bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of passive margins on the evolution of Subduction‐Transform Edge Propagators (STEPs)
Authors: Nijholt Nicolai , Govers Rob 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA Subduction‐Transform Edge Propagator (STEP) is the locus of continual lithospheric tearing which enables subduction of one part of a tectonic plate, while the juxtaposed part remains at the surface. A key question is the propagation direction of active STEPs, and we suspect passive margins to play a critical role in steering STEPs. We investigate the role of passive margins (width, orientation, and lateral strength contrast) on the STEP propagation direction through mechanical finite element models. For straight passive margins, we show that STEPs remain parallel to passive margins when within 15° from a trench‐perpendicular geometry. In other cases, where passive margins change strike ahead of the active STEP, STEPs are captured by passive margins for abrupt strike changes (radius of curvature < lithosphere thickness) less than 25° from trench perpendicular. Outside this window, STEPs will propagate in the original direction. If a strike change (>25°) is made through a large radius of curvature (>lithosphere thickness), STEPs will also propagate along the passive margin. A STEP system evolves toward orthogonality, which may explain why STEP faults are approximately perpendicular to trenches in nature. STEP systems are relatively insensitive to small‐scale details (due to large‐scale stresses), propagating as straight features along rugged passive margins. Surprisingly, magnitudes of lithospheric strength variation across the passive margin and subduction history, which determines location and magnitude of density anomalies in the mantle, are less relevant for the STEP propagation direction.
Measuring black carbon spectral extinction in the visible and infrared
Authors: Smith A. J. A. , Peters D. M. , McPheat R. , Lukanihins S. , Grainger R. G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis work presents measurements of the spectral extinction of black carbon aerosol from 400 nm to 15 μm. The aerosol was generated using a Miniature Combustion Aerosol Standard soot generator and then allowed to circulate in an aerosol cell where its extinction was measured using a grating spectrometer in the visible and a Fourier transform spectrometer in the infrared. Size distribution, number concentration, and mass extinction cross sections have also been obtained using single‐particle aerosol samplers. A mean mass extinction cross section at 550 nm of 8.3 ± 1.6 m2 g−1 is found which, assuming a reasonable single scatter albedo of 0.2, corresponds to a mass absorption cross section of 6.6 ± 1.3 m2 g−1. This compares well with previously reported literature values. Computer analysis of electron microscope images of the particles provides independent confirmation of the size distribution as well as fractal parameters of the black carbon aerosol. The aerosol properties presented in this work are representative of very fresh, uncoated black carbon aerosol. After atmospheric processing of such aerosols (which could include mixing with other constituents and structural changes), different optical properties would be expected.
Effects of debris flow composition on runout, depositional mechanisms, and deposit morphology in laboratory experiments
Authors: de Haas Tjalling , Braat Lisanne , Leuven Jasper R. F. W. , Lokhorst Ivar R. , Kleinhans Maarten G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPredicting debris flow runout is of major importance for hazard mitigation. Apart from topography and volume, runout distance and area depends on debris flow composition and rheology, but how is poorly understood. We experimentally investigated effects of composition on debris flow runout, depositional mechanisms, and deposit geometry. The small‐scale experimental debris flows were largely similar to natural debris flows in terms of flow behavior, deposit morphology, grain size sorting, channel width‐depth ratio, and runout. Deposit geometry (lobe thickness and width) in our experimental debris flows is largely determined by composition, while the effects of initial conditions of topography (i.e., outflow plain slope and channel slope and width) and volume are negligible. We find a clear optimum in the relations of runout with coarse‐material fraction and clay fraction. Increasing coarse‐material concentration leads to larger runout. However, excess coarse material results in a large accumulation of coarse debris at the flow front and enhances diffusivity, increasing frontal friction and decreasing runout. Increasing clay content initially enhances runout, but too much clay leads to very viscous flows, reducing runout. Runout increases with channel slope and width, outflow plain slope, debris flow volume, and water fraction. These results imply that debris flow runout depends at least as much on composition as on topography. This study improves understanding of the effects of debris flow composition on runout and may aid future debris flow hazard assessments.
Marsh‐atmosphere CO2 exchange in a New England salt marsh
Authors: Forbrich Inke , Giblin Anne E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe studied marsh‐atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in a high marsh dominated salt marsh during the months of May to October in 2012–2014. Tidal inundation at the site occurred only during biweekly spring tides, during which we observed a reduction in fluxes during day and night. We estimated net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco) using a modified PLIRTLE model, which requires photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as control variables. NDVI decreased during inundation, when the marsh canopy was submerged. Two‐time series of NDVI, including and excluding effects of tidal inundation, allowed us to quantify the flux reduction during inundation. The effect of the flux reduction was small (2–4%) at our site, but is likely higher for marshes at a lower elevation. From May to October, GPP averaged −863 g C m−2, Reco averaged 591 g C m−2, and NEE averaged −291 g C m−2. In 2012, which was an exceptionally warm year, we observed an early start of net carbon uptake but higher respiration than in 2013 and 2014 due to higher‐air temperature in August. This resulted in the lowest NEE during the study period (−255.9±6.9 g C m−2). The highest seasonal net uptake (−336.5±6.3 g C m−2) was observed in 2013, which was linked to higher rainfall and temperature in July. Mean sea level was very similar during all 3 years which allowed us to isolate the importance of climatic factors.
Ensemble Modeling of the 23 July 2012 Coronal Mass Ejection
Authors: Cash M. D. , Biesecker D. A. , Pizzo V. , de Koning C. A. , Millward G. , Arge C. N. , Henney C. J. , Odstrcil D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOn 23 July 2012 a significant and rapid coronal mass ejection (CME) was detected in situ by the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) A. This CME was unusual due to its extremely brief Sun‐to‐1 AU transit time of less than 21 h and its exceptionally high impact speed of 2246 km/s. If this CME had been Earth directed, it would have produced a significant geomagnetic storm with potentially serious consequences. To protect our ground‐ and space‐based assets, there is a clear need to accurately forecast the arrival times of such events using realistic input parameters and models run in near real time. Using Wang‐Sheely‐Arge (WSA)‐Enlil, the operational model currently employed at the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center, we investigate the sensitivity of the 23 July CME event to model input parameters. Variations in the initial CME speed, angular width, and direction, as well as the ambient solar wind background, are investigated using an ensemble approach to study the effect on the predicted arrival time of the CME at STEREO A. Factors involved in the fast transit time of this large CME are discussed, and potential improvements to modeling such events with the WSA‐Enlil model are presented.
Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Bus S. A. , van Deursen R. W. , Armstrong D. G. , Lewis J. E. A. , Caravaggi C. F. , Cavanagh P. R. ,   on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundFootwear and offloading techniques are commonly used in clinical practice for preventing and healing of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes. The goal of this systematic review is to assess the medical scientific literature on this topic to better inform clinical practice about effective treatment.MethodsWe searched the medical scientific literature indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane database for original research studies published since 1 May 2006 related to four groups of interventions: (1) casting; (2) footwear; (3) surgical offloading; and (4) other offloading interventions. Primary outcomes were ulcer prevention, ulcer healing, and pressure reduction. We reviewed both controlled and non‐controlled studies. Controlled studies were assessed for methodological quality, and extracted key data was presented in evidence and risk of bias tables. Uncontrolled studies were assessed and summarized on a narrative basis. Outcomes are presented and discussed in conjunction with data from our previous systematic review covering the literature from before 1 May 2006.ResultsWe included two systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, 32 randomized controlled trials, 15 other controlled studies, and another 127 non‐controlled studies. Several randomized controlled trials with low risk of bias show the efficacy of therapeutic footwear that demonstrates to relief plantar pressure and is worn by the patient, in the prevention of plantar foot ulcer recurrence. Two meta‐analyses show non‐removable offloading to be more effective than removable offloading for healing plantar neuropathic forefoot ulcers. Due to the limited number of controlled studies, clear evidence on the efficacy of surgical offloading and felted foam is not yet available. Interestingly, surgical offloading seems more effective in preventing than in healing ulcers. A number of controlled and uncontrolled studies show that plantar pressure can be reduced by several conservative and surgical approaches.ConclusionsSufficient evidence of good quality supports the use of non‐removable offloading to heal plantar neuropathic forefoot ulcers and therapeutic footwear with demonstrated pressure relief that is worn by the patient to prevent plantar foot ulcer recurrence. The evidence base to support the use of other offloading interventions is still limited and of variable quality. The evidence for the use of interventions to prevent a first foot ulcer or heal ischemic, infected, non‐plantar, or proximal foot ulcers is practically non‐existent. High‐quality controlled studies are needed in these areas.
Effectiveness of bedside investigations to diagnose peripheral artery disease among people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Authors: Brownrigg J. R. W. , Hinchliffe R. J. , Apelqvist J. , Boyko E. J. , Fitridge R. , Mills J. L. , Reekers J. , Shearman C. P. , Zierler R. E. , Schaper N. C. ,   on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
Published: September 2015

AbstractNon‐invasive tests for the detection of peripheral artery disease (PAD) among individuals with diabetes mellitus are important to estimate the risk of amputation, ulceration, wound healing and the presence of cardiovascular disease, yet there are no consensus recommendations to support a particular diagnostic modality over another and to evaluate the performance of index non‐invasive diagnostic tests against reference standard imaging techniques (magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, digital subtraction angiography and colour duplex ultrasound) for the detection of PAD among patients with diabetes. Two reviewers independently screened potential studies for inclusion and extracted study data. Eligible studies evaluated an index test for PAD against a reference test. An assessment of methodological quality was performed using the quality assessment for diagnostic accuracy studies instrument. Of the 6629 studies identified, ten met the criteria for inclusion. In these studies, the patients had a median age of 60–74 years and a median duration of diabetes of 9–24 years. Two studies reported exclusively on patients with symptomatic (ulcerated/infected) feet, two on patients with asymptomatic (intact) feet only, and the remaining six on patients both with and without foot ulceration. Ankle brachial index (ABI) was the most widely assessed index test. Overall, the positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of an ABI threshold <0.9 ranged from 2 to 25 (median 8) and <0.1 to 0.7 (median 0.3), respectively. In patients with neuropathy, the NLR of the ABI was generally higher (two out of three studies), indicating poorer performance, and ranged between 0.3 and 0.5. A toe brachial index <0.75 was associated with a median positive likelihood ratio and NLRs of 3 and ≤0.1, respectively, and was less affected by neuropathy in one study. Also, in two separate studies, pulse oximetry used to measure the oxygen saturation of peripheral blood and Doppler wave form analyses had NLRs of 0.2 and <0.1. The reported performance of ABI for the diagnosis of PAD in patients with diabetes mellitus is variable and is adversely affected by the presence of neuropathy. Limited evidence suggests that toe brachial index, pulse oximetry and wave form analysis may be superior to ABI for diagnosing PAD in patients with neuropathy with and without foot ulcers. There were insufficient data to support the adoption of one particular diagnostic modality over another and no comparisons existed with clinical examination. The quality of studies evaluating diagnostic techniques for the detection of PAD in individuals with diabetes is poor. Improved compliance with guidelines for methodological quality is needed in future studies.
Is heart rate a risk marker in patients with chronic heart failure and concomitant atrial fibrillation? Results from the MAGGIC meta‐analysis
Authors: Simpson Joanne , Castagno Davide , Doughty Rob N. , Poppe Katrina K. , Earle Nikki , Squire Iain , Richards Mark , Andersson Bert , Ezekowitz Justin A. , Komajda Michel , Petrie Mark C. , McAlister Finlay A. , Gamble Greg D. , Whalley Gillian A. , McMurray John J.V. ,   on behalf of the Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC)
Published: September 2015

AimTo investigate the relationship between heart rate and survival in patients with heart failure (HF) and coexisting atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods and ResultsPatients with AF included in the Meta‐analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) meta‐analysis were the main focus of this analysis (3259 patients from 17 studies). The outcome was all‐cause mortality at 3 years. Heart rate was analysed as a categorical (tertiles; T1 ≤77 b.p.m., T2 78–98 b.p.m., T3 ≥98 b.p.m.) and continuous variable. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare the risk of all‐cause death between tertiles of baseline heart rate. Patients in the highest tertile were more often female, less likely to have an ischaemic aetiology or diabetes, had a lower ejection fraction but higher blood pressure and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Higher heart rate was associated with higher mortality in patients with sinus rhythm (SR) but not in those in AF. In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HF‐REF) and AF, death rates per 100 patient years were lowest in the highest heart rate tertile (T1 18.9 vs. T3 15.9) but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). In patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HF‐PEF), death rates per 100 patient years were highest in the highest heart rate tertile (T1 14.6 vs. T3 16.0, P = 0.014). However, after adjustment for other important prognostic variables, higher heart rate was no longer associated with higher mortality in HF‐PEF (or HF‐REF).ConclusionsIn this meta‐analysis of patients with HF, heart rate does not have the same prognostic significance in patients in AF as it does in those in SR, irrespective of ejection fraction or treatment with beta‐blocker.
Two distinct types of depolarizing afterpotentials are differentially expressed in stellate and pyramidal‐like neurons of entorhinal‐cortex layer II
Authors: Alessi Camilla , Raspanti Alessandra , Magistretti Jacopo 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTTwo types of principal neurons, stellate cells and pyramidal‐like cells, are found in medial entorhinal‐cortex (mEC) layer II, and are believed to represent two distinct channels of information processing and transmission in the entorhinal cortex–hippocampus network. In this study, we found that depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) that follow single action potentials (APs) evoked from various levels of holding membrane voltage (Vh) show distinct properties in the two cells types. In both, an evident DAP followed the AP at near‐threshold Vh levels, and was accompanied by an enhancement of excitability and spike‐timing precision. This DAP was sensitive to voltage‐gated Na+‐channel block with TTx, but not to partial removal of extracellular Ca2+. Application of 5‐μM anandamide, which inhibited the resurgent and persistent Na+‐current components in a relatively selective way, significantly reduced the amplitude of this particular DAP while exerting poor effects on the foregoing AP. In the presence of background hyperpolarization, DAPs showed an opposite behavior in the two cell types, as in stellate cells they became even more prominent, whereas in pyramidal‐like cells their amplitude was markedly reduced. The DAP observed in stellate cells under this condition was strongly inhibited by partial extracellular‐Ca2+ removal, and was sensitive to the low‐voltage‐activated Ca2+‐channel blocker, NNC55‐0396. This Ca2+ dependence was not observed in the residual DAP evoked in pyramidal‐like cells from likewise negative Vh levels. These results demonstrate that two distinct mechanism of DAP generation operate in mEC layer‐II neurons, one Na+‐dependent and active at near‐threshold Vh levels in both stellate and‐pyramidal‐like cells, the other Ca2+‐dependent and only expressed by stellate cells in the presence of background membrane hyperpolarization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reachable workspace and performance of upper limb (PUL) in duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Han Jay J. , de Bie Evan , Nicorici Alina , Abresch Richard T. , Anthonisen Colleen , Bajcsy Ruzena , Kurillo Gregorij , Mcdonald Craig M. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The Kinect‐based reachable workspace relative surface area (RSA) is compared with the performance of upper limb (PUL) assessment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: 29 individuals with DMD (ages: 7–23; Brooke: 1–5) underwent both Kinect‐based reachable workspace RSA and PUL assessments. RSAs were also collected from 24 age‐matched controls. Total and quadrant RSAs were compared with the PUL total, shoulder‐, middle‐, and distal‐dimension scores. Results: The total reachable workspace RSA correlated well with the total PUL score (Spearman ρ = ‐0.602; P < 0.001), and with each of the PUL dimensional scores: shoulder (ρ = ‐0.624; P < 0.001), middle (ρ = ‐0.564; P = 0.001), and distal (ρ = ‐0.630; P < 0.001). With quadrant RSA, reachability in a particular quadrant was closely associated with respective PUL dimensional‐level function (lateral‐upper quadrant for shoulder‐, lateral‐upper/lower quadrants for middle‐, and lateral‐lower quadrant for distal‐level function). Conclusions: This study demonstrates concurrent validity of the reachable workspace outcome measure (RSA) with the DMD‐specific upper extremity outcome measure (PUL). Muscle Nerve 53: 545–554, 2016
Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms affecting torque development at different joint angles
Authors: Papaiordanidou Maria , Mustacchi Valérie , Stevenot Jean‐Damien , Vanoncini Michele , Martin Alain 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We examined the neural mechanisms responsible for plantar flexion torque changes at different joint positions. Methods: Nine subjects performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) at 6 ankle–knee angle combinations [3 ankle angles (dorsiflexion, anatomic position, plantar flexion) and 2 knee angles (flexion, full extension)]. Neural mechanisms were determined by V‐wave, H‐reflex (at rest and during MVC), and electromyography during MVC (RMS), normalized to the muscle compound action potential (V/Msup, Hmax/Mmax, Hsup/Msup and RMS/Msup) and voluntary activation (VA), while muscle function was assessed by doublet amplitude. Results: MVC and doublet amplitude were significantly lower at plantar flexion (P < 0.01), while VA was significantly lower at dorsiflexion and full knee extension (P < 0.05). V/Msup and RMS/Msup were significantly lower at knee extension (P < 0.01), while Hsup/Msup was not affected by joint angle. Conclusions: These results indicate that joint positions leading to muscle lengthening produce reduced neural drive, due mainly to supraspinal mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 53: 626–632, 2016
A hybrid finite element strategy for the simulation of MEMS structures
Authors: Jog C. S. , Patil Kunal D. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThis work describes the development of a hybrid finite element strategy for modeling the nonlinear, strongly coupled electromechanical equations governing micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) structures in general and the phenomena of static and dynamic pull‐in exhibited by such structures in particular. It is known that conventional finite elements ‘lock’ severely for thin plate or shell‐type structures (which is typical of geometries that occur in microsystems). The developed hybrid finite element formulation is based on a two‐field variational formulation and involves an independent interpolation of the displacement and stress fields. In a conventional structural analysis, it is known that hybrid finite elements are much more immune to volumetric, shear, and membrane locking compared with conventional elements. This work extends the hybrid finite element method to the analysis of MEMS structures. Such an extension is not straightforward due to the strong coupling with the electric field variables. The formulation is based on a total Lagrangian description and is monolithic. This combination of the hybrid strategy and the monolithic scheme results in very good coarse‐mesh accuracy and quadratic convergence both within the context of the static and transient formulations that have been developed. Numerous examples from the literature are considered to demonstrate the high efficacy of the developed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The biosynthetic pathway of FK506 and its engineering: from past achievements to future prospects
Authors: Ban Yeon Hee , Park Sung Ryeol , Yoon Yeo Joon 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
FK506, a 23-membered macrolide produced by several Streptomyces species, is an immunosuppressant widely used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. In addition, FK506 and its analogs possess numerous promising therapeutic potentials including antifungal, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative activities. Herein, we introduce the biological activities and mechanisms of action of FK506 and discuss recent progress made in understanding its biosynthetic pathway, improving production, and in the mutasynthesis of diverse analogs. Perspectives highlighting further strain improvement and structural diversification aimed at generating more analogs with improved pharmaceutical properties will be emphasized.