bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global health benefits of being raised in a rural setting: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey
Authors: Goodwin Renee D. , Taha Farah 
Published: February 2014

AimThe aim of this study was to examine the association between being raised in a rural setting and physical and mental health among adults in the USA.MethodsData were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (n = 8098), a household probability sample representative of adults aged 15–54 years in the USA. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between being raised in a rural area and the likelihood of mental disorders, physical disorders, suicide behavior, and parental mental health. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, adjusting for differences in demographic characteristics.ResultsBeing raised in a rural setting was associated with decreased odds of ulcer (OR = 0.56 [0.34, 0.91]). Mental disorders (any lifetime) (OR = 0.74 [0.64, 0.85]), any anxiety disorder (OR = 0.75 [0.6, 0.92]) and any substance use disorder (OR = 0.79 [0.65, 0.94]) were significantly less likely among adults who were raised in a rural setting. Maternal psychopathology and exposure to trauma were significantly lower among those raised in a rural setting, compared with those who were not. These relations were not explained by sociodemographic differences.ConclusionsThese data provide preliminary evidence that being raised in a rural environment lowers the risk of mental and physical health problems in adulthood. Being raised in a rural community also appears to be associated with significantly lower likelihood of exposure to trauma and maternal psychopathology. Future studies that can identify potential protective factors and mechanisms underlying these pathways are needed next.
Development of a Japanese version of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale: Reliability and validity
Authors: Yamaguchi Sosei , Koike Shinsuke , Watanabe Kei‐ichiro , Ando Shuntaro 
Published: February 2014

AimThe Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS) was developed in the UK to measure mental health‐related behavior. The current study aimed to evaluate the applicability, and reliability of a Japanese version of the RIBS (RIBS‐J) in a Japanese context, and further examine the construct validity of the RIBS‐J.MethodsThe sample included 224 undergraduate and postgraduate students at a Japanese university. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess internal consistency. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the divergent validity between the RIBS‐J and the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule and the convergent validity between the second subscale of the RIBS‐J and Japanese version of the Social Distance Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis assessed the goodness of model fit of the RIBS‐J. We also examined test–retest reliability with another undergraduate sample (n = 29).ResultsMost items exhibited no floor/ceiling effect. High internal consistency (α = 0.83) was reported. The second subscale of the RIBS‐J, measuring intended behavior, correlated with the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (r = 0.33, P < 0.001) and the Japanese version of the Social Distance Scale (r = −0.60, P < 0.001). In addition, confirmatory factor analysis found good model fit for the RIBS‐J (χ2 = 41.001, d.f. = 19, P = 0.002, goodness‐of‐fit index = 0.956, adjusted goodness‐of‐fit index = 0.916, comparative fit index = 0.955, root mean square error of approximation = 0.072). Overall test–retest reliability (ρc) was 0.71.ConclusionThe RIBS‐J is an appropriate and psychometrically robust measure of behavior towards individuals with mental health problems in Japan. Further studies using a community sample could assess the generalizability of our findings.
Clinical characteristics and diagnostic confirmation of Internet addiction in secondary school students in Wuhan, China
Authors: Tang Jun , Zhang Yao , Li Yi , Liu Lianzhong , Liu Xiujun , Zeng Hongling , Xiang Dongfang , Li Chiang‐shan Ray , Lee Tony Szu‐Hsien 
Published: February 2014

AimThis study investigated the clinical characteristics of internet addiction using a cross‐sectional survey and psychiatric interview.MethodsA structured questionnaire consisted of demographics, Symptom Checklist 90, Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale, Self‐Rating Depression Scale, and Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) was administered to students of two secondary schools in Wuhan, China. Students with a score of 5 or higher on the YIAT were classified as having Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). Two psychiatrists interviewed students with IAD to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate their clinical characteristics.ResultsOf a total of 1076 respondents (mean age 15.4 ± 1.7 years; 54.1% boys), 12.6% (n = 136) met the YIAT criteria for IAD. Clinical interviews ascertained the Internet addiction of 136 pupils and also identified 20 students (14.7% of IAD group) with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Results from multinomial logistic regression indicated that being male, in grade 7–9, poor relationship between parents and higher self‐reported depression scores were significantly associated with the diagnosis of IAD.ConclusionThese results advance our understanding of the clinical characteristics of Internet addiction in Chinese secondary school students and may help clinicians, teachers, and other stakeholders better manage this increasingly serious mental condition.
Overexpression of the Brassica rapa transcription factor WRKY12 results in reduced soft rot symptoms caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum in Arabidopsis and Chinese cabbage
Authors: Kim H. S. , Park Y. H. , Nam H. , Lee Y. M. , Song K. , Choi C. , Ahn I. , Park S. R. , Lee Y. H. , Hwang D. J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractChinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), an important vegetable crop, can succumb to diseases such as bacterial soft rot, resulting in significant loss of crop productivity and quality. Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum (Pcc) causes soft rot disease in various plants, including Chinese cabbage. To overcome crop loss caused by bacterial soft rot, a gene from Chinese cabbage was isolated and characterised in this study. We isolated the BrWRKY12 gene from Chinese cabbage, which is a group II member of the WRKY transcription factor superfamily. The 645‐bp coding sequence of BrWRKY12 translates to a protein with a molecular mass of approximately 24.4 kDa, and BrWRKY12 was exclusively localised in the nucleus. Transcripts of BrWRKY12 were induced by Pcc infection in Brassica. Heterologous expression of BrWRKY12 resulted in reduced susceptibility to Pcc but not to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis. Defence‐associated genes, such as AtPDF1.2 and AtPGIP2, were constitutively expressed in transgenic lines overexpressing BrWRKY12. The expression of AtWKRY12, which is the closest orthologue of BrWRKY12, was down‐regulated by Pcc in Arabidopsis. However, the Atwrky12‐2 mutants did not show any difference in response to Pcc, pointing to a difference in function of WRKY12 in Brassica and Arabidopsis. Furthermore, BrWRKY12 in Chinese cabbage also exhibited enhanced resistance to bacterial soft rot and increased the expression of defence‐associated genes. In summary, BrWRKY12 confers enhanced resistance to Pcc through transcriptional activation of defence‐related genes.
Non‐Parametric Estimation of the Conditional Distribution of the Interjumping Times for Piecewise‐Deterministic Markov Processes
Authors: Azaïs Romain , Dufour François , Gégout‐Petit Anne 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a non‐parametric method for estimating the conditional density associated to the jump rate of a piecewise‐deterministic Markov process. In our framework, the estimation needs only one observation of the process within a long time interval. Our method relies on a generalization of Aalen's multiplicative intensity model. We prove the uniform consistency of our estimator, under some reasonable assumptions related to the primitive characteristics of the process. A simulation study illustrates the behaviour of our estimator.
Prenylation is required for polar cell elongation, cell adhesion, and differentiation in Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Thole Julie M. , Perroud Pierre‐Francois , Quatrano Ralph S. , Running Mark P. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryProtein prenylation is required for a variety of growth and developmental processes in flowering plants. Here we report the consequences of loss of function of all known prenylation subunits in the moss Physcomitrella patens. As in Arabidopsis, protein farnesyltransferase and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I are not required for viability. However, protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I activity is required for cell adhesion, polar cell elongation, and cell differentiation. Loss of protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity results in colonies of round, single‐celled organisms that resemble unicellular algae. The loss of protein farnesylation is not as severe but also results in polar cell elongation and differentiation defects. The complete loss of Rab geranylgeranyltransferase activity appears to be lethal in P. patens. Labeling with antibodies to cell wall components support the lack of polarity establishment and the undifferentiated state of geranylgeranyltransferase type I mutant plants. Our results show that prenylated proteins play key roles in P. patens development and differentiation processes.
Extending the Transport Theorem to Rough Domains of Integration
Authors: Seguin Brian , Hinz Denis F. , Fried Eliot 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Transport theorems, such as that named after Reynolds, are an important tool in the field of continuum physics. Recently, Seguin and Fried used Harrison's theory of differential chains to establish a transport theorem valid for evolving domains that may become irregular. Evolving irregular domains occur in many different physical settings, such as phase transitions or fracture. Here, emphasizing concepts over technicalities, we present Harrison's theory of differential chains and the results of Seguin and Fried in a way meant to be accessible to researchers in continuum physics. We also show how the transport theorem applies to three concrete examples and approximate the resulting terms numerically. Furthermore, we discuss how the transport theorem might be used to weaken certain basic assumptions underlying the description of continua and the challenges associated with doing so.
Adaptive Control Concept for Shape Memory Alloy Actuators
Authors: Pagel Kenny , Drossel Welf-Guntram , Zorn Wolfgang , Bucht André , Kunze Holger 
Published: February 2014

Machine tools for small work pieces are characterized by an extensive disproportion between workspace and cross section. This is mainly caused by limitations in the miniaturization of drives and guidance elements, since their physical working principle necessitates certain minimum sizes. Due to their high specific workloads and relatively small spatial requirements, Thermal Shape-Memory-Alloys (SMA) possesses an outstanding potential to serve as miniaturized positioning devices in small machines. Antagonistically arranged SMA actuators are especially feasible to fulfill these requirements.
This paper describes an adaptive closed loop control concept for actuators based on spring loaded or antagonistic arrangements of electrically-heated SMA elements. Due to their nonlinear stress-strain behavior such actuators are characterized by strain dependent load conditions at the activated SMA element. Consequently the actuator dynamic depends on its position. Hence an adaptive closed loop control concept to ensure a constant actuator dynamic over the entire stroke has to be developed. The approach is based on the determination of the transient transfer dynamics of the SMA Element. Two possible strategies are investigated and evaluated. Numerical models of both SMA wire arrangements are used to develop the adaptive control theoretically. An SMA wire test bench is designed to investigate the proof of the adaptive approach experimentally. Measurements of a conventional PI control are further compared to the achieved results of the new concept.
Self-Powered Sensing System for the Monitoring of Quasi-Static Structural Response
Authors: Lajnef Nizar , Burgueño Rigoberto , Chakrabartty Shantanu , Borchani Wassim 
Published: February 2014

Many signals of interest in the assessment of structural systems lie in the quasi-static range (frequency ≪ 1Hz). This poses a significant challenge for the development of self-powered sensors that are required not only to monitor these events but also to harvest the energy for sensing, computation and storage from the signal being monitored. This paper combines the use of mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators and piezo-powered threshold detection modules capable of computation and data storage with a total current less than 10nA. The system is able to achieve events counting for input deformations at frequencies lower than 0.1Hz.
The used mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators allow the transformation of the low-amplitude and low-rate quasi-static deformations into an amplified input to a piezoelectric transducer. The sudden transitions in unstable mode branch switching, during the elastic postbuckling response of slender columns and plates, are used to generate high-rate deformations. Experimental results show that an oscillating semi-crystalline plastic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), attached to the up-converting modules, is able to generate a harvestable energy at levels between 0.8μJ to 2μJ.
In this work, we show that a linear injection response of our combined frequency up-converter / piezo-floating-gate sensing system can be used for self-powered measurement and recording of quasi-static deformations levels. The experimental results demonstrate that a sensor fabricated in a 0.5-μm CMOS technology can count and record the number of quasi-static input events, while operating at a power level significantly lower than 1μW.
Speed of Sound Measurement in Solids Using Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Sensors
Authors: Headings Leon M. , Kotian Kunal , Dapino Marcelo J. 
Published: February 2014

Piezoelectric film sensors such as polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF) generate an electrical voltage in response to an applied mechanical stress with a remarkably high sensitivity. They provide very fast response times and do not require extensive signal conditioning. This paper presents a straightforward method of measuring the speed of sound in solid materials and structures using commercial PVDF sensors.
PVDF sensors are most commonly used to measure stresses applied in the sensors’ thickness direction. However, this requires that the sensors be located in the load path, which may result in damage to the sensor or affect the response of the system. In this paper, two PVDF sensors are bonded to the side of a structure and a small impact is applied to one end. The sensors are used to measure the time for the impact-induced plane stress wave to travel between the sensors. The observed speed of the propagating stress wave is shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical speed of sound for the material and finite element calculations. In addition, the finite element simulations confirm the validity of the plane wave assumption for non-ideal and non-uniform impact inputs.
The Impact of Boundary Conditions on the Response of NiMnGa Samples in Actuation and Power Harvesting Applications
Authors: Nelson Isaac , Ciocanel Constantin , LaMaster Doug , Feigenbaum Heidi 
Published: February 2014

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are materials that can display up to 10% recoverable strain in response to the application of a magnetic field or compressive mechanical stress. The magnetomechanical response of the material makes MSMAs suitable for applications such as actuation, sensing, and power harvesting. While the magnetomechanical response of the material has been extensively investigated to date, there is no report in the literature on the effect of the boundary conditions (BCs) on its response.
The response of MSMAs is primarily driven by the reorientation of internal martensite variants, in conjunction with rotation of magnetization vectors, and domain wall motion. During the reorientation process a change in material’s magnetization occurs. For sensing and power harvesting applications, a pick-up coil may be used to convert this change in magnetization into an electric potential/voltage. To date, it has been confirmed experimentally that, according to Faraday’s law of induction, the magnitude of the output voltage depends on the number of turns of the pick-up coil, the amplitude of the reorientation strain, the magnitude and direction of the biased magnetic field, and the frequency at which the reorientation occurs. However, to our knowledge, no study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the BCs on the voltage output.
This paper examines the effect of the BCs on the material’s magnetomechanical response, as well as on the corresponding voltage output. Three BCs are considered in the performed experiments: i) simply supported, ii) clamped, and iii) mixed (i.e. one end clamped and one end guided). The difference observed in the magnetomechanical response of the material, between the tested BCs, is attributed to the local effects caused by the grips (particularly the clamped and mixed conditions) and by the rotation of the specimen within the grips (in the simply supported condition). The latter is facilitated by the difference between the cross section of the specimen and the cross section of the cavity receiving the sample and by the larger effective length of the specimen in this case.
Monte Carlo dosimetry for 103Pd, 125I, and 131Cs ocular brachytherapy with various plaque models using an eye phantom
Authors: Lesperance Marielle , Martinov M. , Thomson R. M. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:To investigate dosimetry for ocular brachytherapy for a range of eye plaque models containing103Pd, 125I, or 131Cs seeds with model‐based dose calculations.Methods:Five representative plaque models are developed based on a literature review and are compared to the standardized COMS plaque, including plaques consisting of a stainless steel backing and acrylic insert, and gold alloy backings with: short collimating lips and acrylic insert, no lips and silicone polymer insert, no lips and a thin acrylic layer, and individual collimating slots for each seed within the backing and no insert. Monte Carlo simulations are performed using the EGSnrc user‐code BrachyDose for single and multiple seed configurations for the plaques in water and within an eye model (including nonwater media). Simulations under TG‐43 assumptions are also performed, i.e., with the same seed configurations in water, neglecting interseed and plaque effects. Maximum and average doses to ocular structures as well as isodose contours are compared for simulations of each radionuclide within the plaque models.Results:The presence of the plaque affects the dose distribution substantially along the plaque axis for both single seed and multiseed simulations of each plaque design in water. Of all the plaque models, the COMS plaque generally has the largest effect on the dose distribution in water along the plaque axis. Differences between doses for single and multiple seed configurations vary between plaque models and radionuclides. Collimation is most substantial for the plaque with individual collimating slots. For plaques in the full eye model, average dose in the tumor region differs from those for the TG‐43 simulations by up to 10% for125I and 131Cs, and up to 17% for 103Pd, and in the lens region by up to 29% for 125I, 34% for 103Pd, and 28% for 131Cs. For the same prescription dose to the tumor apex, the lowest doses to critical ocular structures are generally delivered with plaques containing 103Pd seeds.Conclusions:The combined effects of ocular and plaque media on dose are significant and vary with plaque model and radionuclide, suggesting the importance of model‐based dose calculations employing accurate ocular and plaque media and geometries for eye plaque brachytherapy.
Method of measuring NEQ as a quality control metric for digital mammography
Authors: Bloomquist Aili K. , Mainprize James G. , Mawdsley Gordon E. , Yaffe Martin J. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:Current quality control protocols for digital mammography rely on subjective assessments of image quality or simple measures that are not comparable between vendor platforms. The noise‐equivalent quanta (NEQ) can be expressed in units of image quanta (fluence) for the spatial frequency range of interest, enabling comparisons between systems and x‐ray spectra. The purpose of this work is to explore use of a simple phantom to measure the components of the noise‐equivalent quanta of digital mammography systems for use in routine quality control.Methods:A simple phantom is imaged on six mammography systems from different vendors. The phantom contains uniform regions for measurement of noise power spectrum (NPS), slanted edges for measurement of modulation transfer function (MTF), and objects of various thicknesses for measurement of contrast. Images were acquired at a range of dose levels on each system to examine how measurements scale with dose, and multiple images were taken at a single dose point to examine measurement reproducibility.Results:The phantom and measurement methods show good reproducibility, with average coefficient of variation values of less than or equal to 15% on all systems evaluated. Measured MTF and NPS values are comparable to other published results when the increase in scattered radiation generated by placing the phantom on the breast support is accounted for.Conclusions:Measurement of the parameters required to calculate NEQ from a single image of a simple phantom is practical, and shows promise as a method of evaluating image quality for routine quality control of digital mammography systems.
Advax-Adjuvanted Recombinant Protective Antigen Provides Protection against Inhalational Anthrax That Is Further Enhanced by Addition of Murabutide Adjuvant
Authors: Feinen Brandon , Petrovsky Nikolai , Verma Anita , Merkel Tod J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Subunit vaccines against anthrax based on recombinant protective antigen (PA) potentially offer more consistent and less reactogenic anthrax vaccines but require adjuvants to achieve optimal immunogenicity. This study sought to determine in a murine model of pulmonary anthrax infection whether the polysaccharide adjuvant Advax or the innate immune adjuvant murabutide alone or together could enhance PA immunogenicity by comparison to an alum adjuvant. A single immunization with PA plus Advax adjuvant afforded significantly greater protection against aerosolized
Bacillus anthracis
Sterne strain 7702 than three immunizations with PA alone. Murabutide had a weaker adjuvant effect than Advax when used alone, but when murabutide was formulated together with Advax, an additive effect on immunogenicity and protection was observed, with complete protection after just two doses. The combined adjuvant formulation stimulated a robust, long-lasting B-cell memory response that protected mice against an aerosol challenge 18 months postimmunization with acceleration of the kinetics of the anamnestic IgG response to
B. anthracis
as reflected by ∼4-fold-higher anti-PA IgG titers by day 2 postchallenge versus mice that received PA with Alhydrogel. In addition, the combination of Advax plus murabutide induced approximately 3-fold-less inflammation than Alhydrogel as measured by
in vivo
imaging of cathepsin cleavage resulting from injection of ProSense 750. Thus, the combination of Advax and murabutide provided enhanced protection against inhalational anthrax with reduced localized inflammation, making this a promising next-generation anthrax vaccine adjuvanting strategy.