bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition of Distinct Cross-Reactive Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Reveals a Unique TCR Signature in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Nguyen Thi H. O. , Rowntree Louise C. , Pellicci Daniel G. , Bird Nicola L. , Handel Andreas , Kjer-Nielsen Lars , Kedzierska Katherine , Kotsimbos Tom C. , Mifsud Nicole A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Human CMV still remains problematic in immunocompromised patients, particularly after solid organ transplantation. CMV primary disease and reactivation greatly increase the risks associated with incidences of chronic allograft rejection and decreased survival in transplant recipients. But whether this is due to direct viral effects, indirect viral effects including cross-reactive antiviral T cell immunopathology, or a combination of both remains undetermined. In this article, we report the novel TCR signature of cross-reactive HLA-A*02:01 (A2) CMV (NLVPMVATV [NLV])–specific CD8+ T cells recognizing a specific array of HLA-B27 alleles using technical advancements that combine both IFN-γ secretion and multiplex nested RT-PCR for determining paired CDR3α/β sequences from a single cell. This study represents the first evidence, to our knowledge, of the same A2-restricted cross-reactive NLV-specific TCR-α/β signature (TRAV3TRAJ31_TRBV12-4TRBJ1-1) in two genetically distinct individuals. Longitudinal posttransplant monitoring of a lung transplant recipient (A2, CMV seropositive) who received a HLA-B27 bilateral lung allograft showed a dynamic expansion of the cross-reactive NLV-specific TCR repertoire before CMV reactivation. After resolution of the active viral infection, the frequency of cross-reactive NLV-specific CD8+ T cells reduced to previremia levels, thereby demonstrating immune modulation of the T cell repertoire due to antigenic pressure. The dynamic changes in TCR repertoire, at a time when CMV reactivation was subclinical, illustrates that prospective monitoring in susceptible patients can reveal nuances in immune profiles that may be clinically relevant.
Maternal KIR in Combination with Paternal HLA-C2 Regulate Human Birth Weight
Authors: Hiby Susan E. , Apps Richard , Chazara Olympe , Farrell Lydia E. , Magnus Per , Trogstad Lill , Gjessing Håkon K. , Carrington Mary , Moffett Ashley 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Human birth weight is subject to stabilizing selection; babies born too small or too large are less likely to survive. Particular combinations of maternal/fetal immune system genes are associated with pregnancies where the babies are ≤5th birth weight centile, specifically an inhibitory maternal KIR AA genotype with a paternally derived fetal HLA-C2 ligand. We have now analyzed maternal KIR and fetal HLA-C combinations at the opposite end of the birth weight spectrum. Mother/baby pairs (n = 1316) were genotyped for maternal KIR as well as fetal and maternal HLA-C. Presence of a maternal-activating KIR2DS1 gene was associated with increased birth weight in linear or logistic regression analyses of all pregnancies &gt;5th centile (p = 0.005, n = 1316). Effect of KIR2DS1 was most significant in pregnancies where its ligand, HLA-C2, was paternally but not maternally inherited by a fetus (p = 0.005, odds ratio = 2.65). Thus, maternal KIR are more frequently inhibitory with small babies but activating with big babies. At both extremes of birth weight, the KIR associations occur when their HLA-C2 ligand is paternally inherited by a fetus. We conclude that the two polymorphic immune gene systems, KIR and HLA-C, contribute to successful reproduction by maintaining birth weight between two extremes with a clear role for paternal HLA.
The Applied Value of Theoretical Anthropology. A Review of State Healthcare, and Yanomami Transformations: A Symmetrical Ethnography
Authors: Uzel Kaya 
Published: April 2014

A review of Jose Kelly’s ethnographic monograph on the integration of an indigenous Amazonian people in South Venezuela into the Venezuelan state health care system.Kaya Uzel's review won the second prize in the UCL Graduate School Review Competition 2013/2014.
Evaluation of three different methods of distance learning for postgraduate diagnostic imaging education: A pilot study
Authors: Poirier Jean-Nicolas , Cooley Jeffrey R. , Wessely Michelle , Guebert Gary M. , Petrocco-Napuli Kristina 
Published: April 2014

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceived effectiveness and learning potential of 3 Web-based educational methods in a postgraduate radiology setting.

Methods
Three chiropractic radiology faculty from diverse geographic locations led mini-courses using asynchronous discussion boards, synchronous Web conferencing, and asynchronous voice-over case presentations formatted for Web viewing. At the conclusion of each course, participants filled out a 14-question survey (using a 5-point Likert scale) designed to evaluate the effectiveness of each method in achieving specified course objectives and goals and their satisfaction when considering the learning potential of each method. The mean, standard deviation, and percentage agreements were tabulated.

Results
Twenty, 15, and 10 participants completed the discussion board, Web conferencing, and case presentation surveys, respectively. All educational methods demonstrated a high level of agreement regarding the course objective (total mean rating &gt;4.1). The case presentations had the highest overall rating for achieving the course goals; however, all but one method still had total mean ratings &gt;4.0 and overall agreement levels of 70%–100%. The strongest potential for interactive learning was found with Web conferencing and discussion boards, while case presentations rated very low in this regard.

Conclusions
The perceived effectiveness in achieving the course objective and goals was high for each method. Residency-based distance education may be a beneficial adjunct to current methods of training, allowing for international collaboration. When considering all aspects tested, there does not appear to be a clear advantage to any one method. Utilizing various methods may be most appropriate.
Causative mechanisms for the occurrence of a triple layered mesospheric inversion event over low latitudes
Authors: Ramesh K. , Sridharan S. , Vijaya Bhaskara Rao S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe temperature profile obtained from the space borne instrument “Sounding of Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry” instrument onboard “Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics” shows a triple layered mesospheric inversion event on the night of 23 September 2011, when there is an overpass near the low‐latitude sites Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) and Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E). The three mesospheric inversion layers (MILs) are formed in the height region around ~70 (lower), ~80 (middle), and ~90 km (upper) with amplitudes ~11, ~44, and ~109 K and thickness of 3.4, 4.9, and 6.6 km, respectively. The formation of the lower and middle MILs can only be observed in the Rayleigh lidar temperature profiles over Gadanki due to upper height limitation of the system. Nearly all the dominant causative mechanisms are examined for the occurrence of the MIL event. The lower MIL at ~70 km is inferred to be due to planetary wave dissipation, as there is a sudden decrease of planetary wave activity above 70 km. Further, it is demonstrated that the middle MIL at ~80 km is due to the turbulence generated by gravity wave breaking which is in turn due to gravity wave‐semi‐diurnal tidal interaction, though the height of the middle MIL descends at the rate of ~1 km/h, which is nearly the vertical phase speed of diurnal tide, whereas the upper MIL at above 90 km is due to the large chemical heating rate (~45 K/day) generated by the dominant exothermic reaction O + O + M → O2 + M.
Geomagnetic main field modeling with DMSP
Authors: Alken P. , Maus S. , Lühr H. , Redmon R. J. , Rich F. , Bowman B. , O'Malley S. M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) launches and maintains a network of satellites to monitor the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar‐terrestrial physics environments. In the past decade, geomagnetic field modelers have focused much attention on magnetic measurements from missions such as CHAMP, Ørsted, and SAC‐C. With the completion of the CHAMP mission in 2010, there has been a multiyear gap in satellite‐based vector magnetic field measurements available for main field modeling. In this study, we calibrate the special sensor magnetometer instrument on board DMSP to create a data set suitable for main field modeling. These vector field measurements are calibrated to compute instrument timing shifts, scale factors, offsets, and nonorthogonality angles of the fluxgate magnetometer cores. Euler angles are then computed to determine the orientation of the vector magnetometer with respect to a local coordinate system. We fit a degree 15 main field model to the data set and compare with the World Magnetic Model and Ørsted scalar measurements. We call this model DMSP‐MAG‐1, and its coefficients and software are available for download at http://geomag.org/models/dmsp.html. Our results indicate that the DMSP data set will be a valuable source for main field modeling for the years between CHAMP and the recently launched Swarm mission.
Seasonal variation of ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere: Southern tropics are different from northern tropics
Authors: Stolarski Richard S. , Waugh Darryn W. , Wang Lei , Oman Luke D. , Douglass Anne R. , Newman Paul A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe examine the seasonal behavior of ozone by using measurements from various instruments including ozonesondes, Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II. We find that the magnitude of the annual variation in ozone, as a percentage of the mean ozone, exhibits a maximum at or slightly above the tropical tropopause. The maximum is larger in the northern tropics than in the southern tropics, and the annual maximum of ozone in the southern tropics occurs 2 months later than that in the northern tropics, in contrast to usual assumption that the tropics can be treated as a horizontally homogeneous region. The seasonal cycles of ozone and other species in this part of the lower stratosphere result from a combination of the seasonal variation of the Brewer–Dobson circulation and the seasonal variation of tropical and midlatitude mixing. In the Northern Hemisphere, the impacts of upwelling and mixing between the tropics and midlatitudes on ozone are in phase and additive. In the Southern Hemisphere, they are not in phase. We apply a tropical leaky pipe model independently to each hemisphere to examine the relative roles of upwelling and mixing in the northern and southern tropical regions. Reasonable assumptions of the seasonal variation of upwelling and mixing yield a good description of the seasonal magnitude and phase in both the southern and northern tropics. The differences in the tracers and transport between the northern and southern tropical stratospheres suggest that the paradigm of well‐mixed tropics needs to be revised to consider latitudinal variations within the tropics.
Warm streaks in the U.S. temperature record: What are the chances?
Authors: Craigmile Peter F. , Guttorp Peter , Lund Robert , Smith Richard L. , Thorne Peter W. , Arndt Derek 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA recent observation in NOAA's National Climatic Data Center's monthly assessment of the state of the climate was that contiguous U.S. average monthly temperatures were in the top third of monthly ranked historical temperatures for 13 straight months from June 2011 to June 2012. The chance of such a streak occurring randomly was quoted as (1/3)13, or about one in 1.6 million. The streak continued for three more months before the October 2012 value dropped below the upper tercile. The climate system displays a degree of persistence that increases this probability relative to the assumption of independence. This paper puts forth different statistical techniques that more accurately quantify the probability of this and other such streaks. We consider how much more likely streaks are when an underlying warming trend is accounted for in the record, the chance of streaks occurring anywhere in the record, and the distribution of the record's longest streak.
The moist static energy budget in NCAR CAM5 hindcasts during DYNAMO
Authors: Hannah Walter M. , Maloney Eric D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign took place in the Indian Ocean during boreal fall and winter of 2011–2012 to collect observations of Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) initiation. Hindcast experiments are conducted with an atmospheric general circulation model with varying values of a dilute CAPE entrainment rate parameter for the first two MJO events of DYNAMO from 1 October 2011 to 15 December 2011. Higher entrainment rates better reproduce MJO precipitation and zonal wind, with RMM skill up to 20 days. Simulations with lower entrainment rapidly diverge from observations with no coherent MJO convective signal after 5 days, and no MJO predictive skill beyond 12 days. Analysis of the tropical Indian Ocean column moist static energy (MSE) budget reveals that the simulations with superior MJO performance exhibit a mean positive MSE tendency by vertical advection; inconsistent with reanalysis that indicates a weak negative tendency. All simulations have weaker mean MSE source tendency and significantly weaker cloud‐radiative feedbacks. The vertical gross moist stability (VGMS) is used to interpret these MSE budget results in a normalized framework relevant to moisture mode theory. VGMS in the high entrainment runs is far too low compared to ERAi, indicating that it cannot be used in isolation as a measure of model success in producing a realistic MJO hindcast, contrary to previous studies. However, effective VGMS that includes radiative feedbacks is similar among the high entrainment runs and ERAi. We conclude that the MJO is erroneously improved by increasing the entrainment parameter because moistening by vertical MSE advection compensates for the overly weak cloud‐radiative feedbacks.
Morphology and dynamics of inflated subaqueous basaltic lava flows
Authors: Deschamps Anne , Grigné Cécile , Le Saout Morgane , Soule Samuel Adam , Allemand Pascal , Van Vliet‐Lanoe Brigitte , Floc'h France 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDuring eruptions onto low slopes, basaltic Pahoehoe lava can form thin lobes that progressively coalesce and inflate to many times their original thickness, due to a steady injection of magma beneath brittle and viscoelastic layers of cooled lava that develop sufficient strength to retain the flow. Inflated lava flows forming tumuli and pressure ridges have been reported in different kinds of environments, such as at contemporary subaerial Hawaiian‐type volcanoes in Hawaii, La Réunion and Iceland, in continental environments (states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington), and in the deep sea at Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Galapagos spreading center, and at the East Pacific Rise (this study). These lava have all undergone inflation processes, yet they display highly contrasting morphologies that correlate with their depositional environment, the most striking difference being the presence of water. Lava that have inflated in subaerial environments display inflation structures with morphologies that significantly differ from subaqueous lava emplaced in the deep sea, lakes, and rivers. Their height is 2–3 times smaller and their length being 10–15 times shorter. Based on heat diffusion equation, we demonstrate that more efficient cooling of a lava flow in water leads to the rapid development of thicker (by 25%) cooled layer at the flow surface, which has greater yield strength to counteract its internal hydrostatic pressure than in subaerial environments, thus limiting lava breakouts to form new lobes, hence promoting inflation. Buoyancy also increases the ability of a lava to inflate by 60%. Together, these differences can account for the observed variations in the thickness and extent of subaerial and subaqueous inflated lava flows.
Multiyear precipitation reduction strongly decreases carbon uptake over northern China
Authors: Yuan Wenping , Liu Dan , Dong Wenjie , Liu Shuguang , Zhou Guangsheng , Yu Guirui , Zhao Tianbao , Feng Jinming , Ma Zhuguo , Chen Jiquan , Chen Yang , Chen Shiping , Han Shijie , Huang Jianping , Li Linghao , Liu Huizhi , Liu Shaoming , Ma Mingguo , Wang Yanfeng , Xia Jiangzhou , Xu Wenfang , Zhang Qiang , Zhao Xinquang , Zhao Liang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDrought has been a concern in global and regional water, carbon, and energy cycles. From 1999 to 2011, northern China experienced a multiyear precipitation reduction that significantly decreased water availability as indicated by the Palmer Drought Severity Index and soil moisture measurements. In this study, a light use efficiency model (EC‐LUE) and an ecosystem physiological model (IBIS) were used to characterize the impacts of long‐term drought on terrestrial carbon fluxes in northern China. EC‐LUE and IBIS models showed the reduction of averaged GPP of 0.09 and 0.05 Pg C yr−1 during 1999–2011 compared with 1982–1998. Based on the IBIS model, simulated ecosystem respiration experienced an insignificant decrease from 1999 to 2011. The multiyear precipitation reduction changed the regional carbon uptake of 0.011 Pg C yr−1 from 1982 to 1998 to a net source of 0.018 Pg C yr−1 from 1999 to 2011. Moreover, a pronounced decrease in maize yield in almost all provinces in the study region was found from 1999 to 2011 versus the average of yield from1978 to 2011. The largest maize yield reduction occurred in Beijing (2499 kg ha−1 yr−1), Jilin (2180 kg ha−1 yr−1), Tianjing (1923 kg ha−1 yr−1), and Heilongjiang (1791 kg ha−1 yr−1), and the maize yield anomaly was significantly correlated with the annual precipitation over the entire study area. Our results revealed that recent climate change, especially drought‐induced water stress, is the dominant cause of the reduction in the terrestrial carbon sink over northern China.
The Harshness of Air Springs in Passenger Cars
Authors: Kind Andreas , Rohde Andreas 
Published: April 2014

The air springs' characteristics include a so‐called harshness effect. Harshness means an unwanted increase in spring rate (i.e., increase in stiffness) at excitations with low amplitudes that has a negative effect on the comfort behavior of the vehicle. Harshness may also be due to friction and hysteresis in the air spring that “locks” the suspension for small perturbations. Harshness arises from the rolling resistance of the air spring bellows. The architecture of the air springs combined with specific properties of the bellows considerably influences the characteristics of the harshness. The strain in the bellows wall caused while forming the rolling lobe plays the crucial role in this process. Objective measuring methods enable a quantification of harshness to be made on a test rig and indicate subjective comfort perception in the vehicle.
Harshness can be significantly diminished by a specific design of the air spring and the bellows. In general, this fact is based on empirical investigations. As a result, air springs, which have thin flexible bellows with an outer guide, offer optimum comfort. However, conflicting goals are always caused by interactions between single influencing parameters as a function of the air springs and the axle architecture. At the same time, further friction phenomena in the chassis can considerably overlap the harshness solely because of the air springs.
Air Supply for Advanced Applications
Authors: Becher Hans Otto 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Air suspensions for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles require air supply units to deliver dry, pressurized air to the air springs and reservoirs. Typically, reciprocating piston compressors are used to deliver the required pressure level up to 18 bar. This chapter describes the various types of compressors for two‐corner and four‐corner air suspension systems and explains in detail the single elements as electric motor, crankcase, crankshaft, piston, cylinder, air intake, pressure valve, air dryer, and exhaust control circuit. Differences between open and closed system type compressors, as well as one‐ and two‐stage compressors, are revealed. Additional system elements as solenoid valve blocks for air distribution in the car and bearing elements to reduce the transfer of compressor vibrations to the vehicle structure are considered. Installation examples in actual vehicles are shown. Inside mounting and outside mounting of the compressor with various demands in terms of noise encapsulation are explained.
Power and Energy Requirements for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Authors: Burke Andrew 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this chapter, the power and energy requirements (both electricity and gasoline) for battery‐powered electric and hybrid vehicles, including plug‐in hybrid vehicle, are assessed. The influence of the vehicle design parameters (weight, frontal area, drag coefficient, and tire rolling resistance) on vehicle performance (range, speed, and acceleration) is determined based on simulations of several classes of vehicles.The power and energy requirements were calculated for both parallel and series powertrain arrangements using the Advisor vehicle simulation computer program. The simulations were performed for several driving cycles (FUDS, Highway, and theUS06) for vehicle and component characteristics expected to be appropriate for 2015–2045. The simulation results indicated that large reductions in fuel consumption and energy use can be expected in future with the various advanced technologies. The magnitudes of the reductions depend on the baseline used in the comparisons. The energy savings (gasoline plus electricity including powerplant efficiency) are about 60% for all the hybrid technologies considered using the 2007ICEvehicle baseline and about 30% using the 2030ICEbaseline. The energy savings (electricity) for theEVare smaller than for the hybrids especially compared with the advancedICEandHEVtechnologies. The primary advantage of theEVis the substitution of electricity for a liquid fuel.
Battery Safety for Lithium Batteries in Vehicle Applications
Authors: Burke Andrew 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this chapter, various aspects of the safety of lithium‐ion batteries of different chemistries have been reviewed based on information available in the literature as of early 2013. The primary safety concern is the possibility of encountering a thermal runaway condition unexpectedly during otherwise normal operation of the batteries. This concern has been evaluated both through study of the abuse testing of cells and through computer modeling of cell response to soft/hard shorts.The abuse testing has shown that thermal runaway can be induced for all cells and chemistries under extreme conditions, but there are significant differences in the tendencies of the different chemistries to experience thermal runaway. Tests indicate that thermal runaway in almost all cases is preceded by a relatively long period (many minutes) of exothermic heating of cell. Under many conditions, the period of exothermic heating does not lead to thermal runaway. Thermal runaway is most likely withLiCoO2cells and least likely with cells using FePO4and Mn oxide cathodes and/or lithium titanate oxide anodes.Computer simulations have shown that for all chemistries, there are combinations of the geometry and energy release through the “short” and heat loss from the cell, which will lead to thermal runaway. Even in the case of shorts, the simulations indicate a relatively long period of exothermic heating (gradual temperature increase) before a sudden thermal runaway event. Adequate heat loss (cooling) during the exothermic heating time is critical for mitigating thermal runaway.