bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Asai David J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe visualization of fluorescently tagged molecules is a powerful strategy that can contribute to the understanding of the complex dynamics of the cell. A particularly robust and broadly applicable method is immunofluorescence microscopy, in which a specific fluorescently labeled antibody binds the molecule of interest and then the location of the antibody is determined by fluorescence microscopy. The effective application of this technique includes several considerations, including the nature of the antigen, specificity of the antibody, permeabilization and fixation of the specimen, and fluorescence imaging of the cell. Although each protocol will require fine‐tuning depending on the cell type, the antibody, and the antigen, there are steps common to nearly all applications. This unit provides protocols for visualization of the cytoskeleton in two very different kinds of cells: flat, adherent fibroblasts and thick, free‐swimming Tetrahymena cells. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Conjunctival Tissue
Authors: Nadri Samad , Yazdani Shahin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHere we describe a simple protocol for the isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from conjunctiva stromal tissue, with applications to stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. This protocol is based on an explant culture protocol for the adhesion and migration of MSCs from tissue biopsy in primary culture and expansion of the MSC population by passaging cells on the surface of plastic culture dishes. Conjunctiva mesenchymal stem cells (CJMSCs) are generally isolated from small biopsies of human conjunctival tissue. Epithelial sheets are carefully loosened and removed by enzyme treatment after 18 hr and placed in fresh medium supplemented with growth factors. When the cells migrating from tissue segments in primary cultures become nearly confluent, the culture is treated with trypsin. A purified population of CJMSCs that retain proliferation and differentiation potential for many passages can be obtained 2 weeks after the initiation of culture. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transthyretin Deposition in Articular Cartilage: A Novel Mechanism in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Akasaki Yukio , Reixach Natàlia , Matsuzaki Tokio , Alvarez‐Garcia Oscar , Olmer Merissa , Iwamoto Yukihide , Buxbaum Joel N. , Lotz Martin K. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveAmyloid deposits are prevalent in osteoarthritic (OA) joints. We undertook this study to define the dominant precursor and to determine whether the deposits affect chondrocyte functions.MethodsAmyloid deposition in human normal and OA knee cartilage was determined by Congo red staining. Transthyretin (TTR) in cartilage and synovial fluid was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The effects of recombinant amyloidogenic and nonamyloidogenic TTR variants were tested in human chondrocyte cultures.ResultsNormal cartilage from young donors did not contain detectable amyloid deposits, but 7 of 12 aged normal cartilage samples (58%) and 12 of 12 OA cartilage samples (100%) had Congo red staining with green birefringence under polarized light. TTR, which is located predominantly at the cartilage surfaces, was detected in all OA cartilage samples and in a majority of aged normal cartilage samples, but not in normal cartilage samples from young donors. Chondrocytes and synoviocytes did not contain significant amounts of TTR messenger RNA. Synovial fluid TTR levels were similar in normal and OA knees. In cultured chondrocytes, only an amyloidogenic TTR variant induced cell death as well as the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix–degrading enzymes. The effects of amyloidogenic TTR on gene expression were mediated in part by Toll‐like receptor 4, receptor for advanced glycation end products, and p38 MAPK. TTR‐induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by resveratrol, a plant polyphenol that stabilizes the native tetrameric structure of TTR.ConclusionThese findings are the first to suggest that TTR amyloid deposition contributes to cell and extracellular matrix damage in articular cartilage in human OA and that therapies designed to reduce TTR amyloid formation might be useful.
Brief Report: Defining the Nasal Transcriptome in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's)
Authors: Grayson Peter C. , Steiling Katrina , Platt Michael , Berman Jeffrey S. , Zhang Xiaohui , Xiao Ji , Alekseyev Yuriy O. , Liu Gang , Monach Paul A. , Kaplan Mariana J. , Spira Avrum , Merkel Peter A. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo determine whether disease processes related to granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) are reflected in gene expression profiles of the nasal mucosa.MethodsNasal brushings of the inferior turbinate were obtained from 32 patients with GPA (10 with active nasal disease, 13 with prior nasal disease, and 9 with no history of nasal disease) and a composite comparator group with and without inflammatory nasal disease (12 healthy people, 15 with sarcoidosis, and 8 with allergic rhinitis). Differential gene expression was assessed between subgroups of GPA and comparators.ResultsA total of 339 genes were differentially expressed between the GPA and comparator groups (absolute fold change >1.5; false discovery rate <0.05). Top canonical pathways up‐regulated in nasal brushings from patients with GPA included granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis (P = 8.6−22), agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis (P = 1.3−14), IL10 signaling (P = 3.0−11), LXR/RXR activation (P = 4.3−11), and TREM1 signaling (P = 9.0−11). A set of genes differentially expressed in GPA independently of nasal disease activity status included genes related to epithelial barrier integrity (fibronectin 1, desmosomal proteins) and several matricellular proteins (e.g., osteonectin, osteopontin). Significant overlap of differentially expressed genes was observed between active and prior nasal disease GPA subgroups. Peripheral blood neutrophil and mononuclear gene expression levels associated with GPA were similarly altered in the nasal gene expression profiles of patients with active or prior nasal disease.ConclusionProfiling the nasal transcriptome in GPA reveals gene expression signatures related to innate immunity, inflammatory cell chemotaxis, extracellular matrix composition, and epithelial barrier integrity. Thus, airway‐based expression profiling is feasible and informative in GPA.
Investigation of Association Between Hip Osteoarthritis Susceptibility Loci and Radiographic Proximal Femur Shape
Authors: Lindner Claudia , Thiagarajah Shankar , Wilkinson J. Mark , Panoutsopoulou Kalliope , Day‐Williams Aaron G. ,   The arcOGEN Consortium, Cootes Timothy F. , Wallis Gillian A. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo test whether previously reported hip morphology or osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility loci are associated with proximal femur shape as represented by statistical shape model (SSM) modes and as univariate or multivariate quantitative traits.MethodsWe used pelvic radiographs and genotype data from 929 subjects with unilateral hip OA who had been recruited previously for the Arthritis Research UK Osteoarthritis Genetics Consortium genome‐wide association study. We built 3 SSMs capturing the shape variation of the OA‐unaffected proximal femur in the entire mixed‐sex cohort and for male/female‐stratified cohorts. We selected 41 candidate single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously reported as being associated with hip morphology (for replication analysis) or OA (for discovery analysis) and for which genotype data were available. We performed 2 types of analysis for genotype–phenotype associations between these SNPs and the modes of the SSMs: 1) a univariate analysis using individual SSM modes and 2) a multivariate analysis using combinations of SSM modes.ResultsThe univariate analysis identified association between rs4836732 (within the ASTN2 gene) and mode 5 of the female SSM (P = 0.0016) and between rs6976 (within the GLT8D1 gene) and mode 7 of the mixed‐sex SSM (P = 0.0003). The multivariate analysis identified association between rs5009270 (near the IFRD1 gene) and a combination of modes 3, 4, and 9 of the mixed‐sex SSM (P = 0.0004). Evidence of associations remained significant following adjustment for multiple testing. All 3 SNPs had previously been associated with hip OA.ConclusionThese de novo findings suggest that rs4836732, rs6976, and rs5009270 may contribute to hip OA susceptibility by altering proximal femur shape.
Environmental impacts of bioethanol using the NREL biochemical conversion route: multivariate analysis and single score results
Authors: Daystar Jesse , Treasure Trevor , Reeb Carter , Venditti Richard , Gonzalez Ronalds , Kelley Steve 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMandated Environmental Protection Agency biofuel qualifications focused on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel use are limited in perspective and have the potential to encourage burden shifting. When a broader host of environmental impacts are examined, environmental trade‐offs often exist when biofuels are compared to gasoline. Multivariate analysis methods examining a wide variety of weighting value systems and methodology assumptions were used to determine process design options with the lowest overall environmental impact. A multivariate environmental analysis was applied to the dilute acid pre‐treatment process followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation process for converting loblolly pine, eucalyptus, natural hardwood, switchgrass, and sweet sorghum biomass to ethanol. The influence of co‐product treatment method choices, inclusion of direct land‐use change, and electrical grid assumptions were examined using 16 different weighting methods to create a single score result. Biofuel system rankings based on GHG emissions following the Renewable Fuel Standards 2 (RFS2) methods were very sensitive to the co‐product treatment method, inclusion of land‐use change emissions, and energy grid assumptions. The multivariate analysis ranking was heavily influenced by other environmental impacts resulting from the production of process chemicals used in ethanol conversion. Weighting methods examined had no influence on the environmental preference ranking of the biofuel scenarios. Additionally, the biofuel ranking based on the RFS2 methodology was different than the ranking following the multivariate approach examining additional impacts. These findings demonstrate a robust approach to biofuel life cycle assessment (LCA) scenario analysis and suggest that the limited scope of the RFS2 environmental analysis could result in burden shifting. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Spark‐assisted HCCI engine using hydrous methanol as a fuel: an ANN approach
Authors: Muthu Venkatesan , NavaneethaKrishnan Shenbaga Vinayaga Moorthi , Panimayam Arul Franco , Ramaiya Karthikeyan , AyyaSamy Manivannan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe main purpose of the experiment is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a hydrous methanol (85% methanol and 15% water) fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine through various spark timings (SPT) (32°, 34°, 36°, 38° and 40° before Top Dead Centre). In this study a spark plug is used for assisting auto‐ignition. Experimental investigation reveals that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of an HCCI engine increases when the SPT is increased and a maximum BTE of 28.5% was obtained for 40°SPT. Emission analysis reveals a significant decrease in nitrogen oxides (NOx) as there are slightly higher emissions of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed with brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), SPT, and energy share as the input data and BTE, NOx, HC, CO, and rate of pressure rise as output data. In this prediction technique, about 80% of experimental data obtained were used in training and 20% of data were used to test the model developed. The performance in the developed ANN models was compared with experimental data, and statistically evaluated; they are seen to have good agreement. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Großbrände mit Brandüberschlag in Stahlbeton‐Straßentunneln
Authors: Schmidt Jörg , Bergerhausen Ulrich , Dehn Frank 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn einem vorangegangenen Beitrag wurden verschiedene Brandszenarien mit Flüssigkeitslachenbränden von bis zu 28 t Benzin untersucht [1]. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Brände durch die ZTV‐ING‐Temperatur‐Zeit‐Kurve abgedeckt werden. Im Rahmen eines weiteren Forschungsvorhabens für die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) wurden darauf aufbauend Brandszenarien untersucht, bei denen ausgehend von diesem Flüssigkeitslachenbrand infolge Leckage eines mit 28 t Benzin beladenen Tanklastzugs der Brand auf weitere im Tunnel befindliche Fahrzeuge übergreift, wobei sich in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Tanklastzug ein mit Holzpaletten beladener LKW befindet. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt die wesentlichen Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das Tragverhalten und die Tunnelsicherheit der mittels numerischer Strömungssimulationen und Finite‐Elemente‐Berechnungen durchgeführten Untersuchungen wieder.Fires with fire spread in reinforced concrete road tunnels – temperature loads, temperature distribution and concrete spalling.Different fire scenarios with liquid laugh burns up to 28 tons of gasoline were investigated in a further article. It could be shown that these fires can be covered by the ZTV‐ING temperature time curve. Within the framework of a further research project for the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt), further fire scenarios were investigated, where the fire starts from this liquid laughter fire due to leakage of a tank truck loaded with 28 t gasoline. The fire spread on other vehicles in the tunnel and his effect is einvestigated, whereas a truck laden with wooden pallets is located immediate to the tanker. The present article reflects the significant results in terms of the structural behaviour and the tunnel safety of the investigations carried out by means of computational fluid simulations and finite element calculations.
Self‐Assembled Architectures with Segregated Donor and Acceptor Units of a Dyad Based on a Monopyrrolo‐Annulated TTF–PTM Radical
Authors: Souto Manuel , Solano Marta V. , Jensen Morten , Bendixen Dan , Delchiaro Francesca , Girlando Alberto , Painelli Anna , Jeppesen Jan O. , Rovira Concepció , Ratera Imma , Veciana Jaume 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn electron donor–acceptor dyad based on a polychlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical subunit linked to a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit through a π‐conjugated N‐phenyl–pyrrole–vinylene bridge has been synthesized and characterized. The intramolecular electron transfer process and magnetic properties of the radical dyad have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, and ESR spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state. The self‐assembling abilities of the radical dyad and of its protonated non‐radical analogue have been investigated by X‐ray crystallographic analysis, which revealed that the radical dyad produced a supramolecular architecture with segregated donor and acceptor units in which the TTF subunits were arranged in 1D herringbone‐type stacks. Analysis of the X‐ray data at different temperatures suggests that the two inequivalent molecules that form the asymmetric unit of the crystal of the radical dyad evolve into an opposite degree of electronic delocalization as the temperature decreases.
Hypercondensation of an Amino Acid: Synthesis and Characterization of a Black Glycine Polymer
Authors: Fox Stefan , Dalai Punam , Lambert Jean‐François , Strasdeit Henry 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA granular material was obtained by thermal polymerization of glycine at 200 °C. It has been named “thermomelanoid” because of its strikingly deep‐black color. The polymerization process is mainly a dehydration condensation leading to conventional amide bonds, and also CC double bonds that are formed from CO and CH2 groups (“hypercondensation”). Spectroscopic data, in particular from 13C and 15N solid‐state cross‐polarization magic angle spinning (CP‐MAS) NMR spectra, suggest that the black color is due to (cross‐)conjugated CC, CO, and NH groups. Small glycine peptides, especially triglycine, appear to be key intermediates in the formation of the thermomelanoid. This has been concluded by comparing the thermal behavior of glyn homopeptides (n=2–6) and glycine. The glycine polymerization was accompanied by the formation of small amounts of byproducts. Notably, a few percent of alanine and aspartic acid could be detected in the polymer. By using 13C‐labeled glycine, it was shown that these two amino acids formed through a common pathway, namely CαCα bond formation between glycine molecules. The thermomelanoid is hydrolyzed by strong acids and bases at room temperature, forming brown solutions.
Multiple Phase Transitions in Long‐Range First‐Passage Percolation on Square Lattices
Authors: Chatterjee Shirshendu , S. Dey Partha 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe consider a model of long‐range first‐passage percolation on the d‐dimensional square lattice ℤd in which any two distinct vertices x,y ∊ ℤd are connected by an edge having exponentially distributed passage time with mean ‖x–y‖α+o(1), where α > 0 is a fixed parameter and ‖·‖ is the l1–norm on ℤd. We analyze the asymptotic growth rate of the set ßt, which consists of all x ∊ ℤd such that the first‐passage time between the origin 0 and x is at most t as t → ∞. We show that depending on the values of α there are four growth regimes: (i) instantaneous growth for α < d, (ii) stretched exponential growth for α ∊ d,2d), (iii) superlinear growth for α ∊ (2d,2d + 1), and finally (iv) linear growth for α > 2d + 1 like the nearest‐neighbor first‐passage percolation model corresponding to α=∞. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal growth, crystal structure and pyroelectric properties of the polar hexagonal antimony tartrates MII[Sb2(C4H2O6)2]·2H2O (MII = Ca, Sr, Pb)
Authors: Bohatý Ladislav , Held Peter , Schneeberger Helmut , Zheng Tianyi , Becker Petra 
Published: May 2015

Single crystal growth of lead antimony tartrate dihydrate, Pb[Sb2((+)C4H2O6)2]·2H2O, was successfully performed. The determined polar hexagonal crystal structure is isomorphous to the corresponding calcium and strontium antimony tartrates dihydrates. New results of crystal growth and the redetermination of the crystal structures of the nonlinear optical crystal Sr[Sb2((+)C4H2O6)2]·2H2O and its calcium analogue are reported, together with investigations of the thermal stability and the pyroelectric properties of these polar crystals.
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Titania‐Supported Catalysts for Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation: Influence of Support and its Impact on γ‐Valerolactone Yield
Authors: Ruppert A. M. , Grams J. , Jędrzejczyk M. , Matras‐Michalska J. , Keller N. , Ostojska K. , Sautet P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInvited for this month’s cover are the groups from Lodz University of Technology (Poland), from the University of Strasbourg (France) and from the University of Lyon (France). The image shows which titania phase can facilitate the distribution of ruthenium metal on its surface and, hence, which factors allow to prepare active catalysts for biomass valorization. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201403332.
Testing Taxon Tenacity of Tortoises: evidence for a geographical selection gradient at a secondary contact zone
Authors: Edwards Taylor , Berry Kristin H. , Inman Richard D. , Esque Todd C. , Nussear Kenneth E. , Jones Cristina A. , Culver Melanie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe examined a secondary contact zone between two species of desert tortoise,Gopherus agassiziiandG. morafkai. The taxa were isolated from a common ancestor during the formation of the Colorado River (4–8 mya) and are a classic example of allopatric speciation. However, an anomalous population ofG. agassiziicomes into secondary contact withG. morafkaieast of the Colorado River in the Black Mountains of Arizona and provides an opportunity to examine reinforcement of species' boundaries under natural conditions. We sampled 234 tortoises representingG. agassiziiin California (n = 103),G. morafkaiin Arizona (n = 78), and 53 individuals of undetermined assignment in the contact zone including and surrounding the Black Mountains. We genotyped individuals for 25STRloci and determined maternal lineage using mtDNAsequence data. We performed multilocus genetic clustering analyses and used multiple statistical methods to detect levels of hybridization. We tested hypotheses about habitat use betweenG. agassiziiandG. morafkaiin the region where they co‐occur using habitat suitability models.Gopherus agassiziiandG. morafkaimaintain independent taxonomic identities likely due to ecological niche partitioning, and the maintenance of the hybrid zone is best described by a geographical selection gradient model.
Simple Azo Dyes Provide Access to Versatile Chiroptical Switches
Authors: Anger Emmanuel , Fletcher Stephen P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAzo dyes have played an important role in the development of the chemical industry for 150 years. The azo‐core of these dyes can undergo trans to cis photoisomerization, which allows azobenzene derivatives to act as light triggered molecular switches. Here, we showed that simple derivatization of Sudan I provides access to chiroptical molecular switches, and that the properties of these switches can be readily tuned by modification of the molecular structure. The synthesis, characterization, photoisomerization, thermal stability, chiral HPLC resolution, determination of absolute configuration and chiroptical properties of chiroptical switches based on Sudan I are reported. ortho‐difluorinated Sudan I derivatives have improved thermal stabilities and switching properties compared to switches based on Sudan I itself. Transfer of stereochemical information from a non‐racemic chiral unit to the π‐conjugated system of the dye and exciton‐coupled circular dichroism are both observed. The chiral unit influences the geometry and hence the spectra of cis and trans‐isomers differently, which is the mechanistic basis of chiroptical switching.
Dental Chatter: Bacterial Cross‐Talk in the Biofilm of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Steinberg Doron 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDental biofilms are composed of hundreds of bacterial species. These biofilms are diverse biological structures due to the heterogeneity of the many different types of supports in the oral cavity. The bacteria immobilized in these biofilms are exposed to rapid environmental changes such as pH, temperature, nutrition and anti‐plaque agents. One mode in which these bacteria adapt in the dental biofilm is by quorum sensing. This cell‐cell communication regulates diverse sets of adhesion modes, physiological changes, virulence properties, allowing the bacteria to persist in the dental biofilm under rapid environmental changes. In this review, we will concentrate mostly on the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans as one of the pivotal microorganisms in the supra‐gingival biofilm that plays a major role in dental caries.
The Regioselectivity of (Dimethylvinylidene)carbene Directed by Aromatic Ring upon the Addition into Aryl Alkenes in the Presence of Other Olefins
Authors: Sheu Jyh‐Horng , Yen Ching‐Fen , Huang Chia‐Wen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRegioselective cycloaddition of (dimethylvinylidene)carbene (1) into aryl alkenes in the presence of other olefins is reported. The reaction is presumably controlled by the phenyl group, which forms an aromatic π‐complex with the carbene C‐3 orbital, followed by the selective addition of 1 to the closest phenyl‐substituted double bond. Also, this selectivity is assumed to be attributed to delocalization of aromatic π electrons which increases the electron density of the conjugated carbon‐carbon double bond, thus leading to the facile addition of vinylidenecarbene.