bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Figurines
Authors: Tzonou-Herbst Ioulia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA recent thought concerning Aegean prehistoric figurines was penned by Colin Renfrew. The trajectory of Renfrew's scholarship parallels the trends in the study of Aegean Bronze Age figurines. In 1969, he produced the typological sequence of Early Cycladic figurines. After the establishment of typologies and chronologies, scholars have searched for interpretations based on certain criteria, and then they questioned whether the archaeological record preserves any clues to help uncover the meaning figurines had for their makers and owners. Before discussing the intricate problem of meaning, this article describes the archaeological evidence, the various types of figurines—Helladic, Minoan, and Cycladic—and their excavated contexts. It also considers methodologies of interpretation from different points of view: religion, identity, and context in archaeology.
Frescoes
Authors: Chapin Anne P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPictorial painting in fresco is a defining characteristic of Aegean culture, yet the art form presents numerous challenges to modern study. Prehistoric frescoes are durable but fragile, and as little as five to ten percent of any given composition may survive to the present day. Attempts to restore the original appearance of such fragmentary paintings often result in errors or overly imaginative reconstructions. Dating frescoes to specific phases of prehistory is also difficult. Fresco fragments are often found in secondary contexts, and mixed stratigraphy and/or scant documentation of excavations often obscure the dating of surviving frescoes. In the absence of written history, however, the pictorial imagery preserved on frescoes provides crucial information about the social practices and beliefs of the prehistoric Minoan, Cycladic, and Mycenaean civilizations of the Aegean. This article on Aegean wall painting focuses on recent scholarship.
Weapons and Warfare
Authors: Georganas Ioannis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSince the dawn of human history, conflict and warfare have been an integral part of life. The earliest concrete evidence for warfare in the Aegean comes from the Early Bronze Age, as the large number of daggers on Crete indicates. However, it is with the rise of the Mycenae that a warlike ethos becomes more prominent, as is evident by the numerous and spectacular weapons retrieved from the Shaft Graves at Mycenae, as well as the numerous representations of warriors and combat scenes. The Aegean Bronze Age has always been perceived as a time when warrior-heroes roamed the land and engaged in military campaigns in Greece, the Aegean, and beyond. This article provides a concise history of weapons and warfare in the Aegean during the Bronze Age. Aspects to be covered are offensive equipment, defensive equipment, and chariotry.
Eruption of Thera/Santorini
Authors: Manning Sturt W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne especially dramatic type of archaeological moment, or short-lived horizon, occurs when a large volcanic eruption devastates a region. A world is, tragically, captured (entombed, frozen) forever at a specific time—in toto. The most famous example is the eruption of Vesuvius in ad seventy-nine. Although this catastrophe extinguished and entombed Pompeii and Herculaneum, it has provided archaeology with an unparalleled set of evidence. The prehistoric “Pompeii” of the Aegean world is the horizon of time sealed by the great eruption of the Thera/Santorini volcano in the Aegean in the mid-second millennium bc. This eruption entombed a thriving city with international links, laid down a clear marker horizon across much of the southern and eastern Aegean, western Anatolia, and some of the East Mediterranean. This article discusses when this important eruption occurred and begins with what is agreed and then moves on to what is debated and why.
Khania (Kydonia)
Authors: Andreadaki-Vlazaki Maria 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is generally agreed that the modern town of Khania has been established on the ruins of classical Kydonia, one of the fist-order city-states of Crete. According to Diodorus, Kydonia was one of the three cities founded by Minos in Crete. Taking all of this into account, as well as the wealth and significance of the Minoan settlement of Khania, this articles is compelled to locate the seat of a very important Minoan and Mycenaean palatial center in the same site occupied by the classical city. Many of the architectural features in the Khania settlement have been identified. However, the increase in number of these elements, in combination with the recovery of ceremonial and cult places, has allowed the article to formulate the hypothesis that part of the excavated constructions could well be included as further evidence of a palace.
Argolid
Authors: Voutsaki Sofia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Argolid is one of the most intensively investigated and best-documented regions of the Aegean. Due to its fertile soils and its geographic position at the crossroads of communication routes, the area played an important role in social and cultural development throughout the Bronze Age. The Argolid, as this article defines it on the basis of modern administrative divisions, is divided into natural subregions that witnessed different types of development throughout the Bronze Age. The fertile Argos plain and the mountainous periphery that drains into it was—all through the Bronze Age—the heart of the Argolid, where the most important settlements were located. The valleys to the southeast, around Asine and Kandia, are reasonably fertile and had good anchorages. The Epidauria, the Methana peninsula with Troizenia, and the southern Argolid are less productive; these areas were separated from the Argos plain by mountains and were oriented more toward the Saronic Gulf.
Aegina Kolonna
Authors: Gauss Walter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAegina was one of the major centers of the Aegean Bronze Age. This article discusses the most important information about the site of Kolonna, the main settlement known on the island. The importance of both the site and the entire island is mainly the result of its location in the center of the Saronic Gulf, at the maritime crossroads between central mainland Greece, the northeast Peloponnese, the Cyclades, and Crete. The material culture of Kolonna is generally associated with the Greek mainland, but foreign influences from the Cycladic islands and Crete also played a significant role. Kolonna flourished for almost a millennium as its impressive fortifications and wealth of material remains show. Kolonna seems to be the earliest example of a ranked society in the Aegean, outside Crete, and a large commercial and perhaps political center in the Saronic Gulf.
Rhodes
Authors: Marketou Toula 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe cultural development of the elongated and fertile island of Rhodes is favored by its geographical diversity, its size (1,400 square kilometers), and its location at the crossroads of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Aegean, and Asia Minor. The spread of settlement on Rhodes was a long process that lasted from the beginning of the Late Neolithic to the synoecism of the city of Rhodes in 408/407 bc. The first scanty evidence for the Early Bronze Age (EBA) period in Rhodes came to light during the Danish archaeological expedition on the island, which took place between 1902 and 1914. However, due to the uncertain provenance of these finds, the settlement pattern on the island during the EBA is still obscure. The knowledge of the period has been enlightened only by the systematic excavation at Asomatos in the wider area of Ialysos.
Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck
Authors: Bass George F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Cape Gelidonya shipwreck lies at the western side of the mouth of the Antalya Bay in southern Turkey. The current between these islands, especially when a calm allows water backed up in the Eastern Mediterranean by the summer's prevailing northwest wind to flow back westward, is as strong as any in the Mediterranean. Around 1200 bc, a vessel of unknown size seems to have ripped open its bottom on a pinnacle of rock on the northeast side of the third island from land. As it sank, artifacts were strewn from the opening in its hull until it settled around fifty meters away. Almost invisible, its metal cargo was nevertheless seen by Bodrum sponge diver Kemal Aras in 1954. In 1958, he described it to American photojournalist Peter Throckmorton, who was living on Captain Kemal's sponge-diving boat while both were writing about the sponge divers of Turkey and cataloging the ancient shipwrecks they showed him.
Evidence from sources prior to 1500
Authors: Hough Carole 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSources for the history of English before 1500 include inscriptions (runic and non-runic), manuscript texts (religious and secular) and the onomastic corpus (personal and place names). None of these data sources can be considered representative. The epigraphical corpus depends on chance survivals and finds. Early manuscript production was concentrated in southern England and skewed towards the interests of the ecclesiastical and secular administrations. Onomastic evidence is geographically more even, but vulnerable to subsequent obfuscation. Used in conjunction with each other and with evidence from other disciplines, these sources can inform robust conclusions. As regards inscriptions and manuscripts, revisionist work has focused on the provenance, integrity and interpretation of extant witnesses. As regards onomastics, there has been a broadening of focus from etymology to historical and linguistic context, alongside a reappraisal of the relationship between the onomasticon and lexicon.
Using dictionaries and thesauruses as evidence
Authors: Coleman Julie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDictionaries and thesauruses provide a wealth of evidence about language use, and about linguistic anxieties and attitudes. With the possible exception of those based on corpora, dictionaries cannot pretend to provide impartial representation of language use, but if their partialities and biases are taken into account, the evidence included in historical dictionaries can provide insights into the lexicon far beyond what is otherwise available. While it may be unwise to base an argument about language use or change solely on dictionary evidence, dictionaries provide valuable linguistic evidence which sometimes challenges the conclusions reached through corpus or cognitive approaches.
Evidence from surveys and atlases in the history of the English language
Authors: Kretzschmar William A. , Stenroos Merja 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article assesses the evidence provided by linguistic surveys and atlases in the history of the English language. It deals with two kinds of surveys: those which involved living informants when they were carried out but now provide historical evidence, and those historical surveys for which the informants are written texts. It focuses on two projects that represent the two kinds of survey: the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS, Georgia) which covers the mid-twentieth century, and the Middle English Grammar Project (Stavanger and Glasgow), which covers the period 1150–1500. In modern survey research, “representativeness” comes from the application of randomized survey methods in sampling, so that the sample is not biased towards any identifiable segment of the population.
Data retrieval in a diachronic context: The case of the historical English courtroom
Authors: Archer Dawn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sensitive use of historical courtroom data can elucidate the evolution of both (English) legal language specifically and also spoken language more generally. “Sensitive use” means appreciating not only the strengths and weaknesses of any primary data used, but also the linguistic, social, cultural, political and/or religious context of that data; and, hence, making extensive use of secondary sources (including the work of legal and social historians). This article first outlines the strengths and weaknesses of some of the most popular primary sources and then provides an overview of sourcing historical trials. It also discusses how the advent of electronic or web-based datasets has enabled researchers to investigate trial data using data mining and data retrieval techniques.
Exploring variation and change in New Englishes: Looking into the International Corpus of English (ICE) and beyond
Authors: Mukherjee Joybrato , Schilk Marco 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe term “New Englishes” refers to varieties of the English language that have emerged in former British colonies (or, in the case of the Philippines, of the United States). During the past several years, many New Englishes have been described in great detail at various linguistic levels, including phonetics and phonology, morphology and word-formation, syntax and style. This article looks at new developments in corpus-based research into New Englishes. It first outlines how new multi-layered corpus environments including components of the International Corpus of English (ICE), other databases and web-derived corpora offer fresh insights for corpus-based research into the structural nativization of New Englishes at the lexis-grammar interface. It then examines the currently existing limits to diachronic studies of intervarietal divergence (or convergence) between New Englishes and their historically relevant input varieties.
Change in the English infinitival perfect construction
Authors: Bowie Jill , Aarts Bas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores recent grammatical change in the English perfect construction, with special focus on the infinitival perfect. Previous studies have typically drawn on written data, whereas this study reports on spoken data drawn from the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English, based at the Survey of English Usage, University College London. This is a parsed corpus of British English which includes a wide range of spoken genres and spans the period from the 1960s to the 1990s. First, the article compares the main inflectional subtypes of the perfect (present, past and infinitival) in terms of changing frequencies of use. Significant declines in frequency (measured per million words) are reported for the past perfect and infinitival perfect, while the present perfect appears stable. Next, the article focuses on the behaviour of the infinitival perfect in different grammatical contexts, showing that its decline within the context of a preceding modal auxiliary is independent of the declining frequency of modal auxiliaries themselves. The study shows the importance of considering changes in a linguistic category like the perfect in relation to its interaction with other categories such as morphological tense and modality.
Revisiting the reduplicative copula with corpus-based evidence
Authors: Curzan Anne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn an interview on National Public Radio Francis Ford Coppola made the following observation: “The difference is is that as it’s a love story wrapped in a mystery…” One may be tempted to call this double is a speech error. However, this grammatical construction, commonly known as the reduplicative copula (e.g., the point is is), is becoming more common in American English and other varieties of the English language around the world and appears to be grammatical for a significant subset of speakers. This article revisits the reduplicative copula using corpus-based evidence. It analyzes data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), the largest available corpus of spoken and written American English since the 1990s, containing more than 400 million words. Corpora of contemporary spoken language show what can be learned from what speakers actually do, especially when they speak in unscripted—or less scripted—ways. The article also examines historical corpus data and argues for a correlation between the rise of focusing expressions such as the point is and the emergence of the reduplicative copula.
Perceptions of dialects: Changing attitudes and ideologies
Authors: Montgomery Chris 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn traditional dialectology, linguistic variation is studied in relation to geographical space. Researchers first gather evidence of linguistic forms “in the wild”, before plotting the distribution of those forms on maps. This article describes a different approach to the study of variation, that of perceptual dialectology. Whereas dialectology focuses on the distribution of actual linguistic forms, perceptual dialectology looks at speakers’ beliefs about language. Specifically, it addresses the similarities or differences between the speaker’s own speech and that of other areas; examines the other dialect areas and where they are located; describes the characteristics of these dialects; and identifies the value-judgments that speakers make about their own dialects and those of others. Perceptions of language can be investigated in three different ways: either through “societal treatment”, “direct” approach, or “indirect” approach. This article examines attitudes and ideologies in the development of the English language, focusing on the Early Modern English period and the contemporary period.
Ethnic dialects in North American English
Authors: Boberg Charles 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA well-known principle of sociolinguistics is that languages reflect the people who speak them: social divisions result in associated differences in linguistic behavior. One of the main divisions is ethnic: North American English includes a wide range of ethnic dialects, or ethnolects, such as African American and Latino English, in addition to the 'standard' varieties associated with people of British and, later, European ethnic ancestry. This article focuses on the main types and most important studies of ethnic variation in North American English, with a special emphasis on subtler examples of ethnolectal variation among groups of European origin. It argues that the history of English in North America should be viewed not only in terms of its linear, language-internal development from British inputs in the seventeenth century, but also in terms of its contact with other North American languages, since these interfaces have played a crucial role in producing the unique varieties of English currently spoken in North America.
Typology and typological change in English historical linguistics
Authors: Kortmann Bernd 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores various ways in which established and recent theories, concepts and methods in language typology are, or can be, relevant for investigating language change in general and the history of English(es) in particular. It considers the ways that the study of the history of the English language may benefit from a modern typologist’s take on language variation and change. Language typology can be used in at least four different ways to rethink the history of English and English historical linguistics: in light of (pervasive) cross-linguistic tendencies; in light of larger patterns or correlations among structural changes; in light of the major branches of diachronic typology, especially diachronic word order typology and grammaticalization; and in light of recent theories and especially (quantitative) methods in language typology. Another factor involved in this rethinking process is dialectology.
Analyticity and syntheticity in the history of English
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article adopts terminology, concepts, and ideas developed in quantitative morphological typology (cf. Greenberg 1960) to investigate the coding of grammatical information in English diachrony. Specifically, we utilize a quantitative, language-internal measure of overt grammatical analyticity, defined as the text frequency of free grammatical markers, and a measure of overt grammatical syntheticity, defined as the text frequency of bound grammatical markers. We subsequently apply these measures to the Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English series, which covers the period between circa 1100 and 1900, and demonstrate that this time slice does not exhibit a steady drift from synthetic to analytic.
(Non)-rhoticity: Lessons from New Zealand English
Authors: Hay Jennifer , Clendon Alhana 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEnglish dialects are generally classified as either rhotic or non-rhotic. Rhotic dialects produce /r/ non-prevocalically (for example, in sword, car, and heart). Non-rhotic dialects produce these words with no /r/, having abandoned the production of /r/ in non-prevocalic position at some stage in their history. The worldwide geographic distribution of non-rhotic dialects has often been ascribed to the later dates of settlement from Britain. The loss of rhoticity appears to have resulted in the emergence of a system of linking and intrusive /r/ in most dialects. Linking /r/ and intrusive /r/ are together known as “/r/-sandhi,” and are characteristic of most non-rhotic varieties of the English language. This article takes a narrow and specific view of rhoticity and non-rhoticity by focusing on what can be learned from an analysis of the history of New Zealand English. Recent work at the University of Canterbury has investigated various aspects of the loss of rhoticity in this dialect, along with the subsequent emergence of /r/-sandhi.
Stress clash and word order changes in the left periphery in Old English and Middle English
Authors: Speyer Augustin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSyntactic change can result from both external and internal factors. Internal factors refer to the reaction of grammatical constraints on seemingly unrelated changes in other parts of the grammar; such interactions can offer important insights into the interplay of various components of grammar. This article describes a case of the interaction of constraints from different components that seem to be unrelated to one another. The first is a phonological constraint (dubbed in the text Clash Avoidance Requirement (CAR)) that is basically “dormant” in Old English and becomes “virulent” in Middle English. The second is the loss of verb-second (V2) syntax, a syntactic change that at first glance has nothing to do with phonology. CAR causes a decline in topicalization in sentences with full noun phrase subject.
Clefts as resolution strategies after the loss of a multifunctional first position
Authors: Los Bettelou , Komen Erwin R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUntil the fifteenth century, English was considered a V2 (verb-second) language. The loss of a multifunctional first position that could host adverbials and objects as well as subjects, along with unmarked topics and focused material, paved the way for new constructions (clefts) and a redefinition of old positions (with the presubject position increasingly reserved for a subset of contrastive topics). This article explores the interaction between syntax and information structure and argues that the loss of V2 resulted in the loss of a first position capable of hosting contrastive constituents. It suggests that the cleft evolves as a resolution strategy and maneuvers contrastive constituents in a position that fits the new, rigid SVO order while retaining their information-structural status. The article also considers another area where clefts partly stepped in after syntactic loss related to V2 compromised the expression of contrast: Contrastive Left Dislocation (CLD).