bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Seed – Borne Fungal Pathogens Associated with Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Seeds and Their Bio-Control Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Abdullah Ali A. , Al-Tarjuman Janan K. , Saeed Al-Mamary Haitham A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A total of 185 fungal isolates were acquired and identified, with these isolates originating from two distinct varieties of barley seeds, there were 67 isolates obtained from seeds of the initial Aswad Mosul cultivar and 118 isolates from seeds of the white Nur cultivar harvested during the 2022-2023 season., the fungus Rhizopus spp. was the most frequently in barley seeds with rate (37.8%) followed by Aspergillus terrus and Aspergillus niger at rate (18.3%), (13,5%) frequently while Rhizoctonia spp. and Alternaria sp. reached (9.1%), (8.6%) Consecutively, Phoma, Helminthosporium and Fusarium graminearum get (1.6%), Penicillium spp. (3.7%), Drechslera spp., Stemphylium spp., Pleosporaceae sp. get (1.08%) and A. flavus achieved the lowest rate (0.5%). In the initial assessment of pathogenicity using radish seeds, it was observed that only two isolates exhibited a high level of pathogenicity. The germination rate in their treatments ranged from 50-70%, whereas the control treatments displayed a significantly higher germination rate of 97%., the isolate of Fusarium graminearum gave the highest rate of decrease in seed germination (50%) followed by Rhizctonia spp. reached 40% in laboratory. The antagonistic activity assessed in vitro using the dual culture technique, Trichoderma. viride showed statistically significant inhibition which reach scale 1. The morphological identification confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction assay of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 are parts of the internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA, the results of the nitrogenous base sequence within the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Research Tool) platform for the amplification products of ITS1-ITS4 showed the classification of tested fungal isolate isolate represented the fungus. F. graminearum.
Repellent and Attractant Effect of the Nettle Plant Urtica dioica on the Larvae of the Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Mahmoud Saja Ayser , Sayed Ghani Mohammed Yousuf 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The results of the study on the repellent and attractant effect of the nettle plant Urtica dioica on the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella showed a variation in the average percentage of repellency and attraction of the insect larvae. The results of the statistical analysis confirmed that all treatments had a repellent effect on the third and fifth generation larvae of the greater wax moth, but at different rates. The percentage increased gradually with increasing concentration. The alcoholic extract was distinguished by giving the highest percentage of repellency and the lowest percentage of attraction, and the balance values were negative, which confirms that the alcoholic extract was repellent for the third generation larvae with an average of (86.67, 13.33, and -73.33%), respectively, and for the fifth generation larvae with an average of (96.67, 3.33, and -93.34%), respectively. The results of the study also showed that the aqueous extract of the nettle plant also had a good repellent effect on the third and fifth generation larvae and did not differ significantly from the alcoholic extract in the average percentages of repellency and attraction and the balance values, which were negative. The average for the third generation larvae was (80.00, 20.00, and -60%), respectively, and for the fifth generation larvae it was (93.33, 6.67, and -86.66%), respectively. On the other hand, the dry powder of the nettle plant gave lower percentages of repellency and attraction and balance values than the alcoholic and aqueous extracts, but the results were satisfactory. The dry powder was repellent for the third and fifth generation larvae with an average of (76.67 and 80.00%), respectively.
Effect of Foliar Application with Calcium, Arginine and Glycine on Vegetable and Flowering Traits of Chili Pepper Grown in Plastic House
Authors: Salman Alnussairawi Adnan Ghazi , Ali Alnadawy Hussain Sabah 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The effects of spraying chili peppers with different concentrations of calcium (0, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) and the amino acids arginine and glycine (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) on their vegetative growth and flowering traits were studied in a field experiment that took place during the 2022–2023 agricultural season at the Research Station of the at College of Agriculture / University of Diyala. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and analyzed using SAS. Dunkin’s multinomial test was used to evaluate the average attributes at a probability threshold of 0.05. Here is what the results revealed: At a rate of 1000 mg L-1, calcium spraying produced superior results in terms of plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, fruit setting percentage, and nitrogen, potassium, and calcium percetage in the leaves. The number of flowers (102.89 total) and the percentage of fruit that set were both improved by spraying with a calcium concentration of 500 mg L-1. There was an improvement in both the quantity of leaves and the nitrogen % when arginine was sprayed at a dosage of 200 mg L-1. At 100 mg L-1, glycine was the most effective in increasing flowering time, but at 200 mg L-1, it outperformed at the same concentration in terms of plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, fruit setting %, and leaf calcium and potassium percentages.
Response of Seedlings of Three Cultivars of Mandarin to Spraying and Addition of Nano-Fertilizer
Authors: Fadhil Ayad Hasan , Ali Balaket Raad Taha Muhammad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The effect of spraying with nano-fertilizer at three levels (0, 2, 3) gm/liter and ground application was studied in the lathhouse of Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University / Al-Musayyib Technical College in Babylon province from March to December 2023. Nanofertilizer at 0, 0.5, and 1 g/anvil on three mandarin seedlings. A factorial experiment using the randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and three seedlings per unit was conducted. The experiment had 27 treatments randomly divided among 243 one-year-old seedlings. A Genstat ANOVA table was used to analyse these results. The least significant difference L.S.D. at 0.05 was used to compare treatments. The key findings are: Seedling height and average leaf area were best in the Clementine cultivar (96.36 cm, 1715.4 cm2 seedling-1). Leaf nitrogen and potassium were 2.61% and 1.48%, respectively. Spraying shoots with 3 g.L-1 nano-fertilizer increased seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at the highest rate. The addition of nano-fertilizer significantly affected vegetative growth and leaf mineral content. Adding 1 g.pot-1 increased seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium the most. The double interaction between the Clementine cultivar and spraying with nano-fertilizer at 3 g.L-1 (A2B3) increased seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus percentage. The double interaction between the Clementine cultivar and nano-fertilizer with a concentration of 1 g.pot-1 (A2C3) significantly increased nitrogen, seedling growth rate, phosphorus, and potassium. Spraying nano-fertilizer at 3 g.L-1 and 1 g.plot-1 (B3C3) significantly enhanced seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The triple interaction between study factors increased characteristics, with A2B3C3 excelling in seedling height, average leaf area, and nitrogen.
Effect of Salt Stress on Growth and Yield of Plants: A Review
Authors: Al-Janabia A. M. I. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Sekhi Y. S. , Almohammedi Omar H. M. , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stressor, severely restricting plant growth and yield. It negatively impacts every stage, from seed germination and seedling development to flowering and fruit formation, consequently lowering both quantity and quality of produce. The reasons for this may be due to the fact that salinity affects photosynthesis enzymes, chlorophyll, carotenoids, changes in water potential, leaf swelling pressure, and others. Accordingly, plants were classified into salt-sensitive (Glycophytes) and salt-tolerant (Haplophytes) this depends on its ability to grow in different salt concentrations. High concentrations of salinity in the soil contribute to reducing the osmotic stress of the soil solution and cause water stress for plants. It also causes toxicity as a result of increased concentrations of some elements, such as sodium, as it is not easily isolated within the vacuoles. Also, the reaction between salt and nutrients causes a nutritional imbalance. Adaptation to salt stress includes many processes, including an increase in ABA content, accumulation of solutes such as amino acids and sugars, protective proteins such as (PRD) disease-related proteins, increased antioxidants, and suppression of energy expenditure pathways. These solutes that accumulate under salt stress may be involved in removing ROS. Non-structural carbohydrates also accumulate, such as (sucrose, hexose, and sugar alcohols). These sugars act in a protective role as they contribute to maintaining the stability of the membrane. One of the important amino acids that increases during salt stress is proline, which plays the role of protecting the integrity of the membrane. Plasma and energy production.
Role of Bio-Fertilization on the Soil pH, Available NPK on Soil and Petioles of Leaves of Yong Vines (Vitis vinifera L.) cvs. Thompson Seedless and Olivetti Noier
Authors: Alimam Zeena N. M. A. , Al-A’areji Jassim M. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in the grape vineyard of Department of Horticulture and landscape design/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul on Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) at three years old, by using Split-plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors, three replications and two vines for each experimental unit, First factor was grape cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir), second factor was inoculation with Bacillus
subtilis bacteria with three levels(0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) third factor was Trichoderma
harzianum fungi with three levels (0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) too, in addition to control treatment (without inoculation), as the inoculation with the bacterial and fungus was carried out once on a season according to the treatments in 18 March. To study the effect of each factor separately and the interactions between factors. These fertilizers were used to improving the soil status and the concentrations of NPK in the leaves petioles. The obtained results indicated that application of 40g vine-1 of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum individually or interaction with each other caused a significant decrease in the soil pH and increased the available concentrations of NPK in the soil and leaves petioles.
Digitalis purpurea L. Propagated in Vitro with Various Hormones
Authors: Abdulraheem Zaynab Hammed , Noori Ali Mohammed , Husni Huda S. , Aziz Lateef Mohammed Abdul , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research was conducted in 2024 at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk, IRAQ, plant cell and tissue culture laboratory. The seeds of digitalis plants, which were procured from the Spanish firm Semill Asfitto, were utilized in an investigation into the impact of gibberellic acid (GA3) and cytokine (BA) on increased vegetative growth characteristics and moist and dry weight, as well as to ascertain the most effective concentration of these substances. In accordance with a completely randomized design (CRD), ten replications of factorial experiments were utilized to conduct the experiments. The initial step was to sterilize the seeds, which were doused in 10% (v/v) sodium hypochlorate solution for five minutes prior to being planted in Mursch and Skoog (MS) medium devoid of growth regulators. Following the germination of the seeds and the cutting of the seedlings, the nodes were extracted for utilization in the multiplication experiments. A range of benzyl adenine (BA) concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg.L-1) and gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg.L-1) were utilized. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the optimal concentration for multiplication is not 2.0 mg L-1 of BA, as the mean number of branches reached 2.40. The mean quantity of leaves produced per plant part-1 was 7.22. plant section 1. The concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3) that produced the best results for multiplication was 3.0 mg.
Impact of Foliar Application with Amino Alexin and a Mixture of Marvel Fertilizer with Growth Regulator (Floratone) in Physio-Biochemical Parameters of Bitter Orange Saplings (Citrus aurantium L.)
Authors: Hashem Abbas Hadi , Abdulkadhim Sabaa Jawad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This experiment was implemented during 202l -2022 season as a factoria1 experiment (4×3) relying on (R.C.B.D.). Two factors were tested in this experiment: first factor is: Foliar application at 4 levels: (0, l, 2, 3) ml L-1 from a mixture of MARVEL fertilizer with plant growth regulator (FLORATONE (6 g L-1). Second factor is Foliar application at three levels of Amino Alexin fertilizer (0, l.5, 3) ml L-1. Results were summarized that foliar application for a combination of (MARVEL + FLORATONE) at (3 m1 L-1) had a positive impact in physio-Biochemical Parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N, P) that recorded (42.24 cm2, 24.93 Spad, 33.43, 1.36%, 0.57%) respectively. Concentration (2 m1 L-1 (caused a noticeable increase in (K, Fe, Mn) that recorded(1.48%, 167.2 mg g-1, 36.98 mg g-1) On the relay by analogy with control. Amino Alexin (3 m1 L-1) had a positive impact in physio-Biochemical Parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N, P, K, C/N ratio, Fe, Mn) witch recorded (41.71, 26.42, 34.65, 1.40, 0.60, 1.53, 24.67, 164.2, 34.95) respectively compared to control. Double interaction effect between the two factors was significant in all physio-Biochemical Parameters compared to control.
Effect of Bio-Fertilization on Vegetative Growth of Yong Vines (Vitis vinifera L.) Thompson Seedless and Olivetti Noier cultivars
Authors: Alimam Zeena N. M. A. , Al-A’ areji Jassim M. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in the grape vineyard of Department of Horticulture and landscape design/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul on Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) at three years old, by using Split-plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors, three replications and two vines for each experimental unit, First factor was grape cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir), second factor was inoculation with Bacillus
subtilis bacteria with three levels (0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) third factor was Trichoderma
harzianum fungi with three levels (0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) too, in addition to control treatment (without inoculation), as the inoculation with the bacterial and fungus was carried out once on a season according to the treatments in 18 March. To study the effect of each factor separately and the interactions between factors. These fertilizers were used to improving the vegetative growth. The obtained results indicated that application of 40g vine-1 of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum on Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir cultivars individually or interaction with each other caused a significant increase in the branches length, leaf area, leaves area of vine, total carbohydrate in the leaves and dry weight of leaves, while application of 20 g vine-1 of Bacillus subtilis + 40 g vine-1 of Trichoderma
harzianum of Olivette noir grape cultivar gave the highest value for the total chlorophyll content in leaves.
Multiplication and Rooting Shoot Tips of Bougainvillea spectabilis Plant In vitro
Authors: Al-Shaker Noora Nawaf , Kassab Bashy Bashar Z. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research was conducted at the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Mosul University Horticulture and Forestry. Bougainvillaea spectabilis shoot tips were cultured on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of Kin, TDZ, and BA (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg L-1) BA, (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 mg L-1) Kin, or (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mg L-1) TDZ. After conducting in vitro cultures of shoots produced on full MS salt strength. The data indicates that (Kin) has a positive impact on multiplication when compared to other cytokines. After eight weeks, the media containing 2.0 mg L-1 (Kin) produced the highest number of shoots, which was 4.2 shoot explant-1. On the other hand, the highest shoots number was 2.2, 1.8 shoot explant-1 from culture shoots on MS medium supply with 0.5, 0.3 mg L-1 (BA and TDZ, respectively). Shoots produced in vitro have good effects when cultured on half strength MS media in comparison to full strength MS media and treatment that was rich in 3.0 mg L-1 (IBA) at half strength MS gave the highest percentage rooting, roots number, and longest root, which was 50%, 2.0 root explant-1, and 2.4 cm respectively after six weeks from planting. After that, the rooted plantlets of Bougainvillea spectabilis were transferred to the acclimatization, and finally, they were transplanted into the acclimatization medium.
Factorial Mating system Analysis for Several Lines and Their Hybrids in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Rahman Sabri Zahraa Abdul , Altaweel Mohammed Subhi , Dawod Al-Zubaidy Khalid Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFor the factorial hybridization procedure, ten pure maize lines were used as parents: DR-F-53, MA-F-53, H-4, DKC-F-59, IK-58, and ZP-595 for the males, and POL-F-6, SYM-F-53, MY-F-53, and SYN-F-54 for the females. Using a randomized full block design with three replications, seeds of both pure lines and hybrids were planted in the fields of the College of Agriculture and Forestry throughout the fall season of 2022. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of general and particular combining ability, genetic factors, and heterosis. All attributes examined had a statistically significant mean square of male and female parents and their interaction at the 1% probability level. Number of days to tasseling and silking qualities had general to specific combining ability components larger than one, and all traits tested had additive and dominant genetic variances values that were significantly different from zero. The average degree of dominance was larger than one for all characteristics, and the broad sense heredity % was high across the board. On the other hand, the number of days tasseling and silking attributes had narrow sense heritability that was high. The specific combining effect results demonstrated that the hybrid MY-F-53 × H-4 had a significant desired effect for all traits, while the general combining ability effects demonstrated that the parental lines H-4, IK-58, and ZP-595, as well as the maternal line SYN-F-54, had desirable effects for all traits. The hybrid IK-58 x SYN-F-54 outperformed the other parents in terms of heterosis, which is defined as the departure of F1 from the better parent, in terms of number of days to tasseling and silking, number of grains per ear, and grain production per plant.
Critical Period for Weed Competition in Sesame under Iraqi Irrigated Areas
Authors: Aadi Omar N. , Almarie Ahmed A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To determine the Critical Period for Weed Competition in Sesame crop and predict the total yield losses by weed competition, a field experiment was conducted during season 2023 using three sesame varieties which were Wadaa, Rafidain, and Had by making the field free of weeds by hand for periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks beginning from crop emergence. Then, allowed weeds to grow after these periods until the end of the growing season. Results of the study determined this period by making the field free of weeds for three weeks after emergence depending on acceptable yield losses of 10-12% in comparison to the yield of sesame plants served by weedy-free free throughout the growing season. Sesame yield Losses resulting from weed competition all over the growing season ranged from 66.42 to 95.95% for the three cultivated varieties. Accordingly, this study recommends that weed control must continue from cultivation until three weeks after emergence and not delay it for this period by using mechanical control methods or by using specialist herbicides, which are still effective against weeds until this period to avoid unacceptable loss of the economic yield.
Effect of Seed Stimulation Treatments with Hydrogen Peroxide and Sowing Dates on Growth Traits of Sorghum Cultivars
Authors: Saudi A. H. , Al-Hilfy I. H. H. , Al-Rawi A. S. M. , Al-Abodi H. M. K. , Mahdi A. M. , Salman Kh. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the spring of 2023, researchers from the Agricultural Research Department of the Ministry of Agriculture in Abu Ghraib conducted a field experiment on their agricultural lands. Examining how different Sorghum cultivars’ growth properties were affected by hydrogen peroxide seed stimulation treatments and planting dates was the main objective of this research. A three-replica, three-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used to arrange the experiment with split-plots. On 11/3/2023 and 25/3/2023, the primary plots were assigned for planting. Al-Khair, Buhooth - 70, and Rabih were the three white corn kinds that were planted in the secondary plots. In the tertiary experiments, a 9 ml l-1 concentration of hydrogen peroxide was used to stimulate the seeds. Two control groups, one priming the seedlings with just distilled water and the other with dried seeds, were also included. In terms of average growth qualities, the results demonstrated that sorghum seeds stimulated with distilled water produced the best outcomes. All growth attributes averaged out best on the 25/3/2023 planting date. Rabih cultivar outperformed the other varieties in traits of chlorophyll content, leaf area, and plant dry weight. The interaction of seeds stimulated with distilled water and planted on 25/3/2023 showed significant superiority in traits chlorophyll content, leaf area, and plant dry weight. Rabih seeds stimulated with distilled water give the highest averages for the all studied traits.