bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of a Neutral Stimulus (Buzzer) on Motor Responses and Disfluencies in Normal Speakers
Authors: Martin Richard R. , Siegel Gerald M. 
Published: July 2014

Seventy-two college students were divided into three groups: Button Push-Speech (BP-S), Speech-Button Push (S-BP), and Control. BP-S subjects pushed one of two buttons on signal for 8 min. During the last 4 min, depression of the criterion button caused a buzzer to sound. After the button-push task, subjects spoke spontaneously for 30 min. During the last 20 min, the buzzer was presented contingent upon each disfluency. S-BP subjects were run under the same procedures, but the order of button-push and speech tasks was reversed. Control subjects followed the same procedures as S-BP subjects, but no buzzer signal was presented at any time.
Both S-BP and BP-S subjects emitted significantly fewer disfluencies during the last 20 min (Conditioning) than during the first 10 min (Baserate) of the speaking task. The frequency of disfluencies for Control subjects did not change significantly from Baserate to Conditioning. In none of the three groups did the frequency of pushes on the criterion button change significantly from minute to minute throughout the 8-min button-push session.
Effect of Stimulus Duration on Localization of Direction of Noise Stimuli
Authors: Thurlow Willard R. , Mergener James R. 
Published: July 2014

Localization of the direction of bursts of thermal noise was measured for both high-frequency and low-frequency bands, as a function of duration of bursts. Durations of 0.3, 1, 2, and 5 sec were used. Subjects were free to move their heads to aid in localization. Subjects were not specially trained in sound localization.
With increase in stimulus duration, perception of elevation was slightly improved for low-frequency noise, probably due to increased information from head movement. A minimum duration of the order of 2 sec appears necessary to allow subjects to achieve maximum performance (which still is not very good for these low-frequency stimuli). Perception of the elevation of the high-frequency noise sources we used was relatively good even at the briefest duration; however, variability of judgment was larger at the shorter durations.
Perception of front-back source position was much improved for both low-frequency and high-frequency noise when stimulus duration was increased. The results are understandable in terms of the increased possibility for head movement with increase in stimulus duration. It appears that one should use a minimum stimulus duration of about 2 sec if one wishes subjects to approach their most efficient performance.
Validity and Reliability of Bekesy Audiometry with Preschool Age Children
Authors: Tokay F. Harry , Hardick Edward J. 
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the validity and reliability of Bekesy audiometry with preschool-age children. Sixty preschool children, ages 3, 4, and 5, were chosen such that 20 children were in each of the three age groups. There were an equal number of male and female subjects in each group, and all had intelligence quotients of 90 or higher.
Each subject was given a conventional pure-tone hearing evaluation, followed by a hearing test administered with a Bekesy audiometer. A retest session was conducted one week later.
The results indicate that five-year-old children, when properly conditioned, can be tested with Bekesy audiometry and produce valid, reliable auditory threshold tracings. Some four-year-old children will trace a Bekesy audiometric threshold that is valid, whereas, other four-year-old children trace thresholds that are not a true representation of their actual auditory threshold. Typically, three-year-old children, as presently conditioned, are not candidates for Bekesy audiometry.
Methods of Training Deaf Children to Comprehend the Passive Voice
Authors: Frankmann Judith P. , Herman Sandra E. , MacKain Kristine S. , Oyer Herbert J. 
Published: July 2014

Four variations of programmed filmstrips were shown to deaf children to improve comprehension of the passive voice. The design included two training strategies that treated the passive voice either as a unitary structure or as a contrast to the active voice. Within strategies two orders of training were compared for the various types of passive sentences: (nonreversible, reversible, agent-deleted) and (agent-deleted, nonreversible, reversible). Six filmstrips were constructed for the two strategies and three types of passive. Evaluation tests were administered before, immediately after, and three months following training. Forty deaf children were selected from two age ranges, 9 to 12 and 13 to 16 years. Within age groups 10 subjects served under each of the four strategy-order conditions. Evaluation tests consisted of a multiple choice picture-sentence matching test and a performance test in which subjects acted out six passive sentences using toys.
Performance test scores increased significantly after training and surpassed pre-training after three months. Highest scores were achieved on nonreversible passives followed by reversible and agent-deleted passives. Reversal of agent and object was the most frequent error. Strategy and order differences were not significant.
Development of Conversational Repair Strategies in Response to Requests for Clarification
Authors: Brinton Bonnie , Fujiki Martin , Loeb Diane Frome , Winkler Erika 
Published: July 2014

Conversational repair sequences are an important aspect of communicative interaction. These sequences may occur in the event of communication failure if a listener requests clarification of a previous aspect of the speaker's message. The purpose of this study was to investigate the repair strategies employed in conversation by children at four age levels.
Ten linguistically normal children were sampled from each of the following age levels: 2:7 to 3:10, 4:10 to 5:10, 6:10 to 7:10, and 8:10 to 9:10 (years:months), resulting in a total of 40 subjects. Each subject was asked to describe a series of action pictures for an examiner who was seated behind a screen. At regular intervals, the examiner responded to the child's description by initiating a stacked repair sequence. Results indicated that subjects at all age levels complied with the initial request for clarification the majority of the time. However, with increasing age, subjects became more adept at handling the stacked sequence of requests for clarification. Older children were more responsive to the requests, and 9-year-old subjects demonstrated a wider range of strategies in providing repairs.
Using Simultaneous Photodetection and Nasometry to Monitor Velopharyngeal Behavior during Speech
Authors: Dalston Rodger M. 
Published: July 2014

The purposes of this investigation were (a) to study the temporal relationships among velopharyngeal closing and opening maneuvers monitored by phototransduction and the onset and offset of Nasometer output signals and (b) to determine the extent to which photodetector output maxima are correlated with output peaks from the Nasometer when both are used simultaneously to monitor nasal productions among normal speakers.
Simultaneous Nasometer and photodetector data were collected from 6 normal adult subjects as they produced 6 repetitions of 10 sentences. A major finding of this study was that over 96% of the 540 nasal utterances studied produced Nasometer andphotodetector signal maxima that were within 30 ms of one another.
The results of this study also suggest that simultaneous nasometry and photodetection may provide useful information concerning the temporal relationships among various velopharyngeal movements and the onset and offset of speech as indicated by output signals from the Nasometer. The potential use of this procedure with clinical patients is discussed.
Variations in Self-Paced Behaviors in Stutterers and Nonstutterers
Authors: Brown C. J. , Zimmermann G. N. , Linville R. N. , Hegmann J. P. 
Published: July 2014

Ten stuttering and 10 nonstuttering subjects performed self-paced rhythmic tasks with the finger and jaw and were asked to repeat “ah.” The tasks were performed at three rates: “comfortable” rate; and “slightly higher” and “slightly lower” than comfortable, but still in the comfortable range.
The stutterers performed each of the three tasks more slowly than the nonstutterers and were less variable than nonstutterers. The reduced rates and more constrained variability of the stutterers were interpreted as manifestations of less flexible systems, which may be more susceptible to breakdown.
Theoretical Considerations for Understanding “Understanding” by Adults With Right Hemisphere Brain Damage
Authors: Tompkins Connie A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This article reviews and evaluates leading accounts of narrative comprehension deficits in adults with focal damage to the right cerebral hemisphere (RHD). It begins with a discussion of models of comprehension, which explain how comprehension proceeds through increasingly complex levels of representation. These models include two phases of comprehension processes, broad activation of information as well as pruning and focusing interpretation of meaning based on context. The potential effects of RHD on each processing phase are reviewed, focusing on factors that range from relatively specific (e.g., how the right versus the left hemisphere activate word meanings; how the right hemisphere is involved in inferencing) to more general (the influence of cognitive resource factors; the role of suppression of contextually-irrelevant information). Next, two specific accounts of RHD comprehension difficulties, coarse coding and suppression deficit, are described. These have been construed as opposing processes, but a possible reconciliation is proposed related to the different phases of comprehension and the extent of meaning activation. Finally, the article addresses the influences of contextual constraint on language processing and the continuity of literal and nonliteral language processing, two areas in which future developments may assist our clinical planning.
Multiyear predictability of tropical marine productivity
Authors: Séférian Roland , Bopp Laurent , Gehlen Marion , Swingedouw Didier , Mignot Juliette , Guilyardi Eric , Servonnat Jérôme 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Phytoplankton is at the base of the marine food web. Its carbon fixation, the net primary productivity (NPP), sustains most living marine resources. In regions like the tropical Pacific (30°N–30°S), natural fluctuations of NPP have large impacts on marine ecosystems including fisheries. The capacity to predict these natural variations would provide an important asset to science-based management approaches but remains unexplored yet. In this paper, we demonstrate that natural variations of NPP in the tropical Pacific can be forecasted several years in advance beyond the physical environment, whereas those of sea surface temperature are limited to 1 y. These results open previously unidentified perspectives for the future development of science-based management techniques of marine ecosystems based on multiyear forecasts of NPP.
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA recruits the DNA polymerase clamp loader to mediate efficient replication and virus persistence
Authors: Sun Qiming , Tsurimoto Toshiki , Juillard Franceline , Li Lin , Li Shijun , De León Vázquez Erika , Chen She , Kaye Kenneth 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) latently infects tumor cells, and viral episomal DNA replicates once each cell cycle. KSHV does not express DNA replication proteins during latency. Instead, KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) recruits host cell DNA replication machinery to the replication origin. However, the mechanism by which LANA mediates replication is uncertain. Here, we show LANA recruits replication factor C, the DNA polymerase clamp [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] loader, in a critical step for viral DNA replication. Our findings suggest that PCNA loading is a rate-limiting step in DNA replication that is incompatible with KSHV persistence. LANA-enhanced PCNA loading is necessary for virus replication and persistent infection. These data reveal a therapeutic target for inhibition of KSHV persistence in malignant cells.
Addiction to multiple oncogenes can be exploited to prevent the emergence of therapeutic resistance
Authors: Choi Peter S. , Li Yulin , Felsher Dean W. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The rationale of targeting specific genetic dependencies for the treatment of cancer has been validated by the promising clinical responses obtained with oncogene-targeted therapies. However, in most cases, the development of resistance remains a major obstacle toward achieving long-term or complete disease remission. Here, we identified mutant β-catenin as a common secondary oncogene addiction pathway in MYC-addicted lymphoma. We demonstrate that, although withdrawal or inhibition of either oncogene is sufficient to induce initial tumor regression, only combined inhibition of both oncogene addiction pathways results in sustained tumor regression. Our results suggest clinical outcomes can be dramatically improved through the simultaneous targeted inhibition of multiple oncogenic addiction pathways.
Dissecting the dynamic changes of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in T-cell development and differentiation
Authors: Tsagaratou Ageliki , Äijö Tarmo , Lio Chan-Wang J. , Yue Xiaojing , Huang Yun , Jacobsen Steven E. , Lähdesmäki Harri , Rao Anjana 
Published: July 2014

Significance
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an epigenetic DNA modification produced through the enzymatic activity of TET proteins. Here we present the first genome-wide mapping of 5hmC in T cells during sequential steps of lineage commitment in the thymus and the periphery (thymic DP, CD4 SP, and CD8 SP cells; peripheral naive CD8 and CD4 T cells; and in vitro-differentiated Th1 and Th2 cells). We show that 5hmC is enriched at gene bodies and cell type-specific enhancers, that its levels in the gene body correlate strongly with gene expression and histone modifications, and that its levels change dynamically during the course of T-cell development and differentiation. Our analysis will facilitate increased understanding of the role of 5hmC in T-cell development and differentiation.
Sickle Erythrocytes and Platelets Augment Lung Leukotriene Synthesis with Downregulation of Anti‐Inflammatory Proteins: Relevance in the Pathology of the Acute Chest Syndrome
Authors: Opene Michael , Kurantsin‐Mills Joseph , Husain Sumair , Ibe Basil O. 
Published: July 2014

Initiation, progression, and resolution of vaso‐occlusive pain episodes in sickle cell disease (SCD) have been recognized as reperfusion injury, which provokes an inflammatory response in the pulmonary circulation. Some 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐lox) metabolites are potent vasoconstrictors in the pulmonary circulation. We studied stimulation of production of the inflammatory eicosanoids leukotrienes (LTs) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by isolated rat lungs perfused with sickle (HbSS) erythrocytes. Our hypothesis is that HbSS erythrocytes produce more LTs than normal (HbAA) erythrocytes, which can induce vaso‐occlusive episodes in SCD patients. Lung perfusates were collected at specific time points and purified by high‐pressure liquid chromatography, and LTC4 and PGE2 contents were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rat lung explants were also cultured with purified HbAA and HbSS peptides, and 5‐lox, cyclooxygenase 1/2, and platelet‐activating factor receptor (PAFR) proteins were measured by Western blotting, while prostacyclin and LTs produced by cultured lung explants were measured by ELISA. Lung weight gain and blood gas data were not different among the groups. HbSS‐perfused lungs produced more LTC4 and PGE2 than HbAA‐perfused lungs: 10.40 ± 0.62 versus 0.92 ± 0.2 ng/g dry lung weight (mean ± SEM; P = 0.0001) for LTC4. Inclusion of autologous platelets (platelet‐rich plasma) elevated LTC4 production to 12.6 ± 0.96 and 7 ± 0.60 ng/g dry lung weight in HbSS and HbAA perfusates, respectively. HbSS lungs also expressed more 5‐lox and PAFR. The data suggest that HbSS erythrocytes and activated platelets in patient's pulmonary microcirculation will enhance the synthesis and release of the proinflammatory mediators LTC4 and PGE2, both of which may contribute to onset of the acute chest syndrome in SCD.
Futures Market Failure?
Authors: Garcia Philip , Irwin Scott H. , Smith Aaron 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn a well‐functioning futures market, the futures price at expiration equals the price of the underlying asset. This condition failed to hold in grain markets for most of 2005‐2010, calling into question the ability of these markets to perform their price discovery and risk management functions. During this period, futures contracts expired up to 35% above the cash grain price. We develop a dynamic rational expectations model of commodity storage that explains how these recent convergence failures were generated by the institutional structure of the delivery system. When delivery occurs on a grain futures contract, the firm on the short side of the market provides a delivery instrument (a warehouse receipt or shipping certificate) to the firm on the long side of the market. The firm taking delivery may hold the delivery instrument indefinitely, providing it pays a daily storage rate. The futures exchange sets the maximum allowable storage rate at a fixed value. We show that non‐convergence arises in equilibrium when the market price of physical grain storage exceeds the maximum storage rate on delivery instruments. We call the difference between the price of carrying physical grain and the maximum storage rate the wedge, and demonstrate theoretically and empirically that the magnitude of the non‐convergence equals the expected present discounted value of a function of future wedges.
Using a synchronous online learning environment to promote and enhance transactional engagement beyond the classroom
Authors: Wdowik Steven 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to create a synchronous online learning community through the use of Blackboard Collaborate! to promote and enhance transactional engagement outside the classroom.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper employs a quantitative and qualitative approach where data were sourced from a third year finance unit across one semester using a survey instrument. SPSS v20 was used to perform basic descriptive analysis.

Findings
– The study revealed that by providing an online learning community through the use of Blackboard Collaborate! significantly enhances transactional engagement beyond the classroom. In particular the use of Blackboard Collaborate! allowed the teacher to be more accessible, supportive, expect and support high standards and provide challenging activities that generated rich and meaningful interactions and promoted higher order thinking skills.

Research limitations/implications
– The positive results emanating from this study may encourage other educators and their institutions to adopt a synchronous online learning community to enhance student's engagement levels and increase the quality of student learning and their university experience. This study was conducted at only one university so it may not be feasible to form generalisations resulting from the findings.

Originality/value
– This study adds new insights towards the scarce amount of literature on engagement in a blended learning environment. In particular the study adds a student perspective to the student engagement literature and to what constitutes quality in higher education and/or improved student experience.
The supervised as the supervisor
Authors: Stephens Simon 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The relationship between doctoral students and their supervisors impacts on degree completion rates; faculty research performance; and postgraduate satisfaction with their alma mater. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the experience of supervision and subsequent supervision practices.

Design/methodology/approach
– Totally, 40 supervisors who are doctoral students/graduates were approached to participate in the study, and 32 agreed. For each participant, data were collected to explore their development as a supervisor.

Findings
– Supervisors seek guidance from textbooks, workshops, peers, colleagues and their doctoral supervisor to develop as a supervisor. Their supervision style emerges as a reaction to both positive and negative experiences of supervision. A recurring theme in the data is that if there is something missing in the supervision experience, the student will emphasise this element in their approach to supervision.

Practical implications
– The changing nature of doctoral provision is changing the role of the supervisor. This paper explores the relationship between a student and their supervisor. The outcome is that insights are provided into how the experience of doctoral supervision is reflected in the supervisory practices of the supervised.

Originality/value
– The impact of the supervisor on the doctoral student's/graduate's subsequent approach to supervision can be mapped against previous research. Additional research is needed to identify the different styles of supervision practised, and how each style is valued within the academic community.
Dynamic information aggregation decision-making methods based on variable precision rough set and grey clustering
Authors: Liu Yong , Zhao Huan-huan 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to construct a dynamic information aggregation decision-making model based on variable precision rough set.

Design/methodology/approach
– To deal with the dynamic decision-making problems, the grey relational analysis method, grey fixed weight clustering based on the centre triangle whitening weight function and maximum entropy principle is used to establish the dynamic information aggregation decision-making model based on variable precision rough set. The method, to begin with, the grey relational analysis method is used to determine the attributes weights of each stage; taking the proximity of the attribute measurement value and positive and negative desired effect value and the uncertainty of time weight into account, a multi-objective optimisation model based on maximum entropy principle is established to solve the model with Lagrange multiplier method, so that time weights expression are acquired; what is more, the decision-making attribute is obtained by grey fixed weight clustering based on the centre triangle whitening weight function, so that multi-decision-making table with dynamic characteristics is established, and then probabilistic decision rules from multi-criteria decision table are derived by applying variable precision rough set. Finally, a decision-making model validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the model.

Findings
– The results show that it the proposed model can well aggregate the multi-stage dynamic decision-making information, realise the extraction of decision-making rules.

Research limitations/implications
– The method exposed in the paper can be used to deal with the decision-making problems with the multi-stage dynamic characteristics, and decision-making attributes contain noise data and the attribute values are interval grey numbers.

Originality/value
– The paper succeeds in realising both the aggregation of dynamic decision-making information and the extraction of decision-making rules.