bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrialization and the Scottish People
Authors: Nenadic Stana 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, Scotland had an economy and a society subject to one of the most rapid early transformations in industrial experience of any country in the Western world. Unique among the smaller European countries with peasant-based local economies surviving well into the nineteenth century, though as yet subject to little comparative analysis, Scotland's dramatic shift from a mostly underdeveloped, rural backwater in the mid-eighteenth century to one of the key industrial hubs of the British empire by the mid-nineteenth, was largely orchestrated from above, by government and its agencies, and by wealthy landowners. This article examines the impact of industrialization in Scotland on the Scottish people, and on the workplace, labour markets, conditions of life, culture, and environment. It also focuses on some of the heroes who emerged during the industrialization, including inventors, businessmen, and some industrial workers.
Scotland and the Eighteenth-Century Empire
Authors: Hamilton Douglas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The revitalization of Scottish history in the 1960s reawakened scholarly interest in overseas connections that had lain more or less dormant since the 1930s. As a result, eighteenth-century Scots have appeared as Virginian tobacco merchants, Jamaican planters, American scholars, African explorers and slave traders, Indian nabobs, and soldiers and doctors seemingly everywhere. With a few notable exceptions, however, these studies of Scots overseas have often been region specific rather than offering a broader imperial or global perspective. This article locates Scotland's experience at the heart of the British Empire and argues that eighteenth-century Scots did not feel themselves confined to British imperial endeavour, but sought advantage in other empires of Europe. This facility to work through alternative imperial traditions had its roots in long-standing personal and mercantile relationships between Scots and northern Europe and Scandinavia, and in the particular circumstances of the demise of Scotland's own independent empire at Darien on the isthmus of Panama.
The Challenge of Radicalism to 1832
Authors: Pentland Gordon 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Principally, Scottish historians have been concerned with three groups of questions. First, they have been exercised by the question of class: to what extent were popular politics, and radicalism in particular, a reflection of Scotland's experiences of industrialization and demographic expansion across this period; and how far do they provide a key to the exploration of class formation and inter-class relations? A second and related set of questions revolves around the issue of ‘stability’: was Scotland relatively more stable a society across this period, especially in comparison to England and Ireland; and, if so, what factors would explain this? A final set of questions runs throughout modern Scottish historiography: what do the politics of the period reveal about the relationship between England and Scotland, and the position of Scotland within the imperial state? This article examines the ‘Age of Reform’ along the line provided by the Napoleonic Wars and suggests what was distinctive about popular political developments in Scotland in each of these periods.
The Scottish Cities
Authors: Rodger Richard 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The reorientation of trade and industry in the eighteenth century towards the Atlantic and colonial trades reinvigorated the west of Scotland burghs, particularly Glasgow. The pace of economic growth, although a generation behind that of England, assumed a sufficient momentum in the early nineteenth century to attract to the Scottish cities significant numbers of migrants from highland and lowland Scotland, as well as from Ulster and the southern Irish provinces. Scale, mass, density, and complexity were key characteristics of urban change in the nineteenth-century Scottish city. Social control was never far away from the actions of authority; disorder, instability, and uncertainty increased risk and were anathema to a middle class with considerable investments in property, public positions, and political power. Under conditions of rapid urbanization, not to manage urban space was to invite social disintegration. A pleasurable aspect of the nineteenth-century Scottish city was the music and entertainment that filled the bandstands, parks, and public spaces.
Identity within the Union State, 1800–1900
Authors: Morton Graeme 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Radicalism peaked in Scotland in the 1790s, and would continue to rumble into the 1820s, and beyond that, into Chartism and suffrage disputes. Coming out of the eighteenth century, the Scots found common cause as Britons facing down the upheavals of American independence, war with France, the United Irishmen's challenge to British rule, and union with Ireland. Tales of great men, especially military men, marked Scotland's impact in its Empire role. The regiments and the (often brutal) successes of the Scottish soldier were strong narratives at home. Similarly, accounts of Scottish overseas missionaries coupled firmly nation and Empire across the genders. These were identities of the Union state. In John M. Mackenzie's terms, the British Empire, for the Scots, reflected English institutions imbued with a Scottish ethos. This article explores identity within the Union state during the years 1800–1900, focusing on parliamentary reform and political identity, nationalism within the Union state, and the establishment of the Scottish Home Rule Association in 1886.
The Great War
Authors: McFarland E. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The themes of tragedy and futility have come to dominate the popular memory of the Great War. In Scotland, its legacy is overlaid with a sense of inordinate sacrifice: a small nation, with a historic martial tradition, drawn into a global conflict of unprecedented destructive power. The emotional hold of this portrayal remains so powerful that the historian often struggles to confront the gap between memory and actual experience. It was economic and demographic patterns rooted in Scotland's historic engagement with the international economy prior to 1914 that maximized the national contribution to Britain's war effort. While the war may have strengthened the ‘diffuse Christianity’ of citizen soldiers, the situation for institutional religion on the home front was rather more complex. Distinctive issues of national identity mediated Scottish engagement with the conflict. It is perhaps in the area of commemoration and remembrance that the limitations of the traditional class-based template for understanding the Scottish Great War experience appear most exposed.
Challenging the Union
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The existential challenge to the Union began with the election of a disciplined cadre of MPs from the Irish Party in 1880, and culminated with the election of a Scottish National Party majority government in 2011. The years from 1885 to 1921 have been described as the high age of primordial unionism. For a primordial unionist, the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, passed by an Act of Parliament in 1800 and taking effect in January 1801, was to be defended at all costs. Prime Minister William Gladstone's conversion to Home Rule in 1885 splintered the party systems throughout the British Isles, and in Scotland, created the Unionist Party, the dominant party until the 1950s. This article examines the challenges faced by the Union, focusing on efforts to kill the Home Rule during 1885–1924 and the passage of the Scotland Act 1998. It also discusses the Constitutional Convention, the Labour Party government and its policies, and the ‘West Lothian Question’ and ‘Barnett Formula’.
A New Scotland? Society and Culture
Authors: McCrone David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the post-war period, Scotland's economic transformation owed much to the influx of foreign companies, and was subject to the ebb and flow of global capitalism. In truth, the vast majority of Scots owe their allegiance to national (Scottish) identity, rather than the state (British) variety. The fact that only four in 100 born and living in Scotland give priority to being British over being Scottish is surely a change from the experiences and aspirations of their parents and grandparents. Warfare no longer binds Scots into being British, and the long process of dismantling the welfare state begun by Margaret Thatcher and the neo-liberals shows no sign of retreating. Above all, the recovery of a parliament at the cusp of the new century is surely the mark of modern Scotland, and lying behind it, the assertion of Home Rule and more self-government. Demography is manifestly connected to patterns of social inequality and social class. This article explores Scotland's demography, its social stratification, and its social values and attitudes since the mid-1980s.
Language Policy in the United States
Authors: Tiersma Peter M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe United States is often called a nation of immigrants. The earliest migrants were the Native Americans or Indians. Starting in the early 1600s, European immigrants began to arrive on the east coast, mostly from England and other parts of northern Europe. Spaniards explored and colonized the southwest of what is now the United States, and somewhat later, Russian traders were active in Alaska and the Pacific coast. Today, English is heavily dominant in almost all of the United States, but it was not always so. Even now, there are substantial linguistic minorities throughout the country. This article, which examines language policy in the United States, provides a background on Native American languages, European languages in early America, and immigration in America during World War I. It also looks at the movement to make English the official language of the United States, focusing on Arizona's law and resulting litigation and the Kritz case in Alaska. The article concludes by considering governmental services to non-English speakers in the areas of medical care and social services, elections, and education.
Legal Rights of Linguistic Minorities in the European Union
Authors: Gorter Durk , Cenoz Jasone 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany linguistic minorities in Europe are vulnerable or severely endangered and in need of protection. Although there are still many weaknesses, there is a trend in Europe towards the improvement of minority rights. Inside the European Union (EU), Spain and the United Kingdom have taken the lead in devolving central power to minority-dominated regions. The Treaty of Lisbon, adopted in 2009, introduced for the first time the word ‘minorities’ in EU-primary law. Although its impact remains to be seen, it has the potential to improve the protection of European minority languages. This article focuses on the legal rights of linguistic minorities in the EU. It looks at some major international human rights instruments, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (1950) of the Council of Europe (COE) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) of the United Nations. The article then examines EU language policy and linguistic rights, and concludes with an outlook for the future.
The Language of Crime
Authors: Tiersma Peter M. , Solan Lawrence M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMost crimes require the defendant to have committed a certain type of wrongful act (often referred to as the actus reus) while having a particular mental state (mens rea). Many wrongful acts involve physical violence, such as assault and battery, rape, or homicide. It is not unusual, however, for wrongful acts to be committed by speech or writing. Language crimes are all about illegal speech acts. As the name suggests, speech acts involve using language to perform certain types of actions. This article examines wrongful acts committed by speech, focusing on a number of crimes that are perpetrated primarily by means of language. Some speech acts are performatives. Just saying it is to do it. Speech acts, including illegal ones, can also be accomplished indirectly. The article considers the crime of solicitation and cites some examples, along with conspiracy, bribery, threatening, and perjury.
Discourse in the us Courtroom
Authors: Stygall Gail 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSometimes ordinary people just do not understand the meaning of the language that they hear in courtrooms. This is problematic because courts are places of great power: a person's liberty can be restricted, or their life taken or property lost. Legal discourse is largely based on written texts that are invisible to laypeople in contact with the legal community. In a trial, however, a layperson's discourse becomes prominent. For the attorneys, the structure of the prototypical legal event – the trial – is second nature. Yet trials' language and procedures are opaque to ordinary people. Because the language itself can be difficult, the operation of power can be masked. The need for laypeople to understand the language in trials is a part of the legitimacy of law in the United States. This article reviews research focused on US courtrooms and how discourse operates in that particular setting. It examines trial chronology: pleas and pleadings; jury selection or voir dire; opening statement; questioning and narrative in the evidence portion; and closing arguments.
Using Linguistics in Trademark Cases
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLawyers' training, concepts, and content cause them to think about and deal with categories such as trademarks, product liability, contracts, wills, copyrights, defamation, bribery, murder, and other types of cases that they learnt in law school. It is safe to say that they are not dealing with or even thinking about the linguistic categories of syntax, phonology, semantics, speech acts, discourse analysis, or dialects in the same way linguists think about and use them. One of the current useful applications of linguistics to law is in trademark disputes, where the legal issues offer a good fit for linguistic tools. The ongoing efforts of The International Trademark Association show hopeful signs that lawyers are making steady progress towards standardizing trademark law and procedures throughout the world, making this a fruitful area for international applications of linguistics. This article examines lawyers' perspectives on trademarks and discusses different trademark categories such as generic marks, descriptive marks, and suggestive marks. It also discusses the use of phonetics, grammar, semantics, and graphemics to resolve trademark disputes.
Detecting Plagiarism
Authors: Woolls David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPlagiarism refers to the act of copying from a written or published source, fully or partially, without attribution to that source. The need to avoid it is written into the regulations for the presentation of academic work at all universities, as well as at many colleges and schools. Subject to doctrines such as fair use, nobody can copy all or part of the work that is so protected without first obtaining permission to do so from the copyright holder. This does not necessarily have to be paid for, but it must be obtained. Detection is an investigation of a set of texts for the presence of apparent plagiarism. Automated detection provides the material for the assembly of a case. To locate any sequence when comparing documents, all systems need some sort of indexing methodology. This article, which discusses plagiarism and how it is detected, focuses on the use of computers in automated and electronic detection, and also considers digital fingerprints and matching with words, along with practical detection.
Grammaticalization as analogically driven change?
Authors: Fischer Olga 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyses a number of questions that are related to the nature of grammaticalisation in order to determine if it is an analogically driven change. It examines the relation between the synchronic speaker-listener and the essentially diachronic nature of grammaticalization and investigates the causes of grammaticalisation and language change in general. It also explores the nature of analogy further in order to find out how far grammaticalisation can be understood as an instance of analogically driven change. The findings suggest that grammaticalisation as a process only exists on the language-output level and this is not something intrinsic to the process on the speaker-listener level.
Grammaticalization and functional linguistics
Authors: Harder Peter , Boye Kasper 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article evaluates the relation between grammaticalisation and functional linguistics. It outlines a theory that is usage-based and functional, which assumes that structure arises out of regularities in usage, selected and systematized through invisible-hand type feedback mechanisms. It argues that the so-called non-naïve functionalists need to provide an account of what they take to be the structural characteristics that functional elements have to take on in order to fall within the purview of grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization and linguistic complexity
Authors: Dahl Östen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the relation between grammaticalisation and linguistic complexity. It suggests that this relation between complexity and grammaticalisation is not a straight-forward one, partly because both notions can be understood in several different ways. It addresses the questions of whether cross-linguistic comparisons between languages makes sense and whether differences in complexity between languages exist. It also clarifies the notion of complexity and discusses the complexity of the meaning-form relation.
Grammaticalization and explanation
Authors: Mithun Marianne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relevance of grammaticalisation for explaining the kinds of structures which occur in languages and why. It focuses on the Navajo language, a language notorious for theoretical puzzles. The analysis reveals that though similarities between syntactic and morphological structure have been observed in many languages, the resemblances are not evidence that the two are the same. The result also suggests that while the relations between semantic scope and particular morpheme orders are certainly observable cross-linguistically, this does not mean that speakers order their morphemes online by scope.
Grammaticalization and semantic maps
Authors: Narrog Heiko , van der Auwera Johan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relevance of semantic maps for grammaticalisation studies. It explains that semantic maps are a way to visualize regular relationships between two or more meanings or grammatical functions of one and the same linguistic form. It describes the two types of semantic maps and provides an example of a semantic map for conjunction and related function. It also speculates on the future possibilities of semantic maps for grammaticalisation research.
The gradual coalescence into ‘words’ in grammaticalization
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the gradual coalescence into words, one aspect of grammaticalisation that is still considered important even though it no longer occupies centre stage in grammaticalisation research. The article explains that the coalescence of function words with nearby content words is a widespread phenomenon in languages, and it is often assumed that most affixes ultimately have their origin in fused function words. It also discusses what kinds of elements coalesce in grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization and discourse
Authors: Waltereit Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the diachronic relation between grammaticalisation and discourse. It highlights a research which stressed the importance of patterns of argumentation in discourse for the emergence of grammar over time. It discusses discourse strategies resulting in language change and suggests that grammaticalisation is the unintended outcome of those strategies that have scope over a proposition. It also contends that discourse markers are the outcome of those strategies that relate to the coordination of the construction of discourse.
The grammaticalization of adpositions and case marking
Authors: König Christa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the grammaticalisation of case marking and adpositions. The findings reveal that there is synchronic evidence for determining relative degrees of grammaticalization and that the behaviour of case synchronically is shaped by features the language has developed in other areas such as definiteness, topic, focus, or means of case coding. It explains that definiteness shapes case or case systems on various levels, either being the source for grammaticalisation, a restriction, or an indicator of the first or final stage of grammaticalisation.
The grammaticalization of definite articles
Authors: De Mulder Walter , Carlier Anne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the grammaticalisation of the grammar category of definite articles. It explains that the grammaticalisation process that leads to the development of articles which exhibits cross-linguistic regularities. In most cases, the definite article originates from a weakened demonstrative, while the indefinite article derives from the unity numeral ‘one’. This article also discusses the morphosyntactic role of noun marker or noun phrase marker in the grammaticalisation of definite articles.
The grammaticalization of complex predicates
Authors: Brinton Laurel J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the grammaticalisation of the so-called complex predicates. It explains that a complex predicate is a construction consisting of a light verb, an article, and a deverbal noun. It analyses the history of complex predicates in the English language and attempts to determine what construction types are encompassed by the designation complex predicate. The article concludes that complex predicates must be understood as encompassing at least two construction types, one arising through grammaticalisation and the other through lexicalisation.
The grammaticalization of quotatives
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article deals with the grammaticalisation of direct speech constructions, particularly the emergence of quotative particles introducing direct speech. It discusses speech introducing clauses (SIC) and quotative marks and considers the further development of quotative markers into other grammatical functions. It describes the typology of the internal structure of SIC and argues that what determines the process of grammaticalisation is not the internal structure of the clause, but its use as a SIC.
The Grammaticalization of final particles
Authors: Thompson Sandra A. , Suzuki Ryoko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses issues relevant to the grammaticalisation of final particles. It considers several attested pathways by which final particles arise, bringing data from case studies in Japanese and English. This analysis focuses on contemporary synchronic data rather than historical data and on the crucial interactional and prosodic factors involved in the emergence of final particles. It discusses the factors that must be taken into consideration in our endeavour to understand the grammaticisation of these fascinating and highly interactional forms.