bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Environmental Monitoring in Daily Operations
Authors: Hepsø Vidar , Låte Mona , Gramvik Geir , Johnsen Ståle , Nilssen Ingunn , Wesenberg Harald 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The term Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) refers to the tight coupling of sensor based real-time environmental monitoring with day-to-day operations. In that perspective IEM extends the traditional meaning of the term environmental monitoring by including discharge control, leak detection and remote sensing. Using offshore operations as an example, environmental monitoring has often been perceived to mean off-line sampling of seabed sediments and the water column during annual and triennial campaigns by ship. Whereas such monitoring has its place in a total monitoring programme, advances in technology and methodology open up for more flexible and real-time sensor based monitoring which can be tied closely to daily operations in the oil and gas industry. A multidisciplinary approach is sought to address these challenges, where input is needed from diverse domains as marine biology, subsea field development, sensor instrumentation and organization development. IEM relies on the presence of several technical and organizational capabilities. Some of these are similar to what has been developed in other areas of the oil & gas industry, for example through increased use of real-time data in drilling and well operations or in the cross-discipline collaboration variously labelled Integrated Operations, e-Field or Digital Oilfield. IEM applies this experience to the environmental monitoring domain. Statoil is currently developing an architecture or a new capability platform to take advantage of these opportunities. This platform has the following layers: intelligent infrastructure, information and collaboration, knowledge sharing & analytics and finally business operations. The paper presents how Statoil sees environmental monitoring over the life-cycle of a field and the overall architecture/platform for Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) will be presented together with some of the focused development areas.
Pre-Salt Production Surveillance – The First Journey Across Processes in Santos Basin
Authors: D'Andrea T. Z. , Sanomya T. , Lima C. B. , Bastos M. D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
An Integrated Operations initiative is on going at Santos Basin in order to face the new challenges of Pre-Salt greenfields. This initiative is being conducted at Petrobras through a corporative plan called GIOp (Integrated Operations Management) and, to potentialize lessons learnt, the company is deploying a pilot in Santos (city located at São Paulo State – Brazil).
Petrobras has already tried to apply the smart field concept in previous experiences. The company selected the 20 most interesting processes to be redesigned following the IO concept to run a Pilot in Santos Basin, aiming to test this concept, exercise the collaborative way of working, and acquire experience. This phase used some key available features as tools, temporary collaborative environments and resident professionals. The focus was to obtain early results with a quick wins strategy. Therefore, well and process plant surveillances were implemented for all units of the Santos Basin, followed by a 24/7 Operational Support, which is directly connected to the production units and offshore operations.
This paper describes the implementation and execution of the production surveillance activities in Santos Basin, pointing to practical cases of application, across related processes. Many improvement opportunities have been exercised in several disciplines and production assets, in order to incorporate the lessons learnt to the process mapping and bring valuable information for the following phases of the GIOp implementation in Brazil.
ISIS Rate & Phase: Delivering Virtual Flow Metering for 300 Wells in 20 Fields
Authors: Heddle Richard , Foot John , Rees Hugh 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
At the SPE conference in 2006 BP announced the Field of the Future Integrated Surveillance Information System (ISIS) project. Since then the ISIS system has been developed, delivered, tested and verified. Deployment to BP assets has been at the scale and pace proposed in the conference papers published at that time. This paper describes a core module, the Rate&Phase virtual flow meter, and also gives reasons why deployment has been achieved so successfully.
BP's Rate&Phase system automatically estimates production rates from individual wells and other well performance and reservoir information at least once per hour. The approach has been to automate a proven Petroleum Engineering methodology using models of well hydraulics and flow though chokes. The system takes advantage of the instrumentation typically installed on new wells and the transmission of those data for analysis at technical centres often remote from the production sites. Rate&Phase is integrated in ISIS along with routines to automatically reconcile production across entire fields, monitor issues of erosion and sand production and estimate reservoir pressure at shut-ins.
The Rate&Phase system has been deployed widely across BP-operated assets including many major oil and gas fields. Benefits have been realised from the ability to efficiently monitor well stock, manage fields better and allocate production more accurately. The effort to determine monthly production allocation is significantly reduced. Production gains have been realised through assets operating closer to constraints because of the assurance of flow rates in critical pipework. Developments are being introduced to reduce maintenance effort through tools to assist model re-calibration and to complement the hydraulic models with models derived entirely from measured data.
Rate&Phase exploits commonly-used modelling tools and is designed to be easy to deploy/configure. Acceptance of the system has been hastened because it is not regarded as a black box and all results can be reproduced manually offline. Current production and performance information is readily available and changes over time can be trended though existing data interfaces.
Continuous Monitoring of Thermal EOR at Schoonebeek for Intelligent Reservoir Management
Authors: Hornman J. C. , van Popta J. , Didraga C. , Dijkerman H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Time-lapse seismic has shown many successful offshore applications, but has turned out to be much more cumbersome when applied onshore. Successful applications are mainly observed for shallow objectives and large acoustic impedance changes, such as thermal EOR and CO2 injection. The dominant problems for onshore time-lapse are caused by near-surface variations between base and monitor surveys [Pevzner 2011]. By taking appropriate measures in acquisition and processing it is possible to overcome these problems. We demonstrate that with a continuous seismic time-lapse field trial in Schoonebeek, The Netherlands, where thermal EOR is applied. The time-lapse measurements not only enable us to observe pressure and temperature variations in the reservoir, but also to quantify these variations. These measurements complement the measurements made in wells, enabling the reservoir engineer to construct more accurate dynamic models, which make it possible to make better reservoir management decisions. We will describe the steps taken in acquisition and processing of the data and show an interpretation of the measurements.
The Time Has Come For Truly Integrated Workflows: A Different Approach To Cross Functional CWE's
Authors: Crockett Brian , Busaidi Khamis 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Description
Collaborative Work Environments, in the past, have tended to concentrate on optimising single issues in real time. This paper looks at combining subsurface and surface activities in one integrated solution and proposes that the way forward is to provide a workflow that will combine multiple skills and capabilities in order to make information available sooner so that decisions can be made faster which will resulting in better performance for the asset.

Application
To demonstrate how the normally independent subsurface and surface functions can be combined in an integrated set of business processes which cuts across functional silos and capitalise on: Shared real-time dataExpert knowledge of wells and reservoirsLean approach to Production and Maintenance
To use a cross-domain workflow which combines people, processes and technology in a way that permits problem solving and production system optimisation opportunity generation.
To provide a case study which serves to revitalise the goals of the Collaborative Work Environment (CWE).

Results
The approach was tested across two clusters with over 2000 wells, different functions and reporting structures, which resulted in: Less time taken to restore wells to productionIncreased number of wells operating within their operating envelopReduced time taken by Production Technologists to gather data for well reviews

Observations
The following changes in patterns of behavior were observed: Cooperation between functions to integrate the 90 day production plan with well activities took placeA coordinated approach between surface and subsurface to make available materials, rigs and hoists for interventions resulted in improved working relationshipsThe direct relationship between process steps, tools and applications provided lean standard operating procedures

Conclusions
The conclusions can be summarized under the following headings: Integrated Business ProcessesStandard processes need to integrate with all the others to optimiseLean Business Organisation•Requires the identification of roles and responsibilities•Needs to employ new ways of working in order to remove functional barriersAppropriate Digital TechnologiesNeeds to be real-time exception based monitoring toolsOptimised Audio-Visual FacilitiesDemands clearly identified collaboration events

Significance of Subject Matter
This approach and case study identifies how clear corporate vision can be adopted on a large scale to implement standards and guidelines using a global model to drive transformation.
Real-Time Advanced Warning of Screenouts With the Inverse Slope Method
Authors: Massaras Leon V. , Massaras Dimitri V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Unconventional plays require multiple hydraulic fracture treatments placed in vertical or horizontal wellbores in order to be economical. These are very complex operations performed on-location in an orchestrated manner by many contributors. A screenout puts many of the contributors on stand-by status, delays the placement of subsequent stages, and, results in cost overruns due to stand-by charges, wellbore cleanout operations, and, lost production days. Thus, advanced warning of screenouts is a major technical advance in hydraulic fracturing.
Advanced warning of screenouts in real-time is a great advantage due to the ability to exercise decision control for early termination of the treatment, or extension of the treatment.
A screenout is imminent if the surface pressure slope deviates from the inverse slope (positive surface pressure slope). This allows for early initiation of the displacement (flush) procedure, and prevents leaving in the wellbore excess proppant. When only the designed amount of proppant is left in the wellbore high net-pressure develops, along with adequate packing of the near-wellbore area and a much wider fracture.
A treatment can be extended if the surface pressure slope doesn’t deviate from the inverse slope (positive surface pressure slope). Thus, if extra fluid and proppant are available on location the treatment can be extended. This would result in a much better placement of the proppant pack, as it would result in a higher net-pressure, a wider fracture, and higher production rates.
Managing Operation Events in Real-time: From Smart to Smarter
Authors: Khan Furqan , Testard Benjamin , Boero-Rollo Jean-Gregoire , Verbrugge Eric 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Building an instantaneous image of field performance from continuous observation and analysis of real-time data is the essence of so-called ‘intelligent’ or 'smart’ operations. However, visualization of trends alone has limited value in detecting and analyzing anomalies arising in complex production systems. Identification and classification of ‘operational events’ is far more powerful to capture real-life experience required to optimize performance. This paper presents an Events Management System developed to support automated anomaly detection and analysis.
The Events Management System is part of an integrated real-time surveillance platform and can be configured to support a wide range of applications. The system was successfully deployed to record running conditions of rotating equipment. A more complex application was developed to analyze efficiency of preservation procedures used to operate subsea networks outside hydrate conditions during shutdowns. In each case, the system successfully recognized event sequences and automatically computed valuable information such as maintenance statistics, cool-down times or injected methanol volumes, a cumbersome exercise seldom performed manually.
The proposed examples illustrate how events management can significantly enhance the value of real-time monitoring systems. An immediate benefit is to simplify compilation of complex performance indicators and time consuming corporate reports. A more important aspect is the ability to adapt operational procedures according to historical performance. In longer term, building a structured and reliable real-life experience repository is essential to feed continuous improvement processes.
Adequate expertise is almost always available as back-office support if not at site; what is generally lacking is efficient processing of the growing amount of real-time data and synthesizing them into manageable pieces of meaningful information. Events Management Systems are still in their infancy. With increasing number of digitally-enabled production sites, such systems are expected to gain more importance in near future.
Buckling of Tubing inside Casing
Authors: Mitchell Robert F. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Oil wells typically have multiple concentric casing strings. For a set of two concentric strings, if the inner pipe has a compressive axial force, it will typically buckle within the outer string. The buckling of pipe can be important in the analysis of a well-completion design, as the buckled pipe can develop bending stresses that may be significant. Most analyses of this problem assume that the outer casing is rigid. In reality, this external casing is also elastic and would displace owing to the loads generated by contact with the inner pipe. Further, if both strings have compressive axial forces, both strings will buckle, and the resulting buckled configuration must fit together so that contact forces between the two strings are positive and the pipes do not each occupy the same space. If the two strings have an external, cylindrical rigid wellbore, then any contact forces with this wellbore must also be positive, and the buckled pipe system must lie within this wellbore.
There is only one known solution to the multiple concentric pipe-buckling problem, that of Christman (Christman, 1976), who proposed a composite pipe based on the summed properties of the individual pipes. This analysis does not conform to the requirements posed in the previous paragraph.
This paper presents the various ways that two concentric pipes can interact when one or both pipes are in compression and would then have a tendency to buckle. The contact forces between the pipes and with the external wellbore are explicitly calculated, and contact or non-contact conditions are determined. All results are analytic so that they can easily be used in spreadsheets or hand calculations. Several example calculations are presented to illustrate how these results might be used.
Determination of Biot's Effective-Stress Coefficient for Permeability of Nikanassin Sandstone
Authors: Qiao L.P. , Wong R.C.K. , Aguilera R. , Kantzas A. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
In Alberta and British Columbia, a huge amount of tight gas is trapped inrelatively low-permeability rock formations. Physical fracturing of theseformations could enhance the overall formation permeability and thus improvetight gas extraction. One of the outstanding issues in rock fracturing is todetermine the magnitude of applied effective stress. The generaleffective-stress law is defined as seff =sc - asp, where sc andsp are total confining stress and fluid pore pressure,respectively. Each physical quantity of rock responds to total stress and porepressure in a different way, and thus each quantity has its own unique Biot'seffective-stress coefficient. The main objective of this study is toexperimentally determine the Biot's coefficient for permeability of Nikanassinsandstone. A series of permeability measurements was conducted on Nikanassinsandstone core samples from the Lick Creek region in British Columbia undervarious combinations of confining stress and pore pressure. In addition,permeability values were measured both along and across bedding planes toinvestigate any anisotropy in the Biot's coefficient.
Detrimental Effect of Temperature on Fines Migration in Sandstone Formations
Authors: Musharova D. A. , Mohamed I. M. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The present work investigates the impact of high temperature on fines migration and is useful for both sandstone and shale formations at high temperatures. The results show subsequent loss of permeability in clay-containing rocks such as sandstone. Three types of clays are present in sandstone rock used for experiments: kaolinite, illite, and chlorite. Both experimental and theoretical results of conducted coreflood experiments show that the rise in temperature sensitizes fines, and thus decreases sandstone permeability significantly upon the injection of fresh water.
Coreflood experiments were performed at 74, 200, and 300°F temperatures. Brine, 5 wt% NaCl was injected at room temperature to determine the initial rock permeability. Next, temperature was applied to the system, and various potential clay stabilizing salts, as well as fresh water flooding, was performed in both forward and reverse directions to confirm plugging. Core effluent was collected during each experiment and analyzed to measure the concentration of key cations using ICP-OES.
The experimental results were verified by application of the DLVO theory. The mathematical model was used to evaluate the magnitude and determine the effect of each of the contributing forces. The results show that the double layer repulsion force has the most significant impact, due to change in temperature of the matrix-clay system.
Based on the results attained, it can be concluded that fines migration is a serious problem in sandstone formations at high temperatures. High salt concentrations or salts containing high valency cations will be required to mitigate fines migration due to pH changes at higher temperatures. From experimental results obtained, 15 wt% NaCl and 15 wt% HCl solutions were able to preserve permeability in the rock and minimize fines migration at elevated temperatures. This paper will discuss experimental and theoretical studies conducted that highlight the importance of fines migration in hightemperature wells.
Using Enhanced Fracturing-Fluid Cleanup and Conductivity in the Hosston/Travis Peak Formation for Improved Production
Authors: Modeland N. , Tomova I. , Loveless D. , Holtsclaw J. , Yeager V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
For many years, the Travis Peak/Hosston formation of East Texas and North Louisiana has been hydraulically fractured with various treatment designs, ranging from low-viscosity water fracs using only linear gel or polyacrylamide friction reducers to crosslinked gels typically sourced from guar polymers or guar derivatives. While lower-viscosity fluids can minimize gel damage to the formation, the result is often that less fracture conductivity is achieved because of the inability to transport larger proppant concentrations and maintain width. In late 2010, a new milestone occurred for the East Texas/North Louisiana region as a newly developed crosslinked gel system, souced entirely from the food industry, was incorporated into the Travis Peak/Hosston fracture designs. The fluid system demonstrates both better proppant-transport capabilities and better conductivity-performance numbers than friction-reducer polyacrylamide systems and typical guar fluids. In addition to enhanced cleanup and proppant transport, all of the fluid system’s components, having been sourced from the food industry, demonstrate a health, safety, and environmental (HSE) quality that surpasses the previously used fluid systems. This paper will show laboratory test results for retained conductivity and proppant transport for the sourced-from-the-food-industry (SFI) fluid system in comparison to other fracturing gels, both of which should aid in flowback and production of a tight-gas sandstone formation.
Case histories for the Landon No. 6 well (a single-stage Travis Peak and Pettet completion in Rusk County, Texas) and the Shadowen 3-2 well (a four-stage Hosston completion of DeSoto Parish, Louisianna) will be examined. These two wells were the early pioneers for this SFI fluid system and have both shown benefits from its improved fluid cleanup and conductivity capabilities. Nearby offset comparisons of the production well show these wells to outperform wells with similarly completed frac stages using different fluid systems. Use of this SFI fluid in the tight-gas sandstones of East Texas and North Louisiana not only exemplifies the environmental stewardship of the oil-and-gas industry, but can also lead to improved estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of the wells.
Successful Optimization Strategies Combine to Deliver Significant Performance Boost at the Edge of the ERD Envelope, Sakhalin Island, Russia
Authors: James Richard W. , Pastusek Paul , Kuhn Gary R. , Andreev Anton , Bailey Jeffrey R. , Wang Lei 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Numerous performance enhancement initiatives were used by the operator for the Sakhalin I project in drilling and completing the world-class extended reach drilling (ERD) program at the Odoptu Field, Sakhalin Island, Russia. As a result of the drilling successes and favorable production performance, the initial seven-well ERD program was expanded to nine wells, including the world record OP-11 well. The operator’s philosophy of relentless redesign to remove limiters from the drilling process resulted in significant performance improvements in all areas of drilling and completion operations. This paper provides details and results for many of the key performance initiatives used.
Operators are continually striving to drill longer, faster, and at lower costs while minimizing risks to provide maximum shareholder value. During the Odoptu ERD drilling program, a constant progression of performance improvement, time reduction, and dependability strategies were used. These optimization initiatives resulted in significant performance improvements for the project and numerous industry records.
The nine Odoptu ERD wells were drilled at a cost below the budgeted amount for the first seven wells. As a result of the initiatives employed, non-productive time (NPT) was reduced from an average of 21% on the first four wells to less than 3% on the last five. Aggressive shock and vibration mitigation efforts through bit redesign, bottomhole assembly (BHA) vibration analysis and operational optimizations resulted in record BHA runs. Wellbore instability issues were successfully mitigated through design and operational practices. Completion practices were high-graded and optimized and as a result, all completions in the long horizontal intervals were successfully placed using partial string rotation techniques.
Drilling ERD wells at the edge of industry experience in a cost effective and low-risk manner requires careful attention to detail and a commitment by the operator and contractors to continuously improve.