bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revised LOFAR upper limits on the 21-cm signal power spectrum at z ≈ 9.1 using machine learning and gaussian process regression
Authors: Acharya Anshuman , Mertens Florent , Ciardi Benedetta , Ghara Raghunath , Koopmans Léon V E , Zaroubi Saleem 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
The use of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) for foregrounds mitigation in data collected by the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) to measure the high-redshift 21-cm signal power spectrum has been shown to have issues of signal loss when the 21-cm signal covariance is misestimated. To address this problem, we have recently introduced covariance kernels obtained by using a Machine Learning based Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) algorithm in combination with simulations of the 21-cm signal. In this work, we apply this framework to 141 h (${\approx} 10$ nights) of LOFAR data at $z \approx 9.1$, and report revised upper limits of the 21-cm signal power spectrum. Overall, we agree with past results reporting a 2-$\sigma$ upper limit of $\Delta ^2_{21} \ \lt\ (80)^2~\rm mK^2$ at $k = 0.075~h~\rm Mpc^{-1}$. Further, the VAE-based kernel has a smaller correlation with the systematic excess noise, and the overall GPR-based approach is shown to be a good model for the data. Assuming an accurate bias correction for the excess noise, we report a 2-$\sigma$ upper limit of $\Delta ^2_{21} \ \lt\ (25)^2~\rm mK^2$ at $k = 0.075~h~\rm Mpc^{-1}$. However, we still caution to take the more conservative approach to jointly report the upper limits of the excess noise and the 21-cm signal components.
The Koksār by Ānand Kavi
Authors: Cattoni Nadia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The discipline of kāmaśāstra has produced complex systems of knowledge about men and women in their amorous and physical relationships, which have been studied by scholars of the Sanskrit tradition. But kāmaśāstras have also been written in vernacular languages. This chapter is a first step in the analysis of the tradition on erotics in Brajbhasha through the study of a selection of manuscripts of the Koksār by Ānand Kavi. Comparing the text with works from the Sanskrit tradition stated in the Koksār, it aims to identify the processes of reinterpretation and transformation of an inherited tradition. The chapter also discusses the polysemy of the term kok(a) and the collected information about the most famous text on sexology and erotology from the Braj tradition.
Accidental Occident The Setting of “the West” in Music History
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the late Middle Ages and early modern period, there was considerable exchange and flow of musics from Europe across imagined East-West boundaries. From the early seventeenth century, Jesuits in China adopted Chinese geographical notions of “the West,” and applied the term “Western” to a keyboard instrument given to the emperor. Amiot also wrote about peoples of “the West” in his 1779 treatise on Chinese music. Before 1800, however, most applications of the term “Western” to music referred specifically to liturgical music of Catholics and Protestants, differentiating their practices from those of the Orthodox faith. There was little consistency in general geographical terminology. The idea of “western Europe” was not articulated explicitly in eighteenth-century writings on music, although “the Western world” occasionally appeared. Percy Grainger published the term “Western art music” in 1915, perhaps coining it. “Western music” remains a dominant concept, but new projects are emerging to decenter it.
Epilogue
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This epilogue sums up the themes discussed in the previous six chapters, including representations of Europe in myth and allegory, the idea of Europe as a musical space, and the notions of European ears and musicians. It reiterates that applying the term “European music” in historical writing today without awareness or qualification of musics from before or even during the long eighteenth century can potentially imply degrees of homogeneity and essentialism that cannot be retrospectively projected and can result in anachronistic representations. It also points out that “Western music” had different meanings before and after c. 1800. A suggestion for a possible way around these issues is to speak and write of music being “in” and “of” a place, unless acknowledging and deliberately using the very specific meanings of adjective-noun compounds in primary sources from the long eighteenth century, such as “French music,” “Italian music,” “European music,” or “Western music.”
Co-operatives as the Heart of France’s Social and Solidarity Economy
Authors: Spicer Jason S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChapter 4 examines France’s co-operatives as the heart of a coherently organized, legally defined social and solidarity economy. Co-operatives initially developed into the institutional void or field opening left by the French Revolution, which abolished almost all economic organizations. Operating in a legal twilight, the co-operative movement slowly but consistently secured national legal recognition through an evolutionary process of layering, as legal forms and policies developed to accommodate four distinct co-operative movements. By the 20th century’s end, co-operatives were part of the social and solidarity economy, which joins together all social purpose enterprises through an interlocking organizational structure. The French state repeatedly granted sanction and legitimacy to co-operatives through enabling legislation, special public economic development tools, and access to financing. Reflecting the French Revolution’s legacy, the government subjects them to regulation in exchange for granting them legitimacy as an allowable intermediary between the people and the state.
American Cooperation since 1900
Authors: Spicer Jason S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChapter 7 continues the American story, examining subsequent efforts to build a robust, national co-operative movement. Through the mid-20th century, the American co-operative movement operated on a fragmented basis through distinct subfields, splintered by race, industry, and co-operative subtype. Efforts to develop a cohesive, overarching organizational strategy and associated enabling policies were only partially successful. Another period of resurgence, after the upheavals of the 1960s, also yielded limited organizational or policy results. Today another round of co-operative organizing efforts is again occurring, but the U.S. co-operative organizing framework still remains fragmented and incomplete. Of note, and consistent with historical path dependency, co-operatives remain particularly limited in the U.S. South. New Southern co-operative initiatives, however, as well as explicit national co-operative messaging and organizing around race, are today readily observable.
Abject Bodies and Performance Art
Authors: Alcázar Josefina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Performance art or action art (arte acción), as it is also called in Spanish-speaking countries, emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. It is a countercultural expression whose main characteristic is to be a living art, an art linked to daily life where the artist’s body, their physical presence, is fundamental, and where real experience is a source of understanding. The performance artist’s body becomes their raw material, and it is through their bodies that they seek to discover themselves, others, and the environment around them. This exploration of the body and with the body, from the most varied perspectives, is not detached from life, but is part of it. Self-reflection and self-knowledge of their emotions and sensations lead performance art artists to an expansion of consciousness. They reject the modernist canon and vindicate the impure, the marginal, and the degraded.
Chick Webb’s Extraordinary Body of Music
Authors: Rosenberg Meisha 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
William Henry “Chick” Webb, swing-era drummer and bandleader, was one of the first celebrities of any race or background Americans of the twentieth century knew who had a visible physical difference. Webb contracted spinal tuberculosis in childhood, which caused his diminished height, curvature of the spine, and early death in 1939, at age thirty-four. While debates about high and low culture and anxieties about race animated representations of Webb in newspapers and the nascent jazz press, his musical career highlighted self-determination, pride, and humanity. Webb insisted on dignified bodily presence in a diversity of media. His music and image-making practices were predicated on those of other Black big bands, which in turn emanated from racial uplift ideology. Drumming, a physical art form, and Webb’s creative interrelationships with dancers and musicians, enacted his extraordinary embodiment.
Dead Weight
Authors: Huff Joyce L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the practice of exhibiting fat corpses, a practice that has historically positioned the fat body as the endpoint of a cautionary tale designed to bring the bodies of spectators in line with bourgeois body management standards. It also examines ways in which live performers resist narratives that link fatness with death. The chapter begins with the nineteenth-century freak show, contrasting the potential for resistance inherent in interactive live performances with the objectifying display of fat corpses as spectacles, specimens, and textual representations. It then investigates two recent sites that represent fat bodies in opposing ways: the Body Worlds exhibit, which continues the tradition of othering fat bodies through the display of preserved corpses, and the work of performers Katy Dierlam and Eileen Rosensteel, whose one-woman shows resist othering and create space for the lived experiences of fat bodies
The Pedagogical Utility of Early Freak Show Scholarship
Authors: Wu Cynthia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the experiences of using the foundational texts in disability studies, specifically those that employ a cultural studies approach to freak shows, in the teaching of writing and research. It begins with one of the most rudimentary of skills—identifying and paraphrasing a monograph’s thesis—before moving onto a discussion of how students can actively engage with those debatable arguments. Next, it explains how these foundational disability studies texts can be used as models for developing long-form projects, such as a dissertation. In this way, it shows how researchers can maintain an awareness of their thinking, a metacognition that is process-oriented and, thus, allows them to remain open to unexpected and unplanned avenues of research.
Nahuatl Is Very Fashionable Now
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the emergence of the current paradigm for relations between Nahuas and the Nahuatl language, and the Mexican nation and its governance. From the 1990s, Mexico began to redefine itself as proudly multicultural and in its public communications now emphasizes the rights to government support for indigenous languages and their speakers. The chapter analyzes the way that Nahuatl has been represented in public discourse, noting that there is a discrepancy between the overt expressions of intent and appreciation and the actual benefit of the concrete political initiatives for the speakers of indigenous languages. Rather, many of the uses of Nahuatl and other indigenous cultural elements in Mexican public culture seem to be ways of creating a cultural brand for Mexico that can be exploited commercially in relation to tourism and export. Nonetheless, it does adduce an ideological value to indigenous languages, which they have not previously been given.
The Statistical Analysis of Small Data Sets
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We live in the era of big data. However, small data sets are still common for ethical, financial, and practical reasons. Small sample sizes can cause researchers to particularly seek the most powerful methods to analyse their data; but they may be wary that some methodologies rely on assumptions that may not be appropriate when samples are small. The book offers advice on the statistical analysis of small data sets for various designs and levels of measurement. This should help researchers to analyse such data sets, but also to evaluate and interpret others' analyses. Potential challenges associated with a small sample and how these challenges can be mitigated are discussed. Generally, approaches that are often not especially difficult to apply are preferred; a focus is on permutation tests and bootstrap methods. However, topics such as meta-analysis, sequential and adaptive designs, and multiple testing are also discussed. The focus is on frequentist methods, but Bayesian analyses are also covered. R code is presented to carry out the proposed methods; many of them are not limited to use on small data sets. Approaches for computing the power or the necessary sample size, respectively, are also given.
Political Parties in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, 1999–2019
Authors: Dan-Azumi Jake D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
There is little doubt that Nigeria’s democracy has significantly grown and improved since 1999, and political parties have played a significant role in that process. This chapter reviews the development of the party system in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic (1999–2019), showing how the dominant political parties emerged, progressed, and performed in the last four general elections. Data on the performance of the dominant political parties in elections are presented and discussed with a particular focus on how party structures and organizations have impacted the outcomes of elections. Whereas the multi-party system has remained the dominant model, Nigeria has de facto essentially operated a two-party system given the non-viability and weakness of other parties, and this trend is expected to continue. The character of the major political parties is not easily discernible as they appear primarily to be a loose amalgam of powerful interest groups desirous of obtaining and retaining power. The challenges facing political parties include weak regulatory frameworks, lack of internal party democracy, defections due to fluid party membership, and poor representation of women and other minority and vulnerable groups. Without significant reforms and the necessary political will, political parties in Nigeria can be expected to continue to be mere platforms for seeking political positions and not necessarily tools for democratic consolidation.
Rights and Right-Holding
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Rights and Right-Holding presents a rigorous philosophical investigation of the two phenomena mentioned in its title. With a lengthy exposition of the analysis of legal and moral positions that was propounded in the early twentieth century by the American legal theorist Wesley Hohfeld, it plumbs the logical relationships among such positions, and it amplifies the Hohfeldian analysis by showing how logical quantification has to be incorporated into Hohfeld’s schema. The volume then ponders the longstanding debates over the Interest Theory of right-holding versus the Will Theory of right-holding, as it champions the Interest Theory while undertaking some lengthy and innovative critiques of the Will Theory. Finally, it considers at length the ethical and analytical questions involved in ascertaining what sorts of beings are capable of holding claim-rights at all. In so doing, the book delves deeply into some foundational matters of moral and political philosophy even while it continues to engage with subtle points of logical quantification and analysis. It concludes that the beings capable of holding claim-rights include not only human adults of sound mind but also all other living human beings, many dead people, all future generations of people, and most non-human animals.
In Defense of the Correlativity Axiom
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes up the one major task left over by Chapter 2. That is, it sustainedly defends the correlativity (or biconditional entailment) of claim-rights and duties against sundry criticisms marshalled by philosophers such as Joseph Raz, Jeremy Waldron, Neil MacCormick, and H.L.A. Hart. As the chapter shows, every one of those criticisms is either irrelevant or fallacious. The chapter also dismantles Nicolas Cornell’s attempts to maintain that legal or moral wrongs can be committed against parties who have not held any claim-rights to the non-occurrence of the actions or other events that are constitutive of the wrongs. In addition, the chapter explores further some of the aspects of logical quantification that were broached in the preceding chapter.
In Praise of the Interest Theory of Right-Holding
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 rigorously elaborates and defends the Interest Theory of right-holding. In so doing, it fills the major lacuna left by the Hohfeldian analysis. Whereas Hohfeld’s analytical scheme does not in itself enable anyone to identify the holders of claim-rights, the Interest Theory of right-holding provides a solid basis for identifying the parties who hold claim-rights correlative to specified duties. This chapter meticulously formulates the Interest Theory and charts its implications, and the chapter then defends the Interest Theory against a barrage of objections that have been broached over several decades. Having vindicated the Interest Theory in its principal form applicable specifically to claim-rights, the chapter then expounds a capacious version that encompasses every Hohfeldian entitlement that is properly designated as a “right.” Thereafter, the chapter mounts an array of critiques of the rival Will Theory of right-holding. It refashions some familiar critiques, and it propounds some powerful novel critiques.
Linguistic contacts and exchanges between Ostrogoths and Romans
Authors: Falluomini Carla 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the linguistic contacts and exchanges between Ostrogoths and Romans during the Ostrogothic kingdom (AD 403–553). Several historical and documentary sources offer the image of a Gothic society that becomes progressively bilingual, while keeping its own language alive in the liturgy. After the Ostrogothic settlement in Italy, the strong numerical imbalance in favour of the Romans and the cultural weight of the Latin tradition led to a gradual bilingualism on the part of the Goths. The Latinization of the Goths continued until their definitive acquisition of the Latin language. At the same time, Gothic terms began to be known and used by Latin speakers as well. Several linguistic traces in Latin texts, in the Italian lexicon, and in onomastic forms contribute to depicting the historical and social relationships between these Germanic settlers and the Latin population in a period in which textual sources are scarce.
Temporally anaphoric nu and þan as discourse-structuring elements in Gothic
Authors: Ferraresi Gisella 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Nu and þan are temporal locutions which correspond to English now and then, respectively. They arose from deictic elements and have cross-linguistically two functions. In the first, they both mark a change of situation introducing a new event or a state on the timeline of the narrative, taking their time reference from the utterance time (nu) or from a previously mentioned event (both nu and þan). In this function, their syntactic position in the clause triggers different readings: forwarding the narration, especially in the Topic position, or signalling elaboration of a previously described situation. In their second function, that of discourse particles, they are phonologically weak, second-position elements. Frequently the clause containing nu or þan is in a causal relation with an event or situation mentioned in the previous discourse. In their discourse-structuring function, nu and þan can mark a new intervening event or a new topic.
What Is Resistance?
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts by challenging the tradition that resistance is a problem, often caused by ignorance or self-interest or political interference, and therefore something to be overcome by leaders. Instead, it suggests that resistance is inevitable, and indeed that resistance precedes leadership, because in the absence of resistance there would be no need for leadership. Furthermore, resistance is not a binary concept in either practical or moral terms. In other words, the gradient of resistance from working slowly to armed conflict is infinite, and resistance movements are not usually paragons of virtue but embody the contradictions and tensions that exist in all organizations. Those tensions include disputes about the value of specific forms of resistance and the chapter examines the way resistance has often been associated with the ‘romance of violence’, when oftentimes the more valuable work is embodied in the more mundane everyday tasks that tend to be overlooked. At the same time, the utopian ‘leaderless’ resistance movements are subject to criticism, while hovering in the background is Koestler’s warning that resistance leaders are faced with a terrible dilemma: if they maintain their humanitarian impulses, they are likely to be crushed by their more authoritarian opponents, but if they adopt the coercive features necessary to prevail—so called Dirty Hands—then they are likely to undermine the very purpose of the resistance.
Organizing and Suppressing the Resistance
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This final theoretical chapter explores the mechanics of resistance through the lens of problems and decision-making. It starts with delineating the difference between Wicked, Tame, and Critical Problems and their associated decision styles: Leadership, Management, and Command. The model has several implications: first, resistance movements need to be adept at all three decision modes, and not just the leadership approach beloved by more traditional approaches. Second, a particular problem facing resistance movements is the management of logistics—can they sustain their members for long periods of strike activity, or can they supply guerrillas in the field for the long years often required to topple a dictatorship? Third, this does not mean the book offers a conventional contingency theory in which resisters should do what the context ‘demands’, because oftentimes it is the resisters or their opponents that actively construct the context, rather than just respond to it. As we will see in the Iraq War, the debate about weapons of mass destruction (WMD) was a trigger point in the Allied invasion, but the arguments of the Western civilian resistance that there were no WMD did not prevent the war. Instead, Bush and Blair managed to construct the situation so that sufficient individuals and groups were persuaded to support the invasion. Finally, the chapter concludes with an examination of the strategy of reticulation, the netting of supporters to become active followers in the resistance, or its suppression.