bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best linear unbiased prediction for genetic evaluation in reciprocal recurrent selection with popcorn populations
Authors: VIANA J. M. S. , MUNDIM G. B. , DELIMA R. O. , E SILVA F. F. , DE RESENDE M. D. V. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to present the theory and application of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS). Seven progeny tests from two RRS programmes with popcorn (Zea mays L. ssp. mays [syn. Zea mays L. ssp. everta (Sturtev.) Zhuk.]) populations were conducted and analysed for expansion volume and grain yield. The interpopulation half- and full-sib family models were fitted using ASReml software. Half-sib selection is equivalent to selection for the general combining ability (GCA) of the common parents. With inbred full-sib progeny and BLUP analysis, it is possible to predict the general and specific combining ability effects. The standard error of prediction of the progeny effect was lower than the standard deviation of the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) estimate. For half- and full-sib RRS, the BLUE and BLUP provided highly correlated estimates of progeny genotypic values. The coincidence between selected parents ranged from 64 to 95%. With inbred full-sib progeny, the correlations between the BLUE of progeny genotypic values and the BLUP of GCA effects were lower. Consequently, the coincidence between selected parents was lower, ranging from 0 to 57%. The percentage of common selected inbred progeny based on the BLUE and BLUP of the progeny genotypic value ranged from 57 to 100%.
Health Care Services Use in Assisted Living: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: McGrail Kimberlyn M. , Lilly Meredith B. , McGregor Margaret J. , Broemeling Anne-Marie , Salomons Kia , Peterson Sandra , McKendry Rachael , Barer Morris L. 
Published: May 2013

RÉSUMÉCet article décrit le modèle réglementaire de la Colombie-Britannique pour l’aide à la vie autonome et était basée sur une analyse des séries chronologiques qui a examiné l’utilisation individuelle des services de soins de santé avant et après leur arrivée en résidence-services. Les 4 219 résidents étudiés dans résidences assistées étaient vieilles et surtout des femmes, 73 pour cent d’entre eux ayant une ou plusieurs principales maladies chroniques. L’utilisation des services de soins de santé a eu la tendance à augmenter avant le passage à la vie autonome, de diminuer au moment du déménagement (notamment pour les médecins généralistes, les médecins spécialistes, et les soins actifs), et de rester faible au cours des 12 mois de la période suivie. Ces effets positifs apparents ne sont pas insignifiantes; la cohorte de 1 894 résidents de la vie assistée utilisaient moins de 18 000 jours de soins actifs dans l’année après, par rapport à l’année précédente, de leur déménagement. La recherche dans l’avenir devrait examiner si et comment aide à la vie autonome affecte à long terme les voies de soins de santé pour les personnes âgées et, finalement, comment leur fonction et la qualité de la vie sont touchés.
Biological soil crusts in continental Antarctica: Garwood Valley, southern Victoria Land, and Diamond Hill, Darwin Mountains region
Authors: Colesie Claudia , Gommeaux Maxime , Green T.G. Allan , Büdel Burkhard 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBiological soil crusts are associations of lichens, mosses, algae, cyanobacteria, microfungi and bacteria in different proportions forming a thin veneer within the top centimetres of soil surfaces. They occur in all biomes, but particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, even in the most extreme climates. They carry out crucial ecosystem functions, such as soil stabilization, influencing water and nutrient cycles, and contribute to the formation of microniches for heterotrophic life. In continental Antarctica especially, these roles are essential because no higher plants provide such ecosystem services. We provide a detailed description of biological soil crusts from Garwood Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys region (78°S) and Diamond Hill (80°S) in the Darwin Mountains region. The coverage was low at 3.3% and 0.8% of the soil surface. At Garwood Valley the crusts were composed of green algal lichens, cyanobacteria, several species of green algae and the mossHennediella heimii(Hedw.) R.H. Zander. Diamond Hill crusts appear to be unique in not having any species of cyanobacteria. Major parts are embedded in the soil, and their thickness correlates with higher chlorophyll contents, higher soil organic carbon and nitrogen, which are fundamental components of this species poor cold desert zone.
Characterization of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Targets Using PIXE, RBS, and STIM Analysis
Authors: Li Yongqiang , Liu Xue , Li Xinyi , Liu Yiyang , Zheng Yi , Wang Min , Shen Hao 
Published: May 2013

AbstractQuality control of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target in the laser fusion program is vital to ensure that energy deposition from the lasers results in uniform compression and minimization of Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. The technique of nuclear microscopy with ion beam analysis is a powerful method to provide characterization of ICF targets. Distribution of elements, depth profile, and density image of ICF targets can be identified by particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and scanning transmission ion microscopy. We present examples of ICF target characterization by nuclear microscopy at Fudan University in order to demonstrate their potential impact in assessing target fabrication processes.
A critical review and re-assessment of theories of smallholder decision-making: a case of conservation agriculture households, Zambia
Authors: Umar Bridget Bwalya 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDifferent theories have been posited that try to explain the decision-making process of smallholders especially regarding the adoption of new technologies or new agricultural techniques. The objective of this paper is to review and re-assess the dominant household production theories to explain the decision making of smallholders practicing conservation agriculture (CA) in the southern, eastern, and central provinces of Zambia. It also discusses the potential role of CA toward economic development. It finds that the CA smallholders studied did not aim to maximize profits but tried to secure household consumption from their own production before any other considerations in risky and uncertain environments. Their response to economic incentives was contingent on minimizing risks associated with securing a minimum level of livelihood and investing into local forms of insurance. This paper concludes that the ability for CA to contribute to rural livelihoods and economic development would depend on how adequately the factors that hinder smallholder agricultural development in general are addressed.
Community transcriptomic assembly reveals microbes that contribute to deep-sea carbon and nitrogen cycling
Authors: Baker Brett J , Sheik Cody S , Taylor Chris A , Jain Sunit , Bhasi Ashwini , Cavalcoli James D , Dick Gregory J 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The deep ocean is an important component of global biogeochemical cycles because it contains one of the largest pools of reactive carbon and nitrogen on earth. However, the microbial communities that drive deep-sea geochemistry are vastly unexplored. Metatranscriptomics offers new windows into these communities, but it has been hampered by reliance on genome databases for interpretation. We reconstructed the transcriptomes of microbial populations from Guaymas Basin, in the deep Gulf of California, through shotgun sequencing and de novo assembly of total community RNA. Many of the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) contiguous sequences contain multiple genes, reflecting co-transcription of operons, including those from dominant members. Also prevalent were transcripts with only limited representation (2.8 times coverage) in a corresponding metagenome, including a considerable portion (1.2 Mb total assembled mRNA sequence) with similarity (96%) to a marine heterotroph, Alteromonas macleodii. This Alteromonas and euryarchaeal marine group II populations displayed abundant transcripts from amino-acid transporters, suggesting recycling of organic carbon and nitrogen from amino acids. Also among the most abundant mRNAs were catalytic subunits of the nitrite oxidoreductase complex and electron transfer components involved in nitrite oxidation. These and other novel genes are related to novel Nitrospirae and have limited representation in accompanying metagenomic data. High throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and rRNA read counts confirmed that Nitrospirae are minor yet widespread members of deep-sea communities. These results implicate a novel bacterial group in deep-sea nitrite oxidation, the second step of nitrification. This study highlights metatranscriptomic assembly as a valuable approach to study microbial communities.
The Continued Care of Pregnant Women Receiving Opiate Substitution Treatment by Midwives
Authors: Messaadi Nassir , Pansu Aymeric , Evezard Helyette , Debrabant Sévérine , Deruelle Philippe , Cottencin Olivier 
Published: May 2013

Background The care of pregnant women receiving opiate substitution treatment (OST) is generally provided by a variety of health care professionals. Midwives working in prenatal consultations take part in this continued care and may meet with their patients several times throughout the pregnancy, which can have a tremendous impact on monitoring. The purpose of the study was to determine whether midwives are used to accompanying women taking OST and to determine their level of knowledge and investment in this area. Methods One hundred fifty-nine midwives working in prenatal consultations in Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing received a questionnaire with 21 questions. Results One hundred ten surveys were collected and analyzed. The majority (103) of the midwives were attending pregnant women taking OST. They were familiar with the effects of heroin on pregnancy but were not familiar with the management of OST. Conclusions The training of these professionals is important in risk reduction, and they should know the management of OST. All of the midwives requested specific training.
The Case for Clinical Management of Neuroenhancement in Young People
Authors: Singh Ilina , Kelleher Kelly 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter defends that over time, stimulants and other neuroenhancers will increasingly be used to enhance young people’s cognitive and behavioural functioning, alongside growing general public acceptability of neuroenhancers as tools to improve academic, social and workplace performance. The chapter focuses on the most common current neuroenhancers used in young people – stimulant drugs. The chapter outlines the key social and ethical concerns raised by the use of stimulant drugs for enhancement in young people, and makes specific research, practice and policy recommendations. The chapter also suggests a rationale for clinical management of psychotropic neuroenhancers in young people, attending closely to the necessary boundaries on such practice asserted by structural and clinical factors, as well as by potential ethical conflicts. This outline and the subsequent rationale for management focuses on stimulants, but it can serve as a template for novel neuroenhancers that reach the child market.
Neuroimaging in Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: Farah Martha J. , Gillihan Seth J. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Diagnoses in psychiatry are based entirely on behavioral, not biological, criteria: though a small number of practitioners use functional brain imaging as a diagnostic tool, most psychiatrists believe that imaging has no role beyond potential medically apparent causes of a patient’s condition and make no use of this resource for routine clinical care. Although biological psychiatry has had a huge impact on the overall field since the 1960s, some tools are privileged over others. This chapter considers the plausibility and potential of imaging techniques as an aid for diagnosing, categorizing, and treating psychiatric illness by considering SPECT clinics, DSM classifications (and limitations), patient receptiveness, and other current developments. It evaluates to what extent neuroimaging can act as diagnostic agent, predictor of incipient illness, and even cure unto itself.
Remaking Urban Economies
Authors: Zimmer Oliver 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the remaking of economic life as a struggle fought out between different sections within the urban economy that subscribed to competing spatial visions. Some envisaged their town as the result of a journey, whilst others imagined it as a well-ordered place. The remaking of urban economies took place in a competitive climate, one in which town authorities and the wider public drew on available statistical information to compare themselves with their closest rivals.
Citizens and Residents
Authors: Zimmer Oliver 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practice of municipal citizenship. Whereas economic liberalization favoured uncontrolled movement, municipal citizenship offered a means to contain the dynamics that the liberal economy had unleashed. Many regarded it as a bulwark of urban territoriality as they understood it—as a promise that the town in which they earned their livelihood would continue to exist as a meaningful place, grounded in a set of rules and conventions. Even urban liberals, many of whom advocated reforms in the economic sphere, often imagined the civic life of their towns in terms of a place based on differential status.
The evolutionary origin of multimodal synchronization and emotional expression
Authors: Mortillaro Marcello , Mehu Marc , Scherer Klaus R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEmotions are defined as dynamic episodes characterized by a high degree of coordination between several organismic subsystems in the interest of optimal adaptation to relevant events. We argue that the constitutive feature of emotions, synchronization of response channels, is linked to the evolutionary origin of emotional expressions by suggesting that it is an essential aspect of spontaneous affect expressions in animals and humans. The significance of this mechanism to the signalling function in emotional expression communication is explored. In particular, the importance of the perception of a sender’s authenticity in speech communication and music is highlighted. These theoretical notions are then exemplified with a concrete illustration from ongoing research.
Primate precursors to human language: Beyond discontinuity
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe human capacity to acquire language requires multiple, separable mechanisms, including the ability to produce, perceive and learn complex signals and the ability to interpret and control these signals depending on current context and prior knowledge. To understand the evolution of human language, we need to understand which of these capabilities were already present in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and which evolved later. Because language does not fossilize, we must rely mainly upon comparative data from living animals to address these issues. Fortunately, recent years have seen considerable advances in our understanding of animal vocal communication, especially regarding signal production and context-dependent signal interpretation. These observations deny any simplistic dichotomy of continuity versus discontinuity between human spoken language and vocal communication in other primates, highlighting the need to consider each of many independent language components separately. In some cases new data demand a reinterpretation of long-held beliefs about the similarities and differences between humans and other primates. Future progress will require us to move beyond dichotomous debates regarding continuity, and to analyze the multiple mechanisms underlying language from a rigorous, comparative perspective.
Vocalizations as indicators of emotional states in rats and cats
Authors: Brudzynski Stefan M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTwo mesolimbic tegmental systems are involved in the initiation and maintenance of two basic emotional states. The ascending cholinergic system can initiate a negative state with accompanying autonomic and somatic symptoms, and the ascending dopaminergic system can initiates a positive state also with characteristic physiological changes. These organismal states, including the relevant emotional states, are signaled by vocalization to conspecifics. Emission of the state-characteristic vocalization has adaptive value for individuals living in social groups. As shown for cats and rats, negative, alarming/threatening vocalizations are initiated by release of acetylcholine in the medial cholinoceptive vocalization strip (i.e., a limited strip of brain tissue, from which vocalization can be induced by cholinomimetics). The vocalizations are characterized by a low and relatively constant sound frequency and long duration of individual calls. Positive, appetitive calls are initiated by release of dopamine in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, and at least in rats, are characterized by high and often modulated sound frequency and short duration of individual calls. High repeatability of relevant acoustic features of positive or negative vocalizations makes them useful indices of animal emotional states.
Vocal affect expression: Problems and promises
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe voice has been regarded as ‘the mirror of the soul’, and interest in how the voice might convey emotions has increased in recent years, along with attempts to develop applications that involve speech synthesis and speech recognition. Still, the expected commercial breakthrough of these devices has not yet occurred partly because of the neglect of affect. Hence, to better understand vocal affect expression is an essential task in both basic and applied research. The aim of the present chapter is to discuss some of the promises and problems of this exciting field of research. The chapter is divided into two sections: The first offers a brief review of the ‘traditional’ approach to vocal expression. This serves to illustrate both the progress that has been made and the problems that remain. The second section considers a set of ‘key challenges’ in the field and proposes possible ways forward. The chapter concludes with a tentative agenda for future research
Introduction
Authors: Mendez Mario 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the growing use of treaties as a mechanism for governing an increasingly interdependent world — a trend that is expected to continue unabated. The executive and legislative branches are in the best position to ensure that the State's treaty commitments are respected domestically. Courts, however, also have an increasingly important role to play in giving effect to this form of ‘universal legislation’. This book explores the legal status accorded to EU Agreements as refracted through the lens of EU law. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
The Legal Effects of Treaties in Domestic Legal Orders and the Role of Domestic Courts
Authors: Mendez Mario 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the general stance of international law and domestic legal orders regarding the legal effects of treaties in the domestic legal arena. It shows that international law continues to have remarkably little to say on the issue of the domestic legal effects of treaties, with the basic rule remaining in place that States are free to determine how they meet their treaty obligations. And States remain reluctant to draft treaties that restrict this free rein and that seek expressly to accord domestic courts a judicial enforcement role. The chapter is organized as follows. The first section addresses the requirements imposed by international law as to the legal effects to be accorded to treaties in domestic legal orders. The second looks at the basic dichotomy in approach at the domestic constitutional level to giving legal effect to treaties. The final section briefly revisits two opposing theoretical constructs used to conceptualize the legal effects accorded to international law (particularly as employed in the treaty setting) before offering some more general reflections pertaining to the role of domestic courts in treaty enforcement.
The Association, Cooperation, Partnership, and Trade Agreements Before the EU Courts: Embracing Maximalist Treaty Enforcement?
Authors: Mendez Mario 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines EU case law concerning EU Agreements in order redress an existing gap in the literature whereby particular EU Trade Agreement judgments are singled out for praise or criticism without situating them within the broader framework of the case law. The first part of the chapter assesses preliminary rulings, where the bulk of EU Court activity has occurred (131 cases). The second considers direct actions, that is, actions commencing and terminating before the EU Courts in Luxembourg (53 cases).
The GATT and WTO Before the EU Courts: Judicial Avoidance Techniques or a Case Apart?
Authors: Mendez Mario 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines EU case law on the legal effects of GATT and WTO norms in the EU legal order. The first section assesses GATT-era case law and provides a corrective to the largely one-sided and revisionist accounts that fail to show a sufficiently nuanced understanding of the nature of the GATT or the implications of general domestic legal review in relation to its norms. The second section provides an assessment of WTO-era case law which also witnessed the emergence of a principled stance against review.
General Introduction
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the motivations, terminology used, and method and plan of the present study. The study is dedicated to an analysis of the law (or lex causae) applied to the merits in arbitration proceedings between foreign investors and host states. More specifically, the focus is placed on the interplay between national and international law as evidenced mainly by the tribunals' choice-of-law methodology employed in awards and decisions. The study also considers such interplay in light of relevant national and international legal instruments, jurisprudence, and scholarship.
The Primary Applicability of National Law and the Role of International Law
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the three factors that may lead to the primary application of national law: an agreement by the disputing parties to apply national law; considerations of host state sovereignty; and the national nature of the claim. National law will primarily apply when the parties have so agreed, or because of considerations of the host state's sovereign right to regulate activities on its territory. A more neutral choice-of-law determinant than state sovereignty is the nature of the claim. Thus, if the ‘essential basis’ of the claim is national in nature, such as is the case regarding claims for breach of contract, national law primarily applies. When investment tribunals apply national law to the merits of the dispute for any of the foregoing reasons, they could be seen to take on the role of agents of the national legal order in question in a way converse to how national courts are agents of the international legal order when they apply international law. International law may still play a role when the applicable national legal order contains gaps.