bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
III–V Multijunction Solar Cell Integration with Silicon: Present Status, Challenges and Future Outlook
Authors: Jain Nikhil , Hudait Mantu K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAchieving high-efficiency solar cells and at the same time driving down the cell cost has been among the key objectives for photovoltaic researchers to attain a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE). While the performance of silicon (Si) based solar cells have almost saturated at an efficiency of ~25%, III–V compound semiconductor based solar cells have steadily shown performance improvement at ~1% (absolute) increase per year, with a recent record efficiency of 44.7%. Integration of such high-efficiency III–V multijunction solar cells on significantly cheaper and large area Si substrate has recently attracted immense interest to address the future LCOE roadmaps by unifying the high-efficiency merits of III–V materials with low-cost and abundance of Si. This review article will discuss the current progress in the development of III–V multijunction solar cell integration onto Si substrate. The current state-of-the-art for III–V-on-Si solar cells along with their theoretical performance projections is presented. Next, the key design criteria and the technical challenges associated with the integration of III–V multijunction solar cells on Si are reviewed. Different technological routes for integrating III–V solar cells on Si substrate through heteroepitaxial integration and via mechanical stacking approach are presented. The key merits and technical challenges for all of the till-date available technologies are summarized. Finally, the prospects, opportunities and future outlook toward further advancing the performance of III–V-on-Si multijunction solar cells are discussed. With the plummeting price of Si solar cells accompanied with the tremendous headroom available for improving the III–V solar cell efficiencies, the future prospects for successful integration of III–V solar cell technology onto Si substrate look very promising to unlock an era of next generation of high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaics.
Do adipose tissue macrophages promote insulin resistance or adipose tissue remodelling in humans?
Authors: Heilbronn Leonie K. , Liu Bo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In diet induced and genetically obese rodent models, adipose tissue is associated with macrophage infiltration, which promotes a low grade inflammatory state and the development of insulin resistance. In humans, obesity is also closely linked with macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, a pro-inflammatory phenotype and insulin resistance. However, whether macrophage infiltration is a direct contributor to the development of insulin resistance that occurs in response to weight gain, or is a later consequence of the obese state is unclear. There are a number of concomitant changes that occur during adipose tissue expansion, including the number and size of adipocytes, the vasculature and the extracellular matrix. In this review, we will examine evidence for and against the role of macrophage recruitment into adipose tissue in promoting the development of insulin resistance in rodents and humans, as well as discuss the emerging role of macrophages in mediating healthy adipose tissue expansion during periods of caloric excess.
Characterization of a new dual-targeting fully human antibody with potent antitumor activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Xie Shenzhi , Zhu Xiaohui , Li Yi , Li Li , Si Yimin , Yang Na 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of the anti-EGFR chimeric antibody (mAb), cetuximab, in treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), its efficacy remains variable and often modest. In this study, a full human dual targeted anti-EGFR/HER3 antibody, CA1182, was generated from phage display library. CA1182 was as effective as cetuximab or trastuzumab in inhabiting phosphorylation of EGFR or HER2, but it exhibited as much more potent than cetuximab or trastuzumab. Moreover, our studies showed that CA1182 was significantly more effective than cetuximab in prolonging the survival of severe combined immune deficient mice bearing human NPC, suggesting that it might be a promising therapeutic agent for NPC.
Exposing young people to cooking and new foods: findings from a feasibility study in an alternative education setting
Authors: Utter Jennifer , Fay Anna , Denny Simon 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Objective: The current study describes a feasibility study of an experiential cooking program for alternative education students. The aims were to identify potential areas for measuring impact (beyond nutrition) and to identify issues threatening the feasibility and evaluation of the program.
Materials and methods: Weekly cooking sessions were conducted in one alternative education center over a school term. Data were collected through weekly observations, a youth focus group, and staff interview.
Results: Observational data confirmed high levels of participation by students, willingness to try new foods, and enjoyment of foods prepared. Comments from the teacher and students emphasized the wider impact of the cooking sessions on positive youth development and cultural engagement, including opportunities for socio-emotional learning, team work, socializing with peers, and cultural blessings of food.
Conclusion: Future studies should consider measures of positive youth development along with cooking skills and eating behaviors as potential outcomes.
A novel speech synthesizer using 3D facial model with gestures
Authors: Rathinavelu Arumugam , Sandhiya Chinnasamy , Saranya Kesavamurthi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop an animated 3D facial model with gestures in order to assist the early language learners and for the subjects suffering from hearing disabilities.Text-to-speech (TTS) engine for Tamil language was built using syllable-based concatenation approach and integrated with 3D facial model to provide natural speech. In this work, facial parts were modeled using a set of polygons and control points that were identified to parameterize the model. Such expressions as Happy, Sad, Anger, and Fear were simulated through various gestures, including lip, eyebrow and jaw movements.The results indicated that 80%–85% of the gesture words were correctly identified by the children.The ultimate goal of the system is to assist the children with hearing disabilities for effective communication in their language learning process.
Association between quality of life and team achievement among wheelchair basketball players – a survey study
Authors: Eilat Roy , Hazor Barak , Carmeli Eli 
Published: December 2014

Abstract: Wheelchair basketball, a popular sport that allows for the inclusion of different levels of disability, has been played since 1946. It became a Paralympics sport in 1988. The aim of the study was to examine the association between quality of life (QOL) and achievement among wheelchair basketball players on a national level.Seven German players and 11 Israeli players participated in the study. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and the the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaires were used to measure QOL, and a sociodemographic questionnaire was used for individual athletic lifestyles.: Due to low compliance by several countries, only Germany and Israel were surveyed. There was no significant difference in the QOL scores between Israeli and German players. Israeli players were, on average, older than German players and had higher incomes. German players dedicated more time to the sport than Israeli players.QOL and team achievement were influenced by hours of practice and younger age, which were related to physical ability requirements for athletic performance. QOL was not contingent on income level or achievement.
Analysing Farmers’ Use of Price Hedging Instruments: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Anastassiadis Friederike , Feil Jan-Henning , Musshoff Oliver , Schilling Philipp 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper analyses the influencing factors of farmers’ use of price hedging instruments (PHIs) based upon a discrete choice experiment with German grain farmers. A mixed logit model is used to determine whether farmers’ choices of PHIs against cash sales are influenced by their price expectation, their risk attitude and their available storage capacities. The results show that farmers with a price expectation below the actual price level have a higher preference for using PHIs against cash sales in general and that the individual degree of risk aversion can have a significant impact on farmers’ choices of a specific PHI. A generally lower preference of farmers with available storage capacities for using PHIs as assumed in many theoretical contributions in the literature, however, cannot be confirmed.
International Trade, Fairness, and Labour Migration
Authors: Loriaux Sylvie , Herwig Alexia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper aims to show that fairness in trade calls for relaxing existing WTO rules to include a greater liberalisation of labour migration. After having addressed several objections to global egalitarianism, it will argue, first, that the world’s rich and the world’s poor participate in a same multilateral trading system whose point is primarily to reduce trade barriers, and hence to establish global economic competitions, in order to raise their standards of living; second, that these competitions are subject to requirements of formal and substantive fairness; and, third, that the substantive fairness of the competitions that are taking place in the field of trade in goods is likely to require a greater liberalisation of labour migration, especially low-skilled labour from developing countries.
Do Moral Duties Arise from Global Trade?
Authors: Walton Andrew 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the idea that trade – the practice of regularised exchange of goods or services between nation-states for mutual advantage under an orchestrated system of rules – can generate moral duties, duties that exist between only participants in the activity. It considers this idea across three duties often cited as duties of trade: duties not to harm; duties to provide certain basic goods; and duties to distribute (certain) benefits and burdens fairly. The paper argues that these three duties seem unlikely contenders for duties thought in some sense to supervene on trade, the former two because they seem to exist regardless of the existence of trade and the latter because it seems to apply to a group more widely conceived than to be coherently thought centred on trade. It concludes that, at least across these three duties, it is more plausible to think that they are duties which, although possibly having relevance for how trade is conducted, do not emerge from the practice and are, rather, grounded elsewhere.
On the Fairness of the Multilateral Trading System
Authors: Brandi Clara 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThree perspectives on international trade are present in current debates. From the first perspective, trade is regarded as a set of individual transactions among consenting parties and considerations of fairness and justice barely feature, if at all. The second perspective underlines the importance of background structures for trade, maintained by states, which gives rise considerations of fairness and justice. One prominent version of this perspective, for example as defended by Aaron James, views all trading states as having in principle equal claims to the gains from trade. A third perspective puts the focus on exploitation. In this special issue, Mathias
Unfair Trade, Exploitation, and Below-Subsistence Wages
Authors: Dänzer Sonja 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe article discusses the relation between the concepts of unfair trade, exploitation, and below-subsistence wages with regard to individual economic transactions. Starting from the common notion that exploitation involves some kind of unfair advantage taking, it asks how “unfair” is to be understood, and what it is that is taken advantage of in exploitative exchanges. On this basis it then explores a line of argument for grounding the claim that below-subsistence wages are exploitative, focusing on the condition of morally transformative voluntary consent to transactions. By analyzing the structure of coercion with regard to threats, offers, and circumstances it comes to the conclusion that consent to an offer is morally non-transformative with regard to legitimizing the outcome of a transaction if the person giving the “consent” has only unacceptable options in absolute terms to choose from, since this reduces “consent” to a mere act of rationality devoid of any normative content. Accordingly, it argues that insofar as below-subsistence wages are unacceptable options in absolute terms, they are to be considered exploitative and an instance of unfair trade.
Three Images of Trade: On the Place of Trade in a Theory of Global Justice
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEconomic theory teaches that it is in every country’s interest to trade. Trade is a voluntary activity among consenting parties. On this view, considerations of justice have little bearing on trade, and political philosophers concerned with global justice should stay largely silent on trade. According to a very different view that has recently gained prominence, international trade can only occur before the background of an international market reliance practice shaped by states. Trade is a shared activity among states, and all participating states have in principle equal claims to gains from trade. Trade then becomes a central topic for political philosophers. Both views are problematic. A third view about the role of trade in a theory of global justice is then presented, which gives pride of place to a (non-Marxian) notion of exploitation. The other two views should be abandoned.
Turnier-, Fecht- und Ringbücher in den Bibliotheken der Ernestiner
Authors: Gehrt Daniel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractInitial attempts to reconstruct private libraries of the Ernestine princes and recent findings shedding new light on the provenance of manuscripts illustrating and describing dual combat in the Late Middle Ages have revealed that members of this dynasty possessed significant volumes of this genre in the 16th century. Due to their enthusiastic interest in noble fighting competitions, the electoral princes of Saxony commissioned magnificently illuminated tournament books and promoted the publication of Fabian von Auerwald’s well-known grappling book. They also collected fighting manuals and claimed some precious manuscripts depicting dual combat as spoils of war. A number of the books were acquired in connection with the education of the young princes. If they indeed served as instructive manuals for learning forms of knightly combat remains speculative. Indisputable, however, is their symbolic function of presenting evidence of the opulence and wealth of the Ernestine court, documenting the participation of the princes in competitions and commemorating the learning of combative skills. Duke Ernest the Pius of Saxe-Gotha inherited a large number of these highly valued manuscripts in the 17th century. In the ducal library that he founded at Friedenstein Palace they continued to serve as media of courtly representation. Due to shifting political developments the majority of these manuscripts are now preserved in other library collections.
Bilayer graphene: physics and application outlook in photonics
Authors: Yan Hugen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLayered materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichacogenides and black
phosphorus have attracted lots of attention recently. They are emerging novel
materials in electronics and photonics, with tremendous potential in
revolutionizing the traditional electronics and photonics industry. Marrying
layered material to the nanophotonics is being proved fruitful. With the recent
emphasis and development of metasurfaces in nanophotonics, atomically thin
materials can find their unique position and strength in this field. In this
article, I will focus on one specific two dimensional material: bilayer
graphene. Basic physics will be reviewed, such as band-gap opening,
electron-phonon interaction, phonon-plasmon interaction and Fano resonances in
the optical response. Moreover, I will review the application of bilayer
graphene as a sensitive and fast photodetector. An outlook will be given in the
final part of the paper.
PROGNOS, ein Programm zur Prognose von Eindringtiefen bei der Applikation von SteinschutzstofTen auf Naturstein / PROGNOS, a program to predict the penetration depth of conserving fluids in natural stone
Authors: Schoonbrood J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In order to achieve a high quality in the field of conservation of natural stone surfaces it is most important to realize a high penetration depth of the conserving fluids on the besis of extensive laboratory research on the application of conserving fluids the relation between important factors such as quantity absorbed, duration of application, penetration depth, and selected practical relevant conditions has been established. With these results it was possible to develop a computer program which is able to predict penetration depth for a random choise of practical conditions of application. By the option of the comparision of stored real and predicted values of penetration depth destructive tests on the object are quite superfluous.
Feuchtetransport über Materialgrenzen im Mauerwerk / Moisture transport through interfaces in masonry
Authors: Holm A. , Krus M. , Künzel H.M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In order to get more information about the moisture transport through the interface of two capillary active materials, the capillary liquid transport for two types of layers of natural sandstone in ideal hygric contact was observed. The results show that the water absorption behaviour of the composite samples is strongly dependent on the sequence of its composition. This can be explained by the different water retention curves of the materials. Calculation shows in all cases good agreement between the measured and calculated values for the water absorption and for the moisture profiles. Examinations of the moisture transport between rendering and brick show that the moisture transport is reduced. Comparisons between measurement and calculation indicate that the introduction of a thin resistance layer between rendering (or mortar) and stone is necessary. With this layer the liquid transport through the interface can be simulated correctly.
Financial Services and the GATS in the GCC: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Samman Hatem , Shahnawaz Sheikh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOne objective of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization is to achieve financial services liberalization in member countries. We assess the implications of such liberalization commitments in the banking sectors of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. After providing an overview of the GCC banking sector, we discuss the GATS provisions relevant to financial services. Liberalization commitments and exemptions of these countries under the agreement are also presented. Using the observation that spikes in oil prices are accompanied with expansion in credit availability, we develop a simple model to formally explore the consequences of opening up the banking sector. Our analysis considers the possible policy impact on the domestic banking industry as well as a non-tradable sector that is driven by local entrepreneurship. Our investigation suggests that while high oil prices facilitate credit availability, they also enable governments to more easily and better subsidize employment in the public sector. This more attractive outside option then serves as a deterrent to risk-taking entrepreneurs which could stunt the growth of the non-tradable sector. A liberalized banking sector could mitigate this outcome as well as other institutional inefficiencies in lending, but also brings with it the vulnerability to global financial crises.
Economic Policies, Structural Change and the Roots of the “Arab Spring” in Egypt
Authors: Bargawi Hannah 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper analyses the economic challenges facing Egypt in the post-Mubarak period, demonstrating the ways in which economic policy choices over the 2000s have contributed to the economic and social outcomes witnessed in the run up to the 2011 uprisings. The article investigates three specific policy areas and demonstrates their role in reducing employment opportunities, eroding wages and facilitating the creation of an increasingly unequal economic and social structure in Egypt. The three policy areas addressed by the article are (i) the general misplaced fiscal focus on expenditure-reduction rather than revenue-enhancement and the lack of progressive revenue growth; (ii) the manipulation and use of subsidies in Egypt to appease the populous instead of fostering employment generation; (iii) the failure to adequately promote employment-intensive investment.
Size-dependent behavior of laminates with curvilinear fibers made by automated fiber placement
Authors: Nik Mahdi Arian , Lessard Larry , Pasini Damiano 
Published: December 2014

AbstractVariable stiffness laminates can be manufactured using curvilinear fiber paths. A curvilinear fiber path is generally defined based on the plate size and has a curvature that is dependent on the plate size. In practice, however, the fiber path must satisfy manufacturing constraints, such as the minimum turning radius imposed by the automated fiber placement machine, thereby limiting the possible amount of fiber steering. In this work, we studied the effect of the plate size on the structural properties of a plate manufactured with curvilinear fibers. We considered four plate sizes, which were designed by a constant curvature fiber path. We optimized the plates for both maximum buckling load and in-plane stiffness. The results showed that the in-plane stiffness of the plate was not controlled by the plate size, whereas the buckling load was highly affected by the curvature of the fiber path. Hence, the potential of a buckling load increase reduced for plate sizes smaller than the minimum turning radius. In addition, for a given maximum curvature of the fiber path, the influence of a complex layup on the buckling load was marginal.