bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical and biological induction of resistance to the clover cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii) in white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: Scott Eileen , Kempster Valerie , Davies Kerrie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPossible induction of resistance to the clover cyst nematode, Heterodera trifolii, in white clover, Trifolium repens, by application of two chemical inducers and of soil-borne Pseudomonas-like spp. and Bacillus cereus was investigated. Salicylic acid and benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester, applied as a root drench in growth cabinet soil bioassays, affected development of H. trifolii in cvs Haifa and Grasslands Huia. Treatments reduced fecundity of the nematodes, increasing the proportions of distorted females and of females with fewer eggs compared to water-treated controls. Application of pectinolytic fluorescent pseudomonad strains P29 and P80, and B. cereus strain B1, induced a response similar to that resulting from the chemical induction. Both live and dead cells of P29, but not cell-free culture filtrate, induced these effects on H. trifolii. A non-pectinolytic, fluorescent pseudomonad, strain P37, had no effect. From the nature of the responses, it is concluded that the effects of both the chemical and bacterial agents have similarities to resistance. From the timing of applications and known properties of both agents, these effects seem similar to induced systemic resistance.
Microflora of Meloidogyne egg masses: species composition, population density and effect on the biocontrol agent Verticillium chlamydosporium (Goddard)
Authors: Kok C.J.(Hans) , Papert Artemis , Bok-A-Bin C.B.(Chula) 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEgg masses of Meloidogyne fallax from tomato and potato growing in soil from a nematode suppressive and a nonsuppressive field sustained bacterial population densities two to three orders of magnitude higher than those of the rhizosphere soil. BIOLOG metabolic profiling identified 16 bacterial species from egg masses. Results further indicated 20 species not listed in the BIOLOG database. 122 isolates of bacteria and 19 isolates of fungi from M. fallax or M. hapla were tested for in vitro antagonism against the nematode egg parasitic fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium: 23% of the bacteria and 74% of the fungi showed antagonistic activity. Pseudomonads showed an overall stronger antagonistic activity than the other bacteria. Our conclusions are that Meloidogyne egg masses are a densely populated microbial niche and that their microflora may well be an important factor in determining the success of nematode antagonists. However, we could not find a relationship between the egg mass microflora and differences in soil suppressiveness between the sample sites.
Bentonite and double hydroxides as emulsifying agents
Authors: Abend S. , Lagaly G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe use of solid-laden emulsions (Pickering emulsions) provides an interesting alternative to normal emulsions because the need for organic surfactants is removed or reduced. Combination of a bentonite with a layered double hydroxide represents an effective emulsifying system and provides high stability against coalescence. Solid contents as low as 0.1% (w/w, related to the total mass of the emulsion) are sufficient to prepare very stable O/W emulsions; the mass ratio of hydroxide/bentonite is not critical but should vary between 0.25 and 4 (corresponding to mass fractions of the hydroxide between χ = 0.2 and 0.8). With large hydroxide contents, stabilization is mainly caused by the envelope of hydroxide particles around the oil droplets. This shell provides a mechanical barrier against coalescence, typical of Pickering emulsions described so far. Addition of increasing amounts of bentonite provides an additional stabilization by building-up a threedimensional network consisting of both types of particles spanning the coherent phase. A high storage modulus at mass fractions of the hydroxide between 0.2 and 0.8 indicates high flexibility for the inorganic framework which is considered to be an important factor in the high stability of these emulsions.
Influence of counterion species on the dehydroxylation of Ca2+-, Mg2+-, Na+- and K+-exchanged Wyoming montmorillonite
Authors: Bray H. J. , Redfern S. A. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe dehydroxylation of Ca-, K-, Mg- and Na-saturated Wyoming montmorillonite has been studied by thermogravimetry (TG), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples saturated with either Ca2+ or Mg2+ show a predominantly diffusion-controlled reaction step, whereas Wyoming montmorillonite with Na+ and K+ in the interlayer exhibit control closer to first order. The activation energy of dehydroxylation is not significantly correlated to the type of interlayer cation present, in turn demonstrating that the role of vacancy location in the octahedral sheet is more significant a control on dehydroxylation.
Pressure buffering in a diamond anvil cell
Authors: Arlt T. , Angel R. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe clinopyroxenes kanoite and spodumene were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) at room temperature. At the displacive phase transitions between the C2/c and P21/c polymorphs both phases coexist within the same crystal. In this two-phase region the pressure in the DAC remains constant. The experimental results demonstrate that pressure buffering at first-order phase transitions can occur in the DAC.
Crystal structure of Na4[Cu4O2(SO4)4]·MeCl (Me: Na, Cu, ☐) – the synthetic Na-analogue of piypite (caratiite)
Authors: Kahlenberg V. , Piotrowski A. , Giester G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe crystal structure of Na4[Cu4O2(SO4)4] MeCl (Me: Na,Cu,☐) has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.028 using 2466 independent reflections. The compound is tetragonal with space group P4/n, a = 18.451(1)Å, c = 4.9520(2)Å, Z = 4. The two main building units running parallel to the c-axis comprise: (1) slabs containing SO4 and OCu4 tetrahedra; and (2) chains of corner sharing Me(Cl,O)6 octahedra. The displacement ellipsoids of the atoms occupying the Me sites and of the Cl ions indicate a short-range static disorder. Copper in the slabs exhibits a (4+1) coordination. Both elements form a tunnel structure in which additional Na atoms are incorporated for charge compensation. The structure is closely related to the mineral piypite (K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 MeCl (Me: Na,Cu,☐)): . Furthermore, the structure has a pronounced pseudo-translational symmetry: apart from some of the oxygen sites, all of the nineteen crystallographically distinct positions are related by a pseudo F centring.
Determination of six new polytypes in parisite-(Ce) by means of high resolution electron microscopy
Authors: Dawei Meng , Xiuling Wu , Tao Mou , Douxing Li 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ultrastructures of parisite-(Ce) from a rare-earth mineral deposit of Sichuan Province, southwest China, have been observed and investigated by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Six new polytypes 4H, 10H, 16H, 18R, 24R and 30R were determined in parisite-(Ce), as were their crystal structure types, subcell (a′c‴, a′c″, a′c′) and supercell (ac) parameters, reflection conditions, polytype features and probable space groups. The HREM studies revealed the complex polytypism in parisite-(Ce) whereby the six new polytypes, formed by long-period ordered stacking, always coexist with the common polytype parisite-(Ce)-6R by syntaxy and thus constitute the complex microstructural ‘syntactic polycrystals’, the host of which is the polytype parisite-(Ce)-6R.
Rapid exsolution behaviour in the bornite–digenite series, and implications
for natural ore assemblages
Authors: Grguric B. A. , Putnis A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Intermediate compositions along the bornite–digenite join exsolve during
quenching from above-solvus temperatures. This involves vacancy clustering and
cation ordering processes, and is facilitated by fast cation diffusion rates in
the presence of a large (10–25%) metal vacancy population. Samples of six
different compositions across the
bornite–Cu9S5 join, synthesised from
component elements in sealed quartz capsules, were water-quenched from 600°C and
analysed using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction (HRPD). Time-of-flight
spectra measured at room temperature showed all intermediate compositions had
exsolved into mixtures of bornite and low digenite with a
5.0a superstructure. No evidence for the presence of
any other phase was found. Variations in the lattice parameters of the exsolved
bornite phase were observed for different bulk compositions across the join, and
ascribed to variations in the degree of order. Bornite exsolved from digenite-rich
compositions may not be fully ordered due to the much lower solvus temperatures at
the Cu-rich end of the solid solution. As only slight differences were observed
between the diffraction patterns of a visibly exsolved and a rapidly quenched
sample of the same bulk composition, the formation of optically-visible exsolution
lamellae on {100} is ascribed to a process of coalescence of sub-microscopic
domains initially formed during the quenching process. The rapid kinetics of
exsolution at geologically low temperatures, explains the lack of authenticated
natural occurrences of intermediate compositions in the solid solution in nature,
and the limited degree of stoichiometric variation observed in
end-members.
High-temperature diffusion of oxygen in synthetic diopside measured by nuclear
reaction analysis
Authors: Pacaud L. , Ingrin J. , Jaoul O. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have performed O self-diffusion experiments in synthetic diopside single
crystals along the b-axis at temperatures ranging from
1473–1643 K, under controlled O partial pressure
(10−11–10−2 atm). The
18O tracer diffusion was imposed by solid/gas exchange
between 16O in diopside and
18O2-enriched
argon-hydrogen-H2O gas mixture. Diffusion profiles of
18O were measured by Nuclear Reaction Analysis
18O (p,α) 15N. The diffusion
coefficients are described by , with log
D0(m2/s)=−9.2
± 1.0 and E 310 ± 30 kJ/mol.
Our results are in agreement with Ryerson and McKeegan's (1994) data and
Farver's (1989) data along a direction perpendicular to the
c direction. Experiments performed in a wide
pO2 range show that
D is independent of
pO2.
We observe no change in the diffusion regime up to 1643 K (i.e. 22 K prior to
melting temperature). This result differs from the diffusion study of Ca in
diopside by Dimanov and Ingrin (1995), where a strong enhancement of Ca mobility,
attributed to an excess disorder in the Ca-sublattice, was observed above 1523 K.
We conclude that O diffusion in diopside is not affected by this premelting
phenomenon.
Induction of tolerance to human factor VIII in mice
Authors: Chao Hengjun , Walsh Christopher E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This paper reports loss of human factor VIII (hFVIII) inhibitory antibody in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. High-titer anti-hFVIII antibody developed in the mice within 7 to 14 days of intraportal administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying FVIII that coincided with a reduction in plasma hFVIII antigen. Bethesda titers (&gt; 100 units) persisted relatively unchanged for 9 to 10 months. Unexpectedly, at 10 months after injection of the virus, hFVIII protein (up to 59 ng/mL) was detected in 3 mice at the same time as disappearance of hFVIII inhibitor. The level of hFVIII was similar to that found in immunodeficient mice receiving the same dose of recombinant AAV carrying hFVIII without hFVIII inhibitor. These results suggest that tolerance to hFVIII can be induced by sustained expression of hFVIII in a mouse model. Further elucidation of this observation may affect use of FVIII gene transfer in the treatment of inhibitor-positive patients with hemophilia A.
Down-regulation of interleukin-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor β-chain in BCR-ABL+human leukemic cells: association with loss of cytokine-mediated Stat-5 activation and protection from apoptosis after BCR-ABL inhibition
Authors: Donato Nicholas J. , Wu Ji Y. , Zhang Ling , Kantarjian Hagop , Talpaz Moshe 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral signaling cascades are engaged by expression of the p210 bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, and evidence suggests that these signals drive leukemogenesis. In this report, signaling pathways were examined and compared between cells derived from leukemic patients and cells expressing a bcr-abl construct (MBA). The effects of acute inhibition of bcr-abl with STI-571 on these signals and the survival of bcr-abl–expressing cells were also evaluated. Expression of bcr-abl in interleukin-3 (IL-3)/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)–dependent Mo7e cells (MBA) resulted in growth factor independence, constitutive activation of Stat-5 phosphorylation, engagement of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signals, and increased expression of PTP1B and bcl-xL. STI-571 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in bcr-abl–expressing cells (MBA, K562, BV-173, KBM5) but not in bcr-abl− tumor cells (Mo7e, KG-1, ME-180, Daudi). STI-571–mediated apoptosis correlated with the inhibition of Stat-5 and MAP kinase activation and a reduction in overexpressed bcl-xL but not in PTP1B. Inhibitor had no effect on IL-3/GM-CSF–dependent Mo7e cell signaling and did not prevent activation of the other Jak/Stat pathways (interferon α, IL-3/GM-CSF). However, neither IL-3 nor GM-CSF could reactivate Stat-5 after the STI-571–mediated inhibition of bcr-abl. Expression of the common β-chain of the IL-3/GM-CSF receptor was down-regulated in Stat-5–activated myeloid leukemic cells, suppressing IL-3/GM-CSF signal transduction and the ability of these cytokines to provide apoptotic protection. These studies suggest that bcr-abl activates cytokine-independent mechanisms of survival while inactivating intrinsic cytokine signaling cascades, making bcr-abl+myeloid cells vulnerable to apoptosis after bcr-abl inactivation.
Induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses against immunoglobulin V region–derived peptides modified at human leukocyte antigen–A2 binding residues
Authors: Harig Sabine , Witzens Mathias , Krackhardt Angela M. , Trojan Andreas , Barrett Patrick , Broderick Ryan , Zauls A. Jason , Gribben John G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses can be generated against peptides derived from the immunoglobulin (Ig) V region in some but not all patients. The main reason for this appears to be the low peptide-binding affinity of Ig-derived peptides to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and their resulting low immunogenicity. This might be improved by conservative amino acid modifications at the MHC-binding residues of the peptides (heteroclitic peptides). In this study, it was found that in 18 Ig-derived peptides, that heteroclitic peptides from the Ig gene with improved binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 can be used to improve CTL responses. Amino acid substitution substantially increased predicted binding affinity, and there was a strong correlation between predicted and actual binding to HLA-A*0201. CTLs generated against the heteroclitic peptide had not only enhanced cytotoxicity against the heteroclitic peptide but also increased killing of antigen-presenting cells pulsed with the native peptide. Surprisingly, no difference was observed in the frequency of T cells detected by MHC class I peptide tetramers after stimulation with the heteroclitic peptide compared with the native peptide. CTLs generated against heteroclitic peptides could kill patients' tumor cells, showing that Ig-derived peptides can be presented by the tumor cell and that the failure to mount an immune response (among other reasons) likely results from the low immunogenicity of the native Ig-derived peptide. These results suggest that heteroclitic Ig-derived peptides can enhance immunogenicity, thereby eliciting immune responses, and that they might be useful tools for enhancing immunotherapy approaches to treating B-cell malignant diseases.
Correlation of peripheral blood OX40+(CD134+) T cells with chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kotani Ai , Ishikawa Takayuki , Matsumura Yumi , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Ohno Hitoshi , Hori Toshiyuki , Uchiyama Takashi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere is no reliable laboratory indicator of the onset of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). This study looks at whether the expression of OX40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is related to the development of cGVHD in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 22 patients after day 100 were subjected to multicolor flow cytometry. The percentages of both OX40+CD4+ and OX40+CD8+T cells were significantly higher in patients with cGVHD than those without (P &lt; .0001 and P = .001, respectively). Serial analyses showed that OX40+CD4+ T cells elevated before the onset of cGVHD and closely correlated with the therapeutic response. The expression of CD25, CD69, and HLA-DR was partially detectable on OX40+ T cells. These results indicate that serial measurement of OX40+ T cells is useful for predicting the onset as well as the therapeutic response of cGVHD and raise a possibility that the OX40/gp34 system is involved in the pathogenesis of cGVHD.
Perverted responses of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor in mouse cell lines due to cross-species β-subunit association
Authors: McClure Barbara , Stomski Frank , Lopez Angel , Woodcock Joanna 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Transfected murine cell lines are commonly used to study the function of many human cytokine or receptor mutants. This study reports the inappropriate activation of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) receptor by the human GM-CSF antagonist, E21R, when the human receptor is introduced into the murine cell line BaF-B03. E21R-induced proliferation of the BaF-B03 cells is dependent on transfection with both hGM-CSF receptor α and βc subunits. Studies on the underlying mechanism revealed constitutive association between human and mouse βc and GM-CSF receptor-α, tyrosine phosphorylation of mouse and human βc, and association of phosphorylated mouse βc into an activated human GM-CSF receptor complex in response to E21R and GM-CSF. This interspecies receptor cross-talk of receptor signaling subunits may produce misleading results and emphasizes the need to use cell lines devoid of the cognate endogenous receptors for functional analysis of ligand and receptor mutants.
Inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor function by a splice variant of the common β-receptor subunit
Authors: Wagner Katharina , Kafert-Kasting Sabine , Heil Gerhard , Ganser Arnold , Eder Matthias 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe receptors for human granuloctye-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-5 are composed of a ligand-specific α-chain (eg, α–GM-CSF receptor [α-GMR]) and a common β-subunit (β-GMR). Ligand binding is believed to induce assembly or conformational changes in preformed complexes containing more than one α- and β-subunit in the activated receptor complex. To analyze the function of a splice variant of β-GMR with a truncation in the intracellular domain (β-GMRIT), BaF-3 cells expressing human α-GMR plus β-GMR were transfected with β-GMRIT. In these cells, coexpression of β-GMRIT inhibits GM-CSF–mediated survival and proliferation in a GM-CSF concentration–dependent manner. To analyze the effect of cytoplasmic assembly of truncated and full-length intracellular β-GMR sequences, β-GMR and β-GMRIT were coexpressed with different chimeric α/β-GMR constructs. Whereas both β-GMR and β-GMRIT generate high-affinity GMR complexes in the presence of α/β-GMR, β-GMRITinhibits while β-GMR supports proliferation and cell survival mediated by α/β-GMR. Correspondingly, β-GMR, but not β-GMRIT, generates functional GMR complexes when coexpressed with a defective α/β-GMR construct. These data indicate that β-GMRIT can inhibit survival and mitogenic signaling of the wild-type GMR and demonstrate that recruitment of alternatively spliced receptor subunits may regulate the function of heteromeric cytokine receptors.
Effects of fractures on NMO velocities andP‐wave azimuthal AVO response
Authors: Shen Feng , Zhu Xiang , Toksöz M. Nafi 
Published: July 2002

This paper attempts to explain the relationships between fractured medium properties and seismic signatures and distortions induced by geology‐related influences on azimuthal AVO responses. In the presence of vertically aligned fractures, the relationships between fracture parameters (fracture density, fracture aspect ratio, and saturated fluid content) and their seismic signatures are linked with rock physics models of fractured media. The P‐wave seismic signatures studied in this paper include anisotropic parameters (δ(v),(v), and γ(v)), NMO velocities, and azimuthal AVO responses, where δ(v)is responsible for near‐vertical P‐wave velocity variations,(v)defines P‐wave anisotropy, and γ(v)governs the degree of shearwave splitting. The results show that in gas‐saturated fractures, anisotropic parameters δ(v)and(v)vary with fracture density alone. However, in water‐saturated fractures δ(v)and(v)depend on fracture density and crack aspect ratio and are also related to Vp/VSand Vpof background rocks, respectively. Differing from δ(v)and(v), γ(v)is the parameter most related to crack density. It is insensitive to the saturated fluid content and crack aspect ratio. The P‐wave NMO velocities in horizontally layered media are a function of δ(v), and their properties are comparable with those of δ(v).Results from 3‐D finite‐difference modeling show that P‐wave azimuthal AVO variations do not necessarily correlate with the magnitude of fracture density. Our studies reveal that, in addition to Poisson's ratio, other elastic properties of background rocks have an effect on P‐wave azimuthal AVO variations. Varying the saturated fluid content of fractures can lead to azimuthal AVO variations and may greatly change azimuthal AVO responses. For a thin fractured reservoir, a tuning effect related to seismic wavelength and reservoir thickness can result in variations in AVO gradients and in azimuthal AVO variations. Results from instantaneous frequency and instantaneous bandwidth indicate that tuning can also lead to azimuthal variations in the rates of changes of the phase and amplitude of seismic waves. For very thin fractured reservoirs, the effect of tuning could become dominant. Our numerical results show that AVO gradients may be significantly distorted in the presence of overburden anisotropy, which suggests that the inversion of fracture parameters based on an individual AVO response would be biased unless this influence were corrected. Though P‐wave azimuthal AVO variations could be useful for fracture detection, the combination of other types of data is more beneficial than using P‐wave amplitude signatures alone, especially for the quantitative characterization of a fractured reservoir.