bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new proposal for greenhouse gas emissions responsibility allocation: Best available technologies approach
Authors: Berzosa Álvaro , Barandica Jesús M , Fernández-Sánchez Gonzalo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In recent years, several methodologies have been developed for the quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, determining who is responsible for these emissions is also quite challenging. The most common approach is to assign emissions to the producer (based on the Kyoto Protocol), but proposals also exist for its allocation to the consumer (based on an ecological footprint perspective) and for a hybrid approach called shared responsibility. In this study, the existing proposals and standards regarding the allocation of GHG emissions responsibilities are analyzed, focusing on their main advantages and problems. A new model of shared responsibility that overcomes some of the existing problems is also proposed. This model is based on applying the best available technologies (BATs). This new approach allocates the responsibility between the producers and the final consumers based on the real capacity of each agent to reduce emissions. The proposed approach is demonstrated using a simple case study of a 4-step life cycle of ammonia nitrate (AN) fertilizer production. The proposed model has the characteristics that the standards and publications for assignment of GHG emissions responsibilities demand. This study presents a new way to assign responsibilities that pushes all the actors in the production chain, including consumers, to reduce pollution. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:95–101. © 2013 SETAC
An investigation of association between chronic musculoskeletal pain and cardiovascular disease in the Health Survey for England (2008)
Authors: Ryan C.G. , McDonough S. , Kirwan J.P. , Leveille S. , Martin D.J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundChronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) may be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to investigate the association between CMP and CVD, and the contribution of physical activity and sedentary behaviour to any association.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of 3332 middle‐aged (45–64 years) and 2022 older (65+ years) adults included in the Health Survey for England (2008). The survey contained self‐reported physical activity/sedentary behaviour data. Objectively measured physical activity/sedentary behaviour using accelerometry (Actigraph™) was also available for a subset of the middle‐aged (n = 715) and older (n = 492) participants. Logistic regression examined the association between CMP and CVD adjusted for self‐reported and objectively measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and a range of other CVD risk factors.ResultsThere was a higher prevalence of CVD in those with CMP for both the middle‐aged (22.5% vs. 13.5%) and the older (46.8% vs. 28.2%) adults (p < 0.001). After adjusting for CVD risk factors, older adults with CMP were significantly more likely to have CVD {odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.828 (1.452, 2.300); p < 0.001}. A similar non‐significant trend was shown for the middle‐aged adults [odds ratio (95% CI) 1.271 (0.975, 1.656); p = 0.076]. Neither self‐reported nor objectively measured physical activity (or sedentary behaviour) had any meaningful effect on the association between CMP and CVD.ConclusionsCMP is associated with an increased risk of CVD and the association is stronger in older adults. Neither physical activity nor sedentary behaviour contributed to this relationship. Longitudinal studies are warranted to better understand the relationship between CVD and CMP.
Emotional faces alter pain perception
Authors: Bayet S. , Bushnell M.C. , Schweinhardt P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlthough emotional faces might be particularly suited for the investigation of emotional pain modulation, they have thus far rarely been used. In particular, previous studies using emotional faces for pain modulation did not assess modulation of mood, did not differentiate pain intensity and unpleasantness, and did not investigate the interaction with attentional state. Here, we assessed how viewing emotional faces impacts the perceived intensity and unpleasantness of experimentally induced pain as well as subjects' mood.MethodsHealthy subjects viewed sad, happy or neutral faces, and short painful thermal stimuli were simultaneously applied to the volar forearm. Subjects provided ratings of pain intensity, pain unpleasantness and mood after blocks consisting of eight pairs of thermal stimuli and eight pairs of faces. Each subject viewed six blocks in total (two of each emotion). Perceptual discrimination tasks ensured that subjects either focused on the pain or on the emotional faces.ResultsSubjects reported higher pain unpleasantness and higher pain intensity as well as worse mood when they viewed blocks of sad faces compared with blocks of happy or neutral faces. Changes in mood correlated with modulation of pain intensity, but not unpleasantness. No interaction was observed between emotional pain modulation and attentional state.ConclusionsThese results provide evidence that viewing emotional faces modulates perceived pain intensity and unpleasantness and that this pain modulation is related to mood changes, at least for intensity. Faces might be a reliable and socially relevant tool to study the impact of discrete emotions on pain perception.
Transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and the moderating role of mechanistic–organic contexts
Authors: Dust Scott B. , Resick Christian J. , Mawritz Mary Bardes 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe current study examines the empowering effects of transformational leaders and the extent to which these effects differ across mechanistic–organic organizational contexts. Psychological empowerment is hypothesized to provide a comprehensive motivational mechanism explaining the relationships between transformational leadership and employee job‐related behaviors. In addition, the relationships between transformational leadership, employee psychological empowerment, and job‐related behaviors are hypothesized to be stronger in organizations with more organic as opposed to mechanistic structures. Results based on a cross‐organizational sample of employees and their immediate supervisors provide support for the hypothesized relationships. Psychological empowerment mediated relationships between transformational leadership and employee task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. The mediating role of psychological empowerment was then found to be conditional upon mechanistic–organic contexts. More specifically, organic structures enhanced, whereas mechanistic structures constrained, the empowering influence of transformational leaders. In highly mechanistic contexts, the indirect effects were no longer statistically significant. Implications for theory, research, and organizational management are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lactate down‐regulates matrix systhesis and promotes apoptosis and autophagy in rat nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Xiaolei , Hu Xuqi , Wang Xiangyang , Sun Liaojun , Zheng Xuhao , Jiang Libo , Ni Xiao , Xu Cong , Tian Naifeng , Zhu Siping , Xu Huazi 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe intervertebral disk (IVD) is avascular and anaerobic glycolysis has been recognized as the main source of energy. Due to anaerobic glycolysis, there are high levels of lactate production in disk. Previous study shows lactate concentration is elevated in the degenerated IVD. However, it is not clear how lactate causes degeneration of disks. In this study, we found that 2 mM lactate promote proliferation of NP cells, while 6 mM lactate slightly inhibit their proliferation. By detection under transmission electron microscopy, and western bolt for autophagy related protein beclin‐1, LC3 and p62, we demonstrated that 6 mM lactate leads to autophagy induction of NP cells. TUNEL results showed that the apoptosis incidence was increased. High lactate concentration induced the degradation in protein expression and mRNA level of GAG content, type II collagen and slight increase of type I collagen. Based on these observations, we conclude that high lactate concentration is a pathogenic factor for IVD degeneration, and lactate metabolism may be a new therapeutic target for IVD degeneration. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:253–261, 2014.
Iron absorption, localization, and biomineralization of Cynodon dactylon, a perennial grass from the Río Tinto basin (SW Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Franco Alejandro , Rufo Lourdes , Rodríguez Nuria , Amils Ricardo , de la Fuente Vicenta 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a perennial rhizomatous grass (Poaceae), grown for cattle nutrition on the riverbanks of Río Tinto (Southwest Iberian Peninsula, Spain), a highly acidic area with high concentrations of iron (Fe) and other metals. This study focuses on the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of Fe in the root, rhizome, and leaves of C. dactylon under controlled conditions. Plants collected from Río Tinto were grown in a Hoagland solution containing 500 mg kg–1 of ferrous Fe. Samples were collected up to 2 months after exposure and analyzed for total Fe concentration using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and for Fe distribution and bioformations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy‐dispersive x‐ray analyzer (EDX). The results show high concentrations of Fe in all plant organs, with fast Fe translocation from roots to leaves. Iron bioformations composed mainly of Fe, S, and K were detected in all plant organs and were especially apparent in roots and leaves. These results differ from those reported for another species of Poaceae, Imperata cylindrica, which grows under the same environmental conditions, suggesting the existence of different resistance strategies between species of the same family.
How Task Structure and Outcome Comparisons Influence Women's and Men's Risk‐Taking Self‐Efficacies: A Multi‐Study Exploration
Authors: Forlani David 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTo explore inconsistent findings in the perceived self‐efficacy and entrepreneurship literatures as they relate to the type of complex, risky decisions (i.e., those that commit financial resources to generate new revenue) made by marketing managers, entrepreneurs, and corporate intrapreneurs, this paper uses a series of four theoretically driven, empirical studies to investigate gender differences in risk‐taking self‐efficacies (i.e., one's perceived abilities to make financially risky, business development decisions). The results indicate the following: (1) no gender differences in risk‐taking self‐efficacies absent a task; (2) after performing a complex, risk‐laden task, the risk‐taking self‐efficacies of subjects receiving negatively valenced outcome information and women were less than those of subjects receiving positively valenced outcome information and men; (3) this effect remains for women when experience in the task domain is high and when diagnostic information about prior outcomes is provided; (4) the reason for the effect appears to be that men and women use information about their prior decision's outcomes differently when assessing their risk‐taking self‐efficacies; and (5) the effect disappears when social cues intended to facilitate accurate performance comparisons are introduced into the task environment. These findings support existing theories, identify areas needing development, and show how these effects can limit participation in both complex, risk‐laden tasks and careers that are thought to involve performing such tasks.
Protein function annotation by local binding site surface similarity
Authors: Spitzer Russell , Cleves Ann E. , Varela Rocco , Jain Ajay N. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTHundreds of protein crystal structures exist for proteins whose function cannot be confidently determined from sequence similarity. Surflex‐PSIM, a previously reported surface‐based protein similarity algorithm, provides an alternative method for hypothesizing function for such proteins. The method now supports fully automatic binding site detection and is fast enough to screen comprehensive databases of protein binding sites. The binding site detection methodology was validated on apo/holo cognate protein pairs, correctly identifying 91% of ligand binding sites in holo structures and 88% in apo structures where corresponding sites existed. For correctly detected apo binding sites, the cognate holo site was the most similar binding site 87% of the time. PSIM was used to screen a set of proteins that had poorly characterized functions at the time of crystallization, but were later biochemically annotated. Using a fully automated protocol, this set of 8 proteins was screened against ∼60,000 ligand binding sites from the PDB. PSIM correctly identified functional matches that predated query protein biochemical annotation for five out of the eight query proteins. A panel of 12 currently unannotated proteins was also screened, resulting in a large number of statistically significant binding site matches, some of which suggest likely functions for the podorly characterized proteins. Proteins 2014; 82:679–694. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Barriers to Care: Health Promotion among Hispanic Men
Authors: Towns Tangela 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article advocates for the need to increase the social science literature of policy implications for long‐term interventions for the Hispanic community. Existing research recognizes numerous barriers contributing to low healthcare utilization for Hispanic populations; however, very little research in the social sciences is specific in the identification of barriers that are unique for Hispanic men. This article provides a general overview of men's health and highlights Hispanic men's health outcomes and associated disparities, common intervention descriptions implemented in the Hispanic communities, and future research of the increase of healthcare utilization for Hispanic men using a theory of gender focusing on the construction of masculinity and health. This article uses a sociological framework of gender behavior constructs and compares gendered behaviors to healthcare utilization. Concluding arguments suggest that as research in this direction develops further, health providers can use this literature to implement change in health promotion targeting Hispanic men.
Pcid2 Inactivates Developmental Genes in Human and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Sustain Their Pluripotency by Modulation of EID1 Stability
Authors: YE Buqing , Dai Zhonghua , Liu Benyu , Wang Rui , Li Chong , Huang Guanling , Wang Shuo , Xia Pengyan , Yang Xuan , Kuwahara Kazuhiko , Sakaguchi Nobuo , Fan Zusen 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation are the hallmarks of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, it is largely unknown about how the pluripotency is regulated. Here we demonstrate that Pcid2 is required for the maintenance of self-renewal both in mouse and human ESCs. Pcid2 plays a critical role in suppression of ESC differentiation. Pcid2 deficiency causes early embryonic lethality before the blastocyst stage. Pcid2 associates with EID1 and is present in the CBP/p300-EID1 complex in the ESCs. We show that MDM2 is an E3 ligase for K48-linked EID1 ubiquitination for its degradation. For the maintenance of self-renewal, Pcid2 binds to EID1 to impede the association with MDM2. Then EID1 is not degraded to sustain its stability to block the HAT activity of CBP/p300, leading to suppression of the developmental gene expression. Collectively, Pcid2 is present in the CBP/p300-EID1 complex to control the switch balance of mouse and human ESCs through modulation of EID1 degradation. Stem Cells 2014;32:623–635
The Emergence of Corporate Carbon Norms: Strategic Directions and Managerial Implications
Authors: Pinkse Jonatan , Busch Timo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn recent years, many firms have decided to adhere to a specific carbon norm, such as carbon neutrality or carbon labels, to show their commitment to climate change mitigation. Nevertheless, it is still unclear what it means when a firm sets a specific carbon norm. This article reviews the various kinds of carbon norms that have emerged and asks why firms would adopt a carbon norm and thus assume an additional constraint on a voluntary basis. We point out that carbon norms can fulfill a dual function: They help to position a firm strategically by creating a specific favorable image, and they deal with constraining factors as a consequence of a firm's carbon dependency and stakeholder influence. As there is still also some mistrust of corporate carbon norms, we conclude the article with lessons for managers that intend to implement carbon norms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Insurance Industry Must Champion Sustainability
Authors: Shea Matthew I. , Hutchin James W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe insurance industry is a driver of social and economic activity and, as such, has the mechanisms and incentives in place to facilitate sustainable business activity on a macro level. However, through a global survey of the insurance industry, we learn factions of the insurance industry possess a cognitive model that makes the industry vulnerable to the emerging risks derived from the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors of sustainability. These factions are willing to rely on extant policies and underwriting practices to manage sustainability issues that are inherently different in their frequency, controllability, and severity. Alternatively, senior members of the industry report that ESG issues do influence underwriting activities, but the continued resilience of the industry to these issues requires a systematic integration of various stakeholders' perspectives. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The measurement of reflective function in adolescents with and without borderline traits
Authors: Ha Carolyn , Sharp Carla , Ensink Karin , Fonagy Peter , Cirino Paul 
Published: October 2013

AbstractReflective function refers to the capacity to reflect on the mind of self and others in the context of the attachment relationship. Reflective function (and its conceptual neighbor, mentalizing) has been shown to be an important correlate of a variety of disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). The current study examined the construct validity of the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youths (RFQY) in an inpatient sample of adolescents. Adequate internal consistency was established for the RFQY. Significant positive associations with an interview‐based measure of reflective function and an experimental‐based assessment of mentalization were found for the RFQY. Strong negative relations with BPD features were found and adolescent patients who scored above clinical cut‐off for BPD symptoms demonstrated significantly poorer reflective function compared to patients without the disorder. These findings provide preliminary support for the notion that reflective function can be validly and reliably assessed in adolescent populations.
DietaryN-nitroso compounds and risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario, Canada
Authors: Zhu Yun , Wang Peizhon Peter , Zhao Jing , Green Roger , Sun Zhuoyu , Roebothan Barbara , Squires Josh , Buehler Sharon , Dicks Elizabeth , Zhao Jinhui , Cotterchio Michelle , Campbell Peter T. , Jain Meera , Parfrey Patrick S. , Mclaughlin John R. 
Published: October 2013

SeveralN-nitroso compounds (NOC) have been shown to be carcinogenic in a variety of laboratory animals, but evidence of their carcinogenicity in humans is lacking. We aimed to examine the association between NOC intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and possible effect modification by vitamins C and E and protein in a large case–control study carried out in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario, Canada. A total of 1760 case patients with pathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma and 2481 population controls were asked to complete a self-administered FFQ to evaluate their dietary intakes 1 year before diagnosis (for cases) or interview (for controls). Adjusted OR and 95 % CI were calculated across the quintiles of NOC (measured byN-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)) intake and relevant food items using unconditional logistic regression. NDMA intake was found to be associated with a higher risk of CRC (highestv.lowest quintiles: OR 1·42, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·96;Pfor trend = 0·005), specifically for rectal carcinoma (OR 1·61, 95 % CI 1·11, 2·35;Pfor trend = 0·01). CRC risk also increased with the consumption of NDMA-containing meats when the highest tertile was compared with the lowest tertile (OR 1·47, 95 % CI 1·03, 2·10;Pfor trend = 0·20). There was evidence of effect modification between dietary vitamin E and NDMA. Individuals with high NDMA and low vitamin E intakes had a significantly increased risk than those with both low NDMA and low vitamin E intakes (OR 3·01, 95 % CI 1·43, 6·51;Pfor interaction = 0·017). The present results support the hypothesis that NOC intake may be positively associated with CRC risk in humans. Vitamin E, which inhibits nitrosation, could modify the effect of NDMA on CRC risk.
Irreducible Freedom in Nature
Authors: Campbell Jennifer 
Published: October 2013

AbstractI provide a novel response to scepticism concerning freedom and moral responsibility. This involves my extension to freedom of John McDowell's liberal natural approach to ethics and epistemology. I trace the source of the sceptical problem to an overly restrictive, brute conception of nature, where reality is equated with what figures, directly or indirectly, in natural scientific explanation. I challenge the all encompassing explanatory pretensions of restrictive naturalism, advocating a re-conception of nature such that it already incorporates reasons. This allows for an explanation of free actions which is not ultimately brute, but irreducibly normative. Against the backdrop of liberal naturalism I conceive freedom as an emergent capacity to respond to reasons which arises from the acquisition of language. I claim that freedom is a rational causal power to originate actions based within a naturalised ontology, which has sufficient depth to justify moral responsibility without begging ontological or epistemological questions.
What Does Ivan Ilyich Need To Be Rescued From?
Authors: Lang Gerald 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich describes how a man's exposure to imminent death allows him to secure redemption from a flawed life. Through close textual attention to Tolstoy's novella and extensive engagement with Frances Kamm's treatment of it, this article quarrels with this ‘Redemption View’ of Ivan's case, offering a sourer, more pessimistic view. It is argued that Ivan's reconciliation to death is facilitated by a series of mistakes he makes en route to his dying moments. Two more general lessons are drawn: first, that we are all vulnerable to the mistakes Ivan makes, and second, that reflection on the quality of our lives does not present us with any obvious resources for coming to terms with our own deaths.