bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethanol, Marijuana, and Other Drug Use in 600 Drivers Killed in Single-Vehicle Crashes in North Carolina, 1978–1981
Authors: Mason AP , McBay AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although the use of ethanol, marijuana, and other drugs may be detrimental to driving safety, this has been established by direct epidemiological evidence only for ethanol. In this study, the incidences of detection of ethanol (and other volatile substances), delta-9-tetrahy-drocannabinol (THC), barbiturates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine, opiates, and phencyclidine were determined in an inclusive population of 600 verified single-vehicle operator fatalities that occurred in North Carolina in 1978 to 1981. The incidence of detection of amphetamines and methaqualone were determined for drivers accepted for study during the first two years (n = 340) and the last year (n = 260), respectively. Blood concentrations of 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (9-carboxy-THC) were determined in THC positive drivers. EMIT cannabinoid assays were performed on blood specimens from all drivers accepted for study during the third year, and the feasibility of using the EMIT cannabinoid assay as a screening method for cannabinoids in forensic blood specimens was investigated. The incidence of detection of ethanol (79.3%) was far greater than the incidences determined for THC (7.8%), methaqualone (6.2%), and barbiturates (3.0%). Other drugs were detected rarely, or were not detected. Blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were usually high; 85.5% of the drivers whose bloods contained ethanol and 67.8% of all drivers had BECs greater than or equal to 1.0 g/L. Drug concentrations were usually within or were below accepted therapeutic or active ranges. Only a small number of drivers could have been impaired by drugs, and most of them had high BECs. Multiple drug use (discounting ethanol) was comparatively rare. Ethanol was the only drug tested for that appears to have a significantly adverse effect on driving safety.
Discriminant Function Sexing of the Tibia
Authors: Yaşar İşcan M , Miller-Shaivitz P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The objective of the study was to test whether the shaft dimensions of the tibia were as sexually dimorphic as those of the femur and to develop a new sex determination technique from the tibia. Stepwise discriminant function subroutine based on a sample of 159 tibiae of blacks and whites of both sexes of the Terry Collection was employed for the study. Osteometric measurements included were the length, proximal and distal breadths, the circumference of the nutrient foramen and of the smallest shaft regions, and anteroposterior and transverse diameters at the nutrient foramen levels. The results indicated that in all dimensions proximal epiphyseal breadth and the minimum circumference were the variables selected by the stepwise function in blacks and that all but the transverse diameter participated in the function in whites. Average accuracy of sex determination was 87.3% for whites and 90.0% for blacks. For both races proximal epiphysis was a better indicator of sex differences than the remaining dimensions. While the study provided statistically reliable results sexual dimorphism was observed to be race dependent. This was especially true for blacks who provided higher prediction accuracy and more dimorphism than whites. Thus it was suggested that determination of sex required a consideration of not only growth related sex differences, and physical activity, but also the genetic (racial) nature of a population.
Competence to Proceed: A Functional and Context-Determinative Decision
Authors: Bennett GT , Sullwold AF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Legally, the defendant's competence at any stage of criminal proceedings is defined in terms of the test set forth in Dusky v. United States, a test establishing minimum rationality as the basis for determining mental competence. A number of investigators have attempted to devise testing instruments to assist clinicians in applying this test to individual defendants being examined for competence. Competence, however, is both context-determinative and functional in nature. The evaluator must insist on being given specific information relating to the functions that the defendant is expected to perform. The evaluator must then assess the defendant's measurable skills in the light of those specified functions and articulate his findings to the court in terms of the skills and functions rather than in terms of conclusory legal labels. Competence is then best determined by the court as a legal, not a mental, health decision under the somewhat nebulous but nonetheless appropriate criterion of “fundamental fairness” in the light of the defendant's mental state.
Estimating the Postmortem Interval in Big Game Animals
Authors: Daniel Edge W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methods for estimating the time since death in big game animals are needed to identify animals that are killed during illegal periods. Currently used methods include rigor mortis, eye appearance, carcass cooling, and potassium levels in the vitreous humor. The application and limitation of each method is discussed. The current state of available methods necessitates using several criteria when estimating the postmortem interval.
Gm(11) Grouping of Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Tahir MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An absorption inhibition method for the detection of gamma marker Gm(11) in dried bloodstains is described. Particular reference is made to the association of Gm(11) with Gm(−1, −2). When a dried bloodstain fails to inhibit anti-Gm(1) and anti-Gm(2), this may represent a true Gm(−1, −2) result or there may be insufficient material to inhibit either antibody. The detection of Gm(11) in a bloodstain extract provides an objective means of confirming the apparent absence of Gm(1) and Gm(2) as representing a true Gm(−1, −2) result. This antigen compares very well with other blood group systems with regard to the amount of bloodstain required for analysis and its stability. No evidence is available for preferential loss of Gm(1) and Gm(2) relative to Gm(11) in dried bloodstains.
Increasing the Sensitivity of Detection of the Electrophoretic Marker Group Specific Component in Agarose Gels by Double-Staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 and Silver
Authors: Budowle B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method is described that increases the sensitivity of detection of group-specific component (Gc) in bloodstains following agarose gel electrophoresis. Gels are stained first with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (CB) and subsequently stained with silver. Double-staining with CB first enhances the sensitivity of the silver stain from 10- to 80-fold over staining with CB alone. The method is reproducible and can easily be incorporated into the laboratory as a routine procedure.
A Review of Correctional Institutions
Authors: Peterson JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Correctional Institutions is an ambitious, well-written, and well-documented book which should be of interest to parctitioners, academics, and students in the criminal justice field. Dr. Fox's treatment of institutions is comprehensive and constitutes a source of useful information for a field that is in a state of crisis. The United States' prison population has more than doubled in the last 10 years to the point where we now have more than 400 000 persons incarcerated. In addition, more than 150 000 individuals are held in local jails and 70 000 juveniles are held in public and private juvenile facilities. This dramatic upsurge has resulted in severe over-crowding in these institutions and has strained existing resources to their very limits. It is incumbent upon all professionals working in the criminal justice system to have an understanding of the problems facing our correctional system and this text is an excellent beginning point.
In the Land of Agog: An Allegory for the Expert Witness
Authors: Starrs JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Taking its cue from Paul Bunyon's allegory, The Pilgrim's Progress, and the various recastings of the Arthurian legend, this paper presents a not altogether mythical allegory on the foibles of some expert witnesses and the ineffective response of the judicial system to them. In its first part, the paper recounts the fictional plight of the King of Agog, mysteriously striken with a crippling illness, whose last recourse for recovery seems to lie in the magic of three wizards. Each of these wizards. Lord Willifred Panbred. Lord Manny Quarryful, and Lady Prunella Prudence, is fashioned after the model of some experts who have ministered as witnesses in the judicial system. Each wizard bears his or her own bag of tricks, none of which give the King any but temporary relief from his affliction. In a second part, the paper dispenses with fiction and engages in a detailed, factual, case-by-case analysis of the ways in which these wizards from a fictional past and their stock of wizardry are paradigms for the conduct of some expert witnesses today. Prescriptions for a cure more permanent than the hocus-pocus the wizards offer the King are stated.
Effects of Freezing and Frozen Storage on Histological Characteristics of Canine Tissues
Authors: Baraibar MA , Schoning P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Frozen tissues were studied histologically to determine what changes were produced by freezing. Samples of brain, lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney from 20 stray dogs were treated in 3 ways: formalin fixation (control), frozen for 2 days plus formalin fixation, or frozen for 7 days plus formalin fixation. Major histological changes caused by freezing were loss of staining, extracellular fluid accumulation, cell shrinkage, fractures, hemolysis, and hematin formation. Lesser changes included loss of bronchial cilia, prominence of collagen in alveolar septa and meninges, and intracellular vacuolization of epithelial cells. Although these changes were annoying, adequate visualization of the tissues was usually possible.
Scanning Electron Microscope Study of the Lung in Drowning
Authors: Torre C , Varetto L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors describe the results obtained using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study drowned lungs and control lungs. Results are compared with a previous study carried out using laboratory animals. The results from both studies are analogous, in the absence of chronic pulmonary emphysema. The diagnosis of chronic pulmonary emphysema is simple with the SEM even when dealing with autoptic material obtained 24 to 48 h after death, but the diagnosis of drowning becomes difficult in lungs with chronic emphysema.
The Legal Legacy of the Resurrectionists
Authors: Spencer JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The availability of human cadavers for dissection has been a continuing problem for hundreds of years. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, body stealing or grave robbing became common in order to meet the demands of physicians and medical schools for bodies for dissection. The activities of the grave robbers, or “resurrectionists,” as they were also called, created a public outcry. Numerous laws were enacted to provide criminal sanctions for body snatching. It was not until the late nineteenth century, however, that body donation laws dried up the lucrative practice of the resurrectionists. Indirectly, their legal legacy persists to this day.
A Review of Inside the Criminal Mind
Authors: Weinstock R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book presents an interesting approach to working with criminals but unfortunately loses much by severe overstatement and lack of any precise delineation of the population being described. It does give a description of the thinking patterns of many criminals and it does present a cognitive type of therapy which, however, it does not acknowledge as such. The author's treatment, as well as that of Yochelson with whom he had previously collaborated, involves direct forceful confrontation to the criminal of his thinking patterns, yet at the same time maintains polite respect for him. The book is rich in pertinent clinical material, and presents an approach that encourages the criminal to take responsibility for his actions without blaming others for his behavior. As such, it is a meaningful contribution.
A Field Kit for Sampling Gunshot Residue Particles
Authors: Tassa M , Adan N , Zeldes N , Leist Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The application of scanning electron microscopy to gunshot residue particle detection requires a field sampling kit that can be used dependably by nonscientific field personnel. The kit developed by the authors uses adhesive tape on aluminum stubs to sample the suspect's hands. The kit evolved from prototypes that were subjected to extensive field tests. Comments by users pinpointed various shortcomings that were eliminated; the final version is suitable for rapid, straightforward application in the often hectic environment in which field officers must operate. The kit is also compact, durable, and inexpensive; it is thus especially suitable for large-scale fabrication, issue, and use on a regular basis.
The Effects of the Argon Ion Laser on Subsequent Blood Examinations
Authors: Platt SR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dried bloodstains on cotton sheeting ranging in age from three days to three months were exposed to the argon ion laser for durations from 30 s to 3 main. The bloodstains showed greatly reduced reactions or none at all with presumptive reagents applied by fine mist spraying. Filter paper rubs of the same stains followed by presumptive testing yielded the appropriate oxidation reactions of the indicator reagents.
Identification of Phencyclidine and Its Analogues at Low Concentrations in Urine by Selected Ion Monitoring
Authors: Kelly RC , Christmore DS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents retention behavior and mass spectra of eluting peaks for twelve phenyl and thienyl analogues of phencyclidine (PCP) as well as PCP itself. An on-column decomposition product common to all thienyl analogues is described. Finally, a practical analytical procedure is given for the detection and identification of these compounds in low (under 5 mg/mL) concentrations in urine.
Colchicine Poisoning as a Mode of Suicide
Authors: Allender WJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two cases of suicide involving colchicine are examined. Colchicine and colchicum preparations have been used for the relief of pain in acute gout and are reported to be effective for the treatment of periodic peritonitis. A method using enzymatic digestion, extraction, and high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis for the extraction and analysis of colchicine in autopsy specimens is described.
Analysis of Blood and Tissue for Amoxapine and Trimipramine
Authors: Wu Chen NB , Schaffer MI , Lin R-L , Hadac JP , Stein RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method for the identification and quantitation of two tricyclic antidepressants, amoxapine (Asendin®) and trimipramine (Surmontil®) is presented here. Samples were extracted with hexane at pH 10, back-extracted with 1.0N sulfuric acid. The acidic layer was adjusted to pH 10 and re-extracted with hexane. Electron impact mass spectra were obtained. The base peak and molecular ion for amoxapine were at m/z 245 and 313, respectively. The base peak and molecular ion for trimipramine were at m/z 58 and 294, respectively. There were three forensic toxicology cases involving amoxapine in Cook County, IL, in 1980 and 1981. The concentrations of amoxapine in blood for these three cases were 1.66 mg/L, 7.16 mg/L, and 2.95 mg/L, respectively.
Summary of Skeletal Identification in Tennessee: 1971–1981
Authors: Bass WM , Driscoll PA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Records of 111 forensic anthropology cases from Tennessee received from September 1971 through September 1981 are analyzed. Thirty percent of the cases in which no identification existed when the skeleton arrived were positively identified and an additional “probable” identification was made in 11%. The skull or skull bones were the most common element recovered followed by femora, mandibles, and innominates, in that order. The sternum was the single major postcranial bone least likely to be recovered. January has been the single busiest month for the discovery of skeletal remains in Tennessee, and there are almost twice as many fire-related discoveries between September and February. In the first half of the decade, from 1971 through 1978, there were 39 cases with 72 cases occurring from 1977 through 1981. This increase is probably because of efforts to educate students at the University of Tennessee as well as lectures to law enforcement and citizens' groups.
Determination of Sex with a Discriminant Analysis of New Pelvic Bone Measurements: Part I
Authors: Schulter-Ellis FP , Schmidt DJ , Hayek L-A , Craig J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The pelves of 100 black skeletons were measured on both sides for the following: (1) length from the superiormost aspect of the pubic symphysis to the nearest rim of the acetabulum (PS-A), (2) length from the highest point of the pubic tubercle to the nearest rim of the acetabulum (PT-A), (3) acetabular diameter (AD), (4) the vertical distance from the anterior aspect of the ischial tuberosity to the farthest rim of the acetabulum (IT-A), and (S) greatest femur head diameter. From these, three indices were derived: AD/PS-A (acetabulum/pubis index), AD/PT-A (acetabular diameter/pubic tubercle-acetabular rim index), and IT-A/PS-A (ischium-acetabulum height/pubic symphysis-acetabular rim index). The left AD/PS-A ratio and left IT-A height proved statistically to be of greatest discriminating value. Using these two variables, a discriminant function was derived which, followed by sorting with femur head diameter, accurately classified 97% of our sample.
The acetabulum/pubis index alone with subsequent sorting by femur head diameter correctly assigned 96% of our sample. While this does not represent an improvement of predicatability over similar methods using the ischium/pubis index, measurements required for the acetabulum/pubis index are more easily defined and should, therefore, reduce the chance of observer error.
A Comparison of Ionization Techniques for Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Dye and Lachrymator Residues from Exploding Bank Security Devices
Authors: Martz RM , Reutter DJ , Lasswell LD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Electron impact (EI) ionization, positive ion chemical ionization (PICI), and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) have been applied to the analysis of the dye and tear gases used in common bank security devices. A direct comparison of these ionization techniques showed that chemical ionization methods are more sensitive than electron impact ionization for these chemicals. The choice of NICI or PICI depends on the tear gas or dye of interest and the chemical nature of interfering substances on the evidence. We demonstrate that a procedure which uses GC/MS with one or more of these ionization techniques can provide the sensitivity and selectivity required to detect and identify submicrogram quantities of these chemicals on forensic science evidence without extensive specimen preparation.
Criminal Identification Comparison: Aural Versus Visual Identifications Resulting from a Simulated Crime
Authors: Hollien H , Bennett G , Gelfer MP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This research was undertaken to investigate and contrast visual and aural/perceptual identifications of a previously unknown individual from a set of photographic and tape-recorded exemplars following a simulated crime. All participants were volunteers for the “criminal,” the victim of an “assault,” and all suspects drawn from a Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) class; the “witnesses” were 61 students in a law class. The student/witnesses were divided into four groups. Group A made three identifications (serially) one day, one week, and two weeks after the crime took place. Group B saw the photographs and heard the tapes only once a week after the incident, and Group C only after two weeks had elapsed. Witnesses in a fourth group (D) followed the same schedual as did Group A; however, they were presented with foils similar in appearance and speech to the criminal. Group D was presented both the foil and criminal in the photographic lineup at the final judging s~sslon. The results demonstrated that visual identification can be quite accurate although not consistently or predictably so. By contrast, aural/perceptual identifications were relatively poor. No strong trends for latencies were observed, either for repeated trials or for procedures involving different Initiation latencies; nor did confidence levels appear to be related to accuracy of Judgment, Finally, when a similar looking foil was included in the identification task, there was a weak trend for the foil to be chosen more often in subsequent trials. These results support the position that eyewitness—and especially earwitness—testimony should be viewed by judges and juries with greater caution than has been the case in the past; by appropriate instructions, juries should be given assistance in interpreting and in assigning appropriate weight to this kind of testimony.
Russian Roulette with a Knife
Authors: Frazer M , Rosenberg S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The following case report describes an accidental stabbing that occurred on Halloween. The unwitting victim, while preparing for a holiday charade, stabbed himself with an ornamental dagger. By placing himself in a potentially hazardous situation, the victim's behavior entailed risk taking. The psychological implications of such risk taking are complex, and may be compared to such behaviors as russian roulette, gambling, and parasuicide.
Exercise and Vascular Function in Child Obesity: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dias Katrin A. , Green Daniel J. , Ingul Charlotte B. , Pavey Toby G. , Coombes Jeff S. 
Published: August 2015

CONTEXT:
Conduit artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a noninvasive index of preclinical atherosclerosis in humans. Exercise interventions can improve FMD in both healthy and clinical populations.

OBJECTIVE:
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effect of exercise training on FMD in overweight and obese children and adolescents as well as investigate the role of cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption [Vo2peak]) on effects observed.

DATA SOURCES:
PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cinahl databases were searched from the earliest available date to February 2015.

STUDY SELECTION:
Studies of children and/or adolescents who were overweight or obese were included.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Standardized data extraction forms were used for patient and intervention characteristics, control/comparator groups, and key outcomes. Procedural quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Physiotherapy Evidence Base Database scale.

RESULTS:
A meta-analysis involving 219 participants compared the mean difference of pre- versus postintervention vascular function (FMD) and Vo2peak between an exercise training intervention and a control condition. There was a significantly greater improvement in FMD (mean difference 1.54%, P &lt; .05) and Vo2peak (mean difference 3.64 mL/kg/min, P &lt; .05) after exercise training compared with controls.

LIMITATIONS:
Given the diversity of exercise prescriptions, participant characteristics, and FMD measurement protocols, varying FMD effect size was noted between trials.

CONCLUSIONS:
Exercise training improves vascular function in overweight and obese children, as indicated by enhanced FMD. Further research is required to establish the optimum exercise program for maintenance of healthy vascular function in this at-risk pediatric population.