bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Economic Uncertainties of CO2 EOR and Sequestration in Tight Oil Formations
Authors: Ghaderi S. M. , Clarkson C. R. , Taheri S.. , Chen S.. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Advancement in drilling and production technologies, such as horizontal drilling with multi-stage fracturing, has enabled commercial production from more challenging reservoirs, namely, tight oil formations. However, high capital costs and relatively low recovery narrow the profit from such reservoirs. CO2 EOR has provided not only an excellent opportunity to unlock more oil production, but also a chance to sequestrate more CO2 to reduce environmental footprint. However, profitability of CO2 EOR processes could rely heavily on market conditions.
While CO2 EOR reserves and CO2 storage can be quantified through compositional simulation, thorough economic analyses need to be conducted to evaluate the viability of a CO2 EOR project. The complexity of this study can be reduced significantly through experimental design. Randomized economic uncertainties, such as commodity prices, royalty scheme and incentives, CO2 sequestration credits, capital and operating cost structure, CO2 price, etc. can also be investigated with Monte Carlo simulation. This coupled approach allows us stochastically to sensitize the probability of each parameter and quantify their financial impacts on CO2 EOR projects. This methodology is extremely valuable in the assessment of risks in business, especially when uncertainties are high or the problem is rather complex, such as CO2 EOR/sequestration in tight oil reservoirs.
The remaining oil in tight oil formation, after primary and water flood, is still significant. Hence, CO2 EOR has attracted attentions from industrial partners and government regulatory bodies. This paper provides a rigorous workflow for the industry on how to appraise such projects, as well as a perspective for the governing bodies of how to transform their policies and incentives when market conditions change.
Analytical Model To Predict the Effect of Pipe Friction on Downhole Fluid Temperatures
Authors: Kumar Aniket , Samuel Robello 
Published: June 2013

Summary
The advent of deviated, horizontal, and extended-reach drilling has led to increased frictional forces acting between the drillstring and the wellbore wall. Wellbore mechanical friction attributable to pipe rotation or to torque and drag plays a significant role in drilling operations and is considered to influence the downhole temperatures of the drilling fluid. An analytical model to estimate the influence of this pipe friction will help in providing a better physical insight to understand the downhole borehole conditions as well as in realizing the effect of its underlying parameters.
This study aims to develop a simple mathematical model to analyze the heat generated downhole from the drillstring and borehole contact and then predict its influence on the temperature of the drilling fluid during a drilling operation at any depth in the well. The model presents a steady-state solution for heat transfer between the drillstring and the fluids in the drillpipe and annulus, as well as for heat transfer between the annular fluid and the formation. The heat generated from friction has been modeled by use of the torque acting on the drillstring as a result of contact forces. A linear temperature gradient for the formation and a constant borehole-wall temperature has been assumed to simplify the model. Frictional pressure losses in the drillpipe, in the annulus, and across the bit have been incorporated in the model because they contribute to the heat generated downhole. The temperature profile of the drilling fluid has been estimated both in the annulus and inside the drillpipe for the entire well profile under consideration.
This paper will present the derivations of the generalized heat-transfer model and its validation by use of two practical drilling scenarios. Two different field cases, one for a deviated well and the other for a horizontal well, have been presented, and the estimated temperature profile by use of the model is compared with the actual temperature measured downhole by use of measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools. The increase in temperature for a particular depth in the well for the entire bit run has also been presented as another successful application of this model. The impact of drilling parameters on temperatures has also been analyzed and can be used effectively to maintain a better check on undesired temperatures.
This simple analytical model can be suitably applied to field cases on the basis of the well profile and can be effectively used to predict the maximal temperatures to be encountered downhole while drilling ahead as planned. An accurate estimation of maximal temperatures will help us prevent severe downhole friction heating in the future.
Switching to Ziprasidone in the Clinical Practice Setting: An Open-Label Study
Authors: Fraile Miguel Gutiérrez , de la Gándara Martín Jesús J. , García Julio Bobes 
Published: June 2013

Objective: This observational study evaluates the long-term outcome of switching to ziprasidone in patients with schizophrenia in the clinical practice setting. Methods: Patients (208) with schizophrenia who had been switched to ziprasidone monotherapy due to partial response or tolerability problems were followed for 1 year. Efficacy was assessed at baseline and months 1, 3, and 12 with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression-severity (CGI-S), and CGI-improvement. Quality of life, functionality, and safety measures, including metabolic parameters, were also assessed; 195 subjects comprised the per protocol analysis population. Results: A reduction ≥ 30% in BPRS total score was observed in 42.5% of the subjects. Mean scores of the BPRS (global and positive and negative clusters), CGI-S and CGI-I significantly decreased at endpoint ( p < 0.001). Ziprasidone treatment was also associated with statistically significant improvements in the GAF, WHO-DAS-II, and SF-12. After 1-year follow-up, a mean weight decrease of −1.6 kg ( p < 0.05) was observed. Mean levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides also decreased ( p < 0.01) while HDL cholesterol levels increased ( p < 0.05) at endpoint. No significant changes in mean glucose levels at study end were detected. Conclusion: These findings suggest that switching to ziprasidone is effective and well tolerated in patients with schizophrenia requiring a change in antipsychotic medication.
Competence of Medical Students and Residents in Psychiatry regarding Spirituality, at a South African School of Clinical Medicine
Authors: van Rensburg Bernard Janse , Szabo Christopher P. , Poggenpoel Marie , Myburgh Chris 
Published: June 2013

Objective: Elsewhere, curricula for undergraduate and postgraduate psychiatry have been extended to include the role of spirituality. It has also become important to establish how, within accepted professional boundaries, spirituality should be incorporated appropriately into the current model for South African practice and training. The objectives included exploring, analyzing, and describing the views and experience of local academic psychiatrists on this topic. Methods: This study was designed as an explorative, descriptive, phenomenological qualitative investigation. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with individual academic specialist psychiatrists as the primary data source. Results: Data saturation was achieved after 13 interviews. “ Training of spirituality in psychiatry” emerged as one of six main themes from the integrated interview and literature content. All participants proposed that spirituality must be included in undergraduate medical and specialist psychiatric training. They have suggested that a mentorship model should be considered, which implies the reorientation of the teachers of psychiatry in this regard. Conclusions: This view concurred with the international medical literature, recommending that spirituality has to be incorporated into specialist psychiatric practice and training, but within professional boundaries and with all faith traditions and belief systems considered equally.
The Unjustified Classification of Kidney Donors as Patients with CKD
Authors: Matas Arthur J. , Ibrahim Hassan N. 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Unilateral nephrectomy for kidney donation results in loss of about 30% of baseline GFR, leaving some donors with GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, the threshold for the diagnosis CKD. This has resulted in insurability problems for some donors. This article reviews the definition of CKD, risks associated with CKD, and large follow-up studies on the vital status and risk of ESRD in kidney donors. It also provides evidence that kidney donors, despite having reduced GFR, are not at increased risk for CKD-associated morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic studies, most with follow-up <10 years, have shown an association between GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and higher mortality and progression to ESRD. Low GFR in the absence of any other markers for kidney disease, however, conveys attenuated or minimal risk. Of note, studies of long-term kidney donor outcomes (6–45 years) have not shown excess mortality or ESRD. The limitation of the collective evidence is that the increased risks associated with GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 were demonstrated in much larger cohorts than those reported for kidney donor outcomes, but donor outcome studies have substantially longer follow-up. On the basis of current findings, kidney donors with low GFR and no other signs of kidney disease should not be classified as having CKD. This is definitely not the reward they deserve, and, more important, the implications of reduced GFR in donors are not associated with unfavorable outcomes.
Piecewise Analysis of Patient Survival after Onset of AKI
Authors: Zhang Jane H. , Palevsky Paul M. , Chertow Glenn M. , Hartigan John , O’Connor Theresa Z. , Guarino Peter , Zhou Bingqing 
Published: June 2013

SummaryBackground and objectivesAKI affects approximately 2%–7% of hospitalized patients and >35% of critically ill patients. Survival after AKI may be described as having an acute phase (including an initial hyperacute component) followed by a convalescent phase, which may itself have early and late components.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsData from the Veterans Affairs/National Institutes of Health Acute Renal Failure Trial Network (ATN) study was used to model mortality risk among patients with dialysis-requiring AKI. This study assumed that the mortality hazard can be described by a piecewise log-linear function with change points. Using an average likelihood method, the authors tested for the number of change points in a piecewise log-linear hazard model. The maximum likelihood approach to locate the change point(s) was then adopted, and associated parameters and standard errors were estimated.ResultsThere were 1124 ATN participants with follow-up to 1 year. The mortality hazard of AKI decreased over time with inflections in the rate of decrease at days 4, 42, and 148, with the sharpest change at day 42. The daily rate of decline in the log of the hazard for death was 0.220 over the first 4 days, 0.046 between day 4 and day 42, 0.017 between day 42 and day 148, and 0.003 between day 148 and day 365.ConclusionsThere appear to be two major phases of mortality risk after AKI: an early phase extending over the first 6 weeks and a late phase from 6 weeks to 1 year. Within the first 42 days, this can be further divided into hyperacute (days 1–4) and acute (days 4–42) phases. After 42 days, there appear to be early (days 42–148) and late (after day 148) convalescent phases. These findings may help to inform the design of AKI clinical trials and assist critical care physicians in prognostic stratification.
The features of economic behavior of the urban population in the ethnic the region of Kashubia (Kashuby / Cassubia)
Authors: Czapliński Paweł , Szymańska Wioletta 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The article refers to the economic analysis of behavior of the urban population living in the ethno-region of Kashubia. The study measured the intensity of local entrepreneurship in the cities, the effectiveness of obtaining EU funds, as well as the assessment of the local units’ own income. The study was conducted in three spatial dimensions, treating the Tri-City, the cities of Kashubia and the remaining cities of Pomerania as separate entities. The analysis showed a clear separation of the Tri-City as a metropolitan area and the main center of economic growth, accumulating the largest share of economic, social and innovation capital. In almost every respect, the Kashubian cities confirmed a strong concern for the development of local entrepreneurship, which makes them more dynamic in comparison to other cities of Pomerania.
Placebo, Nocebo, and Expectations: Leveraging Positive Outcomes
Authors: Benz Laurence N. , Flynn Timothy W. 
Published: June 2013

As physical therapists, have we fully understood how we consciously or unconsciously shape patient expectations and thus influence outcomes through placebo (positive) or nocebo (negative) pathways? Have we internalized how our framing of patient problems and our resultant verbal and nonverbal clinical behavior influence patient outcomes? Perhaps most importantly, have we fully embraced placebos as an effective tool in our physical therapy treatment toolbox? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(7):439–441. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0105
Tools for Observational Gait Analysis in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ferrarello Francesco , Bianchi Valeria Anna Maria , Baccini Marco , Rubbieri Gaia , Mossello Enrico , Cavallini Maria Chiara , Marchionni Niccolò , Di Bari Mauro 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundStroke severely affects walking ability, and assessment of gait kinematics is important in defining diagnosis, planning treatment, and evaluating interventions in stroke rehabilitation. Although observational gait analysis is the most common approach to evaluate gait kinematics, tools useful for this purpose have received little attention in the scientific literature and have not been thoroughly reviewed.ObjectivesThe aims of this systematic review were to identify tools proposed to conduct observational gait analysis in adults with a stroke, to summarize evidence concerning their quality, and to assess their implementation in rehabilitation research and clinical practice.MethodsAn extensive search was performed of original articles reporting on visual/observational tools developed to investigate gait kinematics in adults with a stroke. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed quality of the included studies, and scored the metric properties and clinical utility of each tool. Rigor in reporting metric properties and dissemination of the tools also was evaluated.ResultsFive tools were identified, not all of which had been tested adequately for their metric properties. Evaluation of content validity was partially satisfactory. Reliability was poorly investigated in all but one tool. Concurrent validity and sensitivity to change were shown for 3 and 2 tools, respectively. Overall, adequate levels of quality were rarely reached. The dissemination of the tools was poor.ConclusionsBased on critical appraisal, the Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool shows a good level of quality, and its use in stroke rehabilitation is recommended. Rigorous studies are needed for the other tools in order to establish their usefulness.
Factors Associated With Paraspinal Muscle Asymmetry in Size and Composition in a General Population Sample of Men
Authors: Fortin Maryse , Yuan Yan , Battié Michele C. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundParaspinal muscle asymmetry in cross-sectional area (CSA) and composition have been associated with low back pain and pathology. However, substantial multifidus muscle asymmetry also has been reported in men who were asymptomatic, and little is known about other factors influencing asymmetry.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to identify behavioral, environmental, and constitutional factors associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry.DesignA cross-sectional study of 202 adult male twins was conducted.MethodsData were collected through a structured interview, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging. Measurements of multifidus and erector spinae muscle CSA and the ratio of fat-free CSA to total CSA were obtained from T2-weighted axial images at L3–L4 and L5–S1.ResultsIn multivariable analyses, greater asymmetry in multifidus CSA at L3–L4 was associated with lower occupational physical demands and less disk height narrowing. Handedness was the only factor associated with multifidus muscle CSA asymmetry at L5–S1. For the erector spinae muscle, greater age, handedness, and disk height narrowing were associated with CSA asymmetry at L3–L4, and sports activity, handedness, disk height narrowing, and familial aggregation were associated with CSA asymmetry at L5–S1. In multivariable analyses of asymmetry in muscle composition, familial aggregation explained 7% to 20% of the variance in multifidus and erector spinae muscle side-to-side differences at both levels measured. In addition, handedness and pain severity entered the model for erector spinae muscle asymmetry at L5–S1, and disability, handedness, and disk height narrowing entered the model for multifidus muscle asymmetry at L5–S1.LimitationsReliance on participants' recall for low back pain history, occupation, and physical activity levels was a limitation of this study.ConclusionsFew of the factors investigated were associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry, and associations were inconsistent and modest, explaining little of the variance in paraspinal muscle asymmetry.
Participation Following Knee Replacement: The MOST Cohort Study
Authors: Maxwell Jessica L. , Keysor Julie J. , Niu Jingbo , Singh Jasvinder A. , Wise Barton L. , Frey-Law Laura , Nevitt Michael C. , Felson David T. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundParticipation is an important, yet seldom studied, outcome after total knee replacement (TKR).ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the extent and predictors of participation and participation restriction among people after TKR.Materials and MethodsThis study investigated the changes in pain, function, and participation scores (measured using a subscale of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument) from pre-TKR to ≥1 year post-TKR among a subsample of participants from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) longitudinal cohort (MOST is funded by the National Institutes of Health). The proportions of individuals with participation restriction pre-TKR and ≥1 and ≥2 years post-TKR were calculated for all participants and for important demographic subgroups. The association between demographic and clinical factors and participation was estimated using linear regression. The association between demographic and clinical factors and participation restriction was estimated using logistic regression.ResultsThere were 292 individuals with outcome data ≥1 year post-TKR. Of these, 218 (75%) had data pre-TKR and ≥1 year post-TKR and 160 (55%) had data ≥2 years post-TKR. There were mean improvements in pain, function, and participation at ≥1 and 2 years. However, approximately 30% of the study sample had participation restriction pre-TKR and post-TKR, and the proportion decreased significantly only for those &lt;65 years old. Non-whites had a higher proportion of participation restriction than any other subgroup (41% ≥1 year, 48% ≥2 years). Female sex and non-white race were associated with a worse participation score, and several demographic and modifiable factors were associated with participation restriction following TKR.LimitationsThe time between pre-TKR and post-TKR assessment varied across study participants, and data were not available on their rehabilitation utilization.ConclusionsAlthough there was a mean increase in participation ≥1 year following TKR, participation restriction was common. The likelihood of low participation was increased among women, non-whites, and those with depressive symptoms, severe pain in either knee, or worse pre-TKR function.
Gain in Quality-adjusted Life-years in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis During 1 Year of Biological Therapy: A Prospective Study in Clinical Practice
Authors: Linde Louise , Sørensen Jan , Østergaard Mikkel , Hetland Merete Lund 
Published: July 2013

Objective.The quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) is used to measure outcome in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) studies; identification of drivers of a gain in QALY might help predict a treatment response. We investigated how changes in components of the Disease Activity Score-28 joints (DAS28) were associated with the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) responses; and what baseline variables predicted the change in QALY following 1 year of biological therapy.Methods.Data were collected at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of biological therapy in Danish patients with RA and included bDAS28, sociodemographic data, comorbidity, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and EQ-5D scored using the Danish algorithm. A cross-tabulation based on EULAR versus EQ-5D responses was performed, and the association of each DAS28 component across the EULAR/EQ-5D response groups was tested. Predictors of a change in QALY were assessed in a multiple regression model including baseline clinical and patient-reported data as explanatory variables.Results.In total, 315 patients entered the study; 77% were women, 78% IgM rheumatoid factor-positive, with mean age 55 (SD 13) years, disease duration 10 (SD 8) years, mean DAS28 4.9 (SD 1.2), HAQ score 1.22 (SD 0.70), and EQ-5D score 0.60 (SD 0.19). Sixty-eight percent of patients gained QALY; the mean gain was 0.14 (SD 0.13). The patient global score was strongly correlated with both EULAR and EQ-5D responses. The gain in QALY increased with increasing patient global score and number of swollen joints, but not with C-reactive protein (CRP).Conclusion.The subjective patient global score was the best baseline predictor of gain in QALY following biological therapy, while the objective CRP measure had no predictive value. It seems that no sharp demarcation between objective and subjective measures could be determined.
Obama II : quel avenir pour l'alliance transatlantique ?
Authors: Niblett Robin 
Published: June 2013

Le second mandat de Barack Obama offre une opportunité de relance de la relation transatlantique. Si l’Europe et les États-Unis sont avant tout absorbés par leurs problèmes internes respectifs, ils peuvent néanmoins tenter d’apporter des solutions communes à des problèmes qui les concernent l’un comme l’autre : le terrorisme international, l’instabilité persistante du Moyen-Orient, la crise économique ou encore la montée en puissance de la Chine. politique étrangère
Les États-Unis vers l'indépendance énergétique ?
Authors: Nardon Laurence 
Published: June 2013

L’exploitation par les États-Unis de leurs réserves d’hydrocarbures « non conventionnels » relance leur économie. Elle a également des effets sur leur autonomie énergétique, et donc sur leur positionnement en termes géopolitiques. S’il est peu probable que les rapports de Washington avec la région moyen-orientale en soient fondamentalement modifiés, les relations avec la Chine, la Russie ou l’Europe pourraient en être affectées. Les États-Unis vont devoir intégrer ces données nouvelles dans leur stratégie globale.
De Clinton à Obama, les États-Unis et l'Afrique
Authors: Cooke Jennifer G. 
Published: June 2013

Les administrations de Bill Clinton et de George W. Bush ont sensiblement développé l’engagement américain en Afrique : redéfinition des intérêts stratégiques, développement d’importants programmes humanitaires, sanitaires, investissement économique et militaire. La première administration Obama a déçu les attentes, semblant quelque peu négliger le continent africain. Le deuxième mandat de Barack Obama renouvellera-t-il l’engagement américain, au double niveau humanitaire et économique ?