bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double Stranded RNA‐Dependent Protein Kinase is Necessary for TNF‐α‐Induced Osteoclast Formation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Shinohara Hiroki , Teramachi Jumpei , Okamura Hirohiko , Yang Di , Nagata Toshihiko , Haneji Tatsuji 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTDouble‐stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR) is involved in cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, tumorgenesis, and apoptosis. We previously reported that PKR is required for differentiation and calcification in osteoblasts. TNF‐α plays a key role in osteoclast differentiation. However, it is unknown about the roles of PKR in the TNF‐α‐induced osteoclast differentiation. The expression of PKR in osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells increased during TNF‐α‐induced osteoclastogenesis. The TNF‐α‐induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow‐derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cells was markedly suppressed by the pretreatment of PKR inhibitor, 2‐aminopurine (2AP), as well as gene silencing of PKR. The expression of gene markers in the differentiated osteoclasts including TRAP, Calcitonin receptor, cathepsin K, and ATP6V0d2 was also suppressed by the 2AP treatment. Bone resorption activity of TNF‐α‐induced osteoclasts was also supressed by 2AP treatment. Inhibition of PKR supressed the TNF‐α‐induced activation of NF‐κB and MAPK in RAW264.7 cells. 2AP inhibited both the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and its transcriptional activity in RAW264.7 cells. 2AP inhibited the TNF‐α‐induced expression of NFATc1 and c‐fos, master transcription factors in osteoclastogenesis. TNF‐α‐induced nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in mature osteoclasts was clearly inhibited by the 2AP treatment. The PKR inhibitor C16 decreased the TNF‐α‐induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in mouse calvaria. The present study indicates that PKR is necessary for the TNF‐α‐induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1957–1967, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the Dipole Oscillation of summer precipitation over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Huancai , Duan Keqin , Li Man , Shi Peihong , Yang Junhua , Zhang Xiao , Sun Jianyong 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the spatiotemporal variability in summer precipitation during the period 1961–2010 is presented based on monthly precipitation datasets from 66 meteorological stations in the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). By applying empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, a strong reversal is found in the variability of summer precipitation between the northeastern and the southeastern TP on the inter‐annual timescale; this reversal is defined as the Dipole Oscillation in summer precipitation over the TP.Our analysis shows that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) greatly controls the Dipole Oscillation in TP summer precipitation by modifying the atmospheric circulation over and around the TP. With the increased stationary wave activity spreading eastward from the North Atlantic to the TP, a pronounced wave train pattern bridges the North Atlantic Ocean and the TP. During the positive phase of the NAO, warm moist air from the oceans around Asia is transported by the southeastern flank of the anticyclonic anomaly over East Asia to the northeastern TP. This northward‐moving warm moist air encounters cold air masses transported by the northwestern flank of the cyclonic anomaly over the northeastern TP. The confluence of the cold and warm air masses subsequently strengthens cumulus convective activities and ultimately results in excessive precipitation over the northeastern TP. Meanwhile, as a cyclonic anomaly sets up over northwestern India and Pakistan, water vapour condenses into precipitation over northwestern India and Pakistan, inhibiting Arabian Sea moisture inflows into the southeastern TP and northeastern India. As a result, a precipitation deficit occurs over the southeastern TP. The opposite scenario occurs during the negative phase of the NAO.
Global climatology of tropical cyclone size as inferred from QuikSCAT data
Authors: Chan Kelvin T. F. , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper presents to date the most complete global climatology of the size of tropical cyclones (TCs) between 1999 and 2009 using the QuikSCAT satellite data. Here, TC size is defined as the azimuthal mean radius of 17 m s−1 surface winds from the TC centre. While the TC size climatology for the Western North Pacific (WNP) and North Atlantic (NA) has been documented in previous studies, those for the Eastern North Pacific (ENP), South Indian Ocean (SI) and South Pacific (SP) have yet to be examined in detail, which is the objective of this study. Among all the basins, TCs over the WNP are the largest and have the largest variance, while those over the ENP are the smallest. In addition, TCs in the Northern Hemisphere (WNP, NA and ENP) have two seasonal size peaks, but those in the Southern Hemisphere (SI and SP) have only one. An important finding is that for all basins, the size of a TC does not necessarily increase with latitude monotonically, but reaches the maximum at some latitudinal region. Such a result agrees well with a recent theoretical study in terms of a balance between the inertial stability associated with the TC circulation and the import of angular momentum into the TC.
Cation Effects on the Phase Transition ofN‐isopropylacrylamide Hydrogels
Authors: Pastoor Kevin J. , Rice Charles V. 
Published: March 2015

Polymers formed fromN‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) are highly water soluble and undergo a temperature‐induced phase transition to an insoluble state. The phase behavior is determined by competing hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces. In this report, additional insight regarding the effect soluble metals have on the phase transition process is provided by showing that cation solvation aids with stabilization of hydrophobic forces. This reduces barriers to rehydration and decreases thermodynamic entropy and enthalpy, obtained with variable‐temperature1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of NIPAM hydrogels in D2O, NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2. For the series of cations studied, it is observed that the order of increasing effect to facilitate the phase transition is Ca2+< Mg2+< Na+. NaCl and MgCl2exhibited similar effects on the thermodynamics of the collapsing process. However, significant differences in the phase transition thermodynamics are observed between MgCl2and CaCl2salt solutions. The influence on Stage 1 enthalpy and entropy values for CaCl2solutions is approximately half that of the MgCl2solutions. This difference is likely related to their charge density of Ca2+, which is approximately half that of Mg2+.image
Relationship of age of onset and family history in Parkinson disease
Authors: Barrett Matthew J. , Hac Nicholas E. , Yan Guofen , Harrison Madaline B. , Wooten G. Frederick 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine whether age of onset of Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with differences in PD risk and PD age of onset in parents and siblings.MethodsClinical and detailed family history data were available for 1,114 PD probands.ResultsProband age of onset was not associated with differences in PD prevalence or PD age of onset in parents. Proband age of PD onset <50, compared with ≥50 years, was associated with significantly greater risk of PD in siblings (hazard ratio: 2.4; P = 0.002; 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 4.1), and proband age of onset was significantly correlated with sibling age of onset (Somer's D = 0.20; P = 0.018).ConclusionsProband age of PD onset is not associated with differences in parental PD risk. Siblings of PD patients with onset before age 50 are at increased risk of PD and are more likely to have early‐onset disease. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms in early, untreated Parkinson's disease
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Simuni Tanya , Caspell‐Garcia Chelsea , Coffey Christopher , Lasch Shirley , Siderowf Andrew , Aarsland Dag , Barone Paolo , Burn David , Chahine Lama M. , Eberling Jamie , Espay Alberto J. , Foster Eric D. , Leverenz James B. , Litvan Irene , Richard Irene , Troyer Matthew D. , Hawkins Keith A. ,   the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment (CI) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in early, untreated patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).BackgroundBoth CI and NPS are common in PD and impact disease course and quality of life. However, limited knowledge is available about cognitive abilities and NPS.MethodsParkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) is a multi‐site study of early, untreated PD patients and healthy controls (HCs), the latter with normal cognition. At baseline, participants were assessed with a neuropsychological battery and for symptoms of depression, anxiety, impulse control disorders (ICDs), psychosis, and apathy.ResultsBaseline data of 423 PD patients and 196 HCs yielded no between‐group differences in demographic characteristics. Twenty‐two percent of PD patients met the PD‐recommended screening cutoff for CI on the Montral Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), but only 9% met detailed neuropsychological testing criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)‐level impairment. The PD patients were more depressed than HCs (P < 0.001), with twice as many (14% vs. 7%) meeting criteria for clinically significant depressive symptoms. The PD patients also experienced more anxiety (P < 0.001) and apathy (P < 0.001) than HCs. Psychosis was uncommon in PD (3%), and no between‐group difference was seen in ICD symptoms (P = 0.51).ConclusionsApproximately 10% of PD patients in the early, untreated disease state met traditional criteria of CI, which is a lower frequency compared with previous studies. Multiple dopaminergic‐dependent NPS are also more common in these patients compared with the general population, but others associated with dopamine replacement therapy are not or are rare. Future analyses of this cohort will examine biological predictors and the course of CI and NPS. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Big Data ohne Energiekollaps
Authors: Schmidt Heidemarie , Mikolajick Thomas , Waser Rainer , Linn Eike 
Published: March 2015

Abstract2018 werden bereits weltweit 1,6 Zettabytes an Daten anfallen. Würde man die explodierenden Datenmengen noch lange auf herkömmlichen Computern verarbeiten, wäre deren Energiebedarf enorm. Deswegen werden neuartige energieeffiziente Computertechnologien mit semantischen und kognitiven Fähigkeiten wie das menschliche Gehirn entwickelt. Sie sollen Informationen sortieren, analysieren und auf dieser Basis Entscheidungen treffen können. Solche Fähigkeiten könnte die hier vorgestellte Memristor‐Logik ermöglichen. Mit ihr könnten neuartige Computer große Datenmengen energieeffizient analysieren. Die Programmierung der Memristor‐Logik funktioniert grundsätzlich anders als bei herkömmlicher Logik‐Hardware, denn sie verändert nicht nur die Software, sondern auch die Hardware. Die neuartigen Bausteine können zudem das Ergebnis einer logischen Operation nichtflüchtig speichern.
Tambora: das Jahr ohne Sommer
Authors: Auchmann Renate , Brönnimann Stefan , Arfeuille Florian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDie außergewöhnlichen klimatischen Bedingungen des “Jahres ohne Sommer” 1816 werden größtenteils dem Ausbruch des indonesischen Vulkans Tambora im Jahr 1815 zugeschrieben. In Mitteleuropa und Nordamerika zählt dieser Sommer zu den kältesten und regenreichsten seit Beginn der Wetterbeobachtungen. Sozioökonomische Auswirkungen wie Ernteausfälle und Hungersnöte waren die Folge. Der weitreichende Klimaeffekt durch Vulkane entsteht vor allem durch Schwefelsäureaerosole. Diese bilden sich nach explosiven Vulkanausbrüchen in der Stratosphäre. Liegen diese Vulkane wie der Tambora in den Tropen, dann können ihre Aerosole einige Jahre in der Stratosphäre verbleiben und sich über den gesamten Globus ausbreiten.
Development of a reporter peptide that catalytically produces a fluorescent signal through α‐complementation
Authors: Nishiyama Kotaro , Ichihashi Norikazu , Kazuta Yasuaki , Yomo Tetsuya 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn α‐complementation, inactive N‐terminal (α‐domain) and C‐terminal (ω‐domain) fragments of β‐galactosidase associate to reconstitute the active protein. To date, the effect of α‐domain size on α‐complementation activity has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we compared the complementation activities of α‐domains of various sizes using an in vitro system. We found that the complementation activities are similar for α‐domains comprising between 45 and 229 N‐terminal residues but are significantly decreased for those containing less than 37 residues. However, these smaller α‐domains (15 and 25 residues) exhibited sufficient α‐complementation activity for application as reporters.
On the lack of polymorphism in Aβ‐peptide aggregates derived from patient brains
Authors: Alred Erik J. , Phillips Malachi , Berhanu Workalemahu M. , Hansmann Ulrich H. E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and fibrils that are found in neural tissues of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease may either cause or contribute to the pathology of the disease. In vitro, these Aβ‐aggregates are characterized by structural polymorphism. However, recent solid state NMR data of fibrils acquired post mortem from the brains of two Alzheimer's patients indicate presence of only a single, patient‐specific structure. Using enhanced molecular dynamic simulations we investigate the factors that modulate the stability of Aβ‐fibrils. We find characteristic differences in molecular flexibility, dynamics of interactions, and structural behavior between the brain‐derived Aβ‐fibril structure and in vitro models. These differences may help to explain the lack of polymorphism in fibrils collected from patient brains, and have to be taken into account when designing aggregation inhibitors and imaging agents for Alzheimer's disease.
Correlation between gloss reflectance and surface texture in photographic paper
Authors: Vessot Kevin , Messier Paul , Hyde Joyce M. , Brown Christopher A. 
Published: March 2015

SummarySurface textures of a large collection of photographic papers dating from 1896 to the present were measured using a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) with four different objective lenses. Roughness characterization parameters were calculated from the texture measurements and were compared with gloss measurements. Characterization by the area‐scale fractal dimension (Das) and the area‐scale fractal complexity (Asfc) provided the strongest correlations between gloss reflectance and surface texture. The measurements with the 5× and 10× objectives, which contained many large‐scale, spiky measurement artifacts that distorted the measurement, resulted in the strongest correlations (R2 > 0.8) compared to the 20× and 50× (R2 < 0.5). The presence of spiky artifacts in the measurements, which increases when the magnification of the objective lens is decreased, appears to amplify surface features in such a way to improve the correlations. SCANNING 37:204–217, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiosphere-Derived Cells from Pediatric End-Stage Heart Failure Patients Have Enhanced Functional Activity Due to the Heat Shock Response Regulating the Secretome
Authors: Sharma Sudhish , Mishra Rachana , Simpson David , Wehman Brody , Colletti Evan J. , Deshmukh Savitha , Datla Srinivasa Raju , Balachandran Keerti , Guo Yin , Chen Ling , Siddiqui Osama T. , Kaushal Shalesh , Kaushal Sunjay 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We have demonstrated that human neonatal cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) derived from the young are more regenerative due to their robust secretome. However, it is unclear how the decompensated pediatric heart impacts the functional activity of their CDCs. Our aim was to characterize the potency of pediatric CDCs derived from normal functioning myocardium of control heart disease (CHD) patients to those generated from age-matched end stage heart failure (ESHF) patients and to determine the mechanisms involved. ESHF-derived CDCs contained a higher number of c-kit+, Islet-1+, and Sca-1+ cells. When transplanted into an infarcted rodent model, ESHF-derived CDCs significantly demonstrated higher restoration of ventricular function, prevented adverse remodeling, and enhanced angiogenesis when compared with CHD patients. The superior functional recovery of the ESHF-derived CDCs was mediated in part by increased SDF-1α and VEGF-A secretion resulting in augmented recruitment of endogenous stem cells and proliferation of cardiomyocytes. We determined the mechanism is due to the secretome directed by the heat shock response (HSR), which is supported by three lines of evidence. First, gain of function studies demonstrated that increased HSR induced the lower functioning CHD-derived CDCs to significantly restore myocardial function. Second, loss-of function studies targeting the HSR impaired the ability of the ESHF-derived CDCs to functionally recover the injured myocardium. Finally, the native ESHF myocardium had an increased number of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells. These findings suggest that the HSR enhances the functional activity of ESHF-derived CDCs by increasing their secretome activity, notably SDF-1α and VEGF-A. Stem Cells 2015;33:1213–1229
Object‐sensitive cost analysis for concurrent objects
Authors: Albert Elvira , Arenas Puri , Correas Jesús , Genaim Samir , Gómez‐Zamalloa Miguel , Puebla Germán , Román‐Díez Guillermo 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis article presents a novel cost analysis framework for concurrent objects. Concurrent objects form a well‐established model for distributed concurrent systems. In this model, objects are the concurrency units that communicate among them via asynchronous method calls. Cost analysis aims at automatically approximating the resource consumption of executing a program in terms of its input parameters. While cost analysis for sequential programming languages has received considerable attention, concurrency and distribution have been notably less studied. The main challenges of cost analysis in a concurrent setting are as follows. First, inferring precise size abstractions for data in the program in the presence of shared memory. This information is essential for bounding the number of iterations of loops. Second, distribution suggests that analysis must infer the cost of the diverse distributed components separately. We handle this by means of a novel form of object‐sensitive recurrence equations that use cost centres in order to keep the resource usage assigned to the different components separate. We have implemented our analysis and evaluated it on several small applications that are classical examples of concurrent and distributed programming. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A joint subcarrier selection and power allocation scheme using variational inequality in OFDM‐based cognitive relay networks
Authors: Peng Jun , Li Shuo , Zhu Chaoliang , Liu Weirong , Zhu Zhengfa , Lin Kuo‐chi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroducing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) into cognitive radio (CR) can potentially increase the spectrum efficiency, but it also leads to further challenges for the resource allocation of CR networks. In OFDM‐based cognitive relay networks, two of the most significant research issues are subcarrier selection and power allocation. In this paper, a non‐cooperative game model is proposed to maximize the system throughput by jointly optimizing subcarrier selection and power allocation. First, taking the direct and relay links into consideration, an equivalent channel gain is presented to simplify the cooperative relay model into a non‐relay model. Then, a variational inequality method is utilized to prove the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium solution of the proposed non‐cooperative game. Moreover, to compute the solution of the game, a suboptimal algorithm based on the Lagrange function and distributed iterative water‐filling algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm can jointly optimize the process of subcarrier selection and power allocation. Finally, simulation results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed joint subcarrier selection and power allocation scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Major modes of short-term climate variability in the newly developed NUIST Earth System Model (NESM)
Authors: Cao Jian , Wang Bin , Xiang Baoqiang , Li Juan , Wu Tianjie , Fu Xiouhua , Wu Liguang , Min Jinzhong 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A coupled earth system model (ESM) has been developed at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST) by using version 5.3 of the European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM), version 3.4 of the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO), and version 4.1 of the Los Alamos sea ice model (CICE). The model is referred to as NUIST ESM1 (NESM1). Comprehensive and quantitative metrics are used to assess the model’s major modes of climate variability most relevant to subseasonal-to-interannual climate prediction. The model’s assessment is placed in a multi-model framework. The model yields a realistic annual mean and annual cycle of equatorial SST, and a reasonably realistic precipitation climatology, but has difficulty in capturing the spring-fall asymmetry and monsoon precipitation domains. The ENSO mode is reproduced well with respect to its spatial structure, power spectrum, phase locking to the annual cycle, and spatial structures of the central Pacific (CP)-ENSO and eastern Pacific (EP)-ENSO; however, the equatorial SST variability, biennial component of ENSO, and the amplitude of CP-ENSO are overestimated. The model captures realistic intraseasonal variability patterns, the vertical-zonal structures of the first two leading predictable modes of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), and its eastward propagation; but the simulated MJO speed is significantly slower than observed. Compared with the T42 version, the high resolution version (T159) demonstrates improved simulation with respect to the climatology, interannual variance, monsoon-ENSO lead-lag correlation, spatial structures of the leading mode of the Asian-Australian monsoon rainfall variability, and the eastward propagation of the MJO.