bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY AND APOPTOSIS INDUCTION OF T47D CELL LINES BY Turbinaria decurrens EXTRACT
Authors: Nursid Muhammad , Fajarningsih Nurrahmi Dewi , Chasanah Ekowati 
Published: July 2014

Marine algae is known to contain a wide variety of biomedical compounds having pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this research was to evaluate cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction of Turbinaria decurrens extract on T47D cell lines. Cytotoxic activity test was conducted by using MTT assay whereas detection of apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentations and flow cytometry analysis. The MTT test showed that crude extract had medium cytotoxic activity to T47D, HepG2, and C28 cell lines with IC50 value of 172, againts 360 and 330 µg ml-1, respectively. After solvent partition of crude extract, the cytotoxic activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions T47D cell increased, the cytotoxic activity of n. hexane and ethyl acetate fractions T47D cell increased with IC50 value of with IC50 43.1 and 51.9 µg ml-1, respectively, whereas IC50 value of methanol fraction was 383.0 µg ml-1. Analysis of DNA fragmentation of T47D cell showed that both n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions could not fragment DNA as a features of apoptosis. However, flow cytometry analysis by using annexin-V and propidium iodide staining revealed that n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions could induce apoptosis in T47D cell. This research indicated that Turbinaria decurrens had potency to induce apoptosis in T47D cells.
Community Characteristics and Mortality: The Relative Strength of Association of Different Community Characteristics
Authors: Chan Kitty S. , Roberts Eric , McCleary Rachael , Buttorff Christine , Gaskin Darrell J. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We compared the strength of association between average 5-year county-level mortality rates and area-level measures, including air quality, sociodemographic characteristics, violence, and economic distress.Methods. We obtained mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System and linked it to socioeconomic and demographic data from the Census Bureau, air quality data, violent crime statistics, and loan delinquency data. We modeled 5-year average mortality rates (1998–2002) for all-cause, cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory diseases as a function of county-level characteristics using ordinary least squares regression models. We limited analyses to counties with population of 100 000 or greater (n = 458).Results. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, particularly the percentage older than 65 years and near poor, were top predictors of all-cause and condition-specific mortality, as were a high concentration of construction and service workers. We found weaker associations for air quality, mortgage delinquencies, and violent crimes. Protective characteristics included the percentage of Hispanics, Asians, and married residents.Conclusions. Multiple factors influence county-level mortality. Although county demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are important, there are independent, although weaker, associations of other environmental characteristics. Future studies should investigate these factors to better understand community mortality risk.
Health Preemption Behind Closed Doors: Trade Agreements and Fast-Track Authority
Authors: Crosbie Eric , Gonzalez Mariaelena , Glantz Stanton A. 
Published: July 2014

Noncommunicable diseases result from consuming unhealthy products, including tobacco, which are promoted by transnational corporations. The tobacco industry uses preemption to block or reverse tobacco control policies. Preemption removes authority from jurisdictions where tobacco companies’ influence is weak and transfers it to jurisdictions where they have an advantage.International trade agreements relocate decisions about tobacco control policy to venues where there is little opportunity for public scrutiny, participation, and debate. Tobacco companies are using these agreements to preempt domestic authority over tobacco policy. Other transnational corporations that profit by promoting unhealthy foods could do the same.“Fast-track authority,” in which Congress cedes ongoing oversight authority to the President, further distances the public from the debate. With international agreements binding governments to prioritize trade over health, transparency and public oversight of the trade negotiation process is necessary to safeguard public health interests.
Assessment of Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Potato Carrying AtNHX1 Gene
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Junlian , Wang Di , Zhang Jinwen , Cui Yansen , Liu Yuhui , Yang Hongyu , Binyu  
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTSalt tolerance can be assessed with plant morphological and physiological traits. This study evaluated the salt tolerance of eight transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) lines using an integrated evaluation index where plant height, leaf area expansion rate, survival rate, and tuber yield were integrated. We hypothesized that (i) the integration of several plant growth traits produced a comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance, and (ii) the level of salt tolerance in potato was also related to their physiological responses such as chlorophyll and proline contents. A greenhouse study was conducted at Gansu Agricultural University in 2011. Transgenic potato lines carrying AtNHX1 gene expressed significantly higher levels of salt tolerance than the nontransgenic check. The integrated evaluation index showed that the NG‐5 transgenic line had a salt‐tolerance level 46 times that of the check. The check plants had a lower tuber yield when NaCl concentration was 3.3 g L−1 and more than one‐half of the plants died when NaCl concentration was 6.5 g L−1. The thresholds ranged between 3.7 and 6.8 g L−1 and the half‐lethal (LD50) NaCl concentration varied from 8.7 to 14.6 g L−1 for transgenic lines. By Day 40 after salt‐stress challenges at 9 g L−1 NaCl, total chlorophyll content decreased 32% in the check but by an average of 14% in the transgenic lines, whereas proline content in the check was 2.5 times those in the transgenic lines. The integrated evaluation index provided an adequate, quantitative assessment of salt tolerance of potato and can be used effectively in the development of salt‐tolerant cultivars.
Tendon-Holding Capacities of Two Newly Designed Implants for Tendon Repair: An Experimental Study on the Flexor Digitorum Profundus Tendon of Sheep
Authors: Ağır İsmail , Aytekin Mahmut Nedim , Başçı Onur , Çaypınar Barış , Erol Bülent 
Published: July 2014

Background:Two main factors determine the strength of tendon repair; the tensile strength of material and the gripping capacity of a suture configuration. Different repair techniques and suture materials were developed to increase the strength of repairs but none of techniques and suture materials seem to provide enough tensile strength with safety margins for early active mobilization. In order to overcome this problem tendon suturing implants are being developed. We designed two different suturing implants. The aim of this study was to measure tendon-holding capacities of these implants biomechanically and to compare them with frequently used suture techniquesMaterials and Methods:In this study we used 64 sheep flexor digitorum profundus tendons. Four study groups were formed and each group had 16 tendons. We applied model 1 and model 2 implant to the first 2 groups and Bunnell and locking-loop techniques to the 3rd and 4th groups respectively by using 5 Ticron sutures.Results:In 13 tendons in group 1 and 15 tendons in group 2 and in all tendons in group 3 and 4, implants and sutures pulled out of the tendon in longitudinal axis at the point of maximum load. The mean tensile strengths were the largest in group 1 and smallest in group 3.Conclusion:In conclusion, the new stainless steel tendon suturing implants applied from outside the tendons using steel wires enable a biomechanically stronger repair with less tendon trauma when compared to previously developed tendon repair implants and the traditional suturing techniques.
The Effect of Competition Intensity and Competition Type on the Use of Customer Satisfaction Measures in Executive Annual Bonus Contracts
Authors: Chen Clara Xiaoling , Matsumura Ella Mae , Shin Jae Yong , Wu Steve Yu-Ching 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper empirically examines the interactive effect of competition intensity and competition type on the use of customer satisfaction measures in executives' annual bonus contracts. Specifically, we predict a stronger association between competition intensity in an industry and the use of customer satisfaction measures in executives' annual bonus contracts when the competition is non-price-based than when the competition is price-based. Using hand-collected data from Standard & Poor's (S&P) 1500 firms' disclosures of the use of customer satisfaction measures in executive bonus contracts in 2006 and 2010 proxy statements, we find results consistent with our prediction. Our results are robust to alternative measures of competition type and competition intensity. We also find similar results when we use the weight on customer satisfaction measures in executive bonus contracts as the dependent variable. Our study extends the literature on the effect of competition on the design of managerial incentives by distinguishing between competition intensity and competition type, and providing the first large-sample empirical evidence on the joint effect of these two dimensions of competition on the incentive use of an important nonfinancial performance measure.
Data Availability: Data used in this study are obtained from publicly available sources.
Antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Serrablo Alejandro , Tejedor Luis , Martínez Jessica 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a local inflammatory response with systemic effects and an adverse evolution in 20% of cases. Its mortality rate is 5–10% in sterile and 15–40% in infected pancreatic necrosis. Infection is widely accepted as the main reason of death in AP. The evidence to enable a recommendation about antibiotic prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis is conflicting and difficult to interpret. Up to date, there is no evidence that supports the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with severe AP. Treatment on demand seems to be the better option, avoiding excessive treatment and selection of bacterial. In infected acute pancreatitis, antibiotics of choice are imipenem, meronem or tigecycline in patients allergic to beta-lactams. Also fluconazole must be given in determinate clinical situations.
CD39/NTPDase-1 expression and activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells are differentially regulated by leaf extracts from Rubus caesius and Rubus idaeus
Authors: Dudzinska Dominika , Luzak Boguslawa , Boncler Magdalena , Rywaniak Joanna , Sosnowska Dorota , Podsedek Anna , Watala Cezary 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMany experimental studies have demonstrated the favorable biological activities of plants belonging to the genus Rubus, but little is known of the role of Rubus leaf extracts in the modulation of the surface membrane expression and activity of endothelial apyrase. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 1–15 μg/ml Rubus extracts on CD39 expression and enzymatic activity, and on the activation (ICAM-1 expression) and viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The polyphenolic contents and antioxidative capacities of extracts from dewberry (R. caesius L.) and raspberry (R. idaeus L.) leaves were also investigated. The techniques applied were flow cytometry (endothelial surface membrane expression of ICAM-1 and CD39), malachite green assay (CD39 activity), HPLC-DAD (quantitative analysis of polyphenolic extract), ABTS, DPPH and FRAP spectrometric assays (antioxidant capacity), and the MTT test (cell viability). Significantly increased CD39 expressions and significantly decreased ATPDase activities were found in the cells treated with 15 μg/ml of either extract compared to the results for the controls. Neither of the extracts affected cell proliferation, but both significantly augmented endothelial cell ICAM-1 expression. The overall antioxidant capacities of the examined extracts remained relatively high and corresponded well to the determined total polyphenol contents. Overall, the results indicate that under in vitro conditions dewberry and raspberry leaf extracts have unfavorable impact on endothelial cells.
Sonographic Measures of the Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, and Vastus Medialis Muscles
Authors: Whittaker Jackie L. , Emery Carolyn A. 
Published: July 2014

Study Design Intrarater, repeated-measures, within-session reliability study. Objective To describe a standardized method and preliminary reliability estimates for sonographic measures of resting and contracted gluteus medius (GMd), gluteus minimus (GMn), and resting vastus medialis (VM) muscles. Background Sonography has been used to assess the morphology of a diversity of muscles in relation to a variety of musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Although the GMd, GMn, and VM muscles are associated with dysfunctions such as patellofemoral pain and osteoarthritis, there is a paucity of information regarding protocols for sonographic measurements of these muscles. Methods A standardized method was developed and used to gather sonographic measures of resting and contracted (sidelying hip abduction task) GMd and GMn thickness and resting VM cross-sectional area during 1 measurement session in 29 female soccer players 14 to 17 years of age. Results Intrarater reliability values for ultrasound imaging measurements of resting, contracted, and change during contraction (intraclass correlation coefficient model 3,3 [ICC3,3]) of the GMd were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97, 0.99), 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96, 0.99), and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.92), respectively, and of the GMn were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97, 0.99), 0.94 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.97), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.76), respectively. Reliability (ICC3,3) for resting VM cross-sectional area was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99, 0.99). Standard error of measurement for GMd, GMn, and VM varied between 0.5 and 1.6 mm, 0.3 and 1.4 mm, and 0.4 cm2, respectively, and 95% minimal detectable change ranged from 0.8 to 4.5 mm for the gluteals and 0.4 to 0.5 cm2 for the VM. Conclusion Reliable sonographic measurements of the lateral hip and knee musculature at rest and during contraction are feasible. Further investigation is required to establish the generalizability and reproducibility of the protocols presented in this report. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(8):627–632. Epub 16 July 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5315
The effect of diapause and cold acclimation on the cold-hardiness of the warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Authors: Abdelghany Ahmed Y. , Suthisut Duangsamorn , Fields Paul G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a stored-product pest with scant information on its cold tolerance. Ninety-two per cent of larvae reared in isolation at 30 °C went into diapause in the seventh instar, the remaining 8% emerged as adults in 50 days. Diapausing larvae died after 142 days in the 10th instar. The cold tolerance at 0 °C from highest to lowest was; old larvae>pupae>adult=young larvae>eggs. The LT50 (lethal time for 50% of the population) for grouped (non-diapause) non-acclimated old larvae at 0 °C, −5 °C, −10 °C, −16 °C, and −19 °C were; 20, 11, 5, 1, and 1 day, the LT95 were; 38, 15, 10, 5, and 1 days, respectively. The LT50 for isolated (diapausing), cold-acclimated old larvae at the same temperatures were; 275, 125, 74, 26, and 18 days, and the LT95 were; 500, 160, 100, 45, 20 days, respectively. The supercooling point (SCP) of different stages of non-acclimated insects ranged from −25.3 °C (eggs) to −16.1 °C (young larvae). The most cold hardy stage, isolated and acclimated old larvae, had a SCP of −24.9 °C. The potential of using low temperatures to control T. variabile is discussed.
Transient angioedema of small bowel secondary to intravenous iodinated contrast medium
Authors: Kulkarni Kirankumar N , Hegde Rahul G , Balani Ankit , Joshi Anagha R 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe report the clinical details and imaging findings of a case of transient angioedema of the small bowel following intravenous administration of non-ionic iodinated contrast material in a 17 year old female with no predisposing risk factors. Findings included long segment, symmetric, circumferential, low-density, bowel wall thickening involving the duodenum, jejunum, and most of the ileum on computed tomography scan obtained at 7 min following intravenous contrast material injection. This entity is self-limiting with a favourable clinical outcome and requires no specific treatment but only aggressive clinical monitoring.
Robert Mallet-Pioneer Corrosion Engineer
Authors: LYNES WILSON 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An appraisal has been made of the reports of Robert Mallet on the action of water and air upon iron and steel, based on tests made in 1838–42 under the sponsorship of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. These reports are of interest for their revelation of the remarkably clear, comprehensive and practical knowledge of corrosion possessed at that early date. A brief review of some aspects of progress in the understanding of corrosion from 1800 to the present is also given.
Paint vs Corrosion—Some Aspects of the Problem In the Gulf Coast Area★
Authors: VOLKENING V. B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
After briefly mentioning the theory of metallic corrosion the author relates the problems encountered by Dow in protecting its Gulf Coast plants against atmospheric corrosion. Examples of coating successes and failures are given. The method which Dow uses of testing paint cooperatively with the manufacturer is explained. The author points to advantages of proper surface preparation and suggests too little attention is paid to educating the 350,000 painters who apply coatings to metals in proper application techniques and that paint manufacturers, paint manufacturers' associations and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers might find the organization of schools for painters a worthwhile activity.
Corrosion by Water at Low Flow Velocity ★
Authors: LARSON T. E. , KING R. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
It is postulated that water qaulity is a primary factor in corrosion by fresh waters, especially at low velocities, and that the influence of dissolved oxygen and pH on corrosion rates is secondary. Citing classic articles on pH adjustment, the authors say the conclusions reached by cited experimenters are true only for the water tested and cannot properly be applied generally to all waters. By means of ah electrolysis cell the authors tested the effect on anodes and cathodes of passing through water moving at various low velocities an increasing volume of current and noted changes in the character of the water.
After the proportion of sodium chloride or sulfate reached a given value the corrosion rate was not influenced by further additions of the chemicals but was in proportion to the dissolved oxygen present. For specific chloride content corrosion rates might be considerably greater for solutions of low mineral content, leading to the conclusion the rate is controlled more by specific mineral quality than total mineral content. The inhibitive effect of bicarbonate was noted in both 3-day and longer tests. Relatively lower corrosion rates were experienced with nitrates.
Authors doubt the corrosion product adjacent to iron is ferrous hydroxide when carbonate or bicarbonate is present. Instead it is contended the initial corrosion product in fresh water is soluble ferrous chloride, hydrolized insoluble ferrous hydroxide being secondary.
Survey of Corrosion Control In California Pumping Wells★
Authors: DAVIE FRANK E. , HILL PRESTON W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of corrosion control in a representative group of California wells. The data were furnished by the members of TP-1A Committee on Corrosion of Oil & Gas Well Equipment, California and were collected and correlated using hand-sort punch cards. Information obtained from 17 fields and 14 companies covers some 350 wells on which complete data were available. The wells vary from 1000 to 8000 feet in pump depth and produce up to 1000 b/d gross.
The survey indicates that the use of various inhibitors has so far resulted in an average of 50 percent reduction in pulling jobs. Material replacements are reduced by an even greater percentage.
Pitting Corrosion Characteristics of Aluminum★—The Influence of Iron and Silicon
Authors: AZIZ P. M. , GODARD HUGH P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This work was undertaken to determine the influence of iron and silicon upon the pitting characteristics of aluminum. Iron and silicon in amounts from 0.05 to 0.7 percent, alone and in various combinations was added to commercial purity (99.75 percent Al) and super purity (&gt;99.99 percent Al) aluminum. The addition of iron at any level increases the pitting probability of super purity aluminum whereas no significant increase occurs for the commercial purity aluminum. The addition of silicon to super purity aluminum in amounts of 0.3 percent and greater increases the pitting probability whereas no significant increase occurs for commercial purity aluminum. The probability of pitting of commercial purity aluminum is 2.5 times that of the super purity aluminum at corresponding iron and silicon levels. The addition of iron and/or silicon increases the rate of pitting of super purity aluminum but has little effect on the rate of pitting of commercial purity aluminum.
Notes on a System For Rating Pitting Corrosion
Authors: HENKE RUSSELL W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A system is proposed for describing corrosion pits in a metal surface by a combination of agglutinated numbers and letters coded to a schedule rating the five principal characteristics of pitting corrosion. The system would facilitate transmission of pitting data by providing a 10-digit number covering their depth, equivalent diameter (including those of irregular shape), area (expressed as a percentage of total surface), nature of pit walls and time (reduced to a standard interval).
Pit depth is expressed as a percentage of material thickness rather than a finite dimension, walls would be rated vertical or gradual in comparison with a 45 degree angle and time would be in penetration per year. Area of pits as percentage of total area would be determined by placing over the pitted surface a transparent grid and comparing the area visually with a conventional standard delineating 10 stages of severity.
Suggestions and recommendations for improvement of the system and submission of specimens of pitted material are solicited by the author.