bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Heat Transfer in Serpentine Shaped Microchannel Using Al2O3/Water Nanofluid
Authors: Sivakumar [Research scholar] A. , Alagumurthi N. , Senthilvelan T. 
Published: November 2014

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the maximum heat transfer in a serpentine shaped microchannel by varying the hydraulic diameter, flow rates and with influence of Al2O3 nanofluid. Microconvection is an important area in heat transport phenomena. Surface area is one of the important factors in high heat transfer in a microchannel heat exchanger. In this study, serpentine shaped microchannels of hydraulic diameters 810, 830, 860, and 890 μm are analyzed for the optimizing the hydraulic diameter to get enhanced thermal performance of the microchannel. A copper material microchannel having length a of 70 mm is used. Flow rate also varied from 1 lpm (Litres per minute) to 3.5 lpm for optimization with nanofluid as a medium. From numerical study it is observed that as the hydraulic diameter decreases from 890 μm to 810 μm the pressure drop increases with a decrease in hydraulic diameter. Also as heat input to the microchannel increases from 5 watts to 70 watts. From analysis it is observed that the hydraulic diameter of the microchannel is a major factor in microchannel heat transfer which is dependent on flow rate of fluid in the microchannel. The results also show that suspended Al2O3 nanoparticles in fluids have enhanced heat transfer when compared to the base fluid.
In‐vitro investigations on laser‐induced smoke generation mimicking the laparoscopic laser surgery purposes
Authors: Khoder Wael Y. , Stief Christian G. , Fiedler Sebastian , Pongratz Thomas , Beyer Wolfgang , Hennig Georg , Rühm Adrian , Sroka Ronald 
Published: November 2014

Intraoperative smoke‐generation limits the quality of vision during laparoscopic/endoscopic laser‐assisted surgeries. The current study aimed at the evaluation of factors affecting this phenomenon. As a first step, a suitable experimental setup and a test tissue model were established for this investigation. The experimental setup is composed of a specific sample container, a laser therapy component suitable for the ablation of model tissue at different treatment wavelengths (λ = 980 nm, 1350 nm, 1470 nm), a suction unit providing continuous smoke extraction, and a detection unit for smoke quantification via detection of light (λ = 633 nm) scattered from smoke particles. The ablation rate (AR) was calculated by dividing the ablated volume by the ablation time (60 sec). The laser‐induced scattering signal intensity of the smoke (SI) was determined from time‐charts of the signal intensity as a measure for vision, in addition a delay‐time tdelay could be derived defining the onset of SI after the laser was switched on. The ratio SI/AR is used as a measure for smoke generation in relation to the ablation rate. Additionally the light transmission of the tissue samples was used to estimate their optical properties. In this set‐up, smoke generation using λ = 980 nm as ablation laser wavelength was detected after a delay‐time tdelay = (121.6 ± 24.8) sec which is significantly longer compared to the wavelengths λ = 1350 nm with tdelay = (89.8 ± 19.3) sec and λ = 1470 nm with tdelay = (24.7 ± 5.4) sec. Thus, the delay
Experimental set‐up consisting of sample container, laser therapy component, suction unit and scattered‐light detection compartment.time is wavelength‐dependent. The SI/AR ratio was significantly different (p < 0.001) for 1470 nm irradiation compared to 980 nm irradiation [SI/AR(1470) = (11.8 ± 2.6) · 103 vs. SI/AR(980) = (8.6 ± 2.0) · 103]. The ablation crater for 980 nm irradiation was comparable with 1470 nm irradiation, but the coagulation rim was thicker in the 980 nm case. In conclusion, it could be shown experimentally that smoke‐generation depends on the wavelength used for laser ablation.magnified imageExperimental set‐up consisting of sample container, laser therapy component, suction unit and scattered‐light detection compartment.time is wavelength‐dependent. The SI/AR ratio was significantly different (p < 0.001) for 1470 nm irradiation compared to 980 nm irradiation [SI/AR(1470) = (11.8 ± 2.6) · 103 vs. SI/AR(980) = (8.6 ± 2.0) · 103]. The ablation crater for 980 nm irradiation was comparable with 1470 nm irradiation, but the coagulation rim was thicker in the 980 nm case. In conclusion, it could be shown experimentally that smoke‐generation depends on the wavelength used for laser ablation.
Females remate more frequently when mated with sperm‐deficient males
Authors: Friesen Christopher R. , Uhrig Emily J. , Mason Robert T. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPolyandry is a source of sexual conflict and males often try to limit female promiscuity. Consequently, male manipulation of receptivity via antiaphrodisiacs and copulatory plugs that prevent female remating can be a source of sexual conflict. This sexual conflict may be intensified when females must remate for fertility insurance. Male red‐sided garter snakes produce a large, gelatinous copulatory plug that has been proposed to 1) physically prevent remating and 2) contain an antiaphrodisiac that reduces female receptivity. These males may become sperm depleted because of their dissociated reproductive pattern. If a female mates with a sperm deficient male and is also rendered unreceptive to further mating, then this represents a serious conflict. We tested whether female remating frequency is affected when females are mated with a male that produces a sperm‐less copulatory plug. We show that females are significantly more likely to remate after mating with vasectomized males than intact males, even though vasectomized males still produce a copulatory plug. These results suggest that the ejaculate material of the plug does not contain an antiaphrodisiac. Instead, females may use sperm as a cue for post‐copulatory mate assessment and seek to remate for the direct benefit of fertility insurance if they have mated with sperm‐depleted males. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 603–609, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of different tumbling marinade treatments on the water status and protein properties of prepared pork chops
Authors: Gao Tian , Li Jiaolong , Zhang Lin , Jiang Yun , Song Lei , Ma Ruixue , Gao Feng , Zhou Guanghong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecently, in consideration of the rapidly increasing demand for meat products and the trend towards fast food consumption, the prepared boneless pork chop, as a new style of value‐added product, is cut from pork loins and welcomed by consumers after marinating or further cooking. The effect of different tumbling marinade treatments (control group, CG; conventional static marinade, SM; vacuum continuous tumbling marinade, CT; vacuum intermittent tumbling marinade, IT) on the water status and protein properties of prepared pork chops was investigated.RESULTSThe CT treatment significantly increased T22 peak area ratio compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). Histological microstructure results showed that CT treatment significantly increased solubility of salt‐soluble proteins and decreased muscle fiber diameter compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). The net enthalpy (ΔH) of IT treatment was significantly lower than SM treatment (P < 0.05), whereas the protein denaturation temperature (Tm3) and ΔH3 of CT treatment were lower than IT treatment.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that CT treatment was more effective in improving the water mobility and distribution, promoting the denaturation of muscle protein and accelerating the marinade efficiency of pork chops compared with other treatments. Thus CT treatment should be adopted. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Remote Welding of Fillet Seams
Authors: Vogl Wolfgang , Oefele Florian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractScanner‐based remote welding is an established and highly efficient technique in production of car hang‐on parts and seats. However — without appropriate seam tracking — current scanner systems are constrained to welding of overlap joints only. While overlap joints are insensitive to position errors, the highly position‐critical fillet seams would allow smaller flanges and other process advantages, such as zero gap welding of galvanized material. In order to extend the application scope of remote welding to fillet seams, a fully coaxial approach for seam tracking through scan heads has been jointly developed. The system has been qualified for industrial use and implemented in serial production of BMW Mini doors.
Diode Lasers and Remote Welding
Authors: Luft Axel , Stittgen Tobias 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFor more than thirteen years, diode lasers are used in series body manufacturing. The first diode laser was installed for brazing tailgates in the Audi A3 in 2001. While nowadays diode lasers in car‐body construction are the industry standard for brazing, cutting and welding of aluminum and steel, a new promising technology in bodyshell work emerges: remote laser welding. What are the main advantages of this technology? What are potential applications? How can fiber‐coupled, high power diode lasers create added value in body‐in‐white (BIW) remote‐welding applications?
In vivo analysis of the vascular pattern of the superficial temporal artery based on digital subtraction angiography
Authors: Medved Fabian , Manoli Theodora , Medesan Raluca , Janghorban Esfahani Babak , Stahl Stéphane , Schaller Hans‐Eberhard , Brodoefel Harald , Ernemann Ulrike , Korn Andreas 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundExisting anatomic descriptions of the superficial temporal artery (STA) are mainly based on cadaver studies and do not accurately reflect the in vivo situation. In this study, the anatomical course and branching pattern of the STA were analyzed with digital subtraction angiographies (DSAs).MethodsDSAs of 93 Caucasian individuals between 16‐ and 79‐years old were retrospectively analyzed regarding the course and branching pattern of the STA as well as surgically relevant inner diameters and lengths of its main branches.ResultsIn total, 11 variations in the branching pattern of the terminal STA were found. About 89% of the examined individuals demonstrated the classic variation in which the main trunk of the STA bifurcates into a single frontal and parietal branch. In 60% of cases with an existing bifurcation, the division of the main trunk of the STA was located above the zygoma. The mean inner diameters of the STA main trunk, the frontal branch and the parietal branch were 2.4 ± 0.6 mm, 1.3 ± 0.6 mm and 1.2 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. The surgically relevant “working lengths” of the frontal and parietal branches above the upper margin of the zygoma up to an inner diameter of 1 mm were 106.4 ± 62.1mm and 99.7 ± 40.9 mm, respectively.ConclusionsThe common variations of the branching pattern of the STA are described in this study. Furthermore, surgically relevant inner diameters and lengths of the main branches of the STA are determined. These findings should improve our understanding of the suitability and usefulness of the STA for various surgical procedures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:380–386, 2015.
Comparison between simulated decoupling regimes for specific absorption rate prediction in parallel transmit MRI
Authors: Beqiri Arian , Hand Jeffrey W. , Hajnal Joseph V. , Malik Shaihan J. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe use of electromagnetic (EM) modeling is critical for specific absorption rate (SAR) characterization in parallel transmission MRI. Radiofrequency arrays that include decoupling networks can be difficult to characterize accurately in simulation. A practical method of simplifying modeling is to exclude the decoupling networks and model each transmit element in isolation. Results from this type of model can be related to a real device by applying “active decoupling” to the real device to suppress residual coupling when in use. Here, we compare this approach with a full model that includes decoupling networks.MethodsEM simulations for a variety of adult male voxel models placed within an eight‐channel transverse electromagnetic (TEM) array tuned for 3 Tesla operation were run with and without decoupling networks included. The resulting EM fields and SAR estimates were compared using basic normalization, and simulated active decoupling.ResultsModeling the transmit elements independently leads to variations which have significantly different SAR estimates of ∼20% on average compared with the full model if not normalized appropriately. After “active decoupling,” SAR was still generally seen to be overestimated by ∼7% with independent channel modeling; despite having similar B1+ field distributions.ConclusionModeling transmission elements independently may lead to substantially incorrect SAR estimates if the corresponding MRI system is not run in an analogous manner. Magn Reson Med 74:1423–1434, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surfen auf der Plasmawelle
Authors: Kaluza Malte 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHochleistungslaser ermöglichen es inzwischen, relativistische Elektronenpulse mit bemerkenswerten Eigenschaften zu erzeugen. Neben der äußerst kurzen Beschleunigungslänge sind vor allem die kleine Quellgröße und auch die kurze Pulsdauer interessant. Mit diesen Elektronenpulsen lässt sich zudem elektromagnetische Sekundärstrahlung im Kiloelektronenvolt‐Bereich erzeugen. Mit dieser Röntgenstrahlung würden auch Universitäten relativ kompakte Röntgenquellen zur Verfügung stehen, mit denen sich Effekte beobachten lassen, die auf äußerst kurzen räumlichen und zeitlichen Skalen ablaufen. Momentan ist diese Art von Forschung nur an großen, konventionellen Synchrotron‐Beschleunigern möglich.
Der durchleuchtete Kristall
Authors: Jacobi Manfred 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDen Physik‐Nobelpreis 1914 erhielt Max von Laue (1879–1960) “für seine Entdeckung der Beugung von Röntgenstrahlen beim Durchgang durch Kristalle.” Damit hatte er die Welleneigenschaften von Röntgenstrahlen nachgewiesen und gleichzeitig eine bahnbrechende Methode zur Untersuchung von Festkörpern entwickelt.
Farbmischung mit RGB Color Mixer
Authors: Gößling Alexander 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie Android‐App RGB Color Mixer ermöglicht es, die menschliche Farbwahrnehmung eingehend zu untersuchen. Hierbei ist das Smartphone nicht nur Mess‐ oder Simulationswerkzeug, sondern wird selbst Gegenstand der Untersuchung.
Simulation of Active Layer Dynamics, Upper Kolyma, Russia, using the Hydrograph Hydrological Model
Authors: Lebedeva Liudmila , Semenova Olga , Vinogradova Tatyana 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTFreeze/thaw simulations were performed for seven permafrost sites at the Kolyma Water Balance Station (KWBS), northeast Russia, using the hydrological model Hydrograph equipped with a heat transfer analytical solution that accounts for soil profile phase changes. The study sites include slopes and plateaus with thaw depths of 0.5 to 1.8 m. Landscape conditions are characterised as rocky talus, mountain tundra with dwarf tree brush, moss‐lichen cover and sparse‐growth forest or larch forest. Soil horizons are distinguished as moss‐lichen cover, peat layer, clay with a high stone content and weathered clayey shale. Schematisation of soil‐vegetation profiles and model parameters were developed for each landscape. Parameterised model output was verified using time series of observed active layer thickness for the period of 1950 to 1990. The simulated values agree well with the observed values at the study sites. The results suggest that the soil profile schematisation and model parameters, along with the proposed algorithm of heat transfer, effectively simulate active layer dynamics under various landscape conditions at the KWBS and are suitable for hydrological modelling in the permafrost zone. The modelling efforts and results are highly relevant because the natural conditions at the KWBS are representative of large areas of northeastern Russia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference ranges for shape indices of the flow‐volume loop of healthy children
Authors: Nève Véronique , Edmé Jean‐Louis , Baquet Georges , Matran Régis 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe concavity of the descending limb of the maximum expiratory flow‐volume loop (MEFVL) is the earliest change associated with airflow obstruction in small airways (ATS/ERS Task Force). The shape of the MEFVL changes with age but there are no reference values for shape indices for preschool and school children. Objectives: To define pediatric reference values for spirometric data and 3 shape indices of MEFVL: 2 geometric indices: the β angle i.e., the angle between the first ½ part and the 2nd part of the MEFVL and the forced expiratory flow after 50% of the forced vital capacity (FVC) has been exhaled/peak expiratory flow (FEF50/PEF) ratio; and a ratio that describes relative growth between airway and lung parenchyma, the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC/FVC ratio (FEF25–75/FVC ratio). Methods: Data were obtained from 446 Caucasian children (2.5 to 15‐year‐old). The lambda, mu, sigma method was applied. Results: References for spirometric parameters and 3 shape indices. The geometric indices decreased with age from 3 years of age (mean β angle was 215° and FEF50/PEF ratio was 0.82) until 8 years of age (mean β angle was 191° and FEF50/PEF ratio was 0.60) and then remained constant. The FEF25–75/FVC ratio also decreased with age. Sex was a significant determinant for FEF25–75/FVC ratio predicted values. Conclusions: This study provides standard reference equations for indices of mid‐expiratory flows in children and we suggest using the FEF50/PEF index. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1017–1024. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A distributed scheme for row‐based computational private information retrieval
Authors: Zhu Hong , Wang Zhipeng , Lü Kevin , Xie Meiyi , Zou Xiang , Chen Bing 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPrivate information retrieval (PIR) is a technique for clients to retrieve data from database while hiding the identity of data. Existing PIR schemes are impractical because of the expensive cost for complete privacy. In this paper, we propose a flexible, distributed scheme for PIR. First, a new protocol row‐based computational PIR (Robac‐PIR) is designed to make a trade‐off between privacy and efficiency. Second, we apply Robac‐PIR in a distributed system to further lower the computational cost. We implement the scheme, and the results show it has a good performance and can also provide the trade‐off. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re: Assessment of fetal midbrain and hindbrain in mid‐sagittal cranial plane by three‐dimensional multiplanar sonography
Authors: Garel C. 
Published: November 2014

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 44: 575–580Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 44: 581–587
A critical examination of the consumption‐based accounting approach: has the blaming of consumers gone too far?
Authors: Liu Lee 
Published: November 2014

A series of studies has recently used emissions embodied in net imports (EENI) to argue for the consumption‐based accounting (CBA) approach. These publications have been generating much attention from the media and academia for ‘providing an opportunity to inform effective climate policy’. However, policymakers must be cautious when considering if CBA can be used to replace or just to supplement current practice of production‐based accounting (PBA). Terms such as ‘carbon leakage’, ‘emissions transfers’, and ‘CO2 outsourcing’ have been uncritically overused as there is little evidence that EENI is the result of climate policy. Furthermore, CBA overlooks ‘insourcing’ of polluting industries by producing regions when blaming consumers for emissions. To avoid misinformation, EENI should be called just that. CBA's practicality is limited as it involves more data‐intensive calculations and higher transaction costs than PBA. The success of CBA will rely on consumers to put pressure on producers. Eventually, it is still producers that need to reduce emissions. PBA is more practical by directly placing pressure on producers along with environmental laws and regulations. CBA will be counter‐productive to global emissions control if producers increase emissions due to reduced responsibility over the emissions incurred by the production of their exports. However, CBA could be used to persuade consumers to choose low‐emissions products, support producers' sustainability efforts, and reduce nonbasic consumption. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:1–8. doi: 10.1002/wcc.325This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
Women Creating Public Art and Community, 2000–2014
Authors: Mulvey Anne , Egan Irene M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis narrative describes a series of 15 short‐term public art projects that were part of a program for women and girls in Lowell, Massachusetts, a mid‐size city in the United States. The projects were designed to give public space to women’s stories and perspectives by exhibiting their creative art in response to suggested themes. A few thousand women and girls representing diverse age and cultural groups created art based on their lived experiences. The organizers of the program met people in comfortable settings, tailored their art‐making approaches to particular groups, and used inclusive processes in developing and executing the program. Program successes and challenges were related to the organizational structure of the art projects, the annual themes and art media, the extent of outreach and support, the process of creation, and the impact of art exhibits. Using community psychology and feminist frameworks, authors reflect on the projects and their relevance across contexts, highlight key organizing strategies, and identify ways the project represents community psychology in action.
Talin Dependent Mechanosensitivity of Cell Focal Adhesions
Authors: Yan Jie , Yao Mingxi , Goult Benjamin T. , Sheetz Michael P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A fundamental question in mechanobiology is how mechanical stimuli are sensed by mechanosensing proteins and converted into signals that direct cells to adapt to the external environment. A key function of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is to transduce mechanical forces between cells and their extracellular environment. Talin, a cytoplasmic adapter essential for integrin-mediated adhesion to the ECM, links the actin cytoskeleton to integrin at the plasma membrane. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of talin-dependent mechanosensing revealed by stretching single talin molecules. Rapid progress in single-molecule force manipulation technologies has made it possible to directly study the impact of mechanical force on talin’s conformations and its interactions with other signaling proteins. We also provide our views on how findings from such studies may bring new insights into understanding the principles of mechanobiology on a broader scale, and how such fundamental knowledge may be harnessed for mechanopharmacology.
LIFE INSURANCE AND PENSION CONTRACTS I: THE TIME ADDITIVE LIFE CYCLE MODEL
Authors: Aase Knut K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe analyze optimal consumption in the life cycle model by introducing life and pension insurance contracts. The model contains a credit market with biometric risk, and market risk via risky securities. This idealized framework enables us to clarify important aspects of life insurance and pension contracts. We find optimal pension plans and life insurance contracts where the benefits are state dependent. We compare these solutions both to the ones of standard actuarial theory, and to policies offered in practice. Implications of this include what role the insurance industry may play to improve welfare. The relationship between substitution of consumption and risk aversion is highlighted in the presence of a consumption puzzle. One problem related portfolio choice is discussed the horizon problem. Finally, we present some comments on longevity risk and cohort risk.