bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’accroissement de la durée des conventions collectives de travail québécoises depuis 20 ans : nouvelle normalité, partenariat consolidé ou manifestation du pouvoir patronal ?
Authors: Laroche Mélanie , Jalette Patrice , Lauzon Duguay Frédéric 
Published: May 2015

En quoi la durée des conventions collectives de travail est-elle liée à leur contenu ? En se basant sur le cas du secteur privé québécois qui a vu la durée des conventions s’accroître depuis 1994, cette recherche traite des intérêts patronaux et syndicaux liés à cet enjeu dans un système de relations industrielles décentralisé. L’analyse de près de 5 300 conventions collectives met à l’épreuve trois thèses susceptibles d’expliquer cette évolution : 1) elle reflète une nouvelle normalité découlant de la volonté des parties de disposer de périodes de stabilité plus longues pour faire face à la mondialisation ; 2) elle s’accompagne de nouveaux objets de négociation de nature partenariale négociés localement et 3) elle constitue un nouveau levier de pouvoir patronal pour faire pression sur les conditions de travail des salariés. Les résultats montrent que la convention de plus longue durée s’est largement imposée comme la nouvelle « norme », mais que le rapport de force favorable aux employeurs paraît expliquer le caractère défavorable pour les travailleurs et les syndicats des conventions les plus longues.
Effects of Gill-Net Trauma, Barotrauma, and Deep Release on Postrelease Mortality of Lake Trout
Authors: Ng Elizabeth L. , Fredericks Jim P. , Quist Michael C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Unaccounted postrelease mortality violates assumptions of many fisheries studies, thereby biasing parameter estimates and reducing efficiency. We evaluated effects of gill-net trauma, barotrauma, and deep-release treatment on postrelease mortality of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. Lake trout were captured at depths up to 65 m with gill nets in Priest Lake, Idaho, and held in a large enclosure for 10–12 d. Postrelease mortality was the same for surface-release–and deep-release–treated fish (41%). Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to evaluate effects of intrinsic and environmental factors on the probability of mortality. Presence of gill-net trauma and degree of barotrauma were associated with increased probability of postrelease mortality. Smaller fish were also more likely to suffer postrelease mortality. On average, deep-release treatment did not reduce postrelease mortality, but effectiveness of treatment increased with fish length. Of the environmental factors evaluated, only elapsed time between lifting the first and last anchors of a gill-net gang (i.e., lift time) was significantly related to postrelease mortality. Longer lift times, which may allow ascending lake trout to acclimate to depressurization, were associated with lower postrelease mortality rates. Our study suggests that postrelease mortality may be higher than previously assumed for lake trout because mortality continues after 48 h. In future studies, postrelease mortality could be reduced by increasing gill-net lift times and increasing mesh size used to increase length of fish captured.
Effects of four varieties ofLathyrus sativus(Fabaceae) seeds on the bionomics ofCallosobruchus maculatus(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Adhikary Poulami , Malik Ujjwal , Barik Anandamay 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe effect of four varieties ofLathyrus sativusLinnaeus (Fabaceae) seeds (Bio L 212 Ratan, Nirmal B-1, WBK-14-7, and WBK-13-1) on the bionomics ofCallosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Total larval developmental time was longer on WBK-13-1 than Bio L 212 Ratan. Adult emergence was highest on Bio L 212 Ratan followed by Nirmal B-1, WBK-14-7, and WBK-13-1. The development and fecundity were related with nutrient and antinutritional factors of khesari seeds. Total carbohydrates and proteins were highest in Bio L 212 Ratan and Nirmal B-1 while lipids and nitrogen were highest in Bio L 212 Ratan and least in WBK-13-1. Amino acids were higher in Nirmal B-1 and WBK-13-1. Phenols were greatest in Nirmal B-1 and least in Bio L 212 Ratan and WBK-14-7. β-ODAP was higher in Bio L 212 Ratan and Nirmal B-1. The lower levels of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nitrogen, water content, and higher trypsin inhibitor activity of WBK-14-7 and WBK-13-1 may explain the higher developmental time and lower fecundity ofC. maculatuson these varieties. These results suggest that infestations ofC. maculatusmay be easier to manage on WBK-14-7 and WBK-13-1 than on the other varieties of khesari seeds.
Surgical Anatomy of Nasolacrimal Duct and Sac in Human Cadavers
Authors: Gupta Tulika , Sahni Suhalika S , Goyal Ruchi 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Surgical importance of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) for both otolaryngologists and ophthalmologists cannot be overemphasized. Injury to this structure can lead to iatrogenic epiphora, synechiae formation and need for secondary lacrimal diversion procedures.

Materials and methods
The present study was conducted on 27 mid-sagittal sections of head and neck of formalin fixed adult cadavers. The inferior opening of the NLD was identified and exposed. The duct and the lacrimal sac were dissected. Pertinent distances of the inferior opening of the NLD from the easily identifiable surgical landmarks were recorded, so as to accurately locate the inferior opening of the duct using a digital vernier calliper (accuracy 0.02 mm, Mitutoya, Japan). Various dimensions and angulation of the duct and lacrimal sac were measured.

Results
The average length of NLD was 11.42 ± 2.45 mm and it was making an angle of 20° with the vertical plane. The duct was narrowest in caliber in its upper 1/3rd in majority (82%) of the cases. The average diameter of the inferior opening of the NLD was 3.14 mm. In two cases (7.4%), the opening was only 1.8 mm wide. The mean distance of the inferior opening of the duct was 20.7 mm from the columella, 25.5 mm below the skull base and 16.5 mm above the hard palate. The average distance between the inferior opening of the NLD and anterior end of the inferior turbinate was 14.8 mm. The mean A-P diameter of superior opening of NLD was about 3 mm. The average length and width of nasolacrimal sac at its center was 6.95 and 3.24 mm respectively.

Conclusion
Detailed anatomical knowledge of the NLD is of great importance for safe and successful endonasal surgery. The present study attempts to provide useful surgical guidelines by using anatomic and positional relationships between the NLD and the major surrounding landmarks.

How to cite this article
Sahni SS, Goyal R, Gupta T, Gupta AK. Surgical Anatomy of Nasolacrimal Duct and Sac in Human Cadavers. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(3):91-95.
Efficacy of Mitomycin-C for Prevention of Adhesion Formation after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Cases of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Prospective Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Harugop Anilkumar Suryadev , Mudhol Ramesh , Nargund Amit , Hugar Shailaja , Kapoor Amrit , Shetty Rohan 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective
To determine whether topical application of mitomycin- C at the conclusion of FESS decreases the incidence of postoperative adhesion formation.

Study design
Prospective cross-sectional study.

Materials and methods
Between June 2011 and June 2013, 42 patients (65 sides) aged between 16 and 66 years diagnosed to have chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) underwent FESS. At the conclusion of the ESS, cotton ribbon wick soaked with 1 ml mitomycin-C (0.4 mg/ml) was placed in right/left/ both middle meati, near the widened sinus ostia for a period of 4 minutes. Following application, nasal cavity was irrigated with sterile normal saline. Patients were examined weekly for 1 month after surgery. Additional examinations were done at the end of 2nd and 3rd months postoperatively. At the end of 3 months follow-up, the outcome was assessed subjectively by symptoms and objectively by endoscopic findings.

Results
At the end of 3 months follow-up, a significant decrease (80%) in symptom scores was observed (6.64 ± 1.80, p < 0.001). Similarly in sinonasal outcome test (SNOT) score we observed a significant reduction (71%) in scores (17.76 ± 8.17, p < 0.001) and 3.1% cases showed adhesions.

Conclusion
CRS patients have remarkable improvement in their symptoms after FESS. Topical application of mitomycin-C at the conclusion of FESS/ESS has a role in prevention of adhesion formation.

How to cite this article
Harugop AS, Mudhol R, Nargund A, Hugar S, Kapoor A, Shetty R. Efficacy of Mitomycin-C for Prevention of Adhesion Formation after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Cases of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Prospective Cross-sectional Study. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(3):100-104.
Foreign Body Ethmoid: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Gulati Ankit , Malik Priya , Virk Shehbaaz Singh 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
A patient with 8 cm long penetrating wooden foreign body in the left ethmoid which was lying along the long-axis of ethmoid is presented. It was successfully managed. Investigation and management strategy is discussed.

How to cite this article
Kakkar V, Virk SS, Sharma C, Malik P, Bishnoi S, Gulati A. Foreign Body Ethmoid: An Unusual Presentation. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(3):130-131.
Definitions and Concepts on Keratoconus and Ectatic Corneal Diseases: Panamerican Delphi Consensus — A Pilot for the Global Consensus on Ectasias
Authors: Perez Victor L , Abad Juan Carlos , Gomes José Alvaro P 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To establish consensus on definitions and concepts of keratoconus and ectatic corneal diseases by using Delphi approach.

Materials and methods
Seventeen Latin American experts on keratoconus and ectatic corneal diseases participated in a 3-round Delphi panel approach. A web-based 12 question survey was answered by panelists in two rounds, followed by life discussion meeting. A two-third majority strategy was defined as a consensus.

Results
Corneal ectatic diseases were defined as progressive thinning conditions without acute stromal inflammation, and were classified as keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD), keratoglobus, and ectasia after trauma or surgery. The pattern of thinning was considered the main aspect for the classification of ectatic diseases, but criteria for staging the disease needs to be improved. Corneal tomography with 3D reconstruction, distinguished from Placido-disk based front surface topography was elected as the diagnostic procedure currently capable of detecting the earliest clinical ectatic changes. Biomechanical alterations were considered to be the first event for ectasia development. Eye rubbing was directly related to the development and progression of ectasia. Inflammation was considered as a possible event on the physiopathology. Keratoconus was considered as a bilateral disease, with often asymmetric presentation, while ectasia may occur unilaterally if there is significant corneal insult, leading to biomechanical failure. No consensus was achieved for the definitions on forme fruste keratoconus (FFKC).

Conclusion
Consensus was achieved on definitions of corneal ectatic diseases. Disease staging, including criteria for FFKC or subclinical ectasia remains controversial. A larger consensus including experts from different groups around the world is needed.

How to cite this article
Ambrósio RJr, Belin MW, Perez VL, Abad JC, Gomes JAP. Definitions and Concepts on Keratoconus and Ectatic Corneal Diseases: Panamerican Delphi Consensus — A Pilot for the Global Consensus on Ectasias. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2014;3(3):99-106.
Eye Rubbing and Keratoconus: A Literature Review
Authors: Hawkes Elizabeth , Nanavaty Mayank A 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Keratoconus is a progressive corneal ectactic condition that can lead to visual loss. Despite being the most common cause for keratoplasty in the developed world the aetiology is unknown. It is thought to be multifactorial, with genetic and environmental factors implicated. The association of eye rubbing and pathogenesis of keratoconus has been well documented. In this review, we collate the existing literature and summarize the current knowledge of the role of eye rubbing in the pathogenesis of keratoconus.

How to cite this article
Hawkes E, Nanavaty MA. Eye Rubbing and Keratoconus: A Literature Review. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2014;3(3):118-121.
Characteristics of low‐latitude TEC during solar cycles 23 and 24 using global ionospheric maps (GIMs) over Indian sector
Authors: Dashora N. , Suresh Sunanda 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe characteristics of quiet time equatorial and low‐latitude total electron content over the Indian sector using global ionospheric map (GIM) data (1998–2014) are obtained filtering out the solar flare and storm effects. The results are examined and interpreted in the context of large number of previous studies. The newly found features from this study are as follows. Marked difference in nature of equinoctial asymmetry is noted between solar cycles 23 and 24. Long absence of winter anomaly both during low and high solar activity (HSA) in LL (low‐latitude) regions is found. Climatology of the diurnal cycle is provided in four categories using new criteria for demarcation of solar activity levels. Highest correlation (~77%) between GIM ionospheric electron content (IEC) and PI (solar EUV proxy index) is noted over equator in contrast to previous studies. The minimum positive contribution of PI in variation of IEC requires minimum of 2 years of data, and if more than 7–8 years of data are used, it saturates. Root‐mean‐square width of PI can be used to define the HSA. Strong QBO (quasi‐biennial oscillations) in IEC is noted in tune with the one in PI over both LL locations but QBO remains surprisingly subdued over equator. The semiannual oscillations in GIM‐IEC are found to be stronger at all locations during high solar activity and weaker between 2005 and 2011, whereas the annual oscillations are found to be substantially stronger only during HSA‐23 and weakest over southern LL location throughout 17 years.
Role of circulation scales and water mass distributions on larval fish habitats in the Eastern Tropical Pacific off Mexico
Authors: León‐Chávez Cristina A. , Beier Emilio , Sánchez‐Velasco Laura , Barton Eric Desmond , Godínez Victor M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOn the basis of five oceanographic cruises carried out in the Eastern Tropical Pacific off Mexico, relationships between the larval fish habitats (areas inhabited by larval fish assemblages) and the environmental circulation scales (mesoscale, seasonal, and interannual) were examined. Analysis of in situ data over a grid of hydrographic stations and oblique zooplankton hauls with bongo net (505 µm) was combined with orthogonal robust functions decomposition applied to altimetry anomalies obtained from satellite. During both cool (March and June) and warm (August and November) periods, Bray‐Curtis dissimilarity Index defined three recurrent larval fish habitats which varied in species composition and extent as a function of the environmental scales. The variability of the Tropical larval fish habitat (characterized by high species richness, and dominated by Vinciguerria lucetia, Diogenichthys laternatus, and Diaphus pacificus) was associated with the seasonal changes. The Transitional‐California Current larval fish habitat (dominated by V. lucetia and D. laternatus, with lower mean abundance and lower species richness than in the Tropical habitat) and Coastal‐and‐Upwelling larval fish habitat (dominated by Bregmaceros bathymaster) was associated mainly with mesoscale activity induced by eddies and with coastal upwelling. During February 2010, the Tropical larval fish habitat predominated offshore and the Transitional‐California Current larval fish habitat was not present, which we attribute to the effect of El Niño conditions. Thus, the mesoscale, seasonal, and interannual environmental scales affect the composition and extension of larval fish habitats.
Long‐term observations of North Atlantic Current transport at the gateway between western and eastern Atlantic
Authors: Roessler Achim , Rhein Monika , Kieke Dagmar , Mertens Christian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the western North Atlantic, warm and saline water is brought by the North Atlantic Current (NAC) from the subtropics into the subpolar gyre. Four inverted echo sounders with high precision pressure sensors (PIES) were moored between 47°40′N and 52°30′N to study the main pathways of the NAC from the western into the eastern basin. The array configuration that forms three segments (northern, central, and southern) allows partitioning of the NAC and some assessment of NAC flow paths through the different Mid‐Atlantic Ridge fracture zones. We exploit the correlation between the NAC transport measured between 2006 and 2010 and the geostrophic velocity from altimeter data to extend the time series of NAC transports to the period from 1992 to 2013. The mean NAC transport over the entire 21 years is 27 ± 5 Sv, consisting of 60% warm water of subtropical origin and 40% subpolar water. We did not find a significant trend in the total transport time series, but individual segments had opposing trends, leading to a more focused NAC in the central subsection and decreasing transports in the southern and northern segments. The spectral analysis exhibits several significant peaks. The two most prominent are around 120 days, identified as the time scale of meanders and eddies, and at 4–9 years, most likely related to the NAO. Transport composites for the years of highest and lowest NAO indices showed a significantly higher transport (+2.9 Sv) during strong NAO years, mainly in the southern segment.
Magnetic flux circulation in the rotationally driven giant magnetospheres
Authors: Delamere P. A. , Otto A. , Ma X. , Bagenal F. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe giant‐planet magnetodiscs are shaped by the radial transport of plasma originating in the inner magnetosphere. Magnetic flux transport is a key aspect of the stretched magnetic field configuration of the magnetodisc. While net mass transport is outward (ultimately lost to the solar wind), magnetic flux conservation requires a balanced two‐way transport process. Magnetic reconnection is a critical aspect of the balanced flux transport. We present a comprehensive analysis of current sheet crossings in Saturn's magnetosphere using Cassini magnetometer data from 2004 to 2012 in an attempt to quantify the circulation of magnetic flux, emphasizing local time dependence. A key property of flux transport is the azimuthal bend forward or bend back of the magnetic field. The bend back configuration is an expected property of the magnetodisc with net mass outflow, but the bend forward configuration can be achieved with the rapid inward motion of mostly empty flux tubes following reconnection. We find a strong local time dependence for the bend forward cases, localized mostly in the postnoon sector, indicating that much of the flux‐conserving reconnection occurs in the subsolar and dusk sector. We suggest that the reconnection occur in a complex and patchy network of reconnection sites, supporting the idea that plasma can be lost on small scales through a “drizzle”‐like process. Auroral implications for the observed flux circulation will also be presented.
Comprehensive analysis of the flux dropout during 7–8 November 2008 storm using multisatellite observations and RBE model
Authors: Hwang J. , Choi E.‐J. , Park J.‐S. , Fok M.‐C. , Lee D.‐Y. , Kim K.‐C. , Shin D.‐K. , Usanova M. E. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigate an electron flux dropout during a weak storm on 7–8 November 2008, with Dst minimum value being −37 nT. During this period, two clear dropouts were observed on GOES 11 > 2 MeV electrons. We also find a simultaneous dropout in the subrelativistic electrons recorded by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms probes in the outer radiation belt. Using the Radiation Belt Environment model, we try to reproduce the observed dropout features in both relativistic and subrelativistic electrons. We found that there are local time dependences in the dropout for both observation and simulation in subrelativistic electrons: (1) particle loss begins from nightside and propagates into dayside and (2) resupply starts from near dawn magnetic local time and propagates into the dayside following electron drift direction. That resupply of the particles might be caused by substorm injections due to enhanced convection. We found a significant precipitation in hundreds keV electrons during the dropout. We observe electromagnetic ion cyclotron and chorus waves both on the ground and in space. We find the drift shells are opened near the beginning of the first dropout. The dropout in MeV electrons at GEO might therefore be initiated due to the magnetopause shadowing, and the followed dropout in hundreds keV electrons might be the result of the combination of magnetopause shadowing and precipitation loss into the Earth's atmosphere.
Statistical characteristics of EMIC waves: Van Allen Probe observations
Authors: Wang Dedong , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Deng Xiaohua , Zhou Meng , Huang Shiyong , Li Haimeng , Wang Zhenzhen , Qiao Zheng , Kletzing C. A. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUtilizing the data from the magnetometer instrument which is a part of the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science instrument suite on board the Van Allen Probe A from September 2012 to April 2014, when the apogee of the satellite has passed all the magnetic local time (MLT) sectors, we obtain the statistical distribution characteristics of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the inner magnetosphere over all magnetic local times from L = 3 to L = 6. Compared with the previous statistical results about EMIC waves, the occurrence rates of EMIC waves distribute relatively uniform in the MLT sectors in lower L shells. On the other hand, in higher L shells, there are indeed some peaks of the occurrence rate for the EMIC waves, especially in the noon, dusk, and night sectors. EMIC waves appear at lower L shells in the dawn sector than in other sectors. In the lower L shells (L < 4), the occurrence rates of EMIC waves are significant in the dawn sector. This phenomenon may result from the distribution characteristics of the plasmasphere. The location of the plasmapause is usually lower in the dawn sector than that in other sectors, and the plasmapause is considered to be the favored region for the generation of EMIC waves. In higher L shells (L > 4) the occurrence rates of EMIC waves are most significant in the dusk sector, implying the important role of the plasmapause or plasmaspheric plume in generating EMIC waves. We have also investigated the distribution characteristics of the hydrogen band and the helium band EMIC waves. Surprisingly, in the inner magnetosphere, the hydrogen band EMIC waves occur more frequently than the helium band EMIC waves. Both of them have peaks of occurrence rate in noon, dusk, and night sectors, and the hydrogen band EMIC waves have more obvious peaks than the helium band EMIC waves in the night sector, while the helium band EMIC waves are more concentrated than the hydrogen band EMIC waves in the dusk sector. Both of them occur significantly in the noon sector, which implies the important role of the solar wind dynamic pressure.