bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species traits and climate velocity explain geographic range shifts in an ocean‐warming hotspot
Authors: Sunday Jennifer M. , Pecl Gretta T. , Frusher Stewart , Hobday Alistair J. , Hill Nicole , Holbrook Neil J. , Edgar Graham J. , Stuart‐Smith Rick , Barrett Neville , Wernberg Thomas , Watson Reg A. , Smale Dan A. , Fulton Elizabeth A. , Slawinski Dirk , Feng Ming , Radford Ben T. , Thompson Peter A. , Bates Amanda E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSpecies' ranges are shifting globally in response to climate warming, with substantial variability among taxa, even within regions. Relationships between range dynamics and intrinsic species traits may be particularly apparent in the ocean, where temperature more directly shapes species' distributions. Here, we test for a role of species traits and climate velocity in driving range extensions in the ocean‐warming hotspot of southeast Australia. Climate velocity explained some variation in range shifts, however, including species traits more than doubled the variation explained. Swimming ability, omnivory and latitudinal range size all had positive relationships with range extension rate, supporting hypotheses that increased dispersal capacity and ecological generalism promote extensions. We find independent support for the hypothesis that species with narrow latitudinal ranges are limited by factors other than climate. Our findings suggest that small‐ranging species are in double jeopardy, with limited ability to escape warming and greater intrinsic vulnerability to stochastic disturbances.
Patterns of sulfur isotope fractionation during microbial sulfate reduction
Authors: Bradley A. S. , Leavitt W. D. , Schmidt M. , Knoll A. H. , Girguis P. R. , Johnston D. T. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractStudies of microbial sulfate reduction have suggested that the magnitude of sulfur isotope fractionation varies with sulfate concentration. Small apparent sulfur isotope fractionations preserved in Archean rocks have been interpreted as suggesting Archean sulfate concentrations of <200 μm, while larger fractionations thereafter have been interpreted to require higher concentrations. In this work, we demonstrate that fractionation imposed by sulfate reduction can be a function of concentration over a millimolar range, but that nature of this relationship depends on the organism studied. Two sulfate‐reducing bacteria grown in continuous culture with sulfate concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 6 mm showed markedly different relationships between sulfate concentration and isotope fractionation. Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough showed a large and relatively constant isotope fractionation (34εSO4‐H2S ≅ 25‰), while fractionation by Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 strongly correlated with sulfate concentration over the same range. Both data sets can be modeled as Michaelis–Menten (MM)‐type relationships but with very different MM constants, suggesting that the fractionations imposed by these organisms are highly dependent on strain‐specific factors. These data reveal complexity in the sulfate concentration–fractionation relationship. Fractionation during MSR relates to sulfate concentration but also to strain‐specific physiological parameters such as the affinity for sulfate and electron donors. Previous studies have suggested that the sulfate concentration–fractionation relationship is best described with a MM fit. We present a simple model in which the MM fit with sulfate concentration and hyperbolic fit with growth rate emerge from simple physiological assumptions. As both environmental and biological factors influence the fractionation recorded in geological samples, understanding their relationship is critical to interpreting the sulfur isotope record. As the uptake machinery for both sulfate and electrons has been subject to selective pressure over Earth history, its evolution may complicate efforts to uniquely reconstruct ambient sulfate concentrations from a single sulfur isotopic composition.
Silencing of protease‐activated receptors attenuates synovitis and cartilage damage following a joint bleed in haemophilic mice
Authors: Nieuwenhuizen L. , Schutgens R. E. G. , Coeleveld K. , Mastbergen S. C. , Schiffelers R. M. , Roosendaal G. , Biesma D. H. , Lafeber F. P. J. G. 
Published: July 2015

Introduction and aimJoint bleeding results in blood‐induced arthropathy. We investigate whether a joint bleed alters protease‐activated receptor (PAR) expression, and whether treatment with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted against PAR1–4 attenuates synovitis and cartilage damage.MethodsProtease‐activated receptor expression was evaluated upon a joint bleed in haemophilic mice and in humans. In addition, mice with a joint bleed were randomized between treatment with PAR1–4 siRNA or control and evaluated for the presence of synovitis and cartilage damage. Also, human cartilage was transfected with PAR1–4 siRNA or control, and evaluated for plasmin‐induced cartilage damage.ResultsFollowing a joint bleed, we observed an increase in synovial PAR1, ‐2 and ‐4 expression, and an increase in chondrocyte PAR2 and ‐3 expression in mice (all P < 0.05). Also an increase in synovial PAR1 and chondrocyte PAR4 expression in patients was observed (both P < 0.05). Treatment of a joint bleed in haemophilic mice with PAR1–4 siRNA attenuates synovitis and cartilage damage (both P < 0.01). Treatment of human cartilage tissue explants with PAR1–4 siRNA reduced plasmin‐induced cartilage damage (P < 0.01).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that synovial and chondrocyte PAR expression is altered upon a joint bleed, and that treatment with PAR1–4 siRNA attenuates synovitis and plasmin‐induced cartilage damage.
Influence of different pulsed electric field strengths on the quality of the grapefruit juice
Authors: Aadil Rana Muhammad , Zeng Xin‐An , Ali Amjad , Zeng Feng , Farooq Muhammad Adil , Han Zhong , Khalid Saud , Jabbar Saqib 
Published: July 2015

SummaryGrapefruit juice was investigated using pulsed electric fields (PEF) with (electric field strengths: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kV cm−1; flow rate: 80 mL min−1; pulse frequency: 1 kHz at 40 °C for 600 μs). Total phenolics, DPPH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total anthocyanins, total carotenoids, sugars and physicochemical properties of grapefruit juice were studied. In addition, the effect of PEF treatment on micro‐organisms was also observed. Results indicated that no significant change was observed in pH, Brix, titratable acidity, sugars, total anthocyanins and colour attributes with the increase in pulsed electric strength as compared to control treatment. However, significant decrease in nonenzymatic browning (NEB) and viscosity while an increase in cloud value, DPPH, TAC, total phenolics and total carotenoids, while reduction in the activity of micro‐organisms, was also observed with the increase in pulsed electric strength as compared to control treatment. This study suggested that PEF at 25 kV cm−1 could improve the quality of grapefruit juice.
The polypeptide composition, structural properties and antioxidant capacity of gluten proteins of diverse bread and durum wheat varieties, and their relationship to the rheological performance of dough
Authors: Janković Marijana , Barać Miroljub , Pešić Mirjana , Dodig Dejan , Kandić Vesna , Žilić Slađana 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare five bread and five durum wheat genotypes for gliadins and glutenins profiles, the concentration of free sulphhydryl groups and disulphide bonds, antioxidant capacity of gluten proteins and their bread‐making performance. On average, bread wheat had significantly higher concentration of total sulphur‐rich (S‐rich) and sulphur‐poor (S‐poor) subunits of gliadins, as well as total low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenins than durum wheat. However, durum wheat had higher concentration of S‐rich γ‐gliadins and S‐poor D‐LMW‐glutenins, but did not possess S‐poor ω‐gliadins. The concentration of disulphide bonds and total cysteine was higher in the durum gluten than that in the bread gluten, as well as antioxidant capacity (on average 90.6 vs. 85.9 mmol Trolox Eq kg−1, respectively). In contrast to the bread wheat, the concentration of HMW‐glutenins was negatively associated with extensibility, as well as resistance to extension in durum wheat flour dough.
Influence of ann‐3long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid‐enriched diet on experimentally induced synovitis in horses
Authors: Ross‐Jones T. N. , McIlwraith C. W. , Kisiday J. D. , Hess T. M. , Hansen D. K. , Black J. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDietaryn‐3long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation has previously been shown to modify joint‐related inflammation in several species, although information in the horse is lacking. We investigated whether dietary supplementation withn‐3LCPUFAwould modify experimentally induced synovitis in horses. Twelve, skeletally mature, non‐pregnant mares were randomly assigned to either a control diet (CONT) or ann‐3long‐chain fatty acid‐enriched treatment diet (N3FA) containing 40 g/day ofn‐3LCPUFAfor 91 days. Blood samples taken on days 0, 30, 60 and 90, and synovial fluid collected on days 0 and 90 were processed for lipid composition. On day 91, joint inflammation was stimulated using an intra‐articular (IA) injection of 100 ng of recombinant equineIL‐1beta (reIL‐1β). Synovial fluid samples taken at post‐injection hours (PIH) 0, 4, 8 and 24 were analysed for prostaglandin E2(PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and routine cytology. Synovium and articular cartilage samples collected atPIH8 were analysed for gene expression ofMMP1 andMMP13, interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha and the aggrecanases, a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)‐4 andADAMTS‐5. A 90‐day feeding period ofn‐3LCPUFAincreased serum phospholipid and synovial fluid lipid compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared toCONThorses. The reIL‐1βinjection caused an inflammatory response; however, there was no effect of dietary treatment on synovial fluidPGE2 content andMMPactivity. Synovial tissue collected from N3FAhorses exhibited lower expression ofADAMTS‐4 compared toCONThorses. Despite the presence ofEPAandDHAin the synovial fluid of N3FAhorses, dietaryn‐3LCPUFAsupplementation did not modify synovial fluid biomarkers compared toCONThorses; however, the lowerADAMTS‐4mRNAexpression in N3FAsynovium warrants further investigation ofn‐3LCPUFAas a joint therapy.
Content and distribution of different phosphorus forms in broiler chickens
Authors: Li X.‐K. , Wang J.‐Z. , Zhang C.‐H. , Li X. , Tang C.‐H. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryTo understand the background value of phosphorus in chickens, the quantitative distribution of different phosphorus forms, including total phosphorus (TP), free phosphate (FP) and phospholipid (PL), in viscera, blood and bones of broiler chickens was investigated. Results showed that phosphorus contents exhibited significant differences in different parts of chickens.TPcontent of breast and thigh meat was over 5.0 g/kg, in which most of the phosphorus was in the form of water‐soluble phosphates.TPcontent in viscera was higher than that in meat, and spleen was observed to contain the highest amount of phosphorus (10.0 g/kg). In all tested organs,FPandPLcontents in liver were the highest, ranging between 1207–1989 and 81–369 mg/kg respectively.TPcontent in chicken bone was in the range of 52 716–136 643 mg/kg, andFPcontent in the bone was relatively lower than that in chicken meat.
Optimal Management of a 2-Hour-Old Newborn With Severe Congenital Subglottic Stenosis and Multiple Congenital Heart Diseases
Authors: Alshammari Jaber , Alanazy Sultan 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Congenital subglottic stenosis (C-SGS) is the third most common congenital anomaly of the larynx. It necessitates tracheotomy in newborns if it causes severe airway obstruction. When the negative impact of tracheostomy cannot be tolerated, as in presence of congenital heart disease requiring further surgical intervention, other alternative procedures are required. This case report is the first of its kind reporting airway expansion in a neonate in the first few hours after birth. Case Report: A 38-week-fetus male was born with multiple congenital heart anomalies and C-SGS of grade III. Single-stage laryngotracheoplasty (SS-LTP) with anterior thyroid alar cartilage (TAC) grafting was performed. Our team was fully aware of all potential risks during SS-LTP procedure in such debilitated patient. Discussion: Treatment of C-SGS in premature neonates is tracheostomy to avoid prolonged intubation. In some cases, tracheostomy is not a good option as in presence of congenital heart disease necessitating urgent further surgical interventions. Among all surgical procedures to augment the airway without tracheostomy, SS-LTP with placement of anterior TAC graft was our choice. Conclusion: This case report demonstrated that SS-LTP with anterior TAC graft can be performed in a newborn with severe C-SGS and congenital heart disease. It can alleviate the need for tracheostomy and avoid unnecessary delay for subsequent cardiac interventions. However, further study is likely needed to make a definitive statement of its safety and efficacy.
The past as Prologue?
Authors: Adler Joseph 
Published: July 2015

Of the approximately 20 million public employees in the United States, more than eight million are either members of or represented by labor unions—a penetration rate of just over 40 percent. What is remarkable about this phenomenal growth is that most of the expansion of union activity in government has occurred within the last 40 years, and almost mirrors the decline of union strength in the private sector. The rise and fall of labor in the private sector is a backdrop to the growth of public sector collective bargaining. Explanations for the dramatic increase in government union activity can be explored from a number of different perspectives. Current public policy efforts to reform civil service and allow managers greater flexibility are seen by some researchers as having the potential to impact the ability of public sector unions to represent their members effectively. The recent split within the AFL-CIO may also have consequences affecting public sector union activity. Costly and self defeating jurisdictional disputes can arise and subsequently lead to a decline in membership strength. On the other hand, increased competition can serve to reinvigorate the entire labor movement in much the same way that the original split between the AFL and CIO resulted in massive private sector organizing efforts and dramatic, if temporary membership gains.
A Research on the Influence of Leadership Style and Job Characteristics on Job Performance among Accountants of County and City Government in Taiwan
Authors: Chu Li-Chuan , Lai Chun-Che 
Published: July 2015

The objectives of this paper are to explore the effect of leadership style and job characteristics on job performance and examine the mediating effect of organization commitment on the leadership style, the job characteristics and the job performance as well as to provide the management suggestions according the research findings. The questionnaires are applied to the accountants of county/city government in Taiwan, and the convenience sampling is adopted. The following research findings are described after conducting the statistical analyses. Firstly, this research finds that the more idealized influence for the county/city mayor is, the stronger ability of problem solving for the associated accountants are. In addition, the better management by exception conducted by the mayor, the more ability of problem solving for accountants exists, and therefore the higher passion of innovation happens. Secondly, this research also reveals that the more job autonomy, job importance, and job diversity happen, the stronger ability of problem solving for the accountants are. Besides, the higher job autonomy for accountants exists, the higher passion of innovation happens. The mediating effect of organization commitment was found between transformational leadership and job performance. It indicates that organization commitment would be a mediator between transactional leadership and job performance.
Retaliation: Agency Theory and Gaps in the Law
Authors: Crockett Richard W. , Gilmere Julie A. 
Published: July 2015

This paper will explore the application of agency theory, the view that the principal is responsible for the actions of his agent, to the law of retaliation in sexual harassment cases. In the law the agency principle is sometimes known as the doctrine of respondeat superior. This doctrine has been used in sexual harassment cases, most frequently in hostile environment cases, but also in quid pro quo cases. The question addressed in this paper is, “Can the principle of respondeat superior be applied to issues of retaliation where the retaliation in question is not conducted by an employer, directly, but indirectly through the actions of a co-worker who had been accused of sexual harassment?” Section 704 (a) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in part reads as follows: “It shall be an unlawful practice for an employer to discriminate against any of its employees or applicants for employment…because he has opposed any practice, made an unlawful employment practice by this title, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in any investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this title.” The language seems clear enough, but what of a circumstance in which a harassing fellow employee uses tactics which are plainly retaliatory, except that they are conducted by the employee, not the employer, but the employer does nothing to curb the retaliatory behavior? Does this mean that an earlier victim of sexual harassment must now be the victim of retaliation? In the enforcement of Title VII, does the employer have a responsibility to bring the wayward harasser to tow? This paper will lay out the broad outlines of retaliation from a legal perspective, examine some applications of respondeat superior in sexual harassment law and finally suggest gaps in the law wherein this principle may be applied in cases of retaliation following sexual harassment claims. Our examination will also include retaliation against supporting fellow employees of a victim.
Morality vs. Mandate: Affirmative Action in Employment
Authors: Soni Vidu 
Published: July 2015

Affirmative action, one of the most significant public policies of the 20th century, can be seen as an attempt to establish a more “inclusive moral convention,”1 which aims at achieving fairness and equality for all members of society. In such a society everyone has the ability to compete for its goods and benefits.2 Attempting to create a society, workplaces, and educational institutions in which individuals or groups are not stigmatized or excluded from opportunities on the basis of race/ethnicity or gender can be seen as the ethical foundation of affirmative action.3 The moral basis for affirmative action is found in the tradition of American public administration, anti-discrimination laws, and the principles of organizational justice.4 To public personnel practitioners, affirmative action has ethical significance from a variety of viewpoints, particularly as it relates to the “merit controversy” and organizational justice issues. This article argues that affirmative action (AA) is as much a moral issue as it is an anti-discriminatory measure. The focus of this article is to examine the ethical aspects of AA rather than to discuss the anti-discrimination principles of AA as embodied in the Constitution, statutes, and legal precedents. Today, the increased national sensitivity to the rights of minorities does not rely on the moral imperatives that should underlie such a debate, but, rather, the fear of litigation or so-called “political correctness.” Viewing AA from a purely legal perspective reduces it to an adversarial proposition with winners and losers. Furthermore, the doctrine of legal protection does not always discourage discriminatory behaviors. In spite of the available legal remedies, discrimination is often under-reported due to reasons such as fear of retaliation, complexities of the legal system, difficulty in supplying the necessary proof, and the psychological and financial costs involved.5 Focusing attention on the ethical principles of affirmative action divert attention from contentious legal issues and reinforce its fundamental purpose. In addition, an ethical perspective can also help counter the backlash and resentment toward AA policies within organizations.6
Correlating Natural Production, Price, Import and Export in a Neural Network Framework
Authors: Ekweanua U. Emmanuel , Sharma Suresh C. , Wu Xingru , Zhu Zhen , Callard Jeffrey G. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the United States, hydrocarbon in unconventional resources such as shale gas has been dramatically changing the fossil energy prospect and transforming the energy consumption structure. Therefore, it is imperative to study how this trend has impacted the U.S. natural gas import, export and the domestic gas price. To understand the relationships, Neural Network would be used to model these variables (gas production, price, import and export) with the ultimate goal of understanding the gas price determination. The key input parameters for the Network are gas production, import and export data and the resulting output of the Network would be the gas price i.e. how well this inputs influence gas price and there magnitude of impact would be ranked in this study. Impact of Weather would be looked into as well but it is not part of the Network inputs. Data from Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy will be utilized in this study.
This work is motivated by the recent surging interest in converting existing gas import terminals to exporting terminals due to increase in gas production as a result of major technological advancement in getting formerly untapped gas out of the ground. The changes in the gas industry trend have prompted the government to consider policy changes as well. Our study will enable us to draw some policy implications regarding the U.S. energy policy.