bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiscal Policy for Growth and Stabilization
Authors: Srivastava D K , Kapur Tarrung , Trehan Ragini 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Two major interlinked objectives of fiscal policy are to ensure that an economy reaches its potential growth consistent with full employment of its resources, and that volatility of growth around this optimal level is minimized. In this chapter, after summarizing alternative approaches to conceptualizing and measuring potential growth, an analysis of major fiscal policy instruments is undertaken with a view to highlighting the extent to which they can be used for uplifting growth in an economy. The use of fiscal policy instruments for stabilization is then discussed, focusing on their countercyclical role in minimizing the impact of economic cycles. The role of fiscal responsibility legislations (FRLs), as they evolved and are applied in India, is also discussed in the context of recent global economic slowdowns.
Public Financial Management and Budget Credibility
Authors: Chakraborty Lekha , Chakraborty Pinaki , Shrestha Ruzel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Budget credibility of governments in accurately forecasting macro-fiscal variables is crucial for effective public finance management. Fiscal marksmanship analysis captures the extent of errors in budgetary forecasting. The fiscal rules can determine fiscal marksmanship. This chapter applies Theil’s technique to analyse fiscal forecasting errors for Indian states. There is a heterogeneity in the magnitude of errors across Indian states. The forecast errors in revenue receipts have been greater than those in revenue expenditure. Within revenue receipts, the errors are more significantly pronounced in the grants component. Within expenditure budgets, the errors in capital spending are found to be greater in all the states. Further, the errors were more broadly random than due to systematic bias, except for a few crucial macro-fiscal variables where improving the forecasting techniques can provide better estimates.
Surgical versus conservative treatment for odontoid fractures in older people: an international prospective comparative study
Authors: Huybregts Jeroen G J , Polak Samuel B , Jacobs Wilco C , Arts Mark P , Meyer Bernhard , Wostrack Maria , Butenschön Vicki M , Osti Michael , Öner F Cumhur , Slooff Willem-Bart M , Feller Ricardo E , Bouma Gert-Joan , Harhangi Biswadjiet S , Depreitere Bart , Nygaard Øystein P , Weber Clemens , Müller Kay , Timothy Jake , Pellisé Ferran , Rasmussen Mikkel M , van Zwet Erik W , Steyerberg Ewout W , Peul Wilco C , Vleggeert-Lankamp Carmen L A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
The optimal treatment for odontoid fractures in older people remains debated. Odontoid fractures are increasingly relevant to clinical practice due to ageing of the population.

Methods
An international prospective comparative study was conducted in fifteen European centres, involving patients aged ≥55 years with type II/III odontoid fractures. The surgeon and patient jointly decided on the applied treatment. Surgical and conservative treatments were compared. Primary outcomes were Neck Disability Index (NDI) improvement, fracture union and stability at 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes were Visual Analogue Scale neck pain, Likert patient-perceived recovery and EuroQol-5D-3L at 52 weeks. Subgroup analyses considered age, type II and displaced fractures. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for age, gender and fracture characteristics.

Results
The study included 276 patients, of which 144 (52%) were treated surgically and 132 (48%) conservatively (mean (SD) age 77.3 (9.1) vs. 76.6 (9.7), P = 0.56). NDI improvement was largely similar between surgical and conservative treatments (mean (SE) −11 (2.4) vs. −14 (1.8), P = 0.08), as were union (86% vs. 78%, aOR 2.3, 95% CI 0.97–5.7) and stability (99% vs. 98%, aOR NA). NDI improvement did not differ between patients with union and persistent non-union (mean (SE) −13 (2.0) vs. −12 (2.8), P = 0.78). There was no difference for any of the secondary outcomes or subgroups.

Conclusions
Clinical outcome and fracture healing at 52 weeks were similar between treatments. Clinical outcome and fracture union were not associated. Treatments should prioritize favourable clinical over radiological outcomes.
Rare germline genetic variation in PAX8 transcription factor binding sites and susceptibility to epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Ezquina Suzana A M , Jones Michelle , Dicks Ed , de Vries Amber , Peng Pei-Chen , Lawrenson Kate , Corona Rosario I , Tyrer Jonathan , Hazelett Dennis , Brenton James , Antoniou Antonis , Gayther Simon A , Pharoah Paul D P 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Common genetic variation throughout the genome together with rare coding variants identified to date explain about a half of the inherited genetic component of epithelial ovarian cancer risk. It is likely that rare variation in the non-coding genome will explain some of the unexplained heritability, but identifying such variants is challenging. The primary problem is lack of statistical power to identifying individual risk variants by association as power is a function of sample size, effect size and allele frequency. Power can be increased by using burden tests which test for association of carriers of any variant in a specified genomic region. This has the effect of increasing the putative effect allele frequency. PAX8 is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in tumour progression, migration and invasion. Furthermore, regulatory elements proximal to target genes of PAX8 are enriched for common ovarian cancer risk variants. We hypothesised that rare variation in PAX8 binding sites are also associated with ovarian cancer risk, but unlikely to be associated with risk of breast, colorectal or endometrial cancer. We have used publicly available, whole-genome sequencing data from the UK 100,000 Genomes Project to evaluate the burden of rare variation in PAX8 binding sites across the genome. Data were available for 522 ovarian cancers, 2,984 breast cancers, 2,696 colorectal cancers, 836 endometrial cancers and 2253 non-cancer controls. Active binding sites were defined using data from multiple PAX8 and H3K27 ChIPseq experiments. We found no association between the burden of rare variation in PAX8 binding sites (defined in several ways) and risk of ovarian, breast or endometrial cancer. An apparent association with colorectal cancer was likely to be a technical artefact as a similar association was also detected for rare variation in random regions of the genome. Despite the null result this study provides a proof-of -principle for using burden testing to identify rare, non-coding germline genetic variation associated with disease. Larger sample sizes available from large-scale sequencing projects together with improved understanding of the function of the non-coding genome will increase the potential of similar studies in the future.
Contrasting methods to operationalize antibiotic exposure in clinical research: a real-world application on health care–associated Clostridioides difficile infection
Authors: Webster Jessica L , Eppes Stephen , Lee Brian K , Harrington Nicole S , Goldstein Neal D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The goal of this article is to summarize common methods of antibiotic operationalization used in clinical research and demonstrate methods for exposure variable selection. We demonstrate 3 methods for modeling exposure, using data from a case–control study on Clostridioides difficile infection in hospitalized patients: (1) factor analysis, (2) logistic regression models, and 3) least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. The factor analysis identified 8 variables contributing the most variation in the data set: any antibiotic exposure; number of antibiotic classes; number of antibiotic courses; dose; and specific classes monobactam, β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitors, rifamycin, and cephalosporin. The logistic regression models resulting in the best model fit used predictors representing any antibiotic exposure and the proportion of a patient’s hospitalization that they were receiving antibiotics. The LASSO model selected 22 variables for inclusion in the predictive model, of which 10 were antibiotic exposure variables, including any antibiotic exposure; classes β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenem, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, monobactam, rifamycin, sulfonamides, and miscellaneous; and proportion of hospitalization that antibiotic treatment was administered. Investigators studying antibiotic use should consider multiple characteristics of exposure informed by their research question and the theory on how antibiotics may affect the distribution of the outcome in their target population.
Adjusting mobile phone data to account for children’s travel and the impact on measles dynamics in Zambia
Authors: Kostandova Natalya , Prosperi Christine , Mutembo Simon , Nakazwe Chola , Namukoko Harriet , Nachinga Bertha , Chongwe Gershom , Chilumba Innocent , Kabalo Elliot N , Makungo Kabondo , Matakala Kalumbu H , Musukwa Gloria , Hamahuwa Mutinta , Mufwambi Webster , Matoba Japhet , Mutale Irene , Simulundu Edgar , Ndubani Phillimon , Hasan Alvira Z , Truelove Shaun A , Winter Amy K , Carcelen Andrea C , Lau Bryan , Moss William J , Wesolowski Amy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Models of measles transmission can be used to identify areas of high risk to tailor immunization strategies. Estimates of spatial connectivity can be derived from data such as mobile phone records, however it is not clear how this maps to the movement of children who are more likely to be infected. Using travel surveys across two districts in Zambia and national mobile phone data, we compared estimates of out-of-district travel for the population captured in the mobile phone data and child-specific travel from travel surveys. We then evaluated the impact of unadjusted and adjusted connectivity measures on simulated measles virus introduction events across Zambia. The number of trips made by children from the travel survey was three to five times lower than the general population estimates from mobile phone data. This decreased the percentage of districts with measles virus introduction events from 78% when using unadjusted data to 51% - 64% following adjustment. Failure to account for age-specific heterogeneities in travel estimated from mobile phone data resulted in overestimating subnational areas at high risk of introduction events, which could divert mitigation efforts to districts that are at lower risk.
From policy to practice: assessing the state innovation models initiative’s early success in incorporating social determinants of health in ASCVD hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: Parekh Tarang , Xue Hong , Wadhera Rishi K , Cheskin Lawrence J , Cuellar Alison E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study examines effects of the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services State Innovation Models (SIM) on capturing social risk factors in adults hospitalized with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach with propensity score weights, the study compared documentation of secondary diagnosis of social determinants of health (SDOH)/social factors using ICD-9 V codes (“SDOH codes”) in adults hospitalized with ASCVD as a primary diagnosis (n = 1 485 354). Data were gathered from January 1, 2010, to September 30, 2015, covering the period before and after the SIM implementation in October 2013. From January 2010 to September 2015, SDOH codes were infrequently utilized among adults with ASCVD (0.55%; 95% CI, 0.43%-0.67%). The SDOH codes with ASCVD increased from pre- to postperiod in SIM states (0.56%-0.93%) and comparison states (0.46%-0.56%). State Innovation Models implementation was associated with greater improvement in SDOH codes utilization (adjusted OR 1.30; 95% CI, 1.18-1.43) during ASCVD hospitalizations. The odds of SDOH codes utilization were 86% higher in emergency department admissions (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.76-1.97) than in routine admissions with ASCVD. Findings were similar when limiting population to older adults (≥65 years) enrolled in Medicare (AOR 1.50; 95% CI, 1.31-1.71), whereas not significant for Medicaid beneficiaries. The study points to challenges for healthcare providers in documenting SDOH in adults with ASCVD.
Disentangling the Inverse LDL-C-hemorrhagic Stroke Association in Chinese Adults with Hypertension: Findings from the Chinese Multi-Provincial Cohort Study
Authors: Yang Zhao , Qi Yue , Sun Jiayi , Liu Jun , Wang Miao , Deng Qiujv , Hao Yongchen , Yang Na , Ji Zhili , Zhou Xiao-Hua , Liu Jing 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Why lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was associated with a decreased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk but an increased hemorrhagic stroke (HS) risk in hypertensive adults remains unclear. We examined whether the inverse LDL-C-HS association partly arises from its effect on ASCVD. We estimated separable effects of LDL-C on HS outside (i.e., separable direct effect) or only through its effect on ASCVD (i.e., separable indirect effect) in hypertensive adults from the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study. We quantified such effects using numbers needed to treat (NNT) to prevent or cause an extra HS based on the restricted mean event-free time till a 25-year follow-up. LDL-C $&lt;$ 70 mg/dL was not associated with an increased HS risk compared to LDL-C $\ge$ 70 mg/dL regarding total and separable direct effects. However, a small separable indirect effect (i.e., NNT to harm: 9722 participants) was noted and validated via a series of sensitivity analyses. Moreover, modified effects were observed, particularly in the 35-49-year age group, men, and those with SBP $\ge$ 140 mm Hg. These results suggest the inverse LDL-C-HS association in hypertensive adults is partly due to its effect on ASCVD. A better understanding of such associations would provide more enlightening into stroke prevention.
Emulating Randomized Trials by Observational Database Studies: The RCT-DUPLICATE Initiative in COPD and Asthma
Authors: Suissa Samy , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Feldman William B , Tesfaye Helen , Wang Shirley 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Observational studies are increasingly used to provide real-world evidence in regulatory decision-making. The RCT-DUPLICATE initiative conducted observational studies emulating two trials in patients with asthma and three in COPD. For each trial, new-user cohorts were constructed from two US healthcare claims databases, comparing initiators of the study and comparator drugs, matched on propensity scores. Proportional hazards models were used to compare the treatments on study outcomes. The observational studies involved more subjects than the corresponding trials, with treatment arms well-matched on baseline characteristics. An asthma example involved emulation of the 26-week FDA-mandated D5896 trial. With 6,494 asthma patients per arm, the hazard ratio (HR) of a serious asthma-related event with budesonide-formoterol versus budesonide was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.63-2.65), compared with 1.07 (95% CI: 0.70-1.65) in the trial. A COPD example is the emulation of the one-year IMPACT trial. With 4,365 COPD patients per arm, the HR of a COPD exacerbation with triple therapy versus dual bronchodilators was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.00-1.17), compared with 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.91) in the trial. We found mainly discordant results between observational analyses and randomized trials, likely from the forced discontinuation of treatments prior to randomization in the trials, not mimicable in the observational analyses.
How many species are there? Lineage diversification and hidden speciation in Solanaceae from highland grasslands in southern South America
Authors: Soares Luana S , Bombarely Aureliano , Freitas Loreta B 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Species delimitation can be challenging when analysing recently diverged species, especially those taxonomically synonymized owing to morphological similarities. We aimed to untangle the relationships between two grassland species, Petunia guarapuavensis and Petunia scheideana, exploring the dynamics of fast divergence and addressing their species delimitation.

Methods
We used a low-coverage genome sequencing and population genomic approach to distinguish species and populations between P. guarapuavensis and P. scheideana. Our analysis focused on detecting structuration, hybridization/introgression and phylogenetic patterns. We used demographic models to support species delimitation while exploring potential phylogeographical barriers influencing gene flow.

Key Results
Our findings indicated differentiation between the two species and revealed another lineage, which was phylogenetically distinct from the others and had no evidence of gene flow with them. The presence of a river acted as a phylogeographical barrier, limiting gene flow and allowing for structuration between closely related lineages. The optimal species delimitation scenario involved secondary contact between well-established lineages.

Conclusions
The rapid divergence observed in these Petunia species explains the lack of significant morphological differences, because floral diagnostic traits in species sharing pollinators tend to evolve more slowly. This study highlights the complexity of species delimitation in recently diverged groups and emphasizes the importance of genomic approaches in understanding evolutionary relationships and speciation dynamics.
Overlapping peri-implantation phenotypes of ZNHIT1 and ZNHIT2 despite distinct functions during early mouse development
Authors: He Xinjian Doris , Taylor Louis F , Miao Xiaosu , Shi Yingchao , Lin Xinhua , Yang Zhongzhou , Liu Xin , Miao Yi-Liang , Alfandari Dominique , Cui Wei , Tremblay Kimberly D , Mager Jesse 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mammalian preimplantation development culminates in the formation of a blastocyst that undergoes extensive gene expression regulation to successfully implant into the maternal endometrium. Zinc-finger HIT domain-containing (ZNHIT) 1 and 2 are members of a highly conserved family, yet they have been identified as subunits of distinct complexes. Here, we report that knockout of either Znhit1 or Znhit2 results in embryonic lethality during peri-implantation stages. Znhit1 and Znhit2 mutant embryos have overlapping phenotypes, including reduced proportion of SOX2-positive inner cell mass cells, a lack of Fgf4 expression, and aberrant expression of NANOG and SOX17. Furthermore, we find that the similar phenotypes are caused by distinct mechanisms. Specifically, embryos lacking ZNHIT1 likely fail to incorporate sufficient H2A.Z at the promoter region of Fgf4 and other genes involved in cell projection organization resulting in impaired invasion of trophoblast cells during implantation. In contrast, Znhit2 mutant embryos display a complete lack of nuclear EFTUD2, a key component of U5 spliceosome, indicating a global splicing deficiency. Our findings unveil the indispensable yet distinct roles of ZNHIT1 and ZNHIT2 in early mammalian embryonic development.
Fish habitat models for a future of novel riverscapes
Authors: Hansen Henry H , Comoglio Claudio , Elings Jelger , Ericsson Philip , Goethals Peter , Gosselin Marie-Pierre , Hölker Franz , Katopodis Christos , Kemp Paul , Lind Lovisa , Mawer Rachel , Mozzi Gloria , Nestler John M , Piccolo John , Radinger Johannes , Schneider Matthias , Stoilova Velizara , Wegscheider Bernhard , Bergman Eva 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Multiple anthropogenic forces have pushed river ecosystems into undesirable states with no clear understanding of how they should be best managed. The advancement of riverine fish habitat models intended to provide management insights has slowed. Investigations into theoretical and empirical gaps to define habitat more comprehensively across different scales and ecological organizations are crucial in managing the freshwater biodiversity crisis. We introduce the concept of novel riverscapes to reconcile anthropogenic forcing, fish habitat, limitations of current fish habitat models, and opportunities for new models. We outline three priority data-driven opportunities that incorporate the novel riverscape concept: fish movement, river behavior, and drivers of novelty that all are integrated into a scale-based framework to guide the development of new models. Last, we present a case study showing how researchers, model developers, and practitioners can work collaboratively to implement the novel riverscape concept.
Both mOTS-words and pOTS-words prefer emoji stimuli over text stimuli during a lexical judgment task
Authors: Dalski Alexia , Kular Holly , Jorgensen Julia G , Grill-Spector Kalanit , Grotheer Mareike 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The visual word form area in the occipitotemporal sulcus (here OTS-words) is crucial for reading and shows a preference for text stimuli. We hypothesized that this text preference may be driven by lexical processing. Hence, we performed three fMRI experiments (n = 15), systematically varying participants’ task and stimulus, and separately evaluated middle mOTS-words and posterior pOTS-words. Experiment 1 contrasted text with other visual stimuli to identify both OTS-words subregions. Experiment 2 utilized an fMRI adaptation paradigm, presenting compound words as texts or emojis. In experiment 3, participants performed a lexical or color judgment task on compound words in text or emoji format. In experiment 2, pOTS-words, but not mOTS-words, showed fMRI adaptation for compound words in both formats. In experiment 3, both subregions showed higher responses to compound words in emoji format. Moreover, mOTS-words showed higher responses during the lexical judgment task and a task–stimulus interaction. Multivariate analyses revealed that distributed responses in pOTS-words encode stimulus and distributed responses in mOTS-words encode stimulus and task. Together, our findings suggest that the function of the OTS-words subregions goes beyond the specific visual processing of text and that these regions are flexibly recruited whenever semantic meaning needs to be assigned to visual input.
Comprehensive review of indicators and techniques for optical mapping of intracellular calcium ions
Authors: Sheng Chu-Qiao , Wu Shuang-Shuang , Cheng Yong-Kang , Wu Yao , Li Yu-Mei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play crucial roles in almost every cellular process, making the detection of changes in intracellular Ca2+ essential to understanding cell function. The fluorescence indicator method has garnered widespread application due to its exceptional sensitivity, rapid analysis, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendly nature. It has successfully delineated the spatial and temporal dynamics of Ca2+ signaling across diverse cell types. However, it is vital to understand that different indicators have varying levels of accuracy, sensitivity, and stability, making choosing the right inspection method crucial. As optical detection technologies advance, they continually broaden the horizons of scientific inquiry. This primer offers a systematic synthesis of the current fluorescence indicators and optical imaging modalities utilized for the detection of intracellular Ca2+. It elucidates their practical applications and inherent limitations, serving as an essential reference for researchers seeking to identify the most suitable detection methodologies for their calcium-centric investigations.