bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crime, Incarceration, and Poverty
Authors: Raphael Steven 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the relationships between poverty, low incomes, criminal participation, and the risk of incarceration. It begins with an empirical portrait of the incarcerated by using a nationally representative survey of U.S. prison inmates. It documents the demographic and human-capital characteristics of the incarcerated and how these characteristics vary between state and federal prison inmates. Next, it characterizes the relative risks of incarceration for various demographic subgroups within the United States. It presents a discussion of theoretical explanations linking poverty with higher rates of criminal offending, and consequently higher punishment levels. It considers the close connection between race and criminal offending in the United States. Finally, the relationship between human capital and participation in crime is discussed.
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Antipoverty Programs in the United States
Authors: Ben-Shalom Yonatan , Moffitt Robert , Scholz John Karl 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the impact of antipoverty programs on income poverty in the United States. Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation shows that trends in per capita expenditures for the major means-tested and social insurance programs have shifted away from the very poor and unemployed toward the elderly and disabled. Since 1984, antipoverty policy has directed resources toward those just below the poverty line and the near poor (100 to 150 percent of the poverty line) at the expense of those at the very bottom of the income distribution. Means-tested programs, such as Supplemental Security Income, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance, have reduced overall poverty very modestly but their poverty-reducing impact on their targets has been more substantial. Social Security and Medicare have been the most effective social insurance programs for reducing poverty. The disincentive effects of antipoverty programs on the overall poverty-reducing impact of the social safety net are negligible. For the near poor, who are more likely to be attached to the labor market, the incentive effects of means-tested and social insurance programs are more significant.
Antipoverty Policy
Authors: Darity William A. , Lopez Mary , Ajilore Olugbenga , Wallace Leslie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines how views on why people are poor can influence the design of antipoverty policy. It argues that, broadly speaking, theories of why people are poor fall into two categories. First, there are theories grounded in the view that the poor suffer from individual defects: inadequate human capital, self-defeating culture, and genetic inferiority. Second, there are theories grounded in the view that the poor are especially vulnerable to societal defects: unemployment, overpopulation, and obstacles to wealth accumulation. The persistence of high levels of poverty in the United States is the result of policies that follow from the perspective that the poor suffer from individual defects. The current path of antipoverty policy is likely to perpetuate poverty and the sentiment that the poor are deserving of their status.
What Makes Great Business Leaders?
Authors: Locke Edwin A. , Allison John A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews the leaders of profit-making organizations, specifically considering a broad range of characteristics linked with being a successful chief executive officer (CEO) in a profit-making organization. These characteristics are divided into skills, traits, and values. The chapter then describes how John Allison made BB&T into one of the largest banking and insurance agency system(s) in America. One needs a variety of traits and skills in order to be a great CEO. These must be directed through daily thinking and effort to produce results. The ten primary values at BB&T—reality, reason, independent thinking, productivity, honesty, integrity, justice, pride, self-esteem, and teamwork/mutual supportiveness—are consistent with one another and are integrated. The full support of the team is important in the successful execution of a principled set of values. Furthermore, having the right values is the most significant foundation for business success and personal happiness.
Training and Developing Leaders: Theory and Research
Authors: Day David V. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the existing theory and research on leader training and development. The theoretical advances around the issues of leader identity and expertise development are emphasized. Then, programs of training and development research are outlined, highlighting the recent work on charting and the developmental trajectories of leaders. The team-leadership capacity can provide the resources needed for team resilience and adaptability, even under the most challenging circumstances. The results from the leader-training studies indicate that training is efficient in improving specific leadership-related skills. It seems that the role of leader identity construction is emerging as a central process in the effective development of leaders. Initial evidence reveals that individuals do not experience or benefit from leader development in the same ways. Examining issues of successful aging and their relationship to ongoing, lifelong learning and development could offer insights into how to keep older adults engaged and productive in later life.
Commentary: A Way Ahead
Authors: Rumsey Michael G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the factors contributing to leader success, and also describes how attention to the issues can contribute to further progress on the question of what makes a good leader. There are multitude of attributes, including cognitive, personality, motivational and value attributes, and perhaps others as well, related to leadership effectiveness. By fostering positive leadership experiences, leader development can affect leader behavior by strengthening leader identity. Criterion issues arguably have received seriously deficient attention in leadership research. Leadership is a complex phenomenon, and there is no one way to assess leader effectiveness. Attributes such as intelligence and conscientiousness are in a sense abstractions that are difficult to relate directly to behavior. Training and development can focus on guiding initial tendencies in the desired direction, which opens up an entirely new set of questions.
Leading Teams: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Shuffler Marissa L. , Burke C. Shawn , Kramer William S. , Salas Eduardo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter investigates the past, present, and future perspectives on leading teams. The three “traditional” approaches are addressed: transformational leadership, leader member exchange, and the functional approach. In addition, the chapter reports emerging areas of research in team leadership, including shared leadership, multiteam system leadership, and understanding team leadership in contexts such as multicultural, virtual, and extreme environments. The primary defining characteristic of team leadership is the emphasis at the collective level in terms of enhancing process and performance. Although transformational leadership is a prominent theory in the general leadership-research domain, its specific effect on team-level outcomes still requires much work. Shared leadership is an emerging area of interest in team leadership research that has much promise but many unanswered questions. Virtuality, culture, and extreme environments can influence how team leadership operates, and they are in need of additional research to fully understand their effects.
Organizational Leadership and Complexity Mechanisms
Authors: Marion Russ 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter, which evaluates the organizational leadership from a complexity-theory perspective, defines an interactive model of complexity mechanisms and the conditions under which complexity mechanisms thrive. It also describes the leadership of complex processes. Complexity theory, and complexity leadership theory, are based on the assumption that the collectivist actions of interactive agents and ideas are responsible for social and organizational outcomes. The contextual conditions that foster complexity are assessed. Aggregation mechanism, the building block of complex systems, temporally leads the information-processing mechanism. Heterogeneity is a significant requirement of complexity leadership. Leaders need to understand their organizations in terms of groups more than as entity processes. An organization can best foster change if leadership is an enabling function rather than heroic personalities. It is argued that leadership is the management of complexity mechanisms, and that is a rather dramatic departure from traditional leadership focus.
A Five-Dimensional Integrated Framework of Strategic Leadership: Application to the Emerging Markets and Implications for the Industrial Markets
Authors: Gupta Vipin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter, which reports an approach to organizational leadership that ascribes to the leader a more active role in defining the strategic direction of the organization and guiding it in that direction, considers five dimensions: strategic planning, sequence programming, performing model, consequential profiling, and sustainable development. Strategic leaders strive to interpret the future and take charge, regardless of the uncertainty they may themselves face. Moreover, the implications for strategic leadership in the industrial markets are highlighted. The practitioner's perspective, public organization perspective, and scholarly strategy perspective are significant in the emerging markets. An approach for sustainable development is vital for strategic leadership, the peculiar challenges of which in the emerging markets are becoming relevant for efficient strategic leadership in the industrialized markets. Effective context-sensitive strategic leadership in planning, programming, and performing determines the profit consequence, and translates into sustainable development.
Commentary: When It Comes to Leadership, Context Matters
Authors: Klimoski Richard 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the interpersonal situation, the task situation, the emotional situation, and the psychological situation, and also investigates the situations in an organizational context and in a leadership context. The interpersonal component of a situation is significant and will influence behavior. It is noted that, with a careful analysis of a particular situation, the ability to take on the perspective of people in a situation, and with a firm grasp of the literature, scientists or practitioners can make an informed prediction of what to expect. The normative pressures of a work unit are probably a good place, if one were looking, to find the reasons behind employee turnover. The leader should be considered as a “player,” fully capable of choosing or determining the business environment in which to work. Furthermore, it is observed that the context can influence leaders, who, in turn, affect the contexts of their followers.
Presidential Leadership: Performance Criteria and Their Predictors
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the very special case of presidential leadership—specifically, the president of the United States—and tries to determine the predictors of presidential leadership as explored by both subjective expert evaluations of presidential performance and objective researcher measurements of specific leader behaviors. Truly great presidents might even be willing to compromise their momentary popularity ratings to achieve significant long-term objectives. Years in office can serve as an objective leadership criterion and as a potential predictor of subjectively evaluated leadership. For better or worse, an ex-president has little personal ability to revise his reputation after he leaves office. Both subjective and objective criteria can be successfully predicted, even though the prediction of the former has proven far easier than the prediction of the latter.
Historiography on the Jews in the ‘Talmudic Period’ (70–640 ce)
Authors: Schwartz Seth 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article presents a narrative history of the Jews between the destruction of the Second Temple (70 ce) and the Arab conquest of Palestine (c.640 ce). After the destruction, Palestine was made into a standard Roman province in a way which at least curtailed the Jews' traditional autonomy. Nevertheless, the Jews rebelled again, with disastrous results. The Diaspora Revolt (115–17 ce) seems to have ended in the decimation or destruction of the Jewish settlements in Egypt, Libya, and several other places, while the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–5) brought an end to the Jews' hopes for the restoration of Jerusalem and the Temple and, more tangibly, to Jewish settlement in the district of Judaea. The historiography of the past sixty years on the Jews in the ‘Talmud period’ can be divided into two very broad tendencies, which may be designated Israeli and non-Israeli.
The Narratives of Medieval Jewish History
Authors: Dan Joseph 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
It is surprising to realize that no historian of Judaism wrote a history of the Middle Ages in Jewish history. Between 1923 and 1926 a Jewish historian, Shlomo Bernfeld, wrote a three-volume historical work, consisting mainly of an anthology of sources, entitled Sefer ha-Demaot, ‘The Book of Tears’. These volumes present a history of the Middle Ages up to the ‘Age of Reason’, which the author hoped would be the beginning of a new age in which the fate of the Jews would be different, yet this hope, he states in the end of his work, seems to have been unfounded. This article examines such narratives: the way narratives shape the chronological boundaries of the Middle Ages; their consequences concerning the examination of the relationships between Jews and non-Jews in the medieval world; and the place of history of ideas in the descriptions of the Middle Ages.
Medieval Jewry in the World of Islam
Authors: Cohen Mark R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Islam arose in the seventh century in Arabia through the preaching of the prophet Muhammad (d. 632). Nineteenth-century Jewish historians of the ‘Wissenschaft des Judentums’ school painted the experience of medieval Jewry in the world of Islam in idyllic, almost mythic terms and in stark contrast to the sorrowful, oppressive, persecutory history of Jews living in medieval Christendom. This rosy comparison between the ‘Golden Age’ under Islam and the era of persecution under Christendom, sketched against the background of the political agenda of nineteenth-century Central European Jewish intellectuals, was carried forth into the twentieth century, reinforced by the brutal Nazi persecution of the Jews culminating in the Holocaust. On the other hand, the Arab-Jewish dispute over Palestine generated a fresh political issue which impacted on the historiography of medieval Jewry in the world of Islam.
The Study of Hebrew Literature of the Middle Ages: Major Trends and Goals
Authors: Rosen Tova , Yassif Eli 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article aims at a critical examination of modern research on medieval Hebrew literature. Here, the definition of ‘medieval Hebrew literature’ excludes writing in Jewish languages other than Hebrew, and singles out literature from other types of non-literary Hebrew writing. The variety of literary types included in this survey ranges from liturgical and secular poetry to artistic storytelling and folk literature. Both early liturgical poetry (piyyut) and the medieval Hebrew story are rooted in the soil of the Talmudic period. The beginnings of medieval Hebrew storytelling were even more deeply connected to the narrative traditions of the Talmud. However, the constitutive moment of the birth of piyyut and narrative as distinct medieval genres had to do with their separation from the encyclopedic, all-embracing nature of the Talmud.
Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries since 1492
Authors: Stein Sarah Abrevaya 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Despite significant achievements, certain challenges still confront the student of Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries. This article delineates four such challenges. First, the conceptual language and categories still need to be rethought: what is to be gained and lost by grouping Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries into one historical category? Second, while recent scholarship has challenged the ‘Sephardic Mystique’ and the ‘neo-lachrymose view of Jewish-Arab History’, there are other influential teleologies that warrant reconsideration, among them the teleologies of Westernization, modernization, and Zionism, all of which assume a Eurocentric perspective. Third, there remain numerous important gaps in the knowledge of Sephardi and Mizrahi culture and history, including social history, women's and gender history, comparative and inter-ethnic history. Fourth, there is still the task of using the scholarship on non-Ashkenazim to reconsider pre-existing assumptions about Jewish culture.
Western and Central European Jewry in the Modern Period: 1750–1933
Authors: Rechter David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFor many years, historical writing about the Jewish experience in modern western and central Europe was guided by emancipation and assimilation. Historians focused either on the transformations of Jewish society that accompanied the achievement or on the response this engendered in society at large. While this is still for the most part true, there has been a substantial broadening and deepening of the definitions, contours, and content of these concepts. This article provides an overarching framework looking at the core issues of identity, the minority perspective, the still-regnant emancipation paradigm, the Jewish Question, and the east-west divide. Such issues pertain to the search for the modern. In other words, the many and various ways in which European Jews became modern is now a staple of historical discourse and can be said to characterize the historiography in this field.
The Holocaust
Authors: Friedländer Saul 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNotwithstanding almost six decades of scholarship and a fast-swelling stream of publications, the historiography of the Holocaust still remains divided in its initial and traditional clusters: the history of the perpetrators, that of the bystanders, and that of the victims. Most of the historical publications about the Holocaust deal with the perpetrators (the Germans and their collaborators) and their anti-Jewish policies and measures in the Reich and throughout occupied Europe. The history of Nazi policies and measures often tends to be considered as equivalent to the history of the Holocaust as such. The second cluster of monographs examines the attitudes and initiatives of the bystanders, of local authorities in occupied countries, of the European populations, the churches, the neutral countries, and the Allies. The third historiographical cluster deals with the life and death of the victims.
Mysticism
Authors: Alexander Philip S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Few fields, if any, in the study of Judaism have been dominated by one man as Gershom Scholem has dominated mysticism. For present purposes the most important item in Scholem's massive oeuvre is his Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. This article is divided into two parts. First, following broadly Major Trends, it surveys briefly the detailed phases in the history of Jewish mysticism, noting specific areas where Scholem's views have been supplemented, corrected, or contested. Second, it considers overarching questions regarding the tradition as a whole — the limits and the nature of Jewish mysticism, methodology, and mysticism's place in Judaism — which Scholem's work provokes, in order to assess the extent to which Scholem's paradigm still holds, and to get some idea of where the subject may be going.
Jewish Philosophy and Theology
Authors: Mendes-Flohr Paul 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The academic study of Jewish philosophy and theology is bedevilled by definitional and methodological ambiguities. There are scholars who hold that the very concept of Jewish philosophy is dubious. For if by its nature philosophy addresses universal truth-claims, then it cannot be modified by any delimiting national, ethnic, or religious attribute. The multivalent character of the concept of Jewish thought, designed to complement the rather circumscribed notion of Jewish philosophy, eventually led to the establishment at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem of two separate but parallel departments: the Department of Jewish Philosophy and Kabbalah, and the Department of the History of Jewish Thought. The former tended to limit its purview to medieval sources, emphasizing rigorous philological and text-critical methods. The latter had a pronounced preference for the methods of intellectual history and had a larger thematic scope.
Art, Architecture, and Archaeology
Authors: Levine Lee I. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article addresses three related, though not identical, academic fields of study that crystallized only in the twentieth century. Beforehand, it had generally been assumed, whether for political, social, or religious reasons, that Jews eschewed art and architecture, either because they were visually uncreative, preferring the audile to the visual, or owing to the restrictions imposed on them by the Second Commandment. However, there emerged in the Post-Emancipation era an awareness that, in the course of their history, particularly in the later Middle Ages and modern times, Jews had produced an impressive array of artistic, mostly ceremonial, objects worthy of appreciation and display. This realization that a uniquely Jewish art and architecture existed in the past crystallized in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, finding expression, inter alia, in the establishment of Jewish museums throughout Europe, America, and Israel.
Music
Authors: Bohlman Philip V. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The growth of Jewish studies has made it possible to talk about Jewish music in entirely new and even radically different ways. Since the 1970s, the study of music has developed as one of the most productive areas of research in Jewish studies itself, and since the early 1990s discussions about Jewish music have assumed a position as one of the most challenging arenas for research and debate in musicology and ethnomusicology. For the purposes of this article, the subdisciplines and subfields of musical scholarship that have entered into productive dialogue with Jewish studies are included under the larger disciplinary umbrella of ‘Jewish music research’. The shift from Judaism and Jewish practice to music and musical practice has unfolded slowly during a period of about two centuries, but accelerated rapidly in the second half of the twentieth century, during which Jewish music research has virtually exploded.