bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro evaluation of digestive and endolysosomal enzymes to cleave CML‐modified Ara h 1 peptides
Authors: Mattison Christopher P. , Dinter Jens , Berberich Matthew J. , Chung Si‐Yin , Reed Shawndrika S. , Le Gall Sylvie , Grimm Casey C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAra h 1 is a major peanut allergen. Processing‐induced modifications may modulate the allergenic potency of Ara h 1. Carboxymethyl lysine (CML) modifications are a commonly described nonenzymatic modification on food proteins. In the current study, we tested the ability of digestive and endolysosomal proteases to cleave CML‐modified and unmodified Ara h 1 peptides. Mass spectrometric analyses of the digested peptides demonstrate that carboxymethylation of lysine residues renders these peptides refractory to trypsin digestion. We did not detect observable differences in the simulated gastric fluid or endolysosomal digestion between the parental and CML‐modified peptides. One of the tested peptides contains a lysine residue previously shown to be CML modified laying in a previously mapped linear IgE epitope, but we did not observe a difference in IgE binding between the modified and parental peptides. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the increased resistance of peanut allergens modified by thermal processing, such as Ara h 1, to digestion in intestinal fluid after heating and could help explain how food processing‐induced modifications may lead to more potent food allergens by acting to protect intact IgE epitopes from digestion by proteases targeting lysine residues.
Effect of packaging materials on the chemical composition and microbiological quality of edible mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on cassava peels
Authors: Ajayi Oluwakemi , Obadina Adewale , Idowu Micheal , Adegunwa Mojisola , Kajihausa Olatundun , Sanni Lateef , Asagbra Yemisi , Ashiru Bolanle , Tomlins Keith 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEdible fungi such as mushrooms are highly perishable and deteriorate few days after harvest due to its high moisture content and inability to maintain their physiological status. In this study, the effect of packaging materials on the nutritional composition of mushroom cultivated from cassava peels was investigated. Mushroom samples were dried at 50°C in a cabinet dryer for 8 h. The dried mushroom samples packaged in four different packaging materials; high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), laminated aluminum foil (LAF), high density polyethylene under vacuum (HDPEV) were stored at freezing (0°C) temperatures for 12 weeks. Samples were collected at 2‐week intervals and analyzed for proximate composition (carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, ash, moisture), mineral content (calcium, potassium), vitamin C content, and microbiological qualities (total aerobic count, Pseudomonal count, Coliform count, Staphylococcal count, Salmonella count) using the standard laboratory procedures. Carbohydrate, protein, fat content of dried mushrooms packaged in HDPE at freezing temperature ranged from 45.2% to 53.5%, 18.0% to 20.3%, and 3.2% to 4.3%, while mushrooms in polypropylene ranged from 45.2% to 53.5%, 18.5% to 20.3%, 2.6% to 4.3%. Carbohydrate, protein, fat of mushroom in LAF ranged from 47.8% to 53.5%, 17.3% to 20.3%, and 3.3% to 4.3%, respectively, while carbohydrate, protein, fat of mushroom in HDPEV ranged from 51.1% to 53.5%, 19.5% to 20.3%, and 3.5% to 4.3%. Microbiological analysis showed that total aerobic count, Pseudomonal count, and Staphyloccocal count of dried mushroom ranged from 2.3 to 3.8 log cfu/g, 0.6 to 1.1 log cfu/g, and 0.4 to 0.5 log cfu/g, respectively. In conclusion, dried mushroom in HDPE packaged under vacuum at freezing temperature retained the nutritional constituents than those packaged with other packaging materials.
The Return–Volatility Relation in Commodity Futures Markets
Authors: Chiarella Carl , Kang Boda , Nikitopoulos Christina Sklibosios , Tô Thuy‐Duong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBy employing a continuous time multi‐factor stochastic volatility model, the dynamic relation between returns and volatility in the commodity futures markets is analyzed. The model is estimated by using an extensive database of gold and crude oil futures and futures options. A positive relation in the gold futures market and a negative relation in the crude oil futures market subsist, especially over periods of high volatility principally driven by market‐wide shocks. The opposite relation holds over quiet periods typically driven by commodity‐specific effects. According to the proposed convenience yield effect, normal (inverted) commodity futures markets entail a negative (positive) relation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:127–152, 2016
A review of the global pesticide legislation and the scale of challenge in reaching the global harmonization of food safety standards
Authors: Handford Caroline E , Elliott Christopher T , Campbell Katrina 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Pesticide use is important in agriculture to protect crops and improve productivity. However, pesticides have the potential to cause adverse human health or environmental effects, depending on exposure levels. This review examines existing pesticide legislation worldwide, focusing on the level of harmonization and impacts of differing legislation on food safety and trade. Pesticide legislation varies greatly worldwide, because countries have different requirements, guidelines, and legal limits for plant protection. Developed nations have more stringent regulations than developing countries, which lack the resources and expertise to adequately implement and enforce legislation. Global differences in pesticide legislation act as a technical barrier to trade. International parties such as the European Union (EU), Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have attempted to harmonize pesticide legislation by providing maximum residue limits (MRLs), but globally these limits remain variable. Globally harmonized pesticide standards would serve to increase productivity, profits, and trade and also enhance the ability to protect public health and the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;9999:1–12. © 2015 SETAC
Key Points
At present, pesticide legislation is developed and enforced on a national basis, with developed nations having more stringent regulations than developing countries. Global differences in pesticide regulations act as a technical barrier to trade. International parties have attempted to harmonize pesticide legislation. Single, globally acceptable pesticide standards are desirable to increase productivity, profits and trade, and protect public health and the environment.
Humoral responses to HIVconsv induced by heterologous vaccine modalities in rhesus macaques
Authors: Borthwick Nicola J. , Rosario Maximillian , Schiffner Torben , Bowles Emma , Ahmed Tina , Liljeström Peter , Stewart‐Jones Guillaume E. , Drijfhout Jan W. , Melief Cornelis J. M. , Hanke Tomáš 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVaccines delivering T cell immunogen HIVconsv vectored by plasmid DNA, non‐replicating simian adenovirus and non‐replicating modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) are under clinical evaluation in phase I/IIa trials in UK, Europe, and Africa. While these vaccines aim to induce effector T cell responses specific for HIV‐1, we here characterized the humoral responses induced by HIVconsv administration to macaques using six different vaccine modalities: plasmid DNA, human adenovirus serotype 5, simian adenovirus serotype 63, MVA, Semliki Forest virus replicons, and adjuvanted overlapping synthetic long peptides (SLP). We found that only the SLP formulation, but none of the genetic vaccine platforms induced antibodies recognizing linear HIVconsv epitopes, median 32/46 SLP.HIVconsv peptides. These antibodies bound to 15‐mer and SLP peptides, recombinant gp120 and trimeric gp140 of HIV‐1 Bal, YU2, JRFL, and UG037, but failed to react with HIV‐1 Bal and IIIB virions and HIV‐1 Bal‐ and IIIB‐infected human cells, and consequently failed to induce neutralizing antibodies. The HIVconsv immunogen contains conserved regions derived from Gag, Pol, Vif, and Env proteins of HIV‐1, and antibodies induced by the SLP.HIVconsv vaccination resulted in positive signals in routine HIV‐1 tests. Thus, only HIVconsv delivered by SLP resulted in seroconversion, an observation that provides important guidance for recruiting volunteers into future clinical trials. Furthermore, our data confirms that vaccine delivery by SLP induces humoral as well as cellular immune responses and could be considered for inclusion in future vaccine regimens where this is required.
Effects of simulated oxidation on thein vitrowear and mechanical properties of irradiated and melted highly crosslinked UHMWPE
Authors: Oral Ebru , Neils Andrew L. , Doshi Brinda N. , Fu Jun , Muratoglu Orhun K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRadiation crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) have reduced the wear rate of the bearing surface in total joint arthroplasty and the incidence of peri‐prosthetic bone loss due to wear particles. The oxidation potential afforded to the material by the trapped residual free radicals after irradiation was addressed in first generation crosslinked UHMWPEs by using thermal treatments such as annealing or melting after irradiation. Postirradiation melted crosslinked UHMWPE did not contain detectable free radicals at the time of implantation and was expected to be resistant against oxidation for the lifetime of the implants. Recent analyses of long‐term retrievals showed it was possible for irradiated and melted UHMWPEs to oxidizein vivobut studies on the effects of oxidation on these materials have been limited. In this study, we determined the effects ofin vitroaging on the wear and mechanical properties of irradiated and melted UHMWPE as a function of radiation dose and found that even small amount of oxidation (oxidation index of 0.1) can have detrimental effects on its mechanical properties. There was a gradual increase in the wear rate below an oxidation index of 1 and a drastic increase thereafter. Therefore, it was shown in a simulated environment that oxidation can have detrimental effects to the clinically relevant properties of irradiated and melted UHMWPEs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 316–322, 2016.
Genetics of Bone Mass in Childhood and Adolescence: Effects of Sex and Maturation Interactions
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan A , Chesi Alessandra , Elci Okan , McCormack Shana E , Kalkwarf Heidi J , Lappe Joan M , Gilsanz Vicente , Oberfield Sharon E , Shepherd John A , Kelly Andrea , Zemel Babette S , Grant Struan FA 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

We aimed to determine if adult bone mineral density (BMD) susceptibility loci were associated with pediatric bone mass and density, and if sex and pubertal stage influenced any association. We analyzed prospective areal BMD (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) data from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (n = 603, European ancestry, 54% female). Linear mixed models were used to assess if 77 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near known adult BMD susceptibility loci interacted with sex and pubertal stage to influence the aBMD/BMC; adjusting for age, BMI, physical activity, and dietary calcium. The strongest main association was observed between an SNP near C7orf58 and distal radius aBMD. However, this association had a significant sex•SNP interaction, revealing a significant association only in females (b = –0.32, p = 1.8 × 10–6). Furthermore, the C12orf23 locus had significant interactions with both sex and pubertal stage, revealing associations in females during Tanner stage I for total hip aBMD (b = 0.24, p = 0.001) and femoral neck aBMD (b = 0.27, p = 3.0 × 10–5). In contrast, the sex•SNP interactions for loci near LRP5 and WNT16 uncovered associations that were only in males for total body less head BMC (b = 0.22, p = 4.4 × 10–4) and distal radius aBMD (b = 0.27, p = 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, the LRP5 locus interacted with both sex and pubertal stage, demonstrating associations that were exclusively in males during Tanner V for total hip aBMD (b = 0.29, p = 0.003). In total, significant sex•SNP interactions were found at 15 loci; pubertal stage•SNP interactions at 23 loci and 19 loci interacted with both sex and pubertal stage. In conclusion, variants originally associated with adult BMD influence bone mass in children of European ancestry, highlighting the fact that many of these loci operate early in life. However, the direction and magnitude of associations for a large number of SNPs only became evident when accounting for sex and maturation. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Reverse Trendelenburg position is a safer technique for lowering central venous pressure without decreasing blood pressure than clamping of the inferior vena cava below the liver
Authors: Yoneda Godai , Katagiri Satoshi , Yamamoto Masakazu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundBleeding remains an important intraoperative complication in patients who undergo hepatectomy. It is generally believed that a reduction in central venous pressure will decrease bleeding from the hepatic venous system. To our knowledge, however, no study has compared the effectiveness of these techniques for controlling bleeding. So we compared the effectiveness of central venous pressure control techniques, such as infrahepatic inferior vena cava clamping, changes in surgical position of the patient, and hypoventilation anesthesia, for lowering central venous pressure.MethodsThe study group comprised 50 patients who underwent hepatectomy in our department from 2012 through 2013. A central venous catheter was inserted into the right internal jugular vein, and the tip was placed in the superior vena cava. A transducer was placed along the mid‐axillary line of the left side of the chest. After opening the abdomen, changes in central venous pressure were measured during inferior vena cava clamping, the reverse Trendelenburg position, the Trendelenburg position, and hypoventilation anesthesia. The inclination relative to the transducer, as measured with an inclinometer, was −10 degrees for the Trendelenburg position and +10 degrees for the reverse Trendelenburg position. The tidal volume was set at 10 mL/kg during conventional anesthesia and 5 mL/kg during hypoventilation anesthesia.ResultsThe mean central venous pressure was 8.0 cm H2O in the supine position during conventional anesthesia, 5.0 cm H2O during inferior vena cava clamping, 5.6 cm H2O during reverse Trendelenburg position, 10.6 cm H2O during Trendelenburg position, and 7.6 cm H2O during hypoventilation anesthesia. The mean central venous pressure during inferior vena cava clamping and reverse Trendelenburg position was significantly lower than that during supine position (P = 0.0017 and P = 0.0231, respectively). The mean central venous pressure during hypoventilation anesthesia was not significantly lower than that during supine position (P = 0.9934). Mean systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased during inferior vena cava clamping (P = 0.0024), but not during reverse Trendelenburg position (P = 0.6344).ConclusionsReverse Trendelenburg position decreased central venous pressure without significantly decreasing the systolic blood pressure, suggesting that it is possible to perform hepatectomy with reverse Trendelenburg position more safely than with inferior vena cava clamping.
Tendon mechanobiology: Current knowledge and future research opportunities
Authors: Lavagnino Michael , Wall Michelle E. , Little Dianne , Banes Albert J. , Guilak Farshid , Arnoczky Steven P. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTTendons mainly function as load‐bearing tissues in the muscloskeletal system; transmitting loads from muscle to bone. Tendons are dynamic structures that respond to the magnitude, direction, frequency, and duration of physiologic as well as pathologic mechanical loads via complex interactions between cellular pathways and the highly specialized extracellular matrix. This paper reviews the evolution and current knowledge of mechanobiology in tendon development, homeostasis, disease, and repair. In addition, we review several novel mechanotransduction pathways that have been identified recently in other tissues and cell types, providing potential research opportunities in the field of tendon mechanobiology. We also highlight current methods, models, and technologies being used in a wide variety of mechanobiology research that could be investigated in the context of their potential applicability for answering some of the fundamental unanswered questions in this field. The article concludes with a review of the major questions and future goals discussed during the recent ORS/ISMMS New Frontiers in Tendon Research Conference held on September 10 and 11, 2014 in New York City. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:813–822, 2015.
T2* relaxometry and volume predict semi‐quantitative histological scoring of an ACL bridge‐enhanced primary repair in a porcine model
Authors: Biercevicz Alison M. , Proffen Benedikt L. , Murray Martha M. , Walsh Edward G. , Fleming Braden C. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables, such as T2* and volume, can predict the healing ligament structural properties. How these MR variables relate to semi‐quantitative histology of the healing ACL is yet unknown. We hypothesized that T2* and volume would predict the histological scoring of a healing ACL. Yucatan minipigs underwent ACL transection and received bridge‐enhanced ACL repair or no treatment. The surgical legs were harvested after 52 weeks and imaged using a high resolution 2‐echo sequence. For each ligament, the volume and median T2* values were determined. The ACL specimens were then histologically analyzed using the advanced Ligament Maturity Index (LMI). The T2* of the healing ligaments significantly predicted the total LMI score as well as the cell, collagen and vessel sub‐scores; R2 = 0.78, 0.67, 0.65, and 0.60, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). The ligament volume also predicted the total LMI score, cell, and collagen sub‐scores; R2 = 0.39, 0.33, 0.37, and 0.60, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). A lower ligament T2* or a higher volume was associated with higher histological scores of the healing ligaments. This study provides a critical step in the development of a non‐invasive method to evaluate ligament healing on a microscopic scale. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1180–1187, 2015.
Fast 3D isotropic imaging of the aortic vessel wall by application of 2D spatially selective excitation and a new way of inversion recovery for black blood imaging
Authors: Mooiweer Ronald , Sbrizzi Alessandro , El Aidi Hamza , Eikendal Anouk L.M. , Raaijmakers Alexander , Visser Fredy , van den Berg Cornelis A.T. , Leiner Tim , Luijten Peter R. , Hoogduin Hans 
Published: March 2015

PurposeAortic vessel wall imaging requires large coverage and a high spatial resolution, which makes it prohibitively time‐consuming for clinical use. This work explores the feasibility of imaging the descending aorta in acceptable scan time, using two‐dimensional (2D) spatially selective excitation and a new way of inversion recovery for black blood imaging.MethodsThe excitation pattern and field of view in a 3D gradient echo sequence are reduced in two dimensions, following the aorta's anisotropic geometry. Black blood contrast is obtained by partially inverting the blood's magnetization in the heart at the start of the cardiac cycle. Imaging is delayed until the inverted blood has filled the desired part of the aorta. The flip angle and delay are determined such that the blood signal is nulled upon arrival in the aorta.ResultsExperiments on eight volunteers showed that the descending aortic vessel wall could be imaged over more than 15 cm at a maximal resolution of 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 mm3 in less than 5 min minimal scan time.ConclusionThis feasibility study demonstrates that time‐efficient isotropic imaging of the descending aorta is possible by using 2D spatially selective excitation for motion artifact reduction and a new way of inversion recovery for black blood imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:547–555, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐calibrated trajectory estimation and signal correction method for robust radial imaging using GRAPPA operator gridding
Authors: Deshmane Anagha , Blaimer Martin , Breuer Felix , Jakob Peter , Duerk Jeffrey , Seiberlich Nicole , Griswold Mark 
Published: March 2015

PurposeIn radial imaging, projections may become “miscentered” due to gradient errors such as delays and eddy currents. These errors may result in image artifacts and can disrupt the reliability of direct current (DC) navigation. The proposed parallel imaging–based technique retrospectively estimates trajectory error from miscentered radial data without extra acquisitions, hardware, or sequence modification.Theory and MethodsAfter phase correction, self‐calibrated GRAPPA operator gridding (GROG) weights are iteratively applied to shift‐miscentered projections toward the center of k‐space. A search algorithm identifies the shift that aligns the peak k‐space signals by maximizing the sum‐of‐squares DC signal estimate of each projection. The algorithm returns a trajectory estimate and a corrected radial k‐space signal.ResultsData from a spherical phantom, the head, and the heart demonstrate that image reconstruction with the estimated trajectory restores image quality and reduces artifacts such as streaks and signal voids. The DC signal level is increased and variability is reduced.ConclusionRetrospective phase correction and iterative application of GROG can be used to successfully estimate the trajectory error in two‐dimensional radial acquisitions for improved image reconstruction without requiring extra data acquisition or sequence modification. Magn Reson Med 75:883–896, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Handheld electromagnet carrier for transfer of hyperpolarized carbon‐13 samples
Authors: Shang Hong , Skloss Timothy , von Morze Cornelius , Carvajal Lucas , Van Criekinge Mark , Milshteyn Eugene , Larson Peder E. Z. , Hurd Ralph E. , Vigneron Daniel B. 
Published: March 2015

PurposeHyperpolarization of carbon‐13 (13C) nuclei by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization increases signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) by >10,000‐fold for metabolic imaging, but care must be taken when transferring hyperpolarized (HP) samples from polarizer to MR scanner. Some 13C substrates relax rapidly in low ambient magnetic fields. A handheld electromagnet carrier was designed and constructed to preserve polarization by maintaining a sufficient field during sample transfer.MethodsThe device was constructed with a solenoidal electromagnet, powered by a nonmagnetic battery, holding the HP sample during transfer. A specially designed switch automated deactivation of the field once transfer was complete. Phantom and rat experiments were performed to compare MR signal enhancement with or without the device for HP [13C]urea and [1‐13C]pyruvate.ResultsThe magnetic field generated by this device was tested to be >50 G over a 6‐cm central section. In phantom and rat experiments, [13C]urea transported via the device showed SNR improvement by a factor of 1.8–1.9 over samples transferred through the background field.ConclusionA device was designed and built to provide a suitably high yet safe magnetic field to preserve hyperpolarization during sample transfer. Comparative testing demonstrated SNR improvements of approximately two‐fold for [13C]urea while maintaining SNR for [1‐13C]pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 75:917–922, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.