bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the reliability of deep learning-based head and neck tumour segmentation using uncertainty estimation with multi-modal images
Authors: Ren Jintao , Teuwen Jonas , Nijkamp Jasper , Rasmussen Mathis , Gouw Zeno , Grau Eriksen Jesper , Sonke Jan-Jakob , Korreman Stine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. Deep learning shows promise in autosegmentation of head and neck cancer (HNC) primary tumours (GTV-T) and nodal metastases (GTV-N). However, errors such as including non-tumour regions or missing nodal metastases still occur. Conventional methods often make overconfident predictions, compromising reliability. Incorporating uncertainty estimation, which provides calibrated confidence intervals can address this issue. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy of various uncertainty estimation methods in improving segmentation reliability. We evaluated their confidence levels in voxel predictions and ability to reveal potential segmentation errors. Approach. We retrospectively collected data from 567 HNC patients with diverse cancer sites and multi-modality images (CT, PET, T1-, and T2-weighted MRI) along with their clinical GTV-T/N delineations. Using the nnUNet 3D segmentation pipeline, we compared seven uncertainty estimation methods, evaluating them based on segmentation accuracy (Dice similarity coefficient, DSC), confidence calibration (Expected Calibration Error, ECE), and their ability to reveal segmentation errors (Uncertainty-Error overlap using DSC, UE-DSC). Main results. Evaluated on the hold-out test dataset (n = 97), the median DSC scores for GTV-T and GTV-N segmentation across all uncertainty estimation methods had a narrow range, from 0.73 to 0.76 and 0.78 to 0.80, respectively. In contrast, the median ECE exhibited a wider range, from 0.30 to 0.12 for GTV-T and 0.25 to 0.09 for GTV-N. Similarly, the median UE-DSC also ranged broadly, from 0.21 to 0.38 for GTV-T and 0.22 to 0.36 for GTV-N. A probabilistic network—PhiSeg method consistently demonstrated the best performance in terms of ECE and UE-DSC. Significance. Our study highlights the importance of uncertainty estimation in enhancing the reliability of deep learning for autosegmentation of HNC GTV. The results show that while segmentation accuracy can be similar across methods, their reliability, measured by calibration error and uncertainty-error overlap, varies significantly. Used with visualisation maps, these methods may effectively pinpoint uncertainties and potential errors at the voxel level.
Improving CZTS/ZTO solar cell efficiency with inorganic BSF layers
Authors: Chargui Taoufik , Lmai Fatima , Al-Hattab Mohamed , Rahmani Khalid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) thin-film solar cells have garnered significant attention in the solar energy sector. This study aims to enhance the performance of CZTS solar cells by replacing the conventional, toxic CdS buffer layer with

Z

n

1
−
x

S

n

x

O

(ZTO) for x = 0.2. Utilizing the one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) and informed by experimental data on the physical properties of the solar cell layers, we investigated the effects of thickness, doping density, and defect density of the CZTS absorber layer on the cell’s performance. Initially, an efficiency of 14.76% was achieved. To improve this efficiency, an inorganic back surface field (BSF) layer was incorporated to mitigate charge carrier recombination at the absorber/back contact metal interface. Various materials, including CuO,

C

u

2

O

, Mo

S

2

and Mo

S

e

2

, were evaluated as potential BSF layers. Comparative analysis indicated that the inclusion of the BSF layer significantly enhances the solar cell efficiency, achieving up to 27% with

C

u

2

O

as the BSF material. Furthermore, the study included an analysis of temperature effects and parasitic resistances to comprehensively assess the solar cell’s performance.
The nontrivial effects of annealing on superconducting properties of Nb single crystals
Authors: Datta Amlan , Joshi Kamal R , Berti Giulia , Ghimire Sunil , Goerdt Aidan , Tanatar Makariy A , Schlagel Deborah L , Besser Matthew F , Jing Dapeng , Kramer Matthew J , Iavarone Maria , Prozorov Ruslan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe effect of annealing on the superconducting properties of niobium single crystals was studied using optical, magnetic, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) methods. Pieces of the same crystal boule were studied before and after the annealing at 800 ∘C, 1400 ∘C, and near the melting point of niobium (2477 ∘C). The initial samples had a high hydrogen content and low-temperature imaging revealed large hydrides (hundreds of micrometers) appearing below 190 K. The formation of these large precipitates is already completely suppressed by annealing at 800 ∘C. However, the overall superconducting properties of the annealed samples did not improve and, in fact, worsened. In particular, the superconducting transition temperature decreased, the upper critical field increased, and the pinning strength increased. In the STM study, the sample was annealed initially at 400 ∘C, measured, annealed at 1700 ∘C, and measured again. The STM revealed a ‘dirty’ superconducting gap with a significant spatial variation in tunneling conductance after annealing at 400 ∘C. The clean gap was recovered after annealing at 1700 ∘C. This is likely due to oxygen redistribution near the surface, which is always covered by oxide layers in as-grown crystals. Our results indicate that vacuum annealing at least up to 1400 ∘C, while removing a large percentage of hydrogen, introduces additional nanosized defects, likely hydride precipitates, that act as efficient pair-breaking and pinning centers. The dimensionless scattering rate is estimated to have increased fromΓ=0.2to aboutΓ=0.4after annealing at 1400 ∘C. These results on single crystals differ drastically from those obtained in polycrystalline bulk niobium (i.e. cut from superconducting radio-frequency cavities), where annealing is known to have a significant positive effect that is attributed to the improvement of the crystalline structure masking the more subtle influence of the hydrides.
Soliton sheets of Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices
Authors: Wang Shu-Song , Zhang Su-Ying 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Soliton sheets are observed in Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattice which are formed by superposition of condensates occupying different single-particle states. These structures consist of one-dimensional stationary solitons distributed in the x-direction arranged continuously along the peaks of the optical lattice in the y-direction. Notably, the phase difference across the soliton sheets is periodic and varies linearly with y within each period. So, we refer to this configuration as a ‘soliton sheet’. A velocity difference in the y-component is observed between the two sides of the soliton sheets. Similar velocity distributions can be achieved by aligning an infinite number of isotropic vortices along the peaks of the optical lattice. And the soliton sheets are distinguished by their lack of dependence on phase singularities. This independence enables the formation of soliton sheets even in the absence of phase singularities, highlighting a unique aspect of this structure.
Bessel beams generation with biphase transition of vanadium dioxide metasurface
Authors: Bo Hu , Wang Zhijian , Zhifang Qiu , Xinning Yu , Wang Xiaogang , Kaikai Huang , Mingli Sun , Xu Bijun 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Bessel beams are highly attractive due to their non-diffraction properties, parallel processing capabilities, and large capacity. However, conventional methods for generating Bessel beams, such as using spatial light modulators, axicons, and diffraction optical elements, face limitations in terms of system complexity, bulkiness, low uniformity, and limited numerical aperture (NA). In this work, we exploited the phase change material vanadium dioxide (VO2) to generate both transmitted and reflected Bessel beams. Moreover, the self-healing property of Bessel beams was verified. Our results reveal that VO2 in the insulating state achieves a transmittance of 85% in the transmitting mode, while VO2 in the metallic state exhibits a reflection efficiency of 77% in the reflecting mode. This performance indicates the potential applications in efficient switchable metasurfaces.
A robust integrated navigation optimization method for USV in signal occlusion environment
Authors: Lou Naiyuan , Liu Wei , Hu Yuan , Wang Shengzheng , Han Bing 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) can use global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and inertial navigation systems (INS) for combined positioning and navigation. However, buildings such as port facilities and bridges blocking GNSS signals will increase the error in the discriminator output in the GNSS vector tracking loop and reduce positioning accuracy. Meanwhile, due to the cumulative error in the inertial navigation system, the credibility of the navigation results when the signal is blocked is further reduced. In this regard, this study proposes a robust integrated navigation optimization method. Specifically, the RTS smoothing optimized Kalman filter is used to constrain the carrier phase error and code phase error output by the discriminator, which can dynamically adjust the gain of the vector tracking loop, thereby improving the signal tracking capability. Simultaneously, the prediction results of the gated recurrent unit (GRU) network optimized based on the attention mechanism are combined with the inertial navigation system to improve navigation accuracy. Furthermore, an adaptive Kalman filter is utilized as the integrated navigation filter. The actual path of the carrier refers to the navigation solution of the existing receiver. In the open environment, the proposed optimization method reduces horizontal positioning error and speed error by 44.7% and 37.1% respectively compared with existing methods. Simultaneously, it can effectively improve the robustness of positioning in signal obstruction environments. The proposed integrated navigation method provides new possibilities for optimizing USV navigation solutions.
Density profiles in stellarators: an overview of particle transport, fuelling and profile shaping studies at TJ-II
Authors: Alonso J.A. , Alegre D. , Alonso J. , Antón R. , Arias-Camisón A. , Ascasíbar E. , Baciero A. , Barcala J.M. , Barnes M. , Blanco E. , Bueno L. , Bustos A. , Cabrera S. , de la Cal E. , Calvo I. , Cappa A. , Carralero D. , Carrasco R. , Carreras B. , Castro R. , de Castro A. , Cebrián L. , Chamorro M. , Chmyga A.A. , Colino P. , Duque J. , Escoto F.J. , Estrada T. , Fernández A. , Fraguas J. , Fontdecaba J.M. , Gabriel A. , García L. , García-Cortés I. , García-Gómez R. , García-Regaña J.M. , Godino-Sedano G. , Gómez-Manchón J. , González A. , González-Jerez A. , Guisse V. , Hernández-Sánchez J. , Hernanz J. , Hidalgo C. , Ivanova P. , Jiménez-Denche A. , Jiménez-Rey D. , Kocsis G. , Koepke M. , Kozachek A.S. , Lapayese F. , Liniers M. , López D. , López-Bruna D. , López-Miranda B. , de la Luna E. , Maragkoudakis E. , Martín-Díaz F. , Martín-Gómez G. , Martínez-Fernández J. , McCarthy K.J. , Medina F. , Medina-Roque D. , Medrano M. , Méndez P. , Miguel F.J. , van Milligen B. , Molinero A. , Motojima G. , Mulas S. , Navarro M. , Nedzelskiy I. , Nuñez R. , Ochando M. , Oyarzábal E. , de Pablos J.L. , Palomares F. , Panadero N. , Parra F.I. , Pastor C. , Pastor I. , de la Peña A. , Peralta R. , Pereira A. , Pons-Villalonga P. , Portas A.B. , Poveda E. , Ramos F.J. , Rattá G.A. , Redondo M. , Reynoso C. , Rincón E. , de la Riva J. , Rodríguez-Fernández C. , Ros A. , Sánchez E. , Sánchez J. , Sánchez-Sarabia E. , Sebastián J.A. , Solano E.R. , Soleto A. , Szepesi T. , Tabarés F.L. , Tafalla D. , Takahashi H. , Tamura N. , Thienpondt H. , Tolkachev A. , Tribaldos V. , Unamuno R. , Varela J. , Vega J. , Velasco J.L. , Voldiner I. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We provide an overview of activities carried out at the TJ-II stellarator for improving our understanding of- and developing plasma physics models for particle density profiles in stellarators. Namely, we report on recent progress in turbulent particle transport simulation, validation of pellet deposition models, density profile shaping for performance control and new experimental techniques for edge turbulence and plasma-neutral interaction.
Interpretive modeling of tungsten divertor leakage during experiments with neon gas seeding
Authors: Parsons Matthew S. , Sinclair Gregory , Abrams Tyler , Byrne Patrick , Chrystal Colin , Effenberg Florian , Herfindal Jeffrey L. , Odstrcil Tomas , Wilcox Robert S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Many existing and future tokamaks with tungsten divertors operate, or will operate, with low-Z impurity seeding, but the direct effect of these seeded impurities on tungsten Scrape-off-Layer (SOL) transport has not been explored in detail. This paper reports on a DIII-D experiment designed to test how tungsten divertor leakage from the Small-Angle Slot V-Shaped, tungsten-coated divertor is impacted by neon seeding at a variety of injection rates and poloidal injection locations. Measurements from the experiment show an inverse relationship between the neon injection rate and the tungsten core penetration factor. Interpretive modeling is performed with a combination of the SOLPS-ITER and DIVIMP codes to assess the underlying tungsten behavior. The modeling results show that the reduction in tungsten divertor leakage is driven by both an increase in the divertor collisionality as well as a reduction in the ion temperature gradient near the divertor target. Collisions between low-Z impurities and tungsten impurities are found to have a significant impact on the tungsten SOL transport, such that ignoring the low-Z impurity collisional effects on the tungsten transport can result in an overestimate of the divertor leakage by an order-of-magnitude. Given the importance of these localized interactions, neon seeding from the closed, slot-like divertor has a clear advantage in being able to reduce tungsten divertor leakage without the high levels of neon core contamination that occur when seeding from other poloidal locations.
Exploring the suppression methods of helium-induced damage in tungsten by investigating the interaction between beryllium and helium
Authors: Zhou Hong-Bo , Li Jin-Liang , Lin Chaoxiang , Zhai Ya-Xin , Yang Zhangcan , Li Yu-Hao , Niu Yu-Ze , Ma Hui-Zhi , Lu Guang-Hong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Helium (He)-induced damage is a sensitive concern for the performance of tungsten plasma facing materials (W-PFMs). Recent experiments have revealed that trace impurities in He plasma can effectively prevent the formation of He bubbles and fuzz on W surfaces. To explore its plausibility and underlying mechanism, we performed a multiscale computational study that combines density functional theory calculations and object kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the effects of a small quantity of beryllium (Be) on the evolution of He bubbles. It is found that there is a strong attractive interaction between He and Be, which can be attributed to the decrease in electron density and the lattice distortion induced by embedded Be atoms. Therefore, the co-implantation of Be continuously introduces trapping centers for He. Due to the low implantation depth and high migration energy of Be, the Be atoms are located close to the surface, leading to the trapping of the majority of He within the near-surface region and the development of a shielding layer for He permeation. The presence of Be facilitates the dispersion of the trapped He, skewing the He clusters into smaller sizes. More importantly, the Be trapping centers bring the He clusters closer to the surface, significantly increasing the probability of bubble bursting and the release of He back to the vacuum. This ultimately leads to a lower retention of He in the case of He + Be co-irradiation, compared with the case of He-only irradiation. Consequently, our findings elucidate the suppressive effect of a low flux of Be atoms on the growth of He bubbles, highlighting the need to focus on synergetic effects between plasma species.
Counteracting sawtooth crash effects via fluctuation-induced inward transport in HL-2A NBI plasma
Authors: Wu Jie , Lan Tao , Ding Weixing , Wu Jiaren , Xu Min , Nie Lin , Chen Wei , Jiang Min , Huang Zhihui , Yi Kaiyang , Wu Na , Wang Weice , Zou Qian , Long Ting , Yuan Boda , Yu Liming , Yu Yi , Ke Rui , Xu Hangqi , Lu Pengcheng , Wang Tianxiong , Dong Qilong , Zhou Yongkang , Cai Hu , Deng Peng , Wang Xingkang , Bai Zeqi , Huang Yuhua , Chen Chen , Mao Wenzhe , Zhou Chu , Liu Ahdi , Wu Zhengwei , Xie Jinlin , Zhong Wulv , Duan Xuru , Liu Wandong , Zhuang Ge 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Langmuir probe observed an increase in density and floating potential fluctuations after the sawtooth crash at the edge of HL-2A neutral beam injection heated plasma. This process initiates fluctuating-induced radial inward particle transport once the plasma enters a period with strong sawtooth crash. The inward transport comprises broad-band fluctuations with varying scales, which occur uniquely in the immediate aftermath of the sawtooth crash-driven outflow, signifying a transient phenomenon confined to that specific interval. These results demonstrate that the sawtooth crash can significantly impact edge turbulence by modifying electrostatic fluctuations. This modification changes the direction of electric fluctuation-induced particle transport, thereby reducing the influence of the intense sawtooth crash-driven outflow. Furthermore, the observations support the existence of a damping mechanism for the outflow during the formation of inward flux after the sawtooth crash, which may be associated with the recovery process of sawtooth cycle.
Numerical analysis of tulip flame by dynamic mode decomposition
Authors: Joarder Ratan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Inversion of a premixed flame front to the shape of a tulip flower during the last stage of its propagation in a channel or tube of aspect ratio (AR) greater than two has intrigued the scientific community for decades. In the present work, the tulip inversion of hydrogen-air premixed flame is simulated numerically in two dimensional domains of AR 7.32, and 3.66. Dynamic Mode Decomposition is carried out on the two-dimensional pressure distribution obtained from the numerical simulation to understand the reasons behind the flame inversion. A plot of real and imaginary components of the eigenvalues over a unit circle clearly showed the presence of unstable acoustic modes during the tulip inversion for the domain of AR 7.32. The tulip inversion is not observed for the domain of AR 3.66. The distribution of the power and frequency of various modes are also plotted to identify the unstable modes. The present study shows generation of additional pressure waves during the tulip inversion process, which in term creates a velocity field that facilitates the flame inversion process.
Precedent and Open Texture
Authors: Horty John 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a semantic account of open-textured predicates, particularly in the law, but also in language more broadly. The central idea is that judgments involving open-textured predicates are evaluated against a background set of previous authoritative decisions involving these predicates, which then constrain later applications in just the way that precedent cases constrain later decisions in the common law. In developing this idea, the paper relies on the “reason model” of precedential constraint, derived directly from recent research in artificial intelligence and law as well as previous work by Grant Lamond. According to the reason model, what matters about a precedent case is the court’s assessment of importance among the competing reasons presented by that case, which is represented as a priority ordering among these reasons. Later courts are then constrained simply to respect the priority ordering on reasons established by earlier decisions.
Constructive Responses to Bell’s Theorem
Authors: Stuckey W M , Silberstein Michael , McDevitt Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides brief summaries of some popular constructive accounts of entanglement: Many-Worlds, superdeterminism, Bohmian mechanics, supermeasured theory, and retrocausality. It also introduces: relational quantum mechanics; complementary variables; and the relationship between dynamical laws, conservation principles, and entanglement.
Mystery Solved: Oh, the Irony
Authors: Stuckey W M , Silberstein Michael , McDevitt Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 uses the ‘average-only’ projection for a qubit found in Chapter 6 to derive ‘average-only’ conservation for qubits entangled in Bell states. This is then used to derive the joint probabilities for particles entangled in Bell states, which map immediately to the mysterious facts of the Mermin device. Therefore, Mermin’s challenge is answered via ‘average-only’ conservation per NPRF. The symmetry of ‘average-only’ conservation in Bell states (highlighted in Chapter 0) is compared to the symmetry of length contraction and time dilation in the relativity of simultaneity for SR. So, contrary to popular opinion, QM and SR are more than compatible, they are both derived from NPRF such that their mysteries display the same kind of reference frame symmetry. The third experiment for the Poincaré symmetric ontology (photon polarization) is explained.
Monumental Ephemera: British Sculpture in the Arctic, Icebergs in London, an Inuit Map
Authors: Cheetham Mark A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Arctic fascinated Londoners in the nineteenth century in panoramas, paintings and sculptures, voyage narratives and—tragically—transplanted Inuit. What has not been fully examined are the little-known amateur ‘snow sculptures’ of Britannia and other imperial figures made on a monumental scale in the Arctic in the early 1850s, when hundreds of sailors were searching for the lost 1845 Franklin expedition. Comparable with this crossing in sculpture is the amalgamation in one Parliamentary chart of an anonymous Inuk’s drawing of Franklin’s ships in the ice with a rendering of the area approved by the Admiralty. While these chiasmic interactions map a circuit of exchange, they also lack a centre. The most conspicuous absence in the Arctic was John Franklin, his crew and his two recently-recovered ships. In England, what was never ‘fixed’ was the idea of the Arctic.
Total syntheses of borolithochromes H1, H2, I1, and I2
Authors: Kirita Kanade , Matsumoto Hirotake , Endo Gaku , Inoue Keisuke , Hosokawa Seijiro 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Total syntheses of borolithochromes H1, H2, I1, and I2, the red pigments isolated from fossils of Jurassic putative red alga Solenopora jurassica, have been achieved. The naphthoquinone possessing a chiral sec-butyl side chain has been synthesized from (S)-2-methylbutanol. The Diels-Alder reaction of the chiral naphthoquinone and the previously reported diene was followed by one pot S-methylation/intramolecular Corey-Chaykovsky reaction/epoxide rearrangement to provide the benzo[gh]tetraphene skeleton. Complexation of the resulting ligand with trimethyl borate and the following O-demethylation furnished a 1:1 mixture of borolithochromes I1 and I2, which were separated by HPLC using CHIRALPAK IC® to afford optically pure borolithochromes I1 (6) and I2 (7). On the other hand, borolithochromes H1 and H2 were not separated by HPLC in our laboratory. Fortunately, the mixture of the methyl ethers of borolithochromes H1 and H2 were separated and O-demethylation with magnesium iodide furnished optically pure borolithochromes H1 (4) and H2 (5).