bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PV module energy rating: opportunities and limitations
Authors: Dirnberger Daniela , Müller Björn , Reise Christian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article sheds new light on photovoltaic (PV) module rating according to predicted yield rather than power measured at standard testing conditions (STC). We calculate module performance ratios (MPR) for measured characteristics of eight different module types and compare them with a reference MPR calculated with typical crystalline silicon characteristics. In place of the not yet existing standardized weather data, we use commercially available weather data for three different locations. The reference MPR for the three locations were 95.5%, 94.6%, and 91.0%, respectively, with differences to the other module types of ±8% at maximum. MPR was calculated with reference to nominal power, and—following IEC 61853—without consideration of potential degradation. The strongest contribution to the initial differences between the module types was due to differences in irradiance dependency. Standard uncertainties for all initial MPR values were calculated and range from 1.8% to 3.0%, including STC power uncertainty. We propose a module rating method that indicates whether a module type's performance is significantly above, below, or essentially equal to the reference. The method evaluates the MPR difference between module type and reference, taking uncertainty into account. Significant differences were only found between modules with obviously different characteristics, but not between the crystalline silicon module types under scrutiny. As the uncertainty analysis did not cover degradation and influences due to the use of not standardized weather data, a sensitivity analysis was performed. Long‐term degradation can change the comparative energy rating significantly, whereas the selection of tilt angle and assumptions regarding module operating temperature did not have a strong effect. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance enhancement of multicrystalline silicon solar cells and modules using double‐layered SiNx:H antireflection coatings
Authors: Du Guoping , Zhang Yu , Li Wang , Chen Nan , Liu Bingfa , Sun Jie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSilicon nitride coating deposited by the plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition method is the most widely used antireflection coating for crystalline silicon solar cells. In this work, we employed double‐layered silicon nitride coating consisting of a top layer with a lower refractive index and a bottom layer (contacting the silicon wafer) with a higher refractive index for multicrystalline silicon solar cells. An optimization procedure was presented for maximizing the photovoltaic performance of the encapsulated solar cells or modules. The dependence of their photovoltaic properties on the thickness of silicon nitride coatings was carefully analyzed. Desirable thicknesses of the individual silicon nitride layers for the double‐layered coatings were calculated. In order to get statistical conclusions, we fabricated a large number of multicrystalline silicon solar cells using the standard production line for both the double‐layered and single‐layered antireflection coating types. On the cell level, the double‐layered silicon nitride antireflection coating resulted in an increase of 0.21%, absolute for the average conversion efficiency, and 1.8 mV and 0.11 mA/cm2 for the average open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density, respectively. On the module level, the cell to module power transfer factor was analyzed, and it was demonstrated that the double‐layered silicon nitride antireflection coating provided a consistent enhancement in the photovoltaic performance for multicrystalline silicon solar cell modules than the single‐layered silicon nitride coating. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is $50/MWh solar for real? Falling project prices and rising capacity factors drive utility‐scale PV toward economic competitiveness
Authors: Bolinger Mark , Weaver Samantha , Zuboy Jarett 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRecently announced low‐priced power purchase agreements (PPAs) for US utility‐scale photovoltaic (PV) projects suggest $50/MWh solar might be viable under certain conditions. To explore this possibility, this paper draws on an increasing wealth of empirical data to analyze trends in three of the most important PPA price drivers: upfront installed project prices, operations, and maintenance (O&M) costs, and capacity factors. Average installed prices among a sample of utility‐scale PV projects declined by more than one third (from $5.8/WAC to $3.7/WAC) from the 2007–2009 period through 2013, even as costlier systems with crystalline‐silicon modules, sun tracking, and higher inverter loading ratios (ILRs) have constituted an increasing proportion of total utility‐scale PV capacity (all values shown here are in 2013 dollars). Actual and projected O&M costs from a very small sample of projects appear to range from $20–$40/kWAC‐year. The average net capacity factor is 30% for projects installed in 2012, up from 24% for projects installed in 2010, owing to better solar resources, higher ILRs, and greater use of tracking among the more recent projects. Based on these trends, a pro‐forma financial model suggests that $50/MWh utility‐scale PV is achievable using a combination of aggressive‐but‐achievable technical and financial input parameters (including receipt of the 30% federal investment tax credit). Although the US utility‐scale PV market is still young, the rapid progress in the key metrics documented in this paper has made PV a viable competitor against other utility‐scale renewable generators, and even conventional peaking generators, in certain regions of the country. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Functionalized PEG‐b‐PAGE‐b‐PLGA triblock terpolymers as materials for nanoparticle preparation
Authors: Czaplewska Justyna A. , Majdanski Tobias C. , Barthel Markus J. , Gottschaldt Michael , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTA series of poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(allyl glycidyl ether) (PEG‐b‐PAGE) macroinitiators are prepared using the living anionic ring‐opening polymerization (AROP) technique, and applied for further copolymerization studies. To overcome the low reactivity of the secondary hydroxyl end‐group of the PAGE block, a primary hydroxyl group is introduced into the macroinitiators via trityl and tert‐butyl‐dimethylsilane protective groups. The modified macroinitiators are used for copolymerization by applying different amounts of PEG‐b‐PAGE (5, 10, and 15%) and different PLGA lengths. To study their properties, nanoparticles from selected polymers are prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy showing spherical particles with diameters around 200 nm and low PDIparticle values of 0.03–0.1. An advantage of the obtained polymers is the presence of double bonds in the side chain, which enables the modification via, for example, thiol‐ene reactions. For this purpose tertiary 2‐(dimethylamino)ethanethiol), acetylated thiogalactose and thiomannose are attached onto the double bonds of the PAGE‐blocks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2163–2174
Internal and International Migration in East and Southeast Asia: Exploring the Linkages
Authors: Hugo Graeme John 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInternal and international migration have increased exponentially in scale, complexity and significance in the last two decades. There are often strong relationships between internal and international migration, but they remain little understood because the two types of movement are conceptualised, measured and studied separately. This paper is divided into two parts. The first summarises the areas of both convergence and divergence in the types, patterns, causes and consequences of internal and international migration in the Asian region. These are considered partially in the context of the complex relationship between migration and development. It is shown that there is more convergence than divergence conceptually and theoretically. The second part of the paper addresses the issue of linkages between internal and international migration. This model argues that on the one hand international migrants usually engage in a different pattern of internal migration than the established population at the destination. It also suggests that in some cases international migration itself may influence the internal migration patterns of the resident population. On the other hand there are also linkages in ‘origin’ countries where particular patterns of internal migration precede international migration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migrants' Transnationality, Societal Transformation, and Locality: an Introduction
Authors: Fauser Margit , Nijenhuis Gery 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe implications of migrants' transnational engagements for processes of change and development in the regions of origin are attracting increased attention from both policymakers and academics. Rather than addressing the positive effects of migration and transnationality on local development, this special issue suggests a focus on the relationship between this phenomenon and broader societal transformation, thereby acknowledging the renewed importance of place and locality. To this end, this introduction provides an overview of the current debate on transnational dynamics in relation to societal transformation, local development, and inequality. Central to our analysis is the way in which migrants' transnationality engages with the hierarchies that exist between and within localities, and how this reproduces social inequalities. This introduction thus also reflects the key themes that are addressed in the five papers that make up this special issue on transnational dynamics, transformation, and locality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robot‐assisted intersphincteric resection for rectal submucosal tumour
Authors: Du Jin‐Lin , Chen Chia‐Che , Chao Hsiao‐Mei , Kuo Li‐Jen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundRectal submucosal tumours are rare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of robot‐assisted rectal surgery.MethodsPatients who received robot‐assisted intersphincteric resection (ISR) were included in the present study. Clinical outcomes, operating time, length of hospital stay and pathological status were analysed.ResultsThere were three patients with gastrointestinal tumours and three patients diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumours. The mean operating time was 369.2 min and the estimated blood loss was 66.7 ml. There were neither intraoperative complications nor conversions. On pathological examination, the mean number of lymph nodes harvested was 10.3 (range 3–16), the mean distal resection margin was 1.1 (range 0.1–3) cm and all six patients had the circumferential resection margins clear.ConclusionsOur data show that robotic surgery is feasible and safe, with no morbidity or mortality, and that ISR provides bowel continuity and eliminates the need for colostomy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sealed‐bid auction: a cryptographic solution to bid‐rigging attack in the collusive environment
Authors: Howlader Jaydeep , Mal Ashis Kumar 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSealed‐Bid auction is an efficient and rational way to establish the price and trading goods in the open market. However sealed‐bid auctions are subject to bid‐rigging attack. Receipt‐free mechanisms are proposed to prevent bid‐rigging. So far, all the proposed receipt‐free mechanisms are based on strict assumptions: i) The channel between bidders and the auction authorities (like auctioneer, sealer, registering authority etc.) must be untappable, 2) the authorities are assumed to be honest (not colluded), hence ensure privacy and anonymity of bids. Moreover, the existing receipt‐free mechanisms are bandwidth intensive (estimated difference between the minimum and maximum bidding price). In this paper, we present a receipt‐free sealed‐bid auction mechanism which can withstand public channel and colluded authorities. The proposed mechanism can work even under the situation where all the authorities except one are colluded. Unlike the existing mechanisms, the computational complexity of the proposed mechanism is independent of the bandwidth and only depends on the number of valid bids. The auction mechanism requires O(mlogm) computational steps to resolve the winner, where m is the number of valid bids in the system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disentangling effects of noise from presence of anthropogenic infrastructure: Design and testing of system for large‐scale playback experiments
Authors: Rosa Patricia , Swider Colin R. , Leston Lionel , Koper Nicola 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTAnthropogenic noise may be detrimental to many bird species, and manipulative experiments would help us understand these effects. We present the design and validation of a self‐sustaining solar‐powered broadcasting system that will allow researchers to disentangle acute or chronic effects of noise from effects of the presence of infrastructure, even in remote areas. We tested the broadcasting system using a case study on noise from oil well infrastructure in southern Alberta, Canada. Recordings from 2 types of oil wells were obtained and then broadcasted through 6 independent playback units continuously for a period of 3 months in 2013, at sites undisturbed by oil development. Sound measurements at real oil wells and at sites with broadcasting systems simulating the noise from these oil wells demonstrated that real and projected noise had very similar sound pressure levels, attenuation trends, and spectral composition. Throughout this long‐term playback experiment, the system produced power and noise reliably and consistently. In conjunction with bird surveys, this experimental design and infrastructure can be used to allow researchers to dissociate the presence of anthropogenic development from associated noise, providing us with information that will help decrease the environmental impacts of human activities. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Quantitative analysis in femur of Wistar rats after chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer using synchrotron X‐ray microfluorescence and microtomography
Authors: Pickler A. , Alessio R. , Mota C. L. , Mantuano A. , Nogueira L. P. , Salata C. , Almeida A. P. , Sena G. , Braz D. , de Almeida C. E. V. , Barroso R. C. 
Published: May 2015

In recent years, new techniques have been developed for the analysis of bone matrix. Two of the most common technologies that make use of X‐rays are X‐ray microfluorescence (μXRF) and X‐ray absorption microtomography (μCT). μXRF is a powerful analytical tool for the spectroscopic determination of almost all elements (Z > 13) present in a sample. μCT is a nondestructive technique, which can be used to create cross sections of complex objects.In this work, both techniques were applied to bones to evaluate possible structural and elemental modifications caused by chemotherapy procedure. Ten adult female Wistar rats, clinically healthy, divided randomly into two groups: treated group (called G1) received doses of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide drugs, while control group (called G0) was not treated. The elemental distribution of Ca and morphometric parameters, cortical porosity and bone volume–total tissue volume ratio in femur head, was investigated using μXRF and μCT, respectively, with the aim of helping to obtain a better understanding of the side effects caused by chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer. Calcium distribution maps were obtained by μXRF in the X‐ray fluorescence beamline at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory. Morphometric parameters were calculated from three‐dimensional microtomographic images carried out at the Synchrotron Radiation on Medical Physics beamline at the Elettra Synchrotron Laboratory in Trieste, Italy. As a result of this study using μXRF, Ca levels show a significant decrease in treated bones in comparison with the control group. From μCT analysis, bone volume–total tissue volume ratio shows a tendency to decrease, while cortical porosity shows significant increase in bones from G1 group. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Both habitat change and local lek structure influence patterns of spatial loss and recovery in a black grouse population
Authors: Geary Matthew , Fielding Alan H. , Marsden Stuart J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLand use change is a major driver of declines in wildlife populations. Where human economic or recreational interests and wildlife share landscapes this problem is exacerbated. Changes in UK black grouse Tetrao tetrix populations are thought to have been strongly influenced by upland land use change. In a long‐studied population within Perthshire, lek persistence is positively correlated with lek size, and remaining leks clustered most strongly within the landscape when the population is lowest, suggesting that there may be a demographic and/or spatial context to the reaction of the population to habitat changes. Hierarchical cluster analysis of lek locations revealed that patterns of lek occupancy when the population was declining were different to those during the later recovery period. Response curves from lek‐habitat models developed using MaxEnt for periods with a declining population, low population, and recovering population were consistent across years for most habitat measures. We found evidence linking lek persistence with habitat quality changes and more leks which appeared between 1994 and 2008 were in improving habitat than those which disappeared during the same period. Generalised additive models identified changes in woodland and starting lek size as being important indicators of lek survival between declining and low/recovery periods. There may also have been a role for local densities in explaining recovery since the population low point. Persistence of black grouse leks was influenced by habitat, but changes in this alone did not fully account for black grouse declines. Even when surrounded by good quality habitat, leks can be susceptible to extirpation due to isolation.
A novel method of reduction for first-time acute lateral patellar dislocations in children and adolescents
Authors: Ong Gene Yong-Kwang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFive pediatric patients with acute traumatic "first-time" lateral patellar dislocations were successfully reduced using a novel, atraumatic, and simple technique. Uniquely, unlike the traditional method of patellar reduction, the patellar dislocations were reduced without any direct manipulation of the patella. In co-operative patients, no analgesia was required. Further validation of the reproducibility of the effectiveness of this method for successful patellar reduction in pediatric and adult populations are required.
Awareness of folic acid use increases its consumption, and reduces the risk of spina bifida
Authors: Kondo Atsuo , Morota Nobuhito , Date Hiroaki , Yoshifuji Kazuhisa , Morishima Toshibumi , Miyazato Minoru , Shirane Reizo , Sakai Hideki , Pooh Kyong Hon , Watanabe Tomoyuki 
Published: May 2015

The majority of neural tube defects were believed to be folic acid (FA)-preventable in the 1990s. The Japanese government recommended women planning pregnancy to take FA supplements of 400 μg/d in 2000, but the incidence of spina bifida has not decreased. We aimed to evaluate the OR of having an infant with spina bifida for women who periconceptionally took FA supplements and the association between an increase in supplement use and possible promoters for the increase. This is a case–control study which used 360 case women who gave birth to newborns afflicted with spina bifida, and 2333 control women who gave birth to healthy newborns during the first 12 years of this century. They were divided into two 6-year periods; from 2001 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2012. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compute OR between cases and controls. The adjusted OR of having an infant with spina bifida for supplement users was 0·48 in the first period, and 0·53 in the second period. The proportion of women who periconceptionally consumed supplements significantly increased from 10 % in the first period to 30 % in the second period. Awareness of the preventive role of FA was a promoter for an increase in supplement use, and thus an FA campaign in high school seems rational and effective. The failure of the current public health policy is responsible for an epidemic of spina bifida. Mandatory food fortification with FA is urgent and long overdue in Japan.
“This Story Is about Something Fundamental”: Nazi Criminals, History, Memory, and the Reichstag Fire
Authors: Hett Benjamin Carter 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFor more than eighty years there has been controversy about who set the fire that destroyed the plenary chamber of the Reichstag fire on the evening of February 27, 1933—thereby handing the Nazis a pretext to gut the democratic Weimar constitution through the emergency “Reichstag Fire Decree.” Since the 1960s there has been a consensus among historians that the fire was set by Marinus van der Lubbe, a twenty-four-year-old Dutch journeyman stonemason supposedly acting alone—with no Nazi involvement. Few historians, however, have been inclined to investigate the motives behind the development of this single-culprit narrative, or the reasons for its generally positive reception among postwar German historians. With the aid of newly discovered sources, this article examines the legal and political interests that have underpinned this narrative. The single-culprit narrative was developed by ex-Nazis, whereas accounts of the Reichstag fire stressing Nazi complicity came almost invariably from former resistance fighters and victims of Nazism. Postwar historians responded to these accounts in much the same way they have responded to perpetrator and victim accounts of the Holocaust: with a markedly greater preference for those of the perpetrators. This tendency has shaped the debate over the Reichstag fire in the same way it has shaped other areas of research on the Third Reich.
CHANGES IN MARRIAGE PATTERNS AMONG THE ARAB COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL OVER A 60-YEAR PERIOD
Authors: Sharkia Rajech , Mahajnah Muhammad , Athamny Esmael , Khatib Mohammad , Sheikh-Muhammad Ahmad , Zalan Abdelnaser 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and trends of various types of consanguineous marriage among the Arab community in Israel over a long time period (1948–2007) by religion and educational level. Data were collected by face-to-face interview of 3173 Arab couples living in Israel in 2007 and 2008. The trend in consanguineous marriages was found to decrease significantly over successive time periods, from 42.5% to 30.9% (p=0.001), and the prevalence of first-cousin and closer marriages decreased, from 23% to 12.7%. Consanguinity was found to be significantly related to religion (p=0.001) and wife’s level of education (p=0.028).