bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of Enantiomeric Triacylglycerols by Chiral‐Phase HPLC
Authors: Řezanka Tomáš , Sigler Karel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLiquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC–MS/APCI) with a chiral phase was used for separation of triacylglycerols (TAG) obtained either by organic synthesis or isolated from different algal species. We present chromatographic characteristics and tandem mass spectra of enantiomers and positional isomers (regioisomers) of C16, C18 and C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The retention time was found to depend on the structure of the given TAG, increasing with increasing number of double bonds and decreasing with increasing number of the carbons in TAG, with the exception of dieicosapentaenoyl‐palmitoyl‐glycerols.
Production of Lipase from Geotrichum candidum Using Corn Steep Liquor in Different Bioreactors
Authors: Maldonado Rafael Resende , Aguiar‐Oliveira Elizama , Pozza Eduardo Luiz , Costa Fátima Aparecida Almeida , Filho Francisco Maugeri , Rodrigues Maria Isabel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe production of an extracellular lipase using corn steep liquor (CSL) as the nitrogen source in the cultivation of Geotrichum candidum NRRLY‐552 was evaluated. The optimized conditions in shake flasks were CSL, 8.0 % w/v, soybean oil, 0.6 % w/v, pH 7.0, 30 °C, 250 rpm, and 48 h, resulting in a maximum lipase productivity of 0.438 U mL−1 h−1(U = the amount of enzyme required to liberate 1 μmol of fatty acid per minute). Scale‐up was evaluated with airlift and stirred tank reactors; the best conditions, respectively, were 1 vvm(volume of gas per volume of medium per minute) of aeration which resulted in 0.535 U mL−1 h−1 (32 h) and 1 vvm and 300 rpm resulting in 0.563 U mL−1 h−1 (16 h). To facilitate downstream processes, lipase production was also evaluated using CSL previously clarified with activated charcoal resulting in 0.275 U mL−1 h−1 (24 h) using 12 % (w/v) of clarified CSL in shake flasks. The obtained results showed that CSL leads to similar productivity compared to peptone using the same microorganism under similar conditions. In addition the cost of fermentation medium using CSL is much lower because it is a very inexpensive by‐product from corn processing.
Synthesis and Diameter-dependent Thermal Conductivity of InAs Nanowires
Authors: Ren Pinyun , Zhu Xiaoli , Han Jinyun , Xu Jinyou , Ma Liang , Li Honglai , Zhuang Xiujuan , Zhou Hong , Zhang Qinglin , Xia Minggang , Pan Anlian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this work, we synthesized high-quality InAs nanowires by a convenient chemical vapor deposition method, and developed a simple laser heating method to measure the thermal conductivity of a single InAs nanowire in air. During the measurement, a focused laser was used to heat one end of a freely suspended nanowire, with its other end embedded into a carbon conductive adhesive. In order to obtain the thermal conductivity of InAs nanowires, the heat loss in the heat transfer process was estimated, which includes the heat loss through air conduction, the heat convection, and the radiation loss. The absorption ratio of the laser power in the InAs nanowire was calculated. The result shows that the thermal conductivity of InAs nanowires monotonically increases from 6.4 W m−1 K−1 to 10.5 W m−1 K−1 with diameters increasing from 100 nm to 190 nm, which is ascribed to the enhanced phonon-boundary scattering.
Role of TbFe on Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy and Giant Magnetoresistance Effect in [Co/Ni]N-Based Spin Valves
Authors: Tang Minghong , Zhang Zongzhi , Zhu Yanyan , Ma Bin , Jin Qinyuan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe exchange-coupled [Co/Ni]N/TbFe nano-magnetic films can display strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) which depends on the Tb:Fe component ratio, TbFe layer thickness and the repetition number N of [Co/Ni]N multilayer. Perpendicular spin valves in the nano thickness scale, consisting of a [Co/Ni]3 free and a [Co/Ni]5/TbFe reference multilayer, show high giant magnetoresistance (GMR) signal of 6.5 % and a large switching field difference over 3 kOe. However, unexpected slanting of the free layer magnetization, accompanied by a reduced GMR ratio, was found to be caused by the presence of a thick Fe-rich or even a thin but Tb-rich TbFe layer. We attribute this phenomenon to the large magnetostriction effect of TbFe which probably induces strong stress acting on the free layer and hence reduces its interfacial PMA.
Video game genre preference, physical activity and screen‐time in adolescent boys from low‐income communities
Authors: Thorne Hayden T. , Smith Jordan J. , Morgan Philip J. , Babic Mark J. , Lubans David R. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe primary aim of this study was to examine the association between the types of video games played by adolescent boys and their participation in physical activity and recreational screen‐time. Participants were 320 boys (mean age = 12.7, ±0.5 years) from 14 secondary schools located in low‐income areas of New South Wales, Australia. Outcomes included height, weight, physical activity (accelerometers), total screen‐time, and video game genre preference. Significant differences in both weekday and weekend screen‐time were found between video game genre groups. In addition, significant differences in overall activity and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity were found between genre groups on weekdays. Between‐group differences in physical activity on weekends were not statistically significant. This cross‐sectional study has demonstrated that video game genre preference is associated with physical activity and screen‐time in adolescent boys from low‐income communities.
Difference in Selective Muscle Activity of Thoracic Erector Spinae During Prone Trunk Extension Exercise in Subjects With Slouched Thoracic Posture
Authors: Park Kyung‐hee , Oh Jae‐seop , An Duk‐hyun , Yoo Won‐gyu , Kim Jong‐man , Kim Tae‐ho , Kang Min‐hyeok 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe prone trunk extension (PTE) exercise is often used to strengthen the back extensors. Although altered trunk posture is associated with movement impairment, the influences of a slouched thoracic posture on muscle activity of the thoracic erector spinae and thoracic movement during the PTE exercise were overlooked in previous studies.ObjectivesTo compare the muscle activity of the erector spinae muscles and the relative ratio of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles during a PTE exercise in subjects with and without slouched thoracic posture.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingUniversity motion analysis laboratory.ParticipantsThe study included 22 subjects with slouched thoracic posture (defined as ≥40°) and 22 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy subjects.MethodsAll participants performed the PTE exercise.Main outcome measuresBilateral surface electromyographic signals of the longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis, and pars lumborum muscles were measured during PTE exercises. Thoracic kyphosis (the angle of T1 minus T12) and lumbar lordosis (absolute value of the angle of L5 minus T12) were recorded using inclinometers during the PTE exercise.ResultsThe results showed no difference in muscle activity of the erector spinae in subjects with slouched thoracic posture versus those without during the PTE exercise. However, selective recruitment of the erector spinae pars thoracis was decreased significantly, and the thoracic kyphotic angle and lumbar lordotic curve were increased, during the PTE exercise in subjects with a slouched posture.ConclusionsAlthough the PTE exercise has historically been a key component of correction of hyperkyphosis, the increased spinal curvature inhibits muscle activation of the erector spinae pars thoracis in these individuals, thus limiting effective strength gains. Therefore, modified methods to maintain a neutral posture of the spine and facilitate muscle activation of the erector spinae pars thoracis are needed in these individuals.
Prehospital Medical Care and the National Ski Patrol: How Does Outdoor Emergency Care Compare to Traditional EMS Training?
Authors: Constance Benjamin B. , Auerbach Paul S. , Johe David H. 
Published: October 2014

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the differences between the educational curricula, skill sets, and funds of knowledge required for certification as an Outdoor Emergency Care Technician (OEC-T), Emergency Medical Technician (EMT), and Emergency Medical Responder (EMR). Methods We directly and in detail compared topics and skills presented in the OEC-T curriculum with those presented in the EMT and EMR education and training curricula. Results The information and skills taught in the OEC-T curriculum are in general more extensive than those taught in EMR training but are not equivalent to EMT. The OEC-T program has more depth in environmental medical issues, such as altitude illness, hyperthermia and hypothermia. Completion of the EMR program is 112 hours shorter and constitutes 30% of the duration of the EMT program. Completion of the OEC-T program (for certification only and not including additional “on-hill” patroller training) is 80 hours shorter and is half the duration of the EMT program. Conclusions The OEC-T curriculum includes a skill set and fund of knowledge that exceeds those of the EMR program, but does not include all the knowledge needed for an EMT program. The OEC-T program prepares out-of-hospital providers to care for patients in the wilderness, with special emphasis on snowsports pathology. The EMT program places a greater emphasis on medical disease and emergency medication administration. These differences should be considered when determining staffing requirements for agencies caring for patients with snowsports pathology.
Change in Oxygen Saturation Does Not Predict Acute Mountain Sickness on Jade Mountain
Authors: Chen Hang-Cheng , Lin Wen-Ling , Wu Jiunn-Yih , Wang Shih-Hao , Chiu Te-Fa , Weng Yi-Ming , Hsu Tai-Yi , Wu Meng-Huan 
Published: October 2014

Objective The purpose of this trial was to establish whether changes in resting oxygen saturation (Spo2) during ascent of Jade Mountain is useful in predicting acute mountain sickness (AMS). AMS–risk factors were also assessed. Methods A prospective trial was conducted on Jade Mountain, Taiwan from October 18 to October 27, 2008. Resting oxygen saturation (Spo2) and heart rate (HR) were measured in subjects at the trail entrance (2610 m), on arrival at Paiyun Lodge (3402 m) on day 1, and at Paiyun Lodge after reaching the summit (3952 m) the next day (day 2). AMS was diagnosed with Lake Louise criteria (AMS score ≥4). A total of 787 subjects were eligible for analysis; 286 (32.2%) met the criteria for AMS. Results Subjects who developed AMS had significantly lower Spo2 than those who did not at the trail entrance (93.1% ± 2.1% vs 93.5% ± 2.3%; P = .023), on arrival at Paiyun Lodge on day 1 (86.2% ± 4.7% vs 87.6% ± 4.3%; P < .001), and on the return back to the Paiyun Lodge after a summit attempt on day 2 (85.5% ± 3.5% vs 89.6% ± 3.2%; P < .001), respectively. Trekkers with AMS were significantly younger (40.0 vs 43.2 years; P < .001), and had less high altitude (>3000 m) travel in the previous 3 months (29.9% vs 37.1%; P = .004). Conclusions Subjects with AMS had a lower Spo2 than those without AMS; however, the differences between the 2 groups were not clinically significant. The results of this study do not support the use of pulse oximetry in predicting AMS on Jade Mountain.
Associations between antioxidants and all-cause mortality among US adults with obstructive lung function
Authors: Ford Earl S. , Li Chaoyang , Cunningham Timothy J. , Croft Janet B. 
Published: October 2014

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterised by oxidative stress, but little is known about the associations between antioxidant status and all-cause mortality in adults with this disease. The objective of the present study was to examine the prospective associations between concentrations of α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, Se, vitamin C and α-tocopherol and all-cause mortality among US adults with obstructive lung function. Data collected from 1492 adults aged 20–79 years with obstructive lung function in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988–94) were used. Through 2006, 629 deaths were identified during a median follow-up period of 14 years. After adjustment for demographic variables, the concentrations of the following antioxidants modelled as continuous variables were found to be inversely associated with all-cause mortality among adults with obstructive lung function: α-carotene (P= 0·037); β-carotene (P= 0·022); cryptoxanthin (P= 0·022); lutein/zeaxanthin (P= 0·004); total carotenoids (P= 0·001); vitamin C (P< 0·001). In maximally adjusted models, only the concentrations of lycopene (P= 0·013) and vitamin C (P= 0·046) were found to be significantly and inversely associated with all-cause mortality. No effect modification by sex was detected, but the association between lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations and all-cause mortality varied by smoking status (Pinteraction= 0·048). The concentrations of lycopene and vitamin C were inversely associated with all-cause mortality in this cohort of adults with obstructive lung function.
Islamic Law and Legal Hybridity in Nigeria
Authors: Lawan Mamman 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe British colonial administration created a hybrid legal system in Nigeria where English, Islamic and customary laws apply. The English system, having a written constitution, was made dominant and the other laws apply to the extent permitted by it. However, Muslims in the northern part of the country have been making efforts to reverse this dominance, including the recent re-introduction of Islamic criminal law by 12 states. This effort is seen to be revolutionary, reverting the states to the position when Islamic law applied in full, devoid of colonial influence. This article asks whether this can break the legal hybridity and answers in the negative, arguing instead that the effort accentuates the hybridity. For example, the re-introduction of Islamic criminal law is enabled by the constitution, the constitution institutionalises the hybridity and the 12 states operate, and are bound by, the constitution. The article discusses other variables depicting the hybridity and concludes that it was a conscious colonial act, nearly impossible to break.
Misinterpretation and obfuscation
Authors: Barr William 
Published: October 2014

The thrust of my note (Barr 2014), to which Ken McGoogan was responding (McGoogan 2014), was that in discovering Rae Strait in the spring of 1854 John Rae did not discover the final link in the northwest passage, since a substantial section of that particular variant of the passage some 240 km in length (namely Franklin Strait and Larsen Sound) lying further north, had not yet been discovered. McGoogan has wrongly concluded that I must therefore support the notion that Sir John Franklin discovered the passage. This is an unwarranted assumption. I do not subscribe to this belief; in this, at least McGoogan and I are in agreement. As David Buisseret, the editor of theThe Oxford companion to world explorationhas elegantly defined it, geographical discovery is ‘the process by which one or more people leave their society and venture to another part of the world [. . .] then return in order to explain what they have seen’ (Buisseret 2007, I: xxiii). Neither Franklin nor any of his officers and men returned.
Distributed formation control of networked mobile robots in environments with obstacles
Authors: Seng Whye Leon , Barca Jan Carlo , Şekercioğlu Y. Ahmet 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYA distributed control mechanism for ground moving nonholonomic robots is proposed. It enables a group of mobile robots to autonomously manage formation shapes while navigating through environments with obstacles. The mechanism consists of two stages, with the first being formation control that allows basic formation shapes to be maintained without the need of any inter-robot communication. It is followed by obstacle avoidance, which is designed with maintaining the formation in mind. Every robot is capable of performing basic obstacle avoidance by itself. However, to ensure that the formation shape is maintained, formation scaling is implemented. If the formation fails to hold its shape when navigating through environments with obstacles, formation morphing has been incorporated to preserve the interconnectivity of the robots, thus reducing the possibility of losing robots from the formation.The algorithm has been implemented on a nonholonomic multi-robot system for empirical analysis. Experimental results demonstrate formations completing an obstacle course within 12 s with zero collisions. Furthermore, the system is capable of withstanding up to 25% sensor noise.
An efficient algorithm for real time collision detection involving a continuum manipulator with multiple uniform-curvature sections
Authors: Li Jinglin , Xiao Jing 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYA continuum manipulator, such as a multisection trunk/tentacle robot, performs manipulation tasks by continuously deforming into different concave shapes. While such a robot is promising for manipulating a wide range of objects in less-structured and cluttered environments, it poses a greater challenge to collision detection than conventional, articulated manipulators. Existing collision detection algorithms are built upon intersection checking between convex primitives, such as between two convex polygons or polyhedra, with the assumption that both the manipulator and the objects in the environment are modeled in terms of those primitives, for example, as polygonal meshes. However, to approximate a continuum manipulator with a polygonal mesh requires a fine mesh because of its concavity, and each time the manipulator changes its configuration by deforming its shape, the mesh has to be updated for the new configuration. This makes mesh-based collision detection involving such a robot much more computationally expensive than that involving an articulated manipulator with rigid links.Hence, we introduce an efficient algorithm for Collision Detection between a Continuum Manipulator (CD-CoM) and its environment based on analytical intersection checking with nonconvex primitives. Our algorithm applies to the exact model of any continuum manipulator consisting of multiple uniform-curvature sections of toroidal and (sometimes) cylindrical shapes as well as more general continuum manipulators whose sections can be approximated by toroidal and cylindrical primitives. Our test results show that using this algorithm is both more accurate and efficient in time and space to detect collisions than approximating a continuum manipulator as a polygonal mesh. Moreover, the CD-CoM algorithm also provides the minimum distance information between the continuum manipulator and objects when there is no collision. Such an efficient algorithm is essential for path/trajectory planning of continuum manipulators in real-time.
Virtual decomposition control of an exoskeleton robot arm
Authors: Ochoa Luna Cristóbal , Rahman Mohammad Habibur , Saad Maarouf , Archambault Philippe , Zhu Wen-Hong 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYExoskeleton robots, which can be worn on human limbs to improve or to rehabilitate their function, are currently of great importance. When these robots are used in rehabilitation, one aspect that must be fulfilled is their capacity to adapt to different patients without significantly varying their performance. This paper describes the application of a relatively new control technique called virtual decomposition control (VDC) to a seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF) exoskeleton robot arm, named ETS-MARSE. The VDC approach mainly involves decomposing complex systems into subsystems, and using the resulting simpler dynamics to conduct control computation, while strictly ensuring global stability and having the subsystem dynamics interactions rigorously managed and maintained by means of virtual power flow. This approach is used to deal with different masses, joint stiffness and biomechanical variations of diverse subjects, allowing the control technique to naturally adapt to the variances involved and to maintain a successful control task. The results obtained in real time on a 7DOF exoskeleton robot arm show the effectiveness of the approach.
Synthesis and X-ray powder diffraction data of Ba2.64Ta11.25O30.81
Authors: Babaryk A. A. , Odynets I. V. , Khainakov S. , Slobodyanik N. S. 
Published: October 2014

The Ba2.64Ta11.25O30.81was prepared by conventional solid-state reaction technique as a single phase. It was found that the compound crystallizes in the tetragonal system, space groupP4/mbm(No. 127) and unit-cell parameters area = 12.508 59(8) Å,c = 3.912 81(2) Å,V = 612.218(7) Å3, andZ = 1. The crystal structure of the Ba2.64Ta11.25O30.81phase is found to be closely related to the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure type, comprising interstitial (TaO)+inclusions. Reference data were derived from the Rietveld analysis and reported here.
X-ray powder diffraction data for Copper (II). bis[(2E)-3-methoxy-2- [(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imino]-4-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imino-κN]- 3-pentanolato-κO] complex
Authors: Pažout R. , Maixner J. , Sokolohorskyj A. , Merna J. 
Published: October 2014

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters and space group for a new bis(β-diiminato) Cu(II) complex, C48H62CuN4O4 are reported [a = 13.330 (3) Å, b = 11.137(2) Å, c = 8.832(2) Å, α = 78.88(2), β = 94.73(2), γ = 114.55(2), unit-cell volume V = 1170.26 Å3, Z = 1, and space group P − 1]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P−1 space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
The utility and public health implications of PCR and whole genome sequencing for the detection and investigation of an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliserogroup O26:H11
Authors: DALLMAN T. J. , BYRNE L. , LAUNDERS N. , GLEN K. , GRANT K. A. , JENKINS C. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYMany serogroups of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) other than serogroup O157 (non-O157 STEC), for example STEC O26:H11, are highly pathogenic and capable of causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome. A recent increase in non-O157 STEC cases identified in England, resulting from a change in the testing paradigm, prompted a review of the current methods available for detection and typing of non-O157 STEC for surveillance and outbreak investigations. Nineteen STEC O26:H11 strains, including four from a nursery outbreak were selected to assess typing methods. Serotyping and multilocus sequence typing were not able to discriminate between thestx-producing strains in the dataset. However, genome sequencing provided rapid and robust confirmation that isolates of STEC O26:H11 associated with a nursery outbreak were linked at the molecular level, had a common source and were distinct from the other strains analysed. Virulence gene profiling of DNA extracted from a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive/culture-negative faecal specimen from a case that was epidemiologically linked to the STEC O26:H11 nursery outbreak, provided evidence at the molecular level to support that link. During this study, we describe the utility of PCR and the genome sequencing approach in facilitating surveillance and enhancing the response to outbreaks of non-O157 STEC.
Neonatal aortic arch obstruction due to pedunculated left ventricular foetal myxoma
Authors: Kaulitz Renate , Haen Susanne , Sieverding Ludger 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMyxoma in neonatal life are extremely rare. We report a case of a neonate with a pedunculated cardiac tumour arising from the anterolateral left ventricular wall protruding across the left ventricular outflow tract and continuously extending into the distal aortic arch. Surgical removal at 14 days of age via combined transaortic approach and apical ventriculotomy was indicated because of the risk of further compromise of aortic valve function and aortic arch obstruction. Histopathologic examination was consistent with a myxoma.