bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superior colliculus inactivation alters the relationship between covert visual attention and microsaccades
Authors: Hafed Ziad M. , Lovejoy Lee P. , Krauzlis Richard J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMicrosaccades are tiny saccades that occur during gaze fixation. Whereas these movements have traditionally been viewed as random, it was recently discovered that microsaccade directions can be significantly biased by covertly attended visual stimuli. The detailed mechanisms mediating such a bias are neither known nor immediately obvious, especially because the amplitudes of the movements influenced by attentional cueing could be up to two orders of magnitude smaller than the eccentricity of the attended location. Here, we tested whether activity in the peripheral superior colliculus (SC) is necessary for this correlation between attentional cueing and microsaccades. We reversibly and focally inactivated SC neurons representing peripheral regions of visual space while rhesus monkeys performed a demanding covert visual attention task. The normal bias of microsaccade directions observed in each monkey before SC inactivation was eliminated when a cue was placed in the visual region affected by the inactivation; microsaccades were, instead, biased away from the affected visual space. When the cue was placed at another location unaffected by SC inactivation, the baseline cue‐induced bias of microsaccade directions remained mostly intact, because the cue was in unaffected visual space, and any remaining changes were again explained by a repulsion of microsaccades away from the inactivated region. Our results indicate that peripheral SC activity is required for the link between microsaccades and the cueing of covert visual attention, and that it could do so by altering the probability of triggering microsaccades without necessarily affecting the motor generation of these movements.
Moving beyond the current paradigm in marine population connectivity: are adults the missing link?
Authors: Frisk Michael G , Jordaan Adrian , Miller Thomas J 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring the past century, the field of fisheries oceanography has dominated the study of population connectivity in marine environments. The influence of physical and biological processes and their relationship to transport and retention of early life history stages has been central in providing insight into population structuring and connectivity. However, the focus on dispersive early life history stages has meant that the role of adults has received less attention and is not fully understood or appreciated. We argue that adults play a vital role in population connectivity for a wide range of marine taxa and hypothesize that adult‐mediated population connectivity commonly results in a diverse array of population structuring. Two case‐studies on winter skate, Leucoraja ocellata, and winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, are presented to illustrate the role adults play in marine connectivity at both broad and fine scales, respectively. Indeed, if adults are important for population connectivity, we argue that the role of larval processes is conditional on adult choice and only management and research pursuits that integrate the full life cycle of species will capture the full dynamics of metapopulation connectivity. Failure to include the roles of adults can lead to misinterpretation of the causes and consequences of changes in ecosystem structure and fisheries productivity.
The Achilles heel for spiny lobsters: the energetics of the non‐feeding post‐larval stage
Authors: Fitzgibbon Quinn P , Jeffs Andrew G , Battaglene Stephen C 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSpiny lobsters are highly valuable seafood species that are captured and marketed in more than 90 countries. After more than 30 years of stable catches, spiny lobster fisheries in many parts of the world are declining due to decreased recruitment. The planktonic larvae spend up to 2 years in offshore waters, accumulating energy stores to fuel the non‐feeding post‐larva, or puerulus, to actively migrate onshore and settle. The total energy required by spiny lobster pueruli for cross‐shelf migration has not been accurately determined. Recent advances in larval culture have provided the opportunity for the first detailed examination of the swimming performance, respiratory metabolism and nitrogen excretion of spiny lobster (Sagmariasus verreauxi) throughout the puerulus stage. The routine and active metabolic rates of pueruli were lower than for most other decapod larvae, probably to provide greater energy efficiency. However, pueruli were found to have limited time, swimming ability and fuel for active cross‐shelf migration. It is estimated that S. verreauxi pueruli require at least 13.8 mg of stored lipid to provide sufficient energy (18.4% DW) to complete the puerulus stage and recruit to coastal habitats. The ability of the preceding phyllosoma larvae to accumulate these reserves, and the presence of favourable oceanographic conditions during the limited time available to the migrating puerulus, are both crucial to subsequent successful recruitment. Spiny lobster recruitment processes appear to be particularly vulnerable to changes in oceanic climate which is likely to contribute to the recent large‐scale declines in recruitment to valuable fished populations.
Labour Market Segmentation: Standard and Non-Standard Employment in Germany
Authors: Garz Marcel 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Data from the German Socio-Economic Panel provide insight into the relationship between standard and non-standard work, from the perspective of dual labour market theory. We identify two segments that largely correspond to the common distinction between these forms of employment and find substantial differences in the determination of wages, as well as the composition of worker and job characteristics. These differences tend to increase after the Hartz reforms. The estimates also indicate the existence of a primary sector wage premium and job rationing, as well as specific patterns of labour mobility due to (partly non-economic) barriers between segments.
The Pekin duck IL‐10R2 common chain: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, molecular characterization and mRNA expression analysis
Authors: Yao Q. , Fischer K. P. , Arnesen K. , Lorne Tyrrell D. , Gutfreund K. S. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe interleukin‐10 receptor 2 (IL‐10R2, IL‐10Rβ) is required for the signalling of the class 2 cytokines IL‐10, IL‐22, IL‐26 and IFN‐λ1–3. Here, we describe the identification of the Pekin duck IL‐10R2 (duIL‐10R2) common chain and its gene structure. The duIL‐10R2 cDNA encodes a 343 amino acid protein that has an amino acid identity of 76% and 42% with chicken and human IL‐10R2, respectively. Binding residues of human IL‐10R2 for IL‐10 and IL‐22 were mostly conserved in the avian IL‐10R2 proteins within loops L3 and L5, but not within loops L2 and L6. Homology modelling of the duIL‐10R2 extracellular domain structure using soluble human IL‐10R2 (shIL‐10R2, PDB ID: 3LQM) as a template revealed a protruding loop L5 and two distinct clefts between loops L2/L3 and L3/L5, similar to shIL‐10R2. However, in contrast to the three amino acid β‐hairpin loop L2 of shIL‐10R2, loop L2 of duIL‐10R2 is five residues longer. Residues within a putative Tyk2 binding site were highly conserved across all vertebrate IL‐10R2 proteins examined. The duIL‐10R2 gene shares a seven exon–six intron structure with chicken and human IL‐10R2 genes, but avian genes are more compact. DuIL‐10R2 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tissues. Mitogen stimulation of duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) did not alter transcript levels. Our observations suggest that genomic organization and structural features implicated in multiple cytokine–binding properties of human IL‐10R2 are conserved in duck IL‐10R2, but the evolutionary changes that appear to have lead to low‐affinity cytokine interaction within loop L2 are distinct to mammalian species.
Structure‐activity relationships of acetylcholine derivatives with Lucilia cuprina nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 and α2 subunits in chicken β2 subunit hybrid receptors in comparison with chicken nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4/β2
Authors: Dederer H. , Berger M. , Meyer T. , Werr M. , Ilg T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInsect nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs) are the targets of several insecticide classes. In the present study, we report the gene identification and cloning of nAChR α1 and α2 subunits (Lcα1 and Lcα2) from the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Xenopus oocytes voltage clamp experiments as hybrids with the chicken β2 nAChR (Ggβ2) subunit resulted in ACh‐gated ion channels with distinct dose–response curves for Lcα1/Ggβ2 (effective concentration 50% [EC50] = 80 nM; nH = 1.05), and Lcα2/Ggβ2 (EC50 = 5.37 μM, nH = 1.46). The neonicotinoid imidacloprid was a potent agonist for the α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive Lcα1/Ggβ2 (EC50 ∼ 20 nM), while the α‐bungarotoxin‐resistant Lcα2/Ggβ2 showed a 30‐fold lower sensitivity to this insecticide (EC50 = 0.62 μM). Thirteen close derivatives of ACh were analysed in EC50, Hill coefficient and maximum current (relative to ACh) determinations for Lcα1/Ggβ2 and Lcα2/Ggβ2 and the chicken Ggα4/Ggβ2 nAChRs, and comparisons relative to ACh allowed the definition of novel structure‐activity and structure‐selectivity relationships. In the case of N‐ethyl‐acetylcholine, the EC50 of the chicken Ggα4/Ggβ2 rose by a factor of 1000, while for both Lcα1/Ggβ2 and Lcα2/Ggβ2, potency remained unchanged. Further derivatives with insect nAChR selectivity potential were acetyl‐α‐methylcholine and trimethyl‐(3‐methoxy‐3‐oxopropyl)ammonium, followed by acetylhomocholine and trimethyl‐(4‐oxopentyl) ammonium. Our results may provide guidance for the identification or design of insect‐specific nAChR agonists using structure‐based or in silico methods.
Glucose transporter member 1 is involved in UVB‐induced epidermal hyperplasia by enhancing proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Tochio Takumi , Tanaka Hiroshi , Nakata Satoru 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground  Glucose transporter member 1 (GLUT‐1) is one of the major facilitated glucose transporters and contributes to the promotion of keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis and carcinogenic lesions. In this study, we postulate that GLUT‐1 is involved in ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced epidermal hyperplasia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible role of GLUT‐1 in UVB‐induced hyperplasia.Materials and methods  The effects of UVB on GLUT‐1 expression levels were investigated in in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, the involvement of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hypoxia inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α), transcriptional factors for GLUT‐1, in GLUT‐1‐related events were investigated.Results  GLUT‐1 mRNA and its protein levels were markedly increased by UVB irradiation in HaCaT cells. In in vivo studies, a strong immunofluorescence signal of GLUT‐1 was clearly observed around the basal layer of the epidermis, which proliferated excessively by UVB irradiation. In HaCaT cells, EGF mRNA and its protein levels were markedly increased by UVB irradiation, and then the GLUT‐1 mRNA level was significantly increased by treatment with EGF. Additionally, the upregulation of GLUT‐1 by both UVB irradiation and treatment with EGF was significantly suppressed by transfection with HIF‐1α siRNA.Conclusions  We conclude that GLUT‐1 is involved in UVB‐induced epidermal hyperplasia by enhancing proliferation of epidermal basal cells, and the GLUT‐1‐related event might be regulated by an increase in HIF‐1α stimulated by EGF.
‘The Feather'd Fair in a Fright’: The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776
Authors: BLACKWELL CAITLIN 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn England in the mid‐1770s the feather head‐dress emerged as a popular women's fashion and quickly became a prevalent comic trope in graphic satire. In 1776 over a dozen satires were published that featured feather head‐dresses, making it a significant year for this graphic motif. Not only was this around the time that the fashion was imported into England from France, but it was also the dawn of the American Revolution. This article looks at a selection of these images and considers the feather's role as a signifier of gendered, racial and national ‘otherness’ during a period of imperial instability.
Strategies of Feminist Bureaucrats: United Nations Experiences
Authors: Sandler Joanne , Rao Aruna , Eyben Rosalind 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis paper explores the challenges and opportunities for feminists working as women's rights and gender equality specialists in the United Nations as analysed from a practitioner perspective. Part 1 by Joanne Sandler analyses the experience of feminists struggling with the institutional sexism of the UN bureaucratic machine and shows how this played out in the difficult but ultimately successful negotiations around the creation of UN Women. In Part 2, Aruna Rao describes how cross‐agency UN Gender Theme Groups worked together through a process of reflexive inquiry to strengthen the gender equality programming of three UN Country Teams, respectively in Morocco, Albania and Nepal.
Using a wiki platform to promote guidelines internationally and maintain their currency: evidence‐based guidelines for the nutritional management of adult patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Brown T. , Findlay M. , von Dincklage J. , Davidson W. , Hill J. , Isenring E. , Talwar B. , Bell K. , Kiss N. , Kurmis R. , Loeliger J. , Sandison A. , Taylor K. , Bauer J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe present study describes the development of evidence‐based practice guidelines for the nutritional management of adult patients with head and neck cancer using a wiki platform to enable wide international stakeholder consultation and maintain currency.MethodsA dietitian steering committee and a multidisciplinary steering committee were established for consultation. Traditional methods of evidence‐based guideline development were utilised to perform the literature review, assess the evidence and produce a draft document. This was transferred to a wiki platform for stakeholder consultation and international endorsement processes in Australia, New Zealand and the UK. Data were collected on website traffic utilising Google Analytics.ResultsIn addition to broad stakeholder consultation through the steering committees, an additional twenty comments were received via the wiki by twelve individuals covering six different professions from three different countries, compared to four comments by e‐mail. The guidelines were subsequently endorsed by the dietetic associations of Australia, New Zealand and the UK. During a 4‐month period monitoring the use of the guidelines, there were 2303 page views to the landing page from 33 countries. The average number of pages accessed per visit was five and the duration of time spent on the website was approximately 6 min.ConclusionsUsing a wiki platform for guideline development and dissemination is a successful method for producing high‐quality resources that can undergo wide international stakeholder review and include open public consultation. This can replace conventional methods whereby guidelines can quickly become outdated.
Breastfeeding and infant sleep patterns: an Australian population study
Authors: Galbally Megan , Lewis Andrew J , McEgan Kerri , Scalzo Katherine , Islam FM Amirul 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveOur purpose was to determine if babies breastfed at 6 months of age were more likely to wake at night and less likely to sleep alone than formula‐fed babies.Patients and MethodsData were drawn from the first wave of The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, an ongoing, nationally representative study of the growth and development of Australia's children. The 4507 participants met the criteria for this study. The measures examined infant sleep problems as the outcome and breastfeeding at 6 months of age as the exposure in addition to the demographic data, maternal mental health, infant birthweight and gestational age at delivery.ResultsAfter adjustment for covariates, reports by mothers of infants that breastfed at 6 months of age suggested infants were 66% more likely to wake during the night and 72% more likely to report difficulty sleeping alone. However, breastfeeding had a strongly protective effect on wheezing, coughing, snoring and breathing problems, and it was not associated with restless sleep or problems getting to sleep for the infant.ConclusionsBreastfeeding was found to be associated with increased night waking and this is consistent with other studies. There are biological reasons why this might be required to ensure breastfeeding continues to 6 months and beyond. The current low rates of sustained breastfeeding in many Western countries needs to be reconsidered in relation to parental and public health practices promoting prolonged nocturnal infant sleep patterns.
Cross‐sectional study to investigate the health‐related quality of life in children with severe lower limb trauma in Victoria
Authors: Lim Aik H , Thomas Damon , Graham Kerr H 
Published: January 2013

AimsThe aim of this study is to investigate the health‐related quality of life in children with severe lower limb trauma after at least 12 months post‐injury and to assess patient and injury characteristics in association with the health‐related quality of life scores.MethodsAll children in the state of Victoria, who were 18 years of age or younger, suffering from severe lower limb injury before 2006 were studied. Patient and injury characteristics were abstracted from medical records. The health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) scores were obtained using the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory.ResultsThirty‐two out of 64 eligible patients participated in this study. All aspects of health‐related quality of life in children with severe lower limb trauma after at least 12 months post‐injury were significantly poorer compared with non‐affected children, particularly in the physical health domain (difference: −12.51 ± 7.43: P < 0.05). It was observed that bilateral limb involvement and the need for soft tissue management were related to poor physical functioning (P < 0.05). Other characteristics such as traumatic amputation, gender, growth plate injury, joint bony injury and accident mechanism did not affect the overall HRQOL scores (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe HRQOL in children with severe lower limb trauma was significantly impaired even after 12 months post‐injury, notably in patient group with bilateral limb involvement and need for soft tissue management. Traumatic amputation, gender, growth plate injury, joint bony injury and accident mechanism did not have an impact on quality of life.
A Measure Of The Trade‐Off Between Responsiveness and Nondictatorship for Arrovian Social Welfare Functions
Authors: CAMPBELL DONALD E. , KELLY JERRY S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIf individuals are never indifferent between distinct alternatives then for any transitive‐valued social welfare function satisfying IIA, and any fraction t, either the set of pairs of alternatives that are socially ordered without consulting more than one individual's preferences comprises at least the fraction t of all pairs, or else the fraction of pairs that have their social ordering determined independently of everyone's s preferences exceeds, or is very close to, 1 −t. The Pareto criterion is not imposed. (There is also a version of this result for the domain of preferences that admit indifference.)
Pierce's Disease of Grapevines in Taiwan: Isolation, Cultivation and Pathogenicity of Xylella fastidiosa
Authors: Su Chiou‐Chu , Chang Chung Jan , Chang Che‐Ming , Shih Hsien‐Tzung , Tzeng Kuo‐Ching , Jan Fuh‐Jyh , Kao Chin‐Wen , Deng Wen‐Ling 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCharacteristic symptoms of Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were observed in 2002 in the major grape production fields of central Taiwan. Disease severity in vineyards varied, and all investigated grape cultivars were affected. Diseased tissues were collected from fields for subsequent isolation and characterization of the causal agent of the disease (Xylella fastidiosa). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by artificially inoculating two purified PD bacteria to grape cultivars Kyoho, Honey Red and Golden Muscat. The inoculated plants developed typical leaf‐scorching symptoms, and similar disease severity developed in the three cultivars from which the bacterium was readily re‐isolated, proving that the leaf scorch of grapevines in Taiwan is caused by the fastidious X. fastidiosa. This confirmed PD of grapevines is also the first report from the Asian Continent. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by comparing the 16S rRNA gene and 16S‐23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region (16S‐23S ITS) of 12 PD strains from Taiwan with the sequences of 13 X. fastidiosa strains from different hosts and different geographical areas. Results showed that the PD strains of Taiwan were closely related to the American X. fastidiosa grape strains but not to the pear strains of Taiwan, suggesting that the X. fastidiosa grape and pear strains of Taiwan may have evolved independently from each other.
Morphological, ecological and genetic aspects associated with endemism in the Fly Orchid group
Authors: Triponez Yann , Arrigo Nils , Pellissier Loïc , Schatz Bertrand , Alvarez Nadir 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe European genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae) is famous for its insect‐like floral morphology, an adaptation for a pseudocopulatory pollination strategy involving Hymenoptera males. A large number of endemic Ophrys species have recently been described, especially within the Mediterranean Basin, which is one of the major species diversity hotspots. Subtle morphological variation and specific pollinator dependence are the two main perceptible criteria for describing numerous endemic taxa. However, the degree to which endemics differ genetically remains a challenging question. Additionally, knowledge regarding the factors underlying the emergence of such endemic entities is limited. To achieve new insights regarding speciation processes in Ophrys, we have investigated species boundaries in the Fly Orchid group (Ophrys insectifera sensu lato) by examining morphological, ecological and genetic evidence. Classically, authors have recognized one widespread taxon (O. insectifera) and two endemics (O. aymoninii from France and O. subinsectifera from Spain). Our research has identified clear morphological and ecological factors segregating among these taxa; however, genetic differences were more ambiguous. Insights from cpDNA sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphisms genotyping indicated a recent diversification in the three extant Fly Orchid species, which may have been further obscured by active migration and admixture across the European continent. Our genetic results still indicate weak but noticeable phylogeographic clustering that partially correlates with the described species. Particularly, we report several isolated haplotypes and genetic clusters in central and southeastern Europe. With regard to the morphological, ecological and genetic aspects, we discuss the endemism status within the Fly Orchid group from evolutionary, taxonomical and conservation perspectives.