bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal superimposed training design for block transmission over frequency‐selective fading channels
Authors: Dou Gaoqi , He Chunquan , Li Congying , Gao Jun 
Published: January 2014

SummaryChannel estimation for single‐carrier block transmission over frequency‐selective fading channel using superimposed training is addressed. A novel affine precoding model based on orthogonal polyphase sequence set is designed to decouple channel estimation from symbol detection. The orthogonal constraints on the training and precoding matrices ensure the separation of superimposed signals and accurate channel estimation with less training overheads as compared with time‐multiplexed scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme exhibits good performance and outperforms another data‐dependent superimposed training scheme, especially for compact constellations or channel with long delay‐spread. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure to natural pathogens reveals costly aphid response to fungi but not bacteria
Authors: Barribeau Seth M. , Parker Benjamin J. , Gerardo Nicole M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractImmune responses are costly, causing trade‐offs between defense and other host life history traits. Aphids present a special system to explore the costs associated with immune activation since they are missing several humoral and cellular mechanisms thought important for microbial resistance, and it is unknown whether they have alternative, novel immune responses to deal with microbial threat. Here we expose pea aphids to an array of heat‐killed natural pathogens, which should stimulate immune responses without pathogen virulence, and measure changes in life‐history traits. We find significant reduction in lifetime fecundity upon exposure to two fungal pathogens, but not to two bacterial pathogens. This finding complements recent genomic and immunological studies indicating that pea aphids are missing mechanisms important for bacterial resistance, which may have important implications for how aphids interact with their beneficial bacterial symbionts. In general, recent exploration of the immune systems of non‐model invertebrates has called into question the generality of our current picture of insect immunity. Our data highlight that taking an ecological approach and measuring life‐history traits to a broad array of pathogens provides valuable information that can complement traditional approaches.
Bet‐hedging as a complex interaction among developmental instability, environmental heterogeneity, dispersal, and life‐history strategy
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOne potential evolutionary response to environmental heterogeneity is the production of randomly variable offspring through developmental instability, a type of bet‐hedging. I used an individual‐based, genetically explicit model to examine the evolution of developmental instability. The model considered both temporal and spatial heterogeneity alone and in combination, the effect of migration pattern (stepping stone vs. island), and life‐history strategy. I confirmed that temporal heterogeneity alone requires a threshold amount of variation to select for a substantial amount of developmental instability. For spatial heterogeneity only, the response to selection on developmental instability depended on the life‐history strategy and the form and pattern of dispersal with the greatest response for island migration when selection occurred before dispersal. Both spatial and temporal variation alone select for similar amounts of instability, but in combination resulted in substantially more instability than either alone. Local adaptation traded off against bet‐hedging, but not in a simple linear fashion. I found higher‐order interactions between life‐history patterns, dispersal rates, dispersal patterns, and environmental heterogeneity that are not explainable by simple intuition. We need additional modeling efforts to understand these interactions and empirical tests that explicitly account for all of these factors.
A Viable Route for Lithium Ion Detection
Authors: Gulino Antonino , Lupo Fabio , Cristaldi Domenico A. , Pappalardo Sebastiano , Capici Calogero , Gattuso Giuseppe , Notti Anna , Parisi Melchiorre F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the Gulino group at the University of Catania, Italy, with collaborators at the University of Messina. The cover image shows the mechanism of the reversible lithium‐sensing monolayer system.
Synthesis and Identification of Solution‐Stable Sulfenic Acids: Perfluoroalkanesulfenic Acids
Authors: Li Xiao‐Bo , Xu Ze‐Feng , Liu Li‐Juan , Liu Jin‐Tao 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTaking advantage of the strong electron‐withdrawing effect of perfluoroalkyl groups, solution‐stable perfluoroalkanesulfenic acids were synthesized for the first time by Cope‐type elimination of the corresponding imines; the acids were identified by 1H NMR, 19F NMR, and IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Trapping reagents were utilized to capture the in situ generated sulfenic acids, which provided further experimental evidence for the formation of these fluorinated sulfenic acids.
Synthetic Routes towards Fluorine‐Containing Amino Sugars: Synthesis of Fluorinated Analogues of Tomosamine and 4‐Amino‐4‐deoxyarabinose
Authors: Albler Christopher , Schmid Walther 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFluorinated analogues of bioactive amino sugars are of high interest in medicinal chemistry. We developed a straightforward synthetic route towards this class of carbohydrates by applying a titanium‐mediated aldol addition. Thus, two‐carbon chain elongations of serine‐ and threonine‐derived aldehydes with a chiral fluoroacetyl‐oxazolidinone could be achieved in good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities to generate a fluorohydrin‐containing carbon skeleton. A short deprotection sequence subsequently furnished the pyranoid forms of various 4‐amino‐2‐fluoropentoses and ‐hexoses, respectively. The versatility of this strategy was demonstrated by the stereoselective synthesis of naturally abundant 4‐amino‐4‐deoxyarabinose and 4‐amino‐4,6‐dideoxygalactose (tomosamine).
Gold(I)‐Catalysed Tandem Cyclisation of Propargyl Acetals and Vinyl Esters
Authors: Siah Huey‐San Melanie , Kaur Maya , Iqbal Naseem , Fiksdahl Anne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe results of our previous comparative study of chemoselective gold(I)‐catalysed alkene cycloadditions of propargyl substrates demonstrated that propargyl acetals react by different cyclisation pathways from the corresponding esters, and that they also have significantly higher reactivities. To increase understanding of the chemistry of propargyl acetals and to explore the possibilities of generating new compounds through gold(I)‐catalysed reactions, a range of reactions of propargyl acetals with vinyl esters have been carried out. A new type of cyclopropyl–cyclopentenyl products, (1,3‐dimethoxy‐4,5‐diphenylcyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐yl)‐cyclopropyl ester derivatives, was obtained. A plausible mechanism, including sequential [1+2] and [2+3] cycloadditions, is proposed for these highly regio‐ and stereoselective gold(I)‐catalysed reactions. The cyclopentenylation took place stereoselectively, whereas cis/trans mixtures of diastereoisomers were formed in the cyclopropanation step, with the selectivity being controlled by the bulkier vinylic substituent. The tandem reaction allows the construction of polysubstituted and highly functionalised bicyclic compounds.
Sarsolenane and Capnosane Diterpenes from the Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller as PTP1B Inhibitors
Authors: Liang Lin‐Fu , Kurtán Tibor , Mándi Attila , Gao Li‐Xin , Li Jia , Zhang Wen , Guo Yue‐Wei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTwo new sarsolenane diterpenes, dihydrosarsolenone (2), methyl dihydrosarsolenoneate (3), and two new capnosane diterpenes, sarsolilides B (5) and C (6), were isolated together with the known analogue, sarsolilide A (4), from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with reported data, leading to a structure revision of sarsolenone (1). The absolute configurations of 2 and 5 were determined by TDDFT ECD calculations, and they could be used as ECD reference compounds in the determination of the absolute configuration of their related derivatives. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited inhibitory activity in vitro against protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B), representing the first report of PTP1B inhibitory activity for capnosane diterpenes.
An ITO Based Disposable Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Analysis of Retinol Binding Protein
Authors: Şimşek Çiğdem Sayıklı , Teke Mustafa , Sezgintürk Mustafa Kemal 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor based on anti‐RBP biorecognition capable to analyze concentrations of retinol binding protein (RBP) was developed. The construction of the biosensor interfaces was carefully characterized by techniques such as electrochemistry, EIS, and scanning electron microscopy. In order to characterize impedance data, Kramers‐Kronig Transform was performed on the experimental impedance data. Besides, for an immunosensor system the Single Frequency Impedance technique was firstly used for the characterization of the interaction between RBP and anti‐RBP. Finally, artificial serum samples spiked with RBP were analyzed by the proposed ITO based immunosensor to investigate the usefulness of the biosensor for early biomarker diagnosis.
Influence of longitudinal fire location on smoke characteristics under the tunnel ceiling
Authors: Fan C. G. , Ji J. , Sun J. H. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe critical ventilation velocity is almost the most well‐investigated fire phenomenon in the tunnel fire research field whereas previous studies have always investigated it when the fire source is distant from the downstream tunnel exit. Fortunately, a recent study provided a set of data on the critical ventilation velocity for tunnel fires occurring near tunnel exits by small‐scaled experiments, nevertheless, with a lack of further analysis. To demonstrate the relationship of the critical ventilation velocity and the distance between the fire and tunnel exit more explicitly and detailedly, a quantitative and graphical study was carried out and a correlation was presented in this paper. Inspired by this, a set of small‐scaled experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of different longitudinal fire locations on maximum smoke temperature under the tunnel ceiling. Results show that unlike the critical ventilation velocity, the maximum smoke temperature was not obviously affected by longitudinal fire location. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibromyalgia syndrome: A somatoform disorder?
Authors: Häuser W. , Henningsen P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveWhether fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) can be classified as a somatoform disorder is under debate.Databases and Data TreatmentLiterature searches on the classification of FMS as a somatoform disorder were performed in Medline and in evidence‐based guideline databases.ResultsA somatoform disorder is defined by medically unexplained somatic symptoms that persist for at least 6 months and lead to a significant impairment of the ability to function in everyday life. The nature and extent of the symptoms or the distress and pre‐occupation of the patient cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition or by the direct effect of a substance, and are not attributable to another mental disorder. Emotional and psychosocial conflicts play a major role in the onset, severity, exacerbation or maintenance of the physical symptoms. There is disagreement in the FMS research community on the existence of somatic factors sufficiently explaining FMS symptoms. Psychosocial factors play a major role in the onset, exacerbation or maintenance of FMS symptoms in the majority of patients. A biopsychosocial model of interacting biological and psychosocial factors in the predisposition, onset and maintenance of FMS symptoms is more appropriate than the dichotomy between a somatic disease and a mental (somatoform) disorder.ConclusionsThe clinical features of FMS and persistent somatoform pain disorder or somatization disorder according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐10 overlap in individuals with chronic widespread pain without specific somatic disease factors. FMS is not synonymous with somatoform disorder.
In vitro and in vivo experiments with iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with DEXTRAN or polyethylene glycol for medical applications: Magnetic targeting
Authors: Mojica Pisciotti M. L. , Lima E. , Vasquez Mansilla M. , Tognoli V. E. , Troiani H. E. , Pasa A. A. , Creczynski‐Pasa T. B. , Silva A. H. , Gurman P. , Colombo L. , Goya G. F. , Lamagna A. , Zysler R. D. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this research work, DEXTRAN‐ and polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐coated iron‐oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles were synthetized and their cytotoxicity and biodistribution assessed. Well‐crystalline hydrophobic Fe3O4 SPIONs were formed by a thermal decomposition process with d = 18 nm and σ = 2 nm; finally, the character of SPIONs was changed to hydrophilic by a post‐synthesis procedure with the functionalization of the SPIONs with PEG or DEXTRAN. The nanoparticles present high saturation magnetization and superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature, and the hydrodynamic diameters of DEXTRAN‐ and PEG‐coated SPIONs were measured as 170 and 120 nm, respectively. PEG‐ and DEXTRAN‐coated SPIONs have a Specific Power Absorption SPA of 320 and 400 W/g, respectively, in an ac magnetic field with amplitude of 13 kA/m and frequency of 256 kHz. In vitro studies using VERO and MDCK cell lineages were performed to study the cytotoxicity and cell uptake of the SPIONs. For both cell lineages, PEG‐ and DEXTRAN‐coated nanoparticles presented high cell viability for concentrations as high as 200 μg/mL. In vivo studies were conducted using BALB/c mice inoculating the SPIONs intravenously and exposing them to the presence of an external magnet located over the tumour. It was observed that the amount of PEG‐coated SPIONs in the tumor increased by up to 160% when using the external permanent magnetic as opposed to those animals that were not exposed to the external magnetic field. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 860–868, 2014.
Multiecho acquisition of O‐space data
Authors: Galiana Gigi , Peters Dana , Tam Leo , Constable R. Todd 
Published: January 2014

PurposeNonlinear gradient encoding methods, such as O‐Space imaging, have been shown to provide good images from very few echoes. Acquiring data in a train of spin or gradient echoes is a very flexible way to further speed acquisition time. However, combining these strategies presents significant challenges, both in terms of the contrast and artifacts. We present strategies in both pulse sequence design and image processing to mitigate these effects.Theory and MethodsThe three strategies include a new echo ordering that takes into account the unique way that O‐Space samples the k‐space of the image; a new postprocessing filter that allows tuning of T2‐weighting by emphasizing the contribution of low frequency spatial information at selectable points in space and time; and an offset between linear and nonlinear gradients that makes the central point of each echo unique.ResultsSimulations indicate that these strategies mitigate artifacts introduced by T2 (or T2*) decay and produce contrast that reflects relaxation at a given echo time.ConclusionTurbo spin echo O‐Space is theoretically feasible, and the greater undersampling should make it possible to use shorter echo trains for a given scan time. Magn Reson Med 72:1648–1657, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A semi‐analytical modeling approach for three‐dimensional heat transfer in sparsely fractured rocks with water flow and distributed heat source
Authors: Yong Zhang , Yan‐yong Xiang 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYA semi‐analytical approach is developed for modeling 3D heat transfer in sparsely fractured rocks with prescribed water flow and heat source. The governing differential equations are formulated, and the corresponding integral equations over the fracture faces and the distributed heat source are established in the Laplace transformed domain using the Green function method with local systems of coordinates. The algebraic equations of the Laplace transformed temperatures of water in the fractures are formed by dividing the integrals into elemental ones; in particular, the fracture faces are discretized into rectangular elements, over which the integrations are carried out either analytically for singular integrals when the base point is involved or numerically for regular integrals when otherwise. The solutions of the algebraic equations are inverted numerically to obtain the real‐time temperatures of water in the fractures, which may be employed to calculate the temperatures at prescribed locations of the rock matrix. Three example calculations are presented to illustrate the workability of the developed approach. The calculations found that water flux in the fractures may decrease the rate of temperature rise in regions close to the distributed heat source and increase the rate of temperature rise in regions downstream away from the distributed heat source and that the temperature distribution and evolvement in a sparsely fractured rock mass may be significantly influenced by water flow exchange at intersection of fractures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full characterization of photovoltaic modules in real operating conditions: theoretical model, measurement method and results
Authors: Pierro Marco , Bucci Francesco , Cornaro Cristina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe photovoltaic (PV) system performance essentially depends on the modules response to five effects: spectral, reflection, temperature, irradiance, and nominal power variations. Providing a full characterization of modules behavior in terms of the impact of these effects on real operating conditions performance is very important both to compare different PV technologies and to choose the best technology for a specific site, position, and installation feature. In this work, a systematic approach is used. A theoretical model to calculate the performance ratio related to each effect is proposed. The model is used to compare and to explain the annual behavior of two different technologies: a multicrystalline silicon module (mc‐Si) and a double junction amorphous silicon module (a‐Si/DJ). The basic features of these modules performance are observed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Critical Energy of Direct Initiation in Liquid Fuel‐Air and Liquid Fuel‐RDX Powder‐Air Mixtures in a Vertical Detonation Tube
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Sun Xiaoxiong , Rao Guoning , Jian Guoqiang , Xie Lifeng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMultiphase cloud detonation is an important but complex process, which has not been fully understood yet. Direct experimental data about the critical initiation energy (CIE) and pressure/velocity revolution of high explosive powder‐based multiphase cloud detonation is not available in the literature. In this paper, propylene oxide (PO), petroleum ether (PE), isopropyl nitrate (IPN), and a mixture of PE/IPN were individually dispersed to form a cloud in a 200 mm×5400 mm vertical detonation tube. Subsequently, this cloud was directly ignited by a high explosive. The critical initiation energy of various mist/air mixtures was measured by the up and down method. Meanwhile, the pressure history was recorded by six sensors along the detonation tube. RDX powder was added to the system and sprayed simultaneously with the liquid fuel to form a three‐phase gas‐liquid‐solid explosive cloud. The detonation pressure and velocity of all three‐phase cases significantly increased while the corresponding critical initiation energy decreased compared to the liquid‐air analogs. The CIE data were found to have a “U”‐shaped curve relationship to the fuel‐air ratio in two‐ and three‐phase systems, the minimum is always on the fuel‐rich side.
Electrical modeling of the GaAs/InP wafer bonded heterojunction
Authors: Blot Xavier , Scheiblin Pascal , Moriceau Hubert , Daele William Van Den , Lecouvey Christophe , Delprat Daniel , Tauzin Aurélie , Drazek Charlotte , Guiot Eric 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe electrical behavior of wafer bonded heterojunctions is usually modeled with the assumption of a pure thermionic conduction at the interface. In this paper, we study the case of highly doped bonded wafers using a Technology Computer Aided Designed (TCAD) modeling approach. Several plausible options of interface including fixed surface charges, interface states densities or a defective interface layer, are discussed and compared with current‐voltage measurements. Considering both thermionic and tunnel transport through the interface, we show how the ratio of the competing transport mechanisms depends on the shape of the interfacial energy barrier. Finally, the simulation accurately predicts the effect of the operating temperature on current‐voltage characteristics, thanks to a process‐compliant description of the direct bonded heterojunction. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of ZnO nanoparticle‐layers in enhancement of the performance of organic light‐emitting diodes on plastics
Authors: Kwak Kiyeol , Cho Kyoungah , Kim Sangsig 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe investigate roles of ZnO nanoparticle (NP)‐layers in the enhancement of the emission from organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with amorphous ZnO‐doped In2O3 (a ‐IZO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly[(9,9‐di‐n ‐octylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐alt ‐(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol‐4,8‐diyl)] (F8BT)/ZnO NP‐layer/LiF/Al structure on plastic substrates. Compared to a Reference OLED without any ZnO NP‐layer, the electroluminescence peak intensity of the OLED employing the thermally‐annealed ZnO NP‐layer spin‐coated one time is remarkably enhanced by ∼283% at a wavelength of ∼535 nm owing to the effective hole blocking and good electron transporting properties of the ZnO NP‐layer between the organic emissive layer (EML) and the electron injection layer (EIL). This enhancement is associated with the high junction potential barrier between the highest occupied molecular orbital level of the F8BT and the valence band level of the ZnO NP‐layer, which contributes to the effective hole blocking. Our study clearly demonstrates that the ZnO NP‐layer sandwiched between the EML and the EIL is a promising electron transport layer as well as an efficient hole blocking layer and enhances the light emission of OLEDs. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)