bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ZONEAMENTO CLIMÁTICO PARA TECA, CEDRO AUSTRALIANO, NIM INDIANO E PUPUNHA NO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO
Authors: Klippel Valéria Hollunder , Pezzopane José Eduardo Macedo , Pezzopane José Ricardo Macedo , Cecílio Roberto Avelino , Castro Fábio da Silveira , Pimenta Luciano Roncete 
Published: August 2014

Objetivou-se com este estudo realizar um zoneamento climático para as espécies Tectona grandis, Toona ciliata, Bactris gasipaes e Azadirachta indica, no estado do Espírito Santo. Utilizaram-se dados meteorológicos do período de 1977 a 2006, provenientes de 80 postos pluviométricos da ANA localizados dentro do estado e em 16 postos circunvizinhos, de 11 estações meteorológicas pertencentes ao INCAPER e de 3 do INMET. Os elementos climáticos usados foram a temperatura do ar e a deficiência hídrica anual para a capacidade de água disponível de 300 mm. Fazendo-se uso de um sistema de informação geográfica, classificou-se o estado em zonas de aptidão climática. A espécie Azadirachta indica pode ser implantada em 54,7% da área total, e esse valor elevado foi devido à baixa restrição em relação às exigências climáticas, quando comparado às outras espécies. Todavia, a Bactris gasipaes é a espécie que apresenta a menor porção de área apta para a sua implantação (4,2%), devido às suas restrições hídricas e térmicas, que não condizem com as condições do estado. Tectona grandis e Toona ciliata apresentaram aptidão climática, respectivamente, em 33,3% e 27% da área total.Palavra-chave: Espécies florestais; balanço hídrico; sistema de informação geográfica; aptidão climática. AbstractClimatic zoning for teca, australian cedar, neem and pupunha in state of Espirito Santo. This research aims to make a climatic zoning for the species: Tectona grandis, Toona ciliata, Bactris gasipaes and Azadirachta indica, in State of Espirito Santo. It was used meteorological data from 1977 to 2006, considering eighty rainfall posts of the ANA, located within the state and sixteen posts in surrounding states. Eleven weather stations belonged to INCAPER and three other stations to INMET. The climate elements used were air temperature and annual water deficiency, calculated for a soil water storage capacity of 300 mm. It used geographical information system, ranking the State in areas of climatic suitability. As result, it indicates that the Azadirachta indica can be implanted in 54.7% of the total area of the State, this high value is due to its low restriction in relation to climatic requirements compared to other species. However, Bactris gasipaes is the species that has the lowest amount of area suitable for its implementation (4.2%), due to its thermal and water restrictions not suitable to the State conditions. Tectona grandis and Toona ciliata revealed climatic suitability, respectively, in 33.3% and 27% of the total area of the State.Keywords: Forest species; water balance; geographic information system; zoning; climate aptitude.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRE DANGER INDEX FOR EUCALYPT PLANTATIONS IN THE NORTHERN COAST OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
Authors: White Benjamin Leonardo Alves , White Larissa Alves Secundo , Ribeiro Genésio Tâmara , Fernandes Paulo Alexandre Martins 
Published: August 2014

Economic losses caused by fires in commercial plantations of eucalypt forest has led to the development of new fire-fighting systems and methodologies. This study aimed to develop a fire danger index for eucalypt plantations in the Copener Forestal Ltda. areas located in the north coast of Bahia, Brazil, in order to improve fire control efforts. For this purpose, eight years of meteorological data were collected and correlated to forest fire occurrence through multivariate logistic regression. The proposed model (White Model) presented a better statistical performance than other models generally used in Brazil, recommended for operational use in focused area.Keywords: Fire danger rating; fire prevention; fire suppression; fire safety. ResumoDesenvolvimento de um índice de perigo de ocorrência de incêndios florestais para plantações de eucalipto no litoral norte da Bahia, Brasil. Em função das perdas econômicas causadas pelo fogo em plantações comerciais de eucalipto, novas metodologias e sistemas de prevenção e combate ao fogo têm sido criados. Este estudo buscou desenvolver um índice de perigo de ocorrência de incêndio florestal em plantações de eucalipto da empresa Copener Florestal Ltda., localizada no litoral norte da Bahia, Brasil, a fim de aprimorar os sistemas de prevenção e combate ao fogo. Para tal, oito anos de dados meteorológicos foram coletados e correlacionados com a ocorrência de incêndios florestais através da regressão logística multivariada. O modelo proposto neste trabalho (Modelo White) obteve um melhor desempenho estatístico que outros modelos comumente utilizados no Brasil e, portanto, é recomendado para utilização operacional na área de estudo.Palavras-chave: Índice de perigo; prevenção e combate ao fogo; segurança florestal.
Which cusp upflow events can possibly turn into outflows?
Authors: Skjæveland Å. , Moen J. , Carlson H. C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTwo sequences, before and after magnetic noon, respectively, of poleward moving auroral forms with associated upflows situated above the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard Radar allowed close study of ion upflow dynamics. We find that flux intensity is correlated with plasma temperature and that upflowing plasma undergoes acceleration proportional to the slope of the velocity profile and to the velocity at each altitude. The potential for upflows to lift thermal plasma to regions where broadband extremely low frequency electric field activity can cause nonthermal acceleration leading to outflow is examined. Equations for estimating the travel time of upflowing plasma are presented. We find that around 40% of the observed upflow profiles with a unit number flux greater than 1 × 1013 m−2 s−1 can transport plasma from 500 to 800 km altitude in less than 10 min, approximately the typical lifetime of pulsed upflow events. Almost all such profiles can transport plasma from 600 to 800 km in the same time span. Typical transport times for other altitude ranges are also presented. Post magnetic noon the background electron density was somewhat higher than prenoon due to transport of EUV‐enhanced plasma, and the postnoon ion flux was somewhat weaker than prenoon.
Is a sudden increase of irregularity of sunspot numbers a precursor of a return to low solar activity?
Authors: Shapoval A. , Le Mouël J.‐L. , Courtillot V. , Shnirman M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe have recently introduced an irregularity index λ for daily sunspot numbers International Sunspot Number (ISSN), derived from the well‐known Lyapunov exponent, that attempts to reflect irregularities in the chaotic process of solar activity. Like the Lyapunov exponent, the irregularity index is computed from the data for different embedding dimensions m (2–32). When m = 2, λ maxima match ISSN maxima of the Schwabe cycle, whereas when m = 3, λ maxima occur at ISSN minima. The patterns of λ as a function of time remain similar from m = 4 to 16: the dynamics of λ change between 1915 and 1935, separating two regimes, one from 1850 to 1915 and the other from 1935 to 2005, in which λ retains a similar structure. A sharp peak occurs at the time of the ISSN minimum between cycles 23 and 24, possibly a precursor of unusual cycle 24 and maybe a new regime change; λ is significantly smaller during the ascending and descending phases of solar cycles. Differences in values of the irregularity index observed for different cycles reflect differences in correlations in sunspot series at a scale much less than the 4 year sliding window used in computing them; the lifetime of sunspots provides a source of correlation at that time scale. The burst of short‐term irregularity evidenced by the strong λ peak at the minimum of cycles 23 and 24 would reflect a decrease in correlation at the time scale of several days rather than a change in the shape of the cycle.
THEMIS observations of the current sheet dynamics in response to the intrusion of the high‐velocity plasma flow into the near‐Earth magnetotail
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Palin L. , Jacquey C. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA small separation between Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes allows us to analyze a sudden activation in the near‐Earth current sheet (CS) at microscales. The start of the activation coincides with the appearance of an earthward plasma flow and dipolarization front (DF) at THEMIS location. The time sequence of observations of the fast plasma flow and the associated DF by three THEMIS probes denotes their dawnward displacement and the localization of the flow channel in the dawn‐dusk direction. The onset of kink perturbations of the CS was generated on the dawn side of the flow. These fluctuations also propagated dawnward and were followed by the CS thinning (L ~ ρi) and by the development of tearing instability with transient appearance of a magnetic null point. The region of the unstable CS with a magnetic null point was localized in the X and, possibly, in the Y directions. The CS perturbations were most likely triggered by the intrusion of the fast flow into the ambient plasma in the course of the global dawnward displacement of the flow structure. Although no substorm onset was observed during the CS activation, a ground signature of a pseudobreakup was detected just after the excitement of the tearing mode in the near‐Earth tail. Probably the pseudobreakup was caused by a localized diversion of the current, which could result from the disruption of the cross‐tail current in a localized region of the near‐Earth CS.
Seismic evidence of a complex multi‐lens melt reservoir beneath the 9° N Overlapping Spreading Center at the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Arnulf A. F. , Singh S. C. , Pye J. W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe crustal structure at fast spreading ridges is characterized by the presence of an axial melt lens along a significant part of the ridge axis over a partially molten lower crust. Using three‐dimensional seismic reflection data and waveform inversion, here we show the existence of two to three stacked melt lenses beneath both limbs of the 9°N overlapping spreading center on the East Pacific Rise, which we suggest are the source of the very evolved lavas locally observed on the seafloor. The melt lenses are 2–4 km wide and lie in a 900 m depth range. We suggest that the presence of a complex multi‐lens melt reservoir in the crust is due to the reduced ambient stress regime, hence cracking, resulting from the overlap of the two segments of the ridge, allowing melt to stay longer in the crust at different depths.
Interplate locking condition derived from seafloor geodetic data at the northernmost part of the Suruga Trough, Japan
Authors: Yasuda Kenji , Tadokoro Keiichi , Ikuta Ryoya , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Nagai Satoru , Okuda Takashi , Fujii Cosmo , Sayanagi Keizo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe observed seafloor crustal deformation at two observation sites on opposite sides of the Suruga Trough off Japan from 2005 to 2011 to investigate the interplate locking condition at the source region of the anticipated great subduction earthquake, named Tokai earthquake. We estimated the displacement velocity vectors relative to the Amurian Plate on the basis of repeated observations. Our results at the two points, Suruga northeast and Suruga northwest (SNW) were 42 ± 8 mm/yr toward N94 ± 3°W and 39 ± 11 mm/yr toward N84 ± 9°W, respectively. These directions are the same as those measured at on‐land GPS stations. The magnitudes of the velocity vectors indicate a significant shortening of approximately 4 mm/yr between SNW and on‐land GPS stations located to the west of the Suruga Trough. The results show that the plate interface is strongly locked (no slip) shallower than the source region of the anticipated Tokai earthquake.
Fluid injection induced seismicity reveals a NE dipping fault in the southeastern sector of the High Agri Valley (southern Italy)
Authors: Stabile T. A. , Giocoli A. , Perrone A. , Piscitelli S. , Lapenna V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOn 2 June 2006 the wastewater produced during the oil and gas field exploitation in High Agri Valley (southern Italy) started to be managed by disposal through pumping the fluids back into the subsurface at the Costa Molina 2 (CM2) injection well, located in the southeastern sector of the valley. The onset of microearthquakes (Ml ≤ 2) after 4 days at about 1.3 km SW of CM2 well suggests fluid injection induced seismicity by the diffusion of pore pressure. Moreover, the space‐time evolution of 196 high‐resolution relocated events reveals a previously unmapped NE dipping fault. We investigate the physical processes related to the fluid injection induced seismicity and delineate the previously unmapped fault by jointly analyzing seismicity data, geological observations, fluid injection data, the stratigraphic log of the CM2 well, and the electrical resistivity tomography survey carried out in the study area.
Electron gyroharmonic effects on ionospheric stimulated Brillouin scatter
Authors: Mahmoudian A. , Scales W. A. , Bernhardt P. A. , Isham B. , Kendall E. , Briczinski S. J. , Fuentes N. E. B. , Vega‐Cancel O. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and resonant phenomena are well known in the context of laser fusion, fiber optics, and piezoelectric semiconductor plasmas, as well as in various biological applications. Due to recent advances, active space experiments using high‐power high‐frequency (HF) radio waves may now produce stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the ionospheric plasma. The sensitivity of the narrowband SBS emission lines to pump frequency stepping across electron gyroharmonics is reported here for the first time. Experimental observations show that SBS emission sidebands are suppressed as the HF pump frequency is stepped across the second and third electron gyroharmonics. A correlation of artificially enhanced airglow and SBS emission lines excited at the upper hybrid altitude is observed and studied for second gyroharmonic heating. The SBS behavior near electron gyroharmonics is shown to have important diagnostic applications for multilayered, multi‐ion component plasmas such as the ionosphere.
Low‐latitude ionospheric D region dependence on solar zenith angle
Authors: Thomson Neil R. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhase and amplitude measurements of VLF radio signals on a short, nearly all‐sea path between two Hawaiian Islands are used to find the height and sharpness of the lower edge of the daytime tropical D region as a function of solar zenith angle (SZA). The path used was from U.S. Navy transmitter NPM (21.4 kHz) on Oahu to Keauhou, 306 km away, on the west coast of the Big Island of Hawaii, where ionospheric sensitivity was high due to the destructive interference between the ionospherically reflected wave and the ground wave, particularly around the middle of the day. The height and sharpness are thus found to vary from H′ = 69.3 ± 0.3 km and β = 0.49 ± 0.02 km−1 for SZA ~10°, at midday, to H′ > 80 km and β ~ 0.30 km−1 as the SZA approached ~70°–90°, near dawn and dusk for this tropical path. Additional values for the variations of H′ and β with solar zenith angle are also found from VLF phase and amplitude observations on other similar paths: the short path, NWC to Karratha (in NW Australia), and the long paths, NWC to Kyoto in Japan and NAU, Puerto Rico, to St. John's Canada. Significant differences in the SZA variations of H′ and β were found between low and middle latitudes resulting from the latitudinally varying interplay between Lyman α and galactic cosmic rays in forming the lower D region. Both latitude ranges showed β < 0.30 km−1 during sunrise/sunset conditions.
Oscillatory pumping wells in phreatic, compressible, and homogeneous aquifers
Authors: Dagan G. , Rabinovich A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOscillatory well pumping was proposed recently as a tool for hydraulic tomography. Periodic pumping at a few frequencies is carried out through vertical intervals along the pumping well and the periodic head is measured along a few piezometers. The paper presents an analytical solution for the head field in an unconfined aquifer of finite depth under the common assumptions of a linearized water table condition, different horizontal and vertical constant permeabilities, constant specific storativity and water table drainable porosity, and small well radius to length ratio. The solution provides the expressions of the amplitude and phase of the head as a function of coordinates, frequency, and the problem parameters. The solution simplifies to one pertaining to an upper constant head condition and a rigid aquifer for a wide range of the dimensionless frequency values.
Copper(I)‐Oxide‐Mediated Cyanation of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates with Trimethylsilyl Cyanide: A Method for Synthesizing Aromatic Nitriles
Authors: Xu Wen‐Bin , Xu Qing‐Hui , Zhang Zhen‐Fa , Li Ji‐Zhen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA Cu2O‐mediated cross coupling of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with trimethylsilyl cyanide to form aromatic nitriles is presented. This protocol tolerates a wide range of functional groups and gives good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Cu2O provides appealing and convenient access to aromatic nitriles compared with the traditional Sandmeyer reaction with toxic CuCN via nucleophilic substitution under relatively harsh conditions.
Deferiprone in Friedreich ataxia: A 6‐Month randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pandolfo Massimo , Arpa Javier , Delatycki Martin B. , Le Quan Sang Kim Hanh , Mariotti Caterina , Munnich Arnold , Sanz‐Gallego Irene , Tai Geneieve , Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Taroni Franco , Spino Michael , Tricta Fernando 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveWe conducted a 6‐month, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to assess safety, tolerability, and efficacy of deferiprone in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA).MethodsSeventy‐two patients were treated with deferiprone 20, 40, or 60mg/kg/day or placebo, divided into 2 daily doses. Safety was the primary objective; secondary objectives included standardized neurological assessments (Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale [FARS], International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale [ICARS], 9‐Hole Peg Test [9HPT], Timed 25‐Foot Walk, Low‐Contrast Letter Acuity), general functional status (Activities of Daily Living), and cardiac assessments.ResultsDeferiprone was well tolerated at 20mg/kg/day, whereas more adverse events occurred in the 40mg/kg/day than in the placebo group. The 60mg/kg/day dose was discontinued due to worsening of ataxia in 2 patients. One patient on deferiprone 20mg/kg/day experienced reversible neutropenia, but none developed agranulocytosis. Deferiprone‐treated patients receiving 20 or 40mg/kg/day showed a decline in the left ventricular mass index, compared to an increase in the placebo‐treated patients. Patients receiving 20mg/kg/day of deferiprone had no significant change in FARS, similar to the placebo‐treated patients, whereas those receiving 40mg/kg/day had worsening in FARS and ICARS scores. The lack of deterioration in the placebo arm impaired the ability to detect any potential protective effect of deferiprone. However, subgroup analyses in patients with less severe disease suggested a benefit of deferiprone 20mg/kg/day on ICARS, FARS, kinetic function, and 9HPT.InterpretationThis study demonstrated an acceptable safety profile of deferiprone at 20mg/kg/day for the treatment of patients with FRDA. Subgroup analyses raise the possibility that, in patients with less severe disease, deferiprone 20mg/kg/day may reduce disease progression, whereas higher doses appear to worsen ataxia. Ann Neurol 2014;76:509–521
Dreidimensionale Charakterisierung von Edelmetall‐Nanopartikeln und deren Anordnungen mithilfe von Elektronentomographie
Authors: Bals Sara , Goris Bart , Liz‐Marzán Luis , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNeue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Nanomaterialien erfordern quantitative Charakterisierungsmethoden, die Informationen bis hin zum atomaren Maßstab liefern. Im Fokus dieses Aufsatzes steht die dreidimensionale Untersuchung von einzelnen Metall‐Nanopartikeln und zusammengesetzten Strukturen mithilfe der Elektronentomographie. Diese Technik hat sich zu einem vielseitigen Hilfsmittel entwickelt, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Eigenschaften und der Struktur oder Beschaffenheit von Nanomaterialen zu verstehen. Es werden die verschiedenen Schritte eines Experimentes in der Elektronentomographie dargelegt, und wir zeigen, wie quantitative dreidimensionale Darstellungen mit atomarer Auflösung erreicht werden können.
Dynamic Switching of the Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Disubstituted Polyacetylene by Selective Transmission through a Thermotropic Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal
Authors: San Jose Benedict A. , Yan Jialin , Akagi Kazuo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) of chiral disubstituted liquid‐crystalline polyacetylene (di‐LCPA) can be dynamically switched and amplified from left‐ to right‐handed CPL and vice versa through the selective transmission of CPL across a thermotropic chiral nematic liquid crystal (N*‐LC) phase. By combining a chiral di‐LCPA CPL‐emitting film with an N*‐LC cell and tuning the selective reflection band of the N*‐LC phase to coincide with the CPL emission band, a CPL‐switchable cell was constructed. The phase change induced by the thermotropic N*‐LC cell by varying the temperature leads to a change in the selective transmission of CPL, which enables the dynamic switching and amplification of CPL. It is anticipated that CPL‐switchable devices might find applications in switchable low‐threshold lasers and optical memory devices.
Mononuclear and Terminal Zirconium and Hafnium Methylidenes
Authors: Kamitani Masahiro , Pinter Balazs , Chen Chun‐Hsing , Pink Maren , Mindiola Daniel J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe dimethyl aryloxide complexes [(PNP)M(CH3)2(OAr)] (M=Zr or Hf; PNP−=N[2‐P(CHMe2)2‐4‐methylphenyl]2); Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3), which were readily prepared from [(PNP)M(CH3)3] by alcoholysis with HOAr, undergo photolytically induced α‐hydrogen abstraction to cleanly produce complexes [(PNP)M=CH2(OAr)] with terminal methylidene ligands. These unique systems have been fully characterized, including the determination of a solid‐state structure in the case of M=Zr.
Durch N‐heterocyclische Carbene katalysierte formale [3+2]‐Anellierungen von Enalen: enantioselektiver Zugang zu Spiroheterocyclen
Authors: Guo Chang , Schedler Michael , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEine hoch enantioselektive, durch N‐heterocyclische Carbene (NHC) katalysierte formale [3+2]‐Anellierung von α,β‐ungesättigten Aldehyden mit Azaauronen oder Auron wurde entwickelt, die Spiroheterocyclen liefert. Dieses Protokoll stellt einen einzigartigen Zugang zu Spiroheterocyclen mit quartärem Stereozentrum dar.
Metastable Ionic Diodes Derived from an Amine‐Based Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity
Authors: Madrid Elena , Rong Yuanyang , Carta Mariolino , McKeown Neil B. , Malpass‐Evans Richard , Attard Gary A. , Clarke Tomos J. , Taylor Stuart H. , Long Yi‐Tao , Marken Frank 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA highly rigid amine‐based polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM), prepared by a polymerization reaction involving the formation of Tröger’s base, is demonstrated to act as an ionic diode with electrolyte‐dependent bistable switchable states.