bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow separation at the inner (convex) and outer (concave) banks of constant‐width and widening open‐channel bends
Authors: Blanckaert Koen , Kleinhans Maarten G. , McLelland Stuart J. , Uijttewaal Wim S. J. , Murphy Brendan J. , van de Kruijs Anja , Parsons Daniel R. , Chen Qiuwen 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThere is a paucity of data and insight in the mechanisms of, and controls on flow separation and recirculation at natural sharply‐curved river bends. Herein we report on successful laboratory experiments that elucidate flow structure in one constant‐width bend and a second bend with an outer‐bank widening. The experiments were performed with both a flat immobile gravel bed and mobile sand bed with dominant bedload sediment transport.In the constant‐width bend with immobile bed, a zone of mainly horizontal flow separation (vertical rotational axis) formed at the inner bank that did not contain detectable flow recirculation, and an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow with streamwise oriented rotational axis. Surprisingly, the bend with widening at the outer bank and immobile bed did not lead to a transverse expansion of the flow. Rather, flow in the outer‐bank widening weakly recirculated around a vertical axis and hardly interacted with the inner part of the bend, which behaved as a constant‐width bend.In the mobile bed experiment, downstream of the bend apex a pronounced depositional bar developed at the inside of the bend and pronounced scour occurred at the outside. Moreover the deformed bed promoted flow separation over the bar, including return currents. In the constant‐width bend, the topographic steering impeded the generation of an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow. In the bend with outer‐bank widening, the topographic steering induced an outward expansion of the flow, whereby the major part of the discharge was conveyed in the central part of the widening section. Flow in the outer‐bank widening was highly three dimensional and included return currents near the bottom.In conclusion, the experiments elucidated three distinct processes of flow separation common in sharp bends: flow separation at the inner bank, an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow, and flow separation and recirculation in an outer‐bank widening. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Appreciating Plurality Through Conversations Among Literacy Stakeholders
Authors: Hagood Margaret Carmody , Skinner Emily Neil 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis editorial focuses on connecting literacy education contexts (e.g., local and global), stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, scholars, and practitioners), and literacies (e.g., foundational print‐based and new, digital). The editors outline their vision to build upon previous editorships in building a participatory culture where Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy (JAAL) readers not only consume content but also produce new ideas through conversations. The editorial outlines how JAAL will serve as a forum for discussion of innovative research and practical applications of diverse adolescent and adult literacy learners engaged in reading, writing, speaking, viewing, listening, and designing in print and online formats.
After the Testing: Talking and Reading and Writing the World
Authors: Luke Allan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis critical essay discusses the challenges and prospects for the reform of school‐based literacy programs. It begins with an overview of the effects of a decade of test‐driven accountability policy on research and teachers’ work, noting the continuing challenges of new demographics, cultures and technologies for literacy education. The case is made that whole school literacy programs can make a difference in improving the overall education of students and youth from low socioeconomic and cultural minority backgrounds. But this requires a strong emphasis on engagement with substantive readings of cultural, social and scientific worlds through talk, reading and writing. The key questions facing teachers, then, are not simply around basic skills instruction and acquisition, but about sustained, intellectually demanding and scaffolded talk around texts, print and multimodal.
Class on Fire: Using the Hunger Games Trilogy to Encourage Social Action
Authors: Simmons Amber M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article explores ways to utilize students’ interest in fantasy literature to support critical literacy. Focusing on Suzanne Collins's The Hunger Games series (2008, 2009, 2010), the author addresses how elements of the trilogy relate to violent acts in our world, helping student understand that violence and brutality toward children is not fiction, but very real, and that they can play a role in its abolishment, just like Katniss, through social action projects. Issues such as hunger, forced labor, child soldiers, and the sex trade that appear in both the fictional series and our world are discussed, encouraging students to assess their world and advocate for change. Examples of social action projects that utilize multiple literacies are suggested as a way to inspire students take action in the community and to stand up to injustice and brutality in hopes of creating a better world and a better human race.
Extending the enlarged cell and uniformly stable conformal techniques to modeling curved conductors in two‐dimensional high‐order finite‐difference time‐domain algorithms
Authors: Kourah M. A. , Hadi M. F. , Al‐Zayed A. S. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThe critical tool of modeling irregularly shaped perfect conductors is developed for the extended‐stencil high‐order two‐dimensional M24 variant of the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. Two standard FDTD conformal approaches are analyzed and successfully extended to work accurately with M24. They both afford higher order convergence with respect to mesh density than a previously developed technique, which better matches M24's characteristics. Both approaches rely on borrowing weighted electromotive forces from nearby extended‐stencil cells to ensure accuracy and numerical stability while the overall algorithm is efficiently operated at the maximum allowable time steps by FDTD and M24 theories. Validation examples demonstrate that M24's amplitude and phase accuracies using coarse numerical meshes were not compromised. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the impact of urbanisation on regional climate in the Greater London Area
Authors: Grawe David , Thompson Heather L. , Salmond Jennifer A. , Cai Xiao‐Ming , Schlünzen K. Heinke 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUrban areas have well‐documented effects on climate, such as the urban heat island (UHI) effect, reduction of wind speeds, enhanced turbulence and boundary layer heights, and changes in cloud cover and precipitation. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of the urban area of London on local and regional climate. This is achieved through the coupling of the non‐hydrostatic mesoscale model METRAS with the sophisticated urban canopy scheme BEP. The model is configured for case studies of the London region, for typical UHI conditions, and the model results are evaluated using data from meteorological monitoring sites. This study develops a methodology to quantify the regional impact of urbanisation from numerical model results. The urban area, in its current form, is found to affect near surface temperature, the diurnal temperature range, the UHI, and the near surface wind speed and direction. For the selected cases, peak UHI intensities of up to 2.5 K are found during night time hours, with the timing and magnitude of the peak showing good agreement with previous experimental studies for London. The timing of the UHI peak intensity for the current urban land cover for London shows a good agreement with the results of measurements. A significant reduction in wind speed over the urban area was also simulated during both daytime and night time, due to the higher roughness of the city compared to the rural domain. The effect is shown to have a regional character, with both urban and surrounding rural areas demonstrating a significant impact. Thus, the UHI can not only be understood when focussing on local data, but the interaction with the surrounding needs to be considered.
Thermal growing season trends in east China, with emphasis on urbanization effects
Authors: Yang Xuchao , Tian Zhan , Chen Baode 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDense meteorological station network‐derived data on daily surface air temperatures over the period 1961–2007 were used to investigate the changes in the thermal growing season (GS) indicators for east China. The 394 stations are classified into six categories: metropolises, large cities, medium‐sized cities, small cities, suburbs, and rural area using satellite‐measured night‐time light imagery and census data. Only the temperature data on 258 small cities and rural stations were used to calculate the GS indicators to reflect more ‘natural’ changes in thermal GS parameters. During the studied period, the regional mean length of the GS significantly extended by 3.05 and 2.61 d decade−1 for base temperatures of 5 and 10 °C, respectively. This extension is attributed primarily to the GS initiating at an earlier time (2.49 and 2.10 d decade−1 for base temperatures of 5 and 10 °C, respectively), rather than to the delayed end of the GS (0.55 and 0.51 d decade−1 for base temperatures of 5 and 10 °C, respectively). The mean growing degree days (GDD) has increased by 51.84 and 35.89 degree days decade−1 on average at temperatures higher than 5 and 10 °C. When the temperature data from all the 394 stations(including metropolis, large city, medium city, and suburban) were used to calculate the GS indicators, urban heat island (UHI) effects were evident, especially in highly urbanized Yangtze River Delta. The GS extension and GDD increase in metropolises increased by more than onefold over those observed for rural areas. This result indicates significant UHI effects on climatic GS changes. On the basis of the GDD changes, we find that UHI effects contributed to more than 10% in the GDD increase at temperatures higher than 10 °C. Therefore, excluding the urbanization effects from station observational data in evaluating changes in GS indices is necessary, especially for regions characterized by rapid urbanization.
On the drivers of inter‐annual and decadal rainfall variability in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Klingaman N. P. , Woolnough S. J. , Syktus J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractQueensland experiences considerable inter‐annual and decadal rainfall variability, which impacts water‐resource management, agriculture and infrastructure. To understand the mechanisms by which large‐scale atmospheric and coupled air–sea processes drive these variations, empirical orthogonal teleconnection (EOT) analysis is applied to 1900–2010 seasonal Queensland rainfall. Fields from observations and the 20th Century Reanalysis are regressed onto the EOT timeseries to associate the EOTs with large‐scale drivers. In winter, spring and summer the leading, state‐wide EOTs are highly correlated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); the Inter‐decadal Pacific Oscillation modulates the summer ENSO teleconnection. In autumn, the leading EOT is associated with locally driven, late‐season monsoon variations, while ENSO affects only tropical northern Queensland. Examining EOTs beyond the first, southeastern Queensland and the Cape York peninsula emerge as regions of coherent rainfall variability. In the southeast, rainfall anomalies respond to the strength and moisture content of onshore easterlies, controlled by Tasman Sea blocking. The summer EOT associated with onshore flow and blocking has been negative since 1970, consistent with the observed decline in rainfall along the heavily populated coast. The southeastern Queensland EOTs show considerable multi‐decadal variability, which is independent of large‐scale drivers. Summer rainfall in Cape York is associated with tropical‐cyclone activity.
Synoptic components of rainfall variability and trends in southeast Australia
Authors: Risbey James S. , McIntosh Peter C. , Pook Michael J. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis work examines the contributions of different synoptic types to rainfall variability and trends in southeast Australia, with a focus on the drought of 1996–2009. Rainfall in the Mallee region is used to characterize the southeast region. The reduction in rainfall in the Mallee region during the drought is about two‐thirds composed of a reduction in rainfall from cutoff lows and about one‐third due to a reduction in rainfall from frontal systems. The reduction in frontal rain is mostly due to a reduction in rain per frontal system, which is associated with a reduction of baroclinicity in the southeast and south of Australia. The reduction of cutoff rainfall is mostly due to a reduction in number of the most intense cutoff systems. The frequency of cutoff systems matches changes in blocking activity in the Tasman Sea region. Blocking has undergone a weak decline in the Tasman region over the period of the drought. Analysis of synoptic system contributions to the drought indicates that causal explanations of the drought should account for variation in cutoff systems and blocking.
Analytical authentication of organic products: an overview of markers
Authors: Capuano Edoardo , Boerrigter‐Eenling Rita , van der Veer Grishja , van Ruth Saskia M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractConsumers' interest in organic foods is increasing and so is the need for robust analytical tools for their authentication. This review focuses on the most promising biomarkers/analytical approaches that are available for the authentication of organic produce. Food products have been subdivided into two groups: foods of plant origin (crops) and foods of animal origin (meat, milk and dairy products, eggs and fish). For each food category the most suitable biomarkers are presented and their potential for authentication is discussed. In the light of current knowledge, it is unlikely that the authentication of organic food products can be attained by the measurement of a single marker. Analytical approaches based on the measurement of multiple markers and/or complex chemical or physical profiles/fingerprints supported by multivariate statistical analysis seem considerably more promising in this respect. For the development of robust classification models, well‐designed experimental studies must be performed that rely on data sets that are both well balanced and of sufficient size to ensure that all relevant sources of variation for the target biomarkers are included in the reference database. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of bacterial flora during the ripening of Kedong sufu, a typical Chinese traditional bacteria‐fermented soybean product
Authors: Feng Zhen , Gao Wei , Ren Dan , Chen Xi , Li Juan‐juan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundKedong sufu is a typical bacteria‐fermented sufu in China. Isolation and identification of the autochthonous bacteria involved would allow the design of specific starters for this speciality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bacterial flora during the ripening of Kedong sufu using polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) and culturing.ResultsIn terms of bacterial diversity, 22 strains were isolated and identified and 27 strains were detected by DGGE. Regarding bacterial dynamics, the results of culturing and PCR‐DGGE exhibited a similar trend towards dominant strains. Throughout the fermentation of sufu, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus carnosus were the dominant microflora, while the secondary microflora comprised Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus lutetiensis, Kocuria rosea, Kocuria kristinae, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis.ConclusionThis study is the first to reveal the bacterial flora during the ripening of Kedong sufu using both culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods. This information will help in the design of autochthonous starter cultures for the production of Kedong sufu with desirable characteristic sensory profiles and shorter ripening times.
From the judgment of leadership to the leadership of judgment: The fallacy of heroic decision making
Authors: Davenport Thomas H. , Manville Brook 
Published: September 2012

AbstractForward‐thinking organizations in today's highly competitive world, Davenport and Manville believe, have leaders who are willing to reach out to others to arrive at the best decisions. Their research encompasses fundamental changes in operations for such disparate companies as EMC (data storage) and the Media General news firm. The same principle holds for non‐businesses, including Charlotte‐Mecklenburg Schools in North Carolina, and even NASA. Four strategies are common in these situations: “acknowledging the value of the collective, developing a participatory problem‐solving process, integrating analytical tools and information sources, and building a sustaining culture of debate and deliberation.”
The trustworthy leader: The first step toward creating high‐trust organizations
Authors: Hurley Robert 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe sorry state of many of today's institutions is not one, Hurley contends, of lack of trust, but of trustworthiness. He defines trust as “confident reliance on a person, group, organization, or system (for example, the financial system) in the face of risk and uncertainty.” He says we must “develop trustworthy leaders, and enable those leaders to embed trustworthiness in the architecture (strategy, structure, culture, systems, and processes) of their organizations.” Trustworthiness must be embedded in a firm's culture, because research shows that many ethical and benevolent people will adapt to a culture of opposite values.
Giving the Expectancy‐Value Model a Heart
Authors: Henning Victor , Hennig‐Thurau Thorsten , Feiereisen Stephanie 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, research in consumer behavior has debated the role of emotion in consumer decision making intensively but has offered few attempts to integrate emotion‐related findings with established theoretical frameworks. This manuscript augments the classical expectancy‐value model of attitude with a dimensional model of emotion. An experiment involving 308 college students who face actual purchase decisions shows that predictions of attitudes, behavioral intentions, and actual behavior can be improved through the use of the augmented model for both hedonic and utilitarian products. The augmented model has theoretical implications for marketing scholars as well as practical uses for marketers.
Palladium‐Mediated Surface‐Initiated Kumada Catalyst Polycondensation: A Facile Route Towards Oriented Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Huddleston N. Eric , Sontag S. Kyle , Bilbrey Jenna A. , Sheppard Gareth R. , Locklin Jason 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPalladium‐mediated surface‐initiated Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation is used to generate poly(3‐methyl thiophene) films with controlled thickness up to 100 nm. The palladium initiator density is measured using cyclic voltammetry and a ferrocene‐capping agent, where the surface density is found to be 55% (1.1 × 1014 molecules per cm2). UV–Vis spectroscopy and AFM show increased aggregation in palladium‐initiated films due to the higher grafting density of palladium initiators on the surface. The anisotropy of the P3MT films is determined using polarized UV–Vis spectroscopy, which indicates a degree of orientation perpendicular to the substrate. Evidence that palladium can maintain π‐complexation even at elevated temperatures, is also shown through the exclusive intramolecular coupling of both a phenyl and thiophene‐based magnesium bromide with different dihaloarenes.
The eIF4E repressor protein 4E‐BP2 is merely truncated, despite 4E‐BP1 degradation in the porcine uterine tissue during implantation
Authors: Wollenhaupt Karin , Brüssow Klaus‐Peter , Albrecht Dirk , Tomek Wolfgang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRecently, we identified an N‐terminally truncated form of the mRNA cap binding protein eIF4E in the porcine luminal epithelium during implantation. EIF4E truncation is accompanied by degradation of the eIF4E‐repressor protein 4E‐BP1. In this study, we investigated whether or not the other members of the eIF4E‐repressor family, namely 4E‐BP2 and 4E‐BP3, were also modified during early pregnancy. We did not detect 4E‐BP3 in the uterine tissue; however, 4E‐BP2 emerged in one or two stable fragments on pregnancy day 15. 4E‐BP2 truncation most likely occurs at the N‐terminus, and this calcium‐stimulated processing depends on progesterone and estradiol. The activities targeting eIF4E, 4E‐BP1, and 4E‐BP2 were found in different fractions after anionic exchange chromatography, indicating the action of different proteases. Detailed protein interaction studies with immobilized anti‐eIF4E and m7GTP‐Sepharose showed a differential binding of the 4E‐BP2 isoforms to the eIF4E variants and to the cap structure. In general, truncation of eIF4E reduces the inhibitory impact of 4E‐BP2, whereas truncation of 4E‐BP2 restores repression by binding the prototype eIF4E. In this context, we suggest long‐term translational repression by the truncated 4E‐BP2 is affected by the loss of the RAIP motif located at the N‐terminus, which is indispensable for phosphorylation and deactivation of the molecule. In conclusion, we propose a tightly balanced regulation of the truncation of the cap‐binding complex component eIF4F and degradation of 4E‐BP1 and/or truncation of 4E‐BP2 that together ensures correct translational control during the dynamic process of conceptus implantation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 767–776, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term durability of the response to desmopressin in female and male nocturia patients
Authors: Juul Kristian Vinter , Klein Bjarke M. , Nørgaard Jens Peter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimsTo explore the durability of efficacy and gender differences during chronic administration of desmopressin in nocturia.MethodsThis pooled analysis of three short‐term efficacy studies, with extensions, of desmopressin administered as orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) or solid tablet in nocturia treatment, comprised 351 patients completing 40–56 weeks' treatment. Efficacy endpoints of change in number of nocturnal voids and duration of initial undisturbed sleep period from baseline were analyzed to determine response durability and gender differences.ResultsThe mean decrease in number of nocturnal voids during short‐term treatment was maintained and further reduced during the long term. At 52 weeks, the mean decrease in number of nocturnal voids from baseline reached 1.4–2.1 voids for desmopressin ODT 25–100 µg. Following 40‐week tablet treatment, the decrease in number of nocturnal voids was 0.8–1.5 for desmopressin 100–400 µg. The mean decrease in nocturnal voids (25–50 µg ODT) was greater for females than males. For females, the improvement in initial period of undisturbed sleep was 2.5–3 hr for desmopressin ODT 25–100 µg, compared with 1.3–2.6 hr for males. No gender difference in efficacy was seen in the tablet studies.ConclusionsThe decrease in nocturnal voids and improvement in sleep with short‐term desmopressin treatment were maintained throughout long‐term treatment. A durable gender difference in efficacy in favor of females was observed with desmopressin ODT 25 µg. Further, large‐scale long‐term trials are needed to confirm the durability of efficacy with gender‐specific doses of desmopressin. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 363–370, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.