bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incontinência urinária feminina: manejo ambulatorial e cirúrgico
Authors: Maganhin Luquetti Camilla , Giovanna Maria Pacheco Barroso Maia  , Tassila Melo Souza de Farias  , Beatriz Brasileiro Diniz  , Ana Clara Abrahão Melo  , Júlia Bretas Borges Lopes  , Carlos Alberto Pereira Gonçalves Júnior  , João Paulo Zimmermann  , Maria Isabel Araújo Lima Duque Estrada  , Bárbara Brito Rocha  , Fernanda Dias Pinheiro  , Solano Kaluangila Andrelino Santiago  , Joyce Araújo Ribeiro Coelho  , Carla Cristina Maganhin  , Alves Ana Luisa Freitas 
Published: August 2024

Introdução: Quase 50% das mulheres experimentam incontinência urinária, sendo tão comum e subtratada. Os fatores de risco são: idade, obesidade, multiparidade, parto vaginal prévio, histórico familiar positivo. Diabetes, AVC, depressão, incontinência fecal, síndrome da menopausa/atrofia vaginal, terapia de reposição hormonal, cirurgia geniturinária (ex:histerectomia) e radiação pélvica, aumentam o risco. Objetivo: discutir avaliação e manejo inicial da incontinência urinária em mulheres. Metodologia: Revisão de literatura a partir de bases de dados da Scielo, da PubMed e da BVS, de janeiro a abril de 2024, com descritores “Urinary incontinence”, “Women” e “Assessment.”. Incluíram-se artigos de 2019-2024 (total 102), com exclusão de outros critérios e escolha de 05 artigos na íntegra. Resultados e Discussão: A avaliação inicial inclui caracterizar o tipo de incontinência, identificar condições subjacentes (distúrbio neurológico/malignidade) e identificar causas potencialmente reversíveis. Indica-se histórico completo, exame físico e exame de urina. Perguntas de triagem são apropriadas, especialmente para mulheres mais velhas e com comorbidades, com aumento do risco (prolapso, vazamento intestinal acidental, diabetes, obesidade, doença neurológica). A incontinência por estresse é perda com aumento na pressão intra-abdominal, como riso, tosse ou espirros, com volume pequeno e sem vontade de urinar antes do vazamento; a de urgência/bexiga hiperativa, caracteriza-se por escapes frequentes, de pequeno volume, que podem acordar o paciente à noite repetitivamente; a transbordante devido à subatividade muscular do detrusor é a perda de urina sem aviso ou gatilhos, com volume até grande, com sintomas como hesitação urinária, fluxo lento e noctúria. Mulheres com sintomas atípicos, incerteza diagnóstica ou falha terapêutica inicial devem realizar o exame pélvico, com atenção para integridade muscular do assoalho pélvico, atrofia vaginal, massas pélvicas e prolapso avançado de órgãos pélvicos além do hímen. Conclusão: Cerca de 60% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva relatam incontinência urinária a qualquer momento.
The Derivation of Primary Human Epicardium‐Derived Cells
Authors: Clunie‐O'Connor Caitlin , Smits Anke M. , Antoniades Charalambos , Russell Angela J. , Yellon Derek M. , Goumans Marie‐José , Riley Paul R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTo develop therapeutic strategies for the regeneration of lost heart muscle after myocardial infarction (MI), a source of functional new muscle cells and associated coronary vessels must be identified. The epicardium is a source of several cardiovascular cell types during heart development and is widely regarded as a resident progenitor population, which becomes dormant during adulthood. In adult mice, MI induces epicardial reactivation characterized by an upregulation of fetal genes and subsequent epicardium derived cell (EPDC) proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Determining whether the epicardium can be therapeutically targeted following cardiovascular disease requires an in vitro system for the study of adult human EPDCs (hEPDCs). This protocol describes techniques to establish and maintain human epicardium explant cultures from patient‐derived right atrial appendage biopsies and documents methods to probe the resultant outgrowth of hEPDCs. The model facilitates a high‐throughput approach to either genetic or chemical phenotypic screening for drug‐like modifiers of hEPDC activation and potential cell fate. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Opinion Leadership
Authors: Weimann Gabriel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDecades of social science research have demonstrated that there is a group of people in any community to whom others look for help in forming opinions on various issues and matters. These are the “opinion leaders,” the people who lead the formation of attitudes, knowledge, and opinions. This entry describes the definition of opinion leaders, the various measures used to identify them, their characteristics, and their emergence in cyberspace and the new media.
Political Communication Research in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific
Authors: Stanton Richard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolitical communication research in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific is in the early stages of development. Although there exist deep and abidingly interesting research topics and issues, including political independence, national identity, and climate change, the structural support for such research is yet to be fully identified and resourced within the public or private sectors. Most political communication research is undertaken to enhance private political activity. This includes news polling, political party opinion polling, and government intervention campaign research. The Pacific region's political communication is hierarchical and postcolonial. Remnants of English, French, and American dominance are still palpable in many of the Pacific countries, such as Fiji, Vanuatu, and Solomon Islands. The political communication of the Pacific region is, for the most part, grounded in soft power. Although some hard power is exercised, it is limited and rarely used by sovereign state against sovereign state. The main theories that occupy the political communication field in Pacific countries are agenda‐setting, framing, discourse analysis, power, and rhetorical analysis.
Press Conferences
Authors: Ekström Mats 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Press conferences are among the most important arenas for public political communication and government and journalist relationships. Since the mid‐1900s they have functioned as central institutions in democratic societies, an expression of public political responsiveness and journalism authority. Press conferences involve collaboration but also power struggles related to the organization and planning of the events, the actual interaction, and the practices of framing and quoting in news production.
Mobilization, Political
Authors: Klandermans Bert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolitical mobilization is the process of turning sympathizers of a cause into participants in collective action to advance that cause. An exposé on political mobilization requires a discussion of the dynamics of demand and supply, as mobilization is the mechanism that brings demand and supply of protest together. Thedemand sideof protest is about people and their motives. It concerns the characteristics of a social movement's mobilization potential: its demographic and political composition, the collective identities it comprises, the shared grievances and emotions. Thesupply sideof protest action is about organizations and their appeals. It concerns the characteristics of the movement: its effectiveness in achieving its goals at affordable cost, its leadership, its appeal, its action repertoire, its ideology. Demand and supply do not automatically come together. In the market economy, marketing is employed to make sure that the public is aware of a supply that might meet its demands.Mobilizationbrings demand and supply together. It is—so to speak—the marketing mechanism of the movement domain. The study of mobilization concerns such matters as the effectiveness of (persuasive) communication, the influence of social networks, and the role of new media such as the Internet, (smart)phones, and social media.
Rhetoric, Political
Authors: Coe Kevin 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Political rhetoric consists of the language and visuals that people use to promote their interests within the political sphere. Such rhetoric, which is richly symbolic and intricately tied to power, is a varied and important form of communication that has long been central to the maintenance of organized society. Research in this area employs a wide range of methods and has documented a considerable amount about the content, determinants, and effects of political rhetoric.
Political Discourse
Authors: Michelis Lidia De 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This article overviews current definitions of political discourse, and their evolution in time, to map out the conceptual domain of this term and its actual fields of application. These are delimited according to a widely shared definition of political discourse as comprising all forms of verbal communication, which refer to political contexts, and are produced by political actors. Broader understandings of political discourse, including nonverbal communication and encompassing all aspects of political, social, and cultural life, are also discussed. Political discourse is then examined through the lenses of current scholarship on the public sphere and public opinion and of different strands of political discourse analysis. The second part of the entry consists of a diachronic discussion of the main elements and changes in the rhetorical structure of public speaking and the genre of public speech against the increasing mediatization and spectacularization of contemporary politics.
Hegemony
Authors: Comor Edward 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Hegemony, the process through which rule or dominance takes place involving the consent of the ruled, is a concept that was most fully elaborated by the early 20th‐century revolutionary Antonio Gramsci. Since then, it has been used to emphasize the interdependency of coercive and consensual forms of power, articulate the complex relationship between the state and civil society, and to explain why subaltern classes have not overthrown bourgeois political economic orders. Although, in recent years, the concept has been rejected by those theorizing the emergence of a post‐hegemonic era, hegemony remains an important tool for analysts and activists.
Argumentation, Political
Authors: Wodak Ruth 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

The “argumentative turn” in policy‐making entails the close and systematic study of policy‐making in manifold contexts while taking account of audience orientation, genre, topic, and the specific institutional space. Various models of, and theoretical approaches to, argumentation theory are presented in detail while highlighting Toulmin's and Walton's seminal approaches to argumentation theory. Then, more linguistically oriented methodologies such as Pragma‐Dialectics and New Rhetoric are discussed and integrated with interdisciplinary approaches in (Critical) Discourse Studies, such as the Discourse‐Historical Approach. Analysis of newspaper articles as well as of narratives by employing argumentation analysis provide an important entry‐point for political scientists and communication theorists to integrating political theory with linguistic and argumentation theory. Moreover, the Aristotelian formal concept of
topoi
is contrasted with more content‐dependent concepts of
topoi
such as recently developed by Wengeler and Kienpointner which allow understanding and explaining of condensed everyday common‐sense debates about sensitive issues such as migration.
Media Policy
Authors: Papathanassopoulos Stylianos 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMedia policy addresses a wide range of contemporary concerns regarding the structure and performance of media systems. Although it has often been argued that media policy has been largely technology driven, most of the decisions taken to deal with change are framed by political, economic, and institutional dimensions as well as by international factors. Media policy as a theoretical approach is characterized by its interdisciplinarity. In the era of globalization, policy and regulation in the media sector have moved away from being essentially part of a domestic political process and toward becoming part of a new complex international dimension of technological, industrial, and economic governance. Regardless of global pressures and influences, the media system continues to be dominated by the nation‐state and it remains a useful mechanism for collective control over communications media.
Humor and Satire, Political
Authors: Young Dannagal G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFor centuries, political humor and satire have been an important part of life in democratic societies. Respected and often feared for the influence they are perceived to have on citizens and elites, satirists have occupied a privileged role, both throughout history and in contemporary society. While the specific topics of and channels for political satire have changed since the days of Ancient Greece and Rome, the objectives have remained the same: to challenge the existing political and social order in a manner both playful and entertaining. With the application of social scientific methods and psychological theories, researchers have begun to identify and quantify the various forms of impact of political humor and satire. Recent important developments in digital technologies have expanded the possibilities for political humor's reach and impact. These technological changes as well as recent collaborations between scholars across methodological and epistemological traditions make it a very exciting and promising time for the study—and production—of political humor and satire.
Civility
Authors: Black Laura W. , Wiederhold Wolfe Anna M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
As a normative concept, civility defines boundaries of acceptable behavior, particularly in contentious situations. As part of the political ideal of civil society, civility defines rules for interaction and presumes respect for all involved. Civility also invites people to participate in public discussion and involves mutual efforts at understanding others' perspectives. It is often contrasted with uncivil discourse such as shouting, name‐calling, or personal attacks. Relevant research examines civility in society, government, organizations, mass media content, and online contexts. Civility is also the foundation for recent efforts to promote civic dialogue and deliberation.
Parties, Political
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolitical parties are ubiquitous organizations. They have emerged alongside the appearance of democratic regimes, and have evolved, changed, and adapted themselves to political transformations over time. Always criticized and often challenged, they continue to perform important roles that no other association, movement, or institution can fulfill. Above all they staff representative assemblies and governing teams. Moreover, they shape electoral options and offer accountability to all voters. Though no longer in control of the processes of political communication, they have equipped themselves with capable professionals. They seem ready to deal with the most recent challenge, namely Politics 2.0. They remain the only political organization capable of performing a variety of complex and essential tasks, above all intergenerational accountability. The parties' trajectory is by no means over.
Counterpublic
Authors: Wimmer Jeffrey 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe term counterpublic indicates specific publics centered around a specific social discourse or point of view and aiming to bring their positions—which they feel are being marginalised—into the mass media by means of alternative media and public actions. Currently blogs, social network sites, and other participatory new media outlets and campaign platforms like Avaaz orMoveOnare coming to the fore within the analysis of counterpublicity. Research shows that counterpublics can be regarded as important agents for social and political change as they raise and articulate political, economical, cultural, or social issues in a critical way.
News Media Organizations
Authors: Wanta Wayne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis entry provides a broad overview of research examining media organizations. The research in this area has a long tradition. Current research has focused on areas as diverse as media credibility, economics, and socialization of newsroom culture. Research dealing with media organizations is especially relevant today, given the dramatic changes taking place within the news media. These changes are due to economic pressures as well as the impact of technology and social media.
Populism
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPopulism is a political ideology, or a communication style, proclaiming the unity and goodness of the people and the corruption and alienation of the elites. Populism is present in the communication of allegedly populist parties much more than in the discourse of mainstream parties, and there seems to be no populist contagion of the latter. Mass media can be populist as well, especially in their opinion sections. In many countries the level of populism in the media selection of the public debate has gone up. The public can also be affected by the populist message and there is some evidence that it has. The mass media have spent considerable time on the issues owned by populist parties and this has had a demonstrable effect on their vote share. Finally, research has found that populist radical‐right parties have profited electorally from the coverage of the party and their leader.
Political Agenda‐Setting
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Political agenda‐setting refers to the process of issue salience transfer from the media to the political agenda. The available evidence indicates that there is an effect of preceding media coverage on what political elites do and say. Most current research focuses on the conditionality of political agenda‐setting. The effect depends on features of the receiver (opposition vs. government, specialization, type of agenda), of the source (newspapers vs. television, congruence), of the message (tone, blame attribution, information monopoly, type of issue), and of the context (elections or not).
Digital Divide
Authors: Owen Diana 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The digital divide refers to differences in people's ability to take advantage of information and communications technology and the Internet. The first‐level digital divide indicates disparities in digital access based on socioeconomic status, education, age, gender, race and ethnicity, geographic location, linguistic background, and living with a disability. The second‐level digital divide pertains to variations in the technological skill levels of members of different societal groups as well as how and for what purposes technology is used. People with greater access to and facility with technology are better able to participate in politics through digital platforms than others. The global digital divide represents the differences in access to technology between industrialized and developing societies that heighten the resource gap between information‐rich and poor countries. The digital divide persists even as technology becomes more pervasive and available at lower costs. In 2013, only 40% of the world's population had access to the Internet. Some scholars predict that the digital divide will close as has been the case with other technologies, like radio and television. Others disagree, and contend that digital technology is unique and requires constant upgrading of equipment and skills that is not necessary with older media.
Communication Rights
Authors: Hamelink Cees J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In a series of international and regional instruments close to 100 different human rights have been codified. All of them are based upon four key standards: dignity, equality, freedom, and security. These standards became essential to those human rights that could be labeled communication rights. These rights pertain to standards of performance with regard to the provision of information and the functioning of communication processes in society. They encompass freedom rights, protection rights, and cultural rights. Most of these rights do not adequately deal with communication as an interactive process. They deal with communication in the sense of “transfer of messages.” This has stimulated a discussion on a human right to communicate that would focus on communication in the sense of conversation or dialogue.
Television
Authors: Gripsrud Jostein 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTelevision has remained central in the media system even after the opening up and immense growth of the World Wide Web from the mid‐1990s onward. But it has been changing in a number of ways, and so has its significance for political communication. In order to understand these changes, one must first turn to the history and basic features of the medium of television, that is, television as an audiovisual broadcasting medium. In this article, the emphasis will first be on a more general understanding of the medium of television. The article then looks at the medium's impact on political discourse in general and political campaigns more specifically. Finally, it discusses television's role in a digitalized media system where the Internet plays a key role.
Foreign Policy
Authors: Livingston Steven 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTwo rival schools of thought concerning the nature of the international system have dominatedUSforeign policy theory: structuralism (sometimes called neorealism) and complex interdependency theory (sometimes called neoliberalism). The conduct of foreign policy changes according to the premises established in adhering to one or the other of these systems. Both schools of thought agree that the international system is anarchic and that states are its principal organizing units. They differ on the nature and extent of cooperation among states and the role of nonstate actors, including news media. Recent advances in information and communication technology have begun to raise new challenges to the dominance of the state as the principal unit of organization on the global stage.
Press Freedom
Authors: Anderson C. W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPress freedom, also referred to as the freedom of the press, refers to the ability of producers of both electronic and printed material to publish said material without interference from external agencies or outside centers of power. Press freedom is a complex concept insofar as it is inevitably tangled up in larger debates about negative and positive freedoms, as well as in debates about the cultural embeddedness of the very idea of a free press. One can speak of an US idea of press freedom, a European notion of press freedom, not to mention varied understandings of press freedom in the rest of the world. What's more, like much else in the realm of journalism and media production, previously static assumptions are being upended as communications infrastructures and products digitize. There is also increased complexity at the root of the concept of press freedom brought about by the process of globalization itself.