bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TOXICITY OF PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OILS UNDER CONTINUOUS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY REALISTIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS: APPLICABILITY TO DISPERSANT USE DECISIONS IN SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING
Authors: Clark James R. , Bragin Gail E. , Febbo Eric J. , Letinski Daniel J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As part of efforts to develop standardized testing protocols under the Chemical Response to Oil Spills Environmental Research Forum (CROSERF) and apply the results to real-world scenarios, three types of oils and two dispersants were tested in both continuous and short-term spiked exposures using the early life-stages of several marine organisms. Test species included embryo-larval stages of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), two marine mysids (Holmesimysis costata and Mysidopsis bahia), and two marine fishes (turbot, Scophthalmus maximus and inland silverside, Menidia beryllina). Oils were physically dispersed in seawater by vortex mixing in a flask and chemically dispersed using the same approach with COREXIT® 9527 or COREXIT® 9500 applied in a 10:1 oil-to-dispersant ratio to generate maximum exposure concentrations. Continuous exposure tests followed standard testing protocols for 96-hour or 48-hour duration, according to demands of the test species. Spiked exposures reflect continuous dilution of water column concentrations (half-life ∼107 minutes), as observed in the field when oil is dispersed into open waters. Results are reported as the acute LC50s. Tests oils included fresh and weathered Kuwait crude, fresh Forties crude, and a Medium Fuel Oil (MFO) mix. Exposure concentrations for oil tests were quantified using gas chromatography and expressed as the sum of the C10 to C36 components, or TPH(resoived). Dispersant exposure concentrations were verified by UV spectrophotometric analysis. Not all species were tested with each oil and dispersant.
For dispersants tested individually, constant exposure LC50s ranged from 3 to 75 mg/L, with oyster the most sensitive and turbot the least sensitive species. Spiked exposure LC50s ranged from 14 to &gt;1055 mg/L among all test species. Dispersants were up to 36 times less toxic under spiked exposure conditions compared to similar treatments under constant exposure conditions. For oils, LC50s based on TPH(resolved) are similar for both the physically and chemically dispersed oil, demonstrating that dispersant did not increase the toxicity of oils based on measured exposures. Under constant exposure conditions, test species are very similar in sensitivity to the oils, with most LC50s around 0.5 ppm TPH(resolyed). Spiked exposures were 4 to 100 fold less toxic to these test organisms. The more environmentally realistic spiked exposures demonstrate that standard, continuous exposure test data overestimate the potential toxicity of dispersed oil. When laboratory toxicity data are used as part of a dispersant approval process for spill response, the decision should take into account whether exposure durations and sensitivity of test species are representative of conditions in the spill area.
MAKING, MEASURING, AND USING WATER-ACCOMMODATED FRACTIONS OF PETROLEUM FOR TOXICITY TESTING
Authors: Singer Michael M. , Aurand Don V. , Coelho Gina M. , Bragin Gail E. , Clark James R. , Sowby Michael , Tjeerdema Ronald S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response can be highly affected by the perceived costs and benefits of a particular countermeasure. Responders' perceptions of these can be influenced by the means in which scientific data are collected and presented. To date, a large amount of information has been generated on the aquatic toxicity of oil, dispersants, and dispersed oil. Unfortunately, many of these data are not comparable because of differing toxicological and analytical methodologies, as well as frequent lack of analytical verification of exposures. Recently, a group of federal, state, academic, and industry representatives from North America and Europe have been working toward standardizing both biological and analytical methods used to produce acute toxicity estimates for complex mixtures such as oil, dispersants, and dispersed oil. This standardization provides guidelines for future investigations to be conducted in a sufficiently rigorous manner to allow both inter- and intra-laboratory dataset comparisons, thus providing a more coherent and robust database from which to derive response guidance. By encouraging the use of these standardizations, it is hoped that decision-makers can be provided with a clearer understanding of the acute toxicological results of oil dispersal, and that such information can be more properly integrated into the response planning and decision-making processes.
ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILL TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND WORLDWIDE
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This presentation examines trends in U.S. oil spillage, with respect to historical and current trends in the United States and worldwide, and analyzes potential influences on spill frequencies. Contrary to popular perceptions, the numbers of oil spills, as well as the amount spilled, have decreased significantly over the last two decades, particularly in the last few years despite overall increases in oil transport. Decreases are pronounced for vessels. U.S. pipelines now spill considerably more than tankers. Overall, U.S. oil spillage decreased 228% since the 1970s and 154% since the 1980s. This decrease mirrors international trends and can likely be attributed to reduced accident rates, due to preventive measures and increased concerns over escalating financial liabilities.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF EQUIPMENT FOR RAPID REFLOTATION OF SPILLED ORIMULSION®
Authors: Hvidbak Flemming , Masciangioli P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An Orimulsion® spill will behave differently to an oil spill by initially going into suspension as microscopic surfactant coated bitumen particles in the upper 2–3 meters below the sea surface. In case of spills at Orimulsion® marine terminals or nearshore, it is important to be able to rapidly refloat the bitumen. In this way, the spill could be converted to and treated as a conventional heavy oil spill, using booms and heavy oil skimmers.
Previous tests by INTEVEP and BITOR indicated that agitation, air injection, and splashing are important for a rapid formation and reflotation of bitumen droplets. This developed into the Forced Adhesion and Flotation (FAF) concept. However, besides the effect of a centrifugal pump's agitation, air injection received the major attention until it was discovered that the splashing effect was as important and at the same time simpler and less costly to employ.
As a result, the PNP Orimulsion® Refloater was developed: a floating submerged or nonsubmerged centrifugal pump that sucks from beneath the water surface and with great force discharges vertically up against a splash cover, from where the water splashes back to the surface. Enhanced agitation and very strong aeration causes a very efficient reflotation.
EMERGENCY TRANSFER OPERATIONS INVOLVING HEAVY OILS: TWO CASE STUDIES
Authors: Usher David , Edgar Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent marine casualty events in the United States and overseas, involving vessels that are not carrying oil as their primary cargo, have once again highlighted potential problems faced by response personnel when attempting to transfer heavy (high viscosity) oils such as marine fuel oils (MFOs) (Figure 1). During such operations, dealing with the high viscosities typically encountered with these products is an important aspect of the operation's planning, direction and overall success. The problem is not a new one and oil transfer specialists have, over the years, developed equipment and techniques for handling these products (Figure 2). This paper will elaborate upon some of those techniques by presenting two case histories where transfers of heavy oils was successfully accomplished under adverse conditions.
JOINT CANADA/UNITED STATES WILDLIFE RESPONSE PLANNING: DIXON ENTRANCE
Authors: Bergmann Pamela , Russo Nick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Neither wildlife nor oil spills acknowledge international boundaries. Both migratory birds and marine mammals move freely between Alaska in the United States and British Columbia in Canada, in the international boundary area known as Dixon Entrance in the North Pacific Ocean. An oil spill on one side of the border may be carried by winds and/or currents into the waters of the adjacent country. Recognition of these facts resulted in the development of the Canada/United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, which was signed by the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in 1974. Annexes were subsequently prepared for five transboundary areas, including Dixon Entrance. Following the promulgation of these annexes, joint exercises have been held to enhance annex implementation.
In September 1999, at the request of the USCG and CCG, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance (DOI-OEPC) took the lead in organizing and chairing a workshop to discuss issues associated with wildlife response activities for oil spills that cross the Canada/United States border in Dixon Entrance. The workshop was held in Prince Rupert, British Columbia as part of a 4-day joint meeting. Workshop participants included representatives from key U.S. federal and Alaska State wildlife resource agencies, Canadian federal wildlife resource agencies, oil spill cooperatives for Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, and the USCG.
Wildlife resource agency representatives participating in the workshop reached consensus that the goal of wildlife protection is to make decisions based on what is best for the wildlife resources and then to determine how the goal can be accomplished within the constraints of each countries regulatory process. Agreement was reached to form a Canada/United States working group to develop a joint wildlife response plan. The plan, which will focus on migratory birds and sea otters, will address issues associated with the removal of dead oiled wildlife from the environment, hazing of unoiled wildlife, preemptive capture of sea otters, and capture and treatment of oiled migratory birds and sea otters. A draft plan will be developed prior to a September 2000, Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) joint meeting, which will be held in Ketchikan, Alaska.
OIL SPILLS AND FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES1
Authors: Wu Chao , Carden Nigel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Under the international convention system for oil spill liability and compensation, shipowners and oil cargo owners are sharing the costs of oil pollution (cleanup and damages). While the industries find the burden of financial liability too heavy, the compensation provided through the Conventions (Civil Liability Conventions and Fund Conventions [CLCs/FCs]) has become increasingly insufficient to satisfy the total admissible claims. What has to be done? Increase the financial liability of the responsible parties? Let the victims of pollution shoulder part of their uncompensated claims alone? Neither can be fairly accepted. This paper will discuss a solution based on the theory of risk-profit, upon which the current Conventions (CLCs/FCs) are founded. In this regard, the paper also will compare the Conventions with a domestic regime—the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
FASTWATER TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT EVALUATION1
Authors: Hansen Kurt A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
About 70% of the oil transported on U.S. waterways between 1992 and 1997 were on waterways with currents that routinely exceed one knot. About 58% of all of the oil spilled (by volume) also occurred on these waterways. The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Research and Development Center has been evaluating the state-of-the-art of containment and cleanup of oil in currents over 1 knot since 1997. An assessment of techniques and equipment was performed that has led to a series of field demonstrations in the Columbia River, Vineyard Haven, and New York Harbor. Tests on other potential fastwater systems have also taken place at the OHMSETT Facility in New Jersey in 1999 and 2000. The results of the equipment evaluations are presented. The format for a fastwater field guide being prepared is also briefly described. The result will be an increase in the capability of both USCG and commercial firms to respond to spills in fast water.
FLEXIBLE, SUBMERGENCE PLANE OIL CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Swift M. Robinson , Dugan Patrick , Nourse Peter , Steen Robert , Celikkol Barbaros , Doane Christopher W. , Hansen Kurt A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Flexible, floating submergence plane barriers were developed for intercepting and containing oil spills under fast water conditions, that is, at speeds greater than 0.5 m/s (1 knot). When the perpendicular component of relative velocity exceeds 0.5 m/s (1 knot), conventional oil booms are subject to leakage limiting their usefulness in currents and alongside vessels used in “sweeping” operations. In fast water, submergence plane barriers retain oil by allowing the flow to drive incident oil down an inclined bow to a gap opening where the oil enters and is trapped in a protected containment volume. After optimizing cross-section shape in flume tests using oil with a wide range of physical properties, two systems were developed—a moored containment configuration and a vessel of opportunity skimming system (VOSS).
A 12.2-m (40-foot) wide moored system prototype was constructed and tested at OHMSETT where it consistently retained heavy oil at speeds of 1 m/s (2 knots). Practical and logistical issues were addressed in field deployments carried out in the Piscataqua River, New Hampshire. In contrast, early VOSS experiments at high speeds showed that lift forces on the submergence plane needed to be counteracted by a horizontal hydrofoil mounted transversely below the submergence plane at a negative angle of attack. After development using a 1.7-m (5.6-foot) wide VOSS model in tow tank and field experiments, a 4.3-m (14-foot) wide model was constructed and tested at OHMSETT. The model towed level with no submergence plane rise at the top carriage speed of 3.3 m/s (6.5 knots). Nearly all heavy oil was retained at speeds below 1 m/s (2 knots), while 59% of the oil encountered was retained at a convenient vessel operating speed of 1.4 m/s (2.8 knots).
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OIL BOOM ARRANGEMENT
Authors: Fang Jianzhi , Wong Kau-Fui Vincent 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The equipment under study is an innovative boom arrangement consisting of a ramp boom and three other conventional booms of different drafts. To optimize the design, an advanced volume of fluid (VOF) algorithm is developed to calculate oil-water flows in the complex geometry. The effects of the gravity, current velocity, and depth; spans between the conventional booms; the ramp boom's draft and inclination angle; oil viscosity; and density are considered in the present numerical modeling. A comparison was made between the computational simulation and the laboratory experiment of the boom arrangement and satisfactory results were obtained.
From the numerical investigations, it is found that the oil slick flowing behind the ramp boom is similar to that of a solid object traveling under the influence of gravity. To achieve a high performance, the ramp slope should be as small as possible and the span of the boom system should cover the oil's “landing distance.” Under the current tide conditions, the simulations show that the small amplitude tide may improve the system's performance, while the large amplitude tide significantly deteriorates it. The smaller angular-frequency tide is more harmful to the system, especially if the tide's amplitude is large at the same time.
A REVIEW OF OIL-IN-WATER MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Lambert Patrick , Goldthorp Mike , Fieldhouse Ben , Wang Zhendi , Fingas Mervin F. , Pearson L. , Collazzi E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive laboratory study of the Turner Instrument flow-through fluorometers was conducted to review their ability to measure real-time oil-in-water concentrations, to compare the results to alternative total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) procedures and to carry out supporting laboratory analysis in order to further understand the relationship of the fluorescent signal to the composition of the oils.
The model 10 AU was equipped with the long wavelength optical kit for crude oils while the model 10 was equipped with the short wavelength optical kit for diesel fuels and light refined oil products. Eight oils and the dispersant COREXIT®9500 were used. The oils were Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude oil (0% and 27% weathered), Prudhoe Bay crude oil (0% and 27% weathered), Bunker C fuel oil (0% and 8% weathered), and diesel fuel (0% and 37% weathered).
Efforts were made to establish a calibration procedure which was used to convert the real-time fluorometer data to oil concentration. Initial comparisons of the fluorometer results to standard infrared and gas chromatography laboratory procedures showed all methods capable of detecting and differentiating between small changes in oil concentration. The infrared and gas chromatography generated similar values while the fluorometer values were of the same order of magnitude but typically 20 to 80% higher.
DISPLAY OF SITE CHARACTERISTICS VIA POSTER ILLUSTRATION FOR OIL STORAGE FACILITIES: FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CASES
Authors: Coakley Louis , Jones Mark A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Florida Power & Light (FPL) is creating posters for its bulk oil storage facilities that graphically illustrate various site characteristics important in preparing and responding to an oil spill event. The posters provide valuable information in a concise visual format that minimizes the necessity to utilize numerous support documents. The posters incorporate oil storage facility area information including environmentally sensitive areas, shoreline types, bathymetry, currents, area infrastructure (roads, pipelines), digital and ortho-photos, and historical wind conditions. In addition, the posters provide oil spill preparedness maps using stochastic results (multi-trajectory runs) from FPL's Spill Impact Model Analysis Package (SIMAP) oil spill model. These consolidated maps show potential oil impact areas and dissolved aromatic concentration plumes over various timeframes from the beginning of the spill. Booming strategy and equipment deployment site maps are additional items. Finally, the posters provide important graphical and textual information concerning Incident Command System (ICS) strategic objectives, organizational chart, spill response contacts and phone numbers, and tide data.
THE OSSA II PIPELINE SPILL, BOLIVIA: CLEANUP CRITERIA, CLEANUP OPERATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, AND COMMUNITY ISSUES
Authors: Henshaw Tony , Owens Edward H. , Copeman Vicky , Mianzan Alfio 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An estimated 29,000 bbl of mixed crude oil and condensate was spilled from the OSSA II pipeline, which was damaged during summer flood conditions, at the Río Desaguadero river crossing on the Bolivian Altiplano. The oil was deposited as far as 250 km downstream along a total of approximately 400 km along the banks of river channels, meander floodplains, and irrigation ditches, as well as on several hundred hectares of low-lying floodplain. Residual oil samples had sediment contents as high as 80%, which indicates that considerable mixing took place during the transport process. The combination of the mixing processes with evaporation resulted in high depletion rates of oil (60%). The region has a rural population of about 30,000 whose primary activity is subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry (mainly sheep, llama, and cows). Downstream, the Lago ?oopó area is an extremely important habitat for aquatic birds. Following an initial assessment, and despite repetitive ground and aerial surveys throughout the entire region, no dead or oiled fish, birds or other animals were found as a result of the spill, hence the ecological concern was low. Water samples collected soon after the spill showed no detectable hydrocarbons in either the river or in potable water sources. Cleanup endpoints were established early in the response, and most of the cleanup was completed over a 2-month period. Cleanup operations were constrained by few crossing points over the river (bridges or hand-drawn ferries) and by the problems of access in the wetlands of the floodplain zone during the summer season. The response involved an outreach program through Community Liaison Officers, and 3,200 local inhabitants were hired to remove the oil from their individual village areas. A team of agronomists, veterinarians, and doctors was established to deal with the social and human-use issues.
IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF AREAS UNUSUALLY SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM A HAZARDOUS LIQUID RELEASE
Authors: Sames Christina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is required to identify areas unusually sensitive to environmental damage in the event of a hazardous liquid pipeline accident, in accordance with pipeline safety laws. Pipeline operators that can affect these “unusually sensitive areas” (USAs) must develop and follow an integrity management program to continually assess and evaluate the integrity of the pipeline through internal inspection or pressure testing and data integration and analysis. After extensive consultation and pilot testing with drinking water experts, conservation biologists, government agencies, and other stakeholders, a process has been developed to identify USAs for both drinking water and ecological resources. This process begins by designating and assessing environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs), determining which ESAs are potentially more susceptible to permanent or long-term damage from a hazardous liquid release, and finally identifying filtering criteria to determine which resources can be affected by a release and sustain permanent or long term damage. Filtering criteria for ecological resources consider areas with critically imperiled species, multispecies assemblages, and migratory waterbird concentration areas. Filtering criteria for drinking water resources consider community water supplies that rely on surface water intakes and do not have an adequate alternative source of water, and groundwater wells in aquifers that are at high risk of contamination, as determined by a specific hydrogeological classification, and do not have an adequate alternative source of water. This paper presents the results of a pilot test and technical review of the USA model, the current definition of USAs, and RSPAs goal to map these areas.