bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference Intervals of Several Renal and Hepatic Function Parameters for Apparently Healthy Adults From Eastern China
Authors: Guo Shang , Jin Dongxu , Wang Hsingying , Zhang Changqing 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundBiochemical substances relating to renal and hepatic function are influenced not only by individual factors such as gender, lifestyle, and age but also by ecological factors, such as altitude, climate, and ethnic background. The purpose of the present study was to establish reference intervals for 16 biochemical substances relating to renal and hepatic function in healthy Chinese adults.MethodsA total of 2,405 apparently healthy individuals (18–77 years of age) were chosen as reference individuals in the present study. The 16 biochemical substances relating to renal and hepatic function were analyzed using a HITACHI RL7600 analyzer. The reference intervals were established using nonparametric methods to estimate the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the distribution as the lower and the upper limits, respectively.ResultsAge‐ and gender‐appropriate reference intervals were established for some biochemical substances relating to renal and hepatic function in healthy Chinese adults.ConclusionThe reference intervals established in this study can provide a useful clinical tool for the assessment of the kidney and liver damage. In addition, the established reference intervals can be adopted in other clinical laboratories after further validation.
Noteworthy issues for producing and transforming bioproducts by electrodalysis
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Wang Yaoming , Zhang Xu , Jiang Chenxiao , Xu Tongwen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBioproducts have been used as bulk chemicals for processing and producing materials, chemicals and energy. The growing environmental concerns and shrinking reserves of fossil fuel have directed the attention to the production of bioproducts from renewable resources. Integrating sustainability considerations into bioproducts development make biotechnology a dominating technology platform. As bioproducts transformation and purification often contribute most to the final cost, improvements in separation techniques are essential to achieve competitive and efficient bioprocesses. One major breakthrough in transforming bioproducts is thus expected to come from novel separation techniques. Among them, electrodialysis (ED) with ion exchange membranes (IEM) has deserved special attention due to its diversity, sophisticated functions and technological compatibility. It is considered a very competitive technology when it comes to the transformation and separation of bioproducts. This review will focus on some noteworthy issues about ED technologies in producing and transforming bioproducts. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Phenolic profiles of olive mill wastewaters treated by membrane filtration systems
Authors: Comandini Patrizia , Lerma‐García María Jesús , Massanova Pietro , Simó‐Alfonso Ernesto Francisco , Gallina Toschi Tullia 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDOlive mill wastewater is an important by‐product obtained after olive oil extraction. In this investigation, the phenolic composition of olive mill wastewater treated with a semi‐industrial membrane filtration system, including ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis modules, was studied. In particular, untreated olive mill wastewater was compared with the permeate and the concentrate fractions of each filtration step.RESULTS3,4‐(dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol and p‐(hydroxyphenyl) ethanol were the main compounds of all olive mill wastewater analyzed. A total of 32 compounds, detected at 240 or 280 nm by HPLC‐DAD, were considered for phenol quantification. Ultrafiltration reduced phenol concentration by about 40% with respect to the initial level; in the permeate of reverse osmosis, the phenol concentration ranged from 0 to 1% of the initial content. In contrast, the content of phenolic compounds was increased about 2.6 fold in reverse osmosis concentrate.CONCLUSIONThe membranes used in this investigation produced a high phenol content fraction than might be used as functional component in food, cosmetic or feed products. Moreover, the final wastewater obtained by reverse osmosis, thanks to the low content of phenols, could be recycled and reused in the oil mill, reducing water consumption and disposal costs. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Caging, but not air deprivation, slows tadpole growth and development in the amphibian Xenopus laevis
Authors: Rose Christopher S. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTXenopus laevis tadpoles raised in submerged cages in normoxic water develop more slowly than tadpoles raised with access to air. This study distinguishes between the effects of being caged and being deprived access to air on development and growth. Tadpoles were raised in high and low density control tanks and in cages in the same tank that were either completely submerged or with the top exposed to air. Experiments were repeated with the cages in different positions relative to the air stones and with and without the water flow from air stones supplemented with a pump. Whereas caging tadpoles has a large effect on their development and growth, additionally depriving them of air has a small effect and this effect can be removed by optimizing water flow through the cage. The effect of caging, though significant in this study, is small compared to the variation in growth and developmental rates that is commonly encountered within and among controls in lab studies. Caging effects can also be diminished by optimizing rearing conditions and/or having exceptionally vigorous tadpoles. The effects of air deprivation and caging thus pose less of a problem for experimenting on air‐deprived (AD) and air‐restored Xenopus tadpoles than their inherent variability in growth and developmental rates and their susceptibility to growth and developmental arrest. Further, the effect of air deprivation in this air‐breathing amphibian does not pose a conflict with evolutionary hypotheses for lung loss involving lengthening of the larval period and delay in the onset of air breathing. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 365–375, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resident and hospitalist perspectives on the “great teaching case”: Correlation with actual patient assignment decisions
Authors: Roberts Daniel L. , Labonte Helene R. , Cheng Meng‐Ru , Chang Yu‐Hui H. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDWith the advent of limits to resident duty hours and the size of teaching services, many academic institutions have introduced nonteaching services, often triaging perceived better teaching cases to the resident services.OBJECTIVETo compare resident versus faculty perceptions of ideal cases for teaching services and compare these perceptions with actual triage decisions made by faculty who assigned patients to either teaching or nonteaching services.DESIGNResidents and hospitalist faculty were surveyed about their perceptions of ideal and actual teaching admissions, first with qualitative, open‐ended questions and then with quantitative, specific questions generated from responses to the first survey. Characteristics of patients admitted to teaching and nonteaching services were analyzed retrospectively and compared with resident and faculty perceptions.RESULTSResidents and faculty agreed that rare cases, patients with unique physical findings, and a variety of pathology were ideal for teaching services and that social admissions, benefactors, and patients with chronic or functional pain were not. Residents believed that traditional (“bread and butter”) medicine cases were under‐represented on the teaching services. Although residents perceived that they received a disproportionate number of older patients, outside transfers, patients with chronic pain, and patients with cancer, the only statistically significant difference was in patient age, with the teaching service actually receiving younger patients (66.7 vs 69.3 years; P = 0.008).CONCLUSIONSResidents and faculty have similar views about ideal teaching cases, but a triage system based on perceived educational merit creates the possibility of resident misperceptions about their case mix, even if patients are distributed relatively equitably. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:508–514. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Approximation of the inverse of the Hodge matrix via sparsity pattern
Authors: Moura A.S. , Saldanha R.R. , Silva E.J. , Lisboa A.C. , Facco W.G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe solution of electromagnetic wave propagation problems in time domain using an explicit method requires the inversion of Hodge matrices. This paper proposes an approximation to obtain a sparse inverse via the sparsity pattern of the original matrix. It is also shown the application of the algorithm Cuthill–McKee on Hodge matrices in order to reduce their bandwidth and thus speed up the method of recursive sparsification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of nitrogen and water status in oat leaves using optical sensing approach
Authors: Zhao Baoping , Ma Bao‐Luo , Hu Yuegao , Liu Jinghui 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDOptical sensing is a potential tool to estimate plant N status, but soil water deficits may interefere with forming a clear relationship. A greenhouse study was conducted with oat plants treated with three water regimes and four N levels to determine whether optical sensing could be used to estimate leaf N and relative water content (RWC).RESULTSLeaf N was strongly correlated with reflectance at 550 nm and at around 705 nm, and N treatments caused a red‐edge peak shift to lower wavelength. The ratio of the first derivative reflectance at 741–696 nm (FDRE) was identified to be a good estimator of leaf N at jointing (R2 = 0.90) and heading (R2 = 0.86) stages across water treatments. Leaf N also had a stronger association with the red‐edge position (REP) at both stages (R2 = 0.83 and 0.78), or with the ratio R4 (R760/R550) at jointing (R2 = 0.88), than with chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings. Under water stress, the predictive accuracy of leaf N increased with these reflectance indices, but decreased using SPAD readings.CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that specific reflectance indices of FDRE, REP and R4 may be used for a rapid and non‐destructive estimation of oat plant N status over a range of water regimes. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Antimicrobial Polyurethane Thermosets Based on Undecylenic Acid: Synthesis and Evaluation
Authors: Lluch Cristina , Esteve‐Zarzoso Braulio , Bordons Albert , Lligadas Gerard , Ronda Juan C. , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn the present study, plant oil‐derived surface‐modifiable polyurethane thermosets are presented. Polyol synthesis is carried out taking advantage of thiol‐yne photopolymerization of undecylenic acid derivatives containing methyl ester or hydroxyl moieties. The prepared methyl ester‐containing polyurethanes allow surface modification treatment to enhance their hydrophilicity and impart antimicrobial activity through the following two steps: i) grafting poly(propylene glycol) monoamine (Jeffamine M‐600) via aminolysis and ii) Jeffamine M‐600 layer complexation with iodine. The antimicrobial activity of the iodine‐containing polyurethanes is demonstrated by its capacity to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in agar media.
Functional implications of the p.Cys680Arg mutation in the MLH1 mismatch repair protein
Authors: Dominguez‐Valentin Mev , Drost Mark , Therkildsen Christina , Rambech Eva , Ehrencrona Hans , Angleys Maria , Lau Hansen Thomas , de Wind Niels , Nilbert Mef , Juel Rasmussen Lene 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn clinical genetic diagnostics, it is difficult to predict whether genetic mutations that do not greatly alter the primary sequence of the encoded protein causing unknown functional effects on cognate proteins lead to development of disease. Here, we report the clinical identification of c.2038 T>C missense mutation in exon 18 of the human MLH1 gene and biochemically characterization of the p.Cys680Arg mutant MLH1 protein to implicate it in the pathogenicity of the Lynch syndrome (LS). We show that the mutation is deficient in DNA mismatch repair and, therefore, contributing to LS in the carriers.
Observation of true and pseudo NOE signals using CEST‐MRI and CEST‐MRS sequences with and without lipid suppression
Authors: Lu Jianhua , Zhou Jinyuan , Cai Congbo , Cai Shuhui , Chen Zhong 
Published: May 2014

PurposeTo investigate the characteristics of nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) imaging signals in the brain at 7T.MethodsFresh hen eggs, as well as six healthy, and six C6 glioma‐bearing Wistar rats were scanned using chemical exchange saturation transfer‐magnetic resonance imaging (CEST‐MRI) and chemical exchange saturation transfer‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CEST‐MRS) sequences (saturation duration 3 s, power 1.47 µT) with and without lipid suppression. CEST data were acquired over an offset range of −6 to +6 ppm relative to the water resonance in 0.5 ppm steps.ResultsThe water signals were not disrupted by other protons during the CEST‐MRS sequences, and true NOE signals could be observed. Using the CEST‐MRI sequence without lipid suppression, pseudo NOE imaging signals were observed in the lipid‐containing regions (egg yolk, scalp, and even white matter). These pseudo NOE signals were almost (but incompletely) removed with the lipid suppression. Egg yolk results indicated the presence of the NOE to olefinic protons overlapping with the water signal. In vivo experiments showed that the amide proton transfer signal was larger in the tumor, whereas the NOE signal was larger in the normal white matter.ConclusionsTrue NOE signals can be detected using MRS sequences, and considerable pseudo NOE imaging signals may be observed using MRI sequences. Magn Reson Med 73:1615–1622, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Property Rights and Forest Commons
Authors: Coleman Eric A. , Liebertz Scott S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough property rights have been linked to a variety of positive social outcomes at the macro‐level, less research focuses on how property rights affect the benefits that actors receive at the micro‐level. This article examines property rights to a common‐pool resource (CPR) that are asymmetrically allocated among users, and presents a theoretical argument that property rights affect the allocation of resource benefits in two important ways. First, users with extensive property rights receive more benefits than users with limited property rights. Second, users with the power to influence how community rules are enforced—for example, landholders and ethnic majorities—more effectively define and defend their property and thus receive disproportionate CPR benefits compared to users with similar levels of property rights, but with less power. Using household‐level survey data in Bolivia, Kenya, Mexico, and Uganda, collected after a period of property rights decentralization, the empirical analysis finds support for these propositions. We conclude that power critically moderates the effects of property rights on the commons.
Laserlicht auf den Punkt gebracht
Authors: Lingnau Benjamin , Lüdge Kathy 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHalbleiter‐Laserdioden werden ständig weiterentwickelt. Neben den weit verbreiteten Quantentroglasern führte das zu den Quantenpunktlasern. Halbleiter‐Quantenpunkte sind winzige Kristallpyramiden, die für die Wellenpakete der Elektronen nulldimensionale Objekte darstellen. Sie wirken als künstliche Atome im Halbleitermaterial, die zum Lasern angeregt werden. Die Anregung geschieht über Elektronenstreuung. Quantenpunktlaser sind in ihrem dynamischen Verhalten viel stabiler als Quantentroglaser, was von Vorteil für die optische Datenübertragung ist. Die Quantenpunkte variieren in ihrer Größe und können so in verschiedenen Wellenlängen lasern, was kurze Pulse erlaubt. Mit einem Laserstrahl von außen kann man sie wie künstliche Neuronen oder optische Schalter mit zwei Schaltzuständen steuern. Dies und ihr geringer Energieverbrauch machen sie für technische Anwendungen interessant, darunter auch völlig neue.
Achtung Solarofen
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractKonkav gewölbte Glasfassaden von Großbauten können bei ungünstiger Orientierung zur Sonne zum Brennspiegel werden. Unfreiwillig berühmt gewordene Beispiele sind das Vdara‐Hotel in Las Vegas und das “Walkie‐Talkie”‐Hochhaus in London. Dieser Effekt tritt auch nur an bestimmten Tagen bei passendem Sonnenstand auf. Da die Fassaden keine perfekten Parabolspiegel sind, produzieren sie keinen scharfen Brennpunkt, sondern aufgeweitete Brennflecke, sogenannte Kaustiken. Trotzdem können dort hohe Bestrahlungsstärken auftreten. Simulationen und Experimente mit Modellen bestätigen dies.
Klimamodelle und Globale Erwärmung
Authors: Marotzke Jochem 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDie vom Menschen verursachte globale Erwärmung ist in ihrer physikalischen Grundlage sehr gut verstanden und robust nachgewiesen. Ihre quantitative Abschätzung weist allerdings noch immer erhebliche Unsicherheiten von bis zu 50 % auf. Die von Menschen freigesetzten Treibhausgase verändern den Strahlungshaushalt der Atmosphäre und erhöhen den Energieinhalt des Klimasystems. Klimamodelle basieren in ihrem Kern auf physikalischen Grundgesetzen. Entscheidend für ihre Entwicklung ist eine möglichst gute Kenntnis der Rückkopplungen im Klimasystem. Heutige Modelle können die beobachtete langfristige, global gemittelte Erwärmung sehr gut wiedergeben. Die in den letzten 15 Jahren beobachtete Abschwächung der Erwärmung an der Erdoberfläche wirft zwar faszinierende Fragen zur natürlichen Klimavariabilität auf. Sie ist jedoch weitgehend irrelevant für den langfristigen anthropogenen Klimawandel.
Der innere Kreislauf der Erde
Authors: Futterer Birgit , Egbers Christoph 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGeoFlow ist ein Schwerelosigkeitsexperiment zur bildhaften Untersuchung von Strömungen im flüssigen Erdkern oder im zähflüssigen Erdmantel. Es erfasst vereinfacht die wichtigsten Antriebsmechanismen im Erdinneren, wie Temperaturunterschiede, Rotation und Materialeigenschaften. Gleichzeitig lassen sich mit den Ergebnissen Computermodelle überprüfen.
Das Dropleton – ein neues Quasiteilchen in Halbleitern
Authors: Kira Mackillo , Koch Stephan W. , Cundiff Steven T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn der quantenmechanischen Beschreibung ausgedehnter, kristalliner Festkörpersysteme definiert man verschiedene Quasiteilchen. Diese besitzen in vielerlei Beziehung Teilchencharakter, aber ihre physikalischen Eigenschaften werden von den Wechselwirkungen im Kristall beeinflusst. Unsere Gruppe von der Universität Marburg und Boulder (Colorado) hat kürzlich ein neues Quasiteilchen nachgewiesen, das wir als Dropleton bezeichnen.
Wenn es knallt und kracht
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn die Knallgasprobe erinnert sich wohl noch jeder aus dem Chemieunterricht. Die Zeitskala, auf der Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff reagieren hängt davon ab, ob die beiden Reaktionsgase zu Beginn getrennt oder gemischt vorliegen. Dies zeigt sich deutlich in Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Aufnahmen von Experimenten, bei denen Luftballons entweder mit reinem Wasserstoff oder aber mit Knallgas gefüllt werden.
Die App Oszilloskop analysiert Schall oder elektrische Signale
Authors: Hirth Michael , Kuhn Jochen , Wilhelm Thomas , Lück Stephan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIm Alltag sind wir von Geräuschen aller Art umgeben. Die App Oszilloskop für iOS stellt Signale dar, die vom internen Mikrofon, dem Mikrofoneingang des Klinkensteckers oder einem USB‐Adapter stammen können. Diese Signale kann man dann mit verschiedenen Werkzeugen auswerten. Außerdem lassen sich elektrische Signale darstellen und analysieren. Oszilloskop ist deshalb der bereits früher beschriebenen App Audio Kit überlegen.
Die Heizung der Sonne
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn seiner berühmtesten Veröffentlichung hat er gar nicht mitgeschrieben. Ohne sein Wissen und gegen den Willen des “dritten” Autors hat ein Kollege seinen Nachnamen hinzugefügt, weil er so gut passte: Die Autorennamen bilden einen Dreiklang, der an den Anfang des Alphabets erinnert.
Auf den Schnitt kommt's an
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEiner alten, kontrovers diskutierten Metzgerregel zufolge, sollten Steaks, Lenden oder anderes Muskelfleisch immer quer zur Faser geschnitten werden. Bei bestens gereiftem Muskelfleisch für ein Carpaccio ist das in der Tat unerlässlich – und das aus guten physikalischen Gründen.
Interior Ballistics Simulation of the Two Chambers GLMAV Launcher
Authors: Krcmar Jan , Steinbach Claude , Dahhani Khalid 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe concept of a gun launched micro air vehicle (GLMAV) is currently studied at ISL. A micro air vehicle (MAV) packaged in a projectile is launched using the energy delivered by a portable weapon. When it reaches the apogee the projectile is transformed in such a way that the MAV becomes operational over the zone to be observed. A light projectile of 80 mm caliber has to be launched with low velocity: 57 or 100 m s−1. To achieve these velocities a very low pressure in the tube is needed. Hence the GLMAV launcher is designed as a two chambers system. Propellants and igniters are enclosed in a small high‐pressure canister, which is connected to the tube with the projectile (low pressure chamber) by vent holes. The charge consists of two propellants in partially separated volumes; the fast burning GB propellant ignites the slow burning L1 propellant. The interior ballistics of the GLMAV launcher is solved by the zero dimensional model STANAG 4367 with an extension for the two chambers system. Calculated pressures in the high and low pressure chamber and the muzzle velocities are compared with ISL measurements. Although the used theoretical model cannot describe correctly all specific features of the GLMAV launcher, the differences between the calculated and measured maximum values are up to 10 %.
A course on noncommutative geometry in string theory
Authors: Blumenhagen R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this pedagogical mini course the basics of the derivation of the noncommutative structures appearing in string theory are reviewed. First we discuss the well established appearance of the noncommutative Moyal‐Weyl star‐product in the correlation functions of open string vertex operators on a magnetized D‐brane. Second, we will review the most recent attempts to generalize these concepts to the closed string moving in a nongeometric flux background.
A fault recovery‐based scheduling algorithm for cloud service reliability
Authors: Qi Ping , Li Longshu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBecause of the unreliable and dynamic characteristics, cloud service failures are inevitable. It has an adverse effect on task execution and scheduling. To improve cloud service reliability, we first analyze the fault recovery mechanism, and then, cloud service failures considered in this paper are classified into unrecoverable failures and recoverable failures. By extending the traditional dynamic level scheduling (DLS) algorithm, a novel scheduling algorithm based on fault recovery mechanism named fault recovery‐based DLS algorithm is proposed to reduce the failure probability of task scheduling. The experimental results confirm that fault recovery mechanism can meet the reliability requirements of cloud computing infrastructures and the proposed algorithm can effectively ensure trustworthy execution of tasks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.