bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promising ‐ Part 2
Authors: Heuer Ulrike 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe explanation of promising is fraught with problems. In particular the problem that promises can be valid even when nothing good comes of keeping the promise (the problem of ‘bare wrongings’), and the bootstrapping problem with explaining how the mere intention to put oneself under an obligation can create such an obligation have been recognized since Hume’s famous discussion of the topic. In part 1, I showed that two main views of promising which attempt to solve these problems fall short of explaining the promissory obligation nonetheless. In this second part, I will explain what it takes to show that there is such an obligation (rather than just a reason of a different kind) to keep one’s promises, and discuss a further account of promissory obligation – the normative powers account – which perhaps stands a chance to solve both the bootstrapping and the bare wrongings problem (or rather, to show why we needn’t be worried about those problems after all), and to successfully explain promissory obligation. It comes in at least two different forms: one which regards the normative power to promise as based on our ability to form special relationships, and another which regards the promisee’s ‘authority interest’ as the basis.
Doing Philosophy in Style: A New Look at the Analytic/Continental Divide
Authors: Trakakis N. N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractQuestions of style are often deemed of marginal importance in philosophy, as well as in metaphilosophical debates concerning the analytic/Continental divide. I take issue with this common tendency by showing how style – suitably conceived not merely as a way of writing, but as a form of expression intimately linked to a form of life – occupies a central role in philosophy. After providing an analysis of the concept of style, I take a fresh look at the analytic/Continental division by examining the various stylistic differences between philosophers on each side. Despite these differences, I argue, both sides of the divide suffer from a common stylistic deficiency, and if this deficiency were rectified the gulf separating the two traditions may not appear as insurmountable as it presently does. To show this, I draw principally from the philosophy of religion, a field that has recently experienced a renewal in both the analytic and Continental traditions.
Philosophy of the Ancient Commentators on Aristotle
Authors: Tuominen Miira 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFrom the first century BCE onwards, philosophers started to write commentaries on those Aristotle’s treatises that were meant for the internal use of his school. Plato’s works had been commented on already earlier, the first reported commentary originates in the 300s BCE. Commentaries are treatises that follow an object text in a more or less linear fashion. The format was not unknown before the first century BCE but new in extensive philosophical use. This review essay focuses on authors who commented on Aristotle’s works. The commentaries emerged when Platonists and Aristotelians observed the need to teach the philosophy of these ancient masters to their students and to systematise their philosophy to respond to rival schools. In the late ancient schools, Plato and Aristotle were considered great thinkers, whose views needed to be studied carefully when considering any matter at hand. Many also argued that, despite the initial appearance to the contrary, there is no deep disagreement between Plato and Aristotle but, rather, a division of labour; Aristotle is dominant in natural philosophy and Plato in theology. However, this harmony thesis was not universally accepted. Despite their respect for Plato and Aristotle, the commentators were not mere followers of these authors. They developed, criticised and transformed the doctrines in significant ways, not only by suggesting different answers to the same questions but also by transforming the questions themselves.
Single‐Crystalline Mesoporous Molybdenum Nitride Nanowires with Improved Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Lee Kyung‐Hoon , Lee Young‐Woo , Ko A‐Ra , Cao Guozhong , Park Kyung‐Won 
Published: November 2012

We report single‐crystalline mesoporous molybdenum nitride nanowires (meso‐Mo3N2‐NWs) prepared by topotactic reaction using single‐crystalline molybdenum oxide nanowires. The single‐crystalline nature of meso‐Mo3N2‐NWs was clearly observed by field‐emission transmission electron microscopy. The meso‐Mo3N2‐NWs exhibited mesoporous structure with ∼45 m2/g in specific surface area and ∼4.6 nm in average pore size confirmed by a nitrogen sorption measurement. Due to high specific surface area and mesoporous structure, meso‐Mo3N2‐NWs showed much higher specific capacitance and excellent charging–discharging performance as compared with Mo3N2 prepared using conventional nitridation process.
Developing a measure of work uncertainty
Authors: Leach Desmond , Hagger‐Johnson Gareth , Doerner Nadin , Wall Toby , Turner Nick , Dawson Jeremy , Grote Gudela 
Published: November 2012

Uncertainty is a key contingency in the relationship between work characteristics and outcomes such as employee performance and well‐being. In this paper, we specify and test a self‐report measure of work uncertainty for use in any setting to facilitate research and decision making regarding the design of work. Using data collected from three diverse samples, analyses found support for a multi‐dimensional model that corresponds to resource, task, and input/output sources of uncertainty. The scales showed discriminant validity, and task uncertainty was found to moderate the relationship between job control and intrinsic job satisfaction in a form consistent with theoretical predictions.Practitioner Points

The self‐report measure of work uncertainty may be used to evaluate existing work design and facilitate its redesign.
As research demonstrates, it is critical that the level of job control afforded to employees is congruent with the level of uncertainty they experience. Failure to consider the role of uncertainty in linking job control to outcomes (e.g., performance, well‐being) can undermine work redesign investment.
Semagacestat, a γ-secretase inhibitor, activates the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS-R1a) receptor
Authors: Schellekens Harriët , McNamara Orla , Dinan Timothy G , McCarthy Justin V , McGlacken Gerard P , Cryan John F 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Objectives
Semagacestat, is a γ-secretase inhibitor, which belongs to a class of drugs that are being developed as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to evaluate another potential effect of semagacestat, namely its ability to stimulate the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), which may also contribute to its therapeutic efficacy.

Methods
The GHS-R1a-activating potential of semagacestat and its synthetic precursor was assessed in an in vitro calcium mobilization assay in cells expressing the GHS-R1a receptor and compared with that of the endogenous peptide GHS-R1a agonist, acyl-ghrelin, as well as the non-peptidyl synthetic GHS-R1a agonist, MK0677. In addition, semagacestat-mediated cellular trafficking of the GHS-R1a receptor, expressed as an enhanced green fluorescent protein tagged fusion protein, was analysed.

Key findings
Semagacestat and its precursor were shown to activate the GHS-R1a receptor, as demonstrated by an increased GHS-R1a-mediated intracellular calcium influx. Moreover, a synergistic GHS-R1a receptor activation was shown following a combined exposure to ghrelin and semagacestat. In addition, GHS-R1a receptor internalization was observed upon exposure to semagacestat and its precursor.

Conclusion
These data suggest a novel molecular mechanism of action for semagacestat via modest GHS-R1a receptor activation. Studies focusing on the relative functional consequence of such effects in vivo are now warranted.
Comparative assessment of segmentation algorithms for tumor delineation on a test‐retest [11C]choline dataset
Authors: Tomasi Giampaolo , Shepherd Tony , Turkheimer Federico , Visvikis Dimitris , Aboagye Eric 
Published: November 2012

Purpose:Many methods have been proposed for tumor segmentation from positron emission tomography images. Because of the increasingly important role that [11C]choline is playing in oncology and because no study has compared segmentation methods on this tracer, the authors assessed several segmentation algorithms on a [11C]choline test‐retest dataset.Methods:Fixed and adaptive threshold‐based methods, fuzzy C‐means (FCM), Cannyˈs edge detection method, the watershed transform, and the fuzzy locally adaptive Bayesian algorithm (FLAB) were used. Test‐retest [11C]choline scans of nine patients with breast cancer were considered and the percent test‐retest variability %VARTEST‐RETEST of tumor volume (TV) was employed to assess the results. The same methods were then applied to two denoised datasets generated by applying either a Gaussian filter or the wavelet transform.Results:The (semi)automated methods FCM, FLAB, and Canny emerged as the best ones in terms of TV reproducibility. For these methods, the %root mean square error %RMSE of %VARTEST‐RETEST, defined as , was in the range 10%–21.2%, depending on the dataset and algorithm. Threshold‐based methods gave TV estimates which were extremely variable, particularly on the unsmoothed data; their performance improved on the denoised datasets, whereas smoothing did not have a remarkable impact on the (semi)automated methods. TV variability was comparable to that of SUVMAX and SUVMEAN (range 14.7%–21.9% for %RMSE of %VARTEST‐RETEST, after the exclusion of one outlier, 40%–43% when the outlier was included).Conclusions:The TV variability obtained with the best methods was similar to the one reported for TV in previous [18F]FDG and [18F]FLT studies and to the one of SUVMAX/SUVMEAN on the authors’ [11C]choline dataset. The good reproducibility of [11C]choline TV warrants further studies to test whether TV could predict early response to treatment and survival, as for [18F]FDG, to complement/substitute the use of SUVMAX and SUVMEAN.
Measurement of blood flow and xenon solubility coefficient in the human liver by xenon‐enhanced computed tomography
Authors: Sase Shigeru , Takahashi Hideaki , Shigefuku Ryuta , Ikeda Hiroki , Kobayashi Minoru , Matsumoto Nobuyuki , Suzuki Michihiro 
Published: November 2012

Purpose:The goal of this work was to develop a method of calculating blood flow and xenon solubility coefficient (λ) in the hepatic tissue by xenon‐enhanced computed tomography (Xe‐CT) and to demonstrate λ can be used as a measure of fat content in the human liver.Methods:A new blood supply model is introduced which incorporates both arterial blood and portal venous blood which join and together flow into hepatic tissue. We applied Fickˈs law to the model. It was theoretically derived that the time course of xenon concentration in the inflow blood (the mixture of the arterial blood and the portal venous blood) can be approximated by a monoexponential function. This approximation made it possible to obtain the time‐course change rate (KI) of xenon concentration in the inflow blood using the time course of xenon concentration in the hepatic tissue by applying the algorithm we had reported previously. KI was used to calculate blood flow and λ for each pixel in the CT image of the liver. Twenty‐six patients (49.2 ± 18.3 years) with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis underwent Xe‐CT abdominal studies and liver biopsies. Steatosis of the liver was evaluated using the biopsy specimen and its severity was divided into ten grades according to the fat deposition percentage [(severity 1) ⩽ 10%, 10 % <(severity 2) ⩽ 20%, …, 90% < (severity 10) ⩽ 100%]. For each patient, blood flow and λ maps of the liver were created, and the average λ value () was compared with steatosis severity and with the CT value ratio of the liver to the spleen (liver/spleen ratio).Results:There were good correlations between and steatosis severity (r = 0.914, P < 0.0001), and between and liver/spleen ratio (r = −0.881, P < 0.0001). Ostwald solubility for xenon in the hepatic tissue (tissue Xe solubility), which is calculated using and the hematocrit value of the patient, also showed a good correlation with steatosis severity (r = 0.910, P < 0.0001). ranged from 0.86 to 7.81, and tissue Xe solubility ranged from 0.12 to 1.16. This range of solubility is reasonable considering the reported Ostwald solubility coefficients for xenon in the normal liver and in the fat tissue are 0.10 and 1.3, respectively, at 37 °C. The average blood flow value ranged from 15.3 to 53.5 ml/100 ml tissue/min.Conclusions:A method of calculating blood flow andλ in the hepatic tissue was developed by means of Xe‐CT. This method would be valid even if portosystemic shunts exist; it is shown that λ maps can be used to deduce fat content in the liver. As a noninvasive modality, Xe‐CT would be applicable to the quantitative study of fatty change in the human liver.
Draft Genome Sequence of Wickerhamomyces ciferrii NRRL Y-1031 F-60-10
Authors: Schneider Jessica , Andrea Heiko , Blom Jochen , Jaenicke Sebastian , Rückert Christian , Schorsch Christoph , Szczepanowski Rafael , Farwick Mike , Goesmann Alexander , Pühler Alfred , Schaffer Steffen , Tauch Andreas , Köhler Tim , Brinkrolf Karina 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Wickerhamomyces ciferrii
is a microorganism characterized by the production and secretion of large amounts of acetylated sphingoid bases, in particular tetraacetyl phytosphingosine. Here, we present the 15.90-Mbp draft genome sequence of
W. ciferrii
NRRL Y-1031 F-60-10 generated by pyrosequencing and
de novo
assembly. The draft genome sequence comprising 364 contigs in 150 scaffolds was annotated and covered 6,702 protein-coding sequences. This information will contribute to the metabolic engineering of this yeast to improve the yield and spectrum of acetylated sphingoid bases in biotechnological production.
Genome Sequence of the Trichosporon asahii Environmental Strain CBS 8904
Authors: Yang Rong Ya , Li Hai Tao , Zhu He , Zhou Guang Peng , Wang Meng , Wang Lei 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

This is the first report of the genome sequence of
Trichosporon asahii
environmental strain CBS 8904, which was isolated from maize cobs. Comparison of the genome sequence with that of clinical strain CBS 2479 revealed that they have >99% chromosomal and mitochondrial sequence identity, yet CBS 8904 has 368 specific genes. Analysis of clusters of orthologous groups predicted that 3,307 genes belong to 23 functional categories and 703 genes were predicted to have a general function.
Antagonistic Rgg Regulators Mediate Quorum Sensing via Competitive DNA Binding in Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: LaSarre Breah , Aggarwal Chaitanya , Federle Michael J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Recent studies have established the fact that multiple members of the Rgg family of transcriptional regulators serve as key components of quorum sensing (QS) pathways that utilize peptides as intercellular signaling molecules. We previously described a novel QS system in
Streptococcus pyogenes
which utilizes two Rgg-family regulators (Rgg2 and Rgg3) that respond to neighboring signaling peptides (SHP2 and SHP3) to control gene expression and biofilm formation. We have shown that Rgg2 is a transcriptional activator of target genes, whereas Rgg3 represses expression of these genes, and that SHPs function to activate the QS system. The mechanisms by which Rgg proteins regulate both QS-dependent and QS-independent processes remain poorly defined; thus, we sought to further elucidate how Rgg2 and Rgg3 mediate gene regulation. Here we provide evidence that
S. pyogenes
employs a unique mechanism of direct competition between the antagonistic, peptide-responsive proteins Rgg2 and Rgg3 for binding at target promoters. The highly conserved, shared binding sites for Rgg2 and Rgg3 are located proximal to the −35 nucleotide in the target promoters, and the direct competition between the two regulators results in concentration-dependent, exclusive occupation of the target promoters that can be skewed in favor of Rgg2
in vitro
by the presence of SHP. These results suggest that exclusionary binding of target promoters by Rgg3 may prevent Rgg2 binding under SHP-limiting conditions, thereby preventing premature induction of the quorum sensing circuit.

IMPORTANCE
Rgg-family transcriptional regulators are widespread among low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria and in many cases contribute to bacterial physiology and virulence. Only recently was it discovered that several Rgg proteins function in cell-to-cell communication (quorum sensing [QS]) via direct interaction with signaling peptides. The mechanism(s) by which Rgg proteins mediate regulation is poorly understood, and further insight into Rgg function is anticipated to be of great importance for the understanding of both regulatory-network architecture and intercellular communication in Rgg-containing species. The results of this study on the Rgg2/3 QS circuit of
S. pyogenes
demonstrate that DNA binding of target promoters by the activator Rgg2 is directly inhibited by competitive binding by the repressor Rgg3, thereby preventing transcriptional activation of the target genes and premature induction of the QS circuit. This is a unique regulatory mechanism among Rgg proteins and other peptide-responsive QS regulators.
Health-related quality of life after serious occupational injury in Egyptian workers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Salah Eldin Waleed , Hirshon Jon Mark , Smith Gordon S , Kamal Abdel-Aziz Mohamad , Abou-El-Fetouh Aisha , El-Setouhy Maged 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesOccupational injuries can have severe socioeconomic consequences; however, little research has examined the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of workers following occupational injuries, especially in developing countries. This study was to employ the European Quality of Life Five Dimensions (EQ-5D) tool to measure HRQoL 6 months following serious occupational injury sustained by insured workers in the East Delta Region of Egypt.DesignThis cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2008 among workers injured severely enough to be off work for at least 6 months after an occupational injury.SettingThe Nile Insurance Hospital in Qalyubia, Egypt.ParticipantsAdult workers returning for follow-up evaluation after being given 6 months off work by a physician for an occupational injury.OutcomesThe workers described their health and quality of life using the EQ-5D instrument.ResultsMost study participants were male (n=118 (90%)), with mean age of 41.5 years. Fractures were the most common type of injury (n=96 (73%)), mostly involving the lower limbs (n=70 (53%)). Participants identified persistent problems related to mobility (n=78 (60%)), self-care (n=69 (53%)), performing usual activities (n=109 (83%)), pain/discomfort (n=119 (91%)) and anxiety/depression (n=51 (40%)). The perceived HRQoL estimated by the mean (±SD) visual analogue scale (VAS) score among injured workers was 61.6±17.9. Multivariate linear regression showed an association between poor VAS score and amputations, mobility limitation, self-care problems, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.ConclusionsSome people with occupational injuries experience significant problems such as pain/discomfort, functional limitations and anxiety/depression, long after the injury. Improvement in pain management strategies and physical and psychological rehabilitation may improve their health-related quality of life.
CoMPASs: IOn programme (Care Of Memory Problems in Advanced Stages of dementia: Improving Our Knowledge): protocol for a mixed methods study
Authors: Jones Louise , Harrington Jane , Scott Sharon , Davis Sarah , Lord Kathryn , Vickerstaff Victoria , Round Jeff , Candy Bridget , Sampson Elizabeth L 
Published: November 2012

IntroductionApproximately 700 000 people in the UK have dementia, rising to 1.2 million by 2050; one-third of people aged over 65 will die with dementia. Good end-of-life care is often neglected, and detailed UK-based research on symptom burden and needs is lacking. Our project examines these issues from multiple perspectives using a rigorous and innovative design, collecting data which will inform the development of pragmatic interventions to improve care.Methods and analysisTo define in detail symptom burden, service provision and factors affecting care pathways we shall use mixed methods: prospective cohort studies of people with advanced dementia and their carers; workshops and interactive interviews with health professionals and carers, and a workshop with people with early stage dementia. Interim analyses of cohort data will inform new scenarios for workshops and interviews. Final analysis will include cohort demographics, the symptom burden and health service use over the follow-up period. We shall explore the level and nature of unmet needs, describing how comfort and quality of life change over time and differences between those living in care homes and those remaining in their own homes. Data from workshops and interviews will be analysed for thematic content assisted by textual grouping software. Findings will inform the development of a complex intervention in the next phase of the research programme.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by National Health Service ethical committees for studies involving people with dementia and carers (REC refs. 12/EE/0003; 12/LO/0346), and by university ethics committee for work with healthcare professionals (REC ref. 3578/001). We shall present our findings at conferences, and in peer-reviewed journals, prepare detailed reports for organisations involved with end-of-life care and dementia, publicising results on the Marie Curie website. A summary of the research will be provided to participants if requested.
A NOISE WITH SPACE PARAMETER AND INVARIANCE OF THE CLASS OF INTENSITIES
Authors: LEE K.-S. , SI SI 
Published: November 2012

We are going to discuss a new noise depending on the space variable u. When we discuss random phenomena, we can see significant different characters between the phenomena depending on time and those on space. We can see this fact clearly when we take noises, which we mean systems involving independent idealized random variables, like white noise [Formula: see text] or many other examples. We shall take noises depending specifically on space to discuss different properties from what are found in time-dependent noises. We shall also discuss phenomena where Poisson type variables are involved, however we emphasize that their significant properties are described in terms of the intensity, and we shall therefore consider the phenomena in question with special emphasis on intensity which is often parametrized by the space variables. Interesting results will be seen in the two-dimensional space parameter case, where the group SL(2, R) plays an important role in the representation of the class of intensities.
FRÉCHET DIFFERENTIABILITY OF THE NORM IN A SOBOLEV SPACE WITH A VARIABLE EXPONENT
Authors: CIARLET PHILIPPE G. , DINCA GEORGE , MATEI PAVEL 
Published: November 2012

Let Ω be a domain in ℝN, let [Formula: see text] be such that p(x) > 1 for all [Formula: see text], let W1,p(⋅)(Ω) be the Sobolev space with variable exponent p(⋅), let Γ0be a dΓ-measurable subset of Γ = ∂Ω that satisfies dΓ-meas Γ0> 0, and let UΓ0= {u ∈ W1,p(⋅)(Ω); tr u = 0 on Γ0}.It is shown that the map u ∈ UΓ0↦ ‖u‖0,p(⋅), ∇= ‖|∇u|‖0,p(⋅)is a Fréchet-differentiable norm on UΓ0, and a formula expressing the Fréchet derivative of this norm at any nonzero u ∈ UΓ0is given.We also show that, if p(x) ≥ 2 for all [Formula: see text], (UΓ0, ‖u‖0,p(⋅), ∇) is uniformly convex.Using properties of duality mappings defined on Banach spaces having a Fréchet-differentiable norm, we give the explicit form of continuous linear functionals on (UΓ0, ‖u‖0,p(⋅), ∇). It is also shown that the space UΓ0and its dual have the same Krein–Krasnoselski–Milman dimension.