bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of L3T4+ and Lyt‐2+ T Cell Subsets in Protective Immune Responses of Mice against Infection with a Low or High Virulent Strain of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Nagasawa Hideyuki , Manabe Tetsuya , Maekawa Yoichi , Oka Mikio , Himeno Kunisuke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to elucidate the role of T cell subsets in protective immunity against infection with high virulent and low virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii, monoclonal antibodies specific for T cell subsets were injected into mice before immunization or challenge infection. Treatment of mice with monoclonal antibody to either L3T4+ or Lyt‐2+ T cells before they were immunized with Toxoplasma cell homogenate prepared from high virulent RH strain tachyzoites markedly reduced survival after mice were challenged with low virulent bradyzoites of the Beverley strain. Thus, induction of protective immunity against bradyzoites of the Beverley strain requires the presence of both L3T4+ and Lyt‐2+ T cells. In contrast, mice injected with living bradyzoites of the low virulent Beverley strain after immunization with Toxoplasma cell homogenate acquired protective immunity against high virulent tachyzoites of the RH strain. Lyt‐2+ T cells alone appear to be final effector cells for protection against the challenge with high virulent RH strain tachyzoites, since treatment of the bradyzoite‐immune mice with anti‐Lyt‐2 antibody, but not anti‐L3T4 antibody, before challenge significantly increased mortality.
Detection of Influenza Viruses in Throat Swab by Using Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Yamada Akira , Imanishi Jiro , Nakajima Etsuro , Nakajima Katsuhisa , Nakajima Setsuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn assay protocal based on exploiting the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the direct detection of influenza virus in throat swab is described. By use of the mixture of HI and H3 primers, it was possible to determine the subtype of the influenza A viruses simultaneously. No visible band was detected after PCR of influenza B or A (H2N2) viruses with a pair of HI or H3 primers. The dilution experiment showed that the influenza viruses, as few as 1.3–6 plaque‐forming units, were sufficient for detecting the HA gene by PCR. All throat swab samples from which influenza viruses had been isolated by conventional method were also positively detected by PCR method.
Heat‐Killed Salmonella typhi Induces the Release of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes from Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Pang Tikki , Devi Shamala , Puthucheary Savithri , Pawlowski Nicholas 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMouse macrophages pre‐labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid (20: 4) were shown to release metabolites generated by the lipoxygenase and cyclo‐oxygenase pathways following in vitro addition of heat‐killed Salmonella typhi. These metabolites were maximally released after 60–90 min of incubation and consisted of prostaglandins (85%), leukotriene C (6%), di‐HETEs, leukotrienes D and E (4%), mono‐HETEs (2%) and other metabolites (3%). Of the metabolites generated by the cyclo‐oxygenase pathway (prostaglandins), 6‐keto PGF1 α and PGE2 were generated at a ratio of 1.2 to 1. The significance and importance of these results are discussed.
Possible Presence of a Capsule in Branhamella catarrhalis
Authors: Ahmed Kamruddin , Rikitomi Naoto , Ichinose Akitoyo , Matsumoto Keizo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractClinical isolates of Branhamella catarrhalis from patients with respiratory infections were used in this study. Electron microscopic observation after treating Branhamella catarrhalis with immune serum and ruthenium red revealed the capsule. In the phagocytosis test, most organisms were not ingested by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the presence of normal rabbit serum (NRS), while organisms were primarily cell associated and apparently ingested in the presence of immunized rabbit serum (IRS). The capsule may be one of the virulence factors in this bacteria. This study demonstrates the possible presence of a capsule in Branhamella catarrhalis.
Colonization of Helicobacter pylori in the Gastric Mucosa of Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Yokota Kenji , Kurebayashi Youichi , Takayama Yoshikazu , Hayashi Shunji , Isogai Hiroshi , Isogai Emiko , Imai Kouzou , Yabana Tsuyoshi , Yachi Akira , Oguma Keiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHelicobacter pylori was orally inoculated into Mongolian gerbils. The organisms were able to colonize in the gastro‐mucosal layer of the gerbils, especially in those gerbils which had mucosal lesions caused by indomethacin treatment. The pathological changes developed by H. pylori infection were restricted to the stomachs, and only slightly inflammatory cells were observed.
Effect of Clostridium perfringens Alpha Toxin on Contraction of Isolated Guinea‐Pig Diaphragm
Authors: Sakurai Jun , Tsuchiya Yasunobu , Ochi Sadayuki , Fujii Yoshio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin on contraction induced by‐electric stimulation of isolated guinea‐pig diaphragm was investigated. The toxin inhibited electrically stimulated contraction of the tissue in a dose‐ and incubation time‐dependent manner. Tetrodotoxin resulted in no effect of the action of the toxin. Nifedipine dose‐dependently delayed the action of the toxin, but verapamil and diltiazem did not. On the other hand, treatment of the toxin with N‐acetylimidazole caused significant reduction of the inhibitory activity of the toxin on contraction, but did not cause significant loss of phospholipase C activity (PN activity) as measured by hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenylphosphorylcholine. The data showed that the toxin impairs contraction of isolated guinea‐pig diaphragm.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cells of Myeloid‐Monocytic Lineage
Authors: Ushijima Hiroshi , Dairaku Masatake , Honma Hitoshi , Yamaguchi Koushi , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Tsuchie Hideaki , Abe Kenji , Yamamoto Akiko , Hoshino Hiroo , Müller Werner E.G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe established persistent infection with a strain of human immunodeficiency virus type I, HTLV‐IIIB, in a promyelomonocytic cell line, ML‐1 (CD4 antigen nearly negative and CD4 mRNA negative), and a promonocytic cell line, THP‐1 (CD4 antigen positive). Different reaction of giant cell formation was found after co‐cultivation of infected and uninfected cells of ML‐1, HL‐60, THP‐1 and U‐937 cell lines with uninfected and infected MOLT4 (a T‐lymphoma cell line).
Gene Transfer in Enteric Bacteria through the Formation of R‐Prime Plasmids by an RP4: : Mini‐Mu Element
Authors: Sarker Mahfuzur R. , Ahmed Zia U. , Rahman M.M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGene transfer in seven pathogenic enteric bacteria was studied using an RP4::mini‐Mu element, the plasmid pULB113. From the E. coli K‐12 host strain the plasmid could be efficiently transferred to these enteric bacteria, but its transfer back to E. coli K‐12 was not as efficient, being detected only in Shigella dysenteriae 1, S. flexneri and the ‘smooth’ variant of S. sonnei. In these three species, transposition of chromosomal fragments into the plasmid to produce R‐prime plasmid was also detected at a frequency of approximately 10−5. Transposition was random as suggested by the recovery at approximately the same frequency (10−5 to 10−6) of R‐primes involving 20 different auxotrophic markers from widely separated chromosomal locations. Formation of R‐prime plasmids expressing toxicity in the E. coli K‐12 recipient strain was also efficient in S. dysenteriae 1 but the toxin‐activity was rapidly lost from these R‐primes. In our experiments, the plasmid pULB113 incorporated relatively small amounts of chromosomal DNA as determined by restriction endonuclease digestion. For a Thy+ R‐prime that we analyzed, the amount of cloned DNA was approximately 15 kb.
T‐Cell Immune Response to Human Herpesvirus‐6 in Healthy Adults
Authors: Yakushijin Yoshihiro , Yasukawa Masaki , Kobayashi Yuzuru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy adults to human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) was examined. It was found that PBMC from 13 of 14 HHV‐6‐seropositive adults apparently proliferated in response to stimulation with HHV‐6 antigen in contrast to the lack of response of cord blood mononuclear cells. In order to confirm the presence of HHV‐6‐specific memory T cells in the peripheral blood of healthy adults, we established HHV‐6‐specific T‐cell clones from an HHV‐6‐seropositive individual. CD4+ T‐cell clones generated from HHV‐6‐stimulated PBMC were found to proliferate upon stimulation with HHV‐6 in the presence of autologous antigen‐presenting cells, but not in response to herpes simplex virus type 1 antigen or mock‐infected control antigen, These results indicate that a T‐cell immune response against HHV‐6 infection is generally present in healthy adult populations.
Acute Phase Reactants in Leprosy
Authors: Vaishnavi Chetana , Agnihotri Nalini , Ganguly Nirmal Kumar , Kaur Surrinder , Kumar Bhushan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSerum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and plasma levels of fibronectin (Fn) were studied in 74 untreated leprosy patients. CRP was detected by latex agglutination in 25.6% of the patients. A significant increase in Fn levels was seen in all the groups of leprosy patients, as compared to the controls.
Development of Monoclonal Antibodies Reacting against Mycobacterial 65 kDa Heat Shock Protein by Using Recombinant Truncated Products
Authors: Hara Isao , Sato Noriyuki , Matsuura Akihiro , Cho Joong‐moon , Weimin Qi , Torigoe Toshihiko , Shinnigk Thomas M. , Kamidono Sadao , Kikuchi Kokichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA mycobacterial 65 kDa molecule is a member of the GroEL heat shock protein family. We developed mAbs reacting against recombinant 65 kDa protein by using a gene (pTB12) which encodes this protein. Three mAbs (B20, B97 and B167) reacted selectively with 65 kDa proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, BCG and Mycobacterium leprae, although B20 and B167 may weakly react with a 15 kDa molecule of mammalian cells. One (B108) was obviously cross‐reactive between mycobacterial 65 kDa and the mammalian intracytoplasmic protein. We also developed deletion mutants of pTB12. The localization of these mAb‐defined epitopes was determined by using truncated proteins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 65 kDa molecule produced in E. coli. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that B20, B97 and B167 mAbs could detect this antigen in experimental granulomas induced by injection of BCG in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. These mAbs should be useful for analyzing the immunobiologic roles of mycobacterial 65 kDa molecules.
Toxin Profiles, and Cell‐Surface Properties of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Swedish Travelers
Authors: Baloda Suraj B. , Krovacek Karel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractToxin production, cell‐surface hydrophobicity and fibronectin‐binding properties of 21 Salmonella strains of different species, isolated from Swedish travelers to different parts of the world, were studied. Cell sonicate supernatants from blood agar grown cultures of 80% of the strains induced rabbit skin permeability reaction in the form of induration and/or blueing while 33% of the strains also produced cell necrotizing factor on rabbit skin. Four strains were negative in the rabbit skin permeability test, while only two were negative when tested on CHO cells. When cultured on blood agar, a majority of the strains (17/21) showed low cell‐surface hydrophobicity, showing no aggregation even at 1.5 M ammonium sulfate concentration in salt aggregation test (SAT), while only four strains showed high cell‐surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, these strains could be classified as low fibronectin binders due to their poor interaction with fibronectin or its 29 kDa N‐terminal fragment.
Rapid Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infections by Direct Immunoperoxidase Staining with Human Monoclonal Antibody against an Immediate‐Early Antigen
Authors: Eizuru Yoshito , Minematsu Toshio , Minamishima Yoichi , Ebihara Kazumasa , Takahashi Kota , Tamura Kazuo , Hosoda Kenji , Masuho Yasuhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDirect immunoperoxidase technique using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐conjugated Fab' fragment of human monoclonal antibody (humab C7), designated HRP‐C7, was evaluated as a rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. A total of 138 clinical specimens consisting of 124 urine samples and 14 oral swabs were examined for CMV by the direct HRP‐C7 staining in comparison with conventional virus isolation. The number of CMV‐positive samples by each method was 40 (29.0%) for the former and 37 (26.8%) for the latter, respectively. By HRP‐C7 staining, CMV was identifiable within 24 hr after inoculation. By conventional isolation method, an average of 10.3 days had passed before cytopathic effect characteristic of CMV appeared in the cell culture. Some false‐positive and false‐negative cases were discussed in relation to toxicity of urine samples, storage of the samples, and amount of CMV in the sample. The sensitivity and specificity of HRP‐C7 method against conventional isolation method were 89.2% and 93.1%, respectively. Thus, HRP‐C7 staining is useful for a rapid diagnosis of CMV infections.
Quantitative Fluorometric Assay for Rapid Enzymatic Characterization of Bifidobacterium longum and Related Bifidobacteria
Authors: O'Brien Mark , Mitsuoka Tomotari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe quantitative, semi‐automated assay described here is an alternative characterization method allowing for highly sensitive and specific detection of bifidobacterial enzymes. Twenty strains of Bifidobacterium longum, including the type strain ATCC 15707, and type strains of 15 other Bifidobacterium species were enzymatically characterized using 20 4‐methylumbelliferyl conjugated substrates. Enzyme activities were determined by directly measuring the intensity of fluorescence derived from 4‐methylumbelliferone, a fluorescent metabolic by‐product. For this method, a Titertek® Fluoroskan II fluorometer was used. Enzymes included glycosidases, an esterase, phosphatase, sulphatase, and neuraminidase. B. longum showed strong activity (> 1,000 absolute fluorescence units, afu) for α‐L‐Arabino‐pyranosidase and α‐L‐Arabinofuranosidase, β‐D‐Fucosidase, α‐ and β‐D‐Galactosidase, α‐D‐Glucosidase, and α‐D‐Mannosidase. No activity (<50 afu) was observed for β‐D‐Cellobiosidase, α‐ and β‐L‐Fucosidase, β‐D‐Glucuronidase, β‐D‐Mannosidase, Neuraminidase and Sulphatase. Enzymatic activity profiles in other bifidobacteria were different according to the species. This assay is simple and rapid (6 hr). Special cultural requirements are unnecessary. Results are objective and quantitative. This assay may be a useful tool for bifidobacterial taxonomy.
Pharmacodynamic and Protective Properties of a Murine Lipopolysaccharide‐Specific Monoclonal Antibody in Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia in Mice
Authors: Oishi Kazunori , Sonoda Fuminari , Miwa Hideaki , Tanaka Hirofumi , Watanabe Kiwao , Matsumoto Keizo , Pollack Matthew 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe employed a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mouse pneumonia model to evaluate the ability of a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the O‐side chain of P. aeruginosa Fisher Immunotype‐1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to achieve and sustain therapeutic levels in plasma and lung tissue, reduce bacterial populations in the lung, and prevent pneumonia‐associated mortality. An IgG3 MAb (Y1–5A4) administered to mice i.v. over a dose range of 125–1,000 μg/mouse produced plasma and lung tissue levels at 2 hr of 61–507 μg/ml and 4.3–150 μg/g, respectively. The 1,000 μg MAb dose reduced bacterial counts in lung tissue (logio cfu/g±S.D.) and blood (log10cfu/ml+S.D.) 20 hr post‐treatment (18 hr post‐challenge) from 10.00+ 0.66 to 7.66±0.91 (P<0.01) and from 4.39±0.81 to <3.0, respectively. Administration of MAb to mice in doses of 125–500 μg 2 hr prior to a 3 × 50% lethal bacterial challenge produced significant protection against death, with a calculated 50% protective dose of 167 μg. Protection was noted following administration of 1,000 μg of MAb up to 6 hr after bacterial challenge (P<0.05, compared with untreated control). Histological examination of lung tissue from infected mice revealed less acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhage in MAb‐treated compared with untreated control animals and greater localization of Pseudomonas antigen within the phagocytic cells in alveolar space. These findings document the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of an LPS‐specific IgG MAb in a murine model of acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia, based in part upon the achievability of effective MAb concentrations in plasma and lung tissue.
Experimental Study on the Relapse of Tuberculosis after the Termination of Antituberculous Chemotherapy Using Immunodeficient Nude Mice
Authors: Toyohara Mareichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of cellular immunity induced by tuberculous infection on bacteriological relapse after the termination of antituberculous chemotherapy was studied experimentally using immunodeficient nu/nu mice and immunocompetent dd mice. The efficacy of intensive chemotherapy was excellent even in nu/nu mice; tubercle bacilli in the organs decreased below the detectable limit, but formidable regrowth of bacilli was seen after the termination of chemotherapy. On the other hand, in the case of dd mice that established antituberculous cellular immunity through tuberculous infection, bacteriological relapse was generally very slight. It was concluded that bacteriological relapse was related closely with the established cellular immunity induced by the infected tubercle bacilli.
The Surface Hydrophobicity and Avirulent Character of an Encapsulated Strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Meno Vuko , Amako Kazunobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to elucidate how virulence is controlled in encapsulated bacteria, some surface properties of an encapsulated but avirulent strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, strain 277, were examined. Although strain 277 was heavily fimbriated, the fimbriae did not demonstrate an avirulent character and were not responsible for the surface hydrophobicity of this strain. The surface hydrophobicity was well correlated with the capacity of the bacteria to associate with polymorphonuclear cells. More bacteria with hydrophobic surfaces associated with the PMN than nonhydrophobic bacteria. The hydrophobic surface character of this strain was not affected by either trypsin treatment or extraction with salt solution. We assume that the capsule of strain 277 has more hydrophobic polysaccharides than that of the virulent strain. Some chemical modifications might therefore exist in the capsular polysaccharides of the avirulent strain.
A Sensitive Method for Detecting the Fermentation‐Inhibition Antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Okazaki Norio , Akema Riichiro , Takizawa Kinjiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fermentation‐inhibition (FI) test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was improved by using a combination of guinea pig complement and gamma globulin‐depleted horse serum in place of unheated whole horse serum employed in the conventional assay system. As the test antigen for the new FI assay system, M, pneumoniae filtrated through a 3.0 μm membrane filter was used. Owing to the strong augmenting effect of guinea pig complement, the FI activity of rabbit immune serum was increased 32‐fold in the new system compared with the conventional system. Furthermore, IgM antibody, which is barely detectable by the conventional system, could easily be titrated by the new system. With this sensitive method, rapid rise of FI titer was clearly demonstrable in most children with acute M. pneumoniae infections, and a prevalence of FI or growth‐inhibitory antibody among healthy adults in Japan (82%) was revealed.
Interleukin‐4 Downregulates Interleukin‐6 Production by Human Alveolar Macrophages at Protein and mRNA Levels
Authors: Yanagawa Hiroaki , Sone Saburo , Sugihara Kohji , Tanaka Keiji , Ogura Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEffects of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) on IL‐6 production by human alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy donors was examined at the protein and gene levels. IL‐6 production was quantitated by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and bioassay using the IL‐6 dependent murine hybridoma cell line MH60.BSF2. Results showed that when activated with LPS, AM released significantly more biologically active IL‐6 than blood monocytes. Human rIL‐4 significantly suppressed IL‐6 production by AM and monocytes stimulated with LPS. Northern blot analysis revealed that IL‐4 reduced the expression of IL‐6 mRNA in LPS‐stimulated AM and monocytes. The inhibitory effect was most pronounced when IL‐4 was added with LPS or within the first 4 hr after LPS to AM or monocytes. The suppressive effect of IL‐4 was completely neutralized by pretreatment with anti‐IL‐4 antibody. IL‐4 also showed a suppressive effect on IL‐6 production by macrophages generated in vitro by maturation of blood monocytes with granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). These observations suggest that IL‐4 may play a critical role in in situ regulation of immune responses through suppression of IL‐6 production.
Immunoelectron Microscopy of Chlamydia psittaci with Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Ando Shuji , Takashima Ikuo , Hashimoto Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn immunoelectron microscopic study was performed to determine the distribution of antigenic components on particles of Chlamydia psittaci and infected cells using a number of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Of three anti‐lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies (4D5, A2 and 4G5), two antibodies (4D5 and A2) reacted with the surface of reticulate bodies (RBs) but not with that of elementary bodies (EBs). The other antibody (4G5) reacted with both EBs and RBs. Examination of infected cells in thin sections revealed that 4D5 and A2 combined with the membranes of both EBs and RBs. These results indicate that each LPS epitope localized at a different position in the chlamydial membrane. Most MAbs directed to protein antigens reacted on the surface of both EBs and RBs though 3E9 specific for the 90 kDa and 50 kDa protein components combined with RBs only.
Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Ribosomal Proteins of Minocycline‐Susceptible and ‐Resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Mizuguchi Yasuo , Isono Setsuko , Isono Katsumi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA minocycline (MINO)‐resistant mutant was isolated from Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Rabinowitschi. Polypeptide synthesis in the cell‐free system prepared from the mutant was resistant to minocycline (MINO) because of alterated 30S ribosomal subunits. Upon two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, two proteins of 30S subunit were found to be altered. MINO resistance phenotype was transferred by mating to the recipient strain P‐53. MINO resistance phenotype of a recombinant thus obtained was transferred by a different mating system to the recipient strain Jucho, once again. Ribosomal proteins of each of the donors, recipients and recombinants were analyzed and compared on 2‐dimensional (2D) electrophoresis. Approximately 50 ribosomal proteins were observed in 70S ribosomes. Some proteins were differently electrophoresed in different strains. The 30S ribosomal subunits contained at least 19 proteins and 50S ribosomal subunits contained at least 23 proteins. Some proteins were easily washed off during dissociation of subunits in sucrose gradients. At least one protein (designated F) in both subunits was observed at the same position. One protein designated C in 30S subunits could be co‐transferred to the recipient cells together with resistance phenotype at the frequency of 100% in the 30 recombinants examined so far. The other protein designated D in 30S subunits could be transferred at the frequency of 86–88%. Three other proteins in 50S subunits could be co‐transferred to the recipient strain at a lower frequency. Minocycline resistance, therefore, could be mapped close to genes encoding the structure of ribosomal proteins in M. smegmatis.