bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To pair or not to pair: Sources of social variability with white‐faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia) as a case study
Authors: Thompson Cynthia L. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIntraspecific variability in social systems is gaining increased recognition in primatology. Many primate species display variability in pair‐living social organizations through incorporating extra adults into the group. While numerous models exist to explain primate pair‐living, our tools to assess how and why variation in this trait occurs are currently limited. Here I outline an approach which: (i) utilizes conceptual models to identify the selective forces driving pair‐living; (ii) outlines novel possible causes for variability in social organization; and (iii) conducts a holistic species‐level analysis of social behavior to determine the factors contributing to variation in pair‐living. A case study on white‐faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) is used to exemplify this approach. This species lives in either male‐female pairs or groups incorporating “extra” adult males and/or females. Various conceptual models of pair‐living suggest that high same‐sex aggression toward extra‐group individuals is a key component of the white‐faced saki social system. Variable pair‐living in white‐faced sakis likely represents alternative strategies to achieve competency in this competition, in which animals experience conflicting selection pressures between achieving successful group defense and maintaining sole reproductive access to mates. Additionally, independent decisions by individuals may generate social variation by preventing other animals from adopting a social organization that maximizes fitness. White‐faced saki inter‐individual relationships and demographic patterns also lend conciliatory support to this conclusion. By utilizing both model‐level and species‐level approaches, with a consideration for potential sources of variation, researchers can gain insight into the factors generating variation in pair‐living social organizations. Am. J. Primatol. 78:561–572, 2016. © 2014 The Authors,American Journal of Primatology. published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic resonance cisternogram with intrathecal gadolinium with delayed imaging for difficult to diagnose cerebrospinal fluid leaks of anterior skull base
Authors: DelGaudio John M. , Baugnon Kristen L. , Wise Sarah K. , Patel Zara M. , Aiken Ashley H. , Hudgins Patricia A. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundWorkup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can be challenging. Patients with intermittent or infrequent clear rhinorrhea that cannot be collected, those with questionable or multiple skull‐base (SB) defects on imaging, and those with previous SB surgery can present diagnostic dilemmas. In this patient population, radiologic studies that allow repeat imaging over hours to days can increase the diagnostic yield. We report our experience with magnetic resonance cisternogram with intrathecal gadolinium (MRCgGd) in this patient population.MethodsThis study was a retrospective review of patients who underwent MRCgGd for workup of suspected CSF leaks at a tertiary care academic center.ResultsOver the past 3 years, 11 patients (10 females; mean age 50 years) underwent MRCgGd. Seven patients had suspected spontaneous CSF leaks from idiopathic intracranial hypertension and 2 had postsurgical defects. All patients had previous imaging that was indeterminate in localizing the site of the leak. Only 3 patients had positive beta‐2 transferrin studies, all with multiple potential leak sites. MRCgGd confirmed the absence of leaks at 4 previously repaired SB defects, identified spinal canal leaks but no SB leaks in 2 patients (1 of whom had a nonleaking SB defect), and identified 5 patients with one or more SB leaks. Repeat imaging, from 30 minutes to 20 hours, was beneficial in identifying 4 leaks not confirmed in the immediate imaging, and ruling out leaks in 5 cases, therefore guiding further treatment. No complications occurred.ConclusionMRCgGd is a useful diagnostic test in the workup of patients with difficult CSF leaks, with delayed imaging providing valuable diagnostic information.
Defining neurodegeneration on Guam by targeted genomic sequencing
Authors: Steele John C. , Guella Ilaria , Szu‐Tu Chelsea , Lin Michelle K. , Thompson Christina , Evans Daniel M. , Sherman Holly E. , Vilariño‐Güell Carles , Gwinn Katrina , Morris Huw , Dickson Dennis W. , Farrer Matthew J. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism–dementia complex has been described in Guam, Western Papua, and the Kii Peninsula of Japan. The etiology and pathogenesis of this complex neurodegenerative disease remains enigmatic.MethodsIn this study, we have used targeted genomic sequencing to evaluate the contribution of genetic variability in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism, and dementia in Guamanian Chamorros.ResultsGenes previously linked to or associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism, dementia, and related neurodegenerative syndromes were sequenced in Chamorro subjects living in the Mariana Islands. Homozygous PINK1 p.L347P, heterozygous DCTN1 p.T54I, FUS p.P431L, and HTT (42 CAG repeats) were identified as pathogenic mutations.InterpretationThe findings explain the clinical, pathologic, and genetic heterogeneity observed in some multi‐incident families and contribute to the excess incidence of neurodegeneration previously reported on Guam. Ann Neurol 2015;77:458–468
Dynamics of retinal injury after acute optic neuritis
Authors: Gabilondo Iñigo , Martínez‐Lapiscina Elena H. , Fraga‐Pumar Elena , Ortiz‐Perez Santiago , Torres‐Torres Ruben , Andorra Magi , Llufriu Sara , Zubizarreta Irati , Saiz Albert , Sanchez‐Dalmau Bernardo , Villoslada Pablo 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveWe set out to assess the dynamics of retinal injury after acute optic neuritis (ON) and their association with clinical visual outcomes.MethodsThirty‐one consecutive patients with acute ON were prospectively analyzed over a 6‐month follow‐up period. Each month, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess the thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and segmented macular layers, as well as high‐contrast visual acuity, low‐contrast visual acuity (LCVA), color visual acuity (CVA), and visual fields (VF).ResultsIn this prospective study, we found that 6 months after clinical onset, ON eyes suffered a reduction in pRNFL (−45.3 μm) and macular thickness (−17.3 μm). Macular atrophy was due to the decrease of macular RNFL thickness (−7.8 μm) and that of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCIP, −11.3 μm), whereas the thickness of the outer retinal layers increased slightly. The macular RNFL and GCIP thickness decreased in parallel, yet it always occurred more rapidly and more severely for the GCIP. The change in the GCIP thickness in the first month predicted the visual impairment by month 6; a decrease ≥ of 4.5 μm predicted poor LCVA (sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 88%), and a decrease of ≥ 7 μm predicted poor VF and CVA (sensitivity of 78% and 100% and specificity of 63% and 66%, respectively).InterpretationRetinal axonal and neuronal damage develops quickly after ON onset. Assessment of ganglion cell layer thickness by OCT after ON onset can be used as an imaging marker of persistent visual disability. Ann Neurol 2015;77:517–528
Shear flow‐induced orientation and structural recovery of multiwalled carbon nanotube in poly(ethylene oxide) matrix
Authors: Ranjbar Behnaz , Nazockdast Hossein 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn the present work we studied the flow induced multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) orientation and the mechanisms governing the kinetics of nanotube reorientation and three‐dimensional network restructuring in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/MWCNT nanocomposites. For this purpose, the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic experiments including frequency sweep, time sweep and transient tests were performed on PEO/MWCNT samples varying in MWCNT content. The extent as well as kinetics of network restructuring was found to be strongly dependent upon the amount of preshearing (shear rate and shearing time) and MWCNT concentration. The results also showed two mechanisms for structural recovery; a fast restructuring at the beginning due to rejoining of clusters and unoriented adjacent nanotube and much slower recovery in the longer annealing times due to Brownian motion. The latter mechanism was found to be uncompleted over 3600 s annealing. This was supported by aij (orientation tensors) calculated based on transmission electron micrograph. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41753.
Innovative approach for urease inhibition by Ficus carica extract–fabricated silver nanoparticles: An in vitro study
Authors: Borase Hemant P. , Salunkhe Rahul B. , Patil Chandrashekhar D. , Suryawanshi Rahul K. , Salunke Bipinchandra K. , Wagh Nilesh D. , Patil Satish V. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the present study, a rapid, low‐cost, and ecofriendly method of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis using leaves extract of Ficus carica (F. carica), a plant with diverse metabolic consortium, is reported for the first time. An absorption peak at 422 nm in UV–Vis spectroscopy, a spherical shape with an average size of 21 nm in transmission electron microscopy, and crystalline nature in X‐ray powder diffraction studies were observed for the synthesized AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that proteins of F. carica might have a vital role in AgNP synthesis and stabilization. AgNPs were found to inhibit urease, a key enzyme responsible for the survival and pathogenesis of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori. Inhibition of urease by AgNPs was monitored spectrophotometrically by the evaluation of ammonia release. The urease inhibition potential of AgNPs can be explored in the treatment of H. pylori by preparing novel combinations of standard drugs with AgNPs‐ or AgNPs‐encapsulated drug molecules.
Feasibility of ulnar artery for cardiac catheterization:AJmerULnarARtery (AJULAR) catheterization study
Authors: Gokhroo Rajendra , Bisht Devendra , Padmanabhan Deepak , Gupta Sajal , Kishor Kamal , Ranwa Bhanwar 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe ulnar artery is rarely selected for cardiac catheterization despite the expanding use of the transradial access (TRA). We tried to compare default transulnar access (TUA) with TRA in terms of feasibility and safety.Materials and methodsThis was a prospective, open label, single center, observational study. We analyzed a total of 410 patients with normal Allen's test, who were then scheduled for coronary angiography through TUA withad hocPCI if necessary. Procedures were performed by a single operator who had an adequate transradial experience (≥150 transradial coronary procedures per year) but not trained in transulnar procedures. We analyzed observed findings with a retrospective cohort of patients undergoing TRA angiography under a previous study done at our center. We also performed selective ulnar arteriography of 200 patients, through radial route, to predict the bottlenecks of TUA.ObservationsThere is no statistically significant difference among the number of attempts made till the successful puncture, the total procedure time and the total fluoroscopy time for either radial or ulnar access angiography by an experienced operator (P > 0.05). However, the time taken in arterial access is statistically significant in the initial learning curve for the same (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the arterial access time, the total procedure time, and the total fluoroscopy time, all are statistically significant for the inexperienced operator (P < 0.05). There is a negligible incidence of nonmaneuverable anatomic obstruction in the real‐world scenario in TUA, and so fear of the same should not impede the use of this route. Vasospasm in the use of this route is also not different from the radial route, with the experience of the operator.ConclusionsFor an experienced operator, TUA is a safe and also an effective alternative to TRA in terms of feasibility and safety. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma among subjects at high risk of lung cancer: Results from the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study
Authors: Dixit Ronak , Weissfeld Joel L. , Wilson David O. , Balogh Paula , Sufka Pamela , Siegfried Jill M. , Grandis Jennifer R. , Diergaarde Brenda 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUNDEarlier detection and diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) should lead to improved outcomes. However, to the authors' knowledge, no effective screening strategy has been identified to date. In the current study, the authors evaluated whether it would be useful to screen subjects targeted for lung cancer screening for HNSCC as well.METHODSMedical records, death certificates, and cancer registry and questionnaire data were used to determine the number of observed incident HNSCC cases in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS), a cohort of current and former smokers aged ≥50 years with a ≥12.5 pack‐year smoking history. The expected number of cases was estimated using stratum‐specific incidence rates obtained from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data for 2000 through 2011. The standardized incidence ratio was calculated to examine the difference between the observed and expected number of cases.RESULTSOf the 3587 at‐risk participants in the PLuSS, 23 (0.64%) developed HNSCC over a total of 32,201 person‐years of follow‐up. This finding was significantly higher than expected based on incidence rates obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (13.70 cases expected; standardized incidence ratio, 1.68 [95% confidence interval, 1.06‐2.52]). The excess burden of HNSCC in the PLuSS was 28.9 cases per 100,000 person‐years. Observed incident cases were significantly more often male, had started smoking at a younger age, smoked more per day, and had more pack‐years of smoking than the rest of the PLuSS at‐risk participants.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study provide a rationale for offering head and neck cancer screening along with computed tomography screening for lung cancer. Randomized controlled trials that assess the effectiveness of adding examination of the head and neck area to lung cancer screening programs are warranted. Cancer 2015;121:1431–1435. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Efferent innervation of turtle semicircular canal cristae: Comparisons with bird and mouse
Authors: Jordan Paivi M. , Fettis Margaret , Holt Joseph C. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn the vestibular periphery of nearly every vertebrate, cholinergic vestibular efferent neurons give rise to numerous presynaptic varicosities that target hair cells and afferent processes in the sensory neuroepithelium. Although pharmacological studies have described the postsynaptic actions of vestibular efferent stimulation in several species, characterization of efferent innervation patterns and the relative distribution of efferent varicosities among hair cells and afferents are also integral to understanding how efferent synapses operate. Vestibular efferent markers, however, have not been well characterized in the turtle, one of the animal models used by our laboratory. Here we sought to identify reliable efferent neuronal markers in the vestibular periphery of turtle, to use these markers to understand how efferent synapses are organized, and to compare efferent neuronal labeling patterns in turtle with two other amniotes using some of the same markers. Efferent fibers and varicosities were visualized in the semicircular canal of red‐eared turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and mice (Mus musculus) utilizing fluorescent immunohistochemistry with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Vestibular hair cells and afferents were counterstained using antibodies to myosin VIIa and calretinin. In all species, ChAT labeled a population of small diameter fibers giving rise to numerous spherical varicosities abutting type II hair cells and afferent processes. That these ChAT‐positive varicosities represent presynaptic release sites were demonstrated by colabeling with antibodies against the synaptic vesicle proteins synapsin I, SV2, or syntaxin and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide. Comparisons of efferent innervation patterns among the three species are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1258–1280, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling the two‐locus architecture of divergent pollinator adaptation: how variation in SAD paralogs affects fitness and evolutionary divergence in sexually deceptive orchids
Authors: Xu Shuqing , Schlüter Philipp M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDivergent selection by pollinators can bring about strong reproductive isolation via changes at few genes of large effect. This has recently been demonstrated in sexually deceptive orchids, where studies (1) quantified the strength of reproductive isolation in the field; (2) identified genes that appear to be causal for reproductive isolation; and (3) demonstrated selection by analysis of natural variation in gene sequence and expression. In a group of closely related Ophrys orchids, specific floral scent components, namely n‐alkenes, are the key floral traits that control specific pollinator attraction by chemical mimicry of insect sex pheromones. The genetic basis of species‐specific differences in alkene production mainly lies in two biosynthetic genes encoding stearoyl–acyl carrier protein desaturases (SAD) that are associated with floral scent variation and reproductive isolation between closely related species, and evolve under pollinator‐mediated selection. However, the implications of this genetic architecture of key floral traits on the evolutionary processes of pollinator adaptation and speciation in this plant group remain unclear. Here, we expand on these recent findings to model scenarios of adaptive evolutionary change at SAD2 and SAD5, their effects on plant fitness (i.e., offspring number), and the dynamics of speciation. Our model suggests that the two‐locus architecture of reproductive isolation allows for rapid sympatric speciation by pollinator shift; however, the likelihood of such pollinator‐mediated speciation is asymmetric between the two orchid species O. sphegodes and O. exaltata due to different fitness effects of their predominant SAD2 and SAD5 alleles. Our study not only provides insight into pollinator adaptation and speciation mechanisms of sexually deceptive orchids but also demonstrates the power of applying a modeling approach to the study of pollinator‐driven ecological speciation.
Basic Study on Loss Factor Evaluation of Concentrated Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Takahata Ryoichi , Wakui Shinichi , Ajima Toshiyuki , Miyata Kenji , Noma Keiji , Senoo Masaharu 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYThis paper describes the influence of pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter harmonic loss on concentrated winding interior permanent magnet synchronous motor characteristics by using finite element method (FEM) analysis and several measurements. In the measurements, the PWM inverter harmonic loss was evaluated by using a PWM inverter and a sinusoidal power supply. By using the FEM analysis, it was confirmed that the PWM inverter harmonic mainly caused an increase of eddy current losses in the magnetic steel sheet and the permanent magnet. The results indicate that higher inductance of the motor is effective in reducing the harmful effects of PWM inverter harmonics.
N–T Characteristics of Magnetic Gear Motor with Inherent Overload Protection
Authors: Niguchi Noboru , Hirata Katsuhiro , Morimoto Eiki 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYThis paper describes the N−T characteristics of magnetic gear motors in which permanent magnets are used only in the high‐speed rotor. The N−T characteristics for the cases with and without high‐speed rotor slip are computed by finite element analysis under vector control. These characteristics are verified by measurements on a prototype. Finally, the differences between the computed and measured N−T characteristics are discussed.
Ligand‐Promoted Reactivity of Alkenes in Dehydrogenative Heck Reactions of Furans and Thiophenes
Authors: Vasseur Alexandre , Laugel Caroline , Harakat Dominique , Muzart Jacques , Le Bras Jean 
Published: January 2015

Abstract4,5‐Diazafluorenone was found to promote the dehydrogenative Heck reaction of furans and thiophenes with hindered alkenes. High stereoselectivity was achieved in the synthesis of β,β‐diaryl α,β‐unsaturated alkenes. A mechanism, based on ESI‐MS studies, kinetic experiments, and competitive reactions, was proposed. The ligand influences C–H bond activation, insertion of the alkenes, the stereodetermining step, and the aerobic regeneration of the catalyst.
Androgen Receptor Silences Thioredoxin‐interacting Protein and Competitively Inhibits Glucocorticoid Receptor‐Mediated Apoptosis in Pancreatic β‐Cells
Authors: Harada Naoki , Katsuki Takahiro , Takahashi Yuji , Masuda Tatsuya , Yoshinaga Mariko , Adachi Tetsuya , Izawa Takeshi , Kuwamura Mitsuru , Nakano Yoshihisa , Yamaji Ryoichi , Inui Hiroshi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAndrogen receptor (AR) is known to bind to the same cis‐element that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds to. However, the effects of androgen signaling on glucocorticoid signaling have not yet been elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of testosterone on dexamethasone (DEX, a synthetic glucocorticoid)‐induced apoptosis of pancreatic β‐cells, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in males. We used INS‐1 #6 cells, which were isolated from the INS‐1 pancreatic β‐cell line and which express high levels of AR. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone inhibited apoptosis induced by DEX in INS‐1 #6 cells. AR knockdown and the AR antagonist hydroxyflutamide each diminished the anti‐apoptotic effects of testosterone. AR was localized in the nucleus of both INS‐1 #6 cells and pancreatic β‐cells of male rats. Induction of thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) is known to cause pro‐apoptotic effects in β‐cells. Testosterone suppressed the DEX‐induced increase of TXNIP at the transcriptional level. A Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that both AR and GR competitively bound to the TXNIP promoter in ligand‐dependent manners. Recombinant DNA‐binding domain of AR bound to the same cis‐element of the TXNIP promoter that GR binds to. Our results show that AR and GR competitively bind to the same cis‐element of TXNIP promoter as a silencer and enhancer, respectively. These results indicate that androgen signaling functionally competes with glucocorticoid signaling in pancreatic β‐cell apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 998–1006, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.