bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Evolution in a Warming World: The Omics Era
Authors: Santos Marta A , Carromeu-Santos Ana , Quina Ana S , Antunes Marta A , Kristensen Torsten N , Santos Mauro , Matos Margarida , Fragata Inês , Simões Pedro 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms that shape species responses to thermal variation is essential for more accurate predictions of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Experimental evolution with high-throughput resequencing approaches (evolve and resequence) is a highly effective tool that has been increasingly employed to elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation. The number of thermal evolve and resequence studies is rising, yet there is a dearth of efforts to integrate this new wealth of knowledge. Here, we review this literature showing how these studies have contributed to increase our understanding on the genetic basis of thermal adaptation. We identify two major trends: highly polygenic basis of thermal adaptation and general lack of consistency in candidate targets of selection between studies. These findings indicate that the adaptive responses to specific environments are rather independent. A review of the literature reveals several gaps in the existing research. Firstly, there is a paucity of studies done with organisms of diverse taxa. Secondly, there is a need to apply more dynamic and ecologically relevant thermal environments. Thirdly, there is a lack of studies that integrate genomic changes with changes in life history and behavioral traits. Addressing these issues would allow a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype. We highlight key methodological aspects that can address some of the limitations and omissions identified. These include the need for greater standardization of methodologies and the utilization of new technologies focusing on the integration of genomic and phenotypic variation in the context of thermal adaptation.
Business, Human Rights and Climate Change: The Gradual Expansion of the Duty of Care
Authors: Palombo Dalia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article investigates how human rights considerations are increasingly shaping tort law by focusing on the gradual expansion of the duty of care in business and human rights cases. For decades, victims have attempted to hold parent companies to account for extraterritorial human rights abuses committed by their foreign subsidiaries. Recently, the Supreme Court ruled that UK courts have jurisdiction over such business and human rights cases. These cases are not only jurisdictional. They also contributed to developing the duty of care case law on parental liability. But how much can human rights considerations stretch the boundaries of tort law? The article analyses the case of climate change litigation to assess whether a further development in tort law jurisprudence would be necessary to hold corporations accountable for their contribution to climate change.
A late Pleistocene nest cave of Gymnogyps californianus (California Condor) in Texas: New radiocarbon and stable isotope analyses
Authors: Emslie Steven D 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Fossil remains of Gymnogyps californianus (California Condor) from Mule Ears Peak Cave, Big Bend National Park, Texas, recovered in the 1930s were reexamined to determine a precise age for nesting condors in this region. Bones of at least 6 prefledged chicks account for most (15, or 65%) of the 23 skeletal elements from this cave and a new osteology collection of known-age condor chicks at the U.S. National Museum, Division of Birds, now allows accurate estimate of the age of death of these fossil condor chicks based on their bone development and porosity. Current and previous radiocarbon dates on juvenile and adult bones, respectively, indicate the presence of condors at this site beginning at ~15,000 calendar years before present (cal yrs BP), with definite nesting occurring at ~13,000 cal yrs BP. Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of bone collagen on 2 bones of adult condors reflects a diet similar to other fossil condors previously analyzed from the inland western U.S. The δ13C values in the Mule Ears Peak condors indicate a diet of megafauna that subsisted on C4 plants in a desert grassland ecosystem. These results support the hypothesis that condors were extirpated from the inland west with the loss of megafauna at the end of the Pleistocene. Further, Big Bend National Park with its vast open space and cliffs and canyons for nesting condors should be considered as an additional release site for captive-reared condors as part of the current Condor Recovery Program.
Kashmir
Authors: Mishra Atul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the process of the territorialization of Kashmir as carried out by India and Pakistan. It frames Kashmir as a geo-discursive package of sovereign contestation and sets out the key practices through which the region’s territorial transformation has been brought about. The territorial dynamic created by India’s efforts to circumscribe the scope of the Kashmir issue, and their opposition by Pakistan, is discussed. Four major practices, including the non-recognition of Kashmiri subjectivity, through which India has brought Kashmir within its logic of power and authority are outlined. The ways in which Pakistan controls and administers parts of the region and covets the Valley are mapped. Finally, the excess represented in their conflict over the Siachen Glacier is analysed. In tracing the processes that have increased the salience of the territorial over the popular as regards Kashmir, the chapter reveals the territorial dimensions of the two states’ sovereignty.
The Game of Musical Thrones
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The “Musical Thrones” were occupied by the top officers at the Big Six major label groups—Warner/Elektra/Atlantic, CBS, BMG, EMI, PolyGram, and MCA. Under their leadership the record business grew from $4.6 billion in 1985 to $12.3 billion in 1995. The top leadership regimes lasted from a few months to nine years. Fourteen individuals and one duo each sat on one of the six thrones as each learned that “you’re only as hot as your latest hit.” Each label group head reported to executives at the parent entertainment conglomerate. Only EMI had the same corporate ownership over the entire time period. The Big Six competed for Grammy Awards, multi-platinum albums, and “bullets” on the weekly charts determined by record sales and radio play. Also covered are the inner workings and financial practices of the record business and the basics of the record shipments, sales, and returns supply chain.
Records, Retail, Radio, and the Charts that Bind Them
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Record, retail, and radio were bound together by the Billboard charts. What records were shipped, played, and sold were reflected in the weekly chart positions, which in turn influenced what would be played, racked, and shipped in the following week. In 1992 Billboard introduced the point-of-purchase barcode-scanning SoundScan sales-tracking system and airplay-monitoring Broadcast Data Systems (BDS), replacing the pre-digital, decades-old reporting process subject to periodic payola and product shipment scandals with rumors of Mafia involvement. Greater access to detail, however, led to pricing disputes as labels, retailers, and wholesalers all strived to maximize profits. On the billion units sold in 1999, a dime per unit was $100 million. Meanwhile radio grew from $6.56 billion in revenue in 1985 to $11.47 billion in 1995. Congress loosened FCC restrictions on station ownership to allow for larger chains while advances in digital technology improved both the quality and profitability of their transmissions.
The Emergence of the Digital Consumer
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Advances in computer capacity, broadband transmission, file compression, and mobile devices allowed MP3s to offer access to music that was unavailable or too expensive at retail, to be simply free for the taking. What should have been the next industrywide sound carrier became a pariah the industry forced out of business. Nonetheless, vast libraries of digital tracks were soon stored on computers worldwide, available for P2P file-sharing. While the sales of recorded music declined, consumer spending on other forms of entertainment increased. Steve Jobs stepped forward to rescue the music business with Apple’s iPod and iTunes store for legal, royalty-generating downloads, which slowed the financial bleeding until the development of the smartphone would facilitate the rise of streaming. Digital piracy, the disruption wrought by Napster, MP3.com, the labels’ failure with their own initiatives, the rise of the mobile phone, and American Idol are all chronicled as part of this chapter.
LGBTQ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues
Authors: Ruggiero Joseph 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
I have been providing addiction-related services and educating professionals on LGBTQ-sensitive substance use treatment for over twenty years, and I have learned more than I can possibly sum up in one article. But I hope that this will serve as an introduction to what effective programming can look like and how I have gone about growing on personal and professional levels.
This Work Is About Digested Socks
Authors: Stein Gabrielle Jordan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Growing up with a dog whose favorite food was socks meant finding them partially digested and scattered around the house. As the youngest child, I was forced to clean them up. It left long-lasting stains on my memory as well as the oriental carpets. At nineteen, when I was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease, it was those partially digested socks that became my only reference for what was happening inside my body. My body digests itself, and, when functioning at its best, it’s still unable to survive on its own. Each pill and medical intervention makes me feel more and more removed from my body. And my discomfort in my own body dictates how I explore, experience, and articulate pain. I am a cyborg. Part human, part biologic intervention, and part sock.
Liberating The Big Pink Elephant in the Therapy Room
Authors: Mondragon Thomas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
I have the privilege of teaching in a master’s level clinical psychology program devoted to the instruction of LGBTQ-affirmative psychotherapeutic theory and practice at Antioch University in Los Angeles. Graduate students are given the opportunity to explore, understand, and gain a lived experience of a much-needed therapeutic approach to working with LGBTQ individuals. Students are often surprised that this requires going beyond viewing commonalities among client populations with similar life challenges in the human search for meaning. Both as a professor and in my own private practice in West Hollywood, I am constantly reminded of the necessity of vital LGBTQ-affirmative psychotherapy. Tozur and McClanahan describe this delivery of mental health services as one that “celebrates and advocates the authenticity and integrity” (1999, p. 734) of LGBTQ clients toward greater ethical, compassionate, and life-enhancing clinical treatment.
Doctor Anonymous
Authors: Glass Guy Fredrick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
I believe there is something to the idea of our being drawn to the mental health field as a result of our own issues. As a psychiatrist, I know that my own coming out felt like having a tremendous weight taken off my chest. Afterwards I experienced a sense of liberation that was so profound I knew I wanted to spend my life helping other people feel the same way. I was fortunate with my own psychoanalyst in that I found someone progressive and open-minded. However, as an older heterosexual man, he was not the role model for whom I was looking, and I lacked direction. Somehow, in the days before the internet, I managed to find out about the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists, and I showed up at a meeting in San Francisco. It blew my mind to find dozens of young shrinks there just like myself. I became aware there was something new called “gay affirmative psychotherapy.” I then got permission to invite Richard Isay to address my residency class, and as a result Isay became a mentor who urged me to come to New York. My direction was clear: I hung out my shingle and
The Path to Jerusalem
Authors: Ostovar Afshon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Iran’s decades-long aspirations to export the Islamic Revolution to Iraq, and use Iraq as a springboard for transforming the Middle East—beginning with the liberation of Palestine and the destruction of Israel as a Jewish state. Although Iran failed to achieve that result in the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iran pursued a proxy war against the US-led occupation to that end, funding and training Iraqi militants, arming them with lethal explosively formed penetrators (EFPs), and orchestrating their boldest operations. Through that strategy, Iran emerged as a powerbroker in Iraq. In the midst of that effort, the IRGC supported Hezbollah’s political victory over Israel in the July 2006 war. Hezbollah’s success in that conflict presaged Iran’s rising regional power and eventual victory in Iraq, which it secured with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in December 2011.
Prison Management
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Changes in Israel’s prison management strategies, combined with the effects of the Oslo Accords, dramatically shrank spaces for collective resistance. The chapter first explains how these changes in prison administration are part of global trends towards improving material comfort in prison while also making imprisonment ‘tighter’ or more constricting. Specific strategies of IPS that have made collective resistance more challenging are strategic isolation and geographic dispersal, increasing material comforts and punishments, and institutionalizing rules and specialized units to suppress resistance. This chapter also explains the prison canteen system that supplements inadequate prison food and provides other material goods and personal items. The canteen is run for profit by an Israeli company but is funded by the Palestinian Authority, Palestinian political factions, and prisoners’ own families. The chapter theorizes about how the canteen itself has dampened prisoners’ resistance.
Issue Estoppel, Reasons for Awards and Transnational Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whether it would not be absurd for parties to relitigate issues in a different arbitration where those same issues have already been decided in the reasons for an earlier award between the same parties. For international commercial arbitration, the question has become important where parties face successive but different disputes raising similar issues of law and fact in different arbitrations. Johnny is sympathetic to the application of issue estoppel where the facts support it. He analyses two contemporary international arbitrations—the Aegis and CME cases—in which issue estoppel was at issue but it did not succeed.
Still More On Arbitral Deliberations
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the nature of deliberation among the members of a modern international arbitral tribunal. The key point of this discussion is that the chair of the tribunal should ensure that all the members of the tribunal are equally heard; but, if the tribunal is not unanimous, the dissenting arbitrator may not then be permitted to require unending deliberations, nor may they be entitled to participate in the drafting of the majority award. Reference is made to the judgment of the Svea Court of Appeal in the case of CME v. The Czech Republic in support of these conclusions.
Trade-offs
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the concept of trade-offs. An evolutionary trade-off occurs when a change in one trait that increases reproductive success is linked—genetically, physiologically, energetically—to a change in another trait that decreases reproductive success. Allocations to growth, reproduction, and maintenance are controlled at the individual level in mammals by an endocrine system that responds to environmental and internal signals via sensors in the hypothalamus. At the population level, trade-offs can be measured as genetic correlations among traits and as correlated responses to selection in model organisms. Both types of evidence provide strong support for a view of the organism as a bundle of trade-offs, and when a symptom is involved in a trade-off, treatment can produce surprises, some of which may be unpleasant.
A Relationship-Based Account of Epistemic Blame
Authors: Boult Cameron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops the idea that epistemic blame is a kind of relationship-modification. At the heart of the account is the notion of an epistemic relationship, a kind of relationship that people have with one another insofar as they are epistemic agents in an epistemic community. The chapter develops an account of what it is to modify one’s epistemic relationship with another person, and argues that certain ways of modifying one’s epistemic relationship with another amount to a kind of blame response. The relationship-based framework is the subject of controversy in the moral domain. In light of this, the chapter addresses some core challenges facing this framework in the moral domain. The primary aim is to motivate the claim that the framework can fruitfully be extended to the epistemic domain, setting the stage for a resolution of the puzzle of epistemic blame.
Depleting Futures
Authors: Rai Shirin M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Children also care, but their care work is often framed in contradictory ways. On the one hand, it is seen to be a burden for children and therefore something to be discouraged —through national and international policy and legal framing. On the other hand, there is a celebration of children’s agency without due attention to how the children’s care work can affect their well-being. This can be in terms of schooling, education, and physical and mental health, as well as the rewards that children experience through care work. Based on a study on the care work of children in the Midlands in the United Kingdom, the chapter argues that although a focus on children’s agency is important, it is imperative that this is complemented by acknowledgment of the depletion that child carers may experience. The chapter addresses how we might identify the scale of this and develop strategies to address this.
Introduction
Authors: Jortner Adam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Jewish patriots who chose to make themselves Americans. American Jews fought for the American Revolution, served as officers and political leaders, and in some cases suffered for their patriot beliefs. Religious diversity was present at the outset of the American experiment. The American Revolution was not a Christian event, and Protestant beliefs were not a prerequisite for being an American in 1776. The United States was not established on Christian principles, because if that were the case, the Jews should have been denied citizenship. Unlike in Europe, American Jews did not need a specific act of emancipation because the American Revolution had accepted them. Indeed, American Jews founded a new, democratic synagogue in 1782 as many of the patriot Jews ended up in Philadelphia—becoming one of the first national American religions. The chapter shows that religious diversity was endemic to the American Revolution, which in turn is fundamental to the national consciousness, politics, culture, and style.
All Over the Map
Authors: Jortner Adam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins of American Jewish history. In medieval Spain, the crown forced Jews to convert to Christianity but still persecuted the converts for being Jewish; after 1492, some of these conversos fled to Mexico and New Mexico. The Inquisition was hunting for Jews in Mexico City long before Jews arrived in New York. Most of the twenty-three Jews who arrived in New York in 1654 were not seeking refuge from Europe but from Brazil where the Jewish community was being dismantled. The real center of Jewish life in the Americas was the Caribbean, where it was entwined with the enslavement and hierarchies of the imperial world. Jewish communities arrived in British North America rather late. They were small and their synagogues weak. Jews actually lost rights in the 1720s in New York and there was no reason in 1775 to assume that religious freedom was on its way. Religious liberty came out of the American Revolution but it did not precede the American Revolution.
The Converts
Authors: Jortner Adam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the question of conversion in early US Jewish life. As American Jews embraced the freedom to make their own religious choices, some of them chose to leave the faith. Intermarriage rose after the war, leading to further questions of religious identity. The American Society for Meliorating the Condition of the Jews (ASMCJ) made the first direct effort to convert American Jews to Christianity, and in response, a new form of Jewish apologetics appeared that directly claimed that Judaism was true while Christianity was false. Jacob Mordecai and Isaac Harby led the way. As this effort unfolded, four distinct efforts to build a new Jewish colony rose and fell in the 1820s, each a response to Christian missions—Mordecai Manual Noah’s Ararat, Moses Levy’s Pilgrimage, the ASMCJ’s own project, and the Reformed Society of Israelites.
The Entertainer
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Critics struggled to describe George M. Cohan’s inimitable style and resorted to simply adjectivizing his name: his songs, scripts, directorial and acting style, and dancing were “Cohanesque.” This chapter unpacks this term, exploring Cohan’s ideology of entertainment and the trademark characteristics that distinguished his work as a playwright, as a songwriter, and as a performer dramatizing the songs and shows he had written. To illustrate Cohan’s style and craftsmanship, the chapter examines a number of songs and dramatic works, while exploring Forty-Five Minutes from Broadway (1906) and Hello, Broadway! (1914) in some depth. It was his musical comedies, broadly defined, that made Cohan’s career, and he remained a “musical comedy man” at heart until the end. Cohan’s techniques as a songwriter, a musical dramatist, and a performer, joined with his American themes and style and widely broadcast doctrine of entertainment, not only marked his distinctive aesthetic but also helped shape the burgeoning genre of musical theater.
People, Power, Change
Authors: Ganz Marshall 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
People, Power, Change: Organizing for Democratic Renewal offers an introduction to the practices of leadership, organizing, and action that can make democracy work for all of us. It invites anyone who wants to create real, just, and sustainable change to learn, share, and put to work democratic practices that have been allowed to atrophy in reaction to the challenging political, economic, cultural, and technological changes of the last forty years. Marshall Ganz, one of the world’s leading authorities on the practice of organizing, weaves together the story of his own journey of organizing, learning, and teaching. People, Power, Change invites readers to learn, share, and put to work the core practices (values, concepts, skills) of relationship building, storytelling, strategizing, acting, and structuring that can enable effective democratic organizing—all of which can be put to work in one’s own culture, community, and organization.