bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of fly ash and cement content on rheological, mechanical, and transport properties of high-performance self-compacting concrete
Authors: Jalal Mostafa , Mansouri Esmaeel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRheological, mechanical, and transport properties of high-performance self-compacting concrete (HPSCC) mixes with different cement contents and fly ash percentages are studied in this research. Different HPSCC mixtures were investigated with cement contents of 400, 450, and 500 kg/m3 and fly ash percentages of 5%, 10%, and 15%. In order to achieve an enhanced durability, the aggregate grading curve was modified and improved based on power 0.45 grading curve. For a better understanding of fly ash effect and comparison purposes, a constant water to binder ratio (w/b=0.38) was used. The rheological properties were observed through slump flow time and diameter and V-funnel flow time. Mechanical properties including compressive and splitting tensile strength were determined at 7, 28, and 90 days. A comprehensive transport investigation was carried out using water absorption, capillary absorption, chloride ion percentage, and resistivity tests. The results showed a desirable improvement in rheological properties, and the compressive strength improved by about 10% for 15% fly ash at 90 days. A relatively significant improvement was also considered in all transport properties by increasing the fly ash percentage and cement content, especially at higher ages.
Silbenstruktur des Deutschen und des Persischen
Authors: Bahrami Fatemeh , Kachoui Marzieh Atai 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Optimality theory has adequately proved its fertility in different areas of linguistic studies, so also in the formation of phonological theory. The aim of the present study is to examine the pronunciation problems derived from the systematic comparison between the syllable structures of German and Persian within an optimality-theoretic framework. Here, the essential characteristics of the syllable structure of German and Persian are investigated in relation to the three sub-domains of the syllable, i. e. onset, nucleus and coda. The results of the study show that native speakers of Persian use two strategies, namely epenthesis and segmentation, so that the syllable structure of German is integrated into the Persian system. Despite differences between the syllable structures of the two systems, which are shaped by their different prosodic structures, it is observed in some cases that Persian speakers learning German produce the standard features of pronunciation of the words tested in this experiment without any modification of syllable structure. Optimality theory as a constraint-based approach is a potentially powerful theoretical tool to provide an explanation for Persian speakers’ tendency to apply one of these strategies due to the differences between Persian and German regarding the ranking of the constraints.
Gender and Crime Victimization Modify Neighborhood Effects on Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Osypuk Theresa L. , Schmidt Nicole M. , Bates Lisa M. , Tchetgen-Tchetgen Eric J. , Earls Felton J. , Glymour M. Maria 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Leverage an experimental study to determine whether gender or recent crime victimization modify the mental health effects of moving to low-poverty neighborhoods.

METHODS:
The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) study randomized low-income families in public housing to an intervention arm receiving vouchers to subsidize rental housing in lower-poverty neighborhoods or to controls receiving no voucher. We examined 3 outcomes 4 to 7 years after randomization, among youth aged 5 to 16 years at baseline (n = 2829): lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD), psychological distress (K6), and Behavior Problems Index (BPI). Treatment effect modification by gender and family’s baseline report of recent violent crime victimization was tested via interactions in covariate-adjusted intent-to-treat and instrumental variable adherence-adjusted regression models.

RESULTS:
Gender and crime victimization significantly modified treatment effects on distress and BPI (P &lt; .10). Female adolescents in families without crime victimization benefited from MTO treatment, for all outcomes (Distress B = –0.19, P = .008; BPI B = –0.13, P = .06; MDD B = –0.036, P = .03). Male adolescents in intervention families experiencing crime victimization had worse distress (B = 0.24, P = .004), more behavior problems (B = 0.30, P &lt; .001), and nonsignificantly higher MDD (B = 0.022, P = .16) versus controls. Other subgroups experienced no effect of MTO treatment. Instrumental variable estimates were similar but larger.

CONCLUSIONS:
Girls from families experiencing recent violent crime victimization were significantly less likely to achieve mental health benefits, and boys were harmed, by MTO, suggesting need for cross-sectoral program supports to offset multiple stressors.
Randomized Controlled Trial of an Immunization Recall Intervention for Adolescents
Authors: Brigham Kathryn S. , Woods Elizabeth R. , Steltz Sarah K. , Sandora Thomas J. , Blood Emily A. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Determine if adolescent immunization rates can be improved by contacting the parents or by contacting both the parents and adolescents.

METHODS:
Thirteen- to 17-year-olds overdue for at least 1 of 3 immunizations were randomized to (1) a control arm (Control), (2) telephone calls to the parent/guardian (Parent Only), or (3) telephone calls to the parent/guardian and the adolescent (Parent/Adol). Immunization records were assessed 4 weeks and 1 year after the intervention. Two-sided χ2 tests and logistic regression models were used to compare receipt of immunizations by study arm.

RESULTS:
The intention-to-treat analysis showed improved immunization rates at 4 weeks (adjusted odds ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.00–5.18), but not at 1 year, in the Parent/Adol group compared with controls. There was a trend toward increased immunization in the Parent Only group (odds ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 0.89–4.56). However, phone contact was not achieved for many parents and adolescents in the intervention groups. A post hoc analysis of the impact of actual phone contact showed significant improvement in immunization rates both 4 weeks and 1 year after the intervention among those who were reached successfully.

CONCLUSIONS:
Improvement in immunization rates was seen in the short term but not the long term after contacting both the parent and adolescent. Although telephone interventions may be effective when rapid immunization is necessary, the difficulty in reaching parents and adolescents by phone highlights the importance of up-to-date contact information and a need to assess the effectiveness of alternative means of communication.
Zuweisungen in der nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik
Authors: Ringhofer L. , Dolliner P. , Staudenherz A. , Ubl P. 
Published: August 2012

Summary
Aim: Written reports are the basis of collaboration between clinician and radiologist or nuclear medicine specialist. For clinicians it is important to receive useful and accurate reports that answer their questions. A thorough referral note is needed in order to choose an appropriate examination method and to write a good report. Methods: In this retrospective study we analyzed 1330 referral notes which were addressed to the Department of Nuclear Medicine at the University Clinic of Nuclear Medicine in Vienna between 2008 and 2011. Examinations were divided into 7 groups (heart, lung, bones, central nervous system, PET or PET-CT and other). The following aspects were studied: diagnosis, clinical question, overall legibility, handwritten/typed, contact information, legibility of the referring doctor’s name, internal/external referral, additional information and region to be examined. Results: 18% of the referrals per year were analyzed. A diagnosis was given in 95%, a clinical question in 73%. Additional information was found in 41%. Only 4% were typed. In nearly all of these aspects there were major differences when compared in the seven different groups. Conclusion: To generate a good report and to provide optimal conditions for examination the data in the referral note should be given as exact as possible. Our retrospective analysis demonstrated the lack of referral note related information concerning the clinical question. In order to achieve good results, intelligent computer-assisted referrals might lead to better referral notes.
Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis population densities and infectivity in Kopere village, Western Kenya
Authors: Obala Andrew Ambogo , Kutima Helen L , Nyamogoba Henry D.N. , Mwangi Anne W , Simiyu Chrispinus J , Magak Gideon N , Khwa-Otsyula Barasa O , Ouma John H 
Published: August 2012

Introduction: This study was conducted in a sugar belt region of western Kenya interfacing epidemic and endemic malaria transmission. We investigated Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (ss) and Anopheles arabiensis species compositions and densities, human host choice, and infectivity. Methodology: Mosquitoes were captured using pyrethrum spray catch technique and first identified based on morphology; species were confirmed by PCR. Blood meal preference and sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA. Parity rates and entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were determined. Seasonal densities were compared against environmental temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall. Results: In total 2,426 An. gambiae were collected. Out of 1,687 female blood-fed mosquitoes, 272 were randomly selected for entomological tests. An. gambiae ss and An. arabiensis comprised 75% (205/272) and 25% (68/272) of the selection, respectively. An. gambiae ss had higher preference for human blood (97%; n=263/272) compared with An. arabiensis, which mostly fed on bovines (88%; n=239/272). The sporozoite and parity rates were 6% (16/272) and 66% (179/272) for An. gambiae ss and 2% (4/272) and 53% (144/272) for An. arabiensis respectively, while EIR was 0.78 infective bites/person/night. Climate (ANOVA; F=14.2; DF=23) and temperature alone (r=0.626; t=3.75; p=0.001) were significantly correlated with vector densities. Conclusion: An. gambiae ss are the most efficient malaria vector mosquito species in Kopere village. Because An. gambiae ss largely rests and feeds indoors, use of indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated nets is likely the most suitable approach to malaria vector control in Kopere village and other parts of Kenya where this species is abundant.
An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses
Authors: Chambers Steven M. , Fain Steven R. , Fazio Bud , Amaral Michael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe available scientific literature was reviewed to assess the taxonomic standing of North American wolves, including subspecies of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. The recent scientific proposal that the eastern wolf, C. l. lycaon, is not a subspecies of gray wolf, but a full species, Canis lycaon, is well-supported by both morphological and genetic data. This species' range extends westward to Minnesota, and it hybridizes with gray wolves where the two species are in contact in eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Genetic data support a close relationship between eastern wolf and red wolf Canis rufus, but do not support the proposal that they are the same species; it is more likely that they evolved independently from different lineages of a common ancestor with coyotes. The genetic distinctiveness of the Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi supports its recognition as a subspecies. The available genetic and morphometric data do not provide clear support for the recognition of the Arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos, but the available genetic data are almost entirely limited to one group of genetic markers (microsatellite DNA) and are not definitive on this question. Recognition of the northern timber wolf Canis lupus occidentalis and the plains wolf Canis lupus nubilus as subspecies is supported by morphological data and extensive studies of microsatellite DNA variation where both subspecies are in contact in Canada. The wolves of coastal areas in southeastern Alaska and British Columbia should be assigned to C. lupus nubilus. There is scientific support for the taxa recognized here, but delineation of exact geographic boundaries presents challenges. Rather than sharp boundaries between taxa, boundaries should generally be thought of as intergrade zones of variable width.
Federico Mayor Zaragoza: Poeta y Profeta de la Paz
Authors: Lovo Anastasio 
Published: August 2012

El hablante lírico del libro “En pie de paz” de Federico Mayor Zaragoza, se yergue altivo en medio de las tormentas bélicas, la sordera de los poderosos, la carcoma de las sociedades por el terrorismo y el crimen, la crisis de la democracia política, la aporía de los sistemas económicos regidos por la plusvalía social y la ganancia privada, el irrespeto sistemático a los derechos humanos, la degradación de la naturaleza. Se levanta asiendo en su mano derecha un haz de rayos luminosos que lanza en contra de la ignominia de la injusticia humana, pero con su mano izquierda nos ofrece a los lectores la bella flor de su poesía, cuyas corolas contienen la firme esperanza que lo mantiene en pie de paz.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.768 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 47-48
Wittgenstein et le logicisme de Russell
Authors: Gandon Sébastien 
Published: August 2012

Ce texte discute certaines conclusions d’un article récent de F. Mülhölzer et vise à montrer que le logicisme russellien a les moyens de résister à la critique que Wittgenstein lui adresse dans la partie III desRemarques sur les fondements desmathématiques.
Coal
Authors: Attfield Michael , Castranova Vincent , Kuempel Eileen , Wagner Gregory 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCoal is an organic, combustible, rock‐like natural substance that occurs in various forms from hard and brittle anthracite to soft and friable lignite. Coal mine dust often contains silica and other minerals found within the coal seam or in the adjacent strata. In the US and other countries, coal miners continue to be at risk of developing chronic lung diseases caused by cumulative exposure to respirable coal mine dust. These diseases can lead to significant lung function impairment, disability, and premature death. Collectively known as “Black Lung”, they include coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), and its more advanced stage, progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), as well as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Many countries have occupational exposure limits for coal mine dust typically based on assessment of the mass of dust collected during a work shift. Surface mining of coal has a considerable environmental impact on the landscape and can impact water supplies.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Carreón Tania , Herrick Robert L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAliphatic hydrocarbons are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known asparaffin hydrocarbonsoralkanes, include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula CnH2n+2. The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: (1) those containing one double bond (ethylene and its homologs) and having the formula CnH2nare known asolefinsoralkenes; (2) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are calledacetylenesoralkynesand have the formula CnH2n−2; (3) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) arediolefinsoralkadienesand also have the formula CnH2n−2; (4) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion asalkatrienes,alkatetraenes,alkadiynes,alkenynes, andalkadienynes.Aliphatic hydrocarbons are asphyxiants andcentral nervous system(CNS) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many paraffins, axonal neuropathy forn‐hexane, and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene.
Miscellaneous Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides
Authors: Bus James S. , Leber A. Philip 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOrganochlorine insecticides represent the first group of synthetic compounds to have a significant impact on the control of infectious diseases transmitted via insect vectors. These insecticides have been used extensively as both agricultural insecticides and as agents to combat such vectorborne diseases. Of these insecticides, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is credited as the primary compound that, for the first time in history, brought epidemics of malaria, typhus, and plague to a complete stop. Due their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation, many uses of these insecticides in agriculture have been restricted or cancelled. Neurological hyperactivity has been noticed in animals and in humans following excessive exposures of chlorinated insecticides. The organochlorine insecticides are considered as potential human carcinogens and several epidemiology studies have evaluated the association between exposure to organochlorine chemicals such as the polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT and an increased incidence of breast cancer. The chapter presents properties, production, uses, toxic effects, and standards, regulations, or guidelines of exposure for this class of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. The primary use of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is as a herbicide to control broadleaf weeds in agriculture, forestry, and residential applications. 2,4‐D is not regarded a carcinogen in either animals or humans and does not persist or bioaccumulate in the environment.
Ethers
Authors: Mehlman Myron A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNaturally occurring ethers may be constituents of essential oils and may be extracted from these sources. Although some ethers may appear naturally, they may be prepared synthetically from other chemicals or other ethers.Symmetrical ethers are produced by the catalytic dehydration of their corresponding alcohols, for example, diethyl ether from ethanol. They are also obtained as by‐products from the formation of their corresponding esters or alcohols. Ethers may also be made by special synthesis procedures. Some ethers are obtained through the destructive distillation of selected hardwoods.Ethers have a wide variety of industrial uses. Their commercial value is recognized in the following industries: rubber, plastics, paints and coatings, refrigeration, medicine, dentistry, petroleum, chemical, perfume, cosmetics, toiletries, and food.The more volatile ethers have been used as liquid refrigerants, general anesthetics, commercial solvents, primers for gasoline engines, fuel additives, and rocket propellants. Other ethers have been used as alkylating agents in chemical syntheses of organic chemicals and in the manufacture of polymers. They are also used to denature alcohol. Halogenated ethers are used in the preparation of ion‐exchange resin, which is a modified polystyrene resin that is chloromethylated and then treated with a tertiary amine or with a polyamine. Ethers have wide use as commercial solvents and extractants for esters, gums, hydrocarbons, alkaloids, oils, resins, dyes, plastics, lacquers, and paints. They are used as dewaxing extractants for lubricating oils. Ethers have had limited use as cleaning and spotting agents. They are used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of textile aids, such as dyes and resins. In the pharmaceutical industry, ethers are used as solvents, suspending agents, flavorings for oral drugs, and dental products. They are used to increase viscosity, as penetrants and wetting agents and as antioxidants and stabilizers. Ethers are used in foods as flavorings and in perfumes as fragrances. They are used as solvents for elastomers and for regenerating rubber. They have use as antiskinning agents in surface coatings and as weathering agents for paints and plastics. Ethers are also used in soaps. Ethers appear in heat transfer agents. Several industries use specific ethers for thickening, dispersing, suspending, binding, and film forming.The data presented here are arranged according to the chemical structure of the compounds. An effort has been made to place the chemicals within each group in an order that represents an increase in chain length. Even though the number of chemicals in any one group is limited, it is possible to make general, comparative statements. This corresponds with the acute toxicity data available in theNIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.The oral toxicity and concentrated vapor data indicate that as the chain length increases in the symmetrical ethers, the toxicity is reduced. The inverse is true for skin penetration toxicity.
Organic Peroxides
Authors: Reid Jon B. , Muianga Custodio V. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPeroxides are highly reactive molecules due to the presence of an oxygen‐oxygen linkage. Under activating conditions, the oxygen‐oxygen bond may be cleaved to form highly reactive free radicals. There have been several investigations into the types of physical hazards represented by organic peroxides. Most of the references reviewed indicate that peroxides exhibit low toxicity. However, their irritant actions on skin and eyes vary widely. The analytic method should be specific for each organic peroxide. NIOSH has fully validated the method for benzoyl peroxide. National Toxicology Program (NTP) released a report on the toxic effects oft‐butyl perbenzoate. The toxic properties of various peroxides such as peroxydicarbonates, peroxyesters, diacyl peroxides, peroxyesters, ketone peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, peroxyketals, hydroperoxides, and silyl peroxides have been presented in depth. Exposure assessment standards and regulations have also been discussed comprehensively for various compounds.
Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Walker Bailus , Stokes Lynette D. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The present chapter deals mainly with the nonbiological polymers. These polymers are synthetic materials used in plastics, fibers, and elastomers. The exponential growth in managing technology from conception to commercial development has fueled more research on polymers. Basic principles, concepts, general characteristics, toxicity, and occupational health surveillance program of these polymers have been discussed using databases of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH), Occupational Safety and Health Administration, (OSHA), and National Library of Medicine (NLM). Ethylene, propylene, and 1‐butene monomers act toxicologically as asphyxiant gases. Environmental stress cracking has been reported mainly with polyethylene, whereas polypropylene is more susceptible to oxidation. Polyethylene cross‐links on oxidation, whereas polypropylene degrades to form lower molecular weight products. Monomer residue has not been considered a risk factor for adverse health effects.