bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Long-Range Bullet Entrance Holes Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ravreby M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bullet residue and primer particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDA) and by flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The residue and particles were on cloth targets around entrance holes produced by bullets fired at distances of 10 to 200 m. Primer particles and their chemical constituents were almost always detected by SEM-EDA around the holes produced by rifles and pistols fired at long ranges, and in many cases the barium and antimony associated with primer particles were detected by flameless AAS. Particles were also detected by SEM-EDA on the rear of bullets fired into and recovered from wooden blocks. Usually a hole caused by a bullet jacketed with gilding metal could be distinguished from one caused by a bullet jacketed with yellow brass alloy. Paint from bullet tips of military tracers was also detected. Analysis of the various residues around entrance holes provides a means for identifying the type of ammunition used.
Forensic Psychiatric Examinations: Competency
Authors: Koson DF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The many definitions of competency in civil, criminal, and domestic relations law are discussed with emphasis on the various legal criteria for competency and the different classes of psychiatric information required to apply the criteria to a given case. Within the context of a general discussion of forensic examinations, techniques for gathering the right kind of information are systematically related to the exigencies of evaluating past, present, or future mental states by selectively altering the focus of mental status evaluations and history-taking. In addition, special investigative techniques such as hypnosis, Amytal ® sodium interview, stress interview, psychological testing, and others are discussed.
A Supplementary Discussion of Probabilities and Human Hair Comparisons
Authors: Gaudette BD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author presents an expanded discussion of his work on the probability of errors in forensic science comparisons of human hair. The presentation includes a clarification of some areas of past work on this topic, a discussion of the concept of error probabilities as applied to associative evidence in general and to hair comparisons in particular, an explanation of factors that differentiate hair comparisons from other forms of associative evidence, and a direct response to criticisms of the author's past work.
Color Tests for Diphenylamine Stabilizer and Related Compounds in Smokeless Gunpowder
Authors: Maloney RS , Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Reagents containing sulfuric acid commonly used in forensic science laboratories for drug testing have an application as well for the characterization of smokeless gunpowders. Sulfuric acid, alone or with modifying materials, will react with diphenylamine stabilizer to give a considerable degree of intraclass variation among smokeless gunpowders.
Studies on Putrefactive Ethanol Production I: Lack of Spontaneous Ethanol Production Intact in Human Bodies
Authors: Clark MA , Jones JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The possibility of the production of ethanol by bacterial metabolism of blood glucose was investigated by studying a series of 26 hospital autopsies. The patients died from a wide variety of nontraumatic causes and the bodies were transported within 4 h of death to the morgue, where they were refrigerated for 0 to 28 h before samples of vitreous humor were collected for ethanol analysis. In addition, right heart blood was obtained using sterile technique for cultures as well as ethanol and glucose determinations. Ethanol was measured using gas-liquid chromatography, and glucose values were determined with a glucose oxidase method. In 13 cases, one to three species of microorganisms were isolated, but in no case was a blood or vitreous ethanol value greater than 10 mg/dL recorded. Ethanol values were also less than 10 mg/dL in the 13 cases with negative culture results. These data strongly suggest that de-novo production of ethanol by microbial metabolism does not occur in intact bodies which are refrigerated within 4 h of death. The detection of ethanol under such conditions is therefore probably indicative of antemortem consumption.
Differentiation of 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine from 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
Authors: Soine WH , Shark RE , Agee DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The 2,3- and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine isomers can be distinguished using the sulfuric acid color test, gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance.
Insect Activity and its Relationship to Decay Rates of Human Cadavers in East Tennessee
Authors: Rodriguez WC , Bass WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is the first report on an ongoing study conducted to collect data on the specific insects that are found in association with decaying human cadavers. Four nude unembalmed human cadavers were each placed, at various times of the year, within a decay research facility located in open wooded area. Data were collected daily throughout the entire decay cycle on the various insect populations that frequented each cadaver. Analysis of the data shows that there is a direct correlation between the rate of decay and the succession of insect families and species found in association with a decaying cadaver. Application of this entomological information can contribute to a more accurate estimation of “time since death” of an individual.
The Matching of Automotive Paint Chips by Surface Striation Alignment
Authors: VanHoven HA , Fraysier HD 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe technique of physical comparison for paint chips by the characteristics of their physical alignment is common practice. Sometimes, however, the examiner may find only a small unremarkable area of physical alignment between paint chips. It is important in such cases to use some additional method or methods that will affect a more scientific proof of identity. This paper describes two interesting cases in which automotive paint chips are matched by the alignment of their surface scratches (striations).
A Paraquat Fatality—The Dilemma of Multiple Analyses
Authors: Rejent TA , Balkon J , Donnelly B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Presented is a case of suicidal paraquat poisoning. Postmortem analytical measurement of paraquat content in autopsy specimens was accomplished at two different analytical laboratories using different methodological approaches. Despite some disparate results, all findings indicated acute paraquat poisoning.
The Expert Witness and the Use of Videotape Recordings
Authors: Kessler JB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Juror reaction to videotape in the courtroom, and specifically to videotape's effect on witness credibility, has been explored by various communication researchers. This paper summarizes some of the research on videotape in the courtroom, discusses some of the legal issues involved, and focuses on some of the specific uses of videotape for the expert witness. The pros and cons of using videotape are also explored.
The Female Homicide Victim: Trends in a Metropolitan County from 1969 to 1980
Authors: Frazer M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The following paper reviews the case files of the female homicide victims in Cuyahoga County, OH from 1969 through 1980. The victims were most frequently married middleclass women killed by their spouse or boyfriend with a handgun. The event usually followed an altercation and took place in the victims' home. Sexual assault or criminal activity were rarely part of the scenario. The male homicide victims of this time interval were usually killed by an acquaintance or a stranger in a public place, but rarely by their spouse. The female victim's blood alcohol level was significantly lower than her male counterpart's which was between 0.1 and 0.3% (g/100 g).
Death and Injury Caused by Methyl Bromide, An Insecticide Fumigant
Authors: Marraccini JV , Thomas GE , Ongley JP , Pfaffenberger CD , Davis JH , Bednarczyk LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methyl bromide (MeBr) is used as an insecticide fumigant. Four deaths and three recent hospitalizations have resulted from exposures to MeBr in Dade County, FL. Six cases occurred during burglaries of tented houses over a nine-month period. In four lethal exposures, the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and malaise preceeded fulminant respiratory failure. Two of these also had seizures, delirium, and agitation. Serum or plasma bromide ion levels ranged from 40 to 583 mg/L. Pulmonary edema, hyaline membranes, and hemorrhagic alveolitis were present at autopsy along with varying degrees of cerebral edema. The nonlethal exposures resulted in symptoms of conjunctival irritation, headache, or nausea. Plasma bromide concentrations varied between 17.5 and 321 mg/L. Methyl bromide characteristics, use, morbidity, and mortality in Florida during the past 25 years are reviewed. Remedies for illegal entry are proposed.
A Review of Chemical Criminalistics
Authors: Lucas DM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors of this work have written from the advantageous position of being intimately familiar with their subject, a qualification not universally available to authors of books on forensic science subjects. Indeed, the major strength of this book rests with the personal description of the actual laboratory work done in real cases. A unique contribution is the provision of the specific wording of reports in many cases. This is virgin territory for authors and yet is a subject often agonized over (and debated) by forensic scientists. While one might not agree with all the report outlines, it is useful to know how such things are done elsewhere.
A Review of Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis, Vol.
Authors: Peat MA , Crouch DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is a reference book consisting of chromatographic and spectral data on 300 selected compounds. For each drug there is a monograph that lists the chemical title, molecular formula and weight, synonyms and tradenames, use, and chemical structure. For each drug, ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectroscopy spectra and tabulations of gas chromatographic and high pressure liquid chromatographic data where available are included. The drugs are presented in alphabetical order. Two appendices are included; one is the listing of Kovats indices obtained using a 1.2-m by 6.35-mm (4-ft by 1/4-in.) 3% OV-1 on Chromosorb WHP 80–100 mesh column. The second appendix is a listing of the ultraviolet maxima in 0.2N sulfuric acid, basic and ethanolic solutions, respectively.
Ethical Considerations in Forensic Science Services
Authors: Kates JH , Guttenplan HL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic science has for a long time been the gateway through which many criminal investigations have traveled towards their eventual destination. The availability and use of forensic science services have been previously discussed in several studies, which revolve around the diverse problems of geographical areas. However, the reports have largely been confined to statistics regarding the laboratories and their related interactions with law enforcement agencies. A strategic question that has been left untouched is the availability and even the existence of truly neutral forensic science services in the United States. To what extent are forensic science services available equally to the police, prosecution, and defense? What, if any, are the influences that could affect the availability and reliability of forensic science services? These influences, if not properly accounted and controlled for, could ultimately affect the continued assimilation process of forensic science and the criminal justice system.
The Exhumation and Identification of Lee Harvey Oswald
Authors: Norton LE , Cottone JA , Sopher IM , DiMaio VJM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The investigations surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the subsequent killing of Lee Harvey Oswald resulted in many theories concerning what really happened in November 1963. One theory postulated the substitution of a Russian agent for Oswald; another that his grave was actually empty. This report documents the historical background, legal proceedings, preparations and actual exhumation, examination, and identification of the remains of Lee Harvey Oswald. The pertinent findings of a cracked vault, deteriorated casket, decomposed remains, two rings, a mastoidectomy defect, and the details of the positive dental identification are presented. Additional items covered include team formation, security measures, site selection, financial considerations, the news media, and selection of authorized witnesses.
Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin in the Presence of Other Blood Hemoglobin Pigments by Visible Spectrophotometry
Authors: Siek TJ , Rieders F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The convenience of the spectrophotometric method for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin has been tempered by the observation that the analysis of postmortem bloods is often biased by the presence of pigments other than oxyhemoglobin, carboxhemoglobin, and reduced hemoglobin. These other pigments include most prominently methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. Using a microprocessor-controlled spectrophotometer, a method was developed depending on absorbance difference measurements at isosbestic points for oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and reduced hemoglobin that is accurate down to 2% carboxyhemoglobin in fresh blood. A correction for the error caused by methemoglobin is part of the method. Qualitative confirmation of carboxyhemoglobin by examination of spectra details, sodium dithionite reduction, and first derivative spectra is described. The analysis of denatured and autolyzed bloods is examined in the context of postmortem case reports. A number of spectra are shown in detail, including methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, alkaline hematin, acid hematin, and mixtures of blood pigments containing varying concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin. The method has been shown to be precise, accurate, and reliable for fresh bloods. While accuracy for denatured bloods is diminished, reliability of carboxyhemoglobin identification is maintained. The analysis time is about 5 min for routine blood samples and the method is easily implemented with a precise microprocessor-controlled spectrophotometer.
Differentiation of Side Chain Positional Isomers of Amphetamine
Authors: Soine WH , Thomas MN , Shark RE , Scott J , Agee DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The eleven side chain positional isomers of amphetamine can be distinguished using a combination of color tests, thin-layer chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The primary amines, 1-phenylpropylamine and β-methylphenethylamine, exhibited chromatographic behavior similar to amphetamine but were readily differentiated using mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of N-methylphenethylamine was very similar to amphetamine, but using color tests and chromatography it was readily differentiated from amphetamine.
Examination of Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Impressions
Authors: Anthony AT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In theory, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) impressions as all machine impressions, should be identifiable as to their source. Exemplars from various encoding machines are examined to determine whether alignment and typeface defects occur and lead to identification of a machine from its work. The MICR E-13B character development and nomenclature are discussed.
A Review of Toxicity and Forensic Implications of Cannabis Sativa Linn
Authors: Berman E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This monograph, a review of 277 references in the Cannabis literature published 1842 between and 1975 should prove useful to many forensic scientists. The text, presented in tabular form, synthesizes topic areas like history of Cannabis use, metabolites, and toxicity. Little information concerning analysis is included.
Atypical Gunshot Wounds of Entrance: An Empirical Study
Authors: Donoghue ER , Kalelkar MB , Richmond JM , Teas SS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Atypical gunshot wounds of entrance occur when bullets deviate from their stable nose-on trajectory before entering the body. When this occurs, the resulting wound may have an atypical D-shaped appearance. Ray-like abrasions or bruises may radiate from the corners of the wound. Unstable nonaxial flight may be caused by intermediate targets, ricochets, inappropriate weapon/ammunition combinations, poor weapon construction, or use of misaligned silencers. If a bullet is deformed before entrance the configuration of the resulting wound may be bizarre, and the wound configuration may closely resemble the configuration of the striking bullet. Nine cases are presented showing the effects of various intermediate targets. A number of methods for the investigation of atypical wounds are discussed.
HLA Typing of Dried Sperm
Authors: Regueiro JR , Arnaiz-Villena A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
HLA human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens −A and −B antigens are expressed on human spermatozoa. A micro- and a macro-technique are described to HLA-type dried sperm coming from unknown subjects. The high HLA genetic polymorphism allows a high degree of sperm individualization which may be of value to blame or discard suspects in forensic science cases.
The Trace Analysis for Explosives and Related Compounds Via High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photolysis-Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Krull IS , Ding X-D , Selavka C , Bratin K , Forcier G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Organic nitro compounds, such as explosives, are amenable to high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis with a variety of appropriate, selective or general, detectors. Although such compounds have been studied recently by electrochemical detection (EC) in the reductive mode, virtually nothing has been reported on the application of oxidative EC for such compounds. Since the parent compounds themselves cannot be electrochemically oxidized, nitrite (NO2−) released post-column, on-line, in real time, by photolysis of the HPLC effluent, can very readily be detected at trace levels by oxidative EC methods and techniques. A wide variety of organic nitrate esters (R-O-NO2), N-nitro (N-NO2) nitramine derivatives, as well as aliphatic/aromatic C-nitro (C-NO2) compounds, can all be analyzed at trace levels by this HPLC-photolysis-EC (HPLC-hv-EC) approach. A large number of explosives and certain drugs have been studied by these approaches. The basic high performance liquid chromatography-photolysis-electrochemical detection (HPLC-hv-EC) system has been optimized with regard to minimum detection limits (MDLs), linearity of responses as a function of concentration/amounts injected, specific HPLC separations and mobile phases compatible with hv-EC derivatization-detection, dual detector EC response ratios for individual analytes, and other suitable analytical parameters of importance and interest. Some applications of this method to real world samples of explosive debris are also described.
Automated Identification and Analysis of Fingerprints by Interferometry
Authors: Seufert WD , Côté RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The intricate line pattern of epidermal ridges in a fingerprint can be transformed into a characteristic interferogram of the moiré type by superimposing a centrosymmetric reference pattern. The interferogram is then dissected automatically into an array of cells whose optical densities are translated into a sequence of binary digits. By this procedure, fingerprints are easily read, filed, and transmitted as well as analyzed, identified, and matched by microcomputers.
Problems in Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Drug Analysis
Authors: Lurie IS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Some problems encountered in using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for drug analysis are discussed. These include high procurement and operational costs, lengthy training required, excessive downtimes, lower precision in HPLC versus gas chromatography (GC), and lack of a universal sensitive detector. Some solutions to these difficulties are presented.
Identification of Wrinkled and Charred Counterfeit Currency Offset Printing Plate by Infrared Examination
Authors: Moon HW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Badly charred and burned material present unique and difficult identification problems for the document examiner. When these qualities are coupled with badly bent and wrinkled metal objects, the problems are compounded. This paper describes how a badly wrinkled and burned sheet of aluminum metal was identified as being a 20-dollar bill counterfeit money plate. The identification was made by use of an infrared viewer and infrared film.
The Desirability of a Ph.D. Program in Forensic Science
Authors: Kobilinsky L , Sheehan FX 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The results of a national survey to determine the need for and desirability of a Ph.D. program in forensic science revealed that crime laboratory scientists and administrators favor the establishment of such a program by a margin of almost three to one. Seventy-nine percent of laboratory personnel who had already received doctoral degrees also favored establishment of a Ph.D. program. Forty-five percent of all those responding to the questionnaire who do not already hold a Ph.D. indicated interest in such a program, but only 6.1% would consider leaving their present positions to matriculate.
Suggested Guidelines for the Use of Forensic Hypnosis Techniques in Police Investigations
Authors: Timm HW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article suggests standards and guidelines for the use of forensic hypnosis techniques in police investigations. Topics addressed include the type of procedures that should be used, intervention milieu considerations that need to be taken into account, the types of cases in which hypnosis should be avoided, and recommended qualifications for those performing the intervention. Each of these topics is discussed separately, commencing with a summary of the applicable policies established by selected law enforcement, professional, judicial, and governmental entities; a brief review of the pertinent theoretical and empirical literature; and commentary on the extent to which that information supports those policies. After laying this foundation, additional guidelines derived from the literature are presented for each section.
Ethical and Moral Dilemmas Confronting Forensic Scientists
Authors: Schroeder OC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ethical and moral dilemmas that create “no win” situations must be changed into problems that permit “all win” solutions. Professional ethics are grounded on personal morals, hence an individual's concepts of faith, health, and justice are significant. Word professions like journalism and forensic sciences invite comparative analysis of their ethical and moral dilemmas. Examples of current dilemmas in the forensic sciences involve criminalistics, questioned documents, toxicology, pathology, psychiatry, and jurisprudence. All such specialities must elevate their ethics by professionally recognizing themselves, not as chemists, physicians, criminalists, and so forth but as forensic scientists—expert witnesses in the legislative, executive, and judicial processes of law and justice. Education in moral and ethical issues from the junior high school through professional schools and in the professional practice offers promise for resolving ethical and moral dilemmas by transforming the unsolvable dilemmas into soluble problems. An exemplary beginning in public education for professional ethics is being manifested in the area of computer ethics. Practical adjustments in ethics and morals can be achieved through “experience developed by reason and reason tested by experience.”