bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based multispectral imaging system in evaluating retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Xu Yupeng , Liu Xiaoxiao , Cheng Lu , Su Li , Xu Xun 
Published: July 2015

Background and ObjectiveRetinal vein occlusion (RVO), the second most common retinal vascular disorder worldwide, is considered to be a critical cause of visual loss. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of eyes with RVO using a light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based multispectral imaging (MSI) system and to compare its performance in terms of reliability and diagnostic power with those of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus photography (FP).Materials and MethodsFifty‐six eyes of 28 patients with RVO disease were evaluated by MSI, FP, FFA, and spectral domain OCT. All images were analyzed by an experienced reading center grader. Nonperfusion area, occlusion area, and intraretinal edema from occlusions and FP abnormalities (presence of cotton‐wool spots, epiretinal membrane, hard exudates, and retinal hemorrhage) were documented. The diagnostic power of MSI was evaluated by the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC).ResultsOf the 56 eyes, 15 had branch RVO (BRVO), 13 had central RVO (CRVO), and 28 were normal. The ROC curve analysis showed that MSI was a better discriminator of RVO than FP (AUC = 0.911 vs. 0.768, P = 0.0318). The sensitivity (and 95% confidence intervals) of MSI for nonperfusion area was 42.3% (18.8–70.4), 80.0% (51.4–94.7) for retinal hemorrhage, 90.0% (54.1–99.5) for cotton‐wool spots, 90.9% (57.1–99.5) for hard exudates, and 21.1% (7.0–46.1) for intraretinal edema. MSI was capable of finding abnormalities such as nonperfusion area, retinal hemorrhage, cotton‐wool spots, hard exudates, and epiretinal membrane. MSI oxy–deoxy maps showed low oxygen levels in the affected vein, especially in CRVOs, and could be used in detecting the nonperfusion area.ConclusionMSI reveals highly defined vascular abnormalities in shortwave images and oxy–deoxy maps, which is compatible with FP, FFA, and OCT findings and indicates, preliminarily, the advantages of the noninvasiveness, simplicity, and effectiveness of MSI in evaluating RVO diseases. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:549–558, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐Vinylcarbazole as Versatile Photoinaddimer of Photopolymerization under Household UV LED Bulb (392 nm)
Authors: Xiao Pu , Lalevée Jacques , Zhao Jiacheng , Stenzel Martina H. 
Published: July 2015

N‐vinylcarbazole (NVK) can act simultaneously as a photoinitiator, an additive, and a mono­mer (photoinaddimer) of photopolymerization upon exposure to the household ultraviolet (UV) light‐emitting diode (LED) bulb (emission wavelength centered at 392 nm). Even though the light absorption spectrum of NVK exhibits weak overlapping with the emission spectrum of the UV LED, the active species (i.e., radicals and cations) can be generated from the interaction between NVK and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod) under irradiation of this LED device, which is investigated by steady state photolysis and electron spin resonance spin‐trapping methods. Interestingly, the generated radicals and cations from the NVK/Iod system demonstrate high efficiency to initiate the free radical photopolymerization of (meth)acrylates and the cationic photopolymerization of epoxide and divinyl ether under the UV LED irradiation, and the one‐step simultaneous catonic/radical photopolymerization of expoxide/acrylate blend can lead to the formation of tack free polyacrylate/polyether‐based interpenetrated polymer network film within 10 min even when the polymerization process is exposed to the atmosphere highlighting the high efficiency of the system to reduce the oxygen inhibition effect. More interestingly, NVK/Iod system can also initiate the photopolymerization of NVK under the UV LED irradiation to produce polyvinylcarbazole, and NVK acts as both a photoinitiator and a monomer in the system.
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Star‐Shaped Macromolecules with the Core of Hexakis‐(fluoren‐2‐yl)benzene and the Periphery of Pyridine: Synthesis and Application as Solution‐Processable Electron‐Transport Materials
Authors: Yin Xiaojun , Miao Jingsheng , Xiang Yepeng , Wu Hongbing , Cao Yong , Yang Chuluo 
Published: July 2015

Three new star‐shaped macromolecules with hexakis(fluoren‐2‐yl)benzene as the core and pyridine as the periphery (2Py‐HFB, 3Py‐HFB, and 4Py‐HFB) are synthesized and characterized. The synthetic conditions of octacarbonyldicobat‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction for different alkyne precursors are investigated. The coordination interaction between the pyridine ring of alkyne precursor and the cobalt catalyst may result in very low yield of the cyclotrimerization product. However, with the increase of the catalyst loading, the yields of the intermediates of cyclopentadienone are enhanced. Then, the desired cyclotrimerization products can be obtained by the Diels–Alder reactions of cyclopentadienone with acetylene in good yield. These new compounds exhibit good thermal stability and favorable electron affinity. By using the new compounds as electron‐transporting materials, all‐solution‐processed phosphorescent organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) show good performance with a maximum current efficiency of 5.6 cd A−1 and maximum external quantum efficiency of 4.68%.
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Formation of Hierarchical Lamellae‐in‐Lamella Nanostructures from Polymer Blends Via Controlled Nonequilibrium Freezing
Authors: Zhang Xin , Ejima Hirotaka , Yoshie Naoko 
Published: July 2015

The creation of hierarchical nanostructures in polymeric materials has been intensively studied due to the great potential to tailor their physicochemical properties. Although much success has been achieved over the past decades in block copolymers, hierarchical structure engineering in polymer blends remains a great challenge. Here, the formation of hierarchical lamellae‐in‐lamella nanostructures from polymer blends via controlled nonequilibrium freezing is reported. Polymer blends are first dissolved in molten hexamethylbenzene (HMB) to form a homogeneous melt. When cooled to below its melting temperature, the HMB is crystallized and depleted, and the polymers are directionally solidified. This process is rapid enough that phase separation of the polymer blends is kinetically trapped at the nanoscale level. Then, the polymer blend epitaxially crystallizes onto the HMB inside the nanophase, resulting in the hierarchical lamellae‐in‐lamella structure. This structure is stable under ambient conditions and tunable depending on the annealing temperature and blending ratio.
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The Noscapine Chronicle: A Pharmaco‐Historic Biography of the Opiate Alkaloid Family and its Clinical Applications
Authors: Rida Padmashree C. G. , LiVecche Dillon , Ogden Angela , Zhou Jun , Aneja Ritu 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGiven its manifold potential therapeutic applications and amenability to modification, noscapine is a veritable “Renaissance drug” worthy of commemoration. Perhaps the only facet of noscapine's profile more astounding than its versatility is its virtual lack of side effects and addictive properties, which distinguishes it from other denizens of Papaver somniferum. This review intimately chronicles the rich intellectual and pharmacological history behind the noscapine family of compounds, the length of whose arms was revealed over decades of patient scholarship and experimentation. We discuss the intriguing story of this family of nontoxic alkaloids, from noscapine's purification from opium at the turn of the 19th century in Paris to the recent torrent of rationally designed analogs with tremendous anticancer potential. In between, noscapine's unique pharmacology; impact on cellular signaling pathways, the mitotic spindle, and centrosome clustering; use as an antimalarial drug and cough suppressant; and exceptional potential as a treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome, strokes, and diverse malignancies are catalogued. Seminal experiments involving some of its more promising analogs, such as amino‐noscapine, 9‐nitronoscapine, 9‐bromonoscapine, and reduced bromonoscapine, are also detailed. Finally, the bright future of these oftentimes even more exceptional derivatives is described, rounding out a portrait of a truly remarkable family of compounds.
Radar‐based cell tracking with fuzzy logic approach
Authors: Jung Sung‐Hwa , Lee GyuWon 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis study presents a new algorithm Fuzzy logic Algorithm for Storm Tracking (FAST) for tracking convective cells in 3D Cartesian co‐ordinates. A fuzzy logic approach was applied to track cells with objectively determined membership functions (MFs) and weights that were derived from a large set of convective cell tracks (2326 pairs of convective cells). Three feature parameters (cell motion speed, area change ratio and axis transformation ratio) were selected by Bayesian information criterion and combined through fuzzy logic. FAST was evaluated with three skill scores using 2561 (2456) pairs of convective cells with (without) mergers and splits. The performance was tested in comparison with Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting (TITAN) as a baseline method. For reference tracks without merger and split, the critical success index (CSI) of FAST reaches about 0.89. FAST shows better skill scores (CSI = 0.92 and 0.89 at speed limitations of 16.1 m s−1 and 25.0 m s−1, respectively) than those of TITAN (CSI = 0.89 and 0.82 at the same speed limitations) and is independent of the number of convective cells and the speed limitation. When mergers and splits are considered in the reference, the tracking performance of FAST (FASTMS) with a merger and split process is always better than that of TITAN (TITANMS) with a merger and split process and is independent of speed limitations. When FAST (=FASTnoMS) does not include a merger and split process, its tracking performance is better than that of TITANMS at speed limitation of > 20 m s−1.
The rs3737964 single‐nucleotide polymorphism of the chloride channel‐6 gene as a risk factor for coronary heart disease
Authors: Zhang Li , Zhang Tao , Xiang Zhengkai , Lu Shengqiang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe present study investigates the association of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the chloride channel‐6 (CLC‐6) gene with coronary heart disease (CHD) in China. We carried out a large case–control study among 1193 CHD patients and 1200 unrelated healthy control subjects. Information on the participants' health status was collected through the modified Inter‐heart questionnaire. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples was analyzed for the genotypes of rs3737964 and rs3737965 SNPs on the CLC‐6 gene using Taqman probe‐based quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). We compared the collected data between the case group and the control group by chi‐square test and t/nonparametric test. Furthermore, we performed logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with CHD. The frequency of TT genotypes in rs3737964 was significantly higher in CHD patients compared to the control group, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.32 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.17–4.06, P = 0.016). The association of CHD with TT genotype was even stronger in smoking population after adjusting for confounders (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.04–9.79, P = 0.043). Multivariate logistic regression showed the CHD risk associated with TT genotype in rs3737964 was particularly among population who were more than 60 years old, smoking, and male (P = 0.023, 0.008 and 0.043, respectively). The present study has revealed that rs3737964 SNP of CLC‐6 was associated with CHD. In particular, subjects with TT genotype who were 60‐plus years old, with smoking habit or were male were more susceptible to CHD.
Effects of phenolic acid metabolites formed after chlorogenic acid consumption on retinal degeneration in vivo
Authors: Jang Holim , Choi Yongsoo , Ahn Hong Ryul , Jung Sang Hoon , Lee Chang Yong 
Published: July 2015

ScopeAlthough ingestion of coffee and its constituent chlorogenic acid (CGA) protects the retina from oxidative stress, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of coffee metabolites are not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine which coffee metabolites reach the retina and protect against retinal degeneration.Methods and resultsUPLC‐MS/MS was used to detect CGA and coffee metabolites in the rat eye. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and double staining with Hoechst and propidium iodide showed that CGA, caffeic acid (CA), and dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) protect retinal ganglion cells from hypoxia‐induced damage. Western blots showed that treatment with coffee metabolites up‐regulated anti‐apoptotic proteins such as Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL and down‐regulated pro‐apoptotic proteins such as Bad, PARP, and cleaved caspase 3. Adult ICR mice were subjected to optic nerve crush‐induced retinal ganglion cell death with intravitreal pre‐treatment with coffee metabolites 1 day before and 1 h after the procedure. Retrograde FluorogoldTM labeling showed severe retinal ganglion cell loss after optic nerve crushing, and coffee metabolites significantly reduced damage to retinal ganglion cells.ConclusionCGA and coffee metabolites, especially, CA, and DHCA, reach the eye, where they can significantly reduce apoptosis induced by hypoxia and optic nerve crush stress, and thus prevent retinal degeneration.
Cor a 14, the allergenic 2S albumin from hazelnut, is highly thermostable and resistant to gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Pfeifer Sabine , Bublin Merima , Dubiela Pawel , Hummel Karin , Wortmann Judith , Hofer Gerhard , Keller Walter , Radauer Christian , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber Karin 
Published: July 2015

ScopeAllergens from nuts frequently induce severe allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. The aim of this study was to elucidate the physicochemical characteristics of natural Cor a 14, the 2S albumin from hazelnut.Methods and resultsCor a 14 was purified from raw hazelnuts using a combination of precipitation and chromatographic techniques. The protein was analyzed using gel electrophoresis, MS, and far‐UV circular dichroism (CD) analyses. The immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding of native, heat‐treated, and in vitro digested Cor a 14 was studied. We identified two different Cor a 14 isoforms and showed microclipping at the C‐terminus. CD spectra at room temperature showed the typical characteristics of 2S albumins, and temperatures of more than 80°C were required to start unfolding of Cor a 14 demonstrating its high stability to heat treatment. In vitro digestion experiments revealed that Cor a 14 is resistant to proteolytic degradation. Native and heat‐treated protein was recognized by sera from hazelnut allergic patients. However, denaturation of the allergen led to significantly reduced IgE binding.ConclusionWe identified two different isoforms of Cor a 14 displaying high stability under heating and gastric and duodenal conditions. Data from IgE‐binding experiments revealed the existence of both, linear and conformational epitopes.
O2‐sensitive MRI distinguishes brain tumor versus radiation necrosis in murine models
Authors: Beeman Scott C. , Shui Ying‐Bo , Perez‐Torres Carlos J. , Engelbach John A. , Ackerman Joseph J. H. , Garbow Joel R. 
Published: July 2015

PurposeThe goal of this study was to quantify the relationship between the 1H longitudinal relaxation rate constant, R1, and oxygen (O2) concentration (relaxivity, r1) in tissue and to quantify O2‐driven changes in R1 (ΔR1) during a breathing gas challenge in normal brain, radiation‐induced lesions, and tumor lesions.MethodsR1 data were collected in control‐state mice (n = 4) during three different breathing gas (and thus tissue O2) conditions. In parallel experiments, pO2 was measured in the thalamus of control‐state mice (n = 4) under the same breathing gas conditions using an O2‐sensitive microprobe. The relaxivity of tissue O2 was calculated using the R1 and pO2 data. R1 data were collected in control‐state (n = 4) mice, a glioma model (n = 7), and a radiation necrosis model (n = 6) during two breathing gas (thus tissue O2) conditions. R1 and ΔR1 were calculated for each cohort.ResultsO2 r1 in the brain was 9 × 10−4 ± 3 × 10−4 mm Hg−1· s−1 at 4.7T. R1 and ΔR1 measurements distinguished radiation necrosis from tumor (P< 0.03 and P< 0.01, respectively).ConclusionThe relaxivity of O2 in the brain is determined. R1 and ΔR1 measurements differentiate tumor lesions from radiation necrosis lesions in the mouse models. These pathologies are difficult to distinguish by traditional imaging techniques; O2‐driven changes in R1 holds promise in this regard. Magn Reson Med 75:2442–2447, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional echo planar imaging with controlled aliasing: A sequence for high temporal resolution functional MRI
Authors: Narsude Mayur , Gallichan Daniel , van der Zwaag Wietske , Gruetter Rolf , Marques José P. 
Published: July 2015

PurposeIn this work, we combine three‐dimensional echo planar imaging (3D‐EPI) with controlled aliasing to substantially increase temporal resolution in whole‐brain functional MRI (fMRI) while minimizing geometry‐factor (g‐factor) losses.Theory and MethodsThe study was performed on a 7 Tesla scanner equipped with a 32‐channel receive coil. The proposed 3D‐EPI‐CAIPI sequence was evaluated for: (i) image quality, compared with a conventionally undersampled parallel imaging acquisition; (ii) temporal resolution, the ability to sample and remove physiological signal fluctuations from the fMRI signal of interest and (iii) the ability to distinguish small changes in hemodynamic responses in an event‐related fMRI experiment.ResultsWhole‐brain fMRI data with a voxel size of 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 and temporal resolution of 371 ms could be acquired with acceptable image quality. Ten‐fold parallel imaging accelerated 3D‐EPI‐CAIPI data were shown to lower the maximum g‐factor losses up to 62% with respect to a 10‐fold accelerated 3D‐EPI dataset. FMRI with 400 ms temporal resolution allowed the detection of time‐to‐peak variations in functional responses due to multisensory facilitation in temporal, occipital and frontal cortices.Conclusion3D‐EPI‐CAIPI allows increased temporal resolution that enables better characterization of physiological noise, thus improving sensitivity to signal changes of interest. Furthermore, subtle changes in hemodynamic response dynamics can be studied in shorter scan times by avoiding the need for jittering. Magn Reson Med 75:2350–2361, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphometric model for discrimination between glioblastoma multiforme and solitary metastasis using three‐dimensional shape analysis
Authors: Yang Guang , Jones Timothy L. , Howe Franklyn A. , Barrick Thomas R. 
Published: July 2015

PurposeGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and brain metastasis (MET) are the most common intra‐axial brain neoplasms in adults and often pose a diagnostic dilemma using standard clinical MRI. These tumor types require different oncological and surgical management, which subsequently influence prognosis and clinical outcome.MethodsHere, we hypothesize that GBM and MET possess different three‐dimensional (3D) morphological attributes based on their physical characteristics. A 3D morphological analysis was applied on the tumor surface defined by our diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) segmentation technique. It segments the DTI data into clusters representing different isotropic and anisotropic water diffusion characteristics, from which a distinct surface boundary between healthy and pathological tissue was identified. Morphometric features of shape index and curvedness were then computed for each tumor surface and used to build a morphometric model of GBM and MET pathology with the goal of developing a tumor classification method based on shape characteristics.ResultsOur 3D morphometric method was applied on 48 untreated brain tumor patients. Cross‐validation resulted in a 95.8% accuracy classification with only two shape features needed and that can be objectively derived from quantitative imaging methods.ConclusionThe proposed 3D morphometric analysis framework can be applied to distinguish GBMs from solitary METs. Magn Reson Med 75:2505–2516, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quadriceps mechano‐ and electromyographic time‐frequency responses during muscular contractions to volitional exhaustion
Authors: Croce Ronald , Craft Amber , Miller John , Chamberlin Kent , Filipovic David 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Surface electromyography (SEMG) and mechanomyography (SMMG) responses of the quadriceps during muscular contractions to exhaustion were computed and analyzed by analysis of variance and polynomial regression analyses. Methods: Participants performed maximum flexion–extension movements at 180°/s until volitional exhaustion, rested for 2 minutes, and then completed a second bout of movements until exhaustion. Torque and SEMG/SMMG median frequencies and amplitudes were examined at 9 points across repetitions completed. Results: (1) Torque decreased precipitously; (2) SEMG amplitude displayed an initial increase, then a steady decrease, and SMMG amplitude showed a continuous decrease; and (3) SEMG and SMMG median frequencies displayed a continual decrease over repetitions completed. Fractional polynomial and quadratic models explained the fatigue process with the highest precision. Conclusions: Changes in electrical and mechanical properties of the quadriceps during fatigue reflect alterations in neuromuscular activation strategies and/or muscle wisdom. SEMG frequency modeled muscle fatigue more effectively than amplitude, whereas SMMG frequency and amplitude were equally effective. Muscle Nerve 53: 452–463, 2016
Electrical impedance myography discriminates congenital muscular dystrophy from controls
Authors: Schwartz Daniel P. , Dastgir Jahannaz , Salman Anam , Lear Barbara , Bönnemann Carsten G. , Lehky Tanya J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionElectrical impedance myography (EIM) is an emerging non‐invasive, highly reproducible electrophysiological technique that objectively characterizes muscle structure and composition by measuring bioimpedance. We assessed the ability of EIM ability to discriminate 2 forms of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), laminin α2 (LAMA2)–deficient CMD and collagen VI–deficient (COL6) CMD, from a group of healthy children. We also investigated correlations between subcutaneous fat thickness and EIM parameters.MethodsTwenty‐eight children with LAMA2 CMD (n = 12) or COL6 (n = 16) CMD and 18 normal children underwent EIM testing.ResultsThe EIM 50‐kHz phase was decreased in LAMA2 and COL6 CMD when compared with controls (P < 0.001). Reactance, however, was decreased in COL6 but not LAMA2 CMD compared with controls (P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that EIM may be useful in discriminating CMD from controls and may serve as a useful biomarker to follow disease progression in clinical trials. Muscle Nerve 53: 402–406, 2016