bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reverse Causality in Global and Intra‐European Imbalances
Authors: Schnabl Gunther , Freitag Stephan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe paper discusses global current account imbalances in the context of an asymmetric world monetary system. It identifies the USA and Germany as center countries with rising/high current account deficits (USA) and surpluses (Germany). These are matched by current account surpluses of countries stabilizing their exchange rates against the dollar (dollar periphery) and current account deficits of countries stabilizing their exchange rates against the euro or members of the euro area (euro periphery). The paper finds that changes of world current account positions are closely linked to the monetary policy decision patterns both in the centers and peripheries. Whereas in the centers current account positions are affected by monetary policies, in the peripheries exchange rate stabilization cum sterilization matters. In specific, monetary expansion in the USA as well as exchange rate stabilization and sterilization policies in the dollar periphery are found to have contributed to global imbalances.
Bi‐currency versus Single‐currency Targeting: Lessons from the Russian Experience
Authors: Sokolov Vladimir 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper examines how the 2005 shift in Russian exchange rate policy from US dollar (USD) single‐currency to USD–EUR (euro) bi‐currency targeting has impacted domestic interest rates. The finding show that this policy shift has disconnected Russian interest rates from US dollar‐denominated interest rates, while instead linking them to a synthetic interest rate composed of USD and EUR rates at the same proportion as that of these two currencies in the currency basket against which the ruble's exchange rate is set. The Russian experience shows that while the adoption of bi‐currency targeting may help ensure that domestic interest rates are less dependent on the monetary cycle of a single country, these rates are instead likely to reflect financial developments in all countries whose currencies are included in the currency basket. This insight is likely to be relevant for other countries that pursue basket‐targeting policies.
The Coexistence of High Unemployment and Good Economic Performance in Large Open Developing Countries
Authors: Wang Ming‐cheng , Fang Chen‐ray , Huang Li‐hsuan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Harris–Todaro labor reallocation mechanism is embedded into a North–South trade model and a theoretical model is provided to explain the coexistence of high unemployment and good economic performance as large developing countries become more open to trade. The relative improvement in the total factor productivity of the Southern manufacturing sector is conjectured to give rise to this phenomenon. Although it induces an increase in the demand for labor in the Southern urban areas, this increase in demand is outweighed by an increase in supply brought by the reallocation of labor from rural to urban areas. The final result is higher unemployment. The model is supported by some empirical evidence.
Advertising Subsidy and International Oligopolistic Competition
Authors: Ma Jie , Ulph Alistair M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the strategic role of advertising subsidies in a third‐country trade model in which two firms located in different countries export their products to a third country. First a basic model of advertising in oligopolistic industries is developed in which firms decide how much to invest in either predatory or cooperative advertising and then engage in product market competition either as Cournot competitors or as Bertrand competitors. It is shown that firms invest in only one form of advertising; which form they invest in depends on the relative effectiveness of the two types of advertising, the degree of product differentiation, and the form of product market competition. The paper then studies strategic industrial policy and shows that an advertising subsidy is the optimal strategic policy irrespective of the form of product market competition and the form of advertising in which firms invest.
Outsourcing: Volume and Composition of R&D
Authors: Beladi Hamid , Marjit Sugata , Yang Lei 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the outsourcing of production on the volume and composition of the home country's research and development (R&D). We find that outsourcing decreases the process R&D of the multinational firm in large markets when it only conducts process R&D (the substitution effect between outsourcing and process R&D). Outsourcing tends to emerge as a complementary factor to product development when the multinational firm conducts both product R&D and process R&D (the complementary effect between outsourcing and product R&D) under some conditions. This implies that international outsourcing has a different effect on product innovation and process innovation.
Economies of Scope and Patterns of Global Outsourcing
Authors: Yu Zhihao 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper develops a model with two Salop circles representing the product space of the intermediate input suppliers and the final‐good producers. First, it is shown that economies of scope in production are the necessary condition for outsourcing. Second, the propensity to outsource exhibits a U‐shape relationship depending on an intricate combination of the degree of economies of scope and product differentiation of the intermediate input suppliers. Third, an improvement of production technology can have ambiguous effects on the propensity to outsource.
Contingency in ecosystem but not plant community response to multiple global change factors
Authors: Bradford Mark A. , Wood Stephen A. , Maestre Fernando T. , Reynolds James F. , Warren Robert J. 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Community and ecosystem responses to global environmental change are contingent on the magnitude of change and interacting global change factors. To reveal whether responses are also contingent on the magnitude of each interacting factor, multifactor, multilevel experiments are required, but are rarely conducted.

We exposed model grassland ecosystems to six levels of atmospheric CO2 and six levels of nitrogen enrichment, applying the latter both chronically (simulating deposition) and acutely (simulating fertilization). The 66 treatments were maintained for 6 months under controlled growing conditions, with biomass harvested every 28 d and sorted to species.

Aboveground plant productivity responses to CO2 were contingent on nitrogen amount, and the responses to nitrogen amount were dependent on whether applications were chronic or acute. Specifically, productivity responses to increasing CO2 concentrations were accentuated with higher nitrogen enrichments, and productivity was greater when higher nitrogen enrichments were applied acutely. Plant community composition was influenced only by nitrogen enrichment, where the co‐dominant grass species with the greatest leaf trait plasticity increasingly dominated with higher nitrogen amounts.

Community processes are considered to be unpredictable, but our data suggest that the prediction of the impacts of simultaneous global changes is more complex for ecosystem processes, given that their responses are contingent on the levels of interacting factors.
Coming of leaf age: control of growth by hydraulics and metabolics during leaf ontogeny
Authors: Pantin Florent , Simonneau Thierry , Muller Bertrand 
Published: August 2012

SummaryLeaf growth is the central process facilitating energy capture and plant performance. This is also one of the most sensitive processes to a wide range of abiotic stresses. Because hydraulics and metabolics are two major determinants of expansive growth (volumetric increase) and structural growth (dry matter increase), we review the interaction nodes between water and carbon. We detail the crosstalks between water and carbon transports, including the dual role of stomata and aquaporins in regulating water and carbon fluxes, the coupling between phloem and xylem, the interactions between leaf water relations and photosynthetic capacity, the links between Lockhart's hydromechanical model and carbon metabolism, and the central regulatory role of abscisic acid. Then, we argue that during leaf ontogeny, these interactions change dramatically because of uncoupled modifications between several anatomical and physiological features of the leaf. We conclude that the control of leaf growth switches from a metabolic to a hydromechanical limitation during the course of leaf ontogeny. Finally, we illustrate how taking leaf ontogeny into account provides insights into the mechanisms underlying leaf growth responses to abiotic stresses that affect water and carbon relations, such as elevated CO2, low light, high temperature and drought.

Contents

Summary
349

I.
Leaf growth: volume, structures, water and carbon
349

II.
Coupling water and carbon limitations through the Lockhart model?
350

III.
ABA signalling pathway as a hub to coordinate water and carbon relations
353

IV.
Leaf venation: just a two‐way pipe network?
354

V.
Leaf ontogeny orchestrates the actors involved in the control of leaf growth
355

VI.
The growing leaf in a changing world
360

VII.
Conclusion
361

Acknowledgements
362

References
362
Indole derivative production by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica is not required for growth promotion but for biotrophic colonization of barley roots
Authors: Hilbert Magdalena , Voll Lars M. , Ding Yi , Hofmann Jörg , Sharma Monica , Zuccaro Alga 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Beneficial effects elicited by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica are widely known, but the mechanism by which these are achieved is still unclear. It is proposed that phytohormones produced by the fungal symbiont play a crucial role in the interaction with the plant roots.

Biochemical analyses of the underlying biosynthetic pathways for auxin production have shown that, on tryptophan feeding, P. indica can produce the phytohormones indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and indole‐3‐lactate (ILA) through the intermediate indole‐3‐pyruvic acid (IPA). Time course transcriptional analyses after exposure to tryptophan designated the piTam1 gene as a key player. A green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter study and transcriptional analysis of colonized barley roots showed that piTam1 is induced during the biotrophic phase.

Piriformospora indica strains in which the piTam1 gene was silenced via an RNA interference (RNAi) approach were compromised in IAA and ILA production and displayed reduced colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots in the biotrophic phase, but the elicitation of growth promotion was not affected compared with the wild‐type situation.

Our results suggest that IAA is involved in the establishment of biotrophy in P. indica–barley symbiosis and might represent a compatibility factor in this system.
Fatal cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia over four decades in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lybol C , Centen DW , Thomas CMG , ten Kate‐Booij MJ , Verheijen RHM , Sweep FCGJ , Ottevanger PB , Massuger LFAG 
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Lybol C, Centen D, Thomas C, ten Kate‐Booij M, Verheijen R, Sweep F, Ottevanger P, Massuger L. Fatal cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia over four decades in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:1465–1472.Objective  To describe fatal cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) over four decades and evaluate whether treatment was given according to the protocol and reveal possible implications for future management.Design  Retrospective cohort study.Setting  The Netherlands.Population  Women who died from GTN from 1971 to 2011.Methods  Records from the Dutch Central Registry for Hydatidiform Moles and the Working Party on Trophoblastic Disease were used to identify fatal cases of GTN.Main outcome measures  Disease extent, risk classification, treatment regimens and cause of death.Results  Twenty‐six women died from GTN. In five cases GTN developed after a hydatidiform mole and in 19 cases following term pregnancy. Half of the women died between 1971 and 1980, when women were not yet classified as having low‐risk or high‐risk disease and were therefore not yet treated accordingly. A major decline in the number of deaths was seen after the first decade, with a further decrease from 1981 to 2011. Early death occurred in nine women. In four of these women, death was treatment‐related. Women who died more than 4 weeks after the start of treatment mostly died from metastatic tumour (n = 14).Conclusions  The yearly number of women who died from GTN decreased considerably over the last four decades. Appropriate risk classification is essential to start optimal initial therapy and to prevent therapy resistance. Women with post‐term choriocarcinoma represented a large proportion of the dead women and we propose that these women are considered as having high‐risk disease.
Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing versus conventional clamping and suturing for vaginal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lakeman MME , The S , Schellart RP , Dietz V , ter Haar JF , Thurkow A , Scholten PC , Dijkgraaf MGW , Roovers JPWR 
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Lakeman M, The S, Schellart R, Dietz V, ter Haar J, Thurkow A, Scholten P, Dijkgraaf M, Roovers J. Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing versus conventional clamping and suturing for vaginal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2012;119:1473–1482.Objective  To compare the effects of electrical bipolar vessel sealing and conventional suturing on postoperative pain, recovery, costs and micturition symptoms in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.Design  Randomised controlled trial.Setting  Eight teaching hospitals in the Netherlands.Population  One hundred women scheduled to undergo vaginal hysterectomy for benign conditions excluding pelvic organ prolapse.Methods  Women were randomised to vessel sealing or conventional surgery. The quality of life related to pelvic floor function was assessed using validated questionnaires before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Pain scores and recovery were assessed using a diary, including daily visual analogue scale scores, starting from the day before surgery until 6 weeks after surgery.Main outcome measures  Visual analogue scale pain scores, surgery time, blood loss, complications, quality of life related to pelvic floor function and costs.Results  The evening after surgery, women in the vessel‐sealing group reported significantly less pain (5.7 versus 4.5 on a scale of 0–10, P = 0.03), but after that pain scores were similar. Operation duration was shorter for vessel sealing (60 versus 71 minutes, P = 0.05). Blood loss and hospital stay did not differ. We observed no major difference in costs between the two interventions (2903 versus 3102 €, P = 0.26). Changes in micturition and defecation symptoms were not affected by the surgical technique used.Conclusion  Using vessel sealing during vaginal hysterectomy resulted in less pain on the first postoperative day, shorter operating time, similar morbidity and similar pelvic floor function. No major differences in costs were found between the two interventions.
International trends in health science librarianship: part 3 ‐ the Nordic countries
Authors: Haglund Lotta , Buset Karen J. , Kristiansen Hanne M. , Ovaska Tuulevi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis is the third in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship in the first decade of the 21st century. The invited authors carried out a survey of librarians in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland to identify common developments in their countries. A focus on pedagogy was seen as the most important trend. Future issues will track trends in Southern Europe and Latin America.JM
Expression and functional properties of α7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptors are modified in the presence of other receptor subunits
Authors: Criado Manuel , Valor Luis M. , Mulet José , Gerber Susana , Sala Salvador , Sala Francisco 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAlthough α7 nicotinic receptors are predominantly homopentamers, previous reports have indicated that α7 and β2 subunits are able to form heteromers. We have studied whether other nicotinic receptor subunits can also assemble with α7 subunits and the effect of this potential association. Coexpression of α7 with α2, α3, or β4 subunits reduced to about half, surface α‐bungarotoxin binding sites and acetylcholine‐gated currents. This is probably because of inhibition of membrane trafficking, as the total amount of α7 subunits was similar in all cases and a significant proportion of mature α7 receptors was present inside the cell. Only β4 subunits appeared to directly associate with α7 receptors at the membrane and these heteromeric receptors showed some kinetic and pharmacological differences when compared with homomeric α7 receptors. Finally, we emulated the situation of bovine chromaffin cells in Xenopus laevis oocytes by using the same proportion of α3, β4, α5, and α7 mRNAs, finding that α‐bungarotoxin binding was similarly reduced in spite of increased currents, apparently mediated by α3β4(α5) receptors.
Age‐related differences in the dynamics of hippocampal proteasome recovery
Authors: Gavilán M. Paz , Pintado Cristina , Gavilán Elena , García‐Cuervo Luisa M. , Castaño Angelica , Ríos Rosa M. , Ruano Diego 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRegulation of proteasome abundance to meet cell needs under stress conditions is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, the effects of aging on this homeostatic response remain unknown. In this report, we analyzed in young and aged rat hippocampus, the dynamics of proteasome recovery induced by proteasome stress. Proteasome inhibition in young rats leads to an early and coordinate transcriptional and translational up‐regulation of both the catalytic subunits of constitutive proteasome and the proteasome maturation protein. By contrast, aged rats up‐regulated the inducible catalytic subunits and showed a lower and shorter expression of proteasome maturation protein. This resulted in a faster recovery of proteasome activity in young rats. Importantly, proteasome inhibition highly affected pyramidal cells, leading to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in perinuclear regions of aged, but not young pyramidal neurons. These data strongly suggest that age‐dependent differences in proteasome level and composition could contribute to neurodegeneration induced by proteasome dysfunction in normal and pathological aging.
Autonomy and dependence – experiences of home abortion, contraception and prevention
Authors: Makenzius Marlene , Tydén Tanja , Darj Elisabeth , Larsson Margareta 
Published: August 2012

Background:  Few studies have explored experiences and needs in relation to an induced medical abortion with the final treatment at home.Objective:  To explore women’s and men’s experiences and needs related to care in the context of a home abortion as well as to elicit their views on contraception and prevention of unwanted pregnancies.Method:  Qualitative interviews were carried out with 24 women and 13 men who had experienced a home abortion; they took place in Sweden during 2009/10.Results:  Two overarching themes were identified: Autonomy– the decision to undergo an abortion and the choice of method were well considered by the woman, supported by the partner. The home environment increased their privacy and control, which helped them freely express and share their emotions. They were motivated to avoid a subsequent abortion and considered it an individual responsibility; however, contraceptive follow‐up visits were rare. Dependence– a desire to be treated with empathy and respect by care providers and to receive adequate information. In the prevention of unwanted pregnancies, financial resources, improved communication/education and subsidized contraceptives were considered important.Conclusion:  Home abortion increases autonomy, and women and partners demonstrate self‐care ability. This autonomy, however, is related to dependence: a desire to be treated with empathy and respect on equal terms and to receive adequate information tailored to their self‐care needs. Routines in abortion care should be continuously evaluated to ensure care satisfaction, safety and security as well as contraceptive adherence.
Reperfusion‐induced myocardial dysfunction is prevented by endogenous annexin‐A1 and its N‐terminal‐derived peptide Ac‐ANX‐A12‐26
Authors: Qin Chengxue , Buxton Keith D , Pepe Salvatore , Cao Anh H , Venardos Kylie , Love Jane E , Kaye David M , Yang Yuan H , Morand Eric F , Ritchie Rebecca H 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAnnexin‐A1 (ANX‐A1) is an endogenous, glucocorticoid‐regulated anti‐inflammatory protein. The N‐terminal‐derived peptide Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 preserves cardiomyocyte viability, but the impact of ANX‐A1‐peptides on cardiac contractility is unknown. We now test the hypothesis that ANX‐A1 preserves post‐ischaemic recovery of left ventricular (LV) function.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHAc‐ANX‐A12–26 was administered on reperfusion, to adult rat cardiomyocytes as well as hearts isolated from rats, wild‐type mice and mice deficient in endogenous ANX‐A1 (ANX‐A1–/–). Myocardial viability and recovery of LV function were determined.KEY RESULTSIschaemia–reperfusion markedly impaired both cardiomyocyte viability and recovery of LV function by 60%. Treatment with exogenous Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 at the onset of reperfusion prevented cardiomyocyte injury and significantly improved recovery of LV function, in both intact rat and wild‐type mouse hearts. Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 cardioprotection was abolished by either formyl peptide receptor (FPR)‐nonselective or FPR1‐selective antagonists, Boc2 and cyclosporin H, but was relatively insensitive to the FPR2‐selective antagonist QuinC7. ANX‐A1‐induced cardioprotection was associated with increased phosphorylation of the cell survival kinase Akt. ANX‐A1−/− exaggerated impairment of post‐ischaemic recovery of LV function, in addition to selective LV FPR1 down‐regulation.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese data represent the first evidence that ANX‐A1 affects myocardial function. Our findings suggest ANX‐A1 is an endogenous regulator of post‐ischaemic recovery of LV function. Furthermore, the ANX‐A1‐derived peptide Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 on reperfusion rescues LV function, probably via activation of FPR1. ANX‐A1‐based therapies may thus represent a novel clinical approach for the prevention and treatment of myocardial reperfusion injury.