bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Pressure Behavior of Mullite: An X‐Ray Diffraction Investigation
Authors: Kalita Patricia E. , Schneider Hartmut , Lipinska Kristina , Sinogeikin Stanislav , Hemmers Oliver A. , Cornelius Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and diamond anvil cells we performed in situ high‐pressure studies of mullite‐type phases of general formula Al4+2xSi2−2xO10−x and differing in the amount of oxygen vacancies: 2:1‐mullite (x = 0.4), 3:2‐mullite (x = 0.25), and sillimanite (x = 0). The structural stability of 2:1‐mullite, 3:2‐mullite, and sillimanite was investigated up to 40.8, 27.3, and 44.6 GPa, respectively, in quasi‐hydrostatic conditions, at ambient temperature. This is the first report of a static high‐pressure investigation of Al2O3–SiO2 mullites. It was found that oxygen vacancies play a significant role in the compression mechanisms of the mullites by decreasing the mechanical stability of the phases with the number of vacancies. Elevated pressure leads to an irreversible amorphization above ~20 GPa for 2:1‐mullite and above 22 GPa for 3:2‐mullite. In sillimanite, only a partial amorphization is observed above 30 GPa. Based on Rietveld structural refinements of high‐pressure X‐ray diffraction patterns, the pressure‐driven evolution of unit cell parameters is presented. The experimental bulk moduli obtained are as follows: K0 = 162(7) GPa with K0′ = 2.2(6) for 2:1‐mullite, K0 = 173(7) GPa with K0′ = 2.3(2) for 3:2‐mullite, K0 = 167(7) GPa with K0′ = 2.1(4) for sillimanite.
Eu3+‐Activated Borogermanate Scintillating Glass with a High Gd2O3 Content
Authors: Sun Xin‐Yuan , Jiang Da‐Guo , Chen Shi‐Wei , Zheng Guo‐Tai , Huang Shi‐Ming , Gu Mu , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Zhao Jing‐Tai 
Published: February 2013

Eu3+‐activated borogermanate scintillating glasses with compositions of 25B2O3–40GeO2–25Gd2O3–(10−x)La2O3–xEu2O3 were prepared by melt‐quenching method. Their optical properties were studied by transmittance, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and X‐ray excited luminescence (XEL) spectra in detail. The results suggest that the role of Gd2O3 is of significance for designing dense glass. Furthermore, energy‐transfer efficiency from Gd3+ to Eu3+ ions can be near 100% when the content of Eu2O3 exceeds x = 4, the corresponding critical distance for Gd3+–Eu3+ ion pairs is estimated to be 4.57 Å. The strongest emission intensities of Eu3+ ions under both 276 and 394 nm excitation are simultaneously at the content of 8 mol% Eu2O3. The degree of Eu–O covalency and the local environment of Eu3+ ions are evaluated by the value of Ωt parameters from Judd–Ofelt analysis. The calculated results imply that the covalency of Eu–O bond increases with the increasing concentration of Eu3+ ions in the investigated borogermanate glass. As a potential scintillating application, the strongest XEL intensity under X‐ray excitation is found to be in the case of 6 mol% Eu2O3, which is slightly different from the photoluminescence results. The possible reason may be attributed to the discrepancy of the excitation mechanism between the ultraviolet and X‐ray energy.
Microwave‐Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fe2O3‐Sensitized SrTiO3 and its Luminescent Photocatalytic deNOx Activity with CaAl2O4:(Eu,Nd) Assistance
Authors: Li Huihui , Yin Shu , Wang Yuhua , Sato Tsugio 
Published: February 2013

This work focused on the synthesis of high‐activity strontium titanate (SrTiO3) photocatalysts through an environmentally friendly process. A high energy‐efficient microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method was employed to prepare Fe‐loaded SrTiO3 that consisted of small particles around 50 nm in diameter. To achieve the effective assistance of long‐lasting fluorescence, the obtained Fe‐loaded SrTiO3 samples were coupled with CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd). The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the photo‐decomposition of NO. Fe loaded SrTiO3 showed high photocatalytic activities not only under visible light irradiation but also in the dark with fluorescence assistance.
Semiconductivity in Acceptor‐Doped BaTi1−xHoxO3−x/2−δ/2
Authors: Liu Yang , West Anthony R 
Published: February 2013

Acceptor‐doped BaTiO3 powders of formula: BaTi1−xHoxO3−x/2−δ/2: x = 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.07, were prepared by sol‐gel synthesis, fired at 800°C–1500°C and either quenched or slow‐cooled to room temperature. Electrical properties of ceramics depended on firing conditions, Ho content, and cooling rate. Pellets of all x values fired at 800°C–1000°C were insulating and, from the presence of OH bands in the IR spectra, charge balance appeared to involve co‐doping of Ho3+ and H+ ions without necessity for oxygen vacancy creation. At higher firing temperatures, OH bands were absent. Pellets fired at 1400°C in air and slow cooled were insulating for both low x (0.0001) and high x (0.07) but at intermediate x (0.001 and 0.01) passed through a resistivity minimum of 20–30 Ω cm at room temperature, attributed to the presence of Ti3+ ions; it is suggested that, for these dilute Ho contents, each oxygen vacancy is charge compensated by one Ho3+ and one Ti3+ ion. At higher x, charge compensation is by Ho3+ ions and samples are insulating. A second, more general mechanism to generate Ti3+ ions, and a modest level of semiconductivity, involves reversible oxygen loss at high temperatures.
Ion‐Beam‐Induced Chemical Mixing at a Nanocrystalline CeO2–Si Interface
Authors: Edmondson Philip D. , Young Neil P. , Parish Chad M. , Moll Sandra , Namavar Fereydoon , Weber William J. , Zhang Yanwen 
Published: February 2013

Thin films of nanocrystalline ceria deposited onto a silicon substrate have been irradiated with 3 MeV Au+ ions to a total dose of 34 displacements per atom to examine the film/substrate interfacial response upon displacement damage. Under irradiation, a band of contrast is observed to form that grows under further irradiation. Scanning and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging and analysis suggest that this band of contrast is a cerium silicate phase with an approximate Ce:Si:O composition ratio of 1:1:3 in an amorphous nature. The slightly nonstoichiometric composition arises due to the loss of mobile oxygen within the cerium silicate phase under the current irradiation condition. This nonequilibrium phase is formed as a direct result of ion‐beam‐induced chemical mixing caused by ballistic collisions between the incoming ion and the lattice atoms. This may hold promise in ion beam engineering of cerium silicates for microelectronic applications e.g., the fabrication of blue LEDs.
Enhanced Electrocaloric Effects in Spark Plasma‐Sintered Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3‐Based Ceramics at Room Temperature
Authors: Liu Xiao Qiang , Chen Ting Ting , Wu Yong Jun , Chen Xiang Ming 
Published: February 2013

Improvement of electrocaloric effect was investigated in the lead‐free undoped and Mn‐doped Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering process. Owing to the merit of spark plasma sintering process, a fully dense undoped and Mn‐doped Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 ceramics with fine grain sizes could be obtained. The electrocaloric (EC) effect can be significantly enhanced from 0.83 K for conventional sintered Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 to 3.08 K for spark plasma‐sintered Mn‐doped Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 ceramics since the dielectric strength was dramatically increased. This work indicated an effective way to achieve the significantly enhanced EC effect in a lead‐free system at room temperature.
Synthesis of Y3Al5O12:Eu2+ Phosphor by a Facile Hydrogen Iodide‐AssistedSol–Gel Method
Authors: Zhu Qiang Qiang , Hu Wei Wei , Ju Li Chen , Hao Lu Yuan , Xu Xin , Agathopoulos Simeon 
Published: February 2013

Pure yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor doped with Eu2+ has been successfully synthesized by a facile sol–gel method. The use of hydrogen iodide aimed to get Eu2+ ions, confirmed by X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) analysis. Nearly spherical and well dispersed particles were synthesized. The produced YAG:Eu2+ phosphor powder had a broad emission band in the range of 400–600 nm with a peak at 480 nm, attributed to the allowed 4f7–4f65d1 transition of electrons in Eu2+ ions. The proposed method could also be expanded to prepare many other Eu2+‐doped phosphors with a solution method.
Enhanced Hydrothermal Resistance of Y‐TZP Ceramics Through Colloidal Processing
Authors: Rayón E. , Moreno R. , Alcázar C. , Salvador M. D. , Manjón F.J. , Jiménez‐Piqué E. , LLanes L. 
Published: February 2013

Two commercial zirconia powders with 3 mol% of yttria (TZ3YE and TZ3YS, labeled as ZE and ZS, respectively) supplied by Tosoh (Japan) were used for this study. Maximum colloidal stability for ZE was achieved by dispersing the powders in a mixture of water/ethanol of 90:10 (wt/wt) using a sonication probe. The rheological behavior of the suspensions was optimized in terms of solids content ranging from 20 to 33 vol% and sonication time (0–6 min), the best results being obtained after 2 min. ZS samples were prepared to a solids loading of 30 vol% in water dispersing with 2 min‐sonication. Samples obtained by slip casting in plaster molds were used for dynamic sintering studies, and fully dense and nanostructured specimens were obtained at temperatures of 1300°C–1350°C (ZE samples) and 1400°C per 2 h (ZS samples). The Hardness (H) and Young's Modulus (E) properties of the specimens were studied by nanoindentation technique giving 17 and 250 GPa mean values for H and E, respectively. The specimens were then forced to a low‐temperature degradation (LTD) treatment at 130°C for 240 h in steps of 60 h. Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation results of hydrothermally treated samples showed the absence of transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic phase until 180 h whereas the mechanical properties maintained constant even at the sample surface. After 240 h of LTD, the monoclinic phase was detected on all specimens by Raman peaks centered at 180, 191, and 383 cm−1. The nanoindentation study revealed an important loss of mechanical features reaching 10 and 175 GPa for H and E, respectively. In the case of the ZS specimens, no monoclinic phase is detected after 240 h of LTD treatment and no decay of E or H is detected. The free defect microstructure reached for the ZS specimen revealed a higher hydrothermal resistance so that it is concluded that the excellent behavior against thermal degradation is possible due to the large uniformity obtained by colloidal processing rather than the particle size of the starting powders.
Fabrication, Microstructure, and Luminescent Properties of Ce3+ ‐Doped Lu3Al5O12 (Ce:LuAG) Transparent Ceramics by Low‐Temperature Vacuum Sintering
Authors: Xu Jian , Shi Ying , Xie Jianjun , Lei Fang 
Published: February 2013

The fabrication of 0.5 mol% Ce:LuAG transparent ceramics starting from synthetic nanosized Ce:LuAG powders was investigated by low temperature vacuum sintering. It was found that high quality optical Ce:LuAG ceramics could be densified successfully by vacuum sintering (<10–3 pa) at 1750°C for 10 h. The in‐line optical transmittance of as‐sintered Ce:LuAG ceramics with thickness of 0.7 mm could reach 73.48% at the wavelength of 550 nm. The microstructure observations revealed that transparent Ce:LuAG ceramics were composed of uniform LuAG grains with average size of 9 μm and HRTEM morphology indicated that no impurity segregation existed at grain boundaries or within Ce:LuAG grains. It was also demonstrated that the annealing treatment (at 1450°C for 20 h in air) could greatly enhance the luminescent intensity of as‐sintered Ce:LuAG ceramics under excitation of X‐ray radiation (75 kV, 25 mA), which makes it a potential candidate to be applied in radiation detector.
Large Piezoelectric Response and Polarization in Relaxor Ferroelectric PbTiO3–Bi(Ni1/2Zr1/2)O3
Authors: Rong Yangchun , Chen Jun , Kang Huajun , Liu Laijun , Fang Liang , Fan Longlong , Pan Zhao , Xing Xianran 
Published: February 2013

New binary system (1−x) PbTiO3−xBi(Ni1/2Zr1/2)O3 (PT–100x BNZ) with x ≤ 0.45 were synthesized via solid‐state reaction route. A morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was identified around x = 0.40 by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) method. The ceramics with MPB composition exhibit enhanced ferroelectric properties. A large piezoelectric coefficient (d33) up to 400 pC/N was obtained for the PT–40BNZ, which is comparable with the PbTiO3–BiScO3 (PT–BS, 450 pC/N).The frequency dependence of dielectric permittivity of PT–40BNZ shows characteristic of a strong relaxor feature and a transition temperature around 290°C (1 MHz). Temperature effect on the unipolar strain was also investigated. The present system with high d33 is a competitive piezoelectric material, as no expensive oxide is used here compared with the PT–BS.
Suppressed Reactivity of AlN Powder in Water at 5°C
Authors: Kocjan Andraž , Dakskobler Aleš , Budič Bojan , Kosmač Tomaž 
Published: February 2013

The hydrolysis behavior of AlN powder suspensions (5–25 wt%) at 5°C has been investigated to explore the impact of low temperatures on the hydrolysis behavior. Throughout the 312‐h long experiment, the pH value of the suspensions was below 9, where the hydrolysis remained in the induction period and was eventually suppressed due to the formation of a few‐nanometers‐thick film of amorphous aluminum hydroxide gel around the AlN particles, acting as a passivation layer. Moreover, the aqueous part of the suspension possessed a remarkably high value of dissolved [Al(III)]aq, being an order of magnitude higher at a given pH value than the aqueous AlCl3 solution.
Effect of Indigenous Processing Methods on Phenolics and Antioxidant Potential of Underutilized Legumes Acacia auriculiformis and Parkia roxburghii
Authors: Sathya Arumugam , Siddhuraju Perumal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe effect of soaking followed by autoclaving in various solutions such as ash, sodium bicarbonate, palm sugar and water; dry heating; and fermentation on antioxidant power of two underutilized legumes Acacia auriculiformis and Parkia roxburghii has been investigated. In comparison with the unprocessed ones, processed seed extracts of Acacia and Parkia have been registered with 1–29% loss and 4–29% gain of phenolics, respectively. The processing methods enhanced the reducing power (13–92%) and free radical‐scavenging activity on synthetic radicals (2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl [DPPH]: 5–31%; and 2,2‐azinobis [3‐ethyl benzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid] diammonium salt [ABTS]: 1–80%). However, significant reductions were noticed on scavenging activity of biologically relevant radicals (hydroxyl: 8–87%; superoxide anion: 4–85%; and nitric oxide: 14–80%) and peroxidation inhibition (10–48%). Invariably, all the processing methods enhanced the protection capacity on erythrocytes and DNA against oxidative insults. Among the processing methods, dry heating and fermentation retained the antioxidant potential in A. auriculiformis and P. roxburghii, respectively, than other methods.Practical ApplicationsLegume seeds, the protein‐rich plant sources, have to be cooked/processed before consumption so as to eliminate their native antiphysiological factors and to enrich their nutritional values. Daily consumption of legumes in preventing lifestyle diseases due to its phytoceuticals is best valued in the present scenario. Hence, this study demonstrated the effect of various processing methods on phenolics and the antioxidant capacity of two underutilized legumes Acacia auriculiformis and Parkia roxburghii by an array of in vitro tests. Knowledge on these types of locally available plants could provide useful data for the development of potential future crop resources for various food and feed applications and further reduces the pressure on conventional/cash crops.
Promoting the health, safety and welfare of adults with learning disabilities in acute care settings: a structured literature review
Authors: Bradbury‐Jones Caroline , Rattray Janice , Jones Martyn , MacGillivray Stephen 
Published: February 2013

Aims and objectivesTo present the findings of a structured literature review that aimed to identify the influences on the health, safety and welfare of adults with learning disabilities in acute hospitals.BackgroundThere is increasing evidence regarding the inadequacy of care for people with learning disabilities in acute care settings. However, few studies have specifically addressed their health, safety and welfare in such contexts.DesignFour key electronic databases (Medline; PsycINFO; British Nursing Index and archive; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched for relevant literature published between 2000 and 2011.MethodsPublications assessed as meeting the inclusion criteria were retrieved in full. Data were extracted regarding methods used; primary aims of the study being reported; and key findings.ResultsOf the 3505 papers identified in the initial search, eight met the inclusion criteria. Analysis revealed six areas of influence on the health, safety and welfare of adults with learning disabilities in acute hospitals: care provision (meeting health and personal needs); communication; staff attitudes; staff knowledge; supporters; and carers (valuing their role); physical environment.ConclusionsWe represent these six areas diagrammatically, as concentric rings. These influence on health, safety and welfare form an inner (direct) layer and an outer (indirect) layer consisting of liaison services and education/training. This new conceptualisation of influences as being multi‐layered assists in the identification of similarly multi‐layered improvement strategies.Relevance to clinical practiceAdults with learning disabilities can exert their own influence on health, safety and welfare and should be supported to make decisions about their own care. More broadly they should be involved with policy development, nurse education and research. This can be achieved through inclusive approaches, for example, inviting people with learning disabilities to input into nursing curricula or to engage in research as coinvestigators.
The effect of functional movement ability on the quality of life after total hip replacement
Authors: Király Edit , Gondos Tibor 
Published: February 2013

Aims and objectivesTo analyse in detail the relationship between the movement and generic health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) indicators and the subjective feeling of health of the patients, as well as the objective movement parameters measured by the surgeon and the patient's opinion about the success of the total hip replacement (THR).BackgroundWe have only limited information about the effect of mobility function improvement on the HRQoL several years after THR. We have recently found that after THR postoperative health awareness is influenced mainly by cardiovascular diseases, but the effects of the movement parameters on the subsequent feelings of well‐being were not examined.DesignRetrospective longitudinal study.MethodsThis study involved 109 patients who had had THR. The patients' health status and objective and subjective mobility function at the time of operation and five years later were evaluated using questionnaires (including EQ‐5D and WOMAC scores) and the hospital database.ResultsAll components of EQ‐5D and WOMAC had significantly improved by Year 5 in patients who experienced a complete recovery after the operation, but not the mobility and pain components of EQ‐5D for those patients who felt an improvement only in their subjective mobility function. The surgeon‐assessed parameters and use of walking aids showed a similar distribution in patients who considered themselves to be healthy or only moderately sick five years after THR.ConclusionSuccessful THR significantly improves the feeling of well‐being and the mobility function of patients even five years after the operation. In individual cases, however, other subjective and objective factors, but not the mobility function, have a major influence on the HRQoL.Relevance to clinical practiceFive years after successful THR, nursing care has to focus not only on the further improvement of the mobility but on strengthening the subjective feeling of the patient's well‐being and health.
Striated muscle involvement in experimental oral infection by herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Gonzalez María Inés , Sanjuan Norberto A. 
Published: February 2013

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is one of the most frequent causes of oral infection in humans, especially during early childhood. Several experimental models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of this virus but all of them employed adult animals. In this work, we developed an experimental model that uses mice younger than 4 days old, to more closely resemble human infection. Mice were infected subcutaneously with the prototype strain McIntyre of Herpes simplex‐1, and the progression of infection was studied by immunoperoxidase. All animals died within 24–72 h post‐infection, while viral antigens were found in the oral epithelium, nerves and brain. The most striking result was the finding of viral antigens in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells belonging to striated muscles. Organotypic cultures of striated muscles were performed, and viral replication was observed in them by immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy and viral isolation. We conclude that the infection of striated muscles is present from the onset of oral infection and, eventually, could explain some clinical observations in humans.
Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among Jordanian women
Authors: Hamaideh S. H. , Al‐Ashram S. A. , Al‐Modallal H. 
Published: February 2013

Accessible summary
The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among Jordanian women were 80.2% and 10.2% respectively; which is higher than most published literature. The most severe symptoms of PMS and PMDD were abdominal cramp, lower back pain and breast pain.
Taking analgesics was the most frequently used method to alleviate the symptoms of PMS and PMDD.
High stress levels affected the symptoms of PMS and PMDD negatively; therefore, controlling stress level will reduce the severity of symptoms.
AbstractThe objectives of this study were to detect the prevalence, severity and factors associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among Jordanian women, and to identify the most common self‐treatment strategies used by women to alleviate the symptoms associated with PMS and/or PMDD. Data were collected from 254 women studying or working at one of the largest Jordanian governmental university using Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form (SPAF), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition‐Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) research criteria for diagnosis of PMDD. The findings indicated that the prevalence of PMS and PMDD were 80.2%, 10.2% respectively. Abdominal cramp, lower back pain and breast pain were reported to be the most severe symptoms associated with PMS and PMDD. Significant correlations were found between severity of premenstrual symptoms and perceived stress level, age, body mass index, marital status, perception of health in general and absent from work. The most frequently reported self‐treatment strategies used by women to alleviate PMS and PMDD symptoms were: taking analgesics, increasing hot fluids intake, wearing heavy and warm clothes, and lying down on the abdomen. Understanding the prevalence, severity and self‐treatment strategies for women experiencing PMS and PMDD symptoms help in improving women's quality of life and decrease their suffering from these symptoms.