bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patrons & Prototypes: Walmart's Catalytic Urbanism
Authors: LeCavalier Jesse 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBentonville in northwest Arkansas is a small town built on the successes of a global retail giant. Jessie LeCavalier traces the influence of Walmart on the development of this nascent city, triggering the Ventonville development of suppliers that surrounds the company's headquarters as well as the Walton family's endowments that are enabling the building of new cultural and educational spaces.
Revolution of the Ordinary
Authors: Fabricius Daniela 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAcross the world, the force of the ordinary is being felt. Needs must means that the majority of new urban development globally is driven by the settlement and actions of the poorest city dwellers. Where formal provision is not made for infrastructure, people are providing for themselves. Daniela Fabricius looks at how the impact of collective action by ‘ordinary’ people on the city might be assessed architecturally in cities as politically and geographically as diverse as Lima, Manila, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Tehran and Mexico City.
We Will Be Making Active Form
Authors: Easterling Keller 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn response to the relative redundancy of architect‐designed buildings and the proliferation of commercial structures that are rolled out to a highly formulaic spatial format across the world's cities, Keller Easterling advocates a new architecture of ‘active form’. These active forms potentially perform as ‘verbs’ rather than ‘nouns’ to the city's activities, providing ‘the means by which the field changes’ and the ‘repertoire for how it plays’.
Metropol Parasol, Seville
Authors: Mayer H Jürgen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn central Seville, a huge fungus‐like form floats over the Plaza de la Encarnación. Jürgen Mayer H describes how his Metropol Parasol has revitalised a historic square, providing new amenities such as a museum, market space and viewing platform, while also imbuing it with a formal identity that triggers informal activities and events.
African Water Cities
Authors: Adeyemi Kunlé 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe impact of climate change is pronounced in Africa, where coastal cities are now experiencing a significant rise in sea level and increases in rainfall. In Nigeria, 30 per cent of Lagos is already under water. Made up of houses built on stilts, the informal settlement of Makoko in Lagos subsists on logging and fishing. Here, Kunlé Adeyemi of NLÉ explores Makoko as a potential contemporary model for adapting other African cities to the rise in water levels with minimal resources.
Importing the City into Architecture: An Interview with Bernard Tschumi
Authors: Eisenschmidt Alexander 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe influential group of individuals that taught at the Architectural Association (AA) in London in the 1970s changed forever the way that we think about the city. The group included among its number Rem Koolhaas, Zaha Hadid and Nigel Coates, and perhaps most significantly Bernard Tschumi, who was to become one of the most influential designers and educators of the next few decades. Guest‐editor Alexander Eisenschmidt interviews Tschumi to give him the final word on the question of architecture and the city.
Hello Stranger: Phenomenology and Topography of the Megacity
Authors: Bos Caroline 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCaroline Bos of UNStudio counters the city theme of this issue of Architectural Design with the spectre of the megacity. The very recent emergence and scale of the Asian megacity, she argues, requires a very different architectural treatment to the European or North American metropolis. It is one that should be understood through an experiential approach that brings to the fore spatial and visual relations between people, and people and things, asking, for instance, how so many strangers can be so visibly at home in public urban space.
High Hole Mobility and Thickness‐Dependent Crystal Structure in α,ω‐Dihexylsexithiophene Single‐Monolayer Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Mannebach Ehren M. , Spalenka Josef W. , Johnson Phillip S. , Cai Zhonghou , Himpsel F. J. , Evans Paul G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMonolayer‐thickness two‐dimensional layers of α,ω‐dihexylsexithiophene (α,ω‐DH6T) exhibit field‐effect hole mobility of up to 0.032 cm2 V−1 s−1, higher than previously reported for monolayers of other small‐molecule organic semiconductors. In situ measurements during deposition show that the source‐drain current saturates rapidly after the percolation of monolayer‐high islands, indicating that the electrical properties of α,ω‐DH6T transistors are largely determined by the first molecular monolayer. The α,ω‐DH6T monolayer consists of crystalline islands in which the long axes of molecules are oriented approximately perpendicular to the plane of the substrate surface. In‐plane lattice constants measured using synchrotron grazing‐incidence diffraction are larger in monolayer‐thickness films than the in‐plane lattice constants of several‐monolayer films and of previously reported thick‐film structures. Near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) reveals that the larger in‐plane lattice constant of single‐monolayer films arises from a larger tilt of the molecular axis away from the surface normal. NEXAFS spectra at the C 1s and S 2p edges are consistent with a high degree of molecular alignment and with the local symmetry imposed by the thiophene ring. The high mobility of holes in α,ω‐DH6T monolayers can be attributed to the reduction of hole scattering associated with the isolation of the thiophene core from the interface by terminal hexyl chains.
Risk for ingestion of toxic substances in children with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: McCandless Shawn E. , Powell Karen Potter , Sandberg Ulrika 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIndividuals with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) have several common findings that may predispose to ingestion of potentially dangerous items. This study examined whether individuals with PWS have an increased prevalence of toxic ingestions. A survey regarding history of ingestions in PWS individuals and sibling controls was designed, piloted, and distributed on‐line. The subjects were individuals with PWS (N = 129). The subjects' non‐PWS siblings served as controls (N = 134). Participants who completed the anonymous online survey were either the parents or the primary caretaker of individuals with PWS. Responses were submitted by 141 participants, providing information about 130 PWS subjects (M/F: 66:64) and 134 sibling controls. Subjects and controls ranged in age from 2 to 18 years at the time of the survey. Eleven participants did not answer the questions regarding ingestions. History of toxic ingestion was more prevalent in PWS subjects (20% vs. 2% of controls). Several features of PWS, including history of searching for food and eating unusual objects, along with decreased cognitive ability, appeared to associate with increased prevalence of toxic ingestion in PWS individuals. PWS children appear to have an ∼12‐fold increased risk of ingesting toxins compared to the general population. Geneticists should include this information in counseling and in recommendations to primary care providers. Also, poison control centers need to be aware of this association and of the physiological and behavioral aspects of PWS that may complicate the diagnosis and management of a toxic ingestion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleep‐disordered breathing in Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome: Three patients
Authors: Kansagra Sujay , D'Cruz O'Neill , Noah Terry L. , Vaughn Bradley V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBeckwith–Wiedemann syndrome is associated with craniofacial abnormalities that may predispose patients to sleep‐related breathing disorders. There is limited literature on the polysomnography findings for children with this syndrome. Three patients with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome underwent polysomnography in our sleep lab and were found to have a variety of sleep‐disordered breathing that ranged from obstructive apnea to isolated REM sleep‐related hypoxemia–hypoventilation without obstructive apnea. Suspicion for sleep‐disordered breathing should be high in children with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Haploinsufficiency of STK11 and neighboring genes cause a contiguous gene syndrome including Peutz–Jeghers phenotype
Authors: Scollon Sarah , McWalter Kirsty , Abe Keith , King Jeremy , Kimata Kevin , Slavin Thomas P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe report on clinical and molecular findings of a 15‐year‐old female referred to our genetics clinic for a diagnostic evaluation due to mild developmental delay, submucosal cleft palate, and seizure disorder. Chromosomal microarray technology revealed a cancer predisposition due to a terminal deletion on chromosome 19p that includes the tumor suppressor gene STK11. In addition to abnormal lip pigmentation on exam, further diagnostic workup with upper and lower gastrointestinal screening confirmed polyps consistent with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. The purpose of this study is to present a full clinical description of a patient with a rare 19p13.3 chromosomal deletion and review the current literature of this newly emerging contiguous gene deletion syndrome. It also supports the screening for complications of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome in all patients with this deletion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of oxidative stabilization of viscose rayon fibers impregnated with ammonium sulfate prior to carbonization and activation steps
Authors: Karacan Ismail , Soy Taner 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe oxidative thermal stability of microcrystalline plant‐based viscose rayon cellulose fiber was improved in the presence of an ammonium sulfate solution. The structural characterization of the oxidized samples was carried out using a combination of fiber thickness, linear density, burning test, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy measurements. Oxidized viscose rayon fibers showed physical and chemical transformations with increasing oxidation temperature and were characterized by a reduction in fiber diameter and linear density values together with color changes with increasing oxidation temperature. The results obtained from XRD analysis showed the loss of crystallinity due to the amorphization processes. XRD analysis also showed increasing conversion to a highly crosslinked and cyclized structure with progressing temperature. The DSC and TGA measurements indicated that there was an improvement in thermal stability. The results obtained from IR spectra showed the progress of dehydrogenation and dehydration reactions. IR spectra in the 2000–800 cm−1 region showed a loss of crystalline structure confirming the results of XRD. The IR spectra of the oxidized samples also showed the conversion of primary hydroxyl (OH) groups to carbonyl (CO) groups and the presence of CC double bonds arising from the formation of a cyclized and crosslinked structure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fe‐mediated ARGET atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in ionic liquid‐based microemulsion
Authors: Wang Guo‐Xiang , Lu Mang , Liu Li‐Chao , Wu Hu , Zhong Ming 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPoly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was synthesized by activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of MMA in ionic liquid‐based microemulsion with polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) as surfactant. The polymerization was carried out at 25°C with CCl4 as initiator, FeCl3·6H2O/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,2‐ethanediamine (TMEDA) as catalyst complex in the presence of reducing agent ascorbic acid (VC). The polymerization kinetics showed the feature of controlled/″living″ process as evidenced by a linear first‐order plot. The well‐controlled polymers were obtained with narrow polydispersity indices and the ionic liquid‐based microemulsions were transparent with a particle size less than 30 nm. The obtained polymer was characterized by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The chain extension was successfully achieved by the obtained PMMA macroinitiator/FeCl3·6H2O/TMEDA/VC initiator system based on ARGET ATRP method. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Comparing the Distribution of Strains with the Distribution of Bone Tissue in a Human Mandible: A Finite Element Study
Authors: Gröning Flora , Fagan Michael , O'higgins Paul 
Published: September 2012

AbstractComparative anatomy and experimental studies suggest that the mass and distribution of tissue within a bone is adapted to the strains the bone experiences during function. Finite element analysis is a powerful tool that can be used to investigate this since it allows the creation of hypothetical models with unadapted morphology. Here we use FE models of a human mandible with modified internal morphology to study the relationships between the gross distribution of bone tissue (i.e., the presence or absence of bone in a certain area), the variation of cortical bone thickness within the mandible and the distribution of strain magnitudes. We created one model in which all internal cavities were filled with cortical bone material and a second, hollow model with constant cortical bone thickness. In both the models, several load cases representing bites at different positions along the tooth row were applied and peak strain magnitudes across these load cases were calculated. The peak strain distributions in both models show striking similarities with the gross distribution of bone tissue and the variation of cortical thickness in the real mandible, but the correlation coefficients are rather low. These low coefficients could be explained by confounding factors and by the limited spectrum of load cases that were simulated. However, the correspondences we find between strain magnitude and bone tissue distribution suggest that models with altered internal geometry are useful in studying the mechanical adaptation of bone, especially in the absence of any in vivo strain data. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for discovery and validation of methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA biomarkers
Authors: Olkhov‐Mitsel Ekaterina , Bapat Bharati 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDNA methylation, consisting of the addition of a methyl group at the fifth‐position of cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide, is one of the most well‐studied epigenetic mechanisms in mammals with important functions in normal and disease biology. Disease‐specific aberrant DNA methylation is a well‐recognized hallmark of many complex diseases. Accordingly, various studies have focused on characterizing unique DNA methylation marks associated with distinct stages of disease development as they may serve as useful biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of response to therapy, or disease monitoring. Recently, novel CpG dinucleotide modifications with potential regulatory roles such as 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine, 5‐formylcytosine, and 5‐carboxylcytosine have been described. These potential epigenetic marks cannot be distinguished from 5‐methylcytosine by many current strategies and may potentially compromise assessment and interpretation of methylation data. A large number of strategies have been described for the discovery and validation of DNA methylation‐based biomarkers, each with its own advantages and limitations. These strategies can be classified into three main categories: restriction enzyme digestion, affinity‐based analysis, and bisulfite modification. In general, candidate biomarkers are discovered using large‐scale, genome‐wide, methylation sequencing, and/or microarray‐based profiling strategies. Following discovery, biomarker performance is validated in large independent cohorts using highly targeted locus‐specific assays. There are still many challenges to the effective implementation of DNA methylation‐based biomarkers. Emerging innovative methylation and hydroxymethylation detection strategies are focused on addressing these gaps in the field of epigenetics. The development of DNA methylation‐ and hydroxymethylation‐based biomarkers is an exciting and rapidly evolving area of research that holds promise for potential applications in diverse clinical settings.
Preventive Effects of Flavonoid Extracts from Ilex hainanensisMerr. on Rats with Hepatic Steatosis Induced by a High‐Fat Diet
Authors: Wei Xiang‐lan , Chen Xiao‐qing , Fang Ru‐tang , Sun Xiao‐yan , Zhu Chang‐sheng , Yang Jie , Xue Xin , Wang Qiang 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Preclinical Research

Ilex hainanensis Merr. leaves are widely used for their diuretic, antihypertensive, antilipemic, and anti‐inflammatory properties. The main chemical components in these leaves are flavonoids. To evaluate whether the total extract (TE) from I. hainanensis Merr. may improve hepatic steatosis and further investigate the preventive effects of the total flavonoid extract (TFE) from I. hainanensis Merr. on hepatic steatosis, rats were given either a high‐fat diet alone or the same diet plus the TE or the TFE for 4 weeks. TE and TFE improved liver histology with a reduction in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and the serum aspartate aminotransferase as well as a decrease in excess accumulated lipids in the serum and liver. TE and TFE decreased the levels of fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, insulin resistance index, and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels in rats fed a high‐fat diet while improving the insulin sensitivity index. These benefits were associated with an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and a decrease in malondialdehyde in the livers of rats fed a high‐fat diet. In conclusion, TE and TFE exert protective effects against hepatic steatosis in rats that are fed a high‐fat diet, possibly through its ability to regulate lipid metabolism and antioxidants, enhance insulin sensitivity, and improve the release of adipocytokines.
Large‐scale longitudinal gradients of genetic diversity: a meta‐analysis across six phyla in the Mediterranean basin
Authors: Conord Cyrille , Gurevitch Jessica , Fady Bruno 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBiodiversity is the diversity of life at all scales, from genes to ecosystems. Predicting its patterns of variation across the globe is a fundamental issue in ecology and evolution. Diversity within species, that is, genetic diversity, is of prime importance for understanding past and present evolutionary patterns, and highlighting areas where conservation might be a priority. Using published data on the genetic diversity of species whose populations occur in the Mediterranean basin, we calculated a coefficient of correlation between within‐population genetic diversity indices and longitude. Using a meta‐analysis framework, we estimated the role of biological, ecological, biogeographic, and marker type factors on the strength and magnitude of this correlation in six phylla. Overall, genetic diversity increases from west to east in the Mediterranean basin. This correlation is significant for both animals and plants, but is not uniformly expressed for all groups. It is stronger in the southern than in the northern Mediterranean, in true Mediterranean plants than in plants found at higher elevations, in trees than in other plants, and in bi‐parentally and paternally than in maternally inherited DNA makers. Overall, this correlation between genetic diversity and longitude, and its patterns across biological and ecological traits, suggests the role of two non‐mutually exclusive major processes that shaped the genetic diversity in the Mediterranean during and after the cold periods of the Pleistocene: east‐west recolonization during the Holocene and population size contraction under local Last Glacial Maximum climate in resident western and low elevation Mediterranean populations.
Little effect of seasonal constraints on population genetic structure in eusocial paper wasps
Authors: Lengronne Thibault , Leadbeater Ellouise , Patalano Solenn , Dreier Stephanie , Field Jeremy , Sumner Seirian , Keller Laurent 
Published: September 2012

AbstractClimate has long been suggested to affect population genetic structures of eusocial insect societies. For instance, Hamilton [Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964) 17] discusses whether temperate and tropical eusocial insects may show differences in population‐level genetic structure and viscosity, and how this might relate to differences in the degree of synchrony in their life cycles or modes of nest founding. Despite the importance of Hamilton's 1964 papers, this specific idea has not been tested in actual populations of wasps, probably due to the paucity of studies on tropical species. Here, we compare colony and population genetic structures in two species of primitively eusocial paper wasps with contrasting ecologies: the tropical species Polistes canadensis and the temperate species P. dominulus. Our results provide important clarifications of Hamilton's discussion. Specifically, we show that the genetic structures of the temperate and tropical species were very similar, indicating that seasonality does not greatly affect population viscosity or inbreeding. For both species, the high genetic differentiation between nests suggests strong selection at the nest level to live with relatives, whereas low population viscosity and low genetic differentiation between nest aggregations might reflect balancing selection to disperse, avoiding competition with relatives. Overall, our study suggests no prevalence of seasonal constraints of the life cycle in affecting the population genetic structure of eusocial paper wasps. These conclusions are likely to apply also to other primitively eusocial insects, such as halictine bees. They also highlight how selection for a kin structure that promotes altruism can override potential effects of ecology in eusocial insects.
Representation of three‐dimensional objects by the rat perirhinal cortex
Authors: Burke S.N. , Maurer A.P. , Hartzell A.L. , Nematollahi S. , Uprety A. , Wallace J.L. , Barnes C.A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe perirhinal cortex (PRC) is known to play an important role in object recognition. Little is known, however, regarding the activity of PRC neurons during the presentation of stimuli that are commonly used for recognition memory tasks in rodents, that is, three‐dimensional objects. Rats in the present study were exposed to three‐dimensional objects while they traversed a circular track for food reward. Under some behavioral conditions, the track contained novel objects, familiar objects, or no objects. Approximately 38% of PRC neurons demonstrated “object fields” (a selective increase in firing at the location of one or more objects). Although the rats spent more time exploring the objects when they were novel compared to familiar, indicating successful recognition memory, the proportion of object fields and the firing rates of PRC neurons were not affected by the rats' previous experience with the objects. Together, these data indicate that the activity of PRC cells is powerfully affected by the presence of objects while animals navigate through an environment; but under these conditions, the firing patterns are not altered by the relative novelty of objects during successful object recognition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.