bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review article: faecal incontinence in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management
Authors: Rajindrajith S. , Devanarayana N. M. , Benninga M. A. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBackgroundFaecal incontinence (FI) in children is a significant gastrointestinal problem, with great personal and social impacts. It is characterised by recurrent loss of faecal matter into the underwear. Both functional and organic causes contribute to its aetiology with the former predominating.AimTo review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management of functional faecal incontinence in children.MethodsA PubMed search was conducted using search terms f(a)ecal incontinence, and encopresis. Articles on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, investigation and management of functional FI in children were retrieved and assessed.ResultsCommunity prevalence of this distressing problem ranges from 0.8% to 7.8% globally. Male: female ratio varies from 3:1 to 6:1. The diagnosis of FI is often based on established clinical criteria. The majority (82%) have constipation associated functional FI. Biopsychosocial factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis. Limited physiological testing of anorectal function is recommended in the diagnostic procedures, particularly in children with atypical symptoms and possible organic disorders. Management of FI needs a multidisciplinary approach which includes establishment of an effective doctor‐patient partnership, understanding the underlying mechanisms, pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment. Approximately 15% of children with functional nonretentive faecal incontinence (FNRFI) had the same symptoms at the age of 18 years.ConclusionSignificant therapeutic advances have been made for retentive faecal incontinence, but treatment options for functional nonretentive faecal incontinence are limited. Limited long‐term outcome data show that the majority outgrow faecal incontinence. A substantial proportion of children progress to adulthood with faecal incontinence.
Treatment of children with acute myeloid leukaemia who relapsed after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Lee Jae Wook , Jang Pil‐Sang , Chung Nack‐Gyun , Cho Bin , Kim Hack‐Ki 
Published: October 2012

SummaryDespite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, 30–40% of children with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) experience relapse. For those who relapse after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT), the prognosis is particularly poor, with limited reported literature on these patients. We reviewed the clinical course of 49 children with AML (28 males, 21 females) who received allo‐HSCT between 1993 and 2011, and who had subsequently relapsed. Study endpoints included (i) complete remission (CR) rate after intensive chemotherapy, and prognostic factors for CR, (ii) disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients who achieved CR and (iii) OS for recipients of intensive chemotherapy and prognostic factors for OS. Of the 36 patients who received intensive chemotherapy after post‐HSCT relapse, 26 (72%) achieved CR. For patients who achieved CR, 5‐year DFS and OS were 32·6 ± 10·2% and 44·4 ± 11·1%, respectively. For all recipients of intensive chemotherapy, 5‐year OS was 31·6 ± 8·7%. Cumulative incidence of treatment‐related death was 14·4%. All three recipients of second HSCT died. Amongst prognostic factors predicting improved survival, only disease status at HSCT (early first CR vs. others) proved significant in multivariate study (Hazard Ratio 2·42, 95% Confidence Interval 1·02–5·74, P = 0·045). Treatment with curative intent was able to salvage a minor but important subset of children with AML who relapsed post‐allogeneic transplant.
Mode of delivery, mutans streptococci colonization, and early childhood caries in three‐ to five‐year‐old Thai children
Authors: Pattanaporn K. , Saraithong P. , Khongkhunthian S. , Aleksejuniene J. , Laohapensang P. , Chhun N. , Chen Z. , Li Y. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether mode of delivery is associated with mutans streptococci (MS) colonization and early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool Thai children.MethodsThree hundred and fifty mothers and their 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children (184 born vaginally and 166 born by Caesarean section) participated in the study. Data included a dental examination, MS colonization assessed by the Dentocult® SM Strip Mutans method, and a questionnaire survey of family socio‐demographic information, as well as children's birth history, dietary habits, and oral health practices.ResultsOverall, ECC prevalence was 56% in 3‐year‐old and 78% in 5‐year‐old Thai children. Compared to children delivered by C‐section, vaginally born children experienced increased ECC prevalence (73.8% versus 59.6%; P = 0.009) and were more likely to have higher MS scores (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1–2.9), adjusting for mother's gestational age, MS score, feeding practice habits; child's age and tooth brushing habits. Children's MS scores were highly correlated with their mothers' MS scores (P < 0.001). Additionally, children's age, MS colonization, and mothers' prechewing feeding habits were the most significant risk indicators for ECC in Thai children.ConclusionOur findings suggest that mode of delivery is significantly correlated with MS colonization and caries outcomes in young Thai children. Future studies are needed to further understand the possible biological mechanisms linking mode of child delivery to the colonization of cariogenic microbiota and development of ECC.
Neonatal supplementation of processed supernatant from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves allergic airway inflammation in mice later in life
Authors: Harb H. , van Tol E. A. F. , Heine H. , Braaksma M. , Gross G. , Overkamp K. , Hennen M. , Alrifai M. , Conrad M. L. , Renz H. , Garn H. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBackgroundOral supplementation with probiotic bacteria can protect against the development of allergic and inflammatory diseases.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate potential immunomodulatory and allergy‐protective effects of processed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)‐derived supernatants early in life in neonatal mice.MethodsIn vitro, RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were stimulated with viable LGG, LGG‐derived supernatants, prepared from different growth phases, and different size fractions thereof, and pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production was analysed. Supernatant fractions were also treated with protease, DNAse or carbohydrate‐digesting enzymes to define the nature of immunomodulatory components. In vivo, neonatal Balb/c mice were orally supplemented with differentially processed LGG supernatants. Starting at 4 weeks of age, a protocol of ovalbumin‐induced acute allergic airway inflammation was applied and protective effects of processed LGG supernatants were assessed.ResultsIncubation of RAW264.7 cells with LGG‐derived supernatants significantly increased TNFα and IL‐10 production. These effects were not restricted to a particular molecular size fraction. Treatment with protease, but not with DNAse or carbohydrate‐digesting enzymes, completely abolished the immunomodulatory activities. Incubation of TLR/NOD‐transfected cells with LGG‐derived supernatants revealed that recognition and signalling of bioactive components is mediated by TLR2 and NOD2. In vivo supplementation of newborn mice with processed LGG‐derived supernatants resulted in pronounced protective effects on the allergic inflammatory response as reflected by reduced eosinophil numbers, modified T helper cell cytokine production, significantly less lung inflammation and reduced goblet cell numbers in comparison with sham‐treated controls.ConclusionLGG‐derived supernatants exert immunomodulatory activities, and neonatal administration of specifically processed supernatants may provide an alternative to viable probiotics in reducing allergic inflammatory responses.
Cellular immune responses in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-beta
Authors: Bustamante M F , Rio J , Castro Z , Sánchez A , Montalban X , Comabella M 
Published: October 2012

Summary
We investigated cellular immune responses at baseline in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with interferon (IFN)-β and classified into responders and non-responders according to clinical response criteria. Levels for IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-10 and IL-4 were determined in activated PBMC of 10 responders, 10 non-responders and 10 healthy controls by cytometric bead arrays. Cytokine levels in cell culture supernatants were similar between responders and non-responders, and comparable to those obtained in healthy controls. These findings do not support differential cellular immune responses in PBMC at baseline between IFN-β responders and non-responders.
An evaluation of early cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome
Authors: O'Gorman Clodagh S. , Syme Catriona , Lang Jun , Bradley Timothy J. , Wells Greg D. , Hamilton Jill K. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBackground and ObjectivesTurner syndrome (TS) confers increased lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. We compared cardiometabolic risk factors and measures of subcutaneous, visceral adipose tissue and intra‐myocellular lipid between young TS girls and an age‐ and BMI‐standard deviation scores (SDS)‐matched healthy female cohort.Patients and MethodsA cross‐sectional cohort study was conducted at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Nineteen TS and 17 control girls (13·7 ± 2·5 vs 12·7 ± 3·4 years of age, respectively, P = 0·30). Multiple‐sample oral glucose tolerance test with measurement of fasting insulin, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, adiponectin and highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) was performed. Subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue intramyocellular lipid levels evaluated by magnetic resonance techniques. Insulin secretion (IS), sensitivity (Si) and the insulin secretion–sensitivity index (ISSI‐2) were calculated from oral glucose tolerance test data.ResultsFive TS and no controls had impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance; none had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were similar between groups; ISSI‐2 was lower in TS (923·5 ± 307·3 vs 659·1 ± 387·3; P = 0·03). TS girls had higher blood pressure (82·5 ± 13·6 vs 73·5 ± 5·5 mmHg; P = 0·0146), waist circumference (76·0 ±11·8 vs 65·9 ± 9·7; P = 0·0087) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (135·6 ± 88·6 vs 69·3 ± 59·9; P = 0·01) than controls. Visceral adipose tissue, intramyocellular lipid levels and adiponectin were not different between groups. TS girls also had higher triglycerides (1·1 ± 0·6 vs 0·7 ± 0·3; P = 0·003), total cholesterol (4·4 ± 0·7 vs 3·9 ± 0·4; P = 0·02) and hsCRP (2·0 ± 1·9 vs 0·8 ± 0·3; P = 0·01).ConclusionsTS girls exhibit more cardiometabolic risk factors and reduced beta cell function compared with age‐ and BMI‐SDS‐matched girls. Increased awareness of early risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension in TS girls is needed.
Cytokines expression in saliva and peri‐implant crevicular fluid of patients with peri‐implant disease
Authors: Fonseca Fabio José Persegani Olivar , Junior Mario Moraes , Lourenço Eduardo José Veras , de Moraes Teles Daniel , Figueredo Carlos Marcelo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to measure the levels of GM‐CSF, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and saliva from patients with peri‐implant disease.MethodsTwenty two total edentulous patients were divided into two groups: Mucositis (MU) patients with bone loss around the implants until the first thread and pocket depth ≤3 mm, and Peri‐implantitis (PI) patients with at least one implant with bone loss around two or more threads and pocket depth ≥4 mm. The clinical parameters evaluated were probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and percentage of plaque. PICF samples were collected from MU sites, and from shallow (SPI) and deep (DPI) sites in PI. Unstimulated whole and parotid duct saliva was collected from all patients. The cytokines were measured by a multiplexed immunoassay.ResultsPI patients had a higher percentage of plaque compared with MU (P = 0.02). MU sites had lower pocket depth compared to SPI (P = 0.001) and to DPI (P ≤ 0.001). In PICF, the levels of IL‐1β were significantly higher in SPI sites compared to MU (P = 0.03). In the saliva from parotid, IL‐8 and IL‐12 were significantly higher in patients with PI (P = 0.04).ConclusionElevated levels of IL‐1β in PICF seem to be a characteristic trait of patients with peri‐implantitis. The parotid duct saliva showed a significant increase in expression of IL‐8, which might be related to a systemic response.
MPTP Animal Model of Parkinsonism: Dopamine Cell Death or Only Tyrosine Hydroxylase Impairment? – A Study Using PET Imaging, Autoradiography, and Immunohistochemistry in the Cat
Authors: Aznavour Nicolas , Cendres‐Bozzi Christophe , Lemoine Laetitia , Buda Colette , Sastre Jean‐Pierre , Mincheva Zoïa , Zimmer Luc , Lin Jian‐Sheng 
Published: October 2012

SummaryAims1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxin widely used to produce experimental models of Parkinson's disease in laboratory animals. It is believed to cause a selective destruction of substantia nigra dopamine neurons, mainly based on a large reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the catecholamine's synthesizing enzyme. Unlike Parkinson's disease in humans, however, all animal models are able to recover more or less rapidly from the MPTP induced Parkinsonian syndrome. This raises the question as whether MPTP causes a cell death with a decrease in dopamine transporter or a simple impairment of TH.MethodsTo respond to this question, we quantified in a cat model of Parkinson's disease (MPTP 5 mg/kg i.p. during 5 days) the dopamine transporter using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and autoradiography of [11C]PE2I and compared the data with the TH‐immunoreactivity.ResultsWe found no changes in [11C]PE2I PET binding either 5 or 26 days after MPTP treatment when compared to baseline levels. Similarly, there were no significant changes in [11C]PE2I autoradiographic binding in the cat brain one week after MPTP treatment. In sharp contrast, MPTP treated cats exhibited severe Parkinson‐like motor syndrome during the acute period with a marked decrease in TH‐immunoreactivity in the striatum.ConclusionThese data suggest that MPTP toxicity impairs efficiently TH and that such an effect is not necessarily accompanied by significant reduction of dopamine transporter seen with in vitro or in vivo [11C]PE2I binding.
How protandry and protogyny affect female mating failure: a spatial population model
Authors: Larsen Elise , Calabrese Justin M. , Rhainds Marc , Fagan William F. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPopulation growth and persistence depend on the collective ability of individuals to find mates in both space and time. When individuals are reproductively mature for only a portion of a population's breeding season, reproductive asynchrony can cause mating failure and a temporal Allee effect, which is exacerbated by spatial constraints in isolated populations. However, the effect of phenological variation by sex (protandry, protogyny) in spatiotemporal mate finding is not well understood. Here, we examine the interacting roles of sex‐specific and population‐wide individual asynchrony on female matelessness in spatially isolated populations. By incorporating sex‐specific phenology into a two‐sex reaction‐diffusion system, we explore female matelessness as a function of phenology, movement behavior, and patch size. Although individual asynchrony may lead to female mating failure in small and isolated populations, we find that moderate protandry reduces female mating failure across a variety of scenarios. We go on to examine model behavior for a case study based on the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformisHaworth (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), where many populations exhibit pronounced protogyny. Overall, we find a consistent benefit of moderate protandry, which may mitigate female matelessness for many populations.
Differential consumption of baits by pest blattid and blattellid cockroaches and resulting direct and secondary effects
Authors: Bayer Barbara E. , Pereira Roberto M. , Koehler Philip G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractConsumption was measured of three commercially available cockroach gel baits (0.01 and 0.05% fipronil and 0.6% indoxacarb) by two pest blattellid (German cockroach,Blattella germanicaL., and brownbanded cockroach,Supella longipalpaFabricius) and three pest blattid [oriental cockroach,Blatta orientalisL.,American cockroach,Periplaneta americanaL., and smokybrown cockroach,Periplaneta fuliginosa(Serville)] species (Dictyoptera), and direct and secondary effects were quantified. All three baits were greatly preferred for consumption over dog food; however, virtually all consumption (ca. 98%) by pest blattids was gel baits containing sugar feeding stimulants and water. Pest blattid greater preference for gel baits was probably due to their greater need for nutrients in baits due to their greater cuticular water permeability and higher metabolism than the pest blattellids. Brownbanded cockroaches had lowest percentage gel bait selection. Pest blattellids consumed greater amounts of bait per g body weight than pest blattids. Cockroaches consumed more active ingredient than needed to cause mortality; however, based on bait consumption, a 30‐g tube of gel bait potentially killed from 394 to 6 966 adult cockroaches, depending on species. Mortality for all cockroach species was faster for adults (≥3 days) than for nymphs (≥7 days); however, most brownbanded cockroaches exposed to indoxacarb survived despite consuming 1.5‐ to >3‐fold more than other baits, suggesting low enzyme production by brownbanded cockroaches and consequently lower conversion of indoxacarb into its toxic form. Besides direct mortality, German cockroaches died from indirect effects: exposure to debris from other cockroaches that had direct access to the gel baits or bait contact without ingestion. Although maximization of bait consumption is important, factors that enhance secondary mortality and contact toxicity should also be considered.
Differential responses of circadian Per2 expression rhythms in discrete brain areas to daily injection of methamphetamine and restricted feeding in rats
Authors: Natsubori Akiyo , Honma Ken‐ichi , Honma Sato 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBehavioral rhythms induced by methamphetamine (MAP) and daily restricted feeding (RF) in rats are independent of the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and have been regarded to share a common oscillatory mechanism. In the present study, in order to examine the responses of brain oscillatory systems to MAP and RF, circadian rhythms in clock gene, Period2, expression were measured in several brain areas in rats. Transgenic rats carrying a bioluminescence reporter of Period2‐dLuciferase were subjected to either daily injection of MAP or RF of 2 h at a fixed time of day for 14 days. As a result, spontaneous movement and wheel‐running activity were greatly enhanced following MAP injection and prior to daily meal under RF. Circadian Per2 rhythms were measured in the cultured brain tissues containing one of the following structures: the olfactory bulb; caudate‐putamen; parietal cortex; substantia nigra; and SCN. Except for the SCN, the circadian Per2 rhythms in the brain tissues were significantly phase‐delayed by 1.9 h on average in MAP‐injected rats as compared with the saline‐controls. On the other hand, the circadian rhythms outside the SCN were significantly phase‐advanced by 6.3 h on average in rats under RF as compared with those under ad libitum feeding. These findings indicate that the circadian rhythms in specific brain areas of the central dopaminergic system respond differentially to MAP injection and RF, suggesting that different oscillatory mechanisms in the brain underlie the MAP‐induced behavior and pre‐feeding activity under RF.
Constitutive knockout of the membrane cytoskeleton protein beta adducin decreases mushroom spine density in the nucleus accumbens but does not prevent spine remodeling in response to cocaine
Authors: Jung Yonwoo , Mulholland Patrick J. , Wiseman Shari L. , Judson Chandler L. , Picciotto Marina R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe adducin family of proteins associates with the actin cytoskeleton in a calcium‐dependent manner. Beta adducin (βAdd) is involved in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus; however, the role of βAdd in synaptic plasticity in other brain areas is unknown. Using diolistic labeling with the lipophilic dye DiI, we found that the density of mature mushroom‐shaped spines was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in brain slices from βAdd‐knockout (KO) mice as compared to their wildtype (WT) siblings. The effect of 10 days of daily cocaine (15 mg/kg) administration on NAc spine number and locomotor behavior was also measured in βAdd WT and KO mice. As expected, there was a significant increase in overall spine density in NAc slices from cocaine‐treated WT mice at this time‐point; however, there was a greater increase in the density of mushroom spines in βAdd‐KO animals following chronic cocaine administration than in WT. In addition, βAdd‐KO mice showed elevated locomotor activity in response to cocaine treatment compared to WT siblings. These results indicate that βAdd is required for stabilising mature spines under basal conditions in the NAc, but that lack of this protein does not prevent synaptic remodeling following repeated cocaine administration. In addition, these data are consistent with previous studies suggesting that βAdd may normally be involved in stabilising spines once drug‐ or experience‐dependent remodeling has occurred.
The Pattern of Nipple Use Before Weaning Among Littermates of the Domestic Dog
Authors: Arteaga Lourdes , Rödel Heiko G. , Elizalde Marise T. , González Daniel , Hudson Robyn 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSuckling provides a well‐defined and functionally significant context in which to study mammalian sibling competition and the possible consequences of this for long‐term differences in individual behavior, physiology, and life histories. There have, however, been surprisingly few studies of suckling behavior, even in species as accessible as the domestic dog. In a first approach, we filmed the suckling behavior of 10 litters (47 puppies) of various dog breeds in their owners' homes during the first postnatal month before the start of weaning. The pattern of nipple use was very similar across litters but very different to that of the better‐studied pig or cat. Puppies showed only weak preference for particular (central) nipple rows, they often switched nipples during nursing sessions and showed no evidence of teat consistency in which each littermate uses primarily one or two particular nipples. They also showed very little agonistic behavior that could be interpreted as contesting access to nipples. The present findings provide a reminder of the diversity of suckling patterns among altricial mammals and of the need for more comparative information to better understand the reasons for and functional significance of such differences.