bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular and morphological exploration of a mixed population of two potato-parasiting nematode species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Douda O. , Zouhar M. , Renčo M. , Marek M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In this work, we report results of molecular and morphological analyses of a potato field population of Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) species, in Slovakia. Unexpectedly, our data show a mixed occurrence of two potato cyst nematode species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, in this locality. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mixed occurrence of these economically important plant-parasitic species in the same locality in the Central Europe. In addition, this finding reinforces the possibility of the cross-hybridization between these two nematode species that might result in a generation of new genotypes.
Strongyloides westeri and Parascaris equorum: Observations in field studies in Thoroughbred foals on some farms in Central Kentucky, USA
Authors: Lyons E. , Tolliver S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Observations were made on the intestinal threadworm (Strongyloides westeri) and ascarid (Parascaris equorum) in field studies in 373 Thoroughbred foals on nine farms in Central Kentucky (USA) in 2013. Qualitative examination was made of feces of the foals for presence of S. westeri and P. equorum eggs. The main purpose of the prevalence study was to obtain current data on S. westeri in Thoroughbred foals. This was done to compare these findings with earlier studies in this geographical area where the prevalence of this parasite has been very low the last several decades. All the foals except on one farm had been treated one or more times with a parasiticide before the study. Prevalence of S. westeri in foals was 0 to 3 % on two farms, 6 to 9 % on three farms, and 20 to 51 % on four farms. The prevalence of P. equorum in foals was 0 to 14 % on three farms, 27 to 38 % on three farms, and 46 to 51 % on three farms. Effect of drugs given before the current study, on the prevalence of the two parasitic nematode species, is discussed. Also, three field tests were done by the present authors to evaluate activity of three individual or combination of drugs against ascarids. Evaluation was somewhat limited because, on two of the farms, a relatively small number of foals was passing ascarid eggs before treatment. However, oxibendazole and oxibendazole/piperazine combination were much more efficacious than fenbendazole.
A new locality and host record for Enterogyrus coronatus (Pariselle Lambert & Euzet (1991) in South Africa and a review of the morphology and distribution of Enterogyrus (Ancyrocephalidae) species
Authors: Madanire-Moyo G. , Avenant-Oldewage A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Examination of 40 specimens of Pseudocrenilabrus philander
philander (Weber, 1897) collected from Padda Dam (26°10′S; 17°59′E), South Africa revealed the presence of a stomach monogenean of the genus Enterogyrus (Paperna, 1963). The monogenean presented a prevalence of 52.5 % and mean intensity of 4.2. The body, surrounded by a thick cuticle which is striated transversally, is dorso-ventrally flattened. The haptor has two pairs of gripi, a lightly sclerotised ventral transverse bar and marginal uncinuli. The dorsal gripus has a bifurcate root and a curved blade which is shorter than the shaft and is larger than that of the ventral gripus. The genetic distance between E. coronatus and the present Enterogyrus species (0.24 %) confirms the morphological similarities. This study presents a new locality and host record of the genus Enterogyrus from South Africa and a review of the morphology and distribution of Enterogyrus species is also given.
Monogenoidea on exotic Indian freshwater fishes. 2. Range expansion of Thaparocleidus caecus and T. siamensis (Dactylogyridae) by introduction of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Pangasiidae)
Authors: Tripathi A. , Rajvanshi S. , Agrawal N. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Thaparocleidus caecus and Thaparocleidus siamensis are parasitic monogeneans found on the gills of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Pangasiidae), a native species of Southeast Asia. We report T. caecus and T. siamensis, for the first time in India, from the gills of aquarium-kept P. hypophthalmus (prevalence 40 % and 80 % respectively). We also report T. siamensis from the gills of pond-cultured P. hypophthalmus (prevalence 100 %); no specimen of T. caecus was observed on pondcultured P. hypophthalmus (prevalence 0 %). Morphometric data of the studied parasites did not differ significantly from previous descriptions of the two species recovered in other geographic locations. Similarly, no consequential variation was found when 28S rDNA of T. siamensis from the present study was compared with that of T. siamensis from Malaysia available on GenBank. The present investigation adds to growing cases of freshwater monogeneans that have been concomitantly introduced worldwide as a result of aquarium and aquaculture trade.
Response of nematode communities to reclamation of agricultural soils following degradation through brown coal strip-mining processes
Authors: Chen Y. , Mekete T. , Dababat A. , Daub M. , Cao Z. , Sikora R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The study assessed the impact on the soil nematodes during the first 3-years after reclamation of a brown coal mining area. Samples were taken from 5 fields: 1 year before excavation, right at the beginning of reclamation (Yr 0), and in fields 1, 2 and 3 years after reclamation. A total of 31 families of nematodes were recorded and the nematode community of field Yr 0 was significantly different from that of other four sampling sites. Nematode abundance decreased after excavation and then began to return to initial community levels at each of the three reclamation sites with bacterivore nematodes recovering faster than the fungivores, omnivore-predators or the plant parasites. A gradual but consistent regeneration of the nematode community to its original structure was seen from the beginning of sampling and this recovery process was detectable over the three successive years of experimentation. Open-pit mining, therefore, drastically disturbed nematode community structure initially but the community was able to recover and stabilized quickly after reclamation.
An abattoir-based study on helminthes of slaughtered goats (Capra hircus L., 1758) in upper Egypt, Egypt
Authors: Elshahawy I. , Metwally A. , Ibrahim D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The present study describes the occurrence of various gastrointestinal helminths and liver flukes in goats from post mortem examinations performed between 2010 and 2011. Forty five adult goats were euthanized necropsy examination and for identification of adult gastrointestinal helminths and liver flukes. Eleven animals (24.44 %) were found to be infected with one or more species of gastrointestinal helminth. Haemonchus contortus emerged as the most prevalent species (15.5 %), with Moniezia expansa and Fasciola gigantica also being common (11.11 % and 4.4 %, respectively). Additionally, Haemonchus longistipes, Cysticercus tenuicollis, and Paramphistomum microbothrium were present at low infection rates (2.2 %). Mixed infections were similarly most prevalent. Haemonchus longistipes; the most pathogenic Strongyle nematode of camels was reported for the first time infecting goats in Egypt. The present study indicates that abattoir surveys would reveal the prevalence of various species of problematic helminths, and thus appropriate measures can be adopted to control the respective worms.
Parametric optimization of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by mechanical alloying
Authors: Hajalilou A. , Hashim M. , Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi R. , Mohamed Kamari H. , Kanagesan S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In this study, the Taguchi robust design method is used for optimizing ball milling parameters including milling time, rotation speed and ball to powder weight ratio in the planetary ball milling of nanostructured nickel ferrite powder. In fact, the current work deals with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles mechanochemically synthesized from NiO and Fe2O3 powders. The Taguchi robust design technique of system optimization with the L9 orthogonal array is performed to verify the best experimental levels and contribution percentages (% ρ) of each parameter. Particle size measurement using SEM gives the average particle size value in the range of 59–67 nm. X-ray diffraction using Cu Kα radiation is also carried out to identify the formation of NiFe2O4 single phase. The XRD results suggest that NiFe2O4 with a crystallite size of about 12 nm is present in 30 h activated specimens. Furthermore, based on the results of the Taguchi approach the greatest effect on particle size (42.10 %) is found to be due to rotation speed followed by milling time (37.08 %) while ball to powder weight ratio exhibits the least influence.
La bibliothèque universitaire dans l'économie de la connaissance
Authors: Benharrat Alia 
Published: April 2014

L’économie de la connaissance et le développement du numérique sur lequel elle s’appuie influencent l’évolution des systèmes qui lui sont associés : éducation, formation, université, recherche et développement, etc. Les bibliothèques universitaires, directement impliquées dans ces questions, doivent désormais élargir leurs compétences afin de trouver leur place dans de nouvelles formes d’organisation. Elles s’insèrent aujourd’hui dans un contexte nouveau, en permanente mutation et fortement influencé par quatre courants majeurs : l’économie de la connaissance dont l’objectif est d’offrir de nouvelles opportunités de croissance à partir du développement d’une économie numérique forte, l’impulsion des politiques européennes pour la formation et la recherche, la mise en place d’un nouveau management public et l’évolution des conditions de production et de diffusion de l’information scientifique et technique. Cette étude, réalisée par Alia Benharrat, se propose de décrire ces mutations et leur influence sur le fonctionnement et l’évolution des bibliothèques universitaires.
La place de Hanna Segal dans l'histoire de la pensée psychanalytique
Authors: Abella Adela , Bishara Emad 
Published: April 2014

Les auteurs tentent de placer l’œuvre d’Hanna Segal dans l’histoire des idées en psychanalyse. Deux de ses contributions ont marqué profondément la pensée psychanalytique : ses conceptions sur le symbolisme et sa théorie sur l’expérience esthétique. D’autres apports importants concernent la question de l’interprétation, le traitement de la psychose et l’épineux problème du rôle de la psychanalyse dans la cité. Un double regard est proposé : d’une part, les auteurs étudient en quoi la pensée de Segal tente de répondre à des questions laissées en suspens par ses prédécesseurs, notamment Freud. D’autre part, ils signalent certains développements postérieurs à l’œuvre de Segal. Dès lors, revenir sur l’œuvre d’Hanna Segal permet non seulement de jeter un regard sur l’histoire de la psychanalyse, mais également de mieux comprendre certains débats de la psychanalyse d’aujourd’hui.
The Influenza Virus–Specific CTL Immunodominance Hierarchy in Mice Is Determined by the Relative Frequency of High-Avidity T Cells
Authors: Cukalac Tania , Chadderton Jesseka , Zeng Weiguang , Cullen Jolie G. , Kan Wan Ting , Doherty Peter C. , Jackson David C. , Turner Stephen J. , La Gruta Nicole L. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Virus-specific CTL responses typically fall into reproducible hierarchies with particular epitopes eliciting either immunodominant or subdominant responses after viral challenge. The recently acquired capacity to directly enumerate naive CTL precursors (CTLps) in both mice and humans has implicated CTLp frequency as a key predictor of immune response magnitude after Ag challenge. However, recent studies have indicated that naive CTLp frequencies do not necessarily predict the size of the Ag-driven response, indicating an important role for differential CTLp recruitment and/or expansion. This study characterizes the early emergence of various influenza epitope-specific CTL responses at multiple sites in C57BL/6 mice, and probes the role of Ag dose and TCR avidity in dictating immune response hierarchies. Despite large naive CTLp numbers, subdominance was found to arise largely as a consequence of the abrupt and premature cessation of CTL proliferation, at least for one epitope specificity. Investigation into the possible drivers of the poor proliferation observed for subdominant specificities showed that the immunodominance hierarchy endured irrespective of epitope abundance, and correlated with the prevalence of high-avidity T cells in both the naive and immune compartments. Our study strongly indicates that the quality, and not simply the quantity, of antiviral CTLs dictate response magnitude.
Soluble IFN Receptor Potentiates In Vivo Type I IFN Signaling and Exacerbates TLR4-Mediated Septic Shock
Authors: Samarajiwa Shamith A. , Mangan Niamh E. , Hardy Matthew P. , Najdovska Meri , Dubach Daphne , Braniff Susie-Jane , Owczarek Catherine M. , Hertzog Paul J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Circulating levels of a soluble type I IFNR are elevated in diseases, such as chronic inflammation, infections, and cancer, but whether it functions as an antagonist, agonist, or transporter is unknown. In this study, we elucidate the in vivo importance of the soluble type I IFNAR, soluble (s)IFNAR2a, which is generated by alternative splicing of the Ifnar2 gene. A transgenic mouse model was established to mimic the 10–15-fold elevated expression of sIFNAR2a observed in some human diseases. We generated transgenic mouse lines, designated SolOX, in which the transgene mRNA and protein-expression patterns mirrored the expression patterns of the endogenous gene. SolOX were demonstrated to be more susceptible to LPS-mediated septic shock, a disease model in which type I IFN plays a crucial role. This effect was independent of “classical” proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, whose levels were unchanged. Because the increased levels of sIFNAR2a did not affect the kinetics of the increased interferonemia, this soluble receptor does not potentiate its ligand signaling by improving IFN pharmacokinetics. Mechanistically, increased levels of sIFNAR2a are likely to facilitate IFN signaling, as demonstrated in spleen cells overexpressing sIFNAR2a, which displayed quicker, higher, and more sustained activation of STAT1 and STAT3. Thus, the soluble IFNR is an important agonist of endogenous IFN actions in pathophysiological processes and also is likely to modulate the therapeutic efficacy of clinically administered IFNs.
CD20+ B Cell Depletion Alters T Cell Homing
Authors: Kap Yolanda S. , van Driel Nikki , Laman Jon D. , Tak Paul P. , ’t Hart Bert A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Depleting mAbs against the pan B cell marker CD20 are remarkably effective in the treatment of autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. The primary objective of this study was to find a mechanistic explanation for the remarkable clinical effect of the anti-CD20 mAbs in a representative nonhuman primate autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorder model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in common marmosets, allowing detailed analysis of secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). We observed that the depletion of CD20+ B cells creates a less immunostimulatory environment in the SLO reflected by reduced expression of MHC class II, CD40, CD83, and CD80/CD86. APCs isolated from SLO of B cell–depleted EAE monkeys were also less responsive to mitogenic stimulation. The depleted B cell areas were replenished by T cells, of which the majority expressed CD127 (IL-7R) and CCR7. Such effects were not detected in EAE marmosets treated with mAb against BLyS or APRIL, where B cell depletion via withdrawal of essential survival cytokines was not associated with a marked clinical effect. We propose that at least part of the efficacy of anti-CD20 mAb therapy is attributable to the sustained CCR7 expression on T cells within SLO, limiting their release into the circulation.
Literary Value and the Customs House:
Authors: Meyer-Lee Robert J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article explores the relation between Chaucer's socioeconomic location as lay controller of customs and the dazzling metapoetics of the House of Fame. It emphasizes the social ambiguity of Chaucer's movement out of court to the customs house and hence what he would have to gain, in an intertwined socioeconomic and aesthetic sense, from the dissemination of this poem. It argues that the latter—in addition to its skeptical and comic engagement with poetic tradition—represents Chaucer's experimental attempt to shift the parameters of the literary field of late medieval English court poetry to better advantage someone in his then rather peculiar, liminal position.
Masculinity, Religion, and Modernism: A Consideration of Benjamin Elijah Mays and Richard Wright
Authors: Jelks Randal Maurice 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article is a comparative consideration of Morehouse College president and public theologian Benjamin Elijah Mays (1894-1984) and novelist Richard Wright (1908-60). Their respective views on modernism were developed through a gendered lens of black Southern masculinity and religion that each experienced during his formative childhood. Mays and Wright responded differently to theism and Christianity. They also responded differently to the mothering women in their lives--one with affection, the other with disaffection. Both Mays and Wright viewed modernism as a means of navigating the political hegemony embodied by white males. Yet, they each reproduced the modernist heterosexism, unwittingly supporting the subordination of the women who mothered them.
Families as catalysts for peer adherence support in enhancing hope for people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Authors: Masquillier Caroline , Wouters Edwin , Mortelmans Dimitri , Booysen Frederik le Roux 
Published: April 2014

IntroductionHope is an essential dimension of successful coping in the context of illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, because positive expectations for the future alleviate emotional distress, enhance quality of life and have been linked to the capacity for behavioural change. The social environment (e.g. family, peers) is a regulator of hope for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). In this regard, the dual aim of this article is (1) to analyze the influence of a peer adherence support (PAS) intervention and the family environment on the state of hope in PLWHA and (2) to investigate the interrelationship between the two determinants.MethodsThe Effective AIDS Treatment and Support in the Free State study is a prospective randomized controlled trial. Participants were recruited from 12 public antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinics across five districts in the Free State Province of South Africa. Each of these patients was assigned to one of the following groups: a control group receiving standard care, a group receiving additional biweekly PAS or a group receiving PAS and nutritional support. Latent cross‐lagged modelling (Mplus) was used to analyse the impact of PAS and the family environment on the level of hope in PLWHA.ResultsThe results of the study indicate that neither PAS nor the family environment has a direct effect on the level of hope in PLWHA. Subsequent analysis reveals a positive significant interaction between family functioning and PAS at the second follow‐up, indicating that better family functioning increases the positive effect of PAS on the state of hope in PLWHA.ConclusionsThe interplay between well‐functioning families and external PAS generates higher levels of hope, which is an essential dimension in the success of lifelong treatment. This study provides additional insight into the important role played by family dynamics in HIV/AIDS care, and it underscores the need for PAS interventions that are sensitive to the contexts in which they are implemented.
Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Schubert E. Fred 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Light‐emitting diodes (
LEDs
) are the most common light source. They are used in a myriad of applications including general lighting and back‐lighting for displays.
LEDs
are based on pn junctions, usually made of
III
‐
V
semiconductors, which emit light when a forward current is injected. This chapter discusses the fundamental properties and performance metrics of
LEDs
. Particular attention is given to the efficiency of
LEDs
and the various mechanisms that reduce the efficiency. The chapter also discusses white
LEDs
that consist of a blue
LED
chip that is coated with a yellow phosphor. The phosphor absorbs some of the blue light and converts it to broadband yellow light. White
LEDs
are very suitable replacement light sources for conventional sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
Schottky Barriers, Measurement and Modeling
Authors: Ashok S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Schottky barrier, one of the earliest and simplest semiconductor of interfaces studied, consists of a metal in contact with a semiconductor. It is named after Walter Schottky, who in the 1930s developed a comprehensive theory of such contacts, and traced their properties to the electrical barrier that forms at the metal–semiconductor (MS) interface. If the barrier height is relatively large, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics exhibit an asymmetrical rectifying behavior, while a symmetrical linearI–Vresponse results from a low barrier. The rectifyingMScontact is called the Schottky diode, whereas the non‐rectifying device is simply referred to as an ohmic contact.
Analysis of fluid injection‐induced fault reactivation and seismic slip in geothermal reservoirs
Authors: Gan Quan , Elsworth Derek 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe explore the issue of fault reactivation induced in enhanced geothermal systems by fluid injection. Specifically, we investigate the role of late stage activation by thermal drawdown. A Thermal‐Hydrological‐Mechanical simulator incorporating a ubiquitous joint constitutive model is used to systematically simulate the seismic slip of an embedded critically stressed strike‐slip fault. We examine the effects of both pore pressure perturbation and thermal shrinkage stress on the magnitude of the resulting events and timing. We analyze the sensitivity of event magnitude and timing to changes in the permeability of the fault and fractured host, fracture spacing, injection temperature, and fault stress obliquity. From this we determine that (1) the fault permeability does not affect the timing of the events nor their size, since fluid transmission and cooling rate are controlled by the permeability of the host formation. (2) When the fractured medium permeability is reduced (from 10−13 to 10−16 m2), the timing of the event is proportionately delayed (by a corresponding 3 orders of magnitude). (3) Injection temperature only influences the magnitude but not the timing of the secondary thermal event. The larger the temperature differences between that of the injected fluid and the ambient rock, the larger the magnitude of the secondary slip event. (4) For equivalent permeabilities, changing the fracture spacing (10 m‐50 m‐100 m) primarily influences the rate of heat energy transfer and thermal drawdown within the reservoir. Smaller spacing between fractures results in more rapid thermal recovery but does not significantly influence the timing of the secondary thermal rupture.