bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensional stability in tissues dehydrated with 2,2‐dimethoxypropane for electron microscopy
Authors: Truter E. J. , Böhm L. , Williams E. D. F. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYDimensions of tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde‐osmium tetroxide mixture, osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate and then dehydrated in 2,2‐dimethoxypropane (DMP) were measured using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Rat cardiac muscle, kidney and other tissues were examined in this study. The mean dimensions of characteristic ultrastructural features of material prepared by this method are similar or larger than those reported in the literature for conventionally processed samples. Critical point drying of specimens dehydrated with DMP does not produce abnormal shrinkage. Simultaneous primary fixation of lipids and proteins in a glutaraldehyde osmium tetroxide mixture and omission of the water wash after uranyl acetate appear to be important in stabilizing the tissue for rapid dehydration. The rapid reaction of DMP and water yielding the products acetone and methanol does not appear to denature tissue components to a greater extent than conventional solvent exchange dehydration.
Marking the origin of coordinates in high‐resolution light‐microscopy scanning
Authors: Bahr Gunter F. , Boccia Joseph A. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYIn high‐resolution image analysis, it is often desirable to return to a chosen cell after it has been restained or subjected to histochemical procedures. The reading of the vernier on the microscope stage is too coarse for relocating of non‐distinct single cells, because the accuracy, determined by visual interpolation, is limited, at best, to 1/20th of a millimetre, or 50 μm. When one works with haematologic samples, e.g. lymphocytes, the precision of relocating a cell has to be better than 50 μm; i.e. the cell should reappear near the centre of the visual field of a x 100 oil‐immersion objective.We describe a simple device by means of which distinct marks can be made on a slide with specimen (but before coverslipping) and will provide suitable origins for a coordinate system that will cover the entire preparation.
Congenital lumbar hernia: 20 years' single centre experience
Authors: Sharma Anshuman , Pandey Anand , Rawat Jiledar , Ahmed Intezar , Wakhlu Ashish , Kureel Shiv Narain 
Published: October 2012

Aim:  Congenital lumbar hernia is an uncommon anomaly with only few cases reported in the English literature. This study was done to study the incidence, associated conditions, management and complications of congenital lumbar hernia repair in paediatric patients.Methods:  Retrospective study of all patients over a period of 20 years (January 1990 to January 2010) was analysed.Results:  A total of 18 patients (two bilateral hernias) were encountered in this series. All were in the age group of 1 day to 6 years. All the patients were operated by open technique. Primary repair was done in 14 patients and prosthetic meshplasty in two. Two patients could not be operated. The average follow‐up period was 3 years. There was no follow‐up loss in our study. There was no evidence of recurrence in this series.Conclusion:  Up until now, the total number of cases is 68. The large size of hernia defect (>10 cm) may determine the use of prosthetic mesh repair. Proper surgical treatment, either primary repair or hernioplasty, provides adequate management of this condition.
Second malignant neoplasms in childhood malignant brain tumour: A long‐term population‐based study
Authors: Cai Yubo , Cao Lanfang , Bao Xuhui , Xie Liyi 
Published: October 2012

Aim:  To provide a profile of second malignant neoplasms (SMN) in patients with childhood primary malignant brain tumour originating from neuroepithelial tissues with latest data in a population‐based study.Methods:  Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973–2007) was used to identify above‐stated patients. SMN patients were further identified, and standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) and excess absolute risks (EARs) for risk‐factor‐decided subgroups were calculated. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the association between cumulative incidence of SMN and the risk factors were performed in the whole population.Results:  A total of 106 patients were identified as having SMNs. EARs peaked at age at primary diagnosis of 10–14. Males had higher SIRs and EARs than females. Both SIRs and EARs increased after 1990. Age was statistically significant in both univariable and multivariable analyses for cumulative incidence of SMN and RT was not significant in both the analyses, in the whole population of 9075 patients. After follow‐up recalculation, matched patients in the ≥1990 group had slightly shorter median interval between primary and secondary cancer than those in the <1990 group, but with no significance.Conclusion:  The risk of SMN in children with primary malignant brain tumours in a more advanced treatment era might have changed. During making further advances in the treatment of these neoplasms, minimising toxicities while maintaining promising prognostic outcomes will keep being our goal.
Prospective clinical audit of chloral hydrate administration practices in a neonatal unit
Authors: Cruise Sharon , Tam‐Chan Dorothy , Harrison Denise , Johnston Linda 
Published: October 2012

Aim:  Chloral hydrate is generally considered a safe and effective single dosing procedural sedative for neonates in the clinical setting. However, its safety profile as a repetitive dosing maintenance sedative is largely unknown. This study aimed to document current administration practices of chloral hydrate in the Neonatal Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, over a 6‐month period.Methods:  Patients who had been prescribed chloral hydrate during the specified audit period were recruited into the study and prospectively followed for a period of 28 days, or until they were discharged from the unit. Demographic data were collected on recruitment, and daily documentation of chloral hydrate administration was recorded.Results:  A total of 238 doses of chloral hydrate were administered to a cohort of 32 patients during the study period. The majority of the audited doses (84%) were ordered as repeating doses. Doses were more likely to be given at night than during the day, and the median dosage for repetitive dosing was found to be above the study site's recommended dosing range. Pre‐dose and/or post‐dose assessment of distress/agitation accompanied dosage approximately half of the time. The audit did not reveal any recognisable pattern of sedation maintenance or weaning process for patients who received multiple doses.Conclusions:  Health‐care professionals caring for hospitalised infants should be made aware of the potential risks of chloral hydrate as a repetitive dosing sedative, and of the importance of systematically evaluating the appropriateness and effectiveness of utilising such pharmacological intervention for managing and treating distress.
Premedication for neonatal intubation in Australia and New Zealand: A survey of current practice
Authors: Wheeler Ben , Broadbent Roland , Reith David 
Published: October 2012

Aim:  This study aims to describe the current approach to intubation premedication in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Australia and New ZealandMethods:  A literature review regarding intubation premedication in the newborn was carried out to inform questionnaire design. A web‐based survey of 28 NICUs and two neonatal emergency transport services was conducted and supplemented by telephone contact to ensure completion.Results:  All the tertiary NICUs and neonatal emergency transport services in Australia and New Zealand use premedication for elective intubation of neonates. Eighty per cent of units have a written policy. There were 28 of 30 units (93%) that use muscle relaxants, mostly suxamethonium. The choice of sedative medication is varied.Conclusions:  Australian and New Zealand neonatal units have a high use of intubation premedication including muscle relaxants, but vary considerably in their choice of sedative medication.
Neonatal suppurative parotitis over the last 4 decades: Report of three new cases and review
Authors: Ismail Essam A , Seoudi Tarek M , Al‐Amir Mohamad , Al‐Esnawy Ahmad A 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal suppurative parotitis is a rare disease. Only 32 cases were reported in the English‐language literature between 1970 and 2004.MethodsWe searched Medline for acute, neonatal, bacterial, suppurative, parotitis, facial, preauricular swelling starting from 1970, limiting our search to the English‐language literature. We reviewed all the reported cases together with three more managed in our department.ResultsWe identified nine new cases since 2004. The total number of patients reviewed was 44, including our patients. Most of them were male (77%). The majority developed unilateral inflamed parotid swelling (77%) and exuded pus from the ipsilateral Stensen duct. Fever was seen in fewer than half of them (47%). Premature babies constituted a third of the patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the leading causative agent (61%). Most patients responded well to conservative treatment with antibiotics (77%). The most frequently used combination of antibiotics was an anti‐staphylococcal agent with either an aminoglycoside or a third‐generation cephalosporin. A minority required surgical drainage. No deaths were reported in the group studied after 1970.ConclusionNeonatal suppurative parotitis is rare but easy to diagnose and if readily treated with appropriate antibiotics the outcome is excellent.
Organizing ‘Spaces of Hope’: Union Formation by Indian Garment Workers
Authors: Jenkins Jean 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article concerns union formation among female garment workers in Bangalore, in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It analyses a case where a category of workers dismissed by established national unions as impossible to organize came to form their own women's movement and thence their own union. The case highlights the crucial role of a sustained, flexible approach towards organizing at the micro level, in the mobilization of vulnerable workers employed in highly competitive labour markets.
Living the Dream: Barack Obama and Blacks’ Changing Perceptions of the American Dream
Authors: Stout Christopher Timothy , Le Danvy 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveOur objective is to examine whether positive symbols of progress for the black community, such as Obama's election as president, increase black optimism in the American Dream.MethodLogit regression and ordered logit regression with predicted probabilities and odds ratios.ResultsUsing several surveys conducted between 1987 and 2010, we show that blacks are much more optimistic about the American Dream after Obama is elected to the White House, in spite of their worsening economic status.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that positive symbols of progress are a better gauge of the American Dream for blacks than objective economic indicators. Moreover, previous racial gaps in beliefs in the American Dream may be attributed to lack of black representation at high levels of government, rather than solely based on differences in socioeconomic standing.
Case of scrub typhus complicated by severe disseminated intravascular coagulation and death
Authors: Ono Yuko , Ikegami Yukihiro , Tasaki Kazuhiro , Abe Masahumi , Tase Choichiro 
Published: October 2012

AbstractScrub typhus is an infectious disease that is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. The authors describe an autopsied case of scrub typhus complicated with severe disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). An 82‐year‐old man complained of fever 4 days after climbing a mountain. The patient was admitted to an urban hospital, and meropenem and ceftriaxone were administered. The patient's condition deteriorated and he was transferred to a second hospital. On physical examination, a black scab was found and scrub typhus was suspected. Despite intensive treatment, the patient died on the fifth day. High levels of O. tsutsugamushi IgM antibody were confirmed. An autopsy revealed systemic vasculitis and perivasculitis. The endothelial tissue of the white pulp of the spleen was markedly infiltrated by plasma cells. The authors speculated that a severe immune reaction against O. tsutsugamushi enhanced an inflammatory response, leading to DIC. This case is a warning to doctors who are not familiar with scrub typhus.
Are Investments in Groundwater Irrigation Profitable? A Case of Rice Farms from South India1
Authors: Varghese Shalet Korattukudy , Buysse Jeroen , Frija Aymen , Speelman Stijn , Van Huylenbroeck Guido 
Published: October 2012

Varghese, Shalet Korattukudy, Jeroen Buysse, Aymen Frija, Stijn Speelman, and Guido Van Huylenbroeck, 2012. Are Investments in Groundwater Irrigation Profitable? A Case of Rice Farms from South India.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 1‐15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00690.xAbstract: This article examines the profitability of cultivating double rice under bore well irrigation, given the cumulative interference of and reduced life span of wells, and thus increases the cost of groundwater extraction and use. The overexploitation of groundwater is a common stock problem and the cultivation of water intensive crops, such as rice, further exacerbates the overdraft of groundwater. Under these circumstances, we quantify the marginal benefit of irrigation investments in rice farming by estimating the probability of having a double rice crop as a function of the investment made in wells. Using this information, we explore profit maximization behavior of farms with a mathematical programming model to derive individual economic optima of irrigation costs. The results demonstrate that the ongoing overexploitation of groundwater, and its use to cultivate an economically inefficient crop, such as rice, has resulted in low profitability at farm level. A sensitivity analysis found that even when the investment in irrigation wells is reduced by 70%, small farms are still not economically efficient, thereby confirming the Tragedy of the Commons. Raising awareness amongst farmers with regard to the economics of irrigation would facilitate the participatory implementation of control mechanisms to regulate groundwater extraction.
Debating the International Legitimacy of the G20: Global Policymaking and Contemporary International Society
Authors: Slaughter Steven 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThere have been growing debates about the legitimacy and the future of the G20 (the Group of Twenty) leaders forum despite this forum playing a prominent role in response to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. While states within the G20 assert the legitimacy of the G20, states outside the G20 actively question this forum’s legitimacy. This article contends that while the G20 is important to contemporary global governance and efforts to create a common framework of rules for global capitalism, this ongoing debate demonstrates that the legitimacy of the G20 is fundamentally uncertain and problematic because the G20’s membership and connection to existing forms of multilateralism remain contentious. This article contends that G20 leaders need to consider these issues in light of the prevailing expectations of states in contemporary international society.Policy Implications

Given the scale and complexity of global problems and the large number of states and International Organisations (IOs), the G20 is going to be an important forum for timely global agenda setting and decision making at an executive level.

However, the G20 faces a range of challenges in attempting to develop and sustain its legitimacy. Importantly, legitimacy is not an abstract concept, as it derives from the prevailing norms and institutions in international society.

Since the emergence of the G20 there have been ongoing debates about the legitimacy of the G20 in international society, where it is clear that considering the views of nonmember states and the relationship of the G20 to existing forms of multilateralism are important.

Consequently, consideration ought to be given to measures to strengthen the legitimacy of the G20, including stronger connections between the G20 and core multilateral bodies like the UN, as well as developing avenues of interaction between the G20 and the public in its member states, as well as transnational NGOs and business interests.
Hind foot lameness: Results of magnetic resonance imaging in 38 horses (2001–2011)
Authors: Biggi M. , Dyson S. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe distribution of lesions detected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hind feet has not been reported.ObjectiveTo evaluate type and distribution of lesions detected usingMRIin hind feet of lame horses and to compare the findings with those reported in front feet; to document follow‐up information.MethodsHorses were selected if hindlimb lameness was abolished by plantar nerve blocks performed at the base of the proximal sesamoid bones. Magnetic resonance images were acquired using either a low‐field or a high‐field magnet, and all images were evaluated retrospectively by both authors. A primary diagnosis was defined as the most likely cause of lameness, based also on clinical findings and results of other imaging techniques. If ≥3 structures were equally affected, the horse was classified as having multiple injuries. Follow‐up information was collected by telephone questionnaire; outcome was classified as return to former level of athletic function, working at a lower level or retired.ResultsThirty‐eight horses were included. Primary collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL) injury was identified in 9 horses. Nine horses had multiple injuries, 8 had primary bone pathology, 5 had collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint, one had primary deep digital flexor tendonitis, 2 had navicular bone pathology and 4 had lesions involving other structures within the foot. Seven horses were subjected to euthanasia shortly after diagnosis; 6 as a result of poor prognosis and one as a result of post anaesthetic complications, 4 of which had primary bone lesions, 2 multiple lesions and one distal interphalangeal joint pathology. Follow‐up information was available for 24 horses. Eleven horses returned to previous performance and 2 to a lower level of performance; 9 horses were retired because of recurrent lameness. Five of 8 horses withCSLinjury returned to previous performance and 2 to a lower level.Conclusions and potential relevanceCollateral sesamoidean ligament injury and primary bone pathology are commonly observed onMRIexamination of hind feet, and the prognosis is reasonable.
The association of anthropometric indices in adolescence with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in early adulthood: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)
Authors: Barzin M. , Asghari G. , Hosseinpanah F. , Mirmiran P. , Azizi F. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Little is known about the predictive ability of anthropometric indices in adolescence for prediction of early adulthood metabolic syndrome (MetS).
There are controversies about the predictive power of body mass index (BMI) vs. waist circumference (WC) for prediction of MetS in late adolescence; some of the studies did not support the need to measure WC in mid‐adolescence, in addition to BMI; on the other hand, some other studies proposed either similar predictability or superiority of WC to identify MetS in late adolescence.
What this study adds
This is the first study to evaluate the adolescent anthropometric indices in relation to early adulthood MetS incidence one decade later in the Middle East region.
There is an important sex difference regarding the incidence of MetS in Tehranian adolescents.
It is interesting to know that all anthropometric indices in the pubertal age group (11–14 years) had better predictive ability compared to late‐pubertal (15–18 years) adolescents.
In addition, adolescent abdominal obesity surrogates, including WC and waist‐to‐height ratio, predicted adulthood MetS better than BMI in boys.
It seems that WC had an independent role beyond BMI in identification of adulthood MetS in Tehranian boys (11–18 years old).
BackgroundLittle is known about the predictive ability of anthropometric indices in adolescence for prediction of early adulthood metabolic syndrome (MetS).ObjectiveOur purpose was to explore incidence of MetS and the optimal anthropometric indicator to predict early adulthood MetS in Tehranian adolescents.MethodsUsing data from the population‐based, prospective, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, the utility of four anthropometric indices of adolescents in predicting early adulthood MetS (2009 Joint Scientific Statement definition) was examined among 1100 participants, aged 11–18 years, who were free of MetS at baseline, during a mean of 10.2 years of follow‐up.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of MetS was 25.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.8–29.2%) for young men and 1.8% (95% CI: 0.6–3%) for young women. In boys, waist circumference (WC) had the highest odds ratio (OR) for the MetS risk, followed by waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR). Adjusting body mass index (BMI) in addition to WC did not change the results in the 11–14‐year age group (OR for WC: 2.28 [1.64–3.16] without BMI adjustment vs. 1.98 [1.05–3.73] with BMI adjustment), suggesting that WC may predict MetS risk beyond BMI. None of the anthropometric indices were found to have significant associations with subsequent MetS risk in girls.ConclusionsMeasures of abdominal obesity including WHtR and WC predicted early adulthood MetS better than BMI in Tehranian male adolescents (11–18 years old).
An integrated model system for coastal flood prediction with a case history for Walcott, UK, on 9 November 2007
Authors: Stansby P. , Chini N. , Apsley D. , Borthwick A. , Bricheno L. , Horrillo‐Caraballo J. , McCabe M. , Reeve D. , Rogers B.D. , Saulter A. , Scott A. , Wilson C. , Wolf J. , Yan K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAn integrated model system is based on downscaling from climate models, to wave climate and continental shelf models for tides and surge, to coastal models for waves and water levels, to beach levels and overtopping of sea defences and inundation. Present operational practice in the UK is described. The model system is applied to the prediction of flooding at Walcott on 9 November 2007. Inundation levels are predicted in reasonable agreement with those at certain residential properties in Walcott as reported by the occupants. The effect of time‐varying and time‐averaged overtopping discharge is considered. Sensitivity of overtopping and inundation to uncertainties in nearshore wave height and water level is analysed, with the greatest sensitivity being to water level. Extreme joint probability analysis is undertaken, showing the event to be close to a 1 in 100‐year event. Finally, the effects of different rates of sea level rise and a climate change scenario are investigated for 2100; the simulations indicate that the return period of the equivalent 2007 event could reduce to less than 2 years with a 0.5m sea level rise.