bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model‐based approach to characterize the population pharmacokinetics and the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of RBP‐7000, a new, long‐acting, sustained‐released formulation of risperidone
Authors: Gomeni R. , Heidbreder C. , Fudala P.J. , Nasser A.F. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRBP‐7000 is a sustained‐release (once‐monthly injection for subcutaneous administration) formulation of risperidone using the ATRIGEL® Delivery System, developed for treatment of schizophrenia to address compliance issues associated with oral administration. The objective of this analysis was to report the results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis and to describe the relationship between risperidone and 9‐hydroxyrisperidone levels with dopamine (DA) D2‐receptor occupancy, prolactin levels, and adverse events using data collected in 45 clinically stable schizophrenic patients receiving RBP‐7000 in single ascending doses (risperidone) of 60, 90, and 120 mg. The population PK model accounted for an initial peak, a delayed and slow delivery, the disposition of risperidone, and the conversion of risperidone to 9‐hydroxyrisperidone. BMI was a covariate affecting absorption of risperidone and ultimately formation of 9‐hydroxyrisperidone. A logistic analysis indicated a correlation between the increase in Active Moiety (risperidone + 9‐OH‐risperidone) exposure (Cmax) and the probability of observing GI disorders. An Emax population PK/prolactin model best described the relationship between the circulating Active Moiety and the serum prolactin levels. Gender was a significant covariate associated with Emax. These data provided a comprehensive characterization of the relationship between circulating Active Moiety and the efficacy/safety profile of RBP‐7000 in clinically stable schizophrenic patients.
The Role of Social Capital in the Experiences of Hispanic Women Engineering Majors
Authors: Martin Julie P. , Simmons Denise R. , Yu Shirley L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundWomen and minorities remain significantly underrepresented in the undergraduate engineering disciplines despite decades‐long recruitment and retention efforts. As United States demographics shift and the nation continues to recognize the value of workplace diversity, engineering education stakeholders continue to seek ways to increase participation of women and minority students.PurposeOur research examines the following question: For Hispanic women whose parents have limited educational attainment, what available sources of potential social capital do they identify, and by what means do they access and activate these resources in their decisions to select and persist in engineering as a college major? We hope to provide insights for United States institutions that serve Hispanic students, as well as those seeking to diversify their student body.Design/methodUtilizing Lin's network theory of social capital as a framework, we employed semi‐structured interviews in a multiple case study research methodology, taking a constructivist epistemological view.ResultsThree major findings are that (1) lack of available family social capital was supplemented mostly by school personnel; (2) delayed recognition or identification of available resources slowed access and activation of resources, leading to difficult university transitions; and (3) if accessed and activated, peer groups and institutional support systems provided sources of social capital.ConclusionsEven single instances or weak ties can be effective in bridging gaps in engineering‐related social capital. Facilitating opportunities for students to develop sustained social capital may have potential to attract and retain underrepresented students in engineering.
Indispensable Resource? A Phenomenological Study of Textbook Use in Engineering Problem Solving
Authors: Lee Christine S. , McNeill Nathan J. , Douglas Elliot P. , Koro‐Ljungberg Mirka E. , Therriault David J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundTextbooks play an important role in engineering education, influencing instructors' pedagogical approaches and providing much of the information students learn. Research has explored students' recollections of the roles that textbooks played in their educational experiences, but how students actually use textbooks remains largely unexplored.PurposeThis phenomenological study describes engineering students' textbook use during problem‐solving activities. This study directly examined how students employed a textbook in order to generate detailed descriptions of students' behaviors, approaches, and reflections regarding their actual problem‐solving experiences.MethodTen senior materials engineering students (8 males and 2 females) were asked to think aloud while solving engineering problems. Follow‐up retrospective interviews regarding the think aloud session were conducted to gain in‐depth information on students' textbook use during the problem‐solving activities.ResultsStudents used the textbook primarily to find information related to problem constraints that were explicitly stated in the problem. Furthermore, textbook example problems exerted a strong influence on students' problem‐solving processes. Students also reported limitations of the textbook, contrasting it to the diversity of resources available via the Internet.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into students' textbook use during engineering problem‐solving activities. Students' limited application of the textbook during problem solving suggests that textbooks may not be serving their intended purposes.
Effects of Course and Instructor Characteristics on Student Evaluation of Teaching across a College of Engineering
Authors: Johnson Michael D. , Narayanan Arunachalam , Sawaya William J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundStudent evaluations of teaching (SETs) are a widely used metric to evaluate instructor effectiveness and are used to make promotion, tenure, and retention decisions for faculty. There is also growing interest by those outside the university community to use these metrics to evaluate faculty and broader academic performance.Purpose (Hypothesis)This study seeks to understand if and how course and instructor characteristics affect SETs and thereby to improve the usefulness of these metrics. This article aims to statistically examine the relationship between course and instructor characteristics and SETs.Design/MethodSETs from a large engineering college at a major public university were evaluated over a seven‐semester period that covered 3938 courses taught by 549 unique engineering instructors. Course and instructor demographic data were statistically evaluated for their effects on SETs.ResultsCourse characteristics such as class size, course level, and whether a course was an elective or required had statistically significant effects on SETs. Instructor characteristics of gender and academic rank affected SETs and average course grades, respectively. Average course grades were positively correlated with SETs.ConclusionsData analysis showed that course characteristics, faculty demographics, and average course grades had statistically significant effects on SETs; however, in some cases the effect sizes of these variables were small. Administrators and senior faculty members should be cognizant of these relevant factors and their effects when assigning faculty to certain courses and evaluating their teaching effectiveness using SETs.
Simulation of recurring earthquakes along the Nankai trough and their relationship to the Tokai long‐term slow slip events taking into account the effect of locally elevated pore pressure and subducting ridges
Authors: Hirose Fuyuki , Maeda Kenji 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMany earthquakes of moment magnitudes greater than 8 associated with subduction of the Philippine Sea plate under Japan have occurred along the Nankai trough with a recurrence interval of 90–150 years. A large‐scale rupture of the Tokai fault segment is believed to be imminent because that segment did not rupture during the most recent Tonankai earthquake in 1944. Recurring long‐term slow slip events (LSSEs) have recently been observed in the Tokai region. To investigate the current stress state in the Tokai region, we numerically simulated earthquake cycles using a three‐dimensional model consisting of triangular cells based on the rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law. Our numerical simulations successfully modeled the Tokai segment not ruptured during the 1944 Tonankai earthquake as well as the recurring LSSEs in the Tokai region. We found that a large characteristic displacement (L) and effective normal stress (σ) in areas of subducted ridges are essential to avoid rupture of the Tokai segment during the 1944 Tonankai earthquake. We also demonstrated that we can reproduce the recurring LSSEs by assigning low values of σ and L to the area beneath Lake Hamana without introducing a velocity‐strengthening friction law at high slip rate. Our simulation showed that the amplitudes of the LSSEs increased following the earthquakes that did not rupture the Tokai segment, which suggests that the recent LSSEs may be related to the accumulation of stresses in the Tokai segment because it did not rupture during the 1944 earthquake.
Shear wave structure in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau from Rayleigh wave tomography
Authors: Li Lun , Li Aibing , Shen Yang , Sandvol Eric A , Shi Danian , Li Hongyi , Li Xinfu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe northeastern Tibetan Plateau has undergone active shortening due to the India‐Asia collision and has been an ideal place for studying the growth of the plateau. To reveal deep structure that is responsible for geological observations in NE Tibet, we have constructed a 3‐D shear wave velocity model from Rayleigh waves recorded by 36 stations in the Northeast Tibetan Plateau Seismic experiment. First, the two‐plane‐wave tomography method was applied to compute the average and 2‐D variations of phase velocities in a period range of 20 to 100 s. Then 1‐D and 3‐D shear wave velocity models were developed from the obtained Rayleigh wave dispersions. The entire region is characterized by a weak upper mantle with a relatively thin lithosphere of ~80–100 km thick. This observation helps to explain the active deformation at the Kunlun Mountains and the Qinling Orogen in NE Tibet. Relative low velocity anomalies appear along and to the south of the Kunlun fault (KF) in contrast to high velocity anomalies in the north and northeast. One pronounced slow anomaly centered at ~120 km depth is imaged right beneath the restraining bend of the Kunlun fault, which might be a northern extension of the large‐scale slow anomaly to the south of the fault. We interpret it as a local feature due to its large magnitude and coincidence with the restraining bend. It is probably related to anomalously high temperature and associated partial melting resulted from localized asthenosphere upwelling after the delamination of a thick lithosphere root. The formation of the thick lithosphere root would require coherent shortening in the crust and mantle lithosphere caused by local compression due to the bend of the strike‐slip fault, indicating that the Kunlun fault is probably on lithosphere scale and has played an important role in accommodating the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau.
Influence of the vertical and zonal propagation of stratospheric planetary waves on tropospheric blockings
Authors: Kodera Kunihiko , Mukougawa Hitoshi , Fujii Aki 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCase studies are used to elucidate the relationship between stratospheric planetary wave reflection and blocking formation in the troposphere. The enhanced upward propagation of a planetary‐scale wave packet from the Eurasian sector, involving a Euro‐Atlantic blocking, leads to a stratospheric sudden warming (SSW). Following the weakening of the stratospheric westerly jet due to polar warming, the stratospheric planetary wave packet then propagates downward over the American sector, inducing a ridge over the North Pacific as well as a trough over eastern Canada in the upper troposphere. The ridge promotes the formation of a Pacific blocking. This result explains why Pacific blockings tend to form after SSW, and why they are associated with suppressed upward propagation of planetary waves.
The variability of California summertime marine stratus: Impacts on surface air temperatures
Authors: Iacobellis Sam F. , Cayan Daniel R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study investigates the variability of clouds, primarily marine stratus clouds, and how they are associated with surface temperature anomalies over California, especially along the coastal margin. We focus on the summer months of June to September when marine stratus are the dominant cloud type. Data used include satellite cloud reflectivity (cloud albedo) measurements, hourly surface observations of cloud cover and air temperature at coastal airports, and observed values of daily surface temperature at stations throughout California and Nevada. Much of the anomalous variability of summer clouds is organized over regional patterns that affect considerable portions of the coast, often extend hundreds of kilometers to the west and southwest over the North Pacific, and are bounded to the east by coastal mountains. The occurrence of marine stratus is positively correlated with both the strength and height of the thermal inversion that caps the marine boundary layer, with inversion base height being a key factor in determining their inland penetration. Cloud cover is strongly associated with surface temperature variations. In general, increased presence of cloud (higher cloud albedo) produces cooler daytime temperatures and warmer nighttime temperatures. Summer daytime temperature fluctuations associated with cloud cover variations typically exceed 1°C. The inversion‐cloud albedo‐temperature associations that occur at daily timescales are also found at seasonal timescales.
The influence of temperature‐dependent viscosity on lava flow dynamics
Authors: Diniega S. , Smrekar S. E. , Anderson S. , Stofan E. R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMany studies have investigated how channels and tubes form within basaltic flows. The partitioning of a broad lava flow into narrow regions of enhanced flow velocity (which we refer to as preferred pathways) can affect lava emplacement, and allow flows to reach great lengths on Earth and other planets. In this study, we investigate the role that a dynamic instability, driven by large changes in viscosity due to small changes in temperature, can play in the formation and propagation of low‐viscosity preferred pathways. We use a fluid dynamics‐based model of laminar lava flow emplacement that examines this process exclusively. Analysis of this model shows that preferred pathways will initiate when the temperature dependence of the lava's viscosity is sufficiently strong. If a preferred pathway develops, it will form and stabilize over a distance that reflects the competition between the cooling rate through the flow's surfaces and the flow velocity within the preferred pathway. Using velocity and cooling rates of typical basaltic flows on Earth, this model is able to produce preferred pathways within lava flows with reasonable dimensions and timescales. The model also fails to produce such pathways in situations where tubes and channels are not found in nature (e.g., in basalt sheet flows and silicic flows < 1 km in length). These results are sufficiently positive to demonstrate that this thermodynamic instability may play a role in the formation and propagation of preferred pathways within some flows, and thus merit further investigation.
Lithologic and tectonic controls on bedrock channel form at the northwest Himalayan front
Authors: Allen George H. , Barnes Jason B. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Kirby Eric 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRecognition that channel form reflects a river's ability to erode rock and transport material has spawned stream‐power models that estimate incision patterns by approximating energy dissipation within a channel. These models frequently assume that channel width scales as a power law with drainage area, partly because drainage area is easily extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs). However, this assumption is often confounded by local variations in rock strength and rock‐uplift rate that can cause channel constriction downstream. Here we investigate the morphological response to spatial changes in rock strength and rock‐uplift rate of 10 bedrock channels traversing the Mohand range along the northwest Himalayan front. We present a new method to continuously measure and compare channel width, slope, and other hydraulic parameters that integrate satellite imagery and DEM analysis. Our method corrects for an ~13% overestimation of average channel gradient from a 90 m resolution DEM that arises from short circuits of fine‐scale meanders. We find that channels (1) narrow >1 km upstream from knickpoints formed by an increase in rock strength, (2) adjust laterally more than vertically in response to downstream decreases rock erodibility and uplift rate, and (3) meander where shear stresses are high and channel widths are low. We attribute these results to a high ratio of sediment supply to transport capacity, which enhances lateral erosion relative to vertical incision. Our results suggest that substrate strength and sediment supply substantially influence channel form and that channel width should be explicitly measured when interpreting tectonic signals from bedrock channel morphology.
In search of greener pastures: Using satellite images to predict the effects of environmental change on zebra migration
Authors: Bartlam‐Brooks Hattie L. A. , Beck Pieter S. A. , Bohrer Gil , Harris Stephen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHistorically, ungulate migrations occurred in most grassland and boreal woodland ecosystems, but many have been lost due to increasing habitat loss and fragmentation. With the rate of environmental change increasing, identifying and prioritizing migration routes for conservation has taken on a new urgency. Understanding the cues that drive long‐distance animal movements is critical to predicting the fate of migrations under different environmental change scenarios and how large migratory herbivores will respond to increasing resource heterogeneity and anthropogenic influences. We used an individual‐based modeling approach to investigate the influence of environmental conditions, monitored using satellite data, on departure date and movement speed of migrating zebras in Botswana. Daily zebra movements between dry and rainy season ranges were annotated with coincident observations of precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data set and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). An array of increasingly complex movement models representing alternative hypotheses regarding the environmental cues and controls for movement was parameterized and tested. The best and most justified model predicted daily zebra movement as two linear functions of precipitation rate and NDVI and included a modeled departure date as a function of cumulative precipitation. The model was highly successful at replicating both the timing and pace of seven actual migrations observed using GPS telemetry (R2 = 0.914). It shows how zebras rapidly adjust their movement to changing environmental conditions during migration and are able to reverse migration to avoid adverse conditions or exploit renewed resource availability, a nomadic behavior which should lend them a degree of resilience to climate and environmental change. Our results demonstrate how competing individual‐based migration models, informed by freely available satellite data, can be used to evaluate the weight of evidence for multiple hypotheses regarding the use of environmental cues in animal movement. This modeling framework can be applied to quantify how animals adapt the timing and pace of their movements to prevailing environmental conditions and to forecast migrations in near real time or under alternative environmental scenarios.
Hospital‐acquired anemia: Prevalence, outcomes, and healthcare implications
Authors: Koch Colleen G. , Li Liang , Sun Zhiyuan , Hixson Eric D. , Tang Anne , Phillips Shannon C. , Blackstone Eugene H. , Henderson J. Michael 
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUNDEvidence suggests that patients with normal hemoglobin (Hgb) levels on hospital admission who subsequently develop hospital‐acquired anemia (HAA) may be at risk for adverse outcomes. Our objectives were to (1) determine the prevalence of HAA and (2) examine whether HAA is associated with increased mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges.METHODSThe population consisted of 417,301 adult hospitalizations from January 1, 2009 to August 31, 2011, in an academic medical center and 9 community hospitals. Patients with anemia on admission, and hospitals in the health system without available laboratory data were excluded; 188,447 hospitalizations were included in the analysis. Demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes were retrieved from administrative data; Hgb values were taken from the electronic medical record. Regression modeling was used to examine the association between demographics, comorbidity, hospitalization type, and HAA variables (mild: Hgb >11 and <12 g/dL for women, and >11 and <13 g/dL for men; moderate: Hgb 9.1 to ≤11.0 g/dL; severe: Hgb ≤9.0 g/dL) on mortality, LOS, and hospital charges.RESULTSAmong 188,447 hospitalizations, 139,807 patients (74%) developed HAA: mild, 40,828 (29%); moderate, 57,184 (41%); and severe, 41,795 (30%). Risk‐adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for in‐hospital mortality with HAA were: mild, 1.0 (0.88–1.17; P = 0.8); moderate, 1.51 (1.33–1.71, P < 0.001); and severe, 3.28 (2.90–3.72, P < 0.001). Risk–adjusted relative mean LOS and hospital charges relative to no HAA were higher with HAA: LOS: mild, 1.08 (1.08–1.10, P < 0.001); moderate, 1.28 (1.26–1.29, P < 0.001); severe, 1.88 (1.86–1.89, P < 0.001). Hospital charges: mild, 1.06 (1.06–1.07, P < 0.001); moderate, 1.18 (1.17–1.19, P < 0.001); severe, 1.80 (1.79–1.82, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSHAA is common and associated with increased mortality and resource utilization. Factors related to its development necessitate further study. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:506–512. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Effect of different bone marrow stimulation techniques (BSTs) on MSCs mobilization
Authors: Min Byoung‐Hyun , Choi Woo Hee , Lee Yu Sang , Park So Ra , Choi Byung Hyune , Kim Young Jick , Jin Long Hao , Yoon Jeong Ho 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe therapeutic effect of bone marrow stimulation techniques (BSTs) is mainly attributed to the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow. However, no studies have directly shown the amount of MSCs drained by BSTs. This study hypothesized that differences in the opening of subchondral bone affect the number of MSCs drained from the bone marrow. We purposed that as the exposed area and hole size of BSTs vary, the number of MSCs drained out was measured. Three groups of different BSTs were designed that have variations in the sizes of total exposed area and individual holes. Three different BSTs using a curette, 1.5‐ and 0.8‐mm awls were carried out on the full‐thickness femoral cartilage defect of young rabbits. After BST, the number of MSCs in the blood clot was measured by CFU‐Fs assay. As the size of the total exposed area increased, so did the number of MSCs obtained. The number of MSCs drained from bone marrow may vary depending on different BSTs and this could affect therapeutic efficacy of cartilage defect. As current microfracture (MF) method cannot drain the most MSCs clinically, more improved surgery technique is needed. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1814–1819, 2013