bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ellipsis and Reference Tracking in Japanese
Authors: Nariyama Shigeko 
Published: December 2013

In many East Asian languages, despite the prevalent occurrence of implicit reference, reference management is largely achieved without recourse to familiar agreement features. For this reason, recovering ellipted reference has been a perplexing problem in the analysis of these languages.
This book elucidates the linguistic mechanisms for ellipsis resolution in Japanese, mechanisms which involve complex processes of inference that integrate grammatical, sociolinguistic, and discourse considerations with real world knowledge. These processes are realised in an integrated algorithm, the validity of which is tested against naturally-occurring written texts.
This book also builds connections between theoretical linguistics and practical applications. The findings not only have theoretical implications for identifying crucial factors in the linguistic encoding of implicitly expressed information, factors which are very different from those found in European languages, but also offer practical applications, particularly for the design of machine translation systems and for learners of Japanese.
A Typology of Purpose Clauses
Authors: Schmidtke-Bode Karsten 
Published: December 2013

This book presents the first comprehensive typology of purpose clause constructions in the world’s languages. Based on a stratified variety sample of 80 languages, it uncovers the unity and diversity of the morphosyntactic means by which purposive relations are coded, and discusses the status of purpose clauses in the syntactic and conceptual space of complex sentences. Explanations for significantly recurrent coding patterns are couched in a usage-based approach to language structure, which pays due attention to the cognitive and communicative pressures on usage events involving purpose clauses, to frequency distributions of grammatical choices in corpora, and to the ways in which usage preferences conventionalize in pathways of diachronic change. The book integrates diverse previous strands of research on purpose clauses with a thorough empirical analysis in its own right and thus reflects the current state of the art of crosslinguistic research into this distinctive type of adverbial clause.
An appendix to A Typology of Purpose Clauses can be found on the author's website: www.kschmidtkebode.de/purpose.html
Acute Mortality, Bacterial Load, and Pathology of Select Lines of Adult Rainbow Trout Challenged with Weissella sp. NC36
Authors: Marancik David P. , Welch Timothy J. , Leeds Timothy D. , Wiens Gregory D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A challenge for improving disease resistance in fish through genetics is to understand specificity of resistance and whether selection for one pathogen alters the response to unrelated pathogenic microorganisms. Adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that had been bred for differential susceptibility to Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) and designated ARS-Fp-R (resistant), ARS-Fp-S (susceptible), and ARS-Fp-C (control line), as well as a pool of commercial-stock Rainbow Trout, were intraperitoneally challenged with Weissella sp. NC36. Clinical signs, survival, and innate mechanisms affecting disease resistance were monitored over 9 d. Acute disease signs included exophthalmia associated with retrobulbar inflammation and hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, and mild to moderate granulomatous pericarditis. The ARS-Fp-R line did not demonstrate significant survival differences over a 9-d period compared with the ARS-Fp-C and ARS-Fp-S lines (P ≥ 0.09) indicating that during the acute phase of disease, the resistance factors that limit BCWD do not confer cross protection against Weissella sp. NC36. The linear effect of body weight at challenge was statistically significant, as each 10-g increase in body weight increased the hazard of death by 1% (P = 0.02). Bacterial loads on day 3, assessed by splenic and cerebral CFU counts, did not differ between ARS-Fp-R and ARS-Fp-S trout and there was no correlation between CFU counts and body weight. These findings help elucidate the specificity of disease resistance in selectively bred lines and contribute to our understanding of disease caused by Weissella sp., a recently described pathogen found in cultured Rainbow Trout.
Received June 19, 2013; accepted June 23, 2013
Comparative Analysis of the Acute Response of Zebrafish Danio rerio Skin to Two Different Bacterial Infections
Authors: Lü Aijun , Hu Xiucai , Wang Yi , Shen Xiaojing , Zhu Aihua , Shen Lulu , Ming Qinglei , Feng Zhaojun 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Skin is an important innate immune organ in fish; however, little is known about the skin's immune response to infectious pathogens. We conducted a comparative analysis of the acute immune response of Zebrafish Danio rerio skin against gram-positive (Staphylococcus chromogenes) and gram-negative (Citrobacter freundii) bacterial infections. Gene expression profiles induced from the two different infections were identified by microarray hybridization, with many genes demonstrating an acute immune response in the skin. Differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in response to stress and stimulus, complement activation, acute-phase response, and defense and immune response. Compared with transcription patterns of skin from the two infections, a similar innate immunity (e.g., transferrin, coagulation factor, complements, and lectins) was observed but with different acute-phase genes (e.g., ceruloplasmin, alpha-1-microglobulin, vitellogenin, and heat shock protein). These results suggest that the skin of fish plays an important role in the innate immune responses to bacterial infection.
Received March 20, 2013; accepted July 19, 2013
Triploid Grass Carp Susceptibility and Potential for Disease Transfer when used to Control Aquatic Vegetation in Reservoirs with Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy
Authors: Haynie Rebecca S. , Bowerman William W. , Williams Sarah K. , Morrison John R. , Grizzle John M. , Fischer John M. , Wilde Susan B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is an often-lethal neurologic disease that affects waterbirds and their avian predators (i.e., bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the southern United States. Feeding trials and field surveys provided evidence that AVM is caused by a toxin-producing, undescribed cyanobacterium (UCB), which grows as an epiphyte on the leaves of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Reservoirs with documented AVM epornitics support dense growth of nonnative SAV. Waterbirds ingest the toxin when feeding on aquatic plants with the epiphytic UCB, and secondary intoxication occurs when raptors consume these birds. Vegetation management has been proposed as a means to reduce waterbird exposure to the putative toxin. We fed aquatic vegetation with and without the UCB to triploid Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in laboratory and field trials. Only Grass Carp that ingested aquatic vegetation with the UCB developed lesions in the central nervous system. The lesions (viewed using light microscopy) appeared similar to those in birds diagnosed with AVM. Grass Carp that received aquatic vegetation without the UCB were unaffected. Grass Carp tissues from each treatment were fed to domestic chickens Gallus domesticus (an appropriate laboratory model for AVM) in a laboratory trial; the chickens displayed no neurologic signs, and histology revealed a lack of the diagnostic lesions in brain tissues. Results from our trials suggest that (1) triploid Grass Carp are susceptible to the AVM toxin, although no fish mortalities were documented; and (2) the toxin was not accumulated in Grass Carp tissues, and the risk to piscivorous avifauna is likely low. However, a longer exposure time and analysis of sublethal effects may be prudent to further evaluate the efficacy and risk of using triploid Grass Carp to manage aquatic vegetation in a system with frequent AVM outbreaks.
Received December 3, 2012; accepted August 2, 2013
Ammocoetes of Pacific Lamprey Are Not Susceptible to Common Fish Rhabdoviruses of the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Kurath G. , Jolley J. C. , Thompson T. M. , Thompson D. , Whitesel T. A. , Gutenberger S. , Winton J. R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Pacific Lampreys Entosphenus tridentatus have experienced severe population declines in recent years and efforts to develop captive rearing programs are under consideration. However, there is limited knowledge of their life history, ecology, and potential to harbor or transmit pathogens that may cause infectious disease. As a measure of the possible risks associated with introducing wild lampreys into existing fish culture facilities, larval lampreys (ammocoetes) were tested for susceptibility to infection and mortality caused by experimental exposures to the fish rhabdovirus pathogens: infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Two IHNV isolates, representing the U and M genogroups, and one VHSV isolate from the IVa genotype were each delivered to groups of ammocoetes by immersion at moderate and high viral doses, and by intraperitoneal injection. Ammocoetes were then held in triplicate tanks with no substrate or sediment. During 41 d of observation postchallenge there was low or no mortality in all groups, and no virus was detected in the small number of fish that died. Ammocoetes sampled for incidence of infection at 6 and 12 d after immersion challenges also had no detectable virus, and no virus was detected in surviving fish from any group. A small number of ammocoetes sampled 6 d after the injection challenge had detectable virus, but at levels below the original quantity of virus injected. Overall there was no evidence of infection, replication, or persistence of any of the viruses in any of the treatment groups. Our results suggest that Pacific Lampreys are highly unlikely to serve as hosts that maintain or transmit these viruses.
Received May 25, 2013; accepted August 23, 2013
Reimagining Religious Identity: The Moor in Dutch and English Pamphlets, 1550–1620*
Authors: Waite Gary K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis essay examines how Dutch and English vernacular writers portrayed the Moor in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when their respective governments were engaged in diplomatic and trade discussions with Morocco. It aims for a better understanding of the difference in religious attitudes and cultures between these two Protestant realms by arguing that their respective approaches to internal religious toleration significantly influenced how their residents viewed Muslims. Dutch writers adopted a less hostile tone toward the Moor than English writers due to the republic’s principled defense of freedom of conscience, its informal system of religious toleration in the private sector, and its merchantRealpolitik. Unlike in England, Dutch conversos were allowed to be Jews. A number of Moroccan Muslims also resided in Holland, lobbying on behalf of the Muslim King of Morocco. The Moroccan Jewish Pallache family played prominent roles with the government and in two of the pamphlets examined here, including one that interprets a Moroccan civil war through the lens of demonic sorcery. So too did Jan Theunisz, a liberal Mennonite of Amsterdam who collaborated with both Jews and Muslims in his home. As Dutch citizens were adapting to a new religious environment that effectively privatized religious practice, they were better equipped than their English counterparts to acclimatize to Jews inside and the Moor outside their borders.
Biological Therapy in a Pediatric Crohn Disease Population at a Referral Center
Authors: Nuti Federica , Viola Franca , Civitelli Fortunata , Alessandri Claudia , Aloi Marina , Dilillo Anna , Del Giudice Emanuela , Cucchiara Salvatore 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The antitumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) antibodies infliximab and adalimumab are effective in inducing and maintaining remission in pediatric patients with Crohn disease (CD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of biological therapy in pediatric patients with CD followed at a referral center.Methods:This work is a retrospective observational study enrolling patients with CD treated with infliximab or adalimumab beyond the induction protocol. The patients' data were collected from the unit's IBD database (maximum follow‐up evaluation after 36 months of treatment). The efficacy was evaluated by the Pediatric Crohn Disease Activity Index score and by analysis of the cumulative probability of continuing therapy; the safety was assessed in terms of adverse events.Results:We enrolled 78 patients; the mean therapy duration was 27.2 ± 16.7 months, and the mean age at enrollment was 15 ± 3.1 years. The Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed a cumulative probability of continuing therapy of 81%, 54%, and 33% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, from the introduction of therapy. No association between the patients' baseline characteristics and the long‐term outcome was found. The evaluation of the concomitant therapy with immunomodulators and anti‐TNFα therapy versus anti‐TNFα alone did not show a different outcome. No serious adverse events were recorded.Conclusions:The study indicates that biological therapy is effective and safe in pediatric patients with CD in a longer follow‐up period. The response to treatment was not influenced by the patients' baseline characteristics or by the immunomodulator association.
How does(n't) Urban Shrinkage get onto the Agenda? Experiences from Leipzig, Liverpool, Genoa and Bytom
Authors: Bernt Matthias , Haase Annegret , Großmann Katrin , Cocks Matthew , Couch Chris , Cortese Caterina , Krzysztofik Robert 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the question of how urban shrinkage gets onto the agenda of public‐policy agencies. It is based on a comparison of the agenda‐setting histories of four European cities, Liverpool (UK), Leipzig (Germany), Genoa (Italy) and Bytom (Poland), which have all experienced severe population losses but show very different histories with respect to how local governments reacted to them. We use the political‐science concepts of ‘systemic vs. institutional agendas’ and ‘policy windows’ as a conceptual frame to compare these experiences. The article demonstrates that shrinkage is hardly ever responded to in a comprehensive manner but rather that policies are only implemented in a piecemeal way in selected fields. Moreover, it is argued that variations in institutional contexts and political dynamics lead to considerable differences with regard to the chances of making shrinkage a matter of public intervention. Against this background, the article takes issue with the idea that urban shrinkage only needs to be ‘accepted’ by policymakers who would need to overcome their growth‐oriented cultural perceptions, as has been suggested in a number of recent writings, and calls for a more differentiated, context‐sensitive view.
When the Use of Positive Language Backfires: The Joint Effect of Tone, Readability, and Investor Sophistication on Earnings Judgments
Authors: TAN HUN‐TONG , YING WANG ELAINE , ZHOU BO 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTRecent studies document that market participants react positively to the positive language sentiment or tone embedded in financial disclosures, and that investors’ reactions to negative news are more muted with poor disclosure readability. However, while language sentiment and readability co‐occur in practice, their joint effects remain largely unexplored. In an experiment with MBA students as participants, we investigate how the effect of language sentiment varies with readability and investor sophistication level. We find that language sentiment influences investors’ judgments when readability is low, but not when readability is high. Specifically, when readability is low, disclosures couched in positive language lead to higher earnings judgments for less sophisticated investors, but lower earnings judgments for more sophisticated investors. These findings show that the main effects of readability and language sentiment documented in prior studies have boundary effects, and may reverse when both variables are jointly considered along with investor sophistication.
Large Tetrapod Burrows from the Permian Naobaogou Formation of the Daqingshan Area, Nei Mongol, China
Authors: LIU Jun , LI Lu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTwo new tetrapod burrow casts from the Naobaogou Formation (Middle or Late Permian) of Nei Mongol, China are described. It marks the first pre‐Cenozoic tetrapod burrow from China, and one of the earliest records of tetrapod burrows. Comparison to other Permian and Triassic burrows suggests that these burrows were created by tetrapod slightly smaller than Lystrosaurus. Deduced from the morphology and sizes of two burrows and known tetrapods of the Naobaogou Formation, the burrow should be the production of a therapsid, most likely a dicynodon. These burrows indicate a seasonal climate and this area was semiarid or arid during that time.
Early Miocene Mosses from Weichang, North China, and their Environmental Significance
Authors: GUO Caiqing , YAO Jianxin , WU Pengcheng , LI Chengsen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTwenty‐seven moss specimens collected from the Guangfayong section (Early Miocene, 22.1 Ma) of the Weichang District, North China were investigated in the present study. Based on the morphological and anatomical features of gametophytes, all specimens were found to belong to three species: Leptodictyum riparium, Drepanocladus subtrichophyllus sp. nov., and Amblystegium varium, all of which belong to the family Amblystegiaceae. The microhabitats and living environments of fossil mosses were also investigated based on comparison with living mosses. The results suggest that these mosses grew primarily at the edges of rivers, streams, and lakes and favored being submerged in streams or lakes in the Weichang District in the Early Miocene.
Digital Geological Mapping of Sinus Iridum Area of the Moon Based on the Chang'E‐I Data
Authors: DING Xiaozhong , HAN Kunying , PANG Jianfeng , WANG Liang , HAN Tonglin , JU Yuanjing , DING Weicui 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBased on the CCD images, IIM data and DEM data of China's lunar exploration project (Chang'E‐I) and related processed and analytic results, an integrated study of regional geology of Sinus Iridum and its adjacent area was conducted, and a series of relevant researches and analyses were carried out, including analysis of impact craters and their extrusive and accumulative materials, division of stratigraphic and tectonic units and classification of rock types, integrated analysis of chronology and lunar evolution history. In consideration of crater's shape features, quantity and preserving status of filling materials, the lunar impact craters can be divided into 7 types and 11 subtypes, and the accumulative materials of craters are divided into 6 types and 9 accumulative groups. According to the content and distribution of TiO2 and image characteristics, the basalts are divided into high‐TiO2, medium‐TiO2 and low‐TiO2 basalts. Discussion was made on division of tectonic units and evolution features in the study area. The geological map of the Sinus Iridum Quadrangle (LQ‐4) at a scale of 1:2.5 M was preliminarily compiled with the ArcGIS system, and the spatial database of the map was established. Related technical specification, procedure and method for lunar geological mapping have been worked out, so as to lay a foundation for the forthcoming geological mapping of the global Moon in China by using the data of Chang'E‐II and also for comprehensive study and geological mapping of other celestial bodies in the future.
Phase Equilibria in the Ternary Systems KBr–K2B4O7–H2O and KCl–K2B4O7–H2O at 373 K
Authors: CUI Ruizhi , SANG Shihua , HU Yongxia , HU Jiawen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAccording to the compositions of the underground gasfield brines in the west of Sichuan Basin, the phase equilibria in the ternary systems KBr–K2B4O7–H2O and KCl–K2B4O7–H2O at 373 K were studied using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. The solubilities of salts and the densities of saturated solutions in these ternary systems were determined. Using the experimental data, phase diagrams and density‐composition diagrams were constructed. The two phase diagrams were simple co‐saturation type, each having an invariant point, two univariant curves and two crystallization regions. The equilibrium solid phases in the ternary system KBr–K2B4O7–H2O are potassium bromide (KBr) and potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate (K2B4O7·4H2O), and those in the ternary system KCl–K2B4O7–H2O are potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate (K2B4O7·4H2O). Comparisons of the phase diagrams of the two systems at different temperatures show that there is no change in the crystallization phases, but there are changes in the size of the crystallization regions. As temperature increases, the solubility of K2B4O7·4H2O increases rapidly, so the crystallization field of K2B4O7·4H2O becomes smaller.
Global Health and Emergency Care: A Postgraduate Medical Education Consensus‐based Research Agenda
Authors: Martin Ian B.K. , Jacquet Gabrielle A. , Levine Adam C. , Douglass Kate , Pousson Amelia , Dunlop Stephen , Khanna Kajal , Bentley Suzanne , Tupesis Janis P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGlobal emergency medicine (EM) is a rapidly growing field within EM, as evidenced by the increasing number of trainees and clinicians pursuing additional experiences in global health and emergency care. In particular, many trainees now desire opportunities at the postgraduate level by way of global EM fellowship programs. Despite this growing popularity, little is known of the effects of postgraduate training in global health and emergency care on learners and patients in the United States and abroad. During the 2013 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference on global health and emergency care, a group of leading educators at the postgraduate medical education level convened to generate a research agenda of pressing questions to be answered in this area. The consensus‐based research agenda is presented in this article.
The Role of Graduate Medical Education in Global Health: Proceedings From the 2013 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference
Authors: Tupesis Janis P. , Jacquet Gabrielle A. , Hilbert SueLin , Pousson Amelia , Khanna Kajal , Ross Joshua , Butteris Sabrina , Martin Ian B.K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe past 40 years have seen expanded development of emergency medicine (EM) postgraduate residency training programs worldwide. An important part of this educational experience is the ability of resident trainees to participate in experiences abroad. However, little is known about how these experiences shape trainees and the populations they serve. During the 2013 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference, a group of educators met to define and outline current trends in graduate medical education (GME) emergency care research. The authors discuss future research questions bridging the gap of GME and global health.