bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Surgical Residency Baby Boom: Changing Patterns of Childbearing During Residency Over a 30-Year Span
Authors: Smith Caitlin , Galante Joseph M. , Pierce Jonathan L. , Scherer Lynette A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Birthrates during surgical residency appear to be rising. One assumption is that this is due to changes in the structure of surgical residencies.

Objective
The purpose of our study was to explore whether an increase in birthrates has occurred and the reasons for this.

Methods
We conducted an anonymous survey of current residents and alumni from 1976 to 2009 at a single university-based surgery training program.

Results
Alumni (46 of 116) and current residents (38 of 51) were surveyed, and our response rate was approximately 50% (84 of 167). Respondents were grouped into cohorts based on their residency start year. The early cohort consisted of residents starting residency between 1976 and 1999, and the late cohort consisted of residents starting residency between 2000 and 2009. The percentage of male residents with children during residency training was similar for the early and late cohorts (34% [10 of 29] versus 41% [9 of 22]). For female residents, there was a substantial increase in childbearing for the late cohort (7% [1 of 15] versus 35% [6 of 18]). Fifty-two percent (44 of 84) of the respondents who had children during residency reported that work hours and schedule had a negative effect on their decision to have children. Most respondents reported that availability or cost of child care, impact on residency, support from the program, increased length of training, or availability of family leave did not factor as concerns.

Conclusions
Childbearing during residency has increased in female residents in our study. Surgical residency programs may need to accommodate this change if they want to continue to recruit and retain talented residents.
Comparison of Galvanic Corrosion Potential of Metal Injection Molded Brackets to that of Conventional Metal Brackets with Nickel-Titanium and Copper Nickel-Titanium Archwire Combinations
Authors: Chidambaram S , Vijay M , Varma D Praveen Kumar , Reddy K Baburam , Ravindranath D , Prasad M Rajendra 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of the study is to investigate the galvanic corrosion potential of metal injection molding (MIM) brackets to that of conventional brackets under similar in vitro conditions with nickel-titanium and copper nickel-titanium archwires.

Materials and methods
Twenty-five maxillary premolar MIM stainless steel brackets and 25 conventional stainless steel brackets and archwires, 0.16 inch, each 10 mm length, 25 nickeltitanium wires, 25 copper nickel-titanium wires were used. They were divided into four groups which had five samples each. Combination of MIM bracket with copper nickel-titanium wire, MIM bracket with nickel-titanium wire and conventional stainless steel brackets with copper nickel-titanium wire and conventional stainless steel brackets with nickel-titanium wires which later were suspended in 350 ml of 1 M lactic acid solution media. Galvanic corrosion potential of four groups were analyzed under similar in vitro conditions. Precorrosion and postcorrosion elemental composition of MIM and conventional stainless steel bracket by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) was done.

Results
MIM bracket showed decreased corrosion susceptibility than conventional bracket with copper nickeltitanium wire. Both MIM and conventional bracket showed similar corrosion resistance potential in association with nickel-titanium archwires. It seems that both brackets are more compatible with copper nickel-titanium archwires regarding the decrease in the consequences of galvanic reaction. The EDS analysis showed that the MIM brackets with copper nickel-titanium wires released less metal ions than conventional bracket with copper nickeltitanium wires.

Conclusion
MIM brackets showed decreased corrosion susceptibility, copper nickel-titanium archwires are compatible with both the brackets than nickel-titanium archwires.

Clinical significance
Clinically MIM and conventional brackets behaved more or less similarly in terms of corrosion resistance. In order to decrease the corrosion potential of MIM brackets, more precise manufacturing technique should be improved to get a more smoother surface finish.

How to cite this article
Varma DPK, Chidambaram S, Reddy KB, Vijay M, Ravindranath D, Prasad MR. Comparison of Galvanic Corrosion Potential of Metal Injection Molded Brackets to that of Conventional Metal Brackets with Nickel-Titanium and Copper Nickel-Titanium Archwire Combinations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):488-495.
A Survey of Complete Denture Patients Experiencing Difficulties with their Prostheses
Authors: Sanyal Pronob , Ghanchi Mohsin , Gosavi Sandesh S , Malik Shambhvi Anil 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate the problems faced by patients having complete dentures and the cleanliness of dentures by the patients.

Materials and methods
This cross-sectional study is done with a sample of 178 patients having complete prosthesis since 1 year. A self-administered structured questionnaire pretested through a pilot survey was used in the study. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16.0. The Student's t-test, ANOVA and post hoc test were used as test of significance.

Results
Mastication discomfort and looseness of denture were the most common complaints followed by lack of retention 35.4%), bad breath (29.8%), tongue restriction (26.4%) and food accumulation (24.7%). There was a significant relationship of complaints with age groups (p = 0.00).

Clinical significance
This study concluded that most of the patients were present with complaints due to dentures. So, dental professionals should pay serious attention to their patients for subjective acceptable result of the dentures and also advice them to properly maintain hygiene of dentures.

How to cite this article
Gosavi SS, Ghanchi M, Malik SA, Sanyal P. A Survey of Complete Denture Patients Experiencing Difficulties with their Prostheses. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):524-527.
Comparative Analysis of Rationale used by Dentists and Patient for Final Esthetic Outcome of Dental Treatment
Authors: Gujjarlapudi Manmohan Choudary , Reddy S Varalakshmi , Madineni Praveen Kumar , Sudheer A , Sreedevi B , Reddy Patelu Sunil Kumar 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim
To compare and evaluate the perceptions of esthetics among dentists and patients regarding the final esthetic outcome of a dental treatment.

Background
Esthetics is a matter of perception and is associated with the way different people look at an object. What constitutes esthetic for a particular person may not be acceptable for another. Hence it is subjective in nature. This becomes more obvious during the post-treatment evaluation of esthetics by dentist and the concerned patient. Opinion seldom matches. Hence, the study is a necessary part of the process of understanding the mind of dentist and patient regarding what constitutes esthetics.

Technique
A survey has been conducted by means of a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions, on two groups of people. First group consists of 100 dentists picked at random in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. Second group consisted of 100 patients who required complete denture prosthesis. The second group was divided into two subgroups A and B. Subgroup A consisting of 50 men and subgroup B consisting of 50 women. In each subgroup 25 patients were selected in age group of 40 to 50 and 25 patients were selected in the age group of 50 to 60. The questionnaire was given to both the groups and asked to fill up, which was then statistically analyzed to look for patterns of thought process among them.

Results
Results were subjected to statistical analysis by Student's t-test.

Conclusion
Perceptions of esthetics differs from dentist who is educated regarding esthetic principles of treatment and a patient who is not subjected to such education. Since, the questions were formulated such that patients could better understand the underlying problem, the final outcome of survey is a proof that dentists need to take into account what the patient regards as esthetics in order to provide a satisfactory treatment.

Clinical and academic significance
The current study helps the dentist to better educate the patient regarding esthetics so that patient appreciates the final scientifically based esthetic outcome of treatment. It also helps the dental students to understand the underlying patient's thought process regarding esthetics.

How to cite this article
Reddy SV, Madineni PK, Sudheer A, Gujjarlapudi MC, Sreedevi B, Reddy PSK. Comparative Analysis of Rationale used by Dentists and Patient for Final Esthetic Outcome of Dental Treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):532-535.
Assessment of Palatal Masticatory Mucosa: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Anuradha BR , Gopinadh Anne , Shankar Bugude Shiva , John Bijoy , Prasad KA Ravi Varma , Devi K Naga Neelima 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTAimTo treat mucogingival problems palatal masticatory mucosa is used as a donor material. This study aimed to determine the thickness of donor palatal mucosa and associations of age and gender in Indian subjects aged 14 to 60 years by direct clinical technique.Materials and methodsForty systemically and periodontally healthy Indian subjects (20 males; 20 females; age range of 14 to 60 years) enrolled in this study. Under local anesthesia bone sounding technique was performed at 15 defined and predetermined points. The Wilcoxon test was used to determine the difference in mucosal thickness between the age groups and between genders. Significance of the difference between individuals of different body mass index (BMI) was assessed by independent t-test.ResultsWith mean thickness of 2.0 to 3.7 mm, the younger age group demonstrated significantly thinner donor mucosa (mean 2.8 ± 0.3 mm) than the older age group (mean 3.1 ± 0.3 mm). Within the same age group though statistically not significant; males had thicker mucosa than females. From the canine to second premolar areas and in the sites furthest from the gingival margin mucosa thickness increased. When correlated with subject's BMI, in all probed sites males demonstrated significantly a thicker mucosa than females. Within each group subjects with high BMI demonstrated thicker donor mucosa.ConclusionCurrent study showed that in both adult and young individuals, premolar and canine areas can be the right site for harvesting donor tissue. Even in young subjects subepithelial connective tissue (CT) graft can be harvested in adequate volume. Donor tissue thickness can be influenced by factors like genetics and race, which need to be further evaluated.Clinical significancePremolar and canine areas serve as appropriate choice to harvest palatal masticatory mucosa. Even in young patients the volume of donor tissue available is sufficient enough to consider the subepithelial CT graft procedure. Donor tissue thickness can be influenced by factors like genetics and race, which need to be further evaluated.How to cite this articleAnuradha BR, Shankar BS, John B, Prasad KARV, Gopinadh A, Devi KNN. Assessment of Palatal Masticatory Mucosa: A Cross-sectional Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):536-543.
Visual Trajectory-Tracking Model-Based Control for Mobile Robots
Authors: Zdešar Andrej , Škrjanc Igor , Klančar Gregor 
Published: September 2013

In this paper we present a visual-control algorithm for driving a mobile robot along the reference trajectory. The configuration of the system consists of a two-wheeled differentially driven mobile robot that is observed by an overhead camera, which can be placed at arbitrary, but reasonable, inclination with respect to the ground plane. The controller must be capable of generating appropriate tangential and angular control velocities for the trajectory-tracking problem, based on the information received about the robot position obtained in the image. To be able to track the position of the robot through a sequence of images in real-time, the robot is marked with an artificial marker that can be distinguishably recognized by the image recognition subsystem. Using the property of differential flatness, a dynamic feedback compensator can be designed for the system, thereby extending the system into a linear form. The presented control algorithm for reference tracking combines a feedforward and a feedback loop, the structure also known as a two DOF control scheme. The feedforward part should drive the system to the vicinity of the reference trajectory and the feedback part should eliminate any errors that occur due to noise and other disturbances etc. The feedforward control can never achieve accurate reference following, but this deficiency can be eliminated with the introduction of the feedback loop. The design of the model predictive control is based on the linear error model. The model predictive control is given in analytical form, so the computational burden is kept at a reasonable level for real-time implementation. The control algorithm requires that a reference trajectory is at least twice differentiable function. A suitable approach to design such a trajectory is by exploiting some useful properties of the Bernstein-Bézier parametric curves. The simulation experiments as well as real system experiments on a robot normally used in the robot soccer small league prove the applicability of the presented control approach.
The Ghosts of Chroniclers Past: The Transmission and Legacy of the Chroniques of Jean Froissart in the Anchiennes Cronicques d’Engleterre compiled by Jean de Wavrin
Authors: Prud’Homme Caroline 
Published: September 2013

Compared to Georges Chastellain or Jean Molinet, Jean de Wavrin is not a very well known figure of burgundian historiography; he is nonetheless the author of the Anchiennes cronicques d’Engleterre, an extensive historical compilation in six volumes that has not yet been edited in full. About 40% of the text is derived from the Chroniques of Jean Froissart.This article investigates the transmission and the transformation of Froissart’s Chroniques into the Wavrin compilation through a close reading of an episode (the Flemish wars of 1379-85, Froissart, Book II; Wavrin, volume III) in manuscript context. It evaluates the extent to which Wavrin is faithful to Froissart, and explores complex issues of manuscript transmission. This article also examines Wavrin’s compiling method and his interventions on his source text taking into account the impact of these interventions on the reader, and the relationship between the materiality of the manuscript and its content.
Processus de médiation littéraire : les enjeux éditoriaux. Tractations et concurrences éditoriales autour de Francis Ponge
Authors: Doga Marie 
Published: September 2013

Cet article, tiré d’un travail de thèse, se propose d’analyser l’histoire des collaborations de Francis Ponge avec Philippe Sollers à partir des contextes de l’édition d’une monographie consacrée au poète, dans la collection « Poètes d’Aujourd’hui » aux Éditions Seghers en 1963, et desEntretiens de Francis Ponge avec Philippe Sollersparus chez Gallimard/Seuil en 1970. L’étude soulève ainsi les enjeux de collaboration entre écrivains, entre générations d’écrivains et entre éditeurs. Elle définit le réseau complexe de relations qui façonne durablement la médiation littéraire de l’oeuvre, notamment l’influence incontestable des rapports concurrentiels entre maisons d’édition sur les conditions de la production et de la médiation littéraires elles-mêmes. Plus largement, ce travail permet d’éclairer l’histoire du livre et du milieu de l’édition littéraire dans le contexte d’effervescence des sciences humaines et sociales des années 60. Cette contribution s’appuie sur une recherche archivistique minutieuse de données publiques et privées familiales (correspondances, corpus d’articles critiques et d’interviews).
Le territoire de l’histoire : une étude de cas dans le Bas-Saint-Laurent
Authors: Flamand-Hubert Maude 
Published: September 2013

Dans cet article, nous nous intéresserons à la question des régions québécoises périphériques à partir de l’étude du cas de Louis Bertrand, un notable qui a marqué le développement de L’Isle-Verte au XIXe siècle. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous nous sommes arrêtés aux différentes dimensions du contexte territorial dans lequel se sont déroulés les événements. Trois questions se sont posées quant à la définition du territoire : la question de la périphérie, la question historiographique de la seigneurie et celle de la région au Bas-Canada. Ce type de recherche soulève les difficultés que représentent l’utilisation de notions contemporaines et leur articulation avec des phénomènes territoriaux appartenant au passé. Cette réflexion offre la possibilité d’enrichir et de repenser les études en histoire régionale. De nouvelles méthodes doivent être proposées et mises à l’essai pour que nous puissions saisir les tensions et la complexité qui participent à la construction historique des territorialités.
Modeling and Characterization of On‐Chip Interconnects
Authors: Yin Wen‐Yan , Zhao Wen‐Sheng 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this article, one distributed circuit model for the on‐chip single interconnect will be introduced at first, where all the lumped elements are frequency independent and can be directly obtained from its geometrical and physical parameters. This ensures proper scalability of the model parameters because no optimization tuning or fitting for them is involved. Some popular and low‐cost techniques, such as patterned ground shield (PGS) structures for suppressing the substrate loss of silicon substrate at high frequencies and differential signal transmission, are also addressed here. Then, electromagnetic modeling of on‐chip coupled (a)symmetrical interconnects will be performed, including all distributed parameters. The average power handling capability (APHC) of on‐chip interconnects and even thin‐film microstrip lines (TFML) are also addressed here. Finally, the electrothermal analysis of multilevel interconnects under electrostatic discharge (ESD) stress will be reported using the time‐domain finite‐element method (FEM).
Defected Microstrip Structure
Authors: Xiao Jian‐Kang 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDefected microstrip structure (DMS) is made by etching certain slot patterns in the microstrip line, and it exhibits the properties of slow‐wave, rejecting microwaves in certain frequencies that are similar to the defected ground structure (DGS) but without any manipulation of the ground plane. DMS is more easily integrated with other microwave circuits, and it has an effectively reduced circuit size compared with DGS. DMS increases the electric length of the microstrip line and makes the effective capacitance and inductance increase. The defection in the microstrip line creates resonances, and many novel, compact microwave components and antennas can be realized by using the advantages and characteristics of DMS.
Flip‐Chip Underfills
Authors: Lu Daniel , Sun Yangyang , Wong C. P. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractElectronic materials play an important role in advancing the semiconductor and microelectronic packaging technologies. This chapter will give an overview of major electronic packaging materials–flip‐chip underfills. Fundamental knowledge about underfill, including history, process, types, compositions, and properties, was described. Underfill filler technology for fine pitch application was explained in terms of surface treatment mechanisms and underfill material properties. Advanced underfill technologies for mobile device application, wafer‐level application, and through silicon via (TSV) three‐dimensional (3D)‐IC were also introduced.
Archaeal Cells
Authors: Klingl Andreas , Flechsler Jennifer , Heimerl Thomas , Rachel Reinhard 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAt a first glance, Archaea are structurally seen quite similar to Bacteria, and for a long time they were named ‘Archaebacteria’. They can form cocci, rods, spirals or irregular shaped cells and are equally sized as Bacteria. Together they are referred to as ‘Prokaryotes’ because neither Archaea nor Bacteria have a nucleus. Although this term indeed might be helpful in habitual language use, it does not refer to a phylogenetic group. In fact, transcription and translation machineries of Archaea have much more in common with eukaryotic cells than with Bacteria. In addition, there are many features that remain characteristic for Archaea, given by the fact that many representatives live and thrive under extreme environmental conditions. In the review, the authors give a comprehensive overview about the stunning diversity of structural features in archaeal cell envelopes, membranes and cell appendages.Key Concepts:By application of recently developed PCR techniques, Archaea can be found in almost every habitat and sometimes are even more abundant than bacteria.Archaea show special adaptations to their sometimes extreme environments, like caldarchaeols, which are more stable at high temperatures.Like Bacteria, Archaea are also surrounded by a lipid bilayer, but in the latter case the lipid moiety consists of C5‐isoprenoid units that are coupled to glycerol via ether bonds at (sn)‐2,3 positions of the glycerol.Cell walls can be as simple as a proteinaceous surface layer or as complicated as in some methanogens with multiple layers, additional sheats enclosing several cells and even more complex cell wall compounds.Archaea exhibit a broad variety in cell appendages that are different to bacterial ones in fine structure, composition, biosynthesis and anchorage in the cell.
Visual System Development in Vertebrates
Authors: Herrera Eloisa , Erskine Lynda 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe development of a functional visual system involves a complex series of inductive and signalling interactions essential for the formation of the eye and its central connections with the brain. Outpouchings from the forebrain, together with the overlying surface ectoderm and neural crest cells give rise to the major structures of the eye (neural retina, pigmented epithelium, lens and cornea). Central connections between the eye and brain regions that receive direct connections from the eye (visual targets) are formed by the axons of retinal ganglion cells. Attractive and repulsive cues in the extracellular environment guide the retinal axon along specific pathways in the brain. Gradients of signalling molecules, together with spontaneous neural activity, drive a point‐to‐point mapping of retinal axons in visual targets, ensuring accurate reconstruction of the visual image. The cellular, molecular and inductive mechanisms that sculpt each of these key developmental processes essential for normal visual system development are beginning to be understood.Key Concepts:The eye primordia (optic cups) develop as outgrowths from the forebrain.Contact of the optic cup with the overlying surface ectoderm induces formation of the lens.Signals from the lens induce the formation of the cornea.Retinal cells differentiate into overlapping central–peripheral waves to form three layers of cell bodies separated by two plexiform (synaptic) layers.Inhibitory signalling and local adhesive interactions control synaptic specificity in the retina.Attractive and repulsive signals in the extracellular environment direct growth of retinal axons to target regions in the brain.Retinal axons map topographically in target regions of the brain.Map formation is controlled through the graded action of repulsive signalling molecules and spontaneous retinal activity.Activity‐dependent mechanisms drive the formation of eye‐specific layering of synaptic inputs in visual targets.