bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and correlates of objectively measured free-living physical activity in adults in rural and urban Cameroon
Authors: Assah Felix , Mbanya Jean Claude , Ekelund Ulf , Wareham Nicholas , Brage Soren 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundUrbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa is changing lifestyles and raising non-communicable disease burden. Understanding the underlying pattern of physical activity and its correlates may inform preventive interventions. We examined correlates of objectively-measured physical activity in rural and urban Cameroon.MethodsParticipants were 544 adults resident in rural (W-156, M-89) or urban (W-189, M-110) regions. Physical activity was measured using individually-calibrated combined heart rate and movement sensing over seven continuous days. Sociodemographic data were collected by self-report. Independent associations of sociodemographic correlates with physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were analysed in multivariate regression models.ResultsRural dwellers were significantly more active than their urban counterparts (PAEE: 58.0 vs 42.9 kJ/kg/day; MVPA: 107 vs 62 min/day; MVPA of 150 min/week in >10 min bouts: 62 vs 39%) and less sedentary (923 vs 1026 min/day); p<0.001. There was no significant seasonal difference (dry vs rainy) in activity in urban dwellers whereas in rural dwellers activity was higher during dry seasons compared to rainy seasons (p<0.001). Age, obesity and education showed significant inverse associations with activity. Urban dwellers who considered themselves adequately active were only as active as rural dwellers who thought they were not adequately active.ConclusionsThis is the first study providing data on sociodemographic patterning of objectively-measured physical activity in rural and urban sub-Saharan Africa. Age, urban residence, obesity and higher educational level are important correlates of lower levels of physical activity. These suggest targets for public health interventions to improve physical activity in Cameroon.
Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking cessation in 11 European countries from 1987 to 2012
Authors: Bosdriesz Jizzo R , Willemsen Marc C , Stronks Karien , Kunst Anton E 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundDuring the 1990s, inequalities in smoking prevalence by socioeconomic status (SES) have widened in Europe. Since then, many tobacco control policies have been implemented. Yet, European overviews of recent trends in smoking inequalities are lacking. This paper aims to provide an overview of long-term trends of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking cessation in Europe.MethodsWe used data for 11 countries taken from Eurobarometer surveys from 1987 to 1995 and 2002–2012, with a total study sample of 63 737 respondents. We performed multilevel logistic regression to model associations of the quit ratio (proportion former smokers of ever smokers) with SES, measured by education and occupation separately, with adjustments for age, sex and time.ResultsWe found a significant, positive association for education and occupation with the quit ratio. The strength of the association decreased slightly from 1987 to 1995 and increased again from 2002 to 2012. Inequalities increased between the two periods in most countries and decreased in only one country. While in 1987–1995, the quit ratio increased among all SES groups and most strongly among the low SES group, in 2002–2012 it increased only among the high-education group (OR=1.38, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.87), and non-manual occupation group (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.12).ConclusionsSocioeconomic inequalities in smoking cessation rates have strongly increased since the 1990s and during the 2000s. This suggests that the tobacco control policies implemented during the 2000s have not been able to counter the trend in increasing inequalities.
Leptomeningeal collateral vessels are a major risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage after carotid stenting in patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaque
Authors: Lee Kang Ji , Kwak Hyo Sung , Chung Gyung Ho , Song Ji Soo , Hwang Seung Bae 
Published: April 2015

AimTo evaluate the relationship between leptomeningeal collaterals and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after carotid artery stenting (CAS).MethodsA retrospective study was undertaken of 228 patients (median age 75 years (range 44–90); 187 men and 41 women) who underwent CAS due to unilateral carotid atherosclerotic plaque from January 2009 to December 2013. Cerebral angiographic findings were classified into three patterns: type I, normal visualization of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries without leptomeningeal collaterals; type II, visualization of the middle cerebral artery only without leptomeningeal collaterals; and type III, visualization of leptomeningeal collateral flow.ResultsFor all cerebral angiographic findings, 146 (64.0%) were type I, 61 (26.8%) were type II, and 21 (9.2%) were type III. Four patients (1.8%) died with fatal ICH after CAS and had type III angiographic findings (19%). The prevalence of ICH in patients with leptomeningeal collateral vessels was significantly higher than in patients without leptomeningeal collateral vessels (19% vs 0%, p<0.0001). The percentage of carotid stenosis in patients with ICH based on North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) criteria was significantly higher than in patients without ICH (89.8±3.6% vs 72.8±12.8%, p=0.014).ConclusionsLeptomeningeal collateral vessels are a major risk factor for ICH after CAS in patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaque.
Intercostal chest drain insertion by general physicians: attitudes, experience and implications for training, service and patient safety
Authors: Corcoran John P , Hallifax Robert J , Talwar Ambika , Psallidas Ioannis , Sykes Annemarie , Rahman Najib M 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Intercostal chest drain (ICD) insertion is considered a core skill for the general physician. Recent guidelines have highlighted the risks of this procedure, while UK medical trainees have reported a concurrent decline in training opportunities and confidence in their procedural skills.

Objectives
We explored clinicians’ attitudes, experience and knowledge relating to pleural interventions and ICD insertion in order to determine what changes might be needed to maintain patient safety and quality of training.

Methods
Consultants and trainees delivering general medical services across five hospitals in England were invited to complete a questionnaire survey over a 5-week period in July and August 2014.

Results
117 general physicians (32.4% of potential participants; comprising 31 consultants, 48 higher specialty trainees, 38 core trainees) responded. Respondents of all grades regarded ICD insertion as a core procedural skill. Respondents were asked to set a minimum requirement for achieving and maintaining independence at ICD insertion; however, only 25% of higher specialty trainees reported being able to attain this self-imposed standard. A knowledge gap was also revealed, with trainees managing clinical scenarios correctly in only 51% of cases.

Conclusions
Given the disparity between clinical reality and what is expected of the physician-in-training, it is unclear whether ICD insertion can remain a core procedural skill for general physicians. Consideration should be given to how healthcare providers and training programmes might address issues relating to clinical experience and knowledge given the implications for patient safety and service provision.
Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy
Authors: Ruppel Stephen C. , Harrington Rebecca R. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Clear Fork reservoirs in the Permian Basin typically display a wide range of geologic and petrophysical properties that make the efficient recovery of hydrocarbons difficult. A key step in improving recovery efficiency is defining the patterns of variability in these rocks. The critical elements of variability that must be defined are facies, groupings of rocklike properties; and sequence architecture, the framework of facies variability. As in all carbonate reservoirs, rock-based studies must form a fundamental basis for characterizing and modeling facies and sequence architecture variability through the reservoir. Combined with wireline-log data, they provide a basis for defining both rock attribute distributions and reservoir framework.
At Fullerton field, we used 29 cores (&gt;14,000 ft [&gt;4270 m]), well logs from approximately 800 wells, three-dimensional seismic data, and outcrop data to define facies (rock attributes) and sequence stratigraphy (reservoir framework). The Fullerton reservoir section averages 500 ft (152 m) that can be subdivided into three stratigraphic units (Abo, Wichita, and Lower Clear Fork) and parts of two composite and six high-frequency sequences. At the base of the reservoir section, Abo rocks (sequences L1.1 and L1.2) consist of clinoformal, outer-platform, subtidal, fusulinid-crinoid packstones that exhibit locally excellent porosity and permeability characteristics but are highly variable in continuity. Wichita rocks were deposited in peritidal tidal-flat settings and consist of mud-rich facies that generally display poor continuity and commonly very low permeability and oil saturation despite locally high porosity. Wichita rocks (sequences L1.2 and L2.0) are updip inner-platform equivalents of both partly underlying Abo and overlying Lower Clear Fork facies. Lower Clear Fork rocks (sequences L2.1 and L2.2) are dominantly middle-platform subtidal, grain-rich ooid-peloid packstone and grainstone facies that exhibit the best permeability and oil saturation properties.
Although basic facies distributions are defined by high-frequency sequence architecture, the reservoir framework must be based on the correlation of higher resolution depositional cycles. Because gamma-ray logs showed little or no relationship to facies and cyclicity, we calibrated porosity logs to cyclicity and used them to define 10 to 15 ft (3 to 5 m) cycles throughout the reservoir.
Integration of Rock Fabrics and Stratigraphy for Petrophysical Quantification of Reservoir Framework
Authors: Harrington Rebecca R. , Lucia F. Jerry 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A major task in building a reservoir model is quantifying the geologic framework using petrophysical properties. Porosity and water saturation values can be obtained from wireline logs, but permeability is a rock property that cannot be obtained directly from logs. Commonly, a single porosity-permeability transform is used to estimate permeability from porosity logs. However, such an approach fails to account for variations in porosity-permeability relationships that are common in carbonates. In this study, rock-fabric-specific porosity-permeability transforms are used together with log porosity to calculate permeability. Although the reservoir at Fullerton field contains several rock fabrics, they can all be grouped into three petrophysical groups, each having a unique porosity-permeability relationship. These petrophysical groups can be linked to facies and stratigraphy using an integrated study of thin sections and cores.
The lowermost stratigraphic unit in the reservoir (the Wichita of sequences L1 and L2) is composed dominantly of peritidal facies consisting of fine-crystalline mud-dominated dolostones and mud-dominated limestones, all of which can be assigned to a single petrophysical group (class 3). In contrast, rocks of the overlying Lower Clear Fork (sequences L2.1–L2.3) display far more petrophysical variability, both stratigraphically and geographically. Sequence L2.1 comprises an upper late highstand peritidal succession and a lower, transgressive, and early highstand systems tract succession of subtidal facies. The peritidal rocks such as those of the Wichita are fine-crystalline mud-dominated fabrics of petrophysical class 3. The subtidal rocks, which contain both limestone and dolostone, are more variable. Dolostones are mostly medium-crystalline, subtidal grain-dominated dolopackstones and medium-crystalline, mud-dominated petrophysical class 2 rocks. Limestones are composed of oomoldic grainstone. Although grainstones normally possess petrophysical class 1 rock fabrics, they display class 2 petrophysical relationships because they are moldic. Lower Clear Fork sequence L2.2 is also dominated by class 2 medium-crystalline dolostone fabrics. However, these rocks display class 1 porosity-permeability relationships because of abundant poikilotopic anhydrite. Oomoldic limestone, such as that in sequence L2.1, is also locally common. The uppermost L2.3 reservoir sequence contains fine-crystalline dolostone, class 3 peritidal facies.
Reservoir Modeling and Simulation of the Fullerton Clear Fork Reservoir, Andrews County, Texas
Authors: Wang Fred P. , Lucia F. Jerry 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Simulation studies and three-dimensional (3-D) reservoir modeling were conducted as part of an integrated geologie, petrophysical, and geophysical effort to better define the distribution of remaining oil and the opportunities for a more effective recovery of remaining hydrocarbons. Two 3-D reservoir models—a 2000-ac window model and a fieldwide model—were built using a cycle-based geologic framework and rock-fabric–dependent petrophysical properties. A comprehensive sensitivity study on volumetrics was conducted using the fieldwide model, and reservoir simulation was performed in a 1600-ac area in the window model.
Original oil in place (OOIP) is a complex function of log-data quality, mapping parameters, vertical resolution of the 3-D grid, oil-water contact, and cutoff values in porosity, permeability, and water saturation. The high vertical-resolution 3-D model calculates higher OOIP than the 36-layer cycle-based model by 8 to 30%, depending on the cutoff criteria. Because permeability is a function of porosity and rock fabric, the permeability cutoff is equivalent to rock-fabric-dependent porosity or water saturation cutoffs and is less sensitive to grid vertical resolution than porosity and water saturation cutoffs.
The simulation study was divided into two phases: sensitivity analysis and history matching. The sensitivity study was used to evaluate and rank the importance of reservoir parameters affecting production performance. During simulation, oil relative permeability for primary recovery has a strong effect on recovery from waterflooding. Because fractures and breccias are common in testing and core data, negative skin factors (or effective wellbore radii) were used to simulate near-wellbore fractures, and permeability values in the lower Wichita were modified to simulate karst-related breccias. Through history matching, optimal fluid and rock properties were determined.
Pliocene and Pleistocene Coastal and Shelf Deposits of the Merced
Formation and Associated Beds, Northwestern San Francisco Peninsula,
California
Authors: Hunter Ralph E. , Clifton H. Edward , Hall N. Timothy , Császár Géza , Richmond Bruce M. , Chin John L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This field-trip guidebook discusses the Merced Formation (of Pliocene and Pleistocene age) in its type section (Lawson, 1893) and associated Pleistocene beds in the same sea-cliff outcrops. The outcrops extend from Mussel Rock on the south to Fort Funston on the north (Fig. 1A). This section is notable for its thickness and excellence of exposure and for the wide variety of shallow marine and coastal depositional environments represented. Although the section contains a potentially important record of changes in relative sea level, the record has not yet been fully interpreted because of a dearth of precisely dated horizons.
On this field trip we will proceed stratigraphically upward through the section, starting at Woods Gulch, proceeding northward past Thornton Beach State Park (presently closed because of landsliding and gullying), and ending at the northwest corner of the old Fort Funston military reservation, now part of Golden Gate National Seashore (Fig. 1A). We will not see the lower part of the section between Mussel Rock and Woods Gulch. Although the exposures are often excellent where newly eroded by ocean waves, they tend to disappear rapidly because of landsliding and sand deposition on the beach. Because of the rapid changes, all the features described in this guidebook cannot be expected to be seen at any one time. The exposures are usually best at the base of the sea cliffs in winter, when much of the beach sand has been removed by erosion.
The Merced Formation and associated Pleistocene beds crop out in a belt that trends northwest-southeast for a distance of 25 km across the northern San Francisco Peninsula (Fig. IB).
Maastrichtian Depositional Systems in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin Basins
Authors: Cherven Victor B. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The continuous southern Sacramento-northern San Joaquin Basin shoaled from minus 1000 m to sea level during deposition of 2 km of deltaic, slope, and submarine fan deposits during the Maastrichtian Epoch of theLate Cretaceous Period. Basin filling was accomplished by a combination of 1) progradation of sandy deltas and muddy slopes, and 2) aggradation of mostly sandy submarine fans. The basin filled from north to south as fluvial systems flowing southwest out of the Sierra Nevada built a deltaic complex that prograded more rapidly in the Sacramento Basin, filling it before more stable deltas to the south could fill the San Joaquin Basin. As the Sacramento Basin became filled, the fluvial-deltaic systems turned more southerly and prograded into the San Joaquin Basin.
Deltaic systems consist of 1) prodelta shale, 2) upward-coarsening delta-fron sandstone, 3) delta-plain carbonaceous shale and lignite and upward-fining distributary-channel sandstone, and 4) very fine-grained (transgressive) shelf shale. Slope systems consist of 1) hemipelagic shale, 2) massive to upward-fining slope-channel sandstone, and 3) slump deposits. Submarinefan systams consist of 1) thick-bedded, upward-fining upper-fan-channel sandstone, 2) medium-to thick-bedded, massive- to upward-fining middle-fan sandstone and shale in discrete packets separated bby thin shale beds, and 3) thin- to medium-bedded, lower-fan fine-grained sandstone and shale in discrete packets separated by shale.
Stratigraphy, Facies, and Depositional Provinces of the Middle
Eocene Domengine Formation, Southern Sacramento Basin
Authors: Cherven Victor B. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Local middle Eocene tectonic activity within the southern Sacramento Basin divided it into eight deposltlonal provinces during deposition of the Domenglne Formation. These provinces include the 1) Southeastern Channel Area, which grades laterally (southwest) to the 2) Southern Marsh Area and offshore (northwest) to the 3) Northeastern Bar Area. This latter area grades still farther northwest to the relatively stable 4) Northwestern Shelf Area, but was disrupted by active faults Into the subsident 5) Rio Vista Basin and 6) Sherman Island Trough to the west and southwest. This subsldent region was bordered on the south by the 7) Mt. Diablo Uplift and on the west by the 8) Kirby Hills Uplift. The Domenglne can be divided into eight distinct members, not all of which are present in each depositional provinee.
Sedimentary facies within the eight members of the Domengine include 1) upward-fining coarse-to fine-grained sandstone beds, 2) upward-coarsening bar or delta-front/shoreline sandstone beds, 3) foramin perferal shelf shale, 4) carbonaceous marsh deposits, 5) fIaser-bedded subtidal deposits, 6) shelf sandstone, and 7) fluvial conglomerate and sandstone.
The Domengine Formation is probably a tide-wave-dominated deltaic system. Although marine processes were Important in controlling the types and distribution of grain sizes and sedimentary structures, the overall sediment distribution system and resulting formational geometry were controlled by tectonics and subsidence related to the growth of the Stockton Arch, sediment compaction in the Meganos Gorge (submarine canyon), active faulting, and distribution of basin-margin up lifts.
Introduction
Authors: Carlson Christine 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This field trip examines spectacular exposures of sedimentary serpentinites that occur in contrasting tectonic regimes of the Neogene transform-dominated San Joaquin Basin and the late Mesozoic forearc of the Great Valley Sequence, Sacramento Valley (Fig. 1). Emphasis will be on depositional mechanisms which range from intrusive/extrusive protrusions to detrital accumulations, in subaerial to deep marine environments. The interplay between tectonic events and the deposition of sedimentary serpentinite will be stressed. For it is this interrelationship--the tectonic mobilization of serpentinized ultramafic masses from deep structural levels, their forceful protrusion to the surface, and the generation of active extrusive serpentinite flows into the sedimentary environment--that underscores the importance of these deposits in the stratigraphic record. Voluminous, monomineralic accumulations of serpentinous strata, such as the Big Blue Formation and the foliate breccias of the Wilbur Springs area, should be viewed not merely as compositional curiousities but rather as unique sedimentologic responses to tectonic events.
The first day we will examine homoclinal exposures of the Big Blue Formation along the west side of the central San Joaquin Valley (Fig. 1). Six stops are planned in the Big Blue serpentinous strata. In the southern portion of the area between Anticline Ridge and Domengine Ranch, recent work by Bate describes interfingering of distal alluvial fan and tidal flat environment. Dickinson and Casey's (1976) descriptions and discussion of the Big Blue Formation in the area near Cantua Creek are recapitulated. North of Martinez Creek, they recognize a main body of subaerial protrusive serpentinite than can be traced along strike into fringing alluvial aprons that grade, with increasing distance from the source protrusion, into shallow marine facies.
General Geology and Miocene Stratigraphy in the Vicinity of
Coalinga Anticline
Authors: Bate Matthew A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The generally homoclinal eastern flank of the Diablo Range along the west side of the San Joaquin Basin of California (Fig. 6) is modified by a series of en echelon folds. One of these folds, the Coalinga anticline, is the southeast plunging extension of the Idria (or Joaquin Ridge) uplift, cored by a large serpentine diapir (Eckel and Myers, 1946). In Miocene time, basin margin shallow-marine and non-marine environments interfingered in the area of Coalinga anticline depositing a sequence of siliciclastic sediments. This lithological pattern was interrupted, when a major episode of diapiric movement extruded an enormous volume of serpentine foliate breccia, eroded the previously deposited sediments, and provided a source for sedimentary serpentinite in the same near-shore environments (Dickinson and Casey, 1976). These serpentinite deposits together make up the Big Blue Formation.
The initial development of the Diablo uplift of serpentinite and Franciscan rocks occurred in post middle Eocene time (Nilsen and others, 1974), changing the continental margin from an open shelf to a partially enclosed basin. Subsidence followed (Hackel, 1966). The resulting transgressive middle Eocene Domengine Formation is the first Franciscan-derived sediment in this area (Dickinson and others, 1979). It is conformably overlain by the siliceous and calcareous shales of the Kreyenhagen Formation, which are up to a thousand meters thick (Wilson, 1943). Through the Oligocene and early Miocene, uplifts and growth of Coalinga anticline resulted in numerous angular unconformities in the Vaqueros Formation. During the Saucesian the whole northern end of the basin was subjected to 300 to 600 meters of shoaling (Bandy and Arnal, 1969), resulting in a widespread unconformity above the Vaqueros, and exposing the Kreyenhagen Formation along the flanks of the Diablo uplift.