bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust changes and sources of uncertainty in the projected hydrological regimes of Swiss catchments
Authors: Addor Nans , Rössler Ole , Köplin Nina , Huss Matthias , Weingartner Rolf , Seibert Jan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractProjections of discharge are key for future water resources management. These projections are subject to uncertainties, which are difficult to handle in the decision process on adaptation strategies. Uncertainties arise from different sources such as the emission scenarios, the climate models and their postprocessing, the hydrological models, and the natural variability. Here we present a detailed and quantitative uncertainty assessment, based on recent climate scenarios for Switzerland (CH2011 data set) and covering catchments representative for midlatitude alpine areas. This study relies on a particularly wide range of discharge projections resulting from the factorial combination of 3 emission scenarios, 10–20 regional climate models, 2 postprocessing methods, and 3 hydrological models of different complexity. This enabled us to decompose the uncertainty in the ensemble of projections using analyses of variance (ANOVA). We applied the same modeling setup to six catchments to assess the influence of catchment characteristics on the projected streamflow, and focused on changes in the annual discharge cycle. The uncertainties captured by our setup originate mainly from the climate models and natural climate variability, but the choice of emission scenario plays a large role by the end of the 21st century. The contribution of the hydrological models to the projection uncertainty varied strongly with catchment elevation. The discharge changes were compared to the estimated natural decadal variability, which revealed that a climate change signal emerges even under the lowest emission scenario (RCP2.6) by the end of the century. Limiting emissions to RCP2.6 levels would nevertheless reduce the largest regime changes by the end of the century by approximately a factor of two, in comparison to impacts projected for the high emission scenario SRES A2. We finally show that robust regime changes emerge despite the projection uncertainty. These changes are significant and are consistent across a wide range of scenarios and catchments. We propose their identification as a way to aid decision making under uncertainty.
The Counterintuitive Relationship between Conceptual and Perceptual Similarities and Eyewitness Suggestibility
Authors: Levy‐Gigi Einat , Vakil Eli 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe tendency to confuse witnessed and suggested information can result in inaccurate eyewitness testimonies and convictions of innocent people. Studies that tested how similarities between witnessed and suggested information affect the tendency to confuse them reached inconsistent results. Here, we claim that there is a more complex and not necessarily linear relationship between similarity and memory distortions. Participants (164) viewed two subsequent stories, which varied in the conceptual and perceptual similarities between them. We found a significant interaction between conceptual and perceptual similarities. When we presented two conceptually different stories, perceptual similarity increased the suggestibility effect compared with perceptual dissimilarity. Conversely, when we presented two conceptually similar stories, perceptual similarity decreased suggestibility compared with perceptual dissimilarity. Accordingly, we suggest that similarity between two events may increase the suggestibility effect. However, counter‐intuitively, once similarity reaches a certain threshold, the coherence level between the events reduces the tendency to confuse them. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Function: Objective Evidence From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Lee Jungwha , Chang Rowland W. , Ehrlich‐Jones Linda , Kwoh C. Kent , Nevitt Michael , Semanik Pamela A. , Sharma Leena , Sohn Min‐Woong , Song Jing , Dunlop Dorothy D. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveInvestigate the relationship between sedentary behavior and physical function in adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA), controlling for moderate–vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels.MethodsSedentary behavior was objectively measured by accelerometer on 1,168 participants ages 49–83 years in the Osteoarthritis Initiative with radiographic knee OA at the 48‐month clinic visit. Physical function was assessed using 20‐meter walk and chair stand testing. Sedentary behavior was identified by accelerometer activity counts/minute <100. The cross‐sectional association between sedentary quartiles and physical function was examined by multiple linear regression, adjusting for demographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level), health factors (comorbidity, body mass index, knee pain, knee OA severity, presence of knee symptoms), and average daily MVPA minutes.ResultsAdults with knee OA spent two‐thirds of their daily time in sedentary behavior. The average gait speed among the most sedentary quartile was 3.88 feet/second, which was significantly slower than the speed of the less sedentary groups (4.23, 4.33, and 4.33 feet/second, respectively). The average chair stand rate among the most sedentary group was significantly lower (25.9 stands/minute) than the rates of the less sedentary behavior groups (28.9, 29.1, and 31.1 stands/minute, respectively). These trends remained significant in multivariable analyses adjusted for demographic factors, health factors, and average daily MVPA minutes.ConclusionBeing less sedentary was related to better physical function in adults with knee OA independent of MVPA time. These findings support guidelines to encourage adults with knee OA to decrease time spent in sedentary behavior in order to improve physical function.
Generation of Ethynyl‐Grignard Reagent in a Falling Film Microreactor: An Expeditious Flow Synthesis of Propargylic Alcohols and Analogues
Authors: Deng Qiulin , Shen Ruwei , Ding Rong , Zhang Lixiong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report a falling film microreactor (FFMR) based gas‐liquid continuous microflow process, which features an efficient gas‐liquid reaction in a microreactor for the generation of the ethynyl‐Grignard reagent directly from acetylene gas and ethylmagnesium bromide (EtMgBr). The successful implement of this process leads to an expeditious flow synthesis of propargylic alcohols and analogues with high selectivity.magnified image
Normalization of elevated cardiac, kidney, and hemolysis plasma markers within 48 h in Mexican Tarahumara runners following a 78 km race at moderate altitude
Authors: Christensen Dirk L. , Espino Diana , Infante‐Ramírez Rocío , Brage Soren , Terzic Dijana , Goetze Jens P. , Kjaergaard Jesper 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine to what extent extreme endurance exercise results in changes of plasma markers associated with cardiac and renal damage, as well as hemolysis in male, Mexican Tarahumara runners.MethodsTen Tarahumara runners (mean (sd) age of 38 (12) years) participated in a 78 km race in Chihuahua, Mexico at 2,400 m above sea level. Cardiac, kidney, and hematology plasma markers were measured pre‐race and <5 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h post‐race. Anthropometry, blood pressure, pulse rate, electrocardiography, HbA1c, hemoglobin and VO2max (estimated from heart rate following step test) were assessed pre‐race, while physical activity energy expenditure and intensity were estimated during the race, and oxygen partial pressure saturation (SpO2) <30 min post‐race.ResultsEstimated mean VO2max was 48 (9) mLO2 min−1 kg−1 and relative intensity during the race was 68 (11)%VO2max. Mean SpO2 was 92 (3)% <30 min post‐race. Plasma concentrations of especially total creatine kinase, creatine kinase‐MB isoform, and haptoglobin changed significantly from pre‐race values (P < 0.001) up to 24 h post‐race, but had returned to pre‐race values after 48 h. The plasma concentrations of mid‐regional proatrial natiuretic peptide and copeptin returned to pre‐race concentrations after 1 and 6 h, respectively.ConclusionsAltered cardiac, renal, and hemolysis plasma markers were normalized after 48 h following 78 km of running, suggesting that the impact of exercise‐induced cardiac and kidney damage as well as hemolysis in the Mexican Tarahumara is low. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:836–843, 2014. © 2014 The Authors American Journal of Human Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intra‐ and interspecific variation in macaque molar enamel thickness
Authors: Kato Akiko , Tang Nancy , Borries Carola , Papakyrikos Amanda M. , Hinde Katie , Miller Ellen , Kunimatsu Yutaka , Hirasaki Eishi , Shimizu Daisuke , Smith Tanya M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTEnamel thickness has played an important role in studies of primate taxonomy, phylogeny, and functional morphology, although its variation among hominins is poorly understood. Macaques parallel hominins in their widespread geographic distribution, relative range of body sizes, and radiation during the last five million years. To explore enamel thickness variation, we quantified average and relative enamel thickness (AET and RET) in Macaca arctoides, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca fuscata, Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina, and Macaca sylvanus. Enamel area, dentine area, and enamel‐dentine junction length were measured from mesial sections of 386 molars scanned with micro‐computed tomography, yielding AET and RET indices. Intraspecific sex differences were not found in AET or RET. Macaca fuscata had the highest AET and RET, M. fascicularis showed the lowest AET, and M. arctoides had the lowest RET. The latitudinal distribution of macaque species was associated with AET for these six species. Temperate macaques had thicker molar enamel than did tropical macaques, suggesting that thick enamel may be adaptive in seasonal environments. Additional research is needed to determine if thick enamel in temperate macaques is a response to intensified hard‐object feeding, increased abrasion, and/or a broader diet with a greater range of food material properties. The extreme ecological flexibility of macaques may prohibit identification of consistent trends between specific diets and enamel thickness conditions. Such complications of interpretation of ecological variability, dietary diversity, and enamel thickness may similarly apply for fossil Homo species. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:447–459, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paradox and promise: Research on the role of recent advances in paleodemography and paleoepidemiology to the study of “health” in Precolumbian societies
Authors: Wilson Jeremy J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBioarcheology has made tremendous strides since the subdiscipline's inception, subsequent syntheses, the standardization of data collection methods, and analytical advances ranging from molecular analyses through age‐estimation and biodistance. Concurrently, health and the adaptive success of past populations have remained primary concerns. However, questions are routinely raised about lesions and whether or not changing frequencies are synonymous with increases or decreases in stress, morbidity, and overall health. These include how and why healed lesions can simultaneously represent stress and survival, demanding that researchers understand how population dynamics influence skeletal sample formation. In this study, methods to analyze age‐ and sex‐specific mortality patterns prior to, and in conjunction with, the analysis of linear enamel hypoplasias are demonstrated. Paleodemographic and paleoepidemiological models are presented for late Pre‐Columbian skeletal samples from the Eastern Woodlands. Results of hazard modeling demonstrate that elevated mortality rates were commonplace during the latter half of the Mississippian period (AD 1200–1450) with reproductive‐age females experiencing high age‐specific risk of death attributed to the development of fortified villages and novel environments for increased pathogen loads. Corollary results are presented for the age‐specificity of linear enamel hypoplasias in the central Illinois River valley. The epidemiological models demonstrate that the relationship between adult mortality and early childhood stress varied through space, culture, and time. These findings highlight the need to effectively operationalize measurements related to health and stress in past populations and support the adoption of selective mortality and heterogeneity in frailty as key concepts in bioarcheological research. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:268–280, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significant increases of pituitary tumors and resections from 1993 to 2011
Authors: Villwock Jennifer A. , Villwock Mark , Deshaies Eric , Goyal Parul 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundPituitary tumors comprise 10% to 15% of all diagnosed intracranial tumors; 90% are adenomas. Though benign, significant morbidity via compression of surrounding structures or aberrant hormone secretion can occur. This study investigated rates of pituitary tumor diagnoses and treatment trends from 1993 to 2011.MethodsThis study was a retrospective review of the 1993 to 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample for patients diagnosed with pituitary tumor as well as those patients who underwent pituitary tumor resection. Incidences of pituitary lesions, surgical approaches, and clinical and economic outcomes were evaluated.ResultsThe rate of primary and secondary diagnoses of pituitary tumor per 100,000 persons significantly grew over the study period (correlation coefficient = 0.934 and 0.987, respectively, p < 0.001); a significant increase in the number of pituitary resections performed annually (correlation coefficient = 0.942, p < 0.001) were also seen. Admissions with a primary diagnosis of pituitary neoplasm experienced significant decreases in length of stay over time (correlation coefficient = −0.913, p < 0.001) and mortality (correlation coefficient = −0.697, p = 0.001). Interestingly, hospital charges more than triple over the same time span (correlation coefficient = 0.970, p < 0.001). Transfrontal resections decreased linearly with time.ConclusionPituitary tumor diagnoses and resections have grown significantly over the past 20 years. Transsphenoidal surgical resection among this patient population has increased significantly, whereas transfrontal resections have decreased.
Asymmetrische Katalyse über die Ligandensphäre von oktaedrischen Komplexen mit chiralem Metallzentrum
Authors: Gong Lei , Chen Liang‐An , Meggers Eric 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAufgrund der Beziehung zwischen Struktur und Funktion in der Chemie ist der Zugang zu neuartigen chemischen Strukturen ein treibender Faktor für die Entdeckung neuer chemischer Funktionen. Unter diesem Blickwinkel betrachtet, liegt die beachtliche Nützlichkeit der oktaedrischen Geometrie sechsfach koordinierter Metallkomplexe darin begründet, dass ihre stereochemische Vielseitigkeit mit der Fähigkeit gepaart wird, Zugang zu chemischem Raum zu ermöglichen, der für rein organische Verbindungen möglicherweise nicht erreichbar ist. In diesem Kurzaufsatz möchten wir inerte oktaedrische Metallkomplexe mit metallzentrierter Chiralität als aufkommende Klasse metallgestützten asymmetrischer “Organokatalysatoren” vorstellen. Die Ausnutzung der oftmals starren und globulären Gerüste sowie die vielfältige Stereochemie versprechen neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten auf dem Gebiet der Katalyse.
Solving the Problem of Forbidden States in Discrete Event Systems: A Novel Systematic Method for Reducing the Number of Control Places
Authors: Zareiee Meysam , Dideban Abbas , Orouji Ali A. , Soltanizadeh Hadi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of forbidden states in Discrete Event Systems modelled by non‐safe Petri Nets. To avoid these states, some Generalized Mutual Exclusion Constraints can be assigned to them. These constraints limit the weight sum of tokens in some places and can be enforced on the system using control places. When the number of these constraints is large, a large number of control places should be added to the system. In this paper, a method is presented to assign the small number of constraints to forbidden states using some states which cover the forbidden states. So, a small number of control places are added to the system leading to obtaining a maximally permissive controller.
Transient Mechanistic Studies of Methane Steam Reforming over Ceria‐Promoted Rh/Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Duarte R. B. , Olea M. , Iro E. , Sasaki T. , Itako K. , van Bokhoven J. A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTransient‐pulse experiments in temporal‐analysis‐of‐product (TAP) and conventional mode were performed to determine elementary reaction steps involved in the methane steam reforming reaction over Rh/Al2O3 and Rh/12 CeO2–Al2O3. TAP pulse experiments demonstrated that both catalysts dissociate methane at 773 K leading to hydrogen, carbon, and CHx adspecies. Conventional transient pulse experiments with alternating methane/argon and water pulses with a delay between them of 86, 73, and 5 s, respectively, showed that the reactivity of adspecies over the promoted and nonpromoted catalysts decrease with time. Ceria catalyzes the oxidation of carbon species by water.
Insights on Hybrid Glucose Biofuel Cells Based on Bilirubin Oxidase Cathode and Gold‐Based Anode Nanomaterials
Authors: Holade Yaovi , Both Engel Adriana , Tingry Sophie , Cherifi Aziz , Cornu D. , Servat Karine , Napporn Têko W. , Kokoh Kouakou B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report a straightforward design for a hybrid glucose biofuel cell (h‐GBFC) operating at pH 7.4 with 10 mM glucose at 37 °C. Homemade electrospun carbon nanofibers were used as electrode support. Clean and highly active gold‐based nanomaterials (3–6 nm) were synthesized for glucose electrooxidation. Enhanced catalytic activity toward glucose oxidation has been highlighted. Bilirubin oxidase enzyme was used to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction. The constructed h‐GBFCs exhibit an unexpected and highly improved open circuit voltage of 0.92 V, which is the best value so far reported for such cells. The abiotic Au60Pt20Pd20/C anode induces high electrical performance with a maximum power density of 91 µW cm−2 at 0.365 V. This improvement over monometallic anode catalysts has been assigned to synergistic effects between gold, platinum, and palladium. Strategies developed herein will serve as guidelines for the development of new rational pathways to more powerful, stable, and promising GBFC designs.
Organocatalytic Stereoselective Iodoamination of Alkenes
Authors: Mizar Pushpak , Burrelli Alessandra , Günther Erika , Söftje Martin , Farooq Umar , Wirth Thomas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA new chiral thiohydantoin catalyst is used for the stereoselective iodoamination of alkenes. N‐iodosuccinimide as the source of the electrophilic iodine is activated by catalytic amounts of different additives which also influence the regioselectivity of some cyclizations.
Retrograde intraciliary trafficking of opsin during the maintenance of cone‐shaped photoreceptor outer segments of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Tian Guilian , Lodowski Kerrie H. , Lee Richard , Imanishi Yoshikazu 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPhotoreceptor outer segments (OSs) are essential for our visual perception, and take either rod or cone forms. The cell biological basis for the formation of rods is well established; however, the mechanism of cone formation is ill characterized. While Xenopus rods are called rods, they exhibit cone‐shaped OSs during the early process of development. To visualize the dynamic reorganization of disk membranes, opsin and peripherin/rds were fused to a fluorescent protein, Dendra2, and expressed in early developing rod photoreceptors, in which OSs are still cone‐shaped. Dendra2 is a fluorescent protein which can be converted from green to red irreversibly, and thus allows spatiotemporal labeling of proteins. Using a photoconversion technique, we found that disk membranes are assembled at the base of cone‐shaped OSs. After incorporation into disks, however, Opsin‐Dendra2 was also trafficked from old to new disk membranes, consistent with the hypothesis that retrograde trafficking of membrane components contributes to the larger disk membrane observed toward the base of the cone‐shaped OS. Such retrograde trafficking is cargo‐specific and was not observed for peripherin/rds‐Dendra2. The trafficking is unlikely mediated by diffusion, since the disk membranes have a closed configuration, as evidenced by CNGA1 labeling of the plasma membrane. Consistent with retrograde trafficking, the axoneme, which potentially mediates retrograde intraflagellar trafficking, runs through the entire axis of OSs. This study provides an insight into the role of membrane reorganization in developing photoreceptor OSs, and proves that retrograde trafficking of membrane cargoes can occur there. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3577–3589, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PDNOC: Partially diagonal network‐on‐chip for high efficiency multicore systems
Authors: Xu Thomas Canhao , Leppänen Ville , Liljeberg Pasi , Plosila Juha , Tenhunen Hannu 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWith the constantly increasing of number of cores in multicore processors, more emphasis should be paid to the on‐chip interconnect. Performance and power consumption of an on‐chip interconnect are directly affected by the network topology. Researchers have proposed various topologies to optimize these metrics. The efficiency can also be optimized by proper mapping of applications. Therefore in this paper, we propose a novel partially diagonal network‐on‐chip (PDNOC) design that takes advantage of both heterogeneous network topology and congestion‐aware application mapping. We analyse the partially diagonal network in terms of interconnect structure, area usage, power consumption, routing algorithm and implementation complexity. The key insight that enables the PDNOC is that most communication patterns in real‐world applications are hot‐spot and bursty. We implement a full system simulation environment using SPLASH‐2 benchmarks. Performance metrics of standard mesh, concentrated mesh, full diagonal mesh and four types of the proposed PDNOC are measured in terms of network latency, application execution time and energy delay product. Evaluation results show that on average, the proposed PDNOC designs provide up to 36% improvement in execution time over concentrated mesh, and 3.6× better energy delay product over fully connected diagonal network. PDNOC design with two adjacent PD networks is a better candidate for higher efficiency, while four PD networks provide better performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.