bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ABILITY OF AERATED LYMPH TO CONVERT VENOUS BLOOD INTO HÆMOSTATIC BLOOD
Authors: Cruz W. O. , Oliveira A. C. , de Meis L. 
Published: December 2014

Previous studies using dog hind‐leg preparations showed that only arterial blood has hæmostatic activity, the venous blood rearterialized in vitro being non‐hæmostatic. This loss of hæmostatic activity when arterial blood reaches and passes the capillaries is observed regionally (jugular and hepatic veins) and in mixed venous blood (right auricle), which has received lymph from the thoracic duct. Hæmostatic principles may be lost through the capillaries, so lymph was tried as an hæmostatic agent when added to venous blood. Lymph after contact with air, even in small concentrations (0·25 ml. of ærated lymph in 100 ml. of venous blood), is able to convert venous blood into hæmostatic blood and has no effect on arterial blood. This ability of aerated lymph seems general, since cervical or jugular lymph is as able as thoracic duct lymph to convert venous into hæmostatic blood. Non‐aerated lymph has no effect in venous blood and has showed a strong inhibitory effect when mixed with arterial blood.The significance of selective passage of plasma constituents in the capillaries and the role of oxygen are stressed when the mechanism of these effects of lymph is discussed.
CHANGES IN ERYTHROCYTE AMINO NITROGEN FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL MUSCLE LESIONS IN CHICKS
Authors: Bell D. J. , Siller W. G. 
Published: December 2014

Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) in 16 per cent gelatin, 16 per cent gelatin alone, cortisone acetate suspended in a solution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or the latter solution alone, all produced temporary localized lesions at the site of injection into the pectoral muscle of 5‐week‐old fowls. The lesions, which were most severe in the instance of the gelatin injection, and which varied somewhat from bird to bird, were characterized by (a) inflammatory œdema and infiltration by heterophils, (b) Zenker's degeneration of the muscle fibres, (c) healing and regeneration. The gelatin‐induced lesions showed marked lymphoid hyperplasia. Healing took place usually around 7–10 days after the last injection. In some instances it must have occurred more rapidly.During the period while the lesions were sufficiently severe to be detected macroscopically, the levels of non‐protein nitrogen (NPN) and ninhydrin‐positive amino nitrogen (NN) in both plasma and erythrocytes diverged considerably from the values found before injection and after the wound had healed. Lesions produced by both gelatin and long‐acting ACTH were followed by little or no change in the erythrocyte‐NPN but the NN of these cells was considerably raised. Lesions induced by the suspension of cortisone acetate were followed by only minor changes in the erythrocyte NN, with little or no concomitant change in the erythrocyte NPN. Lesions produced by the medium used to suspend the cortisone acetate were followed by a marked fall in the erythrocyte NN.There were no consistent changes in the plasma NN, but the overall effect was one of a fall in NN.The results are discussed in relation to some known effects of trauma in mammals.
THE CORRELATION OF THYROID FUNCTION WITH THE RATE OF OXYGEN UPTAKE OF HUMAN LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Alexander W. D. , Bisset Sheenah K. 
Published: December 2014

The rate of oxygen uptake of leucocytes from patients with different degrees of thyroid activity was studied, and it was shown that there is a direct relationship between the oxygen uptake of leucocytes and the BMR of the patient. The leucocytes from hyperthyroid patients had an oxygen uptake of 0·185±0·037 µM./hr./107 cells. Leucocytes from euthyroid people had an oxygen uptake of 0·119±0·021 µM./hr./107 cells. The leucocytes from myxœdematous patients had an oxygen uptake of 0·083±0·016 µM./hr./107 cells.The effect of treatment on the oxygen consumption of leucocytes from three patients with myxœdema and three with hyperthyroidism was then investigated. The hyperthyroid patients were treated with 131I and after therapy there was a decrease in the oxygen consumption of the leucocytes. In the three patients with myxœdema, the oxygen consumption of the leucocytes increased after thyroxine therapy.
PROPERTIES OF THE ERYTHROCYTES OF TWO MARSUPIALS: THE BRUSH‐TAIL POSSUM, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA (KERR) AND THE QUOKKA, SETONIX BRACHYURUS (QUOY & GAIMARD)
Authors: Barker Jennifer M. 
Published: December 2014

In possums from one area of Australia, “high potassium” (HK) erythrocytes were smaller in volume, more fragile osmotically and contained smaller amounts of hæmoglobin and higher concentrations of (Na + K) than “high sodium” (LK) erythrocytes. The cells of HK possums from a second area were less fragile than those of HK possums from the first area. The differences in osmotic fragility were related to differences in shape. Concentrations of water and hæmoglobin were similar in all types of cell.In quokkas (wallabies)—whose erythrocytes contain roughly equal concentrations of Na and K—osmotic fragility tests and measurements of erythrocyte diameter did not indicate that the blood contained two types of cells differing markedly in these properties.
AN ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE EFFECTS ON THE PULMONARY VASCULAR BED IN RESPONSE TO PULMONARY NERVE STIMULATION
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. 
Published: December 2014

In an isolated innervated perfused left lung preparation of the dog the calculated pulmonary vascular resistance overlapped the upper limit of the range reported by others for normal resting animals.The increase in pulmonary vascular resistance in response to stimulation of pulmonary nerves in which pulmonary vasoconstrictor fibres and bronchoconstrictor fibres are intermingled was due to vasoconstriction in the pulmonary vascular bed proper. This response was not appreciably altered or influenced by passive effects due to accompanying bronchoconstriction or changes in the bronchial circulation.
A COMPARISON OF THE OXIDATION OF CHOLESTEROL‐26‐14C, PALMITATE‐1‐14C AND TRIPALMITIN‐1‐14C BY MACROPHAGES IN VITRO
Authors: Day A. J. 
Published: December 2014

The oxidation by macrophages of cholesterol‐26‐14C to 14CO2 was compared with the oxidation by macrophages of 14C‐labelled fatty acids (sodium palmitate‐1‐14C) and 14C‐labelled triglycerides (artificial emulsion of tripalmitin‐1‐14C and chyle containing tripalmitin‐1‐14C). Cholesterol was presented to rabbit macrophages in vitro as an aqueous solution (using Tween 20 to disperse the cholesterol), as an aqueous suspension and as cholesterol contained in chylomicra in rat chyle. It was shown that appreciable oxidation of 14C‐labelled fatty acids and triglycerides could be brought about by macrophages but under similar circumstances no oxidation of the cholesterol side‐chain could be demonstrated in any of the preparations used.The failure of the macrophages in vitro to oxidize cholesterol probably reflects their behaviour in vivo with cholesterol taken up by macrophages in the arterial wall. The oxidation of other lipids by these cells and their failure to deal with cholesterol may then be associated with cholesterol deposition and with the pathogenesis of atheroma.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE OF MAN AND MICE
Authors: Thomas Lorette W. 
Published: December 2014

The chemical composition of human and mouse adipose tissue taken from fat and thin individuals has been determined.The tissues were obtained from the epididymal fat pads of fat, lean and normal strains of mice and from sixty‐one human subjects undergoing various abdominal operations. In both the mice and the humans, the adipose tissue from obese individuals contained slightly more fat and less protein and water than that from lean individuals. However, the differences were small and it is concluded that obese individuals contain, in their total adipose tissue, much more non‐fatty cellular material than do the lean.
FATTY ACID TRANSPORT IN THORACIC DUCT, HEPATIC AND INTESTINAL LYMPH DURING FASTING AND AFTER FEEDING GLUCOSE
Authors: Coxon R. V. , Robinson D. S. 
Published: December 2014

Analyses of thoracic duct lymph in the rat during fasting and after glucose feeding have shown the presence of esterified fatty acids additional to those which are contributed to the lymph by plasma lipoprotein lipid. The excess may amount to an output in thoracic duct lymph of 50 mg. esterified fatty acid a day. In the dog, analyses of hepatic and intestinal lymph during fasting have shown that excess esterified fatty acid is present in intestinal, but not hepatic, lymph.Calculations based on these findings do not support the view that the lymnphatics are a major route for the mobilization of fatty acid during fasting.
PULMONARY CHEMORECEPTORS
Authors: Duke Helen N. , Green J. H. , Heffron P. F. , Stubbens V. W. J. 
Published: December 2014

The existence of a chemoreceptor mechanism supplied by the pulmonary artery was demonstrated in the following manner.In anæsthetized cats or rabbits the main pulmonary artery was cannulated through the right ventricle. The right pulmonary artery was tied and the left pulmonary artery cannulated approximately 0·5 cm. from the bifurcation. The isolated pulmonary segment was perfused at normal pressure and rate of blood flow. Reflex effects on respiration and sympathetic nervous efferent activity were studied by simultaneous perfusion of the systemic circulation at normal pressure and flow rate.Perfusion of the isolated pulmonary arterial segment with added NaCN caused increased afferent vagal activity. When the systemic circulation was perfused simultaneously and independently of the pulmonary arterial segment, anoxia or asphyxia of the pulmonary arterial perfusate caused reflex increase in the rate and depth of respiration and sympathetic activity. Hypercapnia of the pulmonary arterial blood had little effect in the presence of a high oxygen tension.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ON THE KIDNEY OF THE ELECTROLYTE‐DEFICIENT RAT
Authors: Kennedy G. C. , Parker R. A. 
Published: December 2014

In rats eating a normal diet, large doses of hydrochlorothiazide given for 6 weeks caused potassium depletion with only localized changes in the kidney. With an electrolyte‐deficient diet much smaller therapeutic doses of the drug caused severe kidney damage in 10 days. The severe type of lesion seemed less likely to be due to increased potassium depletion than to potentiation of its effect by other electrolyte deficiencies.Hydrochlorothiazide‐induced lesions had some features in common with potassium deficiency induced by other means, especially a striking enlargement of the intercalated cells of the first part of the collecting duct. This suggests that these cells may be concerned in the tubular secretion of potassium. Hydrochlorothiazide diminished the widespread epithelial hyperplasia of renal tubules caused by deoxycortone without reducing the enlargement of the intercalated cells which also followed steroid treatment. This may have been due to partial blockade of the tubular action of the deoxycortone.
ARTERIAL AND PORTAL VENOUS BLOOD FOR ESTIMATING MINERAL ABSORPTION IN THE CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: Moodie E. W. , Walker A. I. T. 
Published: December 2014

A method is described for estimating the absorption of nutrients in conscious sheep by comparing the composition of arterial and portal venous bloods. One hundred and seventeen pairs of samples were obtained from sixteen sheep (seven castrated male and nine female) and analyzed for hæmoglobin, plasma calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, citric acid and whole‐blood chloride contents. Changes in the volume of the blood passing through the splanchnic area were estimated by comparing the hæmoglobin concentrations in arterial and portal blood samples.The veno‐arterial differences in the concentration of each constituent before and after correction for changes in the volume of the blood are presented and the necessity for making this correction is discussed. There is evidence of differences in the rate of absorption of calcium and chloride between male and female sheep and among individual female sheep, and also of differences in the absorption of calcium and chloride compared with magnesium and inorganic phosphate.
ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE IN THE BRONCHIAL TREE IN THE MOUSE AND RAT (SIALOMUCIN AND SULPHATE)
Authors: McCarthy Ciaran , Reid Lynne 
Published: December 2014

Staining with combined Alcian blue and periodic‐acid‐Schiff stains distinguishes the neutral (red staining) from the acid (blue staining) mucopolysaccharide. Neuraminidase digestion has been used to identify neuraminic acid and autoradiography, following the administration of radioactive sulphate, to trace sulphate.All acid mucopolysaccharide in the mouse bronchial tree is neuraminidase susceptible; no uptake of radioactive sulphate is shown. In the rat there is a regional difference; in the epithelium of the peripheral airways only neuraminidase susceptible acid mucopolysaccharide is present, whereas in the trachea and main bronchi most of the cells contain acid mucopolysaccharide, take up radioactive sulphate and are not susceptible to neuraminidase. In the large intrapulmonary bronchi there are cells with either of the above characteristics, those with similar properties usually being grouped together.
THE NATURE OF THE WEIGHT GAIN INDUCED, BY PROGESTERONE IN MICE
Authors: Dewar A. D. 
Published: December 2014

In free‐fed mice with progesterone tablet implants and in pseudopregnant mice, an increase in food consumption usually accompanies the body weight gain characteristic of progesterone stimulation; it is not, however, an essential feature since mice on restricted food intakes show similar weight changes. Increases in water consumption usually, but not invariably, accompany the weight gain. The loss of weight after progesterone withdrawal or at the end of pseudopregnancy is accompanied by a reduction in food and water consumed as after parturition or pseudo‐parturition.Analyses of the weight gain in progesterone‐treated mice with increased food intakes revealed retention of water, fat and protein, together with an increased total energy expenditure of about 10 per cent. Retention of water and protein and increased energy expenditure still occurred with the food intake restricted to sub maintenance levels, i. e. even in the presence of continuous losses of body fat.It is concluded that progesterone fundamentally affects body weight by promoting water and nitrogen retention and, at the same time, increasing energy expenditure. The increase in food intake usually observed is, at least in part, a secondary response to the demands created by the latter two effects and fat deposition occurs also if this response is overadjusted.
THE NEPHROPATHY OF EXPERIMENTAL MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: Sabour M. S. , Hanna Samir , MacDonald Mary K. 
Published: December 2014

Thirty rats were divided into three equal groups; the control group C and the two experimental groups were fed on diets identical in all respects other than the magnesium content. Group A were kept on a magnesium deficient diet for 13 days, and group B for 3 days. At the end of the experimental period, muscle, kidney and plasma were analyzed for their Mg and Ca contents and the kidneys were examined by the light and electron microscopes.No significant change was noted in the magnesium content of the kidneys of the deficient rats. In skeletal muscles, there was progressive depletion of magnesium, and the plasma magnesium also fell. The only highly significant result in the calcium content was a marked increase in the kidneys of the deficient groups.After as early as 3 days on the deficient diet, foci of dilated proximal tubules were seen in the cortico‐medullary zone even by the light microscope, but after 13 days they were observed all over the cortex and outer zone of the medulla. The lining cells of the slightly dilated tubules were swollen and vacuolated. As the dilatation increased, the tubular lining cells appeared to lose their brush border and to become flattened. The cells contained structureless cytoplasmic granules. Important negative findings are the normal appearance of the mitochondria, the normal thickness of the basement membrane, and the absence of any demonstrable obstruction in the dilated tubules or in more distal sites.It seems possible that in magnesium deficiency the proximal tubule cells, which normally reabsorb Ca++ and Mg++ by a common transport mechanism, reabsorb an excess of Ca++ from the glomerular filtrate which is deficient in Mg++. The excess of absorbed calcium ions is largely deposited locally in these cells, appearing as the dense granules. This would explain the high calcium content in the kidneys and the nephrocalcinosis in late stages.
SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGES IN HEXOSAMINE AND IN NITROGEN IN THE DIGESTA OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Badawy A. M. , Cuthbertson D. P. 
Published: December 2014

Previous work had shown that the method of killing an animal affected the integrity of the mucosa of its digestive tract and as a consequence the content of nitrogen in the digesta.In the contents of the abomasum and the small intestine (divided into 4 equal lengths) of a group of sheep shot and bled and in another group anæsthetized and bled it was found that total nitrogen and hexosamine concentrations in the dry matter of the digesta or in relation to the dietary lignin as a marker rose considerably from the abomasum to the first quarter of the small intestine. The increase in hexosamine was less than that of total nitrogen. After the first quarter of the small intestine a decrease in total nitrogen was observed distally, but the proportion of hexosamine increased. In a third group of sheep from which the contents were obtained under anæsthesia alone the increments, both of total nitrogen and hexosamine, were less. In conscious sheep on the same kind of diet and fitted with cannulas, similar but smaller changes were found.Mucoprotein is probably the main source of hexosamine in the proximal zone of the small intestine but distally microbial cell wall polysaccharides containing glucosamine become a considerable source.The condition of the animal at the time of sampling greatly affects the significance to be attached to the nitrogenous constituents of the digesta.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES OF THE LEG TO THE LIPOPROTEINS IN VARIOUS HYPERLIPAEMIC STATES IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Courtice F. C. , Munoz-Marcus M. , Garlick D. G. 
Published: December 2014

The transference of lipoproteins across the walls of blood capillaries was determined by measuring the concentration of their components in plasma and in lymph collected from the leg, both before and after injuring the paw by heat. These measurements were made in groups of normal rabbits in which the lipid levels were increased by Triton WR‐1339, cortisone, alloxan or hæmorrhage, and in cholesterol‐fed animals given either Triton or cortisone.The transference of the lipoproteins in all these different hyperlipaemic conditions was considerably increased by injury, and, both before and after injury, varied inverselv with the size of the macromolecules concerned.The results showed that one way in which Triton, cortisone and alloxan might inhibit atherosclerosis in the cholesterol‐fed rabbit was by changing the lipoprotein pattern, decreasing the amount at the lower end and greatly increasing the amount at the upper end of the spectrum in relation to size and Sf values, thereby decreasing the amount of lipoprotein filtered through the vascular endothelium.The composition and stability of lipid in the lymph and, therefore, in the tissue fluid, also varied considerably in the different conditions studied and these factors were also probably important in determining whether or not lipid was deposited in an atherosclerotic lesion.The experiments support the view that small, cholesterol‐rich lipoproteins are the most likely to be deposited in the intima because they are more readily transferred across the endothelium, are rich in cholesterol, which cannot be broken down, and are probably less stable than the lipoproteins in conditions of hypertriglyceridæmia.
VISUAL FIELD PROJECTION ON THE DORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE LATERAL GENICULATE BODY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Choudhury B. P. , Whtteridge D. 
Published: December 2014

On the surface of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body the projection of the visual streak is more magnified than the rest of the retina and is orientated approximately mediolaterally with the nasal visual field projected medially. In the projection of the visual streak the nasal field has a larger representation on the surface and a much larger representation in the depth of the nucleus than the temporal field.On the posteromedial segment of the surface of the nucleus a secondary area is observed, where the lower nasal field is reduplicated. The binocular field is located in the depth of the nucleus on its medial side.
COMPOSITION OF THE RENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA OF RATS DURING WATER DIURESIS AND ANTIDIURESIS
Authors: Saikia T. C. 
Published: December 2014

The composition of the renal papilla, medulla and cortex was studied in rats during hydropenia and water diuresis, and a few observations were made on hamsters.In confirmation of earlier findings, osmolality increased progressively from the outer medulla towards the tip of the papilla in hydropenia; this osmolal gradient was due largely to increasing concentration and content of sodium and urea. The osmolality at the tip was close to that of simultaneously collected urine. In water diuresis, this osmolal gradient was smaller but still present.Ammonium content and concentration increased progressively from the outer medulla towards the papilla.In water diuresis, the concentration and content of urea fell, but the gradient was still present. Sodium was little altered, and the fall in ammonium content, though considerable, contributed little to the total osmolal change.Potassium concentration and content were high in the terminal segment in diuresis and antidiuresis, and in water diuresis exceeded the hydropenic value.The water content increased progressively from the outer towards the inner medulla, but at the tip it was lower than in the adjacent segment. This distribution was qualitatively similar in both conditions, but the absolute level was higher in all medullary segments in water diuresis.The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of production and maintenance of medullary hypertonicity.
THE ACUTE EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN UPON THE COMPOSITION OF THE RAT RENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA
Authors: Saikia T. C. 
Published: December 2014

Rats in water diuresis were given intravenous injections of vasopressin, or of isotonic NaCl for controls. Serial urine sampling showed that maximal osmolality and minimal flow were achieved half an hour after vasopressin injection, and that urea excretion was low at this time. In animals killed half an hour after injection, the composition of the renal papilla, medulla and cortex was studied.The urea and ammonium concentration and content increased in the inner medulla after vasopressin injection, and the water content increased in all the kidney slices, but significantly so only in the papilla. The medullary osmolality did not alter appreciably, the accumulation of urea and ammonium being counter‐balanced by the increase of water. The urine osmolality did not reach the level found in the medulla. No appreciable change of sodium or potassium concentration or content of kidney slices was observed after vasopressin injection. The results are discussed in relation to means whereby vasopressin induces antidiuresis and urinary hypertonicity.