bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonic evolution of sedimentary basins of northern Somalia
Authors: Ali M. Y. , Watts A. B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRegional seismic reflection profiles tied to lithological and biostratigraphic data from deep exploration wells have been used to determine the structure and evolution of the poorly known basins of northern Somalia. We recognize six major tectonostratigraphic sequences in the seismic profiles: Middle‐Late Jurassic syn‐rift sequences (Adigrat and Bihen Group), ?Cenomanian‐Campanian syn‐rift sequences (Gumburo Group), Campanian‐Maastrichtian syn‐rift sequences (Jesomma Sandstones), Palaeocene post‐rift sequences (Auradu Limestones), Early‐Middle Eocene post‐rift sequences (Taleh Formation) and Oligocene‐Miocene (Daban Group) syn‐rift sequences. Backstripping of well data provides new constraints on the age of rifting, the amount of crustal and mantle extension, and the development of the northern Somalia rifted basins. The tectonic subsidence and uplift history at the wells can be explained by a uniform extension model with three episodes of rifting punctuated by periods of relative tectonic quiescence and thermal subsidence. The first event initiated in the Late Jurassic (~156 Ma) and lasted for ~10 Myr and had a NW‐SE trend. We interpret the rift as a late stage event associated with the break‐up of Gondwana and the separation of Africa and Madagascar. The second event initiated in the Late Cretaceous (~80 Ma) and lasted for ~20–40 Myr. This event probably correlates with a rapid increase in spreading rate on the ridges separating the African and Indian and African and Antarctica plates and a contemporaneous slowing down of Africa's plate motion. The backstripped tectonic subsidence data can be explained by a multi‐rift extensional model with stretching factor, β, of 1.09–1.14 and 1.05–1.28 for the first and second rifting events, respectively. The model, fails, however, to completely explain the slow subsidence and uplift history of the margin during Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous. We attribute this slow subsidence to the combined effect of a sea‐level fall and regional uplift, which caused a major unconformity in northern Somalia. The third and most recent event occurred in the Oligocene (~32 Ma) and lasted for ~10 Myr. This rift developed along the Gulf of Aden and reactivated the Guban, Nogal and Daroor basins, and is related to the opening of the Gulf of Aden. As a result of these events the crust and upper mantle were thinned by up to a factor of two in some basins. In addition, several distinct petroleum systems developed. The principal exploration play is for Mesozoic petroleum systems with the syn‐rift Oligocene‐Miocene as a subordinate objective owing to low maturity and seal problems. The main seals for the different plays are various shales, some of which are also source rocks, but the Early Eocene evaporites of the Taleh formations can also perform a sealing role for Palaeogene or older generated hydrocarbons migrating vertically.
Predictors of response in initial users of metformin and sulphonylurea derivatives: a systematic review
Authors: Martono D. P. , Lub R. , Lambers Heerspink H. J. , Hak E. , Wilffert B. , Denig P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimTo provide an overview of factors predicting metformin and sulphonylurea treatment response.BackgroundA large variability between individuals in treatment response to metformin and sulphonylurea derivatives exists. Understanding which factors determine response to these drugs may pave the way for more individualized therapy.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search in the MEDLINE, Cochrane and EMBASE databases, between 2003 and 2012 for articles assessing demographic and clinical prediction factors of treatment response in initial users of metformin or sulphonylurea. A literature search of articles referenced within the studies identified was also performed. Treatment response was defined as change in HbA1c level, reaching target HbA1c levels or time to treatment change. Studies were assessed on quality, sample size and type of analysis. Results were summarized by tabulating positive, null and negative associations observed for included predictors.ResultsA total of 10 articles (six trial reports and four cohort studies) were obtained, including three of sufficient quality. For metformin, baseline HbA1c, older age, lower BMI and shorter disease duration were found to be predictors of better treatment response in at least three studies of sufficient quality. For sulphonylurea derivatives, baseline HbA1c and shorter duration were identified as predictors of better treatment response in at least two studies of sufficient quality. Race, smoking status, lipid levels, blood pressure, kidney function and comorbidities were not significantly associated with treatment response.ConclusionsSeveral demographic and clinical factors were identified as possible predictors of response to metformin and sulphonylurea, but the number of studies with sufficient quality was small. Generally, early treatment seems important for achieving better glycaemic outcomes.
Impact of crime victimization on initial presentation to an early intervention for psychosis service and 18‐month outcomes
Authors: Fisher Helen L. , Roberts Anna , Day Fern , Reynolds Nicky , Iacoponi Eduardo , Garety Philippa A. , Craig Thomas K.J. , McGuire Philip , Valmaggia Lucia , Power Paddy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimTo investigate the clinical and social correlates of a lifetime history of crime victimization among first‐episode psychosis patients at entry to an Early Intervention Service and following 18 months of specialist care.MethodsFace‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 149 individuals who presented to an Early Intervention Service for the first time with psychosis in the London borough of Lambeth, UK. A range of demographic and clinical measures were completed including self‐reported history of victimization along with the type of crime and its subjective effect on the patient. Clinical and functional outcomes at 18‐month follow up were ascertained from clinical case notes by a psychiatrist.ResultsA large proportion of patients (n = 64, 43%) reported a history of crime victimization. This was associated with significantly higher levels of depression and substance misuse at initial presentation. Being a victim of a crime was not significantly associated with poorer clinical or functional outcomes after 18 months of specialist care. However, non‐significant differences were found for those who reported crime victimization in terms of their increased use of illegal substances or having assaulted someone else during the follow‐up period.ConclusionPast experience of being a victim of crime appears to be common in patients presenting for the first time with psychosis and is associated with increased likelihood of comorbidity. Thus, Early Intervention Services should consider screening for past victimization and be prepared to deal with comorbid problems. The impact of crime victimization on clinical and functional outcomes requires investigation over a longer period of time.
Comparison of the in‐feed glucose test and the oral sugar test
Authors: Smith S. , Harris P. A. , Menzies‐Gow N. J. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe in‐feed oral glucose test (OGT) and oral sugar test (OST) are advocated as field tests of insulin sensitivity in horses and ponies but have not been directly compared.ObjectivesTo compare the insulin response to OGT and OST in 8 ponies and 5 horses of unknown insulin sensitivity.Study designExperimental, randomised crossover study.MethodsAnimals were fasted for 8 h overnight before and throughout testing. They were fed 1 g/kg bwt glucose powder with chaff (OGT) or 0.15 ml/kg bwt corn syrup (Karo™ Light Syrup; OST) was administered per os in a randomised crossover study with 48 h between tests. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 30, 60, 75, 90, 120 and 180 min. The maximal insulin concentration (Cmaxi), time to maximal insulin concentration (Tmaxi) and area under the curve of insulin concentration over time (AUCi) for the tests were compared using Student's paired t test. The effect of individual subject, horse or pony and test were analysed using a linear mixed model.ResultsThe OGT Cmaxi (mean ± s.d.; 154 ± 116 μiu/ml), Tmaxi (136 ± 52 min) and AUCi (15,308 ± 9886 μiu/ml/min) were significantly (P<0.05) greater compared with the OST Cmaxi (72 ± 55 μiu/ml), Tmaxi (63 ± 25 min) and AUCi (5980 ± 4151 μiu/ml/min). The Cmaxi, Tmaxi and AUCi varied significantly between individual subjects. The Tmaxi was significantly different between horses and ponies during OGT and OST. Using previously defined criteria of insulin dysregulation, OGT identified 7/13 animals as insulin resistant, whereas OST identified 5/13 animals as insulin resistant.ConclusionsThe OGT and OST showed agreement in identification of insulin dysregulation in 85% of equine subjects. Results of the OGT and OST are not comparable in all cases. Further work is required to establish which test more accurately diagnoses insulin dysregulation in horses and ponies.
Mathematical modeling improves EC50 estimations from classical dose–response curves
Authors: Nyman Elin , Lindgren Isa , Lövfors William , Lundengård Karin , Cervin Ida , Sjöström Theresia Arbring , Altimiras Jordi , Cedersund Gunnar 
Published: January 2015

The β‐adrenergic response is impaired in failing hearts. When studying β‐adrenergic function in vitro, the half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) is an important measure of ligand response. We previously measured the in vitro contraction force response of chicken heart tissue to increasing concentrations of adrenaline, and observed a decreasing response at high concentrations. The classical interpretation of such data is to assume a maximal response before the decrease, and to fit a sigmoid curve to the remaining data to determine EC50. Instead, we have applied a mathematical modeling approach to interpret the full dose–response curve in a new way. The developed model predicts a non‐steady‐state caused by a short resting time between increased concentrations of agonist, which affect the dose–response characterization. Therefore, an improved estimate of EC50 may be calculated using steady‐state simulations of the model. The model‐based estimation of EC50 is further refined using additional time‐resolved data to decrease the uncertainty of the prediction. The resulting model‐based EC50 (180–525 nm) is higher than the classically interpreted EC50 (46–191 nm). Mathematical modeling thus makes it possible to re‐interpret previously obtained datasets, and to make accurate estimates of EC50 even when steady‐state measurements are not experimentally feasible.DatabaseThe mathematical models described here have been submitted to the JWS Online Cellular Systems Modelling Database, and may be accessed at http://jjj.bio.vu.nl/database/nyman.
THE GERMANIC AND THE ROMANIC SPIRIT: FRIEDRICH KAPP'S CASTING OF THE AMERICAN STRUGGLE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH
Authors: Geissler Christopher M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn his Geschichte der Sklaverei in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (1860), Friedrich Kapp drew on a German concept of a clash between Germanic and Romanic civilisations to explain the American conflict between North and South. Kapp responded to an analogous ideology propagated by Southerners that divided the US into an Anglo‐Saxon North and Norman South. In doing so, Kapp demonstrated a unique synthesis of German and American thought that set his response to the South apart from that of Anglo‐American anti‐slavery thinkers. More importantly, by applying the clash of civilisations in a transatlantic way, Kapp universalised and strengthened the concept for its eventual later application again in Germany.
‘DAS BÖSE MUSS RAUS’: WITNESSING AND TESTIMONY IN GÜNTER GRASS'S IM KREBSGANG
Authors: Henebury Anja 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTGünter Grass's 2002 novella Im Krebsgang has been widely discussed as one of the central texts of a new literary discourse on German victimhood during World War II that has emerged in the 2000s. At the heart of the novella is the notion of a taboo on the suffering endured by Germans during the expulsions, the repressed narratives of which supposedly resurface now in disfigured shape as right‐wing extremism. While the existence of this taboo has been disputed, little attention has been paid to the fact that the ethical foundation for the story about the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff and its afterlife in German memory is gained through a problematic appropriation of narrative tropes of witnessing that can be traced back to the testimonies of the survivors of the Holocaust. By framing the suffering of German civilians in 1944–45 in this manner, Grass gives legitimacy to a claim for public recognition and commemoration that previously had been the domain of the far right. In this way the novella participates in a process of historical de‐contextualisation in which the Holocaust is invoked for strategic purposes.
Relationship between performance barriers and pharmacist competency towards the implementation of an expanded public health pharmacy role
Authors: Mathialagan Amuthaganesh , Nagalinggam Preesha , Mathialagan Saravanabavan , Kirby Brian P 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the relationship between performance barriers and competency, and implementation of an expanded public health role for community pharmacists.MethodsA validated questionnaire was utilised for this study whereby three variables of the study (performance barriers, competency and public health role) were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. Three hundred questionnaires were distributed to target respondents of registered community pharmacies in five states (Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Perak and Penang) in Malaysia. The data were analysed utilising the principles of structural equation modelling.Key findingsThere were 191 completed and usable responses received, which represented a 66.7% response rate. This study showed perceived competency had a direct relationship with delivering a general public health role. A perceived lack of competency was shown to be a barrier to fulfilling a public health role. However, other factors, such as design of premises, IT infrastructure and pay, were not viewed as barriers to carrying out a public health role.ConclusionPerceived competency is an obstacle for community pharmacists to undertake a public health role in Malaysia. Adequate training programmes in pharmaceutical public health have to be put in place to address this concern and this should therefore be a priority.
Who really knows their patients' penicillin adverse drug reaction status? A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Fehily S. R. , Stuart R. L. , Horne K. , Korman T. M. , Dendle C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis cross‐sectional survey of patients with adverse drug reactions (ADR) to penicillin and their treating doctor, nurse and pharmacist was undertaken to identify the extent of healthcare workers (HCW) awareness of their patients' ADR, and antibiotic use in hospital. There were 23 (38%) doctors, 53 (87%) nurses and 40 (66%) pharmacists who were aware of their patient's penicillin ADR, despite more than half of their patients receiving antibiotics. Interventions encouraging ‘double checking’ may improve antibiovigilance.
Policies to sustain the nursing workforce: an international perspective
Authors: Buchan J. , Twigg D. , Dussault G. , Duffield C. , Stone P.W. 
Published: January 2015

AimExamine metrics and policies regarding nurse workforce across four countries.BackgroundInternational comparisons inform health policy makers.MethodsData from the OECD were used to compare expenditure, workforce and health in: Australia, Portugal, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Workforce policy context was explored.ResultsPublic spending varied from less than 50% of gross domestic product in the US to over 80% in the UK. Australia had the highest life expectancy. Portugal has fewer nurses and more physicians. The Australian national health workforce planning agency has increased the scope for co‐ordinated policy intervention. Portugal risks losing nurses through migration. In the UK, the economic crisis resulted in frozen pay, reduced employment, and reduced student nurses. In the US, there has been limited scope to develop a significant national nursing workforce policy approach, with a continuation of State based regulation adding to the complexity of the policy landscape. The US is the most developed in the use of nurses in advanced practice roles. Ageing of the workforce is likely to drive projected shortages in all countries.LimitationsThere are differences as well as variation in the overall impact of the global financial crisis in these countries.ConclusionFuture supply of nurses in all four countries is vulnerable.Implications for nursing and health policyWork force planning is absent or restricted in three of the countries. Scope for improved productivity through use of advanced nurse roles exists in all countries.
Methodology of the EDIFICE Melanoma survey
Authors: Touboul C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundMelanoma accounts for a small proportion of skin cancers but is the most serious. The prognosis is, however, good if it is diagnosed early, before the metastatic stages. For these reasons, population awareness and knowledge with regard to melanoma and the associated risk factors are critical to improving the effectiveness of melanoma primary prevention campaigns.ObjectivesThe EDIFICE Melanoma survey was designed to cover a large number of topics related to sun exposure and melanoma: knowledge and awareness of the risks associated with sun and artificial ultraviolet exposure, knowledge of melanoma and the associated risk factors, behaviour regarding protective measures in adults and children.MethodsThe survey questionnaire was administered by experienced independent interviewers from the Kantar Health Institute using the Computer‐Assisted Telephone Interview technique. It was important to avoid the effects of ‘contamination’ in answers to questions about sun exposure habits. Questions about exposure habits were therefore asked before those relating to knowledge of best practices for sun protection. A sample of 1502 individuals aged 18 years and over was interviewed. The survey data were weighted to eliminate structural variations between the sample interviewed and the reference population. Quantitative data were described by the means and standard deviations and categorical data by the numbers in each category and corresponding percentages. Three multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted and expressed in terms of odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsIn addition to the classic questions relating to sociodemographic characteristics, the EDIFICE Melanoma study questionnaire was organized around three themes: the opinion, attitude and knowledge of individuals regarding sun exposure and melanoma. The survey questionnaire lasted approximately 20 min.ConclusionsThis study provided a complete ‘snapshot’ of opinions, attitudes and knowledge of French people in 2011 with regard to sun exposure.
Prevalence of sunbed use, and characteristics and knowledge of sunbed users: results from the French population‐based Edifice Melanoma survey
Authors: Grange F. , Mortier L. , Crine A. , Robert C. , Sassolas B. , Lebbe C. , Lhomel C. , Saiag P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn addition to natural sunlight, indoor tanning has emerged as a common source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation associated with an increased risk of melanoma. It is classified as a class I human carcinogen by the World Health Organization.ObjectivesThis analysis presents data on the prevalence of sunbed use in France, on factors associated with sunbed use, and on risk factors, attitude and awareness of risk among sunbed users and non‐users.MethodsEdifice Melanoma, a nationwide observational survey, was conducted in France via telephone interviews among a representative sample of 1502 subjects aged ≥18 years, using the quota method. Sunbed users were defined as individuals who reported having used a sunbed at least once in their lifetime. Logistical regressions were conducted in order to identify which factors differentiate the population of sunbed users from that of non‐users.ResultsOne in ten respondents was a sunbed user and three out of four declared having used tanning facilities for over one year. In multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with the sunbed‐user group were female gender (OR = 3.897 [2.573–5.903], P < 0.001), a higher socio‐professional category (OR = 2.227 [1.542–3.217]; P < 0.001), fair hair (OR = 1.583 [1.025–2.447], P = 0.039), fair skin (OR = 1.879 [1.086–3.253]; P = 0.024), freckles (OR = 1.570 [1.071–2.302]; P = 0.021) and a history of smoking (OR = 2.383 [1.633–3.476]; P < 0.001). In a second multivariate model, the fact of having a large number of melanoma risk factors was strongly associated with sunbed use (P = 0.001). Sunbed users were more likely to be informed of the role of sun exposure in reducing the skin's regenerative capacity (OR = 2.181 [1.319–3.607]; P = 0.002) but were nevertheless more likely to consider that a tan makes a person look more attractive (OR = 2.309 [1.312–4.064]; P = 0.004) and protects the skin (OR = 2.490 [1.532–4.046]; P < 0.001); they were also more frequently exposed to natural sunlight (OR = 2.214 [1.196–4.102]; P = 0.011).ConclusionsCompared to non‐users, sunbed users cumulate risk factors for melanoma. Knowledge, attitudes and intentions of individuals are critical targets for public education programmes. However, awareness campaigns focusing on sunbed use, and more generally on skin cancer, should also take social and cultural norms into account.
Melanoma risk‐takers: fathers and sons
Authors: Eisinger F. , Morère J.‐F. , Pivot X. , Grange F. , Lhomel C. , Mortier L. , Robert C. , Saiag P. , Sassolas B. , Viguier J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe incidence of skin cancers, melanoma in particular, is increasing rapidly. Consequently, specific recommendations for sun‐protection measures now exist. This survey set out to assess the compliance of the general population with these guidelines.MethodsThe French nationwide observational survey, EDIFICE Melanoma, was conducted (28 September to 20 October 2011) through phone interviews of a representative sample of 1502 subjects aged ≥ 18 years, using the quota method. Sun‐protection was defined as frequent or systematic use of clothes or sunscreen. The group of individuals who declared exposure to the sun (N = 1172) was subdivided: risk‐takers (N = 442), and those who used sun protection (N = 730).ResultsRisk‐takers were significantly more often male (62% vs. 44%, P < 0.01), had a lower level of education (40% vs. 26%, P < 0.01), lower incomes (2587 euros vs. 2948 euros/month) and were more often smokers (42% vs. 31%, P < 0.01). In contrast, age, marital status and use of sunbeds were not significantly different between the two groups. Interestingly, risk‐takers had less risk factors for melanoma. However, they were less well‐informed about high‐risk exposure and optimal use of sunscreen. Sun‐protection measures for their children were less stringent than those of the group who used sun protection: systematic/frequent use of sunglasses (42% vs. 59%, P < 0.01), systematic use of sunscreen (77% vs. 86%, P < 0.01), and frequent renewal (69% vs. 82%, P < 0.01), high sun protection factors (SPF) (46% vs. 56%, P < 0.01), use of clothing (84% vs. 92%, P < 0.01) and hats (88% vs. 94%, P < 0.01).ConclusionsRisk‐takers are characterized by a lesser understanding of sun‐protection measures and behaviours. Their children benefit less from protective measures than those of people who use sun protection themselves. Improved understanding may well improve behaviours; one can therefore legitimately predict a considerable impact on parents' attitude to their own protection and that of their children.