bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process synthesis for addressing the sustainable energy systems and environmental issues
Authors: Yuan Zhihong , Chen Bingzhen 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDiminishing petroleum reserves and oscillations of the global petroleum market, together with the influence on the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions have accelerated the needs to explore renewable feedstocks and to seek novel sustainable production systems. Process synthesis, the core of process systems engineering, can be predicted to be the powerful tool to construct an environmental‐friendly, cost‐effective sustainable energy system. Following the brief descriptions of the main methodologies for process synthesis, the present article reviews current activities on the optimal synthesis of biorenewables conversion processes, polygeneration processes, as well as carbon capture processes. Set in the context of exist achievements and future energy and environment requirements, we further elucidate the potential research vistas on optimal synthesis of novel energy systems, specifically, (a) novel biorenewable conversion process; (b) innovative materials‐based carbon capture process; (c) solar/wind driven energy conversion system; (d) integrated biorenewable conversion process for the production of chemicals. Finally, challenges about the above aspects are concisely discussed. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Pleistocene‐Holocene boundary in Southern Arabia from the perspective of human mtDNA variation
Authors: Al‐Abri Abdulrahim , Podgorná Eliška , Rose Jeffrey I. , Pereira Luísa , Mulligan Connie J. , Silva Nuno M. , Bayoumi Riad , Soares Pedro , Černý Viktor 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIt is now known that several population movements have taken place at different times throughout southern Arabian prehistory. One of the principal questions under debate is if the Early Holocene peopling of southern Arabia was mainly due to input from the Levant during the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic B, to the expansion of an autochthonous population, or some combination of these demographic processes. Since previous genetic studies have not been able to include all parts of southern Arabia, we have helped fill this lacuna by collecting new population datasets from Oman (Dhofar) and Yemen (Al‐Mahra and Bab el‐Mandab). We identified several new haplotypes belonging to haplogroup R2 and generated its whole genome mtDNA tree with age estimates undertaken by different methods. R2, together with other considerably frequent southern Arabian mtDNA haplogroups (R0a, HV1, summing up more than 20% of the South Arabian gene pool) were used to infer the past effective population size through Bayesian skyline plots. These data indicate that the southern Arabian population underwent a large expansion already some 12 ka. A founder analysis of these haplogroups shows that this expansion is largely attributed to demographic input from the Near East. These results support thus the spread of a population coming from the north, but at a significantly earlier date than presently considered by archaeologists. Our data suggest that some of the mtDNA lineages found in southern Arabia have persisted in the region since the end of the Last Ice Age. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:291–298, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of experimental whole‐body SAR assessment method in a complex indoor environment
Authors: Bamba Aliou , Joseph Wout , Vermeeren Gunter , Tanghe Emmeric , Gaillot Davy Paul , Andersen Jørgen B. , Nielsen Jesper Ødum , Lienard Martine , Martens Luc 
Published: August 2012

AbstractExperimentally assessing the whole‐body specific absorption rate (SARwb) in a complex indoor environment is very challenging. An experimental method based on room electromagnetics theory (accounting only the line‐of‐sight as specular path) is validated using numerical simulations with the finite‐difference time‐domain method. Furthermore, the method accounts for diffuse multipath components (DMC) in the total absorption rate by considering the reverberation time of the investigated room, which describes all the losses in a complex indoor environment. The advantage of the proposed method is that it allows discarding the computational burden because it does not use any discretizations. Results show good agreement between measurement and computation at 2.8 GHz, as long as the plane wave assumption is valid, that is, at large distances from the transmitter. Relative deviations of 0.71% and 4% have been obtained for far‐field scenarios, and 77.5% for the near field‐scenario. The contribution of the DMC in the total absorption rate is also quantified here, which has never been investigated before. It is found that the DMC may represent an important part of the total absorption rate; its contribution may reach up to 90% for certain scenarios in an indoor environment. Bioelectromagnetics 34:122–132, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesizing artificial cells from giant unilamellar vesicles: State‐of‐the art in the development of microfluidic technology
Authors: Matosevic Sandro 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMicrofluidic technology – the manipulation of fluids at micrometer scales – has revolutionized many areas of synthetic biology. The bottom‐up synthesis of “minimal” cell models has traditionally suffered from poor control of assembly conditions. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are good models of living cells on account of their size and unilamellar membrane structure. In recent years, a number of microfluidic approaches for constructing GUVs has emerged. These provide control over traditionally elusive parameters of vesicular structure, such as size, lamellarity, membrane composition, and internal contents. They also address sophisticated cellular functions such as division and protein synthesis. Microfluidic techniques for GUV synthesis can broadly be categorized as continuous‐flow based approaches and droplet‐based approaches. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art of microfluidic technology, a robust platform for recapitulating complex cellular structure and function in synthetic models of biological cells.
The expression of nicotinic receptor alpha7 during cochlear development
Authors: Rogers Scott W. , Myers Elizabeth J. , Gahring Lorise C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 expression was examined in the developing and adult auditory system using mice that were modified through homologous recombination to coexpress either GFP (alpha7GFP) or Cre (alpha7Cre), respectively. The expression of alpha7GFP is first detected at embryonic (E) day E13.5 in cells of the spiral prominence. By E14.5, sensory regions including the putative outer hair cells and Deiters' cells express alpha7GFP as do solitary efferent fibers. This pattern diminishes after E16.5 in a basal to apex progression, as Hensen's cells and cells of the spiral ligament acquire alpha7GFP expression. At birth and thereafter alpha7GFP also identifies a subset of spiral ganglion cells whose processes terminate on inner hair cells. Efferent fibers identified by peripherin or calcitonin gene‐related protein do not coexpress alpha7GFP. In addition to cochlear structures, there is strong expression of alpha7GFP by cells of the central auditory pathways including the ventral posterior cochlear nucleus, lateral lemniscus, central inferior colliculus, and the medial geniculate nucleus. Our findings suggest that alpha7 expression by both neuronal and non‐neuronal cells has the potential to impact multiple auditory functions through mechanisms that are not traditionally attributed to this receptor.
The bikini area and bikini line as a location for anterior subcutaneous pelvic fixation: An anatomic and clinical investigation
Authors: Vaidya R. , Oliphant B. , Jain R. , Nasr K. , Siwiec R. , Onwudiwe N. , Sethi A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAnterior external fixation for pelvic fractures has been the standard for acute stabilization but definitive treatment often leads to pin tract infection, is uncomfortable, and limits patient mobility. We recently developed a subcutaneous anterior pelvic fixator which addresses these issues (INFIX). The objective of this study is to introduce the Bikini Area and Bikini Line as the subcutaneous anatomical location where this apparatus is placed. A study was preformed on eight cadaveric specimens to define the location of the subcutaneous device with respect to anatomic structures. We examined 23 people of various body mass indexes to examine the anterior pelvic anatomy. This was followed by implantation on 42 individuals in whom we reviewed CT scans to assess the location of the implant. We asked these same 42 individuals whether they could sit, stand, and lie on their sides and if they had any discomfort. We measured the dimensions of 26 retrieved rods to approximate the curve of the Bikini Line. Finally in 14 individuals we performed vascular ultrasound to assess the flow in the iliac and femoral vessels with the implant in place in the sitting and standing position. Neurovascular structures are not affected by placing the INFIX device at the Bikini Line, patients are comfortable, mobile and complications are minimized by this procedure. A rod placed on the Bikini Line which connects screws inserted into the anterior inferior iliac spine on each side does not interfere with sitting, standing, or the neurovascular structures. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First hand accounts of events in the laboratory of Prof. Eduard Pernkopf
Authors: Aharinejad Seyed Hossein , Carmichael Stephen W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEduard Pernkopf was responsible for one of the best anatomy atlases of all time. He was also an active National Socialist during the Third Reich. Some have questioned whether his political affiliation influenced the procurement of anatomic specimens for his Atlas. Profs. Walter Kraus, Alfred Gisel, and Werner Platzer, who worked directly or indirectly with Pernkopf, were interviewed in 2006. We present transcripts of those interviews. The reader may evaluate their recollections in light of the political and social forces active in that period of history. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel complete radiation protection system eliminates physician radiation exposure and leaded aprons
Authors: Fattal Peter , Goldstein James A. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundOccupational health hazards associated with fluoroscopic‐based procedures are well known, including a high prevalence of orthopedic problems, and those related to radiation exposure, particularly cancer and cataracts. This article reports the “first‐in‐man” clinical experience with a novel radiation protection system designed to eliminate radiation exposure to operators and thereby obviate the need for orthopedically burdensome leaded aprons. The Trinity Radiation Protection System consists of a combination of fixed shields, radiation drapes, and interconnecting flexible radiation resistant materials creating a complete radiation protection environment for the operators, yet maintaining full and unimpeded contact with the patient and total control of all operational elements of the catheterization equipment.Methods and ResultsThis report constitutes an analysis of 19 nonrandomized cases in which operator radiation exposure data were collected (Trinity Radiation Protection System n = 10 cases versus standard shielding alone n = 9). In all cases performed with the Trinity System, there was neither any measurable significant radiation exposure in any anatomic region nor for the total case, whereas operators performing cases with standard shielding were exposed to radiation in all regions of their bodies (total per case exposure differences P < 0.0001).ConclusionThe novel radiation protection system described is the first to provide a complete radiation barrier that eliminates radiation exposure to operators, thereby obviating the need for orthopedically burdensome leaded aprons. This approach to radiation protection has promise to enhance the safety and occupational health of medical personnel in the catheterization laboratory. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Conducting Polyaniline Nanocomposites with Pure and Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Nabid M. R. , Shamsianpour M. , Sedghi R. , Moghaddam A. B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe in situ enzymatic polymerization of aniline onto multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carboxylated MWCNT (COOH‐MWCNT) is reported. Nanostructured composites were prepared by this method. Polymerization was catalyzed with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase at room temperature in aqueous medium of pH 4. Hydrogen peroxide was used in low concentration as the oxidant. The nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM studies showed tubular morphology with uniformly distributed MWCNT in the nanocomposites. The SEM and TEM investigations revealed wrapping of the MWCNT with polyaniline (PANI) chains. TGA demonstrated that the PANI component is thermally more stable in PANI/COOH‐MWCNT compared to the PANI/MWCNT composites. The synthesized nanocomposites showed higher conductivity than pure PANI, which may be due to the strong interaction between the PANI chains and the MWCNT.
Optimization of Supercritical Extraction of Linalyl Acetate from Lavender via Box‐Behnken Design
Authors: Ghoreishi S. M. , Kamali H. , Ghaziaskar H. S. , Dadkhah A. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEssential oil was extracted from lavender using supercritical carbon dioxide by means of a newly developed periodic static‐dynamic (PSD) procedure and the conventional semicontinuous (SC) technique. Applying GC‐FID analysis in conjunction with Box‐Behnken design, an optimum overall extraction yield (94.4 %) was obtained via PSD in contrast to 90 % for the SC method. The results indicate that supercritical fluid extraction is a viable technique for separation of constituents such as linalyl acetate, linalool, fenchone, and camphor for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. Furthermore, a substantial reduction of energy consumption and solvent consumption is achieved with the developed PSD process compared to the conventional SC method.
Direct Extraction of Propionic Acid from Propionibacterium acidipropionici Broths with Tri‐n‐octylamine
Authors: Galaction A.‐I. , Carlescu A. , Turnea M. , Caşcaval D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe direct reactive extraction of propionic acid from Propionibacterium acidipropionici broths with solutions of tri‐n‐octylamine in dichloromethane, n‐butyl acetate or n‐heptane underlined the strong negative influence of the cells, due to the blockage of the interface by their adsorption. The magnitude of this effect <#>depends on the affinity of the cells for the organic phase, which is more important for n‐heptane, but only at biomass concentrations below 18 g L–1 d.w. (dry weight). Moreover, the interfacial mass transfer of the acid is also controlled by the solvent polarity, and is accelerated from n‐heptane to dichloromethane and by the addition to the organic phase of 1‐octanol as a phase modifier. The influences of the biomass concentration, the rotation speed and the solvent dielectric constant were included in a mathematical model describing the solute mass flow from the aqueous to the organic phase.
Effect of Seeding on Metal Ion Recovery from Wastewater by Reactive Crystallization of Metal Carbonates
Authors: Shimizu Y. , Hirasawa I. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractReactive crystallization for separation and recovery of divalent metal ions from wastewater using a semi‐batch crystallizer has been developed. In this process, metal carbonates are produced by reacting metal sulfate solution with sodium carbonate solution. Nickel and copper ions are crystallized under particular initial pH conditions but the product shapes are not regular. Consequently, sphere seeds have been used as nucleus‐generating agents and their growth mechanism has been examined. When providing a particular amount of seeds before crystallization, metal substances piled up on the surface of the seeds, maintaining the form sphere, and the production of fines was restricted. The metal removal rate through reactive crystallization was ∼99.9 % on average. This operation proved to be suitable for application in industrial wastewater treatment and for recycling of metal materials.
Miniemulsions for the Production of Nanostructured Particles
Authors: Hecht L. L. , Winkelmann M. , Wagner C. , Landfester K. , Gerlinger W. , Sachweh B. , Schuchmann H. P. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNanostructured particles made from polystyrene and zinc oxide are synthesized by precipitation in miniemulsions and miniemulsion polymerization. There are two main applications for miniemulsions: the formation of sub‐micron or nano‐sized reactors for the precipitation of inorganic nanoparticles and the use of sub‐micron or nano‐sized droplets as templates for nanostructured particles. The latter includes the formation of the desired structures within a monomer droplet, which then is polymerized without changing its size or structure during the process. In this research article two approaches to combine both processes are presented: The zinc oxide nanoparticles are precipitated in an inverse miniemulsion of water droplets in a continuous monomer phase. The resulting miniemulsion is either distilled and the nanoparticles are forced into the monomer phase or the miniemulsion is used directly without distillation. In both cases the particle loaded monomer droplets are afterwards polymerized to hybrid nanoparticles. The focus is on the technological challenges in producing nano‐sized, hybrid particles, especially in regard to continuous processing.
Compression Behavior of Moist Spherical Zeolite 4A Granules
Authors: Müller P. , Tomas J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe material behavior of elastic‐plastic zeolite 4A granules has been experimentally studied using compression tests. The influence of particle size and moisture content has been investigated. Furthermore, the specific fracture energy distribution and the distribution of the equivalent breakage velocity at impact on a rigid target have been determined.
G protein regulator 1 (GPR‐1) localizes to cortical sites of artificial mechanical indentation in Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes
Authors: Bringmann Henrik 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCytokinesis and spindle positioning require the cortical force regulator G Protein Regulator 1/2 (GPR‐1/2). GPR‐1/2 is thought to localize to sites of cortical force generation. Does GPR‐1/2 also act as a sensor for mechanical stimulation? I mechanically stimulated the cortex by indenting it with a glass needle and observed the cortical localization of a YFP::GPR‐1 transgene. I found that cortical YFP::GPR‐1 accumulated at the site of mechanical indentation. This phenomenon occurred on most of the cortical areas except the site of prospective cytokinesis furrow formation. This result suggests that GPR‐1/2 can sense mechanical properties of the cortex, which may be important for GPR‐1/2 function regulating spindle positioning and cytokinesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of the Nitroprusside Ion – The Case of O‐Methylhydroxylamine
Authors: Gutiérrez María M. , Olabe José A. , Amorebieta Valentín T. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe kinetics of the reaction between aqueous solutions of [Fe(CN)5NO]2– and NH2OCH3 has been studied by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy and complementary solution techniques, FTIR/ATR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and isotopic labeling ([Fe(CN)515NO]2–), in the pH range 6.0–9.3, I = 1 M (NaCl). The main products were nitrous oxide (N15NO), CH3OH, and [FeII(CN)5H2O]3–, characterized as the [FeII(CN)5(pyCONH2)]3– complex (pyCONH2 = isonicotinamide). In excess NH2OCH3, the kinetic runs indicated pseudo‐first‐order behavior, with corresponding rate constants, kobs [s–1], that correlated linearly with the concentration of NH2OCH3. The rate law is: R = kexp[Fe(CN)5NO2–][NH2OCH3], with kexp = (4.1 ± 0.4) × 10–4 M–1 s–1 at 25 ± 0.2 °C, ΔH# = 27 ± 1 kJ mol–1, and ΔS# = –220 ± 5 J K–1 mol–1, at pH 7.1. The value of kexp is much lower than that for similar addition reactions of NH2OH and of the N‐substituted methyl derivative. In addition, the latter reactions exhibit a third‐order rate law with a linear dependence of R on the concentration of OH–. The reaction profile has been modeled by density functional theoretical methodologies, providing mechanistic evidence on the different reaction steps, namely, the adduct formation and subsequent decomposition processes, with valuable comparisons with the reactivity of other nucleophiles with [Fe(CN)5NO]2–.
Solvolysis of a Series of Cisplatin‐Like Complexes – Comparison between DNA‐Biosensor and Conductivity Data
Authors: Platts James A. , Ravera Mauro , Gabano Elisabetta , Sardi Manuele , Bianco Sabrina , Osella Domenico 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe kinetics of solvolysis in pure dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water/DMSO or water/dimethylformamide (DMF) mixtures of a series of variously N‐methylated ethylenediamine (en*) derivatives, cis‐[PtCl2(en*)], were studied by using an electrochemical biosensor consisting of DNA immobilized on the surface of screen‐printed electrodes, by conductivity measurements, and by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS techniques. The pattern of the kinetics was found to have significant differences between solvents, especially between the strongly coordinating DMSO and the weakly coordinating DMF co‐solvent, employed to increase the solubility of the complexes under study. In particular, cisplatin and cis‐[PtCl2(en*)] show rapid solvolysis in the former but significantly slower in the latter, which indicates that the affinity of the Pt core for the S‐donor atoms of DMSO overcomes the effect of its steric hindrance. In order to probe these reactions in more detail, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of activation barriers to solvolysis by both pure DMSO and H2O were performed.
Direct C–H Alkylation of Naphthoquinones with Amino Acids Through a Revisited Kochi–Anderson Radical Decarboxylation: Trends in Reactivity and Applications
Authors: Naturale Guillaume , Lamblin Marc , Commandeur Claude , Felpin François‐Xavier , Dessolin Jean 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn our ongoing research program into the discovery of new anticancer drugs , we were interested in the preparation of naphthoquinone scaffolds bearing aminoalkyl side‐chains. Following this aim, we revisited the Kochi–Anderson radical decarboxylation of amino acids in order to set up a versatile route to the direct functionalization of naphthoquinones. The best reaction conditions were applied to a selected series of compounds in a systematic methodological study which allowed us to establish important trends in reactivity. We found that α‐substituted β‐amino acids were the most suitable substrates for the radical addition. In contrast, α‐amino acids gave modest results. The influence of the amine protecting groups on the reaction outcome has also been studied. This practical procedure allows the introduction of various unsymmetrical moieties, including orthogonally protected linear aminoalkyl chains or chiral dipeptidic chains, and opens the door to a wide scope of easily accessible chemical diversity.