bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excessive Data Collection and Unfair Privacy Policies as Forms of Abuse of Dominance
Authors: Esayas Samson Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which excessive data collection and unfair privacy policies of dominant undertakings could amount to exploitative abuses under Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union'. The chapter begins by examining the interplay between competition law and the data-centric provisions of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) in addressing some of these privacy-related practices. While the DMA tackles key data and privacy issues associated with major digital platforms, Article 102 remains crucial in addressing broader privacy and data-related practices of dominant firms. This includes curbing excessive data collection and ensuring a broader range of choices concerning user privacy. Subsequently, the chapter addresses the prospectus and challenges of applying the case law on Article 102 to excessive data collection and unfair privacy policies. The discussions reveal the difficulty of applying the case law on excessive pricing to excessive data collection, especially considering the technicality of the test using price-cost margins. Instead, the chapter suggests that the case law on unfair contract terms is better suited to privacy-related practices. Resorting to unfair terms shifts the focus from purely ‘excessive’ data collection to the broader context, including how users’ personal data and privacy are addressed in the terms of service and privacy policies. Next, the chapter explores the question of whether and to what degree breaches of data privacy rules can contribute to breaches of competition rules or represent deviation from competition on the merits. The chapter ends by highlighting some of the implications for the interface between the two legal regimes from the potential application of competition law to data-related exploitative abuses.
Civil Proceedings and National Security
Authors: Grange Kate , Stone Caroline 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 16 is the first chapter in Part III of the book, covering national security and civil proceedings. It is divided into two sections: the first section deals with Closed material proceedings (CMPs) and the withholding of disclosure on public interest grounds; the second deals with jurisdictional hurdles in civil claims. The first section on CMPs begins with an overview of the Justice and Security Act 2013 (JSA), which introduced a statutory regime for the use of CMPs in civil proceedings. It then proceeds to explain the operation of the JSA, and CMPs made under it, in detail. In particular, after examining the jurisdiction to make a CMP in ‘relevant civil proceedings’ it explains the three-stage process: s. 6 declaration, s. 8 application, and s. 7 review. The authors consider the application of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights in JSA proceedings and other aspects of the regime before considering the scope for appeals and, finally, the annual report and review requirements. The first section concludes with a detailed examination of other potential mechanisms for withholding disclosure in civil proceedings: public interest immunity (PII), the Haralambous jurisdiction, confidentiality rings, Carnduff strike-out applications, and Norwich Pharmacal claims. The second section examines the main jurisdictional hurdles that are encountered in civil litigation involving national security issues: state immunity, foreign act of state, Crown act of state, and justiciability.
National Security in Family Law Proceedings
Authors: Giovannetti Lisa , Wilkin Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 26 is in Part VII of the book, dealing with national security and family law. It looks at the approach of the family justice system to cases concerning a child’s welfare which also have national security implications. It begins with an overview of the types of proceedings in which such issues arise before examining in more detail the Radicalisation Guidance issued by the then President of the Family Division, Sir James Munby, in 2015. In view of the significance of the concept of “radicalisation” in such cases, the authors then consider the definition of that term in detail. They consider in further detail the approach taken where national security issues arise in public law proceedings under the Children Act 1989 and public law proceedings pursuant to the inherent jurisdiction and in wardship cases. The consequences of wardship for public authorities are reviewed before consideration is given to private law proceedings. Following this review of the field, the authors turn to consider procedural matters, beginning with disclosure and third party orders. There follows an examination of how national security material is managed through Closed material procedures and the use of special advocates. Finally, the authors explain the process of disclosure of documents and information from family proceedings into other proceedings.
National Security and Education Law
Authors: Greaves Mark , Hannett Sarah , Wills Aidan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 27 is in Part VIII of the book dealing with national security and education. It begins with an introduction explaining the nature and scope of the “Prevent” duty placed by section 26(1) of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 on specified authorities to have due regard to the need to prevent their students from being drawn into terrorism. Against that background, the authors review in more detail the specified authorities covered by the duty before turning to the relevant statutory obligations placed on schools: maintained schools, independent schools (including academies) and early years childcare providers. The chapter then examine in detail the monitoring of schools and the regulation of teachers and governors before turning to consider the duties applied to higher education institutions and further education institutions.
The Blame Game and Backstage Politics
Authors: Boswell and John , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the blame game in governing elite networks between ministers, chiefs of staff, special advisors, and senior civil servants. The authors refer to this elite group as ‘the court’. They distinguish between the ‘backstage’ politics of the court and ‘frontstage’ politics played out in the media spotlight, elections, parliament, and the TV studio. Section 2 of this chapter outlines an interpretative approach that focuses on the patterns of actions and beliefs and on the contingencies that bear down on the actions of governing elites. It describes the authors’ historical ethnographic method and the sources on which they have drawn. Section 3 presents a vignette of the COVID crisis in the UK, focusing on the blame game around Matt Hancock, the secretary of state for health and social care. Section 4 discusses what the vignette contributes to our understanding of the blame game and its many and significant consequences. Finally, Section 5 suggests that the chapter contributes to the analytical, methodological, and personal gaps in the study of blame.
Blame Avoidance in Polarized Societies
Authors: Sulitzeanu-Kenan Raanan , Amitai Yair 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How do blame generation and avoidance function in affectively polarized societies? The concept of blame rests on two implicit assumptions: first, the existence of a cohesive electorate that shares a set of common values and a general agreement over factual realities; second, this electorate holds politicians accountable for their policies and actions. This chapter contends that affective polarization erodes these assumptions. In affectively polarized societies, the electorate is sharply divided within two adversary political camps, which detrimentally reduces the scope of consensus in the society. This turns the electoral competition into a struggle between identities rather than policies and outcomes. Under these conditions, blame could operate significantly differently from what the current blame-avoidance literature predicts. The chapter concludes by presenting a research agenda that offers a theoretical and empirical framework for future studies on the implications of affective polarization on blame generation and avoidance.
Power Lies at the Heart of Change
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the forms of power at play in efforts to achieve change. Empowerment, the driving force behind Amartya Sen’s definition of development, is one of the most ubiquitous buzzwords in the lexicon of development activists. Many, however, shy away from the word from which the term derives: power. The chapter explores various forms of power, including ‘visible’, ‘hidden’, and ‘invisible’ power, and the ‘four powers’ model (power within, with, to, and over) and how these play out in dynamics of change. Finally, the chapter looks into the reasons as to why change does not happen, by examining three underlying components for resistance: institutions, ideas, and interests.
Shifts in Social Norms Often Underpin Change
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of social norms—the explicit or implicit rules specifying what behaviours are acceptable in society. What people see as normal, desirable, or aberrant determines their sense of right and wrong, and can both drive and hold back the search for social justice. Norms come in all shapes and sizes, whether social, legal, or moral; and they exhibit a subtle contradiction, which they share with institutions like the state or transnational corporations: they are both static and changing. At any given moment, most norms appear fixed; people see them as a ‘given’, a pre-existing, eternal, social reality. With this sense of fixity, norms provide stable standards of conduct to guide the choices of those subject to them. Yet, at the same time, norms are a continuously evolving system. Even law—the most codified, formal subset of norms—is constantly changing. The chapter looks at how activists understand, engage with, and attempt to reform norms on issues such as gender rights, female genital cutting, and early marriage.
Party Status to Armed Conflict in International Law
Authors: Wentker Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This book analyses why it matters and how it is established that a State, international organisation, or armed group is a party to an armed conflict under international law. International lawyers have spent much time thinking about what constitutes an armed conflict. Yet, wrapped up in the question of whether there is an armed conflict is often a question of who is engaged in that conflict, since States, international organisations, and armed groups tend not to go to war alone. Although ever-present in historical and recent conflicts, that question has received little attention. Against this background, Part I of the book shows that party status is central to all levels of the international legal regulation of armed conflicts. In response to widespread cooperation practices in armed conflict, Part II develops a common analytical framework for identifying parties to conflicts with multiple parties on the same side. This framework is rooted in the general structure of the legal system regulating armed conflict and informed by international practice. The book then demonstrates that the proposed framework for identifying co-parties also allows for a refined account of the allocation of obligations in armed conflict. This account may contribute to mitigating the risk of diffused responsibilities in cooperative settings and harnessing the potential of cooperation for increased protection capacity. Overall, the analysis of party status aims to enhance our understanding of the architecture of the international legal regulation of armed conflict and how it can respond to the complex realities of contemporary armed conflicts.
Language, Literature, and the Book
Authors: Khair Tabish 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Based on excerpts from Jean-Paul Sartre’s Les Mots, this chapter looks at the relationship of language, as in societies with primary orality, and language, as used in writing. It argues for a definition of abstract language as a distinctively human activity, and examines how literature uses the possibilities—let’s say, of assonance and dissonance—opened up in the process of putting words down on paper and reading the words again in another time and space. It illustrates some of the issues with reference to efference copies. It stresses the historical impact of the written and then the printed word. It argues for the importance of what is often called ‘oral literature’, but illustrates the ways in which literature—in writing—is different and distinctive, and cultivates an agnostic mode of reading. It suggests that a shift of focus from literature as ‘read’—and read on specific material devices—is problematic and potentially disabling.
The Battle for Sabarimala
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Battle for Sabarimala tells the story of one of contemporary India’s most contentious disputes: a long-running struggle over women’s access to the Hindu temple at Sabarimala. In 2018, the Indian Supreme Court ruled that the temple, which had traditionally been forbidden to women aged ten to fifty because their presence offended the presiding deity, was required to open its doors to all Hindus. The decision in Indian Younger Lawyers Association rocked the nation: protests were launched around India and throughout the diaspora, a record-setting human chain called the ‘Women’s Wall’ was coordinated, and dozens of petitions were filed asking the Supreme Court to review, and potentially reverse, its landmark opinion. Perhaps most significantly, IYLA led the Court to openly reconsider the Essential Practices Doctrine that has been a mainstay of Indian religious freedom jurisprudence since 1954. In this first monograph-length study of the dispute, legal anthropologist Deepa Das Acevedo draws on ethnographic fieldwork, legal analysis, and media archives to tell a multifaceted narrative about the ‘ban on women’. Reaching as far back as the eighteenth century, when the relationship between temple deities and the government was transformed by an ambitious precolonial ruler, and coming up to the litigation delays caused by the coronavirus pandemic, Das Acevedo reveals the complexities of the dispute and the constitutional framework that defines it. That framework, Das Acevedo argues, reflects two distinct conceptions of religion-state relations, both of which have emerged at various stages in the—still unresolved—battle for Sabarimala.
What Is a Music Producer?
Authors: Count  , O'Connor Seán M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Producers are vital to the quality and success of modern recorded music and yet their role and compensation is often misunderstood. This chapter provides a professional producer’s view on both the nature of the producer’s role and the damage to the economics of the music industry generally, and to the livelihood of producers in particular, wrought by digital tools of production and distribution. While these tools were supposed to “democratize” creative production, whatever value they may have added for amateurs has come at a steep quantifiable downturn to the professional music industry. The chapter explores legal developments that accelerated this downturn, with special focus on the plight of producers, and offers three areas of reform that could help.
Perceptual Learning
Authors: Dosher Barbara Anne , Lu Zhong-Lin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Experience significantly influences how sensory stimuli are processed and the quality of sensory-based decisions and human performance. This is true for all sensory modalities. Perceptual learning research, especially but not restricted to the visual domain, has focused on not just learning but its specificity as well. This chapter provides a sketch of some of the principles of perceptual learning based on an analysis of behavioral experiments, physiology and brain imaging studies, and computational models. It highlights several theoretical contrasts, including the trade-off between plasticity and stability; the significance of signal and noise; the role of retuning and reweighting (improved readout) in learning; and the importance of top-down influences such as task or goal, attention and reward, as well as bottom-up factors in learning. Each of these reveals some principles of learning and memory in the perceptual domain. The training applications inspired by laboratory research, some of which are beginning to yield potential translations, highlight the motivation for considering not just perceptual learning but also generalizability.
Memory for Space
Authors: Becker Suzanna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Humans’ sense of space helps provide the scaffolding upon which autobiographical memories are built. This allows humans to situate event memories in particular locations and underlies many aspects of cognition. Spatial memory draws upon a hierarchy of representations, from simple sensory features, body motion cues, and heading direction to complex features indicative of boundaries, landmarks, environmental geometry, and scenes. Humans preferentially encode features into spatial memory that are most relevant for orienting, navigating, and future planning. To navigate in unfamiliar environments, people encode the most immediately relevant cues into spatial working memory and use path integration to update spatial representations. In familiar spatial environments, people rely on their habitual knowledge, drawing on well-learned associations between local landmarks and bodily responses such as “turn left at the corner store.” Alternatively, humans use higher level spatial knowledge in a range of different reference frames, from viewpoint-specific snapshots to viewpoint-invariant cognitive maps, to navigate in more flexible ways, allowing for detours and shortcuts. A hierarchical network of brain regions including the hippocampus engages when people employ cognitive maps. In addition to being used for planning routes, this hierarchical spatial memory network drives many other aspects of cognition, including autobiographical memory retrieval, spatial perception, mental imagery, and episodic future thinking.
Content Reinstatement
Authors: Zhao Yufei , Kuhl Brice A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Episodic remembering is fundamentally related to the reinstatement of patterns of neural activity evoked during the initial encoding of memories. This chapter reviews the phenomenon of reinstatement, with a focus on reinstatement of content information (“what” is being remembered). It first reviews evidence for, and properties of, content reinstatement across different brain regions (sensory cortex, the hippocampus, and frontoparietal cortex). Next, it considers how reinstatement is related to objective and subjective behavioral measures of memory retrieval, including memory accuracy and memory vividness. Finally, it considers how memory reinstatement influences reinstated memories, separately considering reinstatement that occurs during deliberate retrieval, memory encoding, and offline periods of rest or sleep.
Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Fan Carina L. , Simpson Stephanie , Sokolowski H. Moriah , Levine Brian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Autobiographical memory—memory for one’s personal past—is a multifaceted mnemonic activity that evolves throughout the life span and interacts with numerous other cognitive functions. Retrieving personal past events engages processes of cue specification, search, and elaboration of details within the specified event. The retrieved content varies from specific episodes unique in time and place to more general representations of autobiographical facts (personal semantics). As expected given this complexity, autobiographical memory is mediated by distributed brain networks, with key regions in the medial temporal lobes and their connections to both anterior and posterior cortical regions supporting different levels of specificity in memory retrieval. These patterns only partially overlap with those evoked by laboratory-based episodic memory paradigms. Whereas most empirical work on autobiographical memory focuses on the recall of particular past events, more recent research concerns individual differences in the way that people tend to remember their past. The formal study of autobiographical memory dates to the 19th century, but research in this field is burgeoning, particularly in relation to brain network connectivity. New paradigms that bridge the gap between traditional laboratory memory tasks and rich, naturalistic autobiographical memories will enhance the understanding of memory as it operates in everyday life.
Neural Mechanisms of Memory
Authors: Amer Tarek , Davachi Lila 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
At its most fundamental level, any change in neural responses after compared to before any experience can be labeled a memory. The ability to form and access memories of experiences involves complex neural mechanisms at both the cellular and systems levels. Animal and human (including lesion and neuroimaging) studies have evidenced a critical role for the hippocampus and connected brain regions in these processes. This chapter reviews the role of the hippocampus in the different stages of long-term memory, namely encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Specifically, this chapter illustrates how the hippocampus, in conjunction with other brain regions, supports these processes, giving rise to humans’ rich experience of remembering.
Interference Theory
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Interference profoundly influences learning and remembering, functioning as the major cause of forgetting. This chapter surveys the history of research on interference in learning and memory from the earliest empirical work at the dawn of experimental psychology to the most recent work in cognitive modeling. Several forms of interference at the time of learning are examined, most notably proactive and retroactive interference, which are respectively negative influences from learning that took place before or after a target episode. Also considered is interference that takes place at the time of remembering, notably output interference. Other mechanisms that may contribute to forgetting—particularly decay and inhibition—are briefly considered, and the role played by changes in context is highlighted. Overall, the goal is to characterize how interference influences both learning and remembering.
Systems Consolidation, Transformation, and Reorganization
Authors: Moscovitch Morris , Gilboa Asaf 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on systems consolidation by providing a brief history of the field to place the current research in proper perspective. It covers the literature on both humans and nonhumans, which are highly related despite the differences in techniques and tasks that are used. It is argued that understanding the interactions between hippocampus and neocortex (and other structures) that underlie systems consolidation depends on appreciating the close correspondence between psychological and neural representations of memory, as postulated by multiple trace theory and trace transformation theory. The chapter evaluates different theories of systems consolidation in light of the evidence reviewed and suggests that the concept of systems consolidation, with its central concern with the time-limited role the hippocampus plays in memory, may have outlived its usefulness. It is suggested that this concept be replaced withone of interactive memory reorganization and a program of research on the psychological processes and neural mechanisms that underlie changes in memory across the lifetime—a natural history of memory change.