bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fatal Drug Interaction Between Oxycodone and Clonazepam
Authors: Burrows DL , Hagardorn AN , Harlan GC , Ferslew KE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case is presented of a fatal drug interaction caused by ingestion of oxycodone (Oxycontin®) and clonazepam (Klonapin®). Oxycodone is an opium alkaloid used in long-term pain management therapy. Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine used for the treatment of seizures and panic disorders. The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) has reported an increase of 108% in the last two years of emergency department episodes related to Oxycontin®. Six billion prescriptions were written for Oxycontin® in the year 2000, an 18-fold increase from four years previous (1). Oxycontin has recently gained enormous notoriety at the local and national levels; however, there are very few previously documented cases of lethal drug interactions between oxycodone and clonazepam. Synergistic effects between these two drugs are postulated to arise from different agonistic mechanisms producing similar physiological changes. It is also theorized that clonazepam may inhibit the metabolism of oxycodone. A 38-year-old white female was found dead in Jefferson County, Tennessee in March of 2001. The deceased had physical evidence of previous drug abuse and positive serological findings of hepatitis B and C. Prescription pill bottles filled under the name of the deceased, as well as another name, were found with the body. Serum, urine and gastric contents from the deceased were screened for numerous drugs and metabolites using a combination of thin layer chromatography and immunoassay techniques (EMIT and FPIA). Analysis of biological specimens from the deceased revealed the presence of: benzodiazepines, opiates (oxycodone), and trazodone metabolites in the serum; cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, opiates (oxycodone), trazodone, trazodone metabolites, nicotine, and nicotine metabolite in the urine; and benzodiazepines, opiates (oxycodone), nicotine, and nicotine metabolite in the gastric contents. Quantitative analyses for clonazepam was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and revealed a plasma concentration of 1.41 µg/mL. Plasma oxycodone and urine 11-nor-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and revealed concentrations of 0.60 µg/mL and 27.9 ng/mL, respectively. The deceased had pathologies consistent with severe central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory depression produced by high concentrations of clonazepam and oxycodone including collapsed lungs, aspirated mucus, and heart failure. The pathologies were sufficient to cause death, which was officially attributed to a drug overdose; however, the manner of death was unknown.
Model Standards for Forensic Science Graduate Program Evaluation
Authors: Sensabaugh GF , Gaensslen RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We recently had occasion to serve on a national Technical Working Group on forensic science education and training. During that same time, we acted as invited consultants to provide an external evaluation of one of the forensic science graduate programs. These experiences, along with the recent discussions in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the Council on Forensic Science Education about possible educational program accreditation, prompted us to formulate the compilation of standards presented here.
Allele Frequencies of Mitochondrial DNA STR Locus in Two Chinese Ethnic Groups
Authors: Tang H , Liu YC , Yan JW , Gao JW , Hou YP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood specimens were collected from two Chinese ethnic groups, including 100 unrelated individuals from Han ethnic group in Beijing and 100 unrelated individuals from Uygur ethnic group in Kashi of Xinjiang province. Ethnic origin was determined by appearance and self declaration. DNA was extracted from blood specimens using Chelex 100 method (1).
Genetic Data Analysis of HLA-DQA1 in Four Colombian Populations: Pereira, Armenia, Manizales, and Choco
Authors: Builes JJ , Bravo MLJ , Moreno MA , Gaviria AM , Espinal C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples from unrelated individuals of four Colombian populations (Pereira, Armenia, Manizales, and Choco) were collected. DNA was extracted from 200 μL of peripherical blood obtained from each individual by the salting-out procedure (1).
Forensic Applications of Chemical Imaging: Latent Fingerprint Detection Using Visible Absorption and Luminescence
Authors: Exline DL , Wallace C , Roux C , Lennard C , Nelson MP , Treado PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chemical imaging technology is a rapid examination technique that combines molecular spectroscopy and digital imaging, providing information on morphology, composition, structure, and concentration of a material. Among many other applications, chemical imaging offers an array of novel analytical testing methods, which limits sample preparation and provides high-quality imaging data essential in the detection of latent fingerprints. Luminescence chemical imaging and visible absorbance chemical imaging have been successfully applied to ninhydrin, DFO, cyanoacrylate, and luminescent dye-treated latent fingerprints, demonstrating the potential of this technology to aid forensic investigations. In addition, visible absorption chemical imaging has been applied successfully to visualize untreated latent fingerprints
Commentary on: Platt MS, et al. Death associated with liposuction: case reports and review of the literature. J Forensic Sci 2002;47(1):205-207.
Authors: Coldiron B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
I am confused by the article “Deaths associated with liposuction: Case reports and review of the literature” by Platt et al. J Forensic Science 2002;47(1)205-207.
Review of: Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint
Authors: Houck MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book expands the Taylor and Francis series in forensic science with the topics of glass and paint and their examination in the forensic laboratory. Overall, the book is a solid addition to a forensic scientist's library, but only as an addition (more on that later). The chapters are all written by experts in their respective fields hailing from Europe (8), the U.S. (5), Canada (3), and Australia (1). The book has a European feel, which may give some U.S. readers pause to wonder; some "popular" methods in Europe are not used in the U.S., and vice versa. In reading the entire book, it becomes noticeable that the individual authors did not confer with each other and/or that the book was not edited with an even hand. Some chapters contradict each other and many repeat introductory material. Nevertheless, Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint remains a remarkable reference in a discipline with too few books.
Six Y-Chromosome STR Frequencies in a Population from Argentina
Authors: Garofalo MG , Gangitano DA , Juvenal GJ , Budowle B , Lorente JA , Padula RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DNA samples from 97 unrelated individuals were extracted by Chelex procedure (1) and then quantified using QuantiBlot® Human DNA Quantitation Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (2). DNA samples (1 ng) were amplified and typed by Y-Plex™ 6 System (3). The electrophoresis was carried out on the ABI PRISM® 377 DNA Sequencer using GeneScan® y Genotyper® and Y-Typer Genotyping Software. Data were analyzed by B. Budowle according to Tajima (4) and Stoneking et al. (5). The complete data are available to any interested researcher by accessing http://www.cnea.gov.ar/cac/radiobiologia/yplex.xls.
The Effects of Latent Print Processing on Questioned Documents Produced by Office Machine Systems Utilizing Inkjet Technology and Toner
Authors: LaPorte GM , Ramotowski RS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Counterfeiting of currency and identity documents, death threats, illegitimate business transactions, and terrorist-related activities are some examples of the types of crimes that often involve documents produced from printers and copiers. Although standard protocol typically requires a questioned document (QD) examination prior to latent print (LP) processing, occasionally, items of evidence may be submitted for a QD examination following the application of a series chemicals utilized in the development of latent fingerprints. In such cases, the forensic examiner must take into account any previous treatments prior to initiating an examination on documents produced with a printer or copier. This study was devised to examine the effects of a latent print development technique [ninhydrin, physical developer, and a bleach enhancer] on the physical and chemical examination of documents produced from copiers and printers.
Population Data for Seven Y-Chromosome STR Loci from Three Different Population Groups Residing in Connecticut
Authors: Coyle HM , Budowle B , Bourke MT , Carita E , Hintz JL , Ladd C , Roy C , Yang NCS , Palmbach T , Lee HC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The samples for database studies were obtained from unrelated males from the indicated population groups residing in the state of Connecticut and were anonymized before analysis. The DNA from blood samples was extracted using the QIAamp® DNA blood MiniKit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) following the recommended procedures. The quantity of human DNA was determined by slot blot hybridization using the QuantiBlot kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and following the manufacturer's recommended protocols. The Y-PLEX™6 system (ReliaGene Technologies, Inc., New Orleans, LA) was used for the amplification of the Y short tandem repeat (STR) loci. PCR amplification and the analysis of amplified product were performed as recommended by the manufacturer and as described in Sinha et al. (1).
Development and Validation of the Y-PLEX™5, a Y-Chromosome STR Genotyping System, for Forensic Casework
Authors: Sinha SK , Nasir H , Gross AM , Budowle B , Shewale JG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A genotyping system, Y-PLEX™5, has been developed for use in human identification. The Y-PLEX™5 enables simultaneous amplification of five polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) loci residing on the Y-chromosome, which are DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS439, DYS438, and DYS392. As little as 0.1 ng of template DNA can be used for analysis. The specificity of the amplification reaction enabled analysis of male DNA in a male: female DNA mixture at a ratio of 1:600. Mean stutter values ranged from 3.60-10.97%. Among the different primates investigated, the DNA from orangutan exhibited amplification at DYS438 locus and from gorilla at DYS439 and DYS438 loci. The DNA from cat, dog, and horse did not yield any amplified product. Studies on development of the genotyping system, generation and description of the allelic ladder, and validation of the multiplex PCR as per the FBI Director's Quality Assurance Standards were carried out. Y-STR allele and haplotype frequencies in two populations were generated. The data indicate that the Y-PLEX™5 genotyping system is sensitive and reliable, and can be used in human forensic and male lineage identification cases.
Analysis of Human Fecal Material for Autosomal and Y Chromosome STRs
Authors: Roy R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Human stool samples from eight volunteers were stored under various conditions and extracted by three different procedures. Fecal material and tissue paper soiled with fecal material obtained from a crime scene were also extracted. Extracted DNA was amplified using the AmpF€STR® Profiler Plus™, AmpFℓSTR® COfiler™, and the AmpF€STR® Identifiler™ PCR amplification kits for the detection of the autosomal STR allelic patterns. DNA extracted from the male volunteers and from the soiled tissue paper evidence sample was also amplified using the Y-PLEX™6 and Y-PLEX™5 amplification kits. Analysis of the amplified products was carried out by capillary electrophoresis on the ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyzer. Autosomal and Y-STR profiles obtained from the fecal material were concordant with the results from the donors' buccal swabs.
Evidence of Hexavalent Chromium Ingestion
Authors: Kinoshita H , Ameno K , Sumi Y , Kumihashi M , Ijiri I , Ameno S , Kubota A , Hishida S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We describe the application of histochemical demonstration of chromium in a case of fatal ingestion of potassium dichromate in a suicide attempt. Using 2-(8-quinolylazo)-4,5-di-p-tolylimidazole (QTI), we could demonstrate chromium in the erythrocyte of the victim, in situ. This finding provides a means of proving the hexavalent chromium ingestion.
Variation of the Hypervariable Region-1 of Mitochondrial DNA in Central-Eastern Italy
Authors: Verginelli F , Donati F , Coia V , Boschi I , Palmirotta R , Battista P , Costantini RM , Destro-Bisol G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DNA samples were extracted from fresh blood (5 mL in EDTA tube) by alkali bursting of blood cells followed by protein digestion with proteinase K. After a phenol-chloroform extraction, DNA was precipitated with absolute ethanol and dried at room temperature. The DNA pellet was diluted in 100 μL of TBE buffer (Tris HCl, 10mM, pH 7.5; EDTA 1mM). PCR amplification was carried out by using a Perkin Elmer 2400 thermal cycler in 25 μL reaction volume. The product of amplification was purified with a High Pure Product Purification Kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The sequencing reactions were performed separately on each strand with the primers L15990 and H16401. The hypervariable region-1 (HVR1) sequence analysis was carried out using the A.L.F. semi-automated sequencer (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). We observed a total of 44 different haplotypes out of 50 individuals examined, 41 of which were singletons. Only 8 haplotypes (no. 09, 13, 29, 39, 40, 42, 44, and 50) have been already observed among the Italian populations database available at www.hvrbase.de. The parameters of intrapopulation diversity (haplotype diversity 0.990 ± 0.008; mean number of pairwise differences 4.979 ± 2.463) fall into the range of values reported for Italian populations (1). The values of Tajima (1,944, p = 0.015) and Fu's tests (-25.552, p = 0.00) are those expected for populations who have had a large and sudden expansion (2). Applying an exact test for population comparisons implemented in the Arlequin software (3), we obtained statistically significant p-values for the comparison between our sample and those from Tuscany (0.004) Sardinia (0.039). Complete data are available at the e-mail address of the corresponding author upon request.
HLA-DQA1 and Polymarker Allele Frequencies in Peru
Authors: Pérez L , Hau J , Garcia O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Whole blood samples were obtained after informed consent from 100 unrelated Peruvian donors. Genomic DNA was extracted by a standard phenol/chloroform extraction procedure. The extracted DNA was quantitated by slot-blot hybridization using the QuantiblotR Human DNA Quantitation kit (PE-Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The samples were typed for HLA-DQA1/PM loci by using the Amplitype PM and DQA1 kit following manufacturer's instructions (PE-Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Exact tests were performed by using the computer program GDA for checking the Hardy-Weinberg expectations (1). Data were analyzed by Power-Stats (2). The complete data set is available to any interested researcher upon request from Oscar Garcia, Ph.D., Area de Laboratorio Ertzaintza, Av. Montevideo 3, 48002-Bilbao, Spain.
HLA-DQA1 and Polymarker Locus Allele Frequencies in the Northeast Region of Colombia (Departments of Santander, Norte de Santander, Boyaca and Casanare)
Authors: Vargas CI , Castillo A , Lemus M , Gil AM , Pico AL , Garcia O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Whole blood samples were obtained in the genetics laboratory of the UIS (Universidad Industrial of Santander) in collaboration with ICBF (Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar) from unrelated Colombian donors. Genomic DNA was extracted using the salting out procedure. The samples were typed for HLA-DQA1/PM loci by using the Amplitype PM and DQA1 kit following manufacturer's instructions (PE-Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Statistical analysis was performed as previously reported (1). The complete data set is available to any interested researcher upon request from Oscar Garcia, Area de Laboratorio Ertzaintza, Av. Montevideo 3, 48002-Bilbao, Spain.
Review of: An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis, Second Edition
Authors: Foran D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis by Rudin and Inman is an update of the 1997 first edition of the same name by Inman and Rudin. Many methods used by forensic scientists endure for decades without undergoing substantial change, so it is rare indeed when a field is transformed so quickly that a thorough text update is needed after only a few years. Books on forensic molecular biology could be updated quarterly.
Codeine and Morphine Blood Concentrations Increase During Blood Loss
Authors: Kugelberg FC , Holmgren P , Druid H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During extensive blood loss, a plasma volume refill will take place by transfer of extravascular fluid into the circulation. Drugs present in this fluid may follow and cause a rise or a drop in blood drug concentration, depending on their levels and accessibility in the restoration fluid. This study explored the possible changes of codeine, and its metabolite morphine, in whole blood during a standardized exsanguination in the rat. Three doses containing 5 mg codeine were given orally. In eight rats, blood loss was accomplished by slowly withdrawing 0.8 mL blood at 10 min intervals during 70 min. In control rats, blood was withdrawn only at 0 and 70 min. At 70 min, the final/initial codeine and morphine concentration ratios were 0.70 ± 0.38 and 0.88 ± 0.47, respectively, in controls, but increased to 1.28 ± 0.44 (p=0.014) and 1.41 ± 0.34 (p=0.021), respectively, in exsanguinated rats. It is concluded that blood loss can affect blood drug concentrations.
Zaleplon and Driving Impairment
Authors: Stillwell ME 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Zaleplon, a sedative-hypnotic, was identified in the blood of a subject arrested for impaired driving. Symptoms reported were those of central nervous system (CNS) depression. The zaleplon concentration was determined to be 0.13 µg/mL. Symptoms included slow movements and reactions, poor coordination, and lack of balance. Although no quantitative relationship between blood concentrations and degree of driving impairment is currently possible, it is reasonable to conclude that because of its specific activity as a sedative-hypnotic, blood concentrations consistent with doses exceeding therapeutic concentrations of zaleplon have the potential to cause impairment of psychomotor function, and would impair a person's level of consciousness and driving ability.
The Analysis of an Intracerebral Hematoma for Drugs of Abuse
Authors: McIntyre IM , Hamm CE , Sherrard JL , Gary RD , Riley AC , Lucas JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Toxicological investigations were performed on an intracerebral hematoma, antemortem blood, and postmortem blood of an individual who was found unresponsive in his home. The hematoma was found to have ethanol at a concentration of 0.05% (w/v), and benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite) was also confirmed at a concentration of 0.43 mg/L by specific analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These results enabled the pathologist to record the cause of death as intracerebral hemorrhage due to acute cocaine intoxication.
Photodegradation and Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry for the Characterization of Dyes Used in Red Pen Inks
Authors: Dunn JD , Siegel JA , Allison J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Photodegradation and laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) is a powerful combination of methods capable of characterizing dyes found in pen inks. Rhodamine dyes in pens that contain red ink were analyzed directly from paper (no extraction step is necessary). Inks exposed to incandescent light form photodegradation products (compounds with lower molecular weights than that of the intact dye) and in some instances, photoproducts (compounds with higher molecular weights than that of the intact dye). The degradation products and photoproducts can be detected with LDMS, and the results can be used for dye identification. Advantages include: (1) the instrumental analysis takes less than a minute; (2) sample preparation is minimal; (3) LDMS is a minimally destructive technique; (4) incandescent light sources are inexpensive, safe to use, and readily available; and (5) isomeric dyes can be distinguished.
Contamination of Brake Fluid by Power Steering Fluid
Authors: Stauffer E , Lentini JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Analysis of a contaminated brake fluid revealed the contaminant to be power steering fluid. The sample received at the laboratory presented two immiscible phases, which were both organic. Both fluids were analyzed by GC-MS and compared with a library of known automotive fluids. The bottom layer (brake fluid) consisted of glycols while the top layer (power steering fluid) consisted of aliphatics ranging from C16 to C25+. An interesting phenomenon of diffusion of some of the glycols from the brake fluid phase into the power steering fluid phase was observed and needs to be taken into consideration in the interpretation of the results.
Suicide by Fire in a Car Trunk: A Case with Potential Pitfalls
Authors: Adair TW , DeLong L , Dobersen MJ , Sanamo S , Young R , Oliver B , Rotter T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We present an unusual case in which an adult female committed suicide by fire while enclosed in the trunk of her vehicle. A finding of suicide was reached only because several key investigative facts were uncovered. Without these discoveries the case may still remain open as a suspicious death. Fire is rarely used as a mechanism of suicide in Western culture, and, as such, similar cases should be reported to advance our recognition of this phenomenon.
Haplotype Frequencies of Three Y-Chromosome STR Loci in Tibetan Ethnic Group of Chinese Population
Authors: Ying BW , Tang JP , Gao YZ , Chen YL , Li YB , Wu J , Zhang J , Shi MS , Zhu QF , Zhou XK , Hou YP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A total of 101 blood samples were collected from unrelated males of Tibetan ethnic group in Lasa of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). The allelic variation at the three Y-STR loci named as DYS434, DYS443, and DYS456, were analyzed by PCR amplication with multiplex system. Multiplex PCR amplifications were performed in a 37.5 μL containing 2–4 ng human genome DNA, 7.5 μL dNTP (1 mmol/mL), 3μ, Taq polymerase, 3.75 μL 10 × buffer (Mg2+ 1.5 mmol/l), 3.75 μL BSA (1.6 μg/mL), 0.3 μL each primers (50 nmol/mL).
Identification of DYS385 Allele Variants by Using Shorter Amplicons and Northern Thai Haplotype Data
Authors: Bhoopat T , Hohoff C , Steger HF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Primers currently used for amplification of locus DYS385 on the Y chromosome give quite long amplicons that are difficult to resolve on native polyacrylamide gels. We therefore designed new primers that give much shorter products for easy separation. With this system, two allele variants that were characterized by sequencing as 14.1 (GAAA -* GAAAA) and 14.2 (GA insertion), were identified in two unrelated Northern Thai men due to their decreased mobility. Interestingly, initial capillary electrophoresis mistyped the 14.1 variant amplified with the traditional primers as allele 14. Forty different haplotypes were found in 147 Northern Thais with a haplotype diversity of 0.9430. Haplotype 13-18 (frequency 0.136) is the most frequent one; for comparison; haplotype 14-18 (frequency 0.074) was found to be the most common in a population from Bangkok (n = 95) in an earlier study. This striking difference within Thailand's population probably results from genetic differences in the founding populations.