bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borders Breached: The Transnational in Eastern Europe since Solidarity
Authors: Kenney Padraic 
Published: February 2015

Borders Breached: The Transnational in Eastern Europe since Solidarity This article reconsiders the history of the late Cold War and the early post-Cold War eras as shaped by transnational forces. It proposes an understanding of the transnational as created by individual and group actors crossing borders and engaging in diffusion of ideas, styles and methods of political action. The era centred around 1989 differed, in its transnationality, from the preceding era of protest in 1968, when interactions across borders were less important than were common structural factors in accounting for coincident activism. From the mid-1970s, international agreements, economic migration, and the conscious decisions of local actors and social movements facilitated the emergence of a network of activism in Eastern Europe; this network is one of the most important features of Communism's demise. Since 1989, the imprint of that network can be seen in subsequent democratic transformations, in the changing attitudes of Europeans toward their neighbours, and even in the discourse surrounding the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Eine Insel? Das Polnische Informations- und Kulturzentrum in Leipzig (1969-1989)
Authors: Logemann Daniel 
Published: February 2015

An Isle? The Polish Information and Cultural Centre in Leipzig (1969–1989) In the isolated and controlled GDR-society, Polish influences were often understood as western and liberal. In this context, the establishment of the Polish Centre for Information and Culture in 1969 challenged the cultural life in Leipzig in many ways. By participating in the broad political and cultural program and frequenting language courses, the library and a crafts shop, party members, Polish citizens and interested Germans in Leipzig created several forms of adoption towards the Polish Centre. This article shows that officials and the Secret Police of the GDR reacted with irritation and distrust to the polish institution. The fear of the authorities turned out to be justified. Many – mostly German – visitors of the Centre established informal ways of communication and created themselves an intellectual and emotional «Polish home». In conclusion it becomes evident that even in the highly observed and controlled public sphere of the GDR people could add some sense and meaning to their everyday lives besides the common socialist discourse.
Criticism as Crisis, or Why the Soviet Union Collapsed
Authors: Baberowski Jörg 
Published: February 2015

Criticism as Crisis, or Why the Soviet Union Still Collapsed Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika was the response to a crisis? Historians who believe in progress provided clear answers to this question: Soviet socialism was a promise aimed at eliminating all human suffering, fulfilling all material desires and making world history. However, because of the deficits of the Soviet shortage economy, this promise of salvation was neglected every day. Those who promise paradise on earth but only administer deficits lose their legitimacy, and consensus disintegrates. In the end, the Soviet Union experienced a deep crisis. But the contemporaries did not feel that way. And if people do not experience a crisis in their hearts and minds, there is no crisis. It is not so much the times that change but rather the circumstances and how they are perceived. The perestroika was not an expression of crisis. Rather, it triggered the crisis. What is currently taking place in authoritarian Russia and in most of the successor states of the former Soviet Union is only understandable if one considers it as a response to the crisis that was actually generated by the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Remembering and Rebuilding: Leningrad after the Siege from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kirschenbaum Lisa 
Published: February 2015

Remembering and Rebuilding: Leningrad after the Siege from a Comparative Perspective The paper takes as its starting point the recognition that when compared with other post-catastrophic cities, Leningrad appears to be an outlier that offers little insight into more «typical» cases. Blockaded for almost nine-hundred days, Leningrad suffered less damage to its physical plant than the iconic destroyed cities of World War II. At the same time, the city's relatively intact cityscape barely hinted at the vast human losses–perhaps one million Leningraders died of starvation–that also defy comparison. The uniqueness of the Leningrad case underscores the utility of comparisons grounded in local subjectivities. I propose a comparative analysis structured around examining the key questions – what was destroyed, what was rebuilt, how was the story told – from the perspective of people who lived in the city before, during and after the catastrophe.
The Morality of Quality. Assimilating Material Mass Culture in Twentieth-Century Sweden
Authors: Husz Orsi 
Published: February 2015

The Morality of Quality. Assimilating Material Mass Culture in Twentieth-Century Sweden This article discusses perceptions of material mass culture in twentieth-century Sweden through the lens of the concept of «quality». It aims to shed light on how the concept of quality emerged in connection with mass culture and mass consumerism in Swedish public debates and writings, and how it was used, defined and redefined between the seemingly opposite poles of feelings / subjectivity and reason / objectivity. By analysing the ways in which quality was positioned historically within the complex web of relations woven between the individual, society and the commodity, I will show how and why it should be seen as a key term in the attempts at shaping mass consumerism within the framework of the emerging Swedish welfare state. During this process, the concepts of quality and quantity were repeatedly reconciled in different ways. This is exemplified by two mass-media debates on material mass culture in the 1930s and in the 1960s.
Stimmen aus Jerusalem. Die Macht der Gerüchte und die religiöse Renaissance in der Sowjetunion, 1941–1948
Authors: Huhn Ulrike 
Published: February 2015

Voices from Jerusalem. The Power of Rumours and the Religious Renaissance in the Soviet Union, 1941–1948 Soviet state and party leaders claiming the opinion leadership and the monopoly of the press had an extremely ambivalent attitude towards all alternative media facilitating any kind of public opinion shaping. However, within a state where news could not be spread by independent press institutions, rumours unavoidably assumed the function of substitute media. The Bolsheviks’ single-party state, always cautious not to lose news control, was therefore also forever producing new rumours. Using the example of the resurgence of religious practices and widespread religious interpretations of the German invasion in the time after 1941, the author analyses this ambivalence. Because of its manoeuvering and its religious policies during the war, the regime slid into a very delicate situation. Two factors opened the door to oral interpretations and rumours concerning the framework, duration and reasons for the new church policy: on the one hand, the government tried to use the Russian Orthodox Church as an instrument for its own purposes; on the other, there were only a few guidelines that ruled religious life. As a result, it was precisely this ambivalent framework that offered much more scope for popular religiousness. Especially in the religious sphere, the Bolshevist state did not succeed in breaking the power of rumours.
Eugenics before 1945
Authors: Tanner Jakob 
Published: February 2015

Eugenics before 1945 An appropriate understanding of eugenics before 1945 implies that this break is questioned and put into perspective. The article conceives eugenics as a multifarious project of modernity that derived from the biopolitical aspiration to improve public health and enhance human capabilities. Consequently, it was supported across the political spectrum. In the course of the Twentieth Century, an international eugenics movement took shape and found widespread and transnational resonance in the public opinion. However, the conflation of the Aryan myth, racial purity and medical coercive measures in Nazi-Germany discredited the concept of eugenics after 1945. Nonetheless, such measures, often combined with elements of soft coercion, were applied in many countries, particularly in the U.S., the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland up to the 1970s. Meanwhile, the feasibility of Reproductive Medicine gave rise to a «liberal eugenics» which is entrenched in the promises of health and happiness descending from the Nineteenth Century.
Eugenics and Social Security in France before and after the Vichy Regime
Authors: Rosental Paul-André 
Published: February 2015

Eugenics and Social Security in France before and after the Vichy Regime Historiography of French eugenics has long been hindered by a mechanistic conception derived from history of ideas, which postulated that it was incompatible with pronatalism and catholicism, with republicanism and Lamarckism; and that it simply collapsed after World War II. The reference to the transnational model of «Latin eugenics» redirects the thinking around a more plastic definition of eugenics that stresses its connections with social hygiene, in order to better understand the conversions it has undergone after 1945 in connection with the circulation of scientific and administrative models. Beyond medicine and psychiatry, genetics and occupational medicine, are particularly concerned demography, biotypology, educational and occupational choice, the fight against alcoholism, and of course family planning. Eugenics has also paradoxically contributed to the psychologization of human relationships. Taking it seriously allows historians to return to the issue of norms underlying population, social and health policies over the past century.
Solidarity and the Academic Community: The Support Networks for Refugee Scholars in the 1930s
Authors: Löhr Isabella 
Published: February 2015

Solidarity and the Academic Community: Refugee Scholars and their Support Networks in the 1930s Recent scholarship on humanitarianism has drawn attention to the intertwined nature of humanitarianism and politics and questioned narratives that present charity and humanitarianism as purportedly universal values. Additionally, research on refugees has pointed to the role of refugee issues in disputes over the meaning of citizenship, national belonging and exclusion. Yet these discussions have not been applied to the history of the scholars who were forced into exile by the National Socialists from 1933 onwards. The article focuses on two organisations for academic refugees, the British Academic Assistance Council and the Notgemeinschaft deutscher Wissenschaftler im Ausland, which facilitated emigration and placed scientists at host institutions abroad. It argues that the aid efforts of these organisations were to a considerable extent shaped by professional considerations and remained dependent on well-established national infrastructures and concerns.
The Rockefeller Foundation and the Transition from the League of Nations to the UN (1939–1946)
Authors: Tournès Ludovic 
Published: February 2015

The Rockefeller Foundation and the Transition from the League of Nations to the UN (1939–1946) The Rockefeller Foundation played an important role in the transition from the League of Nations to the United Nations through its collaboration with two international organisations. The first was the Economic, Financial and Transit Department (EFTD) of the LoN. By financing its move to the United States and all of its work during the Second World War, the RF would allow it to make a major contribution to the reorganisation of the global economic order after 1945. The second organisation was the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), which the RF provided with staff, working methods, and a network of contacts around the world. The RF was thus deeply involved in the redefinition of the overall structure of the system of international organisations during WWII.
E&P Notes (February 2015)
Authors: Jacobs Trent , Betz Jack , Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: February 2015

E&P Notes
The Gravity of Oil and Gas Exploration
Trent Jacobs, JPT Technology Writer
A Cold War technology invented to stealthily guide the United States Navy’s nuclear submarine fleet is now serving a much more peaceful purpose: aiding in the search for oil and gas deposits. Far removed from the ocean depths, gravity gradiometry has evolved to become an increasingly sophisticated aerial technology that has been used to rapidly analyze the subsurface of every continent in the world.
Mexico Receives a Cautious Endorsement for Investment
Jack Betz, JPT Staff Writer
Despite shallow-water, conventional areas being some of Mexico’s most promising plays for international operators in the short term, the economic factors surrounding them are “not robust,” even at higher oil prices.
During a December presentation at the Petroleum Club in Houston, Alan Cunningham, technical director at Gaffney, Cline & Associates, said that assuming an oil price of USD 80/bbl and a 50/50 production- sharing agreement with the Mexican government, the firm’s pro forma model projected that a generic, shallowwater, light oil discovery of 50 million bbl would yield a 12.4% return. Even at the model’s designated oil price, which is significantly higher than the current price, Cunningham stated that a 10% swing in any of its variables could destroy economic viability.
Steel Pipe May Offer a Window Into Reservoirs
Stephen Rassenfoss, JPT Emerging Technology Senior Editor
Add a new possible use for downhole casing: It can serve as broadcast antennae. Saudi Aramco recently reported that it has successfully tested a method for mapping oil and water underground using electromagnetic waves generated by running an electrical current through the steel casing in a well (IPTC 17845).
The method could represent a cost-saving step forward for the Saudi Arabian national oil company’s longterm effort to monitor changing fluid flows in its reservoirs with electromagnetic energy to study how water injected into its fields is sweeping out the remaining oil, and see what it is missing.
ExxonMobil Report Sees North America as Net Exporter of Oil and Gas in 5 Years
Jack Betz, JPT Staff Writer
North America is expected be a net exporter of both oil and natural gas by 2020, according to ExxonMobil’s “Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040” report, which was released in December.
The report sees Latin America, Africa, Russia, and the Middle East joining the US as net oil exporters while Europe and Asia will remain net importers. By 2040, unconventional sources will provide approximately 45% of oil and liquids production around the world. Tight oil will make up the largest share of unconventionally sourced liquids, followed by oil sands.
Moorings Replacement and Hookup for a Damaged North Sea FPSO
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 25322, ’Gryphon Alpha FPSO: Experience Gained During Moorings Replacement and Hookup,’ by Fred J. Toal and John G. Martin, Maersk Oil, and Martin G. Brown, Ian M. Lindsay, and Robert Sinclair, GL Noble Denton, prepared for the 2014 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 5-8 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
In a North Sea storm during February 2011, the Gryphon Alpha floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) unit broke four of its 10 mooring lines and moved partially off station, resulting in damage to subsea assets. Following the incident, the FPSO was taken to dry dock for replacement of the damaged subsea infrastructure and moorings. This paper describes the measures put in place so that the mooring system could be replaced and the FPSO reconnected on an efficient schedule.
The FPSO
In September of 1993, the Gryphon Alpha became the first purpose-built longterm- moored FPSO to be installed in the North Sea. The unit is located 175 miles northeast of Aberdeen in a water depth of 112 m. Gryphon has a somewhat unusual layout in that the turret is located forward of midships (Fig. 1). Five fully azimuthing thrusters—two forward and three aft—are used to provide heading control. Each mooring line has its own windlass and azimuth swiveling-gypsy-wheel assemblies provided at the base of the turret. It is therefore relatively easy to adjust mooring-line tensions and lengths compared with other turret designs. A drag chain is provided for fluid transfer from the wells. This means rotation of the FPSO is limited to 270°, either clockwise or counterclockwise from the vessel’s neutral heading of 225°. During the original installation, the FPSO was provided with 10 all-chain mooring lines consisting of 84-mm studded chain attached to 35-t drag-embedment anchors.
Background to the Event
Gryphon sustained damage in a severe storm on 4 February 2011 when one mooring line failed and the vessel lost heading control, causing it to turn partially beam-on to the weather, resulting in failure of a further three mooring lines. The FPSO’s partial movement off station caused considerable damage to the subsea architecture.
Because of the length of time required to reinstate the subsea equipment, it was decided that the FPSO should be removed from the field for shipyard work that would involve inspections; repairs; and upgrades of the structure, vessel equipment, and process equipment.
Upgrade of Spar Topside With Comprehensive Sand-Management System
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 24705, ’Upgrade of Spar Topside With Comprehensive Facilities Sand- Management System,’ by Y. Loong, Murphy Sabah Oil, and H. Rawlins and D. Goo, eProcess Technologies, prepared for the 2014 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, Kuala Lumpur, 25-28 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
A deepwater field located offshore Sabah, east Malaysia, features a spar dry-tree unit (DTU) and multiple subsea-hub tiebacks to a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO). In early 2011, several of the wells began producing solid fines that affected production. It was decided that a long-term solution would be to recomplete the affected wells with enhanced downhole sand control on the lower completions. The short-term solution consisted of installing a topside sand-management system on the spar and sand-sparging equipment on the FPSO separators.
Project Overview
The Kikeh field is located 120 km northwest of the island of Labuan at approximately 1300-m water depth. The field was developed using a standalone facility, with hydrocarbons being produced from both subsea and dry-tree wells from a spar/DTU facility. The oil is processed, stored, and exported from an FPSO. Fig. 1 shows the layout of the field.
In December 2008, the Kikeh field began to produce solids at varying rates, and by January 2010, after the failure of a sand-screen completion on one of the wells, the process facilities on the FPSO started to receive approximately 1 t/d of sand. Once it became apparent that solids production would be experienced throughout the life of the field, a program had to be developed to address the challenge.
Technology Focus: Well Testing (February 2015)
Authors: Guzman-Garcia Angel G. 
Published: February 2015

Technology Focus
With the success of hydraulic fracturing in the US shale-gas plays, why are more operating companies not using energized fluids to minimize the use of water, decrease the amount of proppant required, and (theoretically) enhance long-term productivity? It appears that Canadians have been somewhat more receptive to the idea and are more willing to use energized fluids, with apparently positive results. Perhaps it is too early in the game to convince operators in the US to take another look at this technology with an open mind. Allow me to start a dialogue in this area.
The perception that using energized fluids is more expensive to achieve the same goal could be one hurdle keeping operators from using them. Nonetheless, let us take a step back and think of some of the more obvious, readily understood benefits: minimizing the use of water and decreasing the amount of proppant. Every operator knows the vast quantities of water required in hydraulic fracturing. This is a commodity that appears to be readily available, but it is not. And this problem will only be exacerbated with time. One of the insidious issues is that not all the water used during fracturing is recovered when flowing back the well, and whatever water is recovered cannot be used in subsequent fracturing stages. Hence, there are huge costs associated with water alone. Proppant, the nice, homogeneous sand grains that keep the fractures open and permeable, is also costly. Decreasing the amount required per stage is equivalent to more money in the operator’s pockets. When one realizes that many countries with enormous shale-gas plays do not have vast resources of readily available water, then the game changes. This may even result in an excellent public relations opportunity when the general public realizes that oil companies care about the environment and the precious resources.
For this issue of JPT, it was quite difficult to select three articles because there were so many excellent papers. I have attempted to narrow down the many papers to three that provide a broad perspective and the astute use of well-test data to be insightful to all readers. The interested reader will find many good articles on this subject in the OnePetro library. JPT
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
OTC 25207 Innovative Positioning of Downhole Pressure Gauges Close to Perforations in HP/HT Slim Well During a Drillstem Test by AbdulHakim Al-Nahdi, Saudi Aramco, et al.
SPE 171686 Successful DST Methodology Adopted in Highly Deviated Deep, Sour, and HP/HT Exploratory Well: A Case Study by Abdulla Al-Ibrahim, Kuwait Oil Company, et al.
IPTC 16427 Mini-DST To Characterize Formation Deliverability in Unconventional Reservoirs by B. Kurtoglu, Marathon, et al.