bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
Authors: Gardner A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe theory of multilevel selection (MLS) is beset with conceptual difficulties. Although it is widely agreed that covariance between group trait and group fitness may arise in the natural world and drive a response to ‘group selection’, ambiguity exists over the precise meaning of group trait and group fitness and as to whether group selection should be defined according to changes in frequencies of different types of individual or different types of group. Moreover, the theory ofMLShas failed to properly engage with the problem of class structure, which greatly limits its empirical application to, for example, social insects whose colonies are structured into separate age, sex, caste and ploidy classes. Here,Idevelop a genetical theory ofMLS, to address these problems.Ishow that taking a genetical approach facilitates a decomposition of group‐level traits – including reproductive success – into the separate contributions made by each constituent individual, even in the context of so‐called emergence. However,Iuncover a novel problem with the group‐oriented approach: in many scenarios, it may not be possible to express a meaningful covariance between trait and fitness at the level of the social group, because the group's constituents belong to separate, irreconcilable classes.
Testing a Family‐Centered Intervention to Promote Functional and Cognitive Recovery in Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Boltz Marie , Resnick Barbara , Chippendale Tracy , Galvin James 
Published: December 2014

A comparative trial using a repeated‐measures design was designed to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of the Family‐Centered Function‐Focused‐Care (Fam‐FFC) intervention, which is intended to promote functional recovery in hospitalized older adults. A family‐centered resource nurse and a facility champion implemented a three‐component intervention (environmental assessment and modification, staff education, individual and family education and partnership in care planning with follow‐up after hospitalization for an acute illness). Control units were exposed to function‐focused‐care education only. Ninety‐seven dyads of medical patients aged 65 and older and family caregivers (FCGs) were recruited from three medical units of a community teaching hospital. Fifty‐three percent of patients were female, 89% were white, 51% were married, and 40% were widowed, and they had a mean age of 80.8 ± 7.5. Seventy‐eight percent of FCGs were married, 34% were daughters, 31% were female spouses or partners, and 38% were aged 46 to 65. Patient outcomes included functional outcomes (activities of daily living (ADLs), walking performance, gait, balance) and delirium severity and duration. FCG outcomes included preparedness for caregiving, anxiety, depression, role strain, and mutuality. The intervention group demonstrated less severity and shorter duration of delirium and better ADL and walking performance but not better gait and balance performance than the control group. FCGs who participated in Fam‐FFC showed a significant increase in preparedness for caregiving and a decrease in anxiety and depression from admission to 2 months after discharge but no significant differences in strain or quality of the relationship with the care recipient from FCGs in the control group. Fam‐FFC is feasible and has the potential to improve outcomes for hospitalized older adults and their caregivers.
Sensory and Motor Peripheral Nerve Function and Incident Mobility Disability
Authors: Ward Rachel E. , Boudreau Robert M. , Caserotti Paolo , Harris Tamara B. , Zivkovic Sasa , Goodpaster Bret H. , Satterfield Suzanne , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Schwartz Ann V. , Vinik Aaron I. , Cauley Jane A. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Newman Anne B. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. ,   the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between sensorimotor nerve function and incident mobility disability over 10 years.DesignProspective cohort study with longitudinal analysis.SettingTwo U.S. clinical sites.ParticipantsPopulation‐based sample of community‐dwelling older adults with no mobility disability at 2000/01 examination (N = 1,680; mean age ± SD 76.5 ± 2.9, body mass index 27.1 ± 4.6; 50.2% female, 36.6% black, 10.7% with diabetes mellitus).MeasurementsMotor nerve conduction amplitude (poor <1 mV) and velocity (poor <40 m/s) were measured on the deep peroneal nerve. Sensory nerve function was measured using 10‐ and 1.4‐g monofilaments and vibration detection threshold at the toe. Lower extremity symptoms included numbness or tingling and aching or burning pain. Incident mobility disability assessed semiannually over 8.5 years (interquartile range 4.5–9.6 years) was defined as two consecutive self‐reports of a lot of difficulty or inability to walk one‐quarter of a mile or climb 10 steps.ResultsNerve impairments were detected in 55% of participants, and 30% developed mobility disability. Worse motor amplitude (HR = 1.29 per SD, 95% CI = 1.16–1.44), vibration detection threshold (HR = 1.13 per SD, 95% CI = 1.04–1.23), symptoms (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.26–2.17), two motor impairments (HR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.43–3.09), two sensory impairments (HR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.37–2.68), and three or more nerve impairments (HR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.54–3.53) predicted incident mobility disability after adjustment. Quadriceps strength mediated relationships between certain nerve impairments and mobility disability, although most remained significant.ConclusionPoor sensorimotor nerve function independently predicted mobility disability. Future work should investigate modifiable risk factors and interventions such as strength training for preventing disability and improving function in older adults with poor nerve function.
Cost Analysis of a Home‐Based Nurse Care Coordination Program
Authors: Marek Karen Dorman , Stetzer Frank , Adams Scott J. , Bub Linda Denison , Schlidt Andrea , Colorafi Karen Jiggins 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether a home‐based care coordination program focused on medication self‐management would affect the cost of care to the Medicare program and whether the addition of technology, a medication‐dispensing machine, would further reduce cost.DesignRandomized, controlled, three‐arm longitudinal study.SettingParticipant homes in a large Midwestern urban area.ParticipantsOlder adults identified as having difficulty managing their medications at discharge from Medicare Home Health Care (N = 414).InterventionA team consisting of advanced practice nurses (APNs) and registered nurses (RNs) coordinated care for two groups: home‐based nurse care coordination (NCC) plus a pill organizer group and NCC plus a medication‐dispensing machine group.MeasurementsTo measure cost, participant claims data from 2005 to 2011 were retrieved from Medicare Part A and B Standard Analytical Files.ResultsOrdinary least squares regression with covariate adjustment was used to estimate monthly dollar savings. Total Medicare costs were $447 per month lower in the NCC plus pill organizer group (P = .11) than in a control group that received usual care. For participants in the study at least 3 months, total Medicare costs were $491 lower per month in the NCC plus pill organizer group (P = .06) than in the control group. The cost of the NCC plus pill organizer intervention was $151 per month, yielding a net savings of $296 per month or $3,552 per year. The cost of the NCC plus medication‐dispensing machine intervention was $251 per month, and total Medicare costs were $409 higher per month than in the NCC plus pill organizer group.ConclusionNurse care coordination plus a pill organizer is a cost‐effective intervention for frail elderly Medicare beneficiaries. The addition of the medication machine did not enhance the cost effectiveness of the intervention.
Origin of rutile needles in star garnet and implications for interpretation of inclusion textures in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks
Authors: Hwang S.‐L. , Shen P. , Chu H.‐T. , Yui T.‐F. , Iizuka Y. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe asterism effect of star garnet has been attributed to the oriented distribution of needle‐like rutile inclusions. Rutile needles occur in garnet from a wide range of metamorphic settings and rock bulk compositions, and their origin has been ascribed to different mechanisms, such as exsolution, and used to interpret petrological and tectonic processes. Results from an optical and transmission electron microscopy of Idaho star garnet indicate a co‐precipitation origin. It was found that rutile needles are predominantly oriented along the <103>rt//<111>grt and <001>rt//<001>grt directions following multiple crystallographic orientation relationships (CORs); i.e. COR‐1, 2, 2′, 3, 4 and 5 in 6‐ray star garnet, and are oriented solely along the <103>rt//<111>grt directions following exclusively COR‐2 in 4‐ray star garnet. The sole presence of COR‐2 <111>grt needles in the common 4‐ray star garnet, in contrast to the presence of both <111>grt and <001>grt needles with multiple CORs in the rare 6‐ray star garnet, suggests that the COR‐2 <111>grt needle probably is the energetically most favoured variant, as is also supported by the coincidence site lattice considerations. The unique crystallography‐controlled microstructures of 4‐ray star garnet, including the cloudy domains behind the {111}grt or {100}grt fronts with abundant inclusions of rutile needle, rutile compound needle and multiple‐phase‐inclusion, as well as the clear domains behind the {110}grt fronts with only a few above inclusions concentrated exclusively within the linear, <110>grt‐oriented, continuous tube‐like domains, further suggest that the COR‐2 <111>grt needles in 4‐ray star garnet most likely have a growth‐in origin, co‐precipitating with garnet at its growth fronts close to thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The 6‐ray star garnet, on the other hand, most likely formed under far‐from equilibrium conditions, thereby yielding a maximum of 99 crystallographic variants of rutile needles with multiple CORs in a single crystal. In the light of these findings, along with the common occurrences of the sole COR in many inclusion‐host systems owing to the requirement to minimize the energy barrier in an exsolution process, the presence of both <103>rt//<111>grt and <001>rt//<001>grt needles with multiple CORs in garnet of Sulu eclogite and Erzegebirge quartzofeldspathic rock would therefore cast doubt on the assertion of an exsolution origin of rutile needles in garnet from these ultrahigh‐pressure rocks.
Susceptibility to excitotoxicity in aged hippocampal cultures and neuroprotection by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs: role of mitochondrial calcium
Authors: Calvo María , Sanz‐Blasco Sara , Caballero Erica , Villalobos Carlos , Núñez Lucía 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBrain damage after insult and cognitive decline are related to excitotoxicity and strongly influenced by aging, yet mechanisms of aging‐dependent susceptibility to excitotoxicity are poorly known. Several non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may prevent excitotoxicity and cognitive decline in the elderly by an unknown mechanism. Interestingly, after several weeks in vitro, hippocampal neurons display important hallmarks of neuronal aging in vivo. Accordingly, rat hippocampal neurons cultured for several weeks were used to investigate mechanisms of aging‐related susceptibility to excitotoxicity and neuroprotection by NSAIDs. We found that NMDA increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in young, mature and aged neurons but only promoted apoptosis in aged neurons. Resting Ca2+ levels and responses to NMDA increased with time in culture which correlated with changes in expression of NMDA receptor subunits. In addition, NMDA promoted mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake only in aged cultures. Consistently, specific inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake decreased apoptosis. Finally, we found that a series of NSAIDs depolarized mitochondria and inhibited mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, thus preventing NMDA‐induced apoptosis in aged cultures. We conclude that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is critical for age‐related susceptibility to excitotoxicity and neuroprotection by NSAIDs.
imageRat hippocampal neurons aged in culture were used to investigate mechanisms of age‐related susceptibility to excitotoxicity and neuroprotection by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Old neurons display enhanced resting calcium and responses to NMDA along with increased expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2A altogether favoring mitochondrial calcium overload. NSAIDs protect neurons against excitotoxicity acting on mitochondrial calcium uptake. NMDA, N methyl d‐aspartate.
Rapid mitochondrial dysfunction mediates TNF‐alpha‐induced neurotoxicity
Authors: Doll Danielle N. , Rellick Stephanie L. , Barr Taura L. , Ren Xuefang , Simpkins James W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is known to exacerbate ischemic brain injury; however, the mechanism is unknown. Previous studies have evaluated the effects of TNF‐α on neurons with long exposures to high doses of TNF‐α, which is not pathophysiologically relevant. We characterized the rapid effects of TNF‐α on basal respiration, ATP production, and maximal respiration using pathophysiologically relevant, post‐stroke concentrations of TNF‐α. We observed a reduction in mitochondrial function as early as 1.5 h after exposure to low doses of TNF‐α, followed by a decrease in cell viability in HT‐22 cells and primary neurons. Subsequently, we used the HT‐22 cell line to determine the mechanism by which TNF‐α causes a rapid and profound reduction in mitochondrial function. Pre‐treating with TNF‐R1 antibody, but not TNF‐R2 antibody, ameliorated the neurotoxic effects of TNF‐α, indicating that TNF‐α exerts its neurotoxic effects through TNF‐R1. We observed an increase in caspase 8 activity and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential after exposure to TNF‐α which resulted in a release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. These novel findings indicate for the first time that an acute exposure to pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of TNF‐α has neurotoxic effects mediated by a rapid impairment of mitochondrial function.
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This study focuses on the neurotoxic mechanism of a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). We demonstrate a prompt mitochondrial dysfunction followed by nerve cell loss after exposure to TNF‐α. These studies may provide evidence that the immune system can rapidly and adversely affect brain function and that TNF‐α signaling may be a target for neuroprotection.
Size Anomalies in U.S. Bank Stock Returns
Authors: GANDHI PRIYANK , LUSTIG HANNO 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe largest commercial bank stocks, ranked by total size of the balance sheet, have significantly lower risk‐adjusted returns than small‐ and medium‐sized bank stocks, even though large banks are significantly more levered. We uncover a size factor in the component of bank returns that is orthogonal to the standard risk factors, including small minus big, which has the right covariance with bank returns to explain the average risk‐adjusted returns. This factor measures size‐dependent exposure to bank‐specific tail risk. These findings are consistent with government guarantees that protect shareholders of large banks, but not small banks, in disaster states.
High serum adiponectin is associated with low blood haemoglobin in elderly men: the Swedish MrOS study
Authors: Lewerin C. , Johansson H. , Lerner U. H. , Karlsson M. K. , Lorentzon M. , Barrett‐Connor E. , Smith U. , Ohlsson C. , Mellström D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesBlood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration declines in elderly men, whilst the level of the adipocyte‐derived protein adiponectin increases with age. The association between erythropoiesis and adiponectin in elderly men is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin are associated with anaemia and Hb concentration in elderly community‐dwelling men.Design and settingThe Gothenburg part of the population‐based Swedish Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) cohort (n = 1010; median age 75.3 years, range 69–81).Main outcome measuresWe investigated the associations between levels of adiponectin and Hb before and after adjusting for potential confounders [i.e. age, body composition, erythropoietin (EPO), total oestradiol, leptin, cystatin C and iron and B vitamin status].ResultsIn these elderly men, age was negatively associated with Hb (r = −0.12, P < 0.001) and positively associated with adiponectin level (r = 0.13, P < 0.001). In age‐adjusted partial correlations, Hb and adiponectin levels were negatively correlated (r = −0.20, P < 0.001); this association remained significant after multivariable adjustment for age, body composition, EPO, fasting insulin, sex hormones, leptin and ferritin. Age‐adjusted mean adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher in anaemic men (66/1005; Hb <130 g L−1) compared to nonanaemic men (14.0 vs. 11.7 μg mL−1, P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, adiponectin together with EPO, total oestradiol, insulin, albumin, transferrin saturation, HDL cholesterol, cystatin C, total body fat mass and free thyroxine, but not leptin, explained 35% of the variation in Hb level. These results remained essentially unchanged after exclusion of men with diabetes.ConclusionsSerum adiponectin, but not leptin, was negatively and independently associated with Hb. This finding suggests a possible role of adiponectin in the age‐related decline in Hb level observed in apparently healthy elderly men.
An update on pathophysiological mechanisms related to idiopathic oro‐facial pain conditions with implications for management
Authors: Forssell H. , Jääskeläinen S. , List T. , Svensson P. , Baad‐Hansen L. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryChronic oro‐facial pain conditions such as persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP), atypical odontalgia (AO) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS), usually grouped together under the concept of idiopathic oro‐facial pain, remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of these pain conditions is one of the important reasons behind the problems in diagnostic and management. During the last two decades, neurophysiological, psychophysical, brain imaging and neuropathological methods have been systematically applied to study the trigeminal system in idiopathic oro‐facial pain. The findings in these studies have provided evidence for neuropathic involvement in the pathophysiology of PIFP, AO and BMS. The present qualitative review is a joint effort of a group of oro‐facial pain specialists and researchers to appraise the literature on idiopathic oro‐facial pain with special focus on the currently available studies on their pathophysiological mechanisms. The implications of the findings of these studies for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic oro‐facial pain conditions are discussed.
School Belonging, Generational Status, and Socioeconomic Effects on Mexican‐Origin Children's Later Academic Competence and Expectations
Authors: Hernández Maciel M. , Robins Richard W. , Widaman Keith F. , Conger Rand D. 
Published: December 2014

This study examined factors that relate to academic competence and expectations from elementary to middle school for 674 fifth‐grade students (50% boys; Mage = 10.86 years) of Mexican origin. Models predicting academic competence and expectations were estimated using a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, with longitudinal data from fifth to eighth grades. School belonging (i.e., social and emotional connectedness to school) predicted greater academic competence and expectations over time. Findings indicate that student feelings of belonging in school may act as a resource that promotes academic competence and expectations. Furthermore, family income, parent education, and generational status had direct effects on academic competence and expectations to some degree, suggesting the importance of contextual factors in this process.
Pathotypes of Colletotrichum sublineolum in Response to Sorghum Populations with Different Levels of Genetic Diversity in Sete Lagoas‐MG
Authors: Costa Rodrigo V. , Zambolim Laércio , Cota Luciano V. , Silva Dagma D. , Parreira Douglas F. , Lanza Fabrício E. , Souza André G. C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSorghum anthracnose is one of the most important and destructive diseases of sorghum. Genetic resistance has been the most efficient strategy to control the disease, but the high variability of the pathogen population in Brazil has resulted in only modest efficacy. Accordingly, we investigated the variability of Colletotrichum sublineolum in response to sorghum populations with three levels of genetic diversity: pure stand, three‐way hybrids and physical mixtures of three‐way hybrids. Six plots of each treatment were planted in different areas and at different dates. A total of 480 isolates, that is 40 single‐conidium isolates per plot, were collected from the field experiment to characterize the variability of the pathogen in each host population. Isolates were inoculated in a greenhouse on a differential line set composed of eight sorghum inbred lines. Our results reveal that the pathogen populations derived from three‐way combinations had higher pathotype diversity than did those derived from pure stand host populations. More complexly, virulent phenotypes were also developed in genetically diverse stands compared to pure stand host populations. The diversification of the host population limits pathogen adaptation, thus resulting in a significantly higher number of pathotypes. The results of this study will improve the management of sorghum anthracnose in the field by helping sorghum breeders maintain disease resistance.