bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DESEMPENHO DE BEZERROS DA RAÇA HOLANDESA SUPLEMENTADOS COM PROBIÓTICO A BASE DE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISAE, CEPA KA500 E PEDIOCOCCUS ACIDILACTICI
Authors: Thaler Neto André , Gomes Ivan Pedro De Oliveira , Dias André Luiz Garcia , Córdova Helder De Arruda , Dal Pizzol Jean Gabriel , Rodrigues Rafael Sachet 
Published: December 2014

O uso de probióticos em bezerros promove condições desfavoráveis para o crescimento de microorganismos patogênicos, podendo influenciar no desempenho dos animais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da suplementação com probiótico constituído de Saccharomyces cerevisiae cepa KA500 e Pediococcus acidilactici sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de alimentos, conversão alimentar e consistência fecal em bezerros da raça Holandesa. Foram utlizados 30 bezerros da raça Holandesa nas fases de aleitamento (1-6 semanas) e pós-aleitamento (7-12 semanas), sendo submetidos a dois tratamentos, onde 15 bezerros foram suplementados com probióticos (5 g/dia do 8o. dia de idade ao desaleitamento e 10 g/dia a partir do desaleitamento) e 15 não suplementados (testemunha). O consumo de alimentos foi registrado diariamente, o peso vivo semanalmente e o escore de consistência fecal 3 vezes por semana. Observou-se superioridade no ganho de peso dos animais suplementados com probiótico, em relação aos animais não suplementados, sem alteração no consumo de concentrado, nos períodos de aleitamento e pós-aleitamento, resultando em melhor conversão alimentar no período de aleitamento. Ocorreu diminuição no escore fecal dos bezerros suplementados durante o aleitamento, sem diferença significativa no período pós-aleitamento. Conclui-se que a suplementação com probióticos melhora o desempenho e a consistência fecal de bezerros nas primeiras 12 semanas de vida.
Intrastriatal Transplantation of Adult Human Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells Improves Functional Outcome in Parkinsonian Rats
Authors: Müller Janine , Ossig Christiana , Greiner Johannes F.W. , Hauser Stefan , Fauser Mareike , Widera Darius , Kaltschmidt Christian , Storch Alexander , Kaltschmidt Barbara 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered the second most frequent and one of the most severe neurodegenerative diseases, with dysfunctions of the motor system and with nonmotor symptoms such as depression and dementia. Compensation for the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons during PD using current pharmacological treatment strategies is limited and remains challenging. Pluripotent stem cell-based regenerative medicine may offer a promising therapeutic alternative, although the medical application of human embryonic tissue and pluripotent stem cells is still a matter of ethical and practical debate. Addressing these challenges, the present study investigated the potential of adult human neural crest-derived stem cells derived from the inferior turbinate (ITSCs) transplanted into a parkinsonian rat model. Emphasizing their capability to give rise to nervous tissue, ITSCs isolated from the adult human nose efficiently differentiated into functional mature neurons in vitro. Additional successful dopaminergic differentiation of ITSCs was subsequently followed by their transplantation into a unilaterally lesioned 6-hydroxydopamine rat PD model. Transplantation of predifferentiated or undifferentiated ITSCs led to robust restoration of rotational behavior, accompanied by significant recovery of DA neurons within the substantia nigra. ITSCs were further shown to migrate extensively in loose streams primarily toward the posterior direction as far as to the midbrain region, at which point they were able to differentiate into DA neurons within the locus ceruleus. We demonstrate, for the first time, that adult human ITSCs are capable of functionally recovering a PD rat model.
Increasing the use of second‐line therapy is a cost‐effective approach to prevent the spread of drug‐resistant HIV: a mathematical modelling study
Authors: Nichols Brooke E , Sigaloff Kim CE , Kityo Cissy , Hamers Raph L , Baltussen Rob , Bertagnolio Silvia , Jordan Michael R , Hallett Timothy B , Boucher Charles AB , de Wit Tobias F Rinke , van de Vijver David AMC 
Published: December 2014

IntroductionEarlier antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation reduces HIV‐1 incidence. This benefit may be offset by increased transmitted drug resistance (TDR), which could limit future HIV treatment options. We analyze the epidemiological impact and cost‐effectiveness of strategies to reduce TDR.MethodsWe develop a deterministic mathematical model representing Kampala, Uganda, to predict the prevalence of TDR over a 10‐year period. We then compare the impact on TDR and cost‐effectiveness of: (1) introduction of pre‐therapy genotyping; (2) doubling use of second‐line treatment to 80% (50–90%) of patients with confirmed virological failure on first‐line ART; and (3) increasing viral load monitoring from yearly to twice yearly. An intervention can be considered cost‐effective if it costs less than three times the gross domestic product per capita per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained, or less than $3420 in Uganda.ResultsThe prevalence of TDR is predicted to rise from 6.7% (interquartile range [IQR] 6.2–7.2%) in 2014, to 6.8% (IQR 6.1–7.6%), 10.0% (IQR 8.9–11.5%) and 11.1% (IQR 9.7–13.0%) in 2024 if treatment is initiated at a CD4 <350, <500, or immediately, respectively. The absolute number of TDR cases is predicted to decrease 4.4–8.1% when treating earlier compared to treating at CD4 <350 due to the preventative effects of earlier treatment. Most cases of TDR can be averted by increasing second‐line treatment (additional 7.1–10.2% reduction), followed by increased viral load monitoring (<2.7%) and pre‐therapy genotyping (<1.0%). Only increasing second‐line treatment is cost‐effective, ranging from $1612 to $2234 (IQR $450‐dominated) per QALY gained.ConclusionsWhile earlier treatment initiation will result in a predicted increase in the proportion of patients infected with drug‐resistant HIV, the absolute numbers of patients infected with drug‐resistant HIV is predicted to decrease. Increasing use of second‐line treatment to all patients with confirmed failure on first‐line therapy is a cost‐effective approach to reduce TDR. Improving access to second‐line ART is therefore a major priority.
Postseismic response of repeating earthquakes around the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake: Moment increases due to the fast loading rate
Authors: Uchida Naoki , Shimamura Kouhei , Matsuzawa Toru , Okada Tomomi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe examined the temporal variation of the size of repeating earthquakes related to the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake (M9.0) in the northeastern Japan subduction zone for the period from July 1984 to the end of 2011. The repeaters (M2.5–6.1) show postseismic magnitude increases for most sequences located in the area of large postseismic slip at the downdip extension of the M9 source region. The magnitudes of the first events after the M9 earthquake increased by an average of about 0.3 for sequences having three or more earthquakes over the 9 months following it. We also examined the slip area in detail for Kamaishi repeaters whose magnitudes had been M4.9 ± 0.2 but which increased by about 1 after the M9 earthquake. Waveform modeling shows that the slip area for the post‐M9 Kamaishi earthquakes overlaps with that before the Tohoku‐oki earthquake but enlarged by about 6 times. Until the occurrence time of the last event (September 2011) in the analysis period, the rupture area remained larger than before but appeared to shrink over time. The enlargement of the rupture area suggests that an aseismic‐to‐seismic transition occurred in the region surrounding the pre‐M9 repeaters and is most likely related to fast loading of the repeaters due to rapid postseismic slip estimated to have occurred in the area. The existence of conditionally stable regions around the repeating earthquakes and/or patches slightly larger than the earthquake nucleation sizes may explain such behavior. The temporal change of loading rate is an important factor in determining earthquake size in this case.
Toward a unified hydrous olivine electrical conductivity law
Authors: Gardés Emmanuel , Gaillard Fabrice , Tarits Pascal 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIt has long been proposed that water incorporation in olivine has dramatic effects on the upper mantle properties, affecting large‐scale geodynamics, and triggering high electrical conductivity. But the laboratory‐based laws of olivine electrical conductivity predict contrasting effects of water, precluding the interpretation of geophysical data in term of mantle hydration. We review the experimental measurements of hydrous olivine conductivity and conclude that most of data are consistent when errors in samples water contents are considered. We report a new law calibrated on the largest database of measurements on hydrous olivine oriented single crystals and polycrystals. It fits most of measurements within uncertainties, and is compatible with most of geophysical data within petrological constraints on mantle olivine hydration. The conductivity anisotropy of hydrous olivine might be higher than dry olivine, but preferential orientation should produce moderate anisotropy (∼0–0.8 log unit). In the oceanic mantle, the enhancement of olivine conductivity is limited to ∼1 log unit in the maximum range of mantle olivine water concentrations (0–500 wt ppm). Strongest enhancements are expected in colder regions, like cratonic lithospheres and subduction settings. High conductivities in melt‐free mantle require great depths and high water concentrations in olivine (>0.1 S/m at >250 km and >200 wt ppm). Thus, the hydration of olivine appears unlikely to produce the highest conductivities of the upper mantle.
Arctic greening can cause earlier seasonality of Arctic amplification
Authors: Chae Yoojeong , Kang Sarah M. , Jeong Su‐Jong , Kim Baekmin , Frierson Dargan M. W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAs global temperatures rise, vegetation types will change, particularly in the northern high latitudes. Under a warming scenario, shrub and grasslands over the Arctic are expected to shift to boreal forests. This study compares the impact of such a change in Arctic vegetation type with that of CO2 doubling on the seasonality of Arctic warming. Even though vegetation is changed throughout the year, the effect of the surface albedo change is maximum in boreal summer when the incoming solar radiation is largest. Evapotranspiration changes are also maximized in the summer, when the photosynthesis rate is highest. As a result, when Arctic vegetation change is considered in addition to doubled CO2, Arctic amplification is maximized earlier in the annual cycle.
Stress‐based aftershock forecasts made within 24 h postmain shock: Expected north San Francisco Bay area seismicity changes after the 2014M = 6.0 West Napa earthquake
Authors: Parsons Tom , Segou Margaret , Sevilgen Volkan , Milner Kevin , Field Edward , Toda Shinji , Stein Ross S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe calculate stress changes resulting from theM = 6.0 West Napa earthquake on north San Francisco Bay area faults. The earthquake ruptured within a series of long faults that pose significant hazard to the Bay area, and we are thus concerned with potential increases in the probability of a large earthquake through stress transfer. We conduct this exercise as a prospective test because the skill of stress‐based aftershock forecasting methodology is inconclusive. We apply three methods: (1) generalized mapping of regional Coulomb stress change, (2) stress changes resolved on Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast faults, and (3) a mapped rate/state aftershock forecast. All calculations were completed within 24 h after the main shock and were made without benefit of known aftershocks, which will be used to evaluative the prospective forecast. All methods suggest that we should expect heightened seismicity on parts of the southern Rodgers Creek, northern Hayward, and Green Valley faults.
The chain response of the magnetospheric and ground magnetic field to interplanetary shocks
Authors: Sun T. R. , Wang C. , Zhang J. J. , Pilipenko V. A. , Wang Y. , Wang J. Y. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn response to interplanetary (IP) shocks, magnetic field may decrease/increase (negative/positive response) in nightside magnetosphere, while at high latitudes on the ground it has two‐phase bipolar variations: preliminary impulse and main impulse (MI). Using global MHD simulations, we investigate the linkage between the MI phase variation on the ground and the magnetospheric negative response to an IP shock. It is revealed that although the two phenomena occur at largely separated locations, they are physically related and form a response chain. The velocity disturbances near the flanks of the magnetopause cause the magnetic field to decrease, resulting in a dynamo which thus powers the transient field‐aligned currents (FACs). These FACs further generate a pair of ionospheric current vortex, leading to MI variations on the ground. Therefore, we report here the intrinsic physically related chain response of the magnetospheric and ground magnetic field to IP shocks, and thus link the magnetospheric sudden impulse (SI) and ground SI together.
In situ observations of velocity changes in response to tidal deformation from analysis of the high‐frequency ambient wavefield
Authors: Hillers G. , Retailleau L. , Campillo M. , Inbal A. , Ampuero J.‐P. , Nishimura T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe report systematic seismic velocity variations in response to tidal deformation. Measurements are made on correlation functions of the ambient seismic wavefield at 2–8 Hz recorded by a dense array at the site of the Piñon Flat Observatory, Southern California. The key observation is the dependence of the response on the component of wave motion and coda lapse time τ. Measurements on the vertical correlation component indicate reduced wave speeds during periods of volumetric compression, whereas data from horizontal components show the opposite behavior, compatible with previous observations. These effects are amplified by the directional sensitivities of the different surface wave types constituting the early coda of vertical and horizontal correlation components to the anisotropic behavior of the compliant layer. The decrease of the velocity (volumetric) strain sensitivity Sθ with τ indicates that this response is constrained to shallow depths. The observed velocity dependence on strain implies nonlinear behavior, but conclusions regarding elasticity are more ambiguous. The anisotropic response is possibly associated with inelastic dilatancy of the unconsolidated, low‐velocity material above the granitic basement. However, equal polarity of vertical component velocity changes and deformation in the vertical direction indicate that a nonlinear Poisson effect is similarly compatible with the observed response pattern. Peak relative velocity changes at small τ are 0.03%, which translates into an absolute velocity strain sensitivity of Sθ≈5 × 103 and a stress sensitivity of 0.5 MPa−1. The potentially evolving velocity strain sensitivity of crustal and fault zone materials can be studied with the method introduced here.
GPS as an independent measurement to estimate terrestrial water storage variations in Washington and Oregon
Authors: Fu Yuning , Argus Donald F. , Landerer Felix W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Global Positioning System (GPS) measures elastic ground loading deformation in response to hydrological mass variations on or near Earth's surface. We present a time series of change in terrestrial water storage as a function of position in Washington and Oregon estimated using GPS measurements of vertical displacement of Earth's surface. The distribution of water variation inferred from GPS is highly correlated with physiographic provinces: the seasonal water is mostly located in the mountain areas, such as the Cascade Range and Olympic Mountains, and is much smaller in the basin and valley areas of the Columbia Basin and Harney Basin. GPS is proven to be an independent measurement to distinguish between hydrological models. The drought period of 2008–2010 (maximum in 2010) and the recovery period of 2011–2012 in the Cascade Range are well recovered with GPS‐determined time‐variable monthly water mass series. The GPS‐inferred water storage variation in the Cascade Range is consistent with that derived from JPL's GRACE monthly mass grid solutions. The percentage of RMS reduction is ~62% when we subtract GRACE water series from GPS‐derived results. GPS‐determined water storage variations can fill gaps in the current GRACE mission, also in the transition period from the current GRACE to the future GRACE Follow‐on missions. We demonstrate that the GPS‐inferred water storage variations can determine and verify local scaling factors for GRACE measurements; in the Cascade Range, the RMS reduction between GRACE series scaled by GPS and scaled by the hydrological model‐based GRACE Tellus gain factors is up to 90.5%.
Forced and intrinsic variability in the response to increased wind stress of an idealized Southern Ocean
Authors: Wilson Chris , Hughes Chris W. , Blundell Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe use ensemble runs of a three layer, quasi‐geostrophic idealized Southern Ocean model to explore the roles of forced and intrinsic variability in response to a linear increase of wind stress imposed over a 30 year period. We find no increase of eastward circumpolar volume transport in response to the increased wind stress. A large part of the resulting time series can be explained by a response in which the eddy kinetic energy is linearly proportional to the wind stress with a possible time lag, but no statistically significant lag is found. However, this simple relationship is not the whole story: several intrinsic time scales also influence the response. We find an e‐folding time scale for growth of small perturbations of 1–2 weeks. The energy budget for intrinsic variability at periods shorter than a year is dominated by exchange between kinetic and potential energy. At longer time scales, we find an intrinsic mode with period in the region of 15 years, which is dominated by changes in potential energy and frictional dissipation in a manner consistent with that seen by Hogg and Blundell (2006). A similar mode influences the response to changing wind stress. This influence, robust to perturbations, is different from the supposed linear relationship between wind stress and eddy kinetic energy, and persists for 5–10 years in this model, suggestive of a forced oscillatory mode with period of around 15 years. If present in the real ocean, such a mode would imply a degree of predictability of Southern Ocean dynamics on multiyear time scales.
Impacts of urbanization on Indian summer monsoon rainfall extremes
Authors: Shastri Hiteshri , Paul Supantha , Ghosh Subimal , Karmakar Subhankar 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUrban areas have different climatology with respect to their rural surroundings. Though urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon, it is especially prevalent in India, where urban areas have experienced an unprecedented rate of growth over the last 30 years. Here we take up an observational study to understand the influence of urbanization on the characteristics of precipitation (specifically extremes) in India. We identify 42 urban regions and compare their extreme rainfall characteristics with those of surrounding rural areas. We observe that, on an overall scale, the urban signatures on extreme rainfall are not prominently and consistently visible, but they are spatially nonuniform. Zonal analysis reveals significant impacts of urbanization on extreme rainfall in central and western regions of India. An additional examination, to understand the influences of urbanization on heavy rainfall climatology, is carried with station level data using a statistical method, quantile regression. This is performed for the most populated city of India, Mumbai, in pair with a nearby nonurban area, Alibaug; both having similar geographic location. The derived extreme rainfall regression quantiles reveal the sensitivity of extreme rainfall events to the increased urbanization. Overall the study identifies the climatological zones in India, where increased urbanization affects regional rainfall pattern and extremes, with a detailed case study of Mumbai. This also calls attention to the need of further experimental investigation, for the identification of the key climatological processes, in different regions of India, affected by increased urbanization.
Quantifying the heat flux regulation of metropolitan land use/land cover components by coupling remote sensing modeling with in situ measurement
Authors: Kuang Wenhui , Dou Yinyin , Zhang Chi , Chi Wenfeng , Liu Ailin , Liu Yue , Zhang Renhua , Liu Jiyuan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractQuantifying the effects of urban land use/land cover with regard to surface radiation and heat flux regulation is important to ecological planning and heat stress mitigation. To retrieve the spatial pattern of heat fluxes in the Beijing metropolitan area, China, a remote sensing‐based energy balance model was calibrated with synchronously measured energy fluxes including net radiation, latent heat flux (LE), and sensible heat flux (H). Our model calibration approach avoided the uncertainties due to subjective judgments in previous empirical parameterization methods. The land surface temperature (LST), H, and Bowen ratio (β) of Beijing were found to increase along the outskirt‐suburban‐urban gradient, with strong spatial variation. LST and H were negatively correlated with vegetation fraction cover (VFC). For example, the modern high‐rise residential areas with relatively higher VFC had lower H and β than the traditional low‐rise residential areas. Our findings that indicate thermal dissipation through vegetation transpiration might play an important role in urban heat regulation. Notably, the thermal dissipating strength of vegetation (calculated as LE/VFC) declined exponentially with increased VFC. For the purpose of heat stress regulation, we recommend upgrading the traditional low‐rise residential areas to modern high‐rise residential areas and focusing urban greenery projects in areas whose VFC < 0.1, where the heat regulating service by urban vegetation could be twice as effective as in other places.