bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MurD enzymes: some recent developments
Authors: Šink Roman , Barreteau Hélène , Patin Delphine , Mengin-Lecreulx Dominique , Gobec Stanislav , Blanot Didier 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of the peptide stem of bacterial peptidoglycan involves four enzymes, the Mur ligases (MurC, D, E and F). Among them, MurD is responsible for the ATP-dependent addition ofd-glutamic acid to UDP-MurNAc-l-Ala, a reaction which involves acyl-phosphate and tetrahedral intermediates. Like most enzymes of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, MurD constitutes an attractive target for the design and synthesis of new antibacterial agents.Escherichia coliMurD has been the first Mur ligase for which the tridimensional (3D) structure was solved. Thereafter, several co-crystal structures with different ligands or inhibitors were released. In the present review, we will deal with work performed on substrate specificity, reaction mechanism and 3D structure ofE. coliMurD. Then, a part of the review will be devoted to recent work on MurD orthologs from species other thanE. coliand to cellular organization of Mur ligases andin vivoregulation of the MurD activity. Finally, we will review the different classes of MurD inhibitors that have been designed and assayed to date with the hope of obtaining new antibacterial compounds.
Effects of density and substrate type on recruitment and growth of Pyropia torta (Rhodophyta) gametophytes
Authors: Conitz Jan M. , Fagen Robert , Stekoll Michael S. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Does density affect recruitment and growth in the annual, blade phase of Pyropia sp., does self-thinning occur, and does substrate affect recruitment? These questions were investigated in laboratory-cultured Pyropia torta, a naturally occurring species in Alaska with mariculture potential. Three density levels were produced from conchospores. Measurements were made, initially at settlement and germination and, subsequently, at approximately 3-week intervals, in 12 randomly selected cultures from each density level. Settled spores, germlings, or growing blades were counted microscopically and standardized to unit area. Blade surface area was measured microscopically using image analysis software. Three density levels were still distinct at germination, but the high and medium levels were not significantly different. The germination rate of conchospores was highest at the medium density level, suggesting facilitation at moderate densities but inhibition at higher densities. Significant self-thinning occurred at each density level but differed among levels, while overall blade growth was about 10-fold greater at low density than at the other two levels. In a separate experiment, counts of attached spores per unit area on artificial substrate materials were greatest on materials with interstitial spaces large enough to trap spores until they become firmly attached.
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) – a contributor to the diabetes epidemic?
Authors: Hukkanen Janne , Hakkola Jukka , Rysä Jaana 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, was originally identified as a regulator of drug and bile acid metabolism. Studies in experimental animals and humans within the last decade have revealed PXR as a regulator of energy metabolism repressing gluconeogenesis and hepatic lipid oxidation. The most recent in vivo studies demonstrate that PXR activation has a detrimental role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. The prevalence of many PXR agonists in low concentrations in our environments as well as the PXR-activating properties of numerous commonly used medications and herbal remedies may have unanticipated health effects. It could be speculated that, due to its dual role as a xenosensor and a regulator of energy metabolism, PXR, in concert with a mixture of PXR agonists in the environment, contributes to the present-day type 2 diabetes epidemic. With this hypothesis in mind, we review the current literature on PXR as a regulator of glucose and hepatic lipid metabolism and the association of exposure to PXR agonists with diabetes susceptibility.
Phase Transitions and Morphology Evolutions during Hydrogen Reduction of MoO3 to MoO2
Authors: Dang Jie , Zhang Guo-Hua , Chou Kuo-Chih 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the present work, studies of phase transitions and morphology evolutions during hydrogen reduction of MoO3 to MoO2 were carried out in the temperature range from 678 to 829 K. It was found that no intermediate phase was formed and MoO2 was the unique detectable product during the reduction at 678 K. While above 713 K, an intermediate phase of Mo4O11 was formed. The formation of Mo4O11 was found to obey the consecutive mechanism under the experimental condition. Regarding the morphology evolution of MoO2 during reduction, it was found that in the temperature range from 713 to 733 K, MoO3 was firstly reduced to large spherical or oval Mo4O11 grains, then to small spherical or oval MoO2 ones. From 793 to 829 K, most of MoO3 grains were firstly reduced to large plateshaped Mo4O11 grains, subsequently to small plateshaped MoO2 ones.
Electrochemical Studies of the Corrosion of Pure Fe, Ni and Cr in Molten (Li,Na,K)F
Authors: Xu Y.X. , Wang Y.L. , Zeng C.L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe corrosion of structural materials is a great challenge for the applications of a molten salt reactor using molten fluorides. In this paper, electrochemical behavior of pure Fe, Ni and Cr has been investigated in molten (Li,Na,K)F at 973 K by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental results indicated that three metals are all in active state at the corrosion potential, with an increase in the corrosion potential by the following order: Cr, Fe, Ni. The free corrosion current density of Ni is more than one order of magnitude lower than that of Fe and Cr. A Warburg impedance was observed in the impedance plots for the corrosion of Cr, but not for Ni and Fe. Ni is the most stable metal, then Fe and Cr, and the corrosion of Cr is controlled by the diffusion of oxidants in the melt.
Sputtering Process Assessment of ITO Film for Multiple Quality Characteristics With One-Sided and Two-Sided Specifications
Authors: Chang Tsang-Chuan , Wang Kung-Jeng , Chen Kuen-Suan 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The evolution of technology has increased the demand for convenient and user-friendly human–machine interfaces. This demand has driven the rapid development of the touch panel industry. Functioning as a conductive medium, indium tin oxide (ITO) film is a key factor in the quality of touch screens or panels. Because the sputtering process of ITO film includes both STB- and NTB-type quality characteristics, the analysis methodology proposed in the past cannot represent distinct influences or provide the production department with sufficient reference for improvements. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to apply the bilateral index Cpm, which fully reflects process loss and yield, to develop an effective assessment model for the sputtering process with one-sided and two-sided specifications. Traditionally, Cpm can only be used to measure the capability of processes with two-sided specifications. We used the variable transformation method to develop the multi-process capability analysis chart. This chart is capable of measuring process precision and accuracy in relation to both types of quality characteristics. When process capability falls short of required standards, manufacturers can investigate the reasons according to the position of each quality characteristic on the chart. These data provide an important point of reference for proposing improvements to the sputtering process to enhance the quality of ITO film products and increase the competitive advantage and productivity of manufacturers.
Returning to Learning Following a Concussion
Authors: Halstead Mark E. , McAvoy Karen , Devore Cynthia D. , Carl Rebecca , Lee Michael , Logan Kelsey ,   Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness,   Council on School Health, Brenner Joel S. , Demorest Rebecca A. , Halstead Mark E. , Kelly Amanda K. Weiss , Koutures Chris G. , LaBella Cynthia R. , LaBotz Michele , Loud Keith J. , Moffatt Kody A. , Brooks M. Alison , Martin Stephanie S. , Guinn-Jones Madra 
Published: October 2013

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed April 2023.
Following a concussion, it is common for children and adolescents to experience difficulties in the school setting. Cognitive difficulties, such as learning new tasks or remembering previously learned material, may pose challenges in the classroom. The school environment may also increase symptoms with exposure to bright lights and screens or noisy cafeterias and hallways. Unfortunately, because most children and adolescents look physically normal after a concussion, school officials often fail to recognize the need for academic or environmental adjustments. Appropriate guidance and recommendations from the pediatrician may ease the transition back to the school environment and facilitate the recovery of the child or adolescent. This report serves to provide a better understanding of possible factors that may contribute to difficulties in a school environment after a concussion and serves as a framework for the medical home, the educational home, and the family home to guide the student to a successful and safe return to learning.
"Delivering Operationally Efficient Platforms Using Inherently Safer Design"
Authors: Gordon Brian J. , Duncanson Robert K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the systems and processes to be implemented to achieve an operationally efficient platform, with the lowest manpower requirement, whilst using inherently safer design principles. Manning of the platform has a significant impact on the cumulative risk to the individual and also impacts on operational costs. Therefore, the challenge is to embed inherently safer principles across all elements of the project, to ensure the risks to individuals and the environment is considered and is ALARP.
Achieving operational efficiency requires challenges to many, "business as usual", Project practices. It requires the optimisation of offshore man-hours and maximization of availability, through the elimination or simplification of equipment and processes in order to minimise complexity. Project discipline is required to ensure the inclusion of only justified equipment to meet the required functionality and negate the continual addition of unnecessary equipment. Other aspects to be considered are the elimination of defects, maintainability, and initiatives to reduce leak potential, in order to deliver optimal residual risk.
It is clear from numerous incidents around the world, that equipment failures and the inability of people to react to a Major Accident Event, demonstrates that "inherently safer" passive systems are a better approach than reactive systems. This approach improves reliability and availability whilst reducing requirement for personnel intervention.
Efficient operations with the lowest possible risk to individuals can be achieved by the implementation of an inherently safer approach and the establishment of appropriate Operational Philosophies. This approach potentially leads to minimum manning or a "Not Permanently Attended Installation". It can also be demonstrated that costs of reducing the risks are not grossly disproportionate to the benefits that may be achieved.
This paper is based on the experiences gained by Woodside Energy Ltd through major field developments in the Australian North West Shelf Region e.g. Angel development.
(Key words:- Inherently Safer, Operational Efficiency, Not Normally Manned Installation, Not Permanently Attended Installation, Angel Platform, OPEX).
Note:- Any views or opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Woodside.
The Impact of PCAOB AS5 and the Economic Recession on Client Portfolio Characteristics of the Big 4 Audit Firms
Authors: Schroeder Joseph H. , Hogan Chris E. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARY
We examine the impact of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5) and the economic recession on risk characteristics and degree of auditor/client misalignment in the publicly traded client portfolios of Big 4 firms. AS5 and the economic recession both likely resulted in an increase in audit firm personnel capacity as well as a decline in current and future revenue prospects, leading to concerns that the Big 4 firms may pursue clients that present greater risk to the portfolio. We find that the overall portfolio in 2009 presents greater financial risk, attributable to the impact of the recession on continuing clients. A net decrease in audit and auditor business risks is also attributable to continuing clients over this period, as increases for new clients are offset by reductions due to departing clients. Overall, the results, which should be of interest to regulators, indicate that Big 4 firms continued to balance their portfolio with risk in mind.
Data Availability: Data are publicly available from sources identified in the paper.
Steady-state analysis for a class of hyperbolic systems with boundary inputs
Authors: Bartecki Krzysztof 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Results of a steady-state analysis performed for a class of distributed parameter systems described by hyperbolic partial differential equations defined on a one-dimensional spatial domain are presented. For the case of the system with two state variables and two boundary inputs, the analytical expressions for the steady-state distribution of the state variables are derived, both in the exponential and in the hyperbolic form. The influence of the location of the boundary inputs on the steady-state response is demonstrated. The considerations are illustrated with a practical example of a shell and tube heat exchanger operating in parallel- and countercurrent-flow modes.
Discrete-time switching state-space controller of DC drive
Authors: Sieklucki Grzegorz , Bisztyga Barbara , Sykulski Rajmund , Zdrojewski Antoni , Orzechowski Tadeusz 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Control synthesis with state variables constraints for the DC drive is considered. Constraints are defined for the specific operating states of the DC motor during starting and braking in the presence of selected specific conditions. The control signal is based on the reference values and current state of the motor. The inverse dynamics method is applied. Closed-loop control law is realized by means of switching state-space controller.
Improved direct torque control of induction motors using adaptive observer and sliding mode control
Authors: Kouchih Djilali , Tadjine Mohamed , Boucherit Mohamed Seghir 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis of an adaptive observer which is used for the improvement of the direct torque control of induction motor drives. The observer detects stator flux components in two-phase stationary reference frame, rotor speed and stator resistance by measure of the stator terminal voltages and currents. The observer is adapted using a simple algorithm which does not imply a high computational load. Stability analysis based on Lyapunov theory is performed in order to guarantee the closed loop stability. Simulation tests under load disturbance and stator resistance variation are provided to evaluate the consistency and performance of the proposed control technique in the low and high speeds.
Morphometry of the aortic arch and its branches
Authors: Manole A.M. , Iliescu D.M. , Rusali A. , Bordei P. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Our study was conducted by the evaluation of angioCT’s performed on a GE LightSpeed VCT64 Slice CT Scanner. The measurements were performed on the aortic arch at the following levels: at the origin of the aorta, the middle part of the ascending aorta, prior to the origin of the brachiocephalic arterial trunk and after the origin of the left subclavian artery. We measured the caliber of the aortic arch arteries and the data are correlated and reported by gender. The diameter of the ascending aorta was between 27 to 28.9 mm in females and in males from 25.8 to 37.6 mm. The diameter of the aorta within the middle segment of the ascending part was between 28-30.2 mm in females and in males from 26.1 to 34.6. The diameter of the aortic arch prior to the origin of the brachiocephalic arterial trunk was between 26.4 to 29.4 mm in females and in males from 25.8 to 37.5 mm. The diameter of the aortic arch after the origin of the left subclavian artery was in a range of 20.4 to 28.4 mm, which corresponds to the limits found in males while in females the aortic diameter was between 21.3 to 24.1 mm. The brachiocephalic trunk diameters were 8.3 to 15.5 mm in females and in males was 9.1 to 14.5 mm. The right common carotid artery had a diameter of 4-8 mm diameter in males and in females ranged from 4.7 to 5.5 mm. The right subclavian artery showed a caliber of 5.7 to 7.5 mm in females and in males from 5.9 to 10.1. The left common carotid artery diameter was 4.6 to 5.7 mm in females and males the diameter was between 5.2 to 7.4 mm. The left subclavian artery had a diameter of 6-10 mm in females and in males ranged from 7.7 to 12.8 mm. We found that the distance between the ascending part of the aorta and the descending segment ranged from 33.3 to 38.5 mm in females and in males from 40 to 68.6 mm. We measured the distance that exists at the crossing of the aortic arch with the left branch of the pulmonary trunk, finding that in females this distance is 3 to 10.3 mm and in males from 3 to 12.5 mm.
Six year old with isolated sphenoidal mucocele and ophthalmopathy – a case report
Authors: Lupascu M. , Comsa Gh. I. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Sphenoid sinus affections in children are very rare occurrences due to the late development of the sinus and treatment may present quite a challenge even to the most skillful surgeon because of the small nasal fossae. Due to the often vague and uncharacteristic symptomatology sphenoid sinus disease is misdiagnosed and the treatment is delayed, sometimes with serious complications that are life threatening if not properly managed. We present the case of a six year old patient with a mucocele affecting an unusually large sphenoid sinus with concomitant Graves-like ophthalmopathy that has been treated through functional endoscopic sinus surgery but also needed prolonged cortisonic treatment.
Morphologic analysis of periumbilical nevi
Authors: Nicolau Antonela-Anca , Așchie Mariana 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A large number of publications recognize that there are melanocytic lesions with microscopic features similar to melanoma, related to their location, with no prognostic importance. Those locations are represented by the ear, the milk lines (axillary, breast, periumbilical and inguinal regions), palms, soles and flexural regions. The periumbilical nevi are included by some authors in the category of the flexural nevi. In 2004, Rongioletti et al., performed a study on a number of 101 breast nevi, considering 10 histologic parameters. Starting from Rongioletti’s study we measured 10 histologic parameters on 121 nevi (26 from the periunmbilical area) and notes with 0 if absent or impossible to evaluate and with 1 if present. The score for each lesion ranged from 0 to 6 and we compared the features of the periumbilical nevi with the nevi from the control sites and found that the ones in the periumbilical area have more frequently atypical features than the nevi from the other sites (lemtiginous proliferation of nevus cells, architectural disorder of the nevus cell nests and stromal reactions as dermal fibroplasias and dermal lymphocytic infiltrate). We also performed immunohistochemical examination on lesions that presented three or more of the examined histologic parameters, but the results were not very suggestive. The conclusion of this study is that the atypical features of the breast nevi are only site related atypias and have no hormonal influences
A new locality of Solidago ×niederederi Khek (Asteraceae) in Poland
Authors: Pliszko Artur 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Solidago ×niederederi is a natural hybrid between S. canadensis and S. virgaurea, which occurs sporadically in synanthropic habitats together with the parental species. The hybrid was reported from seven countries in Central and Northern Europe and its presence emphasizes the invasive character of S. canadensis. A new locality of the hybrid was found in Mieruniszki village in the Zachodniosuwalskie Lakeland in NE Poland in 2011 (ATPOL square: FB06). Solidago ×niederederi grew on fallow land, at the edge of planted birchen shrubbery and its population comprised two small clumps. Current data suggest that the hybrid is a casual alien in the Polish flora, however, it has the potential to become established by clonal growth or restricted sexual reproduction.
Variability of Anthoxanthum species in Poland in relation to geographical-historical and environmental conditions: isozyme variation
Authors: Drapikowska Maria 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Variation of 9 isozyme systems was studied in Polish populations of 3 species of the genus Anthoxanthum: the native A. odoratum s. str. L. and A. alpinum Á. Löve & D. Löve, as well as the alien A. aristatum Boiss. Results of this study show that A. odoratum is characterized by a high isozyme variability of lowland populations, weakly correlated with habitat type, and partial genetic distinctness of montane populations. Moreover, 5 isozyme markers have been identified (Pgi-2, Dia-2, Mdh, Idh, Pgm) for the allopolyploid A. odoratum. Populations of A. aristatum are highly polymorphic (P = 98%). The observed isozyme differentiation of its populations (FST = 0.087) is low and gene flow between them (Nm = 5.314) is high. The genetic variation reflects environmental variation only to a small extent and is not significantly related to the phase of chorological expansion of this species. Altitudinal vicariants, A. alpinum and A. odoratum, are characterized by morphological and isozymatic distinctness, indicating their reproductive isolation. In populations of A. alpinum, polymorphism is high (P = 76.92%), differentiation among populations is moderate (FST = 0.198), and gene flow between populations along the altitudinal transect (Nm = 1.709) is relatively low
Distant metastasis of rectal adenocarcinoma in a temporary tracheostoma
Authors: Sifrer Robert , Strojan Primoz , Zidar Nina , Zargi Miha , Krajinovic Milena 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Background. The temporary tracheostoma’s metastases of head and neck cancer had already been reported in the literature. So far, they had been considered as regional dissemination of the malignant disease. We report a case of temporary tracheostoma’s metastasis of carcinoma from non-head-and-neck primary site, what has not been reported in the literature, yet. Therefore, it is the first reported case of the systemic dissemination of malignant tumour into temporary tracheostoma.
Case report. Fifty-four-year-old female patient, previously treated for a rectal adenocarcinoma, reported in our office with exophytic pink tissue masses around the temporary tracheostoma. The biopsy and immunohistochemistry findings were consistent with temporary tracheostoma’s metastasis of the rectal adenocarcinoma. The patient received palliative radiotherapy and died of systemic progression of the disease.
Conclusions. The patients with history of primary cancer of any origin and exophytic proliferating changes around the tracheostoma require an appropriate diagnostic work-up including a biopsy. The type of treatment depends on the extent of the disease, previous therapy and general condition of the patient