bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rotavirus Vaccine on Diarrhea Mortality in Different Socioeconomic Regions of Mexico
Authors: Gastañaduy Paul A. , Sánchez-Uribe Edgar , Esparza-Aguilar Marcelino , Desai Rishi , Parashar Umesh D. , Patel Manish , Richardson Vesta 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE:
In Mexico, declines in childhood diarrhea deaths have been documented during 2008–2010 after rotavirus vaccine introduction in 2007. Because of concerns about variation in rotavirus vaccine efficacy by socioeconomic status, we compared reductions in diarrhea mortality in the lesser developed southern region versus the more developed northern and central regions of Mexico.

METHODS:
We obtained data from national vital statistics on diarrhea deaths among children aged &lt;5 years from 2002 through 2011. We compared region-specific diarrhea mortality before (2003–2006) and after (2009–2011) vaccine introduction. Regional vaccine coverage was estimated from administrative data, and socioeconomic status was assessed by using the Human Development Index.

RESULTS:
In northern, central, and southern Mexico, the 2007 Human Development Index was 0.84, 0.82, and 0.77, respectively, and by 2010 an estimated 99%, 84%, and 89% of children aged &lt;12 months had completed rotavirus vaccination. Diarrhea mortality among children &lt;5 years old declined from 8.3, 17.9, and 28.5 deaths per 100 000 children during 2003–2006 to 4.5, 8.1, and 16.2 in 2009–2011 in northern, central, and southern Mexico, respectively, corresponding to rate reductions of 45%, 55%, and 43%. No significant differences were observed in rate reductions between regions (P &gt; .8).

CONCLUSIONS:
After introduction of rotavirus vaccination, marked and sustained declines in diarrhea deaths were seen among children in all regions of Mexico, including in the least developed southern region with the highest baseline diarrhea mortality. This finding indicates equitable vaccine delivery to children with varying risk of mortality and reaffirms the beneficial effects of rotavirus vaccination against fatal diarrheal disease.
Determination of the atomic stacking sequence of Ge-Sb-Te nanowires by HAADF STEM
Authors: Lazzarini Laura , Rotunno Enzo , Grillo Vincenzo , Longo Massimo 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe reduction of the active cell size to the nanoscale is crucial for the improvement of the phase change memory devices (PCM) based on Ge-Sb-Te (GST) alloys. The self-assembly of Au catalyzed Ge1Sb2Te4 (GST-124) nanowires (NWs) has been achieved by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The atomic arrangement of the NWs has been investigated and the stacking sequence has been identified, by combining the direct observation by High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) imaging and simulations. It has been assessed that Ge and Sb atoms can randomly occupy the same sites in the crystal lattice, despite the adverse predictions of the theoretical models elaborated for the bulk material.
Influence of Surface Recombination on the Performance of SiNW Solar Cells and the Preparation of a Passivation Film
Authors: Kato Shinya , Watanabe Yuya , Kurokawa Yasuyoshi , Yamada Akira , Ohta Yoshimi , Niwa Yusuke , Hirota Masaki 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTAl2O3 was deposited on silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays by atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a passivation layer to reduce surface recombination velocity. As a result, effective minority carrier lifetime was improved from 1.82 to 26.2 μs. From this result, the relative low-surface recombination rate of 2.73 cm/s was obtained from a calculation using one-dimensional device simulation (PC1D). The performance of SiNW solar cells was also simulated by considering the surface recombination velocity on the side of SiNWs using two-dimensional device simulation. It was found that Al2O3 deposited by ALD can improve open-circuit voltage of SiNW solar cells even if the structure has a high-aspect ratio and large surface area. Therefore, improvement in the performance of SiNW solar cells can be expected.
Atomistic modeling of Ru nanocluster formation on graphene/Ru(0001): Thermodynamically versus kinetically directed-assembly
Authors: Han Y. , Engstfeld A. K. , Wang C.-Z. , Roelofs L. D. , Behm R. J. , Evans J. W. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTAtomistic lattice-gas models for thermodynamically and kinetically directed assembly are applied to Ru nanocluster formation on a monolayer of graphene supported on Ru(0001) at 309 K. Nanocluster density, mean size, height distribution, and spatial ordering are analyzed by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Both models can reproduce the experimental data, but additional density functional theory analysis favors the former.
New n-type Silicide Thermoelectric Material with High Oxidation Resistance
Authors: Funahashi Ryoji , Matsumura Yoko , Takeuchi Tomonari , Tanaka Hideaki , Norimatsu Wataru , Combe Emmanuel , Suzuki Ryosuke O. , Wan Chunlei , Wang Yifeng , Kusunoki Michiko , Koumoto Kunihito 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to achieve waste heat recovery using thermoelectric systems, thermoelectric materials showing high conversion efficiency over wide temperature range and high resistance against oxidation are indispensable. A silicide material with good n-type thermoelectric properties and oxidation resistance has been discovered. The composition and crystal structure of the silicide are found out Mn3Si4Al2 (abbreviated as 342 phase) and hexagonal CrSi2 structure, respectively. Element substitution of Mn with 3d transition metals is succeeded. Enhancement of Seebeck coefficient is observed in a Cr-substituted sample. The maximum dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT is 0.3 at 573 K in air for the Mn2.7Cr0.3Si4Al2 sample. Electrical resistivity of the Mn3Si4Al2 bulk sample holds constant value for 48 h at 873 K in air. This is due to formation of oxide passive layer on the surface of the bulk sample. The 342 phase is a promising n-type material with a good oxidation resistance in the middle temperature range of 500-800 K.
Preparation and evaluation of the n-type PbTe based material properties for thermoelectric generators
Authors: Li Tse-Hsiao , Hwang Jenn-Dong , Chu Hsu-Shen , Chen Chun-Mu , Hsu Chia-Chan , Liao Chien-Neng , Chung Hsiu-Ying , Huang Tsai-Kun , Huang Jing-Yi , Hsieh Huey-Lin 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTOwing to energy conservation of waste heat, Lead telluride, PbTe, based materials have promising good thermoelectric properties around a range of middle temperature (Fig. 1, from 300 to 600°C), due to their high melting point, fine chemical stability, and the high figure of merit Z. The general physical properties and factors affecting the figure of merit have been reviewed. This research is focused on the n-type of PbTe materials and collocated with analysis of densities, hardness, elastic modulus, and thermoelectric properties thermoelectric figure of merit ZT=GS2T/κ (where G is electrical conductivity, S is Seebeck coefficient , T is absolute temperature, and κ is thermal conductivity). Room temperature hardness and Young’s modulus are measured by nano-indentation. In this study, the hot-press compacts under the pressure of 4 ton/cm2 can reach the maximum density about 8.2 g/cm3, and hardness and elastic modulus are 0.6 GPa and 70 GPa, respectively. The figure of merit value (ZT) of PbTe in low temperature (around 340°C) was found about 1 with carrier concentration above 1019 cm−3. These results also indicate that the powder metallurgy parameters provide potentialities for further increase of the high efficiency of energy conversion in PbTe materials.
Thickness Dependent Optical Properties of WO3 Thin Film using Surface Plasmon Resonance
Authors: Paliwal Ayushi , Tomar Monika , Gupta Vinay 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of tungsten oxide (WO3) thin film thickness on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties have been investigated. WO3 films of varying the thickness (36 nm, 60 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm and 200nm) have been deposited onto Au coated prism (Au/prism) by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering technique. The SPR responses of bilayer films were fitted with the Fresnel’s equations in order to calculate the dielectric constant of WO3 thin film. The variation of complex dielectric constant and refractive index with the thickness of WO3 thin film was studied.
Quasiperiodic plasmonic concentrators for enhanced light absorption in ultra-thin film solar cells
Authors: Flanigan Patrick W. , Ostfeld Aminy E. , Ye Zhen , Serrino Natalie G. , Pacifici Domenico 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThis report will demonstrate broadband, wide-angle, and polarization-insensitive absorption enhancement in ultra-thin films resting on metal substrates that have been etched with arrays of shallow sub-wavelength cylindrical holes. Absorption enhancement will be studied as a function of array geometry, with particular emphasis given to quasiperiodic arrays (a class of deterministic aperiodic arrays that were originally developed to tessellate 2-D planes with regular polygons). Through simulations and experimental data, it was found that absorption enhancement is heavily dependent on the rotational symmetry of the pattern of holes, as well as the inter-hole distance.
Potential Driven Chemical Expansion of La0.6Sr0.4Co1-xFexO3-δ Thin Films on Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Chang Kee-Chul , Ingram Brian J. , Hopper E. Mitchell , Yan Miaolei , Salvador Paul , You Hoydoo 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTo better understand the response of oxygen vacancy concentration to applied potential, the lattice parameter of pulsed laser deposited La0.6Sr0.4Co1-xFexO3-δ thin films was monitored using in situ X-ray diffraction. We demonstrate that the chemical expansion under applied potential depends on the cathode morphology, which determines the contribution of different reaction pathways. We investigated applied potential dependent lattice expansion on La0.6Sr0.4Co1-xFexO3-δ with 3 different Co:Fe ratios in an attempt to connect bulk chemical expansion data to thin films. We find that the chemical expansion trends in thin films are different than expected from bulk data.
The Effect of γ-radiation on Mechanical Properties of Model UK Nuclear Waste Glasses
Authors: McGann Owen J. , Gandy Amy S. , Bingham Paul A. , Hand Russell J. , Hyatt Neil C. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of γ-radiation on the mechanical properties of model UK intermediate and high level nuclear waste glasses was studied up to a dose of 8 MGy. It was determined that γ-irradiation up to this dose had no measurable effect upon the Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, indentation hardness, or indentation fracture toughness. The absence of measurable radiation induced changes in mechanical properties was attributed to redox mediated healing of electron-hole pairs generated by γ-irradiation by multivalent transition metal ions, in particular the Fe3+ - Fe2+ couple.
XAFS Study of Fe K Edge in Al2O3-B2O3-Fe2O3-Na2O-SiO2 Glasses
Authors: Stefanovsky S.V. , Shiryaev A.A. , Zubavichus Y.V. , Fox K.M. , Marra J.C. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTValence state and local environment of Fe in complex glasses related to the system Al2O3-B2O3-Fe2O3-Na2O-SiO2 were studied. In all the glasses, the major fraction of Fe exists as Fe3+ ions but a minor fraction of Fe2+ ions especially in the glass with the lowest K=[SiO2]/[B2O3] ratio was also present. Average Fe—O distance in the first shell is 1.80-1.85 Å and coordination number is 4-6. The intensity due to the second sphere is rather weak demonstrating homogeneous distribution of Fe ions in the glass.
Exfoliated ∼25μm Si Foil for Solar Cells with Improved Light-Trapping
Authors: Saha S. , Onyegam E. U. , Sarkar D. , Hilali M. M. , Rao R. A. , Mathew L. , Jawarani D. , Xu D. , Smith R. S. , Das U. K. , Fossum J. G. , Banerjee S. K. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTInvestigation of optical absorption in ∼25μm thick, monocrystalline silicon (Si) substrates obtained from a novel exfoliation technique is done by fabricating solar cells with single heterojunction architecture (without using intrinsic amorphous silicon layer) with diffused back junction and local back contact. The ease of process flow and the rugged and flexible nature of the substrates due to thick metal backing enables use of various light-trapping and optical absorption enhancement schemes traditionally practiced in the industry for thicker (>120μm) substrates. Optical measurement of solar cells using antireflective coating, texturing on both surfaces, and back surface dielectric/metal stack as mirror to reflect the long wavelength light from the back surface show a very low front surface reflectance of 4.6% in the broadband spectrum (300nm-1200nm). The illuminated current voltage (IV) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurement of such solar cell shows a high integrated current density of 34.4mA/cm2, which implies significant internal photon reflection. Our best cell with intrinsic amorphous silicon (i-a-Si) layer with only rear surface textured shows an efficiency of 14.9%. EQE data shows improved blue response and current density due to better front surface passivation. Simulations suggest that with optimized light trapping and surface passivation, such thin c-Si cells can reach efficiencies >20%.
Point Focus Solar Spectral Splitting System for CPV Applications
Authors: Zayan Ahmed , Chiesa Matteo , Stefancich Marco 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTSolar spectral splitting technologies have been investigated over the years as alternatives to improve the efficiencies obtained from photovoltaic devices by splitting the incident solar light into its respective wavelengths, and aligning a series of photovoltaic cells arranged next to each other as opposed to being physically stacked on top of each other as is the case with multijunction cells. Limitations previously posed by multijunction cells like current matching and lattice matching are circumvented through this approach, allowing for a broader and potentially cheaper pool of candidate cells to be used for energy conversion. In this study, we design and gauge the performance of a single optical element capable of splitting the light and concentrating it simultaneously unto a bed of photovoltaics, each illuminated by the part of the spectrum that corresponds best to its relevant properties such as the bandgap and the external quantum efficiency. The prismatic structure constituting the device relies on the device’s transmission in the visible region and its dispersion. Presented in this study is the mathematical framework used in designing the structure for a specific merit function; in particular, the study focuses on minimizing optical losses at the interfaces of the structure with the ambient air. Variables like the index of refraction of the material used, the angle of incidence on the surface, the exit angle of the light out of the structure factor into the optical center’s design. Compared to alternative splitting technologies like dichroic mirrors, the model splits the incident polychromatic light into a continuous band of wavelengths as opposed to discrete wavelengths that can be adapted on to different sets of single junction cells. The device is an improvement to our published 1-axis linear concentrator reported earlier in the year for its point-focus output yielding in even higher concentration and potentially lowers costs.
Development of High Temperature Optical Interference Filters
Authors: Parker Thomas C. , Demaree John D. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTOblique angle deposition (OAD) is a self-organizing physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique that has been used to grow sculpted 3D nanostructures including helices, slanted rods, and zigzag structures, and other shapes. OAD structures can be fabricated from virtually any material that can be deposited using PVD including: polymers, metals, semiconductors, oxides, and nitrides. The control over the nano-scale structural anisotropy of these materials allows one to tailor their electrical, magnetic, mechanical, crystalline, and optical properties. Through the careful design of the OAD structure and material selection this technique can be used to create photonic materials (1D, 2D, and 3D) with unique properties. We will discuss ongoing work using OAD to develop oxide thin film interference filters that can withstand extreme temperatures (800-1000° C) at mTorr vacuum levels, which are being developed for thermal photovoltaic applications.
Functional voids by gas ion implantation for applications in semiconductor processing
Authors: Raineri V. , Rimini E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe recent work in the field is reviewed and some new applications are reported. In particular we review some aspects where new contributions have been added. The mechanism of bubble formation when He is implanted into silicon is described till the supersaturation of vacancies (void formation). The void evolution has been described considering direct coalescence or Ostwald ripening. Applications such as gettering, lifetime control, and more recently nanosensors for interstitials are critically discussed.
Industry Analogies for Successful Implementation of Drilling Systems Automation and Real Time Operating Centers
Authors: de Wardt John P 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Industry analogies provide excellent insight to finding the optimum balance among manual, automatic and remote operations. They can also provide excellent insight into data displays and decision making.
It is very important to define current state and future desired state for data acquisition, processing, decision making and work flow in high performance drilling operations. Understanding the difference between these two states provides the opportunity to guide the successful implementation of Drilling Systems Automation (DSA) and Real Time Operations Centers (RTOC's). Aviation and space flight have been offered as appropriate analogies for the future application of drilling systems automation. Formula One (F1) motor racing offers a highly competitive analogy for managing data flows combined with control systems.
Various industry analogies are reviewed for their applicability to DSA and RTOC's. The benefits and drawbacks of each are highlighted. An assessment utilizes insights from other analogous industries to provide the opportunity to define best practices and relevant application for various well types from these analogies.
Advanced application of DSA and RTOC's will change the role of the driller as well as the competency make up and location of the drilling team. Maximum benefit from DSA and RTOC's can be achieved through carefully planned implementation based upon relevant learning from other industries.
Planning for Successful Jarring Operations - Effective Use of Drilling Impact System Helps Release Stuck Pipe
Authors: Mercado Jose L 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Jarring is a cost effective alternative to free stuck pipe. Impact tools have been used in drilling industry for many decades and the technology has helped operators save significant amounts of time and money. To keep improving this technology, a new Drilling Impact System (DIS) has been developed. The DIS uses innovative double-acting hydraulic Drilling Jar/Drilling Accelerator and BHA analysis software. The unique modeling program enables engineers to identify/recognize the optimum impact/impulse values and key operational considerations during the BHA design process. The optimized BHA with accelerator amplifies the energy created by the drilling jar. As a consequence, it increases the probability of freeing a stuck BHA.
This paper focus on the drilling bottom hole assembly (BHA) design process and best operational practices to ensure a successful drilling operation. The author will discuss effectiveness of the impact system and proper pre-job analysis procedures for optimum jar placement to avoid lost-in-hole (LIH) situations. The planning process includes: 1) operational considerations; 2) QA/QC system and; 3) software analysis. Case studies are presented to illustrate how the utilization of the drilling impact system culminated in the successful execution of a jarring operation to free stuck bottom hole assemblies.
Innovative Managed-Pressure-Cementing Operations in Deepwater and Deep Well Conditions
Authors: Elmarsafawi Youssef , Beggah Amor 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Managed-pressure drilling (MPD) was developed to help drill wells that have a very close pore and frac pressure gradient. Commonly required in soft marine sediments and in shallow land drilling, MPD is also used in specific cases, such as deep wells. Cementing operations in such conditions are very challenging and require special attention to cement the string while reducing risk of losses or flow. The innovative managed-pressure-cementing technique (MPCT) was used to cement several string sizes that sat at different depths ranging from 2,000 m up to 6,500 m, in water depth exceeds 1,000 m. In this challenging deepwater environment, specialized surface equipment was used to control the well during cementing. In addition, the mud properties and cement system were tailored for this specific operation.
This paper illustrates the importance of MPCT in wells cementing operations to minimize cement and mud losses, secure well during cementing and reduce risk of formation damage. After cementing, the jobs were evaluated using different techniques including observation of fluids returns at seabed, end of job pressure versus simulated job pressure and with sonic and ultrasonic logging tools. The success of the MPCT enabled us to reduce completion costs and achieve drilling objectives.
HPHT Well Construction with Closed-Loop Cementing Technology
Authors: Hannegan Don , Dunn Tim , Moore Dennis , Gray Ken 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Achieving successful isolation of potential flow zones during well construction in deep fault-segmented HPHT basins is often a formidable task. These wells, often drilled from floating rigs, tend to present rapid departures from more normal conditions to very high degrees of overpressure, elevated temperatures and where formation pressures often approach fracture gradient. Further, once overpressure is geologically established in isolated pressure compartments, reservoir fluids tend to migrate vertically via hydro-fracturing to shallower depths.18
Challenges associated with cementing operations include actual leak-off test value (LOT) vs. predicted, margins of error in mud weights estimated, and risk of inducing a fracture during pre-flush and slurry displacement. If the open hole was under-reamed, the actual fracture pressure may be reduced by an unknown amount. ‘Wellbore strengthening’ operations and associated procedures add additional formation fracture gradient uncertainty.4
This presentation speaks to applying the principals of Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) and recent refinements of its practice to cementing processes. Precise flow in/out measurements in real-time, ascertainment of actual downhole pressure environment, ability to conduct frequent dynamic formation integrity tests (FIT's) without drilling interruption and use of PLC choke systems are applicable strengths.19,20,22
API Standard 65 - Part 2, Second Edition, December 2010 - Isolating Potential Flow Zones during Well Construction will be referenced to illustrate C-LC applications.
Preparatory - quantify the stability of the wellbore with frequent dynamic FIT's (without exercising the BOP) and assurance of hole cleaning during pre-flush.
Displacement - optimize fluid dynamics and ascertain in real-time an induced fracture.
Curing - maintain more consistent annulus pressure on rigs experiencing wave heave, backpressure applications for minimizing the risk of channeling and/or help ensure the column of plug in the tubing string is balanced with the annulus
Testing - Use of a rotating control device (RCD) and process logic controlled (PLC) Choke to pressure test plugs after tagging in lieu of using dedicated cementing equipment.