bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyurea Is Associated With Lower Costs of Care of Young Children With Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Wang Winfred C. , Oyeku Suzette O. , Luo Zhaoyu , Boulet Sheree L. , Miller Scott T. , Casella James F. , Fish Billie , Thompson Bruce W. , Grosse Scott D. 
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
In the BABY HUG trial, young children with sickle cell anemia randomized to receive hydroxyurea had fewer episodes of pain, hospitalization, and transfusions. With anticipated broader use of hydroxyurea in this population, we sought to estimate medical costs of care in treated versus untreated children.

METHODS:
The BABY HUG database was used to compare inpatient events in subjects receiving hydroxyurea with those receiving placebo. Unit costs were estimated from the 2009 MarketScan Multi-state Medicaid Database for children with sickle cell disease, aged 1 to 3 years. Inpatient costs were based on length of hospital stay, modified by the occurrence of acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, or transfusion. Outpatient expenses were based on the schedule required for BABY HUG and a “standard” schedule for 1- to 3-year-olds with sickle cell anemia.

RESULTS:
There were 232 hospitalizations in the subjects receiving hydroxyurea and 324 in those on placebo; length of hospital stay was similar in the 2 groups. Estimated outpatient expenses were greater in those receiving hydroxyurea, but these were overshadowed by inpatient costs. The total estimated annual cost for those on hydroxyurea ($11 072) was 21% less than the cost of those on placebo ($13 962; P = .038).

CONCLUSIONS:
Savings on inpatient care resulted in a significantly lower overall estimated medical care cost for young children with sickle cell anemia who were receiving hydroxyurea compared with those receiving placebo. Because cost savings are likely to increase with age, these data provide additional support for broad use of hydroxyurea treatment in this population.
Whole‐Blood Cultures From Patients With Chronic Periodontitis Respond Differently to Porphyromonas gingivalis but not Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Nogueira‐Filho Getulio , Rosa Bruno Trevisan , Santos Patricia Ferreira , Tunes Urbino Rocha , Freire Songeli Menezes , Meyer Roberto , Darveau Richard P. 
Published: September 2013

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis lipid A heterogeneity modulates cytokine expression in human cells. This study investigates the effects of two lipid A isoforms of P. gingivalis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)1435/1449 and LPS1690, on the secretion of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines in total blood cultures from patients with and without chronic periodontitis (CP).Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 38 systemically healthy individuals divided in two groups: 1) the CP group (n = 19), in which patients were diagnosed with CP; and 2) the no periodontitis (NP) group (n = 19), which included control patients without CP. Blood samples were collected from all patients, and whole‐blood cell cultures (WBCCs) were stimulated for 48 hours with P. gingivalis LPS1435/1449 and LPS1690 and Escherichia coli LPS. Unstimulated WBCCs served as negative controls. The secretion of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) was detected in WBCC supernatants by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.Results: E. coli LPS significantly increased the expression of all cytokines in WBCCs from both the NP and CP groups when compared to non‐stimulated cells (control treatment). P. gingivalis LPS preparations increased IFN‐γ levels in the CP group but not in the NP group when compared with controls (P <0.05). P. gingivalis LPS preparations also increased IL‐10 and TGF‐β levels in both CP and NP groups, but P. gingivalis LPS1690 showed a three‐fold increase on IL‐10 production in the NP group (P <0.05) when compared to P. gingivalis LPS1435/144.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that WBCC cell populations obtained from healthy individuals and patients with CP may differ in the cytokine response to P. gingivalis but not E. coli LPS. This is consistent with the notion that CP alters the systemic WBCC response and that this can be detected by the different P. gingivalis LPS structures.
Allogeneic Stem Cells From Deciduous Teeth in Treatment for Periodontitis in Miniature Swine
Authors: Fu Xiaoru , Jin Luyuan , Ma Ping , Fan Zhipeng , Wang Songlin 
Published: September 2013

Background: Regeneration of lost periodontium in periodontitis is a challenge in that alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament need to be restored to their original architecture. Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) appear to be an attractive candidate for periodontium tissue regeneration. Previously, the authors successfully regenerated periodontal defects using autologous and allogeneic periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the ability of allogeneic SHEDs to regenerate lost periodontium in a swine periodontitis model.Methods: Animal models of periodontitis were established in miniature pigs, and allogeneic stem cells were isolated from miniature pig deciduous teeth (SPDs). The animal models were treated with SPDs plus hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP). Allogeneic PDLSCs plus HA/TCP or HA/TCP alone were set as positive control or control, respectively. Clinical assessments, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and histologic examination were used to evaluate the outcome of tissue regeneration.Results: Clinical indices including probing depth, gingival recession, and attachment loss showed significant restoration in the SPD and PDLSC treatment groups, compared to the HA/TCP group 12 weeks post‐transplantation. Meanwhile, CT scans showed that 75% of the samples had successful hard‐tissue regeneration in both PDLSC and SPD groups, compared to the HA/TCP group, where the success rate was only 25%. In addition, histologic examination demonstrated that SPD and PDLSC treatment brought about remarkable regeneration of periodontal tissues, whereas periodontal regeneration was rare in the HA/TCP group.Conclusions: Allogeneic SPDs can effectively repair hard and soft tissue loss brought about by periodontitis in a swine model. Allogeneic SHEDs, which are easily accessible, may be applied to treat periodontitis in clinics in the future.
Insulation Monitoring Device for Subsea Industrial Applications
Authors: Arif Jawad , Golledge Nick 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The development and qualification of the insulation monitoring device (IMD) for subsea industrial application is presented in this paper. This device can be employed with the required high integrity electrical/electronic components and manufacturing processes demanded of the subsea equipment domain. Further, in order to meet the challenges of improved operational reliability, the requirement to detect and diagnose electrical faults within this environment is of utmost importance with the improved safety and operational availability.
The insulation monitoring device measures insulation levels between a non-grounded single or three phase 50 or 60 Hz supply network and its protective earth, regardless of the actual networks state of operation; is live or non-live (standby). Insulation measurement is based on the principle of injecting a direct current (DC) voltage through a shunt into the alternate current (AC) line through a high impedance serial choke that "insulates" the AC from the internal DC voltage. The 16 bit analogue to digital converter (ADC) reads the voltage balanced over the shunt resistor and gets a raw value that follows logarithmically the earth fault resistance from measurement line to protective earth (PE). The device continuously measures the changes in insulation level and any insulation breakdown is anticipated by monitoring the trend data. Thus, it is an important tool for preventive maintenance and asset management strategies.
The IMD device is capable of communicating with the topside systems through the Modbus communication protocol and provides output in terms of 4–20mA and 0–10V instrumentation signals. The IMD complies with the low voltage directive, subsea standard ISO13628-6 and subsea relevant electromagnetic compatibility standard. Moreover, this device fulfils the criteria of IPC-A-610E class 3.
A nonlinear mathematical transfer function has been developed through the offline estimation technique in SIMULINK/ Matlab® to represent the behaviour of IMD card in terms of insulation resistance and 4 – 20 mA output current.
Managing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Issues in the Challenging Environment of the Alaskan North Slope
Authors: Marconi Michele , Vacas Francisco J. , Burgess Larry , Pedroni Paola Maria 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
eni, through its e&p Division, operates in a wide range of natural environments with different degrees of ecological sensitivities. The company is committed to the conservation of biodiversity, ecosystems and the services they provide in all areas of operations and all phases of a project’s lifecycle.
Over the past decade, eni e&p has been working in partnership with the international conservation NGO Fauna and Flora International to develop a distinctive approach for a timely and effective management of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service (BES) issues within its operations worldwide.
eni e&p’s approach includes (i) global mapping and assessment of all operating sites against areas of high biodiversity value, (ii) implementation of site-specific BES assessments and action plans in priority existing sites, and (iii) incorporation of BES evaluations into ESHIAs in new sites and projects.
The methodology for BES assessment and action plan has been field-tested in a wide range of operational, environmental and social conditions. The Nikaitchuq site, operated by the subsidiary eni US Operating Company in the Alaskan North Slope, was part of these pilots. The experience was key to building our capacity on how to approach and manage BES issues in the challenging Arctic environment.
The Nikaitchuq site is a flagship operation for the company. The high profile of oil activities in the area, stringent environmental compliance requirements, scrutiny from local communities and NGOs and need to perform as a sectoral leader are all critical for maintaining the license to operate and to ensure future access to resources in the Arctic.
The Nikaitchuq assessment identified BES risks and opportunities associated with this operational, ecological and social context and produced a targeted action plan. This paper illustrates the methodological approach developed to address and manage reliance and potential impacts of Nikaitchuq operations on BES with a focus on the actions implemented on birds and polar bears.
Drillers’ Situation Awareness
Authors: Roberts R. C. , Flin R. , Cleland J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The cognitive skill of knowing what is going on around you and using that information to predict future events is vital for drilling for oil and gas on offshore installations. This skill is known as Situation Awareness (SA), influencing subsequent decision making and performance. Failures of SA have been identified in a number of high profile well control disasters, most recently with Deep Water Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite SA being researched in other high risk, high reliability industries, such as aviation and nuclear power, very little research has investigated SA within the offshore drilling environment. Accurate SA is vital for safe and efficient performance on the drill deck with drillers being required to have high SA of the working environment and of their fellow crew members.
This research study uses cognitive task analysis techniques of observation and critical incident interviews to investigate drillers’ SA when working within a state of the art drilling simulator, with the goal of producing a framework of the required cognitive skills. As this is a new study, preliminary results will be discussed at the conference.
BP North Sea Miscible Gas Injection Projects Review
Authors: Zhang Pinggang , Brodie James , Daae Victoria , Erbas Demet , Duncan Euan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
BP has been operating miscible gas injection projects in a variety of challenging environments throughout the world for over three decades. Numerous innovative techniques have been used to optimize oil recovery and the results have been reported in a series of publications.
The focus of this paper is the North Sea, where BP operates offshore miscible gas floods in Magnus and Ula. Tertiary miscible WAG in Magnus began in 2002 and its impact on reservoir performance is significant and well understood. More than 175 Bscf of gas have been injected, yielding 18 mmstb of oil at a very high net efficiency of 3.5 mscf/stb. The contribution of EOR to total field production has increased to 40% by 2012. In Ula, tertiary miscible WAG started in 1998 and has played a key role in arresting production decline. More than 26 mmstb of oil has been recovered by gas injection by 2012. In 2013, close to 100% of the total field oil production is attributed to WAG. Key to the success of both projects has been securing a source of miscible gas and pursuing an active surveillance and reservoir management programme to monitor and optimize the flood.
The success of the North Sea projects is partly based on the experience of operating the world’s largest miscible gas flood at Prudhoe Bay (Alaska), where conventional and unconventional techniques have been successfully applied in a variety of different settings. The knowledge acquired in Prudhoe Bay has been shared with other assets, including North Sea, through a series of managed moves and master classes.
Miscible gas injection has generated considerable benefits for BP over the past three decades and will continue to do so in future. The potential availability of large sources of CO2 in the future, through carbon capture, could help maintain a leading role for miscible gas injection for years to come.
Managing Mature Gas Fields in the Netherlands - Future Outlook
Authors: Yavuz Ferhat , Kreft Eric , Gijbels Ricardo 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Over the last two years detailed analysis has been carried out on the future production performance of all Dutch gas fields. This paper focuses on the analysis of Dutch mature gas field management up to 2030. The E&P industry has been active and successful in the Netherlands since the early sixties. Annual production of approximately 80 Bcm has been achieved since the early seventies and currently 30 Bcm of annual gas production is being targeted by EBN. Approximately 75% of gas fields, both onshore and offshore, are mature or in the tail end production phase. Declining reservoir pressures and production rates and bring several challenges in the operation of these assets. Liquid loading and salt precipitation are the major issues which have been observed during the last five years.
Dutch operators have applied a number of techniques in order to overcome these production challenges. Velocity strings, foam injection and fresh water washes have been most commonly used since late nineties. These techniques do not only have an effect on recoverable reserves, they also have a pronounced effect on platform life extension. The application of production enhancement techniques may add between 15–20 Bcm to Dutch offshore reserves, using currently available technology and assuming current market conditions. The authors are of the opinion that an additional 20 Bcm (excluding Groningen field) could also be recovered if similar techniques are applied onshore. The extra recovery would enable the operation of assets for an extra five years. In other words, the recovery factor may increase from 80% to as much as 95% in some cases with the associated extension of infrastructure life.
Qualification of InLine DeWatering Technology
Authors: Westra R. W. , Knudsen B. L. , Bjartnes H. , Ibouhouten B. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Several fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf are in the decline phase with an increasing production of water and gas, often in combination with reduction in production pressure. The available area for installation of new equipment on the platforms is often limited, and it is important to minimize both the operational and capital costs. Compact, inline separation technology could be a key technology for mature fields, and also for subsea fields at large water depths where the weight is critical. Statoil has identified inline separation as an important technology to increase the oil recovery at brown fields. Due to low foot print and low operation cost the technology could be suitable to increase and prolong water production from the reservoir. The technology would also make it easier for tie-in of new fields at existing installations. To utilize the technology there is a need for both inline gas/liquid and inline oil/water separation (dewatering). Statoil has been carrying out a qualification program to develop inline equipment for dewatering. The project has been a co-operation between Statoil and FMC Separation Systems, and has been carried out in the period 2008 – 2012. The technology is based on cyclonic separation devices with low or moderate pressure drops. An extensive development program has been performed with different geometries for the inline separators, including Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study and testing activities both in laboratory flow loops and at the Gullfaks field. A full scale DeWaterer with 20 liners has been tested to investigate the effect of gas present. The operational window of the inline technology has been established, and the results show that gas and water can be efficiently separated from the well stream. The results will be presented in the paper. The conclusion from the work is that inline technology has a large potential to replace or reduce the size of conventional gravity separators topside, and also to be utilised for subsea separation at large water depths. The qualification work demonstrated that the dewatering technology for the Gullfaks application could separate water with a water quality of less than 500 ppm Oil-in-Water at low pressure drop (1 bar). Based on the qualification work the technology is considered ready for deployment in Statoil.
E-Case - Managing Expectations
Authors: Tissen Jos , Buchan Ian 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In this paper, we will report on the development of an environmental case approach for GDF SUEZ E&P UK.
As one of the now adopted recommendations of the Maitland report following the Deepwater Horizon disaster, OGUK is taking forward its Environmental Assurance Plan concept. In support of this, GDF SUEZ E&P UK commissioned Xodus to develop a number of environmental management plans for its Cygnus Field Development that could reduce the administrative burden, ensure compliance and enhance internal and external dialogue about the management of environmental issues.
The resulting E-cases are central to the company’s environmental management system, bridge the gap between operational objectives and stakeholder expectations and provide an audit trail between these high level objectives and individual tasks and responsibilities as depicted in the figure below.
The E-cases mirror the intent of Lord Cullen’s Safety Case approach in that they offer a way to maximise the benefits of both prescriptive and goal setting regulation. They do this by creating a platform for open dialogue about these important issues, and achieve full integration of environmental management into the operation and maintenance of offshore E&P operations. The E-cases are fully aligned with the international standard on environmental management systems ISO14001.
Flow-Induced Vibrations of Subsea Piping: A Screening Approach Based on Numerical Simulation
Authors: Pontaza J. P. , Abuali B. , Brown G. W. , Smith F. J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
As more satellite wells are tied into existing subsea infrastructure, fluid flow velocities in subsea piping can be significantly higher than was anticipated during design. These higher velocities may lead to increased flow-induced vibration (FIV) as well as erosion due to sand transport. FIV is caused by flow-induced turbulence and associated pressure fluctuations, typically generated at piping geometry, such as bends or tees. These flow-induced fluctuating forces pose structural integrity concerns for subsea piping in terms of cyclic stressing and, over time, a threat of fatigue failure.
Currently, a high-level screening approach for FIV exists as part of the Energy Institute (EI) Guidelines on the Avoidance of Vibration Induced Fatigue Failure (AVIFF). However, the EI AVIFF guideline does not provide a framework for the direct estimation of vibration levels, stress levels, or fatigue life. To address this gap, we have developed a comprehensive screening procedure for FIV in subsea piping. Assets which fail a screening based on published guidelines (e.g., EI AVIFF guidelines), may undergo a more detailed screening based on numerical simulation. The paper gives an overview of such a screening, based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and structural finite element analysis (FEA).
CFD is a specialized field requiring specific expertise and a significant amount of computational resources. The CFD calculates the unsteady signature of flow-induced forcing on the piping for a given flow condition (i.e., multiphase flow). This forcing is then applied to a structural Finite Element (FE) model of the piping, with the output being displacement, acceleration, stress (among possible others) and ultimately a fatigue life estimate.
FIV and erosion measurements are much more costly subsea than they are on topsides. Hence, advanced simulation techniques are valuable tools in determining the integrity status as well as the safe operating limits of subsea piping.
Constancy of the angle between the Frankfort horizontal plane and the sella-nasion line: A nine-year longitudinal study
Authors: Huh Young Jae , Huh Kyung-Hoe , Kim Hong-Kyun , Nam Shin-Eun , Song Hye Yoon , Lee Joo-Hoon , Park Young-Seok 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To investigate the constancy of the angle between the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH) and the sella-nasion line (SN) using longitudinal data.

Materials and Methods:
Longitudinal lateral cephalometric data of 223 children (116 girls and 107 boys) from 6 to 14 years of age were used. The angle between FH and SN (SNFH), the distance from FH to the nasion (NFH), the distance from FH to the sella (SFH), and the differences between the NFH and SFH (Δ) were also measured. All data were analyzed statistically using independent t-tests and mixed-effect regression model analysis.

Results:
The mean SNFH values showed some minor fluctuations, ranging from 9.26° to 9.74° in girls and 8.45° to 8.95° in boys. The mean NFH and SFH values gradually increased according to age irrespective of sex. There were statistically significant differences by sex for all measurements at several ages. The annual change in SFH and Δ showed sexual dimorphism.

Conclusions:
There are variations among individuals in the angle between the FH and SN. However, within an individual, the angle does not vary significantly over time during the observation period.