bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Born in Africa (1990)
Authors: Zaritsky John , Storring Virginia , Cohen Judah M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents a transcript of John Zaritsky’s 1990 film Born In Africa, the first extended documentary report exploring expressive culture and HIV/AIDS in Africa. Born In Africa chronicles the final tour of Philly Lutaaya, a popular singer from Uganda, whose song “Alone” became an anthem for many within the Ugandan AIDS care community. Lutaaya himself became recognized as the first Ugandan of any significant status to declare himself HIV positive. The transcript offers early insight into the poetics of observation of HIV/AIDS, focusing on how the restrictions and caution exercised on the film crew by the only sub-Saharan African government to acknowledge an AIDS crisis at the time might affect what we see. In this way, Zaritsky’s work offers a window into a relatively nascent network of HIV/AIDS-based non-governmental organizations; of early attempts to “sing” the disease in Africa; and of the role of international health initiatives in addressing local HIV/AIDS agendas.
Singing in the Shadow of Death
Authors: Eller-Isaacs Jonah 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of music in the fight against HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on short interviews during several months traveling throughout Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda in 2004, the chapter presents the stories of musicians and how they responded to the AIDS pandemic with songs that express sorrow, resistance, advocacy, and hope. It paints an evocative picture of the landscape of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, presented through a lens that moves fluidly between verbal and musical communication, so that those in other parts of the world can understand the experience of living in the midst of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Faced with this scourge, the people of Africa have turned to music as a form of creative resistance and as a way to tap into the imaginative spark that compels change.
Music, HIV/AIDS, and Social Change in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Van Buren Kathleen J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores how music is playing an integral role in HIV/AIDS interventions and an agent of social change in Nairobi, Kenya. It begins with a review of the history and status of HIV/AIDS in Kenya before turning to a discussion of HIV/AIDS music performances in Nairobi. In particular, it considers the challenges facing musicians who wish to respond to HIV/AIDS, and how they can produce music the populace will want to hear, while at the same time living in a society that regulates messages about HIV/AIDS. It also looks at how music is used in numerous schools, children’s centers, and youth programs, with particular emphasis on the Kenya Music Festival, to speak about AIDS and other concerns within their communities. Finally, it offers some suggestions on the possibilities and problems of using music for HIV/AIDS programs.
Interlude
Authors: Allison E. Jackson 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter, written by a medical doctor who specializes in emergency medicine and public health, reflects on two episodes of arts-based health intervention in Malawi. As a Peace Corps volunteer in the late 1960s, the author used his musical talents to develop a series of experimental recordings and public outreach puppet shows promoting better health practices. This chapter presents the six songs (in English and Chichewa) that he wrote, at the request of Project HOPE, in cooperation and collaboration with Peace Corps/Malawi and the Malawian government. He performed the songs in concert in Malawi and released as an album in 1995. One of the songs talks about compassion, care, and love for people with HIV/AIDS.
“C’est Le Wake Up! Africa”
Authors: Reed Daniel B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter describes a pair of HIV/AIDS edutainment campaigns in Côte d’Ivoire. Though implemented in West Africa, both initiatives were initially researched and financed largely through France-based foundations. The chapter explores the meeting points between the local and international in the implementation of an AIDS-based media campaign, while also offering insight into how these campaigns developed a specifically West African approach to HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment starting in the 1990s. For these media campaigns, music emerges as a particularly effective means of interweaving local and international discourses and of expressing edutainment campaign messages in emotionally affective, accessible forms. One of the earliest multipronged, anti-HIV/AIDS initiatives in Francophone Africa was “Chaussez Capote” (“Put on a Condom”), launched in 1991 in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. The second case study is the Wake Up! Africa campaign, a regional initiative that uses a variety of popular artistic forms to disseminate is message and primarily targets urban youth.
“What Shall We Do?”
Authors: Kyker Jennifer W. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of Oliver Mtukudzi’s song lyrics about HIV/AIDS. Mtukudzi, one of Zimbabwe’s most popular musicians, is known for his distinctive musical style and for the perceptive social commentary in his lyrics. The chapter examines Mtukudzi’s dilemmas of self-representation as well as his compelling personal narrative and deep understanding of linguistic nuance. It suggests that Mtukudzi’s lyrics often resist the pat messages some have considered appropriate for use in HIV/AIDS campaigns. Thus, while Mtukudzi’s music remains popular, it also contributes to a dialogue about the expectations of HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns, the allowance of individual expression, and the question of effectively addressing anti-AIDS messages to the public. The chapter discusses four of Mtukudzi’s songs: “Todii,” “Mabasa,” “Akoromoka Awa,” and “Ndakuyambira,” all of which illustrate his multifaceted musical portrayal of HIV/AIDS in an environment where issues such as the languaging of HIV/AIDS and the relationship between gender and agency have been tainted with politics.
Swahili AIDS Plays
Authors: Mutembei Aldin K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the contributions of individual playwrights in the fight against AIDS in Tanzania. It analyzes two Swahili AIDS-themed plays, Ushuhuda wa Mifupa (The Skeleton’s Testimony, 1990) and Kilio Chetu (Our Lament, 1996), using an Aristotelian framework. It argues that the Aristotelian theory on tragedy presents several challenges for the portrayal of AIDS within Swahili drama. In addition to changing narrative forms, the chapter shows how individual playwrights speak to their audiences through culturally specific dramatic metaphors, providing a critical local gloss on HIV/AIDS and its constituent discourses. It also highlights similarities between the themes of the mid-1970s and the current theme of AIDS in Swahili literature and concludes by raising questions that will require further research into the social ramifications of this pandemic.
Siphithemba—We Give Hope
Authors: Okigbo Austin Chinagorom 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Siphithemba choir from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Originally affiliated with a mission hospital in the area, Siphithemba includes members who are HIV-positive, and who present themselves as both agents of hope and partners in health to local and international audiences. The chapter shows how the Siphithemba choir’s communal approach to dealing with the exigencies of HIV/AIDS is indicative of an attitude of resilience in the face of the perceived odds of living with this disease. It also examines the group’s songs and activities that demonstrate how its members have adopted Nelson Mandela’s message of AIDS as the “next struggle” into its social, religious, and musical activities. Siphithemba members also use these values as the basis for mutual support and self-determination, thus helping them cope with the challenges of their own lives.
Singing as Social Order
Authors: Cohen Judah M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents an account of the drama group at the Mbarara chapter of The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in Uganda, with particular emphasis on the complex terrains of access that membership involves. It shows how, in a setting where new health resources often come at a premium, performative forms of HIV/AIDS advocacy can offer members important opportunities for access to medical treatment, receiving international aid, high-profile exposure, attention from foreigners, travel possibilities, and increased self-worth. It argues that any of these benefits could potentially lead to prolonged life, but they also involve negotiating a broad series of religious, moral, social, and cultural norms, each of which brings with it its own competitive resources and pressures. It also highlights the potential of music to help bring doctors more intimately into the cultures and lives of the people they so much want to help.
“I’m a Rich Man, How Can I Die?”
Authors: Niederstadt Leah 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of circuses as a means of HIV/AIDS education in Ethiopia. Circus as a form of performance was nearly unknown when the first troupe was established in Ethiopia in 1991. Dozens of circuses now operate throughout the country, and several Ethiopian troupes have performed throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The chapter first presents a historical overview of the circus movement in Ethiopia, as well as the country’s HIV/AIDS profile, before exploring several key performances to illustrate how Ethiopian circuses attempt to educate their audiences about HIV/AIDS. It also considers two types of educational messages provided by Ethiopian circus performances: first, they reinforce federal, regional, and state government rhetoric about the importance of ethnic diversity in the construction of a national identity; second, circus shows provide information about a range of health and development issues, and suggest how specific challenges can be resolved.
Interlude
Authors: Barz Gregory , Wandera Vincent 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents an interview with the Youth Drama Group of the Voluntary Service Trust Team in Uganda. Conducted in August 2001, the interview reveals the role played by music in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the community where the Youth Drama Group performs. The group members also talk about what they feel when they sing about HIV/AIDS, how their music and drama can help those people who are suffering or dying from the disease, why they target young people, and other AIDS prevention measures that are available locally in their community.
Representing HIV/AIDS in Africa
Authors: Bleiker Roland , Kay Amy 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature and political consequences of using photographs to represent HIV/AIDS in Africa. It first considers Western media constructions of stereotypes before turning to three photographic methods of representing HIV/AIDS—naturalist, humanist, and pluralist—and the ways they embody different ideologies through which we give meaning to political phenomena. It then examines an iconographic photograph portraying HIV/AIDS in Uganda during the mid-1980s and a series of photographs taken more recently by Ethiopian children affected by AIDS. It explains how attempts to present “natural” images of HIV/AIDS cultures end up cohering more to colonialist, exotic imaginings of Africa. The chapter suggests that photographic representations either contribute to or break with stereotypical portrayals of HIV/AIDS and highlights the potential of pluralist photography as an active catalyst for local empowerment and as a medium for challenging some of the deeply entrenched and extremely problematic taboos and stigmas that are associated with HIV/AIDS.
Finances
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter suggests ways a nonprofit children’s choir or youth choir organization can successfully navigate the financial world. When a new choir is established, artistic planning should be accompanied by responsible financial planning while a solid financial structure is necessary to sustain it. Managing balance sheets, revenue streams, grant writings, audits, and annual budgets is important in securing a strong financial structure for the choral organization. The founding director will likely have a good understanding of what specific resources will be needed because he knows what the vision will be for the choir.
Musical Matters
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways of organizing the musical matters of the choir. These include the musical requirements of an audition; how to organize a music library, the structure of rehearsals, first rehearsals, voicing the choir, the seating arrangement to maximize vocal development, and effective music planning for choristers’ summer and day camps. Awards may be presented to choristers annually for excellence in various categories or specific accomplishments. The recognition system of honors and awards for singers may be established by each choir, which determines the appropriate time to make these presentations.
Promotion and Fundraising
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of promotion in achieving choir excellence. Promotion means supporting, encouraging, and publicizing the choir. Setting up the choir to become part of the cultural fabric of the community may be done through the media, on the Internet, through mailings, through personal connections, through performances, or through advocacy for choral music education for all children. Other marketing strategies include press releases; promotional videos; interviews; complimentary tickets sent to local newspaper arts editors, and advertising. The chapter also describes fundraising opportunities, such as seeking donors who may contribute to the ongoing work of the choir.
Building Community
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents selected ways in which a children’s choir may reach beyond its own organization to collaborate with others and build community. These include singing with choirs of different ages and types, joining with other children and youth choirs for festivals, collaborating with a puppet theater and a children’s author, collaborating with composers to commission new works, and collaborating with folk dancers, ethnic music ensembles, and others. These events will give the choir an opportunity to extend its awareness in the community by interacting with different types of organizations.
In the Words of Others
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter features essays written by composers, conductors, symphony orchestra conductors, an organizational consultant, and leaders in the choral field regarding children’s choirs. Two topics are discussed: why organizational excellence is as important as striving for musical excellence, and the importance of children’s choirs for the future of choral singing in America. The chapter also includes biographies of the contributors.
Suggested Treble Repertoire
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter lists possible titles for treble choirs. The seven hundred titles are listed alphabetically by voicing, composer/arranger, title, and publisher. Repertoire is the heart and soul of the music-making of a choir, and what the artist-teacher chooses for the singers to sing, study, practice, analyze, in classroom, festival, school, church, or community may reflect a variety of languages, styles, cultures, and musical challenges.
A Preliminary Study of Biomonitoring for Bisphenol-A in Human Sweat
Authors: Porucznik Christina A. , Cox Kyley J. , Wilkins Diana G. , Anderson David J. , Bailey Nicole M. , Szczotka Kathryn M. , Stanford Joseph B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Measurement of human exposure to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A (BPA) is hampered by the ubiquitous but transient exposure for most individuals, coupled with a short metabolic half-life which leads to high inter- and intra-individual variability. We investigated the possibility of measuring multiday exposure to BPA in human sweat among volunteer participants with the goal of identifying an exposure assessment method less affected by temporal variability. We recruited 50 participants to wear a sweat collection patch (PharmChek®) for 7 days with concurrent collection of daily first-morning urine. Urines and sweat patch extracts were analyzed with quantitative LC–MS-MS using a method we previously validated. In addition, a human volunteer consumed one can of commercially available soup (16 oz, 473 cm3) daily for 3 days and collected urine. Sweat patches (n = 2, 1 per arm) were worn for the 3 days of the study. BPA was detected in quality control specimens prepared by fortification of BPA to sweat patches, but was only detected at 5× above average background on three participant patches. Although the highest measured urine BPA concentration was 195 ng/mL for an individual with deliberate exposure, no BPA was detected above background in the corresponding sweat patches. In this preliminary investigation, the use of sweat patches primarily worn on the upper-outer arm did not detect BPA exposures that were documented by urine monitoring. The absence of BPA in sweat patches may be due to several factors, including insufficient quantity of specimen per patch, or extremely low concentrations of BPA in naturally occurring sweat, among others.
RDP4: Detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes
Authors: Martin Darren P. , Murrell Ben , Golden Michael , Khoosal Arjun , Muhire Brejnev 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
RDP4 is the latest version of recombination detection program (RDP), a Windows computer program that implements an extensive array of methods for detecting and visualising recombination in, and stripping evidence of recombination from, virus genome sequence alignments. RDP4 is capable of analysing twice as many sequences (up to 2,500) that are up to three times longer (up to 10 Mb) than those that could be analysed by older versions of the program. RDP4 is therefore also applicable to the analysis of bacterial full-genome sequence datasets. Other novelties in RDP4 include (1) the capacity to differentiate between recombination and genome segment reassortment, (2) the estimation of recombination breakpoint confidence intervals, (3) a variety of ‘recombination aware’ phylogenetic tree construction and comparison tools, (4) new matrix-based visualisation tools for examining both individual recombination events and the overall phylogenetic impacts of multiple recombination events and (5) new tests to detect the influences of gene arrangements, encoded protein structure, nucleic acid secondary structure, nucleotide composition, and nucleotide diversity on recombination breakpoint patterns. The key feature of RDP4 that differentiates it from other recombination detection tools is its flexibility. It can be run either in fully automated mode from the command line interface or with a graphically rich user interface that enables detailed exploration of both individual recombination events and overall recombination patterns.
A new idea on the evolution of biodiversity
Authors: Cazzolla Gatti Roberto 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe understanding of the mechanisms that allow the origin of species has shed light on many processes such as speciation, adaptation and extinction, but how to explain the existence of such a huge diversity of species on Earth still remains a mystery. Many theories and evidence have corroborated the processes that allow species to evolve or become extinct. Currently there are different hypotheses but no clear demonstrations of the factors that maintain the species diversity of ecosystems. Those based on competitive principles have been criticized from both theoretical and empirical approaches. Only by studying biodiversity in the context of evolution, natural history and ecology (taking into consideration theavoidance of competitionand dispersal abilities, the phenotypic plasticity, the heterogeneous landscape, the facilitation and theendogenosymbiosis) we can understand values and gaps of past theories trying to provide a broader understanding of life on Earth towards a Unified Theory of Biodiversity.
A Unified Architecture of Transcriptional Regulatory Elements
Authors: Andersson Robin , Sandelin Albin , Danko Charles G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGene expression is precisely controlled in time and space through the integration of signals that act at gene promoters and gene-distal enhancers. Classically, promoters and enhancers are considered separate classes of regulatory elements, often distinguished by histone modifications. However, recent studies have revealed broad similarities between enhancers and promoters, blurring the distinction: active enhancers often initiate transcription, and some gene promoters have the potential of enhancing transcriptional output of other promoters. Here, we propose a model in which promoters and enhancers are considered a single class of functional element, with a unified architecture for transcription initiation. The context of interacting regulatory elements, and surrounding sequences, determine local transcriptional output as well as the enhancer and promoter activities of individual elements.
Development of corporate governance codes in the GCC: an overview
Authors: Shehata Nermeen F. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to discuss and compare the corporate governance codes in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

Design/methodology/approach
– The development of corporate governance codes in the GCC is considered using an analytical approach.

Findings
– Efforts and initiatives are underway in the GCC towards improving the corporate governance environment and coping with international developments. Although most GCC codes are comprehensive compared to those of other Middle East North Africa (MENA) countries, and are similar to international codes, as with almost all countries in the region, there is room for development. Updated codes that address the unique nature of these countries could enhance corporate governance.

Research limitations/implications
– This comparison between GCC corporate governance codes provides opportunities to empirically compare the corporate governance status in these countries through indices or checklists based on the current comparison.

Practical implications
– The research facilitates future evaluations of corporate governance in Gulf countries. In other words, different stakeholders, including investors and analysts, can utilise this paper during decision-making. Moreover, comparing GCC codes to others in the MENA region would help to assess the GCC’s position in the region regarding these codes, and also alert firms to corporate governance reforms occurring in the region.

Originality/value
– The paper analyses the corporate governance codes issued in the GCC, which represents a group of countries with similar characteristics that are thus studied separately from other MENA countries, and compares the corporate governance codes issued for non-financial listed companies.