bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic findings after Achilles tenotomy during Ponseti treatment for clubfeet: Is ultrasound a reliable tool to assess tendon healing?
Authors: Nasr P. , Berman L. , Rehm A. 
Published: September 2014

Introduction Several studies have claimed ultrasound to be useful and accurate in assessing the healing phase of Achilles tendons after tenotomy during Ponseti treatment for clubfoot deformity. The purpose of our study was to assess the healing process of Achilles tendons ultrasonographically after tenotomy as part of Ponseti clubfoot management and to assess the effects of previously not considered ultrasound properties (anisotropy, partial volume effect), and whether these practical considerations affect accurate measurements which have been claimed possible in previous studies. Materials and methods We monitored the post-tenotomy healing process in 15 patients (22 tendons) using high frequency ultrasound for a minimum of six months (range 6–14 months). The scanning was discontinued once a tendon looked normal or when the appearance remained unchanged between scans. We also studied nine patients (11 tendons) who had undergone Achilles tenotomies up to seven years previously (range 34–83 months). Results In the immediate postoperative period, ultrasound showed large variations in the distance of the tenotomy from the calcaneum as well as the obliquity and completeness of the surgical division. We encountered pitfalls in the use of ultrasound to define healing stages that were not described previously. Sonography was inaccurate and subjective in assessing both completeness of the surgical division and tendon measurements. Despite ultrasonographically proven incomplete tendon division in 63 % of cases, the clinical effect of an immediate increase of passive foot dorsiflexion from the pretenotomy position with an obvious palpable tendon gap was achieved in all patients. At the end of the study, 65 % of tendons did not achieve a normal appearance. Conclusions We do not think that routine ultrasound studies are of any value as an adjunct to clinical assessment intra- and post-operatively. It can give misleading information regarding the need to complete the tenotomy, which may increase risks associated with a further pass of the scalpel blade.
Good long-term outcome of the untreated contralateral hip in unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Authors: Wensaas Anders , Gunderson Ragnhild B. , Svenningsen Svein , Terjesen Terje 
Published: September 2014

Purpose There is no consensus regarding prophylactic fixation of the contralateral hip in slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). In order to further study this question, we evaluated the long-term natural history of untreated contralateral hips. Methods Forty patients treated for unilateral SCFE without evidence of subsequent contralateral slip during adolescence were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 36 years (range 21–50 years). The deformity after SCFE may demonstrate radiographic signs of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement. We, therefore, measured α-angles in the contralateral hips on anteroposterior (AP) and frog-leg lateral radiographs. The angles were compared with those of a control group of adults without SCFE. Five years after the radiographic examination, with a mean follow-up of 41 years, all patients were evaluated by telephone interview. As range of motion and deformity could not be examined, a modified Harris hip score (HHS) (maximum score of 91 points) was used. A modified HHS <76 points and/or radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) was classified as a poor long-term outcome. Results The mean value of the AP α-angle was significantly higher in the contralateral hips in SCFE patients than in the control group (55° vs. 46°), while the mean value of the lateral α-angle was not. Abnormally high values for one or both α-angles were found in 16 contralateral hips (40 %), of which five patients had abnormal values for both α-angles and were considered to have had an asymptomatic contralateral slip. Five patients (13 %) had a poor outcome in the contralateral hip, of which three patients (8 %) had OA. There was a significant association between hips with both α-angles that were abnormal and poor outcome. Conclusions Since the natural history showed good long-term radiographic and clinical outcome in 35 of 40 patients and only three had OA, we conclude that routine prophylactic fixation of the contralateral hip is not indicated.
The medial approach open reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip: Do the long-term outcomes validate this approach? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Akilapa Oluwasegun 
Published: September 2014

Introduction Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and treated paediatric orthopaedic conditions. Objective To systematically identify, appraise and synthesise the best evidence for the long-term outcomes of the medial approach open reduction (MAOR) for DDH. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane databases were searched up to July 2013. All study designs that reported on the long-term outcomes of the MAOR as the primary treatment modality for DDH were included. The risk of bias in each study was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool with some modification to accommodate different study designs. Results From the 162 citations screened, five retrospective observational studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included. The mean age at surgery varied from 10 to 17 months with an average follow-up period of 16–25 years. Acetabular development, as defined by the Severin Classification, was reported as satisfactory (Severin I/II) in between 38 and 79 % of study cohorts. However these good and excellent outcomes were less promising when patients who had additional operations were considered as unsatisfactory results. Avascular necrosis, as predominantly defined by the Kalamchi criteria, varied from 5 to 43 %. Negative prognostic factors implicated were mean age at surgery >17 months, the absence of the ossific nucleus and eccentric posturing of the femoral head postoperatively. The rate of secondary operations reported varied from 11 to 50 %. There were no reported total hip replacements. Conclusion There is a paucity of robust evidence pertaining to the long-term outcomes of the MAOR for developmental dysplasia of the hip. The trends from observational studies suggest that the long-term outcomes are not as positive as short- to intermediate-term studies suggest. Further prospective, controlled and rigorously designed studies are required to validate this approach.
Using the flipped classroom to improve student engagement and to prepare graduates to meet maritime industry requirements: a focus on maritime education
Authors: James Allison J. , Chin Christopher K. H. , Williams Belinda R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper challenges maritime educators (MEs) to utilise the flipped or partially flipped classroom to meet increasingly diverse stakeholder needs. Given the international and geographically dispersed nature of the maritime industry (MI), the skills required are more complex than in a domestic situation. Further considerations include continuous improvement of learning and teaching practices whilst engaging with a unique student cohort, preparing a graduate suited to specific MI requirements and working within constrained university resources. At first, this may appear to be addressing too many divergent stakeholder expectations. The authors propose using backward course design (a design that meets the needs and goals of the specific nature of the MI through stakeholder consultation) as a premise to flipped teaching, thus unifying stakeholder requirements. Skills developed in the flipped classroom are particularly useful within the international nature of the MI. The skills required for effectively working in a linguistically and culturally diverse industry such as teamwork, decision-making, problem-solving and conflict resolution are practised in the flipped classroom. These skills along with specific consideration of MI-based cases and examples discussed in class time produce a more work-ready graduate attuned to specific industry requirements. This paper provides two application examples of the flipped classroom in the MI and highlights how this approach can lead to improved teaching outcomes for MEs.
Coaching to Improve the Quality of Communication During Briefings and Debriefings
Authors: Kleiner Catherine , Link Terri , Maynard M. Travis , Halverson Carpenter Katherine 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCommunication breakdowns have been identified as a root cause of many medical errors. Sentinel events occurring in surgery comprise a significant number of these events. Despite the addition of briefings and debriefings in the OR and the introduction of crew resource management principles, communication problems continue to occur in the surgical setting. The purpose of this research was to evaluate coaching as an intervention to improve the quality of OR briefings and debriefings. A retired orthopedic surgeon conducted coaching that included all members of the perioperative team. The quality of both briefings and debriefings significantly improved after the coaching intervention. Analysis of the results of this study suggests that coaching should be considered as an intervention to improve communication during surgical procedures, especially during briefings and debriefings.
Disorganization of a hole tone feedback loop by an axisymmetric obstacle on a downstream end plate
Authors: Matsuura K. , Nakano M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the suppression of the sound produced when a jet, issued from a circular nozzle or hole in a plate, goes through a similar hole in a second plate. The sound, known as a hole tone, is encountered in many practical engineering situations. The mean velocity of the air jet $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}u_0$ was $6\text {--}12\ \mathrm{m}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. The nozzle and the end plate hole both had a diameter of 51 mm, and the impingement length $L_{im}$ between the nozzle and the end plate was 50–90 mm. We propose a novel passive control method of suppressing the tone with an axisymmetric obstacle on the end plate. We find that the effect of the obstacle is well described by the combination ($W/L_{im}$, $h$) where $W$ is the distance from the edge of the end plate hole to the inner wall of the obstacle, and $h$ is the obstacle height. The tone is suppressed when backflows from the obstacle affect the jet shear layers near the nozzle exit. We do a direct sound computation for a typical case where the tone is successfully suppressed. Axisymmetric uniformity observed in the uncontrolled case is broken almost completely in the controlled case. The destruction is maintained by the process in which three-dimensional vortices in the jet shear layers convect downstream, interact with the obstacle and recursively disturb the jet flow from the nozzle exit. While regions near the edge of the end plate hole are responsible for producing the sound in the controlled case as well as in the uncontrolled case, acoustic power in the controlled case is much lower than in the uncontrolled case because of the disorganized state.
Large-eddy simulation study of the logarithmic law for second- and higher-order moments in turbulent wall-bounded flow
Authors: Stevens Richard J. A. M. , Wilczek Michael , Meneveau Charles 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe logarithmic law for the mean velocity in turbulent boundary layers has long provided a valuable and robust reference for comparison with theories, models and large-eddy simulations (LES) of wall-bounded turbulence. More recently, analysis of high-Reynolds-number experimental boundary-layer data has shown that also the variance and higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity fluctuations $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}u^{\prime +}$ display logarithmic laws. Such experimental observations motivate the question whether LES can accurately reproduce the variance and the higher-order moments, in particular their logarithmic dependency on distance to the wall. In this study we perform LES of very high-Reynolds-number wall-modelled channel flow and focus on profiles of variance and higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. In agreement with the experimental data, we observe an approximately logarithmic law for the variance in the LES, with a ‘Townsend–Perry’ constant of $A_1\approx 1.25$. The LES also yields approximate logarithmic laws for the higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity. Good agreement is found between $A_p$, the generalized ‘Townsend–Perry’ constants for moments of order $2p$, from experiments and simulations. Both are indicative of sub-Gaussian behaviour of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. The near-wall behaviour of the variance, the ranges of validity of the logarithmic law and in particular possible dependencies on characteristic length scales such as the roughness length $z_0$, the LES grid scale $\Delta $, and subgrid scale mixing length $C_s\Delta $ are examined. We also present LES results on moments of spanwise and wall-normal fluctuations of velocity.
Influence of manufacturing procedure on the compositional and sensory properties of n-3 fatty acid-enriched pecorino cheese
Authors: Branciari Raffaella , Mughetti Laura , Ranucci David , Miraglia Dino , Valiani Andrea , Acuti Gabriele , Selvaggini Roberto , Trabalza-Marinucci Massimo 
Published: September 2014

Pecorino cheeses were produced using two different manufacturing procedures (either from raw milk or from milk previously subject to a thermisation at 65 °C for 10 s with the addition of starter culture) using the milk obtained from three groups of ewes fed three different concentrates: (1) control, (2) control enriched with 100 g/kg of extruded linseed, and (3) control enriched with 200 g/kg of extruded linseed. All concentrates were administered with alfalfa hay ad libitum. The extruded linseed-enriched diets increased the concentration of n-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated acids in raw milk and thermised milk cheese and decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids. Changes in the manufacturing procedure did not influence the fatty acid composition of the cheeses but markedly influenced their sensory properties. In particular, heat-treating the milk and adding a starter reduced the differences in cheese odour, flavour and toughness induced by the diet when raw milk was used. Cheeses made with thermised milk and the addition of starter culture were more uniform and obtained a higher score in the preference test compared with the corresponding raw milk cheeses. An appropriate manufacturing process, therefore, can be a possible strategy to obtain cheeses with improved health-promoting properties and an unaltered acceptance level by consumers.
Enteric-coated capsule containing β-galactosidase-loaded polylactic acid nanocapsules: enzyme stability and milk lactose hydrolysis under simulated gastrointestinal conditions
Authors: He Hongjun , Zhang Xueting , Sheng Yan 
Published: September 2014

In order to protect peroral β-galactosidase from being degraded and hydrolyse milk lactose efficiently in the environments of gastrointestinal tract, a double-capsule delivery system composed of enteric-coated capsule and polylactic acid (PLA) nanocapsules (NCs) was developed for encapsulation of β-galactosidase. β-galactosidase-loaded PLA NCs in the size range of 100–200 nm were prepared by a modified w1/o/w2technique. During the encapsulation process, dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (1 : 1, v/v) as the solvent composition, high-pressure homogenisation (150 bar, 3 min) as the second emulsification method and polyvinyl alcohol or Poloxamer 188 as a stabiliser in the inner phase could efficiently improve the activity retention of β-galactosidase (>90%). Subsequently, the prepared NCs were freeze-dried and filled in a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP55)-coated capsule. In vitro results revealed that the HP55-coated capsule remained intact in the simulated gastric fluid and efficiently protected the nested β-galactosidase from acidic denaturation. Under the simulated intestinal condition, the enteric coating dissolved rapidly and released the β-galactosidase-loaded PLA NCs, which exhibited greater stability against enzymatic degradation and higher hydrolysis ratio (∼100%) towards milk lactose than the free β-galactosidase. These results suggest that this double-capsule delivery system represents promising candidate for efficient lactose hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract.
Biotic and abiotic effects on the intestinal helminth community of the brown ratRattus norvegicusfrom Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Simões R.O. , Luque J.L. , Gentile R. , Rosa M.C.S. , Costa-Neto S. , Maldonado A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRattus norvegicushas attracted much attention because of its role as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens. This work aimed to identify the intestinal helminth species inR. norvegicusand to analyse the effects of temperature, rainfall, host age and sex on the helminth community structure. Moreover, this study investigated the possible associations among helminth species in an urban population ofR. norvegicusin São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, sampled during the rainy and dry seasons over a span of 2 years. A total of 112 rats were infected by six species of helminths. The nematodeNippostrongylus brasiliensiswas the most prevalent and abundant species, with high mean intensity in both seasons, followed byStrongyloides venezuelensis,Heterakis spumosa,Raillietinasp.,Hymenolepis nanaandMoniliformis moniliformis.Co-occurrence was found betweenN. brasiliensisandS. venezuelensisand betweenN. brasiliensisandH. spumosa.The occurrence ofS. venezuelensiswas related to rainfall. The understanding of the helminth community structure in this synanthropic rat provides basic information on parasites of public health importance, as two helminth species (H. nanaandM. moniliformis) recovered from rats in the urban area studied can infect humans.
Effects of anthropogenic and demographic factors on patterns of parasitism in African small mammal communities
Authors: SALZER JOHANNA S. , CARROLL DARIN S. , WILLIAMS-NEWKIRK AMANDA JO , LANG STEFANIE , PETERHANS JULIAN KERBIS , RWEGO INNOCENT B. , OCKERS SANDRA , GILLESPIE THOMAS R. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYHabitat disturbance often results in alterations in community structure of small mammals. Additionally, the parasites harboured by these small mammals may be impacted by environmental changes or indirectly affected by changes in available hosts. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we examined the patterns of parasitism in small mammal communities from a variety of habitats in forested Uganda. Small mammals were collected from areas experiencing variable habitat disturbance, host density and species richness. The analysis focused on 3 most abundant rodent species,Lophuromys aquilus, Praomys jacksoniandHylomyscus stella, and a diverse group of parasites they harbour. The impact of various habitat and host community factors on parasite prevalence was examined using linear regression and Spearman's rank-order correlation. We further investigated the parasite communities associated with each individual using correspondence analysis. We determined that, parasite prevalence and richness may be occasionally influenced by community and habitat factors, but taxonomy is a driving force in influencing the parasite community harboured by an individual host. Ultimately, applying general principles across a broad range of disturbance levels and diverse host communities needs to be approached with caution in complex communities.
WORDS AND PRONILPOTENT SUBGROUPS IN PROFINITE GROUPS
Authors: KHUKHRO E. I. , SHUMYATSKY P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLet$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}w$be a multilinear commutator word, that is, a commutator of weight$n$in$n$different group variables. It is proved that if$G$is a profinite group in which all pronilpotent subgroups generated by$w$-values are periodic, then the verbal subgroup$w(G)$is locally finite.
Role of G-protein-coupled Receptor-related Genes in Insecticide Resistance of the Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: Li Ting , Liu Lena , Zhang Lee , Liu Nannan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractG-protein-coupled receptors regulate signal transduction pathways and play diverse and pivotal roles in the physiology of insects, however, the precise function of GPCRs in insecticide resistance remains unclear. Using quantitative RT-PCR and functional genomic methods, we, for the first time, explored the function of GPCRs and GPCR-related genes in insecticide resistance of mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus. A comparison of the expression of 115 GPCR-related genes at a whole genome level between resistant and susceptible Culex mosquitoes identified one and three GPCR-related genes that were up-regulated in highly resistant Culex mosquito strains, HAmCqG8 and MAmCqG6, respectively. To characterize the function of these up-regulated GPCR-related genes in resistance, the up-regulated GPCR-related genes were knockdown in HAmCqG8 and MAmCqG6 using RNAi technique. Knockdown of these four GPCR-related genes not only decreased resistance of the mosquitoes to permethrin but also repressed the expression of four insecticide resistance-related P450 genes, suggesting the role of GPCR-related genes in resistance is involved in the regulation of resistance P450 gene expression. This results help in understanding of molecular regulation of resistance development in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Anthropometry, glucose homeostasis and lipid profile in prepubertal children born early, full, or late term
Authors: Derraik José G. B. , Savage Tim , Miles Harriet L. , Mouat Fran , Hofman Paul L. , Cutfield Wayne S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTo examine differences in growth and metabolism in prepubertal children born early term, full term and late term. We retrospectively studied 294 prepubertal children aged 7.3 years (range 3.0–12.1 years). Children were separated into those born early term (37 0/7–38 6/7 weeks of gestation; n = 68), full term (39 0/7–40 6/7 weeks; n = 179) and late term (41 0/7–41 6/7 weeks; n = 47). Clinical assessments included anthropometry, DXA-derived body composition, fasting lipids and glucose homeostasis. Statistical models accounted for important confounding factors, such as gender, age, birth weight SDS, birth order and parental variables. When birth weight was adjusted for sex and gestational age (birth weight SDS), late terms were heavier than both early (p = 0.034) and full (p = 0.020) terms. Early term children were shorter than both full (p = 0.010) and late (p = 0.049) term children, but differences in height disappeared following correction for parents' heights. There were no differences in glucose homeostasis, BMI SDS, adiposity, or fat distribution between groups. Lipid profiles were also similar. When important confounding factors were accounted for, there were no meaningful differences in anthropometry, glucose homeostasis and lipid profile among children born early term, full term, or late term.