bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law and the Quality of Life
Authors: Marger E , Barr RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The use of sophisticated methods of criminological investigation and fact determinations, coupled with advances in forensic sciences and in criminal law and with the extensiye procedural safeguards and mechanisms available to prosecutors and defense attorneys alike are, more often than not, taken for granted. Yet, it was not long ago that our legal system functioned on relatively rudimentary procedures, and the tools available to investigate crime and to determine factual matters were little more than very basic scientific principles crudely adapted to the needs of the criminologist. Criminology itself is both a relatively new concept and a distinct branch of forensic sciences. This paper will examine some of the more interesting historical developments in the fields of jurisprudence, criminology, and forensic sciences in order to gain an insight into the contemporary quality of our legal system.
Barriers to Quality Achievement in Crime Laboratory Operations
Authors: Bradford LW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Crime laboratory output consists of both quality and faulty work. The paper discusses three areas of crime laboratory functions which require upgrading: crime scene search, crime laboratory management, and proficiency. The impact on these areas of prioritization of work together with optimization of resource and the recognition of the educational problem are discussed. Keys to gaining further insight into these problems are given and referenced.
Juvenile Delinquency and the Quality of Life: The 17-Year Depression
Authors: Russell DH , Hardman GL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Some delinquents who were unreachable and failed to respond to juvenile interventions may at age 17 or 18 become depressed and then be accessible and motivated for treatment and rehabilitation. If their needs and potentials remain unrecognized, they may act out their depression with continued offenses, alcoholism, drug dependence, and social maladaptations. Untreated, such depressions are long-lasting and have far-reaching influences upon family.
Quality of Life for the Mentally Disabled
Authors: Dietz PE , Dvoskin JA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Case illustrations are given to suggest the complexity of the effects on the quality of life of developments in psychotropic medicines, deinstitutionalization, and patients' rights. Community services often do not provide the mentally disabled with the benefits predicted for such programs. Whether the net effect of the revolutionary extrusion of the mentally disabled from public hospitals will be beneficial remains for history to judge.
A Review of 1979 Year Book of Pathology and Clinical Pathology
Authors: Woodruff CM , Stahl CJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
During the past decade, it has been increasingly difficult for pathologists to keep abreast of major advances in the various fields of pathology. Doctors Carone and Conn, assisted by 15 associate editors, have continued to review the medical literature in an exemplary manner and to provide concise, well-written summaries of significant contributions to the literature of pathology. For the period June 1977 to May 1978, nearly 250 articles have been condensed from a comprehensive survey of both American and foreign medical literature. The contents of the 1979 Year Book are well organized, and there are subject and author indexes. The section of anatomic pathology is surveyed by organ system, while the section on clinical pathology includes the special fields of chemical pathology, microbiology, diagnostic immunology, blood banking, hematology, histocompatibility testing, and laboratory data processing. Selected articles are illustrated with diagrams, charts, tables, photomicrographs, or electron micrographs, which are not only useful but also of reasonably good quality. Forensic pathologists, however, should not depend upon this book for a review of the forensic science literature. There are only two synopses in the section on forensic pathology. Two previous features of the Year Book have been continued: the educational, editorial comments and the current literature quiz. The new section on histocoinpatibility testing reflects the recent scientific advancements in this field and its applications to transplantation, transfusion, and the clinical diagnosis of selected diseases. The expansion of the editorial staff to 15 associate editors reflects the difficulties we all have in coping with the increased number of articles on pathology published annually. For the future, the editors should consider a section on therapeutic drug monitoring, as well as a list of the journals that have been surveyed. The 1979 Year Book is a concise, understandable survey of the medical literature, which should be useful to resident pathologists and pathologists as well as to other scientists working in the fields of pathology and laboratory medicine.
A Review of Trace Elements in Human Hair
Authors: Stombaugh PM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is very apparent the author spent considerable time researching prior to writing the book; however, I found very little work that he had apparently done himself. He relates what other scientists have done in the various fields and offers an opinion as to their results. I think the book may have some application to the medical or environmental field, but I do not believe it to be of value in crime investigations.
A Review of Essentials of Forensic Anthropology: Especially as Developed in the United States
Authors: İscan MY 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since 1971 forensic anthropology, a branch of biological anthropology, has become an established discipline within the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Since its establishment the field has developed in two directions: the identification of group biology of remains in question and the identification of personal biology, the second type of identification being relatively new. Comparison of the present volume with previous publications on forensic anthropology, for example, The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (1962) by Wilton M. Krogman (Springfield: Charles C Thomas), clearly indicates these developments.
A Review of Educating Handicapped Children
Authors: Johnson LS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This is a book about advocacy of the law, and it gives direct answers for all situations where implementation is blocked by the educational bureaucracy and professionals. In a concise, incisive approach Mr. Martin discusses first the challenge of change and the many laws that finally led up to Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Schools were charged to include all handicapped school-age children in appropriate programs of public education. Schools were given two full years to get ready for the act's requirements, from the fall of 1975 to October 1977. The regulations require full compliance with a “free appropriate public education,” with the deadline of 1 Sept. 1978.
The Significance of the Amount of Fluid Surrounding the Brain to the Recognition of Brain Swelling (or Atrophy) at Autopsy: A New and Routinely Applicable Method of Diagnosing Abnormal Brain Size
Authors: Harvey FH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A new method of measuring relative brain size (relative to the skull cavity) at autopsy is presented. It is convenient and accurate and may be applied almost routinely. It consists of measuring the volume of the brain and the fluids surrounding it. These two volumes together must equal the intracranial volume. An abbreviated method consists of relating the fluid volume to the brain weight. This abbreviated method should not be routinely relied on when the brain size deviates slightly from normal. A review of the pertinent literature shows that other existing methods of determining relative brain size are impractical. The significance of measuring peri-brain fluids at the time of brain removal has not been appreciated prior to this report.
A Comparison of Enzyme Immunoassay and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Fenton J , Schaffer M , Chen NW , Bermes EW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A series of 137 urine samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT® and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Agreement between these methods was excellent and ranged from 93.4% for benzodiazepines to 98.5% for propoxyphene. EMIT false negatives were traced to the presence of elevated endogenous lysozyme or other interfering materials. In the case of moderate amounts of lysozyme the use of a blank would lead to correct results. Disagreement in the identification of nine benzodiazepine samples was found to be due to a low recovery of benzodiazepine metabolites from urine. Recovery could be improved by incubation of the urine sample with the enzyme/3-glucuronidase.
Postmortem Biochemical Changes in Canine Blood
Authors: Schoning P , Strafuss AC 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAntemortem and postmortem blood samples from 60 dogs were evaluated for sodium, chloride, potassium, urea nitrogen, glucose, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, and carbon dioxide levels. Temperatures were 4, 20, and 37°C Postmortem intervals were 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Blood urea nitrogen, calcium, and protein values remained stable after death, indicating diagnostic significance. Potassium, creatinine, and phosphorus levels increased with time and sodium, chloride, and total carbon dioxide levels decreased with time; therefore, determining these chemical values could be beneficial in estimating time of death. Glucose values were of limited value.
Persistence of Morphine in Blood in Association with Hepatic Necrosis and Renal Tubular Necrosis
Authors: Wiseley DV , Nakamura GR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A case is reported in which a 26-year-old male survived in a hospital for 38 h after an intravenous heroin injection. Postmortem analysis showed 0.2 mg/100 ml morphine in the blood and 0.05 mg/100 g morphine in the liver. The persistence of morphine in the blood was attributed to the inability of damaged liver cells to take up the morphine and of the hypoxic kidney to excrete the compound.
Transmitted Infrared Luminescence in Document Examination
Authors: Gross E , Sin-David L , Almog J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A modified infrared luminescence technique that enables the restoration of texts obliterated by certain substances is described. The new method, transmitted infrared luminescence, is based on illumination of the examined document from the rear rather than from the front as in common infrared luminescence. The success of the new technique in actual cases is demonstrated.
Determination of the Direction of Ball-Point Pen Motion from the Orientations of Burr Striations in Curved Pen Strokes
Authors: Snape KW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A relationship between the orientations of burr striations in curved ball-point pen strokes and the directions of motion of the pens which produced the strokes is described. The relationship enables directions of ball-point pen motion to be determined from an examination of such striations.
Small-Angle Light Scattering for Analysis of a Single Fiber
Authors: Bresee RR , Donelson DS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Small-angle light scattering (SALS) was shown to be a suitable analytical method for characterizing submicrogram-sized samples of single textile fibers. Fibers from a variety of different generic groups were examined by SALS and produced widely differing scattering patterns. These differences were of such magnitude as to allow discrimination between all fibers examined.
Transfer of Pencil Writing by Cellophane Tape
Authors: Carney BB 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This study explores the susceptibility of pencil writings to being transferred when transparent cellophane tape is used as the conveying agent. Comparative examinations of transferred pencil signatures with genuine pencil signatures disclosed that a transferred signature could be mistakenly identified as an original writing. The identification of characteristics inherent to transferred writing is discussed. The study seeks to acquaint the questioned document examiner with pitfalls intrinsic to the examination of pencil writings covered by cellophane tape.
A Review of Crime Doctor
Authors: Reay DT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Crime Doctor is a biographical sketch of Dr. Charles Larson, whose leadership and intellectual stimulation have contributed much to pathology throughout the country and, in particular, to the Pacific Northwest. The book is a testament to Dr. Larson's investigative contributions to forensic pathology. The whodunit mystery reader should find this book enticing and, to full-time forensic pathologists, the book delineates an interesting and varied professional life that is in contrast to pathologists tied to the autopsy table of a busy medical examiner facility. Dr. Larson practiced and developed forensic pathology while still a private practitioner of pathology and has been able to develop a satisfying and interesting career in forensic pathology without formally practicing in the context of a coroner or medical examiner office. In my view, this is his unique accomplishment and amplifies his many talents also manifest in his many professional associations and leadership roles. Although each person in forensic pathology may have “war stories,” this book details Dr. Larson's experiences during World War II in Europe. The accounts of the examination of concentration camp victims make for interesting reading.
A Review of Computer Crime
Authors: Crown DA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The questioned document examiner as well as the rest of the citizenry have been thrust into the computer age—whether we like it or not. As consumers, we are on the receiving end of the computer. The machine juggles payrolls, adjusts charge accounts, makes reservations, and performs other essential services for us. When the periodic snafus occur, hopefully we catch them and then find a way to correct the error. Document examiners, however, are now being asked to examine materials involved in civil and criminal matters involving computers and computer-generated documents.
A Review of Scott's Fingerprint Mechanics
Authors: Hazen RJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Excellent textbooks on the fingerprint profession are extremely rare. This text must be included in that group. It examines all phases of latent print development and crime scene procedures and provides the reader with keen data on the equipment necessary for these methods. This reviewer is impressed with the detailed but easily understood explanations given to each facet of fingerprinting discussed. The structure of the book indicates that substantial consideration was given to the arrangement of the subject matter. Illustrations are both current and lucid.
A Review of Applied Police and Fire Photography
Authors: Besant-Matthews PE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The author, in his Introduction, makes the valid point that both law enforcement and fire personnel rely heavily on photography as a tool in the compilation of evidence and points out that photographs are more likely to be useful if taken by “someone reasonably knowledgeable in photography.” These statements are a good indication of the approach taken by the author in his attempt to pass on some of his extensive knowledge to his readers to help them become better photographers of evidence.
Medication Discrepancies at Pediatric Hospital Discharge
Authors: Gattari Theresa B. , Krieger Lauren N. , Hu Hsou Mei , Mychaliska Kerry P. 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND:
The pediatric hospital discharge process presents significant challenges, and medication discrepancies remain an unsolved problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the discrepancy rates at the time of discharge when multiple sources of medication documentation exist, and to characterize the medication discrepancies into error type, medication category, and discharge summary authorship.

METHODS:
A prospective study was performed on pediatric patients admitted to a general inpatient floor for &gt;24 hours. After discharge, medication lists were obtained from the patients’ parent/guardian, discharge summary, and Patient Summary List, a medication list that is part of the electronic medical record. These 3 medication lists were then compared with the pharmacy record to identify discrepancies, defined as any difference in medication name, dose, route, or frequency. Medication discrepancies were analyzed in terms of error type (dosage or addition/omission), category of medication, and final signers of the discharge summary.

RESULTS:
Sixty-nine patient charts were analyzed, and 8% of medications contained a documentation discrepancy between sources. Overall, 26% (18 of 69) of the charts contained ≥1 discrepant medication; the Patient Summary List had the highest rate of discrepancy at 29%. Allergy (27%) and seizure medications (25%) were the categories with the highest rates of discrepancy. Addition/omission errors were much more common than dosage errors.

CONCLUSIONS:
Medication discrepancies exist in inpatient documentation at the time of pediatric hospital discharge when multiple sources of documentation exist.
Hospitalization for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: Effect of an Asthma Codiagnosis
Authors: Wilson Karen M. , Torok Michelle R. , Localio Russell , McLeod Lisa , Srivastava Rajendu , Luan Xianqun , Mohamad Zeinab , Shah Samir S. ,   for the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings (PRIS) Network
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common and expensive cause of hospitalization among US children, many of whom receive a codiagnosis of acute asthma. The objective of this study was to describe demographic characteristics, cost, length of stay (LOS), and adherence to clinical guidelines among these groups and to compare health care utilization and guideline adherence between them.

METHODS:
This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study using data from the Pediatric Health Information System. Children aged 2 to 18 who were hospitalized with uncomplicated CAP from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2012 were included. Demographics, LOS, total standardized cost, and clinical guideline adherence were compared between patients with CAP only and CAP plus acute asthma.

RESULTS:
Among the 25 124 admissions, 57% were diagnosed with CAP only; 43% had a codiagnosis of acute asthma. The geometric mean for standardized cost was $4830; for LOS, it was 2.01 days. Eighty-four percent of patients had chest radiographs; CAP+acute asthma patients were less likely to have a blood culture performed (36% vs 62%, respectively) and more likely not to have a complete blood count performed (49% vs 27%, respectively). Greater guideline adherence was associated with higher cost at the patient-level but lower average cost per hospitalization at the hospital level. CAP+acute asthma patients had higher relative costs (11.8%) and LOS (5.6%) within hospitals and had more cost variation across hospitals, compared with patients with CAP only.

CONCLUSIONS:
A codiagnosis of acute asthma is common for children with CAP. This could be from misdiagnosis or co-occurrence. Diagnostic and/or management variability appears to be greater in patients with CAP+asthma, which may increase resource utilization and LOS for these patients.
REGISTROS NUEVOS DE ESPECIES DE Lutzomyia (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE CESAR, COLOMBIA
Authors: ESTRADA Luis Gregorio , APONTE Odethe Alejandra , BEJARANO Eduar Elias 
Published: July 2015

<p>El estudio de los insectos asociados a la epidemiología de la leishmaniasis, en la Costa Caribe colombiana, se ha concentrado en los departamentos de Sucre y Córdoba, por consiguiente existe un escaso conocimiento de la fauna de flebotomíneos del resto de la región. En la presente nota se presentan cuatro nuevos registros de <em>Lutzomyia</em> spp., para el departamento de Cesar. Los insectos fueron colectados con dos trampas de luz tipo CDC, equipadas con LED de color azul, en el Balneario Hurtado de la ciudad de Valledupar, Cesar. Se recolectaron en total 50 flebotomíneos, los cuales estuvieron representados por las especies <em>Lutzomyia cayennensis</em> <em>cayennensis</em> (38 %), <em>L. evansi</em> (28 %), <em>L. trinidadensis</em> (14 %), <em>L. venezuelensis</em> (10 %), <em>L. micropyga</em> (6 %) y <em>L. rangeliana</em> (2 %). Como primeros registros para el departamento sobresalen <em>L. evansi</em>, <em>L. venezuelensis</em>, <em>L. micropyga</em> y <em>L. </em><em>rangeliana</em>, con lo que se eleva a ocho el número de especies reportadas hasta la fecha en el Cesar. Entre los nuevos registros se destaca el hallazgo de <em>L. evansi</em>, reconocido vector de <em>Leishmania</em> spp. en la Costa Caribe de Colombia. </p><p><strong>New Records of Species of <em>Lutzomyia</em> (Diptera: Psychodidae) From the Department of Cesar, Colombia</strong></p><p>Studies of the insects associated with the epidemiological cycle of leishmaniasis on the Caribbean coast of Colombia have been focused on the departments of Sucre and Córdoba. The phlebotomine sand fly fauna of the rest of the Caribbean region remains little known. In the present study four species of the genus <em>Lutzomyia</em> are reported from the department of Cesar for the first time. Sand flies were sampled using two CDC light traps with blue color LEDs at Balneario Hurtado, a tourist area in the city of Valledupar. A total of 50 phlebotomine sand flies were collected, of which the species <em>Lutzomyia cayennensis cayennensis</em> (38 % of the sample) and <em>L. trinidadensis</em> (14 %) were already known from the departament. Specimens of <em>L. evansi</em> (28 %), <em>L. venezuelensis</em> (10 %), <em>L. micropyga</em> (6 %) and <em>L. rangeliana</em> (2 %) represent the first records of these species for Cesar, raising the number of known occurrences from the department to eight species. Noteworthy among the new records is the sandfly <em>L. evansi</em>, recognized vector de <em>Leishmania</em> spp. in the Colombian Caribbean coast.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
Responsabilidade Moral Razoável
Authors: Silveira Denis Coitinho 
Published: July 2015

O principal objetivo desse artigo é responder a questão sobre o que constitui a responsabilidade moral. Tentaremos demonstrar que a responsabilidade moral tem duas características centrais, a saber, exigências internalistas e autoridade social. Para tal propósito, faremos uso de estratégias compatibilistas. O próximo passo será tentar descrever a concepção de responsabilidade substancial de Thomas Scanlon e, no final desse artigo, estipularemos um argumento sobre um tipo de responsabilidade moral razoável que pode estar contida na teoria da justiça como equidade de John Rawls.
Study of Non-Aqueous Passivation on GaSb (100) Surfaces
Authors: Liu Z.Y. , Kuech T.F. , Saulys D.A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDue to the high chemical reactivity of GaSb surfaces, many commonly used aqueous sulfide passivation techniques lead to the growth of surface oxides that degrade device performance. We have developed a non-aqueous passivation regime consisting of Na2S/benzene/15-crown-5/oxidant. The use of a non-polar, aprotic organic medium required the addition of a specific chelating agent, i.e. a 15-crown-5 ether, to solubilize sodium sulfide, and organic oxidizing agents, such as anthraquinone and benzophenone, to act as electron acceptors. The surface optical and chemical properties of GaSb surfaces after aqueous and non-aqueous sulfide treatments were compared. Non-aqueous passivation resulted in higher PL intensity, lower oxide content, and a less amount of elemental Sb than aqueous passivation.