bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomalous solute transport in saturated porous media: Relating transport model parameters to electrical and nuclear magnetic resonance properties
Authors: Swanson Ryan D. , Binley Andrew , Keating Kristina , France Samantha , Osterman Gordon , Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Singha Kamini 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe advection‐dispersion equation (ADE) fails to describe commonly observed non‐Fickian solute transport in saturated porous media, necessitating the use of other models such as the dual‐domain mass‐transfer (DDMT) model. DDMT model parameters are commonly calibrated via curve fitting, providing little insight into the relation between effective parameters and physical properties of the medium. There is a clear need for material characterization techniques that can provide insight into the geometry and connectedness of pore spaces related to transport model parameters. Here, we consider proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), direct‐current (DC) resistivity, and complex conductivity (CC) measurements for this purpose, and assess these methods using glass beads as a control and two different samples of the zeolite clinoptilolite, a material that demonstrates non‐Fickian transport due to intragranular porosity. We estimate DDMT parameters via calibration of a transport model to column‐scale solute tracer tests, and compare NMR, DC resistivity, CC results, which reveal that grain size alone does not control transport properties and measured geophysical parameters; rather, volume and arrangement of the pore space play important roles. NMR cannot provide estimates of more‐mobile and less‐mobile pore volumes in the absence of tracer tests because these estimates depend critically on the selection of a material‐dependent and flow‐dependent cutoff time. Increased electrical connectedness from DC resistivity measurements are associated with greater mobile pore space determined from transport model calibration. CC was hypothesized to be related to length scales of mass transfer, but the CC response is unrelated to DDMT.
Toward a true spatial model evaluation in distributed hydrological modeling: Kappa statistics, Fuzzy theory, and EOF‐analysis benchmarked by the human perception and evaluated against a modeling case study
Authors: Koch Julian , Jensen Karsten Høgh , Stisen Simon 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe hydrological modeling community is aware that the validation of distributed hydrological models has to move beyond aggregated performance measures, like hydrograph assessment by means of Nash‐Suitcliffe efficiency toward a true spatial model validation. Remote sensing facilitates continuous data and can be measured on a similar spatial scale as the predictive scale of the hydrological model thereby it can serve as suitable data for the spatial validation. The human perception is often described as a very reliable and well‐trained source for pattern comparison, which this study wants to exploit. A web‐based survey that is interpreted based on approximately 200 replies reflects the consensus of the human perception on map comparisons of a reference map and 12 synthetic perturbations. The resulting similarity ranking can be used as a reference to benchmark various spatial performance metrics. This study promotes Fuzzy theory as a suitable approach because it considers uncertainties related to both location and value in the simulated map. Additionally, an EOF‐analysis (Empirical Orthogonal Function) is conducted to decompose the map comparison into its similarities and dissimilarities. A modeling case study serves to further examine the metrics capability to assess the goodness of fit between simulated and observed land surface temperature maps. The EOF‐analysis unambiguously identifies a systematic depth to groundwater table‐related model deficiency. Kappa statistic extended by Fuzziness is a suitable and commonly applied measure for map comparison. However, its apparent bias sensitivity limits it's capability as a diagnostic tool to detect the distinct deficiency.
Highly Enantioselective Adsorption of Small Prochiral Molecules on a Chiral Intermetallic Compound
Authors: Prinz Jan , Gröning Oliver , Brune Harald , Widmer Roland 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntrinsically chiral surfaces of intermetallic compounds are shown to be novel materials for enantioselective processes. Their advantage is the significantly higher thermal and chemical stability, and therefore their extended application range for catalyzed chiral reactions compared to surfaces templated with chiral molecular modifiers or auxiliaries. On the Pd1‐terminated PdGa(111) surface, room‐temperature adsorption of a small prochiral molecule (9‐ethynylphenanthrene) leads to exceptionally high enantiomeric excess ratios of up to 98 %. Our findings highlight the great potential of intrinsically chiral intermetallic compounds for the development of novel, enantioselective catalysts that can be operated at high temperatures and potentially also in harsh chemical environments.
Development of functionalized doped carbon nanotube/polysulfone nanofiltration membranes for fouling control
Authors: Yokwana Kholiswa , Gumbi Nozipho , Adams Feyisayo , Mhlanga Sabelo , Nxumalo Edward , Mamba Bheki 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis work describes the fabrication of nitrogen doped and phosphorus doped carbon nanotube (fP‐CNT and fN‐CNT)/polysulfone blend membranes via a phase inversion method. The structural morphology, hydrophilicity, rejection, and permeability properties of the blend membranes were found to be dependent on the amount and type of functionalized CNTs (fCNTs) incorporated (i.e., fN‐CNTs, fP‐CNTs). The results showed that PSf membranes modified with P‐ or N‐doped CNTs have significantly improved hydrophilicity, thermal stability, water uptake, and surface charge compared to membranes modified with pristine fCNTs. Scanning electron microscopy studies demonstrated that the addition of the doped CNTs resulted in the formation of ‘finger‐like’ structures subsequently leading to increased membrane porosities and pore sizes. Thus, doped CNTs imparted on the transport mechanism of the parent membranes resulting in enhanced flow rates and better selectivity. This increase could be due to a combination of steric limitations from the carboxylic functional groups present in their surfaces leading to electrostatic repulsions between functional groups present in the membranes and the humic acid molecules. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41835.
Thermal conductivity and thermal properties of POSS/polytriazole organic–inorganic hybrid material
Authors: Xue Shukai , Zhang Qiuyu 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTTo decrease the thermal conductivity of polytriazole‐based fiber reinforced composites, an organic–inorganic POSS/polytriazole hybrid resin was obtained. The influences of various proportions of POSS on thermal conductivity and the thermal properties of hybrid materials were emphatically investigated. The results show that POSS incorporation resulted in not only decreased thermal conductivity but also increased Tg and thermal decomposition temperature. The enhancement was ascribed to the nanoscale effect of POSS structure and the fact that the POSS framework has a high heat resistance property. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41967.
Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties of nylon‐6 composite by using carbon fiber/graphene multiscale structure as additive
Authors: Zang Chong‐Guang , Zhu Xiang‐Dong , Jiao Qing‐Jie 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn order to improve the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of nylon‐6 (PA6) composites, a highly effective multiscale structure filler comprising poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)‐modified graphene and negatively surface‐charged carbon fiber was synthesized in this study. For this, the graphene used a top‐down method for synthesis by exfoliating graphite oxide (GO) through focused solar radiation on it and then modified its surface by using a polyelectrolyte. The carbon fiber (CF) surface was functionalized by an acid oxidation method. The multiscale structure was manufactured via the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged solar graphene (SG) and oppositely charged CF by homogeneous mixing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fracture surface of the PA6 composites exhibited that the carbon fiber/graphene multiscale structure possessed better dispersion and compatibility than those of individual CF and SG did. Thus, the impact strength, bending properties, and electrical conductivity of the PA6 composites were enhanced. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41968.
Aging of polyamide 11. Part 1: Evaluating degradation by thermal, mechanical, and viscometric analysis
Authors: Mazan Tobiasz , Berggren Randi , Jørgensen Jens Kjær , Echtermeyer Andreas 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTHydrolytic degradation at elevated temperatures is a key reason for failure in offshore flexible risers. In this article, the aging of polyamide 11 in deoxygenated water at 90°C and 120°C was studied. Tensile and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis tests were performed to measure changes in mechanical properties. Viscometry, gravimetric measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to link these properties with morphological changes. General trends are increased stiffness, tensile strength, and glass transition temperature as well as decreased glassy state damping efficiency with increased aging times. Changes can be initially ascribed to plasticizer depletion and then to interplay between molecular weight decrease and crystallinity increase. Viscosity at hydrolysis equilibrium indicates that brittle failure typically involves oxidation or UV exposure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41971.
Rapid Payne effect test—A novel method for study of strain‐softening behavior of rubbers filled with various carbon blacks
Authors: Kadlcak Jakub , Kuritka Ivo , Tunnicliffe Lewis B. , Cermak Roman 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn the presented article, the strain‐softening process in rubber compounds filled with carbon black is investigated. First people to observe this process were Fletcher and Gent in 1954. Later, Payne did an extensive investigation of the process thus the test is generally known as Payne effect test. Based on the measured data, so‐called Payne softening can be calculated. The Payne softening is broadly considered as the measure of the strain‐softening. In order to investigate strain‐softening behavior of a filled rubber compound several strain amplitudes are imposed during a Payne effect test. In this article, a two‐point (rapid) version of the test containing only two strain amplitudes is introduced and verified statistically. This test has shown that for the investigation of the filler network disintegration in filled rubbers primarily the large deformations are important, notwithstanding the strain history of a sample. Moreover, the softening characteristic is observed in 30% of the time of the original test. The new method is exemplified for a study of three different rubbers filled with various carbon blacks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41976.
A comparative analysis of chick culturing methods on skeletogenesis
Authors: Jourdeuil Karyn A. , Hammer Christine L. , Franz‐Odendaal Tamara A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTChick embryos are desirable models for the study of developmental biology. Despite this, there are very few studies that examine the effect of different culturing methods on skeletogenesis, specifically, intramembranous and endochondral bones. This study presents a detailed description of these effects by comparing two different culturing methods: windowed (in the shell) eggs and ex‐ovo or shell‐less culturing to normal development. Using whole mount bone staining, we determined that there is no significant difference in the length of the ossified region of intramembranous and endochondral bones in control versus window cultured embryos. However, these bones are significantly underossified in shell‐less embryos. Shell‐less embryos also exhibit abnormalities in endochondral bones. Intramembranous bones, interestingly, are morphologically normal in shell‐less embryos. This study provides the first detailed description of ossification in window (in‐ovo) and shell‐less (ex‐ovo) cultured embryos compared with controls (in‐ovo). Patterning of the skeleton is unaffected regardless of culturing method. We conclude that studies involving endochondral bones should not utilise shell‐less culturing methods. This data has been lacking in the literature and will serve as an important resource for those using cultured chick embryos in the study of skeletogenesis. Anat Rec, 298:810–819, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reviewing the latest results from the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Dobrigkeit C. , the Pierre Auger Collaboration  
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Pierre Auger Observatory was built to help unveil the properties of ultra‐high energy cosmic rays with energies from 1017 to 1020 eV. In this paper we review the latest results obtained from data of the Pierre Auger Observatory in almost ten years of continuous operation and summarize what has been learned about the energy spectrum, mass composition, and arrival directions of cosmic rays in that energy range. We also discuss some implications of these results for the full characterization of ultra‐high energy cosmic rays and for assembling a consistent description of their origin, propagation, and composition. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
FAIR – Cosmic matter in the laboratory
Authors: Stoecker H. , Sturm C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTo explore cosmic matter in the laboratory – this fascinating research prospect becomes available in 2018 at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, FAIR. The new facility is being constructed within the next five years adjacent to the existing accelerator complex of the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt/Germany, expanding the research goals and technical possibilities substantially. This includes new insights into the dynamics of supernovae depending on the properties of short‐lived neutron‐rich nuclei which will be investigated with intense rare isotope beams. New insights will be provided into the interior of stars by exploring dense plasmas with intense heavy‐ion beams combined with a high‐performance laser – or into neutron star cores by probing the highest baryon densities in relativistic nucleusnucleus collisions at unprecedented collision rates. To the latter, the properties of hadrons play an important part which will be systematically studied by high precision hadron spectroscopy with antiproton beams at unmatched intensities. The worldwide unique accelerator and experimental facilities of FAIR will open the way for a broad spectrum of unprecedented fore‐front research supplying a large variety of experiments in hadron, nuclear, atomic and plasma physics as well as biomedical and material science which will be briefly described in this article. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solutions of Einstein's field equation modified for the cosmological constant
Authors: Zubairi O. , Weber F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we derive the stellar structure equations (modified Tolman‐Oppenheimer‐Volkoff equations) which account for a finite value of the cosmological constant Λ for spherically symmetric mass distributions. The equations are then used to study the role that Λ may have on these mass distributions. The form of this modified TOV equation has been suggested in the literature by a few authors already, however, with disagreeing results and conclusions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mini‐review on mini‐black holes from the mini‐Big Bang
Authors: Bleicher M. , Nicolini P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe review the basic ideas about man‐made quantum mechanical black holes. We start by an overview of the proposed attempts to circumvent the hierarchy problem. We study the phenomenological implications of a strong gravity regime at the terascale and we focus on the issue of microscopic black holes. We provide the experimental bounds on relevant quantities as they emerge from major ongoing experiments. The experimental results exclude the production of black holes in collisions up to 8 TeV. We provide some possible explanations of such negative results in view of forthcoming investigations. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CP violation in dual dark matter
Authors: Hadjimichef D. , Vasconcellos C. A. Z. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we study the consequences of extending dual symmetry (DuSy) to include a generic Cµ vector field as a dual partner of the photon Aµ. A new combined field, the complex Z′µ, is obtained from Cµ and Aµ. The promotion of dual symmetry to a local symmetry for Z′µ implies the inclusion of an extra complex vector field Wµ with a complex gauge transformation. A dual dark matter (DM) Lagrangian LDDM is obtained from the general DuSy invariant Lagrangian LDuSy. Our tentative conjecture is to interpret W±µ as the actual weak interaction charged gauge boson W μ ±, which leads us to speculate about a possible extra CP violation scenarios for future calculations. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The broken electroweak symmetry in a magnetic field
Authors: Pérez Rojas H. , Rodríguez Querts E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe study the influence of a strong magnetic field on the behavior of the symmetry of an electrically neutral electroweak plasma. We analyze the case of a strong field compared with the W boson rest energy, and very low temperature. It is shown that the charged vector bosons play the most important role, leading to a modification of the symmetry breaking parameter. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Geometry of pseudo‐complex General Relativity
Authors: Schäfer M. , Hess P.O. , Greiner W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA first approach towards a geometric formulation of pseudo‐complex General Relativity is presented. We review the mathematics of pseudo‐complex numbers and functions and show how several concepts from real differential geometry can be generalized to the pseudo‐complex case. It is shown that the main feature of such a pseudo‐complex geometry is a product structure, which allows a separate treatment of all mathematical objects in two different sectors, respectively. In order to obtain a new theory, one needs new principles to connect both sectors and to define a real physical space‐time embedded into the pseudo‐complex manifold. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Imatinib use immediately before stem cell transplantation in children with Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results from Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group (JPLSG) Study Ph+ALL04
Authors: Manabe Atsushi , Kawasaki Hirohide , Shimada Hiroyuki , Kato Itaru , Kodama Yuichi , Sato Atsushi , Matsumoto Kimikazu , Kato Keisuke , Yabe Hiromasa , Kudo Kazuko , Kato Motohiro , Saito Tomohiro , Saito Akiko M. , Tsurusawa Masahito , Horibe Keizo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIncorporation of imatinib into chemotherapeutic regimens has improved the prognosis of children with Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). We investigated a role of imatinib immediately before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Children with Ph+ALL were enrolled on JPLSG Ph+ALL 04 Study within 1 week of initiation of treatment for ALL. Treatment regimen consisted of Induction phase, Consolidation phase, Reinduction phase, 2 weeks of imatinib monotherapy phase, and HSCT phase (Etoposide+CY+TBI conditioning). Minimal residual disease (MRD), the amount of BCR–ABL transcripts, was measured with the real‐time PCR method. The study was registered in UMIN‐CTR: UMIN ID C000000290. Forty‐two patients were registered and 36 patients (86%) achieved complete remission (CR). Eight of 17 patients (47%) who had detectable MRD at the beginning of imatinib monotherapy phase showed disappearance or decrease in MRD after imatinib treatment. Consequently, 26 patients received HSCT in the first CR and all the patients had engraftment and no patients died because of complications of HSCT. The 4‐year event‐free survival rates and overall survival rates among all the 42 patients were 54.1 ± 7.8% and 78.1 ± 6.5%, respectively. Four of six patients who did achieve CR and three of six who relapsed before HSCT were salvaged with imatinib‐containing chemotherapy and subsequently treated with HSCT. The survival rate was excellent in this study although all patients received HSCT. A longer use of imatinib concurrently with chemotherapy should eliminate HSCT in a subset of patients with a rapid clearance of the disease.
Periprocedural use of tirofiban in elective percutaneous coronary intervention for long coronary lesions in stable patients with overlapping drug‐eluting stents—thePETITIONstudy: A prospective, randomized, multicenter study
Authors: Zhang Qi , Long Wang Xiao , Lei Liao Min , Hu Jian , Kun Yang Zhen , Hua Ding Feng , Sheng Zhang Jian , Du Run , Qi Zhu Tian , Feng Shen Wei , Yan Zhang Rui 
Published: January 2015

Background and purposePatients are at risk of developing periprocedural myonecrosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We investigated whether the use of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor tirofiban could reduce periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective PCI with overlapping stent implantation for long lesions.MethodsA total of 748 stable angina patients with long lesions (≥ 40 mm in length) treated with overlapping stent implantation were randomly assigned to receive tirofiban (tirofiban group;n = 373) or conventional therapy (control group;n = 375). Intravenous tirofiban was initiated before PCI and maintained for 12 hr after the procedure. The primary endpoint was PMI, defined as an elevation in CK‐MB > 3 times the upper limit of normal 12 hr after the index procedure. The secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including cardiac death, target vessel revascularization, and recurrent MI (re‐MI), at one‐year of clinical follow‐up. The safety end‐points included Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleeding and stent thrombosis.ResultsDespite comparable angiographic and procedural characteristics, in the intention‐to‐treatment analysis, the primary endpoint was significantly reduced in the tirofiban group (4.0% vs. 11.5%,P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the adjunctive use of tirofiban was the only negative predictor of PMI (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.28–0.81,P < 0.01). At one‐year of clinical follow‐up, the overall occurrence of MACE was significantly lower in the tirofiban group (13.4% vs. 22.7%,P = 0.001). The rate of TIMI major bleeding and stent thrombosis did not differ significantly between the two groups.ConclusionOur results show that the adjunctive use of tirofiban reduces the occurrence of PMI and MACE at one year in stable coronary artery disease patients undergoing elective PCI for long lesions with overlapping stent implantation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.