bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis in HIV‐infected patients with AIDS: a report of two cases diagnosed in the USA
Authors: Farooq Uzma , Choudhary Sonal , Chacon Anna H. , Lebrun Elizabeth , Shiman Michael I. , Hernandez Jose , Milikowski Clara , Kerdel Francisco A. , Romanelli Paolo 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackgroundPost‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is an uncommon complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) but is emerging as an increasingly frequent and serious complication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It manifests as a macular, morbilliform, or nodular eruption in a patient who has recovered from VL.MethodsWe present two cases of PKDL in the setting of AIDS.ResultsThese two cases are notable because they demonstrate the severe course of VL, the rare appearance of PKDL in the USA, and the recurrence of disease after >2 years of remission in the second case. Options for treatment include amphotericin B and pentavalent antimonials along with first‐line antiretroviral therapy.ConclusionsThe prevention of VL relapses, and the development of PKDL in HIV patients with Leishmania co‐infection remains challenging. The vast differential diagnosis of other HIV‐related cutaneous conditions, along with a lack of experience with this disease, often delays diagnosis. Therapeutic dilemmas concerning drug selection, dosage, scheduling regimen, and the respective durations of initial and maintenance therapy for PKDL need to be addressed. Treatment should aim to target the latent infection and prevent posttreatment VL relapses that may present in an unpredictable fashion. Leishmaniasis remains a recognized but uncommon opportunistic disease in the setting of HIV, which can be associated with atypical features including the appearance of skin lesions years after the treatment of VL.
A 10‐year analysis of cutaneous mesenchymal tumors (sarcomas and related entities) in a skin cancer center
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Koch André , Hansel Gesina , Schönlebe Jaqueline , Kittner Thomas , Pabst Friedemann , Haroske Gunter , Nowak Andreas 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground  Mesenchymal neoplasms (sarcomas) of skin are rare. Patients with sarcomas were analyzed over the last decade.Methods  Over a 10‐year period, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed and treated in an urban academic teaching hospital in Saxony, Germany. Clinical and pathologic files were used.Results  We identified 65 adult patients with 67 primary cutaneous sarcomas. The mean age was 73.1 (±15.5) years with a male predominance (78.5%). None of the sarcomas was detected by a skin cancer screening program. The diagnosis was atypical fibroxanthoma (n = 41 patients with 43 tumors), cutaneous angiosarcoma (eight), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (two), nodular epithelioid cell sarcoma (one), Kaposi sarcoma (three), leiomyosarcoma (five), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (two), fibromyxoid sarcoma (one), and cutaneous angiomyxoma (two). The preferred tumor localization was the head and neck area (44 patients). Follow‐up was 0.5–5.5 years (mean 18 ± 12 months). We observed metastatic spread of atypical fibroxanthoma in 12.5%, demonstrating that this type of sarcoma can run an aggressive course. Mohs surgery is still the cornerstone of treatment, although new options in palliative or adjuvant treatment are available.Conclusions  Mesenchymal neoplasms (sarcomas) are an important group of cutaneous malignancies. Awareness needs to be improved.
England's New Scheme for Funding Higher Education through Student Fees: ‘Fair and Progressive’?
Authors: Johnston Ron 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFrom September 2012 most home undergraduates at English universities are being charged fees of £9,000 per annum. These are funded by a government loan, which attracts interest from the moment they start their course; after three years their accumulated debt exceeds £30,000. They can also borrow to cover their living costs, on the same terms, so that those studying in London can graduate with a debt of more than £50,000—although those from low‐income families can obtain grants and universities are encouraged to provide bursaries and other support to students from underrepresented groups. Graduates start repaying their debts once their annual income exceeds £21,000—at a rate of 9% of the difference between their income and that figure: until the debt is fully repaid it continues to attract interest, by as much as three percentage points above the current inflation rate. Using data from a calculator on a government website, this paper shows that the highest‐paid graduates pay back less than those on middle incomes: the ‘squeezed middle’ pays back more not only than those on low incomes but also the better‐paid and those whose incomes increase more rapidly. This has differential effects according to occupation—and sex; and middle‐income groups also contribute more to the costs of widening participation programmes, which all universities charging more than £6,000 per annum are required to fund.
Epistemic Engineering and the Lucha for Sexual Rights in Postrevolutionary Nicaragua
Authors: Howe Cymene 
Published: July 2013

ResumenDesde 1992–2007, Nicaragua tuvo la problemática distinción de mantener la ley de sodomía más represiva de todas las Américas. En base al trabajo de campo realizado durante varios años con activistas por lo que ellos llaman ‘la lucha’ por los derechos sexuales, este artículo se enfoca en la ‘máquina epistemológica’ de la lucha por los derechos sexuales en Nicaragua. En el texto se analizan los dos pilares que han enmarcado dicho activismo: ‘Orgullo Lésbico‐Gay’ y ‘Una Sexualidad Libre de Prejuicios’, cada cual con su propio origen ideológico y propósitos epistemológicos. Como representantes de discursos políticos y estratégicos de cambios sociales, los activistas han llevado a cabo actuaciones políticas y han divulgado públicamente los discursos para elaborar artesanalmente la forma en que la lucha ‘sale’ hacia el exterior, se da a conocer y es entendida por el conjunto del cuerpo político nicaragüense. A través de este proceso, los activistas han desarrollado estructuras epistemológicas sobre derechos sexuales en discursos múltiples, incluyendo los de ‘liberación universal,’ ‘derechos minoritarios’ y una ética comunitaria, así como el Sandinismo.
Social Life and the Deaths of Brazilian Street Children
Authors: Drybread Kristen 
Published: July 2013

ResumoO presente texto analisa as práticas funerárias de um grupo de meninos de rua, a fim de sugerir que no ato de providenciar um enterro digno a outros meninos de rua que já faleceriam, os sobreviventes, que vivem nas ruas e fora das parâmetros da infância normativa, exigir o reconhecimento de humanidade não só da pessoa falecido, mas também de todas as pessoas que participam no enterro.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of School Personnel Regarding Influenza, Vaccinations, and School Outbreaks
Authors: Ha Chrysanthy , Rios Lenoa M. , Pannaraj Pia S. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool personnel are important for communicating with parents about school vaccination programs and recognizing influenza outbreaks. This study examined knowledge, attitudes, and practices of school personnel regarding seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza, vaccinations, and school outbreak investigations.METHODSData were analyzed from survey interviews of 58 elementary and middle school personnel in 2010.RESULTSPrincipals, assistant principals, and nurses have higher knowledge than front office clerks regarding seasonal (odds ratio [OR]: 2.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15‐5.42) and 2009 H1N1 influenza (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.19‐3.71). During 2009‐2010, 63.8 and 19.0% of school personnel received seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine, respectively. Personnel were more likely to be vaccinated against seasonal influenza if they believed the vaccine was safe (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.21‐4.19). Of those unvaccinated against 2009 H1N1, 48.9% also cited safety concerns. While every principal, assistant principal, and nurse received both infectious diseases and outbreak trainings, only 42.5 and 27.5% of clerks received these trainings, respectively (p < .001), and 30% of clerks believed outbreak recognition was not their responsibility.CONCLUSIONThe level of knowledge regarding influenza illness, vaccination, and outbreaks among subjects was low overall. Education of school personnel may improve school vaccination programs and control of influenza outbreaks.
Neonatal exchange transfusions in the 21st century: A single hospital study
Authors: Chitty Helen Elizabeth , Ziegler Nina , Savoia Helen , Doyle Lex W , Fox Lisa M 
Published: July 2013

AimIn the 21st century, neonatal exchange transfusions (ETs) are uncommon procedures usually performed in tertiary neonatal units. As junior clinical staff now lack familiarity with the procedure, it is important to maintain awareness of its complications in order to manage clinical risks and counsel parents appropriately. The study aims to analyse the ET rate, its indications and its associated complications, in a single tertiary centre in the 21st century.Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of all infants receiving ET from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2010 at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne.ResultsSixty‐four ETs were performed in 51 infants, an average of 6.4 ETs per year. Forty‐nine (96%) infants were exchanged for hyperbilirubinaemia and two (4%) for anaemia. Thirty‐six (71%) infants had Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn and six (12%) had ABO incompatibility. Six infants were intubated and mechanically ventilated after ET; these infants were significantly more acidotic during the ET than those who were never on respiratory support (mean pH 7.153 and 7.309 respectively, mean difference −0.156, 95% CI −0.196 to −0.116, t = 7.85, P < 0.001). Overall mortality was 8% (n = 4).ConclusionsOur current ET rate is very low compared with historical data. It is difficult to ascribe mortality and morbidity directly to ET as the procedure is now often performed on smaller, sicker or more premature infants whose risks of mortality and morbidity are high regardless of ET. Prospective multi‐centre studies are needed to provide adequate data to analyse complications in greater detail.
Use of QuantitativePCRDetection Methods to Study Biocontrol Agents and Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes in Environmental Samples
Authors: Sanzani Simona M. , Li Destri Nicosia Maria G. , Faedda Roberto , Cacciola Santa O. , Schena Leonardo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractQuantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a versatile technique for the accurate, sensitive, reliable and high‐throughput detection and quantification of targetDNAin various environmental samples, and in recent years, it has greatly contributed to the advancement of knowledge in the plant pathology field. Indeed, this technique is ideal to evaluate inoculum threshold levels and to study the epidemiology, biology and ecology of phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes, thus opening up new research opportunities to investigate host–pathogen interactions and to address tasks related to quarantine, eradication and biosecurity. Moreover, it can be a useful tool in breeding programs. The present review analyses the most relevant applications of qPCRfor the detection and quantification of filamentous fungi and oomycetes within host tissues and in soil, air and water, along with brief paragraphs focusing on new application fields such as the detection and quantification of mycotoxigenic fungi and biocontrol agents. The high potentiality of qPCRfor present and future applications is highlighted together with a critical analysis of major drawbacks that need to be corrected to definitively confirm it as a preferential routine quantitative detection method.
ROCK inhibitor Y‐27632 maintains the proliferation of confluent human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Nakamura K. , Yoshimura A. , Kaneko T. , Sato K. , Hara Y. 
Published: July 2013

Background and ObjectiveThe transplantation of cell sheets of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is expected to be the next generation of periodontal regenerative therapy. An adequate method of multilayering MSCs has yet to be established. When cell sheets proliferate, they usually contract and detach from culture dishes and then the proliferation of cells in the contracted areas is arrested. ROCK‐mediated contractile force causes cell contraction. Although multilayer formation medium (MFM) stimulated the proliferation of growth‐arrested confluent MSCs, MSCs detached from the culture dish. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ROCK inhibitor Y‐27632 on the proliferation and detachment of confluent MSCs, and examined the ability of cells to differentiate within the cell sheets.Material and MethodsConfluent MSCs were cultured in MFM containing transforming growth factor‐β1, ascorbic acid and fetal bovine serum either with or without Y‐27632. Cell proliferation was examined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays and total DNA measurement. Sheet contractions were examined by light microscopy and stereomicroscopy. Multilayer formations and focal adhesion assembly were observed with confocal microscopy. Characteristic of cells were examined by flow cytometric analysis. Osteoblast lineage differentiation was observed with alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red S staining. Adipocyte lineage differentiation was observed with oil red O staining.ResultsThe addition of Y‐27632 to MFM prevented the cell sheets from detaching and did not inhibit MSC growth. The cell numbers cultured with MFM/Y‐27632 were significantly higher than that obtained with MFM‐only on day 4. Cell sheets detached from the culture dish on day 4, and the number of bromodeoxyuridine‐positive cells in the detached area decreased. Cells in the cell sheets had similar characteristics to primary MSCs, and differentiated into osteoblast and adipocyte lineages.ConclusionY‐27632 both prevented the MSC sheets from detaching and maintained the multilayered proliferation of confluent MSCs by MFM, and then cells in the sheets had differentiation potency.
Long‐term patterns in the establishment, expansion and decline of invading macrozoobenthic species in the brackish and marine waters of Southwest Netherlands
Authors: Hummel Herman , Wijnhoven Sander 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe fluctuations in densities or biomass of a number of invading and native polychaete and mollusc species in the Southwest Netherlands were compared over a period of 20 years. For recent invaders a lag phase of 7–10 years occurred after their first appearance, followed by an exponential increase in abundance or biomass for 2–3 years. High numbers and biomass then continued for about 5 years, followed by a strong decline. The total sequence from introduction to decline lasted about 15 years. The densities or biomass of invaders appearing decades or even centuries ago in the Delta area have fluctuated in a similar manner to those of native species, indicating that the densities or biomass of invading species after a 15‐year period of strong changes become governed largely by the same environmental factors as native species. The conclusion may be that after some decades, invading species can become part of a balanced co‐existence with the native species, and that this may yield a net gain in the overall diversity.
The origin of eucrites, diogenites, and olivine diogenites: Magma ocean crystallization and shallow magma chamber processes on Vesta
Authors: Mandler Ben E. , Elkins‐Tanton Linda T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe asteroid 4 Vesta is one of the very few heavenly bodies to have been linked to samples on Earth: the howardite‐eucrite‐diogenite (HED) meteorite suite. This large and diverse suite of meteorites provides a detailed picture of Vesta's igneous and postigneous history. We have used the range of igneous rock types and compositions in the HED suite to test a series of chemical models for solidification processes following peak melting (magma ocean) conditions on Vesta. Fractional crystallization cannot have been a dominant early process in the magma ocean because it leads to excessive Fe‐enrichment in the melt. Models that are dominated by equilibrium crystallization cannot produce orthopyroxene cumulates (diogenites). Our best models invoke 60–70% equilibrium crystallization of a magma ocean followed by continuous extraction of the residual melt into shallow magma chambers. Fractional crystallization in these magma chambers combined with continuous or periodic addition of more melt from the slowly compacting crystal mush (magmatic recharge) can produce all of the igneous HED lithologies (noncumulate and cumulate eucrites, diogenites, dunites, harzburgites, and olivine diogenites). Magmatic recharge can also explain the narrow range in eucrite compositions and the variability of incompatible trace element concentrations in diogenites. We predict an internal structure for Vesta that permits excavation of the HEDs during the formation of the Rheasilvia basin, while remaining consistent with observations from the Dawn mission and most impact models.
Central venous oxygen saturation: analysis, clinical use and effects on mortality
Authors: Reid Megan 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAims and ObjectivesThe aim of this literature review was to provide a clear definition of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2), highlight the differences between ScvO2 and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), show how it can be used clinically and the effect central venous oxygen saturation has on mortality.BackgroundMany articles concentrate on the individual aspects of ScvO2, such as its use in early goal‐directed therapy, but few provide a full overview of what it means, how to interpret results and how it can be used clinically.Search strategiesKeywords were searched for including central venous oxygen saturation ScvO2 mixed venous oxygen saturations ScvO2 early goal‐directed therapy sepsis and mortality. Where possible only publications within the last 10 years were used but key publications were not excluded if they were out with this time frame.ConclusionsCentral venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) is a very important measurement which can be easily taken in a critical care environment by both medical and nursing staff. It provides an understanding of the patient's oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption and cardiac output. It has a key role within early goal‐directed therapy and has been shown to decrease mortality when taken and analysed appropriately.Relevance to clinical practiceThis literature review will highlight to nursing staff within the critical care environment the importance of central venous oxygen saturation measurement and interpretation. By raising awareness of the importance of this measurement it is hoped nursing staff will be proactive in both taking this test and analysing the results, therefore facilitating better care for the septic, critically ill patient and improving outcomes for these patients.
Ventilator auto‐cycling from cardiogenic oscillations: case report and review of literature
Authors: Noujeim Carlos , BouAkl Imad , El‐Khatib Mohamad , Bou‐Khalil Pierre 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundBrain death is the total loss of all brain and brain stem functions, and its diagnosis is often confirmed by an apnoea test, which relies on disconnecting the patient from the ventilator. Auto‐triggering or auto‐cycling is defined as a ventilator being triggered in the absence of patient effort, intrinsic respiratory drive or inspiratory muscle activity. Ventilator auto‐triggering could delay the diagnosis of brain death leading to unnecessary admission for the patient and false hopes of recovery for the family.MethodsWe report a case of ventilator auto‐triggering associated with cardiogenic oscillations in a female patient.ResultsWe confirmed the finding of ventilator auto‐triggering by changing the patient's position and reassessing the triggering thresholds. Brain death was then confirmed by apnoea test.CONCLUSIONThis case is presented to arouse the awareness of the medical staff and nurses to this phenomenon, which can mimic an intrinsic respiratory effort in patients allegedly diagnosed with brain death. Along with this case report, we review the English language publications for similar cases.
Liver allograft pathology in healthy pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Briem‐Richter Andrea , Ganschow Rainer , Sornsakrin Marijke , Brinkert Florian , Schirmer Jan , Schaefer Hansjörg , Grabhorn Enke 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLiver transplantation offers excellent results for children with end‐stage liver disease, and efforts should be directed toward maintaining long‐term graft health. We evaluate graft pathology in healthy pediatric transplant recipients with low‐maintenance immunosuppressive medications to assess whether protocol biopsies are helpful for adapting immunosuppression and protecting long‐term graft function. Liver biopsies were performed on 60 healthy pediatric liver transplant recipients, and histological findings were correlated with laboratory, serological, and radiological results. Fourteen patients (23%) were diagnosed with acute or early chronic rejection, and immunosuppressive medications were increased in these children. Liver function tests did not correlate with histological findings. The incidence of fibrosis was 36% in transplant recipients five or more years after liver transplantation. We observed an unexpectedly high prevalence of rejection and fibrosis in children with no laboratory abnormalities, which led to changes in their immunosuppressive medications. Scheduled biopsies appear to be useful in pediatric transplant recipients with low immunosuppressive medications for early detection of morphological changes in liver transplants. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether adaption of immunosuppression helps to reduce tissue damage and the incidence of allograft dysfunction in the long term.
Temporal dynamics of event‐related potentials related to goal conduciveness and power appraisals
Authors: Gentsch Kornelia , Grandjean Didier , Scherer Klaus R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTheComponentProcessModel hypothesizes that appraisal—the mechanism that elicits and differentiates emotion—is processed sequentially. It predicts that the goal conduciveness check (motivational valence evaluation) is evaluated before the power check (evaluation of the degree of power to act on events). To test this prediction, we recorded event‐related potentials (ERPs) during a gambling task in response to feedback that simultaneously presented the goal conduciveness (outcome: win, loss, or break‐even) and the power check (options to act on the outcome) information. In line with the sequence hypothesis, mean amplitudes of subsequentERPswere differentially modulated by the appraisal information. The feedback‐related negativity was sensitive to the goal conduciveness check, and theP300 yielded main effects of both appraisal checks. Results suggest that neural evaluative processes associated with appraisal processing are sequential.