bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of a xenograft model to explore the mechanism of bone destruction by human oral cancers and its application to analysis of role of RANKL
Authors: Tohyama Rei , Kayamori Kou , Sato Kiyoshi , Hamagaki Miwako , Sakamoto Kei , Yasuda Hisataka , Yamaguchi Akira 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundThe molecular mechanism underlying bone invasion caused by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not well understood. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, the development of more suitable xenograft models mimicking human mandibular bone destruction by OSCC has been required.Materials and methodsHuman OSCC cell lines, HSC3, HSC3‐C1, and HSC3‐R2, were injected in the periosteal region of the mandible in athymic mice, and the bone destruction was analyzed. Receptor activators of nuclear factor κ‐B ligand (RANKL) mRNA and protein expression levels were measured in the OSCC cell lines. Antibody that specifically neutralizes mouse RANKL and human RANKL, respectively, was injected into HSC3‐cell‐transplanted mice.ResultsTransplantation of HSC3 cells induced mandibular bone destruction. Histological examination revealed numerous osteoclasts on the bone destruction surface. Fibroblastic cell intervention between the cancer nests and resorbing bone surface was observed in a similar fashion to those observed in human OSCC cases. The number of osteoclasts and fibroblasts was significantly correlated. Bone destruction induced by the transplantation of HSC3 cells was reduced by injection of an antibody that specifically neutralizes mouse RANKL. Transplantation of HSC3‐R2 cells, which overexpresses RANKL, induced advanced bone destruction compared to that of HSC3‐C1 cells, which only overexpress the empty vector.ConclusionsWe established a useful xenograft model for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the bone destruction induced by OSCC in the jaw. This model will be used to investigate the precise roles of several cytokines synthesized by both cancer cells and fibroblastic cells in OSCC‐associated bone destruction in the jaw.
Gender and the Ethical Given
Authors: Farneth Molly 
Published: October 2015

AbstractG. W. F. Hegel's discussion of the Antigone in the Phenomenology of Spirit has provoked ongoing debate about his views on gender. This essay offers an interpretation of Hegel as condemning social arrangements that take the authoritativeness of identities and obligations to be natural or merely given. Hegel criticizes the ancient Greeks' understanding of both the human law and the divine law; in so doing, he provides resources for a critique of essentialist approaches to sex and gender. On this interpretation, Hegel views the conflict between Antigone and Creon as tragic because the gendered identities and obligations inherent to Greek Sittlichkeit are naturalized and withheld from scrutiny and revision. In the conclusion, I suggest how Hegel's criticisms pose a challenge to certain approaches to religious ethics.
“Patching up Virtue”
Authors: Foster James J. S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHerdt's Putting On Virtue has two chief aims. The first is to champion the virtue tradition against Christian moral quietism and modern deontological ethics. The second is to facilitate reconciliation between Augustinian and Emersonian virtue. To accomplish these tasks Herdt constructs a counter‐narrative to Schneewind's Invention of Autonomy, in which Luther's resignation and Kant's innovation are tragic consequences of “hyper‐Augustinianism”—a competitive conception of divine and human agency, which leads to excessive suspicion of acquired virtue. This review argues that Putting On Virtue succeeds in its first aim but leaves its second intriguingly uncompleted. Despite this deficiency, however, this essay also argues that Putting On Virtue makes plausible Herdt's audacious suggestion that Augustinian and Emersonian perfectionism may be reconciled by bringing acquired and infused virtue under a single term.
Factors Influencing Attentiveness of People With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities to Multisensory Storytelling
Authors: Ten Brug Annet , Van der Putten Annette A.J. , Penne Anneleen , Maes Bea , Vlaskamp Carla 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMultisensory storytelling (MSST) is a storytelling method developed for people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD). The developers of MSST have established specific guidelines aimed at increasing the listener's attention. Whether, and to what extent, these guidelines indeed increase the listener' attentiveness is unknown. This study analyzed the relationship between the effects of these guidelines and the attentiveness of listeners with PIMD. Some 45 storytellers created an MSST book tailored to a person with PIMD. The book was read 10 times, and video recordings were made of the first, fifth, and tenth reading sessions. For each session, the percentage of attention paid to the storyteller and to the book was scored using an interval method. The relationship between adherence to the guidelines (repetition, use of original text, offering stimuli actively, and use of neutral background) and attentiveness of the person with PIMD was then analyzed. During storytelling, the listeners were attentive to MSST for an average of 69% of the time. The attention increased between the first and fifth reading sessions, and then dropped between the fifth and tenth sessions. Part of the guidelines (repetition, actively offering the stimuli and duration of the story) were positively related to the amount of the listeners' attention; for other parts of the guidelines (using original text and using neutral background), no significant correlations were found. The results of this study can help with developing clearer instructions to new storytellers. To optimize the attentiveness of a person with PIMD to an MSST story, the authors recommend that the storyteller takes ample time to read the book and provides the listener with active access to the stimuli.
Proteinuria in canine patients with lymphoma
Authors: Di Bella A. , Maurella C. , Cauvin A. , Schmidt J. M. , Tapia B. B. , North S. M. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo determine if proteinuria is more common in dogs with lymphoma when compared with healthy dogs and to assess the severity and frequency of proteinuria in dogs with lymphoma.MethodsDetermination of urine protein:creatinine ratio in 32 dogs with lymphoma compared with 30 healthy dogs.ResultsCanine patients with lymphoma are more likely to be proteinuric compared with healthy dogs. Proteinuria is common in dogs with lymphoma, although in most cases it is not severe. The presence of proteinuria is not linked with the stage or substage of lymphoma.Clinical SignificanceMild proteinuria is a common finding in dogs with lymphoma. The clinical impact of the proteinuria is probably low.
The economic rationale for investing in stunting reduction
Authors: Hoddinott John , Alderman Harold , Behrman Jere R. , Haddad Lawrence , Horton Susan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper outlines the economic rationale for investments that reduce stunting. We present a framework that illustrates the functional consequences of stunting in the 1000 days after conception throughout the life cycle: from childhood through to old age. We summarize the key empirical literature around each of the links in the life cycle, highlighting gaps in knowledge where they exist. We construct credible estimates of benefit–cost ratios for a plausible set of nutritional interventions to reduce stunting. There are considerable challenges in doing so that we document. We assume an uplift in income of 11% due to the prevention of one fifth of stunting and a 5% discount rate of future benefit streams. Our estimates of the country‐specific benefit‐cost ratios for investments that reduce stunting in 17 high‐burden countries range from 3.6 (DRC) to 48 (Indonesia) with a median value of 18 (Bangladesh). Mindful that these results hinge on a number of assumptions, they compare favourably with other investments for which public funds compete.
The principles and practices of nutrition advocacy: evidence, experience and the way forward for stunting reduction
Authors: Pelletier David , Haider Rukhsana , Hajeebhoy Nemat , Mangasaryan Nune , Mwadime Robert , Sarkar Satyajit 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAdvocacy represents an intervention into complex, dynamic and highly contextual socio‐political systems, in which strategies and tactics must be adjusted on a continual basis in light of rapidly changing conditions, reactions from actors and feedback. For this reason, the practice of advocacy is often considered more art than science. However, capacities and practices for advocacy can be strengthened by sharing and analysing experiences in varying contexts, deriving general principles and learning to adapt these principles to new contexts. Nutrition is a particular context for advocacy, but to date, there has been little systematic analysis of experiences. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and draw lessons from the practice of nutrition advocacy, especially in relation to stunting and complementary feeding, and suggest ways to strengthen capacities and practices in the future. The strategies and tactics, achievements and lessons learnt are described for three case studies: Uganda, Vietnam and Bangladesh. These cases, and experience from elsewhere, demonstrate that concerted, well‐planned and well‐implemented advocacy can bring significant achievements, even in short period of time. In light of the global and national attention being given to stunting reduction through the SUN (Scaling Up Nutrition) movement and other initiatives, there is now a need for much stronger investments in strategic and operational capacities for advocacy, including the human, organisational and financial resources for the advocacy and strategic communication themselves, as well as for monitoring and evaluation, supportive research and institutional capacity‐building.
Multi‐sectoral interventions for healthy growth
Authors: del Carmen Casanovas Ma , Lutter Chessa K. , Mangasaryan Nune , Mwadime Robert , Hajeebhoy Nemat , Aguilar Ana Maria , Kopp Ciro , Rico Luis , Ibiett Gonzalo , Andia Doris , Onyango Adelheid W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe risk of stunted growth and development is affected by the context in which a child is born and grows. This includes such interdependent influences as the political economy, health and health care, education, society and culture, agriculture and food systems, water and sanitation, and the environment. Here, we briefly review how factors linked with the key sectors can contribute to healthy growth and reduced childhood stunting. Emphasis is placed on the role of agriculture/food security, especially family farming; education, particularly of girls and women; water, sanitation, and hygiene and their integration in stunting reduction strategies; social protection including cash transfers, bearing in mind that success in this regard is linked to reducing the gap between rich and poor; economic investment in stunting reduction including the work with the for‐profit commercial sector balancing risks linked to marketing foods that can displace affordable and more sustainable alternatives; health with emphasis on implementing comprehensive and effective health care interventions and building the capacity of health care providers. We complete the review with examples of national and subnational multi‐sectoral interventions that illustrate how critical it is for sectors to work together to reduce stunting.
Designing appropriate complementary feeding recommendations: tools for programmatic action
Authors: Daelmans Bernadette , Ferguson Elaine , Lutter Chessa K. , Singh Neha , Pachón Helena , Creed‐Kanashiro Hilary , Woldt Monica , Mangasaryan Nuné , Cheung Edith , Mir Roger , Pareja Rossina , Briend André 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSuboptimal complementary feeding practices contribute to a rapid increase in the prevalence of stunting in young children from age 6 months. The design of effective programmes to improve infant and young child feeding requires a sound understanding of the local situation and a systematic process for prioritizing interventions, integrating them into existing delivery platforms and monitoring their implementation and impact. The identification of adequate food‐based feeding recommendations that respect locally available foods and address gaps in nutrient availability is particularly challenging. We describe two tools that are now available to strengthen infant and young child‐feeding programming at national and subnational levels. ProPAN is a set of research tools that guide users through a step‐by‐step process for identifying problems related to young child nutrition; defining the context in which these problems occur; formulating, testing, and selecting behaviour‐change recommendations and nutritional recipes; developing the interventions to promote them; and designing a monitoring and evaluation system to measure progress towards intervention goals. Optifood is a computer‐based platform based on linear programming analysis to develop nutrient‐adequate feeding recommendations at lowest cost, based on locally available foods with the addition of fortified products or supplements when needed, or best recommendations when the latter are not available. The tools complement each other and a case study from Peru illustrates how they have been used. The readiness of both instruments will enable partners to invest in capacity development for their use in countries and strengthen programmes to address infant and young child feeding and prevent malnutrition.
High‐resolution manometry changes our views of gastrointestinal motility
Authors: Lindberg G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHigh‐resolution manometry using catheters with 36 solid‐state sensors spaced 1 cm apart has already become an established technique for esophageal manometry where it has replaced water‐perfused and station pull‐through manometry. Spatiotemporal plots with color coding of pressure have greatly facilitated the analysis of esophageal peristalsis. Although suitable for the length of the esophagus, the solid‐state catheter is insufficient for the study of longer segments of the gastrointestinal tract. A new technique with fiber‐optic sensors has made it possible to construct catheters with 72–144 sensors. Studies of colonic motility have revealed that the most common motor pattern of the colon is a peristaltic contraction that travels 7–10 cm in the retrograde direction. Earlier studies using low‐resolution manometry with 7–45 cm between sensors led us to erroneous conclusions regarding direction and frequency of contractions and they largely missed both antegrade and retrograde contractions traveling short distances. Fiber‐optic high‐resolution manometry holds promise for greatly improving our understanding of gut motor physiology and hopefully also our understanding of patients with symptoms of disordered gut motility.
Expression and function of the Scn5a‐encoded voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1.5 in the rat jejunum
Authors: Beyder A. , Gibbons S. J. , Mazzone A. , Strege P. R. , Saravanaperumal S. A. , Sha L. , Higgins S. , Eisenman S. T. , Bernard C. E. , Geurts A. , Kline C. F. , Mohler P. J. , Farrugia G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe SCN5A‐encoded voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1.5 is expressed in human jejunum and colon. Mutations in NaV1.5 are associated with gastrointestinal motility disorders. The rat gastrointestinal tract expresses voltage‐gated sodium channels, but their molecular identity and role in rat gastrointestinal electrophysiology are unknown.MethodsThe presence and distribution of Scn5a‐encoded NaV1.5 was examined by PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in rat jejunum. Freshly dissociated smooth muscle cells were examined by whole cell electrophysiology. Zinc finger nuclease was used to target Scn5a in rats. Lentiviral‐mediated transduction with shRNA was used to target Scn5a in rat jejunum smooth muscle organotypic cultures. Organotypic cultures were examined by sharp electrode electrophysiology and RT‐PCR.Key ResultsWe found NaV1.5 in rat jejunum and colon smooth muscle by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry using two other antibodies of different portions of NaV1.5 revealed the presence of the ion channel in rat jejunum. Whole cell voltage‐clamp in dissociated smooth muscle cells from rat jejunum showed fast activating and inactivating voltage‐dependent inward current that was eliminated by Na+ replacement by NMDG+. Constitutive rat Scn5a knockout resulted in death in utero. NaV1.5 shRNA delivered by lentivirus into rat jejunum smooth muscle organotypic culture resulted in 57% loss of Scn5a mRNA and several significant changes in slow waves, namely 40% decrease in peak amplitude, 30% decrease in half‐width, and 7 mV hyperpolarization of the membrane potential at peak amplitude.Conclusions & InferencesScn5a‐encoded NaV1.5 is expressed in rat gastrointestinal smooth muscle and it contributes to smooth muscle electrophysiology.
Ecology and phylogenetic affinity of the early Cambrian tubular microfossilMegathrix longus
Authors: Shang Xiaodong , Liu Pengju , Yang Ben , Chen Shouming , Wang Chuchu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAbundant, exquisitely preserved specimens of the enigmatic tubular microfossilMegathrix longusare reported from the early Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area. Studies of their morphology and taphonomy reveal that the inner cross‐wall ofMegathrix longusis topographically flat, the trichome terminus is blunt and closed, and incomplete cross‐walls are regularly intercalated between complete ones. The deformation of trichomes, as well as the corrugation of their cross‐walls, are postmortem features caused by compaction, rather than biological features as previously interpreted. Statistical analysis indicates that chamber division is accomplished by the closure of incomplete cross‐walls. This process, which contributed to trichome growth, is extremely similar to that of modern Oscillatoriaceae. Trichome fragmentation was also observed in a series of specimens, which closely resembles that of cyanobacteria, particularly the Oscillatoriaceae. The termini ofMegathrix longussuggest that it was planktonic. In general,Megathrix longusbears a close affinity to the extant Oscillatoriaceae (Cyanophyta).
The hydroid fossil record and analytical techniques for assessing the affinities of putative hydrozoans and possible hemichordates
Authors: Muscente A. D. , Allmon Warren D. , Xiao Shuhai 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHydrozoan cnidarians are widespread in modern environments, but their polyps or hydroids, when not biomineralized, are generally rare in the fossil record. To assess the affinities of four hydrozoan taxa previously described on the basis of supposed fossils of non‐biomineralized hydroids, we re‐analysed the type specimens of these taxa using a combination of light and electron microscopic tools, including backscattered electron (BSE) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). New morphological, ultrastructural and taphonomic data were generated for Archaeoantennularia byersi from the Devonian of Michigan, Archaeocryptolaria compacta from the Ordovician of Virginia, and Mazohydra megabertha and Drevotella proteana from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek Lagerstätte of Illinois, which are preserved as carbonaceous fossils, aluminosilicate films and iron carbonate minerals in siderite concretions, respectively. In the context of these results, we provide a review of the fossil record of non‐biomineralized hydroids, describe possible biases and changes through time in their occurrence and preservation, and evaluate the criteria commonly used to identify and interpret their fossils. Although hydroids have been reported from Phanerozoic (particularly lower Palaeozoic) rocks around the world, many putative hydroids from the Palaeozoic are poorly substantiated and may actually be hemichordates. Indeed, none of the type specimens in this study represent unequivocal hydrozoans. As shown in BSE images, metatype specimens of A. byersi possess autothecae, fusellae, stolons, stolothecae and bithecae, which decisively indicate that they are dendroid graptolites rather than hydroids. The analyses yielded no evidence that A. compacta, Mazohydra and Drevotella are hydrozoans, as their holotypes lack the diagnostic morphological, taphonomic and ecological features characteristic of purported hydroid analogues. Consequently, our results suggest that many Palaeozoic hydroids may be hemichordates and that interpretations of hydroid fossils should be tested and refined using data collected via in situ analytical techniques like BSE‐SEM and EDS.
Tobacco control education in pediatric anesthesiology fellowships
Authors: Peters Shannon M. , Pabelick Christina M. , Warner David O. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundCigarette smoking and secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) increase the risk of perioperative complications. Traditionally, anesthesiologists have limited involvement in tobacco control.ObjectiveTo develop and disseminate an educational curriculum that educates pediatric anesthesia fellows in tobacco control.MethodsAfter IRB approval, an online survey was disseminated to pediatric anesthesiology fellowship directors.ResultsThirty‐one surveys were completed. Most report that they ask pediatric patients about tobacco use. A majority advise their patients who smoke about the health effects of smoking, but only 40% advise children to quit, and the majority never provide educational materials to assist in smoking cessation. Half reported that they sometimes or always ask about SHS. Approximately one‐third never advise about the ill effects of SHS, nearly half never advise parents to stop smoking, and the majority never provide educational material about quitting to parents. Two‐thirds felt that it is their responsibility to advise pediatric patients not to smoke, but less than half felt the same sense of responsibility about advising parents not to smoke. Approximately two‐thirds believe that fellowship programs should provide education about the effects of smoking in the perioperative period and the effects of SHS exposure, but few programs do. Almost all would implement a free teaching module about SHS exposure and tobacco control as part of fellowship education.ConclusionsMany pediatric anesthesiology fellowship directors agree that exposure to cigarette smoke adversely impacts patients in the perioperative period, but few participate in tobacco control, and issues germane to tobacco control are not consistently addressed.