bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the mental health of youth living with perinatal HIV infection: lessons learned and current challenges
Authors: Mellins Claude A , Malee Kathleen M 
Published: June 2013

IntroductionAcross the globe, children born with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV) are reaching adolescence and young adulthood in large numbers. The majority of research has focused on biomedical outcomes yet there is increasing awareness that long‐term survivors with PHIV are at high risk for mental health problems, given genetic, biomedical, familial and environmental risk. This article presents a review of the literature on the mental health functioning of perinatally HIV‐infected (PHIV+) adolescents, corresponding risk and protective factors, treatment modalities and critical needs for future interventions and research.MethodsAn extensive review of online databases was conducted. Articles including: (1) PHIV+ youth; (2) age 10 and older; (3) mental health outcomes; and (4) mental health treatment were reviewed. Of 93 articles identified, 38 met inclusion criteria, the vast majority from the United States and Europe.ResultsThese studies suggest that PHIV+ youth experience emotional and behavioural problems, including psychiatric disorders, at higher than expected rates, often exceeding those of the general population and other high‐risk groups. Yet, the specific role of HIV per se remains unclear, as uninfected youth with HIV exposure or those living in HIV‐affected households displayed similar prevalence rates in some studies, higher rates in others and lower rates in still others. Although studies are limited with mixed findings, this review indicates that child‐health status, cognitive function, parental health and mental health, stressful life events and neighbourhood disorder have been associated with worse mental health outcomes, while parent–child involvement and communication, and peer, parent and teacher social support have been associated with better function. Few evidence‐based interventions exist; CHAMP+, a mental health programme for PHIV+ youth, shows promise across cultures.ConclusionsThis review highlights research limitations that preclude both conclusions and full understanding of aetiology. Conversely, these limitations present opportunities for future research. Many PHIV+ youth experience adequate mental health despite vulnerabilities. However, the focus of research to date highlights the identification of risks rather than positive attributes, which could inform preventive interventions. Development and evaluation of mental health interventions and preventions are urgently needed to optimize mental health, particularly for PHIV+ youth growing up in low‐and‐middle income countries.
Kidney disease in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Bhimma Rajendra , Purswani Murli Udharam , Kala Udai 
Published: June 2013

IntroductionInvolvement of the kidney in children and adolescents with perinatal (HIV‐1) infection can occur at any stage during the child's life with diverse diagnoses, ranging from acute kidney injury, childhood urinary tract infections (UTIs), electrolyte imbalances and drug‐induced nephrotoxicity, to diseases of the glomerulus. The latter include various immune‐mediated chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and HIV‐associated nephropathy (HIVAN).DiscussionThe introduction of highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically reduced the incidence of HIVAN, once the commonest form of CKD in children of African descent living with HIV, and also altered its prognosis from eventual progression to end‐stage kidney disease to one that is compatible with long‐term survival. The impact of HAART on the outcome of other forms of kidney diseases seen in this population has not been as impressive. Increasingly important is nephrotoxicity secondary to the prolonged use of anti‐retroviral agents, and the occurrence of co‐morbid kidney disease unrelated to HIV infection or its treatment. Improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and genetics of kidney diseases associated with HIV will result in better screening, prevention and treatment efforts, as HIV specialists and nephrologists coordinate clinical care of these patients. Both haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are effective as renal replacement therapy in HIV‐infected patients with end‐stage kidney disease, with PD being preferred in resource‐limited settings. Kidney transplantation, once contraindicated in this population, has now become the most effective renal replacement therapy, provided rigorous criteria are met. Given the attendant morbidity and mortality in HIV‐infected children and adolescents with kidney disease, routine screening for kidney disease is recommended where resources permit.ConclusionsThis review focuses on the pathogenesis and genetics, clinical presentation and management of kidney disease in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV‐1 infection.
The challenge of chronic lung disease in HIV‐infected children and adolescents
Authors: Weber Heinrich C , Gie Robert P , Cotton Mark F 
Published: June 2013

Until recently, little attention has been given to chronic lung disease (CLD) in HIV‐infected children. As the HIV epidemic matures in sub‐Saharan Africa, adolescents who acquired HIV by vertical transmission are presenting to health services with chronic diseases. The most common is CLD, which is often debilitating.This review summarizes the limited data available on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical picture, special investigations and management of CLD in HIV‐infected adolescents. A number of associated conditions: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, tuberculosis and bronchiectasis are well described. Other pathologies such as HIV‐associated bronchiolitis obliterans resulting in non‐reversible airway obstruction, has only recently been described.In this field, there are many areas of uncertainty needing urgent research. These areas include the definition of CLD, pathophysiological mechanisms and common pathologies responsible. Very limited data are available to formulate an effective plan of investigation and management.
A Global Database of Tropical Storm Surges
Authors: Needham Hal F. , Keim Barry D. , Sathiaraj David , Shafer Mark 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTropical cyclone–generated storm surges are among the world's most deadly and costly natural disasters. The destructive nature of this hazard was clearly seen last fall, as Hurricane Sandy generated a devastating storm surge along the mid‐Atlantic coast. The storm killed 147 people and caused approximately $50 billion in economic losses [Blake et al., 2012].
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetoelectric Nanomaterial Composed of Fe3O4 and Polyindole
Authors: Ramesan M. T. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTMagnetoelectric polymer nanocomposite is synthesized using conducting polyindole and nano‐sized magnetite (Fe3O4) particles through the in situ polymerization method. The effect of nanoparticles content on the polyindole matrix is studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and DC conductivity measurements. FTIR and UV spectra of the composite show the intermolecular interaction between the polymer and magnetite nanoparticles. Morphological observation and crystal structure studies reveal that nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the polymer with well‐shaped spheres, and their average sizes are in the nano region. DSC studies, showing an increase in glass‐transition temperature with an increase in the content of Fe3O4, reveal the ordered arrangement of the polymer chain in the nanocomposite than pure polyindole. DC conductivity of the nanocomposites increases with an increase in the content of nanoparticles, and the conductivity of the nanocomposite is higher than that of polyindole. The dependence of magnetization on the applied magnetic field for the nanocomposites is studied using the vibration sample magnetometer technique. It has been found that the saturated magnetism linearly increases with increasing the Fe3O4 content in the polymer composite. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21362; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21362
Catalytic Enantioselective α‐Chlorination of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Shibatomi Kazutaka , Narayama Akira 
Published: June 2013

AbstractStereoselective construction of chlorinated chiral carbon centers is a highly valuable operation because the resulting chiral chlorides serve as versatile intermediates for producing many chiral molecules by SN2‐type displacement with inversion of stereochemistry. Despite the synthetic utility of chiral alkyl chlorides, catalytic methods for achieving enantioselective chlorination were only developed in the last ten years. This Focus Review covers the progress of catalytic asymmetric α‐chlorination of carbonyl compounds over the last decade. Some stereospecific transformations of the resulting alkyl chlorides are also introduced.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering sensing on black silicon
Authors: Gervinskas Gediminas , Seniutinas Gediminas , Hartley Jennifer S. , Kandasamy Sasikaran , Stoddart Paul R. , Fahim Narges F. , Juodkazis Saulius 
Published: June 2013

Reactive ion etching was used to fabricate black‐Si over the entire surface area of 4‐inch Si wafers. After 20 min of the plasma treatment, surface reflection well below 2% was achieved over the 300–1000 nm spectral range. The spikes of the black‐Si substrates were coated by gold, resulting in an island film for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing. A detection limit of 1 × 10−6 M (at count rate > 102 s−1 . mW−1) was achieved for rhodamine 6G in aqueous solution when drop cast onto a ∼ 100‐nm‐thick Au coating. The sensitivity increases for thicker coatings. A mixed mobile‐on‐immobile platform for SERS sensing is introduced by using dog‐bone Au nanoparticles on the Au/black‐Si substrate. The SERS intensity shows a non‐linear dependence on the solid angle (numerical aperture of excitation/collection optics) for a thick gold coating that exhibits a 10 times higher enhancement. This shows promise for augmented sensitivity in SERS applications.
Transmetalation in the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling: The Fork in the Trail
Authors: Lennox Alastair J. J. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Suzuki–Miyaura coupling is one of the few transition‐metal‐catalyzed CC bond‐forming reactions that have been used in applications ranging from discovery chemistry to manufacturing processes. Although coupling proceeds through the generic three‐stage ‘oxidative addition, transmetalation, reductive elimination’ sequence, there are a number of features that differentiate the Suzuki–Miyaura process from other transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐couplings. Most of these features are centered around, or are a consequence of, activation of the boron reagent for transmetalation through one or both of two distinct pathways. This review focuses on the evidence that has been presented for this ‘fork in the trail′, and the potential to apply such mechanistic insight to the design of reaction conditions.
Removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solutions by using poly(N,N‐dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide/itaconic acid) hydrogels
Authors: Baş Nalan , Yakar Arzu , Bayramgil Nursel Pekel 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, N,N‐dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMAm) homopolymer and DMAPMAm/itaconic acid (DMAPMAm/IA) copolymers were obtained from 60Co‐γ radiation polymerization. Gel fraction and percentage of swelling values were calculated through gravimetrical calculations. In order to increase the swelling of the hydrogel, the amount of IA in initial copolymer composition was gradually increased, but it was observed that gelation values were low. The structural and morphological assessments of homopolymer and copolymers were made by means of several techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The cobalt ion (Co2+) removal capacities of hydrogel were investigated by taking into account of the initial metal ion concentration and pH of aqueous medium. When it came to the maximum capacity of values obtained from adsorption experiments by using Co2+ solutions at pH 5, they changed between 220 and 245 mg Co2+/g dry hydrogel. FT‐IR, SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses were carried out for enlightening the mechanism of Co2+ removal by hydrogels after the completion of adsorption. Also, desorption studies were conducted using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Finally, within approximately 5 days, all adsorbed Co2+ ions were released from hydrogels at pH 5 using 0.1M EDTA solution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39569.
Behçet's Disease and Pregnancy
Authors: Noel Nicolas , Wechsler Bertrand , Nizard Jacky , Costedoat‐Chalumeau Nathalie , Boutin Du Le Thi Huong , Dommergues Marc , Vauthier‐Brouzes Danièle , Cacoub Patrice , Saadoun David 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo describe the interplay between Behçet's disease (BD) and pregnancy.MethodsThis retrospective study included 76 pregnancies in 46 patients fulfilling the international criteria for BD. The median age of the patients at the time of entry into the study was 28.4 years (interquartile range 22.8–30.9 years). Patients were used as their own historical controls to assess the incidence of BD flares during pregnancy and before or after pregnancy. Factors associated with the occurrence of complications during pregnancy were assessed.ResultsAmong the 76 pregnancies with BD analyzed, 27 (35.5%) were associated with worsening of the symptoms of BD flare; oral and genital ulcerations (78.4% and 67.6%, respectively) as well as ocular complications (32.4%) were the most frequent. The mean ± SD annual rates of BD flares were 0.49 ± 0.72 during pregnancy and 1.46 ± 2.42 during the nonobstetric period (P = 0.018). The proportion of BD flares tended to be lower in patients treated with colchicine (27.9% versus 45.4% of patients not treated with colchicine; P = 0.11). The overall rate of complications during pregnancy was 15.8%. The complications included miscarriage (5 patients), cesarean delivery (3 patients), medical termination of pregnancy (2 patients), hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome (1 patient), and immune thrombocytopenia (1 patient). There was a statistically significant association between a history of deep vein thrombosis in BD and the risk of obstetric complications (odds ratio 7.25, 95% confidence interval 1.21–43.46, P = 0.029). Neither gestational age at delivery nor neonatal outcome was influenced by BD.ConclusionThe disease course in BD seems to improve during pregnancy, mostly in patients who are treated with colchicine. Pregnancy in patients with BD appears not to be associated with an increased rate of pregnancy‐related complications.
Chameleon: online learning for believable behaviors based on humans imitation in computer games
Authors: Tence F. , Gaubert L. , Soler J. , De Loor P. , Buche C. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIn some video games, humans and computer programs can play together, each one controlling a virtual humanoid. These computer programs usually aim at replacing missing human players; however, they partially miss their goal, as they can be easily spotted by players as being artificial. Our objective is to find a method to create programs whose behaviors cannot be told apart from players when observed playing the game. We call this kind of behavior abelievable behavior. To achieve this goal, we choose models using Markov chains to generate the behaviors by imitation. Such models use probability distributions to find which decision to choose depending on the perceptions of the virtual humanoid. Then, actions are chosen depending on the perceptions and the decision. We propose a new model, calledChameleon, to enhance expressiveness and the associated imitation learning algorithm. We first organize the sensors and motors by semantic refinement and add a focus mechanism in order to improve the believability. Then, we integrate an algorithm to learn the topology of the environment that tries to best represent the use of the environment by the players. Finally, we propose an algorithm to learn parameters of the decision model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence of Fatty Acid Short‐Chain‐Alkyl Esters in Fruits of Celastraceae Plants
Authors: Sidorov Roman A. , Zhukov Anatoly V. , Pchelkin Vasily P. , Vereshchagin Andrei G. , Tsydendambaev Vladimir D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSmall amounts of a mixture of fatty acid short‐chain‐alkyl esters (FASCAEs) were obtained from the fruits of twelve plant species of Celastraceae family, and in five of them the FASCAEs were present not only in the arils but also in the seeds. These mixtures contained 32 individual FASCAE species, which formed four separate fractions, viz. FA methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl esters (FAMEs, FAEEs, FAIPEs, and FABEs, resp.). The FASCAE acyl components included the residues of 16 individual C14–C24 saturated, mono‐, di‐, and trienoic FAs. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, and, in some cases, also α‐linolenic acid predominated in FAMEs and FAEEs, while myristic acid was predominant in FAIPEs. It can be suggested that, in the fruit arils of some plant species, FAMEs and FAEEs were formed at the expense of a same FA pool characteristic of a given species and were strongly different from FAIPEs and FABEs esters regarding the mechanism of their biosynthesis. However, as a whole, the qualitative and quantitative composition of various FASCAE fractions, as well as their FA composition, varied considerably depending on various factors. Therefore, separate FASCAE fractions seem to be synthesized from different FA pools other than those used for triacylglycerol formation.
Development of Colorimetric HTS Assay of Cytochrome P450 for ortho‐Specific Hydroxylation, and Engineering of CYP102D1 with Enhanced Catalytic Activity and Regioselectivity
Authors: Choi Kwon‐Young , Jung Eun‐Ok , Yun Hyungdon , Yang Yung‐Hun , Kazlauskas Romas J. , Kim Byung‐Gee 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA current challenge in high‐throughput screening (HTS) of hydroxylation reactions by P450 is a fast and sensitive assay for regioselective hydroxylation against millions of mutants. We have developed a solid‐agar plate‐based HTS assay for screening ortho‐specific hydroxylation of daidzein by sensing formaldehyde generated from the O‐dealkylation reaction. This method adopts a colorimetric dye, pararosaniline, which has previously been used as an aldehyde‐specific probe within cells. The rationale for this method lies in the fact that the hydroxylation activity at ortho‐carbon position to COH correlates with a linear relationship to O‐dealkylation activity on chemically introduced methoxy group at the corresponding COH. As a model system, a 4′,7‐dihydroxyisoflavone (daidzein) hydroxylase (CYP102D1 F96V/M246I), which catalyzes hydroxylation at ortho positions of the daidzein A/B‐ring, was examined for O‐dealklyation activity, by using permethylated daidzein as a surrogate substrate. By using the developed indirect bishydroxylation screening assay, the correlation coefficient between O‐dealkylation and bishydroxylation activity for the template enzyme was 0.72. For further application of this assay, saturation mutants at A273/G274/T277 were examined by mutant screening with a permethylated daidzein analogue substrate (A‐ring inactivated in order to find enhanced 3′‐regioselectiviy). The whole‐cell biotransformation of daidzein by final screened mutant G1 (A273H/G274E/T277G) showed fourfold increased conversion yield, with 14.3 mg L−1 production titer and greatly increased 3′‐regioselectiviy (3′/6=11.8). These results show that there is a remarkably high correlation (both in vitro and in vivo), thus suggesting that this assay would be ideal for a primary HTS assay for P450 reactions.
Sulfur Species in Graphene Oxide
Authors: Eigler Siegfried , Dotzer Christoph , Hof Ferdinand , Bauer Walter , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe structure of graphene oxide (GO) is of crucial importance for its chemical functionalization. However, the sulfur content present in GO prepared by Hummers’ method has only been addressed by a few authors so far. It has been reported that hydrolysis of sulfur species takes place and that stable sulfonic groups are present in graphite oxide. In this manuscript, in contrast to earlier reports, sulfate species are identified that are covalently bound to GO and still present after extensive aqueous work‐up. Additionally, we exclude the possibility that sulfonic groups are present in GO as major species after aqueous work up. Our results are based on bulk characterization of graphene oxide by thermogravimetry and subsequent analysis of the decomposition products using mass spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Up to now, the combustion temperature between 200 and 300 °C remained almost unaddressed. In a temperature dependant experiment we reveal two main decomposition steps that differ in temperature and that are closely related to the sulfur species in GO. While the decomposition, between 200 and 300 °C, is related to the degradation of organosulfate, the other one, between 700 and 800 °C, is assigned to the pyrolysis of inorganic sulfate. Furthermore, organosulfate is to some extent responsible for the reactivity of GO. Therefore, the structural model of GO was extended by adding organosulfate in addition to epoxy and hydroxyl groups, which are predominantly covalently bound above and below the carbon skeleton. Furthermore, the identification of organosulfate groups beneath epoxy groups makes new molecular architectures feasible and can be used to explain the properties of GO in various applications.
Tuning the Dipolar Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes with Tridentate N^C^N Binding Ligands
Authors: Rossi Ester , Colombo Alessia , Dragonetti Claudia , Righetto Stefania , Roberto Dominique , Ugo Renato , Valore Adriana , Williams J. A. Gareth , Lobello Maria Grazia , De Angelis Filippo , Fantacci Simona , Ledoux‐Rak Isabelle , Singh Anu , Zyss Joseph 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAppropriate functionalization of the cyclometalated ligand, L, and the choice of the ancillary ligand, X, allows the dipolar second‐order nonlinear optical response of luminescent [PtLX] complexes—in which L is an N^C^N‐coordinated 1,3‐di(2‐pyridyl)benzene ligand and X is a monodentate halide or acetylide ligand—to be controlled. The complementary use of electric‐field‐induced second‐harmonic (EFISH) generation and harmonic light scattering (HLS) measurements demonstrates how the quadratic hyperpolarizability of this appealing family of multifunctional chromophores, characterized by a good transparency throughout much of the visible region, is dominated by an octupolar contribution.