bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UV‐Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of the Simplest 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaboroles [(CHNH)2BX, X = H, CN]
Authors: Chrostowska Anna , Dargelos Alain , Baylère Patrick , Darrigan Clovis , Weber Lothar , Halama Johannes 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFlash vacuum thermolysis of N,N′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (1) and N,N′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (2) has been performed with a progressive increase in temperature and direct analysis of the gaseous flow by UV‐photoelectron spectroscopy. The generation of isobutene was confirmed by its PE bands, and the formation of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (1′) and 2‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (2′) has also been evidenced. These experimental results have been corroborated by TDDFT and OVGF calculations of the ionization energies.
Electrophile‐Mediated Reactions of Functionalized Propargylic Substrates
Authors: Urbanaitė Aurelija , Jonušis Mantas , Bukšnaitienė Rita , Balkaitis Simonas , Čikotienė Inga 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMetal‐free halogen, chalcogen, or oxocarbenium ion mediated yne‐carbonyl or yne‐thioxo transformations of a range of N‐ and O‐propargylic compounds have been studied. This investigation has led to the development of a mild, economic, and effective method for the synthesis of functionalized 4H‐1,3‐oxazines, 4H‐1,3‐thiazines, 4,5‐dihydrothiazoles, and α‐substituted enones. The structure of the propargylic substrate and the nature of electrophile influence both the outcome and regioselectivity of processes.
One‐Carbon Homologation of Primary Alcohols and the Reductive Homologation of Aldehydes Involving a Jocic‐Type Reaction
Authors: Li Zhexi , Gupta Manoj K. , Snowden Timothy S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract(Trichloromethyl)carbinols, which are formed in one operation from either alcohols or aldehydes, can be converted into primary alcohols in a Jocic‐type reaction involving LiBH4. The net result is a convenient two‐step, one‐carbon homologation of primary alcohols or a reductive one‐carbon homologation of aldehydes featuring a broad substrate scope. The method is step‐economical, and it nicely complements established one‐carbon homologation strategies.
A three‐dimensional multiphysics modeling of thin‐film amorphous silicon solar cells
Authors: Ghahremani Ahmadreza , Fathy Aly E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA 3D multiphysics simulation toolbox for thin‐film amorphous silicon solar cells has been developed. The simulation is rigorous and is based on developing three modules: first to analyze light propagation using electromagnetic techniques, second to account for charge generation and transportation based on the physics of the semiconductor device, and third including electrode modeling by applying electrostatic techniques. Published results of a P‐I‐N thin‐film amorphous silicon solar cell fabricated on a thick glass and experimentally evaluated was used as a vehicle to validate our 3D multiphysics toolbox and demonstrate its capabilities. The toolbox utilizes COMSOL for solving the partial differential equations describing the three modules, and MATLAB to input data, control the solver, and provides the coupling between the three modules. The developed toolbox was used to investigate both the effect of embedding Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs) and the impact of defects on the external quantum efficiency. The simulator, besides being rigorous, is suitable to model various types of solar cells (organic, inorganic, thick film, thin film, heterojunction, or plasmonic) as well.
Edge‐based reconstruction schemes for unstructured tetrahedral meshes
Authors: Abalakin Ilya , Bakhvalov Pavel , Kozubskaya Tatiana 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIn this paper, we consider edge‐based reconstruction (EBR) schemes for solving the Euler equations on unstructured tetrahedral meshes. These schemes are based on a high‐accuracy quasi‐1D reconstruction of variables on an extended stencil along the edge‐based direction. For an arbitrary tetrahedral mesh, the EBR schemes provide higher accuracy in comparison with most second‐order schemes at rather low computational costs. The EBR schemes are built in the framework of vertex‐centered formulation for the point‐wise values of variables.Here, we prove the high accuracy of EBR schemes for uniform grid‐like meshes, introduce an economical implementation of quasi‐one‐dimensional reconstruction and the resulting new scheme of EBR family, estimate the computational costs, and give new verification results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auf gute Nachbarschaft
Authors: Hinz Thomas , Wöhler Thomas , Freitag Markus 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSoziale Integration einmal anders: Wie gelingt die Eingliederung von Migranten fern der problembeladenen sozialen Brennpunkte? Eine deutsch‐schweizerische Studie untersucht das Miteinander von Zuwanderern und Einheimischen in kleineren und mittleren Städten.
Weiter voran mit der Gleichstellung
Authors: Dzwonnek Dorothee 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGetrübte Bilanz: Die Gleichstellung in der deutschen Wissenschaft hat deutliche Fortschritte gemacht. Doch noch immer ist der Frauenanteil auf den einzelnen Karrierestufen und speziell in Leitungspositionen zu niedrig. Für die DFG ist das Anlass für noch intensiveres Engagement.
Sherwin B. Nuland
Authors: Traverse Lyn D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSherwin Nuland's contributions to the field of bioethics were many. In reaching the lay public, How We Die did much for end‐of‐life care, demythologizing the process of dying and helping doctors, patients, and families discuss death more honestly and openly. Ultimately, Shep taught me as much about life as he did about death.
Time to Breathe
Authors: Milliken Aimee 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAs health care providers, we become all too familiar with suppressing our emotions, putting on a brave face, and going through the necessary motions at the bedside. We power through these emotionally charged scenarios day after day, patient after patient. We try to remain serene, to appear calm, and to exude confidence, competence, and professionalism. We deliver life‐altering news to devastated families; we sit at dying patients’ bedsides and hold their hands as their hearts stop; we deplete ourselves physically and emotionally when a healthy patient takes a turn for the worse. We skillfully manage the natural process of another person's body decompensating while we hold back our tears, sadness, or sense of defeat.And then we take a deep breath and walk into the next room to see the next patient. We betray our inner turmoil by putting on a smiling face, by focusing on facts, by completing necessary tasks.
A Fading Decision
Authors: Fewing Ross , Kirk Timothy W. , Meisel Alan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMrs. F, seventy‐five, was diagnosed with Alzheimer's. She and her spouse often discussed how to handle the progression of the disease. She was adamant about not coming to the point where she would be unable to recognize herself, her husband, or their son and daughter. The manner she chose was voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED), and she chose a specific date on which to carry out her plan. She asked her husband to promise, should she ever waver and request nutrition or hydration, to remind her of the reasons she had chosen for pursuing this path.Mrs. F's ability to function was beginning to wax and wane. Sometimes she was her old self, and sometimes she had no recollection of her past identity. After she voluntarily stopped eating and drinking, the couple's promise created a dilemma for her professional caregivers. She asked for food and drink. Her husband and family reminded her of the reasons she had chosen VSED: “Remember, you didn't want to live in a nursing home, and you didn't want us to be responsible for caring for you at home. You believe that stopping eating and drinking will allow you to die with dignity.” Although they also asked Mrs. F, “What do you want to do?” the family asked the professional caregivers to respect her original choice to stop eating and drinking. Mrs. F still evidenced decision‐making capacity but often did not recall having chosen VSED. She again requested food and drink, from family and the professional caregivers.Can VSED be carried out for a patient whose advanced dementia makes disciplined voluntary action difficult?
Advance Directives, Dementia, and Withholding Food and Water by Mouth
Authors: Menzel Paul T. , Chandler‐Cramer M. Colette 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCompetent patients have considerable legal authority to control life‐and‐death care. They may refuse medical life support, including medically delivered food and fluids. Even when they are not in need of any life‐saving care, they may expedite death by refusing food and water by mouth—voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, or VSED. Neither right is limited to terminal illness. In addition, in four U.S. states, competent patients, if terminally ill, may obtain lethal drugs for aid‐in‐dying.For people who have dementia and are no longer competent, however, control over the end of life is much less extensive. They may have written a clear advance directive for refusing life‐saving care in specified circumstances yet subsequently find themselves living for years in severe dementia with no need for life‐saving care that could be refused. Chronic progressive dementia is not itself life threatening until its very final stage. Even in jurisdictions that permit active aid‐in‐dying, individuals with advanced dementia are not eligible; they lack the required current competence, and they are seldom deemed terminally ill. As for the right to VSED, its very name—voluntarily stopping eating and drinking—is seen as excluding noncompetent persons.One option for ensuring that one does not live years in severe dementia is to use advance directives to withhold food and water by mouth. The driving element behind VSED is that forcing people to ingest food is as objectionable an intrusion on bodily integrity, privacy, and liberty as imposing unwanted medical treatment. Thus, if incompetent people do not lose their rights to refuse life‐saving treatment, and if people when competent have just as strong a right to VSED as they do to refuse life‐saving treatment, then people do not lose their right to VSED when incompetent either. They only have to exercise it by AD.
Diastereoselective and Efficient Synthesis of Indeno[2″,1″: 4′,5′]furo[3′,2′: 5,6]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,6(1H,3H)‐trione and 6‐(2,3‐Dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2‐yl)‐5,8‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,7(1H,3H,6H)‐trione Derivatives
Authors: Saberi Dariush , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad Reza , Esmaeili Reza 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA diastereoselective synthesis of some new N‐containing heterocyclic compounds, indeno[2″,1″: 4′,5′]furo[3′,2′: 5,6]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,6(1H,3H)‐trione derivatives, is presented. Products were obtained in good to excellent yields by the reaction of amino(thio)uracils with 2‐hydroxy‐2‐(3‐oxobut‐1‐en‐2‐yl)‐2H‐indene‐1,3‐dione in AcOH under reflux conditions. Also, a simple and efficient method was introduced for the synthesis of 6‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2‐yl)‐5,8‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,7(1H,3H,6H)‐triones via the reaction of amino(thio)uracils and methyl 2‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2‐yl)acrylate. The simple procedure and easy work‐up, high yields, short reaction times, and diastereoselectivity of the reaction are salient features of this method. The structural assignments are supported by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and X‐ray crystallography data.
Synthesis of Phenanthrene Derivatives through the Reaction of an α,α‐Dicyanoolefin with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Hosseini Seyed Yasub , Sedighian Hadi , Bayat Fahimeh 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPhenanthrene derivatives were prepared by reacting an α,α‐dicyanoolefin with different α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds resulting from Wittig reaction of ninhydrin and phosphanylidene or condensation of barbituric acid and an aldehyde. The easy procedure, mild and metal‐catalyst free, reaction conditions, good yields, and no need for chromatographic purifications are important features of this protocol. The structures of the product of type 3 and 5 were corroborated spectroscopically (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and EI‐MS). A plausible mechanism for this type of reaction is proposed (Scheme 1).
Promoting Employee Flexibility Through HR Practices
Authors: Beltrán‐Martín Inmaculada , Roca‐Puig Vicente 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCurrent competitive environments have created a growing interest in employee flexibility in firms. Recently researchers have differentiated between two facets of employee flexibility: behavior flexibility and skill flexibility. This study proposes a model of relationships between these two facets of employee flexibility and the extent to which HR practices influence them. This model is tested by estimating structural equation models on a sample of 226 commercial departments in Spanish companies. The results of the study show that the two facets of employee flexibility are interrelated, in that skill flexibility influences behavior flexibility. Furthermore, findings confirm the influence of job enrichment on employee flexibility and the significant effect of the internal fit among HR practices on employee flexibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SPECT reconstruction with sub‐sinogram acquisitions
Authors: Hwang DoSik , Lee Jeong‐Whan , Zeng Gengsheng L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDescribed herein are the advantages of using sub‐sinograms for single photon emission computed tomography image reconstruction. A sub‐sinogram is a sinogram acquired with an entire data acquisition protocol, but in a fraction of the total acquisition time. A total‐sinogram is the summation of all sub‐sinograms. Images can be reconstructed from the total‐sinogram or from sub‐sinograms and then be summed to produce the final image. For a linear reconstruction method such as the filtered backprojection algorithm, there is no advantage of using sub‐sinograms. However, for nonlinear methods such as the maximum likelihood (ML) expectation maximization algorithm, the use of sub‐sinograms can produce better results. The ML estimator is a random variable, and one ML reconstruction is one realization of the random variable. The ML solution is better obtained via the mean value of the random variable of the ML estimator. Sub‐sinograms can provide many realizations of the ML estimator. We show that the use of sub‐sinograms can produce better estimations for the ML solution than can the total‐sinogram and can also reduce the statistical noise within iteratively reconstructed images. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 247–252, 2011;
GLOBAL INVENTORY OF CLOSED‐OFF TIDAL BASINS AND DEVELOPMENTS AFTER THE CLOSURE
Authors: Schultz Bart , Hayde Laszlo , Sang‐Hyun Park , Tanaka Kiichiro 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTClosed‐off tidal basin reclamation represents a special type of reclamation. In several countries enclosing dams have been built to close off estuaries, shallow seas, or lagoons, and lands up to 5~6 m − MSL (below mean sea level) have been reclaimed in the former tidal basins. Although these areas were generally primarily reclaimed for agriculture, a second‐stage development may have taken place where parts of these lands were transferred to urban and industrial use. The originally saline water in the created reservoirs was transformed to fresh water that may be used for irrigation, domestic and/or industrial water supply. In several of these reservoirs there are water quality problems, primarily due to pollution in upstream parts of the river basins.In 2007 the Enclosing Dam of the Zuiderzee Scheme in the Netherlands had existed for 75 years. This occasion was used to conduct a global inventory of closed‐off tidal basin reclamation on which this paper is based. The study shows that closed‐off tidal basin reclamation concerns 25 schemes with a total area of 738 000 ha, of which 337 000 ha have been reclaimed and 401 000 ha freshwater reservoirs have been created.This paper presents a summarized overview. Attention is paid to safety, land use and changes in it, development of water quality in the reservoirs, as well as to land subsidence and possible impacts of climate change, like rise in mean sea level. In time this may have implications for safety of the deep polders, the management of the reservoirs as well as for the sustainable development of tidal areas in the future. These items are presented for four major tidal reclamation schemes: the Zuiderzee Scheme in the Netherlands, the Saemangeum Scheme in South Korea, the Kuttanad Region in India and the Hachirogata Scheme in Japan. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
APPLICATION OF A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO SUSTAINABLE LOWLAND PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN YUNLIN AREA, TAIWAN
Authors: Wang Hsiao‐Wen , Yang Chun‐Yao , Kuo Pin‐Han 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSustainable approaches are recognized as a necessity for lowland planning and management. The spatial dimension of sustainability engages relations between different land uses, ecosystems, and human effects at different scales and over time. Yunlin County, located in south‐western Taiwan, has abundant natural resources but has been suffering from flooding and land subsidence for a long time. With the effects of climate change, lowland management in this area is becoming complicated. Possible strategies should thus be considered and conveyed to decision‐makers in the most efficient and transparent way, so as to redirect further discussion towards the conflicting aspects.The study evaluated the possible consequences of three planning scenarios on safety, economic, and ecological resources as a whole based on the future developing trend. The scenarios were then compared by applying OSIRIS, a decision and evaluation support system, to highlight the conflicting sites and to propose an optimal strategy. The results illustrated that the current lowland management policy is not effective and sustainable. Instead, the Coastal Conservation Green Way scenario might not only ease flood threat but also provide ecological benefit. The study could thus contribute to enhanced communication between stakeholders and help achieve sustainable lowland management. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CATCHMENT WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TIDAL AREAS
Authors: Choi Joong‐Dae , Lim Kyoung‐Jae , Won Chul‐Hee 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTControlling the water quality of a freshwater reservoir that has been created by a tidal land reclamation project is never easy and presents great challenges to engineers and administrators. One of the major factors affecting the water quality of a freshwater reservoir created by tidal area development is pollution entering from catchment areas through rivers and streams. Pollution in a catchment is classified by two sources, point source and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. Point source pollution must be eliminated by adopting cutting‐edge treatment technologies, while NPS pollution is controlled and managed effectively by adopting best management practices (BMPs) in both rural and urban areas for a sustainable development of tidal areas. About 70% of total pollution is NPS pollution and strategies and policies need to be adopted to counter this. NPS pollution is mostly generated and transported by rainfall runoff and groundwater. It is very important to make every effort to minimize runoff during rainfall to reduce NPS pollution. Both runoff and groundwater qualities can be controlled and managed successfully by applying BMPs, enforcing strict legal requirements and supporting participatory catchment management activities. Principles of natural attenuation mechanisms must be applied together with BMPs to ensure the fast and effective decomposition and transformation of the pollutants removed by BMPs. In addition to technological approaches, systematic support for ongoing education, incentives, and legal enforcement of antipollution laws can all help to encourage participatory catchment management activities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MONITORING OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER SALINITY IN LIVESTOCK MANURE APPLICATIONS TO RECLAIMED TIDAL LAND
Authors: Hong Eun Mi , Choi Jin‐Yong , Yoo Seung‐Hwan , Nam Won Ho 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTReclaimed tidal lands have been developed to provide quality cropland in Korea, mainly for rice cultivation. However, due to rice overproduction, diverse developments of reclaimed land are required for economic and industrial utility. One of the recent plans for developing these areas is to establish a poplar forest in the reclaimed tidal land for green space creation. To establish such a forest, typical problems such as soil salinity, unfavourable soil chemical composition, and a high groundwater table with poor drainage must be addressed. To investigate the effectiveness of low concentration liquid manure (LCLM) application in desalinization, we monitored shallow groundwater salinity in a reclaimed tidal poplar forest including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, cations, anions, T‐N and T‐P. The EC, Na+ and K+ are of lowest average concentration in the LCLM plots, but highest in the control (undrained) plot during and after LCLM application. And those in the control (drained, undrained) plots showed greater salt leaching and accumulation than the LCLM plots. LCLM application plots had lower salinity than control plots, indicating that LCLM application may be an effective desalinization measure. However, because of the high groundwater levels in reclaimed land, applying LCLM may cause shallow or soil water quality problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SEDIMENTS OF THE TAINAN COASTAL AREA, ANPING HARBOR AND TAINAN CANAL, SOUTHWESTERN TAIWAN
Authors: Chen Ping , Liu Ta‐Kang 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTHeavy metal (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Hg and As) concentrations were analyzed in surface sediments collected from the southwestern coast of Taiwan, the adjacent area of Anping Harbor, and the Tainan Canal. The results clearly indicate that smaller mean grain size and elevated mud content are observed close to Anping Harbor and fishing port. Grain‐size normalized metal concentrations show large spatial variation, and metal distributions in the Tainan coastal sediments are clearly affected by terrestrial river inputs based on the locations of elevated metal concentrations. Heavy metal concentrations in the Tainan Canal sediments are significantly higher than those from the offshore area. Moreover, elevated Igeo (geo‐accumulation index) values also indicate that the Canal sediments were either moderately or strongly contaminated with Zn and Hg. The varying metal concentrations in sediments near the mouth of Anping Harbor with data from December 2002 to January 2005, suggest no clear trends during phases I and II of dredging of the canal and no abnormal concentrations occurred during the dredging period. This result indicates that the metal contaminated sediments are trapped in the canal and then been removed during dredging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1.2.1 Use Cases and Non‐functional Requirements Presented in Compact System Description A3s
Authors: Nilsen Anders Fuglesteg , Muller Gerrit 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTranslating stakeholder requirements into system requirements is important for guiding the detailed design towards a solution that meets the stakeholder needs. The methods typically used today in the company do not sufficiently capture performance requirements. We combined the functional and non‐functional aspects of a system in one diagram. We used compact system description A3s to communicate the diagram and other system information to stakeholders.We showed that presenting functions through use cases, annotated with non‐functional requirements, help capture the performance aspect of the system, and that compact system description A3s communicate the most important aspect of the system well.