bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bemessung texilbetonverstärkter Stahlbetonbauteile unter Biegebeanspruchung
Authors: Frenzel Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag werden auf der herkömmlichen Stahlbetonbemessung basierende Berechnungs‐ und Bemessungsmodelle zur Bestimmung der Tragfähigkeit biegebeanspruchter, textilbetonverstärkter Stahlbetonbauteile vorgestellt. Mit dem aufgeführten Berechnungsansatz können sowohl die verschiedenen Versagensarten Textilzug‐, Stahlzug‐ und Betondruckversagen als auch eingebrachte Spannungszustände vor der Verstärkungsmaßnahme berücksichtigt werden. Neben einem iterativen Berechnungsablauf werden zwei vereinfachte Formelapparate zur überschläglichen Dimensionierung der für die Verstärkung erforderlichen Textilbetonschicht vorgestellt. Der Artikel stellt des Weiteren Tabellen und Diagramme für eine einfache und praxisgerechte Bemessung bereit. Die Anwendung der Berechnungs‐ und Bemessungsverfahren wird abschließend anhand von Beispielrechnungen demonstriert.Design of RC members strengthened with textile reinforced concrete under flexural bendingThis paper presents analysis methods and design models based on the conventional reinforced concrete design procedure, that are used to determine the nominal capacity of flexural bending of steel reinforced concrete members strengthened with textile reinforcement. The shown computational algorithm allows considering different failure modes such as textile and steel tensile failure, concrete compressive collapse and introduced stress states, which act before the strengthening measure. In addition to an iterative calculation process, two simplified formulas are given to easily calculate the necessary area of reinforcement of strengthened elements under bending. Furthermore, the article provides tables and charts for a simple and practical design calculation. The application of analysis and design methods is demonstrated conclusively on the basis of example calculations.
Anwendungsbeispiele für Textilbetonverstärkung
Authors: Erhard Erich , Weiland Silvio , Lorenz Enrico , Schladitz Frank , Beckmann Birgit , Curbach Manfred 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag werden am Beispiel bereits durchgeführter Verstärkungsbaumaßnahmen praktische Anwendungen für Textilbetonverstärkungen vorgestellt. Textilbetonverstärkungen zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Tragfähigkeit bei geringen Verstärkungsschichtdicken und geringem zusätzlichen Eigengewicht aus. Außerdem ermöglichen sie die Herstellung hochwertiger Betonoberflächen. Aus diesen Gründen ist Textilbeton für verschiedene Sanierungsmaßnahmen geeignet. Neben der Steigerung der Tragfähigkeit bestehender Bausubstanz kann Textilbeton beim Erhalt und der Ertüchtigung historisch wertvoller Bauwerke oder auch bei Bauwerken mit besonderen Anforderungen an die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit eingesetzt werden.Applications of textile reinforced concrete strengthening – restoration and strengthening of built constructions with textile reinforced strengtheningExample applications and realised building projects with textile reinforced concrete (TRC) strengthening are presented in this work. TRC strengthening stands out due to high load carrying capacity including minor thickness of the strengthening layer and minor additional dead load. Furthermore, TRC enables the manufacturing of surfaces of high quality. For this reasons, TRC is feasible for different restoration and renovation applications. Beside the increase of the load carrying capacity of existing buildings, TRC can be used for the preservation and rehabilitation of historically precious buildings or for buildings with special requirements with regard to the concrete surface quality.
Essential Roles of Proton Transfer in Photocatalytic Redox Reactions
Authors: Chen Chuncheng , Shi Tao , Chang Wei , Zhao Jincai 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNowadays, semiconductor‐based heterogeneous photocatalysis is receiving much more attention than ever before owing to the increasing challenge of environmental pollution and worldwide demand for clean energy. The stoichiometry of the photocatalytic reactions usually includes the simultaneous gain or loss of electrons and protons. However, not enough emphasis has been placed on the effect of proton transfer on the photocatalytic reactions, particularly on the kinetics of interfacial redox steps. In this article, we highlight the effects of proton on the interfacial electron transfer during the photocatalytic redox reactions. We try to emphasize that the proton transfer can largely determine the energetic profile and reaction pathway by participating in the interfacial redox reactions. Better understanding on the roles and the detailed mechanisms of proton transfer in the photocatalytic surface reactions is required for the further improvement of photocatalytic efficiency.
Reactivation and Reuse of Platinum‐Based Spent Catalysts for Combustion of Exhaust Organic Gases
Authors: Rui Zebao , Wu Shangren , Ji Hongbing , Liu Zili 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe optimum pretreatment method for a Pt‐based spent catalyst for the removal of exhaust organic gases was examined. Two different pretreatment procedures with gas and aqueous solution were evaluated. Results obtained from the catalytic combustion of trace CH4 demonstrate that air pretreatment has a slightly positive effect. NaBH4 solution treatment leads to the highest initial activity. No pulverization of the granule size and sintering of the Pt nanoparticles happen after NaBH4 treatment. Results from the catalytic combustion of toluene indicate that the performance of the NaBH4‐treated catalyst can be further improved by combination with air pretreatment.
Cell Penetrating Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides (SAMPs) Exhibiting Potent and Selective Killing of Mycobacterium by Targeting Its DNA
Authors: Sharma Aashish , Pohane Amol Arunrao , Bansal Sandhya , Bajaj Avinash , Jain Vikas , Srivastava Aasheesh 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNaturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are powerful defence tools to tackle pathogenic microbes. However, limited natural production and high synthetic costs in addition to poor selectivity limit large‐scale use of AMPs in clinical settings. Here, we present a series of synthetic AMPs (SAMPs) that exhibit highly selective and potent killing of Mycobacterium (minimum inhibitory concentration <20 μg mL−1) over E. coli or mammalian cells. These SAMPs are active against rapidly multiplying as well as growth saturated Mycobacterium cultures. These SAMPs are not membrane‐lytic in nature, and are readily internalized by Mycobacterium and mammalian cells; whereas in E. coli, the lipopolysaccharide layer inhibits their cellular uptake, and hence, their antibacterial action. Upon internalization, these SAMPs interact with the unprotected genomic DNA of mycobacteria, and impede DNA‐dependent processes, leading to bacterial cell death.
N‐Annulated Perylene‐Substituted and Fused Porphyrin Dimers with Intense Near‐Infrared One‐Photon and Two‐Photon Absorption
Authors: Luo Jie , Lee Sangsu , Son Minjung , Zheng Bin , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Qi Qingbiao , Zeng Wangdong , Li Gongqiang , Kim Dongho , Wu Jishan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFusion of two N‐annulated perylene (NP) units with a fused porphyrin dimer along the S0–S1 electronic transition moment axis has resulted in new near‐infrared (NIR) dyes 1 a/1 b with very intense absorption (ε>1.3×105 M−1 cm−1) beyond 1250 nm. Both compounds displayed moderate NIR fluorescence with fluorescence quantum yields of 4.4×10−6 and 6.0×10−6 for 1 a and 1 b, respectively. The NP‐substituted porphyrin dimers 2 a/2 b have also been obtained by controlled oxidative coupling and cyclodehydrogenation, and they showed superimposed absorptions of the fused porphyrin dimer and the NP chromophore. The excited‐state dynamics of all of these compounds have been studied by femtosecond transient absorption measurements, which revealed porphyrin dimer‐like behaviour. These new chromophores also exhibited good nonlinear optical susceptibility with large two‐photon absorption cross‐sections in the NIR region due to extended π‐conjugation. Time‐dependent density functional theory calculations have been performed to aid our understanding of their electronic structures and absorption spectra.
Twisted Baskets
Authors: Hermann Keith , Pratumyot Yaowalak , Polen Shane , Hardin Alex M. , Dalkilic Erdin , Dastan Arif , Badjić Jovica D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA preparative procedure for obtaining a pair of twisted molecular baskets, each comprising a chiral framework with either right ((P)‐1syn) or left ((M)‐1syn) sense of twist and six ester groups at the rim has been developed and optimized. The racemic (P/M)‐1syn can be obtained in three synthetic steps from accessible starting materials. The resolution of (P/M)‐1syn is accomplished by its transesterification with (1R,2S,5R)‐(−)‐menthol in the presence of a TiIV catalyst to give diastereomeric 8P and 8M. It was found that dendritic‐like cavitands 8P and 8M, in CD2Cl2, undergo self‐inclusion (1H NMR spectroscopy) with a menthol moiety occupying the cavity of each host. Importantly, the degree of inclusion of the menthol group was (1H NMR spectroscopy) found to be greater in the case of 8P than 8M. Accordingly, it is suggested that different folding characteristic of 8P and 8M ought to affect the physicochemical characteristics of the hosts to permit their effective separation by column chromatography. The absolute configuration of 8P/8M, encompassing right‐ and left‐handed “cups”, was determined with the exciton chirality method and also verified in silico (DFT: B3LYP/TZVP). Finally, the twisted baskets are strongly fluorescent due to three naphthalene chromophores, having a high fluorescence quantum yield within the rigid framework of 8P/8M.
A Hetero‐Bifunctional Spacer for the Smart Engineering of Carbon‐Based Nanostructures
Authors: Tuci Giulia , Luconi Lapo , Rossin Andrea , Baldini Francesco , Cicchi Stefano , Tombelli Sara , Trono Cosimo , Giannetti Ambra , Manet Ilse , Fedeli Stefano , Brandi Alberto , Giambastiani Giuliano 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEfforts have been made in recent years to develop novel functionalisation protocols aimed at imparting multimodality and improved properties to complex carbon‐based nanostructures. The incorporation of cleavable bonds to the nanomaterial surface for the controlled release (or exchange) of specific molecules under appropriate chemical and biological settings is relatively unexplored. The design and synthesis of a hetero‐bifunctional linker joining a “cleavable” disulfide moiety for the covalent anchoring of a wide range of thiol end‐capped (bio)molecules and a “clickable” terminal acetylene group is described. The strategy is based on the well‐established copper‐mediated acetylene–azide coupling reaction between the acetylene linker and single‐walled carbon nanotubes decorated with phenylazido pendant arms. As a result, easily “post‐derivatisable” and traceable nanostructured platforms containing a linking group potentially available for a wide range of biological probes are prepared and completely characterised.
Adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems predict their affect‐specific HPA and HPG axes reactivity
Authors: Han Georges , Miller Jonas G. , Cole Pamela M. , Zahn‐Waxler Carolyn , Hastings Paul D. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTWe examined psychopathology‐neuroendocrine associations in relation to the transition into adolescence within a developmental framework that acknowledged the interdependence of the HPA and HPG hormone systems in the regulation of responses to everyday affective contexts. Saliva samples were collected during anxiety and anger inductions from 51 young adolescents (M 13.47, SD = .60 years) to evaluate cortisol, DHEA, and testosterone responses. Internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed at pre‐adolescence (M = 9.27, SD = .58 years) while youths were in elementary school and concurrently with hormones in early adolescence. Externalizing problems from elementary school predicted adolescents’ reduced DHEA reactivity during anxiety induction. Follow up analyses simultaneously examining the contributions of elementary school and adolescent problems showed a trend suggesting that youths with higher levels of internalizing problems during elementary school eventuated in a profile of heightened DHEA reactivity as adolescents undergoing anxiety induction. For both the anxiety and the anger inductions, it was normative for DHEA and testosterone to be positively coupled. Adolescents with high externalizing problems but low internalizing problems marshaled dual axes co‐activation during anger induction in the form of positive cortisol‐testosterone coupling. This is some of the first evidence suggesting affective context determines whether dual axes coupling is reflective of normative or problematic functioning in adolescence. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 769–785, 2015.
Postweaning isolation affects responses to incentive contrast in adulthood
Authors: Cuenya Lucas , Mustaca Alba , Kamenetzky Giselle 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAdolescence is a time involving a series of changes in the use of appetitive reinforcers like food, as well as neuroendocrine changes like those taking place in the mesolimbic dopamine function. Social isolation from postnatal day 21 to 36 in rats leads to behavioral and neurophysiological alterations such as increased consumption of appetitive reinforcers. The work is focused on studying how exposure to chronic stress induced by social isolation during adolescence can have a long‐lasting effect on responses to reinforcement shifts in adulthood. Two experiments were performed in rats in order to analyze the effect of adolescent isolation on the responses to unanticipated shifts in reinforcement during adulthood, in reinforcement devaluation (32–4% of sucrose solution), increase (4–32% of sucrose solution), and extinction (32–0% of sucrose solution) procedures. Adolescent isolation intensified the intake response resulting from a reinforcement increase (i.e., greater positive contrast), but had no effect on the response to reinforcement devaluation and omission. The implications of this procedure are discussed, along with the underlying behavioral and neurochemical mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 177–188, 2015.
Development of high‐performance shake tables using the hierarchical control strategy and nonlinear control techniques
Authors: Yang T. Y. , Li Kang , Lin Jian Yuan , Li Yuanjie , Tung D. P. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryConventional shake tables employ linear controllers such as proportional‐integral‐derivative or loop shaping to regulate the movement. However, it is difficult to tune a linear controller to achieve accurate and robust tracking of different reference signals under payloads. The challenges are mainly due to the nonlinearity in hydraulic actuator dynamics and specimen behavior. Moreover, tracking a high‐frequency reference signal using a linear controller tends to cause actuator saturation and instability. In this paper, a hierarchical control strategy is proposed to develop a high‐performance shake table. A unidirectional shake table is constructed at the University of British Columbia to implement and evaluate the proposed control framework, which consists of a high‐level controller and one or multiple low‐level controller(s). The high‐level controller utilizes the sliding mode control (SMC) technique to provide robustness to compensate for model nonlinearity and uncertainties experienced in experimental tests. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with a state‐of‐the‐art loop‐shaping displacement‐based controller. The experimental results show that the proposed hierarchical shake table control system with SMC can provide superior displacement, velocity and acceleration tracking performance and improved robustness against modeling uncertainty and nonlinearities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon flux and landscape evolution in epigenic karst aquifers modeled from geochemical mass balance
Authors: Florea Lee J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper considers the contributions of epigenic karst processes as a major element of the carbon cycle and a significant agent of landscape evolution. Geochemical models developed from monitoring data and water samples are used to estimate the variation and magnitude of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) flux in karst landscapes at several scales, from local to global. At the local scale, the Cumberland River watershed of southeast Kentucky, these geochemical models are also used to evaluate the potential role of sulfur in the production of DIC and to compute an estimated rate of landscape erosion.Geochemical modeling using ionic species and modeled discharge reveal a variable rate of DIC flux driven by large fluctuations in calcite saturation and discharge. Ratios of reaction products and principal component analyses (PCA) suggest that some bedrock dissolution may be driven by the oxidation of reduced sulfur derived from brines entrained into the karst aquifers. Over the 3730 km2 of carbonate exposure in the Cumberland River, 25.8–62.4 Gg/yr of carbon dioxide (CO2) is conveyed from the atmosphere through the dissolution of carbonate. At the global scale, this translates to 123–296 Tg/yr of CO2 delivered by karst processes into the aqueous system.The bedrock portion of DIC equates to a flux of 32.6 ± 2.6 m3 – 35.2 ± 2.8 m3 of bedrock during the period of study of which 29% was dolomite. This translates to a landscape erosion rate of 13.1–17.9 mm/ka in the 3.45–4.32 km2 of carbonate exposure in the studied watershed. Based upon 16+ km of cave survey data spanning a vertical range of 72 to 75 m above base level, this suggests that cave development in the watershed spans the Plio‐Pleistocene. Using the modeled erosion rates, the ages of cave levels, 4.03–5.71, 3.08–4.56, 1.57–2.43, 1.01–1.67, 0.45–0.91, and < 0.45 Ma, are in good agreement with regional studies of Plio‐Pleistocene landscape evolution in the Appalachian Lowland Plateaus. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of nutrient‐optimizing/cost‐minimizing software to develop ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods for malnourished pregnant women in Mali
Authors: Bechman Allison , Phillips Robert D. , Chen Jinru 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMalnutrition affects people of all ages in many countries in the developing world. One treatment for malnutrition is the intervention involving ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods (RUTFs). This study developed RUTFs for pregnant women in Mali using formulation computer software and largely local, plant‐based ingredients. Mali has the world's second highest birth rate and infant mortality rate. Nutrient profiles of possible ingredients and their prices from 2004 to 2009 were entered into the software. Computer‐selected ingredients included peanuts, cowpeas, and millet as well as rice or barley koji (sources of α‐amylase and ingredients). Components of the six selected formulations were milled, hydrolyzed with koji α‐amylase, and heated at 121°C for 15 min. The contents of protein, fat, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, amino acid, and energy of dehydrated products were determined and compared with software‐predicted values. Actual and predicted values were comparable: the protein content was 1.45–2.04% higher, and ash content was 0.60–0.89% higher than the predicted values, while the fat content was 0.18–0.88% lower, the lysine content was 0.17–0.25% lower, and fiber content was 0.16% lower to 2.06% higher than the predicted values. The difference in actual and predicted energy levels were 14.8–22.2%. The amount of RUTF needed to meet the requirement of most limiting nutrients, lysine and energy, ranged from 2620 to 3002 g. The costs for producing the RUTFs were substantially lower than importing commercial RUTFs even with increased ingredient prices in Mali from 2004 to 2009.
Influence of extraction techniques on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds of loquat fruit (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) skin and pulp extracts
Authors: Delfanian Mojtaba , Esmaeilzadeh Kenari Reza , Sahari Mohammad Ali 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this study, the bioactive compounds of loquat fruit (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) skin and pulp extracted by two extraction methods (solvent and ultrasound‐assisted) with three solvents (ethanol, water and ethanol–water) were compared to supercritical fluid extraction. The antioxidant activities of skin and pulp extracts were evaluated and compared to tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) using 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙) radical scavenging, β‐carotene bleaching, and the Rancimat assays. In DPPH assay solvent extracts of skin by ethanol (SSE) and ethanol–water (SSEW) showed strong inhibitory activity. The SSEW also showed the highest inhibition percentage of 85.58% by the β‐carotene bleaching assay and longest induction time of 4.78 h by the Rancimat method. The large amount of tocopherols and phenolics contained in the skin extract may cause its strong antioxidant ability. The results indicated that the solvent extraction with ethanol–water produced the maximum extraction yield of phenolic and tocopherol compounds from loquat fruit skin and pulp. Furthermore, solvent extraction was the most effective in antioxidant activity of the extracts compared to other extraction techniques.
Glycerol salicylate‐based containing α‐tricalcium phosphate as a bioactive root canal sealer
Authors: Portella Fernando F. , Collares Fabrício M. , dos Santos Luís A. , dos Santos Bruno P. , Camassola Melissa , Leitune Vicente C. B. , Samuel Susana M. W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe use of bioactive materials instead of inert materials to fill the root canal space could be an effective approach to achieve a hermetic seal and stimulate the healing of periapical tissues. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize an endodontic sealer based on a glycerol salicylate resin and α‐tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) at physical and chemical properties. Different sealers were formulated using 70% of a glycerol salicylate resin and 30% of a mixture of calcium hydroxide and αTCP (0, 5, 10, or 15%, in weight). Sealers formulated were characterized based on setting time, in vitro degradation over time, pH, cytotoxicity, and mineral deposition. Sealers presented setting time ranging from 240 to 405 min, and basic pH over 8.21 after 28 days. Higher αTCP concentration leads to sealers with low solubility. Cell viability after 48 h in direct contact with sealers was similar to a commercial sealer used as reference. The 10% and 15% αTCP sealers exhibited a calcium–phosphate layer on the surface after immersion in water and SBF for 7 days. Glycerol salicylate sealers with 10% and 15% α‐tricalcium phosphate showed reliable physical–chemical properties and apatite‐forming ability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1663–1669, 2015.