bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic Profiles of Women With Muscle Tension Dysphonia/Aphonia
Authors: Gillespie Amanda I. , Gartner-Schmidt Jackie , Rubinstein Elaine N. , Abbott Katherine Verdolini 
Published: September 2012

PurposeIn this study, the authors aimed to (a) determine whether phonatory airflows and estimated subglottal pressures (est-Psub) for women with primary muscle tension dysphonia/aphonia (MTD/A) differ from those for healthy speakers; (b) identify different aerodynamic profile patterns within the MTD/A subject group; and (c) determine whether results suggest new understanding of pathogenesis in MTD/A.MethodRetrospective review of aerodynamic data collected from 90 women at the time of primary MTD/A diagnosis.ResultsAerodynamic profiles were significantly different for women with MTD/A as compared with healthy speakers. Five distinct profiles were identified: (a) normal flow, normal est-Psub; (b) high flow, high est-Psub; (c) low flow, normal est-Psub; (d) normal flow, high est-Psub; and (e) high flow, normal est-Psub.ConclusionsThis study is the first to identify distinct subgroups of aerodynamic profiles in women with MTD/A and to quantitatively identify a clinical phenomenon sometimes described in association with it—“breath holding”—that is shown by low airflow with normal est-Psub. Results were consistent with clinical claims that diverse respiratory and laryngeal functions may underlie phonatory patterns associated with MTD/A. One potential mechanism, based in psychobiological theory, is introduced to explain some of the variability in aerodynamic profiles of women with MTD/A.
Individual Variability in Delayed Auditory Feedback Effects on Speech Fluency and Rate in Normally Fluent Adults
Authors: Chon HeeCheong , Kraft Shelly Jo , Zhang Jingfei , Loucks Torrey , Ambrose Nicoline G. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeDelayed auditory feedback (DAF) is known to induce stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) and cause speech rate reductions in normally fluent adults, but the reason for speech disruptions is not fully known, and individual variation has not been well characterized. Studying individual variation in susceptibility to DAF may identify factors that predispose an individual to be more or less dependent on auditory feedback.MethodParticipants were 62 normally fluent adults. Each participant performed a spontaneous speech task in 250-ms DAF and amplified nondelayed auditory feedback (NAF) conditions. SLDs, other disfluencies (ODs), speech errors (SEs), and articulation rate (AR) were measured under each condition.ResultsIn the DAF condition, SLDs and SEs significantly increased, and AR decreased. Sex had a limited effect in that men exhibited higher rates of ODs and faster AR than women. More important, parametric cluster analysis identified that 2- and 3-subgroup solutions reveal important variation that differentiates tendencies toward disfluency changes and rate reduction under DAF, which are theoretically and empirically preferred to a single-group solution.ConclusionIndividual variability in response to DAF may be accounted for by subgroups of individuals. This suggests that certain normally fluent individuals could be more dependent on intact feedback to maintain fluency.
The Small-Area Hypothesis: Effects of Progress Monitoring on Goal Adherence
Authors: Koo Minjung , Fishbach Ayelet 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This article examines a small-area hypothesis: individuals striving toward a goal end state exhibit greater motivation when their attention is directed to whichever is smaller in size—their accumulated or remaining progress. The result is that, at the beginning of goal pursuit, directing attention to accumulated progress increases goal adherence relative to directing attention to remaining progress (e.g., 20% completed is more impactful than 80% remaining). However, with closeness to the goal, directing attention to accumulated progress lessens goal adherence relative to directing attention to remaining progress (e.g., 20% remaining is more impactful than 80% completed; studies 1–2). The focus on small areas increases motivation by creating an illusion of fast progress (study 3). Therefore, when individuals wish to prolong goal pursuit and avoid reaching the goal's end state, they slow down goal adherence when their attention is directed to small areas (study 4).
An Arousal Regulation Explanation of Mood Effects on Consumer Choice
Authors: Di Muro Fabrizio , Murray Kyle B. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This article examines how consumers' preferences are affected by the interplay between their level of arousal and the valence of their current affective state. Building on prior research examining the regulation of mood valence, the authors propose that consumers are also motivated to manage their level of arousal. It is predicted that this motivation systematically affects consumers' product preferences such that consumers in a pleasant mood will tend to choose products that are congruent with their current level of arousal, while those in an unpleasant mood will tend to choose products that are incongruent with their current level of arousal. The results of three consequential choice studies—that use scent and music to vary consumers' moods—provide strong support for the hypotheses. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical implications of the results.
Selection of Defendants
Authors: Vlaming Frederiek de 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone, three contemporary tribunals where no new indictments are to be expected. It looks at the policy (words) and practice (deeds) of individual chief prosecutors. For each, it breaks down the indictees per side in the conflict, his or her position (low, middle, or senior), and gravity of the offence (number of victims).
Remote memory and temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: McAndrews Mary Pat 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Research over the past decade has firmly established that the ability to retrieve remote information, particularly personally experienced autobiographical memories, is impaired in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy or excisions (TLE). Despite a long-held model of memory consolidation that suggested only recent memories would be impacted by medial temporal damage, clinical neuropsychologists working with TLE patients are readily impressed by their assertions of poor recollection of personal events such as family vacations; even when prompted by descriptions and reminders they report that it simply doesn't ‘feel’ like a lived experience. This type of memory has been found to be particularly sensitive to disruption in patients with TLE and, based on lesion and functional imaging data, it is hypothesized that it reflects damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and most prominently the hippocampus, which serves as a critical ‘hub’ of a network that supports autobiographical recall. This chapter presents evidence in support of that hypothesis, and discusses questions regarding retrieval of semantic versus experiential remote memory, specification of the processes compromised in MTL damage that gives rise to autobiographical memory deficits, and the relationship between damage and patterns of functional activation in autobiographical memory networks of healthy individuals and patients with TLE.
Disharmony, Antisymmetry, and the Final‐over‐Final Constraint
Authors: Biberauer Theresa , Sheehan Michelle 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter addresses the crucial issue of how hierarchical structure relates to linear order, and provides evidence that the two are universally mediated by a version of Kayne’s (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA). The discussion focuses on new data in support of the Final-over-Final Constraint (FOFC), an apparent gap in disharmonic word orders. The data in question relate to the embedding of various types of clauses in OV languages. Almost universally, the FOFC-violating order (*[VP [CPC TP] V]) fails to surface, and what we see instead is extraposition, i.e. superficially: [VP V [CP C TP]]. Based on these data, the chapter argues that: (i) in such cases, obligatory extraposition comes about as an indirect result of FOFC; (ii) any adequate explanation of FOFC and its effects will need to refer to the LCA; and (iii) the pattern provides evidence for the independently proposed idea that certain CPs can be embedded under nominal structure.
External Influences on English
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFrom its Germanic roots on the Continent, English has had many influences from other languages. This work documents the main influences on the lexicon and the structure. The earliest contacts were with the Romans, when many words were borrowed by the Germanic tribes from Vulgar Latin. In the British Isles, Roman influence continued but the primary influence, though largely substratal, was from Brythonic Celtic. In the later period the Latin influence became largely literary. Meanwhile, Danes settled northeast England, and the contact situation there was complicated but the major result was a high degree of koineization, reflected in major structural innovations shared with East Norse, primarily Old Jutland Danish. Subsequently, the French dominated southeast England and created a superstrate that resulted in Anglo-French on the one hand and the transfer of thousands of words to English on the other. As these words assimilated to the English lexicon, their affixes became an important part of English word formation, productivity beginning as early as the thirteenth century. The result of all this contact was that English preserved little of its Germanic heritage. Later influences were largely restricted to the lexicon and consisted mainly of learned Greek and latinate roots, many of which became standard English, though frequently of a higher register than native roots of similar import, and facilitated scientific word formation.
Parameter theory and motion predicates
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTalmy's (2000) verb-framed/satellite-framed typology is examined from the perspective of parameter theory. The objectives and methods of typology, versus parameter theory, are contrasted. The Compounding Parameter (TCP, Snyder 2001) is argued to play an important role in many constructions typical of satellite-framed languages. Yet, other points of variation interact with TCP, such as whether the language has “incremental” Ps (Gehrke 2008), and whether V is allowed to take a small-clause complement. Washios (1997) distinction between weak and strong resultatives is reinterpreted as a distinction between AP-resultatives and SC-resultatives. A similar distinction is proposed in the domain of motion predicates: In a [+TCP] language that has both SC-complements and incremental Ps, an accomplishment event can be constructed by combining a pure manner-of-motion verb with either an incremental PP (denoting a path), or a locative SC (denoting a result state). Evidence is considered from English, Spanish, Russian, and Japanese.
Misunderstanding Emergent Causal Mechanism in Natural Selection
Authors: Chi Michelene T. H. , Kristensen Agnieszka Kosminska , Roscoe Rod D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLearning new concepts and ideas typically requires that the learners activate and bring to bear some prior knowledge for interpreting and assimilating the new ideas. This prior knowledge can be conceived of as some coherent body of relevant knowledge that can be referred to as a schema. Once the new ideas and concepts are assimilated within an existing schema, then the schema can be used to generate new inferences, expectations and explanations. Learning failures and misunderstanding occur, typically, either when the cues in the new materials activate no relevant prior schema, or when the cues activate incomplete and under-developed prior schema. Misconceptions, so prevalent for science concepts, are a special type of learning failures. It is a unique case in which an inappropriate schema is activated for assimilation and generation. This chapter provides a theoretical account for this particular type of learning failures, using natural selection as an example. Some preliminary findings from a pilot study are also presented.
Just and Unjust Peace
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In the wake of massive injustice, how can justice be achieved and peace restored? This book offers an innovative and hopeful response to these questions. It challenges the approach to peacebuilding that dominates the United Nations, Western governments, and the human rights community. While this book shares their commitments to human rights and democracy, it argues that these values alone cannot redress the wounds caused by war, genocide, and dictatorship. Both justice and the effective restoration of political order call for a more holistic, restorative approach. The book answers that call by proposing a form of political reconciliation that is deeply rooted in three religious traditions—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism—as well as the restorative justice movement. These traditions offer the fullest expressions of the core concepts of justice, mercy, and peace. By adapting these ancient concepts to modern constitutional democracy and international norms, the book crafts an ethic that has widespread appeal and offers real hope for the restoration of justice in fractured communities. From the roots of these traditions, the book develops six practices—building just institutions and relations between states, acknowledgment, reparations, restorative punishment, apology and, most important, forgiveness—which the book then applies to real cases, identifying how each practice redresses a unique set of wounds. Focusing on places as varied as Bosnia, Iraq, South Africa, Germany, Sierra Leone, Timor-Leste, Chile, and many others—and drawing on the actual experience of victims and perpetrators—this book offers a fresh approach to the age-old problem of restoring justice in the aftermath of widespread injustice.
Evidence for Compensatory Evolution of Ribosomal Proteins in Response to Rapid Divergence of Mitochondrial rRNA
Authors: Barreto Felipe S. , Burton Ronald S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) places intrinsic selective pressures on many nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial ribosomes, for example, are composed of mtDNA-encoded ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and a set of more than 60 nuclear-encoded ribosomal proteins (mRP) distinct from the cytosolic RPs (cRP). We hypothesized that the rapid divergence of mt-rRNA would result in rapid evolution of mRPs relative to cRPs, which respond to slowly evolving nuclear-encoded rRNA. In comparisons of rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions between a pair of divergent populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus, we found that mRPs showed elevated levels of amino acid changes relative to cRPs. This pattern was equally strong at the interspecific level, between three pairs of sister species (Nasonia vitripennis vs. N. longicornis, Drosophila melanogaster vs. D. simulans, and Saccharomyces cerevisae vs. S. paradoxus). This high rate of mRP evolution may result in intergenomic incompatibilities between taxonomic lineages, and such incompatibilities could lead to dysfunction of mitochondrial ribosomes and the loss of fitness observed among interpopulation hybrids in T. californicus and interspecific hybrids in other species.
Manipulator handling device for assembly of large‐size panels
Authors: Yu Seungnam , Gil Myeongsu 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel device to handle a robot manipulator which can grip large‐size panels. This concept arises from questioning why the glazing task is always performed manually and it is assumed that if the panel is handled by worker's bare hands, the material is lifted by a robot system and can be assembled to a frame easily and intuitively.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes the intuitive manipulator device (IMD) which can be attached on the panel directly and connected to it with the coordinate of robot end‐effector based on a virtual coordinate of IMD. The virtual coordinate is defined by the detection of the location of the IMD from the robot end‐effector using IR sensor scanning and origin point estimation method. In this study, the robot manipulator system is operated by a combination of the commands of two IMDs to perform the panel assembly test and its aspect of input commands is compared with the previous force‐control based human‐robot cooperative systems.FindingsThe proposed system shows the better performance while reducing the frequent force reflection of robot system against an environment and simplifies the instant input source for robot control system. Those are caused by the intuitiveness of visual servoing performed by operators and the minimization of a force control strategy by utilizing the operator's own sensitivity. The proposed system shows the possibility of efficiency improvement and simple mechatronic system to realize the automation of panel assembly task.Originality/valueThe proposed device alternates the expensive 6‐axis F/T sensor system to handle the robot manipulator by using the two 3‐axis load cell and those force/torque combinations. Also, the developed device is portable and can attach on the material anywhere. That is why this system could cover various sizes of materials. This system minimizes the computational load to control the robot system and improves the efficiency of an assembly task based on the human‐robot cooperation strategy.
Antecedents to strategic flexibility
Authors: Combe Ian A. , Rudd John M. , Leeflang Peter S.H. , Greenley Gordon E. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeCurrent conceptualisations of strategic flexibility and its antecedents are theory‐driven, which has resulted in a lack of consensus. To summarise this domain the paper aims to develop and present an a priori conceptual model of the antecedents and outcomes of strategic flexibility. Discussion and insights into the conceptual model, and the relationships specified, are made through a novel qualitative empirical approach. The implications for further research and a framework for further theoretical development are presented.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory qualitative research design is used applying multiple data collection techniques in a branch network of a large regional retailer in the UK. The development of strategic options and the complex relationship to strategic flexibility is investigated.FindingsThe number and type of strategic options developed by managers impact on the degree of strategic flexibility and also on the ability of the firm to achieve competitive differentiation. Additionally, the type of strategic option implemented by managers is dependent on the competitive situation faced at a local level. Evidence of managers' limited perception of competition was identified based on their spatial embeddedness.Research limitations/implicationsA single, in‐depth case study was used. The data gathered is rich and appropriate for the exploratory approach adopted here. However, generalisability of the findings is limited.Practical implicationsStrategic flexibility is rooted in the ability of front‐line mangers to develop and implement strategic options; this in turn facilitates competitive differentiation.Originality/valueThe research presented is unique in this domain on two accounts. First, theory is developed by presenting an a priori conceptual model, and testing through in‐depth qualitative data gathering. Second, insights into strategic flexibility are presented through an examination of managerial cognition, resources and strategic option generation using cognitive mapping and laddering technique.
Managerial incentives, net debt and investment activity in all‐equity firms
Authors: Alderson Michael J. , Betker Brian L. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of managerial risk exposure on capital structure selection (net debt, or debt minus cash) as well as return on assets, capital expenditures, research and development expenditures and stock price performance.Design/methodology/approachThe paper compares a sample of 123 all‐equity firms to a set of matching levered firms selected on the basis of industry, market cap and market‐to‐book assets. Managerial incentives are measured using the delta and vega of the manager's stock and option holdings.FindingsNet debt levels decline as CEO wealth sensitivity to stock price changes (delta) increases. However, the paper finds no differences between the all‐equity firms and their levered matching firms in terms of return on assets, capital expenditures, R&D expense, or long run stock price performance.Research limitations/implicationsFindings are consistent with the idea that managerial incentives drive net debt decisions even among all‐equity firms. However, given that there are no differences between the sample firms and their matched firms in terms of investment or stock price performance, the effect of managerial risk aversion appears to be confined to financial policy.Originality/valueThe paper uses modern methods for measuring managerial risk exposure to revisit the literature on all‐equity firms, and show that managerial risk exposure affects the net debt decision in these firms.
A comparison of the energy efficiency of selective laser sintering and injection molding of nylon parts
Authors: Telenko Cassandra , Conner Seepersad Carolyn 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy consumed to fabricate nylon parts using selective laser sintering (SLS) and to compare it with the energy consumed for injection molding (IM) the same parts.Design/methodology/approachEstimates of energy consumption include the energy consumed for nylon material refinement, adjusted for SLS and IM process yields. Estimates also include the energy consumed by the SLS and IM equipment for part fabrication and the energy consumed to machine the injection mold and refine the metal feedstock required to fabricate it. A representative part is used to size the injection mold and to quantify throughput for the SLS machine per build.FindingsAlthough SLS uses significantly more energy than IM during part fabrication, this energy consumption is partially offset by the energy consumption associated with production of the injection mold. As a result, the energy consumed per part for IM decreases with the number of parts fabricated while the energy consumed per part for SLS remains relatively constant as long as builds are packed efficiently. The crossover production volume, at which IM and SLS consume equivalent amounts of energy per part, ranges from 50 to 300 representative parts, depending on the choice of mold plate material.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to material refinement and part fabrication and does not consider other aspects of the life cycle, such as waste disposal, distributed 2 manufacturing, transportation, recycling or use. Also, the crossover volumes are specific to the representative part and are expected to vary with part geometry.Originality/valueThe results of this comparative study of SLS and IM energy consumption indicate that manufacturers can save energy using SLS for parts with small production volumes. The comparatively large amounts of nylon material waste and energy consumption during fabrication make it inefficient, from an energy perspective, to use SLS for higher production volumes. The crossover production volume depends on the geometry of the part and the choice of material for the mold.