bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual number of lung cancer deaths potentially avertable by screening in the United States
Authors: Ma Jiemin , Ward Elizabeth M. , Smith Robert , Jemal Ahmedin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), which was conducted between 2002 and 2009, demonstrated that screening with low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduced lung cancer mortality by 20% among screening‐eligible populations compared with chest x‐ray. In this article, the authors provide an estimate of the annual number of lung cancer deaths that can be averted by screening, assuming the screening regimens adopted in the NLST are fully implemented in the United States.METHODS:The annual number of lung cancer deaths that can be averted by screening was estimated as a product of the screening effect, the US population size (obtained from the 2010 US Census data), the prevalence of screening eligibility (estimated using the 2010 National Health Interview Survey [NHIS] data), and the lung cancer mortality rates among screening‐eligible populations (estimated using the NHIS data from 2000‐2004 and the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked mortality files). Analyses were performed separately by sex, age, and smoking status, with Poisson regression analysis used for mortality rate estimation. Uncertainty of the estimates of the number of avertable lung cancer deaths was quantified by simulation.RESULTS:Approximately 8.6 million Americans (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 8.0 million‐9.2 million), including 5.2 million men (95% CI, 4.8 million‐5.7 million) and 3.4 million women (95% CI, 3.0 million ‐3.8 million), were eligible for lung cancer screening in 2010. If the screening regimen adopted in the NLST was fully implemented among these screening‐eligible US populations, a total of 12,250 (95% CI, 10,170‐15,671) lung cancer deaths (8990 deaths in men and 3260 deaths in women) would be averted each year.CONCLUSIONS:The data from the current study indicate that LDCT screening could potentially avert approximately 12,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States. Further studies are needed to estimate the number of avertable lung cancer deaths and the cost‐effectiveness of LDCT screening under different scenarios of risk, various screening frequencies, and various screening uptake rates. (See editorial on pages 000–000, this issue.) Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Phase Stability and Elastic Properties of Chromium Borides with Various Stoichiometries
Authors: Wang Bing , Wang De Yu , Cheng Zhenxiang , Wang Xiaolin , Wang Yuan Xu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhase stability is important to the application of materials. By first‐principles calculations, we establish the phase stability of chromium borides with various stoichiometries. Moreover, the phases of CrB3 and CrB4 have been predicted by using a newly developed particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Formation enthalpy–pressure diagrams reveal that the MoB‐type structure is more energetically favorable than the TiI‐type structure for CrB. For CrB2, the WB2‐type structure is preferred at zero pressure. The predicted new phase of CrB3 belongs to the hexagonal P‐6m2 space group and it transforms into an orthorhombic phase as the pressure exceeds 93 GPa. The predicted CrB4 (space group: Pnnm) phase is more energetically favorable than the previously proposed Immm structure. The mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities of predicted CrB3 and CrB4 are verified by the calculated elastic constants and formation enthalpies. The full phonon dispersion calculations confirm the dynamic stability of WB2‐type CrB2 and predicted CrB3. The large shear moduli, large Young’s moduli, low Poisson ratios, and low bulk and shear modulus ratios of CrB4PSC and CrB4PSD indicate that they are potential hard materials. Analyses of Debye temperature, electronic localization function, and electronic structure provide further understanding of the chemical and physical properties of these borides.
Synthesis of 10‐Methylacridin‐9(10H)‐ones through Cu‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative C(sp2)–H Amination of 2‐(Methylamino)benzophenones
Authors: Huang Jinbo , Wan Congqing , Xu Ming‐Fang , Zhu Qiang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of a diverse set of 10‐methylacridin‐9(10H)‐ones from 2‐(methylamino)benzophenones has been developed. The reaction proceeds though Cu‐catalyzed intramolecular aromatic C–H amination by using O2 as the sole oxidant to provide the desired products in moderate to good yields. In addition, 2‐allylamino‐ and 2‐(benzylamino)benzophenones as well as unprotected substrates can also undergo the C–H amination reaction to deliver the corresponding cyclization products smoothly. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that C–H activation is involved in a rate‐limiting step.
Saltwater flotation for more efficient matrix separation of wetland macroinvertebrates does not affect total mercury or methylmercury concentrations
Authors: Dhal Suman , Mitchell Carl P.J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The authors compared benthic wetland invertebrate matrix separation techniques (handpicking vs saltwater flotation) to test for effects on invertebrate mercury concentrations. Neither total mercury nor methylmercury concentrations differed significantly between techniques across 8 taxa. Matrix separation by the flotation technique took significantly less time and resulted in significantly greater abundance recovery in some taxa. The authors conclude that the saltwater-based flotation technique does not lead to mercury contamination or analytical interference issues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1233–1236. © 2013 SETAC
Accumulation and effects of 90-day oral exposure to Dechlorane Plus in quail (Coturnix coturnix)
Authors: Li Yan , Yu Lehuan , Zhu Zhicheng , Dai Jiayin , Mai Bixian , Wu Jiangping , Wang Jianshe 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

While a number of studies have addressed bioaccumulation of the flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP), little information is available regarding the adverse effects of DP on animals, especially on bird species. In the present study, male common quails (Coturnix coturnix) were consecutively exposed to commercial DP-25 by gavage for 90 d at 1-mg/kg/d, 10-mg/kg/d, and 100-mg/kg/d dosages. Concentrations of DP isomers in liver, muscle, and serum were determined after exposure. Liver enzyme activity involved in xenobiotic biotransformation processes and oxidative stress was measured, as well as glutathione and maleic dialdehyde content. The results showed that DP was more prone to accumulate in the liver than in muscle and serum in all exposed groups. In tested tissues, syn-DP dominated in the high-exposure groups (10 and 100 mg/kg/d), whereas anti-DP tended to accumulate in the low-exposure group (1 mg/kg/d). The concentration ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti values) in the tissues examined were close to commercial DP in the low-exposure group; however, the fanti values were significantly decreased in the high-exposure groups. Enzyme activity of 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (PROD) decreased significantly in all exposed groups compared with the control group, whereas activity of erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) and the antioxidant enzyme catalase significantly increased in high-exposure groups. The results implied that DP exposure levels influenced isomeric compositions in organs and that DP exposure altered hepatic alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (AROD) activity and contributed to the biological effects of DP. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1649–1654. © 2013 SETAC
Polychlorinated biphenyls in adult black bass and yellow perch were not associated with their reproductive success in the upper Hudson River, New York, USA
Authors: Maceina Michael J. , Sammons Steven M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Although production and use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ceased nearly 35 yr ago, questions still remain concerning the potential chronic effects these compounds may have on wild fish, including their reproductive success. In the upper Hudson River, New York, USA, fish were exposed to PCBs primarily from 2 manufacturing plants located approximately 320 km upstream of New York City, New York, from the 1940s to 1977. The authors collected yellow perch (Perca flavescens), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and largemouth bass (M. salmoides) using electrofishing, measured PCBs in these adults, and estimated abundance and size of their offspring at age 1 yr (age-1 fish). Fish were collected annually from 2004 to 2009 from 1 control site upstream of the PCB discharge sites and from 2 sites downstream from where PCBs were released. These sites (pools) are separated by a series of dams, locks, and canals. Muscle tissue wet weight PCB and lipid-based PCB concentrations in adults in the 2 PCB exposure pools averaged approximately 1 to 3 µg/g and 100 to 500 µg/g, respectively. Age-1 abundances were not related to adult PCB concentrations but were inversely related to river flow. Size of age-1 fish was slightly greater at the PCB-exposure sites. Levels of PCBs in yellow perch, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass in the upper Hudson River did not impair or reduce recruitment or reproductive success. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1582–1591. © 2013 SETAC
Exogenous Shocks and Information Transmission in Global Copper Futures Markets
Authors: Yin Libo , Han Liyan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBivariate EGARCH models are used to investigate mean and volatility spillovers across major global copper futures markets before and after the Global Financial Crisis. We show that the overall magnitude and significance of information spillovers strengthen after the crisis. The exogenous shocks not only exhibit considerable information spillovers on copper futures markets but also enhance information transmission among them, including bi‐directional mean and volatility spillovers and long‐run equilibrium. Moreover, our results shed light on the growing importance of the Shanghai Copper futures market in information transmission.
Synthesis and QSRR Study for a Series of Phosphoramidic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Petric Mihaela , Crisan Luminita , Crisan Manuela , Micle Andreea , Maranescu Bianca , Ilia Gheorghe 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTNew phosphoramidic acid derivatives were synthesized by three different methods in the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid systems. The highest yields were obtained when the liquid–solid system was used. Moreover, for these compounds, the retention factor was predicted, using a robust model obtained for a set of phosphoramidic acid derivatives, which were previously synthesized in our laboratory. For these compounds, the retention factor (k″) was determined by means of the high performance liquid chromatography technique, using a Nucleosil C18 column as a stationary phase and methanol as a mobile phase. The stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least square (PLS) methodology were used to investigate the correlation between the retention factor and a number of molecular descriptors for the mentioned compounds. In both procedures, a considerably large number of molecular descriptors have been used. The statistical qualities of MLR and PLS equations have been assessed on the basis of several parameters such as squares of the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.985), standard error of estimate (SEE = 0.149), Fischer test (F = 257.528), and the cumulative sum of squares of the correlation coefficient R2Y(CUM) = 0.984, the cumulative fraction of the total variation of the Y values that can be predicted for all the extracted principal components by cross‐validation Q2(CUM) = 0.971, respectively, and by the Y‐randomization test. The MLR and PLS equations can be useful for the estimation and comparison of the retention factor, for new synthesized phosphoramidic acid derivatives, using the selected molecular descriptors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:138–145, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21076
The medial and lateral entorhinal cortex both contribute to contextual and item recognition memory: A test of the binding ofitems and context model
Authors: Hunsaker Michael R. , Chen Victoria , Tran Giang T. , Kesner Raymond P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt has been suggested that the role of the hippocampus for episodic memory is to selectively bind together item and contextual information. One such model, the Binding of Items and Context (BIC) model, proposed that the perirhinal cortex provides item and the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex provides context to the hippocampus via the medial (MEC) and lateral entorhinal cortices (LEC) to be bound into an episodic representation. This model proposes that item and context information are stored and processed independently and in parallel before hippocampal processing. To evaluate this model, the present experiment evaluated the role of the MEC and LEC for item and contextual novelty detection. The present results suggest that excitotoxic lesions to the LEC primarily disrupt item novelty detection, whereas lesions to the MEC primarily disrupt contextual novelty detection. These data provide a functional double dissociation between the MEC and LEC across item and contextual processing. Despite this dissociation, the present results suggest that item and contextual information are not represented independently before hippocampal processing. These data support the basic assumptions of the BIC model, but suggest that item and context information may interact in the entorhinal cortex. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of the spatial code for BDNF mRNA isoforms in the rat hippocampus following pilocarpine‐treatment: A systematic analysis using laser microdissection and quantitative real‐time PCR
Authors: Baj Gabriele , Del Turco Domenico , Schlaudraff Jessica , Torelli Lucio , Deller Thomas , Tongiorgi Enrico 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is essential for neuronal survival, differentiation, and plasticity and is one of those genes that generate multiple mRNAs with different alternatively spliced 5′UTRs. The functional significance of many BDNF transcripts, each producing the same protein, is emerging. On the basis of the analysis of the four most abundant brain BDNF transcripts, we recently proposed the “spatial code hypothesis of BDNF splice variants” according to which the BDNF transcripts, through their differential subcellular localization in soma or dendrites, represent a mechanism to synthesize the protein at distinct locations and produce local effects. In this study, using laser microdissection of hippocampal laminae and reverse transcription‐quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR), we analyzed all known BDNF mRNA variants at resting conditions or following 3 h pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus. In untreated rats, we found dendritic enrichment of BDNF transcripts encoding exons 6 and 7 in CA1; exons 1, 6, and 9a in CA3; and exons 5, 6, 7, and 8 in DG. Considering the low abundance of the other transcripts, exon 6 was the main transcript in dendrites under resting conditions. Pilocarpine treatment induced an increase of BDNF transcripts encoding exons 4 and 6 in all dendritic laminae and, additionally, of exon 2 in CA1 stratum radiatum and exons 2, 3, 9a in DG molecular layer while the other transcripts were decreased in dendrites, suggesting restriction to the soma. These results support the hypothesis of a spatial code to differentially regulate BDNF in the somatic or dendritic compartment under conditions of pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus and, furthermore, highlight the existence of subfield‐specific differences. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondria as a pharmacological target: Magnum overview
Authors: Olszewska Anna , Szewczyk Adam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMitochondria, responsible for energy metabolism within the cell, act as signaling organelles. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to cell death and oxidative stress and may disturb calcium metabolism. Additionally, mitochondria play a pivotal role in cardioprotective phenomena and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders ranging from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial DNA mutations may lead to impaired respiration. Hence, targeting the mitochondria with drugs offers great potential for new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this overview is to present the recent state of knowledge concerning the interactions of various substances with mitochondria. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(3):273–281, 2013
EVALUATION OF THE UTILITY OF A DISCRETE‐TRIAL FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IN EARLY INTERVENTION CLASSROOMS
Authors: Kodak Tiffany , Fisher Wayne W. , Paden Amber , Dickes Nitasha 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe evaluated a discrete‐trial functional analysis implemented by regular classroom staff in a classroom setting. The results suggest that the discrete‐trial functional analysis identified a social function for each participant and may require fewer staff than standard functional analysis procedures.
Temporal Plasticity in Annelid Development—Ontogeny of Phyllodoce groenlandica (Phyllodocidae, Annelida) Reveals Heterochronous Patterns
Authors: HELM CONRAD , SCHEMEL SINA , BLEIDORN CHRISTOPH 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe variety of annelid larval types and developmental modes reflects the high diversity and variability within these lophotrochozoans. However, our knowledge of pattern formation and tissue development in annelids and allies is scarce. In order to gain more data concerning neurogenesis and myogenesis in annelid trochophores, we analyzed different larval stages of Phyllodoce groenlandica using immunohistochemical staining techniques and subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm). Focusing on pre‐metamorphic stages, we reconstruct the process of tissue and body formation within planktonic polychaetous trochophore larvae. Our investigations revealed detailed knowledge of general developmental modes in Annelida and exhibit ontogenetic heterochrony of tissue development between two closely related annelid species. As such, P. groenlandica shows a delayed onset of nervous system development when compared with P. maculata. In contrast to the latter species, we were not able to detect the posterior sensory organ in larval P. groenlandica. We draw conclusions concerning general development of annelid trochophores and provide data showing new insights into the plasticity of body plans in Annelida. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:166–178, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Where do you want to spend your last days of life? Low concordance between preferred and actual site of death among hospitalized adults
Authors: Fischer Stacy , Min Sung‐Joon , Cervantes Lilia , Kutner Jean 
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUNDDeath in the U.S. frequently occurs in institutions despite the overwhelming majority of persons who state that they prefer to die at home. Little research to date has examined how well individual preferences compare to actual site of death.OBJECTIVESDetermine the concordance between preferred and actual place of death and examine independent predictors for concordance.DESIGNObservational cohort study.SETTINGThree area hospitals including a safety net hospital, veterans' hospital, and academic tertiary referral center.PATIENTS458 adult patients admitted to the general medical service from 2003–2005.MEASUREMENTSPatients were asked where they preferred to spend their last days of life. Data on date and actual site of death from 2005–2009 was collected from hospital records and death certificates.RESULTSThe majority of patients preferred to die at home (75% n = 343). Low income and being married were significantly associated with a preference to die at home compared to nursing home or inpatient hospice (OR 2.71 95% CI 1.30–5.67 and OR 2.44 95% CI 1.14–5.21 respectively). Of the 123 patients who died during the follow up period, most (66% n = 80) died in an institutional setting. Overall concordance between preferred and actual site of death was only 37% (n = 41). Female gender was significantly associated with concordance between preferred and actual site of death (OR 3.30 95% CI 1.25–8.72).CONCLUSIONSConcordance between preferred and actual site of death is low and female gender was the sole patient level variable associated with concordance. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:178–183. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Comparison of brown and white adipose tissues in infants and children with chemical‐shift‐encoded water‐fat MRI
Authors: Hu Houchun H. , Yin Larry , Aggabao Patricia C. , Perkins Thomas G. , Chia Jonathan M. , Gilsanz Vicente 
Published: February 2013

PurposeTo compare fat‐signal fractions (FFs) and T2* values between brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissue located within the supraclavicular fossa and subcutaneous depots, respectively.Materials and MethodsTwelve infants and 39 children were studied. Children were divided into lean and overweight/obese subgroups. Chemical‐shift‐encoded water‐fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify FFs and T2* metrics in the supraclavicular and adjacent subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Linear regression and t‐tests were performed.ResultsInfants had lower supraclavicular FFs than children (P < 0.01) but T2* values were similar (P = 0.5). Lean children exhibited lower supraclavicular FFs and T2* values than overweight children (P < 0.01). In each individual infant and child, supraclavicular FFs were consistently lower than adjacent subcutaneous FFs. Supraclavicular T2* values were consistently lower than subcutaneous T2* values in children, but not in infants. FFs in both depots were positively correlated with age and weight in infants (P < 0.01). In children, they were correlated with weight and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.01), but not age. Correlations between T2* and anthropometric variables existed in children (P < 0.01), but were absent in infants.ConclusionCross‐sectional comparisons suggest variations in FF and T2* values in the supraclavicular and subcutaneous depots of infants and children, which are potentially indicative of physiological differences in adipose tissue fat content, amount, and metabolic activity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:885–896. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MR thermometry in the human prostate gland at 3.0T for transurethral ultrasound therapy
Authors: Ramsay Elizabeth , Mougenot Charles , Köhler Max , Bronskill Michael , Klotz Laurence , Haider Masoom A. , Chopra Rajiv 
Published: February 2013

PurposeTo investigate the spatial, temporal, and temperature resolution of a segmented gradient echo echo‐planar imaging (EPI) technique as applied to proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift thermometry at 3 T in the human prostate gland, and to determine appropriate sequence parameters for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐controlled transurethral ultrasound thermal therapy.Materials and MethodsEleven healthy volunteers (age range 23–58) were scanned at 3 T with a 16‐channel torso coil to study the behavior of a gradient echo EPI thermometry sequence. The temperature stability and geometric distortion were assessed for 11 different parameter sets. In a further five volunteers, the prostate T2* was measured.ResultsFor all scan parameters investigated, the temperature standard deviation within the prostate was less than 1°C, while the distortion was less than 1 mm. Temperature stability was best with higher TE values (up to 25 msec), larger voxel sizes and lower EPI factors, but this had to be balanced against requirements for good spatial and temporal resolution. Prostate T2* values ranged from 30–50 msec.ConclusionA good balance between temperature stability and temporal/spatial resolution is obtained with TE = 15 msec, voxel size = 1.14 mm, and EPI factor = 9, resulting in a dynamic scan time of 7.2 seconds for the nine slices. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1564–1571. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.