bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasmonic Liquid Marbles: A Miniature Substrate‐less SERS Platform for Quantitative and Multiplex Ultratrace Molecular Detection
Authors: Lee Hiang Kwee , Lee Yih Hong , Phang In Yee , Wei Jiaqi , Miao Yue‐E , Liu Tianxi , Ling Xing Yi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInspired by aphids, liquid marbles have been studied extensively and have found application as isolated microreactors, as micropumps, and in sensing. However, current liquid‐marble‐based sensing methodologies are limited to qualitative colorimetry‐based detection. Herein we describe the fabrication of a plasmonic liquid marble as a substrate‐less analytical platform which, when coupled with ultrasensitive SERS, enables simultaneous multiplex quantification and the identification of ultratrace analytes across separate phases. Our plasmonic liquid marble demonstrates excellent mechanical stability and is suitable for the quantitative examination of ultratrace analytes, with detection limits as low as 0.3 fmol, which corresponds to an analytical enhancement factor of 5×108. The results of our simultaneous detection scheme based on plasmonic liquid marbles and an aqueous–solid–organic interface quantitatively tally with those found for the individual detection of methylene blue and coumarin.
Controlled Synthesis of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films: Versatile Platforms for Highly Sensitive and Label‐Free Chemo‐ and Biosensing
Authors: Gu Cheng , Huang Ning , Gao Jia , Xu Fei , Xu Yanhong , Jiang Donglin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractConjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), in which rigid building blocks form robust networks, are usually synthesized as insoluble and unprocessable powders. We developed a methodology using electropolymerization for the synthesis of thin CMP films. The thickness of these films is synthetically controllable, ranging from nanometers to micrometers, and they are obtained on substrates or as freestanding films. The CMP films combine a number of striking physical properties, including high porosity, extended π conjugation, facilitated exciton delocalization, and high‐rate electron transfer. We explored the CMP films as versatile platforms for highly sensitive and label‐free chemo‐ and biosensing of electron‐rich and electron‐poor arenes, metal ions, dopamine, and hypochloroic acid, featuring rapid response, excellent selectivity, and robust reusability.
Polydopamine as a Biomimetic Electron Gate for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Kim Jae Hong , Lee Minah , Park Chan Beum 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report on the capability of polydopamine (PDA), a mimic of mussel adhesion proteins, as an electron gate as well as a versatile adhesive for mimicking natural photosynthesis. This work demonstrates that PDA accelerates the rate of photoinduced electron transfer from light‐harvesting molecules through two‐electron and two‐proton redox‐coupling mechanism. The introduction of PDA as a charge separator significantly increased the efficiency of photochemical water oxidation. Furthermore, simple incorporation of PDA ad‐layer on the surface of conducting materials, such as carbon nanotubes, facilitated fast charge separation and oxygen evolution through the synergistic effect of PDA‐mediated proton‐coupled electron transfer and the high conductivity of the substrate. Our work shows that PDA is an excellent electron acceptor as well as a versatile adhesive; thus, PDA constitutes a new electron gate for harvesting photoinduced electrons and designing artificial photosynthetic systems.
Synthesis of Tris‐ and Tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)silanes
Authors: Steinhauer Simon , Bader Julia , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Ignat‘ev Nikolai , Hoge Berthold 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe synthesis and complete characterization of functional, highly Lewis acidic tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanes as well as tetrakis(perfluoroalkyl)silanes Si(C2F5)4 and Si(C2F5)3CF3 by direct fluorination is described. The reaction of SiCl4 with LiC2F5 invariably affords (pentafluoroethyl)fluorosilicates. To avoid silicate formation by fluoride transfer from LiC2F5 the Lewis acidity of the silane has to be decreased by electron‐donating substituents, such as dialkylamino groups. The easily accessible Si(C2F5)3NEt2 is a valuable precursor for a series of tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanes.
A Sodium Manganese Oxide Cathode by Facile Reduction for Sodium Batteries
Authors: Song Jinju , Gim Jihyeon , Kim Sungjin , Kang Jungwon , Mathew Vinod , Ahn Docheon , Kim Jaekook 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA nonstoichiometric sodium manganese oxide (NaxMnO2+δ) cathode useful for sodium batteries was synthesized by an ambient‐temperature strategy that involved facile reduction of aqueous sodium permanganate in sodium iodide and subsequent heat treatment at 600 °C. Combined powder X‐ray diffraction and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction analyses confirmed the annealed sample to belong to a NaxMnO2 phase with a P2‐hexagonal structure. The ICP‐AES results confirmed the stoichiometry of the sample to be Na0.53MnO2+δ. Electron microscopy studies revealed the particle size of the electrode to be in the range of a few hundred nanometers. The Na0.53MnO2+δ cathode delivered an average discharge capacity of 170 mA h g−1 with a stable plateau at 2.1 V for the initial 25 cycles versus sodium. Ex situ XANES studies confirmed the reversible intercalation of sodium into Na0.53MnO2+δ and suggested the accommodation of over‐stoichiometric Mn4+ ions to contribute towards the performance of the electrode.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Water Oxidation with Nanoscale Co3O4: New Optimization Strategies
Authors: Liu Hongfei , Patzke Greta R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWater oxidation is the “bottleneck” of artificial photosynthesis on the way to clean and sustainable solar fuels production. Although spinel‐type Co3O4 keeps attracting considerable research interest as a robust and low‐cost water oxidation catalyst (WOC), full control over its manifold performance parameters remains a preparative and analytical challenge. The present study screens a wide spectrum of influential factors (such as surface area and adsorption processes, morphology, crystallinity, and cobalt oxidation states) with respect to straightforward WOC optimization strategies. Tuning of crystallinity and cobalt valence states emerges as a major guideline for spinel catalyst synthesis, thus adding a key complementary factor to the main design paradigm of surface area maximization. In contrast to the prevailing amorphous characteristics of electrocatalytic WOCs, crystallinity was found to be crucial for photochemical WOC development. The interplay of synthetic history, crystallinity, and cobalt valence states in hydrothermally synthesized Co3O4 WOCs was investigated with a variety of analytical techniques, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and various electron microscopy and spectroscopic techniques. Complementary “top down” and “bottom up” optimization strategies introduce new Co3O4 WOC design parameters for facile catalyst production.
Süderweiterung NürnbergMesse – Ausführung Halle 3A
Authors: Böttcher Christian , Kaufmann Henning , Diekmann Andreas , Päßler Harald , Zäuner Manfred 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAls Fortsetzung des in Heft 3/2014 erschienenen Berichtes über die neue Messehalle 3A in Nürnberg wird auf die Besonderheiten der Ausführungsplanung und Ausführung in den Bereichen Grundbau, Massivbau und Stahlbau eingegangen.Eine eigenständige Ingenieuraufgabe stellte der termingerechte Umgang mit den schwierigen Baugrundverhältnissen sowie den anspruchsvollen und hochbewehrten Betongeometrien des fugenlosen Riegelbauwerkes mit höchsten Sichtbetonanforderungen dar.Auch für den filigranen Stahlbau war eine umfassende ingenieurtechnische Bearbeitung erforderlich. Weitere Schwerpunkte des Berichtes bilden daher die Ermittlung der dreidimensional überhöhten spannungslosen Werkstattform sowie die ungewöhnlichen und komplexen Bauzustände und Baubehelfe.South Extension of Nuremberg Fairground – Construction of Hall 3AThe second part of the report about Hall 3A focuses on distinctive features in the detailed design and the erection on site, regarding the aspects of geotechnics, concrete and steel construction.The construction work can be divided into two parts: the just in time design of the foundation slab due to sophisticated subsoil‐conditions and the challenging, heavily reinforced and complex concrete structures of the joint‐less edge wing with exposed concrete of highest quality stand for the first part.The second part focuses on the filigree steel construction and the thoroughly detailed design for all building stages, as there are: calculation of the stress free three dimensional‐presetted fabrication geometry, numerous, exceptional and complex states of construction and temporary erection stages.
Planungsprozess komplexer Strukturen
Authors: Bollinger Klaus , Grohmann Manfred , Löffler Kim Boris , Weilandt Agnes 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFür die Architektur war die Disziplin der Tragwerksplanung schon immer von großer Bedeutung. Architekten wie Antoni Gaudi, Félix Candela oder Frei Otto haben die Architektur und besonders die Tragwerksplanung durch ihre außergewöhnliche Sichtweise auf Strukturen nachhaltig beeinflusst. In der Vergangenheit stellte das Entwickeln besonderer Tragwerke oft einen langwierigen Bearbeitungsprozess dar. Eine Vielzahl an Versuchen anhand von Modellen wurde in der Regel durch unzählige rechnerische Nachweise begleitet. Das digitale Zeitalter lässt die Tragwerksplanung wesentlich exakter und schneller komplexe Formen bis zur Ausführung entwickeln. Mittels iterativer oder evolutionärer Generierungsprozesse entstehen heute höchst anspruchsvolle Tragsysteme, die Grundlage solcher Prozesse bildet zunächst die konkrete Definition der Anforderungen an das Tragwerk. Die daraus entwickelten Parameter lassen den Computer in kürzester Zeit eine Vielzahl an Varianten generieren. Mit einer individuellen Gewichtung dieser Parameter steuert der Tragwerksplaner den Generierungsprozess. Dieser Planungsprozess lässt sich mit einem herkömmlichen Planungsablauf, wie er in den Leistungsbildern der HOAI beschrieben wird, nicht mehr vereinbaren. Während in den klassischen Planungsphasen eine schrittweise Erhöhung der Detailtiefe definiert ist, macht das frühe Finden und Wichten der für einen komplexen Gesamtprozess relevanten Parameter eine wesentlich exaktere Detaillierung bereits in der Vorplanung nötig.Design process of complex structures – Interaction between architecture and structureThe discipline of structural engineering has always been of great importance for architecture. Architects like Antoni Gaudi, Felix Candela or Frei Otto have strongly influenced the architecture and particularly the structural design by their extraordinary view regarding structures. In the past, the development of special structures often required a long editing process. Numerous tests using models were usually accompanied by countless calculation proofs. The digital age allows developing complex shapes until implementation far more precise and faster. Using iterative or evolutionary generation processes, today highly sophisticated support systems come into being. The basis of such processes is firstly the precise definition of the requirements for the structure. The resulting parameters enable the computer to generate a multitude of variations in very short time. With an individual weight functioning of these parameters, the structural engineer controls the generation process. This design process is not compatible anymore with a conventional design process as it is described in the scope of work of the German HOAI. During classical design phases a gradual increase of the level of detail is defined. Whereas the early finding and weight functioning of the relevant parameters, which are necessary for the planning in an overall complex process, requires already a more precise detailing in the pre‐design phase.
Einsatz von BIM im Hochbau – Effekte auf die Tragwerksplanung
Authors: Nöldgen Markus , Zilleßen Kurt , Müllers Ingo , Hehle Thomas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBuilding Information Modeling – kurz BIM genannt – ist zurzeit bei Planern und Ausführenden des Bauwesens in aller Munde. Jeder kann es, jeder macht es, jedes Programm ist natürlich BIM‐fähig, aber fast jeder versteht etwas anderes unter BIM. Die Autoren des Artikels beschäftigen sich mit dem Thema BIM aus der Perspektive der Tragwerksplaner. Sie zeigen auf, was aus ihrer Sicht momentan in der Praxis Stand der Technik ist und beschäftigen sich damit, wie BIM die Arbeitsweise von Tragwerksplanern verändert. Dabei nehmen sie nicht nur die Sichtweise des Bauingenieurs ein, sondern auch jene des Konstrukteurs. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass Bauingenieure durch BIM mehr und mehr dazu gedrängt werden, sich von den gewohnten ebenen Tragwerksmodellen zu verabschieden und den konsequenten Schritt zu räumlichen Tragwerksmodellen zu vollziehen. Konstrukteure werden in Zukunft Bauwerke nicht mehr mit Linien zeichnen, sondern aus Objekten konstruieren.BIM in Building Structures – Effects on Structural EngineeringBuilding information modeling – shortly called BIM – is currently very popular among architects, civil engineers and the building industry. Everybody knows it, everybody does it and every software is surely BIM‐capable, but nearly everybody has a different interpretation of BIM. The authors of this report tackle this topic from the structural engineer's point of view. They show what the state‐of‐the‐practice from their point of view is and describe how BIM is changing the way of working for structural engineers. The authors adopt not only the perspective of engineers, but also of draftsmen. It is shown that BIM forces engineers to stop using their usual plane structural models and to start consequently using spatial models. In the near future draftsmen will stop drawing buildings by lines, but they will start to design buildings by using intelligent objects.
Zur Modellierung des Tragverhaltens eines Balken‐Stützen‐Systems im Rahmen der Abklärungen eines Dacheinsturzes
Authors: Herwig Andrin , Piskoty Gabor , Terrasi Giovanni Pietro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIm Februar 2009 stürzte das schneebedeckte Dach einer Dreifachsporthalle in St. Gallen, Schweiz ein. Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass der Einsturz durch Stegbeulen bei der Krafteinleitung an den Enden der in Hallenquerrichtung verlaufenden Blechträger eingeleitet wurde. Das Untersuchungsresultat war umstritten, denn eine Gegenhypothese besagte, dass das Versagen der im Tragwerk vorhandenen Stahl‐Beton‐Verbundstützen genauso gut den Einsturz hätte einleiten können.Diese Gegenhypothese ging von einer unplanmäßigen Biegemomentenübertragung aus, welche das Versagen dieser Stützen herbeigeführt und so den Einsturz eingeleitet hätte. Der Fehler dieser Hypothese bestand darin, dass, wie bei der Bemessung eines neuen Tragwerkteils erlaubt, eine Einwirkung auf ein aus dem statisch unbestimmten System “isoliertes” Tragwerkteil angesetzt wurde.Modeling of the load‐bearing behavior of a column‐beam system in the frame of the investigations of a roof collapseIn February 2009, the snow covered roof of the triple sports hall of a gymnasium collapsed in St. Gallen, Switzerland. The failure analysis showed that the collapse initiated through local web buckling under the load introduction at the ends of the main plate girders spanning the transverse roof direction. The result of the failure analysis was disputed, since an alternative hypothesis claimed that the failure of the existing steel‐concrete composite columns could have triggered the collapse as well.The alternative hypothesis was based on an unplanned transmission of a bending moment, which would have caused the failure of those columns and consequently of the whole roof. The error of this hypothesis was that, as allowed in structural design, a load was applied on an “isolated” structural element of the statically indeterminate system.
National Vascular Registry Report on surgical outcomes and implications for vascular centres
Authors: Sidloff D A , Gokani V J , Stather P W , Choke E , Bown M J , Sayers R D 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
The National Vascular Registry Report on Surgical Outcomes (NVSRO) coincided with the update of the National Health Service Standard Contract for Specialized Vascular Services in Adults (NHSSCSVS). The latter promises patients minimum standards for vascular centres. The present study aimed to determine whether current data support the standards proposed in the NHSSCSVS.

Methods
Numbers of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repairs and carotid endarterectomies (CEAs) performed by hospital Trust and surgeon, and their outcomes were obtained from the NVRSO. These were assessed against NHSSCSVS recommendations that included: more than 60 AAA repairs per year per Trust, over 50 CEAs per year per Trust and at least six vascular surgeons per Trust.

Results
Based on NVRSO data, 107 hospital Trusts (92·2 per cent) would fail to meet the minimum standards required to achieve vascular centre status. Outcomes were poorer in these hospitals (overall mortality rate after AAA: 2·7 versus 1·3 per cent; P = 0·007). There were strong associations between number of AAA repairs or CEAs per Trust and better outcomes (AAA repair, P &lt; 0·001; CEA, P = 0·004). These remained significant when analysed by individual surgeon (AAA repair, P &lt; 0·001; CEA, P &lt; 0·001). Trusts undertaking 60 or fewer elective AAA repairs per year had significantly higher elective AAA mortality rates (2·7 versus 1·7 per cent; P = 0·010). Trusts performing a minimum of 50 CEAs per year had significantly lower perioperative mortality/morbidity rates (1·9 versus 3·0 per cent; P = 0·032). Trusts with seven or more surgeons demonstrated lower AAA-related mortality rates (1·7 versus 2·7 per cent; P = 0·018).

Conclusion
Data from the NVRSO suggest that the majority of hospital Trusts presently fail to meet the standards for vascular centre status. NVRSO data support a standard of more than 60 elective AAA repairs and 50 CEAs per Trust per year. A minimum of seven vascular surgeons per unit was associated with better outcomes. These data support the ongoing remodelling of vascular services in the UK.
Triatominae biochemistry goes to school: Evaluation of a novel tool for teaching basic biochemical concepts of chagas disease vectors
Authors: Cunha Leonardo Rodrigues , de Oliveira Cudischevitch Cecília , Carneiro Alan Brito , Macedo Gustavo Bartholomeu , Lannes Denise , Silva‐Neto Mário Alberto Cardoso da 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe evaluate a new approach to teaching the basic biochemistry mechanisms that regulate the biology of Triatominae, major vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. We have designed and used a comic book, “Carlos Chagas: 100 years after a hero's discovery” containing scientific information obtained by seven distinguished contemporary Brazilian researchers working with Triatominaes. Students (22) in the seventh grade of a public elementary school received the comic book. The study was then followed up by the use of Concept Maps elaborated by the students. Six Concept Maps elaborated by the students before the introduction of the comic book received an average score of 7. Scores rose to an average of 45 after the introduction of the comic book. This result suggests that a more attractive content can greatly improve the knowledge and conceptual understanding among students not previously exposed to insect biochemistry. In conclusion, this study illustrates an alternative to current strategies of teaching about the transmission of neglected diseases. It also promotes the diffusion of the scientific knowledge produced by Brazilian researchers that may stimulate students to choose a scientific career.Copyright © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(4):323–330, 2014.
Solution‐NMR Characterization of Outer‐Membrane Protein A from E. coli in Lipid Bilayer Nanodiscs and Detergent Micelles
Authors: Sušac Lukas , Horst Reto , Wüthrich Kurt 
Published: April 2014

AbstractX‐ray crystallography and solution NMR of detergent‐reconstituted OmpA (outer membrane protein A from E. coli) had shown that this protein forms an eight‐stranded transmembrane β‐barrel, but only limited information was obtained for the extracellular loops. In NMR studies of OmpA in two different detergent micelles, “NMR‐invisible” amino acid residues in‐between the extracellular loops and the β‐barrel prevented complete structural characterization. Here, we show that this NMR‐invisible ring around the β‐barrel of OmpA is also present in lipid bilayer nanodiscs and in mixed micelles with a third detergent, thus suggesting that the implicated rate processes have a functional role rather than representing an artifact of the protein reconstitution. In addition to sequence‐specific NMR assignments for OmpA in the nanodiscs, the present results are based on a protocol of micro‐coil TROSY‐ and CRINEPT‐type NMR diffusion measurements for studying the hydrodynamic properties and the foldedness of [2H,15N]‐labeled membrane proteins in nanodiscs. This protocol can be applied under conditions closely similar to those used for NMR structure determinations or crystallization trials.
Using Singular Value Decomposition to Characterize Protein–Protein Interactions by In‐cell NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Majumder Subhabrata , DeMott Christopher M. , Burz David S. , Shekhtman Alexander 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDistinct differences between how model proteins interact in‐cell and in vitro suggest that the cytosol might have a profound effect in modulating protein–protein and/or protein–ligand interactions that are not observed in vitro. Analyses of in‐cell NMR spectra of target proteins interacting with physiological partners are further complicated by low signal‐to‐noise ratios, and the long overexpression times used in protein–protein interaction studies may lead to changes in the in‐cell spectra over the course of the experiment. To unambiguously resolve the principal binding mode between two interacting species against the dynamic cellular background, we analyzed in‐cell spectral data of a target protein over the time course of overexpression of its interacting partner by using single‐value decomposition (SVD). SVD differentiates between concentration‐dependent and concentration‐independent events and identifies the principal binding mode between the two species. The analysis implicates a set of amino acids involved in the specific interaction that differs from previous NMR analyses but is in good agreement with crystallographic data.
Catalytic Molecular Logic Devices by DNAzyme Displacement
Authors: Brown Carl W. , Lakin Matthew R. , Stefanovic Darko , Graves Steven W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractChemical reactions catalyzed by DNAzymes offer a route to programmable modification of biomolecules for therapeutic purposes. To this end, we have developed a new type of catalytic DNA‐based logic gates in which DNAzyme catalysis is controlled via toehold‐mediated strand displacement reactions. We refer to these as DNAzyme displacement gates. The use of toeholds to guide input binding provides a favorable pathway for input recognition, and the innate catalytic activity of DNAzymes allows amplification of nanomolar input concentrations. We demonstrate detection of arbitrary input sequences by rational introduction of mismatched bases into inhibitor strands. Furthermore, we illustrate the applicability of DNAzyme displacement to compute logic functions involving multiple logic gates. This work will enable sophisticated logical control of a range of biochemical modifications, with applications in pathogen detection and autonomous theranostics.