bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Wood Materials by Combined Application of X-ray and Neutron Imaging Techniques*
Authors: Triolo Roberto , Giambona Graziella , Lo Celso Fabrizio , Ruffo Irene , Kardjilov Nikolay , Hilger André , Paulke Andreas , Manke Ingo 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Conservation of cultural heritage is extremely important not only from a cultural point of view, but also from a practical one. It is our duty to pass on to future generations the cultural heritage left to us by our ancestors. Wood is one of the most common materials used to generate works of art which are in a state of constant change and/or deterioration. In order to optimize the knowledge of artworks together with their conservation, it is necessary to use the most advanced scientific and technological tools. In the following paper, we will show the tomographic results which can be achieved by application of complementary techniques based on the combined use of X-ray and neutron radiography as structural probes.
Approach to evaluation of the overall strengthening and toughening effect of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites
Authors: Wu Shoujun , Cheng Laifei 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CFCCs) are considered to be very promising thermal structural materials due to their strength and toughness. An approach for describing the strength and toughness of CFCCs based on knowledge of the toughening and strengthening mechanisms of CFCCs and analyses of the related energies during loading of CFCCs is proposed in the present work. Comparative analyses were undertaken on the mechanical properties of different CFCCs and the results of the proposed approach. Results showed that the proposed approach could be adopted simply and conveniently to evaluate the overall strengthening and toughening effect of CFCCs.
Efficiency and work performance of TiNi alloy undergoing B2 ↔ R martensitic transformation
Authors: Resnina Natalia , Belyaev Sergey , Anshukova Ksenia , Zhuravlev Roman 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This study is devoted to the investigation of the ability of Ti48Ni52 alloys for production of effective work during thermal cycling over a narrow temperature range. Effective work output and efficiency were studied in Ti48Ni52 alloy subjected to thermal cycling through the temperature range of the B2 ↔ R martensitic transformation under different stress regimes. The optimal stress regimes for production of effective work output and maximum efficiency were found. The data obtained have shown that under optimal stress conditions (cooling of the sample under a stress of 100 MPa and heating under a stress of 400 MPa), one may develop a device with effective work being equal to 1.5 MJ m−3 and an efficiency of 2.5 %. During repeated thermal cycling under the optimal stress regime the alloy accumulated 8 % irreversible strain per 30 cycles. Starting from the 20th cycle the rate of irreversible strain accumulation was equal to ∼ 0.06 % per cycle.
Predictors of functional recovery in adults with posterior fossa ependymomas
Authors: Mirzadeh Zaman , Bina Robert , Kusne Yael , Coons Stephen W. , Spetzler Robert F. , Sanai Nader 
Published: February 2014

Object
After complete resection and radiation therapy, the 10-year overall survival rates for adult patients with posterior fossa ependymomas approach 85%. This favorable outcome profile emphasizes the critical importance of functional preservation to this patient population. Here, the authors identify predictors of functional outcome following microsurgical resection of adult posterior fossa ependymomas.

Methods
The authors identified adult patients with newly diagnosed WHO Grade II posterior fossa ependymomas who underwent microsurgical resection at the Barrow Neurological Institute from 1990 to 2011. Clinical and radiographic variables were collected, including volumetric extent of resection, foramen of Luschka extension, cystic changes, peritumoral T2 signal changes, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results
Forty-five patients were identified, with a median clinical follow-up of 103 months. The median PFS and OS were 6.8 and 8.6 years, respectively. Extent of resection and adjuvant radiotherapy were predictive of improved PFS (p = 0.005) and were nonsignificantly associated with improved OS. Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size (p < 0.001), cystic changes (p < 0.01), postoperative T2 signal (p < 0.01), and CSF diversion (p = 0.048) predicted functional and neurological recovery rates, based on KPS and NIHSS scores, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis identified tumor size (p < 0.001), cystic changes (p = 0.01), and CSF diversion (p = 0.02) as independent predictors of slower functional recovery, while only tumor size (p = 0.007) was an independent predictor of neurological recovery. Specifically, by 6 weeks postoperatively, baseline KPS score was recovered by only 43.8% of patients with tumors larger than 30 cm3 (vs 72.4% patients with tumors < 30 cm3), 35.3% of patients with cystic tumors (vs 78.6% of patients with noncystic tumors), and 46.7% of patients requiring CSF diversion (vs 70% of patients not requiring CSF diversion).

Conclusions
Greater extent of resection and adjuvant radiotherapy significantly improve PFS in adult patients with posterior fossa ependymomas. Tumor size, cystic changes, and the need for CSF diversion were independent predictors of the rate of functional recovery in this patient population. Taken together, these functional outcome predictors may guide preoperative estimations of recovery following microsurgical resection.
Stand der Nachhaltigkeitsdiskussion – Denkmodelle der Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Wachter Daniel 
Published: February 2014

State of the debate on sustainability: concepts and models
After the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), there emerged a common understanding of sustainable development, based on the work of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), the Rio declarations and Agenda 21. In recent years, however, trends have appeared which are moving away from this consensus. With the economic crisis of 2008, hopes for an economic recovery through “green economy” or “green growth” as motors for management of the crisis have gained importance. These concepts focus strongly on economic growth through green technologies and innovation. They offer valuable impulses, but contain in themselves the danger to downgrade the concept of sustainable development and its underlying principles if planetary limits to growth and global distribution issues are neglected, or if institutions and political processes created for the governance of sustainability are weakened by the creation of parallel green economy institutions. For forestry and forest economy, this debate can be seen, pragmatically, as an opportunity if it helps to bring the economic dimension of the forest into the limelight and gives value to the ecosystem functions and services, without losing sight of the broader understanding of sustainable development.
La consommation de bois est-elle durable sur le long terme?
Authors: Prins Kit 
Published: February 2014

Is consumption of forest products sustainable over the long term?
The article presents trends and an outlook for the forest sector, for Europe and Switzerland, from 1913 to 2030. The first half of the twentieth century saw over-use of European forests, but in the second half, the situation changed: consumption of forest products increased, while forests expanded, growing stock rose and Europe became a net exporter of timber. Official scenarios foresee a continuation of these trends in the twenty-first century. Yet, to this end, the forest sector must stay competitive. For example, mobilising enough energy wood, on a sustainable basis, is a major challenge for the sector. The forest sector has demonstrated in the past its flexibility and adaptability, and so could be well placed to lead the way towards the green economy.
Monedas de vellon circulantes en Castilla durante el reinado de Carlos II (1665-1700)
Authors: Santiago Fernández Javier de 
Published: February 2014

Cet article s'attache à cerner de la façon la plus précise les caractéristiques intrinsèques, et en particulier le poids et le titre des monnaies de billon circulant en Castille pendant le règne de Charles II (1665-1700). Ce numéraire restait un objet de controverse pour plusieurs raisons. Celui qui restait en circulation depuis l'époque de Philippe IV est difficile à analyser à cause de la falsification intense à laquelle il fut soumis sous la forme de monnaies dépourvues de la part d'argent officiellement prescrite mais de poids similaire à celui des monnaies officielles. En ce qui concerne la monnaie fabriquée à partir de 1680 un débat est apparu à propos de la marge entre le prix du métal et les frais de fabrication et, d'autre part,la valeur nominale des monnaies à l'émission, certains auteurs supposant qu'une diminution du poids fut secrètement autorisée par la Couronne. Les sources utilisées pour cette recherche sont principalement les archives des hôtels des monnaies castillans qui, sous Charles II, prirent une part active au processus de retrait des monnaies de Philippe IV en en tenant une comptabilité minutieuse. Logiquement, ils ont aussi laissé un témoignage sur la fabrication des monnaies de Charles II. L'utilisation de cette documentation pour ce type de recherche métrologique constitue une remarquable innovation.
Les résultats ont été pleinement satisfaisants puisqu'on présente dans ce travail les données concrètes sur le poids des différentes espèces concernées. Cela vaut d'un côté pour les monnaies officielles de Philippe IV mais aussi pour les monnaies fausses, malgré tous les problèmes soulevés, entre autres, par la difficulté qu'il y a à différencier monnaies fausses et monnaies légales. Cela vaut aussi pour les émissions de billon de Charles II pour lesquelles l'analyse a permis de rejeter l'hypothèse qui supposait une réduction du poids.
Les traités d’arithmétique byzantins des XIIIe-XVe siècles, source d’histoire monétaire
Authors: Morrisson Cécile 
Published: February 2014

Le développement du grand commerce méditerranéen à partir de la seconde moitié du
XIIe siècle a contribué à stimuler celui des techniques comptables. En même temps les échanges intellectuels entre l’Orient et l’Occident ont répandu de nouvelles méthodes de calcul adaptées à la complexité des transactions et à la demande de la classe marchande. Après un rappel sur les traités byzantins conservés on examine les mentions de monnaies figurant dans beaucoup de leurs problèmes d’arithmétique. Lorsque les traités sont datés, on peut comparer leurs informations sur la monnaie avec les données d’autres sources comme les livres de comptes et montrer la validité de celles-ci. Dans le cas de manuscrits non datés (tels ceux du Vindobonensis gr. 65) ce sont les mentions monétaires qui contribuent à déterminer une date de rédaction par comparaison de l’éventail des dénominations et de leurs valeurs avec les données numismatiques sur l’émission et la circulation de l’époque.
The Book of Michael of Rhodes and the Merchant Manual Tradition
Authors: Stahl Alan Michael 
Published: February 2014

Le manuscrit en langue vénitienne formé au milieu du XVe siècle par un personnage qui se désigne lui-même sous le nom de Michel de Rhodes présente des traits communs avec les manuels de marchands, comme sa structure de compilation de textes professionnels et particulièrement sa section initiale issue de la tradition des traités d’abaque. En revanche les autres textes concernent la construction navale et la navigation bien plus que le commerce et la monnaie. C’est pourquoi on considère ce manuscrit, et ceux qui l’ont suivi, comme un genre à part, celui des manuels
maritimes.
Postovipositional maternal care in the burrower bug, Adomerus rotundus (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)
Authors: Inadomi Kouichi , Wakiyama Maiko , Hironaka Mantaro , Mukai Hiromi , Filippi Lisa , Nomakuchi Shintaro 
Published: February 2014

AbstractComplex subsociality involving guarding, progressive provisioning, and trophic egg production behaviours in herbivorous Hemiptera is known in only a few genera in the Cydnidae subfamily Sehirinae and in Parastrachiidae. Because progressive provisioning and trophic egg production are apparently specific to these closely related species, phylogenetically it seems likely that the behaviours emerged once in the common ancestor of this clade. However, the scarcity of information on species in the clade precludes any reliable exploration of this hypothesis. To ameliorate this situation, it is necessary to accumulate additional information for as many related species as possible. To this end, we first targeted Japanese representatives of the genus Adomerus Mulsant and Rey (Hemiptera: Cydnidae), three species of which are distributed in Japan. Complex subsocial behaviours in two of these species, Adomerus triguttulus (Motschulsky) and Adomerus variegatus (Signoret), have been well characterised and analysed. The third Japanese species, Adomerus rotundus (Hsiao), was identified to display complex maternal care, but, with the exception of egg hatch synchronisation, parental behaviours have not been characterised. In this study, we examined the parental behaviours of A. rotundus. Additional investigations on subsocial behaviours, in addition to morphological and molecular analyses, should gradually clarify whether the complex subsociality represents a homologous or convergent adaptation.
On Littlewood Polynomials with Prescribed Number of Zeros Inside the Unit Disk
Authors: Borwein Peter , Choi Stephen , Ferguson Ron , Jankauskas Jonas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe investigate the numbers of complex zeros of Littlewood polynomials p(z) (polynomials
with coefficients {−1, 1}) inside or on the unit circle |z| = 1, denoted by N(p) and U(p), respectively. Two types of Littlewood polynomials are considered: Littlewood polynomials with one sign change in
the sequence of coefficients and Littlewood polynomials with one negative coefficient. We obtain
explicit formulas for N(p), U(p) for polynomials p(z) of these types. We show that if n + 1 is a prime
number, then for each integer k, 0 ≤ k ≤ n − 1, there exists a Littlewood polynomial p(z) of degree n with N(p) = k and U(p) = 0. Furthermore, we describe some cases where the ratios N(p)/n and
U(p)/n have limits as n → ∞ and find the corresponding limit values.
Discrimination and the Presumptive Rights of Immigrants
Authors: Mendoza José Jorge 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Philosophers have assumed that as long as discriminatory admission and exclusion policies are off the table, it is possible for one to adopt a restrictionist position on the issue of immigration without having to worry that this position might entail discriminatory outcomes. The problem with this assumption emerges, however, when two important points are taken into consideration. First, immigration controls are not simply discriminatory because they are based on racist or ethnocentric attitudes and beliefs, but can themselves also be the source of social and civic ostracism. Second, by focusing so much on questions of admission and exclusion, philosophers have tended to overlook the discriminatory potential of immigration enforcement mechanisms. In this essay, I make the case that philosophers who deal with the issue of immigration cannot dispense with the potential for discrimination in a state's enforcement mechanism as easily as they have with the potential for discrimination in a state's admission and exclusions criteria. In addition, I put forth the positive claim that the way to combat this potential for discrimination (e.g., xenophobia) must begin with a defense of, and advocacy for, immigrant rights.
HER2/neu in Endometrial Cancer: A Promising Therapeutic Target With Diagnostic Challenges
Authors: Buza Natalia , Roque Dana M. , Santin Alessandro D. 
Published: February 2014

Context.—In the era of targeted cancer therapy, there is growing interest in developing novel therapeutic strategies against endometrial carcinoma, especially its most biologically aggressive variant, serous adenocarcinoma. Several publications have demonstrated that a significant proportion of uterine serous carcinomas show HER2 overexpression and/or amplification, suggesting that HER2 may be a promising therapeutic target. Case reports have already shown clinical response to trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibody against HER2, and patients are currently being enrolled in a multi-institutional prospective randomized trial to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of trastuzumab.Objective.—To review current data on HER2 testing and targeted therapy against HER2/neu in endometrial carcinoma.Data Sources.—Review of the literature and personal experience of the authors.Conclusions.—Parallel to the clinical studies, there is a need to develop standardized criteria for HER2 testing in endometrial carcinoma that reflect the unique biological and pathogenetic features of these tumors and correlate with clinical response to therapy. This article presents a comprehensive review of the current state of HER2-based therapy and HER2 testing in endometrial carcinoma.
Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary: An Update
Authors: Nogales Francisco F. , Dulcey Isabel , Preda Ovidiu 
Published: February 2014

Context.—The field of ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) has remained relatively unchanged in the last 2 decades. However, the introduction of new stem cell pluripotency markers has provided a new understanding into the identification and taxonomy of OGCT types. New data have provided new insights into unusual teratoma-associated autoimmune disorders and the origin of gliomatosis peritonei.Objective.—To review the impact of new pluripotency markers in the diagnosis of malignant OGCT (MOGCT) and analyze new nomenclature proposals and clinicopathologic entities.Data Sources.—Ovarian germ cell tumors from routine material and expert consultation files at San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain, and the relevant literature were reviewed.Conclusions.—Although a correct diagnosis of MOGCT can often be made with histologic and classic immunohistochemical studies, the new immunohistochemical pluripotency markers give higher diagnostic accuracy. Germ cell tumors represent a caricature of the phases of normal embryonic differentiation from primordial germ and stem cells to extraembryonal and somatic tissue differentiation. Since every stage of differentiation and its related tumor type exhibit characteristic markers, the analysis of their expression facilitates tumor typing, thus complementing the use of classic antibodies. They also allow a more precise evaluation of the degree of immaturity in teratoma. The new term, primitive endodermal tumors, simplifies the understanding of the complex histology of the yolk sac tumor group, as this terminology encompasses its multiple endodermal differentiations. Recently described autoimmune encephalitis due to antibodies against the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor has become the most frequent autoimmune disorder associated with ovarian teratoma.
Endometrial Carcinoma in Women Aged 40 Years and Younger
Authors: Garg Karuna , Soslow Robert A. 
Published: February 2014

Context.—Endometrial carcinoma is a disease of older postmenopausal women, and is relatively uncommon in patients younger than 40 years. Endometrial carcinomas in this age group may be familial, associated with Lynch syndrome, or sporadic.
Objectives.—To present our current knowledge of endometrial carcinomas in women younger than 40 years.
Data Sources.—The review is based on previously published articles on this topic.
Conclusions.—Most endometrial carcinomas that occur in this age group are associated with estrogen excess. They are usually low-grade endometrioid carcinomas that present at low stages and are associated with favorable clinical outcomes. Tumors associated with mismatch repair abnormalities and Lynch syndrome appear to be distinct, with worse prognostic factors and, possibly, clinical behavior. Conservative hormonal therapy and ovarian conservation are reasonable considerations in the management of these young patients, but carry the risk of tumor progression, recurrence, and an occult synchronous or metachronous ovarian carcinoma.
National Standards in Pathology Education: Developing Competencies for Integrated Medical School Curricula
Authors: Sadofsky Moshe , Knollmann-Ritschel Barbara , Conran Richard M. , Prystowsky Michael B. 
Published: February 2014

Context.—Medical school education has evolved from department-specific memorization of facts to an integrated curriculum presenting knowledge in a contextual manner across traditional disciplines, integrating information, improving retention, and facilitating application to clinical practice. Integration occurs throughout medical school using live data-sharing technologies, thereby providing the student with a framework for lifelong active learning. Incorporation of educational teams during medical school prepares students for team-based patient care, which is also required for pay-for-performance models used in accountable care organizations.
Objective.—To develop learning objectives for teaching pathology to medical students. Given the rapid expansion of basic science knowledge of human development, normal function, and pathobiology, it is neither possible nor desirable for faculty to teach, and students to retain, this vast amount of information. Courses teaching the essentials in context and engaging students in the learning process enable them to become lifelong learners. An appreciation of pathobiology and the role of laboratory medicine underlies the modern practice of medicine. As such, all medical students need to acquire 3 basic competencies in pathology: an understanding of disease mechanisms, integration of mechanisms into organ system pathology, and application of pathobiology to diagnostic medicine.
Design.—We propose the development of 3 specific competencies in pathology to be implemented nationwide, aimed at disease mechanisms/processes, organ system pathology, and application to diagnostic medicine. Each competency will include learning objectives and a means to assess acquisition, integration, and application of knowledge. The learning objectives are designed to be a living document managed (curated) by a group of pathologists representing Liaison Committee on Medical Education–accredited medical schools nationally.
Conclusions.—Development of a coherent set of learning objectives will assist medical students nationally to gain the basic competencies in pathology necessary for clinical practice. Having national standards for competencies preserves schools' independence in specific curriculum design while assuring all students meet the evolving needs of medical practice.