bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regionally heterogeneous uppermost inner core observed with Hi‐net array
Authors: Yee Tae‐Gyu , Rhie Junkee , Tkalčić Hrvoje 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStudies of velocity structure in the Earth's inner core and its volumetric variations illuminate our understanding of inner core dynamics and composition. Here we use an extensive number of seismograms recorded by the Hi‐net array to construct complete empirical curves of PKPBC‐PKPDF differential traveltimes. The nature of these curves implies that significant variations in traveltimes are accumulated during the passage of PKPDF waves through the uppermost inner core and rules out outer core structure effects. Uniform cylindrical anisotropy of a plausible strength in the uppermost inner core can also be ruled out as a cause of the observed traveltime variations because the range of sampled ray angles is too narrow. The configuration and strength of inhomogeneities from a recent tomographic model of the lowermost mantle cannot account for the observed traveltime variations. Therefore, we infer that either variations of P wave isotropic velocity on the scale of about hundred km and less are present in the uppermost inner core or the material may be organized in distinctive anisotropic domains, and both of these features may be superimposed on long‐wavelength hemispherical structure. If the former holds true, the absolute magnitude of required P wave velocity perturbations from referent values is 0.60 ± 0.10% in the quasi‐eastern and 1.55 ± 0.15% in the quasi‐western hemisphere (0.85 ± 0.05% and 1.10 ± 0.10%, respectively, with the lowermost mantle correction). The existence of these variations is a plausible physical outcome given that vigorous compositional convection in the outer core and variations in heat exchange across the inner core boundary may control the process of solidification.
The relationship between radar scattering and surface roughness of lunar volcanic features
Authors: Jawin Erica R. , Kiefer Walter S. , Fassett Caleb I. , Bussey D. Benjamin J. , Cahill Joshua T. S. , Dyar M. Darby , Lawrence Samuel J. , Spudis Paul D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLunar roughness measurements derived from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter are compared to 12.6 cm wavelength radar data collected by the Miniature Radio Frequency instrument and 70 cm wavelength radar data collected by the Arecibo Observatory. These data are compared to assess how surface and subsurface roughness are correlated and affected by parameters including age and composition at length scales between 0.1 and 100 m. A range of features are analyzed including volcanic domes (Marius Hills, Rümker Hills, Gruithuisen, and Mairan Domes); mare (Imbrium, Serenitatis, and Oceanus Procellarum); pyroclastic dark mantle deposits (Sinus Aestuum, Sulpicius Gallus, and Mare Vaporum); and two young craters (Copernicus and Tycho). Statistically significant positive correlations exist between topographic roughness and both P‐ and S‐band circular polarization ratios. The strongest correlation is observed at the longest length scales. Correlations weaken as length scales become less similar, potentially due to distinct processes controlling surface modification. Roughness is not significantly correlated with local slope. Although the Marius Hills are compositionally distinct from the Gruithuisen and Mairan domes, they are indistinguishable in roughness characteristics. Conversely, the Rümker Hills, mare, and dark mantle deposits are smoother at the length scales examined, possibly due to fine‐grained mantling of regolith or pyroclastic deposits. The floor and ejecta of Tycho are the roughest surfaces measured in this study, while the floor and ejecta of Copernicus overlap the roughness distribution of the volcanic features. This study shows that many factors control the evolution of roughness over time on various length scales.
Calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) as a novel target for ischemic neuroprotection
Authors: Kim Jong Youl , Ho Hanson , Kim Nuri , Liu Jialing , Tu Chia‐Ling , Yenari Midori A. , Chang Wenhan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectIschemic brain injury is the leading cause for death and long‐term disability in patients who suffer cardiac arrest and embolic stroke. Excitotoxicity and subsequent Ca2+‐overload lead to ischemic neuron death. We explore a novel mechanism concerning the role of the excitatory extracellular calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) in the induction of ischemic brain injury.MethodMice were exposed to forebrain ischemia and the actions of CaSR were determined after its genes were ablated specifically in hippocampal neurons or its activities were inhibited pharmacologically. Since the CaSR forms a heteromeric complex with the inhibitory type B γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor 1 (GABABR1), we compared neuronal responses to ischemia in mice deficient in CaSR, GABABR1, or both, and in mice injected locally or systemically with a specific CaSR antagonist (or calcilytic) in the presence or absence of a GABABR1 agonist (baclofen).ResultsBoth global and focal brain ischemia led to CaSR overexpression and GABABR1 downregulation in injured neurons. Genetic ablation of Casr genes or blocking CaSR activities by calcilytics rendered robust neuroprotection and preserved learning and memory functions in ischemic mice, partly by restoring GABABR1 expression. Concurrent ablation of Gabbr1 gene blocked the neuroprotection caused by the Casr gene knockout. Coinjection of calcilytics with baclofen synergistically enhanced neuroprotection. This combined therapy remained robust when given 6 h after ischemia.InterpretationOur study demonstrates a novel receptor interaction, which contributes to ischemic neuron death through CaSR upregulation and GABABR1 downregulation, and feasibility of neuroprotection by concurrently targeting these two receptors.
The medial pterygoid tubercle in the Atapuerca Early and Middle Pleistocene mandibles: Evolutionary implications
Authors: Bermúdez de Castro José‐María , Quam Rolf , Martinón‐Torres María , Martínez Ignacio , Gracia‐Téllez Ana , Arsuaga Juan Luís , Carbonell Eudald 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTNumerous studies have attempted to identify the presence of uniquely derived (autoapomorphic) Neandertal features. Here, we deal with the medial pterygoid tubercle (MTP), which is usually present on the internal face of the ascending ramus of Neandertal specimens. Our study stems from the identification of a hypertrophied tubercle in ATD6‐96, an Early Pleistocene mandible recovered from the TD6 level of the Atapuerca‐Gran Dolina site and attributed to Homo antecessor. Our review of the literature and study of numerous original fossil specimens and high quality replicas confirm that the MTP occurs at a high frequency in Neandertals (ca. 89%) and is also present in over half (ca. 55%) of the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos (SH) hominins. In contrast, it is generally absent or minimally developed in other extinct hominins, but can be found in variable frequencies (<ca. 25%) in Pleistocene and recent H. sapiens samples. The presence of this feature in ATD6‐96 joins other traits shared by H. antecessor, the SH hominins and Neandertals. Since the TD6 hominins have been attributed either to MIS 21 or to MIS 25, it seems that a suite of assumed derived Neandertal features appeared in the Early Pleistocene, and they should be interpreted as synapomorphies shared among different taxa. We suggest that H. antecessor, the SH hominins and Neandertals shared a common ancestor in which these features appeared during the Early Pleistocene. The presence of the MTP in taxa other than H. neanderthalensis precludes this feature from being a Neandertal autapomorphy. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:102–109, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combinatorial Crystal Synthesis: Structural Landscape of Phloroglucinol:1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene and Phloroglucinol:Phenazine
Authors: Dubey Ritesh , Desiraju Gautam R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA large number of crystal forms, polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs, have been isolated in the phloroglucinol‐dipyridylethylene (PGL:DPE) and phloroglucinol‐phenazine (PGL:PHE) systems. An understanding of the intermolecular interactions and synthon preferences in these binary systems enables one to design a ternary molecular solid that consists of PGL, PHE, and DPE, and also others where DPE is replaced by other heterocycles. Clean isolation of these ternary cocrystals demonstrates synthon amplification during crystallization. These results point to the lesser likelihood of polymorphism in multicomponent crystals compared to single‐component crystals. The appearance of several crystal forms during crystallization of a multicomponent system can be viewed as combinatorial crystal synthesis with synthon selection from a solution library. The resulting polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs that are obtained constitute a crystal structure landscape.
Synthese von Indolen mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht: Photoredoxkatalyse für die Palladium‐katalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung
Authors: Zoller Jochen , Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Rueping Magnus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEine kombinierte Palladium‐ und Photoredox‐katalysierte C‐H‐Olefinierung ermöglicht die Synthese von Indolen. Mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht gelingt die direkte C‐H‐Aktivierung von aromatischen Enaminen, wobei eine Vielzahl von Indolderivaten in guten Ausbeuten unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen zugänglich wird.
Stabilization of Liquid Foams through the Synergistic Action of Particles and an Immiscible Liquid
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wu Jie , Wang Hongzhi , Meredith J. Carson , Behrens Sven H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLiquid foams are familiar from beer, frothed milk, or bubble baths; foams in general also play important roles in oil recovery, lightweight packaging, and insulation. Here a new class of foams is reported, obtained by frothing a suspension of colloidal particles in the presence of a small amount of an immiscible secondary liquid. A unique aspect of these foams, termed capillary foams, is the particle‐mediated spreading of the minority liquid around the gas bubbles. The resulting mixed particle/liquid coating can stabilize bubbles against coalescence even when the particles alone cannot. The coated bubbles are further immobilized by entrapment in a network of excess particles connected by bridges of the minority liquid. Capillary foams were prepared with a diverse set of particle/liquid combinations to demonstrate the generality of the phenomenon. The observed foam stability correlates with the particle affinity for the liquid interface formed by spreading the minority liquid at the bubble surface.
Reversibly Controlling Preferential Protein Adsorption on Bone Implants by Using an Applied Weak Potential as a Switch
Authors: Liao Jingwen , Zhu Ye , Zhou Zhengnan , Chen Junqi , Tan Guoxin , Ning Chengyun , Mao Chuanbin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA facile method is needed to control the protein adsorption onto biomaterials, such as, bone implants. Herein we doped taurocholic acid (TCA), an amphiphilic biomolecule, into an array of 1D nano‐architectured polypyrrole (NAPPy) on the implants. Doping TCA enabled the implant surface to show reversible wettability between 152° (superhydrophobic, switch‐on state) and 55° (hydrophilic, switch‐off state) in response to periodically switching two weak electrical potentials (+0.50 and −0.80 V as a switch‐on and switch‐off potential, respectively). The potential‐switchable reversible wettability, arising from the potential‐tunable orientation of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic face of TCA, led to potential‐switchable preferential adsorption of proteins as well as cell adhesion and spreading. This potential‐switchable strategy may open up a new avenue to control the biological activities on the implant surface.
“Lesen” von Polymeren: Die Sequenzierung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle
Authors: Mutlu Hatice , Lutz Jean‐François 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Sequenzierung von Biopolymeren wie Proteine und DNA zählt zu den bedeutendsten wissenschaftlichen Leistungen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Tatsächlich ist es mithilfe moderner chemischer Methoden der Sequenzanalyse möglich geworden, den “Code des Lebens” zu lesen und zu verstehen. Somit spielen Sequenzierungsverfahren derzeit eine wichtige Rolle bei so unterschiedlichen Anwendungen wie der Genomik, der Gentherapie, der Biotechnologie und der Datenspeicherung. Letzten Endes ist die Sequenzierung aber keine spezifisch biologische Methodik, sondern lässt sich allgemein als ein Problem der makromolekularen Chemie auffassen, definiert als die Analyse von Monomersequenzen in einem Polymer. Allerdings haben sich die Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Monomersequenzen in biologischen und synthetischen Polymeren in der Vergangenheit stark unterschieden. Mit der neuesten Entwicklung von synthetischen sequenzkontrollierten Polymeren verschwinden diese “kulturellen” Unterschiede jedoch langsam. Das Ziel dieses Kurzaufsatzes ist es, einen Überblick über die Hilfsmittel zu geben, die gegenwärtig für die Sequenzanalyse in der makromolekularen Wissenschaft zur Verfügung stehen.
Synthesis of Indoles Using Visible Light: Photoredox Catalysis for Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation
Authors: Zoller Jochen , Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Rueping Magnus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA combined palladium‐ and photoredox‐catalyzed CH olefination enables the synthesis of indoles. By using visible light, the direct CH activation of aromatic enamines can be achieved and a variety of indole derivatives can be obtained in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Visible‐Light‐Induced CO Release from a Therapeutically Viable Tryptophan‐Derived Manganese(I) Carbonyl (TryptoCORM) Exhibiting Potent Inhibition against E. coli
Authors: Ward Jonathan S. , Lynam Jason M. , Moir James , Fairlamb Ian J. S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe first visible‐light‐activated carbon‐monoxide‐releasing molecule (CO‐RM) to exhibit a potent effect against Escherichia coli is described. The easily prepared tryptophan‐derived manganese‐containing complex (TryptoCORM) released 1.4 moles of CO at 465 nm, and 2 moles at 400 nm. A comprehensive synthetic, mechanistic and microbiological study into the behaviour of TryptoCORM is reported. The complex is thermally stable (i.e., does not release CO in solution in the absence of light), shows low toxicity against mammalian cells and releases tryptophan on photoinduced degradation, all of which point to TryptoCORM being therapeutically viable.
Core–Shell Nanoreactors for Efficient Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Xuewei , Cardozo Andrés F. , Chen Si , Zhang Wenjing , Julcour Carine , Lansalot Muriel , Blanco Jean‐François , Gayet Florence , Delmas Henri , Charleux Bernadette , Manoury Eric , D'Agosto Franck , Poli Rinaldo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWater‐borne phosphine‐functionalized core‐cross‐linked micelles (CCM) consisting of a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell were obtained as stable latexes by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) in water in a one‐pot, three‐step process. Initial homogeneous aqueous‐phase copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (PEOMA) is followed by copolymerization of styrene (S) and 4‐diphenylphosphinostyrene (DPPS), yielding P(MAA‐co‐PEOMA)‐b‐P(S‐co‐DPPS) amphiphilic block copolymer micelles (M) by polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA), and final micellar cross‐linking with a mixture of S and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The CCM were characterized by dynamic light scattering and NMR spectroscopy to evaluate size, dispersity, stability, and the swelling ability of various organic substrates. Coordination of [Rh(acac)(CO)2] (acac=acetylacetonate) to the core‐confined phosphine groups was rapid and quantitative. The CCM and M latexes were then used, in combination with [Rh(acac)(CO)2], to catalyze the aqueous biphasic hydroformylation of 1‐octene, in which they showed high activity, recyclability, protection of the activated Rh center by the polymer scaffold, and low Rh leaching. The CCM latex gave slightly lower catalytic activity but significantly less Rh leaching than the M latex. A control experiment conducted in the presence of the sulfoxantphos ligand pointed to the action of the CCM as catalytic nanoreactors with substrate and product transport into and out of the polymer core, rather than as a surfactant in interfacial catalysis.
Reduced‐toxicity conditioning with fludarabine, once‐daily intravenous busulfan, and antithymocyte globulins prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation: Results of a multicenter prospective phase 2 trial
Authors: Mohty Mohamad , Malard Florent , Blaise Didier , Milpied Noel , Furst Sabine , Tabrizi Resa , Guillaume Thierry , Vigouroux Stéphane , El‐Cheikh Jean , Delaunay Jacques , Le Gouill Steven , Moreau Philippe , Labopin Myriam , Chevallier Patrice 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUNDThe optimal intensity of myeloablation delivered as part of a reduced‐intensity/toxicity conditioning (RIC/RTC) regimen to decrease the recurrence rate, without increasing nonrecurrence mortality (NRM), remains to be established.METHODSThe current phase 2, prospective, multicenter trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of an RIC/RTC regimen based on busulfan at a dose of 130 mg/m2/day intravenously for 3 days, fludarabine at a dose of 30 mg/m2/day for 5 days, and antithymocyte globulins at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 2 days. A total of 80 patients (median age, 53 years; range, 25‐64 years) with hematological malignancies were included.RESULTSWith a median follow‐up of 21 months (range, 12‐36.5 months), the Kaplan‐Meier estimates of overall and disease‐free survival at 2 years were 62% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 51%‐73%) and 50% (95% CI, 33%‐57%), respectively. The cumulative incidences of grade 2 to 4 acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD (all grades) were 29% (95% CI, 19%‐39%) and 35% (95% CI, 24%‐46%), respectively. At 2 years, the cumulative incidence of recurrence/disease progression and NRM were 44% (95% CI, 31%‐56%) and 11% (95% CI, 6%‐19%), respectively. Patient age, diagnosis, donor type, sex, presence of comorbidities, and the Hematopoietic cell transplantation‐specific comorbidities index did not appear to have any statistically significant impact on NRM, recurrence/disease progression, disease‐free survival, or overall survival.CONCLUSIONSThe RIC/RTC regimen used in the current study appeared to be safe, with a low NRM rate at 2 years noted among high‐risk patients, and efficient disease control, warranting prospective phase 3 trials. Cancer 2015;121:562–569. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
FC2Q: exploiting fuzzy control in server consolidation for cloud applications with SLA constraints
Authors: Anglano Cosimo , Canonico Massimo , Guazzone Marco 
Published: October 2014

SummaryModern cloud data centers rely on server consolidation (the allocation of several virtual machines on the same physical host) to minimize their costs. Choosing the right consolidation level (how many and which virtual machines are assigned to a physical server) is a challenging problem, because contemporary multitier cloud applications must meet service level agreements in face of highly dynamic, nonstationary, and bursty workloads. In this paper, we deal with the problem of achieving the best consolidation level that can be attained without violating application service level agreements. We tackle this problem by devising fuzzy controller for consolidation and QoS (FC2Q), a resource management framework exploiting feedback fuzzy logic control, that is able to dynamically adapt the physical CPU capacity allocated to the tiers of an application in order to precisely match the needs induced by the intensity of its current workload. We implement FC2Q on a real testbed and use this implementation to demonstrate its ability of meeting the aforementioned goals by means of a thorough experimental evaluation, carried out with real‐world cloud applications and workloads. Furthermore, we compare the performance achieved by FC2Q against those attained by existing state‐of‐the‐art alternative solutions, and we show that FC2Q works better than them in all the considered experimental scenarios. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Two‐Station Biased Random Walkers Always Potential Molecular Motors?
Authors: Bakalis Evangelos , Zerbetto Francesco 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe short answer to the title question is no. Despite their tremendous complexity, many nanomachines are simply one‐dimensional systems undergoing a biased, that is, unidirectional, walk on a two‐minima potential energy curve. The initially prepared state, or station, is higher in energy than the final equilibrium state that is reached after overcoming an energy barrier. All chemical reactions comply with this scheme, which does not necessarily imply that a generic chemical reaction is a potential molecular motor. If the barrier is low, the system may walk back and the motion will have a large purely Brownian component. Alternatively, a large distance from the barrier of either of the two stations may introduce a Brownian component. Starting from a general inequality that leverages on the idea that the amount of heat dissipated along the potential energy curve is a good indication of the effectiveness of the biased walk, we provide guidelines for the selection of the features of artificial molecular motors.
Poly(vinylpyridine)‐Grafted Silica Containing Palladium or Nickel Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Sonogashira Coupling Reaction
Authors: Farjadian Fatemeh , Tamami Bahman 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEfficient catalytic systems based on palladium and nickel nanoparticles supported on poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VPy)‐grafted silica were prepared. After preparation of P4VPy‐grafted silica, complexation with PdCl2 and NiCl2 was carried out to obtain the heterogeneous catalytic systems. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) showed that palladium and nickel particles on the nanoscale were dispersed throughout the surface. Under copper‐, amine‐, and phosphine‐free conditions, the palladium catalyst exhibited excellent activity in the Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction. An amine‐ and phosphine‐free nickel‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction in the presence of CuI as a cocatalyst was also performed successfully. In both systems phenylacetylene reacted with aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides in high yield and over short reaction times.
One‐Pot Fabrication of Layered α‐Phase Nickel–Cobalt Hydroxides as Advanced Electrode Materials for Pseudocapacitors
Authors: Chen Haichao , Jiang Jianjun , Zhang Li , Zhao Yuandong , Guo Danqing , Ruan Yunjun , Xia Dandan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA novel and facile one‐step method for growing α‐phase nickel–cobalt hydroxides is developed. The use of 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) in the mixed solvent plays the decisive role in the precipitation of metal ions and the formation of α‐phase hydroxides. The synthetic method is robust enough to synthesize Ni–Co hydroxides with different stoichiometric ratios of Ni and Co, and can be extended to the fabrication of Ni0.67Zn0.33 hydroxide in the α phase. More encouragingly, the method employed can be further used to grow layered nickel‐cobalt hydroxides on Ni foam. As the electroactive materials for pseudocapacitors, the Ni–Co hydroxides deliver an ultrahigh specific capacitance (1337.4 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for Ni0.67Co0.33 hydroxide) with improved rate capability and cycling stability. Moreover, a greatly increased specific capacitance (2248.9 and 2286.7 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for Ni0.5Co0.5 and Ni0.67Co0.33 hydroxides, respectively) with superior cycling stability is obtained after growth on Ni foam.