bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement and Growth of Juvenile Colorado Pikeminnows in the San Juan River, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Authors: Durst Scott L. , Franssen Nathan R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUnderstanding patterns of animal distribution and abundance based on their movements is important to identify the habitats and factors that maximize growth and reproductive success. Despite stocking age‐0 hatchery‐reared Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius for over 10 years in the San Juan River of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, the population consists primarily of stocked juveniles; adults remain rare. We investigated seasonal movement and growth of juvenile Colorado Pikeminnows in the San Juan River from 2009 to 2012 to inform recovery efforts throughout the Colorado River basin. Our results indicated fish made long‐distance upstream movements from spring to summer while moving back downstream over winter. Seasonal movements may be associated with maximizing growth along longitudinal and seasonal temperature regimes. Length‐at‐age relationships reveal Colorado Pikeminnows in the San Juan River were larger than individuals of the same age in other populations in the upper Colorado River basin. While warmer water temperatures may have played some role in the larger lengths at age we observed, the hatchery‐reared fish that are stocked at age 0 are probably larger than their wild‐spawned counterparts of the same age. Variation in growth rates among size‐classes indicates small Colorado Pikeminnows (<200 mm TL) had slower growth rates than larger individuals in the San Juan River, suggesting a possible resource limitation for smaller juvenile fish. Understanding how seasonal movement and growth of all life stages of Colorado Pikeminnow interact with modified river systems will be important for population conservation and recovery efforts in the upper Colorado River basin.
Soil fertility and parasitoids shape herbivore selection on plants
Authors: Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Parra‐Tabla Víctor , Campbell Diane R. , Mooney Kailen A. 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Although plants and herbivores interact under varying soil resources and natural enemy effects, little is known about how these factors influence plant–herbivore interactions and shape the evolution of plant and herbivore traits. Here, we ask whether soil fertility and parasitoids shape selection on fruit number imposed by a seed predator (SP) on the perennial herb Ruellia nudiflora.

We used a common garden where half the plants of 14 genetic families were fertilized and recorded the abundance of cleistogamous (CL) fruits and seeds, SPs and parasitoids. We calculated relative fitness per family based on CL seed number under the following three scenarios: three trophic levels (accounting for SP and parasitoid effects), two trophic levels (accounting for SP but not parasitoid effects), and one trophic level (fitness in absence of SPs), and compared selection strength on fruit number between trophic scenarios and fertility environments.

In unfertilized conditions, SPs selected for increased CL fruit number, whereas parasitoids dampened (but did not eliminate) this selective impact. With fertilization, however, selection by SPs was reduced and unaffected by parasitoids.

Synthesis. Overall, we show that parasitoids can shape herbivore selection on plants, but that both herbivore and parasitoid selective impacts depend upon the abiotic environment. These findings underscore how linkages between abiotic factors and trophic complexity influence the ecological and evolutionary outcomes of species interactions.
Competition for light and water play contrasting roles in driving diversity–productivity relationships in Iberian forests
Authors: Jucker Tommaso , Bouriaud Olivier , Avacaritei Daniel , Dănilă Iulian , Duduman Gabriel , Valladares Fernando , Coomes David A. 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Mixed‐species forests generally sequester and store more carbon in above‐ground woody biomass compared to species‐poor systems. However, the mechanisms driving the positive relationship between diversity and above‐ground wood production (AWP) remain unclear.

We investigate the role of competition for light and water as possible sources of complementarity among Iberian pine and oak species. Using tree core data from permanent plots, we test the hypotheses that (i) contrasting abilities of pines and oaks to tolerate shade will promote AWP in mixtures, while (ii) drought stress results in less room for complementarity.

We found that pine species receive more light, develop larger crowns and grow 138–155% faster when in mixture with oaks. However, this positive effect of species mixing on growth was severely reduced under drought conditions due to increased competition for water with neighbouring oaks. In contrast to pines, oak trees were less responsive to mixing, primarily as a result of their ability to tolerate shade and water shortage.

Mixed pine‐oak forests produce an average 48% more above‐ground woody biomass compared to monocultures each year. However, the magnitude of the diversity effect on AWP fluctuates with time, decreasing noticeably in strength during drought years.

Synthesis. Complementary light use strategies among neighbouring trees are critical in explaining why above‐ground wood production (AWP) increases in mixed‐species stands. In contrast, drought causes trees in mixture to compete more fiercely for below‐ground resources, leaving less room for complementarity and causing positive diversity effects to lessen in strength. Together, these two mechanisms provide much needed context for AWP–diversity relationships in Mediterranean forests. Whether or not managing for mixed pine‐oak forests proves to be beneficial for AWP is likely to depend on how climate changes in the Iberian Peninsula.
Aboriginal Disadvantage in Major Cities of New South Wales: Evidence for Holistic Policy Approaches
Authors: Reeve Rebecca , Bradford Wylie 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAboriginal Australians experience disadvantage relative to other Australians across multiple socioeconomic indicators. Whilst Aboriginal disadvantage occurs across the nation, its characteristics may differ between locations. This article presents the first econometric analysis of Aboriginal disadvantage in major cities of New South Wales. The analysis is based on a multiple indicator framework devised by the Productivity Commission, populated with data from the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey of 2002. The results demonstrate the key drivers and interdependence of various indicators of Aboriginal disadvantage. This supports holistic approaches to improving Aboriginal welfare, rather than focusing on individual policy areas in isolation.
Temporal trends in stillbirth in the United States, 1992–2004: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Zhang X , Kramer MS 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo examine temporal trends in stillbirth and its risk factors in the United States (US), and to assess the contribution of labour induction and caesarean delivery to the stillbirth rate.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study based on linked birth‐infant death and fetal death data files from the US National Vital Statistics System.SettingComplete data were available for 44 states and the District of Columbia.Population or SampleSingleton births from 1992 to 2004.MethodsWe assessed changes in stillbirth rates from 1992–1994 to 2002–2004 before and after adjustment for changes in maternal characteristics including maternal age, education, smoking, and medical risk factors, using Cox regression models. We also carried out an ecological study, using states as the units of analysis, to assess the impact on the stillbirth rate of increasing induction and caesarean delivery. Race‐specific subgroup analyses were performed and included non‐Hispanic Whites and non‐Hispanic Blacks.Main outcome measureStillbirth rate.ResultsThe stillbirth rate among non‐Hispanic White singleton births decreased 11.5% from 1992–1994 (5.2 per 1000) to 2002–2004 (4.6 per 1000). After adjustment for maternal risk factors, the hazard ratio (HR) for 2002–2004 was 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) for gestational age (GA) ≤39 weeks, but 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) at 40 or more weeks. The ecologic analysis revealed a nonsignificant negative correlation of −0.17 (−0.44, 0.13) between state‐level changes in stillbirth at GA ≥40 weeks and labour induction. A nonsignificant positive correlation of 0.23 (−0.07, 0.49) was observed between changes in stillbirth at all GAs and caesarean delivery and did not differ at GA ≤39 versus ≥40 weeks. Results were similar among non‐Hispanic Blacks.ConclusionsChanges in maternal risk factors explained the reduction in stillbirth at GA ≤39 weeks but not at ≥40 weeks. The rise in labour induction and caesarean delivery rates did not explain the reduction in stillbirth ≥40 weeks of gestation.
Multidisciplinary assessment for immediate breast reconstruction: A new approach
Authors: Simpson Jory S. , Baltzer Heather , McMillian Catherine R. , Boileau Jean Francois , Wright Frances , Lipa Joan , Snell Laura , Holloway Claire 
Published: May 2014

AimRates of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following a mastectomy in Canada have historically been low. To address this deficiency, our group established Canada's first multidisciplinary IBR clinic with the purpose of determining if the clinic increased our institutional rate of IBR and to evaluate the impact of IBR on quality of life in women with breast cancer.Patients and MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed to determine the percentage of clinic attendees that had IBR and the total number of IBR procedures done at our institution in the first year of the clinic. This rate was compared to a historical control to determine if the initiation of the clinic correlated with an increase in the number of women undergoing IBR. Finally, patients who underwent IBR were administered the BREAST‐Q, a validated questionnaire, which was compared to a delayed breast reconstruction control group.ResultsOur institution's overall rate of IBR increased from 15 per cent in 2009 to 37 per cent in 2011. Women who underwent delayed reconstruction were found to have significantly reduced psychosocial and sexual wellbeing preoperatively.ConclusionA high rate of IBR is obtainable with increased awareness and a process to facilitate a multidisciplinary approach to surgically treating women with breast cancer.
Comparison of flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the management of 10–20‐mm renal stones: A 5‐year retrospective study
Authors: Liao Wenbiao , Yang Sixing , Qian Huijun , Song Chao , Xiong Yunhe 
Published: May 2014

AimThe aim of the present study was to review our 5‐year experience and compare the outcomes of flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating 10–20‐mm renal stones.Patients and MethodsIn this retrospective study, we compared 310 patients with renal stones of 10–20‐mm size treated with PCNL (n = 164) or fURS (n = 175) between March 2008 and March 2013. The parameters of patients included age, body mass index and sex, as well as the size, location, and previous stone treatments. Factors, such as operation duration, hospitalization time, drop in haemoglobin level, complications, stone‐free rate (SFR) and necessitating blood transfusion were analysed.ResultsThe two groups had comparable demographic data, such as age, sex, stone size and localization. The mean operation duration for PCNL was 52.6 min, and for fURS, 81.3 min (P < 0.001). The mean hospitalization time for PCNL was 7.5 days, and for fURS, 4.3 days (P < 0.001). The mean drop in haemoglobin level and necessitating blood transfusion for fURS was less than that for PCNL (P < 0.001). Postoperative complications, such as fever and urine leakage after PCNL, were significantly higher than that after fURS, but the incidence of sepsis in both groups had no difference (P > 0.05). The SFR was 82.3 per cent after fURS and 91.4 per cent after PCNL at the first day, postoperatively (P > 0.05). Four weeks after the staged procedure, the SFR was 96.4 per cent after fURS and 97.7 per cent after PCNL (P > 0.05). After the second‐stage procedure, the SFR was significantly higher than that at the first day, postoperatively, in the fURS group (82.3 per cent vs 96.4 per cent, P < 0.05).ConclusionBoth PCNL and fURS are effective for renal stones that are 10–20 mm in size. Although accompanied by higher rate of second‐stage procedures and longer operation duration, compared with PCNL, fURS has the advantages of reduced hospital stay, reduced blood transfusion requirements and decreased postoperative complications. fURS is a good alternative for renal stones that are 10–20 mm in size.
Does every US smoker bear the same cigarette tax?
Authors: Xu Xin , Malarcher Ann , O'Halloran Alissa , Kruger Judy 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimsTo evaluate state cigarette excise tax pass‐through rates for selected price‐minimizing strategies.DesignMultivariate regression analysis of current smokers from a stratified, national, dual‐frame telephone survey.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsA total of 16 542 adult current smokers aged 18 years or older.MeasurementsCigarette per pack prices paid with and without coupons were obtained for pack versus carton purchase, use of generic brands versus premium brands, and purchase from Indian reservations versus outside Indian reservations.FindingsThe average per pack prices paid differed substantially by price‐minimizing strategy. Smokers who used any type of price‐minimizing strategies paid substantially less than those who did not use these strategies (P < 0.05). Premium brand users who purchased by pack in places outside Indian reservations paid the entire amount of the excise tax, together with an additional premium of 7–10 cents per pack for every $1 increase in excise tax (pass‐through rate of 1.07–1.10, P < 0.05). In contrast, carton purchasers, generic brand users or those who were likely to make their purchases on Indian reservations paid only 30–83 cents per pack for every $1 tax increase (pass‐through rate of 0.30–0.83, P < 0.05).ConclusionsMany smokers in the United States are able to avoid the full impact of state excise tax on cost of smoking by buying cartons, using generic brands and buying from Indian reservations.
Fluoride content of tank water in Australia
Authors: Cochrane NJ , Hopcraft MS , Tong AC , Thean HL , Thum YS , Tong DE , Wen J , Zhao SC , Stanton DP , Yuan Y , Shen P , Reynolds EC 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aims of this study were to: (1) analyse the fluoride content of tank water; (2) determine whether the method of water collection or storage influenced fluoride content; and (3) survey participant attitudes towards water fluoridation.MethodsPlastic tubes and a questionnaire were distributed through dentists to households with water tanks in Victoria. A midstream tank water sample was collected and fluoride analysed in triplicate using ion chromatographyResultsAll samples (n = 123) contained negligible amounts of fluoride, with a mean fluoride concentration of <0.01 ppm (range: <0.01–0.18 ppm). No statistically significant association was found between fluoride content and variables investigated such as tank material, tank age, roof material and gutter material. Most people did not know whether their tank water contained fluoride and 40.8% preferred to have access to fluoridated water. The majority thought fluoride was safe and more than half of the respondents supported fluoridation. Fluoride content of tank water was well below the optimal levels for caries prevention.ConclusionsPeople who rely solely on tank water for drinking may require additional exposure to fluoride for optimal caries prevention.
Clinical and microbiological characterization of localized aggressive periodontitis: a cohort study
Authors: Oettinger‐Barak O , Sela MN , Sprecher H , Machtei EE 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundLocalized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) is an infectious periodontal disease which generally affects young people. Recent data suggest the involvement of different bacterial species in different populations. The causative bacterial species in Israel has never been identified despite a high prevalence of LAgP in this population. The objectives of this study were to characterize the bacterial microbiota of periodontal pockets within an Israeli LAgP population who were also clinically assessed.MethodsTwenty‐one LAgP patients (test) and 12 chronic periodontitis patients (control) were examined. Bacterial samples were collected from periodontal pockets and analysed by both culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Mann–Whitney U test and chi‐square test were used to compare results between the groups.ResultsHigher levels of Parvimonas micra (>106), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (>105), Fusobacterium nucleatum/F. periodonticum (>106), and Tannerella forsythia (levels of 105 to 106 bacteria) were detected in the LAgP group compared to the control (p < 0.05), while levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were higher in the CP group.ConclusionsThe characteristic periodontal bacterial flora of LAgP patients in Israel is mainly comprised of P. micra, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum/F. periodonticum and T. forsythia. Similar population based studies of each population will improve the quality of treatment of LAgP when individual sampling is not possible.
A study of osseointegrated dental implants following cremation
Authors: Berketa JW , James H , Langlois NEI , Richards LC 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe comparison of dental morphology and restorative work for human identification has been well documented. This case study involved documentation of osseointegrated and clinically restored dental implants following cremation.MethodsThe mandible and the maxilla were excised from a head containing implants and cremated. The remains were retrieved, digital and radiographic images were taken and elemental analysis undertaken. The brand of implants was identified utilizing web based search engines. A prosthodontist, known to commonly use this implant system, was approached to ascertain possibilities that matched the data given.ResultsFollowing cremation the implants were identified and a prosthodontist was able to identify the deceased. Two implants in the maxilla had dehiscences on their buccal surfaces, which could not be detected by periapical radiographs.ConclusionsDental implants osseointegrated and restored with a prosthetic superstructure were recognizable following severe incineration. It was possible to trace back the identity of the unknown victim to a prosthodontist. Bone dehiscences discovered in this study highlighted how two‐dimensional radiographs may not reveal lack of bone support.
Hard to reach communities or hard to access services? Migrant mothers' experiences of dental services
Authors: Riggs E , Gussy M , Gibbs L , van Gemert C , Waters E , Kilpatrick N 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundGood oral health is an important component of overall health which can help migrants settle in a new country. Infant oral health is intimately associated with maternal oral health knowledge and behaviours and therefore, encounters with dental services. This study aimed to explore the experiences of dental service use from the perspective of migrant mothers living in Melbourne, Australia.MethodsA participatory research approach utilizing qualitative methods was adopted. Women from Iraq, Lebanon and Pakistan participated. Semi‐structured focus groups and interviews were conducted and thematic analysis of the data was completed.ResultsFocus groups (n = 11) and interviews (n = 7) were conducted with 115 women. Despite an understanding that visiting the dentist was important for promoting oral health, the first dental contact for both the women and their children was typically for emergency care. Accessibility, cost and waiting lists were identified as significant barriers to attendance. Problematic interpreter encounters often led to negative experiences which were compounded by a perception that public services provided poorer quality of care.ConclusionsDespite evidence of poorer oral health, migrant women face significant barriers in accessing mainstream dental services. Reorientation of such services, to address the accessibility and experience for migrant communities may help reduce oral health inequalities.
Self‐rated oral health and oral health‐related factors: the role of social inequality
Authors: Mejia G , Armfield JM , Jamieson LM 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe reasons why social inequality is associated with oral health outcomes is poorly understood. This study investigated whether stratification by different measures of socio‐economic status (SES) helped elucidate these associations.MethodsCross‐sectional survey data were used from Australia's 2004–06 National Survey of Adult Oral Health. The outcome variable was poor self‐rated oral health. Explanatory variables comprised five domains: demographic, economic, general health behaviour, oral health‐related quality of life and perceived need for dental care. These explanatory variables were each stratified by three measures of SES: education, income and occupation.ResultsThe overall proportion of adults reporting fair or poor oral health was 17.0% (95% CI 16.1, 18.0). Of these, a higher proportion were older, Indigenous, non‐Australian born, poorly educated, annual income <$20 000, unemployed, eligible for public dental care, smoked tobacco, avoided food in the last 12 months, experienced discomfort with their dental appearance, experienced toothache or reported a need for dental care. In stratified analyses, a greater number of differences persisted in the oral health impairment and perceived need for dental care domains.ConclusionsIrrespective of the SES measure used, more associations between self‐rated oral health and dental‐specific factors were observed than associations between self‐rated oral health and general factors.
A retrospective analysis of oral and maxillofacial pathology in an Australian paediatric population
Authors: Ha WN , Kelloway E , Dost F , Farah CS 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of oral and maxillofacial pathology has not previously been reported in the Australian paediatric population. This study aimed to audit a large pathology service to provide insight into the prevalence of oral and maxillofacial pathology.MethodsWritten records of a major Australian oral pathology service were imported into an electronic database. Age, gender and histological diagnosis were assessed. Prevalence of histological diagnoses as a percentage of the major diagnostic categories and of the whole sample were calculated, as well as gender predilections and mean age of presentation of disease.ResultsA total of 1305 oral pathology specimens, collected from paediatric patients aged 16 and under were included in the analysis. The most common pathology was dental pathology (24.4%), followed by odontogenic cysts (18.5%) and mucosal pathology (17.0%). The most frequently encountered lesion was the dentigerous cyst (9.4%), followed by fibrous hyperplasia (8.3%), radicular cyst (5.2%) and chronic periapical granuloma (5.2%).ConclusionsIn the paediatric population, dental pathology and specifically, the dentigerous cyst is the most common pathology type sent for histopathology, suggesting a high prevalence of pathology of dental origin occurring in Australian children.