bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation: The Bright Side of Common Ownership?
Authors: Antón Miguel , Ederer Florian , Giné Mireia , Schmalz Martin 
Published: August 2024

Firms have inefficiently low incentives to innovate when other firms benefit from their inventions and the innovating firm therefore does not capture the full surplus of its innovations. We show that, in theory, common ownership of firms mitigates this impediment to corporate innovation. By contrast, without technological spillovers, innovation has the effect of stealing market share from rivals and in that case more common ownership reduces innovation. Empirically, the association between common ownership and innovation inputs and outputs decreases with product market proximity and increases with technology proximity. The sign and magnitude of the overall relationship between common ownership and corporate innovation thus varies considerably across the universe of firms depending on their relative proximity in technology and product market space. Some of these results persist if we use only variation from BlackRock’s acquisition of BGI. Our findings inform the debate about the welfare effects of increasing common ownership among U.S. corporations. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy. Funding: The authors acknowledge grant funding from the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. M. Antón acknowledges the financial support of the Department of Economy and Knowledge of the Generalitat de Catalunya [Ref. 2014 SGR 1496] and the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities [Ref. PGC2018-097335-A-I00]. M. Schmalz acknowledges funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under Germany’s Excellence Strategy [EXC 2126/1-390838866]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2024.04363 .
Isoniazid preventive therapy during infancy does not adversely affect growth among HIV-exposed uninfected children: Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cherkos Ashenafi Shumey , LaCourse Sylvia M. , Enquobahrie Daniel A. , Escudero Jaclyn N. , Mecha Jerphason , Matemo Daniel , Kinuthia John , Iribarren Sarah J. , John-Stewart Grace 
Published: August 2024

Background
Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) decreases risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease; impact on long-term infant growth is unknown. In a recent randomized trial (RCT), we assessed IPT effects on infant growth without known TB exposure.

Methods
The infant TB Infection Prevention Study (iTIPS) trial was a non-blinded RCT among HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants in Kenya. Inclusion criteria included age 6–10 weeks, birthweight ≥2.5 kg, and gestation ≥37 weeks. Infants in the IPT arm received 10 mg/kg isoniazid daily for 12 months, while the control trial received no intervention; post-trial observational follow-up continued through 24 months of age. We used intent-to-treat linear mixed-effects models to compare growth rates (weight-for-age z-score [WAZ] and height-for-age z-score [HAZ]) between trial arms.

Results
Among 298 infants, 150 were randomized to IPT, 47.6% were females, median birthweight was 3.4 kg (interquartile range [IQR] 3.0–3.7), and 98.3% were breastfed. During the 12-month intervention period and 12-month post-RCT follow-up, WAZ and HAZ declined significantly in all children, with more HAZ decline in male infants. There were no growth differences between trial arms, including in sex-stratified analyses. In longitudinal linear analysis, mean WAZ (β = 0.04 [95% CI:-0.14, 0.22]), HAZ (β = 0.14 [95% CI:-0.06, 0.34]), and WHZ [β = -0.07 [95% CI:-0.26, 0.11]) z-scores were similar between arms as were WAZ and HAZ growth trajectories. Infants randomized to IPT had higher monthly WHZ increase (β to 24 months 0.02 [95% CI:0.01, 0.04]) than the no-IPT arm.

Conclusion
IPT administered to HEU infants did not significantly impact growth outcomes in the first two years of life.
The application and implications of science and technology innovation in the management of education for Chinese students studying abroad in China in the epidemic era
Authors: Zhu Tiejun , Gu Mengzhen 
Published: August 2024

Background
Although COVID-19 has brought serious disasters to all mankind, it has also accelerated the innovation and application of educational science and technology. China is the first to bear in COVID-19, and in order to minimize the impact of the field of education and teaching involving a large number of students, educational technology has entered a stage of continuous innovation and large-scale application, especially in higher education institutions.

Purpose
Firstly, it introduces the progress and achievements of China’s educational science and technology innovation during the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as the in-depth application of it in education for studying abroad in China. Secondly, the problems and gaps of STI in education for studying abroad in China are analyzed. Once again, it puts forward the solution countermeasures and future development strategies for the science and technology innovation of education abroad in China.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey of 258 international students from 20 universities was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire entitled "Research on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology in China’s International Education under the Situation of Conventional COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control".

Results
It will put forward opinions and suggestions to promote the deepening and improvement of China’s education science and technology innovation and application, as well as to provide a commentary and theoretical contribution to similar issues and phenomena around the world.

Conclusion
Through in-depth research and analysis, it is found that the application of science, technology and innovation has played a great role in China’s study abroad education, which not only improves the quality and effect of teaching, but also enriches the means and methods of teaching.
The impact of official recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical activity and business turnover of manual therapists in Sweden–The CAMP cohort study
Authors: Aboagye Emmanuel , Skillgate Eva , Weiss Nathan , Axén Iben 
Published: August 2024

Background
This study examined manual therapy business owners’ perception of official recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on their clinics’ economic performance, including clinic activity hours and business turnover.

Materials and methods
In a longitudinal study design, data were collected in November 2021 (baseline), and after three months, six months, and 12 months. Participants were manual therapists who were business owners. A growth curve model was used to analyze differences in clinical activity trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between perceived disruptions in business and turnover. Qualitative text analysis was used to examine participants’ responses to open-ended questions concerning economic measures taken to sustain their business during the pandemic.

Results
This study of 443 manual therapy business owners found that clinics were initially active with minimal variation, but activity changed following COVID-19 recommendations. Business owners perceived that the disruptions had no significant impact on turnover during the initial stages of the official recommendations. Economic support and the previous decrease in turnover increased the likelihood of experiencing a decreased turnover at 12 months. Business owners implemented cost-cutting measures and diversified income sources to navigate COVID-19 challenges and sustain their businesses.

Conclusion
The official recommendations in Sweden had an impact on manual therapists’ businesses as the COVID-19 pandemic lingered. Some business owners were concerned at the early stages about lower turnover but showed financial resilience by cutting costs and finding new revenue sources to overcome COVID-19 challenges.
The Impact of the Social Insurance System on Chinese Adults’ Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Guan Jing , Zhang Jingyu , Zheng Wei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a single social insurance project may improve subjective well-being. Yet, the effect of the overall social insurance system and the underlying mechanism are unknown. This study investigates the impact of the social insurance system on individuals’ subjective well-being and the impact mechanisms using the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted in four consecutive waves (2014, 2016, 2018, 2020). By applying the structural equation modeling approach, we construct a focused longitudinal path model and find that the social insurance system has a direct positive effect on individuals’ subjective well-being, measured by life satisfaction and job satisfaction. We explored three longitudinal mediation patterns including self-rated health, household income, and trust in the government, however, none of them are significant mediators. Through subgroup analysis, it is found that the male group and the age over 60 group benefit more from the social insurance system regarding life satisfaction improvement.
Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate: a review
Authors: Noach Matthew N. , Mampana Richard L. , Van Rensburg Eugene , Goosen Neill J. , Pott Robert W. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Alginate is a brown seaweed-based linear polysaccharide of D – mannuronic acid and L – guluronic acid residues. Hydrolysis products of the polysaccharide, specifically oligosaccharides, have been receiving increasing interest, due to their significant bioactivity and potential utilisation routes. The bioactivity of alginate oligosaccharides is closely linked to structural characteristics, namely: molecular weight, degree of polymerisation, and ratio of the monomers (the M/G ratio). Hence, potential applications (such as utilisation as a biostimulant fertilizer) depend on these parameters. This review focuses on recent advances in producing alginate oligosaccharides using chemical or enzymatic methods. The literature survey includes utilisation of these methods at both laboratory and industrial scale. For the chemical methods, we assessed the standard laboratory scale procedures of alginate oligosaccharide production, the potential of scaling up to an industrial level, and the subsequent challenges. For the enzymatic route, we provide an overview of alginate lyases and the application perspectives of enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate.
Ordinary modules for vertex algebras of 𝔬𝔰𝔭1|2𝑛
Authors: Creutzig Thomas , Genra Naoki , Linshaw Andrew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We show that the affine vertex superalgebra

V
k

⁢

(

o
⁢
s
⁢

p

1
|

2
⁢
n

)

V^{k}(\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n})

at generic level 𝑘 embeds in the equivariant 𝒲-algebra of

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}

times

4
⁢
n

4n

free fermions.
This has two corollaries:
(1) it provides a new proof that, for generic 𝑘, the coset

Com
⁡

(

V
k

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

,

V
k

⁢

(

o
⁢
s
⁢

p

1
|

2
⁢
n

)

)

\operatorname{Com}(V^{k}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}),V^{k}(\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n}))

is isomorphic to

W
ℓ

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

\mathcal{W}^{\ell}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n})

for

ℓ
=

−

(

n
+
1

)

+

(

k
+
n
+
1

)

/

(

2
⁢
k

+

2
⁢
n

+
1

)

\ell=-(n+1)+(k+n+1)/(2k+2n+1)

, and
(2) we obtain the decomposition of ordinary

V
k

⁢

(

o
⁢
s
⁢

p

1
|

2
⁢
n

)

V^{k}(\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n})

-modules into

V
k

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

⊗

W
ℓ

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

V^{k}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n})\otimes\mathcal{W}^{\ell}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n})

-modules.
Next, if 𝑘 is an admissible level and ℓ is a non-degenerate admissible level for

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}

, we show that the simple algebra

L
k

⁢

(

o
⁢
s
⁢

p

1
|

2
⁢
n

)

L_{k}(\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n})

is an extension of the simple subalgebra

L
k

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

⊗

W
ℓ

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

L_{k}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n})\otimes{\mathcal{W}}_{\ell}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n})

.
Using the theory of vertex superalgebra extensions, we prove that the category of ordinary

L
k

⁢

(

o
⁢
s
⁢

p

1
|

2
⁢
n

)

L_{k}(\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n})

-modules is a semisimple, rigid vertex tensor supercategory with only finitely many inequivalent simple objects.
It is equivalent to a certain subcategory of

W
ℓ

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

\mathcal{W}_{\ell}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n})

-modules.
A similar result also holds for the category of Ramond twisted modules.
Due to a recent theorem of Robert McRae, we get as a corollary that categories of ordinary

L
k

⁢

(

s
⁢

p

2
⁢
n

)

L_{k}(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n})

-modules are rigid.
Essential questions in earth and geosciences according to large language models
Authors: Hatvani István Gábor , Mudelsee Manfred , Kern Zoltán 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Can large language models (LLMs) capture a trustworthy global snapshot of the current issues and top-priority questions facing Earth and Geoscience? This article discusses the 100 most important questions facing Earth and Geosciences in the twenty-first century according to the largest of the LLMs. The study uncovered a discrepancy in responses using the synonymous terms earth sciences and geosciences; as such, users of publicly accessible LLMs must account for this bias and exercise caution in interpretation. Eight fundamental topics irrespective of the query terms earth sciences/geosciences were found: while two of them originate from fundamental research in extraterrestrial geoscience and Earth’s interior, the remaining six address geoscientific questions, important due to the associated societal challenges and environmental issues. The outlined eight fundamental topics strongly resonate with eight Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, in certain cases with not just one.
Progressive Taxation and Social Welfare: Quantifying the Effects of the “German Tax-Reform 2000”
Authors: Jung Benjamin , Walter Timo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The German “Tax-Reform 2000” involved a strong reduction in the progressivity of labor income taxation. It led to a rise in overall labor income, but also increased income inequality. Utilizing data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP. 2016. Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), Data for Years 1984–2016, Version 33) for the years 1998–2007, we employ a general equilibrium framework à la Antràs et al. (Antràs, P., A. De Gortari, and O. Itskhoki. 2017. “Globalization, Inequality and Welfare.” Journal of International Economics 108: 387–412) characterized by heterogeneous individuals. The model imposes a constant rate of tax progressivity and allows for a theory-consistent decomposition of social welfare that highlights the equity-efficiency trade-off, namely into (i) the fundamental social welfare level that would arise in a Kaldor-Hicks economy with lump-sum transfers, (ii) a correction term that accounts for the social cost of inequality à la Atkinson (Atkinson, A. B. 1970. “On the Measurement of Inequality.” Journal of Economic Theory 2 (3): 244–63) or Sen (Sen, A. 1970. Collective Choice and Social Welfare. Harvard University Press), and (iii) a correction term for the social cost of distortionary taxation. Our estimations show that the German tax system can be well approximated by the imposed tax schedule and that the reform implied a fall in the degree of tax progressivity. Under the baseline calibration, the numerical analysis yields the following results: First, the main driver of growth in social welfare from 1998 to 2007 was fundamental social welfare. Second, the counterfactual analysis shows that the reform resulted in an annual average income growth of 0.62 % and an increase in income inequality of 0.32 %, indicating an only modest increase in social welfare of 0.07 %. Third, the actual tax progression converged to its social welfare maximizing level.
How Gaussian mixture modelling can help to verify reference intervals from laboratory data with a high proportion of pathological values
Authors: Hoffmann Georg , Allmeier Nina , Kuti Modupe , Holdenrieder Stefan , Trulson Inga 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Although there are several indirect methods that can be used to verify reference limits, they have a common weakness in that they assume a low proportion of pathological values. This paper investigates whether a Gaussian decomposition algorithm can identify the non-pathological fraction even if it is not the main subset of mixed data.

Methods
All investigations are carried out in the R programming environment. The mclust package is used for Gaussian mixture modelling via the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. For right-skewed distributions, logarithms of the original values are taken to approximate the Gaussian model. We use the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for evaluation of the results. The reflimR and refineR packages serve as comparison procedures.

Results
We generate synthetic data mixtures with known normal distributions to demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of our approach. Application of the algorithm to real data from a Nigerian and a German population produces results, which help to interpret reference intervals of reflimR and refineR that are obviously too wide. In the first example, the mclust analysis of hemoglobin in Nigerian women supports the medical hypothesis that an anemia rate of more than 50 % leads to falsely low reference limits. Our algorithm proposes various scenarios based on the BIC values, one of which suggests reference limits that are close to published data for Nigeria but significantly lower than those established for the Caucasian population. In the second example, the standard statistical analysis of creatine kinase in German patients with predominantly cardiac diseases yields a reference interval that is clearly too wide. With mclust we identify overlapping fractions that explain this false result.

Conclusions
Gaussian mixture modelling does not replace standard methods for reference interval estimation but is a valuable adjunct when these methods produce discrepant or implausible results.
Differences in risk factors for flare-ups in patients with lumbar radicular pain may depend on the definition of flare
Authors: Dawu Wang , Kaiting Li , Dawei Chen , Yuzhang Tao , Weiwei Yi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The objective was to determine whether specific physical activity (PA) or psychological stress factors are associated with different definitions of flare-ups (pain-defined flares [PDFs]: periods of increased pain lasting at least 2 h, when pain intensity is distinctly worse than it has been recently; and non-pain-defined flares [NPDFs]: obviously uncomfortable feelings, such as fatigue, loss of function, or emotional/psychosocial fluctuations, without major fluctuations in pain intensity based on 11-point scales) among people with lumbar radicular pain.

Methods
This was a case-crossover study. Participants with acute or subacute lumbar radicular pain completed serial face-to-face or online assessments for 6 weeks at 3-day intervals to determine whether they experienced sciatica flare-ups (PDF/NPDF) after specific types of PA or psychological stresses.

Results
A total of 152 participants were enroled. There were 597 PDF and 323 NPDF case periods and 800 control periods. The odds of PDFs were increased by prolonged walking and standing, and the odds of NPDFs were increased by prolonged sitting, mental distress, and depressed mood. According to the multivariable analyses, prolonged sitting (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.7–5.5), prolonged walking (OR: 6.2, 95% CI: 3.9–9.9), and prolonged standing (OR: 5.6, 95% CI: 3.3–9.5) were significantly associated with the odds of PDFs, and prolonged sitting (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.8–6.2), mental distress (OR: 6.7, 95% CI: 2.5–17.5), and depressed mood (OR: 5.8, 95% CI: 2.6–12.8) associated with the odds of NPDFs.

Conclusions
Prolonged sitting, walking, and standing triggered the occurrence of PDF. Prolonged sitting, mental distress, and depressed mood triggered the occurrence of NPDF.
Feinkornwalzen – Kornfeinung durch Querwalzen
Authors: Roe Christopher Peter , Kriwall Mareile , Stonis Malte , Behrens Bernd-Arno 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
It was investigated how a grain refinement can be introduced into a cylindrical rolled part with cross rolling in a flatjaw design. For this purpose, a non-circular shape was rolled in and out again. A theoretical preliminary investigation was used to define a suitable parameter field for experimental evaluation. Metallographic investigations showed that cross rolling had a positive effect on the microstructure.
Maschinelles Lernen als modernes Werkzeug für Additive Fertigung
Authors: Lück Matthias , Deser Falk Leon , Hornung Tim 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In modern manufacturing systems, quality monitoring is crucial for efficient and cost-effective production. Conventional systems rely on thresholds and process windows, but machine learning (ML) techniques promise greater accuracy and efficiency.
However, pre-processing the data is still timeconsuming. This paper presents an approach to visually verify two Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) using contextual information such as print job numbers and timestamps, with the aim of predicting time series data from image data to optimize additive manufacturing processes in time. The approach focuses on the Digital Light Processing (DLP) printing process and emphasizes the importance of accurate data pre-processing and contextual visualization. The approach utilizes VAE-generated latent spaces to improve prediction accuracy in additive manufacturing and implement quality monitoring without thresholds and process windows.
Additive Fertigung von Zahnimplantaten
Authors: Abu-Gharbieh Malek , Braun Thomas , Schwitalla Andreas , Akhmad Rafik , Frieß Fabian , Barvinska Valeria , Uhlmann Eckart 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A novel additive-subtractive process chain based on the Laser Powder Bed Fusion process (PBF-LB) is being developed for the manufacturing of patient-specific dental implants. The study includes finite element analyses to evaluate implant materials and geometries. Investigations are performed with pure titanium. Dental requirements for the corresponding process chain are also described.
Detektion von Bindefehlern beim DED-Arc
Authors: Neumann Benedikt , Biegler Max , Goecke Sven-Frithjof , Rethmeier Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Based on artificial intelligence (AI) developed for monitoring arc welding, this article presents a deep neural network for monitoring lack of fusion defects in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium. The aim is to detect defects in built-up volumes on the basis of weld source data. These can be successfully processed by the algorithm presented and a trained AI. The achieved accuracy of the network is > 90 percent.
Kühlsystem für die kunststoffadditive Fertigung
Authors: Berlin Werner , Blumberg Sonja Marit , Wacker Christian , Dröder Klaus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Screw extrusion additive manufacturing (SEAM) is an additive manufacturing process in which plastic granulate is melted and extruded using a screw extruder. In contrast to filament-based processes, this enables higher output rates and a greater variety of materials. One of the main challenges is the efficient cooling of the extrudates. An optimized cooling system is presented and its application potential demonstrated.