bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) by the Azidation of Poly(3‐mesyloxymethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane)
Authors: Wang Gang , Ge Zhen , Luo Yunjun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPoly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) (PAMMO) was prepared by the azidation reaction of poly(3‐mesyloxymethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) (PMMMO), which was synthesized by cationic ring‐opening polymerization of MMMO for the first time. Two azidation reaction methods of PMMMO were considered to obtain PAMMO securely and efficiently. The thermal decomposition performance of PAMMO was studied by TG/FTIR/MS. The result of TG showed that the thermal decomposition of PAMMO involved two steps. Combined with FT‐IR and MS of the escaping gases to investigate the decomposition products of PAMMO, it is found that the first step was mainly corresponding to the thermal decomposition of azide group (N3), and the second step was mainly corresponding to the thermal decomposition of the polyether backbone.
A multiscale approach to simulating the conformational properties of unbound multi‐C2H2 zinc finger proteins
Authors: Liu Lei , Wade Rebecca C. , Heermann Dieter W. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe conformational properties of unbound multi‐Cys2His2 (mC2H2) zinc finger proteins, in which zinc finger domains are connected by flexible linkers, are studied by a multiscale approach. Three methods on different length scales are utilized. First, atomic detail molecular dynamics simulations of one zinc finger and its adjacent flexible linker confirmed that the zinc finger is more rigid than the flexible linker. Second, the end‐to‐end distance distributions of mC2H2 zinc finger proteins are computed using an efficient atomistic pivoting algorithm, which only takes excluded volume interactions into consideration. The end‐to‐end distance distribution gradually changes its profile, from left‐tailed to right‐tailed, as the number of zinc fingers increases. This is explained by using a worm‐like chain model. For proteins of a few zinc fingers, an effective bending constraint favors an extended conformation. Only for proteins containing more than nine zinc fingers, is a somewhat compacted conformation preferred. Third, a mesoscale model is modified to study both the local and the global conformational properties of multi‐C2H2 zinc finger proteins. Simulations of the CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF), an important mC2H2 zinc finger protein for genome spatial organization, are presented. Proteins 2015; 83:1604–1615. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Greater number of group identifications is associated with lower odds of being depressed: evidence from a Scottish community sample
Authors: Sani Fabio , Madhok Vishnu , Norbury Michael , Dugard Pat , Wakefield Juliet R. H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Purpose
Group identification has been shown to be associated with reduced risk of depression, but this research has important limitations. Our aim was to establish a robust link between group identification and depression whilst overcoming previous studies’ shortcomings.

Methods
1824 participants, recruited from General Practice throughout Scotland, completed a questionnaire measuring their identification with three groups (family, community, and a group of their choice), as well as their intensity of contact with each group. They also completed a self-rated depression measure and provided demographic information. Their medical records were also accessed to determine if they had been prescribed antidepressants in the previous 6 months.

Results
The number of group identifications was associated with both lower self-rated depression and lower odds of having received a prescription for antidepressants, even after controlling for the number of contact-intensive groups, level of education, gender, age, and relationship status.

Conclusions
Identifying with multiple groups may help to protect individuals against depression. This highlights the potential importance of social prescriptions, where health professionals encourage a depressed patient to become a member of one or more groups with which the patient believes he/she would be likely to identify.
Disturbance of redox homeostasis as a contributing underlying pathomechanism of brain and liver alterations in 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA lyase deficiency
Authors: Leipnitz Guilhian , Vargas Carmen Regla , Wajner Moacir 
Published: June 2015

Abstract3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA lyase (HL) deficiency is an inherited disorder of organic acid metabolism biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylgutarate, 3‐methylglutarate, 3‐methylglutaconate and 3‐hydroxyisovalerate. Affected patients predominantly present neurological symptoms that are accompanied by mild hepatopathy during episodes of catabolic crisis. The pathophysiology of this disease is poorly known, although recent animal and human in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that oxidative stress caused by the major accumulating organic acids may represent a pathomechanism of brain and liver damage in HL deficiency. In this review we focus on the deleterious effects of these carboxylic acids on redox homeostasis in rat and human tissues that may offer new perspectives for potential novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies in this disorder.
Origin of Pseudotachylytes Based on Clasts Size Frequency Distribution in Bundelkhand Craton, Central India
Authors: Deb Tanwita , Bhattacharyya Tapas , Matin Abdul , Sensarma Sarajit 
Published: June 2015

Abstract:
Pseudotachylytes in granitoid rocks of the Bundelkhand craton are formed either by crushing dominated process or by pervasive melting. Microstructural observasions reveal that pseudotachylytes include three major varieties: pseudotachylyte-breccia, homogeneous pseudotachylytes and crushed pseudotachylyte. Size frequency diagrams of clasts show power law distribution pattern for crushing dominated pseudotachylytes and “left hand fall off” or curvilinear pattern for melt affected pseudotachylytes.
Petrology, Geochemistry and Tectonics of the Extrusive Sequence of Fannuj-Maskutan Ophiolite, Southeastern Iran
Authors: Moslempour Mohammad Elyas , Khalatbari-Jafari Morteza , Ghaderi Majid , Yousefi Hamidoddin , Shahdadi Sara 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The Fannuj-Maskutan ophiolite (FMO) contains all the components of a typical ophiolite sequence: metamorphic tectonites, cumulates, isotropic gabbros, plagiogranites, diabasic sheeted dikes, extrusives and sedimentary cover. The extrusive sequence of FMO comprises of alternate pillow lavas and sheet flows, in which the aphyric types are more abundant than phyric facies. The majority of extrusive rocks are basalt and minor basaltic andesite. The FMO extrusives are similar to back-arc basin basalts (BABB). These rocks show many similarities with mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), such as marked Fe, Ti, V enrichment from less fractionated to fairly fractionated rocks, relatively high Ti, P, Y contents, and significant Nb depletion. However, they show higher Th/Ta and LREE/HREE ratios compared to MORBs. In addition, the FMO extrusive rocks are generally more enriched in large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, Sr, and K) than average normal-MORB, which suggests that the mantle beneath the FMO was modified by subducted slab-derived components. So, the Fannuj-Maskutan extrusives can be regarded as representative of back-arc basin located between the Bajgan-Durkan arc and the continental margin of the Lut block. These geochemical features, support the idea that the extrusive sequence of Fannuj-Maskutan ophiolite are formed in an environment related to suprasubduction zone (SSZ).
The Magnitude of Time-Dependent Bias in the Estimation of Excess Length of Stay Attributable to Healthcare-Associated Infections
Authors: Nelson Richard E. , Nelson Scott D. , Khader Karim , Perencevich Eli L. , Schweizer Marin L. , Rubin Michael A. , Graves Nicholas , Harbarth Stephan , Stevens Vanessa W. , Samore Matthew H. 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDEstimates of the excess length of stay (LOS) attributable to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in which total LOS of patients with and without HAIs are biased because of failure to account for the timing of infection. Alternate methods that appropriately treat HAI as a time-varying exposure are multistate models and cohort studies, which match regarding the time of infection. We examined the magnitude of this time-dependent bias in published studies that compared different methodological approaches.METHODSWe conducted a systematic review of the published literature to identify studies that report attributable LOS estimates using both total LOS (time-fixed) methods and either multistate models or matching patients with and without HAIs using the timing of infection.RESULTSOf the 7 studies that compared time-fixed methods to multistate models, conventional methods resulted in estimates of the LOS to HAIs that were, on average, 9.4 days longer or 238% greater than those generated using multistate models. Of the 5 studies that compared time-fixed methods to matching on timing of infection, conventional methods resulted in estimates of the LOS to HAIs that were, on average, 12.6 days longer or 139% greater than those generated by matching on timing of infection.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that estimates of the attributable LOS due to HAIs depend heavily on the methods used to generate those estimates. Overestimation of this effect can lead to incorrect assumptions of the likely cost savings from HAI prevention measures.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(9):1089–1094
Phanerozoic trends in brachiopod body size from synoptic data
Authors: Zhang Zixiang , Augustin Michael , Payne Jonathan L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBody size is one of the most studied phenotypic attributes because it is biologically important and easily measured. Despite a long history of study, however, the pattern of body-size change in diverse higher taxa over the Phanerozoic remains largely unknown because few relevant data sets span more than a single geological period or provide comprehensive, global coverage. In this study, we measured representative specimens of 3414 brachiopod genera illustrated in theTreatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. We applied these size data to stage-resolved stratigraphic ranges from theTreatiseand the Paleobiology Database to develop a Phanerozoic record of trends in brachiopod size. Using a model comparison approach, we find that temporal variation in brachiopod size exhibits two distinct modes—a Paleozoic mode of size increase and a post-Paleozoic mode indistinguishable from a random walk. This transition reflects a change in the identities of the most diverse brachiopod orders rather than a shift in mode within any given order. Paleozoic size increase reflects a small, persistent bias toward the origination of new genera larger than those surviving from the previous stage and is identifiable as a statistically supported trend in three orders representing both Class Strophomenata (Order Productida) and Class Rhynchonellata (orders Atrypida and Spiriferida). Extinction exhibits no consistent bias with respect to size. The shift in evolutionary mode across the end-Permian mass extinction adds to long-standing evidence from studies of diversity and abundance that this biotic catastrophe suddenly and permanently altered the evolutionary history of what was, until that time, the most diverse animal phylum on Earth.
Plantation, Archive, Stage: Trans(post)colonial Intimations in Katherine Dunham’sL’Ag’yaandLittle Black Sambo
Authors: Kabir Ananya Jahanara 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article assesses the African American dancer and intellectual Katherine Dunham’s vision and legacy for a performative history of the Black Atlantic by examining two of her early choreographic works,L’AgyaandLittle Black Sambo. From little-known archival materials and her published writings, I reconstruct the genesis of these works in her fieldwork in the French Caribbean as well as in the phantasm of the Plantation. Through the emotional relationships between Africa, “Africa,” and African diasporic expressive life that emerge, I excavate a hidden history for the modern subject as formed through not only the displacements generated by colonialism and slavery, but also unexpected new regimes of pleasure that were their historical consequences. The resulting imaginative and kinetic expressions that conflate colonial and postcolonial temporalities enable me to posit the limits and possibilities of “trans(post)colonial collaborations” within Dunham’s repertoire as well as for the horizon of the present.
PROCESS AND SUBSTANCE AS ASPECTS OF THE PUBLIC LAW FORM
Authors: Dyzenhaus David 
Published: June 2015

AbstractI argue that process and substance are two aspects of the public law form and that the form conditions the content of the law. The reduction of a political programme to the explicit terms of a statute involves a conversion of policy into public standards, which produces a kind of legal surplus value. It brings into being a particular type of public standard – one that permits the operation of the principles identified by Lon L. Fuller as the desiderata of the inner morality of law, and which enables individual claims of right based on legal principle to be adjudicated.
FERTILITY PATTERN AND FITNESS OF THE SPANISH-MEXICAN COLONISTS OF CALIFORNIA (1742–1876)
Authors: Del Hoyo I. , Crespo L. , García-Moro C. , Hernández M. , Esparza M. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe analysis of fertility in colonizing populations is of great interest, since its individuals experience a major environmental change, and fertility rates can reflect the level of adaptation of the population to its new conditions. Using Northrop’s genealogical compilations, this paper examines the fertility pattern of California’s early Spanish-Mexican colonists between 1742 and 1876, their fitness levels and their trend across time throughout the colonizing period. A total of 197 women from 599 compiled families who had completed their reproductive period and had at least one child were analysed. The correlations among variables were also analysed in order to infer the relationship between longevity and fertility, and the influence of fertility determinants. The results show a natural fertility pattern, with a very young age at marriage and birth of first child (17.2 and 19.1 years respectively), and also a young age at last childbirth (38.8 years). The population’s fitness showed greater values than for contemporary European populations, with 8 of 9.2 children surviving to adulthood, in comparison with 55% of newborns in Finland for the same period, suggesting a good adaptation of the population to their new environmental conditions. No relationship between fertility and lifespan was observed, as has been reported by other authors and in opposition to classical theories. A temporal trend in the number of children, consisting of three different phases, was observed, in accordance with the stability of living conditions in the region.
Qu’est-ce t’as été te mêler de ça ?!Une « nouvelle » structure pour les questions rhétoriques conflictuelles
Authors: DEKHISSI LAURIE 
Published: June 2015

RÉSUMÉCet article porte sur la variation syntaxique entrequ’est-ce (que)etpourquoidans les questions rhétoriques conflictuelles (QRC). Le corpus utilisé est constitué de 38 films du cinéma de banlieue afin d’observer cette variation chez les locuteurs du français multiculturel, garants d’un langage très expressif. Il s’avère que la structure /kesk/ est une structure très emphatique, directe et plus menaçante que sa variante enpourquoi, qui elle, est ambiguë entre une demande d’information traditionnelle et une QRC. Cette structure, /kesk/, utilisée sans distinction d’âge et favorisée par les locuteurs masculins du corpus, se révèle être un outil communicatif très puissant et présent dans le français parlé dès 1668 chez Molière.
Prehospital Naloxone Administration as a Public Health Surveillance Tool: A Retrospective Validation Study
Authors: Lindstrom Heather A. , Clemency Brian M. , Snyder Ryan , Consiglio Joseph D. , May Paul R. , Moscati Ronald M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundAbuse or unintended overdose (OD) of opiates and heroin may result in prehospital and emergency department (ED) care. Prehospital naloxone use has been suggested as a surrogate marker of community opiate ODs. The study objective was to verify externally whether prehospital naloxone use is a surrogate marker of community opiate ODs by comparing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) naloxone administration records to an independent database of ED visits for opiate and heroin ODs in the same community.MethodsA retrospective chart review of prehospital and ED data from July 2009 through June 2013 was conducted. Prehospital naloxone administration data obtained from the electronic medical records (EMRs) of a large private EMS provider serving a metropolitan area were considered a surrogate marker for suspected opiate OD. Comparison data were obtained from the regional trauma/psychiatric ED that receives the majority of the OD patients. The ED maintains a de-identified database of narcotic-related visits for surveillance of narcotic use in the metropolitan area. The ED database was queried for ODs associated with opiates or heroin. Cross-correlation analysis was used to test if prehospital naloxone administration was independent of ED visits for opiate/heroin ODs.ResultsNaloxone was administered during 1,812 prehospital patient encounters, and 1,294 ED visits for opiate/heroin ODs were identified. The distribution of patients in the prehospital and ED datasets did not differ by gender, but it did differ by race and age. The frequency of naloxone administration by prehospital providers varied directly with the frequency of ED visits for opiate/heroin ODs. A monthly increase of two ED visits for opiate-related ODs was associated with an increase in one prehospital naloxone administration (cross-correlation coefficient [CCF]=0.44; P=.0021). A monthly increase of 100 ED visits for heroin-related ODs was associated with an increase in 94 prehospital naloxone administrations (CCF=0.46; P=.0012).ConclusionsFrequency of naloxone administration by EMS providers in the prehospital setting varied directly with frequency of opiate/heroin OD-related ED visits. The data correlated both for short-term frequency and longer term trends of use. However, there was a marked difference in demographic data suggesting neither data source alone should be relied upon to determine which populations are at risk within the community.LindstromHA, ClemencyBM, SnyderR, ConsiglioJD, MayPR, MoscatiRM. Prehospital naloxone administration as a public health surveillance tool: a retrospective validation study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(4):1–5.
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and contributes to ischaemic brain injury
Authors: Ito Minako , Shichita Takashi , Okada Masahiro , Komine Ritsuko , Noguchi Yoshiko , Yoshimura Akihiko , Morita Rimpei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInflammasome activation has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases including post-ischaemic inflammation after stroke. Inflammasomes mediate activation of caspase-1, which subsequently induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, as well as a form of cell death called pyroptosis. In this study, we report that Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an essential component of the NLRP3 inflammasome, in which BTK physically interacts with ASC and NLRP3. Inhibition of BTK by pharmacological or genetic means severely impairs activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The FDA-approved BTK inhibitor ibrutinib (PCI-32765) efficiently suppresses infarct volume growth and neurological damage in a brain ischaemia/reperfusion model in mice. Ibrutinib inhibits maturation of IL-1β by suppressing caspase-1 activation in infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils in the infarcted area of ischaemic brain. Our study indicates that BTK is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and could be a potent therapeutic target in ischaemic stroke.
A diode for ferroelectric domain-wall motion
Authors: Whyte J.R. , Gregg J.M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFor over a decade, controlling domain-wall injection, motion and annihilation along nanowires has been the preserve of the nanomagnetics research community. Revolutionary technologies have resulted, like racetrack memory and domain-wall logic. Until recently, equivalent research in analogous ferroic materials did not seem important. However, with the discovery of sheet conduction, the control of domain walls in ferroelectrics has become vital for the future of what has been termed ‘domain-wall electronics’. Here we report the creation of a ferroelectric domain-wall diode, which allows a single direction of motion for all domain walls, irrespective of their polarity, under a series of alternating electric field pulses. The diode’s sawtooth morphology is central to its function. Domain walls can move readily in the direction in which thickness increases gradually, but are prevented from moving in the other direction by the sudden thickness increase at the sawtooth edge.
Functional group diversity increases with modularity in complex food webs
Authors: Montoya D. , Yallop M.L. , Memmott J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBiodiversity increases the ability of ecosystems to provide multiple functions. Most studies report a positive relationship between species richness and the number of ecosystem functions. However, it is not known whether the number of functional groups is related to the structure of the underlying species interaction network. Here we present food web data from 115 salt marsh islands and show that network structure is associated with the number of functional groups present. Functional group diversity is heterogeneously distributed across spatial scales, with some islands hosting more functional groups than others. Functional groups form modules within the community so that food webs with more modular architectures have more functional group diversity. Further, in communities with different interaction types, modularity can be seen as the multifunctional equivalent of trophic complementarity. Collectively, these findings reveal spatial heterogeneity in the number of functional groups that emerges from patterns in the structure of the food web.