bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Presence of Female Conveners Correlates with a Higher Proportion of Female Speakers at Scientific Symposia
Authors: Casadevall Arturo , Handelsman Jo 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
We investigated the hypothesis that the gender of conveners at scientific meetings influenced the gender distribution of invited speakers. Analysis of 460 symposia involving 1,845 speakers in two large meetings sponsored by the American Society for Microbiology revealed that having at least one woman member of the convening team correlated with a significantly higher proportion of invited female speakers and reduced the likelihood of an all-male symposium roster. Our results suggest that inclusion of more women as conveners may increase the proportion of women among invited speakers at scientific meetings.

IMPORTANCE
The proportion of women entering scientific careers has increased substantially, but women remain underrepresented in academic ranks. Participation in meetings as a speaker is a factor of great importance for academic advancement. We found that having a woman as a convener greatly increased women’s participation in symposia, suggesting that one mechanism for achieving gender balance at scientific meetings is to involve more women as conveners.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Drives mTOR Pathway Activation and Proliferation of Human Melanoma by Reversible Nitrosylation of TSC2
Authors: Lopez-Rivera Esther , Jayaraman Padmini , Parikh Falguni , Davies Michael A. , Ekmekcioglu Suhendan , Izadmehr Sudeh , Milton Denái R. , Chipuk Jerry E. , Grimm Elizabeth A. , Estrada Yeriel , Aguirre-Ghiso Julio , Sikora Andrew G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Melanoma is one of the cancers of fastest-rising incidence in the world. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is overexpressed in melanoma and other cancers, and previous data suggest that iNOS and nitric oxide (NO) drive survival and proliferation of human melanoma cells. However, specific mechanisms through which this occurs are poorly defined. One candidate is the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway, which plays a major role in proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of melanoma and other cancers. We used the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to test the hypothesis that melanoma growth is regulated by iNOS-dependent mTOR pathway activation. Both pharmacologic inhibition and siRNA-mediated gene silencing of iNOS suppressed melanoma proliferation and in vivo growth on the CAM in human melanoma models. This was associated with strong downregulation of mTOR pathway activation by Western blot analysis of p-mTOR, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p-P70S6K), p-S6RP, and p-4EBP1. iNOS expression and NO were associated with reversible nitrosylation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 2, and inhibited dimerization of TSC2 with its inhibitory partner TSC1, enhancing GTPase activity of its target Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), a critical activator of mTOR signaling. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor specimens from stage III melanoma patients showed a significant correlation between iNOS expression levels and expression of the mTOR pathway members. Exogenously supplied NO was also sufficient to reverse the mTOR pathway inhibition by the B-Raf inhibitor vemurafenib. In summary, covalent modification of TSC2 by iNOS-derived NO is associated with impaired TSC2/TSC1 dimerization, mTOR pathway activation, and proliferation of human melanoma. This model is consistent with the known association of iNOS overexpression and poor prognosis in melanoma and other cancers. Cancer Res; 74(4); 1067–78. ©2014 AACR.
P14ARF Suppresses Tumor-Induced Thrombosis by Regulating the Tissue Factor Pathway
Authors: Zerrouqi Abdessamad , Pyrzynska Beata , Brat Daniel J. , Van Meir Erwin G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
How necrotic areas develop in tumors is incompletely understood but can impact progression. Recent findings suggest that the formation of vascular microthrombi contributes to tumor necrosis, prompting investigation of coagulation cascades. Here, we report that loss of tumor suppressor P14ARF can contribute to activating the clotting cascade in glioblastoma. P14ARF transcriptionally upregulated TFPI2, a Kunitz-type serine protease in the tissue factor pathway that inhibits the initiation of thrombosis reactions. P14ARF activation in tumor cells delayed their ability to activate plasma clotting. Mechanistically, P14ARF activated the TFPI2 promoter in a p53-independent manner that relied upon c-JUN, SP1, and JNK activity. Taken together, our results identify the critical signaling pathways activated by P14ARF to prevent vascular microthrombosis triggered by glioma cells. Stimulation of this pathway might be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce aggressive phenotypes associated with necrotic tumors, including glioblastoma. Cancer Res; 74(5); 1371–8. ©2014 AACR.
Kava Blocks 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-Butanone–Induced Lung Tumorigenesis in Association with Reducing O6-methylguanine DNA Adduct in A/J Mice
Authors: Leitzman Pablo , Narayanapillai Sreekanth C. , Balbo Silvia , Zhou Bo , Upadhyaya Pramod , Shaik Ahmad Ali , O'Sullivan M. Gerard , Hecht Stephen S. , Lu Junxuan , Xing Chengguo 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We previously reported the chemopreventive potential of kava against 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)- and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)–induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice during the initiation and postinitiation stages. In this study, we investigated the tumorigenesis-stage specificity of kava, the potential active compounds, and the underlying mechanisms in NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. In the first experiment, NNK-treated mice were given diets containing kava at a dose of 5 mg/g of diet during different periods. Kava treatments covering the initiation stage reduced the multiplicity of lung adenomas by approximately 99%. A minimum effective dose is yet to be defined because kava at two lower dosages (2.5 and 1.25 mg/g of diet) were equally effective as 5 mg/g of diet in completely inhibiting lung adenoma formation. Daily gavage of kava (one before, during, and after NNK treatment) completely blocked lung adenoma formation as well. Kavalactone-enriched fraction B fully recapitulated kava's chemopreventive efficacy, whereas kavalactone-free fractions A and C were much less effective. Mechanistically, kava and fraction B reduced NNK-induced DNA damage in lung tissues with a unique and preferential reduction in O6-methylguanine (O6-mG), the highly tumorigenic DNA damage by NNK, correlating and predictive of efficacy on blocking lung adenoma formation. Taken together, these results demonstrate the outstanding efficacy of kava in preventing NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice with high selectivity for the initiation stage in association with the reduction of O6-mG adduct in DNA. They also establish the knowledge basis for the identification of the active compound(s) in kava. Cancer Prev Res; 7(1); 86–96. ©2013 AACR.
Fifty Years of Tobacco Carcinogenesis Research: From Mechanisms to Early Detection and Prevention of Lung Cancer
Authors: Hecht Stephen S. , Szabo Eva 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The recognition of the link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1964 Surgeon General's Report initiated definitive and comprehensive research on the identification of carcinogens in tobacco products and the relevant mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The resultant comprehensive data clearly illustrate established pathways of cancer induction involving carcinogen exposure, metabolic activation, DNA adduct formation, and consequent mutation of critical genes along with the exacerbating influences of inflammation, cocarcinogenesis, and tumor promotion. This mechanistic understanding has provided a framework for the regulation of tobacco products and for the development of relevant tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers that can be applied in cancer prevention. Simultaneously, the recognition of the link between smoking and lung cancer paved the way for two additional critical approaches to cancer prevention that are discussed here: detection of lung cancer at an early, curable stage, and chemoprevention of lung cancer. Recent successes in more precisely identifying at-risk populations and in decreasing lung cancer mortality with helical computed tomography screening are notable, and progress in chemoprevention continues, although challenges with respect to bringing these approaches to the general population exist. Collectively, research performed since the 1964 Report demonstrates unequivocally that the majority of deaths from lung cancer are preventable. Cancer Prev Res; 7(1); 1–8. ©2014 AACR.
Climbing RAS, the Everest of Oncogenes
Authors: Russo Mariangela , Di Nicolantonio Federica , Bardelli Alberto 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Summary: Mutations that activate the small GTP-binding protein KRAS are the most common oncogenic event in human tumors. Thirty years after its discovery, mutant KRAS has yet to be therapeutically conquered. Cancer Discov; 4(1); 19–21. ©2014 AACR.
See related article by Faber et al., p. 42
Risk of Ischemic Stroke After an Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Jakobsson Stina , Bergström Lisa , Björklund Fredrik , Jernberg Tomas , Söderström Lars , Mooe Thomas 
Published: January 2014

Background—
Incidence, any trend over time, and predictors of ischemic stroke after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in diabetic patients are unknown.

Methods and Results—
Data for 173 233 unselected patients with an AMI, including 33 503 patients with diabetes mellitus, were taken from the Swedish Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admissions (RIKS-HIA) during 1998 to 2008. Ischemic stroke events were recorded during 1 year of follow-up. Patients with diabetes mellitus more often had a history of cardiovascular disease, received less reperfusion therapy, and were treated with acetylsalicylic acid, P2Y12 inhibitors, and statins to a lesser extent compared with patients without diabetes mellitus. However, the use of evidence-based therapies increased markedly in both groups during the study period. The incidence of ischemic stroke during the first year after AMI decreased from 7.1% to 4.7% in patients with diabetes mellitus and from 4.2% to 3.7% in patients without diabetes mellitus. Risk reduction was significantly larger in the diabetic subgroup. Reperfusion therapy, acetylsalicylic acid, P2Y12 inhibitors, and statins were independently associated with the reduced stroke risk.

Conclusions—
Ischemic stroke is a fairly common complication after an AMI in patients with diabetes mellitus, but the risk of stroke has decreased during recent years. The increased use of evidence-based therapies contributes importantly to this risk reduction, but there is still room for improvement.
Use of Medicare Data to Identify Coronary Heart Disease Outcomes in the Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Hlatky Mark A. , Ray Roberta M. , Burwen Dale R. , Margolis Karen L. , Johnson Karen C. , Kucharska-Newton Anna , Manson JoAnn E. , Robinson Jennifer G. , Safford Monika M. , Allison Matthew , Assimes Themistocles L. , Bavry Anthony A. , Berger Jeffrey , Cooper-DeHoff Rhonda M. , Heckbert Susan R. , Li Wenjun , Liu Simin , Martin Lisa W. , Perez Marco V. , Tindle Hilary A. , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C. , Stefanick Marcia L. 
Published: January 2014

Background—
Data collected as part of routine clinical practice could be used to detect cardiovascular outcomes in pragmatic clinical trials or clinical registry studies. The reliability of claims data for documenting outcomes is unknown.

Methods and Results—
We linked records of Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) participants aged ≥65 years to Medicare claims data and compared hospitalizations that had diagnosis codes for acute myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization with WHI outcomes adjudicated by study physicians. We then compared the hazard ratios for active versus placebo hormone therapy based solely on WHI-adjudicated events with corresponding hazard ratios based solely on claims data for the same hormone trial participants. Agreement between WHI-adjudicated outcomes and Medicare claims was good for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (κ, 0.71–0.74) and excellent for coronary revascularization (κ, 0.88–0.91). The hormone:placebo hazard ratio for clinical myocardial infarction was 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.67) based on WHI outcomes and 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.68) based on Medicare data. The hazard ratio for coronary revascularization was 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.88–1.35) based on WHI outcomes and 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.89–1.35) based on Medicare data. The differences between hazard ratios derived from WHI and Medicare data were not significant in 1000 bootstrap replications.

Conclusions—
Medicare claims may provide useful data on coronary heart disease outcomes among patients aged ≥65 years in clinical research studies.

Clinical Trials Registration Information—

URL:
www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00000611.
Improving Door-to-Needle Times
Authors: Ruff Ilana M. , Ali Syed F. , Goldstein Joshua N. , Lev Michael , Copen William A. , McIntyre Joyce , Rost Natalia S. , Schwamm Lee H. 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—
National guidelines recommend imaging within 25 minutes of emergency department arrival and intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator within 60 minutes of emergency department arrival for patients with acute stroke. In 2007, we implemented a new institutional acute stroke care model to include 10 best practices and evaluated the effect of this intervention on improving door-to-computed tomography (CT) and door-to-needle (DTN) times at our hospital.

Methods—

We compared patients who presented directly to our hospital with acute ischemic stroke in the preintervention (2003–2006) and postintervention (2008–2011) periods. We did not include 2007, the year that the new protocol was established. Predictors of DTN ≤60 minutes before and after the intervention were assessed using χ
2
for categorical variables, and
t
test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous variables.

Results—

Among 2595 patients with acute stroke, 284 (11%) received intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator. For patients arriving within an intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator window, door-to-CT <25 improved from 26.7% pre intervention to 52.3% post intervention (
P
<0.001). Similarly, the percentage of patients with DTN <60 doubled from 32.4% to 70.3% (
P
<0.001). Patients with DTN ≤60 did not differ significantly with respect to demographics, comorbidities, or National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score in comparison with those treated after 60 minutes.

Conclusions—
Door-to-CT and DTN times improved dramatically after applying 10 best practices, all of which were later incorporated into the Target Stroke Guidelines created by the American Heart Association. The only factor that significantly affected DTN60 was the intervention itself, indicating that these best practices can result in improved DTN times.
Modulation of the Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves over South America and the Tropical Atlantic Ocean in Association with the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Guo Yanjuan , Jiang Xianan , Waliser Duane E. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this study, evidence of the strong modulation of the convectively coupled Kelvin wave (CCKW) activity by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is presented, with a particular focus over the South America and tropical Atlantic region. The MJO impacts on CCKWs over this region, as noted in anomalous fields of rainfall as well as vertical profiles of wind, moisture, and temperature, are primarily through the modulation of Kelvin wave amplitude, with secondary effects on vertical structure, and little impact on wavenumber. CCKW activity is enhanced during MJO phases 8, 1, and 2 and damped during MJO phases 4, 5, and 6.
Further analyses reveal that the strong modulation of the MJO on the CCKW activity could be largely through two factors: namely, the vertical zonal wind shear and the lower- to middle-tropospheric specific humidity. The CCKW activity tends to be enhanced during MJO phases when the easterly vertical wind shear and positive low- to midtroposphere moisture anomalies are present and vice versa. These two physical processes associated with the MJO are found to have positively (negatively) reinforcing influences on the CCKW activity in phase 1 (4 and 5), while counteracting influences in phases 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8, leading to the observed MJO cycle of the CCKW activity anomalies in the study region. The results presented in this study may have important implications for extended-range prediction of tropical wave activity and might suggest possible roles of the upstream CCKWs in the initiation of the MJO in the western Indian Ocean.
ENSO Modulation: Is It Decadally Predictable?
Authors: Wittenberg Andrew T. , Rosati Anthony , Delworth Thomas L. , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Zeng Fanrong 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Observations and climate simulations exhibit epochs of extreme El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) behavior that can persist for decades. Previous studies have revealed a wide range of ENSO responses to forcings from greenhouse gases, aerosols, and orbital variations, but they have also shown that interdecadal modulation of ENSO can arise even without such forcings. The present study examines the predictability of this intrinsically generated component of ENSO modulation, using a 4000-yr unforced control run from a global coupled GCM [GFDL Climate Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1)] with a fairly realistic representation of ENSO. Extreme ENSO epochs from the unforced simulation are reforecast using the same (“perfect”) model but slightly perturbed initial conditions. These 40-member reforecast ensembles display potential predictability of the ENSO trajectory, extending up to several years ahead. However, no decadal-scale predictability of ENSO behavior is found. This indicates that multidecadal epochs of extreme ENSO behavior can arise not only intrinsically but also delicately and entirely at random. Previous work had shown that CM2.1 generates strong, reasonably realistic, decadally predictable high-latitude climate signals, as well as tropical and extratropical decadal signals that interact with ENSO. However, those slow variations appear not to lend significant decadal predictability to this model’s ENSO behavior, at least in the absence of external forcings. While the potential implications of these results are sobering for decadal predictability, they also offer an expedited approach to model evaluation and development, in which large ensembles of short runs are executed in parallel, to quickly and robustly evaluate simulations of ENSO. Further implications are discussed for decadal prediction, attribution of past and future ENSO variations, and societal vulnerability.
Mass Transport in the Stokes Edge Wave for Constant Arbitrary Bottom Slope in a Rotating Ocean
Authors: Ghaffari Peygham , Weber Jan Erik H. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The Lagrangian mass transport in the Stokes surface edge wave is obtained from the vertically integrated equations of momentum and mass in a viscous rotating ocean, correct to the second order in wave steepness. The analysis is valid for bottom slope angles β in the interval 0 &lt; β ≤ π/2. Vertically averaged drift currents are obtained by dividing the fluxes by the local depth. The Lagrangian mean current is composed of a Stokes drift (inherent in the waves) plus a mean Eulerian drift current. The latter arises as a balance between the radiation stresses, the Coriolis force, and bottom friction. Analytical solutions for the mean Eulerian current are obtained in the form of exponential integrals. The relative importance of the Stokes drift to the Eulerian current in their contribution to the Lagrangian drift velocity is investigated in detail. For the given wavelength, the Eulerian current dominates for medium and large values of β, while for moderate and small β, the Stokes drift yields the main contribution to the Lagrangian drift. Because most natural beaches are characterized by moderate or small slopes, one may only calculate the Stokes drift in order to assess the mean drift of pollution and suspended material in the Stokes edge wave. The main future application of the results for large β appears to be for comparison with laboratory experiments in rotating tanks.
Study of a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography analyser for glycosylated haemoglobin measurements in blood containing haemoglobin variants in the Japanese population
Authors: Miyashita Tetsuo , Sugiyama Takahiro , Yamadate Shuukoh , Nagashima Masaaki , Satomura Atsushi , Nakayama Tomohiro 
Published: January 2014

Background This study examined the new high-performance liquid chromatography analyser HLC-723GX (GX) and investigated its ability to both measure glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values and determine whether haemoglobin variants could cause interference with these measurements in the Japanese population. Methods For the basic GX examination, the within- and between-run precision, linearity of measurements, correlation of HbA1c values with current systems and the interference of chemically modified haemoglobin were determined. GX interference caused by the haemoglobin variant was examined by analysing 39 clinical laboratory samples that contained haemoglobin variants. Results Good within- and between-run precision were found, with the coefficients of variation at ≤1.0%. A wide range of HbA1c measurement values were confirmed, with the HbA1c values strongly correlated with the results of the currently used HLC-723G8 system. Chemically modified haemoglobins were prepared by adding glucose, sodium cyanate, acetaldehyde or acetylsalicylic acid to normal blood samples. None of these samples had any influence on the HbA1c values determined by GX. GX analysis showed haemoglobin variants that eluted after HbA0 and were similar to HbD, or HbS had HbA1c values that were close to those measured by boronate affinity chromatography and immunoassay. GX found lower HbA1c values in blood that contained HbE or haemoglobin variants, which elute before or at nearly the same time as HbA0. Conclusions GX is useful for the analysis of HbA1c samples that contain HbD, HbS, HbC and haemoglobin variants, even though the elution times are similar. However, a countermeasure is needed in order to avoid overlooking other haemoglobin variants in Japan.