bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional analysis of molar compensation in patients with facial asymmetry and mandibular prognathism
Authors: Tyan Svetlana , Park Hong-Sik , Janchivdorj Munkhshur , Han Sun-Ho , Kim Su-Jung , Ahn Hyo-Won 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate the characteristic transverse dental compensations in patients with facial asymmetry and mandibular prognathism and to compare features of dental compensations between two types of mandibular asymmetry using 3-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials and Methods:
Seventy-eight adult patients with skeletal Class I (control group; n  =  33; 19 men and 14 women) or skeletal Class III with facial asymmetry (experimental group; n  =  45; 23 men and 22 women) were included. The experimental group was subdivided into two groups according to the type of mandibular asymmetry: translation type (T-type; n  =  20) and roll type (R-type; n  =  19). CBCT images were acquired before orthodontic treatment and 3D analyses were performed.

Results:
The transverse dental distance was significantly different between the two groups only at the palatal root apex of the maxillary first molar (P &lt; .05). In the experimental group, the first molar axes were compensated significantly on both arches except the maxillary nondeviated side. The vertical molar heights were different between the two groups only on the maxillary arch (P &lt; .001). The R-type showed greater mandibular ramal length difference and menton deviation than the T-type (P &lt; .001). In the R-type, transverse compensation of the maxillary first molars was more obvious than with the T-type, which resulted in canting in the maxillary occlusal plane.

Conclusions:
Mandibular asymmetry with prognathism showed a characteristic transverse dental compensation pattern. The mandibular asymmetry type influenced the amount and direction of molar compensation on the maxillary arch.
Knowledge and Behavioural Factors Associated with Gender Gap in Acquiring Hiv among Youth in Uganda
Authors: Patra Shraboni , Singh Rakesh Kumar 
Published: July 2015

Background The increasing prevalence of HIV in Uganda during the last decade (7.5% in 2004-05 to 8.3% in 2011 among women and 5.0% in 2004-05 to 6.1% among men in 2011 of 15 to 49 years) clearly shows that women are disproportionately affected by HIV epidemic. Hence, we assessed the prevalence of HIV and focused on differences in risky sexual behaviour and knowledge of HIV among Ugandan youth. Design and Methods Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011 data was used. The total samples of men and women (15 to 24 years), interviewed and tested for HIV, were 3450 and 4504 respectively. The analysis of risky sexual behaviour was based on 1941 men and 3127 women who had ever had sex and were tested for HIV. Pearson's Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Results Findings showed that young women were almost two times more vulnerable than young men in acquiring HIV (OR=1.762, P<0.001). Women who had first sex under age 15 (7.3%), had more than 2 sexual partners (9.2%) and did not use condom during last sex (6.4%) were more HIV-positive. Higher risk was found among women (6.3%) than men (2.2%). Significantly (P<0.01) less percentage (81.3%) of women as compared to men (83.8%) perceived that the probability of HIV transmission may be reduced by correct and consistent use of the condom during sex. Conclusions Hence, there is an urgent need for effective strategies and programmes to raise awareness on sexual health and risky behaviour, particularly targeting the youth, which will reduce the gender gap in risky sexual behaviour and new transmission of HIV in Uganda.
Investigation on the Trace Elemental Profile of Sewage Workers in Kolkata, An Indian Megacity
Authors: Basu Rajlaxmi , Ram Sidharth Sankar , Biswas Arunnangshu , Ray Siddhartha Sankar , Mukhopadhyay Aniruddha , Chakraborty Anindita , Mathummal Sudarshan , Chakrabarti Sila 
Published: July 2015

Background Environmental pollution has become a global health risk. Exposure to pollutants at the work place, i.e. occupational exposure, is one of the areas that need immediate attention. The civic drainage workers are exposed to pollutants present in the wastewater they handle and most of them are toxic heavy metals. Exposure to such pollutants may be a health hazard, since it can lead to the imbalance in nutrient elements status. Design and Methods In the present study, profiling of trace elements in the blood of drainage worker population from an Indian megacity, Kolkata, was carried out by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and compared with the control group population of the same area. Results The elements detected by EDXRF spectrometry include P, S, Cl, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, and Rb. By using ANOVA with 5% significance level, we observed significant alterations in the trace elements status, iron over loading, selenium deficiency, and in Cu-Zn ratio. Gender specific variations within the same population were also observed. Conclusions The results indicate that the drainage workers have altered elemental profile in comparison to that of control population.
The promises and challenges of pre‐exposure prophylaxis as part of the emerging paradigm of combination HIV prevention
Authors: Cáceres Carlos F , Koechlin Florence , Goicochea Pedro , Sow Papa‐Salif , O'Reilly Kevin R , Mayer Kenneth H , Godfrey‐Faussett Peter 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionTowards the end of the twentieth century, significant success was achieved in reducing incidence in several global HIV epidemics through ongoing prevention strategies. However, further progress in risk reduction was uncertain. For one thing, it was clear that social vulnerability had to be addressed, through research on interventions addressing health systems and other structural barriers. As soon as antiretroviral treatment became available, researchers started to conceive that antiretrovirals might play a role in decreasing either susceptibility in uninfected people or infectiousness among people living with HIV. In this paper we focus on the origin, present status, and potential contribution of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) within the combination HIV prevention framework.DiscussionAfter a phase of controversy, PrEP efficacy trials took off. By 2015, daily oral PrEP, using tenofovir alone or in combination with emtricitabine, has been proven efficacious, though efficacy seems heavily contingent upon adherence to pill uptake. Initial demonstration projects after release of efficacy results have shown that PrEP can be implemented in real settings and adherence can be high, leading to high effectiveness. Despite its substantial potential, beliefs persist about unfeasibility in real‐life settings due to stigma, cost, adherence, and potential risk compensation barriers.ConclusionsThe strategic synergy of behavioural change communication, biomedical strategies (including PrEP), and structural programmes is providing the basis for the combination HIV prevention framework. If PrEP is to ever become a key component of that framework, several negative beliefs must be confronted based on emerging evidence; moreover, research gaps regarding PrEP implementation must be filled, and appropriate prioritization strategies must be set up. Those challenges are significant, proportional to the impact that PrEP implementation may have in the global response to HIV.
HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis and health and community systems in the Global South: Thailand case study
Authors: Colby Donn , Srithanaviboonchai Kriengkrai , Vanichseni Suphak , Ongwandee Sumet , Phanuphak Nittaya , Martin Michael , Choopanya Kachit , Chariyalertsak Suwat , van Griensven Frits 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionPre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended by the World Health Organization as an effective method of HIV prevention for individuals at risk for infection. In this paper, we describe the unique role that Thailand has played in the global effort to combat the HIV epidemic, including its role in proving the efficacy of PrEP, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of implementing PrEP in a middle‐income country.DiscussionThailand was one of the first countries in the world to successfully reverse a generalized HIV epidemic. Despite this early success, HIV prevalence has remained high among people who inject drugs and has surged among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Two pivotal trials that showed that the use of oral antiretroviral medication as PrEP can reduce HIV transmission were conducted partially or entirely at Thai sites. Demonstration projects of PrEP, as well as clinical trials of alternative PrEP regimens, began or will begin in 2014–2015 in Thailand and will provide additional data and experience on how to best implement PrEP for high‐risk individuals in the community. Financing of drug costs, the need for routine laboratory monitoring and lack of awareness about PrEP among at‐risk groups all present challenges to the wider implementation of PrEP for HIV prevention in Thailand.ConclusionsAlthough significant challenges to wider use remain, PrEP holds promise as a safe and highly effective method to be used as part of a combined HIV prevention strategy for MSM and TGW in Thailand.
Rethinking HIV prevention to prepare for oral PrEP implementation for young African women
Authors: Celum Connie L , Delany‐Moretlwe Sinead , McConnell Margaret , van Rooyen Heidi , Bekker Linda‐Gail , Kurth Ann , Bukusi Elizabeth , Desmond Chris , Morton Jennifer , Baeten Jared M 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionHIV incidence remains high among young women in sub‐Saharan Africa in spite of scale‐up of HIV testing, behavioural interventions, antiretroviral treatment and medical male circumcision. There is a critical need to critique past approaches and learn about the most effective implementation of evidence‐based HIV prevention strategies, particularly emerging interventions such as pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).DiscussionWomen in sub‐Saharan Africa are at increased risk of HIV during adolescence and into their 20s, in part due to contextual factors including gender norms and relationship dynamics, and limited access to reproductive and sexual health services. We reviewed behavioural, behavioural economic and biomedical approaches to HIV prevention for young African women, with a particular focus on the barriers, opportunities and implications for implementing PrEP in this group. Behavioural interventions have had limited impact in part due to not effectively addressing the context, broader sexual norms and expectations, and structural factors that increase risk and vulnerability. Of biomedical HIV prevention strategies that have been tested, daily oral PrEP has the greatest evidence for protection, although adherence was low in two placebo‐controlled trials in young African women. Given high efficacy and effectiveness in other populations, demonstration projects of open‐label PrEP in young African women are needed to determine the most effective delivery models and whether women at substantial risk are motivated and able to use oral PrEP with sufficient adherence to achieve HIV prevention benefits.ConclusionsSocial marketing, adherence support and behavioural economic interventions should be evaluated as part of PrEP demonstration projects among young African women in terms of their effectiveness in increasing demand and optimizing uptake and effective use of PrEP. Lessons learned through evaluations of implementation strategies for delivering oral PrEP, a first‐generation biomedical HIV prevention product, will inform development of new and less user‐dependent PrEP formulations and delivery of an expanding choice of prevention options in HIV prevention programmes for young African women.
‘A magnified piece of thermodynamics’: the
Promethean iconography of the refrigerator in
Paul Theroux's The Mosquito Coast
Authors: HIGGINSON IAN , SMITH CROSBIE 
Published: July 2002

Refrigeration has become so well established over the last 125 years that today a crude ice maker
becomes a boon for primitive people in the jungle or desert. Only a total dislocation in energy
sources will quickly loosen the connections between people and cooling. A few centuries ago,
Hippocrates (460–377? B.C.) observed: ‘most men would rather run the hazards of their lives or
health than be deprived of the pleasure of drinking out of ice’ … In the U.S.A. [today], 750 million
frozen Eskimo Pies are sold annually and seven ice cream plants are said to be operating in
Moscow … Like the men of Hippocrates, a lot of people will resist any curtailment in food and
freezing operations. They have come to expect these for survival in our present social and
industrial orders.These remarks, asserting the extent to which the people of the United States of America
regarded refrigeration not as an optional luxury but as a necessity for survival even at the
height of the energy crisis of the late 1970s, formed part of a contribution to a massive
11-volume international compendium, Alternative Energy Sources, produced in 1978 in
response to Western concerns about rising oil prices and falling reserves. An enthusiastic
advocate for geothermal energy, the contributor's perception provides a vivid contextual
starting point for our study of Paul Theroux's novel The Mosquito Coast (1981). In this
novel the central narrative focuses upon a New England family's rejection of post-war
American consumer society with its imperative to ‘build automobiles that would fail
within five years and refrigerators that would fail in ten’. The novel indeed explores some
of those very kinds of alternative energy sources which had been exciting scientists and
inventors (often on or beyond the fringes of scientific orthodoxy) since the early 1970s
when journals such as The Ecologist had begun to prophesy an end to energy-driven
economic growth in the western world.
IRISH IN THE CITY: RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICAN URBAN
HISTORY
Authors: GREENBERG AMY S. 
Published: July 2002

Parish boundaries: the Catholic encounter with race in the
twentieth-century urban north. By John
T. McGreevy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Pp. vi+362.
ISBN 0-226-55873-8. $27.50.What parish are you from? A Chicago Irish community and race relations. By Eileen
M. McMahon. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995. Pp. xii+226. ISBN
0-8131-1877-8. $32.95.The Boston Irish: a political history. By Thomas H.
O'Connor. London: Northeastern
University Press, 1995. Pp. xixx+363. ISBN 1-55553-220-9. £23.50.The New York Irish. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp. xxii+743. ISBN 0-8018-5199-8. $45.00.The public city: the political construction of urban life in San Francisco,
1850–1900. By Philip
J. Ethington. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xvi+464. ISBN
0-8018-5199-8. £40.00.Civic wars: democracy and public life in the American city
during the nineteenth century. By Mary
P. Ryan. London: University of California Press, 1997. Pp. xii+376.
ISBN 0-520-20441-7. £16.15.Few events have had a greater impact on urban America than the Irish Catholic
exodus, which eventually brought one third of the Irish to the United States. Irish
Catholics were the first ethnic group to immigrate in large numbers to America's cities
and to experience overt discrimination. Overcoming that discrimination, they emerged
as the consummate political force in urban America. In the late nineteenth century,
Irish politicians and their political machines controlled a majority of America's large
cities, long before the election of John F. Kennedy as president brought the Irish
political presence to the national stage. At once integrated into American culture and
proud of their ethnic culture and identity, the Irish in America continue to have a clear
cultural presence in both positive and negative ways, in many American cities. The
Irish hold the best parades, but sometimes refuse to allow Irish homosexuals the right
to parade in them. The Irish are proud of their neighbourhoods, sometimes to the point
of physical violence.For the first time in over two centuries, however, Irish immigration patterns have
reversed. Over the last two years, 13,000 more Irish moved back to Ireland from
America than went the other way. This watershed change provides a good opportunity
to reconsider the history of the Irish in America's cities, as the authors of some recent
publications demonstrate. This review will examine six current studies that illuminate
the Irish urban experience in America. The authors of these histories document the role
of the Irish and the Catholic church in urban racial disturbances in the twentieth
century; they reconsider the importance of the Irish to urban political culture; and they
explore the contested meanings of being Irish in urban America.
Lime loss rates from arable and grassland soils
Authors: CHAMBERS B. J. , GARWOOD T. W. D. 
Published: July 2002

Lime loss rates were determined for 11 agricultural soils across
England (1987–92) under arable
cropping (six sites) and grassland management (five sites), receiving commercial
rates of fertilizer
inputs. Lime additions in the range 0–1500 kg ha−1

CaCO3 (250 kg ha−1 CaCO3 increments)
were
made annually to the sites. Soil pH (water and 0·01 m CaCl2)
and exchangeable calcium concentrations
were measured annually. The annual lime loss rates were calculated as the
amount of lime needed to
maintain the initial site pH or exchangeable Ca concentrations.Lime loss rates based on soil water pH varied between 40 and
1270 kg ha−1 CaCO3, on the basis
of CaCl2 pH between 0 and 1370 kg ha−1
CaCO3, and exchangeable Ca between 0 and 1540 kg ha−1

CaCO3. There was a positive relationship between the lime loss
rate (based on water pH) and initial
soil pH value (r=0·75; P<0·01), and
a negative relationship with soil organic matter content
(r=0·63; P<0·05) was based on soil pH,

organic matter content and nitrogen (N) fertilizer input. Lime
loss rates were approximately double those predicted by previous models
developed in the 1970s,
reflecting the greater quantities of inorganic N fertilizer now being applied
to agricultural land.
Genetic variability for feeding value of faba bean seeds
(Vicia faba): Comparative chemical composition of
isogenics involving zero-tannin and zero-vicine genes
Authors: DUC G. , MARGET P. , ESNAULT R. , LE GUEN J. , BASTIANELLI D. 
Published: July 2002

In a preliminary experiment, 74 faba bean genotypes including winter genotypes (autumn-sown) and
spring genotypes (spring-sown) and isogenic population pairs (tannin-containing v. tannin-free and
vicine/convicine-high v. vicine/convicine-low), were analysed for the chemical composition of their
seeds. A large variability was found for the main constituents (starch, protein and fibre). Autumn-sown genotypes contained 2·3% less proteins but 2·5% more starch in the seed dry matter (DM) than
spring-sown genotypes. The vc− gene, which lowers the vicine and convicine contents, did not
significantly modify the main seed components in the isogenic comparisons. The zt1 and zt2 genes,
which eliminate condensed tannins in the seed coats, lowered by 2·1% the proportion of the seed coat
in the DM. In the isogenic comparisons, the zt2 gene had a stronger effect than zt1 in reducing the
total seed fibre and increasing the protein content.In a second experiment, from the original 74 genotypes, 12 contrasted genotypes were selected and
multiplied for animal nutrition trials. Their chemical analysis confirmed the variability between the
faba bean categories observed in Expt 1, but detailed chemical analyses illustrated the variability in
amino acid, fatty acid, amylose and oligosaccharide composition, trypsin inhibitory activity,
condensed tannins, lectins and phytic phosphorus contents.
The causes of over-winter plant losses of autumn-sown
white lupins (Lupinus albus) in different regions of the
UK over three seasons
Authors: SHIELD I. F. , SCOTT T. , STEVENSON H. J. , LEACH J. E. , TODD A. D. 
Published: July 2002

A series of experiments were carried out at 14 sites in the major arable areas of the UK, in the years
1993–94, 1994–95 and 1995–96 to determine the causes and extent of over-winter plant losses of two
autumn-sown cultivars of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.).Over the three seasons frost was the major cause of plant losses. Two mechanisms (one known and
one not previously reported in the UK) of frost tolerance under field conditions were identified: (i)
lignification of the root parenchyma early in the life of the seedling, and (ii) a large vernalization
requirement of the main-stem apex, which delays stem elongation in older plants. A model was
developed that could be used to predict the susceptibility of these lupin cultivars to the first severe
frost of the winter using accumulated thermal time (above a base temperature of 3 °C).The effect of sowing at the beginning or end of a sowing window, calculated to optimize plant
architecture the following summer, therefore varied with the weather during the autumn/winter
period. A combination of cool autumn weather and late sowing (outside of the sowing window)
resulted in plant losses due to a lack of lignification of the root parenchyma. In unusually warm
autumn conditions (1994–95 and 1995–96) plants sown at the beginning of the sowing window were
well developed before the first frosts occurred, with consequent stem elongation and plant losses.Although losses due to pests were not severe (c. 3 to 5 plants/m2), plants were attacked during the
autumn by grey field slugs (Deroceras reticulatum Muller), bean seed flies (Delia platura Meigen), and
probably thrips (Thrips angusticeps Uzel, Noctuidae), although this has not been confirmed. The
fungal pathogens Fusarium spp. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. caused losses in conjunction with frost
damage.
PROBABILITIES OF MARRIAGE IN TWO OUTER HEBRIDEAN ISLANDS, 1861–1990
Authors: CLEGG E. J. 
Published: July 2002

A study has been made of the probabilities of marriage of females and males aged 15–49 (either as a whole or in 5-year age groups) in two Outer Hebridean islands, Harris and Barra. The results were compared with ages of marriage and with the frequencies of permanent celibacy. The marriages took place between 1861 and 1990.Median ages of marriage rose to maxima in the 1930s and 1940s, then fell steeply, levelling out latterly. Permanent celibacy was consistently high among females, but rose from much lower levels in males to maxima in the 1970s and 1980s. It is concluded that in these populations age at marriage and the extent of permanent celibacy are largely independent of one another.In both islands the overall probabilities of females marrying fell until the 1920s, and then rose. The last decades showed stability (Barra) and a fall (Harris). Males showed only slight falls to about 1910; data were absent for between 1911 and 1960, but subsequently there was little rise in probability.These overall changes seemed to be associated with reciprocal variations in probabilities in the younger and older age groups. Declining overall probabilities were associated with declines in younger and increases in older age-group probabilities, and vice versa.Non-parametric correlations between median ages of marriage and probability of marriage were negative and generally significant for the 15–19 age group. Among the older age groups coefficients were generally positive.There was some evidence of an association between probability of marriage and sex ratio in any group of potential mates. The effect appeared more marked among 15- to 19-year-old females.Local factors which might explain at least part of the decline in nuptiality for the greater part of the period under study include the decline in the fishing industry and the ‘land hunger’ which existed until the late 1920s. This decline is interpreted as a ‘Malthusian’ response to economic and social conditions, but it coexisted with a ‘neo-Malthusian’ strategy, in the shape of declining marital fertility. The ‘Malthusian’strategy seems to have been largely abandoned around the 1950s, but it may have reappeared during the 1980s.