bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) instrument: construct validation
Authors: de Souza Ana L. , Leal Soraya C. , Chaves Sacha B. , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Frencken Jo E. , Creugers Nico H. J. 
Published: February 2014

The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) is a newly developed epidemiological instrument. The aim of this study was to investigate its construct validity. Four calibrated examiners, using CAST codes 0–6, visually examined 109 surfaces of extracted and exfoliated teeth. These teeth were then hemisectioned, photographed, and assessed histologically by two calibrated examiners using the Downer criteria. Twenty‐eight of the 109 teeth were scanned using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and assessed by the same examiners using the same criteria. Validation was determined through calculation of the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index for two categories of carious lesions examined visually, with histology and micro‐CT as gold standards. Interexaminer consistency was κ = 0.76: SE ± 0.05 between visual and histological assessments of teeth and was κ = 0.89: SE ± 0.08 between visual and micro‐CT assessments. For the category ‘healthy’ vs. ‘diseased’ (CAST codes 0–2 vs. CAST codes 3–6), sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index values of 100%, 92.9%, and 93%, respectively, for micro‐CT, and 96.6%, 86%, and 83%, respectively, for histology, were obtained. For the category ‘dentine’ vs. ‘non‐dentine lesions’ (CAST codes 0–3 vs. CAST codes 4–6) sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index values of 90%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, for micro‐CT, and 81.4%, 100%, and 81%, respectively, for histology, were obtained. Construct validity of the CAST instrument was obtained.
Ethmoid adenocarcinoma: Severe neurological complications after combined laser ablation and intralesional formalin injection
Authors: Maischberger E. , Jackson M. A. , Kühn K. , Grest P. , de Brot S. , Wehrli Eser M. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryAn 11‐year‐old Warmblood gelding with chronic bilateral epistaxis was diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the right ethmoid, based on transendoscopic biopsy. On computed tomography images, the cribriform plate was considered intact and the tumour was minimally invasive in surrounding tissue. The palliative treatment included a combination of surgical exploration and laser ablation. Following recurrence of the clinical signs one month later, intralesional formalin injection was performed. In the immediate post injection period, the horse developed severe neurological signs. Because of the overall poor prognosis, the horse was subjected to euthanasia. On post mortem examination, changes were seen in the frontal lobe consistent with diffusion of formalin through the cribriform plate. Care is needed when treating horses with intralesional formalin because macroscopic appearance of the cribriform plate may not relate to its functionality.
Diagnosis and treatment of intrathecal tears of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor
Authors: Minshall G. J. , Wright I. M. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyTears of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor (ALSDF) that communicate with the carpal sheath are not reported in the literature. The study describes ultrasonographic techniques for evaluation of the ALSDF and reports clinical, ultrasonographic and endoscopic features associated with intrathecal tears of the ligament.ObjectivesTo investigate whether tearing of the ALSDF can be: 1) intrathecal with respect to the carpal sheath; 2) cause lameness and distension of the carpal sheath; and 3) result in intrathecal haemorrhage by tearing vessels that appear to be direct branches of the median artery, as well as to confirm that these lesions are reliably predicted by ultrasonography.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsCase records and diagnostic images of horses with ALSDF injuries were reviewed retrospectively, and follow‐up information was obtained.ResultsUltrasonographic examination using a combination of linear and curved array transducers identified 10 cases with intrathecal tears of the ALSDF. This was confirmed in 7 cases that underwent tenoscopy. Tears were consistently in the caudal ALSDF and in 3 cases exposed the median artery. Extruded torn fibres were removed. Of the 7 surgical cases, one horse returned to competitive work, one was back in full training, 2 were retired from racing but performing riding club activities, 2 were convalescing and one was lost to follow‐up. Of the 3 cases that did not undergo surgery, one was subjected to euthanasia and the other 2 failed to return to training.ConclusionsTears of the ALSDF can communicate with the carpal sheath, resulting in lameness and intrathecal haemorrhage. The latter appears to result from vessels that are primary branches of the median artery, and tears in the ALSDF can extend to this. These injuries are reliably predicted by multimodal ultrasonography, which also allows assessment of the proximity of tears to the median artery.
Bone fatigue and its implications for injuries in racehorses
Authors: Martig S. , Chen W. , Lee P. V. S. , Whitton R. C. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryMusculoskeletal injuries are a common cause of lost training days and wastage in racehorses. Many bone injuries are a consequence of repeated high loading during fast work, resulting in chronic damage accumulation and material fatigue of bone. The highest joint loads occur in the fetlock, which is also the most common site of subchondral bone injury in racehorses. Microcracks in the subchondral bone at sites where intra‐articular fractures and palmar osteochondral disease occur are similar to the fatigue damage detected experimentally after repeated loading of bone. Fatigue is a process that has undergone much study in material science in order to avoid catastrophic failure of engineering structures. The term ‘fatigue life’ refers to the numbers of cycles of loading that can be sustained before failure occurs. Fatigue life decreases exponentially with increasing load. This is important in horses as loads within the limb increase with increasing speed. Bone adapts to increased loading by modelling to maintain the strains within the bone at a safe level. Bone also repairs fatigued matrix through remodelling. Fatigue injuries develop when microdamage accumulates faster than remodelling can repair. Remodelling of the equine metacarpus is reduced during race training and accelerated during rest periods. The first phase of remodelling is bone resorption, which weakens the bone through increased porosity. A bone that is porous following a rest period may fail earlier than a fully adapted bone. Maximising bone adaptation is an important part of training young racehorses. However, even well‐adapted bones accumulate microdamage and require ongoing remodelling. If remodelling inhibition at the extremes of training is unavoidable then the duration of exposure to high‐speed work needs to be limited and appropriate rest periods instituted. Further research is warranted to elucidate the effect of fast‐speed work and rest on bone damage accumulation and repair.
Potential carbon sequestration of European arable soils estimated by modelling a comprehensive set of management practices
Authors: Lugato Emanuele , Bampa Francesca , Panagos Panos , Montanarella Luca , Jones Arwyn 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBottom–up estimates from long‐term field experiments and modelling are the most commonly used approaches to estimate the carbon (C) sequestration potential of the agricultural sector. However, when data are required at European level, important margins of uncertainty still exist due to the representativeness of local data at large scale or different assumptions and information utilized for running models. In this context, a pan‐European (EU + Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Norway) simulation platform with high spatial resolution and harmonized data sets was developed to provide consistent scenarios in support of possible carbon sequestration policies. Using the CENTURY agroecosystem model, six alternative management practices (AMP) scenarios were assessed as alternatives to the business as usual situation (BAU). These consisted of the conversion of arable land to grassland (and vice versa), straw incorporation, reduced tillage, straw incorporation combined with reduced tillage, ley cropping system and cover crops. The conversion into grassland showed the highest soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates, ranging between 0.4 and 0.8 t C ha−1 yr−1, while the opposite extreme scenario (100% of grassland conversion into arable) gave cumulated losses of up to 2 Gt of C by 2100. Among the other practices, ley cropping systems and cover crops gave better performances than straw incorporation and reduced tillage. The allocation of 12 to 28% of the European arable land to different AMP combinations resulted in a potential SOC sequestration of 101–336 Mt CO2 eq. by 2020 and 549‐2141 Mt CO2 eq. by 2100. Modelled carbon sequestration rates compared with values from an ad hoc meta‐analysis confirmed the robustness of these estimates.
On the tracks of Nitrogen deposition effects on temperate forests at their southern European range – an observational study from Italy
Authors: Ferretti Marco , Marchetto Aldo , Arisci Silvia , Bussotti Filippo , Calderisi Marco , Carnicelli Stefano , Cecchini Guia , Fabbio Gianfranco , Bertini Giada , Matteucci Giorgio , de Cinti Bruno , Salvati Luca , Pompei Enrico 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe studied forest monitoring data collected at permanent plots in Italy over the period 2000–2009 to identify the possible impact of nitrogen (N) deposition on soil chemistry, tree nutrition and growth. Average N throughfall (N‐NO3+N‐NH4) ranged between 4 and 29 kg ha−1 yr−1, with Critical Loads (CLs) for nutrient N exceeded at several sites. Evidence is consistent in pointing out effects of N deposition on soil and tree nutrition: topsoil exchangeable base cations (BCE) andpHdecreased with increasing N deposition, and foliar nutrient N ratios (especially N : P and N : K) increased. Comparison between bulk openfield and throughfall data suggested possible canopy uptake of N,levelling out for bulk deposition >4–6 kg ha−1 yr−1. Partial Least Square (PLS) regression revealed that ‐ although stand and meteorological variables explained the largest portion of variance in relative basal area increment (BAIrel2000–2009) ‐ N‐related predictors (topsoil BCE, C : N,pH; foliar N‐ratios; N deposition) nearly always improved the BAIrelmodel in terms of variance explained (from 78.2 to 93.5%) and error (from 2.98 to 1.50%). N deposition was the strongest predictor even when stand, management and atmosphere‐related variables (meteorology and tropospheric ozone) were accounted for. The maximal annual response of BAIrelwas estimated at 0.074–0.085% for every additional kgN. This corresponds to an annual maximal relative increase of 0.13–0.14% of carbon sequestered in the above‐ground woody biomass for every additional kgN, i.e. a median value of 159 kgC per kgN ha−1 yr−1(range: 50–504 kgC per kgN, depending on the site). Positive growth response occurred also at sites where signals of possible, perhaps recent N saturation were detected. This may suggest a time lag for detrimental N effects, but also that, under continuous high N input, the reported positive growth response may be not sustainable in the long‐term.
Migration of metamorphic CO2 into a coal seam: a natural analog study to assess the long‐term fate of CO2 in Coal Bed Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Projects
Authors: Wang L. , Cheng Y. , Li W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study assesses the displacement of coalbed methane by CO2 migration along a fault into the coal seam in the Yaojie coalfield. Coal and gas samples were collected continuously at various distances in NO.2 coal seam from F19 fault. Vitrinite reflectance, maceral, and pore distributions and proximate analysis of fourteen coal samples were performed. Gas components, concentrations, carbon isotopes of 28 gas samples were determined. We examined the coal–gas trace characteristics of coalbed methane displaced away from the fault by CO2 injection after geological ages. From east to west, away from the F19 fault, the CO2 concentration decreased, whereas the CH4 concentration increased gradually. The δ13C values for CO2 varied between −9.94‰ and 1.12‰, suggesting a metamorphic origin. A wider range of values (from −9.94‰ to 20‰) was associated with the mixing of microbial carbon dioxide, isotopic fractionation during CO2 migration through the microporous structures of coals, and/or carbon isotope fractionation during gas–water exchange and dissolution of CO2. Away from the F19 fault, the volumes of micropores, mesopores and macropores decrease gradually. The Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) micropore volume decreased from 0.0059 to 0.0037 cm3 g‐1, and the mesopore and macropore volumes decreased from 0.066 to 0.026 cm3 g‐1. The CO2 injection can mobilize aromatic hydrocarbons and mineral matter from coal matrix, resulting in the decrease in the absorption peak intensity for coal samples after supercritical CO2 treatment, which indicates that chemical reactions occur between coal and CO2, not only physical adsorption.
Short‐Run Dynamics of Income Disparities and Regional Cycle Synchronization in the U.S.
Authors: Engin Duran Hasan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince the 1990s, the issue of regional income convergence and its long‐term tendencies has been thoroughly and heatedly discussed. Much less attention, however, has been devoted to the short‐run dynamics of regional convergence. In particular, three important aspects have not yet been adequately addressed. First, it is indeed essential to understand whether regional disparities manifest a tendency to move systematically along the national cycle. Then, if this happens to be the case, it becomes crucial to know whether 1) these movements are pro‐ or counter‐cyclical,2) the cyclical evolution of the disparities is a consequence of differences in the timing with which the business cycle is felt in regions or it is motivated by the amplitude differences across local cyclical swings. In this paper, we shed light on these issues using data on personal income for the 48 coterminous U.S. states between 1969 and 2008. Our results indicate that income disparities do not move randomly in the short run but follow a distinct cyclical pattern, moving either pro‐ or counter‐cyclically depending on the period of analysis. These patterns are probably explained by the changes in the direction of capital and labor flows that favor developed or poorer states in different periods. As for the underlying mechanism, it appears that the short‐run evolution of the disparities in recent years is largely a consequence of differences in the timing with which the business cycle is felt across states rather than the outcome of amplitude differences across local cyclical swings.
Headache in Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: John Seby , Hajj‐Ali Rula A. 
Published: February 2014

Autoimmune diseases are a group of heterogeneous inflammatory disorders characterized by systemic or localized inflammation, leading to ischemia and tissue destruction. These include disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus and related diseases, systemic vasculitides, and central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis (primary or secondary).Headache is a very common manifestation of CNS involvement of these diseases. Although headache characteristics can be unspecific and often non‐diagnostic, it is important to recognize because headache can be the first manifestation of CNS involvement. Prompt recognition and treatment is necessary not only to treat the headache, but also to help prevent serious neurological sequelae that frequently accompany autoimmune diseases.In this review, we discuss headache associated with autoimmune diseases along with important mimics.
Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in very elderly patients aged 80 years and older with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jo Masayasu , Yasui Kohichiroh , Kirishima Toshihiko , Shima Toshihide , Niimi Toshihisa , Katayama Takayuki , Mori Takahiro , Funaki Jun , Sumida Yoshio , Fujii Hideki , Takami Shiro , Kimura Hiroyuki , Mitsumoto Yasuhide , Minami Masahito , Yamaguchi Kanji , Yoshinami Naomi , Mizuno Masayuki , Sendo Rei , Tanaka Saiyu , Shintani Hiroyuki , Kagawa Keizo , Okanoue Takeshi , Itoh Yoshito 
Published: February 2014

AimSorafenib is the standard systemic therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of sorafenib therapy in very elderly patients aged 80 years and older with advanced HCC.MethodsIn a retrospective multicenter study in Japan, we reviewed 185 patients (median age, 71 years; 82% male; 95% Child–Pugh class A) with advanced HCC who received sorafenib therapy. Data were compared between 24 (13%) patients aged 80 years and older and 161 (87%) patients aged less than 80 years. We used propensity score matching to adjust for differences between the two groups.ResultsMedian overall survival was 10.6 months in all patients: 11.7 months in patients aged 80 years and older and 10.5 months in those aged less than 80 years. There were no significant differences in overall survival, tumor response, and frequency and severity of drug‐related adverse events between patients aged 80 years and older and those aged less than 80 years in both the entire study cohort and the propensity‐matched cohort.ConclusionSorafenib may be effective and well tolerated, even in patients with advanced HCC who are aged 80 years and older, as well as those aged less than 80 years.
Shared decision‐making behaviours in health professionals: a systematic review of studies based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Thompson‐Leduc Philippe , Clayman Marla L. , Turcotte Stéphane , Légaré France 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundShared decision making (SDM) requires health professionals to change their practice. Socio‐cognitive theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), provide the needed theoretical underpinnings for designing behaviour change interventions.ObjectiveWe systematically reviewed studies that used the TPB to assess SDM behaviours in health professionals to explore how theory is being used to explain influences on SDM intentions and/or behaviours, and which construct is identified as most influential.Search strategyWe searched PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Index to theses, Proquest dissertations and Current Contents for all years up to April 2012.Inclusion criteriaWe included all studies in French or English that used the TPB and related socio‐cognitive theories to assess SDM behavioural intentions or behaviours in health professionals. We used Makoul & Clayman's integrative SDM model to identify SDM behaviours.Data extraction and synthesisWe extracted study characteristics, nature of the socio‐cognitive theory, SDM behaviour, and theory‐based determinants of the SDM behavioural intention or behaviour. We computed simple frequency counts.Main resultsOf 12 388 titles, we assessed 136 full‐text articles for eligibility. We kept 20 eligible studies, all published in English between 1996 and 2012. Studies were conducted in Canada (n = 8), the USA (n = 6), the Netherlands (n = 3), the United Kingdom (n = 2) and Australia (n = 1). The determinant most frequently and significantly associated with intention was the subjective norm (n = 15/21 analyses).DiscussionThere was great variance in the way socio‐cognitive theories predicted SDM intention and/or behaviour, but frequency of significance indicated that subjective norm was most influential.
Immunohistochemical assessment of Ki67 with antibodies SP6 and MIB1 in primary breast cancer: a comparison of prognostic value and reproducibility
Authors: Ekholm Maria , Beglerbegovic Sanda , Grabau Dorthe , Lövgren Kristina , Malmström Per , Hartman Linda , Fernö Mårten 
Published: February 2014

AimsTo compare SP6 and MIB1 antibodies for assessment of Ki67 in primary breast cancer with regard to prognostic value and reproducibility.Methods and resultsA cohort of 237 premenopausal women with node‐negative breast cancer, mainly (87%) not treated with adjuvant systemic therapy, was used. Assessment of Ki67 (SP6 and MIB1) was performed on tissue microarray by three different investigators. The seventh decile was applied for cut‐off. Distant disease‐free survival (DDFS) was chosen as endpoint and the follow‐up was restricted to 5 years. Eighty‐nine per cent of the samples were classified into the same proliferation group, irrespective of antibody used. For both antibodies, high Ki67 was associated with inferior DDFS in univariable analyses (SP6: HR 2.5, P = 0.01; and MIB1: HR 2.8, P = 0.004), but failed to reach statistical significance for DDFS in multivariable analyses adjusted for HER2, age, and tumour size (SP6: HR 2.0, P = 0.074; and MIB1: HR 2.2, P = 0.058). The agreement between different assessors was somewhat higher for MIB1 than for SP6 (κ 0.83–0.88 versus 0.72–0.77).ConclusionsSP6 was not superior to MIB1, but the two antibodies were comparable in the assessment of Ki67. Both MIB1 and SP6 could therefore be considered for prognostic use in primary breast cancer.
Micro‐CT evaluation of root filling quality in oval‐shaped canals
Authors: Keleş A. , Alcin H. , Kamalak A. , Versiani M. A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimTo assess the percentage volumes of filling materials and voids in oval‐shaped canals filled with either cold lateral compaction or warm compaction techniques, using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT).MethodologyTwenty‐four single‐rooted maxillary premolar teeth with oval‐shaped canals were selected and the root canals prepared and assigned to two groups (n = 12), according to the filling technique: cold lateral compaction (CLC) or warm vertical compaction (WVC). Each specimen was scanned using a micro‐CT device at an isotropic resolution of 12.5 μm. Percentage volumes of root filling materials and voids were calculated, and data were statistically analysed using Student's t‐test and Friedman's test, with a significance level of 5%.ResultsOverall, mean percentage volumes of gutta‐percha, sealer and voids were 82.33 ± 3.14, 13.42 ± 2.91 and 4.26 ± 0.74 in the CLC group and 91.73 ± 4.48, 7.70 ± 4.44 and 0.57 ± 0.44 in the WVC group, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). At the apical level, differences in the percentage volumes of filling materials and voids between groups were not significant (P > 0.05).ConclusionsNo root fillings were void free. Warm vertical compaction produced a significantly greater volume of gutta‐percha and a significantly lower percentage of voids than those achieved with cold lateral compaction. Distribution of sealer and voids within the root canal space after root filling was unpredictable, irrespective of the technique used.