bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in a long-stay psychiatric unit
Authors: Udo Itoro , Mooney Mary , Newman Alison 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity as defined by Body Mass Index (BMI) in a long-stay psychiatric unit where all care is provided by the psychiatric team.Method:All residents in this long-stay unit were screened. Their BMI was calculated. Waist circumference and blood investigations were done. Ward records were used to determine those who had been previously diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes. The ATP 111 criteria were used to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.Results:We found a prevalence of 33% for BMI obesity and a prevalence of 66% for metabolic syndrome. These are higher than those of the general Irish middle aged population and the accepted estimate of a general psychiatric population. It is also higher than that of a previous published study on an Irish long-stay psychiatric ward population.Conclusion:There is high prevalence of BMI obesity and metabolic syndrome in long-stay psychiatric residents. This has the potential to impact significantly on physical morbidity and mortality. People with severe and enduring mental illness should have access to primary care and other health services on the same basis as any other citizen.
Formula One Night Race in Singapore: A 4-Year Analysis of a Planned Mass Gathering
Authors: Ho Weng Hoe , Koenig Kristi L. , Quek Lit Sin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionEvery mass gathering presents its unique characteristics that influence medical resource utilization. Medical planning for mass gatherings involves both use of predictive models and analysis of data from similar past events. This study aimed to describe the medical presentations and the unique challenges influencing medical planning at the Formula One Singtel Singapore Grand Prix, the inaugural Formula One night race. Patient presentation characteristics, rates of patient presentation, and transportation to hospitals in association with attendance and heat index were evaluated over a 4-year period from 2009 through 2012. This will facilitate medical planning for similar events.MethodsA database containing patient presentations from the 3-day Singapore Grand Prix in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 was analyzed. Patient presentations were categorized by time of day and presenting complaints. Patient presentation rates (PPRs) were analyzed to determine correlation with attendance numbers and heat index.ResultsThe average annual attendance at the Singapore Grand Prix was 81,992 from 2009 through 2012. The average PPR was 2.17 (SD=0.63)/1,000 attendees. The average transport to hospital rate (TTHR) was 0.033 (SD=0.026)/1,000 attendees. While medical coverage was provided at the circuit park between 2:00 pm to 1:00 am daily, most attendees presented from 5:00 pm to 10:00 pm. The most common presenting complaints included: musculoskeletal conditions (59%) and heat related illnesses (19%). There was no correlation between attendance numbers and PPR and the heat index and PPR.ConclusionMusculoskeletal conditions and heat-related illnesses were the most common presenting complaints at the Singapore Grand Prix from 2009-2012. The lack of correlation between heat index and PPR is a new finding compared with prior studies. This could be due to the minimal heat variation that occurred during the night event. Further study is required to refine models that can be used in specialized events.HoWH, KoenigKL, QuekLS. Formula One night race in Singapore: a 4-year analysis of a planned mass gathering. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-5.
Food portion sizes and dietary quality in Irish children and adolescents
Authors: Lyons Jacqueline , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe relationships between the portion sizes of a range of foods commonly consumed by Irish children and adolescents and key indicators of dietary quality on the days they were consumed.DesignCross-sectional data from the Irish National Children’s Food Survey (2003–2004; 7 d weighed record) and National Teens’ Food Survey (2005–2006; 7 d semi-weighed record) were used to compare mean values for a number of dietary quality indicators (e.g. energy-adjusted intakes of saturated fat, dietary fibre and Na) across portion size tertiles for a range of foods, on the days the foods were consumed.SettingThe Republic of Ireland.SubjectsNationally representative samples of children aged 5–12 years (n594) and adolescents aged 13–17 years (n441).ResultsRelationships between food portion sizes and indicators of dietary quality on the days the foods were consumed were similar in both children and adolescents. Lower dietary energy density and saturated fat intakes, and higher dietary fibre intakes, were observed on the days larger portions of fruit and boiled potatoes were consumed. Higher dietary energy density and lower micronutrient intakes were observed on the days larger portions of sugar-sweetened beverages were consumed. Higher Na intakes were observed on the days larger portions of frying meats were consumed.ConclusionsThe current work identifies foods for which larger portion sizes may be associated with positive dietary attributes, as well as the opposite. Findings will form an evidence base from which more specific dietary guidance relating to portion size may be developed for Irish children and adolescents.
Consumer taste tests and milk preference in low-income, urban supermarkets
Authors: Weiss Stephanie , Davis Erica , Wojtanowski Alexis C , Foster Gary D , Glanz Karen , Karpyn Allison 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo explore shoppers’ responses to the taste of different types of cow’s milk in a blind taste test and to examine their willingness to purchase lower-fat milk as part of an in-store marketing intervention.DesignParticipants were recruited on-site in the supermarket to participate in a blind taste test of three varieties of cow’s milk and asked to guess what type they sampled.SettingThe taste testing was conducted as part of the Healthy Retail Solution (HRS) intervention that took place in four large supermarkets in Philadelphia, PA, USA over the course of six months.SubjectsAdults (n 444) at participating Philadelphia supermarkets.ResultsThe majority of participants at all stores reported typically purchasing higher-fat milk. Forty per cent of participants reported buying whole milk, 38 % purchased milk with 2 % fat. Very few participants correctly identified all three milk samples during the taste test (6·9 %) and a majority of participants were unable to identify the type of milk they self-reported typically purchased.ConclusionsMost consumers could not accurately distinguish between various types of milk. Taste testing is a promising strategy to introduce lower-fat milks to consumers who have not tried them before. Campaigns to purchase skimmed, 1 % or 2 % milk may result in significant energy reduction over time and can serve as a simple way to combat overweight and obesity.
Use of an integrated Atlas of Mental Health Care for evidence informed policy in Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Fernandez A. , Salinas-Perez J. A. , Gutierrez-Colosia M. R. , Prat-Pubill B. , Serrano-Blanco A , Molina C. , Jorda E. , Garcia-Alonso C. R. , Salvador-Carulla L. 
Published: September 2014

Background.This paper aims to present the Integrated Atlas of Mental Health of Catalonia (2010) focusing on: (a) the importance of using a taxonomy-based coding and standard system of data collection when assessing health services; and (b) its relevance as a tool for evidence-informed policy.Method.This study maps all the care-related services for people with mental disorders available in Catalonia in 2010, using the ‘Description and Evaluation of Services and Directories in Europe for long-term care’ (DESDE-LTC). The unit of analysis is the Basic Stable Input of Care (BSIC), which is the minimal organisation unit composed by a set of inputs with temporal stability. We presented data on: (a) availability of BSICs and their capacity; (b) the adequacy of the provision of care, taking into account availability and accessibility; (c) the evolution of BSCIs from 2002 to 2010; and (d) the perceived relevance of Atlas of Mental Health as a tool for evidence-informed policy.Results.We identified a total of 639 BSICs. A lack of Health services was detected in highly rural areas, although there was moderate availability of Social Services. Overall, more than 80% of the small mental health areas in Catalonia had an adequate core mental health service. Since 2002 the availability of mental health services has increased. Decision makers found the Atlas a useful and relevant tool for evidence informed policy.Conclusions.Policy makers can use Atlases to detect gaps and inequities in the provision of care for people with mental health needs.
Thermodynamic properties of bulk and confined water
Authors: Mallamace Francesco , Corsaro Carmelo , Mallamace Domenico , Vasi Sebastiano , Vasi Cirino , Stanley H. Eugene 
Published: September 2014

The thermodynamic response functions of water display anomalous behaviors. We study these anomalous behaviors in bulk and confined water. We use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to examine the configurational specific heat and the transport parameters in both the thermal stable and the metastable supercooled phases. The data we obtain suggest that there is a behavior common to both phases: that the dynamics of water exhibit two singular temperatures belonging to the supercooled and the stable phase, respectively. One is the dynamic fragile-to-strong crossover temperature (TL ≃ 225 K). The second, T* ∼ 315 ± 5 K, is a special locus of the isothermal compressibility KT(T, P) and the thermal expansion coefficient αP(T, P) in the P–T plane. In the case of water confined inside a protein, we observe that these two temperatures mark, respectively, the onset of protein flexibility from its low temperature glass state (TL) and the onset of the unfolding process (T*).
Functional over-redundancy and high functional vulnerability in global fish faunas on tropical reefs
Authors: Mouillot David , Villéger Sébastien , Parravicini Valeriano , Kulbicki Michel , Arias-González Jesus Ernesto , Bender Mariana , Chabanet Pascale , Floeter Sergio R. , Friedlander Alan , Vigliola Laurent , Bellwood David R. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Our results indicate that, even in highly diverse systems like coral reefs, we can no longer assume that the erosion of species diversity can be discounted by the high probability of functional redundancy: i.e., that several species can support the same function. Indeed, we show that fish species tend to disproportionately pack into a few particular functions while leaving many functions highly vulnerable, i.e., they are supported by just one species. Even the Coral Triangle, which has a high concentration of tropical-reef fishes, may experience a loss of functional diversity following fisheries pressure and local species extirpation. Our results suggest that the promised benefits of functional insurance from high species diversity may not be as strong as we once hoped.
Noble gases identify the mechanisms of fugitive gas contamination in drinking-water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales
Authors: Darrah Thomas H. , Vengosh Avner , Jackson Robert B. , Warner Nathaniel R. , Poreda Robert J. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Hydrocarbon production from unconventional sources is growing rapidly, accompanied by concerns about drinking-water contamination and other environmental risks. Using noble gas and hydrocarbon tracers, we distinguish natural sources of methane from anthropogenic contamination and evaluate the mechanisms that cause elevated hydrocarbon concentrations in drinking water near natural-gas wells. We document fugitive gases in eight clusters of domestic water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales, including declining water quality through time over the Barnett. Gas geochemistry data implicate leaks through annulus cement (four cases), production casings (three cases), and underground well failure (one case) rather than gas migration induced by hydraulic fracturing deep underground. Determining the mechanisms of contamination will improve the safety and economics of shale-gas extraction.
Hemolysis-induced lethality involves inflammasome activation by heme
Authors: Dutra Fabianno F. , Alves Letícia S. , Rodrigues Danielle , Fernandez Patricia L. , de Oliveira Rosane B. , Golenbock Douglas T. , Zamboni Dario S. , Bozza Marcelo T. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Heme causes inflammation in sterile and infectious conditions, contributing to the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease, malaria, and sepsis, but the mechanisms by which heme operates are not completely understood. Here we show that heme induces IL-1β processing through the activation of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages. Our results suggest that among NLRP3 activators, heme has common as well as unique requirements to trigger inflammasome activation. In vivo, hemolysis and heme cause inflammasome activation. Importantly, macrophages, inflammasome components, and IL-1R contribute to hemolysis-induced lethality. These results highlight the potential of understanding the molecular mechanisms by which heme is sensed by innate immune receptors as a way to identify new therapeutic strategies to treat the pathological consequences of hemolytic diseases.
A common neural code for similar conscious experiences in different individuals
Authors: Naci Lorina , Cusack Rhodri , Anello Mimma , Owen Adrian M. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Although in our daily lives we engage in many of the same activities as others, we are not privy to their conscious experiences, and can only understand them through their self-reports. Patients who are conscious, but are unable to speak or exhibit willful behavior, are, therefore, unable to report their conscious experiences to others. Indeed, in most cases, it is impossible to know whether they are conscious or not. We introduce a neural index that, in a group of healthy participants, predicted each individual’s conscious experience. Moreover, this approach provided strong evidence for intact conscious experiences in a brain-injured patient who had remained behaviorally nonresponsive for 16 y. These findings have implications for understanding the common basis of human consciousness.
Engagement of myelomonocytic Siglecs by tumor-associated ligands modulates the innate immune response to cancer
Authors: Läubli Heinz , Pearce Oliver M. T. , Schwarz Flavio , Siddiqui Shoib S. , Deng Lingquan , Stanczak Michal A. , Deng Liwen , Verhagen Andrea , Secrest Patrick , Lusk Chrissy , Schwartz Ann G. , Varki Nissi M. , Bui Jack D. , Varki Ajit 
Published: September 2014

Significance
In vitro and in vivo data indicate that hypersialylated tumor cells can engage Siglec-9 on myelomonocytic cells and influence the outcome of the interaction, depending on the stage of tumor growth and the microenvironment. On one hand, engagement of Siglec-9 or Siglec-E by tumor-associated ligands inhibited immunosurveillance and tumor cell killing during establishment of autologous tumors and new metastatic foci. On the other hand, inhibition of tumor-associated macrophages through Siglec-9 led to M1 polarization and reduced growth-promoting inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. This demonstrates a previously unidentified dualistic function of Siglec-9 during cancer progression. A functional polymorphism of Siglec-9 correlated with altered survival of lung cancer patients, suggesting that Siglec-9 might be therapeutically targeted.
Dysfunction of dendritic cells in aged C57BL/6 mice leads to failure of natural killer cell activation and of tumor eradication
Authors: Guo Zhenhong , Tilburgs Tamara , Wong Bonnie , Strominger Jack L. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Immunosenescence is an important phenomenon that leads to enhanced susceptibility both to bacterial and virus infections and to tumorigenesis. The reciprocal activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells (NKs) is a critical point in the maturation of both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Its failure could be a key point in immunosenescence. In this article, we show that in aged C57BL/6 mice that were known to be susceptible to mousepox virus, DCs are dysfunctional and unable to activate NKs. This defect also results in failure to eliminate RMA-S lymphoma mutant tumor cells in an NK-sensitive tumor model. A more complex situation regarding DC dysfunction is also described in a small sample of the outbred human population.
Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels
Authors: Olson Jana , Manjavacas Alejandro , Liu Lifei , Chang Wei-Shun , Foerster Benjamin , King Nicholas S. , Knight Mark W. , Nordlander Peter , Halas Naomi J. , Link Stephan 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Full-color displays are typically fabricated using a combination of chromatic materials of various types, introduced into an addressable pixel-based electronic device. Here we show that brightly colored, highly vivid pixels, directly suitable for RGB displays, can be fabricated using periodic areas of Al nanorods in each pixel. Both nanorod length and spacing are critically important in achieving strong and spectrally distinct scattering signatures across the visible spectrum. This use of a low-cost, abundant metal for achieving full-spectrum coloration is compatible with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor manufacturing methods and directly applicable to current liquid crystal display technology.
Molecular basis for premature senescence induced by surfactants in normal human cells
Authors: Yamakami Yoshimi , Miki Kensuke , Yonekura Ryuzo , Kudo Ikuru , Fujii Michihiko , Ayusawa Dai 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Sublethal doses of surfactants as exemplified by NP-40 clearly induce premature senescence in normal human cells. To understand molecular basis for this phenomenon, we tried to suppress it with use of various inhibitors. An inhibitor of p38 of the MAPK family almost completely suppressed growth arrest and morphological changes induced by surfactants; however, other inhibitors tested had no effect. Oleic acid, a weak inducer of premature senescence, was found to suppress the effect of NP-40. Fluorescein-labeled oleic acid rapidly bound to the cell surface, and this binding was clearly blocked by pre-treatment with surfactants, suggesting that surfactants and oleic acid compete for binding to the cell surface. Moderate concentrations of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, also suppressed the senescent features induced by NP-40. These results suggest that surfactants activate p38 signaling pathway by binding to the cell surface, and induce cellular senescence.
Mycobacterium tuberculosispromotes Th17 expansionviaregulation of human dendritic cells toward a high CD14 and low IL-12p70 phenotype that reprograms upon exogenous IFN-γ
Authors: Søndergaard Jonas Nørskov , Laursen Janne Marie , Rosholm Lisbeth Buus , Brix Susanne 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe capacity to develop protective immunity against mycobacteria is heterogeneously distributed among human beings, and it is currently unknown why the initial immune response induced against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) does not provide proper clearance of this pathogen. Dendritic cells (DCs) are some of the first cells to interact with Mtb and they play an essential role in development of protective immunity against Mtb. Given that Mtb-infected macrophages have difficulties in degrading Mtb, they need help from IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells propagated via IL-12p70-producing DCs. Here we report that Mtb modifies human DC plasticity by expanding a CD14+ DC subset with weak IL-12p70-producing capacity. The CD14+ Mtb-promoted subset was furthermore poor inducers of IFN-γ by naive CD4+ T cells, but instead prompted IL-17A-producing RORγT+ CD4+ T cells. Mtb-derived peptidoglycan and mannosylated lipoarabinomannan partly recapitulated the subset partition induced by Mtb. Addition of IFN-γ, but neither IL-17A nor IL-22, which are potentially produced by Mtb-exposed γ/δ-T cells in mucosal linings, inhibited the differentiation toward CD14+ DCs and promoted high-level IL-12p70 in Mtb-challenged DCs. We conclude that Mtb exploits DC plasticity to reduce production of IL-12p70, and that this process is entirely divertible by exogenous IFN-γ. These data suggest that strategies to increase local IFN-γ production in the lungs of tuberculosis patients may boost host immunity toward Mtb.
Management of high-grade gliomas in the pediatric patient: Past, present, and future
Authors: Vanan Magimairajan Issai , Eisenstat David D. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) constitute ∼15% of all primary brain tumors in children and adolescents. Routine histopathological diagnosis is based on tissue obtained from biopsy or, preferably, from the resected tumor itself. The majority of pediatric HGGs are clinically and biologically distinct from histologically similar adult malignant gliomas; these differences may explain the disparate responses to therapy and clinical outcomes when comparing children and adults with HGG. The recently proposed integrated genomic classification identifies 6 distinct biological subgroups of glioblastoma (GBM) throughout the age spectrum. Driver mutations in genes affecting histone H3.3 (K27M and G34R/V) coupled with mutations involving specific proteins (TP53, ATRX, DAXX, SETD2, ACVR1, FGFR1, NTRK) induce defects in chromatin remodeling and may play a central role in the genesis of many pediatric HGGs. Current clinical practice in pediatric HGGs includes surgical resection followed by radiation therapy (in children aged > 3 years) with concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. However, these multimodality treatment strategies have had a minimal impact on improving survival. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating new molecular targets, chemoradiation sensitization strategies, and immunotherapy. Future clinical trials of pediatric HGG will incorporate the distinction between GBM molecular subgroups and stratify patients using group-specific biomarkers.