bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal-Foam-Supported Pd/Al2O3 Catalysts for Catalytic Combustion of Methane: Effect of Interaction between Support and Catalyst
Authors: Yang Haobo , Li Jichao , Yu Hao , Peng Feng , Wang Hongjuan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Structured Pd/Al2O3 catalysts were fabricated by impregnating Pd onto Ni and Cu foams coated with Al2O3 layers. By testing the adhesion stability and catalytic activity in the combustion of methane, the superior performance of Ni-foam-supported Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was demonstrated, to its counterpart powder catalysts. The resultant structured catalysts enable the fabrication of lamellar microreactor systems. It is found that the metal foams influence the activity of catalyst layer, due to the diffusive penetration of metallic atoms into catalysts from metal foams. The Ni foam is beneficial for enhancing the activity of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, while the Cu foam plays a negative role. The investigation to the model powder catalysts doped with Ni and Cu verified the modification of Ni and Cu to the physicochemical properties of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, thereby the catalytic performances. Thus, it can be expected that the performance of structured catalysts may be improved by rationally designing and selecting proper supports.
Effect of Vacuum Soaking on the Properties of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Xiao Gongnian , Gong Jinyan , Ge Qing , You Yuru 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The water absorption of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) during soaking is directly related to their textural characteristics and grinding properties during processing. In this study, we determined the effects of vacuum soaking on the absorption of water and salt solutions by soybeans. We also analyzed the textural characteristics and grinding properties of soybeans soaked under atmospheric and vacuum pressures (0.02–0.08 MPa) for 8 and 16 h. The results showed that vacuum soaking promoted the absorption of water and NaHCO3 solution. Vacuum soaking also decreased the hardness of soybeans. Soaking under vacuum significantly shortened the soaking time required for soybeans. Additionally, the protein content was higher in soymilk made from vacuum-soaked soybeans than in soymilk made from soybeans soaked under atmospheric pressure.
Foam-Mat Drying of Muskmelon
Authors: Sangamithra A. , Sivakumar V. , Kannan K. , John Swamy Gabriela 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Box–Behnken design of experiments under response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the foaming process for the development of foam mat-dried muskmelon powder. The independent variables were the concentration of egg albumen (EA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and whipping time (WT). The responses were foam density, foam drainage volume and foam expansion. The optimum conditions for foaming process were EA (11.59% w/w), CMC (0.59% w/w) and WT (3.97 min). The unfoamed muskmelon pulp took longer time to dry to the final moisture content of 2% d.b than foamed pulp. The effective diffusivity for the foamed muskmelon pulp was found to be higher than the unfoamed pulp. The unfoamed pulp resulted in a sticky and dark colored powder, whereas the foamed pulp had a free-flowing and light colored powder. The flaky and porous foam-dried product can be used as an ingredient in broad range of food products.
Formulation Development of Multilayered Fish Oil Emulsion by using Electrostatic Deposition of Charged Biopolymers
Authors: Jo Yeon-Ji , Chun Ji-Yeon , Kwon Yun-Joong , Min Sang-Gi , Choi Mi-Jung 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Multilayered fish oil (FO) emulsions were manufactured by using the layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition method to improve the physical or oxidation stability. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon oil) was added into the emulsion system because it can mask fishy flavors and functions as an antioxidant. To develop the FO emulsion formulation, the composition of emulsifier and biopolymer for stable FO emulsions was determined by using the modified critical micelle concentration principle. In our study, the selected concentrations of coating materials were 1.25% Tween 20 (primary layer), 0.1% chitosan (secondary layer), and 0.2% low methoxyl pectin (tertiary layer). All FO emulsions were physically stable resulting in small particles below 300 nm with a narrow size distribution. Furthermore, the oxidation stability of multilayered FO emulsions decreased with decreasing number of membrane layers because FO was released from layered emulsions. However, trans-cinnamaldehyde had no antioxidant effect on FO emulsions. These data suggest that although cinnamon oil has no effect on the oxidation stability, the physical and oxidation stability of FO can be improved by using multilayered emulsions containing Tween 20, chitosan, and low methoxyl pectin.
Photochemically induced radical reactions with furanones
Authors: Oelgemöller Michael , Hoffmann Norbert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRadicals are easily generatedviahydrogen transfer form secondary alcohols or tertiary amines using photochemical sensitization with ketones. They can subsequently add to the electron deficient double bond of furanones. The addition of the alcohols is particularly efficient. Therefore, this reaction was used to characterize and to compare the efficiency of different photochemical continuous flow microreactors. A range of micro-structured reactors were tested and their performances evaluated. The enclosed microchip enabled high space-time-yields but its microscopic dimensions limited its productivity. In contrast, the open microcapillary model showed a greater potential for scale-up and reactor optimization. A 10-microcapillary reactor was therefore constructed and utilized for typical R&D applications. Compared to the corresponding batch processes, the microreactor systems gave faster conversions, improved product qualities and higher yields. Similar reactions have also been carried out with electronically excited furanones and other α,β-unsaturated ketones. In this case, hydrogen is transferred directly to the excited olefin. This reaction part may occur either in one step, i.e., electron and proton are transferred simultaneously, or it may occur in two steps, i.e., the electron is transferred first and the proton follows. In the first case, a C–C bond is formed in the α position of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and in the second case this bond is formed in the β position. For the first reaction, the influence of stereochemical elements of the substrate on the regioselectivity of the hydrogen abstraction on the side chain has been studied.
Investigation of nucleation and growth phenomena during the thermal and light induced spin transition in the [Fe(1-bpp)2][BF4]2 complex
Authors: Rat Sylvain , Sánchez Costa José , Bedoui Salma , Nicolazzi William , Molnár Gábor , Salmon Lionel , Bousseksou Azzedine 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Optical microscopy measurements have been realized on single crystals of the [Fe(1-bpp)2][BF4]2 complex (1-bpp=2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine). The thermal spin transition around 253 K occurs by a heterogeneous nucleation and growth mechanism and involves a clear phase separation and a small hysteresis. This very abrupt and complete thermal transition is preceded by a premonitory spin conversion, which implies only a small fraction (ca. 2–3 %) of the molecules. This peculiar behavior may be the sign of heterophase fluctuations. The light-induced spin transition from the stable low spin (LS) to the metastable high spin (HS) phase was achieved at 80 K by focusing laser light into a small volume fraction of the crystal. Under continuous irradiation this photo-converted HS “nucleus” then grows and the whole crystal converts to the HS phase providing evidence for a light-induced instability in the system due to long-range elastic interactions. The relaxation of the light-induced metastable HS phase at 83 K follows a sigmoidal decay – typical of cooperative spin crossover systems. Nevertheless the spatial development of this relaxation process appears very homogeneous and no phase separation could be detected within the resolution of the optical microscope.
Advances in Anticancer Immunotoxin Therapy
Authors: Alewine Christine , Hassan Raffit , Pastan Ira 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Immunotoxins are a novel class of antibody-conjugated therapeutics currently in clinical development for a variety of malignancies. They consist of an antibody-based targeting domain fused to a bacterial toxin payload for cell killing. Immunotoxins kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis, a unique mechanism of action that is toxic to both dividing and nondividing cells. Recent advances in the design and administration of immunotoxins are overcoming historical challenges in the field, leading to renewed interest in these therapeutics.
Kinetic Modelling of the In-Situ Combustion Process for Athabasca Oil Sands
Authors: Guindon Leah 
Published: January 2015

The objective of this study was to develop reaction-kinetics models that can be used to describe the reactions of hydrocarbon fractions at various temperature conditions during the in-situ combustion (ISC) of Athabasca bitumen. In this work, a set of improved kinetic models—including low-temperature-oxidation (LTO), middle-temperature-oxidation (MTO), and high-temperature-oxidation (HTO) reactions—based on saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) fractions in the crude oil are established. These kinetic models are used to reproduce the ramped-temperature-oxidation (RTO) experimental results through numerical simulation.
Novel Pressure-Temperature BH Gauge for Hydraulic Fracturing Characterization… The key to Enhance Well Production in Complex Tight Reservoirs. Case Studies in Mexico
Authors: Gutierrez-Murillo G. , Reyes J.M. , Pena M. , Lopez-de-Cardenas J.E. , Maniere J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Propped hydraulic fractures are key to producing tight reservoirs, and knowledge of fracture geometry is fundamental for a proper field development plan. To this end, hydraulic fracture propagation characterization in tight gas reservoirs, pioneered by Amoco during the 1980s, is obtained by combining a dynamic closure test, fracture height determination, and pumping net pressure behavior. The result provides an estimated propped fracture geometry that can then be compared with pressure or rate transient analysis to validate the effective propped geometry.
Although surface pressure is generally sufficient to establish bottomhole (BH) pressure decline behavior by correcting for a constant hydrostatic pressure, the inherent uncertainty of friction pressure of crosslinked gel in the tubular does not establish the correct pumping net pressure trend. BH sensor pressure recordings are operationally simple and inexpensive when a fracturing string is required and recovered after the operation (frac-pack operation, well with mechanical pump), but that is not the case with casing fracturing. To remediate this, a high-speed, high-accuracy, and miniaturized BH pressure and temperature sensor, based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), was developed under a project funded by the Mexican Secretary of Energy and combined with an economical and practical way to deploy a BH sensor hung from a slickline or wireline cable thereby enabling pressure recording during the entire operation including, the main proppant fracturing (patent pending).
This paper presents the results and analysis of two case studies in Mexico where BH pressure and temperature were recorded with this novel sensor. Both jobs were conducted in vertical wells in tight sandstones. In the first field-test job, a post-fracture wellbore propped height determination using dipole sonic logs and radioactive tracer were used. In addition, the entire operation was monitored with microseismic monitoring. The results of these three measurements enabled validating the fracturing model for an increased confidence for field development. In the second field-test job, the BH gauges enabled visualization of the different events that occurred when proppant of different mesh sizes was used during the treatment, containing the fracture eliminating premature screenouts.
Only direct measurement of the fracture behavior net pressure and its associated dimension allow the proper calibration of fracturing models required to correctly predict and optimize propped fracture and thus reduce the cost of hydrocarbons produced.
This information is property of PEMEX; partial or total use is strictly prohibited without authorization.
Appearance of European employment policy in the rural areas of Hungarian-Croatian border region
Authors: Tésits Róbert , Alpek B. Levente 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The study provides an insight into Interreg and IPA programs achieved so far, having significant impact on the labour market of rural areas. Another objective is the evaluation of the effects of labour market programs, with the help of the interviews with experts coordinating these programs. However, the Croatian- Hungarian cooperation was perfect, went smoothly, which is also due to the similar labour market problems of the cooperative areas. They fight with similar methods, even in the project reports, evaluations, and there are also similar results found. It has become clear that financial resource-intensive elements cooperation programs operated until they were financed. In these cases, the closing of them prevented sustainability. The non financing-intensive programs, especially if there is local demand that is not based on a faulty premise, and no fundamental changes have taken place, prove to be sustainable. The maintenance and expansion collaborations are important tasks after Croatia’s accession to the EU. Croatia, by taking its own path, but with the use of the Hungarian experience, can stabilize the labour market situation in the most underdeveloped areas.
Problems of functioning of Polish local action groups from the perspective of the social capital concept
Authors: Zajda Katarzyna 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The LEADER approach was introduced in Poland as part of the LEADER+ Pilot Programme (implemented in the programming period 2004-2006) and, at present, it is being implemented as Axis 4 of the Rural Development Programme. Many researchers are interested in its progress. In their analyses, they use various concepts of social capital. It may be concluded on the basis of the studies published so far that local action groups are dominated by the public sector, whereas the economic sector is rather marginalised. Having taken into account the available publications, a team of sociologists from the University of Łodź conducted in 2011-2013 research devoted to the level and structure of social capital of local action groups. The study focused on organisations from 6 voivodeships which implemented scheme 2 of the LEADER+ Pilot Programme. The article presents the analyses of the most important problems of these organisations related to the condition of the components of social capital possessed by their members (partners). The researchers used the material from individual surveys completed by 573 respondents from 34 local action groups. It was proven that the surveyed organisations mainly cope with the problem of a low activity level of their members (partners), petrification of their boards and councils, marginalisation of representatives of the economic sector, high level of professionalization and low level of generalised trust among the persons who belong to these groups.
Les hauts niveaux pleistocènes du Tuzgölü (lac Salé) en Anatolie centrale (Turquie)
Authors: Erol Oguz 
Published: January 2015

The pleistocene high levels of the Tuzgölü (the Salt Lake) in central Anatolia (Turkey).

The Tuzgölü (the Salt Lake) basin was covered with a relatively extensive freshwater lake, and erosional and depositional surfaces where surrounding it during the Miocene-Lower Pliocene. As a result of tectonic movements the central part of the basin was downfaulted and a smaller freshwater lake was formed during the Upper Pliocene. In the Quaternary the subsidence of the bottom of the basin was also continued, but this was very restricted in the central part of it. A slightly brakish-salty lake, which was larger than the recent one, was formed in this basin during the Pleistocene. The tectonically undisturbed coastline traces of this Pleistocene lake, are regularly seen at 1015, 980, 955-950, 940, 930, 920 and 915-912 meters all around the recent Salt Lake, the surface of which is 905 m high above the sea-level. These traces may indicate higher levels of the lake during the Pleistocene (relatively rainy and cooler) pluvial periods in a basin, the central part of which was slowly subsiding. Some ostracods found in deltaic sediments of the highest level (1015 m). They are species living in the waters of rivers and lakes colder than 12 °C, and they may indicate a fairly cooler climate.
On the basis of general geomorphological characteristics, the fossils, and the soils covering the terraces, it is possible to accept that the coastline traces higher than 940 m, that is 1015, 980, 955 m levels must have been formed before the last (Würm) pluvial period, and the first two of themmay belong to the Early Pleistocene (Günz ? and Mindel ?) and the 950 m level to the Riss ( ?) pluvials. Several coastline traces can be seen clearly in air-photos below the 940 m level down to 905 m. Six coastline traces at 940, 930, 920, 915, 912, 908 meters, among the others are more visible. The first two of them may belong to the last (Würm) pluvial, while the lower ones may have beenformed duringthe recessional phases of the lake since the beginning of the Holocene.
There are some indications that the lake might have been dried out during the interpluvial periods of the Pleistocene. If this is the case, one might expect some buried sait (and perhaps even potash) beds under the recent Salt Lake bottom.
Genetic diversity and population structure of wild/weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: Implications for conservation
Authors: Mutegi Evans , Snow Allison A. , Rajkumar Muthu , Pasquet Remy , Ponniah Hopeland , Daunay Marie‐Christine , Davidar Priya 
Published: January 2015

• Premise of the study: Crop wild relatives represent important genetic resources for crop improvement and the preservation of native biodiversity. Eggplant (Solanum melongena), known as brinjal in India, ranks high among crops whose wild gene pools are underrepresented in ex situ collections and warrant urgent conservation. Knowledge of outcrossing rates and patterns of genetic variation among wild populations can aid in designing strategies for both in situ and ex situ preservation.• Methods: We used 14 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) markers to examine genetic diversity, population structure, and outcrossing in 10 natural populations of wild/weedy eggplant (S. insanum = S. melongena var. insanum) and three cultivated populations in southern India.• Key results: Multilocus FST analyses revealed strong differentiation among populations and significant isolation by distance. Bayesian model‐based clustering, principal coordinate analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the wild/weedy populations into three major clusters, largely according to their geographic origin. The three crop populations were similar to each other and grouped with two wild/weedy populations that occurred nearby. Outcrossing rates among the wild/weedy populations ranged from 5–33%, indicating a variable mixed‐mating system.• Conclusion: Geographic isolation has played a significant role in shaping the contemporary patterns of genetic differentiation among these populations, many of which represent excellent candidates for in situ conservation. In two cases, close genetic affinity between cultivars and nearby wild/weedy populations suggests that gene flow has occurred between them. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating population‐level patterns of genetic diversity in wild relatives of eggplant.
The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India
Authors: Davidar Priya , Snow Allison A. , Rajkumar Muthu , Pasquet Remy , Daunay Marie‐Christine , Mutegi Evans 
Published: January 2015

• Premise of the study: In India and elsewhere, transgenic Bt eggplant (Solanum melongena) has been developed to reduce insect herbivore damage, but published studies of the potential for pollen‐mediated, crop‐ to‐ wild gene flow are scant. This information is useful for risk assessments as well as in situ conservation strategies for wild germplasm.• Methods: In 2010–2014, we surveyed 23 populations of wild/weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum; known as wild brinjal), carried out hand‐pollination experiments, and observed pollinators to assess the potential for crop‐ to‐ wild gene flow in southern India.• Key results: Wild brinjal is a spiny, low‐growing perennial commonly found in disturbed sites such as roadsides, wastelands, and sparsely vegetated areas near villages and agricultural fields. Fourteen of the 23 wild populations in our study occurred within 0.5 km of cultivated brinjal and at least nine flowered in synchrony with the crop. Hand crosses between wild and cultivated brinjal resulted in seed set and viable F1 progeny. Wild brinjal flowers that were bagged to exclude pollinators did not set fruit, and fruit set from manual self‐pollination was low. The exserted stigmas of wild brinjal are likely to promote outcrossing. The most effective pollinators appeared to be bees (Amegilla, Xylocopa, Nomia, and Heterotrigona spp.), which also were observed foraging for pollen on crop brinjal.• Conclusion: Our findings suggest that hybridization is possible between cultivated and wild brinjal in southern India. Thus, as part of the risk assessment process, we assume that transgenes from the crop could spread to wild brinjal populations that occur nearby.
Telaprevir Enhances Ribavirin-Induced Anaemia through Renal Function Impairment
Authors: Cotte Laurent , Barrail-Tran Aurélie , Vincent Corine , Valantin Marc-Antoine , Fournier Isabelle , Lacombe Karine , Chevaliez Stéphane , Aboulker Jean-Pierre , Taburet Anne-Marie , Molina Jean-Michel ,   the ANRS HC26 study group
Published: January 2015

Background Alterations in renal function have been described with telaprevir (TVR). We examined the relationship between ribavirin (RBV) trough concentration (C), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and severe anaemia, before and after TVR introduction in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients included in ANRS HC26 TelapreVIH study. Methods 69 HIV–HCV genotype-1 coinfected patients received 4 weeks of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-α2a/RBV, followed by 12 weeks of TVR/PEG-IFN/RBV, then 32 to 56 weeks of PEG-IFN/RBV. RBV C was determined at week (W)4, W8 and W20/24. eGFR was estimated by the Modification of the Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Severe anaemia was defined as haemoglobin <70 g/l, RBV dose reduction, prescription of erythropoietin or blood transfusion. Results 67 patients were analysed. eGFR remained normal between baseline (97.9 ml/min) and W4 (103.4 ml/min), declined to 86.3 ml/min at W8 ( P<0.0001), stabilized until W16 and increased back to baseline level at W20 (98.4 ml/min). RBV C increased from 1.88 mg/l at W4 to 2.88 mg/l at W8 ( P<0.0001), then decreased to 2.73 mg/l at week 20/24 ( P=0.015). An inverse correlation was observed between W8 eGFR and W8 RBV C (r2=0.429; P=0.0005). RBV C≥3 mg/l was observed in 12% of patients at W4, 45% at W8 ( P<0.0001) and 38% at W20/24 ( P=0.0005). Severe anaemia was observed in 23.9% of patients at W4 and 45.3% at W8. RBV C≥3 mg/l at W8 (OR 7.7 [95% CI 2.2, 27.4]) and baseline haemoglobin <150 g/l (OR 6.4 [1.7, 23.8]) were independently associated with W8 severe anaemia. Conclusions Association of TVR to PEG-IFN/RBV was associated with a decrease in eGFR and increase in RBV C, leading to severe anaemia in 45% of patients.