bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-Band Polarimetric and Ka-Band Doppler Spectral Radar Observations of a Graupel-Producing Arctic Mixed-Phase Cloud
Authors: Oue Mariko , Kumjian Matthew R. , Lu Yinghui , Jiang Zhiyuan , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Verlinde Johannes , Aydin Kultegin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCharacteristics of graupel in an Arctic deep mixed-phase cloud on 7 December 2013 were identified with observations from an X-band scanning polarimetric radar and a Ka-band zenith-pointing radar in conjunction with scattering calculations. The cloud system produced generating cells and strongly sheared precipitation fall streaks. The X-band radar hemispheric RHI observables revealed spatial sorting of polarimetric signatures: decreasing (with increasing range) differential propagation phase shift φDP, negative specific differential phase KDP collocated with negative differential reflectivity ZDR in the upper half of the fall streak, and increasing or near-constant φDP with positive ZDR at the bottom edge of the fall streak. The negative KDP and ZDR, indicating prolate particles with vertically oriented maximum dimensions, were consistent with small, slow-falling conical graupel coexisting with low concentrations of more isometric graupel. The observed negative KDP values were best matched by scattering calculations for small, dense conical graupel with 30°–40° cone angles. The positive KDP and ZDR and the Doppler spectra indicate that large isometric graupel coexisted with a second population of slower-falling rimed platelike particles in the lower half of the fall streak. Through the core of the fall streak, φDP decreased in range while ZDR was slightly positive, indicating that the prolate conical graupel dominated φDP while the isometric larger graupel dominated reflectivity (and thus ZDR). These results demonstrate the capability of polarimetric observables and Doppler spectra to distinguish different growth stages of rimed particles, allowing for the improvement of hydrometeor classification methods.
Evaluation of CMIP5 Models in the Context of Dynamical Downscaling over Europe
Authors: Jury Martin W. , Prein Andreas F. , Truhetz Heimo , Gobiet Andreas 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The quality of regional climate model (RCM) simulations is strongly dependent on the quality of data provided as lateral boundary conditions (LBCs). Frequently, the quality of near-surface variables of general circulation model (GCM) simulations like those from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is analyzed in the region of interest. However, such analysis does not necessarily lead to the selection of high-quality LBCs, as demonstrated in this study. The study region is the European domain of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (EURO-CORDEX), where a model performance index (MPI) is used to evaluate the skill of CMIP5 GCMs to reproduce near-surface variables within the EURO-CORDEX domain and free atmosphere variables along its lateral boundaries as a proxy for LBCs used in regional climate modeling. The results suggest that a GCM’s skill in simulating near-surface variables is correlated with 0.62 (Spearman’s r) to its skill in simulating LBCs for regional climate simulations. However, there is hardly any correlation between the performances of different variables, implying that a GCM evaluation solely based on surface parameters or a few variables is inadequate to select suitable driving data for regional climate models. The selection should include the evaluation of all variables passed to the RCM as LBCs in the lateral boundary zone (LBZ) on at least one midtropospheric level.
Institutional Determinants of Labor Market Outcomes for Community College Students in North Carolina
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Dunn Michael 
Published: March 2015

Objective: The labor market success of community college students depends on both the attributes of individual students and the characteristics of the community colleges they attend. In this article, we examine the impact of community college characteristics on the earnings of first-time college students who enrolled in the North Carolina Community College System in 2002-2003. Method: We estimate multilevel models that incorporate variables representing institutional features of community colleges along with individual characteristics obtained from student-level administrative college transcript data, Unemployment Insurance wage data, and enrollment and graduation data from the National Student Clearinghouse across 830,000 community college students between 2001 and 2010. Results: We find that a number of characteristics of community colleges enhance earnings independently of the attributes of individuals. In particular, males attending community colleges in service areas with higher unemployment rates receive lower earnings, and students in colleges with larger enrollments earn more. Contributions: There are relatively few studies of how institutional factors affect community college effectiveness and those that do this usually concentrate on the attainment of particular awards or transfer rates to 4-year colleges. We address this gap by examining how institutional factors influence the labor market returns to community college participation. Our results underscore the importance of social contexts for explaining student achievement and success as well as highlight the need for much more research to understand differences in labor market outcomes of community college participation and the economic value of credentials and credits.
In their own words: abused children's perceptions of care provided by their birth parents and foster carers
Authors: Ahmed Kamran , Windsor Laurie , Scott Stephen 
Published: March 2015

There are many theories as to what form good-quality parenting should take. Attachment theory emphasises providing a secure base through sensitive responding at times of emotional need. Social learning theory outlines the need for firm limits in addition to the promotion of positive interchanges. These theories are supported by numerous quantitative research studies investigating which parenting styles are associated with better outcomes for children in general and for those with additional needs due to prior abuse or emotional and behavioural difficulties. However, there have been few systematic qualitative studies asking children themselves about their care experiences, particularly with abused or neglected children who are now safe in foster care. Using an adapted version of the Child Attachment Interview, we interviewed 12 children aged 13 to 15 years, who had been taken into care due to abuse and fostered for at least six months, with the aim of exploring their attachment to their birth parents, foster carers and attitudes to different parenting styles in general. Transcripts were analysed using the qualitative technique of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Overall, the abused children spoke more positively of foster care than the care provided by their birth parents. Parenting techniques mentioned in positive terms were a clear disciplinary style, setting firm boundaries, nurturing care, enjoyable time together and mentoring further development. Negative themes included angry or inconsistent disciplinary styles, failure to set appropriate boundaries, rejecting and neglectful behaviour, a lack of joint activities, a chaotic lifestyle and parental illness. This study provides a unique perspective on parenting, as the children studied have experienced both poor parenting and reasonably normal care. The findings are applicable to care provided for fostered children and could be relevant to the upbringing of children in general.
Mortality in Female and Male French Olympians
Authors: Antero-Jacquemin Juliana , Rey Grégoire , Marc Andy , Dor Frédéric , Haïda Amal , Marck Adrien , Berthelot Geoffroy , Calmat Alain , Latouche Aurélien , Toussaint Jean-François 
Published: March 2015

Background: Whereas intense physical activity has been associated with deleterious effects on elite athletes’ health, in particular due to cardiovascular anomalies, long-term follow-ups have suggested lower mortality rates among elite athletes. Causes of death for French Olympic athletes and female elite athletes have not been studied. Hypothesis/Purpose: We aimed to measure overall and disease-specific mortality of French female and male Olympians compared with the French general population. We hypothesize that Olympians, both women and men, have lower mortality rates. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: French elite athletes (601 women and 1802 men) participating in summer or winter Olympic Games from 1948 to 2010 had their vital status verified by national sources and were followed until 2013. Causes of death were obtained via the National Death registry from 1968 to 2012. Overall and disease-specific mortalities of Olympians were compared with those of the French general population through standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% CIs. Olympians’ observed and expected survivals were illustrated by Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: At the endpoint of the study, 13 women and 222 men had died. Overall mortality in Olympians compared with that of their compatriots was 51% lower (SMR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.85) among women and 49% lower (SMR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45-0.59) among men. Olympic athletes’ survival is significantly superior to that of the French general population (women, P = .03; men, P < .001). According to the total deaths occurring from 1968 to 2012 (12 among women, 202 among men), female Olympians died from neoplasm (50.0%), external causes (33.3%), and cardiovascular diseases (16.6%). The main causes of death among men were related to neoplasms (36.1%), cardiovascular diseases (24.3%), and external causes (14.4%). Regarding the main causes of mortality among male Olympic athletes, the SMRs were as follows: 0.55 for neoplasms (95% CI, 0.43-0.69), 0.55 for cardiovascular diseases (95% CI, 0.41-0.73), and 0.66 for external causes (95% CI, 0.44-0.94). Conclusion: French Olympians live longer than their compatriots: A lower overall mortality of similar magnitude is observed among male and female athletes compared with the general population. The main causes of death in French Olympians are neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, and external causes.
Stimulation of the Superficial Zone Protein and Lubrication in the Articular Cartilage by Human Platelet-Rich Plasma
Authors: Sakata Ryosuke , McNary Sean M. , Miyatake Kazumasa , Lee Cassandra A. , Van den Bogaerde James M. , Marder Richard A. , Reddi A. Hari 
Published: March 2015

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains high concentrations of autologous growth factors that originate from platelets. Intra-articular injections of PRP have the potential to ameliorate the symptoms of osteoarthritis in the knee. Superficial zone protein (SZP) is a boundary lubricant in articular cartilage and plays an important role in reducing friction and wear and therefore is critical in cartilage homeostasis. Purpose: To determine if PRP influences the production of SZP from human joint-derived cells and to evaluate the lubricating properties of PRP on normal bovine articular cartilage. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Cells were isolated from articular cartilage, synovium, and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) from 12 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. The concentrations of SZP in PRP and culture media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cellular proliferation was quantified by determination of cell numbers. The lubrication properties of PRP from healthy volunteers on bovine articular cartilage were investigated using a pin-on-disk tribometer. Results: In general, PRP stimulated proliferation in cells derived from articular cartilage, synovium, and ACL. It also significantly enhanced SZP secretion from synovium- and cartilage-derived cells. An unexpected finding was the presence of SZP in PRP (2.89 ± 1.23 μg/mL before activation and 3.02 ± 1.32 μg/mL after activation). In addition, under boundary mode conditions consisting of high loads and low sliding speeds, nonactivated and thrombin-activated PRP decreased the friction coefficient (μ = 0.012 and μ = 0.015, respectively) compared with saline (μ = 0.047, P < .004) and high molecular weight hyaluronan (μ = 0.080, P < .006). The friction coefficient of the cartilage with PRP was on par with that of synovial fluid. Conclusion: PRP significantly stimulates cell proliferation and SZP secretion by articular cartilage and synovium of the human knee joint. Furthermore, PRP contains endogenous SZP and, in a functional bioassay, lubricates bovine articular cartilage explants. Clinical Relevance: These findings provide evidence to explain the biochemical and biomechanical mechanisms underlying the efficacy of PRP treatment for osteoarthritis or damage in the knee joint.
Defining the Role of the Tibial Tubercle–Trochlear Groove and Tibial Tubercle–Posterior Cruciate Ligament Distances in the Work-up of Patients With Patellofemoral Disorders
Authors: Anley Cameron Michael , Morris Guy Vernon , Saithna Adnan , James Steven Laurence , Snow Martyn 
Published: March 2015

Background: The radiological work-up of patients with patellofemoral disorders continues to be debated. The interchangeability of the tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance between computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently been questioned. In addition, a new measurement—the tibial tubercle–posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distance—has shown that not all patients with a pathological TT-TG distance (>20 mm) have lateralization of the tibial tubercle. Another factor to consider when looking at the position of the tibial tubercle is the knee joint rotation, defined as the angle between the femoral dorsal condylar line and the tibial dorsal condylar line. Purpose: To determine, with a larger population, if the TT-TG measurements can be used interchangeably between CT and MRI and to confirm the correlation between the TT-PCL and TT-TG distances in determining tibial tubercle lateralization. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Patients with patellofemoral disorders and MRI and CT scans of the same knee (n = 141) were identified. The TT-PCL, the knee joint rotation, and TT-TG were measured independently by 2 fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons. Thirty measurements were repeated on a separate occasion to allow for an assessment of the intrarater reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess reliability of the measurements. Results: The mean TT-TG was 4.16 mm less on MRI ( P < .05), with the mean TT-TG ± SD being 17.72 ± 5.15 mm on CT (range, 6.97-31.33 mm) and 13.56 ± 6.07 mm on MRI (range, 2-30.04 mm). The ICC for each rater comparing the 2 imaging modalities was only fair (0.54 and 0.48). The mean TT-PCL measurement was 20.32 ± 3.45 mm (range, 10.11-32.01 mm) with excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability (>0.75). Based on the TT-TG and TT-PCL measurements, 4 groups of patients can be established. When knee joint rotation is compared among groups, an increased TT-TG may result from true lateralization of the tibial tubercle, an increased knee joint rotation, or both. Conclusion: Based on a statistically significant mean difference (4.11 mm) and only a fair ICC (0.54 and 0.48) for raters comparing the 2 modalities, the measurements for the TT-TG cannot be used interchangeably between CT and MRI. Therefore, currently accepted values for TT-TG based on CT scans should not be applied to an MRI scan. The TT-PCL measurement is a measure of true lateralization of the tibial tubercle, while the TT-TG is an amalgamated measure of true lateralization and knee joint rotation.
Primary prophylaxis to prevent obstetric complications in asymptomatic women with antiphospholipid antibodies: a systematic review
Authors: Amengual O , Fujita D , Ota E , Carmona L , Oku K , Sugiura-Ogasawara M , Murashima A , Atsumi T 
Published: March 2015

Objective Obstetric complications are common in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. However, the impact of antiphosholipid antibodies (aPL) in the pregnancy outcomes of asymptomatic aPL carriers is uncertain. The aim of this systematic review is to assess whether primary prophylaxis is beneficial to prevent obstetric complications during pregnancy in asymptomatic women positive for aPL who have no history of recurrent pregnancy loss or intrauterine fetal death. Methods Studies evaluating the effect of prophylactic treatment versus no treatment in asymptomatic pregnant aPL carriers were identified in an electronic database search. Design, population and outcome homogeneity of studies was assessed and meta-analysis was performed. The pooled Mantel–Haenszel relative risk of specific pregnancy outcomes was obtained using random effects models. Heterogeneity was measured with the I2 statistic. All analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.3. Results Data from five studies involving 154 pregnancies were included and three studies were meta-analysed. The risk ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) of live birth rates, preterm birth, low birth weight and overall pregnancy complications in treated and untreated pregnancies were 1.14 (0.18–7.31); 1.71 (0.32–8.98); 0.98 (0.07–13.54) and 2.15 (0.63–7.33),respectively. Results from the meta-analysis revealed that prophylactic treatment with aspirin is not superior to placebo to prevent pregnancy complications in asymptomatic aPL carriers. Conclusion This systematic review did not find evidence of the superiority of prophylactic treatment with aspirin compared to placebo or usual care to prevent unfavourable obstetric outcomes in otherwise healthy women with aPL during the first pregnancy.
Clockwatching – is that really hate?
Authors: Tartaglia Michael , Little John 
Published: March 2015

Objective: To consider experiences of hate, which occur in clinical encounters. Method: A review of the electronic and manual literatures. Results: Hate has become diluted to a euphemism, the ‘difficult patient’. Conclusion: Retaining use of the word hate avoids overlooking subtle cues in the unfolding relationship.
A New Measure of Tibial Sesamoid Position in Hallux Valgus in Relation to the Coronal Rotation of the First Metatarsal in CT Scans
Authors: Kim Yejeong , Kim Jin Su , Young Ki Won , Naraghi Reza , Cho Hun Ki , Lee Sang Young 
Published: March 2015

Background: We aimed to find a new radiographic measurement for evaluating first metatarsal pronation and sesamoid position in hallux valgus (HV) deformity. Methods: Data from a clinical study of 19 control patients (19 feet) with no HV deformity were compared with preoperative data of 138 patients (166 feet) with HV deformities. Using a weightbearing plain radiograph in anteroposterior (AP) view, the intermetatarsal angles (IMAs) and the hallux valgus angles (HVAs) of the control and study groups were measured. Using a semi-weightbearing coronal computed tomography (CT) axial view, the α angle was measured in the control and study groups. In addition, the tibial sesamoid grades in plain radiograph tangential view and the CT axial view were measured. The tibial sesamoid position in an AP view was checked preoperatively. Based on these measurements, 4 types of HV deformities were defined. Results: The mean values of the α angle in the control and HV deformity groups (control group µ = 13.8 degrees, study group µ = 21.9 degrees) was significantly different. Among 166 HV feet, 145 feet (87.3%) had an α angle of more than 15.8 degrees, which is the upper value of the 95% confidence interval of the control group, indicating the existence of abnormal first metatarsal pronation in HV deformity. Four types of HV deformities were defined based on their α angles and tibial sesamoid grades in CT axial view (CT 4 position). Among 25.9% (43/166) of the study group, abnormal first metatarsal pronation with an absence of sesamoid deviation from its articular facet was observed. The prominent characteristic of this group was that they had high grades in the AP 7 position (≥5); however, in the CT 4 position, their grade was 0. This group was defined as the “pseudo-sesamoid subluxation” group. Conclusions: Patients with HV deformities had a more pronated first metatarsal than the control group, with a greater α angle. Pseudo-subluxation of the sesamoids existed in 25.9% of our study group. From our results, we suggest that the use of the CT axial view in assessments of HV deformity may benefit surgeons when they make operative choices to correct these deformities. With regard to the pseudo-sesamoid subluxation group, the use of the distal soft tissue procedure is not surgically recommended. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Technique Tip
Authors: Sullivan Martin , Panti Juan Paulo 
Published: March 2015

The combination of a dorsal approach to the plantar plate with a Weil’s metatarsal osteotomy has been shown to provide an adequate exposure for plantar plate repair. However, soft tissues in a restricted area of the metatarsophalangeal joint could present as a technical difficulty during suture retrieval during repair of the plantar plate. The purpose of this article is to describe the use of the McGlamry elevator for assistance in the retrieval of sutures through the proximal phalanx. Level of Evidence: Level V: Expert opinion
Targeting deubiquitinase activity with a novel small-molecule inhibitor as therapy for B-cell malignancies
Authors: Peterson Luke F. , Sun Hanshi , Liu Yihong , Potu Harish , Kandarpa Malathi , Ermann Monika , Courtney Stephen M. , Young Matthew , Showalter Hollis D. , Sun Duxin , Jakubowiak Andrzej , Malek Sami N. , Talpaz Moshe , Donato Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2015

Key Points
Deubiquitinases Usp9x and Usp24 regulate Mcl-1 and myeloma cell survival. Small-molecule–mediated Usp9x/Usp24 inhibition induces apoptosis and blocks myeloma tumor growth in vivo.
The IL-33/ST2 axis augments effector T-cell responses during acute GVHD
Authors: Reichenbach Dawn K. , Schwarze Vincent , Matta Benjamin M. , Tkachev Victor , Lieberknecht Elisabeth , Liu Quan , Koehn Brent H. , Pfeifer Dietmar , Taylor Patricia A. , Prinz Gabriele , Dierbach Heide , Stickel Natalie , Beck Yvonne , Warncke Max , Junt Tobias , Schmitt-Graeff Annette , Nakae Susumu , Follo Marie , Wertheimer Tobias , Schwab Lukas , Devlin Jason , Watkins Simon C. , Duyster Justus , Ferrara James L. M. , Turnquist Heth R. , Zeiser Robert , Blazar Bruce R. 
Published: March 2015

Key PointsIL-33 and ST2 expression are increased post-conditioning and with GVHD, resulting in increased T-cell activation via the IL-33/ST2 axis. Infusion of ST2-Fc protein exploits sST2’s function as a negative regulator of acute GVHD inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Risk-stratified outcomes of nonmyeloablative HLA-haploidentical BMT with high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide
Authors: McCurdy Shannon R. , Kanakry Jennifer A. , Showel Margaret M. , Tsai Hua-Ling , Bolaños-Meade Javier , Rosner Gary L. , Kanakry Christopher G. , Perica Karlo , Symons Heather J. , Brodsky Robert A. , Gladstone Douglas E. , Huff Carol Ann , Pratz Keith W. , Prince Gabrielle T. , Dezern Amy E. , Gojo Ivana , Matsui William H. , Borrello Ivan , McDevitt Michael A. , Swinnen Lode J. , Smith B. Douglas , Levis Mark J. , Ambinder Richard F. , Luznik Leo , Jones Richard J. , Fuchs Ephraim J. , Kasamon Yvette L. 
Published: March 2015

Key PointsNonmyeloablative, related HLA-haploidentical BMT utilizing high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide has a favorable safety profile. Risk-stratified relapse and survival outcomes with this approach are comparable to those of HLA-matched BMT.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor reprograms bone marrow stromal cells to actively suppress B lymphopoiesis in mice
Authors: Day Ryan B. , Bhattacharya Deepta , Nagasawa Takashi , Link Daniel C. 
Published: March 2015

Key Points
G-CSF suppresses B lymphopoiesis at multiple stages of development. G-CSF reprograms bone marrow stromal cells to inhibit their production of B-cell trophic factors.