bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thiol‐epoxy polymerization via an AB monomer: Synthetic access to high molecular weight poly(β‐hydroxythio‐ether)s
Authors: Binder Selmar , Gadwal Ikhlas , Bielmann Andreas , Khan Anzar 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA synthetic route is developed for the preparation of an AB‐type of monomer carrying an epoxy and a thiol group. Base‐catalyzed thiol‐epoxy polymerization of this monomer gave rise to poly(β‐hydroxythio‐ether)s. A systematic variation in the reaction conditions suggested that tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride, lithium hydroxide, and 1,8‐diazabicycloundecene (DBU) were good polymerization catalysts. Triethylamine, in contrast, required higher temperatures and excess amounts to yield polymers. THF and water could be used as polymerization mediums. However, the best results were obtained in bulk conditions. This required the use of a mechanical stirrer due to the high viscosity of the polymerization mixture. The polymers obtained from the AB monomer route exhibited significantly higher molecular weights (Mw = 47,700, Mn = 23,200 g/mol) than the materials prepared from an AA/BB type of the monomer system (Mw = 10,000, Mn = 5400 g/mol). The prepared reactive polymers could be transformed into a fluorescent or a cationic structure through postpolymerization modification of the reactive hydroxyl sites present along the polymer backbone. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2040–2046
Modulation of spontaneous emission characteristics of Alq3 in three‐dimensional PMMA photonic crystals
Authors: Qian Cheng , Wang Yinghui , Song Yunfei , Zou Lu , Ma Yuguang , Yang Yanqiang , Zhang Hanzhuang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe effect of the photonic stop bands (PSBs) on the spontaneous emission from tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) doped in the beads of polymethylmethacrylate opal photonic crystals (PCs) is investigated in detail. The structure of PSBs in PCs has been analyzed. The steady emission data exhibits that the first‐ and second‐order PSB could effectively influence the spectral characteristics of Alq3 through changing the incident angles. The emission dynamic data is also investigated by using the Kohlrausch strengthened exponential model, which shows that the emission decay rate of Alq3 can be decelerated as the PSB of PC approaches the emission peak of Alq3. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 842–847
The impact of prostate cancer on partners: a qualitative exploration
Authors: Wootten A. C. , Abbott J. M. , Osborne D. , Austin D. W. , Klein B. , Costello A. J. , Murphy D. G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveProstate cancer and its treatment can result in numerous physical and psychological morbidities for the patient as well as his partner. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of intimate spouses or partners of men diagnosed and/or treated for prostate cancer to better understand the personal impact of prostate cancer on the partner.MethodsTwenty‐seven partners participated in this study. Six focus groups were convened, and one in‐depth interview was undertaken to explore the practical impact of prostate cancer on the intimate spouse/partner. All discussions were audio‐recorded and transcribed and then coded using a thematic approach.ResultsSix themes emerged: (a) The influence of the man's response to prostate cancer on the partner, (b) The need to be involved in treatment and medical decision making, (c) Supporting a man who is experiencing a loss of masculinity, (d) Degree of congruence between each partner's coping responses, (e) Constrained communication, and (f) Changed roles and increased practical management.ConclusionsIt is clear that prostate cancer impacts substantially on many areas of partner well‐being. An effective intervention provided to this population seems warranted and may lead to improvements in partner well‐being, assist the couple in lessening the impact of prostate cancer and its treatment on their relationship, and assist in the man's recovery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Return Migration of the Highly Skilled in Higher Education Institutions: a Chinese University Case
Authors: Wang Qingfang , Tang Li , Li Huiping 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe war for ‘global talents’ becomes increasingly fierce worldwide with the thriving of knowledge‐based new economy. Many countries are implementing new initiatives to encourage their citizens trained overseas to return with their globalised work competencies. Although previous studies have identified various factors related to return migration, very few studies have focused on the return migration of academics, and more specifically, the role of the higher education institution (HEI) in the return migration process. Using both statistical analyses of micro‐data and in‐depth interviews, this study examines the HEI recruitment process through an extensive case study in a research university in China. We find that, for successful recruitment of overseas top talents, it is extremely important as to how university presents itself in the international stage of the global higher education markets. Meanwhile, we cannot underestimate the role of economic incentives. We also find that the role of networking is more subtle than what traditional migration theories would have predicted. Our findings provide important policy implications for practices regarding talent recruitment at the institutional level, particularly for those universities at the lower end of the global higher education hierarchy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light trapping structures for silicon solar cells via inkjet printing
Authors: Borojevic Nino , Lennon Alison , Wenham Stuart 
Published: April 2014

Inverted pyramids and v‐groove texturing has been employed for high efficiency cells because they provide advantages over the conventional upright random pyramid texturing used industrially. This letter reports the use of an inkjet‐patterning technique as an alternative to the expensive and complex photolithography method normally used for the dielectric patterning step required for the fabrication of these light trapping structures. The resulting single‐sided and double‐sided inkjet‐patterned textures are equivalent in structure to matching textures produced using photolithography and they show enhanced cell absorption over random upright pyramid texturing in the near‐bandgap wavelength range. Photocurrent calculations show that the inkjet‐patterning approach is a promising direction for current commercial wafers of about 200 μm thickness although future inkjet technology improvements will need to reduce pattern feature dimensions to reduce the extent of silicon etching for compatibility with the predicted thinner wafers in the future. SEM micrograph of inkjet fabricated tiled inverted pyramids.
THE MIRAGE TOOLBOX: AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR TEMPORARY STREAMS
Authors: Prat N. , Gallart F. , Von Schiller D. , Polesello S. , García‐Roger E. M. , Latron J. , Rieradevall M. , Llorens P. , Barberá G. G. , Brito D. , De Girolamo A. M. , Dieter D. , Lo Porto A. , Buffagni A. , Erba S. , Nikolaidis N. P. , Querner E. P. , Tournoud M. G. , Tzoraki O. , Skoulikidis N. , Gómez R. , Sánchez‐Montoya M. M. , Tockner K. , Froebrich J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe assessment of the ecological status of water bodies, as requires by the European Water Framework Directive, can raise a number of problems when applied to temporary streams. These problems are because of the particular physical, chemical and biological conditions resulting from the recurrent cessation of flow or even the complete drying of the stream beds. In such non‐permanent water bodies, the reference quality standards developed for permanent streams may only be applicable under certain circumstances or may not be applicable at all. Work conducted within the collaborative EU‐funded project Mediterranean Intermittent River ManAGEment (MIRAGE) has addressed most of these difficulties and has used diverse approaches to solve them. These approaches have been brought together in the so‐called MIRAGE Toolbox. This toolbox consists of a series of methodologies that are designed to be used in a sequential manner to allow the establishment of the ecological and chemical status of temporary streams and to relate these findings to the hydrological status of the streams. The toolbox is intended to serve the following purposes: (i) the determination of the hydrological regime of the stream; (ii) the design of adequate schedules for biological and chemical sampling according to the aquatic state of the stream; (iii) the fulfillment of criteria for designing reference condition stations; (iv) the analysis of hydrological modifications of the stream regime (with the definition of the hydrological status); and (v) the development of new methods to measure the ecological status (including structural and functional methods) and chemical status when the stream's hydrological conditions are far from those in permanent streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who gains from hourly time‐of‐use retail prices on electricity? An analysis of consumption profiles for categories of Danish electricity customers
Authors: Andersen F. M. , Larsen H. V. , Kitzing L. , Morthorst P. E. 
Published: April 2014

Studies of the aggregated hourly electricity load in geographical areas typically show a systematic variation over the day, the week, and seasons. With hourly metering of individual customers, data for individual consumption profiles have become available. Looking into these data we show that consumption profiles for specific categories of customers are equally systematic but quite distinct for different categories of customers. That is, different categories of customers contribute quite differently to the aggregated load profile. Coupling consumption profiles with hourly market prices which also include a systematic component in the hourly variation, we show that customers with different consumption profiles experience different average cost of their electricity consumption when billed according to hourly time‐of‐use prices. Thus, some categories of customers stand to gain from time‐of‐use pricing, while others stand to lose. In Denmark, typically industry, private services and households stand to lose, whereas agriculture and public services stand to gain from time‐of‐use pricing. However, differences within categories of customers are considerable and, for example, industrial companies running 24 h a day tend to gain from a time‐of‐use pricing. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:582–593. doi: 10.1002/wene.120This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Neue AHA- und ACC-Leitlinie zur Risikoreduktion von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen durch Cholesterinsenkung
Authors: Klose G. , Beil F.U. , Dieplinger H. , von Eckardstein A. , Föger B. , Gouni-Berthold I. , Koenig W. , Kostner G.M. , Landmesser U. , Laufs U. , Leistikow F. , März W. , Merkel M. , Müller-Wieland D. , Noll G. , Parhofer K.G. , Paulweber B. , Riesen W. , Schaefer J.R. , Steinhagen-Thiessen E. , Steinmetz A. , Toplak H. , Wanner C. , Windler E. 
Published: April 2014

ZusammenfassungKürzlich wurde im Namen der American Heart Association und des American College of Cardiology eine Leitlinie zur Cholesterinsenkung und Reduktion des Risikos für arteriosklerotische Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen veröffentlicht. Sie nimmt für sich in Anspruch, auf Evidenz randomisierter, kontrollierter Studien zu beruhen, und beschränkt sich deshalb auf die Behandlungsoptionen mit Statinen. Vor diesem Hintergrund gibt die Leitlinie keine Zielwerte mehr vor, sondern bezieht sich auf prozentuale Cholesterinsenkungen durch Statinmedikationen mit niedriger, moderater oder hoher Intensität, die allerdings genauso wenig als Vorgaben in randomisierten Studien geprüft worden sind wie die an der Praxis orientierten Zielwerte. Ähnliches gilt für die vier Patientengruppen, die die Leitlinie aufgrund ihres Risikos als therapiebedürftig definiert. Keine größere Statinstudie hat Probanden aufgrund eines errechneten globalen Risikos eingeschlossen, sodass auch die Zuordnungskriterien willkürlich gewählt sind. Sie würden zu einer erheblichen Ausweitung der Primärprävention mit hohen und maximalen Statindosen führen. Die Festlegung auf Statindosierungen statt Cholesterinzielwerte steht dem Prinzip einer individualisierten Behandlung entgegen. Zu begrüßen ist die Möglichkeit des neuen Risikoscores, zusätzlich zum 10-Jahres-Risiko das Lebenszeitrisiko bis zum 80. Lebensjahr zu ermitteln. Allerdings fließt dies nicht in die Behandlungsempfehlungen ein, obgleich Evidenz von Populations- und genetischen Studien darauf hinweist, dass die früh- und langzeitige moderate Senkung des Low-density-lipoprotein(LDL)- oder Non-high-density-lipoprotein(HDL)-Cholesterins eine weitaus stärkere Wirkung hat als eine intensive Behandlung im fortgeschrittenen Alter. Hinsichtlich der Sekundärprävention stimmt die neue Leitlinie mit der europäischen weitgehend überein. Die beteiligten Fachgesellschaften des D•A•CH-Bereichs empfehlen, weiterhin entsprechend den bewährten Richtlinien wie den Leitlinien der European Society of Cardiology und der European Atherosclerosis Society zu verfahren.
Di‐Hydroxylated Soybean Oil Polyols with Varied Hydroxyl Values and Their Influence on UV‐Curable Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesives
Authors: Li Yonghui , Sun Xiuzhi Susan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDi‐hydroxylated soybean oil (DSO) polyols with three different hydroxyl values (OHV) of 160, 240, and 285 mg KOH/g were synthesized from epoxidized soybean oils (ESO) by oxirane cleavage with water catalyzed by perchloric acid. The DSO were clear, viscous liquids at room temperature. The structure and physical properties of DSO were characterized using titration methods, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography, rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The number average molecular weight of DSO160, DSO240, and DSO285 were 1,412, 1,781, and 1,899 g/mol, respectively, indicating that oligomerization occurred during DSO synthesis, which was further confirmed by FTIR. All DSO polyols exhibited non‐Newtonian, shear thinning behavior. DSO with higher OHV were more viscous than those with lower OHV. All DSO were thermally stable up to 380 °C. These three DSO were formulated into pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSA) by copolymerizing with ESO using UV curing. The peel adhesion strength of the PSA was significantly affected by the OHV of DSO and DSO content. Maximal PSA adhesion strength of 4.6 N/inch was obtained with DSO285 and a DSO/ESO weight ratio of 0.75.
International Alzheimer's Disease Research Portfolio (IADRP) aims to capture global Alzheimer's disease research funding
Authors: Liggins Charlene , Snyder Heather M. , Silverberg Nina , Petanceska Suzana , Refolo Lorenzo M. , Ryan Laurie , Carrillo Maria C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a recognized international public health crisis. There is an urgent need for public and private funding agencies around the world to coordinate funding strategies and leverage existing resources to enhance and expand support of AD research. To capture and compare their existing investments in AD research and research‐related resources, major funding organizations are starting to utilize the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) to categorize their funding information. This information is captured in the International Alzheimer's Disease Research Portfolio (IADRP) for further analysis. As of January, 2014, over fifteen organizations from the US, Canada, Europe and Australia have contributed their information. The goal of the IADRP project is to enable funding organizations to assess the changing landscape of AD research and coordinate strategies, leverage resources, and avoid duplication of effort.
Intradiskal Methylene Blue Treatment for Diskogenic Low Back Pain
Authors: Levi David S. , Horn Scott , Walko Edward 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundLow back pain is a leading cause of pain and disability. The intervertebral disk has been identified as the most common source of chronic low back pain. Although prior treatments directed at intervertebral disks have been disappointing, recent studies show promising improvement of pain and function after a single intradiskal injection of methylene blue.ObjectiveTo assess changes in pain and function in patients with diskogenic low back pain, diagnosed by diskography, after an intradiskal injection of methylene blue.Study DesignProspective trial.MethodsPatients diagnosed with diskogenic pain by diskography underwent a single treatment of intradiskal injection of methylene blue, determined by prior provocation diskography.Main Outcome MeasuresPain and function measurements were completed at baseline and 1, 2, and 6 months after treatment. Treatment was considered a categorical success based on a 30% improvement in pain according to a visual analog scale (VAS) and function on the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Treatment was considered a categorical failure if less than 30% improvement in pain and function was achieved or if the patient pursued other invasive treatment options during the trial period.ResultsSixteen patients received the intradiskal methylene blue injection. Eleven patients received a single‐level injection, 4 patients received a 2‐level injection, and one patient received injections at 3 levels. For the VAS, at 1, 2, and 6 months after the injection, the categorical success rates were 25%, 21%, and 25%, respectively. For the ODI, at 1, 2 and 6 months after the injection, the categorical success rates were 25%, 21%, and 33%, respectively. The overall categorical success rates at 1, 2, and 6 months after the injection were 19%, 21%, and 25%, respectively.ConclusionThis small trial did not demonstrate overall clinical success of intradiskal methylene blue injection for patients diagnosed with diskogenic pain by diskography.
Trajectory of Motor Performance Over Twelve Months in Nigerian Stroke Survivors
Authors: Vincent-Onabajo Grace Oluwatitofunmi , Hamzat Talhatu Kolapo , Owolabi Mayowa Ojo 
Published: April 2014

Objective: Submissions on recovery of post-stroke motor performance vary, especially in relation to increasing time after stroke. This study examined the trajectory of motor performance over the first 12 months after stroke.Methods: Consecutive first-incidence stroke survivors (N= 83) were recruited within 1 month of onset from a tertiary health institution in Nigeria. Simplified Fugl Meyer scale (S-FM) was used to assess motor performance at monthly intervals. Changes in overall motor performance, and differences between the affected upper and lower extremities, were examined using Friedman's ANOVA and pairedt-tests, respectively.Results: Significant improvement in motor performance was observed across 12 months (p< .001), with the proportion of stroke survivors with severe impairment at onset (53.3%) decreasing to 20% by 12 months. Lower extremity motor performance scores were significantly higher than for the upper extremity from 1 to 12 months (p<.01 at 3, 4, 5, 6 and 12 months; andp< .05 at the remaining months).Conclusions: The potential for long-term improvement in motor performance after stroke was observed, suggesting that this can be harnessed by long-term rehabilitation efforts. The comparatively poorer outcome in the upper extremity indicates the need for extra rehabilitation strategies to enhance upper-extremity motor recovery in the first year of stroke.
A longitudinal examination of mothers’ and fathers’ social information processing biases and harsh discipline in nine countries
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Woodlief Darren , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Tapanya Sombat , Tirado Liliana Maria Uribe , Zelli Arnaldo , Al-Hassan Suha M. , Alampay Liane Peña , Bacchini Dario , Bombi Anna Silvia , Bornstein Marc H. , Chang Lei , Deater-Deckard Kirby , Di Giunta Laura , Dodge Kenneth A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study examined whether parents’ social information processing was related to their subsequent reports of their harsh discipline. Interviews were conducted with mothers (n= 1,277) and fathers (n= 1,030) of children in 1,297 families in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States), initially when children were 7 to 9 years old and again 1 year later. Structural equation models showed that parents’ positive evaluations of aggressive responses to hypothetical childrearing vignettes at Time 1 predicted parents’ self-reported harsh physical and nonphysical discipline at Time 2. This link was consistent across mothers and fathers, and across the nine countries, providing support for the universality of the link between positive evaluations of harsh discipline and parents’ aggressive behavior toward children. The results suggest that international efforts to eliminate violence toward children could target parents’ beliefs about the acceptability and advisability of using harsh physical and nonphysical forms of discipline.
A cultural system to reduce weed interference in organic soybean
Authors: Anderson Randy L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOrganic producers are seeking alternative tactics for weed control, so that they can reduce their need for tillage. In this study, we examined cultural strategies for controlling weeds during the transition from a cool-season crop to soybean. The study was arranged as a two-way factorial, with factors being choice of cool-season crop and tillage treatments. The cool-season crops were either spring wheat harvested for grain or an oat–pea mixture harvested for forage. Five tillage treatments, ranging from intensive tillage to no-till, were established following each cool-season crop. Two tillage treatments included the cover crops, oat plus oilseed radish. Soybean was planted the following growing season. Each soybean plot was split into two subplots: weed-free and weed-infested. A cultural system comprising oat/pea as a preceding crop with no-till and cover crops reduced weed biomass in soybean 63% compared to intensive tillage. Reduced weed biomass resulted because of delayed weed emergence and lower weed community density. Consequently, soybean yielded 14% more in this treatment than with the intensive tillage treatment when weeds were present. Weed community composition also differed between the two systems; horseweed and field dandelion were prominent in no-till, whereas common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed and buffalobur were prevalent in the tillage control. Other treatments did not control weeds better than intensive tillage. A cultural system approach may minimize the need for tillage during the interval between cool-season crops and soybean.