bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the immune response in rainbow trout fry, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), after waterborne exposure to Flavobacterium psychrophilum and/or hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Henriksen M M M , Kania P W , Buchmann K , Dalsgaard I 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe immune response in rainbow trout fry against Flavobacterium psychrophilum was elucidated using an immersion‐based challenge with or without prior exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Samples were taken from the head kidney 4, 48, 125 and 192 h after immersion, and the regulation of several genes was examined. Bacterial load was assessed based on the presence of 16S rRNA and correlated with gene expression, and the levels of specific antibodies in the blood were measured 50 days post‐infection. Separately, both H2O2 and F. psychrophilum influenced gene expression, and pre‐treatment with H2O2 influenced the response to infection with F. psychrophilum. Pre‐treatment with H2O2 also affected correlation between gene regulation and pathogen load for several genes. A delay in antibody production in H2O2‐treated fish in the early phase of infection was indicated, but H2O2 exposure did not affect antibody levels 50 days post‐infection. An increasing amount of F. psychrophilum 16S rRNA was found in the head kidneys of infected fish pre‐treated with H2O2 relative to the F. psychrophilum group. The results show that a single pre‐treatment with H2O2 impairs the response against F. psychrophilum and may intensify infection.
Difficult to wean patients: cultural factors and their impact on weaning decision‐making
Authors: Kydonaki Kalliopi , Huby Guro , Tocher Jennifer 
Published: November 2013

Aims and objectivesTo examine the elements of the intensive care environment and consider the impact on nurses' involvement in decision‐making when weaning from mechanical ventilation.BackgroundOptimal management of difficult to wean patients requires the dynamic collaboration of all clinicians and the contribution of their knowledge and skills. The introduction of weaning protocols has increased nurses' input in decision‐making, but there are various elements of the decision environment that impact on their involvement, which have been given little consideration.DesignEthnography was used as the research design for this study.MethodsFieldwork took place in two tertiary hospitals in Greece and Scotland for five months each to unveil clinicians' behaviour and interactions during the weaning practice. Observation was based on the weaning process of 10 Scottish and 9 Greek long‐term ventilated patients. Semi‐structured interviews followed with nurses (n = 33) and doctors (n = 9) in both settings to understand nurses' perceived involvement in weaning decision‐making. Thematic analysis of interviews and field notes followed using the Qualitative Data Analysis software NVivo. Clinicians' participation was voluntary.ResultsThe main themes identified were the (1) organisation of the units (time and structure of the ward rounds, staff levels and staff allocation system), (2) the inter‐ professional relationships, (3) the ownership and accountability in weaning decision‐making and (4) the role of the weaning protocols. These elements described the culture of the ICUs and defined nurses' role in weaning decision‐making.ConclusionsClinical decision‐making is a multi‐dynamic process specifically in complex clinical situations such as weaning from mechanical ventilation. This paper suggests that weaning practice should be considered in relation to the elements of the clinical environment to provide an individualised and patient‐centred weaning approach.Relevance to clinical practiceMethods to enhance nurses' role in teamwork and collaborative decision‐making are suggested.
Isoxazoles: synthesis, evaluation and bioinformatic design as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Gutiérrez Margarita , Matus María Francisca , Poblete Tomas , Amigo Jessica , Vallejos Gabriel , Astudillo Luis 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a common treatment for early stages of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, nine isoxazoles derivatives were tested for their in-vitro AChE activity. The molecular docking showed the interaction of the compounds with the active site.

Methods
The isoxazoles were synthesized using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. They were also isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The in-vitro activity was measured by an adapted version of Ellman's assay.

Key findings
The isoxazoles are described as inhibitors of AChE. The most potent compound in the series exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity (50% inhibitory concentration = 134.87 μm). The design of new compounds was created by using the RACHEL module of the SYBYL software.

Conclusions
Our research provided enough evidence of the efficacy of isoxazoles as AChE inhibitors. The isoxazoles were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of AChE. The docking study based on a novel series of complexes isoxazole with AChE from Electroporus electricus has demonstrated that the ligand bind is similar to the compounds used as reference. To find new candidates with the isoxazole core that act as inhibitors of AChE, part of the structure of the compound 9 was used for de-novo design. Molecular docking models of the ligand-AChE complexes suggest that the compound 10 is located on the periphery of the AChE active site.
Pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of repeated oral administrations of tramadol in horses
Authors: Guedes A. G. P. , Knych H. K. , Soares J. H. N. , Brosnan R. J. 
Published: November 2013

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of tramadol during repeated oral administrations in horses. Nine adult healthy horses were administered tramadol at 5 and 10 mg/kg orally every 12 h for 5 days in a randomized, crossover design with a 3‐week washout between treatments. Plasma concentrations of tramadol, O‐ and N‐desmethyltramadol (M1 and M2) were measured using Liquid‐Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry at predetermined time points following each tramadol administration. Cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal physiological variables were monitored and adverse events were recorded. Data were analysed with two‐way repeated measures anova or Kruskal–Wallis one‐way anova on ranks with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. There were no significant effects of tramadol on the physiological variables. One horse receiving 10 mg/kg tramadol developed mild colic. Following tramadol at 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of tramadol ranged from 82–587 and 127–1280 ng/mL, nonconjugated M1 ranged from 2.51–26.7 and 4.88–34.3 ng/mL, and nonconjugated M2 from 12.5–356 and 35.4–486 ng/mL. Corresponding minimum plasma concentrations (Cmin) of tramadol at 12 h following each dose ranged from 0.8–24 and 3–117 ng/mL. Tramadol accumulated considerably over time, more markedly when given at 10 mg/kg than at 5 mg/kg (accumulation indexes of 3.51 and 1.73 respectively). There was no accumulation of M1 but substantial accumulation of M2. In conclusion, there was accumulation and increase in exposure to tramadol and M2, but not M1, during repeated oral administrations in horses.
Succession patterns of polychaetes on algal‐dominated rocky cliffs (Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Antoniadou Chryssanthi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEcological succession has been scarcely investigated on sublittoral rocky cliffs. The few relevant studies deal with the structure of the developing community and are limited to higher taxa or sessile forms. The objective of the present study was to examine succession patterns on algal‐dominated rocky cliffs both at the structural (species composition) and functional (feeding guild composition) level, using Polychaeta, a dominant taxon in this marine habitat, as a reference group. Cement panels were seasonally installed on the rocky substratum (25–30 m depth) and sampled every 3 months over a 1‐year period. Twenty‐nine polychaete species were recorded, previously reported from the surrounding benthic community, and classified into eight feeding guilds. Most species were assigned as sessile filter‐feeders; this guild dominated in abundance and biomass. A strong effect of the length of immersion and of the seasonal onset of succession on the developed communities was assessed: species composition analyses suggested convergence into a similar organization as succession proceeds, whereas the impact of starting season on succession was stronger when analysing feeding guilds. In both cases succession was faster on panels installed in winter. The main emerging patterns were in agreement with relevant surveys of the entire benthic fauna, thus supporting the efficacy of polychaetes as a surrogate group for studying ecological succession in the benthic marine environment.
Response of benthic opportunistic polychaetes and amphipods index to different perturbations in coastal oligotrophic areas (Canary archipelago, North East Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Riera Rodrigo , de‐la‐Ossa‐Carretero Jose Antonio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOligotrophic areas harbour low macrofaunal abundance and patchy distribution. In these areas it is necessary to test the reliability of biological indicators, especially those based on taxonomic sufficiency where the level of identification is balanced against the need for ecological information and could affect the efficiency of bioindicators. The BOPA (benthic opportunistic polychaetes and amphipods) index was applied in five coastal areas subjected to different perturbations (aquaculture, harbour, brine, sewage, and thermal pollution) in the Canary archipelago, an oligotrophic area of the Atlantic Ocean. Significant differences in the BOPA index between impact and control sites were only found in the area affected by a harbour. Perturbations such as aquaculture, brine or sewage discharge produce only a weak response of the BOPA index, whereas no effects were observed at thermal pollution‐impacted locations. The BOPA index should be used with caution to establish the ecological status of coastal water bodies in the Canary Islands, since it was only reliable in strongly impacted regions (enlargement harbour works), but did not respond clearly to other man‐induced perturbations.
Signal‐specific temporal response by the Salmonella PhoP/PhoQ regulatory system
Authors: Park Sun‐Yang , Groisman Eduardo A. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe two‐component system PhoP/PhoQ controls a large number of genes responsible for a variety of physiological and virulence functions in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Here we describe a mechanism whereby the transcriptional activator PhoP elicits expression of dissimilar gene sets when its cognate sensor PhoQ is activated by different signals in the periplasm. We determine that full transcription of over half of the genes directly activated by PhoP requires the Mg2+ transporter MgtA when the PhoQ inducing signal is low Mg2+, but not when PhoQ is activated by mildly acidic pH or the antimicrobial peptide C18G. MgtA promotes the active (i.e. phosphorylated) form of PhoP by removing Mg2+ from the periplasm, where it functions as a repressing signal for PhoQ. MgtA‐dependent expression enhances resistance to the cationic antibiotic polymyxin B. Production of the MgtA protein requires cytoplasmic Mg2+ levels to drop below a certain threshold, thereby creating a two‐tiered temporal response among PhoP‐dependent genes.
Phosphate transporters OsPHT1;9 and OsPHT1;10 are involved in phosphate uptake in rice
Authors: WANG XIAOFEI , WANG YIFENG , PIÑEROS MIGUEL A. , WANG ZHIYE , WANG WENXIA , LI CHANGYING , WU ZHONGCHANG , KOCHIAN LEON V. , WU PING 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe characterized the function of two rice phosphate (Pi) transporters: OsPHT1;9 (OsPT9) and OsPHT1;10 (OsPT10). OsPT9 and OsPT10 were expressed in the root epidermis, root hairs and lateral roots, with their expression being specifically induced by Pi starvation. In leaves, expression of the two genes was observed in both mesophyll and vasculature. High‐affinity Km values for Pi transport of OsPT9 and OsPT10 were determined by yeast experiments and two‐electrode voltage clamp analysis of anion transport in Xenopus oocytes expressing OsPT9 and OsPT10. Pi uptake and Pi concentrations in transgenic plants harbouring overexpressed OsPT9 and OsPT10 were determined by Pi concentration analysis and 33P‐labelled Pi uptake rate analysis. Significantly higher Pi uptake rates in transgenic plants compared with wild‐type plants were observed under both high‐Pi and low‐Pi solution culture conditions. Conversely, although no alterations in Pi concentration were found in OsPT9 or OsPT10 knockdown plants, a significant reduction in Pi concentration in both shoots and roots was observed in double‐knockdown plants grown under both high‐ and low‐Pi conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that OsPT9 and OsPT10 redundantly function in Pi uptake.
Is the signal from the mesophyll to the guard cells a vapour‐phase ion?
Authors: MOTT KEITH A. , BERG DAVID G. , HUNT SEAN M. , PEAK DAVID 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that the red light and CO2 responses of stomata are caused by a signal from the mesophyll to the guard cells. Experiments were conducted to test the idea that this signal is a vapour‐phase ion. Stomata in isolated epidermes of Tradescantia pallida were found to respond to air ions created by an electrode that was positioned under the epidermes. Anthocyanins in the epidermes of this species were observed to change colour in response to these air ions, and this change in colour was attributed to changes in pH. A similar change in lower epidermal colour was observed in intact leaves upon illumination and with changes in CO2 concentration. Based on the change in epidermal colour, the pH of the epidermis was estimated to be approximately 7.0 in darkness and 6.5 in the light. Stomata in isolated epidermes responded to pH when suspended over (but not in contact with) solutions of different pH. We speculate that stomatal responses to CO2 and light are caused by vapour‐phase ions, possibly hydronium ions that change the pH of the epidermis.
Consciousness and the Prospects for Substance Dualism
Authors: Spackman John 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere has in recent years been a significant surge of interest in non‐materialist accounts of the mind. Property dualists hold that all substances (concrete particulars that persist over time) are material, but mental properties are distinct from physical properties. Substance dualists maintain that the mind or person is a non‐material substance. This article considers the prospects for substance dualism given the current state of the debate. The best known type of substance dualism, Cartesian dualism, has traditionally faced a number of objections, but many contemporary philosophers have sought to avoid these by formulating novel versions of the view. I identify three central claims held in common by all forms of substance dualism, consider recent arguments for these claims, and assess how successfully different types of substance dualism respond to the traditional objections. I argue that most contemporary forms of the view still face one or more of three major challenges, from bundle theories of the self, from the recently developed “phenomenal concepts strategy”, and from worries about explanatory simplicity.
The Puzzle of Self‐Deception
Authors: Baghramian Maria , Nicholson Anna 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIt is commonly accepted that people can, and regularly do, deceive themselves. Yet closer examination reveals a set of conceptual puzzles that make self‐deception difficult to explain. Applying the conditions for other‐deception to self‐deception generates what are known as the ‘paradoxes’ of belief and intention. Simply put, the central problem is how it is possible for me to believe one thing, and yet intentionally cause myself to simultaneously believe its contradiction. There are two general approaches taken by philosophers to account for these puzzles about the self‐deceptive state and the process of self‐deception. ‘Partitioning’ strategies try to resolve the paradoxes by proposing that the mind is divided in some way that allows self‐deception to occur. ‘Reformulation’ strategies suggest that the conditions we use to define self‐deception should be modified so that the paradoxes do not arise at all. Both approaches are subject to criticism about the consequences of the strategies philosophers use, but recent cross‐disciplinary analyses of self‐deception may help shed light on the puzzles that underlie this phenomenon.
Consequentialism and Human Rights
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe article begins with a review of the structural differences between act consequentialist theories and human rights theories, as illustrated by Amartya Sen's paradox of the Paretian liberal and Robert Nozick's utilitarianism of rights. It discusses attempts to resolve those structural differences by moving to a second‐order or indirect consequentialism, illustrated by J.S. Mill and Derek Parfit. It presents consequentialist (though not utilitarian) interpretations of the contractualist theories of Jürgen Habermas and the early John Rawls (Theory of Justice) and of the capability theories of Sen and Martha Nussbaum. It also discusses two roles that well‐being or a surrogate for well‐being typically plays in theories of human rights: (a) well‐being plays a role in the justification of at least some exceptions to human rights principles; and (b) some human rights seem to be best understood as rights to some level of well‐being or expected well‐being (or of a surrogate for one of them). It reviews two consequentialist challenges to the moral adequacy of non‐consequentialist accounts of human rights, one based on a duty to relieve suffering and the other generated by Parfit's Non‐Identity Problem, and concludes with a contrast between two ways of looking at the history of the development and implementation of human rights conventions and laws.Video abstract (click to view)
A Lewisian Trilemma
Authors: Stefánsson H. Orri 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAccording to one reading of the thesis of Humean Supervenience, most famously defended by David Lewis, certain ‘fundamental’ (non‐modal) facts entail all there is but do not supervene on less fundamental facts. However, in this paper I prove that it follows from Lewis' possible world semantics for counterfactuals, in particular his Centring condition, that all non‐modal facts supervene on counterfactuals. Humeans could respond to this result by either giving up Centring or abandoning the idea that the most fundamental facts do not supervene on less fundamental facts. I argue that either response should in general be acceptable to Humeans: the first since there is nothing particularly Humean about Centring; the latter since Humeans should, independently of the result I present, be sceptical that the supervenience of one fact upon another by itself says anything about ‘fundamentality’.
Therapeutic Culture and Religion in America
Authors: Rakow Katja 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMuch has been written about the psychologization of different spheres of contemporary American culture (education, industrial–military complex, health care, etc.) from different disciplinary perspectives. In this article, I will discuss the concept of therapeutic culture in relation to religion in America. The essay will trace contemporary therapeutic culture back to the mind cure movement and “New Thought” and its concept of the instrumental power of thoughts. A variety of 20th century developments that can be framed both as secular and as religious or spiritual, such as positive thinking, self‐help, 12‐step programs, New Age, and the so‐called Prosperity Gospel, have predecessors in New Thought. Furthermore, the essay will survey early influential works on therapeutic culture in America. Philip Rieff'sTriumph of the Therapeutic(1966), Christopher Lasch'sThe Culture of Narcissism(1979), and Eva S. Moskowitz's more recent studyIn Therapy We Trust(2001) are based on the idea that traditional Protestant religion has been eroded and replaced by the therapeutic ethos. These authors are concerned that America has traded its soul for its psyche and has swapped religion for therapy. In contrast, Eva Illouz'Saving the Modern Soul(2008) introduces a more comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic discourse as a new cultural matrix that permeates society as a whole. Moreover, a discussion of different historical studies on the interrelation of Protestant religious cultures and therapeutic ethos in the United States will demonstrate that it is not simply a relationship of replacement but one of intricate interconnection and entanglement. The works under discussion show that clinical pastoral education programs, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the Salvation Army adapted psychology and therapy to facilitate religious counseling, to foster outreach to homeless men, and to create spiritual engagement and fellowship among inebriates. As I explore the relationship between therapeutic culture and religion in America, I will point out central themes, possible shortcomings of approaches to the therapeutic so far, and desirable avenues for future research into the interplay of the therapeutic and religion.
Towards Realtime Spatiotemporal Prediction of District Level Meningitis Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Stanton Michelle C. , Agier and Lydiane , Taylor Benjamin M. , Diggle Peter J. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryWithin an area of sub-Saharan Africa termed ‘the meningitis belt’, meningococcal meningitis epidemics are a major public health concern. The epidemic control strategy that is currently utilized is reactive, such that a vaccination programme is initiated in a district once a predefined weekly incidence threshold has been exceeded. We report progress towards the development of an early warning system based on statistical modelling of district level weekly incidence data. Four modelling approaches are considered and their forecasting performances are compared by using weekly epidemiological data from Niger for the period 1986–2007. We conclude that the models under consideration are advantageous in different situations. The three-state Markov model described in which observed incidence is categorized according to policy-defined thresholds gives the most reliable short-term forecasts, whereas the dynamic linear model proposed, using log-transformed weekly incidence as the response variable, gives more reliable predictions of annual epidemics.
Social Capital and Socio‐demographic Changes: From Non‐differentiation to Multifocalisation
Authors: Carmo Renato Miguel , Santos Sofia 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article examines how different socio‐demographic trends interrelate with alterations in the traditional forms of social and interpersonal relationships. We will focus on two Portuguese municipalities using the concept of rural community as an analytic starting point for framing and examining the different dimensions of social capital. The survey's data shows that the generalised nature of mutual knowledge and trust, that used to characterise more traditional communities, tends now to depend on new social categories and groups that live and interact in these places. The study contains a multivariate, multiple correspondence analysis, which shows three different profiles of social capital coexisting in the two areas.