bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Otitis Media, Auditory Abilities, and Educational Risk
Authors: Gravel Judith S. , Wallace Ina F. 
Published: July 2014

Fourteen children whose first-year otitis media (OM) histories were well documented by prospective pneumatic otoscopy were given formal measures of their academic abilities at 6 years of age using the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities and Tests of Achievement and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Parents and teachers of the children completed the appropriate Conners' Rating Scales that queried behavioral and attentional characteristics. In addition, at school age, the children were screened for academic risk using the Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk (SIFTER). At 4 years, these same children's abilities to listen in background competition were assessed using an adaptive competing sentences task. Auditory sensitivity was estimated in the first year of life with the click-ABR.Results suggest that a history of persistent OM and mild conductive hearing loss in the first year of life is associated with poorer academic abilities at school age, particularly in reading skills and those that underlie reading. Teachers' ratings of children's behavior and attention in the academic setting were different between OM groups (first-year OM-free versus OM-positive). Listening in background competition at 4 years of age was associated with teachers' ratings of academic performance at school age. Early OM and mild hearing loss appear detrimental to several auditory-based learning skills.
Sentence Recast Use by Parents of Children With Typical Language and Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Fey Marc E. , Krulik Tracy E. , Loeb Diane Frome , Proctor-Williams Kerry 
Published: July 2014

Many early studies failed to find differences in the language input of parents to children with specific language impairments (SLI) when compared to the input provided for MLU-matched children with typical language (TL). More recent investigations have revealed significant differences in the frequency of sentence recasts provided to young children. Specifically, parents of children with SLI have been shown to produce fewer recasts than do parents of younger children with TL. Because recasts have been shown to facilitate morphosyntactic development, these findings have important assessment and treatment implications.
The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend these recent findings. The sentence recast usage of the parents of 10 children with SLI was compared with the recast usage of parents of 10 younger children with TL at two points in time. This strategy enabled us to examine specific hypotheses about the quantity of recasts used by parents and the changes in patterns of use over time. The results failed to confirm recent findings; there were no differences between groups at either time. We interpret this to suggest that parents of children with SLI may not differ substantially from parents of children with TL in recast usage, at least in the early preschool years when the age gap separating children with SLI and language-matched children with TL is not great. Nevertheless, to benefit from their facilitative properties, children with SLI seem to need recasts that are more frequent or more focused on specific targets than are typically available in their environments.
Coping With Communication Breakdown
Authors: Elfenbein Jill L. 
Published: July 2014

Eight years of experience with the Communication Strategies Program have provided evidence that participation in a program of this type can lead to marked improvement in children's abilities to cope with communication breakdown. However, it is clear that children can not be expected to master every aspect of the program in 6 weeks. Most move through the program, learning the basic components during one summer, and then return in subsequent summers to expand their understanding of these concepts and/or to refine their application of the techniques they have been taught. Many children need work on specific vocabulary or syntax skills before they can tackle some of the issues related to causes of communication breakdown (e.g., unclear pronoun referents) or feelings encountered when communication breakdown occurs (e.g., frustration, confusion).
This description of the program has focused on communication between a child who signs and children and adults who do not. However, the children were taught to use the same approach with individuals who do sign or can understand their speech. Marked improvement was seen in interactions among the children, between the children and the clinicians, and between the children and the dorm staff. Parent reports also indicate that benefits cut across many types of interactions. One mother told a local reporter that, "Jaclyn learned that there was a way to make herself understood— whether by sign, gestures, drawing, mimicking or pointing—and not to let anyone tell her anything different... . After the first summer in the University program, Jaclyn was much more sure of herself. She was willing to tackle anything" (Brown, 1989, p. 3).
This program can be readily adapted to a variety of clinical and educational settings. The basic format can be varied to meet the needs of children of different ages, or with different degrees of hearing loss, cognitive abilities, or speech and language skills. The program can also be adjusted to fit within the time frame of school or clinic calendars.
Within the SRP setting, the program has served as the foundation for discussing behavior in emergency situations, use of TDDs, and foreign languages. Formal descriptions of these aspects of the project are under development. It is likely that clinicians who experiment with the program will find additional ways to broaden the program's scope.
The Auditory Perception Test for the Hearing Impaired-Revised: Test-Retest Reliability, Intra-rater Reliability, and Inter-rater Reliability
Authors: Cordingley Sarah A. , Muñoz Karen F. , Todd Houston K. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose: The aims of this study were to assess the test-retest, intra-rater, and inter-rater reliability of the Auditory Perception Test for the Hearing Impaired-Revised (APT/HI-R) for children with hearing loss.
Method: This study used a cross-sectional design. Sixteen children between the ages of 3 and 10 years with bilateral hearing loss who wear amplification and use spoken language to communicate were included in this study.
Results: Test-retest reliability was high (r = 0.98) for the complete test, and for all subsections of the test with the exception of the Linguistic Perception subsection. Reliability was also high for intra-rater (r = 0.99) and inter-rater (84%–92% rater agreement) reliability.
Conclusion: The APT-HI/R showed high reliability in this study, comparable to results from the original pilot study.
Experimental Analysis of Syntax Training in Broca's Aphasia
Authors: Doyle Patrick J. , Goldstein Howard , Bourgeois Michelle S. 
Published: July 2014

A multiple baseline design across responses was used to examine the effect of syntax training on the sentence production of 4 individuals with Chronic Broca's aphasia. Subjects were trained to produce five exemplars of five sentence types from Helm's Elicited Language Program for Syntax Stimulation (Helm-Estabrooks, 1981). Generalization and maintenance of trained sentence types to novel exemplars and novel stimulus conditions served as dependent measures. In addition, five naive judges rated subjects' responses before and following the treatment in terms of their "adequacy."
Generalization to novel exemplars was demonstrated sequentially by 3 subjects (i.e., following the teaching of all five forms), and the remaining subject demonstrated generalization for three of five sentence types trained. Maintenance was variable across subjects and sentence types. Generalization across stimulus conditions was limited for all subjects Adequacy judgments revealed improved communication skills for wh-questions but limited changes in the perceived adequacy of subjects' declarative responses. These findings indicate that the effects of syntax training procedures are limited to those grammatical constructions taught, that generalization of learned forms to novel stimulus conditions is not an automatic consequence of acquisition, and that the effect of such training on the adequacy of subjects' responses may be limited.
Characterization of Tinnitus by Tinnitus Patients
Authors: Stouffer J. L. , Tyler Richard S. 
Published: July 2014

A questionnaire was administered to 528 tinnitus patients to obtain data on their reactions to tinnitus. Results include a discussion of: (a) population characteristics, (b) perceptual characteristics, (c) the impact of tinnitus on daily life, and (d) etiology. Significant gender differences are also discussed.Tinnitus was not an occasional phenomenon, but was present for more than 26 days per month in 74% of the patients. Other important findings about tinnitus include: (a) Hearing levels at 1000 and 4000 Hz were ≤ 25 dB HL for 18% of the tinnitus patients, which suggests that some patients had normal hearing or mild hearing losses; (b) the prevalence of tinnitus in patients with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was 30% for males and only 3% for females; (c) about 25% of the patients reported tinnitus severity had increased since tinnitus onset; (d) the effects of tinnitus were more severe in patients who reported tinnitus as their primary complaint and in patients diagnosed as having Meniere's syndrome tinnitus; and (e) some patients reported that noise exacerbated their tinnitus, whereas others reported that a quiet background exacerbated their tinnitus.
Comparison of Grammar of Children with Functionally Deviant and Normal Speech
Authors: Menyuk Paula 
Published: July 2014

A generative model of grammar was used to compare the grammar of 10 children diagnosed as using infantile speech with that of 10 matched children using normal speech to attempt to formalize the description of language simply characterized as infantile. The language of one child was periodically sampled from age two to three. A language sample from each child was analyzed and the syntactic structures used were postulated. A number of children in each group were asked to repeat a list of sentences containing syntactic structures found in children’s grammar.
The term infantile seemed to be a misnomer since at no age level did the grammatical production of a child with deviant speech match or closely match that of a child with normal speech. It was hypothesized that the differences found in the use and repetition of syntactic structures between the two groups might be due to differences in the use of the coding processes for the perception and production of language. The children with deviant speech, in the terms of the model of grammar used for analysis, formulated their sentences with the most general rules whereas children with normal speech used increasingly differentiating rules for different structures as they matured.
Changes in Bone-Conduction Thresholds Produced by Masking in the Non-Test Ear
Authors: Dirks Donald , Malmquist Carolyn 
Published: July 2014

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of central masking on both air and bone-conduction thresholds. In the first investigation, 10 normal listeners were tested by air conduction and by bone conduction via the mastoid process and the frontal bone as various levels of narrow-band noise were presented to the contralateral ear. Generally, as the noise level increased, there was a small but gradual increase in the threshold on the test ear. However, the threshold shift for frontal bone measurements was always greater than comparable air-conduction or bone-conduction thresholds from the mastoid process.
The additional shift in threshold for frontal bone measurements may have been the result of changing from binaural stimulation in quiet to monaural stimulation during the masking conditions. This proposition was investigated in Experiment II. The test ears of 6 subjects were occluded with plugs which induced an appreciable increase in bone-conduction sensitivity. Thus, the frontal bone threshold as well as the mastoid threshold was monaural, even in the quiet condition. If the above proposition were correct, it was predicted that identical shifts in threshold due to central masking would be found for frontal bone measurements as for mastoid measurements. The threshold shifts for air conduction and bone conduction via mastoid or frontal bone vibrator placements were found to be similar.
Intelligibility Measures of Dysarthric Speech
Authors: Tikofsky Ronald S. , Tikofsky Rita P. 
Published: July 2014

Ten dysarthric and 10 matched normal speakers recorded three word lists (50 CNC’s, 60 Clusters, and 50 Spondees). Intelligibility scores were obtained for lists, order of presentation, list by order of presentation, and lists and order of presentation combined.
Results indicate that intelligibility testing can be employed to evaluate dysarthric speech. It was possible to differentiate among dysarthrics in terms of intelligibility based on listener judgments. The rank of the dysarthrics remained relatively stable across the intelligibility measures. No significant differences between lists or order of presentation were obtained. Significant differences for dysarthrics and the dysarthric by list, and dysarthric by order interactions were obtained. The intelligibility scores for dysarthrics and normals were markedly different.
Critical Evaluation of SAL Audiometry
Authors: Jerger James , Jerger Susan 
Published: July 2014

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of certain procedural variables on SAL audiometry and to compare SAL and BC threshold hearing levels in subjects with both conductive and sensori-neural hearing loss.
Procedural variables included the force of application of the bone vibrator, the duration of bone-conducted noise exposure, the direction of frequency change of the Bekesy audiometer, the linearity of masking functions for air-conducted tones in bone-conducted noise, the masking level difference phenomenon, the acoustic reflex, and the effect of occlusion.
SAL and BC threshold hearing levels were then compared in 10 subjects with asymmetrical conductive loss and 10 subjects with asymmetrical sensori-neural loss. In all subjects the presence of a severe or total sensori-neural loss on the non-test ear permitted the valid measurement of bone-conduction thresholds without the use of masking on the non-test ear.
An Effect of Delayed Auditory Feedback on Speech in American and Foreign Students
Authors: Rouse Richard O. , Tucker G. Richard 
Published: July 2014

Prose passages were read aloud under simultaneous and delayed feedback conditions by three groups of students, consisting of: group A, the control group, 15 Americans speaking English; group B, 13 foreign students speaking English; and group C, 13 Americans speaking French.
Results showed that there was less disturbance with DAF in groups B and C where the subjects were not speaking their native languages. Analysis showed that the over-all difference between group A and groups B and C was caused by the difference in number of word errors.
Disfluency Behavior of Elementary-School Stutterers and Nonstutterers: Loci of Instances of Disfluency
Authors: Williams Dean E. , Silverman Franklin H. , Kools Joseph A. 
Published: July 2014

One hundred fifty-two children from kindergarten and grades one through six, 76 stutterers and 76 nonstutterers, performed a speech task. Each of the kindergarten and first-grade children repeated 10 sentences after the experimenter, and each of the second- through sixth-grade children read a passage. All words judged to have been spoken disfluently were analyzed for the presence of each of Brown’s four word attributes—initial phoneme, grammatical function, sentence position, and word length.
Disfluencies were not randomly distributed in the speech of these children. For both stutterers and nonstutterers, disfluencies occurred most frequently on words possessing the same attributes as those reported by Brown to be troublesome for adult stutterers. The findings of this study demonstrate the essential similarity in the loci of instances of disfluency in the speech of (1) children and adults and (2) stutterers and nonstutterers.
Practice Effects in Frequency Discrimination by Hearing Impaired Children
Authors: Gengel Roy W. 
Published: July 2014

The difference limens for frequency (DLF) at 250 and 500 Hz of 23 deaf and 21 hard-of-hearing children were measured in three practice sessions. Conditions included both fixed amplitude, where loudness could be confounded with pitch, and variable amplitude, where loudness and pitch varied independently.
Results indicated: (1) The deaf group showed a significant decrease in size of DLF over the three test sessions. The hard-of-hearing group showed a significant decrease in size of DLF over the three test sessions for only one condition. A third group of children with normal sensitivity showed asymptotic performance on the first test session.
(2) A moderate correlation between Hearing Level and size of DLF was found at 500 Hz but not at 250 Hz.
(3) Significant differences in performance were found between the fixed- and variable-amplitude conditions.
The reliability and the validity of the results are discussed and some implications for teachers of the deaf are mentioned.
The Effects on Stuttering Frequency of Pairing Punishment (Response Cost) with Reinforcement
Authors: Halvorson Jerome A. 
Published: July 2014

Three adult male stutterers spoke spontaneously during five experimental segments. In Segment I (baserate) stuttering frequency was counted; no response-produced stimuli were delivered. In Segment II (punishment 1) an add-subtract counter was activated; each stuttering response produced subtraction of one point. During Segment III (pairing) each stuttering response produced subtraction of one point; and if the first word following was fluent, then 10 points were added. In Segment IV (extinction) subtraction and addition of points were withheld. During Segment V (punishment 2) one point was again subtracted for each stuttering.
Response cost (punishment) decreased stuttering below the baserate frequency for all three subjects; but when reintroduced after pairing with reinforcement, the rate of stuttering did not immediately decrease for one subject. These data indicate that response cost may be used as a punisher of stuttering behavior, and suggest that punishment for stuttering may acquire discriminative attributes after systematic pairing with a reinforcing stimulus.
Family Histories of Children With SLI Who Show Extended Optional Infinitives
Authors: Rice Mabel L. , Haney Karla R. , Wexler Kenneth 
Published: July 2014

Previous family history studies have demonstrated that there are elevated rates of language and language-related impairments in families identified through probands with language impairments. This study examines family histories of children with specific language impairment (SLI) known to have particular grammatical limitations in a core feature of grammatical acquisition, a stage known as Extended Optional Infinitives (EOI). Family affectedness rates are reported for 31 families identified through preschool probands with this clearly defined language impairment and 67 control families, identified through nonaffected preschool children developmentally similar to the probands.
It was found that significantly more speech and language difficulties, as well as language-related difficulties, such as reading, were reported for proband families than control families. The elevated rates were obtained for nuclear family members and extended family members as well. Fathers of probands were more often reported as having difficulties (29% for speech/language impairments) than were mothers of probands (7%), but there was no difference between brothers (26%) and sisters (29%). No differences were evident between proband families based on proband gender. The findings are relevant for theoretical models of sources of unexplained variations in grammatical competence in young children. In addition, the findings contribute new information about expected rates of affectedness, means of identification of affected family members, and comorbidity of symptomatology.
Flow disturbances generated by feeding and swimming zooplankton
Authors: Kiørboe Thomas , Jiang Houshuo , Gonçalves Rodrigo Javier , Nielsen Lasse Tor , Wadhwa Navish 
Published: July 2014

SignificancePlankton compromise their survival when they swim and feed because the fluid disturbances that they generate may be perceived by predators. Because the abundance and population dynamics of zooplankton in the ocean are governed by their access to food and exposure to predators, an important question is to what extent and how zooplankton may minimize the fluid disturbances that they generate. We show that when swimming and feeding are integrated processes, zooplankton generate fluid disturbances that extend much farther in the water than is the case for zooplankton that swim only to relocate. Quiet swimming is achieved through “breast swimming” or by swimming by jumping, whereas other propulsion modes are much noisier. This pattern applies independent of organism size and species.
Shape recognition and classification in electro-sensing
Authors: Ammari Habib , Boulier Thomas , Garnier Josselin , Wang Han 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Weakly electric fish orient themselves in complete darkness by using their active electrolocation system. They generate a weak electric field and perceive the transdermal potential modulations caused by a nearby target with different electromagnetic properties than the surrounding water. The main result of this paper is a scheme that explains how weakly electric fish might identify and classify living biological organisms. This scheme exploits the frequency dependence of the electromagnetic properties of living organisms, which comes from the capacitive effects generated by the cell membrane structure.
Spin-dependent electron transport in protein-like single-helical molecules
Authors: Guo Ai-Min , Sun Qing-Feng 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The control of electron spin transport in molecular systems has been receiving lots of attention among different scientific communities because of possible applications in spintronics and understanding of the spin effects in biological systems. Recent experiments have demonstrated that α-helical protein acts as an efficient spin filter and the chiral-induced spin selectivity may be a general phenomenon. However, no spin selectivity was measured in single-stranded DNA above the experimental noise. In the present study, we propose a physical model to rationalize the above phenomena, and provide an unambiguous physical mechanism for spin-selective phenomenon observed in α-helical protein and for the contradictory behaviors between protein and single-stranded DNA. These results may facilitate engineering of chiral-based spintronic devices.
Eradication of metastatic mouse cancers resistant to immune checkpoint blockade by suppression of myeloid-derived cells
Authors: Kim KiBem , Skora Andrew D. , Li Zhaobo , Liu Qiang , Tam Ada J. , Blosser Richard L. , Diaz Luis A. , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert , Zhou Shibin 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Recent clinical trials have shown highly promising responses in a subset of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitory anti–programmed cell death-1, anti–programmed cell death ligand-1, and anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibodies, but the majority of patients in these trials remained unresponsive. Our results show that elevated myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs) are responsible for the resistance and that elimination of MDSCs can lead to cures of experimental, metastatic tumors.