bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 New global palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Early Palaeozoic and their generation
Authors: Torsvik Trond H. , Cocks L. Robin M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
New palaeogeographical reconstructions are presented at 10 myr intervals from the Lower Cambrian at 540 Ma to the Lower Devonian at 400 Ma, showing continental crustal fragments and oceans (not lands and seas), with appropriate kinematic continuity between successive maps. The maps were chiefly generated by revised and selected palaeomagnetic data and revised Apparent Polar Wandering paths linked to present-day polygons from the main continents. These have been reinforced by analysis of the distributions of some fossils and sediments. Gondwana was the dominating supercontinent from its final assembly in the Latest Neoproterozoic at about 550 Ma until the Carboniferous, and covered much of the Southern Hemisphere. The Northern Hemisphere was largely occupied by the vast Panthalassic Ocean. The relative positions of the major continents and the latitudes and rotation histories of Gondwana, Baltica, Siberia and Laurentia (Laurussia from the mid-Silurian) are now well known. Although Laurentia was oriented in a similar direction to the present, Siberia was inverted throughout the Lower Palaeozoic, and Baltica too was initially inverted, but rotated through 120° between the Late Cambrian and Late Ordovician before collision with Laurentia in the mid-Silurian Caledonide Orogeny. Through reconstructions of the Caledonide and some other orogenies, the progressive history of the Iapetus Ocean between Laurentia and Baltica/Gondwana is well constrained. Less major continents whose positions are also well known include Avalonia (initially peri-Gondwanan but migrating in the Early Ordovician to join Baltica by the end of the Ordovician), Sibumasu (now considered an integral part of Gondwana) and Mongolia (adjacent to Siberia). A large number of other terranes are reviewed and plotted on the reconstructions with varying degrees of certainty. However, significant continents with less well constrained or controversial positions are South China, North China (Sinokorea), Annamia (Indochina) and Arctic Alaska–Chukotka. The European areas of France, Iberia and southern Italy, previously considered by some as a separate Armorican Terrane Assemblage, remained parts of core Gondwana until the opening of the Palaeotethys Ocean near the end of the Silurian, but it is uncertain whether Perunica (Bohemia) was one of that group or whether it left Gondwana during the Middle Ordovician.
Chapter 21 Biogeographical patterns of Ordovician ostracods
Authors: Meidla Tõnu , Tinn Oive , Salas Maria José , Williams Mark , Siveter David , Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. , Sabbe Koen 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

The biogeography of marine shelf ostracod genera is analysed for two Ordovician time slabs, the earliest Late Ordovician and the terminal Ordovician, that have been considered to reflect comparatively warmer and cooler global climate states, respectively. The earlier time slab is equivalent to the
Nemagraptus gracilis
graptolite interval (centred about 460 Ma), and defined as the total range of the eponymous species. The Hirnantian time slab comprises the
Normalograptus extraordinarius
and
Normalograptus persculptus
graptolite biozones (445.6–443.7 Ma). The ostracod dataset consists of 160 taxa from 24 early Late Ordovician localities and 86 taxa from 10 Hirnantian localities. Ordination and variation partitioning analyses show that patterns in ostracod distribution in the
gracilis
time slab are largely related to palaeocontinental affinity of the samples and to a lesser degree to palaeolatitude. Some decrease of provincialism can be suggested for the Hirnantian, although the ostracod dataset is limited for this interval.
Chapter 22 Testing Silurian palaeogeography using ‘European’ ostracod faunas
Authors: Perrier V. , Siveter D. J. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The distributions of representative European and eastern North American species of the three major ostracod groups present in the Silurian independently support the standard palaeogeographical reconstructions of the ‘North Atlantic’ region for that time period. A range of assumed benthic, biostratigraphically key palaeocope and podocope ostracods show a provincial distributional pattern that characterizes a ‘European’ ostracod faunal province which reflects the amalgamated palaeoplates of Avalonia and Baltica. By contrast, representatives of the low-diversity, late Silurian, supposedly pelagic myodocope ostracod fauna from the UK, France, the Czech Republic, Sardinia and other locations globally seemingly have much wider dispersal capacity that includes, for example, trans-(Rheic)ocean locations on the Avalonia, Baltica, Armorica (West Gondwana) and Perunica palaeoplates. That there was an apparent major barrier to the migration of supposed benthic but not pelagic ostracod faunas strongly supports the notion of the presence of the Rheic Ocean and adjacent palaeocontinents. Comparable provincial and trans-oceanic distributional patterns are evident amongst Recent benthic and pelagic ostracods. The ostracod faunas of Avalonia/Baltica seemingly remained essentially distinctive, at least at species level, from those of the remainder of the Laurentian plate in the Silurian, but the reason for this is uncertain.
Chapter 24 Late Ordovician zooplankton maps and the climate of the Early Palaeozoic Icehouse
Authors: Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. , Armstrong Howard A. , Williams Mark , Paris Florentin , Sabbe Koen , Zalasiewicz Jan A. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Chitinozoans and graptolites are the main components of preserved Ordovician zooplankton. As with much of the modern plankton, the ‘first-order’ species distributions of Ordovician plankton reflect water masses defined on the basis of sea surface temperatures. For ‘time slices’ of less than a few million years, zooplankton distribution patterns can be used to infer latitudinal sea surface temperature gradients, key palaeoceanographical boundaries and the position of Ordovician climate belts. Here, using two Late Ordovician time intervals – the early Sandbian and Hirnantian – we review how zooplankton distribution patterns identify Late Ordovician cooling and reflect the development of severe icehouse conditions.

Supplementary material:

Additional information on methods and material is available at:
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18670
Chapter 25 Palaeogeographical distribution of Ordovician Radiolarian occurrences: patterns, significance and limitations
Authors: Danelian T. , Noble P. , Pouille L. , Maletz J. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Over the past 15 years, significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of Lower Palaeozoic radiolarian faunas. However, description of biogeographical patterns of Ordovician Radiolaria is hampered by the paucity of known occurrences as well as possible taphonomic influences. The distribution of all known assemblages is analysed in time and space. Lower Ordovician (especially Tremadocian) Radiolaria are known from two distinct tropical localities of Laurentia. Geographical coverage is much better for the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian). However, data are concentrated in tropical palaeolatitudes (between 30°N and 30°S). The absence of data from mid/high-latitude localities limits any biogeographical insights. In addition to this there are taphonomic and taxonomic biases. Data are also sparse for the Upper Ordovician. However, comparison between Australian and Nevadan material of Katian age shows strong similarities, suggesting the presence of a coherent tropical radiolarian bioprovince, as in the modern ocean.
Chapter 26 Graptolite palaeobiogeography
Authors: Goldman Daniel , Maletz Jörg , Melchin Michael J. , Junxuan Fan 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Graptolite faunas exhibited strong biogeographical differentiation during the Early Palaeozoic, particularly in the Ordovician. Skevington recognized two major faunal provinces, the high to mid palaeolatitude ‘Atlantic Province’ and the low-palaeolatitude ‘Pacific Province’. Subsequent workers have generally accepted this pattern of graptolite distribution, but the controls on this pattern have been the subject of considerable debate. Two competing models have emerged: a surface water temperature model and a depth stratification model. It is likely that the some of the physical and chemical oceanic factors that vary with latitude may also vary in a similar way along an onshore to offshore transect. Hence, it may be that both depth and surface temperature play an important role in biogeographical differentiation. Biogeography also played a critical role in the evolutionary history of graptoloids. Important examples include the origination of axonophorans in deep, offshore environments from isograptid and pseudisograptid ancestors and their subsequent migration into shallow water regions; the replacement of the Diplograptina by Neograptina in the low palaeolatitudes during the Late Ordovician extinction event; and the origination of expansograptids in the ‘Atlantic’ Province as shallow water endemics followed by their worldwide dispersal into the oceanic biofacies.
Chapter 28 Palaeobiogeography of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates
Authors: Žigaitė Živilė , Blieck Alain 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

The oldest known Palaeozoic vertebrate record currently is Early Cambrian in age. The first taxa with mineralized exoskeletons are at least Ordovician in age, followed by a sporadic fossil record with Talimaa’s Gap of
c.
3 myr in the Rhuddanian (earliest Silurian). Ordovician and Silurian vertebrate faunas are dominated by ‘agnathans’. Early Palaeozoic vertebrates occupied a wide range of environments: nearshore marine to restricted marine in the Ordovician, and on the marine epicontinental shelves of the Silurian. Silurian vertebrates are useful biostratigraphical indicators, as well as good markers of palaeocontinental margins. Two main palaeobiogeographical units are renamed for the Ordovician: a Gondwana Realm and a Laurentia–Siberia–Baltica Realm. Vertebrate fossil localities are more numerous in the Silurian; therefore a series of palaeobiogeographical provinces and realms are defined on Laurentia, Baltica, Avalonia, Siberia, South China and East Gondwana. More discoveries of Silurian vertebrate-bearing localities should certainly help to define additional provinces, in particular along the northern margins of Gondwana and in SE Asia.
Chapter 5 Testing for palaeogeographical patterns in the distribution of Cambrian trace fossils
Authors: Jensen Sören , Buatois Luis A. , Mángano M. Gabriela 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

We examined the palaeogeographical distribution of selected Cambrian trace fossils.
Astropolichnus hispanicus
,
Climactichnites
,
Syringomorpha nilssoni
and early examples of
Paleodictyon
all have a restricted palaeogeographical distribution, probably representing that of their producers. A cosmopolitan distribution is seen in
Didymaulichnus miettensis
and in early examples of
Rusophycus
and
Dactyloidites
.
Oldhamia
shows a wide distribution in Lower Cambrian deep-sea sediments although that of
Oldhamia geniculata
is restricted.
Chapter 6 The role of Archaeocyatha in Cambrian biostratigraphy and biogeography
Authors: Kerner A. , Debrenne F. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The Archaeocyatha is a group of Cambrian fossils successively considered as cnidarians or sponges or as an independent phylum convergent with many groups lacking clear affinities. Comparisons with Recent calcified sponges discovered in submarine caves have demonstrated that the sponge model is consistent with their structural organization. Thus their systematic position is now agreed as a class within the phylum Porifera, permitting realistic investigations of their comparative physiology and life strategies. Archaeocyatha is an important part of research programmes on the Cambrian System, initiated by different commissions of the IUGS since 1970. Archaeocyathan biozones are available in some key regions. Faunal and palaeocommunities distribution, especially of the reefs they helped build in epeiric seas, and migration pathways constrain Cambrian palaeogeographical reconstructions. A database, using recent compilations of the group, is now online. This free access data source offers specialists a tool, easy to use not only as an identification key but also to establish faunal, geographical and stratigraphical distributions of archaeocyathan genera, and a rapid first step towards Cambrian palaeogeographical reconstructions.
Chapter 8 Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian non-stromatoporoid Porifera
Authors: Muir Lucy A. , Botting Joseph P. , Carrera Marcelo G. , Beresi Matilde 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian distributions of non-stromatoporoid sponges are reviewed. The earliest Cambrian faunas contain mostly hexactinellids, with protomonaxonids dominating middle Cambrian assemblages. There are no obvious palaeobiogeographical patterns, with many genera being found widely. Vauxiids, lithistids and heteractinids are apparently confined to low latitudes, but this may be due to a poor fossil record. Most known Ordovician faunas are from low latitudes, although some high-latitude faunas are known, which contain reticulosan hexactinellids and protomonaxonids. There is some division of faunas within Laurentia, into eastern and western provinces, with the western assemblage extending across low northern latitudes during the Late Ordovician. During the Silurian Period, sponge diversity was very low during the Llandovery Epoch, probably partly owing to lack of habitat for taxa restricted to carbonate facies, and also because of sampling bias. There was a dramatic increase in diversity through the Silurian Period, mostly owing to an apparent diversification in the demosponges; however, there are many ghost lineages, indicating that their fossil record is poorly known. Non-lithistid sponges are very poorly known, with few recorded outside Euramerica. The currently available data for Early Palaeozoic sponges are too incomplete to allow any reliable palaeobiogeographical inferences.

Supplementary material:

the compilation of Silurian sponge occurrences is available at:
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18666
.
Chapter 9 Coral biogeography in the Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of Laurentia
Authors: Elias Robert J. , Young Graham A. , Lee Dong-Jin , Bae Boo-Young 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
During the Late Ordovician, Cincinnatian, the epicontinental seas and continental margin of Laurentia provided habitats that were suitable for corals. Biogeographical differentiation occurred within this equatorially placed continent, when corals were introduced to areas that had fundamentally different environments. There were four biogeographical divisions, characterized by distinctive faunas that included some endemic taxa: the Red River–Stony Mountain Province, Richmond Province, Edgewood Province and the less well understood, informal ‘Continental Margin’ Area. In each division, the potential for diversification and the capacity for diversity were determined by factors such as the duration and size of the division, the amount of immigration, the extent of evolution and biogeographical differentiation, faunal responses to changes in sea-level and climate, and the complexity of the ecological structure. The development of multiple biogeographical divisions, each contributing to overall diversity, enhanced the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’. During the latest Ordovician mass extinction, there was a reduction of diversity and loss of biogeographical divisions within Laurentia. The divisions were terminated when their characteristic taxa disappeared, in response to major environmental changes associated with glaciation in Gondwana and subsequent global warming.
eRapa Restores a Normal Life Span in a FAP Mouse Model
Authors: Hasty Paul , Livi Carolina B. , Dodds Sherry G. , Jones Diane , Strong Randy , Javors Martin , Fischer Kathleen E. , Sloane Lauren , Murthy Kruthi , Hubbard Gene , Sun Lishi , Hurez Vincent , Curiel Tyler J. , Sharp Zelton Dave 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Mutation of a single copy of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene results in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), which confers an extremely high risk for colon cancer. ApcMin/+ mice exhibit multiple intestinal neoplasia (MIN) that causes anemia and death from bleeding by 6 months. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitors were shown to improve ApcMin/+ mouse survival when administered by oral gavage or added directly to the chow, but these mice still died from neoplasia well short of a natural life span. The National Institute of Aging Intervention Testing Program showed that enterically targeted rapamycin (eRapa) extended life span for wild-type genetically heterogeneous mice in part by inhibiting age-associated cancer. We hypothesized that eRapa would be effective in preventing neoplasia and extend survival of ApcMin/+ mice. We show that eRapa improved survival of ApcMin/+ mice in a dose-dependent manner. Remarkably, and in contrast to previous reports, most of the ApcMin/+ mice fed 42 parts per million eRapa lived beyond the median life span reported for wild-type syngeneic mice. Furthermore, chronic eRapa did not cause detrimental immune effects in mouse models of cancer, infection, or autoimmunity, thus assuaging concerns that chronic rapamycin treatment suppresses immunity. Our studies suggest that a novel formulation (enteric targeting) of a well-known and widely used drug (rapamycin) can dramatically improve its efficacy in targeted settings. eRapa or other mTORC1 inhibitors could serve as effective cancer preventatives for people with FAP without suppressing the immune system, thus reducing the dependency on surgery as standard therapy. Cancer Prev Res; 7(1); 169–78. ©2013 AACR.
Predictors of Postdischarge Outcomes From Information Acquired Shortly After Admission for Acute Heart Failure
Authors: Cleland John G. , Chiswell Karen , Teerlink John R. , Stevens Susanna , Fiuzat Mona , Givertz Michael M. , Davison Beth A. , Mansoor George A. , Ponikowski Piotr , Voors Adriaan A. , Cotter Gad , Metra Marco , Massie Barry M. , O’Connor Christopher M. 
Published: November 2013

Background—
Acute heart failure is a common reason for admission, and outcome is often poor. Improved prognostic risk stratification may assist in the design of future trials and in patient management. Using data from a large randomized trial, we explored the prognostic value of clinical variables, measured at hospital admission for acute heart failure, to determine whether a few selected variables were inferior to an extended data set.

Methods and Results—
The prognostic model included 37 clinical characteristics collected at baseline in PROTECT, a study comparing rolofylline and placebo in 2033 patients admitted with acute heart failure. Prespecified outcomes at 30 days were death or rehospitalization for any reason; death or rehospitalization for cardiovascular or renal reasons; and, at both 30 and 180 days, all-cause mortality. No variable had a c-index >0.70, and few had values >0.60; c-indices were lower for composite outcomes than for mortality. Blood urea was generally the strongest single predictor. Eighteen variables contributed independent prognostic information, but a reduced model using only 8 items (age, previous heart failure hospitalization, peripheral edema, systolic blood pressure, serum sodium, urea, creatinine, and albumin) performed similarly. For prediction of all-cause mortality at 180 days, the model c-index using all variables was 0.72 and for the simplified model, also 0.72.

Conclusions—
A few simple clinical variables measured on admission in patients with acute heart failure predict a variety of adverse outcomes with accuracy similar to more complex models. However, predictive models were of only moderate accuracy, especially for outcomes that included nonfatal events. Better methods of risk stratification are required.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT00328692 and NCT00354458.
Stent Thrombosis With Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents Compared With Bare-Metal Stents
Authors: Philip Femi , Agarwal Shikhar , Bunte Matthew C. , Goel Sachin S. , Tuzcu E. Murat , Ellis Stephen , Kapadia Samir R. 
Published: November 2013

Background—
The relative safety of drug-eluting stents (DESs) and bare-metal stents (BMSs) with respect to stent thrombosis (ST) continues to be debated. There are limited data comparing safety and efficacy of second-generation DES to BMS. We compared the clinical outcomes between second-generation DES and BMS for primary percutaneous coronary intervention using network meta-analysis.

Methods and Results—
Randomized controlled trials comparing stent types (first-generation DES, second-generation DES or BMS) were considered for inclusion. A search strategy used Medline, Embase, Cochrane databases, and proceedings of the international meetings. Information about study design, inclusion criteria, and sample characteristics were extracted. Network meta-analysis was used to pool direct (comparison of second-generation DES to BMS) and indirect evidence (first-generation DES with BMS and second-generation DES) from the randomized trials. Twenty-one trials comparing all stents types, including 12 866 patients randomly assigned to treatment groups, were analyzed. A significantly lower incidence of ST was noted with the use of second-generation DES as early as 30 days (odds ratio [OR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15–0.82) and between 31 days and 1 year (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30–0.79) when compared with BMS. Second-generation DES was associated with significantly lower incidence of definite ST at 1 year (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.11–0.83) and myocardial infarction (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.17–0.54) and target vessel revascularization at 1 year (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.80–0.98) when compared with BMS. There was no difference in mortality at 30 days (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.45–1.59) or 1 year (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56–1.14) with the use of second-generation DES versus BMS. The small number of events may influence the precision of the analysis.

Conclusions—
Network meta-analysis of randomized trials of primary percutaneous coronary intervention demonstrated lower incidence of ST, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization with second-generation DES when compared with BMS. The use of second-generation DES for percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction was not associated with adverse events when compared with BMS.