bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foraging and vulnerability traits modify predator–prey body mass allometry: freshwater macroinvertebrates as a case study
Authors: Klecka Jan , Boukal David S. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryPredation is often size selective, but the role of other traits of the prey and predators in their interactions is little known. This hinders our understanding of the causal links between trophic interactions and the structure of animal communities. Better knowledge of trophic traits underlying predator–prey interactions is also needed to improve models attempting to predict food web structure and dynamics from known species traits.We carried out laboratory experiments with common freshwater macroinvertebrate predators (diving beetles, dragonfly and damselfly larvae and water bugs) and their prey to assess how body size and traits related to foraging (microhabitat use, feeding mode and foraging mode) and to prey vulnerability (microhabitat use, activity and escape behaviour) affect predation strength.The underlying predator–prey body mass allometry characterizing mean prey size and total predation pressure was modified by feeding mode of the predators (suctorial or chewing). Suctorial predators fed upon larger prey and had ˜3 times higher mass‐specific predation rate than chewing predators of the same size and may thus have stronger effect on prey abundance.Strength of individual trophic links, measured as mortality of the focal prey caused by the focal predator, was determined jointly by the predator and prey body mass and their foraging and vulnerability traits. In addition to the feeding mode, interactions between prey escape behaviour (slow or fast), prey activity (sedentary or active) and predator foraging mode (searching or ambush) strongly affected prey mortality. Searching predators was ineffective in capturing fast‐escape prey in comparison with the remaining predator–prey combinations, while ambush predators caused higher mortality than searching predators and the difference was larger in active prey.Our results imply that the inclusion of the commonly available qualitative data on foraging traits of predators and vulnerability traits of prey could substantially increase biological realism of food web descriptions.
Floristic diversity in fire‐sensitive eucalypt woodlands shows a ‘U’‐shaped relationship with time since fire
Authors: Gosper Carl R. , Yates Colin J. , Prober Suzanne M. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Understanding ecosystem responses to disturbance is important for effective management of biodiversity. Observed relationships between time since disturbance and diversity have taken a variety of forms, only some of which are explicitly predicted in models of vegetation succession. This makes generalization and predictions for specific communities difficult.

Negative relationships have been the predominant diversity response to time since fire in fire‐prone Mediterranean‐climate ecosystems; however, few studies have analysed responses in infrequently burnt ecosystems such as Mediterranean‐climate woodlands dominated by fire‐sensitive trees. We used a space‐for‐time approach and multiple stand‐ageing techniques (Landsat imagery, growth ring counts and growth ring–size relationships) to characterize diversity and compositional changes with time since fire (3–370+ years) in fire‐sensitive Eucalyptus salubris woodlands in south‐western Australia.

Species density and Pielou's evenness showed an overall ‘U’‐shaped response to time since fire, although variability between plots was considerable. Plant functional type and species composition differed with time since fire, with greater richness and cover of ground layer, and ‘long dispersal potential’ functional types with increasing time since fire. Conversely, there was an early or intermediate peak in taller and ‘short dispersal potential’ functional types.

We propose that the unusual ‘U’‐shaped diversity–time since fire relationship is driven by competitively dominant tree and shrub layers having maximum cover at intermediate times since fire. Subdominant functional types were able to exploit lower levels of competition in the immediate post‐fire period and after density‐dependent thinning of the trees and shrubs.

Synthesis and applications. Recurrent fire is not required to maintain diversity in these fire‐sensitive woodlands as diversity reached a maximum in mature vegetation. Fire intervals of <c. 200 years are likely to have adverse consequences on diversity, which is of conservation concern given apparently high recent rates of occurrence of fire. Changes in diversity were not apparent when times since fire were truncated to those available from remote sensing, illustrating that space‐for‐time studies defined solely by remote sensing may obscure equivalent ‘U’‐shaped diversity–time since fire relationships.
Soil microbial community structure of range‐expanding plant species differs from co‐occurring natives
Authors: Morriën Elly , van der Putten Wim H. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Due to global warming and other changes in the environment, many native and exotic plant species show range expansion from lower to higher latitudes. In the new range, the (in)ability of range‐expanding plants to establish associations with local soil microbes can have important consequences for plant abundance; however, very little information exists on rhizosphere communities of range‐expanding plant species. Here, we examine the rhizosphere microbial community composition of range‐expanding plant species in comparison with phylogenetically related species that are native in the invaded range.

We tested the hypothesis that range‐expanding plants species would promote fewer shifts in rhizosphere communities than congeneric natives would. In order to test this, soil was collected from the invaded habitat and six range‐expanding and nine congeneric natives were planted individually in pots to condition soil microbial communities.

After harvesting, individuals of the same species were planted in conditioned own and control soils to test the legacy effects of soil conditioning on biomass production. The control soils were mixtures of soils conditioned by all other plant species, except congenerics. After 10 weeks of plant growth, we determined the rhizosphere community composition of bacteria, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Fusarium spp.

All groups of microbes were analysed qualitatively using denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Ergosterol was determined as a quantitative measure of nonarbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biomass, and real‐time PCR was applied to detect amounts of Fusarium spp.

Range‐expanding plants had less fungal hyphal biomass and lower amounts of Fusarium spp. in the rhizosphere than congenerics. Bacterial community composition was influenced by a combination of soil conditioning and plant origin, whereas fungal communities, AMF and Fusarium spp. were less pronounced in their responses to the experimental treatments.

Synthesis. We conclude that the lack of legacy effects in range‐expanding plant species compared with natives may be due to differences in bacterial rhizosphere community composition, or to different quantities of potential pathogenic fungi. If the range‐expanding plant species were benefiting more from AMF, effects will not have been due to differences in community composition, but we cannot exclude other options, such as different effectiveness of AMF or other soil biota in the rhizosphere of range‐expanding vs. native plant species. The greater accumulation of bacterial and fungal pathogens in the rhizosphere of natives in relation to range expanders might explain the successful establishment of range‐expanding plants.
Complete genome of a new Firmicutes species belonging to the dominant human colonic microbiota (‘Ruminococcus bicirculans’) reveals two chromosomes and a selective capacity to utilize plant glucans
Authors: Wegmann Udo , Louis Petra , Goesmann Alexander , Henrissat Bernard , Duncan Sylvia H. , Flint Harry J. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe recently isolated bacterial strain 80/3 represents one of the most abundant 16S rRNA phylotypes detected in the healthy human large intestine and belongs to the Ruminococcaceae family of Firmicutes. The completed genome sequence reported here is the first for a member of this important family of bacteria from the human colon. The genome comprises two large chromosomes of 2.24 and 0.73 Mbp, leading us to propose the name Ruminococcus bicirculans for this new species. Analysis of the carbohydrate active enzyme complement suggests an ability to utilize certain hemicelluloses, especially β‐glucans and xyloglucan, for growth that was confirmed experimentally. The enzymatic machinery enabling the degradation of cellulose and xylan by related cellulolytic ruminococci is however lacking in this species. While the genome indicated the capacity to synthesize purines, pyrimidines and all 20 amino acids, only genes for the synthesis of nicotinate, NAD+, NADP+ and coenzyme A were detected among the essential vitamins and co‐factors, resulting in multiple growth requirements. In vivo, these growth factors must be supplied from the diet, host or other gut microorganisms. Other features of ecological interest include two type IV pilins, multiple extracytoplasmic function‐sigma factors, a urease and a bile salt hydrolase.
The ECEG database
Authors: Yáñez‐Bouza Nuria , Rodríguez‐Gil María E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article describes the aims, methodology and contents of the Eighteenth‐Century English Grammars database online (ECEG). Starting with the definition of the term ‘English grammar’ in ECEG, which frames and sets the limits of what has been included in and excluded from the database, we then offer a detailed discussion of its design, compilation and annotation procedures. While describing the data coded in twenty‐one individual relational fields, the article also hints at the potential avenues that the classification in ECEG opens up for academic research and educational purposes.
Notes on eighteenth‐century dictionary grammars
Authors: Tyrkkö Jukka 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs the volume of new dictionaries and grammars surged during the eighteenth century, one of the natural by‐products was the introduction of brief grammars as part of the preliminaries of dictionaries. This paper looks at what these grammars were like, what purposes they served, who wrote them and how much copying was involved in their production. The argument is made that dictionary grammars were often included for the added value they brought to the books as products, and not for the purpose of providing readers with thorough grammatical knowledge.
Microscopic Analysis of Sharp Force Trauma in Bone and Cartilage: A Validation Study,,
Authors: Crowder Christian , Rainwater Christopher W. , Fridie Jeannette S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSharp force trauma research lacks agreement on reported error rates for correctly identifying toolmark characteristics on bone and cartilage. This study provides error rates for determining blade class (serrated, partially serrated, nonserrated) and type of edge bevel (left, right, even). Three analysts examined cuts to a wax medium, cartilage, and bone using two types of microscopes. Additionally, the observers examined impressions taken from the wax medium and the cartilage. Overall, a total of 504 observations were performed. Serrated blades were distinguishable from nonserrated blades due to their patterned striations. Some difficulties were encountered in distinguishing serrated and partially serrated blades; however, when these groups were considered together as one classification type (serrated), classification accuracy improved from 79% to 96%. Classification accuracy for edge bevel was 65%. Error rates were similar when comparing direct observation of the cut marks versus indirect observation (impressions). Additionally, the type of microscope used did not affect error rates.
Application of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Paint Trace Examination
Authors: Zięba‐Palus Janina , Trzcińska Beata M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRaman spectroscopy has proved to be a promising technique in forensic examinations, where optical microscopy, micro‐infrared spectroscopy, and microspectrophotometry in the visible and UV range are used for identification and differentiation between paint traces. Often no organic pigments are detected using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, because their content in a trace is usually undetectable. Application of a micro‐Raman spectrometer equipped with several excitation lasers helps forensic experts in paint analysis enabling identification of main pigments. Three cases concerning comparative examination of car paint are discussed in detail. The comparison of Raman spectra of paint chips found on clothing of a victim or smears found on body of a damaged car to these of paint chips originated from the suspected car enabled us to identify the car involved in the accident. When no comparative material is available, the method can be useful in establishing the color and make of the car.
The Fatal Poisoning Pattern of Ankara (Turkey) and Nearby Cities from 2007 to June 2011: A Retrospective Study in Forensic Autopsies
Authors: Karaarslan Bekir , Karapirli Mustafa , Kandemir Eyup , Kucuker Hudaverdi , Gurler Mukaddes , Ince Cengiz Haluk , Akyol Omer 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe aimed to obtain an outline of the nature and number of fatal poisonings which still appear to affect widely the population in Turkey. A total of 5921 forensic autopsies were performed between 2007 and 2011 in Ankara and nearby cities and 366 of them were fatal poisonings (219 male, 147 female). Most of the cases were between 41 and 60 years old (n = 84). Most of the fatalities were reported during winter months (48.1%). Carbon monoxide exposure was the most common reason (66.7%) within all the causes followed by medicine and narcotics (13.9%). Postmortem blood alcohol concentrations in ethyl and methyl alcohol poisonings were 385.1 ± 61.9 and 206.8 ± 138.9 mg/dL, respectively. The most common location of deaths was home (71.3%). Fatal poisonings have been a growing global problem because of some shortcomings about the socioeconomic conditions and increasing illicit drug abuse. The level of education, socioeconomic conditions, and legal approaches are very important for the prevention fatal poisonings.
Workplace Assessment of Targeted Violence Risk: The Development and Reliability of theWAVR‐21
Authors: Meloy J. Reid , White Stephen G. , Hart Stephen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study describes the development of theWAVR‐21, a structured professional judgment guide for the assessment of workplace targeted violence, and presents initial interrater reliability results. The 21‐item instrument codes both static and dynamic risk factors and change, if any, over time. Five critical items or red flag indicators assess violent motives, ideation, intent, weapons skill, and pre‐attack planning. Additional items assess the contribution of mental disorder, negative personality factors, situational factors, and a protective factor. Eleven raters each rated 12 randomly assigned cases from actual files of workplace threat scenarios. Summary interrater reliability correlation coefficients (ICCs) for overall presence of risk factors, risk of violence, and seriousness of the violent act were in the fair to good range, similar to other structured professional judgment instruments. A subgroup of psychologists who were coders produced anICCof 0.76 for overall presence of risk factors. Some of the individual items had poor reliability for both clinical and statistical reasons. TheWAVR‐21 appears to improve the structuring and organizing of empirically based risk‐relevant data and may enhance communication and decision making.
Cervical Arterial Injury After Strangulation—Different Types of Arterial Lesions
Authors: Le Blanc‐Louvry Isabelle , Papin Fréderique , Vaz Emmanuelle , Proust Bernard 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAfter strangulation, cervical arterial injuries (CAI) are uncommon. We report three unusual cases where strangulation induced immediate stroke. CAI were examined using brain CT scan and Doppler ultrasonography in the three cases and then by autopsy in one of the victims. One of the two victims who survived the attempted strangulation had a unilateral carotid dissection, whereas in the other victim, no arterial dissection or thrombosis was observed. As regards the deceased victim, the autopsy confirmed the bilateral dissection showed on CT scan and Doppler ultrasonic examination and revealed that both carotid arteries were dilated up to two times the normal diameter. Microscopic examination showed a major bilateral hemorrhagic dissection of the media with obliterating fibrous endarteritis lesions associated with inflammatory damage. CT scan with arteriography does not demonstrate all the different types of arterial injury, particularly atheromatous embolism, direct compression, or prolonged spasm. Thus, traditional autopsy remains an essential forensic tool after strangulation to show the type of CAI.
Causes of Sudden Death in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Zhang MingChang , Li Ling , Fowler David , Zhao Ziqin , Wei Dengming , Zhang Yang , Burke Allen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThere are few autopsy studies of patients dying suddenly with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Twenty‐five forensic autopsies of unexpected sudden death in individuals with OSA were reviewed. The causes of death were as follows: cardiomyopathy (n = 11); sudden unexpected death without morphologic findings (SUDNA, n = 6); and other cardiovascular diseases not related to OSA (n = 8). The cardiomyopathy group comprised five hearts with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy without dilatation and six with left ventricular diameter >4 cm (dilated cardiomyopathy). Four of six hearts in the SUDNA group showed right ventricular dilatation compared with seven of 11 showed cardiomyopathy and one of eight miscellaneous. The degree of obesity was greatest in the dilated cardiomyopathy group (10 of 11 obese) followed by the SUDNA group (four of six obese). The cardiac findings in patients dying suddenly and unexpectedly with OSA include nonspecific cardiomyopathy, other cardiac conditions, and hearts without a morphologic cause of death, which show frequent right ventricular dilatation as the only finding.
The influence of planting date, transgenic Bt maize and hybrid relative maturity on European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) ovipositional patterns
Authors: Obopile Motshwari , Hammond Ronald B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA three year study was carried out at Hoytville and at Wooster, Ohio, USA from 2006 to 2008 to investigate the influence of planting date, transgenic maize and hybrid maturity on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) population dynamics and oviposition patterns. Maize plants were planted in late April or early May, mid‐May and early June during each year. The moth flight pattern showed bivoltine generations during the three years. The first moth flight peaked in June, with the populations declining during July. The second moth flight peaked in August and declined towards the end of September or early October. Egg mass density did not differ significantly between transgenic and non‐transgenic maize of different maturities. Significant differences were observed, however, among planting dates, sampling dates, and sampling date × planting date interactions. Generally higher numbers of egg masses from second generation moths were deposited on late planted maize than middle and early plantings.
Effect of Pretreatment with Dehulling and Microwaving on the Flavor Characteristics of Cold‐Pressed Rapeseed Oil by GC‐MS‐PCA and Electronic Nose Discrimination
Authors: Zhou Qi , Yang Mei , Huang Fenghong , Zheng Chang , Deng Qianchun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRaw and dehulled rapeseeds were treated with microwave energy (800 W) from 1 to 8 min with 1‐min intervals at a frequency of 2450 MHz to investigate the influence of microwaving and dehulling pretreatment on the flavor characteristics of rapeseed oil extracted by pressing. Headspace solid phase microextraction was used to isolate the volatile compounds of rapeseed oil, which were then identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis. The results indicated that microwave and dehulling pretreatment of rapeseed can significantly influence the kinds and content of volatile compounds. The key flavor compounds in rapeseed oil were oxidized volatiles, heterocyclic compounds, and degradation products of glucosinolates. A pungent compound, 4‐isothiocyanato‐1‐butene, was reduced by 97% in rapeseed treated for 3 min with microwaves energy when compared to the rapeseed oil without any treatment. The pyrazine compounds in the oil appeared after 6 min of microwave pretreatment and give a pleasant roasting flavor when compared to crude oils. Principal component analysis was able to differentiate between oils obtained using 4 pretreatment processes based on volatile compounds and electronic nose. The results showed that dehulling pretreatment could improve the flavor, yet microwaving had a greater effect on the flavor of rapeseed oils.
Patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) double mutations had a lower objective response rate than those with a single mutation in non‐small cell lung cancer when treated with EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Wei Zhigang , An Tongtong , Wang Zhijie , Chen Keneng , Bai Hua , Zhu Guangying , Duan Jianchun , Wu Meina , Yang Lu , Zhuo Minglei , Wang Yuyan , Liu Xuyi , Wang Jie 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundMultiple prospective studies have demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 and exon 21 mutations are the most powerful predictive biomarkers of response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there are few studies focused on patients with double mutations compared with a single mutation.MethodsWe retrospectively screened 1,525 samples of Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC who underwent EGFR mutation detections in tumor tissues at Peking University Cancer Hospital between February 2006 and March 2011. Thirty‐two cases harboring double mutations were included in this study. The Kaplan‐Meier univariate analysis for prognostic factors of survival was applied.ResultsPatients with double mutations accounted for 2.1% (32/1525) of the overall tested samples. Double mutations were more common in female, adenocarcinoma, non‐smokers, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG0)‐1 and stage IV patients. Twenty‐one patients with double mutations were treated with EGFR‐TKIs. The objective response rate (ORR) was 23.8%, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 76.2%. In the first‐line therapy, the ORR was 16.7%, and the DCR was 66.7%. In univariate analysis, gender, smoking‐status, TKI type and TKI response were correlated with progression‐free survival, and patients with ECOG 0–1 had longer overall survival.ConclusionsPatients with double mutations had a low objective response rate when treated with EGFR‐TKIs compared with single EGFR exon 19 or exon 21 mutations.