bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of Shale Gas Production Data and Microseismic for Fracture and Reservoir Properties Using Fast Marching Method
Authors: Xie Jiang , Yang Changdong , Gupta Neha , King Michael J. , Datta-Gupta Akhil 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We present a novel approach to calculate drainage volume and well performance in shale gas reservoirs using a Fast Marching Method (FMM) combined with a geometric pressure approximation. Our approach can fully account for complex fracture network geometries associated with multistage hydraulic fractures and their impact on the well pressure and rates. The major advantages of our proposed approach are its simplicity, intuitive appeal and computational efficiency. For example, we can compute and visualize the time evolution of the well drainage volume for multimillion cell geologic models in seconds without resorting to reservoir simulation. A geometric approximation of the drainage volume is then used to compute the well rates and the reservoir pressure.
The speed and versatility of our proposed approach makes it ideally suited for parameter estimation via inverse modeling of shale gas performance data. We utilize experimental design to perform the sensitivity analysis to identify the ‘heavy hitters’ and a genetic algorithm to calibrate the relevant fracture and matrix parameters in shale gas reservoirs by history matching of production data. In addition to the production data, microseismic information is utilized to help us constrain the fracture extent and orientation and to estimate the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The proposed approach is applied to a fractured shale gas well. The results clearly show reduced uncertainty in the estimated fracture parameters and SRV, leading to improved forecasting and reserve estimation.
The Effect of the Timing and Direction of Capital Gain Tax Changes on Investment in Risky Assets
Authors: Falsetta Diana , Rupert Timothy J. , Wright Arnold M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
This study examines the effect of timing (gradual versus immediate) and direction (tax increase or decrease) of a tax change on taxpayer behavior. Specifically, we focus on capital gain tax changes and preferences for investment in riskier assets. We run an experiment with 117 participants who allocate investment dollars between two funds of differing risk. Drawing on mental accounting and hedonic editing (Thaler 1985; Thaler and Johnson 1990), we posit that a tax decrease (a “gain”) implemented gradually over several years will result in a greater increase in risky investment once the decrease is fully implemented than when the tax change is implemented all at once. In contrast, once a tax increase (a “loss”) is fully implemented, a smaller decrease in risky investment will result when the change occurs all at once rather than gradually. Our findings support these expectations, suggesting that the manner of implementing a tax law change may impact decisions.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Economic Consequences of Mandated Accounting Disclosures: Evidence from Pension Accounting Standards
Authors: Chuk Elizabeth C. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT:
I examine whether firms alter their behavior in response to changes in accounting standards that mandate new financial statement disclosures. While prior research suggests that new recognition rules lead to changes in firm behavior, there is limited evidence that disclosure rules can impact firm behavior. This study helps to fill this void in the literature by examining the economic consequences of the mandated disclosures of pension asset composition required under SFAS 132R. Under pension accounting rules, the composition of pension assets is a key determinant of the assumed expected rate of return (ERR) on pension assets. I find that when firms disclose asset composition for the first time under SFAS 132R, firms that were previously using upward-biased ERRs respond by increasing asset allocation to high-risk securities and/or reducing the ERR assumption. While disclosure requirements arguably create less powerful incentives to alter firm decisions than recognition requirements, these findings offer evidence that firms alter behavior in response to disclosure standards.
Data Availability: The data used in this study are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text.
Prognostic Value of Rapid Test for Diagnosis of Dengue in Nepalese Patients during 2010 Epidemic
Authors: Pun R , Shah Y , Gupta GP , Sherchand SP , Pandey BD 
Published: October 2012

Background Dengue is an emerging vector borne disease in Nepal and rapid diagnostic test is important for early diagnosis of the disease. Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of commonly used rapid immunochromatographic test kit in Nepal during 2010 dengue epidemic and to assess disease burden of dengue. Methods A total of 131 acute and nonacute serum samples were collected during recent epidemic of dengue in 2010 from clinically suspected Nepalese patients of different hospitals. Rapid immunochromatographic test kit was used for early diagnosis and enzyme immunosorbent was chosen as a reference assay. Results The sensitivity and specificity of rapid test was 70% and 76.54% respectively whereas the prevalence of the disease was 38.17%. The odds ratio for males was 1.8 however; the association with the disease was statistically not significant. Conclusion The diagnostic accuracy of rapid immunochromatographic test for dengue diagnosis was low (k=0.46). So, it should be substituted by highly sensitive test device for prompt diagnosis and health personnel should consider appropriate timing of sample collection for better performance of rapid test. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 7-10DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6905
Estimation of Stature from Foot Length in Adult Nepalese Population and its Clinical Relevance
Authors: Mansur DI , Haque MK , Sharma K , Karki RK , Khanal K , Karna R 
Published: October 2012

Background Stature is the height of the person in the upright posture. It is an important measure of physical identity. Interrelationships among different body measurements may be used to estimate one from another in case of missing body parts. Objective Stature is an important indicator for identification. There are numerous means to establish stature and their significance lies in the simplicity of measurement, applicability and accuracy in prediction. The current study dealt with developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot length and to find out the correlation between body height and foot length of Nepalese people. Methods The present study was carried out to establish the regression equation and correlation coefficient between individual’s height and mean foot length. It was conducted on 440 students of age group 17 to 25 years studying in Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal. Body height and foot length were measured in centimeter. Results There was significant correlation between height and foot length (r = 0. 703, p < 0.01).The regression equation for height and foot length was found to be Y = 3.179 X + 87.65, where X is the foot length and Y the height. Conclusions This study will help in medico-legal cases in establishing identity of an individual and this would be useful for Anatomists and Anthropologists to calculate stature of adult Nepalese based on foot length. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 16-19DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6907
Is Ethnicity an Important Determinant of High Blood Pressure in Nepalese Population? A community-Based Cross- Sectional Study in Duwakot, Nepal
Authors: Vaidya A 
Published: October 2012

Background Hypertension is a rising public health problem in Nepal. Most of the upsurge is attributed to the behavioural and lifestyle transitions. However, the hereditary component such as ethnicity, which may also be an important determinant, has not been studied. Objective This study aims to investigate if ethnicity is a key determinant of having a high blood pressure in the Nepalese population. Methods A population-based cross sectional study was conducted in the Duwakot village of Bhaktapur District, Nepal. Systematic random sampling of the adults was done in all the nine wards. A total of 641 adults of both sexes, of age 35 years or more were included in the analysis. Results Most of the life-style related risk factors were comparable in the broad two ethnic groups- Tibeto-Burmans and Indo-Aryans. The prevalence of hypertension was 25.3% in the Tibeto-Burmans compared to the 14.0% in the Indo-Aryans. Crude odds ratio (95% CI) of being hypertensive for the Tibeto-Burmans compared to the Indo-Aryans was 2.07 (1.36-3.15) (p=0.01). After adjusting for the different factors the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for the same was found to be 1.78 (1.12-2.81) (p=0.014). Conclusion There is an ethnic variation in the blood pressure distribution in the Nepalese population, which might be acting independent of the different life-style factors. More elaborate studies, including longitudinal and migration studies, and probably genetic analyses, can provide a more definite answer. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 20-23DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6908
Current Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility Criteria for Salmonella Needs Re-evaluation
Authors: Acharya D , Malla S , Bhatta DR , Adhikari N , Dumre SP 
Published: October 2012

Background Disc diffusion technique is the routine susceptibility testing procedure for isolates of enteric fever, the most common clinical diagnosis among febrile patients in Nepal. Objective To evaluated the current fluoroquinolones (FQs) susceptibility criteria and nalidixic acid screening test in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. Methods S. Typhi and Paratyphi A strains isolated from 443 suspected enteric fever patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) during April through October 2008 were analyzed. All isolates were confirmed by standard microbiological procedures including serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) approved interpretive criteria. Agar dilution method was used to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Result Out of 41 Salmonella isolates, 80.49% were nalidixic acid resistant, with S. Paratyphi A showing higher resistance rate (88.23%) compared to S. Typhi (75%). The difference in both MIC and zone diameter in nalidixic acid susceptible and nalidixic acid resistant isolates was found to be significant (P < 0.001) and decreased susceptibility to FQs was strongly correlated (sensitivity and specificity of 100%) with resistance to nalidixic acid. Regression analysis of MIC against zone diameter based on the current CLSI recommended guidelines suggests that accommodation of current susceptible and resistant MIC requires increase in the zone diameter of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Conclusion Before using these drugs for management of enteric fever, appropriate identification of Salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to FQs is essential to limit the possible treatment failure and development of highly resistant strains. The current FQs susceptibility break point criteria for Salmonella need re-evaluation. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 24-29DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6909
“Epizoonosis of Dermatophytosis”: A Clinico - Mycological Study of Dermatophytic Infections in Central Nepal
Authors: Mathur M , Kedia SK , Ghimire RBK 
Published: October 2012

Background Identification of dermatophytic species in clinical settings are important not only for epidemiological but also for the treatment. Objectives Present study was carried out to find out the clinical variants of Dermatophytosis and species of fungus responsible for the disease. Methods The prospective observational analysis of 200 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytic infection attending Dermatology department of College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. Skin scraping, hair and nail samples were collected and processed according to standard protocol. Results Maximum number of patients enrolled in study were reported for treatment 5-8 weeks after the onset of disease. Overall male predominance was observed and ages between 26-30 years. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type of tinea with female dominance in our study. 10 % of cases were having extensive Tinea. 71.5% of samples were positive on direct microscopy and 62 % positive on culture. Samples from T capitis were highest positive by direct microscopy (80%) and over all dominant species of fungus isolated in our study was Trichophyton verrucosum (30.6%). Conclusions The study highlighted Tinea corporis as the most common clinical type with female predominance. Overall predominant causative fungal species isolated was Trichophyton verrucosum. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 30-33DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6910
The Utilization of Health Care Services and their Determinants Among the Elderly Population of Dhulikhel Municipality
Authors: Sanjel S , Mudbhari N , Risal A , Khanal K 
Published: October 2012

Background Population ageing is a common problem faced in many countries world-wide. Due to physiological and biochemical changes in the elderly, increased incidence of diseases is observed. There is often low use of health services by the elderly for a variety of reasons. Objective To examine the status of health care utilization and to determine the factors associated with utilization of health care among the elderly population of Dhulikhel Municipality. Methods A quantitative descriptive-cross sectional study, with a total number of 200 elderly people residing in Dhulikhel Municipality, was selected for the study. Data were collected across the months of June - July 2011 applying two-staged cluster and systematic random sampling method. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were measured. Results Sixty eight percent of the elderly visited medical personnel in the past year. Eight percent of them visited the emergency department where most of them reported with symptoms attributed to heart disease. Among 200 elderly, 12.5% of them were admitted to the hospital and 53.0% utilized diagnostic services. Age, marital status, activities of daily living, and regular medication showed significant association with health services utilization at 95% level of confidence (p >0.05). Conclusion Marital status, daily living habits, existence of chronic disease, and regular medication demonstrated significant association with the utilization of health care. Social support services, informal education, and awareness programs targeting the senior citizens and studies covering a diverse population are recommended. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 34-39 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6911
The Role of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Study in Cytological Evaluation of Fluids, Especially for Detection of Malignancy
Authors: Karki S , Jha A , Sayami G 
Published: October 2012

Background Serous effusion smears reported as “suspicious for malignancy” pose problems in clinical management. Silver staining for argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) has proved useful in making a cytopathologic differential diagnosis between benign and malignant cells. Nucleolar organizer regions(NORs) are loops of DNA located in acrocentric chromosomes. These NORs are visualized by silver staining technique that recognizes these argyrophilia associated proteins which are increased in malignancy. Objective This study aimed to distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from malignant cells in serous effusions using these NORs. Methods A total of 174 serous effusions received at the Department of Pathology, TUTH, during a period of one year were included in the study. Smears were studied by conventional Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains. AgNOR counts, variation in size and dispersion of AgNOR dots in smears were graded and compared in malignant and non-malignant effusions. Results Mean AgNOR counts of 10.43±0.73 and 10.21±0.51 in malignant peritoneal and pleural effusions, respectively, were significantly (p<0.0001) greater as compared with counts of 2.12±0.54 and 2.11±0.54 in non-malignant effusions. The AgNORs were irregular in shape in malignant effusions whereas they were comparatively larger, single dots in benign effusions. AgNOR size and dispersion were of higher grade in significantly greater proportion of malignant as compared with non malignant effusions (p<0.0001). Of the cytologically suspicious samples, nine were in the malignant range and one was in the benign range. Conclusion AgNOR study appears to be clinically useful as an additional diagnostic tool for use in serous effusion when the cytologic diagnosis is difficult. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 44-47 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6913
Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Oral Acyclovir with Oral Erythromycin in the Treatment of Pityriasis Rosea
Authors: Amatya A , Rajouria EA , Karn DK 
Published: October 2012

Background Pityriasis rosea is an acute, self-limiting disease, probably infective in origin, affecting mainly children and young adults, characterized by distinctive skin eruptions and minimal constitutional symptoms. Both oral Erythromycin and oral Acyclovir have been used in its management. Objectives To compare the effectiveness of oral Erythromycin and oral Acyclovir in the treatment of Pityriasis rosea. Method Forty two patients with clinical diagnosis of Pityriasis rosea were enrolled. They were randomized into two groups. One group was given high-dose oral Acyclovir and another group oral Erythromycin in standard dose. The participants were evaluated one, two, four, six and eight weeks and six months after commencement of the study. Results Forty two patients including 26 males and 16 females completed the study. After 8th week, all patients showed complete response in both the groups. The response to oral Acyclovir compared with that to oral Erythromycin was better and was statistically significant in 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks. Conclusion Although it is a self-limiting disease which resolves within three weeks to three months, this study reveals that both oral Acyclovir and oral Erythromycin are helpful in decreasing the severity and duration of Pityriasis rosea. Moreover, the study also indicates that oral Acyclovir is more effective than oral Erythromycin in reducing the severity and duration of Pityriasis rosea. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 57-61 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6916
Examination of Relationships of Scores Obtained in Grades 10 and 12 with the Entry and Success in Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Gautam AP , Paudel BH , Agrawal CS , Naraula SR , Dalen J Van 
Published: October 2012

Background Entrance examination (admission test) is the most important and widely accepted method of student selection for admission into medical schools in Nepal. For many schools it is the only criterion of student selection. Objectives To examine relationships of scores obtained in schooling (grade 10 and 12), medical entrance and MBBS professional examinations in a cohort to identify predictive strength for entry into medical school and success in medical education. Methods Exam scores from grade 10 to medical entrance and professional exams of undergraduate medical education of a total of 118 medical students who entered medical school between 1994 and 1998 only through the merit of open competitive medical entrance examination at the BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) were assessed. Results Student selection for admission in MBBS course at BPKIHS and their subsequent success were not determined by difference in outcomes of public & private management of schools at grade 10 (selection p= 0.80 & success p= 0.32 ) and grade 12 (selection p= 0.59 & success p= 0.55). Grade 12 averaged scores had no relationship in getting these students selected for admission into medical course (r= 0.08, p= 0.37), but did show correlation with the overall success in medical education (r= 0.32, p= 0.00). Scores in physics at grade 12 retained predictive strength in success in medical education (r= 0.19, p= 0.04). Conclusion The present student selection criteria for medical education are not appropriate and need to incorporate other attributes of candidates along with cognitive aspects. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 66-71 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6918
Concurrent Vitiligo and Psoriasis
Authors: Karn D , KC S 
Published: October 2012

Coexistence of vitiligo and psoriasis in a single patient is a rare occurrence. The exact pathogenesis of this coexistence is obscure. Various autoimmune disorders are reported to occur more frequently in patients with both diseases. A case of this interesting coexistence seen on a 26 year old female patient who presented to the dermatology department of Dhulikhel hospital is presented here. She also had hypothyroidism. The possible pathogenesis and literature review of this rare condition is discussed here. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 83-84 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6921
Do You Have the Time? Modernity, Democracy, and the Beginnings of Daylight Saving Time in Montreal, 1907–1928
Authors: Rudy Jarrett 
Published: October 2012

Abstract: This article looks at the most significant public debate over time in Montreal's history: the beginnings of daylight saving time (1907–1928). Seeing daylight saving time as an example of the disembedding of time from place, the article demonstrates the importance of local social dynamics in the creation of meanings of modernity. Daylight saving time began as an idea to save money and improve people's lives, though it was ridiculed until the First World War, when it was put in place in Montreal and much of North America and Europe. Yet after the war, it was rejected as a national measure, and subsequently much of North America and eventually even the Island of Montreal turned into a patchwork of time zones. The article argues that the difficult beginnings of daylight saving time in Montreal were due to the unequal benefits of changing the clock, rural–urban tensions, the Canadian federal system, conflicts between ethno-religious institutions, Montreal's tenacious mayor, and the economic power of businesses to shape time.
Insérer les femmes dans l'histoire : le parcours d'une vie
Authors: Dumont Micheline 
Published: October 2012

Résumé : Dans ce texte, Micheline Dumont rappelle de quelle manière l'histoire est venue à occuper toute sa vie. Considérant d'abord, dans son enfance, l'histoire comme un répertoire de belles histoires, elle découvre progressivement les exigences de la science historique au cours de ses études. Après un détour à travers l'histoire acadienne et la didactique de l'histoire, des commandes lui permettent de découvrir l'histoire des femmes, dans sa matérialité d'abord, mais ensuite surtout dans sa signification théorique. Après plusieurs recherches et publications, elle en vient à réaliser la signification politique de l'enjeu que constitue l'histoire des femmes.