bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nature of LINER galaxies: Ubiquitous hot old stars and rare accreting black holes
Authors: Singh R. , van de Ven G. , Jahnke K. ,   the CALIFA collaboration
Published: July 2014

AbstractGalaxies, which often contain ionised gas, sometimes also exhibit a so-called low-ionisation nuclear emission line region (LINER). For 30 years, this was attributed to a central mass-accreting supermassive black hole (more commonly known as active galactic nucleus or AGN) of low luminosity, making LINER galaxies the largest AGN sub-population, which dominate in numbers over higher AGN-luminosity Seyfert galaxies and quasars. This, however, poses a serious problem. While the inferred energy balance is plausible, many LINERs clearly do not contain any other independent signatures of an AGN. Using integral field spectroscopic data from the CALIFA survey, we compare the observed radial surface brightness profiles with what is expected from illumination by an AGN. For 48 galaxies with LINER-like emission we show, that the radial emission-line surface brightness profiles are inconsistent with ionisation by a central point-source and hence cannot be due to an AGN alone. The most probable explanation for the excess LINER-like emission is ionisation by evolved stars during the short but very hot and energetic phase known as post-AGB. This leads us to an entirely new interpretation. Post-AGB stars are ubiquitous and their ionising effect should be potentially observable in every galaxy with gas present and with stars older than ~1 Gyr, unless a stronger radiation field from young hot stars or an AGN outshines them. This means, that galaxies with LINER-like emission are not a class defined by a property but rather by the absence of a property. It also explains why LINER emission is observed mostly in massive galaxies with old stars and little star formation.
Study of Spectral Energy Distributions of low-luminosity radio galaxies at z ~ 1–3: a high-z view of the host/AGN connection
Authors: Baldi Ranieri D. , Chiaberge Marco , Capetti Alessandro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLow-luminosity radio galaxies, common in the local Universe, are associated with giant elliptical galaxies and typically with a FR I radio morphology. However, they are rare in flux-limited samples of distant radio-loud (RL) AGN due to a selection bias. Chiaberge et al. (2009) selected the first sizeable sample of FRI candidates at 1<z<3, in the COSMOS field. We study the Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) of this low radio power sample from the far-UV to the Mid-IR wavelengths. Our results show that the hosts of these high-z low-luminosity radio sources are old massive galaxies, similar to the local FR Is. However, for half of the sample the UV and MIR excesses indicate the possible significant contribution from star formation and/or nuclear activity, not seen in low-z FR Is. Our sources display a wide variety of properties: from possible quasars at the highest luminosities, to low-luminosity old galaxies.
X-ray variability in LINERs
Authors: Masegosa Josefa , Hernández-García Lorena , Márquez Isabel , González-Martín Omaira 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOne of the most important features in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is the variability of their emission. Variability has been discovered at X-ray, UV, and radio frequencies on time scales from hours to years. Among the AGN family and according to theoretical studies, Low-Ionization Nuclear Emission Line Region (LINER) nuclei would be variable objects on long time scales. Our purpose is to investigate spectral X-ray variability in LINERs and to understand the nature of these kinds of objects, as well as their accretion mechanism.ChandraandXMM–Newton public archives were used to compile X-ray spectra of LINER nuclei at different epochs with time scales of years. To search for variability we fit all the spectra from the same object with a set of models, in order to identify the parameters responsible for the variability pattern. We found that long term spectral variability is very common, with variations mostly related to hard energies (2-10 keV). These variations are due to changes in the soft excess, and/or changes in the absorber, and/or intrinsic variations of the source.
Quantifying separation and similarity in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metapopulation
Authors: Knight Sarah , Goddard Matthew R 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Eukaryotic microbes are key ecosystem drivers; however, we have little theory and few data elucidating the processes influencing their observed population patterns. Here we provide an in-depth quantitative analysis of population separation and similarity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the aim of providing a more detailed account of the population processes occurring in microbes. Over 10 000 individual isolates were collected from native plants, vineyards and spontaneous ferments of fruit from six major regions spanning 1000 km across New Zealand. From these, hundreds of S. cerevisiae genotypes were obtained, and using a suite of analytical methods we provide comprehensive quantitative estimates for both population structure and rates of gene flow or migration. No genetic differentiation was detected within geographic regions, even between populations inhabiting native forests and vineyards. We do, however, reveal a picture of national population structure at scales above ∼100 km with distinctive populations in the more remote Nelson and Central Otago regions primarily contributing to this. In addition, differential degrees of connectivity between regional populations are observed and correlate with the movement of fruit by the New Zealand wine industry. This suggests some anthropogenic influence on these observed population patterns.
Selective induction and subcellular distribution of ACONITASE 3 reveal the importance of cytosolic citrate metabolism during lipid mobilization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hooks Mark A. , Allwood J. William , Harrison Joanna K. D. , Kopka Joachim , Erban Alexander , Goodacre Royston , Balk Janneke 
Published: July 2014

Arabidopsis thaliana has three genes that encode distinct aconitases (ACO), but little is known about the function of each isoenzyme during plant development. In newly emerged seedlings of Arabidopsis, transcript and protein levels for ACO3 were selectively induced to yield more than 80% of total aconitase activity. Characterization of knockout mutants for each of the three ACOs suggests a major role for only ACO3 in citrate metabolism. The aco3 mutant showed delayed early seedling growth, altered assimilation of [14C]acetate feeding and elevated citrate levels, which were nearly 4-fold greater than in wild-type, aco1 or aco2. However, both ACO1 and ACO2 are active in seedlings as shown by inhibition of aco3 growth by the toxin monofluoroacetate, and altered [14C]acetate assimilation and metabolite levels in aco1 and aco2. Relative levels of fumarate and malate differed between aco2 and aco3, indicating metabolically isolated pools of these metabolites in seedlings. Our inability to enrich ACO protein through mitochondria isolation, and the reduced cytosolic ACO activity of the iron–sulfur centre assembly mutant atm3-1, indicated a cytosolic localization of ACO3 in 3-day-old seedlings. Subsequently, we determined that more than 90% of ACO3 was cytosolic. We conclude that ACO3 is cytosolic in young seedlings and functions in citrate catabolism consistent with the operation of the classic glyoxylate and not direct catabolism of citrate within mitochondria.
Novel potential targets for prevention of arterial restenosis: insights from the pre-clinical research
Authors: Forte Amalia , Rinaldi Barbara , Berrino Liberato , Rossi Francesco , Galderisi Umberto , Cipollaro Marilena 
Published: July 2014

Restenosis is the pathophysiological process occurring in 10–15% of patients submitted to revascularization procedures of coronary, carotid and peripheral arteries. It can be considered as an excessive healing reaction of the vascular wall subjected to arterial/venous bypass graft interposition, endarterectomy or angioplasty. The advent of bare metal stents, drug-eluting stents and of the more recent drug-eluting balloons, have significantly reduced, but not eliminated, the incidence of restenosis, which remains a clinically relevant problem. Biomedical research in pre-clinical animal models of (re)stenosis, despite its limitations, has contributed enormously to the identification of processes involved in restenosis progression, going well beyond the initial dogma of a primarily proliferative disease. Although the main molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying restenosis have been well described, new signalling molecules and cell types controlling the progress of restenosis are continuously being discovered. In particular, microRNAs and vascular progenitor cells have recently been shown to play a key role in this pathophysiological process. In addition, the advanced highly sensitive high-throughput analyses of molecular alterations at the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome levels occurring in injured vessels in animal models of disease and in human specimens serve as a basis to identify novel potential therapeutic targets for restenosis. Molecular analyses are also contributing to the identification of reliable circulating biomarkers predictive of post-interventional restenosis in patients, which could be potentially helpful in the establishment of an early diagnosis and therapy. The present review summarizes the most recent and promising therapeutic strategies identified in experimental models of (re)stenosis and potentially translatable to patients subjected to revascularization procedures.
Dual‐band bandpass filter with wide upper stopband using quad‐mode stepped impedance stub‐loaded resonator
Authors: Lin Lei , Sun Shou‐Jia , Wu Bian , Liang Chang‐Hong 
Published: July 2014

A novel quad‐mode stepped impedance stub‐loaded resonator is presented. The even–odd‐mode method is applied twice to analyse the modal resonance characteristics due to its symmetry. All the four modes' equivalent circuits are quarter‐wavelength stepped impedance resonators, so the proposed resonator has a compact size and higher harmonic frequencies. Stub‐to‐stub coupling is introduced to split two identical modes and produce two transmission zeros. A dual‐band bandpass filter operating at 1.5 and 2.4 GHz is designed using the proposed resonator. The centre frequency and bandwidth of each passband can be controlled by tuning the corresponding physical dimensions, and a wide upper stopband is achieved. Finally, the designed filter was fabricated and measured, and the measured results have good agreement with the simulated ones.
Frequency response analysis for bidirectional series‐resonant DC/DC converter in discontinuous mode
Authors: Ibanez Federico , Echeverria Jose Martín , Vadillo Javier , Fontan Luis 
Published: July 2014

This study analyses the frequency response of a bidirectional series‐resonant DC/DC converter (SRC) working in a discontinuous mode (DCM). The converter can reach a voltage conversion ratio higher or lower than one, depending on whether the operation mode is step‐up or step‐down. The analysis is based on a novel mixed technique using both the state‐space average method and the Fourier method to obtain a state‐space averaged model of the converter. The study presents the model for the two operation modes. It also presents the frequency response of the output voltage as a function of the input voltage and as a function of the off‐time, which is the control parameter of the converter. The results of those transfer functions are compared with measurements in a 2000 W prototype. The model provides enough information to properly control the SRC in DCM.
Low power software defined incoherent scatter radar system design concept for continuous sounding the earth's ionosphere
Authors: Yao Ming , Deng Xiaohua , Lu Ziqing , Bai Bo , Li Huixia 
Published: July 2014

The incoherent scatter radar (ISR) is the only ground based instrument, which can detect space plasma parameters from tens to thousands of kilometres height above the earth. ISR system usually has large radio frequency (RF) power and antenna array size. The novel ISR introduced in this study has the advantages of low power consumption and continuous operation as it uses novel technologies. It can probe real time plasma parameters in the entire altitude range of the ionosphere (80–1000 km). Successful development of such an ISR will resolve the problem of continuous detection of ionospheric parameters. This study will introduce the design concept of this low power software defined ISR.
Real‐time measurement of meteorological parameters for estimating low‐altitude atmospheric turbulence strength (Cn2)
Authors: Arockia Bazil Raj Anthonysamy , Selvi James Arputha Vijaya , Raghavan Singaravelu 
Published: July 2014

The major factor that limits the performance of Free Space Optical Communication is atmospheric turbulence which fluctuates over time in accordance with the variations in local meteorological parameters. Estimating the atmospheric turbulence strength Cn2 with the measurement data becomes significant to find the data rate the system is capable of operating under different outdoor local environmental conditions. Hence, a low cost customised system for continuously measuring the local meteorological data is developed and presented in this study. A field test scintillometer setup is established for a link range of 0.5 km at an altitude of 15.25 m. Specialised sensors are interfaced to the digital architectures to acquire the real‐time data corresponding to atmospheric changes. The accuracy and performance of the measurement system are tested against standard instruments and the maximum correlation coefficients of 99.92, 99.63, 99.73 and 99.88% are achieved for wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and pressure, respectively. An experimental model to estimate Cn2 using measured meteorological data is developed and the atmospheric turbulence strength is estimated. The validations of the estimated results with the scintillometer measurement are also analysed. The weather profile and corresponding Cn2 variations at our test field for different seasons in 1 year period are presented and the results are analysed.
Structural basis for the extended CAP-Gly domains of p150
glued
binding to microtubules and the implication for tubulin dynamics
Authors: Wang Qianmin , Crevenna Alvaro H. , Kunze Ines , Mizuno Naoko 
Published: July 2014

Significance
This study presents a direct visualization of the microtubule-p150glued(CAP-Gly) complex by cryo-EM and seeks to describe the molecular mechanism of the control of tubulin dynamics by p150 CAP-Gly. It highlights the neutralization of the acidic tubulin surface by the basic extensions of CAP-Gly, resulting in the activation of tubulin polymerization. In the condition where the lateral association is impeded (i.e., at low temperature), the extended CAP-Gly domain induces tubulin dimers to connect longitudinally. The two directional modes of self-association of tubulin suggest a foundation for its dynamic behavior at the tip of microtubules and its regulation.
Dual cell protective mechanisms activated by differing levels of oxidative stress in HT22 murine hippocampal cells
Authors: Sato Kazunori , Yamanaka Yuki , Ishii Masaya , Ishibashi Kazusa , Ogura Yurina , Ohtani-Kaneko Ritsuko , Nishihara Masugi , Nedachi Taku 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as one of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative disease. However, recent evidence has suggested that regulation of cellular fate in response to oxidative stress appears to be dependent on the stress levels. In this study, using HT22 cells, we attempted to understand how an alteration in the oxidative stress levels would influence neuronal cell fate. HT22 cell viability was reduced with exposure to high levels of oxidative stress, whereas, low levels of oxidative stress promoted cell survival. Erk1/2 activation induced by a low level of oxidative stress played a role in this cell protective effect. Intriguingly, subtoxic level of H2O2 induced expression of a growth factor, progranulin (PGRN), and exogenous PGRN pretreatment attenuated HT22 cell death induced by high concentrations of H2O2 in Erk1/2-dependent manner. Together, our study indicates that two different cell protection mechanisms are activated by differing levels of oxidative stress in HT22 cells.
Alpha-mangostin promotes myoblast differentiation by modulating the gene-expression profile in C2C12 cells
Authors: Horiba Taro , Katsukawa Masahiro , Abe Keiko , Nakai Yuji 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlpha-mangostin, a xanthone contained mostly in mangosteen pericarp, has been reported to exert various biological functions. However, little is known about involvement of this xanthone in the muscle differentiation process. Here, we report the effect of α-mangostin on murine skeletal muscle-derived C2C12 myoblasts. α-mangostin stimulated myoblast differentiation leading to myotube formation. DNA microarray analysis revealed that genes associated with myoblast differentiation and muscle cell component formation were up-regulated in α-mangostin-treated cells. These results indicate that α-mangostin promotes myoblast differentiation through modulating the gene-expression profile in myoblasts.
Analysis of the training load during a hypertrophy‐type resistance training programme in men and women
Authors: Ribeiro Alex S. , Avelar Ademar , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Fleck Steven J. , Souza Mariana F. , Padilha Camila S. , Cyrino Edilson S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the specific training load during a resistance training (RT) programme designed to increase muscular hypertrophy in men and women. Thirty‐four women (22.7 ± 4.1 years, 58.8 ± 11.9 kg, 162.6 ± 6.2 cm and 22.1 ± 3.6 kg.m−2) and 30 men (22.7 ± 4.4 years, 68.4 ± 9.0 kg, 174.5 ± 6.6 cm and 22.5 ± 2.4 kg.m−2) underwent a supervised RT programme that was divided into two phases of 8 weeks each. Training consisted of 10–12 exercises performed with three sets of 8–12 repetitions at repetition maximum resistances performed 3 times per week on nonconsecutive days. There was a significant (P < 0.05) main effect for gender by time interaction for average training load of all the exercises performed in the first 8 weeks of RT with women showing a higher relative increase than men (+43.6% vs. +32.5%, respectively). This result was not observed during the second 8‐week phase of the RT programme during which no significant gender by time interaction (P > 0.05) was shown with both genders having a similar relative increase (+28.7% vs. +24.3%, respectively). Women had a higher increase than men in specific average training load of the upper limb exercises during both the first 8 weeks of training (+30.2% vs. +26.6%, respectively) and the second 8 weeks of training (+31.1% vs. +25.3%, respectively). We conclude that the adaptation in specific training load is influenced by gender.
The Heterogeneity of Clinical Practice Patterns among an International Cohort of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Experts
Authors: Ryan John J. , Butrous Ghazwan , Maron Bradley A. 
Published: July 2014

The extent to which pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) experts share common practice patterns that are in alignment with published expert consensus recommendations is unknown. Our objective was to characterize the clinical management strategies used by an international cohort of self‐identified PAH experts. A 32‐item questionnaire composed mainly of rank order or Likert scale questions was distributed via the Internet (August 5, 2013, through January 20, 2014) to four international pulmonary vascular disease organizations. The survey respondents (N = 105) were field experts reporting 11.6 ± 8.7 years of PAH experience. Likert scale responses (1 = disagree, 7 = agree) were 3.0–5.0, indicating a disparity in opinions, for 78% of questions. Respondent (dis)agreement scores were 4.4 ± 2.2 for use of expert recommendations to determine catheterization timing in PAH. For PAH patients without cardiogenic shock or known vasoreactivity status, the most and least preferred first‐line therapies (1 = most preferred, 5 = least preferred) were phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE‐Vi) and subcutaneous prostacyclin analogues, respectively (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 4.0 ± 1.1; P < 0.05). Compared with US‐practicing clinicians (N = 46), non‐US‐practicing clinicians (N = 57) favored collaboration between cardiology and pulmonary medicine for clinical decision making (1 = disagree, 7 = agree; 3.1 ± 2.2 vs. 4.8 ± 2.2; P < 0.0001) and PDE‐Vi (6.5% vs. 22.4%) as first‐line therapy for PAH patients with cardiogenic shock but were less likely to perform vasoreactivity testing in patients with lung disease–induced pulmonary hypertension (4.3 ± 2.1 vs. 2.2 ± 1.6; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, practice patterns among PAH experts diverge from consensus recommendations and differ by practice location, suggesting that opportunity may exist to improve care quality for this highly morbid cardiopulmonary disease.
Introduction to Competition Law
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This introductory chapter discusses the following: the objectives of competition law; US law; schools of competition analysis and theories and concepts relevant to competition law; ordoliberalism and its implications for competition policy; EU competition law; competition law and the international context; the techniques and tools of competition law; and market power, market definition, and barriers to entry.
Neurological complications of Lyme borreliosis
Authors: Singh-Curry Victoria , Arnold Amber , O’Connell Sue 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEuropean Lyme borreliosis commonly presents with neurological complications such as mono-neuritis multiplex, radiculopathy, and encephalopathy. This chapter describes a case of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) accompanied by the epidemiology, tick-borne transmission, diagnosis, and management of the condition. A discussion on the range of clinical presentations that are compatible with acute LNB and treatment outcomes of LNB follows, together with a discussion of late LNB or post-Lyme syndrome.
HIV-associated multicentric Castleman’s disease
Authors: Rayment Michael , Bower Mark 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
HIV-associated multicentric Castleman’s disease (HIV-MCD) is a rare, life-threatening complication of HIV infection. Its incidence appears to be increasing in the post-HAART era, and the disease may occur at any CD4 count, and in individuals on and off antiretroviral therapy. The links between HIV-MCD, HHV-8, and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus are described. Insights into the pathophysiology of the disorder have informed new, targeted therapies. Such therapies, including the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, have made this a treatable condition with excellent short- and medium-term outcomes. The condition runs a relapsing and remitting course and patients must be monitored indefinitely. This chapter presents a case study of HIV-MCD with end-organ dysfunction. We describe the clinical features of HIV-MCD, consider useful diagnostic modalities in the work-up of the condition (including histological features, the measurement of human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) DNA levels, and the use of positron emission tomography), and discuss current treatment options and outcomes. Clinical tips alert clinicians to salient features of the disorder and its management. The putative pathophysiology of HIV-MCD is discussed.