bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plate size does not affect perception of food portion size
Authors: Penaforte F. R. O. , Japur C. C. , Diez‐Garcia R. W. , Hernandez J. C. , Palmma‐Linares I. , Chiarello P. G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundEvidences have suggested that larger utensils may provoke ‘size‐contrast illusions’, influencing the perceived volume and food consumption.ObjectiveTo analyse the influence of plate size on the visual estimate of food portion size.MethodsTwo 400 g portions of pasta with tomato sauce were presented on two plates of different diameters (24.0 and 9.0 cm). Each participant visually estimated on an individual basis the quantities of the pasta portions (g) present on each plate. In addition, each subject classified the size of the portions on each plate as ‘small’, ‘medium’ and ‘large’. The mean estimates of the amount of pasta on each plate were compared by the nonparametric Mann–Whitney. The differences in the frequencies of portion classifications between plates were evaluated by the chi‐squared test.ResultsForty‐eight students (average 25.8 ± 8.9 years) participated in the study. There was no difference in the median amount of pasta estimated for the large and small plates (150 g; range 50–500 and 115 g; range 40–500 g, respectively). The classification of the portion size as ‘large’ was reported by a significantly greater number of persons when they evaluated the amount of pasta arranged on the large plate compared to the small plate (47.9 versus 22.9%, respectively; P = 0.018).ConclusionThe size of the plate did not influence the estimate of food portions, even though it did influence the classification of portion size.
Bomb calorimetry, the gold standard for assessment of intestinal absorption capacity: normative values in healthy ambulant adults
Authors: Wierdsma N. J. , Peters J. H. C. , van Bokhorst‐de van der Schueren M. A. E. , Mulder C. J. J. , Metgod I. , van Bodegraven A. A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundIntestinal absorption capacity is considered to be the best method for assessing overall digestive intestinal function. Earlier reference values for intestinal function in healthy Dutch adults were based on a study that was conducted in an inpatient metabolic unit setting in a relatively small series. The present study aimed to readdress and describe the intestinal absorption capacity of healthy adults, who were consuming their usual (Western European) food and beverage diet, in a standard ambulatory setting.MethodsTwenty‐three healthy subjects (aged 22–60 years) were included in the analyses. Nutritional intake (energy and macronutrients) was determined with a 4‐day nutritional diary. Subsequently, mean faecal losses of energy (by bomb calorimetry), fat, protein and carbohydrate were determined following a 3‐day faecal collection. Finally, intestinal absorption capacity was calculated from the differences between intake and losses.ResultsMean (SD) daily faeces production was 141 (49) g (29% dry weight), containing 891 (276) kJ [10.7 (1.3) kJ g−1 wet faeces; 22.6 (2.5) kJ g−1 dry faeces], 5.2 (2.2) g fat, 10.0 (3.8) g protein and 29.7 (11.7) g carbohydrates. Mean (SD) intestinal absorption capacity of healthy subjects was 89.4% (3.8%) for energy, 92.5% (3.7%) for fat, 86.9% (6.4%) for protein and 87.3% (6.6%) for carbohydrates.ConclusionsThe present study provides normative values for both stool nutrient composition and intestinal energy and macronutrient absorption in healthy adults on a regular Dutch diet in an ambulatory setting. Intestinal energy absorption was found to be approximately 90%.
Ten‐year changes in positive and negative marker food, fruit, vegetables, and salad intake in 9–10 year olds: SportsLinx 2000–2001 to 2010–2011
Authors: Boddy L. M. , Abayomi J. , Johnson B. , Hackett A. F. , Stratton G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate changes in intakes of ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ foods, fruit, vegetables, and salad in serial cohorts of 9–10‐year‐old children from 2000–2001 to 2010–2011.MethodsFor this serial, cross‐sectional study, children in school year 5 (9–10 years of age) completed the SportsLinx Lifestyles Survey [n = 30 239 (15 336 boys and 14 903 girls)]. Changes in positive and negative food scores, and the proportion of boys and girls reportedly consuming fruit, vegetables and salad on the previous day to surveying, were investigated annually from 2000 to 2011.ResultsThe consumption of negative foods declined and positive foods increased significantly compared to baseline. Positive changes in fruit, vegetables and salad consumption were observed over time, with the most recent cohort more likely to consume fruit, vegetables and salad compared to the 2000–2001 baseline. Girls displayed more favourable positive and negative food scores and were more likely to consume fruit, salad and vegetables across several study years compared to boys.ConclusionsThe consumption of negative and positive foods, fruit, vegetables, and salad has improved over the last 10 years. In addition, girls appear to have better positive and negative food scores, and were more likely to consume fruit, vegetables and salad, across a number of study years or cohorts compared to boys. These encouraging findings suggest that children's food intake has improved since 2000. Furthermore, the data indicate that boys and girls may require separate or different healthy eating messages to further improve food intake.
Metatarsus adductus: Development of a non‐surgical treatment pathway
Authors: Williams Cylie M , James Alicia M , Tran Ton 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMetatarsus adductus (MA) occurs in one to two cases per 1000 births and is the most common congenital foot deformity in newborns. The appearance is that of a curved or adducted forefoot with a normal hindfoot. A systematic literature review was conducted to answer the following question: For a child who presents with MA, what is the most evidence‐based conservative treatment option? Thirteen articles were reviewed using the National Health and Medical Research Council levels of evidence and guidelines for clinical practice. Conservative treatment options reported on included the following: no treatment, stretching, splinting, serial casting, sitting and sleeping positions and footwear/orthotics. There was strong evidence supporting no treatment in the case of flexible MA. Some limited evidence was found for the treatment of semi‐rigid MA. Clinicians should use these recommendations together with clinical experience when advising parents on treatment of MA.
Age‐related differences in prefrontal, parietal, and hippocampal activations during correct rejections of faces
Authors: Tsukiura Takashi , Shigemune Yayoi , Nouchi Rui , Kambara Toshimune , Kawashima Ryuta 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOlder adults are more likely than young adults to show age‐related increases in remembering events that never occurred. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying the increased occurrence of false alarms in older adults. To investigate this issue, this fMRI study examined age‐related differences in correct rejection activations during the retrieval of memory for faces. In behavioral data, older adults showed a higher rate of false alarms than young adults in subjective recollection responses. From fMRI data, an age‐related decrease in brain activations during correct rejections was identified in the inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and hippocampus. In addition, interaction between activations in the inferior frontal and supramarginal regions during correct rejections was significantly lower in older adults than in young adults. These findings suggest that an age‐related decline in interaction between the ventral prefrontal region, which is involved in the source monitoring process during retrieval, and the inferior parietal region, which is associated with recollection by cooperating with the hippocampus, could induce impaired differentiation between old and novel stimuli in older adults.
Role of the fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus in face perception and recognition: An empirical review
Authors: Iidaka Tetsuya 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper reviews neuroimaging studies that investigated the brain activation involved in face perception and recognition, with a particular focus on activity measured in the fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus (STS). Several lines of evidence suggest that a localized area in the fusiform gyrus (i.e., the fusiform face area; FFA) is specialized for face processing; however, FFA activity is significantly modulated by the attention level of individuals and by the contextual information of stimuli. It is speculated that intensity differences between the eye region and other face areas may influence face‐recognition performance, indicating that the eye region plays a critical role in person identification. Moreover, STS activity is involved in the processing of eye gaze, expression, and speech production. A unique aspect of these stimuli is that the subject automatically expects their motion on presentation. Thus, STS activity may function to send facial information for further cognitive processing in response to perceived biological motion in the surrounding environment. The neuroimaging literature indicates the functional significance of both FFA and STS in face processing; however, the evidence for neural connectivity between the regions is limited, which suggests that these two sites play mutually independent roles in face perception and recognition.
Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs inUKVeterinary Practices: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Survival
Authors: O'Neill D.G. , Elliott J. , Church D.B. , McGreevy P.D. , Thomson P.C. , Brodbelt D.C. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThe prevalence for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs varies widely (0.05–3.74%). Identified risk factors include advancing age, specific breeds, small body size, and periodontal disease.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors associated withCKDdiagnosis and survival in dogs. Purebred dogs were hypothesized to have higherCKDrisk and poorer survival characteristics than crossbred dogs.AnimalsA merged clinical database of 107,214 dogs attending 89UKveterinary practices over a 2‐year period (January 2010–December 2011).MethodsA longitudinal study design estimated the apparent prevalence (AP) whereas the true prevalence (TP) was estimated usingBayesian analysis. A nested case‐control study design evaluated risk factors. Survival analysis used theKaplan‐Meier survival curve method and multivariableCox proportional hazards regression modeling.ResultsTheCKD APwas 0.21% (95%CI: 0.19–0.24%) andTPwas 0.37% (95% posterior credibility interval 0.02–1.44%). Significant risk factors included increasing age, being insured, and certain breeds (CockerSpaniel,CavalierKingCharlesSpaniel). Cardiac disease was a significant comorbid disorder. Significant clinical signs included halitosis, weight loss, polyuria/polydipsia, urinary incontinence, vomiting, decreased appetite, lethargy, and diarrhea. The median survival time from diagnosis was 226 days (95%CI112–326 days).InternationalRenalInterestSociety stage and blood urea nitrogen concentration at diagnosis were significantly associated with hazard of death due toCKD.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceChronic kidney disease compromises dog welfare. Increased awareness ofCKDrisk factors and association of blood biochemistry results with survival time should facilitate diagnosis and optimize case management to improve animal survival and welfare.
Improvement in Middle Cerebral Artery Structure and Endothelial Function in Stroke‐Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats after Macrophage Depletion
Authors: Pires Paulo W. , Girgla Saavia S. , McClain Jonathon L. , Kaminski Norbert E. , van Rooijen Nico , Dorrance Anne M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundInflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypertensive animals have an increased number of perivascular macrophages in cerebral arteries. Macrophages might be involved in remodeling of the cerebral vasculature. We hypothesized that peripheral macrophage depletion would improve MCA structure and function in hypertensive rats.MethodsFor macrophage depletion, six‐week‐old stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were treated with CLOD, 10 mL/kg every three or four days, i.p., or vehicle (PBS lipo). MCA structure and function were analyzed by pressure and wire myography.ResultsBlood pressure was not affected by CLOD. The number of perivascular CD163‐positive cells per microscopic field was reduced in the brain of SHRSP+CLOD. CLOD treatment caused an improvement in endothelium‐dependent dilation after intralumenal perfusion of ADP and incubation with Ach. Inhibition of NO production blunted the Ach response, and endothelium‐independent dilation was not altered. At an intralumenal pressure of 80 mmHg, MCA from SHRSP+CLOD showed increased lumen diameter, decreased wall thickness, and wall‐to‐lumen ratio. Cross‐sectional area of pial arterioles from SHRSP+CLOD was higher than PBS lipo.ConclusionsThese results suggest that macrophage depletion attenuates MCA remodeling and improves MCA endothelial function in SHRSP.
A Stochastic Computational Framework to Investigate the Initial Stage of Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Superstructures
Authors: Shafei Behrouz , Alipour Azadeh , Shinozuka Masanobu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article presents a stochastic computational framework to investigate the chloride‐induced corrosion of reinforced concrete superstructures. For this purpose, three‐dimensional finite‐element models are developed to determine the extent of chloride penetration into the superstructure components. One of the unique capabilities of this framework is to simultaneously consider all the major factors that affect the corrosion process. Furthermore, the developed framework integrates various sources of uncertainty into the performance predictions. This will be achieved by modifying the element properties and boundary conditions of the finite‐element models at each time step. For a reliable durability assessment of deteriorating structural components, the proposed framework incorporates the temporal and spatial uncertainties of the influential parameters into the finite‐element analysis. Considering that most of the parameters involved in the corrosion process follow non‐normal distributions, a series of non‐Gaussian stochastic fields are generated following a computationally efficient procedure. The results calculated from extensive stochastic simulations are expressed in terms of the likelihood and extent of corrosion initiation. The outcome of this study indicates that the computational investigation of the corrosion process can be significantly improved if a reliable probabilistic framework is employed instead of conventional deterministic approaches.
Integrated stress response of Escherichia coli to methylglyoxal: transcriptional readthrough from the nemRA operon enhances protection through increased expression of glyoxalase I
Authors: Ozyamak Ertan , de Almeida Camila , de Moura Alessandro P. S. , Miller Samantha , Booth Ian R. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryMethylglyoxal (MG) elicits activation of K+ efflux systems to protect cells against the toxicity of the electrophile. ChIP‐chip targeting RNA polymerase, supported by a range of other biochemical measurements and mutant creation, was used to identify genes transcribed in response to MG and which complement this rapid response. The SOS DNA repair regulon is induced at cytotoxic levels of MG, even when exposure to MG is transient. Glyoxalase I alone among the core MG protective systems is induced in response to MG exposure. Increased expression is an indirect consequence of induction of the upstream nemRA operon, encoding an enzyme system that itself does not contribute to MG detoxification. Moreover, this induction, via nemRA only occurs when cells are exposed to growth inhibitory concentrations of MG. We show that the kdpFABCDE genes are induced and that this expression occurs as a result of depletion of cytoplasmic K+ consequent upon activation of the KefGB K+ efflux system. Finally, our analysis suggests that the transcriptional changes in response to MG are a culmination of the damage to DNA and proteins, but that some integrate specific functions, such as DNA repair, to augment the allosteric activation of the main protective system, KefGB.
Contemporary Challenges in Local Government: Evolving Roles and Responsibilities, Structures, and Processes
Authors: Nalbandian John , O'Neill Robert , Michael Wilkes J. , Kaufman Amanda 
Published: May 2013

Editor's Note: The International City/County Management Association (ICMA) celebrates the 100th anniversary of its founding in 2014. This article is the first of several that will appear during the next year about the council‐manager plan to commemorate ICMA's 100th anniversary.Three contemporary leadership challenges face local governments today. The first encourages department heads to more actively work the intersection between political and administrative arenas. The second promotes collaborative work, synchronizing city and county boundaries with problems that have no jurisdictional homes. The third argues that citizen engagement is no longer optional—it is imperative—and that connecting engagement initiatives to traditional political values and governing processes is an important mark of successful community building. These three leadership challenges stem from a widening gap between the arenas of politics and administration—that is, between what is politically acceptable in public policy making and what is administratively sustainable. The gap is fueled by conflicting trends experienced locally and common internationally. Failure to bridge this gap between political acceptability and administrative sustainability results in decreasing legitimacy for governing institutions and increasing challenges.
Nutritional role of natural productivity and formulated feed in semi‐intensive shrimp farming as indicated by natural stable isotopes
Authors: Gamboa‐Delgado Julián 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe natural productivity of semi‐intensively managed shrimp ponds is frequently represented by a diverse trophic structure that forms part of the diet of farmed organisms. As in natural ecosystems, these dietary components exhibit differing isotopic signatures that vary with diet and trophic level. These isotopic differences can be used to infer the transfer of nutrients, as the isotopic values of prey items and consumers can be integrated in mass‐balance mixing models, allowing the quantification of the relative contribution of multiple nutritional sources to the growth of a specific organism. By applying such methodology, it has been possible to estimate the relative dietary contribution of several elements that belong either to the biota of the farming environment or that are part of formulated diets. Careful sampling methods and isotopic analysis of these samples provide valuable information, not only in terms of what the consumer organism has selected, captured and ingested, but also in terms of the proportions of assimilated nutrients in the consumer's tissues. Results from several studies indicate that the natural productivity found in semi‐intensively managed ponds frequently supplies higher proportions of dietary carbon and nitrogen to shrimp growth than the formulated feed, emphasizing the nutritional relevance of the former. A synthesis of field and laboratory studies applying isotopic techniques to determine the relative contribution of nutrients derived from different biota elements and formulated feeds to the growth of farmed shrimp is presented.
The Efficacy of Brachial Plexus Block in Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Study
Authors: Isaac Sherif M. , Dias Joseph J. , Taub Nick , Gaur Atul , Jones Michael 
Published: May 2013

Background Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease that affects peripheral nerves. The use of regional anaesthesia in diabetic patients undergoing surgery can be unpredictable. We investigated the efficacy of brachial plexus block (BPB) in diabetic patients compared to nondiabetic individuals. Methods Four hundred and six patients were included. Forty-six patients were diabetic: 20 with type 1, 22 with type 2 and four with diet-controlled diabetes. A mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine and 1% prilocaine was used. Postoperative proximal and distal, motor and sensory functions were assessed. Motor function was assessed using the Medical Research Council grading system. Sensory function was assessed using a graded scale. Results In diabetic patients, the BPB was as efficient for proximal motor ( p = 0.25) and sensory ( p = 0.33) blocks as it was in nondiabetic patients. There was a significant difference in the efficacy of the block distally between diabetic and nondiabetic patients in both motor ( p = 0.007) and sensory function ( p = 0.001). The efficacy of the BPB was poorer in diabetic patients. Conclusions A BPB can be used efficiently for shoulder surgery in diabetic patients. For distal surgery, surgeons and anaesthetists should be prepared to reinforce the block or use general anaesthesia.
Response of soil structure and hydraulic conductivity to reduced tillage and animal manure in a temperate loamy soil
Authors: Bottinelli N. , Menasseri‐Aubry S. , Cluzeau D. , Hallaire V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe studied the combined effects of reduced tillage and animal manure on soil structure and hydraulic conductivity (K) in the 2–10 and 12–20 cm layers in a loamy soil. The study was performed at the end of a 7‐yr field trial and included three tillage treatments (mouldboard ploughing until 25 cm depth: MP, shallow tillage until 12 cm depth: ST, no‐till: NT) and two fertilizer application treatments (mineral or poultry manure). Soil structure was assessed through bulk density (ρb), micromorphological and macropore‐space characteristics. K was measured in situ at −0.6, −0.2 and −0.05 kPa. Untilled layers had a vermicular microstructure resulting from earthworm activity, whereas tilled layers displayed a mixture of crumb and channel microstructures. Untilled layers had the highest ρb and twice as much lower total macroporosity area (pores > 240 μm in equivalent diameter) than tilled layers, reflected by the smallest area of macropores 310–2000 μm in diameter and the smallest area of large complex macropores. K under untilled layers was 12–62% lower than that under tilled layers, but differences were statistically significant only at −0.05 kPa in the 2–10 cm. No significant interaction between tillage and nutrient application treatments was detected for all properties. Compared with mineral fertilizer, poultry manure resulted in a similar ρb but 20% greater total macroporosity area and 30% higher K at −0.2 kPa. Overall, the sensitivity of soil structure and K to poultry manure were relatively small compared with tillage. We suggest that cultivation practices other than animal manure application are needed to improve physical properties under reduced tillage.