bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of a variety of stable Influenza A reporter viruses by genetic engineering of the NS gene segment
Authors: Reuther Peter , Göpfert Kristina , Dudek Alexandra H. , Heiner Monika , Herold Susanne , Schwemmle Martin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInfluenza A viruses (IAV) pose a constant threat to the human population and therefore a better understanding of their fundamental biology and identification of novel therapeutics is of upmost importance. Various reporter-encoding IAV were generated to achieve these goals, however, one recurring difficulty was the genetic instability especially of larger reporter genes. We employed the viral NS segment coding for the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear export protein (NEP) for stable expression of diverse reporter proteins. This was achieved by converting the NS segment into a single open reading frame (ORF) coding for NS1, the respective reporter and NEP. To allow expression of individual proteins, the reporter genes were flanked by two porcine Teschovirus-1 2A peptide (PTV-1 2A)-coding sequences. The resulting viruses encoding luciferases, fluorescent proteins or a Cre recombinase are characterized by a high genetic stability in vitro and in mice and can be readily employed for antiviral compound screenings, visualization of infected cells or cells that survived acute infection.
Energy analysis for the distributed receiver‐based cooperative medium access control for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Gama Sithembiso , Walingo Tom , Takawira Fambirai 
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the energy analysis of a new energy‐efficient distributed receiver‐based cooperative medium access control (MAC) scheme for wireless sensor networks. The cooperative MAC scheme developed herein incorporates cooperation, overhearing avoidance, receiver‐based relay node selection and a Markov‐based channel state estimation onto the standard IEEE 802.15.4 scheme. The solution is developed based on a receiver oriented approach when selecting cooperative relay nodes and using a store and forward scheme to relay the packets to the destination node. This works’ main focus is in combining the cooperative packet relaying with overhearing avoidance in order to reduce node energy consumption hence enhancing the network lifetime. As the performance criteria, the energy consumed per node is investigated against packet arrival rate and average signal‐to‐noise ratio. The percentage of energy consumed and packet throughput are also investigated as the proposed MAC scheme is compared against the standard IEEE 802.15.4 MAC over the estimated channel conditions. The results show that the proposed MAC scheme with cooperation and overhearing avoidance resulted in both improved performance and improved energy saving patterns.
Guan-hua Xu: China's move toward being a country of innovation
Authors: Poo Mu-ming , Wang Ling 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
As the former Minister of China's Ministry of Science & Technology (MoST), Guan-hua Xu has witnessed, and personally contributed to, China's science and technology (S&T) development during the critical period of the country's transition into a great economic power. During his tenure at MoST and its predecessor (1995–2007), he promoted the reform of research institutions, initiated some of the Nation's most significant research and development (R&D) projects, and coordinated the formulation of China's National Outline for the Medium to Long Term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006–2020). As a distinguished scientist specializing in remote sensing, Xu has devoted much of his career over the past two decades to S&T policy and management. Since leaving the ministry, he has further explored fundamental issues surrounding China's S&T development, and recently collected his thoughts in a book entitled ‘Towards a Country of Innovation’ (Beijing: Science Press, 2014). In this recent interview with NSR, Xu summarized his view of the problems China faces in becoming an innovative country, and offered his recommendations for drastic reform of China's S&T system.
Cosmic evolution of bars in simulations of galaxy formation
Authors: Okamoto Takashi , Isoe Mari , Habe Asao 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
We investigate the evolution of two bars formed in fully self-consistent hydrodynamic simulations of the formation of Milky Way-mass galaxies. One galaxy shows higher central mass concentration and has a longer and stronger bar than the other at z = 0. The stronger bar evolves by transferring its angular momentum mainly to the dark halo. Consequently the rotation speed of the bar decreases with time, while the amplitude of the bar increases with time. These features qualitatively agree with the results obtained by idealized simulations. The pattern speed of the stronger bar largely goes up and down within a half revolution in its early evolutionary stage. These oscillations occur when the bar is misaligned with the m = 4 Fourier component. These oscillations correlate with the oscillations in the triaxiality of the dark matter halo, but differently from the way identified by idealized simulations. The amplitude of the weaker bar does not increase despite the fact that its rotation slows down with time. This result contradicts what is expected from idealized simulations and is caused by the decline of the central density associated with the mass loss and feedback from the stellar populations. The amplitude of the weaker bar is further weakened by the angular momentum injection from interactions with stellar clumps in the disk. In the both galaxies, the bars are terminated around the 4:1 resonance.
Greek public libraries in economic crisis: the past, the present and the future
Authors: Vassilakaki Evgenia 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to discuss the challenges that the current economic crisis has posed for Greek public and municipal libraries.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a viewpoint paper discussing the past, present and future directions that Greek public and municipal libraries have adopted or should adopt in the context of the present economic crisis.

Findings
– Greek public and municipal libraries ought to see the economic crisis as a challenge for development, improvement and the promotion of their presence and role in the community which they serve.

Originality/value
– The paper discusses the factors affecting the past and present situation relating to public and municipal libraries in Greece and addresses the future challenges for promoting development and innovation.
Evaluation of linear and revolute underactuated grippers for steel foundry operations
Authors: Carpenter Ryan , Hatton Ross , Balasubramanian Ravi 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop an automated industrial robotic system for handling steel castings of various sizes and shapes in a foundry.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors first designed a prismatic gripper for pick-and-place operations that incorporates underactuated passive hydraulic contact (PHC) phalanges that enable the gripper to easily adapt to different casting shapes. The authors then optimized the gripper parameters and compared it to an adaptive revolute gripper using two methods: a planar physics based quasistatic simulation that accounts for object dynamics and validation using physical prototypes on a physical robot.

Findings
– Through simulation, the authors found that an optimized PHC gripper improves grasp performance by 12 per cent when compared to an human-chosen PHC configuration and 60 per cent when compared to the BarrettHand™. Physical testing validated this finding with an improvement of 11 per cent and 280 per cent, respectively.

Originality/value
– This paper presents for the first time optimized prismatic grippers which passively adapt to an object shape in grasping tasks.
A new variable stiffness robot joint
Authors: Tao Yong , Wang Tianmiao , Wang Yunqing , Guo Long , Xiong Hegen , Xu Dong 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– This study aims to propose a new variable stiffness robot joint (VSR-joint) for operating safely. More and more variable stiffness actuators are being designed and implemented because of their ability to minimize large forces due to shocks, to safely interact with the user and their ability to store and release energy in passive elastic elements.

Design/methodology/approach
– The design of VSR-joint is compact and integrated highly and the operating is simply. The mechanics, the principle of operation and the model of the VSR-joint are proposed. The principle of operation of VSR-joint is based on a lever arm mechanism with a continuously regulated pivot point. The VSR-joint features a highly dynamic stiffness adjustment along with a mechanically programmable system behavior. This allows an easy adaption to a big variety of tasks.

Findings
– Preliminary results are presented to demonstrate the fast stiffness regulation response and the wide range of stiffness achieved by the proposed VSR-joint design.

Originality/value
– In this paper, a new variable stiffness joint is proposed through changing the cantilever arm to change the performance of the elastic element, which is compact, small size and simple adjustment.
Using lean principles to drive operational improvements in intermodal container facilities
Authors: Olesen Peter , Powell Daryl , Hvolby Hans-Henrik , Fraser Kym 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of lean principles to drive operational improvements in intermodal container facilities. Intermodal terminals have an important role in today’s globally complex supply networks. In the case of bottleneck-derived terminalization, operational issues such as achieving effective material flow remains a significant and common challenge. To assist with such challenges, the paper develops a conceptual framework built on the principles of lean.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, a theory-building approach is adopted and a lean terminalization framework developed by combining aspects of lean- and intermodal transport theory with practical insights. The framework was developed in conjunction with two intermodal container facilities within the Scandinavian region.

Findings
– The conceptual framework demonstrates how lean approaches can be used to identify improvement areas, as well as to develop solutions for improved material flow in the context of intermodal transport operations. The framework can be used to guide the lean implementation process in small to medium intermodal container facilities.

Research limitations/implications
– The development of the framework represents the first stage of a two-stage project. The second stage will involve implementing and empirically testing the framework in the practical settings of the two-case facilities.

Practical implications
– Lean is a philosophical approach that consists of a set of principles that drive organizations to continually add value to their operations. The application of lean practices enhances necessary process steps and eliminates those that fail to add value, thereby improving material flow and performance.

Social implications
– Improving the operational efficiency and effectiveness of container terminals out not only assists the profitability of the facilities but also has flow-on benefits for stakeholders, external customers, consumers and the environment.

Originality/value
– Lean has been successfully applied in manufacturing because the 1990s, and though it has also found relevance in a number of other industries, applications of lean within the intermodal transport sector is limited.
The ShaRInK framework: a holistic perspective on key categories of influences shaping individual perceptions of knowledge sharing
Authors: Schauer Alexander , Vasconcelos Ana Cristina , Sen Barbara 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to present a holistic framework, termed ShaRInK (Sharer, Relations, Institution, Knowledge), that depicts key categories of influences that shape individual perceptions of knowledge sharing within an organisational setting.Design/methodology/approach– An exploratory and qualitative case study strategy in which empirical data were gathered from 24 interviewees that were based in four different branches (i.e. China, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA) of a single information technology services organisation.Findings– The findings led to a holistic framework that depicts four key categories of influences that shape knowledge sharing from an individual perspective: attitudes and characteristics of the sharers, relations between the sharers, institutions which act as a united entity on sharer perceptions and knowledge itself. Furthermore, the four key influences not only shape knowledge sharing independently but are intertwined and have a synergistic effect. The ShaRInK framework is formed by combining these.Originality/value– The findings indicate that knowledge sharing from an individual-level perspective is a more complex phenomenon than currently portrayed in the literature. All four key influences, each being fundamentally different in nature, and their relationships should be taken into account. Equally, the ShaRInK framework can be applied by organisations when developing a knowledge-sharing strategy or auditing existing strategies.
Developing end-user innovation from circuits of learning
Authors: Fosstenløkken Siw M. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to raise the question of how end-user product innovation is developed by exploring the underlying learning mechanisms that drive such idea realization in practice. A trialogical learning perspective from educational science is applied as an analytical approach to enlighten the black box of learning dynamics in user innovation (UI).

Design/methodology/approach
– The field study of organizational ethnography is based on in situ observations of the testing and development phase of an adapted aid, an electro-mechanical device for completely hands-free dressing/undressing for people with no arm function.

Findings
– The results suggest that UI materializes through what this researcher conceptualized as “circuits of learning” around shared objects that are collaboratively mediated and shaped in interplay between three forces identified as “user requirements”, “interdisciplinary co-creation” and “object transformation”.

Research limitations/implications
– This in-depth study of UI realization has only started to open the research area of such practices. Further advancement is needed on users as inventors and learners. Cross-fertilization with other fields, such as pedagogy, and particularly branches of theory derived from a socio-material stance, seems fruitful.

Practical implications
– To cultivate UI through “circuits of learning”, “users as learners” should pay attention to their shifting roles as teachers, co-learners and co-creators in interdisciplinary collaborative practices to enhance efficient work processes.

Originality/value
– This study shows the relevance of bringing in learning as a crucial underpinning that contributes to enhancing our understanding of how user innovators create new products. The paper contributes to the UI literature by elaborating on the concept of “circuits of learning” as a novel framework of learning mechanisms within UI.
Nanoscale Nutrient Delivery Systems for Food Applications: Improving Bioactive Dispersibility, Stability, and Bioavailability
Authors: McClements David Julian 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThere has been a surge of interest in the development of nanoscale systems for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of lipophilic nutrients, vitamins, and nutraceuticals. This review article highlights the challenges associated with incorporating these lipophilic bioactive components into foods, and then discusses potential nanoscale delivery systems that can be used to overcome these challenges. In particular, the desirable characteristics required for any nanoscale delivery system are presented, as well as methods of fabricating them and of characterizing them. An overview of different delivery systems is given, such as microemulsions, nanoemulsions, emulsions, microgels, and biopolymer nanoparticles, and their potential applications are discussed. Nanoscale delivery systems have considerable potential within the food industry, but they must be carefully formulated to ensure that they are safe, economically viable, and effective.
Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Earnings Momentum in International Markets
Authors: Dou Paul , Truong Cameron , Veeraraghavan Madhu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study examines whether cultural dimensions such as individualism and uncertainty avoidance can explain the variation in the profitability of the earnings momentum strategies in international markets. Using the time‐varying cultural indices of Tang and Koveos (2008) for 30,383 firms from 41 countries over the period 1995–2008, we show that the level of individualism in a country is positively associated and the level of uncertainty avoidance is negatively associated with earnings momentum profits. Our findings are robust to the inclusion of a comprehensive set of control variables and alternative cultural metrics. The central message is that we emphasize the necessity to go beyond the assumption of perfect rationality and to account for innate differences among international investors to explain how accounting information is incorporated into stock prices. We recommend that cultural dimensions be included in cross‐country research to account for innate differences among international investors.
Doing Well or Just Doing Time? A Qualitative Study of Patterns of Psychological Adjustment in Prison
Authors: VAN GINNEKEN ESTHER F.J.C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe rich body of prison literature suggests that imprisonment is a painful experience, even though imprisonment does not appear to uniformly cause psychological deterioration. However, psychological adjustment and its variations remain poorly defined in the literature. The aim of this study is to provide a framework for understanding psychological adjustment and describe patterns of adjustment of prisoners who are close to their release. Thirty semi‐structured interviews were conducted with male and female prisoners. Even in the same prison environment, prisoners showed a wide variety of patterns of psychological adjustment, characterised by differences in coping ability and functioning, mental health, subjective well‐being and outlook on the future.
Significantly Enhanced Infrared Emissivity of LaAlO3 by Co‐Doping with Ca2+ and Cr3+ for Energy‐Saving Applications
Authors: Han Zhao , Li Xiaowei , Ye Jianke , Kang Lei , Chen Yixiang , Li Jiangtao , Lin Zheshuai 
Published: June 2015

In this study, Ca2+–Cr3+ co‐doped LaAlO3, a novel energy‐saving material with significantly enhanced infrared emissivity, was synthesized by solid‐state reaction. The experimental results demonstrated that 20 mol% Ca2+ and 10 mol% Cr3+‐doped LaAlO3, namely La0.8Ca0.2Al0.9Cr0.1O3, had an infrared emissivity as high as 0.92 in the spectral region of 1–5 μm, which was 12 times higher than that of pure LaAlO3. The first‐principles electronic structure calculations revealed that the Ca2+–Cr3+ co‐doping results in the occurrence of impurity energy levels in the forbidden band of LaAlO3, which were mainly composed of the Cr 3d orbitals. Electrons partly occupied these impurity donor states and significantly reduced the energy bandgap, thus the infrared radiation property of LaAlO3 was enhanced. This novel material with high infrared emissivity shows promising applications for energy‐saving in the field of thermal process equipment.
Leaf hydraulic conductance varies with vein anatomy across Arabidopsis thaliana wild‐type and leaf vein mutants
Authors: Caringella Marissa A. , Bongers Franca J. , Sack Lawren 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLeaf venation is diverse across plant species and has practical applications from paleobotany to modern agriculture. However, the impact of vein traits on plant performance has not yet been tested in a model system such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies analysed cotyledons of A. thaliana vein mutants and identified visible differences in their vein systems from the wild type (WT). We measured leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), vein traits, and xylem and mesophyll anatomy for A. thaliana WT (Col‐0) and four vein mutants (dot3‐111 and dot3‐134, and cvp1‐3 and cvp2‐1). Mutant true leaves did not possess the qualitative venation anomalies previously shown in the cotyledons, but varied quantitatively in vein traits and leaf anatomy across genotypes. The WT had significantly higher mean Kleaf. Across all genotypes, there was a strong correlation of Kleaf with traits related to hydraulic conductance across the bundle sheath, as influenced by the number and radial diameter of bundle sheath cells and vein length per area. These findings support the hypothesis that vein traits influence Kleaf, indicating the usefulness of this mutant system for testing theory that was primarily established comparatively across species, and supports a strong role for the bundle sheath in influencing Kleaf.
Doubly ReactiveINS‐IGF2 Autoantibodies in Children with Newly Diagnosed Autoimmune (type 1) Diabetes
Authors: Kanatsuna N. , Delli A. , Andersson C. , Nilsson A.‐L. , Vaziri‐Sani F. , Larsson K. , Carlsson A. , Cedervall E. , Jönsson B. , Neiderud J. , Elding Larsson H. , Ivarsson S.‐A. , Törn C. , Fex M. , Lernmark Å. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe splice variantINS‐IGF2entails the preproinsulin signal peptide, the insulin B‐chain, eight amino acids of the C‐peptide and 138 unique amino acids from anORFin theIGF2gene. The aim of this study was to determine whether levels of specificINS‐IGF2 autoantibodies (INS‐IGF2A) were related to age at diagnosis, islet autoantibodies,HLA‐DQor both, in patients and controls with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Patients (n = 676), 0–18 years of age, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1996–2005 and controls (n = 363) were analysed for specificINS‐IGF2A after displacement with both cold insulin andINS‐IGF2 to correct for non‐specific binding and identify double reactive sera.GADA,IA‐2A,IAA,ICA, ZnT8RA, ZnT8WA, ZnT8QAandHLA‐DQgenotypes were also determined. The median level of specificINS‐IGF2A was higher in patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Irrespective of age at diagnosis, 19% (126/676) of the patients hadINS‐IGF2A when the cut‐off was the 95th percentile of the controls (P < 0.001). The risk ofINS‐IGF2A was increased amongHLA‐DQ2/8 (OR = 1.509; 95thCI1.011, 2.252;P = 0.045) but not in 2/2, 2/X, 8/8, 8/X or X/X (X is neither 2 nor 8) patients. The association withHLA‐DQ2/8 suggests that this autoantigen may be presented onHLA‐DQtrans‐heterodimers, rather than cis‐heterodimers. Autoantibodies reactive with both insulin andINS‐IGF2A at diagnosis support the notion thatINS‐IGF2 autoimmunity contributes to type 1 diabetes.
A Spatial Stochastic Frontier Model with Spillovers: Evidence for Italian Regions
Authors: Tsionas Efthymios G. , Michaelides Panayotis G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEfficiency measurement using stochastic frontier models is well established in applied econometrics. However, no published work seems to be available on efficiency analysis using spatial data dealing with possible spatial dependence between regions. This article considers a stochastic frontier model with decomposition of inefficiency into an idiosyncratic and a spatial, spillover component. Exact posterior distributions of parameters are derived, and computational schemes based on Gibbs sampling with data augmentation are proposed to conduct simulation‐based inference and efficiency measurement. The new method is illustrated using production data for Italian regions (1970–1993). Clearly, further theoretical and empirical research on the subject would be of great interest.