bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Proinflammatory Peptide from Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoprotein G Affects Neutrophil, Monocyte, and NK Cell Functions
Authors: Bellner Lars , Thorén Fredrik , Nygren Erik , Liljeqvist Jan-Åke , Karlsson Anna , Eriksson Kristina 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We have identified a synthetic peptide derived from the secreted portion of HSV type 2 glycoprotein G, denoted gG-2p20, which has proinflammatory properties in vitro. The gG-2p20 peptide, corresponding to aa 190–205 of glycoprotein G-2, was a chemoattractant for both monocytes and neutrophils in a dose-dependent fashion, and also induced the release of reactive oxygen from these cells. The receptor mediating the responses was identified as the formyl peptide receptor. The gG-2p20-induced activation of phagocytes had a profound impact on NK cell functions. The reactive oxygen species produced by gG-2p20-activated phagocytes both inhibited NK cell cytotoxicity and accelerated the apoptotic cell death in NK cell-enriched lymphocyte populations. Hence, we have for the first time been able to identify a potential function of the secreted portion of HSV-2 glycoprotein G. We propose that the proinflammatory gG-2p20 peptide identified could contribute to a reduced function and viability of NK cells during HSV-2 infection due to its ability to recruit and activate phagocytic cells.
Dendritic Cells Induce MUC1 Expression and Polarization on Human T Cells by an IL-7-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Vasir Baldev , Avigan David , Wu Zekui , Crawford Keith , Turnquist Shawn , Ren Jian , Kufe Donald 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The MUC1 transmembrane mucin is expressed on the surface of activated human T cells; however, the physiologic signals responsible for the regulation of MUC1 in T cells are not known. The present studies demonstrate that IL-7, but not IL-2 or IL-4, markedly induces MUC1 expression on CD3+ T cells. MUC1 was also up-regulated by IL-15, but to a lesser extent than that found with IL-7. The results show that IL-7 up-regulates MUC1 on CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, CD69+, naive CD45RA+, and memory CD45RO+ T cells. In concert with induction of MUC1 expression by IL-7, activated dendritic cells (DC) that produce IL-7 up-regulate MUC1 on allogeneic CD3+ T cells. DC also induce MUC1 expression on autologous CD3+ T cells in the presence of recall Ag. Moreover, DC-induced MUC1 expression on T cells is blocked by a neutralizing anti-IL-7 Ab. The results also demonstrate that DC induce polarization of MUC1 on T cells at sites opposing the DC-T cell synapse. These findings indicate that DC-mediated activation of Ag-specific T cells is associated with induction and polarization of MUC1 expression by an IL-7-dependent mechanism.
Compartmental Imbalance and Aberrant Immune Function of Blood CD123+ (Plasmacytoid) and CD11c+ (Myeloid) Dendritic Cells in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Hashizume Hideo , Horibe Takahiro , Yagi Hiroaki , Seo Naohiro , Takigawa Masahiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic, chronically relapsing skin disease in which Th2 cells play a crucial role in cutaneous and extracutaneous immune reactions. In humans, CD11c+CD123− myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and CD11c−CD123+ plasmacytoid DC (pDC) orchestrate the decision-making process in innate and acquired immunity. Since the number and function of these blood dendritic cell (DC) subsets reportedly reflect the host immune status, we studied the involvement of the DC subsets in the pathogenesis of AD. Patients with AD had an increased DC number and a low mDC:pDC ratio with pDC outnumbering mDC in the peripheral blood compared with normal subjects and psoriasis patients (a Th1 disease model group). The mDC:pDC ratio was correlated with the total serum IgE level, the ratio of IFN-γ-producing blood cells:IL-4-producing blood cells, and the disease severity. In vitro allogeneic stimulation of naive CD4+ cells with atopic DC showed that the ability of pDC for Th1 induction was superior or comparable to that of mDC. In skin lesions, pDC infiltration was in close association with blood vessels expressing peripheral neural addressins. Therefore, compartmental imbalance and aberrant immune function of the blood DC subsets may deviate the Th1/Th2 differentiation and thus induce protracted allergic responses in AD.
TLR Signaling in the Gut in Health and Disease
Authors: Abreu Maria T. , Fukata Masayuki , Arditi Moshe 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe human intestine has evolved in the presence of diverse enteric microflora. TLRs convert the recognition of pathogen-associated molecules in the gut into signals for anti-microbial peptide expression, barrier fortification, and proliferation of epithelial cells. Healing of injured intestinal epithelium and clearance of intramucosal bacteria require the presence of intact TLR signaling. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod)1 and Nod2 are additional pattern recognition receptors that are required for defense against invasive enteric pathogens. Through spatial and functional localization of TLR and Nod molecules, the normal gut maintains a state of controlled inflammation. By contrast, patients with inflammatory bowel disease demonstrate inflammation in response to the normal flora. A subset of these patients carry polymorphisms in TLR and CARD15/NOD2 genes. A better understanding of the delicate regulation of TLR and Nod molecules in the gut may lead to improved treatment for enteric infections and idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases.
Cutting Edge: Death of a Dogma or Enforcing the Artificial: Monomeric IgE Binding May Initiate Mast Cell Response by Inducing Its Receptor Aggregation
Authors: Schweitzer-Stenner Reinhard , Pecht Israel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeveral recent reports have suggested that binding monomeric IgE (mIgE) to its type 1 receptor, FcεRI, on mast cells induces important responses. These observations contradict the notion that it is the aggregation of this receptor that is essential for initiating mast cell response. In the present study, we suggest that the most probable causes for the reported observations are the experimental protocol used combined with the high expression levels of the FcεRI by mast cells. Specifically, we suggest using the published data and physicochemical calculations that the exceptionally high number of cell surface FcεRI-bound monoclonal IgE yields, in the two-dimensions of the cells’ membranes, a situation where even a low affinity of these mIgE for epitopes on their own structure or on another cell surface component may lead to their aggregation. Hence, we hypothesize that the reported response to mIgE binding is a result of such an FcεRI-IgE induced aggregation.
Treatment with Nonmitogenic Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody Induces CD4+ T Cell Unresponsiveness and Functional Reversal of Established Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kohm Adam P. , Williams Julie S. , Bickford Allison L. , McMahon Jeffrey S. , Chatenoud Lucienne , Bach Jean-François , Bluestone Jeffrey A. , Miller Stephen D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn vivo administration of anti-CD3 Ab induces both immune tolerance and undesirable side-effects resulting from nonspecific proinflammatory cytokine production. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of two structurally altered forms of the anti-CD3 Ab in ameliorating established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Administration of either a chimeric (NM-IgG3) or digestion product (NM-F(ab′)2) form of the anti-CD3 Ab during established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis conferred significant protection from clinical disease progression and was associated with decreased Ag-specific T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and CNS inflammation. Interestingly, while this protection correlated with an increase in the frequency of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, neither prior depletion of regulatory T cells nor anti-TGF-β treatment abrogated the treatment’s efficacy. Importantly, both treatments induced normal levels of intracellular Ca2+-flux, but significantly diminished levels of TCR signaling. Consequent to this decreased level of TCR-mediated signaling were alterations in the level of apoptosis and CD4+ T cell trafficking resulting in a profound lymphopenia. Collectively, these results indicate that nonmitogenic anti-CD3 directly induces a state of immune unresponsiveness in primed pathogenic autoreactive effector cells via mechanisms that may involve the induction of T cell tolerance, apoptosis, and/or alterations in cell trafficking.
Rapid Functional Exhaustion and Deletion of CTL following Immunization with Recombinant Adenovirus
Authors: Krebs Philippe , Scandella Elke , Odermatt Bernhard , Ludewig Burkhard 
Published: April 2014

AbstractReplication-deficient adenoviruses (recombinant adenovirus (rec-AdV)) expressing different transgenes are widely used vectors for gene therapy and vaccination. In this study, we describe the tolerization of transgene-specific CTL following administration of β-galactosidase (βgal)-recombinant adenovirus (Ad-LacZ). Using MHC class I tetramers to track βgal-specific CTL, we found that a significant expansion of βgal-specific CTL was restricted to a very narrow dose range. Functional analysis revealed that adenovirus-induced βgal-specific CTL produced only very low amounts of effector cytokines and were unable to exhibit cytolytic activity in a 51Cr release assay. Furthermore, Ad-LacZ vaccination failed to efficiently clear established βgal-positive tumors. The impaired function of Ad-LacZ-induced CTL correlated with the presence of persisting βgal Ag in the liver. A further increase in the peripheral Ag load by injection of Ad-LacZ into SM-LacZ transgenic mice which express βgal as self-Ag exclusively in peripheral nonlymphoid organs, resulted in the physical deletion of βgal-specific CTL. Our results indicate first that CTL deletion in the course of adenoviral vaccination is preceded by their functional impairment and second, that the outcome of rec-AdV vaccination depends critically on the Ag load in peripheral tissues.
Suppressive Oligodeoxynucleotides Protect Mice from Lethal Endotoxic Shock
Authors: Shirota Hidekazu , Gursel Ihsan , Gursel Mayda , Klinman Dennis M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Endotoxic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by exposure to bacterial LPS. LPS triggers the release of acute phase, proinflammatory, and Th1 cytokines that facilitate the development of endotoxic shock. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) expressing suppressive TTAGGG motifs effectively down-regulate the production of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines elicited by a variety of immune stimuli. The current results demonstrate that suppressive ODN protect mice from LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Underlying this protective effect is the ability of suppressive ODN to bind to and prevent the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT4, thereby blocking the signaling cascade mediated by LPS-induced IFN-β and IL-12. These findings suggest that suppressive ODN might be of use in the treatment of endotoxic shock.
γδ T Cell Homeostasis Is Controlled by IL-7 and IL-15 Together with Subset-Specific Factors
Authors: Baccala Roberto , Witherden Deborah , Gonzalez-Quintial Rosana , Dummer Wolfgang , Surh Charles D. , Havran Wendy L. , Theofilopoulos Argyrios N. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAmong T cell subsets, γδ T cells uniquely display an Ag receptor-based tissue distribution, but what defines their preferential homing and homeostasis is unknown. To address this question, we studied the resources that control γδ T cell homeostasis in secondary lymphoid organs. We found that γδ and αβ T cells are controlled by partially overlapping resources, because acute homeostatic proliferation of γδ T cells was inhibited by an intact αβ T cell compartment, and both populations were dependent on IL-7 and IL-15. Significantly, to undergo acute homeostatic proliferation, γδ T cells also required their own depletion. Thus, γδ T cell homeostasis is maintained by trophic cytokines commonly used by other types of lymphoid cells, as well as by additional, as yet unidentified, γδ-specific factors.
Inhibitory NK Receptor Ly49Q Is Expressed on Subsets of Dendritic Cells in a Cellular Maturation- and Cytokine Stimulation-Dependent Manner
Authors: Toyama-Sorimachi Noriko , Omatsu Yoshiki , Onoda Atsuko , Tsujimura Yusuke , Iyoda Tomonori , Kikuchi-Maki Akiko , Sorimachi Hiroyuki , Dohi Taeko , Taki Shinsuke , Inaba Kayo , Karasuyama Hajime 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Ly49Q is a member of the Ly49 family that is expressed on Gr-1+ cells but not on NK and NKT cells. Ly49Q appears to be involved in regulating cytoskeletal architectures through ITIM-mediated signaling. We provide evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) of certain maturational states expressed Ly49Q, and that IFN-α plays an important role in its regulation. Freshly prepared murine plasmacytoid pre-DCs as well as Flt3L-induced plasmacytoid pre-DCs expressed Ly49Q, whereas freshly prepared myeloid DCs did not. However, GM-CSF-induced myeloid DCs showed low levels of Ly49Q expression, and this was significantly enhanced by IFN-α. In contrast, other cytokines and ligands for TLRs such as TNF-α, IL-6, LPS, and CpG-ODN had little or no effect on Ly49Q expression. Plasmacytoid pre-DCs in all mouse strains examined expressed Ly49Q. Constitutive expression of Ly49Q on myeloid DCs was observed in three restricted mouse strains including 129, NZB, and NZW. As can be seen in other Ly49 family members, Ly49Q expression was affected by MHC class I expression. At the same time, Ly49Q possessed polymorphisms, including at least three alleles. The polymorphic residues lay within the stalk and carbohydrate recognition domain, and two of them, in loop 3 and loop 6 of the carbohydrate recognition domain, are located in the region implicated in the interaction of Ly49A with H-2Dd. Therefore, depending on IFN-α, our results imply that Ly49Q serves a role for the biological functions of certain DC subsets through recognition of MHC class I or related molecules.
Translation from Cryptic Reading Frames of DNA Vaccines Generates an Extended Repertoire of Immunogenic, MHC Class I-Restricted Epitopes
Authors: Schirmbeck Reinhold , Riedl Petra , Fissolo Nicolas , Lemonnier Francois A. , Bertoletti Antonio , Reimann Jörg 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTo test whether simple expression units used in DNA vaccines can generate immunogenic, MHC class I-binding epitopes by translating other than the primary open reading frame (ORF), we constructed a vector (pCI/SX) that encodes the small hepatitis B surface Ag in the primary ORF, and a C-terminal fragment (residue 344–832) of the polymerase (Pol) in an alternative (out-of-frame) reading frame. pCI/SX efficiently primed multispecific, HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T cell responses to epitopes of hepatitis B surface Ag and of Pol (Pol3, Pol803–811). Pol3-containing products generated from pCI/SX were detected only by T cell assays, but not by biochemical assays. Priming Pol-specific T cell responses to epitopes generated from alternative ORFs depended on promoter sequences that drive transcription in the DNA vaccine (human CMV-derived promoter sequences being more efficient than SV40-derived promoter sequences). Human CMV promoter-driven Pol constructs encoding different Pol fragments in primary or alternative reading frames elicited comparable levels of Pol3-specific T cell responses. We confirmed efficient T cell priming to epitopes from alternative ORFs by constructing DNA vaccines that encode an SV40-derived cT1–272 protein fused either in frame or out of frame with an immunogenic OVA fragment (OVA18–385). Similar OVA-specific CD8+ T cell responses were primed by both alternative vaccine constructs. Hence, DNA vaccine-stimulated T cell responses to epitopes generated from alternative ORFs seem to be a regular event, although its biological role and risks are largely unexplored.
Fetal Expression of Fas Ligand Is Necessary and Sufficient for Induction of CD8 T Cell Tolerance to the Fetal Antigen H-Y during Pregnancy
Authors: Vacchio Melanie S. , Hodes Richard J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInteraction of Fas with Fas ligand (FasL) is known to play a role in peripheral tolerance mediated by clonal deletion of Ag-specific T cells. We have assessed the requirement for Fas/FasL interactions during induction of tolerance to the fetus. Using H-Y-specific TCR transgenic mice, we have previously demonstrated that exposure of maternal T cells to H-Y expressed by male fetuses results in deletion of 50% of H-Y-specific maternal T cells. The remaining H-Y-specific T cells were hyporesponsive to H-Y as assayed by decreased proliferative ability and CTL activity. To determine whether Fas/FasL interactions contribute to induction of maternal T cell tolerance, responsiveness to fetal H-Y was assessed in H-Y-specific TCR transgenic pregnant females that were deficient in functional Fas or FasL. Surprisingly, both deletion and nondeletion components of tolerance were abrogated in TCR transgenic H-Y-specific lpr (Fas-deficient) or gld (FasL-deficient) pregnant females. Experiments further revealed that expression of FasL by the fetus, but not by the mother, is necessary and sufficient for both components of maternal T cell tolerance to fetal Ags. Fas interaction with fetal FasL is thus critical for both deletion and hyporesponsiveness of H-Y-reactive CD8+ T cells during pregnancy.
Glucose Availability Regulates IFN-γ Production and p70S6 Kinase Activation in CD8+ Effector T Cells
Authors: Cham Candace M. , Gajewski Thomas F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDifferentiation of CD8+ T cells from the naive to the effector state is accompanied by changes in basal gene expression profiles that parallel the acquisition of effector functions. Among these are metabolism genes, and we now show that 2C TCR transgenic effector CD8+ T cells express higher levels of glycolytic enzymes and display greater glucose uptake, a higher glycolytic rate, and increased lactate production compared with naive cells. To determine whether glucose was required for effector T cell functions, we regulated glucose availability in vitro. Glucose deprivation strongly inhibited IFN-γ gene expression, whereas IL-2 production was little affected. Inhibition correlated with diminished phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase and eIF4E binding protein 1 and a requirement for de novo protein synthesis, whereas other signaling pathways known to regulate IFN-γ expression were unaffected. Together, our data reveal that optimal induction of IFN-γ transcription is a glucose-dependent process, indicate that there are undefined factors that influence IFN-γ expression, and have implications for regulation of the effector phase of CD8+ T cell responses in tissue microenvironments.
Distinct Roles of Dendritic Cells and B Cells in Va14Ja18 Natural T Cell Activation In Vivo
Authors: Bezbradica Jelena S. , Stanic Aleksandar K. , Matsuki Naoto , Bour-Jordan Helene , Bluestone Jeffrey A. , Thomas James W. , Unutmaz Derya , Van Kaer Luc , Joyce Sebastian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractVa14Ja18 natural T (iNKT) cells are innate, immunoregulatory lymphocytes that recognize CD1d-restricted lipid Ags such as α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer). The immunoregulatory functions of iNKT cells are dependent upon either IFN-γ or IL-4 production by these cells. We hypothesized that αGalCer presentation by different CD1d-positive cell types elicits distinct iNKT cell functions. In this study we report that dendritic cells (DC) play a critical role in αGalCer-mediated activation of iNKT cells and subsequent transactivation of NK cells. Remarkably, B lymphocytes suppress DC-mediated iNKT and NK cell activation. Nevertheless, αGalCer presentation by B cells elicits low IL-4 responses from iNKT cells. This finding is particularly interesting because we demonstrate that NOD DC are defective in eliciting iNKT cell function, but their B cells preferentially activate this T cell subset to secrete low levels of IL-4. Thus, the differential immune outcome based on the type of APC that displays glycolipid Ags in vivo has implications for the design of therapies that harness the immunoregulatory functions of iNKT cells.
T Regulatory-1 Cells Induce IgG4 Production by B Cells: Role of IL-10
Authors: Satoguina Judith S. , Weyand Esther , Larbi John , Hoerauf Achim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe study was aimed to find out whether T cells with a regulatory profile could regulate the secretion of IgG4. Using tetanus Ag we found that PBMC of healthy human donors responded to exogenous IL-10 by down-regulating IgG1 and increasing IgG4 secretion. IgE was not affected. To investigate the direct effect of IL-10-producing T cells on B cells, we generated T cell clones (TCC) with two different cytokine profiles: first, IL-10high, IL-2low, IL-4low TCC, and second, IL-10low, IL-2high, IL-4high. The T cell-dependent Ab secretion was measured by coculturing purified CD19+ B cells and the TCC. Interestingly, we found that IgG4 production in the coculture correlated with the TCC production of IL-10 (r2 = 0.352, p = 0.0001), but not with IL-2, IL-4, nor IFN-γ. IgE showed only a trend with regard to IL-4. Further, there was decreased Ab secretion in the absence of T-B cell contact. IL-10 also induced IgG4 when added to a Th1 TCC-B cell coculture system. The present study thus shows that in T-B cell coculture, IL-10, if induced by the TCC or added to the system, down-regulates the immune response by inducing IgG4 secretion. This establishes a direct implication of IL-10 in humoral hyporesponsiveness, particularly in compartments where the T-B cell interplay determines the subsequent immune response. The correlation between IgG4 and IL-10 (r2 = 0.352) indicates that IL-10 is an important but not the only factor for IgG4 induction.
Recognition of Human Cytomegalovirus by Human Primary Immunoglobulins Identifies an Innate Foundation to an Adaptive Immune Response
Authors: McLean Gary R. , Olsen Ole A. , Watt Ian N. , Rathanaswami P. , Leslie Kevin B. , Babcook John S. , Schrader John W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMost primates, including humans, are chronically infected with cospecifically evolved, potentially pathogenic CMV. Abs that bind a 10-aa linear epitope (antigenic determinant 2 site 1) within the extracellular domain of human CMV glycoprotein B neutralize viral infectivity. In this study, we show that genes generated by recombinations involving two well-conserved human germline V elements (IGHV3-30 and IGKV3-11), and IGHJ4, encode primary Ig molecules that bind glycoprotein B at this key epitope. These particular VH, JH, and Vκ genes enable humans to generate through recombination and N nucleotide addition, a useful frequency of primary Igs that efficiently target this critical site on human CMV and thus confer an innate foundation for a specific adaptive response to this pathogen.