bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sensitivity of lateral line receptors and their role in the behavior of Mexican blind cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus)
Authors: Yoshizawa Masato , Jeffery William , Van Netten Sietse , McHenry Matthew 
Published: November 2013

Summary
The characid fish species Astyanax mexicanus offers a classic comparative model for the evolution of sensory systems. Populations of this species evolved in caves and became blind while others remained in streams (i.e. surface fish) and retained a functional visual system. The flow-sensitive lateral line receptors, called superficial neuromasts, are more numerous in cavefish than in surface fish, but it is unclear if individual neuromasts differ in sensitivity between these populations. The aims of this study were to determine if the neuromasts in cavefish impart enhanced sensitivity relative to surface fish and to test whether this aids their ability to sense flow in the absence of visual input. Sensitivity was assessed by modeling the mechanics and hydrodynamics of a flow stimulus. This model required that we measure the dimensions of the transparent cupula of a neuromast, which was visualized with fluorescent microspheres. We found that neuromasts within the eye orbit and in the suborbital region were larger and consequently about twice as sensitive in small adult cavefish as in surface fish. Behavioral experiments found that these cavefish, but not surface fish, were attracted to a 35Hz flow stimulus. These results support the hypothesis that the large superficial neuromasts of small cavefish aid in flow sensing. We conclude that the morphology of the lateral line could have evolved in cavefish to permit foraging in a cave environment.
Laser-patterned Composite Carbon Structures for Wound Monitoring Technologies
Authors: Phair Jolene , Brown Andrew , James Ursula , McCabe Christopher , McCartney Ben , McGranaghan Shaunagh , Monachan Reshma , Cundell Jill , Davis James 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Carbon–polycarbonate films were investigated as a conductive substrate with the potential for monitoring chronic wounds. The films were found to be mechanically flexible and could be easily integrated within conventional dressing materials. The electrochemical properties of the films and their ability to selectively monitor urate (as an endogenous pH probe) were investigated. A preliminary assessment of its performance in simulated wound fluid was conducted.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: Can Biomarkers Improve Current Management?
Authors: Bartlett John , Nofech-Moses Sharon , Rakovitch Eileen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDScreening for invasive cancer has led to a marked increase in the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). DCIS is, if appropriately managed, a low-risk disease which has a small chance of impacting on patient life expectancy. However, despite significant advances in prognostic marker development in invasive breast cancer, there are no validated diagnostic assays to inform treatment choice for women with DCIS. Therefore we are unable to target effective treatment strategies to women at high risk and avoid over-treatment of women at low risk of progression to invasive breast cancer. Paradoxically, one effect of this uncertainty is undertreatment of some women.CONTENTWe review current practice and research in the field to identify key challenges in the management of DCIS. The impact of clinical research, particularly on the over and undertreatment of women with DCIS is assessed. We note slow progress toward development of diagnostic biomarkers and highlight key opportunities to accelerate advances in this area.SUMMARYDCIS is a low-risk disease, its incidence is increasing, and current treatment is effective. However, many women are either over- or undertreated. Despite repeated calls for development of diagnostic biomarkers, progress in this area has been slow, reflecting a relative lack of investment of research effort and funding. Given the low event rate in treated patients and the lateness of recurrences, many previous studies have only limited power to identify independent prognostic and predictive biomarkers. However, the potential for such biomarkers to personalize treatment for DCIS is extremely high.
Compositional Multiscale Finite-Volume Formulation
Authors: Hajibeygi H.. , Tchelepi H.A.. A. 
Published: November 2013

Summary
The multiscale finite-volume (MSFV) method is extended to include compositional processes in heterogeneous porous media, which require accurate modeling of the mass transfer and associated phase behaviors. A sequential-implicit strategy is used to deal with the coupling of the flow (pressure) and transport (component overall concentration) problems. In this compositional formulation, the overall continuity equation is used to formulate the pressure equation. The resulting pressure equation conserves total mass by construction and depends weakly on the distributions of the phase compositions. The transport equations are expressed in terms of the overall composition; hence, phase-appearance and -disappearance effects do not appear explicitly in these expressions. The details of the MSFV strategy for the pressure equation are described. The only source of error in this MSFV framework is the localization assumption. No additional assumptions related to the complex physics are used. For 1D problems, the sequential strategy is validated against solutions obtained by a fully implicit simulator. The accuracy of the MSFV method for compositional simulations is then illustrated for different test cases.
Clinical application of perfusion computed tomography in neurosurgery
Authors: Huang Abel Po-Hao , Tsai Jui-Chang , Kuo Lu-Ting , Lee Chung-Wei , Lai Hong-Shiee , Tsai Li-Kai , Huang Sheng-Jean , Chen Chien-Min , Chen Yuan-Shen , Chuang Hao-Yu , Wintermark Max 
Published: November 2013

Object
Currently, perfusion CT (PCT) is a valuable imaging technique that has been successfully applied to the clinical management of patients with ischemic stroke and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, recent literature and the authors' experience have shown that PCT has many more important clinical applications in a variety of neurosurgical conditions. Therefore, the authors share their experiences of its application in various diseases of the cerebrovascular, neurotraumatology, and neurooncology fields and review the pertinent literature regarding expanding PCT applications for neurosurgical conditions, including pitfalls and future developments.

Methods
A pertinent literature search was conducted of English-language articles describing original research, case series, and case reports from 1990 to 2011 involving PCT and with relevance and applicability to neurosurgical disorders.

Results
In the cerebrovascular field, PCT is already in use as a diagnostic tool for patients suspected of having an ischemic stroke. Perfusion CT can be used to identify and define the extent of the infarct core and ischemic penumbra core, and thus aid patient selection for acute reperfusion therapy. For patients with aneurysmal SAH, PCT provides assessment of early brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and infarction, in addition to vasospasm. It may also be used to aid case selection for aggressive treatment of patients with poor SAH grade. In terms of oncological applications, PCT can be used as an imaging biomarker to assess angiogenesis and response to antiangiogenetic treatments, differentiate between glioma grades, and distinguish recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis. In the setting of traumatic brain injury, PCT can detect and delineate contusions at an early stage. In patients with mild head injury, PCT results have been shown to correlate with the severity and duration of postconcussion syndrome. In patients with moderate or severe head injury, PCT results have been shown to correlate with patients' functional outcome.

Conclusions
Perfusion CT provides quantitative and qualitative data that can add diagnostic and prognostic value in a number of neurosurgical disorders, and also help with clinical decision making. With emerging new technical developments in PCT, such as characterization of blood-brain barrier permeability and whole-brain PCT, this technique is expected to provide more and more insight into the pathophysiology of many neurosurgical conditions.
Overexpression of adenosine kinase in cortical astrocytes and focal neocortical epilepsy in mice
Authors: Shen Hai-Ying , Sun Hai , Hanthorn Marissa M. , Zhi Zhongwei , Lan Jing-Quan , Poulsen David J. , Wang Ruikang K. , Boison Detlev 
Published: November 2013

Object
New experimental models and diagnostic methods are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of focal neocortical epilepsies in a search for improved epilepsy treatment options. The authors hypothesized that a focal disruption of adenosine homeostasis in the neocortex might be sufficient to trigger electrographic seizures. They further hypothesized that a focal disruption of adenosine homeostasis might affect microcirculation and thus offer a diagnostic opportunity for the detection of a seizure focus located in the neocortex.

Methods
Focal disruption of adenosine homeostasis was achieved by injecting an adeno-associated virus (AAV) engineered to overexpress adenosine kinase (ADK), the major metabolic clearance enzyme for the brain's endogenous anticonvulsant adenosine, into the neocortex of mice. Eight weeks following virus injection, the affected brain area was imaged via optical microangiography (OMAG) to detect changes in microcirculation. After completion of imaging, cortical electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were obtained from the imaged brain area.

Results
Viral expression of the Adk cDNA in astrocytes generated a focal area (~ 2 mm in diameter) of ADK overexpression within the neocortex. OMAG scanning revealed a reduction in vessel density within the affected brain area of approximately 23% and 29% compared with control animals and the contralateral hemisphere, respectively. EEG recordings revealed electrographic seizures within the focal area of ADK overexpression at a rate of 1.3 ± 0.2 seizures per hour (mean ± SEM).

Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that focal adenosine deficiency is sufficient to generate a neocortical focus of hyperexcitability, which is also characterized by reduced vessel density. The authors conclude that their model constitutes a useful tool to study neocortical epilepsies and that OMAG constitutes a noninvasive diagnostic tool for the imaging of seizure foci with disrupted adenosine homeostasis.
Averting Comfortable Lifestyle Crises
Authors: Bilton Rod 
Published: November 2013

How have climate change and diet shaped the evolution of human energy metabolism, and responses to vitamin C, fructose and uric acid? Through the last three millennia observant physicians have noted the association of inappropriate diets with increased incidence of obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer, and over the past 300 years doctors in the UK observed that overeating increased the incidence of these diseases. Anthropological studies of the Inuit culture in the mid-nineteenth century revealed that humans can survive and thrive in the virtual absence of dietary carbohydrate. In the 1960s, Cahill revealed the flexibility of human metabolism in response to partial and total starvation and demonstrated that type 2 diabetics were better adapted than healthy subjects to conserving protein during fasting. The potential role for brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in temperature maintenance and dietary calorie control was suggested by Rothwell and Stock from their experiments with ‘cafeteria fed rats’ in the 1980s. Recent advances in gene array studies and PET scanning support a role for this process in humans. The industrialisation of food processing in the twentieth century has led to increases in palatability and digestibility with a parallel loss of quality leading to overconsumption and the current obesity epidemic. The switch from animal to vegetable fats at the beginning of the twentieth century, followed by the rapid increase in sugar and fructose consumption from 1979 is mirrored by a steep increase in obesity in the 1980s, in the UK and USA. Containment of the obesity epidemic is compounded by the addictive properties of sugar which involve the same dopamine receptors in the pleasure centres of the brain as for cocaine, nicotine and alcohol. Of the many other toxic effects of excessive sugar consumption, immunocompromisation, kidney damage, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and cancer are highlighted. The WHO and guidelines on sugar consumption include: alternative non-sugar sweeteners; toxic side-effects of aspartame. Stevia and xylitol as healthy sugar replacements; the role of food processing in dietary health; and beneficial effects of resistant starch in natural and processed foods. The rise of maize and soya-based vegetable oils have led to omega-6 fat overload and imbalance in the dietary ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fats. This has led to toxicity studies with industrial trans fats; investigations on health risks associated with stress and comfort eating; and abdominal obesity. Other factors to consider are: diet, cholesterol and oxidative stress, as well as the new approaches to the chronology of eating and the health benefits of intermittent fasting.
Quitter l’enfance, devenir adulte [L’hétérogénéité des représentations adolescentes concernant l’âge d’accès à l’autonomie]
Authors: Gasparini Rachel , Joly-Rissoan Odile , Dalud-Vincent Monique 
Published: November 2013

Leaving childhood behind and becoming adults The heterogeneity of adolescent representations of the age for becoming autonomous.
In our Western societies, there is a general agreement that adolescents want to become autonomous as early as possible. The continuing investigation of households’ living conditions and its variable part concerning Education and the Family carried out by the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (2003) offers an opportunity to question this «obvious » fact. Thus it appears that not all middle and secondary school students between the ages of 10 and 23 have the same ideas about the age at which one can become autonomous ; those ideas are socially determined. On one hand, the fields in question (leisure activities, outings, shopping, clothes, sociability, school) give rise to aspirations to autonomy at varying ages (the activities relating to socialization outside the family and between peers being the most coveted ones), and on the other hand there are considerable variations depending on the young people’s social origin (which is approached by determining the socioprofessional category and educational level of the parents). Children from the lower classes indicate later ages for obtaining autonomy, and the mother seems to play a dominant role in this kind of parental influence, particularly in the light of her educational level, but not insignificant are also father’s professions or socio-professional categories.
La pauvreté des familles : comparaisons européennes.
Authors: Ponthieux Sophie 
Published: November 2013

Family poverty : European comparisons.
This article offers compares the main features of poverty in six member nations of the European Union. The first section reviews the main conventions adopted for the measurement of poverty and attempts to compare terre impact in various countries, in particular the choice of an equivalence scale. The second section focuses the characteristics of the poor by household type, usine several typologies of hosueholds ; the comparison of three subpolulations (dépendent children, '' adults'', elders) shows the similarities – and alto the differences – in the composition of poverty by country.
Mariage et partenariat de même sexe en Europe [Vingt ans d’expérience]
Authors: Banens Maks 
Published: November 2013

Same-sex marriage and partnership in Europe. Twenty years of experience.
This article offers a comparative analysis of the frequency with which same-sex couples register in twelve European Union member States. Where this is possible, the author uses statistics published by national statistics offices. However, estimates cannot be avoided to offset the lack of statistics concerning same-sex couples. The comparative analysis also uses legal factors and political debate through an analysis of the press, opinion polls and sociological surveys of same-sex couples. The results highlight major contrasts between countries. Scandinavian countries and Germany, which tend to serve as precursors, recorded a low rate of registered partnerships. Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemburg), France and Spain were average. The United Kingdom and Switzerland recorded a high rate. Various usages refer to the different statuses (universel or specific for same-sex couples) of the legal arrangments. They also refer to the values accorded to the family and the welfare state.
Devenir parents en France et en Allemagne : normes, valeurs, représentations
Authors: Brachet Sara , Letablier Marie-Thérèse , Salles Anne 
Published: November 2013

Becoming parents in France and Germany : norms, values and representations.
Most of European countries have now a low fertility regime resulting from changes in parenthood behavior and family social role. Fertility patterns notably differ in France and Germany, France displaying the highest fertility rate in Europe whereas Germany has one of the lowest. This paper explores the cultural reasons behind these differences, analyzing how fertility intentions emerge and what tradeoffs are made for realizing the intentions. The analysis is based on a qualitative survey carried out in the two countries with a similar sample of individuals, men and women, in age of becoming parents, partnered or not. Beyond broad differences in policies supporting parenthood in the two countries that are often mentioned as being the main factor explaining fertility differences, the paper highlights the impact of norms and values on fertility decisions and realization, especially with regard to attitudes toward parenthood, gender roles and work commitment.
Sur la « norme » du français oral au Québec (et au Canada en général)
Authors: Bigot Davy , Papen Robert A. 
Published: November 2013

L’article revient sur l’ensemble des données récentes qui concernent la norme de la prononciation du français parlé au Québec (et au Canada en général). Dans un premier temps, nous abordons la question de la norme de prononciation telle qu’elle était présentée par l’Office de la langue française dans les années soixante. Nous traitons ensuite d’un modèle plus récent et qui semble faire consensus, le modèle « radiocanadien », c’est-à-dire la prononciation des présentateurs de bulletins de nouvelles du réseau de télévision nationale de langue française, Radio-Canada, en présentant les grandes lignes directives adoptées par la Société Radio-Canada (SRC). Nous démontrons que bien que cette norme soit reconnue comme symbole de la « bonne » prononciation québécoise et pancanadienne, les traits de prononciation préconisés par la SRC sont les mêmes que ceux prescrits dans le Dictionnaire de la prononciation française dans sa norme actuelle (Warnant 1987), dictionnaire pourtant franco-français et dont les traits de prononciation sont résolument « parisiens ». Dans un second temps, nous exposons les résultats de deux études empiriques qui se sont attachées aux pratiques réelles de plusieurs présentateurs de bulletins d’informations de la SRC, celles de Cox (1998) et de Reinke (2005). À partir d’une présentation des points de convergence et de divergence entre ces deux études, nous démontrons qu’il existe un certain nombre de différences entre le modèle hypothétique préconisé par la SRC et les pratiques réelles des présentateurs. Notre analyse se termine par une synthèse des traits de prononciation qui caractérisent les usages réels de ceux-ci, et qui font donc partie de la « norme », ainsi que des traits sur lesquels il reste encore à statuer, vu que certains emplois font encore montre de variabilité. Enfin, nous concluons l’article sur une réflexion quant à la place qui doit être donnée à cette norme pancanadienne putative dans les manuels de français, notamment de français langue seconde.
Reconstruction of post-traumatic long bone defect with vascularised free fibula: A series of 28 cases
Authors: Kalra Gurdayal Singh , Goel Pradeep , Singh Pradeep Kumar 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The severe long bone defects usually follow high-energy trauma and are often associated with a significant soft-tissue injury. The goal of management of these open long bone defects is to provide stable fixation with maintenance of limb length and soft-tissue coverage. The purpose of this article is to present the clinic-radiological outcome, complications and treatment of post-traumatic long bone defect with vascularised fibula transfer. Materials and Methods: Retrospective records of 28 patients were analysed who presented with post-traumatic long bone defects and in whom reconstruction with vascularised free fibula was done. Demographic data were recorded and clinical and radiological assessment was done. Results: Out of 28 patients in whom vascularised free fibula transfer was carried out three flaps were lost while non-union occur in three patients. Three patients developed a stress fracture of transferred free fibula in the post-operative period. Few of the patients experienced some problems in the donor leg; however, all of them improved in subsequent follow-up. Discussion: It is clearly evident from this study that timing of surgery plays an important role in the micro-vascular reconstruction in trauma cases. All the complication like flap loss, non-union or delayed union occur in patients in whom reconstruction was delayed. Conclusion: The free vascularised fibula graft is a viable method for the reconstruction of skeletal defects of more than 6 cm, especially in cases of scarred and avascular recipient sites or in patients with combined bone and soft-tissue defects. Results are best when the reconstruction is done within 1 week of trauma.
A retrospective analysis of early experience with modified complete primary repair of exstrophy bladder (CPRE) in neonates and children
Authors: Kurbet Santosh B. , Prashanth Gowda P. , Patil Mahantesh V. , Mane Shivaji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTObjective: To study the problems faced during the surgery and follow-up of modified complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE) technique. Initial experience with CPRE and its short- and long-term outcomes with respect to continence status and psychosocial impact are reported. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of the hospital case records from March 2008 to September 2012 was performed. Data of patients with bladder exstrophy managed by a single paediatric surgeon using modified CPRE technique were analysed. Quality of life and psychosocial impact of the surgery were assessed using Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0) and compared with those of typical peers. Results: Eight children (age 4 days-12 years) underwent CPRE using modified Mitchell′s technique. Two patients (25%) experienced early postoperative complications, with infection and fistula developing in one each. All the patients were doing well on follow-up, with variable continence rates and good cosmesis. Mean duration of follow-up was 18.5 months (range 6 months-4 years). Five out of seven (71%) children were continent or partially continent. One case was lost to follow-up. PedsQL scores were comparable with those of age-matched peers in all domains except the social functioning domain in 8-12 years age group (83.53 ± 9.70 vs. 77.86 ± 10.22, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our preliminary results with modified CPRE in neonates and children have been encouraging. No major complications were observed. Continence rate was satisfactory and cosmetic results were good. Though the technique is being practiced at several Indian centres, there is a paucity of comprehensive Indian data on CPRE.