bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Benefits of Aggregate Evaluation of Budget Proposals
Authors: Schwartz Steven T. , Sudbury Austin , Young Richard A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
Budgeting admits significant management control problems due to information asymmetries within organizations. We extend the Antle, Bogetoft and Stark (1999) principal agent analysis of budgeting, performing comparative statics on the potential benefit of bundling projects. Bundling projects confers a type of diversification benefit similar to portfolio diversification. We find this benefit is maximized at intermediate levels of profitability. The rationale for this finding is that at high levels of profitability the control problem is trivial and at low levels of profitability individual evaluation is necessary to screen for only the most profitable projects. For similar reasons bundling is most beneficial at intermediate levels of slack potential. We further find that when bundling is strictly beneficial to the principal its benefit is decreasing in the correlation between the projects' profitability. The intuition for this finding is (positive) correlation diminishes the diversification benefit found with aggregation. Finally, we sketch a setting with heterogeneous projects that differ with respect to ex ante profitability. We demonstrate that the benefit of aggregation is decreasing in project heterogeneity. The intuition is that when projects are sufficiently heterogeneous the ability to tailor the contracts to the individual projects dominates the diversification benefits.
Is Bariatric Surgery an Appropriate Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?
Authors: Cline Camber D. 
Published: July 2013

IN BRIEF
Given the well-documented relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes, it is a logical hypothesis that reduction in body weight from bariatric surgery would improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The evidence is even more compelling with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure, which often results in improved glycemic control even before significant weight loss has occurred. Many hypotheses have been proposed regarding the mechanisms of this phenomenon. This article reviews those hypotheses, as well as the risks and benefits of bariatric surgery for adults with type 2 diabetes.
Efficient placement of nest boxes for Siberian flying squirrels Pteromys volans: effects of cavity density and nest box installation height
Authors: Suzuki Kei , Yanagawa Hisashi 
Published: July 2013

To improve the effectiveness of research into the Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans, we investigated the optimal placement of nest boxes. Of the 96 boxes which we installed under various conditions at 10 sites, 47 were occupied by Siberian flying squirrels between spring and autumn. Nest‐box height was positively correlated with box occupation; 90% of boxes installed at 2‐2.8 m height were used. Cavity density was negatively correlated with occupation, with boxes more frequently used in forests with < 2 cavities/ha. Research in Siberian flying squirrels can thus be made more efficient if nest boxes are installed at a height of 2‐2.8 m in forests with < 2 cavities/ha, and by doing observations between spring and autumn.
Hybridity and Authenticity in US Day of the Dead Celebrations
Authors: Marchi Regina 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In the 1970s, secular Day of the Dead celebrations were initiated in the United States as a way to communicate messages of Chicano identity. As the US Latino community became more ethnically diverse in the 1980s and 1990s, new Latino populations participated in these public festivities, creating pan-Latino celebrations. At the same time, non-Latinos began to embrace Day of the Dead as an alternative way to remember the departed. The observance of the holiday in new ways and by new groups of people has sparked negotiations around ownership and meaning, illustrating that hybridity and authenticity are complexly related rather than oppositional concepts.
Pengembangan Model Consignment Stock pada Sistem Rantai Pasok Dua Eselon dengan Permintaan Berfluktuasi dan Perubahan Order Awal
Authors: Wangsa Ivan D. , P. Iskandar Bermawi 
Published: July 2013

Scheduling changes on the production floor are common in practice to meet the consumer demand and these cause the nervousness. The nervousness in turn will result in increased costs and reduced service level. This research deals with production batch size and buffer stock taking into account changes in a preliminary order. Change in the demand for a given day is announced one day before and this is viewed as it occurs randomly. This research was considered in two echelon supply chain system with a single supplier and single manufacturer. The development of model is transactional relationship and consignment stock contract relationship. This study also considers the backorder and production capacity according to the real condition. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the models. From the numerical results, it appears that coefficient variation (CV) of the demand affects the results obtained using method of SM and LUC.
Improvement in Health and Possible Reduction in Disease Activity Using Endurance Exercise in Patients With Established Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial With a 1‐Year Open Extension Followup
Authors: Alemo Munters Li , Dastmalchi Maryam , Andgren Vivianne , Emilson Christina , Bergegård Jenny , Regardt Malin , Johansson Anna , Orefelt Tholander Ingrid , Hanna Balsam , Lidén Maria , Esbjörnsson Mona , Alexanderson Helene 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of a 12‐week endurance exercise program on health, disability, VO2 max, and disease activity in a multicenter randomized controlled trial in patients with established polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM), and to evaluate health and disability in a 1‐year open extension study.MethodsPatients were randomized into a 12‐week endurance exercise program group (EG; n = 11) or a control group (CG; n = 10). Assessments of health (Short Form 36 [SF‐36]), muscle performance (5 voluntary repetition maximum [5 VRM]), activities of daily living (ADL), patient preference (McMaster Toronto Arthritis Patient Preference Disability Questionnaire), VO2 max, and disease activity (International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies criteria of improvement of the 6‐item core set) were performed at 0 and 12 weeks. Disability assessments were performed again at 52 weeks in an open extension period. All assessments were performed by blinded observers.ResultsThe EG improved compared to the CG in SF‐36 physical function and vitality (P = 0.010 and P = 0.046, respectively), ADL score (P = 0.035), 5 VRM (P = 0.026), and VO2 max (P = 0.010). More patients in the EG (7 of 11) were responders with reduced disease activity compared to none in the CG (P = 0.002). Correlations between VO2 max and SF‐36 physical function were 0.90 and 0.91 at 0 and 12 weeks, respectively (P < 0.05). The EG improvement in 5 VRM was sustained up to 52 weeks compared to baseline (5.7 kg; P < 0.001), but not in ADL score or SF‐36.ConclusionsEndurance exercise improves health and may reduce disease activity in patients with established PM/DM. This potentially could be mediated through improved aerobic fitness. The results also indicate sustained muscle strength up to 1 year after a supervised program.
Illness Perceptions and Fatigue in Systemic Vasculitis
Authors: Grayson Peter C. , Amudala Naomi A. , Mcalear Carol A. , Leduc Renée L. , Shereff Denise , Richesson Rachel , Fraenkel Liana , Merkel Peter A. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo compare illness perceptions among patients with different forms of vasculitis, identify risk factors for negative illness perceptions, and determine the association between illness perceptions and fatigue.MethodsParticipants were recruited from an online vasculitis registry to complete the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ‐R). The mean scores on each IPQ‐R dimension were compared across different types of vasculitis. Cluster analysis and stepwise regression identified predictors of negative illness perception. Fatigue was measured using the general subscale of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI‐20). Patient‐reported measures of disease activity and IPQ‐R dimensions were assessed in relation to MFI‐20 scores using linear regression in sequential, additive models with model‐fit comparisons.ResultsIn total, 692 participants with 9 types of vasculitis completed the IPQ‐R. For 6 of the 8 IPQ‐R dimensions, there were no significant differences in mean scores between the different vasculitides. Scores in the identity and cyclical dimensions were significantly higher in Behçet's disease compared with other types of vasculitis (13.5 versus 10.7 for identity and 4.0 versus 3.2 for cyclical [P < 0.05]). Younger age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02–1.06), depression (OR 4.94, 95% CI 2.90–8.41), active disease status (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.27–3.29), and poor overall health (OR 3.92, 95% CI 0.88–17.56) were associated with negative illness perceptions. The sequential models demonstrated that the IPQ‐R dimensions explained an equivalent proportion of variability in fatigue scores compared with measures of disease activity.ConclusionIllness perceptions are similar across different types of vasculitis, and younger age is a risk factor for negative illness perceptions. Illness perceptions explain differences in fatigue scores beyond what can be explained by measures of disease activity.
Golimumab, a Human Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Monoclonal Antibody, Injected Subcutaneously Every 4 Weeks in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Who Had Never Taken Methotrexate: 1‐Year and 2‐Year Clinical, Radiologic, and Physical Function Findings of a Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Emery Paul , Fleischmann Roy M. , Doyle Mittie K. , Strusberg Ingrid , Durez Patrick , Nash Peter , Amante Eric , Churchill Melvin , Park Won , Pons‐Estel Bernardo , Xu Weichun , Xu Stephen , Wu Zhong , Hsia Elizabeth C. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo assess 2‐year golimumab efficacy/safety in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had never taken methotrexate (MTX).MethodsRA patients who had never taken MTX (n = 637) were randomized (1:1:1:1) to placebo + MTX (group 1), golimumab 100 mg + placebo (group 2), golimumab 50 mg + MTX (group 3), or golimumab 100 mg + MTX (group 4) every 4 weeks. Nonresponders based on week 28 swollen/tender joint counts changed treatment as follows: group 1 added golimumab 50 mg, group 2 added MTX, group 3 increased golimumab to 100 mg, and group 4 had no change. Most group 1 patients (85%) initiated golimumab 50 mg + MTX at week 28 or subsequently at week 52. After the last patient completed week 52 and blinding was broken, the investigator could escalate golimumab to 100 mg and/or adjust MTX. The co–primary end points (week 24 American College of Rheumatology criteria for 50% improvement [ACR50] response and week 52 change in Sharp/van der Heijde score [SHS]) have been published previously. We now detail week 52 major secondary end points (Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ] disability index [DI] scores and SHS among patients with a baseline C‐reactive protein [CRP] level >1.0 mg/dl) and week 104 findings.ResultsAt week 52 for combined groups 3 and 4 versus group 1, the respective proportions of patients achieving ACR20 and ACR50 responses were 63.2% versus 51.9% (P = 0.017) and 45.3% versus 35.6% (P = 0.044). Respective week 52 mean HAQ DI improvements were 0.70 versus 0.58 (P = 0.053); mean SHS changes were 0.41 versus 1.37 (P = 0.006) among all patients and 0.74 versus 2.16 (P = 0.003) in patients with a CRP level >1.0 mg/dl. Improvements were maintained through week 104. Golimumab + MTX for 2 years yielded statistically less radiographic progression than initial MTX or golimumab 100 mg monotherapy. Golimumab safety profiles through weeks 24, 52, and 104 were generally consistent with those observed in other golimumab studies.ConclusionIn RA patients who had never taken MTX, up to 2 years of golimumab + MTX yielded sustained improvements in clinical signs/symptoms, physical function, and radiographic progression.
First‐Year Radiographic Progression as a Predictor of Further Progression in Early Arthritis: Results of a Large National French Cohort
Authors: Tobón Gabriel , Saraux Alain , Lukas Cedric , Gandjbakhch Frederique , Gottenberg J. E. , Mariette Xavier , Combe Bernard , Devauchelle‐Pensec Valerie 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveA major goal in the treatment of recent arthritis is the prevention of joint destruction. The value of radiographic progression in the first year for predicting further radiographic progression has not been evaluated comparatively with conventional predictive factors.MethodsPatients with arthritis of <6 months' duration were included in the prospective French ESPOIR cohort. Radiographs were obtained and modified Sharp scores were determined by a blinded reader. The rate of progression was determined over the first year, then over the second and third years. Rapid progression was defined as a >5‐point annual increase in the total Sharp score.ResultsIn total, 500 patients had complete data available after 3 years and were included. The total Sharp score indicated rapid progression in 123 patients (25%) in year 1 and 92 patients (18%) in years 2/3. By logistic regression, the variables independently associated with rapid progression in years 2/3 were year 1 rapid progression of the erosion and total Sharp scores, baseline erosion Sharp score, the serologic American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criterion, and interleukin‐6 level. When these variables were combined, year 1 rapid progression made the largest contribution to predicting years 2/3 rapid progression.ConclusionFirst‐year radiologic progression is the best independent predictor of further rapid progression in early arthritis.
An Unusual Porous Metal–Organic Framework that Demonstrates the Highly Efficient Exchange of Metal Ions and the Reversible Adsorption of Iodine
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Mei , Yang Jin , He Yuan‐Chun , Ma Jian‐Fang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAn exceedingly rare porous metal–organic framework that is based on cadmium ions and multi carboxylate ligands, namely, Na0.25[(CH3)2NH2]1.75[Cd(L)2]⋅x solvent (1, H2L=2‐hydroxymethyl‐4,6‐bi(2′‐methoxyl‐4′‐(2′′‐1′′‐carboxyl)‐ethlene)‐1,3,5‐mesitylene), has been successfully synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Compound 1 exhibits a 2D network that is constructed from left‐ and right‐handed helical chains. Furthermore, neighboring 2D layers are stacked to give a porous motif. Strikingly, compound 1 exhibits the highly efficient exchange of metal ions from the main framework components whilst maintaining the structural integrity and the crystallinity of the network. In addition, Compound 1 also shows outstanding performance in the reversible adsorption of iodine.
On the relationship between the Mediterranean Oscillation and winter precipitation in the Southern Levant
Authors: Törnros Tobias 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEmpirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis was applied to 25 homogenous precipitation series in the Southern Levant covering the years 1960–1993. The EOF‐1 explained 60–71% of variance and exhibited a significant correlation with a particular Mediterranean Oscillation Index (MOI) in December–February. It is shown that winter precipitation is associated with positive MOI phases and Cyprus lows. By fitting gamma distributions to monthly precipitation; it could furthermore be shown that during negative MOI phases, the probability of above average winter precipitation is 22%. During positive MOI phases, the corresponding probability is much higher, at around 59%.
Prognostic impact of the activation status of the Akt/mTOR pathway in synovial sarcoma
Authors: Setsu Nokitaka , Kohashi Kenichi , Fushimi Fumiyoshi , Endo Makoto , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Takahashi Yusuke , Yamada Yuichi , Ishii Takeaki , Yokoyama Koichirou , Iwamoto Yukihide , Oda Yoshinao 
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUNDThe Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, downstream from phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), mediates cell survival and proliferation. Although this pathway reportedly contributes to the progression of synovial sarcoma, its prognostic impact has not been clarified.METHODSThe authors analyzed clinicopathologic data and phosphorylation status of Akt (a serine/threonine kinase also known as protein kinase B), mTOR, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein (4E‐BP1), and the S6 ribosomal protein by immunohistochemical analysis of 120 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples and by Western blot analysis of 24 frozen samples from 112 patients with synovial sarcoma.RESULTSAkt, mTOR, 4E‐BP1, and S6 were activated in 76.5%, 67.6%, 59.6%, and 42.6% of samples, respectively. Immunohistochemically positive phosphorylated (p) mTOR (pmTOR) and p4E‐BP1 results were correlated with higher mitotic activity, and positive p4E‐BP1 results were correlated with greater necrosis. No mutations around the hot spots in the PI3K catalytic subunit α (PI3KCA) and Akt1 genes were observed. In multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic parameters, frequent mitosis was a risk factor for shorter overall survival; and male sex, visceral location, larger tumor size, and frequent mitosis were identified as risk factors for shorter event‐free survival. Positive pmTOR and p4E‐BP1 results were correlated significantly with shorter overall survival, and positive p4E‐BP1 results were correlated with shorter event‐free survival in univariate analysis. Positive pAkt results were associated significantly with shorter event‐free survival in multivariate analysis.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, the Akt/mTOR pathway was activated and was associated with worse clinical and pathologic behavior in patients with synovial sarcoma. The authors propose that this pathway may have potential as a therapeutic target. Cancer 2013;119:3504–3513.. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Birthdating of myenteric neuron subtypes in the small intestine of the mouse
Authors: Bergner Annette J. , Stamp Lincon A. , Gonsalvez David G. , Allison Margaret B. , Olson David P. , Myers Martin G. , Anderson Colin R. , Young Heather M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThere are many different types of enteric neurons. Previous studies have identified the time at which some enteric neuron subtypes are born (exit the cell cycle) in the mouse, but the birthdates of some major enteric neuron subtypes are still incompletely characterized or unknown. We combined 5‐ethynynl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling with antibody markers that identify myenteric neuron subtypes to determine when neuron subtypes are born in the mouse small intestine. We found that different neurochemical classes of enteric neuron differed in their birthdates; serotonin neurons were born first with peak cell cycle exit at E11.5, followed by neurofilament‐M neurons, calcitonin gene‐related peptide neurons (peak cell cycle exit for both at embryonic day [E]12.5–E13.5), tyrosine hydroxylase neurons (E15.5), nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) neurons (E15.5), and calretinin neurons (postnatal day [P]0). The vast majority of myenteric neurons had exited the cell cycle by P10. We did not observe any EdU+/NOS1+ myenteric neurons in the small intestine of adult mice following EdU injection at E10.5 or E11.5, which was unexpected, as previous studies have shown that NOS1 neurons are present in E11.5 mice. Studies using the proliferation marker Ki67 revealed that very few NOS1 neurons in the E11.5 and E12.5 gut were proliferating. However, Cre‐lox‐based genetic fate‐mapping revealed a small subpopulation of myenteric neurons that appears to express NOS1 only transiently. Together, our results confirm a relationship between enteric neuron subtype and birthdate, and suggest that some enteric neurons exhibit neurochemical phenotypes during development that are different from their mature phenotype. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:514–527, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective Activation of CCl and CF Bonds by SO.+ Radical Cations: An Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: de Petris Giulia , Troiani Anna , Rosi Marzio , Angelini Giancarlo , Ursini Ornella 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe activation of C–halogen bonds by the SO.+ radical cation is investigated in the gas phase. The CCl bond of CH2Cl2 is activated by fast and effective chloride‐ion transfer, whereas the CF bond of CH2F2 is activated by a very slow fluoride‐ion transfer. In both cases, thermodynamic and kinetic factors account for the type of process and the observed selectivity, that is, carbon–halogen versus carbon–hydrogen activation, mainly owing to the presence of the sulfur atom. The cleavage of the CCl bond of CH2Cl2 by SO.+ is a rare example of a very effective and selective chloride‐ion abstraction by a metal‐free, sulfur‐centred radical cation.
Continuous rise of insulin resistance before and after the onset of puberty in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes ‐ a cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Raab Jennifer , Haupt Florian , Kordonouri Olga , Scholz Marlon , Wosch Anja , Ried Christiane , Aschemeier Bärbel , Danne Thomas , Ziegler Anette‐G. , Winkler Christiane 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundInsulin resistance has been postulated to be linked to the frequent onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) during puberty. Very few studies have investigated the time course of insulin resistance in childhood. To address the question of how insulin resistance develops with age and how this is related to puberty onset, we examined insulin resistance and pubertal development over time in children at increased risk for T1D.MethodsHomeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was measured in 1848 fasting samples of 1177 children (aged 5‐15 years) in a cross‐sectional analysis. All children had a first degree relative with T1D, 120 developed islet autoantibodies. Pubertal development was determined by Tanner staging.ResultsInsulin resistance rose continuously from age 5 to 13 years in girls and from age 5 to 14 years in boys with an average increase of 0.09 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.08‐0.10) per year for girls and 0.07 (95 % CI: 0.06‐0.08) for boys. The rise preceded the onset of puberty (Tanner stage 2), which was reported between 10 and 12 years of age in 80.4 % of the children (mean age: 11.2 ± 0.06 years). No difference was seen between children with or without islet autoantibodies.ConclusionsThere was a constant age‐dependent rise of insulin resistance during childhood without observed associations to the onset of puberty or the presence of islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for T1D. Our data show that insulin resistance emerges well before the initiation of physical changes of puberty. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.