bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment characteristics of some Nova Scotian beaches
Authors: Bryant Edward 
Published: September 2014

A general model exists relating morphology, hydrodynamics and sediment transport behaviour of beach foreshores. This model states that on a reflective foreshore, where wave energy is reflected from the beach face, sediment size grades steeply in value (0.2 mm/km) along the beach face, downdrift and towards highest energy. This grading is temporally stable. On a dissipative foreshore, where wave energy is dissipated across a surf zone, size gradings are weakly developed (0.1 mm/km) and have a high degree of temporal variability. The model applies to high energy, swell-dominated, compartmentalized beaches with stable sea level and no sediment input. Most of the beaches studied in Nova Scotia, where sea level is rising, fit within this model; however the effects of source dominance, low wave energy levels and edge wave triggering processes must be considered.

RÉSUMÉ
L'effet combiné des facteurs agissant sur l’estran, soit la morphologie, l'hydrodynatnique et le mouvement des sédiments, est traite par un modèle général. Ce modèle propose que le long d'un est ran reflechissant, lè ou l'énergié de la houle est réfléchie par le rivage, la granulometrie des matériaux croft rapidement (0.2 mm/km) en direction de la dérive et vers les zones à haute énergié. Ce granoclassement est temporellement stable. Le long d'un rivage ou l'énergié de la houle est dissipée par une zone de brisants, le gradient granulométrique est moins bien exprimé (0.1 mm/km) et temporellement très variable. Ce modèle s'applique aux plages compartimentées, dotninées par la houle, ou l'énergié du milieu est haute, le niveau de la mer stable et l'apport de sédiments nul. En Nouvelle-Écosse, la plupart des plages étudiées cadrent avec ce modèle bien que le niveau marin soit à la hausse; cependant on doit tenir compte des effets dus à la dominance de la source, du faible niveau d'énergié de la houle, ainsi que des processus initiateurs de la houle transversale.

[Traduit par le Journal]
Geochemistry of Ordovician volcanic rocks of the Tetagouche Group of southwestern New Brunswick
Authors: Dostal J. 
Published: September 2014

The Lower to Middle Ordovician volcanic suite of the Tetagouche Group from the southwestern part of the Miramichi Terrane in the Woodstock-Meductic area in southwestern New Brunswick is composed of a bimodal basalt-rhyolite association. The basaltshave calc-alkalic characteristics and were emplaced on the continental crust in a volcanic arc or back-arc environment. The rhyolites were probably derived by melting of an amphibolite-facies crust. The basalts differ from those of the Tetagouche Group from the Bathurst area which include within-plate basalts and MORB. However, they both may be part of a single Ordovician arc-back-arc system.

RÉSUMÉ
Le cortege volcanique du Groupe de Tetagouche (Ordovicien médian à inférieur) dans la portion sud-ouest de la Lanière de Miramichi (région de Woodstock-Meductic, sud-ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick) se compose d'une association bimodèle de basalte et rhyolite. Les basaltes présentent des caractéres calco-alcalins et ils se sont mis en place sur la croûte continentale dans un milieu d'arc insulaire ou de rétro-arc. Les rhyolites proviennent probablement de la fonte d'une croûte de faciès à amphibolites. Les basaltes différent de ceux du Groupe de Tetagouche dans la région de Bathurst, qui comprennent des basaltes intra-plaques et des MORB, quoique tous deux puissent faire partie d'un système arc:rétro-arc ordovicien unique.

[Traduit par le journal]
Earliest Silurian supra-subduction magmatism in central Cape Breton Island
Authors: Keppie J. D. , Dostal J. , Davis D. W. , Horton D. A. 
Published: September 2014

The Skye Mountain pluton intruded the Late Proterozoic Bras d'Or Gneiss in the Creignish Hills of central Cape Breton Island. It is composed of amphibole-bearing mafic rocks (gabbro and diorite) with quartz diorite occurring in the northern portion. U-Pb isotopic analyses of zircon give an age of 438 ± 2 Ma, i.e., earliest Silurian. The rocks are calc-alkaline with mantle-normalized patterns characterized by high LILE/HFSE (large-ion-lithophile elements/high-field-strength elements) ratio and pronounced negative Nb anomalies. The pluton is inferred to have intruded a supra-subduction zone setting. As such, it represents a southern extension of an Early Silurian arc that extends along the axis of the Cape Breton Highlands. These calc-alkaline rocks contrast with contemporaneous, tholeiitic rift-related volcanism that occurs in the Antigonish Highlands. A possible tectonic setting that explains both these suites suggests that oblique, sinistral south-dipping subduction began north of Cape Breton Island and changed westwards into a sinistral transform boundary, which induced rifting in mainland Nova Scotia.

RÉSUMÉ
Le pluton du mont Skye fait intrusion dans le gneiss du protérozoique tardif de Bras D'Or des collines Creignish, dans le centre de l'ile du Cap-Breton. Il est constitue de roches mafiques amphibolifères (gabbro et diorite) accompagnées de diorite quartzique dans la partie septentrionale. Des analyses isotopiques au U-Pb du zircon le situent è 438 ± 2 Ma, c.- à-d. à la fin du Silurien précoce. Les roches sont des roches calco-alcalines presentant des structures normalises mantéliques caractérisées par un rapport élevé d'ELGI/EICE (éléments lithophiles à gros ions/éléments à intensite de champ éleveé) et par des anomalies négatives de Nb prononcées. On suppose que le pluton fait intrusion dans le cadre d'une zone de supra-subduction. Il représente comme tel un prolongement méridional d'un arc du Silurien précoce qui s'étend le long de l'axe des hautes-terres du Cap-Breton. Ces roches calco-alcalines font contraste avec le volcanisme tholéiitique contemporain lié à une fracture qui est survenu dans les hautes-terres d'Antigonish. Une compaction tectonique possible expliquant ces deux corteges laisse supposer que la subduction oblique sénestre inclinee vers le sud a commence au nord de Pile du Cap-Breton et s'est transformee vers l'ouest en une marge de cisaillement senestre qui a produit une distension continentale dans l'intérieur de la Nouvelle-Écosse.

[Traduit par la rédaction]
Protease inhibitor monotherapy is associated with a higher level of monocyte activation, bacterial translocation and inflammation
Authors: Torres Berta , Guardo Alberto C , Leal Lorna , Leon Agathe , Lucero Constanza , Alvarez‐Martinez Míriam J , Martinez Miguel J , Vila Jordi , Martínez‐Rebollar María , González‐Cordón Ana , Gatell Josep M , Plana Montserrat , García Felipe 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionMonotherapy with protease‐inhibitors (MPI) may be an alternative to cART for HIV treatment. We assessed the impact of this strategy on immune activation, bacterial translocation and inflammation.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study comparing patients on successful MPI (n=40) with patients on cART (n=20). Activation, senescence, exhaustion and differentiation stage in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets, markers of monocyte activation, microbial translocation, inflammation, coagulation and low‐level viremia were assessed.ResultsCD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocyte subset parameters were not significantly different between both groups. Conversely, as compared with triple cART, MPI patients showed a higher proportion of activated monocytes (CD14+ CD16−CD163+ cells, p=0.031), soluble markers of monocyte activation (sCD14 p=0.004, sCD163 p=0.002), microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐binding protein; LBP p=0.07), inflammation (IL‐6 p=0.04) and low‐level viremia (p=0.035). In a multivariate model, a higher level of CD14+ CD16−CD163+ cells and sCD14, and presence of very low‐level viremia were independently associated with MPI. Monocyte activation was independently associated with markers of inflammation (IL‐6, p=0.006), microbial translocation (LBP, p=0.01) and low‐level viremia (p=0.01).ConclusionsPatients on MPI showed a higher level of monocyte activation than patients on standard therapy. Microbial translocation and low‐level viremia were associated with the high level of monocyte activation observed in patients on MPI. The long‐term clinical consequences of these findings should be assessed.
Development of anisotropic contiguity in deforming partially molten aggregates: 1. Theory and fast multipole boundary elements method
Authors: Drombosky Tyler , Hier‐Majumder Saswata 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe microstructure of partially molten rocks strongly influences the macroscopic physical properties. Contiguity, a geometric parameter, is a tensorial quantity that describes the area fraction of intergranular contact in a partially molten aggregate. It is also a key parameter that controls the effective elastic strength of the grain network. As the shape of the grains evolves during deformation, so does the contiguity of each grain. In this article, we present the first set of numerical simulations of evolution of grain‐scale contiguity of an aggregate during matrix deformation using a fast multipole boundary elements method‐based model. We simulate a pure shear deformation of an aggregate of 1200 grains up to a shortening of 0.47 and a simple shear deformation of 900 grains up to a shear strain of 0.75, for solid‐melt viscosity ratios of 1 and 50. Our results demonstrate that the initially isotropic contiguity tensor becomes strongly anisotropic during deformation. We also observe that the differential shortening, the normalized difference between the major and minor axes of grains, is inversely related to the ratio between the principal components of the contiguity tensor. In pure shear, the principal components of the contiguity tensor remain parallel to the irrotational principal axes of the applied strain. In simple shear, however, the principal components of the contiguity tensor rotate continually during the course of deformation in this study. In the companion article we present the seismic anisotropy resulting from the anisotropic contiguity and the implications for the Earth's lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary.
Field correlations for off‐axis Gaussian laser beams in atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Baykal Yahya 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe absolute field correlations in atmospheric turbulence are evaluated for the off‐axis optical Gaussian beam incidence. Evaluations in the practical range of the source and the turbulent medium parameters show that an increase in the diagonal length at the receiver plane causes the absolute field correlations of the off‐axis Gaussian beam to decrease. At a fixed receiver diagonal length, the off‐axis Gaussian beams having smaller displacement parameters and larger source sizes exhibit larger absolute field correlations. Comparing the absolute field correlations of the off‐axis Gaussian beams in atmospheric turbulence with their no turbulence counterparts, it is observed that the behavior of the absolute field correlation variations remains the same; however, the diminishing of the absolute field correlations in turbulence occurs at smaller diagonal lengths.
Experimental assessment of snow‐induced attenuation on an Earth‐space link operating at Ka‐band
Authors: Amaya César , García‐Rubia José‐Miguel , Bouchard Pierre , Nguyen Tu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis investigation assesses the attenuation induced by snowfall on an experimental slant‐path link that monitors the 20.199 GHz beacon signal of the Anik F2 satellite. Beacon data collected at Communications Research Centre Canada (CRC) in Ottawa over 2 years, including the winters of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, were analyzed as part of this study. The antenna of one of the two receivers used in the propagation campaign with Anik F2 was shielded, the first year under a tent and the second year under the roof of a building, in order to prevent degradations on the measured beacon signal due to snow or ice accumulation on the parabolic reflector surface. One of the main challenges of the study was the unambiguous identification of snow events. Information provided by several weather sensors, a profiling radiometer, and meteorological reports were used to help identify the type of precipitation. Events of wet and dry snow along with freezing rain are presented and discussed. Radiometric measurements of sky noise temperature were particularly useful to detect light snowfall events and to estimate event durations. Statistics of snow attenuation were derived for the winter months of the study. It is found that snow attenuation is modest at 20.2 GHz; however, modest attenuation may be important for small‐margin communication systems.
Micromodel study of two‐phase flow under transient conditions: Quantifying effects of specific interfacial area
Authors: Karadimitriou N. K. , Hassanizadeh S. M. , Joekar‐Niasar V. , Kleingeld P. J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecent computational studies of two‐phase flow suggest that the role of fluid‐fluid interfaces should be explicitly included in the capillarity equation as well as equations of motion of phases. The aim of this study has been to perform experiments where transient movement of interfaces can be monitored and to determine interfacial variables and quantities under transient conditions. We have performed two‐phase flow experiments in a transparent micromodel. Specific interfacial area is defined, and calculated from experimental data, as the ratio of the total area of interfaces between two phases per unit volume of the porous medium. Recent studies have shown that all drainage and imbibition data points for capillary pressure, saturation, and specific interfacial area fall on a unique surface. But, up to now, almost all micromodel studies of two‐phase flow have dealt with quasi‐static or steady state flow conditions. Thus, only equilibrium properties have been studied. We present the first study of two‐phase flow in an elongated PDMS micromodel under transient conditions with high temporal and spatial resolutions. We have established that different relationships between capillary pressure, saturation, and specific interfacial area are obtained under steady state and transient conditions. The difference between the surfaces depends on the capillary number. Furthermore, we use our experimental results to obtain average (macroscale) velocity of fluid‐fluid interfaces and the rate of change of specific interfacial area as a function of time and space. Both terms depend on saturation nonlinearly but show a linear dependence on the rate of change of saturation. We also determine macroscale material coefficients that appear in the equation of motion of fluid‐fluid interfaces. This is the first time that these parameters are determined experimentally.
Runoff sources and flow paths in a partially burned, upland boreal catchment underlain by permafrost
Authors: Koch Joshua C. , Kikuchi Colin P. , Wickland Kimberly P. , Schuster Paul 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBoreal soils in permafrost regions contain vast quantities of frozen organic material that is released to terrestrial and aquatic environments via subsurface flow paths as permafrost thaws. Longer flow paths may allow chemical reduction of solutes, nutrients, and contaminants, with implications for greenhouse gas emissions and aqueous export. Predicting boreal catchment runoff is complicated by soil heterogeneities related to variability in active layer thickness, soil type, fire history, and preferential flow potential. By coupling measurements of permeability, infiltration potential, and water chemistry with a stream chemistry end‐member mixing model, we tested the hypothesis that organic soils and burned slopes are the primary sources of runoff, and that runoff from burned soils is greater due to increased hydraulic connectivity. Organic soils were more permeable than mineral soils, and 25% of infiltration moved laterally upon reaching the organic‐mineral soil boundary on unburned hillslopes. A large portion of the remaining water infiltrated into deeper, less permeable soils. In contrast, burned hillslopes displayed poorly defined soil horizons, allowing rapid, mineral‐rich runoff through preferential pathways at various depths. On the catchment scale, mineral/organic runoff ratios averaged 1.6 and were as high as 5.2 for an individual storm. Our results suggest that burned soils are the dominant source of water and solutes reaching the stream in summer, whereas unburned soils may provide longer term storage and residence times necessary for production of anaerobic compounds. These results are relevant to predicting how boreal catchment drainage networks and stream export will evolve given continued warming and altered fire regimes.
Cyclotrons
Authors: Mackenzie George H. , Schmor Paul W. , Schneider H.R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSince its inception in 1931, the cyclotron has undergone a large number of improvements and developments in various aspects. Presently, there are more than 130 cyclotrons operating commercially and about 75 more in research institutions. The primary use of cyclotrons has moved from basic research in nuclear physics and radiochemistry before and during 1960s, to non‐nuclear fields and industrial and medical applications. This chapter gives an overview of the history of cyclotrons and describes their working principle and design features in some detail. The applications of cyclotrons in material industry, medicine, and other new fields are also introduced.
Calorimeters in Particle Physics
Authors: Fabjan Christian W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionThe Task of Particle DetectorsEnergy Measurement with CalorimetersCalorimetry Methods in Nuclear PhysicsTotal Absorption and Range of ParticlesPrincipal Detection Techniques: Scintillators and Solid‐State DetectorsCalorimetry Methods in Particle Physics: Photons, Leptons, and HadronsAbsorption MechanismsPhysics of the Electromagnetic CascadePhysics of the Hadronic CascadePerformance of CalorimetersEnergy Resolution in Homogeneous Electromagnetic CalorimetersInstrumental Contributions to the Electromagnetic Energy ResolutionTime, Space, and Angular Resolution inEMCsEnergy Resolution of Hadron CalorimetersCalorimeter SystemsCalorimeter Construction PrinciplesInstrumentation TechniquesCalorimeter FacilitiesCalorimeters in Astroparticle Physics
Silicon Semiconductor Detectors for Particle Imaging
Authors: Heijne Erik H.M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLarge‐scale applications of silicon nuclear particle detectors have been developed during the recent decade for elementary particle physics experiments and for space‐based systems dedicated to studies of cosmic radiation. These detectors typically consist of arrays of highly segmented sensors with matching integrated circuit chips for the processing of the electric signals. Some of these systems cover an area exceeding 100 m2with millions of sensor cells. In the past, the strong point of semiconductor detectors was their capability to measure with high precision the energy of ionizing particles in a small volume. Now these radiation detector systems, in addition, perform imaging functions that allow the reconstruction in space and time of radiation‐emitting objects and processes or elementary particle interactions. The imaging detectors also begin to find applications in materials analysis at synchrotron light sources and in some types of industrial equipment. The basic principles are briefly described and a few examples are discussed. The emphasis is on the instruments and reasons for their development are indicated, and brief particulars are provided here about the significant results that they have enabled.
Tracking in Particle Detectors
Authors: Acevski A. , Meyer Thomas C. , Röhrich Dieter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTracking detectors play a major role in nuclear and particle physics. They provide a full image of particle trajectories in various medias. There are gaseous ionization detectors (e.g. wire chambers, drift chambers, micropattern gaseous detectors) and solid‐state detectors (e.g. silicon pixel, strip, and drift detectors). Normally, a combination of detectors must be used in tracking systems, for example, large‐volume time projection chambers and silicon trackers.
Particle Impact Phenomena
Authors: Tolk Norman H. , Albert Michael , Gregory Justin , Mensing Glennys , Steigerwald Andrew , Wade Travis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionScattering from a Coulomb PotentialElectron ImpactInteraction MechanismsCollisions with Electrons in the SolidScattering from the LatticeBremsstrahlungPhenomenaPlasmonsRadiative TransitionsAuger ProcessesDesorption Induced by Electronic Transitions (DIET)Secondary Electron EmissionApplicationsScattered‐Beam ElectronsElectrons from the TargetFluorescence MeasurementsIon ImpactInteraction MechanismsElastic Collisions with Target AtomsCollisions with Electrons in the SolidPhenomenaDepth Dependence of BackscatteringSputteringChannelingDamage and amorphizationElectronic ExcitationsApplicationsMeasuring Beam ParticlesRecoil Target AtomsFluorescence MeasurementsPhoton ImpactInteraction MechanismsElectronic AbsorptionNuclear ScatteringCoupling to Vibrational and Rotational ModesPhenomenaPhotoelectric EffectCompton ScatteringRaman ScatteringTwo‐Phonon AbsorptionResonant Bond BreakingLaser AblationExciton CreationPockels and Kerr EffectsCoherent Phonon GenerationSum Frequency GenerationApplicationsScattered or Absorbed Incident LightElectrons from the TargetMeasuring Scattered LightMode Locking LasersNeutron ImpactInteraction MechanismsScattering from Target NucleiElastic Scattering from a LatticeNeutron ActivationNeutron‐Bombardment PhenomenaPhonon Emission and AbsorptionDecay‐Product Energy LossApplicationsElastic ScatteringInelastic ScatteringReaction ProductsSpallationConclusion
Radioactivity
Authors: Loveland Walter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA discussion of the most important features of radioactivity and its detection is presented. The questions of what causes radioactivity and which nuclei are radioactive are answered. The equations that describe radioactive decay and dating are presented. A detailed discussion of  α,   β,   and  γ decay is given along with descriptions of rarer modes of decay. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the detection and measurement of radioactivity.
Gamma‐Ray Spectrometers
Authors: Sandorfi Andrew M. , Lister Christopher J. (Kim) , Woody Craig 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Gamma rays are the highest energy photons in the electromagnetic spectrum. Their detection techniques exploit the different mechanisms by which they interact with matter. Factors affecting the determination of their total energy, position, and arrival time are discussed, along with the trade‐offs encountered in large detector arrays.
Strong Interaction
Authors: Karsch Frithjof , Vogelsang Werner 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present an introductory overview of the strong force, one of the four known fundamental forces in nature. We review the historical developments of strong interaction physics, which led to the formulation of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), our accepted theory of strong interaction. We discuss the salient features of QCD, its experimental evidence, as well as some of the techniques used in QCD calculations.