bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation Improves Higher Control of the Oculomotor System in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Antoniades Chrystalina A. , Rebelo Pedro , Kennard Christopher , Aziz Tipu Z. , Green Alexander L. , FitzGerald James J. 
Published: September 2015

The frontal cortex and basal ganglia form a set of parallel but mostly segregated circuits called cortico-basal ganglia loops. The oculomotor loop controls eye movements and can direct relatively simple movements, such as reflexive prosaccades, without external help but needs input from “higher” loops for more complex behaviors. The antisaccade task requires the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is part of the prefrontal loop. Information flows from prefrontal to oculomotor circuits in the striatum, and directional errors in this task can be considered a measure of failure of prefrontal control over the oculomotor loop. The antisaccadic error rate (AER) is increased in Parkinson's disease (PD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has no effect on the AER, but a previous case suggested that DBS of the globus pallidus interna (GPi) might. Our aim was to compare the effects of STN DBS and GPi DBS on the AER. We tested eye movements in 14 human DBS patients and 10 controls. GPi DBS substantially reduced the AER, restoring lost higher control over oculomotor function. Interloop information flow involves striatal neurons that receive cortical input and project to pallidum. They are normally silent when quiescent, but in PD they fire randomly, creating noise that may account for the degradation in interloop control. The reduced AER with GPi DBS could be explained by retrograde stimulation of striatopallidal axons with consequent activation of inhibitory collaterals and reduction in background striatal firing rates. This study may help explain aspects of PD pathophysiology and the mechanism of action of GPi DBS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTParkinson's disease causes symptoms including stiffness, slowness of movement, and tremor. Electrical stimulation of specific areas deep in the brain can effectively treat these symptoms, but exactly how is not fully understood. Part of the cause of such symptoms may be impairments in the way information flows from one circuit within the brain to another, as a result of overactivity of certain nerve cells. By demonstrating that stimulation of an area called the globus pallidus interna partially reverses deficits in voluntary control of eye movements, this study shows that stimulation can improve information flow between circuits, probably by calming down the overactive cells.
Postsynaptic Depolarization Enhances GABA Drive to Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Neurons through Somatodendritic Cholecystokinin Release
Authors: Crosby Karen M. , Baimoukhametova Dinara V. , Bains Jaideep S. , Pittman Quentin J. 
Published: September 2015

Somatodendritically released peptides alter synaptic function through a variety of mechanisms, including autocrine actions that liberate retrograde transmitters. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide expressed in neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), a region implicated in satiety and stress. There are clear demonstrations that exogenous CCK modulates food intake and neuropeptide expression in the DMH, but there is no information on how endogenous CCK alters synaptic properties. Here, we provide the first report of somatodendritic release of CCK in the brain in male Sprague Dawley rats. CCK is released from DMH neurons in response to repeated postsynaptic depolarizations, and acts in an autocrine fashion on CCK2 receptors to enhance postsynaptic NMDA receptor function and liberate the retrograde transmitter, nitric oxide (NO). NO subsequently acts presynaptically to enhance GABA release through a soluble guanylate cyclase-mediated pathway. These data provide the first demonstration of synaptic actions of somatodendritically released CCK in the hypothalamus and reveal a new form of retrograde plasticity, depolarization-induced potentiation of inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSomatodendritic signaling using endocannabinoids or nitric oxide to alter the efficacy of afferent transmission is well established. Despite early convincing evidence for somatodendritic release of neurohypophysial peptides in the hypothalamus, there is only limited evidence for this mode of release for other peptides. Here, we provide the first evidence for somatodendritic release of the satiety peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) in the brain. We also reveal a new form of synaptic plasticity in which postsynaptic depolarization results in enhancement of inhibition through the somatodendritic release of CCK.
Religion, diplomacy and identity. Some remarks on the ayatollah Khomeini’s letter to Gorbachev
Authors: Rzepka Marcin 
Published: September 2015

The letter sent by Ayatollah Khomeini to Gorbachev seems to be important in modern Iranian historiography presenting Khomeini as an influential and prophet-like “father of the revolution”. The letter brings Khomeini’s personal insights into the situation of the Soviet Union offering to its leader Islam as the only solution for internal and external problems. The letter in fact may be consider an example or rather a product of Iranian political culture, an attempt to return to the global and finally as a Khomeini’s answer to history.
Ромеи – только жители империи или народность in statu nascendi?
Authors: Bonarek Jacek 
Published: September 2015

Византия, наследник Римской империи, является отличным примером многоэтнического государства средневековой Европы. Многоэтническая Византия основывалась на римском праве, христианском вероисповедании и греческой культуре, а жители Империи считали себя законными преемниками civium Romanorum. Византийцем, то есть ромеем, официально был каждый житель, признающий ортодоксальное вероисповедание и принадлежащий к христианско-греческой культуре. Тем не менее открытым остаётся вопрос – имел ли в Византии этноним «ромей» исключительно упомянутое общественное значение, без этнического оттенка.
Древнескандинавские и древнеруские паломничества в Святую Землю в XI–XII веках: сравнительный анализ
Authors: Bak Volodymyr 
Published: September 2015

Паломничества в Святую землю в Средневековой Европе занимали особое место среди духовного самовыражения христиан. В рамках этой статьи, хотелось бы рассмотреть известные по письменным источникам древнескандинавские путешествия-паломничества на Ближний Восток в XI–XII вв., путь которых (в Палестину, а иногда и обратно) пролегал через территорию Руси (так называемый Austrvegr «Восточный путь»). И по возможности, сравнить пути этих путешествий с паломничествами древних русичей того же времени.
Преславский собор 893 г. в современной историографии
Authors: Николов Ангел 
Published: September 2015

В статье рассматриваются события, разыгравшиеся в Болгарии в первые годы после удаления в монастырь постаревшего князя Бориса-Михаила при правлении его сына Владимира-Расате. Обсуждаемые события трудно поддаются реконструкции и их интерпретация часто вызывала споры и противоречия в историографии. Единственное более подробное свидетельство относительно политики Владимира-Расате и его детронизации в 893 г., помещенное в составленной ок. 908 г. хронике немецкого летописца Регино, игумена Прюмского монастыря в Лотарингии, является предметом анализа данной статьи.
Islam i chrześcijaństwo w konserwatywnej myśli rosyjskiej XIX stulecia
Authors: Pawełczyk-Dura Kamila 
Published: September 2015

W rosyjskiej myśli konserwatywnej XIX stulecia islam był elementem filozofii historii, która ujmowała historię narodu i państwa w perspektywie historycznej i kulturowej. Ponadto prezentowała przeszłość, teraźniejszość oraz przyszłość Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej. Konserwatyzm stworzył przy tym wizję szczególnego rozwoju Rosji jako ogniwa łączącego Wschód z Zachodem. Żądanie zapewnienia Rosji wyjątkowej pozycji w cywilizowanym świecie, odpowiadającej jej osiągnięciom i możliwościom nie mogło być zrealizowane bez uwzględnienia złożonych relacji między chrześcijaństwem a islamem w historii Rosji i bez uwzględnienia tradycji, które rozwijały się na jej terytorium. Konserwatywna myśl historiozoficzna odnosząca się do islamu nie była bynajmniej jednorodna, co potwierdzają poglądy czołowych przedstawicieli – Piotra Czaadajewa, Mikołaja Danilewskiego i Konstantina Leontjewa.
Od „Arabskiej Wiosny” do „koptyjskiej zimy”: chrześcijański głos z Egiptu
Authors: Woźniak Marta 
Published: September 2015

Stanowiący około 10-procentową mniejszość w ponad 80-milionowym Egipcie, ortodoksyjni Koptowie są najliczniejszą chrześcijańską wspólnotą w regionie Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej. Ich relacje z muzułmańską większością nigdy nie były pozbawione napięć, jednak rewolucja, która 11 lutego 2011 roku przyniosła kres 30-letnich rządów Husniego Mubaraka, na krótko zbliżyła wyznawców dwóch wielkich religii do siebie. Wraz z dojściem do władzy fundamentalistów muzułmańskich w 2012 roku sytuacja Koptów wyraźnie się pogorszyła: masakra w Maspiro, podpalenia kościołów m.in. w Sul oraz Idfu, ataki na siostry zakonne, salaficka propaganda antychrześcijańska, wreszcie kontrowersje wokół rekonwersji z islamu na chrześcijaństwo są na to dowodem. Śmierć patriarchy Szinudy III i konieczność wyboru nowego przywódcy duchowego czyni położenie Koptów jeszcze trudniejszym.
Обратная историческая перспектива: фрески архимандрита Зинона (Теодора) в нижнем храме Феодоровского собора в Петербурге
Authors: Рыйгас Елена 
Published: September 2015

Консервативное по своей природе церковное искусство часто понимается как набор готовых образцов для копирования. Фрески архимандрита Зинона (Теодора) и внутреннее убранство воссозданного в 2013 году нижнего храма Феодоровского собора в Петербурге являют собой пример успешного творческого поиска, когда в результате переосмысленного раннехристианского наследия из совокупности материальных объектов возникает не только мощный эстетический, но интеллектуальный ресурс.
Konservative und chirurgische Therapie der Urachusfistel bei einem Alpaka-Cria
Authors: Wöckel A. , Felton C. , Schwarzenberger J. , Sobiraj A. , Kubus K. 
Published: September 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Urachusfistel ist eine neonatale Erkrankung. Es wird zwischen einer kongenitalen und einer erworbenen Form unterschieden. Beschrieben wird der Fall eines 6 Stunden alten weiblichen Alpaka-Cria, das mit einem nicht abgetrockneten Nabelstumpf und einer Mekoniumobstipation vorgestellt wurde. Die konservative Therapie der Urachusfistel (Reinigung und Desinfektion des Nabelstumpfs, lokale sowie systemische Antibiose) führte innerhalb von 6 Tagen nicht zum gewünschten Erfolg, so dass eine chirurgische Behandlung in Form einer Nabelresektion unter Allgemeinanästhesie durchgeführt wurde. Die Rekonvaleszenz verlief komplikationslos.
Salmonellen im Schweinebestand
Authors: Rostalski A. 
Published: September 2015

ZusammenfassungDas Ziel, über ein alleiniges Monitoringsystem bei Schlachtschweinen die Salmonellenprävalenz in deutschen Beständen zu reduzieren, lässt sich nur schwer realisieren. Da die Hygiene vieler Kategorie-III-Betriebe gut ist und eine klinische Symptomatik häufig fehlt, gestaltet sich die Umsetzung nachhaltiger Beratungskonzepte schwierig. Verbesserungen der biologischen Leistungen sowie geänderte Haltungsformen und Fütterungskonzepte in der Ferkelerzeugung rücken die Sauenhaltungen in den Fokus. Informationen über den Salmonellenstatus von Lieferbetrieben sind essenziell für die Etablierung beispielsweise von Impfmaßnahmen. Verpflichtende Untersuchungen für alle Schweinehaltungen und Sanierungsmaßnahmen ausgehend von der Basiszucht sind daher sinnvoll. Hierfür werden allgemeine stressreduzierende Maßnahmen, mögliche Änderungen des Nachweissystems und eine frühzeitige Benachrichtigung akut auffälliger Betriebe diskutiert.
Enhancing Production Performance of Horizontal Wells in Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs Using Inflow Control Devices (ICDs)
Authors: Al-Alyan Essam M. , Al-Mutairi Saad M. , Ukaegbu Orji O. , Ogunsanwo Oloruntoba 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The use of Inflow Control Device (ICD) in long horizontal wells drilled in naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs (NFR) has helped alleviate premature water breakthrough and control high water production. The main factors associated to premature water breakthrough and high water cut in NFR wells are the uncertainty in fracture conductivities and location of fracture corridors crossing or nearby to the horizontal wellbore.
In this paper, an assessment is provided of the production performance review conducted over a limited NFR area developed with some horizontal wells equipped with ICD completions versus other horizontal barefoot open-hole completions. Efforts have been made to compare the horizontal wells in same reservoir areas and layers of comparable reservoir quality and all wells used in this study had complete fluid losses during drilling. Data used in the evaluation included production and pressure data, image and caliper log, production log profile, fracture maps, open hole log and ICD completion design.
Six horizontal wells equipped with ICDs are currently producing within expected oil production rates at low water cut. Two of these six wells with ICD's are observed to have water breakthrough delay of up to 18 months compared with offset barefoot open hole horizontal wells. These ICD wells have been on production for more than three years. On the other hand, three horizontal open-hole wells of similar characteristics are either dead or producing at a high water cut.
This paper will shed light on lessons learned including in three horizontal wells equipped with ICDs that are experiencing high water cut. After reviewing all available well/reservoir/production data for the studied horizontal wells, some improvements have been recommended for both the ICD design approach and how wells equipped with ICD in NFR should be produced.?
Gas Evolution Rates in Crude Oil for Subsea Separator Applications
Authors: Daniel Alden B. , Mohammad Sayeed , Whiteley James R. , Kouba Gene E. , Lavenson David M. , Kelkar Aniruddha , Subramani Hariprasad J. , Aichele Clint P. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The industry push towards compact, subsea gas-liquid separators has been pronounced in recent years. There are, however, associated risks in decreasing the size of separators. In particular, if the hydrocarbon liquid is supersaturated with gas and requires significant time to evolve, the liquid residence times inside the compact separator may be insufficient to allow the gas to completely evolve out of solution. The yet-to-evolve gas will continue in the exiting liquid stream and present itself as free gas further downstream. Excess amounts of free gas can seriously affect the reliability and performance of downstream equipment. The rate of gas evolution from flowing crude oil must be quantified to address this concern. Toward this end, an experimental program has been initiated in which the effects of pressure, temperature, fluid properties, and shear on gas evolution rate are evaluated in a 1 liter pressure vessel. The initial experiments will be conducted with air in water, with the intention of ultimately performing experiments on model and crude oils. Different agitation rates will be tested at pressures up to 200 psia. The data generated will be used to evaluate if a database of similar tests with crude oils and gas are required to properly size compact gas-liquid separators in order to decrease the likelihood of gas carry-under events. This work will provide novel insight regarding gas evolution rates for oil dominated systems at high pressures in the presence of shear.
Quantification of Wellbore Strengthening Mechanisms: Comprehensive Parametric Analysis
Authors: Shahri Mojtaba P. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
One of the major problems encountered during drilling operations is lost circulation. Lost circulation can lead to differential stuck pipe, wellbore instability and well control events. Field observations show that lost circulation can be avoided. For example, wellbore strengthening techniques can be utilized to reduce mud loss by increasing the safe mud weight window in depleted reservoir sections. The aim of this study is to use an integrated geomechanical tool based on analytical models to analyze different strengthening mechanisms. Non-fracture-based wellbore strengthening mechanisms (i.e., mud-cake and temperature effects) and fracture-based wellbore strengthening mechanisms (i.e., fracture propagation resistance, fracture closure stress and stress cage) are investigated using analytical parametric analyses. The parametric analyses quantify (i) impact of different wellbore strengthening mechanisms (ii) effect of uncertainty in input parameters.
Cost-efficient and Improved Treatment Technology for Produced Water Reuse
Authors: Cao Jiasheng , Monroe Stephen , Sun Hong , Li Leiming 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Produced water reuse for hydraulic fracturing fluids is becoming more attractive for oil and gas completions, especially in areas with limited access to fresh water. However, components in produced water such as suspended solids, bacteria, and certain ions (boron, iron, etc.) may reduce fluid stability or cause formation damage. This paper presents a cost-efficient and innovative system for produced water treatment and reuse along with a comparison with traditional technologies.
The presence of iron and boron is common in produced water. Iron may cause formation damage by forming iron sulfide scale and interfere with proper gel formation in cross-linked fracturing fluids. Excess amounts of boron can interfere with crosslinking reactions in fracturing fluids, causing them to crosslink prematurely or excessively. The constant fluctuation of these components makes it challenging to apply a single technology or traditional technology for efficient treatment. The new system presented in this paper has a unique design and combines several technologies to overcome these limitations.
Traditional methods for iron removal, such as oxidation or pH increase, can be compromised by the high level of hardness in produced water. Accurate real-time analysis is required to adjust the dosage of the chemicals applied, resulting in extra costs. Traditional chemical methods for boron removal need large volumes of chemicals and generate considerable amounts of waste. Conventional boron-selective resins have shown high efficiency for reducing boron concentration, but the hydrocarbons and suspended solids in produced water limited this method's efficiency. With the new innovated process, lab scale testing and a field trial have demonstrated efficient boron removal from over 120 mg/L to below 5 mg/L, allowing a conventional delayed cross-linked hydraulic fracturing fluid to be successfully prepared using 100% treated produced water. In addition, this technology has been demonstrated to be faster and more efficient in iron reduction than traditional methods. Iron removal from a level greater than 900 mg/L to less than 5 mg/L from high-concentration oil contained water was achieved with less than 5 minutes of contact time. This new process exhibited significant bacteria control capabilities as well, reducing the risk of bacteria-caused formation damages that can result in a loss of well productivity, corrosion, or HSE issues.
Compared with traditional technologies, this new method has exhibited cost-efficient remediation of produced water, especially in the removal of iron, boron, suspended solids and bacteria, using minimal amounts of chemicals and generating a relatively small waste stream.
Using Eco-Friendly Biodegradable Materials For Designing New Completions and Re-fracturing Acidizing Applications in which Diversion And Zonal Isolation Enhance Efficiency
Authors: Babey Andrew , Schmeltz Peter , Fragachan Francisco 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The use of mechanical diverters in the oil and gas industry has been common practice for decades. Perforation ball sealers, degradable balls, rock salt, dissolvable flakes, and downhole equipment such as sliding sleeves or straddle-packer systems are typical means for diversion. With the industry striving to grow more efficient, there is a need for a more permanent and reliable technology that can be deployed with ease and will seal previously stimulated perforations from untreated perforations. This paper will present a case history from two wells in the Wasatch and Green River formations that were treated with degradable diversion materials applicable at a broad bottom-hole temperature range. The diversion material used in both wells maintained its integrity under testing pressures and remained in place for the duration of the well completion operations.
Biodegradable materials are applicable for multiple scenarios: zonal isolation for horizontal wells with multiple perforation clusters, through-tubing treatment of vertical wells in which bridge plugs cannot be used, sealing off perforations for re-stimulation treatments, and sealing off zones during lost circulation.
The results from the two case-study wells treated in the Wasatch and Green River Formations provide compelling evidence that mechanical bridging agents can effectively replace bridge plugs and maintain zonal isolation in both new and re-fracture acidizing treatments. The concentrations of the diverter system blends were optimized during the treatments and achieved typical pressure increases of 200 to 600 psi per stage and completely sealed off the wellbore at pressures above 4,200 psi. The information presented in this paper will show the capabilities of using this material and the potential applications for multi-stage acid stimulation treatments. The pressure responses from the treatments and dissolution studies at specified temperatures show the ability of the materials to remain in place throughout the treatment of the well. The details of the successful treatment execution and the production results will be presented. The results of the case-study wells also show great advantages in both production and operational efficiency.
A New Model for Hydraulic Fracture Growth in Unconsolidated Sands with Plasticity and Leak-Off
Authors: Lee Dongkeun , Cardiff Philip , Bryant Eric C. , Manchanda Ripudaman , Wang Haotian , Sharma Mukul M. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing in unconsolidated or poorly consolidated formations has been used as a technique for well stimulation and for sand control. Although a large number of hydraulic fracturing operations have been performed in soft formations, the exact mechanisms of failure and fracture propagation remain an unresolved issue. Conventional hydraulic fracturing models based on the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) often lead to inaccurate results because large inelastic deformations and strong fluid-solid coupling are neglected in such models.
A fully three-dimensional hydraulic fracture growth model for soft sands is developed. Our model can simulate non-planar fracture growth in poro-elasto-plastic materials, fluid flow inside the fracture with proppant transport, and fluid leak-off from the fracture to the porous reservoir. This paper presents the formulation and implementation of a new model. The model is verified by comparisons with analytical solutions. The model predicts considerably higher net fracturing pressure due to plasticity, which is consistent with observations from the field and laboratory experiments. This is because the stress concentrations at the crack tip in a plastic material are lower than in an elastic material and the plastic yielding shields the tip from the fracturing pressure. This induces shorter and wider fractures than without plasticity. Also, fluid leak-off and the pore pressure diffusion in the reservoir are computed numerically in this model. Higher leak-off leads to a poroelastic backstress that builds up around the fracture and results in shorter fractures.