bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 102 TFEU: Dominant Position
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. Article 102 only applies to undertakings in a dominant position. Thus, whether or not an undertaking holds a ‘dominant position’ is of central importance to Article 102. This chapter discusses the following: the definition of a dominant position; the definition of a dominant position in the case law; establishing dominance; market definition in Article 102 cases; and assessing market power.
Cartels and Oligopoly
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines how EU competition law applies both to undertakings operating cartels and to undertakings that tacitly coordinate their behaviour on an oligopolistic market. It starts by looking at the difference between ‘explicit’ and ‘tacit’ collusion. The chapter then deals with cartels and other agreements that may be used to bolster cartels, or which may facilitate explicit or tacit collusion on a market. Next, it considers the problem of tacit collusion and whether, in particular, Articles 101 and 102 operate as effective mechanisms for dealing with the problem. The chapter also considers other options that EU competition law might offer to deal with tacit collusion, either ex ante or ex post.
Horizontal Cooperation Agreements
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU competition policy towards horizontal cooperation agreements. It covers joint ventures; the contents of the 2010 Guidelines; the general approach to horizontal cooperation agreements in the Guidelines; information agreements; research and development agreements; production agreements; purchasing agreements; commercialisation agreements; standardisation agreements; and agreements in particular sectors.
Secondary syphilis
Authors: Houston Angela , French Patrick 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Over the past 10 years syphilis has once again become endemic in the UK with highest rates in those with HIV and men who have sex with men (MSM). Primary syphilis should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis in all individuals with mouth or anogenital ulceration, and secondary syphilis should be considered in all those with rash and constitutional symptoms. A case of meningovascular syphilis is presented here and exemplifies how neurosyphilis should be considered in patients with a wide range of neurological presentations. The key to managing syphilis is considering the diagnosis in the first place. Screening for syphilis is easy and cheap using the new IgG/IgM and this test is always positive in patients with syphilis, apart from the rare individuals with incubating or very early primary infection who are unlikely to be seen in general medical settings.
HIV: cryptococcal meningitis and timing of antiretroviral treatment
Authors: Loyse Angela , Harrison Tom 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is a common opportunistic infection in late-stage HIV infection in much of the world. The correct management of cryptococcal meningitis through early diagnosis, use of lumbar puncture, correct choice of antifungal agents, and intracerebral pressure monitoring is paramount to prevent long-term sequelae. A case of cryptococcal meningitis is presented and the diagnosis and management discussed with particular focus on when to start antiretroviral therapy with regard to the immune reconstitution syndrome.
Management of viral haemorrhagic fevers in the UK
Authors: Lambourne Jonathan , Brooks Tim 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic fever is a descriptive term embracing over a dozen different diseases, with varying pathologies and risks of transmission to other persons and healthcare workers. The most dangerous fevers from a healthcare perspective are the Arenaviruses (principally Lassa fever), Ebola, Marburg and Congo Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever. The chapter presents a theoretical case of Lassa fever and management of the case is discussed. Particular attention is made to early management and differential diagnosis, testing algorithms, infection control, and prophylaxis.
Severe Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Islam Jasmin , Llewelyn Martin 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The dramatic decline in C. difficile (CDI) rates seen in the UK since 2006 and the waning of ribotype 027 should not be a reason for complacency about this disease. With the recognition of novel virulent strains of other ribotypes and an aging population it is clear that CDI diarrhoea will remain a threat to elderly patients, particularly those in hospital. This case illustrates the importance of early recognition, diagnosis, and assessment of severe CDI to ensure both optimal infection control and management. The advent of fidaxomicin represents a significant advance but important questions remain around selection of patients to receive this treatment. Faecal therapy is now supported by randomized controlled trial evidence but more extensive clinical evaluation of this approach, in particular the role of synthetic stool, is needed before it is likely to be widely adopted.
Pneumococcal meningitis: antibiotic options for resistant organisms
Authors: Subbarao Sathyavani , Thomas Claire P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be associated with high rates of mortality and long-term neurological sequelae. Colonization is the first step towards infection, and vaccination has reduced rates of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in both adults and children. Although rates of infection with penicillin non-susceptible strains is low in the UK as a whole, certain infections may occur, especially in those who have been living in high-risk areas of the world. The chapter highlights a case of pneumococcal meningitis due to an isolate that is non-susceptible to penicillin and with reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins. The clinical management of the case including timing of computed tomography and lumbar puncture, and the antibiotic choice in such a patient is discussed.
The treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease
Authors: Mirfenderesky Mariyam , Griffith David E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
M. abscessus is a rapid growing non-tubercuous mycobacterium (NTM) which may cause considerable pulmonary morbidity in certain individuals. The disease process is usually an indolent one allowing the physician time to assess the significance of respiratory isolation in individual patients. The indolent nature of the disease process combined with the very difficult and poorly tolerated treatment regimens essentially mandates that both the physician and patient should be convinced of the need for therapy, which will inevitably require significant sacrifices on the patient’s part, including outpatient antibiotic therapy. The choice of therapeutic regimens remains problematic and is discussed with regard to the case presented. Mounting evidence suggests that lung disease due to M. abscessus ssp bolletii (M. massiliense) is considerably more responsive to current therapeutic regimens than disease due to M abscessus ssp abscessus, likely due in no small part to the absence of a functional erm gene in M. abscessus ssp bolletii.
Diagnostic and management issues in tuberculous meningitis
Authors: Dawood Naghum , Cosgrove Catherine 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis continues to pose a challenge due to the low sensitivity of microbiological culture and molecular diagnostics when performed on CSF. Diagnosis is dependent on considering the diagnosis and hunting for diagnostic clues from history and examination, radiological assessment and, CSF analysis. Taking microbiological specimens from other sites is also important. The chapter presents a case of TBM and the reader is taken step by step through the diagnosis and management of TBM with particular attention to side effects of medications such as adjuvant corticosteroids.
Constraint on the gas-to-dust ratio in massive star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1.4
Authors: Seko Akifumi , Ohta Kouji , Hatsukade Bunyo , Yabe Kiyoto , Takeuchi Tomoe , Iono Daisuke 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We carried out 12CO (J = 2–1) observations toward three star-forming galaxies on the main sequence at z ∼ 1.4 with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope. These galaxies have been detected with Spitzer/MIPS in 24 μm, Herschel/SPIRE in 250 μm and 350 μm; their gas metallicity, derived from optical emission line ratios based on near-infrared spectroscopic observations, is close to the solar metallicity. Although weak signal-like features of CO were seen, we could not detect significant CO emission. The dust mass and the upper limits on the molecular gas mass are (3.4–6.7) × 108 M⊙ and (9.7–14) × 1010 (αCO/4.36) M⊙, respectively. The upper limits on the gas-to-dust ratios at z ∼ 1.4 are 150–410, which are comparable to the gas-to-dust ratios in local galaxies with similar gas metallicity. A line stacking analysis enables us to detect significant CO emission and to derive an average molecular gas mass of 1.3 × 1011 M⊙ and gas-to-dust ratio of 250. This gas-to-dust ratio is also near to that in local galaxies with solar metallicity. These results suggest that the gas-to-dust ratio in star-forming galaxies with solar metallicity does not evolve significantly up to z ∼ 1.4. By comparing to a theoretical calculation, a rapid increase of the dust mass in an earlier epoch of galaxy evolution is suggested.
Chlorophyll Degradation: The Tocopherol Biosynthesis-Related Phytol Hydrolase in Arabidopsis Seeds Is Still Missing
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Tianqi , Ren Guodong , Hörtensteiner Stefan , Zhou Yongming , Cahoon Edgar B. , Zhang Chunyu 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Phytyl diphosphate (PDP) is the prenyl precursor for tocopherol biosynthesis. Based on recent genetic evidence, PDP is supplied to the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway primarily by chlorophyll degradation and sequential phytol phosphorylation. Three enzymes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are known to be capable of removing the phytol chain from chlorophyll in vitro: chlorophyllase1 (CLH1), CLH2, and pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH), which specifically hydrolyzes pheophytin. While PPH, but not chlorophyllases, is required for in vivo chlorophyll breakdown during Arabidopsis leaf senescence, little is known about the involvement of these phytol-releasing enzymes in tocopherol biosynthesis. To explore the origin of PDP for tocopherol synthesis, seed tocopherol concentrations were determined in Arabidopsis lines engineered for seed-specific overexpression of PPH and in single and multiple mutants in the three genes encoding known dephytylating enzymes. Except for modestly increasing tocopherol content observed in the PPH overexpressor, none of the remaining lines exhibited significantly reduced tocopherol concentrations, suggesting that the known chlorophyll-derived phytol-releasing enzymes do not play major roles in tocopherol biosynthesis. Tocopherol content of seeds from double mutants in NONYELLOWING1 (NYE1) and NYE2, regulators of chlorophyll degradation, had modest reduction compared with wild-type seeds, although mature seeds of the double mutant retained significantly higher chlorophyll levels. These findings suggest that NYEs may play limited roles in regulating an unknown tocopherol biosynthesis-related phytol hydrolase. Meanwhile, seeds of wild-type over-expressing NYE1 had lower tocopherol levels, suggesting that phytol derived from NYE1-dependent chlorophyll degradation probably doesn’t enter tocopherol biosynthesis. Potential routes of chlorophyll degradation are discussed in relation to tocopherol biosynthesis.
A ten year analysis of dissertation bibliographies from the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Rutgers University
Authors: Gasparotto Melissa 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the bibliography citations from dissertations submitted to the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Rutgers University from the ten-year period of 2003-2012. The objective of the analysis is to aid in collection development decisions, facilitate outreach to graduate students in the department and to understand possible changes in disciplinary methodologies and research needs in the field over the last decade.Design/methodology/approach– Descriptive research design was used for the study. Bibliography citation data were extracted from all dissertations submitted to the Department of Spanish and Portuguese from the period 2003-2012. Statistical analysis was performed on the collected citation data, and conclusions were drawn from the results.Findings– The study demonstrates that, despite the oft-mentioned “decline of the monograph”, the monograph remains very heavily used by PhD students in Spanish and Portuguese at Rutgers University, and that monographs continue to be cited at significantly higher rates and for longer periods than journal articles. This holds true for the humanities dissertations in Spanish literature as well as social science dissertations in Spanish linguistics. The study further finds that open access journals in Spanish literature are cited more frequently than closed access journals.Practical implications– The findings suggest that it is more user-responsive to allocate retrospective collections funds for filling in monographic gaps than journal coverage gaps, as journal articles are cited less frequently and for shorter periods, while monographs are cited more frequently and for slightly longer periods after they are published. The findings also suggest that current monographic expenditures be maintained or augmented to continue serving current and future graduate student research needs in Spanish and Portuguese. Further, the large number of monograph chapters cited suggests that book chapter document delivery services could be an important addition to a library’s suite of services if it is not already provided.Originality/value– This paper is the first analysis of Spanish and Portuguese dissertations conducted at Rutgers University and provides important contextual information for meeting the research needs of graduate students in the department through collection development and related services. Other research has documented that dissertation citation patterns are at least partially predictive of faculty citation patterns, making the findings of this study applicable to serving faculty research and collections needs in the department, as well. The findings are relevant to collection development, access services and librarian-department liaison relationships.
Design and performance analysis of live model of Bessel beamformer for adaptive array system
Authors: Yasin M. , Akhtar Pervez 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to design and analyze the performance of live model of Bessel beamformer for thorough comprehension of beamforming in adaptive environment and compared with live model of least mean square (LMS) in terms of gain and mean square error (MSE). It presents the principal elements of communication system. The performance of designed live model is tested for its efficiency in terms of signal recovery, directive gain by minimizing MSE using the “wavrecord” function to bring live audio data in WAV format into the MATLAB workspace. These adaptive techniques are illustrated by appropriate examples.

Design/methodology/approach
– The proposed algorithm framework relies on MATLAB software with the goal to obtain high efficiency in terms of signal recovery, directive gain by minimizing MSE using the “wavrecord” function to bring live audio data in WAV format. It is assumed that this audio signal is only the message or the baseband signal received by the computer. Here the authors consider computer (laptop) as a base station containing adaptive signal processing algorithm and source (mobile phone) as a desired user, so the experiment setup is designed for uplink application (user to base station) to differentiate between desired signal, multipath and interfering signals as well as to calculate their directions of arrival.

Findings
– The presented adaptive live model is reliable, robust and lead to a substantial reduction of MSE, signal recovery in comparison with the LMS technique. The paper contains experimental data. Obtained results are presented clearly and the conclusion comes directly from the presented experimental data. The paper shows that the presented method leads to superior results in comparison with the popular LMS method and can be used as a better alternative in many practical applications.

Research limitations/implications
– The adaptive processes described in the paper are still limited to simulation. It is because of the non-availability of real system for testing, therefore chosen research approach that is platform of MATLAB is opted for simulation. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed algorithms on real system if possible.

Practical implications
– The paper contains experimental data. The paper's impact on the society is acceptable. These implications are consistent with the findings and the conclusions of the paper. However, there is a need to extend this paper to a next level by implementing the proposed algorithms in the real time environment using FPGA technology.

Social implications
– This research will improve the signal quality of wireless cellular system by increasing capacity and will reduce the total cost of the system so that cost toward subscribers be decreased.

Originality/value
– The live model presented in this paper is shown to provide better results. It is the original work and can provide scientific contribution to signal processing community.
Simulation of charge packet formation in layered polymer film
Authors: H. Lean Meng , L. Chu Wei-Ping 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe a rapid and robust axisymmetric hybrid algorithm to create dynamic temporal and spatial charge distributions, or charge map, in the simulation of bipolar charge injection using Schottky emission and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, field-dependent transport, recombination, and bulk and interfacial trapping/de-trapping for layered polymer films spanning the range from initial injection to near breakdown.

Design/methodology/approach
– This hybrid algorithm uses a source distribution technique based on an axisymmetric boundary integral equation method (BIEM) to solve the Poisson equation and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method with an upwind scheme for time integration. Iterative stability is assured by satisfying the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy (CFL) stability criterion. Dynamic charge mapping is achieved by allowing conducting and insulating boundaries and material interfaces to be intuitively represented by equivalent free and bound charge distributions that collectively satisfy all local and far-field conditions.

Findings
– Charge packets cause substantial increase of electric stress and could accelerate the breakdown of polymeric capacitors. Conditions for the creation of charge packets are identified and numerically demonstrated for a combination of impulsive step excitation, high charge injection, and discontinuous interface.

Originality/value
– Metallized bi-axially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) dielectric thin film capacitor with self-clearing and enhanced current carrying capability offer an inexpensive and lightweight alternative for efficient power conditioning, energy storage, energy conversion, and pulsed power. The originality is the comprehensive physics and multi-dimensional modeling which span the dynamic range from initial injection to near breakdown. This model has been validated against some empirical data and may be used to identify failure mechanisms such as charge packets, gaseous voids, and electroluminescence. The value lies in the use of this model to develop mitigation strategies, including re-designs and materials matching, to avoid these failure mechanisms.
Control of limit cycles in buck converters
Authors: Condon Marissa , Hayes Brendan 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate limit cycles in digitally Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controlled buck regulators. Filtering is examined as a means of removing the limit cycles in digitally controlled buck regulators.Design/methodology/approach– The paper explains why limit cycles occur in a digitally PID controlled buck converter. It then proceeds to propose two filters for their elimination. Results indicate the effectiveness of each of the filters.Findings– The paper gives a mathematical analysis of the occurrence of limit cycles in digitally controlled PID buck regulators. It finds that notch and comb filters are effective for the purpose of eliminating limit cycles in buck regulators.Originality/value– The paper employs a model of the buck regulator inclusive of the inductor loss – this was not done to date for this type of work. The paper analyses PID control. This was not done in the manner given. The paper addresses filtering as a means of removing limit cycles. It examines the effect of changing the digital controller parameters on the requirements of the filters.
Optimal frequency sweep method in multi-rate circuit simulation
Authors: Bittner Kai , Georg Brachtendorf Hans 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– Radio-frequency circuits often possess a multi-rate behavior. Slow changing baseband signals and fast oscillating carrier signals often occur in the same circuit. Frequency modulated signals pose a particular challenge. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The ordinary circuit differential equations are first rewritten by a system of (multi-rate) partial differential equations in order to decouple the different time scales. For an efficient simulation the paper needs an optimal choice of a frequency-dependent parameter. This is achieved by an additional smoothness condition.

Findings
– By incorporating the smoothness condition into the discretization, the paper obtains a non-linear system of equations complemented by a minimization constraint. This problem is solved by a modified Newton method, which needs only little extra computational effort. The method is tested on a phase locked loop with a frequency modulated input signal.

Originality/value
– A new optimal frequency sweep method was introduced, which will permit a very efficient simulation of multi-rate circuits.