bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEFORMATION OF THE HUMAN HEEL PAD DURING WALKING APPROACHES PREDICTED LIMITS OF PAIN TOLERANCE
Authors: Wearing Scott , Hooper Sue , Dubois Philip , Smeathers James 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundThe plantar heel pad is a specialised fibroadipose tissue that attenuates and dissipates, in part, the impact energy associated with heel strike. Although near maximal deformation of the heel pad has been shown to occur during running,1in vivo measurement of the mechanical properties of the heel pad during walking remain largely unexplored. This study used a digital fluoroscope, synchronised with a pressure plate, to obtain force–deformation data for the heel pad during walking.MethodsDynamic lateral foot radiographs were acquired from sixteen healthy adults while walking at their preferred speed. Sagittal thickness and deformation of the heel pad relative to the support surface were calculated. Simultaneous measurement of peak force beneath the heel was used to estimate the principal structural properties of the heel pad.ResultsTransient loading profiles associated with walking induced rapidly changing deformation rates in the heel pad and resulted in irregular load–deformation curves. The initial stiffness (32±11 N.mm–1) of the heel pad was an order of magnitude lower than its final stiffness (212±125 N.mm–1) and only 1.0 J of energy, on average, was dissipated by the heel pad during walking. Peak deformation (10.3 mm) approached that predicted for the limit of pain tolerance (10.7 mm).Discussion/ConclusionsPeak deformation of the heel pad approached that predicted for the limit of pain tolerance,2suggesting the heel pad operates close to its pain threshold even at speeds encountered during walking. These findings raise questions as to the function of the heel pad during gait, highlight the need for alternative energy dissipating mechanisms during high impact activities often encountered in sport, and provide insight as to why barefoot runners adopt ‘forefoot’ strike patterns that minimise heel loading.
DIABETES EM MOVIMENTO® - COMMUNITY-BASED EXERCISE PROGRAM FOR PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Mendes Romeu , Sousa Nelson , Reis Victor Machado , Themudo Barata José Luís 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundExercise is widely recommended as a nonpharmacological therapeutic strategy essential to control of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular related risk. This study aims to presentDiabetes em Movimento®a community-based group exercise program designed for patients with type 2 diabetes developed in the city of Covilhã, Portugal.Program structureThe content of this program has been prepared in accordance with international recommendations for physical activity and exercise to control diabetes type 2 and taking into consideration that the majority of this population is more than 60 years old, is overweight, sedentary and has low physical fitness. Exercise sessions are held three times per week on non consecutive days (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays) with a duration of around 70 minutes. Sessions consist of five phases: 1) Warm up (5 min), which includes brisk walking; 2) cardiovascular training with aerobic exercise (30 min), which includes walking at different speeds, relay races, obstacle and stairs courses; 3) Muscle strength training through resistance exercises (20 min) performed with chairs, dumbbells, fitness balls and bodyweight exercises; 4) Agility training (10 min) consisting of reduced, simplified and adapted team ball games; and 5) Cool down/flexibility (5 min) through static and dynamic stretching exercises.Prevention of exercise-related acute adverse events.Exercise intensity is monitored with Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale and hydration during exercise is encouraged in breaks designed for this purpose. Capillary blood glucose and blood pressure monitoring are performed regularly before and after exercise and patients are educated to recognize symptoms of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypotension, hypertensive crisis, myocardial ischemia and stroke. Patients are also educated to avoid the Valsalva maneuver either during resistance exercises either during flexibility exercises. Sessions are monitored and supervised by qualified exercise professionals trained to the potential acute adverse events associated with exercise in this population.ConclusionsThis exercise program has a high applicability and involves minimal material resources and can be easily replicated in a community context. Type 2 diabetic patients can practice exercise safely with this type of supervised exercise programs.Trial funding and registrationDiabetes em Movimento®is funded by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology with reference SFRH/BD/47733/2008 and is registered in Current Controlled Trials with referenceISRCTN09240628.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SHAME AND CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GREEK MEN AND WOMEN ATHLETES
Authors: Baliotis Konstantinos , Korakakis Vasileios , Dragioti Elena , Kotrsotsiou Evangelia , Gouva Mary 
Published: June 2013

IntroductionChronic pain can lead the subjective emotional pain response of an individual and has the potential to interplay with emotions at a cognitive level such as internal or external shame.AimThe present study examined the relationship of internal and external shame with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and the differences between genders of athletes with CLBP.Materials and MethodsTwo hundred athletes with CLBP participated in the present study (110 men, 90 women, mean age±SD 24,5±6,7). The measures used were: Other As Shamer Scale-OAS, (Goss, Gilbert & Allan, 1994), Experience of Shame Scale-ESS (Andrews, Qian & Valentine, 2002) and another questionnaire with socio-demographics, attitudes and self-reported questions data on the impact of the chronic pain in their life.ResultsThe mean scores (±SD) for men and women with CLBP and the p values from the T-tests were respectively: for total OAS, 12.96±7.0 and 15.68±8.8 (p=0.045) and for total ESS, 48.8±9.7 and 50.3±13 (p=0.366). Despite that there were no significant differences in ESS, the subscale of ESS regarding bodily shame revealed statistically significant difference between men and women (p=0.002).ConclusionThe results of the present study revealed the high levels of external shame in athletes of both genders with CLBP and confirmed that shame is an emotion highly connected with woman nature. Furthermore, from the subscale of ESS regarding bodily shame was presented that women have the self-perception of lower social power and the trend to judge there self less favorably to others.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF MUSCLE MASSAGE PREVIOUS TO STRENGTH TRAINING ON BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS
Authors: Garrido Nuno , Oliveira Gabriel , Mendes Romeu , Sousa Nelson , Sousa Maria 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundDelayed onset muscle soreness has been consistently studied, and special attention has been given to possible techniques capable to prevent it or to accelerate muscle recovery. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of classic muscle massage before a session of strength training on biochemical markers of delayed onset muscle soreness.MethodsTwenty-four healthy men with no history of strength training were randomized into two groups, one submitted to a classic muscle massage technique before strength training exercises (n=12; 23.54±1.94years, 21,57±2,64kg/m2); and a control group with no muscle massage before the strength training exercises (n=12; 22.57±1.65years, 22.25±1.23kg/m2). Classical manual massage was applied to muscle groups involved in strength exercises (biceps brachii and quadriceps femoris) with 10-min duration for each muscle group. Strength training session consisted in two exercises: elbow flexion and knee extension at an intensity of 85% of one maximum repetition (6 to 10 repetitions, four sets). Muscle damage biochemical markers (creatine kinase; lactate dehydrogenase, and C reactive protein) were assessed by venous blood samples from the antecubital vein before exercise (1st collect), immediately after exercise (2nd collect), 24 and 48 hours later (third and fourth collect). Experimental protocol was conducted in the laboratory of the Center of Experimental Design of the University Hospital Lauro Wanderley, Brazil.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between muscle massage before the strength training exercises and control for the creatine kinase (p=0.380), lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.700), and C reactive protein (p=0.292) at all moments.ConclusionsThe presents results suggest that delayed onset muscle soreness induced by two classical strength training exercises, is not prevented or attenuated by muscle massage before exercise.
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND INVESTIGATION WITH X-RAY CT AND MRI FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL TRAUMA DURING PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR SPORT ACTIVITIES
Authors: Syrmos N , Mylonas A , Gavridakis G , Grigoriou K , Valadakis V , Iliadis C , Arvanitakis D 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundRadiological evaluation is very important in spinal trauma patients, specially during sport activity.AimAim of this study was to analyze the type of sport activity, the timing of injury, the radiological evaluation and the role of X-Ray, CT and MRI findings in 40 patients with spinal trauma during sport activities (amateur and professional).Material/MethodsDuring a five year period (2005–2009) we analyzed 40 patients with spinal trauma during sports activity. 35 male (87.5%) and 5 female(12.5%), range 14–64 years, mean age 39.5 years.ResultsWe analyzed first the type of sport activity, amateur (group a, thirty patients 75%) professional (group b, ten patients, 25%), then the timing of injury, recent trauma (group 1, twenty-five patients 62.5%) and chronic trauma, more than 10 days after the initial injury (group 2, fifteen patients, 37.5%) and the radiological investigation, only X-ray and ctscan (group I, four patients, 10%), X-ray, CT scan, MRI scan (group II, thirty-six patients, 90%). We found three intramedullary hematomas, two intramedullary contusions, one epidural hematoma, five vertebral fractures, four facet joints dislocations, three herniated discs.ConclusionsThe MRI investigation was very helpful to find four sclerotic post traumatic bone changes and one medullary transection. Further studies were warranted but the combination of CT and MRI is is very useful tool for the evaluation, for the therapeutic approach and for the final result in patients with spinal trauma.
ALTERG: AN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN PHYSICAL ACTIVE REHABILITATION OF SPINAL STENOSIS
Authors: Landkammer Yvonne , Bernecker Robert , Wicker Anton 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundLumbal spinal stenosis causes back pain spreading as far as the legs and thereby constrains the activities of daily living. By walking in a flexed position patients try to extend the foramina intervertebralia. Claudicatio intermittens/ spinalis forces them to stop walking and sit down, because of pain, parasthesias or paresis.1Loss of physical activity may lead to a decline of physical condition and slowly restrict independence.2The differential air pressure technology of AlterG treadmills reduces body weight in lower extremity up to 80% and facilitates normal postural control.5MethodsAfter completing physiotherapy, a 70-year-old left sided lower leg amputed man started extensive endurance training. 250 m of walking were challenging. Therefore antigravity treadmill training was initiated in April.ResultsEarly therapy, visual analog scale (VAS) was set at 5.5. At the beginning of AlterG training, body weight was decreased by 40% up to 5% in November (VAS 0). As walking time increased (13–35min.) walking distance increased equally from 870 m to 2.4 k m.DiscussionOne aim of functional rehabilitation is to decrease the pain,3keep the patient independent and thereby obtain his physical condition in order to prevent further (cardiorespiratory) diseases. One of the goals of using AlterG in rehabilitation of orthopedic patients is to restore normal walking mechanics.4The combination of physiotherapy and AlterG training leads to absence of lower back pain, walking distance increases significantly, the patient feels safer while walking and his independence is ensured.ConclusionThe use of innovative AlterG can improve postural control, increase safety while walking as well as economy of movements and thereby affect the lower back pain.
IMPROVING PERFORMANCE? DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION PRACTICE IN ULTRAMARATHON RUNNERS
Authors: Scheer Bernd Volker , Valero Burgos Encarna 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundUltramarathon races have gained popularity in recent years and test the limits of human endurance. Dietary supplements are widely used, and athletes may attempt to gain a performance advantage through replenishment of real or perceived deficiencies.MethodWe conducted a prospective survey study gathering data on prevalence, types and reasons for consumption of dietary supplements among ultramarathon runners during the Al Andalus Ultimate Trail 2012. Data were obtained post race using a direct-interview technique on standardized questionnaires.ResultsThirty-two ultramarathon runners (26 male, 6 female, mean age 39.5±7.9, previous ultramarathon experience 7.7±9) enrolled in the study and completed the questionnaires. Over two-thirds of runners said they consumed sports drinks and electrolytes, and over half used carbohydrate drinks and vitamin preparations followed by herbal supplements, minerals, magnesium, amino acids, and caffeine (38%, 38%, 28%, 25% and 22%). The main reasons cited for consumption were for improvement of performance (47%), the perception of acquired deficiencies through training (34%), or being vegetarian (16%). Sixty percent of runners said that they had had recent blood tests taken at their doctors' surgeries - all being in the normal range and not showing any deficiencies. High street shops and/or the Internet were the main sources for obtaining dietary supplements (69%; 47%). Supplements were taken based mostly upon recommendations of fellow runners (50%), self initiative (34%), magazine advertisements (22%) and/or recommendations of friends (19%) and, while less likely, by the recommendation of professionals (doctors 16%, coaches 13%, physiotherapists 3% and nutritionists 3%).ConclusionThe practice of dietary supplementation is widespread among ultramarathon runners, who take a variety of supplements aimed at increasing performance or treating perceived deficiencies. Athletes should be properly educated about potential benefits and risks, especially those who are regularly tested for performance enhancing drugs, as dietary supplements can contain substances that lead to positive drug tests.
FACE PROTECTIVE ORTHOSIS: A NEED FOR CONTACT SPORTS
Authors: Ghoseiri Kamiar , Bavi Ahlam 
Published: June 2013

Background and AimCraniomaxillofacial traumas are of the most common sport related injuries. The most common sport related facial traumas are soft tissue injuries and bone fractures primarily due to impact of other players especially in team games. A rehabilitative sport related orthosis, could protect the injured site and help earlier return of athlete to the match.TechniqueFace protective orthosis is custom molded from negative impression of athlete's face. Negative impression should be taken while athlete has lied supine with his/her face upward. The orthosis has an open structure that is critical for sport activities to reduce perspiration and improve ventilation. It is light weight and structured as a one-piece rigid plastic shell that secured in place with three elastic straps. Due to diverse patterns of craniomaxillofacial injuries, the shape, length, trimline and characteristics of face protective orthosis could be modified.DiscussionFace protective orthoses could have prophylactive or rehabilitative roles according to task and prescription reason. Governing bodies are responsible of care for safety of athletes and should regulate the use of face protective orthosis in contact sports. Although the main action of the facial orthoses should be protection, the design of face protective orthosis should be improved both functionally and aesthetically to promote its use by athletes.
ROLE OF CT SCAN IN PREDICTING RECURRENCE FOLLOWING PRIMARY TRAUMATIC SHOULDER DISLOCATION
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Adeel , Jenkins Paul , Ashton Fiona , Beggs Ian , Robinson Christopher Michael 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundShoulder dislocation is a common sporting injury. Glenoid deficiency is thought to be a risk factor for recurrent shoulder dislocations. This study was performed to assess the role of CT scan in predicting recurrence following primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation.MethodsProspective data was collected for 39 patients following first time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation between April 2008 and June 2009 under the care of a specialist shoulder surgeon, including demographic details and CT scan findings to identify structural defects of the glenoid and humeral head in the form of bony bankart lesion, glenoid flattening and Hill sach's lesion. Electronic records from emergency and orthopaedic departments were checked in January 2013 to confirm recurrent shoulder dislocations.ResultsThe mean age was 26 years (range 15–56). There were 36 males and 3 females. CT scan showed bony bankart lesion in ten patients (26%), glenoid flattening in seven patients (18%) and Hill sach's lesion in thirtythree patients (85%). Patients were divided into groups according to the number of bone defects on CT scan (No bone defect-0, bony bankart lesion-1, glenoid flattening-1 and Hill sach's lesion-1).Group A (no bone defect) had six patients (15%), Group B (Bone defect) had thirtythree patients (85%); twenty-two patients (56%) had 1 bone defect (Group C), five patients (13%) had 2 bone defects (Group D) and six patients (15%) had 3 bone defects ( Group E).Group A (no bone defect) had 1 recurrent shoulder dislocation (16%) and Group B (Bone defect) had 16 recurrent shoulder dislocations (48%). Group C (1 bone defect) had 11 recurrent shoulder dislocations (50%), Group D (2 bone defects) had 2 recurrent shoulder dislocations (40%) and Group E (3 bone defects) had 3 recurrent shoulder dislocations (50%).Discussion/ConclusionWe studied the structural defects of glenoid and humeral head on the CT scan following primary shoulder dislocations and risk of recurrence in the presence of bone defects. Hill sach's lesion was the most common finding on the CT scan (85%). Patients with bone defects had a higher rate of recurrent shoulder dislocations (48% vs 16%). We recommend the use of CT scan following primary shoulder dislocations to identify structural defects of humeral head and glenoid before deciding the appropriate treatment to prevent recurrence.
EFFECT OF THE INTER-REPETITION REST LENGTH IN THE CAPACITY TO REPEAT PEAK POWER OUTPUT
Authors: Valverde-Esteve Teresa , García-Manso Juan Manuel , Pablos-Monzó Ana , Pablos-Abella Carlos , Martín-González Juan Manuel , Rodríguez-Ruiz David 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundHigh volumes of work affect the movement technical quality, reducing the muscular capacity to develop high magnitudes of force. One of the most important parameters that we can use to regulate the training loads are the inter-repetition rests (IRR). The purpose of this study was to compare the Peak Power output (PP) magnitudes in three different inter-repetition length sets with Optimal Load (OL) in Bench Press (BP).MethodsOur sample was formed by 16 male physical education students (age: 23.6±2.1 years; height: 178.2±6.9 cm; mass: 78.3±7.2 kg; 1RM: 90.2±13.9 kg; 1RM/mass: 1.15±0.16), who performed the BP test with different IRR with OL (48.8±7.2% of 1RM; 44.2±11.5 kg). After establishing the bench press 1-RM and OL, all participants performed three sets of work: IRR15s (1 set×15 repetitions with 15 s inter-repetition rests), IRR10s (1 set×15 repetitions with 10 s inter-repetition rests) and IRR5s (1 set×15 repetitions with 5 s inter-repetition rests) separated by 15 min each.ResultsThere were no mechanical significant differences among the 15 repetitions when performing the protocol with IRR15s, although there was a slight tendency to decrease the maximal values of PP (1st Rep.: 324.1±18.9 vs. 15th Rep.: 250.9±16.4 W). Significant decreases were observed from the second repetition in the IRR10s (1st Rep.: 346.2±82.2 vs. 2nd Rep.: 296.6±64.0 W) (13.8 %; p=0.002; ES: –0.60; IC 95%: 14.16–85.07) and IRR5s (1st Rep.: 348.2±70.9 vs. 2nd Rep.: 290.5±72.8) (16.8±11.4%; p=0.001; ES: -0.82; IC 95%: 18.57–96.93).ConclusionsThe longer IRR allows the higher number of efficient repetitions (IRR15s>IRR10s >= IRR5s). In our study, when performing IRR15s there were no significant PP decreases observed, while in IRR10s and IRR5s significant decreases were found from the second repetition.
Report on the fifth workshop on exploiting semantic annotations in information retrieval (ESAIR'12)
Authors: Kamps Jaap , Karlgren Jussi , Mika Peter , Murdock Vanessa 
Published: June 2013

There is an increasing amount of structure on the web as a result of modern web languages, user tagging and annotation, emerging robust NLP tools, and an ever growing volume of linked data. These meaningful, semantic, annotations hold the promise to significantly enhance information access, by enhancing the depth of analysis of today's systems. Currently, we have only started exploring the possibilities and only begin to understand how these valuable semantic cues can be put to fruitful use. To complicate matters, standard text search excels at shallow information needs expressed by short keyword queries, and here semantic annotation contributes very little, if anything. The main questions for the workshop are how to leverage the rich context currently available, especially in a mobile search scenario, giving powerful new handles to exploit semantic annotations. And how can we fruitfully combine information retrieval and knowledge intensive approaches, and for the first time work actively toward a unified view on exploiting semantic annotations.
There was a strong feeling that we made substantial progress. Specifically, each of the breakout groups contributed to our understanding of the way forward. First, there is a need for further integration of symbolic and statistical methods with each adopting parts of the other's strengths, by focusing on types of annotations that are informed by and meaningful for the task at hand, and relying on automatic information extraction and annotation based on web scale observations. Second, the discussion contributed to the creation of a concrete shared corpus with state of the art semantic annotation--in particular a web crawl annotated with Freebase concepts--that will benefit research in this area for years to come.
Ada 2012
Authors: Lin S. , Wellings A. J. , Burns A. 
Published: June 2013

As from Ada 2005, the language has supported different dispatching policies including fixed priority (FP) and earliestdeadline first (EDF). EDF dispatching can be applied across the whole range of priorities or across a restricted range. In this way, EDF scheduling is integrated into a FP framework. Baker's Stack Resource Policy (SRP) is also integrated with Ada's immediate priority ceiling protocol to support resource sharing using protected objects. However, with the introduction of support for global, partitioned and cluster scheduling for multiprocessor systems, the use of protected objects in applications needs to be re-evaluated. This is because Ada does not completely define how protected objects are accessed in a multiprocessor environment and because the SRP cannot be directly applied to multiprocessors.
This paper reviews the currently available multiprocessor resource allocation policies and analyzes their applicability to Ada. It proposes some new Ada mechanisms that would facilitate the programming of a variety of protected object access protocols.