bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging therapies for gait disability and balance impairment: Promises and pitfalls
Authors: Maetzler Walter , Nieuwhof Freek , Hasmann Sandra E. , Bloem Bastiaan R. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTherapeutic management of gait and balance impairment during aging and neurodegeneration has long been a neglected topic. This has changed considerably during recent years, for several reasons: (1) an increasing recognition that gait and balance deficits are among the most relevant determinants of an impaired quality of life and increased mortality for affected individuals; (2) the arrival of new technology, which has allowed for new insights into the anatomy and functional (dis)integrity of gait and balance circuits; and (3) based in part on these improved insights, the development of new, more specific treatment strategies in the field of pharmacotherapy, deep brain surgery, and physiotherapy. The initial experience with these emerging treatments is encouraging, although much work remains to be done. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss several promising developments in the field of gait and balance treatment. We also address several pitfalls that can potentially hinder a fast and efficient continuation of this vital progress. Important issues that should be considered in future research include a clear differentiation between gait and balance as two distinctive targets for treatment and recognition of compensatory mechanisms as a separate target for therapeutic intervention. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Characterizing freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: Models of an episodic phenomenon
Authors: Nieuwboer Alice , Giladi Nir 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTFreezing of gait (FOG) is a very disabling and common gait disorder in Parkinson's disease (PD). The first aim of this article was to provide a methodological and critical review of the most common research approach to understand FOG, ie, comparing the behavior of freezers with that of non‐freezers. The review demonstrates that studies often fall short in clearly defining the freezer\non‐freezer groups and in controlling for disease severity and other confounders. These problems complicate data interpretation on FOG. The second aim of this article was to summarize the literature on the potential mechanisms behind the episodic nature of FOG in the following four models: (1) The threshold model assumes that FOG occurs when the accumulation of various motor deficits reinforce each other to a point of motor breakdown; (2) the interference model proposes that FOG represents an inability to deal with concurrent cognitive, limbic, and motor input, causing an interruption of locomotion; (3) the cognitive model views FOG as induced by a failure to process response conflict, leading to behavioral indecision; and (4) the decoupling model sees FOG as a disconnection between preparatory programming and the intended motor response as a result of which automatic movement generation gets stuck. These four theoretical premises are still incomplete and do not fully explain FOG. The depletion of motor and cognitive reserves and an increasingly complex response to levodopa with disease progression will also have an impact on the emergence of FOG episodes. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Performance of a motor task learned on levodopa deteriorates when subsequently practiced off
Authors: Anderson Elise D. , Horak Fay B. , Lasarev Michael R. , Nutt John G. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTStudies in animals and in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrate complex effects of dopamine on learning motor tasks; its effect on retention of motor learning has received little attention. Recent animal studies demonstrate that practicing a task in the off state, when initially learned in the on state, leads to progressive deterioration in performance. We measured the acquisition and retention of 3 different motor tasks in the presence and absence of levodopa. Twenty individuals with Hoehn and Yahr Stage 1.5 to 3 PD practiced the tasks daily for two 4‐day weeks, one half practicing on l‐dopa the first week and off the second week. The other half practiced off l‐dopa both weeks. The tasks were (1) alternate tapping of 2 keys, (2) moving the body toward 2 targets on a posturography device, and (3) mirror drawing of a star. For the tapping and body movement tests, those who practiced on the first week had a progressive decline in performance with practice during week 2, while subjects off during week 1 maintained or improved. In contrast, for the mirror task, subjects on l‐dopa initially had much more difficulty completing the task compared to subjects who practiced off. Both groups improved with practice the first week and had flat performance the second week. These data suggest that performance of speed‐accuracy tasks learned in the on state may progressively worsen if subsequently practiced in the off state. In addition, performance, but not learning, of some tasks may be impeded by l‐dopa. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Mutational analysis of BRAF and KRAS in ovarian serous borderline (atypical proliferative) tumours and associated peritoneal implants
Authors: Ardighieri Laura , Zeppernick Felix , Hannibal Charlotte G , Vang Russell , Cope Leslie , Junge Jette , Kjaer Susanne K , Kurman Robert J , Shih Ie‐Ming 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThere is debate as to whether peritoneal implants associated with serous borderline tumours/atypical proliferative serous tumours (SBT/APSTs) of the ovary are derived from the primary ovarian tumour or arise independently in the peritoneum. We analysed 57 SBT/APSTs from 45 patients with advanced‐stage disease identified from a nation‐wide tumour registry in Denmark. Mutational analysis for hotspots in KRAS and BRAF was successful in 55 APSTs and demonstrated KRAS mutations in 34 (61.8%) and BRAF mutations in eight (14.5%). Mutational analysis was successful in 56 peritoneal implants and revealed KRAS mutations in 34 (60.7%) and BRAF mutations in seven (12.5%). Mutational analysis could not be performed in two primary tumours and in nine implants, either because DNA amplification failed or because there was insufficient tissue for mutational analysis. For these specimens we performed VE1 immunohistochemistry, which was shown to be a specific and sensitive surrogate marker for a V600E BRAF mutation. VE1 staining was positive in one of two APSTs and seven of nine implants. Thus, among 63 implants for which mutation status was known (either by direct mutational analysis or by VE1 immunohistochemistry), 34 (53.9%) had KRAS mutations and 14 (22%) had BRAF mutations, of which identical KRAS mutations were found in 34 (91%) of 37 SBT/APST–implant pairs and identical BRAF mutations in 14 (100%) of 14 SBT/APST–implant pairs. Wild‐type KRAS and BRAF (at the loci investigated) were found in 11 (100%) of 11 SBT/APST–implant pairs. Overall concordance of KRAS and BRAF mutations was 95% in 59 of 62 SBT/APST–implant (non‐invasive and invasive) pairs (p < 0.00001). This study provides cogent evidence that the vast majority of peritoneal implants, non‐invasive and invasive, harbour the identical KRAS or BRAF mutations that are present in the associated SBT/APST, supporting the view that peritoneal implants are derived from the primary ovarian tumour. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Determination of Sulphoraphane and Sulphoraphane Nitrile inBrassicaVegetables using Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Alvarez‐Jubete Laura , Smyth Thomas J. , Valverde Juan , Rai Dilip K. , Barry‐Ryan Catherine 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionSeveral analytical methods exist for the determination of sulphoraphane or sulphoraphane nitrile from biological matrices and plant extracts. However, no UPLC–MS/MS method exists for the simultaneous detection of both.ObjectiveTo develop and validate an UPLC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane nitrile fromBrassica oleraceaL. ssp.italicaMethodsThis method was developed utilising an Acquity BEH C8 column with gradient elution combined with tandem mass spectrometry, using positive electrospray ionisation in multiple reaction monitoring mode.ResultsThe retention times for sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane nitrile were 0.4 and 0.6 min respectively, and total run time was 3 min. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, matrix effects and recovery. The method was employed to determine glucoraphanin hydrolysis products in broccoli and the predominant product was found to vary depending on the variety tested. It was also applied to the accurate determination of sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane nitrile in broccoli samples hydrolysed under different conditions. It was observed that the formation of sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane nitrile was influenced by the temperature of the reaction.ConclusionThe validated UPLC–MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane nitrile was shown to be applicable to broccoli plants and is expected to be applicable to other cruciferous sources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for venous thromboembolism during pregnancy
Authors: Jensen Thomas Bo , Gerds Thomas Alexander , Grøn Randi , Bretler Ditte‐Marie , Schmiegelow Michelle Dalgas , Andersson Charlotte , Azimi Aziza , Gislason Gunnar , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Olesen Jonas Bjerring 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundPregnant women are at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Risk factors for VTE among pregnant women are not sufficiently investigated.PurposeTo examine pharmacological and non‐pharmacological VTE risk factors during pregnancy (antepartum).MethodsThe population comprised all pregnant women in Denmark aged 15–50 giving birth 2003–2010. Pregnancies were linked on an individual level with national registers for hospital admissions and drug dispenses from pharmacies. Risk of first occurring VTE antepartum was examined with Cox regression models.ResultsOut of 299 810 pregnancies, 337 experienced a VTE, incidence rate 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–1.3) per 1000 pregnancies. Being underweight (body mass index [BMI] < 18.5 kg/m2) was associated with a decreased risk of VTE (hazard ratio [HR] 0.53 [CI 0.29–0.98]) compared to normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2). Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2) increased VTE risk (HR 1.30 [CI 1.01–1.67]) but obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was insignificant (HR 1.14 [CI 0.82–1.58]). A history of VTE was highly significant (HR 72.65 [CI 51.17–103.15]). The youngest (<20 years) and oldest (≥35 years) had insignificantly increased risks (HR 1.45 [CI 0.80–2.62] and HR 1.31 [CI 0.98–1.75], respectively) compared to those aged 20–30 years. Sixteen groups of medications, including anti‐infectious medications, hormones, aminosalicylic acid, insulin, and benzodiazepine derivatives, were associated with VTE.ConclusionThe risk of antepartum VTE was increased in women with prior VTE. Compared to normal weight women, being underweight decreased the risk of VTE whereas being overweight increased the risk. Also, the use of several medications was associated with increased risk of VTE. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of metastatic sites in patients with prostate cancer: A population‐based analysis
Authors: Gandaglia Giorgio , Abdollah Firas , Schiffmann Jonas , Trudeau Vincent , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Kim Simon P. , Perrotte Paul , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Sun Maxine 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is few data on what constitutes the distribution of metastatic sites in prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of our study was to systematically describe the most common sites of metastases in a contemporary cohort of PCa patients.METHODSPatients with metastatic PCa were abstracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998–2010). Most common metastatic sites within the entire population were described. Stratification was performed according to the presence of single or multiple (≥2 sites) metastases. Additionally, we evaluated the distribution of metastatic sites amongst patients with and without bone metastases.RESULTSOverall, 74,826 patients with metastatic PCa were identified. The most common metastatic sites were bone (84%), distant lymph nodes (10.6%), liver (10.2%), and thorax (9.1%). Overall, 18.4% of patients had multiple metastatic sites involved. When stratifying patients according to the site of metastases, only 19.4% of men with bone metastases had multiple sites involved. Conversely, among patients with lymph nodes, liver, thorax, brain, digestive system, retroperitoneum, and kidney and adrenal gland metastases the proportion of men with multiple sites involved was 43.4%, 76.0%, 76.7%, 73.0%, 52.2%, 60.9%, and 76.4%, respectively. When focusing exclusively on patients with bone metastases, the most common sites of secondary metastases were liver (39.1%), thorax (35.2%), distant lymph nodes (24.6%), and brain (12.4%).CONCLUSIONSAlthough the majority of patients with metastatic PCa experience bone location, the proportion of patients with atypical metastases is not negligible. These findings might be helpful when planning diagnostic imaging procedures in patients with advanced PCa. Prostate 74:210–216, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experiments on Surface Reconstruction for Partially Submerged Marine Structures
Authors: Papadopoulos Georgios , Kurniawati Hanna , Shariff Ahmed Shafeeq Bin Mohd , Wong Liang Jie , Patrikalakis Nicholas M. 
Published: October 2013

Over the past 10 years, significant scientific effort has been dedicated to the problem of three‐dimensional (3‐D) surface reconstruction for structural systems. However, the critical area of marine structures remains insufficiently studied. The research presented here focuses on the problem of 3‐D surface reconstruction in the marine environment. This paper summarizes our hardware, software, and experimental contributions on surface reconstruction over the past few years (2008–2011). We propose the use of off‐the‐shelf sensors and a robotic platform to scan marine structures both above and below the waterline, and we develop a method and software system that uses the Ball Pivoting Algorithm (BPA) and the Poisson reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct 3‐D surface models of marine structures from the scanned data. We have tested our hardware and software systems extensively in Singapore waters, including operating in rough waters, where water currents are around 1–2 m/s. We present results on construction of various 3‐D models of marine structures, including slowly moving structures such as floating platforms, moving boats, and stationary jetties. Furthermore, the proposed surface reconstruction algorithm makes no use of any navigation sensor such as GPS, a Doppler velocity log, or an inertial navigation system.
Coping Behaviours and Post‐traumatic Stress in War‐affected Eastern Congolese Adolescents
Authors: Mels Cindy , Derluyn Ilse , Broekaert Eric , García‐Pérez Coral 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study explores coping strategies used by war‐affected eastern Congolese adolescents across age and sex, and the association between post‐traumatic stress symptoms and engagement and disengagement coping.Cross‐sectional data were collected in 11 secondary schools across four areas in the Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo. A total of 952 pupils (45.3% girls, 54.7% boys) aged 13–21 years (M = 15.83, standard deviation = 1.81) participated in self‐report assessment, using instruments that were either specifically developed (Adolescent Complex Emergency Exposure Scale, assessing traumatic exposure), validated (Impact of Event Scale Revised, assessing post‐traumatic stress symptoms) or reviewed (Kidcope, assessing coping strategies) for the study population.Reported coping strategies varied with age, and boys more frequently reported problem solving and resignation as compared with girls. Disengagement coping was associated with lower symptom scores in younger adolescent girls, as was the interaction effect between engagement and disengagement coping.We conclude that disengagement coping is not necessarily a maladaptive reaction to stressful events in war‐affected situations and that future research should aim to better understand the heterogeneous patterns of stress and coping responses, including the role of factors such as the nature and appraisal of stressors, available resources for coping and cultural preferences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uterine artery Doppler and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio: prognostic value in early‐onset pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Gómez‐Arriaga P. I. , Herraiz I. , López‐Jiménez E. A. , Escribano D. , Denk B. , Galindo A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of the mean uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI) and the automated measurement of the soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1)/placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio for the prognostic assessment of both maternal and perinatal outcomes, and the time‐to‐delivery interval in early‐onset (≤ 34 + 0 weeks) pre‐eclampsia (PE) cases with attempted expectant management.MethodsFifty‐one singleton pregnancies with early‐onset PE were enrolled in the study. Mean UtA‐PI and sFlt/PlGF ratio were measured at diagnosis. The association of each marker and their combinations with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes was assessed by univariable comparisons and multivariable logistic regression analysis and time‐to‐delivery interval by survival analysis.ResultsTwenty‐six (51%) had adverse maternal outcome and 14 (27%) had adverse perinatal outcome. At the time of onset of PE, only gestational age was significantly related to maternal complications. Gestational age at onset, mean UtA‐PI and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio were significantly associated with perinatal complications, their combination reaching a sensitivity of 64% with 95% specificity, and an area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79–0.99). Regarding the time until delivery, 92% (12/13) of cases with sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio > 655 and 39% (15/38) of cases with a ratio ≤ 655 delivered within the first 48 h, 8% (1/13) and 19% (7/38), respectively, delivered between 48 h and 7 days and 0% (0/13) and 42% (16/38), respectively, delivered after 7 days.ConclusionMean UtA‐PI and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio in combination with gestational age are useful for the prognostic assessment of perinatal complications at the time of diagnosis of early‐onset PE, but this combination has limited value for the prediction of maternal complications. Moreover, sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio > 655 is closely related to the need to deliver within 48 h. [[ArtCopyrightmsg]]
The Drosophila auditory system
Authors: Boekhoff‐Falk Grace , Eberl Daniel F. 
Published: October 2013

Development of a functional auditory system in Drosophila requires specification and differentiation of the chordotonal sensilla of Johnston's organ (JO) in the antenna, correct axonal targeting to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center in the brain, and synaptic connections to neurons in the downstream circuit. Chordotonal development in JO is functionally complicated by structural, molecular, and functional diversity that is not yet fully understood, and construction of the auditory neural circuitry is only beginning to unfold. Here, we describe our current understanding of developmental and molecular mechanisms that generate the exquisite functions of the Drosophila auditory system, emphasizing recent progress and highlighting important new questions arising from research on this remarkable sensory system. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:179–191. doi: 10.1002/wdev.128This article is categorized under:
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation
Nervous System Development > Flies
Inhomogeneous holographic thermalization
Authors: Balasubramanian V. , Bernamonti A. , de Boer J. , Craps B. , Franti L. , Galli F. , Keski-Vakkuri E. , Müller B. , Schäfer A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe sudden injection of energy in a strongly coupled conformal field theory and its subsequent thermalization can be holographically modeled by a shell falling into anti-de Sitter space and forming a black brane. For a homogeneous shell, Bhattacharyya and Minwalla were able to study this process analytically using a weak field approximation. Motivated by event-by-event fluctuations in heavy ion collisions, we include inhomogeneities in this model, obtaining analytic results in a long wavelength expansion. In the early-time window in which our approximations can be trusted, the resulting evolution matches well with that of a simple free streaming model. Near the end of this time window, we find that the stress tensor approaches that of second-order viscous hydrodynamics. We comment on possible lessons for heavy ion phenomenology.
Intrathoracic Anastomotic Leakage after Gastroesophageal Cancer Resection Is Associated with Reduced Long‐term Survival
Authors: Kofoed Steen Christian , Calatayud Dan , Jensen Lone Susanne , Jensen Marianne Vinbaek , Svendsen Lars Bo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundMost likely because of low statistical power, no previous studies have shown any significant association between long‐term survival and anastomotic leakage in patients who have undergone gastroesophageal cancer resection.Material and methodsThe present study included, prospectively and consecutively, nationwide collected patients who underwent gastroesophageal cancer resection between 2003 and 2011 in Denmark. The operation was carried out as an Ivor Lewis procedure. Only patients with intrathoracic anastomosis were included in the analysis.ResultsFrom 2003 to 2011, 1,296 patients underwent gastroesophageal resection, and 128 (9.9 %) of these experienced anastomotic leakage. The overall 5‐year survival rates in patients with and without anastomotic leakage were 20 and 35 % (P < 0.0001), respectively. After exclusion of 4 weeks mortality, the 5‐year survival rate in patients with leakage was 22 % compared to 36 % in patients without anastomotic leakage (P < 0.001). After exclusion of 8 weeks mortality, the 5‐year survival rate was 23 % in patients with leakage and 36 % in those without (P = 0.009). The corresponding median time of survival was 74 versus 128, 87 versus 138, and 95 versus 138 weeks, respectively. The overall hazard ratios of death after anastomotic leakage, unadjusted, and after adjusting for potentially confounding factors, were 1.59 (1.27–1.99) and 1.45 (1.14–1.84). The unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios after exclusion of 4 weeks mortality were 1.51 (1.19–1.90) and 1.41 (1.10–1.81). After exclusion of 8 weeks mortality the odds ratios were 1.38 (1.08–1.77) and 1.32 (1.02–1.71).ConclusionsThis nationwide study confirms that patients experiencing anastomotic leakage after gastroesophageal cancer resection have a significantly lower long‐term survival, even following full recovery after the leakage.