bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channel inhibitors on the vagal control of guinea pig airway smooth muscle tone
Authors: McGovern Alice E , Robusto Jed , Rakoczy Joanna , Simmons David G , Phipps Simon , Mazzone Stuart B 
Published: April 2014

Background and PurposeSubtypes of the hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) family of cation channels are widely expressed on nerves and smooth muscle cells in many organ systems, where they serve to regulate membrane excitability. Here we have assessed whether HCN channel inhibitors alter the function of airway smooth muscle or the neurons that regulate airway smooth muscle tone.Experimental ApproachThe effects of the HCN channel inhibitors ZD7288, zatebradine and Cs+ were assessed on agonist and nerve stimulation‐evoked changes in guinea pig airway smooth muscle tone using tracheal strips in vitro, an innervated tracheal tube preparation ex vivo or in anaesthetized mechanically ventilated guinea pigs in vivo. HCN channel expression in airway nerves was assessed using immunohistochemistry, PCR and in situ hybridization.Key ResultsHCN channel inhibition did not alter airway smooth muscle reactivity in vitro to exogenously administered smooth muscle spasmogens, but significantly potentiated smooth muscle contraction evoked by the sensory nerve stimulant capsaicin and electrical field stimulation of parasympathetic cholinergic postganglionic neurons. Sensory nerve hyperresponsiveness was also evident in in vivo following HCN channel blockade. Cs+, but not ZD7288, potentiated preganglionic nerve‐dependent airway contractions and over time induced autorhythmic preganglionic nerve activity, which was not mimicked by inhibitors of potassium channels. HCN channel expression was most evident in vagal sensory ganglia and airway nerve fibres.Conclusions and ImplicationsHCN channel inhibitors had a previously unrecognized effect on the neural regulation of airway smooth muscle tone, which may have implications for some patients receiving HCN channel inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
Detailed SAR and PCA of the Tyrocidines and Analogues Towards Leucocin A‐Sensitive and Leucocin A‐Resistant Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Leussa Adrienne Nyango‐Nkeh , Rautenbach Marina 
Published: April 2014

The tyrocidines, antimicrobial cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus, have potent activity with drug/disinfectant potential, specifically against Listeria monocytogenes. The tyrocidine activity is dependent on an amphipathic balance. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis combined with principal component analysis showed the best activity correlation with hydropathy and solvent accessible volume (hydrophobicity parameters), Mr and molecular volume (steric/size parameters), coupled with rigid sequence and charge prerequisites. For potent activity against L. monocytogenes strains, there is a prerequisite for a Tyr or Phe in the (W/F)(w/f)NQ(Y/F/W) sequence of the variable pentapeptide and ornithine (Orn, O) as cationic residue in the conserved V(K/O)LfP pentapeptide, particularly with Trp in the aromatic dipeptide moiety of the variable pentapeptide. The roles of Trp and Orn in the tyrocidines were confirmed with most active peptide, tyrocidine B (TrcB) containing Orn and a Trp‐d‐Phe in the aromatic dipeptide moiety. However, a novel analogue with a trimethylated ornithine and Phe‐d‐Phe showed an activity rivalling that of TrcB. Our results emphasized that activity is dictated by interplay between the character of the aromatic residues in the variable pentapeptide and the cationic residue. Any residue change resulting in tighter membrane/cell wall interaction is likely to trap tyrocidines and impede their mechanism of action.
Changes in parathyroid proteome in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism due to sporadic parathyroid adenomas
Authors: Varshney Shweta , Bhadada Sanjay Kumar , Arya Ashutosh Kumar , Sharma Sadhna , Behera Arunanshu , Bhansali Anil , Rao Sudhaker D. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryPurposeThe pathogenesis of parathyroid tumours is only partially understood. A direct approach using proteomics could be a promising tool to increase our understanding of parathyroid tumorigenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate differentially expressed proteins to explore the underlying molecular basis of the disease and identify potential target proteins responsible for the genesis of adenoma.MethodsProteins were extracted from adenomatous and normal parathyroid tissues. Differentially expressed proteins were separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐D) and identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed using spss 10.01 software.ResultsComparative analysis of the 2‐D profiles of proteins isolated from adenomatous and normal parathyroid tissues showed 15 differentially expressed proteins, of which 11 were overexpressed. The characterized proteins were associated with diverse cellular functions including regulation of cell organization, programmed cell death, transcription and signal transduction.ConclusionThe differentially expressed proteins in parathyroid adenomas may potentially serve as new targets to investigate the mechanisms of parathyroid adenoma transformation.
Can radioiodine be administered effectively and safely to a patient with severe chronic kidney disease?
Authors: Saracyn Marek , Bilski Marek , Kamiński Grzegorz , Niemczyk Stanisław 
Published: April 2014

SummaryChronic kidney disease is an increasingly widespread problem. The progression of renal failure is associated with the development of various hormonal disorders, including those affecting the thyroid gland. The prevalence of multinodular goitre and differentiated thyroid cancer increases significantly in patients with renal failure. However, radioiodine treatment in patients with severe chronic kidney disease gives rise to a number of difficulties. The only conclusions regarding this treatment thus far have been derived from single case studies. It seems that prospective controlled studies can contribute to the creation of standards for radioiodine treatment in patients with various stages of chronic kidney disease, while maintaining the safety of such treatment for both patients and medical staff. This review gives the response to the question how nowadays to treat the patients with severe chronic kidney disease with radioiodine.
Will your article be found? Authors choose a confusing variety of words to describe dental survival analyses
Authors: Layton Danielle M. , Clarke Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivesIdentify the words and phrases that authors used to describe time‐to‐event outcomes of dental treatments in patients.Materials and methodsA systematic handsearch of 50 dental journals with the highest Citation Index for 2008 identified articles reporting dental treatment with time‐to‐event statistics (included “case” articles, n = 95), without time‐to‐event statistics (active “control” articles, n = 91), and all other articles (passive “control” articles n = 6796). The included and active controls were read, identifying 43 English words across the title, aim and abstract, indicating that outcomes were studied over time. Once identified, these words were sought within the 6796 passive controls. Words were divided into six groups. Differences in use of words were analyzed with Pearson's chi‐square across these six groups, and the three locations (title, aim, and abstract).ResultsIn the abstracts, included articles used group 1 (statistical technique) and group 2 (statistical terms) more frequently than the active and passive controls (group 1: 35%, 2%, 0.37%, P < 0.001 and group 2: 31%, 1%, 0.06%, P < 0.001). The included and active controls used group 3 (quasi‐statistical) equally, but significantly more often than the passive controls (82%, 78%, 3.21%, P < 0.001). In the aims, use of target words was similar for included and active controls, but less frequent for groups 1–4 in the passive controls (P < 0.001). In the title, group 2 (statistical techniques) and groups 3–5 (outcomes) were similar for included and active controls, but groups 2 and 3 were less frequent in the passive controls (P < 0.001). Significantly more included articles used group 6 words (stating the study duration) (54%, 30%, P = 0.001).ConclusionAll included articles used time‐to‐event analyses, but two‐thirds did not include words to highlight this in the abstract. There is great variation in the words authors used to describe dental time‐to‐event outcomes. Electronic identification of such articles would be inconsistent, with low sensitivity and specificity. Authors should improve the reporting quality. Journals should allow sufficient space in abstracts to summarize research, and not impose unrealistic word limits. Readers should be mindful of these problems when searching for relevant articles. Additional research is required in this field.
Effectiveness of the Healthy Skin Clinic – a randomized clinical trial of nurse‐led patient counselling in hand eczema
Authors: Mollerup Annette , Veien Niels K. , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryBackgroundHand eczema is a common disease, and continuous preventive skin protection and skin care must be adopted to prevent a chronic course. Hand eczema is not a uniform disease, and counselling must therefore be individually tailored.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse‐led counselling programme, the Healthy Skin Clinic, emphasizing the patient's self‐management, resources, and risks.Patients and methodsPatients (n = 306) referred for diagnostic work‐up and treatment of hand eczema were randomized and allocated either to the programme or to usual care. The primary outcome was clinical disease severity at follow‐up. Secondary outcomes were quality of life, burden of disease, skin protective behaviours, and self‐reported medication adherence.ResultsPatients in the intervention group had greater reductions in clinical severity and reported more beneficial behavioural changes at follow‐up than those in the usual‐care group. This was especially true of patients who were treated solely with topical corticosteroids and who had a primarily exogenous aetiology of hand eczema. However, the effect was very dependent on baseline disease severity. No differences in quality of life or burden of disease were found between the two groups.ConclusionA tailored nurse‐led programme of skin protection counselling may be recommended as an essential part of hand eczema treatment.
The effects of thoracic surgery operations on quality of life: a multicenter study
Authors: Öz Gürhan , Solak Okan , Metin Muzaffer , Esme Hıdır , Sayar Adnan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveSome treatment modalities may cause losses in patients' life comfort because of the treatment process. Our aim is to determine the effects of thoracic surgery operations on patients' quality of life.Materials and MethodsThis is a multicenter and prospective study. A hundred patients, who had undergone posterolateral thoracotomy (PLT) and/or lateral thoracotomy (LT), were included in the study. A quality of life questionnaire (SF‐36) was used to determine the changes in life comfort. SF‐36 was performed before the operation, on the first month, third month, sixth month and twelfth month after the operation.ResultsSeventy‐two percent (n = 72) of the patients were male. PLT was performed in 66% (n = 66) of the patients, and LT was performed in 34% (n = 34) of the patients. The types of resections in patients were pneumonectomy in four patients, lobectomy in 59 patients and wedge resection in 11 patients. No resection was performed in 26 patients. Thoracotomy caused deteriorations in physical function (PF), physical role (RP), bodily pain (BP), health, vitality and social function scores. The deteriorations observed in the third month improved in the sixth and twelfth months. The PF, RP, BP and MH scores of the patients with lung resection were much more worsened compared with the patients who did not undergo lung resection.ConclusionThoracic surgery operations caused substantial dissatisfaction in life comfort especially in the third month postoperatively. The worsening in physical function, physical role, pain and mental health is much more in patients with resection compared with the patients who did not undergo resection.
Pulmonary involvement in patients with Behçet's disease: report of 15 cases
Authors: Zhang Xiaolei , Dai Huaping , Ma Zhanhong , Yang Yuanhua , Liu Yan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBehçet's disease (BD) is a multisystem vasculitis, and pulmonary involvement in BD can have complex clinical manifestations. We aimed to analyze the clinical and radiological features, as well as the outcomes, of BD patients with pulmonary manifestation.MethodWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 106 patients with BD diagnosed in our institute between January 2000 and January 2013. Patients with pulmonary vascular or parenchymal abnormalities on chest radiography, thorax computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or pulmonary scintigraphy were included in this study.ResultsFifteen patients (14%) were identified to have pulmonary involvement. Pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAA) was observed in six patients, and all of them had concomitant thrombi, attenuation or occlusion of PAs, and five of them also had radiographic parenchymal changes. Three patients had solely pulmonary artery thrombus (PAT) without PAA. For the six patients with isolated radiographic parenchyma changes, pulmonary infiltration resolved with immunosuppressant therapy in four subjects; the lesion remained unchanged in one subject with radiographic interstitial changes, and acid‐fast bacilli were found in the remaining subject. Patients with PAA or PAT had more frequency of hemoptysis and extra‐pulmonary vascular lesions compared with isolated parenchymal involvement. Radiographic parenchyma changes are nonspecific, with ill‐defined ground‐glass opacity being the most common pulmonary radiographic parenchymal changes. Patients with isolated parenchymal changes had better prognosis than those with PAA or PAT.ConclusionsBD with pulmonary involvement can have a wide spectrum of abnormal clinical and radiographic manifestations, and multiple pulmonary lesions can exit in the same patient.
IL‐32 was involved in cigarette smoke‐induced pulmonary inflammation in COPD
Authors: Rong Yao , Xiang Xu‐dong , Li Ya‐min , Peng Zhen‐yu , Li Jin‐xiu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposePrevious study has proven the overexpression of interleukin 32 (IL‐32) in lungs with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). But the soluble IL‐32 levels and the role of IL‐32 in smokers and COPD are still unclear.MethodsIn this study, we enrolled 133 subjects who were divided into three groups: nonsmokers, control smokers and smokers with COPD. We detected the IL‐32 levels in serum and induced sputum of all subjects. The pulmonary function, PaO2 and smoking exposure index were also collected. Moreover, macrophages were isolated and stimulated by cigarette smoke extraction (CSE). A special siRNA was used to suppress the IL‐32 expression.ResultsThere was no significant difference in IL‐32 serum levels among the three groups. The IL‐32 levels of induced sputum in COPD patients were markedly higher than control smokers and nonsmokers. The IL‐32 levels in induced sputum of COPD patients were negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/forced vital capacity and FEV1%. Moreover, a low concentration CSE could stimulate IL‐32 expression and promote the release of several inflammatory factors (such as IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α). A special siRNA could significantly suppress the release of these inflammatory factors.ConclusionsThis study revealed the critical role of IL‐32 in pulmonary inflammation of COPD and smoker‐associated diseases.
GARDENIA JASMINOIDES: A Traditional Chinese Dye Plant Becomes A Garden Ornamental in Europe
Authors: Jarvis Charles E. , DuVal Ashley , Crane Peter R. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryGardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, a plant native to southern China, was introduced into Britain in the mid‐18th century in its sterile double‐flowered form. It quickly became a horticultural sensation because of its large white jasmine‐like flowers and scent. At first, understanding the taxonomic placement of the species was inhibited by the lack of fertile flowers, but eventually the species was understood to be very different from a true jasmine. Interest in this plant in the mid‐18th century was not confined to its use as an ornamental, but also focused on the potential use of its seeds as the source of a yellow‐scarlet dye.
780. TETRADIUM DANIELLII
Authors: Upson Tim 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe genus Tetradium Lour. is discussed with special reference to taxa in cultivation and the most widely planted species, Tetradium daniellii, (commonly called Euodia daniellii (Benn.) Hemsl. or E. hupehensis Dode) which is the subject of this plate. Its variation, synonymy, history and cultivation are reviewed.
781. ALONSOA AURICULATA
Authors: Duncan Graham 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe Peruvian and Bolivian perennial Alonsoa auriculata Diels has potential for temperate gardens, and in cold climates as a half hardy summer bedding plant and pot subject for the temperate conservatory and cool greenhouse. A description and details of its history, taxonomy and cultivation are provided, with general notes on the genus.
Trends in public opinion on alcohol issues during a period of increasing access to alcohol: Ontario, Canada, 1996–2011
Authors: Ialomiteanu Anca R. , Giesbrecht Norman , Adlaf Edward M. , Wettlaufer Ashley 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe aim of our paper is to present trend data concerning public opinion on alcohol policy in the Canadian province of Ontario over a 16‐year period (1996–2011), to assess if the level of support for alcohol control policies changed over this period and if any changes in public support for alcohol policy parallel real changes in alcohol distribution in Ontario.Design and MethodsSelected policy‐related items from 10 probability surveys of Ontario adults were analysed by means of logistic regression.ResultsA significant decline was found for attitudes supporting restricting corner stores sales and government control of liquor stores. A weaker decline was seen for attitudes towards reducing the number of places to buy alcohol. However, an increasing trend for attitudes favouring the status quo or greater control through taxes and hours of sale was found. There was no significant trend for attitudes towards maintaining the current level or reducing the number of liquor or beer stores. While there was some variation in trends in support by demographic characteristics and drinking level, not one sector stood out.Discussion and ConclusionsA gradual erosion of support is evident and concurrent with gradual increase in access to alcohol in Ontario during the time‐period under study. The decline in support for alcohol control measures seems to be a general rather than a focused development. It appears that this was largely due to a shift in a greater percentage supporting the status quo, not a move towards increasing access to alcohol.
Dose‐finding results in an adaptive, seamless, randomized trial of once‐weekly dulaglutide combined with metformin in type 2 diabetes patients (AWARD‐5)
Authors: Skrivanek Z. , Gaydos B. L. , Chien J. Y. , Geiger M. J. , Heathman M. A. , Berry S. , Anderson J. H. , Forst T. , Milicevic Z. , Berry D. 
Published: April 2014

AimsAWARD‐5 was an adaptive, seamless, double‐blind study comparing dulaglutide, a once‐weekly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist, with placebo at 26 weeks and sitagliptin up to 104 weeks. The study also included a dose‐finding portion whose results are presented here.MethodsType 2 diabetes (T2D) patients on metformin were randomized 3 : 1 : 1 to seven dulaglutide doses, sitagliptin (100 mg), or placebo. A Bayesian algorithm was used for randomization and dose selection. Patients were adaptively randomized to dulaglutide doses using available data on the basis of a clinical utility index (CUI) of glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) versus sitagliptin at 52 weeks and weight, pulse rate (PR) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) versus placebo at 26 weeks. The algorithm randomly assigned patients until two doses were selected.ResultsDulaglutide 1.5 mg was determined to be the optimal dose. Dulaglutide 0.75 mg met criteria for the second dose. Dulaglutide 1.5 mg showed the greatest Bayesian mean change from baseline (95% credible interval) in HbA1c versus sitagliptin at 52 weeks −0.63 (−0.98 to −0.20)%. Dulaglutide 2.0 mg showed the greatest placebo‐adjusted mean change in weight [−1.99 (−2.88 to −1.20) kg] and in PR [0.78 (‐2.10 to 3.80) bpm]. Dulaglutide 1.5 mg showed the greatest placebo‐adjusted mean change in DBP [−0.62 (−3.40 to 2.30) mmHg].ConclusionsThe Bayesian algorithm allowed for an efficient exploration of a large number of doses and selected dulaglutide doses of 1.5 and 0.75 mg for further investigation in this trial.
Remeasuring man
Authors: Weisberg Michael 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYSamuel George Morton (1799–1851) was the most highly regarded American scientist of the early and middle 19th century. Thanks largely to Stephen Jay Gould's book The Mismeasure of Man, Morton's cranial capacity measurements of different races is now held up as a prime example of and cautionary tale against scientific racism. A team of anthropologists recently reevaluated Morton's work and argued that it was Gould, not Morton, who was biased in his analysis. This article is a reexamination of the Morton and Gould controversy. It argues that most of Gould's arguments against Morton are sound. Although Gould made some errors and overstated his case in a number of places, he provided prima facia evidence, as yet unrefuted, that Morton did indeed mismeasure his skulls in ways that conformed to 19th century racial biases. Gould's critique of Morton ought to remain as an illustration of implicit bias in science.
Fruiting and sporulation of Thekopsora and Chrysomyxa cone rusts in Picea cones and Prunus leaves
Authors: Kaitera J. , Hiltunen R. , Kauppila T. , Pitkäranta M. , Hantula J. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryNatural fruiting and sporulation of cone rusts were investigated in cones of Picea spp. and leaves of Prunus spp. in a botanical garden in northern Finland in 2007–2012. Thekopsora areolata was the most frequent cone rust in Picea abies cones, where it colonizes the host tissues and hinders normal seed development. Aecia of T. areolata were also common in cones of Picea engelmannii and occasionally in cones of P. glauca. Aecia of T. areolata sporulated in cones that were at least one year old. Chrysomyxa pirolata, another pathogenic cone rust, fruited and sporulated annually but infrequently in current‐year cones of P. abies. The spruce needle rust, Chrysomyxa ledi, fruited and sporulated commonly in current‐year cone scales of P. abies, P. omorika and P. glauca, while P. rubens, P. mariana and P. pungens appeared to be resistant during the study period. Chrysomyxa ledi did not affect seed development in infected cones. Uredinia of T. areolata frequently occurred on leaves of 41 Finnish and Russian cultivars, varieties or subspecies of Prunus padus L. ssp. badus and ssp. borealis and Pr. virginiana both in the botanical garden and in the field, while 13 exotic Prunus spp. lacked rust fruitbodies. All the Pr. padus cultivars were highly susceptible to T. areolata, thus, spreading the rust efficiently to surroundings. This is the first report of aecia of T. areolata in cones of P. engelmannii and P. glauca, and those of C. ledi in cones of P. omorika and P. glauca. Molecular identification confirmed the presence of T. areolata and C. pirolata on all hosts, and all samples of C. ledi belonged to the C. ledi‐rhododendri complex.