bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersant Effectiveness and Toxicity—An Integrated Approach
Authors: Sterling M.C. , Autenrieth R.L. , Bonner J.S. , Fuller C.B. , Page C.A. , Ojo T. , Ernest A.N.S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An integrated approach to study chemical dispersant effectiveness and dispersed oil toxicity is presented. Conventional lab scale effectiveness tests generally provide a measure of overall dispersant effectiveness. However, chemical dispersion can be viewed as two processes: (1) dispersant-oil slick mixing and (2) oil droplet transport into the water column. Inefficiencies in either process limit the overall dispersant effectiveness. This laboratory study centered on the latter process and was conducted to focus on the impacts of water column hydrodynamics on the resurfacing of dispersed oil droplets. Using a droplet coalescence model (Sterling et al., 2002), the droplet coalescence rates of dispersed crude oil was determined within a range of shear rates. A controlled shear batch reactor was created in which coalescence of dispersed oil droplets were monitored in-situ. Experimental dispersion efficiencies (C/C0) and droplet size distributions were compared to those predicted by Stokes resurfacing. Experimental C/C0 values were lower than that predicted from Stokes resurfacing. Experimental dispersion efficiency values (C/C0) decreased linearly with increasing mean shear rates due to increased coalescence rates. These results suggested that dispersed oil droplet coalescence in the water column can adversely impact overall dispersant efficiency. To avoid high control mortality in toxicity testing, the toxicity exposure chamber was designed with separate compartments for scaled mixing and organism exposure, respectively. Chamber design includes continuous re-circulation between mixing and exposure chamber. A 1-minute exposure compartment residence time was determined from tracer studies indicating virtually identical oil concentrations in the mixing and exposure compartments. In addition, the 96-hour mortality of 14-day oil Menidia beryllina varied from 2% in the no-oil control tests to 87% in the dispersed oil (200 mg/L) tests. These results show the effectiveness of the integrated vessel for the characterization and toxicity testing of oil dispersions.
Use of Surface-Washing Agents During the M/V Genmar Hector Oil Spill
Authors: Thumm Stephen J. , Henry Charlie , Gahn Julie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On 14 March 2001, the M/V GENMAR HECTOR was oiled on both the superstructure and hull after a transfer line broke during an unexpected storm event with winds gusting to 70 mph. In addition to the tanker vessel, seven other vessels, as well as floating docks and barges, were oiled at the waterline. The crude oil rapidly weathered to the point that conventional cleanup techniques were ineffective at removing residual oil from the vessels so that they could be released from the port area. Members of the Regional Response Team were convened and the use of National Contingency Plan listed surface-washing agents that had the effect of “lifting and floating” remobilized oil was approved. Using the guidance of the Regional Response Team, a test was conducted to evaluate conventional and chemically-enhanced washing techniques. It was found that pretreatment with PES-51 followed by a high pressure, hot water wash resulted in the desired cleanup level, which was, essentially, the complete removal of oil and oil stain. PES-51 was selected for this application because of its availability and the minimal contact time required before flushing. The cleaning and demobilization of oiled vessels was greatly enhanced by using a surface-washing agent.
Development of a Soil, Surface-Water, and Groundwater Remediation Program for the Accidental Crude-Oil Spill that Occurred on July 16, 2000 at the Petrobras Refinery Refinaria Presidente GetúLio Vargas-Repar, Araucária, Brazil – PR
Authors: Millette D. , Falkiewicz F. , Zamberlan E. , Carvalho F. J. P. de Campos , Neto A. C. B. , Caicedo N. O. L. , Marques David Motta , Linhares M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On July 16, 2000, a crude oil spill occurred at the PETROBRAS refinery Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas-REPAR, located in Araucária, PR, Brazil. A significant quantity of oil was retained within an area known as Ponto 0, between the spill site and Rio Barigüi, contaminating the hanks of a small stream (Arroio Saldanha), the soil adjacent to the stream, and the soil of four small wetlands, over a distance of 2 km. This paper presents an overview of the remediation program for Ponto 0, and draws preliminary conclusions regarding the efficacy of different remediation technologies. The major remediation technologies are: 1) injection and recovery trenches for free-product recovery in the sector adjacent to the spill site; 2) in situ bioremediation along the floodplain of Arroio Saldanha; and 3) a treatment wetland near the discharge of Arroio Saldanha into Rio Barigüi. The trenches appear to have removed most of the free product from the sector adjacent to the spill site. There is preliminary evidence, based on soil monitoring data, for the efficacy of in situ bioremediation, but further data will be required before a firm conclusion can be drawn. The treatment wetland was successful in restoring wetland vegetation (an essential component of this technology), and appears to be capable of removing hydrocarbons from groundwater. Data of the groundwater monitoring program indicates a general decline in TPH concentrations, over the October 2000, August 2001 and April 2002 sampling campaigns. BTEX concentrations are generally below the method detection limit.
A Strategy for Protecting Circulating Seawater Systems from Oil Spills1
Authors: Young David R. , Specht David T. , Ozretich Robert J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A strategy is described for establishing a simple, inexpensive monitoring program for determining approximate levels of petroleum hydrocarbons in ambient water collected near intake structures of circulating seawater systems. The ambient water is obtained from the depth of intake using a submersible pump, which delivers the sample stream to a dockside partitioning chamber that provides instantaneous grab samples for analysis. A common hand-operated fluorometer equipped for measuring the oil content of a fluid was standardized using a locally-obtained No. 2 marine diesel fuel; oil concentrations in water samples were quantified as Marine Diesel Equivalents (MDE) in parts-per-billion. Surveys conducted along the central Oregon coast following the March 1999 beaching of the drifting freighter New Carissa off Alsea Bay were conducted in that bay, and in Yaquina Bay about 20 km to the north. No evidence of oil contamination from the beached ship was found. The highest MDE levels occurred within the estuaries, especially in an anchorage for fishing vessels in Yaquina Bay. Higher levels of MDE also were measured upstream of this anchorage in February 2001, following a highway spill of No. 6 heavy fuel from a tank truck crash. Thus, this technique appears to be useful for monitoring oil levels in ambient water near seawater intake structures, and to provide a rational basis for temporarily closing down the circulating seawater system after a local oil spill.
Using a New Dispersed Oil Model to Support Ecological Risk Assessment
Authors: Mearns Alan , Watabayashi Glen , O'Connor Caitlin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new model is being used to support dispersant Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) workshops. User-driven output includes trajectory maps for both chemically dispersed and undispersed oil, and concentration isopleths reported by depth and over time. To help make toxicological sense of the output, oil concentration isopleths were nominally fixed at concentrations and exposure times of concern developed by consensus during past ERA workshops. Two No. 6 fuel spill scenarios, each with alternative outcomes (not dispersed vs 80% dispersed) were developed, one in open ocean water (10,000 bbls spill), and the other in an estuary (2000 bbls spill). Plume epicenter maximum dispersed oil concentrations peaked in the range of 10–20 ppm but decreased within 24 hours to 1–2 ppm or less. Average concentrations in the most contaminated portions of the dispersion area never exceeded 3 ppm in either scenario. Plankton in a small (&lt; 25%) fraction of the open ocean plume were at moderate risk at 24 hours. These effects must be compared to those of the non-dispersion alternative, which could impact wildlife and shorelines.
Recovery of Sunken and Buried Oil in Coastal Water During the Erika Spill
Authors: Guerroué Pascale Le , Cariou Gérard , Poupon Emmanuelle , Xavier Merlin François 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Erika spilled a very high density, high PAH content persistent heavy fuel oil that impacted over 400 kms of France's West Brittany coastline resulting in a protracted period of shoreline cleanup. One of the sites oiled by the HFO was Pen Bron, located seaward of the Croisic salt marshes. This laarge and very environmentally sensitive area with extensive salt pans and bivalve production was polluted by a significant spill of sunken oil buried in the sediment. In view of the risk to local resources and amenities, operations were undertaken to remedy the sunken oil spill: the pollution was mapped and cleanup techniques studied to define the optimum technique for removing the oil that sank and was buried in an area subject to strong tidal currents. Site restoration was conducted in two stages:Sediment in the most polluted area (700 m2) was mobilized by a mechanical shovel dredge mounted on a barge and the sediment was sent to a refinery to be disposed of along with waste from other locations.Sediment from the surrounding area (10 000 m2) was removed by a pump dredger; pumping the sediment - oil - water mixture ashore to a lagoon where the oil was removed from the sediment by floatation and skimmed while the water was filtered before being released. The residual oil concentration in the sand was monitored by chemical analysis to decide on how to dispose of it best: replacing it on site or treating it as a specific waste.
This operation involved over 5,500 tonnes of sediment. Environmental impact was minimised as 85% of the sediment was reinstated safely on site, thus avoiding the risk of shoreline erosion which could have happened in the event of excessive sediment removal.
Chemical Characterization of Environmental Samples after Oil Spill in Iguassu River, Parana, Brazil, July/2000
Authors: Meniconi Maria de Fátima Guadalupe , Gabardo Irene Terezinha , Barbanti Silvana Maria , Caicedo Nelson Luna 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On July 16, 2000, a rupture of a pipeline occurred in the Scraper area of the PETROBRAS refinery located in Araucaria, in the state of Parana, south of Brazil. This resulted in the spill of approximately 4,000m3 (1,060,000 gallons) of a crude oil (Cusiana − 41°API). The spilled oil spread over part of the refinery area, affecting the wetlands that are crossed by the Arroio Saldanha creek before discharging into the Barigui River, which is a tributary of Iguassu River. This entire area crossed by the creek is referred to as Point Zero (PO). This paper presents the chemical data of 2 monitoring programs: the Barigui, Iguassu and Arroio Saldanha Rivers, and the groundwater of Point Zero. The programs were carried out in 2 phases: for 3 months immediately after the spill and 1 year later. They included the analyses of BTEX, TPH, PAH, n-alkanes, UCM and biomarkers for the water and sediment samples. The rivers program encompassed 13 stations along Barigui and Iguassu Rivers and 1 station at Arroio Saldanha Creek. The results in water and sediments demonstrated the efficiency of the recovering of the spilled oil from the water. That suggested that the impact of the spill on the Barigui and Iguassu Rivers was of a short duration after the spill. On the other hand, the hydrocarbon concentration data for Arroio Saldanha Creek during the 3 months after the spill revealed high levels of hydrocarbon contamination, which corroborated the visual inspection. The groundwater monitoring program in the terrestrial area of Point Zero was initiated shortly after the spill. The groundwater program included about 80 monitoring wells (piezometers) installed, along the Arroio Saldanha Creek and in the wetlands crossed by the creek. It could be observed that BTEX and TPH groundwater concentrations decreased significantly after one year.
Federal On-Scene Coordinator's Investigative Role
Authors: Stieb Captain Jeffrey D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the United States, the Coast Guard Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) in the role as Captain of the Port (COTP) is charged with investigating marine casualties resulting in oil spills in the coastal zone.2 The FOSC is in the challenging position of working with the responsible party as a member of the Unified Command, while simultaneously investigating the incident. Complicating the FOSC's balancing act is the likelihood that other federal, state, and local agencies will have an interest in the investigation. The parties conducting investigations (Department of Justice, National Transportation Safety Board, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Coast Guard Investigative Service, Environmental Protection Agency investigators, and state and local investigators) report to their own senior officials and are not under the direction and control of the FOSC. This article will discuss, from a Coast Guard officer's perspective, the FOSC's conflicting roles as a member of the Unified Command working closely in cooperation with the responsible party to mitigate the incident, and as a federal officer supervising at least one of the investigations. The article will describe the dynamics of significant oil spill investigations and provide recommendations on how investigative agencies should work together to conduct thorough investigations while minimizing the impact on the Unified Command's goal of working cooperatively to mitigate the effects of the spill.
Responding to Oil Spills in Louisiana's Coastal Floating Marshes: Ecology, Oil Impact, and Response Alternatives
Authors: Henry Charlie , Sasser Charles E. , Holm Guerry O. , Lynn Kevin , Brolin John , Bergeron Pat , Isham Don 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Freshwater marshes cover 4000 square kilometers of the Louisiana coastal zone and are the most abundant marsh habitat type. Many of these marshes actually float as organic mats on underlying water. Some estimates suggest as much as 70% of Louisiana's coastal freshwater marsh are of the floating variety. The slow flow of water characteristic of these environments generally transports very little sediment. As a result, the marsh substrate is composed of primarily live and dead organic matter (peat formation) rather than mineral sediments. Since floating marshes are structurally different than intertidal marsh habitats, many traditional oil spill response options are ineffective or inappropriate. Access to the marsh is often limited since there is no open water ingress and the marsh structure cannot support the weight of equipment. Oil spill response options are further complicated when the source of the oil is a pipeline leak located below the floating marsh mat; spilled oil is free to travel at the interface of the underlying water and mat. Protection booming is impossible. Oil impacts often result in the death of all the living plants that are integral to the formation and sustainability of the habitat. This paper reports on two oil spills in a floating marsh near Paradis, Louisiana that occurred eight years apart. Both spills were spatially close to each other, which provided an excellent comparison for assessing potential long-term impact from oil spills in floating marshes. During both oil spill responses, unique response techniques were developed to recover spilled oil and enhance marsh recovery. An effective technique was to rake away and remove the dead oil-contaminated surface plant debris from the site and employ sorbent recovery. Lessons learned from these responses were used to develop mitigation guidance for future responses.
Recovery of Submerged oil from an Alaska Lake
Authors: Kane Don A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On November 26, 1997, the M/V Kuroshima was anchored near Unalaska, Alaska when extreme weather conditions dislodged it from its anchorage. Winds exceeding 90 miles per hour and waves exceeding 25 feet forced the vessel onto rocks, where its hull was punctured. Approximately 39,000 gallons of heavy fuel oil (IFO 380) were discharged into marine waters, onto adjacent shorelines, into a creek, and into Summer Bay Lake. Shoreline cleanup was implemented immediately following the spill, but was suspended until spring due to harsh weather conditions, safety concerns, and inefficient cleanup operations. Because the oil had a very high viscosity, was stranded high on the shoreline and winter had set in, the oil did not present an immediate environmental or human health threat. It was suspected that some of the discharged oil mixed with sand as it moved through the surf zone and sank when it entered the lake. During the winter, state and federal agencies and the responsible party developed a plan to survey the lake and creek for submerged oil. In early spring, divers conducted visual surveys of the lake bottom along 6.5 miles of transect to locate submerged oil. Transect locations were identified using a Differential Global Positioning System and the bottom was videotaped. A survey approach similar to that used to conduct a shoreline cleanup assessment was employed to characterize the lake bottom and the nature and spatial extent of the submerged oil. An oil recovery plan and cleanup criteria were developed and implemented. This case study describes the approach and technology utilized to survey for submerged oil and presents the survey findings and oil recovery and disposal methods employed. The challenges presented by the remote location, difficult working conditions, and natural resource concerns are also discussed.
Best Practices on Performing a Tactical Port Security Risk Assessment Using Risk-Based Decision-Making1
Authors: Bailey Robert E. , O'Neil Chris T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the wake of September 11, 2001, Captains of the Port (COTPs) nationwide set into motion various security measures to protect potential targets (referred to as an “asset” throughout this paper) located in, on or near navigable waterways. However, the way in which these measures were carried out and the degree to which they were enforced were vastly different from port to port and raised much speculation in the U.S. maritime community over what the security landscape of the future would look like. Over one year later, maritime security practices remain a widely debated issue and one that will continue to challenge COTPs to answer the constantly looming questions of, “what is an adequate level of security for my port?,” “what level of security can I maintain at predefined Maritime Security (MARSEC) Conditions?” (USCG, 2002) and “how can I defend my assertions?” It is widely agreed in maritime security circles that concepts such as MARSEC Conditions and Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) (USCG, 2002) are essential components of the port security posture of the 21st century, but most of this community will concede that they do not have a clear cut strategy on how to bridge the gap between transforming these lofty concepts into clearly defined, tactically sound and implementable security solutions. The purpose of this paper is to describe such a bridge, or a port security risk assessment methodology if you will, that is based on factual data that is verified by Coast Guard personnel and that synthesizes security concepts and Risk-Based Decision-Making (RBDM) methodologies (USCG, 2001) into systematic assessment phases that have been developed and tested by U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office (MSO) St. Louis, Missouri. Moreover, it describes how the analysis of the data gained from the assessment phases provided the COTP St. Louis with tangible and accurate data results that can now be used by Port Security Committees (PSCs) (USCG, 2002) as a foundation for tactical planning and the development of Port Security Plans (PSPs) (USCG, 2002). These PSPs meet the guidelines established in the U.S. Coast Guard's Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular (NVIC) 9–02 entitled, “Guidelines for Port Security Committees, and Port Security Plans Required for U.S. Ports.” Once proven in broad applications, this tool can be consistently implemented by COTPs nationwide providing them with detailed port risk characterizations. Armed with this tactical analysis, COTPs can then accurately prioritize high-risk assets and maximize the use of PSC resources to stem potential terrorist threats or attacks.
Oil Spill Response Centers in Brazil – a New Experience
Authors: Arroio Luiz Antônio , Wegner Isaac Rafael , da Cruz Flavio Torres 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It has been noticed, in the latest Brazilian oil spill emergencies, that the time of arrival of equipaments in the emergency site, due to some differents facts (Brazilian dimensions, transport infrastructure, Customes etc) was of 48–60 hours. Furthermore, one may notice that all the Brazilian oil spill response equipment was not enough for Tier 2 and 3 emergencies. Petrobras has decided to install a total of nine Oil Spill Response Centers, strategically located throughout Brazil, thus increasing its response capacity for potential oil spills. Each of the Centers is equipped with special barges, oil recovery boats, skimmers, sorbents, containment and sorbent booms. Equipments and logistic support can be rapidly dispatched to any area in Brazil where an emergency might occur. The CDAs operate with about 250 trained technicians, available 24 hours per day. This provides regularly trained skills, together with Petrobras technicians and the local communities, in order to guarantee readiness in the event of a spill. Some data about how and where the Centers have been working after two years operation are now shown. In fact, the CDAs have been participating in a lot of response calls, although most of them are inspections for prevention, supporting the Petrobras’ units operations, other companies’ emergencies and ocasional oil spills. However, it should be noted that Brazil has more capacity to face oil-related emergencies than before.