bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption and Nationalism: China
Authors: Gerth Karl 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In China, the politicization of consumption at the end of the nineteenth and start of the twentieth century became a key way in which intellectuals and politicians defined, and the general population experienced, nationalism. In China and worldwide, consumption has served as a battleground in the creation of the modern nation. This article traces the changing manifestations of these historical connections between consumption and nationalism across modern Chinese history up to the present, focusing on the most conspicuous form of economic nationalism in the twentieth century, boycotts, as well as a newer form, brand nationalism. A more subtle mode of linking consumerism to nationalism in the early twentieth century was an interlocking set of nationalistic commodity spectacles that included modern imaged-based advertising, museums, department stores, and exhibitions, all of which articulated and propagated this link through a nationalistic visuality. China also showed an obsession with creating national brands, a consequence of which is the increasing standardization of brands across the nation, a foundational element of a national consciousness through consumerism.
Fashion
Authors: Breward Christopher 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In 1947, the Parisian couturier Christian Dior launched his celebrated New Look, a collection that offered an aspirational alternative to the fabric restrictions and low consumer expectations of post-war austerity – seemingly re-routing fashionable trends in Europe and North America in the space of a season. The diarist had unwittingly become first a witness to, and then a participant in, the mysterious process of fashion change. Suffering from a version of sartorial jet-lag, she faced an oncoming tide of novelties, fresh versions of the fashion designer's diktat, while her own wardrobe remained in another, less contemporary, time zone. She knew that she must adapt or be overtaken. Though it would be difficult to re-enact this precise scenario today or in the more distant past, it does present some generic issues concerning fashion's close relationship with novelty, change, competition, guilt, and desire that will be familiar to historians of consumption in the early modern period and the contemporary. Fashion's relation to time and space has formed a fascinating context in which to consider the development of consumerism.
The ‘Rise’ of the State?
Authors: Stewart Laura A. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Instead of regarding the Britannic union as the moment when Scottish political autonomy was fatally compromised, Julian Goodare describes how Crown and Parliament worked together across the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century to forge an ‘absolutist state’. The result was a unified, centralized state that was operating by 1625, the year of Charles I's accession. Scotland's parishes were not units of secular government in the way that historians have argued for early modern England, which is perhaps most apparent in an area of social activity that was becoming a preoccupation for many local communities: poor relief. If it was fear of a hyperactive state that helped to propel Scottish elites into rebellion, the ensuing decade must have come as a shock. At the centre, Parliament arrogated to itself the power to convene and dismiss its representatives, as well as control the procedures by which legislation was prepared and passed. By the end of the seventeenth century, an autonomous Scottish state was faltering.
Reappraising the Early Modern Economy, 1500–1650
Authors: Devine T. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Though exact figures cannot be cited, Scotland's population started to grow from the later fifteenth century, continuing for much of the sixteenth century, and only stabilizing again in the 1630s and 1640s. Estimates vary from 500,000 to 700,000 around 1500, while a figure of just over one million has been most favoured by historians for the later seventeenth century. There is evidence that even modest increases in the numbers to be fed could put pressure on a fragile economy. One indicator was the expansion of settlement and cultivation areas into more marginal land. Another was evidence of the splitting of townships as some reached greater sizes because of population growth, thus making the working of field systems less manageable. These demographic and economic pressures resulted in strategies to manage risk and reduce the impact of overpopulation on poor communities. By far the most significant of these was the remarkable scale and increase of emigration. This article focuses on the Scottish economy between 1500 and 1650, and also considers overseas trade, agriculture, and food supply.
Union Historiographies
Authors: Jackson Clare 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The tercentenary of the Scottish Parliament's approval of the Treaty of Union on January 16, 2007 coincided with a regular monthly press conference at 10 Downing Street. Asked why no major celebrations of the anniversary were being held, the prime minister, Tony Blair, replied that ‘the most important thing is not fireworks but ... giving a good reason as to why the union of England and Scotland is good for today's world and the future’. Several months later, the tercentenary of the Union coming into force on May 1 was overshadowed in Edinburgh by elections, the following day, to the devolved Scottish Parliament, which – aptly perhaps – returned a minority Scottish National Party administration. Seven and a half years previously, on July 1, 1999, the state opening of the new Parliament was choreographed to incorporate resonant echoes of the ceremonial ‘riding of Parliament’ before 1707, appealing to nostalgic notions that the Parliament was being reconvened, rather than created anew. This article provides an overview of Union historiographies three centuries after the Treaty of Union's enactment.
The Scottish Diaspora since 1815
Authors: McCarthy Angela 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
During the nineteenth and twentieth century, an estimated 3.25 million Scots left their homeland. Teasing out the volume, chronology, and profile of Scottish emigration, along with the causes of this movement, characterizes the work of many historians based in Scotland. Typically emphasizing a grim Scottish economy, such works have spawned overarching depictions of Scottish migrants as adventurers or exiles. These interpretations also appear in the countries where Scots settled and are connected to issues of migrant adjustment, including ethnic retention, assimilation, and contribution histories. Although a few studies incorporate the experiences of Scottish migrants in several destinations, these efforts are rarely explicitly comparative and fail to explicate differences between the countries of settlement. Indeed, the general impression of the historiography of the Scottish diaspora is that it is lacklustre, under-developed, and under-theorized. This article surveys the literature according to three overarching concerns evident from the extant historiography: the profile and pattern of emigration, its causes, and its consequences. Comparison is made with emigration from Ireland.
The Interwar Crisis: The Failure of Extremism
Authors: Finlay Richard J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The consequences of World War I and World War II unleashed a torrent of political, social, and economic change across the world. The growth of political extremism and instability, made worse by fundamental changes in the global economy, were the hallmarks of much of contemporary European history in which politics on the Continent became increasingly polarized between far-right nationalism and fascism, and left-wing socialism and communism. This article, which relates the Scottish experience during the interwar period to a wider British and European historiography, shows how politics and economics became enmeshed as Scottish society was polarized by class divisions. Although the political and cultural debates were heated, they took place in a context of social and economic stagnation in which unemployment and poverty showed no signs of disappearing. The article also examines why the traumas of socio-economic dislocation that engulfed other political systems in Europe did not have the same effect in Scotland.
Gender and Nationhood in Modern Scottish Historiography
Authors: Macdonald Catriona M. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Women's history, as conceived since the 1970s, was not the first and has not been the sole avenue through which gender concerns have intruded upon comfortable historical conventions, nor has it always offered the most successful or most obvious approach to gendering Scotland's past. This article considers the ways in which women's histories (as opposed to women's history) have informed Scottish historiography in the last hundred years, and examines the extent to which gender perspectives (no matter how crude or old-fashioned) infused writings on Scotland's past in this period. It looks at the views of Scottish historians such as Agnes Mure Mackenzie, in whose histories nationhood rather than gender offered the dominant perspective. Between 1899 and 1969, establishing Scottish history's place within a resistant academic environment, challenging Whig perspectives on Scotland's past, and achieving both within a political context in which Scottish nationalism was regularly treated as an incidental and faintly comic distraction, proved to be the principal and most distinctive motivating factors in Scottish historical scholarship.
A History Of The Languages Of Law
Authors: Tiersma Peter M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAll legal systems develop certain linguistic features that differ from those of ordinary language. Lawyers and judges may develop language that is entirely different from ordinary speech. Typically, the legal profession uses language that contains a substantial amount of technical vocabulary and a number of distinct (often archaic) features. As a result, the speech, and to a greater extent, the texts produced by such legal systems may be difficult for the lay public to understand. This article explores the history of the world's major legal languages, focusing on the two most widely dispersed legal traditions around the world: the civil law system that arose in continental Europe and the common law which developed in England. After considering the legacy of Roman law, it discusses the influence of Latin and French on legal language, the jus commune and the survival of indigenous law, codification, legal English around the world, and the globalization of legal language.
Fifty Years of Multilingual Interpretation in the European Union
Authors: Baaij Cornelis J. W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBoth the treaties of the European Union (EU) and the secondary legislation from EU institutions are currently issued in twenty-three different language versions. Discrepancies between these versions both jeopardize their equal authenticity, and make a uniform interpretation and application of EU law in all EU Member States more difficult. Yet, discrepancies between language versions have come up in the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Using a statistical analysis of fifty years of the ECJ's case law, all relevant judgments between 1960 and 2010, this article sheds further light on which interpretive method the ECJ is more likely to use in the event of linguistic discrepancies as an argument to justify its interpretation of EU law. It first discusses the discrepancies between the language versions that impede the multilingual interpretation of EU law. The article then makes use of the so-called ‘legal reasoning’ methodology to analyze the ECJ's case law, and considers the ECJ's use of the teleological approach and the literal approach to discrepancies.
The Meaning of Silence in the Right to Remain Silent
Authors: Ainsworth Janet 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe right to remain silent is one of the cardinal principles of criminal jurisprudence in the United States and is probably the single most widely recognized principle of criminal law among members of the general public. The adoptive admission rule can become a particularly dangerous trap for those suspected by the police of involvement in a crime. Because the familiar Miranda warnings communicate the message that citizens have the right to remain silent in the course of a police investigation, it would be reasonable for the lay person to assume that this silence, if chosen, could not later be used against him to imply his guilt. This article examines the meaning of silence in the right to remain silent. It first presents a linguistic view of the meaning of silence and then looks at adoptive admissions, in which silence can be treated as a confession and as evidence of guilt. It concludes by considering adoptive admissions during police questioning.
Grammaticalization and mechanisms of change
Authors: Traugott Elizabeth Closs 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between grammaticalisation and three mechanisms of change, including reanalysis, analogy, and repetition. It suggests that though reanalysis requires discreteness, it does not necessarily involve a saltation and argues that a distinction should be made between mechanisms and motivations; hence analogical thinking should be distinguished from analogical change. It also discusses the argument that analogy is reanalysis because local (micro-)restructuring results from optimisation.
Usage‐based theory and grammaticalization
Authors: Bybee Joan L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article treats grammaticalisation in the context of usage-based grammar. It examines how usage effects propel grammaticalisation on the phonetic, semantic, and syntactic dimensions, focusing on structural changes. It analyses the chunking of contiguous units, phonetic reduction due to neuromotor automatisation, semantic generalization, pragmatic inferencing, and growing autonomy with its loss of compositionality and analysability. It shows that the loss of analysability is the mechanism behind decategorialisation and reduction in constituent structure and argues that reanalysis in grammaticalisation is unidirectional and results in a loss of constituent structure.
Grammaticalization and language evolution
Authors: Smith Andrew D. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relevance of grammaticalisation to language evolution. It discusses the evolution of language, the pathways of grammaticalisation, the cognitive basis of grammaticalisation, and protolanguage and pre-linguistic communication. The analysis reveals that cognitive mechanisms underpinning grammaticalisation are not specifically linguistic, but derive from the principles of ostensive-inferential communication. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that pre-linguistic communication was based on these same principles, which allows us to gain insights into how language evolved from a non-linguistic state by studying grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization and linguistic Variation
Authors: Poplack Shana 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the similarities and differences between grammaticalisation theory and variation theory (VT). It describes the variationist take on grammaticalisation and outlines some of the ways in which VT can contribute to grammaticalisation studies. It discusses the application of the variationist method to a paradigm example of grammaticalisation cross-linguistically and shows that this approach is particularly well-suited to tracking pathways of grammaticalisation, through its capacity to elucidate the transition period between endpoints of change.
Grammaticalization and corpus linguistics
Authors: Mair Christian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the relation between corpus linguistics and grammaticalisation. It shows how corpora and the use of corpus-linguistic methods enrich the empirical basis of grammaticalisation theory and, in some important instances, even help it to develop its theoretical foundations. The article discusses an incipient and hither to unrecorded instance of grammaticalisation in present-day English to test the potential of the corpus-linguistic working environment for the investigation of such difficult empirical cases. It also explains the three reasons for using corpora in research on grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization and language contact
Authors: Matras Yaron 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relation between language contact and grammaticalisation. It argues that the notion of contact-driven grammaticalisation represents an attempt to address these questions within the framework of an overall theory of grammaticalisation. It discusses the key stages in the development of the discussion on contact-induced grammaticalisation and the questions it addresses. It explains that contact-induced language change is often regarded as an external factor that motivates change, for it derives from outside the linguistic system that is under scrutiny.
Adverbial grammaticalization
Authors: Ramat Paolo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the grammaticalisation of adverbs. It surveys ways in which adverbs can come into existence: via affixation, via case suffixes, and with true grammaticalised derivators. It argues that not every process that produces an adverb is per se a grammaticalization process since adverb is a linguistic category which shows very different morphological behaviours. In addition, there are languages which have no morphological expression for such a category.
Auxiliaries and grammaticalization
Authors: Krug Manfred 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article illustrates the relationship between auxiliaries and grammaticalisation. It examines how grammaticalisation impacts on discussions and definitions of auxiliaries and how auxiliaries contribute to a better understanding of grammaticalization. It provides a description and definition of auxiliary verbs using functional approach and discusses the often cited characteristics of auxiliaries, many of which are of theoretical relevance to the study of grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Martelotta Mário Eduardo T. , Cezario Maria Maura 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to present a broad view of grammaticalisation phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese language. It provides a concise analysis of a number of different clines of grammaticalization, focusing on the development of pronouns, auxiliaries, and connectives. The theoretical framework used in these studies follows the proposals presented in recent work on grammaticalization that highlight the intersection between grammaticalization theory and construction grammar. Two major mechanisms usually associated with grammaticalisation are metaphorisation and metonymisation.
Grammaticalization in Japanese
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Ohori Toshio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers the history of grammaticalisation in the Japanese language. It explains that Japanese has been a strictly head-final subject-object-verb order (SOV) language with nominative-accusative alignment, and with frequent omission of argument noun phrases, throughout its documented history. The first type of contact-induced grammaticalisation includes the rise of complex postpositions. In the spoken language there are only few genuine examples of grammatical influence due to language contact.
Grammaticalization in Sinitic Languages
Authors: Chappell Hilary , Peyraube Alain 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the history of grammaticalisation in Sinitic languages. It discusses the evolution of the disposal or object marking constructions, passive and causative constructions, and classifiers. The model of grammatical change used in this study refers to two main mechanisms: analogy and reanalysis. The former includes so-called degrammaticalisation, while the latter includes both grammaticalization and exaptation processes.
Good and Evil in Religion: The Interpersonal Context
Authors: Burris Christopher T. , Rempel John K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBased on an integrative review of cross-cultural literature concerning virtues, moral foundations, and values, we suggest that traditional religions’ common understanding of “the good” centers on self-transcendence, manifest intrapersonally as an emphasis on self-control, and interpersonally as love, or motivation to preserve and promote others’ well-being. Complementarily, we suggest that “evil” centers on self-enhancement, manifest interpersonally as moral compartmentalization, and interpersonally as hate, or the desire to diminish others’ well-being. Not all love is “good,” and not all hate is “evil” within faith traditions, however, and we consider examples of each of these subversions. We also consider the functional role of love and hate within religion, and we suggest that the emotions that accompany love-related episodes may sometimes serve as experiential validation of a faith tradition's claims, and that intentional evocation of strong negative emotions in quasi-religious contexts may buttress an unstable self-image. Finally, we offer broad suggestions for future research.
Spirituality and Positive Youth Development
Authors: Benson Peter L. , Roehlkepartain Eugene C. , Scales Peter C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the integration of theories of youth spiritual development with theories of positive youth development, a relatively recent phenomenon in developmental psychology. It reviews the literature showing the intersection of positive youth development with both institutional and personal expressions of spirituality, and it specifically notes the mediating role played by youth experience of developmental assets in the empirically observed linkage of religious and spiritual engagement and positive developmental outcomes among youth. It presents initial research advancing a new theory of youth spiritual development as a universal domain of development, describing spiritual development as a constant, ongoing, and dynamic interplay between one's inward journey and one's outward journey. Several central animating dynamics are presented: awareness, connecting, and integrating these into a purposeful way of living. Research is discussed from a religiously diverse global sample of more than 7,000 youth ages 12–25 years from eight countries in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, showing that higher scores on those elements of spiritual development predict positive outcomes across nations and affiliations, including volunteerism, self-rated overall health, environmentalism, and risk behaviors. Moreover, as predicted, high scores occur with and without active engagement with religious traditions. Finally, integration of the spiritual development domains—having high scores in each area—increases with age, as would be expected in a valid developmental process. Although the model does not work equally well with all countries and religions, it marks a significant advance beyond the traditional spiritual development models that have been based on Western and Christian samples and measures and represented the great majority of the literature.