bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion: A newer perspective
Authors: Komatsu Mitsuhisa , Takei Masahiro , Ishii Hiroaki , Sato Yoshihiko 
Published: May 2013

AbstractExisting concepts and models for glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) are overviewed and a newer perspective has been formulated toward the physiological understanding of GSIS. A conventional model has been created on the basis of in vitro data on application of a square wave high glucose in the absence of any other stimulatory inputs. Glucose elicits rapid insulin release through an adenosine triphosphate‐sensitive K+ channel (KATP channel)‐dependent mechanism, which is gradually augmented in a KATP channel‐independent manner. Biphasic GSIS thus occurs. In the body, the β‐cells are constantly exposed to stimulatory signals, such as glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), parasympathetic inputs, free fatty acid (FFA), amino acids and slightly suprathreshold levels of glucose, even at fasting. GLP‐1 increases cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, parasympathetic stimulation activates protein kinase C, and FFA, amino acids and glucose generate metabolic amplification factors. Plasma glucose concentration gradually rises postprandially under such tonic stimulation. We hypothesize that these stimulatory inputs together make the β‐cells responsive to glucose independently from its action on KATP channels. Robust GSIS in patients with a loss of function mutation of the sulfonylurea receptor, a subunit of KATP channels, is compatible with this hypothesis. Furthermore, pre‐exposure of the islets to an activator of protein kinase A and/or C makes β‐cells responsive to glucose in a KATP channel‐ and Ca2+‐independent manner. We hypothesize that GSIS occurs in islet β‐cells without glucose regulation of KATP channels in vivo, for which priming with cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase C and non‐glucose nutrients are required. To understand the physiology of GSIS, comprehensive integration of accumulated knowledge is required.
Influence of Adhesive Application Methods and Rebonding Agent Application on Sealing Effectiveness of All‐in‐One Self‐Etching Adhesives
Authors: Demirci Mustafa , Tuncer Safa , Tekçe Neslihan , Erdilek Dina , Uysal Ömer 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStatement of ProblemThe choice of adhesive application methods could affect the microleakage of self‐etch adhesives.PurposeTo evaluate the effect of acid‐etching, doubling adhesive application time, doubling adhesive coating, and rebonding agent application on microleakage of self‐etch adhesives in Class V cavities.Materials and MethodsSeventy human third molars with Class V cavities assigned to five groups according to different adhesive application protocols for the three dentin adhesives (Clearfil S3 Bond, Kuraray Medical, Okayama, Japan; Optibond All‐in‐One, Kerr Corporation Orange, CA, USA; G‐Aenial Bond, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan): group 1, manufacturer's recommendations; group 2, prior acid‐etching of cavities; group 3, double application time; group 4, two consecutive coats of the adhesives; group 5, rebonding application on restoration margins. After bonding, the cavities were filled with a resin composite (Filtek Supreme XT, 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA). The teeth were thermocycled, and the specimens were examined for microleakage using methylene blue as a marker.ResultsFor Clearfil S3 Bond and Optibond All‐in‐One, microleakage in groups 2 and 5 were significantly lower than other groups' enamel margins. In groups 1, 2, 4, and 5, Clearfil S3 Bond exhibited significantly more leakage than the other dentin bonding agents in dentin margins. Microleakage was significantly higher on dentinal margins compared with the enamel margins for Clearfil S3 Bond in all of the groups. Optibond All‐in‐One showed significantly lower microleakage in dentin margins in all groups except groups 2 and 5.ConclusionAcid‐etching usually promoted the reduction of microleakage in enamel margins. On the other hand, rebonding application usually contributed to the reduction of microleakage more than other methods in enamel and dentin margins.Clinical RelevanceAcid‐etching or rebonding application may contribute to reduction of microleakage of all‐in‐one self‐etching adhesives.
A New Method of Assessing Judicial Workload in Juvenile Dependency Cases
Authors: Summers Alicia , Macgill Stephanie O. , Gatowski Sophia I. , Russell Jesse R. , Wood Steve 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article describes a new method for calculating judicial workload in dependency or child abuse and neglect cases. In contrast to traditional judicial workload methods, the method described herein produces estimates of judicial workload that take into account the complex role of the juvenile dependency court judge—a role that includes both on‐ and off‐the‐bench activities. The method provides workload estimates that give guidance to courts not only about the minimally sufficient judicial resources needed to accommodate current caseload needs, but also what level of judicial resources would be required to hold substantive dependency court hearings that comport with nationally recognized practice recommendations. The article reviews commonly used judicial workload methods, outlines the new method, and uses a pilot of the method as an example of how the method works in practice. Broader implications of this workload method are also discussed.
Out of Africa: Miocene Dispersal, Vicariance, and Extinction within Hyacinthaceae Subfamily Urgineoideae
Authors: Ali Syed Shujait , Pfosser Martin , Wetschnig Wolfgang , Martínez‐Azorín Mario , Crespo Manuel B. , Yu Yan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDisjunct distribution patterns in plant lineages are usually explained according to three hypotheses: vicariance, geodispersal, and long‐distance dispersal. The role of these hypotheses is tested in Urgineoideae (Hyacinthaceae), a subfamily disjunctly distributed in Africa, Madagascar, India, and the Mediterranean region. The potential ancestral range, dispersal routes, and factors responsible for the current distribution in Urgineoideae are investigated using divergence time estimations. Urgineoideae originated in Southern Africa approximately 48.9 Mya. Two independent dispersal events in the Western Mediterranean region possibly occurred during Early Oligocene and Miocene (29.9–8.5 Mya) via Eastern and Northwestern Africa. A dispersal from Northwestern Africa to India could have occurred between 16.3 and 7.6 Mya. Vicariance and extinction events occurred approximately 21.6 Mya. Colonization of Madagascar occurred between 30.6 and 16.6 Mya, after a single transoceanic dispersal event from Southern Africa. The current disjunct distributions of Urgineoideae are not satisfactorily explained by Gondwana fragmentation or dispersal via boreotropical forests, due to the younger divergence time estimates. The flattened winged seeds of Urgineoideae could have played an important role in long‐distance dispersal by strong winds and big storms, whereas geodispersal could have also occurred from Southern Africa to Asia and the Mediterranean region via the so‐called arid and high‐altitude corridors.
Systemic vaccination with anti‐oligomeric monoclonal antibodies improves cognitive function by reducing Aβ deposition and tau pathology in 3xTg‐AD mice
Authors: Rasool Suhail , Martinez‐Coria Hilda , Wu Jessica W. , LaFerla Frank , Glabe Charles G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disorder that is clinically characterized by a comprehensive cognitive decline. Accumulation of the amyloid‐beta (Aβ) peptide plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. In AD, the conversion of Aβ from a physiological soluble monomeric form into insoluble fibrillar conformation is an important event. The most toxic form of Aβ is oligomers, which is the intermediate step during the conversion of monomeric form to fibrillar form. There are at least two types of oligomers: oligomers that are immunologically related to fibrils and those that are not. In transgenic AD animal models, both active and passive anti‐Aβ immunotherapies improve cognitive function and clear the parenchymal accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain. In this report we studied effect of immunotherapy of two sequence‐independent non‐fibrillar oligomer specific monoclonal antibodies on the cognitive function, amyloid load and tau pathology in 3xTg‐AD mice. Anti‐oligomeric monoclonal antibodies significantly reduce the amyloid load and improve the cognition. The clearance of amyloid load was significantly correlated with reduced tau hyperphosphorylation and improvement in cognition. These results demonstrate that systemic immunotherapy using oligomer‐specific monoclonal antibodies effectively attenuates behavioral and pathological impairments in 3xTg‐AD mice. These findings demonstrate the potential of using oligomer specific monoclonal antibodies as a therapeutic approach to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease.
The evolving natural history of neurophysiologic function in patients with well‐controlled diabetes
Authors: Gibbons Christopher H. , Freeman Roy , Tecilazich Francisco , Dinh Thanh , Lyons Thomas E. , Gnardellis Charalambos , Veves Aristidis 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate prospective changes to neurophysiologic function over 3 years in patients with well‐controlled diabetes. Sixty‐two subjects had neurologic examinations, symptom scores, autonomic testing, nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, and laser‐Doppler flowmetry at 18‐month intervals for 3 years. During the study, there was a 1 µV decrease in sural amplitude (p < 0.05), an increase in monofilament detection threshold of 0.36 g (p < 0.001), and a decrease in the axon‐reflex vasodilation in the foot (p < 0.005) and forearm (p < 0.05). There was an increase in symptoms of distal hypersensitivity (p < 0.005) but no change in neuropathy frequency or severity. Our findings suggest that laser‐Doppler flowmetry, a test of small fiber function, can detect the largest neurophysiologic change over time in groups of patients with diabetes. Sural nerve amplitude and monofilament thresholds may be more effective at detecting change in individual patients. Other tests of neurophysiologic function may require longer periods of time and greater numbers of participants to detect a difference. We conclude that patients with well‐controlled diabetes and optimal medical management of comorbid risk factors have low rates of neuropathy development and progression although the clinical relevance of this finding to the general population of individuals with diabetes is unknown.
Effects of N‐acetylcysteine on cytokines in non‐acetaminophen acute liver failure: potential mechanism of improvement in transplant‐free survival
Authors: Stravitz R. Todd , Sanyal Arun J. , Reisch Joan , Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Mirshahi Farid , Cheng Jenfeng , Lee William M. ,   The Acute Liver Failure Study Group
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundN‐Acetylcysteine (NAC) improves transplant‐free survival in patients with non‐acetaminophen acute liver failure (ALF) when administered in early stages of hepatic encephalopathy. The mechanisms of this benefit are unknown.AimTo determine whether NAC improves transplant‐free survival in ALF by ameliorating the surge of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.MethodsSerum samples were obtained from 78 participants of the randomized, ALF Study Group NAC Trial with grade 1 or 2 hepatic encephalopathy on randomization. Concentrations of ten cytokines, chosen to represent a wide array of inflammatory responses, were determined by multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay ELISA.ResultsIn univariate analysis, predictors of transplant‐free survival included NAC administration (P = 0.012), admission bilirubin (P = 0.003), international normalized ratio INR (P = 0.0002), grade 1 vs. grade 2 encephalopathy (P = 0.006) and lower admission interleukin (IL)‐17 concentrations (P = 0.011). IL‐17 levels were higher in patients with grade 2 vs. grade 1 encephalopathy on randomization (P = 0.007) and in those who progressed to grade 3 or grade 4 encephalopathy over the following 7 days (P ≤ 0.01). Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis identified only NAC administration and lower IL‐17 concentrations as independent predictors of transplant‐free survival. In patients with detectable IL‐17 concentrations on admission, 78% of those who received NAC vs. 44% of those who received placebo had undetectable levels by day 3–5 (P = 0.042), and the mean decrease in IL‐17 concentrations between admission and late samples was significantly greater in patients who received NAC vs. placebo (P = 0.045).ConclusionsN‐acetylcysteine (NAC) may improve transplant‐free survival in patients with non‐acetaminophen ALF by ameliorating the production of IL‐17, which is associated with progression of hepatic encephalopathy and poor outcome.
MTTP polymorphisms and susceptibility to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in a Han Chinese population
Authors: Peng Xian E. , Wu Yun L. , Lu Qing Q. , Hu Zhi J. , Lin Xu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is required for the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B (ApoB)‐containing lipoproteins from the liver and intestine. Previous studies showed that functional polymorphisms in the MTTP gene correspond to lower LDL levels and protect against other traits of the metabolic syndrome.AimsHere, we aimed to investigate whether MTTP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their predicted haplotypes of linkage disequilibrium blocks contribute to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) susceptibility in a Han Chinese population.MethodsSeven tag SNPs in the MTTP gene were selected and genotyped in a frequency‐matched case–control study in a population from Fuzhou City, China. We enrolled 580 patients with NAFLD and 580 healthy controls.ResultsIn the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the rs1800804 (‐164 T/C) was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD, while the rs1057613 A/G and rs3805335 C/T SNPs were associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD. The cumulative effect of the rs1800804 (‐164 T/C), rs1057613 and rs3805335 was estimated, and a significant increased trend in the risk of NAFLD with increasing genetic risk score was observed (adjusted Ptrend = 0.014). Furthermore, the results of haplotype analysis suggested that the haplotype GC in block 1 containing the ‐164 C allele was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD, while haplotype TGTTC in block 2 was associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD.ConclusionsOur data show that MTTP genetic polymorphisms influence the susceptibility to developing NAFLD independently or jointly in the Han Chinese population.
A Bayesian statistical assessment of representative samples for asteroidal or meteoritical material
Authors: Carter Jonathan N. , Sephton Mark A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPrimitive substances in asteroid and meteorite materials represent a record of early solar system evolution. To allow the study of these materials, they must be collected and transferred to the laboratory. Collection during sample return missions requires an assessment of the size of samples needed. Meteorite falls or finds must be subdivided into appropriate subsamples for analysis by successive generations of scientists. It is essential, therefore, to determine a representative mass or volume at which the collected or allocated sample is representative of the whole. For the first time, we have used a Bayesian statistical approach and a selected meteorite sample, Murchison, to identify a recommended smallest sample mass that can be used without interferences from sampling bias. Enhancing background knowledge to inform sample selection and analysis is an effective means of increasing the probability of obtaining a positive scientific outcome. The influence of the subdivision mechanism when preparing samples for distribution has also been examined. Assuming a similar size distribution of fragments to that of the Murchison meteorite, cubes can be similarly representative as fragments, but at orders of magnitude smaller sizes. We find that: (1) at all defined probabilities (90%, 95%, and 99%), nanometer‐sized particles (where the axes of a three‐dimensional sample are less that a nanometer in length) are never representative of the whole; (2) at the intermediate and highest defined probabilities (95% and 99%), micrometer‐sized particles are never representative of the whole; and (3) for micrometer‐sized samples, the only sample that is representative of the whole is a cube and then only at a 90% probability. The difference between cubes and fragments becomes less important as sample size increases and any >0.5 mm‐sized sample will be representative of the whole with a probability of 99.9%. The results provide guidance for sample return mission planners and curators or advisory boards that must distribute valuable samples for analysis.
The RNAi machinery regulates growth and development in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride
Authors: Carreras‐Villaseñor Nohemi , Esquivel‐Naranjo Edgardo U. , Villalobos‐Escobedo J. Manuel , Abreu‐Goodger Cei , Herrera‐Estrella Alfredo 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe RNAi machinery is generally involved in genome protection in filamentous fungi; however, the physiological role of RNAi has been poorly studied in fungal models. Here, we report that in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride, the products of the dcr2 and rdr3 genes control reproductive development, because mutations in these genes affect conidiation. In addition, Dcr1 together with Dcr2 control vegetative growth since Δdcr1, Δdcr2 and Δdcr1Δdcr2 present morphological alterations. Whole‐genome transcriptional analysis of WT, Δdcr1, Δdcr2 and Δdcr1Δdcr2 show that each Dicer controls different biological processes, such as development or metabolism, which could explain the lack of conidiation in the mutants. Finally, we observed sRNAs that are differentially expressed in the WT and Δdcr2. The expression of some of these sRNAs correlates with the expression of differential transcripts, suggesting that these mRNAs may contain the corresponding targets. Together these data show that in T. atroviride, the RNAi machinery plays a central role in endogenous processes such as development and fitness, beyond controlling genome protection against invasive nucleic acids as reported for other fungi.
HrpE3 is a type III effector protein required for full virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola in rice
Authors: Cui Yiping , Zou Lifang , Zou Huasong , Li Yurong , Zakria Muhammad , Chen Gongyou 
Published: May 2013

SummaryXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak, a devastating disease in rice. Xoc uses a type III secretion (T3S) system, which is encoded by the hrp–hrc–hpa (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity, hrp‐conserved and hrp‐associated) genes, to inject repertoires of T3S effectors (T3Es) into plant cells. Many of the hrp–hrc–hpa genes have roles in pathogenesis, but the role of hrpE3, which shows homology to hpaE in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), is poorly understood. In this study, hrpE3 was shown to be transcribed independent of the hrpD operon, and its expression was dependent on a promoter within hpaB. The expression of hrpE3 was positively regulated by HrpG and HrpX, a finding probably caused by an imperfect plant‐inducible promoter (PIP) box (TTCGT‐N16‐TTCGA) in the hrpE3 promoter. The secretion of HrpE3 was dependent on T3S, and subcellular localization of HrpE3 was cytoplasmic and nuclear in plant cells. A mutation in hrpE3 reduced the virulence of Xoc by decreasing disease lesion length and bacterial growth in planta. Full virulence was restored to the mutant when Xoc hrpE3, but not Xcv hpaE, was expressed in trans. The differences in transcription, secretion via the T3S system and bacterial virulence in plants were attributed to N‐terminal amino acid differences between Xoc HrpE3 and Xcv HpaE. Collectively, the results demonstrate that hrpE3 encodes a T3E protein which is delivered into the plant cell through the T3S system, localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus, and is required for full virulence in rice.
KHA‐CARI guideline: Dialysis adequacy (haemodialysis): Dialysis membranes
Authors: Kerr Peter G , Toussaint Nigel D 
Published: May 2013

Summary at a glanceThis is a concise and objective assessment of the potential benefits of different types of membranes: notably synthetic high flux membranes. This review represents CARI's guidelines and should be beneficial to the nephrologists.
Floral isolation inPedicularis: how do congeners with shared pollinators minimize reproductive interference?
Authors: Huang Shuang‐Quan , Shi Xiao‐Qing 
Published: May 2013

SummaryTo minimize interspecific pollination, it has been suggested that pollen is placed on different parts of a pollinator's body corresponding to the conspecific location of pollen pickup by the stigma.AlthoughPedicularisis regarded as a classic example of pollinator‐mediated floral isolation, such reciprocal pollen placement has not been demonstrated experimentally. This leads us to question previous observations of pollen release inPedicularisspecies.Here, we show that pollen grains are released from the tip, rather than the basal opening, of the galea (the hoodlike upper lip of the corolla) in eight nectarlessPedicularisspecies, mimicking pollen release from poricidal anthers. We used safranin‐stained pollen within anthers to track pollen placement in threePedicularisspecies, and showed that pollen was deposited on numerous parts of the bumblebee's body. However, fluorescent powder placed on the stigmas to detect the contact location on the bumblebee's body was deposited mainly on the major position of pollen placement in each of the three species.Such segregation of pollen placement and pickup between species sharing the same pollinator probably helps to reduce reproductive interference, but the positions of pollen placement and stigma contact on the bumblebee's body were not as precise as previously thought.