bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of lead pollution on Ammonia parkinsoniana (foraminifera): ultrastructural and microanalytical approaches
Authors: Frontalini F. , Curzi D. , Giordano F.M. , Bernhard J.M. , Falcieri E. , Coccioni R. 
Published: February 2015

The responses of Ammonia parkinsoniana (Foraminifera) exposed to different concentrations of lead (Pb) were evaluated at the cytological level. Foraminifera-bearing sediments were placed in mesocosms that were housed in aquaria each with seawater of a different lead concentration. On the basis of transmission electron microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer analyses, it was possible to recognize numerous morphological differences between untreated (i.e., control) and treated (i.e., lead enrichment) specimens. In particular, higher concentrations of this pollutant led to numerical increase of lipid droplets characterized by a more electron-dense core, proliferation of residual bodies, a thickening of the organic lining, mitochondrial degeneration, autophagosome proliferation and the development of inorganic aggregates. Â All these cytological modifications might be related to the pollutant-induced stress and some of them such as the thickening of organic lining might suggest a potential mechanism of protection adopted by foraminifera.Â
Role of CTCF poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation in the regulation of apoptosis in breast cancer cells
Authors: Venkatraman Bhooma , Klenova Elena 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction:
CTCF is a candidate tumor suppressor gene encoding a multifunctional transcription factor. CTCF function is controlled by posttranslational modification and interaction with other proteins. Research findings suggested that CTCF function can be regulated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARlation) and has specific anti-apoptotic function in breast cancer cells. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of CTCF-wild type (WT) and CTCF complete mutant, which is deficient of PARlation in regulating apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The effect of CTCF-WT and CTCF complete mutant was expressed in breast cancer cell-lines by DNA-mediated transfection technique monitored by enhanced green fluorescent protein fluorescence. Evaluation of apoptotic cell death was carried out with immunohistochemical staining using 4′-6′-diamino-2 phenylindole and scoring by fluorescent microscopy. Results:
CTCF-WT supports survival of breast cancer cells and was observed that CTCF complete mutant interferes with the functions of the CTCF-WT and there was a considerable apoptotic cell death in the breast cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-435, CAMA-1 and MCF-7. Conclusion: The study enlighten CTCF as a "Biological Marker" for breast cancer and the role of CTCF PARlation may be involved in breast carcinogenesis.
La reconnaissance des acquis en formation générale des adultes : quelques enjeux de mise en oeuvre du dispositif Univers de compétences génériques
Authors: Bélisle Rachel , Michaud Guylaine , Bourdon Sylvain , Rioux Isabelle 
Published: February 2015

L’objectif de cet article est de mieux comprendre les enjeux politiques et pragmatiques de la reconnaissance des acquis expérientiels en formation générale, à partir des Univers de compétences génériques, un dispositif québécois récent, et de dégager des défis que celui-ci pose au système éducatif. Les résultats sont issus d’entrevues auprès d’adultes ayant obtenu une reconnaissance officielle au niveau secondaire (n = 13) et d’intervenantes (n = 5) de deux commissions scolaires. Les enjeux documentés relèvent de l’accès à l’information, ainsi que du travail d’identification et d’évaluation des acquis. Ce dispositif pose d’importants défis, dont celui d’une mise en oeuvre cohérente avec la perspective d’apprentissage tout au long de la vie.
Observations of corona in triggered dart‐stepped leaders
Authors: Gamerota W. R. , Uman M. A. , Hill J. D. , Jordan D. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCorona streamers are a critical component of lightning leader step formation and are postulated to produce the very high electric fields at their tips that produce runaway electrons resulting in the observed X‐ray bursts associated with leader stepping. Corona emanating from the vicinity of the leader tip between leader steps was analyzed using three sequential high‐speed video sequences of dart‐stepped leaders in three different triggered lightning flashes during the summers of 2013 and 2014 in northeast Florida. Images were recorded at 648 kiloframes per second (1.16 µs exposure time, 380 ns dead time) at an altitude of 65 m or less. In each image sequence, the leader propagates downward in consecutive frames, with corona streamers observed to fan outward from the bright leader tip in less than the image frame time of about 1.5 µs. In 21 exposures, corona streamers propagate, on average, 9 m below the bright leader tip.
On the coefficients of small eddy and surface divergence models for the air‐water gas transfer velocity
Authors: Wang Binbin , Liao Qian , Fillingham Joseph H. , Bootsma Harvey A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRecent studies suggested that under low to moderate wind conditions without bubble entraining wave breaking, the air‐water gas transfer velocity k+ can be mechanistically parameterized by the near‐surface turbulence, following the small eddy model (SEM). Field measurements have supported this model in a variety of environmental forcing systems. Alternatively, surface divergence model (SDM) has also been shown to predict the gas transfer velocity across the air‐water interface in laboratory settings. However, the empirically determined model coefficients (α in SEM and c1 in SDM) scattered over a wide range. Here we present the first field measurement of the near‐surface turbulence with a novel floating PIV system on Lake Michigan, which allows us to evaluate the SEM and SDM in situ in the natural environment. k+ was derived from the CO2 flux that was measured simultaneously with a floating gas chamber. Measured results indicate that α and c1 are not universal constants. Regression analysis showed that
while the near‐surface turbulence dissipation rate ε is approximately greater than 10−6 m2 s−3 according to data measured for this study as well as from other published results measured in similar environments or in laboratory settings. It also showed that α scales linearly with the turbulent Reynolds number. Similarly, coefficient c1 in the SDM was found to linearly scale with the Reynolds number. These findings suggest that larger eddies are also important parameters, and the dissipation rate in the SEM or the surface divergence β′ in the SDM alone may not be adequate to determine k+ completely.
Developing effective messages about potable recycled water: The importance of message structure and content
Authors: Price J. , Fielding K. S. , Gardner J. , Leviston Z. , Green M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCommunity opposition is a barrier to potable recycled water schemes. Effective communication strategies about such schemes are needed. Drawing on social psychological literature, two experimental studies are presented, which explore messages that improve public perceptions of potable recycled water. The Elaboration‐Likelihood Model of information processing and attitude change is tested and supported. Study 1 (N = 415) premeasured support for recycled water, and trust in government information at Time 1. Messages varied in complexity and sidedness were presented at Time 2 (3 weeks later), and support and trust were remeasured. Support increased after receiving information, provided that participants received complex rather than simple information. Trust in government was also higher after receiving information. There was tentative evidence of this in response to two‐sided messages rather than one‐sided messages. Initial attitudes to recycled water moderated responses to information. Those initially neutral or ambivalent responded differently to simple and one‐sided messages, compared to participants with positive or negative attitudes. Study 2 (N = 957) tested the effectiveness of information about the low relative risks, and/or benefits of potable recycled water, compared to control groups. Messages about the low risks resulted in higher support when the issue of recycled water was relevant. Messages about benefits resulted in higher perceived issue relevance, but did not translate into greater support. The results highlight the importance of understanding people's motivation to process information, and need to tailor communication to match attitudes and stage of recycled water schemes' development.
A Guide to Engineering Selection of Superalloys for Design
Authors: Donachie Matthew J. , Marcin John , Donachie (deceased) Stephen J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter intends to create a sufficient understanding of superalloys so that selection of them for specific designs will be appropriate. The nature of superalloys is that they resist the creep rupture process better than other materials, have very good higher temperature short‐time strength (yield, ultimate) and fatigue properties (including fatigue crack propagation resistance), and combine these mechanical properties with good to exceptional oxidation resistance. The density, melting point, and physical properties of the superalloy base elements are given in the chapter. Superalloy melting practices may be classified as either primary (the initial melt of elemental materials and/or scrap which sets the composition) or secondary (remelt of a primary melt for the purpose of controlling the solidification structure). The principal casting practice for superalloy components is investment casting. Some sources of superalloy expertise in ingot melting, component forging, and article casting are listed in the chapter.
Smart Materials
Authors: Harvey James A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe world has undergone two materials ages, the plastics age and the composite age, during the past centuries. In the midst of these two ages a new era has developed. This is the smart materials era. Materials that formally have the label of being smart include piezoelectric materials, electrostrictive materials, magnetorestrictive materials, electrorheological materials, magnetorheological materials, thermoresponsive materials, pH‐sensitive materials, UV‐sensitive materials, smart polymers, smart gels (hydrogels), smart catalysts, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the definition, types of materials that belong to that class, properties of the members, and applications of the each material. In some cases a more detailed discussion of application is given to both illustrate the benefit of these materials and simulate the use of these materials in new applications. Applications of a smart polymer center on the polymer's glass transition temperature. The future of smart materials and structures is wide open.
Force Measurement
Authors: Collins Patrick 
Published: February 2015

AbstractForced or unnatural motion required the constant application of force to sustain the motion. In the case of a force transducer, the output is most commonly electrical, meaning a change in resistance, capacitance, or voltage, for example. The majority of force measurement devices used in industry fall into the first category, with the others satisfying more specialist applications. This chapter emphasizes the strain gauge load cell devices, with brief descriptions of the other transducer types. Most force transducers consist of a sensing element and an elastic element. Load cells are commonly used in materials and product testing applications. This type of testing requires a method of controlling the sometimes complicated test routines. Examples of three common forms of resonant element transducer, single, double beam, and triple beam. Tuning fork transducers have mostly been used in torque measurement applications.
Viscosity Measurement
Authors: Anderson Ann M. , Bruno Bradford A. , Smith Lilla Safford 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe most significant mechanical difference between materials classified as “fluids” and those classified as solids is in their reaction to shear stresses. This chapter begins by discussing the units by which viscosity is measured. Then the distinction between the larger field of rheology and its subfield viscometry is made in the context of differentiating between the so‐called Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. The chapter provides a brief theoretical and mathematical overview of viscosity. It provides detailed and practical information on methods for measuring viscosity. The chapter develops the mathematical formulations governing viscosity, and explains the roles and relations between “shear” viscosity and “bulk” viscosity. It focuses on the use of laboratory‐type viscometers; however, some information is included on the use of process viscometers. The ASTM viscosity standards come in two types: (a) standards focused on methods (method standards) and (b) standards based on materials (material standards).
Computer‐Aided Design
Authors: Zimmers Emory W. , Marangos Charalambos A. , Sundararajan Sekar ,   Technical Staff
Published: February 2015

AbstractComputer‐aided design (CAD) uses the mathematical and graphic processing power of the computer to assist the engineer in the creation, modification, analysis, display of designs. This chapter commences with a discussion on the design process of CAD in general. Then, it talks about individual tasks within the overall design process that can be performed using a computer. The computer is especially well suited to design in four areas, which correspond to the latter four stages of the general design process. Computers function in the design process through geometric modeling capabilities, engineering analysis calculations, automated evaluative procedures, and automated drafting. There are various analytical methods available to the designer using a CAD system, such as finite‐element analysis (FEA), static and dynamic analysis, and kinematic analysis. Input and output devices, CAD software, CAD standards and translators, and applications of CAD are also discussed.
Total Quality Management in Mechanical System Design
Authors: Dhillon B. S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn today's competitive environment, the age‐old belief of many companies that “the customer is always right” has a new twist. In order to survive, companies are focusing their entire organization on customer satisfaction. The approach followed for ensuring customer satisfaction is known as total quality management (TQM). The challenge is to “manage” so that the “total” and the “quality” are experienced in an effective manner. Many factors contribute to the success of the quality consideration in engineering or mechanical design. This chapter presents some of the important aspects of TQM considered useful to mechanical system design. TQM is a useful tool for application during the design phase. It presents some basic and general aspects of TQM under four distinct sections. Three individuals (i.e.,W. E. Deming, J. M. Juran, and P. B. Crosby) have played an instrumental role in the development of TQM.
Design for Remanufacturing Processes
Authors: Bras Bert 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses qualitative design for remanufacturing guidelines. It provides an overview of the industry, including typical facility‐level processes, so one can better understand the rationale for the given design guidelines. A distinction will be made between overarching guidelines and specific component hardware‐oriented design guidelines. The primary benefits of remanufacturing arise from a reuse of resources. In contrast to recycling, remanufacturing tries to retain the geometric shape of parts. The chapter descends to the facility level to illustrate a typical remanufacturing process. The discussion is primarily focused on mechanical products (e.g., automotive and manufacturing equipment) as the main example due to their widespread remanufacture. The chapter highlights a number of overarching issues that may enhance or hinder reuse and remanufacture. It gives some specific component and machine‐design type guidelines that primarily facilitate the facility level remanufacturing processes.
Design for Manufacture and Assembly with Plastics
Authors: Harvey James A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter is divided into three sections: plastic materials selection, plastic‐joining techniques, and plastic part design. It first focuses on plastic materials selection. In the selection of plastic materials for a commercial part design the first step is as in all technology development: to learn the basic definitions, concepts, and principles of that technology. Plastics are polymers with additives. In the adhesive bonding of plastic parts several issues should be considered. First is the failure mechanism that one should stride for in the design. There are three failure mechanisms for an adhesive joint: adhesive, cohesive, and substrate failures. Sometimes if the plastic has a long distance to flow in a mold, the polymer chains can separate. To verify the consistency of the polymer molecular weight throughout the molded plastic part, one can section the part and subject the specimen to gel permeation chromatography.
Design for Six Sigma: A Mandate for Competitiveness
Authors: McMunigal James E. , Barry Bebb H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter dispels the myths and provides a fundamentally sound model of design for Six Sigma (DFSS) which the authors believe should serve as the basis for current applications and future renditions of DFSS in engineering environments. Tailoring DFSS to meet the particular needs of different industries and corporations is expected, encouraged, and accommodated. The IDDOV process selected is consistent with and embodies Taguchi methods, known as quality engineering in Japan. The portion of quality engineering, known as robust engineering in the West, encompasses three phases, concept/system design, parameter design, and tolerance design, which correspond to the develop concept and optimize design phases of IDDOV. The management system contains two components: (1) a high‐level enterprise system for planning, launching deploying, growing, sustaining, and periodically revitalizing the initiative and (2) a project management system to ensure excellence of execution of the DFSS process that leads to superior outcomes.
Electric Circuits
Authors: Rosa Albert J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter introduces the analysis and design of linear circuits. It reviews basic direct‐current (DC) analysis using traditional circuits theorems with application to circuit analysis and design. Using node voltage instead of element voltages as circuit variables can greatly reduce the number of equations that must be treated simultaneously. The chapter treats the analysis and design of circuits containing active devices such as transistors or operational amplifiers (op amps). It also discusses alternating current (AC) circuits. Those ac circuits that are excited by a single frequency, for example, power systems, can be easily and effectively analyzed using sinusoidal steady‐state techniques. Linear circuits are often characterized by their behavior to sinusoids, in particular, how they process signals versus frequency. Audio, communication, instrumentation, and control systems all require signal processing that depends at least in part on their frequency response.
Signal Processing
Authors: Turnbull John 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe objective in signal processing involves the encoding of information for the purpose of transmission of information or decoding the information at the receiving end of the transmission. The standard method most commonly used for this involves filters that exploit some separation of the signal and noise in the frequency domain. To this end, it is useful to use frequency‐domain tools such as the Fourier transform and the Laplace transform in designing and analyzing various filters. Linear filters apply frequency‐specific gains to a signal. Four common filters are low pass, high pass, bandpass, and band reject. Basic linear digital filters are of two types: those that have a finite response to an impulse, or FIR, and those that have an infinite response to an impulse (IIR). Though it is possible to design non‐real‐time, noncausal IIR filters that are phase shift distortionless, in general, IIR filters produce some phase shift distortion.
Mechatronics
Authors: Farritor Shane , Hawks Jeff 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter gives a basic overview of the electrical engineering and computer engineering. Analog circuits are often the best choice to condition and modify signals to/and from analog actuators and sensors. Basic circuit analysis is built on two laws (1) Kirchoff's Voltage Law, and (2) Kirchoff's current law. Semiconductor electronics, such as diodes and transistors, are used in many circuits and devices for switching and amplification. Operational amplifiers, or op amps, are extremely useful in mechatronics. They are primarily used to modify an analog signal such as increasing the voltage output of a strain gauge circuit or removing noise from a signal. Computers and digital electronics used in mechatronic systems are described by binary arithmetic. Digital data can be transferred in several ways. The most common methods are serial and parallel data transfer. There are two types of serial communication—synchronous and asynchronous.
Manufacturing Systems Evaluation
Authors: Olson Walter W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses several techniques for assessing and evaluating environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM) performance of manufacturing systems. There are three parts to assessment: data collection, evaluation, and reporting. The chapter emphasises on improving the manufacturing systems; however, the benefits occur in production. It focuses on very practical and fundamental issues in manufacturing. Many manufacturing activities required well‐defined, systematic approaches to ensure efficiency. Manufacturing requires close coordination of labor, tools, materials, and information. Manufacturing systems are used to plan manufacturing, develop all of the subsystems, and then control the activities of manufacturing. The chapter also discusses illustrations of systematic effects on ECM. Manufacturing system evaluation for ECM is based on three overriding goals: reduce waste; reduce hazardous materials and processes and reduce energy. These goals not only improve the responsiveness of the manufacturing unit to the environment but also result in significant cost savings and a better product when performed properly.
Achieving Enterprise Goals with New Process Technology
Authors: Tuszynski Steve W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The main thrust of technological development has been to explore the relationships between causes and effects. The purpose of man‐made processes is to produce change toward a desired goal or objective. This chapter discusses process technology in the context of design, tooling, manufacturing, and quality engineering. Part characteristics are divided, arbitrarily and for convenience, into four categories: (1) variable characteristics; (2) Attribute characteristics; (3) material characteristics; and (4) performance characteristics. Attribute characteristics are data describing a part characteristic not measurable on a number scale. It can be thought of as the presence or absence of some desirable or undesirable part characteristic as determined through visual inspection. The chapter discusses algorithms which are the new models for the manufacture of products in many industries. They provide an immediate increase in profitability and market competitiveness by reducing cost, increasing quality during production, and reducing time, cost, and risk during development.