bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORRELATING WAVE TANK DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TESTS WITH AT-SEA TRIALS
Authors: Belore R.C. , Trudel B.K. , Lee K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two important questions facing oil spill responders, planners, and researchers are:What is the limiting viscosity of oil for dispersant use; andHow well do results from dispersant effectiveness tests performed in laboratory apparatus and experimental wave tanks reflect dispersant performance at sea?
In order to begin addressing these questions, a series of at-sea dispersant effectiveness trials were completed in the UK in the summer of 2003 to estimate the viscosity of spilled fuel oils that limits dispersant effectiveness under conditions of moderate sea states (Beaufort Sea states 2 to 4) (Lewis 2004). Two well-characterized marine fuel oils (IFO 180 and IFO 380) with viscosities of 2000 and 7000 cP were spilled, sprayed with dispersants, and dispersant effectiveness was assessed. Several types of dispersants and a range of dispersant dosages were tested. These tests are currently being repeated using a variety of laboratory and meso-scale dispersant effectiveness apparatus to determine how well the results of these various test methods correlate with dispersant performance at sea.
Dispersant effectiveness tests in the SL Ross wave tank, using the identical oils and dispersants from the UK offshore trial, were the focus of this study. The goal of the work was to determine if the dispersant effectiveness test results from this tank are similar to results measured in the offshore.
The tank testing indicated that the IFO 180 oil (viscosity of 2000 cP at the test temperature of 16 °C) is readily dispersible with Corexit 9500 and Superdispersant 25 when applied at dispersant-to-oil ratios (DORs) exceeding 1:75 for Corexit 9500 and 1:50 for Superdispesant 25. The IFO 380 fuel oil (viscosity of 7000 cP at the test temperature of 16°C) was 53% dispersed when treated with Corexit 9500 at a DOR of 1.30. The IFO 380 oil can be dispersed, but larger quantities of dispersant must be applied to achieve significant results.
The tank test dispersant effectiveness results measured for the Corexit 9500 dispersant were similar to the UK field test trends for the IFO 180 oil and were somewhat higher than the field results for the IFO 380 oil. The tank test results for Superdispersant 25 were slightly higher than the field trial trends for the IFO 180 oil and slightly lower for the IFO 380 oil. The limited data available for the Agma DR379 dispersant suggests that the tank test results were similar to the offshore trial results for the IFO 180 oil and lower for the IFO 380 oil.
In general, the SL Ross tank test results matched the trends in the offshore results reasonably well. Variations in sea states and DORs during the sea trials, insufficient data points for direct comparison and the lack of resolution in the 4-point visual assessment system do not permit a more definitive comparison of the results of the test programs.
MODELING DEEPWATER OIL SPILLS WITH NEAR FIELD AND FAR FIELD MODELS
Authors: Ji Zhen-Gang , Johnson Walter R. , Marshall Charles F. , Price James M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a Federal agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), the Minerals Management Service (MMS) maintains a leasing program for commercial oil and gas development on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Oil and gas activities in deep water (areas deeper than 340 meters) have proceeded at an unprecedented rate, and have led to concerns regarding the accidental release of oil near the seafloor. As production increases, the potential for an oil/gas spill increases. In addition to the environmental impacts of the oil spilled, major concerns from a deepwater oil/gas spill include fire, toxic hazard to the people working on the surface installations, and loss of buoyancy by ships and any floating installations. Oil and natural gas releases in deep water behave much differently than in shallow water, primarily due to density stratification, high pressures, and low temperatures. It is important to know whether oil will surface and if so, where, when, and how thick the oil slick will be. To meet these new challenges, spill response plans need to be upgraded. An important component of such a plan would be a model to simulate the behavior of oil and gasses accidentally released in deep water. This has significant implications for environmental impact assessment, oil-spill cleanup, contingency planning, and source tracing.
The MMS uses the Clarkson Deepwater Oil and Gas Blowout (CDOG) plume model to simulate the behavior of oil and gas accidentally released in deepwater areas. The CDOG model is a near field model. In addition, MMS uses an adaptation of the Princeton Ocean Model called the Princeton Regional Ocean Forecast and Hindcast System for the Gulf of Mexico (PROFS-GOM). This model is a far field model and is employed to provide three dimensional current, temperature, and salinity data to the CDOG model.
The PROFS-GOM model and the CDOG model are used to simulate deepwater oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico. Modeling results indicate that the two models can provide important information on the behavior of oil spills in deepwater and assist MMS in estimating the associated environmental risks. Ultimately, this information will be used in the pertinent environmental impact assessments MMS performs and in the development of deepwater oil-spill response plans.
HYDROCARBONS DETECTION IN A COASTAL LAGOON IMPACTED BY AN OIL SPILL IN SÃO SEBASTIÃO CHANNEL, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL1
Authors: Carneiro Maria Eulália Rocha , Picado Rogério Migueis , Masumoto Cinthia , Mansor Leonardo Mitidiero , Bícego Märcia Caruso , de Sousa Eduineti Ceci Pereira Moreira , Raehid Bauer 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An operational problem involving the loading arms occurred at São Sebastião Oil Terminal of PETROBRAS, located in the Brazilian Southeastern coast, during the oil transference from the tanker to the Terminal, resulting in the spill of approximately 26.0 m3 of crude Marlin-33 oil on 3 June 2003. The spilled bulk oil was transported by wind-driven currents to the north of São Sebastião Channel where skimmer vessels and booms collected the product. In spite of all contingency actions, some of the oil reached a coastal lagoon.
The Environmental Monitoring Program, involving sampling a week and four months after the event, included chemical analysis for benzene, toluene, ethybenzene and xylenes (BTEX), petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), aliphatic compounds (n-alkanes), polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH), unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) and total organic carbon (TOC); toxicological tests for water using the Microtox system and Lytechinus variegatus embryo test, and for sediment using the Nitokra copepod test; and hydrocarbon detection in mussel tissue, related to local aquaculture.
The coastal water PAH concentrations after the spill ranged from 0.14 to 1.92 μg/L in chrysene equivalents. For the lagoon water analysis, the concentrations of PAHs ranged from 1.54 to 9.66 μg/L. The total PAH concentrations in lagoon sediment ranged from 5.6 to 359.2 ng/g with perilene prevalence. The total PAH concentrations in mussel tissue samples ranged below the detection limit to 110.0 ng/g; the aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations varied between 11.02 to 21.36 μg/g and total n-alkanes between 4.80 to 6.21 μg/g, showing no influence of petroleum hydrocarbons. The toxicity results were not conclusive: by means of acute tests, no toxicity was observed in the lagoon water. However, the chronic tests indicated toxicity in some samples including in the controls located in non-affected places.
INJURY TO MUSKRATS (ONDATRA ZIBETHICUS) FROM THE CHALK POINT OIL SPILL, PATUXENT RIVER, MARYLAND1
Authors: Greer Richard , McGowan Peter , Michel Jacqueline , Meade Norman 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spill-associated mortality from the Chalk Point oil spill to muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) was estimated using habitat and oiling extent data, muskrat population and home range estimates, local expert opinion, and hut count indices for three impacted creeks. Most of the 70 dead muskrats were collected from Swanson Creek. Muskrat density in this creek was estimated by local experts, and extrapolation from densities reported at a nearby wildlife refuge. Muskrat habitat acreage within Swanson Creek was determined using digitized aerial photography. Acreages of oiled marsh habitat for Swanson, Indian, and Trent Hall Creeks were estimated using spatial analysis. Oiling of muskrats likely occurred to those whose home ranges overlapped the spill area. Radius of a muskrat home range was reported to be 30 meters, and 30 meter buffers were circumscribed along borders of the oiled areas for these creeks. Exposure zone acreages were determined by summing the 30-meter buffers and oiled areas for Swanson, Indian, and Trent Hall Creeks, totaling 75.02, 19.55, and 9.12 acres, respectively. Muskrat population exposure within Swanson Creek was estimated by multiplying exposure zone acreage by muskrat density (4.2 per acre), totaling 315 individuals. Muskrat populations for Indian and Trent Hall Creeks were quantified using hut count indices and comparisons to the count index and population estimate for Swanson Creek. Muskrat exposures in Indian and Trent Hall Creeks were determined by multiplying estimated muskrat density by the exposure zone acreage for each creek. The exposed population was calculated to be 32 and 29 for Indian Creek and Trent Hall Creek, respectively. Assuming 100% mortality for muskrats potentially exposed to oiled marsh habitat, the total acute mortality in the spill area was estimated to be 376 individuals (i.e., 315 in Swanson Creek, 32 in Indian Creek, and 29 in Trent Hall Creek). Total muskrat years lost are calculated, and the strengths and uncertainties of this approach are discussed.
RECENT BIOREMEDIATION RESULTS ON OIL SPILLED DURING THE 1991 GULF WAR1
Authors: Baca Bart , Al-Sarawi Mohammad , Kana Timothy W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over thirteen years ago, Iraqi soldiers caused the release of over 10 million barrels of oil into Arabian Gulf waters from various sources. The oil impacted the majority of the western Gulf shoreline, estimated at over four hundred miles. Coastal development is having to deal with oil which was buried, stock-piled, or otherwise left in place. One such development is underway at Al Khiran (southern Kuwait) where oil is within planned construction areas for public beaches,
housing lots, a marina, and channels. Although the oil is weathered and generally considered non-toxic (based on chemical analyses below), expanses of it pose physical and esthetic problems for construction and human use of the areas. Tests were performed using various means of treating this oil, and the results are given herein.
A variety of bioremediation methods was tested, including the use of products from four companies, selected at random from the oil spill chemical industry (U.S. and abroad). All four were bacterial powders, with nutrients included or added separately, applied according to manufacturers' specifications. Test plots were on mildly contaminated soil (33 mg/kg total hydrocarbons) which had oil mixed throughout. Plots were located in the upper intertidal zone, where they were exposed to minimal (&lt;30 cm), diurnal, high tide flooding, and the research site was protected from wave and wind action by a levee. Extreme conditions at the sites included high temperatures, lack of rainfall, and flushing by high salinity seawater (40 parts per thousand salt).
Sites were sampled before treatment, and at various times beginning 44 days after treatment. Composite samples were collected from each test plot and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPH), and for three hydrocarbon ranges: C8–C10, C10–C28, and C28–C40. Results showed no significant reduction in total hydrocarbons by any product, compared to pre-treatment levels. Aggressive physical tilling of contaminated soils at a second site provided some reduction in total hydrocarbons during this period. Various methods were tried in the next phase of testing, including additional product exposure time, increased tilling, and screening. The results provide guidelines for the use of chemical products and physical treatments, in extreme coastal conditions, for the treatment of weathered hydrocarbons.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A NATURAL HOLLOW HYDROPHOBIC-OLEOPHILIC FIBER FOR ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN NAPL SPILL CLEANUP1
Authors: Huang Xiaofeng , Lim Teik-Thye 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) spills on water and land are of major environmental concern. One of the most economical and efficient means for the removal of the spilled NAPL is to use hydrophobic-oleophilic sorbents. Natural, agricultural products have potential to be a substitute for commercial synthetic absorbents in NAPL pickup and recovery. One of these natural agro-products that have excellent oil sorption capacities is Kapok (Ceiba pentandra), a cellulosic silky-cotton fiber.
This paper presents the sorption capacities of Kapok, the reusability of Kapok and its hydrophobicity-oleophilicity for various NAPLs. Both loose and packed Kapok assemblies were examined. The NAPLs investigated were tetrachloroethylene (PCE), diesel and HD-30 engine oil (HD-30).
The NAPL sorption capacities of packed Kapok assemblies were found to be 75, 55 and 45 g/g for PCE, HD-30 and diesel, respectively. Two-thirds of the sorption capacities of virgin packed Kapok assemblies could be retained even at the 8th reuse cycle. Oil sorption capacities of the loose Kapok assembly reached 115 and 45 g/g for HD-30 and diesel, respectively, on dynamic water surface. No thin oil film on water surface was observed after NAPL sorption, when initial oil added in water was less than 30 g/500 mL and 1 g loose Kapok assembly was used.
SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANS: FOR INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL COOPERATION
Authors: Sawano Nobuhiro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Offshore oil and gas developing projects have been started on the Sakhalin shelf and the sea of Okhotsk. These large scale developing projects require multi-national cooperative spill response, then agreements for emergency occasions have to be ratified between neighbor countries under international schemes such as Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) initiated by United Nations Environmental Progamme.
As of the moment, there are no diplomatic agreements concerning with oil spill response between stakeholder counties, then custom clearance and other international migration procedure will be an obstacle for exchanging both materials and professionals. A comparative analysis of oil spill contingency plans of Russia, Korea and Japan resulted in some clear differences in these countries approaches. The Korean National Contingency Plan explicitly determines the roles of an ‘on-scene coordinator’ who is a unique organizer for oil spill response. On the other hands, the same kind of Japanese plan does not even contain a word of such ‘on-scene coordinator’. For the Russian case, they have U. S. like Federal Emergency Management Agency, but allocation of roles between this agency and Ministry of Transport are still ambiguous.
BIODEGRADATION AT A LAND-FARMING SITE AT 14,000 FEET IN THE HIGH BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO
Authors: Jauna Patricia Beltrán , Henshaw Antony 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Approximately 30,000 m3 of contaminated soil recovered from cleanup operations after a 29,000 barrel oil spill in the Desaguadero River (January 2000) was stored in temporary pits. Waste disposal plans explored several options for final disposal, including incineration and land farming. Initial concerns about the ability to landfarm the contaminated soil centered on the biodegradation potential at altitudes of 14,000 ft (4,300 m) and in a region with seasonally low day and nighttime temperatures. The Bolivian Altiplano has a semiarid climate where daily fluctuations of 15°C in temperature are common while average temperatures range between −6 C (July) and 21.0°C (November).
The technical experts at the Bolivian Ministry of Sustainable Development were reluctant to grant permission for Land Farming to be used at high altitude and instead insisted that all the contaminated soil be sent by truck across Bolivia to lower altitudes where the proposed a Land Farm was to be created. As an operational response a series of experiments was set up to demonstrate that indeed Land Farming was possible at high altitude. This paper presents the results of these experiments but it should be clearly noted that the testes were conducted under operational conditions without the rigour normally found in laboratory or scientific experiments.
Results showed that it was not only possible to deplete the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content from 40,000 ppm to below 1,000 ppm required by Bolivian law, but that it also could be completed within 4 months under specific technical conditions of the biodegradation process. Previous studies documented the formation of oil-mineral aggregates (OMAs) in the contaminated soils from the Rio Desaguadero spill1. We hypothesized that OMA formation and presence of aluminum polysilicate would provide an effective combination to increase the biodegradability of the soils under specific control conditions. This paper explains the high-altitude biodegradation process and the results of monitoring tests from the land farming under operational field conditions.
©2004 Transredes S.A. All Rights Reserved.
TERRORISM, OIL SPILLS AND CRIMINAL SANCTIONS: THE HAMMER AND THE ANVIL
Authors: Hobbie Richard H. , Garger Andrew J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Water Quality Insurance Syndicate has offices in lower Manhattan in New York City, and the events of September 11th remain vivid. However, in its aftermath it was difficult to envision the broad reaching ripple effects resulting from the event. Among the effects is the clash of two major issues: the increasing use of criminal sanctions in reaction to spills of oil and hazardous substances, and the practical and emotional consequences of both possible and actual terrorist events.
For the past several years, the responsible party and its insurer have faced the use of criminal sanctions when a spill occurs. Criminal sanctions are typically used to combat intentional environmental misconduct. In the realm of oil spills, common actions may include the deliberate dumping of oil and negligence or unintentional conduct leading to a spill.
In the post 9–11 United States, the first question presented at an oil spill is not how much oil has been spilled, but rather was the spill caused by an act of terrorism?. Government officials may treat the location of an oil spill as a crime scene, which will transform and complicate a pollution event.
A recent explosion on a gasoline barge at an oil and gas storage facility in Staten Island, New York illustrates the point. A leading national newspaper devoted the first five paragraphs of its lead story on the explosion to a discussion of whether or not there was a terrorist attack
Was the clean up of that spill hampered because of the terrorism investigation? We will probably never know, because the gasoline that escaped from the barge quickly evaporated so the cleanup was minimal. The next spill, however, might be a crude oil spill where every minute in response time counts. While the shipowner is trying to minimize the spill, the F.B.I, might have already taken control of the spill scene to conduct an investigation and effectively locked out the spill responders and their equipment, greatly increasing the cost and complexity of the cleanup, the environmental damage that is done, and the possibility that the shipowner's actions are found to be insufficient, increasing the possibility of criminal sanctions.
The threat of terrorism is real. But we must now work to integrate our response to the terrorism threat to our existing spill response infrastructure that has been developed under OPA, and not unnecessarily increase a shipowner's exposure to criminal liability.
PROVIDING TOTAL NOAA SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT TO THE USCG FOR REMOTE OIL SPILL LOCATIONS – THE M/V SELENDANG AYUINCIDENT IN ALASKA
Authors: Scott Carven , Albanese Sam , Whitney John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The NOAA Emergency Response Division (ERD aka Hazmat) provides a complete set of scientific assistance and support to the U.S. Coast Guard in response to an offshore oil spill. Historically NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) has provided the operational weather support component for ERD in the form of forecasts and observations. The dearth of conventional weather data in remote locations provide unique challenges for providing weather support for Hazmat events in locations such as the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska. Weather support for Hazmat events in Alaska are further complicated during the storm season from October through March due to the frequency and intensity of storms in Alaska combined with the vast distances to reach the scene. Such was the case when the M/V Selendang Ayu grounded on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands, 800 miles southwest of Anchorage, within the AOR of NWS Weather Forecast Office Anchorage.
Unalaska Island has a handful of permanent observational platforms, all in the vicinity of Dutch Harbor. However, the M/V Selendang Ayu was foundering on the west side of the island, in a different meteorological and oceanographic regime. WFO Anchorage developed a plan that included siting a land-based weather station near the wreck, a specialized processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite (SARSat) passes, and a Selendang Ayu event web portal populated with tailored products for the event within 24 hours.
Given the significance of the event within a highly vulnerable ecosystem, one of the first actions that the ERD Alaska Scientific Support Coordinator initiated was to exercise an agreement with the NWS to bring their Incident Meteorologist on scene as part of the NOAA Scientific Support Team. The NWS response was immediate and effective. Within a week the first Incident Meteorologist (IM) was on scene providing regional and localized weather reviews and forecasts for the IC Post as well as weather briefings on request for helo pilots and boat skippers. On scene IM support continued for the next two months. Weather support through the spring and summer was provided via phone and web by the Anchorage Forecast Office.