bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Armour Layer Analysis of Local Scour around Bridge Abutments Under Ice Cover
Authors: Wu P. , Hirshfield F. , Sui J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA set of experiments was conducted for the local scour around bridge abutments under ice cover in non‐uniform sediments. By taking into account of the grain size of the armour layer and ice cover roughness, the dimensionless maximum scour depth is analysed. With an increase in grain size of the armour layer, the dimensionless maximum scour depth decreases. With the increase in ice cover roughness, the dimensionless maximum scour depth increases correspondingly. By using dimensional analysis, a regression relationship supports this conclusion. The conclusions drawn from this study provide crucial evidence for the protection of bridge foundations in winter time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status and Trends in Biotic Integrity in a Sub‐Tropical River Drainage: Analysis of the Fish Assemblage Over a Three Decade Period
Authors: Moncayo‐Estrada R. , Lyons J. , Ramirez‐Herrejon J. P. , Escalera‐Gallardo C. , Campos‐Campos O. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe characterized the biotic integrity of the sub‐tropical Duero River, Mexico, comparing current and past index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores with results of an environmental quality index (EQI), inventorying abiotic characteristics and human impacts, and documenting ecosystem changes over the last three decades. We sampled the fish community and measured environmental variables during the dry season of 2009 at 19 sites. We compared 2009 findings with fish data obtained in 1986 and 1991 at nine of the sites. The correlation between the IBI and EQI was high (r2 = 0.79, p = 0.0002), indicating that the IBI accurately characterized environmental condition. Thirteen sites were degraded (68%) based on IBI scores, three were fair (16%) and three had good conditions (16%). Based on the EQI, 12 sites were classified as poor (63%), two as fair (11%) and five as good (19%). A cluster analysis of nine abiotic variables and the IBI values yielded three groups: six sites with good integrity and environmental quality, eight with high chemical oxygen demand and four with high total dissolved solids. A discriminant analysis (square canonical correlation: 0.922, and Wilks' lambda significance: 0.001) identified biochemical oxygen demand, distance to vegetation and total dissolved solids as the main predictors. Compared to 1986 and 1991, 2009 IBI values and ratings had declined significantly (multiple response permutation procedure A = 0.16, p = 0.0005), indicating a trend of environmental deterioration, with scores and ratings at 7 of 9 sites lower in 2009. One site had declined from good to fair, one from good to poor, five from fair to poor, one had remained fair and one had remained good. Degradation was related to excessive human water use, reduced river flows, increased wastewater discharge, deforestation, erosion, and invasive species, and mismanagement of preserved sites (springs), all of which highlight an urgent need to reverse declining environmental conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced spread Aloha physical layer design and performance
Authors: De Gaudenzi Riccardo , del Rio Herrero Oscar , Gallinaro Gennaro 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYThis paper describes the key design and performance aspects of the Enhanced Spread Spectrum Aloha (E‐SSA) physical layer, which represents an essential component of the S‐band Mobile Interactive Multimedia European Telecommunication Institute standard. Thanks to advanced signal processing at the gateway side, the E‐SSA random access protocol allows to achieve unprecedented spectral efficiency in a pure asynchronous random access mode with high robustness against received packets power unbalance. The E‐SSA physical layer is closely derived from the Third Generation Partnership Wideband Code Division Multiple Access random access channel physical layer with some adaptation to best operate in the Land Mobile Satellite channels. Particular emphasis is devoted to the E‐SSA physical layer system design drivers as well to the packet transmission control policies, which are of high relevance for S‐band Mobile Interactive Multimedia. The demodulator architectural design is also illustrated jointly with some of the key detection performance. Finally, the E‐SSA random access protocol performance are reported for Additive White Gaussian Noise and satellite mobile channels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disclosure of Funding Sources and Conflicts of Interest in Phase III Surgical Trials: Survey of Ten General Surgery Journals
Authors: Bridoux Valérie , Moutel Grégoire , Schwarz Lilian , Michot Francis , Herve Christian , Tuech Jean‐Jacques 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundDiscussions regarding disclosure of funding sources and conflicts of interest (COI) in published peer‐reviewed journal articles are becoming increasingly more common and intense. The aim of the present study was to examine whether randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in leading surgery journals report funding sources and COI.MethodsAll articles reporting randomized controlled phase III trials published January 2005 through December 2010 were chosen for review from ten international journals. We evaluated the number of disclosed funding sources and COI, and the factors associated with such disclosures.ResultsFrom a review of 657 RCT from the ten journals, we discovered that presence or absence of a funding source and COI was disclosed by 47 % (309) and 25.1 % (165), respectively. Most articles in “International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)‐affiliated journals” did not disclose COI. Disclosure of funding was associated with a journal impact factor >3 (51.7 vs 41.6 %; p < 0.01), statistician/epidemiologist involvement (64.2 vs 43.7 %; p < 0.001), publication after 2008 (52.9 vs 41.1 %; p < 0.01), and the journal being ICMJE‐affiliated (49.3 vs 40 %; p < 0.05). Conflict of interest disclosure was associated with publication after 2008 (38.7 vs 11.3 %; p < 0.001), and with the journal not being affiliated with ICMJE (36.9 vs 21.3 %; p < 0.001).ConclusionsOf the published studies we investigated, over half did not disclose funding sources (i.e., whether or not there was a funding source), and almost three quarters did not disclose whether COI existed. Our findings suggest the need to adopt best current practices regarding disclosure of competing interests to fulfill responsibilities to readers and, ultimately, to patients.
Spectral Analysis and Euler Deconvolution Technique of Gravity Data to Decipher the Basement Depth in the Dehradun-Badrinath Area
Authors: Ghosh G. K. , Singh C. L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The stratigraphic and tectonic setting in the northwest part of Himalayan belt is complex and thrusted due to the collision of Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. During the past, the Himalaya is divided into four parts; these are Outer Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Greater or Higher Himalaya and Tethys Himalaya. The appearance of basement rocks played a significant role in the Himalayan periphery for stratigraphic, structural and tectonic movement. The deformation pattern of the crustal rocks causing the rise of basement rocks which constitutes an integral part of crustal configuration during the evolutionary stages of the Himalaya. In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate the basement depth configuration using spectral analysis and Euler deconvolution technique of gravity data in the northwest Himalaya region. The elevation increases continuously from 500 m to 5100 m in SW to NE direction, however, Bouguer gravity anomaly decreases continuously from -130 mGal to -390 mGal in SW to NE direction due to the isostaic adjustment. Gravity anomaly is very low near Harsil, Badrinath and Joshimath area and observed higher elevation due to the deep rooted basement. However, there are extrusion of crystalline basement in and around the Badrinath area due to the resettlement of geologic process which are overlaid to the top surface of the sedimentary layers. Euler deconvolution technique has been applied to detect the direct basement depth and results show a good correlation with the average depth of the spectral analysis and other works carried by different authors. Three gravity profiles are selected in appropriate places orienting SW-NE direction with a profile length of 160 km, 150 km and 140 km respectively in the study area for calculating the average depth of the basement rock. The average basement depth calculated is around 11.27 km using the spectral analysis technique and results are well correlated with the results of various workers. Euler deconvolution studies along the three selected profiles have been interpreted. It has been observed that there are more number of cluster points falling between depth ranges of 10 to 15 km, dipping in SW to NE direction. Euler’s study shows deep rooted connection near Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Main Central Thrust (MCT), Bearing Thrust (BT) and Vaikrita Thrust (VT) locations as per profile study. Based on these studies three geological models have been prepared along the profiles showing different tectonic resettlement and depth of crystalline basement. Crystalline rocks exposed at the surface may be due to uplift along the shear in the MCT zone by kinetic flow basically, Munsiayari Thrust (MT) and VT in the of NW-Himalaya region.
Nine Years of GPS Measurements of Crustal Deformation at Imphal, Indo-Burmese Wedge
Authors: Singh Laishram Sunil , Gahalaut V. K. , Kumar Arun 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
We report results of 9 years of GPS measurements of crustal deformation at Imphal, Manipur, a site located in the Indo-Burmese wedge of northwest Sunda arc. The analysis of these measurements suggests that the site moves at a rate of about 36.3±0.5 mm/year towards N55º in the ITRF2008. With respect to the Indian plate it moves at a rate of 16.7 mm/year towards N222º, i.e., predominantly towards southwest. The site is located about 15 km east of the Churachandpur Mao fault (CMF), which is reported to accommodate part of the India-Sunda motion. The site motion is not significantly affected by the earthquakes that occurred in the nearby region. However, the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake caused a coseismic displacement of ∼ 3-5 mm predominantly towards southwest. The site motion is almost linear, with some seasonal variation, and does not show any evidence of accelerated slip or slow earthquake on the CMF or along the plate boundary.
Electrical Resistivity and Hydrochemical Indicators Distinguishing Chemical Characteristics of Subsurface Pollution at Cuddalore Coast, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Sonkamble Sahebrao 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Electrical resistivity methods are applied extensively for shallow sub-surface objectives but it has constraints in distinguishing the chemical characteristics of the medium. However, this complexity can be resolved by integrated investigations where geophysical anomaly would be validated with hydro-geochemical data. The present study highlights the notable importance of integrated geophysical and hydrogeological investigations in demarcating sub-surface pollution due to saline water intrusion and industrial effluents at Cuddalore coast in India. Geophysical scanning encompassing a total of 35 vertical electrical sounding (VES) were validated with drilling lithologs, water level and water quality parameters from a network of 125 observation wells at a test site of 17 km2. To understand the spatial variation of sub-surface contamination, two profiles of apparent resistivity sections were generated covering VES points parallel to the coast. Results revealed that, the low order of resistivity range 3 to 10 Ω-m (up to 30-40 m depth) and total dissolved solids range 2000 to 10,000 mg/l of groundwater reflects sub-surface contamination but cannot distinguish kind of salinity which is further verified by chemical analysis of Ca2+ (1200-2041 mg/l), SO42− (3000-9480 mg/l) which confirms the gypsum pollution and Na+ (750-1000 mg/l), Cl− (1000-2000 mg/l) designate the marine water contamination. Further, static groundwater head measurements demarcate the study area into above mean sea level (MSL) and below MSL zones. This study has provided a rapid and comprehensive picture about spatial variations of groundwater contamination which can help in planning, protection and safe management of coastal aquifers in India and worldwide.
Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) differ largely in mature silver fir stands and in Scots pine forecrops
Authors: Ważny Rafał 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Context

The requirement for rebuilding forecrop stands besides replacement of meadow vegetation with forest plants and formation of soil humus is the presence of a compatible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community.

Aims

This study aims to assess ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity associated with silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings regenerating in silver fir stands and Scots pine forecrops.

Methods

One-year-old seedlings were sampled in six study sites: three mature fir forests and three pine forests. ECM fungi were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA.

Results

The mean mycorrhizal colonization exceeded 90 %. Thirty-six ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified in fir stands and 23 in pine forecrops; ten out of these species were common to both stands. The fungal communities were different between study sites (R = 0.1721, p = 0.0001). Tomentella stuposa was the only species present at all sites.

Conclusion

Silver fir seedlings in Scots pine forecrops supported smaller ECM fungal communities than communities identified in mature silver fir stands. Nevertheless, fungal colonization of seedling roots was similar in both cases. This suggests that pine stands afforested on formerly arable land bear enough ECM species to allow survival and growth of silver fir seedlings.
Attenuating depletion using goal priming
Authors: Walsh Darlene 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis research examines how goal priming can attenuate the depletion effect. Using different self‐control goals (i.e., savings and healthy eating) and different measures of self‐control ability (i.e., willingness to buy and actual consumption), this study reveals that when people were primed with cues related to a self‐control goal and then depleted, the effect of depletion on a subsequent self‐control task (related to the primed goal) became attenuated. Also, depleted people, relative to nondepleted people, reported a lower level of commitment to a self‐control goal; however, when cues related to a self‐control goal were primed, their level of goal commitment increased, weakening the depletion effect. This research clarifies questions related to the process underlying depletion, while highlighting the importance of goal commitment (a measure of motivation) in understanding depletion.
Genomic and protein expression analysis reveals flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) as a key biomarker in breast and ovarian cancer
Authors: Abdel-Fatah Tarek M.A. , Russell Roslin , Albarakati Nada , Maloney David J. , Dorjsuren Dorjbal , Rueda Oscar M. , Moseley Paul , Mohan Vivek , Sun Hongmao , Abbotts Rachel , Mukherjee Abhik , Agarwal Devika , Illuzzi Jennifer L. , Jadhav Ajit , Simeonov Anton , Ball Graham , Chan Stephen , Caldas Carlos , Ellis Ian O. , Wilson David M. , Madhusudan Srinivasan 
Published: May 2014

FEN1 has key roles in Okazaki fragment maturation during replication, long patch base excision repair, rescue of stalled replication forks, maintenance of telomere stability and apoptosis. FEN1 may be dysregulated in breast and ovarian cancers and have clinicopathological significance in patients. We comprehensively investigated FEN1 mRNA expression in multiple cohorts of breast cancer [training set (128), test set (249), external validation (1952)]. FEN1 protein expression was evaluated in 568 oestrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancers, 894 ER positive breast cancers and 156 ovarian epithelial cancers. FEN1 mRNA overexpression was highly significantly associated with high grade (p = 4.89 × 10−57), high mitotic index (p = 5.25 × 10−28), pleomorphism (p = 6.31 × 10−19), ER negative (p = 9.02 × 10−35), PR negative (p = 9.24 × 10−24), triple negative phenotype (p = 6.67 × 10−21), PAM50.Her2 (p = 5.19 × 10−13), PAM50. Basal (p = 2.7 × 10−41), PAM50.LumB (p = 1.56 × 10−26), integrative molecular cluster 1 (intClust.1) (p = 7.47 × 10−12), intClust.5 (p = 4.05 × 10−12) and intClust. 10 (p = 7.59 × 10−38) breast cancers. FEN1 mRNA overexpression is associated with poor breast cancer specific survival in univariate (p = 4.4 × 10−16) and multivariate analysis (p = 9.19 × 10−7). At the protein level, in ER positive tumours, FEN1 overexpression remains significantly linked to high grade, high mitotic index and pleomorphism (ps < 0.01). In ER negative tumours, high FEN1 is significantly associated with pleomorphism, tumour type, lymphovascular invasion, triple negative phenotype, EGFR and HER2 expression (ps < 0.05). In ER positive as well as in ER negative tumours, FEN1 protein overexpression is associated with poor survival in univariate and multivariate analysis (ps < 0.01). In ovarian epithelial cancers, similarly, FEN1 overexpression is associated with high grade, high stage and poor survival (ps < 0.05). We conclude that FEN1 is a promising biomarker in breast and ovarian epithelial cancer.
A multiple profile approach to the palynological reconstruction of Norse landscapes in Greenland's Eastern Settlement
Authors: Ledger Paul M. , Edwards Kevin J. , Schofield J. Edward 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPalynological research is increasingly revealing the landscape impacts of Norse colonisation in southern Greenland. Typically, although not exclusively, these studies are from depositional environments with highly localised pollen source areas close to fjord-side centres of medieval power. In contrast, this paper presents data from Vatnahverfi, an inland district of the Eastern Settlement, and explores the emergence of a cultural landscape through three pollen sequences at variable distances from Norse farms. Two are from mires with small pollen source areas close to (<100 m) and distant from (≥1500 m) probable farming activities. The other provides a more regional signal of vegetation change, albeit one located close to a Norse settlement.Landnámis marked primarily through an increase in microscopic charcoal and the appearance of pollen fromRumex acetosella, although significant differences between profiles are noted. Close to Norse ruins, pollen productivity from grassland communities increases and woodland and scrub representation declines. Further from archaeological remains, palynologically inferred human activity is primarily characterised by decreased productivity, notably declining influx from woodland and scrub species, reflecting grazing herbivores or coppicing. Abandonment of Vatnahverfi is indicated from the late 14th to early 15th century AD.
Direct numerical simulation of high-speed transition due to an isolated roughness element
Authors: Subbareddy Pramod K. , Bartkowicz Matthew D. , Candler Graham V. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe study the transition of a Mach 6 laminar boundary layer due to an isolated cylindrical roughness element using large-scale direct numerical simulations (DNS). Three flow conditions, corresponding to experiments conducted at the Purdue Mach 6 quiet wind tunnel are simulated. Solutions are obtained using a high-order, low-dissipation scheme for the convection terms in the Navier–Stokes equations. The lowest Reynolds number ($Re$) case is steady, whereas the two higher $Re$ cases break down to a quasi-turbulent state. Statistics from the highest $Re$ case show the presence of a wedge of fully developed turbulent flow towards the end of the domain. The simulations do not employ forcing of any kind, apart from the roughness element itself, and the results suggest a self-sustaining mechanism that causes the flow to transition at a sufficiently large Reynolds number. Statistics, including spectra, are compared with available experimental data. Visualizations of the flow explore the dominant and dynamically significant flow structures: the upstream shock system, the horseshoe vortices formed in the upstream separated boundary layer and the shear layer that separates from the top and sides of the cylindrical roughness element. Streamwise and spanwise planes of data were used to perform a dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) (Rowley et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 641, 2009, pp. 115–127; Schmid, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 656, 2010, pp. 5–28).
High Rayleigh number convection in a three-dimensional porous medium
Authors: Hewitt Duncan R. , Neufeld Jerome A. , Lister John R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHigh-resolution numerical simulations of statistically steady convection in a three-dimensional porous medium are presented for Rayleigh numbers $Ra \leqslant 2 \times 10^4$. Measurements of the Nusselt number $Nu$ in the range $1750 \leqslant Ra \leqslant 2 \times 10^4$ are well fitted by a relationship of the form $Nu = \alpha _3 Ra + \beta _3$, for $\alpha _3 = 9.6 \times 10^{-3}$ and $\beta _3 = 4.6$. This fit indicates that the classical linear scaling $Nu \sim Ra$ is attained, and that $Nu$ is asymptotically approximately $40\, \%$ larger than in two dimensions. The dynamical flow structure in the range $1750 \leqslant Ra \leqslant 2\times 10^4$ is analysed, and the interior of the flow is found to be increasingly well described as $Ra \to \infty $ by a heat-exchanger model, which describes steady interleaving columnar flow with horizontal wavenumber $k$ and a linear background temperature field. Measurements of the interior wavenumber are approximately fitted by $k\sim Ra^{0.52 \pm 0.05}$, which is distinguishably stronger than the two-dimensional scaling of $k\sim Ra^{0.4}$.
A perceptually grounded model of the singular–plural distinction
Authors: WALLES HAYDEN , ROBINS ANTHONY , KNOTT ALISTAIR 
Published: May 2014

abstractEmbodied theories of language posit that the human brain’s adaptations for language exploit pre-existing perceptual and motor mechanisms for interacting with the world. In this paper we propose an embodied account of the linguistic distinction between singular and plural, encoded in the system of grammatical number in many of the world’s languages. We introduce a neural network model of visual object classification and spatial attention, informed by a collection of findings in psychology and neuroscience. The classification component of the model computes the type associated with a visual stimulus without identifying the number of objects present. The distinction between singular and plural is made by a separate mechanism in the attentional system, which directs the classifier towards the local or global features of the stimulus. The classifier can directly deliver the semantics of uninflected concrete noun stems, while the attentional mechanism can directly deliver the semantics of singular and plural number features.