bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education and Cognitive Change over 15 Years: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Schneider Andrea L. C. , Sharrett A. Richey , Patel Mehul D. , Alonso Alvaro , Coresh Josef , Mosley Thomas , Selnes Ola , Selvin Elizabeth , Gottesman Rebecca F. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo evaluate whether education level is associated with change in cognitive performance.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, a community‐based cohort.ParticipantsNine thousand two hundred sixty‐eight ARIC participants who underwent cognitive evaluation at least twice over a 15‐year period.MeasurementsEducation was evaluated as a predictor of change in word recall, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and word fluency. A random‐effects linear regression model, and a time by educational level interaction was used.ResultsEducational level was highly associated with cognitive performance. The effect on performance of a less than high school education (vs more than high school) was equivalent to the effect of as much as 22 years of cognitive aging, but educational level was not associated with change in cognitive performance in whites or blacks, with the exception of the DSST for whites, in whom those with lower levels of education had less decline in scores.ConclusionEducational level was not associated with change in cognitive performance, although the higher baseline cognitive performance of individuals with more education might explain lower rates of dementia in more‐educated individuals, because more decline would have to take place between baseline higher performance and time at which dementia was diagnosed in more‐educated individuals.
Natural Law and the Roman Catholic Tradition: The Importance of Philosophical Realism
Authors: LISSKA ANTHONY J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe intellectual tradition of Roman Catholicism considers natural‐law theory as providing the philosophical machinery for articulating concepts central to thinking about moral theory, legal theory, and the social order. The thrust of this essay is to explicate the positions rooted in the writings of Aquinas on natural‐law theory, a theory with which a Georgist might find some stimulating similarities. Conditions necessary for natural‐law moral and legal theory are considered through an analysis of the central metaphysical concepts together with their historical development and contemporary significance.
A Catholic Response to Henry George's Critique of Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum
Authors: BENESTAD J. BRIAN 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn Rerum Novarum, the first of the modern social encyclicals, Pope Leo XIII argued that there is a right to the possession of property, but there are limits on the use of wealth. Christians have an obligation to use their property and talents for the good of others. Private ownership must serve not only the interests of the individual but also the public welfare. The disadvantages of private ownership are not to be corrected by socialism, communism, or the free market, but by the teaching of the Church on faith and morals, the laws of the State, and the action of private associations. Efforts to solve the problems of poverty and unjust working conditions will be in vain unless principles of Christian living drawn from the Gospel are taught to people in all ranks of society.
Two Views of Social Justice: A Catholic/Georgist Dialogue
Authors: LORD KENNETH R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSixteen scholars have come together in this issue to examine eight social‐justice themes from the perspectives of Catholic Social Thought and the philosophy of Henry George. The themes they address are natural law, human nature, the nature of work, the nineteenth‐century papal encyclical Rerum novarum, causes of war, immigration, development, and wealth, and neighborhood revitalization. While they sometimes wrangle with each other, their common aspiration is the same as their nineteenth‐century predecessors: to find solutions to the human suffering caused by injustice.
An American Catholic Perspective on Urban Neighborhoods: The Lens of Monsignor Geno C. Baroni and the Legacy of the Neighborhood Movement
Authors: KROMKOWSKI JOHN A. , KROMKOWSKI JOHN DAVID 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay reviews insights and actions that were prompted by a contemporary crisis of American development that was not entirely unlike the earlier crisis of growth that inspired Henry George's diagnosis and prescription for relief, reform, and renewal. It traces Catholic underpinnings of social, economic, and political thought and action and their applications to American urban life. It highlights new themes of a developing Catholic tradition that engages new problematic conditions and situations. These new themes and practices became imperatives related to current dynamics of urban and metropolitan growth. Thus this essay addresses the sources of this approach to the crisis of development found in the neighborhood movement and locates the particularly pivotal participation the Monsignor Geno C. Baroni and his vision and action regarding people and places in our time.
Development and Wealth: A Georgist Perspective
Authors: BATT H. WILLIAM 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay addresses concerns of economic and wealth distribution, especially as they challenge the developing world. The foundation for any new framework of economic thought must embody a structure that allows for a sustainable future, not only for individuals but also for whole societies and economic units, and the assurance of minimal standards of living for the entire world's people. The Georgist position is that all the natural resources of the earth and sky should require payment back to society for the privilege of their use. Hence the recovery of rent is the proper source of finance for government services, restoring what is otherwise an imbalance between the public and the private realms of society. The Georgist philosophy offers economic justice and clarity of vision, restoration of and protection for the commons, and protection for the environment of the earth in a deft and gentle way that is within the capacity of governments to implement.
Henry George and Immigration
Authors: BECK JOHN H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHenry George's opposition to free immigration may be surprising in light of his positions on other aspects of economic theory and policy. This essay reviews George's statements on immigration policy, discusses inconsistencies of these statements with his positions on free trade and Malthusian population theory, compares George's views with the neoclassical economic perspective on immigration, and suggests that implementation of George's policy of taxing land values would share the gains from immigration in a manner that might reduce opposition to open borders.
Henry George's Perspective on War and Peace
Authors: HARTZOK ALANNA 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay examines Henry George's perspective on war and peace. With justice added to the foundation in the way that Henry George proposes, the conditions of inequality and conflict that lead to war will no longer prevail. George saw that trade prohibitions furthered elite rule, militarization, and a worldview of “them” versus “us.” George's great contribution was to see how these big issues of War and Peace bore directly upon the constellation of rules governing the relationship of people to planet, humans to humus, earthlings to earth. Social arrangements not based on the fundamental and equal human right to the earth lead inevitably to a gross imbalance of political power and thus to government corruption, odious public debt, war, and preparations for further war. Although he warned us of what might befall the United States if it took the imperialist path, George seemed hopeful that the highest and best moral purpose of our nation would prevail. The paper concludes with an assessment of contemporary devices that protect the interests of the few over the many—subsidies, the ballooning national debt, the ever‐widening wealth gap, megacities, and the full‐spectrum‐dominance objective of U.S. imperialism.
Care Farms in the Netherlands: An Underexplored Example of Multifunctional Agriculture—Toward an Empirically Grounded, Organization‐Theory‐Based Typology
Authors: Hassink Jan , Hulsink Willem , Grin John 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFor agricultural and rural development in Europe, multifunctionality is a leading concept that raises many questions. Care farming is a promising example of multifunctional agriculture that has so far received little attention. An issue that has not been examined thoroughly is the strategic mapping of different care farm organizations in this emerging field. The objective of this article is to develop a typology for care farms in the Netherlands and provide insight into the diversity of care farms. We have used different concepts from organization theory and information from regional organizations of care farmers to identify key dimensions and develop a typology of care farms. Key dimensions are the ratio between agriculture and care, the background of the initiators, and the degree of collaboration with formal care institutions. We found six main types of care farms with different identities, four of which were initiated by the farmers' families (mainly female partners). The other two types were started by new entrants in agriculture. On the basis of our findings, we confirmed, disputed, and supplemented insights to multifunctional farming literature. As a further contribution to that field, drawing from the organization theories underlying our typology, we have sought to understand how different types of care farms could emerge.
Microwave Sintering of Nanocrystalline Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 Ferrite Powder and Their Magnetic Properties
Authors: Liu Yin , Yi Zhiguo , Li Jian‐jun , Qiu Tai , Min Fan‐fei , Zhang Ming‐xu 
Published: September 2012

Nanocrystalline Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) powder with grain size of 30 nm was prepared using the spraying‐coprecipitation method. The obtained nanocrystalline Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 powder was sintered using conventional and microwave sintering techniques. The results show that the microstructure and magnetic properties of the sintered samples are obviously improved by microwave sintering of nanocrystalline Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 ferrite powder. The initial permeability of Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 ferrite increases with the increase in zinc concentration, although its resonance frequencies shift from high frequency to low frequency. The maximum initial permeability for microwave‐sintered Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 ceramic obtained at the temperature of 1170°C for 30 min reaches up to 360.9, and its resonance frequency is ~10 MHz. It may be attributed to the nanocrystalline Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 raw powder as well as the microwave sintering process, which results in a synergistic effect on improvement of the microstructure and magnetic properties.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Reaction of CO2 and Ba2Fe2O5 Under Various CO2 Partial Pressures
Authors: Fujishiro Fumito , Kojima Yuki , Hashimoto Takuya 
Published: September 2012

The reaction kinetics of the CO2 absorption by Ba2Fe2O5, which shows a reversible reaction with CO2 represented as Ba2Fe2O5 + CO2 ⇄ BaCO3 + BaFe2O4, was investigated by thermogravimetry under various CO2 partial pressures [P(CO2)s]. The calculated Ellingham diagram of the reaction was found to show agreement with the variation in the equilibrium temperature of the reaction with P(CO2). The results of the morphology observation, specific surface area analysis, and TG measurement suggested that the CO2 absorption mechanism of Ba2Fe2O5 is described by a superficial reaction, a diffusion‐controlled process, and a sintering reaction as the reaction proceeds. The kinetics of CO2 absorption for the diffusion‐controlled process has been analyzed with the Jander function, showing that the activation enthalpy was about 1.6 × 102 kJ/mol.
Effects of the Domain Size on Local d33 in Tetragonal (Na0.53K0.45Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Le Duc‐Thang , Kwon So‐Jung , Yeom Na‐Ri , Lee Young‐Jin , Jeong Young‐Hun , Chun Myoung‐Pyo , Nam Joong‐Hee , Paik Jong‐Hoo , Kim Byung‐Ik , Cho Jeong‐Ho 
Published: September 2012

Lead‐free (Na0.53K0.45Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 (NKLNT) was prepared using a conventional cold‐pressing method. A commercial piezoresponse force microscope (PFM) was applied to observe the domain structures of NKLNT ceramics. The typical configuration of the ferroelectric domain was analyzed in abnormal grains with grain sizes that exceeded 40 μm, where tetragonal 90° domains are predominant. The local piezoresponse hysteresis loops were characterized and studied as a function of the domain width (dw) in the range 300–1000 nm. It was found that the amplitude signals increased and the coercive field reduced significantly with a decrease in the domain size. Finally, the local longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33) increased as the domain size decreased.
Taphonomy of Hair—A Study of Postmortem Root Banding
Authors: Koch Sandra L. , Michaud Amy L. , Mikell Carmenza E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough it has been generally accepted within the forensic hair community that decompositional changes in the form of an identifiable banding pattern can occur in the root area of hairs after death, little detailed information with regard to this phenomenon is known (e.g., rates at which this occurs and conditions that cause this banding). Hairs were collected daily from bodies placed in water, an air‐conditioned environment, an enclosed vehicle, on the surface of the ground, and buried at the University of Tennessee Forensic Anthropology Center. The hairs were examined microscopically and the level of change documented for each environment. The onset of the banding was observed to have been delayed in water, air‐conditioning, and cold weather and was hastened by warm weather and within the vehicle. This study provides validation that decomposition does produce varying effects on hair at the proximal portion of a hair root, including a dark band.
An H I shell-like structure associated with nova V458 Vulpeculae?
Authors: Roy Nirupam , Kantharia N. G. , Eyres S. P. S. , Anupama G.C. , Bode M. F. , Prabhu T. P. , O'Brien T. J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We report the radio detection of a shell-like H i structure in proximity to, and probably associated with, the nova V458 Vul. High spectral resolution observation with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope has made it possible to study the detailed kinematics of this broken and expanding shell. Unlike the diffuse Galactic H i emission, this is a single-velocity component emission with significant clumping at ∼0.5 arcmin scales. The observed narrow-line width of ∼5 km s−1 suggests that the shell consists of mostly cold gas. Assuming a distance of 13 kpc to the system, as quoted in the literature, the estimated H i mass of the nebula is about 25 M⊙. However, there are some indications that the system is closer than 13 kpc. If there is a physical association of the H i structure and the nova system, the asymmetric morphology and the off-centred stellar system indicate past strong interaction of the mass loss in the asymptotic giant branch phase with the surrounding interstellar medium. So far, this is the second example, after GK Per, of a large H i structure associated with a classical nova.
Maternal controlling feeding behaviours and child eating in preschool‐aged children
Authors: MOROSHKO Irina , BRENNAN Leah 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  This paper explored the relationship between maternal controlling feeding behaviours and child eating and weight in preschool‐aged children.Methods:  Ninety mothers of 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children (M = 3.48, SD = 0.84, 54.4% males) completed self‐report measures assessing maternal controlling feeding behaviours, child eating patterns and weight.Results:  Univariate analyses indicated that child food neophobia was associated with authoritarian feeding (r= 0.29), pressure to eat (r= 0.28) and restriction (r= 0.34). Child food pickiness was associated with authoritarian feeding (r= 0.35). No association was found between maternal feeding strategies and child weight. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that authoritarian feeding, restriction and pressure to eat were significantly associated with the variance in child food neophobia (adjusted R2= 12.6%) and pickiness (adjusted R2= 12.0%).Conclusions:  The findings suggest that maternal control in feeding is associated with undesirable eating patterns in preschool‐aged children. Interventions targeting reduction in maternal controlling feeding may promote desirable eating patterns in preschool‐aged children.
Management of adult overweight and obesity: Consultation characteristics and treatment approaches of private practice dietitians
Authors: Zinn Caryn , Schofield Grant , Hopkins Will G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  There are currently no data on dietitians' consulting practices or client profiles relating to weight loss in New Zealand. The present study describes the approaches to adult weight loss treatment, the consultation characteristics and the overweight/obese adult client characteristics of private practice dietitians in New Zealand.Methods:  Thirty‐seven dietitians (70% response rate) underwent a 25‐minute telephone interview in which they were asked structured questions relating to their consultancy practices with adult self‐paying weight loss clients. They subsequently provided anonymous weight loss and demographic data for such clients (n = 1367) over a one‐year period. Descriptive statistics were calculated and presented as frequency tables and figures.Results:  A flexible, small‐changes approach was favoured most frequently over structured calorie/portion‐prescription for weight loss treatment. All dietitians promoted physical activity and the majority of them (87%) often or always integrated behaviour modification strategies into practice. Most of the dietitians offered services on a casual basis (89%); initial consultations were typically 60 minutes in duration, with follow‐ups, 30 minutes. Dietitians' clients were mainly female (80%), middle‐aged (45 years ± SD 7 years) and of New Zealand/European ethnicity (92%). Baseline client weight was 87 kg ± 8 kg for females and 107 kg ± 15 kg for males.Conclusions:  Dietitians' practices aligned mostly with evidence‐based guidelines; however, the lack of long‐term client follow‐up needs to be addressed if dietitians are to provide a lead role in supporting best‐practice weight loss and maintenance treatment. The narrow client profile indicates that those with high health burden from poor lifestyle are less likely to engage private dietitian services.
A Comparative Study of Neuroprotective Effect of Single and Combined Blockade of AT1 Receptor and PARP-1 in Focal Cerebral Ischaemia in Rat
Authors: Singh Neetu , Sharma Gaurav , Singh Nilendra , Hanif Kashif 
Published: September 2012

Background Cerebral ischaemia results in enhanced expression of type 1 angiotensin receptor and oxidative stress. Free radicals due to oxidative stress lead to excessive DNA damage causing overactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 resulting in neuronal death. Activation of both type 1 angiotensin receptors and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 following cerebral ischaemia takes place simultaneously, but until now, no study has explored the effect of combined blockade of both angiotensin type 1 angiotensin receptor and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in cerebral ischaemia. Aim Our purpose was to compare the effect of single and combined treatment with angiotensin type 1 angiotensin receptor blocker, candesartan, and the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor, 1, 5 isoquinolinediol, on brain damage and oxidative stress in transient focal cerebral ischaemia in rats. Method Transient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by an intraluminal technique for two-hours following 48 h of reperfusion. Candesartan (0·05 mg/kg) was administered just after initiation of ischaemia followed by a repeat administration at 24 h while 1, 5 isoquinolinediol (0·1 mg/kg) was given one-hour after of ischaemia. After 24 h of reperfusion, neurological deficit was evaluated in the different treatment groups. After 48 h of reperfusion, the rats were sacrificed and the brain was isolated. Ischaemic brain damage by 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, oxidative stress markers, and levels of reactive oxygen species were determined biochemically. Result Single treatment with candesartan and 1, 5 isoquinolinediol significantly reduced neurological deficit, infarct, and oedema volume as compared to ischaemic control and different vehicle groups for each of the drugs. However, treatment with candesartan + 1, 5 isoquinolinediol offered greater reduction in neurological deficit, cerebral infarct volume, and oedema as compared to single-drug treatments. Furthermore, treatment with candesartan + 1, 5 isoquinolinediol significantly decreased oxidative stress as compared to single treatments with each drug. Conclusion The study suggests that blockade of either type 1 angiotensin receptor or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 alone provides neuroprotection, but the better result was achieved when both type 1 angiotensin receptor and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 were blocked together by the combined use of their pharmacological inhibitor in transient cerebral ischaemia in rat.
Permian Peri‐glacial Deposits from Central Mongolia in Central Asian Orogenic Belt: A Possible Indicator of the Capitanian Cooling Event
Authors: Fujimoto Tatsuya , Otoh Shigeru , Orihashi Yuji , Hirata Takafumi , Yokoyama Takaomi D. , Shimojo Masanori , Kouchi Yoshikazu , Obara Hokuto , Ishizaki Yasuo , Tsukada Kazuhiro , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Nuramkhan Manchuk , Gonchigdorj Sersmaa 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA dropstone‐bearing, Middle Permian to Early Triassic peri‐glacial sedimentary unit was first discovered from the Khangai–Khentei Belt in Mongolia, Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The unit, Urmegtei Formation, is assumed to cover the early Carboniferous Khangai–Khentei accretionary complex, and is an upward‐fining sequence, consisting of conglomerates, sandstones, and varved sandstone and mudstone beds with granite dropstones in ascending order. The formation was cut by a felsic dike, and was deformed and metamorphosed together with the felsic dike. An undeformed porphyritic granite batholith finally cut all the deformed and metamorphosed rocks. LA‐ICP‐MS, U–Pb zircon dating has revealed the following 206Pb/238U weighted mean igneous ages: (i) a granite dropstone in the Urmegtei Formation is 273 ± 5 Ma (Kungurian of Early Permian); (ii) the deformed felsic dike is 247 ± 4 Ma (Olenekian of Early Triassic); and (iii) the undeformed granite batholith is 218 ± 9 Ma (Carnian of Late Triassic). From these data, the age of sedimentation of the Urmegtei Formation is constrained between the Kungurian and the Olenekian (273–247 Ma), and the age of deformation and metamorphism is constrained between the Olenekian and the Carnian (247–218 Ma). In Permian and Triassic times, the global climate was in a warming trend from the Serpukhovian (early Late Carboniferous) to the Kungurian long and severe cool mode (328–271 Ma) to the Roadian to Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) warm mode (271–168 Ma), with an interruption with the Capitanian Kamura cooling event (266–260 Ma). The dropstone‐bearing strata of the Urmegtei Formation, together with the glacier‐related deposits in the Verkhoyansk, Kolyma, and Omolon areas of northeastern Siberia (said to be of Middle to Late Permian age), must be products of the Capitanian cooling event. Although further study is needed, the dropstone‐bearing strata we found can be explained in two ways: (i) the Urmegtei Formation is an autochthonous formation indicating a short‐term expansion of land glacier to the central part of Siberia in Capitanian age; or (ii) the Urmegtei Formation was deposited in or around a limited ice‐covered continent in northeast Siberia in the Capitanian and was displaced to the present position by the Carnian.