bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air Versus Oxygen in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Stub Dion , Smith Karen , Bernard Stephen , Nehme Ziad , Stephenson Michael , Bray Janet E. , Cameron Peter , Barger Bill , Ellims Andris H. , Taylor Andrew J. , Meredith Ian T. , Kaye David M. 
Published: May 2015

Background—
Oxygen is commonly administered to patients with ST-elevation–myocardial infarction despite previous studies suggesting a possible increase in myocardial injury as a result of coronary vasoconstriction and heightened oxidative stress.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing oxygen (8 L/min) with no supplemental oxygen in patients with ST-elevation–myocardial infarction diagnosed on paramedic 12-lead ECG. Of 638 patients randomized, 441 patients had confirmed ST-elevation–myocardial infarction and underwent primary end-point analysis. The primary end point was myocardial infarct size as assessed by cardiac enzymes, troponin I, and creatine kinase. Secondary end points included recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, and myocardial infarct size assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months. Mean peak troponin was similar in the oxygen and no oxygen groups (57.4 versus 48.0 μg/L; ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.92–1.56;
P
=0.18). There was a significant increase in mean peak creatine kinase in the oxygen group compared with the no oxygen group (1948 versus 1543 U/L; means ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.52;
P
=0.01). There was an increase in the rate of recurrent myocardial infarction in the oxygen group compared with the no oxygen group (5.5% versus 0.9%;
P
=0.006) and an increase in frequency of cardiac arrhythmia (40.4% versus 31.4%;
P
=0.05). At 6 months, the oxygen group had an increase in myocardial infarct size on cardiac magnetic resonance (n=139; 20.3 versus 13.1 g;
P
=0.04).

Conclusion—
Supplemental oxygen therapy in patients with ST-elevation–myocardial infarction but without hypoxia may increase early myocardial injury and was associated with larger myocardial infarct size assessed at 6 months.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01272713.
Mind the Gap
Authors: Madison Heather , Pereira Anna , Korshøj Mette , Taylor Laura , Barr Alan , Rempel David 
Published: May 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of key gap (distance between edges of keys) on computer keyboards on typing speed, percentage error, preference, and usability. Background: In Parts 1 and 2 of this series, a small key pitch (center-to-center distance between keys) was found to reduce productivity and usability, but the findings were confounded by gap. In this study, key gap was varied while holding key pitch constant. Method: Participants ( N = 25) typed on six keyboards, which differed in gap between keys (1, 3, or 5 mm) and pitch (16 or 17 mm; distance between centers of keys), while typing speed, accuracy, usability, and preference were measured. Results: There was no statistical interaction between gap and pitch. Accuracy was better for keyboards with a gap of 5 mm compared to a 1-mm gap ( p = .04). Net typing speed ( p = .02), accuracy ( p = .002), and most usability measures were better for keyboards with a pitch of 17 mm compared to a 16-mm pitch. Conclusions: The study findings support keyboard designs with a gap between keys of 5 mm over 1 mm and a key pitch of 17 mm over 16 mm. Applications: These findings may influence keyboard standards and design, especially the design of small keyboards used with portable devices, such as tablets and laptops.
Broken Windows, Neighborhoods, and the Legitimacy of Law Enforcement or Why I Fell in and out of Love with Zimbardo
Authors: Meares Tracey 
Published: May 2015

Objective: Wilson and Kelling (1982) introduced Zimbardo’s “broken windows” into the lexicon a little over 30 years ago. This article explores broken windows from a legal policy perspective, with the aim of putting forth a framework for integrating what we know (or think we know) about the potential effects of broken windows policing into our goals for improving high-crime neighborhoods. Methods: A narrative review was carried out of key social science research on the broken windows perspective. Results: The first part of the article explains the appeal of broken windows to legal theorists interested in challenging criminal law policy based on a law and economics approach. The second part reviews maturing broken windows research and evaluations of broken windows policing. The third part explains the contours of an analysis that addresses the value of broken windows policing from a legal policy perspective. Conclusion: While I remain a tentative fan of broken windows policing, I argue that the modest outcomes of broken windows policing do not justify the problems these policies create from a procedural justice context. The policy literature ignores this trade-off, and a curriculum framework that emphasizes how the criminal justice system educates citizens may offer a promising alternative.
Factors associated with blood pressure control among patients attending the outpatient clinic of a South African district hospital
Authors: Batubenga MM , Omole OB , Bondo MC 
Published: May 2015

Objective To determine the prevalence and factors associated with blood pressure (BP) control. Methods In a cross-sectional study involving 251 consecutively-sampled patients, a semi-structured questionnaire collected information on socio-demography, co-morbidities, hypertension treatments and BP control. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results Most participants were: on treatment for >5 years (60.6%); on three or more drugs (93.6%); treated according to guidelines (77%); and reported not missing medications in the last week (86.5%). BP control was achieved in only 31.5% and 16.7% of participants at the current and last visits, respectively. In multivariate regression analysis, a history of myocardial infarction (odd ratio [OR] = 0.41; P = 0.04) and being divorced/widowed (OR = 3.1; P = 0.01) predicted poor BP control. Conclusion This study confirms the prevalent sub-optimal control of BP and suggests the need for further studies to examine the relationship between marital support, critical medical events and BP control.
Drug War as Neoliberal Trojan Horse
Authors: Paley Dawn 
Published: May 2015

Examination of the U.S.-backed wars on drugs in Colombia and Mexico reveals that, apart from the hegemonic discourse about narcotics control, these wars reinforce the power of transnational corporations over resource-rich areas owned and used by indigenous people, peasants, and the urban poor. Case studies in Mexico demonstrate that recent assassinations of activists and intimidation of communities that are organizing against large-scale mining must be understood within the framework of militarization justified in terms of an antinarcotics discourse. Drug war politics may thus be understood as a mechanism for promoting business-friendly policies and militarizing resource-rich areas. This politics is enshrined in the Mérida Initiative, which includes a national U.S.- style legal reform, modernization of the prison system, and the militarization and training of the federal police and other security forces, equipment transfers, and development funding designed to encourage foreign investment and further transnationalize the national economy. El examen de la guerra contra las drogas financiada por los Estados Unidos en Colombia y México revela que, aparte del discurso hegemónico sobre el control de narcóticos, estas guerras refuerzan el poder de las corporaciones transnacionales sobre las áreas ricas en recursos que pertenecen y son utilizadas por las comunidades indígenas, los campesinos y los pobres de las zonas urbanas. Los estudios de casos en México demuestran que los re-cientes asesinatos de activistas y la intimidación de las comunidades que se están organizando en contra de la minería a gran escala deben ser entendidas dentro del marco de la militarización justificada en términos de un discurso antinarcótico. La política de la guerra contra las drogas puede, por lo tanto, entenderse como un mecanismo para promover políticas favorables a los negocios y la militarización de las áreas ricas en recursos. Esta política está consagrada en la Iniciativa de Mérida, la cual incluye una reforma jurídica nacional al estilo de los Estados Unidos, la modernización del sistema de prisiones, la militarización y entrenamiento de la policía federal y otras fuerzas de seguridad, la transferencia de equipos y fondos para desarrollar políticas que promuevan la inversión extranjera y así transnacionalizar más la economía nacional.
Preteen-Parent Experiences With PREP-T1 Feasibility Intervention
Authors: Hughes Patricia , Johnson Kim , Ramchandani Neesha , Quinn Diane , D’Alesandro Bianca , Streisand Randi , Sullivan-Bolyai Susan 
Published: May 2015

Purpose The purpose of this article is to report the focus group perspectives of preteens’ and parents’ experiences with a feasibility intervention entitled PREP-T1 (Preteen Re-Education with Parents–Type 1 Diabetes), an interactive education and peer mentoring intervention. Methods The parent and preteen focus groups were conducted by the principal investigator, coinvestigator, and note takers at 2 sites. The preteen-parent groups were conducted concurrently with a total of 11 preteens and 11 parents. Note-based qualitative content analysis was used, resulting in preteen-parent perspectives on reeducation and strategies for families to work more effectively in managing type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Results The findings suggest that the preteens enjoyed learning about their diabetes management from a teen educator mentor in conjunction with a human patient simulator. They reported this type of peer support would benefit other preteens with T1DM. Parents were overwhelmingly positive about their interactions with the parent educator mentor in conjunction with the psychologist and about focusing on how to better collaborate with their preteens on diabetes management decision making. Further recommendations about the timing and intervention dose were also discussed. Conclusions Moderated peer mentoring with technology has potential as a means for teaching preteens and their parents shared diabetes management. These data will be used to inform the PREP-T1 fully powered intervention study.
Novel Management of Intractable Cervical Chylous Fistula with Local Application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Injection
Authors: Wei Tao , Liu Feng , Li Zhihui , Gong Yanping , Zhu Jingqiang 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveCervical chylous fistula is an uncommon complication after neck dissection, but it might lead to some serious clinical outcomes. Although most cervical chylous fistulas can heal in a few days with standard treatments, some can be intractable. In this study, we describe a new method with local application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa injection for intractable cervical chylous fistula.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingWest China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.Subjects and MethodsThe charts of 18 patients who were treated with P aeruginosa injection (PAI) for intractable cervical chylous fistula were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsAll patients were successfully treated with PAI. Mild fever (temperature, <38°C) occurred in 9 patients, moderate fever (38°C‐39°C) in 4 patients, and severe fever (>39°C) in 5 patients. All patients had mild to severe neck pain.ConclusionsLocal application of PAI is an effective method for the treatment of intractable cervical chylous fistula, of which the most common side effects are transient fever and local pain.
Electronic Cigarettes
Authors: Born Hayley , Persky Michael , Kraus Dennis H. , Peng Robert , Amin Milan R. , Branski Ryan C. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo introduce the otolaryngology community to the current state of research regarding electronic cigarettes, with special attention paid to mechanism, impact on health and addiction, and use in smoking cessation.Data SourcesReview of Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords electronic cigarettes, e‐cigs, e‐cigarettes, and vaping. In addition, information from media sources as well as news outlets was evaluated to gauge public perception of research findings.Review MethodsRecent research and randomized controlled trials were prioritized.ConclusionsThe landscape of electronic cigarette devices is evolving, as is the research regarding their risks and benefits. Utilization is rapidly increasing. It appears that older users employ them as a smoking cessation tool compared to younger users. The data are generally inconclusive regarding the benefits of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation compared with other methods. Furthermore, the safety profile of electronic cigarettes is dynamic and difficult to fully ascertain.Implications for PracticePatients with a variety of otolaryngologic conditions, including cancer, may benefit from frank discussion regarding electronic cigarettes. Furthermore, increasing patient inquiries regarding these devices are likely given their increasing popularity.
Testing pilocarpine drops for dry mouth in advanced cancer using n-of-1 trials: A feasibility study
Authors: Nikles Jane , Mitchell Geoffrey K , Hardy Janet , Agar Meera , Senior Hugh , Carmont Sue-Ann , Schluter Philip J , Good Phillip , Vora Rohan , Currow David 
Published: May 2015

Background: Dry mouth is a common and troublesome symptom in palliative care. Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent that promotes salivation. Aim: This study aimed to test the feasibility of using n-of-1 trials to test pilocarpine drops compared to placebo, for patients of palliative care units with advanced cancer, who experienced dry mouth. Design: This was an N-of-1 study, in which each participant was offered three cycles of pilocarpine drops 4% (6 mg tds) (3 days) and placebo drops (3 days) in random order. Setting/participants: Participants were patients of specialist palliative care services with advanced cancer assessed as having a dry mouth, defined as having a score of ⩾3 on an 11-point self-rated xerostomia numerical rating scale, from any cause. Patients self-completed a diary using validated symptom and quality-of-life scores. The randomisation order was unmasked at the end of each person’s trial by a clinician independent of the trial to allow a treatment decisions for individual patients to be made. Results: Nine patients completed at least 1 cycle; 33 cycles of data were completed in total, comprising 438 doses of pilocarpine. Four patients completed the trial: two responded and two did not. Most withdrawals related to deteriorating condition, unacceptable toxicity, non-compliance with study procedures or withdrawal of consent. Many issues contributed to slow recruitment and high withdrawal rate. Conclusion: The formulation of pilocarpine drops proved unacceptable to most participants. More work is required to determine an appropriate formulation, dose and method of delivery and then a retest of pilocarpine drops for this symptom.
Palliative care and other physicians’ knowledge, attitudes and practice relating to the law on withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment: Survey results
Authors: Cartwright Colleen Maria , White Ben P , Willmott Lindy , Williams Gail , Parker Malcolm Holbrook 
Published: May 2015

Background: To effectively care for people who are terminally ill, including those without decision-making capacity, palliative care physicians must know and understand the legal standing of Advance Care Planning in their jurisdiction of practice. This includes the use of advance directives/living wills and substitute decision-makers who can legally consent to or refuse treatment if there is no valid advance directive. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical specialists most often involved in end-of-life care in relation to the law on withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from adults without decision-making capacity. Design/participants: A pre-piloted survey was posted to specialists in palliative, emergency, geriatric, renal and respiratory medicine; intensive care; and medical oncology in three Australian States. Surveys were analysed using SPSS 20 and SAS 9.3. Results: The overall response rate was 32% (867/2702) – 52% from palliative care specialists. Palliative care specialists and geriatricians had significantly more positive attitudes towards the law ([Formula: see text]; p < 0.001) and higher levels of knowledge about the withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment law ([Formula: see text]; p < 0.001) than did the other specialists, while still having critical gaps in their knowledge. Conclusion: A high level of knowledge of the law is essential to ensure that patients’ wishes and decisions, expressed through Advance Care Planning, are respected to the maximum extent possible within the law, thereby according with the principles and philosophy of palliative care. It is also essential to protect health professionals from legal action resulting from unauthorised provision or cessation of treatment.
Development of a cervical cancer progress prediction tool for human papillomavirus-positive Koreans: A support vector machine-based approach
Authors: Kahng Jimin , Kim Eung-Hee , Kim Hong-Gee , Lee Wonbae 
Published: May 2015

Objectives To develop a Web-based tool to draw attention to patients positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) who have a high risk of progression to cervical cancer, in order to increase compliance with follow-up examinations and facilitate good doctor–patient communication. Methods Records were retrospectively analysed from women who were positive for HPV on initial testing (before any treatment). Information concerning age, Papanicolaou (PAP) smear result and presence of 15 high-risk HPV genotypes was used in a support vector machine (SVM) model, to identify the patient features that maximally contributed to progression to high-risk cervical lesions. Results Data from 731 subjects were analysed. The maximum number of correct cancer predictions was seen when four features (PAP, HPV16, HPV52 and HPV35) were used, giving an accuracy of 74.41%. A web-based high-risk cervical lesion prediction application tool was developed using the SVM model results. Conclusions Use of the web-based prediction tool may help to increase patient compliance with physician advice, and may heighten awareness of the significance of regular follow-up HPV examinations for the prevention of cervical cancer, in Korean women predicted to have heightened risk of the disease.
High-mobility group box 1 protein activating nuclear factor-κB to upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor C is involved in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic node metastasis in colon cancer
Authors: Li Yan , He Jianming , Zhong Daping , Li Jianjun , Liang Houjie 
Published: May 2015

Objectives To investigate the roles of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic node metastasis in colon cancer. Methods Archival tumour specimens from patients with colon cancer were analysed in this retrospective immunohistochemical study. HMGB1, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and podoplanin protein levels were analysed immunohistochemically . In vitro studies using the colon cancer cell line HCT116 were also undertaken to investigate the relationship between HMGB1, VEGF-C and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Results Specimens from 70 patients with colon cancer were reviewed. The presence of positive HMGB1 immunohistochemical staining significantly correlated with lymphatic microvessel density, lymph node metastasis and VEGF-C immunohistochemical staining in colon cancer specimens. The presence of positive VEGF-C immunohistochemical staining significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. The in vitro studies demonstrated that HMGB1 upregulated VEGF-C mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner in HCT116 cells, and that this was mediated via NF-κB. Conclusions HMGB1 immunohistochemical staining was significantly associated with lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic node metastasis in colon cancer. There was evidence that HMGB1 upregulates VEGF-C by activating NF-κB in a colon cancer cell line.
Improving the detection of chronic migraine: Development and validation of Identify Chronic Migraine (ID-CM)
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Serrano Daniel , Buse Dawn C , Pavlovic Jelena M , Blumenfeld Andrew M , Dodick David W , Aurora Sheena K , Becker Werner J , Diener Hans-Christoph , Wang Shuu-Jiun , Vincent Maurice B , Hindiyeh Nada A , Starling Amaal J , Gillard Patrick J , Varon Sepideh F , Reed Michael L 
Published: May 2015

Background Migraine, particularly chronic migraine (CM), is underdiagnosed and undertreated worldwide. Our objective was to develop and validate a self-administered tool (ID-CM) to identify migraine and CM. Methods ID-CM was developed in four stages. (1) Expert clinicians suggested candidate items from existing instruments and experience (Delphi Panel method). (2) Candidate items were reviewed by people with CM during cognitive debriefing interviews. (3) Items were administered to a Web panel of people with severe headache to assess psychometric properties and refine ID-CM. (4) Classification accuracy was assessed using an ICHD-3β gold-standard clinician diagnosis. Results Stages 1 and 2 identified 20 items selected for psychometric validation in stage 3 ( n = 1562). The 12 psychometrically robust items from stage 3 underwent validity testing in stage 4. A scoring algorithm applied to four symptom items (moderate/severe pain intensity, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea) accurately classified most migraine cases among 111 people (sensitivity = 83.5%, specificity = 88.5%). Augmenting this algorithm with eight items assessing headache frequency, disability, medication use, and planning disruption correctly classified most CM cases (sensitivity = 80.6%, specificity = 88.6%). Discussion ID-CM is a simple yet accurate tool that correctly classifies most individuals with migraine and CM. Further testing in other settings will also be valuable.
Volumetric differences suggest involvement of cerebellum and brainstem in chronic migraine
Authors: Bilgiç Başar , Kocaman Gülşen , Arslan Ali Bilgin , Noyan Handan , Sherifov Resul , Alkan Alpay , Asil Talip , Parman Yeşim , Baykan Betül 
Published: May 2015

Background Chronic migraine (CM) is a disabling neurologic condition that often evolves from episodic migraine. There has been mounting evidence on the volumetric changes detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique in migraineurs. These studies mainly focused on episodic migraine patients and less is known about the differences in CM patients. Method A total of 24 CM patients and 24 healthy control individuals (all females) were included in this study. All participants underwent neurological examination and MRI. High-resolution anatomical MRI images were processed with an automated segmentation method (FreeSurfer). White-matter abnormalities of the brain were also evaluated with the Age-Related White-Matter-Changes Scale. Results The volumes of the cerebellum and brainstem were found to be smaller in CM patients compared to healthy controls. White-matter abnormalities were also found in CM patients, speciﬁcally in the bilateral parieto-occipital areas. There was no correlation between the clinical variables and volume decrease in these regions. Conclusion CM patients showed significant volume differences in infratentorial areas and white-matter abnormalities in the posterior part of the brain. It is currently unclear whether the structural brain changes seen in migraine patients are the cause or the result of headaches. Longitudinal volumetric neuroimaging studies with larger groups, especially on the chronification of migraine, are needed to shed light on this topic.