bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Tautomerism of Substituted Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyrazoles
Authors: Kadam Shivaji S. , Maier Lukáš , Kostakis Ioannis , Pouli Nicole , Toušek Jaromír , Nečas Marek , Marakos Panagiotis , Marek Radek 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFused five‐membered nitrogen heterocycles comprise a very important group of compounds frequently utilized in pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we report the first systematic synthesis of substituted pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyrazoles and three regioisomers of their N‐methyl derivatives. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy in solution and selected compounds also were studied by X‐ray diffraction in the solid state. 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopic data for all isomers were interpreted by DFT calculations of nuclear shielding constants and indirect spin–spin coupling constants. The N‐methyl isomers were used in the following steps as model compounds to investigate a potential N1‐H/N4‐H, N2‐H/N4‐H, and N1‐H/N5‐H tautomerism of 3,6‐substituted pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyrazoles by using low‐temperature NMR spectroscopy. All bases were shown to occur predominantly in the N1‐H/N4‐H tautomeric form and the structure of minor form was governed by the substituents at positions 3 and 6. Stabilities of individual tautomeric forms are calculated by DFT methods and discussed. A relationship between the tautomeric populations and the ratios among N‐methyl isomers obtained upon methylation of selected bases in solution are investigated.
Synthesis of cycloSal‐(Glycopyranosyl‐6)‐phosphates as Activated Sugar Phosphates
Authors: Huchting Johanna , Ruthenbeck Alexandra , Meier Chris 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of cycloSal‐masked glycopyranosyl phosphates demands suitably protected precursors. A highly regioselective strategy for the preparation of cycloSal‐(1,2,3,4‐tetra‐O‐acetylglycopyranosyl‐6)‐phosphates was developed. Intermediate introduction of the Fmoc‐group allowed the isolation of the 1,2,3,4‐tetra‐O‐acetyl glycopyranoses to be skipped, thus, no isomerization occurred. Glycopyranoses were first converted into the 6‐O‐TBDMS‐1,2,3,4‐tetra‐O‐acetyl derivatives then, in a one‐pot reaction, the silyl ether was cleaved and the resulting 1,2,3,4‐tetra‐O‐acetyl glycopyranoses were trapped with Fmoc‐chloride. In this exchange of protecting groups no acetyl group migration occurred. The 6‐O‐Fmoc‐protected intermediates were selectively converted into the cycloSal‐masked glycopyranosyl phosphates in a one‐pot reaction. Finally, the reactivity of these activated glycopyranosyl‐6‐phosphates was demonstrated in the synthesis of 1,6‐diglycopyranosyl‐phosphates.
Total Synthesis of Transtaganolide E and F: Insight in the Biosynthesis of the Transtaganolides
Authors: Larsson Rikard , Scheeren Hans W. , Aben Rene W. M. , Johansson Martin , Sterner Olov 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA total synthesis of transtaganolide E and F, proposed intermediates in the biosynthesis of the potent transtaganolides, including an Ireland–Claisen rearrangement and a high‐pressure intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction of an unactivated 2‐pyrone derivative, is reported. The implication of the results to the proposed transtaganolides biosynthesis is discussed.
Advanced Technologies for Engineering Tissue Mimetics
Authors: Cohen‐Karni Tzahi , Dvir Tal 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMicro‐ and nanotechnologies have become central to fields ranging from tissue and cellular biophysics to regenerative medicine toward the creation of more complex and progressive tissues. In this article, we overview some of the new technological concepts in this field for recapitulating the native extracellular matrix, designing dynamic microenvironments, and the incorporation of small‐scale devices for actuating and monitoring engineered tissue performances.
EFFECTS OF FLOW PATH DEPTH ON EMITTER CLOGGING AND SURFACE TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOFILMS
Authors: Zhou Bo , Li Yunkai , Liu Yaoze , Pei Yiting , Jiang Yinguang , Liu Honglu 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe depth of the flow path of a drip irrigation emitter can affect the anti‐clogging ability of a drip irrigation system by changing the flow velocity distribution and material transportation process. In order to evaluate these effects, in this paper a drip irrigation experiment using reclaimed water was performed, and four types of emitters with four flow path depths were chosen for the experiment. The dynamic outflow changes of the emitters were tested with constant intervals and the surface topographical characteristics of biofilms at the inlets and outlets of emitters and the inner lateral walls were tested with the 3D‐WLSI (3D white‐light scanning interferometer). Thus, the effect of flow path depth on emitter clogging was analysed. The results showed that emitter clogging with different degrees in the 204 hrs was observed. The discharge ratio variation (Dra) and coefficient of uniformity (CU) of emitters all slightly decreased with fluctuant changes. Moreover, clogged emitters were more likely to occur at the end part of the lateral, which revealed obvious difference among emitters with different flow path depths. The average thickness (Sd) and relative average thickness (RSd) of biofilms increased with deeper flow path, while surface topographical characteristics of biofilms varied from smooth to rough. On the other hand, the average thickness and relative thickness of the biofilms at different positions of the lateral represented the order as: Sd head < Sd middle < Sd end and RSd head < RSd middle < RSd end. This was because the flow velocity decreased from the head to the end part of the lateral. Higher flow velocity resulted in limited nutrient supply and slower microbial metabolism, as well as higher turbulence intensity and hydraulic shear stress, which led to the easier detachment of biofilms. In contrast, the lower flow velocity and turbulence could result in the accumulation of biofilms and more serious clogging in the end part. Moreover, the average biofilm thickness at the emitter inlet closest to the end part of the lateral could be selected as a suitable site for monitoring emitter clogging and biofilm growth characteristics. On the other hand, the appropriate range of flow path depths for drip irrigation emitters using reclaimed water was 0.70–0.75 mm, which will provide the reference for exploring the emitter clogging mechanism of reclaimed water drip irrigation and developing efficient clogging control strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When His Ship Comes Home: The Stress of The Australian Seafarer's Partner
Authors: Foster Diane , Cacioppe Ron 
Published: September 2013

This article explores the stress that the wives of Australian Merchant Navy men experience as a result of the seafarer's lifestyle. The article first describes the difficulties that the wife and family experience due to the long absence of the seafarer. An exploratory survey was conducted in which 52 partners of seafarers answered questions regarding the stress they and their family experience. In addition, data were collected on their work patterns, the effect of the lifestyle on their marriage and sexual relations.While the sample obtained in this study was small, it did reveal several interesting problems associated with the seafaring family life. Eighty‐three per cent (83%) of seafarer's wives found it stressful before and after their husband was due to return home. In their roles as mothers, they also felt their children experienced considerable stress because of the seafarer's absence. Many women felt that the seafaring life caused difficulties in their marriage and 25 % of the wives believed that their husbands had or were having sexual relations outside their marriage. The results of this study offer a preliminary profile into some of the difficulties families experience as a result of the seafaring life.
“Do We Have A Customer?” — A Team Approach To Intake
Authors: Gray Bryan M. , Perry Ronald J. 
Published: September 2013

This article examines some of the ambiguities surrounding requests for assistance in the voluntary sector. The authors have developed a team approach at the ‘intake’ stage for clients whose requests often demand a well‐thought‐out response in order, as Haley suggests we must, “to start well”. Some of the literature about ‘beginning with families’ is examined, and the complex issues of ‘engaging’ and ‘joining’ are discussed. It is suggested that not every ‘shopper’ is necessarily a ‘customer’ for our wares, but that they are almost certainly shopping for something.‘Emergency’ and ‘crisis’ calls are distinguished, and different responses to each are indicated. Finally, the procedures used are described, within the context of this particular voluntary agency, so that readers may distinguish what could be applicable in different contexts.
The Way we Were — and Will Be
Authors: McCarthy Wendy 
Published: September 2013

When extremists, both feminists and anti‐feminists, perpetrate the myth that equality means death to the family, women such as myself have a hard time working out what our real options are — and indeed what our real feelings are.Some choose to opt out of families; some choose to make a lot of money pursuing their own careers; some choose to travel the country lecturing women that they don't need equal rights, just husbands to support them. But the underlying reality is no different for the most committed feminists and the most vocal defenders of the traditional family.
The Unmotivated, Unhappy and Unemployed. A Developmental Approach to the Individual Adult
Authors: Sanders Catherine 
Published: September 2013

Adult clients who present with depression, lack of motivation and inability to work can challenge therapists' ability to be influential.Demands by the wider system can lead the worker, into behaving in ways that perpetuate, rather than interrupt, these patterns and push the client further into poverty and despair.An approach to dealing with such difficulties is described and various theoretical explanations offered to explain its success. A case study elaborates its application.
Separation Crises in Over‐Attached Families
Authors: Quadrio Carolyn , Levy Florence 
Published: September 2013

Families are described as “over‐attached” whose members respond anxiously to the otherwise normal unfolding of separation‐individuation processes and in the absence of past traumatic separations. It is observed that “anxious attachment” occurs with over‐availability just as with under‐availability of attachment figures and that attachment is an intra‐familial process as well as a dyadic one.A reformulation of Bowlby's attachment theory is required in order to encompass this systemic perspective, and to allow also for the integration of intrapsychic and extrapsychic process. Bowlby's control systems model need not stand in opposition to either systemic or psychoanalytic thinking.
The Aboriginal People: Literary Perspectives
Authors: Slattery Geraldine 
Published: September 2013

There continues to be a worrying lack of material about family therapy with Aborigines, despite the massive difficulties experienced by Aboriginal people. A notable exception has been from Geraldine Slattery, whose original paper Transcultural Therapy with Aboriginal Families: Working with the Belief System was published by the Journal in 1987.Here Geraldine reviews two recent publications by University of Queensland Press, which has a long record of publishing about our Aboriginal citizens. While these books are not specifically focused on family therapy, their central relevance will be obvious. — Editor.
Responsiveness of the Child Health Questionnaire‐Parent Form in adolescents with non‐specific chronic pain or fatigue
Authors: Westendorp T. , Verbunt J.A. , Remerie S.C. , Smeets R.J.E.M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a widely used instrument for measuring health‐related quality of life covering both the physical and psychosocial domain. This study examined the responsiveness of the Dutch CHQ 50‐item Parent Form (PF50) in a sample of adolescents with chronic non‐specific pain and/or fatigue.MethodFive different methods were used to calculate the responsiveness for the physical (PhS) and psychosocial (PsS) subscale of the CHQ‐50: standardized response mean (SRM), pooled effect sizes (ESs), standard error of measurement of agreement (SEMagreement), minimal detectable change (MDC) and the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. For data analysis, the population was divided into two groups based on the parent's global perceived effect of treatment: a changed group (A) and an unchanged group (B).ResultsThe responsiveness analyses were performed including 92 adolescents (88.0% girls; mean age 16.4 years). The SRMs are 2.89 and 1.01 for the PhS and PsS, respectively. Large ESs are found for group A (PhS = 3.30; PsS = 1.16). The method used for calculating SEMagreement results in a score of PhS = 18.92 and PsS = 11.39. The MDCs of PhS and PsS are 52.45 and 31.57, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for PhS = 0.79 and for PsS = 0.64, and the corresponding optimal cut‐off points are 21.1 and 7.0.ConclusionUsing the methods SRM, ES and AUC, the responsiveness of the CHQ‐PF50 in adolescents with non‐specific chronic pain or fatigue treated in a rehabilitation clinic is adequate for the physical scale and moderate for the psychosocial scale.
Pain and somatic symptoms are sequelae of sexual assault: Results of a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Ulirsch J.C. , Ballina L.E. , Soward A.C. , Rossi C. , Hauda W. , Holbrook D. , Wheeler R. , Foley K.A. , Batts J. , Collette R. , Goodman E. , McLean S.A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundCross‐sectional studies have shown that chronic musculoskeletal pain and somatic symptoms are frequently reported by sexual assault (SA) survivors; however, prospective studies examining pain and somatic symptoms in the months after SA have not been performed.MethodsWomen SA survivors 18 years of age or older who presented for care within 48 h of SA were recruited. Pain in eight body regions (head and face, neck, breast, arms, abdomen, back, genital and pelvic, and legs) and 21 common somatic symptoms (e.g., headache, nausea, insomnia, persistent fatigue) were assessed (0–10 numeric rating scale in each body region) at the time of presentation, 1‐week, 6‐week and 3‐month interview. Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed at the 6‐week and 3‐month interview.ResultsClinically significant new or worsening pain (CSNWP) symptoms were common among study participants 6 weeks after SA [43/74, 58% (95% CI, 47–69%)] and 3 months after SA [40/67, 60% (95% CI, 48–71%)] and generally occurred in regions not experiencing trauma. Women SA survivors also experienced an increased burden of many common somatic symptoms: 8/21 (38%) and 11/21 (52%) common somatic symptoms showed a significant increase in severity 6 weeks and 3 months after SA, respectively. Correlations between PTSD, CSNWP and somatic symptoms were only low to moderate, suggesting that these outcomes are distinct.ConclusionsNew and/or clinically worsening pain and somatic symptoms, lasting at least 3 months, are sequelae of SA. Further studies investigating pain and somatic symptoms after SA are needed.
How Rhetorical Theories of Genre Address Common Core Writing Standards
Authors: Collin Ross 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article begins with a review of the forms of writing promoted in the Common Core State Standards. Across content areas, Common Core encourages teachers to attune students' writing to rhetorical concerns of audience, purpose, task, and disciplinary thinking. To address these concerns, teachers might take a rhetorical approach to the study of genres. In this view, genres are seen as resources writers use to build and act in particular situations. That is, genres help writers shape their writing to fit particular audiences, purposes, tasks, and forms of disciplinary thought. This article explains the rhetorical approach to genre studies by describing how particular genres (e.g. lab reports) are used by people to negotiate particular situations (e.g. labs in chemistry classes). Examples are offered throughout the article of how genre studies can be carried out in classrooms.
Antibacterial property expressed by a novel calcium phosphate glass
Authors: Liu Lela , Pushalkar Smruti , Saxena Deepak , LeGeros Racquel Z. , Zhang Yu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe have developed a calcium phosphate glass (CPG) doped with Zn2+ or F− or combined Zn2+ and F− ions, which are naturally found in the human body and play a dual role in bone formation and antibacterial activity. Previously, we have demonstrated that this family of CPGs has superior osteoconductive and resorbable properties in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial property of CPGs incorporating Zn2+ and/or F−. We used Streptococcus mutans as a model organism because it is one of the major human oral pathogens and an early colonizer, and it has been associated with several oral infections, such as dental caries, periodontitis, and peri‐implantitis. CPGs of 0.01 and 0.05 g were incubated with S. mutans for 0, 2, 4, and 6 h. Serial dilutions were plated in triplicate and colony forming units were determined. The antimicrobial effect of CPG incorporating Zn2+ or F− was greater than CPG incorporating both these ions. CPG without doping produced a moderate antimicrobial effect. This family of CPGs, previously shown to promote new bone formation in vivo, is demonstrated to have superior bactericidal properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 423–429, 2014.
Sensitivity of downward longwave surface radiation to moisture and cloud changes in a high‐elevation region
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Chen Yonghua , Rangwala Imtiaz , Miller James R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested enhanced rates of warming in high‐elevation regions since the latter half of the twentieth century. One of the potential reasons why enhanced rates of warming might occur at high elevations is the nonlinear relationship between downward longwave radiation (DLR) and specific humidity (q). Using ground‐based observations at a high‐elevation site in southwestern Colorado and coincident satellite‐borne cloud retrievals, the sensitivity of DLR to changes in q and cloud properties is examined and quantified using a neural network method. It is also used to explore how the sensitivity of DLR to q (dDLR/dq) is affected by cloud properties. When binned by season, dDLR/dq is maximum in winter and minimum in summer for both clear and cloudy skies. However, the cloudy‐sky sensitivities are smaller, primarily because (1) for both clear and cloudy skies dDLR/dq is proportional to 1/q, for q > 0.5 g kg−1, and (2) the seasonal values of q are on average larger in the cloudy‐sky cases than in clear‐sky cases. For a given value of q, dDLR/dq is slightly reduced in the presence of clouds and this reduction increases as q increases. In addition, DLR is found to be more sensitive to changes in cloud fraction when cloud fraction is large. In the limit of overcast skies, DLR sensitivity to optical thickness decreases as clouds become more opaque. These results are based on only one high‐elevation site, so the conclusions here need to be tested at other high‐elevation locations.
Sources of organic aerosol investigated using organic compounds as tracers measured during CalNex in Bakersfield
Authors: Zhao Yunliang , Kreisberg Nathan M. , Worton David R. , Isaacman Gabriel , Gentner Drew R. , Chan Arthur W. H. , Weber Robin J. , Liu Shang , Day Douglas A. , Russell Lynn M. , Hering Susanne V. , Goldstein Allen H. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTo investigate the major sources of summertime organic aerosol (OA) and provide insights into secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, positive matrix factorization analysis was performed on a large set of organic species measured during the California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) campaign in Bakersfield, CA. Six OA source factors were identified, including one representing primary organic aerosol (POA); four different types of SOA representing local, regional, and nighttime production; and one representing a complex mixture of additional OA sources that were not further resolvable. POA accounted for an average of 15% of measured OA. The complex mixture of additional OA sources contributed an average of 13% of measured OA. The combined contribution of four types of SOA to measured OA averaged 72% and varied diurnally from 78% during the day to 66% at night. Both regional and local SOA were significant contributors to measured OA during the day, but regional SOA was the larger one, especially in the afternoon. Although contributions to SOA from oxidation of biogenic gas‐phase compounds were less constrained, they were evident and dominantly occurred at night. The formation of SOA is indicated to be mainly through gas‐to‐particle condensation of gas‐phase oxidation products during the day. Our results indicate that effective control measures to reduce summertime OA in Bakersfield should focus on reducing sources of gas‐phase organics that serve as SOA precursors during the day, and it is more effective to reduce SOA precursors at the regional scale in the afternoon.
Prevalence of multidrug‐resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem‐resistant enterobacteriaceae among specimens from hospitalized patients with pneumonia and bloodstream infections in the United States from 2000 to 2009
Authors: Zilberberg Marya D. , Shorr Andrew F. 
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUNDAntimicrobial resistance complicates antibiotic selection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), common in pneumonia and blood stream infections (BSIs), is frequently resistant to multiple antimicrobial classes. Carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have emerged as a pathogen of concern over the past decade.OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence of CRE and multidrug‐resistant PA (MDR‐PA) in pneumonia and BSI hospitalizations.DESIGNSurvey of data from a nationally representative sample of microbiology laboratories in 217 hospitals in the United States.METHODS/SETTINGWe examined Eurofins' The Surveillance Network database from 2000 to 2009 to explore the proportion of all PA in pneumonia and BSI that is MDR. We performed the same analysis for CRE as a proportion of Enterobacteriaceae. We defined MDR‐PA as any isolate resistant to ≥3 drug classes. Enterobacteriaceae were CRE if resistant to both a third generation cephalosporin and a carbapenem.RESULTSWe identified 205,526 PA (187,343 pneumonia; 18,183 BSI) and 95,566 Enterobacteriaceae specimens (58,810 pneumonia; 36,756 BSI). The prevalence of MDR‐PA was ∼15‐fold higher than CRE in both infection types (pneumonia: 22.0% MDR‐PA vs 1.6% CRE; BSI: 14.7% MDR‐PA vs 1.1% CRE). There was a net rise in MDR‐PA as a proportion of all PA from 2000 to 2009 (BSI: 10.7%–13.5%; pneumonia: 19.2%–21.7%). The CRE phenotype emerged in 2002 in both infection types, peaking in 2008 at 3.6% in BSI and 5.3% in pneumonia, and stabilized thereafter.CONCLUSIONSAlthough CRE organisms have emerged as an important pathogen in BSI and pneumonia, MDR‐PA remains more prevalent in the United States. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:559–563. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine