bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise training reduces resting heart rate via downregulation of the funny channel HCN4
Authors: D’Souza Alicia , Bucchi Annalisa , Johnsen Anne Berit , Logantha Sunil Jit R.J. , Monfredi Oliver , Yanni Joseph , Prehar Sukhpal , Hart George , Cartwright Elizabeth , Wisloff Ulrik , Dobryznski Halina , DiFrancesco Dario , Morris Gwilym M. , Boyett Mark R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEndurance athletes exhibit sinus bradycardia, that is a slow resting heart rate, associated with a higher incidence of sinus node (pacemaker) disease and electronic pacemaker implantation. Here we show that training-induced bradycardia is not a consequence of changes in the activity of the autonomic nervous system but is caused by intrinsic electrophysiological changes in the sinus node. We demonstrate that training-induced bradycardia persists after blockade of the autonomous nervous systemin vivoin mice andin vitroin the denervated sinus node. We also show that a widespread remodelling of pacemaker ion channels, notably a downregulation of HCN4 and the corresponding ionic current,If. Block ofIfabolishes the difference in heart rate between trained and sedentary animalsin vivoandin vitro. We further observe training-induced downregulation of Tbx3 and upregulation of NRSF and miR-1 (transcriptional regulators) that explains the downregulation of HCN4. Our findings provide a molecular explanation for the potentially pathological heart rate adaptation to exercise training.
Mutation in VPS35 associated with Parkinson’s disease impairs WASH complex association and inhibits autophagy
Authors: Zavodszky Eszter , Seaman Matthew N.J. , Moreau Kevin , Jimenez-Sanchez Maria , Breusegem Sophia Y. , Harbour Michael E. , Rubinsztein David C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEndosomal protein sorting controls the localization of many physiologically important proteins and is linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. VPS35 is a component of the retromer complex, which mediates endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of membrane proteins such as the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Furthermore, retromer is also required for the endosomal recruitment of the actin nucleation promoting WASH complex. The VPS35 D620N mutation causes a rare form of autosomal-dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here we show that this mutant associates poorly with the WASH complex and impairs WASH recruitment to endosomes. Autophagy is impaired in cells expressing PD-mutant VPS35 or lacking WASH. The autophagy defects can be explained, at least in part, by abnormal trafficking of the autophagy protein ATG9A. Thus, the PD-causing D620N mutation in VPS35 restricts WASH complex recruitment to endosomes, and reveals a novel role for the WASH complex in autophagosome formation.
Cascading ecological effects of eliminating fishery discards
Authors: Heath Michael R. , Cook Robin M. , Cameron Angus I. , Morris David J. , Speirs Douglas C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDiscarding by fisheries is perceived as contrary to responsible harvesting. Legislation seeking to end the practice is being introduced in many jurisdictions. However, discarded fish are food for a range of scavenging species; so, ending discarding may have ecological consequences. Here we investigate the sensitivity of ecological effects to discarding policies using an ecosystem model of the North Sea—a region where 30–40% of trawled fish catch is currently discarded. We show that landing the entire catch while fishing as usual has conservation penalties for seabirds, marine mammals and seabed fauna, and no benefit to fish stocks. However, combining landing obligations with changes in fishing practices to limit the capture of unwanted fish results in trophic cascades that can benefit birds, mammals and most fish stocks. Our results highlight the importance of considering the broader ecosystem consequences of fishery management policy, since species interactions may dissipate or negate intended benefits.
Exchanging Ohmic Losses in Metamaterial Absorbers with Useful Optical Absorption for Photovoltaics
Authors: Vora Ankit , Gwamuri Jephias , Pala Nezih , Kulkarni Anand , Pearce Joshua M. , Güney Durdu Ö. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUsing metamaterial absorbers, we have shown that metallic layers in the absorbers do not necessarily constitute undesired resistive heating problem for photovoltaics. Tailoring the geometric skin depth of metals and employing the natural bulk absorbance characteristics of the semiconductors in those absorbers can enable the exchange of undesired resistive losses with the useful optical absorbance in the active semiconductors. Thus, Ohmic loss dominated metamaterial absorbers can be converted into photovoltaic near-perfect absorbers with the advantage of harvesting the full potential of light management offered by the metamaterial absorbers. Based on experimental permittivity data for indium gallium nitride, we have shown that between 75%–95% absorbance can be achieved in the semiconductor layers of the converted metamaterial absorbers. Besides other metamaterial and plasmonic devices, our results may also apply to photodectors and other metal or semiconductor based optical devices where resistive losses and power consumption are important pertaining to the device performance.
Coupling of Two Non-processive Myosin 5c Dimers Enables Processive Stepping along Actin Filaments
Authors: Gunther Laura K. , Furuta Ken'ya , Bao Jianjun , Urbanowski Monica K. , Kojima Hiroaki , White Howard D. , Sakamoto Takeshi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMyosin 5c (Myo5c) is a low duty ratio, non-processive motor unable to move continuously along actin filaments though it is believed to participate in secretory vesicle trafficking in vertebrate cells. Here, we measured the ATPase kinetics of Myo5c dimers and tested the possibility that the coupling of two Myo5c molecules enables processive movement. Steady-state ATPase activity and ADP dissociation kinetics demonstrated that a dimer of Myo5c-HMM (double-headed heavy meromyosin 5c) has a 6-fold lower Km for actin filaments than Myo5c-S1 (single-headed myosin 5c subfragment-1), indicating that the two heads of Myo5c-HMM increase F-actin-binding affinity. Nanometer-precision tracking analyses showed that two Myo5c-HMM dimers linked with each other via a DNA scaffold and moved processively along actin filaments. Moreover, the distance between the Myo5c molecules on the DNA scaffold is an important factor for the processive movement. Individual Myo5c molecules in two-dimer complexes move stochastically in 30–36 nm steps. These results demonstrate that two dimers of Myo5c molecules on a DNA scaffold increased the probability of rebinding to F-actin and enabled processive steps along actin filaments, which could be used for collective cargo transport in cells.
Design principles for single standing nanowire solar cells: going beyond the planar efficiency limits
Authors: Zeng Yang , Ye Qinghao , Shen Wenzhong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSemiconductor nanowires (NWs) have long been used in photovoltaic applications but restricted to approaching the fundamental efficiency limits of the planar devices with less material. However, recent researches on standing NWs have started to reveal their potential of surpassing these limits when their unique optical property is utilized in novel manners. Here, we present a theoretical guideline for maximizing the conversion efficiency of a single standing NW cell based on a detailed study of its optical absorption mechanism. Under normal incidence, a standing NW behaves as a dielectric resonator antenna and its optical cross-section shows its maximum when the lowest hybrid mode (HE11δ) is excited along with the presence of a back-reflector. The promotion of the cell efficiency beyond the planar limits is attributed to two effects: the built-in concentration caused by the enlarged optical cross-section and the shifting of the absorption front resulted from the excited mode profile. By choosing an optimal NW radius to support the HE11δ mode within the main absorption spectrum, we demonstrate a relative conversion-efficiency enhancement of 33% above the planar cell limit on the exemplary a-Si solar cells. This work has provided a new basis for designing and analyzing standing NW based solar cells.
Casein kinase: the triple meaning of a misnomer
Authors: Venerando Andrea , Ruzzene Maria , Pinna Lorenzo A. 
Published: May 2014

The term ‘casein kinase’ has been widely used for decades to denote protein kinases sharing the ability to readily phosphorylate casein in vitro. These fall into three main classes: two of them, later renamed as protein kinases CK1 (casein kinase 1, also known as CKI) and CK2 (also known as CKII), are pleiotropic members of the kinome functionally unrelated to casein, whereas G-CK, or genuine casein kinase, responsible for the phosphorylation of casein in the Golgi apparatus of the lactating mammary gland, has only been identified recently with Fam20C [family with sequence similarity 20C; also known as DMP-4 (dentin matrix protein-4)], a member of the four-jointed family of atypical protein kinases, being responsible for the phosphorylation of many secreted proteins. In hindsight, therefore, the term ‘casein kinase’ is misleading in every instance; in the case of CK1 and CK2, it is because casein is not a physiological substrate, and in the case of G-CK/Fam20C/DMP-4, it is because casein is just one out of a plethora of its targets, and a rather marginal one at that. Strikingly, casein kinases altogether, albeit representing a minimal proportion of the whole kinome, appear to be responsible for the generation of up to 40–50% of non-redundant phosphosites currently retrieved in human phosphopeptides database. In the present review, a short historical explanation will be provided accounting for the usage of the same misnomer to denote three unrelated classes of protein kinases, together with an update of our current knowledge of these pleiotropic enzymes, sharing the same misnomer while playing very distinct biological roles.
Death-associated protein kinase 3 mediates vascular structural remodelling via stimulating smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration
Authors: Usui Tatsuya , Sakatsume Tomoki , Nijima Ryo , Otani Kosuke , Kazama Kyosuke , Morita Tomoka , Kameshima Satoshi , Okada Muneyoshi , Yamawaki Hideyuki 
Published: May 2014

Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) also known as zipper-interacting kinase is a serine/threonine kinase that mainly regulates cell death and smooth muscle contraction. We have previously found that protein expression of DAPK3 increases in the mesenteric artery from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and that DAPK3 mediates the development of hypertension in SHRs partly through promoting reactive oxygen species-dependent vascular inflammation. However, it remains to be clarified how DAPK3 controls smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration, which are also important processes for hypertension development. We, therefore, sought to investigate whether DAPK3 affects SMC proliferation and migration. siRNA against DAPK3 significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced SMC proliferation and migration as determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and a cell counting assay as well as a Boyden chamber assay respectively. DAPK3 siRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor of DAPK3 inhibited PDGF-BB-induced lamellipodia formation as determined by rhodamine–phalloidin staining. DAPK3 siRNA or the DAPK inhibitor significantly reduced PDGF-BB-induced activation of p38 and heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27) as determined by Western blotting. In ex vivo studies, PDGF-BB-induced SMC out-growth was significantly inhibited by the DAPK inhibitor. In vivo, the DAPK inhibitor significantly prevented carotid neointimal hyperplasia in a mouse ligation model. The present results, for the first time, revealed that DAPK3 mediates PDGF-BB-induced SMC proliferation and migration through activation of p38/HSP27 signals, which may lead to vascular structural remodelling including neointimal hyperplasia. The present study suggests DAPK3 as a novel pharmaceutical target for the prevention of hypertensive cardiovascular diseases.
Targeting mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) regulates macrophage cholesterol efflux and lipid phenotype
Authors: Taylor Janice M. W. , Allen Anne-Marie , Graham Annette 
Published: May 2014

The aim of the present study was to establish mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) as a potential therapeutic target, capable of increasing macrophage cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein acceptors. Expression and activity of TSPO in human (THP-1) macrophages were manipulated genetically and by the use of selective TSPO ligands. Cellular responses were analysed by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), immunoblotting and radiolabelling, including [3H]cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and human serum. Induction of macrophage cholesterol deposition by acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) increased expression of TSPO mRNA and protein, reflecting findings in human carotid atherosclerosis. Transient overexpression of TSPO enhanced efflux (E%) of [3H]cholesterol to apoA-I, HDL and human serum compared with empty vector (EV) controls, whereas gene knockdown of TSPO achieved the converse. Ligation of TSPO (using PK11195, FGIN-1-27 and flunitrazepam) triggered increases in [3H]cholesterol efflux, an effect that was amplified in TSPO-overexpressing macrophages. Overexpression of TSPO induced the expression of genes [PPARA (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α), NR1H3 (nuclear receptor 1H3/liver X receptor α), ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette A1), ABCG4 (ATP-binding cassette G4) and APOE (apolipoprotein E)] and proteins (ABCA1 and PPARα) involved in cholesterol efflux, reduced macrophage neutral lipid mass and lipogenesis and limited cholesterol esterification following exposure to AcLDL. Thus, targeting TSPO reduces macrophage lipid content and prevents macrophage foam cell formation, via enhanced cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein acceptors.
Effect of quantum nuclear motion on hydrogen bonding
Authors: McKenzie Ross H. , Bekker Christiaan , Athokpam Bijyalaxmi , Ramesh Sai G. 
Published: May 2014

This work considers how the properties of hydrogen bonded complexes, X–H⋯Y, are modified by the quantum motion of the shared proton. Using a simple two-diabatic state model Hamiltonian, the analysis of the symmetric case, where the donor (X) and acceptor (Y) have the same proton affinity, is carried out. For quantitative comparisons, a parametrization specific to the O–H⋯O complexes is used. The vibrational energy levels of the one-dimensional ground state adiabatic potential of the model are used to make quantitative comparisons with a vast body of condensed phase data, spanning a donor-acceptor separation (R) range of about 2.4 − 3.0 Å, i.e., from strong to weak hydrogen bonds. The position of the proton (which determines the X–H bond length) and its longitudinal vibrational frequency, along with the isotope effects in both are described quantitatively. An analysis of the secondary geometric isotope effect, using a simple extension of the two-state model, yields an improved agreement of the predicted variation with R of frequency isotope effects. The role of bending modes is also considered: their quantum effects compete with those of the stretching mode for weak to moderate H-bond strengths. In spite of the economy in the parametrization of the model used, it offers key insights into the defining features of H-bonds, and semi-quantitatively captures several trends.
The counterintuitive role of sexual selection in species maintenance and speciation
Authors: Servedio Maria R. , Bürger Reinhard 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Sexual selection is generally considered to be an important force in the maintenance of species differentiation. Using population genetic models, we show that when isolated in its purest form of Fisherian sexual selection, sexual selection inhibits rather than assists species maintenance and speciation when isolated populations begin to exchange migrants. The stronger this type of sexual selection becomes, the more it erases any effects of local adaptation that drive trait divergence. Furthermore, if the strength of Fisherian sexual selection itself is allowed to evolve, sexual selection is lost. These results emphasize that additional complications have to be added to sexual selection scenarios for sexual selection to contribute to divergence; Fisherian sexual selection alone has the opposite effect.
Systematic determination of absolute absorption cross-section of individual carbon nanotubes
Authors: Liu Kaihui , Hong Xiaoping , Choi Sangkook , Jin Chenhao , Capaz Rodrigo B. , Kim Jihoon , Wang Wenlong , Bai Xuedong , Louie Steven G. , Wang Enge , Wang Feng 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Determination of optical absorption cross-section is of central importance to understanding a material; however, its realization on individual nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, is experimentally challenging due to the small extinction signal using conventional transmission measurements. Here we develop a technique based on polarization manipulation to enhance the sensitivity of single-nanotube absorption spectroscopy by two orders of magnitude. We systematically determine absorption cross-section over broad spectral range at the single-tube level for more than 50 chirality-defined single-walled nanotubes. Our data reveals chirality-dependent one-dimensional photophysics through the behaviors of exciton oscillator strength and lifetime. We also establish an empirical formula to predict absorption spectrum of any nanotube, which provides the foundation to determine quantum efficiencies in important photoluminescence and photovoltaic processes.
Epitaxial superlattices with titanium nitride as a plasmonic component for optical hyperbolic metamaterials
Authors: Naik Gururaj V. , Saha Bivas , Liu Jing , Saber Sammy M. , Stach Eric A. , Irudayaraj Joseph M. K. , Sands Timothy D. , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Boltasseva Alexandra 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Plasmonic and metamaterial devices require high-performance material building blocks, both plasmonic and dielectric, to be useful in any real-world application. Here, we develop both plasmonic and dielectric materials that can be grown epitaxially into ultrathin and ultrasmooth layers with sharp interfaces. We show that a superlattice consisting of titanium nitride as a plasmonic component behaves as an optical hyperbolic metamaterial and exhibits extremely high photonic density of states.
Stabilization of graphene nanopore
Authors: Lee Jaekwang , Yang Zhiqing , Zhou Wu , Pennycook Stephen J. , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Chisholm Matthew F. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The key driving force for nanopore research has been the prospect of DNA sequencing, which requires small, thin pores for highest resolution. The length of the pore channel can be reduced to a single layer of atoms through the use of graphene. However, it is known that tiny holes in graphene are unstable against filling by carbon adatoms. Thus, the stabilization of such holes is a critical issue to be resolved to enable applications. We demonstrate the existence of stabilized holes in graphene and theoretical understanding of why they are stable. Our discoveries are a major step toward the development of robust and reliable graphene-based molecular translocation devices.
Chronological evidence fails to support claim of an isochronous widespread layer of cosmic impact indicators dated to 12,800 years ago
Authors: Meltzer David J. , Holliday Vance T. , Cannon Michael D. , Miller D. Shane 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceA key element underpinning the controversial hypothesis of a widely destructive extraterrestrial impact at the onset of the Younger Dryas is the claim that 29 sites across four continents yield impact indicators all dated to 12,800 ± 150 years ago. This claim can be rejected: only three of those sites are dated to this window of time. At the remainder, the supposed impact markers are undated or significantly older or younger than 12,800 years ago. Either there were many more impacts than supposed, including one as recently as 5 centuries ago, or, far more likely, these are not extraterrestrial impact markers.
RIP1 suppresses innate immune necrotic as well as apoptotic cell death during mammalian parturition
Authors: Kaiser William J. , Daley-Bauer Lisa P. , Thapa Roshan J. , Mandal Pratyusha , Berger Scott B. , Huang Chunzi , Sundararajan Aarthi , Guo Hongyan , Roback Linda , Speck Samuel H. , Bertin John , Gough Peter J. , Balachandran Siddharth , Mocarski Edward S. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The protein kinase receptor interacting protein 1 controls signaling via death receptors, Toll-like receptors, and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptors, dictating inflammatory outcomes as broad as cytokine activation and cell death. RIP1 makes a vital contribution during development, evident from the fact that RIP1-deficient mice die soon after birth. Here, we show that a kinase-independent function of RIP1 dampens the consequences of innate immune cell death. During parturition, RIP1 prevents the lethal consequences of RIP3-dependent necroptosis as well as caspase 8 (Casp8)-dependent apoptosis. In contrast to the RIP1-deficient phenotype, mice lacking a combination of RIP1, RIP3, and Casp8 are born and mature into viable, fertile, and immunocompetent adults. These results demonstrate the important protective role of RIP1 against physiologic and microbial death cues encountered at birth.
Site-specific genetic engineering of theAnopheles gambiaeY chromosome
Authors: Bernardini Federica , Galizi Roberto , Menichelli Miriam , Papathanos Philippos-Aris , Dritsou Vicky , Marois Eric , Crisanti Andrea , Windbichler Nikolai 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceInterfering with sex determination and male fertility are potentially powerful approaches for the genetic control of the human malaria vectorAnopheles gambiae.Despite this fact, the male-specific Y chromosome of this mosquito has remained largely unexplored, because of its repetitive, heterochromatic structure. Little is known about its ability to support gene transcription in different tissues and during gametogenesis, yet this information is crucial for understanding the function of this chromosome. We show, using a combination of knock-in and site-specific genetic engineering steps, how transgenes can be specifically introduced onto the Y chromosome. The Y-linked strains we have created provide the means to generate large single-sex populations and to establish male-exclusive genetic traits for the control of this important vector species.
Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs
Authors: Franks Daniel M. , Davis Rachel , Bebbington Anthony J. , Ali Saleem H. , Kemp Deanna , Scurrah Martin 
Published: May 2014

Significance
In this report we investigate company–community conflict and its role in the regulation of sustainability performance in the extractive industries. We estimate the cost of conflict to companies and identify conflict as an important means through which environmental and social risks are translated into business costs and decision-making. The paper clarifies the relationship between the environmental and social risk experienced—and interpreted—by local communities, and the business risks experienced—and interpreted—by corporations. Findings reveal that, at least for the case of the extractive industries, these two types of risk can co-constitute each other. The central importance of corporate strategy and behavior for sustainability science is highlighted.