bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: IL-6–Dependent Autoimmune Disease: Dendritic Cells as a Sufficient, but Transient, Source
Authors: Leech Melanie D. , Barr Tom A. , Turner Darryl G. , Brown Sheila , O’Connor Richard A. , Gray David , Mellanby Richard J. , Anderton Stephen M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Mice lacking IL-6 are resistant to autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is driven by CNS-reactive CD4+ T cells. There are multiple cellular sources of IL-6, but the critical source in EAE has been uncertain. Using cell-specific IL-6 deficiency in models of EAE induced by active immunization, passive transfer, T cell transfer, and dendritic cell transfer, we show that neither the pathogenic T cells nor CNS-resident cells are required to produce IL-6. Instead, the requirement for IL-6 was restricted to the early stages of T cell activation and was entirely controlled by dendritic cell–derived IL-6. This reflected the loss of IL-6R expression by T cells over time. These data explain why blockade of IL-6R only achieves protection against EAE if used at the time of T cell priming. The implications for therapeutic manipulation of IL-6 signaling in human T cell–driven autoimmune conditions are considered.
Thyroid Agenesis: A Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Sthapak Eti , Gajbe Ujjwal L , Wanjari SP , Upadhyaya Vijai Datta , Kumar Basant 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
The thyroid gland, a highly vascular endocrine gland, is composed of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow median isthmus thus giving an ‘H’-shaped appearance to the gland. Congenital thyroid abnormalities mostly include unilateral lobar agenesis, with or without involving the isthmus. We are reporting a case rudimentary right lobe with absence of isthmus. The knowledge of various developmental anomalies of the gland and variations in neurovascular relations will help the surgeon in better planning of a safe and effective surgery.

How to cite this article
Sthapak E, Gajbe UL, Wanjari SP, Upadhyaya VD, Kumar B. Thyroid Agenesis: A Case Report with Review of Literature. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(3): 99-101.
Recurrent Primary Pituitary Abscess
Authors: Singh Prakash , Gill Maneet , Pathak Harish Chandra , Garg MK 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
Pituitary abscesses are rare and potentially life-threatening. Recurrent pituitary abscesses are rarer still. We present a case of primary pituitary abscess with recurrence 11 years after drainage of the initial abscess. We could trace only five previously reported cases of recurrent pituitary abscesses and, in these, the duration for recurrence varied from 2 days to 4 years.

How to cite this article
Gill M, Pathak HC, Singh P, Garg MK. Recurrent Primary Pituitary Abscess. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(3):108-111.
Decreasing Inpatient Falls: A Retrospective Analysis with CNS-Led Interventions
Authors: Cioffi Cheryl , Plumadore Jennifer , Clark Karen 
Published: December 2012

Inpatient falls are considered 'never events' that may result in increased costs and adversely affect quality of care. This study describes and analyzes characteristics of inpatient falls collected on a ‘Post Fall Huddle/Event Report’ form used by nursing and Risk Management. Data from a convenience sample of 182 falls were collected over a six month period. Analyses included descriptive and regression models on outcomes of injury and length of stay. Incontinence/elimination, antihypertensive medications, higher census, and any medication change, suggested associations with injury or length of stay. Based on the results several strategies were implemented by CNSs to include in-depth review of circumstances surrounding the fall; education of staff for consistency in the fall protocol; reinforcement of purposeful hourly rounding; and the need for increased objectivity on the Post Fall Huddle/Event Report form. Post implementation the average annual number of inpatient falls decreased by 50%.
SPREADING OF BRINE DISCHARGED INTO THE PUCK BAY (SOUTH BALTIC SEA): THEORETICAL STUDY VERSUS FIELD OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Robakiewicz Malgorzata 
Published: December 2012

Increasing demands for gas storage capacity encouraged Polish Gas and Oil Company (PGNiG) to make use of salt deposits located in the north-eastern part of Poland, in the area bordering on the Gulf of GdaÅ,,sk (South Baltic Sea), and create underground gas stores. A complex of 10 chambers (250x106 m3) was designed to be built at a depth of 800-1600 m. The construction site is located about 4 km away from the sea coast. The drilling of boreholes and diluting of salt rock was proposed as a method of creating the chambers. Owing to ecological reasons, maximum discharge of brine is limited to 300 m3/h with the max. saturation of 250 kg/m3. The Puck Bay is a shallow water body with wind-driven currents and negligible tides. The main difficulty of the investment lay in the effective spreading of brine in the Puck Bay in accordance with all requirements that apply to regions protected by NATURA 2000. The most important restriction was the permitted excess salinity, defined as 0.5 PSU over the natural salinity in the Puck Bay. The location of brine discharge, number and diameters of nozzles, as well as consequences of brine discharge on the Puck Bay water, had been analyzed before the permission to install the system of diffusers was granted by the regional administration.
The installation consists of a system of 16 heads spaced every 45 m, each of them equipped with 3 nozzles of 8 mm diameter.
CONTROL OF THE SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM OF A FLOATING BODY USING VIDEO IMAGING TECHNIQUES: MONITORING THE OPERATION OF FLOATING GATE OPENING AND CLOSING AT CAMPAMENTO'S DRY DOCK (ALGECIRAS BAY)
Authors: Molina Sánchez Rafael , Cabrerizo Morales Miguel ngel , De los Santos Ramos Francisco , Camarero Orive Alberto , Matutano Molina Clara 
Published: December 2012

The activity of floating structures within the harbours is influenced by physical and exploitation agents. Therefore, the study of operational thresholds overcoming is crucial to limit the risk in port operations.
In order to achieve this objective it is necessary, a deep knowledge of use, exploitation and environmental agents, as well as the response of the system. To study the response of such systems it is necessary to measure, besides the forces that coerce the free float, the displacements, rotations and accelerations in all six degrees of freedom of rigid bodies. With this aim up to now, gyroscopes (Stahl et al.1983 B.), accelerometers (LJWeyers et al. 1985), load cells, RTK-GPS systems infrared (Johanning et al.2007), laser, etc., have been used to carry out the monitoring of floating elements, on both model and prototype. However, these instrumental techniques are associated with large investments, setting up and calibration procedures, and equipment maintenance.
Since 2008, the Laboratory of Ports at UPM ( Chair Pablo Bueno), is developing new instrumental techniques, for field and laboratory application, in the framework of following two strategic lines, part of the agreement reached with the Public Entity Puertos del Estado: "Development of non-intrusive instrumentation oriented monitoring of port infrastructure" and "Study of reliability in the areas of design, optimization and exploitation of maritime infrastructure". The use of video imaging techniques offers advantages, such as low maintenance, non intrusive and low implementation costs. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the practical application of video imaging techniques for monitoring floating structures, as a tool to support harbour operations. Precisely in this work we develop a monitoring example of the floating gate of Campamento's dry dock, in Algeciras' Bay.
Long‐Term Care
Authors: Tong Rosemarie 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Long‐term care for the elderly exists in the region between medical services and social services. As people grow older, they need more medical care for acute and chronic conditions and/or more help with activities of daily living such as bathing, dressing, toileting, getting in and out of bed, shopping, meal preparation, housecleaning, money management and so forth. Global aging – that is, the likelihood that by the year 2050, the population of adults over the age of 65 will be larger than the population of children under 5 years of age for the first time in human history (Department of State and the Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health 2007: 6) – is a transformative phenomenon that will necessitate much in the way of social, political, and economic adaptation.
Freud, Sigmund
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSigmund Freud (1856–1939) was the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a technique for exploring the mind and a method of psychological therapy. While some of his views remain controversial, many of his central concepts have become part of our common self‐understanding. Whether talking about obsessive‐compulsive and other neuroses, anal character traits, narcissism, transference and displaced feelings, sublimated instincts, the ego and the id, slips of the tongue, and on indefinitely, we use his language and his theories to describe and explain our lives. Whatever the controversies, as W. H. Auden noted in his poem “In Memory of Sigmund Freud”: “to us he is no more a person / now but a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives” – and there remains much to be learned from him about our moral experience in particular.
Kierkegaard, Søren
Authors: Hannay Alastair 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Ethics (or the “ethical”) is a pivotal notion in the writings of Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55). A pseudonymous series published between 1843 and 1846 presents the ethical not in the form of a theory of the good, right, duty, and so forth, but as an “existence‐stage,” or life‐view, with the “aesthetic” and “religious” life‐views on either side. For this reason Kierkegaard's writings do not lend themselves readily or even profitably to categorizing in terms of moral theories current today. Their form is that of a critique of the manners and professed ideals of the time, in particular of the ways in which the former failed to measure up to the latter, and, centrally, of what Kierkegaard considered was a systematic marginalizing of the individual. A sense of his response can be gained in his claim that “[t]he individual's own ethical actuality is the only actuality” (2009: 274). Kierkegaard's focus on “existence” and the “single individual” set the stage for existentialism, for which his work provides several central notions (
see
Existentialism). But besides being the hinge on which the transition turns from the aesthetic stage, so‐called for its focus on pleasurable moments and their cultivation, to the religious stage, the “ethical” is pivotal also in forming the fulcrum for a development from a secular to a Christian ethics (or the “ethico‐religious”).
Informed Consent
Authors: Manson Neil C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractInformed consent is a central concept of contemporary medical ethics. Clinicians and medical researchers are under an obligation to inform patients and research subjects about the nature, purposes, risks, and side effects of proposed courses of action (and, if relevant, a specification of the risks ofnotacting in the suggested way). A vast body of literature has been produced, over the past 30 years or so, about the nature, justification, scope, and limits of informed consent. Here we will focus on what informed consent is, how it came to have a central place in medical ethics, and then briefly introduce some of the main problems and issues with informed consent.
Is–Ought Gap
Authors: Pigden Charles 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIs it possible to deduce a moral conclusion from nonmoral premises, anoughtfrom anis? David Hume famously thought not:In every system of morality which I have hitherto met with, I have always remarked, that the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary way of reasoning, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations concerning human affairs; when of a sudden I am surprised to find, that instead of the usual copulations of propositions,is,andis not,I meet with no proposition that is not connected with anought,or anought not.… [But] as thisought,orought not,expresses some new relation or affirmation, it is necessary that it should be observed and explained; and at the same time that a reason should be given, for what seems altogether inconceivable, how this new relation can be a deduction from others, which are entirely different from it. (1978: 469–70;seeHume, David)Some think this passage expresses an important truth fraught with metaethical implications (seeMetaethics); some think it true but not that important since it tells us nothing of any consequence about the nature of ethics; and some that it is important but not true, since it expresses a mistaken dogma which has led many philosophers down the primrose path to non‐cognitivist perdition (seeNon‐ Cognitivism).
Journalistic Ethics
Authors: Meyers Christopher 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

What does it mean to be an ethical journalist? It is tempting to answer this by simply and approvingly citing the Society of Professional Journalists' (SPJ) Code of Ethics, whose Preamble describes ethical journalism as follows:

Public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty.

Grand words, all, and ones that seem to capture most persons' sense of ethical journalism and to serve, thus, as a sufficient foundation for journalistic ethics.
Environmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Sandler Ronald L. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Environmental ethics (
see
Environmental Ethics) is the study of the ethical relationships between human beings and the natural environment, including the nonhuman individuals that populate and constitute it. It involves developing a proper understanding of the human–nature relationship, identifying the goods and values that are part of or emerge from that relationship, determining the norms (rules/principles) that those goods and values justify, and applying those norms to generate guidance on environmental issues and interactions. Environmental virtue ethics is that part of environmental ethics that concerns character (
see
Virtue Ethics). The core questions of environmental virtue ethics are these:
Life, Meaning of
Authors: Landau Iddo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe phrase “meaning of life” is difficult to define. Discussions of meaningful lives frequently deal with, among others, lives that have to them high degrees of worth, lives focused on goals or purposes that people ought to pursue, or lives that relate to plans and issues that are “beyond” one's own individual self. Metz 2001 has suggested that no definition (in the sense of a set of necessary and sufficient conditions) of the phrase could be found, and that discussions of the meaning of life are united by family resemblance. Although the phrase has come to be used only in the last two and a half centuries, questions and considerations that we would include today under this rubric are old, and can be found already in Ecclesiastes. Some influential discussions of the topic, such as Tolstoy's 1983 autobiographical essay, are not, strictly speaking, philosophical. In philosophy, many of Schopenhauer's pessimistic claims (seeSchopenhauer, Arthur) should be seen as arguments about the meaninglessness of life, although he too does not employ the term. And many classical philosophical discussions about the good life, the happy life (seeHappiness), and the right way to live are relevant for discussions on the meaning of life, although the notions are distinct. Until recent decades, the meaning of life was mostly discussed within continental philosophy, and analytic philosophers usually refrained from dealing with it. But in the last few decades, there has been growing interest in the topic also within analytic philosophy, and further work on it comes out every year. This essay discusses both continental and analytic work on the subject.
Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Nardin Terry 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
What should be done when a massacre or similar atrocity occurs in a country other than one's own? The thought that the governments of other countries should halt the atrocity, using force if necessary, yields the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. The moral rationale underlying that doctrine is not hard to grasp. When human lives are threatened by violence, those who are able to rescue the victims and to resist the violence should intervene, if they can do so without imposing disproportionate costs and by morally permissible means. The rationale is strongest when violence rises to the level of “crimes against humanity,” an expression adopted for the trial of German leaders at Nuremberg in 1945 to cover degrading, large‐scale violence by a government against its own people. Because it is in tension with the idea of state sovereignty, humanitarian intervention has an insecure place in international law and is problematic on practical grounds as well, but that tension has only fueled debate on the circumstances in which forcible interference by one state in the territory of another is justified to prevent such crimes.
Legal Ethics
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe ethics of the legal profession may be seen as an instance of role‐differentiated morality. People acting in professional roles remain moral agents, who must respond appropriately to moral reasons. At the same time, a role may impose demands that are inconsistent with the obligations of ordinary, nonprofessional morality. The role of lawyer may, for example, require asserting a procedural defense to defeat a morally compelling claim for compensation. Lawyers may be permitted or required to cross‐examine a truthful witness to suggest to the jury that she is lying, or to put on testimony that will similarly mislead the trier of fact. They may keep information secret that, if disclosed, would prevent serious harm to others. Lawyers also may take up the cause of an unworthy client, seeking to obtain some advantage that is contrary to considerations of justice. Familiarly, criminal defense lawyers may try to obtain the acquittal of a client who in fact committed the crime charged. In each of these cases, lawyers believe themselves to be justifiably obligated to follow the demands of their role, even though there appear to be good moral reasons to act to the contrary. The discipline of philosophical legal ethics (as distinguished from what lawyers often mean by the term, i.e., the rules of professional conduct promulgated by courts regulating things like fees and conflicts of interest) is largely devoted to working out the relationship between the demands of the professional role and ordinary moral considerations. This inquiry was stated concisely in an influential paper which asked, “Can a good lawyer be a good person?” (Fried 1976). Because of the relationship between individual moral agency, political institutions, and the law, legal ethics draws from moral, political, and legal philosophy.
Loyalty
Authors: Keller Simon 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLoyalty is a part of every person's life and a source of many everyday ethical quandaries. Friendship, for example, involves loyalty, and in the course of a friendship you may face questions about what your loyalty to your friend demands (Are you a bad friend if you forget her birthday?), how its demands should be weighed against the demands of other loyalties (Should you have dinner at your mother's or give your friend a ride home from the airport?), and what you should do when its demands conflict with other moral considerations (Should you tell a lie to help your friend keep a secret?). Similar kinds of questions may be produced by loyalty to a sibling or a colleague, a country or an employer, a club or a business (seeFilial Duties; Personal Relationships).
Animals, Moral Status of
Authors: Horta Oscar 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIt is now widely assumed that all and only human beings merit full moral consideration, that human interests count for more than similar interests of other creatures. Thus, if a human being feels exactly the same pain as a nonhuman animal, then barring some other morally relevant consideration, ending the human's pain is morally more important. However, even many who claim that human interests take moral priority think that (at least some) nonhuman animals havesomeinterests that we should consider morally, even if they also think these interests are relatively minor.
Marcel,Gabriel
Authors: Anderson Thomas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Gabriel Marcel, twentieth‐century French philosopher (1889–1973), was often classified as a Christian existentialist (
see
Existentialism) not only because he was a Roman Catholic but also to distinguish his thought from that of atheistic existentialists such as Jean‐Paul Sartre (
see
Sartre, Jean‐Paul) and Simone de Beauvoir (
see
Beauvoir, Simone de). Marcel was noted for his investigations into lived human experiences, in particular those like love, fidelity, and trust involved in interpersonal (intersubjective) relationships (
see
Personal Relationships; Intersubjectivity). He was among the first to enunciate the distinction between intimate interpersonal I–thou relations and impersonal, objective I–him or I–her relations. His distinction between having and being, his critique of mind–body dualism by insisting on the embodiment of human persons, his emphasis on the thoroughly situated and vulnerable character of human existence and the profound influence human beings have on each other, his criticism of reductive explanations of sensation as well as his critiques of scientism and technocracy, all were major influences on other twentieth‐century thinkers.
Intuitionism, Moral
Authors: Russell Bruce 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMoral intuitionism is a view about how we can be justified in believing, and have knowledge of, moral propositions (seeEpistemology, Moral). To be more specific, moral intuitionism is the view thatmoral intuitionscan provide evidence for the truth of moral propositions. To be intuitively justified, the justification must be noninferential and based on intuition, and so not based on some sort of reasoning in which the relevant proposition is the conclusion. In a moment I will say more about the nature of intuitions, but, roughly, a person has an intuition of some proposition just in case that proposition seems obviously true to him and its seeming that way is basedsolelyon his understanding the proposition (for example, the proposition that bachelors are unmarried males).
Liberalism
Authors: Martin and Rex , Reidy David A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe begin this essay by briefly recounting the views of main figures in the liberal tradition: John Locke, Adam Smith, the Philosophical Radicals, John Stuart Mill (seeLocke, John; Smith, Adam; Mill, John Stuart). Other accounts of the liberal tradition are possible and different names could be included, e.g., Rousseau, Kant, von Humboldt, and Hegel (seeKant, Immanuel; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Rousseau, Jean‐Jacques). But the one we have suggested is a typical and widely accepted genealogy. We conclude this thumbnail genealogy by providing a summary of liberal values that can be harvested from attending to this particular tradition.