bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of methyl radical (CH3) with C60 fullerene: Density functional theory (DFT) study
Authors: Tachikawa Hiroto , Iyama Tetsuji 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe addition reaction of methyl radical (CH3) to fullerene (C60) surface has been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) method. The DFT calculation showed that the CH3 radical binds directly to the carbon atom of C60 and a strong C‐C single bond is formed. The binding energy of CH3 to C60was calculated to be 35.1 kcal/mol at the CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level. The potential energy curve plotted as a function of a distance of CH3 from the C60 surface showed that the CH3 radical can approach to the carbon atom with very low activation barrier: the barrier height was calculated to be 2.8 kcal/mol. The electronic states of CH3‐C60 complex were discussed on the basis of theoretical results. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
THE ROLE OFQING情 IN THEHUAINANZI'S ETHICS
Authors: Duperon Matthew L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThrough an analysis of every instance of the termqing情 in the text, this article explores the role of this concept in the ethical thought of the second-centuryb.c.e.textHuainanzi. TheHuainanziauthors draw on several features of the semantic range ofqingin the early Han dynasty to help support their overall argument that the text provides an exhaustive and authoritative account of how to effectively govern an empire. As part of this project, I argue that the authors also useqingto articulate the meta-ethical features of the cosmos and human beings that make ideal moral action possible, as well as to explain the process of how humans can cultivate themselves to the ideal state of sagehood. Understanding the role ofqingin theHuainanziis thus essential to understanding the text's ethical content.
Investigation of subgrid-scale physics in the convective atmospheric surface layer using the budgets of the conditional mean subgrid-scale stress and temperature flux
Authors: Nguyen Khuong X. , Tong Chenning 
Published: May 2015

The subgrid-scale (SGS) physics in the convective atmospheric surface layer is studied using the SGS stress and SGS scalar flux. We derive the budget equations for the conditional mean SGS stress and SGS temperature flux and show that, for transport-equation-based SGS models, the budget terms must be correctly predicted by the SGS model in order for large-eddy simulation (LES) to reproduce the resolvable-scale velocity and temperature probability density functions. Field data from the Advection Horizontal Array Turbulence Study, which notably includes measurements of the fluctuating pressure and the advection of the velocity and temperature fields, are then used to analyse the budget equations. The results reveal the complex behaviour of the dynamics of the convective atmospheric surface layer. The budgets of the conditional mean SGS shear stress and SGS temperature flux are an approximate balance between the conditional mean production and pressure destruction, with the latter causing return to isotropy. The budgets of the normal SGS stress components are more complex. For strongly convective surface layers, energy is redistributed from the (smaller) vertical to the (larger) horizontal stress components during downdrafts, resulting in generation of anisotropy by the conditional mean SGS pressure–strain-rate correlation; wall pressure reflections can also enhance the anisotropy. The conditional mean SGS pressure transport, meanwhile, is a significant source of energy during updrafts as a result of the near-wall pressure minima. The vertical advection also plays a significant role in the transfer of SGS energy. For weakly convective surface layers, pressure transport is small while the SGS pressure–strain-rate correlation reverts to its usual role of causing return to isotropy. The results of the present study, particularly for the conditional mean SGS pressure–strain-rate correlation, provide new insights into the SGS physics first educed in a recent analysis of the mean SGS budgets by Nguyenet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 729, 2013, pp. 388–422) and have important implications for near-wall models utilizing SGS transport equations in the convective atmospheric surface layer.
New specimens and neotype designation ofThisbemys brevicrista(Rodentia, Ischyromyidae) from the middle Eocene clarify the distinction betweenT. corrugatusandT. plicatus
Authors: Anderson Deborah K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNewly discovered mandibles and lower dentition of the middle Eocene rodentThisbemys brevicristafrom the Green River Basin, Wyoming, are the basis for a species re-diagnosis. Previously, only the upper dentition and a partial maxilla ofT. brevicristawere known from Br3. New specimens from Br2 now include the lower molars, additional upper molars, and maxillary fragments including a partial zygomatic arch that preserves the relationship of the arch to the first upper molar. In addition, the presence ofT. brevicristaat Br2 documents the co-existence ofT. brevicristawithT. perditus, T. nini, T. plicatus,andT. corrugatus. Formerly, the latter two species were differentiated primarily using stratigraphy. Now, morphology and size can also be used.Thisbemys brevicristais intermediate in size betweenT. plicatusandT. corrugatus, and can readily be distinguished from these species based on unique features of the upper and lower molars, which include an additional loph on the two anterior upper molars and a complete metalophid on m1-3. The original type specimen ofT. brevicristaappears to be lost, thus a neotype is designated as part of the re-diagnosis. Discovery and description of the lower dentition and mandibles ofT. brevicristaclarifies the alpha taxonomy of this species, and increases its utility for studies of phylogenetic relationships and for documenting Eocene mammalian diversity patterns.
Jungle and Desert in Postcolonial Texts: Intertextual Ecosystems
Authors: Weisberg Meg Furniss 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article examines postcolonial representations of the jungle and the desert, focusing on two novels in particular: Étienne Goyémidé’sLe silence de la forêt(1984) and Tahar Djaout’sL’invention du désert(1987). Postcolonial literary representations of these “extreme” landscapes are layered with allusions and almost always engage in an intertextual conversation with the colonial genres that influenced readers’ conception of these spaces. The specificity of jungle and desert serves in contemporary postcolonial literature as a foil to homogenizing forces of both the past and the present, as seen in the stylistic techniques authors employ to depict these spaces. These stylistic techniques often work in two seemingly opposing directions: they “naturalize” landscapes that are often portrayed as inhuman and contrast them to the “unnatural” structures of colonial and postcolonial society, while at the same time embodying and claiming the distortion or disorientation inherent in those landscapes. These complex, multifaceted, geographically rooted descriptions, which incorporate and react to a variety of historical and cultural factors, take what I call an ecosystem approach, rather than continuing to rely on a false nature/culture division.
The influence of competing organisational appeals on individual donations
Authors: Klar Samara , Piston Spencer 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPolicy scholars and the public alike are concerned not only with the actions policymakers take in the legislature but also with the money that enables policies to reach the legislative agenda. A significant portion of these funds come from individual donors. We examine how appeals from public policy organisations influence donation behaviour. Existing research studies the effectiveness of appeals in isolation, but few studies consider the competitive environment in which these appeals occur. With nearly 1.5 million nonprofit organisations in the United States, Americans face many competing appeals for their limited funds. We develop a theoretical account of the effects of competing appeals on donation behaviour and test our theory with a large experimental study across two Midwestern states. Our results suggest that negative emotional appeals, rather than increasing total donation behaviour, increase the proportion of donations directed towards the soliciting organisation. Furthermore, two competing appeals cancel out one another.
URUGUAY AND THE FIRST GLOBALIZATION: ON THE ACCURACY OF EXPORT PERFORMANCE, 1870-1913
Authors: Bonino-Gayoso Nicolás , Tena-Junguito Antonio , Willebald Henry 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn order to understand Uruguay’s long-run economic evolution it becomes crucial to interpret its export performance during the First Globalization. The lack of accuracy of official figures, especially official prices used, calls for an adjustment of Uruguayan export series. We have used empirical evidence to test the accuracy of quantities and values of export records, first, according to import partners’ records and, second, according to international market prices. Results show a general undervaluation of official export values during the period along with severe distortions in the registers caused by transit trade. We reconstructed new Uruguayan export f.o.b values and an export price index which present a more unstable and less dynamic export evolution than that of neighbouring Argentina.
Material lives of the poor and their strategic use of the workhouse during the final decades of the English old poor law
Authors: HARLEY JOSEPH 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThis article is the first to use a combination of three different types of inventories from Dorset to examine the material lives of paupers inside and outside Beaminster workhouse. It argues that life was materially better for paupers on outdoor relief, compared with workhouse inmates and with paupers in the moments before they entered the workhouse. The article also examines how the poor used admission into the workhouse as part of their economy of makeshifts. The evidence demonstrates that the able-bodied poor used the workhouse as a short-term survival strategy, whereas more vulnerable inmates struggled to use this tactic. This article therefore furthers our understanding of the nature of poor relief and adds further weight to recent historical work that has emphasised pauper agency.
Work amongst older men in Spain, 1900–1970: a quantitative analysis based on census data
Authors: ELU-TERÁN ALEXANDER 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThis article presents a historical examination of employment amongst men aged 60 years or more in Spain. We aim to explore the characteristics of this segment of the labour force and to analyse the key transformations affecting it during the first seven decades of the twentieth century, such as structural change and, most notably, the rise of public pensions. We then move on to identify specific problems faced by older workers during the study period. It has been hypothesised that one of these was the ‘life-cycle deskilling process’, the effects of which have previously been demonstrated in case studies of certain nations other than Spain. We explore whether life-cycle deskilling also occurred in Spain. We take a quantitative perspective, basing our analysis on the age by occupation tables published from the Spanish censuses from 1900 to 1970.
Psychopathic personality development from ages 9 to 18: Genes and environment
Authors: Tuvblad Catherine , Wang Pan , Bezdjian Serena , Raine Adrian , Baker Laura A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe genetic and environmental etiology of individual differences was examined in initial level and change in psychopathic personality from ages 9 to 18 years. A piecewise growth curve model, in which the first change score (G1) influenced all ages (9–10, 11–13, 14–15, and 16–18 years) and the second change score (G2) only influenced ages 14–15 and 16–18 years, fit the data better did than the standard single slope model, suggesting a turning point from childhood to adolescence. The results indicated that variations in levels and both change scores were mainly due to genetic (A) and nonshared environmental (E) influences (i.e., AE structure for G0, G1, and G2). No sex differences were found except on the mean values of level and change scores. Based on caregiver ratings, about 81% of variance in G0, 89% of variance in G1, and 94% of variance in G2were explained by genetic factors, whereas for youth self-reports, these three proportions were 94%, 71%, and 66%, respectively. The larger contribution of genetic variance and covariance in caregiver ratings than in youth self-reports may suggest that caregivers considered the changes in their children to be more similar as compared to how the children viewed themselves.
Expression and localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes
Authors: García Daniela C. , Miceli Dora C. , Rizo Gabriela , García Elina V. , Valdecantos Pablo A. , Roldán-Olarte Mariela 
Published: May 2015

SummaryUrokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease involved in extracellular matrix remodeling through plasmin generation. uPA usually binds to its receptor, uPAR, which is anchored to the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. uPA/uPAR binding increases proteolytic activity in the neighborhood of the cells containing uPAR and activates intracellular signaling pathways involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, cell migration and proliferation. The aim of this work was to study the expression of uPA, uPAR and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in immature and in vitro matured bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs). uPA is only expressed in the cumulus cells of immature and in vitro matured COCs, while uPAR and PAI-1 are expressed in both the cumulus cells and the immature and in vitro matured oocytes. In addition, uPAR protein was localized by confocal microscopy in the plasma membrane of oocytes and cumulus cells of immature COCs. Results from this research led us to hypothesize that the uPA/uPAR interaction could cause the local production of uPA-mediated plasmin over oocyte and cumulus cell surface; plasmin formation could also be regulated by PAI-1.
Collagen Fibrils and Proteoglycans of Macular Dystrophy Cornea: Ultrastructure and 3D Transmission Electron Tomography
Authors: Akhtar Saeed , Alkatan Hind M. , Kirat Omar , Khan Adnan A. , Almubrad Turki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe report the ultrastructure and 3D transmission electron tomography of collagen fibrils (CFs), proteoglycans (PGs), and microfibrils within the CF of corneas of patients with macular corneal dystrophy (MCD). Three normal corneas and three MCD corneas from three Saudi patients (aged 25, 31, and 49 years, respectively) were used for this study. The corneas were processed for light and electron microscopy studies. 3D images were composed from a set of 120 ultrastructural images using the program “Composer” and visualized using the program “Visuliser Kai”. 3D image analysis of MCD cornea showed a clear organization of PGs around the CF at very high magnification and degeneration of the microfibrils within the CF. Within the MCD cornea, the PG area in the anterior stroma was significantly larger than in the middle and posterior stroma. The PG area in the MCD cornea was significantly larger compared with the PG area in the normal cornea. The CF diameter and inter-fibrillar spacing of the MCD cornea were significantly smaller compared with those of the normal cornea. Ultrastructural 3D imaging showed that the production of unsulfated keratin sulfate (KS) may lead to the degeneration of micro-CFs within the CFs. The effect of the unsulfated KS was higher in the anterior stroma compared with the posterior stroma.
The ecology of pelagic freshwater methylotrophs assessed by a high-resolution monitoring and isolation campaign
Authors: Salcher Michaela M , Neuenschwander Stefan M , Posch Thomas , Pernthaler Jakob 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Methylotrophic planktonic bacteria fulfill a particular role in the carbon cycle of lakes via the turnover of single-carbon compounds. We studied two planktonic freshwater lineages (LD28 and PRD01a001B) affiliated with Methylophilaceae (Betaproteobacteria) in Lake Zurich, Switzerland, by a combination of molecular and cultivation-based approaches. Their spatio-temporal distribution was monitored at high resolution (n=992 samples) for 4 consecutive years. LD28 methylotrophs constituted up to 11 × 107 cells l−1 with pronounced peaks in spring and autumn–winter, concomitant with blooms of primary producers. They were rare in the warm water layers during summer but abundant in the cold hypolimnion, hinting at psychrophilic growth. Members of the PRD01a001B lineage were generally less abundant but also had maxima in spring. More than 120 axenic strains from these so far uncultivated lineages were isolated from the pelagic zone by dilution to extinction. Phylogenetic analysis separated isolates into two distinct genotypes. Isolates grew slowly (μmax=0.4 d−1), were of conspicuously small size, and were indeed psychrophilic, with higher growth yield at low temperatures. Growth was enhanced upon addition of methanol and methylamine to sterile lake water. Genomic analyses of two strains confirmed a methylotrophic lifestyle with a reduced set of genes involved in C1 metabolism. The very small and streamlined genomes (1.36 and 1.75 Mb) shared several pathways with the marine OM43 lineage. As the closest described taxa (Methylotenera sp.) are only distantly related to either set of isolates, we propose a new genus with two species, that is, ‘Candidatus Methylopumilus planktonicus’ (LD28) and ‘Candidatus Methylopumilus turicensis’ (PRD01a001B).
Momentum-resolved spectroscopy of a Fermi liquid
Authors: Doggen Elmer V. H. , Kinnunen Jami J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe consider a recent momentum-resolved radio-frequency spectroscopy experiment, in which Fermi liquid properties of a strongly interacting atomic Fermi gas were studied. Here we show that by extending the Brueckner-Goldstone model, we can formulate a theory that goes beyond basic mean-field theories and that can be used for studying spectroscopies of dilute atomic gases in the strongly interacting regime. The model hosts well-defined quasiparticles and works across a wide range of temperatures and interaction strengths. The theory provides excellent qualitative agreement with the experiment. Comparing the predictions of the present theory with the mean-field Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory yields insights into the role of pair correlations, Tan's contact and the Hartree mean-field energy shift.
Risk of metastasis among rib abnormalities on bone scans in breast cancer patients
Authors: Li Qin , Chen Zhiqiang , Zhao Yansheng , Li Xiuqing , Pan Hong , Xia Tiansong , Chen Lin , Xu Zhaoqiang , Zhou Wenbin , Liu Xiaoan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBone scan abnormalities, especially rib lesions, are often confusing for physicians due to a high number of false-positive lesions. This study investigated risk factors that are associated with bone metastasis in 613 breast cancer patients with bone scan abnormalities. Significantly increased rates of bone metastasis were observed in patients with multiple lesions, large tumor sizes and lymph node involvement. In addition, patients with concurrent lesions of rib and other sites exhibited a significant higher rate of metastatic disease compared to those with other site lesions (P = 0.009). In the subset of 324 patients with rib abnormalities, the rate of metastasis was extremely low in patients with pure rib lesions (1.2%; 95% CI: 0.1%–4.1%). Concurrent lesions of rib and other sites were more likely to be rib metastasis compared to pure rib lesions (P < 0.001). Moreover, multiple rib lesions and lesions located on bilateral ribs were more likely to be rib metastasis (P < 0.001). Our data suggest that patients with pure rib abnormalities could be recommended for follow-up only. However, if concurrent lesions of rib and other sites were detected on bone scans, additional radiological examinations should be performed to patients.
Temporal perception deficits in schizophrenia: integration is the problem, not deployment of attentions
Authors: Su Li , Wyble Brad , Zhou Lai-quan , Wang Kui , Wang Yu-na , Cheung Eric F. C. , Bowman Howard , Chan Raymond C. K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPatients with schizophrenia are known to have impairments in sensory processing. In order to understand the specific temporal perception deficits of schizophrenia, we investigated and determined to what extent impairments in temporal integration can be dissociated from attention deployment using Attentional Blink (AB). Our findings showed that there was no evident deficit in the deployment of attention in patients with schizophrenia. However, patients showed an increased temporal integration deficit within a hundred-millisecond timescale. The degree of such integration dysfunction was correlated with the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. There was no difference between individuals with/without schizotypal personality disorder in temporal integration. Differently from previous studies using the AB, we did not find a significant impairment in deployment of attention in schizophrenia. Instead, we used both theoretical and empirical approaches to show that previous findings (using the suppression ratio to correct for the baseline difference) produced a systematic exaggeration of the attention deficits. Instead, we modulated the perceptual difficulty of the task to bring the baseline levels of target detection between the groups into closer alignment. We found that the integration dysfunction rather than deployment of attention is clinically relevant and thus should be an additional focus of research in schizophrenia.
Identification and validation of a two-gene expression index for subtype classification and prognosis in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Xu Qinghua , Tan Cong , Ni Shujuan , Wang Qifeng , Wu Fei , Liu Fang , Ye Xun , Meng Xia , Sheng Weiqi , Du Xiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe division of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtypes based on gene expression profiling has proved to be a landmark in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aims to identify a novel biomarker to facilitate the translation of research into clinical practice. Using a training set of 350 patients, we identified a two-gene expression signature, “LIMD1-MYBL1 Index”, which is significantly associated with cell-of-origin subtypes and clinical outcome. This two-gene index was further validated in two additional dataset. Tested against the gold standard method, the LIMD1-MYBL1 Index achieved 81% sensitivity, 89% specificity for ABC group and 81% sensitivity, 87% specificity for GCB group. The ABC group had significantly worse overall survival than the GCB group (hazard ratio = 3.5,P = 0.01). Furthermore, the performance of LIMD1-MYBL1 Index was satisfactory compared with common immunohistochemical algorithms. Thus, the LIMD1-MYBL1 Index had considerable clinical value for DLBCL subtype classification and prognosis. Our results might prompt the further development of this two-gene index to a simple assay amenable to routine clinical practice.