bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches to Investigate Wind-Driven Changes in the Southern Ocean Abyssal Circulation
Authors: Spence Paul , van Sebille Erik , Saenko Oleg A. , England Matthew H. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
This study uses a global ocean eddy-permitting climate model to explore the export of abyssal water from the Southern Ocean and its sensitivity to projected twenty-first-century poleward-intensifying Southern Ocean wind stress. The abyssal flow pathways and transport are investigated using a combination of Lagrangian and Eulerian techniques. In an Eulerian format, the equator- and poleward flows within similar abyssal density classes are increased by the wind stress changes, making it difficult to explicitly diagnose changes in the abyssal export in a meridional overturning circulation framework. Lagrangian particle analyses are used to identify the major export pathways of Southern Ocean abyssal waters and reveal an increase in the number of particles exported to the subtropics from source regions around Antarctica in response to the wind forcing. Both the Lagrangian particle and Eulerian analyses identify transients as playing a key role in the abyssal export of water from the Southern Ocean. Wind-driven modifications to the potential energy component of the vorticity balance in the abyss are also found to impact the Southern Ocean barotropic circulation.
A Multidimensional Spectral Description of Ocean Variability
Authors: Wortham Cimarron , Wunsch Carl 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
An updated empirical, analytical model for the frequency and wavenumber distribution of balanced motion in the ocean is presented. The spectrum model spans periods longer than the inertial but shorter than a decade and wavelengths between 100 and 10 000 km. Assuming geostrophic dynamics, a spectrum model for the streamfunction is constructed to be consistent with a range of observations, including sea surface height from satellite altimetry, velocity from moored and shipboard instruments, and temperature from moorings. First-order characteristics of the observed spectra, including amplitude and spectral moments, vary slowly geographically. The spectrum model is horizontally anisotropic, accommodating observations that zonal wavenumber–frequency spectra are dominated by a “nondispersive line.” Qualitative and quantitative agreement is found with one-dimensional frequency and wavenumber spectra and observed vertical profiles of variance. Illustrative application is made of the model spectrum to observing-system design, data mapping, and uncertainty estimation for trends.
Vitamin D deficiency as a cause of chronic pain in the palliative medicine clinic: Two case reports
Authors: Whitehurst Jane L , Reid Colette M 
Published: November 2013

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common in the general population and has been implicated as a cause of chronic pain. The palliative care population has a number of risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. We present two cases of unexplained pain in patients attending the palliative medicine outpatient clinic that improved after vitamin D replacement. Cases: Case 1 is a 46-year-old man with thalassaemia intermedia and back and leg pain without a clear cause. Case 2 is a 28-year-old woman undergoing treatment for cervical cancer whose initial disease and treatment-related abdominal pain resolved but subsequently reported ongoing non-specific aches and pains. Case management: Both patients were found to have vitamin D levels <50 nmol/L and were treated with vitamin D replacement therapy. Case outcome: Following vitamin D replacement therapy, pain resolved in both patients allowing a reduction in analgesic therapy. Conclusions: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the palliative care population merits further investigation, since these patients are at high risk of deficiency. Having an index of suspicion, particularly in those patients with known risk factors and pain that is not fully explained, may result in better pain control and functional outcomes.
Is balloon kyphoplasty better than percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral biconcave-shaped fractures?
Authors: Gan Minfeng , Zou Jun , Song Dawei , Zhu Xuesong , Wang Genlin , Yang Huilin 
Published: November 2013

Background Osteoporotic vertebral biconcave-shaped fractures are not commonly seen in clinical practice. Some articles have been published showing the outcome of vertebroplasty (PV) and balloon kyphoplasty (BKP), but few comparative studies have been performed. Purpose To compare the effect and safety of PV and BKP in treating osteoporotic vertebral biconcave-shaped fractures. Material and Methods In this retrospective comparative study, 38 patients with osteoporotic vertebral biconcave-shaped fractures were treated by PV, and 41 patients were treated by BKP from May 2005 to July 2011. The heights of the compromised vertebral body and the kyphotic angles were measured. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were used to evaluate pain and functional activity, respectively. The occurrence of refracture and cement leakage were determined, and the costs were recorded. Results The mean VAS and ODI scores significantly improved for both procedures at postsurgical measurements ( P < 0.05), and the improvement sustained at the final follow-up. In both groups, there were no significant differences in terms of restoration of the anterior vertebral height and correction of the kyphotic deformity. However, BKP was more effective in restoring the middle vertebral height than PV. Cement leakages were observed in nine (23.7%) treated vertebral bodies in PV group and in three (7.4%) treated vertebral bodies in BKP group, which was a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). There were four new osteoporotic vertebral fractures in the PV group and two in the BKP group during the follow-up period. The mean cost in the BKP group (6200 ± 122.1 USD) was higher than the PV group (2100 ± 112.5 USD) ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Both PV and BKP achieved similar improvements in pain and functional outcomes for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral biconcave-shaped fractures. BKP had a significant advantage over PV in terms of the restoration of the middle vertebral height and fewer cement leakages than PV.
Prevalence and types of coronary to pulmonary artery fistula in a Chinese population at dual-source CT coronary angiography
Authors: Zhang Long Jiang , Zhou Chang Sheng , Wang Yining , Jin Zhengyu , Yu Wei , Zhang Zhaoqi , Zhang Bo , Fang Xiangming , Cui Xingyu , Li Kai , Huang Wei , Zheng Ling , Ji Xue Man , Hoffman Cane , Schoepf U Joseph , Lu Guang Ming 
Published: November 2013

Background Coronary to pulmonary artery fistula (CPAF) is rare; reports on the prevalence and types of CPAF in a large cohort of patients are scarce. Purpose To analyze the prevalence and types of CPAF on computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) in a large Chinese population. Material and Methods CTCA data of 58,533 patients from five Chinese tertiary referral medical centers were retrospectively studied. The prevalence, origin, aneurysmal sac, fistula tracts, and extracardiac communication of CPAF were recorded. CTCA findings were compared with conventional coronary angiography when possible. Results Ninety-nine patients had CPAF (prevalence of 0.17%). Of the 99 CPAF cases, fistulas were found to originate from either both coronary arteries in 52 patients or from one coronary artery (33 cases from the left and 14 cases from the right coronary artery). Ten CPAF patients were complicated with the communication of extracardiac arteries. Fifteen (15.2%) CPAF patients had aneurysmal sac formation. Thirty (30.3%) patients had a single fistula tract, while 69 (69.7%) patients had multiple fistula tracts. CTCA findings in 16 patients were similar to those at DSA. Conclusion Based on this large cohort, the prevalence of CPAF in the Chinese population is about 0.17%, with origin from either the left or right coronary artery or from both. CTCA can clearly visualize the types, abnormal vascular tracts, and aneurysmal sac formation of CPAF.
Chest CT findings of pleural tuberculosis: differential diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis and malignant pleural dissemination
Authors: Kim Jin Sil , Shim Sung Shine , Kim Yookyung , Ryu Yon Ju , Lee Jin Hwa 
Published: November 2013

Background The imaging features of pleural tuberculosis (PTB) can be similar to those of malignant pleural dissemination (MPD) with several case reports of CT findings in atypical presentations of PTB. Purpose To describe the computed tomography (CT) features of PTB by comparing these imaging findings with those of MPD and to use the results to differentiate between the two diseases. Material and Methods The study included 135 patients with PTB and 69 with MPD. The CT images were assessed in terms of the presence, extent, and contour of pleural thickening. Pleural nodules were analyzed in terms of number, size, and location. The CT findings of PTB and MPD were compared. Results The CT findings of PTB included circumferential pleural thickening (32.6%), mediastinal pleural involvement (31.9%), nodular thickening (8.9%), and pleural thickening >1 cm (2.2%). The CT features of MPD included nodular pleural thickening (56.5%), mediastinal pleural involvement (40.6%), circumferential thickening (23.2%), and pleural thickening >1 cm (7.2%). Comparing PTB and MPD, nodular pleural thickening was observed more frequently with MPD than PTB ( P <0.001). Conclusion Nodular pleural thickening is observed in 8.9% of the patients with PTB on chest CT. Comparing PTB and MPD, nodular pleural thickening was the only finding significantly associated with MPD, particularly with nodules >10 mm.
The Ligamentum Teres Test
Authors: O’Donnell John , Economopoulos Kostas , Singh Parminder , Bates Daniel , Pritchard Michael 
Published: November 2013

Background: A ligamentum teres (LT) injury is a common finding at the time of hip arthroscopic surgery in patients with chronic groin and hip pain; however, LT tears have been difficult to identify before surgery. There have been no unique features identified on history assessment, physical examination, or imaging that reliably identify injuries of the LT preoperatively. Purpose: To report a new clinical examination to assess the presence of an LT tear: the LT test. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: The study consisted of 75 patients undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery for multiple lesions. Each patient was evaluated by 2 independent examiners using the LT test, leading to a total of 150 tests being performed. The LT test is conducted with the hip flexed at 70° and 30° short of full abduction; the hip is then internally and externally rotated to its limits of motion. Pain on either internal or external rotation is consistent with a positive LT test result. Hip arthroscopic surgery was then performed and all intra-articular abnormalities noted. Arthroscopic images were taken of each LT and examined by a third independent examiner who determined the presence or absence of a tear. Clinical examination findings were compared with the arthroscopic findings to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. In addition, the presence of intra-articular pathological lesions was compared with the test results to determine if there was a correlation between the presence of an intra-articular pathological abnormality and a positive LT test result. Results: Of the 150 examinations performed, the test result was positive 55% of the time (77 examinations). The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 90% and 85%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 84%, and the negative predictive value was 91%. The presence of an LT tear, pincer lesion, and labral tear that required repair was associated with a positive LT test result. The κ coefficient for interobserver reliability was .80. Conclusion: The LT test is an effective way of assessing the presence of LT tears with moderate to high interobserver reliability. In addition to an LT tear, the presence of a pincer lesion or labral tear requiring repair are also associated with a positive LT test result.
Comparative efficacy and adverse effects of the addition of ezetimibe to statin versus statin titration in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Suzuki Hiromichi , Watanabe Yusuke , Kumagai Hiroo , Shuto Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

Background and Objectives: The recent SHARP trial clearly demonstrated that a reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with a daily regimen of simvastatin plus ezetimibe safely reduced the incidence of major atherosclerotic events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to compare the efficacy of and adverse effects from statin uptitration versus statin in combination with ezetimibe since only a few studies have addressed this question. Methods: This was a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial that included 286 patients with CKD whose LDL cholesterol levels were not reduced below 120 mg/dl despite a minimum dose of statin therapy. Patients received double doses of statin or usual statin dose with the addition of ezetimibe 10 mg daily. The observation period was 1 year during which time patients were checked regularly in clinic for adverse effects as well as for usual laboratory examinations. The key prespecified outcome was the incidence of adverse effects, which included skeletal muscle complaints, myalgia, muscle weakness, and muscle cramps with and without elevated CK levels. Increases in alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) levels >2 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) were considered clinically significant adverse effects. Results: Adverse events occurred in 9/145 in the combination group and in 24/141 in the statin uptitration group ( p < 0.01). Moreover, in patients with CKD of stages 3–5, rates were 6/58 in the combination group versus 20/52 in the statin uptitration group ( p < 0.01). No serious adverse effects such as rhabdomyolysis were noted in either group. Serum creatinine levels remained essentially unchanged in both groups except in CKD stages 4 and 5. Reductions in LDL cholesterol were similar between the two groups at the start of and at the end of the study. During the study, no atherosclerotic events were reported in either group. Conclusion: When statin uptitration produces adverse effects such as myopathy, combination therapy with ezetimibe is recommended instead of statin alone.
Short-term impact of oral hygiene training package to Anganwadi workers on improving oral hygiene of preschool children in North Indian City
Authors: Raj Sonika , Goel Sonu , Sharma Vijay Lakshmi , Goel Naveen Krishan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundGlobally, dental caries is categorized in the list of public health problems in preschool children. In India, lack of availability and affordability of oral health enhances the cost of treatment and care. Empowering community workers like anganwadi workers (AWWs) in oral health, and providing basic oral health awareness to the mothers through them can be feasible model. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the short-term impact of Oral Hygiene Training Package (OHTP) to AWWs on improving oral hygiene of preschool children.MethodsThis before and after comparison field trial was done in Anganwadi centres (AWCs) of Chandigarh city, India. 534 children aged 36-72 months attending 21 AWCs were examined before and after imparting trainings to AWWs. OHTP was administered to AWWs, which consisted of power-point presentation and demonstrated the skills like proper brushing technique, plaque disclosure, flossing technique, gum massaging etc. The AWWs later imparted training to mothers in their respective AWCs. Post intervention data was collected after three months.Outcome measures were improvement in oral health status (plaque, debris, gingival health), oral habits (brushing, rinsing) and decrease in caries activity (Snyder test).ResultsPrevalence of dental caries was found to be 48.3%. Only 4.1% of the population reported brushing twice which increased significantly to 9.9% post-intervention (p = 0.000). There was a significant decrease in debris (78.3% to 54.1%), and stage-1 plaque (75.5 to 66.5%) in the oral cavity. Caries activity by Snyder’s test decreased from 48.2% to 31.2% (p = 0.01) post-intervention.ConclusionsControlled trials of using AWWs to improve oral hygiene appear to be justified.Trial registrationCTRI/2012/07/002786
Dental caries status of Dai preschool children in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Zhang Shinan , Liu Juan , Lo Edward CM , Chu Chun-Hung 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
The Dai people, one of the ethnic minorities in China, have a population of 1,260,000. They have the same origin as one of the main ethnic groups of Laos and Thailand. Most of the Dai live in Yunnan province, which is located in the less-developed southwestern part of China. This study aimed to describe the oral health status of Dai preschool children in China and the factors that influence their oral health status.

Methods
An oral health survey was performed between 2011 and 2012 to select Dai five-year-old children using multi-stage stratified sampling in Yunnan. Their dental caries experience was measured using the “dmft” index, and severe caries was assessed using the “pa” index, which is modified from the “pufa” index. Oral hygiene status was assessed using the visual plaque index (VPI). A questionnaire to study the children’s socio-demographic background and oral health-related behaviours was completed by the children’s parents.

Results
A total of 833 children were examined. Their caries prevalence was 89% and 49% of the children had carious tooth with pulp involvement. The mean (SD) dmft score was 7.0 (5.3). Higher dmft scores were found among children who were girls, were currently bottle-fed, took daily sweet snacks, had higher VPI scores, and had visited a dentist within the last year.

Conclusions
The caries prevalence and experience of the five-year-old Dai children in Yunnan, China was high, and almost half had severe caries. The caries experience was associated with gender, snack habits, dental visit habits, and oral hygiene status.
The emergence of blaCTX-M-15-carrying Escherichia coli of ST131 and new sequence types in Western China
Authors: Zhang Lei , Lü Xiaoju , Zong Zhiyong 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background

bla
CTX-M-15, the most widely distributed gene encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases globally, was not common in China. This study was performed to characterize bla
CTX-M-15-carrying Escherichia coli in western China.

Findings
Out of 144 Escherichia coli isolates from 20 hospitals in western China, 8 were found carrying bla
CTX-M-15. bla
CTX-M-15 was carried by isolates of ST131and 5 new STs (ST3342, ST3513, ST3516, ST3517 and ST3518). The 5 new STs shared 5 identical alleles out of 7 but only had up to 2 alleles identical to ST131. bla
CTX-M-15 was located on plasmids of IncI1 (ST16) or IncFII-related group (four replicon types). The co-transfer of a few antimicrobial resistance genes including qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA, aac (6′)-Ib-cr, aac (3)-II, tetA, bla
TEM and bla
OXA-1 with bla
CTX-M-15 were examined but only bla
TEM-1 was found co-transferring with bla
CTX-M-15.

Conclusions
Five new STs of E. coli and three new types of IncFII-related plasmids carrying bla
CTX-M-15 were identified. This study together with several reports suggested that bla
CTX-M-15 has emerged in China and the interruption of both vertical and horizontal transmission of bla
CTX-M-15 is required to hurdle its further spread.
Loss of MEF2D expression inhibits differentiation and contributes to oncogenesis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells
Authors: Zhang Meiling , Truscott Jamie , Davie Judith 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant pediatric cancer that is the most common form of soft tissue tumors in children. RMS cells have many features of skeletal muscle cells, yet do not differentiate. Thus, our studies have focused on the defects present in these cells that block myogenesis.MethodsProtein and RNA analysis identified the loss of MEF2D in RMS cells. MEF2D was expressed in RD and RH30 cells by transient transfection and selection of stable cell lines, respectively, to demonstrate the rescue of muscle differentiation observed. A combination of techniques such as proliferation assays, scratch assays and soft agar assays were used with RH30 cells expressing MEF2D to demonstrate the loss of oncogenic growthin vitroand xenograft assays were used to confirm the loss of tumor growthin vivo.ResultsHere, we show that one member of the MEF2 family of proteins required for normal myogenesis, MEF2D, is largely absent in RMS cell lines representing both major subtypes of RMS as well as primary cells derived from an embryonal RMS model. We show that the down regulation of MEF2D is a major cause for the failure of RMS cells to differentiate. We find that MyoD and myogenin are bound with their dimerization partner, the E proteins, to the promoters of muscle specific genes in RMS cells. However, we cannot detect MEF2D binding at any promoter tested. We find that exogenous MEF2D expression can activate muscle specific luciferase constructs, up regulate p21 expression and increase muscle specific gene expression including the expression of myosin heavy chain, a marker for skeletal muscle differentiation. Restoring expression of MEF2D also inhibits proliferation, cell motility and anchorage independent growthin vitro. We have confirmed the inhibition of tumorigenicity by MEF2D in a tumor xenograft model, with a complete regression of tumor growth.ConclusionsOur data indicate that the oncogenic properties of RMS cells can be partially attributed to the loss of MEF2D expression and that restoration of MEF2D may represent a useful therapeutic strategy to decrease tumorigenicity.
Influence of monsoon-driven hydrographic features on thaliacean distribution in waters around Taiwan, western North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Liao Zhen-Heng , Hsieh Hung-Yen , Lo Wen-Tseng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe mesoscale distribution of thaliaceans associated with hydrographic conditions in the waters around Taiwan was investigated during two different monsoon seasons in 2004 in order to elucidate possible influences of hydrological conditions driven by seasonal monsoons on distributional patterns of thaliaceans.ResultsIn total, 18 thaliacean species, belonging to 12 genera and 3 families, were identified in our samples.Thalia rhomboides,Doliolum denticulatum,Doliolum nationalis,Thalia orientalis,Pyrosoma verticillatum, andThalia democraticawere the six predominant species and contributed 93% to the total thaliacean collection by number. Thaliacean assemblages were similar in composition between seasons, but abundances and species numbers were higher in summer than in winter. Spatial distribution patterns of doliolids and salps clearly differed and were closely associated with hydrographic characteristics. Doliolids were mainly found in lower-salinity and nutrient-rich shelf and neritic waters; among them,D. denticulatumcould be used as an indicator species of the China Coastal Current. Most salp species showed higher abundances in warm oceanic waters, such as the Kuroshio Current, Kuroshio Branch Current, and South China Sea Surface Current.ConclusionsThis study showed that the succession of water masses driven by monsoons affects seasonal and particularly spatial distributions of abundances of the thaliacean assemblage in the area studied.