bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular immune surveillance of central nervous system bypasses blood–brain barrier and blood–cerebrospinal–fluid barrier: Revealed with the New Marburg cerebrospinal–fluid model in healthy humans
Authors: Kleine Tilmann O. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn healthy human brain/spinal cord, blood capillaries and venules are locked differently with junctions and basement membrane (blood–brain barrier, blood–venule barrier). In choroid plexus, epithelial tight junctions and basement membrane lock blood‐cerebrospinal‐fluid (CSF) barrier. Lymphocytic cell data, quantified with multicolour flow‐cytometry or immuno‐cytochemical methods in sample pairs of lumbar CSF, ventrictricular CSF and peripheral venous blood, are taken from references; similarly, data of thoracic duct chyle and blood sample pairs. Through three circumventricular organs (median eminence, organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, area postrema), 15–30 μl blood are pressed by blood pressure through fenestrated capillaries, matrix/basement membrane spaces and ependyma cell lacks into ventricular/suboccipital CSF to generate CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD3+HLA‐DR+, CD16+56+3– NK, CD19+3– B subsets; some B, few NK cells adhere in circumventricular organs. Into lumbar CSF, 10–15 μl thoracic chyle with five lymphocyte subsets (without CD3+HLA‐DR+ cells) reflux, when CSF drains out with to‐and‐fro movements of chyle/CSF along nerve roots. Lymphocytes in lumbar CSF represent a mixture of blood and lymph lymphocytic cells with similar HLA‐DR+CD3+ cell counts in ventricular and lumbar CSF, higher CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ subsets in lumbar CSF, and few NK and B cells due to absorption in circumventricular organs. The Marburg CSF Model reflects origin and turnover of lymphatic cells in CSF realistically; the model differs from ligand‐multistep processes of activated lymphocytes through blood–brain‐, blood–venule‐, and blood–CSF‐barriers; because transfer of inactivated native lymphocytes through the barriers is not found with healthy humans, although described so in literature. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Image‐based systems biology of infection
Authors: Medyukhina Anna , Timme Sandra , Mokhtari Zeinab , Figge Marc Thilo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe successful treatment of infectious diseases requires interdisciplinary studies of all aspects of infection processes. The overarching combination of experimental research and theoretical analysis in a systems biology approach can unravel mechanisms of complex interactions between pathogens and the human immune system. Taking into account spatial information is especially important in the context of infection, since the migratory behavior and spatial interactions of cells are often decisive for the outcome of the immune response. Spatial information is provided by image and video data that are acquired in microscopy experiments and that are at the heart of an image‐based systems biology approach. This review demonstrates how image‐based systems biology improves our understanding of infection processes. We discuss the three main steps of this approach—imaging, quantitative characterization, and modeling—and consider the application of these steps in the context of studying infection processes. After summarizing the most relevant microscopy and image analysis approaches, we discuss ways to quantify infection processes, and address a number of modeling techniques that exploit image‐derived data to simulate host‐pathogen interactions in silico. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Repetitive motor behavior: Further characterization of development and temporal dynamics
Authors: Muehlmann Amber M. , Bliznyuk Nikolay , Duerr Isaac , Lewis Mark H. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTRepetitive behaviors are diagnostic for autism spectrum disorders, common in related neurodevelopmental disorders, and normative in typical development. In order to identify factors that mediate repetitive behavior development, it is necessary to characterize the expression of these behaviors from an early age. Extending previous findings, we characterized further the ontogeny of stereotyped motor behavior both in terms of frequency and temporal organization in deer mice. A three group trajectory model provided a good fit to the frequencies of stereotyped behavior across eight developmental time points. Group based trajectory analysis using a measure of temporal organization of stereotyped behavior also resulted in a three group solution. Additionally, as the frequency of stereotyped behavior increased with age, the temporal distribution of stereotyped responses became increasingly regular or organized indicating a strong association between these measures. Classification tree and principal components analysis showed that accurate classification of trajectory group could be done with fewer observations. This ability to identify trajectory group membership earlier in development allows for examination of a wide range of variables, both experiential and biological, to determine their impact on altering the expected trajectory of repetitive behavior across development. Such studies would have important implications for treatment efforts in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. © 2015Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 201–211, 2015.
Human CD8 T lymphocytes recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens presented by HLA‐E during active tuberculosis and express type 2 cytokines
Authors: Caccamo Nadia , Pietra Gabriella , Sullivan Lucy C. , Brooks Andrew G. , Prezzemolo Teresa , La Manna Marco P. , Di Liberto Diana , Joosten Simone A. , van Meijgaarden Krista E. , Di Carlo Paola , Titone Lucina , Moretta Lorenzo , Mingari Maria C. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Dieli Francesco 
Published: January 2015

CD8 T cells contribute to protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In humans, M. tuberculosis reactive CD8 T cells typically recognize peptides associated to classical MHC class Ia molecules, but little information is available on CD8 T cells recognizing M. tuberculosis Ags presented by nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules. We show here that CD8 T cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients recognize HLA‐E‐binding M. tuberculosis peptides in a CD3/TCR αβ mediated and CD8‐dependent manner, and represent an additional type of effector cells playing a role in immune response to M. tuberculosis during active infection. HLA‐E‐restricted recognition of M. tuberculosis peptides is detectable by a significant enhanced ex vivo frequency of tetramer‐specific circulating CD8 T cells during active TB. These CD8 T cells produce type 2 cytokines upon antigenic in vitro stimulation, help B cells for Ab production, and mediate limited TRAIL‐dependent cytolytic and microbicidal activity toward M. tuberculosis infected target cells. Our results, together with the finding that HLA‐E/M. tuberculosis peptide specific CD8 T cells are detected in TB patients with or without HIV coinfection, suggest that this is a new human T‐cell population that participates in immune response in TB.
A Macrocyclic 2,2′‐Bibenzimidazole Ruthenium(II) Chromophore as a Versatile Building Block for Supramolecular Devices
Authors: Sorsche Dieter , Rau Sven 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present the synthesis of a macrocyclic ruthenium(II) complex that combines the versatile photophysics and supramolecular chemistry of biimidazole ruthenium(II) chromophores with a macrocyclic geometry that allows for its introduction into mechanically interlocked frameworks. Structural information on the core framework was gained from a solid‐state structure. The new supramolecular building block shows that the principal photophysics of the ruthenium chromophore, that is, the cation‐driven light‐switch effect, are retained during the formation of the macrocycle.
Allylpalladium(II) Histidylidene Complexes and Their Application in Z‐Selective Transfer Semihydrogenation of Alkynes
Authors: Drost Ruben M. , Broere Daniël L. J. , Hoogenboom Jorin , de Baan Simone N. , Lutz Martin , de Bruin B. , Elsevier C. J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe have studied the use of amino acid histidine as a precursor for N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. This natural amino acid possesses an imidazole substituent, which makes it an interesting NHC precursor that contains both an acid and an amino functionality. These functionalities may be used for further tuning of NHC complexes. We have developed routes for the synthesis of symmetric and dissymmetric alkyl, benzyl, and aryl‐substituted histidinium salts. Subsequently, the corresponding Ag and Pd histidylidenes were synthesized and the palladium complexes were tested in the Z‐selective transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes. Histidylidene palladium complexes that contain additional donor functionalities were found to display good selectivities. The best catalytic results were obtained with a Pd‐histidylidene complex that contains two picolyl functional groups.
The Diels–Alder Approach to Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivatives
Authors: Gläser Franziska , Bröhmer Manuel C. , Hurrle Thomas , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe have developed an efficient strategy for the synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives based on an unsubstituted aromatic compound. A Diels–Alder reaction of vinylchromene with an electron‐poor dienophile gave a tricycle. We describe several methods for the functionalization of this compound, e.g., alkylation, reduction, and lactonization. We also studied the hydrogenation of some of these functionalized cannabinoid compounds to give cannabinoid‐like skeletons. Of these reactions, a tetracycle containing a lactone gave the best result, with a quantitative yield using PtO2 (5 mol‐%) and an atmospheric pressure of hydrogen. These numerous reactions can be applied to substituted aromatic starting materials to obtain a facile and modular route to Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, or alternatively, with different substituents, to other cannabinoid analogues.
One‐Pot Directed Alkylation/Deprotection Strategy for the Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrole[3,4‐d]pyridazinones
Authors: Nair Reji N. , Bannister Thomas D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the course of a structure–activity relationship study of pyrrole[3,4‐d]pyridazinones, we optimized conditions for a one‐pot directed lithiation/alkylation reaction that also promoted in situ cleavage of a tert‐butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protecting group on the pyrrole ring. The efficiency of the process gave access to a number of substituted analogs of interest as possible antitumor agents.
Synthesis of Antitumor Carbazole‐Amonafide Structural Hybrids
Authors: Rozovsky Alex , Regozin Elena , Oron‐Herman Mor , Albeck Amnon , Gellerman Gary 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA facile synthesis of new antitumor [4,5‐bc]carbazole‐amonafide derivatives is described. These compounds represent a new class of structural hybrids that contain the medicinally important carbazole and amonafide cores. The synthesis involves a Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of bromoamonafide with arylboronic acid reagents followed by the introduction of an azide group and subsequent regiospecific thermal nitrene insertion to yield carbazole‐amonafide hybrids in good yields. Preliminary antiproliferative assays against cancer and benign cell lines identified compounds with selective antitumor activity that exhibited submicromolar IC50 values.
Cytochrome c‐Derived Hybrid Systems Based on Moleculary Imprinted Polymers
Authors: Yarman Aysu , Dechtrirat Decha , Bosserdt Maria , Jetzschmann Katharina J. , Gajovic‐Eichelmann Nenad , Scheller Frieder W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHybrid architectures which combine a MIP with an immobilized “affinity ligand” or a biocatalyst sum up the advantages of both components. In this paper, hybrid architectures combining a layer of a molecularly imprinted electropolymer with a mini‐enzyme or a self‐assembled monolayer will be presented. (i) Microperoxidase‐11 (MP‐11) catalyzed oxidation of the drug aminopyrine on a product‐imprinted sublayer: The peroxide dependent conversion of the analyte aminopyrine takes place in the MP‐11 containing layer on top of a product‐imprinted electropolymer on the indicator electrode. The hierarchical architecture resulted in the elimination of interfering signals for ascorbic acid and uric acid. An advantage of the new hierarchical structure is the separation of MIP formation by electropolymerization and immobilization of the catalyst. In this way it was for the first time possible to integrate an enzyme with a MIP layer in a sensor configuration. This combination has the potential to be transferred to other enzymes, e.g. P450, opening the way to clinically important analytes. (ii) Epitope‐imprinted poly‐scopoletin layer for binding of the C‐terminal peptide and cytochrome c (Cyt c): The MIP binds both the target peptide and the parent protein almost eight times stronger than the non‐imprinted polymer with affinities in the lower micromolar range. Exchange of only one amino acid in the peptide decreases the binding by a factor of five. (iii) MUA‐poly‐scopoletin MIP for cytochrome c: Cyt c bound to the MIP covered gold electrode exhibits direct electron transfer with a redox potential and rate constant typical for the native protein. The MIP cover layer suppresses the displacement of the target protein by BSA or myoglobin. The combination of protein imprinted polymers with an efficient electron transfer is a new concept for characterizing electroactive proteins such as Cyt c. The competition with other proteins shows that the MIP binds its target Cyt c preferentially and that molecular shape and the charge of protein determine the binding of interfering proteins.
Enzymatic Delignification of Biomass for Enhanced Fermentable Sugars Production
Authors: Al‐Zuhair Sulaiman , Abualreesh Mohammed , Ahmed Khalda , Abdul Razak Ashir 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe United Arab Emirates (UAE) has more than 40 million palm trees producing approximately 15 kg of waste fronds per tree. These fronds contain a large portion of polysaccharides, which can be hydrolyzed to simple fermentable sugars. Seaweed consists of macroalgae containing high portions of polysaccharides, which are also abundantly found on the coasts of UAE. The effectiveness of lignin to degrade enzymes for the pretreatment of biomass from palm trees fronds and indigenous seaweed (prior to enzymatic hydrolysis) has been investigated and compared to conventional chemical treatment. By treating with laccase, up to 9 and 24 % additional lignin was removed from palm fronds and seaweed, respectively. The performance of laccase was enhanced by using an ionic liquid, and a sugar yield of 12.6 % was achieved after treatment with laccase for only 1 hour. The proposed approach provides a promising simplification to the overall bioethanol production from biomass waste available globally in abundance, and in the UAE in particular.
Kinematic internal forces in deep foundations with inclined piles
Authors: Padrón Luis A. , Suárez Adrián , Aznárez Juan J. , Maeso Orlando 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThis paper presents a parametric study that looks into the influence of pile rake angle on the kinematic internal forces of deep foundations with inclined piles. Envelopes of maximum kinematic bending moments, shear forces and axial loads are presented along single inclined piles and 2 × 2 symmetrical square pile groups with inclined elements subjected to an earthquake generated by vertically incident shear waves. Inclination angles from 0° to 30° are considered, and three different pile–soil stiffness ratios are studied. These results are obtained through a frequency–domain analysis using a boundary element–finite element code in which the soil is modelled by the boundary element method as a homogeneous, viscoelastic, unbounded region, and the piles are modelled by finite elements as Euler–Bernoulli beams. The rotational kinematic response of the pile foundations is shown to be a key factor on the evolution of the kinematic internal forces along the foundations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexity and non‐linearity in earth surface processes – concepts, methods and applications
Authors: Temme Arnaud J.A.M. , Keiler Margreth , Karssenberg Derek , Lang Andreas 
Published: January 2015

AbstractComplexity has long been recognized and is increasingly becoming mainstream in geomorphology. However, the relative novelty of various concepts and techniques associated to it means that ambiguity continues to surround complexity. In this commentary, we present and discuss a variety of recent contributions that have the potential to help clarify issues and advance the use of complexity in geomorphology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a thermodynamically compatible two‐phase flow model to the high‐resolution simulations of compressible gas–magma flow
Authors: Zeidan D. , Touma R. , Slaouti A. 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYThis paper reports on the application and development of a fully hyperbolic and fully conservative two‐phase flow model for the simulation of gas and magma flow within volcanic processes. The model solves a set of mixture conservation equations for the gas and magma two‐phase flow with velocity non‐equilibrium. In this model, the effect of the relative velocity is introduced by a kinetic constitutive equation with other equations for volume and mass fractions of the gas phase. The model is examined numerically by the widely used finite volume Godunov methods of centered‐type. Using the Riemann problem, we numerically simulate wave propagation and the development of shocks and rarefactions in volcanic eruptions. These simulations are of magma fragmentation type where the relative velocity continues to dominate. A series of test cases whose solution contains features relevant to gas–magma mixtures are conducted. In particular, numerical results indicate that the model implementation predicts key features of the relative velocity within volcanic processes without any mathematical or physical simplifications. Simulation results are sharply and accurately provided without any spurious oscillations in all of the flow variables. The numerical methods and results are also compared with other numerical methods available in the literature. It is found that the provided resolutions are more accurate for the considered test cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of forcing and landscape distribution on performance and consistency of model structures
Authors: Euser Tanja , Hrachowitz Markus , Winsemius Hessel C. , Savenije Hubert H.G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIt is often challenging to determine the appropriate level of spatial model forcing and model distribution in conceptual rainfall‐runoff modelling. This paper compares the value of incorporating both spatially distributed forcing data and spatially distributed model conceptualisations based on landscape heterogeneity, applied to the Ourthe catchment in Belgium. Distributed forcing data were used to create a spatial distribution of model states. Eight different configurations were tested: a lumped and distributed model structure, each with four levels of model state distribution. The results show that in the study catchment the distributed model structure can in general better reproduce the dynamics of the hydrograph, and furthermore, that the differences in performance and consistency between calibration and validation are smallest for the distributed model structure with distributed model states. For the Ourthe catchment, it can be concluded that the positive effect of incorporating a distributed model structure is larger than that of incorporating distributed model states. Distribution of model structure increases both model performance and consistency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ESTIMATION OF LATENT ABILITY USING A RESPONSE PATTERN OF GRADED SCORES1
Authors: Samejima Fumi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTEstimation of latent ability using the entire response pattern of free‐response items is discussed, first in the general case and then in the case where the items are scored in a graded way, especially when the thinking process required for solving each item is assumed to be homogeneous.The maximum likelihood estimator, the Bayes modal estimator, and the Bayes estimator obtained by using the mean‐square error multiplied by the density function of the latent variate as the loss function are taken as our estimators. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique maximum likelihood estimator and a unique Bayes modal estimator are formulated with respect to an individual item rather than with respect to a whole set of items, which are useful especially in the situation where we are free to choose optimal items for a particular examinee out of the item library in which a sufficient number of items are stored with reliable quality controls.Advantages of the present methods are investigated by comparing them with those which make use of conventional dichotomous items or test scores, theoretically as well as empirically, in terms of the amounts of information, the standard errors of estimators, and the mean‐square errors of estimators. The utility of the Bayes modal estimator as a computational compromise for the Bayes estimator is also discussed and observed. The relationship between the formula for the item characteristic function and the philosophy of scoring is observed with respect to dichotomous items.
ESTIMATING ITEM CHARACTERISTIC CURVES WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR MATHEMATICAL FORM*
Authors: Lord Frederic M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA method is outlined for estimating item characteristic curves without knowledge of their mathematical form. For illustrative purposes, the method is applied to five items from a regular test administration. Previously, curves had been estimated for these same items on the assumption that all were of logistic form. Surprising agreement was found between the results obtained from the two unrelated methods.
THE FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN ABILITIES AND ATTAINMENTS: CONSTRUCTS ACROSS CULTURES1
Authors: Irvine S. H. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper is based on the results of experimental investigations in east and central Africa, involving field studies of over 5,000 subjects. It illustrates the application of Factorial Analysis in the search for the psychological and descriptive meaning of test scores derived from African subjects taking tests adapted from those currently in use in western societies or standardized on African subjects. Results suggest that although tests tend consistently to group themselves together in ways explicable in terms of Western constructs such as ‘g‘, v:ed and n:ed, sources of variance exist unique to the environment of the society in which the tests are administered Of particular note are the identification of an educational aptitude factor associated with males, and the less stable nature of perceptual and spatial factors. Discussion centres on the contribution of the study towards a cross‐cultural interpretation of educational abilities in terms of a limited transfer of a value system in which the concept of intelligence is a key term.
FACTOR STABILITY OF A STUDENT BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION BLANK OVER SEVERAL GRADE LEVELS
Authors: Freeberg Norman E. , Rock Donald A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA biographical information blank (BIB), administered to students in grades 7, 9, and 11 in 1963 as part of the ETS Growth Study, was analyzed to determine the stability of its factor structure. This was done by deriving a single average factor pattern matrix which was rotated to simple structure and against which factor matrices at each grade level could be compared. Of 11 factors extracted, all but three showed reasonably good stability. Those factors that showed the greatest change, in terms of their presence over the three grade levels, were “General Appreciation of School Courses,” “Social Activities,” and “High Level Literary Activities.”Implications of stability in factor structure for further BIB development and for utilization in the framework of a longitudinal study are discussed.