bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legitimate Authority in War
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The requirement of legitimate authority—according to which ‘the right of initiating war in a state lies with the sovereign’—was originally introduced in the writings of Augustine, Aquinas, and Pufendorf. This chapter offers a detailed account of the Requirement as it should be understood and an articulation of the moral conviction that underlies it. The chapter then defends the Requirement by addressing the main objection to it: wars are just in virtue of their intrinsic features; it does not matter who fights them. In response to this objection, this chapter shows that Joseph Raz’s ‘normal justification thesis’ supports conferring authority to veto wars on two (usually overlapping) collectives: those on whose behalf the war is fought and those who will bear its costs. The chapter further advances a proceduralist justification of the Requirement arguing that violating it compromises the ideal of fair political participation.
Humanitarian Intervention and the Modern State System
Authors: Emerton Patrick , Handfield Toby 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This chapter argues that, because humanitarian intervention typically involves the military of one state attempting to overthrow another state’s government, it gives rise to different moral questions from simple cases of interpersonal defensive violence. State sovereignty not only protects institutions within a society that contribute to the satisfaction of individuals’ interests and that cannot be easily restored once overthrown; it also plays a role in the constitution of those interests, which cannot be assumed to be invariant across different forms of social life. As a result, humanitarian intervention will frequently give rise to incommensurability between the pre-intervention and post-intervention states of affairs. The reasons against violating sovereignty, together with reasons for conservativism in action that arise in circumstances of incommensurable value, mean that the threshold for the moral permissibility of humanitarian intervention is high. The chapter concludes by outlining how humanitarian intervention might be internationalized, making it easier to justify.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid Inhibits Clostridium difficile Spore Germination and Vegetative Growth, and Prevents the Recurrence of Ileal Pouchitis Associated With the Infection
Authors: Weingarden Alexa R. , Chen Chi , Zhang Ningning , Graiziger Carolyn T. , Dosa Peter I. , Steer Clifford J. , Shaughnessy Megan K. , Johnson James R. , Sadowsky Michael J. , Khoruts Alexander 
Published: October 2015

Goals:
To test whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is inhibitory to Clostridium difficile and can be used in the treatment of C. difficile-associated ileal pouchitis.

Background:
The restoration of secondary bile metabolism may be the key mechanism for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in treating recurrent C. difficile infections (RCDI). Therefore, it is possible that exogenous administration of inhibitory bile acids may be used directly as nonantibiotic therapeutics for this indication. The need for such a treatment alternative is especially significant in patients with refractory C. difficile-associated pouchitis, where the efficacy of FMT may be limited.

Study:
We measured the ability of UDCA to suppress the germination and the vegetative growth of 11 clinical isolate strains of C. difficile from patients treated with FMT for RCDI. In addition, we used oral UDCA to treat a patient with RCDI pouchitis that proved refractory to multiple antibiotic treatments and FMT.

Results:
UDCA was found to be inhibitory to the germination and the vegetative growth of all C. difficile strains tested. Fecal concentrations of UDCA from the patient with RCDI pouchitis exceeded levels necessary to inhibit the germination and the growth of C. difficile in vitro. The patient has remained infection free for over 10 months after the initiation of UDCA.

Conclusions:
UDCA can be considered as a therapeutic option in patients with C. difficile-associated pouchitis. Further studies need to be conducted to define the optimal dose and duration of such a treatment. In addition, bile acid derivatives inhibitory to C. difficile that are able to achieve high intracolonic concentrations may be developed as therapeutics for RCDI colitis.
Chest compression using the foot or hand method: a prospective, randomized, controlled manikin study with school children
Authors: Kherbeche Habib , Exer Nicole , Schuhwerk Wolfram , Ummenhofer Wolfgang , Osterwalder Joseph 
Published: October 2015

Objective
Maintaining a chest compression depth of 5 cm or more as specified by resuscitation guidelines is difficult. Historical studies have shown an advantage of the foot method (FM) over the hand method (HM) in participants weighing less than 50 kg. Because of the fact that the importance of chest compression is increasing from guideline to guideline, the FM technique had not been evaluated conclusively and worldwide resuscitation is taught to school children, we investigated whether school children achieved a higher quality of chest compression with the FM than with the HM.

Methods
A total of 105 school children, aged 12 to 15 years, were randomized to an FM or an HM resuscitation group. After a 3 min training video, 5 min of practice, and a 5 min latent time, the participants performed a 2 min sequence of chest compressions, which was recorded on a PC and evaluated later.

Results
The mean percentage of correct chest compression depth (primary endpoint) was low in both groups (HM 45%, FM 47%, P=0.76). This was also found for those weighing less than 50 kg and at least 50 kg in both groups (FM 23%, HM 34%, P=0.2; FM 62%, HM 56%, P=0.57). However, the HM group was better in frequency (98 vs. 86% in FM, P=0.03) and complete decompression (99 vs. 91% in FM, P≤0.001).

Conclusion
The FM of applying chest compression did not result in a more accurately delivered compression depth compared with the HM for children and adolescents, irrespective of body weight.
Fecal Incontinence in Adolescents Is Associated With Child Abuse, Somatization, and Poor Health‐related Quality of Life
Authors: Rajindrajith Shaman , Devanarayana Niranga Manjuri , Benninga Marc Alexander 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTBackground:The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between fecal incontinence (FI), child abuse, somatization, and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents.Methods:Adolescents (ages 13–18 years) were selected from 4 semi‐urban schools in the Gampaha district, Sri Lanka. A validated, self‐administered questionnaire was used for data collection. FI was defined as at least 1 episode of leakage of feces per month.Results:A total of 1807 adolescents were analyzed (boys 973 [53.8%], mean age 14.4 years, standard deviation [SD] 1.4 years). A total of 47 (2.6%) had FI. Prevalence of sexual abuse (17% vs 2.3% in controls, P < 0.0001), emotional abuse (40.4% vs 22.7%, P < 0.0001), and physical abuse (51% vs 24.3%, P < 0.0001) was significantly higher in children with FI. Adolescents with FI had higher mean somatization scores [mean 20.1, (SD 14.5) vs mean 9.3, (SD 9.2)] compared with those without FI (P < 0.0001). Those with FI also had lower HRQoL scores for physical functioning, social functioning, emotional functioning domains, and performances at school, together with a lower overall HRQoL score compared with those without FI (74.6 vs 87.1, P < 0.0001).Conclusions:There is a significant association between FI and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. They also have a higher somatization score and a poor HRQoL score in physical, emotional, social, and school functioning domains compared with those without FI.
Is enterprise education relevant to social enterprise?
Authors: Bridge Simon 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– Both enterprise education and social enterprise have become fashionable but what, if any, should be the connections between them? The purpose of this paper is to explore those connections and to reflect on what relevance the two concepts might have for each other.

Design/methodology/approach
– Both enterprise education and social enterprise have a number of different interpretations. Therefore those ranges of interpretation are first considered and then compared to see what there might be in common between the two concepts and to identify the desirability and practicability of linking them.

Findings
– If enterprise education focuses on a narrow, private sector, business-creation interpretation of enterprise, and if the advocates of social enterprise insist on clearly separating it from other enterprises, then there will be little connection between the two. But if enterprise education takes a wider view of enterprise as part of life skills, and if social enterprise is seen as essentially enterprise, albeit with social objectives, then there is a clear case for linking the two and including social enterprise in enterprise training.

Practical implications
– The implications of these conclusions are that, while some interpretations of enterprise education and social enterprise may suggest that they have little common ground, interpretations which link the two, and therefore the deliberate adoption of such interpretations, may actually be beneficial for the practice of both.

Originality/value
– Little of the existing literature on enterprise education and social enterprise links the two concepts. This paper seeks to rectify that.
Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions
Authors: Buli Bereket Mamo , Yesuf Wasihun Mohammed 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that could explain the difference in entrepreneurial intention (EI) among technical-vocational education and training (TVET) program students. Centered on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the paper aims to contribute to the understanding of factors that affect EIs of students and offer some important insight into unique aspects of TVETs to empower youth and adults to actively engage in entrepreneurial initiatives.Design/methodology/approach– A survey with a sample size of 107 TEVT students, taking part in four key programs, participated in this study using Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaires. Linear and hierarchical regression were applied to test the hypotheses.Findings– The findings indicate that the two most predictable variables of EI were personal attitude toward behavior and perceived behavioral control. Hence, it was suggested that proper care should be taken in the way curricula and content are designed. It is also highlighted that the educational practice needs adjustment to include course contents like decision making, effective communication, entrepreneurial negotiation, leadership, effective and efficient use of sources, new product development, creativity and critical thinking, and service-based and technological innovation.Practical implications– Policy makers in developing countries are trying to address the critical developmental concerns of unemployment, rural-urban imbalance, industrialization, capital formation, and labor utilization. Vocational education is seen as a policy instrument to promote economic and social progress using entrepreneurship education. However, in order for institutions to play this key role, their skill formation process needs to be geared toward enhancing and developing traits associated with entrepreneurial success. This study has confirmed that TVET programs are required to reach a balanced spectrum of delivering entrepreneurial skills through intensive engagement with partners and effective mobilization of interest groups if they are to boost economic and social change.Originality/value– This study applies the TPB in an effort to understand determinants of EI on technical and vocational education. It invites academics and policy makers to rethink the approach adopted in entrepreneurship education in the vocational set up. It questions TVET programs’ roles in preparing students for self-employment, networking or partnership efforts, and the design of curricula as a process and entrepreneurial skill as an outcome of entrepreneurial education.
Students’ perception of entrepreneurship and enterprise education in Oman
Authors: Belwal Rakesh , Al Balushi Hanan , Belwal Shweta 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– Universities and other higher educational institutions play an increasingly important role in providing entrepreneurship education, training, and technical assistance to existing and potential entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship and the role of universities in developing enterprise education in Oman, focusing on the case of Sohar University.Design/methodology/approach– The research used a questionnaire based survey to collect primary data. From the total population of 3,633 students registered across different faculties during the academic year 2012-2013, a sample size of 200 was drawn using convenience sampling and the proportional allocation method.Findings– The research outcomes revealed that the majority of the university students were optimistic and interested in starting their own business, but lacked knowledge about how to start a business. The students’ willingness to run a business and their sociable, go-getter attitude, confidence, and effective connections with established entrepreneurs were observed as enablers. Fear of failure and unwillingness to take risks were the major obstacles facing university students in treading an entrepreneurial path.Practical implications– Overall, the study indicated a need for enterprise education, at programme and course levels, to nurture entrepreneurship among students in Oman.Social implications– Currently, Omani society is affected by a high level of unemployment. The research outcomes will help policy makers in assessing the potential of enterprise education. The promotion of entrepreneurship among women will enable more women to work shoulder to shoulder with their male counterparts in building Oman’s economy. In a region where even today large numbers of women would never remove the face veil in front of male non-family members, these developments are very significant.Originality/value– Very few studies have examined university students’ attitude to entrepreneurship and enterprise education in Oman. This study helps in bridging that gap.
Better to be flexible than to have flunked
Authors: Lin Chieh-Peng , Joe Sheng-Wuu , Chen Shih-Chih , Wang Huei-Jyuan 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– High team performance helps achieve several organizational benefits, such as strengthened competitive advantages, enhanced productivity, and higher profits and market share. For these reasons, the purpose of this paper is to propose a model based on the framework of proactive motivation and the theory of collectivism to analyze the formation of service flexibility and team performance.Design/methodology/approach– To test the hypotheses, this study conducts a survey of service staff in teams from high-tech firms in a well-known industrial zone in Northern Taiwan. These teams provide service for their industrial customers. From the survey, this study confirms the full mediating mechanism of service flexibility among the teams.Findings– The test results reveal that service flexibility fully mediates the relationship between team performance and its exogenous factors. Whereas collectivism negatively moderates the relationship between team efficacy and service flexibility, it does not moderate the relationship between service recovery and service flexibility. Furthermore, collectivism positively moderates the relationship between service flexibility and team performance.Originality/value– This study provides important findings that complement previous literature by examining three fresh antecedents for explaining how team performance is motivated by the mediating role of service flexibility and how some of the study’s model paths are moderated by collectivism. The mediating role of service flexibility indicates that managers can apply service flexibility as a firewall that calibrates a team’s input and output. Managers should encourage the application of agile solutions and advanced technology for facilitating team flexibility, consequently improving team performance.
Global biogeochemical impacts of phytoplankton: a trait‐based perspective
Authors: Litchman Elena , de Tezanos Pinto Paula , Edwards Kyle F. , Klausmeier Christopher A. , Kremer Colin T. , Thomas Mridul K. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Phytoplankton are key players in the global carbon cycle, contributing about half of global primary productivity. Within the phytoplankton, functional groups (characterized by distinct traits) have impacts on other major biogeochemical cycles, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and silica. Changes in phytoplankton community structure, resulting from the unique environmental sensitivities of these groups, may significantly alter elemental cycling from local to global scales.

We review key traits that distinguish major phytoplankton functional groups, how they affect biogeochemistry and how the links between community structure and biogeochemical cycles are modelled.

Finally, we explore how global environmental change will affect phytoplankton communities, from the traits of individual species to the relative abundance of functional groups, and how that, in turn, may alter biogeochemical cycles.

Synthesis. We can increase our mechanistic understanding of the links between the community structure of primary producers and biogeochemistry by focusing on traits determining functional group responses to the environment (response traits) and their biogeochemical functions (effect traits). Identifying trade‐offs including allometric and phylogenetic constraints among traits will help parameterize predictive biogeochemical models, enhancing our ability to anticipate the consequences of global change.
Interactions among roots, mycorrhizas and free‐living microbial communities differentially impact soil carbon processes
Authors: Moore Jessica A. M. , Jiang Jiang , Patterson Courtney M. , Mayes Melanie A. , Wang Gangsheng , Classen Aimée T. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryPlant roots, their associated microbial community and free‐living soil microbes interact to regulate the movement of carbon from the soil to the atmosphere, one of the most important and least understood fluxes of terrestrial carbon. Our inadequate understanding of how plant–microbial interactions alter soil carbon decomposition may lead to poor model predictions of terrestrial carbon feedbacks to the atmosphere.Roots, mycorrhizal fungi and free‐living soil microbes can alter soil carbon decomposition through exudation of carbon into soil. Exudates of simple carbon compounds can increase microbial activity because microbes are typically carbon limited. When both roots and mycorrhizal fungi are present in the soil, they may additively increase carbon decomposition. However, when mycorrhizas are isolated from roots, they may limit soil carbon decomposition by competing with free‐living decomposers for resources.We manipulated the access of roots and mycorrhizal fungi to soilin situin a temperate mixed deciduous forest. We added13C‐labelled substrate to trace metabolized carbon in respiration and measured carbon‐degrading microbial extracellular enzyme activity and soil carbon pools. We used our data in a mechanistic soil carbon decomposition model to simulate and compare the effects of root and mycorrhizal fungal presence on soil carbon dynamics over longer time periods.Contrary to what we predicted, root and mycorrhizal biomass did not interact to additively increase microbial activity and soil carbon degradation. The metabolism of13C‐labelled starch was highest when root biomass was high and mycorrhizal biomass was low. These results suggest that mycorrhizas may negatively interact with the free‐living microbial community to influence soil carbon dynamics, a hypothesis supported by our enzyme results. Our steady‐state model simulations suggested that root presence increased mineral‐associated and particulate organic carbon pools, while mycorrhizal fungal presence had a greater influence on particulate than mineral‐associated organic carbon pools.Synthesis. Our results suggest that the activity of enzymes involved in organic matter decomposition was contingent upon root–mycorrhizal–microbial interactions. Using our experimental data in a decomposition simulation model, we show that root–mycorrhizal–microbial interactions may have longer‐term legacy effects on soil carbon sequestration. Overall, our study suggests that roots stimulate microbial activity in the short term, but contribute to soil carbon storage over longer periods of time.
Clinical indication and timing of antenatal corticosteroid administration at a single centre
Authors: Levin HI , Ananth CV , Benjamin‐Boamah C , Siddiq Z , Son M , Friedman AM 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo determine how well antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) were timed, based on the indication for administration for women delivering preterm.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary medical centre.PopulationSix hundred and thirty women who had singleton preterm births between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestational age.MethodsCharts from 2006 to 2011 were reviewed for indications for ACS administration, which included premature rupture of membranes, threatened preterm labour, risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth such as short ultrasound cervical length, positive fetal fibronectin, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Charts were reviewed for timing of ACS administration in relation to delivery.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was optimal timing, defined as administration of ACS ≥24 hours to ≤7 days prior to delivery.ResultsOf 630 women who delivered preterm, 589 (93%) received ACS prior to delivery. ACS timing was optimal in 40% (238 of 589) of cases. Women with hypertensive disorders were most likely to have steroids optimally timed (62%). Asymptomatic women at increased risk for preterm delivery were less likely to receive optimally timed ACS (12%). The majority of women who received steroids >2 weeks prior to delivery (57%) received a second course.ConclusionA majority of women who delivered preterm did not receive optimally timed ACS. Diagnostic tools that identified women at risk for preterm birth were not able to identify patients for appropriate steroid timing. Given the range of clinical scenarios in which patients are at increased risk for preterm delivery, further research is needed to assist clinicians in optimising steroid administration.Tweetable abstractOptimal timing of antenatal steroids prior to delivery does not occur in most cases.