bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
207d - Human biomonitoring in practice: Minimum information requirement for human biomonitoring studies in occupational settings
Authors: Jeddi Maryam Zare , Hopf Nancy , Galea Karen , Jones Kate , Santonen Tiina , Viegas Susana , Kumar Eva , Pasanen-Kase Robert , Duca Radu , Bader Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Occupational biomonitoring plays a pivotal role in the assessment and management of chemical workplace exposures. It provides a direct measure of workers’ internal dose of chemicals, integrating all sources and routes of exposure. Biomonitoring can bridge the gap between potential exposure scenarios and real-world implications for worker health. Nevertheless, the practical effectiveness of biomonitoring programs relies on the assurance of data quality, comparability, and practical application of the findings to improve occupational health standards.
The ISES Europe Human Biomonitoring working group was established in 2018 with the ambition to promote the generation of high-quality biomonitoring data and its use in occupational settings. Our group made notable progress, especially in establishing standardized Minimum Information Requirements (MIRs). MIRs are sets of guideline specifications that define the structure of minimum metadata attributes in terms of semantics, syntax, findability, and reusability of biomonitoring datasets. MIRs will help in standardising biomonitoring records. It is a complementary approach to the already established personalised medical biomonitoring of occupational medicine.
MIRs will not only improve the consistency and reliability of biomonitoring studies but also help foster a culture of safety and sustainability. By integrating advances in exposure science, including New Approach Methodologies and exposure modelling, into the biomonitoring framework, we can achieve a more robust understanding of occupational exposures. This will ultimately contribute to the refinement and application of Occupational Exposure Limits and Occupational Biomonitoring levels, the design of safer chemicals, and the implementation of effective risk management strategies, thereby safeguarding worker health.
228c - Wristbands, hair and biomonitoring – How relevant are these alternative tools for internal dose evaluation?
Authors: Duca Radu Corneliu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Occupational biomonitoring studies performed under European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) and Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) are intended to support European circular economy strategies and identify challenges related to occupational health and safety. Workers involved in the e-waste recycling are potentially exposed to a wide variety of toxic chemicals. In this context, apart from the more classical industrial hygiene (dust fraction, wipes) and biomonitoring (urine and blood) matrices, alternative matrices like silicon wristbands, SWB; floor settled dust, FSD (for industrial hygiene measurement); and hair (for biomonitoring) were explored. The results obtained for the alternative environmental and biological matrices could distinguish the different groups of workers. For instance, in E-Waste survey higher levels of metals were obtained in the hair samples from battery worker (Cd: 0.10 – 3.10 µg/g; Cr: 2.85 - 141 µg/g; Pb: 0.69 – 751 µg/g) vs controls (Cd: 0.10 – 0.12 µg/g; Cr: 3.33 - 21.6 µg/g; Pb: 0.38 – 4.79 µg/g). Hair levels were further correlated with the settled dust metals levels. Moreover, positive correlation between FSD levels and urinary metabolite concentration was found for all phthalates, with the strongest correlation for DEHP (RSperman 0.689, p&lt;0.05). In addition, a strong and positive correlation was observed between FSD and SWB results for PBDE and PCB supporting the use of these two types of hygiene sampling approaches for reliable external exposure assessment and characterization. Overall, alternative matrices are giving access to an extended window of exposure reflecting longer periods of exposure, which are not captured by classical matrices.
Presented on behalf of the HBM4EU occupational study project team.
256a - What are ACGIH BEIs®?
Authors: Hopf Nancy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The BEI® committee developed BEIs to equip Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety professionals to effectively integrate biomonitoring into exposure assessment programs. Biological monitoring is the measure of an exposure biomarker in breath, urine, or blood samples, and reflects total chemical uptake. Most BEI® are derived from TLV–TWA, aligning BEI determinant concentration with absorbed amounts at TLV–TWA airborne exposure. Certain BEI® (e.g., lead, CO) prevent adverse health effects directly, while others use population-based values (POPs), especially valuable for carcinogens under ALARA principles. Before setting up a biological monitoring program, why, who, and what to sample need to be determined. The BEI® documentation details how, when, and where to sample, along with transport, storage, analysis, and reporting. The when and why of biological monitoring hinge on diverse occupational exposure routes, recognizing skin absorption and non-occupational factors. Biological monitoring complements air sampling by including all routes of exposure (inhalation, skin absorption, and non-occupational exposures) and in most cases, reflect work-related factors, often adjustable to reduce exposure or implement workplace changes. The ultimate goal is to prevent adverse health effects, ensuring a safe workplace for all.
256c - Why and how to use BEI® notations?
Authors: Nylander-French Leena 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Notations provide essential guidance in correctly using the BEI®’s numerical value, which is based on a direct relationship with the TLV–TWA or to prevent the development of an adverse health effect. BEI notation is assigned on the basis of available data from the scientific literature when it assist in the interpretation of the biological data. For example, when determinant may be present in the collected biological specimen due to other sources than occupational exposure or is observed following the exposure to other chemicals. Several BEI®s are now based on the level of the determinant in the background, i.e., level observed in non-exposed population (a POP-value). The interpretation of POP-value is that a measurement at or above this level will have a high probability of resulting from an occupational exposure. These POP BEI®s are especially valuable in the case of carcinogens based on the principle of “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA). Notation used by the BEI committee will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on the correct use and interpretation of BEI notations when evaluating biological monitoring data and designing control measures for worker protection.
256d - Barriers to developing BEIs® for adipates
Authors: Grassman Jean 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The committee reviewed the feasibility of developing BEIs® for adipates, chemicals that are widely used in the manufacture of a remarkable variety of products as plasticizers, emollients and lubricants. Their usage is likely to increase as they can substitute for phthalates. This assessment focused on eleven adipates that are esters of adipic acid for which occupational exposure values have not been assigned. Adipates are lipophilic with low vapor pressures which suggests that in occupational settings, the primary route of exposure would be through skin. Skin exposure is supported by studies noting the excretion of urinary metabolites after application of di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) -containing sunscreen. Despite the possibility of worker exposure, no occupational assessments were found. Background exposure is a concern since small surveillance studies of urinary metabolites of two adipates, diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) and DnBA provide evidence of exposure among the general population lacking known occupational exposure. Research on human toxicity is non-existent while animal models suggest little adverse effect at low doses. Robust analytical methods for the quantitation of specific urinary metabolites have been described for three of the adipates -- DEHA, DnBA, and diisononyl adipate (DINA). Accordingly, it was not possible to establish a meaningful value of BEI® for any of the selected adipates given the lack of evidence of systemic adverse health effects, the likely high background levels in those without occupational exposure, and the lack of studies demonstrating a relationship between the urine measures and existing guidelines, biological changes, or health risk.
381a - Advances in respirator design and performance testing
Authors: Brosseau, Lisa 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic stimulated considerable research and innovation in respirator and mask design, use and performance (fit) testing. For example, innovations to improve fit, such as mask fitters and face seal additions, proved effective but were often not evaluated for comfort or performance over time. The use of 3D facial scans and 3D printers allowed for the creation of personalized respirators, but product regulation and certification were generally not considered. Innovations for improving the fit of negative pressure respirators in the presence of facial hair showed some promise, but further assessment is needed. These and other new approaches will be described and discussed in terms of future applications, research needs, and regulatory challenges.
11 Stony brook medicine – respiratory protection in a NY public hospital before, during and post COVID-19
Authors: O’Hare Ellen , Crawford Laurie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
SBM’s Respiratory Protection Program (RPP) fit tested clinical staff that may perform direct care to patients with confirmed/suspect airborne pathogenic illness (i.e., TB, SARS, smallpox, and measles), support staff and facilities staff. Early 2020, SBM was faced with deficiencies in the RPP. The number of staff requiring immediate fit testing dramatically increased. Most MDs did not comply with the annual fit testing requirement. Off-site medical staff, many never fit tested, were redeployed to COVID-19 units when the clinics closed. Supply chain shortages and counterfeits made providing adequate respiratory protection challenging.
Fit testing solutions:
•Mass fit testing for staff and first responders:
•Lecture halls were secured to provide space for larger groups, social distancing, and rigorous sanitizing.
•Multiple daily fit test sessions provided.
•Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) PAPRs were purchased for staff: not fitting Hospital approved N95s; with religious or medical accommodations; should N95s not be available.
•Reusable half-face elastomeric respirators were secured should N95s not be available.
•Air-line teams used PAPRs to reduce the # of contaminated respirators discarded.
•EH&S’s fit testing data was available when OSHA suspended the requirement for annual fit testing. Concerns about adequate fit were addressed.
•PortaCount was used for: staff previously unable to pass qualitative fit tests, evaluate unfamiliar vendors/respirators to rule out counterfeit masks, aid research for reprocessing N95s and evaluate the interference of skin dressing on fit.
•Research into the integrity of sanitized respirators demonstrated a method that did not compromise fit.
Currently - SBM adopted quantitative fit testing.
13 Reliability of material safety data sheet on paint thinners sold in Korea
Authors: Ha Kwonchul , Woo Sungjun 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study is to verify the reliability of MSDS by collecting and examining paint thinners that are commercially available in Korea.

Methods
25 paint thinners were purchased at a paint store, and provision of MSDS were also checked. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on chemical constituents of thinners using GC-MSD and GC-FID. Reliability is evaluated by calculating the MSDS collecting rate for paint thinners and matching rate between contents and composition of chemical constituents in MSDS and laboratory analysis results.

Results
As a result of qualitative analysis using GC-MSD, 104 chemical substances were detected and the substances with the highest detection rate were identified in the order of toluene, butyl acetate, acetone, xylene, ethylbenzene. The matching rate of 41% was found by comparing the difference between the number of substances laboratory detected and the number of substances listed in the MSDS. Benzene, a carcinogen and not listed in MSDS, was detected in two thinners produced by a small company. When benzene is used, it should be strictly handled based on the Industrial Safety and Health Act, but since it is not listed on the MSDS, it is judged that benzene was not managed as a carcinogen in the workplace where it is used.

Conclusions
Since the reliability of MSDS, which plays an important role in the transmission of hazard information, was evaluated at a low level, it is necessary to secure the reliability systematically and continuously. In particular, carcinogens should be managed more strictly.
31 A proposed database of task-based, area and personal noise exposure measurements suitable for risk assessment in non-mining Southern African workplaces
Authors: Linde Karlien , Linde Stefan , Mundackal Jino 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Introduction
With the exception of the mining industry, minimal information is readily available regarding occupational noise exposure in Southern Africa. Subsequently, a job-exposure matrix (JEM) linking job activities with indices of exposure may assist health and safety managers in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to make decisions regarding occupational noise exposure. However, currently no JEMs are available for Southern African workplaces and SMEs don’t necessarily have access to qualified occupational hygiene practitioners to quantify noise exposure.

Methodology
A review of literature related to occupational noise exposure in Southern African non-mining industries was conducted. Subsequently, a concept database combining noise exposure data with relevant effective control measures was created using published data together with noise exposure data from a South African fruit processing factory.

Results
Limited quantitative occupational noise exposure data was found for South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Tanzania, and included woodworking, grain processing and steel industries, amongst others. By using the published and newly gathered data a first version of a database was created which incorporates relevant general control measures that can be used to reduce exposure to noise.

Conclusions
Noise exposure data that links specific tasks with relevant effective control measures is needed for more work areas in a wider variety of workplaces in Southern Africa. This study created the first version of a database for occupational noise exposures and associated control measures that can be expanded on by other studies and used by SMEs and governmental institutions in the region to share information and best practices.
98 Evaluation of bacteria antibiotic resistance in wastewater sludge from hospitals
Authors: Chen Chih-Ying , Wu Yi-Xuan , Lai Chane-Yu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In hospital wastewater treatment plants, some bacteria and heavy metals are accumulated by direct or indirect sedimentation, which may influence the characteristics of bacteria antibiotic resistance. In the research, three kinds of hospital wastewater sludges were collected for subsequently analysis. A BD Phoenix-100 automated interpretation system was used to identify the bacteria species and antibiotic resistance. The metal compositions were analyzed by using ICP-OES.
The results showed that most of the identified bacteria were gram positive coccus, i.e., Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus hominis. The sludge was found to contain high concentration of metals and most of them exceeded the national Water Quality Standards, for instance: Aluminum was averaged 4300 (mg/kg), Chromium 25 (mg/kg), Copper 70(mg/kg), Iron 6140(mg/kg), Nickel 16(mg/kg), Lead 29(mg/kg), and Zinc 618(mg/kg). Bacillus cereus was found to resist antibiotic agents such as AM, FOX, and P; Streptococcus agalactiae was found to resist to FA and GM; Enterococcus faecalis was found to resist to FOX, CC, FA, GM, P, QDA, and SXT; Staphylococcus hominis was found to resist to AM, FOX, OX, P, and SXT. Bacteria increase antibiotic resistance through cross-resistance or co-resistance mechanisms when encountered the environmental stress.
From previous studies, when bacteria expose to excessive concentrations of heavy metals will stimulate the bacteria mutation and force bacteria to alter their genetic to survive, contributing to an increase the antibiotics resistance. Employees who work in wastewater treatment plants are recommended to wear respirators to avoid exposure to suspended sludge aerosols.
107 Wood shavings: From an occupational hazard in poultry facilities to a global health concern
Authors: Gomes Bianca , Dias Marta , Cervantes Renata , Pena Pedro , Viegas Carla 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Globally, poultry production has been found to constitute a serious threat to global health due to microbial contamination. When considering the poultry environment, one of the primary causes of indoor and outdoor air pollution are animals bedding material. Consequently, chicken bedding material may be an underestimated source of pathogens. Currently, there is a lack of information concerning the impact of the bedding material used on fungal development and the health hazards that may be triggered for workers. The preparation of animals’ bedding is one of the duties that exposes poultry workers to more dust, and fungi and their metabolites (mycotoxins). In fact, some evidence already reported fungal exposure in poultry facilities putting farmers at risk for occupational respiratory diseases. Besides, temperature increases due to climate change may influence the susceptibility of pathogens (bacteria, fungi and parasites) in these facilities. This study aims to assess fungal exposure in poultry facilities during birds’ growth cycle and by considering wood shavings as animals bedding material. This study will allow to characterize the risk of fungal exposure in poultry environment, contribute for awareness and foster workplace solutions that will encourage safer working conditions. Finally, performing an exposure assessment in the poultry industry will help address threats to health and ecosystems by identifying priority areas for action to mitigate microbial exposure, promote a safe environment for workers and animals in poultry facilities, and reduce environmental impact.
111 Grouping strategies for exposures to infectious, trauma and psychosocial risks factors among UK police officers and staff
Authors: Basinas Ioannis , Demou Evangelia , Miller Jessica K , van Tongeren Martie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to examine if role and rank were important determinants of exposures to traumatic events and psychosocial risk factors for UK police officers and staff. We used self-reported data on job profile (rank, role), demographics (age, gender) and psychosocial and other risk factors available from ‘The Job and Life’ 2018 survey of 15,202 UK police officers and staff. Random effect models were used to investigate the explained variability in the reported exposure of: job quality, traumatic experiences, workplace support, working hours, and handling/contact with potentially infectious materials (e.g. bodily fluids) by rank (5 categories), role (10 or 22 categories), gender (3 categories), age (4 categories) and the combination of these variables. Using job role, the explained variance of traumatic experiences, exposure to infectious material and job quality ranged from 10 to 27%, whereas a combined grouping using role, rank and age accounted for &gt;35% of the total variance of work-life balance. Rank was important for working hours, explaining ~49% of the total variance. Gender and age accounted for ≤ 8% of the total variance for all exposures. These findings suggest that among police officers and staff, the role is an important predictor of exposure to psychosocial and infectious risk factors. These results will be used to develop job exposure matrices that can be employed to investigate the link between these risk factors and health outcomes in the AIRWAVE study, which is a longitudinal study of the UK police workforce.
119 Repeated exposure measurements of isothiazolinones in air on five professional painters in Sweden, Gothenburg
Authors: Möller Rickie , Farbrot Anne , Akdeve Hatice Koca , Höglund Anna Dahlman 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Isothiazolinoes (ITZs) are chemical compounds that are used as biocides in consumer products such as paints, cleaning spray, shampoo, soap etc. ITZ have skin-sensitizing properties that are well established. However, there are still questions regarding the occupational exposure among professional workers. To assess the airway exposure of ITZ, there was a need for development of exposure measurement methods. This has recently been developed at Occupational and environmental health, Gothenburg.
An occupational group that are exposed to ITZ both via skin and airways are professional painters. Therefore, it was an interesting group for testing the exposure measurement method. The exposure measurements for ITZ in air were tested in field on five professional painters with repeated measurements between April 2022 – June 2022 (N=66) working with restorative painting of apartments in Gothenburg. Stationary measurements were performed during both day (N=34) and night (N=15). In addition, product samples (N=29) were taken on products such as paints, putties, and sealants. Quantitative analysis of Metylisothiazolinone (MIT), chloromethylisothaizolinone (CMIT) and benzisothiazolinone (BIT) was performed with HPLC-UV.
The results show the determinants for exposure were type of work task, which products that were used and the concentration of MIT, CMIT and BIT in the products. Especially grinding of patty was a work task that resulted in higher exposures of ITZ. The stationary measurements overnight indicate that ITZ is emitted after working hours.