bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative cost‐effectiveness of home visits and telephone contacts in preventing early childhood caries
Authors: Koh Rongzhen , Pukallus Margaret , Kularatna Sanjeewa , Gordon Louisa G. , Barnett Adrian G. , Walsh Laurence J. , Seow Wan Kim 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of a home‐visit intervention conducted by oral health therapists relative to a telephone‐based alternative and no intervention.MethodsA Markov model was built to combine data on dental caries incidence, dental treatments, quality of life and costs for a cohort of children from age 6 months to 6 years. The probabilities of developing caries and subsequent treatments were derived primarily from the key intervention study. The outcome measures were costs (USdollars), quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and the number of carious teeth prevented. One‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to test the stability of the model.ResultsFor every group of 100 children, the model predicted that having the home‐visit intervention would save $167 032 and telephone contacts $144 709 over 5½ years relative to no intervention (usual care). The home visits and telephone intervention would prevent 113 and 100 carious teeth (per 100 children) relative to no intervention in a period of 5½ years. Sensitivity analysis showed that a lower rate of caries reduced the intervention's cost‐effectiveness primarily through reducing general anaesthesia costs. The home visits and telephone interventions resulted in 7 and 6QALYs, respectively, gained over the usual care group for the 100 children over 5½ years. Both interventions were ‘dominant,’ as they saved costs and produced health benefits over usual care.ConclusionsBoth the home visits and telephone‐based community interventions conducted by oral health therapists were highly cost‐effective than no intervention in preventing early childhood caries.
Developing a theoretical maintenance model for disordered eating in Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Treasure J. , Kan C. , Stephenson L. , Warren E. , Smith E. , Heller S. , Ismail K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundAccording to the literature, eating disorders are an increasing problem for more than a quarter of people with Type 1 diabetes and they are associated with accentuated diabetic complications. The clinical outcomes in this group when given standard eating disorder treatments are disappointing. The Medical Research Council guidelines for developing complex interventions suggest that the first step is to develop a theoretical model.AimTo review existing literature to build a theoretical maintenance model for disordered eating in people with Type 1 diabetes.MethodThe literature in diabetes relating to models of eating disorder (Fairburn's transdiagnostic model and the dual pathway model) and food addiction was examined and assimilated.ResultsThe elements common to all eating disorder models include weight/shape concern and problems with mood regulation. The predisposing traits of perfectionism, low self‐esteem and low body esteem and the interpersonal difficulties from the transdiagnostic model are also relevant to diabetes. The differences include the use of insulin mismanagement to compensate for breaking eating rules and the consequential wide variations in plasma glucose that may predispose to ‘food addiction’. Eating disorder symptoms elicit emotionally driven reactions and behaviours from others close to the individual affected and these are accentuated in the context of diabetes.ConclusionThe next stage is to test the assumptions within the maintenance model with experimental medicine studies to facilitate the development of new technologies aimed at increasing inhibitory processes and moderating environmental triggers.
Monocytes of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Harbour Enterovirus RNA
Authors: Alidjinou Enagnon Kazali , Chehadeh Wassim , Weill Jacques , Vantyghem Marie‐Christine , Stuckens Chantal , Decoster Anne , Hober Christine , Hober Didier 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundIntracellular enterovirus (EV) RNA was detected in blood of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The presence of EV RNA in subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients, and the in vitro infection of these cells with an EV, was investigated.Materials and methodsBlood was collected from 42 patients with T1D, PBMCs were isolated and monocytes were purified. Interferon alpha (IFNα) mRNA and EV RNA were investigated using RT‐PCR. Levels of IFNα in plasma were measured using an immunoassay. Cells were inoculated with Coxsackievirus B4 (CBV4) in vitro, and infection was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI).ResultsInterferon alpha mRNA was detected in blood and in monocytes of 12 of 42 patients with T1D, but not in monocyte‐depleted PBMCs of the same individuals. Significant plasma levels of IFNα (≥ 5 IU/mL) were found in six patients. EV RNA was detected in whole blood and in monocytes of seven patients and negative‐strand EV RNA was found in monocytes of 6 of them. When monocytes of patients with IFNα and/or EV RNA in their blood were inoculated with CVB4, the proportion of cells stained by an anti‐VP1 antibody was 8·8 ± 1%, whereas no VP1 was detected in the monocytes of IFNα, EV RNA negative patients. Nevertheless, when CBV4 was mixed with plasma, VP1 was detected in monocytes of all patients with T1D (staining ranging from 12 to 36%).ConclusionsOur data indicate that monocytes of patients with T1D can harbor EV RNA and IFNα mRNA and can be infected with an EV in vitro.
Ursodeoxycholyl Lysophosphatidylethanolamide modifies aberrant lipid profiles in NAFLD
Authors: Pathil Anita , Liebisch Gerhard , Okun Jürgen G. , Chamulitrat Walee , Schmitz Gerd , Stremmel Wolfgang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundHepatic fat accumulation with disturbed lipid homoeostasis is a hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The bile acid phospholipid conjugate Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA‐LPE) is a novel anti‐inflammatory agent with hepatoprotective effects in murine high‐fat‐diet (HFD)‐induced NAFLD. The aim of this work was to study changes in the hepatic lipidome due to UDCA‐LPE.Materials and methodsHigh fat diet mouse model, mass spectometry, RT‐PCR.ResultsHepatic lipid extracts of HFD mice were analysed by mass spectrometry. The results determined higher levels of total, saturated, mono‐ and diunsaturated fatty acids (FA) in HFD mice, which were decreased by UDCA‐LPE predominantly by the reducing the most abundant FA species palmitic acid and oleic acid. Unlike other FA species, levels of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), which are composed of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were increased in HFD mice upon UDCA‐LPE treatment, mainly due to elevated hepatic ARA pools. Analysis of hepatic phospholipids species showed a decrease in total phosphatidylcholine (PC), especially monounsaturated PC (PUFA‐PC) levels in HFD mice. Loss of total PC was reversed due to UDCA‐LPE by increasing hepatic PUFA‐PC pools. Gene expression analysis showed that UDCA‐LPE upregulated PPARα, a key transcriptional regulator of fatty acid oxidation, as well as downstream target genes CPT1α and AOX, which are crucially involved in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation.ConclusionUDCA‐LPE modulates defective fatty acid metabolism during experimental NAFLD thereby restoring altered lipid profiles in addition to its pronounced anti‐inflammatory effects. Thus, UDCA‐LPE may be a promising drug candidate for the management of NAFLD.
Effects of strong ionic polarization in the soil electric field on soil particle transport during rainfall
Authors: Li S. , Li H. , Hu F. N. , Huang X. R. , Xie D. T. , Ni J. P. 
Published: June 2015

SummarySpecific ion effects are now thought to be important in nature. We studied the specific ion effects on soil particle transport during rainfall simulation (150 mm hour−1, 110 minutes) in sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and caesium nitrate (CsNO3) solutions. The results showed marked differences in the intensity of soil particle transport in Na+, K+ and Cs+ systems. The differences increased sharply with the decrease in electrolyte concentration, which indicated strong specific ion effects on soil transport and suggested that the differences could not be explained by ionic size, hydration effect or dispersion force. The cationic non‐classical polarization in a strong electric field increases the Coulomb attractive force between the cation and clay surface, and further adversely decreases the strength of the electric field. With the absolute effective charge coefficients, γ, of Na+ (1.110), K+ (1.699) and Cs+ (2.506), we recalculated the true surface potentials of soil particles in NaNO3, KNO3 and CsNO3 solutions. The true surface potentials decrease sharply with the increase in ionic non‐classical polarization, and then the electrostatic repulsive pressure between particles in the soil should decrease sharply. Comparison of fitting the equation for transport intensity in NaNO3 solution with that in KNO3 and CsNO3 solutions showed clearly that the soil electric field controlled the aggregate breakdown and particle transport. The results suggested that the stronger the non‐classical polarization for cations in the soil, the weaker is the electrostatic field that forms and the soil erosion at the same solution concentrations.
Educational Spaces and the ‘Whole’ Child: A Spatial History of School Design, Pedagogy and the Modern Australian Nation
Authors: Healy Sianan , Darian‐Smith Kate 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article combines perspectives from architectural history, educational history and social history to examine the development of Australian schooling in the 20th century, with a particular emphasis on the period following World War II to the 1970s. In these decades, there was increased interest in Australia and internationally in pedagogical approaches that embraced the development of the ‘whole’ child, and fresh ideas about the design of schools and classrooms, including specialised facilities, that emphasised the importance of space and place to learning. This article surveys the relevant if disparate historiography of education and design and provides an overview of the Australian school in the post‐war period. It argues for greater historical recognition of the relationships between school design and pedagogy for understanding the history of educational policy and the experiences of schooling in modern Australia.
Restoring Agency to Informal Diplomats in Narratives of the Vietnam War
Authors: Mehta Harish C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe history of the diplomacy of the Vietnam War perennially suffers from two lapses. First, scholarly literature almost completely ignores informal diplomacy between North Vietnam and the wider world. Scholars have neglected to grant political and diplomatic agency to ordinary citizens of North Vietnam and the West who regularly interacted to pressure U.S. presidents to end the war in Vietnam. Secondly, the accounts are largely written from Western or U.S. perspective. Most histories prioritize Western diplomacy, while denying proper voice to North Vietnamese. In these ways, North Vietnamese people and diplomats are written out of their own story, consigned to the margins as mere spectators in grand narratives of the diplomacy of the war.
A comparative study between the efficacy of oral cimetidine and low‐dose systemic meglumine antimoniate (MA) with a standard dose of systemic MA in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Shanehsaz Siavash M. , Ishkhanian Silva 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major world health problem, which is increasing in incidence. Pentavalent antimonials have been considered as standard treatment for leishmaniasis. Many studies are performed to find an effective and safe treatment for patients with CL. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of oral cimetidine and low‐dose systemic meglumine antimoniate (MA) with standard dose of systemic MA in the treatment of CL. This study was, to our knowledge, the first to show the effect of combination therapy oral cimetidine and MA in the treatment of CL all over the world. In this randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial, 120 patients with suspected CL were referred to the Aleppo University Hospital Clinic; 90 of these patients with the clinical and parasitological diagnosis of CL were recruited and were randomly divided into three treatment groups of 30 subjects each. Group A was treated with MA 60 mg/kg/d IM and oral placebo. Groups B and C received MA 30 mg/kg/d IM and oral cimetidine 1200 mg/d, MA 30 mg/kg/d IM and oral placebo, respectively. The duration of treatment was three weeks for all groups. The effectiveness of the treatment was classified in three levels as complete response, partial response, and no response. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 using KI square, Mann–Whitney, Kaplan–Mayer, and ANOVA tests. At the end of the study (12 weeks), the rate of complete response was 91.11% in the first group, and 84.66% and 78.33% in groups B and C, respectively (P < 0.05). The highest response rate was for the group treated with a standard dose of systemic MA and placebo. Our results showed that although oral cimetidine and low‐dose systemic MA had less efficacy in comparison to a standard dose of systemic MA in the treatment of CL, it still can be considered as a replacement therapy in high‐risk patients (such as patients with heart, kidney, and/or liver disease) under close supervision of physicians.
Magnetic resonance elastography and transient elastography as non‐invasive analyses for liver fibrosis: can they obviate the need for liver biopsy in psoriasis patients treated with methotrexate?
Authors: Kaffenberger Benjamin H. , Kaffenberger Jessica A. , Wong Henry , Jarjour Wael , Levin Douglas , Bechtel Mark A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe liver biopsy has been regarded as the reference standard method of monitoring hepatic fibrosis in psoriasis patients treated with methotrexate. It has also been subject to concerns over sampling error, internal and external variability, and potential for morbidity and mortality. During the past two decades, two imaging techniques, magnetic resonance elastography and transient elastography, have been developed and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Although high‐quality, psoriasis‐specific data are lacking, both methods have been shown to have outstanding efficacy in the detection of hepatic fibrosis, particularly the more advanced stages which may warrant the choice of a therapeutic alternative to methotrexate. Dermatologists should be aware of the availability of these tests and understand their limitations. Prospective studies in psoriasis and methotrexate management using these techniques are needed.
Admission blood glucose predicts mortality and length of stay in patients admitted through the emergency department
Authors: Martin W. G. , Galligan J. , Simpson S. , Greenaway T. , Burgess J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundHyperglycaemia has been associated with adverse outcomes in several different hospital populations.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between admission blood glucose level (BGL) and outcomes in all patients admitted through the emergency department.MethodsThis study was a retrospective observational cohort study from anAustralian tertiary referral hospital. Patients admitted in the first week of each month fromApril toOctober 2012 had demographic data, co‐morbidities,BGL, intensive care unit admission, length of stay and dates of death recorded. Factors associated with outcomes were assessed by multi‐level mixed‐effects linear regression.ResultsAdmissionBGLwas recorded for 601 admissions with no diagnosis of diabetes and for 219 admissions diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In patients with no diagnosis of diabetes, admissionBGLwas associated with in‐hospital and 90‐day mortality (P< 0.001). After multivariate analysis,BGLgreater than 11.5 mmol/L was significantly associated with increased mortality at 90 days (P< 0.05). In patients withT2DMincreasedBGLon admission was not associated with in‐hospital or 90‐day mortality but was associated with length of hospital stay (β: 0.22 days/mmol/L; 95% confidence interval 0.09–0.35;P< 0.001), although this association was lost on multivariable analysis. In patients withT2DM, increased coefficient of variation ofBGLwas also positively associated with length of hospital stay in an almost dose‐dependent fashion (P< 0.001).ConclusionAdmissionBGLwas independently associated with increased mortality in patients with no diagnosis of diabetes. Glycaemic variability was associated with increased length of hospital stay in patients withT2DM.
Adverse events in nursing: A retrospective study of reports of patient and relative experiences
Authors: Andersson Å. , Frank C. , Willman A.M.L. , Sandman P.‐O. , Hansebo G. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundPatient safety is an important global issue. While it is well known that patients can suffer from adverse events in nursing care, there is a lack of knowledge as to how they experience them.AimTo examine adverse events in nursing care as they are experienced by patients and relatives.MethodsThis was a retrospective study taking both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. It was based on data regarding 242 adverse events in nursing care, as reported by patients and relatives to Sweden's Medical Responsibility Board, content analysis was used to analyse the reports.ResultsPatients' and relatives' experiences were analysed into four categories of adverse events, as concerning participation, clinical judgement, nursing intervention and the essentials of care.LimitationsThe reports were classified by the Medical Responsibility Board, without a standardized system. The adverse events reported were few in number and were reported by patients and relatives only.ConclusionLack of participation has negative consequences and contributes to adverse events. Adverse events occur through missed care as well as through carer errors.Implications on nursing and health practiceNurses need to improve their skills that support patient participation. Patient participation needs to be incorporated into nurses' duties.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyResources for patients to participate in their own care needs to be a priority underpinning policy‐making in health systems. Nursing education systems need to teach students about the value and benefits of involving patients in their care.
Regional population differentiation in the morphologically diverse, elevationally widespread Nearctic skipper Polites sabuleti
Authors: Jahner Joshua P. , Forister Matthew L. , Nice Chris C. , Fordyce James A. , Wilson Joseph S. , Murphy Dennis D. , Marion Zachary H. , Shapiro Arthur M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate three phylogeographical models associated with the presence of mountains (montane vicariance, sky island and parapatry) as drivers of intraspecific diversification in the sandhill skipper, Polites sabuleti (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), a morphologically variable species found in a variety of habitats from sea level to the alpine zone.LocationWestern North America.MethodsThe mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II region was sequenced in 189 P. sabuleti individuals. Mitochondrial sequences were used in a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) to evaluate geographical population structure. AFLP markers were also generated for 347 individuals in order to estimate admixture proportions and examine population differentiation based on the nuclear genome.ResultsTwenty‐five mitochondrial haplotypes and 42 anonymous AFLP loci were found across 36 collection localities. Mitochondrial variation suggests a degree of regional population structure, although at least one of the inferred population groups extends over nearly the entire geographical range of the species. Analyses of nuclear data (AFLPs) identified five genetic clusters, including one restricted to high elevations in the Sierra Nevada.Main conclusionsThe distribution of genetic variation within Polites sabuleti, a species with a broad elevational range, does not strictly support either mountain‐associated vicariance or ‘sky island’ isolation as the dominant process. Instead, we find complex population structure, including evidence for divergence between high‐ and low‐elevation populations in the Sierra Nevada mountains.
Polymorphisms in a desaturase 2 ortholog associate with cuticular hydrocarbon and male mating success variation in a natural population of Drosophila serrata
Authors: Ivory‐Church J. , Frentiu F. D. , Chenoweth S. F. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractElucidating the nature of genetic variation underlying both sexually selected traits and the fitness components of sexual selection is essential to understanding the broader consequences of sexual selection as an evolutionary process. To date, there have been relatively few attempts to connect the genetic variance in sexually selected traits with segregating DNA sequence polymorphisms. We set out to address this in a well‐characterized sexual selection system – the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of Drosophila serrata – using an indirect association study design that allowed simultaneous estimation of the genetic variance in CHCs, sexual fitness and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects in an outbred population. We cloned and sequenced an ortholog of the D. melanogaster desaturase 2 gene, previously shown to affect CHC biosynthesis in D. melanogaster, and associated 36 SNPs with minor allele frequencies > 0.02 with variance in CHCs and sexual fitness. Three SNPs had significant multivariate associations with CHC phenotype (q‐value < 0.05). At these loci, minor alleles had multivariate effects on CHCs that were weakly associated with the multivariate direction of sexual selection operating on these traits. Two of these SNPs had pleiotropic associations with male mating success, suggesting these variants may underlie responses to sexual selection due to this locus. There were 15 significant male mating success associations (q‐value < 0.1), and interestingly, we detected a nonrandom pattern in the relationship between allele frequency and direction of effect on male mating success. The minor‐frequency allele usually reduced male mating success, suggesting a positive association between male mating success and total fitness at this locus.
Genetic panmixia within a narrow contact zone between chromosomally and ecologically distinct black fly sibling species (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Conflitti I. M. , Shields G. F. , Murphy R. W. , Currie D. C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHybrid zones are windows into the speciation process, and their study can give clues into the maintenance and breakdown of species boundaries. Using both genetic and ecological tools, we investigate lineage diversification across a contact zone characterized by chromosome rearrangements. We show that black fly sibling species, Simulium arcticum sensu stricto (s.s.) and Simulium saxosum, lack genetic differentiation at both microsatellite and mtDNA loci in allopatry and sympatry, as well as exhibit high levels of gene flow and continuous chromosome variation in sympatry. Furthermore, hybrid frequencies at the contact zone are similar to those seen between races, rather than species. In contrast, S. arcticum s.s. and S. saxosum maintain ecological differences and distinct habitat associations ‐ the contact zone situated at the margin of suitable habitat for each sibling species. Moreover, gene flow occurs only in a narrow band along an ecological transition. Except for the contact zone, S. arcticum s.s. and S. saxosum hybrids do not occur elsewhere within the sibling species' ranges. Although S. arcticum s.s. and S. saxosum maintain the potential to interbreed freely, we conclude that habitat associations and, perhaps, chromosome systems prevent expansion of ranges and assimilation of lineages.