bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interacting effects of temperature and density on individual growth performance in a wild population of brown trout
Authors: Bærum Kim M. , Haugen Thrond O. , Kiffney Peter , Moland Olsen Esben , Vøllestad L. Asjørn 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Growth is a key life‐history trait linked to population regulation in fishes and may be influenced by biotic and abiotic factors such as density and temperature. Exploring how growth performance is altered by such factors in the wild will aid our understanding of how climate change might influence fish populations.

We explore the interactions between temperature and density on growth in a stream‐resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) population by comparing observed individual growth rates with predicted rates, at maximum rations, as a function of natural variation in water temperature in a small, cold (average temp summer <11 °C) stream in south‐east Norway. Variation in relative growth performance of resident brown trout was analysed using a linear mixed‐model approach based on a 9‐year‐long time series of mark–recapture data that yielded 1043 individual growth rate estimates for the summer seasons.

Observed growth rates never exceeded 60% of predicted growth. Density and temperature interacted in a non‐additive and complex way as controlling agents of growth performance, where a general positive effect of temperature minimised an apparent negative effect of density. We also found an interaction between age and density, where young fish were more negatively affected by density than older fish. Individuals that were small for their age showed evidence of compensatory growth.

As our system appears to be strongly resource limited and temperature seems to facilitate relative growth performance, we argue that the negative density effect is mitigated by increased food supply when temperature increases during the summer growth season. Further, the positive effect of temperature on growth appeared minimal at low densities, suggesting an unmeasured factor (e.g. food quality) was limiting some of the growth potential. Our results help elucidate potential effects of temperature changes on brown trout in a small and cold stream, where the positive influence of temperature is more pronounced at high fish densities.
Association of sarcopenia with functional decline in community‐dwelling elderly subjects in Japan
Authors: Tanimoto Yoshimi , Watanabe Misuzu , Sun Wei , Tanimoto Keiji , Shishikura Kanako , Sugiura Yumiko , Kusabiraki Toshiyuki , Kono Koichi 
Published: March 2013

AimThe present study aimed to determine the association of sarcopenia, defined by muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance, with functional disability from a 2‐year cohort study of community‐dwelling elderly Japanese people.MethodParticipants were 743 community‐dwelling elderly Japanese people aged 65 years or older. We used bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to measure muscle mass, grip strength to measure muscle strength, and usual walking speed to measure physical performance in a baseline study. Functional disability was defined using an activities of daily living (ADL) scale and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale at baseline and during follow‐up examinations 2 years later. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age and body mass index, was used to examine the association between sarcopenia and the occurrence of functional disability.ResultsIn the present study, 7.8% of men and 10.2% of women were classified as having sarcopenia. Among sarcopenia patients in the baseline study, 36.8% of men and 18.8% of women became dependent in ADL at 2‐year follow up. From the logistic regression analysis adjusted by age and body mass index, sarcopenia was significantly associated with the occurrences of physical disability compared with normal subjects in both men and women.ConclusionsSarcopenia, defined by muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance, was associated with functional decline over a 2‐year period in elderly Japanese. Interventions to prevent sarcopenia are very important to prevent functional decline among elderly individuals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 958–963.
Age‐related skeletal muscle mass loss and physical performance in Taiwan: Implications to diagnostic strategy of sarcopenia in Asia
Authors: Liu Li‐Kuo , Lee Wei‐Ju , Liu Chien‐Liang , Chen Liang‐Yu , Lin Ming‐Hsien , Peng Li‐Ning , Chen Liang‐Kung 
Published: March 2013

AimSkeletal muscle loss is a common feature of aging, and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. Although several indexes of skeletal muscle mass measurement have been developed, the most optimal index for sarcopenia diagnosis among Asian populations has remained unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and physical performance among community‐dwelling people in Taiwan.MethodsData of the I‐Lan Longitudinal Aging Study (ILAS) were retrieved for study. Comparisons between demographic profiles, physical performance and skeletal muscle mass (measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry) were carried out. Skeletal muscle mass expressed by lean body mass divided by squared height (LBM/ht2), appendicular muscle mass divided by squared height (ASM/ht2) and percent skeletal muscle index (SMI%) were compared between measurements of physical performance.ResultsOverall, the data of 532 participants (mean age 64.6 ± 9.5 years, male 53.0%) were retrieved for analysis. Age was associated with poorer physical performance, and decreased ASM/ht2 and LBM/ht2, but not SMI%. Skeletal muscle mass (SMI%) was less significantly related to slow walking speed than ASM/ht2 in men. In women, all three muscle indexes showed no significant association between slow walking speed. In contrast, low handgrip strength was strongly associated with decreased skeletal muscle mass (measured by ASM/ht2 and LBM/ht2, but not SMI%) in both men and women.ConclusionsSkeletal muscle mass was significantly associated with handgrip strength along with aging, but the association of skeletal muscle mass and walking speed was less significant. In sarcopenia diagnosis among Asian populations, ASM/ht2 should be the most suitable index for skeletal muscle mass measurements, and physical performance should be measured universally beyond measurements of skeletal muscle mass. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 964–971.
A comparison of stigma among patients with leprosy in rural Tanzania and urban United States: a role for public health in dermatology
Authors: Roosta Neda , Black David S. , Rea Thomas H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground  Leprosy is a chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, which causes peripheral insensitivity and disfigurements of the skin, limbs, and digits. Social stigma is a common consequence of leprosy and may differ according to level of physical disfigurement and geographic location. The objective of this study was to assess social stigma encountered by patients with leprosy in clinical settings located in rural Tanzania and urban USA and to compare the social stigma reported in these regions.Methods  A total of 56 respondents were recruited from one leprosy inpatient facility in Shirati, Tanzania (n = 28), and one outpatient clinic in Los Angeles, USA (n = 28). Cross‐sectional data were obtained from face‐to‐face interviews, which were conducted with respondents at each clinic location. Measures of perceived stigma were assessed in family relationship, vocational, social interaction, and interpersonal contexts.Results  Patients in Tanzania, as compared with those in the USA, reported significantly higher levels of stigma in family relationship and vocational contexts. Tanzanian patients also reported higher levels of stigma in social interaction and self‐esteem contexts, but these differences were marginally significant and may reflect the small sample size.Conclusions  Leprosy‐related social stigma is a major problem in regions of both developed and developing countries; however, patients with leprosy in developing countries reported higher levels of stigma in four social contexts. A public health role in dermatology is discussed as an agent of early diagnosis, control, and education in order to reduce social stigma and promote social rehabilitation.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolates from acne patients in Colombia
Authors: Mendoza Natalia , Hernandez Paul O. , Tyring Stephen K. , Haitz Kassie A. , Motta Adriana 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground  The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Propionibacterium acnes poses a significant challenge to successful treatment outcomes in acne patients. Although P. acnes resistance has been demonstrated throughout the world, no previous data regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. acnes in Colombia are available.Objectives  The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. acnes to common antibiotics used in the treatment of acne in a Colombian population.Methods  Samples were collected from facial acne lesions of 100 dermatology patients. Allsamples were cultured in anaerobic conditions, and final identification of isolates was performed. Isolates of P. acnes were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline.Results  Propionibacterium acnes isolates resistant to erythromycin (35%), clindamycin (15%), doxycycline (9%), tetracycline (8%), and minocycline (1%) were observed. Isolates with cross‐resistance were also observed (to erythromycin and clindamycin [12%] and to doxycycline and tetracycline [6%]). Overall, 46% of isolates taken from patients with a history of antibiotic use demonstrated resistance, whereas 29% of isolates taken from patients who had never used antibiotics demonstrated resistance.Conclusions  Antimicrobial resistance in P. acnes in this Colombian population has a lower prevalence than those reported in Europe and follows a similar pattern to findings elsewhere in Latin America. Resistance is demonstrated even in isolates from patients with no previous history of antibiotic use. Resistance to erythromycin is most commonly observed. Minocycline emerges as the most effective antibiotic.
Dermatologist‐diagnosed skin diseases among immigrant Latino poultry processors and other manual workers in North Carolina, USA
Authors: Pichardo‐Geisinger Rita , Muñoz‐Ali Diana , Arcury Thomas A. , Blocker Jill N. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Mora Dana C. , Chen Haiying , Schulz Mark R. , Feldman Steve R. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground  Immigrant Latino workers represent an expanding workforce in rural areas of the USA, where their employment is concentrated in occupations such as poultry processing that entail chemical, infectious, and mechanical skin exposures. Occupation‐related skin illnesses in this vulnerable population are not well characterized.Objectives  This study was designed to describe the prevalences of skin diseases among immigrant Latino poultry processors and other manual workers in North Carolina.Methods  Community‐based sampling was used to recruit 742 immigrant Latino workers, 518 of whom underwent a physical examination supervised by a board‐certified dermatologist. The presence or absence of skin disease on the face, neck, arms, hands, and feet was recorded.Results  Workers ranged in age from 18 years to 68 years. Slightly over half of the sample were male (52.6%). Poultry workers represented 55.8% of the study sample. Infectious skin diseases were the most common diagnosis, present in 52.3% of workers. Inflammatory skin diseases were present in 28.2% and pigmentary disorders in 21.8% of workers. The most common skin conditions were tinea pedis (37.6%), onychomycosis (31.9%), scars (13.7%), acne (11.8%), and melasma (9.3%). Age, sex, first language, and work as a poultry processor accounted in part for the prevalence of these diseases.Conclusions  Several skin diseases are highly prevalent in immigrant Latino workers and may relate to work environment. These may impair the quality of life of these workers and predispose them to further illness.
Prospective histologic examinations in patients who practice traumatic hairstyling
Authors: Uhlenhake Elizabeth E. , Mehregan Darius M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectives  Alopecia is the fifth most common dermatologic diagnosis in African‐American patients. Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is the most common form of scarring alopecia in this group. This study sought to evaluate clinical and histologic findings in patients without clinical alopecia who use chemical and/or thermal straighteners to determine whether follicular damage is evidenced histologically.Methods  Eight African‐American women with no clinical evidence of alopecia or scalp inflammation were included in the study. All participants had engaged in some form of traumatic hair care within the previous month. Participants submitted to clinical photography and 4‐mm punch biopsy. Histologic examination was performed and the characteristics of each case recorded.Results  There were no clinical signs of alopecia or inflammation in any patient. Histopathology showed peri‐infundibular lymphocytic inflammation in all patients and mild superficial perivascular lymphocytic inflammation in three. Concentric infundibular fibrosis was observed in each hair follicle in all specimens. One sample showed additional focal peri‐isthmus fibrosis. There was no evidence of complete follicular dropout, follicular epithelial thinning, or premature desquamation of inner root sheaths. The mean number of hair follicles was 4.88 per 4‐mm punch. Hair cycling was consistently within normal ranges.Conclusions  Biopsy findings characteristic of CCCA suggest that a clinical prelude exists histologically. Further follow‐up may provide a longitudinal timeframe for the potential progression, halting, or reversal of disease if hairstyling practices are, respectively, continued or discontinued. Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia is likely to represent a common pathway of inflammation and scarring that can be instigated by traumatic hairstyling practices in genetically predisposed subjects.
Emerging concept for the role of photorespiration as an important part of abiotic stress response
Authors: Voss I. , Sunil B. , Scheibe R. , Raghavendra A. S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWhen plants are exposed to stress, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is often one of the first responses. In order to survive, cells attempt to down‐regulate the production of ROS, while at the same time scavenging ROS. Photorespiration is now appreciated as an important part of stress responses in green tissues for preventing ROS accumulation. Photorespiratory reactions can dissipate excess reducing equivalents and energy either directly (using ATP, NAD(P)H and reduced ferredoxin) or indirectly (e.g., via alternative oxidase (AOX) and providing an internal CO2 pool). Photorespiration, however, is also a source of H2O2 that is possibly involved in signal transduction, resulting in modulation of gene expression. We propose that photorespiration can assume a major role in the readjustment of redox homeostasis. Protection of photosynthesis from photoinhibition through photorespiration is well known. Photorespiration can mitigate oxidative stress under conditions of drought/water stress, salinity, low CO2 and chilling. Adjustments to even mild disturbances in redox status, caused by a deficiency in ascorbate, AOX or chloroplastic NADP‐malate dehydrogenase, comprise increases in photorespiratory components such as catalase, P‐protein of glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) and glycine content. The accumulation of excess reducing equivalents or ROS in plant cells also affects mitochondria. Therefore, a strong interaction between the chloroplast redox status and photorespiration is not surprising, but highlights interesting properties evident in plant cells. We draw attention to the fact that a complex network of multiple and dynamic systems, including photorespiration, prevents oxidative damage while optimising photosynthesis. Further experiments are necessary to identify and validate the direct targets of redox signals among photorespiratory components.
Renewing Ethnographic Theory
Authors: JONES STOKES 
Published: March 2013

The place of theory in ethnographic practice is to reflect, puzzle, re‐think, and guide research practices from a ‘meta’ perspective.Consequently, for EPIC 2012 our contributors have sought to renew ethnographic theory by questioning some fundamentals that often “go without saying” (even for a community as circumspect as ours). Thus, the role of Time, Endings, Facts, and Functions all come under scrutiny, as well as how our very “ways of world making” hinge on the categories implicit within our disciplinary commitments.But, unless such reflective (and reflexive) concerns get reapplied in practice, there is no PRAXIS (to refine, or transform, what is done towards ‘the next level’). However, as the concerns of these authors all stem from ‘real’ conundrums or opportunities in their own research (and since they have already sweated much of the theoretical labor for us) hearing what they say should enable you to achieve PRAXIS in your own work.So the invitation is open – apply this thinking and learning to realize how engaging with ethnographic theory entails enriching your practice of ethnography.
Bioeconomics of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, culture in Vietnam
Authors: Petersen Elizabeth H. , Phuong Truong H. , Van Dung Nguyen , Giang Pham T. , Dat Nguyen K. , Tuan Vu A. , Nghi Tran V. , Glencross Brett D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe results of bioeconomic analysis informed by a survey of 80 small‐scale mud crab farmers in Vietnam are presented in this paper. Mud crab farming in Vietnam is profitable, with net revenue being approximately 135 and 41 million VND/year (USD 7000–USD 2100 per year) in the central and southern regions, respectively. Profitability was significantly higher in the centre compared with the north, as almost three times the biomass is harvested in the centre compared with the south (in turn, due to higher aquaculture area and survival rates). The benefit–cost ratio (the ratio between total revenue and total costs) is 3.55 in the centre and 1.97 in the south. The crabs are fed almost exclusively on low‐value finfish in the centre and the south. Feeding rates were found to be low, with 95% of biomass gain coming from natural feed in the environment rather than supplementary feeding by the farmer. If pellets are to be adopted widely by mud crab farmers, negative perceptions regarding the poor adaptability of mud crab to pellets (northern farmers only), relatively slow growth rates compared with low‐value finfish and lack of availability of pellets need to be overcome.
Protein, lipid and energy requirements of cultured marine fish in cold, temperate and warm water
Authors: Bowyer Jenna N. , Qin Jian G. , Stone David A. J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTemperature is one of the most important physical factors influencing fish growth. Under optimal temperatures, food energy partitioned into fish growth can be maximized. However, when a marine carnivorous species is cultured in an environment where temperature falls outside the optimal range of a fish, growth will be affected. The nutrient–environment interaction is important for optimizing a fish’s nutritional requirements throughout the grow‐out period. The most current global issue for the aquaculture industry is the inclusion of alternative ingredients into formulated diets to produce a sustainable seafood product. This requires the substitution of fish meal and fish oil with alternative ingredients from plant and terrestrial animal sources. This review discusses the changes in nutritional requirements (protein, lipid and energy) and physiology of some commonly cultured marine fishes as a consequence of seasonal changes in temperature during the grow‐out period. This review also discusses the effects of replacing fish meal and fish oil with alternative protein and lipid sources on the nutritional–environmental interactions of fish performance at different temperatures.
Salmon Welfare Index Model (SWIM 1.0): a semantic model for overall welfare assessment of caged Atlantic salmon: review of the selected welfare indicators and model presentation
Authors: Stien Lars H. , Bracke Marc B. M. , Folkedal Ole , Nilsson Jonatan , Oppedal Frode , Torgersen Thomas , Kittilsen Silje , Midtlyng Paul J. , Vindas Marco A. , Øverli Øyvind , Kristiansen Tore S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA semantic model for overall welfare assessment of Atlantic salmon reared in sea cages is presented. The model, called SWIM 1.0, is designed to enable fish farmers to make a formal and standardized assessment of fish welfare using a set of selected welfare indicators. In order to cover all welfare relevant aspects from the animals’ point of view and to create a science‐based tool we first identified the known welfare needs of Atlantic salmon in sea cages and searched the literature for feasible welfare indicators. The framework of semantic modelling was used to perform a structured literature review and an evaluation of each indicator. The selected indicators were water temperature, salinity, oxygen saturation, water current, stocking density, lighting, disturbance, daily mortality rate, appetite, sea lice infestation ratio, condition factor, emaciation state, vertebral deformation, maturation stage, smoltification state, fin condition and skin condition. Selection criteria for the indicators were that they should be practical and measureable on the farm, that each indicator could be divided into levels from good to poor welfare backed up by relevant scientific literature. To estimate each indicator’s relative impact on welfare, all the indicators were weighted based on their respective literature reviews and according to weighting factors defined as part of the semantic modelling framework. This was ultimately amalgamated into an overall model that calculates welfare indexes for salmon in sea cages. More importantly, the model identifies how each indicator contributes (negatively and positively) to the overall index and hence which welfare needs are compromised or fulfilled.