bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agitation During Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation at a Long-Term Acute Care Hospital
Authors: O'Connor Heidi , Al-Qadheeb Nada S. , White Alexander C. , Thaker Vishal , Devlin John W. 
Published: May 2013

Introduction: The prevalence, risk factors, treatment practices, and outcomes of agitation in patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in the long-term acute care hospital (LTACH) setting are not well understood. We compared agitation risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes between patients who developed agitation and those who did not, in LTACH patients undergoing PMV. Methods: Patients admitted to an LTACH for PMV over a 1-year period were categorized into agitated and nonagitated groups. The presence of agitation risk factors, management strategies, and relevant outcomes were extracted and compared between the 2 groups. Results: A total of 80 patients were included, 41% (33) with agitation and 59% (47) without. Compared to the nonagitated group, the agitated group had a lower Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score ( P < .0006), a greater transfer rate from an academic center ( P = .05), a greater delirium frequency at both baseline ( P = .04) and during admission ( P < .001), and a greater rate of benzodiazepine discontinuation ( P = .02). Although the use of scheduled antipsychotic ( P = .0005) or restraint ( P = .002) therapy was more common in the agitated group, use of benzodiazepines ( P = .16), opioids ( P = .11), or psychiatric evaluation ( P = .90) was not. Weaning success, duration of LTACH stay, and daily costs were similar. Conclusion: Agitation among the LTACH patients undergoing PMV is associated with greater delirium and use of antipsychotics and restraints but does not influence weaning success or LTACH stay. Strategies focused on agitation prevention and treatment in this population need to be developed and formally evaluated.
Development of a method for extraction and assay of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and pesticide inhibition
Authors: Linhares A.G. , Assis C.R.D. , Siqueira M.T. , Bezerra R.S. , Carvalho L.B. 
Published: May 2013

A method of extracting membranes from red blood cells (RBCs) is described, which were in turn used to assay acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The evidence for the enzyme activity was established by selective inhibition using 1,5- bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl) pentan-3-one dibromide, tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide and neostigmine. Blood samples were exposed to three organophosphorus (dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos and diazinon) and two carbamate (carbaryl and carbofuran) pesticides. Afterwards AChE activities in RBC membranes were determined. The concentrations capable to inhibit the enzyme activity by 50% (IC50) for the pesticides were 10.66 µM (dichlorvos), 21.42 µM (chlorpyrifos), 109.98 µM (carbaryl) and 5.44 µM (carbofuran). The results related to 20% enzyme inhibition (level used in the estimation of threshold limits for anticholinesterase compounds) were below those acceptable daily intake values enacted by relevant national and international regulations. These results suggest that the proposed AChE extraction from RBC and assay could be a suitable method for monitoring occupational exposure to pesticides.
Risk factors for falls in multiple sclerosis: an observational study
Authors: Gunn Hilary , Creanor Siobhan , Haas Bernhard , Marsden Jonathan , Freeman Jennifer 
Published: May 2013

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience frequent falls, which are associated with impairments and limitations to activities and participations. Objective: The objective of this paper is to evaluate falls risk factors using robust clinical measures. Methods: A total of 150 individuals (confirmed MS diagnosis, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.5–6.5) were recruited, with 148 participants included in the final analysis. Demographic data were collected and performance assessed in eight predictor measures (Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA), Brief Ataxia Rating scale, Ashworth scale (Ashworth), Modified Falls Efficacy scale, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, dual-task interference, lying/standing blood pressure, static/dynamic visual acuity). Participants prospectively recorded falls over three months using a daily diary. People were classified as “fallers” based on reports of ≥ two falls. Results: A total of 104 participants recorded 672 falls; 78 (52.7%) reported ≥ two falls. Continence issues, previous falls history and use of prescribed medications were each associated with increased risk of being a “faller”. Ashworth and PPA risk score contributed significantly to a logistic regression model predicting faller/non-faller classification. The reduced model (Ashworth, PPA, EDSS) showed fair-to-good predictive ability (ROC c-statistic 0.73, sensitivity 70%, specificity 69%). Conclusion: This study confirms the high prevalence of falls in ambulant people with MS. Important potentially modifiable risk factors are identified, suggesting aspects to target in falls interventions.
Muscle Injuries in Athletes
Authors: Delos Demetris , Maak Travis G. , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: May 2013

Context: Muscle injuries are extremely common in athletes and often produce pain, dysfunction, and the inability to return to practice or competition. Appropriate diagnosis and management can optimize recovery and minimize time to return to play. Evidence Acquisition: Contemporary papers, both basic science and clinical medicine, that investigate muscle healing were reviewed. A Medline/PubMed search inclusive of years 1948 to 2012 was performed. Results: Diagnosis can usually be made according to history and physical examination for most injuries. Although data are limited, initial conservative management emphasizing the RICE principles and immobilization of the extremity for several days for higher grade injuries are typically all that is required. Injection of corticosteroids may clinically enhance function after an acute muscle strain. Additional adjunctive treatments (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, platelet-rich plasma, and others) to enhance muscle healing and limit scar formation show promise but need additional data to better define their roles. Conclusion: Conservative treatment recommendations will typically lead to successful outcomes after a muscle injury. There is limited evidence to support most adjunctive treatments.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Athletes
Authors: White Russell D. , Harris George D. , Gibson Margaret E. 
Published: May 2013

Context: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in the general population, and many individuals with this condition participate in sports activity at all competition levels. Evidence Acquisition: Related studies were selected through literature searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases for the years 1991 to 2011. Key search terms were ADD, ADHD, sports, athletes, athletics, guidelines, NCAA, WADA, IOC, college, concussion, diagnosis, management, treatment, evaluation, return-to-play, pharmacotherapy, adult, adolescent, student, screening, injury, risk, neuropsychiatry, TBI, traumatic brain injury, and epidemiology. Study Design: Literature review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: ADHD usually has an early onset, with delayed diagnosis in some patients due to heterogeneous presentations. Suspected cases can be evaluated with available diagnostic tools and confirmed clinically. Athletes with ADHD may participate at all competition levels. Conclusion: Athletes with ADHD are able to participate at all competition levels by following published guidelines and requirements. Exercise benefits many athletes with ADHD. The relationship between ADHD and concussion syndromes is currently under investigation.
GM-CSF–dependent pSTAT5 sensitivity is a feature with therapeutic potential in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Padron Eric , Painter Jeffrey S. , Kunigal Sateesh , Mailloux Adam W. , McGraw Kathy , McDaniel Jessica M. , Kim Eunhee , Bebbington Christopher , Baer Mark , Yarranton Geoffrey , Lancet Jeffrey , Komrokji Rami S. , Abdel-Wahab Omar , List Alan F. , Epling-Burnette Pearlie K. 
Published: May 2013

Key Points
GM-CSF–dependent STAT5 hypersensitivity is detected in 90% of CMML samples and is enhanced by signaling mutations. Treatment with a GM-CSF–neutralizing antibody and JAK2 inhibitors reveals therapeutic potential.
Clinical impact of DNMT3A mutations in younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results of the AML Study Group (AMLSG)
Authors: Gaidzik Verena I. , Schlenk Richard F. , Paschka Peter , Stölzle Anja , Späth Daniela , Kuendgen Andrea , von Lilienfeld-Toal Marie , Brugger Wolfram , Derigs Hans Günter , Kremers Stephan , Greil Richard , Raghavachar Aruna , Ringhoffer Mark , Salih Helmut R. , Wattad Mohammed , Kirchen Heinz G. , Runde Volker , Heil Gerhard , Petzer Andreas L. , Girschikofsky Michael , Heuser Michael , Kayser Sabine , Goehring Gudrun , Teleanu Maria-Veronica , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Ganser Arnold , Krauter Jürgen , Bullinger Lars , Döhner Hartmut , Döhner Konstanze 
Published: May 2013

Key PointsDNMT3A mutations are frequent in younger adults with AML and have no significant impact on survival end points. Only moderate effects on outcome, depending on molecular subgroup and DNMT3A mutation type, could be observed.
ASB2α regulates migration of immature dendritic cells
Authors: Lamsoul Isabelle , Métais Arnaud , Gouot Emmanuelle , Heuzé Mélina L. , Lennon-Duménil Ana-Maria , Moog-Lutz Christel , Lutz Pierre G. 
Published: May 2013

Key Points
By demonstrating a novel mechanism of regulation of FLN stability by ASB2α, our results point to FLNs and ASB2α as new players in DC biology. Our data highlight a new degree of complexity in the events that regulate cell motility of immature DCs.
Trimeric G protein-CARMA1 axis links smoothened, the hedgehog receptor transducer, to NF-κB activation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Qu Changju , Liu Yadong , Kunkalla Kranthi , Singh Rajesh R. , Blonska Marzenna , Lin Xin , Agarwal Nitin Kumar , Vega Francisco 
Published: May 2013

Key PointsNovel crosstalk between SMO and NF-κB representing additional level of NF-κB regulation independent of genetic constitutive activation. SMO activates NF-κB by recruiting Gαi and Gα12 to activate PKCβ/CARMA1 and assembling CARMA1/BCL10/MALT1/TRAF6 to SMO.
Origin, evolution and classification of type-3 copper proteins: lineage-specific gene expansions and losses across the Metazoa
Authors: Aguilera Felipe , McDougall Carmel , Degnan Bernard M 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Tyrosinases, tyrosinase-related proteins, catechol oxidases and hemocyanins comprise the type-3 copper protein family and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including pigment formation, innate immunity and oxygen transport. Although this family is present in the three domains of life, its origin and early evolution are not well understood. Previous analyses of type-3 copper proteins largely have focussed on specific animal and plant phyla.

Results
Here, we combine genomic, phylogenetic and structural analyses to show that the original type-3 copper protein possessed a signal peptide and may have been secreted (we designate proteins of this type the α subclass). This ancestral type-3 copper protein gene underwent two duplication events, the first prior to the divergence of the unikont eukaryotic lineages and the second before the diversification of animals. The former duplication gave rise to a cytosolic form (β) and the latter to a membrane-bound form (γ). Structural comparisons reveal that the active site of α and γ forms are covered by aliphatic amino acids, and the β form has a highly conserved aromatic residue in this position. The subsequent evolution of this gene family in modern lineages of multicellular eukaryotes is typified by the loss of one or more of these three subclasses and the lineage-specific expansion of one or both of the remaining subclasses.

Conclusions
The diversity of type-3 copper proteins in animals and other eukaryotes is consistent with two ancient gene duplication events leading to α, β and γ subclasses, followed by the differential loss and expansion of one or more of these subclasses in specific kingdoms and phyla. This has led to many lineage-specific type-3 copper protein repertoires and in some cases the independent evolution of functionally-classified tyrosinases and hemocyanins. For example, the oxygen-carrying hemocyanins in arthropods evolved from a β-subclass tyrosinase, whilst hemocyanins in molluscs and urochordates evolved independently from an α-subclass tyrosinase. Minor conformational changes at the active site of α, β and γ forms can produce type-3 copper proteins with capacities to either carry oxygen (hemocyanins), oxidize diphenols (catechol oxidase) or o-hydroxylate monophenols (tyrosinases) and appear to underlie some functional convergences.
Molecular evidence for natural hybridization in the mangrove fern genus Acrostichum
Authors: Zhang Rongshu , Liu Ting , Wu Wei , Li Yunqin , Chao Lifang , Huang Lishi , Huang Yelin , Shi Suhua , Zhou Renchao 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundNatural hybridization is prevalent in ferns, and plays an important role in fern evolution and speciation. In the Indo West-Pacific region, the mangrove fern genusAcrostichumconsists of two largely sympatric species,A. aureumandA. speciosum. Although there has been no report of interspecific hybridization before, we found some individuals morphologically intermediate between them in Guangdong and Hainan, China, for the first time, which were suspected to be hybrids. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis of natural hybridization betweenA. aureumandA. speciosumin Guangdong and Hainan using three low-copy nuclear genes. A chloroplast intergenic spacer was used to infer the hybridization direction once the hybrid status was confirmed. In addition, we examined spore shapes and germination for these taxa.ResultsBothA. aureumandA. speciosumshowed a low level of polymorphism at all three nuclear genes; however, they were well separated at these loci. At both locations, each individual of the putative hybrid showed additivity in chromatograms at all sites where the two species showed fixed differences. Haplotype analysis at all three nuclear genes indicated that each individual of the putative hybrid possessed two haplotypes, matching with those ofA. aureumandA. speciosum, respectively. Sequencing of the chloroplasttrnV-trnM regions showed thatA. aureumdiffered fromA. speciosumby eleven nucleotide substitutions and three indels (insertions/deletions), and all sampled individuals of the putative hybrid had the identical sequences withA. speciosum.Compared withA. aureumandA. speciosum, the putative hybrid had much reduced spore germination rate.ConclusionsSequence data of the three nuclear genes provide compelling evidence for natural hybridization betweenA. aureumandA. speciosum, and all the hybrid individuals are likely F1s. The hybridization is unidirectional andA. speciosumis the maternal parent of the hybrid based on the assumption of maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. Human disturbance on mangrove habitats may facilitate the establishment of hybrids ofAcrostichum.
Developing a questionnaire to identify perceived barriers for implementing the Dutch physical therapy COPD clinical practice guideline
Authors: van der Wees Philip J , Zagers Cor AM , de Die Sara E , Hendriks Erik JM , Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria WG , de Bie Rob A 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Clinical practice guidelines have been developed to assist healthcare practitioners in clinical decision making. Publication of clinical practice guidelines does not automatically lead to their uptake and barrier identification has been recognized as an important step in implementation planning. This study aimed at developing a questionnaire to identify perceived barriers for implementing the Dutch COPD guideline for physical therapists and its recommended measurement instruments.

Methods
An overall questionnaire, based on two existing questionnaires, was constructed to identify barriers and facilitators for implementing the COPD guideline. The construct of the questionnaire was assessed in a cross-sectional study among 246 chest physical therapists. Factor analysis was conducted to explore underlying dimensions. Psychometric properties were analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha. Barriers and facilitators were assessed using descriptive statistics.

Results
Some 139 physical therapists (57%) responded. Factor analysis revealed 4-factor and 5-factor solutions with an explained variance of 36% and 39% respectively. Cronbach’s alpha of the overall questionnaire was 0.90, and varied from 0.66 to 0.92 for the different factors. Underlying domains of the 5-factor solution were characterized as: attitude towards using measurement instruments, knowledge and skills of the physical therapist, applicability of the COPD guideline, required investment of time & money, and patient characteristics. Physical therapists showed a positive attitude toward using the COPD guideline. Main barriers for implementation were required time investment and financial constraints.

Conclusions
The construct of the questionnaire revealed relevant underlying domains for the identification of barriers and facilitators for implementing the COPD guideline. The questionnaire allowed for tailoring to the target group and may be used across health care professionals as basis for in-depth analysis of barriers to specific recommendations in guidelines. The results of the questionnaire alone do not provide sufficient information to inform the development of an implementation strategy. The infrastructure for developing the guideline can be used for addressing key barriers by the guideline development group, using the questionnaire as well as in-depth analysis such as focus group interviews. Further development of methods for prospective identification of barriers and consequent tailoring of implementation interventions is required.
Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1 does not exhibit proteolytic activities to exert its pathogenicity
Authors: Iqbal Junaid , Rajani Mehak , Siddiqui Ruqaiyyah , Khan Naveed Ahmed 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Proteases are well-known virulence factors that promote survival, pathogenesis and immune evasion of many pathogens. Several lines of evidence suggest that the blood–brain barrier permeability is a prerequisite in microbial invasion of the central nervous system. Because proteases are frequently associated with vascular permeability by targeting junctional proteins, here it is hypothesized that neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1 exhibit proteolytic activities to exert its pathogenicity.

Methods
Zymographic assays were performed using collagen and gelatin as substrates. The lysates of whole E. coli K1 strain E44, or E. coli K-12 strain HB101 were tested for proteolytic activities. The conditioned media were prepared by incubating bacteria in RPMI-1640 in the presence or absence of serum. The cell-free supernatants were collected and tested for proteases in zymography as mentioned above. Additionally, proteolytic degradation of host immune factors was determined by co-incubating conditioned media with albumin/immunoglobulins using protease assays.

Results
When collagen or gelatin were used as substrates in zymographic assays, neither whole bacteria nor conditioned media exhibited proteolytic activities. The conditioned media of neuropathogenic E. coli K1 strain E44, or E. coli K-12 strain HB101 did not affect degradation of albumin and immunoglobulins using protease assays.

Conclusions
Neither zymographic assays nor protease assays detected proteolytic activities in either the whole bacteria or conditioned media of E. coli K1 strain E44 and E. coli K-12 strain HB101. These findings suggest that host cell monolayer disruptions and immune evasion strategies are likely independent of proteolytic activities of neuropathogenic E. coli K1.
NH2+ implantations induced superior hemocompatibility of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Guo Meixian , Li Dejun , Zhao Mengli , Zhang Yiteng , Deng Xiangyun , Geng Dongsheng , Li Ruying , Sun Xueliang , Gu Hanqing , Wan Rongxin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
NH2
+ implantation was performed on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The hemocompatibility of MWCNTs and NH2
+-implanted MWCNTs was evaluated based on in vitro hemolysis, platelet adhesion, and kinetic-clotting tests. Compared with MWCNTs, NH2
+-implanted MWCNTs displayed more perfect platelets and red blood cells in morphology, lower platelet adhesion rate, lower hemolytic rate, and longer kinetic blood-clotting time. NH2
+-implanted MWCNTs with higher fluency of 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 led to the best thromboresistance, hence desired hemocompatibility. Fourier transfer infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that NH2
+ implantation caused the cleavage of some pendants and the formation of some new N-containing functional groups. These results were responsible for the enhanced hemocompatibility of NH2
+-implanted MWCNTs.
Platelet activation suppresses HIV-1 infection of T cells
Authors: Solomon Tsegaye Theodros , Gnirß Kerstin , Rahe-Meyer Niels , Kiene Miriam , Krämer-Kühl Annika , Behrens Georg , Münch Jan , Pöhlmann Stefan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Platelets, anucleate cell fragments abundant in human blood, can capture HIV-1 and platelet counts have been associated with viral load and disease progression. However, the impact of platelets on HIV-1 infection of T cells is unclear.

Results
We found that platelets suppress HIV-1 spread in co-cultured T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Platelets containing granules inhibited HIV-1 spread in T cells more efficiently than degranulated platelets, indicating that the granule content might exert antiviral activity. Indeed, supernatants from activated and thus degranulated platelets suppressed HIV-1 infection. Infection was inhibited at the stage of host cell entry and inhibition was independent of the viral strain or coreceptor tropism. In contrast, blockade of HIV-2 and SIV entry was less efficient. The chemokine CXCL4, a major component of platelet granules, blocked HIV-1 entry and neutralization of CXCL4 in platelet supernatants largely abrogated their anti-HIV-1 activity.

Conclusions
Release of CXCL4 by activated platelets inhibits HIV-1 infection of adjacent T cells at the stage of virus entry. The inhibitory activity of platelet-derived CXCL4 suggests a role of platelets in the defense against infection by HIV-1 and potentially other pathogens.