bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Liberation and the Foundations of Social Control
Authors: Gavin Marshall Andrew 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn regards to funding for the civil rights and black power movements in the United States, the major philanthropic foundations pursued their primary goals of social engineering and implementation of reforms designed to establish and maintain social control. They operated in the ultimate interests of the wealthy corporate and financial interests that dominated foundation boards and founders, promoting incremental reforms in order to secure their own long‐term systemic interests.
The Gates Foundation, Ebola, and Global Health Imperialism
Authors: Levich Jacob 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPowerful institutions of Western capital, notably the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, viewed the African Ebola outbreak of 2014–2015 as an opportunity to advance an ambitious global agenda. Building on recent public health literature proposing “global health governance” (GHG) as the preferred model for international healthcare, Bill Gates publicly called for the creation of a worldwide, militarized, supranational authority capable of responding decisively to outbreaks of infectious disease—an authority governed by Western powers and targeting the underdeveloped world. This article examines the media‐generated panic surrounding Ebola alongside the response and underlying motives of foundations, governments, and other institutions. It describes the evolution and goals of GHG, in particular its opposition to traditional notions of Westphalian sovereignty. It proposes a different concept—“global health imperialism”—as a more useful framework for understanding the current conditions and likely future of international healthcare.
Making Public Policy: The New Philanthropists and American Education
Authors: Rogers Robin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPower in K–12 education is rapidly moving from local school boards and government to extraordinarily wealthy private philanthropists. Building networks among nonprofits, government agencies, school districts, and others, private foundations such as the Gates, Broad, and Walton family foundations are fundamentally restructuring American K–12 education. The Common Core State Standards, teacher evaluation, and charter schools are a few of the initiatives these funders are backing. The massive influx of private money into education policy and its influence over public education raises questions around the proper role of philanthropy in a democracy. In a society with increasing wealth inequality, should the economic elite be able to gain further power to shape social institutions through giving? Are there or should there be any limits to this power? Examining specific trends and events in education philanthropy over the last 10 years, this article identifies key players in philanthropic education reform and argues that philanthropy in education is now playing a policy‐making role—without checks and balances—that is qualitatively and quantitatively different than before. I conclude with a cautionary note on the dangers of letting education policy become the domain of the economic elite.
The “Big 3” Foundations and American Global Power
Authors: Parmar Inderjeet 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article shows how the major foundations were extremely influential in America's rise to global hegemony over the past century. The leadership of these foundations was part of the eastern foreign policy establishment that initially mobilized support for a globalist, anti‐isolationist agenda and after World War II worked to construct a viable intellectual framework promoting American perspectives in world affairs. The development of foundation leadership in international relations took place in three phases with different emphases, aimed at softening the sharper edges of globalization and elite dominance to retain public legitimacy: 1) shifting American public opinion from the 1920s to the 1950s in favor of liberal internationalism and a strong national government, 2) creating an integrated global elite from the 1950s to the 1970s that could serve as conduits for American interests within the institutions of each nation, and 3) developing democratic reforms in response to neoliberalism after 1980 to gain legitimacy for the international order, in order to sustain the idea that the political and economic systems work for everyone. In this fashion, foundations were able publicly to espouse principles of self‐determination and economic development for every nation, even though their actions paved the way for the continuation of neocolonialism.
Opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy during gynaecological surgery for benign disease: A survey of current Australian practice
Authors: Kapurubandara Supuni , Qin Victoria , Gurram Divya , Anpalagan Anbu , Merkur Harry , Hogg Russell , Brand Alison 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundRecent evidence supports the fallopian tube as the site of origin for many pelvic serous cancers (PSC) including epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). As a result, a change in practice with opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy (OBS) at the time of hysterectomy has been advocated as a preventative strategy for PSC in a low‐risk population.AimsThe aim of this study was to assess current clinical practice in Australia with respect to OBS during gynaecological surgery for benign indications.Materials and MethodsAn anonymous online survey was sent to all active Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RANZCOG) Fellows in Australia. Data regarding clinician demographics and the proportion of clinicians offering OBS were collected. Reasons for and against offering or discussing OBS were sought. A descriptive analysis was performed.ResultsThe response rate was 26% (280/1490) with 70% of respondents offering or discussing OBS to women undergoing gynaecological surgery for benign indications, usually at the time of abdominal (96%) or laparoscopic (76%) hysterectomy. The main reason for offering or discussing OBS was current evidence to suggest the fallopian tubes as the site of origin for most EOC. Main reasons for not offering OBS were insufficient evidence to benefit the woman (36%) or being unaware of recent evidence (33%).ConclusionsThe survey responses indicate that OBS is frequently discussed or offered in Australia, usually at the time of hysterectomy. Given the lack of robust evidence to suggest a benefit at a population‐based level, a national registry is recommended to monitor outcomes.
Surgical management of abnormally invasive placenta: a retrospective cohort study demonstrating the benefits of a standardized operative approach
Authors: Brennan Donal J. , Schulze Brittany , Chetty Naven , Crandon Alex , Petersen Scott G. , Gardener Glenn , Perrin Lewis 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroductionAbnormally invasive placenta is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a standardized operative approach performed by gynecological oncologists in the surgical management of abnormally invasive placenta.Materials and methodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of all cases of morbid placental adherence managed at the Mater Mothers’ Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia between January 2000 and June 2013. A standard operative approach involving extensive retro‐peritoneal and bladder dissection before delivery of the fetus, was undertaken when a gynecological oncologist was present at the start of the procedure. Main outcome measures were estimated blood loss, transfusion requirements, and maternal and neonatal morbidity.ResultsThe study includes 98 cases of histologically confirmed abnormally invasive placenta. Median estimated blood loss for the entire cohort was 2150 mL (range 300–11 500 mL). Women were divided into three groups, (1) those who had a gynecological oncologist present at the start of the procedure (group 1; n = 43), (2) those who had a gynecological oncologist called in during the procedure (group 2; n = 23), and (3) those who had no gynecological oncologist involved (group 3; n = 32). Group 2 had a significantly higher blood loss than the other groups (p = 0.001) (median 4400 mL). Transfusion requirements were higher in groups 2 and 3 compared with group 1 (p = 0.004). Other maternal and neonatal morbidity was similar across all three groups.ConclusionThis study supports the early presence of a gynecological oncologist at delivery when abnormally invasive placenta is suspected and demonstrates that a “call if needed” approach is not acceptable for these complex cases.
The influence of sperm motility and cryopreservation on the treatment outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection following testicular sperm extraction
Authors: Hessel Marloes , Robben Johanna C.M. , D'Hauwers Kathleen W.M. , Braat Didi D.M. , Ramos Liliana 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroductionIt is already known that embryo quality is a major contributing factor to the outcome of assisted reproduction techniques. This study focuses on treatment variables that might be of importance to the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection following testicular sperm extraction (TESE‐ICSI) in non‐obstructive azoospermia.Material and methodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted at a Dutch tertiary care academic training hospital between July 2009 and December 2013. With logistic regression analysis we explored the influence of treatment variables, including testicular sperm parameters – (i) motile or tail touch spermatozoa, and (ii) use of fresh or frozen testicular semen‐samples – on biochemical and ongoing pregnancy rates after single (n = 393) and double embryo transfer (n = 352).ResultsMultivariate logistic regression analysis identified the rank of the TESE‐ICSI attempt [odds ratio (OR) 0.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.70–0.93], the number of embryos available for transfer (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.06–1.19) and quality of the embryo(s) transferred (OR 12.8, 95% CI 5.00–32.67) as possible predictors of biochemical pregnancy, whereas only embryo quality (OR 16.9, 95% CI 5.23–54.87) was independently associated with ongoing pregnancy.ConclusionsThe use of cryopreserved testicular sperm does not negatively influence the ongoing pregnancy and live birth rate after TESE‐ICSI. However, sperm motility seems to increase the pregnancy rate through its influence on embryo quality. Therefore, fresh TESE has no added value when there is still cryopreserved testicular sperm available. Motile sperm is preferred for injection, but the use of tail touch sperm results in an acceptable treatment outcome.
A linked and open dataset from a network of learning repositories on organic agriculture
Authors: Rajabi Enayat , Sanchez‐Alonso Salvador , Sicilia Miguel‐Angel , Manouselis Nikos 
Published: September 2015

AbstractExposing eLearning objects on the Web of Data leads to sharing and reusing of educational resources and improves the interoperability of data on the Web. Furthermore, it enriches e‐learning content, as it is connected to other valuable resources using the Linked Data principles. This paper describes a study performed on the Organic.Edunet repository, as an e‐learning portal in an agricultural context. In this research, we experiment with exposing the Organic.Edunet metadata as Linked Open Data and interlinking its contents to several relevant datasets on the Web. An analysis of the metadata and of the interlinking results is presented in this paper as well.
Evaluation of the International Prognostic Score (IPS‐7) and a Simpler Prognostic Score (IPS‐3) for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era
Authors: Diefenbach Catherine S. , Li Hailun , Hong Fangxin , Gordon Leo I. , Fisher Richard I. , Bartlett Nancy L. , Crump Michael , Gascoyne Randy D. , Wagner Henry , Stiff Patrick J. , Cheson Bruce D. , Stewart Douglas A. , Kahl Brad S. , Friedberg Jonathan W. , Blum Kristie A. , Habermann Thomas M. , Tuscano Joseph M. , Hoppe Richard T. , Horning Sandra J. , Advani Ranjana H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe International Prognostic Score (IPS‐7) is the most commonly used risk stratification tool for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), however recent studies suggest the IPS‐7 is less discriminating due to improved outcomes with contemporary therapy. We evaluated the seven variables for IPS‐7 recorded at study entry for 854 patients enrolled on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 2496 trial. Univariate and multivariate Cox models were used to assess their prognostic ability for freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS). The IPS‐7 remained prognostic however its prognostic range has narrowed. On multivariate analysis, two factors (age, stage) remained significant for FFP and three factors (age, stage, haemoglobin level) for OS. An alternative prognostic index, the IPS‐3, was constructed using age, stage and haemoglobin level, which provided four distinct risk groups [FFP (P = 0·0001) and OS (P < 0·0001)]. IPS‐3 outperformed the IPS‐7 on risk prediction for both FFP and OS by model fit and discrimination criteria. Using reclassification calibration, 18% of IPS‐7 low risk patients were re‐classified as intermediate risk and 13% of IPS‐7 intermediate risk patients as low risk. For patients with advanced HL, the IPS‐3 may provide a simpler and more accurate framework for risk assessment in the modern era. Validation of these findings in other large data sets is planned.
Blood cytotoxic/inflammatory mediators in non‐eosinophilic asthma
Authors: Hodge S. , Hodge G. , Simpson J. L. , Yang I. A. , Upham J. , James A. , Gibson P. G. , Reynolds P.N. ,   AMAZES Study Research Group
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundNon‐eosinophilic asthma (NEA) is a distinct, often corticosteroid‐resistant inflammatory asthma phenotype. NK and NKT‐like cells are effector lymphocytes that we have shown, like CD28null T cells, to be relatively resistant to steroids and major sources of pro‐inflammatory/cytotoxic mediators. We hypothesized that these cells and mediators would be increased in peripheral blood in NEA.MethodsAdults with severe asthma and variable airflow obstruction, poorly controlled despite maintenance therapy with inhaled glucocorticosteroids and long‐acting bronchodilators, were recruited. Blood was assessed in those with eosinophilic asthma (n = 12), NEA (n = 25) and healthy non‐smoking controls (n = 30). We applied flow cytometry to measure T, CD28null, NK and NKT‐like cells and their expression of granzyme B, perforin, and killer inhibitory/activating receptors CD94(Kp43), CD158b and CD107A. Intracellular pro‐inflammatory cytokine production (IFN‐γ and TNF‐α) was assessed in 18 controls and 10 patients with asthma/group.ResultsIn NEA, there was increased expression of granzyme B by CD8+ T cells vs. controls. There was increased expression of granzyme B and CD158 and decreased CD94 on NK cells, vs. healthy controls and those with eosinophilic asthma. IFN‐γ production by NK cells and TNF‐α production by NKT‐like cells in NEA were significantly increased vs. controls. In both eosinophilic and NEA phenotypes, there were significant increases in CD4+28null T cells (72% and 81% increases, respectively, vs. controls) and their expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Significant correlations were noted between blood CD4+28null T cells and neutrophil numbers in induced sputum, and between corticosteroid dose and blood NKT‐like cells, and their production of granzyme B and TNF‐α and NK IFN‐γ.Conclusion and clinical relevanceIn poorly controlled asthma, altered expression of cytotoxic/pro‐inflammatory mediators can be seen on a variety of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood; these changes are most apparent in NEA. Whether this pattern of expression is a marker of treatment responsiveness and future risk of exacerbations remains to be determined.
You've got mail! An examination of a statewide direct‐mail marketing campaign to promote deceased organ donor registrations
Authors: Quick Brian L. , LaVoie Nicole R. , Morgan Susan E. , Bosch Dave 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis study extends previous direct‐mail campaigns by evaluating the effectiveness of a marketing campaign promoting organ donation message strategies from the vantage point of organ donors, organ recipients, individuals on the waiting list, or a combination of these three frames.MethodsIllinois residents were randomly assigned to one of four organ donation brochures disseminated via U.S. postal mail. Registrations occurred via the Internet and U.S. postal mail.ResultsIndividuals register at a greater rate following exposure to the combination framed message compared to organ donor, organ recipient, and waiting list narratives. The campaign revealed that individuals are more likely to register via U.S. postal mail than the Internet.ConclusionDirect‐mail marketing efforts were shown to be an effective approach to promote organ and tissue donation registrations. The results demonstrated a preference for the combination framed brochure. The results are discussed with an emphasis on the practical implications of utilizing direct‐mail marketing efforts to promote organ donation among young adults.
The hyperkinetic movement disorder of FOXG1‐related epileptic–dyskinetic encephalopathy
Authors: Cellini Elena , Vignoli Aglaia , Pisano Tiziana , Falchi Melania , Molinaro Anna , Accorsi Patrizia , Bontacchio Alessia , Pinelli Lorenzo , Giordano Lucio , Guerrini Renzo ,   FOXG1 Syndrome Study Group
Published: September 2015

AimForkhead Box G1 (FOXG1) syndrome is a developmental encephalopathy characterized by postnatal microcephaly, structural brain abnormalities, facial dysmorphisms, severe delay with absent language, defective social interactions, and epilepsy. Abnormal movements in FOXG1 syndrome have often been mentioned but not characterized.MethodWe clinically assessed and analysed video recordings of eight patients with different mutations or copy number variations affecting the FOXG1 gene and describe the peculiar pattern of the associated movement disorder.ResultsThe age of the patients in the study ranged from 2 to 17 years old (six females, two males). They had severe epilepsy and exhibited a complex motor disorder including various combinations of dyskinetic and hyperkinetic movements featuring dystonia, chorea, and athetosis. The onset of the movement disorder was apparent within the first year of life, reached its maximum expression within months, and then remained stable.InterpretationA hyperkinetic–dyskinetic movement disorder emerges as a distinctive feature of the FOXG1‐related phenotype. FOXG1 syndrome is as an epileptic–dyskinetic encephalopathy whose clinical presentation bears similarities with ARX‐ and STXBP1‐gene related encephalopathies.
Acute Myocarditis Diagnosed by Layer‐Specific 2D Longitudinal Speckle Tracking Analysis
Authors: Caspar Thibault , Germain Philippe , Ghannudi Soraya El , Morel Olivier , Samet Hafida , Trinh Annie , Petit‐Eisenmann Hélène , Talha Samy , Fichot Marie , Jesel Laurence , Ohlmann Patrick 
Published: September 2015

Mini‐AbstractThis is a report of a 34‐year‐old patient presenting with acute chest pain, whose diagnosis of acute myocarditis was suspected by layer‐specific longitudinal speckle tracking analysis, showing preferential alteration of subepicardial deformation in the left ventricular lateral wall, and confirmed by cardiac MRI showing late gadolinium enhancement in the subepicardium of the same LV segments.
Interspecific competition between the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, and the logperch, Percina caprodes, in the Duluth‐Superior Harbour
Authors: Leino Jared R. , Mensinger Allen F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Laurentian Great Lakes have been the site of numerous aquatic invasive species such as the sea lamprey, zebra mussel and round goby. To further understand interactions between invasive and native species in situ, competitive interactions between native logperch (Percina caprodes) and invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) were examined using submerged enclosures in the Duluth‐Superior Harbour. Experiments were conducted on rocky or sandy substrate throughout the spring and summer months. Trials consisted of single fish, paired conspecifics or round goby/logperch pairs with weight change determined after 28 days. The round gobies were able to outcompete and/or negatively affect logperch on rocky substrates as a direct result of round goby/logperch interactions, as logperch fared well when round gobies were excluded from the enclosures. Although there is evidence that round gobies exclude logperch from rocky substrates, the logperch population remains close to pre‐invasion levels in the predominantly soft‐bottomed harbour. The continued coexistence of the logperch with the round goby is attributed to the vastly greater area of soft‐bottom vs. rocky substrate in the harbour, with the round gobies in the soft bottom younger and smaller than those in the rocky substrate. Recent evidence suggests that the round goby population is declining on the soft substrates indicating that the two populations will continue to coexist in the harbour.
Potential direct and indirect effects of climate change on a shallow natural lake fish assemblage
Authors: Breeggemann Jason J. , Kaemingk Mark A. , DeBates Timothy J. , Paukert Craig P. , Krause Jacob R. , Letvin Alexander P. , Stevens Tanner M. , Willis David W. , Chipps Steven R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMuch uncertainty exists around how fish communities in shallow lakes will respond to climate change. In this study, we modelled the effects of increased water temperatures on consumption and growth rates of two piscivores (northern pike [Esox lucius] and largemouth bass [Micropterus salmoides]) and examined relative effects of consumption by these predators on two prey species (bluegill [Lepomis macrochirus] and yellow perch [Perca flavescens]). Bioenergetics models were used to simulate the effects of climate change on growth and food consumption using predicted 2040 and 2060 temperatures in a shallow Nebraska Sandhill lake, USA. The patterns and magnitude of daily and cumulative consumption during the growing season (April–October) were generally similar between the two predators. However, growth of northern pike was always reduced (−3 to −45% change) compared to largemouth bass that experienced subtle changes (4 to −6% change) in weight by the end of the growing season. Assuming similar population size structure and numbers of predators in 2040–2060, future consumption of bluegill and yellow perch by northern pike and largemouth bass will likely increase (range: 3–24%), necessitating greater prey biomass to meet future energy demands. The timing of increased predator consumption will likely shift towards spring and fall (compared to summer), when prey species may not be available in the quantities required. Our findings suggest that increased water temperatures may affect species at the edge of their native range (i.e. northern pike) and a potential mismatch between predator and prey could exist.