bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disscussion of the Multiple Roles of the Finance Organization: Determinants, Effectiveness, and the Moderating Influence of Information System Integration
Authors: Mahlendorf Matthias D. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Chang, Ittner, and Paz (2014) investigate the effects of organizational design and environment variables on the importance of different roles of the finance organization. Moreover, they investigate how the importance of these roles is related to their effectiveness, contingent upon the extent of information system integration. This discussion highlights the main contributions of Chang et al. (2014) and provides several suggestions for future studies. First, further theory refinement is desirable and focusing on activities might make it easier to develop specific arguments for antecedents. Second, the research stream on roles of the finance function should develop and agree upon a standard measurement instrument. Third, multi-informant designs are desirable because perceptions and roles can differ within a single organization. Fourth, future research should investigate how the perceived prestige of each role influences its diffusion. Fifth, ideas regarding the refinement of the role antecedents, additional antecedents, and potential interactions are provided. This paper concludes with suggestions for testing conflicts and complementarities in research on roles of the finance organization.
Summer Camps For Diabetic Children
Authors: Marble Alexander 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARY: 1. Data are presented regarding the 18 summer camps for diabetic children in the United States and Canada. Suggestions are given regarding the establishment and operation of camps.
2. With a capacity of about 2000, camps in 1951 accommodated about 1300 children. The need for additional camps in unserved areas as well as for greater usage of established camps, is stressed.
3. The objectives and future of the summer camp program are discussed.
Insulin Resistance: Response to Insulin from Various Animal Sources, Including Human
Authors: Boshell Buris R , Barrett James C , Wilensky Allan S , Patton T B 
Published: December 2014

The comparative usefulness of crystalline human, porcine, dealaninated porcine and bovine insulin in the treatment of insulin resistance was studied.
A series of normals, insulin-sensitive diabetics, and insulin-resistant diabetics received various types of insulin in acute intravenous tolerance tests. The insulin-resistant patients were far less responsive to all forms of insulin in these tests than were the normals and insulin-sensitive diabetic patients. No positive correlation was found between responsiveness to a particular type of insulin in an acute tolerance test and responsiveness during a prolonged clinical trial.
Seven patients with insulin resistance received clinical trials with at least one insulin other than bovine. Three of these patients were found to be more sensitive to either human, porcine or dealaninated porcine than to bovine insulin. Insulin binding capacities of sera from the responsive patients were somewhat higher than the binding capacities of the nonresponders. The insulin binding capacities of sera from the responsive patients were just as high or higher for the insulin to which the patient responded as they were for bovine insulin. Serum from the responsive patients in general antagonized added porcine, dealaninated porcine and bovine insulin to the same degree in vitro. Adipose tissue from the responders was no more sensitive to human or porcine than to bovine insulin in vitro.
The increased sensitivity of these patients to insulin from a nonbovine source may be due to a difference in kinetics of the antigen-antibody reaction in vivo which is not demonstrable in vitro.
Patients with obesity and insulin resistance responded to a reducing diet. Three of four such patients placed on 600 to 900 calorie diets lost their need for insulin over a fourto six-week period.
The Influence of Blood Glucose on the Plasma Concentration of Growth Hormone
Authors: Roth Jesse , Glick Seymour M , Yalow Rosalyn S , Berson Solomon A 
Published: December 2014

A sensitive and specific assay method has been used to demonstrate acute changes in plasma HCH in normal and diabetic subjects.
HGH secretion is suppressed by glucose administration and markedly stimulated by hypoglycemia, by a rapid fall in blood glucose without hypoglycemia, and by interference with intracellular glucose utilization. High levels of HGH were also observed during prolonged fasting, after exercise, and four to six hours following oral glucose administration.
Abnormalities in HGH secretion were found in association with acromegaly and obesity, and following section of the hypophyseal stalk.
The half time for disappearance of endogenous plasma HGH is twenty to thirty minutes.
Insulin and Protein Metabolism
Authors: Lukens F D W 
Published: December 2014

The present status of protein synthesis within cells has been outlined. Protein is formed in the absence of insulin; the net formation of protein is accelerated by insulin. The effects of insulin on protein metabolism take place independently of the transport of glucose or amino acids into the cell; of glycogen synthesis; and of the stimulation of high energy phosphate formation. In the case of protein metabolism, as in certain studies on the pathways of glucose and fat metabolism, these observations reveal striking intracellular effects of insulin in many tissues. Within most tissues the effect of insulin appears to find expression predominantly at the microsomal level. Incidentally, other hormones which affect protein metabolism such as growth or sex hormones appear to act at the microsomes. The fact that insulin exerts effects on protein metabolism at other intracellular sites as well as the above independent effects leads one to agree that its action consists of a stimulation of multiple, seemingly unrelated, metabolic events.
The fact that an immediate effect of insulin on protein synthesis is independent of the immediate need for extracellular glucose or amino acids does not mean that the sustained functioning of cells is likewise independent. The biochemist is fully aware of metabolic defects in diabetes which are not altered by insulin in vitro, but which demand varying periods of pretreatment of the animal. It is also known that in diabetes some proteins (enzymes) may be deficient while others may be produced in excess in the absence of insulin.
It is suggested that the physician desires at least two kinds of relation between these fundamental studies and his patients. One is the possible relation of a deficiency of insulin action to pathological processes in tissues which have not as yet been examined by the methods described. The other is the need for more accurate measurements of the metabolic disorder and its control than such things as urinary and blood glucose. In developing such future improvements, the place of insulin in protein biosynthesis must be kept in mind.
Multifactorial Inheritance: A Possible Hypothesis for Diabetes
Authors: Simpson Nancy E 
Published: December 2014

Family data for 2,645 probands from a Canadian Register have been genetically analyzed.
Study of 173 children from matings in which the diabetic is married to a diabetic, and of 13,009 first degree relatives of diabetics, suggests that the hereditary basis for diabetes is multifactorial.
There was a marked excess of diabetics among first degree relatives of probands whose age of onset was less than twenty years, over that among relatives of probands with late age of onset. This finding suggests an accumulation of “high risk” factors in families in which the proband had early age of onset. The compatability of multifactorial inheritance with recent physiological and biochemical findings is discussed.
A Survey of Current Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Beaser Samuel B 
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire was sent to 2,000 members of the American Diabetes Association during June-September, 1962. It concerned the aims and methods of present day therapy of diabetes mellitus, with special emphasis on therapy with oral agents. The answers were analyzed with respect to size of practice as well as other features. A total of 405 replies were received, comprising about 20,000 patients treated per year.
Six years after the introduction of oral drugs into the United States, 30 per cent of diabetic patients are being treated with such agents. The aims of therapy are not altered from those for insulin treated patients.
There is a noticeable lag in recourse to therapy with a combination of phenformin and a sulfonylurea drug after failure with a single drug. The advantage of use of such combinations in preserving the efficacy of oral therapy is pointed out.
No significant incidence of toxicity or effect upon diabetic complications of these drugs alone or in combination is reported.
Glucose Metabolism in the Normal Anesthetized Dog Injected Successively with Anti-insulin Serum and Insulin
Authors: Franckson J R Marcel , Arnould Yvette , Malaisse Willy , Conard Victor 
Published: December 2014

Seven fasted, healthy, anesthetized dogs were successively injected at a two-hour interval with guinea pig antiinsulin serum and with insulin. The dose of anti-insulin serum used had a total neutralizing potency of 2 U. insulin per kilogram body weight; the amount of insulin used was sufficient to restore normal blood glucose level. Glucose production was determined by hepatic catheterization; glucose tissue utilization by the study of the disappearance rate of a tracer dose of glucose l-C-14.
Anti-insulin serum induced hyperglycemia in five dogs and failed to provoke any change in blood glucose among the two others. This difference of behavior was probably related with differing sensitivity to the same fast.
In responders, hyperglycemia was accompanied by an increase in liver glucose output and by a reduction of tissue glucose utilization; insulin, when given in sufficient amount to restore normal blood glucose level, induced a decrease of glucose production and an increase in glucose utilization to basal values.
In the nonresponders, together with a slight decrease in glucose utilization, a tendency to reduced glucose production was noticed. The doses of insulin necessary to provoke hypoglycemia were three times more important than those used in the responders.
The action of insulin on liver glucose production observed in these acute deficiencies of insulin are discussed in relation to experiments previously carried out on normal dogs.
Studies of the Physiologic Role of Glucagon
Authors: Unger Roger H , Eisentraut Anna M 
Published: December 2014

By means of an exquisitely sensitive and highly specific radioimmunoassay, glucagon has been measured in the plasma of dogs and man for the first time. Its identification in the effluent plasma of the pancreas and the demonstration of alterations in its secretion induced by changes in blood glucose concentration support the view that it is a true hormone with a major role in blood glucose regulation. Glucagon secretion has been shown to rise during all forms of glucose need; this rise is suppressed by glucose refeeding. This favors the concept of glucagon as a hormone of glucose need, the function of which is to maximize hepatic glucose production when food is not available, thereby serving to maintain the flow of glucose to the brain.
The current status of efforts to identify a disorder of glucagon secretion in man is reviewed briefly.
Diabetes, Insulin, Tolbutamide, and Glucose Load in the Degradation of C-14-labeled Lactate and Pyruvate
Authors: Shreeve Walton W , De Meutter Roger C , Shigeta Yukio 
Published: December 2014

In two insulin-dependent diabetic patients, mild ketoacidosis was accompanied by a decrease in the formation of C-14-O2 from DL-lactate-2-C-14 to about two thirds of the values obtained when the patients were in good control. One patient received the labeled compound by single intravenous injection in trace amount and the other by intravenous infusion with a load of DL-sodium lactate. Prior intravenous administration of insulin in these two patients caused no increase in output of C-14-O2 above that in the control state, and a minor, insignificant increase in two milder diabetic patients (one given DL-lactate-2-C-14 with an infusion of glucose, the other DL-lactate-2-C-14 without glucose).
The activity of C-14 in expired carbon dioxide of diabetic patients (in good control) was 10 to 25 per cent less than that of one nondiabetic subject after administration of DL-lactate-2-C-14. In the latter patient, and in another nondiabetic given pyruvate-2-C-14, the rapid intravenous injection of 25 gm. of glucose twenty minutes before the labeled compound was accompanied by more rapid and extensive formation of C-14-O2 than in the fasting state. Tolbutamide in two studies (one with DL-lactate-2-C-14 and a prior glucose load in a nondiabetic, and the other with DL-lactate-3-C-14 in a mild diabetic) had no apparent effect on the formation of C-14-O2. Comparison of lactate-2-C-14 with lactate-3-C-14 in one diabetic patient showed 50 per cent higher specific activity of C-14-O2 from the former labeled compound.
Studies of the concentration of lactic acid in the blood and rate of disappearance of DL-lactate-2-C-14 further indicated mild lactic acidemia which was associated with decreased elimination of lactic acid-C-14 from the blood of these diabetic patients.
Localized Intraperitoneal Action of Insulin on Rat Diaphragm and Epididymal Adipose Tissue in Vivo
Authors: Rafaelsen Ole J , Lauris Vilma , Renold Albert E 
Published: December 2014

1. The intraperitoneal injection of 100 μU. of insulin together with a tracer amount of glucose-U-C-14, also injected imraperitoneally, resulted over a period of two hours in a three- to fivefold increase in the incorporation of labeled glucose carbon into the glycogen of diaphragm-or epididymal adipose tissue. When the dose of insulin injected was 10,000 μU., the incorporation of glucose carbon into diaphragm was increased twenty-five- to fiftyfold, and that into epididymal fat glycogen ten- to twentyfold. These doses of insulin injected intraperitoneally were without effect upon tissues not in direct contact with the peritoneal cavity, such as heart muscle, trapezius muscle, and subscapular brown fat, while incorporation of labeled glucose into liver was either unaffected or decreased. These results were qualitatively and quantitatively similar, whether the trace amount of labeled glucose was injected intraperitoneally or intravenously.
2. When the same amounts of insulin were injected intravenously instead of intraperitoneally, together with a Jrace amount of labeled glucose, the pattern of tissue responsiveness was totally different, a small effect upon glucose carbon incorporation into glycogen being observed in only two tissues, the rhythmically contracting diaphragm and heart muscle tissues.
3. When the animals were fasted prior to the intraperitoneal injections of glucose without or with insulin, the responsiveness to insulin of diaphragm muscle was either unchanged or increased, while the response of epididymal adipose tissue to insulin decreased, this decrease being quite marked after a seventy-two-hour period of fasting.
4. These results obtained in vivo tend to support the hypothesis of the importance of insulin “binding” to tissues as a factor controlling the responsiveness of individual tissues to insulin. The results also indicate that in vivo rat diaphragm muscle is at least as sensitive to insulin as rat epididymal adipose tissue, if not more so.
Pathologic Anatomy of the Pancreas in Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gepts Willy 
Published: December 2014

1. Quantitative study of insular tissue has revealed that the number of B cells is greatly diminished in Patients with acute juvenile diabetes from the time of clinical onset of the disease. The number of these cells is as a rule less than 10 per cent of normal. Such B cells as are still present show the cytological signs of marked activity.
2. The normal or supranormal insular activity that is usually found in juvenile diabetics in this stage of the disease cannot therefore be due to the presence of a normal insular tissue, but is produced by a small number of hyperactive B cells.
3. On the basis of histological findings (presence of islets of large size, signs of new islet formation), it may be assumed that during the preclinical phase of juvenile diabetes, an extrapancreatic factor has exerted a strong stimulant action on the insular tissue. In the long run this must lead to exhaustion of the islet-forming capacity on the pancreatic parenchyma and to a decrease in the number of the B cells. By the time the disease becomes clinically manifest only the latter stage of this process can be observed and the majority of islets consist of A cells or of atrophic tissue devoid of B cells.
4. Peri- and intra-insular inflaminatory infiltrates have been found in 68 per cent of those patients with juvenile diabetes who died soon after the clinical onset of their disease. In other words, and contrary to the generally held view, this lesion is not uncommon. It is specific for diabetes and has never been observed in the chronic cases
5. In patients with chronic juvenile diabetes, the B cells are completely absent, except in occasional cases. The islets consist of small, atrophic cells.
6. A valid assessment of the functional capacity of insular tissue can only be achieved if as much use as pos sible is made of quantitative technics and of cytological examination
Specificity and Ultrastructural Localization of Pancreatic B Cell Glucose-6-Phosphatase
Authors: Lazarus Sydney S , Barden Herbert 
Published: December 2014

Light microscopic studies demonstrate that rabbit pancreatic B-cell glucose-6-phosphate hydrolyzes pentoses and hexoses phosphorylated at the terminal carbon. There is weak hydrolysis of α glycerophosphate, while fructose, 1–6 diphosphate, 6-phosphogluconic acid, triose phosphates, as well as a variety of other phosphorylated substrates were not hydrolyzed.
For fine structural localization of the enzyme, gluteraldehyde fixed tissue was found satisfactory. Reaction product was visualized within the cisternas of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.), and nuclear membrane internal to the membranes. These findings parallel the specificity and localizations reported for glucose-6-phosphatase in liver and epididymis.
The association of this enzyme with E.R. suggests that it is involved in the mechanism for insulin synthesis while its absence from granules implies that it does not play a role in their release.
Effects of Cortisol in Guinea Pigs with Normal and Atrophic Exocrine Pancreas
Authors: Vranic Mladen 
Published: December 2014

1. Twenty-nine normal guinea pigs were injected with 10 mg. of cortisol daily for four to five weeks; fifteen animals were used as controls. This treatment inhibited the normal growth of the animals and induced a moderate atrophy of the adrenal glands. At the end of the treatment the glucose tolerance was reduced to a small but significant extent.
2. It was found that cortisol treatment through a persistent small hyperglycemia (average increase of blood glucose was 30 mg. per 100 ml.) or through some other unknown mechanism induced large hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the islets with an increase in proportion of their beta cells. One month after interruption of cortisol treatment with the islet tissue still hyperplastic, blood sugar levels were in the normal range.
3. Ligation of the pancreatic duct produced an almost complete atrophy of the typical exocrine acinar tissue in forty-three guinea pigs. In these animals cortisol treatment raised the blood sugar levels approximately to the same extent as in normal guinea pigs.
4. Pronounced hyperplasia of islets was induced whether the treatment was started immediately after ligation of the pancreatic duct or one month later when the ordinary acinar cells already had disappeared, thus demonstrating that normal acinar tissue is not indispensable for induction of islet hyperplasia.
5. There was some histological evidence that new islet cells may originate from cells in the walls of small pancreatic ducts.
Color of the Face in Diabetes Mellitus: Observations on a Group of Patients in Jerusalem
Authors: Gitelson Simon , Wertheimer-Kaplinski Naomi 
Published: December 2014

1. A higher incidence of Latent or manifest diabetes mellitus has been found in Jerusalem in patients with red faces than among those without red faces. The incidence of diabetes was highest among patients with markedly red faces.
2. Most diabetic patients showed facial redness. In half of them a marked degree of redness was present.
3. Redness of the face appeared to have a familial incidence.
4. Diabetes, red faces, and reddish or red hair were more commonly encountered among patients of Ashkenazi than of Oriental or Sephardi origin.
5. A deliberate search for diabetes in this group of 150 patients revealed thirty-nine new cases of diabetes, mainly latent. All but four of these newly discovered diabetics had red faces of varying degree.
6. The finding of a red face on clinical examination seems to justify a careful search for diabetes in the patient and his family.
7. Diabetic microangiopalhy, increased sensitivity to actinic radiation, dehydration and other possible causes of facial redness in diabetes have been discussed.
Diabetes in 1964: A World Survey
Authors: Entmacher Paul S , Marks Herbert H 
Published: December 2014

World-wide morbidity and mortality statistics of the disease and data on the longevity and causes of death of diabetics are reviewed and summarized. Estimates of the global prevalence of diabetes which run as high as thirty million are unreliable. Known diabetics in the United States number about two million or eleven per 1,000 population. The proportion increases with age from about one in 900 for persons under twenty-five years of age to one in twenty for those sixty-five and over.
For many countries deaths ascribed to diabetes comprise less than half of all persons dying with the disease. Death rates range from 23.2 per 100,000 population in Belgium down to 0.4 in South Korea. In most countries the death rate from diabetes among females exceeds that among males. Recent mortality trends, however, are more favorable for females generally than for males.
Longevity of diabetics has substantially increased, although it remains significantly less than that of nondiabetics. Among patients of the Joslin Clinic first observed in 1940 and later, the survivorship rate after ten years exceeded 90 per cent for patients under thirty years of age, and even for sixty- to seventy-four-year-old patients it was 40 per cent. Today more than ever the chief problem is the prevention and control of vascular complications.