bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical North Atlantic subsurface warming events as a fingerprint for AMOC variability during Marine Isotope Stage 3
Authors: Parker Andrew O. , Schmidt Matthew W. , Chang Ping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe role of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as the driver of Dansgaard‐Oeschger (DO) variability that characterized Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) has long been hypothesized. Although there is ample proxy evidence suggesting that DO events were robust features of glacial climate, there is little data supporting a link with AMOC. Recently, modeling studies and subsurface temperature reconstructions have suggested that subsurface warming across the tropical North Atlantic can be used to fingerprint a weakened AMOC during the deglacial because a reduction in the strength of the western boundary current allows warm salinity maximum water of the subtropical gyre to enter the deep tropics. To determine if AMOC variability played a role during the DO cycles of MIS 3, we present new, high‐resolution Mg/Ca and δ18O records spanning 24–52 kyr from the near‐surface dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber and the lower thermocline dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia truncatulinoides in Southern Caribbean core VM12‐107 (11.33°N, 66.63°W, 1079 m depth). Our subsurface Mg/Ca record reveals abrupt increases in Mg/Ca ratios (the largest equal to a 4°C warming) during the interstadial‐stadial transition of most DO events during this period. This change is consistent with reconstructions of subsurface warming events associated with cold events across the deglacial using the same core. Additionally, our data support the conclusion reached by a recently published study from the Florida Straits that AMOC did not undergo significant reductions during Heinrich events 2 and 3. This record presents some of the first high‐resolution marine sediment derived evidence for variable AMOC during MIS 3.
Data assimilation of plasmasphere and upper ionosphere using COSMIC/GPS slant TEC measurements
Authors: Wu M. J. , Guo P. , Xu T. L. , Fu N. F. , Xu X. S. , Jin H. L. , Hu X. G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIncreasing total electron content (TEC) measurements from the low Earth orbiting satellites to Global Positioning System satellites flourish the exploration of the ionosphere and plasmasphere for decades. This paper indicates a method that 3‐D Var is applied to assimilate precise orbit determination antenna TEC measurements of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites into the background global core plasma model (GCPM). The slant TEC data archived in the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center from 500 km to 20,200 km are used to reconstruct a new electron density model. This model has a temporal resolution of 2 h and spatial resolutions of 2.5° in geomagnetic latitude, 5° in longitude, 50 km in the upper ionosphere, and several hundred kilometers in the plasmasphere. Preliminary results show that the data assimilation modifies the initial GCPM forecast to be better coincident with actual COSMIC measurements in internal quality check. Furthermore, independent validation with upper ionosphere‐retrieved electron density and TEC of global ionosphere maps implies a reasonable improvement in the estimation of plasmaspheric electron density after the assimilation.
Mitigating satellite motion in GPS monitoring of traveling ionospheric disturbances
Authors: Penney R. W. , Jackson‐Booth N. K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe discuss the impact of satellite motion on the use of compact arrays of GPS receivers for estimating the velocity of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). It is shown that satellite motion has subtle effects upon standard techniques of waveform cross correlation, or time difference of arrival, which can easily lead to spurious TID velocity estimates. We present some improved techniques for cross‐correlating TID waveforms while taking account of the Doppler shifts created by satellite motion. In addition, we discuss some improved techniques for separating TID waveforms from background ionospheric trends, such as diurnal variation, based on high‐order polynomial fitting with well‐defined frequency selectivity. The application of these techniques to a sensor array in the UK is discussed.
Land and atmospheric controls on initiation and intensity of moist convection:CAPEdynamics andLCLcrossings
Authors: Yin Jun , Albertson John D. , Rigby James R. , Porporato Amilcare 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe local role that land‐atmosphere interactions play in the rainfall process has been often explored by investigating the initiation of moist convection as the top of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) crosses the lifting condensation level (LCL). However, this LCL crossing alone is not a sufficient indicator of the probability and intensity of subsequent convective precipitation, which is instead better characterized by the added consideration of the so‐called convective available potential energy (CAPE). In this study, both the LCL crossing and CAPE are jointly considered as the primary indicators of the occurrence and intensity of moist convection in order to analyze the land‐atmosphere interactions through a simple soil‐plant system and a zero‐dimensional mixed‐layer model. The approach is explored using the free atmospheric conditions observed at the Central Facility in the Southern Great Plains, where the ABL analysis shows both dry and wet soil can be conducive to early moist convection depending on atmospheric conditions but CAPE always tends to be larger under wetter soil conditions. The combination of the two indicators, LCL crossing and CAPE, further allows us to classify free atmosphere and soil moisture regimes into positive and negative feedback regimes for moist convection.
Real‐time visualization of Haines jumps in sandstone with laboratory‐based microcomputed tomography
Authors: Bultreys Tom , Boone Marijn A. , Boone Matthieu N. , De Schryver Thomas , Masschaele Bert , Van Loo Denis , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Cnudde Veerle 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this work, we present a novel laboratory‐based microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) experiment designed to investigate the pore‐scale drainage behavior of natural sandstone under dynamic conditions. The fluid distribution in a Bentheimer sandstone was visualized every 4 s with a 12 s measurement time, allowing the investigation of single‐pore and few‐pore‐filling events. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such measurements were performed outside of synchrotron facilities, illustrating the growing application potential of laboratory‐based micro‐CT with subminute temporal resolutions for geological research at the pore scale. To illustrate how the workflow can lead to an improved understanding of drainage behavior, the experiment was analyzed using a decomposition of the pore space into individual geometrical pores. Preliminary results from this analysis suggest that the distribution of drainage event sizes follows a power law scaling, as expected from percolation theory.
Pool‐riffle sedimentation and surface texture trends in a gravel bed stream
Authors: Chartrand Shawn M. , Hassan Marwan A. , Radić Valentina 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA 3 year field campaign was completed to investigate spatial and temporal variability of sedimentation trends for a single pool‐riffle pair located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Our measurements represent a range of hydrologic conditions over 11 sediment‐mobilizing events. Two different statistical methods were used to explore riffle sedimentation. Cochran's Q and McNemar's nonparametric tests (one method) indicate that riffle sediment surface texture was spatially and temporally varied at the transect level. For McNemar's test, variation was significant at
, with several trends evident, including strong riffle fining triggered by a 20 year flood event. A nonlinear empirical orthogonal function method known as self‐organizing maps (SOMs; the second method) shows that riffle sediment surface texture is well described by two characteristic temporal signals, and one transitional signal at the sampling node level. SOM mapping to each sampling node clearly shows riffle sediment surface texture change was spatially organized over the 11 sediment‐mobilizing events. Observations of pool sediment storage indicate that the pool‐riffle pair exhibited a coupled sedimentation response (i.e., similar texture trends between pool and riffle) following the 20‐year flood. The coupled response was characterized by a trend toward overall sedimentation conditions that were similar to those measured at the beginning of the study. The reported texture trends may be of interest to salmonid habitat studies that examine factors contributing to successful versus unsuccessful fry emergence.
Brain Imaging: Observing Ongoing Neural Activity
Authors: DiGirolamo Gregory J , Gonzalez Gerardo , Zaniewski Zachary Z , DiGirolamo Jordan M 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe neuroimaging techniques available to observe ongoing brain activity during human cognition include functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, event‐related potentials, magnetoencephalography and event‐related optical signalling. Brain activity can be disrupted temporarily via transcranial magnetic stimulation. In addition, brain structures and their connectivity can be seen via magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Using these neuroimaging methods, both spatial and temporal precision, and structural and functional connectivity are attainable in describing the underlying neural substrates that comprise human cognition. Significant progress has been made in understanding the physiological basis of human thought with many exciting new frontiers opening up including understanding the genetics of human cognition and the neural basis of consciousness.Key ConceptsThe integration of structural and functional neuroimaging allows for the localisation of neural areas responsible for specific mental operations.Computed tomography's low image resolution restricts its utility when studying specific neural anatomy.Magnetic resonance imaging procedures a high‐resolution structural image in a noninvasive manner that is now the standard for structural imaging.Diffusion tensor imaging utilises diffusion of water molecules across white matter to map structural connectivity of neurological regions.Functional imaging provides methods of assessing specific brain operations by indirectly measuring the physiological changes that occur during cognition.Event‐related potentials measure relative changes in electrical activity of groups of neurons through electrodes located on the scalp and provides measures of neural activity with high temporal resolution.Magnetoencephalography measures small changes in magnetic signals generated when neurons fire and provides a high degree of temporal accuracy, yet is limited to neurons firing in the most superficial brain regions.Functional data of neural activity during a control condition is often subtracted from functional data of neural activity during an experimental condition to determine activated brain regions.Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to interfere with neuronal signalling constrained to the surface of the cortex, to help determine the mental computation at that specific location and to reveal the necessary neural tissue.The use of diverse measures of neural function continues to transform the capacity to understand the roots of cognitive function.
T
H
9

Cells in Immunity and Disease
Authors: Chang Hua‐Chen , Kaplan Mark H 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

T helper (T
H
) cells differentiated from CD4+ T cells comprise an integral part of the adaptive immune system by providing the ‘help’ for humoral and cellular immune responses. Subsets of T
H
cells are defined based on the production of signature cytokines that regulate subsequent inflammatory immune responses. Among the T
H
subsets, T
H
9 cells are identified by secretion of the signature cytokine IL‐9. Although T
H
9 cells share some functional roles with T
H
2 cells, including promoting allergic inflammation and helminthic parasite immunity, T
H
9 cells can also promote autoimmunity in responses that are generally characterised as dependent on T
H
1 or T
H
17 cells. This article offers a concise summary of some key features of T
H
9 cells and describes how they contribute to immunity and disease.

Key Concepts

T
H
9 cells are differentiated under a cytokine environment containing both IL‐4 and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which induce the transcriptional network required for the expression of IL‐9.

The T
H
9 subset is defined by its ability to produce large amounts of the signature cytokine IL‐9.

Transcription factors required for the development of T
H
9 cells include signal transducer and activator of transcription‐6 (STAT6), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), B‐cell activating transcription factor‐like (BATF), GATA3, PU.1 and Smads.

T
H
9 cells express high levels of IL‐25 receptor (
Il17rb
), which is a potential surface maker to distinguish T
H
9 cells from other T
H
subsets.

Immune responses mediated by T
H
9 cells contribute to the protective immunity against intestinal parasite infection and to antitumour immunity; they are also involved in allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Ionic Liquid–Mediated Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Highly Selective Recognition of Dibutyl Phthalate from Liquor Samples
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Yang Wenming , Wang Ningwei , Ni Xiaoni , Wang Huajie , Gu Zhaoyang , Wu Xiangyang , Xu Wanzhen 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTNew ionic liquid‐mediated molecularly imprinted polymers (ILMIPs) for phthalate esters were developed in this study by the situ thermal polymerization method using methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a template. The polymer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Batch static binding adsorption experiments were carried out to analyze its adsorption performance. The selectivity and adsorption of molecularly imprinted polymers were improved by the ionic liquids 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as an excellent auxiliary porogen and solvent. The adsorption process conformed to pseudo–first‐order model by kinetics analysis and Sips model by isotherm analysis. Using the prepared ILMIPs as a solid‐phase extraction (SPE) sorbent, which indicated that ILMIPs–SPE had a higher enrichment efficiency and a better selectivity for DBP, and the average recoveries of DBP at four spiked levels were in a range of 96.4–101.3% (n = 5) with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤6.9%.
Internal Kinematics of the Volume‐Reduced Tongue: A Longitudinal Microsonometric Study
Authors: Chen Jie , Shcherbatyy Volodymyr , Liu Zi‐Jun 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis study examined tongue internal kinematics during feeding over time after its volume reduction. Six ultrasonic crystals were implanted into the tongue to record distance changes in anterior width (AW), bilateral lengths (LENG), posterior thicknesses (THICK), and posterior dorsal (PDW) and ventral (PVW) widths in five sibling pairs of Yucatan minipigs (N = 10). In each pair, one received tongue volume reduction surgery (reduction), and the other had the identical incisions without tissue removal (sham). Functional deformation of the tongue from preimplanted ultrasonic crystals was recorded during natural feeding 1 day before, 7–8, 13–15, and 28–30 days after the surgery. The results revealed that feeding behavior and tongue functional deformation were unchanged over time in the sham pigs. However, at Days 7–8, more frequent and longer ingestion episodes were seen in the reduction as compared with the sham. Moreover, deformational changes in AW and LENG decreased, whereas those in THICK, PDW, and PVW increased significantly (P < 0.001). At Days 13–15, the reduced deformational changes in LENG (P < 0.01) slightly restored, and the increased deformation in THICK (P > 0.05), PDW (P < 0.01), and PVW (P < 0.05) diminished. At Days 28–30, the restoration of AW and LENG continued (P < 0.01‐0.05), but previously enhanced deformations in THICK, PDW, and PVW were no longer significantly different from the baseline (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the tongue volume reduction has significant and persistent impacts on feeding behaviors and tongue internal kinematics, and the restoring capacity of internal kinematics in the anterior tongue is limited and incomplete over time. Anat Rec, 299:132–140, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A semi‐supervised Support Vector Machine model for predicting the language outcomes following cochlear implantation based on pre‐implant brain fMRI imaging
Authors: Tan Lirong , Holland Scott K. , Deshpande Aniruddha K. , Chen Ye , Choo Daniel I. , Lu Long J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionWe developed a machine learning model to predict whether or not a cochlear implant (CI) candidate will develop effective language skills within 2 years after the CI surgery by using the pre‐implant brain fMRI data from the candidate.MethodsThe language performance was measured 2 years after the CI surgery by the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals‐Preschool, Second Edition (CELF‐P2). Based on the CELF‐P2 scores, the CI recipients were designated as either effective or ineffective CI users. For feature extraction from the fMRI data, we constructed contrast maps using the general linear model, and then utilized the Bag‐of‐Words (BoW) approach that we previously published to convert the contrast maps into feature vectors. We trained both supervised models and semi‐supervised models to classify CI users as effective or ineffective.ResultsCompared with the conventional feature extraction approach, which used each single voxel as a feature, our BoW approach gave rise to much better performance for the classification of effective versus ineffective CI users. The semi‐supervised model with the feature set extracted by the BoW approach from the contrast of speech versus silence achieved a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation AUC as high as 0.97. Recursive feature elimination unexpectedly revealed that two features were sufficient to provide highly accurate classification of effective versus ineffective CI users based on our current dataset.ConclusionWe have validated the hypothesis that pre‐implant cortical activation patterns revealed by fMRI during infancy correlate with language performance 2 years after cochlear implantation. The two brain regions highlighted by our classifier are potential biomarkers for the prediction of CI outcomes. Our study also demonstrated the superiority of the semi‐supervised model over the supervised model. It is always worthwhile to try a semi‐supervised model when unlabeled data are available.
Wavefront sensing using a graphical user interface
Authors: Ferrando Vicente , Remón Laura , Pons Amparo , Furlan Walter D. , Monsoriu Juan A. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTWe present an open wavefront sensor setup assisted with MATLAB programming to be used to teach the operating principle of Shack–Hartmann aberrometry. A new Graphical User Interface (GUI) has also been developed to determine the wavefront parameters from experimental measurements and the associated aberrations, which is a fundamental issue in Optical Engineering. From a didactical point of view, the proposed method allows students to interpret the results in a visual and heuristic way. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:255–262, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21703
Integration of Bioorthogonal Probes and Q‐FRET for the Detection of Histone Acetyltransferase Activity
Authors: Han Zhen , Luan Yepeng , Zheng Yujun George 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHistone acetyltransferases (HATs) are key players in the epigenetic regulation of gene function. The recent discovery of diverse HAT substrates implies a broad spectrum of cellular functions of HATs. Many pathological processes are also intimately associated with the dysregulation of HAT levels and activities. However, detecting the enzymatic activity of HATs has been challenging, and this has significantly impeded drug discovery. To advance the field, we developed a convenient one‐pot, mix‐and‐read strategy that is capable of directly detecting the acylated histone product through a fluorescent readout. The strategy integrates three technological platforms—bioorthogonal HAT substrate labeling, alkyne–azide click chemistry, and quenching FRET—into one system for effective probing of HAT enzyme activity.
Coupling of Independent Electrochemical Reactions and Fluorescence at Closed Bipolar Interdigitated Electrode Arrays
Authors: Xu Wei , Ma Chaoxiong , Bohn Paul W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractElectrochemical reactions occurring at the opposite ends of bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are necessarily coupled, enabling electron transfer events at one end to be read out optically, for example, by coupling to fluorogenic reactions at the other end. To explore the potential of this technique for studying multiple redox events, arrays of parallel BPE interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEAs) were fabricated and integrated with separate analytical and reporter microfluidic channels, respectively, in a closed BPE configuration. The apparatus was initially evaluated employing Fe(CN)63/4− in the analytical channel coupled to weakly emissive resazurin and strongly emissive resorufin as the fluorogenic redox reporter pair. The device was then used to investigate a proton‐coupled electron transfer reaction, hydroquinone (QH2) oxidation, in structures with an integrated pH modulation electrode (PME). A pH‐sensitive dye, fluorescein, was co‐introduced into the analytical channel to monitor PME modulation of solution pH, and its coupling to QH2 oxidation, thereby permitting changes in solution pH, and consequently QH2 oxidation rate, to be monitored directly in the analytical channel and compared to the fluorescence in the reporter channel. In addition, diffusion of OH− generated at the PME produced a spatial pH profile that was visualized via fluorescein emission, and, because the oxidation of QH2 at each BPE is strongly dependent on the local pH, via the coupled fluorogenic reaction at the opposite pole of the corresponding BPE digit in the reporter channel. Thus, BPE IDEAs support the coupling of independent redox reactions and the use of fluorescence imaging to explore a diverse set of spatially varying electrochemical phenomena realized in a variety of electrochemical geometries.
Numerical modeling of wave interactions with coastal structures by a constrained interpolation profile/immersed boundary method
Authors: Zhao Xizeng , Gao Yangyang , Cao Feifeng , Wang Xinggang 
Published: October 2015

SummaryA high‐order difference method based multiphase model is proposed to simulate nonlinear interactions between water wave and submerged coastal structures. The model is based on the Navier–Stokes equations using a constrained interpolation profile (CIP) method for the flow solver, and employs an immersed boundary method (IBM) for the treatment of wave–structure interactions. A more accurate interface capturing scheme, the volume of fluid/weighed line interface calculation (VOF/WLIC) scheme, is adopted as the interface capturing method. A series of computations are performed to verify the application of the model for simulations of fluid interaction with various structures. These problems include flow over a fixed cylinder, water entry of a circular cylinder and solitary waves passing various submerged coastal structures. Computations are compared with the available analytical, experimental and other numerical results and good agreement is obtained. The results of this study demonstrate the accuracy and applications of the proposed model to simulate the nonlinear flow phenomena and capture the complex free surface flow. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.