bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding and Rule-Following
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter offers an account of the rational application of a concept that respects the intuitive idea that rational judgement results from the interaction of understanding or grasp, together with background information and the thinker’s perceptions. The account is a form of truth-conditional account, on which understanding consists fundamentally in tacit knowledge of fundamental reference rules for concepts. The chapter argues for the explanatory power of such an account. The account also provides the resources for replying to Wright’s arguments that the intuitive conception is erroneous. It makes possible an account of the first-person phenomenon of knowing what one means. It allows us to steer a middle course between the two very unattractive positions of extreme Platonism and linguistic idealism. It leaves room for substantive philosophy of particular concepts and particular types of concepts.
7 The Commission’s Enforcement Powers in Context
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter first places the general EU infringement procedure (the enforcement stage) in the broader context of a comprehensive (negotiated) policy process. It argues that the enforcement stage shares many features with earlier steps in the legislative process. These include flexibility and deliberation. The second part of the chapter ties together the themes of the various chapters. It draws on responsive regulation theory and argues that implementation of EU law is primarily a member state responsibility. This is the case generally and also in the enforcement phase. Even when a member state fails to comply and the Commission initiates infringement proceedings, the member state plays a decidedly active role and retains responsibility for reinstalling compliance. Consequently, the member states have a high stake in the solutions to compliance problems.
Classifying and massifying incrementally in Chinese language comprehension
Authors: Klein Natalie M. , Carlson Greg N. , Li Renjie , Jaeger T. Florian , Tanenhaus Michael K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnlike English nouns, Mandarin nouns do not syntactically reflect the mass/count distinction, but are akin to English mass nouns (e.g. water) in that they refer to unindividuated pluralities. Thus speakers must use classifiers after numerals and demonstratives to semantically partition all nouns: count concepts must be counted with a classifier (一架钢琴, one FRAME piano) the way English mass nouns are (one GLASS OF water). While an ontological distinction is not apparent in Chinese nouns, some have argued that this information might be encoded at the classifier level and that classifiers might play a functional role similar to that of gender-marked determiners. In order to better understand the role massifiers and classifiers play in language comprehension, three visual world experiments were conducted. Phonological cohort competition and anticipatory eye-movements were examined in cases of English mass reference, Chinese count reference, and Chinese mass reference. Results suggest that classifiers are interpreted structurally and have an immediate impact on referential selection, and this effect is potentially stronger with massifiers and mass referents.
1 Introduction
Authors: Zee Emile van der , Vulchanova Mila 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter lays the foundation for the collection of chapters included in the current volume. It addresses the importance of studying motion encoding in spatial language and how it has been approached in previous research. It then outlines the main contributions of this volume in relation to theory (parameters and grain levels in linguistic motion encoding) and methodology (for example, the use of novel statistical methods). The chapter concludes by suggesting new venues of research emerging from the work presented here.
The Materiality of Technology: An Affordance Perspective
Authors: Faraj Samer , Azad Bijan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe research at the nexus of technology-organizational change has converged on the materiality of technology as a fundamental theoretical concern. This chapter highlights three major weaknesses in how the extant research conceptualizes technology: conflation of product categories over technologies; superimposition of feature and technology; and static conception of technology over time. The chapter then points out how these weaknesses tend to decontextualize technology-in-use and thus underemphasize technology's materiality. The chapter then goes on to propose affordances as a viable scaffolding to undergird the development of a conceptual apparatus that takes account of materiality more holistically and in a more relational manner. The chapter concludes by pointing out the challenges ahead in the further development of the affordances concept to account for technology's materiality.
Aristotle On Odour And Smell
Authors: Johnstone Mark A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe sense of smell occupies a peculiar intermediate position in Aristotle's theory of sense perception: odours, like colours and sounds, are perceived at a distance through an external medium; yet in their nature they are intimately related to flavours, the proper objects of taste, which for Aristotle is a form of touch. This paper examines Aristotle's claims about odour and smell, especially in De Anima II.9 and De Sensu 5, to see what light they shed on his theory of sense perception more generally. First, it is argued that neither of the two most influential recent ways of understanding Aristotle's theory of perception can adequately account for what he says about the sense of smell. Then the paper offers a new, positive account, resolving various puzzles raised by Aristotle's claims about the nature of odour and its relation to flavour. Finally, it is concluded that Aristotle's discussions of odour and smell suggest a plausible way of understanding the relationship, on his view, between ordinary, material changes in the sense organs and the activation of the capacity to perceive, considered as such.
Sounding Scottish: Sound Practices and Silent Cinema in Scotland
Authors: Griffiths Trevor 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the forces shaping developments in the use of sound in cinemas across Scotland until the end of the 1920s and which contributed to unusually high levels of support for this new entertainment medium. Paying particular attention to the legal and business contexts within which decisions were taken, it focuses especially on the role of elocutionists in presenting film to audiences in Aberdeen. Here, the practice of “speaking to” the pictures, inaugurated early in cinema’s second decade, endured for much of the remainder of the silent era. The unusual persistence of this mode of presentation reveals much about the financial calculations underlying picture-house management, as well as the extent to which cinema’s appeal continued to be rooted in depictions of the local and the immediate.
“The efforts of the wretched pianist:”
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the development of an aesthetic of correspondence between music and film in the early 1910s. It was a period of change, uncertainty and exploration, however, and despite exhortations in the trade press, attention was not generally paid to close correspondence of this sort until at least the mid-1910s. Here Andrew Higson explores a wide variety of the competing discourses in circulation during the period, including letters to, and columns from, the trade papers from the early 1910s, alongside views from manuals and—more unusually—contemporary fiction.
Edmund Meisel’s “Visual Sound” inThe Crimson Circle(1929): The Case of the Vanishing Part-Talkie
Authors: Ford Fiona 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn August 1929, British Talking Pictures released a part-talking feature called The Crimson Circle. This early British sound feature was a re-working of the German silent film Der rote Kreis (directed by Friedrich Zelnik in 1928). Recorded using a sound-on-disc process, the rejuvenated Crimson Circle had dialogue sections (directed by Sinclair Hill) interspersed within a synchronised soundtrack of music and sound effects devised by the Austrian composer Edmund Meisel, notorious for his propulsive accompaniment to the German release of Battleship Potemkin (Sergei Eisenstein, 1926). Neither the print nor the discs from The Crimson Circle are known to survive, but aspects of the lost soundtrack can be glimpsed from surviving documentary evidence and by comparison with Meisel’s extant film scores and soundtracks.
Buddhism as a Vehicle for Girls’ Safety and Education in Thailand
Authors: Falk Monica Lindberg 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on girls who study at a Buddhist samnak chii (female Buddhist “temple”) in Thailand. The Thai education system has recently been reformed and today free basic education with free twelve years of schooling is provided to all Thai boys and girls. The reform has decreased the gender gap in education that previously favored boys’ education over girls’. However, the education reform has made other disparities more visible, such as economic inequality and lack of educational services for the poor. The Dhammajarinee School (Buddhist school for girls) in central Thailand has brought services to poor communities, and to girls in those communities in particular. This chapter investigates the makeup of the student bodies at these schools, why the children have chosen to study there, and how teaching, living, and learning at the Buddhist school are experienced by the schoolgirls and their teachers.
Zen-Boy Ikkyū
Authors: Curley Melissa Anne-Marie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe fifteenth-century priest Ikkyū Sōjun is a major figure in the history of Japanese Zen, but he is better known to generations of Japanese children as the little monk at the center of countless picture books and cartoons, including Tōei’s internationally successful series Ikkyū-san. This chapter considers how the gap between the historical Ikkyū Sōjun and the contemporary Ikkyū-san is mediated by Tokugawa-period folktales about the adventures of Ikkyū, and explores how the Tokugawa materials are rewritten in order to serve a particularly modern understanding of childhood as a realm free of conflict and antagonism. It argues that the historical man and the child saint exist in an ambiguous relationship with one another, with the success of the image of the child relying on an audience that has only a vague memory of the man.
Young Lord Maitreya
Authors: Rodrigues Hillary 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAmong figures that have been linked to the persona of Maitreya, the teaching Buddha to come, the Indian born spiritual teacher Jiddu Krishnamurti presents us with a particularly compelling case. This chapter examines Krishnamurti’s remarkable childhood and early adulthood against the backdrop of the Buddhist configurations of the Theosophical Society, the organization that chose and groomed the boy to be the next World Teacher. Krishnamurti’s seeming rejection of his role, along with his subsequent body of teachings, provide a framework for an inquiry into religious upbringings and whether freedom from such conditioning – an essential feature of his message -- is possible.
Economic Perspectives on Some Important Dimensions of Early Childhood Development in Developing Countries
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Urzúa Sergio S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDelayed child development is a cumulative process that starts as early as in the womb and, once begun, may be difficult (or very costly) to reverse during school years and adulthood. This explains why early childhood development (ECD) has been recognized as having high returns over the life cycle in both developing and developed countries. Yet, very little is known with confidence about the economic justification for ECD programs in general and in developing countries in particular. The economic justification must depend on the comparison of benefits and costs of each ECD program. In this chapter, we review what is known and, perhaps more importantly, what is not known about components of economic analysis of ECD programs.
Community-Based Approaches to Early Childhood Development
Authors: Hayden Jacqueline , Wai Sithu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCommunity-based programs are a major service delivery outlet for early childhood programs, especially in underresourced and developing contexts. They provide scope for identifying and analyzing specific community issues and for prioritizing, designing, and managing activities at the local level. As such, they are often associated with grassroots accountability, efficiency, community participation, empowerment, and sustainability. However, there are potential pitfalls. The reliance on voluntary participation can result in skewed representation and exclusion of marginalized groups; there may be difficulties in building capacity and overreliance on imported technical assistance; and there is a danger that agencies directing community-based programs can misrepresent true community needs and/or reduce issues to fit their own terms of reference. Perhaps most concerning, community-based programs can mask government inattention and perpetuate marginalization. We provide a list of investigating questions to guide the assessment of early childhood development (ECD) programs according to principles that transcend governing structure, auspice, and/or label.
Building and Strengthening National Systems for Early Childhood Development
Authors: Vargas-Barón Emily 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNational early childhood development (ECD) systems are complex and diverse, due especially to varying economic, cultural, and linguistic factors; tensions among sectoral, multisectoral, and integrated approaches; and systemic issues often found between centralized and decentralized leadership, coordination, and management. In light of these and other challenges, eight essential elements for building and strengthening national ECD systems are identified and discussed: equity and rights; multisectorality, integration and coordination; governance through participatory ECD policy development and structures; legislation, standards, regulations, and agreements; quality improvement and resource development; accountability through ECD management information systems; investment and systemic issues for going to scale; and policy advocacy and social communications. Based on research and practice, recommendations for building strong and sustainable ECD systems are provided.
The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh
Authors: Fenech Louis E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This book deals with one of the only Persian compositions attributed to the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), the Ẓafar-nāmah or “Epistle of Victory.” Written as a masnavi or Persian poem this letter was originally sent to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (d. 1707) rebuking his most unbecoming conduct. Yet the missive does far more than censure. By teasing out the letter’s direct and subtle references to the Iranian national epic, the Shāh-nāmah, the epistle’s mythic template, and to Shaikh Sadi’s thirteenth-century Būstān, from which the letter’s most popular couplet derives, the book demonstrates how this letter served as a form of Indo-Islamic verbal warfare, ensuring the tenth Guru’s moral and symbolic victory over the legendary and powerful Mughal empire. In the process of analyzing the Ẓafar-nāmah, this book resurrects one of the key components of the Sikh tradition, its Islamicate aspect.
Studying Public Religion: Beyond the Beliefs-Driven Actor
Authors: Lichterman Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter shows that cultural norms of group life shape possibilities for public religious expression, whether interfaith or denominationally specific. When we relocate public religious expression from the edges to the center of our inquiry, we can learn a lot about how Americans negotiate religious pluralism in everyday life, as well as learning specifically where and how Americans do things with religion in public. This focus on settings for public religious expression, rather than public religious actors, spotlights two of the other “edges” that shape this volume. First, it invites criticism and revision of some of the more optimistic portraits of religion's social roles. It finds that religion's effects on social ties are setting specific and variable; religious identity does not necessarily promote social networking even with coreligionists. Second, the pragmatic perspective apprehends “religion” itself in a way that may be counterintuitive given an emphasis on deep personal beliefs that is common in Christian, especially Protestant Christian, understandings that frequently have informed previous, American social research on religion.
Negotiating Religious Differences in Secular Organizations: The Case of Hospital Chapels
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores how religious pluralism is negotiated outside of congregations in the space of secular hospital chapels in the United States. Hospital chapels are one of many ways religion and spirituality are negotiated in contemporary American hospitals. While the spaces have shifted from tradition specific to more interfaith over time, they continue to display ambivalence on several levels. First, despite renovations and attempts to create more interfaith and welcoming spaces, some—not all—retain traditional Christian or Jewish motifs in their stained glass windows, pews, and orienting objects like altars. Others have replaced these Christian motifs with abstract stained glass and nature images—implicitly, as well as explicitly, removing religious symbols from the spaces as underlying Protestant assumptions fade. Second, despite a movement toward interfaith spaces, the majority of hospitals continue to offer poorly attended services—most especially Catholic mass—sometimes in symbol-less physical spaces. More generally, the chapel spaces described here reinforce arguments about ambivalence around religion and spirituality in hospitals more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter introduces the overall argument of the book. It describes the concerns that drive the divide between liberals and postliberals. Liberal theologians are concerned to validate theological claims as being true, while postliberals are concerned with the Barthian project of preserving the lordship of Jesus Christ over all of theology, including method. This leads in turn to a concern to maintain the particularity of soteriological and Christological claims and to avoid systematizing. These concerns yield a postliberal theology that is essentially Wittgensteinian both in its understanding of the meaning of theological claims and in its antitheoretical bias. The liberal concern for validation, on the other hand, yields a theological method that accepts descriptivist requirements for successful reference and a descriptivist or truth-conditional understanding of the meaning of theological claims. Neither of these understandings of language are adequate, but recent developments in analytic philosophy of language make possible more adequate accounts of meaning and reference, which in turn can yield a more inclusive method that can lead beyond the liberal/postliberal divide.
A Purified Liberal Theology
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the liberal theological method of Schubert Ogden. It begins by describing the most important contributors to Ogden’s thought: Rudolf Bultmann’s existential hermeneutics, Alfred North Whitehead’s analysis of human subjectivity, and Charles Hartshorne’s concept of God. The chapter then describes Ogden’s method of interpreting and validating theological claims, displayed in his dual criteria of adequacy. Theological claims must be appropriate to Jesus Christ (an existential criterion) and credible to common human experience and reason. Ogden derives his articulation of common human experience through a transcendental analysis of the conditions of the possibility of any and all acts of human subjectivity. Further, Ogden’s transcendental argument for God’s existence yields an understanding of God whose existence is necessary. The descriptive sense Ogden associates with “God” thus picks out God alone as its referent. Additionally, the descriptive senses associated with the predicates of theological claims are also derived from elements of human experience. We can therefore have knowledge, either through acquaintance or through description, of whether the conditions described in those descriptive senses are satisfied. Therefore, This allows him to meet the demands of Russell as well as Flew and other falsification theorists.
Limb Remote Ischemic Preconditioning for Intestinal and Pulmonary Protection during Elective Open Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Li Cai , Li Yun-Sheng , Xu Miao , Wen Shi-Hong , Yao Xi , Wu Yan , Huang Chan-Yan , Huang Wen-Qi , Liu Ke-Xuan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background:
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) may confer the cytoprotection in critical organs. The authors hypothesized that limb RIPC would reduce intestinal and pulmonary injury in patients undergoing open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Methods:
In this single-center, prospective, double-blinded, randomized, parallel-controlled trial, 62 patients undergoing elective open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio by computerized block randomization to receive limb RIPC or conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (control). Three cycles of 5-min ischemia/5-min reperfusion induced by a blood pressure cuff placed on the left upper arm served as RIPC stimulus. The primary endpoint was arterial–alveolar oxygen tension ratio. The secondary endpoints mainly included the intestinal injury markers (serum intestinal fatty acid–binding protein, endotoxin levels, and diamine oxidase activity), the markers of oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory response, and the scores of the severity of intestinal and pulmonary injury.

Results:
In limb RIPC group, a/A ratio was significantly higher than that in control group at 8, 12, and 24 h after cross-clamp release (66 ± 4 vs. 45 ± 4, P = 0.003; 60 ± 6 vs. 37 ± 4, P = 0.002; and 60 ± 5 vs. 47 ± 6, P = 0.039, respectively). All biomarkers reflecting intestinal injury increased over time, and there was significant differences between limb RIPC and control group (P < 0.001). The severity of intestinal and pulmonary injury was decreased by limb RIPC (P = 0.014 and P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions:
Limb RIPC attenuates intestinal and pulmonary injury in patients undergoing elective open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair without any potential risk.