bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Four Different Regulatory Mechanisms on the Dynamics of Gene Regulatory Cascades
Authors: Hansen Sabine , Krishna Sandeep , Semsey Szabolcs , Lo Svenningsen Sine 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGene regulatory cascades (GRCs) are common motifs in cellular molecular networks. A given logical function in these cascades, such as the repression of the activity of a transcription factor, can be implemented by a number of different regulatory mechanisms. The potential consequences for the dynamic performance of the GRC of choosing one mechanism over another have not been analysed systematically. Here, we report the construction of a synthetic GRC in Escherichia coli, which allows us for the first time to directly compare and contrast the dynamics of four different regulatory mechanisms, affecting the transcription, translation, stability, or activity of a transcriptional repressor. We developed a biologically motivated mathematical model which is sufficient to reproduce the response dynamics determined by experimental measurements. Using the model, we explored the potential response dynamics that the constructed GRC can perform. We conclude that dynamic differences between regulatory mechanisms at an individual step in a GRC are often concealed in the overall performance of the GRC and suggest that the presence of a given regulatory mechanism in a certain network environment does not necessarily mean that it represents a single optimal evolutionary solution.
A biophysical study on molecular physiology of the uncoupling proteins of the central nervous system
Authors: Hoang Tuan , Kuljanin Miljan , Smith Matthew D. , Jelokhani-Niaraki Masoud 
Published: July 2015

Mitochondrial inner membrane uncoupling proteins (UCPs) facilitate transmembrane (TM) proton flux and consequently reduce the membrane potential and ATP production. It has been proposed that the three neuronal human UCPs (UCP2, UCP4 and UCP5) in the central nervous system (CNS) play significant roles in reducing cellular oxidative stress. However, the structure and ion transport mechanism of these proteins remain relatively unexplored. Recently, we reported a novel expression system for obtaining functionally folded UCP1 in bacterial membranes and applied this system to obtain highly pure neuronal UCPs in high yields. In the present study, we report on the structure and function of the three neuronal UCP homologues. Reconstituted neuronal UCPs were dominantly helical in lipid membranes and transported protons in the presence of physiologically-relevant fatty acid (FA) activators. Under similar conditions, all neuronal UCPs also exhibited chloride transport activities that were partially inhibited by FAs. CD, fluorescence and MS measurements and semi-native gel electrophoresis collectively suggest that the reconstituted proteins self-associate in the lipid membranes. Based on SDS titration experiments and other evidence, a general molecular model for the monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric functional forms of UCPs in lipid membranes is proposed. In addition to their shared structural and ion transport features, neuronal UCPs differ in their conformations and proton transport activities (and possibly mechanism) in the presence of different FA activators. The differences in FA-activated UCP-mediated proton transport could serve as an essential factor in understanding and differentiating the physiological roles of UCP homologues in the CNS.
Effect Size for Single-Subject Design in Phonological Treatment
Authors: Gierut Judith A. , Morrisette Michele L. , Dickinson Stephanie L. 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to document, validate, and corroborate effect size (ES) for single-subject design in treatment of children with functional phonological disorders; to evaluate potential child-specific contributing variables relative to ES; and to establish benchmarks for interpretation of ES for the population.

Method

Data were extracted from the Developmental Phonologies Archive for 135 preschool children with phonological disorders who previously participated in single-subject experimental treatment studies. Standard mean difference
all with correction for continuity
was computed to gauge the magnitude of generalization gain that accrued longitudinally from treatment for each child with the data aggregated for purposes of statistical analyses.

Results
ES ranged from 0.09 to 27.83 for the study population. ES was positively correlated with conventional measures of phonological learning and visual inspection of learning data on the basis of procedures standard to single-subject design. ES was linked to children's performance on diagnostic assessments of phonology but not other demographic characteristics or related linguistic skills and nonlinguistic skills. Benchmarks for interpretation of ES were estimated as 1.4, 3.6, and 10.1 for small, medium, and large learning effects, respectively.

Conclusion
Findings have utility for single-subject research and translation of research to evidence-based practice for children with phonological disorders.
K‐band bandpass filter using fully micromachined substrate integrated waveguide platform with dual copper posts in glass dielectrics
Authors: Hyeon Ik‐Jae , Baek Chang‐Wook 
Published: July 2015

A K‐band bandpass filter (BPF) based on the fully micromachined substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure has been demonstrated. In the proposed SIW platform, borosilicate glass reflowed into the silicon trench is used as a dielectric substrate, and the vias are formed by filling the glass mould with electroplated copper after removing the embedded silicon part. The BPF's characteristics are realised by introducing dual inductive post structures into the SIW platform. The insertion loss and 3 dB bandwidth of the fabricated BPF were measured to be 2.46 dB at 29 GHz and 7.2%, respectively. The proposed BPF platform has high potential for low‐loss, compact SIW‐based millimetre‐wave tunable filters owing to its mechanical robustness and integrity with MEMS tuning devices.
Assessing the Relationship between Gulls Larus spp. and Pacific Salmon in Central California Using Radiotelemetry
Authors: Frechette Danielle , Osterback Ann-Marie K. , Hayes Sean A. , Moore Jonathan W. , Shaffer Scott A. , Pavelka Mark , Winchell Clark , Harvey James T. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Predation by marine birds has resulted in substantial losses to runs of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., in some cases necessitating management action. Recovery of PIT tags on a seabird breeding colony (Año Nuevo Island) indicated that western gulls Larus occidentalis prey upon federally listed Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead O. mykiss in central California. Whereas salmonid populations in central California have decreased in recent decades, the western gull population on Año Nuevo Island has increased. We observed gulls Larus spp. within estuaries to document predation and used radiotelemetry to examine gull movement in relation to the availability of salmonids. During 2008 and 2009, observed predation events of out-migrating salmonids by gulls were rare; 21 events occurred during 338 h of observations at two estuaries. During the prehatch and chick-rearing phases of breeding, which coincided with migration of salmonids from fresh to salt water, 74% of the detections of radio-tagged western gulls occurred within 25 km of Año Nuevo Island, suggesting that the relative susceptibility of predation by western gulls using Año Nuevo Island decreased with distance from the island. Western gull presence at creek mouths was greatest during daylight hours (91% of detections), while juvenile salmonids were present predominantly at night (65% of detections). The greatest overlap between western gulls and salmonids occurred at dusk, and predation of out-migrating salmonids was likely opportunistic. Deterring gulls from creek mouths when overlap between predator and prey might otherwise occur may buffer out-migrating salmonids from predation. Our results will inform management strategies to most effectively reduce the impacts of gull predation on central California salmonids.
Received May 8, 2014; accepted March 11, 2015
Nonchemical Eradication of an Introduced Trout from a Headwater Complex in Banff National Park, Canada
Authors: Pacas Charlie , Taylor Mark K. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Nonnative salmonids have been intentionally introduced in North America for over a century and are now implicated in the decline of native aquatic species. Current management objectives for some national parks are to remove invasive species, where feasible. We evaluated the use of mechanical methods (gill nets and electrofishing) to eliminate a naturalized population of nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in a subalpine headwater basin. We required a total of 1,383 continuous net nights/ha (net nights = number of nets × number of nights) over 5 years to completely eradicate 1,527 Brook Trout from both Lower (9.7 ha; 6 m maximum depth) and Middle (23.1 ha; 25 m maximum depth) Devon Lakes, Alberta, Canada. Electrofishing along the shoreline of both lakes resulted in the capture of 301 Brook Trout over 4 years. We required a total of 52.1 h/km of electrofishing over 5 years to completely remove 3,288 Brook Trout from the upper 4.5 km of the Clearwater River. We verified the absence of fish in the lakes with 1,558 net nights/ha of sampling over 4 years and in the river with 13.6 h/km over 2 years. This project confirms that mechanical methods are a viable option for removing introduced fish, even in relatively large (up to 20 ha) and deep (up to 25 m) mountain lakes. We surmised that our success (relative to that of projects described in the literature) was due to (1) the relatively simple alpine habitat, in which river and lake margins were clear of macrophytes, suspended sediment, and overhanging riparian vegetation, and (2) the sheer magnitude of our effort.
Muskellunge Growth Potential in Northern Wisconsin: Implications for Trophy Management
Authors: Faust Matthew D. , Isermann Daniel A. , Luehring Mark A. , Hansen Michael J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The growth potential of Muskellunge Esox masquinongy was evaluated by back-calculating growth histories from cleithra removed from 305 fish collected during 1995–2011 to determine whether it was consistent with trophy management goals in northern Wisconsin. Female Muskellunge had a larger mean asymptotic length (49.8 in) than did males (43.4 in). Minimum ultimate size of female Muskellunge (45.0 in) equaled the 45.0-in minimum length limit, but was less than the 50.0-in minimum length limit used on Wisconsin's trophy waters, while the minimum ultimate size of male Muskellunge (34.0 in) was less than the statewide minimum length limit. Minimum reproductive sizes for both sexes were less than Wisconsin's trophy minimum length limits. Mean growth potential of female Muskellunge in northern Wisconsin appears to be sufficient for meeting trophy management objectives and angler expectations. Muskellunge in northern Wisconsin had similar growth potential to those in Ontario populations, but lower growth potential than Minnesota's populations, perhaps because of genetic and environmental differences.
Biosynthesis of coenzyme Q in eukaryotes
Authors: Kawamukai Makoto 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a component of the electron transport chain that participates in aerobic cellular respiration to produce ATP. In addition, CoQ acts as an electron acceptor in several enzymatic reactions involving oxidation–reduction. Biosynthesis of CoQ has been investigated mainly in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the findings have been extended to various higher organisms, including plants and humans. Analyses in yeast have contributed greatly to current understanding of human diseases related to CoQ biosynthesis. To date, human genetic disorders related to mutations in eight COQ biosynthetic genes have been reported. In addition, the crystal structures of a number of proteins involved in CoQ synthesis have been solved, including those of IspB, UbiA, UbiD, UbiX, UbiI, Alr8543 (Coq4 homolog), Coq5, ADCK3, and COQ9. Over the last decade, knowledge of CoQ biosynthesis has accumulated, and striking advances in related human genetic disorders and the crystal structure of proteins required for CoQ synthesis have been made. This review focuses on the biosynthesis of CoQ in eukaryotes, with some comparisons to the process in prokaryotes.
Estimating the Dependence of Spawning Frequency on Size and Age in Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper
Authors: Porch C. E. , Fitzhugh G. R. , Lang E. T. , Lyon H. M. , Linton B. C. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 2011, a large multivessel survey was conducted to provide nearly synoptic sampling of Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus throughout their reproductive season in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. A total of 2,487 Red Snapper were caught with a female : male ratio that was approximately 1:1. The ovaries of 1,002 females were histologically examined. Females (n = 391) were found with spawning markers (postovulatory follicles and hydrated oocytes) throughout the study area, but primarily in outer shelf waters. Statistical models were developed to quantify and test the dependence of the proportion of females bearing spawning markers (spawning fraction) on female length and age, time of year, depth, gear type (vertical line or longline), or region (east or west of the Mississippi River). Most of the variance in spawning fraction was explained by the time of year; spawning fractions were generally low in spring, peaked in midsummer, and declined by fall. There was also strong statistical evidence of a positive relationship between spawning fraction and either age or length. The effects of region and gear type were not significant once time of year and size or age were accounted for. These results demonstrate the need to account for differences in the time of year and age structure of the population when the productivity of populations of Red Snapper are compared. For example, productivity has been hypothesized to be greater in the western Gulf than in the eastern Gulf, as evidenced by regional patterns of egg and larval abundance. Our results suggest that this regional difference is not due to any intrinsic difference in the biology of the fish, but simply a consequence of there being more large, old Red Snapper in the western Gulf. Recent stock assessments have indicated that Red Snapper are increasing in abundance and there is a need to continue monitoring to detect any possible compensation in reproduction.
Received November 25, 2014; accepted April 2, 2015
Nonlinear Young integrals and differential systems in Hölder media
Authors: Hu Yaozhong , Lê Khoa 
Published: July 2015

For Hölder continuous random field

W
(
t
,
x
)

W(t,x)

and stochastic process

φ
t

\varphi _t

, we define nonlinear integral

∫
a
b

W
(
d
t
,

φ
t

)

\int _a^b W(dt, \varphi _t)

in various senses, including pathwise and Itô-Skorohod. We study their properties and relations. The stochastic flow in a time dependent rough vector field associated with

φ
˙

t

=
(

∂
t

W
)
(
t
,

φ
t

)

\dot \varphi _t=(\partial _tW)(t, \varphi _t)

is also studied, and its applications to the transport equation

∂
t

u
(
t
,
x
)
−

∂
t

W
(
t
,
x
)
∇
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
0

\partial _t u(t,x)-\partial _t W(t,x)\nabla u(t,x)=0

in rough media are given. The Feynman-Kac solution to the stochastic partial differential equation with random coefficients

∂
t

u
(
t
,
x
)
+
L
u
(
t
,
x
)
+
u
(
t
,
x
)

∂
t

W
(
t
,
x
)
=
0

\partial _t u(t,x)+Lu(t,x) +u(t,x) \partial _t W(t,x)=0

is given, where

L
L

is a second order elliptic differential operator with random coefficients (dependent on

W
W

). To establish such a formula the main difficulty is the exponential integrability of some nonlinear integrals, which is proved to be true under some mild conditions on the covariance of

W
W

and on the coefficients of

L
L

. Along the way, we also obtain an upper bound for increments of stochastic processes on multi- dimensional rectangles by majorizing measures.
No more detectable fishing effect on Northern Gulf of St Lawrence benthic invertebrates
Authors: Moritz C. , Gravel D. , Savard L. , McKindsey C. W. , Brêthes J.-C. , Archambault P. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Trawling has been reported worldwide to alter seabed structure, and thus benthic habitats and ecosystems. Usually, a decrease in species richness and biomass is observed, and community structure is modified towards more opportunistic species. The Gulf of St Lawrence (Canada) has been intensely exploited since the 17th century, including net, longline, dredge and trawl fishing activities. Recently, the collapse of groundfish stocks induced a shift in fishing practices toward shrimp trawling, which is currently considered a sustainable fishing activity in the region. However, no long-term study has evaluated the potential effects of trawling disturbances on benthic mega-invertebrates. We investigated whether shrimp trawling had long- (ca. 20 years), mid- (ca. 10 years), and short-term (ca. 4 years) impacts on benthic mega-invertebrate taxa richness, biomass, and community structure. Scientific and fishery trawling data analyses showed that no significant long-, mid-, or short-term effect was detected on taxa richness. Significant but weak effects on biomass and community structure were detected at the mesoscale, i.e. at the scale of fishing grounds. In this long-exploited ecosystem, we suggest that a critical level of disturbance was attained by the first gear passages, which occurred decades ago and had irreversible impacts on the seabed by removing vulnerable taxa and structures that provided three-dimensional habitats. It is likely that benthic communities have subsequently reached a disturbed state of equilibrium on which current trawling disturbance has limited or no further impacts.
Do Pharmacists Buy Bayer? Informed Shoppers and the Brand Premium *
Authors: Bronnenberg Bart J. , Dubé Jean-Pierre , Gentzkow Matthew , Shapiro Jesse M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe estimate the effect of information and expertise on consumers’ willingness to pay for national brands in physically homogeneous product categories. In a detailed case study of headache remedies, we find that more informed or expert consumers are less likely to pay extra to buy national brands, with pharmacists choosing them over store brands only 9 percent of the time, compared to 26 percent of the time for the average consumer. In a similar case study of pantry staples such as salt and sugar, we show that chefs devote 12 percentage points less of their purchases to national brands than demographically similar nonchefs. We extend our analysis to cover 50 retail health categories and 241 food and drink categories. The results suggest that misinformation and related consumer mistakes explain a sizable share of the brand premium for health products, and a much smaller share for most food and drink products. We tie our estimates together using a stylized model of demand and pricing.
Implementing an employee career-development strategy
Authors: Davis Paul J 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– Demonstrates how to build commitment and retain employees through a career-development strategy.

Design/methodology/approach
– Shows how organizations often mismanage career development and how they could do better.

Findings
– Describes the five “Ps” of poor career development, the foundations of a career-development strategy and a number of career-development activities.

Practical implications
– Highlights the importance of beginning early, communicating clearly, partnering employees, facilitating internal movements and taking action frequently.

Social implications
– Advances the view that employee disengagement and high employee turnover are expensive and often avoidable.

Originality/value
– Argues that the lack of career development continues to be a major cause of employee dissatisfaction and turnover and shows how this can be avoided.
Taking obesity into account
Authors: Ries Emmanuelle 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– Considers the implications of the latest European Court of Justice ruling that obesity can be considered a disability.

Design/methodology/approach
– Examines the background to the ruling and its possible consequences.

Findings
– Emphasizes that obesity in itself is not a disability. However, following the ruling, it is clear that obesity could be considered a disability if it caused physical, mental or psychological problems that hampered a person’s ability to participate in work.

Practical implications
– Highlights practices employers might like to follow in the light of the ruling.

Social implications
– Shows how society as a whole could “nudge” people into losing weight, just as it has done in nudging people to give up smoking.

Originality/value
– Provides round-up of the implications of the European Court of Justice ruling on obesity at work.
Myths and truths about coaching
Authors: Rao M.S 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– Demonstrates how to acquire right perspective to enhance leadership excellence.

Design/methodology/approach
– Considers 14 myths about coaching and puts forward an alternative viewpoint.

Findings
– Defines coaching as a process of hand-holding, questioning, listening, guiding and sharing knowledge and expertise.

Practical implications
– Shows that coaching helps people to acquire skills, abilities and knowledge to enhance their leadership excellence.

Social implications
– Seeks strong support from all stakeholders including educators, trainers, mentors and counselors to differentiate coaching from other disciplines.

Originality/value
– Turns the spotlight on coaching as a specialism that can make a difference to the lives of learners.