bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Museum factors affecting the ageing process of organic materials: review on experimental designs and the INVENVORG project as a pilot study
Authors: Dellaportas Petros , Papageorgiou Effie , Panagiaris Georgios 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The most common way followed for the determination of degradation mechanisms of organic materials is the application of physiochemical methods after accelerated aging. In recent years, there has been a remarkable research activity towards the development of alternative decay determination methods in organic materials based on statistics. We first present a survey of European research projects in this area together with summaries of their results. Second, we describe the ongoing project entitled ‘Investigation of the environmental factor effects on organic materials constituting the natural and cultural heritage’ in which statistics plays a crucial role. In particular, we present a statistical methodology that is based on a designed experimental and inferential protocol which will guide the research throughout the project. By providing basic statistical and design concepts, we present guidelines to design statistical protocols that are necessary for scientifically sound quantitative experiments.
Administration of a second generation perfluorochemical in combination with hyperbaric oxygenation does not provide additional benefit in a model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Authors: Schneider Ulf C , Karutz Tobias , Schilling Lothar , Woitzik Johannes 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Objective
Both, second generation perfluorochemicals (Oxycyte®) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) have been shown to reduce necrotic tissue volume if administered early after experimental cerebral ischemia. With the idea of exponentiation of oxygen delivery to ischemic tissue, this study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of both treatment modalities on the extent of ischemic brain damage.

Methods
Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were assigned randomly to one of the following treatment groups: Control (0.9% NaCl, 1 ml/100 g i.v.), Oxycyte® (1 ml/100 g i.v.), HBO (1 bar hyperbaric oxygenation for 1 h) and HBO + Oxycyte® (1 ml/100 g i.v. combined with 1 bar hyperbaric oxygenation for 1 h). Injection of NaCl or Oxycyte® was performed following MCAO. After injection, breathing was changed to 100% oxygen in Oxycyte®-, HBO- and HBO + Oxycyte®-groups. After eight hours the necrotic volume was calculated from serial coronal sections stained with silver-nitrate and corrected for the extent of swelling.

Results
Hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were not affected by infusion of Oxycyte®. Total necrosis volume was significantly reduced in HBO-treated animals (223 ± 70 mm3), when compared to control animals (335 ± 36 mm3). In animals after Oxycyte®-treatment alone (299 ± 33 mm3) or combined HBO + Oxycyte®-treatment (364 ± 50 mm3) did not show a significantly smaller necrosis volume compared to control animals (necrosis volumes are given as mean ± SD).

Discussion
These results suggest that combination of hyperbaric oxygenation and Oxycyte® administered immediately after onset of vascular occlusion does not provide an additional neuroprotective effect in the early phase of brain ischemia.
Mental health outcomes in US and UK military personnel returning from Iraq
Authors: Sundin Josefin , Herrell Richard K. , Hoge Charles W. , Fear Nicola T. , Adler Amy B. , Greenberg Neil , Riviere Lyndon A. , Thomas Jeffrey L. , Wessely Simon , Bliese Paul D. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundResearch of military personnel who deployed to the conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan has suggested that there are differences in mental health outcomes between UK and US military personnel.AimsTo compare the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), hazardous alcohol consumption, aggressive behaviour and multiple physical symptoms in US and UK military personnel deployed to Iraq.MethodData were from one US (n= 1560) and one UK (n= 313) study of post-deployment military health of army personnel who had deployed to Iraq during 2007–2008. Analyses were stratified by high- and low-combat exposure.ResultsSignificant differences in combat exposure and sociodemographics were observed between US and UK personnel; controlling for these variables accounted for the difference in prevalence of PTSD, but not in the total symptom level scores. Levels of hazardous alcohol consumption (low-combat exposure: odds ratio (OR) = 0.13, 95% CI 0.07–0.21; high-combat exposure: OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.14–0.39) and aggression (low-combat exposure: OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.19–0.68) were significantly lower in US compared with UK personnel. There was no difference in multiple physical symptoms.ConclusionsDifferences in self-reported combat exposures explain most of the differences in reported prevalence of PTSD. Adjusting for self-reported combat exposures and sociodemographics did not explain differences in hazardous alcohol consumption or aggression.
The evolution of micro-cursoriality in mammals
Authors: Lovegrove Barry G. , Mowoe Metobor 
Published: January 2014

SummaryIn this study we report on the evolution of micro-cursoriality, a unique case of cursoriality in mammals smaller than 1 kg. We obtained new running speed and limb morphology data for two species of elephant-shrews (Elephantulus spp., Macroscelidae) from Namaqualand, South Africa, which we compared with published data for other mammals. Elephantulus maximum running speeds were higher than most mammals smaller than 1 kg. Elephantulus also possess exceptionally high metatarsal:femur ratios (1.07) that are typically associated with fast unguligrade cursors. Cursoriality evolved in the Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, and Carnivora coincident with global cooling and the replacement of forests with open landscapes in the Oligocene and Miocene. The majority of mammal species, though, remained non-cursorial, plantigrade, and small (&lt; 1 kg). The extraordinary running speed and digitigrady of elephant-shrews was established in the Early Eocene in the earliest macroscelid Prodiacodon, but was probably inherited from Paleocene, Holarctic stem macroscelids. Micro-cursoriality in macroscelids evolved from the plesiomorphic plantigrade foot of the possum-like ancestral mammal earlier than in other mammalian crown groups. Micro-cursoriality evolved first in forests, presumably in response to selection for rapid running speeds facilitated by local knowledge, in order to avoid predators. During the Miocene, micro-cursoriality was pre-adaptive to open, arid habitats, and became more derived in the newly-evolved Elephantulus and Macroscelides elephant-shrews with trail running.
Chemical Synthesis of Binary Solid Solution Bismuth–Antimony Nanoparticles with Control of Composition and Morphology
Authors: Mai Nguyen T , Kodaira Satoru , Shahiduzzaman Md , Mott Derrick M , Maenosono Shinya 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Three chemical synthesis approaches were developed to obtain binary solid solution Bi–Sb nanoparticles (NP) with controllable compositions and sizes. In each synthesis approach, an array of Bi100−xSbx NPs with x ranging from 25 to 90 was synthesized via careful control of feeding ratios and synthetic conditions. The NP sizes can be varied from 30 to 60 nm for single-crystal NPs, and from 350 to 500 nm for polycrystal NPs. The synthesized Bi100−xSbx NPs can be used as thermoelectric materials or as seeds for growth of ternary solid solution Bi–Sb–Te NPs with different compositions.
Quantitative Modeling in Practice: Applying Optimization Techniques to a Brazilian CPG Company Distribution Network Design (Technical Note)
Authors: Mirapalheta Gustavo Corrêa , Freitas Flávia Junqueira de 
Published: January 2014

This article aims presenting an example of quantitative modeling and optimization techniques application to the design of the distribution network of a consumer packaged goods company in São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná states, Brazil. First, it is made a brief review of quantitative modeling techniques as they are applied in the modeling and optimization of network problems. In the second section it is depicted the company's distribution problem, which had been developed as part of a consulting project developed by EAESP/FGV's Empresa Júnior. The model is then optimized through a series of software so the methodologies and results can be compared. The article finishes with the results that the company got from the model deployment, presenting a clear case of optimization techniques in a real world application, showing the viability of easily using such techniques in a broad range of distribution and logistics problems.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv6n2p74-93URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv6n2p74-93
The One Who Comes After Me
Authors: Anderson Michael Alan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Studies of the past two decades have shown that late medieval and Renaissance composers participated in a culture of symbolic representation by inscribing Christian figures and concepts into musical design. One figure who has been overlooked in this line of scholarship is John the Baptist, the precursor of Christ. This essay outlines the Baptist's historical impact on the conception of Christian temporality and proceeds to demonstrate some distinct experiments in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century music for John that express his predecessory character through emblematic manipulations of temporal parameters. By the sixteenth century, several inscriptions found in Vatican manuscripts reveal that the Baptist was associated with a particular musical craft that controls masterfully the unfolding of time: the art of canon. Drawing heavily on Scripture (especially John 1:15, 27, 30) to articulate the compositional conceits, the rubrics likened the leader (dux) and follower (comes) of a canon to the relationship between John (the forerunner saint) and Jesus. The analogy intensified around the papal chapel choirbook Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Cappella Sistina 38.
The Rate of Adaptation in Large Sexual Populations with Linear Chromosomes
Authors: Weissman Daniel B , Hallatschek Oskar 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In large populations, multiple beneficial mutations may be simultaneously spreading. In asexual populations, these mutations must either arise on the same background or compete against each other. In sexual populations, recombination can bring together beneficial alleles from different backgrounds, but tightly linked alleles may still greatly interfere with each other. We show for well-mixed populations that when this interference is strong, the genome can be seen as consisting of many effectively asexual stretches linked together. The rate at which beneficial alleles fix is thus roughly proportional to the rate of recombination and depends only logarithmically on the mutation supply and the strength of selection. Our scaling arguments also allow us to predict, with reasonable accuracy, the fitness distribution of fixed mutations when the mutational effect sizes are broad. We focus on the regime in which crossovers occur more frequently than beneficial mutations, as is likely to be the case for many natural populations.
Study of mineral fertilizer effects on an 8-year-old planted sward
Authors: Kádár Imre , Ragályi Péter 
Published: January 2014

Egy műtrágyázási kísérlet (35. évében, 2008-ban) vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis) vezérnövényű nyolckomponensű pillangós nélküli gyepkeverék 8. évének termésére és ásványi elemtartalmára. A termőhely talaja a szántott rétegben mintegy 3% humuszt, 3–5% CaCO3-ot és 20–22% agyagot tartalmazott, N és K elemekben közepesen, P és Zn elemekben gyengén ellátottnak minősült. A kísérlet 4N×4P×4K = 64 kezelést×2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület aszályérzékeny. A kísérlet módszerét, beállításainak körülményeit és az előző évek adatait korábbi közleményeink taglalták. A kaszálás 2008. május 26-án történt.A főbb eredmények:A 35 éve trágyázatlan kontrollon mért 0,9 t·ha−1szénatermést az együttes NPK-trágyázás 10 t·ha−1-ra növelte. Döntőnek a N, illetve a N×P kölcsönhatások bizonyultak, de a javuló K-ellátás is 2 t·ha−1körüli szénatöbbletet eredményezett a nitrogénnel és foszforral egyaránt jól ellátott talajon. A kielégítő ellátottság a 150–200 mg AL-P2O5, ill. AL-K2O·kg−1értékekhez köthető a szántott rétegben.A nagy szénaterméshez köthető „optimális” összetételt az 1,8% körüli N- és K-, valamint a 0,2% körüli P-koncentráció jelezte növénydiagnosztikai szempontból. A kedvező N/P arány 8–12 közötti, a N/K 1 körüli tartományban volt. A N-trágyázás általában növelte, míg a K-trágyázás csökkentette a kationok beépülését. Érvényesült a nitrát-molibdenát, foszfát-molibdenát, a K-B és a P-Zn antagonizmus. A N×P kölcsönhatások eredőjeként a P 0,10–0,29%, a NO3-N 100–2138 mg·kg−1, a Mn 45–75 mg·kg−1, a Zn 12–25 mg·kg−1, ill. a Mo 0,3–1,3 mg·kg−1tartományban változott. A N×K kölcsönhatások függvényében 0,7–1,7% K, 0,3–0,6% Ca, 46–1653 mg·kg−1Na, 4–8 mg·kg−1B, és 2–4 mg·kg−1Cu szélsőértékeket mértünk. A Cu-hiányos széna a N-hiányos kezelésekben azonosítható, ahol a Cu/Mo arány 2–3 közötti. A kívánatos 10 körüli, vagy feletti Cu/Mo arány csak a bőséges NP-kínálattal állt elő.A hektáronkénti elemfelvétel a kezelések függvényében az alábbi szélsőértékek között változott: N 7–141, K 15–131, Ca 4–36, P 2–14, S és Mg 2–11, és Na 0,1–11 kg·ha−1. A termésekkel felvett mikroelemek mennyisége szintén tág határok között ingadozott a termés tömege és összetétele eredőjeként: Fe 54–430, Mn 42–540, Al 30–270, Zn 12–120, Sr 8–116, B 5–46, Ba 3–33, Ni 1–4, és Co 0,1–0,5 g·ha−1.A hektáronkénti egy tonna szénatermés képződéséhez a pillangósnélküli gyep a kísérlet átlagában 15 kg N, 13 kg K (15 kg K2O), 1,7 kg P (4 kg P2O5), 4,4 kg Ca (6 kg CaO), 1,4 kg Mg (2,3 kg MgO) mennyiséget igényelt. A fajlagos elemtartalom adatai felhasználhatók a tervezett termés elemigényének számításakor a szaktanácsadásban.
Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix: Tuning the Mechanical Properties of Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogels by Copolymerization with Oligo(ethylene glycol) Diacrylates
Authors: Khanlari Anahita , Suekama Tiffany C. , Detamore Michael S. , Gehrke Stevin H. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTChondroitin sulfate (CS) is one of the major glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) present in the connective tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and is responsible for the regulation of cellular activities as well as providing mechanical support for the surrounding tissue. Due to presence of CS in the natural tissues including cartilage, hydrogels of CS and other GAGs have been widely used in cartilage regeneration. Due to their polyelectrolyte nature, GAG-based hydrogels are brittle and require modifications to overcome the weak mechanical properties. In this work, we showed copolymerization of methacrylated chondroitin sulfate with oligo(ethylene glycol)s improved the crosslink density of the gels from 2 to 20 times depending on the methacrylation degree of CS and length of the crosslinking monomer. Copolymerization of CS with oligo(ethylene glycol) acrylates is a method to design hydrogels with tunable swelling and mechanical properties.
Sodium Intake in a Cross-Sectional, Representative Sample of New York City Adults
Authors: Angell Sonia Y. , Yi Stella , Eisenhower Donna , Kerker Bonnie D. , Curtis Christine J. , Bartley Katherine , Silver Lynn D. , Farley Thomas A. 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We estimated sodium intake, which is associated with elevated blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and assessed its association with related variables among New York City adults. Methods. In 2010 we conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey of 1656 adults, the Heart Follow-Up Study, that collected self-reported health information, measured blood pressure, and obtained sodium, potassium, and creatinine values from 24-hour urine collections. Results. Mean daily sodium intake was 3239 milligrams per day; 81% of participants exceeded their recommended limit. Sodium intake was higher in non-Hispanic Blacks (3477 mg/d) and Hispanics (3395 mg/d) than in non-Hispanic Whites (3066 mg/d; both P < .05). Higher sodium intake was associated with higher blood pressure in adjusted models, and this association varied by race/ethnicity. Conclusions. Higher sodium intake among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics than among Whites was not previously documented in population surveys relying on self-report. These results demonstrate the feasibility of 24-hour urine collection for the purposes of research, surveillance, and program evaluation.
Diet-Beverage Consumption and Caloric Intake Among US Adults, Overall and by Body Weight
Authors: Bleich Sara N. , Wolfson Julia A. , Vine Seanna , Wang Y. Claire 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We examined national patterns in adult diet-beverage consumption and caloric intake by body-weight status. Methods. We analyzed 24-hour dietary recall with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010 data (adults aged ≥ 20 years; n = 23 965). Results. Overall, 11% of healthy-weight, 19% of overweight, and 22% of obese adults drink diet beverages. Total caloric intake was higher among adults consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) compared with diet beverages (2351 kcal/day vs 2203 kcal/day; P = .005). However, the difference was only significant for healthy-weight adults (2302 kcal/day vs 2095 kcal/day; P < .001). Among overweight and obese adults, calories from solid-food consumption were higher among adults consuming diet beverages compared with SSBs (overweight: 1965 kcal/day vs 1874 kcal/day; P = .03; obese: 2058 kcal/day vs 1897 kcal/day; P < .001). The net increase in daily solid-food consumption associated with diet-beverage consumption was 88 kilocalories for overweight and 194 kilocalories for obese adults. Conclusions. Overweight and obese adults drink more diet beverages than healthy-weight adults and consume significantly more solid-food calories and a comparable total calories than overweight and obese adults who drink SSBs. Heavier US adults who drink diet beverages will need to reduce solid-food calorie consumption to lose weight.
Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy in Brazil: Challenges From a Multiracial Society
Authors: Chiavegatto Filho Alexandre Dias Porto , Beltrán-Sánchez Hiram , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We calculated life expectancy at birth for Whites, Blacks, and mixed races in Brazil, and decomposed the differences by causes of death. Methods. We used Ministry of Health death records and 2010 Census population data (190 755 799 residents and 1 136 947 deaths). We applied the Arriaga methodology to calculate decomposition of life expectancy by cause of death. We performed sensitivity analyses for underreporting of deaths, missing data, and numerator–denominator bias. Results. Using standard life table methods, female life expectancy was highest for mixed races (78.80 years), followed by Whites (77.54 years), then Blacks (76.32 years). Male life expectancy was highest for Whites (71.10 years) followed closely by mixed races (71.08 years), and lower for Blacks (70.11 years). Homicides contributed the most to the relative life expectancy increase for Whites, and cancer decreased the gap. After adjustment for underreporting, missing data, and numerator–denominator bias, life expectancy was higher for Whites than for Blacks and mixed races. Conclusions. Despite wide socioeconomic differences between Whites and mixed races, standard life table methods showed that mixed races had higher life expectancy than Whites for women, and similar for men. With the increase of multiracial populations, measuring racial disparities in life expectancy will be a fast-growing challenge.
Geographic Residency Status and Census Tract Socioeconomic Status as Determinants of Colorectal Cancer Outcomes
Authors: Hines Robert , Markossian Talar , Johnson Asal , Dong Frank , Bayakly Rana 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We examined the impact of geographic residency status and census tract (CT)-level socioeconomic status (SES) on colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with CRC in Georgia for the years 2000 through 2007. Study outcomes were late-stage disease at diagnosis, receipt of treatment, and survival. Results. For colon cancer, residents of lower-middle-SES and low-SES census tracts had decreased odds of receiving surgery. Rural, lower-middle-SES, and low-SES residents had decreased odds of receiving chemotherapy. For patients with rectal cancer, suburban residents had increased odds of receiving radiotherapy, but low SES resulted in decreased odds of surgery. For survival, rural residents experienced a partially adjusted 14% (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 1.22) increased risk of death following diagnosis of CRC that was somewhat explained by treatment differences and completely explained by CT-level SES. Lower-middle- and low-SES participants had an adjusted increased risk of death following diagnosis for CRC (lower-middle: HR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.22; low: HR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.16, 1.32). Conclusions. Future efforts should focus on developing interventions and policies that target rural residents and lower SES areas to eliminate disparities in CRC-related outcomes.
Intimate Partner Homicide and Corollary Victims in 16 States: National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003–2009
Authors: Smith Sharon G. , Fowler Katherine A. , Niolon Phyllis H. 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We estimated the frequency and examined the characteristics of intimate partner homicide and related deaths in 16 US states participating in the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), a state-based surveillance system. Methods. We used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze NVDRS data from 2003 to 2009. We selected deaths linked to intimate partner violence for analysis. Results. Our sample comprised 4470 persons who died in the course of 3350 intimate partner violence–related homicide incidents. Intimate partners and corollary victims represented 80% and 20% of homicide victims, respectively. Corollary homicide victims included family members, new intimate partners, friends, acquaintances, police officers, and strangers. Conclusions. Our findings, from the first multiple-state study of intimate partner homicide and corollary homicides, demonstrate that the burden of intimate partner violence extends beyond the couple involved. Systems (e.g., criminal justice, medical care, and shelters) whose representatives routinely interact with victims of intimate partner violence can help assess the potential for lethal danger, which may prevent intimate partner and corollary victims from harm.