bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the Repopulation of Rural Communities: the Case of Private Neighbourhoods in Kibbutzim
Authors: Charney Igal , Palgi Michal 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTNow in the early 21st century after several decades of population shrinkage, kibbutzim are experiencing renewed growth. In‐migration to kibbutzim reflects the re‐appreciation of rural living, a phenomenon sought by counterurbanites and gentrifiers alike. Drawing on two regions (exurban and peripheral) in northern Israel, we examined the case of migrants to newly‐built spaces in kibbutzim known as private neighborhoods. We analyse the characteristics of migrants and their motivation for migration, probing the framework of rural gentrification to study repopulation under different conditions and constraints. In accordance with the literature, migrants to kibbutzim value the well‐known benefits that rural spaces have to offer but their profiles and their impact on rural communities are different than those prescribed by the literature. Acknowledging their conceptual merit, counterurbanisation and, more specifically, rural gentrification, would benefit from reflecting on the role of organizational, institutional and spatial variations in producing diverse routes for the repopulation of rural space. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of growth temperature on structural, electrical, and optical properties of Gd‐doped zinc oxide films
Authors: Cho Shinho 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGd‐doped ZnO (GZO) films were deposited on glass substrates at various growth temperatures by using radio‐frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering. The experimental data showed that the growth temperature had a significant effect on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the GZO films. The GZO film deposited at 400 °C exhibited a preferential growth orientation along the (002) plane with a thickness of 1480 nm, an average optical transmittance of 86.5% in the visible wavelength range, an optical band gap of 3.18 eV, and an electron concentration of 1.9 × 1020 cm−3, where the highest figure of merit was obtained. The increase in the figure of merit results from the decrease in the electrical resistivity with increasing growth temperature. The optical band gap energy Eg as a function of the growth temperature T, calculated by using the Tauc model and parabolic bands, is expressed as  eV. The results suggest that the optimum growth temperature for depositing high‐quality GZO films is 400 °C.
Estimating low‐frequency variability and trends in atmospheric temperature using ERA‐Interim
Authors: Simmons A. J. , Poli P. , Dee D. P. , Berrisford P. , Hersbach H. , Kobayashi S. , Peubey C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLow‐frequency variability and trends in temperature from 1979 to 2012 are examined. Observational improvements are noted and near‐surface behaviour of the ECMWF ERA‐Interim reanalysis is reviewed. Attention is then focussed on how closely ERA‐Interim fits the upper‐air data it assimilates, the bias adjustments it infers for satellite data, and its agreement with the ERA‐40, MERRA and JRA‐55 reanalyses and with model simulations.Global‐mean fits to independently homogenised radiosonde temperatures and variationally adjusted satellite brightness temperatures are mainly within 0.1 K in the troposphere, with some degradation over time from assimilating varying amounts of aircraft and rain‐affected microwave‐radiance data, and from a change in source of sea‐surface‐temperature analysis. Lower‐tropospheric warming appears to be somewhat underestimated. Temperature variations in the tropical upper troposphere correlate well with those at the surface, but amplitude is more than doubled, in agreement with modelling. Specific humidity varies in concert; relative humidity is largely uniform, but dips during El Niño events.Agreement with the other reanalyses is particularly close in the lower stratosphere, where radiance data and the background model constrain cooling to be slightly slower than in the homogenised radiosonde data. Perturbations to global‐mean temperatures from underestimating warming following the El Chichón and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions and from assimilating recent GPSRO data are at most 0.2 K, less than 20% of the net change since 1979 at 50 hPa. Middle‐stratospheric variations are more uncertain. Recent cooling appears to be underestimated by assimilating increasing amounts of unadjusted radiosonde data, but results do not support a recent reprocessing of earlier sounding data that suggests stronger middle‐stratospheric cooling than previously indicated. Strong analysed upper‐stratospheric cooling agrees quite well with model simulations if occasional jumps due to unadjusted bias changes in high‐sounding satellite data are discounted.Producing ERA‐Interim in two separate streams caused only minor discontinuities where streams join at the start of 1989.
Critical parameters of integral delay systems
Authors: Ochoa Gilberto , Melchor‐Aguilar Daniel , Mondié Sabine 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe critical frequencies of integral delay systems with a class of analytic kernels are determined via an auxiliary delay‐free system, and an upper bound on the number of critical frequencies is obtained. The critical delays are obtained by substituting these frequencies into the characteristic equation of the system. The procedure is validated with a number of nontrivial examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of nanoparticle‐encapsulated curcumin on arsenic‐induced liver toxicity in rats
Authors: Sankar Palanisamy , Gopal Telang Avinash , Kalaivanan Ramya , Karunakaran Vijayakaran , Manikam Kesavan , Sarkar Souvendra Nath 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTWe investigated the therapeutic effectiveness of the nanoparticle‐encapsulated curcumin (CUR‐NP) against sodium arsenite‐induced hepatic oxidative damage in rats. The CUR‐NP prepared by emulsion technique was spherical in shape with an encapsulation efficiency of 86.5%. The particle size ranged between 120 and 140 nm with the mean particle size being 130.8 nm. Rats were divided into five groups of six each. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 rats were exposed to sodium arsenite (25 ppm) daily through drinking water for 42 days. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with arsenic as in group 2, however, they were administered, empty nanoparticles, curcumin (100 mg/kg bw) and CUR‐NP (100 mg/kg bw), respectively, by oral gavage during the last 14 days of arsenic exposure. Arsenic increased the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and caused histological alterations in liver indicating hepatotoxicity. Arsenic increased lipid peroxidation, depleted reduced glutathione and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in liver. All these effects of arsenic were attenuated with both curcumin and CUR‐NP. However, the magnitude of amelioration was more pronounced with CUR‐NP. The results indicate that curcumin given in nano‐encapsulated form caused better amelioration than free curcumin. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 628–637, 2015.
Genetic Counselors’ Experience with Cell‐Free Fetal DNA Testing as a Prenatal Screening Option for Aneuploidy
Authors: Horsting Julie M. H. , Dlouhy Stephen R. , Hanson Katelyn , Quaid Kimberly , Bai Shaochun , Hines Karrie A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFirst identified in 1997, cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) has just recently been used to detect fetal aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, and 21, showing its potential to revolutionize prenatal genetic testing as a non‐invasive screening tool. Although this technological advancement is exciting and has certain medical applications, it has been unclear how it will be implemented in a clinical setting. Genetic counselors will likely be instrumental in answering that question, but to date, there is no published research regarding prenatal counselors’ implementation of and experiences with cffDNA testing. We developed a 67 question survey to gather descriptive information from counselors regarding their personal opinions, experiences, thoughts, and concerns regarding the validity, usefulness, and implementation of this new technology. A total of 236 individuals completed a portion of the survey; not all respondents answered all questions. Qualitative questions complemented quantitative survey items, allowing respondents to voice their thoughts directly. Results indicate that counselors value cffDNA testing as a screening option but are concerned regarding how some obstetricians and patients make use of this testing. Further results, discussion, and practice implications are presented.
Behaviour of rarefied gas flow near the junction of a suddenly expanding tube
Authors: Varade Vijay , Agrawal Amit , Pradeep A. M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study of isothermal rarefied gas flow through a tube with sudden expansion in the slip flow regime. The measurements reported here are for nitrogen flowing at low pressures in conventional tubes with sudden expansion area ratios of 1.48, 3.74, 12.43 and 64. The flow is dynamically similar to gas flow in a microchannel as the Knudsen number $(0. 0001\lt \mathit{Kn}\lt 0. 075)$ falls in the slip flow regime; the Reynolds number in the smaller section (${\mathit{Re}}_{s} $) ranges between 0.2 and 837. The static pressure along the wall is measured for different mass flow rates controlled by a mass flow controller and analysed to understand the flow behaviour. The velocity profiles are obtained through a momentum balance and using the pressure measurements. A discontinuity in the slope of pressure at the sudden expansion junction is noted and given special attention. The absence of flow separation is another key feature observed from the measurements. The streamlines are found to be concave near the junction. It is demonstrated that the flow ‘senses’ the oncoming sudden expansion junction and starts adjusting itself much before reaching the junction; this interesting behaviour is attributed to an increased axial momentum diffusion and wall slip. The additional acceleration of the central core of the gas flow causes an increase in the wall shear stress and a larger pressure drop as compared with a straight tube. These results are not previously available and should help in improving understanding of gaseous slip flows.
Generation of surface waves by shear-flow instability
Authors: Young W. R. , Wolfe C. L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe consider the linear stability of an inviscid parallel shear flow of air over water with gravity and capillarity. The velocity profile in the air is monotonically increasing upwards from the sea surface and is convex, while the velocity in the water is monotonically decreasing from the surface and is concave. An archetypical example, the ‘double-exponential’ profile, is solved analytically and studied in detail. We show that there are two types of unstable mode which can, in some cases, co-exist. The first type is the ‘Miles mode’ resulting from a resonant interaction between a surface gravity wave and a critical level in the air. The second unstable mode is an interaction between surface gravity waves and a critical level in the water, resulting in the growth of ripples. The gravity–capillary waves participating in this second resonance have negative intrinsic phase speed, but are Doppler shifted so that their actual phase speed is positive, and matches the speed of the base-state current at the critical level. In both cases, the Reynolds stresses of an exponentially growing wave transfer momentum from the vicinity of the critical level to the zone between the crests and troughs of a surface wave.
A Constructive Proof of Brauer's Theorem on Induced Characters in the Group Ring
Authors: Bogomolov Fedor , Greenleaf Frederick P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe provide an alternative constructive proof of the classical Brauer theorem for finite groups based on the well-known description of the complex irreducible representations of the symmetric groups Sn. The theorem is first proved for Sn and then for general G by embedding in Sn and applying the Mackey subgroup theorem.
Marker genes for activation of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansand RNAi development in the ovine nematodeTeladorsagia circumcincta
Authors: Tzelos T. , Matthews J.B. , Whitelaw B. , Knox D.P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe nematodeTeladorsagiacircumcinctais a major cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep in temperate regions. The development of resistance to the major anthelmintic classes used for its control is a threat to small ruminant farming sustainability. Vaccination is a potential alternative control method for this nematode. Gene datasets can be exploited to identify potential vaccine candidates and these validated further by methods such as RNA interference (RNAi) prior to vaccine trials. Previous reports indicate that RNAi in parasitic nematodes is inconsistent and, to date, there are no internal controls that indicate activation of the RNAi pathway in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The present aims were to determine whether or not the transcription levels of potential marker genes in the RNAi pathway could indicate activation of the pathway inCaenorhabditis elegansand to develop an RNAi platform inT. circumcincta. InC. elegans, transcript levels of three candidate marker genes,Ce-dcr-1(Dicer),Ce-ego-1(Enhancer of Glp-One family member) andCe-rsd-3(RNAi Spreading Defective), were analysed and results indicated that activation of the pathway had no effect on transcript levels of these genes. InT. circumcincta,two vaccine candidate genes from the Activation-associated Secreted Protein (ASP) family were targets for knockdown. RNAi experiments showed successful silencing of both targets, although inconsistencies in efficacy were observed. After testing a number of parameters that might affect variability, it was found that the length of the storage period of the larvae plays an important role in the consistency of the RNAi results.
An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance
Authors: Kurzban Robert , Duckworth Angela , Kable Joseph W. , Myers Justus 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWhy does performing certain tasks cause the aversive experience of mental effort and concomitant deterioration in task performance? One explanation posits a physical resource that is depleted over time. We propose an alternative explanation that centers on mental representations of the costs and benefits associated with task performance. Specifically, certain computational mechanisms, especially those associated with executive function, can be deployed for only a limited number of simultaneous tasks at any given moment. Consequently, the deployment of these computational mechanisms carries an opportunity cost – that is, the next-best use to which these systems might be put. We argue that the phenomenology of effort can be understood as the felt output of these cost/benefit computations. In turn, the subjective experience of effort motivates reduced deployment of these computational mechanisms in the service of the present task. These opportunity cost representations, then, together with other cost/benefit calculations, determine effort expended and, everything else equal, result in performance reductions. In making our case for this position, we review alternative explanations for both the phenomenology of effort associated with these tasks and for performance reductions over time. Likewise, we review the broad range of relevant empirical results from across sub-disciplines, especially psychology and neuroscience. We hope that our proposal will help to build links among the diverse fields that have been addressing similar questions from different perspectives, and we emphasize ways in which alternative models might be empirically distinguished.
What kind of seed dormancy might palms have?
Authors: Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPalm diaspores are reported to have various kinds of dormancy. However, (1) the embryo is underdeveloped; (2) the endocarp is water permeable; and (3) the diaspores take a long time to germinate. Thus, we conclude that the diaspores of the majority of palm species have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). The ones that do not have MPD are morphologically dormant.
Risk factors in abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortoiliac occlusive disease and differences between them in the Polish population
Authors: Mikołajczyk-Stecyna Joanna , Korcz Aleksandra , Gabriel Marcin , Pawlaczyk Katarzyna , Oszkinis Grzegorz , Słomski Ryszard 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) are multifactorial vascular disorders caused by complex genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to define risk factors of AAA and AIOD in the Polish population and indicate differences between diseases.
Dual-modality gene reporter for in vivo imaging
Authors: Patrick P. Stephen , Hammersley Jayne , Loizou Louiza , Kettunen Mikko I. , Rodrigues Tiago B. , Hu De-En , Tee Sui-Seng , Hesketh Robin , Lyons Scott K. , Soloviev Dmitry , Lewis David Y. , Aime Silvio , Fulton Sandra M. , Brindle Kevin M. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Gene reporters can be used to track viable cells in vivo and their patterns of gene expression. There have been numerous attempts to develop gene reporters for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however these give only modest image contrast and often this is negative, which can be difficult to detect. We describe here a dual-imaging modality reporter that gives intense and positive contrast in magnetic resonance images (up to ∼8× increase in signal), which can also be used with radionuclide imaging, thus combining the sensitivity of radionuclide imaging with the spatial resolution of MRI. The contrast obtained is directly related to the degree of gene expression and is readily reversible, thus allowing longitudinal studies of changes in expression.
Analytical Mechanics for Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Johns Oliver 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis book provides an innovative and mathematically sound treatment of the foundations of analytical mechanics, and of the relation of classical mechanics to relativity and quantum theory. A distinguishing feature is its integration of special relativity into the teaching of classical mechanics. After a thorough review of the traditional theory, Part II of the book introduces extended Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods that treat time as a transformable coordinate rather than the fixed parameter of Newtonian physics. Advanced topics such as covariant Langrangians and Hamiltonians, canonical transformations, and Hamilton-Jacobi methods are simplified by the use of this extended theory. The definition of canonical transformation no longer excludes the Lorentz transformation of special relativity. This is also a book for those who study analytical mechanics to prepare for a critical exploration of quantum mechanics since comparisons to quantum mechanics appear throughout the text. The extended Hamiltonian theory with time as a coordinate is compared to Dirac's formalism of primary phase space constraints. The chapter on relativistic mechanics shows how to use covariant Hamiltonian theory to write the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. The chapter on Hamilton-Jacobi theory includes a discussion of the closely related Bohm hidden variable model of quantum mechanics. Classical mechanics itself is presented with an emphasis on methods such as linear vector operators and dyadics that will familiarise the student with similar techniques in quantum theory. Several of the current fundamental problems in theoretical physics require a rethinking of the quantum–classical connection.
Calculus on surfaces
Authors: Donaldson Simon 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter develops the theory of differential forms on smooth surfaces and Riemann surfaces. The analysis begins with smooth surfaces, covering cotangent spaces and 1-forms; 2-forms and integration. It then turns to de Rham cohomology, which includes cohomology with compact support, and Poincaré duality. The final section discusses calculus on Riemann surfaces, covering decomposition of the 1-forms; the Laplace operator and harmonic functions; and the Dirichlet norm.
Characterization of primate environments through assessment of plant phenology
Authors: Marshall Andrew J. , Wich Serge 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Plant allocation to reproduction and growth is not evenly spread over time. This variability creates substantial temporal and spatial variation in the availability of plant foods and consequently primate diets, with important implications for primate reproduction, grouping, ranging, and sociality. Accurate characterization of plant phenology is therefore important to many facets of field primatology. This chapter provides an overview of the methods primatologists employ to assess plant phenology. It focuses on practical issues most relevant to field primatologists seeking to characterize the environments inhabited by their study subjects. It discusses the benefits and limitations of various sampling methods, the selection of a sample to monitor, and the scale and scope of sampling. It also considers ways in which phenological data can be described, analyzed, and presented.
Methods in ethnoprimatology: exploring the human–non-human primate interface
Authors: Riley Erin P. , Ellwanger Amanda L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive synthesis and evaluation of the appropriate methods to use for a number of ethnoprimatology’s research foci, including the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on a primate’s ecology and behaviour; overlapping resource use between humans and nonhuman primates; and cultural perceptions of primates. It begins with a discussion of logistical issues associated with ethnoprimatological research, including how to navigate different cultural landscapes and deal with multifaceted ethical considerations. It then describes the key research foci of ethnoprimatology and the methods used to accomplish such research. It concludes with a discussion on the future trajectory of ethnoprimatological research.
Social and spatial relationships between primate groups
Authors: Brown Michelle , Crofoot Margaret 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Studying relationships among primate social groups poses a number of logistical challenges: encounters between groups occur relatively infrequently, interactions are often fast-paced and hectic and, unless all the social groups in a study area are habituated, the presence of human observers may have a significant impact on the outcome of intergroup conflicts. This chapter encourages a more focused approach to the study of intergroup interactions by detailing methods that researchers can use to facilitate inter-specific and inter-site comparisons. It begins by clarifying some of the terms commonly used to describe intergroup relationships, followed by a discussion of observational and experimental methods used to study interactions between primate social groups, and a review of methods for analyzing the impact of intergroup interactions on ranging patterns and space use. It concludes with a brief outline of some important avenues for future research.