bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who isn’t that masked man: The absence of re-authoring in The Lone Ranger
Authors: Moll Nicholas 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
From its radio debut in 1933 through to the 2013 film, The Lone Ranger (TLR) franchise has continued to grow, expanding from these beginnings into television, novel, comic books and, as noted, film. With the expansion of TLR still a continuing, albeit occasionally dormant, process, the franchise itself possesses a broad history filled not only with additions but also absences. This article is concerned with one absence in particular with: re-authoring. Other media franchises featuring popular Superheroes typically delved, with varying degrees of frequency, into re-authored variants of their canonical narrative – producing distinct images and varied ideas surrounding their characters. Yet, TLR has remained squarely within a pseudo-historical nineteenth-century-western United States and concerning an ambushed Texas Ranger who becomes a masked vigilante-Superhero – and it is this absence that marks TLR as distinct compared with other long-running media franchise texts. Through history along with media and genre theory, this article explores the history and character of TLR retrospectively, focusing on the absence of setting and genre variation in contrast to the use and theme of the Frontier throughout the franchise. Within this exploration we position the figure of the masked man as Superhero surrounded by the history of the American West, attributing the absence of re-authoring to this arrangement, seeing the notion of the masked man entrenched rigidly into ideas surrounding the nineteenth century westward expansion of the United States.
Reviews
Authors: St. John Jeffrey , Londino Larry , Strate Lance , Kelly Paul , Bauman Lila , Logan Robert , Jasko Susan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Vaidhyanathan, Siva. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity. New York and London: NYU Press, 2001. 288 pp. Cloth $27.95, ISBN 0-814-78806-8. Paper $17.95, ISBN 0-814-78807-6.
Entell, Peter (Director). The Tube. (Prod. Peter Entell and Patrick Lauber. First Run/Icarus Films; West Glen Films, 2001. 82 min.
Genosko, Gary. McLuhan and Baudrillard: The Masters of Implosion. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. 160 pp. Paper $26.95, ISBN 0-415-19062-2.
Genosko, Gary. McLuhan and Baudrillard: The Masters of Implosion. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. 160 pp. Paper $26.95, ISBN 0-415-19062-2.
Levinson, Paul. Digital McLuhan: A Guide to the Information Millennium. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. 240 pp. Cloth $29.95, ISBN 0-415-19251-X. Paper $16.95, ISBN 0-415-24991-0.
Lull, Jack. Daily News, Eternal Stories: The Mythological Role of Journalism. New York: Guilford, 2001. 245 pp. Cloth $38.00, ISBN 1-572-30608-4. Paper $18.95, ISBN 1-572-30606-8.
Wilson, David Sloan. Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion and the Nature of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. 268 pp. Cloth $25.00, ISBN 0-226-90134-3. Paper $14.00, ISBN 0-226-90135-1.
Zingrone, Frank. The Media Symplex: At the Edge of Meaning in the Age of Chaos. Cresskill, NJ: 2003. 268 pp. Cloth $24.95, ISBN 1-57273-559-7.
The Properties of the Solutions of Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Center Potential
Authors: Pang Xiao-Feng 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The solutions of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation containing the nonlinear interaction b|ϕ|2
ϕ and center potential are found using the new method of separation of functions, in which the two wave functions satisfy the soluble and different equations, respectively. Its solution is still a soliton, which possesses both corpuscle and wave feature, its eigenenergy is still determinant and quantized, but its size of eigenenergy is depressed about A
0′2
b/2 relative to that in linear case. This means that the localized nature of the particles described by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a center potential is enhanced due to the nonlinear interaction. This is first time to obtain the soliton solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which has an important significance and application in the nonlinear science, physics, chemistry, biology and engineering.
Collaborative co-construction of humorous interaction among ELF speakers
Authors: Matsumoto Yumi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This qualitative study analyzes the construction of humor in interactions of two dyads of English as a lingua franca (ELF) speakers who are female graduate students in the United States. Using a sequential analysis, this study closely investigates how these ELF speakers are co-constructing humor in their interactions. In particular, humorous talk including contextual cues such as joint laughing, smiling, and abruptness of talk are examined in sequential contexts. The humorous talk data exhibit the skillful use of humor to achieve and maintain solidarity and to minimize possible disagreement among these ELF speakers. In other words, collaborative co-construction of humorous interactions demonstrates ELF speakers' “complex and skillful accomplishment” (Firth 2009: 158) of communicative success in English.
An evaluation of the pronunciation target in Hong Kong's ELT curriculum and materials: influences from WE and ELF?
Authors: Chan Jim 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The present study evaluates the pronunciation target in Hong Kong's ELT education at senior secondary level with reference to the pedagogical proposals of World Englishes (WE) and English as a lingua franca (ELF). It triangulates information from various documents, namely the new ELT curriculum, public examination papers and reports, and three sets of listening and speaking commercial textbooks. The findings suggest that the new curriculum apparently has taken account of the WE and/or ELF perspectives in its design such as (i) promoting communicative competence, (ii) downplaying the importance of NS norms, and (iii) exposing students to more varieties of accent, but seems to be conceptually still guided by native-speaker norms. In practice, one breakthrough in the listening examination is the inclusion of Hong Kong English phonological features in localised tasks. However, the commercial textbooks seem to be lagging behind this development in the curriculum, though textbook writers do seek to include ELF-using contexts in some of the textbook tasks due to Hong Kong's global status. The paper argues that an important step in the move towards a WE/ELF-oriented pronunciation teaching is to recognise the role of English in particular sociolinguistic settings because by embedding the tasks in a simulated authentic language-using context, it is likely that teachers and students will be aware that the speech and pronunciation of non-native speakers are most relevant.
Chemometric approach for prediction of uranium pathways in the soil
Authors: Stojanović Mirjana , Pezo Lato , Mihajlović Marija , Petrović Jelena , Petrović Marija , Šoštarić Tanja , Milojković Jelena 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Understanding the effect of soil parameters (pH, Eh and organic and inorganic ligands availability) on uranium mobility under different
geochemical conditions is fundamental for reliable prediction of its behaviour and fate in the environment. In this study, the impact
of total and available phosphorus content, humus and acidity of Serbian agricultural soils on the content of total and available
uranium were evaluated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM), second order polynomial regression models (SOPs) and artificial neural
networks (ANNs). The performance of ANNs was compared with the performance of SOPs and experimental results. SOPs showed high
coefficients of determination (0.785–0.956), while ANN model performed high prediction accuracy: 0.8893–0.904. According to the
results, total and available uranium content in the soil were mostly affected by pH, statistically significant at p < 0.05 level. For
the same responses the total phosphorus was found to be also very influential, statistically significant at p < 0.05 and p < 0.10
levels. The impact of available phosphourus and humus was much more influential on total and available uranium content, compared to
total phosphorus content. Proposed chemometric approach will be very helpful in preserving the natural resources and practical
application for risk assessment modeling of uranium environmental pathways.
The influence of rotor type and centrifugation time on the yield and purity of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Cvjetkovic Aleksander , Lötvall Jan , Lässer Cecilia 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EV), the collective term for vesicles released from cells, consist of vesicle species ranging in size from 30 nm to 5 µm in diameter. These vesicles are most commonly isolated by differential centrifugations, which pellets particles based on their differential movement through the liquid medium in which they are immersed. Multiple parameters, including the utilization of different rotor types, can influence the yield and purity of isolated vesicles; however, the understanding of how these factors affect is limited.Materials and methodsHere, we compare the influence of multiple centrifugation parameters, including the use of swinging bucket and fixed angle rotors, as well as different centrifugation times, for the isolation of the smallest EVs, “exosomes.” In particular, we determine the yields of exosomal RNA and protein, as well as the nature of the isolated vesicles and possible protein contamination with methods such as electron microscopy, western blot and flow cytometry.ResultsOur results show that application of a specific g‐force or rotation speed by itself does not predict the ability of pelleting exosomes, and that prolonged centrifugation times can achieve greater yields of exosomal RNA and protein, whereas very long centrifugation times result in excessive protein concentrations in the exosome pellet.ConclusionIn conclusion, rotor type, g‐force and centrifugation times significantly influence exosome yield during centrifugation‐based isolation procedures, and current commonly recommended isolation protocols may not be fully optimized for yield and purity of exosomes.
La baisse tendancielle du taux de profit chez Marx (pertinence et limites d'un pronostic)
Authors: Adair Philippe 
Published: March 2014

Le statut de loi que Marx confère à son énoncé s'avère ambigu dans la mesure où il se déploie au sein de différents espaces relativement étanches (ceux des biens, des valeurs, et des prix).
Les controverses portent sur les principales contre tendances — la croissance du taux d'exploitation (pl/v) et la constance de la composition organique du capital (c/v) — qui relèvent de la théorie de la répartition (la thèse du prof it squeeze) et de celle de la concurrence (le théorème d'Okishio).
L'analyse empirique, fondée sur la cas de la France depuis la dernière guerre mondiale, aboutit à une information assez paradoxale : pl/v et c/v exprimés en termes monétaires demeurent constants jusqu'à l'ouverture de la crise. La baisse du taux de profit apparaft donc comme une conséquence et non comme une cause de la crise.
Mesure de la valeur et système monétaire : la tentative de Gray (1848). Textes et commentaire.
Authors: Cartelier Jean 
Published: March 2014

Il s'agit d'une présentation succincte de deux extraits d'un ouvrage de J. Gray (1848) proposant un système d'émission de la monnaie destiné à faire de celle-ci une bonne mesure de la valeur et à remédier aux crises qui ne sont pas dues à des disproportions entre les branches.
Les implications du système de Gray pour la théorie moderne sont brièvement évoquées.
« Une lecture hicksienne de la Théorie Générale de Keynes » : de la difficulté de conjuguer des grammaires différentes
Authors: Villé Philippe de 
Published: March 2014

It is argued that it is not logically consistent to interpret Keynes' General Theory in the light of Hicks' conceptual approach of dynamics. Hicks' sequential analysis is ultimately based on the static equilibrium method. The basic time unit must be a period characterized by a stationary equilibrium. However such basic time unit is difficult to define in a stock-flow model where the stock equilibrium conditions might be inconsistent when they involve expectations with different time horizons. On the contrary, Keynes' implicit approach to dynamics in the General Theory is to get away from Hicks' stationary equilibrium of the basic time unit.
The "day-to-day" key nesian dynamics is based on a basic time unit called the "accounting period" ; it is the time interval within which no change in decisions can be made. At the beginning of each "day", short-run and long- run expectations are formed, decisions are made and results of the previous period are known. At the end of the accounting period, balance-sheets constraints are fulfilled by issuing new assets and liabilities. Financial as well as physical constraints are reevalued. Although still not fully developed and formalized, this approach to dynamics based on a continuous "day-do-day" adjustment of expectations seems to be an alternative to the hicksian pseudo-dynamic equilibrium method.
Modèles classiques et projet keynésien : Réponse à Ch. Tutin
Authors: Kurz Heinz Dieter 
Published: March 2014

In my answer to Christian Tutin's comment I make the following points :
(i) Keynes was concerned with establishing what he called "the other point of view", according to which effective demand has an impact on the performance of the economic system both in the short and in the long run. This presupposed the refutation of the neoclassical, especially Pigovian, doctrine which maintains that with flexible wages there will be a long-run tendency to full employment. Hence Keynes was not, and could not have been, content with a purely short-run analysis, as some commentators argues.
(ii) The refutation of the neoclassical theory necessitated a critique of its notion of the rate of interest as the factor that equilibrates decisions to invest and decisions to save. Keynes's alternative theory of the rate of interest was, however, not fully convincing and cannot bear the burden placed upon it.
(iii) Sraffa deserves the credit for having demonstrated that the traditional neoclassical theory of the rate of interest cannot be sustained. Therefore, Keynesians are well advised to take Sraffa's contribution seriously, also because the latter provides the theory of effective demand solid production theoretic foundations. In addition some questions relating to the little macromodel presented in my paper are discussed.
Kaleidoscope of the Colonial Discussion
Authors: Mizuta Hiroshi 
Published: March 2014

Cet article a pour objet d'examiner les positions de Smith à l'égard des colonies américaines.
Dans une première partie, on étudie ses remarques, dans les Leçons de Jurisprudence et les Early Draft de la Richesse des Nations, à propos des indiens et des esclaves d'Amérique, ainsi que de la société coloniale. A partir de 1767 le conflit colonial occupe le centre des réflexions. On compare les positions de Smith et celle de ses contemporains (Pownall, Franklin, Tucker et Burke) sur la question de « gravitation » qui doit voir le centre de l'empire passer de Londres à une capitale américaine (2e partie). En 1773 Smith termine la RDN. Cependant la question américaine l'occupe pendant trois ans et tient une place importante dans la RDN. On étudie finalement les solutions d'union proposées par Smith dans son mémorandum de 1778.
Adam Smith et la Pennsylvanie : la main invisible et les ailes dédaliennes du papier monnaie
Authors: Rosier Michel 
Published: March 2014

Abstract : Adam Smith and the Pennsylvany : the Invisible Hand and the Deadalian Wings of Paper Money
The British colonies of North America, and especially Pennsylvany, appear to be a crucial theoretical topic in The Wealth of Nations. Their expe- rience confutes the basic thesis of mercantilism : have they not been growing very rapidly with a negative balance of commerce ? Analysing Smith's argumentation on this point leads to an interpration of Smith's theory, which is at variance with the one traditionnaly held by historians of economic thought. First, the « invisible hand » has nothing to do with the market mecanism. It manifests its effects through two propensities participating of human nature. If institutions or policies, as the ones achieved by mercantilisme in Europe, do not counteract these two propensities, then a nation follows the « natural course of things », as America does. Second, all the systems of paper money are good, though « deadalian », in the sense that they have to be managed by deadalian technicians. Regarding the European circumstances, Smith advocates the rule that compels the banks to pay their notes in gold. But, concerning America, he does not condemn banking systems formed of only one state bank, without any kind of gold reserve.
Horace Say et le Brésil
Authors: Martinière Guy 
Published: March 2014

Entre son père, Jean-Baptiste Say, brillant théoricien du libéralisme économique et son oncle, Louis Say, fondateur des célèbres sucreries, Horace Say (1794-1860) aimait à se présenter avant tout comme un praticien et un technicien de l'économie. S'il analysa avec soin les relations commerciales entre le Brésil et la France dans un ouvrage publié en 1839, c'était parce qu'il avait bénéficié d'une longue expérience de terrain, au moment où l'ancienne colonie portugaise se muait en jeune État indépendant.
Comment ses observations sur l'essor du commerce international pouvaient-elles donner matière à un véritable programme libéral de développement économique de l'Empire ? Quelles furent ses promesses, ses utopies, ses limites ? À l'heure où les économistes s'interrogent sur les choix économiques du Brésil, il apparaît utile de relire les conseils prodigués par les grands maîtres du libéralisme afin de mieux comprendre les défis de la démocratie d'aujourd'hui.
Histoire de l'analyse économique et économie politique. À propos des Cahiers d'économie politique
Authors: Messori Marcello 
Published: March 2014

This paper aims to show the evolution in the research project pursued in the first twenty issues of the Cahiers d'économie politique (CEP). First, I stress that the coherence of this project is due to the organization in the research work and to the consequent definition of the research topics. This singles out four stages in CEP's evolution. The first three stages lead to a new conception of the history of economic analysis which becomes the fundamental tool to allow a heterodox theorizing. This new conception leaves, however, open questions. The fourth stage analyzes these open questions but does not solve them by means of a combination between the critical approach in the history of economic analysis and a number of recent results
reached in the orthodox economic theory.
Emploi, salaire et coordination des activités
Authors: Laurent Thierry , Zajdela Hélène 
Published: March 2014

The research program called « Economics of Conventions » aims at revisiting the century- long separation, within mainstream economics, between the issues of coordination, rationality and ethics.
In the realistic world of bounded rationality, the rules are a fundamental means of coordination. An important subset of rules consists in conventions (of which a restrictive definition was provided by the american philosopher David Lewis), but every kind of rule is generally uncomplete, so that it is necessary to resort to collective representations associated with their expected correct application. Since the agreement upon these representations can be viewed as a conventional phenomenon, conventions in economics become quite comprehensive.
From a microeconomic point of view, wages are the results of rules. Does that mean that they are conventional rules ? Many authors have exploited the idea that the amount of wages was determined by a convention. This idea is confronted by insuperable obstacles, suggesting the relation with conventions should be looked for at another level. Any firm, whatever its model of management, rests on a quasi social-contract, linking the dynamics of wages and labour productivity : the wage rules, empirically very diverse, are interpreted through this conventional pact. We define three pure models of business firms (merchant, industial, domestic), or three « dynamic conventional equilibria » . They correspond to three profiles of the employment/wage schedule, decreasing, flat, increasing. From a macroeconomic point of view, the diversity of the employment/wage schedule, at the level of firms, explains the fact that the trend of real wages makes very weak forecasts of the trend of employment -unlike the trend of effective demand. The predictive superiority of this last index comes from the betting system on which all the firms are built, together with the identity which binds the change of the macroeconomic variables. The concept of dynamic macro-equilibrium appropriate to the « Economics of Conventions » splits in two pieces : in the short run, the constancy of unemployment and interest rates, whatever their value, appeal to the neo-keynesian thesis of possible multiple equilibria ; in the long run, we define a « rule-equilibrium », when applying the received rules for modifying transaction confines the sequence of the « short-run dynamic macro-equilibria » within a « corridor », which does not erode the collective agreement upon « normal conjoncture », especially with respect to the goal of full employment.
La théorie de Stackelberg : équilibre et politique économique
Authors: Hollard Michel 
Published: March 2014

En 1934, deux ans avant la parution de la Théorie Générale, H. von Stackelberg publie son ouvrage principal Marktform und Gleichgewicht. Dans celui-ci, il présente la typologie bien connue des formes de marché ainsi que sa théorie du duopole. Il s'inscrit de manière explicite dans la tradition de Cournot, Bowley, Pareto.
L'étude de ce texte présente un double intérêt.D'une part il est, à certains égards, très proche des textes contemporains des économistes anglais qui révisent A. Marshall après l'article de Sraffa sur les rendements croissants (Harrod, Chamberlin et Robinson). D'autre part il signale des formes institutionnelles permettant d'assurer la cohérence du système économique et social, en s'inspirant très explicitement des textes (Amoroso) et du système politique italiens. Il pose ainsi la question des relations entre la théorie économique et le choix des formes institutionnelles.
Reduced Regulatory T Cell Diversity in NOD Mice Is Linked to Early Events in the Thymus
Authors: Ferreira Cristina , Palmer Donald , Blake Kenneth , Garden Oliver A. , Dyson Julian 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The thymic natural regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment of NOD mice is unusual in having reduced TCR diversity despite normal cellularity. In this study, we show that this phenotype is attributable to perturbations in early and late stages of thymocyte development and is controlled, at least in part, by the NOD Idd9 region on chromosome 4. Progression from double negative 1 to double negative 2 stage thymocytes in NOD mice is inefficient; however, this defect is compensated by increased proliferation of natural Tregs (nTregs) within the single positive CD4 thymocyte compartment, accounting for recovery of cellularity accompanied by loss of TCR diversity. This region also underlies the known attenuation of ERK-MAPK signaling, which may preferentially disadvantage nTreg selection. Interestingly, the same genetic region also regulates the rate of thymic involution that is accelerated in NOD mice. These findings highlight further complexity in the control of nTreg repertoire diversity.