bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Salts Containing the Fullerene Tetra‐Anion C604– – Synthesis, X‐Ray Single‐Crystal Structure Determination and EPR Investigation
Authors: Boeddinghaus M. Bele , Wahl Bernhard , Fässler Thomas F. , Jakes Peter , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA synthesis for four‐fold negatively charged fullerides in solution is presented. Three salts containing discrete C604– anions were synthesized by the reduction of C60 in solution using rubidium‐mercury amalgams and rubidium suboxide both in the presence of elemental mercury. The three new salts, [Rb6DMF14(C6H13N2O2)2]·C60 (1), [Rb(diaza‐18‐crown‐6)]4·C60·(en)4.1 (2), and [Rb(benzo‐18‐crown‐6)]4·C60 (3), were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The results clearly indicate a charge of 4– for the fulleride anions. In 1 the fulleride units are ordered, and their distortion from Ih symmetry shows similarities to binary alkali metal fullerides that contain C604– anions. In the crystal structures of 2 and 3 the C604– anions show a rotational disorder. In all structures the 6:6 bond lengths within the fulleride are strongly enlarged compared to the ones in neutralC60. EPR measurements reveal a singlet state for the C604– anion.
Complex latitudinal variation in the morphology of the kleptoparasitic spiderArgyrodes kumadaiassociated with host use and climatic conditions
Authors: Baba Yuki G. , Walters Richard J. , Miyashita Tadashi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe examined complex geographical patterns in the morphology of a kleptoparasitic spider,Argyrodes kumadai, across its distributional range in Japan. To disentangle biotic and abiotic factors underlying morphological variation, latitudinal trends were investigated in two traits, body size and relative leg length, across separate transition zones for host use and voltinism. Statistical analyses revealed complex sawtooth clines. Adult body size dramatically changed at the transition zones for host use and voltinism, and exhibited a latitudinal decline following the converse to Bergmann's cline under the same host use and voltinism in both sexes. A similar pattern was observed for relative leg length in females but not in males. A genetic basis for a part of observed differences in morphology was supported by a common‐garden experiment. Our data suggest that local adaptation to factors other than season length such as resource availability (here associated with host use) obscures underlying responses to latitude.
Late-Holocene response of limber pine (Pinus flexilis) forests to fire disturbance in the Pine Forest Range, Nevada, USA
Authors: Shriver Robert K. , Minckley Thomas A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDespite growing concerns that ecological stressors (fire, insect and pathogen outbreaks) may force vegetation change, few studies have attempted to use paleoecological data to understand small-scale interactions between disturbance and vegetation. Using charcoal and pollen data, we infer past fire episodes and subsequent vegetation responses for a limber pine (Pinus flexilis) forest in northwestern Nevada, USA, to determine local vegetation recovery from disturbance. Using superimposed epoch analysis we examined average-vegetation and individual-taxon responses to eight randomly selected fire events over the past 4.0 ka. Pollen evidence shows that on average fires produce a weak response of declining Pinus while other taxa including Artemisia and Poaceae increase directly after fire episodes. Within 30 yr of a disturbance, pollen data indicate ecosystem recovery to pre-fire composition, consistent with modern studies of fire recovery of limber pine forests. Similar to short-term changes of pollen abundance, long-term vegetation responses indicate Pinus abundance weakly declining and Artemisia increasing when fire episodes are frequent. However, despite fire-episode frequencies varying between 75 and 250 yr, the overall vegetation structure has remained relatively stable over the past 4.0 ka. Our study contributes to the limited information on the disturbance ecology of isolated, subalpine forests in the intermountain West.
Reduced-order Kalman-filtered hybrid simulation combining particle tracking velocimetry and direct numerical simulation
Authors: Suzuki Takao 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe capability of state-of-the-art techniques integrating experimental and computational fluid dynamics has been expanding recently. In our previous study, we have developed a hybrid unsteady-flow simulation technique combining particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) and demonstrated its capability at low Reynolds numbers. Similar approaches have also been proposed by a few groups; however, applying algorithms of this type generally becomes more challenging with increasing Reynolds number because the time interval of the frame rate for particle image velocimetry (PIV) becomes much greater than the required computational time step, and the PIV/PTV resolution tends to be lower than that necessary for computational fluid dynamics. To extend the applicability to noisy time-resolved PIV/PTV data, the proposed algorithm optimizes the data input temporally and spatially by introducing a reduced-order Kalman filter. This study establishes a framework of the Kalman-filtered hybrid simulation and proves the concept by tackling a planar-jet flow at $\mathit{Re}\approx 2000$ as an example. We evaluate the filtering functions as well as convergence of the proposed algorithm by comparing with the existing PTV–DNS hybrid simulation, and show some techniques available to hybrid velocity fields by analysing vortical motion in the shear layers of the jet.
Asepsis and Bacteriology: A Realignment of Surgery and Laboratory Science1
Authors: Schlich Thomas 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the origins of aseptic surgery in the German-speaking countries. It interprets asepsis as the outcome of a mutual realignment of surgery and laboratory science. In that process, phenomena of surgical reality were being modelled and simplified in the bacteriological laboratory so that they could be subjected to control by the researcher’s hands and eyes. Once control was achieved, it was being extended to surgical practice by recreating the relevant features of the controlled laboratory environment in the surgical work place. This strategy can be seen in the adoption of Robert Koch’s bacteriology by German-speaking surgeons, and the resulting technical changes of surgery, leading to a set of beliefs and practices, which eventually came to be called ‘asepsis’.
Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of data from 489 000 individuals
Authors: Shen Xiao-Jian , Zhou Jun-Dong , Dong Jia-Yi , Ding Wei-Qun , Wu Jin-Chang 
Published: August 2012

Preclinical studies have suggested an anti-colorectal cancer effect of n-3 fatty acids, yet epidemiological studies have reported mixed results. The goal of the present meta-analysis was to examine the association between the dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. We searched the PubMed database up to February 2012 to identify eligible studies. Either a fixed- or random-effects model was used to obtain a pooled relative risk (RR) comparing the highest intake of n-3 fatty acids with the lowest. We conducted subgroup analyses according to sex, geographic region, length of follow-up, cancer site and type of n-3 fatty acids. We included seven prospective studies in the meta-analysis, comprising 489 465 participants and 4656 incident cases. The pooled RR of colorectal cancer in relation to n-3 fatty acids was 0·98 (95 % CI 0·88, 1·09). The results from subgroup analysis indicated a significant reduced risk of colorectal cancer in relation to n-3 fatty acids among men (RR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·75, 1·00; n 4). No significant association was observed in other subgroups. There was no evidence of publication bias as suggested by Begg's test (P = 0·76) and Egger's test (P = 0·66). The present meta-analysis showed insufficient evidence of a protective effect of n-3 fatty acids on colorectal cancer risk. However, a reduced risk observed in men warrants further investigation.
Evaluating the statistical variation in estimating forage dry matter intake of grazing Brahman bulls using n-alkanes
Authors: DE-STEFANI AGUIAR A. , FORBES T. D. A. , ROUQUETTE F. M. , TEDESCHI L. O. , RANDEL R. D. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe objectives of the current study were to determine the variation structure within a day and across days when determining dry matter intake (DMI) of Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) pasture using dotriacontane (C32) as an external marker, to determine the optimal times for faecal collection for forage DMI estimation and to compare C31 and C33 as internal markers in estimating forage DMI in Brahman bulls. Sixteen Brahman bulls were allocated by weight to four pastures, and stocked at a moderate to low grazing pressure for 63 days from late June to the end of August. Three intake measurement periods (P1, P2, P3) were used; each period consisting of 10 days of twice daily C32 (400 mg/day) administration. Faecal collections were taken during the last 5 days (07.00, 11.00, 15.00 and 19.00 h). The C32 was individually hand fed using Calan gates, with maize gluten as a carrier for the alkane. Gas chromatography was used to determine n-alkanes in the forage and faecal samples. The concentration of C31 was less than C33 in the bermudagrass for all periods (P < 0·001), but the concentration of C31 and C33 in faeces was not significantly different (P > 0·05). The average concentration of C32 in the forage was 5·1, 7·6 and 9·6 mg/kg dry matter (DM), for P1, P2 and P3, respectively, with an average of 7·5 mg/kg DM for all periods. During P1 and P2, the estimation of forage DMI using C33 had a better fit (smaller –2 × log and Akaike's information criterion (AIC)) than using C31 either with or without adjustments for C32. The variation in estimated forage DMI decreased when forage C32 was not included. The variances of forage DMI were similar using C31 across days, but the Pearson correlations between days were low, which suggested that several days of collection were needed to estimate forage DMI accurately. Correlations between collection times within days were medium to high for all periods and varied from 0·65 to 0.97 for C31 and from 0·26 to 0·96 for C33. When all periods were analysed together, estimates of forage DMI either using C31 or C33 had low correlations between days of collection. Adjustment for C32 did not improve the variance and (co)variance matrix. In summary, C33/C32 had the lowest variation in estimating forage DMI, and at least 5 days of faecal collection were needed to decrease the variability of estimating forage DMI. The optimum times for faecal collection were 07.00 and 19.00 h, and it was important to adjust for C32 alkane concentration in estimating forage DMI in Brahman bulls grazing Coastal bermudagrass.
Purification and characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase fromRaillietina echinobothrida, a cestode parasite of the domestic fowl
Authors: DAS B. , TANDON V. , SAXENA J. K. , JOSHI S. , SINGH A. R. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, EC 4.1.1.32) is an essential regulatory enzyme of glycolysis in helminths in contrast to its role in gluconeogenesis in their host. Previously we have reported that phytochemicals fromFlemingia vestita(Family: Fabaceae), genistein in particular, have vermifugal action and are known to affect carbohydrate metabolism in the cestode,Raillietina echinobothrida. In order to determine the functional differences of PEPCK from the parasite and its avian host (Gallus domesticus), we purified the parasite enzyme apparently to homogeneity, and characterized it. The native PEPCK is a monomer with a subunit molecular weight of 65 kDa. The purified enzyme displayed standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics withKm value of 42·52μM for its substrate PEP. TheKi for the competitive inhibitors GTP, GMP, ITP and IMP for the carboxylation reaction were determined and discussed. In order to identify putative modulators from plant sources, phytochemicals fromF. vestitaandStephania glabrawere tested on the purified PEPCK, which resulted in alteration of its activity. From our results, we hypothesize that PEPCK may be a potential target site for anthelmintic action.
Bipolar disorder in a national survey using the World Mental Health Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview: the impact of differing diagnostic algorithms
Authors: Mitchell P. B. , Johnston A. K. , Frankland A. , Slade T. , Green M. J. , Roberts G. , Wright A. , Corry J. , Hadzi‐Pavlovic D. 
Published: August 2012

Mitchell PB, Johnston AK, Frankland A, Slade T, Green MJ, Roberts G, Wright A, Corry J, Hadzi‐Pavlovic D. Bipolar disorder in a national survey using the World Mental Health Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview: the impact of differing diagnostic algorithms.Objective:  The World Mental Health Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH‐CIDI) DSM‐IV bipolar disorder diagnostic algorithms were recalibrated in about 2006 following evidence of over‐diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. There have been no reports of the impact of this recalibration on epidemiological findings.Method:  Data were taken from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Findings for cases identified by the recalibrated bipolar disorder definition were contrasted against those identified by the un‐recalibrated definition.Results:  The 12‐month prevalence of recalibrated bipolar disorder and un‐recalibrated bipolar disorder were 0.9% and 1.7% respectively. The un‐recalibrated bipolar disorder group was younger and more likely to have never married than the recalibrated bipolar disorder group. They were also more likely to have a comorbid alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder and asthma or arthritis. While they were more likely to have at least severe interference in at least one of the Sheehan Scale domains of functioning, they were less likely to have made a suicide attempt. Similarly, they were less likely to have consulted a psychiatrist.Conclusion:  It is not possible to be certain about the nature of these differences. Some may be artifactual (reflecting greater statistical power to detect differences with the larger un‐recalibrated bipolar disorder defined sample), while others may be indicative of the inclusion of a clinically distinct subpopulation with the un‐recalibrated bipolar disorder definition, thereby producing a more heterogeneous sample. These findings indicate the need for clarity in the diagnostic algorithm used in epidemiological reports on bipolar disorder using the World Mental Health Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
Chronic immune activation in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is associated with elevated serum levels of soluble CD14 and CD25 but not endotoxaemia
Authors: Litzman J , Nechvatalova J , Xu J , Ticha O , Vlkova M , Hel Z 
Published: August 2012

SummaryCommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID), the most frequent symptomatic immunoglobulin primary immunodeficiency, is associated with chronic T cell activation and reduced frequency of CD4+T cells. The underlying cause of immune activation in CVID is unknown. Microbial translocation indicated by elevated serum levels of lipopolysaccharide and soluble CD14 (sCD14) has been linked previously to systemic immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV-1/AIDS), alcoholic cirrhosis and other conditions. To address the mechanisms of chronic immune activation in CVID, we performed a detailed analysis of immune cell populations and serum levels of sCD14, soluble CD25 (sCD25), lipopolysaccharide and markers of liver function in 35 patients with CVID, 53 patients with selective immunoglobulin (Ig)A deficiency (IgAD) and 63 control healthy subjects. In CVID subjects, the concentration of serum sCD14 was increased significantly and correlated with the level of sCD25, C-reactive protein and the extent of T cell activation. Importantly, no increase in serum lipopolysaccharide concentration was observed in patients with CVID or IgAD. Collectively, the data presented suggest that chronic T cell activation in CVID is associated with elevated levels of sCD14 and sCD25, but not with systemic endotoxaemia, and suggest involvement of lipopolysaccharide-independent mechanisms of induction of sCD14 production.
Immunophenotyping of putative human B1 B cells in healthy controls and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients
Authors: Suchanek O , Sadler R , Bateman E A , Patel S Y , Ferry B L 
Published: August 2012

SummaryB1 B cells represent a unique subset of B lymphocytes distinct from conventional B2 B cells, and are important in the production of natural antibodies. A potential human homologue of murine B1 cells was defined recently as a CD20+CD27+CD43+ cell. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a group of heterogeneous conditions linked by symptomatic primary antibody failure. In this preliminary report, we examined the potential clinical utility of introducing CD20+CD27+CD43+B1 cell immunophenotyping as a routine assay in a diagnostic clinical laboratory. Using a whole blood assay, putative B1 B cells in healthy controls and in CVID patients were measured. Peripheral blood from 33 healthy donors and 16 CVID patients were stained with relevant monoclonal antibodies and underwent flow cytometric evaluation. We established a rapid, whole blood flow cytometric assay to investigate putative human B1 B cells. Examination of CD20+CD27+CD43+ cells is complicated by CD3+CD27+CD43hiT cell contamination, even when using stringent CD20 gating. These can be excluded by gating on CD27+CD43lo–intB cells. Although proportions of CD20+CD27–CD43lo–int cells within B cells in CVID patients were decreased by 50% compared to controls (P &lt; 0·01), this was not significant when measured as a percentage of all CD27+B cells (P = 0·78). Immunophenotypic overlap of this subset with other innate-like B cells described recently in humans is limited. We have shown that putative B1 B cell immunophenotyping can be performed rapidly and reliably using whole blood. CD20+CD27+CD43lo–int cells may represent a distinct B1 cell subset within CD27+B cells. CVID patients were not significantly different from healthy controls when existing CD27+B cell deficiencies were taken into account.
Helicobacter pylori induces in-vivo expansion of human regulatory T cells through stimulating interleukin-1β production by dendritic cells
Authors: Mitchell P J , Afzali B , Fazekasova H , Chen D , Ali N , Powell N , Lord G M , Lechler R I , Lombardi G 
Published: August 2012

Summary
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common infections in the world. Despite inciting inflammation, immunological clearance of the pathogen is often incomplete. CD4+CD25hiforkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent suppressors of different types of immune responses and have been implicated in limiting inflammatory responses to H. pylori. Investigating the influence of H. pylori on Treg function and proliferation, we found that H. pylori-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) induced proliferation in Tregs and impaired their suppressive capability. This effect was mediated by interleukin (IL)-1β produced by H. pylori-stimulated DCs. These data correlated with in-vivo observations in which H. pylori+ gastric mucosa contained more Tregs in active cell division than uninfected stomachs. Inciting local proliferation of Tregs and inhibiting their suppressive function may represent a mechanism for the chronic gastritis and carcinogenesis attributable to H. pylori.
A quantitative framework for ovarian dynamics
Authors: Richard Romain , Casas Jérôme 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Ovarian dynamics describe the highly complex interplay between egg maturation, oviposition, egg resorption and the factors affecting them. While these processes have been intensively studied, further progress has been impeded by the lack of generally applicable quantitative tools to analyse experimental data.

The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative framework based on a state space describing the different levels of egg maturation and resorption states (non‐mature, mature, resorbing and resorbed eggs). This quantitative framework enables both the transition rates between the observable states and the unobservable states, such as resorbed eggs, to be estimated rigorously. We applied this approach to the ovarian response of the parasitoid species Nasonia vitripennis during a period of host and food deprivation.

A simple system of exclusively linear differential equations with four states captures the salient properties of the data. Resorption is shown to occur concurrently with egg maturation. We highlight widespread confusion associated with the use of the generic term ‘rate of egg resorption’ that has been used to describe three fundamentally different physiological processes that have contrasting rates.

The approach is also applied to an older data set gathered by Edwards (The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 1954, 95, 459–468), which encompasses a wider range of manipulations on host and food availabilities, as well as data on oviposition. Our analysis shows that ovaries only function at full capacity after a first host meal and hints towards anautogeny in this species.

While this study primarily focuses on insects, the methodology is general and is suitable for studying the reproductive biology of a broad class of organisms, including plants.
Combining kriging, multispectral and multimodal microscopy to resolve malaria‐infected erythrocyte contents
Authors: DABO‐NIANG S. , ZOUEU J.T. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryIn this communication, we demonstrate how kriging, combine with multispectral and multimodal microscopy can enhance the resolution of malaria‐infected images and provide more details on their composition, for analysis and diagnosis. The results of this interpolation applied to the two principal components of multispectral and multimodal images illustrate that the examination of the content of Plasmodium falciparum infected human erythrocyte is improved.
Morphology of organic electronic materials imaged via electron tomography
Authors: ANDERSSON B.V. , MASICH S. , SOLIN N. , INGANÄS O. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryOrganic electronic materials and nanostructures have been studied with the use of electron tomography. Nanostructured materials including contrast enhancing features have been studied and double tilt data collection has been employed to improve reconstructions. Tomography reconstructions of active layers of organic solar cells, where various preparation techniques have been used, have been analysed and compared to device behaviour. Small changes in preparation procedures may lead to large differences in morphology and device performance, and the results also indicate a complex relation between these.