bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEST DIMENSIONS, TEST ANXIETY, AND TEST PERFORMANCE1
Authors: Bloxom Bruce 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA multidimensional scaling of test situations indicates that tests can differ in their tension‐ (or anxiety‐) arousing properties, at least as a function of (a) the subjective importance of the test and (b) how well prepared the person feels for the test. Different points of view about the influence of these two variables are assessed. Relationships among the points of view, test anxiety, test performance, defensiveness, and acquiescence are examined.
EFFECTS OF ANTICIPATED DELEGATE STATUS ON LEVEL OF RISK TAKING IN SMALL DECISION‐MAKING GROUPS1
Authors: Kogan Nathan , Doise Willem 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe oft‐replicated risky‐shift phenomenon in decision‐making groups was examined under conditions where one or all of the group members expected to serve as a delegate representing and defending their group's decisions in meetings with delegates from other groups. Three separate delegate conditions and a control were employed. In two of the conditions a single delegate was selected–designated by the group in one case and chosen at random in the other. In a third condition, all members expected to serve as delegates. The control condition consisted of the standard group discussion‐to‐consensus without any delegate manipulation. No mean differences in magnitude of risky shift between conditions were obtained. An examination of the two single‐delegate conditions revealed other kinds of differences. Whereas the behavior of the delegate selected randomly appeared to have little effect on the size of the risky shift, this was not the case for the group‐designated delegate. Correlational analyses indicated that the latter's influence and communication input and output were related to risky‐shift magnitude.
SOME ORIGINS OF CONCERN FOR OTHERS1
Authors: Rosenhan David 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes a series of naturalistic and experimental investigations into the nature of personal commitment and prosocial behavior.An intensive naturalistic study of Civil Rights workers distinguished those who were fully committed (i.e., had actively participated in Civil Rights activities for more than a year) from those who were partially committed (i.e., had gone on one or two Freedom Rides) on the basis of the kinds of models to which they were exposed as children. The parent of the fully committed was a behavioral altruist, fully committed to a social cause. Moreover, he maintained a strong positive relationship with the child. The parent of the partially committed, on the other hand, was described as having often failed to practice what he preached, and maintained a negative or ambivalent relationship with the child.These observations were examined in a variety of experiments that were predicated on social learning theory. In one, adolescents who observed a model rebel against authority for prosocial reasons tended themselves subsequently to rebel more than their peers who had observed an obedient model. In another, children who observed a model contribute to charity tended also to contribute, even in the absence of adult surveillance. However, these findings, while statistically significant, were nevertheless quite weak. Additional experiments provided strong evidence that while observation of a model was helpful, internalization of prosocial norms was more strongly facilitated by the opportunity to rehearse prosocial behavior voluntarily with the model.In a series of developmental studies it was found that internalization of prosocial norms occurred rarely with five‐year‐old children, but quite commonly with eight‐ and nine‐year‐old ones. This finding was puzzling since the required behaviors were neither physically nor psychologically taxing. It was proposed that the internalization of prosocial behavior on the basis of observation of others may require a predisposing cognitive and affective matrix, the elements of which are briefly elaborated.
SCALING A SIMPLEX SYMMETRICALLY
Authors: Schönemann Peter 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA method for scaling a perfect simplex [Guttman, 1954] is suggested which, in contrast to Kaiser's [1962], is independent of the order of the manifest variables. It is based on a procedure for scaling a set of points from their pairwise distances [Torgerson, 1958; Young & Householder, 1938] which is reviewed in compact notation. The scaling method is extended to an iterative algorithm for scaling a quasi‐simplex. Some empirical results are included.
INDIRECT METHODS OF ASSESSING PERSONALITY1
Authors: Hermann Margaret G. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis review suggests alternatives to testing in personality assessment. The methods which are described focus on nonverbal and verbal indices of transient and stable personality characteristics. The verbal indices cover the structure and content of what is spoken or written; the nonverbal indices include gross body movements, gestures, tone of voice, and style of writing. In addition to providing options to tests, these indirect measures make the study of hard‐to‐approach groups and the use of field settings more feasible.
A PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF MODELS AND MEN
Authors: Wainer Howard 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTOne consequence of stimulus sampling theory is the prediction of probability matching as the asymptotic response probability. That is, subjects tend to choose each alternative with the frequency of its reinforcement. This prediction has been tested in many experiments and the boundaries within which it holds have been delineated. However, the experiments which find probability matching have been criticized for doing one or more of several inappropriate things.It should be noted that probability matching is not a “rational” solution, in the sense that the behavior which maximizes gain would be always to choose the more frequently reinforced response. Some investigators have found it possible to devise experimental situations in which the subjects do come closer to maximizing behavior.This study attempts to differentiate the conditions which lead to “matching” behavior from those which lead to “maximizing” and to develop a mathematical model for this behavior.The experimental results indicate that the prediction of probability matching does not obtain. Therefore, it would seem to be probable that the stimulus sampling theory which predicts this behavior also does not apply. One of the axioms of stimulus sampling theory has been generalized. An effect of this revision is to allow for the prediction of nonprobability matching behavior. This model has been fitted to the data previously gathered, and described the data far better than any previous stimulus sampling model.It is concluded that probability matching is not a general learning law as Estes proposed in 1957, but, rather, that it is a special case of a more general phenomenon, just as previous stimulus sampling models are special cases of the model developed here.The major analytic tool in this study was a principal components analysis of the learning data. The inter‐factor plot of factor scores was used to compare the relative fit of the various forms of stimulus sampling models studied.
Stem cell recruitment, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration in substance P‐conjugated poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ɛ‐caprolactone) nonwoven meshes
Authors: Shafiq Muhammad , Jung Youngmee , Kim Soo Hyun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecruitment of endogenous stem cells to impaired tissues holds enormous potential to regenerative medicine. In this study, we examined whether covalently conjugated substance P (SP) would significantly enhance the recruitment of stem cells and promote angiogenesis in poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (P(LA‐co‐CL)) meshes. SP was conjugated with star‐shaped P(LA‐co‐CL) copolymer using carbonyldiimidazole chemistry. P(LA‐co‐CL) and SP‐conjugated star‐shaped P(LA‐co‐CL) copolymers were mixed in appropriate proportions and electrospun to fabricate nonwoven meshes. Amino acid analysis confirmed the conjugation of SP with star‐shaped P(LA‐co‐CL) copolymers. Conjugated SP remained bioactive and recruited human bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in an in vitro transwell migration assay. Moreover, SP was released in a sustained fashion from the nonwoven meshes for up to 30 days. P(LA‐co‐CL) as well as SP containing meshes were implanted subcutaneously in Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 16) for 14 and 21 days. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the retrieved samples revealed cellularization of P(LA‐co‐CL) as well as SP containing meshes. Large and mature blood vessels were observed in greater numbers in SP‐containing meshes compared with their control counterparts as revealed by Masson's trichrome staining. We also observed a larger number of von Willebrand factor‐positive vessels in SP‐containing meshes than in the controls. Significantly large numbers of CD29‐ and CD90‐positive stem cells were recruited in the meshes containing SP. Collectively, these findings suggest that the methodology presented may have broad applications in regenerative medicine, and these novel scaffolding materials can be used for in situ tissue regeneration of soft tissues. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2673–2688, 2015.
The role of nanostructures and hydrophilicity in osseointegration: In‐vitro protein‐adsorption and blood‐interaction studies
Authors: Kopf Brigitte S. , Ruch Sylvie , Berner Simon , Spencer Nicholas D. , Maniura‐Weber Katharina 
Published: January 2015

AbstractProtein adsorption and blood coagulation play important roles in the early stages of osseointegration and are strongly influenced by surface properties. We present a systematic investigation of the influence of different surface properties on the adsorption of the blood proteins fibrinogen and fibronectin and the degree of early blood coagulation. Experiments on custom‐made and commercially available, microroughened hydrophobic titanium (Ti) surfaces (Ti SLA‐Hphob), hydrophilic (Hphil) microroughened Ti surfaces with nanostructures (Ti SLActive‐HphilNS), and on bimetallic Ti zirconium alloy (TiZr, Roxolid®) samples were performed, to study the biological response in relation to the surface wettability and the presence of nanostructures (NS). Protein adsorption on the different substrates showed a highly significant effect of surface NS. Hydrophilicity alone did not significantly enhance protein adsorption. Overall, the combination of NS and hydrophilicity led to the highest adsorption levels; independent of whether Ti or TiZr were used. Hydrophilicity induced a strong effect on blood coagulation, whereas the effect of NS alone was weak. The combination of both surface characteristics led to early and most pronounced blood‐coagulation. Therefore, nanostructured, hydrophilic Ti and TiZr surfaces may perform better in terms of osseointegration due to continuous protein adsorption and the formation of a layer of blood components on the implant surface. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2661–2672, 2015.
Biomimetic surface modification of polyurethane with phospholipids grafted carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tan Dongsheng , Liu Liuxu , Li Zhen , Fu Qiang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTo improve blood compatibility of polyurethane (PU), phospholipids grafted carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared through zwitterion‐mediated cycloaddition reaction and amide condensation, and then were added to the PU as fillers via solution mixing to form biomimetic surface. The properties of phospholipids grafted CNTs (CNT‐PC) were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The results indicated that the phospholipids were grafted onto CNTs in high efficiency, and the hydrophilicity and dispersibility of the modified CNTs were improved effectively. The structures and properties of composites containing CNT‐PC were investigated by optical microscope, XPS, and water contact angles. The results indicated that phospholipids were enriched on the surface with addition of 0.1 wt % of CNT‐PC, which significantly reduced protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. The method of carrying phospholipids on the nanofiller to modify polymers has provided a promising way of constructing biomimetic phospholipid membrane on the surface to improve blood compatibility. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2711–2719, 2015.
Optimization of the time efficient calcium phosphate coating on electrospun poly(d,l‐lactide)
Authors: Luickx Nathalie , Van Den Vreken Natasja , Segaert Jonas , Declercq Heidi , Cornelissen Maria , Verbeeck Ronald 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe coating of fibrous polyester constructs with a layer of bioactive calcium phosphate (CP) is efficient to improve the potential use as bone tissue engineering scaffold. In this study, a fast procedure for the coating of electrospun poly(d,l‐lactide) (PDLLA) fibers with a CP layer was optimized. The fiber surface was activated by immersion in demineralized water under ultrasonication. The resulting reactive groups served as nucleation points for CP precipitation, induced by alternate dipping of the samples in Ca2+ and PO43− rich solutions. Variations in the conditions of the alternate dipping procedure, in particular the number of cycles, concentration and immersion time of both solutions, not only affected the degree of surface mineralization but also the type of deposited CP. For the current experimental conditions, in about 30 minutes either a slightly carbonated calcium deficient apatite (CDAp; Ca10‐x‐y(PO4)6‐x‐y(HPO4)y (CO3)x(OH)2‐x‐y) or a combination of apatite and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD; CaHPO4.2H2O) was formed. The cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 cells on untreated samples were compared with samples coated with either an adequate amount of CDAp, an excess of CDAp or an excess of a combination of apatite and DCDP. After 7 days of culture the number of attached cells was significantly higher on all CP coated samples compared to the untreated PDLLA. In particular, the samples coated with an adequate amount of CDAp showed an exceedingly enhanced cell response with similar cell morphologies as the ones found on the positive control. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2720–2730, 2015.
Revisiting the nonlinear relationship betweenENSOand winter extreme station precipitation in North America
Authors: Cannon Alex J. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTWhile researchers have identified teleconnections between El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and extended winter precipitation extremes in North America using generalized extreme value (GEV) models, the regional form of the statistical relationship remains an open question. Past work has shown that relatively warmENSOconditions may be needed to trigger a nonlinear response over North America. However, studies that stratify winters into La Niña, neutral, and El Niño phases have found that precipitation extremes in neutral/La Niña winters respond differently than in El Niño winters, whereas studies that stratifyENSOdata into cold/warm conditions have not found evidence for a coherent nonlinear response. Data and methodological differences have made direct comparison between results difficult. In this study, evidence for a nonlinear association betweenENSOand precipitation extremes is reassessed by fitting stationary and linear/nonlinearGEVregression models, with the Niño3.4 index as a covariate, to 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐day extended winter precipitation maxima. Two types of nonlinear model – both one‐sidedGEVregressions where linear relationships are allowed to differ above/below a Niño3.4 index threshold – are considered. In the first, following past work, the breakpoint is fixed at zero, that is stratifying data into warm/cold conditions. In the second, to see whether there is evidence for a differential neutral/La Niña and El Niño response, the breakpoint is allowed to vary freely. Due to the non‐nested nature of the set of models, the Akaike Information Criterion is used to assess the relative support for each model. Depending on accumulation time‐scale, the strength of evidence favours nonlinear models at 28%–30% of stations when the Niño3.4 breakpoint is free to vary,versusjust 3% with a fixed breakpoint. Optimum Niño3.4 breakpoints are positive (> +0.4°C) in the majority of the nonlinear models, confirming thatENSO/precipitation relationships differs between La Niña/neutral and El Niño winters.
Effect of reverse shoulder design philosophy on muscle moment arms
Authors: Hamilton Matthew A. , Diep Phong , Roche Chris , Flurin Pierre Henri , Wright Thomas W. , Zuckerman Joseph D. , Routman Howard 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the muscle moment arms of three different reverse shoulder design philosophies using a previously published method. Digital bone models of the shoulder were imported into a 3D modeling software and markers placed for the origin and insertion of relevant muscles. The anatomic model was used as a baseline for moment arm calculations. Subsequently, three different reverse shoulder designs were virtually implanted and moment arms were analyzed in abduction and external rotation. The results indicate that the lateral offset between the joint center and the axis of the humerus specific to one reverse shoulder design increased the external rotation moment arms of the posterior deltoid relative to the other reverse shoulder designs. The other muscles analyzed demonstrated differences in the moment arms, but none of the differences reached statistical significance. This study demonstrated how the combination of variables making up different reverse shoulder designs can affect the moment arms of the muscles in different and statistically significant ways. The role of humeral offset in reverse shoulder design has not been previously reported and could have an impact on external rotation and stability achieved post‐operatively. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:605–613, 2015.
Osteogenesis and mineralization in a rabbit mandibular distraction osteogenesis model is promoted by the human LMP‐1 gene
Authors: Jiang Xiaowen , Chen Yanzhe , Fan Xiaosheng , Zhang Hao , Kun Lu 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTTo observe the effects of LIM mineralization protein‐1 (LMP‐1) on bone regeneration in the distraction zone based on gene transduction, 36 New Zealand white rabbits underwent mandibular lengthening with a distraction rate of 2 mm/day. The animals were then randomly divided into group A and group B (n = 18, each). At the end of the distraction, Ad5‐EGFP viruses and Ad5‐LMP‐1/EGFP viruses were injected into the distraction gaps in groups A and B, respectively. Seven days later, five randomly selected animals from each group were sacrificed to evaluate the survival of the virus. Four and 8 weeks after distraction osteogenesis (DO), six samples randomly selected from each group underwent CT scanning and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry detection. Eight weeks after DO, the rabbits were sacrificed, and the distracted mandibles were harvested. Six animals from each group processed for radiography, micro‐CT, histology, and the rest samples were taken three‐point bend testing. Using this model, better bone formation and mineralization in the distracted callus were observed in group B when compared with those in group A. The results suggest local transduction with LMP‐1 gene promotes osteogenesis and mineralization in DO. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:521–526, 2015.
Food safety issues in China: a case study of the dairy sector
Authors: Dong Xiaoxia , Li Zhemin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDOver the past 10 years, food safety incidents have occurred frequently in China. Food safety issues in the dairy sector have increasingly gained the attention of the Chinese government and the public. The objective of this research is to explore consumption changes of dairy products of different income groups after these dairy safety incidents.RESULTSThe research indicates that consumers' response to dairy safety risk is very intense. Dairy consumption has experienced a declining trend in recent years, and the impact of dairy safety incidents has lasted for at least 5 years. Until 2012, dairy consumption had not yet fully recovered from this influence. Using the random effects model, this study examined the relationship between food safety incident and consumption.CONCLUSIONSOverall, the results show that consumers in the low‐income group are more sensitive to safety risk than those in the high‐income group. It can be seen from this paper that the decrease of urban residents' dairy consumption was mainly driven by changes in fresh milk consumption, while the decline of milk powder consumption, which was affected by the melamine incident, was relatively moderate, and milk powder consumption for the high‐income group even increased. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Ink drop filling by a slot coating die for an electrowetting display panel
Authors: Lo Kuo‐Lung , Kao Chia‐Jen , Lan Kai‐Wei , Cheng Wei‐Yuan , Liu Ta‐Jo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInk drops have to be filled into the square cells for an electrowetting display panel. Several ink solutions such as dodecane, tetradecane, and hexadecane were used as test liquids. These fluids have viscosities less than 4 mPas and surface tensions between 23.3 and 26 mN/m and contact angles less than 50°. A slot coating die was employed to deliver these liquids to fill up the square cells. The effects of several parameters such as coating thickness and coating speed were examined. Operating windows inside which the stable filling is possible could be found for these liquids. Several defects were observed outside the operating windows. A flow visualization technique was applied to observe the fluid motion in the coating bead region, particularly the movements of upstream and downstream menisci, the mechanism of liquid filling was discussed.
Synthesis of Novel Chain‐End‐Functionalized Polyethylenes via Thiol‐ene Click Chemistry
Authors: Li Ying , Zhang Yongjie , Li Qian , Li Huayi , Zheng Shuirong , Hu Youliang 
Published: January 2015

Chain‐end‐functionalized polyethylenes (Cef‐PEs: PESSH (Cef1), PESfurfuryl (Cef2), PESNH2 (Cef4), PESNH2•HCl (Cef5), PESCOONa (Cef6), PESCHA(Cef7), PESSO3Na (Cef8), PESOH (Cef9) and PESCOOH (Cef10)) are synthesized by thiol‐ene addition of vinyl‐terminated polyethylene (v‐PE) with 1,2‐ethanedithiol, furfurylmercaptan, cysteamine, cysteamine hydrochloride, sodium thioglycolate, L‐cysteine hydrochloride, sodium 2‐mercaptoethanesulfonate, mercaptoethanol, and thioglycolic acid, respectively. PEStNCO (Cef3) is obtained by subsequent reaction of Cef9 with anhydrous 4,4′‐MDI. Cef‐PE1–8 are reported for the first time. The conversions of all the reactions are up to 95%–100%. All the Cef‐PEs are characterized by NMR, GPC, DSC, FT‐IR, and TGA. In the experiments, it is found that alkaline mercaptans and solvents are adverse to the thiol‐ene click reactions.
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