bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Selective Sweeps in Complex Demographic Scenarios
Authors: Wilson Benjamin A , Petrov Dmitri A , Messer Philipp W 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Adaptation from de novo mutation can produce so-called soft selective sweeps, where adaptive alleles of independent mutational origin sweep through the population at the same time. Population genetic theory predicts that such soft sweeps should be likely if the product of the population size and the mutation rate toward the adaptive allele is sufficiently large, such that multiple adaptive mutations can establish before one has reached fixation; however, it remains unclear how demographic processes affect the probability of observing soft sweeps. Here we extend the theory of soft selective sweeps to realistic demographic scenarios that allow for changes in population size over time. We first show that population bottlenecks can lead to the removal of all but one adaptive lineage from an initially soft selective sweep. The parameter regime under which such “hardening” of soft selective sweeps is likely is determined by a simple heuristic condition. We further develop a generalized analytical framework, based on an extension of the coalescent process, for calculating the probability of soft sweeps under arbitrary demographic scenarios. Two important limits emerge within this analytical framework: In the limit where population-size fluctuations are fast compared to the duration of the sweep, the likelihood of soft sweeps is determined by the harmonic mean of the variance effective population size estimated over the duration of the sweep; in the opposing slow fluctuation limit, the likelihood of soft sweeps is determined by the instantaneous variance effective population size at the onset of the sweep. We show that as a consequence of this finding the probability of observing soft sweeps becomes a function of the strength of selection. Specifically, in species with sharply fluctuating population size, strong selection is more likely to produce soft sweeps than weak selection. Our results highlight the importance of accurate demographic estimates over short evolutionary timescales for understanding the population genetics of adaptation from de novo mutation.
Shared Genetic Pathways Contribute to the Tolerance of Endogenous and Low-Dose Exogenous DNA Damage in Yeast
Authors: Lehner Kevin , Jinks-Robertson Sue 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDNA damage that escapes repair and blocks replicative DNA polymerases is tolerated by bypass mechanisms that fall into two general categories: error-free template switching and error-prone translesion synthesis. Prior studies of DNA damage responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have demonstrated that repair mechanisms are critical for survival when a single, high dose of DNA damage is delivered, while bypass/tolerance mechanisms are more important for survival when the damage level is low and continuous (acute and chronic damage, respectively). In the current study, epistatic interactions between DNA-damage tolerance genes were examined and compared when haploid yeast cells were exposed to either chronic ultraviolet light or chronic methyl methanesulfonate. Results demonstrate that genes assigned to error-free and error-prone bypass pathways similarly promote survival in the presence of each type of chronic damage. In addition to using defined sources of chronic damage, rates of spontaneous mutations generated by the Pol ζ translesion synthesis DNA polymerase (complex insertions in a frameshift-reversion assay) were used to infer epistatic interactions between the same genes. Similar epistatic interactions were observed in analyses of spontaneous mutation rates, suggesting that chronic DNA-damage responses accurately reflect those used to tolerate spontaneous lesions. These results have important implications when considering what constitutes a safe and acceptable level of exogenous DNA damage.
Pre-Exercise Participation Cardiovascular Screening in a Heterogeneous Cohort of Adult Cancer Patients
Authors: Kenjale Aarti A. , Hornsby Whitney E. , Crowgey Theresa , Thomas Samantha , Herndon James E. , Khouri Michel G. , Lane Amy R. , Bishop Caroline E. , Eves Neil D. , Peppercorn Jeffrey , Douglas Pamela S. , Jones Lee W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of pre-exercise participation (“preparticipation”) health screening in a heterogeneous cohort of adult cancer patients.

Methods.
Patients (n = 413) with histologically confirmed solid or hematologic malignancy were categorized into preparticipation health screening risk stratification based on American College Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations. Risk of an exercise-related event was evaluated during a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG).

Results.
Participant risk was categorized as low risk (n = 59, 14%), moderate risk (n = 217, 53%), and high risk (n = 137, 33%). Mean peak oxygen consumption was 21.7 ± 6.7 mL/kg−1 per minute−1 or 19.5 ± 21.7% below age- and sex-predicted sedentary values. No major serious adverse events or fatal events were observed during CPET procedures. A total of 31 positive ECG tests were observed, for an event rate of 8%. ACSM risk stratification did not predict the risk of a positive test. Age, statin use, antiplatelet therapy use, cardiovascular disease, prior treatment with anthracycline or radiation therapy, and being sedentary were predictors of a positive test (all p &lt; .10).

Conclusion.
The patient risk-stratification profile strongly suggests that the use of formalized preparticipation health screening is required in all oncology scenarios; however, risk of an exercise-induced event is low, suggesting that the use of exercise testing is not required for pre-exercise clearance in the majority of patients.
Current Issues in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Evaluation and Management
Authors: Ai Jing , Stevenson James P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an uncommon disease most often associated with occupational asbestos exposure and is steadily increasing in worldwide incidence. Patients typically present at an older age, with advanced clinical stage and other medical comorbidities, making management quite challenging. Despite great efforts, the prognosis of MPM remains poor, especially at progression after initial treatment. Macroscopic complete resection of MPM can be achieved through extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) or extended (ie, radical) pleurectomy (e-P/D) in selected patients and can result in prolonged survival when incorporated into a multimodality approach. Given the morbidity associated with surgical resection of MPM, optimizing identification of appropriate patients is essential. Unfortunately, most patients are not candidates for EPP or e-P/D due to advanced stage, age, and/or medical comorbidity. Pemetrexed and platinum combination chemotherapy has become the cornerstone of therapy for patients with unresectable disease because the combination is associated with improved survival and quality of life in treated patients. However, MPM eventually becomes resistant to initial therapy, and benefit to further lines of therapy has not been substantiated in randomized clinical trials. Translational research has provided exciting insights into tumorigenesis, biomarkers, and immune response in MPM, leading to the development of multiple novel therapeutic agents that are currently in clinical trials. These advances hold the promise of a new era in the treatment of MPM and suggest that this disease will not be left behind in the war on cancer.
Biofilm Removal and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Different Air‐Polishing Powders: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Drago Lorenzo , Del Fabbro Massimo , Bortolin Monica , Vassena Christian , De Vecchi Elena , Taschieri Silvio 
Published: July 2014

Background: Biofilm removal plays a central role in the prevention of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases associated with microbial infections. Plaque debridement may be accomplished by air polishing using abrasive powders. In this study, a new formulation consisting of erythritol and chlorhexidine is compared with the standard glycine powder used in air‐polishing devices. Their in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis, and Candida albicans are investigated.Methods: Biofilm was allowed to grow on sandblasted titanium disks and air polished with glycine or erythritol‐chlorhexidine powders. A semiquantitative analysis of biofilm by spectrophotometric assay was performed. A qualitative analysis was also carried out by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum microbicidal concentrations were evaluated, together with the microbial recovery from the residual biofilm after air‐polishing treatment.Results: The combination of erythritol and chlorhexidine displayed stronger antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity than glycine against all microbial strains tested.Conclusion: Air polishing with erythritol‐chlorhexidine seems to be a viable alternative to the traditional glycine treatment for biofilm removal.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a constant rate infusion of fentanyl (5 μg/kg/h) in awake cats
Authors: Ambros Barbara , Alcorn Jane , Duke-Novakovski Tanya , Livingston Alexander , Dowling Patricia M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and thermal and mechanical antinociceptive effects of a fentanyl constant rate infusion (CRI) in conscious cats.
Animals—8 healthy adult cats.
Procedures—At a ≥ 14-day interval, 7 cats received a loading dose (LD) of fentanyl (5 μg/kg, IV [administered at 0 hours]) followed by fentanyl infusion (5 μg/kg/h, IV) for 2 hours or similar administrations of equivalent volumes of 0.9% saline (NaCl) solution. One cat received only the fentanyl treatment. For both treatments, sedation and adverse events were evaluated and mechanical threshold (MT) and thermal threshold (TT) testing was performed prior to (baseline) and at predetermined times up to 26 hours after LD administration; plasma fentanyl concentrations were determined at similar times when the cats received fentanyl.
Results—Fentanyl induced mild sedation during the infusion. The only adverse effect associated with fentanyl LD administration was profuse salivation (1 cat). Saline solution administration did not significantly change MT or TT over time. For the duration of the CRI, MT and TT differed significantly between treatments, except for TT 1 hour after LD administration. For the fentanyl treatment, MT and TT were significantly higher than baseline at 0.25 to 0.75 hours and at 0.25 to 1 hour, respectively. During the fentanyl CRI, mean ± SD plasma fentanyl concentration decreased from 4.41 ± 1.86 ng/mL to 2.99 ± 1.28 ng/mL and was correlated with antinociception; plasma concentrations < 1.33 ± 0.30 ng/mL were not associated with antinociception.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fentanyl CRI (5 μg/kg/h) induced mechanical and thermal antinociception in cats.
Efficacy of a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing a Mannheimia haemolytica toxoid in calves challenge exposed with Bibersteinia trehalosi
Authors: Bowersock Terry L. , Sobecki Brian E. , Terrill Sarah J. , Martinon Nathalie C. , Meinert Todd R. , Leyh Randy D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the efficacy of a multivalent modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine containing a Mannheimia haemolytica toxoid to reduce pneumonia and mortality rate when administered to calves challenge exposed with virulent Bibersteinia trehalosi.
Animals—74 Holstein calves.
Procedures—Calves were assigned to 2 treatment groups. Calves in the control group (n = 36) were vaccinated by SC administration of 2 mL of a commercial 5-way MLV vaccine, and calves in the other group (38) were vaccinated by SC administration of a 2-mL dose of a 5-way MLV vaccine containing M haemolytica toxoid (day 0). On day 21, calves were transtracheally administered B trehalosi. Serum was obtained for analysis of antibody titers against M haemolytica leukotoxin. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from calves 1 day before vaccination (day −1) and challenge exposure (day 20) and cultured to detect bacterial respiratory pathogens. Clinical scores, rectal temperature, and death attributable to the challenge-exposure organism were recorded for 6 days after challenge exposure. Remaining calves were euthanized at the end of the study. Necropsy was performed on all calves, and lung lesion scores were recorded.
Results—Calves vaccinated with the MLV vaccine containing M haemolytica toxoid had significantly lower lung lesion scores, mortality rate, and clinical scores for respiratory disease, compared with results for control calves.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of a multivalent MLV vaccine containing M haemolytica toxoid protected calves against challenge exposure with virulent B trehalosi by reducing the mortality rate, lung lesion scores, and clinical scores for respiratory disease.
Influence of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs on Disability in Patients With Subacromial Shoulder Pain in Primary Care: A Secondary Analysis
Authors: Kromer Thilo O. , Sieben Judith M. , de Bie Rob A. , Bastiaenen Caroline H.G. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundLittle information exists about the role of fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing in subacromial pain syndrome.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the associations among pain, catastrophizing, fear, and disability and the contribution of fear-avoidance beliefs to disability at baseline and at 3-month follow-up.DesignA cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis was conducted.MethodsBaseline demographic and clinical data, including fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing, of 90 patients were assessed for this analysis. Disability was measured with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. First, bivariate and partial correlations were calculated among pain, fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and disability, based on the fear-avoidance model. Second, the contribution of fear-avoidance beliefs to disability at baseline and at 3-month follow-up was examined with hierarchical regression analyses.ResultsCorrelations between clinical variables and disability were largely in line with the fear-avoidance model. Regression analyses identified a significant contribution of fear-avoidance beliefs to baseline disability but not to disability at 3 months.LimitationsPatients with subacromial pain syndrome were studied; therefore, the results should be transferred with caution to other diagnoses. A modified version of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire was used, which was not validated for this patient group.ConclusionsFear-avoidance beliefs contribute significantly to baseline disability but not to disability change scores after 3-month follow-up. Duration of complaints and baseline disability were the main factors influencing disability change scores. Although the results help to improve understanding of the role of fear-avoidance beliefs, further studies are needed to fully understand the influence of psychological and clinical factors on the development of disability in patients with subacromial shoulder pain.
Discontinuation Pattern among Iucd Users: A Study at Tertiary Health Care Centre
Authors: Nanda Smiti , Malik Roopa , Sangwan Vijayata , Kumar Viral 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Intrauterine contraceptives are the most frequently used reversible family planning method in the world. The method is safe, rapidly reversible, inexpensive, highly effective, long lasting and nonhormonal. These attributes make it unique and desirable for many users. Inspite of all these characters and high initial acceptance, discontinuation remains high. We conducted this study among IUCD users at our department, a tertiary health care centre to determine discontinuation rate and causes for its discontinuation.

How to cite this article
Malik R, Sangwan V, Nanda S, Kumar V, Kumar M. Discontinuation Pattern among Iucd Users: A Study at Tertiary Health Care Centre. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):8-10.
Effect of Postnatal Exercises on Quality of Life in Immediate Postpartum Mothers: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Mahishale Arati V , Ulorica Lume Pereira Antonyna Maria , Patil Hema S 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective
Women are potentially susceptible to complications during postpartum period which may affect their physical, mental and social wellbeing. It is essential to deliver appropriate postpartum care in immediate postpartum mothers to improve the general wellbeing. Postnatal exercises are administered in routine clinical practice for early mobility and postnatal recovery. The present study aimed to assess the effect of postnatal exercise on postpartum maternal physical, mental, social and general wellbeing in immediate postpartum women.

Materials and methods
Setting—Tertiary care hospital; Subjects—33 immediate postpartum women with vaginal delivery were recruited after obtaining an informed consent and clearance from the institutional ethical committee; Treatment— postnatal exercises namely aerobic exercises, general body strengthening exercises, and pelvic floor muscle exercises were given from 2nd to 4th day postpartum, twice per day each session lasting for 30 minutes each; Tool—the short-form (36) questionnaire was administered as an outcome measure; statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16.

Results
The results showed statistically significant difference in quality of life according to the short form (36) scores on 4th day postintervention as compared to 2nd day preintervention with p < 0.001 in all domains.

Conclusion
Postnatal exercises administered during immediate postpartum period helps improve the quality of life by improving physical, mental, social and general wellbeing.

How to cite this article
Mahishale AV, Maria Vlorica LPA, Patil HS. Effect of Postnatal Exercises on Quality of Life in Immediate Postpartum Mothers: A Clinical Trial. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):11-14.
Emergency Contraceptive Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Women Presenting to Family Planning Outpatient Clinic in Central India
Authors: Maru Laxmi , Dave Anupama , Kaushal Manila 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective
The aim of this study is to determine the degree of knowledge, attitude practices, and perceived needs about emergency contraception in women attending family planning clinic in Central India and to investigate the factors that militates against its use.

Methods
This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out among women attending family planning clinic in Central India from April 2009 to March 2010. One thousand and forty-two women (aged 18-35 years) participated in this study and answered the questions presented in the self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information and the awareness, knowledge and use of emergency contraception. Completed questionnaires were collected before the women left the clinic and the data analyzed.

Results
Overall, 149 (14.3%) women were aware of Emergency Contraceptive pills and among those, 125 (83.9%)women correctly identified 72 hours as the time limit for the methods to be used. More than half (61.8%) did not know correct dosage and 68.7% were unaware about the side effects of the available post-coital pill. Only 80 (7.7%) women had previously used emergency contraceptive pills. None of them was aware about use of intrauterine contraceptive device as emergency contraception. Emergency contraception awareness was positively associated with age, education and level of monthly income.

Conclusion
Awareness about emergency contraception was very low, especially regarding correct timing of its use and its side effects. Public information strategy needs to be devised and widely publicized so that awareness about Emergency contraception increases in India.

How to cite this article
Kaushal M, Maru L, Dave A. Emergency Contraceptive Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Women Presenting to Family Planning Outpatient Clinic in Central India. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1): 21-24.
The Effect of Transabdominal Amnioinfusion on Perinatal Outcomes in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes
Authors: Tasnim Nasira , Mahmud Ghazala , Fatima Saba 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective
To evaluate the role of transabdominal amnioinfusion in improving the latency period and perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).

Materials and methods
A randomized controlled trial was carried out at MCH Centre, Unit I, PIMS, Islamabad, from Jan 2008 to Dec 2008. Sixty women with singleton pregnancies between 28 and 32 completed weeks of gestation, complicated with PPROM was randomly allocated into two groups viz transabdominal amnioinfusion (amnioinfusion group) and expectant management (control group), within 24 hours of admission.

Results
The demographic characteristics were comparable in both the groups. Amnioinfusion group showed significant improvement in PPROM to delivery interval (18.47 ± 6.699 vs 8.93 ± 4.741 days; p = 0.001), neonatal birth weight (p = 0.019) and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes (p = 0.007 for 1 minute and p = 0.012 for 5 minutes). There was less frequency of respiratory distress syndrome (p = 0.032), neonatal sepsis (p = 0.020) and neonatal jaundice (p = 0.002) in the amnioinfusion group. Fewer neonates were admitted to NICU (p = 0.010) and higher survival rate was found in amnioinfusion group (p = 0.023).

Conclusion
The treatment with transabdominal amnioinfusion in pregnancies complicated with PPROM resulted in significant prolongation of pregnancy and better neonatal outcomes as compared to women who were managed with traditional expectant management.

How to cite this article
Fatima S, Tasnim N, Mahmud G. The Effect of Transabdominal Amnioinfusion on Perinatal Outcomes in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):28-32.
A Complication of Surgical Abortion: A Rare Presentation
Authors: Mehra Reeti , Pandhar Dilpreet Kaur , Huria Anju 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTDilatation and evacuation (D and E) is the most commonly used method for later abortion. It is one of the safest procedure when performed by experienced personnel. Complication rates are high in second trimester abortion compared to first trimester. Rupture of uterine wall covered with organized blood clots is very rare complication after second trimester surgical abortion. It is a surgical emergency and may have deleterious consequences if diagnosis is delayed.How to cite this articleKaur M, Pandhar DK, Mehra R, Huria A. A Complication of Surgical Abortion: A Rare Presentation. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):33-34.
Hook Effect in Molar Pregnancy: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Gupta Hemprabha , Bagchi Sipra , Mittal Anushree 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTMolar pregnancy is associated with very high levels of hCG in serum as well as in urine and therefore is an important marker in its diagnosis and follow-up. However, at times very high levels of hCG may be associated with falsely low or negative hCG levels because of Hook effect. Here, we report two cases molar associated with Hook effect.How to cite this articleKunwar S, Gupta H, Bagchi S, Mittal A. Hook Effect in Molar Pregnancy: A Report of Two Cases. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):49-50.