bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DeepAGS: Deep learning with activity, geography and sequential information in predicting an individual's next trip destination
Authors: Qin Zhenlin , Zhang Pengfei , Ma Zhenliang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIndividual mobility is driven by activities and thus restricted geographically, especially for trip destination prediction in public transport. Existing statistical learning based models focus on extracting mobility regularity in predicting an individual's mobility. However, they are limited in modeling varied spatial mobility patterns driven by the same activity (e.g. an individual may travel to different locations for shopping). The paper proposes a deep learning model with activity, geographic and sequential (DeepAGS) information in predicting an individual's next trip destination in public transport. DeepAGS models the semantic features of activity and geography by using word embedding and graph convolutional network. An adaptive neural fusion gate mechanism is proposed to dynamically fuse the mobility activity and geographical information given the current trip information. Besides, DeepAGS uses the gated recurrent unit to capture the temporal mobility regularity. The approach is validated by using a real‐world smartcard dataset in urban railway systems and comparing with state‐of‐the‐art models. The results show that the proposed model outperforms its peers in terms of accuracy and robustness by effectively integrating the activity and geographical information relevant to a trip context. Also, we illustrate and verify the working mechanism of the DeepAGS model using the synthetic data constructed using real‐world data. The DeepAGS model captures both the activity and geographic information of hidden mobility activities and thus could be potentially applicable to other mobility prediction tasks, such as bus trip destinations and individual GPS locations.
Communities, Mines, and Distributive Politics
Authors: Amengual Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Social movements and interest groups of a variety of types increasingly engage in direct contestation, mobilizing to influence the activities of firms and making unmediated claims for the redistribution of the gains from economic activity. Such direct contestation between societal actors and firms unleashes distributive and regulatory politics that shape local development. Why does pressure sometimes result in expanded access to essential public goods, services, and economic opportunities and sometimes does not? This book develops a theory of direct contestation that explains the varying distributive consequences of the conflicts that entangle many firms. The theory is grounded in case studies of mining conflicts in Bolivia and Peru. By tracing the processes that pushed firms to take different types of distributive actions in detail, the book reveals the central roles of social structures and firm strategies in shaping the consequences of direct contestation. This work advances scholarship on social movements and organizations, private politics, distributive politics, as well as studies of mining conflicts in Latin America.
The New Local Politics of Natural Resources
Authors: Amengual Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter situates the general theory of direct contestation in the context of natural resource politics. The resource curse and the difficulties governing natural resource extraction at the local level are well known. Dominant theories in this literature analyze the politics of distributing the economic gains generated by resource extraction, focusing on how patronage and rent seeking divert revenues from productive use. These theories often treat states as the primary actor involved in distribution and regulation. This chapter recounts how changes in the politics of natural resource industries, including mining, have made firms an increasingly important distributive actor at the local level. It then describes the rise of mining conflicts in Latin America during the commodity boom of the early 2000s, which created the conditions for direct contestation. The chapter concludes with a first analysis of the case study mines. Drawing on survey data, it shows variation in the distributive politics that arise when firms face social pressure. These analyses set up the detailed case studies in the following chapters.
Multiple conditional randomization tests for lagged and spillover treatment effects
Authors: Zhang Yao , Zhao Qingyuan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We consider the problem of constructing multiple independent conditional randomization tests using a single dataset. Because the tests are independent, the randomization p-values can be interpreted individually and combined using standard methods for multiple testing. We give a simple, sequential construction of such tests and then discuss its application to three problems: Rosenbaum’s evidence factors for observational studies, lagged treatment effects in stepped-wedge trials, and spillover effects in randomized trials with interference. We compare the proposed approach with some existing methods using simulated and real datasets. Finally, we establish a more general sufficient condition for independent conditional randomization tests.
The quality-of-life impact of Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) on patients’ lives: an interpretative descriptive qualitative study
Authors: O’Reilly Pauline , Walsh Sarah , Bunker Christopher B , Ryan Sheila , Natella Pierre-André , Colin Audrey , Simpson Jacqueline , Barry Louise A , Meskell Pauline , Dodiuk-Gad Roni , Coffey Alice , Savarimalai Rajamanikandan , Fortune Donal G , Ingen-Housz-Oro Saskia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Much has been documented about the physical sequelae of Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). While less documented, it is recognized that patients can have long-lasting psychological sequelae. There is a lack of qualitative research on the quality of life (QoL) experiences of adults who have been diagnosed with SJS/TEN.

Objectives
To explore the experiences of adults who had SJS/TEN and how these experiences relate to their QoL.

Methods
Using an interpretative descriptive qualitative study, a purposive sample of 18 adults with SJS/TEN were interviewed using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using content analysis.

Results
Two themes were constructed, each with two categories. Theme 1 (Psychosocial Impacts) included the categories ‘The self and others’ and ‘A changed perspective on life’. Theme 2 (Chronicity of Sequelae) comprised the categories ‘Multi-organ involvement’ and ‘Further consequences of TEN’.

Conclusions
Findings highlighted that SJS/TEN had a significant impact on the different QoL experiences of participants including psychological, physical, social, educational and occupational. Many expressed challenges they faced following discharge from hospital, including gaps in psychological care, navigating disjointed care pathways and lack of coordinated care. If SJS/TEN is viewed as a chronic condition, it is important that researchers and clinicians study the long-term effects of SJS/TEN on people’s lives to aid in developing a plan of care to enhance the QoL for this cohort. Psychological and QoL assessments following discharge from hospital require consideration.
Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of amelanotic/hypopigmented primary cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Sturm Richard A , Smit Darren J , Duffy David L , McLean Catriona , Scolyer Richard A , McArthur Grant A , Papenfuss Anthony T , Stark Mitchell S , Soyer H Peter , Mar Victoria J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Approximately 2–20% of cutaneous melanomas (CMs) are diagnosed as amelanotic/hypopigmented melanoma (AHM) and represent a challenge for early diagnosis.

Objectives
To investigate loss-of-function mutations in key pigmentation genes in matched germline and AHM, as well as pigmented melanoma (PM), tumour DNA samples.

Methods
Analysis of clinical and histopathological characteristics – together with whole-exome sequencing data of 34 fresh frozen primary CMs, graded according to the amount of pigmentation present – was performed. Together with germline and somatic variant analysis, 30 samples had previously been analysed for copy number aberration (CNA) changes. This study focused on germline and somatic variants in the coding region of 16 genes known to be associated with albinism/hypopigmentation or variation in human pigmentation in all samples. Chromosomal regions encompassing these 16 genes were examined for DNA copy loss or gain.

Results
The finding that red hair-related MC1R and TYR R402Q loss-of-activity gene variant alleles and genotypes are associated with AHM was confirmed. Germline AHM-related gene variants were enriched in 70% (n = 7/10) of patients with AHM vs. 8% (n = 2/24) of those with PM. This surprisingly high frequency of rare germline variants in people with AHM constitutes the ‘first hit’ and confirms that those with AHM are more likely to be albinism allele carriers than individuals with PM. Next, in CNA analysis of each tumour sample, 50% (n = 4/8) of AHM samples with a pigmentation gene variant had loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the region containing the corresponding gene and 25% (n = 2/8) had LOH in chromosomal regions of two AHM-related genes.

Conclusions
This study proposes that the likely molecular mechanism for the development of amelanogenesis in AHM is carriage of an albinism/hypopigmentation allele followed by LOH of the corresponding gene in the tumour.
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in an infant: diagnosis and management quandaries
Authors: Goldsweig Bracha , Turk Yilmaz Rukiye Sena , Ravindranath Waikar Apoorva , Brownstein Catherine , Carpenter Thomas O 
Published: August 2024

Vignette
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is typically a benign condition characterized by elevated serum calcium, low urinary calcium excretion, and non-suppressed circulating levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), usually requiring no intervention. FHH is inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner. Three subtypes are described, representing variants in genes with critical roles in extracellular calcium-sensing. FHH1, due to heterozygous inactivating variants in the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR), accounts for the majority of cases. FHH2, due to variants in GNA11, encoding the α-subunit of the downstream signaling protein, G11, is the rarest form of FHH. FHH3, resulting from variants in AP2S1, may present with a more pronounced phenotype than FHH1 or FHH2. We describe herein a newborn girl presenting with in utero femoral fractures, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated circulating PTH. She was diagnosed with mild hyperparathyroidism and provided supplemental phosphate upon hospital discharge. However, serum calcium and PTH remained elevated at 5 mo of age. The combination of low-calcium formula and cinacalcet improved the biochemical profile. No pathogenic variants in the coding region of CASR were identified; subsequent whole exome sequencing revealed a G- &gt; T transition at c.44 (p.R15L) in AP2S1. Family studies identified this variant in the father and an affected brother. The mother was unexpectedly found to be hypocalcemic and was diagnosed with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. This case demonstrates successful treatment of FHH3 using a low-calcium formula to limit dietary calcium availability and cinacalcet to modify PTH levels.
Jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with profound anemia
Authors: Huynh Amelia T , Rust Ann 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are uncommon tumors typically found in the stomach, with an even rarer appearance in the jejunum. These tumors are often discovered incidentally, given their nonspecific presentation. We present a case of chronic iron deficiency anemia in a patient with symptomatic GIST involving the proximal jejunum requiring robot-assisted resection with primary anastomosis. Pathological examination of the excised GIST revealed positive immunoreactivity for cKIT, DOG1, and CD37. This case highlights the importance of considering GIST as a differential diagnosis for chronic anemia and emphasizes the critical role of CT imaging in its detection and management.
Joint Venture Disputes in the Energy and Natural Resource Sectors
Authors: Martin A Timothy , Gilbert John , Roberts Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book provides the most comprehensive overview of judgments and arbitral awards in these sectors. It includes previously unpublished awards from the International Criminal Court (ICC) and courts from all over the world. The book presents an incisive review of model joint venture contracts, examining their impact on customary industry practice and case law. It offers a detailed discussion of the issues typically arising in joint venture disputes, along with examining trends in this area of international energy law, distilling lessons that can be learned for the future. The book is a valuable resource for those involved in negotiating, drafting, managing, and advising on energy and natural resource joint ventures. By identifying the key risk areas in such joint ventures, it will also serve as a critical point of reference for advocates, judges and arbitrators who deal with energy and natural resource disputes.
Model JOAs and Accounting Procedures
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical development and use of model joint operating agreements (JOAs) and accounting procedures in the energy sector. They have been developed primarily in the oil and gas sector, in particular the upstream sector, with some model agreements found in the mining sector. In many respects, these model agreements have reacted to and influenced the types of joint venture disputes found in the energy sector. They are thus an excellent reference for discerning customary industry practice (or trade usage) with regards to joint ventures. This survey references the key jurisdictions where these model contracts have been developed and explains how and why they were developed in the manner they were. This chapter also discusses the use of these model joint venture agreements in the midstream and downstream parts of the petroleum business, along with the natural resources and renewables sectors, where they exist.
Size of Share in the Joint Venture
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the different agreements and structures which can be used to record the key principles of how a joint venture is to be operated and governed, the size of each participating party’s interest in the joint ventures, and how disputes arise around the interest that the parties have in these joint ventures. The disputes discussed in this chapter have arisen in a range of circumstances. They demonstrate that events that can lead to a change in the participating share held by the joint venture parties can give rise to disputes. The performance of the joint venture, whether good or bad, can contribute to disputes arising.
Approval of Joint Venture Operations
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the mechanisms by which the party that has undertaken the role of the operator in respect of a joint venture is properly authorized by all of the joint venture parties to conduct joint venture operations on behalf of those parties, and the consequences which could result from a failure to secure that authorization. Such a failure could expose the operator to a liability to pay the associated unauthorized costs, but it would also be a breach of the terms of the joint venture agreement, which could expose the operator to liability and to the risk of being removed from its position. The wider issue of the scope of the operator’s authority to act in the performance of the joint venture agreement is considered in Chapter 11.
Limitation of Liability and Indemnities
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
It is common practice in the energy sector to limit the operator’s liability in joint operating agreements (JOAs). The expectation of any operator is that it will not be exposed to an open-ended legal liability when it acts in that capacity and that its liability is limited to its proportionate share or participating interest in the JOA. This chapter examines how the liability of the operator is limited and indemnified by the joint venture parties in respect of any potential losses and liabilities. This is accomplished in JOAs with two components: (i) an exculpatory clause, which states that the operator is not responsible for any loss or liability (except for its share) resulting from it performing (or failing to perform) its duties and functions, and (ii) a reciprocal clause where the JOA parties (including the operator) indemnify the operator for any such loss or liability. Disputes often arise around when and how these clauses are triggered.
Transfer Rights
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers disputes that arise when a party attempts to transfer its interests in a joint venture and the other parties object. Property rights are typically freely alienable in most jurisdictions. However, industry joint venture agreements invariably place some form of contractual restriction on a party’s ability to assign or transfer its interest in the agreement and the underlying granting instrument. These often revolve around such matters as the qualifications of the transferee, government approvals or minimum interest thresholds. The most controversial restrictions, however, revolve around pre-emption rights, where the non-transferring parties have an option to purchase the transferring party’s interest. Many of the disputes discussed in this chapter deal with whether a pre-emption right covers an asset transfer, share transfer (or change in control) or both.
The Question of Whether Art 25 ICSID Convention Lays Down Independent Requirements for the Existence of an Investment
Authors: Petsche Markus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of whether Art 25 ICSID Convention lays down independent requirements for the existence of an investment. Section II discusses the terminological framework of this question, critically analyses the prevailing conceptualization, and suggests ways to reframe the issue. Section III reviews arbitral case law, distinguishing three categories of decisions: decisions following the prevailing objective approach (which considers that the term ‘investment’ under Art 25 ICSID Convention has an independent meaning), decisions adopting the subjective approach (which denies the existence of such a meaning), and decisions following the rather ambiguous ‘typical-characteristics’ approach which could be viewed as belonging to either of the first two categories. Section IV provides a brief overview of scholarly opinions, showing that a significant majority of writers favour the objective approach. Section V assesses the arguments put forward in support of, and against, the two competing viewpoints and argues that the objective approach is more compelling.
Introduction
Authors: Bradlow Daniel D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a background of how the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have been influential and controversial actors on the global stage for much of their history. They have been active participants in the governance of the global economy and the international financial system and have played prominent roles in the management of many international economic, financial, and monetary crises. However, there are relatively few general studies of the IMF and the World Bank as subjects of international law and of their international legal rights and responsibilities. This book seeks to fill this gap in the international legal literature. It focuses on the international legal implications of the structure, functions, and operational history of these international financial institutions.
International Finance and International Law before Bretton Woods
Authors: Bradlow Daniel D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with a brief historical overview of those aspects of the pre-Second World War economic situation that provided the historical context for the Bretton Woods conference. It describes the law applicable to international finance during this period. The chapter focuses on the situation of sovereign borrowers for two reasons. The first is that the primary borrowers of the multilateral financing institutions that are the subject of this book are sovereigns or public sector entities with sovereign guarantees. The second is that prior to Bretton Woods, sovereign states were the only subjects of international law that borrowed on international financial markets. The chapter then looks at international monetary relations, before considering the efforts to establish institutions of global economic governance prior to Bretton Woods. Finally, it discusses how the environmental and social impacts of large projects and key macro-economic policies were handled in international law at the time.
Intellectual Property as Investment
Authors: Klopschinski Simon , Gibson Christopher S , Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines under what circumstances intellectual property (IP) rights constitute a covered investment entitled to protection under international investment law. It addresses the pivotal role played by the domestic IP law of the host state, as well as any choice of law issues. Based on the overarching notion of territoriality and host state’s law in determining which economic assets—particularly intangibles—are afforded legal protection, the book’s thesis is that only intellectual property rights recognized in the host state’s domestic legal order may constitute an investment within the meaning of an international investment agreement (IIA). The chapter then explores evolving treaty practice concerning the definition of ‘investment’ as it relates to intellectual property. The reference to intellectual property in IIAs as a form of asset or property that may qualify as a protected investment is long-standing and consistent in investment law treaty practice. The chapter also assesses whether IIAs can oblige contracting states to introduce new IP rights into their domestic legal orders if those rights are referenced as investments in the IIA.
Relative Treatment Standards: National Treatment and Most-Favoured-Nation
Authors: Klopschinski Simon , Gibson Christopher S , Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relative standards of treatment that protect investors against discrimination, namely national treatment and most-favoured-nation (MFN)—the only standards which exists by and large as equivalent principles in international intellectual property (IP) and investment law. It provides a comparative review of the non-discrimination principles in international trade, investment, and IP law, and looks at the national treatment provisions in the Paris and Berne Conventions, as well as the TRIPS Agreement. The TRIPS Agreement also includes an MFN clause and a patent-specific non-discrimination rule. The chapter then studies how the core elements of a national treatment (and MFN) claim under an international investment agreement (IIA) apply to IP rights as protected investment, focusing on scope, comparability, the standard of treatment owed, and possible defences and justifications. An important part of this discussion forms the careful review of the potential role for the parallel standards in IP treaties, and IIA clauses that import specific exceptions from the non-discrimination principles in, for example, TRIPS into the IIA.