bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Route Infrastructure and the Risk of Injuries to Bicyclists: A Case-Crossover Study
Authors: Teschke Kay , Harris M. Anne , Reynolds Conor C. O. , Winters Meghan , Babul Shelina , Chipman Mary , Cusimano Michael D. , Brubacher Jeff R. , Hunte Garth , Friedman Steven M. , Monro Melody , Shen Hui , Vernich Lee , Cripton Peter A. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We compared cycling injury risks of 14 route types and other route infrastructure features. Methods. We recruited 690 city residents injured while cycling in Toronto or Vancouver, Canada. A case-crossover design compared route infrastructure at each injury site to that of a randomly selected control site from the same trip. Results. Of 14 route types, cycle tracks had the lowest risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02, 0.54), about one ninth the risk of the reference: major streets with parked cars and no bike infrastructure. Risks on major streets were lower without parked cars (adjusted OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.41, 0.96) and with bike lanes (adjusted OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.29, 1.01). Local streets also had lower risks (adjusted OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.84). Other infrastructure characteristics were associated with increased risks: streetcar or train tracks (adjusted OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.8, 5.1), downhill grades (adjusted OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.7, 3.1), and construction (adjusted OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.3, 2.9). Conclusions. The lower risks on quiet streets and with bike-specific infrastructure along busy streets support the route-design approach used in many northern European countries. Transportation infrastructure with lower bicycling injury risks merits public health support to reduce injuries and promote cycling.
Patterns and Predictors of Enactment of State Childhood Obesity Legislation in the United States: 2006–2009
Authors: Eyler Amy A. , Nguyen Leah , Kong Jooyoung , Yan Yan , Brownson Ross 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We developed a content review for state policies related to childhood obesity, and we have quantitatively described the predictors of enactment. Methods. We collected an inventory of 2006 through 2009 state legislation on 27 childhood obesity topics from legislative databases. We coded each bill for general information, topic content, and other appropriate components. We conducted a general descriptive analysis and 3 multilevel analyses using bill- and state-level characteristics to predict bill enactment. Results. Common topics in the 27% of the bills that were enacted were community physical activity access, physical education, and school food policy. Committee and bipartisan sponsorship and having term limits significantly predicted enactment in at least 1 model. Bills with safe routes to school or health and nutrition content were twice as likely to be enacted. Bills containing product and menu labeling or soda and snack taxes were significantly less likely to be enacted. Conclusions. Bipartisan and committee support and term limits are important in bill enactment. Advocacy efforts can be tailored to increase awareness and sense of priority among policymakers.
Impact of Policy Changes on Infant Feeding Decisions Among Low-Income Women Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Authors: Whaley Shannon E. , Koleilat Maria , Whaley Mike , Gomez Judy , Meehan Karen , Saluja Kiran 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We present infant feeding data before and after the 2009 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food package change that supported and incentivized breastfeeding. We describe the key role of California WIC staff in supporting these policy changes. Methods. We analyzed WIC data on more than 180 000 infants in Southern California. We employed the analysis of variance and Tukey (honestly significant difference) tests to compare issuance rates of postpartum and infant food packages before and after the changes. We used analysis of covariance to adjust for poverty status changes as a potential confounder. Results. Issuance rates of the “fully breastfeeding” package at infant WIC enrollment increased by 86% with the package changes. Rates also increased significantly for 2- and 6-month-old infants. Issuance rates of packages that included formula decreased significantly. All outcomes remained highly significant in the adjusted model. Conclusions. Policy changes, training of front-line WIC staff, and participant education influenced issuance rates of WIC food packages. In California, the issuance rates of packages that include formula have significantly decreased and the rate for those that include no formula has significantly increased.
A Novel Look at Racial Health Disparities: The Interaction Between Social Disadvantage and Environmental Health
Authors: Hicken Margaret T. , Gee Gilbert C. , Morenoff Jeffrey , Connell Cathleen M , Snow Rachel C. , Hu Howard 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We explored the notion that social disadvantage increases vulnerability to the health effects of environmental hazards. Specifically, we examined (1) whether race modifies the association between blood lead and blood pressure and (2) whether socioeconomic status (SES) plays a role in this modifying effect. Methods. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2008) and linear regression, we estimated the association between blood lead and blood pressure. Using interactions among race, SES, and lead, we estimated this association by levels of social disadvantage. Results. Black men and women showed a 2.8 (P < .001) and 4.0 (P < .001) millimeters mercury increase in SBP, respectively, for each doubling of blood lead. White adults showed no association. This lead–SBP association exhibited by Blacks was primarily isolated to Blacks of low SES. For example, poor but not nonpoor Black men showed a 4.8 millimeters mercury (P < .001) increase in SBP for each doubling of blood lead. Conclusions. Our results suggest that social disadvantage exacerbates the deleterious health effects of lead. Our work provides evidence that social and environmental factors must be addressed together to eliminate health disparities.
Perceived Discrimination and DSM-IV–Based Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use Disorders
Authors: Hunte Haslyn E. R. , Barry Adam E. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We examined the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and alcohol and drug use disorders in a nationally representative sample of African Americans and Black Caribbeans. Methods. With data from the National Survey of American Life Study, we employed multivariable logistic regression analyses—while controlling for potential confounders—to examine the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and substance use disorders on the basis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Results. Every 1 unit increase in the everyday discrimination scale positively predicted alcohol (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; P < .01) and drug use (OR = 1.02; P < .05) disorders. Similarly, each additional major discrimination event positively predicted alcohol (OR = 1.10; P < .05) and drug use (OR = 1.15; P < .01) disorders. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine problematic usage patterns rather than infrequent use of alcohol and drugs in a national sample of African American and Black Caribbean adults and the first to examine this particular relationship in a national sample of Black Caribbeans.
Eliminating Tuberculosis One Neighborhood at a Time
Authors: Cegielski J. Peter , Griffith David E. , McGaha Paul K. , Wolfgang Melanie , Robinson Celia B. , Clark Patricia A. , Hassell Willis L. , Robison Valerie A. , Walker Kerfoot P. , Wallace Charles 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We evaluated a strategy for preventing tuberculosis (TB) in communities most affected by it. Methods. In 1996, we mapped reported TB cases (1985–1995) and positive tuberculin skin test (TST) reactors (1993–1995) in Smith County, Texas. We delineated the 2 largest, densest clusters, identifying 2 highest-incidence neighborhoods (180 square blocks, 3153 residents). After extensive community preparation, trained health care workers went door-to-door offering TST to all residents unless contraindicated. TST-positive individuals were escorted to a mobile clinic for radiography, clinical evaluation, and isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) as indicated. To assess long-term impact, we mapped all TB cases in Smith County during the equivalent time period after the project. Results. Of 2258 eligible individuals, 1291 (57.1%) were tested, 229 (17.7%) were TST positive, and 147 were treated. From 1996 to 2006, there were no TB cases in either project neighborhood, in contrast with the preintervention decade and the continued occurrence of TB in the rest of Smith County. Conclusions. Targeting high-incidence neighborhoods for active, community-based screening and IPT may hasten TB elimination in the United States.
Housing Transitions and Low Birth Weight Among Low-Income Women: Longitudinal Study of the Perinatal Consequences of Changing Public Housing Policy
Authors: Kramer Michael R. , Waller Lance A. , Dunlop Anne L. , Hogue Carol R. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We assessed the longitudinal association between housing transitions and pregnancy outcomes in a sample of public housing residents. Methods. A cohort of 2670 Black women residing in Atlanta, Georgia, housing projects with 1 birth occurring between 1994 and 2007 was created from maternally linked longitudinal birth files and followed for subsequent births. Traditional regression and marginal structural models adjusting for time-varying confounding estimated the risk of preterm low birth weight (LBW) or small for gestational age LBW by maternal housing transition patterns. Results. Women moving from public to private housing as a result of housing project demolition were at elevated risk for preterm LBW (risk ratio = 1.74; 95% confidence interval =  1.00–3.04) compared with women not affected by project demolition. Other non–policy-related housing transition patterns were not associated with pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions. Further longitudinal study of housing transitions among public housing residents is needed to better understand the relationship between housing, neighborhoods, housing policy, and perinatal outcomes.
Associations Between Psychiatric Inpatient Bed Supply and the Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness in Veterans Affairs Nursing Homes
Authors: Bowersox Nicholas W. , Szymanski Benjamin J. , McCarthy John F. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We assessed whether reductions in inpatient psychiatric beds resulted in transinstitutionalization to nursing home care of patients with serious mental illness (SMI) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Methods. We assessed trends in national and site-level inpatient psychiatric beds and nursing home patient demographics, service use, and functioning from the VHA National Patient Care Database, VHA Service Support Center Bed Control, and VHA Minimum Data Set. We estimated nursing home admission appropriateness using propensity score analyses based on Michigan Medicaid Nursing Facility Level of Care Determinations ratings. Results. From 1999 to 2007, the number of VHA inpatient psychiatric beds declined (43 894–40 928), the average inpatient length of stay decreased (33.1–19.0 days), and the prevalence of SMI in nursing homes rose (29.4%–43.8%). At site level, psychiatric inpatient bed availability was unrelated to SMI prevalence in nursing home admissions. However, nursing home residents with SMI were more likely to be inappropriately admitted than were residents without SMI (4.0% vs 3.2%). Conclusions. These results suggest the need for increased attention to the long-term care needs of individuals with SMI. Additional steps need to be taken to ensure that patients with SMI are offered appropriate alternatives to nursing home care and receive adequate screening before admission to nursing home treatment.
Family History of Cancer and Its Association With Breast Cancer Risk Perception and Repeat Mammography
Authors: Haber Gillian , Ahmed Nasar U. , Pekovic Vukosava 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We examined the strength of association between family history of breast cancer and family history of other cancers with breast cancer risk perception and repeat mammography. Methods. The sample included 6706 women, aged 46 to 74 years, with no breast cancer history. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association between family history of cancer and breast cancer risk perception. Structural equation modeling estimated the relationship between family history of cancer and repeat mammography. Results. Breast cancer risk perception was strongly associated with family history of breast cancer in the mother or mother and sister (odds ratio [OR] = 32.15; P < .001); family history of breast cancer in the sister, daughter, or male first-degree relative (OR = 6.6–8.4; P < .001); and maternal history of other cancers (OR = 1.38–2.73; P < .001). For repeat mammography, women with maternal history of breast cancer had a mean increase of 0.50 more mammograms in the past 6 years compared with women without maternal history of breast cancer (P < .001). Conclusions. Breast cancer risk perception was associated with the type of cancer found in first-degree relatives and with the person’s relationship to the family member with cancer. Family history of breast cancer affected repeat mammography behavior.
The Raising of Minimum Alcohol Prices in Saskatchewan, Canada: Impacts on Consumption and Implications for Public Health
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Zhao Jinhui , Giesbrecht Norman , Macdonald Scott , Thomas Gerald , Wettlaufer Ashley 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We report impacts on alcohol consumption following new and increased minimum alcohol prices in Saskatchewan, Canada.Methods. We conducted autoregressive integrated moving average time series analyses of alcohol sales and price data from the Saskatchewan government alcohol monopoly for 26 periods before and 26 periods after the intervention.Results. A 10% increase in minimum prices significantly reduced consumption of beer by 10.06%, spirits by 5.87%, wine by 4.58%, and all beverages combined by 8.43%. Consumption of coolers decreased significantly by 13.2%, cocktails by 21.3%, and liqueurs by 5.3%. There were larger effects for purely off-premise sales (e.g., liquor stores) than for primarily on-premise sales (e.g., bars, restaurants). Consumption of higher strength beer and wine declined the most. A 10% increase in minimum price was associated with a 22.0% decrease in consumption of higher strength beer (> 6.5% alcohol/volume) versus 8.17% for lower strength beers. The neighboring province of Alberta showed no change in per capita alcohol consumption before and after the intervention.Conclusions. Minimum pricing is a promising strategy for reducing the public health burden associated with hazardous alcohol consumption. Pricing to reflect percentage alcohol content of drinks can shift consumption toward lower alcohol content beverage types.
Investor Perceptions of Potential IFRS Adoption in the United States
Authors: Joos Philip P. M. , Leung Edith 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the stock market reaction to 15 events relating to IFRS adoption in the United States. The goal is to assess whether investors perceive the switch to IFRS as beneficial or costly. Our findings suggest that investors' reaction to IFRS adoption is more positive in cases where IFRS is expected to lead to convergence benefits. Our results also indicate a less positive market reaction for firms with higher litigation risk, which is consistent with investors' concerns about greater discretion and less implementation guidance under IFRS for these firms. Overall, the findings are relevant to the current debate on IFRS adoption in the U.S. and highlight the importance of convergence to investors.
Data Availability:  All data are publicly available from the sources indicated in the paper (see Appendices A and B).
Selecting Audit Samples Using Benford's Law
Authors: da Silva Carlos Gomes , Carreira Pedro M. R. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARY:
We contribute to digital analysis by developing two mathematical programming models that can assist auditors in selecting more promising audit samples, using Benford's law. One model identifies the smallest subset of nonconforming records in a dataset, given some predefined conformity criteria, and the other highlights the k most nonconforming records. The models take into account several conformity tests and test statistics simultaneously. The application of the models is illustrated using suggested protocols on a set of simulated data. Finally, the effectiveness of the models in detecting typical data manipulations is assessed under different contamination levels.
The Association between Top Management Involvement and Compensation and Information Security Breaches
Authors: Kwon Juhee , Ulmer Jackie Rees , Wang Tawei 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper examines how an information technology (IT) executive's position in a top management team and how his/her compensation are associated with the likelihood of information security breaches. Using a sample drawn from multiple sources in the period from 2003 to 2008, we show that an IT executive's involvement in the top management team is negatively related to the possibility of information security breaches. We also find that the amount of behavior-based (i.e., salary) compensation and the pay differences of outcome-based (i.e., bonuses, stock awards, and stock options) compensation between IT and non-IT executives are negatively associated with the likelihood of information security breaches. Our findings shed light on how an IT executive's status in the top management team and the composition of his/her compensation can be related to a firm's IT governance mechanisms.
Exposure to environmental and lifestyle factors and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder in children — A review of epidemiological studies
Authors: Polańska Kinga , Jurewicz Joanna , Hanke Wojciech 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Although the mechanisms that lead to the development of ADHD remain unclear, genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. These include heavy metals and chemical exposures, nutritional and lifestyle/psychosocial factors. The aim of this review was to investigate the association between ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms and widespread environmental factors such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), tobacco smoke, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) and alcohol. Medline, PubMed and Ebsco search was performed to identify the studies which analyze the association of prenatal and postnatal child exposure to environmental toxicants and lifestyle factors and ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms. The review is restricted to human studies published since 2000 in English in peer reviewed journals. Despite much research has been done on the association between environmental risk factors and ADHD or ADHD symptoms, results are not consistent. Most studies in this field, focused on exposure to tobacco smoke, found an association between that exposure and ADHD and ADHD symptoms. On the other hand, the impact of phthalates, BPA, PFCs, PAHs and alcohol is less frequently investigated and does not allow a firm conclusion regarding the association with the outcomes of interest.
Occipitotemporal hippocampal depth electrodes in intracranial epilepsy monitoring: safety and utility
Authors: Bekelis Kimon , Desai Atman , Kotlyar Alex , Thadani Vijay , Jobst Barbara C. , Bujarski Krzysztof , Darcey Terrance M. , Roberts David W. 
Published: October 2012

Object
Intracranial monitoring for epilepsy has been proven to enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide localizing information for surgical treatment of intractable seizures. The authors investigated the usefulness of hippocampal depth electrodes in the era of more advanced imaging techniques.

Methods
Between 1988 and 2010, 100 patients underwent occipitotemporal hippocampal depth electrode (OHDE) implantation as part of invasive seizure monitoring, and their charts were retrospectively reviewed. The authors' technique involved the stereotactically guided (using the Leksell model G frame) implantation of a 12-contact depth electrode directed along the long axis of the hippocampus, through an occipital twist drill hole.

Results
Of the 100 patients (mean age 35.0 years [range 13–58 years], 51% male) who underwent intracranial investigation, 84 underwent resection of the seizure focus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in 27% of patients, showed abnormal findings without MTS in 55% of patients, and showed normal findings in 18% of patients. One patient developed a small asymptomatic occipital hemorrhage around the electrode tract. The use of OHDEs enabled epilepsy resection in 45.7% of patients who eventually underwent standard or selective temporal lobe resection. The hippocampal formation was spared during surgery because data obtained from the depth electrodes showed no or only secondary involvement in 14% of patients with preoperative temporal localization. The use of OHDEs prevented resections in 12% of patients with radiographic evidence of MTS. Eighty-three percent of patients who underwent resection had Engel Class I (68%) or II (15%) outcome at 2 years of follow-up.

Conclusions
The use of OHDEs for intracranial epilepsy monitoring has a favorable risk profile, and in the authors' experience it proved to be a valuable component of intracranial investigation. The use of OHDEs can provide the sole evidence for resection of some epileptogenic foci and can also result in hippocampal sparing or prevent likely unsuccessful resection in other patients.