bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Board of Pathology's Maintenance of Certification Program Update
Authors: Johnson Rebecca L. 
Published: March 2014

Context.—The American Board of Pathology (ABP) began issuing time-limited certificates in 2006. New diplomates of the ABP are required to participate in the ABP's Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program to maintain certification. Voluntary participation in the MOC program is also available to diplomates with non–time-limited certificates.
Objective.—To update the pathology community on the requirements of the ABP's MOC program and some current MOC policies and to demonstrate the value of MOC participation for both time-limited and non–time-limited certificate holders.
Data Sources.—This review uses ABP-archived minutes of the MOC Committee, the ABP MOC Booklet of Information, the ABP Pathway system reports, and the collective experiences of the ABP trustees and staff.
Conclusions.—The ABP's MOC program has active participation by almost 5000 diplomates of the ABP. The ABP, in conjunction with the American Board of Medical Specialties, continually strives to enhance the relevance and value of MOC to our diplomates and to the public.
Selective Pathology Fellowships: Diverse, Innovative, and Valuable Subspecialty Training
Authors: Iezzoni Julia C. , Ewton April , Chévez-Barrios Patricia , Moore Stephen , Thorsen Linda M. , Naritoku Wesley Y. 
Published: March 2014

Context.—Although selective pathology fellowships have a long-standing history of developing trainees with advanced expertise in specific areas of pathology other than those of the American Board of Pathology–certified subspecialties, the widespread interest in this training continues to grow.Objective.—To describe the historical background and current status of selective pathology fellowships, and to provide examples of 3 programs. In addition, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)–accredited programs and nonaccredited programs in Selective Pathology are compared.Data Sources.—ACGME data banks and publicly available online materials were used. Program directors of the fellowships examples in this paper provided program-specific information. Additionally, an online survey of the program directors and program coordinators of ACGME-accredited programs and nonaccredited programs in selective pathology was performed.Conclusions.—There are currently 76 ACGME-accredited selective pathology programs. The programs are distributed between 3 major categories: surgical pathology, focused anatomic pathology, and focused clinical pathology. Although the vast majority of programs are concerned that their funding source may be cut in the next 3 years, most programs will not change the number of fellowship positions in their programs. Program requirements devoted specifically and solely to selective pathology have been developed and are in effect. The value of this training is recognized not only by pathologists, but by clinicians as well, in both academia and private practice. Importantly, the diversity and innovation inherent in selective pathology allow these programs to adeptly address new subspecialty areas and technologic advances in the current and evolving practice of pathology.
Progressive Approval: A Proposal for a New Regulatory Pathway for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Caplan Arnold I. , West Michael D. 
Published: March 2014

Summary
To stimulate a broad discussion between academics, practicing physicians, corporate managers, and members of the regulatory community, we describe a proposal for a new regulatory pathway for human cell- and tissue-based products. The new components of the pathway are intended to accelerate patient access to a wide array of novel therapeutics, strengthen R&D infrastructure, and expand patient numbers and timelines for efficacy testing through a transparent and publicly accessible website for real-time reporting of outcome data and 5- to 10-year, long-term follow-up
Concise Review: Optimizing Expansion of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Clinical Applications
Authors: Hoch Allison I. , Leach J. Kent 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated success in the clinical treatment of hematopoietic pathologies and cardiovascular disease and are the focus of treating other diseases of the musculoskeletal, digestive, integumentary, and nervous systems. However, during the requisite two-dimensional (2D) expansion to achieve a clinically relevant number of cells, MSCs exhibit profound degeneration in progenitor potency. Proliferation, multilineage potential, and colony-forming efficiency are fundamental progenitor properties that are abrogated by extensive monolayer culture. To harness the robust therapeutic potential of MSCs, a consistent, rapid, and minimally detrimental expansion method is necessary. Alternative expansion efforts have exhibited promise in the ability to preserve MSC progenitor potency better than the 2D paradigm by mimicking features of the native bone marrow niche. MSCs have been successfully expanded when stimulated by growth factors, under reduced oxygen tension, and in three-dimensional bioreactors. MSC therapeutic value can be optimized for clinical applications by combining system inputs to tailor culture parameters for recapitulating the niche with probes that nondestructively monitor progenitor potency. The purpose of this review is to explore how modulations in the 2D paradigm affect MSC progenitor properties and to highlight recent efforts in alternative expansion techniques.
Concise Review: Lessons Learned From Clinical Trials of Gene Therapy in Monogenic Immunodeficiency Diseases
Authors: Williams David A. , Thrasher Adrian J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Thirty years ago, retroviral transfer of genetic material into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/Ps) led to predictions that this technology would transform modern medicine [Nature 1983;305:556–558; Nature 1984;310:476–480]. Studies in several immunodeficiency diseases in the past 15 years have demonstrated clear proof of principle that gene therapy can have long-lasting, potentially curative effects without the need to search for allogeneic donors and without risk of graft-versus-host disease. Improvement in gene transfer efficiency for target HSC/Ps brought to light issues of insertional mutagenesis caused by transfer vectors, resulting in oncogene transactivation and leukemias. Lessons from these adverse events have now led to a new generation of vectors, refinements in conditioning regimens, and manufacturing, which are paving the way for expanded applications of the current technology and recent emphasis on gene targeting/genome editing as the next advancements in the field.
Incidence and Mortality of Anastomotic Dehiscence Requiring Reoperation After Rectal Carcinoma Resection
Authors: Cong Zhi-jie , Hu Liang-hao , Xing Jun-jie , Bian Zheng-qian , Fu Chuan-gang , Yu En-da , Li Zhao-shen , Zhong Ming 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Anastomotic dehiscence (AD) requiring reoperation is the most severe complication following anterior rectal resection. We performed a systematic review on studies that describe AD requiring reoperation and its subsequent mortality after anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. A systematic search was performed on published literature. Data on the definition and rate of AD, the number of ADs requiring reoperation, the mortality caused by AD, and the overall postoperative mortality were pooled and analyzed. A total of 39 studies with 24,232 patients were analyzed. The studies varied in incidence and definition of AD. Systematic review of the data showed that the overall rate of AD was 8.6%, and the rate of AD requiring reoperation was 5.4%. The postoperative mortality caused by AD was 0.4%, and the overall postoperative mortality was 1.3%. We found considerable risk and mortality for AD requiring reoperation, which largely contributed to the overall postoperative mortality.
In Vitro Selection Using Modified or Unnatural Nucleotides
Authors: Stovall Gwendolyn M. , Bedenbaugh Robert S. , Singh Shruti , Meyer Adam J. , Hatala Paul J. , Ellington Andrew D. , Hall Bradley 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIncorporation of modified nucleotides into in vitro RNA or DNA selections offers many potential advantages, such as the increased stability of selected nucleic acids against nuclease degradation, improved affinities, expanded chemical functionality, and increased library diversity. This unit provides useful information and protocols for in vitro selection using modified nucleotides. It includes a discussion of when to use modified nucleotides; protocols for evaluating and optimizing transcription reactions, as well as confirming the incorporation of the modified nucleotides; protocols for evaluating modified nucleotide transcripts as template in reverse transcription reactions; protocols for the evaluation of the fidelity of modified nucleotides in the replication and the regeneration of the pool; and a protocol to compare modified nucleotide pools and selection conditions. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 56:9.6.1‐9.6.33. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The capacity of hydrous fluids to transport and fractionate incompatible elements and metals within the Earth's mantle
Authors: Adam John , Locmelis Marek , Afonso Juan Carlos , Rushmer Tracy , Fiorentini Marco L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBoth silicate melts and aqueous fluids are thought to play critical roles in the chemical differentiation of the Earth's crust and mantle. Yet their relative effects are poorly constrained. We have addressed this issue by measuring partition coefficients for 50 trace and minor elements in experimentally produced aqueous fluids, coexisting basanite melts, and peridotite minerals. The experiments were conducted at 1.0–4.0 GPa and 950–1200°C in single capsules containing (either 40 or 50 wt %) H2O and trace element‐enriched basanite glass. This allowed run products to be easily identified and analyzed by a combination of electron microprobe and LAM‐ICP‐MS. Fluid and melt compositions were reconstructed from mass balances and published solubility data for H2O in silicate melts. Relative to the basanite melt, the solutes from H2O‐fluids are enriched in SiO2, alkalis, Ba, and Pb, but depleted in FeO, MgO, CaO, and REE. With increasing pressure, the mutual solubility of fluids and melts increases rapidly with complete miscibility between H2O and basanitic melts occurring between 3.0 and 4.0 GPa at 1100°C. Although LREE are favored over HREE in the fluid phase, they are less soluble than the HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti). Thus, the relative depletions of HFSE that are characteristic of arc magmas must be due to a residual phase that concentrates HFSE (e.g., rutile). Otherwise, H2O‐fluids have the capacity to impart many of the geochemical characteristics that distinguish some rocks and melts from the deep mantle lithosphere (e.g., MARID and lamproites).
AMS–NRM interferences in the Deccan basalts: Toward an improved understanding of magnetic fabrics in flood basalts
Authors: Schöbel Stefan , de Wall Helga 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe evaluation of flow direction in volcanic rocks is among the most important applications of magnetic fabrics studies. A statistically significant sample set of titanomagnetite‐bearing lava flows from the Malwa Plateau, the northern part of the Deccan traps in India, has been investigated for a possible interference of induced and natural remanent magnetization (NRM). The NRM alters the scalar anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) parameter and the orientations of the AMS principal magnetic axes, which are crucial for the evaluation of the flow direction. For cleaning of the NRM component, the lava samples have been demagnetized by use of an alternating field (AF) tumbling demagnetizer (peak fields of 100 mT) as previous studies have shown that static AF demagnetization can bias the results. Samples with normal magnetic fabrics demonstrate a redistribution of their principal axes after the demagnetization. The evaluated flow directions show a more differentiated flow pattern of the Malwa area, which seems to fit better into the regional geological setting. In samples with inverse magnetic fabrics, carrying a higher portion of single‐domain particles, AMS principal axes remain unchanged after the demagnetization, indicating that these samples with high coercivity of magnetic carriers are not suitable for geological interpretations. According to these results, we propose that the AMS measurements after tumbling demagnetization give a better reflection of the intrinsic anisotropy of magnetic carriers (at least for samples with normal magnetic fabrics) and therefore a more precise and better reflection of the “actual” mineral fabric.
Experimental Criminology
Authors: Jennings Wesley G. , Reingle Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2014

This article describes experimental and quasi‐experimental designs in criminological and substance abuse research. The relevance of each characteristic of experimental designs – specifically, randomization, intervention, and control conditions – is examined using Hill's criteria for evaluating causality. Two case studies, the Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment and Project Northland Chicago, are presented as examples of experimental designs implemented to reduce crime and substance use. The strength of the experimental design in each case study is evaluated and areas for improvement are discussed.
Is There a Cultural Life Script for Public Events?
Authors: Janssen Steve M. J. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe reminiscence bump is the higher prevalence of autobiographical memories from adolescence and early adulthood. The reminiscence bump has also been found in the memory for public events, which could, as recently has been suggested, be explained by cultural life scripts. Life scripts are culturally shared knowledge about the order and timing of life events in an idealized life course. They are examined by categorizing which events are expected to occur in a prototypical person's life and when these events are supposed to occur. The present study found, however, no support for cultural life scripts as an explanation for the reminiscence bump in the memory for public events. Most public events were expected to occur before the reminiscence bump period. Although there was some agreement about which public events are likely to happen in a prototypical person's life, there was little agreement about when these events are supposed to occur. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early and late complications of endoscopic hemostatic techniques following different carotid artery injury characteristics
Authors: Padhye Vikram , Valentine Rowan , Paramasivan Sathish , Jardeleza Camille , Bassiouni Ahmed , Vreugde Sarah , Wormald Peter‐John 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe most dreaded hemorrhagic complication in endoscopic endonasal surgery is injury to the internal carotid artery (ICA). Although a number of treatment protocols are currently used, none have been formally investigated. This study aims to compare the efficacy of the muscle patch, bipolar diathermy, and aneurysm clip on hemostasis, pseudoaneurysm formation, and long‐term vessel patency for different injury types in a sheep model of carotid bleeding.MethodsTwenty‐seven sheep underwent ICA dissection/isolation followed by the artery placement within a modified “sinus model otorhino neuro trainer” (SIMONT) model. Standardized linear, punch, and stellate injuries were made. Randomization of sheep to receive 1 of 3 hemostatic techniques was performed (muscle, bipolar, clip). Specific outcome measures included attainment of primary hemostasis, time to hemostasis, blood loss, pseudoaneurysm formation, and carotid patency on follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).ResultsBipolar achieved primary hemostasis in 7 of 9 cases and 2 cases of secondary hemorrhage. It had no associated pseudoaneurysm formation. Carotid patency was variable on follow‐up MRI. Muscle patch achieved 100% primary hemostasis with 2 cases of secondary hemorrhage. There were 2 cases of pseudoaneurysm and 100% patency rate on follow‐up MRI. Aneurysm clip achieved 100% primary hemostasis with 1 case of secondary hemorrhage. No pseudoaneurysm formation and a 50% rate of carotid insufficiency on MRI.ConclusionThis study shows that the crushed muscle patch and aneurysm clip can be viable options in the management of ICA injury with short‐term and long‐term benefits. Complications associated with these techniques were comparable if not reduced when compared to the published literature.
K4[PbSe4]⋅en⋅NH3 – eine nicht‐oxidische, Halogenid‐freie anorganische Blei(IV)‐Verbindung
Authors: Thiele Günther , Krüger Thomas , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDie erste anorganische PbIV‐Verbindung ohne Sauerstoff‐, Stickstoff‐ oder Halogen‐Liganden am Bleiatom, das Kaliumsalz des Tetraselenidoplumbat(IV)‐Anions (K4[PbSe4]⋅en⋅NH3), wurde synthetisiert und eindeutig charakterisiert. Die Verbindung ist unter Inertbedingungen stabil, was den Grundstein für den Transfer der Chemie von Chalkogenidogermanat(IV)‐ oder Chalkogenidostannat(IV)‐Materialien auf die Blei‐Homologen legen könnte.
Palladium Enolate Umpolung: Cyclative Diacetoxylation of Alkynyl Cyclohexadienones Promoted by a Pd/SPRIX Catalyst
Authors: Takenaka Kazuhiro , Mohanta Suman C. , Sasai Hiroaki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA novel palladium‐catalyzed reaction involving an unusual nucleophilic attack on a palladium enolate was developed using a spiro‐bis(isoxazoline) (SPRIX) ligand. Treatment of alkynyl cyclohexadienone substrates with a Pd/SPRIX catalyst in acetic acid under an oxygen atmosphere furnished diacetoxylated benzofuranone derivatives in good yields. This cyclative diacetoxylation proceeded enantioselectively in the presence of an optically pure SPRIX ligand.
Bright White‐Light Emission from a Single Organic Compound in the Solid State
Authors: Yang Qing‐Yuan , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhite‐light‐emitting materials and devices have attracted enormous interest because of their great potential for various lighting applications. We herein describe the light‐emitting properties of a series of new difunctional organic molecules of remarkably simple structure consisting of two terminal 4‐pyridone push–pull subunits separated by a polymethylene chain. They were found to emit almost “pure” white light as a single organic compound in the solid state, as well as when incorporated in a polymer film. To the best of our knowledge, they are the simplest white‐light‐emitting organic molecules reported to date.
An Integrated Photoelectrochemical–Chemical Loop for Solar‐Driven Overall Splitting of Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Zong Xu , Han Jingfeng , Seger Brian , Chen Hongjun , Lu Gaoqing (Max) , Li Can , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAbundant and toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from industry and nature has been traditionally considered a liability. However, it represents a potential resource if valuable H2 and elemental sulfur can be simultaneously extracted through a H2S splitting reaction. Herein a photochemical‐chemical loop linked by redox couples such as Fe2+/Fe3+ and I−/I3− for photoelectrochemical H2 production and H2S chemical absorption redox reactions are reported. Using functionalized Si as photoelectrodes, H2S was successfully split into elemental sulfur and H2 with high stability and selectivity under simulated solar light. This new conceptual design will not only provide a possible route for using solar energy to convert H2S into valuable resources, but also sheds light on some challenging photochemical reactions such as CH4 activation and CO2 reduction.
Optical Devices Constructed from Multiresponsive Microgels
Authors: Zhang Qiang Matthew , Xu Wenwen , Serpe Michael J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNovel multiresponsive microgels based on poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) were synthesized to contain triphenylmethane leucohydroxide, and used to construct etalons. The optical properties of the resultant etalons were investigated, and their response to ultraviolet and visible irradiation, solution pH changes, and the presence of a mimic of the nerve agent Tabun characterized. We clearly show that the optical properties of the device depended dramatically on these stimuli. This investigation illustrates the versatility of the microgel‐based etalon structure, and showcases the clear utility of such devices for remote actuation, color tunable optics, sensing, and potential remotely triggered drug delivery applications.
An Efficient and Modular Route to Sequence‐Defined Polymers Appended to DNA
Authors: Edwardson Thomas G. W. , Carneiro Karina M. M. , Serpell Christopher J. , Sleiman Hanadi F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInspired by biological polymers, sequence‐controlled synthetic polymers are highly promising materials that integrate the robustness of synthetic systems with the information‐derived activity of biological counterparts. Polymer–biopolymer conjugates are often targeted to achieve this union; however, their synthesis remains challenging. We report a stepwise solid‐phase approach for the generation of completely monodisperse and sequence‐defined DNA–polymer conjugates using readily available reagents. These polymeric modifications to DNA display self‐assembly and encapsulation behavior—as evidenced by HPLC, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence studies—which is highly dependent on sequence order. The method is general and has the potential to make DNA–polymer conjugates and sequence‐defined polymers widely available.
On The Remarkably Different Role of Salt in the Cross‐Coupling of Arylzincs From That Seen With Alkylzincs
Authors: McCann Lucas C. , Organ Michael G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe role of halide salt additives has been investigated in the Negishi reaction involving aryl zinc reagents. Diarylzincs readily transmetallate to Pd in relatively non‐polar media (e.g., THF) with zero salt present and coupling proceeds. Arylzinc halides (ArZnX) fail to couple in THF without salt, but do couple with it. However, unlike alkylzincs that form higher‐order zincates in order to facilitate transmetallation, all that is required with arylzincs in an increase in solvent dielectric as even ZnX2 works as an additive, which completely terminates alkylzinc coupling.
Constructing 3D Branched Nanowire Coated Macroporous Metal Oxide Electrodes with Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Compositions for Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Wu‐Qiang , Xu Yang‐Fan , Rao Hua‐Shang , Feng Hao‐Lin , Su Cheng‐Yong , Kuang Dai‐Bin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLight‐harvesting and charge collection have attracted increasing attention in the domain of photovoltaic cells, and can be facilitated dramatically by appropriate design of a photonic nanostructure. However, the applicability of current light‐harvesting photoanode materials with single component and/or morphology (such as, particles, spheres, wires, sheets) is still limited by drawbacks such as insufficient electron–hole separation and/or light‐trapping. Herein, we introduce a universal method to prepare hierarchical assembly of macroporous material–nanowire coated homogenous or heterogeneous metal oxide composite electrodes (TiO2–TiO2, SnO2–TiO2, and Zn2SnO4–TiO2; homogenous refers to a material in which the nanowire and the macroporous material have the same composition, i.e. both are TiO2. Heterogeneous refers to a material in which the nanowires and the macroporous material have different compositions). The dye‐sensitized solar cell based on a TiO2‐macroporous material–TiO2‐nanowire homogenous composition electrode shows an impressive conversion efficiency of 9.51 %, which is much higher than that of pure macroporous material‐based photoelectrodes to date.