bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Measurements of Coarse Sediment Bedload Transport Velocity Using a Prototype Wideband Coherent Doppler Profiler (MFDop)
Authors: Stark N. , Hay A. E. , Cheel R. , Zedel L. , Barclay D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA prototype wideband coherent Doppler profiler (MFDop) was tested for measuring bedload velocity of different gravel and coarse-sand-sized fractions (d = 1–32 mm) in the laboratory. The sediment was spread out on a smooth-surface tray, and motion was initiated by tilting the tray at angles of α = 20°–39° from the horizontal. Particle velocities downslope (u), cross slope (υ), and vertical to the tray (w) were determined for different MFDop parameter settings, such as monostatic/bistatic configuration, acoustic beam angle, and pulse length. Video observations of bed particle velocity were made for comparison to the acoustic measurements. Velocities estimated using the MFDop equal to, on average, 71%–74% of the velocities determined using the video observations. Standard deviations ranged from 21% to 35%, including observed irregular motion. Three stages of sediment motion were observed: (i) single particles moving with u ≤ 5 cm s−1, (ii) varying motion of particles and particle groups with predominantly 5 cm s−1 ≤ u ≤ 20 cm s−1, and (iii) fast sheetlike motion with u ≥ 20 cm s−1. The cross-slope velocity υ and the vertical velocity w were significantly smaller than u, hinting at slipping as the major particle motion rather than rolling or saltation. Comparisons between MFDop and video-determined velocities showed good agreement. Standard deviations for the MFDop velocity estimates ranged from 22% to 35%. The trials with different gravelly sediments and coarse sand revealed a significant influence of grain size, as well as grain shape impacting the initiation of sediment transport and transport velocities.
Nonglobal Parameter Estimation Using Local Ensemble Kalman Filtering
Authors: Bellsky Thomas , Berwald Jesse , Mitchell Lewis 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The authors study parameter estimation for nonglobal parameters in a low-dimensional chaotic model using the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF). By modifying existing techniques for using observational data to estimate global parameters, they present a methodology whereby spatially varying parameters can be estimated using observations only within a localized region of space. Taking a low-dimensional nonlinear chaotic conceptual model for atmospheric dynamics as a numerical test bed, the authors show that this parameter estimation methodology accurately estimates parameters that vary in both space and time, as well as parameters representing physics absent from the model.
The Problem Is Not Just Sample Size
Authors: Hinkle Joshua C. , Weisburd David , Famega Christine , Ready Justin 
Published: February 2014

Background: Hot spots policing is one of the most influential police innovations, with a strong body of experimental research showing it to be effective in reducing crime and disorder. However, most studies have been conducted in major cities, and we thus know little about whether it is effective in smaller cities, which account for a majority of police agencies. The lack of experimental studies in smaller cities is likely in part due to challenges designing statistically powerful tests in such contexts. Objectives: The current article explores the challenges of statistical power and “noise” resulting from low base rates of crime in smaller cities and provides suggestions for future evaluations to overcome these limitations. Research Design: Data from a randomized experimental evaluation of broken windows policing in hot spots are used to illustrate the challenges that low base rates present for evaluating hot spots policing programs in smaller cities. Results: Analyses show low base rates make it difficult to detect treatment effects. Very large effect sizes would be required to reach sufficient power, and random fluctuations around low base rates make detecting treatment effects difficult, irrespective of power, by masking differences between treatment and control groups. Conclusions: Low base rates present strong challenges to researchers attempting to evaluate hot spots policing in smaller cities. As such, base rates must be taken directly into account when designing experimental evaluations. The article offers suggestions for researchers attempting to expand the examination of hot spots policing and other microplace-based interventions to smaller jurisdictions.
Comparison of Radiographic and Anatomic Distal Metatarsal Articular Angle in Cadaver Feet
Authors: Jastifer James R. , Coughlin Michael J. , Schutt Shane , Hirose Christopher , Kennedy Michael , Grebing Brett , Smith Bertil , Cooper Truitt , Golano Pau , Viladot Ramon , Doty Jesse F. 
Published: February 2014

Background: A few studies report correlations between radiographic and anatomic measurements of the distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA). However, little is known about how the DMAA correlates with the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and with anatomic and clinical radiographic measurements. Methods: We dissected, measured, and radiographed 39 cadaveric feet for evidence of hallux valgus and the DMAA. We then correlated these values with paired clinical radiographic measurements made by physician evaluators. Results: Physician measurement of DMAA and anatomic measurement of DMAA were significantly correlated with a mean r = 0.64 (evaluator range, 0.44-0.66). Pairwise correlation between physician evaluators ranged from r = 0.63 to 0.84. Sixty-six percent of physician-measured DMAAs were within 5 degrees of anatomic DMAA. Conclusion: The percentage of radiographic DMAAs that were within 5 degrees of anatomic DMAAs was only 66%. Additionally, the DMAA was increased in the specimens with moderate and severe hallux valgus compared with those with normal or mild hallux valgus angles. Clinical Relevance: The DMAA is an important consideration in patients with hallux valgus. While it is less reliable than other radiographic measures, it was correlated to deformity severity in specimen with hallux valgus.
Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Phalanx of the Great Toe
Authors: Dellenbaugh Samuel G. , Wilkinson Lee , Aydogan Umur 
Published: February 2014

Giant cell tumors are rarely seen in the foot. They can cause a significant amount of pain and deformity due to their aggressive and recurrent nature. We present the unusual case of a giant cell tumor of the distal phalanx of the hallux in a 39-year-old man. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV, Case Report
A new approach to "Equation missing"-contractive nonself multivalued mappings
Authors: Ali Muhammad Usman , Kamran Tayyab , Karapınar Erdal 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the notions ofα-admissible andα-ψ-contractive type condition for nonself multivalued mappings. We establish fixed point theorems using these new notions along with a new condition. Moreover, we have constructed examples to show that our new condition is different from the corresponding existing conditions in the literature.MSC:47H10, 54H25.
Release of CGRP from mouse brainstem slices indicates central inhibitory effect of triptans and kynurenate
Authors: Kageneck Charlotte , Nixdorf-Bergweiler Barbara E , Messlinger Karl , Fischer Michael JM 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
CGRP is contained in a substantial proportion of unmyelinated trigeminal neurons innervating intracranial tissues. Previously, we have described a hemisected rodent scull preparation and later the intact trigeminal ganglion to measure stimulated CGRP release from trigeminal afferents.

Methods
Here, we establish a preparation for examining CGRP release from central trigeminal terminals using single fresh slices of the mouse medullary brainstem.

Results
Basal and stimulated amount of CGRP substantially exceeded the detection level. Experiments were designed as matched pairs of at least six brainstem slices per animal. Stimulation with high potassium induced calcium-dependent and reversible CGRP release. Capsaicin stimulation of TRPV1 provoked concentration-dependent CGRP release. The anti-migraine drug naratriptan did not inhibit capsaicin-induced CGRP release from peripheral terminals but inhibited the release from brainstem slices. The glutamate antagonist kynurenate showed a similar pattern of site-specific inhibition of CGRP release.

Conclusions
As observed earlier for other drugs used in the treatment of migraine this indicates that the central terminals in the spinal trigeminal nucleus may be the main site of action. The preparation allows evaluating the trigeminal brainstem as a pharmacological site of action.
Characterisation and expression profile of the bovine cathelicidin gene repertoire in mammary tissue
Authors: Whelehan Cormac J , Barry-Reidy Anne , Meade Kieran G , Eckersall P David , Chapwanya Aspinas , Narciandi Fernando , Lloyd Andrew T , O’Farrelly Cliona 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundCathelicidins comprise a major group of host-defence peptides. Conserved across a wide range of species, they have several functions related to host defence. Only one cathelicidin has been found in humans but several cathelicidin genes occur in the bovine genome. We propose that these molecules may have a protective role against mastitis. The aim of this study was to characterise the cathelicidin gene-cluster in the bovine genome and to identify sites of expression in the bovine mammary gland.ResultsBioinformatic analysis of the bovine genome (BosTau7) revealed seven protein-coding cathelicidin genes,CATHL1-7, including two identical copies ofCATHL4,as well as three additional putative cathelicidin genes, all clustered on the long arm of chromosome 22. Six of the seven protein-coding genes were expressed in leukocytes extracted from milk of high somatic cell count (SCC) cows.CATHL5was expressed across several sites in the mammary gland, but did not increase in response toStaphylococcus aureusinfection.ConclusionsHere, we characterise the bovine cathelicidin gene cluster and reconcile inconsistencies in the datasets of previous studies. Constitutive cathelicidin expression in the mammary gland suggests a possible role for these host defence peptides its protection.
Triggering change in diabetes care delivery in general practice: a qualitative evaluation approach using the clinical microsystem framework
Authors: Janamian Tina , Crossland Lisa J , Jackson Claire , Morcom Jenny 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
In 2008, the Sunshine Coast Division of General Practice (SCDGP) in Queensland, Australia initiated a highly successful Improved Diabetes Management (IDM) program with general practices in a regional area. The IDM program was evaluated against the 10 elements of a high functioning clinical microsystem framework as identified by Nelson et al. (2007) in order to determine key factors contributing to the successful adoption and uptake of the program in participating general practices.

Methods
The evaluation focussed on in-depth key informant interviews with 10 SCDGP staff and general practitioners (GPs) involved in the IDM program. A thematic analysis was undertaken and common emergent themes were reviewed against the 10 elements of high performing clinical microsystem.

Results
While all aspects of the clinical microsystem approach appeared effective in the design, implementation and adoption of the IDM program, several characteristics were crucial. The identification of champions of change in both the division and participating practices, the celebration of positive achievements and the use ‘real data’ from practices to demonstrate improved health outcomes for patients from the practice were instrumental in motivating participating GPs to both implement and sustain changes in their diabetes care delivery.

Conclusion
In designing and redesigning health care, the clinical microsystems approach offers a pathway for the effective uptake of innovation in Australian primary health care; a means of integrating structure, process and outcomes of a care framework for reviewing improvements in the health care delivery process and could lead to improvements in patient health outcomes.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus knowledge, attitudes, and practices, and use of healthcare services among rural migrants: a cross-sectional study in China
Authors: Wang Ying , Cochran Christopher , Xu Peng , Shen Jay J , Zeng Gang , Xu Yanjun , Sun Mei , Li Chengyue , Li Xiaohong , Chang Fengshui , Lu Jun , Hao Mo , Lu Fan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Today’s rapid growth of migrant populations has been a major contributor to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. However, relatively few studies have focused on HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related knowledge, attitudes, and practice among rural-to-urban migrants in China. This cross-sectional study was to assess HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and perceptions, including knowledge about reducing high-risk sex.

Methods
Two-phase stratified cluster sampling was applied and 2,753 rural migrants participated in this study. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was conducted in Guangdong and Sichuan provinces in 2007. Descriptive analysis was used to present the essential characteristics of the respondents. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression models were performed to examine the associations between identified demographic factors and high-risk sex, sexually transmitted disease (STD) symptoms, and access to HIV screening services among the seven types of workers.

Results
58.6% of participants were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS transmission, but approximately 90% had a negative attitude towards the AIDS patients, and that 6.2% had engaged in high-risk sex in the past 12 months. Logistic regression analysis revealed sex, marital status, income, migration and work experience to be associated with high-risk sex. Among the 13.9% of workers who reported having STD symptoms, risk factors that were identified included female gender, high monthly income, being married, daily laborer or entertainment worker, frequent migration, and length of work experience. Only 3% of migrant workers received voluntary free HIV screening, which was positively associated with monthly income and workplace.

Conclusions
HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and practices among rural migrants in China remain a thorny health issue, and use of healthcare services needs to be improved. Low levels of education and knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among housekeepers and migrant day laborers result in this population likely being engaged in high-risk sex. Government programs should pay more attention to public education, health promotion and intervention for the control of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China.
An overview on the Prus-Szczepanik condition
Authors: Hernández-Linares Carlos A , Llorens-Fuster Enrique , Mazcuñán-Navarro Eva M , Muñiz-Pérez Omar 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In 2005 Prus and Sczcepanik introduced a large class of Banach spaces with the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings. We say that this class satisfies the PSz condition. Checking that a given Banach space belongs to this class is not an easy task. Here we study the relationship between the PSz condition and other well-known geometrical properties of Banach spaces, and we give easier sufficient conditions for a Banach space to satisfy it.
Experimental methacrylate-based primers to improve the repair bond strength of dental composites – a preliminary study
Authors: Valente Lisia L , Münchow Eliseu A , Silva Manuela F , Manso Isabella S , Moraes Rafael R 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this study, experimental resin-based primers with varying concentrations of acidic methacrylate were formulated and tested as to their potential in improving the repair bond strength of an aged dental composite resin. The photocurable primers contained (wt%) methacrylate monomers (20-60%), acidic methacrylate (0-40%), silane coupling agent (10%), and ethanol (30%). The pH of the solutions varied between 4.8 and 0.31. The degree of C = C conversion of the primers, measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, varied between 22% and 42%, with a linear decrease in conversion associated with increased concentration of acidic methacrylate (R2 = 0.961; p < 0.01). Composite resin blocks aged using 1000 thermalcycles served as substrate for the repair bond strength test. The primers were vigorously applied to the composite surfaces and a silicone mold with cylindrical orifices was placed onto the surface. The orifices were filled with fresh composite resin (simulating the repair). In the control group, no primer was applied. A shear bond test was conducted after 24 h (n = 16 per group). Failure modes were classified under magnification. Data were statistically analyzed at p < 0.05. Repair bond strength values varied between 7.2 and 26.5 MPa. The control group had lower bonding ability than all primed groups. The increased content of acidic methacrylate had no significant association with bond strengths. In the control group only interfacial failures were detected, whereas cohesive failures within the aged composite were observed in the primed groups. In conclusion, application of methacrylate-based primers might improve the repair bond strength of dental composite resins. The concentration of acidic methacrylate on the primer had no significant effect on the immediate repair potential.
Hypercapnia attenuates ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy and modulates dysfunction
Authors: Schellekens Willem-Jan M , van Hees Hieronymus WH , Kox Matthijs , Linkels Marianne , Acuña Gilberto L Andrade , Dekhuijzen PN Richard , Scheffer Gert Jan , van der Hoeven Johannes G , Heunks Leo MA 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Diaphragm weakness induced by prolonged mechanical ventilation may contribute to difficult weaning from the ventilator. Hypercapnia is an accepted side effect of low tidal volume mechanical ventilation, but the effects of hypercapnia on respiratory muscle function are largely unknown. The present study investigated the effect of hypercapnia on ventilator-induced diaphragm inflammation, atrophy and function.

Methods
Male Wistar rats (n = 10 per group) were unventilated (CON), mechanically ventilated for 18 hours without (MV) or with hypercapnia (MV + H, Fico2 = 0.05). Diaphragm muscle was excised for structural, biochemical and functional analyses.

Results
Myosin concentration in the diaphragm was decreased in MV versus CON, but not in MV + H versus CON. MV reduced diaphragm force by approximately 22% compared with CON. The force-generating capacity of diaphragm fibers from MV + H rats was approximately 14% lower compared with CON. Inflammatory cytokines were elevated in the diaphragm of MV rats, but not in the MV + H group. Diaphragm proteasome activity did not significantly differ between MV and CON. However, proteasome activity in the diaphragm of MV + H was significantly lower compared with CON. LC3B-II a marker of lysosomal autophagy was increased in both MV and MV + H. Incubation of MV + H diaphragm muscle fibers with the antioxidant dithiothreitol restored force generation of diaphragm fibers.

Conclusions
Hypercapnia partly protects the diaphragm against adverse effects of mechanical ventilation.
Scube2 enhances proteolytic Shh processing from the surface of Shh-producing cells
Authors: Jakobs Petra , Exner Sebastian , Schürmann Sabine , Pickhinke Ute , Bandari Shyam , Ortmann Corinna , Kupich Sabine , Schulz Philipp , Hansen Uwe , Seidler Daniela G. , Grobe Kay 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAll morphogens of the Hedgehog (Hh) family are synthesized as dual-lipidated proteins, which results in their firm attachment to the surface of the cell in which they were produced. Thus, Hh release into the extracellular space requires accessory protein activities. We suggested previously that the proteolytic removal of N- and C-terminal lipidated peptides (shedding) could be one such activity. More recently, the secreted glycoprotein Scube2 (signal peptide, cubulin domain, epidermal-growth-factor-like protein 2) was also implicated in the release of Shh from the cell membrane. This activity strictly depended on the CUB domains of Scube2, which derive their name from the complement serine proteases and from bone morphogenetic protein-1/tolloid metalloproteinases (C1r/C1s, Uegf and Bmp1). CUB domains function as regulators of proteolytic activity in these proteins. This suggested that sheddases and Scube2 might cooperate in Shh release. Here, we confirm that sheddases and Scube2 act cooperatively to increase the pool of soluble bioactive Shh, and that Scube2-dependent morphogen release is unequivocally linked to the proteolytic processing of lipidated Shh termini, resulting in truncated soluble Shh. Thus, Scube2 proteins act as protease enhancers in this setting, revealing newly identified Scube2 functions in Hh signaling regulation.
Fluctuation of Rac1 activity is associated with the phenotypic and transcriptional heterogeneity of glioma cells
Authors: Yukinaga Hiroko , Shionyu Clara , Hirata Eishu , Ui-Tei Kumiko , Nagashima Takeshi , Kondo Shinji , Okada-Hatakeyama Mariko , Naoki Honda , Matsuda Michiyuki 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Phenotypic heterogeneity of cancer cells is caused not only by genetic and epigenetic alterations but also by stochastic variation of intracellular signaling molecules. Using cells that stably express Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors, we show here a correlation between a temporal fluctuation in the activity of Rac1 and the invasive properties of C6 glioma cells. By using long-term time-lapse imaging, we found that Rac1 activity in C6 glioma cells fluctuated over a timescale that was substantially longer than that of the replication cycle. Because the relative level of Rac1 activity in each cell was unaffected by a suspension–adhesion procedure, we were able to sort C6 glioma cells according to the levels of Rac1 activity, yielding Rac1high and Rac1low cells. The Rac1high cells invaded more efficiently than did Rac1low cells in a Matrigel invasion assay. We assessed the transcriptional profiles of Rac1high and Rac1low cells and performed gene ontology analysis. Among the 14 genes that were most associated with the term ‘membrane’ (membrane-related genes) in Rac1high cells, we identified four genes that were associated with glioma invasion and Rac1 activity by using siRNA knockdown experiments. Among the transcription factors upregulated in Rac1high cells, Egr2 was found to positively regulate expression of the four membrane-related invasion-associated genes. The identified signaling network might cause the fluctuations in Rac1 activity and the heterogeneity in the invasive capacity of glioma cells.
CIIA negatively regulates the Ras–Erk1/2 signaling pathway through inhibiting the Ras-specific GEF activity of SOS1
Authors: Hwang Hyun Sub , Hwang Sang Gil , Yoon Kyoung-Wan , Yoon Je-Hyun , Roh Kyung-Hye , Choi Eui-Ju 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Son of sevenless 1 (SOS1) is a Ras-specific guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) that mediates intracellular signaling processes induced by receptor tyrosine kinases. In this study, we show that CIIA (also known as VPS28) physically associates with SOS1 and thereby inhibits the GEF activity of SOS1 on Ras, which prevents the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced activation of the Ras–Erk1/2 pathway. Furthermore, CIIA inhibited cyclin D1 expression, as well as DNA, synthesis in response to EGF. Intriguingly, CIIA failed to inhibit the Ras-specific GEF activity of Noonan-syndrome-associated SOS1 mutants (M269R, R552G, W729L and E846K). Taken together, our results suggest that CIIA functions as a negative modulator of the SOS1–Ras signaling events initiated by peptide growth factors including EGF.