bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Comparison of Expansive Pedicle Screw and Polymethylmethacrylate-augmented Pedicle Screw in Osteoporotic Synthetic Bone in Primary Implantation
Authors: Liu Da , Shi Lei , Lei Wei , Wei Meng-Qi , Qu Bo , Deng Shao-Lin , Pan Xian-Ming 
Published: April 2013

Study Design:
Expansive pedicle screws (EPS) and polymethylmethacrylate-augmented pedicle screws (PMMA-PS) were inserted into osteoporotic synthetic bones, which were then tested by radiographic and biomechanical examinations.

Objective:
To compare the stability of EPS and PMMA-PS with that of a conventional pedicle screw (CPS) in an osteoporotic synthetic bone.

Summary of Background Data:
It is a significant challenge for orthopedic surgeons performing transpedicular fixation in the osteoporotic spine. Prior studies have suggested that both EPS and PMMA-PS can increase the screw stability effectively. However, there are no biomechanical comparisons of EPS and PMMA-PS, especially in primary spinal surgery in osteoporosis.

Methods:
Thirty osteoporotic synthetic bone blocks were divided into 3 groups randomly. A pilot hole was prepared in advance in all samples by the same method. Then, the CPS was inserted directly into the pilot hole in the CPS group; the hole in the PMMA-PS group was first filled with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA; 2.5 mL) and then inserted with CPS, and the EPS was inserted directly into the blocks in the EPS group. Twenty-four hours later, x-ray and computed tomography examination and axial pullout tests were performed on all samples; the block destructions were then recorded, and the hole diameters were measured.

Results:
In the CPS group, the screw was surrounded directly by the synthetic bone without any other materials, whereas in the PMMA-PS group, the screw was totally wrapped up by PMMA, and the PMMA was evenly distributed in the synthetic bone around the screw, indicating obvious improvement of the local density around the track. In the EPS group, the anterior part of the EPS presented an obvious expansion in synthetic bone and formed an unguiform structure pressing the surrounding synthetic bone. Screw stabilities in both the PMMA-PS and the EPS groups were significantly enhanced compared with those in the CPS group, and the screw stability in the PMMA-PS group was significantly higher than that in the EPS group. After the pullout tests, the block destructions were the most severe in the PMMA-PS group and the lightest in the CPS group. Hole diameters in the PMMA-PS and the EPS groups were significantly larger than that in the CPS group, whereas the diameter of the hole in the PMMA-PS group was significantly greater than that in the EPS group.

Conclusions:
EPS can significantly increase the strength of screw fixation compared with CPS in osteoporotic synthetic bone. Although EPS shows a weaker fixation strength compared with PMMA-PS in the osteoporotic synthetic bone, it may still provide an alternative option to prevent screw loosening in the clinical treatment of osteoporosis.
Capacity and Plasticity of Potassium Channels and High-Affinity Transporters in Roots of Barley and Arabidopsis
Authors: Coskun Devrim , Britto Dev T. , Li Mingyuan , Oh Saehong , Kronzucker Herbert J. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The role of potassium (K+) transporters in high- and low-affinity K+ uptake was examined in roots of intact barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants by use of 42K radiotracing, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and mutant analysis. Comparisons were made between results from barley and five genotypes of Arabidopsis, including single and double knockout mutants for the high-affinity transporter, AtHAK5, and the Shaker-type channel, AtAKT1. In Arabidopsis, steady-state K+ influx at low external K+ concentration ([K+]ext = 22.5 µm) was predominantly mediated by AtAKT1 when high-affinity transport was inhibited by ammonium, whereas in barley, by contrast, K+ channels could not operate below 100 µm. Withdrawal of ammonium resulted in an immediate and dramatic stimulation of K+ influx in barley, indicating a shift from active to passive K+ uptake at low [K+]ext and yielding fluxes as high as 36 µmol g (root fresh weight)−1 h−1 at 5 mm [K+]ext, among the highest transporter-mediated K+ fluxes hitherto reported. This ammonium-withdrawal effect was also established in all Arabidopsis lines (the wild types, atakt1, athak5, and athak5 atakt1) at low [K+]ext, revealing the concerted involvement of several transport systems. The ammonium-withdrawal effect coincided with a suppression of K+ efflux and a significant hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane in all genotypes except athak5 atakt1, could be sustained over 24 h, and resulted in increased tissue K+ accumulation. We discuss key differences and similarities in K+ acquisition between two important model systems and reveal novel aspects of K+ transport in planta.
Bergmann's rule across the equator: a case study in Cerdocyon thous (Canidae)
Authors: Martinez Pablo A. , Marti Dardo A. , Molina Wagner F. , Bidau Claudio J. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

The variation in cranial size of the crab‐eating fox Cerdocyon thous was analysed in relation to latitude and several environmental variables throughout its distribution in South America.

We tested the existence of clines to determine whether this canid follows Bergmann's rule to the north and south of the Equator. Also, using niche modelling, we analysed whether the climatic changes during the last glaciation could have influenced Bergmann's rule in this species. We quantified the size of the cranium of C. thous (n = 300). The data were divided into two groups: (i) south of the Equator (n = 163) and (ii) north of the Equator (n = 137). We performed correlations, OLS regressions and simultaneous autoregressions to analyse the relationship between the variation in size and different geographic and environmental variables. Data of occurrence (n = 594) together with ambient variables from the present and the last glacial maximum (LGM) were used to predict the occurrence of C. thous with the implementation of the maximum entropy method. Present‐day and historical distribution maps were obtained.

The variation in the size of the cranium of C. thous showed two trends. In the south of Equator, we observed that the size of the skull shows an inverse relationship with temperature‐related variables and a positive one with precipitation, while in north of the Equator, we observed the opposite relationship. Populations south of the Equator follow Bergmann's rule showing increasing size with increasing latitude. To the north of the Equator, a non‐Bergmannian pattern occurs because size decreases with increasing latitude.

Niche modelling showed two present‐day groupings in South America, one north of Amazonia and the other south. However, for the period of the LGM, four groups emerged, possibly related to the four subspecies presently described for C. thous. Therefore, it is possible that the observed pattern – southern populations following Bergmann's rule while northern populations reflecting the opposite – has been influenced by the events that occurred during the LGM that could have led to the differentiation of populations.
Further studies on Jung's Eranos seminar on Opicinus de Canistris
Authors: Bernardini Riccardo , Quaglino Gian Piero , Romano Augusto 
Published: April 2013

Translations of PrefaceEn 1943, Jung a tenu un séminaire à Eranos pour un nombre limité d'étudiants, sur les « mythes solaires », tels ceux qui sont plus particulièrement illustrés dans l'art cartographique d'Opicinus de Canistris (1296‐1352). Ce séminaire n'avait pas été édité jusqu'à ce que, il y a quelques années, les notes prises pendant ce séminaire par l'un des étudiants de Jung, Alwine von Keller (1878‐1965), furent découvertes dans les archives d'Eranos et publiées. Maintenant, pour la première fois, les notes d'un de ses autres étudiants, Rikvah Schärf Kluger, prises lors du même séminaire, sont publiées ici. Cette seconde série de notes est plus approfondie. Elle complète la première série, ajoutant de nombreux éléments, nous permettant de nous faire une idée plus complète du séminaire de Jung. James Hillman, qui avait reçu ces notes de William McGuire en 1976, avait la ferme conviction que les notes étaient suffisamment intéressantes pour être publiées. Aujourd'hui, grâce au soutien de la Stiftung der Werke von C.G. Jung, de la Fondation Eranos et du Journal of Analytical Psychology, ces notes sont enfin publiées. Suit un commentaire des conférences.
Microbial Succession and Metabolite Changes during Long‐Term Storage of Kimchi
Authors: Jeong Sang Hyeon , Lee Se Hee , Jung Ji Young , Choi Eun Jin , Jeon Che Ok 
Published: April 2013

AbstractKimchi is often stored for a long period of time for a diet during the winter season because it is an essential side dish for Korean meals. In this study pH, abundance of bacteria and yeasts, bacterial communities, and metabolites were monitored periodically to investigate the fermentation process of kimchi for 120 d. Bacterial abundance increased quickly with a pH decrease after an initial pH increase during the early fermentation period. After 20 d, pH values became relatively stable and free sugars were maintained at relatively constant levels, indicating that kimchi fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was almost completed. After that time, a decrease in bacterial abundance and a growth in Saccharomyces occurred concurrently with increased free sugar consumption and production of glycerol and ethanol. Finally, after 100 d, the growth of Candida was observed. Community analysis using pyrosequencing revealed that diverse LAB including Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc holzapfelii, Lactococcus lactis, and Weissella soli were present during the early fermentation period, but the LAB community was quickly replaced with Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum, and Weissella koreensis as the fermentation progressed. Metabolite analysis using 1H‐NMR showed that organic acids (lactate, acetate, and succinate) as well as bioactive substances (mannitol and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)) were produced during the kimchi fermentation, and Leuconostoc strains and Lactobacillus sakei were identified as the producers of mannitol and GABA, respectively.Practical Application In this study, we have shown that the growth inhibition of yeasts including Saccharomyces and Candida is necessary to extend the shelf life of kimchi in long‐term storage. Additionally, we have shown that a mixed culture of Leuconostoc strains and Lactobacillus sakei is necessary to produce kimchi that contains both mannitol and gamma‐aminobutyric acid.
Glycoproteins in the Buccal Epithelium of a Carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Pisces, Cyprinidae): A Histochemical Profile
Authors: Yashpal M. , Kumari U. , Mittal S. , Mittal A. K. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryGlycoproteins (GPs) were visualized histochemically in the secretory cells – the mucous goblet cells (the type A and the type B), the rodlet cells and the epithelial cells in different regions of the buccal cavity of Cirrhinus mrigala. The type A mucous goblet cells, the type B mucous goblet cells, the rodlet cells and the epithelial cells elaborate GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols and GPs with sialic acid residue without O‐acyl substitution. The type A mucous goblet cells, in addition, contain moderate amounts of GPs with O‐sulphate esters. The type B mucous goblet cells, in contrast, contain high concentrations of GPs with O‐sulphate esters. The rodlet cells secrete small amounts of GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols. The analysis of the results elucidates interesting differences in the composition and concentration of GPs in the mucus elaborated by the secretory cells indicating the potential importance of the glycoproteins in the buccal cavity. These GPs could be considered to represent a mechanism for modulation of the composition of the protective mucus layer correlated to specific functions.
Bionomic notes onPachysomoidessp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of theNeotropical social waspPolistes satan Bequaert (Hymenoptera:Vespidae)
Authors: Kudô Kazuyuki , Komatsu Kazuma , Konishi Kazuhiko , Mateus Sidnei , Zucchi Ronaldo , Nascimento Fabio S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAlthough most polistine wasp species are found in the Neotropical region, mainly inBrazil, only a very limited number ofSouthAmerican parasitoids or parasites are known to exist. We assessed the frequency of a hymenopterous parasitoid,Pachysomoidessp. (Ichneumonidae,Cryptinae), in the nests of theBrazilian independent‐founding waspPolistes satanand compared the rates of the parasitization ofP.satanbyPachysomoidessp. between the dry (winter) and wet (summer) seasons.Pachysomoidessp. larvae were seen to feed onP.satanpupa and were found in both the upper and lower parts of the host pupal cell (ca. 10 individuals in each host pupal cell). Approximately one‐third of the pupal cells in theP.satancolonies were parasitized in the dry season, whereas there were no parasitized pupal cells in the wet season. Consequently, the rates of parasitization byPachysomoidessp. were significantly greater during the dry season than during the wet season due to unknown reasons.
New field of insect science: Research on the use of insect properties
Authors: Takeda Satoshi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn recent years, research on “insect properties” has been attracting much attention for industrial applications of insect technology. This is a new field of research that attempts to analyze specific physiological properties of insects to develop technology for helping humankind. The term “insect properties” has been used to refer to “specific biological functions of insects” since around 1986, and it is now widely accepted in Japan. From 1996, the National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science (NISES) promoted “Research for utilization of insect properties” as a “Center of Excellence (COE)” project funded by the Science and Technology Agency. At this point, a new research field called “Research for utilization of insect properties” was initiated, and this led to the recognition of this field by the academic community. In the 21st century, remarkable results, including the development of transgenic silkworms and the full decoding of the silkworm genome, have been achieved. It is expected that this advanced technology will be a powerful tool for progress of research on the use of insect properties. This review presents an overview of the current state of research on use of insect properties as a new technology.
Does Say‐on‐Pay Matter? Evidence from Say‐on‐Pay Proposals in the United States
Authors: Burns Natasha , Minnick Kristina 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe investigate the effect of say‐on‐pay (SOP) proposals on changes in executive and director compensation. Relative to non‐SOP firms, SOP firms’ total compensation to CEOs does not significantly change after the proposal. However, the mix of compensation does change—companies move away from using cash compensation toward more incentive compensation, offsetting the reduction in bonus. Further, the mix of compensation of non‐CEO executives changes similarly to that of CEOs. Compensation to directors of SOP firms increases less than non‐SOP firms. Firms whose CEOs are well compensated, especially with cash‐based compensation, are most likely to receive a proposal.
Caries prevalence (ICDAS) in 12‐year‐olds from low caries prevalence areas and association with independent variables
Authors: Jablonski‐Momeni Anahita , Winter Julia , Petrakakis Pantelis , Schmidt‐Schäfer Sonja 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundIn areas with low caries prevalence, indices are needed for caries detection, which can also be used to identify initial lesions.AimThe aim of this study was to assess the caries prevalence among 12‐year‐olds using ICDAS criteria and to investigate the influence of independent variables on the findings.DesignThe study was conducted in two regions of Germany. In Region 1, children received regular school‐based prophylaxis, including fluoride varnish 2×/yr. In Region 2, there was no use of fluoride varnish in schools. Information on different factors influencing the outcome variable of caries experience was collected using structured questionnaires.DF‐S values were calculated at different ICDAS cut‐off points. To compare the mean caries scores of the subgroups, nonparametric tests were performed. Variables associated with caries were included in a binary logistic regression analysis.ResultsAt D1–6FS and D1+2FS level, the differences between the regions were statistically significant (P = 0.005 and P = 0.01, respectively). Regression analysis identified the variables ‘use of fluoridated toothpaste’, ‘fissure sealants’, and ‘ethnic origin’ as factors significant to the prevention of caries at various stages.ConclusionIn a population with low caries prevalence, significant differences between subgroups could only be found when initial lesions were included.
Taxonomic review of Afrotropical Watshamia Bouček (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), with description of a new species
Authors: Mitroiu Mircea‐Dan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWatshamia Bouček, 1974 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) has three known world species described by Bouček: W. versicolor and W. turneri (Afrotropical), and W. malaica (Oriental). In this paper, Watshamia gero sp. nov. is described from Kenya. It is the only known species in which females have hyaline fore wings. Wing interference pattern (WIP) is used for the first time in the taxonomy of Pteromalidae as a differential feature. An illustrated key to females and males of Afrotropical Watshamia is given and the first indications of the biology of the Afrotropical species are presented. Watshamia versicolor is newly reported from the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Overcoming Opportunism in Public‐Private Project Finance
Authors: Moszoro Marian 
Published: April 2013

The possibility of opportunistic behavior, whether by the private investors who operate public‐private projects or by the government agencies who oversee and administer them, can become a powerful deterrent to raising public‐private project financing, especially considering the scale of the investment in infrastructure. Nevertheless, both parties can protect themselves against the counterparty's possible opportunism by giving the investor an “exit” (or put) option and the public agent a “bail‐out” (or call) option on the private investor's shares.In describing the role and design of such puts and calls, this paper presents a mechanism for converting “natural monopolies” into competitive or contestable markets by using over‐the‐counter option contracts that combine the stability of long‐term contracts and the flexibility of short‐term contracts. In the language of economists, the exit/bail‐out option mechanisms presented here are seen as reducing barriers to entry by streamlining incomplete long‐term contracts and avoiding contractual problems related to “bounded rationality” and opportunism.
Toll‐like receptors in prostate infection and cancer between bench and bedside
Authors: Gambara Guido , De Cesaris Paola , De Nunzio Cosimo , Ziparo Elio , Tubaro Andrea , Filippini Antonio , Riccioli Anna 
Published: April 2013

AbstractToll‐Like receptors (TLRs) are a family of evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins that recognize highly conserved molecules in pathogens. TLR‐expressing cells represent the first line of defence sensing pathogen invasion, triggering innate immune responses and subsequently priming antigen‐specific adaptive immunity. In vitro and in vivo studies on experimental cancer models have shown both anti‐ and pro‐tumoural activity of different TLRs in prostate cancer, indicating these receptors as potential targets for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the intriguing duplicity of TLR stimulation by pathogens: their protective role in cases of acute infections, and conversely their negative role in favouring hyperplasia and/or cancer onset, in cases of chronic infections. This review focuses on the role of TLRs in the pathophysiology of prostate infection and cancer by exploring the biological bases of the strict relation between TLRs and prostate cancer. In particular, we highlight the debated question of how reliable mutations or deregulated expression of TLRs are as novel diagnostic or prognostic tools for prostate cancer. So far, the anticancer activity of numerous TLR ligands has been evaluated in clinical trials only in organs other than the prostate. Here we review recent clinical trials based on the most promising TLR agonists in oncology, envisaging a potential application also in prostate cancer therapy.
Adenomyomectomy, curettage, and then uterine artery pseudoaneurysm occupying the entire uterine cavity
Authors: Matsubara Shigeki , Usui Rie , Sato Tomomi , Kuwata Tomoyuki , Ohkuchi Akihide , Nakata Manabu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUterine artery pseudoaneurysm can occur after cesarean section or traumatic delivery, usually manifesting as postpartum hemorrhage. Pregnant women after adenomyomectomy sometimes suffer some adverse events, among which uterine rupture has been widely acknowledged. We describe a post‐abortive woman who had uterine artery pseudoaneurysm occupying the entire uterine cavity. She underwent adenomyomectomy and became pregnant. She experienced a missed abortion and underwent evacuation and curettage, which caused bleeding. Several days later, ultrasound revealed an intrauterine mass with marked blood flow. Angiography revealed the un‐ruptured left uterine artery pseudoaneurysm, with arterial embolization stopping the flow within the pseudoaneurysm. Adenomyomectomy with subsequent curettage was considered to have caused the pseudoaneurysm. We must be cautious that pseudoaneurysm may occur in post‐abortive women after adenomyomectomy.
Doppler sonographic evaluation of arteriovenous shunt flow in a fetus with dural sinus malformation
Authors: Sato Yuka , Fujita Yasuyuki , Anami Ai , Yumoto Yasuo , Fukushima Kotaro , Wake Norio 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDural sinus malformation (DSM) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by a dilated dural sinus pouch. We present a case of prenatally diagnosed DSM and propose a parameter to predict poor fetal outcome. Detailed ultrasonography at 26 weeks of our patient showed an intracranial cyst in the left posterior fossa. Color Doppler study indicated an arteriovenous shunt within the cyst with increased blood flow velocity. Based on these findings, fetal DSM with arteriovenous shunt was diagnosed. Because of fetal hydrops with high‐output cardiac failure and maternal pregnancy‐induced hypertension, labor was induced at 32 weeks and resulted in stillbirth. In conclusion, based on the present case, we can deduce that color Doppler study is useful for prenatal diagnosis of DSM with arteriovenous shunt and that a high‐flow velocity to the cystic lesion is a possible predictor of hydropic change in such fetuses.