bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromigration in Short Al Lines Studied by High-Resolution Resistance Measurement
Authors: Verbruggen A. H. , Van Den Homberg M. J. C. , Jacobs L. C. , Kalkman A. J. , Kraayeveld J. R. , Radelaar S. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTElectromigration induced resistance changes in short Al lines have been studied by high-resolution AC bridge measurements. The samples were pure, unpassivated Al lines having a length of 3, 5, 8, 12, 17 or 100 μm, a width of 2 μm, and a film thickness of ∼100 nm. Depending on current density and sample length the induced resistance changes fully recover or do not recover after removal of the DC stressing current. The transition from recoverable to non-recoverable behavior is clear-cut and is characterized by a constant critical current density - sample length product. The value of this product is close to the value of the constant critical current density - sample length product characterizing the occurrence of drift in a drift velocity experiment. Inspection of the lines after current stressing by atomic force microscopy revealed that non-recoverable resistance changes are caused by the growth of a single void, hillock or hillock/void pair. Negative resistance changes correspond to the growth of a hillock and positive resistance changes to the growth of a void. The magnitude of the non-recoverable resistance changes can be very well estimated from the dimensions of the void or hillock. The rate of change of the non-recoverable resistance changes (or the growth rate of a void or hillock) scales linearly with the current density.The characteristic time of the relaxation process of the recoverable resistance scales with the sample length squared. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time shows a good Arrhenius behaviour with an activation energy typical for grain boundary diffusion in Al. The maximum magnitude of the recoverable resistance changes is ΔR/R∼5×10∼-4. The time and temperature dependence of the recoverable resistance changes can be very well explained by the mechanical stress evolution model of Korhonen et al. The evolution of the stress is reflected in changes of the electrical resistance by the piezoresistance effect. A good agreement is found between maximum observed recoverable resistance change and the maximum stress in the line. The good understanding of the resistance changes induced by electromigration in short lines makes this geometry very attractive for studies of fundamental aspects of electromigration in thin film conductors.
A Comparison of Treating Metabolic Acidosis in CKD Stage 4 Hypertensive Kidney Disease with Fruits and Vegetables or Sodium Bicarbonate
Authors: Goraya Nimrit , Simoni Jan , Jo Chan-Hee , Wesson Donald E. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
Current guidelines recommend Na+-based alkali for CKD with metabolic acidosis and plasma total CO2 (PTCO2) < 22 mM. Because diets in industrialized societies are typically acid-producing, we compared base-producing fruits and vegetables with oral NaHCO3 (HCO3) regarding the primary outcome of follow-up estimated GFR (eGFR) and secondary outcomes of improved metabolic acidosis and reduced urine indices of kidney injury.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Individuals with stage 4 (eGFR, 15–29 ml/min per 1.73 m2) CKD due to hypertensive nephropathy, had a PTCO2 level < 22 mM, and were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition were randomly assigned to 1 year of daily oral NaHCO3 at 1.0 mEq/kg per day (n=35) or fruits and vegetables dosed to reduce dietary acid by half (n=36).

Results
Plasma cystatin C–calculated eGFR did not differ at baseline and 1 year between groups. One-year PTCO2 was higher than baseline in the HCO3 group (21.2±1.3 versus 19.5±1.5 mM; P<0.01) and the fruits and vegetables group (19.9±1.7 versus 19.3±1.9 mM; P<0.01), consistent with improved metabolic acidosis, and was higher in the HCO3 than the fruits and vegetable group (P<0.001). One-year urine indices of kidney injury were lower than baseline in both groups. Plasma [K+] did not increase in either group.

Conclusions
One year of fruits and vegetables or NaHCO3 in individuals with stage 4 CKD yielded eGFR that was not different, was associated with higher-than-baseline PTCO2, and was associated with lower-than-baseline urine indices of kidney injury. The data indicate that fruits and vegetables improve metabolic acidosis and reduce kidney injury in stage 4 CKD without producing hyperkalemia.
Updating Audit Standard—Enabling Audit Data Analysis
Authors: Titera William R. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper highlights the emerging role of data analysis on the financial statement audit and its value throughout the audit process, particularly in providing audit evidence. It raises the issue of needed revisions to the Audit Standards, whether for public or private company audits, and illustrates how certain of the current Audit Standards inhibit the external auditors' use of enhanced data analysis and continuous auditing techniques. While this whitepaper identifies a few audit standards that could be revised in light of current technological capabilities, it does not purport to address all needed revisions. Rather, it recommends that a more in-depth analysis be undertaken to develop needed guidance, as well as a list of recommended changes to the standards.
Posterior Distal Tibial Fracture in a Military Trainee
Authors: Miller Joseph , Gerber J. Parry 
Published: February 2013

The patient was an 18-year-old male military trainee who presented to a physical therapist with a chief complaint of right ankle pain following a combined plantar flexion-eversion ankle injury 3 days earlier. Based on the suspicion of a fracture, ankle radiographs were ordered by the physical therapist. On the lateral radiographic view, a longitudinal nondisplaced fracture of the posterior aspect of the distal tibia was appreciated. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(8):615. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0417
Subdural hemorrhage in pediatric patients with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces
Authors: McKeag Heather , Christian Cindy W. , Rubin David , Daymont Carrie , Pollock Avrum N. , Wood Joanne 
Published: February 2013

Object
Enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces has been theorized as a risk factor for the development of subdural hemorrhage (SDH). As the finding of unexplained SDH in children often raises suspicion for nonaccidental trauma, the possibility of increased risk of SDH in children with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces has important clinical, social, and legal implications. Therefore, the authors evaluated the frequency of SDH in a cohort of children with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces.

Methods
The authors identified children younger than 2 years of age who were diagnosed with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces on MRI or CT scanning in a large primary care network between July 2001 and January 2008. The authors excluded children who had enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces diagnosed on imaging performed for trauma or developmental delay, as well as children with a history of prematurity, diagnosis of intracranial pathology, or metabolic or genetic disorders. Chart review recovered the following data: patient demographics, head circumference, history of head trauma, and head imaging results. For the subset of children with SDH, information regarding evaluation for other injuries, including skeletal survey, ophthalmological examination, and child protection team evaluation, was abstracted.

Results
There were 177 children with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces who met the inclusion criteria. Subdural hemorrhage was identified in 4 (2.3%) of the 177 children. All of the children with SDH underwent evaluations for suspected nonaccidental trauma, which included consultation by the child protection team, skeletal survey, and ophthalmological examination. Additional injuries (healing rib fractures) were identified in 1 of 4 patients. None of the 4 children had retinal hemorrhages. Only the child with rib fractures was reported to child protective services due to concerns for abuse.

Conclusions
Only a small minority of the patients with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces had SDH. Evidence of additional injuries concerning for physical abuse were identified in a quarter of the children with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and SDH, suggesting that an evaluation for suspected nonaccidental trauma including occult injury screening should be performed in cases of SDH with enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. In the absence of additional injuries, however, the presence of an unexplained SDH in the setting of enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces may be insufficient to support a diagnosis of nonaccidental trauma.
Predictors of cranioplasty complications in stroke and trauma patients
Authors: Walcott Brian P. , Kwon Churl-Su , Sheth Sameer A. , Fehnel Corey R. , Koffie Robert M. , Asaad Wael F. , Nahed Brian V. , Coumans Jean-Valery 
Published: February 2013

Object
Decompressive craniectomy mandates subsequent cranioplasty. Complications of cranioplasty may be independent of the initial craniectomy, or they may be contingent upon the craniectomy. Authors of this study aimed to identify surgery- and patient-specific risk factors related to the development of surgical site infection and other complications following cranioplasty.

Methods
A consecutive cohort of patients of all ages and both sexes who had undergone cranioplasty following craniectomy for stroke or trauma at a single institution in the period from May 2004 to May 2012 was retrospectively established. Patients who had undergone craniectomy for infectious lesions or neoplasia were excluded. A logistic regression analysis was performed to model and predict determinants related to infection following cranioplasty.

Results
Two hundred thirty-nine patients met the study criteria. The overall rate of complication following cranioplasty was 23.85% (57 patients). Complications included, predominantly, surgical site infection, hydrocephalus, and new-onset seizures. Logistic regression analysis identified previous reoperation (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.30–8.11, p = 0.01) and therapeutic indication for stroke (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.11–5.39, p = 0.03) as significantly associated with the development of cranioplasty infection. Patient age, location of cranioplasty, presence of an intracranial device, bone flap preservation method, cranioplasty material, booking method, and time interval > 90 days between initial craniectomy and cranioplasty were not predictive of the development of cranioplasty infection.

Conclusions
Cranioplasty complications are common. Cranioplasty infection rates are predicted by reoperation following craniectomy and therapeutic indication (stroke). These variables may be associated with patient-centered risk factors that increase cranioplasty infection risk.
Onyx embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients
Authors: Soltanolkotabi Maryam , Schoeneman Samantha E. , Alden Tord D. , Hurley Michael C. , Ansari Sameer A. , DiPatri Arthur J. , Tomita Tadanori , Shaibani Ali 
Published: February 2013

Object
The authors undertook this study to assess the safety and efficacy of Onyx embolization in the treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in pediatric patients.

Methods
All pediatric Onyx embolization of intracranial AVM cases performed consecutively at a single children's hospital over a 5-year period were collected and evaluated.

Results
Twenty-five patients (mean age 10.5 years) underwent a total of 38 procedures. An aggregate of 56 pedicles were embolized (mean 1.47 per session). The Spetzler-Martin grade was determined in all cases. Onyx embolization resulted in complete obliteration of the AVM in 3 cases (12%) and partial obliteration in 22 cases (88%). A total of 23 patients underwent surgical treatment. The mean preoperative AVM devascularization in these cases was 72%. One patient was treated with radiosurgery following Onyx embolization. Overall, 10 complications occurred in a total of 38 procedures (26.3%). None of the complications resulted in permanent neurological morbidity. The rate of transient neurological complications was 10.5% (4 of 38 procedures) and the rate of transient nonneurological complications was 5.3% (2 of 38 procedures). The remaining 4 complications were clinically silent (rate of 10.5%). There were no procedure-related deaths in this study population. There was no significant difference in patients with and without complications in terms of demographic characteristics, AVM grade, or embolization features (p ≥ 0.2). Deep venous drainage was associated with higher complication rates (p = 0.03).

Conclusions
Onyx utilization is feasible for preoperative or primary embolization in the treatment of pediatric intracranial AVMs; however, the spectrum of complications encountered is broad, and attention must be paid to the technical nuances of and indications for its use to avoid many potential dangerous effects. Although the overall complication rates were higher than expected, all were either clinically silent or had only transient clinical effects. Thus, this experience suggests that Onyx embolization can be performed safely with a low rate of permanent morbidity in pediatric patients harboring these difficult lesions.
Gouverner par la parole : parlements de la rue, pratiques oratoires et subjectivation politique en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Cutolo Armando , Banégas Richard 
Published: February 2013

Résumé La crise en Côte d’Ivoire a vu se multiplier les « agoras » et « parlements » de la rue, devenus les hauts lieux de la mobilisation patriotique. Cet article montre que les orateurs de ces espaces se sont affirmés en tant que sujets moraux et politiques par la prise de parole publique et un travail herméneutique de « dévoilement » de la vérité. Mais il souligne aussi que ce processus de subjectivation s’est opéré dans le cadre d’un dispositif contraignant de professionnalisation de la parole patriotique s’apparentant à une forme de gouvernementalité. Il s’interroge alors sur le devenir de celle-ci dans un contexte de sortie de guerre qui a vu la destruction dudit dispositif.
Ce que « parler au grin » veut dire : sociabilité urbaine, politique de la rue et reproduction sociale en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Vincourt Sarah , Kouyaté Souleymane 
Published: February 2013

Résumé Lieux de sociabilité et de discussion au cœur d’Abidjan, les multiples « grins de thé » se sont transformés, au cours de la crise postélectorale de 2010-2011, en lieux de politisation, voire de recrutement politique en faveur du candidat Alassane Ouattara. Ces prises de position de rue sont caractéristiques de mécanismes de participation politique mais aussi de contention de la contestation inscrits dans les interactions micro-locales au sein des quartiers d’Abidjan, où les économies morales et les identités se construisent et se confrontent.
A Review of the Role of Psychosocial Evaluation in Organ Transplant and Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Marcangelo Michael J. 
Published: February 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Review the evidence related to pre-transplant psychiatric evaluations and its relation to patient outcomes.

2.
Discuss the management of psychiatric disorders in organ transplant patients.

3.
Review the evidence related to psychiatric evaluations of bariatric surgery candidates and the impact it has on outcomes.

Advanced medical procedures are expensive, often risky, and pose both short- and long-term challenges for those who receive them. Psychiatric assessment prior to many procedures is often requested, either due to regulations or convention. However, the evidence in favor of these evaluations ranges from some obvious benefits to near conjecture, and while common sense and clinical judgment can lead evaluators to focus on those aspects of the patient’s life that seem relevant, evidence (where available) should guide the work. Organ transplantation and bariatric surgery are two examples of these high-stakes medical interventions that involve psychiatry and related mental health fields during the evaluation process. A review of some of the evidence and areas of uncertainty follows.
Clonidine Premedication Versus Placebo: Effects on Postoperative Agitation and Recovery Time in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Heinmiller Laura J. , Nelson Leonard B. , Goldberg Marc B. , Thode Adam R. 
Published: February 2013

Purpose:
Postoperative agitation is common in adults and children following the use of several anesthetics, particularly inhalation anesthetics. This behavior has detrimental effects both physically for the patient following the procedure and psychologically for the parent or guardian. The authors propose that clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist, would provide a reduction in children’s postoperative agitation and, in turn, improve parent satisfaction in children undergoing strabismus surgery.

Methods:
Fifty children were prospectively randomized to receive either clonidine or placebo in a double-blind fashion prior to surgery. The children were evaluated using preoperative and postoperative parent questionnaires and postoperative behavioral evaluation using standardized scales including the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium and Watcha scales.

Results:

Children receiving clonidine immediately after anesthesia induction had statistically significant improvement in postoperative agitation at the 15-minute mark (
P
= .096) and last score obtained (
P
= .095) using the Watcha scale. The clonidine group spent an insignificantly longer time in the post-anesthesia care unit (average: 54 minutes) than the placebo group (average 47 minutes) (
P
= .17). Seventy-one percent of parents reported being “very satisfied” with their child’s recovery from anesthesia in the clonidine group compared to 46% in the placebo group, although this was not statistically significant (
P
= .34).

Conclusions:
Children receiving clonidine prior to undergoing strabismus surgery have a small but noticeable reduction in postoperative agitation, stay slightly longer in the post-anesthesia care unit, and have higher rates of parent satisfaction.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2013;50(3):150–154.]
Regulatory T Cells Migrate to Airways via CCR4 and Attenuate the Severity of Airway Allergic Inflammation
Authors: Faustino Lucas , Fonseca Denise Morais da , Takenaka Maisa Carla , Mirotti Luciana , Florsheim Esther Borges , Guereschi Marcia Grando , Silva João Santana , Basso Alexandre Salgado , Russo Momtchilo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
We have previously shown that regulatory T (Treg) cells that accumulate in the airways of allergic mice upregulate CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) expression. These Treg cells suppressed in vitro Th2 cell proliferation but not type 2 cytokine production. In the current study, using a well-established murine model of allergic lung disease or oral tolerance, we evaluated the in vivo activity of Treg cells in allergic airway inflammation with special focus on CCR4 function. We found that allergic, but not tolerant, mice treated with anti-CD25 Ab showed increased airway eosinophilia and IL-5– or IL-4–producing Th2 cells when compared with untreated mice. Notably, mice with CCR4 deficiency displayed an augmented airway allergic inflammation compared with wild-type or CCR2 knockout (KO) mice. The allergic phenotype of CCR4KO mice was similar to that observed in anti-CD25–treated mice. The exacerbated allergic inflammation of CCR4KO mice was directly associated with an impaired migration of Treg cells to airways and augmented frequency of pulmonary Th2 cells. Adoptive transfer of CD25+CD4+ T cells expressing high levels of CCR4, but not CCR4KO CD25+CD4+ T cells, attenuated the severe airway Th2 response of CCR4KO mice. Our results show that CCR4 is critically involved in the migration of Treg cells to allergic lungs that, in turn, attenuate airway Th2 activation and allergic eosinophilic inflammation.
Umbilical Submanifolds of Sn × R
Authors: Mendonça Bruno , Tojeiro Ruy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe give a complete classification of umbilical submanifolds of arbitrary dimension and codimension of ×ℝ, extending the classification of umbilical surfaces in ×ℝ by Souam and Toubiana as well as the local description of umbilical hypersurfaces in × ℝ by Van der Veken and Vrancken. We prove that, besides small spheres in a slice, up to isometries of the ambient space they come in a two-parameter family of rotational submanifolds whose substantial codimension is either one or two and whose profile is a curve in a totally geodesic ×ℝ or ×ℝ, respectively, the former case arising in a one-parameter family. All of them are diffeomorphic to a sphere, except for a single element that is diffeomorphic to Euclidean space. We obtain explicit parametrizations of all such submanifolds. We also study more general classes of submanifolds of × R and ℍn × ℝ. In particular, we give a complete description of all submanifolds in those product spaces for which the tangent component of a unit vector field spanning the factor ℝ is an eigenvector of all shape operators. We show that surfaces with parallel mean curvature vector in ×ℝ and ℍn×ℝ having this property are rotational surfaces, and use this fact to improve some recent results by Alencar, do Carmo, and Tribuzy. We also obtain a Dajczer-type reduction of codimension theorem for submanifolds of × ℝ and ℍn × ℝ.
Fat and Fried: Linking Land Use Law, The Risks of Obesity, and Climate Change
Authors: Tarlock Dan 
Published: February 2013

Among the major immediate risks faced by the United States are the increasing rate of obesity of its population and a wide range of potential adverse climate change impacts such as the rising of sea levels, which could result in more extreme flooding and droughts. 2 This article draws from the growing interest in the law and policy of disaster response and risk response3 generated in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Its focus is the use of law to induce the adaptation of societal behavior to minimize the long-term costs of the two serious risks4 rather than on post-disaster relief. Specifically, this article examines how one set of policy instruments, land use planning and regulation, can help to minimize the costs of these inevitable risks. Obesity and global climate change are here, although their specific impacts are still hard to predict. The basic argument is that spatial planning may help mitigate the two risks and the costs associated with them, even though spatial planning and land use regulation are relatively limited policy instruments to deal with these maddeningly complex social and political problems for two primary reasons. First, the law faces structural barriers; in the main, land use law is designed to produce a “one-off” solution to mitigate a nuisance-like use rather than to produce long-term substantive results. Second, efforts to induce behavioral change challenge the deep-seated value of freedom to live where and how one wants as the quote from the director of disaster relief in Kansas indicates. Nonetheless, the effort is worth making as there are clear links between land use regulation and these two risks.