bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crusader Spolia in Medieval Cairo. The Portal of the Complex of Sultan Ḥasan
Authors: Fleck Cathleen A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract: Turkish-origin Mamlūk rulers in Egypt carried out grand construction projects in the late medieval period, including the complex (beg. 1356) of sultan al-Nāṣir Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn Qalāwūn (or sultan Ḥasan, 1335-1361, r. 1347-1351 and 1354-1361) in Cairo. This article analyzes the symbolism and meaning of a pair of pilasters pillaged from a Levantine Christian crusader monument and set into the portal of sultan Ḥasan’s complex: one with relief floral decorations, and the other with relief panels representing Jerusalem buildings. Scrutinizing the reuse of these items provides insight into the meanings and functions of the pilasters: as spolia, or pillaged architectural elements that are symbols of power and beauty; as apotropaic objects in the age of the Black Death; as signs of local Muslim-Christian conflict; and as evidence of the Mamlūk interest in the holy city for political and religious reasons. All of these elements demonstrate the strategic choices made by sultan Ḥasan to assert his legitimacy and express his religious authority through his magnificent complex.
Pregastric and caecal fermentation pattern in Syrian hamsters
Authors: Marounek Milan , Mrázek Jakub , Volek Zdeněk , Skřivanová Eva , Killer Jiří 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Few studies have compared the pregastric and caecal digestion of hamsters. Mature Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were fed a diet containing crude protein and fibre at 225 and 64 g/kg, respectively. In the pregastric digesta, the pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate and ammonia N concentrations were 5.91±0.97, 43.1±12.9 μmol/g, 19.2±8.0 μmol/g and 2.46±1.16 mg/g, respectively. The corresponding values in the caecal contents were 6.41±0.25, 92.1±12.2 μmol/g, 6.9±1.0 μmol/g and 0.28±0.08 mg/g, respectively. Acetate was the primary VFA, followed by propionate in the forestomach and butyrate in the caecum. In the caecal contents, a very small amount of methane was produced. The number of total bacteria determined by real-time PCR averaged 2.31×109/g and 1.57×1010/g in the pregastric and caecal digesta, respectively. In the pregastric digesta, bifidobacteria and Bacteroides sp. were present at 1.57×107/g and 4.02×107/g, respectively. In the caecal contents, the numbers of bifidobacteria and Bacteroides sp. were 1.01×108/g and 1.46×108/g, respectively. The caecum appears to be more important in hamsters than the forestomach, both in terms of its greater size (3.39±0.63 g vs. 1.59±0.70 g) and greater microbial activity.
Mortalidad infantil y preescolar en el estado de Baja California. Análisis de condicionantes biodemográficos relacionados con la historia reproductiva de la madre
Authors: González-Galbán Humberto , Herrera-León Lorenzo I. 
Published: December 2014

¾ La incidencia de la mortalidad cercana al nacimiento está asociada potencialmente a las características biológicas y demográficas de la madre durante su historia reproductiva. A fin de analizar los señalados aspectos, se presenta el actual artículo que tiene como objetivo general el valorar si algunos de los factores biodemográficos que aquí son considerados constituyen condicionantes para la ocurrencia de la mortalidad infantil y/o para el resto de los infantes menores de 5 años. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo se aplicó el método demográfico de la tabla de vida, con el cual se obtuvieron curvas de sobrevivencia, que tomaron como fuente de información la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica Demográfica del año 2009, México, lo que permitió sustentar empíricamente los resultados a los que se arribó, como son: el orden del nacimiento del hijo se observa como un diferencial para la mortalidad de los menores de 5 años; asimismo la edad de la madre constituye un importante condicionante para dicha problemática, que ejerce mayor influencia en los órdenes de nacimientos primero y segundo; en igual sentido la fecha del parto establece una diferencia significativa en la supervivencia de los hijos, lo que parece sugerir un cierto efecto cohorte; mientras que los embarazos previos al orden considerado de nacido vivo no han mostrado ser una variable diferenciadora en la supervivencia de los menores de 5 años. Finalmente se apreció que la condición migratoria se presenta como un diferencial de gran peso en la mortalidad infantil y preescolar, básicamente en los órdenes inferiores de nacimientos.
Comparison of pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin in healthy cows and cows with mastitis
Authors: Kissell Lindsey W. , Leavens Teresa L. , Baynes Ronald E. , Riviere Jim E. , Smith Geof W. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin differed between healthy and mastitic cows.
Design—Prospective controlled clinical trial.
Animals—20 lactating Holstein cows.
Procedures—Cows with mastitis and matched control cows received flunixin IV, ceftiofur IM, and cephapirin or ceftiofur, intramammary. Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours after flunixin administration. Composite milk samples were collected at 0, 2, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hours. Plasma and milk samples were analyzed by use of ultra–high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.
Results—For flunixin in plasma samples, differences in area under the concentration-time curve and clearance were detected between groups. Differences in flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin concentrations in milk were detected at various time points. At 36 hours after flunixin administration (milk withdrawal time), 8 cows with mastitis had 5-hydroxy flunixin concentrations higher than the tolerance limit (ie, residues). Flunixin residues persisted in milk up to 60 hours after administration in 3 of 10 mastitic cows.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pharmacokinetics and elimination of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin in milk differed between mastitic and healthy cows, resulting in violative residues. This may partially explain the high number of flunixin residues reported in beef and dairy cattle. This study also raised questions as to whether healthy animals should be used when determining withdrawal times for meat and milk.
Turner’s Syndrome in Adulthood and Cytogenetics
Authors: Hossain F , Nahar K N , Mahmoud S , Islam F A , Begum N , Akhter P 
Published: December 2014

Aims: Turner’s syndrome is a chronic disease of chromosomal aberration. The purpose of the study was to find out the accurate identification of cell line, which is critical for cytogenetic studies, genetic counseling, phenotypic studies carried out with few reconstructive procedures to plan future sexual and reproductive life. Methods: This study design was a prospective hospital based clinical study. In this study, ninety six patients were studied with secondary sex characters with relevant ultrasonogram findings and hormonal assay who underwent karyotyping in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka for a study period of ten years from October 1997 to October 2007. Results: Among 96 patients, 62.5 % of the patients were from 15-18 years. Four girls who were less than 15 years came with Turner’s and testicular stigmata. Twenty women aged more than 26 years presented with coital problems. Around 72.9% had no secondary sexual character, 20.83% had normal female type of secondary sex character, and 6.25% had virilizing type of secondary sexual character. Karyotyping of the cases revealed 72.9% (n = 70) had 45XO pattern, which belong to the Turner's stigmata and correlated well with the hormone profile. Whereas, 20.83% (n = 20) had 46XX pattern and 6.25% (n = 6) had 46XY pattern with testicular feminization syndrome with inguinal testis. Conclusions: About 60% of cases were in the 15-18 years age group. Most of the patients presented with no secondary sexual characteristics. 45XO chromosomal pattern was the most common presenting in 72.9% cases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11744
Microalbuminuria as a Predictor of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
Authors: Kour G , Kour S 
Published: December 2014

Aims: This study was done to find out predictive value of microalbuminuria between 24-34 weeks of gestation in the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal and fetal complications. Methods: Urinary microalbuminuria was measured by turbidometry in 200 normo-tensive women between 24-34 weeks of gestation. Microalbuminuria was defined as a value of ≥ 20 mg albumin per gram of creatinine in a spot sample of urine. The women were divided into two groups as microalbuminuria positive and microalbuminuria negative. They were followed up to delivery and were evaluated for the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal and fetal complications. Results: Out of 200 women microalbuminuria was positive in 32 (16%) patients. Sixteen (50%) in the microalbuminuria group developed hypertension as compared to seven (4.1%) in the microalbuminuria negative group (p<0.0001). Also 13 (40%) in the microalbuminuria positive group developed a maternal complication as compared to 11 (6.5%) in the microalbuminuria negative group (p<0.0001). Nineteen women (59%) in the microalbuminuria group had a fetal complication as compared to 10 women (5.9%) in the microalbuminuria negative group (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Presence of urinary microalbuminuria between 24-34 weeks of gestation can predict development of pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal and fetal complications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11761
Les élites administratives en Espagne : vieilles inerties et nouveaux défis
Authors: Alba Tercedor Carlos 
Published: December 2014

Résumé Les élites administratives en Espagne constituent une véritable force politique qui a survécu aux changements de régime. Les corps d’élite, en particulier, peuvent s’appuyer sur leur polyvalence comme sur leurs réseaux familiaux pour contrôler la vie administrative et politique. C’est ainsi que la période de la transition démocratique, à partir de 1975, a laissé intactes les structures de l’élite administrative. Celle‑ci constitue le principal vivier du personnel politique sous les divers gouvernements de l’ère démocratique. Par ailleurs, les emplois supérieurs sont fortement politisés et cette politisation s’est maintenue sous les gouvernements socialistes comme sous les gouvernements de droite. Cette politisation caractérise également les administrations des Communautés autonomes. La séparation entre les élites administratives et les élites politiques ne s’est jamais effectuée en Espagne, ce qui compromet toute tentative de réforme de la gestion publique.
Variability of stratospheric mean age of air and of the local effects of residual circulation and eddy mixing
Authors: Ploeger F. , Riese M. , Haenel F. , Konopka P. , Müller R. , Stiller G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe analyze the variability of mean age of air (AoA) and of the local effects of the stratospheric residual circulation and eddy mixing on AoA within the framework of the isentropic zonal mean continuity equation. AoA for the period 1988–2013 has been simulated with the Lagrangian chemistry transport model CLaMS driven by ERA‐Interim winds and diabatic heating rates. Model simulated AoA in the lower stratosphere shows good agreement with both in situ observations and satellite observations from Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, even regarding interannual variability and changes during the last decade. The interannual variability throughout the lower stratosphere is largely affected by the quasi‐biennial‐oscillation‐induced circulation and mixing anomalies, with year‐to‐year AoA changes of about 0.5 years. The decadal 2002–2012 change shows decreasing AoA in the lowest stratosphere, below about 450 K. Above, AoA increases in the Northern Hemisphere and decreases in the Southern Hemisphere. Mixing appears to be crucial for understanding AoA variability, with local AoA changes resulting from a close balance between residual circulation and mixing effects. Locally, mixing increases AoA at low latitudes (40°S–40°N) and decreases AoA at higher latitudes. Strongest mixing occurs below about 500 K, consistent with the separation between shallow and deep circulation branches. The effect of mixing integrated along the air parcel path, however, significantly increases AoA globally, except in the polar lower stratosphere. Changes of local effects of residual circulation and mixing during the last decade are supportive of a strengthening shallow circulation branch in the lowest stratosphere and a southward shifting circulation pattern above.
Stereoselective Mannich Reaction of S‐Phenyl Thioesters Catalyzed by Bifunctional Organocatalysts
Authors: Guang Jie , Larson Ariel J. , Zhao John C.‐G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA highly stereoselective Mannich reaction of S‐phenyl thioesters was achieved by using bifunctional thiourea catalysts. Using a quinine‐derived C6′‐urea catalyst, the direct Mannich products of N‐tosyl imines and S‐phenyl thioesters were obtained in high yields and excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.magnified image
Histidine‐Containing Peptide Catalysts Developed by a Facile Library Screening Method
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Sakai Nobutaka , Kudo Kazuaki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlthough peptide catalysts have a high potential for the use as organocatalysts, the optimization of peptide sequences is laborious and time‐consuming. To address this issue, a facile screening method for finding efficient aminocatalysts from a peptide library has been developed. In the screening for the Michael addition of a malonate to an enal, a dye‐labeled product is immobilized on resin‐bound peptides through reductive amination to visualize active catalysts. This procedure allows for the monitoring of the reactivity of entire peptides without modifying the resin beads beforehand. Peptides containing histidine at an appropriate position were identified by this method. A novel function of the histidyl residue, which enhances the binding of a substrate to the catalyst by capturing an iminium intermediate, was indicated.
Copper Nanoparticles Catalyzed Se(Te)Se(Te) Bond Activation: A Straightforward Route Towards Unsymmetrical Organochalcogenides from Boronic Acids
Authors: Mohan Balaji , Yoon Chohye , Jang Seongwan , Park Kang Hyun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA highly porous copper metal–organic framework, [Cu3(BTC)2] (BTC=benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate) was synthesized and used as a precursor for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (NPs) and characterized by several techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX and BET measurements. The as‐synthesized copper nanoparticles were immobilized onto activated charcoal (AC) by means of ultrasonication at room temperature without any pretreatment. The Cu NPs/AC was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the cross‐coupling of diphenyl diselenide and boronic acids to form diphenyl selenides through SeSe bond activation under ligand‐, base‐, and additive‐free conditions. The copper NPs/AC, which combines the architecture of MOFs and the high surface area of charcoal, could be an efficient heterogeneous catalytic system that is compatible with a variety of substituents on diphenyl selenides. Its promising catalytic activity relative to that of other homogeneous systems and low catalyst loading for the synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl selenides is an important application in the area of nanocatalysis. The Cu NPs/AC catalyst, which exhibits excellent catalytic activity and remarkable tolerance to a wide variety of substituents, led to Se sp3‐, sp2‐, and sp‐carbon bond formation by using DMSO as a solvent and atmospheric air as oxidant. This approach can also be extended to the preparation of unsymmetrical organotelluride derivatives.
Polymeric microparticles for fenretinide administration
Authors: Esposito Elisabetta , Cortesi Rita 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis study describes the production and characterization of biocompatible and biodegradable microparticles containing fenretinide (4HPR), designed for subcutaneous administration. The influence of type of polymer and production parameters was studied on microparticle characteristics and 4HPR release modality. Microparticles were made using solvent evaporation procedure and different polymers, such as polymethacrylates (Eudragit RS 100) and polyesters, namely poly(DL‐lactide), DL‐PLA, poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) 50:50, DL‐PLGA 50:50 and poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) 75:25, DL‐PLGA 75:25. 4HPR was encapsulated in polyester microparticles with efficiency values above 88% w/w. In order to compare degradation characteristics of DL‐PLA, DL‐PLGA 50:50 and DL‐PLGA 75:25 microparticles, in vitro degradation experiments simulating in vivo condition were carried out up to 30 days. Only DL‐PLGA 50:50 microparticles showed significant changes in their morphology, whereas DL‐PLA and DL‐PLGA 75:25 remained almost intact after the same period of time. This different degradability is attributable both to polymer type and molecular weight. In vitro release experiments performed by dialysis method and HPLC, demonstrated that 4HPR is slowly released from microparticles. In particular the slowest kinetic was obtained by DL‐PLGA 50:50. Moreover 4HPR chemical stability in microparticles was studied, demonstrating that DL‐PLA microparticles maintained in the light at room temperature retained 100% of the 4HPR titer even after 3 months. At last the effect on cell growth of 4HPR containing microparticles have been tested on in vitro cultured erythroleukemia K‐562 cells. The obtained data indicate that DL‐PLGA 50:50 microparticles are able to almost double the efficacy of 4HPR, with respect to the free drug.
Crystallization Behavior of Copolyesterurethanes Containing Different Weight Contents of Crystallizable Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Segments
Authors: Jiang Yi , Fang Liang , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMultiblock copolymers composed of crystallizable poly(ω‐pentadecalactone) (PPDL) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) segments, which are linked via an aliphatic urethane unit, named PDLCL, have been recently introduced as temperature‐memory materials. In this work, we studied the effect of different PCL weight content on the crystallization behavior of both PCL and PPDL domains in PDLCLs by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results demonstrated that the nucleation mechanism of PCL crystals, the crystallization and melting temperatures of PCL domains, as well as their crystal morphology and size were found to change with varying composition, i.e., PCL weight content.
Linking regional variation of epibiotic bacterial diversity and trophic ecology in a new species of Kiwaidae (Decapoda, Anomura) from East Scotia Ridge (Antarctica) hydrothermal vents
Authors: Zwirglmaier Katrin , Reid William D. K. , Heywood Jane , Sweeting Christopher J. , Wigham Benjamin D. , Polunin Nicholas V. C. , Hawkes Jeff A. , Connelly Douglas P. , Pearce David , Linse Katrin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe analyzed the diversity of bacterial epibionts and trophic ecology of a new species of Kiwa yeti crab discovered at two hydrothermal vent fields (E2 and E9) on the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) in the Southern Ocean using a combination of 454 pyrosequencing, Sanger sequencing, and stable isotope analysis. The Kiwa epibiont communities were dominated by Epsilon‐ and Gammaproteobacteria. About 454 sequencing of the epibionts on 15 individual Kiwa specimen revealed large regional differences between the two hydrothermal vent fields: at E2, the bacterial community on the Kiwa ventral setae was dominated (up to 75%) by Gammaproteobacteria, whereas at E9 Epsilonproteobacteria dominated (up to 98%). Carbon stable isotope analysis of both Kiwa and the bacterial epibionts also showed distinct differences between E2 and E9 in mean and variability. Both stable isotope and sequence data suggest a dominance of different carbon fixation pathways of the epibiont communities at the two vent fields. At E2, epibionts were putatively fixing carbon via the Calvin‐Benson‐Bassham and reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, while at E9 the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle dominated. Co‐varying epibiont diversity and isotope values at E2 and E9 also present further support for the hypothesis that epibionts serve as a food source for Kiwa.
A Probable Case of Thalassemia Intermedia from Tell Masaikh, Syria
Authors: Tomczyk J. , Palczewski P. , Mańkowska‐Pliszka H. , Płoszaj T. , Jędrychowska‐Dańska K. , Witas H. W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this report, we describe the first potential case of hereditary anaemia from the Middle Euphrates valley (Syria). The skeletal changes identified in the studied specimen were consistent with marrow hyperplasia, and the distribution, especially the involvement of the facial bones, the sternum and ribs, was suggestive of thalassemia. The identified haplotype indicates M4b1 haplogroup suggesting that the analysed specimen was either a newcomer from Asia or a descendent of Asian origin in the maternal line, most likely from the Indian Peninsula where characteristic mutations of mtDNA can be identified today. The genetic data might explain a case of thalassemia in the Syrian lower Euphrates valley. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for estimating surface normal from its boundary curves
Authors: Park Jisoon , Kim Taewon , Baek Seung-Yeob , Lee Kunwoo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecently, along with the improvements of geometry modeling methods using sketch-based interface, there have been a lot of developments in research about generating surface model from 3D curves. However, surfacing a 3D curve network remains an ambiguous problem due to the lack of geometric information. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for estimating the normal vectors of the 3D curves which accord closely with user intent. Bending energy is defined by utilizing RMF(Rotation-Minimizing Frame) of 3D curve, and we estimated this minimal energy frame as the one that accords design intent. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated with surface model creation of various curve networks. The algorithm of estimating geometric information in 3D curves which is proposed in this paper can be utilized to extract new information in the sketch-based modeling process. Also, a new framework of 3D modeling can be expected through the fusion between curve network and surface creating algorithm.
Mixing in internally heated natural convection flow and scaling for a quasi-steady boundary layer
Authors: Hattori Tae , Patterson John C. , Lei Chengwang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study considers the natural convection flow in a water body subjected to heating by solar radiation. The investigation into this type of natural convection flow has been motivated by the fact that it is known to play a crucial role in the daytime heat and mass transfer in shallow regions of natural water reservoirs and lakes, with a resultant impact on biological activity. An analytical solution for temperature in such an internally heated system shows that the temperature stratification consists of an upper stable stratification and a lower unstable stratification. One of the important consequences of such a nonlinear temperature stratification is the limitation of the mixing driven by rising thermal plumes with the penetration length scale of the plumes determining the lower mixed layer thickness. A theoretical analysis conducted in the present study suggests that in relatively deep waters, the lower mixed layer thickness is equal to the attenuation length of the radiation, which has important implications for water quality, including the transport of pollutants and nutrients in the water body. Scalings are also obtained for the quasi-steady boundary layer. The theoretical analysis is validated against numerical simulations.