bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Treaties and Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Etzel Ruth A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Global trade and global pollution have grown greatly in the past 30 years and have resulted in very large increases in the movement of toxic chemicals and other environmental hazards across national boundaries. As a consequence, children around the world, and especially children in low- and middle-income countries, are at increased risk of harmful environmental exposures. To counter these threats and to protect the global environment, human health, and particularly the health and well-being of children, the international community has developed a number of legally binding Conventions. The Convention on the Rights of the Child sets overall principles and establishes a framework for the protection of children’s health. International Conventions are complex and time-consuming mechanisms. To be effective in controlling hazards on a global scale, they must involve all countries. Despite these difficulties, they are very effective instruments for international governance, and they have contributed importantly to the protection of human health and the global environment. Their implementation, monitoring, and evaluation deserve high priority in the global agenda.
The Impacts of War on Children’s Health
Authors: Levy Barry S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
War adversely affects children’s health in many ways. Children are wounded or otherwise injured during war and, as a result, may die or become permanently disabled. Landmines and unexploded ordnance cause many of these injuries. Children become malnourished due to family disruption, damage to agriculture and food distribution systems, and inadequate healthcare. Malnutrition, in turn, increases morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases and impairs growth and development. Profound mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, affect children in war zones and also affect children whose parents are deployed in military service. Children forced or coerced into being child soldiers suffer multiple physical and mental health problems. In addition, economic sanctions adversely affect children’s health. Physicians and other health workers can help to address and prevent these problems.
On Audrey Hepburn
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Why should Audrey Hepburn still matter today? This book revises the contemporary view of Hepburn that sees her primarily as a fashion icon and style guru. It argues that her films, more than her biography or her likeness, are essential to understanding both her importance as one of the all-time major stars to emerge in Hollywood after World War II and her lasting popularity. On Audrey Hepburn examines her screen presence and persona while at the same time emphasizing her skill as an actress. While cognizant of the many contradictions inhering in her films, the book examines the liminality she represented in her comedies and musicals, demonstrating how her characters’ desiring and intelligence supply the primary motors of the plots, resist the films’ patriarchal template, and complicate her asymmetrical casting opposite older male stars. Moreover, Hepburn’s close relation with designer Hubert de Givenchy, which established her identification with haute couture, enabled her characters’ movement on-screen and was a basis for understanding transformation through fashion as a turning-point event in the narrative. This forged a pathway through spectacle for viewer identification with Hepburn’s difference, as symbolized by her unorthodox body, which the clothes did not disguise but amplified. On Audrey Hepburn, finally, examines her skillful performances in thrillers and dramas, studying her expert timing and use of props, her expressive face as it revealed interior emotions and thinking, her interaction with other actors in an ensemble, and the overall nuance with which she developed complex characterizations.
The Life
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a year-by-year chronological account of Audrey Hepburn’s personal and professional life from her parents’ marriage and her birth to her death. It covers her adolescence during World War II, when famine gripped the Netherlands, and her training in dance. It lists each stage appearance in London and New York, and each of her films, as well as her own marriages and births of her sons. It mentions her various awards and nominations, her work for UNICEF, and her attaining EGOT status posthumously.
The Audrey Films
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines “the Audrey film,” which follows a Cinderella template for the plot and for which Audrey Hepburn is best known. Using Sabrina, Funny Face, and My Fair Lady to exemplify the Audrey film, the chapter then considers variations of the template in Roman Holiday, Love in the Afternoon, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, and Paris When It Sizzles. While pointing to the many contradictions inhering in her star image, the chapter emphasizes the liminality that Hepburn represented in these, her most memorable, films of the 1950s and early 1960s. It demonstrates how her characters’ mischief, intelligence, unconventionality, and desiring supply the primary motor for the fairy-tale plots. These qualities also resist the films’ patriarchal template and closures and complicate her asymmetrical casting opposite older male stars.
Thrillers
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at Charade and Wait Until Dark to analyze how, in playing a woman threatened with deception and murder in thrillers, Hepburn adjusted her screen persona to reflect her real age, reversed the conventional role of women in this genre through her strong female characters who confront danger on their own terms, and demonstrated her skill as an actress. The chapter looks at Charade to show how, through her performance, she controls the numerous tonal shifts as the film seesaws from romance to suspense to comedy. The chapter looks at Wait Until Dark to feature Hepburn’s strong character, who single-handedly deals with a psychopathic killer, as well as the acting challenge the film posed. Finally, the chapter looks at two lackluster thrillers Hepburn made following her sporadic return to acting toward the latter part of her life: the awful Bloodline and the generic TV movie Love Among Thieves.
Some answers, some findings, and some questions: Kashrut as both stage for and reflection of tensions within Orthodox Judaism
Authors: Topel Marta F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This final chapter summarizes the book’s original hypotheses and suggests some conclusions. Assuming that food is an important dimension of Jewish identity, transformations in kashrut in recent decades have produced changes in Orthodox Jewish identity. Among them, the creation and consolidation of fragmented identities stand out. Another finding of this work points to the formation of two major groups of Orthodox Jews, each of which sees itself as purer—and therefore holier—than the other, based on their dietary choices. This is related to Jewish tradition, in which forbidden foods are seen as so damaging to the spirit that divine holiness is lost. Based on the works of Mary Douglas, Jacob Milgrom, Howard Eilberg-Schwarts, Hyam Maccoby, David Kramer, and the author’s own analysis of several Hebrew terms related to different types of purity and impurity, this chapter raises the issue as to whether Orthodox Jews’ consumption of nonkosher meat would hence make they themselves unclean and, consequently, further from God, moving them off the course of their original mission: to become a people of priests, a holy people.
Introduction
Authors: Gorman Sara E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for some of the research explicated in the coming chapters. An overview of each chapter is provided. In addition, the Introduction gives a preview of some of the larger arguments contained in the book. These include the relationship between healthcare access and trust, the contribution of mistrust in the healthcare system specifically to the rise of populism and far-right movements in the United States, and a more appropriate and modernized notion of the nature of conspiracy theories, among other key arguments. The introductory chapter also provides audiences with a sense of the key research methods used to draw conclusions presented throughout the book.
“Above All, I Trust My Doctor”
Authors: Gorman Sara E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines and challenges some of the prevailing theories about medical mistrust. Chief among these is the concept that interpersonal trust (usually between a physician and patients) and institutional trust (attitudes that patients have toward the entire healthcare system) are distinct phenomena. Instead, this chapter argues that the two are intimately intertwined, especially in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, and should always be considered in tandem. Aside from complicating the narrative about medical mistrust, this chapter also examines how trust impacts medical decision-making and the various ways in which people incorporate a variety of sources into these decisions. It also includes tips on how to help people make more evidence-based decisions.
“Othered” Bodies
Authors: Gorman Sara E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a truism in the field of medical mistrust: that Black and Latinx communities have higher levels of mistrust due to historical mistreatment, the most prominent example being the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. While recognizing the centrality of the horrific Tuskegee Syphilis Study in the ongoing assessment, particularly by Black communities, of the trustworthiness of the healthcare system, this chapter advances the argument that mistrust and conspiracy theories in vulnerable communities in the United States, especially Black and Latinx communities, have more to do with everyday discrimination than necessarily with historical wrongdoing. The chapter thus argues that resolving these trust issues will depend on systemic and structural change to counteract institutional racism and discrimination. It also warns against the temptation to group different vulnerable communities as if their reasons for distrust are all the same. It is imperative to examine the often unique dynamics of distrust in each particular case.
Use Errors to Your Advantage
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Bad habits persist because they are outside conscious awareness. The brain protects them through a process called proactive interference, which suppresses new information that conflicts with old information. This chapter discusses two methods to overcome proactive interference through bringing bad habits back into conscious awareness, namely amplification of error and old way/new way. Step-by-step instructions are given to implement these methods, as well as research supporting their efficacy. The role of instantaneous/simultaneous feedback is also discussed, specifically the use of the mirror in correcting technical issues, to illustrate why this is detrimental in overcoming bad habits and correcting well-learned skills.
The Fastest Way to Learn Music: Take More Breaks
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The majority of learning and improvement happens during breaks, not during practice itself. It is necessary for the brain to physically change in order for learning to occur, and these physical changes cannot be made until the brain is resting. This chapter discusses numerous studies to illustrate the power of spaced practice, the method of taking strategic breaks to enhance and speed learning. Long-term potentiation, the initial stage of changes in the brain that support learning, is discussed with specific implications for timing practice session and breaks. This chapter looks at what is happening in the brain during breaks to explain why rest is necessary for the brain.
The Economics of Accounting Earnings
Authors: Frankel Richard M. , Kothari S. P. , Zuo Luo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes imperfect and incomplete markets as a prelude to understanding why firms arise and why the need for an earnings measure follows. Markets are imperfect and incomplete when transaction costs exist and certain goods or claims cannot be traded. The notion that earnings somehow enhance the efficiency of firms yields three implications. First, the firm’s value differs from the value of its separable assets and liabilities. Second, the incentive conflicts inherent in imperfect and incomplete markets leave an indelible mark on the earnings report. Finally, the objective of accounting rules cannot be merely to measure the change in value or provide information to assess value. Accounting must have efficiency effects to be demanded and supplied. To make this discussion more concrete, the chapter describes the income-statement and balance-sheet approaches to computing earnings as a means of organizing and highlighting specific limitations and efficiency considerations that arise in the earnings computation.
Studying Chinese Politics
Authors: Joseph William A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the study of Chinese politics. It includes geographic and demographic overviews of the People’s Republic of China that set important contexts for understanding the historical and political development of one the world’s largest in terms of area and most populous countries. It offers a four-fold framework for the analysis of contemporary Chinese politics: China as China; China as a communist party-state; China as a developing country; and China as a rising power. This is followed by a discussion of major political science approaches to the study of Chinese politics and a brief section on the organization of the book and topics of each of the chapters.
From Empire to People’s Republic
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the period from the decline of the Chinese empire beginning in the early decades of the nineteenth century to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. It discusses failed efforts to save the imperial system by the Qing dynasty, the 1911 Republican Revolution and its aftermath, the fragile republic that emerged in the aftermath of that revolution, the consolidation of power in the Republic by Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang (KMT) party, the rise of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Mao Zedong as its unchallenged leader, the brutal invasion and occupation of China by Japan, the civil war between the CCP and the KMT, and the victory of the communists in that conflict.
Mao Zedong in Power (1949–1976)
Authors: Teiwes Frederick C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
From the founding of the PRC in 1949 to his death in 1976, Mao Zedong was the absolute ruler of China, albeit one whose role and behavior changed dramatically over time. In the initial period to 1956, Mao oversaw the transition to socialism in a manner largely adhering to Marxist precepts and Soviet methods, while delegating authoritative roles to top Party colleagues. From 1957 to 1965, Mao personally initiated major failed policies, most tragically the Great Leap Forward famine, which led to his criticism or removal of colleagues he relied on before 1957, but no widespread leadership purge. In the last decade of Mao’s life, the Cultural Revolution saw social and economic disruption, brutal treatment of many high-ranking leaders, Party members, and citizens, but also his efforts to mitigate excesses. Mao’s status as regime founder prevented any meaningful challenge to his authority during these “ten years of chaos.”
China’s Communist Party-State: The Structure and Dynamics of Power
Authors: Li Cheng 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the structure and defining nature of China’s party-state, distinguishing among its three bodies: the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the government, and the People’s Liberation Army. With a further examination of the relationships among the three, the study illustrates both the monopoly of power of the CCP leadership and the extent to which the interplay between bodies affects political tensions and dynamics within. A central inquiry is how China’s new political landscape under Xi Jinping reflects both shifts in elite composition and changes and continuities in institutional rules. This discussion assesses political weights and tensions between leaders of different generations, between foreign-educated and domestically trained cadres, between technocrats with strong science and technology credentials and party functionalists in security and propaganda, and between leaders who have advanced careers from various levels of local administration and officials primarily from major state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
China’s Legal System
Authors: deLisle Jacques 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although it has ancient roots, China’s contemporary legal system largely reflects developments since the beginning of the reform era. Law has supported economic development by providing a framework for markets and engagement with the global economy. Courts play key roles in protecting rights and resolving disputes. China’s socialist rule-of-law system provides a means of governance, bolstering party-state control and controlling the party-state and its agents through private lawsuits, administrative law, criminal punishment, and top-down enforcement of party-state discipline. It promises to protect citizens’ rights, offers mechanisms for public input in lawmaking and government, and helps maintain social stability and the party’s power. Law’s roles and impact have varied considerably since the beginning of the reform era. Its prospects depend on choices and actions of the top elite, people with legal training and roles, and groups in society, as well as law’s contributions to prosperity and stability.
Urban China: Changes and Challenges
Authors: Hurst William , Sorace Christian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history and administrative structure of urban space in China. From the Maoist work unit to the smart city grid, China’s cities are complex sites of political organization, economic production, and social reproduction. The chapter examines how China’s “Zero COVID” pandemic response was possible due to its unique forms of urban governance. In addition to the new megaregions being built around Beijing and in the Pearl River Delta, the chapter shows how party leaders envision a rational administration of urban space extending throughout the countryside. Reality is always messier, as the urban is also a site of transit of people, dreams, and unrest. How China governs its cities offers insight into its past, present, and future.
Policy Case Study: The Arts
Authors: Kraus Richard Curt 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
China’s arts and their political context have changed dramatically since the Maoist period. The arts constitute one of the more open and dynamic aspects of civil society in the PRC, although the cultural arena remains under political scrutiny by the party-state. This chapter looks at the balance between party-state and market in the arts since the era of “reform and opening up” began in the early 1980s, both the weakening and persistence of censorship, and China’s national quest for global cultural respect.
Policy Case Study: Public Health
Authors: Kaufman Joan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Health care provision and policy are important themes in China’s modern history and contemporary politics. Equity-oriented policies in the first decades of the PRC improved population health dramatically but were undermined by the reform and opening up period and focus on the market economy that exacerbated rural and urban divides. Government-provided health insurance coverage is now nearly universal again, but the fruits of modernization have created new challenges related to non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, exacerbated by both environmental pollution and the aging of the population. Increasing urbanization and lack of coverage for rural migrants are perpetuating inequities. New infectious disease epidemics continue to emerge and demand new approaches. The SARS, AIDS , and COVID-19 epidemics and responses are used to illustrate both effective policy making and important governance innovations, but also continuing challenges related to transparency and global citizenship in an era of pandemic disease.
Policy Case Study: Population Policy
Authors: White Tyrene 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In service of its modernization goals, China adopted a one-child policy in 1979. Implementation required close monitoring of urban childbearing-age women and the use of coercive mass campaign tactics, particularly in the countryside. Despite the use of many methods to avoid the birth limit, rapid economic development, free access to contraception, and the persistent use of campaigns and other punitive methods resulted by 2000 in a decline of China’s fertility level to below replacement levels. Among the most severe consequences of the policy were the impact of son preference, which contributed to a severe sex ratio imbalance among newborns, and rapid population aging, which increased China’s dependency ratio, reduced the size of the labor force, and threatened continued economic growth. In response to these issues, policy relaxation and reform came in 2015 with a two-child limit and in 2023 with a three-child limit.
Hong Kong
Authors: Lo Sonny Shiu-Hing 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Hong Kong from its colonial status to the post-1997 era, when it became a special administrative region of China. It examines the city’s political system and its development, the debate over political reform, the democracy protests in 2014 and 2019, the imposition of the national security law in 2020, and the remaking of identity of the people of Hong Kong. The political system of Hong Kong has undergone tremendous changes under the security law. It has become more authoritarian, less pluralistic with a less vibrant society and media, and more focused on the economy and the people’s livelihood.
Taiwan
Authors: Rigger Shelley 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Taiwan’s political development since 1945, including its democratic transition, relations between Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China, and the development of a distinct Taiwanese identity. It includes sections on Taiwan to 1945, Taiwan under the authoritarian rule of Chiang Kai-shek after the Kuomintang fled the Chinese mainland following its defeat by the Chinese Communist Party, its transition to democracy following Chiang’s death in 1975, and Taiwan’s current political system. It also discusses the debate in Taiwan on the island’s relationship with the People’s Republic of China, the development of that relationship since the democratic transition, and parties and elections in contemporary Taiwan.