bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracranial pressure monitoring
Authors: Abraham Mary , Singhal Vasudha 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBrain specific monitoring enables detection and prevention of secondary cerebral insults, especially in the injured brain, thereby preventing permanent neurological damage. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is widely used in various neurological, neurosurgical and even medical conditions, both intraoperatively and in critical care, to improve patient outcome. It is especially useful in patients with traumatic brain injury, as a robust predictor of cerebral perfusion, and can help to guide therapy and assess long-term prognosis. Intraventricular catheters remain the gold standard for ICP monitoring, as they are the most reliable, accurate and cost-effective, and allow therapeutic cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Newer fibreoptic catheter tip and microchip transducer techniques have revolutionised ICP monitoring, with their ease of insertion in patients with narrow ventricles, and reduced risk of infection and haemorrhage. Furthermore, non-invasive methods of ICP monitoring, such as transcranial Doppler, optic nerve sheath diameter, etc., have emerged as promising techniques for screening patients with raised ICP in settings where invasive techniques are either not feasible (patients with severe coagulopathy) or not available (setups without access to a neurosurgeon). Therefore, ICP monitoring, as a part of multi-modality neuromonitoring, is a useful tool in the armamentarium of the neuro-intensivist in decreasing morbidity and mortality of critically ill neurological patients.
Near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Jain Virendra , Dash Hari 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTissue ischaemia can be a significant contributor to increased morbidity and mortality. Conventional oxygenation monitoring modalities measure systemic oxygenation, but regional tissue oxygenation is not monitored. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive monitor for measuring regional oxygen saturation which provides real-time information. There has been increased interest in the clinical application of NIRS following numerous studies that show improved outcome in various clinical situations especially cardiac surgery. Its use has shown improved neurological outcome and decreased postoperative stay in cardiac surgery. Its usefulness has been investigated in various high risk surgeries such as carotid endarterectomy, thoracic surgeries, paediatric population and has shown promising results. There is however, limited data supporting its role in neurosurgical population. We strongly feel, it might play a key role in future. It has significant advantages over other neuromonitoring modalities, but more technological advances are needed before it can be used more widely into clinical practice.
Jugular venous oximetry
Authors: Bhardwaj Avanish , Bhagat Hemant , Grover Vinod 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe measurement of saturation of venous blood as it drains out of brain by sampling it from the jugular bulb provides us with an estimate of cerebral oxygenation, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic requirement. Arterio-jugular venous difference of the oxygen content (AVDO2) and jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjVO2) values per se helps clinicians in identifying the impairment of cerebral oxygenation due to various factors thereby prompting implementation of corrective measures and the prevention of secondary injury to the brain due to ischaemia. SjVO2 values are also used for prognostication of patients after traumatic brain injury and in other clinical situations. Sampling and measuring SjVO2 intermittently or continuously using fibreoptic oximetry requires the tip of the catheter to be placed in the jugular bulb, which is a relatively simple bedside procedure. In the review below we have discussed the relevant anatomy, physiology, techniques, clinical applications and pitfalls of performing jugular venous oximetry as a tool for measurement of cerebral oxygenation.
Functional imaging in neurosciences
Authors: Kamath Sriganesh , Umamaheswara Rao G 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRecent advances in functional imaging of the brain have enabled a better understanding of the brain functions in health and disease. Amongst various functional imaging techniques, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been more rigorously employed in both clinical practice and in the research arena. This review will discuss the principles and techniques of fMRI, its role in understanding the pathophysiology of brain injury and finally, its clinical application in diagnosing neurological conditions and prognostication of outcome in patients with neurological disorders.
Affrication in Ha’ili Arabic: A Rule-Based Approach
Authors: Alrasheedi Eisa S. 
Published: September 2015

<p>The current work tackled two phonemes, /k/ and /g/, examining the phonological operations in charge of their allophonic variation in Ha’ili Arabic. The study found out that the phoneme /k/ has two allophones: [k] and the dental voiceless affricate [ts]. The latter occurs when preceded or followed by either [a] or [i], whilst the former shows up elsewhere. However, the latter generalisation falls out when the resulting allophone violates the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) which impinges on the occurrence of the allophone affricate [ts] when clustered with sounds with same place features. Similarly, the study argued that the phone /g/ has two surface forms whose occurrence is predictable: [g] and the voiced dental affricate [dz]. The latter shows up when preceded or followed by the front high vowel [i], whereas the former occurs elsewhere. Additionally, the study worked out how affrication feeds vowel lowering in HA. </p>
The Life of Mary Fairfax Somerville, Mathematician and Scientist: a Study in Contrasts
Authors: LAMPRECHT ELIZABETH ANN 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe life of Mary Somerville can aptly be described as a study in contrasts. How did Mary Fairfax, born into genteel poverty at a time when few women had access to formal education, eventually become the “Queen of Nineteenth Century Science”? This ordinary woman accomplished the extraordinary, yet a careful review of her life exposes many inconsistencies. What do these discrepancies tell us about Mary? What do they tell us about the time period in which she lived? An analysis of her life and work reveals that she was far more than an amateur scholar. This Victorian “popularizer” was, without question, a scientist.
A Symbol for Women's Progress: A Rhetorical Analysis of Hillary Rodham Clinton's Story as America's Story
Authors: AULT ASHLEY 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
Hillary Rodham Clinton's life has been full of success, but the success has not been without difficulties. As a lawyer, she displayed her legal prowess by maintaining an aggressive and authoritative stand on upholding justice in society. This approach was effective for a lawyer; however, it was deemed disturbing, from the view of the public, in her role as first lady. As first lady, Clinton dealt with conflicting ideals regarding her manner and power in politics. After her husband's two terms as president, Clinton earned a position as a senator and eventually announced, as well as conceded, her candidacy for the 2008 democratic presidential nomination. As she learned to walk the fine line of gender norms, she became the only first lady to serve in the US Cabinet. Clinton breaks cultural barriers, challenges traditional perceptions, and advocates for women. Using rhetorical analysis and Aristotle's notions of ethos and pathos, I examine Clinton's speech announcing her candidacy for president and her address to the Democratic National Convention. I argue that, using a conversational style, she constructs herself as a symbol of progress within society for women and writes her role in history, while she makes America's story her own story.
Changes in the Level and Distribution of Income in Michigan, 1976–2013, with Comparisons to Other States
Authors: BALLARD CHARLES , MENCHIK PAUL 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
We study the changes in the distribution of household income in Michigan from 1976 to 2013, with comparisons to the other 49 states and the District of Columbia. In Michigan, the gap between the 90th and the 50th percentiles increased substantially, but the gap between the 50th and the 10th percentiles decreased slightly. Thus in Michigan (and in most other jurisdictions), the increases in overall inequality were dominated by changes in the upper half of the income distribution. If we include in-kind transfer payments in the income definition, our measures of income inequality are reduced, typically by from five to fifteen percent. The income of the median black household increased very slightly compared to median white household income, but the rate of increase was much less than that of the US as a whole. Panel regression analysis for the 50 states and DC indicates that an increase in high school graduates as a percent of the population is associated with a decrease in income inequality, while an increase in the percentage with education beyond a Bachelor's degree is associated with an increase in inequality. An increase in the unemployment rate tends to be associated with an increase in inequality. An increase in the percent of income from transfer payments tends to be associated with a reduction in income inequality, as does an increase in the percentage of the jurisdiction's economy in manufacturing.
Boronate Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Muhammad Pir , Li Daojin , Liu Zhen 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Boronate affinity chromatography (BAC) is a unique means for selective separation and enrichment of cis‐diol‐containing compounds.
Cis
‐diol‐containing biomolecules are an important class of compounds, including glycoproteins, glycopeptides, ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides, saccharides, and catecholamines. These biomolecules play essential roles in many life‐related processes. Because
cis
‐diol‐containing biomolecules are important target molecules in current research frontiers such as proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, BAC and boronate affinity materials have gained rapid development and found increasing applications in recent decade. In this article, we provide a review for general readers, covering from the very beginning to recent development. We particularly focus on fundamental considerations and progresses obtained and new boronate affinity materials reported in a recent decade.
Psychological Testing
Authors: Walker Charles R. , Andrews Paul 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPsychological testing provides the means of assessing characteristics, attributes, abilities, functional capacities, and other constructs that describe individuals and predict their behavior. Measurement of such constructs provides useful clinical information and is essential for theory development. A wide range of tests have been developed for use in clinical, educational, and organizational settings. This article contrasts the roles and methods of psychology and psychiatry, discusses major types of tests and their clinical applications, presents several fundamental psychometric concepts, and provides a framework for understanding testing in a historical context. This leads to more detailed discussion of the use of testing in forensic settings and tensions between legal and scientific perspectives, followed by an overview of major personality tests currently in use in clinical and forensic settings.
Treatment, Mandated Mental Health
Authors: Christopher Sheresa , Vitacco Michael J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMandated mental health treatment in the forms of inpatient and outpatient commitments is utilized to protect individuals from themselves or others from their potentially violent behavior. This entry outlines legal cases that have outlined that forced treatment is a liberty issue, even in the presence of a compelling government interest to force treatment. This entry also reviews specific mechanisms for treatment including mental health courts and even treatment occurring in the context of probation. Evidence supports the idea that mandated treatments are often most effective in the context of a supportive therapeutic relationships. Finally, this entry will focus on how the formation of new collaborations presents both clinical and research opportunities that were previously non‐existent and should be capitalized on as we develop new ideas how to make mandated treatment less invasive.
Asymmetric Bromine–Lithium Exchange: Application toward the Synthesis of New Biaryl‐Diphosphine Ligands
Authors: Graff Julien , Łastawiecka Elżbieta , Guénée Laure , Leroux Frédéric , Alexakis Alexandre 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe desymmetrization of the prochiral tetrabromobiphenyl via asymmetric bromine–lithium exchange as a key step of synthesis of novel biphenyl‐diphosphine ligands is reported. This new approach allows an easy access to twelve new enantiomerically pure atropisomeric ligands in one‐ to three‐step reactions in good to excellent yields.magnified image
Recent Developments in Enantioselective Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Conjugate Additions
Authors: Pellissier Hélène 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuring the last ten years, an important number of novel highly efficient asymmetric conjugate additions of various nucleophiles to numerous acceptor‐activated olefins have been developed on the basis of asymmetric nickel(II) catalysis by the very fact of the lower costs of nickel catalysts in comparison with other transition metals. These processes can be considered as one of the most powerful and reliable tools for the stereocontrolled formation of carbon‐carbon bonds. Importantly, a range of fascinating nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric domino reactions initiated by Michael additions has been successfully developed. The goal of this review is to collect the major developments in enantioselective nickel‐catalyzed conjugate additions reported since the beginning of 2004, well illustrating the power of these inexpensive and highly abundant catalysts to achieve functionalized chiral compounds to be applied as key intermediates in the synthesis of biologically interesting molecules including natural products. Abbreviations: Ac: acetyl; Acac: acetylacetone; Ar: aryl; BINAP: 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl; BINIM: binapthyldiimine; Bn: benzyl; Boc: tert‐butoxycarbonyl; Cbz: benzyloxycarbonyl; cod: cyclooctadiene; Cy: cyclohexyl; DBFOX: dibenzofurandiyloxazoline; DBU: 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene; de: diastereomeric excess; DME: dimethoxyethane; DMF: dimethylformamide; dr: diastereomeric ratio; ee: enantiomeric excess; ESI: electrospray ionization; Hex: hexyl; HFIP: hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol; HIPT: hexaisopropylterphenyl; HMPA: hexamethylphosphoramide; L: ligand; MS: mass spectroscopy; MTBE: methyl tert‐butyl ether; Naph: naphthyl; Pent: pentyl; PFP: pentafluorophenol; Pin: pinacolato; PMB: p‐methoxybenzyl; QN: quinolyl; r.t.: room temperature; TADDOL: α,α,α′,α′‐tetraphenyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanol; TEA: trimethylamine; Tf: trifluoromethanesulfonyl; THF: tetrahydrofuran; TMP: 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide; TMS: trimethylsilyl; Tol: tolyl; Ts: 4‐toluenesulfonyl (tosyl).magnified image
Influence of nanovermiculites with a high aspect ratio and stretch orientation on the microstructure of polypropylene films
Authors: Xu Wen Cai , Li Dong Li , Fu Ya Bo , Liao Rui Juan , Shi Jia Zi , Wang Ya Jun , He Xiao Hui 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a process for preparing organovermiculites, which consist of expanded vermiculite (EVMT)–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) created by the mechanical ball‐milling of EVMT in a PVOH–water solution. We then discusses the influence of EVMT–PVOH on the barrier performance, crystallization behavior, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of modified blown polypropylene (PP) films. EVMT was intercalated and exfoliated by PVOH macromolecules to obtain a kind of hybrid EVMT–PVOH. PVOH served as both an intercalating agent into EVMT and a compatibilizer between EVMT and PP. Compared with the original (unmodified) PP, when the EVMT loading ranged from 0.1 to 2.0%, although the crystallinity decreased for most PP films, the thermal stability and mechanical properties all improved. Moreover, EVMT platelike particles with a high aspect ratio (ca. 550) dispersed in the PP matrix also improved the barrier properties of the modified PP films, which was in accordance with the Nielsen model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,132, 42846.
Enhanced toughness and strength of poly (d‐lactide) by stereocomplexation with 5‐arm poly (l‐lactide)
Authors: Sun Bin , Liu Yanlong , Zhang Bao , Bian Xinchao , Li Gao , Chen Xuesi 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe enhancement of mechanical properties were achieved by solution blending of poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA) and 5‐arm poly(l‐lactide) (5‐arm PLLA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) results indicated almost complete stereocomplex could be obtained when 5‐arm PLLA exceeded 30wt %. Tensile test results showed that the addition of 5‐arm PLLA in linear PDLA gave dramatically improvement both on tensile strength and elongation at break, which generally could not be increased simultaneously. Furthermore, this work transformed PDLA from brittle polymer into tough and flexible materials. The mechanism was proposed based on the TEM results: the stereocomplex crystallites formed during solvent evaporation on the blends were small enough (100–200 nm), which played the role of physical crosslinking points and increased the interaction strength between PDLA and 5‐arm PLLA molecules, giving the blends high tensile strength and elongation at break. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42857.
Formula and process optimization of controlled‐release microcapsules prepared using a coordination assembly and the response surface methodology
Authors: Li BeiXing , Guan Lei , Wang Kai , Zhang DaXia , Wang WeiChang , Liu Feng 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTA model chlorpyrifos microcapsule was prepared using coordination assembly between Fe3+ and tannic acid (TA). The influence of independent variables such as the dropping rate of TA (X1) and Fe3+ (X3), the concentration of TA (X2) and Fe3+ (X4), and the reaction temperature (X5) on the encapsulation efficiency (R1) and release characteristics (R2) of the microcapsule had been investigated, based on a central composite design with five factors and five levels. The results showed that the main factors influencing R1 and R2 were X4 and X2, then the interaction between X2 and X4, followed by X5 and X3. The optimal formula mainly based on higher R1 and lower R2 were determined and then tested. The optimized conditions led to an encapsulation efficiency and cumulative release proportion of 97.12% ± 0.72% and 40.07% ± 0.53%, along with the average relative errors of predicted values being 1.78% and −1.60%, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42865.
Effect of protein adsorption on cell uptake and blood clearance of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(caprolactone) nanoparticles
Authors: Li Jing , Wu Ninghua , Wu Jiliang , Wan Ying , Liu Chao 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe interactions between nanoparticles and cells or tissues are frequently mediated by different biomolecules adsorbed onto the surface of nanoparticles. In this study, several methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (mPEG‐PCL) copolymers with various mPEG/PCL ratios were synthesized and used to produce three types of mPEG‐PCL nanoparticles. The protein‐adsorption behavior of nanoparticles was assessed using fetal‐bovine‐serum (FBS) as a model protein. The cell uptake of nanoparticles at different nanoparticle doses as well as various culture periods was examined by measuring their endocytosis rate related to Hela cells cultured in FBS‐free and FBS‐contained media. The blood clearance of nanoparticles was evaluated using Kunming mice to see the differences in circulation durations of nanoparticles. Results suggest that that FBS is able to significantly regulate the cell uptake of nanoparticles in vitro, and on the other hand, the size and mPEG/PCL molar ratio of mPEG/PCL nanoparticles are closely correlated to their blood clearance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42884.
What Determines Learning among Kinh and Ethnic Minority Students in Vietnam? An Analysis of the Round 2 Young Lives Data
Authors: Glewwe Paul , Chen Qihui , Katare Bhagyashree 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAn analysis of the Young Lives data collected in 2006, involving a younger cohort (aged 5) and an older cohort (aged 12), yields three important findings regarding the Kinh–ethnic minority gaps in mathematics and reading skills in Vietnam. First, large disparities exist even before children start primary school. Second, language may play an important role: Vietnamese‐speaking ethnic minority children scored much higher than their non‐Vietnamese‐speaking counterparts, even though tests could be taken in any language the child chooses. Third, Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions indicate that higher parental education among Kinh children explains about one third of the gap for both cohorts. For the older cohort, Kinh households' higher income explains 0.2–0.3 standard deviations (SDs) of the gap (1.3–1.5 SDs). More time in school, less time spent working, and better nutritional status each explain about 0.1 SDs of the mathematics score gap; Kinh children's more years of schooling explains about 0.3 SDs of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test score gap.
Managing Risk and Increasing the Robustness of Invasive Species Eradication Programs
Authors: Spring Daniel , Kompas Tom 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInvasive species eradication programs can fail by applying management strategies that are not robust to potentially large but non‐quantified risks. A more robust strategy can succeed over a larger range of possible values for non‐quantified risk. This form of robustness analysis is often not undertaken in eradication program evaluations. The main non‐quantified risk initially facing Australia's fire ant eradication program was that the invasion had spread further than expected. Earlier consideration of this risk could have led to a more robust strategy involving a larger area managed in the program's early stages. This strategy could potentially have achieved eradication at relatively low cost without significantly increasing known and quantified risks. Our findings demonstrate that focusing on known and quantifiable risks can increase the vulnerability of eradication programs to known but non‐quantified risks. This highlights the importance of including robustness to potentially large but non‐quantified risks as a mandatory criterion in evaluations of invasive species eradication programs.
Expanded Social Protection May Do More Harm Than Good: A Pessimistic Review
Authors: Gibson John 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is growing interest in expanded social protection programs, even for the poorest countries. Technology now allows cash transfers to be delivered to masses of people with only weak connections to the formal economy. Also there are demonstrated effects of conditional cash transfers in improving aspects of human capital. Yet it is doubtful that social protection programs can provide a floor sufficient to eradicate extreme poverty without harming incentives and without unduly taxing a small minority of highly skilled, and increasingly mobile, workers. Long‐term fiscal obligations from expanded social transfers, potential for distorted work choices, unknown interactions with informal safety nets and difficulties of targeting beneficiaries all suggest grounds for caution.