bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A large‐scale computational study of inhibitor risk in non‐severe haemophilia A
Authors: Shepherd Adrian J. , Skelton Stuart , Sansom Clare E. , Gomez Keith , Moss David S. , Hart Daniel P. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryOver 500 missense F8 mutations have been reported to cause non‐severe haemophilia A. Some F8 genotypes appear to confer a higher risk of inhibitor formation than others and individuals with the same F8 genotype may have differing risks of inhibitor formation. We present an in silico strategy demonstrating the heterogeneity of factor VIII (FVIII)‐derived antigen presentation whilst identifying patterns of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) peptide binding that might predict future inhibitor risk. A well‐validated computational tool, NetMHCII, enabled large‐scale comparison of predicted antigen presentation between endogenous, mutated FVIII‐derived peptides and wild‐type, therapeutic FVIII‐derived peptides spanning all F8 missense mutation positions reported to The Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure and Resource Site (HADB). We identify 40 F8 genotypes to be ‘low risk’ at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50)‐binding threshold of 300 nmol/l (P = 0·00005), defined as absence of novel peptide‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) surfaces for all 14 common HLA‐DR alleles assessed. Analysing each of the possible 7280 F8 genotype/HLA‐DR permutations individually at an IC50 threshold of 300 nmol/l, 65% are predicted to not generate a novel peptide‐MHC surface that would be necessary to engage T cell help for subsequent anti‐FVIII antibody generation. This study demonstrates the future importance of interpreting F8 genotype in the context of an individual's HLA profile to personalize inhibitor risk prediction.
Health inequalities and access to health care for adults with learning disabilities in Lincolnshire
Authors: Walker Carol , Beck Charles R. , Eccles Richard , Weston Chris 
Published: September 2014

Accessible summary

People with learning disabilities do not live as long as other people or as long as many should.

Nationally, people with learning disabilities do not get as good help when they do get ill.

This paper looks at work that was conducted in Lincolnshire to see how the health of people with learning disabilities compared to the rest of the population.

The report recommended changes which could be made to make things better.

SummaryThe NHS Constitution requires all NHS organisations to provide high‐quality comprehensive services, based on clinical need, which do not discriminate between patients (DH 2010a). Together with its health and social care partners, the NHS also has a statutory duty of care to meet the needs of all patients with dignity and compassion. Recent evidence has revealed sharp failures in the NHS to meet these goals in relation to people with learning disabilities nationally. This article considers the well‐established evidence that the latter group have worse health experiences and worse health outcomes than the population as a whole, which significantly contributes to marked inequalities both in morbidity and mortality. The public sector equality duty of the Equality Act 2010 imposes a statutory requirement on health and social care agencies to address such inequalities. This article draws on the first systematic health needs assessment (HNA) of adults with learning disabilities in the county of Lincolnshire, established in 2011 to identify their health needs and make recommendations for improvement.
Surveying community nursing support for persons with an intellectual disability and palliative care needs
Authors: Bailey Maria , Doody Owen , Lyons Rosemary 
Published: September 2014

Accessible summary

People with intellectual disability live within their community and will require services to support them at end of life.

Often people with intellectual disability are denied access to essential services.

This paper identifies the experiences of community nurses caring for persons with an intellectual disability and palliative/end‐of‐life care needs.

SummaryPalliative care services have developed over the years to support all persons with life‐limiting conditions. Moreover, services for people with an intellectual disability have moved from the traditional institutional setting to supporting people with an intellectual disability to live in their own community and family home. The expansion of palliative care services and integration of people with intellectual disability into their communities has resulted in an increased demand and greater diversity in the population groups accessing palliative care services. This study aims to describe the provision of community nursing support for persons with an intellectual disability and palliative/end‐of‐life care needs from the perspective of community nurses. A quantitative descriptive cross‐sectional survey was employed. On receipt of ethical approval, data were collected through self‐reporting questionnaires and descriptive analysis was conducted to describe frequencies and to identify patterns of the respondents using spss version 18. Only 85 people with an intellectual disability were referred to palliative/end‐of‐life care services over a 3‐year period. Those delivering care expressed challenges including, understanding communication styles, late referrals, lack of time, knowledge and skills. Highlighted within the study were the benefits of liaison between family and professional and nonprofessional carers. Findings provide insight into the importance of teamwork, advance planning, knowing the person and best practice in providing palliative/end‐of‐life care for people with intellectual disability through collaboration.
Recent update on autoimmune encephalitis/encephalopathy
Authors: Tanaka Keiko 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAntibody‐mediated encephalitis/encephalopathy is increasingly recognized by neurologists as well as pediatricians and psychiatrists, because these antibodies have been detected in cases of intractable epilepsy or atypical psychosis and in some demyelinating diseases, together with typical limbic encephalitis. In these disorders, the autoantibodies to synaptic cell surface antigens, such as anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate receptor, γ‐aminobutyric acid B receptor and leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated protein 1, have attracted considerable attention. New target antigens are being discovered, and some patients have been shown to produce multiple antibodies, based on the development of easy‐to‐use detection devices. Each group has characteristic clinical features; however, the disease spectrum has been expanding, after many atypical cases became the subject of antibody tests. To understand the significance of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of autoimmune neurological diseases, the role of each antibody in the disease process should be evaluated. Here, some representative groups are described, together with the roles of the antibodies in the pathogenesis of autoimmune encephalitis/encephalopathy.
Are Automatic Conceptual Cores the Gold Standard of Semantic Processing? The Context‐Dependence of Spatial Meaning in Grounded Congruency Effects
Authors: Lebois Lauren A. M. , Wilson‐Mendenhall Christine D. , Barsalou Lawrence W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAccording to grounded cognition, words whose semantics contain sensory‐motor features activate sensory‐motor simulations, which, in turn, interact with spatial responses to produce grounded congruency effects (e.g., processing the spatial feature of up for sky should be faster for up vs. down responses). Growing evidence shows these congruency effects do not always occur, suggesting instead that the grounded features in a word's meaning do not become active automatically across contexts. Researchers sometimes use this as evidence that concepts are not grounded, further concluding that grounded information is peripheral to the amodal cores of concepts. We first review broad evidence that words do not have conceptual cores, and that even the most salient features in a word's meaning are not activated automatically. Then, in three experiments, we provide further evidence that grounded congruency effects rely dynamically on context, with the central grounded features in a concept becoming active only when the current context makes them salient. Even when grounded features are central to a word's meaning, their activation depends on task conditions.
Traveling Chaucer: Comparative Translation and Cosmopolitan Humanism
Authors: Barrington Candace 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThrough the comparative study of non‐Anglophone translations of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, we can achieve the progressive goals of Emily Apter's “translational transnationalism” and Edward Said's “cosmopolitan humanism.” Both translation and humanism were intrinsic to Chaucer's initial composition of the Tales, and in turn, both shaped Chaucer's later reception, often in ways that did a disservice to his reputation and his verse. In this essay, Candace Barrington argues that comparative translation provides a means whereby new modes of translation, like Apter's, can promote a different version of humanism, like Said's; she demonstrates this process in a brief philological study of Nazmi Ağıl's Turkish translation of The Squire's Tale. While we can see the infusion of Turkish values and perspectives in the new text, we can also see that the Turkish reveals new insights into Chaucer's subtle and nuanced use of language.
Between the Human and the Foreign: Translating Arabic Drama for the Stage
Authors: Albakry Mohammed 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this essay, Mohammed Albakry discusses the notion of accommodating cultural differences in translation and the need to respect these differences without compromising or emphasizing them. First, Albakry reflects on translation as an act of interpretation in light of Terence's famous saying “nothing human can be foreign to me.” Second, he comments on the place of drama in translation and translation studies in order to contextualize his project — translating a number of critically acclaimed contemporary Egyptian plays. He then reviews and critiques the binary model of foreignization/domestication, drawing on some concrete examples of the cultural challenges of translating Arabic drama for the American stage. Albakry concludes by conceptualizing an alternative translational space of dialogical encounters between the human/familiar and the foreign in translation, and by considering the relevance of the Terentian maxim to the negotiation of maintaining sameness while preserving difference.
Nothing Human
Authors: Wharram C. C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this essay C. C. Wharram argues that Terence's concept of translation as a form of “contamination” anticipates recent developments in philosophy, ecology, and translation studies. Placing these divergent fields of inquiry into dialogue enables us read Terence's well‐known statement “I am a human being — I deem nothing human alien to me” as a recognition of the significance of the “nothing human” for contemporary humanism. By recasting Terence's human/foreign pairing through Freud's concept of the uncanny, Wharram draws a parallel between a “nothing human” that is radically interior to the human subject and an exterior agency of “nothing human” described by actor‐network theory and object‐oriented ontology. Only through an “alien phenomenology” (a concept borrowed from Ian Bogost) dependent on metaphors and translations that are necessarily approximate (or “contaminated”) can we begin to approach this “nothing human.”
Simulation of elevated temperature fatigue damage evolution using the finite element method for near alpha titanium alloy
Authors: Kumar J. , Rao A. V. , Kumar V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe numerical estimation of evolving damage under low cycle fatigue loading condition has been performed in the near‐α titanium alloy IMI‐834 at 823 K temperature. By using the experimentally determined parameters as input, numerical simulation of fatigue damage has been performed on round specimens using finite element analysis. Coupled deformation‐damage model has been established for this alloy for simulation of damage evolution in a three‐dimensional cylindrical low cycle fatigue test specimen. The fatigue damage estimates from numerical simulation are observed to be in close agreement with the experimental results.
An investigation of the fatigue of CK45 steel in the as‐received state and after pre‐fatigue deformation
Authors: Shariati M. , Mehrabi H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFatigue failure, ratcheting behaviour and influence of pre‐fatigue on fatigue behaviour were investigated under uniaxial cyclic loading for CK45 steel at room temperature. The fatigue life was recorded for various stress ratios, and then, three mean stress models were considered. The Walker model showed an acceptable accuracy in comparison with Smith–Watson–Topper and Park et al. models. The ratcheting strains were measured for various loading conditions in order to evaluate the impact of mean stress, stress amplitude and stress ratio on ratcheting behaviour. The experimental results showed that the ratcheting strain increased with increasing mean stress, stress amplitude and stress ratio. In addition, the results of the post‐ratcheting‐fatigue tests showed that although the fatigue life decreased with increasing pre‐ratcheting strain (the ratcheting strain that is accumulated in pre‐fatigue), the loading condition that pre‐fatigue experiments were conducted has a significant effect on subsequent fatigue behaviour.
Tooth loss might not alter molecular pathogenesis in an aged transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mouse
Authors: Oue Hiroshi , Miyamoto Yasunari , Koretake Katsunori , Okada Shinsuke , Doi Kazuya , Jung Cha‐Gyun , Michikawa Makoto , Akagawa Yasumasa 
Published: September 2014

Background and objectivePrevious studies have reported that tooth loss is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the association between tooth loss and cognition and the impact of tooth loss on the molecular pathogenesis of AD remain elusive. In this study, we tested the effect of tooth loss on learning and memory and on the molecular pathogenesis of AD in an aged AD model mice.Materials and methodsWe divided 14‐month‐old amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, an AD model mouse line, into upper molar extracted group (experimental) and molar intact group (control). At 18 months old, we analysed not only the changes of amyloid‐beta (Aβ), pyramidal cells in the brain but also the learning and memory ability with step‐through passive avoidance test.ResultsThe amount of Aβ and the number of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus were not significantly different between the experimental and control group. Similarly, the difference of learning and memory ability could not be distinguished between the groups.ConclusionNeither molecular pathogenesis of AD nor associated learning and memory were aggravated by tooth loss in these mice. The limited results of this study which used the aged mice may help the dental profession to plan and explain treatments to patients with AD, which must be designed while taking into account the severity of the AD symptoms.
Tissue preparation for reconstruction of large‐scale three‐dimensional structures using a scanning electron microscope
Authors: HUKUI I. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryA new tissue preparation method which gives scanning electron microscope images suitable for three‐dimensional reconstru ction of nerve tissue is described; the sample is embedded in an epoxy block which is ground, polished, and etched between taking successive cross‐sectional images. Etching is done with a plasma produced by electron cyclotron resonance ‐ a technique new to microscopy which gives minimal thermal damage and ensures clear images in which individual nerve fibres are easily resolved. Cropping of the sample is unnecessary, so that matching of laterally adjacent images is facilitated, and the method can deal with samples as large as 25 mm diameter × 20 mm depth.
Treatment of Osteochondrosis Dissecans in the Stifle and Tarsus of Juvenile Thoroughbred Horses
Authors: Clarke Kristie L. , Reardon Richard , Russell Tom 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo determine if arthroscopic surgery performed on weanlings/yearlings with trochlear ridge OCD of the femur (stifle OCD), or intermediate ridge of the tibia (tarsal OCD) detected on routine presale radiographs affects future racing performance.Study DesignRetrospective case control study.AnimalsThoroughbred weanlings and yearlings.MethodsStifle (N = 37; 22 male, 15 female) and tarsal (N = 35; 22 male, 13 female) OCD cases were identified. Outcome measures relating to racing performance (number of race starts, wins, places, and prize money earned, from races in their 2‐ and 3‐year‐old racing careers and in total from the period studied) were defined and then cases were compared to 2 age and sex matched controls using multilevel linear regression models. The effect of horse age at surgery and surgeon experience on the outcomes for cases with stifle OCD were also examined.ResultsStifle OCD cases (N = 37; age 190–563 days at surgery) had significantly lower total earnings (P = .043), fewer total starts (P = .001) and fewer total 1st place finishes (P = .003) than their matched controls. For tarsal OCD cases (N = 35, age 127–470 days at surgery), fewer starts made by cases than controls (P = .018). Younger horse age at time of surgery and reduced surgeon experience were significantly associated with worse outcomes for stifle OCD cases.ConclusionsStifle OCD cases appear to perform less successfully as racehorses than matched controls. Horse age at time of surgery has an effect on subsequent racing performance.
Narrowing the Gap: Explaining the Increasing Competitiveness of the Venezuelan Opposition
Authors: Kutiyski Yordan K. , Krouwel André 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article seeks to explain why electoral support for the Venezuelan opposition has increased substantially, using Venezuelan public opinion survey data from LAPOP and an opt-in sample collected through the online vote advice application Brújula Presidencial Venezuela. It analyzes why Venezuelans who had either voted for Chávez or abstained in 2006 defected and started to support the opposition in subsequent elections. It proposes several reasons: negative voter evaluations of the economy, concern for public safety, and dissatisfaction with Venezuelan democracy. While the finding that negative policy evaluations boost support for the opposition aligns with theoretical expectations, this study finds a strong relationship between having different evaluations of the quality of democracy and supporting Chávez, which shows that the advocacy of two competing visions of democracy by the incumbent and the opposition also affects voting patterns in Venezuela.
Cold tolerance of tree species is related to the climate of their native ranges
Authors: Kreyling Juergen , Schmid Stephanie , Aas Gregor 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimSpecies ranges are confined by environmental parameters such as minimum temperatures. Beyond correlations of ranges and climatic parameters, however, physiological tolerances (here: cold tolerance) have rarely been linked to the climate of species' ranges. We hypothesize that natural range shifts due to climate warming and proactive‐assisted colonization may each be constrained by limits to the tolerance of species to rare frost events.LocationBayreuth, Germany, and the Northern Hemisphere.MethodsWe quantified cold tolerance (LT50 obtained by relative electrolyte leakage method) of 27 native and exotic (Northern Hemisphere) tree species in the autumn, mid‐winter and spring of 2011–12 at the Ecological Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth, Germany, and linked observed cold tolerances as well as changes in cold tolerance between sampling dates to the climate of the native ranges of the species.ResultsObserved cold tolerance was strongly related to the climate of the native ranges of the species (cross‐validated correlations between climate and expressed cold tolerance determined by boosted regression trees were 0.50 in autumn, 0.49 in mid‐winter, and 0.65 in spring). Cold tolerance was generally greater for species that experienced colder temperatures and lower levels of precipitation in their native ranges. Changes in cold tolerance between the three sampling dates over the winter, however, were not linked to the climate of the native ranges.Main conclusionsOur results demonstrate the evolutionary importance of cold tolerance, which should be acknowledged in assisted colonization trials and projections of range shifts by considering absolute minimum temperature as an important ecological factor.
Reworking of the Gangdese magmatic arc, southeastern Tibet: post‐collisional metamorphism and anatexis
Authors: Zhang Z. , Dong X. , Xiang H. , Ding H. , He Z. , Liou J. G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Gangdese magmatic arc, southeastern Tibet, was built by mantle‐derived magma accretion and juvenile crustal growth during the Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethyan oceanic slab beneath the Eurasian continent. The petrological and geochronological data reveal that the lower crust of the southeastern Gangdese arc experienced Oligocene reworking by metamorphism, anatexis and magmatism after the India and Asia collision. The post‐collisional metamorphic and migmatitic rocks formed at 34–26 Ma and 28–26 Ma respectively. Meta‐granitoids have protolith ages of 65–38 Ma. Inherited detrital zircon from metasedimentary rocks has highly variable ages ranging from 2708 to 37 Ma. These rocks underwent post‐collisional amphibolite facies metamorphism and coeval anatexis under P–T conditions of ~710–760 °C and ~12 kbar with geothermal gradients of 18–20 °C km−1, indicating a distinct crustal thickening process. Crustal shortening, thickening and possible subduction erosion due to the continental collision and ongoing convergence resulted in high‐P metamorphic and anatectic reworking of the magmatic and sedimentary rocks of the deep Gangdese arc. This study provides a typical example of the reworking of juvenile and ancient continental crust during active collisional orogeny.
Plantago lanceolata L. water extract induces transition of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and increases tensile strength of healing skin wounds
Authors: Kováč Ivan , Ďurkáč Ján , Hollý Martin , Jakubčová Katarína , Peržeľová Vlasta , Mučaji Pavel , Švajdlenka Emil , Sabol František , Legáth Jaroslav , Belák Jozef , Smetana Karel , Gál Peter 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Although the exact underlying mechanisms are still unknown, Plantago lanceolata L. (PL) water extracts are frequently used to stimulate wound healing and to drain abscesses. Therefore, in this experimental study the effect of PL water extract on skin wound healing was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Methods
Two excisional and one incisional skin wounds were performed on the back of each rat. Wounds were treated for three consecutive days with two different concentrations of the aqueous extract of PL. Rats were sacrificed 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery. Samples of wounds were processed for macroscopic (excisions – wound contraction measurement), biomechanical (incisions – wound tensile strength (TS) measurement) and histological examination (excisions).

Key findings
It was shown that open wounds treated with PL extract contained myofibroblasts and demonstrated significantly higher contraction rates. Furthermore, significantly increased wound TSs were recorded in treated rats as a consequence of increased organization of extracellular matrix proteins, such as the collagen type 1.

Conclusions
We demonstrated that PL aqueous extract improves skin wound healing in rats. However, further research need to be performed to find optimal therapeutic concentration, and exact underlying mechanism prior obtained results may be introduced into the clinical practice.