bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
United States colorectal cancer screening practices among American Indians/Alaska Natives, blacks, and non‐Hispanic whites in the new millennium (2001 to 2010)
Authors: Johnson‐Jennings Michelle Dawn , Tarraf Wassim , Xavier Hill Kyle , González Hector M. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDThe objectives of this study were to describe, examine, and compare prevalence estimates of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening practices and to determine whether disparities exist for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs) and blacks compared with whites.METHODSBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2001‐2010) data from respondents aged ≥50 years (n = 356,073) were used. The primary outcome was self‐reported CRC screening according to US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for endoscopy (colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy), fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or mixed screening (endoscopy or FOBT).RESULTSFrom 2001 to 2010, endoscopy screening increased in the AIAN population by 44.8% (P < .001) compared with black respondents (51.7%) and white respondents (26.5%). AIANs were less likely to report endoscopy screening (45%) compared with both blacks (56%) and whites (55%). For mixed CRC screenings, AIAN rates increased by 34.5%, compared with 29.7% for blacks and 15% for whites. In 2010, AIANs (51%) had the lowest prevalence of mixed CRC screening compared with blacks (61%) and whites (60%; P < .001). Factors that enabled health care attenuated the lowered likelihood of CRC screenings, but disparities remained for AIAN CRC screening. In contrast, once enabling factors were controlled, the odds ratios of CRC screening among blacks were higher compared with whites.CONCLUSIONSBetween 2001 and 2010, AIANs had the lowest CRC screening rates in the United States compared with blacks and whites, presenting a CRC disparity, as rigorously defined. The current findings indicate that, although considerable progress has been made to increase CRC screening for blacks and whites, progress for AIANs continues to lag behind in the first decade of 21st century. Cancer 2014;120:3192–3299. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Conserved expression of the GPR151 receptor in habenular axonal projections of vertebrates
Authors: Broms Jonas , Antolin‐Fontes Beatriz , Tingström Anders , Ibañez‐Tallon Ines 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe habenula is a phylogenetically conserved brain structure in the epithalamus. It is a major node in the information flow between fronto‐limbic brain regions and monoaminergic brainstem nuclei, and is thus anatomically and functionally ideally positioned to regulate emotional, motivational, and cognitive behaviors. Consequently, the habenula may be critically important in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression. Here we investigated the expression pattern of GPR151, a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), whose mRNA has been identified as highly and specifically enriched in habenular neurons by in situ hybridization and translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP). In the present immunohistochemical study we demonstrate a pronounced and highly specific expression of the GPR151 protein in the medial and lateral habenula of rodent brain. Specific expression was also seen in efferent habenular fibers projecting to the interpeduncular nucleus, the rostromedial tegmental area, the rhabdoid nucleus, the mesencephalic raphe nuclei, and the dorsal tegmental nucleus. Using confocal microscopy and quantitative colocalization analysis, we found that GPR151‐expressing axons and terminals overlap with cholinergic, substance P‐ergic, and glutamatergic markers. Virtually identical expression patterns were observed in rat, mouse, and zebrafish brains. Our data demonstrate that GPR151 is highly conserved, specific for a subdivision of the habenular neurocircuitry, and constitutes a promising novel target for psychiatric drug development. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:359–380, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relative bioavailability of pediatric oral solution and tablet formulations of trametinib in adult patients with solid tumors
Authors: Cox Donna S. , Allred Alicia , Zhou YanYan , Infante Jeffrey R. , Gordon Michael S. , Bendell Johanna , Jones Suzanne , Burris Howard , Orford Keith 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTrametinib (Mekinist®) is a selective inhibitor of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) approved in the United States as a single agent and in combination with dabrafenib (Tafinlar®) for treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a positive BRAF V600E/V600K mutation for which a pediatric oral solution formulation is being developed. This open‐label, two‐period, two‐treatment, randomized, crossover study assessed the relative bioavailability of the trametinib pediatric oral solution compared to the tablet formulation after a single‐dose administration to adult patients with solid tumors. Primary pharmacokinetic endpoints derived from standard non‐compartmental methods were AUC0–inf, AUC0–t, and Cmax. As expected, Cmax was higher and Tmax earlier for the pediatric oral solution compared to the tablet formulation. Administration of the trametinib pediatric oral solution resulted in a 12%, 10%, 18%, and 71% higher AUC0–inf, AUC0–last, AUC0–24, and Cmax, respectively, as compared to the tablet formulation. Safety results were aligned with the known safety profile of trametinib. No serious or non‐serious adverse events resulted in study drug withdrawal. Palatability of the pediatric oral solution was evaluated and found to be acceptable to most adult patients, but may differ in the pediatric population.
Fine‐grain data management directory for OpenMP 4.0 and OpenACC
Authors: Jaeger Julien , Carribault Patrick , Pérache Marc 
Published: August 2014

SummaryToday's trend to use accelerators in heterogeneous systems forces a paradigm shift in programming models. The use of low‐level APIs for accelerator programming is tedious and not intuitive for casual programmers. To tackle this problem, recent approaches focused on high‐level directive‐based models, with a standardization effort made with OpenACC and the directives for accelerator in the latest OpenMP 4.0 release. The pragmas for data management automatically handle data exchange between the host and the device. To keep the runtime simple and efficient, severe restrictions hinder the use of these pragmas. To address this issue, we propose the design for a directory, along with a reduced runtime application binary interface, to handle correctly data management in these standards. A few improvements to our directory allow a more flexible use of data management pragmas, with negligible overhead. Our design fits a multi‐accelerator system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of IFN‐γ and CD4 mRNA and protein expression kinetics in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells during activation
Authors: Van Hoof Dennis , Lomas Woodrow , Hanley Mary Beth , Park Emily 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe application of fluorescently‐labeled antibodies for flow cytometric identification and characterization of specific cell types within heterogeneous populations by their protein expression profile is well established. While detection of proteins is informative, concomitant transcript analysis in the same cells would provide a more complete and comprehensive view of intracellular signaling events. We recently reported on the efficient detection of RNA in suspension cells for flow cytometric analysis. The improved RNA flow cytometry procedure described here allows for the specific labeling of multiple RNA species, and is compatible with antibody‐based targeting of extracellular and intracellular antigens for multiplexing purposes. To show proof of concept, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate and ionomycin for a maximum of 5 h, during which their CD4 and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) transcript and protein levels were monitored. Substantial and increasing numbers of IFN‐γ mRNA+ cells were detected within 30 min after initiation of induction, while IFN‐γ protein+ cells could only be discerned at 1 h and beyond. Surprisingly, resting lymphocytes contained less CD4 mRNA but more of the protein per cell compared with monocytes, revealing a difference in the relationship of transcript and protein levels in these two cell types. We additionally applied monensin, which is commonly used to block cytokine secretion, and found that IFN‐γ mRNA can still be analyzed consistently using the improved RNA flow cytometry staining method. Notably, a subset of IFN‐γ mRNA‐/protein+ cells that were not observed in the absence of monensin became apparent at the 5‐h mark. This subset probably represents cells that have accumulated IFN‐γ protein, but no longer transcribe mRNA. Collectively, the results described here exemplify how the improved RNA flow cytometry labeling procedure can be applied to simultaneously assess mRNA and protein dynamics to gain insight into the regulation of gene transcription and translation in individual cells. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Improvement of complex regional pain syndrome after plasmapheresis
Authors: Blaes F. , Dharmalingam B. , Tschernatsch M. , Feustel A. , Fritz T. , Kohr D. , Singh P. , Kaps M. , Szalay G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractComplex regional pain syndrome is a severe complication following trauma that is associated with vasomotor, sudomotor and sensory disturbances in an affected limb or region of the body. The exact physiopathology is not fully understood yet. Recently, autoantibody findings suggested an immune‐mediated physiopathology of the disease. We here describe two otherwise treatment‐resistant patients with complex regional pain syndrome and high‐titre beta2 adrenergic receptor autoantibodies, who did respond to plasmapheresis. Both patients showed strong improvement of pain and autonomic symptoms measured by impairment level sum score.
Analysis and modelling of resources shared in the BitTorrent network
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gómez Rafael A. , Maciá‐Fernández Gabriel , Sánchez‐Casado Leovigildo , García‐Teodoro Pedro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBitTorrent is nowadays the most common protocol to distribute contents through peer‐to‐peer networks. Because of its relevance, it is important to study and understand its behaviour and impact from several points of view, including those related to communication efficiency and security risks. In this paper, we analyse BitTorrent network focusing on the behaviour of shared resources. For that, we develop a monitoring methodology that allows to extract the time evolution of a sample of 1/256 of all the resources shared in the network. As a main difference with previous approaches, our methodology allows to monitor distributed hash table‐based BitTorrent networks, that is, without considering trackers. We discuss the data obtained from a monitoring process carried out during 3 months, and as a result, we analyse the information of more than 70 000 resources. This analysis is based on four features: geographic dispersion, popularity, sharing duration and availability. Finally, we show the potential of our methodology by outlining an example application that consists of a detection system intended to identify anomalous behaviours in the sharing of BitTorrent resources. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Older adults recently started on psychotropic medication: where are the symptoms?
Authors: Maust Donovan T. , Chen Shirley H. , Benson Amy , Mavandadi Shahrzad , Streim Joel E. , DiFilippo Suzanne , Snedden Thomas M. , Oslin David W. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of older adults on newly prescribed psychotropic medication with minimal psychiatric symptoms.MethodsNaturalistic cohort study of non‐institutionalized older adults in Pennsylvania participating in the Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly. Persons newly prescribed antidepressant or anxiolytic monotherapy or combination therapy were contacted for clinical assessment by a telephone‐based behavioral health service. The initial assessment included standardized mental health screening instruments and scales including the Blessed Orientation‐Memory‐Concentration test, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7, and Medical Outcomes Survey (SF‐12). In addition, patients were asked for their understanding of the prescription indication.ResultsOf the 254 participants who met minimal symptom criteria (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 < 5 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 < 5), women comprised slightly more of the anxiolytic compared with antidepressant monotherapy group (88.9% vs. 76.7%, p = 0.04). The most common self‐reported reason for prescription of an antidepressant or anxiolytic was depression or anxiety, respectively, despite near‐absence of these symptoms on clinical assessment. Comparing monotherapy to combination therapy groups, those with combination therapy were more likely to report a history of depression (12.6% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.001) and also report depression as the reason for the prescription (40.2% vs. 21.0%, p < 0.01).ConclusionsIn this sample of older adults on new psychotropic medication with minimal psychiatric symptoms, there are few patient characteristics that distinguish those on antidepressant versus anxiolytic monotherapy or those on monotherapy versus combination therapy. While quality of care in late‐life mental health has focused on improving detection and treatment, there should be further attention to low‐symptom patients potentially receiving inappropriate pharmacotherapy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Few views image reconstruction using alternating direction method via ‐norm minimization
Authors: Sun Yuli , Tao Jinxu 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn the medical computer tomography field, total variation (TV), which is the
‐norm of the gradient‐magnitude images, is widely used as the regularization based on the compressive sensing theory. To overcome the TV model's disadvantageous tendency of uniformly penalize the image gradient and over smooth the low‐contrast structures, an iterative algorithm based on the
‐norm optimization of the finite difference is proposed. To rise to the challenges introduced by the
‐norm minimization, the algorithm uses the alternating direction method to solve the unconstrained augmented Lagrangian function, which involves a hard thresholding method, a linearization and proximal points technique for each subproblem. The simulation demonstrates the conclusions and indicates that the algorithm proposed in this article can obviously improve the reconstruction quality. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 215–223, 2014
Four‐neighborhood clique kernel: A general framework for Bayesian and variational techniques of noise reduction in magnetic resonance images of the brain
Authors: Osadebey Michael , Bouguila Nizar , Arnold Douglas ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSeveral algorithms have been proposed in the literature for image denoising but none exhibit optimal performance for all range and types of noise and for all image acquisition modes. We describe a new general framework, built from four‐neighborhood clique system, for denoising medical images. The kernel quantifies smoothness energy of spatially continuous anatomical structures. Scalar and vector valued quantification of smoothness energy configures images for Bayesian and variational denoising modes, respectively. Within variational mode, the choice of norm adapts images for either total variation or Tikhonov technique. Our proposal has three significant contributions. First, it demonstrates that the four‐neighborhood clique kernel is a basic filter, in same class as Gaussian and wavelet filters, from which state‐of‐the‐art denoising algorithms are derived. Second, we formulate theoretical analysis, which connects and integrates Bayesian and variational techniques into a two‐layer structured denoising system. Third, our proposal reveals that the first layer of the new denoising system is a hitherto unknown form of Markov random field model referred to as single‐layer Markov random field (SLMRF). The new model denoises a specific type of medical image by minimizing energy subject to knowledge of mathematical model that describes relationship between the image smoothness energy and noise level but without reference to a classical prior model. SLMRF was applied to and evaluated on two real brain magnetic resonance imaging datasets acquired with different protocols. Comparative performance evaluation shows that our proposal is comparable to state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. SLMRF is simple and computationally efficient because it does not incorporate a regularization parameter. Furthermore, it preserves edges and its output is devoid of blurring and ringing artifacts associated with Gaussian‐based and wavelet‐based algorithms. The denoising system is potentially applicable to speckle reduction in ultrasound images and extendable to three‐layer structure that account for texture features in medical images. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 224–238, 2014
Segmentation and analysis of brain subcortical regions using regularized multiphase level set in autistic MR images
Authors: Jac Fredo A. R. , Kavitha G. , Ramakrishnan S. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, subcortical regions of autistic magnetic resonance brain images are analyzed using multiphase level set method. The images considered in this work are obtained from autism brain image data exchange database. The subcortical regions such as corpus callosum, cerebellum, and brain stem are segmented from the cortical region using Fuzzy c‐means (FCM)‐based multiphase level set method. FCM with three cluster center is used as the intensity discriminator and the evolution of the level set curve is regularized by a distance function. The results show that the multiphase level set method is able to segment the desired subcortical regions. The results are validated with the ground truth images. The average similarity values are found to be 0.85. The segmented subcortical regions of autistic have reduced tissue area and are distinct from the controls (p < 0.0001). Further, it is observed that the subcortical area gives comparable results with clinical intelligent quotient values and is able to discriminate the controls and autistic subjects. As the feature area extracted from brain subcortical regions are significant, this study seems to be clinically helpful in mass screening of autistic subjects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 256–262, 2014
The impact of constraint induced movement therapy on brain activation in chronic stroke patients with upper extremity paralysis: An fMRI study
Authors: Wen Bo , Ma Lin , Weng Changshui 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study is designed to explore the impact of constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT) on brain activation in chronic stroke patients with upper extremity paralysis and seek valuable predictors of recovery. Six chronic stroke patients with right hand dysfunction and nine healthy control subjects participated in the study. The patient's hand function was assessed by the Action Research Arm Test and statistical significance was determined by a paired Student's t‐tests. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging and analyzed the data using Analysis of Functional Neuroimages software. After CIMT, function of the affected right hand improved continuously with no deterioration of left hand function. The bilateral primary sensorimotor, primary somatosensory, and somatosensory association cortex were evidently activated in response to paretic right hand movement with a tendency to transfer from the ipsilateral hemisphere to the contralateral hemisphere. Remarkably, the corpus striatum, thalamus, and cerebellum showed persistently increased bilateral activation throughout the whole process. Bilateral extrapyramidal structures including corpus striatum, thalamus, and cerebellum exhibited activation at low levels in response to movement of the unaffected left hand. Our results indicated that the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex is the most highly activated brain region during CIMT. Furthermore, the hyperactivity of extrapyramidal structures plays an important facilitating role during recovery and represents a good predictor of recovery. A gradual rebalance of the activation of the neural network between the two cerebral hemispheres and a return to normal conditions was seen, which may be a positive sign for recovery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 270–275, 2014
The use of multivariate statistics to resolve multiple contamination signals in the oxygen isotope analysis of biogenic silica
Authors: WILSON KATY E. , LENG MELANIE J. , MACKAY ANSON W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTAnalysis of the oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of diatom silica is a commonly used tool for palaeoclimate reconstruction that recent studies have demonstrated may be complicated by the presence of non‐diatom detrital material. Such contamination can mask any true climate‐driven signal, leading to spurious results. Analysis of the 2.6‐Ma Barsemoi diatomites from the East African Rift Valley highlights the presence of both tephra and clay in purified samples. Here we present a new method for assessing the relative contribution and geochemical composition of contamination components where sedimentary samples may be affected by more than one type of contamination. This approach shows that the incorporation of analytical techniques, such as X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, coupled with statistical modelling, can be used to develop a three end‐member model to successfully resolve climate‐driven changes in δ18Odiatom. Mass‐balance corrections made to δ18Odiatom data demonstrate the importance of adopting quantitative geochemical analysis in tandem with the δ18O analysis of biogenic silica, to obtain accurate and meaningful results for palaeoclimate reconstruction.