bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective management of lower urinary tract dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kapoor Sona , Bourdoumis Andreas , Mambu Lewis , Barua Jayanta 
Published: January 2013

AbstractParkinson's disease, also known as paralysis agitans, is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, with onset usually between the ages of 50 and 65 years, and is associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the subsantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies. It is characterized by the triad of resting tremor, muscular rigidity and bradykinesia. Often‐accompanying abnormalities include disorders of equilibrium, posture and autonomic function, including micturition. Symptoms from the lower urinary tract add a significant comorbidity factor in these patients. The incidence and prevalence of lower urinary tract dysfunction rise with increasing progression of the underlying neurological disease. They present a troublesome and difficult to treat health issue with a profound impact on the patient's quality of life. Storage symptoms seem to predominate. In the long term, renal function might be compromised, mainly as a result of elevated intravesical pressure. Various conservative, minimally‐invasive and surgical treatment options are available to prevent harmful sequelae, and to improve the quality of life of these patients. We present an overview of current and prospective treatment strategies.
Spatial Modeling of the Black Death in Sweden
Authors: Skog Lars , Hauska Hans 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to determine whether spatial modeling can be used to model the spread of the Black Death. The study is limited to models for the propagation of the disease in Sweden in 1350. Geographic data of Swedish water bodies and medieval road networks, historical data on the population in Swedish parishes, including their medieval boundaries, along with historical notes and disease characteristics, were used to build alternative models for spatial distribution. Three different models are presented: one radial, one cost‐based and one combining network analysis and radial propagation. Simulations were made to depict different scenarios on the spread of the disease, as well as the drastic changes in the overall population of Sweden, over a couple of hundred years. For purpose of validation the population decrease estimated in each parish is compared with independent historical documents. Results from model scenarios are visualized in maps of propagation, animated video sequences and a web map service. Our analyses clearly demonstrate the power of spatial analysis and geographic information systems to describe, model and visualize epidemiologic processes in space and time.
Meyer's Anvil: Revisiting the Schema Concept
Authors: Byros Vasili 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article re‐examines the concept of a ‘schema’ in light of a new body of empirical evidence regarding the culture and cognition of key in the eighteenth century. The schema concept in music, which originated in the work of LeonardB. Meyer, holds that social and historical experience gives rise to knowledge structures that engender a situated psychology of hearing and a context‐contingent understanding of music. In previous studies by Meyer and RobertO. Gjerdingen, evidence for the schema concept has been advanced largely by interpreting a musical corpus as a metaphor for experience. That is, arguments for the existence of schemata as mental categories that configure a situated psychology of hearing have been presented primarily in the form of music analysis – historically situated patterns detected in musical scores. For this reason, the schema concept has remained, in Meyer's and Gjerdingen's words, a ‘hypothesis’ and ‘assum[ption]’ respectively.The evidenceIadvance here derives from a case study on Beethoven'sEroicaSymphony and whatIcall thele–sol–fi–solschema. The study was conducted in the spirit of the psychologically orientated, humanistic music theory that characterised Meyer's lifelong research program. By establishing a correlation between real listeners’ responses in the Symphony's reception history and the details of my own corpus study of music from the long eighteenth century (1720–1840), myEroicacase study brings a novel perspective to the idea that schemata engender a historical mode of listening. The case study bears out several hypotheses that are basic to Meyer's writings and perpetuated in Gjerdingen'sgalantstyle project: (1) that replicated patternings in eighteenth‐century works are commensurate with listeners’ knowledge structures; (2) that these knowledge structures are historically contingent and therefore engender a situated psychology of hearing; (3) that these situated psychologies are affected by style change; and (4) that schemata provide access to historical modes of listening today.
Effects of Human Population Density and Proximity to Markets on Coral Reef Fishes Vulnerable to Extinction by Fishing
Authors: BREWER T. D. , CINNER J. E. , GREEN A. , PRESSEY R. L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCoral reef fisheries are crucial to the livelihoods of tens of millions of people; yet, widespread habitat degradation and unsustainable fishing are causing severe depletion of stocks of reef fish. Understanding how social and economic factors, such as human population density, access to external markets, and modernization interact with fishing and habitat degradation to affect fish stocks is vital to sustainable management of coral reef fisheries. We used fish survey data, national social and economic data, and path analyses to assess whether these factors explain variation in biomass of coral reef fishes among 25 sites in Solomon Islands. We categorized fishes into 3 groups on the basis of life‐history characteristics associated with vulnerability to extinction by fishing (high, medium, and low vulnerability). The biomass of fish with low vulnerability was positively related to habitat condition. The biomass of fishes with high vulnerability was negatively related to fishing conducted with efficient gear. Use of efficient gear, in turn, was strongly and positively related to both population density and market proximity. This result suggests local population pressure and external markets have additive negative effects on vulnerable reef fish. Biomass of the fish of medium vulnerability was not explained by fishing intensity or habitat condition, which suggests these species may be relatively resilient to both habitat degradation and fishing.Efectos de la Densidad de Poblaciones Humanas y la Proximidad del Mercado sobre Peces de Arrecifes de Coral Vulnerables a la Extinción
Distance‐driven species turnover in Bornean rainforests: homogeneity and heterogeneity in primary and post‐logging forests
Authors: Kitching R. L. , Ashton L. A. , Nakamura A. , Whitaker T. , Khen Chey Vun 
Published: January 2013

Selective logging is practiced extensively within tropical rainforests of south‐east Asia, and its impact on local biodiversity is well documented. Little is known, however, about the impact of selective logging on patterns of spatial heterogeneity of species. We set out to test the hypothesis that selective logging will lead to a homogenization of the associated faunal assemblages, using moths (Lepidoptera) as our subject taxa.Large‐scale transects were established within primary and post‐logging lowland mixed dipterocarp rainforests around the Danum Valley Conservation Area and surroundings, Sabah, Malaysia (4°50′N–5°00′N and 117°35′E–117°45′E). Five study sites were located within each habitat with geometrically increasing inter‐site distances. Macro‐moths plus Pyraloidea were sampled by light trapping in 2007 and 2008. Vegetation state was also measured at each site.A clear distance–decay relationship (decreasing assemblage similarity with increasing geographic distances) was observed in primary forest but was absent in the post‐logging forest. Large, comparable numbers of macro‐moth species were found in both primary and post‐logging forests. There were no significant differences in moth assemblage composition between primary and post‐logging forests.There are important structural differences between primary and post‐logging forests reflected in the moth assemblages. A two‐stage hypothesis combining both neutral and niche concepts is probably the most parsimonious explanation of these results. First, the composition of the moth assemblage is almost certainly determined locally by the variety of plant–hosts available to larvae, with the plants representing important niche dimensions for the moth species. Second the turnover (or lack of same) in the underlying plant assemblage probably reflects clumping and, in turn, dispersal capacity of the commoner plants in each forest type. Although the impact of selective logging may be subtle, this study suggests that selective logging results in the spatial homogenization of macro‐moth assemblages.
Cryogenic Core Collection and Preservation of Subsurface Samples for Biomolecular Analysis
Authors: Johnson Richard L. , Brow Christina N. , Johnson Reid O'Brien , Simon Holly M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA cryogenic coring system for the collection and preservation of biomolecules in unconsolidated subsurface solid samples is presented here. The sampler is based on existing direct‐push coring technology, with the addition of a cryogenic step to freeze the sample in situ. Once brought to the surface, the frozen cores can be packed in dry ice and shipped to the laboratory for further processing and analysis. The approach prevents redistribution of fluids during sample recovery and shipping, and because the cores are frozen in situ there is little loss of solid material during retrieval to ground surface. To evaluate the performance of the approach, DNA analyses of samples collected by cryogenic coring in a very large physical model are compared with results from water samples and horizontal core samples taken in close proximity. The data indicate that the vertical distribution of DNA within the cryogenic core can be measured at the centimeter scale, providing unprecedented characterization of subsurface biogeochemical interfaces.
Adaptive plasticity and genetic divergence in feeding efficiency during parallel adaptive radiation of whitefish (Coregonusspp.)
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen B. , Matthews B. , Vonlanthen P. , Taverna A. , Seehausen O. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractParallel phenotypic divergence in replicated adaptive radiations could either result from parallel genetic divergence in response to similar divergent selection regimes or from equivalent phenotypically plastic response to the repeated occurrence of contrasting environments. In post‐glacial fish, replicated divergence in phenotypes along the benthic‐limnetic habitat axis is commonly observed. Here, we use two benthic‐limnetic species pairs of whitefish from two Swiss lakes, raised in a common garden design, with reciprocal food treatments in one species pair, to experimentally measure whether feeding efficiency on benthic prey has a genetic basis or whether it underlies phenotypic plasticity (or both). To do so, we offered experimental fish mosquito larvae, partially burried in sand, and measured multiple feeding efficiency variables. Our results reveal both, genetic divergence as well as phenotypically plastic divergence in feeding efficiency, with the phenotypically benthic species raised on benthic food being the most efficient forager on benthic prey. This indicates that both, divergent natural selection on genetically heritable traits and adaptive phenotypic plasticity, are likely important mechanisms driving phenotypic divergence in adaptive radiation.
Effects of inbreeding and temperature stress on life history and immune function in a butterfly
Authors: Franke K. , Fischer K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTheory predicts that inbreeding depression should be more pronounced under environmental stress due to an increase in the expression of recessive deleterious alleles. If so, inbred populations may be especially vulnerable to environmental change. Against this background, we here investigate effects of inbreeding, temperature stress and its interactions with inbreeding in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We use a full‐factorial design with three levels of inbreeding (F = 0/0.25/0.38) and three temperature treatments (2 h exposure to 1, 27 or 39 °C). Despite using relatively low levels of inbreeding significant inbreeding depression was found in pupal mass, pupal time, thorax mass, abdomen fat content, egg hatching success and fecundity. However, stress resistance traits (heat tolerance, immune function) were not affected by inbreeding and interactions with temperature treatments were virtually absent. We thus found no support for an increased sensitivity of inbred individuals to environmental stress, and suspect that such patterns are restricted to harsher conditions. Our temperature treatments evidently imposed stress, significantly reducing longevity, fecundity, egg hatching success and haemocyte numbers, while fat content, protein content and lysozyme activity remained unaffected. Males and females differed in all traits measured except pupal time, protein content and phenoloxidase (PO) activity. Correlation analyses revealed, among others, a trade‐off between PO and lysozyme activity, and negative correlations between fat content and several other traits. We stress that more data are needed on the effects of inbreeding, temperature variation and sexual differences on insect immune function before more general conclusions can be drawn.
Substitution of Hainan indigenous genetic lineage in the Utsat people, exiles of the Champa kingdom
Authors: LI Dong‐Na , WANG Chuan‐Chao , YANG Kun , QIN Zhen‐Dong , LU Yan , LIN Xue‐Jing , LI Hui ,   the Genographic Consortium
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Utsat people do not belong to one of the recognized ethnic groups in Hainan, China. Some historical literature and linguistic classification confirm a close cultural relationship between the Utsat and Cham people; however, the genetic relationship between these two populations is not known. In the present study, we typed paternal Y chromosome and maternal mitochondrial (mt) DNA markers in 102 Utsat people to gain a better understanding of the genetic history of this population. High frequencies of the Y chromosome haplogroup O1a*‐M119 and mtDNA lineages D4, F2a, F1b, F1a1, B5a, M8a, M*, D5, and B4a exhibit a pattern similar to that seen in neighboring indigenous populations. Cluster analyses (principal component analyses and networks) of the Utsat, Cham, and other ethnic groups in East Asia indicate that the Utsat are much closer to the Hainan indigenous ethnic groups than to the Cham and other mainland southeast Asian populations. These findings suggest that the origins of the Utsat likely involved massive assimilation of indigenous ethnic groups. During the assimilation process, the language of Utsat has been structurally changed to a tonal language; however, their Islamic beliefs may have helped to keep their culture and self‐identification.
Increased seed set in down slope‐facing flowers of Lilium duchartrei
Authors: SUN Shi‐Guo , YAO Chi‐Yuan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFlower orientation has been considered one aspect of floral attraction. Plants growing on slopes should orientate their flowers facing down slope towards greater open space to enhance reproduction by attracting more pollinators. Flower angle and floral symmetry may affect this pattern; for example, this trend would be overshadowed in vertical/pendent flowers with radial symmetry because the flowers can attract pollinators and provide landing platforms from many directions. We investigated this hypothesis in Lilium duchartrei, a herb with pendent and actinomorphic flowers, in the Hengduan Mountains region of China by measuring flower direction for individuals growing on flat ground and on slopes. We also changed flower direction from facing down to up slope to test the effects on pollinator visitation frequency and subsequent plant reproduction. Plants growing on flat ground orientate their flowers equally towards the four geomagnetic directions, whereas the flowers on individuals growing on slopes preferentially face down slope. This pattern was more pronounced for individuals growing on steeper slopes. There was a positive correlation between slope angle and the seed set of flowers facing down slope (control), but a negative correlation between seed set and flowers facing up slope. The visitation frequency also tended to be higher for control flowers on steeper slopes and lower for those flowers changed to face up slope. Unexpectedly, floral direction was not affected by flower angle or floral symmetry. The results suggest that a down slope orientation of flowers could function to improve pollination in heterogeneous pollination environments.
Genetic evidence for the multiple origins of Pinghua Chinese
Authors: LU Yan , PAN Shang‐Ling , QIN Shu‐Ming , QIN Zheng‐Dong , WANG Chuan‐Chao , GAN Rui‐Jing , LI Hui ,   the Genographic Consortium
Published: January 2013

AbstractLinguistics and genetics always reach similar results in phylogenetic studies of human populations. A previous study found that populations speaking Han Chinese dialects have closer genetic relationships to each other than to neighboring ethnic groups. However, the Pinghua Chinese population from Guangxi is an exception. We have reported that northern Pinghua people are genetically related to populations speaking Daic languages. In this study, we further studied the southern Pinghua population. The Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA haplogroup components and network analysis indicated that northern and southern Pinghua populations were genetically different. Therefore, we concluded that the Pinghua speakers may have various origins, even though Pinghua dialects are similar. Pinghua dialects might have originated when the Daic or Hmongic speakers from different regions learnt to speak the same Chinese dialect hundreds of years ago. Speakers of one language do not always have just one origin.
Pollen dispersal in a mountainous area based on pollen analysis of four natural trap types from Lugu Lake, southwest China
Authors: LI Su‐Ping , HU Ya‐Qin , FERGUSON David Kay , YAO Jian‐Xin , LI Cheng‐Sen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPalynological analysis of 24 samples from four types of natural pollen traps (Lugu Lake bottom sediments, surface soil, bark samples, and moss cushions) in four sites at different altitudes from the Lugu Lake area, southwest China, has been undertaken to investigate pollen dispersal and deposition in a mountainous area and assist with the interpretation of fossil pollen analysis. Detailed comparisons between the palynological assemblage and the modern vegetation in the Lugu Lake region have been carried out. Preliminary interpretations of the correlation between pollen assemblage and vegetation at the different vertical vegetational zones can be recognized by the percentages of the main taxa, and most of the pollen taxa except Pinus are expected to be underrepresented. Exotic pollen grains can be transported over mountains more than 70 km away by wind. Upslope or downslope transport of pollen grains is crucial when reconstructing palaeoclimate in mountainous areas. We summarize the altitudinal distributions of modern woody plants whose pollen grains are present at three sites, and reveal that pollen grains are more readily carried uphill than downhill. These findings have important implications regarding the reconstruction of vegetation in mountainous regions and the interpretion of palaeoelevations.
Why do I treat HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients with nucleos(t)ide analogues?
Authors: Papatheodoridis George V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractProducts that are currently used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B include interferon‐alpha (IFNa: standard or pegylated) (PEG‐IFNa) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). NAs are used in most HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients for several reasons. They can be prescribed to all chronic HBV patients, even those with contraindications to IFNa; and even IFNa candidates are usually treated with NAs because of their advantages. Administration of NAs is easier (one oral tablet per day compared with subcutaneous IFNa injections), tolerance is excellent and the safety profile is good, whereas IFNa may have adverse events and often worsens the patients’ quality of life. The current first‐line NA options, entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir (TDV), have minimal or no risk of long‐term resistance and a virological response is achieved in almost 100% of adherent HBeAg‐negative patients, thus modifying the long‐term outcome. The need for long‐term, perhaps indefinite, treatment is the main limitation of NAs and the finite duration (48 weeks), the main advantage of IFNa, especially in young patients of reproductive age. However, at most 25% of IFNa‐treated HBeAg‐negative patients achieve a sustained off‐treatment response and therefore >75% of them will eventually receive NAs, even if they start with IFNa. As there will always be concerns about safety and family planning issues with long‐term NA therapy, NAs should be used carefully, particularly in young chronic hepatitis B patients with mild liver disease. Novel therapeutic options are needed to increase the rates of HBsAg loss and sustained off‐treatment responses.
How to optimize HCV therapy in genotype 4 patients
Authors: Esmat Gamal , El Kassas Mohamed , Hassany Mohamed , Gamil Mohamed Esmat , El Raziky Maisa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHCV is a worldwide disease with an estimated prevalence by WHO of 3%. Hepatitis C virus 4 is prevalent in Africa and the Middle East, especially Egypt. The treatment of HCV4 is affected by many factors, related to the virus itself (genotype, pretreatment viral load and prevalent quasispecies), to the host (genetic factors, age, ethnicity and liver histology), to the presence of comorbidities (obesity, insulin resistance and co‐infections) and to the therapeutic drugs (type, dose and duration). Optimizing treatment is the goal of daily practice to obtain the best results for the patient.
Current management and perspectives for HCV recurrence after liver transplantation
Authors: Coilly Audrey , Roche Bruno , Samuel Didier 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of end‐stage liver disease and the main indication for liver transplantation (LT) in most countries. All patients who undergo LT with detectable serum HCV RNA experience graft reinfection. Between 20 and 30% of patients develop cirrhosis within 5 years post‐LT. The outcome of transplant patients with cirrhosis on the graft is severe, with a rate of decompensation at 1 year of around 40%. To date, retransplantation is the only option for patients who develop decompensation. Until 2011, standard antiviral therapy, using pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), was the only effective therapy. Obtaining a sustained virological response (SVR) in the setting of LT greatly improves overall and graft survival, but this only concerns 30% of transplanted patients. Direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) such as protease inhibitors, polymerase or other non‐structural proteins inhibitors represent a new era in HCV‐associated liver disease. Although their use in the field of liver transplantation seems to be essential, there are some limitations due to safety and tolerance. One limitation is the potential interaction with calcineurin inhibitors. We describe the preliminary results of triple therapy with boceprevir or telaprevir in terms of efficacy and safety in liver transplant recipients.