bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Spinach‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Anti‐Obesity Therapy Through Lipid Accumulation Inhibition
Authors: Lee Jeong Hyun , Kang Su Jin , Rhee Won Jong 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObesity is a global health crisis, necessitating the development of biomaterial‐based treatments as alternatives to conventional chemical medications with adverse effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized lipid membrane vesicles containing bioactive components, have emerged as promising biomaterials owing to their biocompatibility, biodistribution, and minimal immune response. Although EVs have been extensively studied for anticancer and anti‐inflammatory properties, their potential for obesity therapy remains relatively unexplored. In this study, the therapeutic potential of spinach‐derived EVs (Spinex) against obesity is investigated. Spinex is successfully purified from spinach using size exclusion chromatography. Subsequent assessments reveals that Spinex efficiently penetrate preadipocytes without cytotoxicity. Stability assessments reveals that Spinex is stable under various temperatures and serum conditions, suggesting its suitability for storage and clinical use. In vitro studies on 3T3‐L1 cells demonstrate the ability of Spinex to suppress lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. In a high‐fat diet‐induced mouse model, oral Spinex administration significantly reduces adipose tissue weight and body weight gain by downregulating key adipogenic transcription factors. Biodistribution analysis reveals that Spinex accumulated predominantly in the liver, with no apparent toxicity to the major organs. Collectively, the findings highlight Spinex as a promising natural biomaterial for combating obesity and pave the way for further clinical investigations.
Novel Mito‐Nuclear Combinations Facilitate the Global Invasion of a Major Agricultural Crop Pest
Authors: Li Hongran , Liang Xinyue , Peng Yan , Liu Zhenxing , Zhang Lei , Wang Ping , Jin Minghui , Wilson Kenneth , Garvin Michael R. , Wu Kongming , Xiao Yutao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in biological invasions is crucial to developing effective risk assessment and control measures against invasive species. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a highly invasive pest that has rapidly spread from its native Americas into much of the Eastern Hemisphere, with a highly homogeneous nuclear genetic background. However, the exact mechanism behind its rapid introduction and propagation remains unclear. Here, a systematic investigation is conducted into the population dynamics of FAW in China from 2019 to 2021 and found that FAW individuals carrying “rice” mitochondria (FAW‐mR) are more prevalent (>98%) than that with “corn” mitochondria (FAW‐mC) at the initial stage of the invasion and in newly‐occupied non‐overwintering areas. Further fitness experiments show that the two hybrid‐strains of FAW exhibit different adaptions in the new environment in China, and this may have been facilitated by amino acid changes in mitochondrial‐encoded proteins. FAW‐mR used increases energy metabolism, faster wing‐beat frequencies, and lower wing loadings to drive greater flight performance and subsequent rapid colonization of new habitats. In contrast, FAW‐mC individuals adapt with more relaxed mitochondria and shuttle energetics into maternal investment, observed as faster development rate and higher fecundity. The presence of two different mitochondria types within FAW has the potential to significantly expand the range of damage and enhance competitive advantage. Overall, the study describes a novel invasion mechanism displayed by the FAW population that facilitates its expansion and establishment in new environments.
Modeling the Effects of Protracted Cosmic Radiation in a Human Organ‐on‐Chip Platform
Authors: Tavakol Daniel Naveed , Nash Trevor R. , Kim Youngbin , Graney Pamela L. , Liberman Martin , Fleischer Sharon , Lock Roberta I. , O'Donnell Aaron , Andrews Leah , Ning Derek , Yeager Keith , Harken Andrew , Deoli Naresh , Amundson Sally A. , Garty Guy , Leong Kam W. , Brenner David J. , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana 
Published: July 2024

AbstractGalactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is one of the most serious risks posed to astronauts during missions to the Moon and Mars. Experimental models capable of recapitulating human physiology are critical to understanding the effects of radiation on human organs and developing radioprotective measures against space travel exposures. The effects of systemic radiation are studied using a multi‐organ‐on‐a‐chip (multi‐OoC) platform containing engineered tissue models of human bone marrow (site of hematopoiesis and acute radiation damage), cardiac muscle (site of chronic radiation damage) and liver (site of metabolism), linked by vascular circulation with an endothelial barrier separating individual tissue chambers from the vascular perfusate. Following protracted neutron radiation, the most damaging radiation component in deep space, a greater deviation of tissue function is observed as compared to the same cumulative dose delivered acutely. Further, by characterizing engineered bone marrow (eBM)‐derived immune cells in circulation, 58 unique genes specific to the effects of protracted neutron dosing are identified, as compared to acutely irradiated and healthy tissues. It propose that this bioengineered platform allows studies of human responses to extended radiation exposure in an “astronaut‐on‐a‐chip” model that can inform measures for mitigating cosmic radiation injury.
Fully Breaking Entanglement of Multiple Harmonics for Space‐ and Frequency‐Division Multiplexing Wireless Applications via Space‐Time‐Coding Metasurface
Authors: Luo Zhangjie , Zhang Zhiming , Tai Junwei , Zhang Lei , Gao Chenglong , Ma Hui Feng , Jiang Wei Xiang , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHarmonic generation and utilization are significant topics in nonlinear science. Although the progress in the microwave region has been expedited by the development of time‐modulated metasurfaces, one major issue of these devices is the strong entanglement of multiple harmonics, leading to criticism of their use in frequency‐division multiplexing (FDM) applications. Previous studies have attempted to overcome this limitation, but they suffer from designing complexity or insufficient controlling capability. Here a new space‐time‐coding metasurface (STCM) is proposed to independently and precisely synthesize not only the phases but also the amplitudes of various harmonics. This promising feature is successfully demonstrated in wireless space‐ and frequency‐division multiplexing experiments, where modulated and unmodulated signals are simultaneously transmitted via different harmonics using a shared STCM. To illustrate the advantages, binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are respectively implemented. Behind the intriguing functionality, the mechanism of the space‐time coding strategy and the analytical designing method are elaborated, which are validated numerically and experimentally. It is believed that the achievements can potentially propel the time‐vary metasurfaces in the next‐generation wireless applications.
The determination of desired plant density in soils with different fertility in a region for mechanized rice cultivation
Authors: Mobasser Hamid Reza , Sadeghi Seyyed Ali , Alipour Abookheili Farshid 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPhysicochemical characteristics of soil, especially organic matter and soil texture, affect the optimal plant density in rice (Oryza sativa L.). A split‐plot field experiment was done based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in four replications in Amol (Northern Iran) on the coastal strip of the Caspian Sea. The experimental treatments, that is, soil fertility (infertile, semi‐fertile, and fertile) as the whole‐plot factor and plant density (low, medium, and high by 15.2, 19.6, and 27.8 plants m−2, respectively) as the split‐plot factor, were studied over 2 years (2022 and 2023). The results indicated the greatest and smallest number of days from planting to tillering and from tillering to flowering for infertile soil, respectively. The maximum root fresh weight was measured during the tillering stage for infertile soil, whereas for fertile soil, the highest root fresh weight was recorded throughout the phases of panicle initiation and flowering. The greatest root length was measured at the tillering stage for 2022 in high‐density infertile soil. The lowest number of panicles m−2 and the percentage of full spikelets were obtained from infertile soil. The highest grain yield was obtained from high‐density fertile soil. In mechanized rice cultivation, high density is suggested for fertile and semi‐fertile soils and low density for infertile soil.
Bifunctional Chiral Electrocatalysts Enable Enantioselective α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes
Authors: He Jin‐Yu , Zhu Cuiju , Duan Wen‐Xi , Kong Ling‐Xuan , Wang Na‐Na , Wang Yan‐Zhao , Fan Zhi‐Yong , Qiao Xin‐Ying , Xu Hao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHerein, we describe an innovative approach to the asymmetric electrochemical α‐alkylation of aldehydes facilitated by a newly designed bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst. The highly efficient bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst combines a chiral aminocatalyst with a redox mediator. It plays a dual role as a redox mediator for electrooxidation, while simultaneously providing remarkable asymmetric induction for the stereoselective α‐alkylation of aldehydes. Additionally, this novel catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and excellent stereoselective control comparable to conventional catalytic systems. As a result, this strategy provides a new avenue for versatile asymmetric electrochemistry. The electrooxidation of diverse phenols enables the C−H/C−H oxidative α‐alkylation of aldehydes in a highly chemo‐ and stereoselective fashion. Detailed mechanistic studies by control experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrate possible reaction pathways and the origin of enantio‐induction.
Macroporous hydrogel prepared via aqueous polymerization induced phase separation toward in situ immobilization of yeast
Authors: Sun Yuanyuan , Cai Ruiyun , Liu Bowei , Xu Chuangbang , Zhang Shengmiao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractYeast‐loaded open‐cell macroporous poly(acrylamide) (PAM) hydrogels are prepared by polymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) with potassium persulfate (KPS)‐yeast as a redox initiator in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) aqueous solution. The presence of PEG not only allows the sizes of both void and interconnected pores of the hydrogels controllable, but also enlarges the void. Which makes it possible to embed cells in situ and efficiently transport nutrients inside the hydrogels. Yeasts are herein used to form a redox pair with KPS to run the polymerization of acrylamide (AM) at a mild temperature (less than 31°C), avoiding the cell inactivation during the polymerization. The in situ immobilization causes a uniformly distribution and high immobilization rate (~100%) of yeasts in the hydrogels. The hydrogels are then used to ferment glucose to produce ethanol, exhibiting high fermentation efficiency of 68%. After 10 cycles, the yeast can still maintain 86% of the initial fermentation efficiency. The yeasts maintain 87% and 93% of the initial cell activity after 1 week store at 4°C in dry state and in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) medium, respectively. This study demonstrates that an aqueous PIPS initiated by peroxide‐target cells is an effective platform to efficiently in situ immobilize cells in a hydrogel for high performance fermentation.
Data snapshots of the access and participation of ‘women’ academics in UK universities: Questioning continued gendered, racialised and geopolitical inequalities
Authors: Belluigi Dina Zoe , Arday Jason , O'Keeffe Joanne 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReplete with espoused discourses of equality, diversity and inclusion within public bodies, is the UK, wherein lauded initiatives reward its universities’ commitments to increasing the access and positioning of ‘women’ in higher education. This paper contributes a critical quantitative analysis of the state of representation and participation of academic staff within these universities generally, and the majority‐female discipline of education particularly. Education is important because it has a direct relation to social change and ethicality. It may maintain or reproduce the status quo; however, exercising its transformative potential is essential for the success of various international frameworks aiming to address global inequality, including most recently the Sustainable Development Goals. Sensitised by QuantCrit principles, a descriptive statistical exploration was undertaken of the staff composition and employment conditions captured within the administrative datasets reported on academic staff by all the public universities in the devolved nations of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales from 2015 to 2020. The findings of this study confirmed: (i) the continuation of gendered inequalities across the academic hierarchy, particularly as the pyramid narrows to the assigned intellectual leadership position of ‘professor’; (ii) racialised, gendered inequalities in access to employment, and in positioning once employed; and (iii) more adverse conditions where gendered, racialised and geopolitical inequalities intersect, most extremely for Black African female academics. The study demonstrates that the centring of ‘race’ and consideration of nationality are required to challenge coloniality, and to bring to the fore the differential impacts of systems of discrimination within this globally influential sector.
Physical exercise, social relationships, and bullying perpetration among school adolescents in China
Authors: Zhou Hang , Chen Ji‐Kang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDespite contradictory empirical evidence, some suggest that physical exercise is directly related to bullying perpetration. Moreover, the quality of social relationships between adolescents and their parents, peers, and teachers has been proposed as a crucial mediator in the relationship between physical exercise and bullying perpetration. However, few empirical studies have examined such hypotheses. This study used data obtained from the 2014–2015 China Education Panel Survey to examine the direct association between physical exercise and bullying behaviors, as well as the indirect pathways from physical exercise to bullying that are mediated by teenagers' social relationship quality. The results showed no significant direct relationship between physical exercise and bullying behaviors. However, physical exercise has indirect associations with bullying behaviors mediated through social relationship quality, with peer relationships having the strongest mediating effect. The findings indicate that social relationships could mediate the association between physical exercise and bullying behaviors. The study suggests that future prevention and intervention programs should promote adolescents' participation in physical exercise and their social interactions with parents, peers, and teachers to reduce bullying perpetration.
Healing involvement and stressful involvement experienced by psychotherapy trainees: Patterns, correlates and perceived development
Authors: Orlinsky D. E. , Rønnestad M. H. , Willutzki U. , Schröder T. A. , Heinonen E. , Löffler‐Stastka H. , Messina I. , Pirke J. , Hartmann A. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackground and MethodThe experiences of 454 psychotherapy trainees when providing therapy to patients were surveyed in a multinational sample largely from European countries, as part of the collaborative SPRISTAD study, using established measures of trainees' Healing Involvement (HI) and Stressful Involvement (SI).ResultsThe results of cross‐sectional analyses included the delineation of four differential patterns of therapeutic work involvement showing approximately half the trainees experienced an Effective Practice (high HI, low SI) while the other half experienced either a Challenging Practice (high HI, high SI), a Disengaged Practice (low HI, low SI) or a Distressing Practice (low HI, high SI).DiscussionStrong‐to‐moderate correlations were found between involvement styles and trainees' individual personal and professional characteristics, and among training programme and workplace situational conditions, and their possible applications to candidate selection and training practices were discussed. A strong association was seen between HI and SI qualities of trainees' therapeutic work and their positive or negative experiences of current professional development. Implications for training and hypotheses for future longitudinal studies were proposed based on the results.
Integration of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Hydrotalcites for Biomass Conversion and Aldol Condensation: Toward Platform Chemicals and Jet Fuel Synthesis—A Review
Authors: Ceaser Regan , Montané Daniel , Medina Francesc , Constantí Magda 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe abundance and renewability of lignocellulosic biomass have made it a suitable alternative to fossil fuels in the reduction of global warming. The complex nature of the cellulose–hemicellulose–lignin bonds in the biomass makes it difficult to directly obtain platform chemicals. Pretreatment of the biomass has become a solution to remove lignin and obtain cellulose and or hemicellulose to produce platform chemicals. Platform chemicals such as hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and levulinic acid are viable feedstocks for aldol condensation to produce C8–C15 fuels. This review reports on deep eutectic solvents and microwave‐assisted pretreatment as green techniques for the delignification and platform chemicals production. Emphasis is placed on the use of hydrotalcites (HTs) as catalysts in platform chemicals production and aldol condensation for C8–C15 alkane fuels. Additionally, the hydrogenation of furfural into cyclopentanone and successive conversion into C10 and C15 alkanes with HTs was reviewed.
Zirconium Catalyst Grafted on Ceria‐Coated Silica for Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Diethyl Carbonate
Authors: Nagae Haruki , Koizumi Hiroki , Takeuchi Katsuhiko , Hamura Satoshi , Yamamoto Toshihide , Matsumoto Kazuhiro , Kamimura Yoshihiro , Kataoka Sho , Fukaya Norihisa , Choi Jun‐Chul 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA heterogeneous zirconium catalyst was grafted on a ceria‐coated silica support, denoted as Zr(OEt)x/CeO2/SiO2. It exhibited higher catalytic activity compared to its homogeneous counterpart, Zr(OEt)4, in the conversion of carbon dioxide to diethyl carbonate using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a regenerable agent in the absence of any dehydrating agents under non‐protic conditions. We found that the ceria‐coated silica (CeO2/SiO2) support not only improved the catalytic activity of Zr(OEt)4 but also inhibited catalyst deactivation during catalyst recycling tests. Furthermore, we analyzed the surface of the Zr(OEt)x/CeO2/SiO2 catalysts by FE‐SEM and EDX.
Low‐Temperature Ammonia Decomposition over Sm2O3 Supported Non‐Noble Metal (Fe, Co, and Ni) Catalysts
Authors: Li Ruili , Wang Qianru , Wang Jiemin , Ju Xiaohua , He Teng , Guo Jianping , Liu Lin , Chen Ping 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe generation of hydrogen from ammonia has arisen great interests along with the flourish of hydrogen energy. The widely utilization of ruthenium in catalyzing ammonia decomposition has triggered research on the development of alternative catalysts based on more readily available non‐noble metals. Herein, a series of non‐noble metal catalysts with Co/Ni/Fe nanoparticles anchored on Sm2O3 nanorods are developed via a facile precipitation method, which can effectively catalyze ammonia decomposition at temperatures below 600 °C. Among these non‐noble catalysts, Co/Sm2O3 performs the best and achieves a constant H2 production rate of 163 mmolH2/gCo/min for more than 100 hours under the condition of 550 °C and WHSV=15000 mL/gcat/h, which exceeds most of the recently reported Co‐based catalysts. Further characterizations have disclosed that such superior catalytic performance should originate from the improved interaction between non‐noble metals and Sm2O3 support. These findings not only provide a series of active and robust non‐noble catalysts for catalyzing ammonia decomposition at relatively low temperatures, but also manifest the effect of rare earth oxides in regulating the geometric and electronic properties of non‐noble metals through metal‐support interactions.
Transition Metal Complexes with Appended Benzimidazole Groups for Sensing Dihydrogenphosphate
Authors: Howells Chloe L. , Stocker Andrew J. , Lea Joshua N. , Halcovitch Nathan R. , Patel Humaira , Fletcher Nicholas C. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFour new complexes [Ru(bpy)2(bbib)](PF6)2, [Ru(phen)2(bbib)](PF6)2, [Re(CO)3(bbib)(py)](PF6) and [Ir(ppy)2(bbib)](PF6) [where bbib=4,4′‐bis(benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine] have been prepared and their photophysical properties determined. Their behaviour has been studied with a variety of anions in acetonitrile, DMSO and 10 % aquated DMSO. Acetate and dihydrogenphosphate demonstrate a redshift in the bbib ligand associated absorptions suggesting that the ligand is strongly interacting with these anions. The 3MLCT emissive state is sensitive to the introduction of small quantities of anion (sub‐stoichiometric quantities) and significant quenching is typically observed with acetate, although this is less pronounced in the presence of water. The emissive behaviour with dihydrogenphosphate is variable, showing systematic changes as anion concentration increases with several distinct interactions evident. 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR titrations in a 10 % D2O−DMSO‐D6 mixture suggest that with dihydrogenphosphate, the imidazole group is able to act as both a proton acceptor and donor. It appears that all four complexes can form a {[complex]2‐H2PO4} “dimer”, a one‐to‐one species (which the X‐ray crystallography study suggests is dimeric in the solid‐state), and a complex with a combined bis(dihydrogenphosphate) complex anion. The speciation relies on complex equilibria dependent on several factors including the complex charge, the hydrophobicity of the associated ligands, and the solvent.