bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial
Authors: FAUTLEY MARTIN , MURPHY REGINA 
Published: March 2014

Looking back to the editorial in the very first edition of BJME, back in 1984, there are a number of striking resonances which belie the thirty years which have passed since Volume 1, Issue 1. Take this paragraph as an example:
Many problems in music education are the result of the insularity of our practice. In Britain music teachers are often hesitant about sharing their ideas. Then again, the roots of our teaching methods reach back far into the past, so that we tend to function on the basis of precedent; we do things because they have always been done, and only rarely perhaps do we make the effort to reflect upon what is done. Now, perhaps because of economic restraints, we are becoming more aware of the need to justify the place of our subject in the educational curriculum and the need to examine closely the reasoning behind our teaching methods. (Paynter & Swanwick, 1984)
So much remains the same, yet at the same time the music education landscape is entirely different from then! In the UK since that editorial was written we have had, inter alia, new examinations at 16+, a National Curriculum (in a number of very different versions), changes in governance of schools, an entirely different financial scene for schools, the establishment of music hubs, changed relationships for music services with pupils and schools, a diminishing role for Local Authorities, the establishment of new types of schools – Free Schools and Academies, the removal of the requirements for teachers to hold a teaching qualification, and the shifting of teacher training out of universities and into schools. Quite a list! And there is a lot more besides that has not been included. Also important to note is that the BJME is now, and has been for a while, very much, as its strapline says, ‘an international journal’, and so there are interactions and synergies with many other national systems and music education types across the world.
Characterisation of baroreflex sensitivity of recreational ultra‐endurance athletes
Authors: Foulds Heather J. A. , Cote Anita T. , Phillips Aaron A. , Charlesworth Sarah A. , Bredin Shannon S. D. , Burr Jamie F. , Drury Chipman Taylor , Ngai Shirley , Fougere Renee J. , Ivey Adam C. , Warburton Darren E. R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAltered autonomic function has been identified following ultra‐endurance event participation among elite world‐class athletes. Despite dramatic increases in recreational athlete participation in these ultra‐endurance events, the physiological effects on these athletes are less known. This investigation sought to characterise changes in surrogate measures of autonomic function: heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV) and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) following ultra‐endurance race participation. Further, we sought to compare baseline measures among ultra‐endurance athletes and recreationally active controls not participating in the ultra‐endurance race. Recreational ultra‐endurance athletes (n = 25, 44.6 ± 8.2 years, 8 females) and recreationally active age, sex and body mass index matched controls (n = 25) were evaluated. Measurements of HRV, BPV and BRS were collected pre‐ and post‐race for recreational ultra‐endurance athletes and at baseline, for recreationally active controls. Post‐race, ultra‐endurance athletes demonstrated significantly greater sympathetic modulation [low frequency (LF) power HRV: 50.3 ± 21.6 normalised units (n.u.) to 65.9 ± 20.4 n.u., p = 0.01] and significantly lower parasympathetic modulation [high frequency (HF) power HRV: 45.0 ± 22.4 n.u. to 23.9 ± 13.1 n.u., p < 0.001] and BRS. Baseline measurements BRS (spectral: 13.96 ± 10.82 ms·mmHg−1 vs. 11.39 ± 5.33 ms·mmHg−1) were similar among recreational ultra‐endurance athletes and recreationally active controls, though recreational ultra‐endurance athletes demonstrated greater parasympathetic modulation of some HRV and BPV measures. Recreational ultra‐endurance athletes experienced increased sympathetic tone and declines in BRS post‐race, similar to previously reported elite world‐class ultra‐endurance athletes, though still within normal population ranges.
Subcellular Mechanisms in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Combinatorial Modalities that Inhibit Anterograde Trafficking and Cause Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 Mislocalization
Authors: Yang Yang‐Ming , Lane Kirk B. , Sehgal Pravin B. 
Published: March 2014

The natural history of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) typically involves mutations in and/or haploinsuffciency of BMPR2 (gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2) but with low penetrance (10%–15%), delayed onset (in the third or fourth decade), and a gender bias (two‐ to fourfold more prevalent in postpubertal women). Thus, investigators have sought an understanding of “second‐hit” modalities that might affect BMPR2 anterograde trafficking and/or function. Indeed, vascular lung lesions in PAH have been reported to contain enlarged “vacuolated” endothelial and smooth muscle cells with dilated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae, increased ER structural protein reticulon 4 (also called Nogo‐B), and enlarged and fragmented Golgi apparatus. We recently replicated this cellular phenotype in primary human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in culture by acute knockdown of the estradiol 17β (E2)–responsive proteins signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) and STAT5b using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). We have now investigated whether functional haploinsufficiences of these molecules, alone or in combination with other modalities, might interfere with anterograde membrane trafficking using (a) the quantitative tsO45VSV‐G‐GFP trafficking assay and (b) assays for cell‐surface localization of Flag‐tagged BMPR2 molecules. The G glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV‐G) trafficking assay was validated in EA.hy926 endothelial cells by showing that cells exposed to monocrotaline pyrrole displayed reduced anterograde trafficking. Thereafter, the combinatorial knockdowns of STAT5a, STAT5b, BMPR2, and/or endothelial nitric oxide synthase as well as exposure to E2 or 2‐methoxyestradiol were observed to significantly inhibit VSV‐G trafficking. These combinations also led to intracellular trapping of wild‐type Flag‐tagged BMPR2. Overexpression of the PAH disease–derived F14 and KDF mutants of BMPR2, which were trapped in the ER/Golgi, also inhibited VSV‐G trafficking in trans. Moreover, probenecid, a chemical chaperone in clinical use today, partially restored cell‐surface localization of the KDF but not the F14 mutant. These data identify several combinatorial modalities that inhibit VSV‐G anterograde trafficking and cause mislocalization of BMPR2. These modalities merit consideration in defining aspects of the late‐developing and gender‐biased natural history of human PAH.
Hypoxia Preconditioning Increases Survival and Decreases Expression of Toll‐Like Receptor 4 in Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Ali Irshad , Nanchal Rahul , Husnain Fouad , Audi Said , Konduri G. Ganesh , Densmore John C. , Medhora Meetha , Jacobs Elizabeth R. 
Published: March 2014

Pulmonary or systemic infections and hypoxemic respiratory failure are among the leading causes of admission to intensive care units, and these conditions frequently exist in sequence or in tandem. Inflammatory responses to infections are reproduced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) engaging Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). Apoptosis is a hallmark of lung injury in sepsis. This study was conducted to determine whether preexposure to LPS or hypoxia modulated the survival of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). We also investigated the role TLR4 receptor expression plays in apoptosis due to these conditions. Bovine PAECs were cultured in hypoxic or normoxic environments and treated with LPS. TLR4 antagonist TAK‐242 was used to probe the role played by TLR4 receptors in cell survival. Cell apoptosis and survival were measured by caspase 3 activity and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) incorporation. TLR4 expression and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) production were also determined. LPS increased caspase 3 activity in a TAK‐242‐sensitive manner and decreased MTT incorporation. Apoptosis was decreased in PAECs preconditioned with hypoxia prior to LPS exposure. LPS increased TNF‐α production, and hypoxic preconditioning blunted it. Hypoxic preconditioning reduced LPS‐induced TLR4 messenger RNA and TLR4 protein. TAK‐242 decreased to baseline the LPS‐stimulated expression of TLR4 messenger RNA regardless of environmental conditions. In contrast, LPS followed by hypoxia substantially increased apoptosis and cell death. In conclusion, protection from LPS‐stimulated PAEC apoptosis by hypoxic preconditioning is attributable in part to reduction in TLR4 expression. If these signaling pathways apply to septic patients, they may account for differing sensitivities of individuals to acute lung injury depending on oxygen tensions in PAECs in vivo.
Estimating optimal window size for analysis of low-coverage next-generation sequence data
Authors: Gusnanto Arief , Taylor Charles C. , Nafisah Ibrahim , Wood Henry M. , Rabbitts Pamela , Berri Stefano 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMotivation: Current high-throughput sequencing has greatly transformed genome sequence analysis. In the context of very low-coverage sequencing (&lt;0.1×), performing ‘binning’ or ‘windowing’ on mapped short sequences (‘reads’) is critical to extract genomic information of interest for further evaluation, such as copy-number alteration analysis. If the window size is too small, many windows will exhibit zero counts and almost no pattern can be observed. In contrast, if the window size is too wide, the patterns or genomic features will be ‘smoothed out’. Our objective is to identify an optimal window size in between the two extremes.Results: We assume the reads density to be a step function. Given this model, we propose a data-based estimation of optimal window size based on Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and cross-validation (CV) log-likelihood. By plotting the AIC and CV log-likelihood curve as a function of window size, we are able to estimate the optimal window size that minimizes AIC or maximizes CV log-likelihood. The proposed methods are of general purpose and we illustrate their application using low-coverage next-generation sequence datasets from real tumour samples and simulated datasets.Availability and implementation: An R package to estimate optimal window size is available at http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/∼arief/R/win/ .Contact: a.gusnanto@leeds.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Wavefront Clock Technique Applied to Current VLBI Systems
Authors: Kiuchi Hitoshi , Kondo Tetsuro 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A prototype wavefront clock system has been developed for application to current VLBI systems. The reference clock for both the front-end and back-end of a VLBI system is controlled at the observing site according to a calculated a priori delay rate. By using this system, fringe stopping is simultaneously performed on all received frequencies and both the upper side band (USB) and the lower side band (LSB) of a frequency-converter signal. Also, it can be used to reduce the large fringe rate (Doppler frequency) inherent in space VLBI, especially when used with an FX-type correlation processor. This wavefront clock method will be beneficial to users of conventional VLBI systems and will not require any modification. The reference point for the Doppler compensation can be taken at an ideal point, like the center of the Earth. Moreover, it is possible to use it as a pseudo-fringe simulator for checking the correlation processor.
Global Structure of Bimodal Accretion Disks around a Black Hole
Authors: Honma Fumio 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The global structure of accretion disks around a stellar-mass black hole is examined while taking into account the energy transport by means of diffusion, as well as that by means of radial flow. It is shown that the model can have two types of solutions: In one type, the whole disk is cool and is optically thick; in the other, the disk has a hot optically thin inner region. The structure of the hot inner region of the latter is examined and an analytic formula for the location of the interface of the hot and cold region is obtained. The stability of the latter is also discussed briefly. This behavior of the model can be a possible explanation for the bimodal behavior observed in the X-ray spectra of black hole candidates.
Accretion Disks with a Cloudy Sky — Photon Floater
Authors: Fukue Jun 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Materials rotating above/below an accretion disk around a central object suffer from the influence of the strong radiation fields of the disk as well as the gravity of the central object. We find that there exists a critical floating height where the vertical gravity of the central object is balanced by the radiation force from the disk, and the materials are photon-floating there. The critical floating height is detemined by the disk effective luminosity Γeff, which is denned by Γeff = (σ/σT)(mp/m)(Ld/LE), where σ and m are the material cross-section and mass, respectively, σT and mp the Thomson cross-section and the proton mass, respectively, and Ld and LE the disk luminosity and the Eddington luminosity, respectively. For small Γeff or large r ( » z) the critical floating height ZF is expressed as zF ˜ 3 rinΓeff, where rin is the inner radius of the disk. The astrophysically important point is that this critical floating height is dynamically stable; hence, materials, such as gas clouds or dust or artificials, suffering from the radiation field of the disk drift toward this floating height. Such floating clouds — photon floaters — above/below the disk partially occults the disk. If the disk sky is cloudy, the observed luminosity becomes irregular. Futhermore, if a cloudy sky is present, the emitted spectrum would be remarkably modified due to reprocessing. A cloudy sky would also produce absorption/emission features. In addition, since the radiation from the disk is scattered by floating clouds at a critical floating height, the disk appears as if its thickness had become zF. The weather environment, such as a cloudy or dusty sky, changes the disk appearance significantly.
A Seismic Solar Model Deduced from the Sound-Speed Distribution and an Estimate of the Neutrino Fluxes
Authors: Shibahashi Hiromoto , Takata Masao 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We have deduced the density, pressure, temperature, and hydrogen profiles in the solar interior by solving the basic equations governing the stellar structure with the imposition that the sound-speed profile is that determined by the helioseismic data of Libbrecht et al. (1990; AAA 52.080.103) and Jiménez et al. (1988; AAA 45.080.041). This approach is completely different from that of the standard solar model, and is based on more experimentally well-determined data. We solved the equations by requiring that the mass and mean molecular weight at the surface match the solar mass and a certain fixed value, respectively, as the outer boundary conditions. Together with these conditions and the appropriate inner boundary conditions, these equations were reduced to a boundary-value problem. We examined whether the luminosity at the surface matches the observed value. The error levels were estimated by a Monte-Carlo simulation with Gaussian noise on the sound-speed profile. The thus-constructed seismic model marginally satisfies the luminosity condition, L(R⊙) = L⊙, at the 3σ level. Using this seismic model, we estimated the neutrino fluxes, and found that the 8B neutrino flux is about 60% of that of the standard solar model. This model does not seem to contradict the Kamiokande neutrino detection experiment. The 7Be neutrino flux of the model is about 20% smaller than the standard solar model, and the pp-neutrino flux of the model is almost the same as that of the standard solar model. We estimated the total neutrino capture rate of the chlorine experiment (Homestake) and that of the gallium experiments (GALLEX and SAGE), except for a contribution from the CNO cycle, by scaling the capture rates based on the standard solar model. The thus-estimated capture rates are 5.62 SNU and 117 SNU, respectively, and are higher than those observed at the 3σ error level.
Detection of Hard X-Ray Emission from Mkn 463
Authors: Ueno Shiro , Koyama Katsuji , Awaki Hisamitsu , Hayashi Ichizo , Blanco Philip R. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We present the results of ASCA observations of the Seyfert galaxy Mkn 463. We find that the 1–10 keV X-ray spectrum consists of at least two components: soft and hard. We have found no evidence for a strong Fe-K fluorescent line (equivalent width &lt; 670 eV). The soft component dominates below 4 keV and has a steep slope; the 0.2–4 keV flux is consistent with that determined from Einstein observations. It would appear that this soft X-ray emission comes from a distinct thermal component. The hard component, which has been detected for the first time by ASCA, is found only above 4 keV with an apparent flat spectral slope. We argue that most of these hard X-rays are emitted directly from the nucleus of Mkn 463E, suffering a heavy absorption along our line of sight. For an assumed typical photon index of 1.7, the absorption column and intrinsic luminosity are estimated to be (1.8 ± 0.4) × l023 cm−2 and 1 × 1043 erg s−1. This hard X-ray luminosity is much less than that expected on the basis of Mkn 463E's optical and infrared properties.
Two-Dimensional Decomposition of a Disky Elliptical Galaxy, NGC 4621
Authors: Mizuno Takao , Oikawa Ken-Ichi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We decomposed two-dimensionally an elliptical galaxy, NGC 4621, which shows deviations from the brightness distribution of the r1/4-law. We have found that its brightness distribution can be reproduced by three components possessing constant ellipticities with an rms 0.085 Bs (the sky brightness) of the residuals in the circular region of radius r ≤ 200″, except for r &lt; 1″. The component obeying the r1/4 -law has 62% of the total light, and, hence, is the main body of this elliptical galaxy. The component obeying the exponential law is considered to be a disk, because the rotational velocity, 120 km s(−1), is comparable to that of a disk galaxy. The light ratio of the disk component to the main body is 0.25, about half of which is in S0 galaxies. It is justified that NGC 4621 be classified not as a disk galaxy, but as elliptical. The envelope component is circular and has 22% of the total light. This circular component is considered to be spherical three-dimensionally and to be a halo. The inclination angle of the disk component is estimated to be 65° from its ellipticity 0.43. The main body is inferred in terms of the probabilities to be an oblate spheroid from the fact that the position angle of its major axis coincides with that of the disk, and its rotational velocity is comparably as large as that of a disk galaxy. If the main body is an oblate spheroid, the ratio of its intrinsic principal axes is derived to be 0.64 from its apparent axis ratio 0.72 and its inclination angle 65°.
Thermodynamic Enhancement of Nuclear Reactions in Dense Stellar Matter
Authors: Ichimaru Setsuo , Kitamura Hikaru 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
An enhancement in the rates of nuclear reactions in dense matter is approached through calculations of increments between the Coulombic chemical potentials before and after the reactions. The formalism is applied to specific cases of the p-p reactions in the solar interior and of the 12C-12C reactions in a white-dwarf progenitor of a supernova; the dependence of the resultant enhancement factors on the relative abundances of the elements in the outgoing channels is thereby illustrated. The effects of plasma screening in the p-p reactions on the solar 8B neutrinos are examined.
Deneb's Light-Element Abundances Revisited
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , Takada-Hidai Masahide , Kotake Junko 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A revised non-LTE analysis of Deneb (A2 Ia supergiant), based on our new observational data, was performed in order to reinvestigate its photospheric abundances of He, C, N, O, Na, and S by using the model atmosphere (Teff = 9000 K, log g = 1.5), which satisfies the ionization equilibria of C/S and has a Teff lower by 1000 K than that adopted in the previous work of Takeda (1994; AAA 61.114.112). Owing to this model change, the abundance of He has turned out to be nearly normal on the average, in contrast to the conclusion in that old study, which suggested a considerable deficiency. However, the abundances from individual HeI lines show a rather large diversity with an apparent wavelength-dependence, which remains to be explained. Regarding the abundances of C, N, O, Na, and S relative to the Sun, C is conspicuously underabundant by ∼ 0.8 dex, N, Na, and S show a moderate excess of 0.3–0.4 dex, and O seems to be mildly deficient by ∼ 0.3 dex; this abundance pattern appears to conform to the common tendency seen with other supergiants in this temperature range.
The Solar Flare of 1992 August 17 23:58 UT
Authors: Takahashi Masaaki , Watanabe Tetsuya , Sakai Jun-ichi , Sakao Taro , Kosugi Takeo , Sakurai Takashi , Enome Shinzo , Hudson Hugh S. , Hashimoto Shizuyo , Nitta Nariaki 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A small flare (C4.3 in the GOES X-ray class) was well observed by all of the instruments on board Yohkoh. The X-ray light curves have double peaks which are about 5 min apart. Until the first peak from flare onset, four compact areas brighten up in the soft X-ray region, which are aligned almost on one straight line. We regard them as being footpoints of two sets of loops, which are identifiable in soft X-ray images, since their locations match those of hard X-ray sources. Indeed, after the second peak, the temporal behavior of the temperature and emission measure at each point is consistent with the existence of two such loops. Comparing our results with recent MHD simulations, we propose a possible scenario for this flare that is based on the coalescence of two loops.
Thermal Stability in Two-Temperature Advection-Dominated Accretion, Disks against Local Perturbations
Authors: Yamasaki Tatsuya 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The stability of two-temperature advection-dominated accretion disks is examined against axisymmetric local thermal perturbations. The disks are optically thin. The results show that there is a weakly unstable mode due to radiation effects. In the case that thermal conduction is efficient, however, the mode is stabilized. The magnetic field also stabilizes the local thermal mode.