bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Progress in Reducing the Burden of Cancer Mortality, 1985-2005
Authors: Soneji Samir , Beltrán-Sánchez Hiram , Sox Harold C. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose Measuring the effect of cancer interventions must take into account rising cancer incidence now that people live longer because of declines in mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cancer mortality rates in the population do not accomplish this objective. We sought a measure that would reveal the effects of changing mortality rates from other diseases. Methods We obtained annual breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer mortality rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries; we obtained noncancer mortality rates from national death certificates, 1975 to 2005. We used life-table methods to calculate the burden of cancer mortality as the average person-years of life lost (PYLL) as a result of cancer (cancer-specific PYLL) and quantify individual—and perhaps offsetting—contributions of the two factors that affect cancer-specific PYLL: mortality rates as a result of cancer and other-cause mortality. Results Falling cancer mortality rates reduced the burden of mortality from leading cancers, but increasing cancer incidence as a result of decreasing other-cause mortality rates partially offset this progress. Between 1985 and 1989 and between 2000 and 2004, the burden of lung cancer in males declined by 0.1 year of life lost. This decline reflects the sum of two effects: decreasing lung cancer mortality rates that reduced the average burden of lung cancer mortality by 0.33 years of life lost and declining other-cause mortality rates that raised it by 0.23 years. Other common cancers showed similar patterns. Conclusion By using a measure that accounts for increased cancer incidence as a result of improvements in CVD mortality, we find that prior assessments have underestimated the impact of cancer interventions.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics of the Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)
Authors: Azevedo Monalisa F. , Faucz Fabio R. , Bimpaki Eirini , Horvath Anelia , Levy Isaac , de Alexandre Rodrigo B. , Ahmad Faiyaz , Manganiello Vincent , Stratakis Constantine A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They are critical regulators of the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP as well as of their signaling pathways and downstream biological effects. PDEs have been exploited pharmacologically for more than half a century, and some of the most successful drugs worldwide today affect PDE function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified as causative of certain human genetic diseases; even more recently, functional variants of PDE genes have been suggested to play a potential role in predisposition to tumors and/or cancer, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. Mouse models have been developed that point to wide developmental effects of PDEs from heart function to reproduction, to tumors, and beyond. This review brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines (biochemistry and pharmacology, oncology, endocrinology, and reproductive sciences) with emphasis on recent research on PDEs, how PDEs affect cAMP and cGMP signaling in health and disease, and what pharmacological exploitations of PDEs may be useful in modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling in a way that prevents or treats certain human diseases.
Experimental Study on the Reaction Pathway of α-Haloacetophenones with NaOMe: Examination of Bifurcation Mechanism
Authors: Tagawa Kohei , Sasagawa Keita , Wakisaka Ken , Monjiyama Shunsuke , Katayama Mika , Yamataka Hiroshi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The reaction of PhCOCH2Br and NaOMe in MeOH gave PhCOCH2OH as the major product and PhCOCH2OMe as the minor product. Substituent effects on the reactivity and product selectivity revealed that an electron-withdrawing substituent on the phenyl ring enhanced the overall reactivity and gave more alcohol than ether. It was indicated that the alcohol was formed via carbonyl addition-epoxidation, whereas the ether was formed by direct substitution. Substituent effects on the reaction rates, as well as the effects of NaOMe concentration on the rate and product ratio for both reactions of PhCOCH2Br and PhCOCH2Cl are in line with the mechanism that the alcohol and ether products were formed via two independent and concurrent routes, carbonyl addition and α-carbon attack, respectively, and thus the reaction mechanism could be different from the bifurcation mechanism previously predicted for the reaction of PhCOCH2Br by a simulation study in the gas phase.
Simulation of a New Chemical-Looping Combustion Process without Sulfur Evolution Based on Ca-Based Oxygen Carrier
Authors: Tian Hongjing , Hu Xiude , Chang Jing , Han Mingdong , Sun Guanglin , Guo Qingjie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is a promising oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion system. The release of sulfurous gas in the circulating of Ca-based oxygen carrier is a crucial problem. In this paper, it is found that the released amount of sulfurous gas is greatly affected by the partial pressure of reductive gas. If the partial pressure of the mixed reductive gases, composed of H2 and CO, maintains higher than 40 kPa, the sulfurous gas can be completely eliminated even at the reacting temperature higher than 1,000°C. Therefore, a new chemical-looping combustion system based on CaSO4 and NiO oxygen carrier, without any sulfur evolution, is simulated using Aspen Plus software. In the system, the syngas is generated from the steam gasification of coal and reacts with CaSO4 and NiO consecutively. The sulfur release occurred in the circulating of Ca-based oxygen carriers can be prevented because the concentrations of CO and H2 keep higher than 45% in the presence of Ca-based oxygen carriers. The suitable operating regime, in which auto-thermally operating of the system, zero-sulfur release and easy sequestration of CO2 from the flue gas are realized, is proposed in this paper. The effects of fuel reactor temperature, air reactor temperature and the recycle rate of oxygen carrier on the released heat from the system and the concentration of CO2 and H2O are also studied in the paper.
A new Green's function Monte Carlo algorithm for the solution of
the three-dimensional nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation:
Application to the modeling of plasma sheath layers
Authors: Chatterjee Kausik , Roadcap John R. , Singh Surendra 
Published: January 2014

Abstract.
The objective of this paper is the exposition of a recently-developed
Green's function Monte Carlo (GFMC) algorithm for the solution of nonlinear
partial differential equations and its application to the modeling of the
plasma sheath region around a spherical conducting object, carrying a
potential and moving at low speeds through a partially ionized medium. The
plasma sheath is modeled in equilibrium through the GFMC solution of the
nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann (NPB) equation. The traditional GFMC-based
approaches for the solution of nonlinear equations involve the iterative
solution of a series of linear problems. Over the last several years, one of
the authors of this paper, K. Chatterjee, has been developing a
philosophically different approach, where the linearization of the equation
of interest is not required and hence there is no need for iteration.
Instead, an approximate expression for the Green's function is obtained
using perturbation theory, which is used to formulate the random walk
equations within the problem sub-domains, where the random-walker makes its
walks. On the other hand, as a trade-off, the dimensions of these
sub-domains have to be restricted by the limitations imposed by perturbation
theory. The greatest advantage of this approach is the ease and simplicity
of parallelization stemming from the lack of the need for iteration, as a
result of which the parallelization procedure is identical to the
parallelization procedure for the GFMC solution of a linear problem.
However, the premise of the algorithm is novel and rigorous mathematical
justification has to be established in the future. The application areas of
interest include the communication blackout problem during a space vehicle's
re-entry into the atmosphere and electromagnetic propagation through the
atmosphere/ionosphere in UHF/GPS applications.
Life cycle costs and environmental impacts of a nearly zero-energy detached house
Authors: Szalay Zs. , Csoknyai T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The recast of the Energy Performance Building Directive contains a new article about the need to increase the number of buildings which go beyond current national requirements, and to draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) with the final target that by 2020 all new buildings shall be nearly-zero energy. Nearly zero-energy buildings are buildings with a very high energy performance, where the remaining low energy demand can be supplied to a significant extent by renewable energy.
In this paper, a detached house complying with the proposed Hungarian nZEB requirements is analysed. The life cycle cost and life cycle environmental impacts of the building are assessed for various building service systems to optimise the building design.
Environmental analysis and a suggestion for assessment of detached houses
Authors: Minarovičová K. , Rabenseifer R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The article presents environmental analysis of a detached house in terms of its life cycle. The analysis is simplified in order to compare the built and operational energy of the building whereas the operational energy is described using computer aided building performance simulation. The input data related to the built (embodied) energy are based on information from classical works on life cycle analysis. The article also justifies the simplification of environmental analysis, which aims to build pragmatically on existing standardization and legislation on energy performance of buildings. The final section provides some considerations concerning the environmental assessment of buildings.
Geographical aspects of the diffusion of passive houses
Authors: Kozma G. , Molnár E. , Czimre K. , Pénzes J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In our days, energy issues belong to the most important problems facing the Earth and the solution may be expected partly from decreasing the amount of the energy used and partly from the increased utilisation of renewable energy resources. A substantial part of energy consumption is related to buildings and includes, inter alia, the use for cooling/heating, lighting and cooking purposes. In the view of the above, special attention has been paid to minimising the energy consumption of buildings since the late 1980s. Within the framework of that, the passive house was created, a building in which the thermal comfort can be achieved solely by postheating or postcooling of the fresh air mass without a need for recirculated air.
The aim of the paper is to study the changes in the construction of passive houses over time. In addition, the differences between the geographical locations and the observable peculiarities with regard to the individual building types are also presented.
Diffusional Phase Transformation under Induced Thermal Stress
Authors: Zingu E C , Mofokeng B T 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhen thin films are deposited on substrates or when compound films are formed through interdiffusion of multi-film structures, intrinsic stress develops in the various films. Thermal mismatch between the expansion coefficients of the substrate and films in multi-film structures gives rise to extrinsic stress at elevated temperaturesBy using Si<100> and rolled Al foil substrates supporting the same multi-film structure SiO2/Si/Co, the effect of extrinsic stress on interdiffusion of thin films is isolated.Silicide growth is found to be inhibited (delayed) when formed on Al substrates compared to that formed on Si substrates. The delay in silicide growth is ascribed to delamination caused by large tensile stress prior to silicide formation. The growth rate of Co2Si is found to be similar on both Al and Si substrates
Meeting report: BDS supervising engineers’ forum 2013 – post-event analysis
Authors: Down Peter D. 
Published: January 2014

The 11th British Dam Society supervising engineers’ forum was successfully held at the National Motorcycle Museum in Solihull, West Midlands on 17 April 2013. This paper summarises the experiences and feedback received relating to the event and highlights where learning has been gained that may be of use for the next forum.
“Widely Perceived as Grossly Unfair”: The Unfulfilled Promise of Interest Abatement
Authors: Gamino John 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper explores Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 6404(e)(1). Enacted in 1986 and amended in 1996, this section authorizes the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to abate assessed interest on tax deficiencies and underpayments to the extent attributable to prescribed categories of procedural error or delay committed by the IRS in the course of audits and other routine processes. A companion provision, section 6404(h), enacted in 1996, grants the Tax Court jurisdiction to review IRS abatement determinations for abuse of discretion. This paper analyzes the statutory language, legislative history, Treasury regulations, and other administrative materials, as well as post-1996 Tax Court opinions, toward identifying problematic factors that to date have frustrated the stated congressional intent. Recommendations for clarifying statutory amendments are noted.
Anesthetic Efficacy of a Combination of 0.9 M Mannitol Plus 68.8 mg of Lidocaine With 50 μg Epinephrine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks: A Prospective Randomized, Single Blind Study
Authors: Cohen Howard , Reader Al , Drum Melissa , Nusstein John , Beck Mike 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this prospective randomized, single blind study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of 68.8 mg of lidocaine with 50 μg epinephrine compared to 68.8 mg lidocaine with 50 μg epinephrine plus 0.9 M mannitol in inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks. Forty subjects randomly received 2 IAN blocks consisting of a 1.72-mL formulation of 68.8 mg lidocaine with 50 μg epinephrine and a 5-mL formulation of 68.8 mg lidocaine with 50 μg epinephrine (1.72 mL) plus 0.9 M mannitol (3.28 mL) in 2 separate appointments spaced at least 1 week apart. Mandibular anterior and posterior teeth were blindly electric pulp tested at 4-minute cycles for 60 minutes postinjection. No response from the subject to the maximum output (80 reading) of the pulp tester was used as the criterion for pulpal anesthesia. Total percent pulpal anesthesia was defined as the total of all the times of pulpal anesthesia (80 readings), for each tooth, over the 60 minutes. One hundred percent of the subjects had profound lip numbness with both inferior alveolar nerve blocks. The results demonstrated that the 5 mL-formulation of 68.8 mg lidocaine with 50 μg epinephrine plus 0.9 M mannitol was significantly better than the 1.72-mL formulation of 68.8 mg lidocaine with 50 μg epinephrine for all teeth, except the lateral incisor. We concluded that adding 0.9 M mannitol to a lidocaine with epinephrine formulation was significantly more effective in achieving a greater percentage of total pulpal anesthesia (as defined in this study) than a lidocaine formulation without mannitol. However, the 0.9 M mannitol/lidocaine formulation would not provide 100% pulpal anesthesia for all the mandibular teeth.
Risk Factors With Intravenous Sedation for Patients With Disabilities
Authors: Yoshikawa Fumihiro , Tamaki Yoh , Okumura Hisa , Miwa Zenzo , Ishikawa Masaaki , Shimoyama Kazuhiro , Nakamura Zenkou , Kunimori Hitomi , Jinno Shigeharu , Kohase Hikaru , Fukayama Haruhisa 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with low peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and delayed recovery of dental patients with disabilities after intravenous sedation. A total of 1213 patients with disabilities were retrospectively investigated with respect to demographic parameters and sedation conditions. Multivariate logistic analyses were conducted for patients with an SpO2 <90% and a recovery period of >60 minutes to identify the risk factors for poor sedation conditions. A significant odds ratio related to decreased SpO2 was observed for age, sex, midazolam and propofol levels, concurrent use of nitrous oxide, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and mental retardation. The most problematic patients were those diagnosed with Down syndrome (odds ratio, 3.003–7.978; 95% confidence interval; P < .001). Decision tree analysis showed an increased risk of decreased SpO2 in males with Down syndrome or after administration of >0.493 mg/kg propofol in combination with midazolam. An increased risk of delayed awakening was seen in patients aged less than 21 years and in males administered >0.032 mg/kg of midazolam. Intravenous sedation for dental patients with disabilities, particularly those with cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, or mental retardation, increases the risk of decreased SpO2. In addition, delayed recovery is expected after midazolam administration.
Prevalence and molecular characteristics of rotaviruses from Polish turkey flocks between 2008 and 2011
Authors: Domańska-Blicharz Katarzyna , Jacukowicz Anna , Minta Zenon 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Between 2008 and 2011, commercial turkey flocks in Poland were examined for the presence of rotaviruses. Ten faecal swabs from each of 207 turkey flocks (turkeys aged one to 19 weeks) were collected in different regions of the country and tested using a PCR assay that targeted the NSP4 gene. The prevalence of rotavirus was 20.3% in the flocks tested. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear division into groups dependent on geographical origin of the analysed viruses. All Polish rotaviruses belonged to the European group. However, they were found to be genetically variable based on the sequence analysis. The most frequently identified rotaviruses belonged to RV-1 subgroup and two of them formed a distinct subgroup of RV-2. Rotaviruses were detected in healthy and enteric turkeys. The observed amino acid changes probably did not affect the group affiliation, nor the pathogenecity of the studied rotavirus strains.
Microbiological quality of feed materials used between 2009 and 2012 in Poland
Authors: Kukier Elżbieta , Goldsztejn Magdalena , Grenda Tomasz , Kwiatek Krzysztof , Bocian Łukasz 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The study was conducted at all regional veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Feed materials were examined for Salmonella prevalence and contamination by Enterobacteriaceae, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total plate count, fungi, Clostridium sp., and Bacillus cereus. Assays were done following international and Polish standards used in food and feed microbiology. Salmonella sp. were most often detected in oil seeds. In most of the examined feed ingredients, the number of Enterobacteriaceae did not exceed 10 cfu/g. The contamination by aerobic bacteria ranged most often from 101to 107 cfu/g, and the highest mycological contamination was noted in cereal grains (108 cfu/g). The results showed that microbial contamination of feed materials in regard to Enterobacteriaceae, fungi, and total plate counts declined over the past years.
Simultaneous determination of multi – component mycotoxin in feeds by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pietruszka Katarzyna , Sell Bartosz , Burek Olga , Wiśniewska-Dmytrow Henryka 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A multiresidue method for determination and quantification of Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and metabolite of Aspergillus and Penicillium species - ochratoxin A in feeds was described. The method was based on the simultaneous extraction of selected mycotoxins from matrix, followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using a hybrid triple quadrupole - linear ion trap mass spectrometer with the multiple reaction monitoring in both positive- and negative-ion modes. The method was validated in accordance with the Commision Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. The mean recoveries of mycotoxins from spiked feed samples ranged from 74.6% to 113.9%, whereas limit of detection and quantification ranged from 0.72 to 12.4 μg/kg and 1.86 to 31.7 μg/kg, respectively.
Risk Index Model Building: Application for Field Ramp Metering Safety Evaluation on Urban Motorway Traffic in Paris
Authors: Salem Habib Haj , Farhi Nadir , Lebacque Jean Patrick 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper aims at developing a risk index based on real-data measurements, which can be used either off-line as an evaluation index during the evaluation process which leads to the dramatical reduction of the field test periods, or in real-time like: a safety monitoring tool (e.g. safety user warning system), or a multi-criterion function to be optimized in real time (safety index combined with a traffic index) within several control strategies, such as coordinated ramp metering, speed limit control, route guidance, etc.
Escherichia coli as a potential indicator of Biebrza River enrichment sources / Escherichia coli jako potencjalny wskaźnik wzbogacania wód rzeki Biebrzy
Authors: Frąk Magdalena 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The number of Escherichia coli cells in the waters of the Biebrza River was analyzed. The results were compared with the values of select chemical water quality indicators and with the Biebrza River catchment development. Organic contamination was detected along the entire run of the River and was caused by the presence of substances washed off the adjacent marshy areas and the influx of household and agricultural wastewaters. The highest number of bacteria was found in the Middle and Lower Basins of the Biebrza River. The incease in the number of E. coli in the spring to over 24 MPN·cm-3 is a result of the numerous presence of water birds in the area of the National Park. Of consequence are also meltwaters that introduce contamination from peat lands into the watercourse. The increased number of E. coli cells in the summer is related to runoff from the areas along the River with numerous farms and dairy cattle pastures. The number of bacteria in the river is most probably influenced by changes in water levels and types of accumulated sediment. The Escherichia coli count allows determining the source of the contamination of surface waters, which is of particular significance for planned water management on protected areas. The number of E. coli below 7 MPN·cm-3 in the waters of the Biebrza River is at the natural background level, whereas counts of over 24 MPN·cm-3 are related to the influx of household wastewaters.