bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Organic Coatings in Tropical Environments★
Authors: ALEXANDER A. L. , FORGESON B. W. , SOUTHWELL C. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Seven-, six-, three-, and one-year exposures have provided quantitative data on the ability of organic coating systems to protect metals from the five corrosion environments characteristic of tropical latitudes. Data are reported on the performance of more than 350 coating systems in which alkyds, epoxys, synthetic rubbers, phenolics, vinyls and bitumens were used singly or in combinations and mixtures. 2.2.5
Wash Primer Development and Characteristics★
Authors: WHITING L. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Development, characteristics and properties of wash primers are explained. Data are given on wash primers principally because of their efficiency and wide use. Reactive and non-reactive types resulted from efforts to undertand better the reactions involved and as a result of efforts to produce a one-package system.
Reacted wash primers are made by reacting phosphoric acid and chromium oxide in a solution of butyral resin at high temperature, producing a clear green lacquer. Non-reactive primers are prepared by dispersing chromates of lead, strontium and barium in a solution of butyral resin and then adding phosphoric acid. A stable wash primer was prepared by dispersing chromic phosphate in a solution of PVB. 5.4.5
Evaluation of Protective Coatings for Ship Bottoms
Authors: BROWN J. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Requirements for a practical system to evaluate ship bottom coatings are listed. Panel trials are shown to be better than service trials for coating evaluations.
Application of the d-c technique of coating evaluation is illustrated by comparison of three coating systems in static immersion and by a study of the influence of number of coats on performance.
Investigation of drydock variables shows the reduction in coating performance resulting from rusting and the detrimental effect of 5 percent H3PO4 as an inhibitor after sandblasting. 2.1.2
Comparisons of Wagner's Analysis of Cathodic Protection With Operating Data for Ships
Authors: GREENBLATT J. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The predicted values of the key parameters in Wagner's analytical expression for the conditions for cathodic protection are compared with values found empirically from operating experience in the protection of ships. Agreement is good over certain ranges of the key parameters. Discrepancies in values and possible reasons for their occurrence are discussed. 5.2.4
Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Of Austenitic Stainless Steels In Chloride Waters★
Authors: STAEHLE R. W. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels was studied under various conditions of stress, chloride concentration, complete immersion of specimens, intermittent wetting and drying, and presence of oxygen. Stress-corrosion cracking will occur at stresses as low as 2,000 psi at 50 ppm NaCl. A three-dimensional analysis of stress-corrosion cracks was made and a mechanism of cracking proposed. 3.2.2
Corrosion of Type 310 Stainless Steel By Synthetic Fuel Oil Ash★
Authors: LOGAN HUGH L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In an investigation of the corrosion of Type 310 stainless steel in synthetic fuel oil ash, the minimum temperatures at which the steel was attacked by a mixture of V2O5 and Na2SO4 and by mixtures of V2O5 and NaVO3 were determined. The minimum temperatures ranged from 1075 F for a mixture of 67 percent V2O5 and 33 percent NaVO3 to 1220 F for a mixture of 88.5 percent V2O5 and 11.5 percent NaVO3. An unidentified phase was produced at the interface between the steel and a vanadium compound or mixtures of compounds in the temperature range 1075 F to 1890 F. There was evidence that this phase penetrated into the steel at grain boundaries. Steel heated above 1700 F in contact with a vanadium compound or a mixture of these contained nodules of an unidentified phase at the grain boundaries. Spectrochemical analyses of the slag (fused synthetic mixture) indicated that it contained some of the components of the steel in the same proportions as they were present in the steel. 4.3.3
Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Tetrachloride—Water Vapor Atmospheres
Authors: CALKINS K. W. , HAWLEY R. W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The use of various inhibitors for the prevention of mild steel corrosion in a system of carbon tetrachloride and water vapor was investigated. An attempt also was made to establish a corrosion mechanism. Of the 48 inhibitors tested, 2-aminoethanol appeared to be the most effective. It was found that 0.4 percent by weight of 2-aminoethanol in carbon tetrachloride decreased the corrosion rate of mild steel in a carbon tetrachloride-water vapor atmosphere by 99 percent. The next most effective inhibitor decreased the rate by about 95 percent.
Factors Influencing Corrosion★
Authors: AKIMOV G. V. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
External and internal factors influencing the rate and distribution of corrosion are discussed. Among the external factors considered are: pH of the solution, influence of elements acting as inhibitors or as stimulants of corrosion, the concentration of neutral salts, the temperature of solution and the rate of solution movement. Corrosion damage caused by stray electric currents is described in detail and measures eliminating or minimizing their effect are suggested.
Internal factors considered include the inherent chemical properties of elements (that is, their position in periodic table). However, a distinction is made between chemical and corrosion stability, because of the possibile formation of protective films. Furthermore, the influence of internal stresses as well as of alternating stresses in metals in corrosive media (corrosion fatigue) is described. Surface conditions influencing corrosion are mentioned. Stability of monophasic and of heterophasic alloys and the influence of grain size on corrosion are discussed. Finally, experimental data on stability limits of solid solutions and related phenomena such as dezincification are given and some attempts at the explanation of stability limits of solid solutions are mentioned. 3.8.4
Corrosion Processes in Carbonated Beverage Cans★
Authors: KOEHLER E. L , DALY J. J. , FRANCIS H. T. , JOHNSON H. T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Describes work undertaken to minimize occurrence of perforations and excessive iron pick up in carbonated beverage cans. Corrosion mechanism was one of attack on steel base of cans stimulated by reduction processes occuring at areas of exposed tin or other cathodic regions. Best solution was limiting galvanic current in the can through reducing corrosivity of beverage and control of metal exposure in the can. Short time test methods were devised to evaluate beverage corrosivity. A low air content was essential and control over other depolarizers in beverage led to lower corrosivities. Improvements made in organic coating systems and metal exposure in the side seam and double seam regions reduced corrosion currents so that perforations were no longer a problem and so that iron pick up was effectively reduced. 8.3.2
Planning a Maintenance Coating Program For a Pulp and Paper Plant★
Authors: Belue M. W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Reviews action taken by a Texas paper and fiber company to alleviate corrosion problems by a carefully planned coatings program. Factors which stimulated the interest and action of management are given. Phases of a program submitted to management for approval are discussed. Includes objectives of program, selection of materials, surface preparation, application, inspection, records and estimated cost of program. Other items such as estimating and special coatings and linings are given briefly. 5.11
RUBBER CONTACT PHENOMENA
Authors: Roberts Alan D. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Research on rubber wiper blades led to the establishment of the now widely used Johnson, Kendall, Roberts (JKR) equilibrium equation that determines the strength of adhesion between surfaces. The equation was adapted to allow for the viscoelasticity of rubber, leading to explanations of how adhesion can impact on tack; rebound resilience; and rolling, static, and sliding friction. The adhesion of rubber to ice was found to depend on salt concentration in the ice, thus providing insight into winter tire performance. The development of optical techniques has greatly aided studies, particularly for measuring the thickness of thin liquid films sandwiched between rubber surfaces. Measurements on water films squeezed between rubber and glass revealed the action of repulsive surface forces that can reduce adhesion and friction. The efficacy of water lubrication depends upon whether surfactants are present and upon the acidity or alkalinity of the water. Improved understanding of adhesion and friction mechanisms offers design guidance for a range of rubber articles.
UNMODIFIED LDH AS REINFORCING FILLER FOR XNBR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME-RETARDANT ELASTOMER COMPOSITES
Authors: Basu Debdipta , Das Amit , George Jinu Jacob , Wang De-Yi , Stöckelhuber Klaus Werner , Wagenknecht Udo , Leuteritz Andreas , Kutlu Burak , Reuter Uta , Heinrich Gert 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), inorganic clay materials with mixed metals present in the structure along with some interlayer cations, have immense potential for use as a filler in rubbers. We report the preparation and properties of a set of novel nanocomposites consisting of a LDH dispersed in carboxylic–acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (XNBR). We succeed in obtaining significantly improved physical properties by altering the chemical structure of a LDH with Zn and Al ions (Zn-Al LDH). In particular, we discover a significant reinforcing effect. This occurs despite the size difference between the LDH and traditional reinforcing fillers such as precipitated silica and carbon black. Both the elastic modulus and tensile strength increase. This increase is a function of the LDH concentration and, reaches a maximum value when the LDH concentration is at 100 phr. Experimental evidence suggests that this reinforcing effect is due to direct ion-to-ion interaction between the filler and the matrix. In addition, we report that the presence of the nanofiller positively affects the flame retardence and thermal decomposition of the nanocomposites. We attribute this effect to the presence of a layer formed by the nanofiller.
REACTION KINETICS OF HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE AND POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOLS
Authors: Ye Min-Tzung , Hong Shinn-Gwo 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The kinetics of the reaction between hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and polypropylene glycols (PPG) of different molecular weights toward the synthesis of polyurethanes with versatile properties was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). From the dynamic exotherms observed in DSC, it was found that the Kissinger equation modified by an additional temperature term in its frequency factor term was able to accurately describe the isothermal reaction kinetics of all HDI/PPG reactions. The modification can be justified by analyses with the Ozawa method and the modulus observed under DMA measurements. Regardless of the type of PPG used, the frequency factors changed with respect to the degree of conversion and maximized at near 70% conversion. The derivation of the modified kinetic equation is presented. In addition, the empirical equations describing the dependence of the activation energies and frequency factors on the molecular weights of PPG were also derived.
Predicting the Gleason sum of a patient with a prostate biopsy core Gleason ≤7 and a prostate biopsy core Gleason ≥8
Authors: Heimrath Olivier P. , Kos Zuzana , Belanger Eric C. , Cagiannos Ilias , Morash Chris , Gerridzen Ronald G. , Lavallee Luke , Preston Mark A. , Witiuk Kelsey , Breau Rodney H. 
Published: July 2014

Introduction: We review a subset of men who had discordant prostate biopsy sums and were treated with radical prostatectomy.Methods: Consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy at The Ottawa Hospital between 2000 and 2012 were reviewed. Those with at least 1 prostate biopsy core of Gleason sum ≥8 and at least 1 prostate biopsy core of Gleason sum ≤7 cancer were included.Results: Of the 764 radical prostatectomies, 661 (87%) were eligible for the study and 35 (5%) met inclusion criteria. Of these, only 16 (46%) had prostatectomy Gleason sum of ≥8. When the highest biopsy core was Gleason sum 8 (n = 24), only 7 (29%) had a prostatectomy Gleason sum ≥8. When the highest biopsy core was Gleason 9 (n = 11), 9 (82%) had a prostatectomy Gleason sum ≥8 (relative risk [RR] 2.8; p = 0.004). Patients with clinical T3 tumours were at higher risk of Gleason sum ≥8 compared to cT1 patients (RR 3.7; p = 0.008). Patient age (p = 0.89), preoperative prostate-specific antigen (p = 0.34), prostate volume (p = 0.86), number of biopsy cores (p = 0.18), and proportion of biopsy cores with cancer (p = 0.96) were not strongly associated with risk of prostatectomy Gleason sum ≥8.Conclusion: These data should be considered when assigning patients into prognostic risk categories based on prostate biopsy information. Further study to verify our findings using larger samples is warranted.
Inference of reactive transport model parameters using a Bayesian multivariate approach
Authors: Carniato Luca , Schoups Gerrit , van de Giesen Nick 
Published: July 2014

AbstractParameter estimation of subsurface transport models from multispecies data requires the definition of an objective function that includes different types of measurements. Common approaches are weighted least squares (WLS), where weights are specified a priori for each measurement, and weighted least squares with weight estimation (WLS(we)) where weights are estimated from the data together with the parameters. In this study, we formulate the parameter estimation task as a multivariate Bayesian inference problem. The WLS and WLS(we) methods are special cases in this framework, corresponding to specific prior assumptions about the residual covariance matrix. The Bayesian perspective allows for generalizations to cases where residual correlation is important and for efficient inference by analytically integrating out the variances (weights) and selected covariances from the joint posterior. Specifically, the WLS and WLS(we) methods are compared to a multivariate (MV) approach that accounts for specific residual correlations without the need for explicit estimation of the error parameters. When applied to inference of reactive transport model parameters from column‐scale data on dissolved species concentrations, the following results were obtained: (1) accounting for residual correlation between species provides more accurate parameter estimation for high residual correlation levels whereas its influence for predictive uncertainty is negligible, (2) integrating out the (co)variances leads to an efficient estimation of the full joint posterior with a reduced computational effort compared to the WLS(we) method, and (3) in the presence of model structural errors, none of the methods is able to identify the correct parameter values.
The role of the Martian crustal magnetic fields in controlling ionospheric loss
Authors: Brecht Stephen H. , Ledvina Stephen A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA hybrid particle code has been used to examine the interaction of the solar wind with Mars. It is found that the presence of the crustal magnetic fields modifies the heavy ion (O+ and O2+) loss rates. In the case of the solar minimum situation the modification was found to be significant and reported in Brecht and Ledvina (2012). In this paper both solar minimum and solar maximum results are reported and compared with data. The crustal magnetic fields reduce the ionospheric loss rate; and when the energy limits imposed on the data fits are considered, the results of the simulations are in reasonable agreement with data. The agreement with the data provides a strong argument for the physical control demonstrated by the simulations being realistic.
Multiple slow‐slip events during a foreshock sequence of the 2014 Iquique, Chile Mw 8.1 earthquake
Authors: Kato Aitaro , Nakagawa Shigeki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTo obtain a precise record of the foreshock sequence before the 2014 Iquique, Chile Mw 8.1 earthquake, we applied a matched filter technique to continuous seismograms recorded near the source region. We newly detected about 10 times the number of seismic events listed in the routinely constructed earthquake catalog and identified multiple sequences of earthquake migrations at speeds of 2–10 km/d, both along strike and downdip on the fault plane, updip of the main shock area. In addition, we found out repeating earthquakes from the newly detected events, likely indicating aseismic slip along the plate boundary fault during the foreshock sequence. These observations suggest the occurrence of multiple slow‐slip events updip of the main shock area. The final slow‐slip event migrated toward the main shock nucleation point. We interpret that several parts of the plate boundary fault perhaps experienced slow slip, causing stress loading on the prospective largest slip patch of the main shock rupture.
Extreme Space Weather Impact: An Emergency Management Perspective
Authors: MacAlester Mark H. , Murtagh William 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn 2010, the Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) partnered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) to investigate the potential for extreme space weather conditions to impact National Security/Emergency Preparedness communications—those communications vital to a functioning government and to emergency and disaster response—in the United States. Given the interdependencies of modern critical infrastructure, the initial systematic review of academic research on space weather effects on communications expanded to other critical infrastructure sectors, federal agencies, and private sector organizations. While the effort is ongoing, and despite uncertainties inherent with this hazard, FEMA and the SWPC did draw some conclusions. If electric power remains available, an extreme space weather event will result in the intermittent loss of HF and similar sky wave radio systems, minimal direct impact to public safety line‐of‐sight radio and commercial cellular services, a relatively small loss of satellite services as a percentage of the total satellite fleet, interference or intermittent loss of satellite communications and GPS navigation and timing signals, and no first‐order impact to consumer electronic devices. Vulnerability of electric power to an extreme geomagnetic storm remains the primary concern from an emergency management perspective, but actual impact is not well understood at present. A discussion of potential impacts to infrastructure from the loss of electric power from any hazard is provided using the 2011 record tornado outbreak in Alabama as an example.
Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946)
Authors: Galbraith James K. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) was the pivotal economist of the twentieth century, whose revolution rose to dominate academic and policy discourse for 50 years before falling to a counter‐revolution. Today Keynes's ideas have been purged from what is called mainstream economics, yet they persist in an academic subculture, as the instinctive response of policy‐makers to crisis, and among public intellectuals for whom he remains a beacon of insight and style.
Mill, John Stuart (1806–73)
Authors: Ryan Alan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMill was a thinker of extraordinary range: the outstanding philosopher of mid‐nineteenth‐century Britain, the country's leading economist, a formidable social critic, and a polemicist on behalf of radical causes ranging from workers’ cooperatives to putting women on a footing of complete legal equality with men as to voting rights, property rights, marriage, education, and vocational opportunities. His enduring legacy is his defense of individual liberty against both political oppression and the tyranny of opinion. The fear that democracy might degenerate into the tyranny of the majority was not a novelty; the fear that the tyranny might be the dead weight of public opinion, the more irresistible for being silent, nonviolent, but omnipresent, was more nearly so.
Affect Regulation During Learning: The Enhancing Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal
Authors: Strain Amber Chauncey , D'Mello Sidney K. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryAffective experiences routinely occur during learning and need to be successfully regulated. In two experiments, we used an intervention that combined elements of utility value and cognitive reappraisal to gauge its effects on engagement and performance. We predicted that participants using the reappraisal strategy would experience more engagement and higher learning outcomes than controls. Ethnically diverse adult learners ranging from 18 to 58 years of age (Experiment 1, N = 93; Experiment 2: N = 138) used affect regulation strategies or no strategy (control) in an online learning environment. Engagement and learning outcomes were measured throughout the experiment. Participants who used reappraisal generally reported more engagement and achieved higher learning outcomes than controls. A mediation analysis revealed evidence of a partial mediation effect of affective engagement between reappraisal and learning outcomes in Study 2. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the role of affect regulation during learning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling Process Parameters during Plastication in Plastic Injection Molding Using Model Predictive Control
Authors: Dubay R. , Hu B. , Hernandez J. M. , Charest M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThis investigation presents a method for controlling two key parameters during plastication that can significantly influence melt viscosity on an injection molding machine (IMM). These parameters are screw rotational speed and hydraulic back pressure. Having the functionality to control these parameters at specific targets can potentially provide the mechanism to change the melt viscosity. Mathematical models were derived that described the interaction between these two parameters. These models were used to formulate a multivariable model predictive controller developed to control them. The controller was implemented on an industrial‐scale IMM with good closed‐loop performance.
Rapid Access to β‐Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Ketones: Harnessing Inductive Effects in Wacker‐Type Oxidations of Internal Alkenes
Authors: Lerch Michael M. , Morandi Bill , Wickens Zachary K. , Grubbs Robert H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present a practical trifluoromethyl‐directed Wacker‐type oxidation of internal alkenes that enables rapid access to β‐trifluoromethyl‐substituted ketones. Allylic trifluoromethyl‐substituted alkenes bearing a wide range of functional groups can be oxidized in high yield and regioselectivity. The distance dependence of the regioselectivity was established by systematic variation of the number of methylene units between the double bond and the trifluoromethyl group. The regioselectivity enforced by traditional directing groups could even be reversed by introduction of a competing trifluoromethyl group. Besides being a new powerful synthetic method to prepare fluorinated molecules, this work directly probes the role of inductive effects on nucleopalladation events.