bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and Spatial Pattern of a Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Invasion
Authors: Zhao Wanying , Goebel Charles , Cardina John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPrivet has escaped from cultivation and is invading natural areas throughout eastern North America. Understanding the pattern of invasion over time could help us develop more efficient management strategies. We studied the invasion history and spatial distribution pattern of privet by mapping age and spatial data for established patches in a 132-ha (326 ac) forested natural area in northeast Ohio. We determined the age of 331 geo-referenced patches by counting annual rings, and mapped them with corresponding land habitat. Age distribution and cumulative number of privet patches over about 40 yr showed three phases of invasion. The initial 19-yr lag phase was characterized as a dispersed spatial pattern (based on nearest neighbor analysis), with patches located mostly at edges of different habitats and open places. In a second phase of about 15 yr, an average of 19 patches were initiated yearly, in a pattern that trended towards clustered. The final phase began around 2007, as the rate of new patch establishment declined, possibly because of saturation of the suitable habitat. Establishment of new patches was not associated with specific habitats. Aggregation of patches with similar ages increased after 1998 and became significantly clustered. Mapping of clusters of old and young patches identified invasion hot spots and barriers. Results affirmed that the best time for invasive control is during the lag phase. By monitoring edge habitats associated with early establishment, managers might detect and control early invaders and delay the onset of the expansion phase.
Passive Reestablishment of Riparian Vegetation Following Removal of Invasive Knotweed (Polygonum)
Authors: Claeson Shannon M. , Bisson Peter A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractJapanese knotweed and congeners are invasive to North America and Europe and spread aggressively along rivers establishing dense monotypic stands, thereby reducing native riparian plant diversity, structure, and function. Noxious weed control programs attempt to eradicate the knotweed with repeated herbicide applications under the assumption that the system will recover to a native assemblage which will inhibit future invasions. However, eradication efficacy studies typically only measure the amount of knotweed reduced, not the reestablished species diversity or plant origins. For a community scale efficacy study, we measured vascular plant species diversity and cover in riparian areas along five rivers in Washington State, 3 to 6 years after Bohemian knotweed was initially treated with herbicide. Plant species composition was compared between riparian sites treated to remove knotweed and reference sites where knotweed was absent. Sites where knotweed had been removed had significantly more exotic species and vegetative cover than reference sites; however, native species richness and cover were greater in reference sites and areas with more overstory vegetation. The native plants observed were primarily shade tolerant and perennial, as opposed to many of the exotics, which were shade-intolerant annuals. In general, reestablishment of native and exotic vegetation was not related to pretreatment knotweed stem count, size of the invaded area, or timing of herbicide application. However, residual native tree cover was negatively correlated with initial knotweed stem count. Monitoring the success of restoration objectives (e.g., native plant reestablishment or increased species diversity) and characterizing associated habitat features following knotweed eradication will help in the development of site-specific protocols for successful plant community scale restoration.
Management trade‐off between aboveground carbon storage and understory plant species richness in temperate forests
Authors: Burton Julia I. , Ares Adrian , Olson Deanna H. , Puettmann Klaus J. 
Published: March 2013

Because forest ecosystems have the capacity to store large quantities of carbon (C), there is interest in managing forests to mitigate elevated CO2 concentrations and associated effects on the global climate. However, some mitigation techniques may contrast with management strategies for other goals, such as maintaining and restoring biodiversity. Forest thinning reduces C storage in the overstory and recruitment of detrital C. These C stores can affect environmental conditions and resource availability in the understory, driving patterns in the distribution of early and late‐seral species. We examined the effects of replicated (N = 7) thinning experiments on aboveground C and understory vascular plant species richness, and we contrasted relationships between aboveground C and early‐ vs. late‐seral species richness. Finally, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine relationships among early‐ and late‐seral species richness and live and detrital aboveground C stores.Six years following thinning, aboveground C was greater in the high‐density treatment and untreated control than in moderate‐ (MD) and variable‐density (VD) treatments as a result of reductions in live overstory C. In contrast, all thinning treatments increased species richness relative to controls. Between the growing seasons of years 6 and 11 following treatments, the live overstory C increment tended to increase with residual density, while richness decreased in MD and VD treatments. The richness of early‐seral species was negatively related to aboveground C in MD and VD, while late‐seral species richness was positively (albeit weakly) related to aboveground C. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed strong negative effects of live overstory C on early‐seral species richness balanced against weaker positive effects on late‐seral species richness, as well as positive effects of detrital C stocks. A trade‐off between carbon and plant species richness thus emerges as a net result of these relationships among species traits, thinning treatments, and live and detrital C storage. Integrating C storage with traditional conservation objectives may require managing this trade‐off within stands and landscapes (e.g., maintain early‐seral habitat and species within dense, C‐rich forests and, conversely, live and detrital C stores in early‐seral habitats) or separating these goals across scales and species groupings.
Pimozide Inhibits the AcrAB-TolC Efflux Pump in Escherichia coli
Authors: Bohnert Jürgen A , Schuster Sabine , Kern Winfried V 
Published: March 2013

Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are attractive compounds to reverse multidrug-resistance in clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. In this study we tested the ability of the neuroleptic drug pimozide to inhibit the Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, whose overproduction confers resistance to various antimicrobial agents. A real-time Nile red efflux assay in the AcrAB – overproducing strain 3-AG100 revealed that pimozide was capable of full inhibition of this pump at a concentration of 100 µM, which is far below its intrinsic MIC (>1mM). However, MIC assay demonstrated very little effect of pimozide with regard to reduction in MICs of various antimicrobial compounds.
Only oxacillin MICs were reduced twofold in the presence of pimozide at 100 and 200 µM.
Since pimozide did considerably enhance accumulation of ethidium bromide in a fluorescence assay, ethidium bromide MIC assays in the presence and absence of this putative EPI were performed. They revealed that pimozide was able to reduce the MICs of ethidium bromide by 4-fold. In line with previous reports we suggest that the capability of EPIs to restore the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents can be highly substrate-specific due to different substrate binding sites.
Crystalographic and structural characterization of heterometallic platinum compounds. Part III: heterotrinuclear compounds
Authors: Melník Milan , Mikuš Peter , Holloway Clive 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This review article includes over three hundred and sixty heterotrinuclear platinum complexes of the composition Pt2M (205 examples), PtM2 (132 examples) and PtMM (24 examples). The heterometals include the non-transition and transition metals. Three metal atoms form a wide variability of frameworks: M3 triangular, dicapped M3 triangular, V shaped M3, M3 linear, five-, six- and seven- metallocycles and unique structures of which triangular and linear are the most common. This has led to a rich chemistry of platinum not only from variability of metals, but also from their framework and stereochemistry. The shortest Pt-M (non-transition) and Pt-M (transition) bonds are 2.315(1) Å for Pt-Ga and 2.4896(9) Å for Pt-Co. The shortest Pt-Pt bond distance is 2.581(1) Å. Two complexes exist in two isomeric forms and several others contain crystallographically independent molecules. All are typical examples of distortion isomerism. Correlations between structural parameters, heterometal and ligand donor atoms are developed and discussed.
Determination of H2S and HCl concentration limits in the fuel for anode supported SOFC operation
Authors: Błesznowski Marcin , Jewulski Janusz , Zieleniak Agata 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electric generator, operating based on electrochemical reaction converting gaseous fuel to electricity and heat. It is characterized by the high electrical efficiency of up to 70% with cogeneration and negligible emission of pollutants. Syngas from the biomass gasification is considered to be a possible fuel for solid oxide fuel cell systems. However, high level of contaminants such as H2S, HCl, alkali metals, tars and particulates, in addition to possibility of carbon deposition and high temperature gradients due to internal reforming of hydrocarbons requires cleaning and conditioning of the syngas stream. The current status of the effect of contaminants on the SOFC performance has been reviewed and effects of single contaminants (H2S, HCl) has been tested. It has been found that anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (AS-SOFC) with Ni/YSZ cermet anode can tolerate up to 1 ppm H2S and up to 10 ppm HCl without significant performance degradation.
Constructing universal graphs for induced-hereditary graph properties
Authors: Broere Izak , Heidema Johannes , Mihók Peter 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Rado constructed a (simple) denumerable graph R with the positive integers as vertex set with the following edges: For given m and n with m < n, m is adjacent to n if n has a 1 in the m’th position of its binary expansion. It is well known that R is a universal graph in the set I of all countable graphs (since every graph in I is isomorphic to an induced subgraph of R).
In this paper we describe a general recursive construction which proves the existence of a countable universal graph for any induced-hereditary property of countable general graphs. A general construction of a universal graph for the set of finite graphs in a product of properties of graphs is also presented.
The paper is concluded by a comparison between the two types of construction of universal graphs.
On the computation of the Picard group for certain singular quartic surfaces
Authors: Elsenhans Andreas-Stephan , Jahnel Jörg 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
We test the methods for computing the Picard group of a K3 surface in a situation of high rank. The examples chosen are resolutions of quartics in P
3 having 14 singularities of type A
1. Our computations show that the method of R. van Luijk works well when sufficiently large primes are used.
On the uniform strong Lusin condition
Authors: Sworowski Piotr 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Assume that f is a function defined on some interval I ⊂ ℝm. Literature offers several equivalences of the type: f has a property P (like absolute continuity, bounded variation, etc.) on I if and only if f has P on each (closed) null subset of I. Such results feature a pretty important role in the integration theory. We make a brief review of these results and then provide an example showing that they can break down if considered in the uniform version, that is, for sequences of functions instead of a particular function.
Oscillation criteria for nonlinear neutral functional dynamic equations on time scales
Authors: Kubiaczyk I. , Saker S. , Sikorska-Nowak A. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In this paper, we establish some new sufficient conditions for oscillation of the second-order neutral functional dynamic equation $$\left[ {r\left( t \right)\left[ {m\left( t \right)y\left( t \right) + p\left( t \right)y\left( {\tau \left( t \right)} \right)} \right]^\Delta } \right]^\Delta + q\left( t \right)f\left( {y\left( {\delta \left( t \right)} \right)} \right) = 0$$ on a time scale $$\mathbb{T}$$ which is unbounded above, where m, p, q, r, T and δ are real valued rd-continuous positive functions defined on $$\mathbb{T}$$. The main investigation of the results depends on the Riccati substitutions and the analysis of the associated Riccati dynamic inequality. The results complement the oscillation results for neutral delay dynamic equations and improve some oscillation results for neutral delay differential and difference equations. Some examples illustrating our main results are given.
Tools for Assessing Climate Impacts on Fish and Wildlife
Authors: Wilsey Chad B. , Lawler Joshua J. , Maurer Edwin P. , McKenzie Donald , Townsend Patricia A. , Gwozdz Richard , Freund James A. , Hagmann Keala , Hutten Karen M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractClimate change is already affecting many fish and wildlife populations. Managing these populations requires an understanding of the nature, magnitude, and distribution of current and future climate impacts. Scientists and managers have at their disposal a wide array of models for projecting climate impacts that can be used to build such an understanding. Here, we provide a broad overview of the types of models available for forecasting the effects of climate change on key processes that affect fish and wildlife habitat (hydrology, fire, and vegetation), as well as on individual species distributions and populations. We present a framework for how climate-impacts modeling can be used to address management concerns, providing examples of model-based assessments of climate impacts on salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest, fire regimes in the boreal region of Canada, prairies and savannas in the Willamette Valley-Puget Sound Trough-Georgia Basin ecoregion, and marten Martes americana populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. We also highlight some key limitations of these models and discuss how such limitations should be managed. We conclude with a general discussion of how these models can be integrated into fish and wildlife management.
Eye Anatomy
Authors: Zhu Jie , Zhang Ellean , Del Rio‐Tsonis Katia 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Eyes are like windows to the outside world, but their intricacies and functionalities are far more extensive than those of any given glass window. They are able to capture, adjust, and transform light into a chemical code that only the brain can decipher. Each structure of the eye works in accord with the next – refracting, constricting, dilating and chemically reacting to convert patterns of light. This article uses the mammalian eye as a primary model and follows the path that light takes on its journey through the functional eye, detailing the essential components of one of the smallest, yet most complex organs in the body. Many have attempted to emulate its abilities, but even top‐of‐the‐line digital single lens reflex cameras dare not compare with the elegant, efficient design infused in this multifaceted unit of anatomical machinery.

Key Concepts:

Accommodation refers to the changing of the shape of the lens as a result of the constriction or relaxation of ciliary muscles, in order to adjust its optical power to see clearly in the near distance. This process is used to bring objects into focus.

Eyes are part of the central neuronal system exposed to environmental stimuli. It captures and processes light signals to form discernible images.

Phototransduction refers to the process that creates a change in a photoreceptor's membrane potential due to the absorption of a photon by a photopigment molecule.

Retina is the outgrowth of the brain composed of multiple types of neurons and supportive cells that converts light signal into electrochemical impulses that are transmitted to the processing centres in the brain to form discernible images.

Glial cells are supporting cells of the nervous system. They provide support and protection for neurons by holding them in place, supplying nutrients and oxygen, isolating them from each other and removing the debris of dead neurons.

Neurons are a group of cells that can be electrically excited to process and transmit information by electrical and chemical signalling. They are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Rohrdämmstoffen für Heizungsanlagen
Authors: Zehendner H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIm Jahre 1978 sind in Deutschland erstmals vom Gesetzgeber Vorschriften zum Zwecke der Energieeinsparung an die Wärmedämmung von Rohrleitungen bei Heizungsanlagen erlassen worden. Grundlage bei Heizungsanlagen sind Rechenwerte der Wärmeleitfähigkeit bei 40 �C Mitteltemperatur, die mit Prüfrohren unterschiedlicher Rohrdurchmesser nach DIN 52613 bestimmt werden. Die früheren Regelungen durch Bescheide des BMBau sind seit 1995 durch allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassungen des DIBt Berlin als Verwendbarkeitsnachweis ersetzt worden. Der Weg vom Meßwert der Wärmeleitfähigkeit für die entsprechenden Rohrdämmstoffe bis zur Festsetzung des Rechenwerts mit Veröffentlichung im Bundesanzeiger nach heutigem Stand ist in der Veröffentlichung aufgezeigt worden. Eine Tabelle mit den Mindestdicken für alle üblichen Wärmeleitfähigkeitsgruppen erspart dabei aufwendige Umrechungen für die verschiedenen Durchmesser der Rohrleitungen.
Akustische und lärmtechnische Rechenoperationen
Authors: Lutz C. L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDezibel und Logarithmus erschweren häufig die Arbeit in der Akustik und Lärmbekämpfung. Zielsetzung und Bestreben einer laufenden Untersuchung ist, verständliche Rechenmethoden und Darstellungsweisen der Ergebnisse zu finden, von denen hier ein Teil beschrieben werden sollte. Es wird für die Addition und Mittelung von Schallpegeln eine Transformation in Schallenergiedichten vorgeschlagen, mit denen im Gegensatz zu Pegelwerten linear gerechnet werden darf. Für den Kurvenverlauf des Schallpegels über die Entfernung werden einfache, allgemeine Rechenoperationen vorgestellt. Mit deren Hilfe kann schnell ein überschlägiges Ergebnis für den speziellen mono‐ bzw. bidirektionalen Fall angegeben werden.
Untersuchungen zum Schwelbrandverhalten von Mineraldämmstoffen
Authors: Klingsch W. , Wittbecker F.‐W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDas Brandentstehungsrisiko wird mit Laborprüfmethoden über die primäre und direkte Zündung beurteilt. Eine Brandweiterleitung infolge Schwelens und eine damit verbundene mögliche Zündung anderer Materialien, die von der eigentlichen Zündquelle entfernt liegen, wird nicht festgestellt. Kommt der Schwelbrand beispielsweise mit normalentflammbaren Baustoffen oder brennbaren Dekorations‐ und/oder Einrichtungsgegenständen in Berührung, kann aus einem nichtbrennbar klassifizierten Material die großflächig einwirkende sekundäre Zündquelle werden. Untersuchte WD‐Steinfaserprodukte zeigten selbst bei nur kurzzeitiger thermischer Belastung eine Schwelneigung in den verwendeten normativen Apparaturen. Dies wird erst erkennbar, wenn der Beobachtungszeitraum über die normative Beurteilung hinaus geht. Die hohe Faserlagerungsdichte ermöglicht eine ausreichende Konzentration an reaktionsfähigem Bindemittel. Der Bindemittelgehalt ist jedoch nicht allein ausschlaggebend für eine mögliche Schwelbrandgefahr.
Außenwände in Holztafelbauart mit Wetterschutzschalen ohne wasserableitende Schicht auf der äußeren Bekleidung oder Beplankung
Authors: Marquardt H. , Mainka G.‐W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAußenwände von Holztafelbauten erhalten häufig einen Wetterschutz in Form einer Mauerwerk‐Vorsatzschale oder einer hinterlüfteten Außenwandbekleidung. Ziel der folgenden Untersuchungen ist nun der Nachweis, daß solche Außenwände mit äußeren Bekleidungen oder Beplankungen aus bautechnischen MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)‐ oder OSB (Oriented Strand Board)‐Platten mit Mauerwerk‐Vorsatzschalen oder mit nicht (ausreichend) hinterlüfteten Außenwandbekleidungen jeweils auch ohne wasserableitende Schicht die Anforderungen an den baulichen Holzschutz gemäß DIN 68800‐2 erfüllen. Die durchgeführten Versuche zeigen, daß auf voller Fläche der hölzernen Außenwände eine wasserableitende Schicht auf der äußeren Bekleidung oder Beplankung der Rohwand nicht erforderlich ist; sie zeigen aber weiterhin, daß nicht nur bei hölzernen Außenwänden mit Mauerwerk‐Vorsatzschale, sondern auch bei solchen mit hinterlüfteten Außenwandbekleidungen im Bereich der Fensteröffnungen eine feuchtetechnische Trennung zwischen Außenwandbekleidung und hölzerner Außenwand (durch einen Folienkragen o. ä.) notwendig ist.
Untersuchungen an einem hybriden Heizsystem im Einfamilienhaus Zaberfeld
Authors: Oswald D. , Wichtler A. , König N. , Töpfer K. P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBei hybriden Heizsystemen wird Warmluft mittels Luftkollektoren an der Südseite eines Gebäudes erzeugt und mit Ventilatoren in innen gelegene massive Bauteile mit Hohlkanälen geleitet. Dies können Wände oder Decken sein. Die so gespeicherte Wärmeenergie wird zeitverzögert an den Innenbereich abgegeben und führt so zu einer Heizenergieeinsparung. Besteht das Zusatzheizsystem aus elektrischen Nachtspeicheröfen, ist die weitere Kombination mit einem Kachelofen energietechnisch von Vorteil, da das Zusatzheizsystem mit einer niedrigen Grundlast gefahren werden kann und Bedarfsspitzen kurzfristig mit dem Kachelofen abgedeckt werden können. Ein weiterer energietechnischer Vorteil ergibt sich, wenn auch die vom Kachelofen erzeugte Warmluft in die massiven Speicherbauteile geleitet werden kann. In einem zweigeschossigen Einfamilienhaus wurde eine solche Kombination aus Hybridsystem, elektrischen Nachtspeicheröfen und Kachelofen wärmetechnisch untersucht.
Unsicherheit bei der Planung von Sonnenschutzsystemen
Authors: Post H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn folgendem Beitrag wird das zur Verfügung stehende Regelwerk zur Bewertung von Sonnenschutzsystemen skizziert und bewertet. Der Bereich möglicher Abminderungsfaktoren dieser Verschattungseinrichtungen wird mit einer Methode zur Betrachtung der Extremwerte bei der sekundären Wärmeabgabe eingesetzt. Für unterschiedliche Varianten von Sonnenschutz, Sonnenschutzanordnung und Verglasungsaufbau wird eine Parameterstudie durchgeführt. Die so ermittelten Abminderungsfaktoren werden dargestellt und mit den Angaben der Regelwerke verglichen. Die gewählte Breite der möglichen Sonnenschutzvarianten bei der Parameterstudie führt zu einem großen Streubereich möglicher Abminderungsfaktoren. Ein Vergleich mit den Angaben der DIN 4108‐2 zeigt deren konservative Formulierung, die vermutlich nötig ist, da nicht jede Sonnenschutzkonzeption in dieser Norm erfaßt werden kann. Eine Gleichsetzung von Doppelfassade und innenliegender Anordnung erscheint allerdings nicht gerechtfertigt, da alle untersuchten Varianten der Doppelfassade deutlich besser abschneiden. Der Vergleich von Wärme‐ und Sonnenschutzverglasung zeigt die starke Wirkung der unterschiedlichen Scheibenabsorptionen auf die Effektivität der Sonnenschutzeinrichtung. Demgegenüber ergibt sich ein geringerer Einfluß des g‐Wertes der Verglasung. Der Effekt der Scheibenabsorptionen wird bisher weder in der aktuellen Norm noch im Normentwurf prEN 13363‐1 berücksichtigt.