bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Threatened species impact assessments: survey effort requirements based on criteria for cumulative impacts
Authors: Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta , Lahoz‐Monfort José J. , McCarthy Michael A. , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimEnvironmental impact assessments (EIAs) often involve establishing whether a species of concern is present at the site considered for development. When surveys falsely conclude that sites are unoccupied, species prevalence in the region is cumulatively reduced. We argue that setting an acceptable level of induced decline in species occurrence provides a defensible strategy to determine minimum survey effort requirements. We investigate methods for setting such requirements.LocationEastern Australia, although we demonstrate methods applicable wherever species detection data are available to inform survey design.MethodsWe use probability theory to investigate required survey effort when aiming to limit decline in species occurrence. We use optimization tools to provide a method that, in addition, minimizes overall survey costs. We demonstrate the methods using data for an Australian gliding marsupial.ResultsA method based on ensuring a constant probability of occupied site misclassification directly links with a prescribed acceptable decline in occurrence. Optimization results indicate that, under particular conditions, a cost‐efficient survey effort allocation can be achieved by setting a constant posterior probability of occupancy at sites where the species is not detected, provided the target level is set in accordance with the acceptable decline in occurrence. Our results provide a critical examination of the approach recently proposed by Wintle et al. (2012) for determining minimum survey effort requirements.Main conclusionsEIA survey effort requirements should explicitly link uncertainty in establishing species absence with the broader consequences of failing to detect species presence in places subject to proposed impacts. A direct method, which involves keeping a constant probability of occupied site misclassification, only requires information about species detectability. Alternatively, a method that minimizes overall survey costs can be used. This approach also requires occupancy probability estimates so its performance relies on availability of an informative species distribution model.
Leaf traits of congeneric host plants explain differences in performance of a specialist herbivore
Authors: CRIPPS MICHAEL G. , JACKMAN SARAH D. , ROSTÁS MICHAEL , VAN KOTEN CHIKAKO , BOURDÔT GRAEME W. 
Published: February 2015

1. Within the host range of herbivorous insects, performance hierarchies are often correlated with relatedness to a primary host plant, as plant traits are phylogenetically conserved. Therefore, it was hypothesised that differences in herbivore performance on closely related plant species are due to resistance traits that vary in magnitude, rather than in the nature of the traits.2. This hypothesis was tested by manipulating putative resistance traits of three congeneric thistle species (Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, and Cirsium vulgare) and assessing the performance of the oligophagous, leaf‐feeding beetle, Cassida rubiginosa. Measurements were done of survival, weight gain, and development time of the beetle on its primary host, C. arvense, and two alternative hosts under low and high nutrient availability, and on shaved and unshaved leaves.3. Survival of C. rubiginosa was strongly dependent on plant species with final mean survival rates of 47%, 16%, and 8% on C. arvense, C. palustre, and C. vulgare, respectively. Survival was primarily explained by leaf trichome densities, and to a lesser extent by specific leaf area. Leaf flavonoid concentrations did not explain differences in beetle survival, and there were no differences in beetle weight gain or development time of individuals that survived to adulthood.4. No beetles survived on unshaved (hairy) C. vulgare plants, but manipulating leaf trichome densities of the thistle species by shaving the leaves moderated the plant‐specific resistance, and equalised the survival rates. Survival of C. rubiginosa on alternative congeneric hosts was explained by a common physical resistance trait that varied in magnitude.
Temperate forest termites: ecology, biogeography, and ecosystem impacts
Authors: MAYNARD DANIEL S. , CROWTHER THOMAS W. , KING JOSHUA R. , WARREN ROBERT J. , BRADFORD MARK A. 
Published: February 2015

1. Wood decomposition in temperate forests is dominated by termites, fungi, and some species of ants and beetles. Outside of urban areas, temperate termite ecology is largely unknown, particularly when compared to tropical termites and other temperate organisms in the functional guild of wood‐decomposing animals.2. This review combines climate habitat modelling with knowledge of species physiology, behaviour, and community interactions to identify and prioritise future research on temperate termite ecology and biogeography.3. Using a correlative climate model, the regional distributions of three common temperate forest termite species are shown to correlate with different aspects of climate (e.g. mean versus minimum monthly temperature), but that overall their distributions within temperate systems correlate more strongly with temperature variables than with precipitation variables.4. Existing data are synthesised to outline how the subterranean, wood‐nesting behaviour of most temperate forest termite species links their activity to an additional set of non‐climate controls: wood type and tree species, soil depth, fungal activity, ant abundances and phenology, and competitive asymmetries among termite species.5. Although fine‐scale estimates of temperate termite abundances are rare, we provide upper bounds on their ecosystem impacts and illustrate how their regional abundances may influence forest structure and habitat availability for other organisms.6. This review highlights that rigorous ecological studies in non‐urban, intact ecosystems – with a particular focus on community interactions – are critically needed to accurately project future abundances, economic impacts, and ecosystem effects of temperate forest termites.
Transnationalism and the History of Historiography: A Transatlantic Perspective
Authors: Stelzel Philipp 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis essay discusses recent research in the history of historiography. Much of this scholarship has been written from a comparative perspective. Even more recently, historiographical studies have turned to transnational approaches. The essay surveys the field and discusses the chances as well as the limitations of this “transnational turn.” While transnational approaches can contribute new insights into historiographical developments, one should see them as complementary rather than as a replacement for microhistorical, national, or comparative foci.
Metastatic cervical carcinoma of the jaw presenting as periapical disease
Authors: Torregrossa V. R. , Faria K. M. , Bicudo M. M. , Vargas P. A. , Almeida O. P. , Lopes M. A. , Santos‐Silva A. R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo present a case report of a metastasis from cervical cancer to the maxilla, which was misdiagnosed as periapical disease and to caution clinicians that metastases could have a disguised clinical presentation that must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of periapical disease in oncologic patients.SummaryAlthough metastatic tumours of the jaws are uncommon, they may mimic benign inflammatory processes and reactive lesions. The ability of metastatic lesions to mimic periapical disease is discussed and a brief review of the literature is presented, emphasizing the importance of correct diagnosis to prevent delay in diagnosing cancer. Attention should therefore be given to the patient's medical history, especially of those with a previous history of cancer, and all dental practitioners should be aware of the possibility of metastases that may be confused with periapical disease. Finally, endodontists are well placed to recognize malignant and metastatic oral lesions during the initial clinical stages, given that their treatments are usually based on frequent dental appointments and long‐term follow‐ups.
Elevated Diastolic, But Not Systolic, Blood Pressure Measured in the Emergency Department Predicts Future Development of Hypertension in Normotensive Individuals
Authors: Shiber‐Ofer Shachaf , Shohat Zipora , Grossman Alon 
Published: February 2015

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is reported in many individuals without hypertension presenting to the emergency department (ED). Whether this condition represents a transient state or is predictive for the development of future hypertension is unknown. This observational prospective study investigated patients admitted to an ED without a diagnosis of hypertension in whom BP values were ≥140/90 mm Hg. The primary outcome was development of hypertension during follow‐up. Overall, 195 patients were recruited and at the end of follow‐up (average 30.14±15.96 months), 142 patients were diagnosed with hypertension (73%). The mean age (50±12.25 vs 48.31±13.9, P=.419) and sex distribution (78 men/64 women vs 24 men/20 women, respectively; P=.148) were similar in both groups. There were significant differences in systolic and diastolic BP between those who developed hypertension on follow‐up and those who did not (177.6 mm Hg±22.6/106.1 mm Hg±16.9 vs 168.6 mm Hg±18/95.2 mm Hg±12.2; P=.011 for systolic BP, P<.001 for diastolic BP). In multivariate analysis the only significant predictive factor for the development of hypertension was diastolic hypertension recorded in the ED (P=.03). Elevated diastolic, but not systolic, BP among patients presenting to the ED is associated with future development of hypertension in previously normotensive individuals.
A comparison of high‐ and low‐virulence Flavobacterium columnare strains reveals differences in iron acquisition components and responses to iron restriction
Authors: Beck B H , Li C , Farmer B D , Barnett L M , Lange M D , Peatman E 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFlavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease causes substantial mortality worldwide in numerous freshwater finfish species. Due to its global significance, an improved understanding of the factors that contribute to virulence is urgently needed. In a laboratory challenge, we found that significantly greater mortality was observed in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) challenged with isolate LSU‐066‐04 (LSU) as compared to fish challenged with isolate LV‐359‐01 (LV). Strikingly, mortality was 100% in LSU‐challenged fish, with all fish dying within the first 24 h after challenge, while mortality in the LV‐challenged group was significantly lower with 26.7% of fish dying on days 1–4 post‐challenge. There were no differences in initial bacterial adhesion between the isolates at 1–2 h post‐challenge; however, by 4 h LSU‐challenged fish had a greater bacterial load on the gill. Next, to better understand this variation in virulence, we examined transcriptional and functional attributes related to iron acquisition. The isolates were differentially sensitive to iron restriction both in vitro and in vivo and the basal expression of TonB family member genes and a ferroxidase gene differed significantly. Our findings provide new insight into iron uptake and pathogen virulence, and offer promising new targets for columnaris prevention and treatment.
Amyloid β‐abrogated TrkA ubiquitination in PC12 cells analogous to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zheng Chen , Geetha Thangiah , Gearing Marla , Ramesh Babu Jeganathan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAmyloid beta (Aβ) protein is the primary proteinaceous deposit found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence suggests that Aβ plays a central role in the development of AD pathology. Here, we show in PC12 cells, Aβ impairs tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and its association with p75NTR, p62, and TRAF6 induced by nerve growth factor. The ubiquitination and tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkA was also found to be impaired in postmortem human AD hippocampus compared to control. Interestingly, the nitrotyrosylation of TrkA was increased in AD hippocampus and this explains why the phosphotyrosylation and ubiquitination of TrkA was impaired. In AD brain, the production of matrix metalloproteinase‐7 (MMP‐7), which cleaves proNGF, was reduced, thereby leading to the accumulation of pro‐NGF and a decrease in the level of active NGF. TrkA signaling events, including Ras/MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways, are deactivated with Aβ and in the human AD hippocampus. Findings show that Aβ blocks the TrkA ubiquitination and downstream signaling similar to AD hippocampus.
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Cell survival and differentiation are essential for living organisms. We propose that under normal conditions, nerve growth factor (NGF) leads to Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) phosphorylation, ubiquitination and its association with p75NTR, p62 and TRAF6, thereby promoting cell survival and differentiation. In diseased conditions such as Alzheimer's, proNGF leads to nitrotyrosylation of TrkA, thereby impairing its ubiquitination and downstream signaling which results in apoptosis. TRAF6 = tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6; Ub = ubiquitin.
Uptake and metabolism of fructose by rat neocortical cells in vivo and by isolated nerve terminals in vitro
Authors: Hassel Bjørnar , Elsais Ahmed , Frøland Anne‐Sofie , Taubøll Erik , Gjerstad Leif , Quan Yi , Dingledine Raymond , Rise Frode 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFructose reacts spontaneously with proteins in the brain to form advanced glycation end products (AGE) that may elicit neuroinflammation and cause brain pathology, including Alzheimer's disease. We investigated whether fructose is eliminated by oxidative metabolism in neocortex. Injection of [14C]fructose or its AGE‐prone metabolite [14C]glyceraldehyde into rat neocortex in vivo led to formation of 14C‐labeled alanine, glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and glutamine. In isolated neocortical nerve terminals, [14C]fructose‐labeled glutamate, GABA, and aspartate, indicating uptake of fructose into nerve terminals and oxidative fructose metabolism in these structures. This was supported by high expression of hexokinase 1, which channels fructose into glycolysis, and whose activity was similar with fructose or glucose as substrates. By contrast, the fructose‐specific ketohexokinase was weakly expressed. The fructose transporter Glut5 was expressed at only 4% of the level of neuronal glucose transporter Glut3, suggesting transport across plasma membranes of brain cells as the limiting factor in removal of extracellular fructose. The genes encoding aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, enzymes of the polyol pathway that forms glucose from fructose, were expressed in rat neocortex. These results point to fructose being transported into neocortical cells, including nerve terminals, and that it is metabolized and thereby detoxified primarily through hexokinase activity.
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We asked how the brain handles fructose, which may react spontaneously with proteins to form ‘advanced glycation end products’ and trigger inflammation. Neocortical cells took up and metabolized extracellular fructose oxidatively in vivo, and isolated nerve terminals did so in vitro. The low expression of fructose transporter Glut5 limited uptake of extracellular fructose. Hexokinase was a main pathway for fructose metabolism, but ketohexokinase (which leads to glyceraldehyde formation) was expressed too. Neocortical cells also took up and metabolized glyceraldehyde oxidatively.
Ghrelin regulates phasic dopamine and nucleus accumbens signaling evoked by food‐predictive stimuli
Authors: Cone Jackson J. , Roitman Jamie D. , Roitman Mitchell F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEnvironmental stimuli that signal food availability hold powerful sway over motivated behavior and promote feeding, in part, by activating the mesolimbic system. These food‐predictive cues evoke brief (phasic) changes in nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine concentration and in the activity of individual NAc neurons. Phasic fluctuations in mesolimbic signaling have been directly linked to goal‐directed behaviors, including behaviors elicited by food‐predictive cues. Food‐seeking behavior is also strongly influenced by physiological state (i.e., hunger vs. satiety). Ghrelin, a stomach hormone that crosses the blood‐brain barrier, is linked to the perception of hunger and drives food intake, including intake potentiated by environmental cues. Notwithstanding, whether ghrelin regulates phasic mesolimbic signaling evoked by food‐predictive stimuli is unknown. Here, rats underwent Pavlovian conditioning in which one cue predicted the delivery of rewarding food (CS+) and a second cue predicted nothing (CS−). After training, we measured the effect of ghrelin infused into the lateral ventricle (LV) on sub‐second fluctuations in NAc dopamine using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry and individual NAc neuron activity using in vivo electrophysiology in separate groups of rats. LV ghrelin augmented both phasic dopamine and phasic increases in the activity of NAc neurons evoked by the CS+. Importantly, ghrelin did not affect the dopamine nor NAc neuron response to the CS−, suggesting that ghrelin selectively modulated mesolimbic signaling evoked by motivationally significant stimuli. These data demonstrate that ghrelin, a hunger signal linked to physiological state, can regulate cue‐evoked mesolimbic signals that underlie food‐directed behaviors.
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Cues that predict food availability powerfully regulate food‐seeking behavior. Here we show that cue‐evoked changes in both nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine (DA) and NAc cell activity are modulated by intra‐cranial infusions of the stomach hormone ghrelin ‐ a hormone known to act centrally to promote food intake. These data demonstrate that hormones associated with physiological state (i.e., hunger) can affect encoding of food‐predictive cues in brain regions that drive food‐motivated behavior.
Predictors of maternal state anxiety on arrival at a Japanese hospital outpatient clinic: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ueki Shingo , Niinomi Kazuteru , Takashima Yuko , Kimura Ryoko , Komai Kazuyo , Murakami Kiyotaka , Fujiwara Chieko 
Published: February 2015

Aims and objectivesTo identify the factors that predict maternal state anxiety when mothers and their sick children visit the outpatient unit of a paediatric hospital.BackgroundWhile previous studies have focused on predictors of anxiety in mothers with ill children, the existing literature is limited in study design, research timing, respondent characteristics, sample size and data analysis.DesignA cross‐sectional design with self‐administered questionnaires.MethodsMothers were recruited from the outpatient unit of a Japanese paediatric hospital (N = 1077). Participants' state anxiety scores were collected using the Japanese version of Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. The independent variables were the mothers' and sick children's background information.ResultsParticipants were 1077 mothers; 990 provided valid responses. Mothers' mean state anxiety score was 49·72. Significant predictors of maternal anxiety were mothers' childrearing anxiety, child age, the sick child having a fever, sick child having siblings, having a person providing childrearing support, the mother's first visit to the hospital, out‐of‐hours visit and severity of the child's illness. The overall model explained 21·6% of the variance (multiple regression analysis).ConclusionsAs various factors predicted maternal anxiety, identifying methods to address these factors may reduce maternal state anxiety.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is potential for improved understanding of the predictors of maternal state anxiety to aid in the development of materials that would best measure anxiety. The present findings may also suggest some means of providing appropriate information and support to anxious mothers. Our findings cannot demonstrate causation, however, and teaching methods and supportive practices were not investigated; therefore, a qualitative study on the concrete content of maternal anxiety and an intervention study to create support services for anxious mothers is required. In addition, prospective or longitudinal studies are also important for investigating causation.
Follow‐up telephone calls to patients discharged after undergoing orthopaedic surgery: double‐blind, randomised controlled trial of efficacy
Authors: Clari Marco , Frigerio Simona , Ricceri Fulvio , Pici Andrea , Alvaro Rosaria , Dimonte Valerio 
Published: February 2015

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of a follow‐up telephone call to reduce the number of issues after hospital discharge.BackgroundThe postdischarge period is often a time of uncertainty and risk. The decreasing length of hospital stays has increased the need for specific instructions about the postdischarge period. A telephone follow‐up could be a valuable tool to fill this information gap.DesignDouble‐blind, randomised controlled trial.MethodsThe participants included medium or low‐intensity orthopaedic patients. We implemented a structured telephone follow‐up call conducted by a senior orthopaedic nurse to provide educational support to the intervention group (n = 110), while the control group (n = 109) received routine care after being discharged. Data were collected between September 2011–January 2012. Statistical differences between the two groups were tested using chi‐square test or Wilcoxon rank sum test, as appropriate. A linear regression model was performed to investigate factors involved into postdischarge outcomes.ResultsThe intervention group had a statistically significant reduction in all postdischarge problems except for pain and mobilisation; the group also had a lower chance of experiencing frequent or severe problems. The educational intervention and prior poor health had a strong correlation with problems after discharge. Patients who received a telephone follow‐up call believed the information provided was valuable.ConclusionThis nurse‐led follow‐up intervention significantly contributed to solving or reducing postdischarge health problems and contributed to reduce unnecessary burden on the community health system.Relevance to clinical practiceA nurse‐led telephone follow‐up is a simple, feasible and low‐cost tool to improve patients' outcomes after discharge.
Initial nonresponse and survey response mode biases in survey research
Authors: Chi Donald L. , Chen Chao Ying 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated survey response factors (particularly initial nonresponse and survey mode) that may be associated with bias in survey research.MethodsWe examined prevention‐related beliefs and outcomes for initial mail survey responders (n = 209), follow‐up mail survey responders (n = 78), and follow‐up telephone survey responders (n = 74). The Pearson chi‐square test and analysis of variance identified beliefs and behavioral outcomes associated with survey response mode.ResultsFollow‐up options to the initial mail survey improved response rates (22.0–38.0 percent). Initial mail survey responders more strongly believed topical fluoride protects teeth from cavities than others (P = 0.04). A significantly larger proportion of parents completing a follow‐up telephone survey (30.8 percent) refused topical fluoride for their child than those completing mail surveys (10.3–10.4 percent) (P < 0.0001).ConclusionMultiple mode surveys with follow‐up improve response rates. Initial nonresponse and survey response mode may be associated with biases in survey research.