bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arctic Operations Handbook JIP
Authors: Wiersema Ed , Lange Frank , Cammaert Gus , Sliggers Frank , Jolles Wim , van der Nat Clemens 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Arctic Operations Handbook Joint Industry Project (JIP) was set up in 2012 with a focus on the operational activities for transport and installation of fixed, floating and subsea units, as well as for dredging, trenching, pipe laying and floating oil and gas production in Arctic and cold weather conditions. The prime purpose of the JIP was to identify gaps in the existing standards and guidelines. Specific recommendations were subsequently proposed which will hopefully contribute to the development of internationally accepted standards and guidelines.
The project addressed safety and sustainability of offshore operations in the Arctic. This investigation into existing rules, regulations, standards and guidelines was intended to provide a common understanding for the offshore industries. Work groups were formed to execute work packages which were judged to be of prime importance.
Taking into account numerous aspects of the impact of the Arctic on various operations it was considered that the overall risk levels for such operations can be reduced by adopting the outline recommendations including, for instance, those related to weather monitoring and forecasting, environmental impacts, logistics, equipment preparation, vessel operations, training and health and safety management.
Quantile Regression as a Tool for Investigating Local and Global Ice Pressures
Authors: Spencer Paul , Morrison Tom 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In the companion ATC 2014 paper by Morrison and Spencer, the quantile regression data processing technique was introduced. In the current paper, we use the technique to estimate the local pressure trend at various quantiles, namely 90%, 99% and 99.9% and to revise the recommendations in ISO 19906 (ISO International Standard. Petroleum and natural gas industries—Arctic offshore structures). In addition we make recommendations on the form and parameters of the random pressure distribution for use in Monte-Carlo methods. The quantile regression method is also used to analyse global pressure data for wide structures for both the Baltic ice measurements and the Arctic ice measurements and compare with the expressions provided in ISO. The alternative statistical analysis provided in this paper indicates that changes to the ISO formulations are required.

Introduction
In the companion paper (Morrison and Spencer, 2014) the quantile regression method of analysing data was introduced. The example data set was the local pressure for ice crushing failure (Masterson et al. 2007), who used least-squares regression along with binning of the data in deriving the design pressure guidelines. This result has been incorporated into an offshore structure standard (ISO, 2010). Using this data set it was shown (Morrison and Spencer, 2014) that a fuller picture of the data could be obtained using a method that does not require binning or grouping of the data. As was also demonstrated, the power-law fit parameters determined using the quantile regression are different from the recommendations contained within ISO (2010).
In this paper we use the quantile regression approach to estimate what would be an appropriate probability distribution function for the ice crushing pressure at local scale and to produce new recommendations for local design pressure at a range of quantile, or equivalently a range of probabilities of exceedence. In addition we use the quantile regression method to analyse the data used in generating the Arctic global and the Baltic global pressure recommendations given in ISO (2010) and to compare with the ISO recommendations.
Arctic Offshore Islands - Lessons Learned
Authors: Hewitt Kevin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Five general categories of offshore structures incorporating granular material (‘islands’) have been utilized in the Beaufort Sea, primarily in the 1970's and 1980's. Although each concept has generally served its purpose, there have been many issues both during construction and during operations. This paper reviews the major issues by referring to three specific case histories.

Introduction
Five general categories of offshore structures incorporating granular material (‘islands’) have been utilized in the Beaufort Sea. Such ‘islands’ include sandbag retained islands, sacrificial beach islands, gravel islands (mainly in the U.S. Beaufort Sea), caisson retained islands and a water ballasted caisson on a berm. The majority of these structures, which total close to seventy, were constructed in the 1970's and 1980's. Apart from a few more recent production islands, these structures were primarily constructed to support exploratory drilling operations. Although the majority of these islands were in water depths less than 10 metres (approx. 30 feet) some hybrid islands have been successfully constructed in depths up to 31 metres (approx. 100 feet).
Magnetic Tomography Method (MTM) &ndash A Remote Non-destructive Inspection Technology for Buried and Sub Sea Pipelines
Authors: Kolesnikov I. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Magnetic Tomography Method (MTM) Technology is developed by R&D Center "Transkor-K" (Russia) for assessing safety and integrity of pressurized pipelines of any purpose made of ferromagnetic materials. Quality of assessment is not influenced by transported product (gas-, oil-, water-, or other). MTM is based on the inverse magnetostrictive effect (Villary effect) - the change of the magnetic susceptibility of a ferrous material when subjected to a mechanical stress. Method uses " natural" magnetization of the ferrous pipes by magnetic field of the Earth. MTM equipment remotely registers magnetic field from the pipe while moving along its axis. MTM does not measure the dimensions of geometric defects alone but instead it measures the stress caused by these defects and identifies their type, location and orientation in accordance with the location and orientation of the area of stress. MTM determines the comparative degree of danger of defects by a direct quantitative assessment of the stress-deformed state of the metal.
Station-Keeping in Ice – Normative Requirements and Informative Solutions
Authors: Pavel Liferov Pavel 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The present paper addresses station-keeping in sea ice. Both design and operational measures are considered. Normative framework is reviewed and informative solutions to satisfy and document the requirements are presented.

Introduction
This paper concerns station-keeping in ice, with focus on design which relies on operational measures. Floaters in ice can generally be categorized as shown in Table 1, depending on how much ice and how many icebergs they are expected to meet during their operating life.
Opportunities and Challenges for Arctic Oil and Gas Development
Authors: _ _ 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
As climate change renders the Arctic increasingly accessible, there has been a substantial uptick in industry interest in the region; it is believed an estimated $100 billion could be invested in the Arctic over the next decade. The Arctic contains vast oil and natural gas reserves—the U.S. Geological Survey estimates the Arctic could contain 1,670 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of natural gas and 90 billion barrels of oil, or 30 percent of the world's undiscovered gas and 13 percent of oil. Energy companies are certain to be at the forefront of Arctic development and investment.
Climate change has played an important role in expanding access to the Arctic region, although there have been fewer opportunities to access lower cost oil and gas plays. As conventional production has declined, industry has had to focus more on difficult-to-access and unconventional oil and gas plays throughout the world, including those in the Arctic. Exploration and development in the Arctic requires expensive, tailored technologies as well as safeguards adapted to the extreme climatic conditions. In the wake of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident, there have been additional costs associated with emergency response and containment requirements.
The Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology – Joint Industry Program
Authors: Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
An enormous body of scientific research and testing has been conducted in the past 50-years on the techniques and technologies available for responding to oil spill in icy conditions, including spills in the Arctic. To build on this existing research and continue improving the technologies and methodologies for Arctic spill response, nine international oil and gas companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni, ExxonMobil, North Caspian Operating Company (NCOC), Shell, Statoil, and Total) established the Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme (JIP). The goal is to advance arctic oil spill response strategies and equipment as well as to increase understanding of potential impacts of oil on the marine environment. This JIP has brought together the world's foremost experts on oil spill response research, development, and operations from across industry, academia, and independent research centres to undertake the technical work and scientific studies. Research projects are being conducted in six key areas: Dispersants, Environmental Effects, Trajectory Modelling, Remote Sensing, Mechanical Recovery, and In Situ Burning (ISB). Solid progress has been made with technology assessments identifying and summarizing the state-of-the-art in dispersants, remote sensing and ISB being completed.
Simultaneous Dual Vessel Marine 3D Seismic Acquisition in Baffin Bay, Greenland
Authors: Makhorin M. , Fontana P. , Podshuveyt N. , St. Peter, D. , Smit Polarcus F. , Williams T. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Amongst the many challenges confronting the acquisition of towed streamer marine 3D seismic data in arctic regions is the limited operational time windows afforded by poor weather conditions, sea ice conditions, and restricted periods of air gun operations due to environmental regulations.
During the summer of 2012, a large 3D towed streamer survey was undertaken in Baffin Bay, West of Greenland. The full desired survey area was approximately 8,650 km2 and was located in water depths ranging between 280 and 820 meters. Due to environmental restrictions related to the Greenland Narwhal whale migration period, the survey was permitted for only 76 days of air gun operations. During that period the area was infested with icebergs and berg remnants.
Given the time restrictions and expected challenges of towing streamers in proximity to moving icebergs, a number of seismic data acquisition techniques designed around the use of two streamer vessels were combined to maximize the 3D seismic coverage over the primary pre-plot area within the short acquisition window.
In this paper, we will describe the dual vessel acquisition geometry, the techniques used to mitigate seismic interference between the two vessels, and the ice management techniques used to ensure the safety of the vessels and the towed equipment while maximizing acquisition time. These techniques proved very effective in that 7,175 km2 of 3D data was acquired over the priority areas at average production rate of just over 94 km2 per day.
This experience demonstrates that similar techniques may be applied in other geographical locations with short time windows available for marine seismic data acquisition, especially where free movements of streamer vessels are limited due to floating ice.
Next Generation to Break the Ice -The Oblique Icebreaker
Authors: Hovilainen M. , Uuskallio A. , Romu T. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In the early 1990's Russia was looking for the possibility to build a new oil export channel from the Timan — Pechora area through a pipeline to a port located in the Gulf of Finland. Various port options were studied and the final export harbour location was decided to be in Primorsk, Russia in the Eastern end of the Gulf of Finland. From Primorsk the crude oil would be shipped to commercial markets by tankers
Already at that time it was seen that the increased oil transportation in the Baltic Sea would mean larger size tankers. This led to new requirements for the of icebreaking operations to assist the vessels, which are wider than the assisting icebreakers. With the existing icebreaker fleet two icebreakers are needed to create wide enough channel for one tanker.
To avoid using two icebreakers and reduce the operation cost, one vessel would need to be able to make both wide and narrow channel. The oblique icebreaker concept was developed in the mid 1990's by Aker Arctic (at that time Kvaerner Masa Yards Arctic Research Centre - MARC). The idea is to use one single vessel with two operational modes; normally bow / stern ahead or in an oblique angle. This would enable the vessel to create both narrow and wide channel.
The oblique operation would mean that the ship hull is not symmetric. The general requirements in asymmetric ship design has forced to new thinking also in other areas, which in turn has re-opened the commonly used solutions and designs. The new unconventional concept has opened wide range out-of-the-box possibilities also in other areas, such as oil spill combatting, ice management in harbours and offshore.
The novel concept has seen many stages of development and now it is becoming reality as Russian Ministry of Transportation decided to order the first oblique icebreaker in 2011 for Baltic operations. The first vessel (NB508 at Arctech shipyard) is under construction, when this paper is being written. The operation of the new concept will also be a learning process for the captains and will in time further reveal new possibilities for the vessel use.
Experience from the design of the Baltic version is used to further develop the concept for Arctic use. The Arctic version was introduced to public in May 2013.
This paper shows the technology behind the vessel under construction and also shows major principles of the concept and introduces the new possibilities of the oblique ship concept.
Discrete Element Method Helps Determine Load Levels for Ice-Capable Jackups
Authors: Di Shaocheng , Ji Shunying , Liu Jiancheng (Jessie) , Yu Han-Chang 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Ice-capable jackups can offer mobility and efficiency while drilling in shallow, ice-infested waters. However, the industry has limited experience operating jackups in ice environments, and technology gaps and uncertainties remain when assessing ice loads on multi-legged jackup units.
The Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)-based Discrete Element Method (DEM) can be applied to investigate the degree of ice effects on multi-legged jackup units. In previous applications, the DEM method was used to simulate ice interaction with structures, but computations were limited to simple interactions. Introducing a GPU platform enables a substantial increase in the number of elements characterized so that the interaction of multi-legs and ice can be modeled with greater efficiency. For example, level ice modeled with 3-D bonded spherical elements can address the buoyancy, current effects and drag force encountered in harsh environments. Additionally, the parallel bonding approach and de-bonding criteria are used to model level ice freezing and breakage.
In this investigation, the global ice loads on a jackup unit's single leg are analyzed to determine the effects of ice thickness, ice strengths and drifting velocities. The estimated ice loads are validated against full-scale data acquired from one application in Bohai Bay. Further, the mechanism of the interaction between the multiple legs and level ice is analyzed using the large-scale GPU-based simulation, the effects of sheltering and jamming are investigated and the ice loads simultaneously acting on the multiple legs are estimated to determine the total shear force and overturning moment.
Numerical Simulations of Ice Forces on Moored and Thruster-Assisted Drillships
Authors: Sayed Mohamed , Kubat Ivana , Wright Brian , Millan Jim 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The present work examines the loads on moored/DP-assisted drillships and their responses in managed pack ice. Numerical simulations are used to determine deformations and stresses within the ice cover and the movements of the vessel. The results give ice forces and moments on the vessel, as well as its surge, sway and yaw responses. The drillship assumed in this simulation work has a length of 230 m, a beam of 42 m, and a mass of 100,000 Mt. Simulations examine a case representing a moored vessel in a managed ice field consisting of 50 m floes that are 1 m in thickness, moving at a constant speed of 0.3 m/s. For ice moving along the surge direction, the peak surge force was approximately 2 MN. The corresponding maximum surge was 1.5 m. A parametric study further examines several aspects of ice interaction with the vessel. The results quantify various effects of ice management (the role of floe size), ice thickness and drift speed, the direction of ice movement, and stiffness of the mooring system. A case of combined mooring and thruster-assisted mooring is also examined. The additional contribution of the thrusters (or control of the DP system) is shown to somewhat reduce the offsets of the vessel. The work presents a methodology for evaluating the stationkeeping performance of vessels in managed pack ice and quantifying the role of the mooring/DP system characteristics.
A Decision-Support System for Ice/Iceberg Surveillance, Advisory and Management Activities in Offshore Petroleum Operations
Authors: Tiffin S. , Pilkington R. , Hill C. , Debicki M. , McGonigal D. , Jolles W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Seismic, coring, drilling, and supply operations in ice- and iceberg-infested zones require large quantities of environmental and operations related information which should be available quickly and conveniently to the operations and ice advisory personnel. Specialized software is available to support ice advisory work, generate ice charts, and ice and iceberg drift forecasts. Specialized instruments are available for ice hazard tracking and the safe deployment of these instruments by aircraft and UAVs. This paper describes a toolkit that is being developed to bring together currently available systems into one convenient package. This will assist a ship or rig's OIM and officers and ice advisory team members by providing clear displays of the current situations with respect to the location and movements of ice in the proximity of the operations site. The system will improve the response time of forecasts, efficiency of work and quality of decision-making by OIM and their support personnel. This toolkit will be a decision-support system, which will forecast ice, keep track of hazardous ice features, provide alarms for any and all environmental conditions that might threaten the operation, and assist in planning of new operations. The paper describes the need for such a system, best practices in Ice Observation and Advising, the key system design criteria; main system components, inputs and outputs; the stages of development, the modes of application that will achieve acceptance in the field; and finally, the benefits. Experiences of ice advisory projects undertaken in the Beaufort Sea, Baffin Bay, Sea of Okhosk, and the Caspian Sea are described.
Rather than simply describe Ice Advisory work in the field, the paper casts current practice into the framework of standardized and best practices, and indicates how software, communications and instrumentation technological advances can be applied to support better decision making by expert teams that are distributed in space and involve people from different job functions and skill sets.
The MARENOR Project – Maritime Radio System Performances in the High North
Authors: Kvamstad B. , Bekkadal F. , Grythe K. , Jensen I. , Haakegaard J.E. , Behlke R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper describes the main objectives and early achieved results from the MARENOR project. MARENOR is financed by the Research Council of Norway as well as Norwegian industry partners from oil and gas (EM survey company EMGS), fisheries (shipping company and shrimp trawler Remoy), positioning and navigation suppliers (Kongsberg Seatex and Polar Science Guiding) and telecommunication service suppliers (Telenor Satellite Broadcasting). Academic partners are MARINTEK, SINTEF ICT, University of Svalbard from Norway and Wroclaw University of Technology from Poland. MARENOR was kicked off in February 2012 and will end in February 2015. Test equipment for measuring system performance of navigation and communication systems in the High North has been installed at two vessels (Atlantic Guardian and Remoy) and at Kjell Henriksen Observatory at Svalbard. The data to be measured include performance parameters from navigation and communication systems, ionospheric parameters, atmospheric parameters, ship movements and positions.
Arctic Port – Relocatable
Authors: Lewis James C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract: Arctic Port – Relocatable
The requirements for deep water Arctic Marine Port are undeniable. It is possible to provide safe harbor and configure the port to fit the requirements of the endeavor. For Arctic offshore drilling and development operations, this port can be designed to provide safe harbor and be re-locatable. By a system of ship-like rectangular GBS type structures, a safe area can be constructed so that there is no ice movement and shelter from large wind storms. The structures would be constructed in the Pacific Rim and towed to the site of the new port. They would then be ballasted into position. The units would be designed to accommodate the shallow waters of the near shore Arctic seas. In addition, the individual units could be configured to serve multi-functions in the exploration and development of offshore hydrocarbon fields
Qualification of Flexible Fiber-Reinforced Pipe for Ultra-deepwater Applications - Update on Phase 1 Engineering and Phase 2 Prototype Testing
Authors: Salimi A. , Kalman M. , Yu L. , Liu J. , Joshi R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the result of the Phase 1 engineering study for a RPSEA sponsored project to develop, qualify, and field deploy flexible fiber reinforced pipe (FFRP®) for ultra-deepwater applications. In addition, the Phase 2 qualification testing scope of work is presented. FFRP is unbonded flexible pipe with composite reinforcement layers which has the advantages of light weight, high flexibility, and corrosion resistance. Due to these advantages, a simple, low top tension riser configuration is enabled. The design basis is a 7-inch ID, 690 barg design pressure, 120°C design temperature, 3048 meter design water depth production riser for a Gulf of Mexico application. The Phase 1 Engineering Study confirmed the product and system design to be employed in the subsequent phases. In Phase 2, a prototype pipe will be manufactured, and qualification testing will be conducted in accordance with API RP 17B recommendations. With successful testing, and subject to approval via a Phase 2 decision stage gate, Phase 3 will be an actual field deployment of the riser system with six months of performance monitoring.
Included in the paper is a summary of the Phase 1achievements and task deliverables. Due to its high level of importance, a relatively large portion of the paper is dedicated to the design of the FFRP structure and system, covering final pipe cross section arrangement, the riser system configuration and the results of analyses to provide a reliable prediction of the product's behavior in various working conditions. In addition, a review of the Phase 2 plan is presented. The outcome of the on-going phase 2 qualification testing will be utilized to calibrate the design models and to confirm the suitability of the pipe design, and the riser configuration.