bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence Accumulation and Decision Processes
Authors: Starns Jeffrey , Heathcote Andrew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the use of evidence accumulation models in memory research, with a particular focus on the diffusion decision model and the linear ballistic accumulator model. These models accommodate choice proportions and response time (RT) distributions by combining information from evidence samples that arrive over time as a decision is being made. Evidence samples can be defined as draws from statistical distributions, or evidence accumulation mechanisms can be combined with process models of memory retrieval, such as global matching models. The chapter explains the basic assumptions of evidence accumulation models, discusses ways that decision modeling has influenced memory research in general, and reviews studies that have used evidence accumulation models to investigate memory processes. These studies show that evidence accumulation models provide a new perspective on established phenomena and support new discoveries by accounting for decision processes that cannot be evaluated by alternative models that ignore RT data, such as signal detection theory models.
Current Perspectives on Directed Forgetting
Authors: Sahakyan Lili 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews updated Directed Forgetting (DF) research, reflecting significant changes in the field. It is divided into four sections, beginning with methodologies of item-method and list-method DF and their measurement challenges. The next section addresses how people respond to directed forgetting cues by implementing forgetting strategies, suggesting a shift towards controlled processes. Subsequent sections summarize empirical and theoretical developments, indicating a paradigm shift that has taken place in DF theorizing—namely, list-method DF, once attributed to retrieval inhibition is now considered by some to reflect a context-change phenomenon, whereas item-method DF, previously explained by selective rehearsal processes is now being reevaluated for encoding inhibition and contextual unbinding processes. Such views provide a radical departure from the ways that DF has been interpreted previously, and they highlight how conceptualizing about DF has evolved in light of newer research methodologies and findings.
Prospective Memory
Authors: Bayen Ute J. , Rummel Jan , Ballhausen Nicola , Kliegel Matthias 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) involves remembering to perform an intended action at the appropriate time in the future. People must frequently perform PM tasks in daily life. After providing an introduction to standard laboratory and naturalistic research paradigms for the study of PM, this chapter includes a critical review of current theories of PM and formal modeling approaches for the study of cognitive processes underlying performance in PM tasks. The chapter then provides an overview of the life span development of PM from childhood to older adulthood, followed by an overview of applied aspects and a review of the literature on PM in clinical populations.
Metacognition
Authors: Metcalfe Janet 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Metacognition refers to people’s ability to reflect and make judgments about their memory, perception, and other mental states and processes and to use those reflections to alter their own knowledge and mental processes. It is at core a cognitive process that provides the potential for people to be self-determined rather than stimulus determined. This chapter summarizes advances in the understanding of the heuristic basis of metacognition. It details some of the biases and fallacies that can result from use of these heuristics, including that people give evidence, under some specific circumstances, of not realizing very obvious facts of learning and memory, such as that they will forget over time, that studying improves memory, or that they learn from errors. Understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to metacognitive judgments—as well as allowing researchers to demonstrate that people are subject to such metacognitive illusions—provides the possibility to improve people’s metacognition and to know when it is likely to be faulty and thereby take necessary corrective action.
Individual Differences in Working and Long-Term Memory
Authors: Unsworth Nash 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There are clear and important individual differences in memory. This chapter provides a review of evidence for individual differences in working and long-term memory. Individual differences studies examining potential sources of variation in working and long-term memory and their relations to other cognitive constructs are discussed. Furthermore, interactions between working and long-term memory are discussed, suggesting that these two constructs interact during encoding and retrieval. Overall, there are robust and important individual differences in both working and long-term memory, and it is suggested that future research is needed to better clarify the similarities and differences between these two forms of memory.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Brewin Chris R. , Ehlers Anke 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is diagnosed, contrasting traditional “broad” formulations with a “narrow” formulation focusing on core symptoms introduced in ICD-11. The ICD-11 distinction between PTSD and complex PTSD is also described. Next, the chapter presents the two signature changes consisting of vivid re-experiencing of the traumatic event in the present coupled with impaired voluntary recall of the event. Other aspects of memory affected in PTSD that are unrelated to the traumatic event are also described. Three prominent controversies are discussed: whether traumatic memories are “special,” whether traumatic events can be forgotten, and whether there is evidence for delayed-onset PTSD. Contemporary theories of PTSD are then described, all of which identify deficits in memory for context as central to the disorder. Finally, the chapter discusses likely mechanisms involved in psychological therapy for PTSD: habituation/extinction, updating/reconsolidation, and metacognitive change.
Brain Stimulation
Authors: Ezzyat Youssef , Suthana Nanthia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The development of experimental methods has fueled the scientific study of memory, and understanding of memory processes advances with new experimental tools. Memory researchers are increasingly focusing on brain stimulation methods, which offer powerful approaches to probe and manipulate neural substrates of memory. This chapter explores both invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation methods, detailing their impact on episodic memory. Advances in these methods enable precise targeting of neural populations, influencing specific memory states. The chapter also addresses clinical applications, highlighting challenges that remain in using these tools for causal manipulation and investigation of neural activity and behavior. The potential for manipulating memory causally and predictably suggests a continued role for stimulation methods in the cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Understanding the physiological consequences of stimulation on memory networks allows researchers to accelerate developing applications that leverage theoretical advances in memory science for the benefit of society.
Memory for Salient Shared Events
Authors: Hirst William , Merck Clinton 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study of collective memory has burgeoned in the past few years, adopting either a top-down or bottom-up approach. This chapter reviews research from a top-down perspective. Social representations of world and national history, the character of national memories, the way in which personal memories give resonance to memories for public events, and the transmission of historically relevant personal memories, especially intergenerationally, are investigated, as well as collective future thinking. Although researchers are beginning to understand the nuances of the ways in which people represent the historical past and how these representations differ from history, a general theory is still needed.
Event Memory in Fact and Fiction
Authors: Bezdek Matthew A. , Butler Andrew C. , Zacks Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Humans are able to bind together features of past events and use these memories to guide action in the present. There are many parallels between memory for real-life and fictional events: Both factual and fictional event representations share commonalities in how space and time are represented. Both are affected by emotional responses and by the prior knowledge brought to bear on events as they unfold. However, there are some areas in which memory for real and fictional events may differ. The parallels between memory for fact and memory for fiction, as well as their exceptions, support a proposal that memory for fiction depends largely on mechanisms that evolved to support retrieval of information about lived events. Narratives are ubiquitous in human culture, and they are often highly sought after. One reason for this may be that memories of fictions can help people better navigate the world as it is in fact.
Deep Learning
Authors: McClelland James L. , Botvinick Matthew M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Deep learning—the study of learning in artificial neural networks containing many layers of neuron-like elements—captures and even exceeds human abilities in many domains. Because human brains are also deep neural networks that learn, deep networks provide a fertile ground for modeling human memory and learning, and they open up the possibility of joint engagement between the study of biological and artificial intelligence. This chapter introduces the basic constructs employed in deep learning and considers several of the widely used deep-learning paradigms and architectures. It then considers how the constructs of deep neural network models relate to traditional constructs in the psychological literature on learning and memory. Next, the chapter reviews recent developments in the field of reinforcement learning that have broad implications for human learning and memory. The chapter concludes by noting that human intelligence still exceeds current deep learning systems in many ways and describes future directions for research aimed toward bridging the gap.
Memory in the Digital Age
Authors: Storm Benjamin C. , Soares Julia S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Digital technologies have changed the everyday use of human memory. When information is saved or made readily available online, there is less need to encode or maintain access to that information within the biological structures of memory. People increasingly depend on the internet and various digital devices to learn and remember, but the implications and consequences of this dependence remain largely unknown. The digital world of tomorrow is likely to be very different from the digital world of today, pushing the study of human memory into a constant state of flux. This chapter provides an overview of research to date on memory in the digital age. It focuses in particular on issues related to transactive memory, cognitive offloading, photo-taking, social media use, and learning in the classroom.
Procedural and Motor Learning
Authors: Knowlton Barbara J. , Schorn Julia M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Procedural memory is a form of implicit memory whereby people may learn skills through practice without conscious awareness of what has been learned. Whereas declarative memory is often described as “knowing that,” procedural memory is considered “knowing how.” For example, it may be difficult for a pianist to verbally explicate what she does when she plays a passage, but she could easily demonstrate it. Although motor skill learning is the most representative example of procedural memory, perceptual and cognitive skills can also be learned through practice without awareness of what has been learned. Procedural memory is tested in the lab using tasks such as the pursuit rotor task, the serial reaction time task, and various probabilistic classification tasks. Studying clinical populations, such as patients with diseases of the basal ganglia, can inform understanding of the neural substrates of procedural memory. Patients with Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease are impaired on procedural memory tasks relative to their performance on declarative memory tasks. The opposite is true for patients with Alzheimer’s disease and those who have sustained a traumatic brain injury. Patients with psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome also show deficits in procedural learning. Research with different clinical populations has deepened understanding of the neural correlates of procedural memory and points to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum as key regions. Future research should consider the role of procedural memory in childhood development because developmental disorders likely involve procedural learning systems.
“Up Again, Old Heart!”
Authors: Neely Michelle C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay demonstrates how significant Emerson’s work might be to understanding and responding to our current climate and ecological emergencies. If Emerson frequently seems to be on the side of toxic individualism rather than entanglement, moral suasion rather than radical action, and profit-driven exploitation of the earth rather than stewardship and care, we nevertheless have much to learn about how these culturally dominant positions are made attractive and rational in Emerson’s writings. And yet, the main part of the essay demonstrates that Emerson is uniquely poised to help us grapple with contemporary climate denialism and climate grief, with our inability to adequately conceptualize or mourn the damage we are doing to the planet. Through readings of “Experience,” “Circles,” some of Emerson’s poetry, and more, the essay shows how Emerson can help us commit ourselves to reparative action in the face of overwhelming ecological loss.
Speaking for “the Indian”
Authors: Lopenzina Drew , Mielke Laura L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In 1838 Emerson wrote feelingly on behalf of the Cherokee in regard to their forced removal, and yet his rhetorical construction of Indigenous identity typically remained locked in denigrating modes of expression, contributing to an ongoing literary violence being done toward Native people in an era that plotted no future for Indigenous civilization. In an 1835 address celebrating Concord’s bicentennial, Emerson insists, “No man spake for the Indian,” but also concluding, “Alas! For them—their day is o’er.” Just one year later, however, William Apess, a Pequot activist, author, and ordained Methodist minister, delivers his Eulogy on King Philip, in which he speaks “for the Indian” and “as an Indian,” envisioning a role for Native peoples on the national stage. Reading forward from this pairing, the essay interrogates Emerson’s ability to “speak for the Indian” and his inability to imagine Indigenous presence in his subsequent writings.
Emersonian Figurations in Modern Hispanic Poetics
Authors: Miguel-Alfonso Ricardo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay traces the significance of Emerson’s thinking in the formation of modern Spanish American poetics, especially between the 1880s and the 1940s. Aside from a few signal studies, Emerson remains an understudied ghostly presence in the formation of modern Hispanic poetics, one that ultimately reaches into the so-called Latin American “boom” of the 1960s. Emerson’s influence in the Hispanic world can be felt in places as diverse as Mexico (Octavio Paz), Argentina (Jorge Luis Borges), Chile (Vicente Huidobro), and Cuba (José Lezama Lima, José Martí, Alejo Carpentier). In this context, it is suitable to explore Emerson’s influence as a poetic and philosophical inspiration, as someone who provided ideas—of poetry, democracy, and freedom—that would later transpire in different genres by different hands and in different territories. In this sense, his legacy in the Hispanic world is more dispersed but also more far-reaching than anybody else’s.
Metamorphosis and Transcription
Authors: McGill Meredith L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Emerson’s “The Poet” is a rare example of an essay that is frequently taught, but seldom studied and widely misunderstood. A staple of the American literature survey, the essay is usually called on to bridge the gap between Emerson’s philosophy and Whitman’s radical poetic practice, but in doing so, this chapter argues, scholars misread Emerson’s poetic theory and unnecessarily divorce his aesthetics from his poetic practice. Reading Emerson’s essay alongside his poem “The Snow-Storm,” the chapter will elucidate his antiformalist commitment to form and align his theory with the poetic practices that were so important to him and to other Transcendentalists: the keeping of commonplace books, the anthologizing and translation of European verse, and the incorporation of poetry into lectures, essays, and travel narratives.
Emerson Undersea
Authors: Navakas Michele , Mastroianni Dominic 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering the twenty-first-century reception of Emerson’s thinking about nature, and then proposes a new direction for understanding that thinking: the development and expansion of two key Emersonian ideas in the work of Rachel Carson, arguably the most important American environmental writer of the twentieth century. The chapter argues that Carson embraces the Emersonian ideas of abandonment and impersonality as essential to accurately perceiving nature and the complex place of humans within the more-than-human world. These ideas shape her formative writings about the ocean that paved the way for her groundbreaking bestseller, Silent Spring (1962). Carson’s overlooked uptake of Emersonian ideas provides new evidence of the value of reading Emerson at the Anthropocene. It illuminates an uncharted American Transcendentalist current of Carson’s environmental thinking. And it suggests that Emerson’s most exciting contributions to environmental thought may emerge from his less obviously “environmental” reflections on self, being, and perception.
Emerson, Rhetoric, and Oratorical Culture
Authors: Thompson Roger 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Building on a foundation of platonic rhetoric, Emerson proposes a radically democratic theory of rhetoric that disrupts nineteenth-century oratorical traditions. Emerson’s extensive readings in ancient rhetoric and rhetorical theory serve as a foundation for his understanding of how oratory and public speaking more generally are harnessed to foster social change, but, much as with his theology, he ultimately breaks from tradition to advance an inclusive notion of rhetoric that extended the capacity for eloquence to any person, regardless of level of education or upbringing. This expansive vision of rhetoric embraced diverse viewpoints and “panharmony,” the idea that only through broad participation in public speech could a harmonious culture emerge. While persuasion remains at the center of this view of rhetoric, Emerson insists that only rhetoric that resonates with Transcendental truth carries with it the possibility of meaningful social action and the hope for transformation of the cultural institutions that work toward justice.
The Collection of Tattoos of the Museum of Criminal Anthropology “Cesare Lombroso” and of the Museum of Human Anatomy, University of Turin (Italy)
Authors: Cilli Cristina , Giacobini Giacomo , Leschiutta Pierpaolo , Manni Franz , Montaldo Silvano 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces evolution of the collections of tattoos focusing on the contributions of Cesare Lombroso, the founder of the Criminal Anthropology at the University of Turin and his theory of criminal atavism, posting tattoos as a sign of reversion to a primitive state. It presents the system of classification he devised for the tattoos in his collection and shows different kinds of exhibits. The tattoo collections housed at the Museum of Criminal Anthropology are associated with other collections, no less historically meaningful, in the older Museum of Human Anatomy housed in the same building. The chapter provides examples of ongoing work on the tattoo collections it describes, including recent public exhibitions that update the discourse about body modification and society. But not all of Lombroso’s work is obsolete, and his observation that inmate tattoos are more similar to the engravings on the water jars attributed to each prisoner than to those appearing on the walls of the penitentiary cells is interesting. Tattoos and water jars became an upfront communication system that the current museum display depicts.
Burning, Cutting, Piercing, and Tattooing the Skin for Healing Purposes
Authors: Renaut Luc 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In preindustrial societies, a large proportion of body modifications were performed for therapeutic or prophylactic reasons. Cauterising or incising the skin and, of course, tattooing, could leave indelible marks that were sometimes deliberately sought or, conversely, avoided. This chapter identifies and describes the original practices, methods, and etiologies of the various types of therapeutic interventions employed across Eurasia and the Mediterranean regions, from antiquity to the early twentieth century, emphasizing primary sources and firsthand ethnographic data. It draws attention to little-known procedures that were nevertheless in widespread and ancient in use, such as cauterization with tinder (fungibustion), piercing, and puncturing. By comparing Greco-Roman and Chinese medical traditions it shows that literate medicines of these two distant cultural areas shared the same tendency to discredit and marginalize invasive interventions, or to make them less painful and likely to permanently scar the skin. More generally, the procedures studied here could contribute toembedding the emergence of certain body modification practices (tattooing, scarification, and piercing) within a therapeutic context, even if their purposes extended beyond healing or protection.
War in South Asia
Authors: Roy Kaushik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Mughal empire dominated the Indian subcontinent and the European trading companies operated at the margins of the empire. However, by the mid-eighteenth century, empire of the great Mughals was in a limbo and the British and the French trading companies started encroaching into the affairs of the subcontinent. With the beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), these two European trading corporations started fighting with each other in various parts of India. The two strands of military struggle, one among the Indigenous powers and another between the British and the French, became entangled. As the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) came to a close, the politico-military scenario in India was transformed: several Mughal successor states plus the French trading company were down and out, and the British East India Company had become a territorial power.