bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CALIFORNIA'S GNOME TRAJECTORY INITIATIVE TO DETERMINE BEST ACHIEVABLE PROTECTION FOR SENSITIVE SHORELINE RESOURCES FROM VESSEL OIL SPILLS
Authors: Jochums Carl , Watabyashi Glen , Parker-Hall Heather 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
California has initiated a new approach to create an objective standard and regulate best achievable protection (BAP) for sensitive shoreline protection from vessel spills. The Oil Pollution Act (OPA 90) and California's Lempert-Keene-Seastrand Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act (SB 2040) mandate BAP as the standard for preparedness and response. BAP poses the critical response planning questions: “How much response resources should industry provide?” and “In what timeframes should those resources be deployed?” Prior California regulations intended to achieve BAP by relying on vessels to identify hazards, trajectories, environmental consequences, and response resource plans, produced less than optimal results in many instances. Though effective in theory, this approach resulted in fuzzy consequences and vague arrangements for adequate response. Because it was neither clear what sites would be protected (and what response resources would be required) nor at what time, and because it was consequentially not clear what response resources would be engaged to execute protection, drilling C-plans became obtuse. This in turn fostered “paper tiger” OSROs and resulted in an uneven playing field for business competitors. In Californias new approach, OSPR used many of the original concepts to identify BAP by using the NOAA GNOME oil spill model for generic vessel risk threats for California ports and along the California coast. This paper explains the theory, steps, and details. As a result of this process, BAP has been defined in terms of specific site deployments at specific time intervals and presented in tables in regulation. This new approach provides a number of benefits and solutions to the difficult issues in the former approach, including a standard for BAP.
A THREE-YEAR BASELINE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS STUDY OF PETROLEUM POLLUTANTS IN COASTAL LOUISIANA
Authors: Gisclair David , Iqbal Javed 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office (LOSCO) conducted a three-year study of baseline levels of oil spill constituents in South Louisiana as mandated by Act 740 of the Louisiana Legislature. The act mandated an environmental inventory concentrating on areas with a high probability of oil spills. The main goal of the project was to streamline restoration efforts in Coastal Louisiana, the Mississippi River, major tributaries and reduce associated risks to habitat. The study consisted of 3,540 composite sediment samples collected at 1,180 sites each year from 1997 through 1999. Results indicate that the mean level of total unresolved petroleum hydrocarbons (TUPH) in coastal Louisiana and major rivers during 1997 to 1999 was 44,608ng/g based on dry weight sediment. The mean total saturated hydrocarbons n-alkanes level (nC9-nC35) was 5,444ng/g. and mean total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) level was 587ng/g. Results indicate chronic/degraded and recent input of petroleum contamination in coastal areas and the Mississippi river. These results indicated that petroleum constituents in Louisiana sediments are bio-available reservoirs of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons posing some risk to the ecosystem. Approximately 5% of the sites investigated have TPAH levels more than 1,000ng/g in three consecutive years while 51% of the samples have TPAH levels less than 100ng/g indicating low pollution. More than 98% of the samples were below NOAA sediments quality guidelines ERL (Effects Range – Low) values for PAHs. About 159 hot spots in 17 parishes (counties) were identified where all TUPH, TPAH and T-Sat exceeded the average concentration in at least one sampling year. The data suggests that current concentrations of contaminants in Louisiana are basically not in the toxic range to produce biological effects. However efforts would be necessary to monitor, control, and alleviate contaminants of concern especially in hotspot areas.
OPA 90: ENHANCED BY STATE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE PROGRAMS
Authors: Sullivan K.C. , Baccigalopi Michael , Jensen Dave 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez the federal government passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). A number of recent publications have discussed the effects of OPA 90 on the occurrence of unauthorized discharges, but nothing to date has included the additional influence of state regulations in their analysis.
To address oil spill response on a state level, agencies such as the Texas General Land Office Oil Spill Prevention and Response Division (TGLO) and the Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office (LOSCO) were created. Each state, given authority under similar Oil Spill Prevention and Response Legislation, regulates heavily industrialized coastlines. These agencies have developed a level of expertise in management and response to oil spills that compliment the federal oil spill response capabilities.
This programmatic analysis of two adjacent state agencies will show that the interaction between state government, industry, and the public has a large influence on the effectiveness of OPA 90.
THE TRAJECTORY RECOVERY ANALYSIS PLANNER (TRAP): A TOOL FOR MODELING THE POTENTIAL SUCCESS OF RESPONSE PLANS1
Authors: Barker Christopher H. , Wesley David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new approach to modeling potential success of skimmers and booming strategies has been developed to aid planners in assessing the use of limited resources in their response plans. The Trajectory Recovery Analysis Planner (TRAP) extends the approach of NOAA's Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP) to provide a way for oil spill response planners to assess the likely effectiveness of their response plans across a wide variety of possible spill scenarios.
As a real spill could happen in a wide variety of conditions, multiple response scenarios need to be simulated on a wide variety of oil spill trajectories. Each trajectory represents a different historical spill start time with random initial tide phase and corresponding weather conditions at that time, based on past records for the location. For each trajectory, an approximation of the weathering of the oil is calculated, and booming and skimming operations are simulated. The response simulations take into account many of the limitations of actual response operations, including daylight hours, equipment shortages, wave height failure, skimmer travel times, skimmer encounter rates, and skimmer efficiencies.
The result is a wide variety of data about the simulated response. TRAP provides statistics summarizing those results. These results can give planners a realistic expectation of the likely success of their planned operations under both helpful and adverse conditions. The results also provide a summary of the shortcomings in the plan, allowing planners to determine where the weaknesses in their plans lie, including the reason for booming strategy failure, and less that expected skimmer recovery. The plan can then be altered and processed again, resulting in information about how those alterations might improve or degrade a response. The types of questions that can be addressed are: Is it better to have more small skimmers, or fewer large ones? Which booming strategies are most effective? Does boom need to be pre-positioned to speed the installation of a given strategy? TRAP thus gives planners a tool with which to quickly and easily explore a wide variety of possible response plans, and help determine where precious resources are best assigned.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR EMULSIFIED FUELS1
Authors: Gunter Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A considerable amount of research has been undertaken over the past 15 years into the fate / behaviour, potential impacts and response options for ORIMULSION®, a specific trademarked emulsified fuel. Although it is the only commercially available product of this kind at present, the same technology can also be applied to other heavy feedstocks to facilitate their handling and transportation. In the early 1990s a number of emulsions of refinery residues were trialed, and since then several other emulsified fuels have been developed, albeit so far with limited application or commercial success. However, as technology and economics change it is likely that other emulsified fuels will be developed.
The characteristics of any emulsified fuel and its formulation are developed to meet a number of criteria that take into account ease of production, handle ability, stability, economics and end-use together with environmental impact and spill behaviour. Consequently not all emulsified fuels will necessarily have the same characteristics or behave in the same way.
A key consideration is the surfactant package used to stabilise the emulsion. This will play a key role in determining the overall ecotoxicological impacts of the fuel and in dictating the dispersion / coalescence equilibrium for an emulsified fuel following a spill incident.
In extreme cases, differences in the surfactant package could make the difference between an emulsified fuel dispersing virtually entirely versus almost instantaneously coalescing. Given the extreme viscosity of the re-surfaced bitumen, this potential difference in fate and behaviour would have a considerable influence on potential impacts and, consequently, on the choice of appropriate spill response strategies.
This paper explains how the surfactant package in an emulsified fuel should be fully considered, and its potential influence on response options taken into account, in the Contingency Planning process.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANS: INCORPORATING WASTE MANAGEMENT AND FURTHERING ITS PROMOTION1
Authors: Richardson Cassandra 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A fundamental problem exists with waste disposal in marine-based oil spill clean up, as up to ten times more waste can be generated than the actual oil spilled. Lessons learnt are rarely recognised until the clean up operation has finished and oiled waste has accumulated. In 1999 the oil tanker Erika broke in two and sank off the coast of Brittany, France. Spilling 20,000 tonnes of Heavy Fuel Oil but creating 250,000 tonnes of oiled waste.
The Author, during the Prestige spill has observed first hand how the handling and disposal of oily waste can have major implications for oil clean up operations. It can hinder the entire operation by causing bottlenecks and delays in further recovery of oil, unless suitable arrangements can be made. The promotion of a holistic approach to waste management is fundamental to effective oil recovery operations and should be incorporated into oil spill contingency plans.
The paper will highlight the importance of developing a proactive waste management strategy, emphasising good practice and the key issues involved. The paper is supported by existing reports, the author's practical experience and a published document, co-authored, on current waste disposal options for IPIECA's technical document series.
QUEBEC REGION'S SHORELINE SEGMENTATION IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER: RESPONSE TOOL FOR OIL SPILL
Authors: Laforest Sonia , Martin Vincent , Boulé Michel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Quebec Region's shoreline description of the St. Lawrence River began in 1985 with the first shoreline interpretation by Environment Canada. This description was available as a paper version and was no longer adequate for oil spill response. An update was required in order to split the shoreline into segments and to digitize the information. A partnership was developed between Environment Canada, Eastern Canada Response Corporation and the Canadian Coast Guard to conduct the aerial survey and to do the segmentation.
The cartography of segmentation covers the fluvial part of the St. Lawrence River (Montreal Region) up to the Gulf (including the Lower-North Shore and the St. Lawrence Islands). The database, developed specifically for that project, is oil spill-oriented. It includes geomorphologic information, from the supratidal to the lower intertidal zone, some statistical information and other requirements for the cleanup operation.
For this operational database, useful for the response operation, links were developed with other databases and specialized oil spill software. The first system is GENIE Web, which is a Georeference Environmental Network for Information Exchange on the Web. The second system, ShoreAssess©, is a managing tool for SCAT teams in the field. Finally, a partnership with the Geography Department at the Université du Québec in Rimouski (UQAR) will help us to keep the St. Lawrence River coastal evolution up to date.
PIPELINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY MAPPING FOR THE BTC PIPELINE SYSTEM IN TURKEY
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Cekirge Murat , Anul Cihan , Orhan Cigdem , Sutherland Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Sensitivity mapping was completed for 1076 km (645 mi) of pipeline and for coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea in preparation for completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Pipeline Project. Pipeline sensitivity maps include environmental, human-use and archaeological features as well as drainage patterns indicating potential oil flow and downstream sites for spilled oil containment. The marine maps include environmental and human-use features, and appropriate oil spill containment sites. All information is compiled and stored using a Geographic Information System (GIS) from which hardcopy maps are created at various scales depending on purpose. Both integrated and stand-alone databases are used to quickly access needed environmental and response information. Map and text-based data are stored on a central server to provide internal accessibility and via a web-based, interactive internet mapping system. This is the first time that formalized sensitivity mapping has been carried out in Turkey.
DEVELOPMENT OF A RESPONSE NETWORK—THE KEY TO ESTABLISHING TRUE PORT READINESS
Authors: Miller Thomas C. , Holdren Catherine A. , DiLuna John C. , Harvey Stephen J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Homeland Security Presidential Decision Directive Five (HSPD-5) directs federal agencies to work with state, county, and local governments and municipalities to establish a single, comprehensive approach for domestic incident management. It requires all levels of government throughout the Nation to develop the capabilities to work together in an efficient and effective manner. HSPD-5 directs the Federal Government to treat crisis and consequence management as a single integrated function rather than as two separate tasks.5 Similarly, the United States Coast Guards (USCG) Maritime Strategy for Homeland Security prescribes several guiding principles that dovetail with the philosophy of HSPD-5. The Maritime Strategy affirms that securing the homeland requires shared responsibility amongst all agencies. Further, the Maritime Strategy stresses the USCG must leverage assets, acquire new resources and partner with public and private stakeholders.6 As the lead federal agency for Maritime Homeland Security and the Federal On Scene Coordinator, it is incumbent upon the USCG to spearhead joint planning and incident command initiatives to meet the requirements of HSPD-5 and the USCG Strategy for Homeland Security, and to adequately protect and respond to environmental and terror threats in the new normalcy of the post 9–11 world.
To this end, the requirement for development of an Area Maritime Security Plan (AMSP) is appropriate and timely as it is intended to provide the overarching philosophy to unify the port and its stakeholders—much like the Area Contingency Plan did post Exxon Valdez for pollution response. Further, it provides guidance to effectively and efficiently detect, deter, respond to, and recover from a Transportation Security Incident (TSI) which by all definitions may at some point include some sort of environmental response. The foundation of the AMSP is the development of a network of federal, state and local agencies that have a stake in preventing and recovering from a TSI or other port contingency. This is a critical step towards building a unified port response network, and if appropriately merged with the Area Committee and Area Contingency Plan efforts, will only bolster the pollution response preparedness in a given port region.
The Response Network concept provides tactical-level guidance for integrating the functional relationships required by the “Hierarchy of Readiness,” and the response infrastructure (a port incident management team) necessary to meet the requirements described in current and emerging federal guidance. This concept could be used as a map to facilitate every port in attaining true Port Readiness.
THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF SHIELDS—NOAA'S SANCTUARIES HAZARDOUS INCIDENT EMERGENCY LOGISTICS DATABASE SYSTEM1
Authors: Bodnar Jill L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Emergency Logistics Database System (SHIELDS) is an Internet-based information system designed to improve access to critical data, plans, and tools for National Marine Sanctuary (NMS) personnel and their partners for contingency planning and response situations. At the core of the SHIELDS project is a website developed for each of the thirteen National Marine Sanctuaries and one coral reef ecosystem reserve in the sanctuary designation process. Each site hosts general planning and response information, such as policies and contingency plans. More so, SHIELDS takes advantage of leading information technology to improve the availability of vital response information and folds it into one comprehensive website. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) data has expanded from static hardcopy maps to web-based interactive mapping, allowing Internet users to easily examine Sanctuary-specific geographic data from any location. SHIELDS offers NOAA modeling tools to analyze the fate of pollutants and live buoy data for real-time oceanographic conditions. Web-based databases within SHIELDS allow the user to enter or query information on personnel contact and location, potential Sanctuary threats, geographic response plans (GRPs) and Resources and UnderSea Threats (RUST) data, post updated incident text and documentation, or look up response glossary terms. Although SHIELDS relies extensively on the use of the Internet to distribute its information, it has also been designed to work as a stand-alone product for those inevitable circumstances when Internet access is not available during a response. The user can load the SHIELDS webpages and data onto their personal computer and carry it to any remote location to access the same data found on the Internet.
SHIELDS provides the most comprehensive incident planning and response information for the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP). This ensures that NOAA fulfills its role as stewards of Sanctuary resources and provides effective and timely response information about their trust resources.
MANAGING RISKS OF EXPLOSION DURING OIL RECOVERY, STORAGE, AND TRANSFER OPERATIONS
Authors: Romberg Barry A. , Maguire Dennis M. , Ranger Richard L. , Hoffman Rod 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines explosion hazards while recovering spilled oil utilizing oil spill recovery barges. The risk of static accumulation and discharge is well understood after thorough investigations of several incidents in the 1970s and 1980s involving explosions on tank barges and vessels during petroleum cargo loading and unloading operations. However, those lessons learned only partially apply to oil spill recovery operations due to the differences in liquid properties, crew training, and additional tasks required during an oil spill response. While regulatory standards have been enacted for petroleum tankers and barges involved in commercial transportation of oil and other hazardous materials, the utility of these standards for oil spill response vessels has not been fully considered. Inverviews were conducted with marine transporters and response organizations to understand the wide range of operational risks and mitigation proceedures currently in use. This paper outlines the four basic conditions that must be present to create a static discharge-induced explosion during liquid cargo operations. A review of explosion casualty history was completed for cargo operations and compared to operations that create similar hazards during oil spill recovery operations. Specific processes that create additional risk of static-induced explosions during response operations were studied to review mitigation actions. Finally, recommendations for continued training are provided to help guide the spill response community when preparing for and responding to oil spills.
REVIEW OF DISPERSANT USE IN U.S. GULF OF MEXICO WATERS SINCE THE OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990
Authors: Henry Charlie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), dispersants have been used as part of a combined response to mitigate seven oil spills in United States Gulf of Mexico (GOM) waters. Of the dispersant operations reported, four utilized the Regional Response Team VI pre-approval authority to the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) that requires a monitoring plan. The successful integration of dispersant pre-authorization along with a fully funded ready response delivery system maintained by industry contributed to the successful use of dispersants to aid in mitigating spilled oil. A key element to gaining the original pre-approval authority was a functional operational monitoring plan. While each response was considered a successful dispersant operation, each incident provided valuable lessons learned that have been integrated into subsequent contingency planning and modifications to existing pre-authorization requirements in the GOM. This paper provides a chronological review of oil spill responses where dispersants were applied in the GOM since OPA 90.
NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS (NEBA) OF DISPERSED OIL ON NEARSHORE TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS DERIVED FROM THE 20 YEAR “TROPICS” FIELD STUDY1
Authors: Baca Bart , Ward Greg A. , Lane Christine H. , Schuler Paul A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In November 1984, non-treated Prudhoe Bay crude oil and dispersed Prudhoe Bay crude oil were intentionally released into two separate sites, representative of near shore mangrove, seagrass and coral ecosystems, as part of the TRopical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems (TROPICS) field study in Bahia de Almirante, Panama. Data on the relative effects of non-treated crude oil and dispersed crude oil on these ecosystems (compared to a reference site) were acquired and analyzed over various periods (30 days, 3 months, and 2.6, 10, 17, 18, and 20 years).
In the short term, the oil caused mortality to invertebrate fauna, seagrass beds, and corals at both sites. At the non-treated crude oil site, there was also significant mortality to the mangrove forest. Twenty-year observations and mangrove substrate core samples reveal the continued presence of oil and diminished mangrove repopulation, as well as substrate erosion, at the non-treated crude oil site. No oil was detected and no long-term impacts were observed at the dispersed crude oil and reference sites. These results provide baseline scientific data for developing a Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) of dispersant use in nearshore tropical systems.
This paper is a review of TROPICS data and its application to NEBA preparation. Data and NEBA from the 20-year TROPICS study clearly show that the use of dispersant in the near shore environment is a sound strategy for both minimizing environmental damage to tropical ecosystems and for providing the best opportunity for recovery and repopulation in this environment. Results of this work should be applicable to similar tropical ecosystems.