bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covariance structure of spatial and spatiotemporal processes
Authors: Guttorp Peter , Schmidt Alexandra M. 
Published: May 2013

An important aspect of statistical modeling of spatial or spatiotemporal data is to determine the covariance function. It is a key part of spatial prediction (kriging). The classical geostatistical approach uses an assumption of isotropy, which yields circular isocorrelation curves. However, this is inappropriate for many applications, and several nonstationary approaches have been developed. Adding the temporal aspect, there is often interaction between time and space, requiring classes of nonseparable covariance structures. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:279–287. doi: 10.1002/wics.1259This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Image and Spatial Data
Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Stalled RNAP‐II molecules bound to non‐coding rDNA spacers are required for normal nucleolus architecture
Authors: Freire‐Picos M. A. , Landeira‐Ameijeiras V. , Mayán María D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe correct distribution of nuclear domains is critical for the maintenance of normal cellular processes such as transcription and replication, which are regulated depending on their location and surroundings. The most well‐characterized nuclear domain, the nucleolus, is essential for cell survival and metabolism. Alterations in nucleolar structure affect nuclear dynamics; however, how the nucleolus and the rest of the nuclear domains are interconnected is largely unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that RNAP‐II is vital for the maintenance of the typical crescent‐shaped structure of the nucleolar rDNA repeats and rRNA transcription. When stalled RNAP‐II molecules are not bound to the chromatin, the nucleolus loses its typical crescent‐shaped structure. However, the RNAP‐II interaction with Seh1p, or cryptic transcription by RNAP‐II, is not critical for morphological changes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three New Coordination Compounds Based on 2‐Phenyl‐4‐quinolinecarboxylic Acid and Nitrogenous Neutral Ligands: Syntheses, Structural Features, and Properties
Authors: Hou Xiang‐Yang , Wang Xiao , Fu Feng , Wang Ji‐Jiang , Tang Long 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSolvothermal reactions of 2‐phenyl‐4‐quinolinecarboxylic acid (Hpqba) with CdII, CoII, ZnII and/or 4,4′‐bipyridyl (4,4′‐bipy), 1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene (biyb), 2,2′‐bipyridyl (2,2′‐bipy) afford three new coordination compounds of stoichiometries [Cd(pqba)2(4,4′‐bipy)] (1), [Zn(pqba)2biyb] (2), and [Co3(pqba)6‐(2,2′‐bipy)2] (3). Compounds 1–3 were characterized by elements analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. Compound 1 has a two‐dimensional structure, whereas compound 2 consists of a one‐dimensional (1D) network, which is further expanded by π···π stacking interactions to form a 3D supramolecular structure. Complex 3 also exhibits a 3D supramolecular structure completely based on π···π stacking interactions. The pqba ligands adopt μ1‐k1,k1, μ1‐k1, μ2‐k1,k1, and μ2‐k1,k2 coordination modes for compounds 1, 2, and 3. The fluorescence properties were examined on compounds 1 and 2 in the solid state at room temperature. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that in complex 3 antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent CoII ions exist.
Epichromatin is conserved in Toxoplasma gondii and labels the exterior parasite chromatin throughout the cell cycle
Authors: VANAGAS LAURA , DALMASSO MARIA C. , DUBREMETZ JEAN F. , PORTIANSKY ENRIQUE L. , OLINS DONALD E. , ANGEL SERGIO O. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a disease with considerable medical and economic impact worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii cells never lose the nuclear envelope and their chromosomes do not condense. Here, we tested the murine monoclonal antibody PL2-6, which labels epichromatin (a conformational chromatin epitope based on histones H2A and H2B complexed with DNA), in T. gondii cultured in human fibroblasts. This epitope is present at the exterior chromatin surface of interphase nuclei and on the periphery of mitotic chromosomes in higher eukaryotes. PL2-6 reacted with T. gondii H2A and H2B histones in Western blot (WB) assays. In addition, the antibody reacted with the nuclear fraction of tachyzoites, as a single band coincident with H2B histone. In the T. gondii tachyzoite stage, PL2-6 also had peripheral nuclear localization, as observed by epifluorescence/confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Confocal analysis showed that epichromatin is slightly polarized to one face of the parasite exterior chromatin surface. In replicating tachyzoites, PL2-6 also labels the exterior chromatin surface, covering the face of both segregating nuclei, facing the plasma membrane of the mother cell. The possible role of epichromatin in T. gondii is discussed.
The role of the regeneration niche for the vertical stratification of vascular epiphytes
Authors: Wagner Katrin , Bogusch Wiebke , Zotz Gerhard 
Published: May 2013

Abstract:Vertical stratification of vascular epiphytes is frequently attributed to niche partitioning along microclimatic gradients but experimental confirmations of this notion are rare. This study investigates the role of the regeneration phase for the stratification of five bromeliad (Catopsis sessiliflora, Guzmania subcorymbosa, Tillandsia anceps, T. bulbosa and Werauhia gladioliflora) and seven aroid species (Anthurium acutangulum, A. brownii, A. clavigerum, A. durandii, A. friedrichsthalii, A. hacumense and A. scandens) in a Panamanian rain forest. We documented gradients of temperature, vapour pressure deficit and light (n = 10 d) as well as species height distributions (n = 11–120). Microclimatic gradients were substantial (maximal T and RH differences between strata: 5 °C and 18%, respectively) and mean attachment heights of the study species (range = 4–21 m) differed significantly. We tested sensitivity to recurrent drought (four treatments) during germination (all species, cumulative germination of 20 seeds, n = 3) and seedling growth (four aroid species, n = 25). Seedling survival of six aroid species transplanted to three heights (n = 27) was monitored in situ. Some species did not germinate under severe recurrent drought while others germinated at the same rate in all treatments. Seedlings of the most exposed species grew fastest under intermediate recurrent drought while those of the other three species grew fastest when kept constantly wet. Survival of transplanted seedlings did not depend on species attachment height, but this may be attributable to insufficient statistical power. Taken together, the results suggest that the stratification can be explained to a large degree by differential sensitivity to the vertical moisture gradient during the regeneration phase.
A factor analytic study in bipolar depression, and response to lamotrigine
Authors: Mitchell Philip B. , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan , Evoniuk Gary , Calabrese Joseph R. , Bowden Charles L. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveThere have been no previous factor analytic studies of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) in samples with bipolar I depression, and no investigations of the utility of any derived factors in determining treatment response in this condition. This study aimed to identify and compare factors of a 31-item version of the HDRS (HDRS-31) in large samples of patients with bipolar depression and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), then examine the responsiveness of such factors to lamotrigine compared with placebo in the bipolar depressed sample.MethodsThis multivariate analytical study was performed on 2 large depressed samples (one bipolar and the other MDD) that had been recruited for separate, contemporaneous, double-blind placebo-controlled trials of lamotrigine. The 2 studies had similar designs and assessment tools, the major measures being the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and HDRS-31. To identify the constructs underlying the scale, exploratory factor analyses were conducted using HDRS-31 baseline scores. Treatment responsiveness in the bipolar depressed sample—as indicated by improvement in the total MADRS and HDRS-31, as well as HDRS factors—were examined using both a mixed-effects analysis and individual time-point t-tests.ResultsSeven factors of the HDRS-31 were identified: I—“depressive cognitions,” II—“psychomotor retardation,” III—“insomnia,” IV—“hypersomnia,” V—“appetite and weight change,” VI—“anxiety,” and VII—“anergia.” A significant therapeutic effect of lamotrigine in bipolar depression was found for the “depressive cognitions” factor (from week 3) and “psychomotor retardation” (from week 4).ConclusionThis study has identified 7 factors of the HDRS in a large sample of patients with bipolar depression. The results suggest that that the clinical benefits of lamotrigine in acute bipolar depression are primarily upon depressive cognitions and psychomotor slowing.
Political Theology and the Dialectics of (Counter)Secularization
Authors: Fabbri Renaud 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article builds on Habermas's hypothesis of a post-secular world society and on Voegelin's philosophy of consciousness. It first analyzes the genesis of the post-secular hypothesis in the work of Habermas. It then looks at the historical roots of the post-secular world society since the Axial Age. Finally, it delineates the evolution of religious actors in modern societies, at the political and cognitive levels, focusing on the European Counter-revolutionaries, the Islamist and post-Islamist movements of the Middle East, and the Hindu Nationalists. The article concludes that Habermas's hypothesis provides a plausible alternative to neo-Schmittian theory of the Clash of Civilizations proposed by Huntington.
Low-temperature muon spin rotation studies of the monopole charges and currents in Y doped Ho2Ti2O7
Authors: Chang L. J. , Lees M. R. , Balakrishnan G. , Kao Y.-J. , Hillier A. D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn the ground state of Ho2Ti2O7 spin ice, the disorder of the magnetic moments follows the same rules as the proton disorder in water ice. Excitations take the form of magnetic monopoles that interact via a magnetic Coulomb interaction. Muon spin rotation has been used to probe the low-temperature magnetic behaviour in single crystal Ho2−xYxTi2O7 (x = 0, 0.1, 1, 1.6 and 2). At very low temperatures, a linear field dependence for the relaxation rate of the muon precession λ(B), that in some previous experiments on Dy2Ti2O7 spin ice has been associated with monopole currents, is observed in samples with x = 0 and 0.1. A signal from the magnetic fields penetrating into the silver sample plate due to the magnetization of the crystals is observed for all the samples containing Ho allowing us to study the unusual magnetic dynamics of Y doped spin ice.
Molecular basis for the action of a dietary flavonoid revealed by the comprehensive identification of apigenin human targets
Authors: Arango Daniel , Morohashi Kengo , Yilmaz Alper , Kuramochi Kouji , Parihar Arti , Brahimaj Bledi , Grotewold Erich , Doseff Andrea I. 
Published: May 2013

SignificanceThe beneficial health effects of dietary phytochemicals make them promising candidates for treatment and prevention of multiple diseases. However, cellular targets for dietary components remain largely unknown. By combining phage display with high-throughput sequencing, we identified 160 human targets of apigenin, a flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables. The apigenin targets include hnRNPA2, a factor associated with numerous cellular malignancies and involved in mRNA metabolism/splicing. We show that, by inhibiting hnRNPA2 dimerization, apigenin affects the alternative splicing of key mRNAs. These findings provide a perspective on how dietary phytochemicals function and what distinguishes their action from pharmaceutical drugs.
Marketing of Neuropsychiatric Illness and Enhancement
Authors: Conrad Peter , Horwitz Allan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe recent marketing of neuropsychiatric illnesses to encompass a broader range of conditions and enhancements has been almost completely associated with a growing use of drug treatments. This chapter examines how the broadened medicalization of numerous life conditions, such as minor depression, ADHD, and anxiety, has contributed to the expansion of neuropsychiatric illness and biomedical enhancements. This expansion is placed in the historical context of the rise of psychotropic pharmaceuticals, the advent of expanded drug marketing including direct-to-consumer advertising, the development of screening protocols, and the emergence of a range of “at risk” categories. These developments raise ethical issues including the decreasing thresholds for diagnosis and treatment, increasing drug treatments for children, and using psychoactive medications for enhancements. While medicalization is likely to continue and expand, some resistance might develop through government regulation, managed care and insurance company decisions, and the provision of better information to consumers.
Functional Neurosurgery and Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Synofzik Matthis 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery has become a powerful field in medicine and neuroscience. In particular, deep-brain stimulation (DBS) seems to be highly successful in ameliorating several seemingly treatment-refractory neurological and psychiatric diseases, thus leading to a rapid expansion of indications. These interventions, however, imply major ethical challenges: they often change neurophysiological mechanisms and ways of living with the long-term consequences being only poorly understood; they can directly modify essential features of personality; they might be used not only to treat diseases, but also to enhance neurocognitive states; and they are part of a research endeavor which strongly relies on small cohort studies and case reports, thus being prone to bias. This chapter scrutinizes recent ethical arguments, clinical challenges and research shortcomings with particular emphasis on neuropsychiatric DBS. It aims to provide some practical guidance on clinical decision-making and responsible research in this rapidly evolving field.
Corpus Christi
Authors: Zimmer Oliver 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the Catholic Corpus Christi processions, conceived as the ritual performance of an alternative rhythm of life. For liberals the schedules of progress, as enacted, for instance, by the urban tramway, were worthy objects of protection. Differing markedly from the nationalist temporality enacted by the Sedan Day parades, the Corpus Christi processions on occasions disrupted these schedules. Yet whilst the rituals that were performed on Sedan Day and Corpus Christi day differed, they were not incommensurate. The Corpus Christi processions demonstrate that contestation was conducive to maintaining a dialogue between two distinctive emotional communities. Beneath the rhetorical battles characterizing the German culture war, there thus emerged a search for a shared rhythm of life, one in which the languages of nationalism and of Christianity acted as facilitators
Sound communication in house mice: Emotions in their voices and ears?
Authors: Ehret Günter 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMouse pups (Mus musculus) produce six acoustically different types of sounds in situations of interaction (birth cry, wriggling calls, distress calls, smacking sounds) or loss of interaction with other animals (pure ultrasounds, clicks). Adults emit ultrasounds alone and in interaction with other animals and distress calls (squealing) in response to or anticipation of painful stimulation. Females emit defensive calls against sexually interested males, and males produce sounds by tail rattling in agonistic situations with another male. These sounds express, mainly by their frequency bandwidths and noisiness, emotions of fear, submissiveness, distress, and comfort. They are perceived, i.e. adult mice specifically respond to them, as one of three basic emotional meanings. Fear and submissiveness is perceived as attraction, distress as aversion, and comfort as cohesion. Auditory perceptual mechanisms of mammals for classification of basic meanings, and similarities and differences in acoustic emotional perception of mice and nonhuman primates are briefly discussed.
An integrative model of brain processes for the decoding of emotional prosody
Authors: Grandjean Didier , Frühholz Sascha 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The central nervous system has developed specialized neural systems to process relevant information, including emotional information in the auditory domain. This chapter discusses the functional roles of temporal regions like the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and gyrus (STG), the amygdala and subcortical grey nuclei as well as regions in the frontal lobe like the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and inferior frontal gyri (IFG) during the processing emotional prosody. The involvement of these different regions in the processing of the different steps of auditory information processing however is still unclear. A model is proposed based on results of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies and studies using electroencephalographic recordings (EEG) as well as intracranial local field potentials (LFPs). The functional coupling between different brain areas, such as the STS, the IFG, the amygdala, and OFC regions, will be discussed in the light of recent empirical findings.
A contribution to the evolutionary basis of music: Lessons from the chill response
Authors: Altenmüller Eckart , Kopiez Reinhard , Grewe Oliver 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the evolutionary basis of music. We focus on the adaptational value of the chill-response to music linked to strong emotions, feelings of pleasure and nostalgia. In the first paragraphs, we briefly review the debate on whether music is an evolutionary adaptation or a more recent human invention without any adaptational value. A prominent protagonist of the former viewpoint was Charles Darwin, who proposed, already in 1870, an analogy of human music to bird-song, linking it to courtship and emerging language abilities. Later, the adaptational value of music promoting social coherence and wellbeing was emphasized. In contrast, non-adaptationists argue that music is a more recent invention of humans, comparable to the control of fire. However, according to this position, music relies on resources which are necessary for language acquisition and which have developed previously in evolution. Subsequently, we argue that emotions induced by music may also refer to different evolutionary origins. Aesthetic emotions, not necessarily accompanied by an activation of the autonomic nervous system, may have developed relatively late in human evolution potentially in the context of the invention of the first musical instruments some 35000 years ago. In contrast, strong emotions such as chill-responses to music, are linked to an activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the brain reward circuits.
Relativistic square-root spaces∗
Authors: Wong Chun Wa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEinstein's derivation of the Lorentz transformation between space and time coordinates is given. The resulting relativistic kinematics of £ Lorentz spacetime and momentum-energy vectors is readily applied to practical problems by using their scalar products that are Lorentz-invariant, the same in every Lorentz frame. Dirac went the other way by expanding the Lorentz quadratic invariant operator in the linear wave equation back into their original square-root vectors. The resulting Dirac spinor wave functions give full access to the rich spacetime properties of the wave motion in the square-root space. These properties include their spacetime symmetries, and the breaking of these symmetries by using other types of spinor wave functions. The connection is also made with Cartan's complexified square-root coordinates. Multidimensional arrays of spatial and spacetime vectors can be constructed and used. These objects include dyadics, Cartesian tensors and general tensors. Some of their useful properties are described.
4 Fourier series and Fourier transforms
Authors: Wong Chun Wa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Fourier expansion of an arbitrary piecewise-smooth function in the finite interval —π 〈 x 〈 π as an infinite sum of terms (a 0; a n cos nx, b n sin nx, integer n = l,…,∞) is described. The complex exponent functions e inx, integer —∞ 〈 n 〈 ∞, (or another set of orthogonal functions,) in the interval (a, b) can also be used. A special limiting case for the interval (—∞,∞) yields the Fourier integral transform. It is used to solve inhomogeneous differential equations with the help of Dirac delta functions and Green's functions. The convergence and completeness of Fourier-series representation are discussed. Fourier transforms in multidimensional space-time give access to Fourier spaces of wave vector and frequency. In these Fourier spaces, Maxwell's equations simplify to simple algebraic equations. The Helmholtz decomposition theorem is derived.
Territorialized and Internationalized Arbitration Tribunals
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief description of the arbitral process. It then examines delocalization theory and seat theory. This is followed by a discussion of the internationalized nature of tribunals operating pursuant to a treaty regime — the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal and International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes/Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID) tribunals. It is shown that delocalization theory — with its de-emphasis of the role of national legal orders in the arbitral process — has significantly influenced national arbitration laws. This is evidenced by the large degree of procedural freedom provided to the disputing parties and the arbitrators alike. Nevertheless, these laws — by continuing to subject arbitral proceedings and the subsequent awards to various, albeit limited, requirements — give testimony to the strength of seat theory. State practice thereby corroborates that the mandate of such ‘territorialized’ tribunals partly stem from a national legal order, giving effect to the parties' arbitration agreement.
Concurrent Application of and Reference to National and International Law in Case of Consistency
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines arbitral tribunals' use of an alternative choice-of-law methodology, which involves applying or referring to both national and international law. It is often used in case of convergence in normative content and, in particular, when the parties disagree on the respective roles of the national and the international legal orders. This choice-of-law methodology can be advocated not only on the basis that it enhances the legitimacy of the award for the disputing parties; in seeking and emphasizing the concord that frequently exists between national and international law it also contributes to a more harmonious outlook on the relationship between the legal orders.