bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive–Perceptual Examination of Remediation Approaches to Hypokinetic Dysarthria
Authors: McAuliffe Megan J. , Kerr Sarah E. , Gibson Elizabeth M. R. , Anderson Tim , LaShell Patrick J. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
To determine how increased vocal loudness and reduced speech rate affect listeners' cognitive–perceptual processing of hypokinetic dysarthric speech associated with Parkinson's disease.

Method

Fifty-one healthy listener participants completed a speech perception experiment. Listeners repeated phrases produced by 5 individuals with dysarthria across habitual, loud, and slow speaking modes. Listeners were allocated to habitual (
n
= 17), loud (
n
= 17), or slow (
n
= 17) experimental conditions. Transcripts derived from the phrase repetition task were coded for overall accuracy (i.e., intelligibility), and perceptual error analyses examined how these conditions affected listeners' phonemic mapping (i.e., syllable resemblance) and lexical segmentation (i.e., lexical boundary error analysis).

Results
Both speech conditions provided obvious perceptual benefits to listeners. Overall, transcript accuracy was highest in the slow condition. In the loud condition, however, improvement was evidenced across the experiment. An error analysis suggested that listeners in the loud condition prioritized acoustic–phonetic cues in their attempts to resolve the degraded signal, whereas those in the slow condition appeared to preferentially weight lexical stress cues.

Conclusions
Increased loudness and reduced rate exhibited differential effects on listeners' perceptual processing of dysarthric speech. The current study highlights the insights that may be gained from a cognitive–perceptual approach.
Articulatory and Acoustic Correlates of Contrastive Focus in Congenitally Blind Adults and Sighted Adults
Authors: Ménard Lucie , Leclerc Annie , Tiede Mark 
Published: April 2014

PurposeThe role of vision in speech representation was investigated in congenitally blind speakers and sighted speakers by studying the correlates of contrastive focus, a prosodic condition in which phonemic contrasts are enhanced. It has been reported that the lips (visible articulators) are less involved in implementing the rounding feature for blind speakers. If the weight of visible gestures in speech representation is reduced in blind speakers, they should show different strategies to mark focus-induced prominence.MethodNine congenitally blind French speakers and 9 sighted French speakers were recorded while uttering sentences in neutral and contrastive focus conditions. Internal lip area, upper lip protrusion, and acoustic values (formants, fundamental frequency, duration, and intensity) were measured.ResultsIn the acoustic domain, both groups signaled focus by using comparable values of fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration. Formant values in sighted speakers were more affected by the prosodic condition. In the articulatory domain, sighted speakers significantly altered lip geometry in the contrastive focus condition compared with the neutral condition, whereas blind speakers did not.ConclusionThese results suggest that implementation of prosodic focus is affected by congenital visual deprivation. The authors discuss how these findings can be interpreted in the framework of the perception-for-action-control theory.
Voice Onset Time in Consonant Cluster Errors: Can Phonetic Accommodation Differentiate Cognitive From Motor Errors?
Authors: Pouplier Marianne , Marin Stefania , Waltl Susanne 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
Phonetic accommodation in speech errors has traditionally been used to identify the processing level at which an error has occurred. Recent studies have challenged the view that noncanonical productions may solely be due to phonetic, not phonological, processing irregularities, as previously assumed. The authors of the present study investigated the relationship between phonological and phonetic planning processes on the basis of voice onset time (VOT) behavior in consonant cluster errors.

Method
Acoustic data from 22 German speakers were recorded while eliciting errors on sibilant-stop clusters. Analyses consider VOT duration as well as intensity and spectral properties of the sibilant.

Results
Of all incorrect responses, 28% failed to show accommodation. Sibilant intensity and spectral properties differed from correct responses irrespective of whether VOT was accommodated.

Conclusions
The data overall do not allow using (a lack of) accommodation as a diagnostic as to the processing level at which an error has occurred. The data support speech production models that allow for an integrated view of phonological and phonetic processing.
Cross-Language Perception of Japanese Vowel Length Contrasts: Comparison of Listeners From Different First Language Backgrounds
Authors: Tsukada Kimiko , Hirata Yukari , Roengpitya Rungpat 
Published: April 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this research was to compare the perception of Japanese vowel length contrasts by 4 groups of listeners who differed in their familiarity with length contrasts in their first language (L1; i.e., American English, Italian, Japanese, and Thai). Of the 3 nonnative groups, native Thai listeners were expected to outperform American English and Italian listeners, because vowel length is contrastive in their L1. Native Italian listeners were expected to demonstrate a higher level of accuracy for length contrasts than American English listeners, because the former are familiar with consonant (but not vowel) length contrasts (i.e., singleton vs. geminate) in their L1.MethodA 2-alternative forced-choice AXB discrimination test that included 125 trials was administered to all the participants, and the listeners' discrimination accuracy (d′) was reported.ResultsAs expected, Japanese listeners were more accurate than all 3 nonnative groups in their discrimination of Japanese vowel length contrasts. The 3 nonnative groups did not differ from one another in their discrimination accuracy despite varying experience with length contrasts in their L1. Only Thai listeners were more accurate in their length discrimination when the target vowel was long than when it was short.ConclusionBeing familiar with vowel length contrasts in L1 may affect the listeners' cross-language perception, but it does not guarantee that their L1 experience automatically results in efficient processing of length contrasts in unfamiliar languages. The extent of success may be related to how length contrasts are phonetically implemented in listeners' L1.
Multiple Factors Are Involved in the Dysarthria Associated With Parkinson's Disease: A Review With Implications for Clinical Practice and Research
Authors: Sapir Shimon 
Published: April 2014

PurposeMotor speech abnormalities are highly common and debilitating in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). These abnormalities, collectively termed hypokinetic dysarthria (HKD), have been traditionally attributed to hypokinesia and bradykinesia secondary to muscle rigidity and dopamine deficits. However, the role of rigidity and dopamine in the development of HKD is far from clear. The purpose of the present study was to offer an alternative view of the factors underlying HKD.MethodThe authors conducted an extensive, but not exhaustive, review of the literature to examine the evidence for the traditional view versus the alternative view.ResultsThe review suggests that HKD is a highly complex and variable phenomenon including multiple factors, such as scaling and maintaining movement amplitude and effort; preplanning and initiation of movements; internal cueing; sensory and temporal processing; automaticity; emotive vocalization; and attention to action (vocal vigilance). Although not part of the dysarthria, nonmotor factors, such as depression, aging, and cognitive-linguistic abnormalities, are likely to contribute to the overall speech symptomatology associated with IPD.ConclusionThese findings have important implications for clinical practice and research.
Safety Behaviors and Speech Treatment for Adults Who Stutter
Authors: Helgadottir Fjola Dogg , Menzies Ross G. , Onslow Mark , Packman Ann , O'Brian Sue 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
Those with anxiety use safety behaviors when attempting to prevent negative outcomes. There is evidence that these behaviors contribute to the persistence of anxiety disorders. Safety behaviors have been prominent in the cognitive behavior therapy literature during the last decade, particularly with social phobia management. However, nothing is known of safety behavior use by those who stutter. This is surprising given the high prevalence of social phobia in the stuttering population who seek clinical help.

Method
Clinical psychologists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) created a list of safety behaviors that might be used by adults during treatment for stuttering. Participants were 160 SLPs who were asked whether they advised adults who stutter to use any of these safety behaviors.

Results
SLPs commonly recommend safety behaviors during stuttering management. Factor structures were found for the following 5 safety behavior categories: (a) general safety behaviors, (b) practice and rehearsal, (c) general avoidance, (d) choosing safe and easy people, and (e) control-related safety behaviors.

Conclusions
There is a need to determine the frequency with which adults who receive stuttering treatment follow these clinician recommendations. In addition, there is a need to experimentally determine whether following such recommendations prevents fear extinction at long-term follow-up.
Hybridizing Conversational and Clear Speech to Investigate the Source of Increased Intelligibility in Speakers With Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Tjaden Kris , Kain Alexander , Lam Jennifer 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
A speech analysis-resynthesis paradigm was used to investigate segmental and suprasegmental acoustic variables explaining intelligibility variation for 2 speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Method

Sentences were read in conversational and clear styles. Acoustic characteristics from clear sentences were extracted and applied to conversational sentences, yielding 6 hybridized versions of sentences in which segment durations, short-term spectrum, energy characteristics, or fundamental frequency characteristics for clear productions were applied individually or in combination to conversational productions. Listeners (
N
= 20) judged intelligibility in transcription and scaling tasks.

Results
Intelligibility increases above conversation were more robust for transcription, but the pattern of intelligibility improvement was similar across tasks. For 1 speaker, hybridization involving only clear energy characteristics yielded an 8.7% improvement in transcription intelligibility above conversation. For the other speaker, hybridization involving clear spectrum yielded an 18% intelligibility improvement, whereas hybridization involving both clear spectrum and duration yielded a 13.4% improvement.

Conclusions
Not all production changes accompanying clear speech explain its improved intelligibility. Suprasegmental adjustments contributed to intelligibility improvements when segmental adjustments, as inferred from vowel space area, were not robust. Hybridization can be used to identify acoustic variables explaining intelligibility variation in mild dysarthria secondary to PD.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170453
Absolute and Relative Reliability of Percentage of Syllables Stuttered and Severity Rating Scales
Authors: Karimi Hamid , O’Brian Sue , Onslow Mark , Jones Mark 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
Percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) and severity rating (SR) scales are measures in common use to quantify stuttering severity and its changes during basic and clinical research conditions. However, their reliability has not been assessed with indices measuring both relative and absolute reliability. This study was designed to provide such information. Relative reliability deals with the rank order of participants in a sample, whereas absolute reliability measures the closeness of scores to one other and to a hypothetical true score.

Method
Eighty-seven adult participants who stutter received a 10-min unscheduled telephone call. Three experienced judges measured %SS and also used a 9-point SR scale to measure stuttering severity from recordings of the telephone calls.

Results
Relative intrajudge and interjudge reliability were satisfactory for both scales. However, absolute intrajudge and interjudge reliability were not satisfactory. Results showed that paired-judge SR and %SS procedures improved absolute reliability compared with single-judge measures. Additionally, the paired-judge procedure improved relative reliability from high to very high levels.

Conclusion
Measurement of group changes of stuttering severity can be done in research contexts using either %SS or SR. However, for detecting changes within individuals using such measures, a paired-judge procedure is a more reliable method.
Use of an Anatomical Scalar to Control for Sex-Based Size Differences in Measures of Hyoid Excursion During Swallowing
Authors: Molfenter Sonja M. , Steele Catriona M. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
Traditional methods for measuring hyoid excursion from dynamic videofluoroscopy recordings involve calculating changes in position in absolute units (mm). This method shows a high degree of variability across studies but agreement that greater hyoid excursion occurs in men than in women. Given that men are typically taller than women, the authors hypothesized that controlling for participant size might neutralize apparent sex-based differences in hyoid excursion.

Method
Hyoid excursion in 20 young (<45) healthy volunteers (10 male), stratified by height, was measured in a tightly controlled videofluoroscopic protocol.

Results
The study identified an anatomical scalar (C2–C4 length), visible on the videofluoroscopic image, correlated with participant height. This scalar differed significantly between men and women. By incorporating the anatomical scalar as a continuous covariate in repeated measures mixed-model analyses of variance of hyoid excursion, apparent sex-based differences were neutralized. Transforming measures of hyoid excursion into anatomically scaled units achieved the same result, reducing variation attributable to sex-based differences in participant size.

Conclusions
Hyoid excursion during swallowing is dependent on a person's size. If measurements do not control for this source of variation, apparent sex differences in hyoid excursion are seen.
Effects of Phonetic Context on Relative Fundamental Frequency
Authors: Lien Yu-An S. , Gattuccio Caitlin I. , Stepp Cara E. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
The effect of phonetic context on relative fundamental frequency (RFF) was examined, in order to develop stimuli sets with minimal within-speaker variability that can be implemented in future clinical protocols.

Method
Sixteen speakers with healthy voices produced RFF stimuli. Uniform utterances consisted of 3 repetitions of the same voiced sonorant-voiceless consonant-voiced sonorant speech sequence; moderately variable sentences contained speech sequences with a single voiceless phoneme (/f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /p/, /t/, or /k/); highly variable sentences were loaded with speech sequences using multiple phonemes. Effects of stimulus type (uniform, moderately variable, and highly variable) and phoneme identity (/f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /p/, /t/, and /k/) on RFF means and standard deviations were determined.

Results
Stimulus type and the interaction of vocal cycle and stimulus type were significant for RFF means and standard deviations but with small effect sizes. Phoneme identity and the interaction of vocal cycle and phoneme identity on RFF means and standard deviations were also significant with small to medium effect sizes.

Conclusions
For speakers with healthy voices, uniform utterances with /f/ and /ʃ/ have the lowest standard deviations and thus are recommended for RFF-based assessments. Future work is necessary to extend these findings to disordered voices.
Mechanisms of Airway Protection During Chin-Down Swallowing
Authors: Macrae Phoebe , Anderson Cheryl , Humbert Ianessa 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
This study examined the effects of chin-down swallowing on laryngeal vestibule closure. It also investigated the technique's rehabilitative impact, by assessing the stability of effects across multiple trials and aftereffects in neutral swallows on cessation of the technique.

Method
Duration of laryngeal vestibule closure (dLVC) was measured with videofluoroscopy in 16 healthy participants (mean = 33.2 years, 9 men). Participants swallowed 40 times: 5 head-neutral swallows (N1), then 30 chin-down swallows, followed by 5 head-neutral swallows (N2). The first 5 chin-down swallows were categorized as early posture swallows (P1) and the last 5 as late posture swallows (P2). Within-participant comparisons determined the effects of the maneuver on dLVC during and after execution.

Results

The study found that dLVC increased during chin-down swallows (N1 to P1,
p
= .018). This increase remained stable throughout 30 repetitions (P1 to P2,
p
= .994). On return to neutral, dLVC returned to baseline (N1 to N2,
p
= .875).

Conclusions
This study demonstrated increased dLVC during chin-down swallowing, offering a possible mechanism responsible for previously reported reduced aspiration during the technique. As aftereffects were not evident after multiple chin-down swallows, the maneuver appears to offer more compensatory benefit than rehabilitative value for patients with dysphagia.
Vocal Fold Epithelial Barrier in Health and Injury: A Research Review
Authors: Levendoski Elizabeth Erickson , Leydon Ciara , Thibeault Susan L. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeVocal fold epithelium is composed of layers of individual epithelial cells joined by junctional complexes constituting a unique interface with the external environment. This barrier provides structural stability to the vocal folds and protects underlying connective tissue from injury while being nearly continuously exposed to potentially hazardous insults, including environmental or systemic-based irritants such as pollutants and reflux, surgical procedures, and vibratory trauma. Small disruptions in the epithelial barrier may have a large impact on susceptibility to injury and overall vocal health. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad-based review of current knowledge of the vocal fold epithelial barrier.MethodA comprehensive review of the literature was conducted. Details of the structure of the vocal fold epithelial barrier are presented and evaluated in the context of function in injury and pathology. The importance of the epithelial-associated vocal fold mucus barrier is also introduced.Results/ConclusionsInformation presented in this review is valuable for clinicians and researchers as it highlights the importance of this understudied portion of the vocal folds to overall vocal health and disease. Prevention and treatment of injury to the epithelial barrier is a significant area awaiting further investigation.
Enhancing Speech Intelligibility: Interactions Among Context, Modality, Speech Style, and Masker
Authors: Van Engen Kristin J. , Phelps Jasmine E. B. , Smiljanic Rajka , Chandrasekaran Bharath 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
The authors sought to investigate interactions among intelligibility-enhancing speech cues (i.e., semantic context, clearly produced speech, and visual information) across a range of masking conditions.

Method
Sentence recognition in noise was assessed for 29 normal-hearing listeners. Testing included semantically normal and anomalous sentences, conversational and clear speaking styles, auditory-only (AO) and audiovisual (AV) presentation modalities, and 4 different maskers (2-talker babble, 4-talker babble, 8-talker babble, and speech-shaped noise).

Results
Semantic context, clear speech, and visual input all improved intelligibility but also interacted with one another and with masking condition. Semantic context was beneficial across all maskers in AV conditions but only in speech-shaped noise in AO conditions. Clear speech provided the most benefit for AV speech with semantically anomalous targets. Finally, listeners were better able to take advantage of visual information for meaningful versus anomalous sentences and for clear versus conversational speech.

Conclusion
Because intelligibility-enhancing cues influence each other and depend on masking condition, multiple maskers and enhancement cues should be used to accurately assess individuals' speech-in-noise perception.
Exclusive OR circuit for optical signals using combined technology of photonics and electronics
Authors: Takiguchi K. 
Published: April 2014

A novel exclusive OR circuit with a simple configuration for binary signals, which is composed of a balanced photodetector and an intensity modulator, is proposed. Two input optical signals into the balanced detector produce an electrical signal to drive the modulator. The modulator outputs an optical exclusive OR signal of the two input optical signals. The primary operation is demonstrated by evaluating the circuit with 10 Gbit/s signals.
Suppression of self‐pulsing in Yb fibre lasers coupled with external Fabry‐Pérot cavity
Authors: Lee J.S. , Kim J.W. 
Published: April 2014

A simple technique to suppress self‐pulsing behaviour in a fibre laser employing a two‐mirror Fabry‐Pérot external feedback cavity is reported. Feedback provided by the external Fabry‐Pérot cavity enforces the fibre laser to oscillate in the selected longitudinal modes, resulting in robust laser operation without self‐pulsing. This technique has been successfully applied to a double‐clad Yb fibre laser, yielding a stable continuous‐wave output of up to 9.8 W at 1050 nm. The advantages of this technique and the prospects of further improvement are discussed.
Neocortical Tet3-mediated accumulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine promotes rapid behavioral adaptation
Authors: Li Xiang , Wei Wei , Zhao Qiong-Yi , Widagdo Jocelyn , Baker-Andresen Danay , Flavell Charlotte R. , D’Alessio Ana , Zhang Yi , Bredy Timothy W. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
We have discovered a critical role for ten-eleven translocation 3-mediated hydroxylation of 5-methycytosine in the adult prefrontal cortex in mediating rapid behavioral adaptation. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is highly dynamic in response to fear extinction training, and rather than simply reflecting a functional intermediary of active DNA demethylation, the learning-induced intergenic accumulation of 5-hmC creates an epigenetic state that promotes experience-dependent gene expression and behavioral adaptation.
Regulation of DNA methylation turnover at LTR retrotransposons and imprinted loci by the histone methyltransferase Setdb1
Authors: Leung Danny , Du Tingting , Wagner Ulrich , Xie Wei , Lee Ah Young , Goyal Preeti , Li Yujing , Szulwach Keith E. , Jin Peng , Lorincz Matthew C. , Ren Bing 
Published: April 2014

Significance
DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development. This modification is nearly completely erased and reestablished in early embryos, but specific classes of DNA elements escape such genome-wide changes via unknown mechanisms. In this study, we identified a likely factor responsible for lack of DNA methylation turnover on a large fraction of such sequences. By focusing on mouse embryonic stem cells depleted of de novo DNA methyltransferases, which exhibit widespread hypomethylation with the exception of particular loci, we show that regions retaining DNA methylation are associated with a specific chromatin state. In cells lacking the enzyme catalyzing this chromatin state, such regions begin to lose DNA methylation. Our results therefore advance the understanding of how DNA methylation turnover is regulated during development.