bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saturn's magnetospheric dynamics
Authors: Thomsen M. F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere are driven by two major features of the system: First, the dominant source of magnetospheric plasma is the icy moon Enceladus, located deep within the magnetosphere; and second, like Jupiter, Saturn is a very fast rotator, with a rotational period of only 10.7 h. The dynamical imperative is to rid the magnetosphere of the continuously supplied plasma, and the fast rotation provides the mechanisms to do so. Thus, magnetospheric dynamics are intimately related to mass transport processes, including radial diffusion, flux tube interchange, magnetic reconnection, and plasmoid formation. We review recent progress and new questions relating to these processes at Saturn.
Oceanic control of sea level rise patterns along the East Coast of the United States
Authors: Yin Jianjun , Goddard Paul B. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlong the eastern seaboard of the U.S. from Florida to Maine, sea level rise (SLR) shows notable patterns and significant deviation from the global mean, which have been attributed to land subsidence. Consistent with several recent studies, we analyze various observation and modeling data, and find that ocean dynamics is also an important factor in explaining these coastal SLR patterns. Despite a southward shift since the 1990s, an overall northward shift of the Gulf Stream during the twentieth century contributed to the faster SLR in the Mid‐Atlantic region (North Carolina to New Jersey). In response to the 21st century climatic forcing, the rise (fall) of the dynamic sea level north (south) of Cape Hatteras is mainly induced by the significant decline of ocean density contrast across the Gulf Stream. This baroclinic process is the likely cause of the recent switch of the coastal SLR to a pattern with faster (slower) rates north (south) of Cape Hatteras.
Management of Osteoarthritis in General Practice in Australia
Authors: Brand Caroline A. , Harrison Christopher , Tropea Joanne , Hinman Rana S. , Britt Helena , Bennell Kim 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo describe management of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip (OA‐hip) and knee (OA‐knee) by Australian general practitioners (GPs).MethodsWe analyzed data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health program, from April 1, 2005 to March 31, 2010. Patient and GP characteristics and encounter management data were extracted. Data were classified by the International Classification of Primary Care, version 2, and summarized using descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals around point estimates.ResultsThere were 489,900 GP encounters at which OA was managed (rate of 26.4 per 1,000 encounters). OA‐hip was managed at a rate of 2.3 per 1,000 encounters (n = 1,106, 8.6% OA) and OA‐knee at a rate of 6.2 per 1,000 (n = 3,058, 23.7% OA). The encounter management rate per 1,000 for OA‐hip was higher among non–metropolitan dwellers (2.85 per 1,000 versus 1.97 per 1,000) and lower for non–English‐speaking people (1.53 per 1,000 encounters versus 2.39 per 1,000). The rate for OA‐knee was higher for non–English‐speaking background (8.50 per 1,000 encounters versus 6.24 per 1,000) and lower among indigenous people (3.16 per 1,000 encounters versus 6.46 per 1,000). Referral to an orthopedic surgeon was the most frequently used nonpharmacologic management (OA‐knee 17.4 per 100 contacts and OA‐hip 17.7 per 100), followed by advice, education, and counselling. As first‐line treatment, medication prescription rates (OA‐knee 78.7 per 100 contacts and OA‐hip 73.2 per 100) were substantially higher than rates of lifestyle management (OA‐knee 20.7 per 100 contacts and OA‐hip 14.8 per 100).ConclusionOA‐hip and OA‐knee encounters and management differ. Nonpharmacologic treatments as first‐line management were low compared with pharmacologic management rates, and surgical referral rates were high. However, lack of longitudinal data limits definitive assessment of appropriateness of care.
Pilot Study of Etanercept in Patients With Refractory Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Authors: Rouster‐Stevens Kelly A. , Ferguson Lori , Morgan Gabrielle , Huang Chiang‐Ching , Pachman Lauren M. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of etanercept in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) refractory to standard treatment.MethodsNine patients with juvenile DM prospectively received etanercept 0.4 mg/kg subcutaneous twice weekly concurrently with baseline medications for 12 weeks. Patients were reevaluated 12 weeks (week 24) after stopping etanercept. Outcome measures included a validated Disease Activity Score (DAS), serum muscle enzymes, Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS), and nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC).ResultsSix patients completed all visits; 2 patients completed through week 12 and 1 patient stopped after the fifth etanercept dose due to marked worsening of a rash. At week 12, 7 patients had a mild decrease in DAS and 1 patient noted worsening of the DAS. At week 24, 1 patient remained stable, 2 patients had worsening of the DAS, and 3 patients had improvement of the DAS (1 patient with inactive disease), including the patient who worsened while receiving etanercept. This patient and the patient who stopped (worsening rash) both had the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) 308A allele. There was a trend of worsening NFC at week 12, while at week 24 improvement of NFC was noted. There was no appreciable change in serum muscle enzymes or CMAS throughout the study.ConclusionIn this trial of patients with refractory juvenile DM, etanercept did not demonstrate appreciable improvement and some patients noted worsening of disease. Caution should be taken when recommending TNF receptor inhibitors to patients with active symptoms of juvenile DM, and close followup is warranted. Further investigation of the interaction of the TNFα‐308A polymorphism and type I interferon is needed to define the mechanism of TNF blockade in juvenile DM.
Decline in Hand Bone Mineral Density Indicates Increased Risk of Erosive Change in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Black R. J. , Spargo L. , Schultz C. , Chatterton B. , Cleland L. , Lester S. , Hill C. L. , Proudman S. M. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveDespite better disease suppression with combination disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), some patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have progressive erosive disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether hand bone mineral density (BMD) loss in the first 6 months of treatment indicates increased risk of erosions at 12 months.MethodsPatients with DMARD‐naive early RA receiving treat‐to‐target therapy were studied (n = 106). Hand BMD was measured at baseline and 6 months by dual x‐ray absorptiometry. Hand and feet radiographs were performed at baseline and 12 months and scored using the van der Heijde modification of the Sharp method. A K‐means clustering algorithm was used to divide patients into 2 groups: the BMD loss group or the no loss group, according to their absolute change in BMD from baseline to 6 months. Multiple regression analysis (hurdle model) was performed to determine the risk factors for both erosive disease and erosion scores.ResultsHand BMD loss at 6 months was associated with erosion scores at 12 months (P = 0.021). In a multiple regression analysis, hand BMD loss (P = 0.046) and older age at onset (≥50 years; P = 0.014) were associated with erosive disease, whereas baseline erosion scores (P = 0.001) and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (P = 0.024) were correlated with erosion severity/progression.ConclusionIn RA patients receiving treat‐to‐target therapy, early hand BMD loss could identify patients who are at risk of developing erosive disease at 12 months, potentially allowing intensification of treatment to prevent erosive damage.
Association of Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Intimal Hyperplasia With Bleeding Post–Renal Biopsy in Antiphospholipid Antibody–Positive Patients
Authors: Jordan Natasha , Chaib Ahlem , Sangle Shirish , Tungekar Fahim , Sabharwal Tarun , Abbs Ian , Khamashta Munther , D'Cruz David 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveRenal biopsy remains the gold standard investigation for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes in the clinical management of lupus nephritis. However, it is not without potentially significant complications. The objectives of this study were to determine the rate of significant bleeding post–renal biopsy in patients with lupus nephritis and to identify risk factors associated with hemorrhagic complications.MethodsClinical data were retrospectively collected on 215 renal biopsies performed over a 13‐year period (1999–2012). Patients were categorized into 3 groups: a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) alone, SLE with coexisting antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), or a diagnosis of SLE with either positive anticardiolipin antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant (LAC) without clinical APS manifestations.ResultsMajor bleeding complications were significantly more common in those with coexisting APS and/or antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). LAC, presence of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) on renal biopsy, older age at the time of the biopsy (age >40 years), and elevated serum creatinine (>400 μmoles/liter) were independent risk factors for increased risk of bleeding. TMA and severe fibrous intimal hyperplasia on renal biopsy were significantly more prevalent in those who developed severe bleeding complications.ConclusionBased on these findings, lupus nephritis patients with coexisting APS, positive LAC, and histologic evidence of TMA and/or fibrous intimal hyperplasia are at increased risk of bleeding post–renal biopsy. aPL should be checked in all lupus nephritis patients before undergoing renal biopsy, as this subset of patients warrants particular caution pre‐ and postprocedure.
Alexithymia, Depression, Inflammation, and Pain in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kojima Masayo , Kojima Toshihisa , Suzuki Sadao , Takahashi Nobunori , Funahashi Koji , Kato Daizo , Hanabayashi Masahiro , Hirabara Shinya , Asai Shuji , Ishiguro Naoki 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveWe previously reported that depression and inflammation have independent effects on pain severity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by deficits in cognitive processing and regulation of emotions. A broad association between alexithymia and various health problems has been suggested, including depression, inflammation, and pain. The objective of this study was to examine the independent influence of alexithymia on pain perception and its relationship to depression and inflammation.MethodsWe evaluated 213 RA outpatients who completed self‐administered questionnaires, including the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) to measure depression severity, the 20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20) to measure degree of alexithymia, and a visual analog scale to quantify perceived pain. Serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured to quantify inflammation severity.ResultsAn initial significant positive association between the TAS‐20 score and pain severity (P = 0.01) lost significance after controlling for BDI‐II score and CRP level using regression analysis. An interaction was observed among alexithymia, depression, and inflammation with regard to perceived pain. Among those without alexithymia, pain severity increased linearly with the CRP tertile levels regardless of the presence of depression (P < 0.001 for trend). No linear association between pain severity and CRP level was observed among those with alexithymia. Moreover, depressed patients with alexithymia (BDI‐II score ≥14 and TAS‐20 score ≥61) reported severe pain even at low CRP levels.ConclusionAlexithymia might have a substantial role in pain perception as well as depression in patients with RA. A biopsychosocial approach is essential to achieve better pain control.
Comparison of Composite Measures of Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis Using Data From an Interventional Study With Golimumab
Authors: Helliwell Philip S. , Kavanaugh Arthur 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo compare the performance of the Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score (PASDAS), the Arithmetic Mean of the Desirability Function (AMDF), the Composite Psoriatic Disease Activity Index (CPDAI), and the Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) in the GO‐REVEAL data set. The Disease Activity Score using 28 joints (DAS28) was used as a comparator.MethodsThe GO‐REVEAL study did not allow full computation of all the composite scores (a modified version of CPDAI was used). The performance of the scores at baseline and followup (weeks 14 and 24) was compared using effect sizes.ResultsAll indices could distinguish response to treatment at 14 and 24 weeks. Effect sizes at 24 weeks for the 50 mg (100 mg) golimumab doses were 2.18 (2.36), 2.08 (2.36), 1.09 (1.41), 1.80 (1.78), and 1.13 (1.18) for PASDAS, AMDF, modified CPDAI, DAS28, and DAPSA, respectively. Comparison of 24‐week values across the 3 treatment groups (placebo, golimumab 50 mg, and golimumab 100 mg) by an analysis of covariance using the baseline values as covariates gave the following F statistics: PASDAS 18.3, AMDF 19.6, modified CPDAI 9.4, DAS28 13.6, and DAPSA 7.9; all of these are highly significant. When the analysis was confined to the 2 golimumab treatment groups, there were no significant between–treatment group differences with any of the composite measures.ConclusionPASDAS and AMDF were better able to distinguish treatment effect, having larger effect sizes at 24 weeks. PASDAS, AMDF, and modified CPDAI better reflected domains such as skin, enthesitis, and dactylitis.
Food SMEs Face Increasing Competition in the EU Market: Marketing Management Capability Is a Tool for Becoming a Price Maker
Authors: Banterle Alessandro , Cavaliere Alessia , Carraresi Laura , Stranieri Stefanella 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe price‐making ability of food small and medium‐sized enterprises (SME) is important for their market survival. Since pricing is a part of marketing activities, by developing specific marketing capabilities, firms can improve their ability to make pricing decisions. This paper aims at evaluating the relationship between marketing capabilities and a firm's price‐making ability. A survey was conducted based on a sample of 371 food SMEs in the EU. We applied an Ordinal Regression Model to evaluate the determinants of a firm's price‐making ability. The analysis results revealed a certain ability of SMEs to set prices. Market analysis and marketing strategy planning capabilities are positively related to the price‐making ability of a firm, while firm size is not. Supply chain relationships play a crucial role in price‐making due to the strong constraint presented by the presence of vertical competition between food SMEs and supermarkets. (L25, L66, M31)
Identification of novel candidate gene loci and increased sex chromosome aneuploidy among infants with conotruncal heart defects
Authors: Osoegawa Kazutoyo , Iovannisci David M. , Lin Bin , Parodi Christina , Schultz Kathleen , Shaw Gary M. , Lammer Edward J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCongenital heart defects (CHDs) are common malformations, affecting four to eight per 1,000 total births. Conotruncal defects are an important pathogenetic subset of CHDs, comprising nearly 20% of the total. Although both environmental and genetic factors are known to contribute to the occurrence of conotruncal defects, the causes remain unknown for most. To identify novel candidate genes/loci, we used array comparative genomic hybridization to detect chromosomal microdeletions/duplications. From a population base of 974,579 total births born during 1999–2004, we screened 389 California infants born with tetralogy of Fallot or d‐transposition of the great arteries. We found that 1.7% (5/288) of males with a conotruncal defect had sex chromosome aneuploidy, a sevenfold increased frequency (relative risk = 7.0; 95% confidence interval 2.9–16.9). We identified eight chromosomal microdeletions/duplications for conotruncal defects. From these duplications and deletions, we found five high priority candidate genes (GATA4, CRKL, BMPR1A, SNAI2, and ZFHX4). This is the initial report that sex chromosome aneuploidy is associated with conotruncal defects among boys. These chromosomal microduplications/deletions provide evidence that GATA4, SNAI2, and CRKL are highly dosage sensitive genes involved in outflow tract development. Genome wide screening for copy number variation can be productive for identifying novel genes/loci contributing to non‐syndromic common malformations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental and genetic perspectives on Pierre Robin sequence
Authors: Tan Tiong Yang , Kilpatrick Nicky , Farlie Peter G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a craniofacial anomaly comprising mandibular hypoplasia, cleft secondary palate and glossoptosis leading to life‐threatening obstructive apnea and feeding difficulties during the neonatal period. The respiratory issues require careful management and in severe cases may require extended stays in neonatal intensive care units and surgical intervention such as lengthening the lower jaw or tracheotomy to relieve airway obstruction. These feeding and respiratory complications frequently continue well into childhood, affecting not only growth and development but also impacting on long term educational attainment. The diagnosis of PRS depends on readily recognizable clinical features but the phenotypic similarity of many PRS individuals conceals considerable etiological heterogeneity. Defects in the growth of the mandible sit at the core of PRS and the natural history of PRS can be classified into two major streams: primary defects of mandibular outgrowth and elongation and issues that are external to the mandibular skeleton but that secondarily impact on its growth. These altered developmental trajectories appear to be driven by a range of influences including defects in cartilage growth, neuromuscular function and fetal constraint. Various genetic and cytogenetic associations have been made with PRS and the diversity of these associations highlights the fact that there are numerous ways to arrive at this common phenotypic endpoint. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex‐biased weaning and early childhood diet among middle holocene hunter–gatherers in Central California
Authors: Eerkens Jelmer W. , Bartelink Eric J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis article evaluates age of weaning and early childhood diets of eight males and nine females from a Middle Holocene (4300–3000 BP) site in Central California, CA‐CCO‐548. All individuals died as adults. δ15N values from serial sections of dentin collagen in first molars suggest females were fully weaned, on average, by 3.6 years of age, about 0.4 years later than males in the sample, suggesting possible greater parental investment in female offspring. However, throughout childhood females consumed lower trophic‐level foods than males. This could indicate greater investment in males through provisioning of higher quality foods, or alternatively, some degree of independent foraging by males starting as early as 2 to 3 years of age. Even as adults, these same males and females consumed a different range of foods as indicated by their bone collagen δ13C and δ15N values. Overall, the data suggest children were enculturated early into their respective gendered diets, with girls consuming greater amounts of plant foods and boys consuming greater amounts of higher‐trophic level fish and meat protein. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:471–483, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanismen der Autokatalyse
Authors: Bissette Andrew J. , Fletcher Stephen P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSelbstreplikation ist ein fundamentales Konzept. Die Vorstellung von einer Entität, die in wiederholender Weise mehr von sich selbst erzeugen kann, hat die Phantasie vieler Denker von Neumann bis Vonnegut angeregt. Über die Wissenschaft und Science‐Fiction hinaus hat das Konzept der Autokatalyse auch in die Ökonomie und Sprachtheorie Eingang gefunden – und es hat Ängste wie etwa vor “gray goo” (graue Schmiere) geschürt. Die Autokatalyse ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Ausbreitung des Lebens und bildet die Grundlage vieler anderer biologischer Prozesse, einschließlich des modernen Konzepts der Evolution. Organismen können als unvollkommene “Selbstreplikatoren” betrachtet werden, die nah verwandte Spezies erzeugen und auf diese Weise Auslese und Evolution ermöglichen. Folglich führt jegliche Betrachtung der Selbstreplikation zu einer der tiefgreifendsten Fragen überhaupt: Was ist Leben? Selbstreplizierende Minimalsysteme wurden mit dem Ziel untersucht, die zugrundeliegenden Prinzipien lebender Systemen zu begreifen, um damit unsere Konzepte der biologischen Fitness und chemischen Stabilität, der Selbstorganisation und Emergenz weiterzuentwickeln und letztendlich herausfinden zu können, wie aus Chemie Biologie werden konnte.
Mechanisms of Autocatalysis
Authors: Bissette Andrew J. , Fletcher Stephen P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSelf‐replication is a fundamental concept. The idea of an entity that can repeatedly create more of itself has captured the imagination of many thinkers from von Neumann to Vonnegut. Beyond the sciences and science fiction, autocatalysis has found currency in economics and language theory, and has raised ethical fears memorably summed up by the “gray goo” trope. Autocatalysis is central to the propagation of life and intrinsic to many other biological processes. This includes the modern conception of evolution, which has radically altered humanity’s image of itself. Organisms can be thought of as imperfect self‐replicators which produce closely‐related species, allowing for selection and evolution. Hence, any consideration of self‐replication raises one of the most profound questions of all: what is life? Minimal self‐replicating systems have been studied with the aim of understanding the principles underlying living systems, allowing us to refine our concepts of biological fitness and chemical stability, self‐organization and emergence, and ultimately to discover how chemistry may become biology.
Bringing the Science of Proteins into the Realm of Organic Chemistry: Total Chemical Synthesis of SEP (Synthetic Erythropoiesis Protein)
Authors: Kent Stephen B. H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractErythropoietin, commonly known as EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Recombinant EPO has been described as “arguably the most successful drug spawned by the revolution in recombinant DNA technology”. Recently, the EPO glycoprotein molecule has re‐emerged as a major target of synthetic organic chemistry. In this article I will give an account of an important body of earlier work on the chemical synthesis of a designed EPO analogue that had full biological activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The design and synthesis of this “synthetic erythropoiesis protein” was ahead of its time, but has gained new relevance in recent months. Here I will document the story of one of the major accomplishments of synthetic chemistry in a more complete way than is possible in the primary literature, and put the work in its contemporaneous context.