bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multiscale large time increment/FAS algorithm with time‐space model reduction for frictional contact problems
Authors: Giacoma A. , Dureisseix D. , Gravouil A. , Rochette M. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYA multiscale strategy using model reduction for frictional contact computation is presented. This new approach aims to improve computation time of finite element simulations involving frictional contact between linear and elastic bodies. This strategy is based on a combination between the LATIN (LArge Time INcrement) method and the FAS multigrid solver. The LATIN method is an iterative solver operating on the whole time‐space domain. Applying an a posteriori analysis on solutions of different frictional contact problems shows a great potential as far as reducibility for frictional contact problems is concerned. Time‐space vectors forming the so‐called reduced basis depict particular scales of the problem. It becomes easy to make analogies with multigrid method to take full advantage of multiscale information. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological distress in women with breast and gynecological cancer treated with radical surgery
Authors: Gómez‐Campelo Paloma , Bragado‐Álvarez Carmen , Hernández‐Lloreda Maria José 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study is to compare psychological distress (body image disturbance, self‐esteem, depression, and anxiety) in women with breast or gynecological cancer treated by radical surgery. Additionally, another objective is to analyze the association between psychological distress and sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and social support to produce a prediction model for the outcome measures.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out with 100 women who had undergone radical surgery for breast or gynecological cancer. Both groups were divided into the following: younger than 50 years old and 50 years old or older. Body Image Scale, Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used.ResultsAge had a significant main effect on psychological distress but the type of cancer did not. Younger women showed significantly greater distress than older women (p‐values < 0.001). A significant interaction between age and type of cancer was found, indicating that older women with breast cancer had worse body image and more depression than those with gynecological cancer (p‐values < 0.001); no significant differences were found between younger groups.The prediction model for increased body image disturbance and depression included the joint effect of the following variables: being younger, inactive occupational status, and post‐adjuvant therapy side effects. For lower self‐esteem, the variables were: being younger, post‐adjuvant therapy side effects, and dissatisfaction with social support. And for higher anxiety, the sole variable included was post‐adjuvant therapy side effects.ConclusionsBoth mastectomy and hysterectomy/oophorectomy cause similar psychological distress in younger women, but mastectomy causes greater distress in older women than hysterectomy/oophorectomy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Additive advantage in characteristics of MIMCAPs on flexible silicon (100) fabric with release‐first process
Authors: Ghoneim Mohamed T. , Rojas Jhonathan P. , Hussain Aftab M. , Hussain Muhammad M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe report the inherent increase in capacitance per unit planar area of state‐of‐the art high‐κ integrated metal/insulator/metal capacitors (MIMCAPs) fabricated on flexible silicon fabric with release‐first process. We methodically study and show that our approach to transform bulk silicon (100) into a flexible fabric adds an inherent advantage of enabling higher integration density dynamic random access memory (DRAM) on the same chip area. Our approach is to release an ultra‐thin silicon (100) fabric (25 µm thick) from the bulk silicon wafer, then build MIMCAPs using sputtered aluminium electrodes and successive atomic layer depositions (ALD) without break‐ing the vacuum of a high‐κ aluminium oxide sandwiched between two tantalum nitride layers. This result shows that we can obtain flexible electronics on silicon without sacrificing the high density integration aspects and also utilize the non‐planar geometry associated with fabrication process to obtain a higher integration density compared to bulk silicon integration due to an increased normalized capacitance per unit planar area. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
“Wanton and Senseless” Revisited: The Study of Warfare in Civil Conflicts and the Historiography of the Algerian Massacres
Authors: Mundy Jacob 
Published: November 2013

Abstract:Over the past two decades, attention in the social sciences increasingly has been drawn to the problem of violent civil conflicts, a problem that has disproportionately affected Africa more than any other region. Two approaches to this problem have come to dominate the field: attempts to understand the root causes of civil conflict and attempts to understand the dynamics of its violence. Critics of the former approach have elaborated the ways in which the etiological agenda itself makes, and then politically mobilizes, the reality it claims to find. The goal of this article is to elaborate a similar critique for the latter agenda by examining the productive and destructive interaction between theoretical assumptions and empirical realities that have informed attempts to understand the Algerian massacres of the late 1990s. The overall intention is not to promote a new understanding of those atrocities. Rather, it is to gain a deeper insight into the processes by which episodes of mass civil violence become objects of scientific analysis—and thus objects for political utilization—despite their having emerged from an empirical milieu of contested, ambiguous, and indeterminate realities.
THE GOD “DILUTION”? RELIGION, DISCRIMINATION AND THE CASE FOR REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION
Authors: Gibson Matthew 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnti-discrimination complaints by religious employees have constructed seemingly intractable conflicts. The United Kingdom courts have resolved these disputes by diluting individual religious liberty, particularly when determining questions of disadvantage and proportionality under indirect discrimination. This article explores an alternative UK anti-discrimination claim route for religious employees, namely an employer duty of reasonable accommodation. A comparative analysis outlines the corresponding Canadian duty. This model is applied to UK employment cases featuring indirect religious discrimination, specifically those claims which formed the recent applications inEweida and Others v UK. It is suggested that adoption of the Canadian model be considered: its nuanced approach to proportionality is particularly instructive. Whilst such a UK duty could prove controversial, it would cohere with both normative theory in law and religion and conceptual understanding of anti-discrimination law. Moreover, reasonable accommodation's individualised focus should be acclaimed; it need not compromise collective notions of religious liberty.
VARYING THE STANDARD OF CARE IN NEGLIGENCE
Authors: Nolan Donal 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article explores the variation of the standard of care in negligence to favour defendants, an issue of considerable practical significance which has not previously been the subject of systematic analysis. By shining a spotlight on this issue I hope to show that varying the standard of care in this way is a useful technique, which is and could be used in a number of types of case to achieve an appropriate balance between liability and non-liability. I also hope to show that if this technique is employed there are some ways of varying the standard of care which are preferable to others. The structure of the analysis is centred around three core questions. First, to what extent has English negligence law already varied the standard of care to favour defendants? Secondly, if the standard of care is to be varied, how should this be done? And thirdly, when and why might the use of a modified standard of care be desirable?
HOLISTIC DETERMINATION FOR ONESELF: A NEW PARADIGM FOR SELF-DETERMINATION AT END OF LIFE
Authors: Samanta Jo , Samanta Ash 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAutonomous self-determination by competent adults is a cornerstone of medical law. We argue that the application of Kantian autonomy as the paramount model for self-determination at end of life is questionable as it fails to capture subtler nuances of decision-making in this context. We propose an alternative model which we term ‘holistic determination for oneself’ and posit this as a potential contender to the traditional Kantian construct. The paradigm of holistic determination is conceptualised on the basis of sub-determinations which coalesce to form the final determination. This paradigm offers a unique perspective that is multi-axial (based on the levels of decision-making) and multi-dimensional (based on an on-going temporal inter-relational and integrative synthesis of decisions at all levels). Holistic determination for oneself offers a paradigm that is tempered, universal and optimal for self-determination at end of life.
AFRICAN HISTORY AND GLOBAL STUDIES: A VIEW FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Hofmeyr Isabel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRecent debates on global and world history have largely been shaped in the Euro-American academy, an arrangement that appears to deepen the growing divide between metropolitan and African universities. This article takes a more optimistic view arguing that twenty years of post-apartheid life has enabled a freer flow of people and ideas across the continent. These new networks have sparked projects that explore inter-regional exchanges and transnational circuits within the continent. These developments coincide with the ‘rise of the south’ and present an opportunity for new styles of world history that take the global south as their matrix. This article examines a range of such projects and draws out their wider significance.
Development and validation of fourLeishmaniaspecies constitutively expressing GFP protein. A model for drug discovery and disease pathogenesis studies
Authors: PATEL ASHA PARBHU , DEACON ANDREW , GETTI GIULIA 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYGreen fluorescent protein (GFP)-parasite transfectants have been widely used as a tool for studying disease pathogenesis in several protozoan models and their application in drug screening assays has increased rapidly. In the past decade, the expression of GFP has been established in severalLeishmaniaspecies, mostly forin vitrostudies. The current work reports generation of four transgenic parasites constitutively expressing GFP (Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania aethiopica, Leishmania tropicaandLeishmania major) and their validation as a representative model of infection. This is the first report where stable expression of GFP has been achieved inL. aethiopicaandL. tropica. Integration of GFP was accomplished through homologous recombination of the expression construct, pRib1.2αNEOαGFP downstream of the 18S rRNA promoter in all species. A homogeneous and high level expression of GFP was detected in both the promastigote and the intracellular amastigote stages. All transgenic species showed the same growth pattern, ability to infect mammalian host cells and sensitivity to reference drugs as their wild type counterparts. All four transgenicLeishmaniaare confirmed as models forin vitroand possiblyin vivoinfections and represent an ideal tool for medium throughput testing of compound libraries.
A NEW FORMULA FOR ADOMIAN POLYNOMIALS AND THE ANALYSIS OF ITS TRUNCATED SERIES SOLUTION FOR FRACTIONAL NON-DIFFERENTIABLE INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: KHADER M. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new formula for Adomian polynomials is introduced and applied to obtain truncated series solutions for fractional initial value problems with nondifferentiable functions. These kinds of equations contain a fractional single term which is examined using Jumarie fractional derivatives and fractional Taylor series for nondifferentiable functions. The property of nonlocality of these equations is examined, and the existence and uniqueness of solutions are discussed. Convergence and error analysis for the Adomian series solution are also studied. Numerical examples show the accuracy and efficiency of this formula for solving initial value problems for high-order fractional differential equations.
Two-magnon bound state causes ultrafast thermally induced magnetisation switching
Authors: Barker J. , Atxitia U. , Ostler T. A. , Hovorka O. , Chubykalo-Fesenko O. , Chantrell R. W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere has been much interest recently in the discovery of thermally induced magnetisation switching using femtosecond laser excitation, where a ferrimagnetic system can be switched deterministically without an applied magnetic field. Experimental results suggest that the reversal occurs due to intrinsic material properties, but so far the microscopic mechanism responsible for reversal has not been identified. Using computational and analytic methods we show that the switching is caused by the excitation of two-magnon bound states, the properties of which are dependent on material factors. This discovery allows us to accurately predict the onset of switching and the identification of this mechanism will allow new classes of materials to be identified or designed for memory devices in the THz regime.
FLT3/D835Y mutation knock-in mice display less aggressive disease compared with FLT3/internal tandem duplication (ITD) mice
Authors: Bailey Emily , Li Li , Duffield Amy S. , Ma Hayley S. , Huso David L. , Small Don 
Published: November 2013

Significance
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is mutated in approximately a third of acute myeloid leukemia cases, predominantly in the forms of FLT3/internal tandem duplication mutations in the juxtamembrane domain or point mutations in the kinase domain. Although both mutations activate FLT3, they confer distinctive prognosis. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this prognostic difference, we have generated a knock-in mouse model with a FLT3/D835Y mutation that converts aspartic acid to tyrosine. Further comparisons of the FLT3/D835Y mice with the previously generated, otherwise genetically identical FLT3/ITD knock-in mice should provide an ideal platform for dissecting the molecular mechanisms that underlie the prognostic differences and for drug screening against these two different types of FLT3 mutations.
A multiplicative reinforcement learning model capturing learning dynamics and interindividual variability in mice
Authors: Bathellier Brice , Tee Sui Poh , Hrovat Christina , Rumpel Simon 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Learning speed can strongly differ across individuals. This is seen in humans and animals. Here, we measured learning speed in mice performing a discrimination task and developed a theoretical model based on the reinforcement learning framework to account for differences between individual mice. We found that, when using a multiplicative learning rule, the starting connectivity values of the model strongly determine the shape of learning curves. This is in contrast to current learning models based on additive rules, in which the learning speed is typically determined by a single parameter describing the ability of connections to change their strength. Our findings suggest that the particular wiring architecture in the brain strongly conditions our ability to rapidly learn a new task.
Spatial Pattern of Yield Distributions: Implications for Crop Insurance
Authors: Annan Francis , Tack Jesse , Harri Ardian , Coble Keith 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCrop insurance is similar to flood and hurricane insurance in that spatially correlated weather tends to cause violations of the independence assumption. Ideally, one would seek to pool uncorrelated risk drawn from the same distribution in crop insurance. This article proposes a testing procedure for the cross‐sectional pooling of group units, and empirically analyzes whether the proposed test improves out‐of‐sample rating performance. We utilize a balanced panel of U.S. county‐level corn yields for 510 counties, and the results of an out‐of‐sample crop insurance rating performance exercise provide economic significance to the proposed pooling methodology and results.
Giant condyloma acuminatum of Buschke–Lowenstein tumour: Disease development between 2000 and 2010
Authors: Safi Farouk , Bekdache Omar , Al‐Salam Suhail , Alashari Mouied , Mazen Taha 
Published: November 2013

AimGiant condyloma acuminatum, originally described by Buschke and Lowenstein in 1925 as a lesion of the penis, is more rarely seen in the anorectum, and is characterized by clinical malignancy in the face of histological benignity; however, malignant transformation in approximately one‐third of patients to invasive squamous cell carcinoma has been described. Malignant transformation has been reported in patients with ‘ordinary’ condylomata acuminata as well. Human papillomavirus, known to cause condylomata acuminata, is also known to induce these tumours, and was found in 96 per cent of the 63 cases reviewed in the past 10 years. Radical R0 excision, independent of used surgical methods, as well as vigilant follow up, provides hope for cure. Conservative and/or multimodal therapy has been demonstrated in a few cases; however, its effect is not yet clear.Patients and MethodsIn the present study, we reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2010 and compared these with previous reviews.ResultsWe found an increase in published cases per year of giant condyloma acuminatum. Sex ratios (3:1, male : female), mean age (42 years) and symptoms were found to be equal in this and previous reviews.ConclusionsOur research found that there were more viral studies on specimens in order to understand the disease, and a less transformation rate to malignancy was found. Surgery is still the preferred practice for treating patients.
Ultrasound Evaluation of the Effects of Leukocytapheresis on Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Yoshida Shuzo , Takeuchi Tohru , Maeda Yoichiro , Kimura Yuko , Hata Kenichiro , Hiramatsu Yuri , Shoda Takeshi , Makino Shigeki , Hanafusa Toshiaki , Shibahara Nobuhisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLeukocytapheresis (LCAP) is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ultrasound (US) examination of joints is useful for evaluating disease activity and therapeutic effects in RA, but the clinical assessment of LCAP therapy with US has been little reported. We investigated the usefulness of US for evaluating the effects of LCAP in patients with RA. US examination was performed in six patients (total of seven cases) who underwent LCAP. Twenty‐eight joints (bilateral shoulders, elbows, wrists, 1st to 5th metacarpophalangeal joints, 1st to 5th proximal interphalangeal joints, and knee joints) were evaluated by a systematic multiplanar grey‐scale and power Doppler (PD) examination. Disease activity of RA was evaluated using the 28‐joint Disease Activity Score with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28‐ESR). Moderate or good responses to LCAP based on the DAS28‐ESR were observed in four of the seven cases although C‐reactive protein (CRP) and ESR did not decrease. LCAP significantly reduced the mean total PD score 17.3 ± 11.6 to 13.0 ± 10.5 (P = 0.0469). The total PD score decreased in six of the seven cases, and the number of joints with PD score ≥2 decreased in five of the seven cases. The rate of decrease in the number of joints with PD score ≥2 correlated strongly with the DAS28‐ESR and its components, especially swollen joint counts and evaluator's global assessment, but not with the rate of decrease in CRP and ESR. US imaging of joints may be useful for evaluating the therapeutic effects of LCAP on RA compared to other inflammatory parameters.
Inhibition of Microbial Growth on Chitosan Membranes by Plasma Treatment
Authors: de Oliveira Cardoso Macêdo Marina , de Macêdo Haroldo Reis Alves , Gomes Dayanne Lopes , de Freitas Daudt Natália , Rocha Hugo Alexandre Oliveira , Alves Clodomiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe use of polymeric medical devices has stimulated the development of new sterilization methods. The traditional techniques rely on ethylene oxide, but there are many questions concerning the carcinogenic properties of the ethylene oxide residues adsorbed on the materials after processing. Another common technique is the gamma irradiation process, but it is costly, its safe operation requires an isolated site, and it also affects the bulk properties of the polymers. The use of gas plasma is an elegant alternative sterilization technique. The plasma promotes efficient inactivation of the microorganisms, minimizes damage to the materials, and presents very little danger for personnel and the environment. In this study we used plasma for microbial inhibition of chitosan membranes. The membranes were treated with oxygen, methane, or argon plasma for different time periods (15, 30, 45, or 60 min). For inhibition of microbial growth with oxygen plasma, the time needed was 60 min. For the methane plasma, samples were successfully treated after 30, 45, and 60 min. For argon plasma, all treatment periods were effective.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prevents muscle disuse atrophy during leg immobilization in humans
Authors: Dirks M. L. , Wall B. T. , Snijders T. , Ottenbros C. L. P. , Verdijk L. B. , van Loon L. J. C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimShort periods of muscle disuse, due to illness or injury, result in substantial skeletal muscle atrophy. Recently, we have shown that a single session of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) increases muscle protein synthesis rates. The aim was to investigate the capacity for daily NMES to attenuate muscle atrophy during short‐term muscle disuse.MethodsTwenty‐four healthy, young (23 ± 1 year) males participated in the present study. Volunteers were subjected to 5 days of one‐legged knee immobilization with (NMES; n = 12) or without (CON; n = 12) supervised NMES sessions (40‐min sessions, twice daily). Two days prior to and immediately after the immobilization period, CT scans and single‐leg one‐repetition maximum (1RM) strength tests were performed to assess quadriceps muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) and leg muscle strength respectively. Furthermore, muscle biopsies were taken to assess muscle fibre CSA, satellite cell content and mRNA and protein expression of selected genes.ResultsIn CON, immobilization reduced quadriceps CSA by 3.5 ± 0.5% (P < 0.0001) and muscle strength by 9 ± 2% (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant muscle loss was detected following immobilization in NMES although strength declined by 7 ± 3% (P < 0.05). Muscle MAFbx and MuRF1 mRNA expression increased following immobilization in CON (P < 0.001 and P = 0.07 respectively), whereas levels either declined (P < 0.01) or did not change in NMES, respectively. Immobilization led to an increase in muscle myostatin mRNA expression in CON (P < 0.05), but remained unchanged in NMES.ConclusionDuring short‐term disuse, NMES represents an effective interventional strategy to prevent the loss of muscle mass, but it does not allow preservation of muscle strength. NMES during disuse may be of important clinical relevance in both health and disease.