bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Equivalence
Authors: Tanzer Norbert K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Cross‐cultural research often involves participants speaking different languages, and thus requires availability of tests (and other written psychological materials such as descriptions of experimental conditions or instructions to participants) in multiple languages. In psychology, a common procedure to develop such translations is the
translation–back‐translation
method. A test (or any other psychological material) is translated from a
source language
into a
target language
by a professional interpreter with extensive expertise in the target language; a second interpreter (preferably, with extensive expertise in the source language) independently translates the text back from the target language into the source language. The accuracy of the translation is then evaluated by comparing the original with the back‐translated version. The procedure can identify various kinds of errors. A nice example is the English proverb “
out of sight, out of mind
” that was back‐translated from a French translation as “
invisible, insane
”.
Luria, Alexander Romanovich
Authors: Agler Lin‐Miao Lin , Zabrucky Karen M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlexander Romanovich Luria was born on July 16, 1902 in Kazan, Russia. He is best known as a neuropsychologist (credited with founding the field of neuropsychology) and a pioneer of cultural‐historical psychology. Luria entered the Kazan State University in 1917 and graduated four years later with a degree in the humanities. During his college years he was interested in sociology and psychology, and had a particular interest in the work of Sigmund Freud. While a student, he established the Kazan Psychoanalytic Association.
Machismo
Authors: Wong Stephanie J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Machismo is a socially and culturally constructed term used to conceptualize masculine norms, behaviors, and attitudes among Mexican, Mexican‐American, Latino, and Latin American men. The concept of
machismo
can be traced back to Spain, which encouraged its warriors to value and protect women through their strength. However, the term
machismo
was exported to other countries, and soon became associated with the term
macho
, a concept that described men as emotionally restricted, over‐confident, and chauvinistic. As a result, initial research efforts to understand the concept of
machismo
embodied a negative perspective, emphasizing stereotypical and hyper‐masculine characteristics, such as aggression, dominance over women, and violence. Adopting a narrow conceptualization of
machismo
that focuses primarily on negative characteristics can have deleterious effects on researchers’ and healthcare providers’ beliefs and practice, including reinforcing negative stereotypes and misinformed over‐generalizations about a particular population, implementing assessment and treatment based on stereotypes as opposed to individualized treatment, encouraging self‐fulfilling prophesies among members of the specified population, and diminishing quality, culturally competent care.
Malpass, Roy S
Authors: Weigold Arne 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Roy S. Malpass is a social psychologist best known for his work on eyewitness identification and face recognition. He received his B.Sc. from Union College in 1959, his M.A. from The Graduate Faculty, The New School for Social Research, in 1961, and his Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Syracuse University in 1968. He has been a faculty member at the University of Illinois, Champagne‐Urbana, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, and the University of Texas at El Paso. He is currently a professor emeritus at the latter two institutions. He is a past president of the Society for Cross‐Cultural Research (1989−1990) and the International Association for Cross‐Cultural Psychology (1992−1994). Much of Malpass's work has centered on the accuracy of eyewitness identification, with an emphasis on the area of police lineup fairness. Over the course of his career, he has examined a diverse range of influences on lineup fairness, such as whether individuals in the lineup should be presented simultaneously or sequentially, the influence of the instructions given to eyewitnesses (e.g., whether eyewitnesses are told that the suspect might not be in the lineup), and the consequences of the similarity of distractors (the persons in the lineup who are not the suspect) to eyewitness descriptions.
Markus, Hazel Rose
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , D'Angelo Kimberly J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The early work of Hazel Rose Markus, which focused on self and identity development, established her as a prominent contributor to the field of cross‐cultural psychology. Building upon her 1977 groundbreaking research on the self‐schemata concept, Markus further studied the self and how people derive meaning from sociocultural factors. She has been interested in gender, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, cohorts, and historical antecedents, which are contextually and culturally situated. She is author or co‐author of more than 150 publications on the role of self in regulating behavior and on the ways in which the self is shaped by social phenomena. Her work has culminated in a large body of innovative ideas and made her an influential force in the construal dynamics of the self.
Mate Poaching
Authors: Lawson Kathryn C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Mate poaching, attracting someone who is already in a romantic relationship, is a phenomenon found universally across cultures, though prevalence varies greatly. Mate poaching may be undertaken in order to lure the already‐mated person into a short‐term sexual relationship, a long‐term sexual relationship, or a new, exclusive relationship between the poacher and the poached. Poaching for short‐term sexual affairs seems to occur more frequently than the other two types of poaching. Overall, mate poaching rates vary in part because of differential resource availability and different ratios of men to women. Mate poaching has been found to be most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and to be relatively uncommon in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Across cultures, men are more likely to both engage in poaching and to succumb to poaching attempts made on them, though these differences are often smaller in regions with more gender equality in terms of access to resources. Interestingly, increased political equality of men and women does not always lessen the differential rates of mate poaching between genders; instead, it sometimes increases the poaching behaviors of both men and women. Similarly, when women outnumber men in a region, people of both genders tend to engage in higher rates of mate poaching. Worldwide, approximately 60% of men and 40% of women admitted to attempting a mate poach. Research with North American samples found a smaller rate of self‐reported poaching experiences when mate poaching was redefined in order to explicitly indicate that the poacher was aware of the other person's exclusive relationship, though accumulated evidence suggests that most poachers are aware that they are encroaching on an existing relationship.
Mead, Margaret
Authors: George Meghan , Rutherford Alexandra 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Margaret Mead is perhaps the world's best‐known cultural anthropologist. Although her work has not escaped criticism, books like
Coming of Age in Samoa, Growing up in New Guinea
, and
And Keep Your Powder Dry
have become enduring classics. In her lifetime, Mead was a true public intellectual, writing and commenting widely on social and scientific issues. After World War II, by which time she was already an academic celebrity, she kept up a tireless schedule of public speaking engagements. One biographer has surmised that her status as a woman in American public life at this time was surpassed only by Eleanor Roosevelt. Mead wrote extensively on sex, gender, race, family, and many other topics, not only to understand “faraway places,” but to understand American culture as well. This was actually a goal of all of her ethnographic research with “primitive” societies. As she wrote in the prologue to her autobiography
Blackberry Winter
, “I have spent most of my life studying the lives of other peoples, faraway peoples, so that Americans might better understand themselves”.
Meade, Robert D
Authors: Meade Robert D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Robert Meade's interest in cultures other than his own began in elementary school in rural Indiana, where he was an avid reader and spent much time with books about foreign places and their inhabitants. These avocational interests have continued to be paramount for the duration of his personal as well as professional life. Meade received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1956. His graduate work centered on human motivation and his dissertation was based on studies of motivation and time perception. His first visits abroad were centered on Europe where he was especially interested in how behavior and thought in those countries differed from those of his own. He also undertook a year of travel in Asia and Africa, where even more differences in culture suggested further investigation of how those cultures affected behavior and psychological processes.
Memory
Authors: Austin Adam , Crothers Heather , Richard Ferraro F. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In some cultures past events are frequently discussed between adults and children, thus placing importance on the past and remembering personal events. In the cultures that do not practice regular discussion of past events, memory may not be as valuable. Further, in individualistic cultures (such as the United States) where individuality and autonomy are emphasized, cognitive processes and resources may be directed to remembrance of discrete events (e.g., being accepted into college). In a collectivistic culture (such as Korea) emphasis is placed on relatedness, which encourages individuals to retain more generic knowledge.
Mental Health Promotion
Authors: Landsman Moshe S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIf primary prevention is the crown of the prevention model of psychological intervention, promotion of mental health is the jewel in that crown. Of the three realms of prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary), primary prevention is the preferred intervention according to this model. Primary prevention is divided into two functions: First, minimizing dysfunction by identifying at‐risk populations and targeting them for intensive intervention; second, promotion of emotional health and wellbeing. Of these two functions, the prevention model proposes that promotion of mental health is more far‐reaching in its scope and in the expected result of the intervention.
Mindfulness
Authors: Chung Leeva 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Mindfulness is the state of intentional awareness of our own identity and the identity of the other. The mindful communicator is capable of being reflective of her or his own state of identity emergence and that of others. The root of practicing mindfulness is in the contemplative practices of both Eastern and Western spiritual traditions. It is at once a spiritual, meditative, reflective, psychological, and an applied way of intentional living and communicating.
Moral Development
Authors: Naito Takashi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlthough moral development has been studied from a variety of psychological perspectives, including learning theory, psychoanalysis, and others, current studies of moral development have been strongly influenced by the cognitive developmental approach of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg identified several fundamental philosophical issues underlying studies of moral development, such as the question of a culturally fair definition of the construct. Psychologists studying morality or moral development must deal with the problem of moral relativism or value neutrality, which stems from the value‐laden words “moral” and “development.” Moral relativism is the position that moral values differ among cultures and peoples and are therefore not universal. Conceptually, we must distinguish ethical moral relativism from descriptive moral relativism, because the relevant reasoning and evidence differ. Ethical relativism insists that basic values held in different cultures are equally right. Descriptive relativism simply holds that,factually, moral values held by people vary with culture.
Multicultural Identity
Authors: Miller Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

In
Coming of Age in Samoa
, Margaret described a situation where a single cultural tradition led to “one girl's life being so much like another's.” Growing up in a single cultural tradition is more and more unusual today. In fact, in today's global world, it is more common for individuals to internalize more than one culture, speak more than one language, live in a multicultural community, and have ties to individuals whose nationality is different from their own. From the complex socio‐political, economic, and educational interactions typical of our time emerge individuals whose orientation and view of the world profoundly transcends their indigenous culture and forms the basis for a multicultural identity.
Multiculturalism
Authors: Marcelo Ana Kamille , Huynh Que‐Lam 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Increases in global migration have created unprecedented diversity in many countries, and the issue of national identity has become a hotly debated topic across the globe, spurring research in the social sciences, especially in political science and psychology. In most countries, national identity can be defined in terms of common language, religion, and/or phenotypic characteristics. However, in historically immigrant nations such as the United States and Canada, and in countries with recent increases in diversity due to migration, defining and maintaining a cohesive national identity in order to integrate the various subgroups within society poses a challenge. Within these contexts, several competing approaches or ideological solutions have emerged, including multiculturalism and assimilation.
National Character
Authors: Shiraev Eric , Levy David 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
National character stands for predominant behavioral and associated psychological features and traits perceived as common in most people of a nation. In most cases, people tend to describe themselves as “good,” “cultured,” and “decent,” while other nations are considered “bad,” “uncultured,” or “mean.” However, self‐loathing, self‐depreciation, or self‐criticism are not uncommon in different descriptions of national characters. Both positive and negative portrayals are fluid and relate to specific events or recent developments. Others have a longer history and reflect certain stereotypes or expectations about the typical behavior of a representative member of a national group. Consider a well‐known joke about some European nations: “What are Heaven and Hell? Heaven is when the restaurant chef is French, the cop is British, the auto mechanic is German, the planner is Swiss, and the lover is Italian. In Hell, everything is out of order: The chef is British, the policeman is German, the mechanic is French, the planner is Italian, and the lover is Swiss.” This old joke embodies simplistic views of national character.
Non‐verbal Behavior
Authors: Matsumoto David , Hwang Hyi Sung 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Non‐verbal communication is any communication that does not involve words. There are three major modalities by which non‐verbal communication occurs. One is through the environment or context. For example, different houses send different messages about their occupants through the use of color, lighting, heat, fabric textures, photos, and so forth. Another is through physical characteristics or appearance, such as height and weight; skin color, hair, eyebrows, cheeks, and chin; proportion of eye, nose, chin size; odors; and clothing, jewelry, glasses, and other artifactual cues.
Nsamenang, A. Bame
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A. Bame Nsamenang is associate professor of psychology and learning sciences at the Advanced School of Education of Yaoundé University in Cameroon. He is also director of the Human Development Resource Centre (HDRC), which he co‐founded, in Bamenda, Cameroon. Following receipt of the Ph.D. in clinical child psychology from the University of Ibadan in 1984, he was a Fogarty Fellow at the National Institute of Child Health and Development in the United States (1987−1990), Nehru Chair Visiting Professor at Baroda University in India, and resident scholar at the Stanford University Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (2002−2003).
Oligarchy
Authors: Miller Richard L. , Biggs Douglas L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small, elite segment of society. The power of the elite may be based on wealth, military strength, family connections, commercial power, ruthlessness, or political influence. The word “oligarchy” is from the Greek words
olígos
, which means “a few,” and
archo
, which means “to rule or command”. According to, oligarchies can be categorized by the extent to which those in power are directly involved in coercion and/or government; the extent of fragmentation of the coercion and/or rule; and whether the power elite is wild (unrestrained by the rule of law) or tame.
Operational Definition
Authors: Beins Bernard C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Psychologists frequently measure constructs that are abstract and not directly observable. Measurement of such constructs requires operational definitions, observable measures that serve as a proxy for the underlying construct. ironic, circular definition of intelligence illustrates the point regarding development of a measurement that reflects an unobservable state: “Intelligence is what intelligence tests test.” Typical examples in research include measurement of the number of items recalled from a stimulus set to serve as the operational definition of amount learned, or the score on a depression inventory to serve as the operational definition of degree of depression that a person is experiencing.
Outgroup
Authors: Hovee Mark J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Many people, at one point or another in their lives, have experienced the reality of being ostracized or excluded from a group. Such treatment is often based on differences in ethnicity, religious practices, socioeconomic status, or national‐political identity, although people may find themselves divided from each other by groupings on a smaller scale, often entailing one of the groups being more dominant and privileged than the other.
Relativism
Authors: Beins Bernard C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Relativism is a theoretical perspective according to which psychologists study behavior in a culture as being independent of behaviors in other cultures. That is, according to this perspective, attempting to understand human thought and behavior by comparing constructs across cultures is counterproductive because each culture is
sui generis
. This framework stands in contrast to
absolutism
, which asserts that culture is irrelevant to understanding psychological constructs because they do not differ across cultures, and
universalism
, which posits that constructs have universal underpinnings but are displayed differently depending on cultural context.
Representativeness Heuristic
Authors: Pope Jay W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The representative heuristic is the tendency for people to predict that a person or object belongs to a category, not based on mathematical evidence (e.g., the base rate), but on how much the person or object is perceived to be typical or “representative” of that category. Although the representative heuristic can improve the speed and efficiency of some estimates, by drawing on historical and categorical factors that shape perception, it is also a cognitive bias that can result in significant errors of judgment.
Resilience
Authors: Nolan Susan A. , Fisher Paige H. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Resilience is the ability of humans to respond adaptively to stressful or traumatic situations in a way that maintains their psychological health. Norman Garmezy, Emmy Werner, and Ruth Smith are frequently credited as the original champions of the concept of resilience, and for initiating research interest in and clinical attention to personal strength rather than weakness in overcoming adversity . For example, conducted a longitudinal study examining the effects of acute and chronic stressors on children in poverty, and found that although many of these children grew up with problems, many others fared remarkably well. Beyond the positive focus on adaptive responding, some researchers also consider resilient people as those who do not develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the experience of trauma.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Power Distance
Authors: Mootz Jennifer 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
All societies contain power differences between their citizens and are stratified according to different dimensions, including power, wealth, and physical or mental characteristics, to name a few. What differs from culture to culture, however, is how power differences are determined and experienced by both dominant and subordinate persons. Dutch sociologist Mauk initially conceptualized and experimented with the concept of power distance (PD). Later, borrowed the term power distance to apply to a dimension he discovered following analysis of a multinational survey administered to IBM employees in 40 different countries.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Egalitarianism
Authors: Bell Callimarie , Zagumny Matthew J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Egalitarianism is a philosophical doctrine that describes a belief in human equality. Specifically, egalitarianism is a cultural orientation requiring individuals to see each other as moral equals. Egalitarianism, commonly contextualized in political, social, and economic affairs, advocates the reduction of inequalities among individuals in social realms such as work, legal systems, gender issues, and wealth. Justice and fairness are commonly associated with egalitarianism stemming from multiple studies in political philosophy.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Embeddedness
Authors: Rahman Hartini Abdul 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Embeddedness is a value construct developed by in his analysis of individual and cultural value orientations. The embeddedness vs. autonomy dimension focuses on the social relationships and social environment in which people interact. This dimension explains people's cultural orientation toward social relationships between individuals and groups. The embeddedness dimension was developed in response to the challenge of understanding and managing the relations or boundaries between the individual and the group. The two constructs embeddedness and autonomy reflect contrasting values. Members of cultures that vary on this dimension differ in the way they understand and interpret the world.
Method Bias
Authors: Fons J. R. , de Vijver van 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Bias can occur in the context of comparative studies and refers to the presence of nuisance factors. If scores are biased, their psychological meaning is not the same in the groups studied. Bias is not an inherent characteristic of an instrument, but arises in the application of an instrument in at least two cultural groups. As a consequence, an instrument is not inherently biased, but may become so when scores from specific cultural groups are compared.