bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Resistance of Ta to Mixture of Phosphoric Acid and Potassium Chloride at 120 C
Authors: ALON A. , SCHOR M. , VROMEN A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion resistance of commercially pure tantalum to the system KCl - H3PO4 - H2O, initially containing 60–260 ppm fluoride, has been investigated at 120 C (248 F) and at atmospheric pressure. Effect of the environment on the metal has been determined by visual and microscopic examination, by weight increments and chemical analysis. Confirmation of results was obtained radiochemically using Ta182 as radiotracer. Formation of a passive film, 13,000 Å thick, following a logarithmic growth law was detected. Corrosion rates calculated are of the order of 6 – 20 × 10−3 mpy, indicating good resistance to the system.
Stress Corrosion and Hydrogen Cracking off 17-7 Stainless Steel
Authors: MATSUSHIMA I. , DEEGAN D. , UHLIG H. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Whether a stainless steel fails by stress corrosion cracking or by hydrogen cracking depends on its structure. A pure ferritic 18–8, body-centered cubic as quenched, fails by hydrogen cracking when cathodically polarized in dilute sulfuric acid containing arsenic trioxide. However, it is resistant to stress corrosion cracking in MgCl2 solution boiling at 154 C (310 F). A similar composition austenitic 18–8, face-centered cubic as quenched and tested similarly is resistant to hydrogen cracking but fails by stress corrosion cracking.
Type 301 austenitic 17–7 stainless steel, which transforms in part to ferrite on cold rolling, is resistant, therefore, to hydrogen cracking as annealed-quenched or slightly cold reduced. It fails within 10–30 minutes when cold reduced more than 20 percent even though it transforms only partially to ferrite.
In MgCl2 solution, both the annealed-quenched and the cold-reduced alloy fail, cracking times being prolonged by cathodic polarization, characterizing the failures as stress corrosion cracking. Contrary to reactions observed in pure phase alloys, stainless steels containing mixtures of austenite and ferrite may fail either by hydrogen cracking or by stress corrosion cracking, depending on the environment.
Effectiveness of Nitroethane As a Hydrogen Diffusion inhibitor
Authors: DAUERMAN L , DENNY D. B. , SHANEFIELD D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Tests using 1095 steel in 4.8 N HCl solution at 100 F (38 C) show nitro-ethane accelerates hydrogen diffusion and does not act as an inhibitor. A hypothesis is advanced for its effect in the tests.
Corrosion Rates off Mild Steel in Alkaline Lithium Bromide Solutions by the Polarization Resistance Method
Authors: COHEN ARTHUR , JELINEK ROBERT V. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This is an electrochemical evaluation of a chemical inhibitor on the corrosion behavior of mild steel (ASTM A-414) in solutions containing 54 percent lithium bromide and 0.2 percent lithium hydroxide at 25 C (77 F). Inhibiting effects of lithium chromate at concentrations up to 3000 ppm were studied Results are analyzed in terms of corrosion current determined from polarization resistance measurements and cathodic and anodic polarization slopes. These are compared with weight loss measurements.
The system inhibited with lithium chromate behaved as expected. Corrosion current, determined from polarization resistance, decreased steadily with increasing inhibitor concentration to a limiting value above 1000 ppm. Relative corrosion rates (ratio of corrosion rate of steel in the inhibited solution to that in the uninhibited solution) agree reasonably well with weight loss measurements.
Extrapolations of Tafel slopes from cathodic and anodic polarization curves to the corrosion potential suggest that in the lithium chromate inhibited system, the anodic reaction controls; whereas in the uninhibited solution, cathodic and anodic processes are equally important and lead to mixed control.
Severe pitting of the steel and gel formation have been observed in a number of experiments involving lithium chromate. Hence, proper chemistry involving inhibitor concentration and alkalinity control is very critical.
Inhibition of Aluminum Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid by n-, Di-n- and Tri-n-Butylamines
Authors: UNNI V. K. V. , CHAR T. L. RAMA 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Weight losses of aluminum in hydrochloric acid are diminished in the ranges 16–75 for n-; 40–90 for di-n~ and 50–98percent for tri-n-butylamine. Inhibitor efficiency increases with acid concentration up to 1.25 or 1.5 N, depending on the inhibitor and is practically constant thereafter. Efficiency increases with increased inhibitor concentration up to a certain value, then remains constant. Optimum inhibitor concentration depends on acid concentration and immersion period.
Experimental results indicate corrosion of pure aluminum in hydrochloric acid solutions is essentially under cathodic control and inhibition by amines is by adsorption on cathodic areas. A similar mechanism is indicated for aluminum alloyed with manganese.
Some Chemical Aspects of the Mercuric Nitrate Test Used for Copper Alloys
Authors: P.COSTAS L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The chemical process involved in mercuric nitrate tests of copper alloys was studied from standpoint of electrode potential, solution composition and alloy composition. Pure copper was found to dissolve more readily than either brass or cupro nickel alloys, but no correlation to cracking tendency was noted. The electrode potential at higher mercury concentration was governed by the mercury-mercurous ion couple, not by the mercuric ion. At low mercury concentration, the electrode potential assumes the value for bare metal in contact with 1 M HNO3; mercury plays no part.
The cracking tendency of zinc-saturated mercury amalgam was shown to depend upon its environment in the case of 260 brass.
Ultrasonic-induced Cavitation Studies in Pb-Bi Alloy 500–1500 F
Authors: GARCIA R. , HAMMITT F. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Cavitation studies have been conducted in lead-bismuth alloy (70 percent lead-30 percent bismuth) at 500 and 1500 F (260–816 C) with a vibratory device utilizing a piezoelectric crystal transducer unit and high-temperature cavitation facility. Test materials subjected to the cavitation environment were Types 304 and 316 stainless steel, two tantalum alloys, Mo-1/2Ti and Cb-1Zr in two heat-treat conditions.
At 500 F tantalum alloys were most cavitation-resistant based on mean depth of penetration, although the Mo-1/2Ti and the two stainless steels were nearly as good.
At 1500 F both tantalum alloys were still the best, followed by Mo-1/2Ti, Cb-1Zr (cold-worked) and 316 stainless steel in that order. The Cb-1Zr (annealed) and 304 stainless steel were the least cavitation resistant. Thus, as expected, the relative advantage of the refractory alloys at high temperature is indicated. For all materials the cavitation damage at 1500 F was greater than that at 500 F, as expected.
Qualitative and quantitative correlations between the cavitation damage data and the mechanical properties of the materials are presented. Corrosion effects were negligible.
Cathodic Protection in Molten Fluoride Salts at 1200 F
Authors: MATSON L. K. , STEPHAN E. F. , MILLER P. D. , BOYD W. K. , MILFORD R. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion is a major problem in the Fluoride Volatility Process for recovery of nuclear fuel. Relatively large scale pilot plant developments are under way by the Chemical Technology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In this process fuel is dissolved by hydrogen fluoride in a molten bath consisting of mixtures of such salts as NaF-LiF-ZrF4. Usual operating temperatures are near 1200 F (649 C). Because metals such as stainless steel and zirconium are to be dissolved in this process it is obvious that the salt mixture must be quite corrosive. This is particularly true because HF is sparged through the bath continuously. Experiments were carried out at Battelle on a laboratory scale to determine the feasibility of using cathodic protection to reduce the attack in process vessels.
Polarization curves were developed under simulated operating conditions for the materials of interest, i.e., Inor-8, Zircaloy and graphite. Polarization characteristics were obtained by use of a potentiostat using platinum as a reference electrode and graphite as an anode.
Experiments using rectangularly shaped coupons were carried out to determine the amount of protection furnished by the impressed current technique in the most corrosive salt composition.
Specimens were made cathodic at current densities ranging from 3 to 50 amp/ft2. Excellent protection was furnished to the submerged portions of the specimens. However, severe attack occurred at the interface at reasonable current densities.
Electrochemical Measurement of Low Corrosion Rates
Authors: JONES D. A. , GREENE N. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Materials with corrosion rates of 0.i mpy or less are required in many applications. In this investigation, application of linear polarization to measurement of low corrosion rates is examined, Also, two new electrochemical techniques are derived theoretically and verified experimentally. These methods can measure accurately corrosion rates less than 0.0005 mpy and require 20 minutes or less to perform.
Hydrogen Sulfide Cracking of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Authors: HUDGINS C. M. , McGLASSON R. L , MEHDlZADEH P. , ROSBOROUGH W. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The need for more adequate engineering data and a better theoretical understanding of sulfide cracking has led to a more thorough study of several variables involved in the sulfide cracking of carbon steel. Hardness, yield strength, stress and microstructure were the primary metallurgical variables studied; sulfide concentration and pH were the environmental factors considered. Both failure, no-failure and time-to-failure data were used as dependent variable, A number of alloy steels were tested.
In general, it was found that the time to failure increased with decreasing hardness, decreasing stress, decreasing H2S concentration and increasing pH. Failures occurred even down to 0.1 ppm H2S in solution Useful hardness limits for carbon steel for various stress and H2S concentrations were developed and used in field operations. However, it was found that excessive cold work can render almost any steel susceptible to sulfide cracking. K-Monel was the only alloy tested that remained immune to cracking failure at high load and at yield strength above 100,000 psia. It was postulated that the time to failure may be related to the time required for hydrogen to diffuse into the steel and reduce ductility sufficiently to allow crack propagation. Crack initiation may be due to the reduction in true fracture stress which accompanies hydrogen entry into steel.
Hydrogen Permeability in a Stable Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: SHIVELY J. H. , HEHEMANN R. F. , TROIANO A. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Tests at 21 C (69 F) show hydrogen enters and penetrates thin Type 310 stainless steel in H2SO4 solution under applied cathodic currents, first condition for hydrogen entry contributing to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking. When metal surface is passive permeation rate depends on applied current density; when active, rate depends on surface corrosion currents and applied current.
Resistance to Pitting of Types 202 and 321 Steels to Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Chloride Solutions
Authors: LEBET R. , PIOTROWSKI A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Anodic potentiokinetic polarization measurements were made of pitting corrosion of two stainless steels in 1 N sulfuric acid and 1 N sodium chloride solutions to compare then-resistance to this type of corrosive attack. One steel was approximately of the same analyses as AISI Type 321 (H18N9), the second a substitutional steel with lower nickel content containing manganese and nitrogen approximately of the same analyses as AISI Type 202 (OH17N4G8). The steels were investigated both in as-cast state and after the plastic deformation.
Type H18N9 steel, in its passive potential region is somewhat less resistant to pitting, assuming that total corrosion volume is taken into account-However, the type of pits seems to be more dangerous in Type OH17N4G8 steel.
A similar situation is observed with respect to the structure effect. Rolled alloys exhibit greater total pitting corrosion losses while those tested as-cast suffers less extensive over-pitting. Pits in as-cast materials are, however, deeper and larger.
Oxidation of Fe-Ti Alloys in CO-CO2 Mixtures
Authors: GEIGER GORDON H. , WAGNER J. BRUCE 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Oxidation of iron alloys containing 0.59 or 1.06 at.% titanium has been studied in the temperature range 800 to 1100 C (1472–2012 F) in CO2-CO mixtures. The kinetics are initially linear and the rate determining step is inferred to be the dissociation of CO2 into adsorbed oxygen atoms or ions and CO at the gas mixture-wustite interface.
Reaction Rate of Sulfur With Lead
Authors: FRADIN FRANK , WAGNER J. BRUCE 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The rate of sulfidation of lead and lead alloyed with small amounts of bismuth, sodium or silver has been studied at 250, 275 and 300 C (482, 527 and 572 F). The rates decrease in the orders Sodium-doped lead, bismuth-doped or undoped lead and silver-doped lead. Only the silver-doped lead sulfidized with parabolic kinetics. The remainder sulfidized with linear kinetics because of the cracking of the sulfide layer on the lead.
Effects of Columbiumin Steel on Elevated Temperature Hydrogen Attack
Authors: BISARO R. E. , GEIGER G. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of columbium on the elevated temperature hydrogen attack phenomenon was studied under dynamic conditions at temperatures in the range of 950 to 1075 F (510–580 C) and under gaseous hydrogen pressures of 1000 to 1400 psig. Test material used throughout this investigation was Ferrovac 1020 containing 0.22 weight percent columbium. Gas chromatography, gas permeability and metallographic techniques were utilized to study the hydrogen attack resistance of the columbium-treated steel. The thermodynamics of the attack reaction were considered and a mechanism of predicting the maximum depth of hydrogen attack was proposed.
An Electrochemical Study of Aluminum Corrosion in Boiling High Purity Water
Authors: LEGAULT R. A. , DRALEY J. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An equation relating current and electrochemical potential has been derived on the basis of a physical model of the corrosion process. In the model, the total potential drop from metal to solution is the sum of potential contributions arising from the interfacial reactions at the metal-oxide and oxide-solution interfaces and that which derives from the transport of charged species through the film.
On the basis of some simplifying assumptions, the derived equation reduces to ΔE = IR + Ksℓn (1 + ID), where R and D are complex constants and Ks is equal to RT/αzF for the liberation of hydrogen at the surface of the protective layer. This equation has been fitted successfully to experimental data. Assigning the value usually attributed to α for the hydrogen reaction, 1/2, optimum values of the constants were found to vary reasonably with time. If a value of α is not assigned, the equation can be fitted to experimental data over a wide range of values for the three constants.
Polarization measurements alone are not sufficient to determine unequivocal values for the constants, hence a determination of the mechanism of the aqueous oxidation of aluminum will require additional independent measurements.
Effect of Organic Corrosion Inhibitors on Corrosion Fatigue
Authors: MEHDIZADEH PARVIZ , McGLASSON R. L. , LANDERS J. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of organic inhibitors on corrosion fatigue performance of steel in a mixture of brine containing H2S-CO2 and diesel fuel is reported.
The inhibitor concentration required to give significant protection to steel under corrosion fatigue conditions is much higher than that for corrosion control. This is due to the fact that corrosion fatigue cracks initiated at incompletely protected spots on the material surface influence fatigue failure regardless of the degree of protection achieved on neighboring areas.
Effects of fatigue stress and concentration of corrosion inhibitors were investigated. Results were analyzed in terms of the proposed mechanism for corrosion inhibition in these environments.
Factors Affecting Water Content Needed to Passivate Titanium in Chlorine
Authors: MILLAWAY E. E. , KLEINMAN M.H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Titanium generally is reactive to dry, gaseous chlorine. A small amount of water in gaseous chlorine will inhibit this reaction. A testing program showed the amount of water required for inhibition varied with exposure conditions from about 0.20 to 1.1 over the range of about 25 to 175 C (77–347 F). When water content in the gaseous chlorine is sufficient titanium can be considered passive.
Data were obtained mostly by scratching to expose fresh titanium surfaces to gaseous chlorine and observing reactions. Under some conditions a definite reaction sequence often took place, which could be observed from initiation to ignition of a specimen. Some data were obtained from exposure of undisturbed titanium specimens in gaseous chlorine.
The water content required to passivate titanium in chlorine gas was found to be dependent upon temperature, gas flow rate and chlorine pressure. It was affected also by titanium surface condition, some roughened surfaces showing increased reactivity. Under static conditions involving chlorine of high purity, water required was greater than under flow conditions in dried, crude Hooker cell chlorine. Undisturbed titanium surfaces exposed at 195 C (382 F) for over a year showed no reaction when chlorine water content was 1.5 percent or more.
Liquidus Curves and Corrosion of Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, V, Cb, Ta, Ti, Zr, in 500–750 C Mercury
Authors: WEEKS JOHN R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Liquldus curves of Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, V, Cb, Ta, Ti and Zr with Hg have been investigated at temperatures from 500 to 750 C (932–1382 F). From the results, relative corrosion rates have been estimated for each of these pure metals at 600 C (1112 F) in Hg which is saturated at 500 C. Predicted corrosion rates increase in the sequence: Ta, Cb, Fe, Co, V, Cr, Zr, Ti, Ni„
A stress-sensitive penetration of grain boundaries of Cb-lZr by Hg was shown to be associated with selective leaching of Zr from the alloy. Annealing the alloy before stressing it reduced but did not eliminate this attack.
Reference Electrodes in Acid and Base Systems
Authors: EVERY RICHARD L. , BANKS WILLIAM P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Several electrodes were screened for possible use as reference electrodes for anodic corrosion control systems. Mercury-mercury salts, noble metal-noble metal oxides and molybdenum-molybdenum oxide were examined extensively and found to be useful reference electrodes in sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. A chromium carbide electrode was found to be a useful reference electrode in sodium hydroxide. The emf of these electrodes as a function of concentration and of temperature is described. The emf behavior of the noble metal-noble metal oxides in chromic acid cleaning solution and the emf of stainless steel in nitric acid are described briefly.
Oxidation of Iron-Titanium Alloys at 1000 C in Air
Authors: GEIGER GORDON H. , WAGNER J. BRUCE 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Iron alloys containing titanium oxidized in air at 1000 C (1832 F) at a rate diminishing as titanium content increased. Relative thicknesses of three oxide layers were markedly different from thicknesses measured on pure iron exposed under like conditions.
Destructive Accumulation of Nitrogen in 30 Cr 20 Ni Cast Furnace Tubes in Hydrocarbon Cracking Service at 1100 C
Authors: SCHLEY J. R. , BENNETT F. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Centrifugally cast furnace tubes of 30 Cr, 20 Ni, balance iron, exhibited certain unusual structural characteristics after failure in service at 1100 C. A common feature of these tubes is a relatively high nitrogen content. In one instance, weakening and rupture of the tube wall under normal operating conditions was associated with a nitrogen-rich phase in the alloy micro-structure. Other cases were noted in which porosity and actual blisters developed within the walls of high-nitrogen tubes under conditions of severe carburization and overheating. Similar phenomena were produced in laboratory experiments and a mechanism involving the evolution of molecular nitrogen gas within the alloy is postulated.
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Oxygenated High Temperature Water
Authors: ARMIJO J. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A bellows arrangement for controlled high temperature, high pressure, stress corrosion tests of thick specimens has been used to study the intergranular stress corrosion cracking of Type 304 stainless steel and Incoloy 800 in oxygenated (~ 100 ppm) 550 F (288 C) water. Complete intergranular fracture of sensitized Type 304 stainless steels occurs after 10.4 ± 4.4 hours exposure at stress levels of 14,000 to 17,000 psi. Cracking of Incoloy 800 requires longer exposures at higher stress. Crevices are not necessary to initiate cracking of sensitized alloys.
Effects of Composition on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: BOND A. P. , DUNDAS H. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
U-bend and axially loaded tensile-type specimens were used in stress corrosion tests performed in boiling 140 C (284 F) magnesium chloride solution. The experimental ferritic alloys tested contained 17 to 25% chromium, 0 to 4% nickel, 0 to 2% copper, and 0 to 5% molybdenum. Alloys essentially free of nickel and copper did not undergo stress corrosion cracking. (Tests on Types 430 and 434 stainless steels confirmed this behavior.) However, alloys containing more than 1% nickel or 0.5% copper were subject to transgi anular stress corrosion cracking in boiling magnesium chloride solution. Critical concentrations of copper and nickel that produce susceptibility to cracking were determined at various chromium and molybdenum levels. Experiments at controlled potentials indicated that cracking in boiling magnesium chloride was not the result of hydrogen embrittlement.
A Study of Sensitization in Types 304 and 304L Stainless Steels Using Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: ALBRITTON O. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A relatively new research tool has been brought to bear on a relatively old problem. Mossbauer effect spectroscopy, in conjunction with X-ray diffraction techniques, were used to study the phenomenon of stainless steel sensitization. A ferromagnetic phase, thought to be pseudomartensite, has been found in sensitized Type 301. Stresses generated in the matrix by morphology changes of the precipitated carbides are deemed responsible for the creation of this phase. No such phase was detected in the Type 304L. It was confirmed that the precipitated carbides were of the complex type (Cr, Fe)2 3C6. Furthermore, it was established that these carbides are paramagnetic, In the presence of austenite, the mossbauer peak for the carbides is overshadowed
Interpretation of Passive Current Maxima During Polarization of Stainless Steels
Authors: FRANCE W. D. , GREENE N. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The occurrence of passive current maxima during the anodic polarization of stainless steel in sulfuric acid solutions has been investigated using electrochemical and electron microprobe techniques. This phenomenon is caused by nickel enrichment on the surfaces of electrodes during pre-polarization immersion. Tests with various samples of stainless steels show that passive current maxima are not caused by sensitizing heat treatments. Therefore, contrary to other interpretations, a suitable evaluation method for predicting intergranular corrosion susceptibility cannot be based on anodic polarization measurements.