bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis and modelling of water vapour and temperature changes in Hong Kong using a 40‐year radiosonde record: 1973–2012
Authors: Liu Zhizhao , Chen Biyan , Chan Sai T. , Cao Yunchang , Gao Yang , Zhang Kefei , Nichol Janet 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTRadiosonde observations provide a good data source for examining the long‐term trend of atmospheric water vapour, temperature and cold point tropopause (CPT). In this article, precipitable water vapour (PWV) and surface temperature from the Hong Kong radiosonde station over the period of 1973–2012 are analysed. We find that the atmospheric water vapour in Hong Kong in the layers from the surface to approximately 1181 m, from ∼1181 to ∼2509 m, from ∼2509 to ∼5126 m and from ∼5126 to ∼8093 m accounts for 50, 25, 20 and 5% of the PWV, respectively. The atmosphere is almost completely dry above approximately 8000 m. Surface temperature has increased at a rate of 0.16° decade−1 over the past 40 years. On a seasonal timescale, the largest rate of increase is 0.23° decade−1 in winter and the smallest rate is 0.09° decade−1 in spring. The CPT height is located at approximately 17.5 km above mean sea level over the period of this study. This CPT height is estimated to have risen at a rate of 87.3 m decade−1 over 1983–2012, which is 1.36 times the global average. The CPT temperature is observed to decrease at a rate of 0.84° decade−1, which is 2.05 times the global average. Taking advantage of the periodicity of PWV and surface temperature over the past 40 years, Fourier series analysis models have been developed. The models are evaluated using 1 year (2012) of radiosonde data. It was found that the modelled PWV data can achieve root mean square error accuracy of 9.23 mm and the modelled surface temperature can achieve a standard deviation of 2.34° with a bias of −0.19°.
Control of Glycopolymer Nanoparticle Morphology by a One‐Pot, Double Modification Procedure Using Thiolactones
Authors: Chen Yong , Espeel Pieter , Reinicke Stefan , Du Prez Filip E. , Stenzel Martina H. 
Published: April 2014

A copolymer from N‐isopropylacryl amide (NIPAAm) and N‐homocysteine thiolactone acrylamide (TlaAm), prepared by RAFT polymerization, is reacted with various amines, bearing alkyl residues of increasing length (n‐propylamine, n‐hexylamine, and n‐dodecylamine) to liberate the corresponding thiol, which is consequently reacted in situ with 2‐bromoethyl‐2′,3′,4′,6′‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐d‐mannopyranoside. The resulting double‐modified graft copolymers show characteristic self‐assembly behavior due to their amphiphilic nature, affording glycopoly­mer‐based nanoparticles. While the n‐propylamine‐derived amphiphiles mainly lead to micelles (30 nm), the n‐hexylamine adducts give rise to larger vesicles (200–600 nm). Longer alkyl amines result in the formation of large compound micelles. The assembled nanoparticles are bioactive and interact effectively with Concanavalin A (ConA).
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The dual integrated force method applied to unidirectional composites
Authors: Adarraga I. , Cantera M.A. , Romera J.M. , Insausti N. , Mujika F. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThis paper shows the use of the dual integrated force method (IFMD) in finite elements method and its application to composite materials. This method was developed by S.N. Patnaik in isotropic materials, considering not only the equilibrium equations but also the compatibility conditions. In the IFMD, the principal unknowns are the displacements, and the structure of governing equation is similar to the stiffness method. It is shown that the governing equation of the IFMD is the same than in the case of the hybrid method of Pian. The method is applied to two examples, a cantilever beam of orthotropic material loaded at the end and one off‐axis tensile test in a unidirectional composite specimen. The results of this method have been compared with the ones obtained from the application of the stiffness method and with analytical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel computational methods for high‐dimensional stochastic sensitivity analysis
Authors: Rahman Sharif , Ren Xuchun 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents three new computational methods for calculating design sensitivities of statistical moments and reliability of high‐dimensional complex systems subject to random input. The first method represents a novel integration of the polynomial dimensional decomposition (PDD) of a multivariate stochastic response function and score functions. Applied to the statistical moments, the method provides mean‐square convergent analytical expressions of design sensitivities of the first two moments of a stochastic response. The second and third methods, relevant to probability distribution or reliability analysis, exploit two distinct combinations built on PDD: the PDD‐saddlepoint approximation (SPA) or PDD‐SPA method, entailing SPA and score functions; and the PDD‐Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) or PDD‐MCS method, utilizing the embedded MCS of the PDD approximation and score functions. For all three methods developed, the statistical moments or failure probabilities and their design sensitivities are both determined concurrently from a single stochastic analysis or simulation. Numerical examples, including a 100‐dimensional mathematical problem, indicate that the new methods developed provide not only theoretically convergent or accurate design sensitivities, but also computationally efficient solutions. A practical example involving robust design optimization of a three‐hole bracket illustrates the usefulness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intentions in wishes to die: analysis and a typology – A report of 30 qualitative case studies of terminally ill cancer patients in palliative care
Authors: Ohnsorge K. , Gudat H. , Rehmann‐Sutter C. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the variations in and intentions of wishes to die (WTD) of palliative care cancer patients.MethodsThirty terminally ill cancer patients, their caregivers and relatives in a hospice, an oncology palliative care ward of a general hospital, and an outpatient palliative care service. 116 semistructured qualitative interviews analyzed by a combined approach using Grounded Theory and Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis.ResultsA WTD is dynamic and interactive. Its subjective phenomenology can be described by three aspects: intentions, motivations, and interactions. In this article, we present a typology of the possible intentions. We identified nine different (ideal) types of intentions that WTD statements might have, other than wishing to live and accepting death. Many WTD statements do not imply a desire to hasten death. The intentions of statements differ according to whether a WTD is related to as imaginary or as an action. Often WTD statements contain several partial wishes, which can be in tension with each other and form a dynamic, sometimes unstable equilibrium.ConclusionsTerminally ill persons' WTD statements differ in their intention, and deeper knowledge about these differences is ethically relevant. © 2014 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of oscillations in energy of Aharonov–Bohm excitons in type‐II ZnTe/ZnSe stacked submonolayer quantum dots
Authors: Roy Bidisha , Ji Haojie , Dhomkar Siddharth , Tamargo Maria C. , Kuskovsky Igor L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report our recent experiments with type‐II ZnTe/ZnSe stacked submonolayer quantum dots that show the dependence of photoluminescence (PL) emission energy on the magnetic field. This is explained as due to the excitonic Aharonov‐Bohm (AB) effect. The AB oscillations in energy are observed for each of the contributing emission bands and are correlated with the changes in the magneto‐PL emission intensity. We propose that interplay of magneto‐excitonic behavior, the Coulomb interaction and mixing of angular momentum states are responsible for the observed behavior of the AB excitons depending on the magnetic field ranges. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular beam epitaxy of p‐type ZnSTe:N and p–n‐junction light emitting diodes
Authors: Ichino Kunio , Kojima Takahiro , Obata Shunsuke , Kuroyanagi Takuma , Kimata Kenta , Nakazawa Shoichi , Kashiyama Shota 
Published: April 2014

Abstractp‐type doping of ZnS1–xTex alloy with N acceptors has been studied with an idea that an upward shift of the valence band maximum due to Te incorporation could improve p‐type doping efficiency. The resistivity was found to be less than 100 Ωcm for the layers with 0.2 < x < 0.3, which are suggested to be p‐type from the currentvoltage (I – V) characteristic and the electron‐beam induced current. For further characterization, ZnSTe:N/n‐ZnS diode structures have been fabricated. It was found that the diode exhibits clear rectification in I – V characteristic, and blue‐green electroluminescence probably due to hole injection from the ZnSTe:N layer into the n‐ZnS layer. These results indicate p‐type conduction in ZnSTe:N, and thus the light‐emitting diode operation in the ZnS‐based pn‐junctions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electric‐field modulation of ferromagnetism in hexagonal chromium telluride thin film
Authors: Akiyama Ryota , Oikawa Haruyoshi , Yamawaki Kazuma , Kuroda Shinji 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report the electric‐field modulation of magnetism of a hexagonal Cr1–δTe thin film. A gate voltage VG is ap‐plied in the field effect capacitor (FEC) structure consisting of electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) of an ion liquid and a 2nm‐thick Cr1–δTe layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and the magnetization of the layer is directly measured using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer in the both configurations with magnetic fields perpendicular or parallel to the film plane. As a result, we observe a clear change in the magnetization vs. magnetic field (M‐H) curves by applying VG at a low temperature of 15 K in the perpendicular field configuration; the magnetization increases and the coercivity decreases by applying either positive or negative gate voltage. When the temperature is increased up to 160K, slightly lower than the Curie temperature, or the magnetization was measured in the in‐plane field configuration, the magnetization increases similarly by applying either positive or negative gate voltage, but the amount of the increase becomes much smaller. A possible mechanism of the electric‐field modulation is discussed in relation to the Cr vacancies in the Cr1–δTe layer. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The time of bootstrap percolation with dense initial sets for all thresholds
Authors: Bollobas Béla , Smith Paul , Uzzell Andrew J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe study the percolation time of the r‐neighbour bootstrap percolation model on the discrete torus . For t at most a polylog function of n and initial infection probabilities within certain ranges depending on t, we prove that the percolation time of a random subset of the torus is exactly equal to t with high probability as n tends to infinity. Our proof rests crucially on three new extremal theorems that together establish an almost complete understanding of the geometric behaviour of the r‐neighbour bootstrap process in the dense setting. The special case of our result was proved recently by Bollobas, Holmgren, Smith and Uzzell. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 47, 1–29, 2015
Consumption of Synbiotic Bread Decreases Triacylglycerol and VLDL Levels While Increasing HDL Levels in Serum from Patients with Type‐2 Diabetes
Authors: Shakeri Hossein , Hadaegh Haleh , Abedi Fatemeh , Tajabadi‐Ebrahimi Maryam , Mazroii Navid , Ghandi Yaser , Asemi Zatollah 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTo our knowledge, no reports are available indicating the favorable effects of synbiotic bread consumption on blood lipid profiles among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the daily consumption of synbiotic bread on blood lipid profiles of patients with T2DM. This randomized double‐blinded controlled clinical trial was performed with 78 diabetic patients, aged 35–70 years. After a 2‐week run‐in period, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either synbiotic (n = 26), probiotic (n = 26) or control bread (n = 26) for 8 weeks. The synbiotic bread contained viable and heat‐resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes (1 × 108 CFU) and 0.07 g inulin (HPX) as prebiotic per 1 g. The probiotic bread contained L. sporogenes (1 × 108 CFU) per 1 g. Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic, probiotic and control breads three times a day in a 40 g package for a total of 120 g/day. Biochemical measurements including blood lipid profiles were conducted before and after 8 weeks of intervention. Consumption of the synbiotic bread, compared to the probiotic and control breads, led to a significant decrease in serum TAG (P = 0.005), VLDL‐C (P = 0.005), TC/HDL‐C (P = 0.002) and a significant increase in serum HDL‐C levels (P = 0.01). No significant effect of synbiotic bread consumption on FPG, TC, LDL‐C and non‐HDL‐C levels was seen compared to the probiotic and control breads (P > 0.05). Trial registry code: http://www.irct.ir IRCT201311215623N13.
Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Monovarietal and Commercial Portuguese Olive Oils
Authors: Gouvinhas Irene , Machado Juliana , Gomes Sónia , Lopes João , Martins‐Lopes Paula , Barros Ana I. R. N. A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOlive oil composition has been investigated using chemical approaches, since the composition has a direct impact on its quality and safety and it may be used for certification purposes. In this paper, eleven monovarietal and twelve commercial Portuguese olive oils were analyzed to determine spectrophotometrically their total polyphenol content, ortho‐diphenols and antioxidant activity. The phenolic profiles of these olive oils were also studied by high performance liquid chromatography. The lowest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were observed for monovarietal olive oils, however, among these group, ‘Cobrançosa’ and ‘Redondil’ cultivars showed the highest values of these two chemical parameters. In commercial olive oils, the concentration of polyphenols, determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant activity (ABTS method) ranged from 97.37 ± 1.10 to 219.7 ± 1.50 mg GAE/kg of oil and from 387.2 ± 20.00 to 997.5 ± 30.90 µmol Trolox/kg, respectively. The study of the phenolic profile demonstrated that the highest concentrations of the most abundant compounds in olive oil (tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein) are present in commercial olive oils. The correlation coefficient between total phenolics and antioxidant activity was statistically significant (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001). The same was observed for ortho‐diphenol content and antioxidant capacity (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001).
Twin pregnancy among women with pregestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: González González Nieves L. , González Dávila Enrique , Goya Maria , Vega Begoña , Hernández Suarez Mercedes , Bartha Jose L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of twin versus singleton pregnancy on obstetric and perinatal outcomes among women with pregestational diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsMulticenter retrospective cohort study of women with pregestational DM and twin or singleton pregnancy, conducted in Spain during 2005–2010. Each group included 63 women (type 1 DM, n = 39; type 2 DM, n = 24).ResultsOf 269 565 deliveries, 68 (0.025%) were twins of mothers with pregestational DM, with 28/63 (44.4%) conceptions achieved with assisted reproduction technology. Among women with type 1 DM, hypertensive complications were more common among those with twins than among controls (13% versus 3%, P = 0.02); the rate of preterm birth was higher (69% versus 15%, P < 0.001); and the rate of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit was higher (51% versus 21%, P = 0.005). Twin pregnancy was an independent risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes regardless of the type of diabetes.ConclusionTwin pregnancy in women with either type of DM dramatically increased the risk of perinatal morbidity. In mothers with type 1 DM, twin pregnancy was more often associated with hypertensive complications than singleton pregnancy. Transfer of more than one embryo should be avoided if ART is needed in a woman with DM.
Effect of Body Mass Index on Hemiparetic Gait
Authors: Sheffler Lynne R. , Bailey Stephanie Nogan , Gunzler Douglas , Chae John 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameters in chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors.DesignSecondary analysis of data collected in a randomized controlled trial comparing two 12‐week ambulation training treatments.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsChronic hemiparetic stroke survivors (N = 108, >3 months poststroke)MethodsLinear regression analyses were performed of BMI, and selected pretreatment gait parameters were recorded using quantitative gait analysis.Main Outcome MeasuresSpatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameters.ResultsA series of linear regression models that controlled for age, gender, stroke type (ischemic versus hemorrhagic), interval poststroke, level of motor impairment (Fugl‐Meyer score), and walking speed found BMI to be positively associated with step width (m) (β = 0.364, P < .001), positively associated with peak hip abduction angle of the nonparetic limb during stance (deg) (β = 0.177, P = .040), negatively associated with ankle dorsiflexion angle at initial contact of the paretic limb (deg) (β = −0.222, P = .023), and negatively associated with peak ankle power at push‐off (W/kg) of the paretic limb (W/kg)(β = −0.142, P = .026).ConclusionsWhen walking at a similar speed, chronic hemiparetic stroke subjects with a higher BMI demonstrated greater step width, greater hip hiking of the paretic lower limb, less paretic limb dorsiflexion at initial contact, and less paretic ankle power at push‐off as compared to stroke subjects with a lower BMI and similar level of motor impairment. Further studies are necessary to determine the clinical relevance of these findings with respect to rehabilitation strategies for gait dysfunction in hemiparetic patients with higher BMIs.
The response of the environment of the Angara–Lena Plateau to global climate change in the Holocene
Authors: Bezrukova E.V. , Belov A.V. , Letunova P.P. , Kulagina N.V. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The paper is focused on the regularities and character of the response of the regional landscapes of the Angara–Lena Plateau to variations in the global climate system during the Holocene. They were revealed by integrated studies of four peat bogs of the plateau—an important area for the understanding of the environmental dynamics in the entire Baikal region. Age models for the records obtained were provided by 16 radiocarbon dates. A spatiotemporal correlation of spore–pollen indices with the trend of δ18O records from the global stratotypes was used to find out the possible causes of changes in the landscapes and climate of the Angara–Lena Plateau in the context of past changes in the global climate system. The plateau environment showed a dramatically varying response to global climate variations in the Middle–Late Holocene. Moreover, the observed intervals of reorganization in the regional environment took place in a quasi-millennial regime, in accordance with global climate rearrangement. However, not all the studied regions of the Angara–Lena Plateau exhibited a synchronous or analogous response to global environment change. This emphasizes the complicated character of regional climate manifestations in the Holocene and necessitates the use of paleogeographical data from a wider range of territories.
Mineralogy and crystal chemistry of carbonates from the Holocene sediments of Lake Kiran (western Transbaikalia): connection with paleoclimate
Authors: Solotchina E.P. , Sklyarov E.V. , Solotchin P.A. , Vologina E.G. , Sklyarova O.A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We present results of research into the Holocene sediments of Lake Kiran, one of the small saline lakes with carbonate sedimentation in western Transbaikalia. The sediments were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, IR spectroscopy, analysis of stable 18O and 13C isotopes, laser granulometry, element analysis (SRXFA), etc. By the mathematical modeling of complex XRD patterns of lacustrine sediments, Mg-calcites with different Mg contents and excess-Ca dolomites have been determined in the assemblage of endogenic carbonate minerals.
The obtained carbonate record gives an insight into the stratigraphic distribution of endogenic carbonates of the calcite–dolomite series, in which the number and proportion of phases with different Mg contents are determined by the Mg/Ca ratio, salinity, and total alkalinity of the lake water in the past. The abundance of excess-Ca dolomites in the sediments indicates that the lake is of shallow playa type. The mineral composition and crystallochemical structure of carbonates are in high correlation with the data of lithological analysis, results of determination of stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C), and distribution of some geochemical indicators of sedimentation conditions. Several stages of the lake evolution depending on the regional climatic changes have been recognized. It has been established that the most arid conditions in southern Buryatia were in the Subatlantic. Despite the highly arid climate in the region in the period under study (from 7 ka to the present), it underwent fluctuations toward humidification, in particular, at the Atlantic stage (the time of the lake formation) and in the recent decades, up to the present.
The earliest well-dated archeological site in the hyper-arid Tarim Basin and its implications for prehistoric human migration and climatic change
Authors: Han WenXia , Yu LuPeng , Lai ZhongPing , Madsen David , Yang Shengli 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe routes and timing of human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are crucial for understanding the evolution of Tibetan populations and associated paleoclimatic conditions. Many archeological sites have been found in/around the Tarim Basin, on the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Unfortunately, most of these sites are surface sites and cannot be directly dated. Their ages can only be estimated based on imprecise artifact comparisons. We recently found and dated an archeological site on a terrace along the Keriya River. Our ages indicate that the site was occupied at ~7.0–7.6 ka, making it the earliest well-dated archeological site yet identified in the Tarim Basin. This suggests that early human foragers migrated into this region prior to ~7.0–7.6 ka during the early to mid-Holocene climatic optimum, which may have provided the impetus for populating the region. We hypothesize that the Keriya River, together with the other rivers originating from the TP, may have served as access routes onto the TP for early human foragers. These rivers may also have served as stepping stones for migration further west into the now hyper-arid regions of the Tarim Basin, leading ultimately to the development of the Silk Road.