bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxirane Cleavage Kinetics of Epoxidized Soybean Oil by Water and UV‐Polymerized Resin Adhesion Properties
Authors: Li Yonghui , Wang Donghai , Sun Xiuzhi Susan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDi‐hydroxylated soybean oil (DSO), a biobased polyol synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) could be used to formulate resins for adhesives; however, current DSO synthesis requires harsh reaction conditions that significantly increase both cost and waste generation. In this paper, we investigate the kinetics of oxirane cleavage in ESO to DSO by water and elucidate the role of different process parameters in the reaction rate and optimization of reaction conditions. Our kinetic study showed that ESO oxirane cleavage was a first‐order reaction and that the ESO oxirane cleavage rate was greatly influenced by tetrahydrofuran (THF)/ESO ratio, H2O/ESO ratio, catalyst content, and temperature. Optimized reaction parameters were THF/ESO of 0.5, H2O/ESO of 0.25, catalyst content of 1.5 %, and reaction time of 3 h at 25 °C. DSO with hydroxyl value of 242 mg KOH/g was obtained under these conditions. We also characterized the structure, thermal properties, adhesion performance, and viscoelasticity of UV‐polymerized resins based on this DSO. The resin tape exhibited peel adhesion strength of 3.6 N/in., which is comparable to some commercial tapes measured under similar conditions.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction Improves Efficiency of Lipid Removal from Dry Pet Food While Limiting Lipid Oxidation
Authors: Yao L. , Schaich K. M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAccelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was evaluated for extracting lipids from baked and extruded dry pet foods to determine factors controlling extraction efficiency and effects on lipid oxidation. Hydroperoxide decomposition and new lipid oxidation were minimal at 40 °C but increased at higher extraction temperatures without increasing yields. Maximum extraction required grinding samples to 250 µm particles, presence of polar solvents [chloroform, chloroform/methanol 2:1 (v/v) mixed, hexane/methanol 2:1 (v/v)], and a minimum of 20 min total static extraction time in repeat extraction cycles. Hexane and methanol injected into extraction cells simultaneously but separately was able to nearly duplicate extractions of chloroform/methanol, providing an option for replacing toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents in ASE. However, lipid oxidation was higher in hexane. Yields were quantitative in baked biscuits but lower in extruded kibbles due to more dense, complex molecular structures. ASE extraction yields of 40 min or less were comparable to manual extraction yields of 24–48 h, with lower oxidation. Overall, one or two ASE extraction cycles with static times less than 20 min appeared to provide adequate lipid yields that accurately reflect lipid composition while inducing minimal modification when lipid oxidation products are the analytical endpoint.
A Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for Quantification of Steryl Glucosides in Biodiesel
Authors: Aguirre Andrés , Cabruja Matías , Cabrera Rodolfo , Eberhardt Florencia , Peirú Salvador , Menzella Hugo G. , Rasia Rodolfo M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSteryl glucosides (SG) are common contaminants in biodiesel that form precipitates, which form and cause problems due to fouling during transport and storage. Therefore, their quantification is necessary to assess the quality of this fuel. The methods currently available for SG analysis require expensive instrumentation, need a previous concentration step by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) or are of limited use for the quantitative assessment. We developed an enzymatic method for SG quantification in biodiesel samples based on the hydrolysis of the glucoside catalyzed by a broadly specific beta glucosidase and the subsequent determination of the glucose released by the reaction. The method is non‐expensive, sensitive and was adapted to 96‐well format fluorescence plate reader, making it useful for the parallel assay of multiple samples. The enzymatic assay presented here represent a valuable tool for both quality control and the development of improved biodiesel production and purification procedures.
Determination of the Hansen Solubility Parameters of Vegetable Oils, Biodiesel, Diesel, and Biodiesel–Diesel Blends
Authors: Batista Matheus M. , Guirardello Reginaldo , Krähenbühl Maria A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe search for alternative fuels has been gaining attention in recent decades. The replacement of fossil fuels is driven by environmental, economic, and social factors, since the whole of society is dependent on their usage; and in this context, one alternative that has been highlighted is the use of biodiesel. Biodiesel represents a renewable, biodegradable, non‐inflammable, and low toxicity alternative to diesel. In this study, the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) and the interaction radii (R0) were determined for the following materials: used frying oil, coconut oil, palm oil, biodiesel from used frying oil, diesel, and biodiesel–diesel blends (B10 and B20), using 45 solvents and solvent mixtures. The values found for the solubility parameters of the used frying oil and coconut oil were very close to those found for the biodiesel; however, the biofuel showed higher solubility in polar solvents. The values of solubility parameters of diesel, B10, and B20 were similar, increasing values according to the amount (by volume) of biodiesel added to diesel fuel.
One‐year follow‐up of women who participated in a physiotherapy and health education program before and after obstetric fistula surgery
Authors: Castille Yves‐Jacques , Avocetien Chiara , Zaongo Dieudonné , Colas Jean‐Marie , Peabody James O. , Rochat Charles‐Henry 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether the positive impact of a program of physiotherapy and health education on the outcome of obstetric fistula surgery was maintained after 1 year.MethodsThe present follow‐up analysis included 108 women who underwent obstetric fistula surgery at a center in Tanguiéta, Benin, between March 2011 and March 2012, and who had received a structured program of physiotherapy and health education before and after surgery. After discharge, follow‐up visits were made 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The Ditrovie scale was used to measure quality of life (QoL), and continence and performance of the physiotherapy exercises were assessed.ResultsMean QoL score was 36.9 (range 16.0–49.0) before surgery. Overall, 84 women were followed up for 1 year. Their mean QoL score had improved significantly to 18.5 (range 10.0–47.0; P < 0.001). Between hospital discharge and 1 year, the number of women with a closed fistula increased from 48 (57.1%) to 53 (63.1%) and the number with urinary stress incontinence reduced from 11 (13.1%) to 9 (10.7%).ConclusionResults obtained after surgery and physiotherapy were maintained at 1 year, and QoL had improved significantly. When women are encouraged to continue exercises, improvements are also seen in residual stress incontinence.
Sensitivity and open-loop control of stochastic response in a noise amplifier flow: the backward-facing step
Authors: Boujo E. , Gallaire F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe two-dimensional backward-facing step flow is a canonical example of noise amplifier flow: global linear stability analysis predicts that it is stable, but perturbations can undergo large amplification in space and time as a result of non-normal effects. This amplification potential is best captured by optimal transient growth analysis, optimal harmonic forcing, or the response to sustained noise. With a view to reducing disturbance amplification in these globally stable open flows, a variational technique is proposed to evaluate the sensitivity of stochastic amplification to steady control. Existing sensitivity methods are extended in two ways to achieve a realistic representation of incoming noise: (i) perturbations are time-stochastic rather than time-harmonic, (ii) perturbations are localised at the inlet rather than distributed in space. This allows the identification of regions where small-amplitude control is the most effective, without actually computing any controlled flows. In particular, passive control by means of a small cylinder and active control by means of wall blowing/suction are analysed for Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}=500$ and step-to-outlet expansion ratio ${\it\Gamma}=0.5$. Sensitivity maps for noise amplification appear largely similar to sensitivity maps for optimal harmonic amplification at the most amplified frequency. This is observed at other values of $\mathit{Re}$ and ${\it\Gamma}$ too, and suggests that the design of steady control in this noise amplifier flow can be simplified by focusing on the most dangerous perturbation at the most dangerous frequency.
Organised large structure in the post-transition mixing layer. Part 2. Large-eddy simulation
Authors: McMullan W. A. , Gao S. , Coats C. M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThree-dimensional large-eddy simulations of two-stream mixing layers developing spatially from laminar boundary layers are presented, replicating wind-tunnel experiments carried out in Part 1 of this study. These simulations have been continued through the mixing transition and into the fully turbulent self-similar flow beyond. In agreement with the experiments, the simulations show that the familiar mechanism of growth by vortex amalgamation is replaced at the mixing transition by a previously unrecognised mechanism in which the spanwise-coherent large structures individually undergo continuous linear growth. In the post-transition flow it is this continuous linear growth of the individual structures that produces the self-similar growth of the mixing-layer thickness, the large-structure interactions occurring as a consequence of the growth, not its cause. New information is also presented on the topography of the organised post-transition flow and on its cyclical evolution through the lifetimes of the individual large structures. The dynamic and kinematic implications of these findings are discussed and shown to define quantitatively the growth rate of the homogeneous post-transition mixing layer in its organised state.
Liquid clustering and capillary pressure in granular media
Authors: Delenne Jean-Yves , Richefeu Vincent , Radjai Farhang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBy means of extensive lattice Boltzmann simulations, we investigate the process of growth and coalescence of liquid clusters in a granular material as the amount of liquid increases. A homogeneous grain–liquid mixture is obtained by means of capillary condensation, thus providing meaningful statistics on the liquid distribution inside the granular material. The tensile stress carried by the grains as a function of the amount of condensed liquid reveals four distinct states, with a peak stress occurring at the transition from a primary coalescence process, where the cohesive strength is carried mostly by the grains, to a secondary process governed by the increase of the liquid cluster volumes. We show that the evolution of capillary states is correctly captured by a simple model accounting for the competing effects of the Laplace pressure and grain–liquid interface.
A Helmholtz decomposition of structure functions and spectra calculated from aircraft data
Authors: Lindborg Erik 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLongitudinal and transverse structure functions, $D_{ll}=\langle {\it\delta}u_{l}{\it\delta}u_{l}\rangle$ and $D_{tt}=\langle {\it\delta}u_{t}{\it\delta}u_{t}\rangle$, can be calculated from aircraft data. Here, ${\it\delta}$ denotes the increment between two points separated by a distance $r$, $u_{l}$ and $u_{t}$ the velocity components parallel and perpendicular to the aircraft track respectively and $\langle \,\rangle$ an average. Assuming statistical axisymmetry and making a Helmholtz decomposition of the horizontal velocity, $\boldsymbol{u}=\boldsymbol{u}_{r}+\boldsymbol{u}_{d}$, where $\boldsymbol{u}_{r}$ is the rotational and $\boldsymbol{u}_{d}$ the divergent component of the velocity, we derive expressions relating the structure functions $D_{rr}=\langle {\it\delta}\boldsymbol{u}_{r}\boldsymbol{\cdot }{\it\delta}\boldsymbol{u}_{r}\rangle$ and $D_{dd}=\langle {\it\delta}\boldsymbol{u}_{d}\boldsymbol{\cdot }{\it\delta}\boldsymbol{u}_{d}\rangle$ to $D_{ll}$ and $D_{tt}$. Corresponding expressions are also derived in spectral space. The decomposition is applied to structure functions calculated from aircraft data. In the lower stratosphere, $D_{rr}$ and $D_{dd}$ both show a nice $r^{2/3}$-dependence for $r\in [2,20]\ \text{km}$. In this range, the ratio between rotational and divergent energy is a little larger than unity, excluding gravity waves as the principal agent behind the observations. In the upper troposphere, $D_{rr}$ and $D_{dd}$ show no clean $r^{2/3}$-dependence, although the overall slope of $D_{dd}$ is close to $2/3$ for $r\in [2,400]\ \text{km}$. The ratio between rotational and divergent energy is approximately three for $r<100\ \text{km}$, excluding gravity waves also in this case. We argue that the possible errors in the decomposition at scales of the order of 10 km are marginal.
Changes in milk L-lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, serum albumin, and IgG during milk ejection and their association with somatic cell count
Authors: Lehmann Mirjam , Wall Samantha K , Wellnitz Olga , Bruckmaier Rupert M 
Published: December 2014

In both conventional and automatic milking systems (AMS), sensitive and reliable mastitis detection is important for profitable milk production. Mastitis detection parameters must be able to detect mastitis when the somatic cell count (SCC) is only slightly elevated. Owing to the pre-milking teat cleaning process in AMS, sampling cannot take place before the occurrence of alveolar milk ejection and importantly, this can affect the ability of parameters to detect mastitis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of alveolar milk ejection on l-lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum albumin (SA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) compared with SCC, a commonly used indicator of mastitis. In this experiment, milk samples were collected every 20 s from one quarter during a 120-s manual teat stimulation in ten cows. Samples were analysed for SCC, l-lactate, LDH, SA and IgG. Quarters were grouped by low (<5·0 log10 cells/ml), mid (5·0–5·7 log10 cells/ml), and high (>5·7 log10 cells/ml) SCC using the sample at t=0 s. Neither l-lactate nor LDH could statistically differentiate between low and mid-SCC quarters, but there were a significant difference in levels between the high-SCC quarters and low and mid-SCC quarters. SA could not differentiate between the low and mid-SCC quarters, but the SA levels for the high SCC quarters remained statistically different compared with low and mid-SCC quarters throughout the experiment. IgG could statistically differentiate between low and mid-SCC, although the high-SCC quarters were not statistically different from the mid-SCC quarters after 60 s. In the high-SCC quarters, a decrease was shown in all parameters during milk ejection, after t=60 s. In conclusion, alveolar milk ejection reduces the effectiveness of detection parameters when compared with SCC. With the exception of IgG, the ability of other tested parameters was not satisfactory to differentiate between quarters with low to mid-SCC levels
Effects of intramammary antibiotic therapy during the dry period on the performance of Lacaune dairy sheep under intensive management
Authors: Hernandez Fernando , Elvira Laura , Fernández Beatriz , Egea Marta , Gonzalez-Bulnes Antonio , Gonzalez-Martin Juan V , Astiz Susana 
Published: December 2014

Often the only way to ensure profitability of Lacaune dairy sheep is intensive management, which requires appropriate dry-period treatment to ensure animal productivity and health. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of intramammary antibiotic dry therapy on the performance and health of Lacaune sheep under intensive management. We recorded data for 5981 complete lactation periods that followed a dry period. A total of 2402 lactation periods were preceded by a dry period involving intramammary administration of 300 mg of cephapirin benzathine (antibiotic group) and 3579 lactation periods were preceded by dry periods with no treatment (control group). The following on-farm yield data were collected for individual lactation periods: length of the subsequent lactation period; total milk yield per lactation period; daily milk yield and length of the subsequent dry period. Data on confounding factors that might affect productivity were also recorded, including the individual ewe, number of lactation periods and length of the previous dry period. Milk quality was assessed using data on somatic cell count (SCC) and content of protein and fat taken from the Spanish National Official Milk Yield Recording System. Antibiotic dry therapy significantly improved total yield per lactation period, which was 429±151·1 l in the antibiotic group and 412±165·5 l in the control group, as well as the daily milk yield, which was 1986±497·0 and 1851±543·2 ml/d, respectively (both P<0·0001). The initial dry period was significantly longer in the antibiotic group than in the control group, and dry period length correlated inversely with yield variables such us total yield per lactation period (r=−0·055; P<0·0001) and yield per day in milk (r=−0·039; P<0·0001). As a result, milk yield records systematically underestimated the positive effects of antibiotic dry therapy. Antibiotic dry therapy also significantly improved milk quality. Milk from the antibiotic group showed 50% lower SCC (573±1326 vs. 1022±2126 cells/ml; P<0·0001) and slightly higher content in fat (7·33±0·91 vs. 7·15±0·87%) and protein (5·63±0·44 vs. 5·44±0·4%). The results of this study suggest that cephalosporin dry therapy of Lacaune dairy sheep increases milk production and improves milk quality during subsequent lactation periods.
The Catalan simplicial set
Authors: BUCKLEY MITCHELL , GARNER RICHARD , LACK STEPHEN , STREET ROSS 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Catalan numbers are well known to be the answer to many different counting problems, and so there are many different families of sets whose cardinalities are the Catalan numbers. We show how such a family can be given the structure of a simplicial set. We show how the low-dimensional parts of this simplicial set classify, in a precise sense, the structures of monoid and of monoidal category. This involves aspects of combinatorics, algebraic topology, quantum groups, logic, and category theory.
Vaccination of cattle only is sufficient to stop FMDV transmission in mixed populations of sheep and cattle
Authors: BRAVO DE RUEDA C. , DEKKER A. , EBLÉ P. L. , DE JONG M. C. M. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYWe quantified the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in mixed cattle-sheep populations and the effect of different vaccination strategies. The (partial) reproduction ratios (R) in groups of non-vaccinated and vaccinated cattle and/or sheep were estimated from (published) transmission experiments. A 4 × 4 next-generation matrix (NGM) was constructed using these estimates. The dominant eigenvalue of the NGM, theRfor a mixed population, was determined for populations with different proportions of cattle and sheep and for three different vaccination strategies. The higher the proportion of cattle in a mixed cattle-sheep population, the higher theRfor the mixed population. Therefore the impact of vaccination of the cattle is higher. After vaccination of all animalsR= 0·1 independent of population composition. In mixed cattle-sheep populations with at least 14% of cattle, vaccination of cattle only is sufficient to reduceRto < 1.
The impact of whole-of-diet interventions on depression and anxiety: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Opie Rachelle S , O’Neil Adrienne , Itsiopoulos Catherine , Jacka Felice N 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveNon-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of depression and anxiety are of increasing importance, with emerging evidence supporting a role for lifestyle factors in the development of these disorders. Observational evidence supports a relationship between habitual diet quality and depression. Less is known about the causative effects of diet on mental health outcomes. Therefore a systematic review was undertaken of randomised controlled trials of dietary interventions that used depression and/or anxiety outcomes and sought to identify characteristics of programme success.DesignA systematic search of the Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed and PyscInfo databases was conducted for articles published between April 1971 and May 2014.ResultsOf the 1274 articles identified, seventeen met eligibility criteria and were included. All reported depression outcomes and ten reported anxiety or total mood disturbance. Compared with a control condition, almost half (47 %) of the studies observed significant effects on depression scores in favour of the treatment group. The remaining studies reported a null effect. Effective dietary interventions were based on a single delivery mode, employed a dietitian and were less likely to recommend reducing red meat intake, select leaner meat products or follow a low-cholesterol diet.ConclusionsAlthough there was a high level of heterogeneity, we found some evidence for dietary interventions improving depression outcomes. However, as only one trial specifically investigated the impact of a dietary intervention in individuals with clinical depression, appropriately powered trials that examine the effects of dietary improvement on mental health outcomes in those with clinical disorders are required.
Cell type-specific delivery of short interfering RNAs by dye-functionalised theranostic nanoparticles
Authors: Press Adrian T. , Traeger Anja , Pietsch Christian , Mosig Alexander , Wagner Michael , Clemens Mark G. , Jbeily Nayla , Koch Nicole , Gottschaldt Michael , Bézière Nicolas , Ermolayev Volodymyr , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Popp Jürgen , Kessels Michael M. , Qualmann Britta , Schubert Ulrich S. , Bauer Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEfficient delivery of short interfering RNAs reflects a prerequisite for the development of RNA interference therapeutics. Here, we describe highly specific nanoparticles, based on near infrared fluorescent polymethine dye-derived targeting moieties coupled to biodegradable polymers. The fluorescent dye, even when coupled to a nanoparticle, mimics a ligand for hepatic parenchymal uptake transporters resulting in hepatobiliary clearance of approximately 95% of the dye within 45 min. Body distribution, hepatocyte uptake and excretion into bile of the dye itself, or dye-coupled nanoparticles can be tracked by intravital microscopy or even non-invasively by multispectral optoacoustic tomography. Efficacy of delivery is demonstrated in vivo using 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase siRNA as an active payload resulting in a reduction of plasma cholesterol levels if siRNA was formulated into dye-functionalised nanoparticles. This suggests that organ-selective uptake of a near infrared dye can be efficiently transferred to theranostic nanoparticles allowing novel possibilities for personalised silencing of disease-associated genes.