bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphometry and anatomical variations of flexor digitorum superficialis
Authors: Ray B. , Saxena A. , Nayak S. , Pugazhendi B. , Gayathri B. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction: Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) takes its origin by two heads: humero ulnar and radial.. The FDS is considered to be potential flexor of proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalnageal and wrist joints through its insertion to the middle phalanges of lateral 4 fingers. Aim of the study was to conduct a morphometric study on FDS and to evaluate its variants in cadaveric limbs. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 25 right and 23 left upper limbs belonging to formalin fixed adult cadavers. Lengths of humeral, ulnar, radial heads of the muscle as well as its tendons were separately measured using digital caliper. Mean length of muscle bellies of humeral head, tendinous length and musculotendinous length tabulated. Results: A unique muscle belly arising from the deeper surface of left FDS as a tendon, proximal to flexor retinaculum, entering in the palm after passing through the carpal tunnel was observed. The muscle was inserted into the middle phalanx of index finger. Conclusion: Studies on absolute length of FDS are rare. The present study has significant influence on length tension relationship of afore mentioned muscle. The hazardous effects of anomalous belly of FDS and its consequences were also discussed.
Why the Viking descent probes found only one ionospheric layer at Mars
Authors: Mayyasi Majd , Mendillo Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRadio wave transmissions from satellites revealed that Mars had two relatively distinct layers of ionization: a maximum electron density near 130 km, and a secondary layer near 110 km. When the Viking descent probes—with their in situ observing capabilities—passed through the ionosphere, the peak electron density was found, with no indication of a secondary layer below. Here we use an ionospheric model to show that profiles of electron density versus height have shapes that favor the detection of two layers at local times near dawn and dusk (where many thousands of radio occultation observations have been made), but that the two layers essentially merge into one during midday hours (when Viking measurements were made). The profile shapes are attributed to ionizing geometry of solar photons and to chemical processes that affect the profile shapes in a way that favors secondary peak formation near sunrise and sunset.
Magnetic islands formed due to the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in the outflow region of collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Huang Can , Lu Quanming , Guo Fan , Wu Mingyu , Du Aimin , Wang Shui 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe carry out large‐scale particle‐in‐cell kinetic simulations to demonstrate that a super‐Alfvénic electron shear flow across the current layer can be spontaneously generated in the outflow region of magnetic reconnection, which is unstable to the electron Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability. The resulted K‐H vortex structures continuously drive the secondary magnetic reconnection and formation of secondary magnetic islands, which leads to strong electron energization in the outflow region.
Circulating Apoptotic Microparticles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Drive the Activation of Dendritic Cell Subsets and Prime Neutrophils for NETosis
Authors: Dieker Jürgen , Tel Jurjen , Pieterse Elmar , Thielen Astrid , Rother Nils , Bakker Marinka , Fransen Jaap , Dijkman Henry B. P. M. , Berden Jo H. , de Vries Jolanda M. , Hilbrands Luuk B. , van der Vlag Johan 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveCirculating chromatin‐containing apoptotic material and/or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been proposed to be an important driving force for the antichromatin autoimmune response in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to determine the exact nature of microparticles in the circulation of SLE patients and to assess the effects of the microparticles on the immune system.MethodsWe analyzed microparticles isolated from the plasma of patients with SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic sclerosis (SSc), as well as from healthy subjects. The effects of the microparticles on blood‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence microscopy.ResultsIn SLE patients, we identified microparticles that were highly positive for annexin V and apoptosis‐modified chromatin that were not present in healthy subjects or in RA or SSc patients. These microparticles were mostly CD31+/CD45– (endothelial), partly CD45+/CD66b+ (granulocyte), and negative for B and T cell markers. Microparticles isolated from the plasma of SLE patients increased the expression of the costimulatory surface molecules CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86 and the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon‐α by blood‐derived plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) and myeloid DCs (MDCs). SLE microparticles also primed blood‐derived neutrophils for NETosis. Microparticles from healthy subjects and from RA or SSc patients exhibited no significant effects on MDCs, PDCs, and NETosis.ConclusionCirculating microparticles in SLE patients include a population of apoptotic cell–derived microparticles that has proinflammatory effects on PDCs and MDCs and enhances NETosis. These results underline the important role of apoptotic microparticles in driving the autoimmune response in SLE patients.
Affordable échelle spectroscopy with a 60 cm telescope
Authors: Pribulla T. , Garai Z. , Hambálek Ľ. , Kollár V. , Komžík R. , Kundra E. , Nedoroščík J. , Sekeráš M. , Vaňko M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA new fiber‐fed spectrograph was installed at the 60 cm telescope of the Stará Lesná Observatory. The article presents tests of its performance (spectral resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, radial‐velocity stability) and reports observations of selected variable stars and exoplanet host stars. First test observations show that the spectrograph is an ideal tool to observe bright eclipsing and spectroscopic binaries but also symbiotic and nova‐like stars. The radial‐velocity stability (60–80 m s–1) is sufficient to study spectroscopic binaries and to detect easily the orbital motion of hot‐Jupiter extrasolar planets around bright stars. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Computational Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: From Childhood to Adolescence
Authors: Hillisch Alexander , Heinrich Nikolaus , Wild Hanno 
Published: September 2015

AbstractComputational chemistry within the pharmaceutical industry has grown into a field that proactively contributes to many aspects of drug design, including target selection and lead identification and optimization. While methodological advancements have been key to this development, organizational developments have been crucial to our success as well. In particular, the interaction between computational and medicinal chemistry and the integration of computational chemistry into the entire drug discovery process have been invaluable. Over the past ten years we have shaped and developed a highly efficient computational chemistry group for small‐molecule drug discovery at Bayer HealthCare that has significantly impacted the clinical development pipeline. In this article we describe the setup and tasks of the computational group and discuss external collaborations. We explain what we have found to be the most valuable and productive methods and discuss future directions for computational chemistry method development. We share this information with the hope of igniting interesting discussions around this topic.
Novel methods for energy charging and data collection in wireless rechargeable sensor networks
Authors: Liu Bing‐Hong , Nguyen Ngoc‐Tu , Pham Van‐Trung , Lin Yue‐Xian 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIn wireless rechargeable sensor networks, sensors are responsible for sensing environment and generating sensed data, and mobile devices are responsible for recharging sensors and/or collecting sensed data to the sink. Because of the rapid development of wireless charging technology, sensors can be recharged when they are within limited charging ranges of mobile devices. In addition, because sensors' electric capacity and memory storage are often limited, sensors must be recharged, and their generated data must be collected by mobile devices periodically, or the network cannot provide adequate quality of services. Therefore, the problem of scheduling minimum mobile devices to periodically recharge and collect data from sensors subject to the limited charging range, electric capacity, and memory storage, such that the network lifetime can be guaranteed to be prolonged without limits, termed the periodic energy replenishment and data collection problem, is studied in the paper. For the problem, the grid‐based algorithm, the dominating‐set‐based algorithm, and the circle‐intersection‐based algorithm are proposed to find a set of anchor points. In addition, the mobile device scheduling algorithm is proposed to schedule minimum mobile devices to visit the generated anchor points. Simulation results show that our proposed methods provide good performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting MicroRNAs in Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Gupta Smriti , Verma Savita , Mantri Shrikant , Berman Nancy E. , Sandhir Rajat 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are key regulators of gene expression. They act on wide range of targets by binding to mRNA via imperfect complementarity at 3′ UTR. Evidence suggests that miRNAs regulate many biological processes including neuronal development, differentiation, and disease. Altered expression of several miRNAs has been reported in many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Many miRNAs are altered in these diseases, but miRNA 15, miRNA 21, and miRNA 146a have been shown to play critical role in many neurodegenerative conditions. As these miRNAs regulate many genes, miRNA targeted approaches would allow concurrently targeting of multiple effectors of pathways that regulate disease progression. In this review, we describe the role of miRNAs in various NDDs and their potential as therapeutic tools in prevention and treatment of neurological conditions. Drug Dev Res 76 : 397–418, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Processing of false belief passages during natural story comprehension: An fMRI study
Authors: Kandylaki Katerina D. , Nagels Arne , Tune Sarah , Wiese Richard , Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky Ina , Kircher Tilo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe neural correlates of theory of mind (ToM) are typically studied using paradigms which require participants to draw explicit, task‐related inferences (e.g., in the false belief task). In a natural setup, such as listening to stories, false belief mentalizing occurs incidentally as part of narrative processing. In our experiment, participants listened to auditorily presented stories with false belief passages (implicit false belief processing) and immediately after each story answered comprehension questions (explicit false belief processing), while neural responses were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All stories included (among other situations) one false belief condition and one closely matched control condition. For the implicit ToM processing, we modeled the hemodynamic response during the false belief passages in the story and compared it to the hemodynamic response during the closely matched control passages. For implicit mentalizing, we found activation in typical ToM processing regions, that is the angular gyrus (AG), superior medial frontal gyrus (SmFG), precuneus (PCUN), middle temporal gyrus (MTG) as well as in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) billaterally. For explicit ToM, we only found AG activation. The conjunction analysis highlighted the left AG and MTG as well as the bilateral IFG as overlapping ToM processing regions for both implicit and explicit modes. Implicit ToM processing during listening to false belief passages, recruits the left SmFG and billateral PCUN in addition to the “mentalizing network” known form explicit processing tasks. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4231–4246, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain structural and functional connectivity in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait
Authors: Canu Elisa , Agosta Federica , Sarasso Elisabetta , Volontè Maria Antonietta , Basaia Silvia , Stojkovic Tanja , Stefanova Elka , Comi Giancarlo , Falini Andrea , Kostic Vladimir S. , Gatti Roberto , Filippi Massimo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo use a multimodal approach to assess brain structural pathways and resting state (RS) functional connectivity abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait (PD‐FoG).MethodsT1‐weighted, diffusion tensor (DT) MRI and RS functional MRI (fMRI) were obtained from 22 PD‐FoG patients and 35 controls on a 3.0 T MR scanner. Patients underwent clinical, motor, and neuropsychological evaluations. Gray matter (GM) volumes and white matter (WM) damage were assessed using voxel based morphometry and tract‐based spatial statistics, respectively. The pedunculopontine tract (PPT) was studied using tractography. RS fMRI data were analyzed using a model free approach investigating the main sensorimotor and cognitive brain networks. Multiple regression models were performed to assess the relationships between structural, functional, and clinical/cognitive variables. Analysis of GM and WM structural abnormalities was replicated in an independent sample including 28 PD‐FoG patients, 25 PD patients without FoG, and 30 healthy controls who performed MRI scans on a 1.5 T scanner.ResultsCompared with controls, no GM atrophy was found in PD‐FoG cases. PD‐FoG patients showed WM damage of the PPT, corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and WM underneath the primary motor, premotor, prefrontal, orbitofrontal, and inferior parietal cortices, bilaterally. In PD‐FoG, right PTT damage was associated with a greater disease severity. Analysis on the independent PD sample showed similar findings in PD‐FoG patients relative to controls as well as WM damage of the genu and body of the corpus callosum and right parietal WM in PD‐FoG relative to PD no‐FoG patients. RS fMRI analysis showed that PD‐FoG is associated with a decreased functional connectivity of the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area bilaterally in the sensorimotor network, frontoparietal regions in the default mode network, and occipital cortex in the visual associative network.ConclusionsThis study suggests that FoG in PD can be the result of a poor structural and functional integration between motor and extramotor (cognitive) neural systems. Hum Brain Mapp 36:5064–5078, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent knowledge: Concepts of dermal absorption in relation to skin decontamination
Authors: Phuong Christina , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSkin decontamination is an important step mitigating percutaneous absorption through the stratum corneum (SC), which is also a highly complex process. Thus, understanding diffusion mechanisms and measuring dermal absorption rates are critical to protect humans from toxic exposures. Here, highly varied literature is placed in a biological and clinical perspective in regards to decontamination. Literature from PubMed and Surge Laboratory library files were searched and reviewed for relevance. Recent data have shown multiple layers of SC structural heterogeneity, which results in unique substance partitioning characteristics across the membrane. As such, attempts to model and understand this behavior in alternative in vitro membranes prove difficult. More synthetic and natural membranes are being explored as models for in vivo behavior. In addition, commonly accepted decontamination methods are undergoing risk assessment. These recent and varied literature findings update available knowledge regarding skin decontamination and its challenges, with a focus on dermal absorption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison between combined open bypass revascularization and free tissue transfer versus endovascular revascularization and free tissue transfer for lower limb preservation
Authors: Hsu Honda , Chang Chien‐Hwa , Lee Cheng‐Yung , Huang Chieh‐Chi , Mark Chiu Chih‐Hung , Lin Chih‐Ming , Lee Jiunn‐Tat , Chien Sou‐Hsin 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundExtensive defects of the lower limb as a result of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease require multidisciplinary treatment. Numerous studies with regards combining vascular bypass surgery and free tissue reconstruction of the lower limb had been published. However the trend has evolved toward a combination of endovascular revascularization and free flap reconstruction. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of this combination of treatment to the traditional combination of bypass surgery and free tissue reconstruction.MethodsAll patients who had undergone vascular bypass surgery and free tissue reconstruction of the lower limb as well as those who had undergone endovascular angioplasty with free tissue transfer for lower limb preservation, over a 10‐year period was included in this study.ResultsA total of 46 patients that underwent limb preservation were included in this study, 22 patients underwent open bypass revascularization and free flap transfer and 24 patients underwent endovascular revascularization and free tissue transfer. There were no differences between the two methods with regards to age, sex, defect size, TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus level, Wagner classification, length of hospitalization, limb preservation rate, total flap necrosis rate, and partial flap necrosis rate. More importantly, there was no significant difference in the limb preservation rate (P = 0.14).ConclusionIn this study we found that the safety and the success rate of lower limb preservation using a combination of endovascular revascularization and free tissue reconstruction is comparable to using a combination of bypass surgery and free tissue transfer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:518–527, 2015.
Cancer caregiver quality of life: need for targeted intervention
Authors: Lapid Maria I. , Atherton Pamela J. , Kung Simon , Sloan Jeff A. , Shahi Varun , Clark Matthew M. , Rummans Teresa A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesCaregiving can negatively impact well‐being. Cancer caregivers face unique challenges given the intense nature of cancer and treatment, which increases their risk for burden, poor quality of life (QOL), and burnout. Studies to reduce caregiver burden demonstrate QOL improvement and distress reduction in the short term. However, few studies exist to address long‐term benefits. We assessed changes in various QOL domains after participation in a QOL intervention for caregivers of patients having newly diagnosed advanced cancer.MethodsOur institutional review board‐approved study randomized patient–caregiver dyads to either usual care or an in‐person group intervention composed of six 90‐min sessions of structured multidisciplinary QOL components delivered over 4 weeks, with 10 follow‐up phone calls within 20 weeks. Caregivers attended four of the six sessions attended by patients. Sessions included physical therapy, coping and communication strategies, mental health education, spirituality, and social needs. Caregiver QOL (Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer Scale [CQOLC] and Linear Analogue Self‐Assessment [LASA]) and mood (Profile of Mood States‐Brief [POMS‐B]) were measured at baseline and 4, 27, and 52 weeks. Wilcoxon tests and effect sizes were used to compare the caregiver groups.ResultsOf the 131 caregivers (65 intervention and 66 usual care), 116 completed the study. Caregivers post‐intervention (at 4 weeks) had improved scores on LASA Spiritual Well‐being; POMS‐B total score, Vigor/Activity, and Fatigue/Inertia; and CQOLC Adaptation. At long term (at 27 weeks), caregivers retained improvement in POMS‐B Fatigue/Inertia and gained improvements in CQOLC Disruptiveness and Financial Concerns.ConclusionsCaregivers who received the intervention had higher QOL ratings for specific QOL domains but not for overall QOL. Although a comprehensive intervention was helpful, more specific, targeted interventions tailored for individual needs are recommended. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging of partially negative atoms by hydrogen bonds from main‐chain NH groups in proteins: The crown motif
Authors: Leader David P. , Milner‐White E. James 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe backbone NH groups of proteins can form N1N3‐bridges to δ‐ve or anionic acceptor atoms when the tripeptide in which they occur orients them appropriately, as in the RL and LR nest motifs, which have dihedral angles 1,2‐αRαL and 1,2‐αLαR, respectively. We searched a protein database for structures with backbone N1N3‐bridging to anionic atoms of the polypeptide chain and found that RL and LR nests together accounted for 92% of examples found (88% RL nests, 4% LR nests). Almost all the remaining 8% of N1N3‐bridges were found within a third tripeptide motif which has not been described previously. We term this a “crown,” because of the disposition of the tripeptide CO groups relative to the three NH groups and the acceptor oxygen anion, and the crown together with its bridged anion we term a “crown bridge.” At position 2 of these structures the dihedral angles have a tight αR distribution, but at position 1 they have a wider distribution, with ϕ and ψ values generally being lower than those at position 1. Over half of crown bridges involve the backbone CO group three residues N‐terminal to the tripeptide, the remainder being to other main‐chain or side‐chain carbonyl groups. As with nests, bridging of crowns to oxygen atoms within ligands was observed, as was bridging to the sulfur atom of an iron‐sulfur cluster. This latter property may be of significance for protein evolution. Proteins 2015; 83:2067–2076. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coupling virtual watersheds with ecosystem services assessment: a 21st century platform to support river research and management
Authors: Barquín José , Benda Lee E. , Villa Ferdinando , Brown Lee E. , Bonada Núria , Vieites David R. , Battin Tom J. , Olden Julian D. , Hughes Samantha J. , Gray Clare , Woodward Guy 
Published: September 2015

The demand for freshwater is projected to increase worldwide over the coming decades, resulting in severe water stress and threats to riverine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and services. A major societal challenge is to determine where environmental changes will have the greatest impacts on riverine ecosystem services and where resilience can be incorporated into adaptive resource planning. Both water managers and scientists need new integrative tools to guide them toward the best solutions that meet the demands of a growing human population but also ensure riverine biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Resource planners and scientists could better address a growing set of riverine management and risk mitigation issues by (1) using a ‘virtual watersheds’ approach based on improved digital river networks and better connections to terrestrial systems, (2) integrating virtual watersheds with ecosystem services technology (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services:ARIES), and (3) incorporating the role of riverine biotic interactions in shaping ecological responses. This integrative platform can support both interdisciplinary scientific analyses of pressing societal issues and effective dissemination of findings across river research and management communities. It should also provide new integrative tools to identify the best solutions and trade‐offs to ensure the conservation of riverine biodiversity and ecosystem services.WIREs Water2015, 2:609–621. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1106This article is categorized under:Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness