bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bases of quasi-hereditary covers of diagram algebras
Authors: BOWMAN C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe extend the the combinatorics of tableaux to the study of Brauer walled Brauer and partition algebras. In particular, we provide uniform constructions of Murphy bases and ‘Specht’ filtrations of permutation modules. This allows us to give a uniform construction of semistandard bases of their quasi-hereditary covers.
Electronic Resources in the Study of Elite Political Behaviour in Taiwan
Authors: Sullivan Jonathan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe objective of this article is to survey the abundance of primary source electronic data, and appropriate methods, which could be used to advance the study of elite politics in Taiwan. Research on public attitudes and voting behaviour has benefited enormously from open scholarly access to systematically collected, reliable data resources. Research on elite political behaviour in Taiwan could similarly benefit from the creation of supplementary datasets derived from electronic primary sources. I argue that the primary resources and methods needed are already in place, for instance, to produce quantitative estimates of the policy preferences and ideological positions of parties and individual political actors over time. A variety of political texts created by political actors at all levels of office (and indeed, in opposition) are readily accessible online. With a small degree of processing, these electronic texts can easily be rendered in machine-readable format for analysis by means of computer-assisted content analysis software. Despite successes in other contexts, these data and methods are currently underutilized in studies of elite political behaviour in Taiwan.
Phenotype–environment correlations in longitudinal twin models
Authors: Beam Christopher R. , Turkheimer Eric 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGene–environment correlation (rGE) exists both within and between families. Between families, accumulating rGE has been used to explain dramatic changes in phenotypic means over time. The Dickens and Flynn model of increases in cognitive ability over generational time, for example, suggests that small changes in phenotype can lead to subsequent reallocation of environmental resources. This process sets up a reciprocal feedback loop between phenotype and environment, producing accumulating rGE that can cause large changes in the mean of ability, even though ability remains highly heritable in cross-sectional data. We report simulations suggesting that similar processes may operate within twin and sibling pairs. Especially in dizygotic twins and siblings, small differences in phenotype can become associated with reallocations of environmental resources within families. We show that phenotype–environment effects can account for age-related increases in rGE, rapid differentiation of siblings raised together, and widely reported increases in the heritability of behavior during childhood and adolescence.
Maternal age at first birth and offspring criminality: Using the children of twins design to test causal hypotheses
Authors: Coyne Claire A. , Långström Niklas , Rickert Martin E. , Lichtenstein Paul , D'Onofrio Brian M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTeenage childbirth is a risk factor for poor offspring outcomes, particularly offspring antisocial behavior. It is not clear, however, if maternal age at first birth (MAFB) is causally associated with offspring antisocial behavior or if this association is due to selection factors that influence both the likelihood that a young woman gives birth early and that her offspring engage in antisocial behavior. The current study addresses the limitations of previous research by using longitudinal data from Swedish national registries and children of siblings and children of twins comparisons to identify the extent to which the association between MAFB and offspring criminal convictions is consistent with a causal influence and confounded by genetic or environmental factors that make cousins similar. We found offspring born to mothers who began childbearing earlier were more likely to be convicted of a crime than offspring born to mothers who delayed childbearing. The results from comparisons of differentially exposed cousins, especially born to discordant monozygotic twin sisters, provide support for a causal association between MAFB and offspring criminal convictions. The analyses also found little evidence for genetic confounding due to passive gene–environment correlation. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and to identify environmental risk factors that mediate this causal association.
Evidence of gene–environment correlation for peer difficulties: Disruptive behaviors predict early peer relation difficulties in school through genetic effects
Authors: Boivin Michel , Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank , Forget-Dubois Nadine , Feng Bei , Tremblay Richard E. , Dionne Ginette 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEarly disruptive behaviors, such as aggressive and hyperactive behaviors, known to be influenced by genetic factors, have been found to predict early school peer relation difficulties, such as peer rejection and victimization. However, there is no consensus regarding the developmental processes underlying this predictive association. Genetically informative designs, such as twin studies, are well suited for investigating the underlying genetic and environmental etiology of this association. The main goal of the present study was to examine the possible establishment of an emerging gene–environment correlation linking disruptive behaviors to peer relationship difficulties during the first years of school. Participants were drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study of twins who were assessed with respect to their social behaviors and their peer relation difficulties in kindergarten and in Grade 1 through peer nominations measures and teacher ratings. As predicted, disruptive behaviors were concurrently and predictively associated with peer relation difficulties. Multivariate analyses of these associations indicate that they were mainly accounted for by genetic factors. These results emphasize the need to adopt an early and persistent prevention framework targeting both the child and the peer context to alleviate the establishment of a negative coercive process and its consequences.
Gene–environment correlation in the development of adolescent substance abuse: Selection effects of child personality and mediation via contextual risk factors
Authors: Hicks Brian M. , Johnson Wendy , Durbin C. Emily , Blonigen Daniel M. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe used a longitudinal twin design to examine selection effects of personality traits at age 11 on high-risk environmental contexts at age 14 and the extent to which these contexts mediated risk for substance abuse at age 17. Socialization at age 11 (willingness to follow rules and endorse conventional values) predicted exposure to contextual risk at age 14. Contextual risk partially mediated the effect of socialization on substance abuse, though socialization also had a direct effect. In contrast, boldness at age 11 (social engagement and assurance, thrill seeking, and stress resilience) also predicted substance abuse directly but was unrelated to contextual risk. There was substantial overlap in the genetic and shared environmental influences on socialization and contextual risk, and genetic risk in socialization contributed to substance abuse indirectly via increased exposure to contextual risk. This suggests that active gene–environment correlations related to individual differences in socialization contributed to an early, high-risk developmental trajectory for adolescent substance abuse. In contrast, boldness appeared to index an independent and direct genetic risk factor for adolescent substance abuse.
Four factors for the initiation of substance use by young adulthood: A 10-year follow-up twin and sibling study of marital conflict, monitoring, siblings, and peers
Authors: Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Marceau Kristine , Reiss David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study examined genetic and environmental influences on associations among marital conflict about the child, parental monitoring, sibling relationship negativity, and peer delinquency during adolescence and initiation of illegal drug use by young adulthood. The sample comprised data collected longitudinally from same-sex sibling pairs and parents when the siblings were 10–18 years old (M = 14.5 and 12.9 years for Child 1 and Child 2, respectively) and 20–35 years old (M = 26.8 and 25.5 years for Child 1 and Child 2, respectively). Findings indicate four factors that explain the initiation of illegal drug use: two shaped by genetic influences and two shaped by environments shared by siblings. The two genetically shaped factors probably have distinct mechanisms: one a child-initiated coercive process in the family and the other parent and peer processes shaped by the child's disclosure. The environmentally influenced factors seem distinctively shaped by poor parental monitoring of both sibs and the effects of siblings on each other's deviancy.
Child dopamine active transporter 1 genotype and parenting: Evidence for evocative gene–environment correlations
Authors: Hayden Elizabeth P. , Hanna Brigitte , Sheikh Haroon I. , Laptook Rebecca S. , Kim Jiyon , Singh Shiva M. , Klein Daniel N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe dopamine active transporter 1 (DAT1) gene is implicated in psychopathology risk. Although the processes by which this gene exerts its effects on risk are poorly understood, a small body of research suggests that the DAT1 gene influences early emerging negative emotionality, a marker of children's psychopathology risk. As child negative emotionality evokes negative parenting practices, the DAT1 gene may also play a role in gene–environment correlations. To test this model, children (N = 365) were genotyped for the DAT1 gene and participated in standardized parent–child interaction tasks with their primary caregiver. The DAT1 gene 9-repeat variant was associated with child negative affect expressed toward the parent during parent–child interactions, and parents of children with a 9-repeat allele exhibited more hostility and lower guidance/engagement than parents of children without a 9-repeat allele. These gene–environment associations were partially mediated by child negative affect toward the parent. The findings implicate a specific polymorphism in eliciting negative parenting, suggesting that evocative associations play a role in elevating children's risk for emotional trajectories toward psychopathology risk.
Adaptive graph walk-based similarity measures for parsed text
Authors: MINKOV EINAT , COHEN WILLIAM W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe consider a dependency-parsed text corpus as an instance of a labeled directed graph, where nodes represent words and weighted directed edges represent the syntactic relations between them. We show that graph walks, combined with existing techniques of supervised learning that model local and global information about the graph walk process, can be used to derive a task-specific word similarity measure in this graph. We also propose and evaluate a new learning method in this framework, a path-constrained graph walk variant, in which the walk process is guided by high-level knowledge about meaningful edge sequences (paths) in the graph. Empirical evaluation on the tasks of named entity coordinate term extraction and general word synonym extraction show that this framework is preferable to, or competitive with, vector-based models when learning is applied, and using small to moderate size text corpora.
Body composition and eating behaviours in relation to dieting involvement in a sample of urban Greek adolescents from the TEENAGE (TEENs of Attica: Genes & Environment) study
Authors: Ntalla Ioanna , Giannakopoulou Margarita , Vlachou Panagiota , Giannitsopoulou Kalliope , Gkesou Vasiliki , Makridi Chrysoula , Marougka Maria , Mikou Georgia , Ntaoutidou Kyriaki , Prountzou Eirini , Tsekoura Alexandra , Dedoussis George V 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo document the prevalence of dieting and to compare body composition markers, dietary intakes and eating behaviours across dieting categories.DesignProspective, cross-sectional study.SettingTwenty-four randomly selected secondary public schools located in Attica, Greece.SubjectsAnthropometric, medical and dietary information was obtained from 857 (54·9 % females) adolescents (mean age 13·4 (sd0·9) years). Meal patterns, eating behaviours and eating style score, reflecting conditions around eating, were assessed. Adolescents were asked about their dieting involvement and were categorised as ‘never dieters’, ‘current dieters’ or ‘past dieters’.ResultsOverall, 20·1 % of the adolescents were currently dieting and 15·2 % reported past dieting. Mean BMI and body fat percentage of never dieters were significantly lower than those of both groups of dieters (P< 0·001). Breakfast skipping (χ2= 10·92,P= 0·004) and eating large quantities of food (χ2= 7·18,P= 0·028) differed significantly across dieting groups in females. Significant differences in dinner skipping were observed in both males (χ2= 10·55,P= 0·005) and females (χ2= 20·91,P< 0·001). Female past dieters had significantly higher eating style scores than never dieters (P= 0·010) and current dieters (P= 0·042), indicating less well-structured feeding practices and food intake for reasons other than hunger.ConclusionsThe present study showed a high prevalence of dieting among adolescents. Current dieters and past dieters had higher BMI and body fat percentage than never dieters. Eating behaviours differed significantly depending on dieting involvement, especially in females; while an apparently healthier, ordered eating style adopted by dieters during the dieting period seemed not to be maintained in the long term.
Blinding integrity in randomized sham-controlled trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Berlim Marcelo T. , Broadbent Hannah J. , Van den Eynde Frederique 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe and effective treatment for major depression (MD). However, the perceived lack of a suitable sham rTMS condition might have compromised the success of blinding procedures in clinical trials. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials (RCTs) on high frequency (HF-), low frequency (LF-) and bilateral rTMS for MD. We searched the literature from January 1995 to July 2012 using Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus. The main outcome measure was participants' ability to correctly guess their treatment allocation at study end. We used a random-effects model and risk difference (RD). Overall, data were obtained from seven and two RCTs on HF- and bilateral rTMS, respectively. No RCT on LF-rTMS reporting on blinding success was found. HF- and bilateral rTMS trials enrolled 396 and 93 depressed subjects and offered an average of approximately 13 sessions. At study end, 52 and 59% of subjects receiving HF-rTMS and sham rTMS were able to correctly guess their treatment allocation, a non-significant difference (RD = −0.04; z = −0.51; p = 0.61). Furthermore, 63.3 and 57.5% of subjects receiving bilateral and sham rTMS were able to correctly guess their treatment allocation, also a non-significant difference (RD = 0.05; z = 0.49; p = 0.62). In addition, the use of angulation and sham coil in HF-rTMS trials produced similar results. In summary, existing sham rTMS interventions appear to result in acceptable levels of blinding regarding treatment allocation.
Weeds and endangered herbs have unforeseen dispersal helpers in the agri-environment: gastropods and earthworms
Authors: Türke Manfred , Blattmann Tamara , Knop Eva , Kindermann Anne , Prestele Julia , Marquez Leonardo , Eisenhauer Nico , Fischer Christina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAgri-environmental schemes involving organic farming or set-aside management aim at promoting biodiversity and restoring ecosystem functioning in agrarian landscapes. Application of pesticides in these crop fields is strongly regulated facilitating the spread of weeds but also allowing for the establishment of endangered herbs and a variety of animals. Recent studies found gastropods and earthworms to be legitimate dispersers of seeds of wild plants. We assumed that both groups also play a significant role in the spread and establishment of wild plants within crop fields. Therefore, we are conducting a series of experiments in three different study systems on (1) the role of earthworms and gastropods as dispersers of rare herbs and weeds in an organic rye field in Germany, (2) the seed feeding behavior of gastropods of plants sown in fallow ground in Switzerland, and (3) weed dispersal in irrigated rice fields by golden apple snails in the Philippines.
Exit of youths and feminization of smallholder livestock production–a field study in India
Authors: Jothilakshmi M. , Thirunavukkarasu D. , Sudeepkumar N. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStudies in India from the early to late 1990s found that rural youths and women played a predominant role in livestock farming. Even though many studies differ in the extent and nature of the contribution of youths and women in livestock farming, all acknowledge their roles and contribution. Livestock farming acts as a source of supplementary income to youths and women and provides increased nutritional security. New economic policies of the1990s have brought changes to the livestock farming community. This paper attempts to understand and describe the role of women and youths in livestock farming. The research methodology employed for the present study is ex post facto design, and includes semi-structured open-ended interviews, observation and conversations with key informants. The study has found that a change in the roles of women and the participation of youths in livestock farming has occurred, which could be detrimental to the well-being of rural family farmers.
Lamb mulesing: impact on welfare and alternatives.
Authors: Edwards L. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Mulesing is a surgical procedure that is routinely performed without pain relief on Merino and Merino cross sheep to prevent flystrike in the breech region. Pain is apparent immediately following the procedure and persists for at least 2-3 days, and possibly up to 2 weeks, as reflected by changes in behaviour. A substantial stress response occurs for 1-2 days following mulesing, and an acute phase response occurs for up to 7 days. Lambs consistently lose weight in the week after mulesing, and this has been associated with increased mortality rates under field conditions. Using these measures, it has been ascertained that mulesing poses a severe and sustained stressor for lambs, resulting in very poor welfare for a prolonged period of time. Pain relief can be provided for a short period (8-12 h) after the procedure, but a pain-free experience is not possible with current methods of pain relief. Alternative methods of breech modification involve the application of plastic occlusive clips or the intradermal delivery of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) to the breech. Both of these alternatives cause necrosis of the breech tissue without creating an open wound, and pose a much smaller challenge to welfare than surgical mulesing. Selection for sheep with low susceptibility to breech strike is considered to be the best long-term option, as this will provide a permanent, pain-free solution in which the sheep do not require any interventions. These changes will require time to implement, possibly 10-15 years, and alternative methods and management practices (such as those reviewed here) that provide protection must be used in the interim.
Bomb Radiocarbon Validates Age and Long‐Term Growth Declines in American Plaice in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Morin Roderick , LeBlanc Sophie G. , Campana Steven E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe growth rate and size composition of American Plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence has changed markedly over the past 40 years. The size at age recorded in commercial fisheries and research survey data has declined, particularly through the mid‐1980s. Females of the 1969 cohort grew to an estimated maximum length of 59 cm (males, 42 cm); the 1994 cohort grew to a much smaller maximum of 37 cm (29 cm for males). There is no indication of any reverse trend in growth or size at age in the 2000s, despite reduced harvests and warmer water temperatures. Incorrect aging methods are not the reason for the observed growth trends. Ages were determined by counting the growth increments visible on the surface of whole otoliths, and there is no bias in ages determined by this method (as opposed to those from thin‐sectioned otoliths). The accuracy of ages determined by reading whole otoliths was validated to at least 27 years (±2 years) by bomb radiocarbon assays of 39 otoliths collected between 1971 and 1986. While commercial fishing may have contributed to past declines in plaice growth, ongoing natural mortality may be keeping size at age and the growth rate low despite the recent increases expected from low fishing mortality and higher water temperatures.
Density‐Dependence and Environmental Conditions Regulate Recruitment and First‐Year Growth of Common Carp in Shallow Lakes
Authors: Weber Michael J. , Brown Michael L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecruitment dynamics of fishes can determine their abundance and subsequent effects of adult populations on ecosystem properties. Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is a widespread invasive species that can exert negative density‐dependent effects on aquatic food webs. However, little is known concerning processes that regulate their recruitment. We used summer‐through‐fall electrofishing catch rates of age‐0 Common Carp to investigate the importance of biotic (stock size, prey availability, egg and juvenile predation, intraspecific competition) and abiotic (water level fluctuation, temperature, wind events) factors on recruitment and growth in 13 lakes across eastern South Dakota from 2008 to 2010. Mean relative abundance of age‐0 Common Carp was highly variable spatially and temporally, ranging from 0 to 152.2 fish per hour of electrofishing. Ricker stock–recruitment models indicated that peak production of age‐0 Common Carp occurred when adult Common Carp relative abundance was low. Recruitment also increased with spring–summer temperatures, decreased with wind events, and was affected by annual water level fluctuations. Age‐0 Common Carp growth, estimated by mean size in August, was highly variable (mean TL = 42–165 mm) and influenced by the abundance of conspecifics and wind events, indicating that density‐dependent interactions may have occurred during early life stages. Combined, our results suggest that the early life history of Common Carp is regulated by density‐dependent processes and abiotic environmental conditions, which provide new insights into mechanisms regulating recruitment of this widespread invasive species.
Linking Issues to Ideology in the Supreme Court
Authors: Baum Lawrence 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article probes explanations for the linkages between Supreme Court justices’ broad ideological stances and their positions in specific issue areas. The justices’ votes in decisions on the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment showed no consistent ideological pattern in the 1937–79 terms but have fallen along clear ideological lines since then. Analysis of relevant evidence indicates that this shift reflected both changes in the content of takings cases and changes in the lineup of political and social groups on takings issues. The shift and its sources suggest a need to rethink the role of the justices’ policy preferences in shaping their choices.