bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labour Studies and Labour History in South Africa: Perspectives from the Apartheid Era and After
Authors: Freund Bill 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article attempts to introduce readers to the impressive and influential historical and contemporary literature on South African labour. A literature with some earlier antecedents effectively applied classic sociological and historical themes to the specific conditions of South African political and economic development. Research on the phase of politicized and militant white worker action ties up with research into the international pre-World War I labour movement. The strength of this literature reflected the insurgent labour movement linked to political struggle against apartheid before 1990. After this review, the second half of the paper tries to consider and contextualize the challenging post-apartheid labour situation together with its political aspects. With the successful conclusion of the anti-apartheid struggle, students of the labour movement, as well as of South African society, have become more aware of the distance between establishing a liberal democracy and actually changing society itself in a direction leading towards less inequality and an improved life for those at the bottom of society, or even the broad mass of the population. As recent literature reveals, the development of post-apartheid South Africa has been a differential and problematic experience for labour.
Varix of the retromandibular vein within the parotid gland: case study
Authors: Wali G N , Mawby T A R , Sheerin F , Milford C A 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjective:To report a case of varix of the retromandibular vein within the parotid gland.Methods:Case report, and discussion of the appropriate selection and use of radiological investigation techniques.Results:A 64-year-old lady who presented with unilateral tinnitus underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan to exclude a vestibular schwannoma. The magnetic resonance scout images revealed an incidental finding of a hyper-echoic mass within the parotid gland. The mass was most consistent with a pleomorphic adenoma. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology was arranged; the ultrasound identified the mass as a varix of the retromandibular vein and fine needle aspiration cytology was not performed.Conclusion:A varix of the retromandibular vein is a very rare cause of a parotid mass. Appropriate radiological investigations can prevent unnecessary invasive investigations or procedures.
Sex andEimeria: a molecular perspective
Authors: WALKER ROBERT A. , FERGUSON DAVID J. P. , MILLER CATHERINE M. D. , SMITH NICHOLAS C. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYEimeriais a common genus of apicomplexan parasites that infect diverse vertebrates, most notably poultry, causing serious disease and economic loss. Like all apicomplexans, eimerians have a complex life cycle characterized by asexual divisions that amplify the parasite population in preparation for sexual reproduction. This can be divided into three events: gametocytogenesis, producing gametocytes from merozoites; gametogenesis, producing microgametes and macrogametes from gametocytes; and fertilization of macrogametes by microgametes, producing diploid zygotes with ensuing meiosis completing the sexual phase. Sexual development inEimeriadepends on the differential expression of stage-specific genes, rather than presence or absence of sex chromosomes. Thus, it involves the generation of specific structures and, implicitly, storage of proteins and regulation of protein expression in macrogametes, in preparation for fertilization. InEimeria, the formation of a unique, resilient structure, the oocyst wall, is essential for completion of the sexual phase and parasite transmission. In this review, we piece together the molecular events that underpin sexual reproduction inEimeriaand use additional details from analogous events inPlasmodiumto fill current knowledge gaps. The mechanisms governing sexual stage formation and subsequent fertilization may represent targets for counteracting parasite transmission.
Eigenvalue estimates for submanifolds of warped product spaces
Authors: BESSA G. P. , GARCÍA–MARTÍNEZ S. C. , MARI L. , RAMIREZ–OSPINA H. F. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we give lower bounds for the fundamental tone of open sets in minimal submanifolds immersed into warped product spaces of type Nn ×f Qq, where f ∈ C∞(N). This setting allows us to deal, among other things, with minimal submanifolds bounded by cylinders, cones, spheres and pseudo-hyperbolic spaces where most of these examples are not covered in the literature. Applications also include the study of the essential spectrum of hyperbolic graphs over compact regions of the boundary at infinity.
Follow-up ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection in children over two decades (1988–2007): persistence, relapse and acquisition rates
Authors: VANDERPAS J. , BONTEMS P. , MIENDJE DEYI V. Y. , CADRANEL S. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYHelicobacter pyloriculture on gastric biopsy was performed on 4964 subjects aged <18 years from 1988 to 2007 at a central laboratory in Brussels. The total number of biopsies increased markedly from 941 in 1988–1993 to 1608 in 2004–2007. Biopsies were repeated at least once for 922 subjects (603 initially negative and 319 initially positive forH. pylori). Persistence rate ofH. pyloriat 1 year after initial positive biopsy was greater in the 1998–2007 cohort than in the 1988–1997 cohort (72·7%vs.45·8%,P = 0·002), suggesting a tailored selection of candidates for biopsy with non-invasive tests (13C urea breath test). Of 68 subjects initially positive and re-examined subsequently after a documented cure, re-infection/relapse rate was 48·6% within 5 years post-elimination ofH. pylori. Acquisition rate over 10 years follow-up in the initially negative cohort (603 patients) was 38·7% (re-infection/relapsevs. acquisition:P < 0·001). Multivariate analysis showed a fourfold greater risk ofH. pyloriacquisition in children of non-European originvs. European origin (P < 0·001). Clarithromycin and metronidazole susceptibility were determined in 226 and 223 paired positive cultures in cases of re-infection/relapse or persistence. An initial non-susceptibility profile was highly predictive of a subsequent non-susceptibility profile, and the non-susceptible proportion increased markedly from 13·3% to 21·2% for clarithromycin (P < 0·001) and from 27·3% to 35·0% for metronidazole (P = 0·014), with no difference regarding European or non-European origin.
Is the MMR vaccination programme failing to protect women against rubella infection?
Authors: SKIDMORE S. , BOXALL E. , LORD S. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn recent years the number of pregnant women susceptible to rubella has increased markedly. In the West Midlands the proportion has risen from 1·4% in 2004 to 6·9% in 2011. Locally, the proportion of non-immune women ranges from 1·6% in those born prior to 1976 to 17·8% in those born since 1986. The latter group comprises those given MMR in their second year with no further booster doses. The number of non-immune women will continue to rise as a consequence of low MMR uptake in the late 1990s. Repeat testing of samples with values <10 IU/ml and the need to vaccinate women postnatally have increased the workload of laboratory and maternity units. Screening for rubella in pregnancy has no advantages for the current pregnancy and it may be time to review the universal MMR vaccination programme which in turn would remove the need for continuing this practice.
Online reading strategies at work: What teachers think and what students do
Authors: Huang Hsin-Chou 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study designed and developed a web-based reading strategy training program and investigated students’ use of its features and EFL teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the program. The recent proliferation of online reading materials has made information easily available to L2 readers; however, L2 readers’ ability to deal with them requires the development of specific reading strategies. The researcher therefore constructed a web-based strategy training program on the basis of L2 reading strategy research and pedagogy. The program offers four types of reading strategy functions (Global, Problem-solving, Support, and Socio-affective) through 15 strategy buttons: Keyword, Preview, Prediction, Outline, Summary, Semantic Mapping, Pronunciation, Speed Reading, Dictionary, Translation, Grammar, Highlight, Notebook, Music Box, and My Questions. Forty college teachers and thirty-two EFL students in Taiwan were invited to use and evaluate this program. The researcher tracked students’ use of the functions, and teachers and students completed a survey and written reflections that documented their perceptions of the program. Both groups gave positive feedback on the program's user-friendly interface design and the effectiveness of its strategy function keys for enhancing reading comprehension and motivating learning. They also thought highly of the site's extensive offerings of reading opportunities supported by effective reading aids and a computerized classroom management system, features not available in large traditional classes. There was, however, a gap between what teachers thought and what students did. The teachers thought highly of Global strategies, whereas students regarded Support strategies as more useful. The low-proficiency group's heavy use of Support strategies explained this gap. The high-proficiency group's more frequent use of Global strategies echoed teachers’ preference for teaching Global strategies. This connection suggests that teachers should provide more explicit training to encourage all students to use Global strategies for overall textual understanding.
Seed dormancy and storage behaviour in tropical Fabaceae: a study of 100 species from Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasuriya K.M.G. Gehan , Wijetunga Asanga S.T.B. , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSeeds of legumes are generally considered to have physical dormancy and to be orthodox, but most seed biologists are unaware of the various kinds and combinations of dormancy and storage behaviour in seeds of this family. The aim of our study was to document the dormancy and storage behaviour of seeds of 100 native and introduced tropical Fabaceae species in Sri Lanka and classify them into germination/storage behaviour categories. Moisture content (MC) was < 16% for fresh seeds of 94 species and >29% for those of six. Seeds of these six species had low tolerance for desiccation and for low temperatures. Thus, seeds of six species are non-orthodox and 94 species orthodox. Nine of the 100 species were non-dormant, and 2, 3 and 86 had physiological, physiological epicotyl and physical dormancy, respectively. Six germination/storage behaviour categories were identified among the 100 species. However, as in extratropical regions of the world, orthodox storage behaviour and physical dormancy are characteristic of seeds of the majority of species of Fabaceae in tropical Sri Lanka.
Civilian Exposure to Toxic Agents: Emergency Medical Response
Authors: Baker David 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCivilian populations are at risk from exposure to toxic materials as a result of accidental or deliberate exposure. In addition to industrial hazards, toxic agents designed for use in warfare now are a potential hazard in everyday life through terrorist action. Civil emergency medical responders should be able to adapt their plans for dealing with casualties from hazardous materials (HazMat) to deal with the new threat.Chemical and biological warfare (CBW) and HazMat agents can be viewed as a continuous spectrum. Each of these hazards is characterized by qualities of toxicity, latency of action, persistency, and transmissibility. The incident and medical responses to release of any agent is determined by these characteristics.Chemical and biological wardare agents usually are classified as weapons of mass destruction, but strictly, they are agents of mass injury. The relationship between mass injury and major loss of life depends very much on the protection, organization, and emergency care provided.Detection of a civil toxic agent release where signs and symptoms in casualties may be the first indicator of exposure is different from the military situation where intelligence information and tuned detection systems generally will be available.It is important that emergency medical care should be given in the context of a specific action plan. Within an organized and protected perimeter, triage and decontamination (if the agent is persistent) can proceed while emergency medical care is provided at the same time.The provision of advanced life support (TOXALS) in this zone by protected and trained medical responders now is technically feasible using specially designed ventilation equipment. Leaving life support until after decontamination may have fatal consequences. Casualties from terrorist attacks also may suffer physical as well as toxic trauma and the medical response also should be capable of dealing with mixed injuries.
Increased exposure to community-based education and ‘below the line’ social marketing results in increased fruit and vegetable consumption
Authors: Glasson Colleen , Chapman Kathy , Wilson Tamara , Gander Kristi , Hughes Clare , Hudson Nayerra , James Erica 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if localised programmes that are successful in engaging the community can add value to larger fruit and vegetable mass-media campaigns by evaluating the results of the Eat It To Beat It programme.DesignThe Eat It To Beat It programme is a multi-strategy intervention that uses community-based education and ‘below the line’ social marketing to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in parents. This programme was evaluated by a controlled before-and-after study with repeat cross-sectional data collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews with 1403 parents before the intervention (2008) and 1401 following intervention delivery (2011).SettingThe intervention area was the Hunter region and the control area was the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.SubjectsParents of primary school-aged children (Kindergarten to Year 6).ResultsThe programme achieved improvements in knowledge of recommended intakes for fruit and vegetables and some positive changes in knowledge of serving size for vegetables. Exposure to the programme resulted in a net increase of 0·5 servings of fruit and vegetables daily for those who recalled the programme compared with those who did not (P= 0·004). Increased intake of fruit and vegetables was significantly associated with increasing exposure to programme strategies.ConclusionsThe Eat It To Beat It programme demonstrates that an increase in consumption of fruit and vegetables can be achieved by programmes that build on the successes of larger mass-media and social-marketing campaigns. This suggests that funding for localised, community-based programmes should be increased.
Dietary changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period in Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Indian women: the GUSTO birth cohort study
Authors: Chen Ling-Wei , Low Yen Ling , Fok Doris , Han Wee Meng , Chong Yap Seng , Gluckman Peter , Godfrey Keith , Kwek Kenneth , Saw Seang-Mei , Soh Shu E , Tan Kok Hian , Chong Mary Foong Fong , van Dam Rob M 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo examine changes in food consumption during pregnancy and the postpartum period in women of major Asian ethnic groups.DesignUsing interviewer-administered questionnaires, we assessed changes in food consumption during pregnancy (26–28 weeks’ gestation) and the postpartum period (3 weeks after delivery) as compared with the usual pre-pregnancy diet.SettingSingapore.SubjectsPregnant women (n 1027) of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity (mean age 30·4 (sd 5·2) years) who participated in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study.ResultsDuring pregnancy, participants tended to increase their consumption of milk, fruit and vegetables and decrease their consumption of tea, coffee, soft drinks and seafood (all P < 0·001). Most participants reported adherence to traditional restrictions (‘confinement’) during the early postpartum period (Chinese: 94·8 %, Malay: 91·6 %, Indian: 79·6 %). During the postpartum period, participants tended to increase their consumption of fish and milk-based drinks and decrease their consumption of noodles, seafood, and chocolates and sweets (all P < 0·001). Ethnic differences in food consumption were pronounced during the postpartum period. For example, most Chinese participants (87·2 %) increased their ginger consumption during the postpartum period as compared with smaller percentages of Malays (31·8 %) and Indians (40·8 %; P for ethnic difference <0·001). Similar ethnic differences were observed for cooking wine/alcohol, herbs and spices, and herbal tea consumption.ConclusionsMarked changes in food consumption that reflect both modern dietary recommendations and the persistence of traditional beliefs were observed in Singaporean women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Traditional beliefs should be considered in interventions to improve dietary intakes during these periods.
Inadequacy of vitamins and minerals among high-school pupils in Ouarzazate, Morocco
Authors: Anzid Karim , Baali Abdellatif , Vimard Patrice , Levy-Desroches Susan , Cherkaoui Mohamed , López Pilar Montero 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo assess micronutrient intakes and the prevalence of inadequacy in a sample of high-school pupils in Ouarzazate, Morocco.DesignFood records were compiled over three non-consecutive days by pre-trained pupils. Micronutrient intakes were estimated using the DIAL software, adapted to include foods commonly eaten in Morocco. The prevalence of inadequacy was estimated by the proportion of individuals with intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamins B12, A and K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, ascorbic acid, iodine, Ca, Mg and P; below the Adequate Intake (AI) level for pantothenic acid, biotin, Na and K; and using the probability approach for Fe. Data were adjusted for intra-individual variation with exclusion of under-reporters.SettingOuarzazate, a semi-urban region situated on the southern slopes of the High Atlas with little industrial development but an important tourism sector.SubjectsA self-selected sample of 312 pupils aged 15–19 years from the five public high schools. After exclusion of under-reporters, 293 remained for analysis.ResultsThe highest proportions of below-EAR/AI intakes were seen for pantothenic acid (girls 85·1 %, boys 78·0 %), biotin (boys 83·1 %, girls 79·4 %), thiamin (boys 66·9 %), folate (girls 93·1 %, boys 74·6 %), iodine (boys 94·9 %, girls 88·0 %) and Ca (girls 83·4 %, boys 74·6 %). Na intake was generally in excess whereas K intake was below the AI level. In general, girls had better-quality diets than boys, who appeared to consume more ‘empty calories’.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in this population of Moroccan adolescents, nutritional intervention and educational strategies are needed to promote healthy eating habits and correct micronutrient inadequacies. To provide reliable and precise estimates of nutrient intakes, an update of Moroccan food composition databases is urgently needed. We recommend that national authorities address these issues.
Iridovirus-Like Viruses in Erythrocytes of Lacertids from Portugal
Authors: de Matos António P. Alves , Caeiro M. Filomena , Vale Filipa F. , Crespo Eduardo , Paperna Ilan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIcosahedral nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV)-like viruses, which form inclusions in the erythrocyte cytoplasm of reptiles, were previously presented as candidates for a new genus of theIridoviridaefamily. The present work describes the distribution of infected lizard hosts and ultrastructural characteristics of the viral inclusions of NCLDV-like viruses from Portugal and adjacent locations in Spain. Giemsa-stained blood smears of 235Lacerta schreiberifrom Portugal and Spain, 571Lacerta monticolafrom the mountain Serra da Estrela (Portugal), 794Podarcis hispanicafrom several localities in Portugal and Spain, and 25Lacerta dugesiifrom Madeira Island, were studied. Infection inL. schreiberiwas only found in mountain populations, up to 30% in Serra da Estrela and 9–11% elsewhere. It was absent in lizards from lowlands. Prevalence of infection amongL. monticolain Serra da Estrela was 10%; infected lizards were found during March to July and October but not in August and September. Infection inP. hispanicawas below 3.3%. Only one infected specimen ofL. dugesiiwas identified by light microscopy. Ultrastructural examination of infected samples revealed that the inclusions are virus assembly sites of icosahedral cytoplasmic iridovirus-like virions. Virions from different host species have different ultrastructural features and probably represent different related viruses.
The implementation of a PDR 3D-guided gynaecological brachytherapy service in a UK centre
Authors: Wood D. , Lane L. , Gillespie W. , Baker S. , Rowbottom C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundDue to the discontinuation of the widely used low-dose rate (LDR) Caesium afterloader units, many centres in the past 10 years have moved from LDR Selectron treatments to Iridium 192 afterloaders. While the majority of UK centres have opted for high-dose rate (HDR) units, the Christie have invested in two pulsed dose rate (PDR) afterloaders alongside a move to full 3D-planned gynaecological brachytherapy.PurposeTo share the experience and learning curve involved in the implementation of a 3D-guided PDR brachytherapy service.MethodsThe specific logistical and practical challenges of implementing a PDR service are discussed alongside the more general challenges of implementing 3D-guided magnetic resonance (MR) based brachytherapy. A multidisciplinary approach was undertaken to streamline the patient pathway and give all disciplines a forum to discuss service improvements and resolve problems.ConclusionsThe lessons learned throughout this experience can inform the decisions of departments that may wish to implement a PDR service or indeed a 3D image-guided HDR brachytherapy service in the future. The focus on the utilisation of lean principles to the patient pathway, improved multidisciplinary working and enhancing service efficiency is of interest to all centres.
The impact of different distributions of power on access rights to the common wastelands: the Campine, Brecklands and Geest compared
Authors: DE KEYZER MAÏKA 
Published: August 2013

Abstract:Despite the static image of formal common pool resource institutions (CPRIs), interest communities always attempted to adapt their institutional framework to their particular needs and interests. The hypothesis of Ensminger, that formal and informal institutional environments were steered by the interplay of external socioeconomic factors, ideology and bargaining power, will be tested by a comparative analysis of three regions within the North Sea area, namely the Campine, within the Low Countries, the Brecklands in England and the Geest area in Schleswig Holstein. Due to this scope, we will advance that especially the distribution of power was vital for the evolution of one specific aspect of CPRIs, namely accessibility. Only communities with relatively balanced distributions of power could retain an inclusive access regime throughout the early modern period, while polarised societies evolved towards more restrictive access to the common wastelands.