bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the retrieval of the specular reflection in GNSS carrier observations for ocean altimetry
Authors: Semmling A. M. , Schmidt T. , Wickert J. , Schön S. , Fabra F. , Cardellach E. , Rius A. 
Published: November 2012

This paper presents an altimetric method for ocean monitoring by remote sensing. It uses carrier observations of reflected GNSS signals. The method is illustrated in a simulation study and applied to a long term experiment yielding an ocean tide spectrum. The altimetric concept is based on residual observations of Doppler frequency. A linear relation between Doppler residuals f0 and height departures ΔHfrom the surface level is derived. In contrast to existing phase‐based methods which are constrained by smooth ocean conditions, the frequency‐based retrieval here described holds good for rougher ocean conditions. Two retrievals of Doppler residuals are distinguished: Tracking Retrieval and Spectral Retrieval. A simulation study investigates the performance of Spectral Retrieval for a rough ocean surface with a noise‐like sea level deviationξ(t). Simulation settings were adjusted to reflection events in coastal experiments with an elevation range of [5…15] deg. In this range Tracking Retrieval tolerates a surface standard deviation σξ < 5 cm, whereas Spectral Retrieval tolerates σξ ≤ 30 cm. These limits correspond to significant wave heights of 20 cm for Tracking Retrieval and 1.2 m for Spectral Retrieval. The simulation results are confirmed by applying the altimetric method to the experimental data. The recovery of continuous phase tracks in experimental data is onerous and Tracking Retrieval only works for a period of smooth ocean conditions (162 events). By contrast, Spectral Retrieval yields altimetric estimates throughout the whole experiment (2607 events). The altimetric time series extends over more than 60 days and results in a tide spectrum that resolves diurnal (K1) and semidiurnal (M2, S2) constituents. The formal precision for these estimates lies in the decimeter range.
Redox-dependent stability of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase enzyme of Escherichia coli: a novel means of redox regulation
Authors: Kumar Shailesh , Kasturia Neha , Sharma Amit , Datt Manish , Bachhawat Anand K. 
Published: November 2012

Glutathione is a thiol-containing tripeptide that plays important roles in redox-related processes. The first step in glutathione biosynthesis is catalysed by γ-GCS (γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase). The crystal structure of Escherichia coli γ-GCS has revealed the presence of a disulfide bond. As the disulfide-bonding cysteine residues Cys372 and Cys395 are not well conserved among γ-GCS enzymes in this lineage, we have initiated a biochemical genetic strategy to investigate the functional importance of these and other cysteine residues. In a cysteine-free γ-GCS that was non-functional, suppressor analysis yielded combinations of cysteine and aromatic residues at the position of the disulfide bond, and one mutant that lacked any cysteine residues. Kinetic analysis of the wild-type and mutant enzymes revealed that the disulfide bond was not involved in determining the affinity of the enzyme towards its substrate, but had an important role in determining the stability of the protein, and its catalytic efficiency. We show that in vivo the γ-GCS enzyme can also exist in a reduced form and that the mutants lacking the disulfide bond show a decreased half-life. These results demonstrate a novel means of regulation of γ-GCS by the redox environment that works by an alteration in its stability.
Structural characterization of the mechanism through which human glutamic acid decarboxylase auto-activates
Authors: Langendorf Christopher G. , Tuck Kellie L. , Key Trevor L. G. , Fenalti Gustavo , Pike Robert N. , Rosado Carlos J. , Wong Anders S. M. , Buckle Ashley M. , Law Ruby H. P. , Whisstock James C. 
Published: November 2012

Imbalances in GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) homoeostasis underlie psychiatric and movement disorders. The ability of the 65 kDa isoform of GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), GAD65, to control synaptic GABA levels is influenced through its capacity to auto-inactivate. In contrast, the GAD67 isoform is constitutively active. Previous structural insights suggest that flexibility in the GAD65 catalytic loop drives enzyme inactivation. To test this idea, we constructed a panel of GAD65/67 chimaeras and compared the ability of these molecules to auto-inactivate. Together, our data reveal the important finding that the C-terminal domain of GAD plays a key role in controlling GAD65 auto-inactivation. In support of these findings, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of a GAD65/67 chimaera that reveals that the conformation of the catalytic loop is intimately linked to the C-terminal domain.
The role of genre in information structuring in English
Authors: Kerz Elma 
Published: November 2012

In a recent paper, Biber and Gray (2010) provide empirical evidence for the dramatic increase of compressed structures in English academic writing over the last 100 years. According to their corpus findings, the grammatical complexity of academic writing displays a phrasal rather than clausal character, the corollary of which is a compressed rather than elaborated discourse style (the latter one being typical of spoken registers). Given this finding, the question arises as to how far the traditional view that information structure should be viewed as a single partition of information within a given utterance adequately accounts for genre-specific information packaging strategies.	To provide an answer to this question, the current study sets out to explore and compare information structuring within what will be referred to here as ‘compression strategies’, namely the use of adverbial subordinate clauses, -ING constructions, and complex NP constructions across two different genres: the highly compressed genre of research article abstracts, and fiction. The findings reported here suggest that in more compressed discourse styles such as academic writing, there is a higher probability of encountering information structure partition not only at the clausal but also at the phrasal level. The present paper highlights the importance of genre variation as one predictor of variation in information structuring within constructions.
Living between Worlds Ancient and Modern: The Musical Collaboration of Kathleen Schlesinger and Elsie Hamilton
Authors: Bowan Kate 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMusicology has recently re-evaluated the nature, form and purpose of musical biography, reflecting a broader ‘biographical turn’ in the humanities. This article takes up recent challenges to move beyond the traditional model of the ‘life and works’ of ‘great’ composers and joins the search for new paradigms of musical biography. The lives of the Australian microtonal composer Elsie Hamilton (1880–1965) and the British music archaeologist Kathleen Schlesinger (1862–1953), and their collaboration, which spanned three decades, are offered as a case study that demonstrates the importance of international and transnational networks for comparative musicology and modern music, and reveals the role of women as critical agents of scholarship and cultural transmission. It also lays bare the considerable influence exerted by the fin de siècle occult revival upon the search for new modalities of musical expression. It is an example of how a biographical approach allows an expansive examination of a mentalité and can bring together a range of discourses to reveal unrecognized connections and relationships.
At the Intersection of Public and Private Musical Life: Brahms's Op. 51 String Quartets
Authors: Sumner Lott Marie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBrahms's dedication of his op. 51 string quartets (1873) to the surgeon Theodor Billroth provides a window into Brahms's musico-political views in the 1870s that has hitherto been unexplored by music scholars. Analysis of correspondence, performance traditions and the scores of these two quartets demonstrates that Brahms chose to align himself and his works with the learned connoisseurs of the domestic chamber-music-making tradition, represented by Billroth and his frequent musical soirées. Brahms's music also shows the influence of Joseph Joachim, his oldest and dearest friend and Europe's premier chamber musician. Brahms's compositional choices in these two works combine public and private musical styles, to offer a touching memorial to earlier composers and friends, and to provide a teachable moment for the musical public.
Bartók, Beethoven and the Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion
Authors: Russ Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe first movement of Bartók's Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion (1937) has been noted for its Beethovenian use of sonata form and shares a number of features with the ‘Waldstein’ Sonata. This article examines the relationship between these two composers and these two works, starting with an examination of Bartók's use of sonata form. It attempts to establish whether Bartók borrowed gratefully from his predecessor in an attempt to ‘synthesize’ old and new, folk and art, or whether he misread Beethoven in the anxious process of carving a place for himself in the musical canon.
The Closest Thing to Crazy: The Shocking Scarcity of Septuple Time in Western Music
Authors: Gustar Andrew James 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article considers why septuple metres are so rare in Western music, despite being common in many other cultures. The scene is set by tracing the history of the septuple-time ‘meme’ (an idea that replicates by imitation) from ancient Greece through to Western art and popular music. The following sections consider the psychological, musical and environmental factors in more detail. The scarcity of septuple time in Western music is largely attributable to the development of the time signature, as a vertical conception of music evolved during the Renaissance. Subsequent evolution of the ‘Western music memeplex’ maintained septuple time on its periphery. Analysis of this interaction permits the construction of a meme-centred narrative of aspects of the development of Western music.
Personality Disorder and Psychopathy as Predictors of Psychosocial and Criminological Outcome in Mentally Disordered Offenders
Authors: McCarthy Lucy , Huband Nick , Patel Shireen , Banerjee Penny , Duggan Conor 
Published: November 2012

Ninety-five patients discharged from a specialist Personality Disorder (PD) service were prospectively assessed for Axis II disorders and Psychopathy. Sequential regression models tested the ability of different conceptual definitions of PD and Psychopathy to predict criminological and psychosocial outcome over a mean follow-up of 4.16 years. Trait definitions of PD modestly predicted criminological outcome. After controlling for age, IQ and PD, time to first reconviction after entering the community was predicted by PCL-R Factors 1, 2, and previous convictions. Psychosocial outcome was predicted by PCL-R with high scores on the affective-interpersonal Factor 1 providing strongest prediction of poor psychosocial outcome.
Mn-doped TiO2 thin films with significantly improved optical and electrical properties
Authors: Lu Liu , Xia Xiaohong , Luo J K , Shao G 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
TiO2 thin films with various Mn doping contents were fabricated by reactive magnetron sputtering deposition at 550 °C and their structural, optical and electrical properties were characterized. All films were made of densely packed columnar grains with a fibrous texture along the normal direction of the substrate. The as-deposited structure in the pure TiO2 film consisted of anatase grains with the [1 0 1] texture. Mn incorporation stabilized the rutile phase and induced lattice contraction in the [1 0 0] direction. The texture in the Mn-doped films changed from [1 1 0] to [2 0 0] with increasing Mn content. The incorporation of Mn in the TiO2 lattice introduced intermediate bands into its narrowed forbidden gap, leading to remarkable red-shifts in the optical absorption edges, together with significantly improved electrical conductivity of the thin films. Hall measurement showed that the incorporation of Mn-induced p-type conductivity, with hole mobility in heavily doped TiO2 (∼40% Mn) being about an order higher than electron mobility in single-crystal rutile TiO2. Oxygen vacancies, on the other hand, interacted with substitutional Mn atoms to reduce its effect on optical and electrical properties.
Obtaining precise electron swarm parameters from a pulsed Townsend setup
Authors: Dahl Dominik A , Teich Timm H , Franck Christian M 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A swarm parameter experiment is introduced, which implements the pulsed Townsend (PT) electrical method with a high degree of automatization. The experimental setup and measurement procedures are described in detail, and a comprehensive definition of the swarm model is given and used for signal analysis. The intrinsic parameters of electron drift currents in the PT method are identified, and novel regression methods are presented for obtaining electron swarm parameters from PT measurements. The setup and methods are verified with measurements in Ar, N2 and CO2, which are focused on the (E/N)-range between dominating electron attachment and weakly dominating ionization. The present data are compared with experimental reference data, and to electron transport coefficients calculated by a Boltzmann solver and simulated by a Monte Carlo method. Excellent agreement was found between the present data and the Monte Carlo results, but there are significant discrepancies to widely used recommended swarm parameters of N2 and CO2. Finally, it is proposed to revise some hitherto recommended values of electron transport coefficients.
Fluid simulation of the phase-shift effect in Ar/CF4 capacitively coupled plasmas
Authors: Zhang Yu-Ru , Bogaerts Annemie , Wang You-Nian 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model combined with the full set of Maxwell equations is employed to investigate an Ar/CF4 capacitively coupled plasma, focusing on the phase-shift effect on the plasma characteristics at various frequencies and gas mixture ratios. When the discharge is sustained by a single frequency at 13.56 MHz in an Ar/CF4 mixture with a ratio of 0.9/0.1, no obvious difference is detected between the electron densities obtained in the so-called electrostatic model (with only the static electric fields taken into account) and the electromagnetic model (which includes the electromagnetic effects). However, as the frequency increases to 60 and 100 MHz, the difference becomes distinct, due to the significant influence of the electromagnetic effects.
The phase-shift effect on the plasma radial uniformity has also been investigated in a dual frequency discharge, i.e. when the top driven source is switched on with a phase difference φ ranging from 0 to π, in the frequency range 13.56–100 MHz. At low concentration of CF4 (10%), Ar+ ions are the major positive ions in the entire range of frequencies. When the frequency is low, i.e. 13.56 MHz, the Ar+ density exhibits an off-axis peak at φ = 0 due to the edge effect, and a better uniformity caused by the phase-shift modulation is obtained at φ = π. At 60 MHz, the Ar+ density varies from edge-peaked at φ = 0 to uniform (i.e. at φ = 0.53π), and finally at φ = π, a broad maximum is observed at the centre due to the standing-wave effect. As the frequency increases to 100 MHz, the best radial uniformity is reached at 0.25π, and the maximum moves again towards the radial wall in the reverse-phase case (φ = π) due to the dominant skin effect.
When the frequency is fixed at 100 MHz, the phase-shift control shows a different behaviour at a high concentration of CF4. For instance, the

density profiles shift from edge-high over uniform to centre-high, as the CF4 content increases from 10% to 90%, which indicates that the skin effect is suppressed by the high electronegativity of the Ar/CF4 = 0.1/0.9 mixture. Moreover, the ratio of the total negative ion density to electron density decreases with increasing frequency, and it increases with CF4 content. In addition,

ions become the major positive ions in the discharge with 90% CF4.
Formation process and electron-beam incident energy dependence of one-dimensional uneven peanut-shaped C60 polymer studied using in situ high-resolution infrared spectroscopy and density-functional calculations
Authors: Takashima Akito , Nishii Toshiaki , Onoe Jun 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A 3 kV electron-beam irradiation of a C60 film gives rise to formation of one-dimensional (1D) uneven peanut-shaped C60 polymer with a cross-linked structure close to that of the P08 C120 stable isomer obtained from the general Stone–Wales rearrangement. In this study, we examined the evolution of infrared (IR) spectra of C60 films with respect to electron beam (EB) irradiation time, using in situ high-resolution IR spectroscopy and first-principles density-functional calculations, and found semi-quantitatively that the 1D uneven peanut-shaped C60 polymer is formed via intermediate polymers with a cross-linkage close to that of P04 and P06 C120 isomers obtained from GWS rearrangement. In addition, we examined the dependence of EB-induced C60 polymerization on an incident energy of EB in the range 3–7 kV. IR spectra obtained for 5 and 7 kV EB irradiation of C60films showed the same product as for 3 kV EB irradiation. However, when 5 and 7 kV EBs continued to irradiate C60 films for a long time after the polymer formation, the 1D peanut-shaped polymer did not proceed to become 1D polymers with a more coalesced linkage than that of the P08 one but was destroyed to become amorphous carbons.
Experimental imaging of separatrix splitting on DIII-D
Authors: Shafer M.W. , Unterberg E.A. , Orlov D.M. , Evans T.E. , Harris J.H. , Hillis D.L. , Maingi R. , Moyer R.A. , Nazikian R. , Wingen A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Perturbations in the plasma boundary due to the application of non-axisymmetric n = 3 fields (δ
B/B ∼ 10−4−10−3) were measured in the X-point region in DIII-D by tangential imaging of extreme ultra-violet and soft x-ray emission. Vacuum-field calculations show that these perturbations take the form of lobes extending outwards from the unperturbed separatrix. These structures can be resolved in experiment by performing a differential measurement of the image for different toroidal phases of the applied perturbation. Forward modelling of the line-integrated image with a synthetic diagnostic is used to directly compare the measurement with vacuum-field calculations. Results indicate the existence of these lobes match well with the measured data. These lobes are observed to shift poloidally on the high-field side of the magnetic axis as the edge magnetic safety factor is varied, consistent with vacuum-field calculations.
Radiative type-III ELMy H-mode in all-tungsten ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Rapp J. , Kallenbach A. , Neu R. , Eich T. , Fischer R. , Herrmann A. , Potzel S. , van Rooij G.J. , Zielinski J.J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The type-III ELMy H-mode might be the solution for an integrated ITER operation scenario fulfilling the fusion power amplification factor (output fusion power to input heating power) of Q = 10 with simultaneous acceptable steady-state and transient power loads to the plasma-facing components. This highly radiative type-III ELMy H-mode is achieved by nitrogen seeding. Experiments on the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade, in which all plasma-facing components are coated with tungsten, showed favourable confinement conditions (H
98(y,2) = 1) at high plasma pressure (β
N = 2.4). The power load to the plasma-facing components is as low as ≈3 MW m−2 during the peak heat loads due to edge localized modes (ELMs) at high radiative power fractions of f
rad ≈ 0.75. In those high-density discharges the central impurity concentration is very low as a result of hollow nitrogen density profiles and minimal erosion of tungsten. The tungsten erosion is not only suppressed in between ELMs, when the divertor is detached, but also during the type-III ELM activity. Such low impurity concentrations in the plasma core might lead to even higher fusion amplification factors in ITER than 10. This is a demonstration of the compatibility of the radiating type-III ELMy H-mode with a tungsten divertor and main chamber wall, with sufficient confinement and favourable power exhaust characteristics. Together with previous results in all-carbon devices this demonstration strengthens the case for a potential application of a Q = 10 scenario on ITER.
Formularization of the confinement enhancement factor as a function of the heating profile for FFHR-d1 core plasma design
Authors: Miyazawa J. , Goto T. , Sakamoto R. , Motojima G. , Suzuki C. , Funaba H. , Morisaki T. , Masuzaki S. , Yamada I. , Murakami S. , Suzuki Y. , Yokoyama M. , Peterson B.J. , Yamada H. , Sagara A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A quantitative estimation of the confinement enhancement due to the heating profile effect is introduced to the helical fusion DEMO reactor design of FFHR-d1, based on the experimental results of the Large Helical Device. By applying this to the direct profile extrapolation (DPE) method, radial profiles in the reactor are extrapolated from experimental results. In reactor plasmas, the heat deposition profile of alpha heating is expected to be peaked in the core region as in the case of tangential neutral beam (NB) injection on low-density plasmas. The height of the pressure profile normalized by the gyro-Bohm-type parameter dependence increases with the power (∼0.6) of the peaking factor of the heat deposition profile, as long as the core confinement degradation observed in low-density plasmas is ignored. According to this observation, the confinement enhancement factor expected under the self-ignition condition ranges from ∼1.1 to ∼1.7, for example, depending on the used data. Degradation of the global energy confinement observed in high-density NB-heated plasmas is mitigated and the gyro-Bohm-type parameter dependence reappears after introducing the confinement enhancement due to the heating profile effect. Finally, typical example profiles in FFHR-d1 are provided by the DPE method for future analyses.
Active feedback stabilization of the flute instability in a mirror machine using field-aligned coils
Authors: Lifshitz A. , Be'ery I. , Fisher A. , Ron A. , Fruchtman A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A plasma confined in linear mirror machines is unstable even at low β, mainly because of the flute instability. One possible way to stabilize the plasma is to use active feedback to correct the plasma shape in real time. The theoretically investigated apparatus consists of feedback coils aligned with the magnetic field, immersed in a cold plasma around the hot core. When the current through the feedback coils changes, the plasma moves to conserve the magnetic flux via compressional Alfvén waves. An analytical model is used to find a robust feedback algorithm with zero residual currents. It is shown that due to the plasma's rotation, maximal stability is obtained with a large phase angle between the perturbations' modes and the feedback integral-like term. Finally, a two-dimensional MHD simulation implementing the above algorithm in fact shows stabilization of the plasma with zero residual currents.