Abstract P6-14-05: A novel link between anti-apoptotic signaling, NFκB, and SMAD7 in IBC pathobiology
Authors: Evans Myron K , Sauer Scott J , Aldrich Amy J , Geradts Joseph , Vermeulen Peter , Dirix Luc , Van Laere Steven , Devi Gayathri R 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) has the highest lethality amongst all subtypes of breast cancer and develops rapid therapeutic resistance. High NFκB activation has been identified as a distinct molecular determinant in IBC pathobiology; however, the precise sequence of its activation and functional consequence in IBC remains unknown. Our previous work identified increased expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) due to altered translation in IBC, while other studies have noted a crosstalk between XIAP and NFκB. We hypothesized that XIAP drives NFκB activation in IBC promoting therapeutic resistance and tumorigenesis.
Methods: NFκB phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and target gene expression were evaluated in triple-negative SUM149 IBC cells with targeted overexpression or knockdown of XIAP. Using specific point mutants, we assessed the domain and mechanism of XIAP-mediated NFκB activation in IBC. We evaluated proliferation and viability in 2D and 3D culture of SUM149 cells treated with JSH-23, a small molecule inhibitor of NFκB nuclear translocation. We monitored the effects of XIAP overexpression or knockdown on in vivo tumorigenicity in IBC xenograft models by measuring tumor growth and NFκB signaling. IHC analysis of XIAP and NFκB was performed on tumor microarrays containing both non-IBC and IBC.
Results: Knockdown of XIAP significantly decreased NFκB activation in IBC cells. Domain analysis revealed the necessity of the BIR1 domain of XIAP and TAB1:IKKβ complex formation in activating NFκB. NFκB antagonism inhibited proliferation of cells and sensitized therapy-resistant, XIAP overexpressing cells to targeted therapy. Loss of XIAP inhibited tumor growth of SUM149 tumor cells, correlating with decreased ALDH activity and varied epithelial-mesenchymal characteristics in these cells, while overexpression of XIAP significantly enhanced tumor growth of SUM149 cells. Further analysis revealed altered SMAD7 expression in XIAP knockdown cells, revealing crosstalk between XIAP, NFκB, and TGFβ signaling in IBC. IHC analysis of XIAP expression in invasive non-IBC tumors correlated with triple-negative status as well as increased grade and stage of tumors. In IBC tumors, XIAP expression associated with increased NFκB.
Conclusions: In summary, our studies reveal that XIAP expression is necessary for NFκB activation in IBC and is critical for IBC development and progression. This study provides a novel insight into how an anti-apoptotic protein may regulate survival signaling and disease progression and may guide further research into innovative inhibitors of this interaction.
Citation Format: Myron K Evans, Scott J Sauer, Amy J Aldrich, Joseph Geradts, Peter Vermeulen, Luc Dirix, Steven Van Laere, Gayathri R Devi. A novel link between anti-apoptotic signaling, NFκB, and SMAD7 in IBC pathobiology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-14-05.