bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample size requirement for digital image analysis of collagen proportionate area in cirrhotic livers
Authors: Hall Andrew Rennie , Tsochatzis Emmanuel , Morris Richard , Burroughs Andrew Kenneth , Dhillon Amar Paul 
Published: November 2012

Hall A R, Tsochatzis E, Morris R, Burroughs A K & Dhillon A P  (2012) Histopathology Sample size requirement for digital image analysis of collagen proportionate area in cirrhotic liversAims:   The requirements for adequate cirrhotic liver biopsy size have not been established for quantitative fibrosis measurements (collagen proportionate area: CPA). We evaluated the CPA of virtual biopsies in cirrhosis to elucidate (i) the amount of tissue required to achieve reliable CPA measurements and (ii) the effect of aetiology on sample size requirements.Method and results:   A total of 120 cirrhotic tissue blocks (six aetiologies) were studied. A representative 100 mm2 region was selected from each block and a reference CPA measured. Each image (n = 120) was divided into 100 × 1 mm2 images; CPA was measured for each 1 mm2 and virtual biopsies of different sizes were created from the 1 mm2 components. For each virtual biopsy size the probability that the virtual biopsy CPA would be within 5% of the reference CPA was calculated. There were 441 000 virtual biopsies. Biopsy size versus probability plots indicated that, for 90% probability that the virtual biopsy CPA can be expected to be within 5% of the reference CPA, 22–28 mm2 of analysable tissue is required depending on liver disease aetiology; and that a 75% probability level requires a biopsy with 12–15 mm2 of analysable tissue.Conclusion:   The sample size required for a given probability level depends on the aetiology of cirrhosis, and this should be taken into account when judging the reliability of cirrhotic liver biopsy CPA.
A new method for real‐time quantification of irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation ex vivo
Authors: Psimma Z. , Boutsioukis C. , Vasiliadis L. , Kastrinakis E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAim(i) To introduce a new method of quantifying extruded irrigant during root canal irrigation ex vivo. (ii) to evaluate the effect of periapical tissue simulation and pressure equalization and (iii) to determine the effect of needle type, apical preparation size and apical constriction diameter on irrigant extrusion.MethodologySixteen human single‐rooted teeth were sequentially prepared to sizes 25–45, 0.06 taper and mounted on a plastic vial simulating a periapical lesion. The apical constriction diameter was standardized to 0.15–0.35 mm. The vial was filled with distilled water or air and was either open to the environment or closed. A point‐conductivity probe was used to determine the volume of extruded irrigant into the vial. NaOCl was delivered by an open‐ended or a closed‐ended needle at 3 mm short of working length. Results were analysed by two 3‐way repeated‐measures ANOVAsResultsThe open‐ended needle extruded significantly more irrigant than the closed‐ended in the majority of cases (P < 0.002). An increase in the apical size was related to decreased irrigant extrusion (P < 0.024). The effect of constriction diameter was not significant. The water‐closed and water‐open methods were related to less extrusion than the air‐closed and air‐open methods, respectively (P < 0.005). Open systems (water‐open, air‐open) allowed extrusion of larger amounts of irrigant than corresponding closed systems (water‐closed, air‐closed) (P < 0.005).ConclusionsThe conductivity probe is a reliable method for real‐time quantification of irrigant extrusion ex vivo. Not simulating tissue resistance in ex vivo experiments may lead to significant overestimation of irrigant extrusion.
Effects of ZnO and B2O3 on the Microstructure and Microwave Dielectric Properties of 5Li2O‐1Nb2O5‐5TiO2 Ceramics
Authors: Zeng, Qun , Zhang Nana , Zhou Yongheng , Zhan Weichao , Hong Xiaoting 
Published: November 2012

The effects of ZnO and B2O3 addition on the sintering behavior, microstructure, and the microwave dielectric properties of 5Li2O‐1Nb2O5‐5TiO2 (LNT) ceramics have been investigated. With addition of low‐level doping of ZnO and B2O3, the sintering temperature of the LNT ceramics can be lowered down to near 920°C due to the liquid phase effect. The Li2TiO3ss and the “M‐phase” are the two main phases, whereas other phase could be observed when co‐doping with ZnO and B2O3 in the ceramics. And the amount of the other phase increases with the ZnO content increasing. The addition of ZnO does not induce much degradation in the microwave dielectric properties but lowers the τf value to near zero. Typically, the good microwave dielectric properties of εr = 36.4, Q × f = 8835 GHz, τf = 4.4 ppm/°C could be obtained for the 1 wt% B2O3 and 4 wt% ZnO co‐doped sample sintered at 920°C, which is promising for application of the multilayer microwave devices using Ag as internal electrode.
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids inhibit nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic export of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1
Authors: He Jun , Qi Wen‐Bao , Wang Lei , Tian Jin , Jiao Pei‐Rong , Liu Guo‐Qian , Ye Wen‐Cai , Liao Ming 
Published: November 2012

Please cite this paper as: He et al. (2013) Amaryllidaceae alkaloids inhibit nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic export of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(6), 922–931.Background Few drugs are currently licensed to treat influenza A infection, and new therapies are needed, especially for highly pathogenic strains. Traditional medicinal plants, such as Lycoris radiata, are a potential source of new antiviral agents.Objective To test 15 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids isolated from the bulbs of L. radiata in vitro for antiviral activities against influenza virus type A, A/Chicken/GuangDong/178/2004 (H5N1, 178).Methods Antiviral activities of the compounds were tested in time‐of‐addition assays, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays, neuraminidase (NA) activity assays, and viral entry inhibition assays using H5N1‐HIV pseudoviruses. Effects of the compounds on localization and activity of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were determined by immunofluorescence and an RNP minigenome assay, respectively.Results Among the alkaloids, lycorine (AA1), hippeastrine (AA2), hemanthamine (AA3) and 11‐hydroxy vittatine (AA4) exhibited antiviral activities, with EC90 values of 0·52, 82·07, 4·15, and 13·45 μm, respectively. These compounds did not affect the function of the outer membrane proteins or the viral entry process and viral RNP activity. As AA1 and AA3 exhibited stronger antiviral activities, they were further analyzed. Intracellular nucleoprotein (NP) localization showed that AA1 and AA3 inhibited the RNP complex in the nucleus at an early stage of a single‐round and multi‐round of replication.Conclusion Four Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were first determined that could exert anti‐influenza activities after virus entry into cells. Furthermore, AA1 and AA3 could inhibit nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic export of the RNP complex of virus replication. Thus, these compounds may be developed further as anti‐influenza drug candidates.
P‐wave attenuation anisotropy in fractured media: A seismic physical modelling study
Authors: Ekanem A.M. , Wei J. , Li X.‐Y. , Chapman M. , Main I.G. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe used a laboratory scale model to study the effects aligned fractures might have on seismic wave propagation at a larger scale in real Earth imaging. Our main objective was to investigate the effect of aligned fractures on seismic P‐wave amplitude through the estimation of the induced attenuation. The physical model was constructed from a mixture of epoxy resin and silicon rubber, with inclusions designed to simulate two sets of inclined fractures at an angle of 29.2° with each other. Two‐dimensional reflection data were acquired using the pulse and transmission method in three principal directions relative to the fracture strike azimuth with the model submerged in a water tank. We used the Quality Versus Offset (QVO) method, an extension of the classical spectral ratio method for determining attenuation to estimate the induced attenuation (inverse of the seismic quality factor) from the Common Mid Point (CMP) pre‐processed gathers. The results of our analysis show that the induced P‐wave attenuation is anisotropic, with elliptical (cos2θ) variations with respect to the survey azimuth angle θ. The minor axis of the Q ellipse corresponds to the fracture normal. In this direction, i.e. across the material grain, the attenuation is a maximum. The major axis corresponds to the fracture strike direction (parallel to the material grain) where minimum attenuation occurs. These attenuation results show consistency with the azimuthal anisotropy observed in the stacking velocities in the fractured‐layer and are all consistent with the physical model, and thus provide a physical basis for using attenuation anisotropy to derive fracture properties from seismic data.
The effect of anisotropy on the Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios of shales
Authors: Sayers Colin M. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTYoung's modulus and Poisson's ratio are required for geomechanics applications such as hydraulic fracture design, analysis of wellbore stability and rock failure, determination of in situ stress and assessment of the response of reservoirs and surrounding rocks to changes in pore pressure and stress. Shales are usually anisotropic and models that neglect shale anisotropy may fail to describe geomechanical behaviour correctly. Anisotropy in shales results from a partial alignment of anisotropic clay particles, kerogen inclusions, microcracks, low‐aspect ratio pores and layering. For shales, the Young's modulus measured parallel to bedding E1 is usually greater than the Young's modulus measured perpendicular to bedding E3. However, the Poisson's ratio ν31 corresponding to stress applied perpendicular to bedding and strain measured parallel to bedding can be greater than, equal to, or less than the Poisson's ratio ν12 for stress applied parallel to bedding and strain measured parallel to bedding.For transverse isotropy, the elastic anisotropy resulting from a partial alignment of clay particles can be written in terms of the coefficients W200 and W400, which describe the impact of clay particle orientation on the anisotropy of shales. Disorder in the orientation of clay particles acts to reduce W400 faster than W200, since W400 is a higher order moment of the clay particle orientation distribution function than W200. This is confirmed by analysis of measured anisotropy parameters for shales. A partial alignment of clay particles is consistent with the measured Young's moduli for shales and with values of Poisson's ratio ν31 > ν12 but not with values ν31 < ν12. These values can be explained if there exist kerogen inclusions, microcracks, or low‐aspect ratio pores aligned parallel to the bedding plane.
Intentions of nurses and nursing students to tell the whole truth to patients and family members
Authors: Tabak Nili , Itzhaki Michal , Sharon Dganit , Barnoy Sivia 
Published: November 2012

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the intentions of nurses and nursing students to telling the truth to patients and families, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior which examines intention to perform behaviours.BackgroundIn recent decades, the perception that patients have a moral and legal right to truthful and reliable information has become dominant. However, the study of telling the truth to non‐oncology patients has received scant attention and little is known about the intention of nurses and nursing students to tell the truth.DesignA cross‐sectional design.MethodsWe used a scenario‐based questionnaire, illustrating eight different situations in which nurses/nursing students are asked to tell the truth to a patient or family member regarding a devastating disease with which the patient is afflicted. Data were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U‐test and ridge regression.ResultsThe sample included 150 participants, 110 registered nurses and 40 third year nursing students, with a response rate of 87%. The results show that nurses and nursing students intend to tell the whole truth even if this is not easy for them. Nurses more than students think that it is important to tell the whole truth and intend to do so. Head nurses tend to tell the truth more than staff nurses. For nurses, the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour predicted intention to tell the truth, whereas among students subjective norms were the only predictor of intention.ConclusionThe Theory of Planned Behaviour is a powerful predictor of nurse intention to tell the whole truth to patients and their families. Students perceive social pressure as the most important incentive of their intention to tell the truth.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses and nursing students should receive additional training in dealing with various situations involving truth telling.
Efficacy of florfenicol for control of mortality associated with Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
Authors: Soto E , Kidd S , Gaunt P S , Endris R 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFrancisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) (syn. F. asiatica) is an emergent Gram‐negative facultative intracellular bacterium. Although it is considered one of the most pathogenic bacteria in fish, there are no commercially available treatments or vaccines. The objective of this project was to determine the most efficacious concentration of florfenicol (FFC) [10, 15 or 20 mg FFC kg−1 body weight (bw) per days for 10 days] administered in feed to control experimentally induced infections of Fno in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), reared in a recirculating aquaculture system. The cumulative mortality of fish that received 0, 10, 15 or 20 mg FFC kg−1 bw per day was 60, 37, 14 and 16%, respectively. Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis genome equivalents were detected in water from all challenged groups with slight reduction in the concentration in the florfenicol‐treated groups 4 days after treatment. The mean LOG of CFU Fno mg−1 spleen was 3–5 and was present in all challenged groups at necropsy 11 days after treatment (21 days after challenge). Results show that florfenicol administered at doses of 15 and 20 mg FFC kg−1 bw per days for 10 days significantly reduced mortality associated with francisellosis in Nile tilapia.
Changes in endoscopic findings of gastritis after cure of H. pylori infection: Multicenter prospective trial
Authors: Kato Mototsugu , Terao Shuichi , Adachi Kyoichi , Nakajima Shigemi , Ando Takashi , Yoshida Norimasa , Uedo Noriya , Murakami Kazunari , Ohara Shuichi , Ito Masanori , Uemura Naomi , Shimbo Takuro , Watanabe Hidenobu , Kato Takahiro , Ida Kazunori ,   Study Group for Establishing Endoscopic Diagnosis of Chronic Gastritis
Published: November 2012

Background and AimSuccessful eradication of H. pylori changes pathological findings of gastritis dramatically. However, change of endoscopic mucosal findings is not fully understood. To clarify the short‐term changes of endoscopic mucosal findings after cure of H. pylori infection, a multicenter prospective trial was conducted.MethodsOne hundred and forty‐seven patients with H. pylori infection from 12 institutions were enrolled into this prospective cohort trial. Nineteen endoscopic findings using high‐resolution white light electronic endoscopy were assessed before and 2–4 months after eradication treatment of H. pylori. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by pathology of three stomach sites using hematoxylin‐eosin stain or H. pylori‐specific immunostaining. Endoscopic features of the successful eradication group and the failed eradication group were compared. The change of severity of endoscopic features before and after H. pylori eradication were compared between successful eradication and failed eradication.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐six patients were analyzed. Eradication rate was 81% (102/126). Non‐transparency of gastric juice, diffuse redness of fundic mucosa, enlarged fold, spotty redness of fundic mucosa, flat erosion of stomach, and hemoglobin index of fundic mucosa were significantly different between the successful eradication group and the failed eradication group. Gastric flat erosion was of higher frequency in the successful eradication group. When eradication was successful, spotty redness of fundic gland improved significantly.ConclusionAssessment of endoscopic findings of spotty redness after eradication treatment is useful in the diagnosis of H. pylori eradication.
Psychiatric readmission: an integrative review of the literature
Authors: Machado V. , Leonidas C. , Santos M.A. , Souza J. 
Published: November 2012

MACHADO V., LEONIDAS C., SANTOS M.A. & SOUZA J. (2012) Psychiatric readmission: an integrative review of the literature. International Nursing Review59, 447–457Background:  In the global context of contemporary psychiatric deinstitutionalization, the phenomenon of psychiatric readmission imposes important challenges, as it exposes the fragility of the network of mental health services.Aims:  To gather, synthesize and analyse the national and international scientific literature regarding the phenomenon of psychiatric readmission in the context of deinstitutionalization.Methods:  Through the combination of descriptors, an integrative review was performed of publications from the period 1997 to 2010 included in the MedLine, PubMed, LILACS, SciELO and PsycINFO databases. Selection of the articles was based on pre‐established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three authors independently evaluated the eligibility of the articles. The level of inter‐judge concordance was calculated, using the formula: agreement = Σ possible concordance subtracted from real discordance divided by the number of articles. Information about the selected studies was systematized and analysed.Findings:  Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Studies conducted and published in international journals, mainly in the USA, with a quantitative approach predominated. In general, the studies addressed the phenomenon of psychiatric readmission after the restructuring of mental health care. The variables investigated were clinical and sociodemographic factors and the characteristics of the mental health service associated with readmission, as well as the programs developed specifically for patients vulnerable to hospital readmissions.Conclusions:  It was noted that the perspective of the patient regarding their readmissions, as well as the interface with the social and familial context in which they maintain their social relationships and care for their health, was largely unexplored by the literature.
New data on the nutritional composition of UK hens' eggs
Authors: Benelam B. , Roe M. , Pinchen H. , Church S. , Buttriss J. , Gray J. , Farron‐Wilson M. , Finglas P. 
Published: November 2012

Summary The results from an analytical survey of the nutrient content of UK hens' eggs have been published by the Department of Health. The results provide updated data to reflect changes in egg production in the UK and include data for a wide range of nutrients, including fat, fatty acids, protein, and a full range of minerals and vitamins, including new data for vitamin K2 and choline. Results showed that the nutrient content of eggs was generally similar to analyses carried out in previous surveys; however, there were notable differences in levels of total fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol (reflecting changes in the ratio of egg yolk to egg white in whole eggs), vitamin D, E and selenium. The results will be incorporated into the Department of Health's nutrient databanks, which support the National Diet and Nutrition Survey and other surveys. These surveys enable the government to monitor the nation's diet and provide sound evidence for policy recommendations using nutrient intake estimates based on accurate, up‐to‐date information. The results will also be incorporated into future publications in the McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods series.
Polyphenols in the diet: friend or foe?
Authors: Hooper B. , Frazier R. 
Published: November 2012

Summary Polyphenols are suggested to have human health benefits, yet debate still exists over their value in the diet. This review examines their efficacy and the effect of structural diversity on their reactivity and any implications this may have with respect to possible unfavourable adverse effects. We propose that polyphenols are of benefit to humans through dietary consumption, yet care should be taken over excessive consumption, particularly in some subgroups of the population, e.g. those on certain medications because of complex nutrient–drug interactions. Pharmaceutical application should be avoided until there is greater understanding of absorption and behaviour of polyphenols within the body.
Impulsivity and Motivations to Consume Alcohol: A Prospective Study on Risk of Dependence in Young Adult Women
Authors: Stojek Monika , Fischer Sarah 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundIncreasing numbers of emerging adult women are engaging in heavy drinking behavior, placing them at risk of negative outcomes and alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of 5 pathways to impulsive behavior (negative urgency [NU], positive urgency, lack of deliberation [DEL], lack of persistence, and sensation seeking), drinking motives, and their interaction on increases in symptoms of alcohol dependence in young adult women in a prospective design.MethodsZero‐inflated Poisson regression models were used to examine the influence of traits, motives, and their interaction at baseline on increases in symptoms of AUDs approximately 3 months later. A total of 319 first semester college women completed the first wave of the study; 235 of these were drinkers.ResultsAmong drinkers, 17% of the sample reported increases in S‐MAST scores over the study period. Consistent with hypotheses, the interaction of NU and coping motives, as well as DEL and enhancement motives predicted increase in dependence symptoms at Time 2.ConclusionsThis is one of very few studies to examine the influence of impulsivity‐related traits and drinking motives on alcohol dependence symptoms prospectively in a sample of emerging adult women. We found that NU and (lack of) deliberation were predictors of such increases. Our hypothesis that women who endorsed both high levels of NU and high baseline endorsement of coping motives would have the most increases in symptoms over time was also supported.