bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in a cylindrical converging shock tube
Authors: Si Ting , Zhai Zhigang , Luo Xisheng 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe interaction of a cylindrical converging shock wave with an initially perturbed gaseous interface is studied experimentally. The cylindrical converging shock is generated in an ordinary shock tube but with a specially designed test section, in which the incident planar shock wave is directly converted into a cylindrical one. Two kinds of typical initial interfaces involving gas bubble and gas cylinder are employed. A high-speed video camera combined with schlieren or planar Mie scattering photography is utilized to capture the evolution process of flow structures. The distribution of baroclinic vorticity on the interface induced by the cylindrical shock and the reflected shock from the center of convergence results in distinct phenomena. In the gas bubble case, the shock focusing and the jet formation are observed and the turbulent mixing of two fluids is promoted because of the gradually changed shock strength and complex shock structures in the converging part. In the gas cylinder case, a counter-rotating vortex pair is formed after the impact of the converging shock and its rotating direction may be changed when interacting with the reflected shock for a relatively long reflection distance. The variations of the interface displacements and structural dimensions with time are further measured. It is found that these quantities are different from those in the planar counterpart because of the shock curvature, the Mach number effect and the complex shock reflection within the converging shock tube test section. Therefore, the experiments reported here exhibit the great potential of this experimental method in study of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability induced by converging shock waves.
The prevalence of clinical features associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia in a heterotaxy population: results of a web-based survey
Authors: Shapiro Adam J. , Tolleson-Rinehart Sue , Zariwala Maimoona A. , Knowles Michael R. , Leigh Margaret W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPrimary ciliary dyskinesia and heterotaxy are rare but not mutually exclusive disorders, which result from cilia dysfunction. Heterotaxy occurs in at least 12.1% of primary ciliary dyskinesia patients, but the prevalence of primary ciliary dyskinesia within the heterotaxy population is unknown. We designed and distributed a web-based survey to members of an international heterotaxy organisation to determine the prevalence of respiratory features that are common in primary ciliary dyskinesia and that might suggest the possibility of primary ciliary dyskinesia. A total of 49 members (25%) responded, and 37% of the respondents have features suggesting the possibility of primary ciliary dyskinesia, defined as (1) the presence of at least two chronic respiratory symptoms, or (2) bronchiectasis or history of respiratory pathogens suggesting primary ciliary dyskinesia. Of the respondents, four completed comprehensive, in-person evaluations, with definitive primary ciliary dyskinesia confirmed in one individual, and probable primary ciliary dyskinesia identified in two others. The high prevalence of respiratory features compatible with primary ciliary dyskinesia in this heterotaxy population suggests that a subset of heterotaxy patients have dysfunction of respiratory, as well as embryonic nodal cilia. To better assess the possibility of primary ciliary dyskinesia, heterotaxy patients with chronic oto-sino-respiratory symptoms should be referred for a primary ciliary dyskinesia evaluation.
Microanalysis of Thermal-Induced Changes at the Resin–Dentin Interface
Authors: Toledano Manuel , Aguilera Fátima S. , Osorio Estrella , Cabello Inmaculada , Osorio Raquel 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of two dentin adhesive systems to induce remineralization in the bonded dentin interface afterin vitrothermo-cycling. Dentin surfaces were treated with two different adhesive approaches: (1) 37% phosphoric acid (PA) plus an “etch-and-rinse” dentin adhesive (single bond, SB) (PA+SB) or (2) application of a “self-etch” dentin adhesive (Clearfil SE bond, SEB). Three groups were established: (i) 24 h or (ii) 3 m storage, and (iii) specimens submitted to thermal cycling (100,000 cy/5 and 55ºC). Atomic force microscopy imaging/nanoindentation, Raman spectroscopy/cluster analysis with dye-assisted confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluation and Masson’s trichrome staining assessments were implemented for characterization. Thermo-cycling increased nanohardness in PA+SB at the hybrid layer (HL) and in SEB at the bottom of the HL (BHL). Young’s modulus increased at both the HL and BHL in SEB and at the HL in PA+SB, after thermal stress. Cluster analysis demonstrated an augmentation of the mineral–matrix ratio in thermo-cycled specimens. CLSM showed a decrease of both micropermeability and nanoleakage after thermo-cycling in PA+SB, and were completely absent in SEB. Trichrome staining reflected a scarce demineralized front in PA+SB after thermo-cycling and total remineralization in SEB.
MODELLING OF RESISTIVE PULSE SENSING: FLEXIBLE METHODS FOR SUBMICRON PARTICLES
Authors: WILLMOTT G. R. , SMITH B. G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNanopore science, the study of individual nanoscale pores within thin membranes, is a fast-growing field which presents numerous interesting problems for physicists and applied mathematicians. Nanopores are most commonly applied to resistive pulse sensing (RPS) of individual particles suspended in aqueous electrolyte. The form of a resistive pulse is dependent on an array of experimental variables, including electrolyte characteristics, electrophoretic and convective transport, and (especially) pore and particle geometry. The level of analysis required depends on the application, but any broadly useful approach should be simple and flexible, due to the requirement for high data throughput and variations between different experimental systems and specimens. Here we review analytic methods for interpreting RPS experiments for particles in the approximate range 100 nm to 1 $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mu $m, focusing on calculation of resistance change as a function of the particle’s position. We detail a recently developed semi-analytical model and compare the modelled electric field with finite element results. The model can also be used to calculate particle motion, so that the experimental current–time history can be reconstructed. This approach is useful for a wide range of pore and particle geometries, and includes consideration of entrance effects. Tunable elastomeric pores with truncated linear cone geometry are used as a model system.
Embedding organizational arrangements: towards a general model
Authors: MÉNARD CLAUDE 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNotwithstanding its major contributions, the ‘Williamsonian’ branch of New Institutional Economics suffers from black holes that recent developments have pinpointed. Rather than taking stock, this paper capitalizes on some of these developments to look ahead. Section 2 provides a reminder of the hard core of transaction cost economics (TCE) with an emphasis on problems that TCE has allowed to identify, particularly the richness of organizational arrangements, an issue that needs further investigation. Section 3 discusses how to better understand the embedment of organizational arrangements in their institutional environment. The concept of ‘meso-institutions’ is introduced as a mean to capture mechanisms providing the needed interface. Section 4 considers another neglected dimension that requires renewed attention: the interactions of organizational arrangements with technologies that partially define their setting. This paper proposes a roadmap to explore this issue, based on an ongoing research developed around the key concept of ‘criticality’. Section 5 concludes.
How much does mental health discrimination cost: valuing experienced discrimination in relation to healthcare care costs and community participation
Authors: Evans-Lacko S. , Clement S. , Corker E. , Brohan E. , Dockery L. , Farrelly S. , Hamilton S. , Pinfold V. , Rose D. , Henderson C. , Thornicroft G. , McCrone P. 
Published: June 2014

Aims.This study builds on existing research on the prevalence and consequences of mental illness discrimination by investigating and quantifying the relationships between experienced discrimination and costs of healthcare and leisure activities/social participation among secondary mental health service users in England.Methods.We use data from the Mental Illness-Related Investigations on Discrimination (MIRIAD) study (n = 202) and a subsample of the Viewpoint study (n = 190). We examine experiences of discrimination due to mental illness in the domains of personal relationships, community activities, and health care, and how such experienced discrimination relates to patterns of service use and engagement in leisure activities.Results.Our findings show that the cost of health services used for individuals who reported previous experiences of discrimination in a healthcare setting was almost twice as high as for those who did not report any discrimination during the last 12 months (Relative Risk: 1.73; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.39, 2.17) and this was maintained after controlling for symptoms and functioning. Experienced discrimination in healthcare (Relative Risk: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.84) or in relationships (Relative Risk: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.91), however, was associated with lower participation in, and hence lower costs of, leisure activities. Individuals who reported any discrimination in a healthcare setting had, on average, £434 higher costs associated with health service use while reported discrimination in the community was associated with increased leisure costs of £32.Conclusions.These findings make an important initial step towards understanding the magnitude of the costs of mental health-related discrimination.
Nano‐power tunable bump circuit using wide‐input‐range pseudo‐differential transconductor
Authors: Lu Junjie , Yang Tan , Jahan M.S. , Holleman J. 
Published: June 2014

An ultra‐low‐power tunable bump circuit is presented. It incorporates a novel wide‐input‐range tunable pseudo‐differential transconductor linearised using the drain resistances of saturated transistors. Measurement results show that the transconductor has a 5 V differential input range with <20% of linearity error. The bump circuit demonstrates tunability of the centre, width and height, consuming 18.9 nW power from a 3 V supply, occupying 988 μm2 in a 0.13 μm CMOS process.
Temperature, Hatch Date, and Prey Availability Influence Age‐0 Yellow Perch Growth and Survival
Authors: Kaemingk Mark A. , Graeb Brian D. S. , Willis David W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThroughout their range, Yellow Perch Perca flavescens are an important ecological and economic component of many fisheries, but they often exhibit highly variable recruitment. Much research effort has been devoted to better understanding the mechanisms responsible for these erratic recruitment patterns, yet few studies have examined this process at the detail necessary to reveal complex interactions that may exist across multiple early life stages. Our current understanding of the early life recruitment patterns of Yellow Perch suggests a strong abiotic component. Using existing information, we developed three working hypotheses to examine Yellow Perch recruitment at two larval stages (5–14 and 15–24 d old) and to further identify the overarching mechanisms (abiotic versus biotic) related to Yellow Perch recruitment in 332‐ha Pelican Lake, Nebraska, during 2004–2012. Larval Yellow Perch growth and mortality were largely regulated by hatching date, temperature, and zooplankton availability. The growth of young larval Yellow Perch (5–14 d old) was positively related to temperature and hatch date; that of old larval perch (15–24 d old) was positively related to water temperature and postlarval age‐0 (≤25 mm TL) Yellow Perch density but negatively related to the available preferred zooplankton biomass. Mortality was inversely related to total zooplankton biomass and water temperature. Our results describe a model with two potential Yellow Perch recruitment bottlenecks, one immediately posthatch that is regulated by hatch date and temperature and another during the older larval stage that is regulated by temperature and zooplankton.Received October 25, 2013; accepted January 14, 2014
Population Changes after 14 Years of Harvest Closure on a Migratory Population of Bull Trout in Idaho
Authors: Erhardt John M. , Scarnecchia Dennis L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Primary data (size and age structure, abundance) and derived data (growth, mortality, recruitment) were used to assess the status and trends of Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus in the North Fork of the Clearwater River, Idaho, under a 14-year harvest closure. From 2000 (6 years after harvest closure) to 2008, an increase in the number of larger and older migratory Bull Trout occurred, as evidenced by the rightward shift in the cumulative length-frequency distribution, increases in mean total length and weight, and increases in age. The stability in growth rates over an 8-year interval indicated that the increases in size structure were age related (e.g., recruitment and mortality changes) rather than growth related. The abundance of migratory spawning adults also steadily increased over the period 1994–2008, as indicated by the increases in redd counts. A logistic model fitted to population estimates (not including unsampled portions of the drainage where migratory Bull Trout are known to exist) indicated that the rate of population growth as of 2005 was beginning to slow and that a carrying capacity of 5,215 total migratory adults will be asymptotically approached, surpassing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's drainage-wide recovery goal of 5,000 total adults. The results from an age-structured population model (model 1) indicated a carrying capacity (5,716 migratory adults) similar to that of the logistic model. If the results under model 1 are achieved, the migratory adult population (including nonspawning adults) will surpass 5,000 adults in 2019. The results under a second model depicted a lower carrying capacity (3,592 fish). This analytical approach has promise for application in situations where harvest restrictions or the elimination of fishing are part of Bull Trout restoration programs.
Received August 8, 2013; accepted December 11, 2013
Reductions in Instream Wood in Streams near Roads in the Interior Columbia River Basin
Authors: Meredith Christy , Roper Brett , Archer Eric 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Despite the success of recent management efforts to reduce streamside logging, instream wood recovery may be limited by the presence of near-stream roads. We investigated the relationships between the presence of near-stream roads and the frequency and volume of different size-classes of wood in streams in the interior Columbia River basin. We developed models to evaluate the average reduction in instream wood for streams near roads (&lt;30 m or 30–60 m). We compared this with the changes in wood frequency and volume related to changes in environmental conditions such as precipitation, bank-full width, gradient, and forest cover as well as to changes in grazing-related management. In order to extrapolate our findings to the entire study area, we used a GIS approach to determine the distance to roads for randomly selected sites throughout the study area. Sites &lt;30 m from a road had 65 (26%) fewer pieces of total wood, 33 (34%) fewer pieces of coarse wood, 31 (37%) fewer pieces of pool-forming wood, and 37 m3 (42%) less wood volume per kilometer than sites &gt;60 m from a road. We also observed significant reductions at sites 30–60 m from a road, but these were about half those documented for sites &lt;30 m. Changes in environmental conditions and grazing intensity had effects similar to those of being near a road. Based on our GIS analysis, approximately 29% of the sites in the study area are within 60 m of a road, and this percentage is even greater if unroaded catchments are excluded. Our results provide strong evidence that the presence of roads has significantly reduced habitat conditions for salmonids in the interior Columbia River basin and illustrate the need for road removal or relocation projects to increase wood in streams.
Received April 3, 2013; accepted December 12, 2013
Downstream Passage of Lake Sturgeon through a Hydroelectric Generating Station: Route Determination, Survival, and Fine-Scale Movements
Authors: McDougall C. A. , Anderson W. G. , Peake S. J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Downstream passage of Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens through hydroelectric facilities is known to occur but is poorly understood. Acoustic telemetry was used to investigate downstream-passage routes, survival, and fine-scale movements at the Slave Falls Generating Station, located on the Winnipeg River, Manitoba. Downstream-passage rates were estimated at 2.9% (range = 0.0–4.4%) per year for Slave Falls Reservoir adults and 21.1% (range = 19.3–22.9%) per year for subadults tagged in the lowermost section of the reservoir. No juvenile passage was observed. Lake Sturgeon movements immediately upstream of the Slave Falls Generating Station main sluiceway gates were related to bathymetric features. Fish that approached via deepwater habitat tended to abandon their downstream trajectory movements before or upon reaching the top of a relatively shallow (∼10 m depth) bedrock saddle that occurs ∼45 m upstream of the main sluiceway gates. Based on acoustic telemetry (fine-scale tracking and presence–absence data) and supplemental information, such as trash rack spacing and spill conditions, 7 of 11 (64%) observed downstream-passage events were concluded to have occurred via bottom-draw regulating sluices located in the northeastern end of the powerhouse. At least 91% of the observed downstream-passage events were survived. Results suggest that protection initiatives at hydroelectric facilities could exploit the Lake Sturgeon's bottom-oriented nature, with bottom-draw sluice gates likely providing a feasible way to facilitate safe downstream passage.
Received June 28, 2013; accepted January 28, 2014
Laboratory Investigations on the Use of Strobe Lights and Bubble Curtains to Deter Dam Escapes of Age-0 Muskellunge
Authors: Stewart Heather A. , Wolter Max H. , Wahl David H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The movement of Muskellunge Esox masquinongy over a dam to leave a reservoir is known as dam escape. It is common in Midwestern U.S. reservoirs and has been as high as 25% of the adult population. A variety of barrier and guidance systems have been used to control fish movement, but the success of such barriers has been mixed and appears to be very species dependent. We examined the effectiveness of a simple, relatively low-power and low-cost bubble curtain, strobe light, and bubble curtain with strobe light barriers to deter Muskellunge from escaping over spillways. In 15 replicate trials of each treatment type conducted in a simulated spillway, age-0 Muskellunge were more likely to escape during daytime trials (P &lt; 0.01), but the three barrier combinations did not reduce rates of escape. Light and bubble curtain barriers will likely not be effective in reducing spillway escapes by Muskellunge.
Received September 18, 2013; accepted January 22, 2014
Movements of Striped Bass between the Exclusive Economic Zone and Massachusetts State Waters
Authors: Kneebone Jeff , Hoffman William S. , Dean Micah J. , Armstrong Michael P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In recent years, commercial and recreational fishermen have reported large aggregations of adult Striped Bass Morone saxatilis occurring in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) adjacent to Massachusetts state waters. Directed fishing for Striped Bass within the EEZ has been prohibited since 1990, and there is overwhelming public perception that adult Striped Bass remain as seasonal residents of the EEZ and do not enter state waters, where they would become available to anglers. Passive acoustic telemetry was utilized to examine the extent to which adult Striped Bass move between the EEZ and Massachusetts state waters and to assess the relative conservation benefit provided by the EEZ fishery closure. From 2008 to 2011, 125 adult Striped Bass (68–110 cm TL) were tagged with acoustic transmitters on Stellwagen Bank within the EEZ and were monitored with an extensive array of fixed acoustic receivers deployed within Massachusetts state waters. Of these tagged individuals, 119 (95%) were detected for 1–56 d within state waters during a given year, and 96 (77%) were detected seasonally for up to 2 years after tagging. Sixty-five (55%) fish moved into state waters within 30 d after tagging (during July and August) and became accessible to the Massachusetts commercial fishery. The results of this study provide definitive evidence that a majority of the adult Striped Bass encountered annually on Stellwagen Bank (i.e., in the EEZ) exhibit movement into Massachusetts state waters as part of their normal migratory and feeding behaviors. If future research in other areas off the northeast U.S. coast likewise documents routine movements between federal and state waters, fishery managers will need to re-evaluate the efficacy of the EEZ closure as a tool for reducing fishing mortality.
Received October 22, 2013; accepted January 21, 2014
Loss of Genetic Integrity in Hatchery Steelhead Produced by Juvenile-Based Broodstock and Wild Integration: Conflicts in Production and Conservation Goals
Authors: Bingham Daniel M. , Kennedy Benjamen M. , Hanson Kyle C. , Smith Christian T. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We examined whether a supplementation program for steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in southwestern Washington could produce hatchery fish that contained genetic characteristics of the endemic population from which it was derived and simultaneously meet a production goal. Hatchery fish were produced for three consecutive years by using broodstock comprised of endemic juveniles that were caught in the wild and raised to maturity, and then the program transitioned to an integrated broodstock comprised of wild and hatchery adults that returned to spawn. Importantly, some auxiliary conservation-based husbandry protocols were attempted (i.e., pairwise mating between males and females) but not always completed due to insufficient broodstock and conflict between production and conservation goals. The hatchery met production goals in 6 of 9 years, but wild-type genetic integrity of hatchery fish was degraded every year. Specifically, we analyzed 10 microsatellites and observed a 60% reduction in the effective number of breeders in the hatchery (harmonic mean of hatchery, Nb = 45, compared with the wild, Nb = 111). Hatchery fish consequently displayed reduced genetic diversity and large temporal genetic divergence compared with wild counterparts. To ensure the benefit of conservation-based husbandry, spawning protocols should be based on scientific theory and be practical within the physical and biological constraints of the system. Finally, if conservation issues are considered to be the most important issue for hatchery propagation, then production goals may need to be forfeited.
Received November 8, 2013; accepted February 19, 2014