bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Most Powerful Antioxidants to Prevent Cancers: Prevention is Better than Cure
Authors: Kumar Anand , Khanna Ruchika , Srivastava Ram K , Ali Iqbal , Wadhwani Puneet , Ali Mariyam Iqbal 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Cancer is a state of disorders marked by out-of-control cell magnification. There are various types of cancer, and each is relegated by the type of cell that is initially concerned. Now a day's sundry treatment modalities for cancer is available, but at the last it is still a well verbally revealed that obviation is more preponderant than remedy. An anticancer nutritional therapy is an influential approach that one can use to subdue peril of cancer. Researches and numerous studies have significantly witnessed some of finest antioxidants which can be considered to obviate and even to remedy cancer at some extent. Researchers have shown that cancer is a deficiency disease provoked by lack of essential food compounds in modern's man diet. The intent of this is to explain that this human disaster can be stopped or impede existing on the basis of scientific knowledge.

How to cite this article
Kumar A, Khanna R, Srivastava RK, Ali I, Wadhwani P, Ali MI. Most Powerful Antioxidants to Prevent Cancers: Prevention is Better than Cure. World J Dent 2014;5(4):229-231.
The HIV care cascade: models, measures and moving forward
Authors: MacCarthy Sarah , Hoffmann Michael , Ferguson Laura , Nunn Amy , Irvin Risha , Bangsberg David , Gruskin Sofia , Dourado Ines 
Published: March 2015

IntroductionThis article seeks to identify where delays occur along the adult HIV care cascade (“the cascade”), to improve understanding of what constitutes “delay” at each stage of the cascade and how this can be measured across a range of settings and to inform service delivery efforts. Current metrics are reviewed, measures informed by global guidelines are suggested and areas for further clarification are underscored.DiscussionQuestions remain on how best to evaluate late entry into each stage of the cascade. The delayed uptake of HIV testing may be more consistently measured once rapid CD4 testing is administered at the time of HIV testing. For late enrolment, preliminary research has begun to determine how different time intervals for linking to HIV care affect individual health. Regarding treatment, since 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS recommend treatment initiation when CD4 <500 cells/mm3; these guidelines provide a useful albeit evolving threshold to define late treatment initiation. Finally, WHO guidelines for high‐, low‐ and middle‐income countries also could be used to standardize measures for achieving viral suppression.ConclusionsThere is no “one size fits all” model as the provision of services may differ based on a range of factors. Nonetheless, measures informed by global guidelines are needed to more consistently evaluate the scope of and factors associated with delays to each stage of the cascade. Doing so will help identify how practitioners can best deliver services and facilitate access to and continued engagement in care.
Isolation of Integrin‐Based Adhesion Complexes
Authors: Jones Matthew C. , Humphries Jonathan D. , Byron Adam , Millon‐Frémillon Angélique , Robertson Joseph , Paul Nikki R. , Ng Daniel H. J. , Askari Janet A. , Humphries Martin J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe integration of cells with their extracellular environment is facilitated by cell surface adhesion receptors, such as integrins, which play important roles in both normal development and the onset of pathologies. Engagement of integrins with their ligands in the extracellular matrix, or counter‐receptors on other cells, initiates the intracellular assembly of a wide variety of proteins into adhesion complexes such as focal contacts, focal adhesions, and fibrillar adhesions. The proteins recruited to these complexes mediate bidirectional signaling across the plasma membrane, and, as such, help to coordinate and/or modulate the multitude of physical and chemical signals to which the cell is subjected. The protocols in this unit describe two approaches for the isolation or enrichment of proteins contained within integrin‐associated adhesion complexes, together with their local plasma membrane/cytosolic environments, from cells in culture. In the first protocol, integrin‐associated adhesion structures are affinity isolated using microbeads coated with extracellular ligands or antibodies. The second protocol describes the isolation of ventral membrane preparations that are enriched for adhesion complex structures. The protocols permit the determination of adhesion complex components via subsequent downstream analysis by western blotting or mass spectrometry. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evidence of the formation of noctilucent clouds due to propagation of an isolated gravity wave caused by a tropospheric occluded front
Authors: Dalin P. , Pogoreltsev A. , Pertsev N. , Perminov V. , Shevchuk N. , Dubietis A. , Zalcik M. , Kulikov S. , Zadorozhny A. , Kudabayeva D. , Solodovnik A. , Salakhutdinov G. , Grigoryeva I. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe consider a unique case of a propagating internal gravity wave that has generated in situ a compact and thin layer of noctilucent clouds (NLC) at 82.7–85.2 km with a characteristic horizontal scale of 65–70 km, as observed in the Moscow region on the night of 18–19 July 2013. This particular transient isolated gravity wave together with the whole NLC layer suddenly appeared in the clear twilight sky and lasted about 1 h traveling eastward, which differs significantly from previously observed cases of gravity waves propagating through preexisting NLC layers. Our model studies demonstrate that the wave had a tropospheric source connected to the passage of an occluded front. The wave was likely generated due to strong horizontal wind shears at about 5 km altitude.
On the latitudinal distribution of mesospheric temperatures during sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: Singh Ravindra P. , Pallamraju Duggirala 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMesospheric rotational temperatures from O2(0‐1) and OH(6‐2) band nightglow emissions that originate from 94 and 87 km altitudes, respectively, were obtained from a low‐latitude location, Mount Abu (24.6°N, 72.8°E), in India using a high spectral resolution grating spectrograph, which showed significant enhancements during the major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event of January 2013. To investigate the relationship of these enhancements in the context of SSW occurrences, a detailed study was carried out for 11 SSW events that occurred during 2004–2013 using SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) data. In addition to SABER, Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System and Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment mesospheric temperatures were also used which showed similar latitudinal behavior as obtained by SABER. The longitudinal mean mesospheric temperatures at different latitudes of Northern and Southern Hemispheres have been derived. It is found that during SSW events the well‐known mesospheric cooling over the Northern Hemispheric high latitudes turns to heating over midlatitudes and then reverts to cooling closer to equatorial regions. This trend continues into the Southern Hemisphere as well. These variations in the mesospheric temperatures at different latitudes have been characterized based on northern hemispheric stratospheric temperature enhancements at high latitudes during SSW periods. In comparison with the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere‐86‐derived temperatures, the SABER temperatures show an increase/decrease in Southern/Northern Hemisphere. Such a characterization in mesospheric temperatures with respect to latitudes reveals a hitherto unknown intriguing nature of the latitudinal coupling in the mesosphere that gets set up during the SSW events.
On the local Hurst exponent of geomagnetic field fluctuations: Spatial distribution for different geomagnetic activity levels
Authors: Michelis Paola De , Consolini Giuseppe 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study attempts to characterize the spatial distribution of the scaling features of the short time scale magnetic field fluctuations obtained from 45 ground‐based geomagnetic observatories distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. We investigate the changes of the scaling properties of the geomagnetic field fluctuations by evaluating the local Hurst exponent and reconstruct maps of this index as a function of the geomagnetic activity level. These maps permit us to localize the different latitudinal structures responsible for disturbances and related to the ionospheric current systems. We find that the geomagnetic field fluctuations associated with the different ionospheric current systems have different scaling features, which can be evidenced by the local Hurst exponent. We also find that in general, the local Hurst exponent for quiet magnetospheric periods is higher than that for more active periods suggesting that the dynamical processes that are activated during disturbed times are responsible for changes in the nature of the geomagnetic field fluctuations.
Magnetosphere‐ionosphere mapping at Jupiter: Quantifying the effects of using different internal field models
Authors: Vogt Marissa F. , Bunce Emma J. , Kivelson Margaret G. , Khurana Krishan K. , Walker Raymond J. , Radioti Aikaterini , Bonfond Bertrand , Grodent Denis 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe lack of global field models accurate beyond the inner magnetosphere (<30 RJ) makes it difficult to relate Jupiter's polar auroral features to magnetospheric source regions. We recently developed a model that maps Jupiter's equatorial magnetosphere to the ionosphere using a flux equivalence calculation that requires equal flux at the equatorial and ionospheric ends of flux tubes. This approach is more accurate than tracing field lines in a global field model but only if it is based on an accurate model of Jupiter's internal field. At present there are three widely used internal field models—Voyager Io Pioneer 4 (VIP4), the Grodent Anomaly Model (GAM), and VIP Anomaly Longitude (VIPAL). The purpose of this study is to quantify how the choice of an internal field model affects the mapping of various auroral features using the flux equivalence calculation. We find that different internal field models can shift the ionospheric mapping of points in the equatorial plane by several degrees and shift the magnetospheric mapping to the equator by ~30 RJ radially and by less than 1 h in local time. These shifts are consistent with differences in how well each model maps the Ganymede footprint, underscoring the need for more accurate Jovian internal field models. We discuss differences in the mapping of specific auroral features and the size and location of the open/closed field line boundary. Understanding these differences is important for the continued analysis of Hubble Space Telescope images and in planning for Juno's arrival at Jupiter in 2016.
A statistical study into the spatial distribution and dawn‐dusk asymmetry of dayside magnetosheath ion temperatures as a function of upstream solar wind conditions
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Nykyri K. , Karimabadi H. , Osmane A. , Pulkkinen T. I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe magnetosheath contains the shocked solar wind and behaves as a natural filter to the solar wind plasma before it reaches the magnetosphere. The redistribution of kinetic energy at the bow shock results in significant thermalization of the solar wind plasma, resulting in a magnetosheath temperature profile which is highly nonhomogeneous and nonisotropic and differs between the dawn and dusk flanks. The present study attempts to study the spatial distribution of magnetosheath ion temperature as a function of upstream solar wind conditions. We pay particular attention to the dawn/dusk asymmetry in which we attempt to quantify using experimental data collected over a 7 year period. We also compare these data to simulated data from both the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme (BATS‐R‐US) MHD code and a kinetic hybrid model. We present evidence that the dawn flank is consistently hotter than the dusk flank for a variety of upstream conditions. Our statistical data also suggest a dependency on solar wind speed such that the level of asymmetry increases with faster speeds. We conclude that the dawn‐favored asymmetry of the magnetosheath seed population is insufficient to explain the dawn asymmetry (30–40%) of cold component ions in the cold, dense plasma sheet, and therefore, other mechanisms are likely required.
Argo data assimilation and its effect on climate state estimation and forecasting in the western North Pacific using a coupled model
Authors: Nishikawa Shiro , Ishikawa Yoichi , Masuda Shuhei , Hiyoshi Yoshihisa , Sasaki Yuji , Igarashi Hiromichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effects of ocean subsurface data (Argo data) on climate state estimation and forecasting, focusing on the reproduction of North Pacific subtropical mode water (STMW) using a four‐dimensional variational data assimilation system with a coupled model. We produced two reanalysis plus forecast data sets for the ocean and atmosphere in 2010 using a 3 month assimilation period: the first including Argo data (Argo case) and the second did not include Argo data (control case). In the control case, the Kuroshio, Kuroshio Extension front, and recirculation gyres along the front were not adequately reproduced. Consequently, there were large biases in temperature and salinity in the western North Pacific. The assimilation of Argo data effectively corrected these biases and significantly improved reproduction of the Kuroshio fronts and recirculation gyres, resulting in a more realistic reproduction of the winter mixed layer and STMW. The correction of these biases is critical to the 1–3 year predictions of the STMW core properties, and the assimilation of Argo data enables prediction of these properties for more than a year. We showed that assimilation of Argo data affects the surface atmospheric temperature above the STMW formation region.
Airborne measurements of organosulfates over the continental U.S.
Authors: Liao Jin , Froyd Karl D. , Murphy Daniel M. , Keutsch Frank N. , Yu Ge , Wennberg Paul O. , St. Clair Jason M. , Crounse John D. , Wisthaler Armin , Mikoviny Tomas , Jimenez Jose L. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Day Douglas A. , Hu Weiwei , Ryerson Thomas B. , Pollack Ilana B. , Peischl Jeff , Anderson Bruce E. , Ziemba Luke D. , Blake Donald R. , Meinardi Simone , Diskin Glenn 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOrganosulfates are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components and good tracers for aerosol heterogeneous reactions. However, the knowledge of their spatial distribution, formation conditions, and environmental impact is limited. In this study, we report two organosulfates, an isoprene‐derived isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) (2,3‐epoxy‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐butanediol) sulfate and a glycolic acid (GA) sulfate, measured using the NOAA Particle Analysis Laser Mass Spectrometer (PALMS) on board the NASA DC8 aircraft over the continental U.S. during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) and the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS). During these campaigns, IEPOX sulfate was estimated to account for 1.4% of submicron aerosol mass (or 2.2% of organic aerosol mass) on average near the ground in the southeast U.S., with lower concentrations in the western U.S. (0.2–0.4%) and at high altitudes (<0.2%). Compared to IEPOX sulfate, GA sulfate was more uniformly distributed, accounting for about 0.5% aerosol mass on average, and may be more abundant globally. A number of other organosulfates were detected; none were as abundant as these two. Ambient measurements confirmed that IEPOX sulfate is formed from isoprene oxidation and is a tracer for isoprene SOA formation. The organic precursors of GA sulfate may include glycolic acid and likely have both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Higher aerosol acidity as measured by PALMS and relative humidity tend to promote IEPOX sulfate formation, and aerosol acidity largely drives in situ GA sulfate formation at high altitudes. This study suggests that the formation of aerosol organosulfates depends not only on the appropriate organic precursors but also on emissions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to aerosol acidity.
WRF simulations of two extreme snowfall events associated with contrasting extratropical cyclones over the western and central Himalaya
Authors: Norris J. , Carvalho L. M. V. , Jones C. , Cannon F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTwo extreme snowfall events associated with extratropical cyclones, one interacting with the western and one with the central Himalaya, are simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over 8 days. One event in January 1999 was driven by a longwave trough over west Asia, with the cyclone becoming terrain‐locked in the western Himalayan notch. Another event in March 2006 was driven by a trough further south and east, facilitating the passage of two successive cyclones along the entire Himalayan ridge, drawing moisture from warm tropical waters. These flow patterns are typical for extreme winter precipitation in the western and central Himalaya, respectively, but were amplified in these two cases. In the WRF simulations, snowfall is confined to the western Himalaya in the January simulation, while a near‐continuous band of accumulated snowfall along the Himalayan ridge forms in the March simulation. Precipitation rate throughout both simulations is largely determined by cross‐barrier moisture flux, which is generally greatest wherever the cyclonic winds converge on the mountains at each time. However, the March 2006 simulation evolves in an environment with greater convective instability upwind of and moisture transport toward the mountains than in the January 1999 event. Hence, greater precipitation rates and more solid snowbands are generated in the March than in the January simulation. However, due to the terrain‐locking of the cyclone in the January event, individual locations receive more persistent snowfall, so that the greatest 8 day accumulations are similar between the two events, although these accumulations are more widespread in the March event.
Modeling stepped leaders using a time‐dependent multidipole model and high‐speed video data
Authors: Karunarathne Sumedhe , Marshall Thomas C. , Stolzenburg Maribeth , Karunarathna Nadeeka , Orville Richard E 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA full negative stepped leader and portions of four negative stepped leaders preceding negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning return strokes were modeled; each model was constrained to match electric field change measurements recorded at three or four sites located within 30 km of the leader. The time evolution and 2‐D locations of stepped leaders were obtained from data collected with a high‐speed video camera operated at 50,000 frames/s. The Lu et al. (Charge transfer during intracloud lightning from a time‐dependent multidipole model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011) time‐dependent multidipole model was used with some modifications. The model used a time step equal to one video frame, 20μs. At each time step, negative charges were deposited at stepped leader tips based on measured light intensity, and an equivalent positive charge was deposited at one of the locations of the initial breakdown pulses that preceded the stepped leaders. The method has the unique advantage of obtaining locations of CG stepped leaders including its branches all the way to the ground. Three main quantities were obtained from the model: total charge transfer of −1.50 to −7.51 C, average line charge density of −0.113 to −0.413 mC/m (mean =− 0.196 mC/m), and average current of −0.084 to −0.456 kA (mean =− 0.31 kA). From the video data, the estimated 2‐D speeds were 2.43–4.95×105 m/s (mean 3.34 × 105 m/s), and the cumulative lengths of the all branches were 3.5–9.2 times the vertical distance traveled by the visible stepped leader.
Characterization of black carbon‐containing particles from soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer measurements on the R/V Atlantis during CalNex 2010
Authors: Massoli Paola , Onasch Timothy B. , Cappa Christopher D. , Nuamaan Ibraheem , Hakala Jani , Hayden Katherine , Li Shao‐Meng , Sueper Donna T. , Bates Timothy S. , Quinn Patricia K. , Jayne John T. , Worsnop Douglas R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present mass spectrometry measurements of black carbon‐containing particles made on board the R/V Atlantis during the CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) 2010 study using an Aerodyne Research Inc. soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP‐AMS). The R/V Atlantis was deployed to characterize air masses moving offshore the California coast and to assess emissions from sources in urban ports. This work presents a first detailed analysis of the size‐resolved chemical composition of refractory black carbon (rBC) and of the associated coating species (NR‐PMBC). A colocated standard high‐resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR‐AMS) measured the total nonrefractory submicron aerosol (NR‐PM1). Our results indicate that, on average, 35% of the measured NR‐PM1 mass (87% of the primary and 28% of the secondary NR‐PM1, as obtained from the mass‐weighted average of the NR‐PMBC species) was associated with rBC. The peak in the average size distribution of the rBC‐containing particles measured by the SP‐AMS in vacuum aerodynamic diameter (dva) varied from ~100 nm to ~450 nm dva, with most of the rBC mass below 200 dva. The NR‐PMBC below 200 nm dva was primarily organic, whereas inorganics were generally found on larger rBC‐containing particles. Positive matrix factorization analyses of both SP‐AMS and HR‐AMS data identified organic aerosol factors that were correlated in time but had different fragmentation patterns due to the different instruments vaporization techniques. Finally, we provide an overview of the volatility properties of NR‐PMBC and report the presence of refractory oxygen species in some of the air masses encountered.
Coastal sea level from inland CryoSat‐2 interferometric SAR altimetry
Authors: Abulaitijiang Adili , Andersen Ole Baltazar , Stenseng Lars 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe European Space Agency's CryoSat‐2 satellite can operate in a novel synthetic aperture radar interferometric (SARIn) mode where its nominal footprint (swath) is observed by two antennas and the phase difference between the signals is used to determination the exact location of the scatterer through an off‐nadir correction. The potential of SARIn for sea level determination is investigated over the fjords of Eastern Greenland. In principle the satellite should only track sea level within its nominal footprint of 7 km across track, but we observe that scattering targets (fjords) within twice its nominal footprint are frequently observed but mislocated in CryoSat‐2 due to phase wrapping. We devised a way to relocate the observations and correct the range accordingly. When CryoSat‐2 is flying inland we consequently observed that the satellite occasionally provide valid sea level in fjords up to 13 km away in the across‐track direction.