bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actors and Interactions—Identifying the Role of Industrial Clusters for Regional Production and Knowledge Generation Activities
Authors: Titze Mirko , Brachert Matthias , Kubis Alexander 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper contributes to the empirical literature on systematic methodologies for the identification of industrial clusters. It combines a measure of spatial concentration, qualitative input–output analysis, and a knowledge interaction matrix to identify the production and knowledge generation activities of industrial clusters in theFederalState ofSaxony inGermany. It describes the spatial allocation of the industrial clusters, identifies potentials for value chain industry clusters, and relates the production activities to the activities of knowledge generation inSaxony. It finds only a small overlap in the production activities of industrial clusters and general knowledge generation activities in the region, mainly driven by the high‐tech industrial cluster in the semiconductor industry. Furthermore, the approach makes clear that a sole focus on production activities for industrial cluster analysis limits the identification of innovative actors.
Estimates of sensitivity and specificity of electric pulp testing depend on pulp disease spectrum: a modelling study
Authors: Mejàre I. A. , Bergenholtz G. , Petersson K. , Tranæus S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTo demonstrate how the spectrum of diseased pulps may influence sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic studies on pulp status.MethodologyAn original sample from a previous study consisting of 59 teeth scheduled for root canal treatment was used where the relationship between the response to electric pulp testing and the visual status of the pulp was evaluated. To alter the spectrum of diseased pulps, a hypothetical sample of asymptomatic teeth with deep caries lesions was added to the original sample. Sensitivity and specificity were then compared for the two samples.ResultsIn the original sample of 59 teeth, sensitivity was 72% and specificity 90%. When the spectrum of diseased pulps was altered, sensitivity decreased to 67% and specificity increased to 97%. The change in disease spectrum also decreased the prevalence of necrotic pulps.ConclusionsThe spectrum of diseased pulps included in a diagnostic study on the accuracy of electric pulp testing, and indirectly also disease prevalence (here pulp necrosis), influences estimates of sensitivity and specificity. This implies that estimates of diagnostic accuracy from one study with a particular tooth population spectrum may not apply to another tooth population with a different disease spectrum.
Optimisation of immersion vacuum cooling operation and quality of Irish cooked sausages by using response surface methodology
Authors: Feng Chao‐Hui , Sun Da‐Wen 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe effects of initial water temperature (X1, 20–72 °C), pressure reduction rate (X2, 60–90 mbar/min), agitation speed (X3, 300–600 rpm) as well as condensing temperature (X4, −10 −2 °C) during immersion vacuum cooling (IVC) of Irish cooked sausages were evaluated and optimised by response surface methodology for the first time. The cooling loss, colour, texture and moisture content of the sausages were estimated. The significant polynomial regression models on cooling time (P < 0.001) and hardness (P < 0.05) were established. Results showed that the condensing temperature affected the cooling time of IVC sausage significantly (P < 0.001), while hardness was significantly influenced by initial water temperature and condensing temperature. Three optimum operational modules were determined and validated. The cooling times in all modules were compliant within US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Module 3 (X1: 4.51 °C, X2: 72.88 mbar/min, X3: 459.09 rpm, X4: −8 °C) was the most practical option for achieving the required high cooling rate with high‐quality properties.
Effect of pulsed electric field processing on carotenoid extractability of carrot purée
Authors: Roohinejad Shahin , Everett David W. , Oey Indrawati 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe purpose of this research was to study the effect of electric field strength (0.1–1 kV cm−1) and frequency (5–75 Hz) during pulsed electric field (PEF) processing on the extractability of carotenoids in carrots, which was examined using different vegetable oils. Increasing electric field strengths up to 1 kV cm−1 at 5 Hz significantly (P < 0.05) increased the extraction of carotenoids from carrot pomace. Increasing frequency above 10 Hz at 1 kV cm−1 did not improve the carotenoids extraction. The yield of carotenoids extracted was dependent on the vegetable oils. Sunflower and soya bean oils had the highest carotenoid extractability, and peanut oil was the lowest for carrot pomace treated at 0.6 kV cm−1 and 5 Hz, but no significant difference was observed among vegetable oils for carrot pomace treated at 50 Hz. This study suggests that PEF can improve the carotenoids extractability of carrots depending on the electric field strength and frequency used.
Rheological and physico‐chemical properties of gelatin extracted from the skin of a few species of freshwater carp
Authors: Madhamuthanalli Chandra Venkataramappa , Bangalore Shamasundar Aswathnarayan 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe physico‐chemical and rheological properties of gelatin from the skins of three different freshwater carp species, namely Catla catla, (catla) Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal) and Labeo rohita (rohu), have been assessed and compared with that of gelatin from porcine skin. The average solids yield from the three species of carp varied in the range of 11.8–14.1%. The amino acid profile showed that the porcine gelatin had a higher proportion of imino acids and glycine than carp skins gelatin. The average molecular weight of carp skins gelatin as determined using a gel filtration technique was 233 kDa, while that of porcine skin gelatin was 282 kDa. The gelling temperature of carp skins gelatin was in the range of 6–15.7 °C, and the melting temperature was 17.9–23.7 °C as determined using a controlled stress rheometer. A higher gelling and melting temperature was observed for porcine skin gelatin.
Effects of process stages on Turkish delight/lokum microbiological quality
Authors: İpek Dilvin , Demirel Zorba Nükhet N. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe sources of microbiological contamination at the lokum production lines of two local confectionaries were determined. Surface samples from the production lines were evaluated by standard and ATP bioluminescence methods. Microbial loads of raw materials were also determined. The trays and cutting knives were found to be the primary contamination sources, and personnel hands were found to be the secondary contamination sources, while all of them were found to be the secondary sources when the standard swab method was applied. Raw materials were not sources of contamination, because of their microbiological loads and the following high‐temperature cooking stages. The microbial loads of lokum also were not high, due to product contents and the processes applied to lokum. There is a need for further studies related to the effects of process steps on the physical and the chemical quality of lokum. Training for workers in food safety at the confectionaries is also needed.
Optimisation of oil extraction from sardine (Sardina pilchardus) by hydraulic pressing
Authors: García‐Moreno Pedro J. , Morales‐Medina Rocío , Pérez‐Gálvez Raúl , Bandarra Narcisa M. , Guadix Antonio , Guadix Emilia M. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the processing conditions (pretreatment temperature: 5–55 °C, pressure: 60–120 bar and number of pressing stages: 1–3) on the yield and quality (free fatty acids, peroxide value, p‐anisidine and Rancimat induction period) of the oil extracted from whole sardine by hydraulic pressing. Experimental factors were investigated by a designed experiment and optimised by response surface methodology. A maximum yield of oil, 12.47%, was obtained at 55 °C, 60 bar and two pressing stages. Regarding oil quality, it was found minimum values for acidity (0.25% oleic at 55 °C, 60 bar and one pressing stage) and for peroxide value (0.29 meq kg−1 oil at 5 °C, 60 bar and one pressing stage). Hence, the opposite effect of pretreatment temperature and number of pressing stages on the yield of oil and on its oxidation parameters suggested applying the weighted‐sum method as multiobjective optimisation technique.
Lessons Learned From an Inter‐Institutional Graduate Course on Interdisciplinary Modeling for Water‐Related Issues and Changing Climate
Authors: Saito Laurel , Link Timothy E. , Fernald Alexander , Kohne Lisa 
Published: March 2014

AbstractComputer modeling is a useful tool for integrating approaches from different disciplines to address complex water and climate issues, but because academic training is typically disciplinary, many scientists and practitioners are not aware of modeling techniques in other disciplines or ways that different models can be integrated to address complex questions. Since 2005, we have conducted a course on interdisciplinary modeling that provides lectures and laboratory exercises from different disciplines as well as topics related to interdisciplinary modeling such as issues of scale and uncertainty. Students work in interdisciplinary teams to integrate modeling approaches from different disciplines to address issues related to water and climate. In this paper, we provide a description of course development and implementation, results of course evaluations of course content, lessons learned, and future needs for educating students about interdisciplinary approaches. We also provide results of surveys of course participants regarding course effectiveness and sustainability.
Simple Climate Models to Illustrate How Bifurcations Can Alter Equilibria and Stability
Authors: Herald Christopher M. , Kurita Satoko , Telyakovskiy Aleksey S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractClimate change is, by its nature, a truly interdisciplinary topic. While college level science classes now frequently include exposure to climate change issues, not all science majors, math majors and future math K‐12 teachers are likely to see climate issues in the course of their studies. Here we present one self‐contained topic that can be presented to those students without requiring too much additional explanation about climate change issues. This case study also can serve to illustrate the rather sophisticated concept of a “tipping point” to a diverse science audience without advanced training in dynamical systems. We consider the effect of solar radiation on the size of ice caps, and show that small changes in solar radiation can cause major irreversible changes in the size of ice caps. We present two sets of exercises that students can be asked to work on their own, after the overall conceptual model has been presented during the class. This material was inspired by the experience gained by one of the authors in teaching Interdisciplinary Modeling: Water‐Related Issues and Climate Change course in summer 2012. It was used by the authors in a Math 420/620 Mathematical Modeling class at the University of Nevada, Reno in Fall 2012.
Vadose Zone Processes: A Compendium for Teaching Interdisciplinary Modeling
Authors: Heinse Robert , Link Timothy E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe describe one approach of teaching vadose zone (VZ) processes to non‐vadose zone (NVZ) scholars interested in the water and climate change nexus. Our objective is to introduce key models and input parameters, briefly explain the mechanics of solving the problem using the Richards equation approach, and to point out alternative and scale‐dependent approaches and solutions. Our goal is to provide enough information such that students gain some familiarity with key terms, have a rudimentary mechanistic understanding, and most importantly, know where to look for more information. We recognize that in some situations a significant amount of complexity is embedded within problem solutions, and we have not attempted to broaden the scope to include every interaction. Rather, we focus on the defining principles of soil‐water physics to introduce the VZ to NVZ scholars. We propose the use of water as a lens to allow for an accessible categorization of VZ processes. This in turn will form the foundation for the impact of those models on student learning, experiences and attitudes towards VZ modeling.
Economic Foundations for the Interdisciplinary Modeling of Water Resources Under Climate Change
Authors: Elbakidze Levan , Cobourn Kelly M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractClimate change is likely to alter the scarcity of water resources, contributing to increased concern among policymakers and water managers about how to best allocate water among competing uses. Hydroeconomic models provide a means of integrating human and biophysical systems to understand the impacts of alternative water policies. This article discusses foundational concepts related to economic efficiency, with a specific focus on the equimarginal principle, and presents a modeling framework that demonstrates how to use these concepts as a starting point for an interdisciplinary model of water resources management. The modeling framework accommodates concerns about allocating water across competing uses, over time, and with stochastic water availability.
An ethnographic study of nurses’ experience with nursing research and its integration in practice
Authors: Dupin Cécile Marie , Borglin Gunilla , Debout Christophe , Rothan‐Tondeur Monique 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTo report from a study aimed at illuminating how French Registered Nurses experience and engage in nursing research in clinical practice.BackgroundNursing research in France is mainly conducted by nurses working at clinical research units rather than by dedicated nurse researchers. Education, i.e. advanced degrees, in the field of nursing research is still in its infancy and not yet consistent with the international context. Outside France, the general perception is that nursing research is a unified part of professional nursing. Consequently, in‐depth knowledge about how nurses in a French clinical context might experience and engage in nursing research is still lacking.DesignThe design of this study was influenced by an ethnographic approach as described by the French anthropologists Beaud and Weber.MethodData, participatory observations, field notes and interviews (n = 6) were collected in a teaching hospital between April–August 2012. The field consisted of a wound‐care unit and clinical research units. Collected data were analysed based on Beaud and Weber's description of analysis.ResultsThree beliefs were identified: being a unified part of a research team, being an integral part of ‘crosswise – across’ activities and being part of research activities.Conclusion/Implication for researchCommitment to nursing research was strengthened by patient‐related issues. Based on this context, nursing research would likely benefit from the support of a naturalized reciprocity between clinical practice and research.
Unravelling the effects of contemporary and historical range expansion on the distribution of genetic diversity in the damselfly Coenagrion scitulum
Authors: Swaegers J. , Mergeay J. , Therry L. , Bonte D. , Larmuseau M. H. D. , Stoks R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAlthough genetic diversity provides the basic substrate for evolution, there are a limited number of studies that assess the impact of recent climate change on intraspecific genetic variation. This study aims to unravel the degree to which historical and contemporary factors shape genetic diversity and structure across a large part of the range of the range‐expanding damselfly Coenagrion scitulum (Rambur, 1842). A total of 525 individuals from 31 populations were genotyped at nine microsatellites, and a subset was sequenced at two mitochondrial genes. We inferred the importance of geography, environmental factors, and recent range expansion on genetic diversity and structure. Genetic diversity decreased going westwards, suggesting a signature of historical post‐glacial expansion from east to west and the presence of eastern refugia. Although genetic differentiation decreased going northwards, it increased in the northern edge populations, suggesting a role of contemporary range expansion on the genetic make‐up of populations. The phylogeographical context was proven to be essential in understanding and identifying the genetic signatures of local contemporary processes. Within this framework, our results highlight that recent range expansion of a good disperser can decrease genetic diversity and increase genetic differentiation which should be considered when devising suitable conservation strategies.
Conspicuous visual signals do not coevolve with increased body size in marine sea slugs
Authors: Cheney K. L. , Cortesi F. , How M. J. , Wilson N. G. , Blomberg S. P. , Winters A. E. , Umanzör S. , Marshall N. J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMany taxa use conspicuous colouration to attract mates, signal chemical defences (aposematism) or for thermoregulation. Conspicuousness is a key feature of aposematic signals, and experimental evidence suggests that predators avoid conspicuous prey more readily when they exhibit larger body size and/or pattern elements. Aposematic prey species may therefore evolve a larger body size due to predatory selection pressures, or alternatively, larger prey species may be more likely to evolve aposematic colouration. Therefore, a positive correlation between conspicuousness and body size should exist. Here, we investigated whether there was a phylogenetic correlation between the conspicuousness of animal patterns and body size using an intriguing, understudied model system to examine questions on the evolution of animal signals, namely nudibranchs (opisthobranch molluscs). We also used new ways to compare animal patterns quantitatively with their background habitat in terms of intensity variance and spatial frequency power spectra. In studies of aposematism, conspicuousness is usually quantified using the spectral contrast of animal colour patches against its background; however, other components of visual signals, such as pattern, luminance and spectral sensitivities of potential observers, are largely ignored. Contrary to our prediction, we found that the conspicuousness of body patterns in over 70 nudibranch species decreased as body size increased, indicating that crypsis was not limited to a smaller body size. Therefore, alternative selective pressures on body size and development of colour patterns, other than those inflicted by visual hunting predators, may act more strongly on the evolution of aposematism in nudibranch molluscs.
Early reproductive investment, senescence and lifetime reproductive success in femaleAsian elephants
Authors: Hayward A. D. , Mar K. U. , Lahdenperä M. , Lummaa V. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe evolutionary theory of senescence posits that as the probability of extrinsic mortality increases with age, selection should favour early‐life over late‐life reproduction. Studies on natural vertebrate populations show early reproduction may impair later‐life performance, but the consequences for lifetime fitness have rarely been determined, and little is known of whether similar patterns apply to mammals which typically live for several decades. We used a longitudinal dataset onAsian elephants (Elephas maximus) to investigate associations between early‐life reproduction and female age‐specific survival, fecundity and offspring survival to independence, as well as lifetime breeding success (lifetime number of calves produced). Females showed low fecundity following sexual maturity, followed by a rapid increase to a peak at age 19 and a subsequent decline. High early life reproductive output (before the peak of performance) was positively associated with subsequent age‐specific fecundity and offspring survival, but significantly impaired a female's own later‐life survival. Despite the negative effects of early reproduction on late‐life survival, early reproduction is under positive selection through a positive association with lifetime breeding success. Our results suggest a trade‐off between early reproduction and later survival which is maintained by strong selection for high early fecundity, and thus support the prediction from life history theory that high investment in reproductive success in early life is favoured by selection through lifetime fitness despite costs to later‐life survival. That maternal survival in elephants depends on previous reproductive investment also has implications for the success of (semi‐)captive breeding programmes of this endangered species.
Prompted awareness and use of Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide: a population‐based study
Authors: Mathe N. , Van der Meer L. , Agborsangaya C. B. , Murray T. , Storey K. , Johnson J. A. , Loitz C. C. , Johnson S. T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the awareness of Canada's Food Guide (CFG). The present study aimed to report the general and specific awareness of CFG recommendations among adults in Alberta, Canada.MethodsFor this cross‐sectional study, respondents (aged >18 years) from randomly selected households completed a telephone survey. Questions pertaining to CFG, physical activity, and vegetable and fruit consumption were included. Logistic regression determined associations between demographic characteristics and awareness of CFG.ResultsThousand two hundred and ten Albertans (50% female, mean age 50.5 years) responded. Most [86.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 84.6–88.4] indicated being generally aware of CFG when prompted and 82.5% were aware of specific CFG recommendations. There were no differences in age between those generally aware and unaware of CFG. Female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 3.6; 95%CI = 24–5.4], Caucasian ethnicity (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 2.3–5.8), income ≥ Canadian $100 000 per annum (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1–2.3), reporting ≥5 vegetables and fruit per day (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.4–3.2), exceeding recommended levels for physical activity (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.3–2.9) and perception of current weight as healthy (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2–2.8) were associated with an awareness of CFG.ConclusionsSex, ethnicity and income were associated with general awareness of CFG. Future studies could explore the relationship between awareness and other health‐related behaviours