bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral and geochemical compositions, regularities of distribution, and specific formation of ore mineralization of the Rogovik gold–silver deposit (northeastern Russia)
Authors: Kravtsova R.G. , Makshakov A.S. , Pavlova L.A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
New data on the mineral composition and the first data on the geochemical composition of ores of the Rogovik gold–silver deposit (Omsukchan ore district, northeastern Russia) have been obtained. Study of the regularities of the spatial distribution of ore mineralization shows that the deposit ores formed in two stages. Epithermal Au–Ag ores of typical poor mineral and elemental compositions were generated at the early volcanic stage. The major minerals are low-fineness native gold, electrum, acanthite, silver sulfosalts, kustelite, and pyrite. The typomorphic elemental composition of ores is as follows: Au, Ag, Sb, As, Se, and Hg. The content of S is low, mostly ≤1%. Silver ores of more complex mineral and elemental compositions were produced under the impact of granitoid intrusion at the late volcanoplutonic stage. The major minerals are high-Hg kustelite and native silver, silver sulfosalts and selenides, fahlore, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. The typomorphic elemental composition of ores is as follows: Ag, As, Sb, Se, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and B. The content of S is much higher than 1%. The ores also have elevated contents of Mo, Ge, F, and LREE (La, Ce, and Nd). At the volcanoplutonic stage, polychronous Au–Ag ores formed at the sites of the coexistence of silver and epithermal gold–silver mineralization. Their specific feature is a multicomponent composition and a strong variability in chemical composition (both qualitative and quantitative). Along with the above minerals, the ores contain high-Hg gold, hessite, argyrodite, canfieldite, orthite, fluorapatite, and arsenopyrite. At the sites with strongly rejuvenated rocks, the ores are strongly enriched in Au, Ag, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ge, Se, La, Ce, Nd, S, and F and also contain Te and Bi. The hypothesis is put forward that the late silver ores belong to the Ag–complex-metal association widespread in the Omsukchan ore district. A close relationship between the ores of different types and their zonal spatial distribution have been established. In the central part of the Rogovik deposit, epithermal Au–Ag ores are widespread in the upper horizons, Ag ores are localized in the middle horizons, and rejuvenated polyassociation Au–Ag ores occur at the sites (mostly deep-seated) with ore-bearing structures of different ages.
Seismically mobilized moraines in the Tien Shan
Authors: Korzhenkov A.M. , Abdieva S.V. , Fortuna A.B. , Charimov T.A. , Yudakhin A.S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Moraines studied in the Chon-Kyzylsuu River valley (southeastern Lake Issyk-Kul region, Tien Shan) were mobilized during historic and prehistoric large earthquakes. Seismic triggers of moraine mobilization included the M &gt; 8 Kebin earthquake of 1911 and prehistoric events that produced rockslides, landslides, and multiple fault scarps. Rockslides in the Chon-Kyzylsuu basin are located in the hanging wall of the Terskey border thrust fault. The observed deformation results from at least four prehistoric earthquakes in the second half of the Holocene (early 20th century BC, early 11th century BC, middle 8th century BC, and early 2nd century BC), with local shaking intensity I ≥ 7.
Slip-induced suppression of Marangoni film thickening in surfactant-retarded Landau–Levich–Bretherton flows
Authors: Halpern David , Li Yen-Ching , Wei Hsien-Hung 
Published: September 2015

We report that the well-known Marangoni film thickening in surfactant-laden Landau–Levich–Bretherton coating flow can be completely suppressed by wall slip. The analysis is made by mainly looking at how the deposited film thickness varies with the capillary number $Ca$ ($\ll 1$) and the dimensionless slip length ${\it\Lambda}={\it\lambda}/R$ ($\ll 1$) in the presence of a trace amount of insoluble surfactant, where ${\it\lambda}$ is the slip length and $R$ is the radius of the meniscus. When slip effects are weak at sufficiently large $Ca$ (but still $\ll 1$) such that $Ca\gg {\it\Lambda}^{3/2}$, the film thickness can still vary as $Ca^{2/3}$ and be thickened by surfactant as if wall slip were absent. However, when slip effects become strong by lowering $Ca$ to $Ca\ll {\it\Lambda}^{3/2}$, the film, especially when surface diffusion of surfactant is negligible, does not get thinner according to the strong-slip quadratic law reported previously (Liao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 111, 2013, 136001; Li et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 741, 2014, pp. 200–227). Instead, the film behaves as if both surfactant and wall slip were absent, precisely following the no-slip $2/3$ law without surfactant. Effects of surface diffusion are also examined, revealing three distinct regimes as $Ca$ is varied from small to large values: the strong-slip quadratic scaling without surfactant, the no-slip $2/3$ scaling without surfactant and the film thickening along the no-slip $2/3$ scaling with surfactant. An experiment is also suggested to test the above findings.
Iodine status of young Burkinabe children receiving small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements and iodised salt: a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Hess Sonja Y. , Abbeddou Souheila , Yakes Jimenez Elizabeth , Ouédraogo Jean-Bosco , Brown Kenneth H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to assess the impact of providing small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) on the I status of young Burkinabe children. In total, thirty-four communities were assigned to intervention (IC) or non-intervention cohorts (NIC). IC children were randomly assigned to receive 20 g lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS)/d containing 90 µg I with 0 or 10 mg Zn from 9 to 18 months of age, and NIC children received no SQ-LNS. All the children were exposed to iodised salt through the national salt iodization programme. Spot urinary iodine (UI), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and total thyroxine (T4) in dried blood spots as well as plasma thyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations were assessed at 9 and 18 months of age among 123 IC and fifty-six NIC children. At baseline and at 18 months, UI, TSH and T4did not differ between cohorts. Tg concentration was higher in the NICv. IC at baseline, but this difference did not persist at 18 months of age. In both cohorts combined, the geometric mean of UI was 339·2 (95 % CI 298·6, 385·2) µg/l, TSH 0·8 (95 % CI 0·7, 0·8) mU/l, T4118 (95 % CI 114, 122) nmol/l and Tg 26·0 (95 % CI 24·3, 27·7) µg/l at 18 months of age. None of the children had elevated TSH at 18 months of age. Marginally more children in NIC (8·9 %) had low T4(<65 nmol/l) compared with the IC (1·6 %) (P=0·052). Salt samples (n106) were collected from randomly selected participants and assessed by titration for I content, which was on average 37 (sd15) ppm (range 5–86 ppm); 95 % of households had adequately iodised salt (I>15 ppm). A reduction of SQ-LNS I content could be considered in settings with similarly successful salt iodisation programmes.
Validation and evaluation of new assessments for the otolaryngology undergraduate medical clerkship
Authors: Woods R , Subramaniam T , Patterson A , Hennessy M , Timon C 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectives:To validate and evaluate a short answer question paper and objective structured clinical examination. Validity and effect on overall performance were considered.Methods:Students completed a voluntary short answer question paper during their otolaryngology attachment. Short answer question paper results were collated and compared to the essay examination and new end of year objective structured clinical examination.Results:The study comprised 160 students. Questions were validated for internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76). Correlations were determined for: short answer question paper and essay results (r = 0.477), short answer question paper and objective structured clinical examination results (r = 0.355), and objective structured clinical examination and essay results (r = 0.292). On unpaired t-tests comparing the short answer question paper group and non-short answer question paper group, essay results were 1.2 marks higher (p = 0.45) and the objective structured clinical examination results were 0.09 marks lower (p = 0.74) in the short answer question paper group.Conclusion:Two new valid summative assessments of student ability have been introduced, which contribute to an enhanced programme of assessment to drive student learning.
Post-release habitat utilisation by Francolinus bicalcaratus ayesha, a critically endangered subspecies endemic to Morocco: implications for optimising future release programmes
Authors: HANANE SAÂD , MAGRI NAJIB 
Published: September 2015

SummaryCharacterising the habitat use of released captive-bred birds is required to help optimise future avian reintroduction programmes. The critically endangered Double-spurred Francolin Francolinus bicalcaratus ayesha is endemic to north-west Morocco, where it inhabits forests of cork oak Quercus suber. To improve the viability of this threatened population, 300 captive-bred francolins were released into a game reserve, and post-release monitoring was conducted. This study aimed to identify habitat variables determining the habitat selection of the Double-spurred Francolin. Auditory detection was used during transect surveys of calling males to locate birds and their habitat occupation. Comparison of occupied and random plots showed that this bird is found mostly in flat topography with high cover of shrubs and dense cork oak trees, and close to the release site and water points. Conservation of Double-spurred Francolin depends on the choice of the release point within the cork oak forest, which should be in proximity to suitable cover of cork oak trees, shrubs and water points. Such choices would allow a rapid adaptation to prevailing conditions within release sites. Further multi-scale studies are needed to improve our understanding of the effects of ecological factors on the processes of habitat selection by this endemic subspecies.
Wave Optical Calculation of Probe Size in Low Energy Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Radlička Tomáš 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA wave optical calculation of the probe size of a low energy scanning electron microscope is presented. The resolution for the optimal aperture was computed and compared with results of standard approaches. The effect of deflection aberrations is also considered, and it was found to be critical for the landing energies below 5eV and fields of view larger than 100 x 100 μm2.
Analytical Method for Electron Gun Calculation
Authors: Potapkin Oleg D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe model of thermionic electron gun was developed. The Dirichlet problem for the cylinder (the Wehnelt electrode) restricted by two bottoms, one of them imitates a plane cathode and another imitates the equipotential surface, was solved analytically. It allows to study electron optical properties of the gun and its behaviour in dependence on Wehnelt potential for different cylinder depths. When the focal distance and the crossover size have the minimal value, this mode is called a work one. The crossover size and the beam half-angle values in this mode were approximated and the analytical method for electron gun calculation was developed.
How can the aetiological factors of rectal distension be managed to reduce interfraction prostate motion during a course of radiotherapy treatment
Authors: Bayles Helen , Collins Mark , Clarkson Melanie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimDuring radiotherapy of the prostate it is important to minimise interfraction prostate motion to allow dose escalation and reduce normal tissue damage. Rectal volume has been identified as playing a significant role in prostate motion with various methods used to reduce it. The aim was to systematically review published literature to allow evidence based recommendations to be made to current practice to reduce interfraction prostate motion.Materials and methodsA systematic search of CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, NHS Evidence and The Cochrane Library was performed. Limited searches of The Society of Radiographers website, OpenGrey and COPAC were undertaken, alongside manual searches of cross references of eligible articles. The quality of included papers was measured using a pre-existing tool. The causes, consequences and solutions to manage rectal volume and its effect on prostate position were extracted, compared and evaluated to extract solutions to be implemented into clinical practice.ResultsOf the 2,339 unique articles systematically retrieved, 23 met the inclusion criteria, 15 of which discuss radiotherapy, five constipation and three flatulence.FindingsA combined medicinal and dietary approach adaptable to departmental workflow is required to manage rectal volume, with special consideration to patients with pre-existing extrinsic factors.
Sunlight-powered kHz rotation of a hemithioindigo-based molecular motor
Authors: Guentner Manuel , Schildhauer Monika , Thumser Stefan , Mayer Peter , Stephenson David , Mayer Peter J. , Dube Henry 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPhotodriven molecular motors are able to convert light energy into directional motion and hold great promise as miniaturized powering units for future nanomachines. In the current state of the art, considerable efforts have still to be made to increase the efficiency of energy transduction and devise systems that allow operation in ambient and non-damaging conditions with high rates of directional motions. The need for ultraviolet light to induce the motion of virtually all available light-driven motors especially hampers the broad applicability of these systems. We describe here a hemithioindigo-based molecular motor, which is powered exclusively by nondestructive visible light (up to 500 nm) and rotates completely directionally with kHz frequency at 20 °C. This is the fastest directional motion of a synthetic system driven by visible light to date permitting materials and biocompatible irradiation conditions to establish similarly high speeds as natural molecular motors.
Steric Interference of Adhesion Supports In-Vitro Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Hydrogels for Cartilage Repair
Authors: Goldshmid Revital , Cohen Shlomit , Shachaf Yonatan , Kupershmit Ilana , Sarig-Nadir Offra , Seliktar Dror , Wechsler Roni 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRecent studies suggest the presence of cell adhesion motifs found in structural proteins can inhibit chondrogenesis. In this context, the current study aims to determine if a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified fibrinogen matrix could support better chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) based on steric interference of adhesion, when compared to a natural fibrin matrix. Hydrogels used as substrates for two-dimensional (2D) BM-MSC cultures under chondrogenic conditions were made from cross-linked PEG-fibrinogen (PF) and compared to thrombin-activated fibrin. Cell morphology, protein expression, DNA and sulfated proteoglycan (GAG) content were correlated to substrate properties such as stiffness and adhesiveness. Cell aggregation and chondrogenic markers, including collagen II and aggrecan, were observed on all PF substrates but not on fibrin. Shielding fibrinogen’s adhesion domains and increasing stiffness of the material are likely contributing factors that cause the BM-MSCs to display a more chondrogenic phenotype. One composition of PF corresponding to GelrinC™—a product cleared in the EU for cartilage repair—was found to be optimal for supporting chondrogenic differentiation of BM-MSC while minimizing hypertrophy (collagen X). These findings suggest that semi-synthetic biomaterials based on ECM proteins can be designed to favourably affect BM-MSC towards repair processes involving chondrogenesis.
A RANKL mutant used as an inter-species vaccine for efficient immunotherapy of osteoporosis
Authors: Liu Changzhen , Zhao Yunfeng , He Wen , Wang Wei , Chen Yuan , Zhang Shiqian , Ma Yijing , Gohda Jin , Ishida Takaomi , Walter Thomas S. , Owens Raymond J. , Stuart David I. , Ren Jingshan , Gao Bin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAnti-cytokine therapeutic antibodies have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of several auto-immune disorders. However, The problems in antibody manufacture and the immunogenicity caused by multiple doses of antibodies inspire people to use auto-cytokine as immunogen to induce anti-cytokine antibodies. Nevertheless, the tolerance for inducing immune response against self-antigen has hindered the wide application of the strategy. To overcome the tolerance, here we proposed a strategy using the inter-species cytokine as immunogen for active immunization (TISCAI) to induce anti-cytokine antibody. As a proof of concept, an inter-species cytokine RANKL was successfully used as immunogen to induce anti-RANKL immune response. Furthermore, to prevent undesirable side-effects, the human RANKL was mutated based on the crystal structure of the complex of human RANKL and its rodent counterpart receptor RANK. We found, the antibodies produced blocked the osteoclast development in vitro and osteoporosis in OVX rat models. The results demonstrated this strategy adopted is very useful for general anti-cytokine immunotherapy for different diseases settings.
Primordial soup was edible: abiotically produced Miller-Urey mixture supports bacterial growth
Authors: Xie Xueshu , Backman Daniel , Lebedev Albert T. , Artaev Viatcheslav B. , Jiang Liying , Ilag Leopold L. , Zubarev Roman A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSixty years after the seminal Miller-Urey experiment that abiotically produced a mixture of racemized amino acids, we provide a definite proof that this primordial soup, when properly cooked, was edible for primitive organisms. Direct admixture of even small amounts of Miller-Urey mixture strongly inhibitsE. colibacteria growth due to the toxicity of abundant components, such as cyanides. However, these toxic compounds are both volatile and extremely reactive, while bacteria are highly capable of adaptation. Consequently, after bacterial adaptation to a mixture of the two most abundant abiotic amino acids, glycine and racemized alanine, dried and reconstituted MU soup was found to support bacterial growth and even accelerate it compared to a simple mixture of the two amino acids. Therefore, primordial Miller-Urey soup was perfectly suitable as a growth media for early life forms.
Functional Analyses of the Toxoplasma gondii DNA Gyrase Holoenzyme: A Janus Topoisomerase with Supercoiling and Decatenation Abilities
Authors: Lin Ting-Yu , Nagano Soshichiro , Gardiner Heddle Jonathan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA number of important protozoan parasites including those responsible for toxoplasmosis and malaria belong to the phylum Apicomplexa and are characterised by their possession of a relict plastid, the apicoplast. Being required for survival, apicoplasts are potentially useful drug targets and their attractiveness is increased by the fact that they contain “bacterial” gyrase, a well-established antibacterial drug target. We have cloned and purified the gyrase proteins from the apicoplast of Toxoplasma gondii (the cause of toxoplasmosis), reconstituted the functional enzyme and succeeded in characterising it. We discovered that the enzyme is inhibited by known gyrase inhibitors and that, as well as the expected supercoiling activity, it is also able to decatenate DNA with high efficiency. This unusual dual functionality may be related to the apparent lack of topoisomerase IV in the apicoplast.
Flexible Tricolor Flag-liked Microribbons Array with Enhanced Conductive Anisotropy and Multifunctionality
Authors: Ma Qianli , Yu Wensheng , Dong Xiangting , Yang Ming , Wang Jinxian , Liu Guixia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAnisotropically conductive materials are important components in subminiature devices. However, at this stage, some defects have limited practical applications of them, especially low anisotropic degree and high cost. Here, we report novel tricolor flag-liked microribbons array prepared by electrospinning technique. The tricolor flag-liked microribbons array is composed of parallel microribbons and each microribbon consists of three different regions, just like tricolor flag. The tricolor flag-liked microribbons array is only electrically conductive in the direction parallel to the microribbons, whereas in the perpendicular and thickness directions are insulative. The electrical conductivity along parallel direction reaches up to 8 orders of magnitude higher than that along perpendicular direction. The degree of anisotropy in present study is increased by 2 orders of magnitude than that of the anisotropically conductive material in references reported before. Besides, other functions can be conveniently assembled into tricolor flag-liked microribbons array to realize multifunctionality. Owing to the high electrical anisotropy and multifunctionality, tricolor flag-liked microribbons array will have important applications. Furthermore, a universal technique to prepare microribbons with three functional regions has been established for fabricating excellent multifunctional materials.
JBASE: Joint Bayesian Analysis of Subphenotypes and Epistasis
Authors: Colak Recep , Kim TaeHyung , Kazan Hilal , Oh Yoomi , Cruz Miguel , Valladares-Salgado Adan , Peralta Jesus , Escobedo Jorge , Parra Esteban J. , Kim Philip M. , Goldenberg Anna 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Rapid advances in genotyping and genome-wide association studies have enabled the discovery of many new genotype–phenotype associations at the resolution of individual markers. However, these associations explain only a small proportion of theoretically estimated heritability of most diseases. In this work, we propose an integrative mixture model called JBASE: joint Bayesian analysis of subphenotypes and epistasis. JBASE explores two major reasons of missing heritability: interactions between genetic variants, a phenomenon known as epistasis and phenotypic heterogeneity, addressed via subphenotyping.
Results: Our extensive simulations in a wide range of scenarios repeatedly demonstrate that JBASE can identify true underlying subphenotypes, including their associated variants and their interactions, with high precision. In the presence of phenotypic heterogeneity, JBASE has higher Power and lower Type 1 Error than five state-of-the-art approaches. We applied our method to a sample of individuals from Mexico with Type 2 diabetes and discovered two novel epistatic modules, including two loci each, that define two subphenotypes characterized by differences in body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. We successfully replicated these subphenotypes and epistatic modules in an independent dataset from Mexico genotyped with a different platform.
Availability and implementation: JBASE is implemented in C++, supported on Linux and is available at http://www.cs.toronto.edu/∼goldenberg/JBASE/jbase.tar.gz. The genotype data underlying this study are available upon approval by the ethics review board of the Medical Centre Siglo XXI. Please contact Dr Miguel Cruz at mcruzl@yahoo.com for assistance with the application.
Contact: anna.goldenberg@utoronto.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.