bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repugnant Customs and Alien Courts
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the ambivalent place of African customary law in the colonial legal system, the tensions arising from conflicting systems of laws and the role of the JCPC and the regional Courts of Appeal in interpreting and applying African customary laws. Focusing on debates over ‘native assessors’ in the colonial courts, native tribunals and the ‘doctrine of repugnancy’, it explores how the tension between imperial universalism and local exceptionalism played out in contested judicial discourse over the role of customary law in imperial justice. It investigates how Imperial Appeal Courts, in dealing with questions of African customary law sought to uphold two frequently conflicting agendas: maintaining fundamental principles of British justice thought to be crucial to legitimizing the Empire, while simultaneously accommodating African customary law considered indispensable to achieving imperial justice
The Bordeaux Trial
Authors: Mégret Frédéric 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyses the trial of Oradour-sur-Glane, which opened before a military tribunal in Bordeaux in 1953. On 10 June 1944, a German column advanced towards the small village of Oradoursur-Glane in the south-west of France. The soldiers killed a total of 648 villagers, making it the worst massacre in occupied France, one of the worst in Western Europe and on a scale comparable to some of the most dramatic mass executions of the Eastern Front. While the trial was meant to condemn Nazi barbarity, it also ended up raising some difficult questions about France, Alsace, forced incorporation, duress, and justice between communities — all issues for which the Bordeaux tribunal turned out to be ill-equipped to address.
Justice for ‘Asian’ Victims
Authors: Morris Narrelle 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the Australian war crimes trials from 1945 to 1951. Specifically, it considers the odd Australian statutory jurisdiction based on classes of victims that enabled some Asian victims of Japanese war crimes to be dealt with in the trials; assesses their presence in the Rabaul trial series; and focuses on representations of Asians as witnesses in several notable trials held at Rabaul. Unlike the Tokyo Tribunal, the Rabaul trials cannot be criticized for seeking justice only for Caucasian victims of Japanese war crimes and for deliberately avoiding or otherwise neglecting the ‘hidden history’ of Asian victims.
Oedipus and Theseus at the Crossroads
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChapter two examines Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus. In the first play, vulnerability to ignorance constitutes a danger to the community, as Oedipus’ self-assurance about his own righteousness contributes to his city’s and family’s downfall. Oedipus initially refuses to accommodate weakness and vulnerability to uncontrollable forces into his vision of human life, and his refusal has grave consequences for those whom he rules and those whom he loves. However, Theseus in Oedipus at Colonus suggests an alternative approach to vulnerability, as Theseus displays compassionate hospitality for the stranger. The figure of Oedipus as a xenos in Colonus reconciles the split between his identity as a polluted man and as a political protector. His incorporation and elevation to protector of Athens displays the Athenian ideal of the polis as the dwelling of all together (synoikismos), in which receptivity to the outsider and even to weakness becomes constitutive of the city’s good.
Politics of Security
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This book focuses on a number of peace movements in Britain and West Germany from the end of Second World War in 1945 to the early 1970s in order to answer this question. Britons and West Germans had been fierce enemies in the Second World War, but after 1945 a substantial number of activists in both countries imagined themselves to be part of a common movement against nuclear armaments and for peace and security. Politics of Security tells the story of how people experienced the cold war as a war. It is about the impact of the cold war on political cultures. This crucial issue is often forgotten in historical memory. In particular, the book follows British and West German anti-nuclear weapons activists in their attempts to campaign for and create security after the destruction of the Second World War, and how their own version of security clashed with concepts advanced by their own governments. But the book also demonstrates how, as part of the protests against nuclear weapons, activists and their societies learned to live with the Bomb: the book recounts how activists first discovered the dangers of nuclear weapons, but how a different generation of activists came to focus on other issues as the Vietnam War became their primary concern. And it makes comprehensible how activists two societies who had fought each other fiercely in the battle of dictatorships and democracies of the Second World War could now come to see each other as part of a common campaign. Fundamentally, with its transnational approach, the book highlights how these two societies with very different experiences and memories of the cruelties and atrocities of the Second World War, drew on very similar arguments when they came to understand the cold war through the prism of the previous world war. The book is the first to capture in a transnational fashion what activists did on the marches and what it meant to them and to others. The book thus reminds us that threats are not merely out there, but that they need to be created in a political process that involves struggles for power and contestation.
From War to Post-War: Security Lost and Found
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter traces the ways in which activists in both countries became aware of the dangers of nuclear weapons in the immediate post-war period and how they developed the first campaigns. It highlights how they tried to carve up new spaces of activism as their societies were reconstructed. It highlights the importance of political traditions from the 1920s as reservoirs for political actions and ideas. The chapter also emphasizes how important memories of the Second World War were for the perception of the present as an ‘atomic age’, when the rejection of the military uses of nuclear weapons went hand in hand with the often enthusiastic endorsement of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy as a marker of modernity.
Organizing the Extra-Parliamentary Politics of Security
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Concepts of ‘fellowship’ and ‘community’ were crucial for generating a feeling of belonging within the movements and for re-creating a synchrony between experiences and life worlds within the movements. As political actors, however, the movements also required organizations to regulate the multitude of communications about security and to turn them into political aims. Activists’ political experiences and the form of social organization were, therefore, intimately related. Movement organizations aided the activists in discussing their aims and in communicating their visions of ‘security’ to the wider public by providing them with rules and procedures that enabled them to translate their manifold experiences into political aims. But the movements’ organizational structures not only facilitated communications; they were themselves products of communicative processes.
Epilogue: Redefining Experiences
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The dynamic interaction between events and the ways West German and British activists made sense of them was the condition that made it possible for activists to gain novel experiences of the cold war, and to reinterpret their agency. But British and West German developments differed in terms of the concrete links that activists made between their broader counter-cultural engagements and their political activism. This had consequences for the ways in which activists reflected upon their activism and developed their experiences from the end of the events around 1968 to the 1970s. This brought early cold war activism to a close: British and West German activists rarely took note of each other. And, while extra-parliamentary activism continued to matter in both countries, West German activists in particular developed entirely novel forms of political engagement that fed into the ‘new’ social movements of the 1970s.
FISP activities and achievements
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The implementation of the FISP as a national programme is complex, involving several activities and interaction and coordination of various stakeholders at different levels. Drawing on programme records and household surveys, this chapter provides detailed information on the changes that have taken place in the design and implementation of the programme from 2005/6 to 2010/11. It is argued that implementation of the programme has largely been successful, with lesson learning and adaption allowing improvements in design and implementation. Cross party political commitment has been an important feature in the implementation of the programme. Nonetheless, major challenges remain in terms of targeting, timeliness of input delivery to farmers, the involvement of the private sector, payment of ‘tips’ by smallholder farmers, and cost control.
Graduation
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Graduation has emerged as an issue in debates about the future of the agricultural input subsidy programme in Malawi, amid concerns about the programme’s high cost and fiscal sustainability. However, graduation processes hardly feature in theoretical consideration of subsidy programmes and the current design of the programme does not make any explicit allowance for the graduation of some farmers from the subsidy over time. This chapter considers ways in which the concept of graduation may be usefully applied to the FISP and sets out a broad conceptualization of graduation for potential application in programme design and implementation. Graduation is conceptualized as a removal of access to the programme that ‘does not leave current beneficiaries supported by the programme unable to pursue sustainable independent livelihoods’. The chapter also highlights the need for a multi-scale approach to facilitate graduation and the political difficulties associated with programme reduction and increasing farmer contributions.
Prayer and Vision in the Middle Ages
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents an account of the medieval symbolic system expressing a Christian cosmology that is mapped onto the body and mapped onto subjectivity. The focus on inwardness in Christian discourse is also a discovery of the way in which the subject recapitulates the broader cosmological structure within the self. Inwardness or the truth within is not secret in the early Christian tradition through the Middle Ages; but the journey within, which is a journey to discover God, is available to all. The chapter examines pre-philosophical vision literature. Here we see a transparency of the self in medieval literature that is to disappear in the later tradition. The symbolic, cosmological world of the Middle Ages disintegrates at the end of the period and gives way to a different kind of inwardness that has retreated from cosmology, now claimed by an objectivist, scientific discourse.
A Hindu Philosophy of Inwardness
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Abhinavagupta, one of the greatest thinkers of the Śaiva Age, is a philosopher of interiority who systematically presents a doctrine of the truth within. He intends to present an analysis of the human situation, especially in response to other competing philosophical systems, and to promote a particular vision of human liberation and the highest good. From one perspective, Abhinavagupta accepts the general Indian world view that we are caught in a web of suffering with all creatures, being born and dying repeatedly until liberated from the cycle. Yet from the highest perspective of pure consciousness, there is only the appearance of repeated birth and death; in reality, a person is identical with the one truth of pure consciousness. The human person is an appearance of pure consciousness, which becomes differentiated into subjects and objects in a process of development in which unity becomes fragmented. This truth is realised in inwardness.
Pragmatic Representations
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Pragmatic representations are the representations that mediate between sensory input and motor output. The aim of this chapter is to argue that they are perceptual states and that they play a very important role in our mental economy. More precisely, the aim is to argue that there are mental representations that are both perceptual states and (part of what constitutes) the immediate mental antecedents of actions. The strategy this chapter follows is to start out with the immediate mental antecedents of actions, explain what they are, and then show that they are (very often) perceptual states.
Action
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Pragmatic representations mediate between sensory input and motor output. This chapter argues that at least sometimes they are the only representational states that mediate between sensory input and motor output. Sometimes we don’t need any beliefs or desires in order to act—only pragmatic representations. This should make us re-evaluate the classic belief–desire picture of motivation. Further, as pragmatic representations are normally unconscious, philosophy of action should be a naturalistic enterprise where, given that introspection will not give us (reliable) information about pragmatic representations, empirical findings need to be used to find out more about the nature of pragmatic representations. The category of semi-actions is also introduced and explained, and the scope of the belief–desire picture is further reduced by providing an alternative picture for deliberative decision-making, which would be the last refuge of the belief–desire model.
Pragmatic Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Pragmatic representations are perceptual states that attribute action-properties. Pragmatic mental imagery is mental imagery that attributes action-properties. Pragmatic mental imagery can serve as the representational component of the immediate antecedent of our actions, but it plays some further roles in our mental life. Some (not all) pretence actions, for example, can be explained with the help of pragmatic mental imagery. And the recently popular concept of “alief” can also be elucidated by this concept.
Vicarious Perception
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Pragmatic representations attribute self-centred action-properties—properties that are relevant to the performance of my action. Vicarious perception attributes other-centred action-properties—properties that are relevant to the performance of someone else’s action. This chapter argues that vicarious perception is a thus far unexplored, very rudimentary, and ontogenetically as well as phylogenetically basic form of social cognition. Some important debates in cognitive science about theory of mind can be fruitfully addressed if we introduce this concept. More precisely, while it is not clear whether non-human primates and infants under one year are capable of theory of mind, it could be argued that the empirical findings show that they are capable of vicarious perception. The phenomenon of seeing something as emotionally relevant to someone else—a form of emotional engagement called ‘vicarious emotional engagement’—is also explored as an alternative to empathy and sympathy.
Gender and Diversity Challenges in Professional Services Firms
Authors: Haynes Kathryn 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter considers the scope and significance of professional services firms by drawing from debates about the nature of professional services firms, and examining their impact within the economy and as employers. It evaluates how professional services limit their membership through closure regimes based on the traditional nature of professionals and professionalism. The main focus of the discussion is on gender challenges in the professional services context as a form of social closure through the need to have appropriate social and physical capital. However, the chapter also considers other forms of social closure, based on class and race among other factors, which also may interact with each other. Finally, the chapter draws out some implications for equality within professional services firms, suggesting that while classic barriers to entry have been overcome, some other inequalities remain, especially in the pursuit of promotion to higher levels and prestigious areas of work.
Innovation in Services
Authors: Salter Ammon , Tether Bruce S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview on innovation in services, particularly from the perspective of innovation studies. It focuses on two questions at the core of the growing body of research on this topic: (1) the level or extent of innovation in services, i.e. whether services are more or less innovative than manufacturing, and (2) the nature of the innovation process, and how this varies across different service activities. The chapter highlights and discusses the substantial variation that exists among services—ranging from traditional service providers through ‘systems firms’ (such as airlines) to professional service firms. It also outlines three debates: how to account for, or measure, service innovation; how to protect and profit from innovation in services; and the intertwining of technological and organizational innovation in services.
Urban Flux: Mobility, Change, and Communities of Faith
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter describes the relationship of demographics and religion. In Philadelphia, congregational development had been directly related to population trends, particularly through the Great Migration and foreign immigration; religion was a pull factor for new residents, contributing to decisions about where to settle. However, it is later seen that population, poverty and religion do not move together but other demographic dynamics are at work in the growth and decline of urban congregations. Still, communities of faith are not at the mercy of social trends but maintain independent agency, and are actively engaged in shaping their urban ecologies, both immediate and across neighborhoods.
Locality in Restructuring
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this paper, I discuss some apparent violations of locality, namely, instances of clitic and NP movement across a wh-item, pointed out by Rizzi (1982). I suggest that the wh-element, which does not contribute an interrogative meaning, does not occur in the CP layer but in a clause-internal position. The wh-item is to be categorized as a wh-indefinite with the distribution of a polarity item. The construction displays other locality restrictions (i.e., the wh-item cannot be moved long distance), and a very limited productivity, which depends on the type of wh-items involved.
Improved salt imaging in a basin context by high resolution potential field data: Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea
Authors: Stadtler Christopher , Fichler Christine , Hokstad Ketil , Myrlund Eva Andrea , Wienecke Susann , Fotland Bente 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe seismic imaging of salt diapirs in the Nordkapp Basin gave rise to considerable problems in defining their shape and volume. Independent information was added by integrating the interpretation with high resolution gravity and magnetic data. We developed a novel, iterative workflow, separated into sub‐categories: sediments, salt structures, basement and Moho. Distinctions between the sources of the anomalies from different depths was achieved by utilizing the different decay characteristics of gravity, gravity gradiometry and high resolution magnetic anomalies. The workflow was applied to the southern part of the Nordkapp Basin. It started with the sedimentary model derived from seismics, populated with measured densities and magnetic susceptibilities and a starting model for the base salt. The residual after the removal of this model was interpreted in terms of a crustal model, including flexural isostatic calculations for the Moho with the sedimentary load. The residual after the removal of crustal and early sedimentary model was used to tune the salt model. As these major and minor modelling steps depend on each other, an iterative process was applied to stepwise improve the density and magnetic susceptibility model. The first vertical gradient of gravity and the magnetic field were found to give most information about the cap rock of the diapirs. The improvement in salt imaging, integrated with results from controlled‐source electromagnetic and magneto‐telluric modelling is shown for the salt diapir Uranus, where a well, terminated in the salt, constrains the minimum of the depth to base salt.
Requiem for analytical psychology: a reflection on Jung's (anti)catastrophic psychology
Authors: Barreto Marco Heleno 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article is an interpretation of analytical psychology in the light of the catastrophic vision and dreams that Jung had in 1913 and 1914. It is shown how the guiding spirit of Jung's psychological project is to be found in that psychic material. Then it is proposed that the completion of the symbolic catastrophe displayed in Jung's last vision (1961) points to the end of the psychological foundations upon which analytical psychology is built, and thus to its cultural obsolescence, extensive to any psychology grounded in Jung's notion of ‘soul’.