bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osmotic pressure induced tensile forces in tendon collagen
Authors: Masic Admir , Bertinetti Luca , Schuetz Roman , Chang Shu-Wei , Metzger Till Hartmut , Buehler Markus J. , Fratzl Peter 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWater is an important component of collagen in tendons, but its role for the function of this load-carrying protein structure is poorly understood. Here we use a combination of multi-scale experimentation and computation to show that water is an integral part of the collagen molecule, which changes conformation upon water removal. The consequence is a shortening of the molecule that translates into tensile stresses in the range of several to almost 100 MPa, largely surpassing those of about 0.3 MPa generated by contractile muscles. Although a complete drying of collagen would be relevant for technical applications, such as the fabrication of leather or parchment, stresses comparable to muscle contraction already occur at small osmotic pressures common in biological environments. We suggest, therefore, that water-generated tensile stresses may play a role in living collagen-based materials such as tendon or bone.
Structure and boosting activity of a starch-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase
Authors: Lo Leggio Leila , Simmons Thomas J. , Poulsen Jens-Christian N. , Frandsen Kristian E. H. , Hemsworth Glyn R. , Stringer Mary A. , von Freiesleben Pernille , Tovborg Morten , Johansen Katja S. , De Maria Leonardo , Harris Paul V. , Soong Chee-Leong , Dupree Paul , Tryfona Theodora , Lenfant Nicolas , Henrissat Bernard , Davies Gideon J. , Walton Paul H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are recently discovered enzymes that oxidatively deconstruct polysaccharides. LPMOs are fundamental in the effective utilization of these substrates by bacteria and fungi; moreover, the enzymes have significant industrial importance. We report here the activity, spectroscopy and three-dimensional structure of a starch-active LPMO, a representative of the new CAZy AA13 family. We demonstrate that these enzymes generate aldonic acid-terminated malto-oligosaccharides from retrograded starch and boost significantly the conversion of this recalcitrant substrate to maltose by β-amylase. The detailed structure of the enzyme’s active site yields insights into the mechanism of action of this important class of enzymes.
Critical Thinking About Fables: Examining Language Production and Comprehension in Adolescents
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. , Frantz-Kaspar Megan W. , Cramond Paige M. , Kirk Cecilia , Hayward-Mayhew Christine , MacKinnon Melanie 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
This study was designed primarily to determine if a critical-thinking task involving fables would elicit greater syntactic complexity than a conversational task in adolescents. Another purpose was to determine how well adolescents understand critical-thinking questions about fables.

Method

Forty adolescents (
N
= 20 boys and 20 girls; mean age = 14 years) with typical language development answered critical-thinking questions about the deeper meanings of fables. They also participated in a standard conversational task. The syntactic complexity of their responses during the speaking tasks was analyzed for mean length of communication unit (MLCU) and clausal density (CD).

Results
Both measures of syntactic complexity, MLCU and CD, were substantially greater during the critical-thinking task compared with the conversational task. It was also found that the adolescents understood the questions quite well, earning a mean accuracy score of 80%.

Conclusions
The critical-thinking task has potential for use as a new type of language-sampling tool to examine language production and comprehension in adolescents.
Apparently competing motivations in morphosyntactic variation
Authors: Mondorf Britta 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWith the revived interest in variation there has been growing readiness to incorporate competing motivations into linguistic theory‐building. Previous work (Mondorf 2009a) has shown that English comparatives are a showcase of grammatical variation, in which what looks like competing motivations at first glance turns out to be an emergent division of labour between synthetic and analytic means of expressing comparison. Analyticity is resorted to if explicitness is required because of an increased processing effort. Syntheticity is preferred in easy‐to‐process environments. This chapter discusses whether this claim extends to other synthetic–analytic contrasts: Spanish future alternation (comeré vs. voy a comer), English future alternation (She'll stay vs. She's going to stay), English genitive alternation (the topic's relevance vs. the relevance of the topic), English mood alternation (if he agree‐Ø vs. if he should agree) or German past tense alternation (sie brauchte…vs. sie hat…gebraucht), etc.
Roots in transitivity alternations
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe chapter investigates the interaction between non-active morphology and the ‘afto’-prefix, which has been called a reflexivizer. The main point of this chapter is that we need to distinguish between reflexivizers and triggers of reflexive interpretation. Reflexivizers are functions that turn relations into reflexive predicates. Triggers of reflexive interpretation bring about such an interpretation only when combined with a Voice structure that lacks an external argument. This is a reflexivization strategy only available in languages that have a semantically weak, underspecified, valency reducing morphology, such as Greek.
Building scalar changes
Authors: Hovav Malka Rappaport 
Published: January 2015

AbstractChange of state verbs and verbs of directed motion are shown to share interpretive properties and argument realization properties which are claimed to follow from the fact that they both lexically encode, or lexicalize, as scale. The semantic core of each verb in both classes is a stative scalar attribute, and the events in the denotation of the verb involve a change in the value of that scalar attribute. There is a similar typology of scalar attributes which form the core of both classes. In contrast, incremental theme verbs, which have also been claimed to be associated with a scale, do not show the same interpretive and argument realization properties. This is claimed to follow from the fact that the scale associated with these verbs is introduced by the direct object and not lexicalized by the verb.
Position Bias in Best‐worst Scaling Surveys: A Case Study on Trust in Institutions
Authors: Campbell Danny , Erdem Seda 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of items’ physical position in the best‐worst scaling technique. Although the best‐worst scaling technique has been widely used in many fields, the literature has largely overlooked the phenomenon of consumers’ adoption of processing strategies while making their best‐worst choices. We examine this issue in the context of consumers’ trust in institutions to provide information about a new food technology, nanotechnology, and its use in food processing. Our results show that approximately half of the consumers used position as a schematic cue when making choices. We find the position bias was particularly strong when consumers chose their most trustworthy institution compared to their least trustworthy institution. In light of our findings, we recommend that researchers in the field be aware of the possibility of position bias when designing best‐worst scaling surveys. We also encourage researchers who have already collected best‐worst data to investigate whether their data shows such heuristics.
Bias in microRNA functional enrichment analysis
Authors: Bleazard Thomas , Lamb Janine A , Griffiths-Jones Sam 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMotivation: Many studies have investigated the differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in disease states and between different treatments, tissues and developmental stages. Given a list of perturbed miRNAs, it is common to predict the shared pathways on which they act. The standard test for functional enrichment typically yields dozens of significantly enriched functional categories, many of which appear frequently in the analysis of apparently unrelated diseases and conditions.Results: We show that the most commonly used functional enrichment test is inappropriate for the analysis of sets of genes targeted by miRNAs. The hypergeometric distribution used by the standard method consistently results in significant P-values for functional enrichment for targets of randomly selected miRNAs, reflecting an underlying bias in the predicted gene targets of miRNAs as a whole. We developed an algorithm to measure enrichment using an empirical sampling approach, and applied this in a reanalysis of the gene ontology classes of targets of miRNA lists from 44 published studies. The vast majority of the miRNA target sets were not significantly enriched in any functional category after correction for bias. We therefore argue against continued use of the standard functional enrichment method for miRNA targets.Availability and implementation: A Python script implementing the empirical algorithm is freely available at http://sgjlab.org/empirical-go/.Contact: sam.griffiths-jones@manchester.ac.uk or janine.lamb@manchester.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Antiviral activity and CSF concentrations of 600/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir once daily in HIV-1 patients with plasma viral suppression
Authors: Di Yacovo Maria S. , Moltó José , Ferrer Elena , Curran Adrian , Else Laura , Gisslén Magnus , Clotet Bonaventura , Tiraboschi Juan M. , Niubò Jordi , Vila Antonia , Zetterberg H. , Back David , Podzamczer Daniel 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to assess whether a lower dose than the currently used one of darunavir/ritonavir might achieve good CSF concentrations and contribute to inhibition of CNS viral replication.

Patients and methods
This was a substudy of a randomized, open, multicentre study (eudraCT 2011-006272-39), comparing the efficacy and safety of 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir (darunavir 800) versus 600/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir (darunavir 600) once daily plus tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine in 100 virologically suppressed patients. Paired blood and CSF samples were obtained. Total plasma darunavir concentrations were determined by HPLC, and CSF concentrations by liquid chromatography–tandem MS. Viral load (VL) was determined in plasma and CSF (limit of detection = 40 copies/mL) by PCR.

Results
Sixteen patients were enrolled. The median (range) of darunavir CSF concentrations in darunavir 600 (n = 8) and darunavir 800 (n = 8) patients was 17.08 (5.79–30.19) and 13.23 (3.47–32.98) ng/mL, respectively (P = 0.916). The median (range) darunavir CSF:plasma ratio was 0.010 (0.005–0.022) in darunavir 600 patients and 0.008 (0.004–0.017) in the darunavir 800 arm (P = 0.370). All 16 patients had a VL &lt; 40 copies/mL in plasma and 14 had a VL &lt; 40 copies/mL in CSF. Of the two patients with detectable CSF VL (280 copies/mL and 159 copies/mL), one was receiving darunavir 600 and the other darunavir 800 plus tenofovir/emtricitabine. Of note, these patients had the lowest CSF darunavir concentrations in their respective groups: 5.79 ng/mL (802 ng/mL in plasma) and 3.47 ng/mL (958 ng/mL in plasma).

Conclusions
Darunavir CSF and plasma concentrations were comparable between the two arms. However, one patient from each group (with the lowest CSF darunavir concentrations in their respective groups) had detectable CSF VL despite undetectable plasma VL.
EOSDB: The database for nuclear equations of state
Authors: Ishizuka Chikako , Suda Takuma , Suzuki Hideyuki , Ohnishi Akira , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke , Toki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The nuclear equation of state (EoS) plays an important role in understanding the formation of compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. The true nature of the EoS has been a matter of debate at any density range not only in nuclear physics but also in astronomy and astrophysics. We have constructed a database of EoSs by compiling data from the literature. Our database contains the basic properties of the nuclear EoS of symmetric nuclear matter and of pure neutron matter. It also includes detailed information about the theoretical models, for example the adopted methods and assumptions in individual models. The novelty of the database is to consider new experimental probes such as symmetry energy, its slope with respect to the baryon density, and incompressibility, which enables users to check their model dependence. We demonstrate the performance of the EOSDB through examinations of model dependence among different nuclear EoSs. It is revealed that some theoretical EoSs, commonly used in astrophysics, do not satisfactorily agree with the experimental constraints.
Biomechanical Effects of a Dynamic Topping off Instrumentation in a Long Rigid Pedicle Screw Construct
Authors: Reichl Michael , Kueny Rebecca A. , Danyali Reza , Obid Peter , Übeyli Hüseyin , Püschel Klaus , Morlock Michael M. , Huber Gerd , Niemeyer Thomas , Richter Alexander 
Published: January 2015

Study Design:
Biomechanical ex vivo study.

Objective:
To determine if topping off instrumentation can reduce the hypermobility in the adjacent segments when compared with the classic rigid spinal instrumentation.

Summary of the Background Data:
Long rigid instrumentation might increase the mechanical load in the adjacent segments, the resulting hypermobility, and the risk for adjacent segment disease. Topping off instrumentation intends to reduce the hypermobility at the adjacent level by more evenly distributing segmental motion and, thereby, potentially mitigating adjacent level disease.

Materials and Methods:
Eight human spines (Th12–L5) were divided into 2 groups. In the rigid group, a 3-segment metal rod instrumentation (L2–L5) was performed. The hybrid group included a 2-segment metal rod instrumentation (L3–L5) with a dynamic topping off instrumentation (L2–L3). Each specimen was tested consecutively in 3 different configurations: native (N=8), 2-segment rod instrumentation (L3–L5, N=8), 3-segment instrumentation (rigid: N=4, hybrid: N=4). For each configuration the range of motion (ROM) of the whole spine and each level was measured by a motion capture system during 5 cycles of extension-flexion (angle controlled to ±5 degrees, 0.1 Hz frequency, no preload).

Results:
In comparison with the intact spine, both the rigid 3-segment instrumentation and the hybrid instrumentation significantly reduced the ROM in the instrumented segments (L2–L5) while increasing the movement in the adjacent segment L1–L2 (P=0.002, η2=0.82) and in Th12–L1 (P<0.001, η2=0.90). There were no ROM differences between the rigid and hybrid instrumentation in all segments.

Conclusions:
Introducing the dynamic topping off did not impart any significant difference in the segmental motion when compared with the rigid instrumentation. Therefore, the current biomechanical study could not show a benefit of using this specific topping off instrumentation to solve the problem of adjacent segment disease.
Proximal Junctional Kyphosis Following Posterior Hemivertebra Resection and Short Fusion in Children Younger Than 10 Years
Authors: Wang Yingsong , Kawakami Noriaki , Tsuji Taichi , Ohara Tetsuya , Suzuki Yoshitaka , Saito Toshiki , Nohara Ayato , Tauchi Ryoji , Kawakami Kazuki 
Published: January 2015

Study Design:
A retrospective study.

Objective:
To investigate whether proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) or obvious proximal junctional angle (PJA) changes in the sagittal plane develops following short fusion in children younger than 10 years of age with congenital scoliosis, and to investigate the possible risk factors.

Summary of Background Data:
PJK following long spinal fusion in adolescents and adults is a serious postoperative complication. Although the same problem may occur in patients with early-onset scoliosis who have undergone spine fusion, few studies have been reported any relationship between PJK and spinal fusion in young children with congenital scoliosis.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-seven children treated in a single institution between 1998 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. The inclusion criteria included (1) younger than 10 years of age at the time of operation; (2) simple congenital deformity; (3) hemivertebra treated by posterior hemivertebrectomy with short fusion at a maximum of 5 motion segments; and (4) minimum follow-up for 2 years. The PJA from the caudal endplate of the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) to the cephalad endplate of the vertebra adjacent to the UIV, thoracic kyphosis (T5–T12), lumbar lordosis (T12–S1), global sagittal balance, and magnitude of scoliosis of the major curves and upper compensated curves were measured on lateral radiographs. PJK was defined by a PJA>10 degrees during the follow-up and at least 10 degrees greater than the preoperative or early postoperative measurement. Wilcoxon tests were performed for statistical analysis.

Results:
PJK occurred in 7 of 37 patients (18.9%), during an average of 4.5±3.2 years of follow-up (2–12 y). The UIV level of children with PJK was on T9 in 4 patients, and T11, T12, and L1 in 1. Screw malposition at UIV was confirmed by postoperative computed tomography images in 6 patients. Only 1 patient with a screw deviation did not develop PJK during the follow-up period. None of the patients with PJK was symptomatic, and no patients required revision surgery because of PJK. PJK occurred and progressed during the first 6 months after surgery followed by almost no progression or slight improvement in patients that could be followed up beyond 6 months postoperatively; in association with an increase of the lumbar lordosis.

Conclusions:
PJK occurred in pediatric patients with simple congenital deformities following hemivertebrectomy and short fusion. PJK was more common in patients with (1) greater immediately postoperative segmental kyphosis and PJA; (2) screw malposition on the UIV; and (3) hemivertebra located on the lower thoracic or the thoracolumbar region.
Survey of Immunization Practices in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Pediatric Gastroenterologists
Authors: Lester Rachael , Lu Ying , Tung Jeanne 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:We aimed to determine vaccination practices of pediatric gastroenterologists, as well as barriers to following immunization guidelines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Methods:Institutions listed in the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition clinical research registry and/or ImproveCareNow were contacted. A total of 657 physicians from 129 institutions were asked to complete a 16‐question electronic survey.Results:A total of 178 physicians (27.1%) responded, of whom 55% were male and 83.1% practiced in an academic setting. A total of 11 physicians (6.2%) do not routinely assess vaccination status, whereas 63.5% assess at the time of diagnosis, 29.8% at “well” visits, and 44.4% before initiating immunosuppression. At diagnosis, 51.1% verbally inquire about immunization status, 30.9% obtain records, and 9.0% obtain serology.The influenza (78%), hepatitis B (84%), and varicella (82%) vaccines were most frequently assessed. Fewer than 55.5% of physicians reviewed other vaccines. Physicians using a reminder mechanism were more likely to review immunizations at established visits (41.1% vs 20.8%), and before transfer to an adult gastroenterologist (14.4% vs 2.6%). Lack of coordination of care with primary care practitioners (41%), poor access to immunization records (36%), and inability to offer vaccinations in their immediate area (55%) are barriers to vaccination. Only 28% believed that primary care practitioners were solely responsible for immunizations.Conclusions:There is practice variation among pediatric gastroenterologists in assessment of immunizations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including the specific vaccines assessed, and timing and method of assessment. Inability to coordinate care, access immunization records, and offer vaccines through their medical practice are barriers to adhering to immunization guidelines.
Philosophical assumptions undermining responsible management education
Authors: Painter-Morland Mollie 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to perform a philosophical interrogation of some assumptions that underpin management education. It offers an analysis of how these assumptions may influence the promotion the responsible management agenda within business schools.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is a theoretical exploration based on a literature review and philosophical analysis.Findings– The ontological and epistemological assumptions that underpin management education pose barriers to responsible management education. A combination of ontological and epistemological assumptions privilege an instrumental approach based on simplistic utilitarian premises. These assumptions make it difficult to engage with the long term, relational and complex nature of the ethics and sustainability concerns that are central to responsible management education.Practical implications– Understanding the assumptions that underpin management education may assist in challenging the current paradigm and rethinking our approaches to responsible management.Originality/value– The paper pursues the tacit assumptions that may underpin empirical findings around the blockages experienced when schools pursue responsible management education. It takes the research into the current state of business school education further by exploring what informs and sustains its current functioning.
On the very notion of compliance with some help from William James
Authors: Raatzsch Richard 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to reach more clarity regarding the notion of compliance, in particular with regard to relation between this notion and the notion of integrity.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is a conceptual investigation, following a broadly understood Wittgensteinian approach.

Findings
– The main result is: there is no such thing as compliance in the full sense of that word without integrity. Compliance without integrity is a pathological case of compliance.

Originality/value
– So far, issues of compliance and integrity have either been treated as being essentially separate or as one coming in addition to the other one. If the paper’s argument is correct, this should no longer be accepted. The whole discussion should, instead, take another route.