bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Sea Ice Albedo Radiative Forcing and Feedback over the Northern Hemisphere from 1982 to 2009 Using Satellite and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Cao Yunfeng , Liang Shunlin , Chen Xiaona , He Tao 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The decreasing surface albedo caused by continuously retreating sea ice over Arctic plays a critical role in Arctic warming amplification. However, the quantification of the change in radiative forcing at top of atmosphere (TOA) introduced by the decreasing sea ice albedo and its feedback to the climate remain uncertain. In this study, based on the satellite-retrieved long-term surface albedo product CLARA-A1 (Cloud, Albedo, and Radiation dataset, AVHRR-based, version 1) and the radiative kernel method, an estimated 0.20 ± 0.05 W m−2 sea ice radiative forcing (SIRF) has decreased in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) owing to the loss of sea ice from 1982 to 2009, yielding a sea ice albedo feedback (SIAF) of 0.25 W m−2 K−1 for the NH and 0.19 W m−2 K−1 for the entire globe. These results are lower than the estimate from another method directly using the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) broadband planetary albedo. Further data analysis indicates that kernel method is likely to underestimate the change in all-sky SIRF because all-sky radiative kernels mask too much of the effect of sea ice albedo on the variation of cloudy albedo. By applying an adjustment with CERES-based estimate, the change in all-sky SIRF over the NH was corrected to 0.33 ± 0.09 W m−2, corresponding to a SIAF of 0.43 W m−2 K−1 for NH and 0.31 W m−2 K−1 for the entire globe. It is also determined that relative to satellite surface albedo product, two popular reanalysis products, ERA-Interim and MERRA, severely underestimate the changes in NH SIRF in melt season (May–August) from 1982 to 2009 and the sea ice albedo feedback to warming climate.
Dynamically Downscaled Projections of Lake-Effect Snow in the Great Lakes Basin*,+
Authors: Notaro Michael , Bennington Val , Vavrus Steve 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Projected changes in lake-effect snowfall by the mid- and late twenty-first century are explored for the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Simulations from two state-of-the-art global climate models within phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are dynamically downscaled according to the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). The downscaling is performed using the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) with 25-km grid spacing, interactively coupled to a one-dimensional lake model. Both downscaled models produce atmospheric warming and increased cold-season precipitation. The Great Lakes’ ice cover is projected to dramatically decline and, by the end of the century, become confined to the northern shallow lakeshores during mid-to-late winter. Projected reductions in ice cover and greater dynamically induced wind fetch lead to enhanced lake evaporation and resulting total lake-effect precipitation, although with increased rainfall at the expense of snowfall. A general reduction in the frequency of heavy lake-effect snowstorms is simulated during the twenty-first century, except with increases around Lake Superior by the midcentury when local air temperatures still remain low enough for wintertime precipitation to largely fall in the form of snow. Despite the significant progress made here in elucidating the potential future changes in lake-effect snowstorms across the Great Lakes basin, further research is still needed to downscale a larger ensemble of CMIP5 model simulations, ideally using a higher-resolution, nonhydrostatic regional climate model coupled to a three-dimensional lake model.
Devulcanization of ethylene–propylene–diene waste rubber by microwaves and chemical agents
Authors: Movahed S Ostad , Ansarifar A , Zohuri G , Ghaneie N , Kermany Y 
Published: November 2014

Extensive use of rubber in industrial articles and their eventual disposal at the end of their useful service life has created a major concern for the environment. In automotive applications, ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) is used to manufacture various parts which will be difficult to dispose of or scrap. A microwave oven was used as a heating source, and with the aid of some chemical agents and aromatic and aliphatic oils, cured EPDM waste powder was devulcanized at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 260°C. The devulcanized waste powder was then revulcanized with a sulfur cure system and its cure and mechanical properties were measured. It emerged that with the aid of the chemical agents, the waste powder devulcanized more efficiently in the aromatic oil than it did in the aliphatic one. The chemical agents had different effects on the devulcanization of the waste powder and mechanical properties of the revulcanized compound. In addition, devulcanization was more efficient at higher temperatures. The hardness, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the revulcanized compounds were in the range of 49–79 Shore A, 2.0–3.7 MPa, and 34–211%, respectively. These properties were influenced mainly by the composition and devulcanization conditions of the waste powder. There is scope to recycle and reuse some of these compounds in automotive applications.
Standardized uptake value differences between primary and metastatic lesions in 18F-FDG PET/CT of patients with lung cancer
Authors: Kosaka Nobuyuki , Tsuchida Tatsuro , Tsuji Kazunobu , Shimizu Kazuhiro , Kimura Hirohiko 
Published: November 2014

Background FDG-PET/CT is a robust tool for staging of lung cancer, but the differences in FDG uptake between primary and metastatic lesions have not yet been well described. Purpose To define the potential range of standardized uptake value (SUV) differences between primary and metastatic lesions in lung cancer patients and to identify the factors responsible for these differences. Material and Methods FDG-PET/CT images of 75 lung cancers with 296 metastases were analyzed retrospectively. Histological types, primary locations, and metastatic sites were recorded. The average and maximum SUV (SUVavg, SUVmax) of each primary tumor and metastasis were measured, and the ratio of metastatic SUVs to primary SUVs (M/Pavg, M/Pmax), its difference from 100% (diff-M/Pavg, diff-M/Pmax), the ratio of ROI area of metastatic to primary lesions (ROI-M/P), and its difference from 100% (diff-ROI-M/P) were calculated. Results M/Pavg was in the range of 35.9–224.6% (mean ± SD: 97.9% ± 35.9%), while M/Pmax was in the range of 24.8–286.7% (98.1% ± 45.3%). Furthermore, values were in the range of 50–200% for M/Pavg in 280/296 lesions (94.6%) and for M/Pmax in 255/296 lesions (86.1%). M/Pavg and M/Pmax showed significant linear correlations with ROI-M/P (r = 0.62, 0.64, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that diff-ROI-M/P had the greatest effect on diff-M/Pavg and diff-M/Pmax. Conclusion The SUVs of most metastatic lesions ranged from half to double those of primaries in lung cancer patients. When the SUV of a suspected metastasis is beyond the range of half to double that of the primary lung cancer, other non-metastatic lesions should be considered, while taking ROI size into account.
Lumbopelvic Kinematic Characteristics of Golfers With Limited Hip Rotation
Authors: Kim Sol-Bi , You Joshua (Sung) H. , Kwon Oh-Yun , Yi Chung-Hwi 
Published: November 2014

Background: While the biomechanical characteristics of the golf swing are well established, the lumbopelvic kinematic characteristics of professional golfers with limited hip internal rotation warrant further investigation. Purpose: The specific aim was to ascertain mechanical differences in lumbopelvic-hip movement of asymptomatic professional golfers with and without limited hip internal rotation during the golf swing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirty professional male golfers (aged 25-35 years and 0 handicap matched) were classified into either the limited hip internal motion (LHIM) group (range of motion <20°) or the normal hip internal motion (NHIM) group (range of motion ≥30°). All participants underwent clinical tests (muscle strength, muscle length, and range of motion) and a biomechanical assessment using 8 infrared optic cameras in a motion analysis system. Independent t tests were performed to determine potential mean differences in muscle strength, length, and range of motion and lumbopelvic kinematics at P < .05. Results: Kinematic analysis revealed that the LHIM group showed significantly greater lumbar flexion ( P < .001), right and left axial rotation ( P < .025), and right-side lateral bending ( P = .003) than the NHIM group. A greater pelvic posterior tilt was observed in the LHIM group when compared with the NHIM group ( P = .021). Clinical tests showed reduced internal rotator muscle strength and shorter muscle length in the iliopsoas ( P = .017) and hamstring ( P < .001) among those in the LHIM group when compared with the NHIM group. Clinical Relevance: The study data suggest that constraints to hip joint internal rotation, along with muscle strength imbalances between the agonist and antagonist muscles and muscle tightness, are associated with substantially greater lumbopelvic movement during the golf swing.
The Effect of Previous Hamstring Strain Injuries on the Change in Eccentric Hamstring Strength During Preseason Training in Elite Australian Footballers
Authors: Opar David A. , Williams Morgan D. , Timmins Ryan G. , Hickey Jack , Duhig Steven J. , Shield Anthony J. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are the most common injury type in Australian football, and the rate of recurrence has been consistently high for a number of years. Long-lasting neuromuscular inhibition has been noted in previously injured athletes, but it is not known if this influences the athlete’s adaptive response to training. Purpose: To determine if elite Australian footballers with a prior unilateral HSI (previously injured group) display less improvement in eccentric hamstring strength during preseason training compared with athletes without a history of HSIs (control group). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 99 elite Australian footballers (17 with a history of unilateral HSIs in the previous 12-month period) participated in this study. Eccentric hamstring strength was assessed at the start and end of preseason training using an instrumented Nordic hamstring device. The change in eccentric strength across the preseason was determined in absolute terms and normalized to the start of preseason strength. The start of preseason strength was used as a covariate to control for differences in starting strength. Results: The left and right limbs in the control group showed no difference in absolute or relative change (left limb: 60.7 ± 72.9 N and 1.28 ± 0.34 N, respectively; right limb: 48.6 ± 83.8 N and 1.24 ± 0.43 N, respectively). Similarly, the injured and uninjured limbs in the previously injured group showed no difference in either absolute or relative change (injured limb: 13.1 ± 57.7 N and 1.07 ± 0.18 N, respectively; uninjured limb: 14.7 ± 54.0 N and 1.07 ± 0.22 N, respectively). The previously injured group displayed significantly less increase in eccentric hamstring strength across the preseason (absolute change, 13.9 ± 55.0 N; relative change, 1.07 ± 0.20 N) compared with the control group (absolute change, 54.6 ± 78.5 N; relative change, 1.26 ± 0.39 N) for both absolute and relative measures ( P < .001), even after controlling for differences in the start of preseason eccentric hamstring strength, which had a significant effect on strength improvement. Conclusion: Elite Australian footballers with a unilateral history of HSIs displayed less improvement in eccentric hamstring strength across preseason training. The smaller improvements were not restricted to the previously injured limb as the contralateral limb also displayed similarly small improvements in eccentric strength. Whether this is the cause of or the result of an injury remains to be seen, but it has the potential to contribute to the risk of hamstring strain reinjuries.
Surfactant toxicity in a case of (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid herbicide intoxication
Authors: Hwang I , Lee JW , Kim JS , Gil HW , Song HY , Hong SY 
Published: November 2014

Objective: Self-poisoning with (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) is a common reason for presentation to hospitals, especially in some Asian countries. We encountered a case of a 76-year-old woman who experienced unconsciousness, shock and respiratory failure after ingesting 100 mL MCPA herbicide. We determined whether the surfactant in the formulation was the chemical responsible for the toxic symptom in this patient. Design: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays were performed on human brain neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The expressions of 84 genes in 9 categories that are implicated in cellular damage pathways were quantified using an RT2 Profiler™ PCR array on a human neuronal cell line challenged with polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether (PTE). Setting: Pesticide intoxication institute in university hospital. Interventions: Extracorporeal elimination with intravenous lipid emulsion. Measurements: Cell viability and gene expression. Main Results: In the MTT assay, MCPA only minimally decreased cell viability even at concentrations as high as 1 mM. Cells treated with 1-methoxy-2-propanol, dimethylamine and polypropylene glycol exhibited minimal decreases in viability, whilst the viability of cells challenged with PTE decreased dramatically; only 15.5% of cells survived after exposure to 1 µM PTE. Similarly, the results of the LDH cytotoxicity assay showed that MCPA had very low cytotoxicity, whilst cells treated with PTE showed incomparably higher LDH levels ( p < 0.0001). PTE up-regulated the expressions of genes implicated in various cell damage pathways, particularly genes involved in the inflammatory pathway. Conclusions: The surfactant PTE was likely the chemical responsible for the toxic symptom in our patient.
Genetic dissection of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutants and D-2-hydroxyglutarate in Drosophila
Authors: Reitman Zachary J. , Sinenko Sergey A. , Spana Eric P. , Yan Hai 
Published: November 2014

Key PointsHomologs to cancer-derived IDH1 and IDH2 mutants produce D-2HG and drive expansion of Drosophila blood cells. In flies, mutant Idh interacts with genes that regulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis.
Modeling and systematic analysis of biomarker validation using selected reaction monitoring
Authors: Atashpaz-Gargari Esmaeil , Braga-Neto Ulisses M , Dougherty Edward R 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Background
Discovery and validation of protein biomarkers with high specificity is the main challenge of current proteomics studies. Different mass spectrometry models are used as shotgun tools for the discovery of biomarkers. Validation of a set of selected biomarkers from a list of candidates is an important stage in the biomarker identification pipeline. Validation is typically done by triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometry (MS) running in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Although the individual modules of this pipeline have been studied, there is little work on integrating the components from a systematic point of view.

Results
This paper analyzes the SRM experiment pipeline in a systematic fashion, by modeling the main stages of the biomarker validation process. The proposed models for SRM and protein mixture are then used to study the effect of different parameters on the final performance of biomarker validation. Sample complexity, purification, peptide ionization, and peptide specificity are among the parameters of the SRM experiment that are studied. We focus on the sensitivity of the SRM pipeline to the working parameters, in order to identify the bottlenecks where time and energy should be spent in designing the experiment.

Conclusions
The model presented in this paper can be utilized to observe the effect of different instrument and experimental settings on biomarker validation by SRM. On the other hand, the model would be beneficial for optimization of the work flow as well as identification of the bottlenecks of the pipeline. Also, it creates the required infrastructure for predicting the performance of the SRM pipeline for a specific setting of the parameters.
NO Reduction Activity of Pyrochlore-Type Ln2Sn2−xZrxO7 (Ln: La, Nd, Y)-Supported Rh Catalysts
Authors: Kato Sumio , Akiyama Shinya , Ogasawara Masataka , Wakabayashi Takashi , Nakahara Yunosuke 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Pyrochlore-type Ln2Sn2−xZrxO7-supported Rh catalysts were prepared and their catalytic activity for NO reduction by C3H6 was investigated. High NO conversion was achieved with Rh/Ln2Sn2O7 (Ln = La, Nd, and Y) and Nd2SnZrO7 catalysts. The maximum NO conversion declined and the reduction temperature of the oxidized Rh species increased, upon substitution of Sn4+ with Zr4+. H2-TPR and XPS analyses of the catalysts suggested that the decrease in the NO reduction activity of the Rh/Ln2Sn2−xZrxO7 catalysts after aging at 900 °C may be due to diffusion of Rh into the support, decreasing the Rh reducibility.
Catalytic Conversion of Levulinic Acid and Its Esters to γ-Valerolactone over Silica-Supported Zirconia Catalysts
Authors: Kuwahara Yasutaka , Kaburagi Wako , Fujitani Tadahiro 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Levulinic acid and its esters, important intermediate chemicals produced from biomass resources, were converted to γ-valerolactone via a catalytic transfer hydrogenation process over silica-supported zirconia catalysts. Silica support with a higher surface area provided highly dispersed active zirconium oxide species, which exhibited superior catalytic activity to the conventional ZrO2 catalyst.
Erinnerung an Paul Speratus (1484–1551), ein enger Anhänger Luthers in den Anfaängen der Reformation
Authors: Brecht Martin 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
The essay reminds us of the effects of Paul Speratus, that early follower of Luther who died 450 years ago and who, probably unjustly, has enjoyed little attention in recent decades. At the beginning of 1522, the former Würzburg cathedral preacher was excommunicated by the theology faculty of the University of Vienna, because of a sermon that he had preached in St. Stephan’s Cathedral in Vienna - one of the first that argued against clerical vows of celibacy. From that time, Speratus aligned himself with the faction of reform-minded critics of scholasticism. Nevertheless, he found a new position as pastor in Iglau (Moravia), from which, however, King Ludwig of Hungary attempted to drive him. The congregation initially banded together in defense of their pastor, but under the pressure of the cross it did not persevere. Speratus had to yield and turned toward Wittenberg. There he gained attention as the translator of three writings of Luther, among others the Formula Missae|. In addition, he wrote the lyrics of the great Reformation hymn, Es ist das Heil uns kommen her|. A later song about the Augsburg Diet of 1530 expressed the problem of resistance. After 1524, Speratus took his final post, as court preacher in the young Duchy of Prussia and evangelical Bishop of Pomerania. His contribution to the history of the Prussian Reformation is deserving of a new evaluation.
Konfessionsbildung und Einheitsbestrebungen im Königreich Ungarn zur Regierungszeit Ferdinands I.
Authors: Csepregi Zoltán 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
The question of Catholicity unites the three problems dealt with in this essay. Johannes Honterus’s concept of Reformation can be understood above all against the background of the Roman Catholic way of speaking about renewal and efforts at integration. The question of the dating of the Upper Hungarian “Confessio Pentapolitana” is posed anew; its alleged author, Leonhard Stöckel, could not possibly have written the confession of the Five-City Federation that was submitted in 1549. The emergence of this confessional text is illuminated on the basis of the meetings of the Hungarian Diet. It is possible that the “Confessio Pentapolitana,” which Hungarian authorities did not recognize or consent to during the period under study, was at most tolerated for tactical reasons.
Social Discipline in Italy: Peregrinations of a Historical Paradigm
Authors: Boer Wietse de 
Published: November 2014

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Dieser Aufsatz beschä ftigt sich mit dem Ursprung und der Entwicklung der Debatte über Sozialdisziplinierung, Konfessionalisierung und Modernisierung in der italienischen Historiographie seit den frühen 1980er Jahren. Anstoß dieser Diskussionen war der Vorschlag, frühneuzeitliche italienische Geschichte nicht mehr in den Kategorien von Gegenreformation und katholischer Reform zu untersuchen, sondern unter dem Blickwinkel eines Modernisierungsprozesses, der aus einer komplexen Interaktion zwischen Institutionen des Staates und der Kirche einerseits und der Gesellschaft andererseits hervorgegangen sei. Der hier gebotene historiographische überblick macht deutlich, daß dadurch insbesondere die Disziplinierungsbestrebungen der nachtridentinischen Kirche ins Zentrum der Forschung gerückt sind. Die zu Beginn der Debatte geforderte Untersuchung von Interaktionsprozessen sowie die Frage nach den langfristigen Folgen der italienischen Konfessionalisierung sind dagegen noch nicht ausreichend bearbeitet.
Negotiating Reform: Juan de Ribera, Archbishop of Valencia, and the Colegio de Corpus Christi
Authors: Ehlers Benjamin 
Published: November 2014

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Episkopat Juan de Riberas in Valencia (1568-1611) und untersucht die Rolle des Bischofs im Prozeß der katholischen Reform in einem städtischen Kontext. Nachdem seine Versuche zur Reform der bestehenden kirchlichen Institutionen in Valencia fehlgeschlagen waren, entschloß sich Ribera zur Gründung eines tridentinischen Priesterseminars, des Colegio de Corpus Christi, das als Zentrum und Ausgangspunkt seines Reformprogramms diente. Neben dem Ziel der Priesterausbildung war das Colegio auch Kapelle, Bibliothek, Reliquienschrein und Mausoleum Riberas. Zahlreiche seiner Reformprojekte wurden im Rahmen des Colegio verwirklicht. Indem Ribera städtische Frömmigkeitskulte akzeptierte und in sein Programm einer Konzentration der Frömmigkeit auf die Eucharistie integrierte, zeigte er sich offen für Initiativen der Laien.
The Power of Perception: Venice, the Early Reformation, and the Diarii of Marino Sanuto (1518–33)
Authors: D’Andrea David 
Published: November 2014

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die „Diarii“ des Venezianers Marino Sanuto sind eine der wichtigsten Quellen zur Erforschung der venezianischen Gesellschaft des frühen 16.||Jahrhunderts; sie sind jedoch bislang nicht für die Reformationsgeschichte herangezogen worden. Der vorliegende Aufsatz analysiert Sanutos Informationsquellen sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ und versteht sich somit als ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kommunikation im frühmodernen Europa. Im Hinblick auf die venezianische Geschichte machen Sanutos „Diarii“ deutlich, daß das venezianische Patriziat die Reformation aufgrund ihres fundamentalen Interesses an der politischen, gesellschaftlichen und religiösen Stabilität Venedigs zurückweisen mußte.
From Speyer to Magdeburg: The Development and Maturation of a Hybrid Theory of Resistance to Tyranny
Authors: Whitford David M. 
Published: November 2014

ZUSAMMENFASSUNNG
Der vorliegende Aufsatz befaßt sich mit der Bedeutung des Magdeburger Bekenntnisses für die Entwicklung einer protestantischen Widerstandslehre. Es wird gezeigt, wie das Magdeburger Bekenntnis verschiedene Ausformungen des Widerstandsgedankens vereinigte und sie zu einer Neuinterpretation von Römer 13 kombinierte. Das beflügelte nicht nur die Theorie, sondern auch die Praxis des protestantischen Widerstands.