bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Por um conceito de romanidade no poema de Digenis Akritas: Estudos das versões Escorial e Grotaferrata.
Authors: Dias João Vicente De Medeiros Publio 
Published: September 2014

Discutindo as questões da legitimação do poder através da “providência divina” na Roma Republicana, Akritas analisa a legitimação do poder imperial bizantino no elogio que faz à România. Analisa-se aqui as distinções entre as versões do poema, e o que se altera frente a legitimação ou não do poder. N. E.: Resumo elaborado pela Equipe Editorial
Elektronischer Rechtsverkehr in der Anwaltskanzlei
Authors: Bacher Klaus 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Das Ende 2013 verkündete Gesetz zur Förderung des elektronischen Rechtsverkehrs, dessen Regelungen zeitlich gestaffelt in Kraft treten werden, statuiert für Rechtsanwälte ab 1.1.2022 bundesweit die Pflicht, Schriftsätze bei Gericht ausschließlich auf elektronischem Weg einzureichen. Die erste für die Praxis bedeutsame Stufe, die die zwingende Einrichtung besonderer elektronischer Anwaltspostfächer durch die Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer umfasst, wird bereits am 1.1.2016 in Kraft treten. Die Grundzüge der Neuregelung wurden im letzten Heft (MDR 2014, 998) vorgestellt. Die neuen Vorschriften werden nicht nur die Kommunikationswege zwischen Anwälten und Gerichten grundlegend verändern. Sie werden notwendigerweise auch Auswirkungen auf die interne Organisation jeder Anwaltspraxis haben. Einige dabei zu berücksichtigende Gesichtspunkte werden im Folgenden dargestellt.
Lecithin
Authors: Wendel Armin , by Staff Updated 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe name lecithin was first used to describe a sticky, orange colored phosphorus and nitrogen‐containing material, initially isolated from egg yolk. Lecithin and other phospholipids are of universal occurrence in living organisms. Industrial lecithin from various sources are utilized. The main sources include vegetable oils and animal tissues. However egg lecithin and in particular soy lecithin are the most important. Crude soy lecithin is obtained by the degumming process of soy oil. There are six commercial grades of lecithin: crude; fluidized; highly filtered; compound; chemically modified; and fractionated. Soybeans are listed by the U.S. FDA as one of the major food allergens. However, soy lecithin does not contain sufficient soy protein to provoke allergic reactions. Soy lecithin has many uses in foods, beverages, health and nutrition products, cosmetics, and industrial products.
Leak localization in drinking water distribution networks using structured residuals
Authors: Rosich Albert , Puig Vicenç , Casillas Myrna V. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn this paper, a new model‐based approach to leakage localization in drinking water distribution networks is proposed. In particular, a method for generating a set of structured residuals for water distribution networks systems is presented. Non‐linear static equations are typically used in the modeling of such systems. Unfortunately, these non‐linearities prevent explicit solutions and thus the subsequent analytical expressions of the residuals are not feasible. For this reason, the residual computation procedure presented here uses a numerical solver based on an enhanced Newton–Raphson algorithm. Moreover, because the water distribution networks usually present a high degree of interconnection between nodes, good leak isolability properties can easily be obtained by applying the proposed residual generation method. Nevertheless, not fully leak detection and isolation can always be achieved, thus a methodology for the analysis of leak diagnosis is also presented in this paper. To show the applicability and the potential of the proposed approach, the structured residual generators are tested on a real water network model and compared with another existing method based on directional residuals. Finally, the results of the two methods are combined in order to obtain the best of both methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of silane treatment on poly‐lactic acid(PLA)/sepiolite nanocomposite thin films
Authors: Moazeni Nima , Mohamad Zurina , Dehbari Nazila 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPoly‐lactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite film was prepared with untreated and silane treated sepiolite through solution casting method. Sepiolite is found to be promising nano inorganic filler used to prepare biodegradable PLA nanocomposite films. The effect of sepiolite loading on the thermal, mechanical, gas permeability, and water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of the films was investigated. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the crystallinity index and well dispersed sepiolite in PLA/sepiolite thin films. By modifying sepiolite, depending on the nanoclay content, the mechanical properties of films were enhanced. PLA/sepiolite films exhibited improved gas barrier and WVP properties compared to neat PLA. The scanning electron microscope results demonstrated that there is a good interface interaction between sepiolite and PLA. The surface treatment of sepiolite increased the adhesion of the PLA matrix to the sepiolite nanoclay which yielded better mechanical properties of the films as compared to pure PLA. It was observed after 1.5% wt sepiolite, nano‐filler tended to agglomerate, therefore mechanical and barrier properties of films decreased. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41428.
Distribution of maternal age and birth order groups in cases with unclassified multiple congenital abnormalities according to the number of component abnormalities: A national population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Csermely Gyula , Czeizel Andrew E. , Veszprémi Béla 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundMultiple congenital abnormalities are caused by chromosomal aberrations, mutant major genes and teratogens. A minor proportion of these patients are identified as syndromes but the major part belonging to the group of unclassified multiple CAs (UMCAs). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal age and birth order in pregnant women who had offspring affected with UMCA. The strong association between numerical chromosomal aberrations, e.g., Down syndrome and advanced maternal age is well‐known and tested here.MethodsThe Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980 to 1996, yielded a large population‐based national data set with 22,843 malformed newborns or fetuses (“informative cases”) included 1349 UMCA cases with their 2407 matched controls. Case‐control comparison of maternal age and birth order was made for cases with UMCA, stratified by component numbers and their controls. In addition, 834 cases with Down syndrome were compared to 1432 matched controls.ResultsThe well‐known advanced maternal age with the higher risk for Down syndrome was confirmed. The findings of the study suggest that the young age of mothers associates with the higher risk of UMCA, in addition birth order 4 or more associates with the higher risk for UMCA with 2 and 3 component CAs.ConclusionThis study was the first to analyze the possible maternal and birth order effect for cases with UMCA, and the young age and higher birth order associated with a higher risk for UMCA. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:67–75, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes after surgery in patients with previous stroke
Authors: Liao C C , Chang P Y , Yeh C C , Hu C J , Wu C H , Chen T L 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Limited information is available on the association between a medical history of stroke and postoperative outcomes. This study investigated the outcomes following non-neurological surgery in patients with previous stroke.

Methods
Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, a nationwide cohort study was conducted of patients who underwent non-neurological surgery between 2008 and 2010 with a medical history of stroke in the 24-month period before operation. Patients who had non-neurological surgeries without previous stroke were selected as controls by the propensity score-matched pair method. Thirty-day postoperative complications and in-hospital mortality were compared between the two groups.

Results
Some 1 426 795 adults underwent major inpatient non-neurological surgery, of whom 45 420 had a medical history of previous stroke. Patients with previous stroke who underwent surgery had an increased risk of postoperative pneumonia, septicaemia, acute renal failure, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and 30-day in-hospital mortality (adjusted rate ratio (RR) 1·79, 95 per cent c.i. 1·61 to 1·99). Compared with controls, patients with previous stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (RR 3·41, 2·97 to 3·91), and those who were treated in intensive care (RR 2·55, 2·24 to 2·90) or underwent neurosurgery (RR 2·49, 2·12 to 2·92), had an increased 30-day in-hospital mortality rate. Postoperative mortality also increased with stroke-related co-morbidities, and with stroke 1–6 months before surgery (RR 3·31, 2·91 to 3·75).

Conclusion
Patients with previous stroke had a higher risk of adverse postoperative outcomes; their 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was nearly twice that of patients without previous stroke.
Cnicus benedictus as a potential low input oil crop
Authors: Horn Gert , Kupfer Astrid , Rademacher Annett , Kluge Holger , Kalbitz Jutta , Eißner Helmut , Dräger Birgit 
Published: September 2014

Cultivation of oil plants in locations less suited for prime oil plants may provide variation in vegetable oil availability and may contribute to land use diversification. Blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus L.) offers potential as an alternative oil crop for cultivation in central Europe. Fruit yields of approximately 2.0–2.5 t/ha and oil yields of 500–700 kg/ha result from sowing in early autumn. Plants are cultivated on medium‐quality soil and demand only limited nitrogen fertilization. Linoleic acid dominates among the fatty acids of C. benedictus oil, similar to other Asteraceae fruit oils. The high tocopherol content in the oil is composed of over 90% α‐tocopherol. C. benedictus fruits contain the lignan glycoside arctiin with 2.5% of grain dry mass.Practical applications: Cnicus benedictus plants can be cultivated in middle Europe with low agricultural costs and efforts. Plants grow well on medium‐quality soil and are not susceptible to illnesses and pests. Regular fruit yields are approximately 2.0–2.5 t/ha. C. benedictus oil is a good source of linoleic acid (>70% of total fatty acids) and of α‐tocopherol (>90% α‐tocopherol of total tocopherols). The oil appears attractive for cosmetics and for technical applications, e.g., as a coating agent. C. benedictus oil may also be suitable for human nutrition, an admission as appropriate food ingredient provided. In addition, C. benedictus oil cake can be exploited as a source for the lignan glycoside arctiin.Fruits of Cnicus benedictus, Asteraceae, contain a fatty oil with high linoleic acid and α‐tocopherol contents. Grain yields of 2.0–2.5 t/ha on medium‐quality soil classify C. benedictus as promising alternative oil crop in mid‐Europe.
Seaweed enrichment of feed supplied to farm‐raised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is associated with higher total fatty acid and LC n‐3 PUFA concentrations in fish flesh
Authors: Wilke Toine , Faulkner Simon , Murphy Laura , Kealy Laura , Kraan Stefan , Brouns Fred 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSeaweeds have great potential as feed ingredients for fish farming, though their effects on the fatty acid content and profile of fish flesh are not well established. Recent studies suggest that seaweed supplementation can increase the concentration of long chain omega‐3 PUFA (LC n‐3 PUFAs) in various animal species, though this effect has never been assessed in salmon. Primarily, this study compared the fatty acid profiles of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that were fed a high quality diet containing seaweed (Diet A), with those on a high quality control diet without seaweed (Diet B). In addition, fatty acid profiles of Atlantic salmon that were fed a standard industrial quality diet containing seaweed (Diet C), were compared to those on a similar diet without seaweed (Diet D). Total fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher (+30%, p<0.05) in the flesh of the fish that were fed seaweed. Flesh concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA were 30% and 62% higher (p<0.05) in Diet A and Diet C groups compared to salmon in Diet B and Diet D groups respectively. Analysis of the fish lipid revealed no significant differences in LC‐3 PUFAs between the high quality diet groups, while significantly higher (+ 45%, p<0.005) concentrations EPA + DHA were found in fish that consumed Diet C compared to Diet D. These findings support the hypothesis that the inclusion of seaweed in fish farm diets alters lipid partitioning and profiles of Atlantic salmon.Practical Applications: This study reveals a possible way to substantially increase EPA and DHA concentrations in farmed salmon. Both EPA and DHA are LC n‐3 PUFAs and are essential components of the human diet. Unfortunately, consumption of such PUFAs is generally below RDI levels, which is in turn linked to several non‐communicable diseases. Moreover, EPA + DHA concentrations in farmed salmon are now declining due to the replacement of scarce fish oils (rich in LC n‐3 PUFA) by more sustainable plant‐based oils (low in EPA + DHA) in fish feeds. Since salmon is one of the world's most consumed fish and one of the few major sources of LC n‐3 PUFAs, it is of great importance to maintain or increase EPA + DHA levels in farmed salmon. The results of this study show that this could be achieved by dietary inclusion of seaweed.Seaweed can increase LC n‐3 PUFA levels in salmon.
Isomerization of anacardic acid: A possible route to the synthesis of an unsaturated benzolactone and a kairomone
Authors: Mgaya James E. , Mubofu Egid B. , Mgani Quintino A. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. , Cole‐Hamilton David J. 
Published: September 2014

Crystalline unsaturated lactone, 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one (6) has been synthesized by isomerization of anacardic acid having heterogeneous alkyl side chains (a mixture of mono‐, di‐, and tri‐unsaturated anacardic acid) (1). Hydrogenation of 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one produced a saturated lactone, 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐3,4‐dihydroisochromen‐1‐one (7). Isomerization of monoene anacardic acid resulted in a crystalline isoanacardic acid, (E)‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐(pentadec‐1‐enyl)benzoic acid (8) as a major product. This was then metathesized with 2‐butene to give 3‐prop‐1‐enylphenol (10). Both isomerization reactions used a 1,2‐bis(ditertiarybutylphosphinomethyl)benzene modified palladium catalyst. The two products, 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one and (E)‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐(pentadec‐1‐enyl)benzoic acid have been crystallographically characterized.Practical applications: Unsaturated lactones are structural elements often found in natural products, which have medicinal value. Benzolactones derived from anacardic acid reported in this work have some structural similarity with lactones such as massoia lactone having medicinal value. Therefore with this idea in mind, the unsaturated benzolactones reported in this work will be tested for their anti pathogenic activity. 3‐Propylphenol is used in combination with racemic 1‐octen‐3‐ol and p‐cresol to prepare a kairomone for tsetse fly traps. Results from this work describe the suitability of anacardic acid for synthesizing 3‐propylphenol. The fact that 3‐propylphenol can be synthesized from anacardic acid, a component of cashew nut shell liquid is of particular interest since most of the areas affected with tsetse flies are suitable for growing cashew plants. This means the raw materials (CNSL) for synthesis of 3‐propylphenol will be obtained from within the same region where the kairomone is to be applied, although we appreciate that specialized facilities would be required for the types of transformation described.Unsaturated benzolactone and a desired isomer of anacardic acid for synthesis of kairomone have been synthesized by isomerization of heterogeneous and monoene anacardic acid, respectively.
DMAP‐Catalysed Sulfinylation of Diacetone‐D‐Glucose: Improved Method for the Synthesis of Enantiopure tert‐Butyl Sulfoxides and tert‐Butanesulfinamides
Authors: Chelouan Ahmed , Recio Rocío , Alcudia Ana , Khiar Noureddine , Fernández Inmaculada 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAn improved method for the tert‐butanesulfinylation of diacetone glucose with tert‐butanesulfinyl chloride is reported. The method is based on a beneficial effect of catalytic DMAP, which enhances both the rate of the reaction and the enantioselectivity of the process to give (RS)‐diastereomer 2RS with a 94 % de and in quantitative yield. (RS)‐DAG sulfinate ester 2RS is an excellent intermediate for the synthesis of enantiopure tert‐butyl sulfoxides. Grignard agents and organolithium reagents can displace smoothly the diacetone glucose moiety to give synthetically relevant enantiopure sulfoxides, including highly functionalized derivatives, in high yields and with high enantioselectivities. (RS)‐DAG sulfinate ester 2RS is also an excellent N‐sulfinylating agent; simple addition of LiHMDS (lithium hexamethyldisilazide) in THF gives (SS)‐tert‐butanesulfinamide, and N‐tert‐butanesulfinylimines are then formed in a two‐step one‐pot manner. N‐Alkylated tert‐butanesulfinamides are formed by the condensation of 2RS with lithium amides.
Exploratory study of long‐term health‐related quality of life in patients with surgically treated primary parotid gland cancer
Authors: Stenner Markus , Beenen Franziska , Hahn Moritz , Koopmann Mario , Weiss Daniel , Hüttenbrink Karl‐Bernd 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundHealth‐related quality of life (HRQOL) has received more and more attention as an outcome in cancer therapy. In this exploratory study, we assessed the long‐term HRQOL among 77 surgically treated patients with parotid gland cancer.MethodsThe European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30‐questions (EORTC‐QLQ‐C30) and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30 Head and Neck 35‐questions (EORTC‐QLQ‐C30‐H&N35) questionnaires were used in a cross‐sectional design. The mean time‐lag between initial diagnosis and completion of the questionnaire was 89.7 months.ResultsThe HRQOL significantly increased with the time‐lag to surgery and decreased with the patients' age. Factors with clinically significant effects in several areas of long‐term HRQOL (ie, more than 4 scores) were age, type of neck dissection, preoperative facial nerve palsy, and postoperative radiation therapy.ConclusionIn parotid gland cancer surgery, factors, such as sex, age, type of surgery, facial nerve palsy, and radiation therapy, seem to be associated with clinically meaningful differences in long‐term HRQOL scores. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 111–117, 2016
Comparison of the American Joint Committee on Cancer N1 versus N2a nodal categories for predicting survival and recurrence in patients with oral cancer: Time to acknowledge an arbitrary distinction and modify the system
Authors: Ebrahimi Ardalan , Gil Ziv , Amit Moran , Yen Tzu‐Chen , Liao Chun‐Ta , Chatturvedi Pankaj , Agarwal Jaiprakash , Kowalski Luiz , Kreppel Matthias , Cernea Claudio , Brandao Jose , Bachar Gideon , Villaret Andrea Bolzoni , Fliss Dan , Fridman Eran , Robbins K. Thomas , Shah Jatin , Patel Snehal , Clark Jonathan ,   The International Consortium for Outcome Research (ICOR) in Head and Neck Cancer
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe hypothesized that pathological N1 (pN1) and N2a (pN2a) nodal disease portend a similar prognosis in patients with oral cancer.MethodsAn international multicenter study of 739 oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients with pN1 or pN2a stage disease was conducted. Multivariable analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models to compare locoregional failure, disease‐specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). Institutional heterogeneity was assessed using 2‐stage random effects meta‐analysis techniques.ResultsUnivariate analysis revealed no difference in locoregional failure (p = .184), DSS (p = .761), or OS (p = .475). Similar results were obtained in adjusted multivariable models and no evidence of institutional heterogeneity was demonstrated.ConclusionThe prognosis of pN2a and pN1 disease is similar in oral SCC suggesting these categories could be combined in future revisions of the nodal staging system to enhance prognostic accuracy. However, these results may reflect more aggressive treatment of N2a disease; hence, we caution against using these data to deintensify treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 135–139, 2016
The absolute lymphocyte to monocyte ratio is associated with poor prognosis in classical Hodgkin lymphoma patients younger than 60 years of age
Authors: Koh Young Wha , Jung Se Jin , Yoon Dok Hyun , Suh Cheolwon , Cha Hee Jeong , Go Heounjeong , Kim Ji Eun , Kim Chul‐Woo , Huh Jooryung 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecent studies suggest that absolute lymphocyte count, absolute monocyte count and their ratio [lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR)] at diagnosis may predict survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Here, we investigated the prognostic significance of LMR in cHL patients in relation to age of patients. Subjects included 351 cHL patients (age range from 4 to 84 years, median age 34 years, sex ratio 1.58) who had been followed‐up for a median period of 59 months (range, 0.1–245 months). The estimated 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 86.8%. Subgroup analysis was performed according to patients' age; non‐elderly group (<60 years of age) versus elderly group (≥60 years of age). There was no significant difference in the level of absolute lymphocyte count, absolute monocyte count or LMR between the age groups. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal cut‐off value of LMR for the entire cohort was determined at 2.8, whereas the optimal cut‐off for the elderly group was 2.2. In the non‐elderly group (<60 years old), patients with LMR <2.8 had significantly lower OS or lymphoma‐specific survival compared with those with LMR ≥2.8 (p < 0.001, both). In contrast, neither the LMR value of 2.8 or 2.2 predicted survival in the elderly group. In multivariate analysis, LMR remained a significant prognostic factor for OS (p = 0.049). The results of our analysis suggest that low LMR is associated with poor OS in patients of <60 years old. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural disruption increases toxicity of graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Mullick Chowdhury Sayan , Dasgupta Subham , McElroy Anne E. , Sitharaman Balaji 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe increased utilization of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) for biomedical and material science applications necessitates the thorough evaluation of potential toxicity of these materials under both intentional and accidental exposure scenarios. We here investigated the effects of structural disruption of GNRs (induced by low‐energy bath and high‐energy probe sonication) to in vitro (human cell lines), and in vivo (Oryzias latipes embryo) biological systems. Our results demonstrate that low concentration (20 µg ml−1) suspensions of GNRs prepared by as little as 1 min of probe sonication can cause significant decreases in the overall metabolic state of cells in vitro, and increased embryo/larval mortality in vivo, as compared to bath sonicated or unsonicated suspensions. Structural analysis indicates that probe sonication leads to disruption in GNR structure and production of smaller carbonaceous debris, which may be the cause of the toxicity observed. These results point out the importance of assessing post‐production structural modifications for any application using nanomaterials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.