bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swallowing Dysfunction and Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Review of the Evidence
Authors: Affoo Rebecca H. , Foley Norine , Rosenbek John , Kevin Shoemaker J. , Martin Ruth E. 
Published: December 2013

ObjectivesTo describe, synthesize, and interpret literature on swallowing impairment (dysphagia) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to identify gaps in the existing literature.DesignScoping review of literature covering several study designs.SettingLiterature review.ParticipantsIndividuals with AD.MeasurementsSystematic searches of the PubMed, EBSCOhost, PsychINFO, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were conducted. Literature was identified and organized into categories. Studies were then evaluated using the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Levels of Evidence criteria. After evaluation, the literature was synthesized to form conclusions and identify knowledge gaps.ResultsNinety‐five articles met the study criteria and were included in the review. Thirty‐one studies examining dysphagia in AD provide preliminary evidence on the prevalence, nature, and treatment of dysphagia in AD; knowledge gaps were identified with respect to demographic characteristics, nature of dysphagia, functional significance, assessment, treatment, and underlying mechanisms of dysphagia in AD. Sixty‐four studies of ANS dysfunction in AD were reviewed, of which 49 identified at least one variable reflecting ANS dysfunction in AD. Knowledge gaps were identified related to demographics, functional significance, and underlying neural mechanisms. No studies were found that examined both dysphagia and ANS dysfunction in AD.ConclusionCurrent evidence indicates that swallowing impairment, as well as ANS dysfunction, may occur in AD. Potential relationships between dysphagia and ANS dysfunction in AD have not been examined. Future research should explore the possibility that swallowing and ANS dysfunction in AD are related.
Circadian Pacemaking in Cells and Circuits of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Hastings M. H. , Brancaccio M. , Maywood E. S. 
Published: December 2013

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the principal circadian pacemaker of the brain. It co‐ordinates the daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness, as well as physiology and behaviour, that set the tempo to our lives. Disturbance of this daily pattern, most acutely with jet‐lag but more insidiously with rotational shift‐work, can have severely deleterious effects for mental function and long‐term health. The present review considers recent developments in our understanding of the properties of the SCN that make it a robust circadian time‐keeper. It first focuses on the intracellular transcriptional/ translational feedback loops (TTFL) that constitute the cellular clockwork of the SCN neurone. Daily timing by these loops pivots around the negative regulation of the Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) genes by their protein products. The period of the circadian cycle is set by the relative stability of Per and Cry proteins, and this can be controlled by both genetic and pharmacological interventions. It then considers the function of these feedback loops in the context of cytosolic signalling by cAMP and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), which are both outputs from, and inputs to, the TTFL, as well as the critical role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) signalling in synchronising cellular clocks across the SCN. Synchronisation by VIP in the SCN is paracrine, operating over an unconventionally long time frame (i.e. 24 h) and wide spatial domain, mediated via the cytosolic pathways upstream of the TTFL. Finally, we show how intersectional pharmacogenetics can be used to control G‐protein‐coupled signalling in individual SCN neurones, and how manipulation of Gq/[Ca2+]i‐signalling in VIP neurones can re‐programme the circuit‐level encoding of circadian time. Circadian pacemaking in the SCN therefore provides an unrivalled context in which to understand how a complex, adaptive behaviour can be organised by the dynamic activity of a relatively few gene products, operating in a clearly defined neuronal circuit, with both cell‐autonomous and emergent, circuit‐level properties.
The effect of cognitive reappraisal on long‐term emotional experience and emotional memory
Authors: Ahn Hyeon Min , Kim Shin Ah , Hwang In Jae , Jeong Ji Woon , Kim Hyun Taek , Hamann Stephan , Kim Sang Hee 
Published: December 2013

One's ability to properly regulate emotion is critical to psychological and physical well‐being. Among various strategies to regulate emotion, cognitive reappraisal has been shown to modulate both emotional experience and emotional memory. However, most studies of reappraisal have focused on reappraisal of negative situations, with reappraisal of positive emotion receiving considerably less attention. In addition, the effects of reappraisal on emotional reactions to stimuli are typically only assessed either immediately or after a short delay, and it remains unclear whether reappraisal effects persist over longer time periods. We investigated the effect of cognitive reappraisal on emotional reactions and long‐term episodic memory for positive and negative stimuli. Men and women viewed emotionally negative, positive, and neutral pictures while they were instructed to either increase, decrease, or maintain the initial emotional reactions elicited by the pictures. Subjective ratings of emotional valence and arousal were assessed during the regulation task and again after 1 week. Memory for the pictures was assessed with free recall. Results indicated that pictures accompanied by instructions to increase emotion were better recalled than pictures reappraised to decrease emotion. Modulation of emotional arousal elicited by stimuli persisted over a week, but this effect was observed only for men. These findings suggest that cognitive reappraisal can have long‐lasting effects on emotional reactions to stimuli. However, the sex differences observed for the effects of reappraisal on emotional reactions highlight the importance of considering individual differences in the effects of regulation.
Trait Self‐Control Predicts Adolescents’ Exposure and Reactivity to Daily Stressful Events
Authors: Galla Brian M. , Wood Jeffrey J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe current study used an influence model of personality and stress processes to examine the association between individual differences in trait self‐control and daily stress exposure and reactivity in adolescent youth. A total of 129 adolescents (Mage = 14.7 years, 59% female) completed individual difference measures of self‐control, neuroticism, and measures of responses to stress. Participants then reported on daily stressful events, stress severity, mood, coping, and mindlessness (a predictor of acting on impulse) for 14 consecutive days. Self‐control predicted less exposure to daily stress, less reactivity to daily stress, and more adaptive responses to stress. Specifically, adolescents with higher self‐control experienced fewer daily stressors and reported lower stress severity, particularly when daily mindlessness was high. Second, adolescents with higher self‐control reported less mindlessness in response to daily stress relative to those with lower self‐control, but they did not show differences in emotional reactivity to stress. Finally, results also offered evidence for an indirect effect of problem‐focused coping strategies between self‐control and emotional reactivity to stress. The current investigation illustrates the importance of trait self‐control in daily stress processes among adolescents and suggests possible mechanisms through which self‐control confers these positive effects.
Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis in K562/A02 cells through G2/M phase arrest
Authors: Wu Lina , Li Qiang , Liu Yong 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The effect of polyphyllin D on inducing cell death of the K562/A02 human leukaemia drug-resistant cells in vitro was examined.

Methods
The effect of polyphyllin D on K562/A02 cells were analysed by studying their cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, caspase-3 activity and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).

Key findings
Polyphyllin D, a small molecular monomer extracted from rhizoma of Paris polyphyllin, exhibited strong anticancer activity in a previous study. Our results demonstrate that polyphyllin D exerts a growth inhibitory effect by arresting cells at G2/M phase and by the induction of apoptosis in K562/A02 human leukaemia drug-resistant cells, G2/M phase arrest was found to be associated with up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1. Polyphyllin D-induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 expression levels, disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome C and cleaved-caspase-3 levels.

Conclusions
These data suggest that polyphyllin D has a potential as a potent therapeutic agent for chronic myeloid leukaemia.
Enzymes involved in plastid‐targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis are essential for Plasmodium yoelii liver‐stage development
Authors: Lindner Scott E. , Sartain Mark J. , Hayes Kiera , Harupa Anke , Moritz Robert L. , Kappe Stefan H. I. , Vaughan Ashley M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryMalaria parasites scavenge nutrients from their host but also harbour enzymatic pathways for de novo macromolecule synthesis. One such pathway is apicoplast‐targeted type II fatty acid synthesis, which is essential for late liver‐stage development in rodent malaria. It is likely that fatty acids synthesized in the apicoplast are ultimately incorporated into membrane phospholipids necessary for exoerythrocytic merozoite formation. We hypothesized that these synthesized fatty acids are being utilized for apicoplast‐targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis, the phospholipid precursor. Phosphatidic acid is typically synthesized in a three‐step reaction utilizing three enzymes: glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. The Plasmodium genome is predicted to harbour genes for both apicoplast‐ and cytosol/endoplasmic reticulum‐targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis. Our research shows that apicoplast‐targeted Plasmodium yoelii glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase are expressed only during liver‐stage development and deletion of the encoding genes resulted in late liver‐stage growth arrest and lack of merozoite differentiation. However, the predicted apicoplast‐targeted lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene was refractory to deletion and was expressed solely in the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the parasite life cycle. Our results suggest that P. yoelii has an incomplete apicoplast‐targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis pathway that is essential for liver‐stage maturation.
The paradox of contemporary linguistic nationalism: the case ofLuxembourg
Authors: Garcia Nuria 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThrough a case study of the mobilisation around theLuxembourgish language in the 1970s and 1980s, this article investigates the paradox of contemporary linguistic nationalism, resulting from a hiatus between the continued influence of the classic nation‐state model and the new constraints linked to a changed socio‐historical context. Based on an analysis of actors' discourses, parliamentary debates and legislative documents, the investigation retraces the social, political and economic dynamics as well as the cognitive mechanisms leading to a change in the social perception of theLuxembourgish language. It shows how the contemporary context implies specific constraints and difficulties for mechanisms of the invention of tradition, but that at the same time the traditional nation‐state model, where one nation equates with one state and one language continues to function as a reference. Through theLuxembourgish case is raised the more general question of the relation between linguistic nationalism, modernity and change in a contemporary context.
Do nationalist parties shape or follow sub‐national identities? A panel analysis on the rise of the nationalist party in the Flemish Region of Belgium, 2006–11
Authors: Boonen Joris , Hooghe Marc 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this article, we examine the steep and unprecedented rise of the New Flemish Alliance (N‐VA), a Flemish nationalist party in Belgium that succeeded in gaining almost thirty per cent of the vote in a couple of years. During this period, a panel survey among 3,025 late adolescents and young adults was conducted. Our analyses suggest that support for a sub‐nationalist ideology is far more successful in explaining a subsequent vote for the nationalist party than vice versa. In terms of supply and demand mechanisms, we find that N‐VA has managed to address a preexisting reservoir of Flemish nationalist voters (demand), rather than attributing to a development of a stronger Flemish identity among its followers (supply). We should therefore not overestimate the constructionist power of (sub‐)nationalist political elites for the development of (sub‐)nationalist identities.
What is at Stake in Debates among Normative Realists?
Authors: McPherson Tristram 
Published: December 2013

AbstractOne class of central debates between normative realists appears to concern whether we should be naturalists or reductionists about the normative. However, metaethical discussion of naturalism and reduction is often inconsistent, murky, or uninformative. This can make it hard to see why commitments relative to these metaphysical categories should matter to normative realists. This paper aims to clarify the nature of these categories, and their significance in debates between normative realists. I develop and defend what I call thejoint‐carving taxonomy, which builds on David Lewis’ notion of elite properties. I argue that this taxonomy is clear and metaphysically interesting, and answers to distinctive taxonomic interests of normative realists. I also suggest that it has important implications for the project of adjudicating debates among normative realists.
Adaptive differentiation of traits related to resource use in a desert annual along a resource gradient
Authors: Brouillette Larry C. , Mason Chase M. , Shirk Rebecca Y. , Donovan Lisa A. 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Plant resource‐use traits are generally hypothesized to be adaptively differentiated for populations distributed along resource gradients. Although nutrient limitations are expected to select for resource‐conservative strategies, water limitations may select for either resource‐conservative or ‐acquisitive strategies. We test whether population differentiation reflects local adaptation for traits associated with resource‐use strategies in a desert annual (Helianthus anomalus) distributed along a gradient of positively covarying water and nutrient availability.

We compared quantitative trait variation (QST) with neutral genetic differentiation (FST), in a common garden glasshouse study, for leaf economics spectrum (LES) and related traits: photosynthesis (Amass, Aarea), leaf nitrogen (Nmass, Narea), leaf lifetime (LL), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf water content (LWC), water‐use efficiency (WUE, estimated as δ13C) and days to first flower (DFF).

QST–FST differences support adaptive differentiation for Amass, Nmass, Narea, LWC and DFF. The trait combinations associated with drier and lower fertility sites represent correlated trait evolution consistent with the more resource‐acquisitive end of the LES. There was no evidence for adaptive differentiation for Aarea, LMA and WUE.

These results demonstrate that hot dry environments can selectively favor correlated evolution of traits contributing to a resource‐acquisitive and earlier reproduction ‘escape’ strategy, despite lower fertility.
The symbiotic transcription factor MtEFD and cytokinins are positively acting in the Medicago truncatula and Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenic interaction
Authors: Moreau Sandra , Fromentin Justine , Vailleau Fabienne , Vernié Tatiana , Huguet Stéphanie , Balzergue Sandrine , Frugier Florian , Gamas Pascal , Jardinaud Marie‐Françoise 
Published: December 2013

Summary

A plant–microbe dual biological system was set up involving the model legume Medicago truncatula and two bacteria, the soil‐borne root pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and the beneficial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti.

Comparison of transcriptomes under symbiotic and pathogenic conditions highlighted the transcription factor MtEFD (Ethylene response Factor required for nodule Differentiation) as being upregulated in both interactions, together with a set of cytokinin‐related transcripts involved in metabolism, signaling and response. MtRR4 (Response Regulator), a cytokinin primary response gene negatively regulating cytokinin signaling and known as a target of MtEFD in nodulation processes, was retrieved in this set of transcripts.

Refined studies of MtEFD and MtRR4 expression during M. truncatula and R. solanacearum interaction indicated differential kinetics of induction and requirement of central regulators of bacterial pathogenicity, HrpG and HrpB. Similar to MtRR4, MtEFD upregulation during the pathogenic interaction was dependent on cytokinin perception mediated by the MtCRE1 (Cytokinin REsponse 1) receptor.

The use of M. truncatula efd‐1 and cre1‐1 mutants evidenced MtEFD and cytokinin perception as positive factors for bacterial wilt development. These factors therefore play an important role in both root nodulation and root disease development.
How representative is the ‘Representative Value’ of refraction provided by the Shin‐Nippon NVision‐K 5001 autorefractor?
Authors: Tang Wing Chun , Tang Ying Yung , Lam Carly S. Y. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate the level of agreement between the ‘Representative Value’ (RV) of refraction obtained from the Shin‐Nippon NVision‐K 5001 instrument with values calculated from individual measurement readings using standard algebraic methods.MethodsCycloplegic autorefraction readings for 101 myopic children aged 8–13 years (10.9 ± 1.42 years) were obtained using the Shin‐Nippon NVision‐K 5001. Ten autorefractor measurements were taken for each eye. The spherical equivalent (SE), sphere (Sph) and cylindrical component (Cyl) power of each eye were calculated, firstly, by averaging the 10 repeated measurements (Mean SE, Mean Sph and Mean Cyl), and secondly, by the vector representation method (Vector SE, Vector Sph and Vector Cyl). These calculated values were then compared with those of RV (RV SE, RV Sph and RV Cyl) provided by the proprietary software of the NVision‐K 5001 using one‐way analysis of variance (anova). The agreement between the methods was also assessed.ResultsThe SE of the subjects ranged from −5.37 to −0.62 D (mean ± SD, = −2.89 ± 1.01 D). The Mean SE was in exact agreement with the Vector SE. There were no significant differences between the RV readings and those calculated using non‐vectorial or vectorial methods for any of the refractive powers (SE, p = 0.99; Sph, p = 0.93; Cyl, p = 0.24). The (mean ± SD) differences were: RV SE vs Mean SE (and also RV SE vs Vector SE) −0.01 ± 0.06 D; RV Sph vs Mean Sph, −0.01 ± 0.05 D; RV Sph vs Vector Sph, −0.04 ± 0.06 D; RV Cyl vs Mean Cyl, 0.01 ± 0.07 D; RV Cyl vs Vector Cyl, 0.06 ± 0.09 D. Ninety‐eight percent of RV reading differed from their non‐vectorial or vectorial counterparts by less than 0.25 D.ConclusionThe RV values showed good agreement to the results calculated using conventional methods. Although the formula used to calculate RV by the NVision‐K 5001 autorefractor is proprietary, our results provide validation for the use of RV measurements in clinical practice and vision science research.
Why don't younger adults in England go to have their eyes examined?
Authors: Shickle Darren , Griffin Marcus , Evans Rebecca , Brown Benjamas , Haseeb Almira , Knight Sharon , Dorrington Emily 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPurposeMost research on attitudes to eye health has focussed on older people, reflecting the higher prevalence of eye diseases in older age groups. Little is known about younger people's attitudes to eye health. This paper explores young adults understanding of eye health and the purpose of eye examinations and the reasons why they do or do not attend for eye examinations. The aim is to provide evidence to inform policy on recommendations relating to eye health for individuals at low risk of visual impairment.MethodsSix focus‐group meetings were held in Leeds with 43 people aged 18–35 (mean age 22 years). Focus group participants were recruited using a snowballing approach from an initial group of young adults. Focus groups were transcribed and a thematic analysis approach was used.ResultsChildren who wore spectacles were often bullied. As people grew up it became more socially acceptable to wear spectacles. Practicalities, aesthetics and fashion were important issues. Knowledge about eye disease and the eye examination were generally poor. Many claimed to value vision, but recognised that young people do not have eye examinations as often as they should. Eye examinations were only perceived to be needed for younger people experiencing problems or to update prescriptions. Eye health was seen as issue for older people. Some had no idea or were shocked about how much spectacles cost. Optometrists were seen differently to other healthcare professionals. The retail aspect of optometry was seen as too dominant. More information was wanted from the NHS on eye health.ConclusionWhile young adults are at low risk of sight threatening disease, many do benefit from correction of refractive error. There is an argument for reducing the recommended frequency of eye examinations for low risk individuals from the 2 years currently advised. Nevertheless, young adults need to be made more aware of eye health issues, so that optometrists are seen as more than somewhere that sell spectacles. Increasing awareness of eye health in younger adulthood will also be important to ensure that services are appropriately accessed as they get older.