bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plurality within contemporary organizations
Authors: E. Khilji Shaista , F. Murphy Edward , A. Greenwood Regina , G. Mujtaba Bahaudin 
Published: May 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to expand the burgeoning research, which provides evidence relating to the influence of religion upon work-related values.Design/methodology/approach– The authors employed a survey methodology to collect data across seven countries and six religions.Findings– The study provides evidence of differences as well as similarities in the way people belonging to different religions rank personal values. Thus, on the one hand, the authors can argue that religion helps shape our behavior and attitudes in the workplace, whilst at the same time, however, accepting the converging influence of globalization and/or the universality of some values that they include in their analysis. This finding leads the authors to focus upon a complex pattern of value variations and similarities across religions.Originality/value– Overall, the findings provide a glimpse into what the paper interprets as (just one dimension of) plurality within contemporary organizations to support the paradox perspective, popularized by Lewis and Smith and Lewis, who contend that organizations embed multiple tensions and dilemmas in an ongoing cyclical process. Hence the paper argues that the similarities and differences across religious affiliations are not “either/or” choices but dualities that must be dynamically balanced in order to simultaneously meet multiple employee needs. The paper concludes that managers and employees need to articulate and embrace paradoxes related to religion, in order to create an awareness of the influence of religion that leads to being inclusive.
A computational method for evaluating the damage in a solder joint of an electronic package subjected to thermal loads
Authors: Johansson Jonas , Belov Ilja , Johnson Erland , Leisner Peter 
Published: May 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel computational method to evaluate damage accumulation in a solder joint of an electronic package, when exposed to operating temperature environment. A procedure to implement the method is suggested, and a discussion of the method and its possible applications is provided in the paper.Design/methodology/approach– Methodologically, interpolated response surfaces based on specially designed finite element (FE) simulation runs, are employed to compute a damage metric at regular time intervals of an operating temperature profile. The developed method has been evaluated on a finite-element model of a lead-free PBGA256 package, and accumulated creep strain energy density has been chosen as damage metric.Findings– The method has proven to be two orders of magnitude more computationally efficient compared to FE simulation. A general agreement within 3 percent has been found between the results predicted with the new method, and FE simulations when tested on a number of temperature profiles from an avionic application. The solder joint temperature ranges between +25 and +75°C.Practical implications– The method can be implemented as part of reliability assessment of electronic packages in the design phase.Originality/value– The method enables increased accuracy in thermal fatigue life prediction of solder joints. Combined with other failure mechanisms, it may contribute to the accuracy of reliability assessment of electronic packages.
Comparison of dermatoscopic diagnostic algorithms based on calculation: The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy, the seven‐point checklist, the three‐point checklist and the CASH algorithm in dermatoscopic evaluation of melanocytic lesions
Authors: Unlu Ezgi , Akay Bengu N. , Erdem Cengizhan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDermatoscopic analysis of melanocytic lesions using the CASH algorithm has rarely been described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy rates of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy, the seven‐point checklist, the three‐point checklist, and the CASH algorithm in the diagnosis and dermatoscopic evaluation of melanocytic lesions on the hairy skin. One hundred and fifteen melanocytic lesions of 115 patients were examined retrospectively using dermatoscopic images and compared with the histopathologic diagnosis. Four dermatoscopic algorithms were carried out for all lesions. The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy showed sensitivity of 91.6%, specificity of 60.4%, and diagnostic accuracy of 66.9%. The seven‐point checklist showed sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 87.5, 65.9, and 70.4%, respectively; the three‐point checklist 79.1, 62.6, 66%; and the CASH algorithm 91.6, 64.8, and 70.4%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy, the three‐point checklist, the seven‐point checklist, and the CASH algorithm for the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions on the hairy skin. In our study, the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and the CASH algorithm showed the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of melanoma.
Coexistence and relative abundance in plant communities are determined by feedbacks when the scale of feedback and dispersal is local
Authors: Mack Keenan M. L. , Bever James D. 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Negative plant–soil feedback occurs when the presence of an individual of a particular species at a particular site decreases the relative success of individuals of the same species compared with those other species at that site. This effect favours heterospecifics thereby facilitating coexistence and maintaining diversity. Empirical work has demonstrated that the average strengths of these feedbacks correlate with the relative abundance of species within a community, suggesting that feedbacks are an important driver of plant community composition. Understanding what factors contribute to the generation of this relationship is necessary for diagnosing the dynamic forces that maintain diversity in plant communities.

We used a spatially explicit, individual‐based computer simulation to test the effects of dispersal distance, the size of feedback neighbourhoods, the strength of pairwise feedbacks and community wide variation of feedbacks, community richness, as well as life‐history differences on the dependence of relative abundance on strength of feedback.

We found a positive dependence of relative abundance of a species on its average feedback for local scale dispersal and feedback. However, we found that the strength of this dependence decreased as either the spatial scale of dispersal and/or the spatial scale of feedback increased. We also found that for spatially local (i.e. relatively small) scale interaction and dispersal, as the mean strength of feedbacks in the community becomes less negative, the greater the increase in abundance produced by a comparable increase in species‐specific average feedback. We found that life‐history differences such as mortality rate did not generate a pattern with abundance, nor did they affect the relationship between abundance and average feedback.

Synthesis. Our results support the claim that empirical observations of a positive correlation between relative abundance and strength of average feedback serve as evidence that local scale negative feedbacks play a prominent role in structuring plant communities. We also identify that this relationship depends upon local scale plant dispersal and feedback which generates clumping and magnifies the negative feedbacks.
Reflections on the challenges of understanding racial, cultural and sexual differences in couple relationship research
Authors: Gabb Jacqui , Singh Reenee 
Published: May 2014

In the field of systemic psychotherapy there has been much recent interest in the areas of culture and reflexivity, and in working with couples. In this article we reflect on the process of conducting research in these areas. Drawing on findings from a large, national, empirical mixed‐methods study on long‐term relationships, we use two examples from the data to illustrate the complexity of researching across racial, cultural and sexual differences, in terms of research design and sampling, fieldwork and research practice, and making sense of multidimensional data. We point to findings that suggest that notions of coupledom are culturally constructed and thus challenge straightforward ideas of the procreative, sexually active couple dyad, separate from intergenerational extended families. The clinical significance of the findings for both lesbian, gay, bisexual or queer and culturally diverse couples and families are discussed.Practitioner points
Cultural or racial matching is not a sufficient condition for engagement and empathy with couples and families.
Critical reflexivity about similarity and difference is essential in cross‐cultural systemic practice.
‘The couple’ and its distance from the extended family may be defined differently in different cultures.
One research tool used in this project, the emotion map, appears to have utility in clinical practice with couples and families.
Analysis for the mechanism between the small cell lung cancer and non‐small cell lung cancer combing the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles
Authors: Zhang Weisan , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Mingpeng , Zhang Yun , Li Fengtan , Lei Ping 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the relationship between small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) and messenger (m)RNA expression profiles.MethodsUtilizing the differentially expressed mRNAs and the targeting miRNAs, the mRNA‐miRNA network for the two cancers was constructed. By integrating the miRNA expression profile, drug, and drug targets, miRNA‐drug target‐drug networks were established and the mechanisms in drug therapy efficacy were compared between SCLC and NSCLC.ResultsDrug targets of different expressed miRNAs of SCLC are mainly located in the organelle, act in the electron carrier activity, and consist of the synapse; while drug targets of NSCLC are the membrane‐enclosed lumen, mainly distributed in the extracellular region and synapse, and function in the binding. Drug targets of miRNA expressed commonly in the two cancers are involved in the reproduction multi‐organism process. In SCLC, the miR‐16 in the miRNA‐drug target‐drug network is significant and follows the result of the mRNA‐miRNA network. The pigmentation and rhythmic process of SCLC is different from NSCLC, while the process of cellular component biogenesis and cellular component organization are important for the occurrence of NSCLC. miR‐16 in the miRNA‐mRNA‐drug network of SCLC is significant and we acquired 11 potential drugs, such as dexamethasone and budesonide. The miR‐124 for NSCLC is important in the network and 17 potential drugs were screened, including dexamethasone and budesonide.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that miR‐16 and miR‐124 might be novel diagnostic and prognostics markers for SCLC and NSCLC, respectively.
Overview of fundamental study of pazopanib in cancer
Authors: Zhao Hong‐Lin , Yang Fan , Huang Xin , Zhou Qing‐Hua 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAngiogenesis is an indispensible process for tumor growth and metastasis. Anti‐angiogenesis based therapy is one of the most promising treatments for inhibiting cancer progression. Through the exploration of inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)‐2, deemed as the major angiogenesis pathway, pazopanib was found as a small molecular pan‐VEGFR and pan‐platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitor, with suitable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters to be an oral drug. In an vitro study, pazopanib exerted anti‐tumor effect through mechanisms including the Raf‐MAPK/ERK (MEK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, and directly targeted on v‐raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (B‐raf) as well. It inhibited the proliferation of cell lines, such as DU‐145 and HRC‐45 in hepatocellular carcinoma, through mechanisms like “cell cycle arrest.” In vivo xenograft studies and phase I/II clinical trials revealed a series of plasma cytokine and angiogenic factors, such as interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐12, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and soluble VEGFR2, which have significant association with clinical curative effect. Pazopanib has been shown to be effective in solid tumors and some hematological malignancies. Future studies should focus on the exploration of biomarkers to screen sensitive patients and concomitant or metronomic dosage with other kinds of medicines.
Confirmation of insecticide resistance in Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Australia
Authors: Lilly David G , Zalucki Myron P , Orton Christopher J , Russell Richard C , Webb Cameron E , Doggett Stephen L 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInsecticide resistance in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius Linnaeus has been suspected in Australia with anecdotal reports of poor product performance. To investigate this possibility, LD50 values were determined via topical application of technical grade permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, pirimiphos‐methyl and imidacloprid serially diluted in acetone to a suspected resistant field‐collected strain and a susceptible laboratory strain. All compounds tested against the susceptible strain were efficacious. However, for the field strain, only pirimiphos‐methyl and imidacloprid showed high levels of activity. Resistance was confirmed in the field‐collected strain to the pyrethroids and bendiocarb, but not to pirimiphos‐methyl or imidacloprid. Resistance factors (‘resistant’ LD50/susceptible LD50) for each compound were: permethrin ≈ 1.235 million, deltamethrin ≈ 370 000, bendiocarb ≈ 250, pirimiphos‐methyl = 2.6, imidacloprid = 2.6. Bendiocarb, permethrin and deltamethrin all failed to return greater than 60% mortality at the maximum dose of 100 μg/μL. This research has significant operational implications for bed bug control and the registration process of new products in Australia.
Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the supine position with manual displacement of the uterus vs lateral tilt using a firm wedge: a manikin study
Authors: Butcher M. , Ip J. , Bushby D. , Yentis S. M. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryPrevention of aortocaval compression is essential for effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation in late pregnancy. This can be achieved by either lateral maternal tilt or lateral uterine displacement. Results from a previous manikin study show that a firm foam‐rubber wedge allowed successful chest compressions whilst providing stable and reliable lateral tilt. However, it did not investigate resuscitation in the supine position with manual uterine displacement. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of chest compressions in a manikin in the supine position vs lateral tilt using a foam‐rubber wedge, both on the floor and on a typical patient bed. Overall, we found that compressions were easier to perform in the supine position (p = 0.007 (bed) and 0.048 (floor)), and with greater stability in the supine position on the floor (p = 0.011). The effectiveness of chest compressions was similar in both the supine/uterine displacement and the lateral tilt positions, suggesting that either method may be suitable for CPR.
Fetal scalp blood sampling during labor: an appraisal of the physiological basis and scientific evidence
Authors: Chandraharan Edwin , Wiberg Nana 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFetal cardiotocography is characterized by low specificity; therefore, in an attempt to ensure fetal well‐being, fetal scalp blood sampling has been recommended by most obstetric societies in the case of a non‐reassuring cardiotocography. The scientific agreement on the evidence for using fetal scalp blood sampling to decrease the rate of operative delivery for fetal distress is ambiguous. Based on the same studies, a Cochrane review states that fetal scalp blood sampling increases the rate of instrumental delivery while decreasing neonatal acidosis, whereas the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence guideline considers that fetal scalp blood sampling decreases instrumental delivery without differences in other outcome variables. The fetal scalp is supplied by vessels outside the skull below the level of the cranial vault, which is likely to be compressed during contractions. The self‐regulated redistribution of oxygenated blood from peripheral to central organs causes peripheral ischemia, thus theoretically bringing into question the scalp capillary bed as representative of the central circulation.
THE RELEVANCE OF THE COOPERATIVE MODEL IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Authors: HUYBRECHTS Benjamin , MERTENS Sybille 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWhile ‘traditional’ cooperatives operating for a long time in fields such as banking, agriculture, or retail, have received important attention in the cooperative literature, much work still needs to be done to understand why and how cooperatives emerge either in fields in which they have not traditionally been widespread (such as health and care, services, etc.), or in ‘new’ fields or sub‐fields (such as fair trade, microfinance or renewable energy). Research is even more needed insofar as ‘new’ cooperatives tend to differ from traditional ones in several ways, for instance through the involvement of multiple stakeholders (rather than a dominant one such as producers, consumers or workers) or through a stronger orientation towards general interest goals (beyond traditional mutual interest at the basis of most cooperatives). In this article, we analyze the emergence of cooperatives in the field of renewable energy. This emergence has raised a lot of enthusiasm among the supporters of cooperatives and citizen‐based renewable energy as well as questions regarding the viability and the replicability of this model. On the one hand, the assets of the cooperative model enable us to understand why this form has been adopted by citizen groups and has developed, although to varying extents, in many countries. On the other hand, the limits or weaknesses of the model enable us to explain why cooperatives are still a minority in the field of renewable energy and why their development is constrained by several obstacles.
The eunuch phenomenon: adaptive evolution of genital emasculation in sexually dimorphic spiders
Authors: Kuntner Matjaž , Agnarsson Ingi , Li Daiqin 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTUnder natural and sexual selection traits often evolve that secure paternity or maternity through self‐sacrifice to predators, rivals, offspring, or partners. Emasculation—males removing their genitals—is an unusual example of such behaviours. Known only in insects and spiders, the phenomenon's adaptiveness is difficult to explain, yet its repeated origins and association with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and sexual cannibalism suggest an adaptive significance. In spiders, emasculation of paired male sperm‐transferring organs — secondary genitals — (hereafter, palps), results in ‘eunuchs’. This behaviour has been hypothesized to be adaptive because (i) males plug female genitals with their severed palps (plugging hypothesis), (ii) males remove their palps to become better fighters in male–male contests (better‐fighter hypothesis), perhaps reaching higher agility due to reduced total body mass (gloves‐off hypothesis), and (iii) males achieve prolonged sperm transfer through severed genitals (remote‐copulation hypothesis). Prior research has provided evidence in support of these hypotheses in some orb‐weaving spiders but these explanations are far from general. Seeking broad macroevolutionary patterns of spider emasculation, we review the known occurrences, weigh the evidence in support of the hypotheses in each known case, and redefine more precisely the particular cases of emasculation depending on its timing in relation to maturation and mating: ‘pre‐maturation’, ‘mating’, and ‘post‐mating’. We use a genus‐level spider phylogeny to explore emasculation evolution and to investigate potential evolutionary linkage between emasculation,SSD, lesser genital damage (embolic breakage), and sexual cannibalism (females consuming their mates). We find a complex pattern of spider emasculation evolution, all cases confined to Araneoidea: emasculation evolved at least five and up to 11 times, was lost at least four times, and became further modified at least once. We also find emasculation, as well as lesser genital damage and sexual cannibalism, to be significantly associated withSSD. These behavioural and morphological traits thus likely co‐evolve in spiders. Emasculation can be seen as an extreme form of genital mutilation, or even a terminal investment strategy linked to the evolution of monogyny. However, as different emasculation cases in araneoid spiders are neither homologous nor biologically identical, and may or may not serve as paternity protection, the direct link to monogyny is not clear cut. Understanding better the phylogenetic patterns of emasculation and its constituent morphologies and behaviours, a clearer picture of the intricate interplay of natural and sexual selection may arise. With the here improved evolutionary resolution of spider eunuch behaviour, we can more specifically tie the evidence from adaptive hypotheses to independent cases, and propose promising avenues for further research of spider eunuchs, and of the evolution of monogyny.
What have studies of non‐industrialized countries told us about the cause of allergic disease?
Authors: Fogarty A.W. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe increase in allergic diseases that was observed in countries that had experienced rapid economic growth since the mid‐20th century initiated a search for environmental exposures that may explain these phenomena that continues to the present day. Societies that are in the earlier stages of the process of industrialization provide an opportunity to compare the initial stages of economic development and the lifestyle changes that may accompany this, with other communities whose way of life may not have changed appreciably for centuries. These studies have consistently demonstrated higher levels of allergic disease in the relatively affluent populations compared with those who maintain a more traditional lifestyle. Environmental changes that have emerged from these studies that may modify the risk of allergic disease include microbial exposures including parasite infection, pollution, diet and obesity. In addition, food and drug allergies represent a neglected area of research in these countries that may be causing a relatively high burden of disease.