bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of microstructure and augmentation of DC electrical resistivity due to Al3+ substitution in Ni–Zn nano ferrite system synthesized via auto combustion
Authors: Babu B. Rajesh , Ramesh K. V. , Prasad M. Sivaram , Purushotham Y. 
Published: October 2015

Nanocrystalline Ni–Zn–Al spinel ferrite was synthesized via citrate-gel auto combustion method. The as-prepared powders have been separated into two batches in which one batch of powders were sintered at 1000[Formula: see text]C for 4 h and the other batch were pressed into pellets and were sintered at the same temperature. Sintering of the samples was done in air atmosphere followed by natural cooling to room temperature. The heat treated powders have then been characterized using TG–DTA, XRD, SEM and TEM for thermal, structural and microstructural aspects while the DC electrical resistivity measurements were carried out on the sintered pellets. The X-ray diffraction patterns displayed the formation of the spinel phase for all powders and the lattice parameter was obtained using Bragg’s law. The crystallite size for all compositions were found to be in nano dimensions and obtained from the Williamson–Hall method. TG–DTA analysis of the undoped [Formula: see text] indicated the formation of the spinel phase is around 400[Formula: see text]C while almost uniform microstructure with a more or less spherical grains has been noticed in the SEM micrograph. An enhancement in the DC electrical resistivity ([Formula: see text]-cm) has been observed in [Formula: see text] synthesized using this technique in comparison with that processed through conventional ceramic technique and a modification in the resistivity has been observed on substituting [Formula: see text] in place of [Formula: see text]. High electrical resistivity makes these ferrites suitable for high-frequency applications due to possible reduction of the eddy current losses. The observed variation in resistivity has been discussed on amendments in structure, microstructure and unavailability of [Formula: see text] ions with increasing [Formula: see text] ions in the light of existing understanding. The decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature confirms the semiconducting behavior of all samples. Activation energies for conduction were obtained from the slope of the log [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] plots and observed to be in the range of 0.6–0.45 eV. The variation in the activation energy for conduction followed a similar trend as the DC resistivity. The drift mobility decreases with increasing [Formula: see text] ions concentration and increases with increasing temperature.
Hyperspectral Data Feature Extraction Using Rational Function Curve Fitting
Authors: Hosseini S. Abolfazl , Ghassemian Hassan 
Published: October 2015

A feature reduction technique is proposed for the hyperspectral (HS) data classification problem. The new features have been developed through a curve fitting step which fits specific rational function approximations to every spectral response curve (SRC) of HS image pixels. Then, the coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials of these fitted functions are considered as new extracted features. The method concentrates on the geometrical nature of SRCs and is utilizing the information that exists in sequence discipline — ordinance of reflectance coefficients in SRC — which has not been addressed by many other statistical analysis based methods. Maximum likelihood (ML) classification results show that the proposed method provides better classification accuracies compared to some basic and state-of-the-art feature extraction methods. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has the capability of being applied individually and simultaneously to all pixels of image.
Fluorophore-NanoLuc BRET Reporters Enable Sensitive In Vivo Optical Imaging and Flow Cytometry for Monitoring Tumorigenesis
Authors: Schaub Franz X. , Reza Md. Shamim , Flaveny Colin A. , Li Weimin , Musicant Adele M. , Hoxha Sany , Guo Min , Cleveland John L. , Amelio Antonio L. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Fluorescent proteins are widely used to study molecular and cellular events, yet this traditionally relies on delivery of excitation light, which can trigger autofluorescence, photoxicity, and photobleaching, impairing their use in vivo. Accordingly, chemiluminescent light sources such as those generated by luciferases have emerged, as they do not require excitation light. However, current luciferase reporters lack the brightness needed to visualize events in deep tissues. We report the creation of chimeric eGFP-NanoLuc (GpNLuc) and LSSmOrange-NanoLuc (OgNLuc) fusion reporter proteins coined LumiFluors, which combine the benefits of eGFP or LSSmOrange fluorescent proteins with the bright, glow-type bioluminescent light generated by an enhanced small luciferase subunit (NanoLuc) of the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris. The intramolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer that occurs between NanoLuc and the fused fluorophore generates the brightest bioluminescent signal known to date, including improved intensity, sensitivity, and durable spectral properties, thereby dramatically reducing image acquisition times and permitting highly sensitive in vivo imaging. Notably, the self-illuminating and bifunctional nature of these LumiFluor reporters enables greatly improved spatiotemporal monitoring of very small numbers of tumor cells via in vivo optical imaging and also allows the isolation and analyses of single cells by flow cytometry. Thus, LumiFluor reporters are inexpensive, robust, noninvasive tools that allow for markedly improved in vivo optical imaging of tumorigenic processes. Cancer Res; 75(23); 5023–33. ©2015 AACR.
Hypoxia-Induced WSB1 Promotes the Metastatic Potential of Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Cao Ji , Wang Yijie , Dong Rong , Lin Guanyu , Zhang Ning , Wang Jing , Lin Nengming , Gu Yongchuan , Ding Ling , Ying Meidan , He Qiaojun , Yang Bo 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia occurs in many solid tumors, where it is associated with the development of metastatic character. However, the connections between these phenomena are not fully understood. In this study, we define an integrative role for the E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit WSB1. In primary osteosarcomas, increased levels of WSB1 correlated with pulmonary metastatic potential. RNAi-mediated attenuation of WSB1 or disruption of its E3 ligase activity potently suppressed tumor metastasis. Quantitative proteomic and functional analyses revealed that WSB1 ubiquitylates the Rho-binding protein RhoGDI2 and promotes its proteasomal degradation, thereby activating Rac1 to stimulate tumor cell motility and invasion. Our findings show how WSB1 regulates key steps of the metastatic cascade in hypoxia-driven osteosarcoma, and they highlight a candidate therapeutic target to potentially improve the survival of patients with metastatic disease. Cancer Res; 75(22); 4839–51. ©2015 AACR.
The Cause of Internal Outflow Surges in a High-Resolution Simulation of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City Tornadic Supercell
Authors: Schenkman Alexander D. , Xue Ming , Dawson II Daniel T. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
A high-resolution simulation of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma tornadic supercell is analyzed to determine the origin of internal outflow surges within the low-level cold pool. The analyzed simulation has 50-m horizontal grid spacing and is quadruply nested within larger, lower-resolution domains that were initialized via three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) of radar and other observations. The high-resolution simulation produces two tornadoes that track in close proximity to the observed tornado on 8 May 2003. The authors’ previous study determined that an internal outflow surge instigated tornadogenesis for the first tornado in this simulation but the cause of this internal outflow surge was unclear.
In this study, the vertical momentum equation is analyzed along backward trajectories that are initialized within the tornado-triggering internal outflow surge. The analysis reveals that the internal outflow surge is forced by the dynamic part of the vertical pressure gradient. Further examination reveals that the dynamic forcing is the result of a high pressure perturbation in an area of stagnating flow on the west and northwest sides of the low-level (below ~3 km AGL) mesocyclone. This region of high perturbation pressure is unsteady and forces several other warm internal outflow surges on the west side of the tornado. Cold internal outflow surges also occur later in the simulation and are shown to be buoyantly forced by evaporation and water loading in heavy precipitation.
Using Single-Forcing GCM Simulations to Reconstruct and Interpret Quaternary Climate Change
Authors: Erb Michael P. , Jackson Charles S. , Broccoli Anthony J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The long-term climate variations of the Quaternary were primarily influenced by concurrent changes in Earth’s orbit, greenhouse gases, and ice sheets. However, because climate changes over the coming century will largely be driven by changes in greenhouse gases alone, it is important to better understand the separate contributions of each of these forcings in the past. To investigate this, idealized equilibrium simulations are conducted in which the climate is driven by separate changes in obliquity, precession, CO2, and ice sheets. To test the linearity of past climate change, anomalies from these single-forcing experiments are scaled and summed to compute linear reconstructions of past climate, which are then compared to mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum (LGM) snapshot simulations, where all forcings are applied together, as well as proxy climate records. This comparison shows that much of the climate response may be approximated as a linear response to forcings, while some features, such as modeled changes in sea ice and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), appear to be heavily influenced by nonlinearities. In regions where the linear reconstructions replicate the full-forcing experiments well, this analysis can help identify how each forcing contributes to the climate response. Monsoons at the mid-Holocene respond strongly to precession, while LGM monsoons are heavily influenced by the altered greenhouse gases and ice sheets. Contrary to previous studies, ice sheets produce pronounced tropical cooling at the LGM. Compared to proxy temperature records, the linear reconstructions replicate long-term changes well and also show which climate variations are not easily explained as direct responses to long-term forcings.
The Role of Intermittency in Internal-Wave Shear Dispersion
Authors: Kunze Eric , Sundermeyer Miles A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper revisits a long-standing discrepancy between (i) 1–5-km isopycnal diffusivities of O(1) m2 s−1 based on dye spreading and (ii) inferences of O(0.1) m2 s−1 from internal-wave shear dispersion Kh ~ 〈Kz〉〈〉/f2 in several studies in the stratified ocean interior, where 〈Kz〉 is the bulk average diapycnal diffusivity, 〈〉 the finescale shear variance, and f the Coriolis frequency. It is shown that, taking into account (i) the intermittency of shear-driven turbulence, (ii) its lognormality, and (iii) its correlation with unstable finescale near-inertial shear, internal-wave shear dispersion cannot necessarily be discounted based on available information. This result depends on an infrequent occurrence of turbulence bursts, as is observed, and a correlation between diapycnal diffusivity Kz and the off-diagonal vertical strain, or the vertical gradient of horizontal displacement, |χz| = |∫Vz dt|, which is not well known and may vary from region to region. Taking these factors into account, there may be no need to invoke additional submesoscale mixing mechanisms such as vortical-mode stirring or internal-wave Stokes drift to explain the previously reported discrepancies.
Tinnitus Annoyance in Normal-Hearing Individuals
Authors: Kehrle Helga Moura , Sampaio André Luiz Lopes , Granjeiro Ronaldo Campos , de Oliveira Taciana Sarmento , Oliveira Carlos Augusto Costa Pires 
Published: October 2015

Objective: To assess and correlate tinnitus annoyance in normal-hearing patients with auditory brainstem response and with anxiety/depression. Methods: A sample of 84 individuals with tinnitus and normal hearing levels (pure-tone thresholds ≤25 dB HL) was compared to a matched control group of 47 normal-hearing individuals without tinnitus. All participants underwent auditory brainstem response testing. Tinnitus annoyance was assessed using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and depression and anxiety using the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory, respectively. We compared auditory brainstem response and anxiety/depression symptoms between groups. In the study group, we correlated the degree of tinnitus annoyance with normal/abnormal auditory brainstem response and presence/level of anxiety/depression symptoms. Results: All controls had normal auditory brainstem response; 30 patients with tinnitus had abnormal results. Thirty-five patients with tinnitus had depression and 41 anxiety, while only 2 controls had depression and none had anxiety, with a significant between-group difference ( P < .001). Normal/abnormal auditory brainstem response showed no association with tinnitus annoyance, anxiety, or depression. A higher degree of tinnitus annoyance was associated with severity of depression and anxiety. Conclusions: Increased tinnitus annoyance was positively correlated with greater severity of anxiety and depression in normal-hearing patients but was unrelated to normal/abnormal auditory brainstem response.
Role of Amylin in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hieronymus Laura , Griffin Stacy 
Published: October 2015

Purpose The pathophysiology of diabetes has historically focused on alterations in insulin secretion and function; however, diabetes involves multiple hormonal alterations, including abnormal regulation of amylin. This review discusses the physiologic functions of amylin in glucose homeostasis and the rationale for amylin replacement in type 1 and 2 diabetes. The use of pramlintide, a synthetic amylin analog, is also discussed. Conclusions Amylin, formed primarily in pancreatic islet β cells, is cosecreted with insulin in response to caloric intake. Patients with type 1 diabetes have lower baseline amylin serum concentrations, and amylin response to caloric intake is absent. Patients with type 2 diabetes requiring insulin also have a diminished amylin response to caloric intake, potentially related to the degree of β-cell impairment. Key physiologic functions of amylin in maintaining glucose homeostasis include suppressing glucagon release in response to caloric intake, delaying the rate of gastric emptying, and stimulating the satiety center in the brain to limit caloric intake. Pramlintide is indicated for adults with type 1 and 2 diabetes who have not achieved adequate glucose control despite optimal insulin therapy. As an adjunct to insulin therapy, pramlintide demonstrated significant reductions in A1C in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, with favorable effects on body weight. It is administered subcutaneously before each major meal. There is an increased risk of hypoglycemia with insulin when used in combination with pramlintide. Other adverse effects may include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, reduced appetite, and headache. Proper patient selection and education are essential to successful pramlintide use.
Grandparent Education Through Simulation-Diabetes
Authors: Maguire Laura L. , Crawford Sybil , Sullivan-Bolyai Susan 
Published: October 2015

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of using human patient simulation (HPS) to teach type 1 diabetes (T1DM) management to grandparents of grandchildren with T1DM. Methods Thirty grandparents (11 male, 19 female) of young grandchildren (aged 12 and under) with T1DM were recruited from an urban medical center. Experimental group (n = 14) grandparents received hands-on visual T1DM management education using an HPS intervention, and control group (n = 16) grandparents received similar education using a non-HPS intervention. Findings This study demonstrated the feasibility of recruiting and retaining grandparents into a clinical trial using HPS to teach T1DM management. Post intervention, all grandparent scores for T1DM knowledge, confidence, and fear showed significant improvement from time 1 to time 2, with HPS group grandparent scores showing consistently larger improvement. Conclusions The consistency of larger HPS-taught grandparent score improvement is suggestive of a benefit for the HPS teaching method. Early multimethod Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)–provided T1DM education is an important point of entry for inducting grandparent members onto the grandchild’s diabetes care team.
Diabetes Education as a Career Choice
Authors: Dickinson Jane K. , Lipman Ruth D. , O’Brian Catherine A. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the field of diabetes education along with identifying facilitators and barriers for future health care professionals entering the specialty field of diabetes education. Method Faculty members who were currently teaching in a health-related discipline, the students of those faculty members, and nursing students who were members of the National Student Nursing Association were surveyed to gather descriptive data. Results While faculty members reported they are promoting diabetes education to their health professions students, many nursing students are not aware of this career path. Nursing students understand that diabetes is a significant problem and will be something they encounter in all areas of their careers, but many were not sure they wanted to specialize in it. Conclusions There is a gap between what faculty members and students report as far as awareness of the diabetes education specialty. In addition, misinformation about diabetes and people living with diabetes may be a deterrent for potential future diabetes educators. American Association of Diabetes Educators, health professions faculty members, and practicing diabetes educators can do more to clear up misconceptions and promote diabetes education as a career path for students in the health professions.
Breastfeeding Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Hospitalization among HIV-Exposed, Uninfected Kenyan Infants
Authors: Ásbjörnsdóttir Kristjana H. , Slyker Jennifer A. , Maleche-Obimbo Elizabeth , Wamalwa Dalton , Otieno Phelgona , Gichuhi Christine M. , John-Stewart Grace 
Published: October 2015

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–exposed uninfected (HEU) infants are a growing population in sub-Saharan Africa, with higher morbidity and mortality than HIV-unexposed infants. HEU infants may experience increased morbidity due to breastfeeding avoidance. Objectives: We sought to describe the burden and identify predictors of hospitalization among HEU infants in the first year of life. Methods: Using a retrospective cohort of HIV-infected mothers and their HEU infants in Nairobi, Kenya, we identified infants who were HIV-uninfected at birth and were followed monthly until their last negative HIV test, death, loss to follow-up, or study exit at 1 year of age. Incidence, timing, and reason for hospitalization was assessed overall as well as stratified by feeding method. Predictors of first infectious disease hospitalization were identified using competing risk regression, with HIV acquisition and death as competing risks. Results: Among 388 infants, 113 hospitalizations were reported (35/100 infant-years [the combined years of observation contributed by all infants in the study]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29-42). Ninety hospitalizations were due to 1 or more infectious diseases (26/100 infant-years; 95% CI, 21-32)—primarily pneumonia (n = 40), gastroenteritis (n = 17), and sepsis (n = 14). Breastfeeding was associated with decreased risk of infectious disease hospitalization (subhazard ratio = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24-0.64), as was time-updated nutrition status (subhazard ratio = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.89). Incidence of infectious disease hospitalization among formula-fed infants was 51/100 infant-years (95% CI, 37-70) compared to 19/100 infant-years (95% CI, 14-25) among breastfed infants. Conclusion: Among HEU infants, breastfeeding and nutrition status were associated with reduced hospitalization during the first year of life.
Using simple technology to prompt multistep tasks in the home for people with dementia: An exploratory study comparing prompting formats
Authors: Boyd Hazel C , Evans Nina M , Orpwood Roger D , Harris Nigel D 
Published: October 2015

Objectives To investigate the relative effectiveness of different prompts for people with dementia during multistep tasks in the home, to inform prompting technology design. Methods Nine pairs of participants (one with dementia and a partner or relative) participated at home. The participants with mild to moderate dementia (5M/4F, aged 73–86 years) functioned at the Planned or Exploratory levels of the Pool Activity Level instrument. A touchscreen computer displayed different prompts during two set tasks: “card-and-envelope” and “CD player.” The trials were scored to establish the relative effectiveness of the prompts. Individual tasks were also explored. Results Text and audio prompts were each more effective than video or picture prompts for a card-and-envelope task, but this was not seen in a CD player task. The differences may be related to the type of actions within the tasks; the card-and-envelope actions were easier to convey verbally; the CD player actions lent themselves to visual prompts. Conclusions Designers of technology-based prompts for people with dementia should consider that the effectiveness of different prompts is likely to be task dependent. Familiar, unambiguous language can increase the success of tailored prompts. There are significant practical challenges associated with choosing and deconstructing everyday tasks at home.
Scaphoid fracture non-union: a systematic review of surgical treatment using bone graft
Authors: Ferguson D. O. , Shanbhag V. , Hedley H. , Reichert I. , Lipscombe S. , Davis T. R. C. 
Published: October 2015

This systematic review assesses the quality and outcomes of published articles concerning bone graft surgery for scaphoid fracture non-union. Searches of the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and AMED databases captured 2710 articles. Each article was screened and 144 met our inclusion criteria. Data regarding source, study design, population, intervention, comparator and outcomes were extracted. There were 5464 scaphoid non-union outcomes within the 144 studies. Mean reported union rates for vascularized and non-vascularized bone graft were 84% and 80%, respectively. Avascular necrosis was diagnosed in several ways and, when present, the vascularized bone graft union rate was 74% compared with 62% with non-vascularized bone graft. Reported union rates vary considerably. These differences may be due to patient factors, fracture factors, treatment factors or study design failures or bias. We recommend that future researchers take into account the deficiencies of previous studies and use the suggested minimum data set in future studies. Level of evidence: II