bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of international early psychosis programmes and a model to overcome unique challenges to the treatment of early psychosis in the United States
Authors: De Maio Mara , Graham Patricia , Vaughan David , Haber Lawrence , Madonick Steven 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimThis article presents a literature review of treatments for first‐episode psychosis throughout the world and describes the POTENTIAL (Patient‐Oriented Treatment for Early or New onset schizophrenia To Initiate A Long‐term recovery) Early Psychosis Programme in detail, explaining the model and the rationale, as well as the uniqueness of the programme.MethodsAn international search was conducted for English articles using PubMed, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES, as well as the reference lists of published studies and reviews. One article that is currently in press was included, which was not part of the original literature search. Inclusion criteria included any published or in press study focused upon treatment programmes for early psychosis. Out of the 62 articles collected, 27 publications met this criterion and were utilized. In addition to identifying clinical programmes, gaps in treatment for this population were identified.ResultsThe primary method in the United States for the treatment of early psychosis is randomized trial for new pharmacological treatments where patients are research subjects. Although there are a multitude of both research and clinical programmes internationally, the few programmes that exist in the United States that focus upon first‐episode psychosis are either research based or focus upon prodromal symptoms. Clinical programmes such as the POTENTIAL programme are nearly non‐existent.ConclusionsAlthough the POTENTIAL programme has been successful both clinically and financially, there are still more strides to be taken to improve upon young adult services. Future development of the programme is continuing with the incorporation of outcome data and outreach into the community.
Contrasting Parental Tasks Influence Parental Roles for Paired and Single Biparental Cichlid Fish
Authors: Snekser Jennifer L. , Itzkowitz Murray 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBiparental care of young occurs when both parents provide some sort of care for offspring and can include a wide variety of behaviors, yet often studies focus on single aspects of parental care when trying to determine how each parent contributes. Here, we presented the biparental convict cichlid fish (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) with two conflicting parental behaviors: retrieval of non‐swimming offspring that have been displaced from the nest and defense against a conspecific intruder, a potential brood predator. We examined single males, single females, and pairs of parents to determine how males and females each contributed to overall parental care. Traditionally in this species, parents exhibit a division of labor (in which each parent contributes to all parental activities), but also exhibit a division of roles (in which males tend to favor the role of defense and females tend to favor more direct care, spending more time with offspring). We hypothesized that single parents would compensate for their absent mate, but that males and females would still favor preferred roles. Additionally, we hypothesized that there would be an asymmetrical expansion of roles, with females being more flexible. Our results show that the preferred roles of both parents were evident even when parents were without their mates and that males and females differed in their compensatory levels, at least when compared to the behaviors of the intact pair. Contrary to our prediction, females seem unable to fully compensate for the defensive behaviors usually exhibited by males, while males shifted completely to retrieve displaced offspring.
Influence of ocean and freshwater conditions on Columbia River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka adult return rates
Authors: Williams John G. , Smith Steven G. , Fryer Jeffrey K. , Scheuerell Mark D. , Muir William D. , Flagg Tom A. , Zabel Richard W. , Ferguson John W. , Casillas Edmundo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn recent years, returns of adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka to the Columbia River Basin have reached numbers not observed since the 1950s. To understand factors related to these increased returns, we first looked for changes in freshwater production and survival of juvenile migrants. We then evaluated productivity changes by estimating smolt‐to‐adult return rates (SAR) for juvenile migration years 1985–2010. We found SAR varied between 0.2 and 23.5%, with the highest values coinciding with recent large adult returns. However, the largest adult return, in 2012, resulted not from increased survival, but from increased smolt production. We evaluated 19 different variables that could influence SARs, representing different facets of freshwater and ocean conditions. We used model selection criteria based on small‐sample corrected AIC to evaluate the relative performance of all two‐ and three‐variable models. The model with April upwelling, Pacific Northwest Index (PNI) in the migration year, and PNI in the year before migration had 10 times the AICc weight as the second‐best‐supported model, and R2 = 0.82. The variables of April ocean upwelling and PNI in the migration year had high weights of 0.996 and 0.927, respectively, indicating they were by far the best of the candidate variables to explain variations in SAR. While our analyses were primarily correlative and limited by the type and amount of data currently available, changes in ocean conditions in the northern California Current system, as captured by April upwelling and PNI, appeared to play a large role in the variability of SAR.
Increased activity and growth rate in the non‐dispersive aquatic larval stage of a damselfly at an expanding range edge
Authors: Therry Lieven , Lefevre Evelien , Bonte Dries , Stoks Robby 
Published: February 2014

Summary

While evolutionary changes in adult traits during range expansion have been recorded in many species, similar changes in the non‐dispersive larval stage have only rarely been documented. Increased activity in the non‐dispersive larval stage is an important ecologically relevant trait in aquatic communities that may be expected to evolve in the edge populations (i) as a result of the combination of spatial sorting in dispersal‐related adult activity and a coupling between adult and larval behaviour and (ii) to meet higher energy demands to allow higher growth rates and a higher investment in costly dispersal‐related traits.

We specifically address whether activity is higher in the larval non‐dispersive aquatic stage at an expanding range front by comparing larvae of replicated core and edge populations of the damselfly Coenagrion scitulum in three common garden experiments where larvae were reared from the egg stage.

As expected, activity in the non‐dispersive larval stage was consistently higher in the edge populations. Although changes in larval activity probably have consequences for ecological interactions, the higher activity was not associated with increased predation rates by dragonfly larvae, potentially because of associated compensatory changes in other antipredator mechanisms.

We documented one of the few cases of a positive coupling of activity in the larval and adult stages. Yet, contrary to larval activity, adult activity did not differ between core and edge populations. This indicates that the higher larval activity we documented is not shaped by a coupling with adult activity. Instead, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a higher energy need in edge populations shaped the higher larval activity. Edge larvae showed a higher growth rate which is expected to evolve at the initial low population densities in newly founded edge populations. Moreover, higher growth rate showed the expected positive covariation with larval activity.

Increases in activity in the non‐dispersive stage in edge populations at an expansion front should be included in the ongoing debate whether evolutionary changes at invasion fronts are driven by adaptive versus non‐adaptive evolution. Moreover, they may have the potential to affect ecological interactions at expanding range fronts.
Anadromous sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) are ecosystem engineers in a spawning tributary
Authors: Hogg Robert S. , Coghlan Stephen M. , Zydlewski Joseph , Simon Kevin S. 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) disturb the substratum during nest construction and alter the physical habitat, potentially affecting other stream organisms. We quantified differences in depth, velocity, fine‐sediment coverage, embeddedness, intragravel permeability and benthic invertebrate assemblages (density and diversity) among nest mounds, nest pits and undisturbed reference locations over a 4‐month period after June spawning.

In 2010 and 2011, immediate and persistent effects of nest construction were assessed in summer (July) and in autumn (late September to early October), respectively. Randomly selected nests were sampled annually (25 each in summer and autumn).

Nest construction increased stream‐bed complexity by creating and juxtaposing shallow, swift, rocky habitat patches with deep, slow, sandy habitat patches. Mounds had a 50–143% less cover of fine sediment, and a 30–62% reduction in embeddedness, compared to pits and reference locations. These physical changes persisted into the autumn (almost 4 months).

Five insect families contributed 74% of the benthic invertebrate abundance: Chironomidae (27%), Hydropsychidae (26%), Heptageniidae (8%), Philopotamidae (7%) and Ephemerellidae (6%). Densities of Hydropsychidae, Philopotamidae and Heptageniidae were up to 10 times greater in mounds than in pits and adjacent reference habitat. In summer, mounds had twice the density of Chironomidae than did pits, and 1.5 times more than reference habitats, but densities were similar among the habitats in autumn.

These results suggest that spawning sea lampreys are ecosystem engineers. The physical disturbance caused by nest‐building activity was significant and persistent, increasing habitat heterogeneity and favouring pollution‐sensitive benthic invertebrates and, possibly, drift‐feeding fish.
Increased nitrogen leaching following soil freezing is due to decreased root uptake in a northern hardwood forest
Authors: Campbell John L. , Socci Anne M. , Templer Pamela H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe depth and duration of snow pack is declining in the northeastern United States as a result of warming air temperatures. Since snow insulates soil, a decreased snow pack can increase the frequency of soil freezing, which has been shown to have important biogeochemical implications. One of the most notable effects of soil freezing is increased inorganic nitrogen losses from soil during the following growing season. Decreased nitrogen retention is thought to be due to reduced root uptake, but has not yet been measured directly. We conducted a 2‐year snow‐removal experiment at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA to determine the effects of soil freezing on root uptake and leaching of inorganic nitrogen simultaneously. Snow removal significantly increased the depth of maximal soil frost by 37.2 and 39.5 cm in the first and second winters, respectively (P < 0.001 in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010). As a consequence of soil freezing, root uptake of ammonium declined significantly during the first and second growing seasons after snow removal (P = 0.023 for 2009 and P = 0.005 for 2010). These observed reductions in root nitrogen uptake coincided with significant increases in soil solution concentrations of ammonium in the Oa horizon (P = 0.001 for 2009 and 2010) and nitrate in the B horizon (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003 for 2009 and 2010, respectively). The excess flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the Oa horizon that was attributable to soil freezing was 7.0 and 2.8 kg N ha−1 in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The excess flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the B horizon was lower, amounting to 1.7 and 0.7 kg N ha−1 in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Results of this study provide direct evidence that soil freezing reduces root nitrogen uptake, demonstrating that the effects of winter climate change on root function has significant consequences for nitrogen retention and loss in forest ecosystems.
Texture analysis of cosmetic/pharmaceutical raw materials and formulations
Authors: Tai A. , Bianchini R. , Jachowicz J. 
Published: February 2014

SynopsisObjectivesThe purpose of this work was to quantify textural properties of cosmetic and pharmaceutical raw materials.MethodsTextural parameters such as hardness, consistency, cohesiveness, index of viscosity, stickiness and resilience were evaluated. The measurements were performed using texture analyser – a tensile metre equipped with special probes (in the form of acrylic cylinder and stainless steel sphere), which can penetrate the measured sample of a product recording the force, distance and time. The instrument simulates the action of a human finger touching the surface and probing the properties of an object. The set‐up has been previously shown to quantify the rheological/textural properties of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products such as creams, lotion and gels as well as rheological behaviour of human skin.Results and ConclusionsThe results include the analysis of water, glycerine and mineral oil as well as aqueous solutions of thickeners such as Acrylates/C10‐30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer (Ultrez‐20 obtained from Noveon) and carbomer. Solutions of common surfactants and complex surfactant formulations such as shampoos have also been investigated. The results, in the form plots of force as a function of time or distance, resulting from slow bidirectional probe movement (submergence and desubmergence) in the analysed fluid, were interpreted by considering buoyancy, drag and viscous drag force given by Stokes equation. The data can be used to correlate with tactile evaluations of products by trained panel evaluations.
Pathogenesis of percutaneous infection of goats with Burkholderia pseudomallei: clinical, pathologic, and immunological responses in chronic melioidosis
Authors: Soffler Carl , Bosco‐Lauth Angela M. , Aboellail Tawfik A. , Marolf Angela J. , Bowen Richard A. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryMelioidosis is a severe suppurative to granulomatous infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. The disease is endemic to South‐East Asia and Northern Australasia and is also of interest as a potential biological weapon. Natural infection can occur by percutaneous inoculation, inhalation or ingestion, but the relative importance of each route is unknown. Experimental infection models using mice have shown inhalation to be the most lethal route of exposure, but few studies have examined the pathogenesis of percutaneous infection despite its presumptive importance in natural disease. Caprine models are useful in the study of melioidosis because goats are susceptible to natural infection by B. pseudomallei, display similar epizootiology/epidemiology to that of humans within the endemic range and develop similar pathologic lesions. Percutaneous inoculation with 104 CFU of B. pseudomallei produced disease in all experimental animals with rapid dissemination to the lungs, spleen and kidneys. Initial fever was brief, but temperatures did not return to pre‐infection levels until day 18, concurrent with a dramatic lymphocytosis and the transition to chronic disease. Distribution and appearance of gross pathologic and radiographic lesions in goats were similar to caprine aerosol infection and to reported human disease. The similarities seen despite different routes of infection suggest that host or bacterial factors may be more important than the route of infection in disease pathogenesis. The nature of melioidosis in goats makes it amenable for modelling additional risk factors to produce acute clinical disease, which is important to the study of human melioidosis.
Nonformal education for improving educational outcomes for street children and street youth in developing countries: A systematic review
Authors: Shephard Daniel D. 
Published: February 2014

Tens of millions of children and youth (up to 24 years of age) live and work on the streets of developing countries. Most of them are forced to leave formal education. As a potential solution, nonformal education (NFE) interventions have spread worldwide. However, no previous attempt has been made to address the state of evidence regarding effectiveness studies ofNFEfor street children and youth. This review addresses this gap by conducting the first systematic review concerning the effectiveness ofNFEfor improving educational outcomes for street children and street youth. The search was conducted in 35 structured electronic databases and numerous organizations and experts were also contacted. The screening of 9,271 titles resulted in the identification of zero prospective effectiveness studies with a counterfactual. Lessons are drawn from the highest quality excluded studies to inform future evaluations that seek to address this knowledge gap.Key Practitioner Message: ●Practitioners should implement comparable intake and monitoring assessments to track changes consistently over time;●Programs informed by critical pedagogy and empowerment‐based approaches may improve behavioral outcomes;●Programs that work with street children and street youth should clarify how they identify their target population.
Novel combination therapy with imiquimod and sorafenib for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Karashima Takashi , Komatsu Toshihiro , Niimura Mayumi , Kawada Chiaki , Kamada Masayuki , Inoue Keiji , Udaka Keiko , Kuroda Naoto , Shuin Taro 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate whether the combination of the imidazoquinoline immune response modifier, imiquimod, and the multitargeted tyrosine‐kinase inhibitor, sorafenib, inhibits the growth of renal cell carcinoma in mice.MethodsFemale BALB/c mice were implanted subcutaneously with 2 × 105 RENCA mouse kidney cancer cells, and were treated with transcutaneously applied cream containing imiquimod and oral administrations of sorafenib beginning 5 days after implantation of the cells. Tumor incidence and burden were determined at 28 days after initiation of therapy. T cell infiltration in the tumor was determined by immunofluorescence staining with anti‐CD3‐ε and CD8‐α antibodies.ResultsTherapy with imiquimod, sorafenib or their combination was well tolerated. Combination therapy with imiquimod and sorafenib significantly inhibited tumor growth when compared with administration of control vehicle, imiquimod or sorafenib alone (P < 0.05). The CD3‐ and CD8‐positive T cells infiltrated into tumors to a greater degree in response to the combination therapy when compared with tumors treated with control vehicle or sorafenib alone.ConclusionsCombination therapy with a tyrosine‐kinase inhibitor and an imidazoquinoline could be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with renal cell carcinoma.
Tadalafil 5 mg once‐daily therapy for men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: Results from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial carried out in Japan and Korea
Authors: Takeda Masayuki , Yokoyama Osamu , Lee Sung Won , Murakami Masahiro , Morisaki Yoji , Viktrup Lars 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo gain further evidence on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of tadalafil 5 mg once‐daily in Asian men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia.MethodsJapanese and Korean men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia were randomized to once‐daily tadalafil 5 mg (n = 306) or placebo (n = 304) for 12 weeks.ResultsA significantly greater improvement (P < 0.001) in total International Prostate Symptom Score for the change from baseline (week 0) to study end‐point (week 12) was observed for tadalafil (−6.0) versus placebo (−4.5). Significantly greater improvements (P < 0.01) in total International Prostate Symptom Score for the change from baseline to weeks 4 and 8 were observed for tadalafil versus placebo. Significantly greater improvements (P < 0.05) in International Prostate Symptom Score voiding and storage subscores, and International Prostate Symptom Score Quality of Life Index were observed for the change from baseline to end‐point for tadalafil versus placebo. Significantly greater improvements (P < 0.001) in urinary symptoms were observed for tadalafil versus placebo for both Patient and Clinician Global Impressions of Improvement. No new safety concerns were identified.ConclusionsThese findings confirm the efficacy and safety profile of tadalafil 5 mg once‐daily in Asian men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Bladder function of patients withParkinson's disease
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Tateno Fuyuki , Nagao Takeki , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Yamanishi Tomonori , Yano Masashi , Kishi Masahiko , Tsuyusaki Yohei , Aiba Yosuke 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBladder function of patients withParkinson's disease alters significantly: the majority of patients have overactive bladder (urinary urgency/frequency) with little or no post‐void residuals. This seems to be the result of an altered brain–bladder relationship, as inParkinson's disease, the frontal‐basal gangliaD1dopaminergic circuit that normally suppresses the micturition reflex is altered. The pathophysiology of the bladder dysfunction inParkinson's disease differs from that in multiple system atrophy; therefore, it might also aid in differential diagnosis. The effects of levodopa, the major drug to treat motor dysfunction, on the bladder inParkinson's disease vary significantly; therefore, add‐on therapy is often required. Anticholinergic drugs are the first‐line treatment, with particular care for cognitive function in elderly patients. The second‐line treatment includes serotonergics drug, desmopressin and others. Newer modalities include deep brain stimulation that improves the bladder inParkinson's disease; and botulinum toxin is promising, particularly in difficult cases. These treatments might be beneficial in maximizing the patients' quality of life.