bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Remote Sensing to Estimate Evapotranspiration of Irrigated Crops Under Flood and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems
Authors: Eldeiry Ahmed A. , Waskom Reagan M. , Elhaddad Aymn 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe objectives of this study are to: (i) estimate the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of the different irrigated crops in the South Platte River Basin, Colorado, USA; (ii) compare the consumption use for the irrigated areas for 2001 and 2010; (iii) investigate the impact of irrigation system (flood/sprinkler) on the estimated ETa. The ReSET model, a surface energy balance remote sensing based model, is used in this study to estimate the ETa of the South Platte River Basin irrigated crops for 2001 and 2010. Landsat 5/7 satellite images, weather data, shape files of irrigated crops, and a digital elevation model (DEM) were acquired and processed for the study area. The results of this study show that the estimated ETa using the ReSET model showed a reduction of 7.1% from 2.51 × 109 m3 in 2001 to 2.33 × 109 m3 in 2010, mainly due to the reduction of the irrigated area from 2001 to 2010 by 6.6%. The estimated total ETa of crops irrigated with flood irrigation systems decreased from 66.1 to 54.6%, while the estimated total ETa of crops irrigated with sprinkler systems increased from 33.9 to 45.4%. For 2001, the average seasonal ETa of all crops for flood irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, respectively, were 665 and 712 mm, with a 7% greater ETa for sprinkler systems. The ReSET model ETa estimates have been validated in a previous study of lysimeter measurements. However, in this study and due to the unavailability of a lysimeter, the model ETa estimates were verified with the reference evapotranspiration (ETr) of the weather stations in the study area. The results of the t‐test shows a p‐value = 0.124, greater than 0.05, which indicates that the means of the ReSET ETa estimates and the ETr are not significantly different. Additionally, the results of the F‐test shows a p‐value = 0.674, greater than 0.05, which indicates that the two variances of the ReSET ETa estimates and the ETr are homogeneous. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrigation and Drainage in Korea and ICT Applications
Authors: Choi Jin‐Yong 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKorea has a long history in rice cultivation and paddy field irrigation. Although Korea has suffered from colonial era and the Korean War during modern history, it has overcome poverty and constructed modernized paddy irrigation systems with information and communication technology (ICT) for achieving rice self‐sufficiency. Government driven policy for agricultural infrastructure construction and large‐scale agricultural land and water development projects has played a great role along with the rapid economic growth to establish nationwide modernized irrigation systems. In this paper, to provide understanding of Korean irrigation and drainage circumstances, irrigation history in Korea is briefly explained and irrigation and drainage status is introduced. ICT applications for agricultural water resources management is explained with advanced technology adaptation examples. Even though Korea is one of the leading countries adapting advanced irrigation technologies, climate change and operation and maintenance issues exist and ICT is utilized to overcome those challenges. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second Changma retreat variability in Korea using the available water resources index and relevant large‐scale atmospheric circulation
Authors: Choi Jae‐Won , Lee Ji‐Sun , Moon Il‐Ju 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the variability in the second Changma retreat date (SCRD) in Korea and the characteristics of the relevant large‐scale atmospheric circulation using the available water resources index (AWRI). The analysis of the SCRD and meridional winds at the 850 hPa level over 30 years (1982–2011) showed that the climatological mean SCRD in Korea is 3 September, and the late (early) retreat is associated with the development of a cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation anomaly in the western Siberian region and an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation anomaly in the western Pacific region and the Aleutian Islands region. This study defined a new second Changma retreat index (SCRI) using the three regions with the highest correlation between the SCRD and 850 hPa meridional winds and analysed the variability and characteristics of the SCRI between the low‐ and high‐SCRI years. In Korea, the largest differences in SCRD between the low‐ and high‐SCRI years appeared in the vicinity of Jiri Mountain and the western region of Gangwon‐do province. The difference in the AWRI between the low‐ and high‐SCRI years increased significantly from August to December and peaked at the end of September. The analysis of precipitation data revealed that the SCRD of the Korean regions with high rainfall that exceeded 5 mm day−1 during the low‐SCRI years was about 3 weeks earlier than during the high‐SCRI years because of the early development of a cold and dry continental high system. During the low‐SCRI years, a cold and dry anticyclone anomaly developed from the western Siberian region to the East Asian mid‐latitude region while the western North Pacific subtropical high weakened further in the western Pacific, and the Aleutian Low developed in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands during the low years. These characteristics of a large‐scale atmospheric circulation explained most interannual SCRD variations.
Long‐term change in precipitation structure over the karst area of Southwest China
Authors: Liu Bingjun , Li Yuan , Chen Junfan , Chen Xiaohong 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis research analyses the long‐term changes in the precipitation structure over the karst area of southwest China, as recorded by 153 national meteorological stations from 1959 to 2009. Study results are as follows: (1) The karst area of southwest China is categorized into six similar precipitation clusters, including two low‐rainfall clusters located in the western and northern areas and four high‐rainfall clusters distributed in the eastern and southern areas. (2) Although the decreasing trend of annual total precipitation is weak, autumn precipitation decreases significantly over the whole study area. The autumn total precipitation decreases significantly at 51% of the stations because the autumn wind and water vapor flux of the study area gradually decreased, and the autumn low‐latitude and mid‐latitude sea surface temperature (SST) of East Asia continues to rise and gradually leads to positive sea anomalies. (3) The number of rainy days decreases at 85.6% of the stations, especially in the central and southeastern regions of the area. Consequently, almost 53% of the total stations are characterized by an increasing precipitation intensity. (4) The occurrence time of the accumulated percentage precipitation in the western mountain areas is usually later than that in the eastern coastal areas, and the occurrence date of accumulated percentage precipitation (DAP) seems to occur increasingly earlier over the whole study area. (5) Light rain occurs more frequently (76% of annual total rainy days) and contributes 25% to annual total precipitation, whereas although heavy rains such as storms occur less frequently at 3% of annual total rainy days, it contributes almost 19% to annual total precipitation. (6) The occurrence and contribution of wet periods (WPs) decrease with an increase in their duration.WPswith short durations (e.g. 1–4 days) tend to be the predominant precipitation events.
Integrating LIDAR‐derived canopy structure into cerulean warbler habitat models
Authors: Barnes Kevin W. , Islam Kamal , Auer Sasha A. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTResearchers have suggested that the cerulean warbler (Setophaga cerulea), a declining species, settles on its breeding grounds in response to a particular canopy structure within mature deciduous forests. Conservation management strategies could be more effective if this association was further clarified; however, defining canopy structure from the ground can be laborious and subjective. We used light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data to create canopy height models that provide accurate objective data on the vertical and horizontal canopy structure throughout the extent of our study area in south‐central Indiana's Morgan–Monroe and Yellowwood state forests. In addition, we used LIDAR data to construct digital terrain models to derive topographic metrics for our study area. We combined these data with data from ground‐level surveys and created habitat models to determine which variables best predict cerulean warbler occurrence and density. Model subsets containing only LIDAR‐derived variables performed better than model subsets containing variables derived only from ground‐level surveys. The top occurrence model indicated that cerulean warblers defended areas that were associated with northeast facing slopes, lower elevations, gentler slopes, and greater hickory (Caryaspp.) basal area (m2/ha). The top density models indicated that the high‐use areas for cerulean warblers were associated with steeper slopes, lower total basal area (m2/ha), fewer large trees (≥53 cm diameter at breast height), greater white oak (Quercus alba) basal area (m2/ha), and contained a homogeneous horizontal and vertical canopy structure. Conservation managers should consider silvicultural practices that promote old growth oak–hickory (Quercusspp.–Caryaspp.) forests on mesic slopes. Furthermore, LIDAR can provide an objective and efficient method for collecting terrain and surface data at large scales, which can be used to define habitat and aid conservation efforts. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
The role of Smad3 in the fibrotic phenotype in human vocal fold fibroblasts
Authors: Branski Ryan C. , Bing Renjie , Kraja Iv , Amin Milan R. 
Published: September 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo investigate the role of Smad3 as a regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1‐mediated cell activities associated with fibrosis in normal human vocal fold fibroblasts. We also sought to confirm the temporal stability of Smad3 knockdown via small inhibitor ribonucleic acid (siRNA). Vocal fold fibroblasts were employed to determine the effects of Smad3 knockdown on TGF‐β1‐mediated migration and contraction, as well as regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). We hypothesized that Smad3 is an ideal candidate for therapeutic manipulation in vivo based on its role in fibrosis.Study DesignIn vitro.MethodsKnockdown of Smad3 via siRNA was performed in our normal human vocal fold cell line. Three‐dimensional collagen gel contraction and scratch assays were employed to determine the role of Smad3 on TGF‐β1‐mediated contraction and migration, respectively. The role Smad3 in the induction of CTGF was characterized via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effects of Smad3 signaling on Smad7 messenger (m)RNA and protein were also quantified.ResultsSmad3 knockdown was temporally‐stable up to 72 hours (P < 0.001), diminished TGF‐β1‐mediated collagen gel contraction and migration, and blunted induction of CTGF, but it had no effect on TGF‐β1‐mediated Smad7 mRNA or protein induction.ConclusionTransforming growth factor‐β1 stimulated profibrotic cell activities in our cell line and these actions were largely reduced with Smad3 knockdown. These data provide continued support for therapeutic targeting of Smad3 for vocal fold fibrosis because it appears to regulate the fibrotic phenotype.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 126:1151–1156, 2016
Mapping Changes in Land Cover Composition and Pattern for Comparing Mediterranean Rangeland Restoration Alternatives
Authors: Fava Francesco , Pulighe Giuseppe , Monteiro Antonio T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe limited amount of studies addressing the long‐term effectiveness of restoration actions to combat land degradation is a constraint for current landscape restoration planning and implementation. Remote sensing data provide a unique opportunity for gathering information on the spatial and temporal variability of restoration processes and may contribute to fill this knowledge gap. The aim of this study is to compare different management actions undertaken in Mediterranean degraded rangelands (i.e. dense pine plantations, thinned pine plantations, protection and passive management) by analysing landscape composition and pattern change assessed from object‐based classification of aerial photograph of 1954, 1977 and 2006. Results show a clear link between landscape composition and structure and the different restoration actions, allowing comparison between their spatial and temporal dynamics. All restoration actions promoted an increase in woody vegetation cover compared with non‐restored areas. However, only protection and passive management favoured the restoration of dense, complex and well‐connected patches of native Mediterranean maquis. The proposed methodology is discussed with respect to its applicability for future Mediterranean landscape restoration planning in a wider geographic and ecological perspective. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering Bioresponsive Hydrogels toward Healthcare Applications
Authors: Wu Yun‐Long , Chen Xiaohong , Wang Wenzhu , Loh Xian Jun 
Published: September 2015

Hydrogels are polymeric materials recognized by high water content and various physical properties. They can be designed to look like the extracellular environment of the body's tissues in ways that empower their utilization in restorative therapies, biosensors, and drug‐conveyance applications. Hydrogels can be designed by utilizing a technique of facilitated control over physical‐structure properties and bioactivity to impact particular interactions with cell frameworks, including controlling the contact with cells and extracellular framework amid the thermogelling process. Essential new revelations using hydrogels in stem cell research, cancer treatment, and cell morphogenesis are reviewed. In this paper, group's work on Pluronics, poly(ε‐caprolactone), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly([R]‐3‐hydroxybutyrate), or poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based copolymers as key hydrogel materials has been especially outlined, and group's experience has been provided in modulating the controlling parameters, for example, the thermogelling temperature, crosslinking, gel modulus, and basic gel fixation, when designing a bioresponsive hydrogel framework for bioapplications.
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Balanced Ambipolar Poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole‐alt‐tetrafluorobenzene) Semiconducting Polymers Synthesized via Direct Arylation Polymerization
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Guojie , Wang Mingfeng 
Published: September 2015

The synthesis of an ambipolar π‐conjugated copolymer consisting of alternating diketopyrrolopyrrole and tetrafluorobenzene via direct arylation polymerization (DAP) is reported. Two different combinations of monomers are investigated under various catalytic conditions for DAP. The target polymer obtained under an optimized catalytic condition shows minimal structural defects, a number‐average molecular weight of 33.2 kDa, and balanced electron and hole mobility of 1 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 S−1 in the organic field‐effect transistors fabricated and tested under ambient conditions.
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A thoracodorsal artery perforator chimeric free flap for prevention of microvascular pedicle compression in lower extremity reconstruction
Authors: Kim Sang Wha , Youn Dong Geun , Kim Jeong Tae , Kim Youn Hwan 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundChimeric flaps are often used in reconstructive fields for multiple defects, different functional defects, and extensive defects. In this article, we present the results of the use of thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAp) chimeric flaps including a latissimus dorsi (LD) or serratus anterior (SA) muscle to prevent pedicle compression for lower extremity reconstruction.MethodsNineteen TDAp chimeric flaps were used to prevent pedicle compression. Seven were female and 12 male. Patients’ age ranged from 32 to 73 years. After harvesting TDAp skin flap, LD or SA muscle could be harvested along with the thoracodorsal vessels. Skin flap was incorporated into the main defect and muscle cuffs were positioned along the vascular pedicle.ResultsIn 11 cases, there were two components, a skin flap and a muscle flap, and the other 8 were three components, a skin flap and two muscle flaps. The dimensions of the skin flaps ranged from 8 × 5 to 18 × 10 cm, and the muscle flaps ranged from 3 × 2 cm to 8 × 6 cm. The recipient vessel was anterior tibial artery or dorsalis pedis artery. All flap survived. Five cases suffered minor complications including donor site wound disruption, skin flap wound disruption, partial loss of the skin flap, and partial loss of the SA muscle flap. The mean follow‐up was 13.9 months. All the patients were able to wear shoes without debulking procedures.ConclusionThe TDAp chimeric flaps including LD or SA muscle flaps were useful for covering the vascular pedicle and relieved vascular compression during lower extremity reconstruction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 38:46–50, 2018..
Evaluating the treatment effects model for estimation of cross‐sectional associations between risk factors and cardiovascular biomarkers influenced by medication use
Authors: Spieker Andrew J. , Delaney Joseph A. C. , McClelland Robyn L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeIn cross‐sectional observational data, evaluation of biomarker‐to‐exposure associations is often complicated by nonrandom medication use. Traditional approaches often lead to biased estimates, consistent with known results involving confounding by indication. More sophisticated, yet easy to implement approaches such as inverse probability weighting and censored normal regression can address medication use in certain settings but have poor performance when medication use depends on off‐medication biomarker values. More sophisticated approaches are necessary.MethodsHeckman's treatment effects model resembles the process that gives rise to cross‐sectional data. In this study, we conduct a variety of simulation studies to illustrate why traditional approaches are inappropriate when medication use depends on underlying biomarker values. We illustrate how Heckman's model can accommodate this feature. We also apply the models to data from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.ResultsInverse probability weighting and censored normal regression are sensitive to how strongly medication use is associated with untreated biomarker values (the untreated value acts as an unmeasured predictor of medication use in this context). Heckman's model can often adequately remove bias and is robust to certain forms of model misspecification but relies on knowing important predictors of medication use, even when they are independent of the biomarker. The advantages of Heckman's model can be negated if the effect of medication on biomarker values is proportionate to the underlying biomarker.ConclusionsIf predictors of medication use are measured, data are cross‐sectional, and effects are approximately additive, then Heckman's model is more accurate relative to alternative approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved Stefan Equation Correction Factors to Accommodate Sensible Heat Storage during Soil Freezing or Thawing
Authors: Kurylyk Barret L. , Hayashi Masaki 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn permafrost regions, the thaw depth strongly controls shallow subsurface hydrologic processes that in turn dominate catchment runoff. In seasonally freezing soils, the maximum expected frost depth is an important geotechnical engineering design parameter. Thus, accurately calculating the depth of soil freezing or thawing is an important challenge in cold regions engineering and hydrology.The Stefan equation is a common approach for predicting the frost or thaw depth, but this equation assumes negligible soil heat capacity and thus exaggerates the rate of freezing or thawing. The Neumann equation, which accommodates sensible heat, is an alternative implicit equation for calculating freeze‐thaw penetration. This study details the development of correction factors to improve the Stefan equation by accounting for the influence of the soil heat capacity and non‐zero initial temperatures. The correction factors are first derived analytically via comparison to the Neumann solution, but the resultant equations are complex and implicit. Explicit equations are obtained by fitting polynomial functions to the analytical results. These simple correction factors are shown to significantly improve the performance of the Stefan equation for several hypothetical soil freezing and thawing scenarios. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic accuracy of capnography during high‐frequency ventilation in neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Bromiker Ruben , Riskin Arieh , Shoris Irit , Ronen Michal , Qumqam Nelly , Bader David , Golan Agenta 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackground and ObjectiveHigh‐frequency ventilation (HFV) is a powerful tool for CO2 elimination, and thus requires careful monitoring of CO2. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy (correlation, agreement, and trending) of continuous distal capnography (dCap) with PaCO2 in infants ventilated with HFV.DesignThis was a prospective, observational, multicenter study. dCap was compared with simultaneous PaCO2 (“gold standard”) drawn from indwelling arterial line for patient care in term and preterm infants ventilated with HFV. dCap was obtained via the side‐port of a double‐lumen endotracheal‐tube by a Microstream capnograph with specially designed software for HFV.ResultsTwenty‐four infants participated in the study (median [range] gestational age [GA]: 26.8 [23.6–38.6] weeks). Analysis included 332 measurements. dCap was in correlation (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) but with less than adequate agreement (mean difference ± SD of the differences: −11.7 ± 10.3 mmHg) with PaCO2. Comparable findings were found in the subgroup of infants <1,000 g (n = 240 measurements). Correlations were maintained in severe lung disease. Changes in dCap and in PaCO2 for consecutive measurements within each patient were correlated (r = 0.63, P < 0.001). Area under the receiver operating curves (ROC) for dCap to detect high (>60 mmHg) or low (<30 mmHg) PaCO2 was 0.83 (CI: 0.76–0.90) and 0.88 (CI: 0.79–0.97), respectively; P < 0.001.ConclusionsOur prospective study suggests that continuous dCap in infants ventilated with HFV may be helpful for trends and alarm for unsafe levels of PaCO2. dCap is only a complimentary tool and cannot replace PaCO2 sampling because the agreement between these measurements was less than adequate. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:510–516. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.