bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greater Dose-Ranging Effects on A1C Levels Than on Glucosuria With LX4211, a Dual Inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Metformin Monotherapy
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Cefalu William T. , Lapuerta Pablo , Zambrowicz Brian , Ogbaa Ike , Banks Phillip , Sands Arthur 
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE
To assess the dose-ranging efficacy and safety of LX4211, a dual inhibitor of sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 1 and SGLT2, in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled on metformin were randomly assigned to 75 mg once daily, 200 mg once daily, 200 mg twice daily, or 400 mg once daily of LX4211 or placebo. Primary end point was A1C change from baseline to week 12. Secondary end points included changes in blood pressure (BP) and body weight.

RESULTS
Baseline characteristics in 299 patients randomly assigned to LX4211 or placebo in this 12-week dose-ranging study were similar: mean age 55.9 years, A1C 8.1% (65 mmol/mol), BMI 33.1 kg/m2, and BP 124/79 mmHg. LX4211 significantly reduced A1C to week 12 in a dose-dependent manner by 0.42% (4.6 mmol/mol), 0.52% (5.7 mmol/mol), 0.80% (8.7 mmol/mol), and 0.92% (10.0 mmol/mol), respectively (P &lt; 0.001 each), compared with 0.09% (1.0 mmol/mol) for placebo. Greater A1C reductions were produced by 400 mg once a day than 200 mg once a day LX4211 without higher urinary glucose excretion, suggesting a contribution of SGLT1 inhibition. Significant reductions were seen in body weight (−1.85 kg; P &lt; 0.001) and systolic BP (−5.7 mmHg; P &lt; 0.001), but diastolic BP was unchanged (−1.6; P = 0.164). Adverse events with LX4211 were mild to moderate and similar to placebo, including urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal-related events; genital infections were limited to LX4211 groups (0–5.0%). No hypoglycemia occurred.

CONCLUSIONS
Dual inhibition of SGLT1/SGLT2 with LX4211 produced significant dose-ranging improvements in glucose control without dose-increasing glucosuria and was associated with reductions in weight and systolic BP in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.
Lysine as corrosion inhibitor for low alloy carbon steel in acidic media
Authors: Jano Albana , Lame Alketa , Kokalari Efrosini 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The use of inhibitors is one of the most practical means for protecting metals against corrosion, especially in acidic media. The interest is to use organic compounds as inhibitors due mainly to their inherent and non-toxic nature. Amino acids are attractive as corrosion inhibitors because they are nontoxic, relatively easy to produce with high purity at low cost, and are soluble in aqueous media. Lysine, one kind of amino acid is used as inhibitor. The aims of this study are to show corrosion protection efficiency of lysine and to explain the mechanism of corrosion. The experimental results demonstrated that the lysine offered protection for low alloy carbon steel in aggressive environments like H2SO4. Materials under investigation are two types of low alloy carbon steel marked as: Steel 39, Steel 44 (usually applied to concrete as reinforcing bars). The corrosion media consists in sulfuric acid in presence of chloride ions, in form of NaCl (H2SO4 1M + Cl- 10-3M). Potentiodynamic polarization methods are used for inhibitor efficiency testing. Potentiodymanic polarization measurements showed that the presence of lysine in acidic solution decreases the corrosion current to a good extent. The corrosion inhibition efficiency improves with the increase of the lysine concentration. The use of this inhibitor (1g/L) protects steel 39 in acidic media with 78.88% efficiency. That means lysine is a good corrosion inhibitor for these aggressive conditions.
Fat soluble vitamins and fatty acid composition of wild Black sea mussel, rapana and shrimp
Authors: Merdzhanova Albena , Dobreva Diana A. , Stancheva Mona , Makedonski Lubomir 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Many studies suggest that marine molluscs are one of the most important dietary sources of fat soluble vitamins (E, D3 and A) and essential fatty acids (FA). The most commercially important species from the Bulgarian Black Sea are the Black mussel, rapana and shrimp. There is scarce information in the scientific literature about fat soluble vitamins and FA composition of these Black Sea molluscs. The aims of the present study are to determine and compare fat soluble vitamins content as well as relative daily intake, FA composition and atherogenic index (IA), thrombogenicity index (IT) and flesh-lipid quality index (FLQ) in wild Black Sea mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), rapana (Rapana venosa) and shrimp (Crangon crangon). Fat soluble vitamins were analysed simultaneously using RP-HPLC system. The FA profile was analysed by GC-MS. All of the analysed samples presented significant amounts of vitamin E, followed by vitamin A and D3. Black Sea molluscs are excellent sources of fat soluble vitamins, especially for vitamin D3 - one survey provides more than 100% of the RDI established in Bulgaria. The FA composition of total lipids showed significant differences and the present study revealed that SFA content was significantly higher than MUFA (p<0.001) and PUFA (p<0.001) (SFA>PUFA>MUFA) in shrimp and mussel whereas rapana showed opposite trends (PUFA>SFA>MUFA). The omega6/omega3 and PUFA/SFA ratios of the analysed species were greater than the FAO/WHO recommendations.
Nanostructured materials for solar hydrogen production
Authors: Schoonman Joop , Perniu Dana 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
One of the main requirements for a future Hydrogen Economy is a clean and efficient process for producing hydrogen using renewable energy sources. Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier because of its high energy content and clean combustion. In particular, the production of hydrogen from water and solar energy, i.e., photocatalysis and photoelectrolysis, represent methods for both renewable and sustainable energy production. Here, we will present the principles of photocatalysis and the PhotoElectroChemical cell (PEC cell) for water splitting, along with functional materials. Defect chemical aspects will be high-lighted. To date, the decreasing length scale to the nanoscale of the functional materials attracts widespread attention. The nanostructure is beneficial in case diffusion lengths of the photo-generated charge carriers are substantially different.
The inhibition effects of methionine on mild steel in acidic media
Authors: Jano Albana , Lame Alketa , Kokalari Efrosini 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The corrosion of metal surfaces causes huge financial damages to the industries annually, what has lead to an increase in the search for substances that can slow down or prevent corrosion rate. Green inhibitors which are biodegradable, without any heavy metals and other toxic compounds, are promoted. Amino acids are attractive as corrosion inhibitors because they are nontoxic. We have used methionine as corrosion inhibitor. Materials under investigation are two kind of low allow carbon steel marked as: Steel 39, Steel 44 usually applied to concrete as reinforcing bars, and manufacture in Elbasan. The inhibition effect of methionine on the corrosion behavior of low allow steel is investigated in sulfuric acid in presence of chloride ions, in form of NaCl (H2SO4 1M + Cl- 10-3M). Potentiodynamic polarization method is used for inhibitor efficiency testing. The pitting corrosion current shows that increasing concentration of the inhibitor causes a decrease in pitting current density, and inhibition efficiency increases with increasing concentration of the inhibitors.
Studies on Aspergillus Flavus Link. Isolated From Maize in Iran
Authors: Houshyar-Fard Mahmoud , Rouhani Hamid , Falahati-Rastegar Mahrokh , Mahdikhani-Moghaddam Esmat , Malekzadeh-Shafaroudi Saeed , Probst Claudia 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The Aspergillus flavus population structure from maize kernels was examined. During 2011, samples were collected from two main grain maize production areas in Iran (Fars and Ardebil provinces), shortly before harvest. One-hundred nine A. flavus isolates were recovered on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicole (DRBC) agar and Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus medium (AFPA) and grouped into morphotypes and Vegetative Compatibility Groups (VCGs) based on morphological (e.g. sclerotia production), physiological (e.g. aflatoxin-producing ability) and genetic criteria (e.g. heterokaryosis). In general, morphotype and VCG composition were highly dissimilar in both provinces. In total, 43.8% and 44.3% of A. flavus isolates from Ardebil and Fars, respectively, produced sclerotia. Sclerotia producers were identified as A. flavus L and S strain morphotypes in Ardebil (66.7% and 33.3%, respectively) and Fars (29.6% and 70.4%, respectively). Furthermore, 71 isolates (65.1%) were able to produce aflatoxin (Ardebil 40.8%, Fars 59.2%). The aflatoxin values were categorized into four different classes (< 10, 10-100, 100-1,000 and > 1,000 ppb). In total, 51 aflatoxin producing isolates of A. flavus (Ardebil n = 22, Fars n = 29) were assigned into 26 VCGs by complementation of nit auxotrophs on nitrate medium. None of the A. flavus isolates from Ardebil complemented with any isolates from Fars. Genetic diversity of A. flavus isolates was 59.1% and 41.8% for Ardebil and Fars, respectively. The different geographical adaptation and genetic make-up of A. flavus isolates may be due to different climatic conditions, soil types and crop sequences in both maize production areas.
Biodiversity of Segetal Weed Communities when Chlorsulfuron-Based Weed Control is Being Used on Continuous Winter Wheat
Authors: Pawlonka Zbigniew , Rymuza Katarzyna , Starczewski Krzysztof , Bombik Antoni 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and weed community biodiversity in continuous wheat. A six-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of four chlorsulfuron rates in comparison with untreated (the control) plots, on the status and severity of weed infestation - in successive study years of cultivating winter wheat in monoculture. In addition, the following indices were calculated: Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s index of biodiversity, and Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 36 weedy species were identified in the experimental plots. The richest segetal communities were established in the control plots. An application of herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocensosis. A short-term monoculture did not impoverish the species richness of the weed community established in winter wheat. The average number of species in the community was significantly greater in the second study year. In the initial study years of monoculture, the biodiversity of the segetal community increased markedly compared with rotation-based cultivation. The calculated indices of biodiversity were not significantly affected by herbicide rate or monoculture but the indices confirmed the trends outlined by an analysis of the status and level of weed infestation.
Mathematical Identity for a Sustainable Future: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Pipere Anita , Mičule Ilona 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Individual in-depth, semi-structured interviews with three mathematics teachers were conducted to investigate the dynamics of their life-long relationships with mathematics, synthesised as mathematical identity from different identity positions in the context of dialogical self. The qualitative data were scrutinised employing interpretive phenomenological analysis that displayed mostly positive instrumental relationships with mathematics and explicit connections between the teachersí life experiences and their disctinct identity voices that surfaced in interviews. Similarly, teachers appeared to be experts in different professional spheres: pedagogy, subject or didactics. The teachersí accounts contain various models of relationships between the other-motive and the self-motive as reflected in their pedagogical approaches. Emergent patterns resulting from the interaction of the teachersí mathematical identity and their perception of studentsí mathematical philia/phobia included the humanistic approach with an instrumental interpretation of mathematics and its teaching methods, self-actualisation in achieving success in mathematics through hard work and the issue of attribution of failure in mathematics either to external or internal factors. Moreover, these dialogical models and interactive patterns show alignement with one of the core competences for educators in education for sustainable development, that is, achieving transformation in what it means to be an educator, in teaching and learning, as well as in the entire education system. Practical implementation of findings and limitations of the study are outlined along with venues for future research.
Re-examining the Importance of Indigenous Perspectives in the Western Environmental Education for Sustainability: “From Tribal to Mainstream Education”
Authors: Chandra Doreen Vikashni 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper highlights the importance of integrating indigenous perspectives on environmental sustainability into mainstream education as a way of bridging the gap in the understanding of indigenous knowledge systems into Western science explanations of sustainable development (SD) in education, at the same time ensuring traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) continuity for future generations as well as taking a steady stand in the global debates on SD. The first part of the paper will attempt to explore the issue of SD through Western and indigenous perspectives and will emphasise on the model of strong sustainability (in theory). Secondly, the importance of TEK will be examined and justified through case studies on Aboriginal peoples of British Colombia and Roviana people of Solomon Islands in achieving goals of sustainability. Thirdly, challenges for TEK will be investigated and some possibilities of protecting the rapid disappearance of indigenous knowledge will be dealt with. Lastly, a pedagogical approach to sustainability will be provided that postulates the relevance of indigenous pedagogy to formal and informal education, attempting to integrate Tilburyís (1995) characteristics of environmental education for sustainability.
Phases and interruptions in postglacial development of humic lake margin (Lake Suchar Wielki, NE Poland)
Authors: Drzymulska Danuta , Zieliński Piotr 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Our study concerns the development of marginal zone of Lake Suchar Wielki (Wigry National Park). This humic lake is characterised by mire occurrence in its marginal zone, covered with a floating mat spreading on water surface. Biogenic sediments (peat archive) present in lakeside allow recognising the thousands years’ development pattern of lake surrounded by mire. The wetland records were analysed for plant macroremains, degree of peat decomposition, sediment geochemical features along with age assessment. Morphological characteristics of the catchment were integrated with the wetland records. Our research showed that after the lake origin in the Allerod, accumulation in its marginal zone was interrupted, which was probably connected with high precipitation in the past. Slope processes could be possible. Stabilisation of environmental conditions took place in the younger Holocene. Despite these perturbations marginal zone of the lake was permanently terrestrial in character, as indicated by values of atomic C:N ratio.
Patients' Use of a Home-Based Virtual Reality System to Provide Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb Following Stroke
Authors: Standen Penny J. , Threapleton Kate , Connell Louise , Richardson Andy , Brown David J. , Battersby Steven , Sutton Catherine Jane , Platts Fran 
Published: September 2014

Background
A low-cost virtual reality system that translates movements of the hand, fingers, and thumb into game play was designed to provide a flexible and motivating approach to increasing adherence to home-based rehabilitation.

Objective
Effectiveness depends on adherence, so did patients use the intervention to the recommended level? If not, what reasons did they give? The purpose of this study was to investigate these and related questions.

Design
A prospective cohort study, plus qualitative analysis of interviews, was conducted.

Methods
Seventeen patients recovering from stroke recruited to the intervention arm of a feasibility trial had the equipment left in their homes for 8 weeks and were advised to use it 3 times a day for periods of no more than 20 minutes. Frequency and duration of use were automatically recorded. At the end of the intervention, participants were interviewed to determine barriers to using it in the recommended way.

Results
Duration of use and how many days they used the equipment are presented for the 13 participants who successfully started the intervention. These figures were highly variable and could fall far short of our recommendations. There was a weak positive correlation between duration and baseline reported activities of daily living. Participants reported lack of familiarity with technology and competing commitments as barriers to use, although they appreciated the flexibility of the intervention and found it motivating.

Limitations
The small sample size limits the conclusions that can be drawn.

Conclusions
Level of use is variable and can fall far short of recommendations. Competing commitments were a barrier to use of the equipment, but participants reported that the intervention was flexible and motivating. It will not suit everyone, but some participants recorded high levels of use. Implications for practice are discussed.
Arthroscopy of the normal cadaveric ovine femorotibial joint: a systematic approach to the cranial and caudal compartments
Authors: Mansmann K. A. , Schaer T. P. , Modesto R. B. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryObjectives: Preclinical studies using large animal models play an intergral part in translational research. For this study, our objectives were: to develop and validate arthroscopic approaches to four compartments of the stifle joint as determined via the gross and arthroscopic anatomy of the cranial and caudal aspects of the joint.Methods: Cadaveric hindlimbs (n = 39) were harvested from mature ewes. The anatomy was examined by tissue dissection (n = 6), transverse sections (n = 4), and computed tomography (n = 4). The joint was arthroscopically explored in 25 hindlimbs.Results: A cranio-medial portal was created medial to the patellar ligament. The craniolateral portal was made medial to the extensor digitorum longus tendon. The medial femoral condyle was visible, as well as the cranial cruciate ligament, caudal cruciate ligament and both menisci with the inter-meniscal ligament. Valgus stress improved visibility of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus and tibial plateau. To explore the caudal compartments, a portal was created 1 cm proximal to the most caudal aspect of the tibial condyle. Both femoral condyles, menisci, caudal cruciate ligament, the popliteal tendon and the menisco-femoral ligament were visible. The common peroneal nerve and popliteal artery and vein are vulnerable structures to injury during arthroscopy.Clinical significance: The arthroscopic approach developed in this research is ideal to evaluate the ovine stifle joint.
De la migration à la mobilité : comment aller au-delà du nationalisme méthodologique ?
Authors: Chavel Solange 
Published: September 2014

Résumé L’objectif de la présente contribution est de croiser l’apport de deux types de travaux : (1) les travaux sur les migrations qui reposent sur la critique épistémologique du nationalisme méthodologique d’une part, (2) les travaux appartenant au paradigme du mobility turn d’autre part. L’enjeu est de montrer que, selon qu’on adopte le vocabulaire des « migrations » ou celui de la « mobilité », la formulation des problèmes normatifs varie de façon importante. Ce faisant, la critique du nationalisme méthodologique invite à délaisser les migrations studies pour raisonner dans le cadre des mobilities studies, et penser autrement la répartition des droits et bénéfices habituellement associés à la citoyenneté nationale.
Success Rate of Late Primary Probing in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Authors: Rajabi Mohammad Taher , Abrishami Yalda , Hosseini Seyedeh Simindokht , Tabatabaee Syed Ziaeddin , Rajabi Mohammad Bagher , Hurwitz Jeffrey J. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose:
To investigate the clinical outcomes of late primary probing in congenital nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction.

Methods:
A prospective interventional study was designed to recruit children older than 24 months who presented with clinical manifestations of NLD obstruction since February 2008 to Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran. No prior surgical intervention for NLD obstruction was performed on these patients; they underwent probing of the nasolacrimal system and irrigation under general anesthesia by oculoplastic surgeons. The outcome of the procedure was assessed 2 to 3 months postoperatively. Data of the patients until February 2013 were considered for analysis.

Results:
The total number of patients during the 5-year study was 343. The total success rate considering all of the age groups was 75.8%. The success rate was 85% in those who were 2 to 3 years old, 63% in those who were 3 to 4 years old, and 50% in those who were 4 to 5 years old. In patients with chronic dacryocystitis with mucopurulent discharge, 83% had successful probing and irrigation. In patients with epiphora with no mucopurulent discharge, 59% had successful results with probing.

Conclusions:
In the cases of congenital NLD obstruction, primary probing before 2 years of age has a high success rate; there is a high overall success rate (75.8%) in the 2- to 5-years age group, but when older than 5 years, further procedures such as intubation and dacryocystorhinostomy would be needed because of the high failure rate of probing.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(6):360–362.]
A Precariat Charter
Authors: Standing Guy 
Published: September 2014

Guy Standing's immensely influential 2011 book introduced the Precariat as an emerging mass class, characterized by inequality and insecurity. Standing outlined the increasingly global nature of the Precariat as a social phenomenon, especially in the light of the social unrest characterized by the Occupy movements. He outlined the political risks they might pose, and at what might be done to diminish inequality and allow such workers to find a more stable labour identity.His concept and his conclusions have been widely taken up by thinkers from Noam Chomsky to Zygmunt Bauman, by political activists and by policy-makers.
This new book takes the debate a stage further-looking in more detail at the kind of progressive politics that might form the vision of a Good Society in which such inequality, and the instability it produces is reduced.
A Precariat Charter discusses how rights - political, civil, social and economic – have been denied to the Precariat, and at the importance of redefining our social contract around notions of associational freedom, agency and the commons. The ecological imperative is also discussed – something that was only hinted at in Standing's original book but has been widely discussed in relation to the Precariat by theorists and activists alike.