bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agreement Among Radiographs, Fluoroscopy and Bronchoscopy in Documentation of Airway Collapse in Dogs
Authors: Johnson L.R. , Singh M.K. , Pollard R.E. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAirway collapse is a common finding in dogs with chronic cough, yet the diagnosis can be difficult to confirm without specialty equipment.HypothesisBronchoscopic documentation of tracheobronchial collapse will show better agreement with fluoroscopic imaging than with standard radiography.AnimalsForty‐two dogs prospectively evaluated for chronic cough.MethodsIn this prospective study, three‐view thoracic radiographs were obtained followed by fluoroscopy during tidal respiration and fluoroscopy during induction of cough. Digital images were assessed for the presence or absence of collapse at the trachea and each lobar bronchus. Bronchoscopy was performed under general anesthesia for identification of tracheobronchial collapse at each lung segment. Agreement of imaging tests with bronchoscopy was evaluated along with sensitivity and specificity of imaging modalities as compared to bronchoscopy.ResultsAirway collapse was identified in 41/42 dogs via 1 or more testing modalities. Percent agreement between pairs of tests varied between 49 and 87% with poor–moderate agreement at most bronchial sites. Sensitivity for the detection of bronchoscopically identified collapse was highest for radiography at the trachea, left lobar bronchi, and the right middle bronchus, although specificity was relatively low. Detection of airway collapse was increased when fluoroscopy was performed after induction of cough compared to during tidal respiration.ConclusionsRadiography and fluoroscopy are complementary imaging techniques useful in the documentation of bronchial collapse in dogs. Confirming the presence or absence of tracheal or bronchial collapse can require multiple imaging modalities as well as bronchoscopy.
Public Reason Liberalism and Sex‐Neutral Marriage A Response to Francis J. Beckwith
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article responds to an article by Francis J. Beckwith that argued that the consistent application of generic liberal principles requires that same‐sex marriage not be recognised in civil law. This response demonstrates that Beckwith's article contains a series of interpretative and substantive flaws that render his argument unsuccessful. These relate to a misinterpretation of core liberal principles and a sidestepping of the matter of undue bias against same‐sex partners. In correcting these flaws I tentatively propose a Voltairean argument in favour of same‐sex civil marriage for those citizens with moral qualms about same‐sex relationships derived from their reasonable comprehensive doctrine.
Asset Price Bubbles: Existence, Persistence and Migration
Authors: Gomez‐Gonzalez Jose E. , Ojeda‐Joya Jair N. , Franco Juan P. , Torres Jhon E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEconometric tests are performed for the detection and migration of asset‐price bubbles in the housing, currency and stock markets of seven countries. This set of countries includes both developed and emerging economies that have good historical data on housing prices. Our empirical results suggest that this type of exuberant behaviour in prices occurs more frequently in the housing market than in the currency and stock markets. Additionally, we find significant evidence of bubble migration across markets within some of the studied countries.
Measurement of sand creep on a flat sand bed using a high‐speed digital camera: Mesoscopic features of creeping grains
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wang Yuan , Yang Bin , Jia Pan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe characterization of aeolian sand creep motion remains incomplete. In this study, a top‐view imaging system was constructed in a wind tunnel experiment to record sand creep motion on a flat sand bed. In addition, a set of ‘mesoscopic’ parameters was defined based on the creep trajectory that was reconstructed by a particle tracking algorithm. Statistical results show that the parameters representing the lifespan of the creep motion follow a lognormal distribution, whereas those representing the sideways grain motion deviate from the lognormal distribution. As the wind velocity increases, the sideways motion is strengthened and the lifespan of the creep motion is shortened, indicating a stronger transition from creep to saltation. Furthermore, under a ‘pure rolling’ hypothesis, the creep trajectory can be transformed into two numbers of rolling cycles from the perspectives of space and time. The ratio of the two numbers is useful in identifying the specific mode of the creep motion.
Circulating Dendritic Cells, Farm Exposure and Asthma at Early Age
Authors: Kääriö H. , Nieminen J. K. , Karvonen A. M. , Huttunen K. , Schröder P. C. , Vaarala O. , von Mutius E. , Pfefferle P.I. , Schaub B. , Pekkanen J. , Hirvonen M.‐R. , Roponen M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFarm environment has been shown to protect from childhood asthma. Underlying immunological mechanisms are not clear yet, including the role of dendritic cells (DCs). The aim was to explore whether asthma and farm exposures are associated with the proportions and functional properties of DCs from 4.5‐year‐old children in a subgroup of the Finnish PASTURE birth cohort study. Myeloid DCs (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and CD86 expression on mDCs ex vivo (n = 100) identified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analysed using flow cytometry. MDCs and production of interleukin (IL)‐6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) by mDCs were analysed after 5 h in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 88). Prenatal and current farm exposures (farming, stables, hay barn and farm milk) were assessed from questionnaires. Asthma at age 6 years was defined as a doctor′s diagnosis and symptoms; atopic sensitization was defined by antigen‐specific IgE measurements. Asthma was positively associated with CD86 expression on mDCs ex vivo [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51–15.4] and inversely with IL‐6 production in mDCs after in vitro stimulation with LPS (aOR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.82). In vitro stimulation with LPS resulted in lower percentage of mDCs in the farm PBMC cultures as compared to non‐farm PBMC cultures. Our results suggest an association between childhood asthma and functional properties of DCs. Farm exposure may have immunomodulatory effects by decreasing mDC proportions.
Risks, Trust, and Sacrifice: Social Structural Motivators for Environmental Change*
Authors: Macias Thomas 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThe social capital literature suggests generalized trust should work to motivate individuals to engage in environmentally beneficial behavior as it is associated with altruistic outcomes, moderation, and self‐sacrifice. The environmental justice literature, however, suggests certain populations are understandably more skeptical about who they can trust with respect to environmental threats in their communities, thus undermining the hypothesis that greater trust results in positive environmental outcomes. We seek to test the relative direct and indirect influences of generalized trust and knowledge of environmental issues on individuals’ willingness to make sacrifices for the environment.MethodsBased on established theory in the social capital, environmental concern, and environmental justice literature, this study conducts structural equation modeling using data from the 2010 General Social Survey.ResultsThis analysis finds support for both social capital and environmental justice arguments. However, the positive direct effect of generalized trust on a willingness to sacrifice outweighs its indirect negative effect via perceived environmental threats by a factor of four to one, suggesting generalized trust is a net catalyst for environmental action. Knowledge of issues is positively associated with both perceived environmental risks and a willingness to sacrifice.ConclusionGeneralized trust is an important motivator for self‐sacrifice in the realm of environmental behavior. We should nonetheless be skeptical of efforts to promote it that ignore the unequal distribution of environmental threats in the population.
OsMAPK6, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase, influences rice grain size and biomass production
Authors: Liu Shuying , Hua Lei , Dong Sujun , Chen Hongqi , Zhu Xudong , Jiang Jun'e , Zhang Fang , Li Yunhai , Fang Xiaohua , Chen Fan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryGrain size is an important agronomic trait in determining grain yield. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine the final grain size are not well understood. Here, we report the functional analysis of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant, dwarf and small grain1 (dsg1), which displays pleiotropic phenotypes, including small grains, dwarfism and erect leaves. Cytological observations revealed that the small grain and dwarfism of dsg1 were mainly caused by the inhibition of cell proliferation. Map‐based cloning revealed that DSG1 encoded a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), OsMAPK6. OsMAPK6 was mainly located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and was ubiquitously distributed in various organs, predominately in spikelets and spikelet hulls, consistent with its role in grain size and biomass production. As a functional kinase, OsMAPK6 interacts strongly with OsMKK4, indicating that OsMKK4 is likely to be the upstream MAPK kinase of OsMAPK6 in rice. In addition, hormone sensitivity tests indicated that the dsg1 mutant was less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs). The endogenous BR levels were reduced in dsg1, and the expression of several BR signaling pathway genes and feedback‐inhibited genes was altered in the dsg1 mutant, with or without exogenous BRs, indicating that OsMAPK6 may contribute to influence BR homeostasis and signaling. Thus, OsMAPK6, a MAPK, plays a pivotal role in grain size in rice, via cell proliferation, and BR signaling and homeostasis.
Interleukin‐13 affects the epithelial sodium channel in the intestine by coordinated modulation of STAT6 and p38 MAPK activity
Authors: Dames Petra , Bergann Theresa , Fromm Anja , Bücker Roland , Barmeyer Christian , Krug Susanne M. , Fromm Michael , Schulzke Jörg‐Dieter 
Published: September 2015

Key points
Interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) causes intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Th2‐driven intestinal inflammation (e.g. ulcerative colitis). However, it is unclear whether the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) – the main limiting factor for sodium absorption in the distal colon – is also influenced by IL‐13 and if so, by what mechanism(s).
We demonstrate in an intestinal cell model as well as in mouse distal colon that IL‐13 causes reduced ENaC activity.
We show that IL‐13 impairs ENaC‐dependent sodium transport by activating the JAK1/2–STAT6 signalling pathway.
These results improve our understanding of the mechanisms through which IL‐13 functions as a key effector cytokine in ulcerative colitis, thereby contributing to the distinct pathology of this disease.
AbstractInterleukin‐13 (IL‐13) has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, possibly by disrupting epithelial integrity. In the distal colon, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is an important factor in the regulation of sodium absorption, and therefore plays a critical role in minimizing intestinal sodium and water losses. In the present study, we investigated whether IL‐13 also acts as a potent modulator of epithelial sodium transport via ENaC, and the signalling components involved. The effect of IL‐13 on ENaC was examined in HT‐29/B6‐GR/MR human colon cells, as well as in mouse distal colon, by measuring amiloride‐sensitive short‐circuit current (ISC) in Ussing chambers. The expression levels of ENaC subunits and the cellular components that contribute to ENaC activity were analysed by qRT‐PCR and promoter gene assay. We show that IL‐13, in both the cell model and in native intestinal tissue, impaired epithelial sodium absorption via ENaC (JNa) as a result of decreased transcription levels of β‐ and γ‐ENaC subunits and SGK1, a post‐translational regulator of ENaC activity, due to impaired promoter activity. The reduction in JNa was prevented by inhibition of JAK1/2–STAT6 signalling. This inhibition also affected the IL‐13‐induced decrease in p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The contribution of STAT6 to IL‐13‐mediated ENaC inactivation was confirmed in a STAT6−/− mouse model. In conclusion, these results indicate that IL‐13, the levels of which are elevated in ulcerative colitis, contributes to impaired ENaC activity via modulation of the STAT6/p38 MAPK pathways.
Technical Note: Initial characterization of the new EBT‐XD Gafchromic film
Authors: Grams Michael P. , Gustafson Jon M. , Long Kenneth M. , de los Santos Luis E. Fong 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:To assess the dosimetric accuracy and energy dependence of the new EBT‐eXtended Dose (XD) Gafchromic film and to compare the lateral response artifact (LRA) between EBT‐XD and EBT3 film.Methods:EBT3 and EBT‐XD calibration curves were created by exposing films to known doses from 0 to 3000 cGy using a 6 MV beam. To assess the accuracy and dynamic range of EBT‐XD, a 60° enhanced dynamic wedge (EDW) was used to deliver a dose range of approximately 200–2900 cGy. Comparison to treatment planning system (TPS) calculation was made using a gamma analysis with 2%/2 mm passing criteria. To assess and compare the LRA between EBT3 and EBT‐XD, 21 × 21 cm2 open fields delivered doses of 1000, 2000, and 3000 cGy to both types of film. Films were placed at the center of the scanner, and ratios of measured to TPS predicted doses were calculated at 50 and 80 mm lateral from the scanner center in order to quantitatively assess the LRA. To evaluate the energy dependence of EBT‐XD film, seven known doses ranging from 400 to 3000 cGy were delivered using both 6 and 18 MV beams and the resulting optical densities (ODs) compared.Results:The gamma passing rate was 99.1% for the 6 MV EDW delivery. EBT‐XD film exhibited minimal LRA (<1%) up to 3000 cGy. In contrast, EBT3 demonstrated an under‐response of 11.3% and 22.7% at lateral positions of 50 and 80 mm, respectively, for the 3000 cGy exposure. Differences between ODs of the EBT‐XD films exposed to known doses from 6 to 18 MV beams were <0.8% suggesting minimal energy dependence throughout this energy range.Conclusions:The LRA of EBT‐XD is greatly reduced when compared to EBT3. This in combination with its accuracy from 0 to 3000 cGy and minimal energy dependence from 6 to 18 MV makes EBT‐XD film well suited for dosimetric measurements in high dose SRS/SBRT applications.
Tessituras temporais em jogos pervasivos
Authors: Oliveira Thaiane 
Published: September 2015

<p>A proposta deste trabalho é traçar um estudo comparativo entre a temporalidade em dois tipos de jogos pervasivos que exploram a digese, o <em>chronos</em> ordinário da vida cotidiana, o <em>aion</em> do objeto ficcional e imagem dos registros fílmicos destes jogos, a partir das contribuições de Deleuze. Como objeto, iremos analisar alguns registros audiovisuais a fim de refletir sobre a organização temporal da narrativa nos eventos em torno do evento. Buscaremos, com isso, defender que há uma relação estética entre o registro fílmico e a ação do jogo em relação ao tempo ordinário.</p>
Incidence and Clinical Significance of Poststent Optical Coherence Tomography Findings
Authors: Soeda Tsunenari , Uemura Shiro , Park Seung-Jung , Jang Yangsoo , Lee Stephen , Cho Jin-Man , Kim Soo-Joong , Vergallo Rocco , Minami Yoshiyasu , Ong Daniel S. , Gao Lei , Lee Hang , Zhang Shaosong , Yu Bo , Saito Yoshihiko , Jang Ik-Kyung 
Published: September 2015

Background—
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was recently introduced to optimize percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the exact incidence and significance of poststent OCT findings are unknown.

Methods and Results—

A total of 900 lesions treated with 1001 stents in 786 patients who had postprocedure OCT imaging were analyzed to evaluate the incidence of poststent OCT findings and to identify the OCT predictors for device-oriented clinical end points, including cardiac death, target vessel–related myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, and stent thrombosis. Patients were followed up to 1 year. Stent edge dissection was detected in 28.7% of lesions, and incomplete stent apposition was detected in 39.1% of lesions. The incidences of smooth protrusion, disrupted fibrous tissue protrusion, and irregular protrusion were 92.9%, 61.0%, and 53.8%, respectively. Small minimal stent area, defined as a lesion with minimal stent area <5.0 mm
2
in a drug-eluting stent or <5.6 mm
2
in a bare metal stent, was observed in 40.4% of lesions. One-year device-oriented clinical end points occurred in 33 patients (4.5%). Following adjustment, irregular protrusion and small minimal stent area were independent OCT predictors of 1-year device-oriented clinical end points (
P
=0.003 and
P
=0.012, respectively).

Conclusions—
Abnormal poststent OCT findings were frequent. Irregular protrusion and small minimal stent area were independent predictors of 1-year device-oriented clinical end points, which were primarily driven by target lesion revascularization.
Effects of Convective Microphysics Parameterization on Large-Scale Cloud Hydrological Cycle and Radiative Budget in Tropical and Midlatitude Convective Regions
Authors: Storer Rachel L. , Zhang Guang J. , Song Xiaoliang 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
A two-moment microphysics scheme for deep convection was previously implemented in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) by Song et al. The new scheme improved hydrometeor profiles in deep convective clouds and increased deep convective detrainment, reducing the negative biases in low and midlevel cloud fraction and liquid water path compared to observations. Here, the authors examine in more detail the impacts of this improved microphysical representation on regional-scale water and radiation budgets. As a primary source of cloud water for stratiform clouds is detrainment from deep and shallow convection, the enhanced detrainment leads to larger stratiform cloud fractions, higher cloud water content, and more stratiform precipitation over the ocean, particularly in the subtropics where convective frequency is also increased. This leads to increased net cloud radiative forcing. Over land regions, cloud amounts are reduced as a result of lower relative humidity, leading to weaker cloud forcing and increased OLR. Comparing the water budgets to cloud-resolving model simulations shows improvement in the partitioning between convective and stratiform precipitation, though the deep convection is still too active in the GCM. The addition of convective microphysics leads to an overall improvement in the regional cloud water budgets.
Do tradeoffs structure antibiotic inhibition, resistance, and resource use among soil-borne Streptomyces?
Authors: Schlatter Daniel C. , Kinkel Linda L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundTradeoffs among competing traits are believed to be crucial to the maintenance of diversity in complex communities. The production of antibiotics to inhibit competitors and resistance to antibiotic inhibition are two traits hypothesized to be critical to microbial fitness in natural habitats, yet data on costs or tradeoffs associated with these traits are limited. In this work we characterized tradeoffs between antibiotic inhibition or resistance capacities and growth efficiencies or niche widths for a broad collection ofStreptomycesfrom soil.ResultsStreptomycesisolates tended to have either very little or very high inhibitory capacity. In contrast,Streptomycesisolates were most commonly resistant to antibiotic inhibition by an intermediate number of other isolates.Streptomyceswith either very high antibiotic inhibitory or resistance capacities had less efficient growth and utilized a smaller number of resources for growth (smaller niche width) than those with low inhibition or resistance capacities, suggesting tradeoffs between antibiotic inhibitory or resistance and resource use phenotypes.ConclusionsThis work suggests that life-history tradeoffs may be crucial to the maintenance of the vast diversity of antibiotic inhibitory and resistance phenotypes found amongStreptomycesin natural communities.
Daily laxative therapy reduces organ dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial
Authors: de Azevedo Rodrigo Palacio , Freitas Flávio Geraldo Resende , Ferreira Elaine Maria , Pontes de Azevedo Luciano Cesar , Machado Flávia Ribeiro 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Constipation is a common problem in intensive care units. We assessed the efficacy and safety of laxative therapy aiming to promote daily defecation in reducing organ dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients.

Methods
We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, nonblinded phase II clinical trial at two general intensive care units. Patients expected to remain ventilated for over 3 days were randomly assigned to daily defecation or control groups. The intervention group received lactulose and enemas to produce 1–2 defecations per day. In the control group, absence of defecation was tolerated up to 5 days. Primary outcome was the change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score between the date of enrollment and intensive care unit discharge, death or day 14.

Results
We included 88 patients. Patients in the treatment group had a higher number of defecations per day (1.3 ± 0.42 versus 0.7 ± 0.56, p < 0.0001) and lower percentage of days without defecation (33.1 ± 15.7 % versus 62.3 ±24.5 %, p < 0.0001). Patients in the intervention group had a greater reduction in SOFA score (–4.0 (–6.0 to 0) versus –1.0 (–4.0 to 1.0), p = 0.036) with no difference in mortality rates or in survival time. Adverse events were more frequent in the treatment group (4.5 (3.0–8.0) versus 3.0 (1.0–5.7), p = 0.016), including more days with diarrhea (2.0 (1.0–4.0) versus 1.0 (0–2.0) days, p < 0.0001). Serious adverse events were rare and did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusions
Laxative therapy improved daily defecation in ventilated patients and was associated with a greater reduction in SOFA score.

Trial registration
Clinical Trials.gov NCT01607060, registered 24 May 2012.