bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Road to Decarbonization: The Role of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a Transitioning Energy Source for Transportation in Nigeria
Authors: Alozie Chinenye , Chukwudi Kaitochukwu , Nwadike Desmond , Ayodele Emmanuel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The removal of fuel subsidies in the petroleum sector in Nigeria has led to a drastic increase in petroleum products prices by 200 percent. It has caused a rapid increase in transportation costs and ultimately contributed to a high cost of living and unbearable inflation. Nigeria, having one of the largest reserves of natural gas in Africa. It can leverage liquefied natural gas (LNG) and, by extension, liquefied compressed natural gas (L-CNG). These fuels hold immense potential as a cleaner, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly energy alternatives. The transport sector can benefit from this fuel source. It can provide significant relief to the local economy that is heavily reliant on traditional fossil fuels like petrol and diesel. A massive adoption of LNG/L-CNG as a mobility fuel will significantly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from vehicles in Nigeria. It will also encourage positive climate action and limit its contribution to global warming. The adoption of LNG/L-CNG as a transitioning fuel is beneficial to a wide range of industries in Nigeria. However, it is projected to present several challenges. These challenges include distribution and availability of fuel, switching technology and cost, technical support, sustainability, and acceptance rate. This paper describes the role liquefied natural gas (LNG) and, by extension, liquefied compressed gas (L-CNG) as a transitioning fuel for automobiles in Nigeria compared to fossil fuels. The research shows that CNG emits almost 40% less CO2 than oil and about 80% less than coal during combustion. This paper considers suitable conversion kits i.e. the aftermarket CNG fuel kit to facilitate switching. An economic feasibility analysis was used to compare the running costs of CNG and petrol for privately owned vehicles that cover an average distance of 100km daily for 30 days a month. The findings revealed a monthly savings of N214,350. The payback period for using CNG as an alternative fuel was approximately 3 months, given a conversion cost of N600,000. The recommendations include adequate infrastructural development, government incentives, good policy structure etc. was presented to help Nigeria utilize her LNG potential. In conclusion the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied compressed natural gas (L-CNG) as an automotive fuel plays a vital role. It can help revolutionize Nigeria's transportation industry by offering environmental benefits, economic opportunities, enhanced energy security, technological advancements, and policy support.
Energy Economics of Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Sectors in Nigeria: A Review of Potential Optimizations
Authors: Aniebo I. N. , Mogbo O. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The energy economics of the midstream and downstream petroleum sectors in Nigeria are important due to the country's reliance on crude oil and gas production and its role in the global energy landscape.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the potential optimizations in energy economics within Nigeria's midstream and downstream petroleum sectors. It explores the current state of these sectors, highlighting the inefficiencies and opportunities, and goes further to discuss the economic implications of these inefficiencies, emphasizing the need for optimization.
Potential optimization strategies are then proposed, focusing on technological advancements, policy reforms, and infrastructural improvements. The paper underscores the role of renewable energy integration and digital transformation in enhancing energy efficiency.
The economic benefits of these optimizations such as cost savings, increased profitability, and improved competitiveness are analyzed. The paper concludes by emphasizing the urgency of implementing these optimizations, considering Nigeria's energy demands and the global shift towards sustainable energy practices.
In conclusion, this review paper provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers interested in energy economics and sustainability in Nigeria's midstream and downstream energy sectors. It serves as a guide for future research and policy formulation to optimize Nigeria's petroleum sectors for economic growth and sustainability.
Green Hydrogen: A Comparative SWOT Analysis of the Green Hydrogen Market in Sub-Saharan and Northern Africa
Authors: Nwakaudu Nneoma Faith , Igwe Justus Uzoma , Ohanyere Ifeanyi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAfrica, characterized by its abundant solar and wind energy resources has been identified as a potential leading player for green hydrogen (Hydrogen produced using renewable energy), IEA 2022. In November 2022, the Africa Green Hydrogen Alliance, (AGHA) described Green hydrogen as a clean and sustainable alternative to conventionally produced hydrogen, and is expected to play a key role in achieving net-zero and decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors in the coming decade. An analysis by McKinsey Global Energy Perspective projects a significant growth in the global demand for hydrogen by 2050 - almost sevenfold to 607Mt in an achieved commitments scenario. Looking ahead, it is clear that green hydrogen could transform the continent’s energy landscape, from a net importer of fossil fuels to a major exporter of green energy.This paper conducts a comparative SWOT analysis of the green hydrogen market in African regions. It analyzes the internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats shaping the green hydrogen market in Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa, citing existing case studies and statistical data. The research findings reveal a significant growth momentum following an exponential rise in project announcements for electrolyzer capacity, and a 60% hydrogen production cost reduction, positioning green hydrogen as a leading, cost-effective, low-carbon, and clean energy solution by the end of the decade. This paper concludes with policy recommendations that serve as a guide for creating effective frameworks and strategic decision-making on the adoption of green hydrogen in Africa.
Integrating Permeability Data from DST Interpretation to Characterize Deepwater Gas Turbidite Reservoir in Niger Delta: Lessons Learnt
Authors: Nwonodi Chike , Nwaokorie Chukwuemeka , Gritciuk Stanislav , Attoni Success , Awa Chukwunweike , Ibukun Samson , Oladiran Olanrewaju 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Data acquisition in deep water environments is critical in de-risking subsurface uncertainties and data must be of high quality before development plans can be put in place and sanctioned, given the expensive associated field development costs. In exploration and appraisal drilling campaigns for deepwater environments, one of such data acquisition is via the Drill Stem Test (DST), essential to understand the turbidite reservoirs; characterize and reconstruct the depositional environment. One key challenge in the deepwater environment is the connectivity and thinly bedded nature of the reservoirs with obvious vertical heterogeneity and varying layer flow properties.
DST is commonly used to acquire formation pressures, reservoir fluid samples and determine the productivity of the formation. In this study, the DST was run in a deep offshore gas reservoir with a net thickness of 49ft over a perforated interval; 13,215 ft MD to 13,294 ft MD. The objective was to quantify average formation dynamic flow capacity (permeability-thickness product), well productivity, prove sufficient gas resources for further development of the structure and obtain information about the lateral extent and architecture of the sand bodies. A series of multi-rate drawdowns and build-ups were extracted from the DST and used for the analysis. The Kappa Ecrin well test interpretation software was used to interpret the DST and from the test, formation properties such as skin and permeability as well as insights about the Infinite-acting radial flow (IARF) and boundaries effects were evaluated.
This paper demonstrates the use of DST interpreted results with core data to estimate the range of permeability uncertainty for varying stratigraphy or facies in a deepwater gas reservoir in the Niger delta. Although, the reservoir boundaries could not be fully detected due to limited pressure Build-up (PBU) periods, various model scenarios were evaluated to estimate the range of permeability values using the limited transient phase. Thus, outcome of the interpretation was used to quantify the range of permeability from both the DST and the core plug permeability measurements within the reservoir ranging from 250mD to 1900mD. Finally, this paper also used permeability data from wireline log and DSTs to complement geological and seismic data interpretations and establish the range of uncertainties in permeability.
Evaluating the effect of unmodified and modified starch (EDTA-DSD) as fluid-loss control additives in locally-sourced bentonite water-based drilling mud
Authors: Dike Humphrey N. , Kolade Grace O. , Adewumi Chizoma N. , Adewumi Olakunle C. Daramola N. , Olaniyan Damilola D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Drilling oil and gas wells for hydrocarbon exploration involve high fluid loss costs. Minimizing the fluid loss is crucial to the drilling process to preserve the mud's qualities and to avoid formation impairment. Research has shown positive use of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and imported bentonite in the formulation of water-based mud to minimize fluid loss, however, increases the operating cost while the local bentonite has shown increased filtration losses. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rheological and filtration properties of water-based muds formulated using unmodified and modified starch with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-DSD), a locally sourced material as a fluid loss additive and hyperdrill as a viscosifier at low-pressure low temperature (LPLT) and high-pressure high temperature (HPHT) conditions, and their performances were compared with CMC as reference fluid loss additives. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were harnessed to study the properties of these starches while the starch modification was achieved through acetylation and carboxymethylation. Full-set measurements of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of adding 0.5-2g of CMC, unmodified and modified starch to the mud samples respectively, and measurements were taken using mud balance, viscometer, low-pressure and low-temperature filter press, chemical titration, and other standard drilling fluid laboratory equipment as recommended by API. Result showed that Plastic viscosity, PV for unmodified starches ranged from 14-17cP, Yield point, YP ranged from 25-31lb. /100ft2,filtrate volume ranges from 18-31ml at LPLT and 30-43ml at HPHT while PV for modified starches ranged from 14-15cp, YP ranged from 27-31lb. /100ft2, filtrate volume ranges from 17-31ml at 100psi and 19-43ml at 500psi of pressure. Experimental results indicate that the filtrate volume and cake thickness compare favorably with CMC, has the capacity to withstand HPHT conditions and are within the American Petroleum Institute specification for water-based mud. Thus, demonstrate its suitability for current and future exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources.
Unconventional Approach to Re-Entry of Abandoned Well: Case Study of Saro-1 well
Authors: Kpone-Tonwe Hannah , Etim Ntietemi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
There-entry of an abandoned well with a reclaimed top surface involves complex procedures and innovative technologies. A traditional approach is to prepare the location in such a way that the surface is at the depth where the casing was cut off before burial. Another conventional option involves welding the casing back to the surface. However, this approach could cause leaks in the future, hence there is need to utilize casing patch. This paper describes the experience gained in successfully re-entering and reviving a 43-year-old abandoned exploratory well, Saro-1. The wellhead consisted of a 20" conductor pipe capped with a cement plug. The challenges were in finding the buried well and safely bringing it to surface level. The re-entry operation involved constructing a cellar pit, installing casing patch, extending the severed casing to the surface, and performing wellhead installation. The paper further highlights the work programme designed and implemented to successfully re-enter and revive the well. Challenges encountered, best practices adopted and lessons learned from the operation are also described. The project's success underscores the importance of local knowledge, stakeholder collaboration, continuous risk analysis, and the use of bespoke solutions tailored to specific formation characteristics. Documented operations and constant technical engagement ensured clear communication and understanding among all personnel. This case study not only revived the Saro-1 well as a dual string multiple oil producer but also provided valuable insights and best practices for future re-entry projects, contributing to the industry's efforts to enhance production and address environmental concerns associated with abandoned wells.
Biodioesel Production from Desert Dates (Balanite Aegyptiaca) Seeds
Authors: Salihu A. , Wasiu A. T. , Gimba A. S. B. , Oruwari H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Petroleum is presently the most dominant source of global supply of energy; the consumption of it is on the increase due to the advance in technology, innovation and human population growth. In order to overcome this challenge, the production of biodiesel using heterogeneous- or homogenous-based catalyst has been considered in view of ease of catalyst separation from the mixture and low energy consumption. This study aimed to investigate the production of biodiesel using calcium oxide obtained from river snail shells through calcinations method at 800 oC for 4 hours in a muffle furnace and used as catalyst for the production of biodiesel from desert date seed oil. The chemical composition of the calcined river snail shell was determined by XRF (X-ray fluorescence) techniques. Desert date seed oil was transesterified into biodiesel using electromagnetic stirrer device. Methanol was introduced with CaO into the reaction vessel containing the desert date seed oil. The Central Composite Design method was achieved at varied temperature of 50-60 oC and the catalyst concentration between 0.5-2.0 wt% at constant reaction time of 1 hour 30 minutes after which the mixture was allowed to settle and the methyl ester (biodiesel) was separated from the mixture. The characterization of desert date seed oil methyl ester showed that the biodiesel had a flash point 65 oC, pour point of -4 oC, cloud point of 2 oC, acid value of 3.92 mgKOH/g and density of 0.87 g/cm3 and these values are all within the range as specified by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN (European Norm) standards for biodiesel. The FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analyses also reveal that desert date seed oil contains much oil content that makes it suitable raw materials for biodiesel production. The maximum response yield of biodiesel was 90% at the temperature of 60 oC and catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%. This work further shows that derived catalyst obtained from river snail shell can be used as catalyst to produce biodiesel through transesterification process.
Evaluating the Performance of Bio-Polymers for High Temperature Proppant Suspension
Authors: John A. O. , Akosa S. P. , Onyima K. K. , Feyi-Waboso O. N. , Asante S. Y. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Gravel Pack fluids are usually formulated to match the Well conditions and achieve the job objectives. Rheology, proppant suspension and transportation to the desired interval in the Well, predictable polymer degradation rate, and minimal formation damage are key fluid properties that determine the choice of polymer for the success of gravel pack operation. Various commercial polymers are currently available or in use to blend polymeric fluids. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and Xanthan gums are one of the most popular gelling agents and are often readily available. Fluids formulated with Biopolymers such as Xanthan gums have shown some superior performance over Cellulose-based fluids such as HEC. In this study, Xanthan gum-based fluid and another biopolymer termed "Bio-2" were subjected to stringent conditions, based on a job design request. The Well temperature is between 190 °F to 210 °F and it was requested that the polymeric fluid should be able to suspend at least 10% of the proppant for 30 minutes after conditioning at the downhole conditions. The test result showed that 70 lb/1000gal (ppt) and 80 ppt of the Xanthan fluid showed good rheological properties with shear-thinning behavior and good gel degradation properties with sodium persulfate (SP) breaker, but 70ppt Xanthan fluid failed the proppant suspension test, while 80ppt Xanthan fluid passed the test at 190 and 200°F but failed at 210°F. Bio-2 also showed good rheological properties with a lower concentration of polymer of 40 ppt and excellent proppant suspension of 0% at 30 minutes at all the tested temperatures. Moreover, an organic acid was observed to be the most effective gel breaker for Bio-2 at low concentrations. Therefore, Bio-2 may be deployed in Wells with more challenging requirements, such as in highly deviated or long horizontal Wells, shunt packings, and other stringent conditions that require excellent proppant suspension and thermal stability.
Impact of Production Data in Decision Making, Past, Present and Future: Examples and Case Studies
Authors: Kumapayi O. Y. , Ishola A. P. , Inwere I. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The growing increase in the cost of business operations alongside current cash constraint has driven most decision makers to critically explore data acquisition from a value-driven standpoint. This study focused on leveraging insights from previous data acquisition learnings in Asset X-Y-Z and use the learnings as a yardstick to drive future business decisions and investment opportunities in the asset.
The strategy employed in this study were to identify high value and low-cost impactful data that could influence asset profitability, leverage results from historical data acquisition impact to drive learnings for future business decisions and investment opportunities, and ultimately provide bespoke solutions to surpass prevailing data acquisition challenges and unlock future volume potentials in Asset X-Y-Z. A structured cross functional approach was adopted to mine data across several multifunctional teams, quality checked, and associated value analyzed.
The result showed that Asset X-Y-Z had gained significant value from historical multiple data-driven decisions that has helped influenced better facilities optimization, successful reservoir management and project execution. Study results show a higher future potential to be recovered in the long term from future data dependent opportunities.
Formation Evaluation of Low Resistivity Low Contrast Hydrocarbon Clean Sands Using Well Logs and Saturation Height Function
Authors: Udeze Chima Cyril , Ndubueze Maduabuchi , Ringim Mohammed , Ezeaneche Obinna S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Identification and estimation of hydrocarbon volumes in Low Resistivity Low Contrast (LRLC) pay zones has always been a challenging exercise. It is more challenging to evaluate and estimate hydrocarbon volumes in a clean sand formation with low GR API above established hydrocarbon-water contact or free water level. Low resistivity low contrast pay sands are hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs that have low resistivity due to several factors such as mineralogy, shale content, microporosity, salinity, anisotropy, bed thickness to mention a few.
These hydrocarbon bearing formations are easily assumed to be wet by mere looking at the typical log responses of GR-RES-DEN-NEU combination, resulting in wrong volume estimate, loss of value by not completing hydrocarbon bearing intervals based on log interpretation and difficulty in history matching production against estimated volumes when the intervals are completed and producing.
It is also important to note that the presence of these low resistivity low contrast pay clean sands at the reservoir crest with no known shale barrier or baffles demarcating the low contrast pay sands from the hydrocarbon sands which gives the impression of water on top of hydrocarbons. These LRLC pay sands have been observed across several reservoirs in this field of study in the Niger Delta and further complicates volumetric reconciliation between static, deterministic, and dynamic models.
In this paper we explore various techniques, technologies and evaluation procedures including logging and data acquisition required to properly identify and evaluate the hydrocarbon saturations in these low contrasts, low gamma ray zones. This paper will also show how saturation height function was used to estimate the ideal hydrocarbon response and volumes in reservoirs affected.
The findings in this paper will show the importance of integrating all available multi-disciplinary data to properly identify and evaluate these elusive hydrocarbon zones for proper hydrocarbon reserves volumes estimation & reservoir development.
Accelerating Nigeria's Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy: Carbon Pricing as a Strategic Option for Midstream and Downstream Industry
Authors: Ayodele Emmanuel , Oloya Obakore , Aduba Anthony 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Nigeria faces significant challenges in reducing its carbon emissions and transitioning to a more sustainable economy. As an oil-producing nation, Nigeria's economy and energy sector remain heavily reliant on crude oil and gas production. However, with the impacts of climate change globally, Nigeria needs to take action to lower its environmental footprint in line with Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) as agreed at the 2015 Paris Agreement. The introduction of a carbon credit system in Nigeria signifies a substantial enhancement in value and serves as a system of incentives to encourage the reduction of carbon emissions. This system serves as an incentive encouraging industries in the midstream and downstream sectors to implement carbon emission-reduction processes. This paper investigates the procedures entailed in acquiring carbon credits within the sector industries in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the oil and gas industry. An assessment of the feasibility, applicability, expenses, advantages, and obstacles linked to the implementation of carbon credits is discussed including the utilisation of carbon credits by participants operating in the midstream and downstream sectors. This will involve the collation of publicly available emission data across the downstream and midstream, getting a broad spectrum of the emission levels, and then evaluating the feasibility of this strategy considering the costs and benefits involved. This paper emphasises the capacity of Nigerians to capitalise on innovation by demonstrating the carbon credit system as an alternative strategy to derive foreign direct investment. By examining a case study that encompasses an integrated value chain and complementary frameworks, this study demonstrates the potential for adapting this system to suit the distinct requirements of the oil and gas industries in Nigeria. This paper presents some recommendations for promoting the rapid implementation of the carbon credit system at sector-specific, subnational, and national levels in the midstream (filling stations and depots) and downstream industries. Implementation of the carbon credit system will attract foreign direct investment and promote sustainable methodologies towards the objective of diminishing carbon emissions.