bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective 30 Years After Discovery of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect of Solid Tumors: Next‐Generation Chemotherapeutics and Photodynamic Therapy—Problems, Solutions, and Prospects
Authors: Maeda Hiroshi , Tsukigawa Kenji , Fang Jun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSolid tumor has unique vascular architecture, excessive production of vascular mediators, and extravasation of macromolecules from blood vessels into the tumor tissue interstitium. These features comprise the phenomenon named the EPR effect of solid tumors, described in 1986. Our investigations on the EPR revealed that many mediators, such as bradykinin, NO, and prostaglandins, are involved in the EPR effect, which is now believed to be the most important element for cancer‐selective drug delivery. However, tumors in vivo manifest great diversity, and some demonstrate a poor EPR effect, for example, because of impaired vascular flow involving thrombosis, with poor drug delivery and therapeutic failure. Another important element of this effect is that it operates in metastatic cancers. Because few drugs are currently effective against metastases, the EPR effect offers a great advantage in nanomedicine therapy. The EPR effect can also be augmented two to three times via nitroglycerin, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II‐induced hypertension. The delivery of nanomedicines to tumors can thereby be enhanced. In traditional PDT, most PSs had low MW and little tumor‐selective accumulation. Our hydroxypropylmetacrylamide‐polymer‐conjugated‐PS, zinc protoporphyrin (apparent MW >50 kDa) showed tumor‐selective accumulation, as revealed by fluorescent imaging of autochthonous cancers. After one i.v. injection of polymeric PS followed by two or three xenon light irradiation/treatments, most tumors regressed. Thus, nanoprobes with the EPR effect seem to have remarkable effects. Enhancing the EPR effect by using vascular modulators will aid innovations in PDT for greater tumor‐targeted drug delivery.
Against the mainstream: the membrane‐associated type I toxin BsrG from Bacillus subtilis interferes with cell envelope biosynthesis without increasing membrane permeability
Authors: Jahn Natalie , Brantl Sabine , Strahl Henrik 
Published: August 2015

SummaryToxin‐antitoxin loci, which encode a toxic protein alongside with either RNA or a protein able to counteract the toxicity, are widespread among archaea and bacteria. These loci are implicated in persistence, and as addiction modules to ensure stable inheritance of plasmids and phages. In type I toxin‐antitoxin systems, a small RNA acts as an antitoxin, which prevents the synthesis of the toxin. Most type I toxins are small hydrophobic membrane proteins generally assumed to induce pores, or otherwise permeabilise the cytoplasmic membrane and, as a result, induce cell death by energy starvation. Here we show that this mode of action is not a conserved property of type I toxins. The analysis of the cellular toxicity caused by Bacillus subtilis prophage SPβ‐encoded toxin BsrG revealed that, surprisingly, it neither dissipates membrane potential nor affects cellular ATP‐levels. In contrast, BsrG strongly interferes with the cell envelope biosynthesis, causes membrane invaginations together with delocalisation of the cell wall synthesis machinery and triggers autolysis. Furthermore, efficient inhibition of protein biosynthesis is observed. These findings question the simplistic assumption that small membrane targeting toxins generally act by permeabilising the membrane.
Live cell imaging of SOS and prophage dynamics in isogenic bacterial populations
Authors: Helfrich Stefan , Pfeifer Eugen , Krämer Christina , Sachs Christian Carsten , Wiechert Wolfgang , Kohlheyer Dietrich , Nöh Katharina , Frunzke Julia 
Published: August 2015

SummaryAlmost all bacterial genomes contain DNA of viral origin, including functional prophages or degenerated phage elements. A frequent but often unnoted phenomenon is the spontaneous induction of prophage elements (SPI) even in the absence of an external stimulus. In this study, we have analyzed SPI of the large, degenerated prophage CGP3 (187 kbp), which is integrated into the genome of the Gram‐positive Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. Time‐lapse fluorescence microscopy of fluorescent reporter strains grown in microfluidic chips revealed the sporadic induction of the SOS response as a prominent trigger of CGP3 SPI but also displayed a considerable fraction (∼30%) of RecA‐independent SPI. Whereas approx. 20% of SOS‐induced cells recovered from this stress and resumed growth, the spontaneous induction of CGP3 always led to a stop of growth and likely cell death. A carbon source starvation experiment clearly emphasized that SPI only occurs in actively proliferating cells, whereas sporadic SOS induction was still observed in resting cells. These data highlight the impact of sporadic DNA damage on the activity of prophage elements and provide a time‐resolved, quantitative description of SPI as general phenomenon of bacterial populations.
tRNA‐dependent alanylation of diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Smith Angela M. , Harrison Jesse S. , Grube Christopher D. , Sheppe Austin E. F. , Sahara Nahoko , Ishii Ryohei , Nureki Osamu , Roy Hervé 
Published: August 2015

SummaryAminoacyl‐phosphatidylglycerol synthases (aaPGSs) are membrane proteins that utilize aminoacylated tRNAs to modify membrane lipids with amino acids. Aminoacylation of membrane lipids alters the biochemical properties of the cytoplasmic membrane and enables bacteria to adapt to changes in environmental conditions. aaPGSs utilize alanine, lysine and arginine as modifying amino acids, and the primary lipid recipients have heretofore been defined as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin. Here we identify a new pathway for lipid aminoacylation, conserved in many Actinobacteria, which results in formation of Ala‐PG and a novel alanylated lipid, Alanyl‐diacylglycerol (Ala‐DAG). Ala‐DAG formation in Corynebacterium glutamicum is dependent on the activity of an aaPGS homolog, whereas formation of Ala‐PG requires the same enzyme acting in concert with a putative esterase encoded upstream. The presence of alanylated lipids is sufficient to enhance the bacterial fitness of C. glutamicum cultured in the presence of certain antimicrobial agents, and elucidation of this system expands the known repertoire of membrane lipids acting as substrates for amino acid modification in bacterial cells.
The role of FlhF and HubP as polar landmark proteins in Shewanella putrefaciens CN‐32
Authors: Rossmann Florian , Brenzinger Susanne , Knauer Carina , Dörrich Anja K. , Bubendorfer Sebastian , Ruppert Ulrike , Bange Gert , Thormann Kai M. 
Published: August 2015

SummarySpatiotemporal regulation of cell polarity plays a role in many fundamental processes in bacteria and often relies on ‘landmark’ proteins which recruit the corresponding clients to their designated position. Here, we explored the localization of two multi‐protein complexes, the polar flagellar motor and the chemotaxis array, in Shewanella putrefaciens CN‐32. We demonstrate that polar positioning of the flagellar system, but not of the chemotaxis system, depends on the GTPase FlhF. In contrast, the chemotaxis array is recruited by a transmembrane protein which we identified as the functional ortholog of Vibrio cholerae HubP. Mediated by its periplasmic N‐terminal LysM domain, SpHubP exhibits an FlhF‐independent localization pattern during cell cycle similar to its Vibrio counterpart and also has a role in proper chromosome segregation. In addition, while not affecting flagellar positioning, SpHubP is crucial for normal flagellar function and is involved in type IV pili‐mediated twitching motility. We hypothesize that a group of HubP/FimV homologs, characterized by a rather conserved N‐terminal periplasmic section required for polar targeting and a highly variable acidic cytoplasmic part, primarily mediating recruitment of client proteins, serves as polar markers in various bacterial species with respect to different cellular functions.
Overexpression of a novel cold‐responsive transcript factor LcFIN1 from sheepgrass enhances tolerance to low temperature stress in transgenic plants
Authors: Gao Qiong , Li Xiaoxia , Jia Junting , Zhao Pincang , Liu Panpan , Liu Zhujiang , Ge Liangfa , Chen Shuangyan , Qi Dongmei , Deng Bo , Lee Byung‐Hyun , Liu Gongshe , Cheng Liqin 
Published: August 2015

SummaryAs a perennial forage crop broadly distributed in eastern Eurasia, sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel) is highly tolerant to low‐temperature stress. Previous report indicates that sheepgrass is able to endure as low as −47.5 °C,allowing it to survive through the cold winter season. However, due to the lack of sufficient studies, the underlying mechanism towards the extraordinary low‐temperature tolerance is unclear. Although the transcription profiling has provided insight into the transcriptome response to cold stress, more detailed studies are required to dissect the molecular mechanism regarding the excellent abiotic stress tolerance. In this work, we report a novel transcript factor LcFIN1 (L. chinensis freezing‐induced 1) from sheepgrass. LcFIN1 showed no homology with other known genes and was rapidly and highly induced by cold stress, suggesting that LcFIN1 participates in the early response to cold stress. Consistently, ectopic expression of LcFIN1 significantly increased cold stress tolerance in the transgenic plants, as indicated by the higher survival rate, fresh weight and other stress‐related indexes after a freezing treatment. Transcriptome analysis showed that numerous stress‐related genes were differentially expressed in LcFIN1‐overexpressing plants, suggesting that LcFIN1 may enhance plant abiotic stress tolerance by transcriptional regulation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and CHIP‐qPCR showed that LcCBF1 can bind to the CRT/DRE cis‐element located in the promoter region of LcFIN1, suggesting that LcFIN1 is directly regulated by LcCBF1. Taken together, our results suggest that LcFIN1 positively regulates plant adaptation response to cold stress and is a promising candidate gene to improve crop cold tolerance.
Phenotypic and genotypic changes in French populations of Phytophthora infestans: are invasive clones the most aggressive?
Authors: Mariette N. , Mabon R. , Corbière R. , Boulard F. , Glais I. , Marquer B. , Pasco C. , Montarry J. , Andrivon D. 
Published: August 2015

The main objective of this investigation was to test the ‘always more aggressive’ hypothesis, often advocated to explain lineage replacements in clonal populations of the potato late blight oomycete Phytophthora infestans. To this end, genotypic and pathogenicity data on 1274 French isolates of P. infestans, collected over the period 2001–2008, were analysed. Overall, the populations sampled showed limited genetic diversity, with four multilocus lineages (1_A1, 2_A1, 8_A1 and 13_A2) accounting for over 80% of the isolates collected. As in other West European countries, drastic changes in these dominant clonal lineages were observed over the course of the 8 years, particularly in the appearance and propagation of the clone 13_A2. However, invasiveness of clones was not associated with higher aggressiveness; on the contrary, dominant clones had generally low or moderate aggressiveness relative to others present at the same time within the same populations. This finding challenges the link between invasive behaviour and increased aggressiveness often assumed for this biotrophic pathogen, and could reflect the existence of a trade‐off between intra‐season and inter‐season transmission. This would be consistent with the concept of inclusive fitness, which involves the abilities to both reproduce and survive.
Does Reintegration Stress Contribute to Suicidal Ideation Among Returning Veterans Seeking PTSD Treatment?
Authors: Haller Moira , Angkaw Abigail C. , Hendricks Brittany A. , Norman Sonya B. 
Published: August 2015

Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric symptoms are well‐established risk factors for suicidal ideation among returning veterans, less attention has been paid to whether the stress of reintegrating into civilian society contributes to suicidal ideation. Utilizing a sample of 232 returning veterans (95% male, mean age = 33.63 years) seeking PTSD treatment, this study tested whether reintegration difficulties contribute to suicidal ideation over and above the influence of PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, and potential substance misuse. Logistic regressions indicated that reintegration stress had a unique effect on suicidal ideation over and above PTSD and depression symptoms. Reintegration stress interacted with substance misuse to predict suicidal ideation, such that the effect of reintegration stress on suicidal ideation was much larger for those with potential substance misuse. Exploratory analyses also examined which types of reintegration difficulties were associated with suicidal ideation, and found that difficulty maintaining military friendships, difficulty getting along with relatives, difficulty feeling like you belong in civilian society, and difficulty finding meaning/purpose in life were all significantly associated with suicidal ideation, beyond the effects of psychiatric symptoms and potential substance misuse. Findings highlight the importance of addressing reintegration stress for the prevention of suicide among returning veterans. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Integrating Sociological and Psychological Perspectives on Coparenting
Authors: Kotila Letitia E. , Schoppe‐Sullivan Sarah J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRapidly changing demographics of American families have redefined coparenting and brought about the need for cross‐disciplinary measurement and theory integration that is grounded in a developmental, life course perspective. First, we briefly review sociological scholarship on coparenting, highlighting both qualitative and quantitative work. Second, we provide a brief historical overview of coparenting from the psychological perspective, focusing on its theoretical foundation, multiple components, and importance for individuals and families. Third, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of sociological approaches to coparenting and discuss the benefits of integration. Finally, we suggest avenues for future interdisciplinary work on coparenting that are heavily shaped by the shifting demographics of American families.
What Difference Does Difference Make? The Persistence of Inequalities in Healthcare Delivery
Authors: Gengler Amanda M. , Jarrell Megan V. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractScholars across many disciplines have amassed a mountain of research documenting how social differences along lines of race, class, gender, and sexuality shape how those who need medical attention are cared for in the US healthcare system. Here, we aim to succinctly review a selection of studies that have considered the many ways both patients' and healthcare providers' social identities can impact care delivery. After establishing how these differences influence patient–provider interactions and patient diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, we argue that a critical sociological perspective can help us to better understand why these inequities persist despite decades of research calling attention to them. Specifically, we suggest that research guided by symbolic interactionist and intersectional frameworks can generate more comprehensive analyses of inequality in healthcare delivery and help researchers delve deeper into the complex interactional processes undergirding disparities in care provision. We conclude by highlighting recent work that illustrates the value of this approach.
Women's Migration for Domestic Work and Cross‐Border Marriage in East and Southeast Asia: Reproducing Domesticity, Contesting Citizenship
Authors: Cheng Catherine Man Chuen , Choo Hae Yeon 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article offers an integrative review of the literature on women's migration for domestic work and cross‐border marriages in East and Southeast Asia. By bringing these two bodies of literature into dialogue, we illuminate the interconnected processes that shape two key forms of women's migration that are embedded in the reproduction of women's domesticity. We highlight structural analyses of the demographic and socio‐economic shifts that propel women's migration while also attending to the affective dimension of migrant women's desires and duties and to the brokerages that mediate the migrant flow. We finally examine how migrant wives and domestic workers contest the boundary of citizenship as they claim their full personhood against divergent modes of control over their rights, bodies, and mobility. We conclude by pointing out concrete areas where the two sets of literature can enrich each other for future research on gender, labor, and migration.
Women's Success in Academic Science: Challenges to Breaking Through the Ivory Ceiling
Authors: Henley Megan M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAlthough a greater number of women are entering academic science than ever before, women remain underrepresented and are perceived as less successful than men in their fields. The reasons behind this are complicated and debatable. In this paper, I review the challenges that women continue to face in the natural and social academic sciences. Women continue to face barriers toward obtaining academic positions and securing promotions. A crucial aspect of the problem lies in the subjective definition of “success,” which creates subconscious biases as well as gendered processes within institutions. These processes include biased evaluations of success in academia, limited mentorship for women in science, limited networking opportunities, and lack of institutional support for mothers. Future research should look more closely at the gendered definition of success, and related constraints within academia that keep women from breaking through the ivory ceiling.
Deconstructing Merge and Move to Make Room for Adjunction
Authors: Hunter Tim 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper explores the syntactic and semantic properties of movement and adjunction and proposes a new analysis of these two phenomena according to which they are closely related to each other. The basic pieces of grammatical machinery that carry out movement also carry out adjunction. Building on independently appealing ideas concerning neo‐Davidsonian semantic composition and “move as re‐merge,” the proposed framework naturally accounts for (i) adjuncts' puzzling status “either inside or outside” a maximal projection, (ii) adjuncts' ability to escape reconstruction, and (iii) the prohibition on extraction from adjuncts.
Aposematism and mimicry in soft‐bodied beetles of the superfamily Cleroidea (Insecta)
Authors: Bocakova Milada , Bocak Ladislav , Gimmel Matthew L. , Motyka Michal , Vogler Alfried P. 
Published: August 2015

The evolution of animal life strategies is among the main themes of current evolutionary biology. Checkered beetles, soft‐winged flower beetles and their allies (superfamily Cleroidea), exhibit well‐known aposematic colour patterns, particularly in the family Cleridae, which participate in mimicry complexes mostly with unpalatable beetles, ants and velvet ants representing a Müllerian–Batesian continuum. Many cleroids also exhibit attenuated hardening of cuticular layers resulting in a soft‐bodied appearance. Here, a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the entire Cleroidea was performed using sequences of two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci of ~4 kb total length. Inferred phylogenies were used to reconstruct ancestral colour patterns and involvement in mimicry complexes. The hypothesis of a soft‐bodied ancestor of Cleridae and allies was tested. The phylogenetic analyses corroborated the expanded Cleroidea concept including Byturidae and Biphyllidae formerly classified as Cucujoidea. Character state optimization showed cryptic coloration was the ancestral state in Cleroidea, from which aposematic coloration originated several times in distant cleroid lineages. Within Cleridae, mimicry also arose from an ancestor that was cryptic, and multiple lineages that mimicked unpalatable beetles (Chrysomelidae, Meloidae, Lycidae) and stinging Hymenoptera evolved. Aposematic coloration was acquired in all major clerid lineages including Thanerocleridae, which are either the sister group of Chaetosomatidae or Cleridae. These findings suggest that mimetic traits in the clerid clade evolved at various times, possibly soon after the origin of soft‐bodiedness. The adaptive value of aposematism in cleroids is likely to be enhanced in soft‐bodied species, as this trait provides limited means of protection against predators, and therefore may promote the acquisition of aposematic and mimetic coloration in various ecological situations.
A dynamical system analysis of holographic dark energy models with different IR cutoff
Authors: Mahata Nilanjana , Chakraborty Subenoy 
Published: August 2015

The paper deals with a dynamical system analysis of the cosmological evolution of an holographic dark energy (HDE) model interacting with dark matter (DM) which is chosen in the form of dust. The infrared cutoff of the holographic model is considered as future event horizon or Ricci length scale. The interaction term between dark energy (DE) and DM is chosen of following three types: (i) proportional to the sum of the energy densities of the two dark components, (ii) proportional to the product of the matter energy densities and (iii) proportional to DE density. The dynamical equations are reduced to an autonomous system for the three cases and corresponding phase space is analyzed.
Temperature diagnostic for laser-induced plasma by electron collision model
Authors: He Jian , Liao Lamei , Zhang Qingguo 
Published: August 2015

In this paper, using the collisions between ion and free electron, we analyze the conditions of electron collision equilibrium (ECE) for laser-induced plasma (LIP). Considering the collision excitation and de-excitation, we discuss the principle for temperature diagnostic for the three level ions for LIP. Taking the Ne v ion spectral lines in infrared as an example, for the intensity ratio of the (3-2) transition to the (2-1) transition, we compare the temperature in local thermal equilibrium and electron collision equilibrium when the intensity ratio varies from 0 to 1.8, and we obtain some important conclusions. This discussion is useful in the LIP diagnostic under the conditions of electron collision equilibrium.