bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private and Corporate Coping in Crises Management: Concepts Versus Occurences
Authors: Odemene Glory C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
No region is immune to crises. Global crises often emerge as local issues that escalate over time with irreversible losses hence the importance of findings from this study to the future of the industry. Understanding crises and effective crises management is critical for the success of any industry and society. Adverse impacts of lingering crises threaten oil and gas operations around the world. The study focused on ongoing crises in the industry, the trend of escalation in a region, and implications on the future of oil and gas activities. Conditions were tested against coping capabilities of those going through crises using theories of Sweeny on crisis decision, Lazarus and Folkman on coping, and existing literature. Results reveal correlation between human coping and crises management approaches.
This paper focused on private and corporate coping and outcomes. It confirms human coping processes to crises and how decisions and actions metamorphose over time. Findings reveal that the trend went from harassment of the public to corporations, to arms acquisition and proliferation, and eventually to militancy. The trend of escalation confirmed that as parties adjusted their coping to meet dynamic challenges, it elicited reactions with implications on individuals and corporate entities. Field study focused on experiences in an African region where lingering crises pose significant threats to oil and gas operations, and refereed literature considered worldwide operations.
Impacts of crises linger, resulting in huge expenditure on security, which when defeated, leave lives and assets in jeopardy. Throughout the considered region, none is spared the wrath of restive youths. Findings have tangible implications for successful and sustainable operations in areas of stakeholders engagement, conflicts management, community relations, grievance and claims management, and interactions of corporate social responsibility with mitigation of risks; safety, security, and resources utilization.
Catchment Scale Water Modelling and its Role in Generating a Social License to Operate in Unconventional Resource Exploration and Production
Authors: Gibbons S.. , Tillotson S.. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Unconventional oil and gas exploration is often carried out in remote areas, where the well field will be the most significant and visible user and potential contaminator of water resources. However, wherever it is located, the use of water must be managed in the context of two key aspects: 1) the natural parameters of the resource; its abundance, its temporal variability, and its chemical and physical qualities; and 2) other users of the resource; other industry, potable water supplies, and ecological requirements of local habitats. It is vital, therefore, that this commodity be assessed to an appropriate degree to help establish the viability and sustainability of the project and identify stakeholders who may be affected by the exploration activities.
This paper outlines a cost effective method for establishing a robust water baseline and creating a water management and evaluation tool for the whole project life cycle. Numerical surface and groundwater modelling has long been established as a tool for reactive management, following collation of years' worth of data. Now, using freely available remote sensing data and desk study information, analytical and numerical modelling techniques can be used cost effectively to provide oil & gas companies with a tool for assessing and managing their water consumption requirements at the outset of a new project venture.
The paper includes extracts from case studies to show how the use of analytical modelling can be used as an evaluation and management tool to help not only assess general watershed parameters and water availability but also how it can be used as a tool to provide decision makers with the information to complete ‘what if?’ scenario assessments.
Water evaluation and management during oil and gas exploration and production activities is crucial to minimise direct and indirect operational costs and in delivering companies the less tangible, but equally critical ‘social license to operate’.
Planning for Waste Management: The Challenges Facing Oil and Gas Companies in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Fletcher Paul , Hewett Sarah Sanders 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Driven by the imperative to replace reserves, buoyant demand and societal need for energy security, the upstream oil and gas industry is investing heavily in exploration – much of this is in Sub-Saharan Africa. Waste management infrastructure in these frontier geographies can be variable. It is often difficult to find waste management facilities that meet companies' corporate environmental requirements and/or those of any funding agencies that might be involved. This paper discusses the challenges faced by the industry and successful approaches that can be adopted for managing exploration and production wastes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Options discussed include: pre-treatment of waste; developing dedicated in-house waste treatment facilities or facilities that are shared with other international oil companies (IOCs); working with existing waste contractors to help raise standards to an acceptable level; and export of waste.
The most important point is to plan for how each of the different wastes will be managed. This requires an understanding of the wastes that are expected to be generated by the different stages of a project, proper consideration of how wastes can be minimised and/or made less harmful and a careful assessment of existing and potential capabilities of local waste management facilities. Undertaking a comprehensive assessment of the different options for managing each waste stream will allow a waste management plan to be developed that meets corporate and international finance environmental health and safety (EHS) standards, which significantly reduces potential future liabilities and which enhances local and international reputation.
Understanding and Managing The Social Impacts of Water Use Beyond Operational Boundaries
Authors: Cummins Claire , Phillips Callie , Perumalpillai Shahila 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The management and protection of water resources is critical for sustainable development. To effectively manage the challenges and opportunities related to water resources, oil and gas operators should look beyond their fenceline and beyond legal compliance. Companies are increasingly likely to encounter threats to their project and operations where they have not taken account of, and responsibility for, their role as a user of a shared, and in some cases limited, resource. The failure to respond to this challenge may have potentially long-lasting implications for both the sustainability of an operation and the human health and human rights of those within the river catchment.
An overview of current and future water resources challenges facing the conventional and unconventional oil and gas sector in sub-Saharan Africa is presented drawing on case studies and supporting evidence. As well as identifying some of the challenges, this paper will propose some potential solutions and benefits of an integrated approach for assessing and managing water resources risks and impacts. Adopting an integrated approach can help businesses prepare for water-related physical, reputational and investment risks and decisions that if not a priority now, are likely to become so in the future.
Some of the management activities and tools for achieving this will be presented.
This paper will conclude that effective management of water resources requires an integrated approach that takes into account the wider social dimensions of an operational setting. It will also conclude that through the deployment of a range of tools there is potential to enhance the understanding, mitigation and management of operational impacts on the social dimensions of water as a shared resource between business and the wider community.
Mozambique Creates a Star of Africa – A World Class Petroleum Engineering Program at the University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM)
Authors: Sevilla A. P. , Blasingame T. A. , Cotter R. B. , Markwardt C. E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This work documents the creation of a post-graduate (Master's) degree program in Petroleum Engineering (MSPE) at the University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM) in Maputo, Mozambique. The genesis of this program was a request from the government of Mozambique to a corporate entity to provide assistance with the development of a domestic talent pool in petroleum engineering (in this case, the entity is Anadarko Mozambique Area 1 [AMA1], a subsidiary of Anadarko Petroleum Corporation [APC]).
This program is unique in that it is a working partnership amongst the sponsor (AMA1), the education entity (UEM), and a team of renowned U.S.-based faculty.
Historically, multinational companies would simply make philanthropic contributions to a local institution and then turn their focus on their core business. Today, all parties expect more from each other; host governments and their industry partners want equal input on where and how social responsibility projects are directed, including which projects should be undertaken. Likewise, the beneficiaries of these contributions are requesting increased levels of involvement and assistance to deliver maximum benefits for their constituents. This is the situation in Mozambique; all of the parties--the government, the University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), and Anadarko Mozambique Area 1 (AMA1)--have agreed to and fully support this collaborative development model.
The goal of this project is to provide an approach which fully meets the academic standards and rigor of a world-class post-graduate degree program in Petroleum Engineering while providing sustainable capability development in terms of the students and the faculty. This model relies on the commitment of all parties to achieve “steady-state” in as short a time as possible; in this case, the planned time-scale from inception to independence is on the order of four years. At present, the project is on schedule with two cohorts of students and seven UEM faculty progressing.
Managing Safety of Oil and Gas Operations in a Wildlife Area
Authors: SURIPNO Suripno , MOUSSA Amar , TUMWESIGYE Justus 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Commercial Oil and Gas discoveries have been made in Uganda, mainly in the Albertine Grabben area. The Grabben area is also a natural habitat to hundreds of flora and fauna species, especially in the Murchison Falls National Park, where significant discoveries of Oil and Gas have been made.
Oil and Gas operations in this wild life area must coexist in harmony with the permanent ‘inhabitants’; the flora and fauna. This coexistence poses imminent safety hazards ranging from encountering deadly reptiles, stealthy lions, charging buffalos, startled warthogs, gigantic elephants, stinging bees, mosquitoes, tsetse flies, dashing antelopes, whizzing birds, to mention but a few. Statistically, wildlife related incidents present a significant percentage of recorded incident occurrences within TOTAL E&P Uganda.
This paper presents an experience of Total E&P Uganda on Managing Safety in regard to wildlife hazard in its Oil and Gas Operations within their Block. It highlights descriptions of the current safety realities, various preventive and reactive measures that Total E&P has implemented to manage the wildlife hazards and the success that has been obtained, despite the prevailing challenges.
Effective Engagement of Stakeholders By Oil and Gas Companies: A Case of The Stakeholder Relationship Management Tool in Kenya
Authors: Mumma-Martinon C. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTEPK opened its office in Nairobi in November 2012, to manage its oil exploration activities. TEPK is the operator of Block L22. As part of its mission, TEPK started consultations with stakeholders (in February 2013), prior to carrying out different studies related to its offshore operations. Missions were carried out both at the national and the county levels including Lamu, Kilifi and Tana River counties.For this engagement with stakeholders to be effective, TEPK employed the Stakeholder Relationship Management (SRM+) Tool at the very beginning and immediately after the creation of the new exploration and production affiliate. This is a tool developed for Total and used throughout its operations (including upstream and downstream).The main objective of SRM+ is to compare the internal vision of stakeholders through internal multidisciplinary workshops, with stakeholder perceptions tested through interviews using a standard questionnaire. A gap analysis is carried out and a strategy developed. The tool also measures the degree of social exposure of the TEPK. While the tool has been deployed in numerous subsidiaries, this is the first time that the tool has been used so early in the E&P process.TEPK mapped out stakeholders according to priorities, identified contact persons on the ground, and translated communication documents in Kiswahili. Furthermore, the General Manager (GM) travelled personally to the different counties to meet people on the ground starting with the Government authorities including Governors, Senators, and Members of Parliament among others. Thus, opening great avenues and making it easier for the Social Affairs team to meet other stakeholders.Some challenges included: bad weather, poor roads and long distances, interesting stakeholders to meet with limited time, competition, conflicts and economic challenges.Lessons learnt, perceptions can be very different from realities; expected needs differ from actual needs. Integration of all stakeholders is imperative for acceptability.
New Environmentally Friendly Organic Crosslinker for Water Shut-off Applications
Authors: Bhaduri Sumit , Cutler Jennifer , Jayakumar Swathika , Gould John 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Complete fluid shutoff using crosslinked polymer gels represents an effective means of water control in reservoirs producing uneconomical volumes of water. To achieve this goal, a new organic crosslinker was developed for complete matrix shut-off in lower temperature reservoirs (80 to 140°F). The system uses a low molecular weight, crosslinked polymer that is injected directly into the target zone, reducing the permeability in the matrix.
The crosslinker represents a significant improvement over traditional organic crosslinkers like polyethyleneimine (PEI) and chromium-based metallic systems. The new product has very similar gelation time (&lt;12hr) profiles to the chromium systems, but requires shorter times than PEI, which could have gel times to ~24hr at 80°F. Additionally, the system has a much smaller environmental footprint, easing operator's concern over the sustainability of their chemical shutoff system. Results indicate that the new crosslinker yields ringing gels at lower dosages than traditional organic crosslinkers like PEI. (Sydansk gel code J).
This product enables easy generation of ringing, rigid gels for low-temperature reservoirs within a reasonable gelation time (&lt;12hr), making it ideal for applications including water shut-off, casing leak repairs, cement squeeze alternatives, zone abandonments, etc. It represents a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to heavy-metal containing chromium systems where current available organic systems require longer shut-in times and increased concentrations to achieve similar gel strengths. A series of performance tests including laboratory core analysis was conducted to determine it's operating effectiveness. The product was successfully field tested in the Spraberry formation in the Permian basin.
Next Generation Relative Permeability Modifier Application in Acid Stimulation Treatments: An Effective Water Management Strategy for Mature Fields in Ecuador
Authors: Bhaduri Sumit , Cutler Jennifer , Jayakumar Swathika , Gould John , Rivera Herman , Santamaria Juan , Eras Jose 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe paper combines a brief case history of applications with supporting laboratory data, for using a new relative permeability modifier (RPM) in conjunction with a conventional acid stimulation treatment. This design was targeted at mature oil wells with high water cuts in Ecuador. The recommendation was proposed after mineralogical characterization of core samples, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by laboratory core flooding with treatment fluids. The methodology described in the paper comprises stimulation of certain areas of the sandstone formation with an acid followed by a RPM treatment to prevent the water from the stimulated water-bearing zones from entering the wellbore. Coiled tubing is used for effective placement of the treatment.Conventional stimulation treatments in the Hollin sandstone formation in Ecuador result in high water cuts because of encroaching water from an active aquifer. The acidizing technique with RPM improved the economic life of many mature wells in the field. Both laboratory and field data indicate excellent results from the treatments. The overall water cut in the treated wells decreased (by 8 to 15%), while oil production increased (~200%). Coiled tubing enables accurate placement of the acid and RPM into the desired zones, with the benefits from this targeted treatment far outweighing the cost of using coiled tubing units.Successful implementation of the laboratory core flood results in the field resulted in field-wide protocols aimed at oil wells producing water at unacceptable rates. The optimized stimulation treatment increases oil production and selective placement of RPM using coiled tubing decreased water cut, thereby prolonging the economic viability of mature wells.
The Pressure Performance of Five Fields Completed in a Common Aquifer
Authors: Moore W.D. , Truby L.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained after calculating matches of the observed pressure performance of five fields completed in a common aquifer. A general description of the Central Basin Platform area in West Texas in which the five fields, Andector, Embar, Martin, TXL, and Wheeler, are located is contained in the paper. The method of utilizing the electric analyzer to calculate simultaneously matches of the observed pressure performance of the five fields is outlined. The determination of boundaries of pressure communication is discussed and the extent of pressure interference between fields consistent with the configuration of the area aquifer is shown graphically.

Introduction
Anomalies in the pressure performance of the Andector Ellenburger Field resulted in an investigation of pressure interference between several Ellenburger fields located on the Central Basin Platform in West Texas. Four fields, Embar, Martin, TXL, and Wheeler, were found to contribute significantly to the pressure drawdown at Andector.
An initial investigation of the pressure performance of the Andector Ellenburger Field revealed that the reservoir pressure could not be matched by the calculation technique usually applied to water drive reservoirs. In the past, many have advanced the opinion that fracturing in the Ellenburger was a local condition restricted to the immediate uplifted area around the field, in which case each field would in all probability be surrounded by its own relatively small aquifer. Following several unsuccessful attempts to account for the pressure performance at Andector, a system assuming a common aquifer involving several fields in the immediate vicinity of Andector was placed on the electric analyzer and the effect of inter field interference was noted. A refinement of the initial analyzer calculations involved the determination of the approximate boundaries of the aquifer, the calculation of detailed matches of the pressure performance of the interfering fields, and an evaluation of the degree of communication between fields.

Discussion

Geology and Development
The fields considered in this work are located in the Central Basin Platform, a north.south trending structural feature in West Texas lying between the Delaware Basin to the west and the Midland Basin to the east. The locations of various individual Ellenburger fields in this general are shown in Fig. 1 with the five major fields which appear to be definitely intercommunicating colored in black and located in the circled portion of the figure.
An Oil-Land Law
Authors: Smith George Otis 
Published: June 2014

Introduction
That an oil-land law is the most needed item in the proposed program ofmineral-land legislation follows, from the fact that Congress has never enacteda law really applicable to petroleum and natural gas. The action of Congress in1891 in, authorizing entry of oil lands under the placer law, enacted 21 yearsbefore for the mining of gold in surface gravels, was plainly only, makeshiftlegislation. Naturally the provisions of this placer law with its requirement, of discovery as a. prerequisite to location are nothing less than absurd whenapplied to petroleum deposits, hundreds or thousands of feet beneath thesurface. Other reasons which 'render oil-land legislation an urgent? necessityarise first from the large acreage of lands believed to be valuable for theirdeposits of oil and gas and therefore withdrawn by Executive order from allentry pending the enactment of an appropriate law for their disposition-awithdrawal that has been specially ratified by Congress in the case of oneState, Utah-and second from the exceptional importance of this resource to thenation, the large industrial worth of petroleum, and indeed its paramount valueto the navy, not being suspected 17 years ago when Congress last legislatedupon this subject.
Mineral land of this type is also well adapted to serve for purposes ofillustration in discussing the general principles that demand recognition inlegislative reform. Most of the issues involved in the consideration ofoil-land legislation are clean-cut, and essential differences of opinion will be seen to be based upon radical divergence in economic theory rather than uponconflicting views concerning unimportant details.
For the last five years or more the geologists of the Federal Survey havediscussed this subject and prepared memorandums and reports on the variousbills introduced in Congress. Most of the provisions suggested ill the presentoutline have been under consideration at one time or another during thatperiod, and many of the statements which follow can be said to represent theconsensus of opinion among those of us who, both in the field and in theoffice, have given special attention to the public oil lands.
AIME 048–40