bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The in vivo Pig‐a gene mutation assay is useful for evaluating the genotoxicity of ionizing radiation in mice
Authors: Ohtani Shin , Unno Aiko , Ushiyama Akira , Kimoto Takafumi , Miura Daishiro , Kunugita Naoki 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe in vivo Pig‐a mutation assay has been adapted for measuring mutation in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. To date, the assay has been used mainly to assess the mutagenicity of chemicals that are known to be powerful point mutagens. The assay has not been used to measure the biological effects associated with ionizing radiation. In this study, we modified the Pig‐a gene mutation assay (Kimoto et al. [2011b]: Mutat Res 723:36‐42) and used 3‐color staining with fluorescently labeled anti‐CD24, anti‐TER‐119, and anti‐CD71 to detect the Pig‐a mutant frequencies in total red blood cells (RBCs) and in reticulocytes (RETs) from X‐irradiated mice. Single exposures to X‐irradiation resulted in dose‐ and time‐dependent increases in Pig‐a mutant frequencies, and these subsequently declined over time returning to background frequencies. The same total amount of radiation, delivered either as a single dose or as four repeat doses at weekly intervals, increased Pig‐a mutant frequencies to comparable levels, reaching maxima 2–3 weeks after the single dose or 2–3 weeks after the last of the repeat doses. These increased frequencies subsequently returned to background levels. Our results indicated that the 3‐color Pig‐a assay was useful for evaluating the in vivo genotoxicity of radiation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homicide perpetrated by older people
Authors: Overshott Ross , Rodway Cathryn , Roscoe Alison , Flynn Sandra , Hunt Isabelle M. , Swinson Nicola , Appleby Louis , Shaw Jenny 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveThis study aims to describe the circumstances in which older people commit homicide, the form of assessment they undergo and to examine the proportion of those who suffer from mental illness.MethodsThe study was carried out as part of the England and Wales National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness based on a five‐year sample. The Inquiry was notified of the names of those over the age of 60 years convicted of homicide and also the details of the offence, sentencing and outcome in court by the Home Office. The Inquiry collected clinical data of those known to have had contact with mental health services from the responsible service and also retrieved psychiatric reports of those convicted.ResultsHomicide incidents perpetrated by older people typically involve a man killing his partner in an impulsive manner. The most common method was by using a sharp instrument (34%), followed by the use of a blunt instrument (26%). The use of firearms was rare (11%). Perpetrators aged 65 years and older were significantly more likely to kill a current or former spouse/partner and less likely to kill an acquaintance. Forty‐four per cent of perpetrators over 65 years old suffered from depression at the time of the offence, whereas rates of schizophrenia and alcohol dependence were low.ConclusionsThe information used in the study was extracted from a unique national database of homicide perpetrators.The characteristics and the circumstances of homicides perpetrated by older people are different to other age groups. An older‐people homicide may be preventable if depression is identified early in older people. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An automated routing methodology to enable direct rainfall in high resolution shallow water models
Authors: Sampson Christopher C. , Bates Paul D. , Neal Jeffrey C. , Horritt Matthew S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRecent high profile flood events have highlighted the need for hydraulic models capable of simulating pluvial flooding in urban areas. This paper presents a constant velocity rainfall routing scheme that provides this ability within the LISFLOOD‐FP hydraulic modelling code. The scheme operates in place of the shallow water equations within cells where the water depth is below a user‐defined threshold, enabling rainfall‐derived water to be moved from elevated features such as buildings or curbstones without causing instabilities in the solution whilst also yielding a reduction in the overall computational cost of the simulation. Benchmarking against commercial modelling packages using a pluvial and point‐source test case demonstrates that the scheme does not impede the ability of LISFLOOD‐FP to match both predicted depths and velocities of full shallow water models. The stability of the scheme in conditions unsuitable for traditional two‐dimensional hydraulic models is then demonstrated using a pluvial test case over a complex urban digital elevation model containing buildings. Deterministic single‐parameter sensitivity analyses undertaken using this test case show limited sensitivity of predicted water depths to both the chosen routing speed within a physically plausible range and values of the depth threshold parameter below 10 mm. Local instabilities can occur in the solution if the depth threshold is >10 mm, but such values are not required even when simulating extreme rainfall rates. The scheme yields a reduction in model runtime of ~25% due to the reduced number of cells for which the hydrodynamic equations have to be solved. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact analysis of river morphology and roughness variability on hydropeaking based on numerical modelling
Authors: Hauer Christoph , Schober Bernhard , Habersack Helmut 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHydropeaking due to operations of storage hydropower plants was highlighted as one of the main stresses on aquatic ecology by the European Water Framework Directive. Nevertheless, hydropower must be seen as a high‐value resource in the renewable energy sector. However, very few studies deal with the physical processes behind the artificial unsteady flows, as the variability of local river morphology and roughness in general. Thus, the aim of the present study is to address these issues on the basis of one‐dimensional hydrodynamic numerical modelling. In total, four Austrian rivers have been investigated, which were further divided into 13 sub‐reaches according to their bed slope. From single and multiple linear regression models, it was possible to relate potential retentions of peak flow for peak duration of <2 h and for bed slopes <0.005 to the spatial extent of wetted width between base and peak flows, independent of the selected ramping rate (discharge relationship between base and peak flows). Moreover, the ramping velocity (rate of decreasing water level between peak and base flows) correlated positively with an increase in depth variance during peak flow, which was related further to an increase in mean flow velocities and a higher specific discharge over the 13 selected reaches. Nevertheless, within sensitivity testing, it could be proven that increases in channel roughness cause an increase in peak flow retention and a decrease of the ramping velocities for the decreasing limb. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioactivity and mechanical properties of collagen composite membranes reinforced by chitosan and β‐tricalcium phosphate
Authors: Lee Sang‐Bae , Kwon Jae‐Sung , Lee Yong‐Keun , Kim Kwang‐Mahn , Kim Kyoung‐Nam 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this study, we analyzed the effects of varying concentrations of chitosan (CS) and β‐tricalcium phosphate [β‐TCP, Ca3(PO4)2] on the mechanical and cell‐adhesion properties of a collagen (CG) matrix for use in guided bone regeneration (GBR). Three different CS concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2%) and five different contents of β‐TCP (0, 17, 29, 38, and 44%) were investigated. The composite membranes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and cell‐adhesion, flexural‐strength, and tear‐strength assays. The results show that the cell‐adhesion and mechanical properties of the composite membranes improved with increasing β‐TCP and CS contents, yielding suitable levels of the adhesion of cells and adequate mechanical stability to ensure successful GBR. The CS adhered to the microsized β‐TCP, which was distributed uniformly in the composite membranes. The β‐TCP and CS have no negative effect on the cell morphology, viability, and proliferation and possess good biocompatibility. This study demonstrates that β‐TCP/CS/CG composite membranes are good candidates for GBR membranes in future applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Hybrid microparticles for drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Serrano‐Ruiz David , Laurenti Marco , Ruiz‐Cabello Jesús , López‐Cabarcos Enrique , Rubio‐Retama Jorge 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this work, we report the synthesis, characterization, and possible application as drug‐delivery system magnetically triggered, of hybrid microparticles formed by magnetic nanoparticles embedded within poly(ε‐caprolactone). The magnetism of the microparticles permits their localization within the body using magnetic resonance imaging, and the biodegradable polymer layer allows entrapping drugs that can be released when temperature increases. The synthesis of the hybrid material was performed using “grafting from” technique of conveniently modified magnetic nanoparticles. Subsequently, the resulting hybrid nanoparticles were assembled into spherical particles of 138 ± 49 nm via precipitation technique. The produced hybrid material was evaluated as stimuli‐responsive drug delivery system in which the release of the drug was triggered by magnetic induction. Furthermore, the microparticles were injected in rats and their localization within the animal was monitored using the local field inhomogeneities generated by the particles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2013.
Does a childhood fracture predict low bone mass in young adulthood?—A 27-year prospective controlled study
Authors: Buttazzoni Christian , Rosengren Bjorn E , Tveit Magnus , Landin Lennart , Nilsson Jan-Åke , Karlsson Magnus K 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A fracture in childhood is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), but it is debated whether a fracture at growth also predicts low BMD in young adulthood. The purpose of this work was to gender-specifically evaluate whether children with a fracture are at increased risk of low BMD in young adulthood. Distal forearm BMD (g/cm2) was measured with single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) in 47 boys and 26 girls (mean age 10 years, range 3–16 years) with an index fracture and in 41 boys and 43 girls (mean age 10 years, range 4–16 years) with no fracture. BMD was re-measured mean 27 years later with the same SPA apparatus and with dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA), quantitative ultrasound (QUS), and peripheral computed tomography (pQCT). Individual Z-scores were calculated using the control cohort as reference population. Data are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) within brackets and correlation with Pearson's correlation coefficient. Boys with an index fracture had at fracture event a distal forearm BMD Z-score of −0.4 (95% CI, −0.7 to −0.1) and at follow-up −0.4 (95% CI, −0.7 to −0.1). Corresponding values in girls were −0.2 (95% CI, −0.5 to 0.1) and −0.3 (95% CI, −0.7 to 0.1). The deficit in absolute bone mass was driven by men with index fractures in childhood due to low energy rather than moderate or high energy. There were no changes in BMD Z-score during the follow-up period. The BMD deficit at follow-up was in boys with an index fracture verified with all advocated techniques. A childhood fracture in men was associated with low BMD and smaller bone size in young adulthood whereas the deficit in women did not reach statistical significance. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of three tomicus species (coleoptera: Curculionidae, scolytinae)
Authors: Wang Ping‐Yan , Zhang Zhen , Kong Xiang‐Bo , Wang Hong‐Bin , Zhang Su‐Fang , Gao Xing‐Rong , Yuan Su‐Rong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of Tomicus yunnanensis, T. minor, and T. brevipilosus were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Eight common sensilla types were recorded: (1) sensilla trichodea (S.tr.) types 1 and 2 were located on the club and were innervated by five and eight dendrites, respectively; (2) sensilla chaetica (S.ch.) types 1 and 2 had no dendrites in the sensilla lymph lumen; (3) sensilla basiconica (S.b.), top‐protuberated S.b. and fluted cones (Fl.c.) occurred on the club; and Böhm bristles (B.b.) occurred on the funicle. S.b. were the most abundant and were innervated by 10–14 dendritic branches. Top‐protuberated S.b., a new sensilla type, were innervated by one dendrite. Fl.c. were innervated by five dendrites. Only three sensilla furcatea were visible on the antennae of female T. yunnanensis. The possible functions of these sensilla are discussed in relation to their morphology and ultrastructure. No statistical differences between sexes were found in the size and numbers of each sensilla type. Although the three species had similar antennal morphology and sensilla type, sensilla on sub‐segments 3 and 4 of the antennal club of T. minor were much sparser than those of T. yunnanensis or T. brevipilosus. Concerning the antennae of T. yunnanensis, there were more S.tr. type 2, S.ch. type 2 and S.b. and the size of S.tr. type 1 and S.b. were significantly greater than those of T. minor. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unusual adhesive production system in the barnacle Lepas anatifera: An ultrastructural and histochemical investigation
Authors: Jonker Jaimie‐Leigh , von Byern Janek , Flammang Patrick , Klepal, Waltraud , Power Anne Marie 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAdhesives that are naturally produced by marine organisms are potential sources of inspiration in the search for medical adhesives. Investigations of barnacle adhesives are at an early stage but it is becoming obvious that barnacles utilize a unique adhesive system compared to other marine organisms. The current study examined the fine structure and chemistry of the glandular system that produces the adhesive of the barnacle Lepas anatifera. All components for the glue originated from large single‐cell glands (70–180 μm). Staining (including immunostaining) showed that L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine and phosphoserine were not present in the glue producing tissues, demonstrating that the molecular adhesion of barnacles differs from all other permanently gluing marine animals studied to date. The glandular tissue and adhesive secretion primarily consisted of slightly acidic proteins but also included some carbohydrate. Adhesive proteins were stored in cytoplasmic granules adjacent to an intracellular drainage canal (ICC); observations implicated both merocrine and apocrine mechanisms in the transport of the secretion from the cell cytoplasm to the ICC. Inside the ICC, the secretion was no longer contained within granules but was a flocculent material which became “clumped” as it traveled through the canal network. Hemocytes were not seen within the adhesive “apparatus” (comprising of the glue producing cells and drainage canals), nor was there any structural mechanism by which additions such as hemocytes could be made to the secretion. The unicellular adhesive gland in barnacles is distinct from multicellular adhesive systems observed in marine animals such as mussels and tubeworms. Because the various components are not physically separated in the apparatus, the barnacle adhesive system appears to utilize completely different and unknown mechanisms for maintaining the liquid state of the glue within the body, as well as unidentified mechanisms for the conversion of extruded glue into hard cement. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist attenuates blood–brain barrier damage and neurodegeneration in a murine model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Amenta Peter S. , Jallo Jack I. , Tuma Ronald F. , Elliott Melanie B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAfter traumatic brain injury (TBI), inflammation participates in both the secondary injury cascades and the repair of the CNS, both of which are influenced by the endocannabinoid system. This study determined the effects of repeated treatment with a cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) agonist on blood–brain barrier integrity, neuronal degeneration, and behavioral outcome in mice with TBI. We also looked for the presence of a prolonged treatment effect on the macrophage/microglial response to injury. C57BL/6 mice underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) and received repeated treatments with a CB2R agonist, 0‐1966, or vehicle. After euthanasia at 6 hr or 1, 2, 3, or 7 days postinjury, brains were removed for histochemical analysis. Blood–brain barrier permeability changes were evaluated by using sodium fluorescein (NaF). Perilesional degenerating neurons, injury volumes, and macrophage/microglia cells were quantified by stereological methods. Rota‐rod and open‐field testing were performed to evaluate motor function and natural exploratory behavior in mice. 0‐1966 Treatment resulted in a significant reduction in NaF uptake and number of degenerating neurons compared with the vehicle‐treated group. 0‐1966‐Treated mice demonstrated improvement on rota‐rod and open‐field testing compared with vehicle‐treated mice. These changes in CCI mice treated with 0‐1966 were associated with a prolonged reduction in macrophage/microglia cell counts. In conclusion, repeated treatments with a CB2R agonist, 0‐1966, result in attenuated blood–brain barrier disruption and neuronal degeneration. In addition, repeated treatment with 0‐1966 shows prolonged treatment effects on behavior and the macrophage/microglia cell response over several days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional centennial precipitation variability over Germany from extended observation records
Authors: Brienen Susanne , Kapala Alice , Mächel Hermann , Simmer Clemens 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe data base of daily precipitation over Germany has been recently extended by digitizing additional historical hand‐written observations. The extension from 65 to 118 stations has increased the density of the available station network to a degree which allows both meaningful regional analyses and less error‐prone trend and return level estimates. In this article first results of the examination of the precipitation behaviour in the winter and summer season throughout the entire 20th century are presented. To assess the spatial scale of similarities or spatial coherence of several precipitation indices from the 118 stations, Principal Component Analysis is used. The extracted leading patterns (six in winter, nine in summer) resemble nicely regions of different geographical characteristics and prevailing wind directions which puts some credibility on the quality of the newly digitized observations. The long‐term linear trends of the regionally averaged time series differ substantially between precipitation indices, regions, seasons, and sub‐periods. For the whole century, significant increases are found for most of the intensity‐related indices in the Southern part of the country in winter and in some of those indices in the Rhineland/Sauerland and Alpine regions in summer. The two halves of the 20th century, are, however, characterized by partly opposite trends in the precipitation indices, and different regions are affected by these changes. An analysis of trend robustness by means of 30‐year moving trends indicates a low stability of the trends during the 20th century, which is partly caused by interdecadal variability of the precipitation characteristics. For 100‐year return levels, changes between the estimates obtained from the entire century and from the first and second 50 years differ in particular in the extent of their confidence intervals. In consequence, the availability of long precipitation records is very important for practical applications, and further extension of data records is recommended.
Dive Tourism and Local Communities: Active Participation or Subject to Impacts? Case Studies from Malaysia
Authors: Daldeniz Bilge , Hampton Mark P. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTDive tourism impacts were examined in three Malaysian islands: Perhentian (backpackers), Redang (package tourism) and Mabul (upmarket dive tourism). Qualitative local participation approaches were applied to investigate whether host communities were merely reactive to dive tourism's impacts.Dive tourism affected many aspects of community life. Besides physical/ environmental impacts (new infrastructure), research found varied economic impacts including employment/business opportunities and differing economic linkages. Participation varied between locations, and obstacles to increased participation were revealed. Mainly negative socio‐cultural impacts were observed with minimal participation in cultural productions (handicrafts, performances). However, positive educational impacts emerged, especially environmental awareness and English language acquisition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure‐Controllable Graphene Oxide Hydrogel Film Based on a pH‐Responsive Graphene Oxide Hydrogel
Authors: Qin Si‐Yong , Liu Xiang‐Ji , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA graphene oxide hydrogel (GOH) is fabricated via suspending the graphene oxide (GO) in water without any additional processing steps. At the hydrogel/air interface, a well‐defined hydrogel membrane forms once the solvent is removed by vacuum drying. The microstructure of the resulting GOH film can be tailored by different dehydration approaches, as well as by varying the GO concentration in the hydrogel. This GOH exhibited pH‐responsiveness and good mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the GOH presented good adsorption capacity to the organic dye rhodamine B and anionic chromate Cr2O72−. This GOH may find great potential in many fields, such as wastewater treatment, biodetection, etc.
Application of scientific methods to explain the formation of pustules appearing on Duplex coatings
Authors: Friedrich J. , Koppitz F.‐D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDas Auftreten von Lackfilmstörungen durch Pustelbildung stellt in der industriellen Praxis der Pulverbeschichtung verzinkter Stahlbauteile ein wirtschaftliches Problem dar. Mit einer Reihe sich ergänzender wissenschaftlicher Methoden wurden die verursachenden Reagenzien und Entstehungsmechanismen der Pustelbildung erforscht und eine durchgängige Theorie der Pustelbildung entwickelt. Dabei kamen die metallografische Mikroskopie und Analytik ebenso zum Einsatz, wie nasschemische Untersuchungsmethoden, die Glimmentladungsspektroskopie und die Massenspektrometrie. Eine massenspektrometrische Detektion der aus dem Zinküberzug ausströmenden Gase zeigte, dass mit einem Volumenanteil von 82% insbesondere Wasser, gefolgt von 10% Kohlendioxid und 8% Wasserstoff für die Pustelbildung verantwortlich zu machen sind.