bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Applications of Expandable Screens Through Three Case Studies
Authors: Furgier Jean-Noel , Souilah Ryad , Delattre Eric , Bourgoin Sébastien 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Over the last years, expandable screens technology has become more mature and many oil and gas wells are now equipped with such sand control. This paper intends to present typical applications through three case studies.
The first case regards a gas well in Indonesia, where gas reserves are found in many thin layers spread over several hundreds of meters. Traditional sand control methods do not allow flexible and cost effective protection of many thin layers. Expandable screens were installed in a cased hole after a work-over with the aim to maximize gas reserves despite weak sand formation. The paper addresses the erosion concern related to this configuration.
In the second case, an old oil well in Cameroon was side tracked in order to reach marginal reserves. Frac-packing, preferred sand control method in Cameroon, was not practical considering the small drilling diameter, the high well angle, the dependency to stimulation boat availability and the economical constraints. Instead, expandable screens were installed in open hole, allowing cutting the cost down while providing very good well performance. Expandable screens open new opportunities to access additional reserves that were not economical with traditional technology.
At last the third case demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing expandable screens in a high profile deep water development in Nigeria. The paper describes three water injection wells where expandable screens were successfully installed in an open hole, and addresses the challenging deployment from a floating rig.
Evolution of the Event Solution Process: A Fully Integrated Approach to Reservoir Studies Delivering Solutions with Clarity on Uncertainty, Risk and Mitigation
Authors: Elrafie Emad , Hogg Martin , Abbas Tariq 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we present an update of the highly successful Event Solution process (SPE 105276, The Event Solution; a New Approach for Fully Integrated Studies Covering Uncertainty Analysis and Risk Assessment).
The Event Solution is a short, intensively collaborative, multi-disciplinary field development optimization study approach that compresses complex, multi-year, study decision cycle times into weeks / months with increased clarity and detail on a wider range of development options, under uncertainty. The Event Solution is a highly successful study approach that creates significant value added synergy (understanding, decisions, technical and business) among all stakeholders (technical professionals, managers, executives and partners). Project results are faster with more qualified decisions (operational, tactical, strategy and portfolio) that encompass the complexity and diversity of multiple project realizations under uncertainty.
Successfully employed on 14 mega Saudi Aramco projects since late 2006, this paper illustrates the significance and the impact of Event Solution project results in terms of improved holistic reservoir understanding, field development decisions, risk and mitigation, under uncertainty. Higher original oil in place (OOIP), increase reserves and longer production plateaus are examples of Event Solution success.
This paper describes the innovative Saudi Aramco Event Solution approach to jointly co-manage and model uncertainty and risk through an integrated static, dynamic and economic field development process. The Event Solution is compared and contrasted with other industry approaches, illustrating study approach differences and benefits. The paper also summaries the steps to implement an Event Solution approach in scalable manner in different sized companies.
Proactive Indicators To Control Risks in Operations of Oil and Gas Fields
Authors: Johnsen S.O.. O. , Okstad E.. , Aas Andreas L. , Skramstad T.. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Because of the increased need for oil and gas, new and more-demanding oil fields must be explored in sensitive and challenging areas. Exploration of expert knowledge and new technology must be employed in these challenging situations. This collaboration and use of new technology introduces new ways of operating oil and gas fields. These new practices are often called "field of the future" or integrated operations (IO). These new practices are being implemented on the Norwegian continental shelf, leading to increased hydrocarbon recovery and changes in operations and maintenance. These practices may impact health, safety, and environment (HSE), but should not increase the risks of major accidents or influence HSE in a negative manner.
In this paper, we are suggesting a set of proactive indicators to ensure that risks are controlled when IO is implemented and operated. A proactive indicator is used as a measure of risk, to be controlled in risk management. The indicators have been developed on the basis of analysis of accidents, exploration of theory, and interviews and discussions in collaboration with the oil and gas industry.
Our suggested approach is to develop and explore indicators in close collaboration with key stakeholders to increase understanding and control of the relevant risks. Resilience and successful recoveries are not sufficiently explored in the reviewed accident reports, thus accident investigations should include reflections on reasons of successful recoveries and why the incident or accident did not have greater consequences.
The three most important causal factors of incidents seem to be poor design and poor validation of equipment, poor risk analysis of critical operations, and deviations from established procedures. A causal factor important in remote operations is miscommunication between actors during critical operations. Several proactive indicators are suggested, among them the level of exploration of safety cases during design and risk perception among stakeholders involved in operations. The indicators of remote operations should be a measure of shared communication and a measure of shared risk perceptions when critical tasks are distributed.
To validate the indicators, we are correlating the indicators with actual HSE levels. In addition, the indicators should be correlated to indirect measures (e.g., safety culture and risk perceptions) where appropriate.
An Organizational Approach to Malaria Protection: Balancing Precision and Practicality, Expert Panel Recommendations
Authors: Shallenberger Leba G. , Dockins Richard O. , Diara Malick 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Global mobile workers risk serious disease and death from malaria while it is a curable and preventable disease. Organizations sending workers and their families into malarious areas are challenged by implementing efficient and consistent malaria control programs in the face of conflicting opinions, recommendations and perceptions regarding the necessity of malaria controls, especially regarding the use of chemoprophylaxis medications. Many of the issues related to malaria chemoprophylaxis have not been and are not likely to be studied in well-designed, randomized, double blinded clinical trials. In addition, country regulations differ and conflicting advice is provided by different health workers. To standardize advice and recommendations on malaria chemoprophylaxis, a list of issues was developed from questions frequently asked by managers, employees and contractors. During a two-day workshop, a world-renowned expert panel with extensive professional experience in infectious diseases, travel medicine, occupational medicine and health education, discussed the issues while reviewing the relevant literature and sharing their practical experience, to provide sound technical guidance. This paper provides scientific evidence-based malaria prevention guidance, balancing the precision of malaria protection with practical recommendations for chemoprophylaxis use, based on immune status and destination factors. The panel endorsed continued long-term use of chemoprophylaxis by individuals categorized as non-immune, traveling in high risk plasmodium falciparum areas. Specific guidelines were recommended for travelers to Mexico, Papua New Guinea and India. Guidance for travelers switching back and forth between various medications was provided to help individuals maintain protection and reduce the risk of adverse health affects from multiple drugs. Recommendations for offering medication breaks for offshore workers were not strongly endorsed due to unpredicted travel through high risk onshore locations and the difficulties in being able to effectively communicate and apply these guidelines.
A Four-Step Biotreatability Protocol for Crude Oil Impacted Soil
Authors: Hoffmann Rob , Bernier Rene , Smith Schaun , McMillen Sara 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Bioremediation is often the preferred method for remediating crude oil impacted soil at exploration and production facilities because it is proven, cost-effective, robust, and performed on location. However, not all crude oil impacted soils are amenable. A four-step protocol, including predictive equations, has been developed to assess the feasibility of ex-situ bioremediation for crude oil impacted soil, enabling site managers to potentially forego expensive and time consuming biotreatability trials. First, representative samples are tested for conditions which could preclude bioremediation or necessitate pre-treatment, special management, or upfront lab treatability studies. The source crude and soil-based residual hydrocarbons are geochemically characterized to determine the inherent biodegradability of the crude and amount of hydrocarbon that has already been passively biodegraded or removed by an abiotic mechanism such as volatilization. A database of first-order rate constants characterizes the biotreatment kinetics. Compositional and rate data are used to estimate the duration of treatment and endpoint achievable by ex- situ bioremediation in steps 2 and 3. The predictive endpoint equation was derived from first principles, empirically corrected using field-scale data, and validated at full-scale for source condensates and crude oils ranging from 14° to 45° API. The degree of validation suggests the predictive equations are suitable for making decisions on bioremediation potential, thereby eliminating the need for lab and pilot treatability studies in many cases. If the duration and extent of removal predicted would fulfill the project's objectives, the final configuration (land treatment or composting) is selected in step 4 considering schedule and spatial constraints and the properties the bioremediated soil needs to possess to support the designated end use. As with any predictive methodology the practitioner must exercise caution to identify any confounding factors which could constrain the rate or degree of removal. This paper will present the biotreatability protocol, predictive equations for inferring bioremediation feasibility from compositional information, and other lessons learned from crude oil bioremediation projects performed over the last 20 years.
Integration of Ergonomics Studies into the Design Process: A Case Study in Petroleum Research Laboratories
Authors: Bittencourt J. M. , Carvalho L. B. , Duarte F. J. , Penteado E. V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Integrate health and safety issues of workplace into design of new installations is a challenge for design engineers. The integration of ergonomics studies into design process is a proven strategy to achieve this challenge. The case presented reports the experience ergonomics integration after the basic project for new chemical laboratory facilities for petroleum research center at a Brazilian petroleum industry. The evaluation was based on usability concepts and identification of usual work situations; it was developed over the actual activities of 23 laboratories about to be transferred to a new building under construction. Due to the late integration of ergonomics into the design process, there were limited possibilities of interfering in design decisions, but still, many contributions were made to improve work conditions regarding equipment specification as laboratory bonnets, workbenches, dispensers for contaminated material and work stations.
The main recommendations made to improve work conditions at the new petroleum research facilities. The experience related may be applied by design engineers to improve new facilities projects; ergonomists working in laboratory environments.
The recommendations presented shows that ergonomic studies are not related to worker needs, but to activity needs. Upon confronting the basic project with the activities to be performed in the new space, it was ascertained that distributing equipment according only to security norms creates incompatibilities if the activity to be developed is not taken into account. Those incompatibilities may cause accidents, hinder access for equipment maintenance, provide insufficient space for contaminated material disposal and provide super estimated or overestimated space to develop laboratorial activities.
The earlier integration of ergonomics studies into the design process can prevent most of those incompatibilities. The consequence of late integration entails in the impossibility of correcting problems reproduced and which consume time and resources in reviewing project aspects. The significance of this paper is to relate the experience, so it can be applied by design engineers at future developments of new petroleum research laboratories and stimulate the integration of ergonomics into the design process so health and safety issues can be integrated in design process.
Impact of Water Dynamics in Fractures on the Performance of Hydraulically Fractured Wells in Gas-Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Cheng Yueming 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Slickwater fracturing has been increasingly applied to stimulate unconventional shale-gas reservoirs. Comparing with crosslinked fluids, slickwater used as a fracturing fluid has several advantages, including low cost, a higher possibility of creating complex fracture networks, less formation damage, and ease of cleanup. An enormous amount of water is injected into the formation during the treatment. Even with a good recovery of injected water from flowback, large quantities of water are still left within the reservoir.
The dynamics of the water phase within the created hydraulic fractures and reactivated natural fractures (induced fractures) has significant impact on both short- and long-term performance of a hydraulically fractured well. The dynamics of the water phase within fractures is controlled by many mechanisms, such as relative permeability, capillary pressure, gravity segregation, and stress-sensitive fracture conductivities. In this paper, reservoir-simulation models for a generic gas-shale reservoir are constructed to investigate the changes of water-saturation distribution in fractures over time during production and their impact on gas-production performance. It is demonstrated that water imbibitions caused by capillary pressure and gravity segregation can play important roles in water-saturation distribution and redistribution, particularly during extended shut-in, which in turn affects gas flow significantly. Moreover, an unfavorable combination of relative permeability, capillary pressure, stress-sensitive fracture conductivities, and invasion-zone permeability damage can lead to water-blockage problems.
Analysis of Gasfloods Using Semilog Graphs of Free-Gas Gas/Oil Ratio vs. Cumulative Oil Production
Authors: Warner H.R. , McGregor D.S. , Laieb K. , Morsli H. 
Published: June 2014

Technology Today Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering.
Abstract
This work describes the use of semilog graphs of the free-gas gas/oil ratio (GOR) vs. cumulative oil production to analyze the performance of fields with large-scale gasflood operations. After gas breakthrough, and if field operations are reasonably constant, linear trends are found on these graphs and these trends can be extrapolated to project future oil recovery. This technique is similar to the use of semilog graphs of water/oil ratio (WOR) vs. cumulative oil production to analyze waterflood performance.
The conceptual and theoretical bases for this approach are described, along with assumptions required to develop this technique from basic flow equations. Analysis of miscible-gasflood historical data from the Hassi Messaoud (HMD) (Algeria) and University Block 31 (west Texas, USA) oil fields is presented by use of this technique. As was the case with waterflood analysis using log-WOR-vs.-cumulative-oil-production graphs, for gasflood analysis this technique is shown to apply somewhat more generally than the theory might suggest. This technique is shown to be applicable at the individual-production-well level, pattern level, or for a reservoir as a whole.
Introduction
For the past 60 years, a technique used to analyze waterflood performance has been to prepare semilog graphs of the producing WOR vs. cumulative oil production. These graphs have been used because, in most cases, a linear trend is observed from which future production performance can be projected. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of a similar technique to fields in which there have been long-term, large-scale gasflooding operations.
The process of gas displacing oil is similar to that of water displacing viscous oil, given that the viscosity ratio is approximately the same. There are differences, and those will be discussed. The primary difference is that in most oil fields, the oil contains considerable dissolved gas, which must be taken into account when analyzing gasflood performance. Other differences are considered that generally appear either to be insignificant or to counteract each other.
Methods of Making Fine-Dispersed Gas-Water Mixtures (DWGM) and Calculation Parameters Dispersion Device to Obtain DWGM With Optimum Data
Authors: Dmitriy Kuravskiy 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Increased oil production from the reservoir is one of the most important tasks of the Russian oil and gas industry. There are many ways to solve this problem; however, in connection with tightening standards on the disposal of associated gas (PNG), there is a need to develop technologies that simultaneously can provide two objectives: 1) to dispose of PNG, and, 2) to affect the reservoir, increasing recovery efficiency. Injection of a homogeneous mixture consisting of water and associated gas is used as one of the effective ways of solving this problem. Gas is induced into the flow of water by a dispersion device in order to create DWGM, such fine-dispersed water-gas mixtures are used as a reservoir displacement agent. Application of DWGM avoids the major shortcomings of traditional water and gas flooding. DWGM serves to improve sweep efficiency as opposed to the result of single phase gas breakthrough from layers with high permeability.
The effective use of DWGM depends on several different factors. The most important factors are degree of dispersion and the percentage of gas in DWGM. The main goals of this work are the comparison of different methods of generating DWGA, their primary characteristics, and the calculation parameters of dispersal devices required for DWGM with optimal parameters.
Research of oil-displacement by DWGM was carried out on a two- and three-phase coreflood set up at the Scientific Center of Thermodynamics and Physics of Formation, OOO "VNIIGAZ". The multiphase coreflooding set up was developed by Temco, Inc. (Tulsa, OK, USA) and was assembled by Terra Tek, Inc..
Procedure for Elimination of Gas-cone by Using Salt Crystals (Case Study)
Authors: Megyery M. , Koncz I. , Szittar A. , Tiszai Gy. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A part of the reservoirs within Hungary have got a big gas cap and a thin oil-bearing zone. During production from their vertically as well as horizontally drilled oil bearing intervals, it is typical that the rate of oil production is decreased by the gas-coning.
Our procedure reduces the effect of gas-coning by injecting sodium chloride saturated brine into the gas-coning oil wells. When the quantity of the solvent (water) and/or the solubility of the salt is diminished, salt crystals will precipitate in the part of pores of the reservoir. (In the German-language literature the denomination of the effect is Salzzementation) Gas-coning eliminations consist of several alternate injections of salt saturated brine, oil and ethanol slugs. After treatment, the mobile phases (gas, oil) influence salt crystals differently. It was experienced the gas is not able to dissolve the salt crystals, because it has no mobile water. Gas transports salt crystals into the pore throats, thus the „permeability barrier" in the gas flow zone remains. However, oil contains some water to dissolve the salt crystals. In the oil flow zone, the „permeability barrier" ceases gradually, and the former permeability is restored.
15 oil wells (2 horizontal ones among them) were treated for eliminating gas-coning. For surplus oil calculations, production forecasts were prepared. Surplus oil was calculated as the difference between actual and forecast production data. 67% of the treatments gave a positive result. From 1999 till the end of 2008 the project resulted in 113 000 m3 surplus oil. Taking into account all of the treated wells, the economic result was six times larger than the input cost at least.
As both horizontal wells have given good results, the procedure can be recommended for such wells especially if the reservoir is significantly heterogeneous.