bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Encounter” as an “Event of Truth” in Education: An Anthropological‐Pedagogical Approach
Authors: Pantazis Vasileios E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this essay, Vasileios Pantazis examines how two philosophers having different orientations acknowledge and study the phenomenon of the “encounter” (Begegnung) and its fundamental importance to human life and education. On the one hand, Otto Friedrich Bollnow drew on existential philosophy and philosophical anthropology in his analysis of the encounter, while Alain Badiou, on the other hand, used psychoanalysis, mathematics, and Plato in exploring the concept. The approach Pantazis takes in this essay aims at fusing the concept of the encounter as developed by Bollnow with a philosophical view, specifically Badiou's understanding of the encounter in the context of his concept “event of truth.” Through the “fusion of horizons,” as Hans‐Georg Gadamer put it, between these two views, Pantazis seeks to enrich the concept of the encounter and to draw out a renewed meaning for philosophical and educational theory.
Levinas and the Mission of Education
Authors: Zhao Guoping 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe current educational discourse on Emmanuel Levinas's concept of subjectivity has focused on the pure openness and subjection of the self to the other. Based on such an understanding, some educational theorists hold that Levinas's work has given us new hope for the mission of education, while others deny its relevance. I suggest that this interpretation of Levinas has missed the complete structure of his account of subjectivity, and, as a result, a full appreciation of its potential for education is yet to be realized. Offering a different account of Levinas's subjectivity, I join Gert Biesta and Sharon Todd in seeing Levinas as essentially important in providing new inspiration, a new way out of both the humanist trap of a fixed essence, where education inevitably becomes socialization, and the posthumanist impasse, where education loses its ground and its orientation. Levinas's subjectivity has made it possible for us to forge a pedagogy that is different from socialization and interruption — a pedagogy of becoming — and allows a genuine educational mission of subjectification, albeit toward a new, much different subjectivity.
Epistemic Progress: A Construct for Understanding and Evaluating Inquiry
Authors: Golding Clinton 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this essay Clinton Golding introduces a new construct and area of research — epistemic progress — and argues that it can shed new light on educational inquiry. By clearly distinguishing progress through developing better ideas (epistemic progress) from progress through developing better inquiry skills (procedural progress), teachers and students can better understand, participate in, and evaluate inquiry. In addition, epistemic progress complements other epistemic constructs, such as “knowledge,” and could provide new insights about different kinds of inquiry or research, as well as about the diverse disciplines and areas of study.
Higher Education, Academic Communities, and the Intellectual Virtues
Authors: Jones Ward E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBecause higher education brings members of academic communities in direct contact with students, the reflective higher education student is in an excellent position for developing two important intellectual virtues: confidence and humility. However, academic communities differ as to whether their members reach consensus, and their teaching practices reflect this difference. In this essay, Ward Jones argues that both consensus‐reaching and non‐consensus‐reaching communities can encourage the development of intellectual confidence and humility in their students, although each will do so in very different ways.
Host feeding experience affects host plant odour preference of the polyphagous leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae
Authors: Radžiutė Sandra , Būda Vincas 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHerbivorous insects use highly specific volatiles or blends of volatiles characteristic to particular plant species to locate their host plants. Thus, data on olfactory preferences can be valuable in developing integrated pest management tools that deal with manipulation of pest insect behaviour. We examined host plant odour preferences of the tomato leafminer, Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), which is an economically important agricultural pest widespread throughout Europe. The odour preferences of leafminers were tested in dependence of feeding experiences. We ranked host plant odours by their appeal to L. bryoniae based on two‐choice tests using a Y‐tube olfactometer with five host plants: tomato, Solanum lycopersicum Mill.; bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara L.; downy ground‐cherry, Physalis pubescens L. (all Solanaceae); white goosefoot, Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae); and dead nettle, Lamium album L. (Lamiaceae). The results imply that ranking of host plant odours by their attractiveness to L. bryoniae is complicated due to the influence of larval and adult feeding experiences. Without any feeding experience as an adult, L. bryoniae males showed a preference for the airflow with host plant odour vs. pure air, whereas females did not display a preference. Further tests revealed that adult feeding experience can alter the odour choice of L. bryoniae females. After feeding experience, females showed a preference for host plant odour vs. pure air. Feeding experience in the larval stage influenced the choice by adults of both sexes: for males as well as females reared on bittersweet the odour of that plant was the most attractive. Thus, host feeding experience both in larval and/or adult stage of polyphagous tomato leafminer L. bryoniae influences host plant odour preference by adults.
A spectrophotometric technique for measuring particle ingestion by black fly larvae
Authors: Iburg Joseph P. , Gray Elmer W. , Wyatt Roger D. , Noblet Raymond 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA spectrophotometric technique was developed to provide insight into the feeding behavior of Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae. Larvae were exposed to water insoluble Neon Red particles (NRP) (DayGlo®) in a controlled current. The insoluble particles were available for capture by the cephalic fans of the larvae and subsequent ingestion. The length of gut occupied by the particles after a given exposure time was determined by visual inspection and measured with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Larvae were then homogenized in acetone to solubilize the particles. After filtration, the quantity of pigmented particles in the alimentary tract of the larvae was determined using spectrophotometric analysis. The quantity of particles per unit length of the alimentary tract was calculated. Experiments were conducted to determine the ideal concentration of NRP for obtaining an accurate measure of ingestion without interfering with normal larval feeding behavior. Larval mortality following ingestion of insecticidal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis was used as an indirect measure of feeding behavior for these experiments. A concentration of 15 p.p.m. of NRP in the larval medium was the highest concentration used that did not interfere with larval mortality following exposure to the insecticidal proteins. Additional experiments demonstrated that components of the experimental matrix did not interfere with NRP absorbance. The final experiment revealed that the consumption of NRP and insecticidal proteins by larvae was influenced by clay and cellulose in the larval medium.
Herbivore community promotes trait evolution in a leaf beetle via induced plant response
Authors: Utsumi Shunsuke , Ando Yoshino , Roininen Heikki , Takahashi Jun‐ichi , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSeveral recent studies have emphasised that community composition alters species trait evolution. Here, we demonstrate that differences in composition of local herbivore communities lead to divergent trait evolution of the leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora through plant‐mediated indirect interactions. Our field surveys, genetic analyses and community‐manipulation experiments show that herbivore community composition determines the degree of herbivore‐induced regrowth of willows (Salicaceae), which in turn, promotes the divergent evolution of feeding preference in the leaf beetle from exclusive preference for new leaves to a lack of preference among leaf‐age types. Regrowth intensity depends both on the differential response of willows to different herbivore species and the integration of those herbivore species in the community. Because herbivore‐induced regrowth involves phenological changes in new leaf production, leaf beetle populations develop divergent feeding preferences according to local regrowth intensity. Therefore, herbivore community composition shapes the selection regime for leaf beetle evolution through trait‐mediated indirect interactions.
The effect of early prednisolone treatment on the generalization rate in ocular myasthenia gravis
Authors: Zach H. , Cetin H. , Hilger E. , Paul A. , Wuschitz B. , Jung R. , Auff E. , Zimprich F. 
Published: December 2012

Background and purposeSeveral small retrospective studies have observed that patients with a purely ocular manifestation of myasthenia gravis (MG) are significantly less likely to convert to a generalized disease when treated early on with corticosteroids. However, given the limited number of reported patients in the literature these findings still remain controversial.MethodsIn order to increase the number of published cases, we performed a retrospective analysis on 44 patients with newly diagnosed ocular MG who were subsequently either treated with corticosteroids or received no immunosuppressive therapy at all. The generalization rate was assessed at the end of a 2‐year follow‐up period.ResultsWhereas none of 17 treated patients generalized, 11 of 27 (41%) untreated patients developed generalized symptoms. The difference between the groups was significant (P = 0.003).ConclusionsOur results agree well with previous studies on this issue. Taken together, published data indicate risk ratios for generalization of below 0.32 under corticosteroid treatment in comparison to untreated patients.
Long‐term MRI findings in neuromyelitis optica: seropositive versus seronegative patients
Authors: Kıyat‐Atamer A. , Ekizoğlu E. , Tüzün E. , Kürtüncü M. , Shugaiv E. , Akman‐Demir G. , Eraksoy M. 
Published: December 2012

Background and purposeNeuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe demyelinating inflammatory disorder associated with serum antibodies against aquaporin 4 (AQP4‐Ab). A significant number of patients with NMO remain seronegative over time. Long‐term observational magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the CNS in patients with NMO are rare or of limited duration. The objective of this study is to determine long‐term MRI characteristics of seropositive and seronegative patients, and assess possible overlap with multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsClinical and radiological characteristics of 28 patients with NMO at onset and of 17 patients after an average follow‐up time of 9 years were recorded. Fifty percent of patients were seropositive for AQP4‐Ab. Onset and final brain/spinal MRI scans were retrospectively analysed and compared.ResultsSignificantly more patients in the seronegative group had brain lesions at onset. Spinal lesions of seropositive patients were longer and showed increased cord swelling at onset MRI scans. After the follow‐up time the differences between both groups disappeared. Patients in the seropositive group tended to develop brain lesions over time. No patient fulfilled Barkhof's or McDonald's radiological criteria for MS at onset or over time.ConclusionBrain MRI features show differences between seropositive and seronegative patients at time of onset in NMO, but differences between groups vanish over time. None of the AQP4‐negative patients fulfill radiological MS criteria on a long‐term basis, suggesting that seronegative NMO constitutes an independent entity.
Dental fear and sense of coherence among 18‐yr‐old adolescents in Finland
Authors: Jaakkola Sirkka , Rautava Päivi , Saarinen Maiju , Lahti Satu , Mattila Marja‐Leena , Suominen Sakari , Räihä Hannele , Aromaa Minna , Honkinen Päivi‐Leena , Sillanpää Matti 
Published: December 2012

The aim was to investigate whether dental fear was associated with the sense of coherence (SOC) among 18‐yr‐old adolescents (n = 777). Cross‐sectional data from a prospective cohort of a random sample of families from Finland and their first‐born children were used. Dental fear was measured using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and categorized as high dental fear for scores of 19–25 and as no to moderate dental fear for scores of 5–18. Sense of coherence was measured using a 13‐item version of Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Questionnaire, dichotomized as scores 13–63 for weak SOC and as scores of 64–91 for strong SOC. Gender and education were included as background factors in the logistic regression analyses. The prevalence of high dental fear was 8%. Those reporting high dental fear reported more often a weaker SOC than did those with no to moderate dental fear (69% vs. 31%, OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.4–4.4), also when adjusted for gender and education (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2–3.9). According to the theory of salutogenesis, as proposed by Antonovsky, SOC is a resource instrument especially in situations of tension or strain and hence a strong SOC might protect against high dental fear.
Risk factors for large colon volvulus in theUK
Authors: Suthers J. M. , Pinchbeck G. L. , Proudman C. J. , Archer D. C. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyRisk factors for large colon volvulus (LCV) in the horse have not been previously reported. Knowledge of these risk factors may allow the introduction of measures that could be taken to minimise the incidence ofLCV.ObjectivesTo investigate risk factors forLCVin the horse.MethodsA prospective, multicentre, unmatched case‐control study was conducted over a 24 month period in theUK. Data on 69 cases and 204 control horses, from 4 veterinary hospitals, were obtained via telephone questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse and management‐level variables and the likelihood ofLCV.ResultsIncreasing height, multiple colic episodes in the previous 12 months and mares, with a greater odds ratio in mares that had previously foaled, were associated with increased risk ofLCV. Receiving medication (excluding anthelmintic treatment) in the previous 7 days and quidding behaviour were also associated with increased risk. Management‐level variables associated with greater risk ofLCVwere an increase in the hours of stabling in the previous 14 days, an increasing number of horses on the premises, and 3 or more people involved in the horse's care. Variables related to nutrition associated with increased risk ofLCVwere being fed hay, being fed sugar‐beet, a change in pasture in the previous 28 days, and an alteration in the amount of forage fed in the last 7 days.ConclusionsThis study has identified factors that may assist in the recognition of horses with increased risk ofLCVand factors that might be altered to minimise the incidence ofLCV.Potential relevanceClinicians can use this information to identify horses at risk ofLCVand to provide evidence‐based advice to owners of these horses.See also correspondence by Durham
There is more than one ‘killer shrimp’: trophic positions and predatory abilities of invasive amphipods of Ponto‐Caspian origin
Authors: BACELA‐SPYCHALSKA KAROLINA , VAN DER VELDE GERARD 
Published: December 2012

Summary1. Biological invasions are regarded as one of the greatest threats to biological diversity. One of the macroinvertebrate groups with the largest number of invasive species in fresh water are gammarid amphipods. Their omnivorous (including predatory) feeding behaviour may facilitate their spread and establishment in new areas.2. Dikerogammarus villosus, the ‘killer shrimp’, is a well‐known example of a Ponto‐Caspian gammarid that is a very effective predator and successful coloniser in Europe. There are, however, other invasive Ponto‐Caspian amphipods, which have spread successfully in Northern, Central and Western Europe. Our aim here was to test whether two of such invaders (Pontogammarus robustoides and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes) are also more predacious than a native species (Gammarus fossarum).3. Stable isotope analysis (δ15N and δ13C) of Ponto‐Caspian amphipods coexisting in a reservoir demonstrated that the trophic positions of P. robustoides and D. haemobaphes were similar to that of D. villosus. Echinogammarus ischnus and Chelicorophium curvispinum occupied the lowest position in the food web, while the native Gammarus fossarum (collected from another waterbody) had an intermediate trophic position.4. Stomach content analysis of P. robustoides, D. haemobaphes and G. fossarum collected in the field, as well as laboratory feeding experiments, was used to compare diet and feeding preferences among the two invasive and one native species. All three species were omnivorous and predacious. However, the two invasive species (P. robustoides and D. haemobaphes) were more effective predators than G. fossarum and showed a clear preference for animal prey and tissue.5. Pontogammarus robustoides and D. haemobaphes may, like D. villosus, also be called ‘killer shrimps’ and could have a similar impact as invaders of European freshwater and brackish waterbodies.
Crypsis in a heterogeneous environment: relationships between changeable polymorphic colour patterns and behaviour in a galaxiid fish
Authors: MAGELLAN KIT , SWARTZ ERNST R. 
Published: December 2012

Summary1. The ability to achieve optimal camouflage varies between microhabitats in heterogeneous environments, potentially restricting individuals to a single habitat or imposing a compromise on crypsis to match several habitats. However, animals may exhibit morphological and behavioural attributes that enhance crypsis in different habitats.2. We used an undescribed fish species, Galaxias‘nebula’, to investigate two objectives. First, we examined two potential methods of enhancing crypsis: change in colour pattern and selection of a suitable background. Second, we characterised the colour pattern of this unstudied fish and assessed its capacity for crypsis.3. No background selection was apparent but the area of dark pigment expressed varied between backgrounds, which may negate the requirement to be choosy about habitats. The capacity to change colour and selection of a background that maximises crypsis are most likely separate, non‐mutually exclusive strategies.4. Galaxias‘nebula’ exhibits polymorphic, non‐interchangeable colour patterns that have elements of both background pattern matching and disruptive colouration. This, coupled with habitat characteristics, suggests a combination of generalist and specialist strategies of habitat use. The fish’s camouflage strategy and air‐breathing ability may be key to survival under increasing pressure from habitat degradation and invasive predators.
Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales
Authors: Bridgham Scott D. , Cadillo‐Quiroz Hinsby , Keller Jason K. , Zhuang Qianlai 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamics of methane (CH4) emissions is of paramount importance because CH4 has 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) and is currently the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Wetlands are the single largest natural CH4 source with median emissions from published studies of 164 Tg yr−1, which is about a third of total global emissions. We provide a perspective on important new frontiers in obtaining a better understanding of CH4 dynamics in natural systems, with a focus on wetlands. One of the most exciting recent developments in this field is the attempt to integrate the different methodologies and spatial scales of biogeochemistry, molecular microbiology, and modeling, and thus this is a major focus of this review. Our specific objectives are to provide an up‐to‐date synthesis of estimates of global CH4 emissions from wetlands and other freshwater aquatic ecosystems, briefly summarize major biogeophysical controls over CH4 emissions from wetlands, suggest new frontiers in CH4 biogeochemistry, examine relationships between methanogen community structure and CH4 dynamics in situ, and to review the current generation of CH4 models. We highlight throughout some of the most pressing issues concerning global change and feedbacks on CH4 emissions from natural ecosystems. Major uncertainties in estimating current and future CH4 emissions from natural ecosystems include the following: (i) A number of important controls over CH4 production, consumption, and transport have not been, or are inadequately, incorporated into existing CH4 biogeochemistry models. (ii) Significant errors in regional and global emission estimates are derived from large spatial‐scale extrapolations from highly heterogeneous and often poorly mapped wetland complexes. (iii) The limited number of observations of CH4 fluxes and their associated environmental variables loosely constrains the parameterization of process‐based biogeochemistry models.
Response to ocean acidification in larvae of a large tropical marine fish, Rachycentron canadum
Authors: Bignami Sean , Sponaugle Su , Cowen Robert K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCurrently, ocean acidification is occurring at a faster rate than at any time in the last 300 million years, posing an ecological challenge to marine organisms globally. There is a critical need to understand the effects of acidification on the vulnerable larval stages of marine fishes, as there is potential for large ecological and economic impacts on fish populations and the human economies that rely on them. We expand upon the narrow taxonomic scope found in the literature today, which overlooks many life history characteristics of harvested species, by reporting on the larvae of Rachycentron canadum (cobia), a large, highly mobile, pelagic‐spawning, widely distributed species with a life history and fishery value contrasting other species studied to date. We raised larval cobia through the first 3 weeks of ontogeny under conditions of predicted future ocean acidification to determine effects on somatic growth, development, otolith formation, swimming ability, and swimming activity. Cobia exhibited resistance to treatment effects on growth, development, swimming ability, and swimming activity at 800 and 2100 μatm pCO2. However, these scenarios resulted in a significant increase in otolith size (up to 25% larger area) at the lowest pCO2 levels reported to date, as well as the first report of significantly wider daily otolith growth increments. When raised under more extreme scenarios of 3500 and 5400 μatm pCO2, cobia exhibited significantly reduced size‐at‐age (up to 25% smaller) and a 2–3 days developmental delay. The robust nature of cobia may be due to the naturally variable environmental conditions this species currently encounters throughout ontogeny in coastal environments, which may lead to an increased acclimatization ability even during long‐term exposure to stressors.