bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Entwicklung des Lebensstandards im Dritten Reich – Eine glücksökonomische Perspektive
Authors: Wahl Fabian 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide an explanation for the remarkable difference in the contemporary Germans’ positive self-assessment of their living conditions and the development of the most important economic welfare indicators (like GDP or consumption per capita) during the Third Reich. To explain this discrepancy, findings from the new research field of happiness economics are applied to the peacetime Third Reich to analyze the development of the standard of living in this period. To start with, the development of the most important economic determinants of happiness during the 1930s is examined, based on current life satisfaction studies. In the second step, the theory of adaption and aspiration is used to explain the growing satisfaction of the Germans after the Great Depression.
German University Professors’ salaries in the 20th Century. A Relative Income Approach
Authors: Hesse Jan-Otmar 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This article presents a new estimate for the income of German university professors in the 20th century, using university archives as its main source. With these figures we reject the decline-perspective that has been predominant in the literature, influenced especially by Fritz K. Ringer’s book. We compare the professors’ salaries to those in leading occupations in private business, as well as state bureaucracy and find that relative income level developed in a similar fashion up to the 1970s. The 1970s were identified as a crucial turning point, as university professors started to fall behind their comparative social groups in alternative job markets. Making use of the literature on relative income, the article suggests the university professors changed their group of comparison in questions of remuneration during the course of the 20th century, so that the decreasing internal income-inequality affected their well-being more than the increasing gap to salaries outside universities.
Konkurs: ein unverdientes Ende? Das Schicksal der Willy H. Schlieker KG, 1962–1967
Authors: Tilly Richard 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The paper briefly describes the colorful career of the West German entrepreneur, Willy H. Schlieker and the rise to prominence of his one-man business conglomerate. It then goes on to discuss reasons and three hypotheses which purport to explain the company’s failure: entrepreneurial failure, a conspiracy among a number of his powerful creditors who were also competitors interested in eliminating an uncomfortable business rival; and the self-interested behavior of the court-appointed insolvence administrator. It concludes that the fate of Schlieker’s company was sealed by the way the administrator conducted bankruptcy procedures.
Civil Servants’ Living Standards in the Grand-Duchy of Baden, 1780–1913
Authors: Selgert Felix 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
It is argued that from the early 19th century onwards Civil Servants received a remuneration that ensured a good standard of living and reflected social status. Yet, there are few empirical studies which test this hypothesis. This article attempts to bridge this gap by computing real living standards of district magistrates in Baden during the 19th century using a new consumption basket reflecting the material and social needs of members of the upper class. The empirical analysis shows that district magistrates had a high material living standard, as well as a high position within the income distribution. However, living standards were already high during the 18th century in both absolute and relative terms. Furthermore, absolute and relative living standards decreased from the mid-century onwards, negatively impacting district magistrates’ privileged position within society.
Crystal structure of 1,1',3,3'-tetraisopropyl-4,4',5,5'-tetramethyl-1H,1'H- [2,2'-biimidazole]-3,3'-diium difluoride tetrahydrate, C22H48F2N4O4
Authors: Göhner Martin , Herrmann Florian , Ströbele Markus , Kuhn Norbert 
Published: June 2013

Abstract C22H48F2N4O4, tetragonal, P4̅21c (no. 114), a = 10.326(2) Å, c = 12.307(3) Å, V = 1312.2 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0316, wRref(F2) = 0.0646, T = 230 K.
Crystal structure of (acetonitrile-κN)triiodido[2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl- κ2N,C]platinum(IV), C13H11I3N2Pt
Authors: Ha Kwang 
Published: June 2013

Abstract C13H11I3N2Pt, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.2253(9) Å, b = 16.455(2) Å, c = 14.494(2) Å, β = 102.301(3)°, V = 1683.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0307, wRref(F2) = 0.0714, T = 200 K.
Contribution of extraction isotherms modeling based on the Mikulin–Sergievskii–Dannus approach to the speciation of plutonium(IV) in TBP 30 %/dodecane
Authors: De Sio S. , Sorel C. , Bossé E. , Moisy Philippe 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In this study, a thermodynamic model based on Mikulin and Sergievskii–Dannus equations to calculate activity coefficients in both organic and aqueous phases was used to model plutonium(IV), nitric acid and water extraction by 30% TBP in dodecane. The speciation of Pu(IV) in the organic phase was determined via extraction isotherms modeling. The best agreement between experimental and calculated plutonium distribution ratios was obtained by considering two Pu(IV) complexes in the organic phase: Pu(NO3)4(TBP)2 and Pu(NO3)4(TBP)3.
Energy Analysis of Competing Non-Covalent Interaction in 1:1 and 1:2 Adducts of Collidine with Benzoic Acids by Means of X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Borissova Alexandra O. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Gurinov Andrey A. , Shenderovich Ilya G. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The hydrogen bond pattern and the types of non-covalent interactions in the crystals of the 1:1 and 1:2 adducts of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine and benzoic acids are studied using high-resolution X-ray diffraction. The geometries of the hydrogen bonds are estimated using a combined XRD/DFT approach that provides the geometrical parameters within the margin of error of neutron diffraction studies. The energies of the non-covalent interactions are estimated on the base of the experimental electron density distribution function. It is shown that the structures of the adducts are governed by the NOH and OHO hydrogen bonds. In turn, C-H...O contacts and stacking interactions define the packing of the adducts in the crystal. On the other hand, it is important to note that the latter interactions affect the competition of the former hydrogen bonds in some 1:2 adducts.
Characterization of carbon dioxide separation membrane with polycation nano-layers
Authors: Funaoka Tatsuya , Daiko Yusuke , Mineshige Atsushi , Yazawa Tetsuo 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTUltrathin layers of positively charged poly(diallyl dimethylammonium) choloride (PDDA) and negatively charged poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were deposited on SiO2/ polyethylene glycol hybrid membranes via layer-by-layer assembly technique, and carbon dioxide absorption/separation properties were investigated. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements revealed that both PDDA and PSS nanocoatings have a good affinity for CO2 absorption. PDDA-deposited film shows about two times higher CO2 ideal gas selectivity compared with unmodified silica film.
Crystal Structure Change with Applied Electric Field for (100)/(001)-oriented Polycrystalline Lead Zirconate Titanate Films
Authors: Wada Ayumi , Ehara Yoshitaka , Yasui Shintaro , Oikawa Takahiro , Nakajima Mitsumasa , Wada Megu , Krishnan P. S. Sankara Rama , Okamura Soichiro , Nishida Ken , Yamamoto Takashi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Morioka Hitoshi , Funakubo Hiroshi 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTCrystal structure change with an applied electric field was investigated by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the 1 μm-thick (100)/(001) one-axis oriented tetragonal Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 films prepared on Pt-covered (100) Si substrates by chemical solution deposition technique. As-deposited films were under the strained condition in good agreement with the estimation from the thermal strain applied under the cooling process after the deposition from the Curie temperature to the room temperature. This strain was ascertained to be relaxed by an applied electric field in accompanying with the dramatic increase of the volume fraction of (001) orientation. These results demonstrate the importance of the crystal structure measurement not only as-deposited films, but also after applied electric field, such as after poling.
Highly efficient Synthesis of per-substituted amino-cyclodextrins under Microwave Irradiation in a closed Cavity
Authors: Cravotto Giancarlo , Martina Katia , Caporaso Marina , Heropoulos Georgios , Jicsinszky László 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTSynthetic chemists are paying ever more attention to enabling technologies as a means to opening the paths towards the double goal of achieving high efficiency and meeting green criteria. Non-conventional techniques that create unique environments which promote selective modification have been investigated by many as part of the search for more highly efficient synthetic derivatization of cyclodextrins (CD). A few optimized microwave-assisted protocols have so far been developed for the preparation of selective per-alkylated aminocyclodextrin. In this work, a series of β-CD derivatives, whose primary hydroxyls were all replaced by amino groups, has efficiently been synthesized from per-(6-iodo-6-deoxy)-β-CD via nucleophilic substitution with amines under microwave irradiation in closed vessel (N2 pressure). The reduction of per-(6-azido-6-deoxy)-β-CD to per-(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-CD via catalytic hydrogenation has also been successfully carried out under dielectric heating.
Increasing Polymer Solar Cell Active Layer Efficiency and Organization by Adding Gold-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Isseroff Rebecca , Chen Andrew , Chittabathini Sneha , Tse Alexandra , Pan Cheng , Goldman Benjamin , Li Hongfei , Akhavan Benjamin , Sokolov Jonathan , Rafailovich Miriam 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTRelatively low efficiency is one of the main obstacles to overcome in the engineering of organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which has high conductivity, has been proposed to enhance the function of PCBM in the interfacial dissociation of excitons, but incorporating it into the hydrophobic photoactive polymers has proved challenging. Here we describe a novel technique for incorporating Au nanoparticles (AuNp) into the structure of the RGO. The AuNps then interact with the sulfur groups on the photoactive polymer component, while the RGO interacts via π – π stacking with the chemically similar PCBM, thereby anchoring the complex to the polymer interface. Graphene oxide was synthesized and then reduced in the presence of a gold salt. The resulting gold-functionalized RGO (AuRGO) sheets were characterized using TGA, FTIR, and TEM. The AuRGO was not soluble in chlorobenzene; however, in the presence of P3HT, the AuRGO dissolved, suggesting a reaction between the gold and the sulfur of the P3HT via a metal-thiolate bond. At 2 mg/ml, AuRGO increased the solar cell efficiency approximately 50% over the control, but higher concentrations produced large, columnar structures which blocked the electrode from having a uniform contact with the active layer.
Shine and Hide: Biological Photonic Crystals on the Wings of Weevils
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , IJbema Natasja , Michielsen Kristel , De Raedt Hans , Stavenga Doekele G. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe body and elytra of the diamond weevil, Entimus imperialis, is studded with numerous brightly colored scales. The scales exhibit brilliant reflections because they contain unusually large diamond-type photonic crystals. The scales are concentrated in pits on the otherwise black elytra. This framing enhances the color contrast when the weevil is observed from nearby. From a distance the diamond weevil looks green, alike green foliage. Another weevil, Eupholus cuvieri, has also scales with green reflective photonic crystals, but here the scales are arranged closely apposed on the planar elytra. Both weevils use photonic crystals for camouflage, but the display methods are different.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Graphene Nanomeshes
Authors: Braga Mostério Newton Cunningham , Fonseca Alexandre F. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTGraphene possesses excellent mechanical, thermal and electronic properties, not to mention its optical transparency and chemical stability. Much effort has been made towards the control of its physical properties for technological applications. One way to achieve this control is by modifying graphene size and structure. Recently, in a search for the development of semiconducting graphene structures to be produced at large scale, a new structure called graphene nanomesh was synthesized by means of block copolymer lithography and other methods. Basically, a graphene nanomesh is a graphene structure made to possess a periodic array of nanoscale holes whose sizes and hole-to-hole (or neck) distances are considered as control parameters for its overall electronic properties. Although the electronic properties of graphene nanomeshes are being intensively studied, their mechanical properties are still to be investigated. This work, then, presents the first study of mechanical, structural and thermal properties of graphene nanomeshes as a function of hole and neck sizes, through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The dependence of the Young’s modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of graphene nanomeshes on the hole and neck sizes will be shown.
Neural Networks for Computational Chemistry: Pitfalls and Recommendations
Authors: Montavon Grégoire , Müller Klaus-Robert 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThere is a long history of using neural networks for function approximation in computational physics and chemistry. Despite their conceptual simplicity, the practitioner may face difficulties when it comes to putting them to work. This small guide intends to pinpoint some neural networks pitfalls, along with corresponding solutions to successfully realize function approximation tasks in physics, chemistry or other fields.
Atomistic observation of electron irradiation-induced defects in CeO2
Authors: Takaki Seiya , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Kutsuwada Masanori , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Matsumura Syo 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the atomistic structure of radiation-induced defects in CeO2 formed under 200 keV electron irradiation. Dislocation loops on {111} habit planes are observed, and they grow accompanying strong strain-field. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) observations with high angle annular dark-field (HAADF) and annular bright-field (ABF) imaging techniques showed that no additional Ce layers are inserted at the position of the dislocation loop, and that strong distortion and expansion is induced around the dislocation loops. These results are discussed that dislocation loops formed under electron irradiation are non-stoichiometric defects consist of oxygen interstitials.
High Temperature 2-D Millimeter-Wave Radiometry of Micro Grooved Nuclear Graphite
Authors: Woskov Paul P. , Sundaram S. K. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTA dual 137 GHz heterodyne radiometer system was used to study grooved nuclear grade graphite (SGL Group NBG17) inside an electric furnace from room temperature to 1250°C. The millimeter wave radiometer views were collinear with the electric field of one polarized parallel, and the other perpendicular, to the grooves. The anisotropic emissivity was readily detected for 100 μm wide grooves of various depths with a spacing period of 0.76 mm. The emissivity in the 500 – 1250°C temperature range was found to be 5.1 ± 0.5% when the E-field was parallel to the grooves and a factor of 2 – 4 higher, depending on groove depth, in the perpendicular direction. The parallel surface emissivity which was identical to ungrooved surface emissivity corresponded to a 137 GHz surface resistance of 5.3 Ohms, which is about 2.5 times higher than the value predicted from frequency scaling dc surface resistance. The perpendicular emissivity had a modulation with groove depth at odd integral multiples of ¼λ, predicted by electromagnetic finite difference time domain analysis.
3D Computational Simulation of Multi-Impact Shot Peening
Authors: Solórzano-López Juan , García-Pastor Francisco Alfredo 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTShot peening is a widely applied surface treatment in a number of manufacturing processes in several industries including automotive, mechanical and aeronautical. This surface treatment is used with the aim of increasing surface toughness and extending fatigue life. The increased performance during fatigue testing of the peened components is mainly the result of the sub-surface compressive residual stress field resulting from the plastic deformation of the surface layers of the target material, caused by the high-velocity impact of the shot. This compressive residual stress field hinders the propagation and coalescence of cracks during the second stage of fatigue testing, effectively increasing the fatigue life well beyond the expected life of a non-peened component.This paper describes a 3D computational model of spherical projectiles impacting simultaneously upon a flat surface. The multi-impact model was developed in ABAQUS/Explicit using finite element method (FEM) and taking into account controlling parameters such as the velocity of the projectiles, their incidence angle and different impact locations in the target surface. Additionally, a parametric study of the physical properties of the target material was carried out in order to assess the effect of temperature on the residual stress field.The simulation has been able to successfully represent a multi-impact processing scenario, showing the indentation caused by each individual shot, as well as the residual stress field for each impact and the interaction between each one of them. It has been found that there is a beneficial effect on the residual stress field magnitude when shot peening is carried out at a relatively high temperature. The results are discussed in terms of the current shot-peening practice in the local industry and the leading edge developments of new peening technologies. Finally, an improved and affordable processing route to increase the fatigue life of automotive components is suggested.
Study of Aluminum Degasification with Impeller-Injector Assisted by Physical Modeling
Authors: Hernández-Hernández M. , Ramos-Gómez E. A. , Ramírez-Argáez M. A. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTA full-scale water physical model of a degassing unit is built and used to evaluate the performance of several impeller designs. Four impeller designs are tested: a) one smooth not commercial impeller for reference purposes, b) a commercial design by FOSECO®, called standard impeller in this work, c) a commercial design by FOSECO® with notches, and d) a new design proposed in this work. Since the physical model is easy and safe to operate, a full experimental design is performed to evaluate the effect of the most important process variables, such as impeller rotating speed, gas flow rate, impeller design and the point of gas injection (a conventional gas injection through the shaft and a novel method of injecting gas through the bottom of the ladle) on the kinetics of oxygen desorption of water which is similar to dehydrogenation of liquid aluminum. The new design of impeller proposed in this work shows the best performance in degassing of all impellers tested in this study. It is found that the rotor speed and its design are the most significant variables affecting degassing kinetics, and therefore the analysis of the existing commercial impeller designs may be useful to optimize the fluid dynamics of the process, which in turn would increase efficiency and productivity of the process. Finally, the novel gas injection method through the bottom, proposed by our own group, presents slightly faster degassing kinetics than the conventional injection of purge gas in the conventional way through the impeller.
Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 / WO3 / FTO Multi-layer Structures Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Deposition
Authors: Maeda Masahiko , Horikawa Takahiro 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTVisible-light photocatalytic property of TiO2 / WO3 / FTO multi-layer structure was investigated. In this structure, the visible-light absorption takes place in the WO3 layer, and generated electrons and holes diffuse into the FTO and TiO2 layers, respectively. The holes diffused into the valence band of the TiO2 layer produce the hydroxyl radicals due to oxidation of H2O and/or OH− adsorbed on the TiO2 surface. The FTO bottom layer, which acts as a scavenger of electrons, contributes to an effective charge separation. As a result, the visible-light photocatalysis is enhanced in this structure.
Electron spin flip scattering in graphene due to substrate impurities
Authors: Goswami Aditi , Liu Yue , Liu Feilong , Paul Ruden P. , Smith Darryl L. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTGraphene is a promising material for electronic and spintronic applications due to its high carrier mobility and low intrinsic spin-orbit interaction. However, extrinsic effects may easily dominate intrinsic scattering mechanisms. The scattering mechanisms investigated here are associated non-magnetic, charged impurities in the substrate (e.g. SiO2) beneath the graphene layer. Such impurities cause an electric field that extends through the graphene and has a non-vanishing perpendicular component. Consequently, the impurity, in addition to the conventional elastic, spin-conserving scattering can give rise to spin-flip processes. The latter is a consequence of a spatially varying Rashba spin-orbit interaction caused by the electric field of the impurity in the substrate. Scattering cross-sections are calculated and, for assumed impurity distributions, relaxation times are estimated.
Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas
Authors: Kreiger M. , Anzalone G. C. , Mulder M. L. , Glover A. , Pearce J. M 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough the environmental benefits of recycling plastics are well established and most geographic locations within the U.S. offer some plastic recycling, recycling rates are often low. Low recycling rates are often observed in conventional centralized recycling plants due to the challenge of collection and transportation for high-volume low-weight polymers. The recycling rates decline further when low population density, rural and relatively isolated communities are investigated because of the distance to recycling centers makes recycling difficult and both economically and energetically inefficient. The recent development of a class of open source hardware tools (e.g. RecycleBots) able to convert post-consumer plastic waste to polymer filament for 3-D printing offer a means to increase recycling rates by enabling distributed recycling. In addition, to reducing the amount of plastic disposed of in landfills, distributed recycling may also provide low-income families a means to supplement their income with domestic production of small plastic goods. This study investigates the environmental impacts of polymer recycling. A life-cycle analysis (LCA) for centralized plastic recycling is compared to the implementation of distributed recycling in rural areas. Environmental impact of both recycling scenarios is quantified in terms of energy use per unit mass of recycled plastic. A sensitivity analysis is used to determine the environmental impacts of both systems as a function of distance to recycling centers. The results of this LCA study indicate that distributed recycling of HDPE for rural regions is energetically favorable to either using virgin resin or conventional recycling processes. This study indicates that the technical progress in solar photovoltaic devices, open-source 3-D printing and polymer filament extrusion have made distributed polymer recycling and upcycling technically viable.