bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Backscatter Electron Signal as an Additional Tool for Phase Segmentation in Electron Backscatter Diffraction
Authors: Payton E.J. , Nolze G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe advent of simultaneous energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data collection has vastly improved the phase separation capabilities for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping. A major problem remains, however, in distinguishing between multiple cubic phases in a specimen, especially when the compositions of the phases are similar or their particle sizes are small, because the EDS interaction volume is much larger than that of EBSD and the EDS spectra collected during spatial mapping are generally noisy due to time limitations and the need to minimize sample drift. The backscatter electron (BSE) signal is very sensitive to the local composition due to its atomic number (Z) dependence. BSE imaging is investigated as a complimentary tool to EDS to assist phase segmentation and identification in EBSD through examination of specimens of meteorite, Cu dross, and steel oxidation layers. The results demonstrate that the simultaneous acquisition of EBSD patterns, EDS spectra, and the BSE signal can provide new potential for advancing multiphase material characterization in the scanning electron microscope.
BOUNDS FOR A CONE-TYPE MULTIPLIER OPERATOR OF NEGATIVE INDEX IN
Authors: CHOI SUNGHUN 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper we obtain some sharp ${L}^{p} - {L}^{q} $ estimates and the restricted weak-type endpoint estimates for the multiplier operator of negative order associated with conic surfaces in ${ \mathbb{R} }^{3} $ which have finite type degeneracy.
The TBT Panels: US–Cloves, US–Tuna, US–COOL
Authors: HOWSE ROBERT , LEVY PHILIP I. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn a series of controversial 2011 decisions, WTO DSM Panels sought to reconcile legitimate regulatory interests of the state with various obligations to treat imported products in an even-handed and not unnecessarily trade-restrictive manner. Among the key points of contention were which obligation pertained in each case – national treatment, limits on technical regulations, or rules governing standards. In each case, the Panel imposed significant restrictions on national regulatory practices, and in each case the Panel reasoning was challenged by the Appellate Body. This paper addresses some of the key legal and economic issues raised in the original Panel decisions, leaving the late-breaking Appellate Body decisions for future analysis. Given the unsettled nature of the terrain, the economic analysis focuses primarily on the question of national treatment, while the legal analysis deals with other interesting points that emerge from these rulings, such as the appropriate level of deference to international standards and the legitimacy of labeling requirements.
Early Inhibition of MMP Activity in Ischemic Rat Brain Promotes Expression of Tight Junction Proteins and Angiogenesis During Recovery
Authors: Yang Yi , Thompson Jeffrey F , Taheri Saeid , Salayandia Victor M , McAvoy Thera A , Hill Jeff W , Yang Yirong , Estrada Eduardo Y , Rosenberg Gary A 
Published: April 2013

In cerebral ischemia, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a dual role by acutely disrupting tight junction proteins (TJPs) in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and chronically promoting angiogenesis. Since TJP remodeling of the neurovascular unit (NVU) is important in recovery and early inhibition of MMPs is neuroprotective, we hypothesized that short-term MMP inhibition would reduce infarct size and promote angiogenesis after ischemia. Adult spontaneously hypertensive rats had a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion. At the onset of ischemia, they received a single dose of the MMP inhibitor, GM6001. They were studied at multiple times up to 4 weeks with immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We observed newly formed vessels in peri-infarct regions at 3 weeks after reperfusion. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI showed BBB opening in new vessels. Along with the new vessels, pericytes expressed zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and MMP-3, astrocytes expressed ZO-1, occludin, and MMP-2, while endothelial cells expressed claudin-5. The GM6001, which reduced tissue loss at 3 to 4 weeks, significantly increased new vessel formation with expression of TJPs and MMPs. Our results show that pericytes and astrocytes act spatiotemporally, contributing to extraendothelial TJP formation, and that MMPs are involved in BBB restoration during recovery. Early MMP inhibition benefits neurovascular remodeling after stroke.
Comprehensive characterization and optimization of anti-LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Davies Paul , Hinkle Kelly M. , Sukar Nour N. , Sepulveda Bryan , Mesias Roxana , Serrano Geidy , Alessi Dario R. , Beach Thomas G. , Benson Deanna L. , White Charles L. , Cowell Rita M. , Das Sonal S. , West Andrew B. , Melrose Heather L. 
Published: April 2013

Missense mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are a major cause of PD (Parkinson's disease). Several antibodies against LRRK2 have been developed, but results using these polyclonal antibodies have varied widely leading to conflicting conclusions. To address this challenge, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research generated a number of monoclonal antibodies targeting epitopes across the LRRK2 protein. In the present paper, we report optimized protocols and results for ten monoclonal antibodies for immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation and kinase activity assays, in rat, mouse and human brain tissue. Several efficacious antibodies were identified, but results demonstrate that the mouse monoclonal N241A/34 is suitable for most applications, with the best overall rabbit monoclonal antibody being c41-2. These antibodies produced a dominant band of the expected size via immunoblotting and a lack of labelling in tissue derived from LRRK2-knockout animals under optimized conditions. A significant proportion of LRRK2 protein localizes to insoluble fractions and no evidence of truncated LRRK2 protein was detected in any fraction from rodent or human tissues. An assay was developed for the robust detection of LRRK2 kinase activity directly from frozen mouse and human brain tissue, but precipitous declines in activity were observed that corresponded to increasing post-mortem intervals and processing times. Finally, we demonstrate the highest levels of brain-localized LRRK2 in the striatum, but note differential expression patterns between rat and mouse in both striatum and cortex. Anti-LRRK2 monoclonal antibodies that are unlimited in availability together with the proposed standardized protocols should aid in the definition of LRRK2 function in both health and disease.
Regulation of Torsin ATPases by LAP1 and LULL1
Authors: Zhao Chenguang , Brown Rebecca S. H. , Chase Anna R. , Eisele Markus R. , Schlieker Christian 
Published: April 2013

Significance
Torsins belong to the AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) ATPase superfamily, the members of which disassemble protein complexes or unfold proteins. Here, we provide evidence that the activity of Torsins is tightly regulated by two proteins that reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and the perinuclear space. This regulatory mechanism provides the framework for a better understanding of phenotypes in animal models, and allows us to define the molecular defect underlying TorsinA dystonia.
An Environmental Disinfection Odyssey: Evaluation of Sequential Interventions to Improve Disinfection of Clostridium difficile Isolation Rooms
Authors: Sitzlar Brett , Deshpande Abhishek , Fertelli Dennis , Kundrapu Sirisha , Sethi Ajay K. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: April 2013

Objective.Effective disinfection of hospital rooms after discharge of patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is necessary to prevent transmission. We evaluated the impact of sequential cleaning and disinfection interventions by culturing high-touch surfaces in CDI rooms after cleaning.Design.Prospective intervention.Setting.A Veterans Affairs hospital.Interventions.During a 21-month period, 3 sequential tiered interventions were implemented: (1) fluorescent markers to provide monitoring and feedback on thoroughness of cleaning facility-wide, (2) addition of an automated ultraviolet radiation device for adjunctive disinfection of CDI rooms, and (3) enhanced standard disinfection of CDI rooms, including a dedicated daily disinfection team and implementation of a process requiring supervisory assessment and clearance of terminally cleaned CDI rooms. To determine the impact of the interventions, cultures were obtained from CDI rooms after cleaning and disinfection.Results.The fluorescent marker intervention improved the thoroughness of cleaning of high-touch surfaces (from 47% to 81% marker removal; P < .0001). Relative to the baseline period, the prevalence of positive cultures from CDI rooms was reduced by 14% (P = .024), 48% (P>.001), and 89% (P = .006) with interventions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. During the baseline period, 67% of CDI rooms had positive cultures after disinfection, whereas during interventions periods 1, 2, and 3 the percentages of CDI rooms with positive cultures after disinfection were reduced to 57%, 35%, and 7%, respectively.Conclusions.An intervention that included formation of a dedicated daily disinfection team and implementation of a standardized process for clearing CDI rooms achieved consistent CDI room disinfection. Culturing of CDI rooms provides a valuable tool to drive improvements in environmental disinfection.
Analysis of Latino populations from GALA and MEC studies reveals genomic loci with biased local ancestry estimation
Authors: Pasaniuc Bogdan , Sankararaman Sriram , Torgerson Dara G. , Gignoux Christopher , Zaitlen Noah , Eng Celeste , Rodriguez-Cintron William , Chapela Rocio , Ford Jean G. , Avila Pedro C. , Rodriguez-Santana Jose , Chen Gary K. , Le Marchand Loic , Henderson Brian , Reich David , Haiman Christopher A. , Gonzàlez Burchard Esteban , Halperin Eran 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Local ancestry analysis of genotype data from recently admixed populations (e.g. Latinos, African Americans) provides key insights into population history and disease genetics. Although methods for local ancestry inference have been extensively validated in simulations (under many unrealistic assumptions), no empirical study of local ancestry accuracy in Latinos exists to date. Hence, interpreting findings that rely on local ancestry in Latinos is challenging.
Results: Here, we use 489 nuclear families from the mainland USA, Puerto Rico and Mexico in conjunction with 3204 unrelated Latinos from the Multiethnic Cohort study to provide the first empirical characterization of local ancestry inference accuracy in Latinos. Our approach for identifying errors does not rely on simulations but on the observation that local ancestry in families follows Mendelian inheritance. We measure the rate of local ancestry assignments that lead to Mendelian inconsistencies in local ancestry in trios (MILANC), which provides a lower bound on errors in the local ancestry estimates. We show that MILANC rates observed in simulations underestimate the rate observed in real data, and that MILANC varies substantially across the genome. Second, across a wide range of methods, we observe that loci with large deviations in local ancestry also show enrichment in MILANC rates. Therefore, local ancestry estimates at such loci should be interpreted with caution. Finally, we reconstruct ancestral haplotype panels to be used as reference panels in local ancestry inference and show that ancestry inference is significantly improved by incoroprating these reference panels.
Availability and implementation: We provide the reconstructed reference panels together with the maps of MILANC rates as a public resource for researchers analyzing local ancestry in Latinos at http://bogdanlab.pathology.ucla.edu.
Contact: bpasaniuc@mednet.ucla.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Lobectomy versus Lobectomy by Thoracotomy for Lung Cancer: Pilot Study
Authors: Papiashvilli Michael , Sasson Lior , Azzam Sharbel , Hayat Henri , Schreiber Letizia , Ezri Tiberiu , Priel Israel E. 
Published: April 2013

Objective Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy (VATS-L) has become accepted as a safe and effective procedure to treat early-stage non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, the advantages of VATS-L compared with lobectomy by thoracotomy (TL) remain controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of patients who underwent VATS-L with those who underwent TL. Methods We studied 103 patients who underwent surgery for operable NSCLC between October 2009 and March 2012. All operations were performed by a single surgeon. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for VATS-L and TL were formulated before the study was initiated. Data on age, sex, preoperative comorbidities, intraoperative and postoperative complications, hospital stay, morbidity, mortality, and other characteristics were recorded preoperatively, in real time intra-operatively, and during hospitalization and were statistically compared. Comorbidities were scaled according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index, and propensity scores between the patients who underwent TL and VATS-L were compared. Results Sixty-three VATS-L operations and 40 TL operations were performed. There were no postoperative complications in 39 patients (61.9%) who underwent VATS-L compared with 25 patients (62.5%) who underwent TL. The patients who underwent TL were significantly younger than the patients who underwent VATS-L (mean ± SD, 64.7 ± 12.6 vs 70.9 ± 8.4; P = 0.003). Hospital stay was not found to be related to the type of surgery (mean ± SD, 8.43 ± 3.15 days vs 8.32 ± 4.13 days; P = 0.888). There were no significant differences when comparing postoperative complications. Conclusions Our initial data suggest that VATS-L is a safe procedure in patients with resectable IA/IB NSCLC and may be the preferred strategy for treatment of the older patient population.
Gastrostomy in Children With Cystic Fibrosis and Portal Hypertension
Authors: Vandeleur Moya , Massie John , Oliver Mark 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTChildren with cystic fibrosis–associated liver disease (CFALD) and portal hypertension may require supplemental feeding with gastrostomy; however, this could lead to the development of stomal varices. We assessed this risk and nutritional and pulmonary outcome in a series of 7 children with CFALD and portal hypertension. In 35.1 patient‐years of follow‐up, none developed stomal varices or had a gastrointestinal bleed attributable to a varix. There was significant improvement in nutrition and lung function 2 years postinsertion. We conclude that gastrostomy placement for poor nutrition in children with CFALD and portal hypertension is safe and contributes to improved nutritional and pulmonary outcome.
Magnet Ingestions in Children Presenting to US Emergency Departments, 2002–2011
Authors: Abbas Mazen I. , Oliva‐Hemker Maria , Choi Joon , Lustik Michael , Gilger Mark A. , Noel R. Adam , Schwarz Kathleen , Nylund Cade M. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:In the last 10 years, there have been an increasing number of case reports concerning gastrointestinal injury related to magnet ingestions; however, the magnitude of the problem remains to be clearly defined. The aim of the study was to examine the epidemiology of magnet ingestion‐related emergency department (ED) visits among children in the United States.Methods:We performed a trend analysis using a nationally representative sample from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database for ED visits involving magnet ingestion in children younger than 18 years from 2002 to 2011.Results:A national estimate of 16,386 (95% CI 12,175–20,598) children younger than 18 years presented to EDs in the United States during the 10‐year study period with possible magnet ingestion. The incidence of visits increased 8.5‐fold (from 0.45/100,000 to 3.75/100,000) from 2002 to 2011 with a 75% average annual increase per year. The majority of patients reported to have ingested magnets were younger than 5 years (54.7%). From 2009 to 2011 there was an increase in older children ingesting multiple small and/or round magnets, with a mean average age of 7.1 ± 0.56 years during the study period.Conclusions:There has been an alarming increase in ED visits for magnet ingestion in children. Increased public education and prevention efforts are needed.
Specific Subunits of Heterotrimeric G Proteins Play Important Roles during Nodulation in Soybean
Authors: Choudhury Swarup Roy , Pandey Sona 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHeterotrimeric G proteins comprising Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits regulate many fundamental growth and development processes in all eukaryotes. Plants possess a relatively limited number of G-protein components compared with mammalian systems, and their detailed functional characterization has been performed mostly in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa). However, the presence of single Gα and Gβ proteins in both these species has significantly undermined the complexity and specificity of response regulation in plant G-protein signaling. There is ample pharmacological evidence for the role of G proteins in regulation of legume-specific processes such as nodulation, but the lack of genetic data from a leguminous species has restricted its direct assessment. Our recent identification and characterization of an elaborate G-protein family in soybean (Glycine max) and the availability of appropriate molecular-genetic resources have allowed us to directly evaluate the role of G-protein subunits during nodulation. We demonstrate that all G-protein genes are expressed in nodules and exhibit significant changes in their expression in response to Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection and in representative supernodulating and nonnodulating soybean mutants. RNA interference suppression and overexpression of specific G-protein components results in lower and higher nodule numbers, respectively, validating their roles as positive regulators of nodule formation. Our data further show preferential usage of distinct G-protein subunits in the presence of an additional signal during nodulation. Interestingly, the Gα proteins directly interact with the soybean nodulation factor receptors NFR1α and NFR1β, suggesting that the plant G proteins may couple with receptors other than the canonical heptahelical receptors common in metazoans to modulate signaling.
Spatiotemporal Secretion of PEROXIDASE36 Is Required for Seed Coat Mucilage Extrusion in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kunieda Tadashi , Shimada Tomoo , Kondo Maki , Nishimura Mikio , Nishitani Kazuhiko , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The epidermal cells of the Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat, which correspond to the second layer of the outer integument (oi2), contain large quantities of a pectic polysaccharide called mucilage within the apoplastic space beneath the outer periclinal cell wall. Immediately after seed imbibition, the mucilage is extruded and completely envelops the seed in a gel-like capsule. We found that a class III peroxidase family protein, PEROXIDASE36 (PER36), functions as a mucilage extrusion factor. Expression of PER36 occurred only in oi2 cells for a few days around the torpedo stage. A PER36–green fluorescent protein fusion was secreted into the outer cell wall in a polarized manner. per36 mutants were defective in mucilage extrusion after seed imbibition due to the failure of outer cell wall rupture, although the mutants exhibited normal monosaccharide composition of the mucilage. This abnormal phenotype of per36 was rescued by pectin solubilization, which promoted cell wall loosening. These results suggest that PER36 regulates the degradation of the outer cell wall. Taken together, this work indicates that polarized secretion of PER36 in a developmental stage-dependent manner plays a role in cell wall modification of oi2 cells.
Non-Cell-Autonomous Postmortem Lignification of Tracheary Elements inZinnia elegans
Authors: Pesquet Edouard , Zhang Bo , Gorzsás András , Puhakainen Tuula , Serk Henrik , Escamez Sacha , Barbier Odile , Gerber Lorenz , Courtois-Moreau Charleen , Alatalo Edward , Paulin Lars , Kangasjärvi Jaakko , Sundberg Björn , Goffner Deborah , Tuominen Hannele 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPostmortem lignification of xylem tracheary elements (TEs) has been debated for decades. Here, we provide evidence in Zinnia elegans TE cell cultures, using pharmacological inhibitors and in intact Z. elegans plants using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, that TE lignification occurs postmortem (i.e., after TE programmed cell death). In situ RT-PCR verified expression of the lignin monomer biosynthetic cinnamoyl CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in not only the lignifying TEs but also in the unlignified non-TE cells of Z. elegans TE cell cultures and in living, parenchymatic xylem cells that surround TEs in stems. These cells were also shown to have the capacity to synthesize and transport lignin monomers and reactive oxygen species to the cell walls of dead TEs. Differential gene expression analysis in Z. elegans TE cell cultures and concomitant functional analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in identification of several genes that were expressed in the non-TE cells and that affected lignin chemistry on the basis of pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. These data suggest that living, parenchymatic xylem cells contribute to TE lignification in a non-cell-autonomous manner, thus enabling the postmortem lignification of TEs.
The correct assignment of stereochemistry in di-μ-dichlorido-bis{bis[2-(5-benzylsulfonyl)-3-fluoro-2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl-κ2N,C1]iridium(III)} toluene monosolvate
Authors: Mesto Ernesto , Scordari Fernando , Lacalamita Maria , De Cola Luisa , Ragni Roberta , Farinola Gianluca Maria 
Published: April 2013

The title complex, [Ir2(C18H13FNO2S)4Cl2]·C7H8, was crystallized from dichloromethane solution under a toluene atmosphere. It is a dimeric complex in which each of the two IrIIIcentres is octahedrally coordinated by two bridging chloride ligands and by two chelating cyclometalated 2-(4-benzylsulfonyl-2-fluorophenyl)pyridine ligands. The crystal structure analysis unequivocally establishes thetransdisposition of the two cyclometalated ligands bound to each IrIIIcentre, contrary to our previous hypothesis of acisdisposition. The latter was based on the1H NMR spectra of a series of dimeric benzylsulfonyl-functionalized dichloride-bridged iridium complexes, including the compound described in the present work [Ragniet al.(2009).Chem. Eur. J.15, 136–148]. The toluene solvent molecules, embedded in cavities in the crystal structure, are highly disordered and could not be modelled successfully; their contribution was removed from the refinement using the SQUEEZE routine in the programPLATON[Spek (2009).Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155].