bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recalling the past: probation officers work with drug misusers during the 1960s
Authors: Sparrow Paul 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimsBritain's first wave of non‐therapeutic drug users during the 1960s were more likely to come into contact with the criminal courts than previous, therapeutic, drug users. This paper recounts the untold history of probation officers' work with drug misusing offenders in the United Kingdom during the 1960s.MethodsUsing ‘snowballing’ to source participants (in which study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances) and in‐depth interviews as a means of eliciting information, probation officers who had supervised drug users during this time were interviewed about their experiences. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and a thematic data set produced.ResultsFront‐line probation officers in the United Kingdom in the 1960s had considerable contact with drug‐misusing offenders. In explaining drug addiction, officers tended to draw upon a psychotherapeutic interpretation, and in terms of intervention they relied heavily upon the psychiatric services to deliver treatment. Probation officers did not always make the connection between addiction and an increase in criminality.ConclusionIn Britain's first wave of non‐therapeutic drug users in the 1960s, probation officers appear not to have made a connection with criminality, which may have limited how far they developed a formalized approach to applying the expertise of the Probation Service.
Atypical histopathological findings in a 15‐year‐old Warmblood gelding diagnosed with anhidrosis in a temperate climate
Authors: Sullivan S. L. , Cudmore L. A. , Bacci B. B. , Tennent‐Brown B. S. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis case report describes the atypical histopathological findings in a horse with anhidrosis that presented for evaluation of suspected respiratory disease during autumn/winter in a temperate climate. Anhidrosis in this horse was associated with mononuclear infiltration of T lymphocytes around sweat glands, a finding not previously reported in cases of equine anhidrosis. This report highlights the importance of considering anhidrosis as a differential diagnosis in the investigation of respiratory disease and illustrates that the condition can occur in horses residing in temperate climates.
Have old species reached most environmentally suitable areas? A case study withSouthAmerican phyllostomid bats
Authors: de Moraes Weber Marcelo , Stevens Richard D. , Lorini Maria Lucia , Grelle Carlos Eduardo V. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimWe used ecological niche modelling to test different models explaining the lineage age–area relationship. We hypothesized that lineage age should influence the proportion of potential range unfilled by phyllostomid bat species. We made explicit predictions about possible relationships between the proportion of unfilled potential range and lineage age. Our goal was to analyse empirical data and fit the model that best describes our data.LocationSouthAmerica.MethodsWe modelled the ecological niche of 49 phyllostomid bat species usingMaxentandSupportVectorMachine (SVM). We calculated the proportion of unfilled potential range as the amount of area outside the current distribution divided by the current distribution (realized range size). Using a dated phylogeny, we regressed the proportion of unfilled potential range on lineage age. To compare our predictions we also regressed realized range size on lineage age.ResultsUnfilled potential range was weakly associated with lineage age. This relationship was an inverse function of lineage age, explaining between 0 and 17% of the proportion of unfilled potential range. Furthermore, the relationship between realized range size and lineage age exhibited a logarithmic function, with lineage age explaining between 13 and 20% of the variation in realized range size.Main conclusionsDifferent regression models indicated that old phyllostomid species have smaller unfilled ranges than young species. That is, old species have filled most of the areas that are suitable for them. Furthermore, old species have larger realized ranges than young species. We thus refuted both the lineage age–area and taxon cycle models and lent support to the stasis post‐expansion model. This suggests that bat species can reach most of their potential range rapidly after cladogenesis and such occupation remains more or less constant through time.
Detecting Well Casing Leaks in Bangladesh Using a Salt Spiking Method
Authors: Stahl M.O. , Ong J.B. , Harvey C.F. , Johnson C.D. , Badruzzaman A.B.M. , Tarek M.H. , van Geen A. , Anderson J.A. , Lane J.W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe apply fluid‐replacement logging in arsenic‐contaminated regions of Bangladesh using a low‐cost, down‐well fluid conductivity logging tool to detect leaks in the cased section of wells. The fluid‐conductivity tool is designed for the developing world: it is lightweight and easily transportable, operable by one person, and can be built for minimal cost. The fluid‐replacement test identifies leaking casing by comparison of fluid conductivity logs collected before and after spiking the wellbore with a sodium chloride tracer. Here, we present results of fluid‐replacement logging tests from both leaking and non‐leaking casing from wells in Araihazar and Munshiganj, Bangladesh, and demonstrate that the low‐cost tool produces measurements comparable to those obtained with a standard geophysical logging tool. Finally, we suggest well testing procedures and approaches for preventing casing leaks in Bangladesh and other developing countries.
Tensor Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation for Heterogeneous Aquifers under Unknown Boundary Conditions
Authors: Jiao Jianying , Zhang Ye 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA physically based inverse method is developed using hybrid formulation and coordinate transform to simultaneously estimate hydraulic conductivity tensors, steady‐state flow field, and boundary conditions for a confined aquifer under ambient flow or pumping condition. Unlike existing indirect inversion techniques, the physically based method does not require forward simulations to assess model‐data misfits. It imposes continuity of hydraulic head and Darcy fluxes in the model domain while incorporating observations (hydraulic heads, Darcy fluxes, or well rates) at measurement locations. Given sufficient measurements, it yields a well‐posed inverse system of equations that can be solved efficiently with coarse grids and nonlinear optimization. When pumping and injection are active, well rates are used as measurements and flux sampling is not needed. The method is successfully tested on synthetic aquifer problems with regular and irregular geometries, different hydrofacies and flow patterns, and increasing conductivity anisotropy ratios. All problems yield stable inverse solutions under increasing head measurement errors. For a given set of observations, inversion accuracy is strongly affected by the conductivity anisotropy ratio. Conductivity estimation is also affected by flow pattern: within a hydrofacies, when Darcy flux component is very small, the corresponding directional conductivity perpendicular to streamlines becomes less identifiable. Finally, inversion is successful even if the location of aquifer boundaries is unknown. In this case, the inversion domain is defined by the location of the measurements.
Microbial Dynamics During and After In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Chlorinated Solvents
Authors: Sutton Nora B. , Atashgahi Siavash , van der Wal Jurgen , Wijn Geert , Grotenhuis Tim , Smidt Hauke , Rijnaarts Huub H.M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) followed by a bioremediation step is increasingly being considered as an effective biphasic technology. Information on the impact of chemical oxidants on organohalide respiring bacteria (OHRB), however, is largely lacking. Therefore, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to monitor the abundance of OHRB (Dehalococcoides mccartyi, Dehalobacter, Geobacter, and Desulfitobacterium) and reductive dehalogenase genes (rdh; tceA, vcrA, and bvcA) at a field location contaminated with chlorinated solvents prior to and following treatment with sodium persulfate. Natural attenuation of the contaminants tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) observed prior to ISCO was confirmed by the distribution of OHRB and rdh genes. In wells impacted by persulfate treatment, a 1 to 3 order of magnitude reduction in the abundances of OHRB and complete absence of rdh genes was observed 21 days after ISCO. Groundwater acidification (pH<3) and increase in the oxidation reduction potential (>500 mV) due to persulfate treatment were significant and contributed to disruption of the microbial community. In wells only mildly impacted by persulfate, a slight stimulation of the microbial community was observed, with more than 1 order of magnitude increase in the abundance of Geobacter and Desulfitobacterium 36 days after ISCO. After six months, regeneration of the OHRB community occurred, however, neither D. mccartyi nor any rdh genes were observed, indicating extended disruption of biological natural attenuation (NA) capacity following persulfate treatment. For full restoration of biological NA activity, additional time may prove sufficient; otherwise addition electron donor amendment or bioaugmentation may be required.
Migraine Headaches and Mood/Anxiety Disorders in the ELSA Brazil
Authors: Goulart Alessandra C. , Santos Itamar S. , Brunoni André R. , Nunes Maria Angélica , Passos Valéria M. , Griep Rosane H. , Lotufo Paulo A. , Benseñor Isabela M. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the relationship between mood/anxiety disorders and migraine headaches emphasizing the frequency of episodes based in a cross‐sectional analysis in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health.BackgroundIt has been suggested that frequency of migraine headaches can be directly associated with the presence of psychiatric disorders.MethodsMigraine headaches (International Headache Society criteria) was classified as <1×/month, 1×/month‐1×/week, 2‐6×/week, and daily. Psychiatric disorders using the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised were classified in 6 categories: common mental (CMD), major depressive (MDD), generalized anxiety (GAD), panic, obsessive‐compulsive (OCD), and mixed anxiety and depressive (MADD) disorders. We performed multivariate logistic models adjusted for age, race, education, marital status, income, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.ResultsIn our sample, 1261 presented definite migraine and 10,531 without migraine headaches (reference). Our main result was an increase in the strength of association between migraine and MDD as frequency of migraine increased for all sample: odds ratio of 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33‐3.43) for <1 episode of migraine/month to 6.94 (95% CI 4.20‐11.49) for daily headaches for all sample. Significant associations with migraine were also found for GAD, OCD, MADD, and CMD for total sample: MDD, GAD, OCD, MADD, and CMD for women, and MADD and CMD for men. Among men with daily migraine complaint, we found a significant association between migraine and OCD after correction for multiple comparisons (odds ratio 29.86 [95% CI 4.66‐191.43]). Analyzing probable and definite migraine cases together, we replicated the findings in a lower magnitude.ConclusionsThe increase in migraine frequency was associated with progressively higher frequencies of having mood/anxiety disorders in all samples suggesting for some psychiatric disorders a likely dose‐response effect especially for women.
Structural changes in dermal collagen and oxidative stress levels in the skin of Japanese overweight males
Authors: Matsumoto M. , Ibuki A. , Minematsu T. , Sugama J. , Horii M. , Ogai K. , Nishizawa T. , Dai M. , Sato A. , Fujimoto Y. , Okuwa M. , Nakagami G. , Nakatani T. , Sanada H. 
Published: June 2014

SynopsisObjectiveIt has been reported that obese people have poorly organized dermal collagen structure because of the degradation of collagen fibers, which is caused by an increase in oxidative stress levels associated with the hypertrophy of subcutaneous adipose cells. However, it is unclear whether an increase in oxidative stress levels caused by the accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue and a change in the dermal structure also occur in overweight and obese Japanese people. The objectives of this study are to identify structural changes that occur in the dermis and to measure the levels of oxidative stress in Japanese overweight males.MethodsThe overweight group included 43 Japanese male volunteers aged between 25 and 64 years and with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 and <30. The control group included 47 male volunteers aged between 22 and 64 years and with BMI of <25. The 20‐MHz Dermascan C® ultrasound scanner with software for image analyses was used. Echogenicity of the upper and lower dermis was measured. The mRNA expression level of heme oxygenase‐1 (HMOX1) in hair follicles was quantitatively analyzed by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and was used as a marker of oxidative stress. Ultrasonographic imaging and collection of hair follicles were performed at the same site on the thigh, abdomen, and upper arm.ResultsThe HMOX1 mRNA expression level in the abdomen and thigh was significantly lower in the overweight group than in the control group. Moreover, the echogenicity of the upper dermis of the abdomen and the lower dermis of the abdomen and thigh was significantly lower in the overweight group than in the control group.ConclusionWe detected an increase in oxidative stress levels and a decrease in the density of dermal collagen at the same site on the thigh, abdomen, and upper arm of Japanese overweight males. These findings suggest the fragility of the dermis of Japanese overweight males, which might have been caused by the accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination as an Accurate Indicator of Water‐Use Efficiency in Sunflower Genotypes Subjected to Five Stable Soil Water Contents
Authors: Adiredjo A. L. , Navaud O. , Lamaze T. , Grieu P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLeaf carbon isotope discrimination (CID) has been suggested as an indirect tool for breeding for water‐use efficiency (WUE) in various crops. This work focused on assessing phenotypic correlations between WUE and leaf CID and analysing genotypic variability in four sunflower genotypes grown in a greenhouse in pots with five different stable levels of soil water content (SWC). We measured WUE at whole plant and leaf (intrinsic) level. At whole plant level, WUE was derived from the ratio of total dry aerial biomass (BM) to cumulative water transpired (CWT). At leaf level, intrinsic WUE was calculated as the ratio of light‐saturated CO2 assimilation to stomatal conductance (A/gs) in younger expanded leaves. Significant differences among the four genotypes and the five SWCs were observed for whole plant and leaf WUE and CID. Strong negative correlations were observed between whole plant WUE and CID as well as between intrinsic WUE and CID with decreasing water availability. No relationships appeared between BM production and WUE or CID. Our results can help agronomists and breeders to evaluate sunflower lines with high WUE for adaptation to drought conditions and for reducing water consumption and crop water needs. Leaf CID appears to be a pertinent and valuable trait to select sunflower genotypes with high WUE.
Nutritional status and its health‐related factors among older adults in rural and urban areas
Authors: Chen Su‐Hui , Cheng Hsin‐Yi , Chuang Yeu‐Hui , Shao Jung‐Hua 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo compare health‐related characteristics, nutrition‐related factors and nutritional status of older adults living in rural and urban counties of Taiwan.BackgroundThe older adult population of Taiwan is increasing. Furthermore, older people living in rural areas have shorter life expectancy and more chronic diseases than their urban counterparts. However, little is known about the health‐related characteristics, nutrition‐related factors and nutritional status of older adults living in rural and urban areas of Taiwan, limiting nurses' ability to identify and care for older adults at risk of poor nutritional health.DesignCross‐sectional, comparative.MethodsOlder adults were randomly selected from names of residents of an adjacent rural and urban area of northern Taiwan and having completing the 2009 health evaluation. From March–July 2010, older adult participants (N = 366) provided data on demographic and health‐related information, nutritional self‐efficacy, health locus of control and nutritional status. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics and compared using chi‐square and t‐test.ResultsOlder rural participants had significantly lower educational level, less adequate income, higher medication use, lower scores on self‐rated health status and researcher‐rated health status and lower self‐rated healthy eating status than their urban counterparts. Moreover, rural participants had significantly lower nutritional self‐efficacy, higher chance health locus of control and poorer nutritional status than their urban counterparts.ConclusionsOur results suggest that nurses should assess older adults living in rural areas for nutritional health and nutrition knowledge. Based on this assessment, nurses should develop easy, practical and accessible nutritional programmes for this population.
Inhibition of infection‐mediated preterm birth by administration of broad spectrum chemokine inhibitor in mice
Authors: Shynlova Oksana , Dorogin Anna , Li Yunqing , Lye Stephen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPreterm birth (PTB) is the single most important cause of perinatal and infant mortality worldwide. Maternal infection can result in PTB. We investigated the ability of a Broad Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitor (BSCI) to prevent infection‐induced PTB in mice. PTB was initiated in pregnant mice by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 μg). Half the mice received BSCI (10 mg/kg) 24 hrs prior to and immediately before LPS administration. The impact of LPS alone or LPS plus BSCI was assessed on (i) injection‐to‐delivery interval, foetal survival rate, placental and neonates' weight; (ii) amniotic fluid and maternal plasma cytokine levels (by Luminex assay); foetal and maternal tissue cytokine gene expression levels (by Real‐Time RT‐PCR); (iii) immune cells infiltration into the uterine tissue (by stereological immunohistochemistry). Pre‐treatment with BSCI (i) decreased LPS‐induced PTB (64% versus 100%, P < 0.05); (ii) significantly attenuated cytokine/chemokine expression in maternal tissues (plasma, liver, myometrium, decidua); (iii) significantly decreased neutrophil infiltration in the mouse myometrium. BSCI‐treated mice in which PTB was delayed till term had live foetuses with normal placental and foetal weight. BSCI represents a promising new class of therapeutics for PTB. In a mouse model of preterm labour, BCSI suppresses systemic inflammation in maternal tissues which resulted in the reduced incidence of LPS‐mediated PTB. These data provide support for efforts to target inflammatory responses as a means of preventing PTB.
Evidence that the population of quiescent bone marrow‐residing very small embryonic/epiblast‐like stem cells (VSELs) expands in response to neurotoxic treatment
Authors: Grymula Katarzyna , Tarnowski Maciej , Piotrowska Katarzyna , Suszynska Malwina , Mierzejewska Katarzyna , Borkowska Sylwia , Fiedorowicz Katarzyna , Kucia Magda , Ratajczak Mariusz Z. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe concept that bone marrow (BM)‐derived cells may participate in neural regeneration remains controversial, and the identity of the specific cell type(s) involved remains unknown. We recently reported that the adult murine BM contains a highly mobile population of Sca‐1+Lin−CD45− cells known as very small embryonic/epiblast‐like stem cells (VSELs) that express several markers of pluripotency such as Oct‐4. In the BM microenvironment, these cells are kept quiescent because of epigenetic modification of certain paternally imprinted genes. However, as reported, these cells can be mobilized in mice in an experimental model of stroke and express several genes involved in neurogenesis while circulating in peripheral blood (PB). In the current work, we employed a model of toxic brain damage, which is induced by administration of kainic acid, to see not only whether VSELs can be mobilized into PB in response to this neurotoxin, but, more importantly, whether they proliferate and expand in BM tissue. We report here for the first time that brain damage leads to activation and expansion of the BM pool of quiescent VSELs, which precedes their subsequent egress into PB. Harnessing these cells in neural tissue regeneration is currently one of the challenges in regenerative medicine.
Associations of maternal influences with outdoor play and screen time of two‐year‐olds: Findings from the Healthy Beginnings Trial
Authors: Xu Huilan , Wen Li Ming , Rissel Chris 
Published: June 2014

AimThis study aims to investigate if maternal influences are associated with children's outdoor playtime and screen time at the age of 2 years.MethodsA cross‐sectional study with 497 first‐time mothers and their children was conducted using the data from the Healthy Beginnings Trial undertaken in Sydney, Australia during 2007–2010. Maternal influences included their own physical activity and screen time, television rules for their child, perceived neighbourhood environment, parental self‐efficacy and parenting style (warmth and hostility). Children's outdoor playtime, screen time and maternal influences were collected through face‐to‐face interviews with participating mothers when the children were 2 years old. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between maternal influences and children's outdoor play and screen time.ResultsMothers with low levels of parental hostility and high perceived safe outdoor play environment were more likely to have children playing outdoor for ≥2 h/day with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.68–4.20, P < 0.0001) and AOR 2.44 (95% CI 1.85–3.85, P < 0.0001) respectively. Mothers' own screen time was the sole factor associated with children's screen time (AOR 1.90 (95% CI 1.29–2.81, P = 0.001)).ConclusionDifferent maternal influences were independently associated with children's outdoor play or screen time at an early stage of life. Therefore, different intervention strategies are needed to increase children's outdoor playtime and decrease their screen time.