bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der Trevi-Brunnen, Statius und Homer. Das Modell Nicola Salvis und die Bauten Clemens’ XII
Authors: Simons Benedikt 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Nicola Salvi the architect of the Trevi Fountain intended to present the “potenza non limitata” of water as an existential element of nature, focusing the whole appearance of the fountain on the person in the center, Oceanus. But Salvi’s principal, pope Clement XII., claimed in his other projects such as the restoration of the arch of Constantine or like the new eastern fascade of S. Giovanni in Laterano, which refer especially to Constantine, like this emperor the leader of Christianity. Thus Salvi’s philosophical purpose seems not to be in line with to the intentions of the pope. But how could Salvi convince the pope let him build the prestigious fountain? This paper tries to show that Salvi’s model was influenced by the epiphanies of Neptun or Poseidon in the first book of the Achilleis of Statius and in the 13th book of the Iliad. Transferring these on the epiphany of Oceanus in the Trevi Fountain, Salvi was able to combine his thoughts about the power of water with the metaphorical presentation of a universal ruler, as the pope wanted to present himself.
Umbilical cord levels of sclerostin, placental weight, and birth weight are predictors of total bone mineral content in neonates
Authors: Godang Kristin , Frøslie Kathrine Frey , Henriksen Tore , Isaksen Gunhild A , Voldner Nanna , Lekva Tove , Ueland Thor , Bollerslev Jens 
Published: December 2012

ContextDuring pregnancy, changes occur in the maternal calcium homeostasis to fulfill fetal demand. We hypothesized that the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) system and Wnt signaling pathway are important for normal skeletal development in the offspring.AimsCirculating α-klotho, FGF23, sclerostin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) at the fetal and maternal sides of the placenta were measured to investigate associations with newborn bone mass independent of maternal BMI, calcium and phosphate levels, placental weight, and birth weight.MethodsIn a prospective cohort of healthy pregnant women, the total body bone mineral content (BMC) in 202 newborns was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maternal circulating levels of the biomarkers were measured at gestational weeks 30–32 and in umbilical cord plasma (UCP) at birth.ResultsMean α-klotho and sclerostin concentrations in the UCP were significantly higher than maternal levels (3004 vs 1077 pg/ml;P<0.001 and 629 vs 346 pg/ml;P<0.001 respectively), and mean 25(OH)D was lower (31 vs 45 nmol/l;P<0.001). The UCP and maternal FGF23 levels were similar. No significant effects of maternal biomarkers on BMC were found in regression analyses. Among UCP biomarkers, only UCP sclerostin was significantly associated with BMC in univariate analyses, and the effect remained significant after adjustment for birth weight and other confounders.ConclusionsWe found that UCP sclerostin levels, birth weight, and placental weight were significant predictors of neonatal BMC but found no evidence for a main role of maternal levels of α-klotho, FGF23, sclerostin, or 25(OH)D nor of UCP levels of α-klotho, FGF23, or 25(OH)D.
Thirty‐two years of change in an old‐growth Ohio beech–maple forest
Authors: Runkle James R. 
Published: December 2012

Old‐growth forests dominated by understory‐tolerant tree species are among forest types most likely to be in equilibrium. However, documentation of the degree to which they are in equilibrium over decades‐long time periods is lacking. Changes in climate, pathogens, and land use all are likely to impact stand characteristics and species composition, even in these forests. Here, 32 years of vegetation changes in an old‐growth beech (Fagus grandifolia)–sugar maple (Acer saccharum) forest in Hueston Woods, southwest Ohio, USA, are summarized. These changes involve canopy composition and structure, turnover in snags, and development of vegetation in treefall gaps.Stand basal area and canopy density have changed little in 32 years. However, beech has decreased in canopy importance (49% to 32%) while sugar maple has increased (32% to 47%). Annual mortality was about 1.3% throughout the study period. Mortality rates increased with stem size, but the fraction of larger stems increased due to ingrowth from smaller size classes. Beech was represented by more very large stems than small canopy stems: over time, death of those larger stems with inadequate replacement has caused the decrease in beech importance. Sugar maple was represented by more small canopy stems whose growth has increased its importance. The changes in beech and sugar maple relative importance are hypothesized to be due to forest fragmentation mostly from the early 1800s with some possible additional effects associated with the formation of the state park. Snag densities (12–16 snags/ha) and formation rates (1–3 snags·ha−1·yr−1) remained consistent. The treefall gaps previously studied are closing, with a few, large stems remaining. Death of gap border trees occurs consistently enough to favor species able to combine growth in gaps and survival in the understory.
Obstetric Nephrology
Authors: August Phyllis 
Published: December 2012

Summary
This issue’s Moving Points highlights the challenges and victories of a subspecialty within nephrology, obstetric nephrology. This article presents an overview of the renal physiology of normal pregnancy and exciting new developments in the understanding of both common renal disorders, such as lupus nephritis, diabetic kidney disease, and preeclampsia, and less common but life-threatening disorders, such as thrombotic microangiopathies.
Board Interlocks and Earnings Management Contagion
Authors: Chiu Peng-Chia , Teoh Siew Hong , Tian Feng 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
We test whether earnings management spreads between firms via shared directors. We find that a firm is more likely to manage earnings when it shares a common director with a firm that is currently managing earnings and is less likely to manage earnings when it shares a common director with a non-manipulator. Earnings management contagion is stronger when the shared director has a leadership or accounting-relevant position (e.g., audit committee chair or member) on its board or the contagious firm's board. Irregularity contagion is stronger than error contagion. The board contagion effect is robust to controlling for endogenous matching of firms with directors, fixed firm/director effects, incidence of M&A, industry, and contagion via a common auditor or geographical proximity. These findings support the view that board monitoring plays a key role in the contagion and quality of firms' financial reports.
JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M49; G34; G39; D83.
Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the text.
Four-Year Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Influence on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Trial
Authors: Jakicic John M. , Egan Caitlin M. , Fabricatore Anthony N. , Gaussoin Sarah A. , Glasser Stephen P. , Hesson Louise A. , Knowler William C. , Lang Wei , Regensteiner Judith G. , Ribisl Paul M. , Ryan Donna H. ,   the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE
To examine an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) compared with diabetes support and education (DSE) on 4-year change in fitness and physical activity (PA), and to examine the effect of change in fitness and PA, adjusting for potential confounders, on glycemic control in the Look AHEAD Trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects were overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with available fitness data at 4 years (n = 3,942).This clinical trial randomized subjects to DSE or ILI. DSE subjects received standard care plus information related to diet, PA, and social support three times per year. ILI subjects received weekly intervention contact for 6 months, which was reduced over the 4-year period, and were prescribed diet and PA. Measures included weight, fitness, PA, and HbA1c.

RESULTS
The difference in percent fitness change between ILI and DSE at 4 years was significant after adjustment for baseline fitness and change in weight (3.70 vs. 0.94%; P &lt; 0.01). At 4 years, PA increased by 348 (1,562) kcal/week in ILI vs. 105 (1,309) kcal/week in DSE (P &lt; 0.01). Fitness change at 4 years was inversely related to change in HbA1c after adjustment for clinical site, treatment, baseline HbA1c, prescribed diabetes medication, baseline fitness, and weight change (P &lt; 0.01). Change in PA was not related to change in HbA1c.

CONCLUSIONS
A 4-year ILI increased fitness and PA in overweight/obese individuals with T2DM. Change in fitness was associated with improvements in glycemic control, which provides support for interventions to improve fitness in adults with T2DM.
Body Composition Is Normal in Term Infants Born to Mothers With Well-Controlled Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Au Cheryl P. , Raynes-Greenow Camille H. , Turner Robin M. , Carberry Angela E. , Jeffery Heather E. 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to describe body composition in term infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with infants of mothers with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis cross-sectional study included 599 term babies born at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Neonatal body fat percentage (BF%) was measured within 48 h of birth using air-displacement plethysmography. Glycemic control data were based on third-trimester HbA1c levels and self-monitoring blood glucose levels. Associations between GDM status and BF% were investigated using linear regression adjusted for relevant maternal and neonatal variables.RESULTSOf 599 babies, 67 (11%) were born to mothers with GDM. Mean ± SD neonatal BF% was 7.9 ± 4.5% in infants with GDM and 9.3 ± 4.3% in infants with NGT, and this difference was not statistically significant after adjustment. Good glycemic control was achieved in 90% of mothers with GDM.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, neonatal BF% did not differ by maternal GDM status, and this may be attributed to good maternal glycemic control.
Anterior dental microwear texture analysis of the Krapina Neandertals
Authors: Krueger Kristin , Ungar Peter 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Some Neandertal anterior teeth show unusual and excessive gross wear, commonly explained by non-dietary anterior tooth use, or using the anterior dentition as a tool, clamp, or third hand. This alternate use is inferred from aboriginal arctic populations, who used their front teeth in this manner. Here we examine anterior dental microwear textures of the Krapina Neandertals to test this hypothesis and further analyze tooth use in these hominins.
Microwear textures from 17 Krapina Dental People were collected by white-light confocal profilometry using a 100x objective lens. Four adjacent scans were generated, totaling an area of 204x276 μm, and were analyzed using Toothfrax and SFrax SSFA software packages. The Neandertals were compared to six bioarchaeological/ethnographic samples with reported variation in diet, abrasive load, and non-dietary anterior tooth use.
Results indicate that Krapina anterior teeth lack extreme microwear textures expected of hominins exposed to heavy abrasives or those that regularly generated high stresses associated with intense use of the front teeth as tools. Krapina hominins have microwear attributes in common with Coast Tsimshian, Aleut, and Puye Pueblo samples. Collectively, this suggests that the Krapina Neandertals faced moderate abrasive loads and only periodically used their anterior teeth as tools for non-diet related behaviors.
Evaluative Frailty Index for Physical Activity (EFIP): A Reliable and Valid Instrument to Measure Changes in Level of Frailty
Authors: de Vries Nienke M. , Staal J. Bart , Olde Rikkert Marcel G.M. , Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria W.G. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundPhysical activity is assumed to be important in the prevention and treatment of frailty. It is unclear, however, to what extent frailty can be influenced because instruments designed to assess frailty have not been validated as evaluative outcome instruments in clinical practice.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were: (1) to develop a frailty index (ie, the Evaluative Frailty Index for Physical Activity [EFIP]) based on the method of deficit accumulation and (2) to test the clinimetric properties of the EFIP.DesignThe content of the EFIP was determined using a written Delphi procedure. Intrarater reliability, interrater reliability, and construct validity were determined in an observational study (n=24).MethodIntrarater reliability and interrater reliability were calculated using Cohen kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Construct validity was determined by correlating the score on the EFIP with those on the Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG), the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G).ResultsFifty items were included in the EFIP. Interrater reliability (Cohen kappa=0.72, ICC=.96) and intrarater reliability (Cohen kappa=0.77 and 0.80, ICC=.93 and .98) were good. As expected, a fair to moderate correlation with the TUG, POMA, and CIRS-G was found (.61, −.70, and .66, respectively).LimitationsReliability and validity of the EFIP have been tested in a small sample. These and other clinimetric properties, such as responsiveness, will be assessed or reassessed in a larger study population.ConclusionThe EFIP is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the effect of physical activity on frailty in research and in clinical practice.
Hydrodynamic properties of the Certas hydrocephalus shunt
Authors: Czosnyka Zofia , Pickard John D. , Czosnyka Marek 
Published: December 2012

Object
Independent testing of hydrocephalus shunts provides information about the quality of CSF drainage after shunt implantation. Moreover, hydrodynamic parameters of a valve assessed in the laboratory create a comparative pattern for testing of shunt performance in vivo. This study sought to assess the hydrodynamic parameters of the Certas valve, a new model of a hydrocephalus shunt.

Methods
The Certas valve is an adjustable ball-on-spring hydrocephalus valve. It can be adjusted magnetically in vivo in 7 steps, equally distributed within the therapeutic limit for hydrocephalus, and the eighth step at high pressures intended to block CSF drainage. The magnetically adjustable rotor is designed to prevent accidental readjustment of the valve in a magnetic field, including clinical MRI.

Results
The pressure-flow performance curves, as well as the operating, opening, and closing pressures, were stable, fell within the specified limits, and changed according to the adjusted performance levels. The valve at settings 1–7 demonstrated low hydrodynamic resistance of 1.4 mm Hg/ml/min, increasing to 5.1 mm Hg/ml/min after connection of a distal drain provided by the manufacturer. At performance Level 8 the hydrodynamic resistance was greater than 20 mm Hg/ml/min. External programming of the valve proved to be easy and reliable. The valve is safe in 3-T MRI and the performance level of the valve is unlikely to be changed. However, with the valve implanted, distortion of the image is substantial. Integration of the valve with the SiphonGuard limits the drainage rate.

Conclusions
In the laboratory the Certas valve appears to be a reliable differential-pressure adjustable valve. Laboratory evaluation should be supplemented by results of a clinical audit in the future.
Cavernous malformations of the brain after treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia: presentation and long-term follow-up
Authors: Singla Amit , Brace O'Neill Jill E. , Smith Edward , Scott R. Michael 
Published: December 2012

Object
The authors undertook this study to determine the clinical course and long-term outcomes in pediatric patients who developed cavernous malformations of the brain following treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

Methods
They reviewed the senior author's database of surgically treated cavernous malformations of the brain to identify those patients whose cavernous malformations developed after cranial radiation during treatment for ALL. The medical records of these patients were reviewed to determine their clinical presentation, radiological findings, and outcome at long-term follow-up.

Results
Five patients fulfilled the specified criteria over a 23-year period. At the time of ALL diagnosis, they were all 4–5 years old. The cerebral cavernous malformations developed 2–8 years after cranial radiation, and 4 of the 5 patients presented with neurological symptoms, which ranged from focal deficits to seizures. Two patients required a second craniotomy, one from lesion recurrence possibly due to incomplete resection, and another for a second cavernous malformation, which developed at another site 6 years after the initial malformation was excised. Long-term follow-up of 2, 10, 11, 11, and 17 years has revealed no additional lesion development or recurrence.

Conclusions
Symptomatic cavernous malformations of the brain may develop several years after chemotherapy and cranial radiation treatment for ALL, and the clinical course of these cavernous malformations may be more aggressive than that of the typical post-radiation lesions seen in other conditions. Long-term clinical and imaging monitoring is recommended for children who have undergone treatment for ALL. Craniotomy for excision of the malformations appears to convey long-term protection from repeat hemorrhage and accumulating neurological deficits.
Visualization of Medical Data Based on EHR Standards
Authors: Hildebrand C. , Stausberg J. , Englmeier K. H. , Kopanitsa G. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBackground: To organize an efficient interaction between a doctor and an EHR the data has to be presented in the most convenient way. Medical data presentation methods and models must be flexible in order to cover the needs of the users with different backgrounds and requirements. Most visualization methods are doctor oriented, however, there are indications that the involvement of patients can optimize healthcare.Objectives: The research aims at specifying the state of the art of medical data visualization. The paper analyzes a number of projects and defines requirements for a generic ISO 13606 based data visualization method. In order to do so it starts with a systematic search for studies on EHR user interfaces.Methods: In order to identify best practices visualization methods were evaluated according to the following criteria: limits of application, customizability, re-usability. The visualization methods were compared by using specified criteria.Results: The review showed that the analyzed projects can contribute knowledge to the development of a generic visualization method. However, none of them proposed a model that meets all the necessary criteria for a re-usable standard based visualization method. The shortcomings were mostly related to the structure of current medical concept specifications.Conclusion: The analysis showed that medical data visualization methods use hard-coded GUI, which gives little flexibility. So medical data visualization has to turn from a hardcoded user interface to generic methods. This requires a great effort because current standards are not suitable for organizing the management of visualization data. This contradiction between a generic method and a flexible and user-friendly data layout has to be overcome.
An Easily Implemented Method for Abbreviation Expansion for the Medical Domain in Japanese Text
Authors: Aramaki E. , Imai T. , Miura Y. , Tonoike M. , Ohkuma T. , Masuichi H. , Ohe K. , Shinohara E. Y. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBackground: One of the barriers for the effective use of computerized health-care related text is the ambiguity of abbreviations. To date, the task of disambiguating abbreviations has been treated as a classification task based on surrounding words. Application of this framework for languages that have no word boundaries requires pre-processing to segment a sentence into separate word sequences. While the segmentation processing is often a source of problem, it is unknown whether word information is really requisite for abbreviation expansion.Objectives: The present study examined and compared abbreviation expansion methods with and without the incorporation of word information as a preliminary study.Methods: We implemented two abbreviation expansion methods: 1) a morpheme-based method that relied on word information and therefore required pre-processing, and 2) a character-based method that relied on simple character information. We compared the expansion accuracies for these two methods using eight medical abbreviations. Experimental data were automatically built as a pseudo-annotated corpus using the Internet.Results: As a result of the experiment, accuracies for the character-based method were from 0.890 to 0.942 while accuracies for the morpheme-based method were from 0.796 to 0.932. The character-based method significantly outperformed the morpheme-based method for three of the eight abbreviations (p < 0.05). For the remaining five abbreviations, no significant differences were found between the two methods.Conclusions: Character information may be a good alternative in terms of simplicity to morphological information for abbreviation expansion in English medical abbreviations appeared in Japanese texts on the Internet.
Plantations industrielles ou familiales ? Regards croisés sur la production d'huile de palme et de cacao en Indonésie et au Ghana
Authors: Barral Stéphanie , Ruf François 
Published: December 2012

Résumé Pour les produits tropicaux tels que café, cacao, caoutchouc, huile de palme, les parts de marché des grandes plantations et de l’agriculture familiale varient selon les pays, les époques et les produits. Pourquoi aujourd’hui les plantations industrielles jouent-elles un rôle important dans le secteur de l’huile de palme et un rôle marginal dans celui du cacao ? Cette question est traitée dans le cas du Ghana et de l’Indonésie, à travers la bibliographie, des enquêtes socio-économiques d’exploitations villageoises et de l’observation participante dans des grandes plantations. L’évolution de ce dualisme dépend des conditions d’introduction de la culture et des politiques publiques ; la différence entre secteurs ramène aussi à des déterminants techniques et économiques tels que les économies d’échelles, la nature du produit transformé et du matériel végétal, les calendriers agricoles et la gestion du travail. Aujourd’hui, les plantations familiales gagnent du terrain, utilisant certaines ressources des plantations industrielles.
Réseaux dormants, contingence et structures
Authors: Hmed Choukri 
Published: December 2012

Résumé Une enquête ethnographique dans la région de Sidi Bouzid, berceau de la révolution tunisienne de 2010-2011, permet de montrer que, contrairement à la plupart des analyses sur la question, on ne peut ni parler de « spontanéité » du mouvement révolutionnaire, ni, à l’inverse, rabattre ce dernier sur des « causes » structurelles et exogènes. Les entretiens menés auprès des protagonistes soulignent plutôt la présence de réseaux dormants formés par des militants politiques et syndicalistes, finement articulés à des mobilisations localisées de groupes plus faiblement politisés, et mobilisés à la faveur de facteurs en partie contingents. On montre ainsi les ressorts pratiques de la politisation et de la désectorisation permettant tout à la fois le passage au politique de groupes hétérogènes et la remise en cause du régime.