bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Theory of Trade, Finance and Firm Dynamics
Authors: Felbermayr Gabriel , Spiegel Gilbert 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA stylized monopolistic competition model of international trade is proposed where firms differ with respect to the expected economic lifetime of their innovations. Upon entry, they receive a commonly observed signal which is updated over time. Jointly with partial irreversibility of investment, this generates heterogeneity in effective discount rates and, thus, in the cost of finance. In line with evidence, the model predicts a negative correlation between firms' financing costs and their age. Over a firm's life cycle, per period net profits and the export participation probability grow. Exporters are less likely to exit than purely domestic firms. Belief updating entails excessive financing of incumbents relative to entrants and too much exporting. Asymptotically, trade liberalization reduces overall general equilibrium exit rates, but it does not necessarily increase welfare. With multiple asymmetric export markets, firms gradually expand their market coverage and total sales. A confidence crisis modeled by belief reversion causes an over‐proportional decrease in exports, thereby offering a novel interpretation of the trade slump in 2008/09.
Austerity, Growth and Inflation: Remarks on the Eurozone's Unresolved Competitiveness Problem
Authors: Sinn Hans‐Werner 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWhile the financial protection measures enacted by the ECB and the community of Eurozone members have calmed financial markets, they have left the competitiveness problem of the Eurozone's southern countries and France unresolved. The paper compares price inflation before the crisis with the necessary and actual price cuts that have taken place since the outbreak of the crisis, predicting a decade of stagnation for the south and inflation for the north. Keynesian demand policy is counterproductive in the south and unnecessary in the north. The necessary realignment of relative goods prices and current account imbalances can be achieved if market forces are allowed to redirect capital flows to the north instead of being artificially steered to uses they are keen to avoid.
Some suggestions for the furtherance of geological research in Scotland
Authors: MacGregor Murray 
Published: December 2013

F
or
his Presidential address Dr M. Macgregor chose the subject of ‶Some Suggestions for the Furtherance of Geological Research in Scotland.″ He referred to the proposal made a few years earlier for an annual publication sponsored by the Geological Societies of Edinburgh and Glasgow and suggested that if this were not possible the two Societies might collaborate in the production of an annual review in which all papers dealing with Scottish geology could be listed and summarised. A publication of this nature would not only serve as an annual bibliography to Scottish geological literature subdivided under such headings as Palæontology, Stratigraphy, Petrography, etc., but might also indicate the nature and scope of research work in progress. He also suggested an annual conference at each of the four University centres in turn to be attended by representatives of the University Geological Departments, the Geological Societies and the Geological Survey at which problems or subjects for investigation might be brought forward and methods and means of attack discussed. Such meetings would (1) assist in securing for research workers the advice and guidance of others who may have worked on similar problems to theirs; (2) promote co-operation; (3) prevent or minimise overlapping of research; and (4) draw attention to problems that might otherwise be neglected.

The lecturer then dealt with some of the problems that seemed to him to fall into category (4). He emphasised the need, both on scientific and economic grounds, for increased attention being paid to the study of sedimentary rock types and especially to their detailed petrology. The application of modern petrographic methods to the investigation of the various sedimentary types in the Scottish Carboniferous rocks, for example, would certainly be extremely valuable. No systematic comparative account of our Carboniferous sandstones, limestones or the various materials broadly grouped under the heading of ‶cannels and canneloid shales″ had yet been undertaken. Examples of various types of sandstone, limestone, cannel, etc., from different horizons in the Carboniferous sequence were shown and their microscopic characters described and compared.
Investigations of this nature, apart from their economic bearing, might throw much light on the evolution of physiographic conditions, and if correlated with a study of sedimentary sub-cycles and rhythms might also be of great assistance in establishing correlations and in providing data for assessing the stratigraphical range of minor tectonic or climatic changes.
Aberrant Cyclic Sedimentation in the Limestone Coal Group of the Stirling Coalfield
Authors: Read W.A. 
Published: December 2013

One part of the Limestone Coal Group is particularly variable, both within the stable Kilsyth-Stirling Region and in the unstable basins farther east. It has been studied in detail in the Stirling-Denny-Bo’ness Area. Around Glasgow it comprises parts of three uniform cycles but these become reduced to a single coal in the west of the Stirling Coalfield, only to expand eastwards into a complex of strata, more than 80 ft. thick, which may include 15 partly developed cycles. Still farther east they are reduced once more into a single coal.
Isopachytes of the complex do not correspond to those of the Limestone Coal Group as a whole but indicate two troughs containing especially thick and coarse clastic sediments. Isopachytes of sandstone and of shale alone, correspond roughly to those of the whole complex but those of coal show a fairly steady eastward thickening.
The variations of the complex are thought to be due to the interaction of normal cyclic sedimentation, regional differential subsidence, local deltaic or flood-plain conditions and local differential subsidence, the last mentioned being party due to the variations in thickness and compaction of the underlying strata.
The petrography, sedimentation and provenance of the Wenlock rocks near Hawick, Roxburghshire
Authors: Warren P.T. 
Published: December 2013

A petrographical description of the sediments is given, with particular reference to stratigraphical variation and provenance. It is concluded that the material was derived from a land-mass consisting largely of Ordovician spilites, cherts, acid lavas and sediments; together with metamorphic rocks, probably Dalradian, arkoses and granitic intrusions. The provenance conclusions are supported by the directional current structures, which indicate a predominantly north-westerly derivation for these rocks.
The lithology of the greywackes and interbedded sediments is consistent with their deposition by turbidity currents, about which some new details are deduced. Furthermore, the evidence of current directions and variations in lithology suggest that the two Wenlock facies represent deposition on a “submarine-delta” (Hawick Group) and in fan accumulations in deeper water, at the mouths of submarine canyons (Riccarton Group). The area of Wenlock deposition is believed to have been separated by the Ordovician/Dalradian land-mass from a contemporaneous trough at Lesmahagow; but to have been in communication with the area of deposition in the Lake District.
In VitroScreening for Antihepatic Steatosis Active Components within Coptidis Rhizoma Alkaloids Extract Using Liver Cell Extraction with HPLC Analysis and a Free Fatty Acid-Induced Hepatic Steatosis HepG2 Cell Assay
Authors: Fan Hui , Chen Yuan-yuan , Bei Wei-jian , Wang Lai-you , Chen Bao-tian , Guo Jiao 
Published: December 2013

A high-throughput method was developed and applied to screen for the active antihepatic steatosis components within Coptidis Rhizoma Alkaloids Extract (CAE). This method was a combination of two previously described assays: HepG2 cell extraction with HPLC analysis and a free fatty acid-induced (FFA) hepatic steatosis HepG2 cell assay. Two alkaloids within CAE, berberine and coptisine, were identified by HepG2 cell extraction with HPLC analysis as high affinity components for HepG2. These alkaloids were also determined to be active and potent compounds capable of lowering triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the FFA-induced hepatic steatosis HepG2 cell assay. This remarkable inhibition of TG accumulation (P < 0.01) by berberine and coptisine occurred at concentrations of 0.2 μg/mL and 5.0μg/mL, respectively. At these concentrations, the effect seen was similar to that of a CAE at 100.0 μg/mL. Another five alkaloids within CAE, palmatine, epiberberine, jateorhizine, columbamine, and magnoline, were found to have a lower affinity for cellular components from HepG2 cells and a lower inhibition of TG accumulation. The finding of two potent and active compounds within CAE indicates that the screening method we developed is a feasible, rapid, and useful tool for studying traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in treating hepatic steatosis.
Collagen Signaling Enhances Tumor Progression after Anti-VEGF Therapy in a Murine Model of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Aguilera Kristina Y. , Rivera Lee B. , Hur Hoon , Carbon Juliet G. , Toombs Jason E. , Goldstein Courtney D. , Dellinger Michael T. , Castrillon Diego H. , Brekken Rolf A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThere is growing evidence that antiangiogenic therapy stimulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes have not been fully defined. Here, we report that anti-VEGF therapy promotes local invasion and metastasis by inducing collagen signaling in cancer cells. We show that chronic VEGF inhibition in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) induces hypoxia, a less differentiated mesenchymal-like tumor cell phenotype, TGF-β expression, and collagen deposition and signaling. In addition, we show that collagen signaling is critical for protumorigenic activity of TGF-β in vitro. To further model the impact of collagen signaling in tumors, we evaluated PDA in mice lacking Sparc, a protein that reduces collagen binding to cell surface receptors. Importantly, we show that loss of Sparc increases collagen signaling and tumor progression. Together, these findings suggest that collagen actively promotes PDA spread and that enhanced disease progression associated with anti-VEGF therapy can arise from elevated extracellular matrix–mediated signaling. Cancer Res; 74(4); 1032–44. ©2013 AACR.
Gene Expression Profiling in True Interval Breast Cancer Reveals Overactivation of the mTOR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Rojo Federico , Domingo Laia , Sala Maria , Zazo Sandra , Chamizo Cristina , Menendez Silvia , Arpi Oriol , Corominas Josep Maria , Bragado Rafael , Servitja Sonia , Tusquets Ignasi , Nonell Lara , Macià Francesc , Martínez Juan , Rovira Ana , Albanell Joan , Castells Xavier 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Background: The development and progression of true interval breast cancers (tumors that truly appear after a negative screening mammogram) is known to be different from screen-detected cancers. However, the worse clinical behavior of true interval cancers is not fully understood from a biologic basis. We described the differential patterns of gene expression through microarray analysis in true interval and screen-detected cancers.
Methods: An unsupervised exploratory gene expression profile analysis was performed on 10 samples (true interval cancers = 5; screen-detected cancers = 5) using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0ST arrays and interpreted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed in a validation series of 91 tumors (n = 12; n = 79) by immunohistochemistry and in 24 tumors (n = 8; n = 16) by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), in true interval and screen-detected cancers, respectively.
Results: Exploratory gene expression analysis identified 1,060 differentially expressed genes (unadjusted P &lt; 0.05) between study groups. On the basis of biologic implications, four genes were further validated: ceruloplasmin (CP) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70 kDa, polypeptide 2 (RPS6KB2), both upregulated in true interval cancers; and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and transforming growth factor beta receptor III (TGFBR3), downregulated in true interval cancers. Their differential expression was confirmed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, consistent with mTOR pathway overexpression in true interval cancers.
Conclusions: True interval and screen-detected cancers show differential expression profile both at gene and protein levels. The mTOR signaling is significantly upregulated in true interval cancers, suggesting this pathway may mediate their aggressiveness.
Impact: Linking epidemiologic factors and mTOR activation may be the basis for future personalized screening strategies in women at risk of true interval cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(2); 288–99. ©2013 AACR.
Physical Activity and Gastric Cancer: So What? An Epidemiologist's Confession
Authors: Byers Tim 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Epidemiologists, like many scientists, tend to become specialized and focused on a particular disease, even though behavioral risk factors such as physical activity have effects across many diseases. This commentary is a personal reflection by an epidemiologist on the shortcomings of this disease-oriented approach to prevention. Cancer Prev Res; 7(1); 9–11. ©2013 AACR.
Prognostic Value of Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin for Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: van Deursen Vincent M. , Damman Kevin , Voors Adriaan A. , van der Wal Martje H. , Jaarsma Tiny , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Hillege Hans L. 
Published: December 2013

Background—
In patients with heart failure, renal dysfunction is associated with a poor outcome. We aimed to assess the prognostic value of plasma neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL), a novel marker of renal tubular damage, in patients with heart failure with or without renal dysfunction, and compare it with 2 frequently used biomarkers of chronic kidney disease.

Methods and Results—

Plasma NGAL, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and cystatin C were assessed in 562 patients with heart failure. Chronic kidney disease was defined as eGFR<60 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
. Outcome was all-cause mortality at 36 months. Mean age was 71±11 years, 61% were men, and 97% were in New York Heart Association functional class II/III. Mean baseline eGFR was 54±20 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
, mean cystatin C was 11.2 (7.7–16.2) mg/L, and median plasma NGAL was 85 (60–123) ng/mL. Higher plasma NGAL levels were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, in patients with and without chronic kidney disease (hazard ratio [per SD increase in log NGAL]=1.45 [1.22–1.72];
P
<0.001 and hazard ratio=1.51 [1.06–2.16];
P
=0.023, respectively). Similarly, both in patients with high and low cystatin C (median cut-off), higher plasma NGAL levels were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Moreover, when NGAL was entered in the multivariable risk prediction model, eGFR (
P
=0.616) and cystatin C (
P
=0.937) were no longer associated with mortality.

Conclusions—
Plasma NGAL predicts mortality in patients with heart failure, both in patients with and without chronic kidney disease and is a stronger predictor for mortality than the established renal function indices eGFR and cystatin C.
Bicuspid Aortic Cusp Fusion Morphology Alters Aortic Three-Dimensional Outflow Patterns, Wall Shear Stress, and Expression of Aortopathy
Authors: Mahadevia Riti , Barker Alex J. , Schnell Susanne , Entezari Pegah , Kansal Preeti , Fedak Paul W.M. , Malaisrie S. Chris , McCarthy Patrick , Collins Jeremy , Carr James , Markl Michael 
Published: December 2013

Background—
Aortic 3-dimensional blood flow was analyzed to investigate altered ascending aorta (AAo) hemodynamics in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients and its association with differences in cusp fusion patterns (right-left, RL versus right-noncoronary, RN) and expression of aortopathy.

Methods and Results—

Four-dimensional flow MRI measured in vivo 3-dimensional blood flow in the aorta of 75 subjects: BAV patients with aortic dilatation stratified by leaflet fusion pattern (n=15 RL-BAV, mid AAo diameter=39.9±4.4 mm; n=15 RN-BAV, 39.6±7.2 mm); aorta size controls with tricuspid aortic valves (n=30, 41.0±4.4 mm); healthy volunteers (n=15, 24.9±3.0 mm). Aortopathy type (0–3), systolic flow angle, flow displacement, and regional wall shear stress were determined for all subjects. Eccentric outflow jet patterns in BAV patients resulted in elevated regional wall shear stress (
P
<0.0125) at the right-anterior walls for RL-BAV and right-posterior walls for RN-BAV in comparison with aorta size controls. Dilatation of the aortic root only (type 1) or involving the entire AAo and arch (type 3) was found in the majority of RN-BAV patients (87%) but was mostly absent for RL-BAV patients (87% type 2). Differences in aortopathy type between RL-BAV and RN-BAV patients were associated with altered flow displacement in the proximal and mid AAo for type 1 (42%–81% decrease versus type 2) and distal AAo for type 3 (33%–39% increase versus type 2).

Conclusions—
The presence and type of BAV fusion was associated with changes in regional wall shear stress distribution, systolic flow eccentricity, and expression of BAV aortopathy. Hemodynamic markers suggest a physiological mechanism by which the valve morphology phenotype can influence phenotypes of BAV aortopathy.
Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Chugh Sumeet S. , Havmoeller Rasmus , Narayanan Kumar , Singh David , Rienstra Michiel , Benjamin Emelia J. , Gillum Richard F. , Kim Young-Hoon , McAnulty John H. , Zheng Zhi-Jie , Forouzanfar Mohammad H. , Naghavi Mohsen , Mensah George A. , Ezzati Majid , Murray Christopher J.L. 
Published: December 2013

Background—
The global burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown.

Methods and Results—
We systematically reviewed population-based studies of AF published from 1980 to 2010 from the 21 Global Burden of Disease regions to estimate global/regional prevalence, incidence, and morbidity and mortality related to AF (DisModMR software). Of 377 potential studies identified, 184 met prespecified eligibility criteria. The estimated number of individuals with AF globally in 2010 was 33.5 million (20.9 million men [95% uncertainty interval (UI), 19.5–22.2 million] and 12.6 million women [95% UI, 12.0–13.7 million]). Burden associated with AF, measured as disability-adjusted life-years, increased by 18.8% (95% UI, 15.8–19.3) in men and 18.9% (95% UI, 15.8–23.5) in women from 1990 to 2010. In 1990, the estimated age-adjusted prevalence rates of AF (per 100 000 population) were 569.5 in men (95% UI, 532.8–612.7) and 359.9 in women (95% UI, 334.7–392.6); the estimated age-adjusted incidence rates were 60.7 per 100 000 person-years in men (95% UI, 49.2–78.5) and 43.8 in women (95% UI, 35.9–55.0). In 2010, the prevalence rates increased to 596.2 (95% UI, 558.4–636.7) in men and 373.1 (95% UI, 347.9–402.2) in women; the incidence rates increased to 77.5 (95% UI, 65.2–95.4) in men and 59.5 (95% UI, 49.9–74.9) in women. Mortality associated with AF was higher in women and increased by 2-fold (95% UI, 2.0–2.2) and 1.9-fold (95% UI, 1.8–2.0) in men and women, respectively, from 1990 to 2010. There was evidence of significant regional heterogeneity in AF estimations and availability of population-based data.

Conclusions—
These findings provide evidence of progressive increases in overall burden, incidence, prevalence, and AF-associated mortality between 1990 and 2010, with significant public health implications. Systematic, regional surveillance of AF is required to better direct prevention and treatment strategies.
Reperfusion Injury on Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Carotid Revascularization
Authors: Cho A-Hyun , Cho Yong-Pil , Lee Deok Hee , Kwon Tae-Won , Kwon Sun U. , Suh Dae-Chul , Kim Jong S. , Kang Dong-Wha 
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose—
Reperfusion injury can be revealed as delayed gadolinium enhancement in the subarachnoid space on a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery image, which is designated as a hyperintense acute reperfusion marker (HARM). We sought to investigate the occurrence and predictors of HARM and its association with new ischemic infarcts after carotid revascularization.

Methods—
Forty-five patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy or stenting were prospectively enrolled. Diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery were performed before and 24 hours after the procedures. Postprocedural fluid-attenuated inversion recovery was done after intravenous gadolinium injection.

Results—

HARM was observed in 8 (17.8%) patients. Of these, 4 patients showed neurological deterioration associated with HARM. These symptomatic HARMs disappeared on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with symptomatic HARM were older (
P
=0.010) and had more frequent leukoaraiosis (
P
=0.012) and higher postprocedural systolic blood pressure (
P
=0.025) than those without. New brain infarcts on postprocedural diffusion-weighted imaging were identified in 13 (28.9%) patients. HARM was not associated with new infarcts.

Conclusions—
HARM after carotid revascularization is not uncommon. Symptomatic HARM was associated with old age, underlying leukoaraiosis, and postprocedural high blood pressure.
The use of the prefix Pan- and other problems in zoological family-series nomenclature
Authors: LOUCHART ANTOINE , VIRIOT LAURENT , DUBOIS ALAIN 
Published: December 2013

Zoological nomenclature is the obligate medium by which we communicate taxonomic information, and a series of precise nomenclatural rules are designed to minimize confusion and ambiguity. The longest used, internationally applicable system of nomenclature is “Linnaean Nomenclature” (LN) (Polaszek & Wilson 2005), which has provided a stable platform capable of simultaneously designating discrete taxa and conveying their phylogenetic relationships, through the use of scientific names (nomina; Dubois 2000). Precise adherence to the rules of nomenclature as defined by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is all the more important today when zoologists have millions of taxa to name. The recent importation of exogenous practices into LN is both confusing and inacceptable under the rules of the ICZN. Such practices include the use of a prefix Pan- in the family-series nomenclature. The nomenclature of all taxa from rank subspecies to superfamily is regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN Code; Anonymous 1999). This means that all zoologists who endorse LN should use nomina complying with the rules of the ICZN Code for taxa of all ranks, including those from superfamily to subtribe and additional intermediate ranks of the nominal family group, also called family-series. However, some recent publications using LN do not follow the ICZN Code in several respects, concerning in particular (1) the rules of formation of nomina and (2) their authorship and date. Recent articles involving fossil birds (Smith 2011, 2013; Smith & Mayr 2013), explicitly or implicitly following the ICZN Code, illustrate both problems, representative of these recent practices. We wish to emphasize that our comments are in no way criticisms directed toward the core information of these studies, otherwise extremely useful, but rather a more general and formal invitation to follow more closely the ICZN Code. We found few other published examples of similar practice concerning birds (“Pan-Apodidae” in Mayr & Manegold 2002, also used by Ksepka et al. 2013; “Pan-Trochilidae” in Mayr & Manegold 2002 and Mayr 2007; “Pan-Hemiprocnidae” in Mayr & Manegold 2002; for articles published in a LN frame). We use hereafter the “Pan-Alcidae” example.