bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pferdeschweiß‐Protein hält Forscher auf Trab
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWenn Pferde schwitzen, trockenen Hafer mümmeln oder bei Menschen eine allergische Reaktion auslösen – bei allen drei Vorgängen spielt ein ungewöhnliches, oberflächenaktives Protein eine wichtige Rolle, dessen Struktur jetzt nach einigen Mühen aufgeklärt wurde und auf einen neuartigen Funktionsmechanismus schließen lässt.
Nonparametric estimation of mean and covariance structures for longitudinal data
Authors: Lin Huazhen , Pan Jianxin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this article we propose a novel nonparametric regression method to model the mean and covariance structures for longitudinal data. A modification of local linear smoothing estimation techniques is used to estimate the parameters and unknown functions in the model. Theoretical properties including uniform consistency and asymptotic normality are studied under certain mild conditions. Simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, and real data analysis is provided for illustration.The Canadian Journal of Statistics41: 557–574; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Surveillance mammography among female Department of Defense beneficiaries
Authors: Enewold Lindsey , McGlynn Katherine A. , Zahm Shelia H. , Jatoi Ismail , Anderson William F. , Gill Abegail A. , Shriver Craig D. , Zhu Kangmin 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDAnnual surveillance mammography is recommended after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Previous studies have suggested that surveillance mammography varies by demographics and initial tumor characteristics, which are related to an individual's access to health care. The Military Health System of the Department of Defense provides beneficiaries with equal access health care and thus offers an excellent opportunity to assess whether racial differences in surveillance mammography persist when access to care is equal.METHODSAmong female beneficiaries with a history of breast cancer, logistic regression was used to assess racial/ethnic variations in the use of surveillance mammography during 3 periods of 12 months each, beginning 1 year after diagnosis adjusting for demographic, tumor, and health characteristics.RESULTSThe rate of overall surveillance mammography decreased from 70% during the first year to 59% during the third year (P < .01). Although there was an overall tendency for surveillance mammography to be higher among minority women compared with non‐Hispanic white women, after adjusting for covariates, the difference was found to be significant only during the first year among black women (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10‐1.95) and the second year among Asian/Pacific Islander (OR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.52‐3.44) and Hispanic (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.17‐3.18) women. When stratified by age at diagnosis and type of breast cancer surgery performed, significant racial differences tended to be observed among younger women (aged < 50 years) and only among women who had undergone mastectomies.CONCLUSIONSMinority women were equally or more likely than non‐Hispanic white women to receive surveillance mammography within the Military Health System. The racial disparities in surveillance mammography reported in other studies were not observed in a system with equal access to health care. Cancer 2013;119:3531–3538.. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Diels–Alder Reaction between Isoprene and Methyl Acrylate over Different Zeolites: Influence of Pore Topology and Acidity
Authors: Bernardon Claire , Louis Benoît , Bénéteau Valérie , Pale Patrick 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe Diels–Alder reaction between isoprene and methyl acrylate over several zeolites was thoroughly investigated. ZSM‐5 zeolites provided the highest productivity in methyl 4‐methylcyclohex‐3‐enecarboxylate isomer, achieving 0.219 mmol product per mmol H+ in 1 hour. In addition, this study highlights the influence of ZSM‐5 zeolite’s Brønsted acidity and crystal size on its performance in the Diels–Alder reaction. An optimal configuration between the two reactants within the medium‐pore‐sized ZSM‐5 framework is obtained, thus suggesting the presence of a confinement effect.
Direct Gas–Solid Carbonation Kinetics of Steel Slag and the Contribution to In situ Sequestration of Flue Gas CO2 in Steel‐Making Plants
Authors: Tian Sicong , Jiang Jianguo , Chen Xuejing , Yan Feng , Li Kaimin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDirect gas–solid carbonation of steel slag under various operational conditions was investigated to determine the sequestration of the flue gas CO2. X‐ray diffraction analysis of steel slag revealed the existence of portlandite, which provided a maximum theoretical CO2 sequestration potential of 159.4 kg tslag−1 as calculated by the reference intensity ratio method. The carbonation reaction occurred through a fast kinetically controlled stage with an activation energy of 21.29 kJ mol−1, followed by 103 orders of magnitude slower diffusion‐controlled stage with an activation energy of 49.54 kJ mol−1, which could be represented by a first‐order reaction kinetic equation and the Ginstling equation, respectively. Temperature, CO2 concentration, and the presence of SO2 impacted on the carbonation conversion of steel slag through their direct and definite influence on the rate constants. Temperature was the most important factor influencing the direct gas–solid carbonation of steel slag in terms of both the carbonation conversion and reaction rate. CO2 concentration had a definite influence on the carbonation rate during the kinetically controlled stage, and the presence of SO2 at typical flue gas concentrations enhanced the direct gas–solid carbonation of steel slag. Carbonation conversions between 49.5 % and 55.5 % were achieved in a typical flue gas at 600 °C, with the maximum CO2 sequestration amount generating 88.5 kg tslag−1. Direct gas–solid carbonation of steel slag showed a rapid CO2 sequestration rate, high CO2 sequestration amounts, low raw‐material costs, and a large potential for waste heat utilization, which is promising for in situ carbon capture and sequestration in the steel industry.
odd‐skipped related 2 is required for fin chondrogenesis in zebrafish
Authors: Lam Pui‐Ying , Kamei Caramai N. , Mangos Steve , Mudumana Sudha , Liu Yan , Drummond Iain A. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTBackground: odd‐skipped related 2 (osr2) encodes a vertebrate ortholog of the Drosophila odd‐skipped zinc‐finger transcription factor. Osr2 in mouse is required for proper palate, eyelid, and bone development. Zebrafish knock‐down experiments have also suggested a role for osr2, along with its paralog osr1, in early pectoral fin specification and pronephric development. Results: We show here that osr2 has a specific function later in development, independent of osr1, in the regulation of sox9a expression and promoting fin chondrogenesis. mRNA in situ hybridization demonstrated osr2 expression in the developing floorplate and later during organogenesis in the pronephros and gut epithelium. In the pectoral fin buds, osr2 was specifically expressed in fin mesenchyme. osr2 knock down in zebrafish embryos disrupted both three and five zinc finger alternatively spliced osr2 isoforms and eliminated wild‐type osr2 mRNA. osr2 morphants exhibited normal pectoral fin bud specification but exhibited defective fin chondrogenesis, with loss of differentiated chondrocytes. Defects in chondrogenesis were paralleled by loss of sox9a as well as subsequent col2a1 expression, linking osr2 function to essential regulators of chondrogenesis. Conclusions: The zebrafish odd‐skipped related 2 gene regulates sox9a and col2a1 expression in chondrocyte development and is specifically required for zebrafish fin morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 242:1284–1292, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supporting crop pollinators with floral resources: network‐based phenological matching
Authors: Russo Laura , DeBarros Nelson , Yang Suann , Shea Katriona , Mortensen David 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe production of diverse and affordable agricultural crop species depends on pollination services provided by bees. Indeed, the proportion of pollinator‐dependent crops is increasing globally. Agriculture relies heavily on the domesticated honeybee; the services provided by this single species are under threat and becoming increasingly costly. Importantly, the free pollination services provided by diverse wild bee communities have been shown to be sufficient for high agricultural yields in some systems. However, stable, functional wild bee communities require floral resources, such as pollen and nectar, throughout their active season, not just when crop species are in flower. To target floral provisioning efforts to conserve and support native and managed bee species, we apply network theoretical methods incorporating plant and pollinator phenologies. Using a two‐year dataset comprising interactions between bees (superfamily Apoidea, Anthophila) and 25 native perennial plant species in floral provisioning habitat, we identify plant and bee species that provide a key and central role to the stability of the structure of this community. We also examine three specific case studies: how provisioning habitat can provide temporally continuous support for honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus impatiens), and how resource supplementation strategies might be designed for a single genus of important orchard pollinators (Osmia). This framework could be used to provide native bee communities with additional, well‐targeted floral resources to ensure that they not only survive, but also thrive.
Biosynthesis of flavor esters in coconut cream through coupling fermentation and lipase‐catalyzed biocatalysis
Authors: Sun Jingcan , Lim Yunwei , Liu Shao‐Quan 
Published: August 2013

The aim of this research was to study the biosynthesis of natural flavor‐active ethyl esters with a commercial lipase, Palatase 20 000 L, in coconut cream by coupling with yeast alcoholic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation was carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which generated ethanol as one substrate for ester synthesis. Lipase was added into the fermentation medium at three different time points (12, 24, and 48 h) during the time‐course fermentation of 72 h. The concentrations of ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, and ethyl laurate were the highest when lipase was added at 12 h, indicating early coupling of ethanol production with ester synthesis catalyzed by lipase. Although the growth of S. cerevisiae was slightly inhibited when lipase was added into the fermentation medium due to the formation of fatty acids, no adverse effect on ester synthesis was observed. This novel approach may be useful in the production of relevant flavors of fermented coconut cream with lipase treatment, which could be used as a new food ingredient.Practical applications: Esters are a group of valuable flavor compounds that have wide applications in a variety of food products. In this work, we proposed one effective approach of coupling yeast alcoholic fermentation and lipase‐catalyzed biocatalysis to synthesize natural fatty acid ethyl esters in coconut cream. This method provides a novel application of coconut cream for ester synthesis. In addition, the esters formed can be considered as natural according to current regulations. The ethanol generated can be effectively utilized for ester synthesis, therefore, complying with the Halal rules. The end product can be possibly used as a natural flavoring in the food industry after sensory evaluation and proper process. The esters formed may be further separated and purified as pure flavor compounds.
Highly Regioselective Addition of Organozinc Reagents to 2‐Oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates Activated by BF3·OEt2: Synthesis of 2‐Oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Chopra Rakesh 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe incorporation of alkyl as well as phenyl groups at C‐4, a key position of 2‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates, responsible for antagonist/agonist switching of the calcium channel blocking activity of these compounds, has been achieved by the addition of organozinc reagents to the corresponding 2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylate derivatives catalysed by BF3OEt2.
RADA‐16: A Tough Peptide – Strategies for Synthesis and Purification
Authors: Paradís‐Bas Marta , Tulla‐Puche Judit , Zompra Aikaterini A. , Albericio Fernando 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe self‐assembling capacity of certain molecules can be exploited for a diverse range of biomedical applications. The ionic complementary peptide RADA‐16 is well‐known for its propensity to self‐assemble, which derives from its architectural arrangement. Herein, we describe rational synthetic strategies of synthesis of RADA‐16 based on fragment condensation, and its subsequent purification through optimized methods. Our methodology should prove suitable for the preparation of other peptides prone to self‐assembly.
A 2000 year long seasonal record of floods in the southern European Alps
Authors: Wirth Stefanie B. , Gilli Adrian , Simonneau Anaëlle , Ariztegui Daniel , Vannière Boris , Glur Lukas , Chapron Emmanuel , Magny Michel , Anselmetti Flavio S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractKnowledge of past natural flood variability and controlling climate factors is of high value since it can be useful to refine projections of the future flood behavior under climate warming. In this context, we present a seasonally resolved 2000 year long flood frequency and intensity reconstruction from the southern Alpine slope (North Italy) using annually laminated (varved) lake sediments. Floods occurred predominantly during summer and autumn, whereas winter and spring events were rare. The all‐season flood frequency and, particularly, the occurrence of summer events increased during solar minima, suggesting solar‐induced circulation changes resembling negative conditions of the North Atlantic Oscillation as controlling atmospheric mechanism. Furthermore, the most extreme autumn events occurred during a period of warm Mediterranean sea surface temperature. Interpreting these results in regard to present climate change, our data set proposes for a warming scenario, a decrease in summer floods, but an increase in the intensity of autumn floods at the South‐Alpine slope.
Nanopore structures, statistically representative elementary volumes, and transport properties of chalk
Authors: Yoon Hongkyu , Dewers Thomas A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDual focused ion beam‐scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) is frequently being used to characterize nano‐scale pore structures observed in carbonate and shale gas rocks. However, applications are limited to qualitative analysis of nanopore structures. Herein, the concept of statistical representative elementary volumes (SREV) is applied to FIB‐SEM data of a Cretaceous chalk sample. Lattice‐Boltzmann (LB) simulations with multiple relaxation time and topological analysis show that the size of the SREV for this chalk sample can be established at ~ 10 microns based on anisotropic permeability, tortuosity, and specific surface area. This work confirms that the FIB‐SEM technique can be used for the quantitative analysis of nanopore structures and highlights nano‐scale basis for strong anisotropy in the presence of fractures. In addition, nanopores and pore throats are not resolved at voxel dimensions less than ~ 80 nm, resulting in significant underestimation of surface area and permeability.
Radiative forcing due to major aerosol emitting sectors in China and India
Authors: Streets David G. , Shindell Drew T. , Lu Zifeng , Faluvegi Greg 
Published: August 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic aerosol sources is essential for making effective emission control decisions to mitigate climate change. We examined the net direct plus indirect radiative forcing caused by carbonaceous aerosol and sulfur emissions in key sectors of China and India using the GISS‐E2 chemistry‐climate model. Diesel trucks and buses (67 mW m−2) and residential biofuel combustion (52 mW m−2) in India have the largest global mean, annual average forcings due mainly to the direct and indirect effects of BC. Emissions from these two sectors in China have near‐zero net global forcings. Coal‐fired power plants in both countries exert a negative forcing of about −30 mW m−2 from production of sulfate. Aerosol forcings are largest locally, with direct forcings due to residential biofuel combustion of 580 mW m−2 over India and 416 mW m−2 over China, but they extend as far as North America, Europe, and the Arctic.
Subcortical regional morphology correlates with fluid and spatial intelligence
Authors: Burgaleta Miguel , MacDonald Penny A. , Martínez Kenia , Román Francisco J. , Álvarez‐Linera Juan , González Ana Ramos , Karama Sherif , Colom Roberto 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNeuroimaging studies have revealed associations between intelligence and brain morphology. However, researchers have focused primarily on the anatomical features of the cerebral cortex, whereas subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia (BG), have often been neglected despite extensive functional evidence on their relation with higher‐order cognition. Here we performed shape analyses to understand how individual differences in BG local morphology account for variability in cognitive performance. Structural MRI was acquired in 104 young adults (45 men, 59 women, mean age = 19.83, SD = 1.64), and the outer surface of striatal structures (caudate, nucleus accumbens, and putamen), globus pallidus, and thalamus was estimated for each subject and hemisphere. Further, nine cognitive tests were used to measure fluid (Gf), crystallized (Gc), and spatial intelligence (Gv). Latent scores for these factors were computed by means of confirmatory factor analysis and regressed vertex‐wise against subcortical shape (local displacements of vertex position), controlling for age, sex, and adjusted for brain size. Significant results (FDR < 5%) were found for Gf and Gv, but not Gc, for the right striatal structures and thalamus. The main results show a relative enlargement of the rostral putamen, which is functionally connected to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other intelligence‐related prefrontal areas. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1957–1968, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Task switching in traumatic brain injury relates to cortico‐subcortical integrity
Authors: Leunissen Inge , Coxon James P. , Caeyenberghs Karen , Michiels Karla , Sunaert Stefan , Swinnen Stephan P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSuppressing and flexibly adapting actions are a critical part of our daily behavioral repertoire. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients show clear impairments in this type of action control; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we tested whether white matter integrity of cortico‐subcortical pathways could account for impairments in task switching, an important component of executive functioning. Twenty young adults with TBI and eighteen controls performed a switching task requiring attention to global versus local stimulus features. Diffusion weighted images were acquired and whole brain tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) were used to explore where white matter damage was associated with switching impairment. A crossing fiber model and probabilistic tractography further identified the specific fiber populations. Relative to controls, patients with a history of TBI had a higher switch cost and were less accurate. The TBI group showed a widespread decline in fractional anisotropy (FA) throughout the TBSS skeleton. FA in the superior corona radiata showed a negative relationship with switch cost. More specifically, this involved cortico‐subcortical loops with the (pre‐)supplementary motor area and superior frontal gyrus. These findings provide evidence for damage to frontal‐subcortical projections in TBI, which is associated with task switching impairments.Hum Brain Mapp 35:2459–2469, 2014. ©2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Furthering the derivation of predictive wildlife toxicity reference values for use in soil cleanup decisions
Authors: Mayfield David B , Johnson Mark S , Burris Janet A , Fairbrother Anne 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The development of media-specific ecological values for risk assessment includes the derivation of acceptable levels of exposure for terrestrial wildlife (e.g., birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians). Although the derivation and subsequent application of these values can be used for screening purposes, there is a need to identify toxicological effects thresholds specifically for making remedial decisions at individual contaminated sites. A workshop was held in the fall of 2012 to evaluate existing methods and recent scientific developments for refining ecological soil screening levels (Eco-SSLs) and improving the derivation of site-specific ecological soil clean-up values for metals (Eco-SCVs). This included a focused session on the development and derivation of toxicity reference values (TRVs) for terrestrial wildlife. Topics that were examined included: methods for toxicological endpoint selection, techniques for dose–response assessment, approaches for cross-species extrapolation, and tools to incorporate environmental factors (e.g., metal bioavailability and chemistry) into a reference value. The workgroup also made recommendations to risk assessors and regulators on how to incorporate site-specific wildlife life history and toxicity information into the derivation of TRVs to be used in the further development of soil cleanup levels. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:358–371. © 2013 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Published by SETAC
Key Points
Recent scientific advancements for developing species- and site-specific wildlife toxicity reference values (TRVs) for soil cleanup decisions allow for more realistic cleanup levels, as opposed to more general screening values. TRVs are improved through incorporating local environmental factors, bioavailability differences between laboratory and field diets, appropriate endpoint selection, and dose-response information needed for parameterizing population models. Interspecies extrapolation requires knowledge about physiological pathways, mode of action, mechanism of toxicity, and toxicokinetics; and as a rule, when physiological differences are profound, interspecies extrapolation is not recommended. The application of generic safety or uncertainty factors should be considered as a risk management decision and not a scientifically based recommendation.