bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Mechanical Characterization of Magnetic Hybrid Materials with PVB as Polymeric Matrix for Micro-Actuation Applications
Authors: López-Walle Beatriz , Romo-Rico Jesús , Puente-Córdova Jesús , Reyes-Melo Martín 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis work presents two multifunctional magnetic hybrid materials with potential applications as micro-actuators. The first one consists of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles embedded in polyvinyl butyral (PVB). For the second one, Fe2O3 nanoparticles, coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), were embedded in PVB. The main objective is to describe their synthesis and morphological and magnetic characterizations, and to evaluate their displacement against a variable magnetic field. The maximal displacement is obtained by the (Fe2O3-CMC)/PVB beam-shaped structure (28.37 x 2.6 x 0.183 mm3) with 843 μm; the maximal electric power being 1.14 W. The levels of displacement induced in both hybrid materials as a response of the external magnetic field, besides the low electric power required, let us conclude that the studied materials could be considered as good candidates to micro-actuators applications.
Size-controlled synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles and their structural characterization
Authors: Quiñones-Méndez Angélica M. , Perales-Pérez Oscar , Cedeño-Mattei Yarilyn 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe agricultural industry worldwide is facing several challenges including environmental pollution problems (soils and water) caused by the unsuitable control on the use of agrochemicals. Recently, nanotechnology has become an option to improve the existing crop management techniques. Polymer nanoparticles can be used for storage and controlledrelease of agrochemicals, such as pesticides and fertilizers. In this regard, chitosan nanoparticles have been considered for agricultural applications due to the capability of size control at the nanoscale and porosity control capability, in addition to biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. On this basis, this work focuses on the development of a sizecontrolled synthesis method for chitosan nanoparticles for further use as a platform for the controlled-release system of agrochemicals. The chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by polymerization using methacrylic acid in water. Several chitosan precursor concentrations (0.2- 0.8 wt.%) were evaluated in order to manipulate the size of produced nanoparticles. The hydrodynamic diameter of those nanoparticles was determined by using a Malvern Zetasizer and the suspension stability trough zeta potential measurements. The morphology and geometrical size were investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Chitosan nanoparticles size was around 17 nm when a precursor 0.2 wt.% chitosan solution was used. X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques confirmed the chitosan nanoparticles formation and its interaction with functional groups of methacrylic acid.
Advances in Crystallographic Image Processing for Scanning Probe Microscopy: Unambiguous identification of the translation symmetry of a 2D periodic image
Authors: Bilyeu Taylor T. , Straton Jack C. , Koenig Axel Mainzer , Moeck Peter 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA statistically sound procedure for the unambiguous identification of the underlying Bravais lattice of an image of a 2D periodic array of objects is described. Our Bravais lattice detection procedure is independent of which type of microscope has been utilized for the recording of the image data. It is particularly useful for the correction of Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) images that suffer from a blunt scanning probe tip artifact, i.e. simultaneously recording multiple mini-tips. The unambiguous detection of the type of translation symmetry presents a first step towards making objective decisions about which plane symmetry a 2D periodic image is best modeled by. Such decisions are important for the application of Crystallographic Image Processing (CIP) techniques to images from Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs).
Effect of Crop Volume on Contraction Rate in Adult House Fly
Authors: Stoffolano John G , Patel Bhavi , Tran Lynn 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The functional aspects of the adult house fly crop have not been studied even though various human and domestic animal pathogens have been discovered within the crop lumen. The average volume consumed (midgut and crop) by flies starved for 24 h was 3.88 µl by feeding both sexes on a sucrose phosphate glutamate buffer. In addition, various volumes of a solution (0.125 M sucrose plus Amaranth dye) were fed to 3-d-old adult female house flies to quantify the crop contraction rate as affected by crop volume. As crop volume increased, the contraction rate increased until it reached a peak at 2 µl, after which it declined. It is hypothesized that the high contraction rate of the crop, which in house fly is almost twice the rate of three other fly species, is one of the factors that makes house fly an excellent vector. The mechanism for such a high contraction rate needs to be investigated.
The Development of Children’s Understanding of Maps and Models: A Prospective Cognition Perspective
Authors: Uttal David H. , Sheehan Kelly J. 
Published: June 2014

This article takes a prospective cognition perspective in reviewing research on the development of children’s understanding of spatial symbols, such as scale models and maps. We suggest that using spatial symbols requires that children think about where an object will be found rather than where they last saw it. In addition, we suggest that as children’s knowledge of maps grows, they begin to think about large-scale space through the mediated perspective that maps provide.Maps allow people to see and to think about multiple relations among locations, as well as spaces that are much larger than can be directly perceived. Learning about the world through maps is a good example of what Tomasello (1999) called the cultural ratchet effect; each generation can rely on information from prior generations rather than having to learn or discover it on their own. Thus, cultures share views of space through maps, and the development of the cognition of large-scale space consists in part of learning to think about the world through maps.
Foamdrive Seldom Meaningful
Authors: Dietz D.N. , Bruining J. , Heijna H.B. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
With the present interest in foamdrive, there is an increasing need for aproper definition and description of "foam." A sample of foam isrepresentative of foam and its bulk properties only if it has sufficient size. To take an extreme, a microscopic sample out of the middle of a gas bubble isnot "foam." Bulk properties such as gas content, viscosity, etc., canbe determined only on samples sufficiently large to contain many bubbles, counted in all three dimensions. Foam properties are relevant only with respectto samples over some minimum size, and this size is related directly to bubblesize.

Discussion
Some direct measurements of bubble size from photographs in the literaturegave diameters of about 200 micron. We also have estimated the theoreticalminimum bubble size.
In a flow experiment, of course, we can observe foam before it enters a coreand we may see foam being formed where gas and liquid leave a core. Within theporous rock there is two-phase flow, but there is seldom reason to believe thatthis flow can be described by a quasi singlephase flow of a "foam" showing the same viscous behavior as measured macroscopically outside the rock.

Conclusions
Where authors claim that a so-called foamdrive yields a higher oil recoverythan normal two-phase flow, we may have to find another explanation. Althoughthe mechanical structure of foam may break down upon entrance into a porousmedium, the chemical composition still differs from a conventional gas/watercombination through the presence of surface-active agents.
Efficient Open-Hole Logging of the Horizontal Wells Using Openhole Tractoring. Field Experiences from TATWEER Petroleum Company-Bahrain
Authors: Ofield Bill , Down Michael , Al-Hashimi Lana , Hermes Amir , Murphy Nicolas , Hamdy Mohamed , Eissa Moustafa , Annovi Enrico 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Horizontal drilling is fast becoming an effective economical solution to maximize the asset value for E & P companies. Since established in 2009, TATWEER petroleum is one of those companies that utilize horizontal drilling intensively to improve the production and the recovery factor from tight and fractured carbonate reservoirs within the Bahrain Field.
Reservoir complexity and heterogonity create the need for running open-hole logs in most of the horizontal wells within the Bahrain field. Logging is essential for the following: Designing the well completion (Open hole or Slotted liner equipped with external packers), predicting and understanding the well performance, and planning future work-over activities (Water and Gas Shutoff).
Normal practice to deploy open hole logging tools into the HZ horizontal section within the Bahrain field was to use drill pipe (Tough Logging Conveyance). Given the typical low productivity of wells, operational costs were of concern. Consequently, TATWEER requested alternative methods to optimize the logging operations in horizontal wells.
Of the options offered by Schlumberger, tractoring technology was deemed to be best. The main challenge faced initially was with tractoring in the low uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the reservoir formations (UCS=1400-3000 PSI) in Bahrain. Since tractoring is known to be an effective deployment method for hard formations (UCS&gt;5000 PSI), the new OH tractoring technology (UltraTRAC*) was offered by Schlumberger as a solution for this low UCS enviroment.
UltraTRAC* was successfully deployed in TATWEER wells, saving 60-70% of the logging time comparing to the normal TLC (Tough Logging Conveyance) operations which represents 5% saving of the total well cost.
In this paper, the authors discuss the details of this new logging methodology, logging results, and value obtained from using this technology.
Statistical Approach to Forecasting Fluid Loss Solutions
Authors: Alexeyenko A. V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Increasing efficiency and safety of drilling operations requires proactive planning and ability to make timely educated decisions. Evaluating operational experience and statistically organizing available drilling data provide valuable forecasting tools, which help to increase the rate of successful decisions. For this paper, drilling records from 54 recent wells drilled by Saudi Aramco exploration unit throughout 2009-2011 period, both offshore and onshore, were evaluated. Large volume of statistical data related to drilling fluid losses was systemized. Losses were tagged as partial and total losses for each well and hole size. Drilling fluid daily reports provided insight into volume and cost of losses for drilled hole sections. Fluid losses cost per foot and lost time cost per hour was calculated. Cost per foot of LCM and cost per foot of other fluid loss preventive techniques and technologies was estimated, as well. This data analyses led to the capability of benchmarking expected losses cost per foot against expected cost per foot of available fluid loss fighting or preventive materials and services. Obtained numbers provide straight forward decisive data to plan for cost effective solution using a decision flowchart. Available statistical and risk evaluation software adds to the decision process effectiveness. This paper does not cover all available or would be available loss prevention techniques and technologies. The discussed method was applied in real life, and aerated drilling fluid services are contracted for Saudi Aramco drilling operations.
Exploration Drilling Performance Optimization in Red Sea Shallow Water: Shifting West with Offshore Exploration Drilling Best Practices
Authors: Khalifa Saleh , Azzouni Suliman , Tiwari Shrikant , Adewuya Opeyemi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Exploration drilling activities are not endeavors that afford optimization given the variability of the drilling environment and inherent uncertainty of the lateral discontinuous geology. The ongoing exploration drilling program comprising several wells and various wellsites in the shallow waters of the Red Sea is providing an opportunity to progressively refine exploration drilling practices, and extract incremental efficiencies while maintaining a zero saftey incident record.
The Saudi Aramco shallow water exploration drilling program is targeting a transition zone corridor approximately 10-30 km wide in shallow to moderately deepwater straddling the coastline at the northwestern end of the Red Sea. Given the proximity of the Burqan and Midyan fields, geological and stratigraphic analyses are developed using analogues from extensively studied geophysical and geomechanical models.
Initial well designs developed from the basis of design anticipated extensive salt sections and moderately divergent geopressure beginning in the rubble zone and extending beyond the Kial formation. After drilling two successful exploration wells, learnings from solutions developed to address drilling challenges are presented.
Optimization of the casing design afforded by the use of large bore logging while drilling (LWD) tools is complemented by a bottom-hole assembly (BHA) reconfiguration based on results of a BHA dynamics study. The high temperature profile of the wells drilled also presented another dimension to the challenge as well the opportunity to test emerging high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) logging technology. The pore-pressure fracture gradient (PPFG) profile emulating a post-salt abnormally geopressured trend and strike-slip stress regime initially elicited the use of seismic while drilling technology to resolve poor imaging difficulties below the salt but subsequently discontinued to determine the best lookahead strategy and job design.
Ensuring environmental stewardship required careful planning for the disposal of waste from drilling cuttings. For the frontier area in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, the extensive environmental impact assessment and measures to ensure compliance with national and corporate environmental policy is also presented.
Bottom-Hole Assembly Management System (BHAMS)
Authors: Alotaibi Bader , Contreras Otalvora William B. , Nefai Mohammad S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The bottom-hole assembly (BHA) is one of the most critical downhole drilling string components that determines the course of the drilling operation and its efficiency. It provides the required force on the bit (weight on bit) to efficiently penetrate formations; it facilitates acquiring operational data to successfully land wells; and enables directional drilling. The BHA also affects the borehole shape, direction and other geometric characteristics. In addition, it plays a significant role in determining the rate of penetration (ROP) leading to faster and more efficient drilling or otherwise that could translate to significant cost optimization (or, alternatively, waste). Drilling troubles such as stuck pipes, wellbore stability, cleaning and nonproductive time (NPT) is another area impacted by how optimized the BHA is leading to client satisfaction and timely achievement of objectives in a cost effective manner.
To achieve optimal BHA design, engineers and professionals need intuitive access to historical BHA data to perform in-depth analysis studies and correlate drilling troubles with used BHA designs, which allow them to develop the required mitigation plans and improve the BHA designs for wells. Moreover, this will contribute to a well's hydraulics optimization by linking BHA data with the real-time data.
In this paper, Saudi Aramco shares its experience in constructing a computer software system that facilitates capturing, tracking and analyzing complex BHA data in a more structured manner. The paper demonstrates how the system ensures the integrity of BHA data by applying business rules and data quality controls.
Investigating Formation Water Salinity Using a Unique Water Extraction Technique in a Hydraulically Active Area
Authors: Forsyth D. , Witjaksono M. , Palmer R. , Silva A. , Najrani Hussain , Zeghlache Mohamed L. , Mitchell P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The main Permian Reservoirs in Central Saudi Arabia have presented an evaluation challenge because of the presence of fresh-brackish water encountered directly below the hydrocarbon accumulations. If this water is used in the evaluation of the oil zone then high connate water saturation is obtained which is inconsistent with generally initial water free oil production observed in the field. Early field development evaluation pragmatism assumed a dual salinity model. Higher salinity formation water was used for the evaluation of the oil zone and fresher water used for evaluation of the underlying water zone. The oil zone formation water was assumed to be the original depositional water present at the time of oil migration. High salinity can be typical for an Arid Fluvial-Estuarine system with high evaporation. Oil migration trapped this water in place. Post-hydrocarbon migration, Paleozoic rain water from higher elevations of the Arabian Shield recharged and flushed the original water beneath the oil. Practical issues have limited confirmation of this assumption and no measurements have been taken to confirm the oil zone water salinity or the dual salinity model.
A new technique is being explored that involves extraction and analysis of small quantities of fluid from core plugs sampled at the rig site. Invasion is quantified using mud doping. Initial results show that there is indeed evidence for higher salinity water present in the hydrocarbon zone compared with fresher water in the aquifer, consistent with the proposed dual salinity model. Extended testing of the technique has been conducted which shows that it can be used to measure water salinities in even very tight rock (~micro Darcy). The potential of the technique is to provide a more reliable fluid discriminator, both in these low relief difficult to evaluate formations, and in exploration and unconventional areas.
Case Study: Application of Azimuthal Resistivity, Azimuthal Density, and Resistivity Inversion to Geosteer in a Clastic Stringer, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Saint Craig , Martakov Sergey , Mumtaz Asim , Al-Dhaferi Yousef , Al-Khaldi Nasser , Sinha Sashi , Al-Sultan Athbi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Geosteering within thin clastic reservoirs can be extremely difficult due to their varying thicknesses, lateral facies changes and changing channel geometry. The efficiency of traditional triple-combo tools does not help achieve this objective due to their lack of azimuthal sensitivity. This paper presents a case history of reservoir navigation within a clastic reservoir in Saudi Arabia utilizing deep azimuthal resistivity, reservoir navigation modeling, and multi-component while drilling (MCWD) resistivity inversion.
A number of challenges needed to be overcome for this well to become a successful oil producer. Firstly, the development and lateral continuity of the reservoir sand was not guaranteed. Reservoir sand developed at the bottom of the formation in all nearby offset wells. The development in the upper part of the target formation however, varied throughout the field. In addition, further uncertainty was present regarding position of the oil-water contact (OWC).
A reservoir navigation strategy was devised utilizing a full triple combination of logging while drilling (LWD) tools that included deep azimuthal resistivity and azimuthal density. In addition, MCWD resistivity inversion software was used to ascertain the resistivity of the shoulder beds through inversion of real-time resistivity and azimuthal resistivity curves. The reservoir navigation strategy comprised maintaining a well inclination of 85 degrees until a clean reservoir sand was penetrated. MCWD would provide the first indication of the approaching reservoir, and well inclination would be increased in anticipation of reservoir entry. Upon entry in the reservoir, the deep azimuthal resistivity data, used in conjunction with reservoir navigation, would keep the well in the reservoir until TD or until the sand pinched out. In addition, MCWD would be used to ascertain the lower conductive boundary resistivity, either shale or water.
This strategy was successfully implemented and resulted in 1,400 ft of reservoir contact, achieving 100% Net: Gross. The deep azimuthal resistivity prevented reservoir exit in spite of higher-than-anticipated formation dip and a thinning reservoir towards the toe of the well. MCWD successfully proved that the lower conductive boundary was shale, not water, and confirmed the distance to the boundary results from the deep azimuthal resistivity tool.
High-Performance EOR System in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Abdelgawad K. Z. , Mahmoud M. A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
With the increasing activities in the oil industry more interest is paid to the enhanced oil recovery (EOR). EOR is the area of increasing the producible oil from oil reservoirs. Recently, sea water has been used as a new EOR fluid by tuning its salt content to decrease its salinity and the new water was called low salinity (LowSal) water or smart water. This lead to studying the effect of LowSal water flooding on the recovery factor from oil reservoir due to the thought that LowSal water will interact with the rock surface either by multiple ion exchange or dissolution. Most of the research done confirmed that the presence of anhydrite in the rock is a must for an effective LowSal water flooding as the sulphate ions acts as a catalyst in the rock/fluids interaction.
In this study, we will introduce a new chemical EOR method that can be implied in carbonate reservoirs. The new method employed the ability of chelating agent (High pH EDTA, HEDTA) to sequester metal ions in solution and prevent also any solid precipitates in the reservoir. The widely available sea water will be used without any desulphonation processes since there will be no tendency to interact with the formation brine. Coreflooding experiments were performed using carbonate core outcrops at high temperature and different chelating agents' forms and concentrations were used in the flooding process.
The results of the coreflooding experiments showed that up to 20% of the original oil in place (OOIP) can be produced by injecting about six pore volumes of 5 wt% chelating-agent/sea water solutions. The increased recovery can be attributed to the dissolution of the carbonate rock surface and liberation of the oil attached to it and in the same time a reduction in the IFT due to the high pH injected fluid (pH=13).