bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Use of Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for T3 Rectal Cancer Can Be Justified: Analysis of Local Recurrence
Authors: Baek Se‐Jin , Kim Seon‐Hahn , Kwak Jung‐Myun , Cho Jae‐Sung , Shin Jae‐Won , Amar Azali Hafiz Yafee , Kim Jin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundPreoperative chemoradiotherapy (CXRT) is performed to reduce local recurrence and improve the rate of radical resection for rectal cancer. Currently, it is recommended for all suspected T3 rectal cancers. However, the survival benefit of this procedure is controversial, and complications of RT are often overlooked. The present study was designed to assess the validity of our institutional policies regarding selective use of preoperative CXRT for T3 rectal cancer.MethodsFrom September 2006 to May 2010, we retrospectively analyzed data for patients with pathologic T3 rectal cancer, especially those with follow‐up for more than 18 months. Patients who underwent RT pre‐/postoperatively were excluded. Patients who fulfilled these criteria but did not undergo RT or had incurable distant metastasis were also excluded.ResultsOf the 319 patients who underwent surgery for rectal cancer, 183 were diagnosed with T3 cancer. After excluding 58 patients, the final sample included 125 subjects with a mean follow‐up of 26.0 months. In all, 94 patients had a follow‐up of more than 18 months. Four patients had local recurrences, and the cumulative local recurrence rate was 3.4 % at 18 months and 5.6 % after 2 years. All four had low rectal cancer (mean distance 4.5 ± 1.9 cm). Three were diagnosed as N0 and one as N1. The mean disease‐free period was 15.0 months. The distance between the tumor and the anal verge was the only significant risk factor for local recurrence.ConclusionsIn this study, the oncologic outcome for T3 rectal cancer without preoperative CXRT was acceptable in terms of local recurrence. Selective use of preoperative CXRT for T3 rectal cancer needs to be further evaluated prospectively.
Exploitative competition and coexistence in a parasitoid assemblage
Authors: Teder Tiit , Tammaru Toomas , Kaasik Ants 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMost insect populations are exploited by a complex of different parasitoid species, providing ample opportunities for competitive interactions among the latter. Despite this, resource‐mediated competition (i.e., exploitative competition) among insect parasitoids remains poorly documented in natural systems. Here we propose a novel way to infer the presence of competitive interactions from covariance patterns in parasitism levels, and illustrate the use of this approach on a relatively well‐defined and simple host–parasitoid system. The parasitism levels caused by three parasitoid species on a shared host showed a highly consistent negative covariance among samples. With the levels of parasitism by one species increasing, the levels of parasitism attributable to the two others decreased. Importantly, negative covariance between parasitism levels by different species appeared at high abundance, but not at low abundance of the phenologically earlier parasitoid species. This as well as several other lines of evidence indicates the importance of competitive interactions in this system. Feeding biology and phenology of the parasitoids suggest that competition in this parasitoid assemblage is primarily resource‐mediated rather than occurring through direct interference. The species attacking earlier stages of the host are competitively superior to those attacking their host later in the season. Better dispersal ability and use of alternative host species by the inferior species could contribute to the coexistence of these competing parasitoids.
Numeric control on the late-glacial chronology of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet derived from ice-proximal lacustrine deposits
Authors: Carson Eric C. , Hanson Paul R. , Attig John W. , Young Aaron R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe used a combination of radiocarbon and OSL dating in ice-proximal lacustrine silt and clay and outwash sand to estimate when ice of the Green Bay Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet began retreating from its maximum position in south-central Wisconsin. The radiocarbon ages indicate that lakes had formed in the two tributary valleys by ~ 17.2 and 20.1 ka, respectively. The OSL ages indicate that the Green Bay Lobe was at its maximum position from about 26.4 ± 5.1 ka to 21.4 ± 3.3 ka. These data provide entirely new chronologic control on late Wisconsin (Marine Isotope Stage 2) glacial event in the upper Midwest, as well as the opportunity to directly compare radiocarbon and OSL ages in this setting.
Tree-ring derived Little Ice Age temperature trends from the central British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada
Authors: Pitman Kara J. , Smith Dan J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMost glaciers in the British Columbia Coast Mountains reached their maximum Holocene extent during the Little Ice Age. Early- and late-Little Ice Age intervals of expansion and retreat fluctuations describe a mass-balance response to changing climates. Although existing dendroclimatic records provide insights into these climatic fluctuations over the last 400 yr, their short durations prohibit evaluation of early-Little Ice Age climate variability. To extend the duration of these records, submerged coarse woody debris salvaged from a high-elevation lake was cross-dated to living chronologies. The resulting chronology provides the opportunity to reconstruct a regional June–July air-temperature anomaly record extending from AD 1225 to 2010. The reconstruction shows that the intervals AD 1350–1420, 1475–1550, 1625–1700 and 1830–1940 characterized distinct periods of below-average June–July temperature followed by periods of above-average temperature. Our reconstruction provides the first annually resolved insights into high-elevation climates spanning the Little Ice Age in this region and indicates that Little Ice Age moraine stabilization corresponds to persistent intervals of warmer-than-average temperatures. We conclude that coarse woody debris submerged in high-elevation lakes has considerable potential for developing lengthy proxy climate records, and we recommend that researchers focus attention on this largely ignored paleoclimatic archive.
Critical exponents for a semilinear parabolic equation with variable reaction
Authors: Ferreira R. , de Pablo A. , Pérez-LLanos M. , Rossi J. D. 
Published: September 2012

We study the blow-up phenomenon for non-negative solutions to the following parabolic problem:where 0 < p− = min p ≤ p(x) ≤ max p = p+ is a smooth bounded function. After discussing existence and uniqueness, we characterize the critical exponents for this problem. We prove that there are solutions with blow-up in finite time if and only if p+ > 1.When Ω = ℝN we show that if p− > 1 + 2/N, then there are global non-trivial solutions, while if 1 < p− ≤ p+ ≤ 1 + 2/N, then all solutions to the problem blow up in finite time. Moreover, in the case when p− < 1 + 2/N < p+, there are functions p(x) such that all solutions blow up in finite time and functions p(x) such that the problem possesses global non-trivial solutions.When Ω is a bounded domain we prove that there are functions p(x) and domains Ω such that all solutions to the problem blow up in finite time. On the other hand, if Ω is small enough, then the problem possesses global non-trivial solutions regardless of the size of p(x).
Study of a singular equation set in the half-space
Authors: Amrouche C. , Dahoumane F. , Vallet G. 
Published: September 2012

This work is dedicated to the resolution of a singular equation set in the half-space, with a diffusion coefficient that blows up on the boundary. More precisely, for a datum g: ℝ+3 → ℝ, our problem involves seeking u: ℝ+3 → ℝ as a formal solution toWe give existence and uniqueness results of weak and strong solutions in suitable weighted spaces, where the weight depends on x3.
Inhomogeneous parabolic equations on unbounded metric measure spaces
Authors: Falconer Kenneth J. , Hu Jiaxin , Sun Yuhua 
Published: September 2012

We study the inhomogeneous semilinear parabolic equationwith source term f independent of time and subject to f(x) ≥ 0 and with u(0, x) = φ(x) ≥ 0, for the very general setting of a metric measure space. By establishing Harnack-type inequalities in time t and some powerful estimates, we give sufficient conditions for non-existence, local existence and global existence of weak solutions, depending on the value of p relative to a critical exponent.
Verb Comprehension and Use in Children and Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Michael Sarah E. , Ratner Nan Bernstein , Newman Rochelle 
Published: September 2012

Purpose
Expressive syntax is a particular area of difficulty for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). In order to better understand the basis for sentence formulation deficits often observed in children and adults with DS, the authors explored the use and comprehension of verbs differing in argument structure.

Method
The authors examined verb and argument structure retrieval in 18 individuals, 9 with DS, age 11;11 (years;months) to 32;10 and 9 receptive vocabulary age-matched typically developing (TD) children, age 3;2 to 13;6. Participants completed verb and noun comprehension tasks, a working memory assessment, verb and noun naming tasks, grammaticality judgments, and narrative tasks.

Results
Neither single verb comprehension nor single verb naming differentiated the DS and TD groups. Individuals with DS performed significantly worse than individuals who are TD when asked to judge sentence grammaticality. Individuals with DS omitted verbs in elicited narratives significantly more often than individuals who are TD, specifically when productions of 2-place and 3-place verbs were attempted. Individuals with DS also omitted other necessary elements of argument structure, such as subjects, in sentences containing 2-place and 3-place verbs significantly more often than individuals who are TD. Performance was not related to working memory skills.

Conclusions
Results indicate that individuals with DS do display a specific expressive deficit in verb and argument structure retrieval (but not comprehension) that varies as a function of verb type (1 place, 2 place, and 3 place).
PUTTING CULTURE IN ITS PLACE
Authors: McDonald Maryon 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
The European Union has been constructed through common ontologies of a world composed and divided on spatial scales. This paper elaborates on this point and examines anthropologically some of the key notions that have been called on to construct the EU, notably that of ‘culture’. It is suggested that we might profitably take ‘culture’ out of our own analytical tool-kits and treat it instead as an interesting but problematic invention. Drawing on the author's own fieldwork inside European institutions, the paper explores relevant aspects of life inside the Commission and what it is to be ‘European’. The paper sets out some of the negative and positive ways in which ‘culture’ is lived or understood in the Commission, and it outlines some of the problems of ‘culture’ as an analytical tool, from its earlier history to the stereotypes it still encourages, and in so doing points to aspects of the practical imagination and difficulties of the EU project more generally. We see that Europe may respect cultures but only by cherishing the notionally culture-free.
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Enns James T. , Burack Jacob A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
How do scientists of human behavior from three different perspectives approach the comparison of two highly publicized athletes of the 2008 Olympics: Shaun Johnson, a female American gymnast who is 5 feet tall, and Yao Ming, a male Chinese basketball player who is 7-foot-6? A typical developmentalist might well focus on the similarities in their physical and neural development, which is at one level of description the same, despite vast differences in gender, ethnicity, and physique. A psychopathologist would, on the other hand, ask what is unique about each of these individuals that sets them apart from one another and the rest of the population. Finally, a cognitive neuroscientist might construct fine-grained cognitive tasks that probe how their different physiques and physiologies are manifest at the level of detailed neurology and behavioral analyses. This work follows each of these three perspectives as they explore the topics of anxiety, depression, autism, dyslexia, and infants at risk.
LINKING EARLY ADVERSITY, BRAIN, AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Miskovic Vladimir , Schmidt Louis A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMounting evidence indicates that early life adversity is associated with increased vulnerability for psychiatric impairment across the lifespan. Until recently, most human studies in this field have been epidemiological in nature and focused on linking early life stress to complex clinical outcomes. This chapter advances a developmental psychophysiological model, where the chapter emphasizes the importance of considering the widespread brain systems that exert a strong influence on emotional reactivity and its regulation. This chapter reviews some of the recent work from our research group that has attempted to trace the effects of prenatal insults (using extremely low birth weight as a proxy marker) and those occurring in the postnatal time period (child maltreatment) on the functional integrity of key components within this affective neurocircuitry. The chapter emphasizes the value of non-invasive psychophysiological measures in helping to bridge the developmental pathways between early experience and psychological outcomes.
DEFICIENT ANCHORING—A POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN PERCEPTUAL AND COGNITIVE DIFFICULTIES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH DYSLEXIA
Authors: Banai Karen , Ahissar Merav 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDifferent theoretical accounts of dyslexia have been proposed over the years, but none of the available accounts satisfactorily deals with the co-occurrence of perceptual deficits in many individuals with dyslexia. This chapter presents the anchoring deficit hypothesis as a unifying, domain-general account for both reading-related and perceptual deficits. After reviewing the research leading to the formulation of the hypothesis, the chapter proposes that deficits in the ability to implicitly use contextual information embedded within stimulus sequences can account for deficits in both the language and the perceptual domains. Subsequently, the putative relationships between anchoring and other cognitive characteristics of dyslexia (e.g., poor resilience to noise, phonological deficits, “sluggish” attention, sensory-motor deficits) are explored. Finally, anchoring is discussed within a framework emphasizing the heterogeneous nature of dyslexia.
AUTISM
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth 
Published: September 2012

AbstractConsiderable efforts have been directed towards understanding the key neurocognitive atypicalities underlying the defining behaviors of autism, including difficulties in social communication and limitations in behavioral flexibility. This chapter discusses one prominent theoretical account, which postulates that people with autism display “weak central coherence,” a local processing bias combined with difficulties integrating information in context. Drawing upon relevant empirical work, it provides a thorough critical analysis of the theory's central claims. It shows that, despite its popularity, the theory fails consistently to provide a persuasive account of information processing and attentional focus in autism. The chapter ends with a consideration of alternative models of information processing in autism, including a new account that suggests that perceptual and cognitive differences in autism might be caused by pervasive problems in adaptation—those processes fundamental for adjusting to changing sensory inputs.
The Population Dynamics of Mental Disorders
Authors: Eaton William W. , Alexandre Pierre , Kessler Ronald C. , Martins Silvia S. , Mortensen Preben Bo , Rebok George W. , Storr Carla L. , Roth Kimberly 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter estimates rates of incidence of specific disorders and charts them for each sex across the life span, consistent with the life course epidemiological approach, which is highly useful to psychiatric epidemiology. First, it briefly describes data sources and details the methods used in creating population estimates of mental disorders. It then turns to a discussion of the onsets, courses, and outcomes of mental illnesses, based on data from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up study and the National Comorbidity Survey studies.
The Relationship of Adult Mental Disorders to Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, Marital Status, and Urbanicity of Residence
Authors: Martins Silvia S. , Ko Jean , Kuwabara Sachiko , Clarke Diana , Alexandre Pierre , Zandi Peter , Mendelson Tamar , Mortensen Preben Bo , Eaton William W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of recent literature and new data on differences in the prevalence of mental disorders across four key social variables: socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, marital status, and urbanicity. In some cases, these social factors can be risk factors for a mental disorder; in others they can be consequences of a mental disorder (e.g., low educational attainment secondary to a childhood disorder). Also, these social variables can interact with one another and act as confounders, mediators, or moderators in the association of specific mental disorders with specific social factors.
Genes as a Source of Risk for Mental Disorders
Authors: Zandi Peter P. , Wilcox Holly C. , Dong Lulu , Chon Sandy , Maher Brion 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter explores the current understanding of how genetic factors contribute to human mental health in general, and in particular how they lead to disturbances that can affect public mental health in significant ways. It begins with an explanation of some basic genetic concepts crucial to understanding how genetic factors can influence human mental health. It then describes the leading research paradigm used to investigate the role of genetic factors and highlights a number of discoveries made in implementing this paradigm. The chapter closes with a discussion of the challenges that remain for the better understanding how genetic factors contribute to mental health and why ongoing research in this area is crucial.
Models of Stress and Adapting to Risk: A Life Course, Developmental Perspective
Authors: Bradshaw Catherine P. , Rebok George W. , Zablotsky Benjamin , LaFlair Lareina N. , Mendelson Tamar , Eaton William W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of stress in the conduct of both public mental health research and practice. It begins with a discussion of the leading definitions and theories of stress proposed in relation to the experience of mental problems, followed by an examination of the multiple perspectives related to the measurement and study of stress. Given the ubiquitous nature of stress and its association with developmental challenges, this review is couched within a broader life course perspective. This perspective highlights the significance of both human development and the social context in examining the link between stress and mental health problems. The chapter identifies a range of developmental stressors spanning different life stages and describes their effects on mental health and adjustment problems.
Adapting to Acute Crisis
Authors: Storr Carla L. , Azur Melissa , Bass Judith K. , Wilcox Holly C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the mental health issues associated with crises that arise at the community or societal level, ranging from acts of terrorism to the impact of war on soldiers and civilians, and from the ravages of earthquakes and tornadoes to the very fear of an impending crisis itself. It discusses normal, common reactions to crises; pathologic or unhealthy reactions to crises; trauma and mental health; types of traumatic events; risk factors for mental disorders; and prevention and intervention strategies.
Mental Health and the Law
Authors: Agus Deborah 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the public, private, and forensic law that can be used to develop more effective systems of mental health care that join a commitment to individual rights with the best clinical practices. The first section explores the origin and sources of law in the United States and examines the key concepts that underlie public mental health law per se. This is followed by a section highlighting key issues and then a section describing the field of forensic policy, where mental health, public health, and criminal justice intersect. Finally, the chapter explores a number of current mental health issues analyzed using the legal concepts described earlier in the chapter, thus enabling the reader to apply those principles in new situations.
The Logic and Practice of the Prevention of Mental Disorders
Authors: Mendelson Tamar , Pas Elise T. , Leis Julie A. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Rebok George W. , Mandell Wallace 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe field of public health has a long, successful history of health promotion and disease prevention, including efforts relevant to mental health problems. Recent years have been marked by a dramatic increase in the development, implementation, and assessment of approaches to prevent the incidence of mental disorders. This chapter examines the rationale for prevention, the theories and methods that inform prevention science, the prevention strategies being employed across developmental stages and at multiple ecological levels, and emerging directions for the prevention field.
Courts
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The assemblies to be considered in this chapter were not specialist law-courts, the primary purpose of which was the deciding of disputes; rather they had many functions. Their legal activities themselves included many that were not judicial: issuing legislation or more specific decrees, organising or performing police duties, witnessing transactions. It is possible that certain types of business were concentrated in certain meetings at fixed points in the year, for example the reviewing of peace-keeping activities. It is also possible that additional sessions were specially summoned to deal with particular judicial business. The chapter discusses the king's court, regional and district courts, lords' courts, ecclesiastical courts, and relations between courts.
Land
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Throughout the period covered by this book, control of land underlay the exercise of royal and aristocratic power. This chapter discusses types of land; landholding, lordship, and dependent tenure; security of possession, inheritance, bequests of land and the Anglo-Saxon will, alienability, and church lands. Much remains obscure in the history of late Anglo-Saxon land law, particularly outside the best-documented aspects of bookland and loanland. The degree of regional or, particularly at lower social levels, more local variation in custom is impossible to establish. It seems certain that the origins of northern tenures such as drengage are pre-Conquest. However, it is far from clear, for example, that folkland existed throughout England or even outside Wessex and Kent. The terms on which Scandinavian settlers distributed lands amongst themselves remain obscure.