bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of projected climate change on productivity and nitrogen leaching of crop rotations in arable and pig farming systems in Denmark
Authors: DOLTRA J. , LÆGDSMAND M. , OLESEN J. E. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThe effects of projected changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration on productivity and nitrogen (N) leaching of characteristic arable and pig farming rotations in Denmark were investigated with the FASSET simulation model. The LARS weather generator was used to provide climatic data for the baseline period (1961–90) and in combination with two regional circulation models (RCM) to generate climatic data under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B emission scenario for four different 20-year time slices (denoted by midpoints 2020, 2040, 2060 and 2080) for two locations in Denmark, differing in soil and climate, and representative of the selected production systems. The CO2 effects were modelled using projected CO2 concentrations for the A1B emission scenario. Crop rotations were irrigated (sandy soil) and unirrigated (sandy loam soil), and all included systems with and without catch crops, with field operation dates adapted to baseline and future climate change. Model projections showed an increase in the productivity and N leaching in the future that would be dependent on crop rotation and crop management, highlighting the importance of considering the whole rotation rather than single crops for impact assessments. Potato and sugar beet in arable farming and grain maize in pig farming contributed most to the productivity increase in the future scenarios. The highest productivity was obtained in the arable system on the sandy loam soil, with an increase of 20% on average in 2080 with respect to the baseline. Irrigation and fertilization rates would need to be increased in the future to achieve optimum yields. Growing catch crops reduces N leaching, but current catch crop management might not be sufficient to control the potential increase of leaching and more efficient strategies are required in the future. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was assessed by using two different climate projections for predicting crop productivity and N leaching in Danish crop rotations, and this showed the consistency of the projected trends when used with the same crop model.
Multilateral institutions, accession conditionality and rule transfer in the European Union: the Energy Community in South East Europe
Authors: Padgett Stephen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractConditionality is widely used by international organisations to induce “client states” to engage in structural reform. In the European Union (EU) it plays an important role in ensuring that accession countries adopt EU rules as a condition of membership. Reliance on external incentives, however, limits the effectiveness of bilateral accession conditionality, especially for pre-accession countries with uncertain membership prospects. This article argues that multilateral institutions can boost the rule transfer effects of bilateral accession conditionality by reinforcing its incentive structure. The contention is tested by empirical research into the Energy Community in South East Europe. The research uses cross-national and cross-sectoral comparison to evaluate the rule transfer effects of Community institutions relative to accession conditionality and the terms of energy interdependence. It finds that whilst accession status is the main predictor of alignment with the energy acquis, there is evidence that multilateral institutions of the Energy Community exert a significant reinforcement effect.
European taxation during the crisis: does politics matter?
Authors: Lierse Hanna 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWith the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, European governments extensively intervened to avert a severe economic recession. Taxation is a crucial instrument to achieve such economic objectives, but it also represents a redistributive tool in democratic societies. Generally, left-wing parties are more supportive of progressive taxes and redistribution than right-wing governments. As a crisis response, one could assume that European governments, especially social-democratic ones, reinforced a redistributive stance to compensate for the substantial amounts of public money used to bail out financial institutions. Based on the tax reforms introduced between 2008 and 2010, the paper explores the tax strategies adopted by European governments. The findings do not reveal a direct effect of party politics on taxation but rather show that pressures from the capital markets significantly restrained governments’ policy capacities to act.
Policy overreaction
Authors: Maor Moshe 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe literature on policy success and failure does not capture policies that may be too successful, as well as “too much” and/or “too soon” patterns of policy. To bridge this gap, this conceptual article relies on one of the most robust findings in the psychology of judgement, namely that many people are overconfident, prone to place too much faith in their intuitions. Based on this premise, the analytical framework advanced here revolves around two key dimensions of policy overreaction: (i) the effects of positive and negative events, and (ii) the effects of overestimation and accurate estimation of information. Based on these dimensions, the article identifies and illustrates four distinct modes of policy overreaction that reflect differences in the nature of implemented policy. It argues that the policy tools menu utilised in each mode of policy overreaction is dominated by unique mechanisms for changing or coordinating behaviour, which, once established, produce excessive – objective and/or perceived – social costs.
Carnosine protects brain microvascular endothelial cells against rotenone‐induced oxidative stress injury through histamine H1 and H2 receptors in vitro
Authors: Zhang Luyi , Yao Ke , Fan Yanying , He Ping , Wang Xiaofen , Hu Weiwei , Chen Zhong 
Published: November 2012

Summary

Although it is believed that carnosine has protective effects on various cell types, its effect on microvascular endothelial cells has not been well defined. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of carnosine in microvascular endothelial cells using an in vitro rotenone‐induced oxidative stress model.

Mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to 1 μmol/L rotenone for 18 h. In some experiments, carnosine (100 nmol/L–1 mmol/L) was added 30 min prior to rotenone exposure. When used, histamine receptor antagonists (100 nmol/L–10 μmol/L) were added 15 min before carnosine treatment. After rotenone exposure, apoptosis of microvascular cells was analysed by Hoechst 33342 staining, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed by JC‐1 staining. Intracellular carnosine and histamine levels were determined using HPLC or ultra‐HPLC.

Over the range 1 μmol/L–1 mmol/L, carnosine concentration‐dependently decreased the number of apoptotic cells after 18 h exposure to rotenone. This effect was reversed by the histamine H1 receptor antagonists pyrilamine and diphenhydramine (1 and 10 μmol/L) and the H2 receptor antagonists cimetidine (100 nmol/L–10 μmol/L) and zolatidine (10 μmol/L). α‐Fluoromethylhistidine (100 μmol/L), a selective and irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, also significantly inhibited the protective effects of carnosine. At 0.1 mmol/L, carnosine restored the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential after 6 h exposure to 1 μmol/L rotenone and this effect was also reversed by the H1 and H2 receptor antagonists. Moreover, intracellular carnosine levels increased as early as 1 h after carnosine treatment, whereas intracellular histamine levels increased 18 h after carnosine treatment.

The results of the present study indicate that carnosine protects brain microvascular endothelial cells against rotenone‐induced oxidative stress injury via histamine H1 and H2 receptors. The findings suggest that carnosine may be beneficial in the treatment of microvascular endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress.
Postcranial Sex Estimation of Individuals Considered Hispanic
Authors: Tise Meredith L. , Spradley M. Katherine , Anderson Bruce E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWhen forensic anthropologists estimate the sex of Hispanic skeletal remains using nonpopulation specific metric methods, initial observations cause males to frequently misclassify as female. To help improve these methods, this research uses postcranial measurements from United States–Mexico border migrant fatalities at the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner in Tucson, Arizona, as well as Hispanic individuals from the Forensic Anthropology Data Bank. Using a total of 114 males and 28 females, sectioning points and discriminant functions provide classification rates as high as 89.43% for Hispanic individuals. A test sample assessed the reliability of these techniques resulting in accuracy up to 99.65%. The clavicle maximum length measurement provides the best univariate estimate of sex, while the radius provides the best multivariate estimated of sex. The results of this research highlight the need for population specific data in the creation of a biological profile, especially when working with individuals considered Hispanic.
A Quantitative Analysis of Torn and Cut Duct Tape Physical End Matching
Authors: McCabe Kaitlin R. , Tulleners Frederic A. , Braun Jerome V. , Currie Gillian , Gorecho Esmeraldo N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractForensic scientists are often asked to physically compare duct tape samples found in association with criminal activity. This study was designed to statistically evaluate the error and accuracy rates associated with duct tape physical end matching. The experimental design consisted of a blind study in which three researchers independently analyzed eight types of tape subjected to four methods of separation. The lowest mean accuracy observed was 98.15%, the highest mean false‐positive rate observed was 3.33%, and the highest mean false‐negative rate was 2.67%. Overall, high accuracy with low false‐positive and false‐negative error rates were observed. This study confirms the use of physical end matching in identifying duct tape samples as matching or nonmatching and that the differences between analysts, brands, tape grades, tape color, and methods of separation have varying contributions to misidentifications and inconclusive results. This study also demonstrates the importance of peer review in duct tape analysis.
Stress Increases Voluntary Alcohol Intake, but Does not Alter Established Drinking Habits in a Rat Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Meyer Edward M. , Long Virginia , Fanselow Michael S. , Spigelman Igor 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundLife‐altering anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can co‐occur at high rates with substance use disorders. Alcoholism, compared with other substance use disorders, is particularly common. Rodent studies of acute stress effects on alcohol consumption show that stress can alter ethanol (EtOH) consumption. This study examined voluntary EtOH consumption in male Long–Evans rats that had undergone a stress‐enhanced fear learning (SEFL) procedure.MethodsAdult Long–Evans rats were exposed to a stress that consisted of 15 inescapable foot‐shocks (1 mA, 1 second) known to cause a long‐lasting nonassociative enhancement of subsequent fear learning. Control animals received no shock. One day later, animals were placed in a novel and very different context and received a single foot‐shock. On day 3, animals were returned to the single shock context and freezing was used as a measure of learned fear. The intermittent access 2‐bottle choice (2BC) regimen consisted of 1 bottle of water and 1 bottle of experimental solution, either 19% EtOH or 28.4% sucrose–0.08% quinine, for a 24‐hour period, 3 days a week, and all other times 2 water bottles. This regimen lasted until stable levels of experimental solution drinking were reached, at which point the experimental solution was removed for 40 days and then returned to measure the resumption of consumption.ResultsRats that received stress prior to EtOH consumed significantly more EtOH than control rats before and after reinstatement. Rats that received stress after drinking was established did not consume significantly more EtOH when the drug was returned. Stress had no significant effect on sucrose–quinine drinking, our calorie and taste control for EtOH.ConclusionsA single traumatic event sufficient to produce long‐lasting enhancement of fear learning increases voluntary EtOH consumption, but does not alter previously acquired EtOH drinking habits or alter the consumption of a calorically equivalent sweet‐bitter‐tasting solution.
“High” Motivation for Alcohol: What are the Practical Effects of Energy Drinks on Alcohol Priming?
Authors: Peacock Amy , Bruno Raimondo 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundWhile several researchers have proposed a causal relationship between alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) consumption and subsequent alcohol intake, there is a dearth of research exploring the potential mechanisms underpinning this association.MethodsMarczinski and colleagues (in press) report the results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, between‐groups study assessing whether an initial AmED dose primes an increased motivation to drink relative to alcohol alone. Participants (n = 80) received either alcohol (0.91 ml/kg vodka), energy drink (ED; 1.82 ml/kg Red Bull®), AmED, or a placebo beverage and then self‐reported their motivation to drink via the Desire‐for‐Drug scale.ResultsSubjective ratings of “desire more alcohol” were significantly higher than predrink in the placebo, alcohol, and AmED conditions, with this effect apparent at more time points in the AmED condition. While it was concluded that EDs may increase alcohol priming, between‐condition analyses revealed that ratings did not differ significantly in AmED and alcohol conditions, with moderate magnitude treatment effects at most, and ratings of desire generally closer to 0 (absence of desire) than 100 (very much desire).ConclusionsWhile the study by Marczinski and colleagues fills an important gap in the literature, direct measurement of AmED priming's effect on subsequent alcohol consumption using a within‐subjects design and appropriate statistical comparison is required to (i) establish the practical implications of these results for AmED consumers and (ii) discount any individual differences in such priming effects.
Tracheal intubation with a camera embedded in the tube tip (Vivasight™)
Authors: Huitink J. M. , Koopman E. M. , Bouwman R. A. , Craenen A. , Verwoert M. , Krage R. , Visser I. E. , Erwteman M. , van Groeningen D. , Tijink R. , Schauer A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryWe studied tracheal intubation in manikins and patients with a camera embedded in the tip of the tracheal tube (Vivasight™). Four people in two teams and two individuals attempted intubation of a manikin through an i‐gel™ 10 times each. The tracheas of 12 patients with a Mallampati grade of 1 were intubated with a Vivasight tracheal tube through a Berman airway, passed over a Frova™ introducer. All 60 manikin intubations were successful, taking a mean (SD) time of 1.4 (0.5) s. The fastest intubation was performed in 0.5 s. All 12 participants’ tracheas were successfully intubated in a median (IQR [range]) time of 90 (70–120 [50–210]) s. Seven participants complained of a sore throat, comparable with earlier findings for standard laryngoscopy and intubation: five mild; one moderate; and one severe. Tracheal intubation with the Vivasight through the i‐gel or Berman airway is an alternative to existing techniques, against which it should be compared in randomised controlled trials in human participants. It has potential as a fast airway rescue technique.
Plant seedlings in a species‐rich meadow: effect of management, vegetation type and functional traits
Authors: Mudrák Ondřej , Doležal Jiří , Hájek Michal , Dančák Martin , Klimeš Leoš , Klimešová Jitka 
Published: November 2012

AbstractQuestions(1) How do various mowing regimes used for the preservation of diverse meadow biota affect the occurrence of plant seedlings? (2) Does the effect of mowing regime on seedlings differ among vegetation types? (3) Are the seedlings occurring under a particular management type characterized by distinct functional traits? (4) Do the traits of seedlings differ from those of resident adult plant species?LocationWhite Carpathians (Bílé Karpaty) Mountains, Czech Republic.MethodsIn a species‐rich meadow, seedlings (non‐graminoids only) were identified to species and counted in an experiment that included management cessation and five mowing regimes in three types of vegetation for 2 yr. The abundance‐weighted averages of functional traits were compared between seedling and adult plant communities.ResultsSeedling occurrence was suppressed by management cessation (abandonment) but differences among the five mowing treatments were small for all vegetation types. Seedling density and species richness were highest in vegetation dominated by Bromus erectus, intermediate in vegetation dominated by Molinia arundinacea, and lowest in vegetation dominated by Calamagrostis epigejos. Comparison of functional trait composition of seedlings with that of adult plants revealed that seedlings were largely produced by species with no or limited clonal growth and with low stature, and therefore with lower competitive ability.ConclusionsThe results indicate that short‐term alteration of the mowing regime does not change conditions conducive to seedling occurrence, but even short‐term abandonment hinders the establishment of small, non‐clonal species. Rapid changes in species composition after abandonment in temperate meadows are therefore due not only to competitive exclusion of subordinate plant species, but also to their inability to establish from seeds.
Childbirth Across Cultures: Research and Practice
Authors: Chalmers Beverley 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCountries and cultures differ in their approach to childbirth, as well as in their research practices. This paper examines 10 surveys of women's reports of their labor and birth in seven countries spanning North America and Western Europe and Eastern Europe. Similarities and differences in practice are highlighted, and the methodological difficulties of conducting research in cross‐cultural settings are examined. This paper discusses innovative and culturally unique perinatal practices that are not revealed by such surveys and stresses the importance of sharing such ideas globally. (BIRTH 39:4 December 2012)
Obstetric Variation, Intervention, and Outcomes: Doing More but Accomplishing Less
Authors: Glantz J. Christopher 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObstetric interventions, particularly induction of labor and cesarean section, are done more and more commonly, although there is a wide variation between hospitals and practitioners in specific rates. This degree of variation implies imprecision and uncertainty about diagnoses and indicated management. Although the net result of this variation has been a “more is better” approach leading to increasing use of obstetric interventions, little evidence of commensurate improvements in outcome is available. A combined package of using currently available evidence, formulating best practices, instituting regular review and feedback to hospitals and practitioners about intervention rates, and a public health approach to educate women has the potential to achieve an acceptable balance between when intervention in the labor and delivery process is warranted and when it is unnecessary. (BIRTH 39:4 December 2012)
Integrating Women's Views into Maternity Care Research and Practice
Authors: Green Josephine M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to consider the role of women's views in maternity care research and practice: what we mean by that, how and when women's views are sought (or not), and what we should do next. It is argued that women's views are not a stand‐alone extra, but integral at every stage, including having an impact on clinical outcomes. Attending to “women's views” should not only mean a post hoc assessment of experiences but also needs to consider expectations and values. Importantly, this approach needs to apply not only to the care of individual women but also to the shaping of research and policy agendas. Recommendations are made for ways in which women's views can have a more central role in research and practice in the future. (BIRTH 39:4 December 2012)
Cesarean Section on Maternal Request: A Societal and Professional Failure and Symptom of a Much Larger Problem
Authors: Klein Michael C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe scientific literature was silent about a relationship of pelvic floor, urinary, and fecal incontinence and sexual issues with mode of birth until 1993, when Sultan et al's impressive rectal ultrasound studies were published. They showed that perirectal fibers were damaged in many vaginal births, but not as a result of a cesarean section. These findings helped to pioneer a new area of research, ultimately leading to increasing support among health professionals and the public that maternal choice of cesarean delivery could be justified—even that maternal choice and autonomous decision‐making trump other considerations, including evidence. A growing number of birth practitioners are choosing cesarean section for themselves—usually on the basis of concerns over pelvic floor, urinary incontinence, and sexual issues. Behind this choice is a training experience that focuses on the abnormal, interprets the literature through a pathological lens, and lacks sufficient opportunity to see normal childbirth. Cesarean section on maternal request is a complex issue based on fear and misinformation that is a symptom of a system needing reform, that is, a major change in community and professional education, governmental policy making, and creation of environments emphasizing the normal. Systemic change will require the training of obstetricians mainly as consultants and the education of a much larger cadre of midwives and family physicians who will provide care for most pregnant women in settings designed to facilitate the normal. Tinkering with the system will not work—it requires a complete refit. (BIRTH 39:4 December 2012)
Moving Beyond the Debate: A Holistic Approach to Understanding and Treating Effects of Neuraxial Analgesia
Authors: Simkin Penny 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNeuraxial analgesia is here to stay, yet, spirited debate continues over potential harms and the quality of research that fails to identify them. This paper proposes moving beyond the debate and examining holistically the impact of neuraxial analgesia on the psychophysiology of mother and baby. A review of alterations in functioning of many systems is followed by a suggested four‐part protocol to partially restore normal physiology and emotional well‐being, and improve outcomes of neuraxial analgesia. (BIRTH 39:4 December 2012)