bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-molecule efflux pump inhibitors from natural products as a potential source of antimicrobial agents.
Authors: Jachak S. M. , Roy S. K. , Shiv Gupta Shiv Gupta , Pallavi Ahirrao Pallavi Ahirrao , Gibbons S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses the potential use of natural products as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) in several drug-resistant microbial pathogens, i.e., Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans. These natural products include various plant flavonoids, curcumin, polyphenols, diterpenes, oligosaccharides and alkaloids. In vitro assays used to screen EPI-related activities of these natural compounds are also outlined.
Fungal efflux-mediated resistance: from targets to inhibitors.
Authors: Monk B. C. , Niimi K. , Holmes A. R. , Strouse J. J. , Sklar L. A. , Cannon R. D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter describes the heterologous expression of fungal efflux pumps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for medium- and high-throughput screening of pump inhibitors as novel antifungal agents. Strategies for overcoming some limitations of current antifungal drugs and for identifying novel drug targets not subject to efflux-mediated resistance are also discussed.
Filamentous temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) protein as an antibacterial target.
Authors: Boberek J. M. , Goh Shan Goh Shan , Stach J. , Good L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter reviews current knowledge on the structure, biochemistry and function of the FtsZ protein in bacterial pathogens, highlighting its potential as a promising drug target for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Strategies that can be utilized for the identification of potential Ftsz inhibitors are discussed.
Strategies to identify modified ribosomally synthesized antimicrobials.
Authors: Marsh A. J. , Hill C. , Ross R. P. , Cotter P. D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter describes various strategies that can be used in identifying novel post-translationally modified, ribosomally synthesized, antimicrobial peptides. Their application in the discovery and evaluation of the lantibiotic family of antimicrobials is discussed.
Quantitative structure - activity relationship-based discovery of antimicrobial peptides active against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Authors: Fjell C. D. , Jenssen H. , Hancock R. E. W. , Cherkasov A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses concepts related to quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses and their application in the discovery of short cationic antimicrobial peptides for use against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase as a target for antibacterial development.
Authors: Waldrop G. L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter reviews biochemical pathways relevant to bacterial fatty acid synthesis, with emphasis on the important reactions catalysed by the holoenzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Antibacterial compounds previously investigated that inhibit the two component enzymes of the holoenzyme are described, including pyridopyrimidines, amino-oxazoles, benzimidazole carboxamides, and pyrrolidinediones.
Antifungals and antifungal drug discovery.
Authors: Calderone R. , Fonzi W. , Gay-Andrieu F. , Sun N. , Li D. M. , Chen H. , Alex D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses: (1) important clinical aspects of invasive clinical mycoses, i.e., candidosis and aspergillosis; (2) current antifungal therapeutic options for invasive mycoses; (3) antifungal drug resistance; and (4) approaches to antifungal drug discovery, including identification of drug targets.
Pathosystematic studies and the rational design of antifungal interventions.
Authors: Bignell E. M. , Armstrong-James D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses pathosystematic studies in relation to the rational design of new antifungal agents. These pathosystematic studies include whole animal infection models, host and pathogen genome analyses for potential drug targets, functional genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. Novel antifungal approaches that resulted from these studies, including the use of recombinant interferon- γ, monoclonal antibodies, and natural antifungals, are also described.
Drosophila melanogaster as a versatile model for the discovery of drugs effective against human microbe-induced infection and pathology.
Authors: Apidianakis Y. , Kontoyiannis D. P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of using Drosophila melanogaster as a model for antimicrobial drug discovery, highlighting human infections modelled in the versatile fly, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and zygomycosis.
Antimicrobial photosensitizers: harnessing the power of light to treat infections.
Authors: Sharma S. K. , Dai T. H. , Hamblin M. R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter focuses on hood therapy as a strategy in treating infectious diseases, e.g., antimicrobial hood therapy (aPDT). Compounds with potential use as antimicrobial photosensitizers are also discussed, including cationic porphyrins, cationic phthalocyanines, cationic bacteriochlorins, phenothiazinium dyes, and cationic fullerenes.
Nanoparticle platforms for antimicrobial therapy.
Authors: Trofa D. , Nosanchuk J. D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter summarizes the potential use of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents, including descriptions of commonly used vehicles for antimicrobial delivery: liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, silver nanoparticles. Their future applications in the treatment of tuberculosis, malaria and HIV/AIDS are also explored.
Efficacy and Physiological Responses of Grass Carp to Different Sedation Techniques: II. Effect of Pulsed DC Electricity Voltage and Exposure Time on Sedation and Blood Chemistry
Authors: Bowzer John C , Trushenski Jesse T , Gause Brian R , Bowker James D 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Owing to the current absence of an approved “immediate-release” chemical sedative for use on fish, researchers have been exploring alternative methods that would allow treated fish to be released immediately after sedation, including the use of electrosedation. To address the efficacy of this approach, we evaluated induction and recovery times, survival, and postsedation hematology of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (291 ± 6.7 g, 30.6 ± 0.3 cm TL, mean ± SE) sedated by exposure to 100, 150, or 200 V of pulsed DC (30 Hz and 25% duty cycle) for 5 or 10 s. Regardless of voltage strength or exposure time, all fish were sedated to Stage IV sedation within 0.75 min and recovered within 1.5 min. Although recovery times for fish exposed to electrosedation for 10 s were longer than those for fish electrosedated for 5 s using 100 and 150 V, the opposite trend was observed among fish sedated using 200 V. Overall, induction and recovery times were short: total time elapsed from induction to full recovery ranged from 1.0 to 2.1 min (mean, 1.6 min). No mortalities were observed 24 h postsedation. Hematological changes observed were consistent with an acute stress response, but these effects were transient and few differences were observed among the electrosedation protocols used. Our results indicate that pulsed DC electrosedation is an effective strategy for quickly and easily sedating grass carp.
Efficacy and Physiological Responses of Grass Carp to Different Sedation Techniques: I. Effects of Various Chemicals on Sedation and Blood Chemistry
Authors: Gause Brian R , Trushenski Jesse T , Bowzer John C , Bowker James D 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella are commonly used as a low cost, biological control for aquatic vegetation in aquaculture ponds and other private and public waters. In order to minimize the risk of establishing self-sustaining populations in U.S. waters, many states now require grass carp be certified as triploid prior to sale and stocking. To facilitate ploidy testing, grass carp are typically sedated before collecting blood samples. Chemical sedatives such as tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are most commonly used to sedate fish, but there is increasing interest in other chemical sedatives such as benzocaine and eugenol. We evaluated time to induction to Stage IV sedation and recovery, survival, and postsedation blood chemistry of grass carp (301 ± 8 g, mean ± SE) sedated with MS-222 (150 mg/L), benzocaine (150 mg/L), eugenol (60 mg/L), or CO2 (∼400 mg/L). Induction times for all sedatives excluding CO2 (14.9 min) were less than 2.4 min (range, 1.5–2.4 min). Average recovery time after induction was 5.8 min (range, 2.8–8.3 min) excluding benzocaine, which had a recovery time of 15.4 min. Survival was high and unaffected by sedative option. Plasma cortisol and lactate levels peaked between 0.5 and 1 h postinduction before returning to resting levels at 6 h postinduction. No obvious changes were observed in blood glucose or hematocrit. Each of the sedatives was effective in sedating grass carp, and though changes in blood chemistry indicated that an acute stress response occurred, the response was transient. Although each of the evaluated sedatives would facilitate ploidy testing, some strategies may be more appropriate than others based on FDA approval status and access to the sedative compound, handling time, withdrawal period, and on-site conditions and resources.
Time-resolved measurement of film growth during high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) of titanium: the rotating shutter concept
Authors: Mitschker F , Prenzel M , Benedikt J , von Keudell A 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The growth rate during high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) of titanium is measured with a temporal resolution of up to 54 µs using a rotating shutter concept. According to that concept a 200 µm slit is rotated in front of the substrate synchronous with the HPPMS pulses. Thereby, the growth flux is laterally distributed over the substrate. By measuring the resulting deposition profile with profilometry, the temporal variation of the growth flux per pulse is deduced. The analysis reveals that film growth occurs mainly during a HPPMS pulse, with the growth rate slowly increasing during the pulse and decaying afterwards with a decay time of 100 µs. The maximum of film deposition shifts to earlier times in the pulse with increasing peak power.
Theory of magnetic domains in uniaxial thin films
Authors: Virot F , Favre L , Hayn R , Kuz'min M D 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
For uniaxial thin films, properties of magnetic domains are usually described within the Kittel model, which assumes that domain walls are much thinner than the domains. In this work we present a simple model that includes a proper description of the magnetostatic energy of domains and domain walls and also takes into account the interaction between both surfaces of the film. Our model describes the behaviour of domain and wall widths as a function of film thickness, and is especially well suited for the strong-stripe phase. We prove the existence of a critical value of magneto-crystalline anisotropy above which stripe domains exist for any film thickness and justify our model by comparison with exact results. The model is in good agreement with experimental data for hcp cobalt.
Experimental realization of Cerenkov up-conversions in a 2D nonlinear photonic crystal
Authors: Chen C D , Zhang Y , Zhao G , Hu X P , Xu P , Zhu S N 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We report on the experimental realization of Cerenkov second harmonic generation and sum-frequency generation in a two-dimensional (2D) LiTaO3 nonlinear photonic crystal. The ferroelectric domain wall enhanced Cerenkov radiations were created by the modulations induced corresponding to the reciprocal vectors along the direction of propagation of the fundamental beams. The (electric field) polarizations of the fundamental beams were found to affect the Cerenkov angles and the intensities of the radiations. In addition, the variations in the characteristics of the radiations varying with the wavelength of the incident fundamental waves were investigated.
Effects of Si addition on the crystallization behaviour of GeTe phase change materials
Authors: Saito Y , Sutou Y , Koike J 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The effects of the addition of Si on the temperature dependence of the electrical resistance and crystallization temperature, T

x
, of GeTe films were investigated by a two-point probe measurement. T

x
of the (GeTe)100−x
Si
x
films increased with increasing Si content from x = 0 (188 °C) to x = 12.6 at% (297 °C). It was confirmed from XPS measurements that Si–Te bonds were formed in the (GeTe)100−x
Si
x
amorphous film by the addition of Si. The dependence of Si content on the T

x
of the (GeTe)100−x
Si
x
film was calculated based on Lankhorst's model, which showed a linear relationship between T

x
and the Si content. In the region of low Si content (x ⩽ 3.8 at%), the obtained result was in good agreement with the calculated result. Meanwhile, in the region of high Si content (x ⩾ 5.4 at%), the obtained result considerably deviated from the calculated line. This may be due to the formation of the strongest Si–Si bonds in the amorphous (GeTe)100−x
Si
x
film. It was found from XRD measurement that the (GeTe)87.4Si12.6 amorphous film showed crystallization with phase separation into α-GeTe and Si. The obtained results suggested that suitable Si content of the (GeTe)100−x
Si
x
film is in the range 3–7 at% because of the high T

x
, a small temperature interval of crystallization and the absence of phase separation during crystallization.
BILATERAL MACULAR SEROUS RETINAL DETACHMENT REVEALING ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Authors: Caillaux Violaine , Querques Giuseppe , Ramahefasolo Christiane , Darugar Adil , Souied Eric H. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:
To report a case of bilateral serous retinal detachment revealing acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Methods:
A 31-year-old man presenting with decreased vision in both eyes, 20/50 in the right eye and 20/32 in the left eye, was submitted to a complete ophthalmologic and systemic evaluation.

Results:
Fundus biomicroscopy, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed bilateral serous retinal detachment and signs of choroidal ischemia. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography allowed a precise examination of the choroid, by showing an overall thickening of the choroid (749 μm in the right eye and 728 μm in the left eye) and disappearance of the normal hyporeflective visualization of the choroidal vessels. On systemic investigation, the patient was diagnosed with acute myeloblastic leukemia. After systemic chemotherapy, visual acuity improved to 20/20 in both eyes, with resolution of the bilateral serous retinal detachment and choroidal changes.

Conclusion:
Bilateral serous retinal detachment may be a presenting sign of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Examination of the choroid using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography may suggest the etiology and contribute to early diagnosis and treatment.
THE USE OF INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB TO TREAT NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA BECAUSE OF RETINAL AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY IN FAMILIAL AMYLOIDOSIS TRANSTHYRETIN V30M RELATED
Authors: Beirão Nuno M. , Miranda Vasco , Beirão Idalina , Costa Paulo P. , Torres Paulo 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:
The purpose of this study to report a patient with amyloidotic angiopathy and neovascular glaucoma who was treated with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab followed by laser photocoagulation.

Methods:
A 52-year-old liver-transplanted woman with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy presented with unilateral rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma. A complete ocular examination and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography were performed.

Results:
Best-corrected visual acuity before injection was 0.05 (Snellen) in the left eye, and intraocular pressure was 42 mmHg. Fluorescein angiography showed vascular occlusion in the retinal periphery, focal staining of vessels, and microaneurysms. Indocyanine green angiography showed hyperfluorescent spots alongside the choroidal veins. Two days after receiving intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, the clinical picture regressed. The diagnosis of retinal amyloid angiopathy was made, and a peripheral retinal laser photocoagulation was done. The final best-corrected visual acuity after 2 years of follow-up was 0.4 (Snellen) in the left eye.

Conclusion:
Intravitreal injections of ranibizumab should be evaluated for a potential role on the treatment of amyloid angiopathy neovascular glaucoma. Careful retinal periphery examination should be included in the ophthalmologic examination of all familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy patients.
Comparing the van Oosterhout and Chybicki‐Burczyk methods of estimating null allele frequencies for inbred populations
Authors: Campagne P. , Smouse P. E. , Varouchas G. , Silvain J.‐F. , Leru B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn spite of the usefulness of codominant markers in population genetics, the existence of null alleles raises challenging estimation issues in natural populations that are characterized by positive inbreeding coefficients (F > 0). Disregarding the possibility of F > 0 in a population will generally lead to overestimates of null allele frequencies. Conversely, estimates of inbreeding coefficients (F) may be strongly biased upwards (excess homozygotes), in the presence of nontrivial frequencies of null alleles. An algorithm has been presented for the estimation of null allele frequencies in inbred populations (van Oosterhout method), using external estimates of the F‐statistics. The goal of this study is to introduce a modification of this method and to provide a formal comparison with an alternative likelihood‐based method (Chybicki‐Burczyk). Using simulated data, we illustrate the strengths and limitations of these competing methods. Under most circumstances, the likelihood method is preferable, but for highly inbred organisms, a modified van Oosterhout method offers some advantages.
Captopril avoids hypertension, the increase in plasma angiotensin II but increases angiotensin 1–7 and angiotensin II‐induced perfusion pressure in isolated kidney in SHR
Authors: Castro‐Moreno P. , Pardo J. P. , Hernández‐Muñoz R. , López‐Guerrero J. J. , Del Valle‐Mondragón L. , Pastelín‐Hernández G. , Ibarra‐Barajas M. , Villalobos‐Molina R. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

We investigated captopril effects, an ACE inhibitor, on hypertension development, on Ang II and Ang‐(1‐7) plasma concentrations, on Ang II‐induced contraction in isolated kidneys, and on kidney AT1R from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats.
Five weeks‐old SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with captopril at 30 mg/kg/day, in drinking water for 2 or 14 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured, and isolated kidneys were tested for perfusion pressure and AT1R expression; while Ang II and Ang‐(1‐7) concentrations were determined in plasma.
Captopril did not modify SBP in WKY rats and avoided its increase as SHR aged. Plasma Ang‐II concentration was ∼4‐5 folds higher in SHR rats, and captopril reduced it (P < 0.05); while captopril increased Ang‐(1‐7) by ∼2 fold in all rat groups.
Captopril increased Ang II‐induced pressor response in kidneys of WKY and SHR rats, phenomenon not observed in kidneys stimulated with phenylephrine, a α1‐adrenoceptor agonist.
Captopril did not modify AT1R in kidney cortex and medulla among rat strains and ages.
Data indicate that captopril increased Ang II‐induced kidney perfusion pressure but not AT1R density in kidney of WKY and SHR rats, due to blockade of angiotensin II synthesis; however, ACE inhibitors may have other actions like activating signaling processes that could contribute to their diverse effects.
House dust mite allergic airway inflammation facilitates neosensitization to inhaled allergen in mice
Authors: van Rijt L. S. , Logiantara A. , Utsch L. , Canbaz D. , Boon L. , van Ree R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanism by which many monosensitized allergic individuals progress to polysensitization over time remains to be elucidated. Mouse models have contributed greatly to the understanding of sensitization to inhaled allergens in healthy airways but hardly any studies have addressed sensitization during established allergy. We hypothesized that an allergic inflammatory milieu might facilitate sensitization to inhaled allergens by the presence of mature dendritic cells (DCs) and IL‐4.MethodsMice with house dust mite (HDM)‐induced allergic airway inflammation received a single intratracheal dose of ovalbumin (OVA), 2 days after the last HDM exposure. Ten days later, sensitization was assessed by rechallenge with OVA. We evaluated the following factors for their importance in neosensitization: (1) maturation and recruitment of DCs to the airways, (2) dependency on DCs using CD11cDTR conditional knockout mice, (3) presence of ongoing airway inflammation by comparing sensitization at day 2 and day 14 after the last HDM exposure and (4) dependency on IL‐4 by treatment with blocking antibodies.ResultsHouse dust mite ‐induced inflammation facilitated neosensitization to OVA. HDM‐induced inflammation increased the number of airway DCs with a mature phenotype but a DC reduction of 93% did not inhibit sensitization. Neosensitization to OVA was dependent on ongoing inflammation and in particular on IL‐4.ConclusionsThese findings show that HDM‐induced allergic airway inflammation facilitates neosensitization to a second inhaled allergen in an IL‐4‐dependent manner and provide insight into the underlying mechanism of the frequently observed progression to polysensitization in HDM‐monosensitized individuals.
Mutational spectrum and geno‐phenotype correlation in Chinese families with Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Xu Y.‐Y. , Zhi Y.‐X. , Yin J. , Wang L.‐L. , Wen L.‐P. , Gu J.‐Q. , Guan K. , Craig T. , Zhang H.‐Y. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundHereditary angioedema is a rare autosomal dominant disease, and its correlation between genotype and phenotype seems not to exist. So far, there are very few studies on Chinese population. We aimed to establish a Chinese genetic database of hereditary angioedema and investigated the potential correlation between genotype and phenotype.MethodAll the eight exons and intron–exon boundaries of C1 inhibitor gene were detected in 48 unrelated families with HAE. The correlations between genotype and clinical parameters were evaluated by R statistical software.ResultsThirty‐five different mutations (25 of them were novel) and 7 SNPs (3 of them were novel) were identified. Significant difference was found in the level of C1 inhibitor antigen (P = 0.01793) between different groups of mutational types. The correlation between different groups of mutational types and the level of C1 inhibitor antigen (0.5047, P = 0.00027) was significant. The different groups of mutational types showed neither difference nor correlations of clinical parameters (severity score and the level of C1 inhibitor function).ConclusionIt appears that nonsense, frameshift, and mutations on Arg466 can cause lower level of C1 inhibitor antigen than missense and in‐frame mutations; however, it does not affect severity of symptoms.