bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting fatty acid metabolism to improve glucose metabolism
Authors: Stinkens R. , Goossens G. H. , Jocken J. W. E. , Blaak E. E. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDisturbances in fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, gut and pancreas play an important role in the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alterations in diet composition may contribute to prevent and/or reverse these disturbances through modulation of fatty acid metabolism.Besides an increased fat mass, adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by an altered capacity to store lipids and an altered secretion of adipokines, may result in lipid overflow, systemic inflammation and excessive lipid accumulation in non‐adipose tissues like liver, skeletal muscle and the pancreas. These impairments together promote the development of impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, intrinsic functional impairments in either of these organs may contribute to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. The present review provides an overview of fatty acid metabolism‐related pathways in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas and gut, which can be targeted by diet or food components, thereby improving glucose metabolism.
Effects of Different Anesthetics on Pain Processing in an Experimental Human Pain Model
Authors: Nickel Florian T. , Ott Stephan , Möhringer Susanne , Münster Tino , Rieß Simon , Filitz Jörg , Koppert Wolfgang , Maihöfner Christian 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveAfter surgical procedures, anesthesia itself may affect pain perception. Particularly, there is increasing evidence that opioids not only have analgesic effects but also provoke pronociceptive changes, that is, opioid‐induced hyperalgesia. We investigated the effect of different anesthetic regimens on pain processing in volunteers using a transdermal electrical pain model. In this model, stimulation of epidermal nerve fibers representing mainly peptidergic C‐nociceptors leads to secondary hyperalgesia and habituation to the stimulus.MethodsForty‐eight healthy volunteers underwent conditioning noxious stimulation (CS) over 5 days. On day 2, the volunteers were randomized into 4 groups: control group (no anesthesia) and 3 groups receiving anesthesia before CS in anesthetic doses: propofol (P), propofol/remifentanil (PR), and propofol/remifentanil/S‐ketamine (PRK). Quantitative sensory testing was performed on days 1 through 5 and on day 22.ResultsIn every group, CS was associated with short‐ and long‐term habituation to the electrical stimulus. Repetitive CS resulted in unmodified short‐term sensitization with stable areas of hyperalgesia. Although the PR group showed a trend toward increased areas of hyperalgesia on day 2, no significant differences were detectable between the groups. In contrast, anesthesia resulted in decreased intensity of the electrically evoked pain on day 2. Finally, the mechanical pain threshold before CS on day 5 was increased in all groups and remained elevated 3 weeks after the first CS, consistent with a long‐term antinociceptive effect after CS.ConclusionsThe results suggest a short‐term analgesic effect of general anesthesia. Furthermore, the conditioning stimulation over several days induced differential modulation of pro‐ and antinociceptive systems.
Experiences of continued presence: On the practical consequences of ‘hallucinations’ in bereavement
Authors: Hayes Jacqueline , Leudar Ivan 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesWe document the properties of experiences of continued presence (ECPs) helping to resolve controversies about their significance.MethodWe used qualitative methods in data collection and analysis. This enabled us to document the properties of ECPs. Narrative biographic interviews were carried out with 17 bereaved informants, and conversation analysis was used to identify the sources of meaning and functions of these experiences.ResultsOur informants heard voices of the deceased, saw their images, felt their touch, and sometimes felt their presence unspecified in any of the senses. Analysis revealed that ECPs were meaningfully connected to the immediate environments in which they happened but also to the personal histories of the bereaved. The narratives reveal helpful and destructive potentials of these experiences. In all cases, the functions relied on the relationship with the deceased.ConclusionsThe authors warn against oversimplification of ECPs, as significantly contrasting practical consequences commonly occurred within as well as between cases. The findings support the use of talking therapies based on personal meanings to help those disturbed by their experiences of presence.Practitioner points

Practitioners should not assume that ECPs are signs of pathology – often they have healing consequences.

Where ECPs cause distress, the problem is likely to concern relationship difficulties with the deceased.

Therapists can help clients with distressing ECPs by working on the relationship with the deceased.
Variation in fluxes estimated from nitrogen isotope discrimination corresponds with independent measures of nitrogen flux in Populus balsamifera L.
Authors: Kalcsits Lee A. , Guy Robert D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAcquisition of mineral nitrogen by roots from the surrounding environment is often not completely efficient, in which a variable amount of leakage (efflux) relative to gross uptake (influx) occurs. The efflux/influx ratio (E/I) is, therefore, inversely related to the efficiency of nutrient uptake at the root level. Time‐integrated estimates of E/I and other nitrogen‐use traits may be obtainable from variation in stable isotope ratios or through compartmental analysis of tracer efflux (CATE) using radioactive or stable isotopes. To compare these two methods, Populus balsamifera L. genotypes were selected, a priori, for high or low nitrogen isotope discrimination. Vegetative cuttings were grown hydroponically, and E/I was calculated using an isotope mass balance model (IMB) and compared to E/I calculated using 15N CATE. Both methods indicated that plants grown with ammonium had greater E/I than nitrate‐grown plants. Genotypes with high or low E/I using CATE also had similarly high or low estimates of E/I using IMB, respectively. Genotype‐specific means were linearly correlated (r = 0.77; P = 0.0065). Discrepancies in E/I between methods may reflect uncertainties in discrimination factors for the assimilatory enzymes, or temporal differences in uptake patterns. By utilizing genotypes with known variation in nitrogen isotope discrimination, a relationship between nitrogen isotope discrimination and bidirectional nitrogen fluxes at the root level was observed.
A Partial Defense of Permissivism
Authors: Sharadin Nathaniel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPermissivism is the view that sometimes an agent's total evidential state entails both that she is epistemically permitted to believe that P and that she is epistemically permitted to believe that Q, where P and Q are contradictories. Uniqueness is the denial of Permissivism. Permissivism has recently come under attack on several fronts. If these attacks are successful, then we may be forced to accept an unwelcome asymmetry between epistemic and practical rationality. In this essay I clarify the debate by distinguishing two versions (each) of Permissiveness and Uniqueness. I then respond to several recent challenges to Permissivism in an attempt to even the score between Permissivism and Uniqueness. I will also respond to a worry – arising out of my discussion – that a defense of Permissivism itself introduces an unwelcome asymmetry between epistemic and practical rationality.
Boar Differences In Artificial Insemination Outcomes: Can They Be Minimized?
Authors: Roca J , Broekhuijse MLWJ , Parrilla I , Rodriguez‐Martinez H , Martinez EA , Bolarin A 
Published: July 2015

ContentsIn Western countries, where pig breeding and production are intensive, there is a documented variability in fertility between farms with boar‐related parameters only accounting to 6% of this total variation of in vivo fertility. Such low boar effect could be a result of the rigorous control of sires and ejaculates yielding AI‐doses exerted by the highly specialized AI‐centres that monopolize the market. However, some subfertile boars pass through these rigorous controls and consequently reach the AI‐programmes. Here, we discuss why testing young boars for chromosomal defects, sperm nuclear chromatin integrity and in vitro fertilizing ability can be discriminative and economically sound for removing these less fertile boars. Alongside, we discuss why boars differ in the ability of their sperm to tolerate cryopreservation or sex sorting.
Efficient Boar Semen Production and Genetic Contribution: The Impact of Low‐Dose Artificial Insemination on Fertility
Authors: Broekhuijse MLWJ , Gaustad AH , Bolarin Guillén A , Knol EF 
Published: July 2015

ContentsDiluting semen from high fertile breeding boars, and by that inseminating many sows, is the core business for artificial insemination (AI) companies worldwide. Knowledge about fertility results is the reason by which an AI company can lower the concentration of a dose. Efficient use of AI boars with high genetic merit by decreasing the number of sperm cells per insemination dose is important to maximize dissemination of the genetic progress made in the breeding nucleus. However, a potential decrease in fertility performance in the field should be weighed against the added value of improved genetics and, in general, is not tolerated in commercial production. This overview provides some important aspects that influence the impact of low‐dose AI on fertility: (i) the importance of monitoring field fertility, (ii) the need for accurate and precise semen assessment, (iii) the parameters that are taken into account, (iv) the application of information from genetic and genomic selection and (v) the optimization when using different AI techniques. Efficient semen production, processing and insemination in combination with increasing use of genetic and genomic applications result in maximum impact of genetic trend.
Recent Advances in Boar Sperm Cryopreservation: State of the Art and Current Perspectives
Authors: Yeste M 
Published: July 2015

ContentsWhile sperm cryopreservation is the best technology to store boar semen for long‐term periods, only 1% of all artificial inseminations (AI) conducted worldwide are made using frozen–thawed boar sperm. With the emergence of long‐term extenders for liquid storage, the use of cryopreserved sperm in routineAIis less required. However, banks of boar semen contain cryopreserved sperm and planning inseminations inAIcentres may benefit from the use of frozen–thawed semen. Therefore, there is an interest in the use of this technology to preserve boar sperm. In this regard, although the first attempts to cryopreserve boar semen date back to the seventies and this technology is still considered as optimal, some relevant improvements have been made in the last decade. After giving a general picture about boar sperm cryodamage, the present review seeks to shed light on these recent cryopreservation advances. These contributions regard to protein markers for predicting ejaculate freezability, sperm selection prior to start cryopreservation procedures, additives to freezing and thawing extenders, relevance of theAI‐technique and insemination‐to‐ovulation interval. In conclusion, most of these progresses have allowed counteracting better boar sperm cryodamage and are thus considered as forward steps for this storage method. It is also worth noting that, despite being lower than fresh/extended semen, reproductive performance outcomes followingAIwith frozen‐thawed boar sperm are currently acceptable.
Regulation of Sperm Function by Oviduct Fluid and the Epithelium: Insight into the Role of Glycans
Authors: Miller DJ 
Published: July 2015

ContentsIn many vertebrates, females store sperm received at mating in specialized reservoirs until fertilization. In some species, sperm are routinely stored for up to a decade. But the structures used to store sperm vary considerably across taxa, suggesting the underlying mechanisms might be equally variable. In mammals, after mating, sperm pass through the utero‐tubal junction and bind to epithelial cells of the oviduct isthmus to form a reservoir. This reservoir regulates sperm function, including viability and capacitation, ultimately affecting sperm lifespan. In addition, sperm binding to oviduct cells influences oviduct cell gene transcription and translation, perhaps to aid sperm storage and fertility. The sperm reservoir allows successful reproduction in species in which semen deposition and ovulation are not always synchronized. The focus of this review is on recent studies of the functions of oviduct fluid and of the adhesion molecules that allow sperm to adhere to the oviduct epithelium. The important of glycans on the oviduct epithelium is highlighted.
Quality Control of Boar Sperm Processing: Implications from European AI Centres and Two Spermatology Reference Laboratories
Authors: Riesenbeck A , Schulze M , Rüdiger K , Henning H , Waberski D 
Published: July 2015

ContentsIn recent years, increased automatization has resulted in a higher efficiency of boar semen processing in AI laboratories. Sophisticated laboratory management and efficient quality control programmes are needed for current tendencies in major pork‐producing countries to reduce the sperm number per AI dose, to lengthen semen storage times and to adopt responsible methods for bacterial control and prevention of the development of multiresistant bacteria. The objective of the present review was to outline current trends in boar semen production and the critical steps in semen processing which affect sperm quality. In addition, integrated elements of a quality assurance programme in use by thirty European AI centres in association with the two German spermatology reference laboratories are described.
International Factor Mobility, Wages and Prices
Authors: Podrecca Elena , Rossini Gianpaolo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper analyzes the joint influence of migration inflows and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on wage bargaining. Labor migration and offshoring supported by FDI affect wage deals by changing the outside options of workers and firms. Unemployed workers may find alternative jobs either in the legal or in the illegal labor markets. Wages in this latter case are highly affected by migrants crowding this segment more than any other market. Firms may have the option of moving production partly or entirely to foreign low‐cost countries. A wage curve is designed theoretically, reflecting cross‐border labor and capital mobility, and estimated on panel data for 13 European countries over the period 1995–2013. The theoretical predictions of a joint negative effect on wages of FDI outflows and labor migration inflows are confirmed with some novel results.
Productivity Shocks and Real Effective Exchange Rates
Authors: Beckmann Joscha , Belke Ansgar , Czudaj Robert 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper provides new insights into the relationship between exchange rates and productivity developments forEuropean Economies. We focus on the question whether productivity changes have a long‐run impact on real effective exchange rates for a large number ofEuropean economies. Focusing on a sample period running from 1995 until 2013, we adopt a cointegrated vector autoregressive approach and distinguish between long‐run equilibrium, short‐run dynamics and long‐run impact of shocks. Our findings show that for several industrialized economies, real effective exchange rates and labor productivity are not related over the long‐run. A possible explanation for this result is that wage developments do not reflect increases in labor productivity to a large degree, which prevents a transmission to the real effective exchange rate through the price channel. The results forCentral and EasternEuropeanCountries are more encouraging since a positive impact of labor productivity on real effective exchange rate is frequently observed.
Macroeconomic Policy Making, Exchange Rate Adjustment and Current Account Imbalances in Emerging Markets
Authors: Duarte Pablo , Schnabl Gunther 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGiven a series of crisis events after 2007 the discussion about the adjustment channels of current account imbalances has been revived. We examine the role of exchange rates vs macroeconomic policies as determinants of current accounts for a set of 86 mainly emerging market economies between 1990 and 2013 to identify adjustment channels for global imbalances. We find that nominal exchange rates are not the main determinant of current account positions. Instead, depending on the region, monetary and/or fiscal policies are identified as the main driving force of current accounts. For East Asia and the oil exporting countries sterilization policies, i.e. relatively tight monetary policies, are the main determinants. In contrast for many European periphery countries fiscal policy stances are at the core of current account positions. Only for the Latin American countries does the exchange rate play a significant role as determinant of current account positions.
Policy Shifts and Financial Instability in Emerging Markets
Authors: Hoffmann Andreas , Urbansky Björn 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe explain periods of financial instability following drastic policy shifts within a Hayekian framework. Hayek emphasized that prices, established via the market process, help market participants to form coherent expectations about the future and coordinate plans with one another. In this paper, we elaborate on how policy shifts may undermine planning based on price signals and exacerbate uncertainty about the future, which can contribute to financial instability. Based on our postulated framework, we clarify how financial liberalization in the 1980s/1990s and the recent discretionary monetary policies in the advanced economies may have contributed to recurring episodes of financial instability in emerging markets. In particular, this paper provides an explanation for (1) why we observe financial instability mainly shortly following financial liberalization, and (2) why financial developments in the emerging markets are sensitive to unexpected monetary policy changes in the advanced countries in the current zero‐interest rate environment.
Surviving Asymmetry in Capital Flows and the Business Cycles: The Role of Prudential Capital Controls
Authors: Wong Chin‐Yoong , Eng Yoke‐Kee 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPast literature of different strands has pointed to a potential asymmetry: while portfolio capital inflows are largely irrelevant to the economy, capital outflows can cause recession. In a model with a convex investment and portfolio balance adjustment cost, and endogenous credit‐in‐advance constraint, we find that investment is determined solely by opportunity cost of physical capital unrelated to portfolio capital inflows when the constraint is slack. However, once credit availability is tightened up by capital outflows, the negative liquidity constraint dominates the opportunity‐cost factor, causing an economic downturn. Financial fragility against capital outflows is an outcome of pecuniary externalities, which, however, can be moderated by prudential capital controls. Even when exchange rates float freely, capital controls ease the macro‐stabilizing burden of monetary policy, as they help shield the economy from financial instability. Prudential tax on foreign debt is most preferred, and works the best when the exchange rate float is managed.
A Big Tent of Dark Personality Traits
Authors: Marcus David K. , Zeigler‐Hill Virgil 
Published: July 2015

AbstractResearchers have become very interested in socially aversive personality traits in recent years as reflected by the considerable number of publications concerning the Dark Triad of personality (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy). The goal of the present article is to suggest that researchers broaden their view of potentially dark personality features. We provide overviews of two dark personality features that have been largely neglected by psychologists (i.e., spitefulness and greed) and point to the darker aspects of two personality features that have been studied extensively (i.e., perfectionism and dependency). We conclude the article by advocating that researchers consider a broader conceptualization of dark personality features that extends beyond the antagonistic and externalizing features captured by the Dark Triad traits.
Giving and Summoning Autonomy Support in Hierarchical Relationships
Authors: Reeve Johnmarshall 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIt is not easy to motivate and engage others in a way that is welcomed, effective, and relationship‐enriching. In a hierarchical relationship, supervisors' motivating styles and supervisees' agentic engagement–disengagement are often in conflict, rather than in synch. Still, reciprocal causation appears to be a naturally occurring process within these relationships, as supervisors' motivating styles longitudinally transform supervisees' engagement–disengagement, just as supervisees' engagement–disengagement transforms and summons the supervisors' motivating styles. Recognizing this, the article highlights an intervention‐based program of research designed to help infuse greater autonomy support and greater agentic engagement into the supervisor–supervisee relationship. When an experimentally based intervention helps supervisors learn how to become more autonomy supportive, interaction partners become more in synch, and this mutually supportive relationship dynamic yields numerous benefits for the supervisor, the supervisee, and the relationship. Future interventions are needed to understand what happens when supervisees learn how to become more agentically engaged. The conclusion is that relationships need and benefit from infusions of both the giving and the summoning of autonomy support.
The Multifaceted Relationship Between Physical Activity and Affect
Authors: Emerson Jessica A. , Williams David M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe purpose of the present paper is to provide a summary of scientific findings on the relationship between physical activity (PA) and affect. We provide separate narrative reviews of (a) the association between PA and well‐being in the general population; (b) PA as a prophylactic and/or treatment for clinical depression; and (c) immediate affective response to individual PA sessions and the implications for adherence to PA programs. Findings suggest an association between engaging in regular PA and more positive well‐being, decreased risk of future depression, and reduction of depressed mood among those who are already depressed. However, despite the fairly strong evidence for these associations, there is less evidence for causal effects of PA on well‐being and depression. Individual sessions of PA generally result in positive shifts in affective valence from pre‐PA to post‐PA, but during PA, affective response is intensity‐dependent, with considerable variability for moderate intensity PA. In sum, despite the “physical activity feels good” narrative often portrayed in the popular media, the relationship between PA and affect is complex and multifaceted.