bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Spectroscopic Analysis of Noncovalent Interactions in Organocatalysis
Authors: Holland Mareike C. , Berden Giel , Oomens Jos , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Schäfer Mathias , Gilmour Ryan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHerein we report the first application of infrared multiple‐photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy to study noncovalent interactions in organocatalysis. Phenylalanine‐derived iminium ions, central to numerous organocatalytic processes, display dynamic conformational behavior as a consequence of stabilizing noncovalent interactions (e.g., CH–π, π–π). Electronic modulation of the aryl ring causes notable variation in the conformation; this can be detected spectroscopically and correlated with enantioselectivity. Given that these interactions, which orchestrate stereoinduction, encode for specific conformers (I, II, or III), a diagnostic IRMPD spectrum is generated: the C=O stretching frequency of the imidazole carbonyl group serves as a diagnostic marker. The calculated conformers and their respective spectra can be compared with experimental data. Consequently, valuable insight into the ubiquitous noncovalent interactions associated with MacMillan‐catalyst‐derived α,β‐unsaturated iminium ions can be obtained in the absence of solvent or counterion effects. A preliminary structure–catalysis correlation is disclosed, thus demonstrating the potential of this approach for studying reactive intermediates and facilitating catalyst design.
Electrochemical Degradation of the Pesticide Dimethenamid‐P at Gold, DSA Platinum and Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes in Different Electrolytes
Authors: Glavaški O. S. , Petrović S. D. , Mijin D. Ž. , Jovanović M. B. , Dugandžić A. M. , Zeremski T. M. , Ivić M. L. Avramov 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor the first time the electrochemical degradation of the pesticide dimethenamid‐P was studied. Its direct electrochemical degradation, using potential cycling at a gold electrode, was performed by cyclic voltammetry and HPLC analysis of electrolyte after 72 h showed 56.8 % of degradation. HPLC‐MS indicates the formation of degradation products through the elimination of chlorine atom and CN bond cleavage. By indirect electrolysis using DSA Ti/PtOx and DSA Ti/RuO2 electrodes during 30 minutes 87.2 % and 88.3 % of dimethenamid‐P was degradated, respectively. The high percentage of degradation of dimethenamid‐P was achieved with non time consuming, simple and cheap electrochemical processes.
Automatic Generation Control of an Organic Rankine Cycle Solar–Thermal/Wind–Diesel Hybrid Energy System
Authors: Das Dulal C. , Sinha N. , Roy A. K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe organic Rankine cycle solar–thermal power system is a promising concept for the distributed energy market. The present work investigates the automatic generation control of an autonomous hybrid energy system based on organic Rankine cycle solar–thermal technology. Any mismatch between the active power generation and consumption in the hybrid energy system manifests itself as a frequency deviation from the nominal system frequency. To confront the frequency excursion problem, the present work considers automatic generation control, in which the controllers’ parameters are optimized by using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The performance of each controller is compared with its genetic algorithm (GA)‐optimized counterpart with respect to its ability to capture the frequency variation in the proposed hybrid energy system. The simulation results reveal that the performance of the PSO‐optimized controller is better than its GA‐optimized counterpart in terms of settling time and overshoot in deviation of frequency.
Polymer Solar Cells with Micrometer‐Scale Engraved Active Nanolayers Fabricated by Pressing with Metal Molds
Authors: Lee Sooyong , Nam Sungho , Seo Jooyeok , Jeong Jaehoon , Kim Hwajeong , Woo Sungho , Kim Youngkyoo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA micro‐engraved bulk heterojunction (BHJ) nanolayer, which is formed by pressing with a micrometer‐scale embossed metal mold, was introduced to fabricate polymer:fullerene solar cells. The embossed metal molds with three different pattern sizes were fabricated by employing a typical lithography/etching process. After the embossed metal molds were pressed onto the BHJ layers, which are made with blends of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), the size of the resulting engraved patterns in the BHJ layers became smaller than that of the embossed patterns in the metal molds. All devices with the engraved patterns showed remarkably enhanced short‐circuit current densities and power conversion efficiencies, which were pronounced even at a low mold temperature of 60 °C. The enhanced performance has been attributed mainly to the formation of highly‐ordered crystalline nanostructures that are localized within the pressed regions in the BHJ layers. This engraving technology can contribute to the speedy roll‐to‐roll processing of solar cells by shortening thermal treatment steps.
The role of soil in vegetated gravelly river braid plains: more than just a passive response?
Authors: Bätz Nico , Verrecchia Eric P. , Lane Stuart N. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper reviews the role of alluvial soils in vegetated gravelly river braid plains. When considering decadal timescales of river evolution, we argue that it becomes vital to consider soil development as an emergent property of the developing ecosystem. Soil processes have been relatively overlooked in accounts of the interactions between braided river processes and vegetation, although soils have been observed on vegetated fluvial landforms. We hypothesize that soil development plays a major role in the transition (speed and pathway) from a fresh sediment deposit to a vegetated soil‐covered landform. Disturbance (erosion and/or deposition), vertical sediment structure (process history), vegetation succession, biological activity and water table fluctuation are seen as the main controls on early alluvial soil evolution. Erosion and deposition processes may not only act as soil disturbing agents, but also as suppliers of ecosystem resources, because of their role in delivering and changing access (e.g. through avulsion) to fluxes of water, fine sediments and organic matter. In turn, the associated initial ecosystem may influence further fluvial landform development, such as through the trapping of fine‐grained sediments (e.g. sand) by the engineering action of vegetation and the deposit stabilization by the developing aboveground and belowground biomass. This may create a strong feedback between geomorphological processes, vegetation succession and soil evolution which we summarize in a conceptual model. We illustrate this model by an example from the Allondon River (Switzerland) and identify the research questions that follow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐depth approach to fire investigations: microstructural analysis of metallic materials
Authors: Boniardi Marco , Casaroli Andrea 
Published: July 2014

SummaryFailure analysis normally requires many forms of investigation, but visual examination is the most used amongst all possible techniques. However, as the legal climate for fire investigation is becoming more rigorous, fire researchers need to work differently. In other words, to be technically defensible, expert testimony must be built on scientific data. To this aim, in‐depth microstructural analyses of materials are particularly suitable to define the fire scene. This paper discusses some of the basic metallurgical theories used in failure analysis of copper, steel and aluminium alloy components involved in fire situations. Some components that can be easily found in fire and arson scene were submitted to simulated fire for indicated time and temperature. The collected samples were than examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Oxidation, recrystallization, second‐phase precipitation and melting were some of the features observed on samples that can be strictly related to the thermal effect of fire. On the basis of these metallurgical results and starting from the evidence that different exposure temperatures can induce different metallurgical modifications, it is possible to define the temperature range experienced by various components, thus suggesting the fire dynamic during the incident. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prestimulus theta in the human hippocampus predicts subsequent recognition but not recall
Authors: Merkow Maxwell B. , Burke John F. , Stein Joel M. , Kahana Michael J. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTHuman theta (4−8 Hz) activity in the medial temporal lobe correlates with memory formation; however, the precise role that theta plays in the memory system remains elusive (Hanslmayr and Staudigl, ). Recently, prestimulus theta activity has been associated with successful memory formation, although its specific cognitive role remains unknown (e.g., Fell et al., 2011). In this report, we demonstrate that prestimulus theta in the hippocampus indexes encoding that supports old‐new recognition memory but not recall. These findings suggest that human hippocampal prestimulus theta may preferentially participate in the encoding of item information, as opposed to associative information. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An evaluation of prophylactic treatments to prevent post traumatic joint stiffness
Authors: Efird Will , Kellam Patrick , Yeazell Shawn , Weinhold Paul , Dahners Laurence E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractArthrofibrosis is a major obstacle to restoring joint function after trauma. The objective of this study was to evaluate montelukast, forskolin, and triamcinolone as possible means of prophylaxis against the formation of arthrofibrosis. Forty‐eight rats underwent surgical knee trauma with post‐operative immobilization in full flexion. The treatment groups were: control (CTL), oral montelukast (3.75 mg/kg/day) (MLK), intra‐articular forskolin injections (0.6 mg/kg) (FSK), and intra‐articular triamcinolone injections (0.68 mg/kg) (STR). Rats were sacrificed after 14 days and femorotibial contracture angles were measured with the posterior capsule intact and with the posterior capsule cut. A 0.015Nm extension moment was applied to the knee. All treatment groups had significant reductions in contracture angle compared to the control. Mean contractures with the posterior capsule intact were 32°(CTL), 20° (MLK), 22° (FSK), and 7° (STR). Contractures with the posterior capsule cut were 28° (CTL), 19° (MLK), 20° (FSK), and 5° (STR). The STR group was significantly better than FSK and MLK. Triamcinolone injections provided dramatic reductions in stiffness. Both forskolin and montelukast provided significant, though lesser, reductions in stiffness. While the triamcinolone contracture angles were significantly better, the novel treatments of forskolin and montelukast provided encouraging results and should be studied further. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1520–1524, 2014.
The effect of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films on the growth of Penicillium expansum in apples
Authors: Simonaitiene Dovile , Brink Ieva , Sipailiene Ausra , Leskauskaite Daiva 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPenicillium expansum causes a major post‐harvest disease of apples. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition effect of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films containing different amounts of quince and cranberry juice against P. expansum on the simulation medium and on apples. The mechanical properties of films were also evaluated.RESULTSThe presence of cranberry and quince juice in the composition of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in elasticity and decrease in tensile strength of films. Chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films with quince and cranberry juice demonstrated a significant (P ≤ 0.05) inhibition effect against P. expansum growth on the simulated medium and apples. The presence of cranberry juice in the composition of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films resulted in a longer lag phase and a lower P. expansum growth rate on the simulation medium in comparison with films made with the addition of quince juice. These differences were not evident when experiment was conducted with apples.CONCLUSIONAddition of quince and cranberry juice to the chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films as natural antifungal agents has some potential for prolonging the shelf life of apples. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
User interface and interactivity display for converging PC, IPTV, and mobile device in a video sharing service
Authors: Lee Meng‐Huang , Chen Jung‐Jie , Chen Sih‐Yu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a user interface and interactivity adaptor for PCs, Internet protocol televisions (IPTVs), and mobile devices. The adaptor accounts for the screen limitations for display of mobile devices and the remote control limitations for the interactivity of IPTVs. A framework for convergence of these client‐side devices is also proposed as a basis for a video sharing service. In‐depth verification and evaluation demonstrate the robustness of the proposed adaptor.
Investigating the Construct of Trauma‐Related Acquired Callousness Among Delinquent Youth: Differences in Emotion Processing
Authors: Bennett Diana C. , Kerig Patricia K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study tested theories regarding differences in emotion processing among youth characterized by primary versus acquired callous‐unemotional (CU) traits in a sample of 417 detained adolescents (306 boys, 111 girls). Mixture modeling identified 2 groups of youth high in CU, but with different levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of acquired CU as being linked to trauma. Differences between the 2 groups of youth were investigated regarding 3 dimensions of emotion processing: emotion regulation, numbing, and recognition. Compared to youth classified in the primary group, youth classified as acquired CU demonstrated greater difficulty with lack of clarity (OR = 0.53), and nonacceptance of emotions, (OR = 0.57), general numbing of emotions (OR = 0.87), and recognition of disgust (OR = 0.18). Differences in emotion processing reported by youth in the 2 groups are consistent with theories regarding acquired callousness as related to emotional detachment in the aftermath of posttraumatic distress. The results of the current study have implications for the classification of primary and acquired CU, as well as the clinical treatment of youth with these characteristics.
A Supramolecular Strategy for Self‐Mobile Adsorption Sites in Affinity Membrane
Authors: Lin Ligang , Dong Meimei , Liu Chunyu , Wei Chenjie , Wang Yuanyuan , Sun Hui , Ye Hui 
Published: July 2014

Disclosed here is the design of a novel supramolecular membrane with self‐mobile adsorption sites for biomolecules purification. In the 3D micropore channels of membrane matrix, the ligands are conjugated onto the cyclic compounds in polyrotaxanes for protein adsorption. During membrane filtration, the adsorption sites can rotate and/or slide along the axial chain, which results in the enhanced adsorption capacity. The excellent performance of supra­molecular membrane is related with the dynamic working manner of adsorption sites, which plays a crucial role on avoiding spatial mismatching and short‐circuit effect. The supra­molecular strategy described here has general suggestions for the “sites” involved technologies such as catalysis, adsorption, and sensors, which is of broad interest.
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SUMO‐1 plays crucial roles for spindle organization, chromosome congression, and chromosome segregation during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation
Authors: Yuan Yi‐Feng , Zhai Rui , Liu Xiao‐Ming , Khan Hamid Ali , Zhen Yan‐Hong , Huo Li‐Jun 
Published: July 2014

SummarySmall ubiquitin‐related modifier‐1 (SUMO‐1)‐dependent modifications of many target proteins are involved in a range of intracellular processes. Previous studies reported the localization of SUMO‐1 during oocyte meiosis, and that overexpression of Sentrin/SUMO‐specific protease 2 (SENP2), a de‐SUMOylation protease, altered SUMO‐modified proteins, and caused defects in metaphase‐II spindle organization. In this study, we detailed the consequences of SUMO‐1‐mediated SUMOylation by either inhibition of SUMO‐1 or UBC9 with a specific antibody or their depletion by specific siRNA microinjection. Inhibition or depletion of SUMO‐1 or UBC9 in germinal vesicle (GV)‐stage oocytes decreased the rates of germinal vesicle breakdown and first polar body (PB1) extrusion; caused defective spindle organization and misaligned chromosomes; and led to aneuploidy in matured oocytes. Stage‐specific antibody injections suggested that SUMO‐1 functions before anaphase I during PB1 extrusion. Further experiments indicated that the localization of γ‐tubulin was disordered after SUMO‐1 inhibition, and that SUMO‐1 depletion disrupted kinetochore‐microtubule attachment at metaphase I. Moreover, SUMO‐1 inhibition resulted in less‐condensed chromosomes, altered localization of REC8 and securin, and reduced BUBR1 accumulation at the centromere. On the other hand, overexpression of SUMO‐1 in GV‐stage oocytes had no significant effect on oocyte maturation. In conclusion, our results implied that SUMO‐1 plays crucial roles during oocyte meiotic maturation, specifically involving spindle assembly and chromosome behavior, by regulating kinetochore‐microtubule attachment and the localization of γ‐tubulin, BUBR1, REC8, and securin. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 712–724, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dedicated receiver array coil for 1H lung imaging with same‐breath acquisition of hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe gas
Authors: Rao Madhwesha , Robb Fraser , Wild Jim M. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeSame‐breath acquisition of 1H and hyperpolarized gases (3He and 129Xe) in the lungs provides complementary information on pulmonary structure and function with inherent spatial‐temporal registration of the images from the different nuclei. To date 1H images have been acquired using the MR system's body coil, which has low SNR when compared with dedicated receiver‐array coils. This study demonstrates the design and application of a dedicated 1H receiver array to improve the 1H lung SNR for use in same‐breath acquisition with hyperpolarized gas 3He or 129Xe at 1.5 Tesla.Theory and MethodsA four‐loop dedicated receiver‐array was developed in‐house for 1H lung MRI to work in compatibility with existing 3He/129Xe transmit–receive coils. As part of the design process, a new generalized circuit formalism was developed for trap circuits for such a dedicated 1H receiver array at 63.8 MHz with traps for 3He 48.6 MHz and 129Xe 17.7 MHz.ResultsThe 1H lung image SNR from the novel 1H array was twice that observed with the 1H body coil when used in same‐breath acquisition with the 3He or 129Xe T–R coil in situ.ConclusionAn array coil to improve 1H SNR of the lung in same‐breath acquisition with hyperpolarized gases has been demonstrated. Magn Reson Med 74:291–299, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility of mapping unidirectional Pi‐to‐ATP fluxes in muscles of the lower leg at 7.0 Tesla
Authors: Parasoglou Prodromos , Xia Ding , Regatte Ravinder R. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeTo assess the feasibility of mapping the kinetics and unidirectional fluxes of inorganic phosphate (Pi) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reactions in the entire volume of the lower leg muscles using a three‐dimensional saturation transfer (ST) phosphorus (31P) imaging sequence.Theory and MethodsWe imaged the lower leg muscles of five healthy subjects at 7.0 Tesla. The total experimental time was 45 min. We quantified muscle‐specific forward reaction rate constants (k′f) and metabolic fluxes (Vf) of the Pi‐to‐ATP reaction in the tibialis anterior, the gastrocnemius, and the soleus.ResultsIn the tibialis anterior, k′f and Vf were 0.11 s−1 ± 0.03 (mean ± standard deviation) and 0.34 mM s−1 ± 0.10, respectively. In the gastrocnemius, k′f was 0.11 s−1 ± 0.04 and Vf was 0.37 mM s−1 ± 0.11, while in the soleus muscle k′f was 0.10 s−1 ± 0.02 and Vf was 0.36 mM s−1 ± 0.14.ConclusionOur results suggest that mapping the kinetics and unidirectional fluxes from Pi‐to‐ATP in both the anterior and posterior muscles of the lower leg is feasible at ultra‐high field and may provide useful insights for the study of insulin resistance, diabetes and aging. Magn Reson Med 74:225–230, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scan time reduction for readout‐segmented EPI using simultaneous multislice acceleration: Diffusion‐weighted imaging at 3 and 7 Tesla
Authors: Frost Robert , Jezzard Peter , Douaud Gwenaëlle , Clare Stuart , Porter David A. , Miller Karla L. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeReadout‐segmented echo‐planar imaging (rs‐EPI) can provide high quality diffusion data because it is less prone to distortion and blurring artifacts than single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (ss‐EPI), particularly at higher resolution and higher field. Readout segmentation allows shorter echo‐spacing and echo train duration, resulting in reduced image distortion and blurring, respectively, in the phase‐encoding direction. However, these benefits come at the expense of longer scan times because the segments are acquired in multiple repetitions times (TRs). This study shortened rs‐EPI scan times by reducing the TR duration with simultaneous multislice acceleration.MethodsThe blipped‐CAIPI method for slice acceleration with reduced g‐factor SNR loss was incorporated into the diffusion‐weighted rs‐EPI sequence. The rs‐ and ss‐EPI sequences were compared at a range of resolutions at both 3 and 7 Tesla in terms of image fidelity and diffusion postprocessing results.ResultsSlice‐accelerated clinically useful trace‐weighted images and tractography results are presented. Tractography analysis showed that the reduced artifacts in rs‐EPI allowed better discrimination of tracts than ss‐EPI.ConclusionSlice acceleration reduces rs‐EPI scan times providing a practical alternative to diffusion‐weighted ss‐EPI with reduced distortion and high resolution. Magn Reson Med 74:136–149, 2015. © 2014 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Short‐T2 imaging for quantifying concentration of sodium (23Na) of bi‐exponential T2 relaxation
Authors: Qian Yongxian , Panigrahy Ashok , Laymon Charles M. , Lee Vincent K. , Drappatz Jan , Lieberman Frank S. , Boada Fernando E. , Mountz James M. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeThis work intends to demonstrate a new method for quantifying concentration of sodium (23Na) of bi‐exponential T2 relaxation in patients on MRI scanners at 3.0 Tesla.Theory and MethodsTwo single‐quantum (SQ) sodium images acquired at very‐short and short echo times (TE = 0.5 and 5.0 ms) are subtracted to produce an image of the short‐T2 component of the bi‐exponential (or bound) sodium. An integrated calibration on the SQ and short‐T2 images quantifies both total and bound sodium concentrations. Numerical models were used to evaluate signal response of the proposed method to the short‐T2 components. MRI scans on agar phantoms and brain tumor patients were performed to assess accuracy and performance of the proposed method, in comparison with a conventional method of triple‐quantum filtering.ResultsA good linear relation (R2 = 0.98) was attained between the short‐T2 image intensity and concentration of bound sodium. A reduced total scan time of 22 min was achieved under the SAR restriction for human studies in quantifying both total and bound sodium concentrations.ConclusionThe proposed method is feasible for quantifying bound sodium concentration in routine clinical settings at 3.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 74:162–174, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.