bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders
Authors: Cooper Zafra , Murphy Rebecca , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The eating disorders provide one of the strongest indications for cognitive behaviour therapy. This bold claim arises from the demonstrated effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and the widespread acceptance that cognitive behaviour therapy is the treatment of choice. Cognitive behaviour therapy is also widely used to treat anorexia nervosa although this application has not been adequately evaluated. Recently its use has been extended to ‘eating disorder not otherwise specified’ (eating disorder NOS), a diagnosis that applies to over 50 per cent of cases, and emerging evidence suggests that it is just as effective with these cases as it is with cases of bulimia nervosa. In this chapter the cognitive behavioural approach to the understanding and treatment of eating disorders will be described. The data on the efficacy and effectiveness of the treatment are considered in the chapters on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (see Chapters 4.10.1 and 4.10.2 respectively), as is their general management.
Psychoanalysis and other long-term dynamic psychotherapies
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Kächele Horst 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPsychoanalysis is hardly a practical treatment alternative for the twenty-first century. The principles derived from this treatment, however, have powerfully influenced other psychotherapeutic approaches, whether long-term or short-term therapy or psychiatric care more generally, particularly in the United States. At the time of its invention, it was the unique effective psychosocial treatment method for psychiatric disorder which offered a genuine alternative to the sometimes barbaric and generally ineffective treatment methods available. Not surprisingly, its proponents adopted an almost religious zeal in defending its value against alternative approaches. While understandable, such an attitude has no place in the sophisticated evidence base underpinning multi-agency service planning. Psychoanalytic clinicians face a challenge in identifying their niche in the complex mental health care delivery systems of the twenty-first century.
Psychotherapy with couples
Authors: Crowe Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe field of couple therapy is a wide and varied one, and there are almost as many different approaches to treatment as in individual psychotherapy. The relatively brief therapeutic method presented here, behavioural systems couple therapy, is an eclectic one, taking techniques from two approaches of proven efficacy and combining them into a flexible and versatile therapy capable of being used in a wide variety of presenting problems. These include simple relationship problems, psychosexual problems, and such psychiatric conditions as anxiety, depression, and morbid jealousy. It is relatively easy to teach, and although it has not yet been subjected to controlled trials it can be assumed to be no less effective than its component therapies which are both effective. It has recently also been recommended in a package for self-help with homework exercises and theoretical explanations to be used without the intervention of a therapist. There are few contraindications for the therapy, and it can be used both as a therapy in its own right or as an adjunctive therapy in, for example, the treatment of depression, psychosis or sexual dysfunctions. It can thus be a useful addition to the various methods available for the reduction of distress, whether in couples or individuals.
Therapeutic communities
Authors: Kennard David , Haigh Rex 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo of the best-known pioneers of therapeutic communities, Tom Main and Maxwell Jones, defined them as follows: An attempt to use a hospital not as an organization run by doctors in the interests of their own greater technical efficiency, but as a community with the immediate aim of full participation of all its members in its daily life and the eventual aim of the resocialization of the neurotic individual for life in ordinary society. What distinguishes a therapeutic community from other comparable treatment centres is the way in which the institution's total resources, staff, patients, and their relatives, are self-consciously pooled in furthering treatment. That implies, above all, a change in the usual status of patients. Today therapeutic communities can be defined by a number of common features, but a word of warning. For reasons of historical coincidence, the term is used in the fields of mental health and addictions to refer to two somewhat different treatment models. In the addiction field they are also known as hierarchical, drug-free or concept-based therapeutic communities, or simply addiction therapeutic communities, in contrast to the more democratized programmes in mental health. The two models have similar goals but their methods differ, although there are signs of increasing rapprochement between them. This chapter deals mainly with therapeutic communities in mental health, but reference will also be made to addiction therapeutic communities and those in long-term care settings. It is worth noting that those admitted to a therapeutic community for treatment are usually referred to as residents, clients, or members, rather than as patients.
Indigenous, folk healing practices
Authors: Tseng Wen-Shing 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe comparative study of indigenous healing practices and modern psychotherapy has revealed the existence of certain universal elements of the healing process that operate as important factors for therapy, whether the therapy is carried out in a primitive or modern form. The universal and nonspecific healing factors identified are: the cultivation of hope, the activation of surrounding support, and the enhancement of culturally sanctioned coping. The study of indigenous healing practices has also pointed out the existence of supernatural dimensions of healing power, which are less intentionally utilized in modern therapy. Despite the general usefulness of folk therapies, the ill effects of some have not been widely studied and reported. Yet, clinical observation has disclosed that some folk therapists cause harm to the clients who seek their services. Under the guise of treatment, tricking a client out of his money by deceit or fraud, or sexual involvement with a client, are examples of disreputable behaviour that are occasionally reported. Harming a client by prescribing dangerous substances, and physically injuring or even killing a client by accident during the performance of an exorcism, are other examples of serious complications that have occurred. No matter what position is taken, there is one simple fact that deserves attention, namely, that there exists a wide range of professional quality among so-called folk healers, and different motivations for practice. Some are benign healers motivated by a desire to serve, while others are not. Some are well-trained in their particular professions and know how to practice within its limitations, while others are not—and are liable for malpractice. The major problem is that, from a public health point of view, in most societies, there still are no formal guidelines for regulating folk therapy, as there are for modern therapy. Folk therapy, whether it is shamanistic practice or faith healing, should be subject to periodic surveys and reevaluation by the public health administration, as is modern clinical work, so that its benefits to clients can be protected and any potential malpractice can be prevented. If any folk therapist refuses to be examined and regulated, he or she should be discouraged or prevented from practicing.
Primary prevention of mental disorders
Authors: Bertolote J. M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDespite the demonstration of the possibility of preventing some forms of mental disorders, many mental health professionals continue to underestimate the possibilities of primary prevention in their field. This is due to: 1 a lack of clear concepts when referring to this issue; 2 the fact that the effective prevention of mental and neurological disorders often falls outside the usual remit of mental health professionals (in many cases it falls outside the health sector altogether). These two factors are discussed below, in addition to an indication of actions which effectively prevent some forms of mental disorders.
The special psychiatric problems of refugees
Authors: Mollica Richard F. , Culhane Melissa A. , Hovelson Daniel H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile the forced displacement of people from their homes has been described since ancient times, the past half-century has witnessed an expansion in the size of refugee populations of extraordinary numbers. In 1970, for example, there were only 2.5 million refugees receiving international protection, primarily through the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). By 2006, UNHCR was legally responsible for 8.4 million refugees. In addition, it is conservatively estimated that an additional 23.7 million people are displaced within the borders of their own countries. Although similar in characteristics to refugees who have crossed international borders, internally displaced persons do not receive the same protection of international law. Adding all refugee-type persons together, the world is forced to acknowledge the reality that over the past decade more than 10 000 people per day became refugees or internally displaced persons. The sheer magnitude of the global refugee crisis, the resettlement of large numbers of refugees in modern industrial nations such as Canada, the United States, Europe, and Australia, and the increased media attention to civil and ethnic conflict throughout the world has contributed to the medical and mental health issues of refugees becoming an issue of global concern. This chapter will focus on a comprehensive overview of the psychiatric evaluation and treatment of refugees and refugee communities. Although this mental health specialty is in its infancy, many scientific advances have been made that can facilitate the successful psychiatric care of refugee patients.
The ageing population and the epidemiology of mental disorders among the elderly
Authors: Henderson Scott , Fratiglioni Laura 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the last decades the ageing of the populations has become a worldwide phenomenon. In 1990, 26 nations had more than 2 million elderly citizens aged 65 years and older, and the projections indicate that an additional 34 countries will join the list by 2030. In 2000, the number of old persons (65+ years) in the world was estimated to be 420 million and it was projected to be nearly 1 billion by 2030, with the proportion of old persons increasing from 7 to 12 per cent. The largest increase in absolute numbers of old persons will occur in developing countries; it almost triples from 249 million in 2000 to an estimated 690 million in 2030. The developing regions’ share of the worldwide ageing population will increase from 59 to 71 per cent. Developed countries, which have already seen a dramatic increase in people over 65 years of age, will experience a progressive ageing of the elderly population itself (see Fig. 8.3.1). The global trend in the phenomenon of population ageing has dramatic consequences for public health, health care financing, and delivery systems in the whole world. The absolute number of chronic diseases as well as psychiatric disorders is expected to increase. In this chapter, the epidemiological aspects of the most common psychiatric disorders of the elderly are summarized and discussed.
Stress-related, anxiety, and obsessional disorders in elderly people
Authors: Lindesay James 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Stress-related, anxiety, and obsessional disorders in elderly people are common, distressing, costly to services, and potentially treatable. However, despite their clinical importance, many patients still go untreated, or are treated inappropriately. The specific conditions covered here are described in detail elsewhere; this chapter focuses on the differences and difficulties that are encountered when they occur in old age.
Developmental psychopathology and classification in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Scott Stephen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractClassification of child psychiatric conditions has advanced enormously in the last 20 years. There is a much stronger empirical basis to support current schemes, which are grounded in the many scientific disciplines that contribute to developmental psychopathology. Nonetheless there are considerable obstacles to overcome if DSM V and ICD 11 are to be major steps forward.
Prevention of mental disorder in childhood and other public health issues
Authors: Lenroot Rhoshel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEnormous progress has been made in recognizing the scope of mental health problems for children around the world, and in developing the theoretical framework needed to address decreasing this burden in a systematic fashion. Technological advances in neuroimaging, genetics, and computational biology are providing the tools to start describing the biological processes underlying the complex course of development, and have renewed appreciation of the role of the environment in determining how a genetic heritage is expressed. However, rapid technological change is also altering the environment of children and their families at an unprecedented rate, and what kinds of challenges to public health these changes may present is not yet fully understood. What is becoming clear is that as technological advances increase the range of available health care treatments, along with the potential cost, the choices for societies between spending limited resources on treatment or prevention will have to become increasingly deliberate. A substantial body of work has demonstrated that prevention in mental health can be effective, but those who would benefit the most from preventive interventions are often not those with the political or economic resources to make them a priority. While the potential interventions to prevent mental health disorders in children are constrained by the knowledge and resources available, what is actually done depends upon the social and political values of individual communities and nations. It is to be hoped that as our understanding of these disorders grows, public policies to prevent the development of mental health disorders in children will become as commonplace a responsibility for modern societies as the provision of clean drinking water.
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Harris James C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDevelopmental neuropsychiatry addresses the neurobiological basis of behaviour in infants, children, and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders and in those with brain damage occurring during the developmental period. As a field, it includes the aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of behavioural, emotional, interpersonal, and psychiatric disorders. The parent’s response, adjustment to, and involvement in treatment is a critical element in outcome. The developmental neuropsychiatrist utilizes a developmental perspective that focuses on the developing person who is active, socially oriented, and emerging rather than passively responding to the environment. The adaptive plasticity of the developing nervous system to change is emphasized, and the essential role of environmental experience in brain development is acknowledged. When working with the affected child, an effort is made to provide the supports needed to facilitate the mastery of age-appropriate developmental tasks always keeping in mind the child’s individual capacities and strengths. This chapter focuses on foetal alcohol spectrum disorder syndrome, gestational substance abuse, endocrinopathies, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy.
Specific developmental disorders in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Remschmidt Helmut , Schulte-Körne Gerd 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term ‘specific developmental disorders’ includes a variety of severe and persistent difficulties in spoken language, spelling, reading, arithmetic, and motor function. Skills are substantially below the expected level in terms of chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education and cannot be explained by any obvious neurological disorder or any specific adverse psychosocial or family circumstances. As the deficits are quite substantial, analogies were initially made to neurological concepts and disorders such as word-blindness, alexia, aphasia, and apraxia, thus giving rise to the notion that neurological deficits are the aetiological basis of these disorders. Since this could not be demonstrated, the next step was to define the disorders in a more functional way, taking into account not only psychometric testing but also psychosocial risk factors and the quality of schooling and education. Today, numerous findings support the validity of the diagnostic concept of specific developmental disorders. These disorders and pervasive developmental disorders have the following features in common (ICD-10): ♦ An onset that invariably appears during infancy or childhood. ♦ An impairment or delay in the development of functions that are strongly related to biological maturation of the central nervous system. ♦ A steady course that does not involve the remissions and relapses that tend to be characteristic of many mental disorders. Thus the term ‘specific developmental disorders’ reflects the fact that the deficits are circumscribed and relatively isolated against the background of an otherwise undisturbed psychological functioning.
Attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorders in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe concept of ADHD arose from neurological formulations, but does not entail them, and the modern definition simply describes a set of behavioural traits. The historical evolution of the concept was described by Schachar. It began with the idea that some behavioural problems in children arose, not from social and familial adversity, but from subtle changes in brain development. The term ‘minimal brain dysfunction (MBD)’ was often applied, and covered not only disorganized and disruptive behaviour but other developmental problems (such as dyspraxias and language delays) presumed to have an unknown physical cause. MBD, however, stopped being a useful description when studies of children with definite and more-than-minimal brain damage made it plain that they showed a very wide range of psychological impairment, not a characteristic pattern (see Harris, this volume); and therefore it was invalid to infer the presence of brain disorder from the nature of the psychological presentation. The successor to the concept of MBD was attention deficit and hyperactivity: defined, observable behaviour traits without assumption of cause. ‘Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder’ (ADHD) in DSM-IV, and ‘Hyperkinetic Disorder’ in ICD-10, describe a constellation of overactivity, impulsivity and inattentiveness. These core problems often coexist with other difficulties of learning, behaviour or mental life, and the coexistent problems may dominate the presentation. This coexistence, to the psychopathologist, emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the disorder; to the sociologist, a doubt about whether it should be seen as a disorder at all; to the developmentalist, the shifting and context-dependent nature of childhood traits. For clinicians, ADHD symptoms usually need to be disentangled from a complex web of problems. It is worthwhile to do so because of the strong developmental impact of ADHD and the existence of effective treatments. Public controversy continues, but professional practice in most countries makes ADHD one of the most commonly diagnosed problems of child mental health.
Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Pine Daniel S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The current chapter reviews data for paediatric anxiety disorders in three sections. The longest section reviews clinical characteristics of these disorders. This section describes the clinical features, demography, and outcome of paediatric anxiety disorders, the most common class of mental syndrome afflicting children and adolescence. The first section is followed by a shorter section focused on pathophysiology. Here, data on neural circuits implicated in anxiety are reviewed most comprehensively. Finally, treatment is briefly reviewed in the third section. More detailed considerations of therapeutics for a range of paediatric psychiatric disorders can be found in section 9.5. This includes a discussion of both psychotherapies and medication.
Obsessive–compulsive disorder and tics in children and adolescents
Authors: Flament Martine F. , Robaey Philippe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPaediatric OCD is the disorder, in child psychiatry, whose clinical picture most closely resembles its adult counterpart. Despite a relative diversity, the symptom pool is remarkably finite, and very similar to that seen in older individuals. Prevalence, comorbidity, and response to behavioural and drug treatment also appear similar across the lifespan. For tic disorders, there is continuity between child and adult presentations, but the disease is much more prone to resolve spontaneously, or to be less disruptive in adulthood. Both OCD and tics occur more often in males than in females, and are likely to be linked to an array of neurobiological abnormalities, many of which remain to be understood. Invaluable benefits can now be obtained from available behavioural and pharmacological treatments, but complete remission remains uncertain and long-term management may be required. Thus, the treatment of OCD and tics in children and adolescents remains a clinical challenge. It requires careful assessment of the targeted symptoms and, in many cases, comorbidity; attention to the quality of the child's functioning at home and with peers; use of specific CBT interventions, which are not readily available (or accessible) in all communities; patience and caution in the choice and adjustment of medication; and vigilance in watching potential side effects. Given the possible chronicity of OCD and/or tic disorders, and their changing patterns in severity and impact over the childhood and adolescent years, optimal treatment generally requires a long-term ongoing relationship with the child and family. Current conceptualizations of OCD and tic disorders have been shaped by advances in systems neuroscience and functional in vivo neuroimaging. Continued success in these areas should lead to the targetting of specific brain circuits for more intensive research. This should include testing novel pharmacological agents, tracking treatment response using neuroimaging techniques, and possibly investigating circuit-based therapies using deep-brain stimulation for refractory cases. The identification of the PANDAS subgroup of patients, with an abrupt onset and dramatic exacerbations, certainly brings new insights into the pathophysiology of OCD and tic disorders, and may lead to new assessment and treatment strategies. The increasing evidence for susceptibility genes in OCD and tic disorders will also doubtless point to new therapeutic directions. Furthermore, it is likely that many of the empirical findings used in research on paediatric OCD and tic disorders will be relevant to a better understanding of both normal development, and other disorders of childhood onset.