bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law and Litigation for the Conservation of Forest Communities
Authors: Schuijers Laura , Godden Lee 
Published: August 2024

Australia’s natural environment is in decline and under increasing threat. The extent and severity of biodiversity loss is highlighted by the second independent, 10-yearly review of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (‘EPBC Act’). The Review points to climate change as a critical compounding danger — one to which Australia and its unique flora and fauna are highly vulnerable. In this article, we discuss the role of law in protecting and extending the public interest in nature conservation, with special focus on the forest context. The term ‘public interest,’ while complex in meaning, typically refers to public or community values, as opposed to private interests such as those of property rights holders. We consider the recent judgments in Friends of Leadbeater’s Possum Inc v VicForests (No 4) [2020] FCA 704 (‘Leadbeater’s Possum’) and Bob Brown Foundation Inc v Commonwealth of Australia [2021] FCAFC 5 (‘Great Forest’) with respect to the ongoing function of the Regional Forest Agreements (‘RFAs’) in exempting the operation of the EPBC Act. In light of the Review’s comment that Australia’s federal environmental law is not fit for purpose, as well as the gaps and limitations in the law revealed by the two court cases, we conclude that legal reform is needed. Without legal reform, there can be no guarantee that cumulative threats to forest biodiversity will be adequately managed because although the relevant legislation appears to embody principles of ecologically sustainable development on its face, it also prevents key decision-makers and operators from being held to account. The inescapable dependency of humans on nature means the insufficiency of environmental laws fundamentally concern us all.
JAK inhibition decreases the autoimmune burden in Down syndrome
Authors: Rachubinski Angela L , Wallace Elizabeth , Gurnee Emily , Enriquez-Estrada Belinda A , Worek Kayleigh R , Smith Keith P , Araya Paula , Waugh Katherine A , Granrath Ross E , Britton Eleanor , Lyford Hannah R , Donovan Micah G , Eduthan Neetha Paul , Hill Amanda A , Martin Barry , Sullivan Kelly D , Patel Lina , Fidler Deborah J , Galbraith Matthew D , Dunnick Cory A , Norris David A , Espinosa Joaquín M 
Published: August 2024

Background:Individuals with Down syndrome (DS), the genetic condition caused by trisomy 21 (T21), display clear signs of immune dysregulation, including high rates of autoimmunity and severe complications from infections. Although it is well established that T21 causes increased interferon responses and JAK/STAT signaling, elevated autoantibodies, global immune remodeling, and hypercytokinemia, the interplay between these processes, the clinical manifestations of DS, and potential therapeutic interventions remain ill defined.Methods:We report a comprehensive analysis of immune dysregulation at the clinical, cellular, and molecular level in hundreds of individuals with DS, including autoantibody profiling, cytokine analysis, and deep immune mapping. We also report the interim analysis of a Phase II clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib through multiple clinical and molecular endpoints.Results:We demonstrate multi-organ autoimmunity of pediatric onset concurrent with unexpected autoantibody-phenotype associations in DS. Importantly, constitutive immune remodeling and hypercytokinemia occur from an early age prior to autoimmune diagnoses or autoantibody production. Analysis of the first 10 participants to complete 16 weeks of tofacitinib treatment shows a good safety profile and no serious adverse events. Treatment reduced skin pathology in alopecia areata, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, while decreasing interferon scores, cytokine scores, and levels of pathogenic autoantibodies without overt immune suppression.Conclusions:JAK inhibition is a valid strategy to treat autoimmune conditions in DS. Additional research is needed to define the effects of JAK inhibition on the broader developmental and clinical hallmarks of DS.Funding:NIAMS, Global Down Syndrome Foundation.Clinical trial number:NCT04246372.
The clinical value of KL-6 for predicting the occurrence and severity of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease is not affected by CTD type or treatment
Authors: Xing Huifang , Liang Hongping 
Published: August 2024

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore the potential values of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune inflammation (SII), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD).

Methods
A total of 140 connective tissue disease (CTD) patients and 85 CTD-ILD patients were recruited for this study at Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital from May 2022 to May 2023. Patients were divided into subgroups based on medication history and CTD subtypes to compare and analyze the clinical data and laboratory parameters of CTD-ILD patients and CTD patients. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of KL-6, NLR, SII, PLR, MLR, and RDW in identifying CTD-ILD patients from CTD patients. A Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to elucidate the correlations between these markers and the lung function parameters of forced vital capacity (FVC, %), forced expired volume in one second (FEV1, %), and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO, %). Finally, binary logistic regression analysis was applied to discern the independent risk factors for CTD-ILD.

Results
NLR, SII, MLR, RDW, and KL-6 displayed significant statistical differences in the experimental groups. In both untreated and treated subgroups, KL-6 displayed higher values for CTD-ILD than CTD among all CTD subtypes. In untreated subgroups, there were significant differences in MLR levels between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and RA-ILD patients and in NLR levels between Sjögren syndrome (SjS) and SjS-ILD patients. There were also significant differences in RDW-SD between the “other CTD” and “other CTD-ILD” groups. In treated subgroups, there were significant differences in both RDW-SD and RDW-CV between RA and RA-ILD patients and in NLR, SII, MLR, PLR, and RDW-SD between “other CTD” and “other CTD-ILD” groups. ROC revealed that KL-6 emerged as the most effective predictor for CTD-ILD in both treated and untreated groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that both KL-6 and age were independent risk factors for CTD-ILD. NLR, SII, and PLR were negatively correlated with DLCO (%) in the untreated CTD-ILD group, and KL-6 was negatively correlated with various lung function parameters in both treated and untreated CTD-ILD groups.

Conclusion
KL-6 emerged as the most promising biomarker for diagnosing CTD-ILD and assessing its severity. The diagnostic value of KL-6 was unaffected by medication interference and surpassed the value of other parameters, such as NLR, SII, MLR, and RDW. The diagnostic value of RDW-SD was higher than that of RDW-CV in CTD-ILD patients. NLR, SII, MLR, and PLR have potential value in diagnosing the different types of CTD-ILD.
Testing intra-species variation in allocation to growth and defense in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)
Authors: Rungwattana Kanin , Kasemsap Poonpipope , Phumichai Thitaporn , Rattanawong Ratchanee , Hietz Peter 
Published: August 2024

Background
Plants allocate resources to growth, defense, and stress resistance, and resource availability can affect the balance between these allocations. Allocation patterns are well-known to differ among species, but what controls possible intra-specific trade-offs and if variation in growth vs. defense potentially evolves in adaptation to resource availability.

Methods
We measured growth and defense in a provenance trial of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) with clones originating from the Amazon basin. To test hypotheses on the allocation to growth vs. defense, we relate biomass growth and latex production to wood and leaf traits, to climate and soil variables from the location of origin, and to the genetic relatedness of the Hevea clones.

Results
Contrary to expectations, there was no trade-off between growth and defense, but latex yield and biomass growth were positively correlated, and both increased with tree size. The absence of a trade-off may be attributed to the high resource availability in a plantation, allowing trees to allocate resources to both growth and defense. Growth was weakly correlated with leaf traits, such as leaf mass per area, intrinsic water use efficiency, and leaf nitrogen content, but the relative investment in growth vs. defense was not associated with specific traits or environmental variables. Wood and leaf traits showed clinal correlations to the rainfall and soil variables of the places of origin. These traits exhibited strong phylogenetic signals, highlighting the role of genetic factors in trait variation and adaptation. The study provides insights into the interplay between resource allocation, environmental adaptations, and genetic factors in trees. However, the underlying drivers for the high variation of latex production in one of the commercially most important tree species remains unexplained.
The Impact of Earnings Management, Tax Avoidance, and Leverage on Firm Financial Performance: The Moderating Role of Good Corporate Governance
Authors: Surjandari Dwi Asih , Minanari Minanari , Wati Lela Nurlaela 
Published: August 2024

Aims: To test and analyses the effect of Earning Management, Tax Avoidance and Leverage on Financial Performance: The moderating role of by Good Corporate Governance. This research involves finance and accounting science.
Study Design: The type of this research is an explanatory quantitative causality that relies on secondary data collection from the Indonesian Stock Exchange.
Place and Duration of Study: Manufacturing Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2019.
Methodology: The research uses purposive sampling method and found 52 companies that meet the required criteria during the observation period, 260 observed data. The data analysis using multiple regression models assisted by E-Views version 12.0 program.
Results: It shows that Earning Management, Tax Avoidance and Leverage have no significant effect on Firm’s Financial Performance, while GCG only moderates the effect of Leverage on Firm’s Financial Performance, and not for Earning Management and Tax Avoidance.
The implication of the research is that companies suggested to consider Good Corporate Governance moderating role on the impact of Leverage to Financial Performance and future research recommended to re-examine the effect of Earning Management, Tax Avoidance and Leverage to Financial Performance and the role of GCG in moderating the effect of Earning Management and Tax Avoidance on Financial Performance.
Influence of Soil Sulfur Content and Other Edaphic Factors on Sulfur Levels in Calophyllum inophyllum L. Biodiesel
Authors: Kousalya V. , Prasanna K. T. 
Published: August 2024

Aims: This study investigates the sulfur content in biodiesel produced from Calophyllum inophyllum L. seeds collected from various regions in Southern Karnataka.
Place and Duration of Study: The study area selected was Southern Karnataka region viz., Bengaluru (Plateau), Hassan (Plain) and Udupi (Coast).
Methodology: Calophylum kernels collected at four different places in each district were subjected to the oil extraction process and an acid-base catalyzed transesterification process produced biodiesel due to the high acid value in oil. NaOH was used as a catalyst, and methanol served as the analytical solvent for transesterification reaction. During the process, a 1: 6 oil to methanol ratio was used at 60ºC reaction temperature. The sulfur content in soil, oil and biodiesel was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) through the CaCl2 extractant method(turbidimetry).
Results: The study revealed better biodiesel quality was observed in the Udupi region, followed by Bengaluru and Hassan, as Udupi (coast) is native to this species and rainfall determines the growth performance. Also, biodiesel produced in these three regions met ASTM D6751 and BIS (ISO 15607) standards. The sulphur content in CIME was 7 ppm, 46 ppm and 46 ppm in Bengaluru, Hassan, and Udupi regions, respectively. The soil samples reveal that the total sulfur in the study area ranged from 10.31 ppm to 53.47 ppm. The samples collected from the Udupi region have shown higher sulfur content (42.49 to 53.47 ppm). The higher concentration of sulfur in biodiesel is due to the influence of edaphic factors.
Conclusion: Calophyllum is found to be a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production by developing methods for purifying the elements that hinder its quality. The study highlights regional differences in sulfur content, which could impact biodiesel quality standards. These predictions, however, need further work to validate reliability.
Source and progression of a submarine landslide and tsunami: The 1964 Great Alaska earthquake at Valdez
Authors: Parsons Tom , Geist Eric L. , Ryan Holly F. , Lee Homa J. , Haeussler Peter J. , Lynett Patrick , Hart Patrick E. , Sliter Ray , Roland Emily 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLike many subduction zone earthquakes, the deadliest aspects of the 1964 M = 9.2 Alaska earthquake were the tsunamis it caused. The worst of these were generated by local submarine landslides induced by the earthquake. These caused high runups, engulfing several coastal towns in Prince William Sound. In this paper, we study one of these cases in detail, the Port Valdez submarine landslide and tsunami. We combine eyewitness reports, preserved film, and careful posttsunami surveys with new geophysical data to inform numerical models for landslide tsunami generation. We review the series of events as recorded at Valdez old town and then determine the corresponding subsurface events that led to the tsunami. We build digital elevation models of part of the pretsunami and posttsunami fjord‐head delta. Comparing them reveals a ~1500 m long region that receded 150 m to the east, which we interpret as the primary delta landslide source. Multibeam imagery and high‐resolution seismic reflection data identify a ~400 m wide chute with hummocky deposits at its terminus, which may define the primary slide path. Using these elements we run hydrodynamic models of the landslide‐driven tsunamis that match observations of current direction, maximum inundation, and wave height at Valdez old town. We speculate that failure conditions at the delta front may have been influenced by manmade changes in drainage patterns as well as the fast retreat of Valdez and other glaciers during the past century.
One‐Pot Double Benzylation of 2‐Substituted Pyridines using Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of sp2 and sp3 Carbons
Authors: Wang Yaping , Li Xinjian , Leng Faqiang , Zhu Helong , Li Jingya , Zou Dapeng , Wu Yangjie , Wu Yusheng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn efficient and practical decarboxylative double benzylation method for various 2‐picolinic acids has been established by using a bimetallic catalytic system of palladium(II) chloride (PdCl2) and silver(I) oxide (Ag2O), which offered a variety of diarylmethane derivatives with moderate to good yields.magnified image
Efficient and Selective Synthesis of E‐Vinylamines via Tungsten(0)‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Kocięcka Paulina , Czeluśniak Izabela , Szymańska‐Buzar Teresa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe hydroamination of terminal alkynes (RCCH=phenylacetylene, 4‐methylphenylacetylene, 4‐fluorophenylacetylene, 1‐hexyne, methyl 2‐propynyl ether, prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol) with secondary amines (piperidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperazine, methylpiperazine, 4‐methylpiperidine and 3‐methylpiperidine) was achieved in high yield (up to 99%), regioselectivity (only anti‐Markovnikov product) and stereoselectivity (only E‐isomers) within a maximum of 5 h in reactions catalyzed by the tungsten tetracarbonyl complex cis‐[W(CO)4(piperidine)2] at 90 °C without any additional solvent.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Aryl Ynamides: An Unusual trans‐Hydroalkynylation Reaction
Authors: Liu Ge , Kong Wei , Che Jianwei , Zhu Gangguo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed trans‐hydroalkynylation of N‐sulfonyl ynamides has been achieved for the first time, providing α‐alkynylation adducts in high yields with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The resulting enyne products can serve as the useful precursors for the elaboration of naphthalene derivatives via a platinum‐catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction.magnified image
Rationally Designed Multifunctional Supramolecular Iminium Catalysis: Direct Vinylogous Michael Addition of Unmodified Linear Dienol Substrates
Authors: Gu Yun , Wang Yao , Yu Tian‐Yang , Liang Yong‐Min , Xu Peng‐Fei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe development of a direct vinylogous Michael addition of linear nucleophilic substrates is a long‐standing challenge because of the poor reactivity and the considerable difficulty in controlling regioselectivity. By employing a rationally designed multifunctional supramolecular iminium catalysis strategy, the first direct vinylogous Michael addition of unmodified linear substrates to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, to afford chiral 1,7‐dioxo compounds with good yields and excellent regio‐ as well as enantioselectivity, has been developed.
A cis‐Divacant Octahedral and Mononuclear Iron(IV) Imide
Authors: Searles Keith , Fortier Skye , Khusniyarov Marat M. , Carroll Patrick J. , Sutter Jörg , Meyer Karsten , Mindiola Daniel J. , Caulton Kenneth G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA rare, low‐spin FeIV imide complex [(pyrr2py)FeNAd] (pyrr2py2−=bis(pyrrolyl)pyridine; Ad=1‐adamantyl) confined to a cis‐divacant octahedral geometry, was prepared by reduction of N3Ad by the FeII precursor [(pyrr2py)Fe(OEt2)]. The imide complex is low‐spin with temperature‐independent paramagnetism. In comparison to an authentic FeIII complex, such as [(pyrr2py)FeCl], the pyrr2py2− ligand is virtually redox innocent.
Orbital‐Like Motion of Hydride Ligands around Low‐Coordinate Metal Centers
Authors: Ortuño Manuel A. , Vidossich Pietro , Conejero Salvador , Lledós Agustí 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHydrogen atoms in the coordination sphere of a transition metal are highly mobile ligands. Here, a new type of dynamic process involving hydrides has been characterized by computational means. This dynamic event consists of an orbital‐like motion of hydride ligands around low‐coordinate metal centers containing N‐heterocyclic carbenes. The hydride movement around the carbene–metal–carbene axis is the lowest energy mode connecting energy equivalent isomers. This understanding provides crucial information for the interpretation of NMR spectra.
Efficient Coupling of Solar Energy to Catalytic Hydrogenation by Using Well‐Designed Palladium Nanostructures
Authors: Long Ran , Rao Zhoulv , Mao Keke , Li Yu , Zhang Chao , Liu Qiliang , Wang Chengming , Li Zhi‐Yuan , Wu Xiaojun , Xiong Yujie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA Ru3+‐mediated synthesis for the unique Pd concave nanostructures, which can directly harvest UV‐to‐visible light for styrene hydrogenation, is described. The catalytic efficiency under 100 mW cm−2 full‐spectrum irradiation at room temperature turns out to be comparable to that of thermally (70 °C) driven reactions. The yields obtained with other Pd nanocrystals, such as nanocubes and octahedrons, are lower. The nanostructures reported here have sufficient plasmonic cross‐sections for light harvesting in a broad spectral range owing to the reduced shape symmetry, which increases the solution temperature for the reaction by the photothermal effect. They possess a large quantity of atoms at corners and edges where local heat is more efficiently generated, thus providing active sites for the reaction. Taken together, these factors drastically enhance the hydrogenation reaction by light illumination.
Eine Dehydratase‐Domäne in der Ambruticin‐Biosynthese zeigt zusätzliche Aktivität als Pyran‐bildende Cyclase
Authors: Berkhan Gesche , Hahn Frank 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHydropyranringe sind ein häufig anzutreffendes Strukturmotiv in Polyketiden. Es gibt nur wenige Informationen über ihre biosynthetische Bildung, besonders was die Charakterisierung der verantwortlichen Enzyme angeht. Hier präsentieren wir unsere Befunde zur Dehydratase‐Domäne AmbDH3 aus dem Ambruticin‐Biosyntheseweg, für die wir durch In‐vitro‐Testung der rekombinanten Domäne mit präparativ hergestellten Substratsurrogaten nachweisen konnten, dass sie eine zweite katalytische Aktivität als Oxa‐Michael‐Additionen durchführende Cyclase aufweist. Die Umsetzung von AmbDH3 mit synthetischen Substratanaloga offenbarte eine hohe Stereoselektivität und Substrattoleranz in beiden enzymatischen Teilschritten. Es handelt sich um die erstmalige Charakterisierung einer Pyran‐bildenden Cyclase aus einem cis‐AT‐PKS‐System sowie den ersten Bericht über eine Polyketidsynthase‐Domäne mit dieser Art von dualer katalytischer Aktivität. Weiterhin zeigen wir, dass diese Domäne Potenzial für einen Einsatz in der chemoenzymatischen Synthese hat.
Highly Linear Selective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Addition of Aryl Imines to Styrenes: Reversing Intrinsic Regioselectivity by Ligand Elaboration
Authors: Xu Wengang , Yoshikai Naohiko 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHighly linear selective, imine‐directed hydroarylation of styrene has been achieved with cobalt‐based catalytic systems featuring bis(2,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)(phenyl)phosphine and either 2‐methoxypyridine or DBU as a ligand and a Lewis base additive, respectively, thus affording a variety of 1,2‐diarylethanes (bibenzyls) in good yields under mild reaction conditions. The triarylphosphine controls the regioselectivity, while the Lewis base significantly accelerates the reaction. Ligand screening and deuterium‐labeling studies provide implications about the roles of the ligand and the Lewis base in the crucial CC reductive elimination step.
Harnessing the Oxidation Susceptibility of Deubiquitinases for Inhibition with Small Molecules
Authors: Ohayon Shimrit , Refua Maya , Hendler Adi , Aharoni Amir , Brik Ashraf 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDeubiquitinases (DUBs) counteract ubiquitination by removing or trimming ubiquitin chains to alter the signal. Their diverse role in biological processes and involvement in diseases have recently attracted great interest with regard to their mechanism and inhibition. It has been shown that some DUBs are regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in which the catalytic Cys residue undergoes reversible oxidation, hence modulating DUBs activity under oxidative stress. Reported herein for the first time, the observation that small molecules, which are capable of generating ROS efficiently, inhibit DUBs by selective and nonreversible oxidation of the catalytic Cys residue. Interestingly, the small molecule beta‐lapachone, which is currently in clinical trials for cancer, is among the potent inhibitors, thus suggesting possible new cellular targets for its therapeutic effects. Our study describes a novel mechanism of DUBs inhibition and opens new opportunities in exploiting them for cancer therapy.