaturation falls. The BP‐lowering effects of nifedipine on the mean (P<.05) and minimum sleep systolic BPs (SBPs) (P<.01) were stronger than those of carvedilol. Sleep SBP surge (difference between the hypoxia‐peak SBP measured by oxygen‐triggered function and SBPs within 30 minutes before and after the peak SBP) was only significantly reduced by carvedilol (P<.05). The nighttime dosing of both vasodilating and sympatholytic antihypertensive drugs is effective to reduce sleep BP but with different BP‐lowering profiles.
Coronally advanced flap + connective tissue graft techniques for the treatment of deep gingival recession in the lower incisors. A controlled randomized clinical trial
Authors: Zucchelli Giovanni , Marzadori Matteo , Mounssif Ilham , Mazzotti Claudio , Stefanini Martina 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to compare the clinical and aesthetic outcomes of two different surgical approaches for the treatment of deep gingival recession affecting the mandibular incisors.MethodsFifty patients with Miller class I and II gingival recessions (≥ 3 mm) in the lower incisors were enrolled. Twenty‐five patients were randomly assigned to the control group and the other 25 patients to the test group. All defects were treated with the coronally advanced flap + connective tissue graft (CAF + CTG) and in the test group the labial submucosal tissue (LST) was removed. Post‐operative morbidity was evaluated at 1 week. Clinical and aesthetic evaluations were made at 1 year.ResultsStatistically greater recession reduction, probability of CRC (adjusted OR 7.94 95% CI = 1.88–33.50, p = 0.0024) and greater increase in GT were observed in the test group. Greater graft exposure and increase in KTH were demonstrated in the control group. Better aesthetics outcomes were observed in the test group. No statistically significant between groups differences were demonstrated in patient analgesic assumption and post‐operative discomfort and bleeding.Conclusions
LST removal during CAF + CTG surgery is indicated to provide better root coverage and aesthetic outcomes in the treatment of gingival recessions affecting the lower incisors.
The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism 5‐HTTLPR moderates the effects of stress on attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: van der Meer Dennis , Hartman Catharina A. , Richards Jennifer , Bralten Janita B. , Franke Barbara , Oosterlaan Jaap , Heslenfeld Dirk J. , Faraone Stephen V. , Buitelaar Jan K. , Hoekstra Pieter J. 
Published: May 2014

IntroductionThe role of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism 5‐HTTLPR in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is unclear. Heterogeneity of findings may be explained by gene–environment interactions (GxE), as it has been suggested that S‐allele carriers are more reactive to psychosocial stress than L‐allele homozygotes. This study aimed to investigate whether 5‐HTTLPR genotype moderates the effects of stress on ADHD in a multisite prospective ADHD cohort study.Methods5‐HTTLPR genotype, as well as the number of stressful life events in the past 5 years and ongoing long‐term difficulties, was determined in 671 adolescents and young adults with ADHD, their siblings, and healthy controls (57.4% male, average age 17.3 years). Linear mixed models, accounting for family relatedness, were applied to investigate the effects of genotype, experienced stress, and their interaction on ADHD severity at time point T2, while controlling for ADHD severity at T1 (mean follow‐up time 5.9 years) and for comorbid internalizing problems at T2.ResultsThe interaction between genotype and stress significantly predicted ADHD severity at T2 (p = .006), which was driven by the effect on hyperactivity–impulsivity (p = .004). Probing of the interaction effect made clear that S‐allele carriers had a significantly more positive correlation between stress and ADHD severity than L‐allele homozygotes.ConclusionThe results show that the interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and stress is a mechanism involved particularly in the hyperactivity/impulsivity dimension of ADHD, and that this is independent of comorbid internalizing problems. Further research into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this interaction effect is warranted.
A diffusion modeling approach to understanding contextual cueing effects in children with ADHD
Authors: Weigard Alexander , Huang‐Pollock Cynthia 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundStrong theoretical models suggest implicit learning deficits may exist among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).MethodWe examine implicit contextual cueing (CC) effects among children with ADHD (n = 72) and non‐ADHD Controls (n = 36).ResultsUsing Ratcliff's drift diffusion model, we found that among Controls, the CC effect is due to improvements in attentional guidance and to reductions in response threshold. Children with ADHD did not show a CC effect; although they were able to use implicitly acquired information to deploy attentional focus, they had more difficulty adjusting their response thresholds.ConclusionsImprovements in attentional guidance and reductions in response threshold together underlie the CC effect. Results are consistent with neurocognitive models of ADHD that posit subcortical dysfunction but intact spatial attention, and encourage the use of alternative data analytic methods when dealing with reaction time data.
Limited genomic consequences of mixed mating in the recently derived sister species pair,Collinsia concolorandCollinsia parryi
Authors: Salcedo A. , Kalisz S. , Wright S. I. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHighly selfing species often show reduced effective population sizes and reduced selection efficacy. Whether mixed mating species, which produce both self and outcross progeny, show similar patterns of diversity and selection remains less clear. Examination of patterns of molecular evolution and levels of diversity in species with mixed mating systems can be particularly useful for investigating the relative importance of linked selection and demographic effects on diversity and the efficacy of selection, as the effects of linked selection should be minimal in mixed mating populations, although severe bottlenecks tied to founder events could still be frequent. To begin to address this gap, we assembled and analysed the transcriptomes of individuals from a recently diverged mixed mating sister species pair in the self‐compatible genus,Collinsia. The de novo assembly of 52 and 37 MbpC. concolorandC. parryitranscriptomes resulted in ~40 000 and ~55 000 contigs, respectively, both with an average contig size ~945. We observed a high ratio of shared polymorphisms to fixed differences in the species pair and minimal differences between species in the ratio of synonymous to replacement substitutions or codon usage bias implying comparable effective population sizes throughout species divergence. Our results suggest that differences in effective population size and selection efficacy in mixed mating taxa shortly after their divergence may be minimal and are likely influenced by fluctuating mating systems and population sizes.
Dioecy is associated with higher diversification rates in flowering plants
Authors: Käfer J. , de Boer H. J. , Mousset S. , Kool A. , Dufay M. , Marais G. A. B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn angiosperms, dioecious clades tend to have fewer species than their nondioecious sister clades. This departure from the expected equal species richness in the standard sister clade test has been interpreted as implying that dioecious clades diversify less and has initiated a series of studies suggesting that dioecy might be an 'evolutionary dead end‘. However, two of us recently showed that the ‘equal species richness‘ null hypothesis is not valid in the case of derived char acters, such as dioecy, and proposed a new test for sister clade comparisons; preliminary results, using a data set available in the litterature, indicated that dioecious clades migth diversify more than expected. However, it is crucial for this new test to distinguish between ancestral and derived cases of dioecy, a criterion that was not taken into account in the available data set. Here, we present a new data set that was obtained by searching the phylogenetic literature on more than 600 completely dioecious angiosperm genera and identifying 115 sister clade pairs for which dioecy is likely to be derived (including > 50% of the dioecious species). Applying the new sister clade test to this new dataset, we confirm the preliminary result that dioecy is associated with an increased diversification rate, a result that does not support the idea that dioecy is an evolutionary dead end in angiosperms. The traits usually associated with dioecy, that is, an arborescent growth form, abiotic pollination, fleshy fruits or a tropical distribution, do not influence the diversification rate. Rather than a low diversification rate, the observed species richness patterns of dioecious clades seem to be better explained by a low transition rate to dioecy and frequent losses.
Late‐life and intergenerational effects of larval exposure to microbial competitors in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides
Authors: McLean A. H. C. , Arce A. N. , Smiseth P. T. , Rozen D. E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntergenerational effects can have either adaptive or nonadaptive impacts on offspring performance. Such effects are likely to be of ecological and evolutionary importance in animals with extended parental care, such as birds, mammals and some insects. Here, we studied the effects of exposure to microbial competition during early development on subsequent reproductive success in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, an insect with elaborate parental care. We found that exposure to high levels of microbial competition both during a female's larval development and during her subsequent reproduction resulted in females rearing smaller broods than those exposed to lower levels of microbial competition. To determine whether these differences arose before or after offspring hatching, a cross‐fostering experiment was conducted. Our results demonstrate that the impact of larval competition with microbes for resources extends into adult life and can negatively affect subsequent generations via impacts on the quality of parental care provided after hatching. However, we also find evidence for some positive effects of previous microbial exposure on prehatch investment, suggesting that the long‐term results of competition with microbes may include altering the balance of parental investment between prehatch and post‐hatch care.
The founding of Mauritian endemic coffee trees by a synchronous long‐distance dispersal event
Authors: Nowak M. D. , Haller B. C. , Yoder A. D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe stochastic process of long‐distance dispersal is the exclusive means by which plants colonize oceanic islands. Baker's rule posits that self‐incompatible plant lineages are unlikely to successfully colonize oceanic islands because they must achieve a coordinated long‐distance dispersal of sufficiently numerous individuals to establish an outcrossing founder population. Here, we show for the first time that Mauritian Coffea species are self‐incompatible and thus represent an exception to Baker's rule. The genus Coffea (Rubiaceae) is composed of approximately 124 species with a paleotropical distribution. Phylogenetic evidence strongly supports a single colonization of the oceanic island of Mauritius from either Madagascar or Africa. We employ Bayesian divergence time analyses to show that the colonization of Mauritius was not a recent event. We genotype S‐RNase alleles from Mauritian endemic Coffea, and using S‐allele gene genealogies, we show that the Mauritian allelic diversity is confined to just seven deeply divergent Coffea S‐RNase allelic lineages. Based on these data, we developed an individual‐based model and performed a simulation study to estimate the most likely number of founding individuals involved in the colonization of Mauritius. Our simulations show that to explain the observed S‐RNase allelic diversity, the founding population was likely composed of fewer than 31 seeds that were likely synchronously dispersed from an ancestral mainland species.
Life history, predation and flight initiation distance in a migratory bird
Authors: Møller A. P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLife‐history trade‐offs occur as a consequence of the compromise between maximization of different components such as the size and the number of clutches. Flight initiation distance (FID) potentially constitutes a general proximate factor influencing such trade‐offs reflecting the risks that individuals take. Therefore, greater investment in reproduction occurs at a higher risk of death, resulting in selection for efficient flight morphology. I analysed long‐term data onFIDin a population of barn swallowsHirundo rusticaduring 1984–2013 with 2196 records ofFIDfor 1789 individuals.FIDhad a repeatability of 0.62 (SE = 0.04) and a heritability of 0.48 (SE = 0.07).FIDvaried between individuals and sites, and it increased over time as climate ameliorated.FIDshowed a U‐shaped relationship with age, with young and very old individuals having the longestFIDs. Barn swallows that arrived early from spring migration, started to breed early and produced many fledglings had the longestFID. Individuals with the longest tails had the longestFID, and individuals with the shortest aspect ratios and wing loadings had the longestFID. Individuals that died from predation had shorterFIDthan survivors. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis thatFIDrelates directly to life history, with longerFIDs being associated with smaller levels of risk‐taking.