bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and Fluid Transportation Performance of Faults in the Changxing‐Feixianguan Formation, Xuanhan County, Northeastern Sichuan Basin
Authors: DU Chunguo , WANG Jianjun , ZHANG Jun , WANG Ping , XUE Mei , ZHOU Huayao 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOn the basis of field observations, microscopic thin‐sections and laboratory data analysis of ten faults in Xuanhan County area, northeastern Sichuan Basin, central China, the internal and megascopic structures and tectonite development characteristics are mainly controlled by the geomechanical quality in brittle formation of the Changxing‐Feixianguan Formation. The fluid transportation performance difference between the faults formed by different geomechanics or different structural parts of the same fault are controlled by the megascopic structure and tectonite development characteristics. For instance, the extension fault structure consists of a tectonite breccia zone and an extension fracture zone. Good fluid transportation performance zones are the extension fracture zone adjacent to the tectonite breccia zone and the breccia zone formed at the early evolutionary stage. The typical compression fault structure consists of a boulder‐clay zone or zones of grinding gravel rock, compression foliation, tectonite lens, and dense fracture development. The dense fracture development zone is the best fluid transporting area at a certain scale of the compression fault, and then the lens, grinding gravel rock zone and compression foliation zones are the worst areas for hydrocarbon migration. The typical tensor‐shear fault with a certain scale can be divided into boulder‐clay or grinding gravel rock zones of the fault, as well as a pinnate fractures zone and a derivative fractures zone. The grinding gravel rock zone is the worst one for fluid transportation. Because of the fracture mesh connectivity and better penetration ability, the pinnate fractures zone provides the dominant pathway for hydrocarbon vertical migration along the tensor‐shear fault.
Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process in the Marine Strata in Jianghan Plain Area, Middle China
Authors: XU Guosheng , ZHANG Lijun , GONG Deyu , WANG Guozhi , YUAN Haifeng , LI Changhong , HU Xiaofeng 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMarine strata in the Jianghan Plain area are widely distributed with a total depth of more than 8,000 m from the Upper Sinian to the Middle Triassic. Six reservoir caprock units, named Z–€2, €2–O, S, D–C, P and T1, can be identified with each epoch. The geology, stratigraphy, drilling, oil testing and other basic data as well as the measured inclusion and strontium isotope data in the study area are used in the analysis of the formation and evolution process of marine petroliferous reservoirs in the Jianghan Plain area. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the further exploration of hydrocarbons in the Jianghan Plain and reduce the risks by analyzing the key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in the marine strata. Our findings show that in the Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the early period of the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir was destroyed in the middle–late period of the Early Yanshanian. In the Lower Triassic–Carboniferous hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir suffered destruction from the Late Yanshanian to the Early Himalayanian. The preservation conditions of the marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area have been improved since the Late Himalayanian. However, because all source beds have missed the oil/gas generation fastigium and lost the capacity to generate secondary hydrocarbon, no reaccumulation of hydrocarbons can be detected in the study area's marine strata. No industrially exploitable oil/gas reservoir has been discovered in the marine strata of Jianghan Plain area since exploration began in 1958. This study confirms that petroliferous reservoirs in the marine strata have been completely destroyed, and that poor preservation conditions are the primary factor leading to unsuccessful hydrocarbon exploration. It is safely concluded that hydrocarbon exploration in the marine strata of the study area is quite risky.
Cenozoic Evolution of Sediments and Climate Change and Response to Tectonic Uplift of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: LIANG Xia , JI Junliang , LU Jingfang , KE Xue , AI Keke , XU Yadong , SONG Bowen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThrough a comprehensive study of magnetostratigraphy and sedimentology of several basins in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we reveal that the study area mainly experienced six tectonic uplift stages at approximately 52 Ma, 34–30 Ma, 24–20 Ma, 16–12 Ma, 8–6 Ma, and 3.6–2.6 Ma. Comprehensive analyses of pollen assemblages from the Qaidam, Linxia, Xining, and West Jiuquan Basins show that the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has undergone six major changes in vegetation types and climate: 50–40 Ma for the warm‐humid forest vegetation, 40–23 Ma for the warm‐arid and temperate‐arid forest steppe vegetation, 23–18.6 Ma for the warm‐humid and temperate‐humid forest vegetation, 18.6–8.5 Ma for the warm‐humid and cool‐humid forest steppe vegetation, 8.6–5 Ma for the temperate sub‐humid savanna steppe vegetation, and 5–1.8 Ma for the cold‐arid steppe vegetation. Comprehensive comparisons of tectonic uplift events inferred from sedimentary records, climatic changes inferred from pollen, and global climate changes show that in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau the climate in the Paleogene at low altitude was mainly controlled by the global climate change, while that in the Neogene interval with high altitude landscapes of mountains and basins is more controlled by altitude and morphology.
Geochemical Characteristics of Eolian Deposits on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Implications for Provenance
Authors: QI Lin , QIAO Yan‐song 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEolian dust deposition is intimately related to atmospheric circulation and environmental setting of the source region, and therefore is an invaluable tool for studying the evolutionary history of atmospheric circulation patterns and paleoclimatic change. Identifying the provenance of any eolian deposit is crucial not only for reconstructing the paleoenvironmental history of the dust source region, but also for understanding the paleoclimatic significance of various indices. Loess and paleosol samples from the Garze region on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) were analyzed for their elemental (major and trace elements) and isotopic (Sm‐Nd) geochemistry and compared with those of Northern Chinese (NC) loess formed at the same age. The results show that the geochemical compositions of the Garze loess and paleosol samples are similar to those eolian deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), and also resemble the average UCC. This indicates that the eolian deposits on the eastern margin of the TP were derived from well‐mixed sedimentary protoliths that had undergone numerous upper crustal recycling processes, just as with the CLP loess deposits. However, compared with NC loess, the Garze samples have higher ΣREE, Li, Rb, Zr, Cs, Hf and Bi concentrations, higher TiO2/Al2O3, Hf/Nb, La/Nb, Th/Nb and lower K2O/TiO2, Zr/Hf, Ba/Rb ratios. From the Sm‐Nd isotopic geochemistry, εNd(0) and 147Sm/144Nd values of Garze loess and paleosol samples are clearly lower than the NC loess. The higher Bi, Zr and Hf concentrations are relevant to the widely distributed acid‐magmatic rocks in this region, whereas the higher contents of Li, Cs, Rb are attributed to the high background values of the TP. The geochemical characteristics of the Garze loess and paleosol samples further prove that the local glacial and other Quaternary detrital sediments are predominantly the contributors for the eolian deposits on the eastern margin of the TP. Stable element concentrations and their ratios in the Garze loess and paleosol samples formed at different times have relatively greater variation ranges in comparison with the NC loess, indicating that the source regions for eolian deposits have been unstable since the late Early Pleistocene. We attribute the instability of dust sources to variable earth surface conditions and the changeable TP winter monsoon in direction and intensity, which are in turn related to the uplift of the TP.
Surface Expressions of Rayleigh‐Taylor Instability in Continental Interiors
Authors: WANG Huilin , CURRIE Claire A , ZHAN Yan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTwo‐dimensional thermal‐mechanical numerical models show that Rayleigh‐Taylor‐type (RT) gravitational removal of high‐density lithosphere may produce significant surface deformation (vertical deflection >1000 m) in the interior of a continental plate. A reasonable range of crustal strengths and thicknesses, representing a variation from a stable continental interior to a hot orogen with a thick crust, is examined to study crustal deformation and the surface deflection in response to an RT instability. In general, three types of surface deflection are observed during the RT drip event: (1) subsidence and negative topography; (2) uplift and positive topography; (3) subsidence followed by uplift and inverted topography. One key factor that determines the surface expression is the crustal thickness. Models with a thin crust mainly show subsidence and develop a basin. In the thick crust models, surface expressions are more variable, depending on the crustal strength and depth of high‐density anomaly. With weak crust and a deep high‐density anomaly, the RT drip is decoupled from the overlying crust, and the surface exhibits uplift or little deflection, as the RT drip induces contraction and thickening of the overlying crust. In contrast, with a strong crust and shallow anomaly, the surface is more strongly coupled with the drip and undergoes subsidence, followed by uplift.
Clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of primary thoracic soft tissue sarcoma: A multicenter study of the Anatolian Society of Medical Oncology (ASMO)
Authors: Unal Olcun Umit , Oztop Ilhan , Yasar Nurgul , Urakci Zuhat , Ozatli Tahsin , Bozkurt Oktay , Sevinc Alper , Gunaydin Yusuf , Yapar Taskoylu Burcu , Arpaci Erkan , Ulas Arife , Kodaz Hilmi , Tonyali Onder , Avci Nilufer , Aksoy Asude , Yilmaz Ahmet Ugur 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundSoft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare malignant tumors of embryogenic mesoderm origin. Primary thoracic STSs account for a small percentage of all STSs and limited published information is available. This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors for thoracic STSs and evaluate the disease's clinical outcomes.MethodsThe medical records of 109 patients with thoracic STSs who were treated between 2003 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' survival rates were analyzed and potential prognostic factors evaluated.ResultsThe median follow‐up period was 29 months (range: 1–121 months). STSs were most frequently localized on the chest wall (n = 42; 38.5%) and lungs (n = 42; 38.5%). The most common histological types were malignant fibrous histiocytoma (n = 23; 21.1%), liposarcoma (n = 17; 15.6%), and leiomyosarcoma (n = 16; 14.7%). The median survival time of all patients was 40.3 months (95% confidence interval, 14.22–66.37 months), with one and five‐year survival rates of 93.4% and 63.5%, respectively. Univariate analysis of all groups revealed that metastatic stage, unresectability, tumor diameter of >10 cm, tumor location other than the chest wall, and grade 3 diseases were predictable of poor survival. However, only grade 3 diseases and tumor location other than the chest wall were confirmed by multivariate analysis as poor prognostic factors.ConclusionsPrimary thoracic STSs are rarely seen malignant tumors. Our results indicated that patients with low‐grade tumors and those localized on the chest wall often experienced better survival outcomes.
Comparing population patterns for genetic and morphological markers with uneven sample sizes. An example for the butterfly Maniola jurtina
Authors: Dapporto Leonardo , Vodă Raluca , Dincă Vlad , Vila Roger 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Integrating genetic and/or phenotypic traits at population level is considered a fundamental approach in the study of evolutionary processes, systematics, biogeography and conservation. But combining the two types of data remain a complex task, mostly due to the high, and sometimes different, sample sizes required for reliable assessments of community traits. Data availability has been increasing in recent years, thanks to online resources, but it is uncommon that different types of markers are available for any given specimen.

We provide new R functions aimed at directly correlating traits at population level, even if data sets only overlap partially. The new functions are based on a modified Procrustes algorithm that minimizes differences between bidimensional ordinations of two different markers, based on a subsample of specimens for which both characters are known. To test the new functions, we used a molecular and morphological data set comprising Mediterranean specimens of the butterfly Maniola jurtina.

By using this method, we have been able to maximize similarities between genotypic and phenotypic configurations obtained after principal coordinate analysis for the model species and evaluated their degree of correlation at both individual and population level. The new recluster.procrustes function retained the information of the relative importance of different morphological variables in determining the observed ordinations and preserved it in the transformed configurations. This allowed calculating the best combination of morphological variables mirroring genetic relationships among specimens and populations. Finally, it was possible to analyse the modality and variance of the phenotypic characters correlated with the genetic structure among populations.

The genetic and phenotypic markers displayed high overall correlation in the study area except in the contact zone, where discrepancies for particular populations were detected. Interestingly, such discrepancies were spatially structured, with southern populations displaying typical western morphotype and eastern haplotypes, while the opposite occurred in the northern populations. The methodology here described can be applied to any number and type of traits for which bidimensional configurations can be obtained, and opens new possibilities for data mining and for meta‐analyses combining existing data sets in biogeography, systematics and ecology.
Quantifying range‐wide variation in population trends from local abundance surveys and widespread opportunistic occurrence records
Authors: Pagel Jörn , Anderson Barbara J. , O'Hara Robert B. , Cramer Wolfgang , Fox Richard , Jeltsch Florian , Roy David B. , Thomas Chris D. , Schurr Frank M. 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Species’ abundances vary in space and time. Describing these patterns is a cornerstone of macroecology. Moreover, trends in population size are an important criterion for the assessment of a species’ conservation status. Because abundance trends are not homogeneous in space, we need to quantify variation in abundance trends across the geographical range of a species. A basic difficulty exists in that data sets that cover large geographic areas rarely include population abundance data at high temporal resolution. Whilst both broad‐scale geographic distribution data and site‐specific population trend data are becoming more widely available, approaches are required which integrate these different types of data.

We present a hierarchical model that integrates observations from multiple sources to estimate spatio‐temporal abundance trends. The model links annual population densities on a spatial grid to both long‐term count data and to opportunistic occurrence records from a citizen science programme. Specific observation models for both data types explicitly account for differences in data structure and quality.

We test this novel method in a virtual study with simulated data and apply it to the estimation of abundance dynamics across the range of a butterfly species (Pyronia tithonus) in Great Britain between 1985 and 2004. The application to simulated and real data demonstrates how the hierarchical model structure accommodates various sources of uncertainty which occur at different stages of the link between observational data and the modelled abundance, thereby it accounts for these uncertainties in the inference of abundance variations.

We show that by using hierarchical observation models that integrate different types of commonly available data sources, we can improve the estimates of variation in species abundances across space and time. This will improve our ability to detect regional trends and can also enhance the empirical basis for understanding range dynamics.
Pattern‐recognition ecological niche models fit to presence‐only and presence–absence data
Authors: Maher Sean P. , Randin Christophe F. , Guisan Antoine , Drake John M. 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Identifying the boundary of a species' niche from observational and environmental data is a common problem in ecology and conservation biology and a variety of techniques have been developed or applied to model niches and predict distributions. Here, we examine the performance of some pattern‐recognition methods as ecological niche models (ENMs). Particularly, one‐class pattern recognition is a flexible and seldom used methodology for modelling ecological niches and distributions from presence‐only data. The development of one‐class methods that perform comparably to two‐class methods (for presence/absence data) would remove modelling decisions about sampling pseudo‐absences or background data points when absence points are unavailable.

We studied nine methods for one‐class classification and seven methods for two‐class classification (five common to both), all primarily used in pattern recognition and therefore not common in species distribution and ecological niche modelling, across a set of 106 mountain plant species for which presence–absence data was available. We assessed accuracy using standard metrics and compared trade‐offs in omission and commission errors between classification groups as well as effects of prevalence and spatial autocorrelation on accuracy.

One‐class models fit to presence‐only data were comparable to two‐class models fit to presence–absence data when performance was evaluated with a measure weighting omission and commission errors equally. One‐class models were superior for reducing omission errors (i.e. yielding higher sensitivity), and two‐classes models were superior for reducing commission errors (i.e. yielding higher specificity). For these methods, spatial autocorrelation was only influential when prevalence was low.

These results differ from previous efforts to evaluate alternative modelling approaches to build ENM and are particularly noteworthy because data are from exhaustively sampled populations minimizing false absence records. Accurate, transferable models of species' ecological niches and distributions are needed to advance ecological research and are crucial for effective environmental planning and conservation; the pattern‐recognition approaches studied here show good potential for future modelling studies. This study also provides an introduction to promising methods for ecological modelling inherited from the pattern‐recognition discipline.
A Longitudinal Study of Insomnia and Other Sleep Complaints in Adolescents With and Without Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Hasler Brant P. , Martin Christopher S. , Wood D. Scott , Rosario Bedda , Clark Duncan B. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundSleep disturbances are both common and well‐characterized in adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but have received little study in adolescents with AUDs. Furthermore, a handful of studies suggest that sleep complaints are a risk factor for AUDs. However, no published studies have yet examined the longitudinal course of sleep complaints in adolescents with AUDs; in particular, it remains unclear how persistent AUD‐associated sleep complaints are in this age group, and what types of sleep complaints are most relevant to alcohol‐use symptoms. We investigated these questions in a 5‐year longitudinal study of adolescents with and without AUDs at baseline.MethodsParticipants were 696 adolescents (age 12 to 19) from a longitudinal study at the Pittsburgh Adolescent Alcohol Research Center. At baseline, 347 participants had a current AUD (AUD+), while 349 had no current or past AUD (AUD−). We examined sleep and alcohol involvement at baseline as well as 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year follow‐up visits. Sleep variables included self‐reported insomnia and hypersomnia, as well as variability in weekday–weekend sleep duration, all at baseline. Covariates included sex, age, current alcohol symptoms, and depression severity.ResultsThe AUD+ group reported more overall sleep disturbance at baseline, including greater insomnia and hypersomnia complaints, and greater variability in weekday–weekend sleep duration. Group differences in insomnia and hypersomnia complaints persisted to the 5‐ and 3‐year follow‐ups, respectively. In the AUD− group, greater insomnia complaints at baseline predicted an increase in alcohol symptoms at the 1‐year follow‐up, while greater variability in sleep duration at baseline predicted an increase in alcohol symptoms at the 3‐ and 5‐year follow‐ups.ConclusionsThese results complement previous findings in other samples, indicating that insomnia and other sleep problems are a chronic predicament for adolescents with AUDs. The findings also suggest that sleep disturbances may place adolescents without AUDs at an elevated risk of developing alcohol problems.
Plasmodium berghei infection ameliorates atopic dermatitis‐like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice
Authors: Kishi C. , Amano H. , Suzue K. , Ishikawa O. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundAtopic diseases are more prevalent in industrialized countries than in developing countries. In addition, significant differences in the prevalence of allergic diseases are observed between rural and urban areas within the same country. This difference in prevalence has been attributed to what is called the ‘hygiene hypothesis’. Although parasitic infections are known to protect against allergic reactions, the mechanism is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not malarial infections can inhibit atopic dermatitis (AD)‐like skin lesions in a mouse model of AD.MethodsWe used NC/Nga mice which are a model for AD. The NC/Nga mice were intraperitoneally infected with 1 × 105 Plasmoduim berghei (Pb) XAT‐infected erythrocytes.ResultsMalarial infections ameliorated AD‐like skin lesions in the NC/Nga mice. This improvement was blocked by the administration of anti‐asialo GM1 antibodies, which are anti‐natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, adoptive transfer of NK cells markedly improved AD‐like skin lesions in conventional NC/Nga mice; these suggest that the novel protective mechanism associated with malaria parasitic infections is at least, in part, dependent on NK cells.ConclusionsWe have experimentally demonstrated for the first time that malarial infections ameliorated AD‐like skin lesions in a mouse model of AD. Our study could explain in part the mechanism of the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, which states that parasitic infections can inhibit the development of allergic diseases.