bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In such a lonely history, what on earth are we afraid of?: On attempts to imagine being in the past as being in the present and being in the future
Authors: Ding Liu , Lu Carol Yinghua 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This article presents the text of a paper given by the curator and writer Carol Yinghua Lu and the artist and writer Liu Ding at Shadows: Attempts at Re-examination and Re-evaluation of Socialist Realism in the Practice and Discourse of Art in China from 1950 to the Present, a seminar held at Tate Modern in London on 4 December 2013. The seminar, which was staged as part of Lu’s residence as the first Visiting Fellow at the Tate Research Centre: Asia-Pacific in 2013, was supported by Tate and the Centre for Contemporary East-Asian Cultural Studies at the University of Nottingham. Lu and Liu’s paper, which is published without significant editorial intervention, discusses the pair’s struggle to develop a critical, research-led history of contemporary art in China in the face of significant public criticism from established art historians and critics.
M1 Stage Subdivision and Treatment Outcome of Patients With Bone-Only Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Shen Lujun , Dong Jun , Li Sheng , Wang Yue , Dong Annan , Shu Wanhong , Wu Ming , Pan Changchuan , Xia Yunfei , Wu Peihong 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background.
The current M1 stage in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) does not differentiate patients based on metastatic site and number of metastases. This study aims to subdivide the M1 stage of NPC patients with bone-only metastases and to identify the patients who may benefit from combined chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods.
Between 1998 and 2007, 312 patients diagnosed with bone-only metastasis at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were enrolled. Various possible subdivisions of M1 stage were considered, including by the time order of metastasis (synchronous vs. metachronous), involvement of specific bone metastatic site, the number of metastatic sites, and the number of metastases. The correlation of the subdivisions of M1 stage with overall survival (OS) was determined by Cox regression.

Results.
The median OS was 23.4 months. Patients with more than three metastatic sites had significantly poorer OS than patients with three or fewer metastatic sites (16.2 vs. 32.4 months; p &lt; .001). Metastasis to the spine was significantly associated with unfavorable OS (20.4 vs. 37.9 months; p &lt; .001). Multivariate analysis showed that number of metastatic sites (more than three vs. three or fewer), spine involvement (present vs. absent), and treatment modality (CRT vs. chemotherapy or radiotherapy only) were independent prognostic factors for OS. In stratified analysis, compared with chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone, combined chemoradiotherapy could significantly benefit the patients with single bone metastasis (hazard ratio: 0.21; 95% confidence interval: 0.09–0.50).

Conclusion.
Metastasis to the spine and having more than three bone metastatic sites are independent unfavorable predictors for OS in NPC patients with bone-only metastasis. Combined chemoradiotherapy should be considered for patients with single bone metastasis.
Complex Decisions for First-Line and Maintenance Treatment of Advanced Wild-Type Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Gentzler Ryan D. , Johnson Melissa L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Until recently, the first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) required minimal clinical decision making. Patients who were eligible for chemotherapy received a platinum-based doublet, and 5-year survival rates were poor. With the advent of molecularly targeted agents and better tolerated chemotherapies—namely, bevacizumab, erlotinib, and pemetrexed—new therapeutic opportunities have emerged. Some of the strategies that have proven to be successful for the treatment of patients with NSCLC are targeting of the vascular endothelial growth factor, use of maintenance chemotherapy for patients without progression of disease after initial therapy, and tailoring of cytotoxic agents specific to the histology of an individual patient's cancer. Each approach has been independently shown to improve overall survival, but integrating the data from a number of complicated trials into the “best” approach for patients remains challenging. This review attempts to address three fundamental questions clinicians face in choosing first-line and maintenance treatment for advanced NSCLC, particularly nonsquamous histology: Is pemetrexed or a taxane agent better for combination with platinum therapy? Should bevacizumab be used, and is it beneficial when added to pemetrexed chemotherapy? When is maintenance therapy indicated, and which agent is best?
Zum Wandel von Krieg und Kriegslegitimation in der Neuzeit
Authors: Langewiesche Dieter 
Published: February 2015

On the Transformation of War and its Legitimation in Modern Times The history of war in the twentieth century is characterised by two overriding developments. 1. The state's monopoly over war declined. 2. The separation between combatants and the civilian population was systematically undermined. Thus two important developments that had been under way since the seventeenth century were put into reverse. The article first discusses the typical war of the twentieth century: namely the asymmetrical war. Then the anthropological factors common to the situation of human beings at war are summarised. The main part of the article recounts how in Europe wars for the purpose of state-building have been acknowledged as legitimate ever since the Middle Ages. But around 1800 the idea of the nation as the embodiment of the principle of legitimacy reached new heights, signifying a major international turning-point in the history of the legitimation of war. From then on the concept of a people's war or a national war dominated political thinking, though wars in Europe during the nineteenth century would henceforth be managed according to the tradition of ‹limited› war – one of the important achievements of that century in thinking about questions of nationality.
Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Braida Lodovica 
Published: February 2015

Censorship and Book Circulation in Eighteenth-Century Italy During the eighteenth century some Italian governments changed the regulations concerning censorship, and asserted the state's role in the control of the production and circulation of books. Paradoxically, the existence of different regulations for censorship in Italy revealed itself to be an instrument of corrosion of the control mechanisms by making the access to forbidden books less difficult than in countries in which there was a centralized control system. In the years comprised between the 1760s and the 1780s there had indeed been transformations similar to those of other European countries, pointing towards that «revolution in readership » which had increased the occasions for having access to books; multipling the number of readers, discovering a new public, which was to have great importance especially in the nineteenth century: women readers, which publishers addressed with fashion journals and almanacs. In some Italian cities the opportunities to read had increased in the eighteenth century: in public libraries, in coffee houses, in literary societies, in the cabinets de lecture books and newspapers could be browsed and read without having to buy them. The urban guidebooks and the récits de voyage of foreign travellers (as the Spanish Jesuit Juan Andrés, and as Jerôme de de Lalande, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) are important sources that provide informations about cultural transformations as the opening of libraries, book collections both privat and public, for the selected public and the opening of new reading occasions for a wider public.
«Keines unserer Leben ist verschwendet, wenn wir auf dem Schlachtfeld sterben.» Militärausstellungen und Erinnerungsfeste im Japan der frühen Shōwa-Zeit
Authors: Hedinger Daniel 
Published: February 2015

«None of Our Lives are wasted, if We Die on the Field of Battle.» Military Exhibitions and Memory Celebrations in Early Shōwa Japan Exhibitions and enshrining ceremonies at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo were the dominant form of festivals in early Shōwa-Japan (1926–1945). The changeover of the Empire to a dictatorship, which has to be characterized – despite all criticism concerning this term – as fascistic, becomes manifest in the development of the two festivals since the 1920s. They started to be dominated by the military in the 1930s as the appearance of national defence exhibitions and the increasing emotionality of the celebrations at the Yasukuni Shrine demonstrate. In the process of militarization of the 1930s the two festivals played a major role. The exhibitions were used for the educational preparation of the war; and the festivals for the dead soldiers at the Yasukuni gave their sacrifice a deeper sense. In the 1930s and ’40s a radical functional change of both festivals occurred that highlights the ritual hegemony of the military during the two decades.
Die Feste der Macht und die Macht der Feste Fest und Diktatur – zur Einleitung
Authors: Rolf Malte 
Published: February 2015

Festivals of the Power and the Power of Festivals Festivals and Dictatorship – Introduction In their own time dictatorships and festivals were often seen as intricately intertwined. Many observers later followed this line of interpretation. According to historians, the mass festivals in Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Stalinist Russia, and the Eastern European «people's democracies» encapsulate the mobilizing character of 20th century dictatorships. This article provides an overview of these approaches and sketches the areas of research most active today. It views celebrations both as displays representing the political regimes and as instruments used to forge the participants into new persons. On the one hand festivals communicated cultural norms, on the other they were meant to instill the regime's regulations via repetitive, ritualized performance. The article further focuses on the mechanisms of festival production, including the apparatus and historical actors involved. It shows that festivals never conformed entirely to the propagandists’ blueprints but rather were the result of cultural interaction, producing a hybrid festival culture. In conclusion the article touches on questions of cross-cultural comparison and the transfer of festival styles and know-how between different dictatorial regimes.
Agrarische Transition und industrielle Krise. Anti-Modernismus in Europa in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Mai Gunther 
Published: February 2015

Agrarian Transition and Industrial Crisis. Antimodernism in Europe in the First Half of the 20th century Agrarian transition is the phase when an agrarian society changes into an industrial one and both formations are in a state of social and especially cultural equilibrium. In Europe (and in the United States, Latin America, and Japan) transition was coeval with a dual crisis – on the one hand the worldwide agrarian crisis since the 1870s and on the other hand the «Great Depression» and global economic crisis. The «traditionalists» developed a ruralist ideology against de-agrarianization («agrarianism») while the «modernists» revised their belief in progress. Both ideological approaches converged in their search for paths to an «alternative modernity» that would combine (if necessary, by force) both principles.
Johann Sebastian Bach zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich. Konstruktion und Zurückweisung einer nationalen Identifikationsfigur
Authors: Hinrichsen Hans-Joachim 
Published: February 2015

Johann Sebastian Bach between Germany and France: The Construction and Demarcation of a National Hero In spite of a long lasting legend, Johann Sebastian Bach was never completely forgotten after his death. Nevertheless he was not publicly discovered as a composer of «great» music until the Berlin performance of the Matthäus-Passion in 1829. The reception of his music was shaped by the fact that his OEuvre did not include socalled universal works which dominated the musical life of the period (Symphonies, Operas). Like the instrumental works of Beethoven, Bach's great vocal compositions became in the German States a focal point of semi-religious and nationalistic musical reception. Emphasising Bach's «Germanness» in the public debates turned out to hinder his reception in various European countries. An assessment of Bach's music without anti-German prejudices was nearly impossible especially in Italy until the end of the 19th century. The reception of his music in France was characterised by the sophisticated construction of a French Catholic image of Bach to mark the differences to the exclusive German and Protestant constructions of Bach.
Das Europa der Nationalkulturen. Die Nationalisierung und Europäisierung der Oper im «langen» 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Ther Philipp 
Published: February 2015

The Europe of National Cultures. National and European Dimensions of Opera during the «long» 19th Century During the 1830s and 1840s music was used by national movements in Central and Eastern Europe as a medium of nation-building. With the help of cultural associations and institutions this process shaped especially the musical practices, the repertoire and the reception of opera. «National» musical styles were canonised because of the international reception of particular pieces. This process is analysed here in a comparative perspective and within the conceptualisation of cultural transfers between Western, Central and Eastern Europe. In the course of the last third of the 19th Century an intensified exchange between national musical cultures converged in the repertoire and the reception of operas and thereby in the establishment of a common European cultural practice.
Rezeption und Einfluss der American Constitution in den deutschen Verfassungsdebatten, 1789 bis 1949
Authors: Fröschl Thomas 
Published: February 2015

Perception and Impact of the American Constitution on German Constitutional Debates, 1789–1949 This article considers the impact of the American federal constitution of 1787 on German constitutional debates. Its prime chronological focus is on the nineteenth century, as this time period has so far received relatively little systematic scholarly attention. The article examines both the political rhetoric that emphasised – and often exaggerated – American influences and the practical impact these debates had on constitutions in German-speaking countries. The article highlights the extreme complexity of such developments, with very widely different perceptions of what ‹America› stood for, being used as a reference point in constitutional debates. The direct impact of American constitutional thinking on the structure and design of constitutions in German countries remained, however, very limited. It was only after the unconditional surrender of National Socialist Germany that a constitutional order emerged in the Federal Republic in 1949 that embodied significant elements of American (or more generally ‹Western›) constitutional thought, most importantly in the provisions for ‹basic rights› and a Federal Constitutional Court in the West German Basic Law.
Constitutions Éphémères, Structures Sociales Durables? A Propos D'un Paradoxe Français
Authors: Jones H.S. 
Published: February 2015

Constitutional Transience and Social Stability? Perspectives on the French Paradox This article argues – against a widespread interpretation – that constitutions have been more than merely superstructural phenomena in modern French history. First, if constitutional texts have often been short-lived, the same is not true of the constitution more broadly understood. Secondly, even the texts reveal much more continuity than we usually imagine. Thirdly, constitutional texts have often stood at the heart of political conflict because of the historical baggage attached to them. In the nineteenth century it was, typically, liberals who tried to shift the political agenda away from an obsession with constitutional texts: it was a culture of civility that France lacked, they argued.
Das russische Verfassungsexperiment 1906–1918: Zum Verhältnis von Tradition und Modernität
Authors: Neutatz Dietmar 
Published: February 2015

The Russian Constitutional Experiment, 1906–1918: On the Relationship between Tradition and Modernity The revolution of 1905 turned the virtually unlimited autocracy of the Russian Empire into a constitutional monarchy. However, this experiment survived the fall of the Tsar in 1917 by only a few months and was obliged to give way to the Bolshevik dictatorship. This article investigates how far the failure of constitutionalism in Russia was due to the special circumstances surrounding the crisis of 1917, or whether it is better explained by the ill-conceived application of a notion imported from Western Europe that could not be grafted onto indigenous Russian traditions. The article discusses the competing concepts of Western-style parliamentarianism on the one hand and a ‹Russian› ideal of direct popular representation on the other (i.e. the ‹Zemskij Sobor› dating from the era before Peter the Great). It investigates the constraints within which the State Duma worked, and the social and political practice of Russian constitutionalism between 1906 and 1918, in order to analyse how deeply rooted constitutional concepts were in late Tsarist society. Special attention is paid to the following themes: the capacity of the Duma to address practical problems; the changing character of political culture; new forms of the public sphere and the growth of civil society; the relationship between parliament and the peasantry; the activities of both supporters of a parliamentary order and their right- and left-wing opponents; and finally the importance of ‹Russian›-style counter-proposals to ‹Western›-style constitutionalism during the crisis years of 1917/18.
Europa, Sklavenhandel und koloniale Zwangsarbeit – einführende Bemerkungen
Authors: Eckert Andreas 
Published: February 2015

Europe, Slave Trade, and Forced Labour: Introductory Remarks This article provides a general introduction to the theme of this issue and attempts to place the following papers better in context within the relevant historiography. It focuses on the slave trade and its abolition, the close connection between antislavery ideologies and measurements and the colonial expansion of Europe especially in Africa, the slow death of slavery and forced labour in colonial Africa, and finally on the current debates about the relevance of the slave trade and colonial forced labour for the history of Europe.
«Travail Libre ou Travali Forc»? – Die «Arbeiterfrage» im belgischen Kongo 1908-1930
Authors: Seibert Julia 
Published: February 2015

«Travail Libre ou Travail Forcé»? – The Question of Labourers in Belgian Congo (1908–1930) In 1908, the Congo Free State was transformed into a Belgian colony. This meant, in practice, the dissolution of King Leopold's regime of force, which was characterized by ruthless and brutal exploitation of the African workforce. The expansion of the colonial economy suffered from the shortage of voluntary African workers, so that after World War I the colonial state resorted to using forced labour. Specific local social and economic structures further hindered the integration of the African population into a European model of wage labour. Bad labour and living conditions, as well as low wages, represented other obstacles. The integration of the Congo into the world economy depended on the ability of the state and private companies to mobilize workers. These institutions managed this only through violence and force.
«Eine Millionen Algerier lernen im 20. Jahrhundert zu leben». Umsiedlungslager und Zwangsmodernisierung im Algerienkrieg 1954–1962
Authors: Feichtinger Moritz , Malinowski Stephan 
Published: February 2015

«One million Algerians learn to live in the 20th century» Resettlement camps and forced modernization in the Algerian War 1954–1962 One of the most astonishing characteristics of the Algerian War of Independence against France is the combination between military struggle against insurrection and civil reform projects. One special aspect of this war allows us to identify the fusion of these two elements: French resettlement policy. The French army violently forced up to three million people to leave their villages. Afterwards, they were reassembled in especially built camps, called «camps de regroupement». At the beginning, these measures were purely military. But they were quickly developed and became a massive rural development program. The promise of a fast global modernization of all areas of life should transform the inmates of the camp into loyal supporters of the project of a French Algeria. The «camps de regroupement» can be described as laboratories of modernization in which apparently contradictory elements were combined in a singular and unique way. Among these elements: development aid, an extremely rigid population control and different apparently totalitarian measures of social engineering.
Industrialization vs. Agrarian Reform: West German Modernization Policies in India in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Unger Corinna R. 
Published: February 2015

Industrialization or Agrarian Reform? West German Modernization Policies in India in the 1950s and 1960s This article takes into view different West German positions on Third World modernization and studies how they translated into development programmes in India in the 1950s and 1960s. Two projects serve as case studies: The steel mill Rourkela embodies the industrialization approach favoured by representatives of West German business and economic interests, most of whom were convinced of the need for and the advantages of, industrialization as the most effective path toward overall modernization. The other case study is the agricultural co-operative project Mandi, which, in part, mirrored the anti-modern (and, in some instances, anti- American) critique of the Western modernization model and focused on gradual improvement instead of radical change. This approach rested on the belief in the need for a stable Third World order able to withstand communism and, linked to that, the fear of ‹overpopulation›. India's development and modernization policies and programmes are integrated into the discussion of the two case studies. In conclusion, the article considers the role of the Cold War and decolonization in modernization policies as well as the contrast between modernization theory and practice.
«The Revolution Has Been Televised…». Television as Historical Agent in the Romanian Revolution
Authors: Mustata Dana 
Published: February 2015

«The Revolution Has Been Televised…». Television as Historical Agent in the Romanian Revolution The article analyses the role of television in the 1989 Romanian revolution. Based on documents of the Romanian secret services, audiovisual material and interviews with former television employees, it sheds new light onto the revolutionary events. The participation of television in the overthrow of Ceaus˛escu should be understood as the climax of a decade-long process of power struggles between audiences, Ceaus˛escu and the Securitate. The televising of the revolution was a central act in transferring elements from the Communist regime into the new era and representing them as the new democratic leadership. The article argues that television is a localised, naturalised and figurative agent. In order to understand the role of television in historical events, these different instances of televisual agency need to be addressed.