bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical nested trial design (HNTD) for demonstrating treatment efficacy of new antibacterial drugs in patient populations with emerging bacterial resistance
Authors: Huque Mohammad F. , Valappil Thamban , Soon Guoxing (Greg) 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn the last decade or so, pharmaceutical drug development activities in the area of new antibacterial drugs for treating serious bacterial diseases have declined, and at the same time, there are worries that the increased prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections, especially the increase in drug‐resistant Gram‐negative infections, limits available treatment options . A recent CDC report, ‘Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States’, indicates that antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats. However, recently, new ideas have been proposed to change this situation. An idea proposed in this regard is to conduct randomized clinical trials in which some patients, on the basis of a diagnostic test, may show presence of bacterial pathogens that are resistant to the control treatment, whereas remaining patients would show pathogens that are susceptible to the control. The control treatment in such trials can be the standard of care or the best available therapy approved for the disease. Patients in the control arm with resistant pathogens can have the option for rescue therapies if their clinical signs and symptoms worsen. A statistical proposal for such patient populations is to use a hierarchical noninferiority–superiority nested trial design that is informative and allows for treatment‐to‐control comparisons for the two subpopulations without any statistical penalty. This design can achieve in the same trial dual objectives: (i) to show that the new drug is effective for patients with susceptible pathogens on the basis of a noninferiority test and (ii) to show that it is superior to the control in patients with resistant pathogens. This paper addresses statistical considerations and methods for achieving these two objectives for this design. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Learning Words for Life
Authors: Gillanders Cristina , Castro Dina C. , Franco Ximena 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVocabulary development plays a critical role in young dual language learners’ success in school. As teachers become aware of how they use language in the classroom, systematically teach specific words in a variety of ways, and learn about dual language learners’ level of English acquisition and sociocultural experiences, they can help dual language learners learn new words during storybook reading and everyday conversations. Teachers can take advantage of dual language learners’ knowledge from prior experiences at home and their community as a point of departure for teaching new words. As teachers bridge the gap between the outside world and the classroom, they legitimize the language discourses dual language learners learn outside of school and improve communication with dual language learners.
Developmental programs of lung epithelial progenitors: a balanced progenitor model
Authors: Yang Jun , Chen Jichao 
Published: June 2014

The daunting task of lung epithelium development is to transform a cluster of foregut progenitors into a three‐dimensional (3D) tubular network with distinct cell types distributed at their appropriate locations. A complete understanding of lung development needs to address not only how, but also where, different cell types form. We propose that the lung epithelium forms through regulated deployment of three developmental programs: branching morphogenesis to expand progenitors and build a tree‐like tubular network, airway differentiation to specify cells for the proximal conducting airways, and alveolar differentiation to specify cells for the peripheral gas exchange region. Each developmental program has its unique morphological features and molecular control mechanisms; their spatiotemporal coordination can be accounted for in a balanced progenitor model where progenitors balance between alternative developmental programs in response to spatiotemporal cues. This model integrates progenitor morphogenesis and differentiation, and provides new insights to lung immaturity in preterm birth and lung evolution. Advanced gene targeting and 3D imaging tools are needed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of lung epithelial progenitors on molecular, cellular, and morphological levels.This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation
Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Branched
Osmotolerant yeast species differ in basic physiological parameters and in tolerance of non‐osmotic stresses
Authors: Bubnová Michala , Zemančíková Jana , Sychrová Hana 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOsmotolerance is the ability to grow in an environment with a high osmotic pressure. In this study we compared the physiological parameters and tolerance to osmotic and non‐osmotic stresses of three osmotolerant yeast species, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia farinosa (sorbitophila) and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, with those of wild‐type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the osmotolerant species did not differ significantly in their basic parameters, such as cell size or growth capacity, they had different abilities to survive anhydrobiosis, potassium limitation or the presence of toxic cationic drugs. When their osmotolerance was compared, the results revealed that some of the species isolated as sugar/polyol‐tolerant (e.g.  P. farinosa) are also highly tolerant to salts and, vice versa, some strains isolated from an environment with high concentration of salt (e.g. Z. rouxii ATCC 42981) tolerate high concentrations of sugars. None of the tested strains and species was osmophilic. Taken together, our results showed that P. farinosa (sorbitophila) is the most robust species when coping with various stresses, while Z. rouxii CBS 732, although osmotolerant in general, is not specifically salt‐tolerant and is quite sensitive to most of the tested stress conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatic Secondary Lesions from Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Moletta Lucia , Milanetto Anna Caterina , Vincenzi Valter , Alaggio Rita , Pedrazzoli Sergio , Pasquali Claudio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundMetastatic lesions to the pancreas are uncommon. The most frequent metastases are from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We analyzed the clinical features and survival of patients with pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients with pancreatic metastases from RCC, observed in our department from January 2004 to March 2010. Follow‐up continued to September 2013.ResultsIn the study period 13 patients with a diagnosis of metastasis from RCC were observed in our clinic, and among them 9 pancreatic resections were performed (2 pancreaticoduodenectomy, 1 duodenum‐preserving pancreatic head resection, 1 central pancreatectomy, and 5 distal pancreatectomy). Four patients did not undergo a pancreatic resection: two refused surgery, one had an endoscopic biliary stent for jaundice placed and then underwent a surgical biliary bypass, and the fourth patient was too advanced and had only an endoscopic biliary stent. The mean follow‐up was 56 months (range 5–115, median 53), with one nonresected patient lost in follow‐up after 38 months. Among the other 12 patients, 4 died: two for progression of disease 5 and 20 months respectively after our observation. The mean (±SEM) disease‐free survival of seven resected patients with curative intent was 40 ± 11 months (median 34).ConclusionsPancreatic metastases from RCC are often asymptomatic. They generally present slow growth and an indolent behavior. Surgery is the treatment of choice in those patients with only pancreatic involvement, achieving long‐term survival and disease‐free survival.
Plant Remains from the Tharumsa Formation of Ladakh, India
Authors: Mehrotra R. C. , Kumar Madhav , Ghosh Amit K. , Kumar K. , Arya Ritesh 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
Plant remains, including both mega and micro collected from the middle part of the Tharumsa Foramtion (early Miocene) are described for the first time from the Tharumsa village of the Kargil district, Jammu and Kashmir to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment. They indicate their affinities with Broussonetia of the Moraceae and Abies, Cedrus and Pinus of the Pinaceae. Their presence indicates warm and moist tropical to sub-tropical climate in the Kargil area during the depositional period against the cold and dry climate prevailing at present.
Miocene Bryozoa from the Kachchh Offshore Basin, Western India
Authors: Kundal Milind P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
The present paper records for the first time the bryozoan fragments from 4 m core of the Godhra Formation (early Miocene) and from 4m core and 5 m core of the Chhasra Formation (early middle Miocene) of the Kachchh Offshore Basin, Western India. The Godhra Formation has presence of three bryozoans, viz., ?Crassimarginatella sp., Thalamoporella sp. and Vincularia sp. while the Chhasra Formation has presence of four bryozoans, namely, ?Margaretta sp., Steginoporella sp., ?Thalamoporella sp. and Vincularia sp.
Provenance of the Late Paleocene Sandstones of the Jaisalmer Basin, Western India
Authors: Patra A. , Singh B. P. , Srivastava V. K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
Provenance of the late Paleocene sandstone of the Jaisalmer basin has been determined by petrographic and heavy minerals analysis supported by paleocurrent study. Petrography of the quartzose-arenite sandstone reveals an abundance of sub-angular to sub-rounded monocrystalline non-undulatory quartz and some amount of feldspar and rock fragments. The rock fragments are dominated by argillites (slate, phyllite) and limestone. The heavy minerals suite of these sandstones comprises of angular to sub-angular grains of magnetite, zircon, tourmaline, kyanite and staurolite. The paleocurrent analysis indicates bipolar paleocurrent pattern with the dominance of NW flow suggesting that the provenance was in the SE direction of the depositional basin. Q-F-L and Qm-F-Lt diagrams suggest for a provenance at the margin of the craton interior and transitional continental. It is envisaged that the basic igneous rocks of the Deccan basalt, low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks of the Aravalli belt and Jurassic limestones present in the vicinity are the source rocks for the late Paleocene sandstones of the Jaisalmer basin.
Mapping of Iodine, Lithium and Strontium in Oilfield Water of Cambay Basin, Gujarat
Authors: Rebary Babulal , Raichura Meera , Mangukia Sonal R , Patidar Rajesh 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
Abstract: The major oil and gas producing fields in Gujarat are found in Cambay basin. It is known that a huge amount of water is produced with oil and gas production which is called produced oilfield water. Some useful elements (iodine, lithium and strontium) are present with this oilfield water which may be extracted in case of their abundance. The investigation of iodine, lithium and strontium concentrations in produced oilfield water was accomplished by Ion chromatography while for other cations ICP instrument was used. In oilfield water, iodine content ranges from 0.08 to 1.89 mg/l, lithium content ranges from 0.06 to 2.90 mg/l and strontium content ranges from 0.24 to 73.5 mg/l. In addition to above element, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al, Ba, Fe, Se, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Hg were also analyzed. The pH and TDS of all the samples were also measured. There is considerable variation in iodine, lithium and strontium in oilfield water samples collected from oil and gas producing fields of Gujarat. There is no definite pattern of variation in iodine, lithium and strontium content.
Time Lapse Tracer and SP Measurements to Characterize the Hydrodynamics of Fractured Granite Aquifer: A Case Study
Authors: Rangarajan R. , Muralidharan D. , Chandra Subash , Reddy D.V. , Andrade Rolland , Ahmad Shakeel 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
An attempt is made to identify and delineate the groundwater flow direction and rate in a fractured hard rock aquifer in Maheshwaram granite watershed in Andhra Pradesh using multiple tracers such as bromide, iodide and rhodamine-B under both natural and induced conditions. A main well in the center and three observation wells at 25 m in north-northwest, southeast and southwest directions respectively were constructed based on 222Rn anomalies and 4He measurements. Streaming potential survey was also carried out in the area before, during and after pumping test. The tracer tests indicated preferential groundwater flow in N-S direction. The groundwater flow velocity estimated based on arrival of tracer under natural and induced conditions are 0.52 m/d and 375 m/d respectively.
Social consequences of early socioeconomic adversity and youth BMI trajectories: Gender and race/ethnicity differences
Authors: Bae Dayoung , Wickrama K.A.S. , O'Neal Catherine Walker 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the mediating effects of adolescent BMI trajectories on socioeconomic continuity over the early life course using a nationally representative sample of 11,075 respondents. This study considered both the initial severity as well as change over time in BMI as psycho‐physiological mediators. Consistent with the life course pathway model and the cumulative advantage and disadvantage principle, the results suggested that early socioeconomic adversity is associated with youth BMI trajectories over time, which in turn, impair young adult socioeconomic attainment. The results also revealed important gender and racial/ethnic differences in the hypothesized associations. These findings elucidate how early adversity exerts an enduring long‐term influence on social attainment in young adulthood. Further, the findings suggest that effective obesity intervention and prevention programs should focus not only on the severity of obesity but also on growth in BMI over the early years.
Wall to wall optimal transport
Authors: Hassanzadeh Pedram , Chini Gregory P. , Doering Charles R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe calculus of variations is employed to find steady divergence-free velocity fields that maximize transport of a tracer between two parallel walls held at fixed concentration for one of two constraints on flow strength: a fixed value of the kinetic energy (mean square velocity) or a fixed value of the enstrophy (mean square vorticity). The optimizing flows consist of an array of (convection) cells of a particular aspect ratio $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\varGamma $. We solve the nonlinear Euler–Lagrange equations analytically for weak flows and numerically – as well as via matched asymptotic analysis in the fixed energy case – for strong flows. We report the results in terms of the Nusselt number ${\mathit{Nu}}$, a dimensionless measure of the tracer transport, as a function of the Péclet number ${\mathit{Pe}}$, a dimensionless measure of the strength of the flow. For both constraints, the maximum transport ${\mathit{Nu}}_{\mathit{MAX}}({\mathit{Pe}})$ is realized in cells of decreasing aspect ratio $\varGamma _{\mathit{opt}}({\mathit{Pe}})$ as ${\mathit{Pe}}$ increases. For the fixed energy problem, ${\mathit{Nu}}_{\mathit{MAX}} \sim {\mathit{Pe}}$ and $\varGamma _{\mathit{opt}} \sim {\mathit{Pe}}^{-1/2}$, while for the fixed enstrophy scenario, ${\mathit{Nu}}_{\mathit{MAX}} \sim {\mathit{Pe}}^{10/17}$ and $\varGamma _{\mathit{opt}} \sim {\mathit{Pe}}^{-0.36}$. We interpret our results in the context of buoyancy-driven Rayleigh–Bénard convection problems that satisfy the flow intensity constraints, enabling us to investigate how the transport scalings compare with upper bounds on ${\mathit{Nu}}$ expressed as a function of the Rayleigh number ${\mathit{Ra}}$. For steady convection in porous media, corresponding to the fixed energy problem, we find ${\mathit{Nu}}_{\mathit{MAX}} \sim {\mathit{Ra}}$ and $\varGamma _{\mathit{opt}} \sim {\mathit{Ra}}^{-1/2}$, while for steady convection in a pure fluid layer between stress-free isothermal walls, corresponding to fixed enstrophy transport, ${\mathit{Nu}}_{\mathit{MAX}} \sim {\mathit{Ra}}^{5/12}$ and $\varGamma _{\mathit{opt}} \sim {\mathit{Ra}}^{-1/4}$.
The coalescence of liquid drops in a viscous fluid: interface formation model
Authors: Sprittles James E. , Shikhmurzaev Yulii D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe interface formation model is applied to describe the initial stages of the coalescence of two liquid drops in the presence of a viscous ambient fluid whose dynamics is fully accounted for. Our focus is on understanding (a) how this model’s predictions differ from those of the conventionally used one, (b) what influence the ambient fluid has on the evolution of the shape of the coalescing drops and (c) the coupling of the intrinsic dynamics of coalescence and that of the ambient fluid. The key feature of the interface formation model in its application to the coalescence phenomenon is that it removes the singularity inherent in the conventional model at the onset of coalescence and describes the part of the free surface ‘trapped’ between the coalescing volumes as they are pressed against each other as a rapidly disappearing ‘internal interface’. Considering the simplest possible formulation of this model, we find experimentally verifiable differences with the predictions of the conventional model showing, in particular, the effect of drop size on the coalescence process. According to the new model, for small drops a non-monotonic time dependence of the bridge expansion speed is a feature that could be looked for in further experimental studies. Finally, the results of both models are compared to recently available experimental data on the evolution of the liquid bridge connecting coalescing drops, and the interface formation model is seen to give a better agreement with the data.
Linear instability of the path of a freely rising spheroidal bubble
Authors: Tchoufag Joël , Magnaudet Jacques , Fabre David 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPath and wake instabilities of buoyancy-driven oblate spheroidal bubbles with a prescribed shape rising freely in a viscous fluid otherwise at rest are studied using global stability analysis, following the technique recently developed for a coupled fluid $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}+$ body system by Tchoufag, Fabre & Magnaudet (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 740, 2014, pp. 278–311). The essential role of the wake on the path instability is evidenced by comparing the shape of the global stability diagram with that obtained in the case of a fixed bubble. However, dramatic differences are also found, since the critical curve of the coupled system mostly involves low- and high-frequency oscillating modes, whereas that of a fixed bubble only involves stationary modes. Comparison of the present predictions with results obtained through direct numerical simulation is achieved in several regimes, confirming the predictions of the linear approach but also highlighting some of its limitations when the system successively encounters several unstable modes.
Sinonasal malignancy: presentation and outcomes
Authors: Mahalingappa Y B , Khalil H S 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjective:We wanted to identify the presentation, diagnostic work-up and treatment outcomes of patients with sinonasal malignancy at Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK and compare these with the European Position Paper on Endoscopic Management of Tumours of the Nose, Paranasal Sinuses and Skull Base.Materials and methods:This was a retrospective audit of all patients diagnosed with sinonasal malignancy over a five-year period. The clinical records and picture archiving and communications system data of the patients were reviewed.Results:Thirty patients with sinonasal malignancy were identified out of 570 head and neck cancer patients. The nasal cavity was the most common site for presentation, followed by the maxillary sinuses. Fifty per cent of patients had a squamous cell carcinoma and 27 per cent had a malignant melanoma. Half of the patients presented at stage IV of the cancer and 20 per cent at stage III. Thirty-seven per cent of patients underwent surgical management and only 20 per cent of the total patient group underwent endoscopic surgery. The mortality in our series was 30 per cent over the studied period.Conclusion:Late-stage presentation of sinonasal malignancy has resulted in increased patient mortality in our case series. Also, we found a high incidence of malignant melanoma with high recurrence and survival rates.
Clinical and biological acceptance of a fibrocollagen-coated mersylene patch for tracheal repair in growing dogs
Authors: Villegas-Alvarez F , Pérez-Guillé B , Soriano-Rosales R E , Jiménez-Bravo-Luna M A , Gonzalez-Maciel A , Elizalde-Velazquez S L , Aguirre-Hernández R , Ramos-Morales A , Reynoso-Robles R , González-Zamora J F 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackground:Collagen-covered prostheses can be used as a non-circumferential segmental tracheal replacement. However, the applicability of these implants in young subjects has not yet been reported.Methods:In this experimental, longitudinal study, dogs aged 29–32 days underwent limited segmental tracheal replacement with a polyester prosthesis or were allocated to a control, untreated group. The dogs were evaluated clinically, endoscopically and tomographically for up to one year.Results:Although there was evidence of tracheal growth in the experimental group, tomographic measurements were significantly smaller in this group than in the control group throughout the observation period. At the end of the study, there was no evidence of implant rejection, stenosis or collapse. Normal respiratory epithelium had grown across the implanted membrane in the experimental group.Conclusion:The homologous collagen mersylene membrane allowed for limited structural tracheal growth and was functionally integrated into the segmented tracheal wall in growing dogs.
Spatio-temporal and ontogenetic changes in the diet of the Argentine hakeMerluccius hubbsi
Authors: Belleggia Mauro , Figueroa Daniel E. , Irusta Gabriela , Bremec Claudia 
Published: June 2014

The diet and the trophic level of the Argentine hakeMerluccius hubbsiwas investigated in the south-west Atlantic Ocean. Stomachs from 3405 specimens, ranging from 10 to 94 cm total length, collected on three research cruises carried out during winter 2011 and summer 2012, were examined at the laboratory. Dietary shifts related to sex, maturity stage, size, age, season, region and hour were examined using generalized linear models. The Argentine hakeM. hubbsifed mainly on zooplankton crustaceans (Themisto gaudichaudii, Euphausia lucensandMunidaspp.), followed by fish and cephalopods. During summer, cephalopods (mainlyIllex argentinus) were the main prey ofM. hubbsi, indicating spatio-temporal changes in the diet. This work also revealed ontogenetic dietary changes associated with size, from zooplankton crustaceans during early life stages (E. lucens, T. gaudichaudiiandMunidaspp.) to fish and cephalopods. The trophic level ofM. hubbsiranged from 3.43 to 4.51 according to season and region. Cannibalism increased with predator length and contributed a maximum of 8.14% to the diet ofM. hubbsiduring winter on the inner Patagonian continental shelf.