bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implantation of various energy metallic ions on aluminium substrate using a table top laser driven ion source
Authors: Ahmad Rabia , Rafique M. Shahid , Tahir M. Bilal , Malik Huma 
Published: February 2014

AbstractParticle acceleration is an important tool in material modification and several other applications. There are multiple techniques to generate and accelerate ion beams. In the current research work, ions emitted from laser induced plasma were accelerated by employing a DC high voltage extraction assembly. The Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) with 10 mJ energy and 12 ns pulse width was irradiated on Aluminum target. Thomson parabola technique using Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (CR-39) was employed for measurement of ions energy generated from laser induced plasma. In response to a stepwise increase in acceleration potential from 0–10 kV, an evident increase in energy, in the range 627–730 keV, was observed. In order to utilize this facility as an ion source, Aluminum was exposed to these ions. The Optical and AFM micrographs revealed that the damage produced by the ions on Al surfaces, become more prominent with the increase in ion energy. TRIM simulations were performed for the analysis of the damage at the irradiated samples. Changes in the total displacements, target vacancies and replacement collisions, calculated by TRIM simulation, were analyzed for ion irradiations with increasing ion energies.
‘Hic est vere Martyr, qui pro Christi nomine sanguinem suum fudit’: representations and reflections of violence and suffering in the responsoria prolixa of saints' offices in the ‘Codex Hartker’
Authors: VAN BETTERAY DIRK 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis article aims to show the relevance of musical and musical-textual analysis of saints' offices in approaching socio-historical aspects of the Middle Age. It investigates the moral and socio-historical concepts conveyed by the responsoria prolixa in honour of martyred saints in the famous Codex Hartker (CH-SGs 390–391, c.1000). What were the right ways to deal with violence and suffering? Did these differ for men, women and children? In the analysis of responsories in honour of St Stephen, St Lawrence, the Holy Innocents, Sts Cecilia and Agatha, striking musical or textual-musical features which emphasise or even interpret the message of the text have repeatedly been found. The quantity and similarity of such observations lifts them out of the haze of arbitrariness Indeed, it is possible to identify gender-specific and role-specific differences with regard to the behaviours which enabled people to attain the degree of sainthood.
Electron and Force Microscopy Characterization of Particle Size Effects and Surface Phenomena Associated with Individual Natural Organic Matter Fractions
Authors: Hoffman Lee W. , Chilom Gabriela , Venkatesan Swaminathan , Rice James A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNatural organic matter (NOM) generically refers to organic substances found in soils, waters, and sediments. It is the brown-to-black, heterogeneous organic material produced through the diagenetic alteration of plant tissue and microbial biomass via a myriad of biotic and abiotic reactions. Since NOM is the primary source of organic carbon in the earth’s surficial environment, understanding the processes by which NOM is produced is integral to understanding carbon sequestration, contaminant fate and transport, and other earth surface processes. NOM samples (HA0) consist of nonamphiphilic (HA1), lipid-like (L0 and L1), and strongly amphiphilic (HA2) components. Here we present the structure and morphology of self-assembled NOM components based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) characterizations. Effects of surface charge and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the amphiphile on the interaction and resulting structures were investigated using SEM, AFM, and EFM. Data shows that the component’s amphiphilic nature plays a key role in the formation of NOM. SEM data show that aggregates form while AFM/EFM analysis verifies the existence of hydrophobic/hydrophilic moieties in different fractions of HA0. Subsequently, the amphiphilic nature of HA2 will have a substantial effect on interfacial interactions and subsequent self-assembly of HA0’s components.
Predicting cooperative drug effects through the quantitative cellular profiling of response to individual drugs
Authors: Zhao J , Zhang X‐S , Zhang S 
Published: February 2014

Quantitative prediction of cellular responses to drugs and drug combinations is a challenging and valuable topic in pharmaceutical research. In the past decade, microarray technology has become a routine tool for monitoring genome‐wide expression changes and has been widely adopted for exploring drug response in the pharmaceutical field. However, how to predict the synergistic effect of drug combinations using microarray data is a challenging task. In this article, we report a simple prediction framework based on the genome‐wide and quantitative profiling of cellular responses to individual drugs. By exploring the differential expression profiles, our correlation‐based strategy can reveal the synergistic effects of drug combinations. The comparison with gold‐standard experimental results demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses in relation to prediction based only on cellular response to individual drugs. Specifically, the prediction strategy may work for a drug combination whose individual drugs show related transcriptomic mechanisms but not for others.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e102; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.79; published online 26 February 2014
Stagnation Point Flow and Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction past a Stretching/Shrinking Cylinder
Authors: Najib Najwa , Bachok Norfifah , Arifin Norihan Md. , Ishak Anuar 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper is about the stagnation point flow and mass transfer with chemical reaction past a stretching/shrinking cylinder. The governing partial differential equations in cylindrical form are transformed into ordinary differential equations by a similarity transformation. The transformed equations are solved numerically using a shooting method. Results for the skin friction coefficient, Schmidt number, velocity profiles as well as concentration profiles are presented for different values of the governing parameters. Effects of the curvature parameter, stretching/shrinking parameter and Schmidt number on the flow and mass transfer characteristics are examined. The study indicates that dual solutions exist for the shrinking cylinder but for the stretching cylinder, the solution is unique. It is observed that the surface shear stress and the mass transfer rate at the surface increase as the curvature parameter increases.
Elevated hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 induces insulin resistance in uremia
Authors: Chapagain Ananda , Caton Paul W. , Kieswich Julius , Andrikopoulos Petros , Nayuni Nanda , Long Jamie H. , Harwood Steven M. , Webster Scott P. , Raftery Martin J. , Thiemermann Christoph , Walker Brian R. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Corder Roger , Yaqoob Muhammad Magdi 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached epidemic proportions in the Western world in recent decades. Abnormally elevated blood insulin and impaired insulin action (insulin resistance) are common complications of CKD, and are associated with increased cardiovascular-related deaths in CKD patients. Therefore, novel therapies are required to treat insulin resistance in CKD. Abnormally elevated levels of glucocorticoids can cause insulin resistance. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) predominantly in liver, which is essential for glucocorticoid production, in causing insulin resistance in CKD. Additionally, 11βHSD1 inhibition corrected insulin resistance in CKD rodent models. Taken together, this is strong evidence that selective inhibition of 11βHSD1 is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of insulin resistance in CKD.
Linde’s Dictionary: A landmark in Polish lexicography
Authors: Adamska-Sałaciak Arleta 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY Samuel Linde (1771–1847), author of the first major monolingual dictionary of Polish, was a native speaker of German. This, together with the complex political situation in which his work originated and proceeded — in Leipzig, Warsaw and Vienna — led to many doubts not only as to the author’s linguistic competence, but also regarding his national allegiance and political sympathies, an aspect not unimportant in an era when Poland did not exist as an independent political entity. Despite all this, the finished 4-volume work (Warsaw, 1807–1814), whose compilation, production, content and structure are discussed in this paper, has proved to be of lasting importance for Slavic lexicography.RÉSUMÉ Samuel Linde (1771–1847), auteur du premier grand dictionnaire polonais monolingue, avait pour langue maternelle l’allemand. Ce fait, ainsi que le contexte politique tortueux entourant son travail (à Leipzig, à Varsovie et à Vienne), a semee bien des doutes, non seulement quant à son sentiment d’appartenance nationale et politique. Cet aspect des choses n’était pas sans importance à une époque où la Pologne n’existait pas en tant qu’entité politique indépendante. Malgré tout, cet ouvrage complété en 4 volumes (Varsovie, 1807–1814), dont la rédaction, la production, le contenu et la structure sont traités dans le présent article, s’est avéré être un ouvrage d’une importance durable dans le domaine de la lexicographie slave.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Samuel Linde (1771–1847), Autor des ersten umfangreichen einsprachigen Wörterbuchs des Polnischen, hatte Deutsch als Muttersprache. Dieser Umstand und die komplexen politischen Umstände, unter denen sein Werk seinen Ursprung nahm und ausgeführt wurde — in Leipzig, Warschau und Wien — führte nicht nur zu Zweifel bezüglich der sprachlichen Kompetenz des Gelehrten, sondern auch bezüglich seiner nationalen Verbundenheit und politischen Sympathien, alle keineswegs unbedeutende Gesichtspunkte in einer Zeit, während der Polen nicht als ein eigener, unabhängiger Staat existierte. Trotz all dieser Widrigkeiten gelang es Linde, sein 4-bändiges Werk abzuschließen (Warschau, 1807–1814), dessen Zusammenstellung, Herstellung, Inhalt und Struktur im vorliegenden Aufsatz diskutiert werden. Es erwies als ein Werk von anhaltender Bedeutung für die slavische Lexikographie.
Gengo Seikatsuþ: The study of language life in Japan, 1945–1995
Authors: Heinrich Patrick 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY The indigenous concept of language life developed out of dialectology and attempts to establish a modern standard language. At first, language life existed above all merely as a label for the joint study of Japanese and its speakers and it only became an essential component of Japanese linguistics after 1945. Within the post-war studies a distinction can be drawn between an empirical approach at the National Japanese Language Research Institute and a theoretical approach by Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). A first wave of language life studies subsided in the 1960s, the empirical approach was, however, revived and further developed in the seventies finding support in sociolinguistics. Language life was finally displaced by sociolinguistics in the mid-eighties.RÉSUMÉ Le concept autochtone de la vie du langage remonte à la dialectologie et aux efforts pour établir une norme du japonais moderne. Au début, la vie du langage designait principalement les recherches portant sur la langue japonaise ainsi que ses locuteurs. C’est seulement après 1945 que la vie du langage est devenue une partie essentielle de la linguistique japonaise. Après la guerre on peut distinguer une approche empirique développée par l’Institut National de Recherche sur la Langue Japonaise et une approche théorique développée par Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). La première vague de l’étude de la vie du langage s’estompera dans les années soixante, cependant dans les années soixante-dix l’approche empirique effectuera un retour et sera développée davantage, s’inspirant partiellement de la sociolinguistique. La vie du langage sera finalement remplacée dans les années quatre-vingt par la sociolinguistique.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die indigene Konzeption des Sprachlebens geht neben der Dialektologie auf Bemühungen zur Etablierung einer modernen Standardsprache zurück. Sprachleben existierte anfangs weitestgehend nur als Etikett für eine Erforschung des Japanischen in Verbindung mit seinen Sprechern, wurde allerdings nach 1945 wesentlicher Bestandteil der japanischen Linguistik. In der Nachkriegszeit lässt sich zwischen einem empirischen Ansatz am Staatlichen Forschungsinstitut für die Landessprache und einem theoretischen Ansatz durch Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967) unterscheiden. Eine erste Welle der Sprachleben-Forschung verebbte Anfang der sechziger Jahre, jedoch erfuhr der empirische Ansatz in den siebziger Jahren in Anlehnung an die Soziolinguistik eine Wiederbelebung und Weiterentwicklung. Sprachleben wurde Mitte der achtziger Jahre endgültig von der Soziolinguistik verdrängt.
Vološinov and Cassirer: A case of plagiarism?
Authors: Lähteenmäki Mika 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY Recently, it has been suggested that Valentin Vološinov (1895–1936) plagiarised Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945). This claim is to be seen as grossly overstated, although Vološinov obviously benefited from Cassirer’s work on language. This article compares Vološinov’s and Cassirer’s concepts of the sign and discusses their views concerning the relation between language and reality. There are fundamental differences between their views on the nature of the sign which mainly stem from the fact that they are committed to different philosophical paradigms. Thus, the validity of the claims according to which philosophical sources of the dialogical conception of the sign can be found in Cassirer’s works should be seriously questioned.RÉSUMÉ Selon une étude récente, Valentin Vološinov (1895–1936) aurait plagié Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945). Bien que Vološinov ait clairement bénéficié du travail de Cassirer sur le langage, qualifier cela de plagiat constitue à notre avis une exagération grave. Le présent article compare les concepts du signe chez Vološinov et Cassirer et discute de leurs points de vue en ce qui concerne la relation entre le langage et la réalité. Il y a des divergences fondamentales quant à leurs conceptions de la nature du signe. Ces divergences proviennent surtout du fait que les deux hommes appartiennent à des traditions philosophiques différentes. Aussi doit-on sérieusement remettre en question la validité des affirmations selon lesquelles les sources philosophiques de la conception dialogique du signe se trouvent dans l’oeuvre de Cassirer.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In letzter Zeit ist behauptet worden, Valentin Vološinov (1895–1936) habe Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) plagiiert. Diese Behauptung ist als stark übertrieben zu bezeichnen, wenn auch Vološinov offensichtlich von Cassirers Arbeiten über die Sprache profitiert hat. Der vorliegende Aufsatz vergleicht die Auffassungen über den Zeichen-Begriff bei Vološinov und Cassirer und befasst sich mit ihren Meinungen über das Verhältnis zwischen Sprache und Realität. Es bestehen fundamentale Unterschiede zwischen ihren Meinungen über die Natur des Zeichens, die hauptsächlich auf ihre Zugehörigkeit zu unterschiedlichen philosophischen Paradigmen zurückzuführen sind. Folglich sollte die Gültigkeit der Behauptungen, nach denen bei Vološinov philosophische Ursprünge der dialogischen Konzeption des Zeichens in Cassirers Arbeiten gefunden werden können, ernstlich in Frage gestellt werden.
The legacy of J.þþR. Firth: A report on recent research
Authors: Rébori Victoria 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY The present paper is a report on research on the British linguist John Rupert Firth (1890–1960) carried out in Britain during the academic year 2000–2001. It sketches some characteristics of Firth’s personality, scholarly life and thinking based on two kinds of different sources: the testimonies of people who were close to him and recently found historical documents. The main contribution of this paper is to furnish fresh data about Firth’s biography with particular reference to the question of how he became interested in the science of language.RÉSUMÉ Le présent article est un rapport de recherche dont le sujet est la vie et l’oeuvre du linguiste britannique John Rupert Firth (1890–1960). On présente les résultats de la recherche que l’auteur a menée en Grande Bretagne pendant l’année académique 2000–2001. Quelques caractéristiques de la personnalité de Firth, aussi bien que de sa vie et de sa pensée scientifique sont esquissées. Deux sources sont à la base du présent rapport: les témoignages des personnes qui l’ont connu et des documents récemment retrouvés. La contribution principale de ce rapport est d’ajouter de nouvelles données à la biographie de Firth, et en particulier, à l’intinéraire intellectuelle de Firth qui l’a amené à la science du langage.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Beitrag ist ein Bericht über Nachforschungen zu Leben und Werk des britischen Sprachwissenschaftlers John Rupert Firth (1890–1960), die während des akademischen Jahres 2000–2001 in Grossbritannien durchgeführt wurden. Im wesentlichen wird Firths Persönlichkeit und Werdegang auf Grundlage von zwei unterschiedlichen Quellensorten skizziert: Zeugnisse von Personen, die Firth nahe standen, und erst kürzlich aufgefundene Schriftstücke. Das Hauptanliegen dieses Beitrags ist es, neue Fakten zu Firths Biographie zu liefern, und zwar insbesondere unter der Fragestellung, wie sich Firths Interesse an Sprache und Sprachwissenschaft entwickelt hat.
The Rise and Fall and Revival of the Ibero-Caucasian Hypothesis
Authors: Tuite Kevin 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe hypothesis that the three indigenous Caucasian language stocks (Abkhaz-Adyghean, Nakh-Daghestanian, and Kartvelian) are genetically related has little support at the present day among linguists specializing in these languages. Nonetheless, the so-called ‘Ibero-Caucasian’ hypothesis had strong institutional backing in Soviet Caucasology, especially in Georgia, and continues to be invoked in certain contemporary discourses of a political and identitarian nature. In this paper the history of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis will be presented against the background of research into the autochthonous languages of the North and South Caucasus, and also in connection with the historiographic debate over the relation of Abkhazia to Georgia.
Missionary linguistics in the Kimberley, Western Australia
Authors: McGregor William B. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThis paper explores the contribution of missionary linguists to the documentation, description, and maintenance of Aboriginal languages of the Kimberley region of Western Australia from the establishment of the first enduring mission in 1890 to 1960. It is argued that the primary contribution was to language documentation. However, the descriptive contribution was not negligible, and many missionary linguists struggled intelligently with the descriptive challenges confronting them (ergative case-marking, noun-class systems, compound verb constructions, etc.). Rather than being rigidly bound by the Latinate model, they modified it in various ways (usually not explicitly discussed), including by using traditional terminology in novel ways.
Sinclair on collocation
Authors: Barnbrook Geoff 
Published: February 2014

This paper reassesses the description of collocation given by Sinclair in Chapter 8 of Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, in particular the implications of this description for models of language production and interpretation, contrasting the open choice and idiom principles. The concepts of independent and dependent meanings are explored, along with the relationship between texts and grammar. The arguments put forward in the Chapter are evaluated against collocation evidence obtained from a large reference corpus.
Le rôle de que dans la distribution syntaxique de c’est-à-dire (que) en langue orale
Authors: Jacquel Géraldine 
Published: February 2014

Analysing the c’est-à-dire’s distribution as it occurs in the oral code, as well as its monolingual and dialectic uses, amounts to evaluate the scope of the phrase : a scope that can either be said to be narrow, if there are phrasal constituents, large if there are independent finite clauses.

The distinction that was established to explain for the occurrences of c’est-à-dire in writing, i.e. that distinguishes between c’est-à-dire as linking phrasal constituents and c’est-à-dire que as introducing phrases, is not valid in the oral code : c’est-à-dire can also link phrases and c’est-à-dire que is not systematically the mark of a large scope, the conjunction que not always being dependent on the c’est-à-dire phrase.
Multiplier ideals of monomial space curves
Authors: Thompson Howard 
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a formula for the multiplier ideals of a monomial space curve. The formula is obtained from a careful choice of log resolution. We construct a toric blowup of affine space in such a way that a log resolution of the monomial curve may be constructed from this toric variety in a well controlled manner. The construction exploits a theorem of González Pérez and Teissier (2002).
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase is dispensable for virus-mediated liver and skin tumor development in mouse models
Authors: Nguyen Tung , Xu Jianliang , Chikuma Shunsuke , Hiai Hiroshi , Kinoshita Kazuo , Moriya Kyoji , Koike Kazuhiko , Marcuzzi Gian Paolo , Pfister Herbert , Honjo Tasuku , Kobayashi Maki 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) not only promotes immune diversity by initiating somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in immunoglobulin genes but also provokes genomic instability by introducing translocations and mutations into non-immunoglobulin genes. To test whether AID is essential for virus-induced tumor development, we used two transgenic tumor models: mice expressing hepatitis C virus (HCV) core proteins (HCV-Tg), driven by the hepatitis B virus promoter, and mice expressing human papillomavirus type 8 proteins (HPV8-Tg), driven by the Keratin 14 promoter. Both strains were analyzed in the absence and presence of AID by crossing each with AID−/− mice. There was no difference in the liver tumor frequency between the HCV-Tg/AID+/+ and HCV-Tg/AID−/− mice at 20 months of age although the AID+/+ mice showed more severe histological findings and increased cytokine expression. Furthermore, a low level of AID transcript was detected in the HCV-Tg/AID+/+ liver tissue that was not derived from hepatocytes themselves but from intra-hepatic immune cells. Although AID may not be the direct cause of HCV-induced oncogenesis, AID expressed in B cells, not in hepatocytes, may prolong steatosis and cause increased lymphocyte infiltration into HCV core protein-induced liver lesions. Similarly, there was no difference in the time course of skin tumor development between the HPV8-Tg/AID−/− and HPV8-Tg/AID+/+ groups. In conclusion, AID does not appear to be required for tumor development in the two virus-induced tumor mouse models tested although AID expressed in infiltrating B cells may promote inflammatory reactions in HCV core protein-induced liver pathogenesis.