bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Thoughtful People More Utilitarian? CRT as a Unique Predictor of Moral Minimalism in the Dilemmatic Context
Authors: Royzman Edward B. , Landy Justin F. , Leeman Robert F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRecent theorizing about the cognitive underpinnings of dilemmatic moral judgment has equated slow, deliberative thinking with the utilitarian disposition and fast, automatic thinking with the deontological disposition. However, evidence for the reflective utilitarian hypothesis—the hypothesized link between utilitarian judgment and individual differences in the capacity for rational reflection (gauged here by the Cognitive Reflection Test [CRT; Frederick, 2005]) has been inconsistent and difficult to interpret in light of several design flaws. In two studies aimed at addressing some of the flaws, we found robust evidence for a reflective minimalist hypothesis—high CRT performers’ tendency to regard utility‐optimizing acts as largely a matter of personal prerogative, permissible both to perform and to leave undone. This relationship between CRT and the “minimalist” orientation remained intact after controlling for age, sex, trait affect, social desirability, and educational attainment. No significant association was found between CRT and the strict utilitarian response pattern or CRT and the strict deontological response pattern, nor did we find any significant association between CRT and willingness to act in the utility‐optimizing manner. However, we found an inverse association between empathic concern and a willingness to act in the utility‐optimizing manner, but there was no comparable association between empathic concern and the deontological judgment pattern. Theoretical, methodological, and normative implications of the findings are discussed.
Europe's freshwater biodiversity under climate change: distribution shifts and conservation needs
Authors: Markovic Danijela , Carrizo Savrina , Freyhof Jörg , Cid Nuria , Lengyel Szabolcs , Scholz Mathias , Kasperdius Hans , Darwall William 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo assess the future climatic suitability of European catchments for freshwater species and the future utility of the current network of protected areas.LocationEurope.MethodsUsing recently updated catchment‐scale species data and climate projections from multiple climate models, we assessed the climate change threat by the 2050s for 1648 European freshwater plants, fishes, molluscs, odonates, amphibians, crayfish and turtles for two dispersal scenarios and identified hotspots of change at three spatial scales: major river basins, countries and freshwater ecoregions. We considered both common species and the often overlooked rare species. To set our findings within the context of current and future conservation networks, we evaluated the coverage of freshwater biodiversity by Europe's protected area network.ResultsSix per cent of common and 77% of rare species are predicted to lose more than 90% of their current range. Eight fish species and nine mollusc species are predicted to experience 100% range loss under climate change. As the most species‐rich group, molluscs are particularly vulnerable due to the high proportion of rare species and their relatively limited ability to disperse. Furthermore, around 50% of molluscs and fish species will have no protected area coverage given their projected distributions.Main conclusionsWe identified the species most at threat due to projected changes in both catchment suitability and representation within the European protected area network. Our findings suggest an urgent need for freshwater management plans to facilitate adaptation to climate change.
Cross‐cultural investigation into cognitive underpinnings of individual differences in early arithmetic
Authors: Rodic Maja , Zhou Xinlin , Tikhomirova Tatiana , Wei Wei , Malykh Sergei , Ismatulina Victoria , Sabirova Elena , Davidova Yulia , Tosto Maria Grazia , Lemelin Jean‐Pascal , Kovas Yulia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe present study evaluated 626 5–7‐year‐old children in the UK, China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan on a cognitive test battery measuring: (1) general skills; (2) non‐symbolic number sense; (3) symbolic number understanding; (4) simple arithmetic – operating with numbers; and (5) familiarity with numbers. Although most inter‐population differences were small, 13% of the variance in arithmetic skills could be explained by the sample, replicating the pattern, previously found with older children in PISA. Furthermore, the same cognitive skills were related to early arithmetic in these diverse populations. Only understanding of symbolic number explained variation in mathematical performance in all samples. We discuss the results in terms of potential influences of socio‐demographic, linguistic and genetic factors on individual differences in mathematics.
Relative contributions of neutral and non‐neutral genetic differentiation to inform conservation of steelhead trout across highly variable landscapes
Authors: Matala Andrew P. , Ackerman Michael W. , Campbell Matthew R. , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMounting evidence of climatic effects on riverine environments and adaptive responses of fishes have elicited growing conservation concerns. Measures to rectify population declines include assessment of local extinction risk, population ecology, viability, and genetic differentiation. While conservation planning has been largely informed by neutral genetic structure, there has been a dearth of critical information regarding the role of non‐neutral or functional genetic variation. We evaluated genetic variation among steelhead trout of the Columbia River Basin, which supports diverse populations distributed among dynamic landscapes. We categorized 188 SNP loci as either putatively neutral or candidates for divergent selection (non‐neutral) using a multitest association approach. Neutral variation distinguished lineages and defined broad‐scale population structure consistent with previous studies, but fine‐scale resolution was also detected at levels not previously observed. Within distinct coastal and inland lineages, we identified nine and 22 candidate loci commonly associated with precipitation or temperature variables and putatively under divergent selection. Observed patterns of non‐neutral variation suggest overall climate is likely to shape local adaptation (e.g., potential rapid evolution) of steelhead trout in the Columbia River region. Broad geographic patterns of neutral and non‐neutral variation demonstrated here can be used to accommodate priorities for regional management and inform long‐term conservation of this species.
Bilateral traumatic optic nerve avulsion in a Thoroughbred gelding
Authors: Kullmann A. , Marteniuk J. V. , Williams M. R. , Holcombe S. J. , Mowat F. M. , Mullaney T. P. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis report describes an unusual case of acute blindness following traumatic head injury in a mature horse. The horse fell over backwards and subsequently presented with bilateral blindness and epistaxis. Vision did not return following medical supportive therapy and euthanasia was elected.Post mortemfindings revealed a basisphenoid fracture and bilateral optic nerve avulsion rostral to the optic chiasm, an uncommon presentation of traumatic blindness not previously reported in the horse.
The influence of higher order terms of Williams series on a more accurate description of stress fields around the crack tip
Authors: Malíková L. , Veselý V. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, the crack tip stress field is investigated in two different configurations loaded in mode I as well as in mode I + II. The detailed two‐dimensional solution includes a conventional finite elements analysis that is compared to results obtained analytically from what is referred to as Williams expansion. The influence of consideration of various numbers of terms of the series expansion on the stress distribution is discussed, and the significance of the multi‐parameter fracture mechanics approach is emphasized for some engineering applications, for example, failure of quasi‐brittle materials and estimation of plastic zone extent.
A survey of pyrethroid‐resistant populations of Meligethes aeneus F. in Poland indicates the incidence of numerous substitutions in the pyrethroid target site of voltage‐sensitive sodium channels in individual beetles
Authors: Wrzesińska B. , Czerwoniec A. , Wieczorek P. , Węgorek P. , Zamojska J. , Obrępalska‐Stęplowska A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) is the most devastating pest of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and is controlled by pyrethroid insecticides. However, resistance to pyrethroids in Europe is becoming widespread and predominant. Pyrethroids target the voltage‐sensitive sodium channel (VSSC), and mutations in VSSC may be responsible for pyrethroid insensitivity. Here, we analysed individual beetles that were resistant to esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid, from 14 populations that were collected from oilseed rape fields in Poland. We screened the VSSC domains that were presumed to directly interact with pyrethroids. We identified 18 heterozygous nucleic acid substitutions, amongst which six caused an amino acid change: N912S, G926S, I936V, R957G, F1538L and E1553G. Our analysis of the three‐dimensional structure of these domains in VSSC revealed that some of these changes may slightly influence the protein structure and hence the docking efficiency of esfenvalerate. Therefore, these mutations may impact the susceptibility of the sodium channel to the action of this insecticide.
Nursing education development in China (1887–1949): influences on contemporary nursing
Authors: Yan Z. , An Li J. , McDonald T. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundOn 8 May 2013, the Chinese Nursing Association joined the International Council of Nurses. It is hoped that by sharing the history of nursing in China, scholars globally can incorporate into current thinking the challenges that Chinese nurses have faced in pursuing educational development and professional acknowledgement.AimTo review the history of nurse education in China between 1887 and 1949 and summarize events marking its development; and to provide historical references for considering contemporary nurse education and discipline development in China.MethodsContent analysis using bibliometric and historical research methods on available documentation sources. Milestone events were listed and their historical significance analysed.ResultsNurse education development during this period was affected by three major influences: (1) international nursing collaboration and involvement with Chinese nursing in China and abroad, (2) the determination of leaders to develop nursing as a unique and ethical profession, and (3) the pressure of war and civilian need on the focus of nursing development in China.ConclusionThe development of nurse education in China occurred within an environment of social change, war and international collaboration. Throughout the Modern China period (1887–1949), nursing leadership has guided the growth of nurse education to be responsive to individual and community needs as well as ensuring nurse accountability for conduct and nursing practice. Contemporary Chinese nursing and education owes much to those throughout the Modern China period, who laid the foundations that support the current position and status of nursing.Implications for nursing and health policyThe study displays the benefits and challenges of participation in policy and forums that help nurse scholars and practitioners understand the development of nurse education in China.
Diagnosing osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: a pilot study to examine the sensitivity and specificity of Tc99mwhite blood cell‐labelled single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography
Authors: Przybylski Mallory M , Holloway Samantha , Vyce Steven D , Obando Antonio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDiabetic foot ulceration poses a significant threat of osteomyelitis (OM) and subsequent amputation. The diagnosis of OM via imaging studies is difficult as radiographic findings do not present immediately and advanced imaging studies may be contraindicated or unavailable. A novel diagnostic tool has been developed which synthesises technetium‐99 white blood cell‐labelled single‐photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography (Tc99mWBC labelled‐SPECT/CT) imaging, effectively enhancing anatomic detail. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the validity and reliability of this novel imaging technique in patients with diabetic foot ulcers in a Veterans Affairs healthcare facility. A retrospective review was performed on consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria (n = 14) and underwent Tc99mWBC‐labelledSPECT/CTfor suspected OM. Histopathologic analysis of bone specimen (when available) and International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot consensus criteria were used as a reference standard. The sensitivity and specificity of Tc99mWBC‐labelledSPECT/CTwere 87·50% [confidence interval (CI): 64·58–110·42%] and 71·43% (CI: 37·96–104·90%), respectively. Negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) were 83·33% (CI: 53·51–113·15%) and 77·78% (CI: 50·62–104·94%), respectively, with a likelihood ratio (LR) of 3·063 and an accuracy of 80%. These findings suggest Tc99mWBC‐labelledSPECT/CTcan be useful in imaging OM in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
Incontinence‐associated dermatitis: a cross‐sectional prevalence study in the Australian acute care hospital setting
Authors: Campbell Jill L , Coyer Fiona M , Osborne Sonya R 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to identify the prevalence of incontinence and incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD) in Australian acute care patients and to describe the products worn to manage incontinence, and those provided at the bedside for perineal skin care. Data on 376 inpatients were collected over 2 days at a major Australian teaching hospital. The mean age of the sample group was 62 years and 52% of the patients were male. The prevalence rate of incontinence was 24% (91/376). Urinary incontinence was significantly more prevalent in females (10%) than males (6%) (χ2 = 4·458, df = 1, P = 0·035). IAD occurred in 10% (38/376) of the sample group, with 42% (38/91) of incontinent patients having IAD. Semi‐formed and liquid stool were associated with IAD (χ2 = 5·520, df = 1, P = 0·027). Clinical indication of fungal infection was present in 32% (12/38) of patients with IAD. Absorbent disposable briefs were the most common incontinence aids used (80%, 70/91), with soap/water and disposable washcloths being the clean‐up products most commonly available (60%, 55/91) at the bedside. Further data are needed to validate this high prevalence. Studies that address prevention of IAD and the effectiveness of management strategies are also needed.
Quick divergence but slow convergence during ecotype formation in lake and stream stickleback pairs of variable age
Authors: Lucek K. , Sivasundar A. , Kristjánsson B. K. , Skúlason S. , Seehausen O. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhen genetic constraints restrict phenotypic evolution, diversification can be predicted to evolve along so‐called lines of least resistance. To address the importance of such constraints and their resolution, studies of parallel phenotypic divergence that differ in their age are valuable. Here, we investigate the parapatric evolution of six lake and stream threespine stickleback systems from Iceland and Switzerland, ranging in age from a few decades to several millennia. Using phenotypic data, we test for parallelism in ecotypic divergence between parapatric lake and stream populations and compare the observed patterns to an ancestral‐like marine population. We find strong and consistent phenotypic divergence, both among lake and stream populations and between our freshwater populations and the marine population. Interestingly, ecotypic divergence in low‐dimensional phenotype space (i.e. single traits) is rapid and seems to be often completed within 100 years. Yet, the dimensionality of ecotypic divergence was highest in our oldest systems and only there parallel evolution of unrelated ecotypes was strong enough to overwrite phylogenetic contingency. Moreover, the dimensionality of divergence in different systems varies between trait complexes, suggesting different constraints and evolutionary pathways to their resolution among freshwater systems.
The significance of gender in patients administered coronary angiography with respect to smoking, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and the procedure used
Authors: Atik Derya , Atik Cem , Paker Salih , Işlek Mesut 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThis descriptive study was planned and conducted to determine whether or not gender is significant in patients administered coronary angiography with respect to smoking, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and the procedure used.MethodsBased on the hospital records that were scanned retrospectively, the study included patients aged 18 and over who were diagnosed with coronary arterial disease and were administered for the first time a coronary angiography procedure in the Cardiology Clinic of Osmaniye Private New Life Hospital between 1 September 2012 and 31 December 2013. The data was evaluated on the SPSS 21.0 software. Percentages, averages, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis, chi‐square independence test were used as our analysis method.Results40.2% of the patients who took part in the study were female and 59.8% male; the mean age was 58.18 ± 11.73. It was observed that approximately 41% of the patients smoked, 5% of them had peripheral arterial disease, 23.9% were administered percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty + stent and a surgical treatment was planned for 16.1% of them. Gender was considered statistically significant in terms of smoking, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and the procedure used (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWe see that gender is important in the patient group consisting of patients with coronary arterial disease. We think that the information herein will provide a guideline for evaluating treatment strategies and prognoses as well as for the training and consultancy to be provided to patient groups.
Cardiovascular disease biomarkers in patients with inborn errors of protein metabolism: a pilot study
Authors: Karam P. E. , Majdalani M. N. , Daher R. T. , Barhoumi A. , Yazbeck N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundLimited data exist so far on cardiovascular disease biomarkers in patients maintained on a protein‐restricted diet for inborn errors of protein metabolism. The present study aimed to analyse plasma cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides and total homocysteine in patients with various inborn errors of protein metabolism in comparison with healthy controls.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of cardiovascular disease biomarkers was conducted in a cohort of patients with inborn errors of protein metabolism: nine phenylketonuria, nine urea cycle defect, six branched chain organic acidaemia and two tyrosinaemia type I patients compared to 30 healthy controls. All patients were on a strict natural protein diet for a mean (SD) period of 5.37 (2.30) years (range 2–9 years). Dietary assessment, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins and total homocysteine levels were obtained.ResultsThere were no significant differences in blood lipid studies and total homocysteine levels between patients and controls.ConclusionsThe results obtained in this pilot study suggest that cardiovascular disease biomarkers are not increased in patients with inborn errors of protein metabolism. This may be explained by the possible protective effect of a mono‐ and polyunsaturated fat rich Mediterranean diet. Additional studies with a larger number of patients are needed to confirm this finding.
Nutrition care‐related practices and factors affecting nutritional intakes in hospital patients at risk of pressure ulcers
Authors: Roberts S. , Chaboyer W. , Desbrow B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundMalnutrition is common in hospitals and is a risk factor for pressure ulcers. Nutrition care practices relating to the identification and treatment of malnutrition have not been assessed in patients at risk of pressure ulcers. The present study describes nutrition care practices and factors affecting nutritional intakes in this patient group.MethodsThe study was conducted in four wards at two hospitals in Queensland, Australia. Adult patients at risk of pressure ulcers as a result of restricted mobility were observed for 24 h to determine their daily oral intake and practices such as nutrition screening, documentation and intervention. Independent samples t‐tests and chi‐squared tests were used to analyse dietary intake and nutrition care‐related data. Predictors of receiving a dietitian referral were identified using logistic regression analyses.ResultsTwo hundred and forty‐one patients participated in the present study. The observed nutritional screening rate was 59% (142 patients). Weight and height were documented in 71% and 34% of cases. Sixty‐nine patients (29%) received a dietitian referral. Predictors of receiving a dietitian referral included lower body mass index and longer length of stay. On average, patients consumed 73% and 72% of the energy and protein provided, respectively. Between 22% and 38% of patients consumed <50% of food provided at main meals.ConclusionsNutrition care practices including malnutrition risk screening and documentation of nutritional parameters appear to be inadequate in patients at risk of pressure ulcers. A significant proportion of these patients eat inadequately at main meals, further increasing their risk of malnutrition and pressure ulcers.
Finite Element Analysis of the Influence of Geometry and Design of Zirconia Crowns on Stress Distribution
Authors: Anami Lilian Costa , Lima Julia Magalhaes da Costa , Corazza Pedro Henrique , Yamamoto Eron Toshio Colauto , Bottino Marco Antonio , Borges Alexandre Luiz Souto 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the influence of the geometry and design of prosthetic crown preparations on stress distribution in compression tests, using finite element analysis (FEA).Materials and MethodsSix combinations of 3D drawings of all‐ceramic crowns (yttria‐stabilized zirconia framework and porcelain veneer) were evaluated: F, flat preparation and simplified crown; FC, flat preparation and crown with contact point; FCM, flat preparation and modified crown; A, anatomical preparation and simplified anatomical crown framework; AC, anatomical preparation and crown with contact point; and ACM, anatomical preparation and modified crown. Bonded contact types at all interfaces with the mesh were assigned, and the material properties used were according to the literature. A 200 N vertical load was applied at the center of each model. The maximum principal stresses were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed.ResultsThe highest values of tensile stress were observed at the interface between the ceramics in the region under the load application for the simplified models (F and A). Reductions in stress values were observed for the model with the anatomical preparation and modified infrastructure (ACM). The stress distribution in the flat models was similar to that of their respective anatomical models.ConclusionsThe modified design of the zirconia coping reduces the stress concentration at the interface with the veneer ceramic, and the simplified preparation can exert a stress distribution similar to that of the anatomical preparation at and near the load point, when load is applied to the center of the crown.