bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation with optimization from relational calculus to relational algebra having aggregate functions
Authors: Nakano Ryohei 
Published: July 2002

Most of the previous translations of relational calculus to relational algebra aimed at proving that the two languages have the equivalent expressive power, thereby generating very complicated relational algebra expressions, especially when aggregate functions are introduced. This paper presents a rule-based translation method from relational calculus expressions having both aggregate functions and null values to optimized relational algebra expressions. Thus, logical optimization is carried out through translation. The translation method comprises two parts: the translational of the relational calculus kernel and the translation of aggregate functions. The former uses the familiar step-wise rewriting strategy, while the latter adopts a two-phase rewriting strategy via standard aggregate expressions. Each translation proceeds by applying a heuristic rewriting rule in preference to a basic rewriting rule. After introducing SQL-type null values, their impact on the translation is thoroughly investigated, resulting in several extensions of the translation. A translation experiment with many queries shows that the proposed translation method generates optimized relational algebra expressions. It is shown that heuristic rewriting rules play an essential role in the optimization. The correctness of the present translation is also shown.
Each translation proceeds by applying a heuristic rewriting rule in preference to a basic rewriting rule. After introducing SQL-type null values, their impact on the translation is thoroughly investigated, resulting in several extensions of the translation. A translation experiment with many queries shows that the proposed translation method generates optimized relational
Thomas McMahon: A Dedication in Memoriam
Authors: Howe Robert D. , Kronauer Richard E. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  Thomas A. McMahon (1943–1999) was a pioneer in the field of biomechanics. He made primary contributions to our understanding of terrestrial locomotion, allometry and scaling, cardiac assist devices, orthopedic biomechanics, and a number of other areas. His work was frequently characterized by the use of simple mathematical models to explain seemingly complex phenomena. He also validated these models through creative experimentation. McMahon was a successful inventor and also published three well-received novels. He was raised in Lexington, Massachussetts, attended Cornell University as an undergraduate, and earned a PhD at MIT. From 1970 until his death, he was a member of the faculty of Harvard University, where he taught biomedical engineering. He is fondly remembered as a warm and gentle colleague and an exemplary mentor to his students.
UPS AND DOWNS IN PLANETARY SCIENCE
Authors: Shoemaker Carolyn S. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  The field of planetary science as it developed during the lifetimes of Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker has sustained a period of exciting growth. Surveying the skies for planet-crossing asteroids and comets and studying the results of their impact upon the planets, especially the Earth, was for Gene and Carolyn an intense and satisfying quest for knowledge. It all started when Gene envisioned man going to the Moon, especially himself. After that, one thing led to another: the study of nuclear craters and a comparison with Meteor Crater, Arizona; the Apollo project and a succession of unmanned space missions to the inner and outer planets; an awareness of cratering throughout our solar system; the search for near-Earth asteroids and comets; a study of ancient craters in Australia; and the impact of Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter. The new paradigm of impact cratering as a cause for mass extinction and the opening of space for the development of new life forms have been causes to champion.
THE LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR
Authors: Dufau Maria L. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) is a member of the subfamily of glycoprotein hormone receptors within the superfamily of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR)/seven-transmembrane domain receptors. Over the past eight years, major advances have been made in determining the structure and function of the LHR and its gene. The hormone-binding domain has been localized to exons 1–7 in the extracellular (EC) domain/region of the receptor, which contains several leucine-rich repeats. High-affinity binding of LH and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) causes secondary hormone or receptor contacts to be established with regions of the EC loop/transmembrane module that initiate signal transduction. Models of hormone-receptor interaction have been derived from the crystal structures of hCG and of the ribonuclease inhibitor, which also contains leucine-rich repeats. Such models provide a framework for the interpretation of mutational studies and for further experiments. The extracellular domain of the receptor has been overexpressed in vitro, which will facilitate crystallographic resolution of the structure of the receptor-binding site. The transmembrane domain/loop/cytoplasmic module transduces the signal for couplingto G proteins. Several constitutive, activating mutations that cause human disease have been found in helix VI and adjacent structures. These mutations have provided valuable information about mechanisms of signal transfer and G protein coupling. The structure of the LHR gene has been elucidated, and the regulation of its transcription is beginning to be understood. Valuable insights into receptor evolution have been derived from analysis of sequence homologies, the gene structure of glycoprotein hormone receptors and other members of the GPCR family, and the glycoprotein hormone receptor–like precursors identified in several invertebrate species.
PLANT PATHOLOGY: A Discipline at a Crossroads
Authors: Weinhold Albert R. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  The Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California at Berkeley was destroyed as a consequence of a contentious reorganization. The circumstances that led to the reorganization provide some insight into the challenges facing the discipline of plant pathology. The underlying basis for plant pathology as a science is to address problems of plant disease. This requires a balance between disciplinary and problem-solving research and a continuum from achieving fundamental advances in knowledge to the development and implementation of problem-solving approaches. Changes in colleges and universities have placed extreme stress on this essential structure. The dilemma that must be addressed is how to reestablish the problem-solving continuum where it has been broken and strengthen it where it has been weakened. Plants are essential for life, and they will always be affected by disease. The understanding and management of these diseases is the responsibility and the challenge of plant pathology today and in the future.
PHILIP HERRIES GREGORY 1907–1986: Pioneer Aerobiologist, Versatile Mycologist
Authors: Lacey John , Lacey Maureen E. , Fitt Bruce D. L. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  Philip Gregory pioneered aerobiology as a topic for research, drawing together inputs from many disciplines to contribute to better understanding of fungal spore dispersal, plant disease epidemiology, and allergy. In childhood, he was interested in natural history and meteorology and frequently suffered from asthma. Initially, he worked with dermatophytes in Winnipeg, where he was influenced by Buller. Returning to Britain, he investigated the epidemiology first of flower bulb diseases and then of potato virus diseases, noting the occurrence of disease gradients in crops. He developed theories of spore dispersal during wartime air-raid duties and published these in his classic paper of 1945. The remainder of his career was largely spent obtaining data in support of his theories of spore dispersal and disease gradients, on understanding splash dispersal, in identifying the cause of farmer's lung disease, and in his retirement, in elucidating the epidemiology of black pod disease of cocoa in Nigeria.
BEVERLY T. GALLOWAY: Visionary Administrator
Authors: Peterson Jr Paul D. , Campbell C. Lee 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  With a career that began at the University of Missouri in the early 1880s and culminated at the USDA in the 1930s, Beverly Galloway devoted his life to practical botany and agriculture. He became a driving force in the movement for “New Botany” during a period that stressed an experimental approach as well as new disciplines such as plant pathology. As administrator and scientist, he was arguably the single, most influential figure involved in the early growth and development of plant pathology and the plant sciences generally in the USDA. From assistant mycologist in the Section of Mycology to Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry to Assistant Secretary of the USDA, Galloway displayed exceptional administrative acumen. His administrative and scientific skills were instrumental in laying the foundations for the science of plant pathology during its formative period in the United States.
FORESTRY EXPERTISE AND NATIONAL NARRATIVES: SOME CONSEQUENCES FOR OLD-GROWTH CONFLICTS IN FINLAND
Authors: Berglund Eeva 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEnvironmentalists, especially old-growth activists, often rely on expert discourses which effectively disempower those whose livelihoods depend on forest products. They are often said to do this by fetishising nature as the other. In Finland, which is perhaps the world's most forestry-dependent country, old-growth activism opposing the forest products industry and sustained-yield forestry clearly expresses both desires to seek connection with sublime nature, but also to control and manage nature in an expert idiom much like that of the forestry profession itself. To help explain the prominence of expert discourses the paper charts the historical emergence of Finland as a nation-state, made economically dependent on timber products, but also characterised by a national culture emphasising forest-nature as something quintessentially Finnish. These two national narratives helped seal a national "forest consensus" which is now, however, being challenged with the very language that created it in the first place.
Intraspecific taxonomy and nomenclature of the Danube crested newt, Triturus dobrogicus
Authors: Borkin Leo , Litvinchuk Spartak 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Pannonian and Danube Delta populations of Triturus dobrogicus are well separated morphologically from each other. We recognize two subspecies of the Danube crested newt. The nominotypic subspecies inhabits the Danube Delta. Triturus dobrogicus macrosomus (Boulenger, 1908), comb. and stat. nov., occurs in the remaining part of the species' range.
MATING AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN DENDROBATID FROGS FROM CORCOVADO NATIONAL PARK, COSTA RICA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Summers Kyle 
Published: July 2002

Abstract1. Mating and aggressive behaviour was observed in four species of dendrobatid frogs in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: Colostethus nubicola, Colostethus talamancae, Phyllobates vittatus and Dendrobates granuliferus. 2. Males of both species of Colostethus were more likely to respond to call playbacks than male P. vittatus or D. granuliferus. Male D. granuliferus were less likely to be found calling than males of the other species. Conspecific male-male aggression was observed in P. vittatus, but not in the other species. 3. Females were more active during courtship in P. vittatus. Female-female aggression was observed on one occasion in P. vittatus. Females were more likely to reject males than the reverse in all species. 4. These observations suggest that sexual conflict occurs in P. vittatus, but not in C. nubicola or C. talamancae.
ORIENTATION BEHAVIOUR IN STICKLEBACKS: MODIFIED BY EXPERIENCE OR POPULATION SPECIFIC?
Authors: Girvan Joanna , Braithwaite Victoria 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo investigate the mechanisms underlying preferred spatial information use in Three-spined sticklebacks we reared fish derived from contrasting habitats (pond and river populations) under a range of conditions. The rearing conditions were designed to determine whether the spatial information used by sticklebacks is population specific, whether it is learned or whether it is produced by an interaction between these two factors. Fish reared under different conditions were trained to solve two experimental tasks to determine what spatial information they preferred to use. The results indicate that the fish learned spatial cues relevant to the environment that they were raised in but there was also evidence of a gene by environment interaction that influenced which spatial cues were learned.
Rhigonematida from New Britain diplopods. 2. The genera Rhigonema Cobb, 1898 and Zalophora Hunt, 1994 (Rhigonematoidea: Rhigonematidae) with descriptions of three new species
Authors: Hunt David , Moore Dave 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThree new species from the genera Rhigonema and Zalophora are described and illustrated from two unidentified species of spirobolid diplopod from New Britain. The species proposed are Rhigonema licinacanthum sp. n., Zalophora deinostoma sp. n. and Z. nemophila sp. n. A second population of R. tribonophorum Hunt, 1995 is described and the original description supplemented, caudal rugosities being recorded in the male for the first time in the genus. SEM micrographs supplement the descriptions. The bionomics of Zalophora are discussed and evidence presented to show that, unlike the other members of the Rhigonematida, Zalophora species are predators on the other nematode inhabitants of the diplopod gut. It is postulated that this trophic specialism may explain such unusual aspects as the occurrence of only one adult female Zalophora per diplopod host, the low prevalence of juveniles and the apparent absence of males. Rhigonematida de Nouvelle-Bretagne. 2. Les genres Rhigonema Cobb, 1898 et Zalophora Hunt, 1994 (Rhigonematoidea: Rhigonematidae) et description de trois nouvelles especes - Trois nouvelles especes des genres Rhigonema et Zalophora sont decrites et illustrees provenant de deux especes non identifiees de diplopodes spirobolides originaires de Nouvelle-Bretagne. Ces especes sont Rhigonema licinacanthum sp. n., Zalophora deinostoma sp. n. et Z. nemophila sp. n. Une seconde population de R. tribonophorum Hunt, 1995 est decrite et illustree et la description originale est completee, des rugosites caudales ayant ete observees chez le male pour la premiere fois dans le genre. Des photos au microscope electronique a balayage completent les descriptions. L'ecologie du genre Zalophora est discutee et une preuve certaine est presentee selon laquelle, a la difference des autres membres des Rhigonematida, les especes de Zalophora sont predatrices des autres nematodes presents dans les intestins des diplopodes. Il est postule que cette specialisation trophique pourrait expliquer certaines caracteristiques inhabituelles tels la presence d'une seule femelle adulte de Zalophora par diplopode, la faible frequence des juveniles et l'apparente absence des males.
Criconematidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from the New Zealand region: genera Ogma Southern, 1914 and Blandicephalanema Mehta & Raski, 1971
Authors: Wouts Wilhelmus , Yeates Gregor , Loof Pieter 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Seven Ogma species new to science are described from native vegetation in New
Zealand. O. campbelli n. sp. and O. sexcostatum n. sp. have six, Ogma
polyandra n. sp., O. subantarcticum n. sp., O. semicrenatum n. sp., O.
paucispinatum n. sp. and O. crenulatum n. sp. have eight or more rows of
palmate scales. O. sexcostatum differs from O. campbelli by its shorter body
(0.36 vs 0.49 mm), greater number of body annules (60-69 vs 50-57) and
shorter spines on the ventral side of the post-vulval area. O.
subantarcticum and O. polyandra both have a fringe of appendages on the lip
annules but differ in body diameter (64 vs 47 mu m), number of spines per
body scale (more than seven vs less than eight) and stylet length (102 vs 92
mu m). O. semicrenatum has no appendages on the first lip annule. O.
paucispinatum differs from the previous species by having less than five
(generally three) appendages on the scales. O. crenulatum differs from O.
subantarcticum and O. semicrenatum, the species with about five appendages,
by the weakly crenate or smooth edge of both the first and the second lip
annule. Blandicephalanema is represented by B. serratum Mehta & Raski,
1971, B. pilatum Mehta & Raski, 1971 and B. bossi Reay, 1987.
Criconematidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) de Nouvelle Zelande: genres Ogma
Southern, 1914 et Blandicephalanema Mehta & Raski, 1971 - Sept nouvelles
especes pour la science associees a la vegetation indigene sont decrites de
Nouvelle Zelande, Ogma campbelli n. sp. et O. sexcostatum n. sp. montrant
six rangees d'ecailles palmees, O. polyandra n. sp., O. subantarcticum n.
sp., O. semicrenatum n. sp., O. paucispinatum n. sp. et O. crenulatum n. sp.
en montrant huit ou plus. O. sexcostatum se difference d'O. campbelli par le
corps plus court (0.36 vs 0.49 mm), le plus grand nombre d'anneaux du corps
(60-69 vs 50-57) et les epines plus courtes sur la face ventrale de la
region post vulvaire. O. subantarcticum et O. polyandra portent tous deux
une frange d'appendices sur les anneaux labiaux mais se differencient par le
diametre du corps (64 vs 47 mu m), le nombre d'epines par ecaille (moins de
sept vs plus de huit) et la longueur du stylet (102 vs 92 mu m). O.
semicrenatum ne porte pas d'appendice sur l'anneau labial. O. paucispinatum
se differencie des precedentes especes en ayant moins de cinq (generalement
trois) appendices sur les ecailles. O. crenulatum se differencie d'O.
subantarcticum et O. semicrenatum, especes avec environ cinq appendices, par
le bord legerement crenele ou lisse du premier et du second anneau labial.
Blandicephalanema est represente par B. serratum Mehta & Raski, 1971, B.
pilatum Mehta & Raski, 1971 et B. bossi Reay, 1987.
Crystal structure of Ba8[Al3O10][AlO4], a novel mixed-anion Ba aluminate related to kilchoanite
Authors: Kahlenberg V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCrystal growth experiments in the system BaO–Al2O3 yielded single crystals of a new Ba oxo-aluminate with composition Ba4Al2O7. The title compound is orthorhombic, with cell parameters a = 11.3126(5), b = 11.7045(9), c = 27.1850(14) Å, space group Cmca. The structure was solved by direct methods followed by difference Fourier synthesis from X-ray single crystal diffraction data (R1 = 0.048 for 1213 independent observed reflections and 135 parameters). The main building units of tetrabarium aluminate are Al3O10 trimers and isolated AlO4 tetrahedra. Seven crystallographically different Ba sites crosslink between the tetrahedral groups and are co-ordinated by six to nine oxygen ligands. The structure is closely related to the mineral kilchoanite (Ca6[SiO4][Si3O10]) and the first representative of an unbranched oligo-aluminate with triple tetrahedra.
Mineral chemistry of the Mull-Morvern Tertiary lava succession, western Scotland
Authors: Kerr Andrew C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe 1800 m thick preserved remnant of the Tertiary lava succession of Mull and Morvern consists of three basic mantle-derived magma types, with compositions varying from tholeiitic to mildly alkalic, and from picritic basalts to trachytes. This results in a similarly wide range in mineral compositions. Contrary to the suggestions of previous workers the mineral chemistry of the lava succession (in conjunction with published major and trace element chemistry) is strongly supportive of a fractional crystallisation origin for the more evolved lavas.Resorped and regrown (with more basic material) plagioclase phenocrysts found in the more-evolved are indicative of magma mixing processes involving replenishment of an evolving magma chamber with more-basic magma. Lavas containing 15–20 vol.% plagioclase phenocrysts probably represent eruptions from the top of a magma chamber where flotation cumulates of plagioclase had developed. Fragmental phenocrysts found in some highly plagioclase phyric lavas (from near the top of the
preserved lava succession) suggest that the eruption of lavas may have been explosive.
The crystal structure of szenicsite, Cu3MoO4(OH)4
Authors: Burns Peter C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe crystal structure of szenicsite, Cu3MoO4(OH)4, orthorhombic, a = 8.5201(8), b = 12.545(1), c = 6.0794(6) Å, V = 649.8(2) Å3, space group Pnnm, Z = 4, has been solved by direct methods and refined by least-squares techniques to an agreement index (R) of 3.34% and a goodness-of-fit (S) of 1.11 for 686 unique observed [|F| ⩾ 4σF] reflections collected using graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα X-radiation and a CCD area detector. The structure contains three unique Cu2+ positions that are each coordinated by six anions in distorted octahedral arrangements; the distortions of the octahedra are due to the Jahn-Teller effect associated with a d9 metal in an octahedral ligand-field. The single unique Mo6+ position is tetrahedrally coordinated by four O2− anions. The Cu2+ϕ6 (ϕ: unspecified ligand) octahedra share trans edges to form rutile-like chains, three of which join by the sharing of octahedral edges to form triple chains that are parallel to [001]. The MoO4 tetrahedra are linked to either side of the triple chain of Cu2+ϕ6 octahedra by the sharing of two vertices per tetrahedron, and the resulting chains are cross-linked through tetrahedral-octahedral vertex sharing to form a framework structure. The structure of szenicsite is closely related to that of antlerite, Cu3SO4(OH)4, which contains similar triple chains of edge-sharing Cu2+ϕ6 octahedra.
Autocrine interleukin-6 production and highly malignant multiple myeloma: relation with resistance to drug-induced apoptosis
Authors: Frassanito Maria Antonia , Cusmai Antonio , Iodice Giuseppe , Dammacco Franco 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study, flow cytometry was used to evaluate interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by bone marrow mononuclear cells from 47 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) in different clinical stages and 15 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. In patients with MM, autocrine IL-6 production paralleled the clinical disease stage. The largest proportion of syndecan-1+/IL-6+ cells was detected in patients with resistant relapse or primary refractory disease, suggesting that tumor progression involves expansion of myeloma cells producing IL-6. The authors assessed autocrine IL-6 production and in vitro proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cells in 6 myeloma cell clones (MCCs) and in 2 myeloma cell lines, namely IM-9 and U-266-1970, which showed different sensitivities to the addition of exogenous IL-6. Autocrine IL-6 production was observed in IL-6–independent MCC-2, MCC-3, and MCC-5 cloned from patients with aggressive disease and in the IM-9 cell line. In contrast, IL-6–dependent MCC-1, MCC-4, and MCC-6 were syndecan-1+ and IL-6−. Blocking experiments with anti–IL-6 monoclonal antibody from clone AH65, which binds IL-6–IL-6Rα complexes, prevented cell proliferation of IL-6+ MCCs. Flow cytometry evaluations after propidium iodide staining revealed different susceptibilities of MCCs to cell death. IL-6–producing MCCs showed minimal spontaneous and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, whereas a regular amplitude of apoptosis occurred in the IL-6− MCCs. These data provide evidence that autocrine IL-6 reflects a highly malignant phenotype of myeloma cells. In fact, autocrine IL-6 production and deregulated apoptosis may induce expansion of selective IL-6+ myeloma cells resistant to spontaneous and drug-induced cell death.