bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Aspects of the Activation of Silica‐Supported Iron Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in Carbon Monoxide and Syngas
Authors: Chernavskii P. A. , Kazak V. O. , Pankina G. V. , Ordomsky V. V. , Khodakov A. Y. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe mechanism of activation of silica‐supported iron catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was investigated in syngas or carbon monoxide under transient and isothermal conditions using the in situ magnetic method. The catalyst activation proceeds in two steps and involves reduction of hematite into magnetite and magnetite carbidisation into Hägg carbide. Smaller supported iron particles exhibit higher rates of hematite reduction and magnetite carbidisation than the larger counterparts. The reduction of hematite to magnetite proceeds with similar rates in syngas and pure carbon monoxide, while magnetite can be carbidised more rapidly in carbon monoxide. The concentration of iron carbide was approximately 3 times higher after activation in CO relative to the activation in syngas.
Electrochemical Hydrogen Oxidation in Toluene/LiCB11Me12: H2 as a Surrogate for Lithium Metal?
Authors: Pospíšil Lubomír , Kaleta Jiří , Michl Josef 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn toluene containing LiCB11(CH3)12 as the supporting electrolyte, the oxidation potential of H2 on a platinized Pt electrode is a strong function of the composition of a basic buffer, lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinate / 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine, and can approach the onset of the reduction of Li+. This suggests that only a moderate voltage might be needed to use H2 as a surrogate for Li and to take advantage of the specific chemical reactivity of the latter.
Accurate determination of the CO2‐crude oil minimum miscibility pressure of pure and impure CO2 streams: A robust modelling approach
Authors: Hemmati‐Sarapardeh Abdolhossein , Ghazanfari Mohammad‐Hossein , Ayatollahi Shahab , Masihi Mohsen 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGas flooding processes have emerged as attractive enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods over the last few decades. Among different gas flooding processes, CO2 flooding is recognized as being most efficient for displacing oil through miscible displacement. Minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is a crucial parameter for successfully designing CO2 flooding, which is traditionally measured through time‐consuming, expensive, and cumbersome experiments. In the present study, a new reliable model based on feed‐forward artificial neural networks was presented to predict both pure and impure CO2‐crude oil MMP. Among various properties and parameters, reservoir temperature, reservoir oil composition, and injected gas composition were selected as the input parameters of the proposed model. To evaluate and compare the results of the developed model with existing models, both statistical and graphical error analyses were simultaneously employed. The results showed that the proposed model is more reliable and accurate compared to existing models in a wide range of thermodynamic and process conditions. Furthermore, by employing the relevancy factor, it was found that the reservoir temperature has the most significant impact on the MMP. Finally, in order to identify probable outliers and the applicability domain of the proposed model, the leverage approach was performed. The results illustrated that only two experimental MMP data points were located outside of the applicability domain of the proposed model. As a result, the developed model is statistically reliable for predicting crude oil MMP.
A bioanalytical assay to distinguish cellular uptake routes for liposomes
Authors: Braun Tobias , Kleusch Christian , Naumovska Elena , Merkel Rudolf , Csiszár Agnes 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLipid‐based nanoparticles are frequently used for drug or DNA delivery into mammalian cells. However it is difficult to determine whether such particles are taken up via endocytosis or fusion to the plasma membrane. Here, we propose a simple and reliable analytical method to do so based on the unique spectral properties of the fluorescent tracer BODIPY FL. At high local concentrations, this dye displays an additional red‐shifted emission peak that is absent at low concentrations. In dye‐loaded liposomes taken up by endocytosis, the local dye concentration did not significantly change upon internalization. Accordingly, unchanged fluorescence spectra were detected. When cells were incubated with liposomes able to fuse with the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, a reduction of local dye concentration and much weaker emission in the red‐shifted peak were observed. The ratio of intensities in both fluorescence channels was shown to be a reliable indicator of the cellular uptake mechanism. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Yellow Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes from Heteroleptic Iridium(III) Complexes with Avobenzone Ligands as Dopants
Authors: Zhou Yuyang , Zhuang Jinyong , Su Wenming , Wang Xiaomei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAvobenzone as an ancillary ligand was chosen to construct two yellow iridium(III) complexes, named Irdfppyavo and Irbtavo, [dfppy, bt, and avo represent 2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)pyridine, 2‐phenylbenzo[d]thiazole, and avobenzone, respectively], which were thoroughly investigated as yellow organic light‐emitting diode dopants. Most importantly, the yellow electroluminescence devices from a luminance of 100–1000 cd m–2 displayed small power efficiency roll‐off values of 28.9 and 21.4 % for Irdfppyavo and Irbtavo, respectively.
Effect of Halopyridine Guest Molecules on the Structure and Superconducting Prop­erties of β″‐[Bis(ethylenedithio)tetra­thiafulvalene]4(H3O)[Fe(C2O4)3]·Guest Crystals
Authors: Prokhorova Tatiana G. , Buravov Lev I. , Yagubskii Eduard B. , Zorina Leokadiya V. , Simonov Sergey V. , Zverev Vladimir N. , Shibaeva Rimma P. , Canadell Enric 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFour new superconducting and metallic salts of the family of organic molecular conductors (BEDT‐TTF)4AI[FeIII(C2O4)3]G [A = H3O+; G = 2‐chloropyridine (1), 2‐bromopyridine (2), 3‐chloropyridine (3), and 3‐bromopyridine (4); BEDT‐TTF = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene] have been prepared, and their crystal structures, electronic structures, transport properties, and magnetotransport properties have been studied. All of the crystals obtained belong to the monoclinic group of the family with β″‐type packing of the conducting BEDT‐TTF layers. Crystals 1 and 2 are superconductors with Tc = 2.4–4.0 and 4.3 K, respectively, and possess structural phase transitions from monoclinic to triclinic symmetry at temperatures of 190–215 K, whereas 3 and 4 retain monoclinic symmetry at 90–300 K and do not show a superconducting transition above 0.5 K. Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations were found in crystals of 1, 2, and 4. The structures and conducting properties of 1–4 are compared with those of the known monoclinic phases of the family containing FeIII ions and different monohalobenzenes and pyridine as “guest” solvent molecules (G).
Catalytically Active Palladium Nanoparticle‐Cored Ferrocenyl‐Terminated Dendrimers
Authors: Lu Feng , Didier Astruc 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNanoparticle‐cored (NP‐cored) ferrocenyl dendrimers are precise multifunctional supramolecular nanomaterials owing to their active central and terminal groups and high (1→3) branching connectivity. For instance, catalysis in the interior of the metallodendrimer remains intriguing, especially because sulfur ligands have the reputation to inhibit catalytic reactions on surfaces. A nonaferrocenyl thiol dendron, 1, was utilized to prepare PdNP‐cored metallodendrimers (FcD‐PdNPs) 2, which were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and TEM. The ratio of precursor complex [PdCl2(MeCN)2] to dendron 1 was demonstrated to play a key role in the effectiveness of 2 as catalyst in Suzuki–Miyaura and styrene hydrogenation reactions, and a ratio of 5:1 optimized intradendritic catalytic activity for styrene hydrogenation at room temp. and 1 atm H2.
Zinc Radical Transfer Based Modular Approach to Enantiopure Alkylidene‐β‐prol­ines from N‐(tert‐Butylsulfinyl)‐α‐(aminomethyl)acrylates
Authors: Beniazza Redouane , Romain Elise , Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Jackowski Olivier , Perez‐Luna Alejandro 
Published: November 2015

AbstractN‐(tert‐Butylsulfinyl)‐α‐(aminomethyl)acrylates with tethered silylated alkynes undergo a tandem 1,4‐addition/carbozincation reaction upon exposure to dialkylzinc compounds in the presence of air. The process follows a zinc‐radical‐transfer mechanism and provides vinylzinc adducts that can react subsequently with electrophiles. High levels of chiral induction (dr > 90:10) from the tert‐butylsulfinyl directing group are achieved during the radical 5‐exo‐dig cyclization by adding samarium(III) triflate. The sequence overall provides straightforward modular access to enantiopure (E)‐4‐alkylidene‐β‐prolines from tert‐butanesulfinamide.
Improvement of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis through Structuring on Different Scales
Authors: Güttel Robert , Turek Thomas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis is a complex three‐phase system with demanding requirements towards heat and mass transfer and may play an important role for future energy systems. The intensification of this process to exploit its maximum potential is only possible if the catalyst and reactor scale are considered at the same time. Thus, this Review addresses new concepts for improvement with an emphasis on originality as well as feasibility for the low‐temperature FT synthesis with cobalt catalysts as an example. The concepts are presented with respect to their impact on intensification and classified by the characteristic length scales at which they apply. On this basis, the single concepts are set in context for illustration of the overall improvement potential through a multiscale approach. The aim of this review is to propose a holistic view on the improvement of catalysts and reactors, which might also be transferred to other systems.
Testing a new sampler for measuring plot soil loss
Authors: Carollo Francesco G. , Di Stefano Costanza , Ferro Vito , Pampalone Vincenzo , Sanzone Francesco 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn order to measure soil loss in equipped plots the estimate of the weight of solid material intercepted at their lower end is required. At the experimental area of Sparacia, Sicily, the runoff produced by an erosive event is collected within storage tanks with a capacity of about 1 m3. In this paper, the use of a new sampler is proposed to measure easily the weight of solid material eroded from an experimental plot and collected into a storage tank. The sampler is a cylinder having a closing valve at the bottom. Two different series of runs were carried out both to test the reliability of the sampler and to establish a sampling procedure, respectively. An analysis of various sampling configurations usable in the field differentiated by the number and location of sampling verticals in the tank cross‐section was finally carried out. The results of the present investigation are that the concentration measurement by the sampler was more accurate than that obtained by other methods involving a collection tank, agitation and sampling of the suspension. This sampler is cheap and usable in combination with a quick field sampling procedure which is particularly advisable when the number of plots equipped at an experimental area is large. The sampler was tested using a clay soil contained within cylinders and a cubic tank, but it appeared also to be usable with coarser sediment than clay and in combination with tanks having a different shape. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Click Synthesis’ of Some Novel Benzimidazol Oxime Ethers Containing Heterocycle Residues as Potential ß‐Adrenergic Blocking Agents
Authors: Roeintan Abouzar , Moosavi Sayed Mojtba , Soltani Rad Mohammad Navid , Behrouz Somayeh 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe ‘click synthesis’ of some novel O‐substituted oximes, 5a–5j, which contain heterocycle residues, as new analogs of ß‐adrenoceptor antagonists is described (Scheme 1). The synthesis of these compounds was achieved in four steps. The formation of (E)‐2‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐phenylethanone oxime, followed by their reaction with 2‐(chloromethyl)oxirane, afforded mixture of oil compounds 3 and 4, which by a subsequent tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB)‐catalyzed reaction with NH heterocycle compounds (Scheme 1), led to the target compounds 5a–5j in good yields.
Facile and Mild Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Diazo Dyes on the Basis of Schiff Bases in the Presence of Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide as a Base Catalyst under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Rashid Zahra , Rabiei Khadijeh 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this research, some new diazo dyes including Schiff base have been synthesized by the condensation reaction between ethylenediamine and derivatives of salicylaldehyde containing diazo functional groups in the presence of nanocrystalline magnesium oxide as a solid base catalyst under solvent‐free conditions. Nanocrystalline magnesium oxide has been characterized by XRD, BJH and TEM techniques. The corresponding products have been obtained in excellent yields and high purity. All of the obtained diazo‐Schiff bases are highly colored and can be applicable as useful diazo dyes and characterized by spectroscopy data.
Upregulated expression of PTEN after splenectomy may prevent the progression of liver fibrosis in rats
Authors: Li Nai Shu , Wang Zi Ming , Lin Jian Hua 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of delaying progression of liver fibrosis by splenectomy.MethodsLiver fibrosis was induced by common bile duct ligation. Rats were divided into three groups randomly: group A with common bile duct ligation and splenectomy (n = 45), group B with common bile duct ligation and spleen sham operation (n = 45), group C with sham common bile duct ligation and spleen sham operation (n = 45). Liver samples were collected at the 1st, 3rd and 5th week. H&E staining and Sirius staining were used to evaluate the degree of liver fibrosis, immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and PTEN. PTEN mRNA and protein expression was measured by real‐time PCR and Western‐blot.ResultsOver time, liver fibrosis developed gradually in groups A and B. The expression of PTEN mRNA and protein in group A was higher than that in group B (P < 0.05), while the expression of α‐SMA was higher in group B (P < 0.05). The expression of PTEN was negatively correlated with α‐SMA (r = –0.86, P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, splenectomy can upregulate the expression of PTEN and reduce the secretion of α‐SMA, thereby deterring the progression of liver fibrosis.
Influence of winter season climate variability on snow–precipitation ratio in the western United States
Authors: Safeeq Mohammad , Shukla Shraddhanand , Arismendi Ivan , Grant Gordon E. , Lewis Sarah L. , Nolin Anne 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIn the western United States, climate warming poses a unique threat to water and snow hydrology because much of the snowpack accumulates at temperatures near 0 °C. As the climate continues to warm, much of the region's precipitation is expected to switch from snow to rain, causing flashier hydrographs, earlier inflow to reservoirs, and reduced spring and summer snowpack. This study investigates historical variability in snow to precipitation proportion (Sf) and maps areas in the western United States that have demonstrated higher Sf sensitivity to warming in the past. Projected changes in Sf under 1.1, 1.8, and 3.0 °C future warming scenarios are presented in relation to historical variability and sensitivity. Our findings suggest that Sf in this region has primarily varied based on winter temperature rather than precipitation. The difference in Sf between cold and warm winters at low‐ and mid‐elevations during 1916–2003 ranged from 31% in the Pacific Northwest to 40% in the California Sierra Nevada. In contrast, the difference in Sf between wet and dry winters was statistically not significant. Overall, in the northern Sierra, Klamath, and western slopes of the Cascade Mountains Ranges, Sf was most sensitive to temperature where winter temperature ranged between −5 to 5 °C. Results from our trend analysis show a regional shift in both Sf and signal‐to‐noise ratios during 1960–2003 as compared with 1916–2003. Our findings indicate that natural variability in Sf over 1916–2003 across all regions except for the Great Basin most closely resembles the projected 2040‐warming scenario (+1.8 °C).
Stable isotope evidence of late MIS 3 to middle Holocene palaeoenvironments from Sehonghong Rockshelter, eastern Lesotho
Authors: Loftus Emma , Stewart Brian A. , Dewar Genevieve , Lee‐Thorp Julia 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTEvidence for human occupation of southern Africa's high‐altitude Maloti–Drakensberg Mountains is surprisingly common in the last glacial, yet the attraction of this relatively severe, cold region for hunter‐foragers remains unclear. Sehonghong Rockshelter (1870 m asl), in the eastern Lesotho Highlands, provides evidence for human occupation spanning Marine Isotope Stage 3 through the late Holocene. Excellent organic preservation provides opportunities for establishing multiple palaeoenvironmental proxy records to address this conundrum. In high‐altitude zones, the proportions of C3 and C4 plants archived in soil organic matter and faunal enamel provide sensitive indicators of past temperature shifts. We first extended the radiocarbon chronology to ca. 35 ka using ABOx‐SC radiocarbon dates of charcoals. Next we analysed stable isotopes in soil organic matter from the sedimentary sequence, and in faunal tooth enamel from the newly dated lower strata. The results suggest, predictably, that C3 vegetation and low temperatures prevailed until early warming at ca. 15 ka, with a series of sharp shifts thereafter. Low values for δ13C and δ18O in faunal enamel ca. 33 ka suggest a negative temperature excursion at this time, and potentially greater precipitation as snowfall in the highlands compared with lower altitudes.
Application and optimization of organic–inorganic hybrid monolithic capillary electrochromatography for in vivo cefdinir determination with microdialysis
Authors: Chen Zhao , Bi Xiaoli , Li Ji , Tang Yuanjun , Fan Guorong , Sun Dongmei 
Published: November 2015

In this study, an organic–inorganic hybrid monolithic capillary column was applied and optimized for the determination of cefdinir in plasma, and the electro‐osmotic flow that usually hinders migration in reverse polarity became a driving force. The Sample used for pharmacokinetic research was collected by microdialysis using phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as perfusate, and a volume of 60 μL fluid was mixed with 140 μL of acetonitrile. By using a silica‐allyldimethyldodecylammonium monolithic column (100 μm inner diameter, 21 cm effective length and 31.2 cm total length), and a mobile phase consisting of phosphate and acetonitrile (pH 4.5, 50:50, v/v), at a voltage of 20 kV, the analytes were successfully separated with the background within 2.5 min. The detection wavelength was 214 nm. The calibration curve showed a good linearity (r2 = 0.9994) over the concentration range of 0.2–50 μg/mL. The proposed method showed good specificity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and recovery, and the introduction of field amplified sample stacking helped to improve the low recovery caused by microdialysis. This method was successfully applied to quantify cefdinir in rat plasma to support a pre‐clinical pharmacokinetic trial.
Elk resource selection and implications for anthrax management in Montana
Authors: Morris Lillian R. , Proffitt Kelly M. , Asher Valpa , Blackburn Jason K. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTAnthrax, caused by the spore‐forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals throughout the world. In North America, anthrax outbreaks occur in livestock and wildlife species. Vaccine administration in wildlife is untenable; the most effective form of management is surveillance and decontamination of carcasses. Successful management is critical because untreated carcasses can create infectious zones increasing risk for other susceptible hosts. We studied the bacterium in a re‐emerging anthrax zone in southwest Montana. In 2008, a large anthrax epizootic primarily affected a domestic bison (Bison bison) herd and the male segment of a free‐ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) herd in southwestern Montana. Following the outbreak, we initiated a telemetry study on elk to evaluate resource selection during the anthrax season to assist with anthrax management. We used a mixed effects generalized linear model (GLM) to estimate resource selection by male elk, and we mapped habitat preferences across the landscape. We overlaid preferred habitats on ecological niche model‐based estimates of B. anthracis presence. We observed significant overlap between areas with a high predicted probability of male elk selection and B. anthracis potential. These potentially risky areas of elk and B. anthracis overlap were broadly spread over public and private lands. Future outbreaks in the region are probable, and this analysis identified the spatial extent of the risk area in the region, which can be used to prioritize anthrax surveillance. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
The influence of Rho‐kinase inhibition on acetic acid‐induced detrusor overactivity
Authors: Wróbel Andrzej , Rechberger Tomasz 
Published: November 2015

AimsAccumulating evidence has shown that Rho‐kinase (ROCK) is involved in the regulation of bladder contraction. Our objective was to examine whether the ROCK inhibitor, GSK 269962, could prevent acetic acid (AA)‐induced detrusor overactivity and to assess its influence on urine production (UP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP).MethodsThe bladder was catheterized from the external urethral orifice. 0.25 % (AA) solution was infused into the bladder for 5 min. In the same session a catheter was inserted into the apex of the bladder dome. In order to measure the blood pressure, the carotid artery was cannulated. Three days after the intravesical instillation of AA, the ROCK‐GSK 269962 inhibitor was administered in a single dose of 10 mg/kg and a cystometry was carried out, along with a 24 hr measurement of UP and MAP.ResultsGSK 269962 reversed the changes induced by AA causing a drop in basal pressure, threshold pressure, micturition voiding pressure, bladder contraction duration, relaxation time, detrusor overactivity index, amplitude, and frequency of nonvoiding contractions while an increase in voided volume, post‐void residual, volume threshold, voiding efficiency, intercontraction interval, bladder compliance, and volume threshold to elicit nonvoiding contractions. ROCK inhibition did not show any significant changes in UP and MAP.DiscussionThe results obtained indicate that ROCK inhibition may ameliorate AA‐induced bladder overactivity.ConclusionROCK inhibitors appear to represent a potentially attractive pharmacological option for the treatment of lower urinary tract disorders associated with changes in detrusor contractility. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:263–270, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.