bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Particulate Matter Generated while Handling Municipal Household Waste
Authors: Park Donguk , Lee Kyeongmin , Ryu Seunghun , Kim Shinbum , Yoon Chungsik , Ha Kwonchul 
Published: October 2013

Characteristics of Particulate Matter Generated while Handling Municipal Household Waste: Donguk PARK, et al. Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Korea—ObjectivesThis study was conducted to assess the size characteristics of particulate matter (PM) generated during waste collection and sorting, and to assess the effect of the type of waste‐handling activity on levels of coarse and fine PM.MethodsA portable aerosol spectrometer calibrated to 1.2 l/min was used to monitor PM generated during four types of waste‐handling activities. The types of PM measured included inhalable particulate matter (IPM), PM10, respirable particulate matter (RPM), PM2.5 and PM1. Twenty‐eight data sets with 3,071 subsets recorded every 6 sec were categorized according to occupational and environmental classifications, including type of waste‐handling activity. An ANOVA was used to compare PM levels characterized by size. Significant variables with p‐values <0.25 were included in a multiple regression model for predicting levels of each PM.ResultsThe average levels of PM10 and PM2.5 greatly exceeded the air‐quality levels enforced by the Korean Ministry of the Environment. The highest PM2.5 fine‐particle levels monitored were during waste‐transfer work, while the highest IPM and PM10 coarse‐particle levels monitored were during waste‐sorting work. The type of waste‐collection activity was the only factor that significantly affected both and IPM, accounting for 36% (p=0.0034) and 40% PM2.5 (p=0.0049), respectively, of the observed variations. None of the factors affected PM10 or RPM levels.ConclusionsWaste‐collection and Waste‐transfer work may be associated with the generation of high levels of fine PM, which can be influenced by environmental conditions such as traffic levels and the type of waste transport vehicle.
Control of Hazardous Processes in Flow: Synthesis of 2-Nitroethanol
Authors: Roberge Dominique M. , Noti Christian , Irle Eberhard , Eyholzer Markus , Rittiner Bruno , Penn Gerhard , Sedelmeier Gottfried , Schenkel Berthold 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
After a short section of safety aspects related to 2-nitroethanol, the paper describes a powerful methodology for developing flow processes based on a proof of concept (1), an optimization and modeling analysis (2), and a long run study in a mini-plant (3). The proof of concept is the initial stage where the solubilities and concentrations are fixed, taking into account the rough kinetics with a mass transfer understanding. It is followed by a complete kinetic analysis including activation energy to model the reaction under various conditions to optimize different targets (yield not being the only driver!). The last section shows the operation of a mini-plant including a microreactor and work-up unit operations. The approach is extremely powerful as it enables the study at laboratory scale of all the features that are usually associated with a pilot plant namely: stability over time on stream, solvent recirculation, model prediction, and robustness.
A Novel Approach to Synthesize Lanthanum Telluride Thermoelectric Thin Films in Ambient Conditions
Authors: Chi Su (Ike) Chih , Farias Stephen L. , Cammarata Robert C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTRare-earth telluride compounds are characterized by their high performance thermoelectric properties that have been applied to the development of functional materials [1]. Recently, May and co-workers reported that nanostructured bulk lanthanum telluride (La3-xTe4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/3) by mechanical ball-milling exceeded the figure of merit (ZT) of 1 at high temperatures near 1300K [2-3]. Since the increased thermoelectric efficiency of nanostructured materials is due to the enhancement of phonon scattering introduced by quantum confinement, thin films have also generated significant scientific and technological interest [4-6]. Here, we report on the electrodepostion of lanthanum telluride and lanthanum thin films in ionic liquids in ambient conditions. Surface morphologies varied from needle-like to granular structures and depend on deposition conditions. This novel electrochemical synthesis approach is a simple, inexpensive and laboratory-environment friendly method of synthesizing nanostructured thermoelectric materials.
Thermoelectric transport in topological insulator Bi2Te2Se bulk crystals
Authors: Xu Yang , Cao Helin , Miotkowski Ireneusz , Chen Yong P. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTBi2Te2Se (BTS221) bulk crystals were recently discovered as an intrinsic 3D topological insulator. We have synthesized this material, and studied the transport properties of BTS221 from the thermoelectrics perspective. Temperature (T) dependent resistivity measurement indicates surface dominant transports in our sample at low T. We also report Seebeck measurement between 50K to room T.
Carrier Mapping in Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Polymeris Georgios S. , Hatzikraniotis Euripides , Stefanaki Eleni C. , Pavlidou Eleni , Kyratsi Theodora , Paraskevopoulos Konstantinos M. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe application of micro-fourier transform infrared (FTIR) mapping analysis to thermoelectric materials towards identification of doping inhomogeneities is described. Micro-FTIR, in conjunction with fitting, is used as analytical tool for probing carrier content gradients. The plasmon frequency ωP2 was studied as potential effective probe for carrier inhomogeneity and consequently doping differentiation based on its dependence of the carrier concentration. The method was applied to PbTe-, PbSe- and Mg2Si- based thermoelectric materials.
A new thermoelectric concept using large area PN junctions
Authors: Chavez R. , Becker A. , Kessler V. , Engenhorst M. , Petermann N. , Wiggers H. , Schierning G. , Schmechel R. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA new thermoelectric concept using large area silicon PN junctions is experimentally demonstrated. In contrast to conventional thermoelectric generators where the n-type and p-type semiconductors are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel, we demonstrate a large area PN junction made from densified silicon nanoparticles that combines thermally induced charge generation and separation in a space charge region with the conventional Seebeck effect by applying a temperature gradient parallel to the PN junction. In the proposed concept, the electrical contacts are made at the cold side eliminating the need for contacts at the hot side allowing temperature gradients greater than 100K to be applied. The investigated PN junction devices are produced by stacking n-type and p-type nanopowder prior to a densification process. The nanoparticulate nature of the densified PN junction lowers thermal conductivity and increases the intraband traps density which we propose is beneficial for transport across the PN junction thus enhancing the thermoelectric properties. A fundamental working principle of the proposed concept is suggested, along with characterization of power output and output voltages per temperature difference that are close to those one would expect from a conventional thermoelectric generator.
Detailed Theoretical Investigation and Comparison of the Thermal Conductivities of n- and p-type Bi2Te3 Based Alloys
Authors: Yelgel Ö. Ceyda , Srivastava Gyaneshwar P. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn this work we present a detailed theoretical investigation of the thermal conductivities of n-type 0.1 wt.% CuBr doped 85% Bi2Te3 - 15% Bi2Se3 and p-type 3 wt% Te doped 20% Bi2Te3 - %80 Sb2Te3 single crystals. The thermal conductivity contributions arising from carriers, electron-hole pairs and phonons are computed rigorously in the temperature range $300\,{\rm{K}}\, \le \,T\, \le \,500\,{\rm{K}}$. In agreement with available experimental measurements we theoretically find that the lowest total thermal conductivity is 3.15 W K−1 m−1 at 380 K for the n-type alloy and 1.145 W K−1 m−1 at 400 K for the p-type alloy. Stronger mass-defect scattering is found to be responsible for the lower thermal conductivity of the p-type alloy throughout the temperature range of the study.
Effects of sliding velocity on friction: An in vitro study at extremely low sliding velocity approximating orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Yanase Yumi , Ioi Hideki , Nishioka Masato , Takahashi Ichiro 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate the effects of sliding velocity on friction, particularly at extremely low sliding velocity approximating orthodontic tooth movement.

Materials and Methods:
Stainless-steel (SS) 0.022-inch preadjusted brackets and 0.016- and 0.016 × 0.022-inch SS wires and superelastic nickel-titanium 0.016 × 0.022-inch wires were used for this test. The wire was secured in a SS preadjusted bracket with an elastomeric module. One end of the wire was pulled upward 1.5 mm at a speed of 5.0 × 10−7, 1.0 × 10−5, 1.0 × 10−4, 1.0 × 10−3, 1.0 × 10−2, and 1.0 × 10−1 mm/s by the micrometer. The measurements were conducted 10 times and averaged. Tukey-Kramer tests were used to compare the mean differences of each testing measurement among the different sliding velocities.

Results:
The frictional forces tended to increase as the sliding velocity decreased. The mean frictional force for 5.0 × 10−7 mm/s sliding velocity (approximating orthodontic tooth movement) was 106.8 cN in 0.016 × 0.022-inch SS wires, almost double the 1.0 × 10−1 mm/s sliding velocity.

Conclusion:
The effects of sliding velocity cannot be ignored when we estimate frictional forces in clinical orthodontics.
Susceptibility of naked oat cultivar seeds to mechanical damage
Authors: Zieliński Andrzej , Ptak Agata , Wójtowicz Tomasz , Moś Maria 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Mechanical damage to seeds occurring during harvesting and threshing, especially in naked cultivars, is one of the main factors decreasing the size and quality of yield. The objective of this study was to assess the susceptibility of naked oat cultivars to mechanical damage, considering the biometric parameters of seeds determined on the basis of computer image analysis and weight tests. The testing was carried out on eight cultivars harvested between 2008 and 2010 at 15% moisture and threshed at either 1.6 or 2.4 m·s−1 threshing drum speed. A 50% increase in the threshing speed caused an average 19% increase in the frequency and a 29% increase in the area of microdamage to seeds. There was a corresponding 4.1 mm2 change in the microdamage area when using the threshing speed of 1.6 m·s−1, and a 6.1 mm2 change when using the threshing speed of 2.4 m·s−1 was 53% and 68%, respectively, determined by a decreasing seed shape coefficient indicating seed elongation. The greatest resistance to mechanical damage was found on the Bullion cultivar, which was also characterized by the largest total projected area of seeds (7.14 mm2), as well as the greatest seed density (63.8 kg·hL−1) and thousand kernel weight (TKW) (28.2 g).
The comparison of peroxynitrite action on bovine, porcine and human fibrinogens
Authors: Ponczek Michał , Bijak Michał , Saluk Joanna , Kolodziejczyk-Czepas Joanna , Nowak Paweł 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Subjects of bovine and porcine flocks are sometimes susceptible to death before time of slaughter, and some of those deaths may be due to cardiovascular problems connected with stress. The role of oxidative stress in farm animals is yet unexplored. Human fibrinogen seems to be highly susceptible to nitration. Peroxynitrite produced from superoxide and nitric oxide initiates noticeable changes in the structure of human fibrinogen molecule. The objective of this work is to compare the in vitro interactions of peroxynitrite with human fibrinogen and with fibrinogen from mammals of great economic importance, namely cows and pigs. Using western blots and ELISA we show that porcine fibrinogen is susceptible to tyrosine nitration induced by peroxynitrite whereas, bovine fibrinogen is more resistant. Moreover, porcine fibrinogen polymerization is susceptible to peroxynitrite action, whereas bovine fibrinogen is the least susceptible to inhibition of polymerization caused by peroxynitrite. These observed differences may result from differences in amino acid sequence of fibrinogen chains, mostly including tyrosine content and location in the Aα chain. Protection against toxic effects of peroxynitrite activity in the circulatory system seems to be important in avoiding cardiovascular diseases and may prevent production loss in pig breeding herds.
Prior heat stress induces moderation of diabetic alterations in glycogen metabolism of rats
Authors: Miova Biljana , Dinevska-Kjovkarovska Suzana , Djimrevska Ana , Mitev Slavco 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Adaptation to one environmental stressor sometimes provides protection against additional, more intensive type of stress, a phenomenon called cross-tolerance. We aimed to estimate theprotection provided by acute heat stress (AHS) over carbohydrate disturbances in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. We investigated changes in activity of some hepatic glycolitic and gluconeogenic enzymes, and concentration of some substrates in control and diabetic animals exposed to AHS (41±0.5°C / 1 h), with 1 h and 24 h recovery at room temperature before sacrifice or induction of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetes, respectively. AHS with 1 h-recovery before sacrifice resulted in intensive glycogenolysis, directed to endogenous glucose production and further utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, while 24 h recovery resulted in a slight tendency towards normalization of metabolic disturbances caused by AHS. Experimental diabetes caused a significant decrease of substrates and glycolytic enzymes, but an increase of gluconeogenic enzymes. In diabetic animals previously exposed to AHS we measured a less intensive decrease of liver glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate concentration and hexokinase activity, as well as less intensive increase of liver glucose concentration, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity compared to control diabetic animals that had been maintained at room temperature. Prior AHS provided some protection over diabetes-induced alterations in carbohydrate-related parameters (see graphical apstract), indicating a possible development of cross-tolerance phenomenon between the two stressors, AHS and STZ-diabetes.
Assessment of flora diversity in a minor river valley using ecological indicator values, Geographical Information Systems and Digital Elevation Models
Authors: Czarnecka Bożenna , Chabudziński Łukasz 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Ellenberg indicator values (EIV) have been widely used to estimate habitat variables from floristic data and to predict vegetation composition based on habitat properties. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) are valuable tools for studying the relationships between topographic and ecological characters of river systems. A 3-meter resolution DEM was derived for a. 3-km-long break section of the Szum River (SE Poland) from a 1:10,000 topographic map. Data on the diversity and ecological requirements of the local vascular flora were obtained while making floristic charts for 32 sections of the river valley (each 200 m long) and physical and chemical soil measurements; next, the data were translated into EIV. The correlations of the primary and secondary topographic attributes of the valley, species richness, and EIV (adapted for the Polish vascular flora) were assessed for all species recognized in each valley section. The total area and proportion of a flat area, mean slope, slope curvature, solar radiation (SRAD), and topographic wetness index (TWI) are the most important factors influencing local flora richness and diversity. The highest correlations were found for three ecological indicators, namely light, soil moisture, and soil organic content. The DEM seems to be useful in determination of correlations between topographic and ecological attributes along a minor river valley.
An Interview with Alice Schwarzer on Leni Riefenstahl
Authors: Löwisch Henriette 
Published: October 2013

Alice Schwarzer’s name is synonymous with the second-wave women’smovement in West Germany, and when she picks a fight, the odds are ashouting match will follow. Admired by some, reviled by others, West Germany’sbest-known feminist has often used controversy to amplify theactivist journalism she has pursued since the late 1960s. She is opinionated,combative, and unpredictable—attributes all reflected in her 1999 essay onLeni Riefenstahl, which the interview below revisits. Her sympathetic portrayalof the filmmaker met with criticism, which is certainly consistent withthe affinity toward ambivalence Schwarzer has demonstrated throughouther career as an author, activist and talk show celebrity.
Photobiomodulation inside the brain: a novel method of applying near-infrared light intracranially and its impact on dopaminergic cell survival in MPTP-treated mice
Authors: Moro Cécile , Massri Nabil El , Torres Napoleon , Ratel David , De Jaeger Xavier , Chabrol Claude , Perraut François , Bourgerette Alain , Berger Michel , Purushothuman Sivaraman , Johnstone Daniel , Stone Jonathan , Mitrofanis John , Benabid Alim-Louis 
Published: October 2013

Object
Previous experimental studies have documented the neuroprotection of damaged or diseased cells after applying, from outside the brain, near-infrared light (NIr) to the brain by using external light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser devices. In the present study, the authors describe an effective and reliable surgical method of applying to the brain, from inside the brain, NIr to the brain. They developed a novel internal surgical device that delivers the NIr to brain regions very close to target damaged or diseased cells. They suggest that this device will be useful in applying NIr within the large human brain, particularly if the target cells have a very deep location.

Methods
An optical fiber linked to an LED or laser device was surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle of BALB/c mice or Sprague-Dawley rats. The authors explored the feasibility of the internal device, measured the NIr signal through living tissue, looked for evidence of toxicity at doses higher than those required for neuroprotection, and confirmed the neuroprotective effect of NIr on dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in an acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson disease in mice.

Results
The device was stable in freely moving animals, and the NIr filled the cranial cavity. Measurements showed that the NIr intensity declined as distance from the source increased across the brain (65% per mm) but was detectable up to 10 mm away. At neuroprotective (0.16 mW) and much higher (67 mW) intensities, the NIr caused no observable behavioral deficits, nor was there evidence of tissue necrosis at the fiber tip, where radiation was most intense. Finally, the intracranially delivered NIr protected SNc cells against MPTP insult; there were consistently more dopaminergic cells in MPTP-treated mice irradiated with NIr than in those that were not irradiated.

Conclusions
In summary, the authors showed that NIr can be applied intracranially, does not have toxic side effects, and is neuroprotective.
Successful treatment of hemorrhagic congenital intracranial immature teratoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery
Authors: Fukuoka Kohei , Yanagisawa Takaaki , Suzuki Tomonari , Wakiya Kenji , Matsutani Masao , Sasaki Atsushi , Nishikawa Ryo 
Published: October 2013

Congenital intracranial immature teratomas carry a dismal prognosis, and the usefulness of chemotherapy for these tumors has not been elucidated. The authors report on the successful management of a case of congenital intracranial immature teratoma by using neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery after the failure of an initial attempt at resection.
The patient was an infant who had begun vomiting frequently at the age of 12 days and had been admitted to a hospital at the age of 18 days with continued vomiting, increased head circumference, and disturbance of consciousness. A CT scan of the brain revealed a large mass in his posterior fossa and hydrocephalus. Surgery was performed on an emergent basis, but only minor tumor resection could be performed due to massive intraoperative hemorrhage. The histopathological diagnosis was immature teratoma. Postoperatively, the infant was in critical condition due to severe postoperative complications, and when he was transferred to the authors' institution 43 days after birth, his respiratory condition was still unstable because of lower cranial nerve palsy. Chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide resulted in moderate shrinkage of the tumor. Further chemotherapy led to improvement in the patient's general condition and weight gain, which allowed for a second attempt at resection. During this second surgery, which was performed when the child was 8 months of age, after 8 courses of chemotherapy, the tumor was completely resected with little bleeding. Histological findings from the second operation were consistent with mature teratoma.
This case indicates that upfront chemotherapy may be effective for the initial management of such cases. Although the objective response to the treatment was modest, chemotherapy reduced the hemorrhagic nature of the tumor, facilitated improvement of the patient's general condition, and allowed for successful resection.
Safety of Cidofovir by Intratympanic Delivery Technique
Authors: Ward Jonette A , Sidell Douglas R , Nassar Michel , Reece Alisa L , Choo Daniel I 
Published: October 2013

Background Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most common infectious causes of congenital sensorineural hearing loss. To date, a safe and effective therapy for CMV-induced hearing loss does not exist. We hypothesize that the antiviral cidofovir (CDV) can be delivered to the inner ear via intratympanic (IT) injections to safely and effectively mitigate CMV-induced hearing loss. Methods To evaluate the safety of CDV IT injections, weanling guinea pigs with normal hearing were injected intratympanically with 3 mg or 5 mg concentrations of CDV and compared to control animals injected with sterile saline. A separate group of weanling guinea pigs were inoculated with CMV and a subset of this group was treated with CDV following inoculation. Results The 3 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml CDV concentrations resulted in hearing loss following IT injection into uninfected animals. No signs of inflammation or toxicity were noted on histologic analysis and there was no evidence of systemic toxicity in serology. Hearing loss induced as a result of guinea pig CMV infection recovered by day 21 in animals treated with IT injections of 5 mg/ml CDV. Conclusions We provide promising evidence demonstrating both the efficacy and safety of IT CDV in the guinea pig animal model. This research further establishes a sound framework upon which ongoing investigations into drug delivery mechanisms for CMV-induced hearing loss will be based.
Psychologie de Socrate ou histoire de ses inspirations et de son démon
Authors: Lélut Louis-Francisque , Vermont Élodie 
Published: October 2013

Nous reproduisons ici des extraits de l’ouvrage de Louis-Francisque Lélut, aliéniste français, Du Démon de Socrate, spécimen d’une application de la science psychologique à celle de l’histoire , publié en 1836. Nous nous intéressons ici à son interprétation de ce que Socrate nommait lui-même son « démon », son « génie », son « dieu », et qui se manifestait à lui sous la forme d’une « voix ». Tel que ce texte le figure, Socrate est halluciné et les manifestations singulières de sa folie apparurent dès l’enfance. Cette conception, datée, de l’hallucination est autant un état des lieux de la psychiatrie du début du xix e siècle et présente un phénomène qui aura intéressé philosophes comme médecins : quel statut accorder à la « voix » de Socrate ?