bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Turbidimetric Method for Determination of Melamine Based on its Reaction with Mercury(II)
Authors: Farajzadeh M. A. , Rahmani N. Abdi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA turbidimetric technique based on a reaction between Hg(II) and melamine is described for the measurement of melamine content of wastewater of a petrochemical company. The present technique is rapid and simple, uses a small amount of reagent and is set up with low‐cost equipment, making this system economically viable. The experimental conditions such as volume of reagent, pH of buffer, stirring time, stirring speed, ionic strength, etc. were optimized and used in plotting the calibration curve. The linear dynamic range was 1–70 mg/L with a limit of detection of 0.3 mg/L. Repeatability of the proposed method is good, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) is less than 1.5%. Interferences studies showed that the common compounds existing in wastewater have no negative effect on the efficiency of the method at relatively high concentrations. Finally, the proposed method has been successfully used in determination of melamine in wastewater of Urmia Petrochemical Company.
Sulfur‐assisted Chloride and Triphenylphosphine Dissociation of Palladium(II) Complex with Phenyloxythiocarbonyl, PhOC(S), Containing Ligand: X‐Ray Structure of [Pd(PPh3)2{η1‐C(S)OPh}(Cl)]
Authors: Yih Kuang‐Hway , Lee Gene‐Hsiang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTreatment of Pd(PPh3)4 with phenylchlorothionoformate, PhOC(S)Cl, in dichloromethane at −20 °C produces the phenyloxythiocarbonyl complex [Pd(PPh3)2{η1‐C(S)OPh}(Cl)], 1. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 1 shows the dissociation of either the chloride or the triphenylphosphine ligand to form complex [Pd(PPh3)2(η2‐SCOPh)][Cl], 2 or the dipalladium complex [Pd(PPh3)Cl]2(μ,η2‐SCOPh)2, 3. Continuous stirring of the dichloromethane solution of 1 at room temperature for 4 h forms the dipalladinum complex [Pd(PPh3)Cl]2(μ,η2‐SCOPh)2, 3 as the final product. Respective reactions of 1 and Et2NCS2Na or dppa {bis(diphenylphosphino)amine} gives complex [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(S)OPh}(η2‐S2CNEt2)], 4 or [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(S)OPh}(η2‐dppa)][Cl], 5. Complex 1 is determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21 with Z = 4. The cell dimensions of 1 are as follows: a = 9.5613(1) Å, b = 33.6732(3) Å, c = 12.2979(1) Å.
Synthesis, Dissociation Behavior and Crystal Structures of Palladium(II) Complexes with N,N‐Dimethylthiocarbamoyl, Me2NC=S, Containing Ligand: Structures of [Pd(PPh3)2(η1‐SCNMe2)(Cl)], [Pd(PPh3)(Cl)]2(μ,η2‐SCNMe2)2, [Pd(PPh3)2{η1‐C(SMe)(NMe2)}(η2‐S2CO)], and [Pd{η1‐SC(O)NMe2}Pd(Cl)](μ,η2‐SCNMe2)(μ,η2‐dppm)2
Authors: Lin Ying‐Chih , Yih Kuang‐Hway , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Huang Shou‐Ling , Wang Yu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTreatment of Pd(PPh3)4 with N,N‐dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride, Me2NC(=S)Cl, in dichloromethane at −20 °C produces complex [Pd(PPh3)2(η1‐SCNMe2)(Cl)] (1). In solution state, complex 1 shows the intramolecular dissociation of the chloride or intermolecular dissociation of the triphenylphosphine ligands to form η2‐thiocarbamoyl complex [Pd(PPh3)2(η2‐SCNMe2)][Cl] (2) or the bridging η2‐thiocarbamoyl dipalladium complex [Pd(PPh3)Cl]2(μ,η2‐SCNMe2)2 (3). Treatment of 1 with MeOCS2K yields [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(SMe)(NMe2)}(η2‐S2CO)] (5a). The Fischer‐type carbene‐complex 5a is formed via methyl migration of the methyldithiocarbonate to thiocarbamoyl ligand. Complex 1 reacts with EtOCS2K resulting in the formation of η2‐dithiocarbonate complex [Pd(PPh3)(η1‐SCNMe2)(η2‐S2COEt)] (4b) and carbene‐complex [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(SEt)(NMe2)}(η2‐S2CO)] (5b) with ratios of 10:1 from the integration of 31P{1H} NMR spectra. By continuously stirring the mixtures 4b and 5b in CH2Cl2 solution for 2 h, complex 5b was formed as the final product. Complex [Pd(η1‐SCNMe2)(η2‐Phen)(Cl)] (6) or [Pd{η1‐SC(O)NMe2}Pd(Cl)](μ,η2‐SCNMe2)‐(μ,η2‐dppm)2 (7) is accessible by the reaction of 1 with phen (1,10‐phenanthroline) or dppm {bis(diphenylphosphino)methane} in dichloromethane at room temperature. All of the complexes are identified by spectroscopic methods and complexes 1, 3, 5a, and 7 are determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The complexes 1 and 3 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n and P21/c with Z = 4, respectively, whereas 5a and 7 belong to the triclinic space group P&1bar; with Z = 2. The cell dimensions are as follows: for 1, a = 12.8248(1) Å, b = 18.6358(2) Å, c = 14.9692(1) Å, β = 105.1513(4)°; for 3, a = 9.8782(1) Å, b = 11.7238(1) Å, c = 20.7353(2) Å, α = 103.9126(5)°, β = 97.8453(3)°, γ = 104.9669(5)°; for 5a, a = 16.3638(2) Å, b = 9.3374(1) Å, c = 15.7117(2) Å, β = 98.2957(6)°; for 7, a = 12.1128(1) Å, b = 14.0133(2) Å, c = 17.7873(2) Å, α = 82.1939(5), β = 79.6190(6)°, γ = 80.9551(5)°.
Flash Pyrolysis of Lakhara Lignite Utilizing Effective Radical Transfer
Authors: Awan Iftikhar A. , Mahmood Tahira , Nisar Jan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFlash pyrolysis of raw and tetralin treated coal samples were carried out in nitrogen atmosphere. Two representative coal samples from Lakhra coalmines labeled Lakhra‐3 (L3) and Lakhra‐6B (L6B) were pyrolyzed in their raw state and after treatment with tetralin. Initial experiments were carried out at 700 °C with 2 milligrams of 80 mesh size samples. The main hydrocarbon products detected from both samples were methane, ethylene, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). The ratio of the total hydrocarbon yield from L3 and L6B raw samples is 1:1.49, respectively, while the relative yield of aliphatic C1‐C5 straight chain products to BTX are 7.65:5.49. Theses differences in product yields clearly indicate the compositional variation between the two samples. The total hydrocarbon yield (C1‐C5 +BTX) of tetralin swollen L3 coal and L6B coal was larger than the raw coal at all temperatures, and larger by 50.6% and 32.6%, respectively, at 700 °C. The treatment of coal samples has a more pronounced effect on BTX yield than C1‐C5 aliphatic hydrocarbons. BTX yield of tetralin treated L3 coals at 700 °C was 3.5 times higher while for L6B coal the BTX yield was 2.1 times higher than the raw samples. These significant increases in hydrocarbons yields can be explain in terms of the suppression of the cross‐linking reactions of coal fragments due to the penetration of tetralin in to the micropores of coal, as well as the effective H radicals transfer from tetralin to coal fragments during pyrolysis.
Highly Selective PVC‐Based Membrane Electrode Based on 2,6‐Diphenylpyrylium Fluoroborate
Authors: Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Akbar Vahideh , Daftari Azadeh , Norouzi Parviz , Pirelahi Hooshang , Mouradzadegun Arash 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA highly selective PVC‐membrane electrode based on 2,6‐diphenylpyrylium fluoroborate is presented. The electrode reveals a Nernstian potentiometric response for sulfate ion over a wide concentration range (5.0 × 10−6‐1.0 × 10−1 M). The electrode has a response time of about 10 s and can be used for at least 2 months without any divergence. The proposed sensor revealed very good selectivities for sulfate over a wide variety of common organic and inorganic anions and could be used over a wide pH range (2.5–9.5). The detection limit of the sensor is 3.0 × 10−6 M. It was successfully applied to the direct determination of salbutamol, paramomycin tablets, and as an indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of sulfate ions with barium ions.
New Access to the Chemistry of Piperonylidinyl‐4‐[2.2]‐Paracyclophanylamine and Some Electron π‐Deficients
Authors: El‐Shaieb Kamal M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPiperonylidinyl‐4‐[2.2]paracyclophanylamine 1 reacted with some electron π‐deficients via charge‐transfer complexation and afforded amino derivatives of [2.2[paracyclophane 2–9. Transannular electronic interaction existing in a cyclophane molecule plays an essential role for product formation.
New Regioselective Synthesis and Biological Activity of Substituted 1H‐[1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4‐c][1,2,4]Triazoles
Authors: Shawali A. S. , Abdallah M. A. , Abbas I. M. , Eid G. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo regioselective synthetic approaches for the title compounds 7 via reaction of hydrazonoyl halides 1 with 3‐methylthio‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole 3 and base‐catalyzed cyclization of N‐phenyl‐N‐(5‐phenyl‐s‐triazol‐3‐yl)thiohydrazides 6 are described. The mechanisms of the reactions studied and the biological activity of the isolated products 6 and 7 are pointed out.
Diels‐Alder Reaction in Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Zinc‐Containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Sun I‐Wen , Wu Shin‐Yi , Su Chia‐Hao , Shu Yu‐Lin , Wu Pei‐Lin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDiels‐Alder reactions in a number of air‐ and moisture‐stable dialkylimidazolium halide‐ZnCl2 ionic liquids are reported. High yields and high endo selectivities have been observed. The ionic liquids could then be recyclable without loss of reactivity.
An Isomer Specific, Highly Selective Fluorescent Chemosensor for K+ from a Bis‐Naphtho‐15‐Crown‐5 Derivative
Authors: Yen Yao‐Pin , Huang Tien‐Peng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThree isomeric series of bis(crown ether)s have been synthesized by condensation of the appropriate formylnaphthocrown with 1,4‐phenylenediacetonitrile. The interaction of these ligands with K+ and Na+ has been investigated by UV and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Among them the bis(crown ether) 2a exhibits excellent K+‐selectivity over Na+ and a dramatic increase in the fluorescence intensity of chromophores.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of 3,3‐Dialkylated 4,5‐Diphenyl‐3H‐Pyrazoles: A New Route to the Formation of the Solvent Adducts
Authors: Yen Yao‐Pin , Huang Tseng‐Min , Tseng Yu‐Ping , Lin Hsuan‐Yu , Lai Ching‐Cheng 
Published: October 2014

Abstract3,3‐Dialkyl‐4,5‐diphenyl‐3H‐pyrazoles undergo readily photoinduced electron transfer (PET) reaction with 2,4,6‐triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPP+) in acetonitrile to produce cyclopropenes and 2H‐pyrroles. During prolonged irradiation, the new ring‐closure products derived from 2H‐pyrroles as the secondary photoproducts are also produced. However, the corresponding ester analog exhibits different behavior to obtain the cyclopropene as the primary photoproduct and a [2+2] dimer of the cyclopropene as the secondary photoproduct. A rationale for the different behavior is offered.
Pyranoxanthones from Calophyllum Inophyllum
Authors: Cheng Hung‐Chuan , Wang Li‐Tang , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Chang Yao‐To , Lin Yu‐Chi , Shen Ya‐Ching 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPhytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Calophyllum inophyllum resulted in the isolation of a new dipyrenoxanthone, calophinone (1), together with four related xanthones (2–5). Identification of the isolated compounds was achieved through intensive studies of their spectral data, especially 2D NMR.
Angiogenic gene therapy does not cause retinal pathology
Authors: Prokosch Verena , Stupp Tobias , Spaniol Kristina , Pham Emmanuel , Nikol Sigrid 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe potential negative influence of angiogenic gene therapy on the development or progression of retinal pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) or age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) has led to the systematic exclusion of affected patients from trials. We investigated the role of nonviral fibroblast factor 1 (NV1FGF) in two phase II, multinational, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, gene therapy trials (TALISMAN 201 and 211).MethodsOne hundred and fifty‐two subjects with critical limb ischemia or claudication were randomized to receive eight intramuscular injections of 2.5 ml of NV1FGF at 0.2 mg/ml or 0.4 mg/dl or placebo. One hundred and fifty‐two patients received a plasmid dose of NV1FGF of up to 32 mg or placebo. All patients underwent a systematic ophthalmologic examination at baseline and at 3, 6 or 12 months following gene therapy. Twenty‐six of these patients (Münster subgroup) received a retinal fluorescence angiography at baseline and at final examination.ResultsAmong those 26 patients, four of nine patients with diabetes suffered from nonproliferative DR. Three patients showed non‐exsudative AMD. No change of retinal morphology or function was observed in Münster subgroup of both TALISMAN trials independent of the intramuscular NV1FGF dosage applied.ConclusionsAngiogenic gene therapy using NV1FGF is safe even in diabetics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acylgruppenwanderung, VIII. Enolester der α‐Formylindanone
Authors: Wachsen Eberhard , Matusch Rudolf , Krampitz Dieter , Hartke Klaus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDer kristalline Essigsäure‐enolester des 2‐Formyl‐ I ‐indanons liegt E‐konfiguriert als 1E vor. UV‐Bestrahlung von 1E in Lösung führt zum photochemischen Gleichgewicht 1E ⇄1A; eine nachfolgende thermische Acetylwanderung 1A ⇄ 1C ist 1H‐NMR‐spektroskopisch nicht nachweisbar. UV‐Bestrahlung von kristallinem 1E liefert das Cyclobutan 2D. Formylierung des 2‐Indanons (3) mit Ameisensäure‐äthylester ergibt 1,3‐Bis(hydroxymethylen)‐2‐indanon (6), das sich mit Acetylchlorid zum E‐konfigurierten 1,2‐Bis(acetoxymethylen)‐2‐ indanon (7) umsetzt und durch UV‐Bestrahlung in Lösung dimerisiert.
Reaktionen mit Hexafluoracetonazin, XIII. Regiochemie der gemischten „cris‐cross”︁‐Cycloaddition
Authors: Burger Klaus , Schickaneder Helmut , Thenn Willy , Ebner Gertraud , Zettl Claus 
Published: October 2014

Abstract2‐[3,3‐Bis(trifluormethyl)‐l‐pyrazolin‐l‐ylio]‐1,1,1.3,3,3‐hexafluor‐2‐propanide ‐ die [I : I]‐ Zwischenstufen der „criss‐cross”︁‐Cycloaddition ‐ liefern sowohl mit elektronenreichen als auch mit elektronenarmen Kohlenstoff‐Mehrfachbindungssystemen [3 + 21‐Cycloaddukte. Die Regiochemie der gemischten „criss‐cross”︁‐Cycloaddition wird anhand der spektroskopischen Daten der synthetisierten 1, 5‐Diazabicyclo[3.3.O]oct‐2‐ene und 1,5‐Diazabicyclo‐[3.3 .O]octane abgeleitet.
Vorzugskonformation des Phenylringes in 2‐Phenyl‐1,3‐dioxanen
Authors: Eliet Ernest L , Bailey William F , Wiberg Kenneth B. , Connon Helen , Nader Franz W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractKalorimetrische Messungen zeigen, daß die ungewöhnlich kleine Konformationsenergie (‐ΔG) der Phenylgruppe am C‐2 des 1,3‐Dioxanrings (1: 3.1 kcal/mol) mit einer noch kleineren Konformationsenthalpie (‐ΔH) von etwa 2.0 kcal/mol korrespondiert. Ein Teil der äquatorialen Vorzugskonformation der Phenylgruppe entfällt in diesem Fall also auf den Entropieanteil, da die äquatoriale Phenylgruppe – unbeeinflußt von den Ringsauerstoffatomen – vermutlich als nahezu freier Rotor zu betrachten ist, während sie in axialer Stellung auf die Ebene senkrecht zur Symmetrieebene beschränkt ist (Schema). Die freie Rotation der äquatorialen Phenylgruppe erklärt, warum die Ebene des Phenylsubstituenten im kristallinen r‐2‐(p‐Bromphenyl)‐c‐4,c‐6‐dimethy1‐1,3‐dioxan (Schema 4) nahezu in der Dioxan‐Symmetrieebene liegt, während sie im analogen 2‐(p‐Chlorphenyl)‐1‐3‐dioxan (Schema 3) senkrecht zu dieser Ebene steht. Dieser Unterschied ist vermutlich auf die Kristallpackung zurückzuführen. Die Nichtadditivität der ΔG‐Werte der 2‐Phenylgruppen im 2‐Methyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxan (3) erklärt sich aus der Behinderung der freien Rotation der äquatorialen Phenylgruppe durch die geminale Methylgruppe. Der geringe ΔH‐Wert des 2‐Phenylsubstituenten am 1,3‐Dioxan kann sterischen Faktoren zugeschrieben werden (Fehlen einer Kompression zwischen O‐H und Ring ‐O) oder einem anomeren Effekt oder beiden Faktoren.
Organische Peroxide, XVl. 4‐(Alkylperoxy)pyrimidine and 4‐(Alkylperoxy)pyridine and ihre Umlagerung
Authors: Kropf Heinz , Ball Michael 
Published: October 2014

Abstract4‐Chlor‐6‐menthypyrimidin(10a), 2,4‐Dichlor‐6‐methylphyrimidin(10b) and 2,4‐Dichlornicotinsäure‐äthylester (11) ergeben mit Barium‐tert‐butylperoxid 4‐tert‐Butylperoxy‐6‐methylpyrimidin(12b) und 4‐tert‐Butylperoxy‐2‐chlornicotinsäure (13). Die Peroxide lagern sich radikalisch zu 5‐tert‐Butoxy‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidon(15), 5‐tert‐Butoxy‐2‐chlor‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidon (18) und 5‐tert‐Butoxy‐2‐chlor‐4‐oxo‐1, 4‐dihydropyridin‐3‐carbonsäure‐äthylester(19) um. Mit Natrium‐7‐cumylperoxid erhält man aus 19b 2‐Chlor‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl (16) und α‐Methylstyrol sowie daneben 2‐Chlor‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidon (17) und Phenol.
A correlation between tocopherol content and antioxidant activity in seeds and germinating seeds of soybean cultivars
Authors: Lee Yu Young , Park Hyang Mi , Hwang Tae Young , Kim Sun Lim , Kim Mi Jung , Lee Seuk Ki , Seo Min Jung , Kim Kee Jong , Kwon Young‐Up , Lee Sang Chul , Kim Yul Ho 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDTocopherols are crucial lipid‐soluble antioxidants and essential nutrients. There is increasing interest in the biofortification of crops with vitamin E for reducing micronutrient malnutrition. However, relatively little is known about the development of soybean cultivars with high levels of tocopherol through combined breeding.RESULTTocopherol contents of seeds and germinating seeds of 28 Korean soybean cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for health‐promoting activities. Total tocopherol concentrations ranged from 203.9 to 503.1 µg g−1 in seeds and from 20.1 to 230.1 µg g−1 in germinating seeds. The traditional landraces of HaNagari (HN, 503.1 µg g−1), Orialtae (OL, 486.6 µg g−1), SuMoktae (SM, 476.5 µg g−1) and SoRitae (SR, 475.5 µg g−1) showed high levels of tocopherol content. The contents of the four isomers of tocopherol in seeds and germinating seeds were correlated with lipid peroxidation. The γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol contents in seeds were related to 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (0.434; P < 0.01 and 0.373; P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONTotal tocopherol content was higher in soybean landraces as compared with modern cultivars developed by cross‐breeding. These results suggest that soybean breeding is necessary to increase tocopherol levels. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Degradable Cationic Nanohydrogel Particles for Stimuli‐Responsive Release of siRNA
Authors: Nuhn Lutz , Braun Lydia , Overhoff Iris , Kelsch Annette , Schaeffel David , Koynov Kaloian , Zentel Rudolf 
Published: October 2014

Well‐defined nanogels have become quite attractive as safe and stable carriers for siRNA delivery. However, to avoid nanoparticle accumulation, they need to provide a stimuli‐responsive degradation mechanism that can be activated at the payload's site of action. In this work, the synthetic concept for generating well‐defined nanohydrogel particles is extended to incorporate disulfide cross‐linkers into a cationic nanonetwork for redox‐triggered release of oligonucleotide payload as well as nanoparticle degradation under reductive conditions of the cytoplasm. Therefore, a novel disulfide‐modified spermine cross‐linker is designed that both allows disassembly of the nanogel as well as removal of cationic charge from residual polymer fragments. The degradation process is monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Moreover, siRNA release is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and a fluorescent RNA detection assay. The results exemplify the versatility of the applied nanogel manufacturing process, which allows alternative stimuli‐responsive core cross‐linkers to be integrated for triggered oligonucleotide release as well as effective biodegradation for reduced nanotoxicity.
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Talent Mobility and the Shifting Geographies of Latourian Knowledge Hubs
Authors: Jöns Heike 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper outlines how the mobility of academic talent as a significant dimension of highly skilled migration has impacted on the formation and shifting of global knowledge centres. By conceptualising talent mobility as an integral part of multifold mobilisation processes in Latourian centres of calculation, the paper aims to contribute to an ongoing development of the theoretical resources underpinning migration studies. Using Latour's concept, it examines two case studies on the global circulation of researchers and academics in the 20th century to discuss what their insights imply for future geographies of knowledge production. The analysis shows how academic mobility from and to Europe has contributed to the emergence and reinforcement of an Anglo‐American hegemony in science and higher education since the early 20th century. Based on these historical experiences, it is argued that the recent increase in transnational academic mobility from and to Asia‐Pacific indicates future changes in the global geographies of knowledge production by shifting the emphasis from transatlantic to transpacific knowledge flows. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis in Laparoscopic Colon Surgery Training
Authors: Alba Mesa Francisco , Sanchez Hurtado Miguel Angel , Sanchez Margallo Francisco Miguel , Gomez Cabeza de Vaca Virginia , Komorowski Andrzej L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAim
To evaluate if application of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to laparoscopy training can help surgeons acquire laparoscopy skills.MethodsAfter preparing a FMEA matrix of laparoscopic sigmoidectomy, we have introduced it during three laparoscopy courses. Forty‐eight surgeons, divided into 24 teams of two surgeons, have participated in three courses. During each course, every team has performed three laparoscopic sigmoidectomies in three experimental animals (1 OR session every day). Risk priority number (RPN) has been calculated for every surgery, and the results have been discussed at the end of each training day with all participants.ResultsWe have observed a decline in the median RPN from 1339 during the first OR session through 62 during second OR session to reach 0 in the third OR session. Only two teams out of 24 were not able to reach a RPN of less than 300 during third OR session. When the type of failures were analysed, we have observed a shift from procedure‐type failures to technical failures that depended on each participant technical abilities.ConclusionApplication of FMEA principles to laparoscopy training can help acquire non‐technical skills necessary for safe laparoscopic surgery.
Exercise in muscle glycogen storage diseases
Authors: Preisler Nicolai , Haller Ronald G , Vissing John 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlycogen storage diseases (GSD) are inborn errors of glycogen or glucose metabolism. In the GSDs that affect muscle, the consequence of a block in skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown or glucose use, is an impairment of muscular performance and exercise intolerance, owing to 1) an increase in glycogen storage that disrupts contractile function and/or 2) a reduced substrate turnover below the block, which inhibits skeletal muscle ATP production. Immobility is associated with metabolic alterations in muscle leading to an increased dependence on glycogen use and a reduced capacity for fatty acid oxidation. Such changes may be detrimental for persons with GSD from a metabolic perspective. However, exercise may alter skeletal muscle substrate metabolism in ways that are beneficial for patients with GSD, such as improving exercise tolerance and increasing fatty acid oxidation. In addition, a regular exercise program has the potential to improve general health and fitness and improve quality of life, if executed properly. In this review, we describe skeletal muscle substrate use during exercise in GSDs, and how blocks in metabolic pathways affect exercise tolerance in GSDs. We review the studies that have examined the effect of regular exercise training in different types of GSD. Finally, we consider how oral substrate supplementation can improve exercise tolerance and we discuss the precautions that apply to persons with GSD that engage in exercise.