bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment: opportunities and challenges in combinatorial nanomedicine
Authors: Linton Samuel S. , Sherwood Samantha G. , Drews Kelly C. , Kester Mark 
Published: July 2015

Cancer therapies of the future will rely on synergy between drugs delivered in combination to achieve both maximum efficacy and decreased toxicity. Nanoscale drug delivery vehicles composed of highly tunable nanomaterials (‘nanocarriers’) represent the most promising approach to achieve simultaneous, cell‐selective delivery of synergistic ratios of combinations of drugs within solid tumors. Nanocarriers are currently being used to co‐encapsulate and deliver synergistic ratios of multiple anticancer drugs to target cells within solid tumors. Investigators exploit the unique environment associated with solid tumors, termed the tumor microenvironment (TME), to make ‘smart’ nanocarriers. These sophisticated nanocarriers exploit the pathological conditions in the TME, thereby creating highly targeted nanocarriers that release their drug payload in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The translational and commercial potential of nanocarrier‐based combinatorial nanomedicines in cancer therapy is now a reality as several companies have initiated human clinical trials. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:208–222. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1358This article is categorized under:

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Strategic Assessment of Trauma Care Capacity in Ghana
Authors: Stewart Barclay T. , Quansah Robert , Gyedu Adam , Ankomah James , Donkor Peter , Mock Charles 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground
This study aimed to assess availability of trauma care technology in Ghana. In addition, factors contributing to deficiencies were evaluated. By doing so, potential solutions to inefficient aspects of health systems management and maladapted technology for trauma care in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) could be identified.Methods
Thirty‐two items were selected from the World Health Organization’s Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care. Direct inspection and structured interviews with administrative, clinical, and biomedical engineering staff were used to assess the challenges and successes of item availability at 40 purposively sampled district, regional, and tertiary hospitals.ResultsHospital assessments demonstrated marked deficiencies. Some of these were low cost, such as basic airway supplies, chest tubes, and cervical collars. Item non‐availability resulted from several contributing factors, namely equipment absence, lack of training, frequent stock‐outs, and technology breakage. A number of root causes for these factors were identified, including ineffective healthcare financing by way of untimely national insurance reimbursements, procurement and stock‐management practices, and critical gaps in local biomedical engineering and trauma care training. Nonetheless, local examples of successfully overcoming deficiencies were identified (e.g., public–private partnering, ensuring company engineers trained technicians on‐the‐job during technology installation or servicing).ConclusionWhile availability of several low‐cost items could be better supplied by improvements in stock‐management and procurement policies, there is a critical need for redress of the national insurance reimbursement system and trauma care training of district hospital staff. Further, developing local service and technical support capabilities is more and more pressing as technology plays an increasingly important role in LMIC healthcare systems.
Immunohistochemical Expression of E‐Cadherin in Atypical Parathyroid Adenoma
Authors: Schneider Ralph , Bartsch‐Herzog Stefanie , Ramaswamy Annette , Bartsch Detlef K. , Karakas Elias 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground
Atypical parathyroid adenoma (APA) is a rare entity, sharing clinical symptoms like solid palpable mass in the neck, laboratory changes with very high serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels, and some histopathological features with parathyroid carcinomas (PC). However, clinical behavior of APA seems to comply with benign parathyroid tumors (PA). There is some evidence that loss of the membranous staining pattern of E‐Cadherin (E‐Cad) suggests a key role of epithelial mesenchymal transition in the tumorigenesis of PC. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare clinical and surgical characteristics and immunohistochemical expression of E‐Cad in APA, PC, and PA.MethodsData of patients who underwent surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) between 1985 and 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. All data were analyzed with special regard to distinctive criteria of APA, including trabecular growth, broad fibrous bands, nuclear atypia, mitosis, pseudocapsular invasion or strong adherence to the surrounding tissue, and potential invasive growth of a grossly altered and enlarged parathyroid gland. In addition, laboratory and clinical data were evaluated and additional immunohistochemical staining with E‐Cad was performed in suspicious APA patients with available tissue.ResultsIn 68 patients (39 female, 29 male), the parathyroid tumor was suspicious for APA. In 46 patients, a bilateral cervical exploration was performed. 15 patients underwent an en bloc resection including a hemithyroidectomy and lymphonodular dissection of the ipsilateral central compartment due to the malignant macroscopic aspect of the parathyroid. In seven patients, a focused parathyroid resection was done. The available parathyroid tissue of 38 APA patients was immunopositive for membranous E‐Cad staining. During follow‐up, only one patient with a successful initial surgery suffered from recurrent pHPT due to another solitary PA 10 years after initial surgery but without evidence of malignancy.ConclusionsIn contrast to PC, parathyroid tumors suspicious for APA are characterized by a strong membranous E‐Cad staining and, like PA, by a benign clinical course.
Natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics in Actinomycetes
Authors: Chen Wenqing , Qi Jianzhao , Wu Pan , Wan Dan , Liu Jin , Feng Xuan , Deng Zixin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Nucleoside antibiotics constitute an important family of microbial natural products bearing diverse bioactivities and unusual structural features. Their biosynthetic logics are unique with involvement of complex multi-enzymatic reactions leading to the intricate molecules from simple building blocks. Understanding how nature builds this family of antibiotics in post-genomic era sets the stage for rational enhancement of their production, and also paves the way for targeted persuasion of the cell factories to make artificial designer nucleoside drugs and leads via synthetic biology approaches. In this review, we discuss the recent progress and perspectives on the natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics.
Modeling of Intermetallic Compounds Growth Between Dissimilar Metals
Authors: Wang Li , Wang Yin , Prangnell Philip , Robson Joseph 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A model has been developed to predict growth kinetics of the intermetallic phases (IMCs) formed in a reactive diffusion couple between two metals for the case where multiple IMC phases are observed. The model explicitly accounts for the effect of grain boundary diffusion through the IMC layer, and can thus be used to explore the effect of IMC grain size on the thickening of the reaction layer. The model has been applied to the industrially important case of aluminum to magnesium alloy diffusion couples in which several different IMC phases are possible. It is demonstrated that there is a transition from grain boundary-dominated diffusion to lattice-dominated diffusion at a critical grain size, which is different for each IMC phase. The varying contribution of grain boundary diffusion to the overall thickening kinetics with changing grain size helps explain the large scatter in thickening kinetics reported for diffusion couples produced under different conditions.
Influence of Tirofiban maintenance duration on patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Ji Zhen‐Guo , Liu Hong‐Bin , Liu Zhi‐Hong , Ma Guo‐Ping , Qin Li‐Qiang , Dong Wei , Wang Li‐Ya 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and short term prognosis of Tirofiban in different treatment duration in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) combined with intracoronary injection.MethodsA total of 125 patients with acute STEMI were enrolled in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n = 61) and Tirofiban group (n = 64). The Tirofiban was used by intracoronary and intravenous administration in Tirofiban group which was randomly divided into three sub‐groups according to the duration of Tirofiban by persistent intravenous injection for 12 hours, 24 hours or 36 hours. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow and myocardial perfusion grades were recorded immediately after PCI. The adverse cardiac events and cardiac death within 180 days of PCI, and the adverse effects (hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia) were compared between the two groups and within Tirofiban sub‐groups.ResultsGrade 3 in myocardial perfusion was significantly better in Tirofiban group than control group (85.94% vs. 72.13%, P = 0.03) after PCI. There was one cardiac death in control group in 180 days after PCI. The adverse cardiac event rates between two groups was significant difference (16 patients in control group and only 8 in Tirofiban group, P = 0.047). There was no significant difference in incidence of hemorrhage complications and platelet counts between two groups. Nevertheless, hemorrhage complications in the 12‐ and 24‐hour subgroups were less than 36‐hour subgroup (P = 0.01).ConclusionsIntravenous Tirofiban treatment reduced the adverse cardiac events and improved short term prognosis without increasing the adverse reactions of the drugs in patients undergoing PCI. The less rate of hemorrhage complication can be achieved in short‐duration of Tirofiban by intravenous injection after PCI.
Impact of elevated aspartate and alanine aminotransferase on metabolic syndrome and its components among adult people living in Ningxia, China
Authors: He Kun‐Peng , Zhao Chuan , Qiang Yan , Liu He‐Rong , Chen Nan , Tao Xiu‐Juan , Chen Li‐Li , Song Hui 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. It suggests an association between an elevated serum aminotransferase level and MS. Little data show the relationship between the levels of serum aminotransferase and the incidence of MS in Ningxia, China.MethodsA total of 5415 subjects who received medical health checkups from 2007 to 2009 were enrolled in the study. The participants were interviewed by trained health workers under a structured questionnaire. MS was defined according to the modified ATPIII criteria for Asian Americans by the American Heart Association (AHA‐ATP III).ResultsThe prevalence of elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and ALT (>40 U/L) were 7.1% and 22.2% in males, and 2.1% and 4.8% in females respectively. The prevalence of MS was 32.1% in males and 15.4% in females. The components of MS were significantly more in the group with elevated aminotransferase levels than in the group with normal aminotransferase levels. The odds ratios (95% CI) for elevated AST were 1.90 (1.49, 2.42), 2.59 (2.01, 3.39), 1.68 (1.32, 2.15), and 1.81 (1.36, 2.42) in the adults with abdominal obesity, high serum triglycerides levels, high blood pressure, and high plasma glucose levels respectively. After adjustment for age, the odds ratios (95% CI) for elevated ALT were 3.08 (2.63, 3.61), 4.30 (3.64, 5.08), 1.26 (1.08, 1.48), 2.16 (1.93, 2.65) and 2.38 (1.96, 2.87) in adults with abdominal obesity, high serum triglycerides levels, low serum high‐density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL‐C), high blood pressure, and high plasma glucose levels respectively. The odds ratios (95% CI) for elevated AST were 1.67 (1.06, 2.63), 2.28 (1.46, 3.63), 2.59 (1.59, 4.21) and for elevated ALT 2.02 (1.50, 2.73), 2.68 (1.96, 3.65), 3.94 (2.86, 5.43) for the subjects with 1, 2, and ≥3 risk factors after adjustment for age, gender, and BMI.ConclusionThe serum aminotransferase levels were higher in males compared to females, and serum ALT level was more closely associated with MS than the AST level in adults in Ningxia, China. With an increasing the number of components of MS, the aminotransferase levels and the risks for elevated aminotransferase increase, whereas the AST/ALT ratios decrease.
Characteristics, management, and outcomes of repair of rectovaginal fistula among 1100 consecutive cases of female genital tract fistula in Ethiopia
Authors: Browning Andrew , Whiteside Sigrid 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the incidence, presentation, management, and outcomes of rectovaginal fistula (RVF) in Ethiopia.MethodsIn a retrospective study, demographic and clinical data were obtained for all women with genital tract fistulas admitted to the Barhirdar Hamlin Fistula Hospital, Ethiopia, for fistula repair surgery between January 2005 and October 2008.ResultsOf 1100 cases, 1057 were suitable for analysis. Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) without RVF was present in 933 (88.3%) cases, combined VVF and RVF in 79 (7.5%), and isolated RVF in 45 (4.3%). Only 4 (0.4%) women had isolated RVFs that could be attributed to prolonged obstructed labor; the remaining 41 RVFs were due to trauma (including sexual trauma), iatrogenic causes, infection, perineal tears, or previous failed repairs. All RVFs were managed with a flap‐splitting operative technique, without grafts or diverting colostomies. Overall, 120 (98.4%) of 122 RVFs repaired at the study hospital remained closed at discharge. Combined VVF and RVF was associated with a longer labor (P < 0.001), more stillbirths (P = 0.028), a larger and lower VVF (P < 0.001 for both), and more vaginal scarring than was isolated VVF (P < 0.001).ConclusionAn obstetric RVF represents a more severe injury process than does a VVF. RVFs rarely occur without a VVF if due to obstructed labor. However, they can be managed successfully without diverting colostomies or grafts.
Chronic pain-related patient-provider communication: The significance of health related quality of life and satisfaction
Authors: Jonsdottir T. , Gunnarsdottir S. , Jonsdottir H. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Aims
To investigate patients’ perception of chronic pain related patient-provider communication in relation to socio-demographic and pain-related variables.

Methods
Apostal questionnaire measuring socio-demographic variables, pain characteristics, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), pain-related health care utilization and perceived patient provider communication, was sent to a sample of 4500 individuals randomly drawn from the national population of Iceland. Relationships between patient perceived patient-provider communication and perceived outcome, satisfaction with care as well as sociodemographic and pain-related variables were tested by using bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis.

Results
The prevalence of chronic pain (≥3months) among respondents was 47.5%. Among participants reporting chronic pain, 53.2% had consulted a health care provider for pain during the previous six months. Patients’ perception of providers’ behaviour and control in the communication was mostly related to pain impact on daily life and physical components of HRQoL as well as to patients’ satisfaction with health care providers. The more pain interfered with daily life and impaired patients’ physical health, the more they felt that the provider did not spend time to listen to their concerns and discuss symptoms and treatment options. Patients’ perception of own activity and control in the patient-provider communication and participation in care was related to socio-demographic variables but not with pain related variables.

Conclusions
To be understood as an individual and having their concerns legitimized by the health care provider is crucial for patients when consulting health care for chronic pain. The more pain interferes with daily life and impairs HRQoL, the more important this is. Patients’ perception of own control in patient-provider communication and participation in care is more related to socio-demographics than pain related variables.
Blockage of lysophosphatidic acid reverses arthritis-induced hypersensitivity and Cavα2δ1 and P2X3 expression in dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Su J. , Delaney A. , Matteo R. , Bartlett B. , Kultima K. , Hökfelt T. , Svensson C.I. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Aims
The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important mediator involved in neuropathic and bone cancer pain models. We are investigating if LPA is involved in arthritis-induced pain in the collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) mice model.

Methods
Arthritis was induced in male CBA mice by injection of 1.5 mg collagen type II antibody cocktail. Mechanical and thermal sensitivity and the degree of arthritis were assessed with von Frey filaments, Hargreaves box (heat), acetone test (cold) and visual scoring, respectively. LPA antibody and control IgG (10mg/kg), or saline was injected s.c. twice a week from day 12 through day 47. qPCR and immunohistochemical studies were undertaken in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) to explore the expression of pain-related ion channels.

Results
Administration of LPA antibody treatment reversed CAIA-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity (p < 0.05) while had no effect on the early clinical signs of arthritis (p > 0.05). mRNA levels for the LPA synthesizing enzyme autotaxin were elevated in the CAIA group. On day 48, expression of the voltage-gated calcium channel Cavα2δ1 and the ATP-gated P2X3 receptor were significantly increased in the CAIA DRGs, which were completely prevented by LPA antibody treatment. Of note, based on in vitro experiment, LPA stimulation upregulated Cavα2δ1 and P2X3 expression in primary adult mouse DRG cultures.

Conclusions
Blocking the action of systemic LPA reverses arthritis-induced hypersensitivity, potentially through regulation of Cavα2δ1 and P2X3 expression in peripheral neurons. Thus, our data point to that LPA may serve as a target for providing pain relief in arthritis.
Holding Others in Contempt: the Moderating Role of Power in the Relationship Between Leaders’ Contempt and their Behavior Vis-à-vis Employees
Authors: Sanders Stacey , Wisse Barbara M. , Van Yperen Nico W. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT:The purpose of the present research was to investigate if and when leaders’ trait-like tendency to experience contempt would result in a lack of constructive attitudes and behaviors towards subordinates and an increase in destructive attitudes and behaviors towards subordinates. Previous research shows that increased power aligns individuals’ behavior with their trait-like tendencies. Accordingly, we hypothesized that leader contempt and power will interact to predict leaders’ people orientation, ethical leadership, dehumanization, and self-serving behavior. Across three studies, we indeed found that contempt was more negatively associated with leaders’ people orientation and ethical leadership, and more positively associated with dehumanization and leaders’ self-serving behavior, when the leader had higher levels of power rather than lower levels of power. These results are discussed in the context of corporate ethical scandals demonstrating leaders’ focus on personal gain to the detriment of the needs of their subordinates.
Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies in the Nearby Universe
Authors: Hayes Matthew 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe Lyman alpha emission line (Lyα) of neutral hydrogen (Hi) is intrinsically the brightest emission feature in the spectrum of astrophysical nebulae, making it a very attractive observational feature with which to survey galaxies. Moreover as an ultraviolet resonance line, Lyα possesses several unique characteristics that make it useful to study the properties of the interstellar medium and ionising stellar population at all cosmic epochs. In this review, I present a summary of Lyα observations of galaxies in the nearby universe. By ultraviolet continuum selection, at the magnitudes reachable with current facilities, only ≈ 5% of the local galaxy population shows a Lyα equivalent width (WLyα) that exceeds 20 Å. This fraction increases dramatically at higher redshifts, but only in the local universe can we study galaxies in detail and assemble unprecedented multi-wavelength datasets. I discuss many local Lyα observations, showing that when galaxies show net Lyα emission, they ubiquitously also produce large-scale halos of scattered Lyα, that dominate the integrated luminosity. Concerning global measurements, we discuss how WLyα and the Lyα escape fraction (fLyαesc) are higher (WLyα ≳ 20 Å and fLyαesc ≳ 10%) in galaxies that represent the less massive and younger end of the distribution for local objects. This is connected with various properties, such that Lyα-emitting galaxies have lower metal abundances (median value of 12 + log(O/H) ~ 8.1) and dust reddening. However, the presence of galactic outflows/winds is also vital to Doppler shift the Lyα line out of resonance with the atomic gas, and high WLyα is found only among galaxies with winds faster than ~ 50 km s−1. The empirical evidence is then assembled into a coherent picture, and the requirement for star-formation-driven feedback is discussed in the context of an evolutionary sequence where the interstellar medium is accelerated and/or subject to hydrodynamical instabilities, which reduce the scattering of Lyα. Concluding remarks take the form of perspectives upon future developments, and the most pressing questions that can be answered by observation.
Krishna's Neglected Responsibilities: Religious devotion and social critique in eighteenth-century North India
Authors: WILLIAMS RICHARD DAVID 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article examines the literary strategies employed by a devotional poet who wrote about recent events in the eighteenth century, in order to shed light on contemporary notions of social responsibility. Taking the poetic treatment of Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasion of North India and the sacking of Vrindavan in 1757 as its primary focus, the article will discuss how political and theological understandings of lordship converged at a popular level, such that a deity could be called to account as a neglectful landlord as well as venerated in abhakticontext. It examines the redaction of tropes inherited from bothvaisnavaliterature and late Mughal ethical thought, and considers the parallels between theHarikala Beli, a Braj Bhasha poem, and immediately contemporary developments in Urdu literature, particularly theshahr ashobgenre. As such, it uses poetic responses to traumatic events as a guide to the interaction between multiple intellectual systems concerned with human and divine expectations and obligations.