bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of TLR2-dependent IL-10 production in the inhibition of the initial IFN-γ T cell response to Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Gaddis Dalia E , Maynard Craig L , Weaver Casey T , Michalek Suzanne M , Katz Jannet 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
IL-10 produced by T cells and CD11b+ cells utilizes TLR2 signaling and FimA antigen to inhibit early IFN-γ T cell responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
P.g., a Gram-negative bacterium, is one of the main etiological agents of the chronic inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Disease progression is thought to occur as a result of an inadequate immune response, which although happens locally, can also occur distally as a result of the dissemination of P.g. into the circulation. As IL-10 and TLR2 are pivotal molecules in the immune response that P.g. elicits, we hypothesized that TLR2-mediated IL-10 production, following the initial systemic exposure to P.g., inhibits the IFN-γ T cell response. To address this hypothesis, mice were primed with P.g., and the types of cells producing IL-10 and the capacity of T cells to produce IFN-γ following blocking or neutralization of IL-10 were assessed. Our results showed that upon initial encounter with P.g., splenic T cells and CD11b+ cells produce IL-10, which when neutralized, resulted in a substantial increase in IFN-γ production by T cells. Furthermore, IL-10 production was dependent on TLR2/1 signaling, partly in response to the major surface protein, FimA of P.g. In addition, P.g. stimulation resulted in the up-regulation of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 on CD4 T cells and CD11b+ cells, respectively. Up-regulation of PD-1 was partially dependent on IL-10 but independent of TLR2 or FimA. These results highlight the role of IL-10 in inhibiting T cell responses to the initial systemic P.g. exposure and suggest multiple inhibitory mechanisms potentially used by P.g. to evade the hostˈs immune response, thus allowing its persistence in the host.
Macrophage-tropic HIV-1 variants from brain demonstrate alterations in the way gp120 engages both CD4 and CCR5
Authors: Salimi Hamid , Roche Michael , Webb Nicholas , Gray Lachlan R , Chikere Kelechi , Sterjovski Jasminka , Ellett Anne , Wesselingh Steve L , Ramsland Paul A , Lee Benhur , Churchill Melissa J , Gorry Paul R 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Along with an enhanced interaction with CD4, highly M-tropic HIV-1 Envs have an altered mechanism of engagement with CCR5.
BR-derived HIV-1 strains have an exceptional ability to enter macrophages via mechanisms involving their gp120 Env that remain incompletely understood. Here, we used cell-based affinity-profiling methods and mathematical modeling to generate quantitative VERSA metrics that simultaneously measure Env-CD4 and Env-CCR5 interactions. These metrics were analyzed to distinguish the phenotypes of M-tropic and non-M-tropic CCR5-using HIV-1 variants derived from autopsy BRs and LNs, respectively. We show that highly M-tropic Env variants derived from brain can be defined by two distinct and simultaneously occurring phenotypes. First, BR-derived Envs demonstrated an enhanced ability to interact with CD4 compared with LN-derived Envs, permitting entry into cells expressing scant levels of CD4. Second, BR-derived Envs displayed an altered mechanism of engagement between CD4-bound gp120 and CCR5 occurring in tandem. With the use of epitope mapping, mutagenesis, and structural studies, we show that this altered mechanism is characterized by increased exposure of CD4-induced epitopes in gp120 and by a more critical interaction between BR-derived Envs and the CCR5 N-terminus, which was associated with the predicted presence of additional atomic contacts formed at the gp120-CCR5 N-terminus interface. Our results suggest that BR-derived HIV-1 variants with highly efficient macrophage entry adopt conformations in gp120 that simultaneously alter the way in which the Env interacts with CD4 and CCR5.
Contribution of the long form of syntaxin 5 to the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Miyazaki Kaori , Wakana Yuichi , Noda Chikano , Arasaki Kohei , Furuno Akiko , Tagaya Mitsuo 
Published: October 2012

Summary
The SNARE protein syntaxin 5 exists as long (42 kDa) and short (35 kDa) isoforms. The short form is principally localized in the Golgi complex, whereas the long form resides not only in the Golgi but also in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although the Golgi-localized short form has been extensively investigated, little is known about the long form. In the present study, we demonstrate that the long form of syntaxin 5 functions to shape the ER. We found that overexpression of the long form of syntaxin 5 induces rearrangement and co-alignment of the ER membrane with microtubules, the pattern of which is quite similar to that observed in cells overexpressing CLIMP-63, a linker between the ER membrane and microtubules. The ability of syntaxin 5 to induce ER-microtubule rearrangement is not related to its SNARE function, but correlates with its binding affinities for CLIMP-63, and CLIMP-63 is essential for the induction of this rearrangement. Microtubule co-sedimentation assays demonstrated that the long form of syntaxin 5 has a substantial microtubule-binding activity. These results suggest that the long form of syntaxin 5 contributes to the regulation of ER structure by interacting with both CLIMP-63 and microtubules. Indeed, depletion of syntaxin 5 caused the spreading of the ER to the cell periphery, similar to the phenotype observed in cells treated with the microtubule-depolymerizing reagent nocodazole. Our results disclose a previously undescribed function of the long form of syntaxin 5 that is not related to its function as a SNARE.
Crosslinks in the cell wall of budding yeast control morphogenesis at the mother–bud neck
Authors: Blanco Noelia , Reidy Michael , Arroyo Javier , Cabib Enrico 
Published: October 2012

Summary
Previous work has shown that, in cla4Δ cells of budding yeast, where septin ring organization is compromised, the chitin ring at the mother–daughter neck becomes essential for prevention of neck widening and for cytokinesis. Here, we show that it is not the chitin ring per se, but its linkage to β(1-3)glucan that is required for control of neck growth. When in a cla4Δ background, crh1Δ crh2Δ mutants, in which the chitin ring is not connected to β(1-3)glucan, grew very slowly and showed wide and growing necks, elongated buds and swollen cells with large vacuoles. A similar behavior was elicited by inhibition of the Crh proteins. This aberrant morphology matched that of cla4Δ chs3Δ cells, which have no chitin at the neck. Thus, this is a clear case in which a specific chemical bond between two substances, chitin and glucan, is essential for the control of morphogenesis. This defines a new paradigm, in which chemistry regulates growth.
Fis1 acts as a mitochondrial recruitment factor for TBC1D15 that is involved in regulation of mitochondrial morphology
Authors: Onoue Kenta , Jofuku Akihiro , Ban-Ishihara Reiko , Ishihara Takaya , Maeda Maki , Koshiba Takumi , Itoh Takashi , Fukuda Mitsunori , Otera Hidenori , Oka Toshihiko , Takano Hiroyoshi , Mizushima Noboru , Mihara Katsuyoshi , Ishihara Naotada 
Published: October 2012

Summary
In yeast, C-tail-anchored mitochondrial outer membrane protein Fis1 recruits the mitochondrial-fission-regulating GTPase Dnm1 to mitochondrial fission sites. However, the function of its mammalian homologue remains enigmatic because it has been reported to be dispensable for the mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1, a mammalian homologue of Dnm1. We identified TBC1D15 as a Fis1-binding protein in HeLa cell extracts. Immunoprecipitation revealed that Fis1 efficiently interacts with TBC1D15 but not with Drp1. Bacterially expressed Fis1 and TBC1D15 formed a direct and stable complex. Exogenously expressed TBC1D15 localized mainly in cytoplasm in HeLa cells, but when coexpressed with Fis1 it localized to mitochondria. Knockdown of TBC1D15 induced highly developed mitochondrial network structures similar to the effect of Fis1 knockdown, suggesting that the TBC1D15 and Fis1 are associated with the regulation of mitochondrial morphology independently of Drp1. These data suggest that Fis1 acts as a mitochondrial receptor in the recruitment of mitochondrial morphology protein in mammalian cells.
Species-specific recognition of the carrier insect by dauer larvae of the nematode Caenorhabditis japonica
Authors: Okumura Etsuko , Tanaka Ryusei , Yoshiga Toyoshi 
Published: October 2012

Summary
Host recognition is critical during the phoretic stage of nematodes because it facilitates their association with hosts. However, limited information is available on the direct cues used for host recognition and host specificity in nematodes. Caenorhabditis japonica forms an intimate association with the burrower bug Parastrachia japonensis. C. japonica dauer larvae (DL), the phoretic stage of the nematode, are mainly found on adult P. japonensis female but no other species. To understand the mechanisms of species-specific and female carrier-biased ectophoresy in C. japonica, we investigated whether C. japonica DL could recognize their hosts using nematode loading and chemoattraction experiments. During the loading experiments, up to 300 C. japonica DL embarked on male and female P. japonensis, whereas none or very few utilized the other shield bugs Erthesina fullo and Macroscytus japonensis or the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. In the chemoattraction experiments, hexane extracts containing the body surface components of nymphs and both adult P. japonensis sexes attracted C. japonica DL, whereas those of other shield bugs did not. P. japonensis extracts also arrested the dispersal of C. japonica DL released in a site where hexane extracts were spotted on an agar plate; i.e. &gt;50% of DL remained at the site even 60 min after nematode inoculation whereas M. japonensis extracts or hexane alone did not have the same effect. These results suggest that C. japonica DL recognize their host species using direct chemical attractants from their specific host to maintain their association.
ACTH-stimulated cortisol release from head kidney of rainbow trout is modulated by glucose concentration
Authors: Conde-Sieira Marta , Alvarez Rosa , López-Patiño Marcos A. , Míguez Jesús M. , Flik Gert , Soengas José L. 
Published: October 2012

Summary
To assess the hypothesis of cortisol release in rainbow trout being modulated by glucose levels, we first evaluated cortisol release (basal and ACTH-regulated) by head kidney tissue superfused with medium reflecting hypo-, normo- or hyperglycaemic conditions. Next, cortisol release from head kidney fragments in static incubations was assessed in parallel with changes in parameters related to cortisol synthesis (mRNA abundance of StAR, P450scc, 3βHSD, and 11βH) and the GK-mediated glucosensing mechanism (levels of glycogen and glucose, activities of GK, GSase, and PK, and mRNA levels of GK, GLUT-2, Kir6.x-like, and SUR-like). We then evaluated the effects of two inhibitors of glucose transport cytochalasin B and phlorizin on cortisol production and glucosensing mechanisms. The ACTH-induced release of cortisol proved to be modulated by medium glucose concentration in a way that increased release occurs under high glucose levels, and decreased ACTH-stimulated cortisol release occurs when glucose transport was inhibited by cytochalasin B. The release of cortisol can be associated with increased synthesis since enhanced mRNA abundance of genes related to cortisol synthesis was also noted in high glucose medium. Specific GK-immunoreactivity in the cortisol producing cells (not in chromaffin cells) further substantiates GK-mediated glucosensing in cortisol production. In contrast, no changes compatible with those of glucose levels and cortisol release/synthesis in the presence of ACTH were noted for any other putative glucosensor mechanisms based on LXR, SGLT-1 or Gnat3. The results combined are the first evidence for a mechanism in fish linking synthesis and release of a non-pancreatic hormone like cortisol with circulating glucose levels. The relationship was evident for the regulated (ACTH-dependent) pathway and this suggests that under acute stress conditions glucose is important for the regulation of cortisol synthesis and release
Long-term effects of previous oxandrolone treatment in adult women with Turner syndrome
Authors: Freriks Kim , Sas Theo C J , Traas Maaike A F , Netea-Maier Romana T , den Heijer Martin , Hermus Ad R M M , Wit Jan M , van Alfen-van der Velden Janiëlle A E M , Otten Barto J , de Muinck Keizer-Schrama Sabine M P F , Gotthardt Martin , Dejonckere Philippe H , Zandwijken Gladys R J , Menke Leonie A , Timmers Henri J L M 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveShort stature is a prominent feature of Turner syndrome (TS), which is partially overcome by GH treatment. We have previously reported the results of a trial on the effect of oxandrolone (Ox) in girls with TS. Ox in a dose of 0.03 mg/kg per day (Ox 0.03) significantly increased adult height gain, whereas Ox mg/kg per day (0.06) did not, at the cost of deceleration of breast development and mild virilization. The aim of this follow-up study in adult participants of the pediatric trial was to investigate the long-term effects of previous Ox treatment.Design and methodsDuring the previous randomized controlled trial, 133 girls were treated with GH combined with placebo (Pl), Ox 0.03, or Ox 0.06 from 8 years of age and estrogen from 12 years. Sixty-eight women (Pl,n=23; Ox 0.03,n=27; and Ox 0.06,n=18) participated in the double-blind follow-up study (mean age, 24.0 years; mean time since stopping GH, 8.7 years; and mean time of Ox/Pl use, 4.9 years). We assessed height, body proportions, breast size, virilization, and body composition.ResultsHeight gain (final minus predicted adult height) was maintained at follow-up (Ox 0.03 10.2±4.9 cm, Ox 0.06 9.7±4.4 cm vs Pl 8.0±4.6 cm). Breast size, Tanner breast stage, and body composition were not different between groups. Ox-treated women reported more subjective virilization and had a lower voice frequency.ConclusionOx 0.03 mg/kg per day has a beneficial effect on adult height gain in TS patients. Despite previously reported deceleration of breast development during Ox 0.03 treatment, adult breast size is not affected. Mild virilization persists in only a small minority of patients. The long-term evaluation indicates that Ox 0.03 treatment is effective and safe.
In Vitro Analysis of the Efficacy of Ultrasonic Scalers and a Toothbrush for Removing Bacteria from Resorbable Blast Material Titanium Disks
Authors: Park Jun‐Beom , Jang Yun Ji , Koh Minchul , Choi Bong‐Kyu , Kim Kack‐Kyun , Ko Youngkyung 
Published: October 2012

Background: A resorbable blast material (RBM) surface is reported to have a higher bone‐to‐implant contact percentage than machined surfaces, but modified surfaces with rougher textures have been shown to favor colonization by bacteria and development of peri‐implantitis. Therefore, this in vitro study compares the effects of different instruments on surface roughness and removal of bacteria from RBM titanium implant disks.Methods: RBM titanium disks were treated with various ultrasonic scaler tips and a toothbrush, and change in surface roughness was measured by confocal microscopy. The disks were incubated with bacteria, and instruments made of carbon or plastic, two metal ultrasonic scaler tips, or a toothbrush were used to remove the attached bacteria. The amount of remaining bacteria was evaluated using a crystal violet assay.Results: The change in surface structure following different treatment modalities was analyzed by confocal microscopy. A statistically significant decrease in the arithmetic mean value of RBM surfaces (Ra) was observed after treatment with an ultrasonic scaler with a metal tip. The use of a metal tip (rather than a carbon or plastic tip) and brushing with dentifrice was more efficient in removing bacteria from the contaminated titanium surface according to the crystal violet assay.Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the use of a metal tip may be effective in removing bacteria from contaminated surfaces.
Attitudes toward becoming a veterinarian in a group of undergraduate agriculture and biomedical sciences students
Authors: Daly Russell F. , Erickson Alan K. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Objective—To assess the level of interest of university students enrolled in veterinary science courses toward becoming a veterinarian, reasons supporting or discouraging their interest, when those attitudes were formed, and future plans for those pursuing veterinary medicine as a career.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample—585 university students in South Dakota enrolled in 2 veterinary science courses over a 6-year period.
Procedures—Each year, students enrolled in the 2 courses answered survey questions pertaining to their interest in becoming a veterinarian, background, and future plans.
Results—Most students enrolled in these courses desired to become a veterinarian at some time in their lives. Females were more likely than males to indicate veterinary medicine as their current career choice. Most students developed their interest during grades 10 to 12. Females developed an interest in veterinary medicine earlier than did males. Enjoyment of animals, intellectual stimulation, and the opportunity to actively work outdoors were cited frequently as reasons for interest in veterinary medicine. Increased duration of education, high educational costs, and preveterinary coursework difficulty were major reasons for disinterest in becoming a veterinar-ian. Of students pursuing the profession, desired practice type correlated strongly with previous animal experience.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Considering that most students, especially males, developed their interest in veterinary medicine during grades 10 to 12, elementary school may be the best starting point for exposing students to veterinary medicine. To increase interest in large animal practice among students entering veterinary school, livestock experiences should be provided to children with no farm experience during their elementary, middle, and high school years. In our survey population, cost and duration of veterinary education had a significant negative influence on student interest in the profession.
Effectiveness and adverse effects of the use of apomorphine and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution to induce emesis in dogs
Authors: Khan Safdar A. , Mclean Mary Kay , Slater Margaret , Hansen Steven , Zawistowski Stephen 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effectiveness and adverse effects of apomorphine and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution used for emesis in dogs.
Design—Prospective observational study.
Animals—147 dogs that received apomorphine (IV or placed in the conjunctival sac) or 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (PO) to induce emesis after exposure to toxic agents.
Procedures—Data regarding signalment; agent information; type, dose, route, and number of emetic administrations; whether emesis was successful; number of times emesis occurred; percentage of ingested agent recovered; and adverse effects were collected via telephone during American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control Center operations and stored in a database for analysis. Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate emetic success rates.
Results—Apomorphine and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution successfully induced emesis in 59 of 63 (94%) and 76 of 84 (90%) of dogs, respectively. Mean time to onset of emesis after the first dose of emetic was 14.5 and 18.6 minutes when hydrogen peroxide (n = 37) and apomorphine (31) were used, respectively, with mean durations of 42 and 27 minutes, respectively. Mean estimates for recovery of ingested agents were 48% for hydrogen peroxide and 52% for apomorphine. Adverse effects were reported in 16 of 112 (14%) dogs for which information was available.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—3% hydrogen peroxide solution and apomorphine effectively induced emesis in dogs when used as directed. Emesis occurred within minutes after administration and helped recover substantial amounts of ingested agents. Adverse effects of both emetics were considered mild and self-limiting.
Clinicopathologic evidence of myocardial injury in horses with acute abdominal disease
Authors: Nath Laura C. , Anderson Garry A. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Savage Catherine J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether there is evidence of myocardial injury in horses with acute abdominal disease.
Design—Prospective case series.
Animals—18 healthy horses and 69 horses with acute abdominal disease.
Procedures—18 healthy horses had been admitted to the hospital for investigation and were assigned to group 1. Horses examined for acute abdominal disease were assigned to 3 groups: strangulating obstruction, nonstrangulating obstruction, or inflammatory disease (groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Heart rate, Hct, and blood lactate and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were measured at initial examination. Myocardial function was assessed by echocardiographic measurement of fractional shortening and left ventricular ejection time (LVET). Heart rhythm was evaluated via ECG.
Results—The proportion of horses with high (> 0.03 ng/mL) cTnI concentration was significantly greater among horses with strangulating (9/25 [36%]) or inflammatory (9/19 [47%]) lesions, compared with healthy horses (0/18). The proportion of horses with high cTnI concentration was significantly greater among nonsurvivors (12/24 [50%]) than among survivors (10/45 [22%]). Serum cTnI concentration was positively correlated with Hct, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration and negatively correlated with LVET.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Evidence of myocardial injury was observed in horses with acute abdominal disease, and this injury was associated with severity of illness. Recognition of myocardial injury could improve treatment of acute abdominal disease in horses.
Minimally invasive repair of a calcaneus fracture in a Standardbred foal
Authors: Bonilla Alvaro G. , Smith Katie J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Case Description—A 4-month-old Standardbred colt was examined because of a fractured right calcaneus of 8 days' duration with increased distraction of the fracture fragment evident on sequential radiographs.
Clinical Findings—The foal was severely lame with diffuse periarticular tarsal swelling. Radiographically, a complete, displaced long oblique fracture of the right calcaneal body was evident. Because the fracture gap was increasing with time and lameness remained severe, despite medical management, surgical repair was recommended.
Treatment and Outcome—The foal was anesthetized, and minimally invasive fracture reduction and internal fixation were achieved by use of two 4.5-mm cortical screws placed in lag fashion via stab incisions over the lateral aspect of the calcaneus. External coaptation with a Robert-Jones bandage only was used after surgery. The foal recovered well and the fracture healed appropriately, but at 8 weeks following surgery, tenosynovitis of the tarsal sheath had developed. This was attributed to the tip of the distal screw encroaching on the sheath. The screw was removed under anesthesia and the tarsal sheath drained. The tenosynovitis resolved with rest and bandaging. Fourteen months after surgery, the colt was free of lameness.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that a minimally invasive internal fixation technique for treatment of a calcaneus fracture in horses may be successful and may be associated with decreased morbidity, compared with the use of open reduction and plate fixation.