bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumour necrosis factor‐α‐mediated disruption of cerebrovascular endothelial barrier integrity in vitro involves the production of proinflammatory interleukin‐6
Authors: Rochfort Keith D. , Collins Laura E. , McLoughlin Alisha , Cummins Philip M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe co‐involvement of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) during blood‐brain barrier (BBB) injury has been reported in various models of neuroinflammation, although the precise functional interplay between these archetypal proinflammatory cytokines remains largely undefined within this context. In the current paper, we tested the hypothesis that TNF‐α‐mediated BBB disruption is measurably attributable in‐part to induction of microvascular endothelial IL‐6 production. In initial experiments, we observed that treatment of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMvECs) with TNF‐α (0–100 ng/mL, 0–24 h) robustly elicited both time‐ and dose‐dependent induction of IL‐6 expression and release, as well as expression of the IL‐6 family receptor, GP130. Further experiments demonstrated that the TNF‐α‐dependent generation of reactive oxygen species, down‐regulation of adherens/tight junction proteins, and concomitant elevation of HBMvEC permeability, were all significantly attenuated by blockade of IL‐6 signalling using either an anti‐IL‐6 neutralizing antibody or an IL‐6 siRNA. Based on these observations, we conclude that TNF‐α treatment of HBMvECs in vitro activates IL‐6 production and signalling, events that were shown to synergize with TNF‐α actions to elicit HBMvEC permeabilization. These novel findings offer a constructive insight into the specific contribution of downstream cytokine induction to the injurious actions of TNF‐α at the BBB microvascular endothelium interface.
imageThe co‐involvement of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) during blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury has been widely reported. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMvEC), we show that TNF‐α‐mediated BBB disruption is measurably attributable in‐part to induction of endothelial IL‐6 production and signalling. We demonstrate that the TNF‐α‐dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), down‐regulation of interendothelial junctions, and concomitant elevation of HBMvEC permeability, could be significantly attenuated by using either an IL‐6 neutralizing antibody or an IL‐6‐specific siRNA. These findings provide insight into the complex nature of proinflammatory cytokine injury at the BBB microvascular endothelium interface.
Chronic and progressive Parkinson's disease MPTP model in adult and aged mice
Authors: Muñoz‐Manchado Ana B. , Villadiego Javier , Romo‐Madero Sonia , Suárez‐Luna Nela , Bermejo‐Navas Alfonso , Rodríguez‐Gómez José A. , Garrido‐Gil Pablo , Labandeira‐García José L. , Echevarría Miriam , López‐Barneo José , Toledo‐Aral Juan J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDespite the different animal models of Parkinson's disease developed during the last years, they still present limitations modelling the slow and progressive process of neurodegeneration. Here, we undertook a histological, neurochemical and behavioural analysis of a new chronic parkinsonian mouse model generated by the subcutaneous administration of low doses of MPTP (20 mg/kg, 3 times per week) for 3 months, using both young adult and aged mice. The MPTP‐induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration was progressive and was accompanied by a decrease in striatal dopamine levels and motor impairment. We also demonstrated the characteristic neuroinflammatory changes (microglial activation and astrogliosis) associated with the neurodegenerative process. Aged animals showed both a faster time course of neurodegeneration and an altered neuroinflammatory response. The long‐term systemic application of low MPTP doses did not induce any increase in mortality in either young adult or aged mice and better resembles the slow evolution of the neurodegenerative process. This treatment could be useful to model different stages of Parkinson's disease, providing a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and facilitating the testing of both protective and restorative treatments.
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Here, we show a new chronic and progressive parkinsonian mouse model, in young and aged mice. This model produces a stable degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway, continuous neuroinflammatory reaction and motor deficits. Aged animals showed a faster neurodegeneration and an altered neuroinflammatory response. This treatment could be useful to model different stages of PD and to test both protective and restorative therapeutic approaches.
Evaluation of Different Thickness, Die Color, and Resin Cement Shade for Veneers of Multilayered CAD/CAM Blocks
Authors: Çömlekoğlu Muharrem Erhan , Paken Gamze , Tan Firuzan , Dündar‐Çömlekoğlu Mine , Özcan Mutlu , Akan Ender , Aladağ Akın 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effect of resin cement color on the post‐cementation shade of thin laminate veneers milled from multilayered glass ceramic blocks for each layer.Materials and MethodsThin slices (N = 180) with two thicknesses (A: 8 × 8×0.55 mm and B: 8×8×0.8 mm; n = 90/group) were obtained from multilayered glass ceramic blocks using a diamond saw. Resin die specimens were prepared (8 × 8 × 4 mm) (n = 180) and divided into two resin cement colors (D: –3. L: +3) and one control group (C: translucent). Each slice was luted to the composite specimens using a dual‐curing resin cement under a constant load of 250 g and light‐polymerized for 120 seconds. Specimens were placed on a white background and CIELab values for each layer of the blank slices (incisal [In], body [Bo], and cervical [Ce]) were recorded using a dental contact spectrophotometer. The values were calculated as ΔE, and the data were statistically analyzed (one‐way ANOVA, Shapiro‐Wilk).ResultsMean ΔE values for A and B were significant (p < 0.05) for In (A: 6.2 ± 1.1; B: 6.6 ± 1.2), Bo (A: 5.1 ± 2.6; B: 3.9 ± 1), and Ce (A: 5.3 ± 2.7; B: 3.8 ± 1.2). Mean ΔE values for In for D and L for A and B groups were significantly higher (6.3 ± 1.2; 6.6 ± 1.2) than Bo and Ce for D (4.4 ± 2.4; 4.6 ± 2.6) and L (4.6 ± 1.4; 4.5 ± 1.7) groups (p < 0.05), respectively. Mean differences between Bo and Ce for A and B groups were insignificant (p ≥ 0.05), while for In the differences were significant. Mean differences between Bo and Ce for A (5.1 ± 2.6; 5.3 ± 2.7) and for B (3.9 ± 1; 3.5 ± 1.2) groups were insignificant (p ≥ 0.05), while for In the differences were significant (6.2 ± 1.1 for A and 6.6 ± 1.2 for B).ConclusionThe color changes for body and cervical regions of multilayered ceramic veneers were not affected by resin color or ceramic thickness, but the incisal area was affected. The translucency of each layer in ceramic veneer fabricated with multilayered blanks should be considered for clinical situations.
Influence of Poles on Results from Reference‐Based Sensory Characterization Methodologies: Case Study with Polarized Projective Mapping Consumers
Authors: de Saldamando Luis , Antúnez Lucía , Giménez Ana , Varela Paula , Ares Gastón 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOne of the main steps related to the implementation of reference‐based sensory characterization methodologies is the selection of the references, sometimes referred to as poles. However, research on the influence of the reference selection on the results from these methodologies is scarce. In this context, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the poles on results from Polarized projective mapping (PPM). Three groups of consumers evaluated two sets of six samples of powdered drinks using three different sets of poles. Results showed that the set of poles did not largely affect sample configurations and consumers' descriptions. However, some differences in sample configurations were identified when the poles did not represent the whole sensory space represented by the sample sets.Practical ApplicationsResults of the present work bring light to researchers on how to select poles for a PPM or PSP task. Given the fact that conclusions from PPM with different sets of poles did not largely differ, pole selection seems to be quite flexible. However, it seems advisable to select poles that represent the whole sensory space defined by the samples to be evaluated and that have an intermediate degree of difference among them. Also, more research applications on different categories of samples would be advised, as well as further research on the influence of the poles on results from other approaches for measuring the degree of difference between samples and poles.
Rapid Detection of Tomato chlorosis virus from Infected Plant and Whitefly by One‐step Reverse Transcription Loop‐mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Karwitha Miriam , Feng Zhi‐Ke , Shen Yan , Essendi Walter , Zhang Wen‐Na , Li Jin‐Yu , Tao Xiao‐Rong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is the causal agent of an emerging virus disease of tomatoes which causes significant economic losses worldwide. The rapid spread of ToCV is associated with the increasing whitefly population in many countries. In this study, a highly efficient and practical one‐step reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) was developed for the rapid detection of ToCV in infected plant or whitefly. This RT‐LAMP assay can detect ToCV either in total RNA or crude RNA extracted from infected plants using a water bath within 1 h. The presence of ToCV in RT‐LAMP products could be evaluated as ladder‐like bands in an agarose gel or visualized in‐tube with inclusion of a SYBR Green I dye under UV or daylight. RT‐LAMP was 100–1000 times more sensitive compared to conventional RT‐PCR for the detection of ToCV. RT‐LAMP amplification was specific to ToCV, and no false reactions were detected when other viruses were tested. The developed RT‐LAMP assay was also able to detect ToCV from purified RNA extracted from its vector whitefly. This is the first report of the application of the RT‐LAMP to detect ToCV. The RT‐LAMP assay developed in this study provides a rapid, sensitive and practical approach to facilitate the surveillance and management of ToCV.
Comparing and decomposing the determinants of multiple health outcomes in southern and northeastern US states using county data
Authors: Nianogo Thierry , Okunade Albert A 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate whether regional health disparities could explain health outcome differences between US regions.

Methods
The 2010–2012 County Level Raking database, which contains measures on health outcomes and factors for the US states, are used in this study. First, a regional comparison of the determinants of various health outcome measures (premature death rates, low birth weight rate and mean unhealthy days) is undertaken. Next, using the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method, the differences in health outcomes are partitioned into the portion explained by regional health factor endowments and the portion unexplained.

Key findings
Obesity rate and access to care determinants impact strongly each region's health outcomes. Half of the differences in clinically assessed (premature death rates and low birth weight rates) measures are unexplained by health endowments. The explained portion for the self-assessed (unhealthy days) outcomes is small.

Conclusions
Study findings both justify the imperatives of accounting for regional variations in order to strengthen policy inferences of research findings and suggest the prevalence of regional disparities in health outcomes. It is important to focus on region-specific preventive care. More effective public education and information strategies raising population awareness to the health hazards of obesity are in order. Greater access to various health services personnel should be provided to the relevant population. Implications are discussed for pharmaceutical care.
Mobility of a small mammalian predator changes according to the activity patterns of potential intraguild predators
Authors: Koivisto E. , Hoset K. S. , Le Tortorec A. H. , Norrdahl K. , Korpimäki E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCompetition, habitat structure and predation risk may alter mobility and activity of animals. In particular, small predators need to weigh the positive and negative impacts of the presence of competing larger predator species. Other predators present a risk but may also enhance the predation efficiency of smaller predators if avoiding one predator species increases prey exposure to the other. We studied how habitat structure and the presence of avian predators affected the activity patterns of radio‐collared least weasels Mustela nivalis nivalis, small‐bodied predators highly specialized on hunting small rodents and subject to intraguild predation. Least weasels appeared to schedule their mobility according to the peak activity of the avian predator present in large outdoor enclosures. In the presence of diurnal European kestrels Falco tinnunculus, least weasels moved less during night compared with evening and day, whereas in the presence of nocturnal Tengmalm's owls Aegolius funereus, least weasels moved more during night than during other time periods. Least weasels almost exclusively used the tall grass habitat in all treatments, whereas owls used the short grass habitat most and kestrels used both habitats equally. Our results suggest that beneficial interactions play an important role in the interaction between least weasels, kestrels and owls, and that the avoidance of risky habitats by least weasels minimizes the risk of intraguild predation.
Dorsal fin function in spiny dogfish during steady swimming
Authors: Maia A. , Wilga C. A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDorsal fins of actinopterygian fishes are known to function to varying degrees as stabilizers and as propulsive elements that augment thrust from the caudal fin. However, little is known about the ability of elasmobranchs to control three‐dimensional conformation of the dorsal fins during swimming, which may alter the force balance during locomotion. In this study, dorsal fin function was investigated in spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, swimming steadily at 0.5 and 0.75 BL s−1, using three‐dimensional kinematics and electromyography. Points on the dorsal and caudal fins were tracked in dorsal and lateral views with dual high‐speed video at 125 f s−1. Electrodes were implanted in three points along each dorsal fin muscle and in the adjacent red epaxial muscle. Conformational changes were detected in both dorsal fins at both speeds. Speed was found to influence lateral displacement of the first dorsal fin relative to trunk undulation, with larger magnitudes at 0.5 BL s−1. The first dorsal fin oscillates at a different phase lag than predicted by position on the body, while the second dorsal fin moves in synchrony with the axial musculature. Muscles of the first dorsal fin show synchronous bilateral activation, while there is no clear pattern in the second dorsal fin. This study provides evidence that spiny dogfish control movements of the first dorsal fin during steady swimming to stabilize body position. In contrast, the second dorsal fin appears to be capable of thrust generation. Thus, there is a dual dorsal fin function in spiny dogfish during steady swimming.
How Do We Choose Among Strategies to Accomplish Cognitive Tasks? Evidence From Behavioral and Event‐Related Potential Data in Arithmetic Problem Solving
Authors: Taillan Julien , Dufau Stéphane , Lemaire Patrick 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTWe used event‐related potentials (ERPs) to determine the time course of mechanisms underlying strategy selection. Participants had to select the better strategy on multiplication problems (i.e., 51 × 27) to find approximate products. They could choose between rounding up and rounding down both operands to their nearest decades. Two types of problems were tested, homogeneous problems (e.g., 34 × 61) and heterogeneous problems (e.g., 61 × 36). Homogeneous problems are easier to solve because both operands are close to the lowest or the upper decades. Behavioral data revealed that participants selected the better strategy more often on homogeneous problems. ERPs showed that homogeneous problems elicited more positive cerebral activities than heterogeneous problems in the 0–200 and 800–1,000 ms windows, and more negative cerebral activities than heterogeneous problems in the 400–600 ms window. These findings have important theoretical implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying strategy selection.
Genetic architecture of growth traits in Populus revealed by integrated quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and association studies
Authors: Du Qingzhang , Gong Chenrui , Wang Qingshi , Zhou Daling , Yang Haijiao , Pan Wei , Li Bailian , Zhang Deqiang 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Deciphering the genetic architecture underlying polygenic traits in perennial species can inform molecular marker‐assisted breeding. Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing have enabled strategies that integrate linkage–linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping in Populus.

We used an integrated method of quantitative trait locus (QTL) dissection with a high‐resolution linkage map and multi‐gene association mapping to decipher the nature of genetic architecture (additive, dominant, and epistatic effects) of potential QTLs for growth traits in a Populus linkage population (1200 progeny) and a natural population (435 individuals).

Seventeen QTLs for tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem volume mapped to 11 linkage groups (logarithm of odds (LOD) ≥ 2.5), and explained 2.7–18.5% of the phenotypic variance. After comparative mapping and transcriptome analysis, 187 expressed genes (10 046 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) were selected from the segmental homology regions (SHRs) of 13 QTLs. Using multi‐gene association models, we observed 202 significant SNPs in 63 promising genes from 10 QTLs (P ≤ 0.0001; FDR ≤ 0.10) that exhibited reproducible associations with additive/dominant effects, and further determined 11 top‐ranked genes tightly linked to the QTLs. Epistasis analysis uncovered a uniquely interconnected gene–gene network for each trait.

This study opens up opportunities to uncover the causal networks of interacting genes in plants using an integrated linkage–LD mapping approach.
Prospective neonatal screening for severe T‐ and B‐lymphocyte deficiencies in Seville
Authors: de Felipe Beatriz , Olbrich Peter , Lucenas José Manuel , Delgado‐Pecellin Carmen , Pavon‐Delgado Antonio , Marquez Josefina , Salamanca Carmen , Soler‐Palacin Pere , Gonzalez‐Granado Luis Ignacio , Antolin Laura Ferreras , Borte Stephan , Neth Olaf 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundEarly diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) improves outcome of affected children. T‐cell‐receptor‐excision circles (TRECs) and kappa‐deleting‐recombination‐excision circles (KRECs) determination from dried blood spots (DBS) identify neonates with severe T‐ and/or B‐lymphopenia. No prospective data exist of the impact of gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) on TRECs and KRECs values.MethodsTRECs and KRECs determination using triplex RT‐PCR (TRECS‐KRECS‐β‐actin‐Assay) from prospectively collected DBS between 02/2014 and 02/2015 in three hospitals in Seville, Spain. Cut‐off levels were TRECs < 6/punch, KRECs < 4/punch and ‐β‐actin>700/punch. Internal (SCID, XLA, ataxia telangiectasia) and external controls (NBS quality assurance program, CDC) were included.ResultsA total of 5160 DBS were tested. Re‐punch was needed in 77 samples (1.5%) due to insufficient β‐actin (<700 copies/punch). Pre‐term neonates (GA<37 weeks) and neonates with a BW<2500 g showed significantly lower TRECs and KRECs levels (p < 0.001). Due to repeat positive results five neonates were re‐called (<0.1%): Fatal chromosomopathy (n = 1; TRECs 1/KRECs 4); extreme pre‐maturity (n = 2; TRECs 0/KRECs 0 and TRECs 1/KRECs 20 copies/punch); neonates born to mothers receiving azathioprine during pregnancy (n = 2; TRECs 92/KRECs 1 and TRECs 154/KRECs 3 copies/punch). All internal and external controls were correctly identified.ConclusionsTRECS‐KRECS–β‐actin‐Assay correctly identifies T‐ and B‐cell lymphopenias. Pre‐maturity and low BW is associated with lower TREC and KREC levels. Extreme pre‐maturity and maternal immune suppressive therapy may be a cause for false positive results of TRECs and KRECs values, respectively. To reduce the rate of insufficient samples, DBS extraction and storage need to be improved.
Wheat protein recognition pattern in tolerant and allergic children
Authors: Sievers Steven , Rawel Harshadrai M. , Ringel Karl Peter , Niggemann Bodo , Beyer Kirsten 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundWheat is one of the most common food allergens in early childhood. In contrast to other food allergies, wheat‐specific IgE correlates badly with clinical symptoms and relevant components have been identified mostly for wheat‐depended exercise‐induced anaphylaxis. Moreover, a high percentage of patients present with immediate type symptoms but wheat‐specific IgE cannot be detected with commercial available systems.ObjectiveWe addressed the question whether the IgE recognition pattern between wheat allergic (WA) and clinically tolerant (WT) children differs in order to identify individual proteins useful for component‐resolved diagnostics.MethodsSera of 106 children with suspected wheat allergy, of whom 44 children had clinical relevant wheat allergy and 62 were tolerant upon oral food challenge, were analyzed for wheat‐specific IgE using the ImmunoCap system as well as immunoblots against water and salt soluble, and water‐insoluble protein fractions. 40 randomly selected sera were analyzed for specific IgE to ω5‐gliadin.ResultsSixty‐three percent of the WT and 86% of the WA children were sensitized to wheat with >0.35 kUA/l in ImmunoCAP analysis. We could confirm the role of α‐, ß‐, γ‐, and ω‐gliadins, and LMW glutenin subunits as major allergens and found also IgE binding to a broad spectrum of water‐ and salt‐soluble protein bands. It is of great importance that wheat allergic and tolerant patients showed IgE binding to the same protein bands. WT and WA did not significantly differ in levels of ω5‐gliadin‐specific IgE.Conclusions & Clinical RelevanceChildren with challenge proven clinical relevant food allergy and tolerant ones had a similar spectrum of IgE binding to the same protein bands. These findings imply that component‐resolved diagnostics might not be helpful in the diagnostic work‐up of wheat allergy.