bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mega Project Integrated Readiness Business Risks and Mitigations
Authors: Nossair Ahmed , Hann Tom , Al Maysari Samah , Black Alistair , Ahmed Tanweer 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Mega projects development envisage significant expansion of the facilities, infra-structures and resources required for their future operations. Therefore, numerous efforts are exerted through robust approaches from the entire organization resources to assure the effectiveness of the integrated readiness deployment, smooth handing over of the assets and efficient operations of the new facilitates with the optimum impact on the ongoing business [1]. These projects always result in complex challenges to the organizations which in turn translated to a range of significant business risks. Therefore, a diverse range of risk types shall be identified and considered in addition to the traditional project and operational related areas. These risks might be of an internal (e.g. strategy, manpower, financial, operational, etc.) or external nature (e.g. political, legal or regulatory environment, economics, third parties, etc.). Smart and comprehensive methodologies shall be implemented for business risks associated with the mega projects readiness, and then it is crucial to perform a thorough prioritization exercise to ensure proper focus is given to the high business impact areas and resources are allocated accordingly. Understanding the risk environment influences the organization's ability to achieve the proposed short and longer term strategic objectives. Delivering an effective risk management is linked to the definition of the accountabilities for each of the prioritized areas. This includes defining further actions, tracking implementation, and effective on-going monitoring. Through, application of an established risk management process to the context of one specific project. Applying a smart and robust business risk management for assessing the readiness of the organization towards receiving mega projects being developed in the GCC resulted in key risks such as; manpower availability, asset management engineering implementation, competency of service providers matching with adopted modern technologies, procurement of adequate level of operating spare parts, increased logistic requirements, and optimization of resources through synergy agreements.
Robotics and the Oil and Gas Production Process: Right Technology, Right Timing
Authors: Idachaba Francis Enejo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The gradual but steady migration of oil and gas production offshore places a demand on oil companies to develop novel solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of the production process while maximizing the available technical expertise to minimize operating costs and reduce downtime. Collaborative work environments have enabled the development of centers for the collocation of technical experts where real-time monitoring of multiple production parameters from different sites are undertaken for the purpose of managing and optimizing the production process. However offshore locations present a challenge due to the difficulty associated with equipment installation, inspection and maintenance in those locations. This paper discusses the impact of robotic deployment in the offshore Oil and Gas production environment and presents the design of specialized robots capable of undertaking the inspection of both the surface and internals conditions of offshore pipelines and also undertaking the welding of onshore pipelines. The robots can be monitored from the collaborative work environment. The deployment of robots in the oil and gas production process will improve the efficiency of the production process by reducing the time and cost required to undertake the interventions using onsite operators.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Dynamic Pipeline Pressure Profiles: Tools for Oil-Spill Detection and Localization
Authors: Idachaba Francis Enejo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Pipeline Oil spill is a major challenge with the Oil and Gas production process as it impacts negatively on the environment, the reputation and the finances of the operator. Real time pressure data from an Oil and Gas Pipeline can be used with specially developed algorithms to create dynamic pressure profiles of the pipeline. This profile shows the pressure map of the entire pipeline and it can be used to detect the onset of a leak. Production management systems can be configured in the exception based reporting mode to generate alerts whenever there is a variation in the pressure at any point on the pipeline. The location of pipeline right of way in remote locations increases the monitoring costs and response time in the event of a leak. This paper presents the deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as the first line of response to alerts generated by the production management systems and the dynamic pressure profiles to provide real time video feedback of the leak points. This will enable a rapid detection and localization of the leak points enabling the speedy deployment of the response teams. The combination of the dynamic pipeline pressure profile and the UAV will provide a rapid monitoring system for the entire pipeline network and facilitate rapid intervention in the event of a leak or any activity on the pipeline right of way providing real time video feedback of the area under investigation and eliminating response to spurious signals and false alarms
Eco-Friendly Degradable Mechanical Diverting Agents for Combining Multiple-Staged Vertical Wells: Case History from Wasatch Formation
Authors: Arnold David , Fragachan Francisco 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The use of mechanical diverters in the oil and gas industry has been a common practice for decades, typically deploying perf ball sealers, degradeable balls, rock salt, dissolvable flakes, and incorporating downhole equipment such as sliding sleeves or straddle-packer systems. With multiple stage operations and horizontal wells becoming the industry norm, there is a need for a more permanent and reliable technology that is easily deployable and will seal previously stimulated perforations and zones from untreated perforations. This paper describes case histories from horizontal Marcellus Shale wells treated with degradable diversion materials applicable at a broad bottom-hole temperature range, maintains integrity under treating pressures and remains in place for the entire duration of well completion operations.
There are a number of scenarios for which biodegradable materials are applicable: zonal isolation for horizontal wells with multiple perforation clusters, vertical wells treated through tubing where bridge plugs cannot be used, sealing off perforations for re-stimulation treatments as opposed to squeezing the perfs, and sealing off perforations after treating through coiled-tubing.
The results from the case study well treated in the Uintah Basin in Utah on the Wasatch formation showed compelling evidence that temporary mechanical bridging agents can effectively replace bridge plugs and maintain zonal isolation. The concentrations of the diverter system used were optimized during the treatments and achieved typical pressure increases of 200-500 psi when deployed. The information presented in this paper will show the capabilities of using this material and the potential applications for multiple stage stimulation treatments, allowing for optimal zonal coverage and increased operational efficiency. The pressure responses from the treatments show the ability of the materials to seal the perforation clusters taking the majority of fluid and allow for diversion to understimulated perforation clusters. The production results from this candidate well additionally showed production rates higher than neighboring wells and wells typical for that area.
Formation Evaluation of High-Angle Horizontal Wells Using Logging-While-Drilling Measurements to Guide Completion Optimization
Authors: Raffi Mohammad , Al-Ajmi Moudi , Sangani Pratik 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Resistivity measurements in high angle and horizontal (HaHz) wells are sometimes inappropriately labeled as ‘misleading’ when events such as early water breakthrough are observed in spite of measuring high resistivity along the well trajectory. Applying appropriate interpretation techniques that account for geometric effects resolves the interpretation issue but is time consuming. For recent HaHz campaign in North Kuwait, a workflow was required in near real time to optimize completions.
In order to efficiently complete a horizontal well it is important to identify the presence of any free water and permeability variations along the well trajectory. Zonal isolation is required in case free water is encountered and completion mechanisms such as Inflow Control Devices (ICDs) are required for effective linear compartmentalization. We present here a workflow which was used to guide completions in the siliciclastic Burgan reservoirs in Raudhatain field.
The workflow uses a new-generation logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool that provides sigma and spectroscopy measurements in addition to triple-combo measurements. A comparison of sigma measurements acquired during and after drilling allows identification of any moveable water along the well trajectory. This technique is valid only in wells drilled using oil-base mud and has been used to design zonal isolation to avoid water breakthrough. Spectroscopy measurements and conventional logs are used to derive k-Lambda (matrix) permeability to identify the permeability profile along the well trajectory. This information is used to identify permeability variation to optimize completions.
We present several case studies in the sequence in which the workflow evolved. The first case study highlights the limitations of using only triple combo LWD measurements to decide completion intervals as water production was seen across high resistivity zones on production logs. The other case studies have advanced measurements acquired while- and post-drilling to aid in completion optimization decisions.
Simulation and Analysis of Carbonate Acidization with Gelled and Emulsified Acids
Authors: Maheshwari P. , Maxey J. , Balakotaiah V. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Polymer-based gelled (or in-situ gelled) and emulsified acids have been used for matrix acidization of high-temperature carbonate reservoirs for several years. Gelled and emulsified acids are typically used to help reduce the leakoff rate from the wormhole walls as compared to non-gelled acids, resulting in deeper penetration of acid, whereas in-situ gelled acid is used for acid diversion. Literature review indicates that several laboratory scale experimental studies have been performed to analyze the effect of acid gelation and emulsion on carbonate acidization as compared to non-gelled acids. However, there are very few modeling or quantitative theoretical studies regarding carbonate acidization with gelled and emulsified acids that can be tested in laboratory or field scale. More specifically, an analysis of the transport and rheological properties (i.e., shear thinning behavior) of gelled and emulsified acids on the acidization process is not available in the literature. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to analyze the effect of transport and rheological properties of gelled and emulsified acids on carbonate acidization in three dimension (3-D), which can help in terms of design of gelled and emulsified acids properties to achieve lower leakoff rate and deeper penetration of wormholes.
The authors present 3-D numerical simulations of carbonate acidization with HCl, gelled, and emulsified using a two-scale continuum (TSC) model. Using the model, the effect of transport and rheological properties of these non-Newtonian acids on the acidization curve and dissolution pattern is analyzed and compared to the available laboratory scale experimental data. From the numerical simulations, it has been observed that a lower amount of acid is necessary to breakthrough, and thinner wormholes are formed for both gelled and emulsified acids compared to neat hydrochloric acid (HCl). Additionally, acidization remains in the optimum dissolution regime for a large variation in terms of acid injection rate for both gelled and emulsified acids compared to neat HCl. Finally, the authors develop a wormholing criterion for acids whose rheological behavior can be described by the power-law. This criterion can be used to estimate the optimum injection rate for vuggy and nonvuggy carbonates.
Cuttings Transport Simulation Combined with Large-Scale Flow Loop Experiment and LWD Data Enables Appropriate ECD Management and Hole Cleaning Evaluation in Extended-Reach Drilling
Authors: Naganawa Shigemi , Sato Ryosuke , Ishikawa Masaki 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We have performed experimental and theoretical studies on cuttings transport in directional wells for more than 15 years. During that time, we developed a one-dimensional (1D) two-layer model transient cuttings transport simulator that predicts the transient behaviors of cuttings bed height, suspended cuttings concentration, cuttings slip velocity, annular pressure, and equivalent circulating density (ECD) along the entire trajectory of the complex extended-reach well. Model parameters, such as annulus friction factor, cuttings deposition rate, and re-entrainment rate, were determined on the basis of numerous experiments we previously performed using a large-scale cuttings transport flow-loop apparatus developed to simulate complex flows in borehole annuli with various inclination angles from vertical to horizontal.
In this study, we performed model validation and cuttings transport analysis using field data in a directional well where the annulus ECD was measured by logging while drilling (LWD), and the returned cuttings rate was measured at the surface. On the basis of the simulation study, we discussed the potential of the transient cuttings transport simulator developed in the predrilling and postdrilling phase analyses and real-time analysis during drilling. Moreover, we demonstrated the interpretation of LWD data and the appropriate management of the ECD and evaluated the hole cleaning condition from the LWD data.
Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs can be Challenging: UAE Case Study
Authors: Alam Anwar , Mahmoud Gehad , Arif Naveed , Pooniwala Shahvir , Mendez Alfredo , Hilal Bashar 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
To fracture unconventional reservoirs a different approach is required to be utilized. With the day-to-day advancement in fracturing technology more unconventional formations are being routinely fractured. But now and then we come across formations which challenge modern technologies and make us think out of box.
This paper will describe the case history covering the planning and execution of one of the first "Acid-Frac" jobs in UAE. Being the first fracturing job in this formation, no previous stress gradient data was available nor were any leakoff test (LOT) or formation integrity test (FIT) results available at the planning stage. Various aspects of the reservoir and wellbore were considered, core samples of the formation were collected for testing and a 1-D mechanical earth model was developed. The paper will describe the steps taken to prepare the geological model along with the assumptions made. It will also discuss how the uncertainty of stress gradient was tackled while planning the job. Along with the unknown variables about formation, additional challenge was on the surface pressure limitation. Although tree-saver was planned to be used to protect the wellhead, the surface pressure limitation was due to wellbore completion. Based on the various unknowns and limitation on surface pressure, the job was designed. In addition to job planning, this paper will also discuss various lab tests which were conducted on the formation cores to optimally select acid fracturing fluid.
Pre-job fracturing model was run with different scenarios which helped to predict if the job could be successfully pumped within the surface pressure limitation. Operation and equipment mobilization was optimized keeping in mind the uncertainties that were predicted. The paper will go into depth covering the different scenarios which were considered while planning the job, vital role of geological model and job execution. Although job execution did not go as per plan, paper will discuss various efforts which were made to establish injectivity and how this job helped in understanding the formation better learning lessons along the way which will be implemented in future campaigns.
Five Years' Experience Using Coriolis Separators in North Sea Well Testing
Authors: Shumakov Y. , Akbayev B. , Vigo M. , Theuveny B. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Accurate, reliable, and repeatable flow rate measurements during well testing are critical for appropriate reservoir characterization. Recently, well tests have become shorter and more challenging, with the application of new interpretation techniques heightening the need for high resolution and more accurate flow rate measurements. Although conventional well test separators have seen significant improvements over the last few decades in separation efficiency, flow rate measurement accuracy, reliability and repeatability have remained immutable.
Historically, the liquid outlets of most conventional well test separators were equipped with positive-displacement or turbine-type flow meters which are not typically tolerant of debris or solids in completion or produced fluids. This results in separators being bypassed during the initial clean-up or well-flow stages, creating gaps in flow rate histories. Additionally, flow rate measurements were greatly influenced by wellsite meter factor measurements (correction coefficients), which usually did not consider fluid type or separation efficiency.
Coriolis mass flow rate meters can overcome these challenges. These meters are widely used in process facilities and highly regarded for their precision, accuracy, and simultaneous measurement of true mass flow and fluid density. However, their use in mobile and conventional well testing is still considered to be in its infancy, lacking an extensive track record and field operation experience.
This paper will summarize the benefits and lessons learnt from using new-generation Coriolis-equipped well test separators in the North Sea over the past five years. Furthermore, a series of case studies are presented, in which data provided by these flow meters was critical for successful well test operations.
Mobile Dust Collection System to Help Minimize Environmental Footprint during Fracturing Operations
Authors: Sedberry Winfred , Katke Nitinkumar , Ghatge Vishwajit , Warren Wesley , Sanda Rajesh , Bokane Atul 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Fracturing treatments often require massive volumes of silica sand. This sand must be unloaded from transport vehicles into proppant storage vessels, conveyed from the storage vessel to the fracturing blender, and mixed with fluid before being pumped down hole. Silica dust becomes airborne during this process, and onsite personnel can be exposed to that silica dust.
In addition to posing a potential health risk if not handled properly or if personal protective equipment (PPE) is not worn, the silica dust can also negatively affect the fracturing equipment. It can lead to premature wear and failure of high-value capital equipment. For example, the dust increases the frequency of engine air filter changes and can plug radiator cores, reducing cooling capacity. Additionally, silica dust is highly abrasive and can cause premature wear on cylinders, bearings, gear sets, shafts, and other moving parts.
Vacuum style dust collectors for capturing airborne silica have recently been introduced on some fracturing sites. Personnel exposure to respirable crystalline silica can be reduced and the negative effects on equipment minimized when using these dust collectors. However, one challenge introduced by the use of the collector is the need for packaging and disposal of the captured dust. This paper discusses an apparatus and ergonomic method for packaging and disposing of the dust once it is removed from the air. The apparatus is composed of a plenum chamber formed in a funnel or a frustum configuration that discharges into a distribution assembly. The distribution assembly includes a number of individual chutes, each equipped with a circular collar at the outlet, facilitating the attachment of dust collection sacks. The plenum chamber, distribution chute assembly, and individual dust collection sacks are supported by a frame assembly. This apparatus is used to package the material exiting the dust collector in easily transportable containers.
Use of Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials to Regulate the Temperature of Oilwell Cement
Authors: Pang Xueyu , Goel Vivek , Jimenez Walmy Cuello 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
During oilwell cementing operations, many situations occur for which it is crucial to regulate the temperature of the cement slurry during and after its placement. Limiting the temperature increase of cement-based composite materials has been traditionally achieved by reducing the heat of hydration of the composite (e.g., through the use of supplementary cementitious materials or inert filling materials). However, the total amount of heat generated by a cement composite is primarily determined by the hydration extent of the cement, which has a strong correlation with the composite's strength development. Reducing the heat of hydration of oilwell cement through chemical means typically results in lower strength of the material, especially during early ages.
This study investigates the application of a novel material, namely microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs), to regulate the temperature of oilwell cement using a physical method. The MPCM acts as an energy storage medium that absorbs heat when the temperature of the cement reaches the melting point of the PCM and releases heat when the temperature drops below its freezing/crystallization point. The solid polymer shell that encapsulates the PCM prevents the melted material from chemically interacting with the cement matrix. Hence, the strength development of the cement matrix is largely unaffected. Moreover, the set cement composite appears to be more elastic and less brittle because of the addition of the MPCM, which is beneficial to the long-term integrity of the cement.
During this study, the heat evolution of cement slurries was investigated by both isothermal calorimetry and semiadiabatic tests. A similar amount of heat was generated by most slurries, as shown by isothermal calorimetry tests. However, results from semiadiabatic tests and compressive strength tests show that the slurry prepared with MPCM in a solid state exhibited minimal temperature increase and optimal mechanical properties (high-strength and high-strain capacity), which can be attributed to desirable properties of the PCM, including high latent heat, high specific heat capacity, as well as high elasticity.