bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual dimorphism in relative sacral breadth among catarrhine primates
Authors: Moffett Elizabeth A. , Maddux Scott D. , Ward Carol V. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAs the sacrum contributes to the size and shape of the birth canal, the sexually dimorphic sacrum of humans is frequently interpreted within obstetric contexts. However, while the human sacrum has been extensively studied, comparatively little is known about sacral morphology in nonhuman primates. Thus, it remains unclear whether sacral sexual dimorphism exists in other primates, and whether potential dimorphism is primarily related to obstetrics or other factors such as body size dimorphism. In this study, sacra of Homo sapiens, Hylobates lar, Nasalis larvatus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, and Pan paniscus were evaluated for sexual dimorphism in relative sacral breadth (i.e., the ratio of overall sacral breadth to first sacral vertebral body breadth). Homo sapiens, H. lar, N. larvatus, and G. gorilla exhibit dimorphism in this ratio. Of these, the first three species have large cephalopelvic proportions, whereas G. gorilla has small cephalopelvic proportions. P. pygmaeus, P. troglodytes, and P. paniscus, which all have small cephalopelvic proportions, were not dimorphic for relative sacral breadth. We argue that among species with large cephalopelvic proportions, wide sacral alae in females facilitate birth by increasing the pelvic inlet's transverse diameter. However, given the small cephalopelvic proportions among gorillas, an obstetric basis for dimorphism in relative sacral breadth appears unlikely. This raises the possibility that sacral dimorphism in gorillas is attributable to selection for relatively narrow sacra in males rather than relatively broad sacra in females. Accordingly, these results have implications for interpreting pelvic dimorphism among fossil primates, including hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:435–446, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hominoid humeral morphology: 3D morphometric analysis
Authors: Holliday Trenton W. , Friedl Lukáš 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTVariation in humeral morphology among hominoids has long been recognized in relation to both phylogeny and behavior. Here, we use 3D landmark data to analyze humeral shape among hominoids, including hylobatids (n = 37), Pongo (n = 33), Homo (n = 74), Pan (n = 55), and Gorilla (n = 45) to examine the relative influence of phylogenetic history vs. locomotor adaptation on humeral shape. Principal components analysis (PCA) of Procrustes shape data derived from 19 humeral type II or type III landmarks (Bookstein, 1991) for these taxa reveals the following: PC1, which primarily reflects the humeral torsion (or lack thereof) and relative diaphyseal and epiphyseal breadths, separates the relatively narrow‐shafted, small articular dimensions and low humeral torsion Hylobates, and to a lesser extent, Pongo, humeri from those of the African hominoids. PC2, which largely contrasts shafts that are posteriorly convex (high PC2 scores) with antero‐posteriorly straight humeral shafts (low PC2 scores) separates Homo, who tend to have A‐P straighter shafts, from the more A‐P bowed humeral shafts of the apes. These shape patterns suggest that the bowed shafts of Pan, Pongo, and Gorilla (and to a lesser extent, hylobatids) are due to the fact that in each of these taxa, the humerus is a weight‐bearing bone, whereas the shafts of Homo are freed from locomotion. More subtle behavioral indicators are also elucidated, whereas cluster analyses (minimum spanning tree fit to a principal coordinates [PCO] plot and UPGMA dendrogram) reveal strong phylogenetic signals in the hominoid humerus as well. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:506–515, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ cross‐linked‐PDMS/BPPO membrane for the recovery of butanol by pervaporation
Authors: Liu Wei , Ji Shu‐Lan , Guo Hong‐Xia , Gao Jing , Qin Zhen‐Ping 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, an in situ crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/brominated polyphenylene oxide (c‐PDMS/BPPO) membrane on ceramic tube has been prepared for the recovery of butanol by pervaporation. A series of BPPO with different bromide‐substituted ratio were firstly synthesized through Wohl–Ziegler reaction. BPPO and PDMS were sequentially assembled and in situ crosslinked to form the final c‐PDMS/BPPO membrane. The results of solid‐state NMR and Differential Scanning Calorimeter demonstrated that the c‐PDMS/BPPO copolymer has a crosslinking structure and the SEM result proved the coverage of ceramic tube by copolymer layer. The effects of preparation conditions including dipping time and bromide‐substituted ratio of BPPO on the membrane performance were studied. The pervaporation experiments of butanol–water mixture indicated that the c‐PDMS/BPPO membrane exhibited an acceptable flux of 220 g·m−2·h−1 and high separation factor of 35 towards butanol, when the bromide‐substituted ratio was 34 wt % and the dipping time was 1.33 h. Moreover, the c‐PDMS/BPPO membrane performed excellent stability in an about 200 h continuous butanol recovery, as compared to the PDMS membrane. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40004.
Photocuring of cycloaliphatic epoxy formulations using polyesters with multiarm star topology as additives
Authors: Flores Marjorie , Fernández‐Francos Xavier , Ramis Xavier , Sangermano Marco , Ferrando Francesc , Serra Àngels 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMultiam star polyesters were synthesized by growing poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) arms from hyperbranched polyesters cores of different molecular weight and used as polymeric modifiers in UV‐curable cationic formulations based on a biscycloaliphatic epoxy resin. The effect of the multiarm stars on the curing kinetics has been investigated by real‐time FTIR. The thermal‐mechanical properties of the photocured thermosets have been studied with calorimetry and dynamomechanical and thermogravimetric analysis. Impact strength tests have been performed to assess their effect on the toughness of the cured materials. An accelerative effect of these modifiers has been observed as a consequence of the participation of the hydroxyl groups of the modifiers in the cationic curing of the epoxy resin. A modest increase in toughness accompanied by a decrease in the glass transition are observed, as a consequence of the incorporation of the modifiers into the network structure, leading to homogeneous, in situ reinforced materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40005.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of low viscosity tetra‐functional epoxy resin N,N,N′,N′‐ tetraglycidyl‐3,3′‐diethyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane
Authors: Zheng Fuqin , Zhao Xiaojuan , Yang Xin , Zhang Ying , Huang Wei 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTetra‐functional epoxy resin N,N,N′,N′‐tetraglycidyl‐3,3′‐diethyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDEDDM) was synthesized and characterized. The viscosity of TGDEDDM at 25°C was 7.2 Pa·s, much lower than that of N,N,N′,N′‐tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM). DSC analysis revealed that the reactivity of TGDEDDM with curing agent 4,4′‐diamino diphenylsulfone (DDS) was significantly lower than that of TGDDM. Owing to its lower viscosity and reactivity, TGDEDDM/DDS exhibited a much wider processing temperature window compared to TGDDM/DDS. Trifluoroborane ethylamine complex (BF3‐MEA) was used to promote the curing of TGDEDDM/DDS to achieve a full cure, and the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured TGDEDDM were investigated and compared with those of the cured TGDDM. It transpired that, due to the introduction of ethyl groups, the heat resistance and flexural strength were reduced, while the modulus was enhanced. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40009.
Mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(trimethylene carbonate)/talc composite films
Authors: Qin Yuyue , Yang Jiyi , Yuan Minglong , Xue Jing , Chao Jianxin , Wu Yan , Yuan Mingwei 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(l‐lactic acid) (PLA) is now a very attractive polymer for food packaging applications. In this study, PLA/poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC)/talc composite films were prepared by solvent casting. The influence of the talc loading (0, 1, 2, and 3 wt %) on the phase morphology of the PLA/PTMC/talc composites and the improvement in the resulting properties are reported in this article. The scanning electron microscopy images of the composite films demonstrated good compatibility between the PLA and PTMC, whereas talc was not thoroughly distributed in the PLA matrix at talc contents exceeding 3 wt %. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films significantly improved (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the water vapor permeability and oxygen properties of the composite films decreased by 24.7 and 39.2%, respectively, at the 2 wt % talc loading. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the crystallinity of the PLA phase increased with the presence of talc filler in the PLA/PTMC/talc composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40016.
Lap shear strength and thermal stability of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol a/epoxy novolac adhesives with nanoreinforcing fillers
Authors: Mansourian‐Tabaei Mohammad , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Khonakdar Hossein Ali 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTNanoreinforcing fillers have shown outstanding mechanical properties and widely used as reinforcing materials associated to polymeric matrices for high performance applications. In this study, a series of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)‐, nano‐Al2O3‐, nano‐SiO2‐, and talc‐reinforced epoxy resin adhesives composites were developed. The influence of different types and contents of nanofillers on adhesion, elongation at break, and thermal stability (under air and nitrogen atmospheres) of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/epoxy novolac adhesives was investigated. A simple and effective approach to prepare adhesives with uniform and suitable dispersion of nanofillers into epoxy matrix was found to be mechanical stirring combined with ultrasonication. Transmission electron microscopic and scanning electron microscopic investigations revealed that nanofillers were homogeneously dispersed in epoxy matrix at optimized nanofiller loadings. Adhesion strength was measured by lap shear strength test as a function of nano‐Al2O3 and MWCNTs loadings. The results indicated that the lap shear strength was significantly increased by about 50% and 70% with addition of MWCNTs and nano‐Al2O3 up to a certain level, respectively. The highest lap shear strength was reached at 1.5 wt % of nano‐Al2O3 loading. MWCNTs at all loadings (except 3 wt %) and nano‐Al2O3 have enhanced onset of degradation temperature and char yield of the adhesives. By combined incorporation of 0.75 wt % nano‐Al2O3 and 0.75 wt % MWCNTs into the epoxy novolac/DGEBA blend adhesives a synergistic effect was observed in the thermal stability of the adhesives at high temperatures (800°C). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40017.
Novel strategy for the ionotropic crosslinking of chitosan–alginate polyelectrolyte complexes
Authors: Türkoğlu Tunçer , Taşcıoğlu Senay 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe formation kinetics of chitosan–alginate polyelectrolyte complex (CAPEC) was investigated in the presence of various ionic crosslinkers. The effects of binary mixtures of some anions with Ca2+ cations were also studied as a novel application. CAPEC gelation was enhanced in cases where Ca2+ ions coexisted with anionic crosslinkers compared to their conventional individual use, and this resulted in dispersions with higher stability. We demonstrated that the effects of some anions on CAPEC gelation could be reversed in the presence of Ca2+ ions, such that the inhibitory anions became enhancers. The results also revealed that Ca2+ ions, the most widely used ionic crosslinkers in CAPEC synthesis, exerted inhibitory effect on CAPEC gelation at low concentrations; in addition, the use of Ca2+ ions alone resulted in decreased dispersion stability. The effects of the binary crosslinker on the structure and properties of CAPEC were studied by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and ζ‐potential analyses. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40019.
Population genetic structure of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Adriatic Sea and contiguous regions: implications for international conservation
Authors: Gaspari Stefania , Holcer Draško , Mackelworth Peter , Fortuna Caterina , Frantzis Alexandros , Genov Tilen , Vighi Morgana , Natali Chiara , Rako Nikolina , Banchi Elisa , Chelazzi Guido , Ciofi Claudio 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Habitat diversity plays a significant role in shaping the genetic structure of cetacean populations. However, the processes involved in defining the genetic differentiation of these highly mobile marine mammals are still largely unknown.
Levels of genetic differentiation and dispersal patterns of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were assessed in the north‐eastern Mediterranean Sea, with a focus on the Adriatic Sea. This is a region characterized by diverse marine ecosystems and high levels of human‐induced habitat degradation.
Although this species seems almost uniformly distributed throughout the Adriatic Basin, genetic evidence rejected the hypothesis of a single stock. Pairwise estimates of genetic differentiation at 12 microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial DNA (entire control region, 920bp), revealed diverse levels of genetic differentiation among five putative populations from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Aegean Sea.
A fine‐scale genetic structure was recorded within the Adriatic Sea, where females appear to be the principal gene flow mediators. The assessment of recent migration rates indicates a relatively high level of gene flow from the North Adriatic towards adjacent areas.
Indication of a fine‐scale population structure across the Adriatic Sea is a factor to be carefully considered in the emerging marine management scenario set by the implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/CE), particularly when it comes to assessing and managing direct mortality caused by human activities (e.g. fisheries or maritime traffic). A good knowledge of population structure at the basin level is also fundamental for the identification of potential Adriatic Special Areas of Conservation for the bottlenose dolphin under the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of a Camptothecin Prodrug with Glutathione‐Responsive Disulfide Linker for Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Xu Zhigang , Wang Dongdong , Xu Shuang , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhang Haixia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe present here a novel camptothecin (CPT) prodrug based on polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether‐block‐poly(2‐methacryl ester hydroxyethyl disulfide‐graft‐CPT) (MPEG‐SS‐PCPT). It formed biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters of approximately 122 nm with a CPT loading content as high as approximately 25 wt % in aqueous solution. In in vitro release studies, these MPEG‐SS‐PCPT NPs could undergo triggered disassembly and much faster release of CPT under glutathione (GSH) stimulus than in the absence of GSH. The CPT prodrug had high antitumor activity, and another anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX⋅HCl), could also be introduced into the prodrug with a high loading amount. The DOX⋅HCl‐loaded CPT prodrug could deliver two anticancer drugs at the same time to produce a collaborative cytotoxicity toward cancer cells, which suggested that this GSH‐responsive NP system might become a promising carrier to improve drug‐delivery efficacy.
Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol on damages of mouse cortical neurons induced by β‐amyloid through activation of SIRT1/Akt1 pathway
Authors: Zhang Jing , Feng Xiaowen , Wu Jintao , Xu Hongyan , Li Guibao , Zhu Dexiao , Yue Qingwei , Liu Haili , Zhang Yi , Sun Dong , Wang Hui , Sun Jinhao 
Published: October 2013

AbstractResveratrol (3,5,4'‐tihydroxy‐trans‐stilbene), a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in the skin and seeds of grapes, has been reported to possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antimutagenic effects. The present study intended to explore the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol against Aβ25–35‐induced neurotoxicity of cultured mouse cortical neurons and the possible mechanisms involved. For this purpose, mouse cortical neurons were cultured and exposed to 30 μM Aβ25–35 in the absence or presence of resveratrol (5, 10, and 25 μM). In addition, the potential contribution of the SIRT1/Akt1 neuroprotective pathway in resveratrol‐mediated protection against Aβ25–35‐induced neurotoxicity was also investigated. The results showed that resveratrol dose‐dependently increased cell viability and reduced the number of apoptotic cells as measured by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity assay, and Hoechst/PI double staining. Further study revealed that resveratrol through activation of SIRT1/Akt1 to avert apoptosis. These findings raise the possibility that resveratrol may be a potent therapeutic compound against the neurodegenerative diseases. © 2013 BioFactors, 40(2):258–267, 2014
Determination of different forms of aminothiols in red blood cells without washing erythrocytes
Authors: Dellanoce Cinzia , Cozzi Lorena , Zuddas Stefania , Pratali Lorenza , Accinni Roberto 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTDetection and quantification of different aminothiols forms (reduced and total) in biological fluids are important for the investigation of oxidative stress‐related diseases and cell homeostasis study. The aim of this study was to optimize a HPLC method in order to determine both reduced and total thiol forms in red blood cells (RBC) at low temperature without washing erythrocytes. Analytical recoveries for total and reduced thiols were 91.6–98.5 and 94.9–98.2% respectively. The relative standard deviations intra‐assay for total and reduced thiols were 1.14–3.64 and 0.83–2.3% respectively and the relative standard deviations inter‐assay for total and reduced thiols were 1.12–3.54 and 0.84–2.03%, respectively. This method allows specific analysis of the aminothiol state inside the RBC, as a model of intracellular metabolism functioning. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The moderating influence of socio‐demographic factors on the relationship between consumer psychographics and the attitude towards private label brands
Authors: Shukla Paurav , Banerjee Madhumita , Adidam Phani Tej 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study examines the moderating influence of socio‐demographic variables (gender, age, education, income and family size) on the relationship between psychographic measures (general deal proneness, price‐related deal proneness, end‐of‐aisle display proneness, impulsiveness, smart‐shopper self‐perceptions and brand loyalty) and consumers' attitude towards private label brands. The proposed hypotheses are tested by collecting data at three different British supermarkets and assessed using structural equation modelling. The study reveals findings contrary to the prevailing views about consumer psychographics and socio‐demographics, including the following: (i) the significance of deal proneness among high‐income consumers; (ii) the end‐of‐aisle display proneness among older, high‐income and highly educated consumers; and (c) the relationship between impulsiveness and brand attitude among low‐income and less‐educated consumers. The study also provides multiple insights relating to psycho‐demographic targeting and display strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bimetallic–Organic Framework as a Zero‐Leaching Catalyst in the Aerobic Oxidation of Cyclohexene
Authors: Liu Ying‐Ya , Leus Karen , Bogaerts Thomas , Hemelsoet Karen , Bruneel Els , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Van Der Voort Pascal 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA gallium 2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐dicarboxylate metal–organic framework (MOF), denoted as COMOC‐4, has been synthesized by solvothermal synthesis. This MOF exhibits the same topology as MOF‐253. CuCl2 was incorporated into COMOC‐4 by a post‐synthetic modification (PSM). The spectroscopic absorption properties of the MOF framework before and after PSM were compared with theoretical data obtained by employing molecular dynamics combined with time‐dependent DFT calculations on both the as‐synthesized and functionalized linker. The catalytic behavior of the resulting Cu2+@COMOC‐4 material was evaluated in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene with isobutyraldehyde as a co‐oxidant. In addition, the catalytic performance of Cu2+@COMOC‐4 was compared with that of the commercially available Cu‐BTC (BTC=benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate) MOF. Cu2+@COMOC‐4 exhibits a good cyclohexene conversion and an excellent selectivity towards cyclohexene oxide in comparison to the Cu‐based reference catalyst. Furthermore, no leaching of the active Cu sites was observed during at least four consecutive runs.
Synthesis and Properties of a Bio‐Based Epoxy Resin with High Epoxy Value and Low Viscosity
Authors: Ma Songqi , Liu Xiaoqing , Fan Libo , Jiang Yanhua , Cao Lijun , Tang Zhaobin , Zhu Jin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA bio‐based epoxy resin (denoted TEIA) with high epoxy value (1.16) and low viscosity (0.92 Pa s, 25 °C) was synthesized from itaconic acid and its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Its curing reaction with poly(propylene glycol) bis(2‐aminopropyl ether) (D230) and methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) was investigated. For comparison, the commonly used diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) was also cured with the same curing agents. The results demonstrated that TEIA showed higher curing reactivity towards D230/MHHPA and lower viscosity compared with DGEBA, resulting in the better processability. Owing to its high epoxy value and unique structure, comparable or better glass transition temperature as well as mechanical properties could be obtained for the TEIA‐based network relative to the DGEBA‐based network. The results indicated that itaconic acid is a promising renewable feedstock for the synthesis of bio‐based epoxy resin with high performance.
Fabrication of Flowerlike Vaterite Calcium Carbonate Crystal Aggregates by Self‐Assembly in Water/Ethanol Mixtures
Authors: Mao Bao‐Guang , Chu De‐Qing , Wang Ao‐Xuan , Wang Li‐Min , Sun Hong‐Ming , Zhang Zhi‐Yu , Yang Xiao‐Zhong 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVaterite calcium carbonate hierarchical structures with a flowerlike appearance have been successfully synthesized by means of a nanoparticle‐mediated self‐organization process in an ethanol/water mixed solution system under mild conditions without using any organic additives. A mechanism for the formation of vaterite crystal aggregates with flowerlike structures made of decussate “cigars” is presented. There are two points that play important roles in the regular organization of the terminal products: one is the concentration of carbonate, and the other is the volume ratio of ethanol/double‐distilled water. In view of the results, a nanoparticle‐mediated self‐organization process is helpful in controlling the aggregation‐driven formation of complex higher‐order‐structured materials and will provide new insights into biomineralization mechanisms. This study could provide an additional tool for designing advanced materials and could be used for the synthesis of more complex crystalline three‐dimensional structures.