bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A chord error conforming tool path B-spline fitting method for NC machining based on energy minimization and LSPIA
Authors: He Shanshan , Ou Daojiang , Yan Changya , Lee Chen-Han 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Piecewise linear (G01-based) tool paths generated by CAM systems lack G1 and G2 continuity. The discontinuity causes vibration and unnecessary hesitation during machining. To ensure efficient high-speed machining, a method to improve the continuity of the tool paths is required, such as B-spline fitting that approximates G01 paths with B-spline curves. Conventional B-spline fitting approaches cannot be directly used for tool path B-spline fitting, because they have shortages such as numerical instability, lack of chord error constraint, and lack of assurance of a usable result. Progressive and Iterative Approximation for Least Squares (LSPIA) is an efficient method for data fitting that solves the numerical instability problem. However, it does not consider chord errors and needs more work to ensure ironclad results for commercial applications. In this paper, we use LSPIA method incorporating Energy term (ELSPIA) to avoid the numerical instability, and lower chord errors by using stretching energy term. We implement several algorithm improvements, including (1) an improved technique for initial control point determination over Dominant Point Method, (2) an algorithm that updates foot point parameters as needed, (3) analysis of the degrees of freedom of control points to insert new control points only when needed, (4) chord error refinement using a similar ELSPIA method with the above enhancements. The proposed approach can generate a shape-preserving B-spline curve. Experiments with data analysis and machining tests are presented for verification of quality and efficiency. Comparisons with other known solutions are included to evaluate the worthiness of the proposed solution.
Highlights The presented B-spline tool path fitting method is chord-error conforming. It is numerically stable and hence industrial-strength. The proposed ELSPIA algorithm incorporates stretching energy into LSPIA algorithm. Includes actual machining experiments to validate the worthiness.
“I” value justice, but “we” value relationships: Self‐construal effects on post‐transgression consumer forgiveness
Authors: Sinha Jayati , Lu Fang‐Chi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCausal attributions and brand‐relationships are known to determine how consumers react to brand transgressions. Considering both transgression controllability and brand‐relationship strength, the authors show that self‐construal moderates consumer reactions to brand transgressions. Three studies using different product and service failure scenarios demonstrate that consumers who have independent self‐construals are more forgiving when the brand has no control over the transgression, regardless of brand‐relationship strength. However, consumers who have interdependent self‐construals are more forgiving when they have strong relationships with the transgressing brand, even if the brand is at fault. Furthermore, the salience of justice concerns versus expectancies for long‐term brand‐relationships underlies the self‐construal effects on consumer forgiveness.
The Effects of Hip and Spine Orthoses on Braking Parameters: A Simulated Study With Healthy Subjects
Authors: Hofmann Ulf Krister , Thumm Stefan , Jordan Maurice , Walter Christian , Rondak Ina‐Christine , Ipach Ingmar 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough a person's fitness to drive has gained more attention over the past few years, investigations have focused mainly on postsurgical (eg, hip arthroplasty) driving performance. Few data are available on how orthoses affect the ability to perform an emergency stop.ObjectiveTo determine whether common lumbar and hip orthoses impair driving performance by increasing brake response time and weakening brake force (BF).DesignCrossover repeated measures design.SettingUniversity hospital.ParticipantsA crossover, repeated‐measures design was used to test 30 healthy volunteers with and without each of the orthoses in random order.MethodsA custom‐made simulator was created from a car cabin fitted with measurement equipment to record braking parameters under realistic spatial constraints.Main Outcome MeasurementsReaction time (RT), foot transfer time (FTT) (these 2 together: brake response time), and maximum BF.ResultsAlthough spine orthoses lead to statistically significant increases in RT (Vertebradyn‐Strong, P = .002; Horizon 637 LSO, P = .32; and SofTec Dorso, P = .013), this effect was not observed in hip orthoses, where instead FTT was prolonged (DynaCox and Hohmann‐like orthosis, P < .001). BF was not significantly altered in any of the orthoses.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that hip and spine orthoses lead to impaired driving performance. Depending on the type of immobilization, this effect mostly increases RT or FTT, lengthening total stopping distances by up to half a meter at 100 km/h. However, in the absence of an underlying pathological condition in individuals with orthoses, their braking performance should be sufficient to continue driving.
Biomechanical and Clinical Correlates of Stance‐Phase Knee Flexion in Persons With Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Rha Dong‐wook , Cahill‐Rowley Katelyn , Young Jeffrey , Torburn Leslie , Stephenson Katherine , Rose Jessica 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo identify biomechanical and clinical parameters that influence knee flexion (KF) angle at initial contact (IC) and during single limb stance phase of gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) who walk with flexed‐knee gait.DesignRetrospective analysis of gait kinematics and clinical data collected from 2010‐2013.SettingMotion & Gait Analysis Laboratory at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA.ParticipantsGait analysis data from persons with spastic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] I‐III) who had no prior surgery were analyzed. Participants exhibiting KF ≥20° at IC were included; the more‐involved limb was analyzed.MethodsOutcome measures were analyzed with respect to clinical findings, including passive range of motion, Selective Motor Control Assessment for the Lower Extremity (SCALE), gait kinematics, and musculoskeletal models of muscle‐tendon lengths during gait.Main Outcome MeasuresKF at IC (KFIC) and minimum KF during single‐limb support (KFSLS) were investigated.ResultsThirty‐four participants met the inclusion criteria, and their data were analyzed (20 males and 14 females, mean age 10.1 years, range 5‐20 years). Mean KFIC was 34.4 ± 8.4 degrees and correlated with lower SCALE score (ρ = –0.530, P = .004), later peak KF during swing (ρ = 0.614, P < .001), and shorter maximal muscle length of the semimembranosus (ρ = –0.359, P = .037). Mean KFSLS was 18.7 ± 14.9 and correlated to KF contracture (ρ = 0.605, P < .001) and shorter maximal muscle length of the semimembranosus (ρ = –0.572, P < .001) and medial gastrocnemius (ρ = –0.386, P = .024). GMFCS correlated more strongly to KFIC (ρ = 0.502, P = .002) than to KFSLS (ρ = 0.371, P = .031). Linear regression found that both the SCALE score (P = .001) and delayed timing of peak KF during swing (P = .001) independently predicted KFIC. KF contracture (P = .026) and maximal length of the semimembranosus (P = .043) independently predicted KFSLS.ConclusionCorrelates of KFIC differed from those for KFSLS and suggest that impaired selective motor control and later timing of swing‐phase KF influence knee position at IC, whereas KF contracture and muscle lengths influence minimal KF in single‐limb support, findings with important treatment implications.
Effects of a Single Hand–Exercise Session on Manual Dexterity and Strength in Persons with Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mateos‐Toset Sara , Cabrera‐Martos Irene , Torres‐Sánchez Irene , Ortiz‐Rubio Araceli , González‐Jiménez Emilio , Valenza Marie Carmen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects on manual dexterity, hand grip, and pinch strength of a single intervention focused on hand exercises.DesignRandomized, controlled, blinded study.PatientsSixty people with Parkinson disease (PD) were recruited; 30 participants were allocated to a brief exercise session and 30 to a control group.InterventionsParticipants randomized to the experimental group received a 15‐minute exercise session focused on hand training using therapeutic putty. Participants allocated to the control group performed active upper limb exercises.Main Outcome MeasurementsMeasures of manual dexterity (assessed by the Purdue Pegboard Test and the Chessington Occupational Therapy Neurologic Assessment Battery dexterity task) and strength (hand grip and pinch strength) were recorded at baseline and after the intervention.ResultsParticipants had significantly improved manual dexterity values (P < .05) after the intervention. They also had increased hand grip (P < .001) and pinch strength (P < .05).ConclusionsA single hand–exercise session showed an improvement in manual dexterity and strength in persons with PD.
The Relationship of Anticipatory Gluteus Medius Activity to Pelvic and Knee Stability in the Transition to Single‐Leg Stance
Authors: Kim Daehan , Unger Janelle , Lanovaz Joel L. , Oates Alison R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe knee abduction moment in a weight‐bearing limb is an important risk factor of conditions such as patellofemoral pain and knee osteoarthritis. Excessive pelvic drop in single‐leg stance can increase the knee abduction moment. The gluteus medius muscle is crucial to prevent pelvic drop and must be activated in anticipation of the transition from double‐leg to single‐leg stance.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship of anticipatory activity of the gluteus medius to pelvic drop and knee abduction moment.DesignObservational, cross‐sectional correlational study.SettingResearch laboratory.ParticipantsTwenty female adults (mean age 22.6 years, standard deviation 2.5) were recruited and fully participated. Participant selection was limited to healthy women who did not have a history of knee and ankle ligament injuries, any indication of knee, hip, and/or low back pain, and/or knowledge of the proper squat technique.MethodsParticipants performed 16 single‐leg mini squats on their nondominant leg.Main Outcome MeasuresThe onset and magnitude of anticipatory gluteus medius activity were measured in relation to toe‐off of the dominant leg during the transition from double‐leg to single‐leg stance. Preplanned correlations between anticipatory gluteus medius onset and its activation magnitude, pelvic obliquity, and knee abduction moment were examined.ResultsThe magnitude of anticipatory gluteus medius activity was significantly correlated with the knee abduction moment (rs (18) = −0.303, P < .001) and pelvic obliquity (rs (18) = 0.361, P < .001), whereas gluteus medius onset was not significantly correlated with either knee abduction moment or pelvic obliquity.ConclusionsThe amount of gluteus medius activity is more important for controlling knee and pelvic stability in the frontal plane than the onset of activation.
Fascial Disorders: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Stecco Antonio , Stern Robert , Fantoni Ilaria , De Caro Raffaele , Stecco Carla 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn the past 15 years, multiple articles have appeared that target fascia as an important component of treatment in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. To better understand the possible actions of fascial treatments, there is a need to clarify the definition of fascia and how it interacts with various other structures: muscles, nerves, vessels, organs. Fascia is a tissue that occurs throughout the body. However, different kinds of fascia exist. In this narrative review, we demonstrate that symptoms related to dysfunction of the lymphatic system, superficial vein system, and thermoregulation are closely related to dysfunction involving superficial fascia. Dysfunction involving alterations in mechanical coordination, proprioception, balance, myofascial pain, and cramps are more related to deep fascia and the epimysium. Superficial fascia is obviously more superficial than the other types and contains more elastic tissue. Consequently, effective treatment can probably be achieved with light massage or with treatment modalities that use large surfaces that spread the friction in the first layers of the subcutis. The deep fasciae and the epymisium require treatment that generates enough pressure to reach the surface of muscles. For this reason, the use of small surface tools and manual deep friction with the knuckles or elbows are indicated. Due to different anatomical locations and to the qualities of the fascial tissue, it is important to recognize that different modalities of approach have to be taken into consideration when considering treatment options.
The influence of birth order and number of siblings on adolescent body composition: evidence from a Brazilian birth cohort study
Authors: de Oliveira Meller Fernanda , Assunção M. C. F. , Schäfer A. A. , de Mola C. L. , Barros A. J. D. , Dahly D. L. , Barros F. C. 
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study was to estimate the association between birth order and number of siblings with body composition in adolescents. Data are from a birth cohort study conducted in Pelotas, Brazil. At the age of 18 years, 4563 adolescents were located, of whom 4106 were interviewed (follow-up rate 81·3 %). Of these, 3974 had complete data and were thus included in our analysis. The variables used in the analysis were measured during the perinatal period, or at 11, 15 and/or 18 years of age. Body composition at 18 years was collected by air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD®). Crude and adjusted analyses of the association between birth order and number of siblings with body composition were performed using linear regression. All analyses were stratified by the adolescent sex. The means of BMI, fat mass index and fat-free mass index among adolescents were 23·4 (sd 4·5) kg/m2, 6·1 (sd 3·9) kg/m2 and 17·3 (sd 2·5) kg/m2, respectively. In adjusted models, the total siblings remained inversely associated with fat mass index (β = − 0·37 z-scores, 95 % CI − 0·52, − 0·23) and BMI in boys (β = − 0·39 z-scores, 95 % CI − 0·55, − 0·22). Fat-free mass index was related to the total siblings in girls (β = 0·06 z-scores, 95 % CI − 0·04, 0·17). This research has found that number of total siblings, and not birth order, is related to the fat mass index, fat-free mass index and BMI in adolescents. It suggests the need for early prevention of obesity or fat mass accumulation in only children.
Occurrence of otitis media in children and assessment of treatment options
Authors: Nwokoye N N , Egwari L O , Olubi O O 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground:Otitis media is a more frequent occurrence in children, and the disease may progress from an acute to chronic state if appropriate and timely intervention is not initiated.Methods:A total of 212 children aged 6 months to 10 years were examined and treated for otitis media, in a 13-month hospital-based study.Results:Acute otitis media was diagnosed in 130 (61.3 per cent) of the patients. There were 82 (38.7 per cent) chronic suppurative otitis media cases. The incidence of acute otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media in the first year of life was 54.6 per cent and 45.1 per cent respectively. Chronic suppurative otitis media patients were assigned to one of three treatment groups. Recovery occurred in 70.4 per cent of amoxicillin-treated patients, in 88.9 per cent of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treated patients and in 96.4 per cent of culture and antibiotic sensitivity test patients. Relapses were seen only in the amoxicillin (five cases) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (two cases) groups.Conclusion:The success rate in patients treated with antibiotics makes this option mandatory for an established diagnosis.
Face and content validation of a novel three-dimensional printed temporal bone for surgical skills development
Authors: Da Cruz M J , Francis H W 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjective:To assess the face and content validity of a novel synthetic, three-dimensional printed temporal bone for surgical skills development and training.Methods:A synthetic temporal bone was printed using composite materials and three-dimensional printing technology. Surgical trainees were asked to complete three structured temporal bone dissection exercises. Attitudes and impressions were then assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Previous cadaver and real operating experiences were used as a reference.Results:Trainees’ experiences of the synthetic temporal bone were analysed in terms of four domains: anatomical realism, usefulness as a training tool, task-based usefulness and overall reactions. Responses across all domains indicated a high degree of acceptance, suggesting that the three-dimensional printed temporal bone was a useful tool in skills development.Conclusion:A sophisticated three-dimensional printed temporal bone that demonstrates face and content validity was developed. The efficiency in cost savings coupled with low associated biohazards make it likely that the printed temporal bone will be incorporated into traditional temporal bone skills development programmes in the near future.
A Rule of Proprietary Right for British India: From revenue settlement to tenant right in the age of classical legal thought
Authors: CHAUDHRY FAISAL 
Published: June 2015

AbstractScholars have long debated the impact of the British ‘rule of property’ on India. In our own day it has become common for historians to hold that the Raj's would-be regime of free capitalist property was frustrated by a pervasive divide between rhetoric and reality which derived from a fundamental lack of fit between English ideas and Indian land control practices. While seemingly novel, the contemporary emphasis on the theory-practice divide is rooted in an earlier ‘revisionist’ perspective among late-nineteenth-century colonial thinkers who argued that land control in the subcontinent derived from a uniquely Indian species of ‘proprietary’ (rather than genuinely propertied) right-holding. In this article, I critically examine the revisionist discourse of ‘proprietary right’ by situating it in a broader comparative perspective, both relative to earlier ideas about rendering property ‘absolute’ during the East India Company's rule and relative to the changing conception of the property right among legal thinkers in the central domains of the Anglo-common law world. In so doing, the article significantly revises our understanding of the relationship between property, law, and political economy in the subcontinent from the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth century.
Processes of identity development and behaviour change in later life: exploring self-talk during physical activity uptake
Authors: OLIVER E. J. , HUDSON J. , THOMAS L. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe benefits of exercise are well documented, nevertheless, physical activity decreases progressively with age, a trend exacerbated in those who have fallen. An important predictor of exercise behaviour is the extent to which motivation for exercise has been internalised into one's identity, however, we know little about changing health behaviours in older people, with calls for longitudinal studies to aid understanding. Grounded in self-determination theory, the present study explored the role of self-talk in the process of identity change during the initial ten weeks of an exercise referral falls prevention programme. Six participants identified at risk of falling completed weekly measures of their physical activity-related cognition and identity; in-depth interviews were completed at course commencement and ten weeks later. During this initial phase of the behaviour change programme, participants developed stronger physical activity identities, with themes reflecting a transition from a physically impaired and negative self to a more future-orientated, capable and integrated self-identity. Concurrently, autonomy-supportive and competence-reinforcing self-talk significantly increased, with non-significant increases and decreases in controlling and amotivational self-talk, respectively. The data suggest that self-talk may be usefully conceptualised as a process through which social messages are interpreted and internalised to integrate a new behaviour into one's existing self-concept.
Linkages between informal and formal care-givers in home-care networks of frail older adults
Authors: JACOBS MARIANNE , VAN TILBURG THEO , GROENEWEGEN PETER , BROESE VAN GROENOU MARJOLEIN 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn ageing societies, policy makers aim for more contact between informal and formal care-givers as it may enhance the quality of care. So far, the linkage between formal and informal care-givers is generally studied from a one-sided or a single dyadic perspective, without taking into account that care networks of community-dwelling older adults often exist of multiple informal and formal care-givers. The current study examines discussion of care between all potential informal–formal care-giver dyads in a care network, and relates this to characteristics of the older care recipient, the care network and the care-givers. Seventy-four Dutch older care recipients provided information on all care-givers who helped with five different types of tasks; 410 care-givers reported on the contact between all care-givers identified. Multi-level logistic regression was conducted in 2,150 informal–formal care-giver dyads and revealed that in 26 per cent of all these dyads discussion on care occurred. This was more likely when both care-givers performed multiple types of tasks, the informal care-giver was residing with the care recipient, and contact within the formal and the informal sub-network was higher. To enhance discussion of care between informal and formal care-givers in care networks where no discussion occurs at all, home-care organisations may need to allocate formal care-givers who form a bridge with an extra-residential care-giver of care recipients living alone.
Two conceptions of international practice: Aristotelianpraxisor Wittgensteinianlanguage-games?
Authors: FROST MERVYN , LECHNER SILVIYA 
Published: June 2015

AbstractScholars from the recent ‘practice turn’ in International Relations have urged us to rethink the international realm in terms of practices. The principal exponents of the turn, Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot, have refurbished Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice to produce their own account of international practices. In a review of the practice turn, Chris Brown has argued that Bourdieu’s notion of practice shares basic affinities with Aristotle’s concept of praxis. While practice turn scholars may not adhere to a rigid canon of thought, they seem to share an Aristotelian conception of praxis. This reading of the turn to practice, though plausible, captures one part of the story. The central thesis of the present article is that instead of one there are two, distinctive conceptions of practice – Aristotelian and Wittgensteinian – and therefore two distinctive ways in which the character of international practices might be understood. More concretely, the aim is to show that the conception of international practices, rooted in Wittgenstein’s view of practices as language-games, can be particularly illuminating to all those who seek to understand international relations.