bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The spiritual significance of glaciers in an age of climate change
Authors: Allison Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2015

Climate change has largely been understood as a biophysical, economic, and political phenomenon. This approach has obscured the ways in which climate change also poses a challenge to human subjective understandings of self and society in relation to place, and in relation to perceptions of the sacred. Glaciers, as dominant features of high mountain landscapes, are sites of easily observable consequences of climate change, grounding the consequences of distant carbon emissions in material surroundings. They are also sites of powerful sacred and symbolic meanings for local communities. This review examines three instances of glacial decline in sacred mountain landscapes, in the Peruvian Andes, the Nepalese Himalaya, and the Meili Snow Mountains of Yunnan, China. These examples show that glacial decline is not simply a material process, but also has important implications for the ways that local people understand themselves and make meaning in relation to their surroundings. Locally grounded values arising from particular experiences of the landscape, especially from those most at risk from effects of climate change, may offer new avenues of ethical reflection around climate change that can and should influence larger climate discourses.WIREs Clim Change2015, 6:493–508. doi: 10.1002/wcc.354This article is categorized under:Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate KnowledgeTrans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
Bioprocess for efficient production of recombinant Pichia anomala phytase and its applicability in dephytinizing chick feed and whole wheat flat Indian breads
Authors: Joshi Swati , Satyanarayana T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The phytase of the yeast Pichia anomala (PPHY) is a suitable biocatalyst as a food and feed additive because of its adequate thermostability, acid stability, protease insensitivity and broad substrate spectrum. The cell-bound nature and low phytase titres are the main bottlenecks for its utility in food and feed industries. In this investigation, we have overcome the problems by constitutive secretory expression of PPHY under glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter. A ~44-fold increase in rPPHY titre has been achieved after optimization of cultural variables by one-variable-at-a-time approach and two factorial statistical design. The use of GAP promoter makes the cultivation of the recombinant P. pastoris straight forward and eliminates the requirement of methanol for induction and hazards associated with its storage. Among metal-phytate complexes, Ca2+ phytate is hydrolyzed more efficiently by rPPHY than Co2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ phytates. The enzyme is effective in dephytinizing whole wheat unleavened flat Indian breads (naan and tandoori) and different broiler feeds, thus mitigating anti-nutritional effects of phytates.
Health complaints among adolescents: Associations with more screen‐based behaviours and less physical activity
Authors: Marques Adilson , Calmeiro Luís , Loureiro Nuno , Frasquilho Diana , de Matos Margarida Gaspar 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the relationship between screen‐based behaviours, physical activity, and health complaints (headaches, feeling low, irritability, and nervousness). Screen‐based behaviour included TV viewing, computer use, and time spent playing video games. Data were collected from 4462 Portuguese adolescents (2394 girls) aged 11–16 years. Girls who reported engaging in more screen‐based behaviour (hours/day) also reported having more headaches, feeling lower, being more irritable, and feeling more nervous. Boys who reported more screen time were more irritable. Physical activity (times/week) was negatively associated with reports of feeling nervous among girls, and with headaches, feeling low, irritability, and feeling nervous among boys. Considering that time spent using the computer is related with more health complaints, and physical activity was related with fewer health complaints among boys, it is important to develop strategies to reduce adolescents' computer screen time, and to promote physical activity.
Ectopic sebaceous gland in the esophagus—Case reports and review of the literature
Authors: Jhang Lin‐Suei , Hung Chien‐Yuan , Shieh Tze‐Yu , Chang Chen‐Wang , Wang Horng‐Yuan , Shih Shou‐Chuan , Chen Ming‐Jen 
Published: August 2015

SummaryEctopic sebaceous glands (ESGs) are benign esophageal lesions that have a lower detection rate than malignant lesions because most patients are asymptomatic. However, this rate can be increased by the widespread use of endoscopes and an increasing awareness of the disease. Through esophagogastroduodenoscopy, ESGs often appear in the middle and lower esophagus in numbers ranging from 1 to more than 100 yellowish plaques measuring 1–2 mm in diameter. Histopathological examination of ESGs would reveal small lobular cluster glands in the lamina propria. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through an endoscopic biopsy. ESGs are best distinguished from other yellowish lesions such as xanthoma via endoscopy. These lesions tend to appear singly scattered, whereas xanthomas tend to be clustered. We present three cases of ESGs in the esophagus. Although their etiologies are still unclear, we present related theories in our review.
The effect of pre-release captivity on post-release performance in reintroduced eastern bettongs Bettongia gaimardi
Authors: Batson William G. , Gordon Iain J. , Fletcher Donald B. , Manning Adrian D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractReintroductions are used to re-establish populations of species within their indigenous range, but their outcomes are variable. A key decision when developing a reintroduction strategy is whether to include a temporary period of confinement prior to release. Pre-release confinement is primarily used for the purpose of quarantine or as a delayed-release tactic to influence the performance or behaviour of founders post-release. A common difference between these approaches is that quarantine tends to be conducted in ex situ captivity, whereas delayed releases tend to involve in situ confinement at the release site. Although these practices are commonly viewed independently, it may be possible for a single confinement period to be used for both purposes. We tested whether temporarily holding wild eastern bettongs Bettongia gaimardi in ex situ captivity for 95–345 days prior to release (delayed release) influenced their body mass, pouch occupancy or survival during the first 1.5 years post-release, compared to founders released without confinement (immediate release). Our results suggest that exposing founders to captivity did not alter their body mass or performance post-release, despite being heavier and having fewer pouch young when released. We conclude that, for this species, ex situ captivity does not represent a tactical opportunity to improve post-release performance but can be used for quarantine without affecting the probability of establishment.
New Riffs on the Old Mind-Body Blues: “Black Rhythm,” “White Logic,” and Music Theory in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: PERCHARD TOM 
Published: August 2015

AbstractContemporary music historians have shown how taxonomic divisions of humanity—constructed in earnest within European anthropologies and philosophies from the Enlightenment on—were reflected in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century theories of musical-cultural evolution, with complex and intellectualized art music forms always shown as transcending base and bodily rhythm, just as light skin supposedly transcended dark. The errors of old and now disreputable scholarly approaches have been given much attention. Yet scientifically oriented twenty-first-century studies of putatively Afro-diasporic and, especially, African American rhythmic practices seem often to stumble over similarly racialized fault lines, the relationship between “sensory” music, its “intelligent” comprehension, and its analysis still procedurally and politically fraught. Individual musical sympathies are undermined by methods and assumptions common to the field in which theorists operate. They operate, too, in North American and European university departments overwhelmingly populated by white scholars. And so this article draws upon and tests concepts from critical race and whiteness theory and asks whether, in taking “black rhythm” as its subject, some contemporary music studies reinscribe what the sociologists Tukufu Zuberi and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva have called “white logic”: a set of intellectual attitudes, prerogatives, and methods that, whatever the intentions of the musicologists concerned, might in some way restage those division practices now widely recognized as central to early musicology.
N Doping to ZnO Nanorods for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting under Visible Light: Engineered Impurity Distribution and Terraced Band Structure
Authors: Wang Meng , Ren Feng , Zhou Jigang , Cai Guangxu , Cai Li , Hu Yongfeng , Wang Dongniu , Liu Yichao , Guo Liejin , Shen Shaohua 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSolution-based ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) were modified with controlled N doping by an advanced ion implantation method and were subsequently utilized as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting under visible light irradiation. A gradient distribution of N dopants along the vertical direction of ZnO nanorods was realized. N doped ZnO NRAs displayed a markedly enhanced visible-light-driven PEC photocurrent density of ~160 μA/cm2 at 1.1 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which was about 2 orders of magnitude higher than pristine ZnO NRAs. The gradiently distributed N dopants not only extended the optical absorption edges to visible light region, but also introduced terraced band structure. As a consequence, N gradient-doped ZnO NRAs can not only utilize the visible light irradiation but also efficiently drive photo-induced electron and hole transfer via the terraced band structure. The superior potential of ion implantation technique for creating gradient dopants distribution in host semiconductors will provide novel insights into doped photoelectrode materials for solar water splitting.
Purifying Cytokinetic Cells from an Asynchronous Population
Authors: Panet Einat , Ozer Efrat , Mashriki Tal , Lazar Itay , Itzkovich Devora , Tzur Amit 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCytokinesis is an intensively studied process by which the cell cytoplasm divides to produce two daughter cells. Like any other aspect of cell cycle research, the study of cytokinesis relies heavily on cell synchronization. However, the synchronization of cells during cytokinesis is challenging due to the rapid nature of this process and the shortage of cell cycle blocking agents specifically targeting this phase. Here, we demonstrate the use of standard flow cytometry for directly isolating cytokinetic cells from an asynchronous population of normally proliferating cells. This approach is based on a cell cycle marker whose temporal proteolysis, in combination with DNA quantification or cell size approximation, distinguishes cells undergoing cytokinesis. Furthermore, by avoiding doublet discrimination, typically used in flow cytometry analyses, we were able to further increase selectivity, specifically purifying cells at late cytokinesis. Our method circumvents checkpoint activation, cell cycle arrest and any other means of pre-synchronization. These qualities, as demonstrated for both unattached and adherent cells, enable high selectivity for cytokinetic cells despite their overall low abundance in an asynchronous population. The sorted cells can then be readily used for cell biological, biochemical and genomic applications to facilitate cytokinesis and cell cycle research.
Broadband ultrafast photoprotection by oxybenzone across the UVB and UVC spectral regions
Authors: Baker Lewis A. , Horbury Michael D. , Greenough Simon E. , Ashfold Michael N. R. , Stavros Vasilios G. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent studies have shed light on the energy dissipation mechanism of oxybenzone, a common ingredient in commercial sunscreens. After UVA photoexcitation, the dissipation mechanism may be understood in terms of an initial ultrafast excited state enol → keto tautomerisation, followed by nonadiabatic transfer to the ground electronic state and subsequent collisional relaxation to the starting enol tautomer. We expand on these studies using femtosecond transient electronic absorption spectroscopy to understand the non-radiative relaxation pathways of oxybenzone in cyclohexane and in methanol after UVB and UVC excitation. We find that the relaxation pathway may be understood in the same way as when exciting in the UVA region, concluding that oxybenzone displays proficient broadband non-radiative photoprotection, and thus photophysically justifying its inclusion in sunscreen mixtures.
The three-dimensional structure of interleukin-1β
Authors: PRIESTLE JOHN P. , SCHÄR HANS-PETER , GRÜTTER MARKUS G. 
Published: August 2015

Summary
The three-dimensional structure of human recombinant interleukin-1β has been determined at 0.24 nm resolution by X-ray crystallographic techniques. The partially refined model has a crystallographic R-factor of just under 19%. The structure is composed of 12 β-strands forming a complex network of hydrogen bonds. The core of the structure can best be described as a tetrahedron whose edges are each formed by two antiparallel β-strands. The interior of this structure is filled with hydrophobic side-chains. There is a 3-fold repeat in the folding of the polypeptide chain. Although this folding pattern suggests gene triplication, no significant internal sequence homology between topologically corresponding residues exists. The folding topology of interleukin-1β is very similar to that described by A. D. McLachlan [(1979) J. Mol. Biol. 133, 557–563] for soybean trypsin inhibitor.
Free radical scavenging: a potentially beneficial action of thiol-containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Authors: CHOPRA MRIDULA , McMURRAY JOHN , STEWART JENNIFER , DARGIE HENRY J. , SMITH W. EWEN 
Published: August 2015

Summary
Free radical (FR) scavenging may be a therapeutically useful adjunctive property of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In this study we have shown that SH-containing ACE inhibitors (captopril, epicaptopril, zofenopril) are potent FR scavengers at a concentration of 4 × 10-5m whereas non-SH ACE inhibitors (enalaprilat, quinaprilat and perindoprilat) have no FR-scavenging activity at this concentration. Furthermore, the SH-containing agents preferentially scavenged general radicals rather than superoxide radicals, i.e. suggesting that these drugs would be effective in quenching the culprit FR in ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
Proteinase genes of cheese starter cultures
Authors: Kok Jan 
Published: August 2015

Summary
The proteolytic enzymes of lactococci are of eminent importance for milk fermentations. By the combined action of proteinases and peptidases milk protein is degraded to peptides and amino acids which are required for cell growth and contribute to the organoleptic properties of the foods. The importance of the proteolytic system for dairy product quality has resulted in an increased fundamental research of the enzymes and genes involved. Proteinase plasmids have been identified and plasmid stability problems offered an explanation for the apparent instability of proteolysis in certain strains of lactococci. Chromosomal integration has recently been used to stably anchor the proteinase genes in the chromosome of Lactococcus lactis. The structural proteinase genes of a number of strains have been cloned and sequenced, and some of the properties of the enzymes they specify will be discussed. The product of a second gene is necessary for the activation of the proteinase, a proteinase maturation process that is unique in the bacterial world.
Coupling the dynamics of two actin networks – new views on the mechanics of cell protrusion
Authors: Danuser G. 
Published: August 2015

We study how mechanical forces integrate spatially and temporally with regulatory signals at the leading edge of migrating cells. To probe the dynamics of this system, we developed quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy, which maps out actin cytoskeleton transport, assembly and disassembly with high spatial resolution. Statistical processing of single speckle properties revealed two kinetically, kinematically and molecularly distinct, yet spatially overlapping, actin arrays at the leading edge of migrating epithelial cells. The first network, referred to as the lamellipodium, polymerizes and depolymerizes 1–2 μm from the edge in an Arp2/3 (actin-related protein 2/3)- and cofilin-dependent fashion. The second network, referred to as the lamella, exhibits Arp2/3-independent polymerization. To elucidate the dynamic relationship between the two networks, we have begun to examine how assembly and flow are temporally modulated with respect to a protrusion event. In control cells we found bursts of protrusion preceding bursts of F-actin assembly. The time lag disappears in cells where Arp2/3-function is impaired. This and other results allowed us to propose a model in which tropomyosin protects lamella filaments from branching and severing, and to conjecture that Arp2/3-mediated lamellipodium assembly is a natural consequence of lamella expansion, but not the initiator of cell protrusion.
Inhibition of antimicrobial peptides by group A streptococci: SIC and DRS
Authors: Fernie-King B.A. , Seilly D.J. , Lachmann P.J. 
Published: August 2015

SIC (streptococcal inhibitor of complement) is a 31 kDa protein secreted by a few highly virulent strains of GAS (group A streptococci), predominantly by the M1 strain. Initially described as an inhibitor of the membrane attack complex of complement, it has turned out to be a polyfunctional inhibitor of the innate mucosal immune response. The SIC protein sequence contains three domains: an N-terminal SRR (short repeat region), followed by three longer tandem repeats [LRR (long repeat region)] and a C-terminal PRR (proline-rich region). SIC inhibits the antibacterial activity of a wide range of antimicrobial peptides and proteins: i.e. lysozyme, SLPI (secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor), LL-37, hNP-1 (human neutrophil peptide-1) and the human β-defensins 1, 2 and 3. Analysis of the functional properties of recombinant domains of SIC shows that binding and inhibition of lysozyme and human β-defensin-3 require the SRR+LRR, as does binding to SLPI. Complement inhibition is confined to the SRR. M12 GAS secrete a protein ‘distantly related to SIC’ (DRS). DRS contains a C-terminal PRR which is significantly similar to that of SIC, but it has no central LRR and the N-terminal SRR is very different. DRS inhibits human β-defensin-3, but has no effect on lysozyme, SLPI or complement.
Programmable DNA cleavage in vitro by Cas9
Authors: Karvelis Tautvydas , Gasiunas Giedrius , Siksnys Virginijus 
Published: August 2015

The ternary Cas9–crRNA–tracrRNA complex (Cas9t) of the Type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–Cas (CRISPR-associated) system functions as an Mg2+-dependent RNA-directed DNA endonuclease that locates its DNA target guided by the crRNA (CRISPR RNA) in the tracrRNA–crRNA structure and introduces a double-strand break at a specific site in DNA. The simple modular organization of Cas9t, where specificity for the DNA target is encoded by a small crRNA and the cleavage reaction is executed by the Cas9 endonuclease, provides a versatile platform for the engineering of universal RNA-directed DNA endonucleases. By altering the crRNA sequence within the Cas9t complex, programmable endonucleases can be designed for both in vitro and in vivo applications. Cas9t has been recently employed as a gene-editing tool in various eukaryotic cell types. Using Streptococcus thermophilus Cas9t as a model system, we demonstrate the feasibility of Cas9t as a programmable molecular tool for in vitro DNA manipulations.
The Cmr complex: an RNA-guided endoribonuclease
Authors: Bailey Scott 
Published: August 2015

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–Cas (CRISPR-associated) system protects prokaryotes from infection by viruses and other potential genome invaders. This system represents an inheritable and adaptable immune system that is mediated by large ribonucleoprotein complexes, the CRISPR–Cas effector complexes. The Cmr complex is unique among CRISPR–Cas effector complexes in that it destroys invading RNA and not DNA. To date, the Cmr complexes from two species have been characterized in vitro and, strikingly, they degrade RNA via distinct mechanisms. The possible in vivo targets, as well as our current knowledge of the Cmr complex, is reviewed in the present paper.
Microtubules: greater than the sum of the parts
Authors: Lawson Jonathan L.D. , Salas Rafael E. Carazo 
Published: August 2015

The post-genomic era has produced a variety of new investigation technologies, techniques and approaches that may offer exciting insights into many long-standing questions of scientific research. The microtubule cytoskeleton is a highly conserved system that shows a high degree of internal complexity, is known to be integral to many cell systems and functions on a fundamental level. After decades of study, much is still unknown about microtubules in vivo from the control of dynamics in living cells to their responses to environmental changes and responses to other cellular processes. In the present article, we examine some outstanding questions in the microtubule field and propose a combination of emerging interdisciplinary approaches, i.e. high-throughput functional genomics techniques, quantitative and super-resolution microscopy, and in silico modelling, that could shed light on the systemic regulation of microtubules in cells by networks of regulatory factors. We propose that such an integrative approach is key to elucidate the function of the microtubule cytoskeleton as a complete responsive integral biological system.
Cholesterylation: a tail of hedgehog
Authors: Ciepla Paulina , Magee Anthony I. , Tate Edward W. 
Published: August 2015

Cholesterylation is a post-translational attachment of sterol to proteins. This modification has been a characteristic of a single family of hedgehog proteins (Hh). Hh is a well-established morphogenic molecule important in embryonic development. It was also found to be involved in the progression of many cancer types. Herein, we describe the mechanism of biosynthesis of cholesterylated Hh, the role of this unusual modification on protein functions and novel chemical probes, which could be used to specifically target this modification, both in vitro and in vivo.
Frequency modulated translocational oscillations of Nrf2, a transcription factor functioning like a wireless sensor
Authors: Xue Mingzhan , Momiji Hiroshi , Rabbani Naila , Bretschneider Till , Rand David A. , Thornalley Paul J. 
Published: August 2015

The discovery that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) undergoes translocational oscillations from cytoplasm to nucleus in human cells with frequency modulation linked to activation of a stress-stimulated cytoprotective response raises the prospect that the Nrf2 works mechanistically analogous to a wireless sensor. Herein, we consider how this new model of Nrf2 oscillation resolves previous inexplicable experimental findings on Nrf2 regulation and why it is fit-for-purpose. Further investigation is required to assess how generally applicable the oscillatory mechanism is and if characteristics of this regulatory control can be found in vivo. It suggests there are multiple, potentially re-enforcing receptors for Nrf2 activation, indicating that potent Nrf2 activation for improved health and treatment of disease may be achieved through combination of Nrf2 system stimulants.