bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why they stay: women persisting in US engineering careers
Authors: Buse Kathleen , Bilimoria Diana , Perelli Sheri 
Published: May 2013

PurposeWomen remain dramatically underrepresented in the engineering profession and far fewer women than men persist in the field. This study aims to identify individual and contextual factors that distinguish women who persist in engineering careers in the US.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research was conducted based on semi‐structured interviews with 31 women engineers, ten of whom had left an engineering career and 21 persisting for on average 21 years. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analyzed.FindingsWomen who persisted in engineering careers articulated high levels of self efficacy, described themselves in terms of their identity as an engineer, and were motivated by the challenges and novelty of the profession. Women engineers' ability to adapt enabled them to persist and thrive despite working in a male‐dominated culture characterized by difficulties associated with the workplace, including discrimination. Women who opted out of engineering were less likely to recognize options in navigating the workplace and some felt as if they were pushed into engineering. Persistent engineers were less likely to be married and had fewer children.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough appropriate for an inductive study using a grounded theory approach the sample was small and the data was self reported.Practical implicationsA model is developed that integrates individual and contextual factors explaining a woman's persistence in an engineering career and has potential to explain persistence in other professions. To retain more women in engineering careers, organizations and managers should provide opportunities to develop identified skills within the professional domain and should provide opportunities for women engineers that provide continuous learning, on‐going challenges and novel work.Originality/valueAlthough numerous studies have addressed the retention of women in academic engineering programs and several recent studies have described why women leave engineering careers, the novelty of this study is that it addresses why women stay.
Intersectionality of gender and other forms of identity
Authors: Haq Rana 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to present the challenges facing women in India due to the intersectionality of gender and other forms of identities impacting on their personal and professional lives by exploring the intersection of gender, colour, caste, ethnicity, religion, marital status, and class as sources of discrimination against women in Indian society and workplaces.Design/methodology/approachThe approach is discussing the socio‐cultural traditions leading up to the complexities of multiple intersections of identity for women living and working in India, offering a paradigm shift from Western issues of gender equality towards understanding women's empowerment issues within the Indian context.FindingsIndian women are marginalized in their access to education and healthcare, and they are also compromised in their personal and professional development by being undervalued, underemployed and under‐rewarded. The social implications are the impact of awareness, changing attitudes and corporate social responsibility interventions towards improving the quality of life of women in India. Multinational corporations as well as Indian organizations may be influenced to implement diversity policies and practices beyond individual identities to incorporate the complex intersectionality that is the reality and dilemma of the challenges faced by Indian women in society, in professional careers and within organizations.Originality/valueReaders will find originality and value in understanding the complexities of gender equality issues in India as compared to other countries and contexts. It can inform researchers, academics, practitioners and policy makers on how to address the disparities and discrimination against women and guide comparative discourses between India and other countries towards eliminating discrimination against women.
Relative group size and minority school success: The role of intergroup friendship and discrimination experiences
Authors: Baysu Gülseli , Phalet Karen , Brown Rupert 
Published: May 2013

From an intergroup relations perspective, relative group size is associated with the quantity and quality of intergroup contact: more positive contact (i.e., intergroup friendship) supports, and negative contact (i.e., experienced discrimination) hampers, minority identity, and school success. Accordingly, we examined intergroup contact as the process through which perceived relative proportions of minority and majority students in school affected minority success (i.e., school performance, satisfaction, and self‐efficacy). Turkish minorities (N = 1,060) were compared in four Austrian and Belgian cities which differ in their typical school ethnic composition. Across cities, minority experiences of intergroup contact fully mediated the impact of perceived relative group size on school success. As expected, higher minority presence impaired school success through restricting intergroup friendship and increasing experienced discrimination. The association between minority presence and discrimination was curvilinear, however, so that schools where minority students predominated offered some protection from discrimination. To conclude, the comparative findings reveal positive and negative intergroup contact as key processes that jointly explain when and how higher proportions of minority students affect school success.
Clinical and sonographic features predict testicular torsion in children: a prospective study
Authors: Boettcher Michael , Krebs Thomas , Bergholz Robert , Wenke Katharina , Aronson Daniel , Reinshagen Konrad 
Published: May 2013

Objective
To test the clinical and sonographic predictors of testicular torsion (TT) with the aim of reducing negative exploration rates.
Patients and Methods
We performed a prospective study of all boys treated for ‘acute scrotum’ at our institute between January 2001 and April 2012 and clinical findings were documented.
If available, ultrasonography (US) was added to the diagnostic evaluation.
A prediction of the diagnosis was based on clinical and sonographic features, and was followed by surgical exploration in all patients.
Results
A total of 104 patients were included in the 16‐month period of the study.
No single finding excluded TT. The clinical features (pain <24 h, nausea/vomiting, abnormal cremasteric reflex, high position of the testis) appeared predictive (100% sensitivity) and the clinical scoring system was proven to be reliable, reducing the negative exploration rate by >55%.
Ultrasound predictors alone were not able to identify all boys with TT.
Conclusions
It is safe to refrain from routine surgical exploration in every child with acute scrotum if the clinical score is applied, which results in a marked reduction of negative explorations.
A reliable diagnosis could not be obtained based on US alone. As scrotal US is unpleasant for the child, we propose to refrain from this if the clinical score is positive. Patients with a negative clinical score are suitable candidates for US to establish and secure diagnosis.
Follistatin‐like 5 is expressed in restricted areas of the adult mouse brain: Implications for its function in the olfactory system
Authors: Masuda Tomoyuki , Sakuma Chie , Nagaoka Atsuko , Yamagishi Toshiyuki , Ueda Shuichi , Nagase Takahiro , Yaginuma Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFollistatin‐like 5 (Fstl5), a member of the follistatin family of genes, encodes a secretory glycoprotein. Previous studies revealed that other members of this family including Fstl1 and Fstl3 play an essential role in development, homeostasis, and congenital disorders. However, the in vivo function of Fstl5 is poorly understood. To gain insight into the function of Fstl5 in the mouse central nervous system, we examined the Fstl5 expression pattern in the adult mouse brain. The results of in situ hybridization analysis showed a highly restricted pattern of Fstl5, namely, with localization in the olfactory system, hippocampal CA3 area and granular cell layer of the cerebellum. Restricted expression in the olfactory system suggests a possible role for Fstl5 in maintaining odor perception.
Acute hormonal responses following different velocities of eccentric exercise
Authors: Libardi Cleiton A. , Nogueira Felipe R. D. , Vechin Felipe C. , Conceição Miguel S. , Bonganha Valéria , Chacon‐Mikahil Mara Patricia T. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the acute hormonal responses following two different eccentric exercise velocities. Seventeen healthy, untrained, young women were randomly placed into two groups to perform five sets of six maximal isokinetic eccentric actions at slow (30° s−1) and fast (210° s−1) velocities with 60‐s rest between sets. Growth hormone, cortisol, free and total testosterone were assessed by blood samples collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, 5, 15 and 30 min following eccentric exercise. Changes in hormonal responses over time were compared between groups, using a mixed model followed by a Tukey's post hoc test. The main findings of the present study were that the slow group showed higher growth hormone values immediately (5·08 ± 2·85 ng ml−1, P = 0·011), 5 (5·54 ± 3·01 ng ml−1, P = 0·004) and 15 min (4·30 ± 2·87 ng ml−1, P = 0·021) posteccentric exercise compared with the fast group (1·39 ± 2·41 ng ml−1, 1·34 ± 1·97 ng ml−1 and 1·24 ± 1·87 ng ml−1, respectively), and other hormonal responses were not different between groups (P>0·05). In conclusion, slow eccentric exercise velocity enhances more the growth hormone(GH) response than fast eccentric exercise velocity without cortisol and testosterone increases.
The Global Moment of 2011: Democracy, Social Justice and Dignity
Authors: Glasius Marlies , Pleyers Geoffrey 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, we argue that post‐2010 activisms, ranging from the Arab revolts to the Occupy movement, the Indignados and anti‐austerity protests in Europe, and the pro‐democracy protests in Russia and Mexico, exhibit three kinds of commonalities. These are a common infrastructure of networks and meetings that facilitate rapid diffusion; a generational background shaped both by the precarity of paid work and by exposure to and participation in global information streams; and, most fundamentally, a shared articulation of demands and practices. We further argue that three interconnected concepts have been at the core of both demands and the identity of these movements: democracy, social justice and dignity. Flowing from these three shared values and practices, post‐2010 activisms also share a mistrust of institutional politics and a determination not to become corrupted by power, which run deeper than in previous generations of activists and which pose an ongoing challenge to their involvement with formal politics.
Power and the Twenty‐first Century Activist: From the Neighbourhood to the Square
Authors: Pearce Jenny 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis article is about the alternative forms of power emerging in contemporary activism. It conceptualizes this new form of power as ‘non‐dominating’, and puts forward six propositions which characterize this form of power. It builds on work about power with eight diverse communities in the North of England, to argue that this form of power does exist in practice at the neighbourhood level, even though it is not articulated as such. While neighbourhood activists have difficulty in making this form of power effective, at the level of the ‘square’ and global activism, new understandings and practices of power are under conscious experimentation. This contribution therefore suggests that better connections need to be built between these levels of activism. At the same time, non‐dominating power should be recognized as enhancing the debate about effective and transformative change and how it can avoid reproducing dominating power.
Citizen Action in the Time of the Network
Authors: Shah Nishant 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe recent rise of ‘digital activism’ has promoted a questioning of the existing relationships between state, markets, civil society and citizen action by developing new and networked ways of thinking. The network society has become the default context within which these acts of digital activism are located and understood. This contribution proposes that the newness in ‘Activisms 2010+’ is the imperative that the digital technologies put upon these events should be rendered intelligible, legible and accessible within the digital paradigm. There is a demand that local events, contextual histories and material practices should be made understandable and accountable to the global rhetoric of ‘spectacle’ that neglects, overrides and makes invisible acts that do not have the possibility of a spectacle. Through a case study of the ‘Shanzhai Spring Festival Gala’ in China, this article hopes to illustrate the need for a new conceptual framework and vocabulary to account for the new conditions of citizen action and the potentials for political change and intervention therein. It further suggests that the discourse around digital activism stop focusing on the new in terms of processes, spectacles and objects, and instead look at the new in conditions that make citizen action possible.
The influence of physical activity on vascular complications and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Blomster J. I. , Chow C. K. , Zoungas S. , Woodward M. , Patel A. , Poulter N. R. , Marre M. , Harrap S. , Chalmers J. , Hillis G. S. 
Published: May 2013

AimsThere is limited evidence regarding the association between physical activity and vascular complications, particularly microvascular disease, in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsFrom the 11 140 patients in the ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron modified release Controlled Evaluation) trial, the effect of physical activity, categorized as none, mild, moderate or vigorous, and the number of sessions within a week, was examined in multivariable regression models adjusted for potential confounders. The study end‐points were major cardiovascular events, microvascular complications and all‐cause mortality.ResultsForty‐six percent of participants reported undertaking moderate to vigorous physical activity for >15 min at least once in the previous week. During a median of 5 years of follow‐up, 1031 patients died, 1147 experienced a major cardiovascular event and 1136 a microvascular event. Compared to patients who undertook no or mild physical activity, those reporting moderate to vigorous activity had a decreased risk of cardiovascular events (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69–0.88, p < 0.0001), microvascular events (HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76–0.96, p = 0.010) and all‐cause mortality (HR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73–0.94, p = 0.0044).ConclusionsModerate to vigorous, but not mild, physical activity is associated with a reduced incidence of cardiovascular events, microvascular complications and all‐cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Growth in transition countries
Authors: Dell'Anno Roberto , Villa Stefania 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study analyzes the impact of the speed of transition reforms on economic growth in transition countries in the context of the debate on ‘big‐bang vs. gradualist approach’. It builds a new indicator for the speed of transition reforms based on a three‐way principal component analysis. It shows that: (i) the speed of transition reforms Granger‐causes economic growth and there is no reverse causation; (ii) the impact of contemporaneous speed of transition reforms on economic growth is negative, but becomes positive in the longer horizon; and (iii) other factors, such as initial conditions and macroeconomic stabilization programmes, also drive economic growth. Although the first two results are robust to different estimators, the impact of control variables depends on the econometric specification.
BAALC and WT1 expressions from diagnosis to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: consecutive monitoring in adult patients with core‐binding‐factor‐positive AML
Authors: Yoon Jae‐Ho , Kim Hee‐Je , Shin Seung‐Hwan , Yahng Seung‐Ah , Lee Sung‐Eun , Cho Byung‐Sik , Eom Ki‐Seong , Kim Yoo‐Jin , Lee Seok , Min Chang‐Ki , Cho Seok‐Goo , Kim Dong‐Wook , Lee Jong‐Wook , Min Woo‐Sung , Park Chong‐Won , Lim Ji‐Hyang 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNo consecutive analysis of BAALC and WT1 expressions associated with core‐binding factor AML (CBF‐AML) from diagnosis to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has yet been reported. We investigated BAALC and WT1 expressions using a method of real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ‐PCR) at diagnosis, after induction chemotherapy, at pre‐HSCT, and at post‐HSCT period in 45 consecutive patients [t(8,21) (n = 28), inv(16) (n = 17)], who received HSCT as a post‐remission treatment. BAALC and WT1 RQ‐PCR decrement ratio (DR) was also calculated at post‐induction chemotherapy, at pre‐HSCT, and at post‐HSCT compared with the diagnostic level. Higher BAALC expression at diagnosis showed significantly inferior OS (P = 0.031), EFS (P = 0.011), and higher CIR (P = 0.002) rates. At post‐HSCT, both higher BAALC and WT1 expressions showed significantly inferior OS (P = 0.005, 0.016), EFS (P = 0.002, 0.006), and higher CIR (P = 0.001, 0.003) rates. A subgroup of t(8;21) showing higher BAALC and WT1 expressions at post‐HSCT were also associated with inferior OS (P = 0.018, 0.015) and higher CIR rates (P = 0.019, 0.011). While BAALC DR showed no significant results on outcomes, WT1 DR more than 2‐log at post‐HSCT showed significantly lower CIR rate (P = 0.028). This study showed that higher post‐HSCT BAALC and WT1 expressions in patients with CBF‐AML may be good markers of minimal residual disease for the prediction of survival and relapse after HSCT.
A survey of patients with haemophilia to understand how they track product used at home
Authors: Sholapur N. S. , Barty R. , Wang G. , Almonte T. , Heddle N. M. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryRecord keeping among individuals who manage haemophilia at home is an essential tool of communication between patient and Haemophilia Treatment Center (HTC). Complete records help HTCs monitor patients, their use of factor and ensure treatment is optimal. HTCs provide patients with a number of methods to track infusion practices. The study objectives were to: [1] determine the current methods of record keeping; [2] identify previous methods of record keeping; [3] understand the strengths and weaknesses associated with each method; and [4] gather suggestions for improvement. Survey methods were used to address the research objectives. Of the 83 patients in the Hamilton‐Niagara region who received the survey distributed through the local HTC, 51 returned surveys were included into the analysis. Descriptive statistics were used. Results indicate individuals with haemophilia record infusion practices using: paper diaries, excel spreadsheets, hand‐held PDAs and/or the online EZ‐Log Web Client. The most popular method of record keeping was EZ‐Log (45.1%) followed by paper diaries (35.2%). Advantages to using paper methods include the visual tracking of information and retaining hardcopies. The disadvantage was the inconvenience of physically submitting the records monthly. Advantages to using the online EZ‐Log Web Client included ease of use and improved accuracy. The primary disadvantage was technical errors that were difficult to troubleshoot. Record keeping practices among individuals with haemophilia seem to vary according to personal preference and convenience. Respondents suggested that saving infusion history, incorporating barcode scanners or a copy and paste function could improve electronic methods.
Stromal architecture and periductal decorin are potential prognostic markers for ipsilateral locoregional recurrence in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Van Bockstal Mieke , Lambein Kathleen , Gevaert Olivier , De Wever Olivier , Praet Marleen , Cocquyt Veronique , Van den Broecke Rudy , Braems Geert , Denys Hannelore , Libbrecht Louis 
Published: May 2013

AimsThe incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has increased since the introduction of screening mammography. Recurrence prediction is still not accurate, and could be improved by identifying additional prognostic markers. Periductal stroma actively participates in early breast cancer progression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the prognostic potential of stromal characteristics in DCIS.Methods and resultsHistopathological features and hormone receptor/HER2 status were analysed in a first cohort of 65 cases of DCIS with a median follow‐up of 112 months. Cox regression analysis revealed that myxoid stromal architecture was significantly associated with increased ipsilateral locoregional recurrence (P = 0.015). Next, we performed immunohistochemical screening of nine stromal proteins in a second cohort of 82 DCIS cases, and correlated their expression with stromal architecture. Because reduced stromal decorin expression correlated most strongly with myxoid stroma (P < 0.001), it was selected for further analysis in the first cohort. Patients with reduced periductal decorin expression had a higher risk of recurrence (P = 0.008). Furthermore, HER2 overexpression was significantly associated with invasive but not with in situ recurrence (P = 0.007).ConclusionsPeriductal myxoid stroma and reduced periductal decorin expression seem to be prognostic for overall ipsilateral locoregional recurrence in DCIS, whereas HER2 expression might be a more specific biomarker for invasive recurrence.
A double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of N‐acetylcysteine in the treatment of cocaine dependence
Authors: LaRowe Steven D. , Kalivas Peter W. , Nicholas Joyce S. , Randall Patrick K. , Mardikian Pascale N. , Malcolm Robert. J. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThere remains no FDA approved medication for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Preclinical studies and early pilot clinical investigations have suggested that N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) may be useful in the treatment of the disorder.ObjectiveThe present report assessed the efficacy of NAC in the treatment of cocaine dependence.MethodsCocaine‐dependent volunteers (n = 111) were randomized to receive daily doses of 1,200 mg of NAC, 2,400 mg of NAC, or placebo. Participants were followed for 8 weeks (up to three visits weekly). At each of these visits, urine samples were collected, along with self‐reports of cocaine use. Urine samples were assessed for quantitative levels of benzoylecognine (ie, cocaine metabolite).ResultsOverall, the primary results for the clinical trial were negative. However, when considering only subjects who entered the trial having already achieved abstinence, results favored the 2,400 mg NAC group relative to placebo, with the 2,400 mg group having longer times to relapse and lower craving ratings.ConclusionWhile the present trial failed to demonstrate that NAC reduces cocaine use in cocaine‐dependent individuals actively using, there was some evidence it prevented return to cocaine use in individuals who had already achieved abstinence from cocaine.Scientific SignificanceN‐acetylcysteine may be useful as a relapse prevention agent in abstinent cocaine‐dependent individuals. (Am J Addict 2013;22:443–452)