bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Turnip crinkle virus Isolate Lacking the CP Counter‐Defence Protein Gene Providing Protection Against the Wild‐Type Strain is Associated with Highly Localized RNA Silencing
Authors: Chen Ying‐Juan , Zhu Feng , Liu Jian , Deng Xing‐Guang , Pu Xiao‐Jun , Chen Li‐Juan , Sun Tian‐Lin , Bao Wei‐Kai , Xi De‐Hui , Lin Hong‐Hui 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCross‐protection has been used successfully and commercially to control a range of virus diseases for which the selection of suitable mild strains of plant viruses is necessary. Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is highly pathogenic on Arabidopsis plants and its silencing suppressor‐defective mutant, TCVΔCP, can induce highly localized RNA silencing which is differs from that of other protective strains. We found that TCVΔCP provides some protection against wild‐type TCV but lacks complete protection, and the relative locations of the protective virus and challenge virus affect the degree of cross‐protection. However, similar cross‐protection afforded by TCVΔCP is not observed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. As expected, TCVΔCP pre‐infected Arabidopsis plants fail to protect against infection with the unrelated Cucumber mosaic virus, strain Fhy. It appears that cross‐protection afforded by TCVΔCP requires that the challenge virus be very similar in sequence, which is a characteristic of RNA silencing. In order to investigate whether the protection is associated with the highly localized RNA silencing, mutant plants involved in key silencing pathway genes of RNA silencing machinery, including dcl2, dcl4 and triple dcl2/dcl3/dcl4 mutants were used. The results demonstrate that cross‐protection afforded by TCVΔCP is dependent on host RNA silencing, and both DCL2 and DCL4 play important roles in this process.
Being in a process of transition to psychosis, as narrated by adults with psychotic illnesses acutely admitted to hospital
Authors: Sebergsen K. , Norberg A. , Talseth A.‐G. 
Published: May 2014

Accessible summary
Early intervention to prevent and reduce new episodes of psychosis involves patients, relatives and mental health personnel recognizing the early signs of psychosis.
Twelve participants with psychotic illnesses narrated how they experienced becoming psychotic before they were admitted to acute psychiatric wards.
The results of this study demonstrate that participants and their close others who sensed, understood and articulated experienced changes as signs of psychosis established a dialogue with mental health personnel and initiated treatment and care. Participants who did not perceive the experienced changes as signs of psychosis articulated the experienced changes as an awareness of a poor health condition and illness. These participants, who had no other people to advocate for them, appeared to experience poor communication and coercion during intervention.
AbstractTo assist in improving early interventions for psychosis, this study explored how adult people narrated their experience of becoming psychotic, and how contact with mental health personnel was established. Narrative interviews were conducted with 12 participants with psychotic illnesses recruited from acute psychiatric wards. The interviews were content analysed. Participants described being in a process of transition to psychosis as follows: experiencing changes as well‐known signs of psychosis, experiencing sudden unexpected changes as signs of psychosis and experiencing unidentified changes as signs of illness. Our results show that participants and their close others who knew the signs of psychosis established a dialogue with mental health personnel and were better equipped to prevent and mitigate the psychosis. Our results demonstrate that participants who did not perceive the signs of psychosis and did not have other people to advocate for them were at risk for delayed treatment, poor communication and coercive interventions. Furthermore, participants who did not know the signs of psychosis perceived these changes as deterioration in their health and awareness of illness. We suggest that participants' experiential knowledge of transitioning to psychosis and an awareness of illness can be used to improve the communication during interventions for psychosis.
Patterns of Sexual Arousal in Young, Heterosexual Men Who Experience Condom-Associated Erection Problems (CAEP)
Authors: Janssen Erick , Sanders Stephanie A. , Hill Brandon J. , Amick Erick , Oversen Drake , Kvam Peter , Ingelhart Kara 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Condom-associated erection problems (CAEPs) are reported by a substantial number of young men and are associated with inconsistent and/or incomplete condom use. The underlying mechanisms of CAEP are not well understood, and research examining the possibility that men who report CAEP differ from other men in their sexual responsivity is lacking.

Aim
This study used psychophysiological methods to examine whether men who report CAEP have a higher threshold for sexual arousal, a stronger need for tactile stimulation, and/or more easily lose their sexual arousal due to neutral distractors or performance-related demands.

Methods
A total of 142 young, heterosexual men (53% reporting CAEP) were presented with four 3-minute erotic film clips. Three film clips were combined with one of the following manipulations: (i) distraction; (ii) performance demand; or (iii) vibrotactile stimulation. One erotic film clip was presented with no further instructions or manipulations.

Main Outcome Measures
Average penile circumference changes during the first, second, and third minute (time) of the erotic film stimuli (condition) were submitted to a mixed-model analysis of variance with condition and time as within-subjects factors and group (CAEP/no-CAEP) as between-subjects factor.

Results
Significant main effects of condition and time and a significant interaction of group × time were found. No significant interactions involving condition were found. Men who reported CAEP had smaller erectile responses during the first minute, regardless of film condition, than men who reported no CAEP (F(1,141) = 8.64, P &lt; 0.005).

Conclusion
The findings suggest that men with and without CAEP differ in the ease with which they become sexually aroused. Men reporting CAEP needed more time and/or more intense stimulation to become aroused. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use psychophysiological methods to assess sexual responsivity in men who report CAEP.
Testosterone, Cardiovascular Risk, and Hormonophobia
Authors: Morgentaler Abraham 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Introduction
A public outcry against testosterone (T) therapy has suddenly occurred based on two reports suggesting treatment was associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risks.

Aim
To analyze scientific and social bases for concerns regarding T therapy.

Methods
Analysis of recent articles regarding CV risks with T and comparison with events surrounding publication of results of the Women's Health Initiative in 2002.

Results
In the first study, the percentage of individuals with an adverse event was lower by half in men who received T compared with untreated men (10.1% vs. 21.2%). However, an opposite conclusion was reached via complex statistics. The second study reported minor increased rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) up to 90 days after receiving a T prescription compared with the prior 12 months. However, there was no control group, so it is unknown whether this MI rate was increased, reduced, or unchanged compared with untreated men. Neither study provided substantive evidence of risk, yet these were lauded as proof of dangers, despite a substantial literature to the contrary. Similar events followed the publication of the Women's Health Initiative in 2002 when a media frenzy over increased risks with female hormone replacement therapy obscured the fact that the reported excess risk was clinically meaningless, at two events per 1,000 person-years. Stakeholders driving concerns regarding hormone risks are unlikely to be clinicians with real-world patient experience.

Conclusions
The use of weak studies as proof of danger indicates that cultural (i.e., nonscientific) forces are at play. Negative media stories touting T's risks appear fueled by antipharma sentiment, anger against aggressive marketing, and antisexuality. This stance is best described as “hormonophobia.” As history shows, evidence alone may be insufficient to alter a public narrative. The true outrage is that social forces and hysteria have combined to deprive men of a useful treatment without regard for medical science.
Appraising cardiac dysfunction in liver transplantation: an ongoing challenge
Authors: Zaky Ahmed , Bendjelid Karim 
Published: May 2014

AbsractEnd‐stage liver disease (ESLD) is a multisystemic disease that adversely and mutually aggravates other organs such as the heart. Cardiac dysfunction in ESLD encompasses a spectrum of disease that could be aggravated, precipitated or be occurring hand‐in‐hand with coexisting aetiological factors precipitating cirrhosis. Additionally and more complexly, liver transplantation, the curative modality of ESLD, is responsible for additional intra‐ and postoperative short‐ and long‐term cardiac morbidity. The phenotypic distinction of the different forms of cardiac dysfunction in ESLD albeit important prognostically and therapeutically is not allowed by the current societal recommendations, due to conceptual, and methodological limitations in the appraisal of cardiac function and structure in ESLD and in designing studies that are based on this appraisal. This review comprehensively discusses the spectrum of cardiac dysfunction in ESLD, discusses the limitations of the current appraisal of cardiac dysfunction in ESLD, and proposes a hypothetical approach for studying cardiac dysfunction in liver transplant candidates.
Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi‐07 alleviates bacterial translocation and ameliorates microinflammation in experimental uraemia
Authors: Wei Meng , Wang Zhigang , Liu Hua , Jiang Hongli , Wang Meng , Liang Shanshan , Shi Kehui , Feng Jie 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimUraemia is characterized by intestinal bacterial translocation, which contributes to the development of microinflammation. Probiotics enhance the intestinal barrier and overall health of the host. The present study investigated whether the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi‐07 alleviates bacterial translocation and ameliorates microinflammation in experimental uraemia.MethodsSixty Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups of 20 rats each: the sham group, which underwent only laparotomy; the uraemia group, which underwent 5/6 nephrectomy; and the uraemia + probiotic group, which underwent 5/6 nephrectomy and daily intragastric administration of B. animalis subsp. lactis Bi‐07 for 4 weeks. Bacterial translocation was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from oral GFP‐labelled Escherichia coli in the peripheral blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Intestinal permeability, plasma inflammatory biomarker levels, and endotoxin levels were measured. Jejunum, ileum, and colon specimens were removed for histological examination.ResultsUraemic rats exhibited a significantly higher incidence of bacterial translocation (70%) than did sham rats (10%). Probiotic treatment resulted in a decrease in bacterial translocation (20%). Intestinal permeability, inflammatory biomarker levels, and endotoxin levels in uraemic rats were significantly higher than those in the sham group. After treatment with the probiotic, inflammatory biomarker levels significantly decreased. Uraemic rats demonstrated superficial mucosal erosion and inflammatory cell infiltration in the small intestine, and administration of the probiotic alleviated these lesions.ConclusionThe probiotic B. animalis subsp. lactis Bi‐07 alleviate bacterial translocation and ameliorate microinflammation through the recovery of intestinal mucosal integrity.
Perceptions of the need for improvements in healthcare after implementation of the Chronic Care Model
Authors: Holm Anne Lise , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOlder people with depression constitute a vulnerable group, and evidence from different parts of the world has demonstrated the need for healthcare improvements at the community level. In this study, we described team members’ perceptions of improvements in the care of older people with depression living in the community after the implementation of the Chronic Care Model, with a focus on delivery‐system design, self‐management support, and teamwork. This follow‐up study was based on focus‐group interviews with healthcare team members. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Four themes emerged: (i) ensuring a pathway to the top level of the organization; (ii) the need for leadership from senior managers; (iii) the need to formalize collaboration; and (iv) increasing self‐management. Senior managers should cooperate with specialist care givers and administrators in the community. They must also redesign the delivery system to facilitate teamwork and the self‐management ability of older people with depression.
PAG1, a cotton brassinosteroid catabolism gene, modulates fiber elongation
Authors: Yang Zuoren , Zhang Chaojun , Yang Xiaojie , Liu Kun , Wu Zhixia , Zhang Xueyan , Zheng Wu , Xun Qingqing , Liu Chuanliang , Lu Lili , Yang Zhaoen , Qian Yuyuan , Xu Zhenzhen , Li Changfeng , Li Jia , Li Fuguang 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the major source of natural textile fibers. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play crucial roles in regulating fiber development. The molecular mechanisms of BRs in regulating fiber elongation, however, are poorly understood.

pagoda1 (pag1) was identified via an activation tagging genetic screen and characterized by genome walking and brassinolide (BL) supplementation. RNA‐Seq analysis was employed to elucidate the mechanisms of PAG1 in regulating fiber development.

pag1 exhibited dwarfism and reduced fiber length due to significant inhibition of cell elongation and expansion. BL treatment rescued its growth and fiber elongation. PAG1 encodes a homolog of Arabidopsis CYP734A1 that inactivates BRs via C‐26 hydroxylation. RNA‐Seq analyses showed that the constitutive expression of PAG1 downregulated the expression of genes involved in very‐long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFA) biosynthesis, ethylene‐mediated signaling, response to cadmium, cell wall development, cytoskeleton organization and cell growth.

Our results demonstrate that PAG1 plays crucial roles in regulating fiber development via controlling the level of endogenous bioactive BRs, which may affect ethylene signaling cascade by mediating VLCFA. Therefore, BR may be a critical regulator of fiber elongation, a role which may in turn be linked to effects on VLCFA biosynthesis, ethylene and cadmium signaling, cell wall‐ and cytoskeleton‐related gene expression.
Poplar PdC3H17 and PdC3H18 are direct targets of PdMYB3 and PdMYB21, and positively regulate secondary wall formation in Arabidopsis and poplar
Authors: Chai Guohua , Qi Guang , Cao Yingping , Wang Zengguang , Yu Li , Tang Xianfeng , Yu Yanchong , Wang Dian , Kong Yingzhen , Zhou Gongke 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Wood biomass is mainly made of secondary cell walls, whose formation is controlled by a multilevel network. The tandem CCCH zinc finger (TZF) proteins involved in plant secondary wall formation are poorly understood.

Two TZF genes, PdC3H17 and PdC3H18, were isolated from Populus deltoides and functionally characterized in Escherichia coli, tobacco, Arabidopsis and poplar.

PdC3H17 and PdC3H18 are predominantly expressed in cells of developing wood, and the proteins they encode are targeted to cytoplasmic foci. Transcriptional activation assays showed that PdMYB2/3/20/21 individually activated the PdC3H17 and PdC3H18 promoters, but PdMYB3/21 were most significant. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that PdMYB3/21 bound directly to the PdC3H17/18 promoters. Overexpression of PdC3H17/18 in poplar increased secondary xylem width and secondary wall thickening in stems, whereas dominant repressors of them had the opposite effects on these traits. Similar alteration in secondary wall thickening was observed in their transgenic Arabidopsis plants. qRT‐PCR results showed that PdC3H17/18 regulated the expression of cellulose, xylan and lignin biosynthetic genes, and several wood‐associated MYB genes.

These results demonstrate that PdC3H17 and PdC3H18 are the targets of PdMYB3 and PdMYB21 and are an additional two components in the regulatory network of secondary xylem formation in poplar.
Fungal nutrient allocation in common mycorrhizal networks is regulated by the carbon source strength of individual host plants
Authors: Fellbaum Carl R. , Mensah Jerry A. , Cloos Adam J. , Strahan Gary E. , Pfeffer Philip E. , Kiers E. Toby , Bücking Heike 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the soil simultaneously provide multiple host plants with nutrients, but the mechanisms by which the nutrient transport to individual host plants within one CMN is controlled are unknown.

Using radioactive and stable isotopes, we followed the transport of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the CMNs of two fungal species to plants that differed in their carbon (C) source strength, and correlated the transport to the expression of mycorrhiza‐inducible plant P (MtPt4) and ammonium (1723.m00046) transporters in mycorrhizal roots.

AM fungi discriminated between host plants that shared a CMN and preferentially allocated nutrients to high‐quality (nonshaded) hosts. However, the fungus also supplied low‐quality (shaded) hosts with nutrients and maintained a high colonization rate in these plants. Fungal P transport was correlated to the expression of MtPt4. The expression of the putative ammonium transporter 1723.m00046 was dependent on the fungal nutrient supply and was induced when the CMN had access to N.

Biological market theory has emerged as a tool with which the strategic investment of competing partners in trading networks can be studied. Our work demonstrates how fungal partners are able to retain bargaining power, despite being obligately dependent on their hosts.
Heart Rhythm Society Members’ Views on Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Reuse
Authors: HUGHEY ANDREW B. , DESAI NIMIT , BAMAN TIMIR S. , GAKENHEIMER LINDSEY , HAGAN LINDSAY , KIRKPATRICK JAMES N. , ORAL HAKAN , EAGLE KIM A. , CRAWFORD THOMAS C. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundReuse of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) may help address the unmet need among patients in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).MethodsTo examine Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) physicians’ opinions regarding CIED reuse, an online survey eliciting attitudes toward CIED reuse was sent to all 3,380 HRS physician members.ResultsThere were 429 responses (response rate 13%). A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that resterilization of devices for reimplantation in patients who cannot afford new devices may be safe (370, 87%) and, if proven to be safe, would be ethical (375, 88%). A total of 340 (81%) respondents would be comfortable asking their patients to consider donating their device, and 353 (84%) would be willing to reimplant a resterilized device if it were legal. The most commonly cited concerns about device reuse were infection (270, 64%) and device malfunction (125, 29%). Respondents from the United States and Canada had more favorable impressions of device reuse than respondents from other high‐income countries (P < 0.05 for three of five positive statements regarding reuse), and were less likely to cite ethical concerns (P < 0.001). However, when responses from all high‐income countries were compared with lower‐ and upper‐middle income countries, there were no significant differences in the rates of approval.ConclusionsHRS survey respondents support the concept of CIED reuse for patients in LMICs who cannot afford new devices. Studies are needed to demonstrate the clinical efficacy and safety of this practice and to identify potential barriers to adoption among physicians.
Third‐Degree Burn from Cooled Radiofrequency Ablation of Medial Branch Nerves for Treatment of Thoracic Facet Syndrome
Authors: Walega David , Roussis Christiana 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRadiofrequency ablation of medial branch nerves is considered a safe and effective treatment for chronic facet joint pain in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral spine. Cooled radiofrequency ablation (C‐RFA) is gaining popularity over conventional thermal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in pain management. However, complications of C‐RFAhave not been reported in the literature. We present a first report of third‐degree skin burn resulting from C‐RFAelectrode use for the treatment of facet syndrome.A 61‐year‐old woman (BMIof 21.8 kg/m2) with thoracic facet syndrome underwent C‐RFAof the T1–4 medial branch nerves (Thoracool System, Baylis Medical Company, Montreal, QC, Canada). Lesioning at the superior‐lateral aspect of the thoracic transverse processes at each level was performed. During lesioning of the T2MBNon the T3 transverse process, skin blanching 15 mm in diameter was noted around the introducer needle with patient complaints of severe, localized pain. Postprocedurally the skin injury at this level worsened in appearance, with a 20 mm × 4 mm skin defect, which took nearly 5 months to heal.With C‐RFA, internally cooled electrodes are capable of creating large volume spherical lesions, a size advantage over conventionalRFA. Although C‐RFAlesion size may overcome the anatomic variability of target nerve location and potentially improve pain outcomes, added vigilance is required in thin patients and in anatomic regions of minimal subcutaneous tissue between the lesion target and the dermis. Skin burns at the site of theRFelectrode are a potential risk under such conditions.
From Inverted Spectra to Colorless Qualia: AWittgensteinian Critique
Authors: Brenner William H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis is terribly hard, Thouless, I'm sorry. I have thought over all this for years. … It is now as if we had ploughed furrows in different parts of a field. There is a lot left to do. (Wittgenstein, to a psychologist friend on how hard it is to get clear about experiential concepts)Judging from their writings, most contemporary analytic philosophers have not been persuaded that “the inverted spectrum problem” is – as Wittgenstein maintained – really a conceptual puzzle calling for dissolution, rather than a straight problem calling for a solution. In this paper, I present Wittgenstein's view as clearly and persuasively as I can, contrasting it with the views of Sidney Shoemaker and Ned Block, two of his more prominent critics. I conclude with a look at Frank Jackson's well‐known Knowledge Argument, which, if successful, would demonstrate the futility of looking for a physicalist solution to the inverted spectrum and related philosophical problems. My goal is to combat what I take to be the common and unfortunate failure – among both physicalistically inclined philosophers, including Shoemaker and Block, and anti‐physicalists, such as Jackson – to appreciate the force of Wittgenstein's arguments.