bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic functional diversity: Size structure of a keystone predator drives functioning of a complex ecosystem
Authors: Rudolf Volker H. W. , Rasmussen Nick L. 
Published: December 2012

A central challenge in community ecology is to understand the connection between biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. While traditional approaches have largely focused on species‐level diversity, increasing evidence indicates that there exists substantial ecological diversity among individuals within species. By far, the largest source of this intraspecific diversity stems from variation among individuals in ontogenetic stage and size. Although such ontogenetic shifts are ubiquitous in natural communities, whether and how they scale up to influence the structure and functioning of complex ecosystems is largely unknown. Here we take an experimental approach to examine the consequences of ontogenetic niche shifts for the structure of communities and ecosystem processes. In particular we experimentally manipulated the stage structure in a keystone predator, larvae of the dragonfly Anax junius, in complex experimental pond communities to test whether changes in the population stage or size structure of a keystone species scale up to alter community structure and ecosystem processes, and how functional differences scale with relative differences in size among stages.We found that the functional role of A. junius was stage‐specific. Altering what stages were present in a pond led to concurrent changes in community structure, primary producer biomass (periphyton and phytoplankton), and ultimately altered ecosystem processes (respiration and net primary productivity), indicating a strong, but stage‐specific, trophic cascade. Interestingly, the stage‐specific effects did not simply scale with size or biomass of the predator, but instead indicated clear ontogenetic niche shifts in ecological interactions. Thus, functional differences among stages within a keystone species scaled up to alter the functioning of entire ecosystems. Therefore, our results indicate that the classical approach of assuming an average functional role of a species can be misleading because functional roles are dynamic and will change with shifts in the stage structure of the species. In general this emphasizes the importance of accounting for functional diversity below the species level to predict how natural and anthropogenic changes alter the functioning of natural ecosystems.
Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Future for Pakistan
Authors: Shuker Muhannad Talib , Buriro Muhammad Ali , Hamza Malik Muhammad 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Pakistan's production to date is characterized by large oil and gas reservoirs undergoing natural depletion with the help of strong natural aquifer drives. In a few fields, natural aquifer support is supplemented by pattern or peripheral water flood. However, there has been no systematic attempt to define the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) potential within the country.
This study is an attempt to extrapolate the potential lies in Pakistani reservoir using Enhanced Oil Recovery methods. This study revisits the screening criteria for the selection of Enhanced Oil Recovery method published by several authors. This study also defines the methodology to screen the Enhanced Oil Recovery method for particular reservoir. Screening criteria is then applied to Pakistani reservoirs. The approach has been integrated into the software in order to make repetitive analysis in an easy way. Finally, after the best selection of Enhanced Oil Recovery Method, the future directions are set and cost analysis is shown in order to proceed the project. The methods considered in this analysis were: water injection, Water alternating Gas injection (miscible and immiscible), polymer, and surfactant – polymer, steam (cyclic and continuous).
This study helps to select the optimum Enhanced Oil Recovery method to improve the recovery factor in a quick and efficient way. This is beneficial for the companies that are planning to initiate Enhanced Oil Recovery Project.
Improvement of Cementing in Deep Wells
Authors: Ilyas Muhammad , Sadiq Nauman , Mughal Muhammad Ali , Pardawalla Hassan , Noor Sameer Mustafa 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
This research work "Improvement of Cementing in Deep Wells" was carried out with the collaboration of Mari Gas Company Limited (MGCL), Pakistan and Schlumberger Pakistan, to recommend the designs and practices by which future cementing operations for zonal isolation in deep Wells may be improved.
Mari Gas Company Limited had successfully drilled, tested and completed Halini Well - 1 (Total Depth = 5350 m) in the Karak Block. The Karak Block is located in Northern Region of Pakistan which is known for its challenges, such as high pressure water influxes and weak zones, which led to a number of cementing challenges in this Well. The Cementing related problems that were faced on this Well were: 1-Sustained Casing Annulus Pressure in 13 3/8" × 9 5/8" Casing Annulus2-Poor CBL-VDL results in 13 3/8" and 9 5/8" Casing
The scope of the project was to investigate the root cause of cementing challenges faced at Halini Well-1 and to propose recommendations for improving future cementing in deep Wells.
In regards to the above, the cementing of Halini Well- 1 was thoroughly analyzed along with similar case histories and problems in offset fields. On the basis of observations made, various recommendations have been proposed, mostly related to areas of fluid rheology, fluid contamination, fluid channeling, density and friction pressure hierarchy between fluids, fluid loss, temperature differential, and setting of casing slips etc. The idea for this project is to serve as a guideline for cementing the future deep Wells.
Effects of Economic Analysis on Re-Developent of a Gas Field – Lessons Learned from a Reservoir Simulation Study
Authors: Akram Agha Hassan , Majeed Arshad , Ashraf Zaid , Khan Waqar A. , Rahman Shah Abdur 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The subject Gas Field is located in the Sulaiman Fold Belt (SFB) in Pakistan. A realistic 3D static model was constructed for the challenging multiple reservoirs in the Field which included both clastics and carbonates. Four main reservoir horizons were modeled.
The steps involved in the Reservoir engineering analyses were: analyze PVT, well test, Static Pressure Data, and Core. The static pressure analysis helped define hydraulic compartmentalization in the field.
WHFP measurements were not available in the desired accuracy and density. A surface network model was used with plant inlet pressure as the primary constraint in order to obtain the required information. Satellite based elevation information was used to establish an accurate model with respect to pressure drop due to liquid hold up in pipelines.
The History Match in the field was performed on a Zone by Zone basis. In the absence of a 3D seismic cube, many of the faults in the field could not be interpreted, yet their presence was predicted by a closely matching Sand Box Model. This was an important clue which led to a useful approach regarding the location of simulation faults distributed in the entire field. An innovative approach was used in order to calibrate the size of sand lenses in one of the zones.
The final step was the forecasting and development of Optimal Scenario using Economic analysis. Many scenarios were tested, and the optimal scenario was identified. Maximum use was made of existing wellbores through re-completion, and new drilling was minimized. Furthermore, the impact of increasing the currently low Gas Price was tested. It was concluded that doubling of the gas price of the field would increase the NPV 3 times delay abandonment by 6 years.
Energy Generation & Coal Bed Methane Recovery via Co2- N2 Sequestration and their Environmental Consequences
Authors: Memon Asadullah , Memon Bilal Shams , Soomro Sania , Unar Froze , Bano Seema 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Nowadays the energy demand has become tripled resulting in advancingof the development activities in the petroleum industry to enhance hydrocarbon recoveries. It is reviewed from the literature that the current worldwide facts of research and technical observations have proved that the coal containing methane gas is not much efficient in terms of power, cost and environment friendly energy source. The objective of this research is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen gas (N2). Moreover, sequestration in coal seams and their environmental consequences for coal based methane recovery project. This research study is also covers the effective and efficient methodologyforextraction of methane gas from coal, which is coupled with the injection of CO2 and N2 into the coal seam complex structure. Moreover, this methodology is applied individually and simultaneously, along with the after effects of injection of CO2 and N2 on Coal bed methane (CBM) recovery. The results of this research study suggestsa method for generation of electric power in which CBM gas is used as an input source whilst the combustion gas, CO2 emissions are sequestrated into coal seams for environmental protection, extending the CBM recovery and reducing CO2 availability cost.
Fluid Characterization of a Retrograde Gas Condensate Reservoir for the Simulation Study
Authors: Khan M. Noman , Bilal Hafiz M. , Shoaib M. , Manzoor Abdul-Ahad , Shaukat Wasif , Shakil Talha 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Correct selection of Equation of State (EOS) model is required for proper fluid characterization of retrograde gas condensate fluid so that PVT behavior in the simulation model can be correctly defined. This paper describes the methodology used for establishing the criteria for selecting the most representative PVT laboratory analysis when several PVT analyses are available. The steps for Equation of State (EOS) modeling from the selected PVT report of a retrograde gas condensate fluid sample, which will be used in compositional reservoir simulation model, are also presented in the paper.
One of the important steps in the proposed methodology is to examine the available PVT analysis results for accuracy, consistency and validity. The Whitson Torp (K-value flash) method which is based on mass balance has been used for evaluating experimental data by calculating percentage difference between reported values and calculated values of oil composition, molecular weight of C7+ and specific gravity of C7+ at abandonment pressure. EOS models have been developed using two well- known PVT analyses software. Three parameter Peng-Robinson EOS was selected for EOS modeling. The EOS model was tuned by regressing the Binary Interaction Coefficients and other critical properties of pseudo components. After regression, the fluid composition was lumped into five components to reduce simulation time while preserving the inherent nature of the EOS model. The developed EOS model has been used for material balance and simulation studies.
The ice thickness distribution of Flask Glacier, Antarctic Peninsula, determined by combining radio-echo soundings, surface velocity data and flow modelling
Authors: Farinotti Daniel , Corr Hugh , Gudmundsson G.Hilmar 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn interpolated bedrock topography is presented for Flask Glacier, one of the tributaries of the remnant part of the Larsen B ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. The ice thickness distribution is derived by combining direct but sparse measurements from airborne radio-echo soundings with indirect estimates obtained from ice-flow modelling. The ice-flow model is applied to a series of transverse profiles, and a first estimate of the bedrock is iteratively adjusted until agreement between modelled and measured surface velocities is achieved. The adjusted bedrock is then used to reinterpret the radio-echo soundings, and the recovered information used to further improve the estimate of the bedrock itself. The ice flux along the glacier center line provides an additional and independent constraint on the ice thickness. The resulting bedrock topography reveals a glacier bed situated mainly below sea level with sections having retrograde slope. The total ice volume of 120 ±15 km3 for the considered area of 215 km2 corresponds to an average ice thickness of 560 ± 70 m.
Isolated Syndesmosis Ankle Injury
Authors: Valkering Kars P. , Vergroesen Diederik A. , Nolte Peter A. 
Published: December 2012

Isolated syndesmosis injuries often go unrecognized and are diagnosed as lateral ankle sprains; however, they are more disabling than lateral ankle sprains. The reported incidence of isolated syndesmosis injuries in acute ankle sprains ranges between 1% and 16%. When ankle disability lasts for more than 2 months after an ankle sprain, the incidence increases to 23.6%. Diagnostic workup may include stress radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, or diagnostic arthroscopy. A simple stress test radiograph may reveal an unstable grade III syndesmosis sprain that may go unrecognized on plain anteroposterior and mortise or lateral radiographs of the ankle. The duration of symptoms in isolated syndesmosis injury is longer and more severe, often leading to chronic symptoms or ankle instability requiring operative stabilization.
This article describes the clinical presentation, injury classification, and operative stabilization techniques of isolated syndesmosis injuries. The authors performed their preferred operative stabilization technique for isolated syndesmosis injury—arthroscopic debridement of the ankle with syndesmotic stabilization with a syndesmotic screw—in 4 patients. All patients were evaluated 1 year postoperatively with subjective and objective assessment scales. Three of 4 patients showed good improvement of general subjective ankle symptoms and subjective ankle instability rating and a high Sports Ankle Rating System score after 1 year.
Eosinophilic Granuloma of the Lumbar Spine in an Adult
Authors: Ueda Yasuhiro , Murakami Hideki , Demura Satoru , Kawahara Norio , Tomita Katsuro , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2012

Eosinophilic granuloma of the spine is a common benign disease in children and adolescents that rarely affects adults.
This article describes the case of a 32-year-old woman with a solitary eosinophilic granuloma presenting as a local lytic lesion at the L4 vertebral body. She presented with a 2-month history of low back pain without neurological deficits. Plain radiographs showed a lytic lesion of the L4 vertebral body. Computed tomography scans showed an osteolytic lesion surrounded by partial sclerotic change of the L4 vertebral body. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a low-intensity lesion on T1-weighted images and a high-intensity lesion on T2-weighted images. A computed tomography–guided transpedicular needle biopsy of the L4 vertebral body was performed. The histological specimen stained with hematoxylin-eosin revealed features of eosinophilic granuloma with aggregates of Langerhans cells. On immunological studies, the diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma was facilitated by diffuse immunoreactivity of S-100 protein and CD1a. For the 3-month period after biopsy, the patient was fitted with a corset and allowed to walk. Four months after biopsy, computed tomography scans showed that remodeling of the destructive lesion of the L4 vertebral body was occurring. Two years after initial onset, the patient had complete relief of low back pain and no neurologic deficit. Computed tomography scans showed full reconstitution of the lesion. This was a rare case of successful conservative treatment of eosinophilic granuloma of the lumbar spine in an adult. Conservative treatment may be considered in a patient with an eosinophilic granuloma with no neurological deficit or spinal instability.
Witnesses of God: Exhortatory Preachers in Medieval al-Andalus and the Magreb
Authors: Jones Linda G. 
Published: December 2012

Este artículo analiza los aspectos retóricos y rituales de la exhortación piadosa (wa,z) practicada en al-Andalus y el Magreb, tomando como base documental dos fuentes homiléticas. Los textos se analizan a la luz de noticias hagiográficas y jurídicas con el fin de determinar el papel social de los wu,,az y el impacto de sus sermones. El poder seductor del sermón se halla en función del carisma del predicador, sus dotes de oratoria y su afán en involucrar activamente a su auditorio en su propia experiencia carismática. Los textos hagiográficos examinados presentan al wa,iz como testigo de la omnipotencia divina, propiciando la conversión religiosa, incluso de individuos situados al margen de la sociedad.
Health Information Technology Knowledge and Skills Needed by HIT Employers
Authors: Joost E. , Gongora-Ferraez M.J. , Fenton S.H. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryObjective: To evaluate the health information technology (HIT) workforce knowledge and skills needed by HIT employers.Methods: Statewide face-to-face and online focus groups of identified HIT employer groups in Austin, Brownsville, College Station, Dallas, El Paso, Houston, Lubbock, San Antonio, and webinars for rural health and nursing informatics.Results: HIT employers reported needing an HIT workforce with diverse knowledge and skills ranging from basic to advanced, while covering information technology, privacy and security, clinical practice, needs assessment, contract negotiation, and many other areas. Consistent themes were that employees needed to be able to learn on the job and must possess the ability to think critically and problem solve. Many employers wanted persons with technical skills, yet also the knowledge and understanding of healthcare operations.Conclusion: The HIT employer focus groups provided valuable insight into employee skills needed in this fast-growing field. Additionally, this information will be utilized to develop a statewide HIT workforce needs assessment survey.Citation: S.H. Fenton; E. Joost; M.J. Gongora-Ferraez. Health Information Technology knowledge and skills needed by HIT employers. Appl Clin Inf 2012; 3: 448–461http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-09-RA-0035
Propagande d’hygiène mentale au Québec dans les années 1930
Authors: Bastien Robert , Perreault Isabelle 
Published: December 2012

L’hygiène mentale est un dispositif qui sert à gérer les populations. Pour y parvenir, on doit mener des enquêtes sur tous les sujets, particulièrement chez les jeunes élèves. C’est là le point d’origine de la discipline qui sépare, traite et, dans la mesure du possible, répare le sujet « défectueux ». Parallèlement, il faut convaincre la nation du bien-fondé de cette discipline et de son oeuvre sociale, scientifique et morale. En 1931 et 1932, on assiste à la première campagne médiatique d’hygiène mentale sur les ondes de CKAC. Ce corpus donne un aperçu de la détermination des hygiénistes mentaux dans leurs menées sociales et sanitaires pour que la société progresse à l’abri du mal et de la dangerosité qui s’incarne dans la folie. Ce détour par le passé ouvre la porte à l’analyse du temps présent.
Messenian wars
Authors: Stewart Daniel R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn traditional scholarship, the Messenian wars are conflicts between Sparta and Messenia that occurred during the Archaic period and resulted in the Spartan conquest and control of most of the southwestern Peloponnese. The conventional interpretation suggests that the subjugation of conquered Messenia led directly to the constitutional reforms of Lycurgus, to the creation of helotage, and to the militarization of Spartan society, making the Messenian wars a pivotal moment in Spartan history.
Nikias
Authors: Roisman Joseph 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNikias, son of Nikeratos (ca. 470–413bce), was a successful Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War, but ultimately he led his city–state to one of its greatest defeats. Politically he aspired to succeed Perikles as the first man of Athens, but he lacked the charisma, foresight, and leadership qualities of his great predecessor. Because he was well intentioned there is a tragic dimension to his failings, which the historian Thucydides portrayed with sympathy.
Perikles
Authors: Sickinger James P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPerikles, son of Xanthippos of the Attic deme Cholargos, was the preeminent statesman and politician of Athens in the fifth centurybce. The chief sources for his life are Thucydides' account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, occasional references to him in the plays of Aristophanes, and a biography by Plutarch, written five hundred years after his death.
Phalanx(hoplite)
Authors: Sekunda Nicholas V. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe wordphalanxis first found in Homer (II. 6.6; 11.90; 15.360; 19.158). As hoplite armor developed, it was found that the best way to arrange the warriors was in a linear formation, where the hoplite shield gave defense not only to the individual, but to the line as a whole (Thuc. 5.72.1). In the Classical period, therefore, this formation comes to be used practically exclusively in the body of Hoplites (“armed men,” i.e., infantry), drawn up in the center of the line. The purpose of the lines at the back was not so much to push the men at the front forward or to add “weight” to the line, it was rather to prevent those at the front from turning back and leaving the line. Linear formations all tend to “peel off” from the back. Therefore Xenophon (Mem. 3.1.8;Cyr. 7.5.5) recommends that, in battle, the best men should be put at the front and back, that the phalanx may be led by the van and driven forward by the rear.
Sophists,
G
reece
Authors: Wallace Robert W. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

A term of otherwise broad range (including doctors and athletes),
sophistês
came to designate a series of public intellectuals, teaching and offering wise counsel to Greek communities and their elites ca. 600–400
BCE
. Never ivory‐tower philosophers (a type invented by Plato), the first
sophistai
, later called the “seven
sophistai
,” including Thales and Solon, cultivated practical wisdom, even cunning intelligence (
mêtis
), and moral rectitude, sometimes mediating civil strife between aristocrats and the masses.
Symmachia
Authors: Bolmarcich Sarah 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSymmachia is an “alliance” or “treaty” in ancient Greek. The standard definition is found inTHUCYDIDES(1.44.1): literally, “to have the same friends and enemies.” Thussymmachiahas often been translated as “a full offensive and defensive alliance” (Adcock and Mosley 1975). Both definitions might be better expressed. Beyond Thucydides, no Archaic or Classicalsymmachia, preserved on stone or in literature, includes the oath “to have the same friends and enemies,” which is rather a hegemonic oath used by various leagues of allies.
Alexander of Alexandria
Authors: Brakke David 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Alexander, bishop of Alexandria (312–328), presided over a church already divided by the Meletian Schism and played an important part in the beginning of the Arian controversy. One of Alexander's predecessors, Peter, had come into conflict with BishopMeletius of Lykopolis when Meletius ordained bishops and priests while Peter was in hiding during persecution. The dispute escalated into a full‐fledged schism, which was exacerbated by differences over the treatment of the lapsed. Thus, as Alexander took office, two churches existed in Egypt, a Petrine one and a Meletian one, each with its own hierarchy and network of churches.
Apostolic succession
Authors: McGowan Andrew 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEarly Christians shared their Jewish and other contemporaries' concern for continuous tradition from authoritative figures of the past. Although belief in Jesus changed existing traditional claims, Christians quickly sought to establish the authenticity of their beliefs, sacred writings, and especially their structures of leadership, in reference to the first followers of Jesus known as “apostles”. The idea of a succession that stemmed from the apostles came to have particular significance in controversies leading to the emergence of a normative or orthodox Christianity, and subsequently in the claims to particular authority of certain historic churches, not least that of Rome.