bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isocyanide‐Based Multicomponent Reactions: Concise Synthesis of Spirocyclic Oxindoles with Molecular Complexity by Using a [1,5]‐Hydrogen Shift as the Key Step
Authors: Su Shikuan , Li Chunju , Jia Xueshun , Li Jian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA concise multicomponent reaction of isocyanide, α‐substituted allenoate, and methyleneindolinone has been disclosed. This protocol provides a fast and straightforward approach to synthesize unusual tricyclic oxindoles in an efficient and atom‐economic manner. Mechanistically, the present cycloaddition may proceed through a cascade sequence involving double Michael addition, double cyclization, double [1,5]‐hydrogen shift, and group migration. The introduction of a special alkyl group to the allenoate is believed to play a key role in the cascade reaction. This method also features a broad substrate scope, which is particularly useful for the delivery of a large number of compounds.
Organic Solvent Nanofiltration as New Unit Operation in Fluid Process Technology
Authors: Schnitzer Christian , Kruse Daniela , Lazar Marina , Priske Markus , Kobus Axel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDie organophile Nanofiltration ist eine relativ neue Grundoperation der Fluidverfahrenstechnik. Mit ihr lässt sich eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen in allen Bereichen der chemischen Industrie adressieren. Der Nutzen für den Kunden kann je nach Anwendung verschieden sein, daher werden hier verschiedene Anwendungsbeispiele diskutiert. Die organophile Nanofiltration wird dabei entweder als separates Trennverfahren oder in einem Hybridprozess, kombiniert mit anderen thermischen Trennverfahren, eingesetzt.
Systemic exposure to benzoic acid and hippuric acid following topical application of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 3% fixed‐dose combination gel in Japanese patients with acne vulgaris
Authors: Ino Hiroko , Takahashi Naoki , Saenz Alessandra Alio , Wakamatsu Akira , Hashimoto Hirofumi , Nakahara Norie , Hasegawa Setsuo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractClindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 3% fixed‐dose combination gel (CLDM/BPO3%) is a topical product for the treatment of acne vulgaris. In this study, plasma and urine concentrations of benzoic acid (BA) and hippuric acid (HA) were analyzed to estimate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of BPO after application of CLDM/BPO3% twice‐daily for 7 days in Japanese patients with acne vulgaris. Seven‐day repeated application of CLDM/BPO3% appears to be safe in this patient population. Concentrations of plasma and urine BA were below the limit of quantification before and after repeated application in most of the 12 adult male patients. Mean difference in Cmax and AUC0–last for plasma HA indicated increased exposures after repeated application, but with wide 90% confidence intervals. Mean Ae0–12 for urine HA was similar before and after repeated application. Repeated application of CLDM/BPO3% is thus unlikely to result in accumulation of BA and HA. The study suggests negligible systemic exposure to BPO metabolites from CLDM/BPO3% after 7‐day repeated application in male patients with acne vulgaris.
The Nematic Phases of Bent‐Core Liquid Crystals
Authors: Gleeson Helen F. , Kaur Sarabjot , Görtz Verena , Belaissaoui Abdel , Cowling Stephen , Goodby John W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOver the last ten years, the nematic phases of liquid crystals formed from bent‐core structures have provoked considerable research because of their remarkable properties. This Minireview summarises some recent measurements of the physical properties of these systems, as well as describing some new data. We concentrate on oxadiazole‐based materials as exemplars of this class of nematogens, but also describe some other bent‐core systems. The influence of molecular structure on the stability of the nematic phase is described, together with progress in reducing the nematic transition temperatures by modifications to the molecular structure. The physical properties of bent‐core nematic materials have proven difficult to study, but patterns are emerging regarding their optical and dielectric properties. Recent breakthroughs in understanding the elastic and flexoelectric behaviour are summarised. Finally, some exemplars of unusual electric field behaviour are described.
A Natural Carbonized Leaf as Polysulfide Diffusion Inhibitor for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cells
Authors: Chung Sheng‐Heng , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAttracted by the unique tissue and functions of leaves, a natural carbonized leaf (CL) is presented as a polysulfide diffusion inhibitor in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The CL that is covered on the pure sulfur cathode effectively suppresses the polysulfide shuttling mechanism and enables the use of pure sulfur as the cathode. A low charge resistance and a high discharge capacity of 1320 mA h g−1 arise from the improved cell conductivity due to the innately integral conductive carbon network of the CL. The unique microstructure of CL leads to a high discharge/charge efficiency of >98 %, low capacity fade of 0.18 % per cycle, and good long‐term cyclability over 150 cycles. The structural gradient and the micro/mesoporous adsorption sites of CL effectively intercept/trap the migrating polysulfides and facilitate their reutilization. The green CL polysulfide diffusion inhibitor thus offers a viable approach for developing high‐performance lithium‐sulfur batteries.
Hollow Melon‐Seed‐Shaped Lithium Iron Phosphate Micro‐ and Sub‐Micrometer Plates for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Xian‐Feng , Yang Jin‐Hua , Zhong Yu Lin , Gariepy Vincent , Trudeau Michel L. , Zaghib Karim , Ying Jackie Y. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMelon‐seed‐shaped LiFePO4 hollow micro‐ and sub‐micrometer plates have been synthesized via a polyol‐assisted hydrothermal method. The as‐prepared LiFePO4 hollow materials were new with regard to their single‐crystalline shells with large ac surfaces. Based on the detailed analysis of time‐dependent studies, a possible growth mechanism was proposed involving nucleation, anisotropic growth, selective etching, and reversed recrystallization. The effects of polyol concentration, reaction temperature, and feeding sequence of precursors on the growth of LiFePO4 materials were investigated. The electrochemical properties of as‐prepared LiFePO4 hollow materials were examined as cathode materials.
Network coding based on hyper‐edge decomposition for wireless network with link failures
Authors: Wang Jing , Chi Kaikai , Yang Yang , Wang Xinmei 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the construction of network coding for wireless network with link failures. Based on hyper‐edge decomposition, for the wireless network, we first construct the hyper‐edge graph, where each node represents one hyper‐edge (consisting of multiple adjacent edges transmitting the same information) of the wireless network. Then we present a heuristic coloration method for the hyper‐edge graph, and a network coding vector allocation scheme based on maximum distance separable code is proposed to effectively overcome some link failures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycerol Etherification using n‐Butanol to Produce Oxygenated Additives for Biodiesel Fuel over H‐Beta Zeolite Catalysts
Authors: Nandiwale Kakasaheb Y. , Patil Shivraj E. , Bokade Vijay V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe catalytic etherification of glycerol has been systematically studied in batch process by using n‐butanol to produce oxygenated additives for biodiesel fuels over various solid‐acid catalysts, such as H‐beta zeolite, ZSM‐5, K10, etc.. The present work includes a detailed study of the optimization of the etherification process parameters, such as catalyst loading (7–20 wt % of glycerol), molar ratio of glycerol/n‐butanol (1:6 to 1:15), speed of agitation (100–400 rpm), reaction temperature (413–453 K), and reaction time (0.5–4 h) in view of maximizing the glycerol conversion and selectivity towards mono‐butyl‐glycerol ether (ME). The catalyst reusability was studied using the optimized process parameters. Amongst the studied catalysts, the H‐beta zeolite was found to be the most promising for the etherification of glycerol with glycerol conversion of 55 % and a 98 % selectivity towards ME formation. The H‐beta zeolite was found to be an active and stable catalyst for up to 4 cycles. The use of n‐butanol as alkylating agent is presented for first time, to the authors knowledge. The reaction was performed at milder operating conditions (0.5 MPa) than previously reported (2 MPa). A kinetic model was developed for the etherification reaction and the data obtained at optimized process parameters was used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The reaction rate constants at different reaction temperatures, activation energies, and pre‐exponential factors were obtained for the etherification reaction with an accuracy of R2>0.989.
Susceptibility of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel proteins to digestive enzymes
Authors: Maloney Katherine P. , Truong Van‐Den , Allen Jonathan C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSweet potato proteins have been shown to possess antioxidant and antidiabetic properties in vivo. The ability of a protein to exhibit systemic effects is somewhat unusual as proteins are typically susceptible to digestive enzymes. This study was undertaken to better understand how digestive enzymes affect sweet potato proteins. Two fractions of industrially processed sweet potato peel, containing 6.8% and 8.5% protein and 80.5% and 83.3% carbohydrate, were used as a source of protein. Sweet potato proteins were incubated with pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin and protein breakdown was visualized with SDS‐PAGE. After pepsin digestion, samples were assayed for amylase inhibitory activity. Sporamin, the major storage protein in sweet potatoes, which functions as a trypsin inhibitor as well, exhibited resistance to pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Sporamin from blanched peel of orange sweet potatoes was less resistant to pepsin digestion than sporamin from outer peel and from extract of the white‐skinned Caiapo sweet potato. Trypsin inhibitory activity remained after simulated gastric digestion, with the Caiapo potato protein and peel samples exhibiting higher inhibitory activity compared to the blanched peel sample. Amylase and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was not present in any of the samples after digestion.
Association of differential β‐catenin expression with Oct‐4 and Nanog in oral squamous cell carcinoma and their correlation with clinicopathological factors and prognosis
Authors: Ravindran Gokulan , Sawant Sharada S. , Hague Angela , Kingsley Karl , Devaraj Halagowder 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe re‐expression of pluripotent markers (Oct‐4 and Nanog) and the reactivation of stem cell–related pathways in oral carcinoma have been well researched. However, the relationship between the stem cell signaling molecule β‐catenin and pluripotent markers Oct‐4 and Nanog in oral cancer is yet to be studied in detail. Therefore, we have investigated the correlation among Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin in oral squamous cell carcinoma, which, in turn, could provide valuable insight into its prognostic significance.MethodsThe immunohistochemical analysis was performed for 60 cases of oral cancer to study the expression pattern of Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin. Whereas immunofluorescence analysis was used to investigate the co‐localization of β‐catenin with Oct‐4 and Nanog in oral carcinoma tissues and H314 cell line. Finally, co‐immunoprecipitation analysis was used to study the possible interaction between β‐catenin and Oct‐4 in oral carcinoma cells.Resultsβ‐catenin, Oct‐4, and Nanog showed significant correlation with lymph node metastasis, stage, grade, and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation was found among the expression of Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin. Moreover, the interaction between β‐catenin and Oct‐4 was observed in oral cancer.ConclusionThe positive correlation among Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin suggests their coordinated role in maintaining proliferation in oral carcinoma cells. The interaction between β‐catenin and Oct‐4 may be a crucial event in oral carcinogenesis. On the other hand, β‐catenin, Oct‐4, and Nanog could be used as independent prognostic markers of oral squamous cell carcinoma. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 982–993, 2015
Association between baseline IL‐6 and 1‐year recovery in lumbar radicular pain
Authors: Schistad E.I. , Espeland A. , Pedersen L.M. , Sandvik L. , Gjerstad J. , Røe C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn the present study, the influence of cytokines on 1‐year recovery in lumbar radicular pain was examined.MethodsIn total, 110 patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation were followed for 1 year. Uni‐ and multivariate linear regression was used to assess the influence of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, disc degeneration and endplate changes (Modic changes) on the changes in the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI change; primary outcome) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for low back pain (LBP) and leg pain (secondary outcomes).ResultsLess favourable ODI outcome correlated with higher serum IL‐6 levels (B = −3.41, 95% CI −5.52 to −1.30, p = 0.002), non‐surgical treatment (B = −7.03, 95% CI 1.21 to 12.84, p = 0.018), higher baseline back pain intensity (B = −2.28, 95% CI −3.21 to −1.35, p < 0.001) and low educational level (B = −5.57, 95% CI 0.66 to 10.47, p = 0.027). High VAS for LBP and leg pain at 1 year was associated with high levels of serum IL‐6, higher back pain intensity and longer duration of lumbar radicular pain at baseline.ConclusionsHigh serum IL‐6 levels, but not disc degeneration or Modic changes, were associated with less favourable recovery in patients with lumbar radicular pain. Intense initial back pain, non‐surgical treatment, lower educational level and longer duration of radicular pain before treatment also correlated with a slower recovery the first year after disc herniation.
Landscape of Diversity in Higher Education: Linking Demographic Shifts to Contemporary University and College Counseling Center Practices
Authors: Clauss‐Ehlers Caroline S. , Parham William D. 
Published: April 2014

American institutions of higher education are increasingly called upon to respond to demographic changes. Current and future shifts in the environmental, academic, social, and emotional climate of campuses are likely to spawn both concerns and opportunities for academic and student services personnel and students. There are inherent challenges facing campus stakeholders seeking to navigate an ever‐evolving higher education landscape, which require campus mental health professionals to understand person‐in‐environment variables as best practices relative to service delivery are continually refined.Cada vez se pide más a las instituciones americanas de educación superior que respondan a los cambios demográficos. Las fluctuaciones actuales y futuras en el clima ambiental, académico, social, y emocional de los campus generan con frecuencia tanto preocupaciones como oportunidades para estudiantes y personal académico y de servicios al alumnado. Hay desafíos inherentes que afrontan los grupos de interés del campus que buscan la forma de navegar el paradigma en constante evolución de la educación superior, lo cual requiere que los profesionales en salud mental del campus entiendan las variables del individuo‐en‐su‐medio mientras las prácticas adecuadas relativas a la prestación de servicios se refinan constantemente.
Niche Inheritance: A Cooperative Pathway to Enhance Cancer Cell Fitness Through Ecosystem Engineering
Authors: Yang Kimberline R , Mooney Steven M. , Zarif Jelani C. , Coffey Donald S. , Taichman Russell S. , Pienta Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCancer cells can be described as an invasive species that is able to establish itself in a new environment. The concept of niche construction can be utilized to describe the process by which cancer cells terraform their environment, thereby engineering an ecosystem that promotes the genetic fitness of the species. Ecological dispersion theory can then be utilized to describe and model the steps and barriers involved in a successful diaspora as the cancer cells leave the original host organ and migrate to new host organs to successfully establish a new metastatic community. These ecological concepts can be further utilized to define new diagnostic and therapeutic areas for lethal cancers. 115: 1478–1485, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth and wear of incisor and cheek teeth in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed diets of different abrasiveness
Authors: Müller Jacqueline , Clauss Marcus , Codron Daryl , Schulz Ellen , Hummel Jürgen , Fortelius Mikael , Kircher Patrick , Hatt Jean‐Michel 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough patterns of tooth wear are crucial in palaeo‐reconstructions, and dental wear abnormalities are important in veterinary medicine, experimental investigations on the relationship between diet abrasiveness and tooth wear are rare. Here, we investigated the effect of four different pelleted diets of increasing abrasiveness (due to both internal [phytoliths] and external abrasives [sand]) or whole grass hay fed for 2 weeks each in random order to 16 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on incisor and premolar growth and wear, and incisor and cheek tooth length. Wear and tooth length differed between diets, with significant effects of both internal and external abrasives. While diet abrasiveness was linked to tooth length for all tooth positions, whole forage had an additional effect on upper incisor length only. Tooth growth was strongly related to tooth wear and differed correspondingly between diets and tooth positions. At 1.4–3.2 mm/week, the growth of cheek teeth measured in this study was higher than previously reported for rabbits. Dental abnormalities were most distinct on the diet with sand. This study demonstrates that concepts of constant tooth growth in rabbits requiring consistent wear are inappropriate, and that diet form (whole vs. pelleted) does not necessarily affect cheek teeth. Irrespective of the strong effect of external abrasives, internal abrasives have the potential to induce wear and hence exert selective pressure in evolution. Detailed differences in wear effects between tooth positions allow inferences about the mastication process. Elucidating feedback mechanisms that link growth to tooth‐specific wear represents a promising area of future research.J. Exp. Zool. 321A:283–298, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analyzing developmental sequences with Parsimov—A case study of cranial muscle development in anuran larvae
Authors: Ziermann Janine M. , Mitgutsch Christian , Olsson Lennart 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTParsimov is a parsimony‐based method for identifying the minimum number of heterochronic event‐shifts on all branches of a given phylogenetic framework to explain the developmental sequences seen in the species investigated, and has been used to investigate the evolution of developmental sequences in various animal groups. However, the biological interpretation of the results is difficult not least because Parsimov uses non‐independent data resulting from event‐pairing as the basis for its analyses. To test the applicability of Parsimov to a large data set, larval cranial muscle development was studied in 15 anurans, three caudates and the Australian lungfish. We analyzed the developmental sequences with Parsimov to investigate: if there are (1) heterochronies on deep branches of a cladogram indicating changes in the ancestral sequences, (2) heterochronies that can be related to larval life‐history, and (3) the sensitivity of the analysis to different underlying cladograms. We discovered general patterns of cranial muscle development, such as an anterior‐to‐posterior gradient, an outside‐in pattern and a tendency for cranial muscles to develop from their region of origin toward their insertion. We found most heterochronies on terminal branches and only a few shifts on deep branches in the cladograms indicating changes in the ancestral sequences. No changes could be related to larval life‐history. The underlying cladogram clearly influenced the outcome of the analysis. We propose that Parsimov has the potential, combined with other methods, to find evolutionary important changes and to aid the biological interpretation of these changes. J. Exp. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 586–606, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attentional Bias Modification in Dutch Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder—A Case Series With a Personalized Treatment Version
Authors: Schoorl Maartje , Putman Peter , Mooren Trudy M. , Van Der Werff Steven , Van Der Does Willem 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBeneficial effects of attentional bias modification have been claimed for a number of anxiety disorders, but study results are variable. A recent trial in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed no therapeutic effects. The use of personally relevant and verbal stimuli might increase the efficacy of attentional bias modification. In an A–B case series design, we hypothesized that individualized attentional bias modification would lead to reduction of attentional bias and a decrease in PTSD symptoms. Six Dutch male war veterans (mean age 39.33 years) who had developed PTSD after peacekeeping missions underwent the treatment. No therapeutic effects were observed. Inter‐ and intraindividual attentional bias scores varied widely and did not respond to attentional bias modification as hypothesized. This study provides no evidence that individualized attentional bias modification is an effective treatment for PTSD.
Power Density Threshold for Switching Off the Tack Adhesion of Colloidal Nanocomposites
Authors: Cooper Ben S. , Gurney Robert S. , Siband Elodie , Dupin Damien , Keddie Joseph L. 
Published: April 2014

Colloidal nanocomposite adhesives are made by blending soft adhesive particles with hard nanoparticles (NPs) that sit at the particle boundaries to create a percolating phase. When the nanocomposite is heated with infrared (IR) radiation, the NPs sinter together to create a rigid structure that hardens the composite and thereby switches off the tack adhesion. It is discovered that the IR power density of an irradiation for 20 s must exceed a threshold value of 1.07 W cm−2 before the tack is switched off. At lower power densities, an analysis of the sintering of the NPs shows that there is not sufficient time to link them together into a rigid structure. These results reveal that the switching of colloidal nanocomposite adhesives can be easily controlled through the IR power density and the time of the exposure.
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