bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis of mitochondria in respiratory epithelial cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus and functional implications for virus and cell biology
Authors: Munday Diane C , Howell Gareth , Barr John N , Hiscox Julian A 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterise the mitochondrial proteome of airway epithelial cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), a major cause of paediatric illness.

Methods
Quantitative proteomics, underpinned by stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture, coupled to LC-MS/MS, was applied to mitochondrial fractions prepared from HRSV-infected and mock-infected cells 12 and 24 h post-infection. Datasets were analysed using ingenuity pathway analysis, and the results were validated and characterised using bioimaging, targeted inhibition and gene depletion.

Key findings
The data quantitatively indicated that antiviral signalling proteins converged on mitochondria during HRSV infection. The mitochondrial receptor protein Tom70 was found to act in an antiviral manner, while its chaperone, Hsp90, was confirmed to be a positive viral factor. Proteins associated with different organelles were also co-enriched in the mitochondrial fractions from HRSV-infected cells, suggesting that alterations in organelle dynamics and membrane associations occur during virus infection.

Conclusions
Protein and pathway-specific alterations occur to the mitochondrial proteome in a spatial and temporal manner during HRSV infection, suggesting that this organelle may have altered functions. These could be targeted as part of potential therapeutic strategies to disrupt virus biology.
Effects of supplementation with green tea by‐products on growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation in goats
Authors: Ahmed S. T. , Lee J.‐W. , Mun H.‐S. , Yang C.‐J. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryForty‐eight castrated male goats were used to determine the effects of feeding green tea by‐products (GTB) on growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation. Experimental treatments consisted of basal diets supplemented with four levels of GTB (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0%). Four replicate pens were assigned to each treatment with three goats per replicate. Increasing dietary GTB tended to linearly increase the overall average weight gain and feed intake (p = 0.09). Water holding capacity, pH and sensory attributes of meat were not affected by GTB supplementation, while cooking loss was reduced both linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01). The redness (linear; p = 0.02, quadratic; p < 0.01) and yellowness (quadratic; p < 0.01) values of goat meat were improved by GTB supplementation. Increasing dietary GTB quadratically increased protein and decreased crude fat (p < 0.05), while linearly decreased cholesterol (p = 0.03) content of goat meat. The proportions of monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n‐6 PUFA increased linearly (p < 0.01) and n‐3 PUFA increased quadratically (p < 0.05) as GTB increased in diets. Increasing dietary GTB linearly increased the PUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acid) and tended to linearly and quadratically increase (p ≤ 0.10) the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. The thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances values of meat were lower in the 2.0% GTB‐supplemented group in all storage periods (p < 0.05). Dietary GTB linearly decreased plasma glucose and cholesterol (p < 0.01) and quadratically decreased urea nitrogen concentrations (p = 0.001). The growth of spleen cells incubated in concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharides medium increased significantly (p < 0.05) in response to GTB supplementation. Our results suggest that GTB may positively affect the growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation when supplemented as a feed additive in goat diet.
Comparative survival pattern of the syntopic pine and stone martens in a trapped rural area in France
Authors: Ruette S. , Vandel J.‐M. , Albaret M. , Devillard S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractVery little is known about the population dynamics of pine martens Martes martes and stone martens Martes foina in Europe, and even less about the impact of human activities, such as trapping, hunting and road traffic, on populations, despite their crucial importance for deriving reliable conservation and management strategies. We used multistate capture–recapture models to analyse capture–recapture histories that combined information on radio‐tracking data and on recoveries of dead martens. This formulation, based on conditional probabilities, also allowed us to estimate the contribution of trapping and hunting to overall mortality, accounting for detection failures and trapping exposure. We applied this approach to estimate age‐ and sex‐specific survivals of pine martens (N = 40) and stone martens (N = 38) in the same rural area in France, where both species could be legally trapped and hunted. Annual survivals of adults were similar, and estimated at 0.49 for both species [± 0.12 standard deviation (sd) for pine martens; ± 0.10 sd for stone martens]. The annual probability of dying from trapping and hunting was estimated at 0.21 and 0.19 for adult pine and stone martens, respectively. At the individual level, a negative linear relationship was observed between stone marten's survival and trapping exposure, but this was not the case for pine martens, which experienced far lower exposure to trapping. These results confirm that trapping and hunting could have a large impact on marten populations. Vehicle collisions were the second major cause of mortality for both species in our study area. This paper presents the first estimates of survival for syntopic stone and pine martens in Europe and is an important step towards population dynamics modelling of these species.
Exploring why junk foods are ‘essential’ foods and how culturally tailored recommendations improved feeding in Egyptian children
Authors: Kavle Justine A. , Mehanna Sohair , Saleh Gulsen , Fouad Mervat A. , Ramzy Magda , Hamed Doaa , Hassan Mohamed , Khan Ghada , Galloway Rae 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn Egypt, the double burden of malnutrition and rising overweight and obesity in adults mirrors the transition to westernized diets and a growing reliance on energy‐dense, low‐nutrient foods. This study utilized the trials of improved practices (TIPs) methodology to gain an understanding of the cultural beliefs and perceptions related to feeding practices of infants and young children 0–23 months of age and used this information to work in tandem with 150 mothers to implement feasible solutions to feeding problems in Lower and Upper Egypt. The study triangulated in‐depth interviews (IDIs) with mothers participating in TIPs, with IDIs with 40 health providers, 40 fathers and 40 grandmothers to gain an understanding of the influence and importance of the role of other caretakers and health providers in supporting these feeding practices. Study findings reveal high consumption of junk foods among toddlers, increasing in age and peaking at 12–23 months of age. Sponge cakes and sugary biscuits are not perceived as harmful and considered ‘ideal’ common complementary foods. Junk foods and beverages often compensate for trivial amounts of food given. Mothers are cautious about introducing nutritious foods to young children because of fears of illness and inability to digest food. Although challenges in feeding nutritious foods exist, mothers were able to substitute junk foods with locally available and affordable foods. Future programming should build upon cultural considerations learned in TIPs to address sustainable, meaningful changes in infant and young child feeding to reduce junk foods and increase dietary quality, quantity and frequency.
The Park Grass Experiment and next‐generation approaches: local adaptation of sweet vernal grass revisited
Authors: von Wettberg Eric J. B. , Vance Wendy , Rowland Diane L. 
Published: December 2014

Long‐term ecological experiments provide unique opportunities to observe the effects of natural selection. The Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted Experiment Station in Hertfordshire, UK, is the longest running ecological experiment that incorporates fertilization treatments and has been ongoing since 1856. In the 1970s, local adaptation was observed in the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum to the elevated soil aluminium levels of the fertilized plots. Gould et al. () have utilized this system to reevaluate the extent of local adaptation, first documented nearly 45 years ago (Snaydon ), and to use emerging molecular approaches to identify candidate genes for the adaptation. From their work, they identify several plausible candidate loci for aluminium tolerance. This work shows the power of long‐term field‐based trials in a scientific age concentrated on rapidly emerging molecular techniques often utilized in short, narrowly focused laboratory or controlled environment experiments. The current study clearly illustrates the benefits gained by combining these molecular approaches within long‐term monitoring experiments that can be regularly revisited in a changing world and used to address questions on evolutionary scales.
The phage tail tape measure protein, an inner membrane protein and a periplasmic chaperone play connected roles in the genome injection process of E. coli phage HK97
Authors: Cumby Nichole , Reimer Kelly , Mengin‐Lecreulx Dominique , Davidson Alan R. , Maxwell Karen L. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryPhages play critical roles in the spread of virulence factors and control of bacterial populations through their predation of bacteria. An essential step in the phage lifecycle is genome entry, where the infecting phage must productively interact with the components of the bacterial cell envelope in order to transmit its genome out of the viral particle and into the host cell cytoplasm. In this study, we characterize this process for the Escherichia coli phage HK97. We have discovered that HK97 genome injection requires the activities of the inner membrane glucose transporter protein, PtsG, and the periplasmic chaperone, FkpA. The requirements for PtsG and FkpA are determined by the sequence of the phage tape measure protein (TMP). We also identify a region of the TMP that mediates inhibition of phage genome injection by the HK97 superinfection exclusion protein, gp15. This region of the TMP also determines the PtsG requirement, and we show that gp15‐mediated inhibition requires PtsG. Based on these data, we present a model for the in vivo genome injection process of phage HK97 and postulate a mechanism by which the inhibitory action of gp15 is reliant upon PtsG.
A metabolomic study in oats (Avena sativa) highlights a drought tolerance mechanism based upon salicylate signalling pathways and the modulation of carbon, antioxidant and photo‐oxidative metabolism
Authors: SÁNCHEZ‐MARTÍN JAVIER , HEALD JIM , KINGSTON‐SMITH ALISON , WINTERS ANA , RUBIALES DIEGO , SANZ MARILUZ , MUR LUIS A. J. , PRATS ELENA 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlthough a wealth of information is available on the induction of one or several drought‐related responses in different species, little is known of how their timing, modulation and crucially integration influence drought tolerance. Based upon metabolomic changes in oat (Avena sativa L.), we have defined key processes involved in drought tolerance. During a time course of increasing water deficit, metabolites from leaf samples were profiled using direct infusion–electrospray mass spectroscopy (DI‐ESI‐MS) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ESI‐MS/MS and analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). The involvement of metabolite pathways was confirmed through targeted assays of key metabolites and physiological experiments. We demonstrate an early accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) influencing stomatal opening, photorespiration and antioxidant defences before any change in the relative water content. These changes are likely to maintain plant water status, with any photoinhibitory effect being counteracted by an efficient antioxidant capacity, thereby representing an integrated mechanism of drought tolerance in oats. We also discuss these changes in relation to those engaged at later points, consequence of the different water status in susceptible and resistant genotypes.
Strain and strain rate imaging using speckle tracking in acute allograft rejection in children with heart transplantation
Authors: Sehgal Swati , Blake Jennifer M. , Sommerfield Julie , Aggarwal Sanjeev 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAcute allograft rejection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following heart transplantation. There is no reliable noninvasive test to diagnose rejection. We aimed to investigate the accuracy of strain by speckle tracking echocardiography in the detection of acute rejection. We identified acute rejection episodes in patients followed at a single transplant center. Data were collected at baseline, during rejection and two follow‐up points. Peak systolic radial and circumferential strain at the level of papillary muscles and peak systolic longitudinal strain from apical four‐chamber view were analyzed offline. ANOVA was used for comparison between groups. p value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Fifteen rejection episodes were identified. There were no differences in the fractional shortening, LV posterior wall thickness, E/A, septal E/E’, septal S’, lateral E/E’, lateral S’, or MPI during rejection, compared to baseline. There was a significant increase in the LV mass during a rejection episode (47.5 vs. 34.4 g/ht2.7 [p = 0.03]). The peak systolic radial strain (18.3 vs. 26.5; p = 0.03), longitudinal strain (−11.7 vs. −14.6; p = 0.05), and circumferential strain (−14.4 vs. −21.7; p = 0.05) declined significantly during rejection. In conclusion, peak systolic radial, longitudinal and circumferential strain decline and LV mass increases during an episode of rejection.
Intramolecular Proton Transfer in 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)oxazolo[4,5‐b]pyridine: Evidence for Tautomer in the Ground State
Authors: Chipem Francis A. S. , Malakar Ashim , Krishnamoorthy Govindarajan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe intramolecular proton transfer in a newly synthesized molecule, 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)oxazolo[4,5‐b]pyridine (HPOP) is studied using UV‐visible absorption, fluorescence emission, fluorescence excitation and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. In the ground state, the molecule exists as cis‐ and trans‐enol in all the solvents. However, in dioxane, alcohols, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide the keto tautomer is also observed in the ground state. Dual fluorescence is observed in HPOP where the large Stoke shifted emission is due to emission from the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer product, whereas the other emission is the normal emission from enol form. The fluorescence (both normal and tautomer emission) of HPOP is less than those of corresponding benzoxazole and imidazopyridine derivatives. This reveals that the nonradiative decay becomes more efficient upon substitution of electronegative atom on the charge acceptor group. The pH studies substantiate the conclusion that (unlike in its imidazole analog) the third ground state species is the keto tautomer and not the monoanion. The effect of temperature on cis‐enol‐trans‐enol‐keto equilibrium and the nonradiative deactivation from the excited state are also investigated.
Design Issues for the Methane-Steam Reformer of a Chemically Recuperated Gas Turbine Cycle
Authors: Carcasci Carlo , Harvey Simon 
Published: December 2014

Significant research effort is currently centered on developing advanced gas turbine systems for electric power generation applications. A number of innovative gas turbine cycles have been proposed lately, including the Humid Air Turbine (HAT), and the Chemically Recuperated Gas Turbine (CRGT). The potential of the CRGT cycle lies in the ability to generate power with a high efficiency while achieving ultra-low NO emissions without the need for selective catalytic reduction of the exhaust gases. However, much of the work that has been published on such cycles is restricted to a discussion of the thermodynamic potential of the cycle, and little work has focussed on discussion of some of the specific design issues associated with such a cycle.
More specifically, design of the chemical recuperation heat recovery device involves a complex design trade-off in order to achieve a design with acceptable hot and cold-side pressure drops and acceptable overall dimensions.
The design of such a heat recovery device is more complex than that of a traditional heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), since the methane steam reformer must not only allow sufficient heat transfer to occur, but also allow a sufficient cold side residence time, so that the methane steam reforming reactions can come close to equilibrium, ensuring maximal methane conversion. In this work, the authors present a code capable of performing the design of a methane steam reformer heat recovery device based on a heat exchanger geometry similar to that of a traditional HRSG. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the key parameters relevant to the design of a CRGT MSR reactor, and how these parameters interact with the rest of the cycle. Various design options are discussed, and the results of a parametric analysis are presented, leading to the identification of several suitable geometries.
An AGARD Working Group Study of 3D Navier-Stokes Codes Applied to Single Turbomachinery Blade Rows
Authors: Dunham John , Meauzé Georges 
Published: December 2014

Computer codes which solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are now used by manufacturers to design turbomachines, but there is no consensus among experts about which grids and which turbulence models are good enough to provide a reliable basis for design decisions. The AGARD Propulsion and Energetics Panel set up a Working Group to help to clarify these issues, by analysing predictions (using as wide a range of codes as possible) of two representative but difficult single blade row test cases: NASA Rotor 37 and an annular turbine cascade tested by DLR. This paper summarises the Group’s results and conclusions.
Recommendations are made about the type and density of grid, which depend on many factors. Although mixing-length turbulence models give good results for quasi-two-dimensional boundary layers, they are essentially unsuitable for turbomachines with their complex end wall flows; it is essential to adopt some kind of turbulent transport model.
A Cyclic Symmetry Analysis for Turbomachine Blade Flutter
Authors: Chiang Hsiao-Wei D. , Chung Meng-Hsuan 
Published: December 2014

A frequent cause of turbomachinery blade failure is excessive vibration due to flutter or forced response. One method for dealing with this problem is to increase blade structural damping using either tip or mid-span shroud designs. Unfortunately, most existing aeroelastic analyses deal with a blade alone model which can not be used for system mode analysis. Therefore, judgments based on past experience are used to determine the acceptability of a shrouded blade design.
A new cyclic symmetry analysis has been developed to predict shrouded blade flutter. The method provides a system approach, over and above the standard blade alone approach, for predicting potential aeroelastic problems. Using the blade natural frequencies and mode shapes from a cyclic symmetry finite element model, the unsteady aerodynamic forces of the system mode are calculated. A cyclic symmetry flutter analysis is then performed.
This analysis has been applied to a typical shrouded fan blade to investigate blade flutter. The predicted system mode flutter demonstrated that the blade alone analysis can be non-conservative.
A Novel and Compact Marine Gas Turbine Propulsion System
Authors: Kazatzis Panteleimon , Singh Riti , Pilidis Pericles , Locquet Jean-Jacques 
Published: December 2014

The power-speed requirements of warships and the poor part load efficiency of simple cycle gas turbines has given rise to the design of many ship installations where two types of gas turbines are used. A large type for high speed, at full power, and a small one for cruise. It is common to mount two units of each type. This design results in a large amount of bulky and heavy ducting, much more voluminous and heavy than the gas turbines themselves.
The present paper outlines an investigation into a novel intercooled split-cycle with some deck mounted components. This reduces the requirement for internal ducts in the ships hull, essentially, to those needed by the cruise engine.
The engine performance has been predicted and a comparison is carried out between a traditional installation and the one investigated. An estimate has been carried out of the flow conditions of the duct to assess the change in losses for operation in the cruise and the full power condition. The new scheme appears to be promising.
Performance Enhancement of a Gas Turbine With Humid Air and Utilization of LNG Cold Energy
Authors: Song C. H. , Ro S. T. 
Published: December 2014

It is well known that a cycle performance can be improved considerably by adopting humid air to a simple gas turbine. Further improvement can be achieved by utilizing LNG (liquified natural gas) cold energy which is obtained during vaporization process of natural gas from liquid to gas state. Qualitatively well known fact of high specific power and improvement of efficiency are analyzed quantitatively for various cases. These include comparisons of power, efficiency and other important operating parameters for the cases of a simple cycle and HAT cycle with and without utilization of LNG cold energy. Compared with simple cycle, HAT cycle got 48% increase in total work, 16% increase in efficiency and HAT-LNG cycle got each 54%, 17% increases at 10 pressure ratio.
An analysis shows that a reasonable matching exists between the amount of LNG as fuel and the energy required to control inlet air temperature. It should be also admitted that use of a high cost liquified natural gas is inevitable for transportation of fuel from production site to consumer.