bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue in the primary treatment of metastatic and pelvic osteosarcoma: Final results of the ISG/SSG II study
Authors: Boye Kjetil , Del Prever Adalberto Brach , Eriksson Mikael , Sæter Gunnar , Tienghi Amelia , Lindholm Paula , Fagioli Franca , Skjeldal Sigmund , Ferrari Stefano , Hall Kirsten Sundby 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundPatients with metastatic osteosarcoma at diagnosis or axial primary tumors have a poor prognosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of intensified treatment with high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and stem cell rescue in this group.MethodsFrom May 1996 to August 2004, 71 patients were included in a Scandinavian‐Italian single arm phase II study. Preoperative chemotherapy included methotrexate, doxorubicin, cisplatin and ifosfamide, and postoperative treatment consisted of two cycles of doxorubicin, one cycle of cyclophosphamide and etoposide and two courses of high‐dose etoposide and carboplatin with stem cell rescue.ResultsTwenty‐nine patients (43%) received two courses and 10 patients (15%) received one course of HDCT. HDCT was associated with significant toxicity, but no treatment‐related deaths were recorded. Fourteen patients (20%) had disease progression before completion of the study protocol, and only 29/71 patients (41%) received the full planned treatment. Median event‐free survival (EFS) was 18 months, and estimated 5‐year EFS was 27%. Median overall survival (OS) was 34 months, and estimated 5‐year OS was 31%. When patients who did not receive HDCT due to disease progression were excluded, there was no difference in EFS (P = 0.72) or OS (P = 0.49) between patients who did or did not receive HDCT.ConclusionsThe administration of high‐dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue was feasible, but associated with significant toxicity. Patient outcome seemed comparable to previous studies using conventional chemotherapy. We conclude that HDCT with carboplatin and etoposide should not be further explored as a treatment strategy in high‐risk osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:840–845. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ASR FORUM: ENGAGING WITH AFRICAN INFORMAL ECONOMIES
Authors: Kinyanjui Mary Njeri 
Published: November 2013

Abstract:This article investigates the Taveta Road phenomenon, whereby women garment informal traders occupy a whole street in the central business district in Nairobi, Kenya. It also discusses the implications for urban planning of the presence of women informal traders in the central business district. The article demonstrates that the ability of these traders to move from the margins into the heart of the city is based on their ability to cross borders, organize collectively, and develop entrepreneurial skills that make use of social networks, group agency, and personal initiative. It also illustrates that over time, their gradual encroachment has led to an acceptance of their presence and their integration into the urban economy. These developments—which are referred to as “subaltern urbanism” or “solidarity entrepreneurialism”—have far-reaching implications in terms of the traders’ relationship with the city, state laws, and the national economy.
ASR FORUM: ENGAGING WITH AFRICAN INFORMAL ECONOMIES
Authors: Meagher Kate 
Published: November 2013

Abstract:This article examines processes of economic inclusion in divided societies, with a focus on both religious and formal–informal divides. Drawing on recent fieldwork in the northern Nigerian cities of Kano and Kaduna, the article challenges the assumption that identity-based informal organization intensifies violent social divisions, and that taxation and linkages with the state foster more stable and inclusive governance. A range of informal sector activities provides insights into escalating religious conflict and uneven patterns of formal inclusion in interreligious relations. Attention is focused on the relative role of informal institutions and formal interventions such as taxation in diffusing or exacerbating conflict at the grassroots level.
MISTAKEN REGISTRATIONS OF LAND: EXPLODING THE MYTH OF “TITLE BY REGISTRATION”
Authors: Goymour Amy 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen the Land Registration Act 2002 first came into force, the prevailing academic view was that it had created a system of “title by registration”, such that, where someone (B) is mistakenly registered as owner of another person's (A's) land, he acquires a good title (notwithstanding the mistake) that can validly be conveyed to someone else (C). The thesis of this article is that, whilst the logic of the “title by registration” principle might be conceptually attractive, it has proven to be unworkable in practice, is questionable as a matter of policy, and – looking to the future – ought to be abandoned in favour of a more subtle legislative scheme for resolving A-B-C disputes.
Quadruple crossing number of knots and links
Authors: ADAMS COLIN 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA quadruple crossing is a crossing in a projection of a knot or link that has four strands of the knot passing straight through it. A quadruple crossing projection is a projection such that all of the crossings are quadruple crossings. In a previous paper, it was proved that every knot and link has a quadruple crossing projection and hence, every knot has a minimal quadruple crossing number c4(K). In this paper, we investigate quadruple crossing number, and in particular, use the span of the bracket polynomial to determine quadruple crossing number for a variety of knots and links.
Dialysate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is an Independent Determinant of Serum Albumin Levels and Predicts Future Withdrawal From Peritoneal Dialysis in Uremic Patients
Authors: Hazama Takuma , Fukami Kei , Yamagishi Sho‐ichi , Kusumoto Takuo , Sakai Kazuko , Adachi Takeki , Sonoda Kazuhiro , Kasuga Syumon , Ueda Seiji , Okuda Seiya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPeritoneal protein loss due to high peritoneal permeability may contribute to hypoalbuminemia and early withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. We have found that pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) has anti‐vasopermeability properties both in cell culture and animal models by counteracting the biological actions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, it remains unknown which clinical variables, including dialysate VEGF and PEDF, are associated with decreased serum albumin levels and could predict early withdrawal from the PD in ESRD patients. We address these issues. Twenty‐seven ESRD patients undergoing PD were enrolled. Clinical variables were measured at 6 months after commencing PD. We examined the independent correlates of serum albumin in PD patients and then prospectively investigated the predictors of withdrawal from the PD therapy over 4 years. Dialysate VEGF was associated with peritoneal solute transport rate (P = 0.002), serum albumin (inversely, P < 0.001) and dialysate PEDF levels (P < 0.001). In multiple stepwise regression analysis, age (P = 0.002) and dialysate VEGF levels (P < 0.001) were independent determinants of serum albumin levels. High VEGF (>27 pg/mL), low serum albumin (≤3.31 g/dL) and low hemoglobin (≤11.2 g/dL) were correlated with withdrawal from the PD therapy during the 4 years. The odds ratio of dialysate VEGF for early withdrawal from the PD was 6.310 (P = 0.035). The present study demonstrated that increased dialysate VEGF was associated with decreased serum albumin and early withdrawal from the PD therapy. Inhibition of peritoneal VEGF production may be a therapeutic target in PD patients.
The Encyclopaedic Sanctuary: Metaphoric Ambiguity in the Encyclopédie
Authors: YOUNGER NEIL MACKAY 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article considers the metaphor of the sanctuary in Diderot and d’Alembert's Encyclopédie and proposes two readings. One shows how the Encyclopédie is concerned with issues of censorship and wishes to provide a safe refuge for heterodox knowledge. The second reading considers the metaphor of the sanctuary with regard to the accessibility of the Encyclopédie. The essay demonstrates how the Encyclopédie wavers between proclamations of the work's relative inaccessibility and aspirations to make knowledge available for all. Ultimately, the metaphor of the sanctuary lays bare some of the fundamental tensions in the Encyclopédie project and in the Enlightenment more generally.
The effect of varenicline on the development and expression of nicotine‐induced behavioral sensitization and cross‐sensitization in rats
Authors: Goutier Wouter , Kloeze Margreet B. , McCreary Andrew C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe present study focused on the evaluation of behavioral sensitization and cross‐sensitization induced by nicotine and varenicline in rats. Furthermore, it examined the influence of varenicline, a partial alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonist, on nicotine‐induced sensitization. To assess the development of behavioral sensitization, rats were chronically treated with vehicle, varenicline (0.03–3.0 mg/kg), nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or combinations for 5 days and locomotor activity was measured. The expression of sensitization was assessed following a withdrawal period (17–26 days). The present results confirmed previous data showing the development and expression of nicotine‐induced sensitization of locomotor activity in the rat. Varenicline did not induce sensitization on its own. When varenicline and nicotine were repeatedly administered sequentially, varenicline blocked the development and expression of nicotine‐induced sensitization. Acute varenicline blocked the expression of nicotine‐induced sensitization in a dose‐dependent manner. Acute varenicline did not significantly increase locomotor activity, nor did it attenuate nicotine‐induced sensitization. However, varenicline did cross‐sensitize to the effects of nicotine, and vice versa. The present study showed that varenicline produced a dose‐dependent bidirectional cross‐sensitization with nicotine. Taken together, these findings provide pre‐clinical evidence that varenicline is able to attenuate the effects of nicotine, yet simultaneously ‘substitutes’ for the effects of nicotine in the rat. Longitudinal studies would be needed to see if similar effects are seen in the clinical setting, and whether such effects contribute to the actions of varenicline as a smoking cessation aid.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling in anaesthesia
Authors: Gambús Pedro L. , Trocóniz Iñaki F. 
Published: November 2013

Anaesthesiologists adjust drug dosing, administration system and kind of drug to the characteristics of the patient. They then observe the expected response and adjust dosing to the specific requirements according to the difference between observed response, expected response and the context of the surgery and the patient.The approach above can be achieved because on one hand quantification technology has made significant advances allowing the anaesthesiologist to measure almost any effect by using noninvasive, continuous measuring systems. On the other the knowledge on the relations between dosing, concentration, biophase dynamics and effect as well as detection of variability sources has been achieved as being the benchmark specialty for pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modelling.The aim of the review is to revisit the most common PKPD models applied in the field of anaesthesia (i.e. effect compartmental, turnover, drug–receptor binding and drug interaction models) through representative examples. The effect compartmental model has been widely used in this field and there are multiple applications and examples. The use of turnover models has been limited mainly to describe respiratory effects. Similarly, cases in which the dissociation process of the drug–receptor complex is slow compared with other processes relevant to the time course of the anaesthetic effect are not frequent in anaesthesia, where in addition to a rapid onset, a fast offset of the response is required. With respect to the characterization of PD drug interactions different response surface models are discussed. Relevant applications that have changed the way modern anaesthesia is practiced are also provided.
Out‐of‐pocket and catastrophic expenditure on treatment of haemophilia by Indian families
Authors: Dharmarajan S. , Phadnis S. , Gund P. , Kar A. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIn low‐income countries, haemophilia treatment is not supported by national health services. Data on the burden of out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditure on households are unavailable from these countries. This study measured the OOP expenditure on treatment of haemophilia by Indian households. We used 20 weeks of follow‐up data of 24 haemophilia A patients to estimate the annual bleeding rate for each patient and the actual OOP expenditure on treatment. We used this observational data to calculate the annual OOP expenditure on treatment if all bleeding episodes were to be treated with clotting factor concentrate. Using previously published methodology, we estimated if the expenditure was catastrophic to households or not. The observed monthly expenditure on treatment ranged from 1.5% to 12% of monthly income as not all bleeding episodes were treated with clotting factor concentrate. The estimated monthly expenditure if all bleeding episodes occurring over 1 year were to be treated would range from 21 to 314 times the monthly income of families. Nearly 68% of households would have experienced catastrophic expenditure. Treatment for haemophilia results in significant OOP expenditure for households, which is avoided by not providing standard treatment to patients. There is a need to mobilize prevention and care services for haemophilia in India and other low‐income countries to mitigate the suffering due to lack of affordable treatment.
An approach to outreach patients with von Willebrand disease in Egypt by targeting women with heavy menstrual bleeding and/or bleeding symptoms
Authors: Sherif N. , Goubran H. , Hassan A. , Burnouf T. , El‐Ekiaby M. 
Published: November 2013

Summaryvon Willebrand disease (VWD) is frequently ignored as a cause of menorrhagia. We investigated Egyptian women complaining of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and/or other bleeding symptoms to detect potential VWD cases. Seventy‐five female patients complaining of HMB and/or bleeding symptoms and 38 age‐matched healthy female controls went through a family history questionnaire, a physical examination and were evaluated for bleeding score, pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC), complete blood count, serum ferritin, blood group, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, factor VIII (FVIII) activity, von Willebrand factor (VWF) ristocetin cofactor (RCo) activity, antigen (Ag), and RCo/Ag ratio. Sixty‐eight of 75 patients presented with HMB, out of which 46 had no organic pathology and 7 presented other bleeding symptoms. Six patients were diagnosed with VWD, three with HMB, two with other bleeding symptoms and one with family history of VWD. Two related VWD patients were diagnosed in the control group. There were significant differences in bleeding and PBAC scores, ferritin level, FVIII activity, VWF:RCo and VWF:Ag between VWD patients and controls. This study indicated a high prevalence of VWD among patients with HMB without organic pathology (6.5%) and demonstrated the sensitivity of diagnostic parameters of VWD patients in an outreach campaign. The inexpensive bleeding and PBAC scoring systems are valuable to exclude cases without objective bleeding symptoms. Raising gynaecologists awareness about hereditary bleeding disorders is important to ensure a proper diagnosis and possible referral of these patients. Management of these patients with comprehensive medical care services under a multidisciplinary team would be ideal.
Healing complications of traumatized permanent teeth in pediatric patients: a longitudinal study
Authors: Soares Thais R. C. , Luiz Ronir R. , Risso Patricia A. , Maia Lucianne C. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundTraumatic dental injuries (TDI) can affect soft and hard dental tissues and supporting structures in different ways and severity.AimThis study describes the complications associated with health in traumatized permanent teeth (TPT) over a 12‐month period and assesses the relationships between TDI, involved tissues, and root development (RD).DesignThe study enrolled 294 patients with 548 TPT. Data were collected on the TDI, RD, and the healing complication (HC) and when they were examined (03, 06, and 12 months). Frequencies are described and analyzed using the chi‐squared test, relative risk (RR), and Mantel–Haenszel analysis (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsHealing complications were present in 201 (36.68%) teeth and were more frequently diagnosed 3 months (63.68%) after the TDI. Pulp necrosis was the most common HC (38.3%), and it was significantly associated with avulsion (P = 0.023). Teeth with complete RD showed a tendency of developing HC over time, independent of TDI (P = 0.05). HC in teeth with complete RD related to support tissue trauma (P = 0.005) and avulsion (P < 0.001) appeared more frequently after 3 months.ConclusionHealing complications are more common in teeth that have suffered trauma in supporting tissues and avulsion, especially in teeth with complete RD. The HC occur more frequently in the first 3 months, and a necrotic pulp was the most common complication.
Hepatocarcinogenesis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Japan
Authors: Tokushige Katsutoshi , Hashimoto Etsuko , Kodama Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn Japan, there has been a gradual increase in cases of non‐viral chronic liver diseases, including non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), occurring with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, a national survey investigating the etiology of HCC in Japan was performed. Among HCCs based on non‐viral disease, alcoholic liver disease with HCC accounted for 7.2% of all HCCs, followed by chronic liver disease of unknown etiology with HCC (5.1%) and NAFLD with HCC (2.0%). The clinical characteristics of these three HCC groups were clearly different. In our second analysis, the HCC development rates among liver cirrhosis with NAFLD, alcoholic cirrhosis, and cirrhosis with hepatitis C virus (HCV) were compared. HCC development rates were 11.3%/5 years in NAFLD cirrhosis, 30.5%/5 years in HCV cirrhosis, and 12.5%/5 years in alcoholic cirrhosis, suggesting that the hepatocarcinogenesis in NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease were similar but were lower than that in HCV.Using Cox hazards analysis, older age, higher serum γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase level, and higher Child–Pugh score as risk factors of HCC were identified. Finally, clinical data of NAFLD‐HCC with the data for HCC with HCV (HCV‐HCC) were compared. The percentage of NAFLD‐HCC patients with des‐gamma‐carboxy prothrombin‐positive was higher than that with α‐fetoprotein‐positive. The 5‐year survival and recurrence rates for NAFLD‐HCC were almost similar to those for HCV‐HCC. In Asian countries, the prevalence of NAFLD is increasing. Therefore, elucidating the pathogenesis and clinical features of HCC in patients with NAFLD is indeed an urgent problem.
Osteoblast‐osteocyte transformation. A SEM densitometric analysis of endosteal apposition in rabbit femur
Authors: Pazzaglia Ugo E. , Congiu Terenzio , Sibilia Valeria , Quacci Daniela 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTransformation of osteoblasts into osteocytes is marked by changes in volume and cell shape. The reduction of volume and the entrapment process are correlated with the synthesis activity of the cell which decreases consequently. This transformation process has been extensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) but no data have yet been published regarding osteoblast‐osteocyte dynamic histomorphometry. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) densitometric analysis was carried out to determine the osteoblast and open osteocyte lacunae density in corresponding areas of a rabbit femur endosteal surface. The lining cell density was 4900.1 ± 30.03 n mm−2, the one of open osteocyte lacunae 72.89 ± 22.55 n mm−2. This corresponds to an index of entrapment of one cell every 67.23 osteoblasts (approximated by defect). The entrapment sequence begins with flattening of the osteoblast and spreading of equatorial processes. At first these are covered by the new apposed matrix and then also the whole cellular body of the osteocyte undergoing entrapment. The dorsal aspect of the cell membrane suggests that closure of the osteocyte lacuna may be partially carried out by the same osteoblast‐osteocyte which developed a dorsal secretory territory. A significant proportion of the endosteal surface was analysed by SEM, without observing any evidence of osteoblast mitotic figures. This indicates that recruitment of the pool of osteogenic cells in cortical bone lamellar systems occurs prior to the entrapment process. No further additions occurred once osteoblasts were positioned on the bone surface and began lamellar apposition. The number of active osteoblasts on the endosteal surface exceeded that of the cells which become incorporated as osteocytes (whose number was indicated by the number of osteocyte lacunae). Therefore such a balance must be equilibrated by the osteoblasts' transformation in resting lining cells or by apoptosis. The current work characterised osteoblast shape changes throughout the entrapment process, allowing approximate calculation of an osteoblast entrapment index in the rabbit endosteal cortex.
Comparison of Biomechanical Properties of Single‐ and Two‐segment Fusion for Denis Type B Spinal Fractures
Authors: Su Yun‐shan , Ren Dong , Wang Peng‐cheng 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo compare the biomechanical properties of single‐ and two‐segment fusion for Denis type B spinal fracture.MethodsTwo female patients with Denis type B L1 vertebral fractures were studied. Both patients had achieved intervertebral fusion by 1 year postoperatively, at which time CT data were collected, including data of one patient before and after removal of pedicle screws and of another whose pedicle screws were not removed. The data were imported into Mimics software and T11‐L2 three dimensional models established. After construction of the models, they were imported into ANSYS software. An axial load (260 N) and 10 Nm torque were loaded to simulate the flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation of the spine, respectively.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the average displacement of the spine motion between the two‐segment and single‐segment fusion patients without removal of pedicle screws. However, for all motion forms, the average displacement of the single‐segment fusion patient' spine after removal of pedicle screws was significantly greater than that before removal of pedicle screws and that of the two‐segment fusion patient. The average Von Mises stress of T11–12 intervertebral disc of two‐segment fusion patient was significantly greater than that of the one‐segment fusion patient. Moreover, the average Von Mises stress of T11–12 intervertebral disc of single‐segment fusion patient was greater before than after removal of pedicle screws.ConclusionProvided there is satisfactory interbody fusion, removal of pedicle screws after one‐segment fusion can increase spinal motion, reduce the stress on adjacent intervertebral discs and delay disc degeneration.