bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of interventions to promote physical activity in the preschool setting
Authors: Temple Melissa , Robinson Jennifer C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeConduct a systematic review of school‐based interventions to promote physical activity in preschoolers.Design and MethodsA systematic search of literature between 2002 and 2014 in nine electronic databases and reference lists was conducted using the terms physical activity combined with environment, children, or interventions.ResultsFourteen articles were identified. Interventions were environmental, cognitive/behavioral, or a combination. Positive interventions involving preschool children included manipulation of the playground with the number of children playing at one time, markings, or equipment, and goal setting and reinforcement.Practice ImplicationsMore research is needed to determine interventions to promote physical activity in preschool children.
Postglacial climate changes and rise of three ecotypes of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, in western Palearctic waters
Authors: Fontaine Michaël C. , Roland Kathleen , Calves Isabelle , Austerlitz Frederic , Palstra Friso P. , Tolley Krystal A. , Ryan Sean , Ferreira Marisa , Jauniaux Thierry , Llavona Angela , Öztürk Bayram , Öztürk Ayaka A. , Ridoux Vincent , Rogan Emer , Sequeira Marina , Siebert Ursula , Vikingsson Gísli A. , Borrell Asunción , Michaux Johan R. , Aguilar Alex 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDespite no obvious barriers to gene flow in the marine realm, environmental variation and ecological specializations can lead to genetic differentiation in highly mobile predators. Here, we investigated the genetic structure of the harbour porpoise over the entire species distribution range in western Palearctic waters. Combined analyses of 10 microsatellite loci and a 5085 base‐pair portion of the mitochondrial genome revealed the existence of three ecotypes, equally divergent at the mitochondrial genome, distributed in the Black Sea (BS), the European continental shelf waters, and a previously overlooked ecotype in the upwelling zones of Iberia and Mauritania. Historical demographic inferences using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) suggest that these ecotypes diverged during the last glacial maximum (c. 23–19 kilo‐years ago, kyrbp). ABC supports the hypothesis that the BS and upwelling ecotypes share a more recent common ancestor (c. 14 kyrbp) than either does with the European continental shelf ecotype (c. 28 kyrbp), suggesting they probably descended from the extinct populations that once inhabited the Mediterranean during the glacial and post‐glacial period. We showed that the two Atlantic ecotypes established a narrow admixture zone in the Bay of Biscay during the last millennium, with highly asymmetric gene flow. This study highlights the impacts that climate change may have on the distribution and speciation process in pelagic predators and shows that allopatric divergence can occur in these highly mobile species and be a source of genetic diversity.
Symposium report: the prevention of obesity and NCDs: challenges and opportunities for governments
Authors: Lobstein Tim , Brinsden Hannah 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThis paper is written as a briefing document with the aim of providing support to policy‐makers and government officials tackling obesity and related non‐communicable diseases. It is based on a symposium Obesity and non‐communicable diseases: Learning from international experiences convened by the International Association for the Study of Obesity (now the World Obesity Federation) and its policy section, the International Obesity TaskForce (now World Obesity – Policy and Prevention). The symposium discussed a wide range of proposals to tackle the consumption of unhealthy food products, including interventions in the market through fiscal policies and marketing restrictions, measures to strengthen public health legislation and measures to limit agri‐food company lobbying activities. It recognized the need for government leadership and action in order to reduce preventable deaths while improving economic performance and identified a need for governments to take a systems wide approach to tackling obesity and to work with civil society, especially to monitor the drivers of disease and to hold all stakeholders accountable for progress.
Meta‐analysis on night shift work and risk of metabolic syndrome
Authors: Wang F. , Zhang L. , Zhang Y. , Zhang B. , He Y. , Xie S. , Li M. , Miao X. , Chan E. Y. Y. , Tang J. L. , Wong M. C. S. , Li Z. , Yu I. T. S. , Tse L. A. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThis study aims to quantitatively summarize the association between night shift work and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), with special reference to the dose–response relationship with years of night shift work. We systematically searched all observational studies published in English on PubMed and Embase from 1971 to 2013. We extracted effect measures (relative risk, RR; or odd ratio, OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) from individual studies to generate pooled results using meta‐analysis approach. Pooled RR was calculated using random‐ or fixed‐effect model. Downs and Black scale was applied to assess the methodological quality of included studies. A total of 13 studies were included. The pooled RR for the association between ‘ever exposed to night shift work’ and MetS risk was 1.57 (95% CI = 1.24–1.98, pheterogeneity = 0.001), while a higher risk was indicated in workers with longer exposure to night shifts (RR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.32–2.36, pheterogeneity = 0.936). Further stratification analysis demonstrated a higher pooled effect of 1.84 (95% CI = 1.45–2.34) for studies using the NCEP‐ATPIII criteria, among female workers (RR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.10–2.34) and the countries other than Asia (RR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.39–1.95). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. No evidence of publication bias was detected. The present meta‐analysis suggested that night shift work is significantly associated with the risk of MetS, and a positive dose–response relationship with duration of exposure was indicated.
Staged Treatment of Proximal Tibial Fracture Using External Locking Compression Plate
Authors: Ebraheim Nabil A. , Carroll Trevor , Hanna Maged , Zhang Jingwei , Liu Jiayong 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo share our preliminary clinical success and failure with using an external locking compression plate (LCP) for proximal tibial fractures, further refine the indications for this procedure and review relevant published reports.MethodsThe current study reports two cases of proximal tibial fracture treated with external LCP as the second stage of a two‐stage treatment. One patient was a 59‐year‐old man with a closed proximal tibial/fibular fracture caused by falling on ice while getting out of his car, and another patient was a 42‐year‐old male smoker with right comminuted proximal tibia, tibial plateau and proximal fibular fractures. The outcomes were evaluated by radiographs and weight bearing status.ResultsIn the first case, the fracture healed uneventfully whereas the second case required further open‐reduction with internal fixation because correct alignment could not be achieved with an external LCP.ConclusionCorrect alignment of proximal tibial fractures followed by use of an external LCP can achieve favorable outcomes.
Tumor‐to‐background Ratio to Predict Response to Chemotherapy of Osteosarcoma Better than Standard Uptake Values
Authors: He Jin‐peng , Hao Yun , Li Mi , Wang Jiang , Guo Feng‐jin 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveAccording to the current treatment protocol of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study, it is mandatory to determine the histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment before surgical removal of the tumor, particularly if a limb salvage procedure is planned. The aim of this systematic, retrospective study was to evaluate the ability of 2‐(18F) fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography to predict chemotherapy response of osteosarcoma and to identify a simple promising method for noninvasive evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma.MethodsThe PubMed database was searched to identify and analyze relevant published reports. In particular, correlations between tumor‐to‐background ratio (TBR), standard uptake value (SUV) and histological response to chemotherapy were assessed.ResultsIt was found that good responses are achieved in patients with TBR after chemotherapy (TBR2)/TBR before chemotherapy (TBR1) < 0.470 (positive predictive value [PPV] = 92.31%, negative predictive value [NPV] = 82.76%, sensitivity [S] = 87.80%, specificity [SP] = 88.89%), whereas poor responses occur in patients with SUV after chemotherapy/before chemotherapy (SUV2/SUV1) > 0.396 (PPV = 73.68%, NPV = 73.33%, S = 63.64%, SP = 81.48%).ConclusionChanges in TBR are better predictors of chemotherapy response than SUV in osteosarcoma patients. Therefore, we believe that choice of surgical strategy is optimally based on changes in TBR.
Femoral Stress and Strain Changes post‐Hip, ‐Knee and ‐Ipsilateral Hip/Knee Arthroplasties: a Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Sun Zhen‐hui , Liu Yue‐ju , Li Heng 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo identify the optimal ratio of free femur for minimizing the risks of periprosthetic fracture.MethodsThree dimensional models of the femur with hip and knee stem elongation were constructed. With the distal femoral condylar surface fixed in a three dimensional model, the femoral head loading was performed according to the methods described by Huiskes and van Rietbergen in the models of hip replacement, knee replacement with or without hip stem or knee stem elongation. The maximum principal stress (MPS) and maximum principal elastic strain (MPES) of the femur were recorded and their relationships to the free femur ratio were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis.ResultsThere were no obvious changes in MPS and MPES with hip stem elongation from 100 to 180 mm. In ipsilateral hip and knee replacement, the MPS and MPES had a tendency to decrease with knee and hip stem elongation. The MPS and MPES were mainly located in the anterior medial side of the middle to distal femur post‐hip replacement and distalized with stem elongation. When the knee stem had been elongated more than 120 mm, the stress and strain concentrated strongly in the middle of the femoral shaft. There was a positive correlation between MPS and MPES to the free femur ratio (P < 0.01); however, no optimal ratio of free femur that would minimize the risks of periprosthetic fracture was identified.ConclusionPositive correlations were found between implant free femur and stress and strain changes in total knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty and ipsilateral hip and knee replacement.
Extensively Coated Non‐modular Stem Used in Two‐stage Revision for Infected Total Hip Arthroplasty: Mid‐term to Long‐term Follow‐up
Authors: Shen Bin , Huang Qiang , Yang Jing , Zhou Zong‐ke , Kang Peng‐de , Pei Fu‐xing 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the rate of curing the infection and mid‐ to long‐term outcomes of using extensively coated non‐modular stems in two‐stage revision for infected total hip arthroplasty (THA).MethodsThe clinical data of 33 patients (33 hips) in whom extensively coated non‐modular stems had been used in two‐stage revision THA for deep infection were retrospectively analyzed. All operations received two‐stage reimplantation, which included resection arthroplasty, thorough debridement, insertion of a hand‐molded antibiotic‐impregnated cement spacer with stainless steel reinforcement, a course of intravenous antibiotics, and delayed reimplantation. Microorganism‐specific antibiotics had been chosen according to the results of microbiological studies performed postoperatively. All patients received i.v. antimicrobial therapy for 4 weeks and oral antibiotics to which their organisms were sensitive for a further 6 weeks. Harris hip score (HHS) and plain X‐ray films were used to perform clinical and radiological evaluations.ResultsDuring follow‐up for a minimum of 5 years, no reinfection or loosening were found. Cultures of samples taken during the second stage were all negative for infection. The mean HHS improved from 42 preoperative to 89 at the final follow‐up. All granular bones had fused well with the host bones by 12 months after the surgery.ConclusionUsing extensively coated non‐modular stems combined with intramedullary allografts in two‐stage revision for treating infected THAs can achieve satisfactory outcomes.
Effects of Renal Sympathetic Denervation on the Atrial Electrophysiology in Dogs with Pacing‐Induced Heart Failure
Authors: WANG XIAOZHAN , ZHAO QINGYAN , DENG HONGPING , WANG XULE , GUO ZONGWEN , DAI ZIXUAN , XIAO JINPING , WAN PEIXING , HUANG CONGXIN 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundHeart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are associated with sympathetic activation. Renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) can suppress AF vulnerability. The impact of RSD on atrial electrophysiology in experimental HF is unclear.MethodsTwenty‐two beagles were randomized into control, HF, and HF + RSD groups. Control dogs were implanted cardiac pacemakers without pacing. Dogs in the HF group underwent right ventricular pacing for 3 weeks at 240 beats/min to induce HF. The dogs in the HF + RSD group received RSD and underwent the same HF‐inducing procedure.ResultsThe P‐wave dispersion was higher in HF dogs than in the control and HF + RSD dogs (19 ± 3.1 ms vs 13 ± 2.3 ms, 15 ± 2.9 ms, P = 0.04). Conduction time within the interatrium was significantly longer in the HF dogs than that in the control and HF + RSD dogs (39 ± 4 ms vs 31 ± 3 ms, 33 ± 4 ms; P = 0.03). Window of vulnerability (WOV) of AF was widened in the HF dogs than in the HF + RSD dogs (37 ± 5 ms vs 14 ± 3 ms; P < 0.01), while AF could not be induced (WOV = 0) in the control dogs during S1S2 stimulation. The voltage in the threshold for AF inducibility was lower during ganglionated plexi stimulation in the HF dogs than in the control and HF + RSD dogs (1.8 ± 0.6 V vs 2.5 ± 0.6 V, 2.4 ± 0.4 V; P = 0.04).ConclusionsRSD could reverse the atrial electrical remodeling and decrease AF inducibility in dogs with pacing‐induced HF.
Inverse modulation of the energy sensor Snf1‐related protein kinase 1 on hypoxia adaptation and salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: IM JONG HEE , CHO YOUNG‐HEE , KIM GEUN‐DON , KANG GEUN‐HO , HONG JUNG‐WOO , YOO SANG‐DONG 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTerrestrial plants are exposed to complex stresses of high salt‐induced abscisic acid (ABA) and submergence‐induced hypoxia when seawater floods fields. Many studies have investigated plant responses to individual stress conditions, but not so much for coupled or sequentially imposed stresses. We examined molecular regulatory mechanisms of gene expression underlying the cellular responses involved in crosstalk between salt and hypoxia stresses. Salt/ABA‐ and AtMYC2‐dependent induction of a synthetic ABA‐responsive element and the native RD22 promoters were utilized in our cell‐based functional assays. Such promoter‐based reporter induction was largely inhibited by hypoxia and hypoxia‐inducible AKIN10 activity. Biochemical analyses showed that AKIN10 negatively modulates AtMYC2 protein accumulation via proteasome activity upon AKIN10 kinase activity‐dependent protein modification. Further genetic analysis using transgenic plants expressing AKIN10 provided evidence that AKIN10 activity undermined AtMYC2‐dependent salt tolerance. Our findings unravel a novel molecular interaction between the key signalling constituents leading crosstalk between salt and hypoxia stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana under the detrimental condition of submergence in saltwater.
How changing root system architecture can help tackle a reduction in soil phosphate (P) levels for better plant P acquisition
Authors: HEPPELL J. , TALBOYS P. , PAYVANDI S. , ZYGALAKIS K. C. , FLIEGE J. , WITHERS P. J. A. , JONES D. L. , ROOSE T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe readily available global rock phosphate (P) reserves may run out within the next 50–130 years, causing soils to have a reduced P concentration which will affect plant P uptake. Using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental data, we investigated potential plant‐based options for optimizing crop P uptake in reduced soil P environments.By varying the P concentration within a well‐mixed agricultural soil, for high and low P (35.5–12.5 mg L−1 respectively using Olsen's P index), we investigated branching distributions within a wheat root system that maximize P uptake.Changing the root branching distribution from linear (evenly spaced branches) to strongly exponential (a greater number of branches at the top of the soil) improves P uptake by 142% for low‐P soils when root mass is kept constant between simulations. This causes the roots to emerge earlier and mimics topsoil foraging. Manipulating root branching patterns, to maximize P uptake, is not enough on its own to overcome the drop in soil P from high to low P. Further mechanisms have to be considered to fully understand the impact of P reduction on plant development.
Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction is essential for internode elongation in deepwater rice
Authors: AYANO MADOKA , KANI TAKAHIRO , KOJIMA MIKIKO , SAKAKIBARA HITOSHI , KITAOKA TAKUYA , KUROHA TAKESHI , ANGELES‐SHIM ROSALYN B. , KITANO HIDEMI , NAGAI KEISUKE , ASHIKARI MOTOYUKI 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUnder flooded conditions, the leaves and internodes of deepwater rice can elongate above the water surface to capture oxygen and prevent drowning. Our previous studies showed that three major quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulate deepwater‐dependent internode elongation in deepwater rice. In this study, we investigated the age‐dependent internode elongation in deepwater rice. We also investigated the relationship between deepwater‐dependent internode elongation and the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) by physiological and genetic approach using a QTL pyramiding line (NIL‐1 + 3 + 12). Deepwater rice did not show internode elongation before the sixth leaf stage under deepwater condition. Additionally, deepwater‐dependent internode elongation occurred on the sixth and seventh internodes during the sixth leaf stage. These results indicate that deepwater rice could not start internode elongation until the sixth leaf stage. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass‐spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method for the phytohormone contents showed a deepwater‐dependent GA1 and GA4 accumulation in deepwater rice. Additionally, a GA inhibitor abolished deepwater‐dependent internode elongation in deepwater rice. On the contrary, GA feeding mimicked internode elongation under ordinary growth conditions. However, mutations in GA biosynthesis and signal transduction genes blocked deepwater‐dependent internode elongation. These data suggested that GA biosynthesis and signal transduction are essential for deepwater‐dependent internode elongation in deepwater rice.
Hybridisation and introgression between Brassica napus and B. rapa in the Netherlands
Authors: Luijten S. H. , Schidlo N. S. , Meirmans P. G. , de Jong T. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe used flow cytometry, chromosome counting and AFLP markers to investigate gene flow from the crop plant oilseed rape, Brassica napus (AACC) to wild B. rapa (AA) in the Netherlands. From 89 B. napus source populations investigated, all near cropping fields or at transhipment sites, only 19 contained a B. rapa population within a 2.5‐km radius. During our survey we found only three populations with F1 hybrids (AAC), as recognized by their nine extra chromosomes and by flow cytometry. These hybrids were all collected in mixed populations where the two species grew in close proximity. Populations with F1 hybrids were not close to crops, but instead were located on road verges with highly disturbed soils, in which both species were probably recruited from the soil seed bank. Many plants in the F2, BC1 or higher backcrosses are expected to carry one to eight C chromosomes. However, these plants were not observed among the hybrids. We further investigated introgression with molecular markers (AFLP) and compared sympatric B. rapa populations (near populations of B. napus) with control populations of B. rapa (no B. napus within at least 7 km). We found no difference between sympatric and control populations in the number of C markers in B. rapa, nor did we find that these sympatric populations closely resembled B. napus. Our data show that hybrids occur but also suggest no recent introgression of alleles from the crop plant B. napus into wild B. rapa in the Dutch populations studied.
The Influence of Morphology, Follicle Size and Bcl‐2 and Bax Transcripts on the Developmental Competence of Bovine Oocytes
Authors: De Bem THC , Adona PR , Bressan FF , Mesquita LG , Chiaratti MR , Meirelles FV , Leal CLV 
Published: May 2014

ContentsThis study analysed two non‐invasive oocyte selection methods in relation to in vitro embryo development capacity and expression of apoptosis‐related genes. Selection was based on morphological quality of oocytes or follicle diameter. Oocytes were classified as grade I (GI ≥3 layers compact cumulus cells and homogeneous cytoplasm; grade II (GII ≤3 layers compact cells and homogeneous cytoplasm;, and grade III (GIII ≥3 layers, but cells with slight expansion and slightly granulated cytoplasm). Blastocyst development was lower for GII (28.5%) than for GIII (47.7%, p < 0.05), and GI was similar to both (36.9%, p > 0.05). Relative expression of Bcl‐2 gene was lower in the GI (1.0, p < 0.05) than in the GII (1.8) and GIII (2.2), which were not different (p > 0.05). There was no difference (p > 0.05) between GI (1.0), GII (0.92) and GIII (0.93) regarding the Bax transcript. However, the Bax and Bcl‐2 transcript ratios in GII (Bax; 0.92 and Bcl‐2; 1.8) and GIII (Bax; 0.93 and Bcl‐2; 2.2) were different (p < 0.05). Regarding oocytes from follicles of different sizes, cleavage and blastocyst rates for 1–3 mm (82.5; 23.7%) were lower (p < 0.05) than for 6–9 mm (95.6; 41.1%), but similar (p > 0.05) to 3–6 mm (93.7; 35.4%), which were not different (p > 0.05). Regarding Bax and Bcl‐2 expression, the oocytes were similar (p > 0.05) for 1–3 mm (Bax; 1.0 and Bcl‐2; 1.0), 3–6 mm (Bax; 1.0 and Bcl‐2; 0.93) and 6–9 mm (Bax; 0.92 and Bcl‐2; 0.91). In conclusion, oocyte selection based on morphological appearance does not guarantee the success of embryonic development. Additionally, the absence of apoptosis is not necessarily a benefit for the development of oocytes. Bovine COCs with initial signs of atresia may be used for the in vitro production of embryos, and COCs taken from follicles >3 mm in diameter are better suited to in vitro embryo development.