bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of natural dyes and metal threads used in 16th -18th century Persian/Safavid and Indian/Mughal velvets by HPLC-PDA and SEM-EDS to investigate the system to differentiate velvets of these two cultures
Authors: Shibayama Nobuko , Wypyski Mark , Gagliardi-Mangilli Elisa 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Analyses of natural dyes and the metal of the metal-wrapping threads used in 16th -18th century Persian/Safavid and Indian/Mughal period velvets were performed on these textiles in the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The purpose was to determine whether velvets from the two cultures, which have shown problems in the past with attribution based on historical and iconographical studies, could be more precisely differentiated with the additional evidence from identification of their natural dyes and metals along with information of weaving techniques.
Dyes and metal of the metal-wrapped threads from fifteen Persian velvets and six Indian velvets were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detector and by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry respectively.

Results
There seem to be types of dyes which specifically characterize the velvets of each culture, as well as types of dyes commonly found in velvets of both cultures. Dyes typical of Persian velvets are cochineal and yellow larkspur, while lac and turmeric are characteristic of Indian velvets. The dyes commonly found are a combination of yellow larkspur and indigo dye in green, as well as safflower, indigo dye, soluble redwoods, and tannin dye. There were exceptions however. Because of those exceptions, examining the range of dyes used in the velvets would be important in differentiating the velvets. Metal used for wrapping the threads was in all cases found to be silver of fairly high purity, the majority of which had been gilded. The silver from Persia metal threads showed very slightly higher copper content, while Indian threads showed nearly pure silver. This is the first extensive comparative study of dyes and metal threads of Safavid and Mughal velvets: the first evidence of yellow larkspur being the most used yellow dye in Persia, and of the possible differences in the two cultures’ metal threads.

Conclusion
In addition to knowledge gathered from investigation of weave structure and from historical and iconographic studies, analysis of dyes and metal threads will contribute to a clearer differentiation of those two cultural groups of textiles.
A physical model considered the effect of overland water flow on rainfall-induced shallow landslides
Authors: Luo Yu , He Si-ming , Chen Fang-zhu , Li Xin-po , He Jin-chuan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Background
It is well know that many shallow landslides are triggered by rainfalls. In previous studies of shallow landslide models, the effect of overland water flow on slope stability was ignored.

Results
In this paper, a physical model considered the effect of overland water flow on rainfall-induced shallow landslides is derived and applied to predict the landslides. The slope stability model is developed by considering the depth of overland water flow in infinite slope stability theory. Hillslope hydrology is modelled by coupling the overland uniform water flow equation with Rosso’s seepage flow equation. And then, the model is used to assess the slope stability in Dujiangyan of China, and the results is compare with Rosso’s model.

Conclusions
This model is simple, but has the capability of taking into account the effect of overland water flow in the triggering mechanism of shallow landslide. The results of case study show that the overland water flow can make an obvious effect on shallow landslides, so it is quite important to consider the overland water flow in shallow landslide hazard assessment.
Human blood CD1c dendritic cells stimulate IL-12-independent IFN-γ responses and have a strikingly low inflammatory profile
Authors: Benlahrech Adel , Duraisingham Sai , King Douglas , Verhagen Lisa , Rozis George , Amjadi Parisa , Ford Tom , Kelleher Peter , Patterson Steven 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are initiated by resident myeloid tissue DC. A major fraction of tissue DC express CD1c+ and is thought to be derived from blood CD1c DC, an idea supported here by the observation that they express tissue-homing molecules and rapidly differentiate into cells with a tissue DC phenotype. Responses are thought to be augmented/modulated further by inflammatory moDC. Although much accepted human myeloid DC cell biology is based on moDC studies, we find these 2 DC populations to be functionally distinct. Stimulated moDC produce high levels of IL-10 and the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12. Under identical conditions, CD1c DC synthesized no IL-10 and no or low levels of IL-12. Despite this, CD1c DC stimulated a strong Th1 response, demonstrated by IL-12 neutralization to be IL-12 independent, whereas the response induced by moDC was IL-12 dependent. This finding was supported by studies on a patient with a highly reduced ability to synthesize IL-12, whose CD1c DC induced a good Th1 response contrasting with the failure of his moDC, which were impaired in IL-12 production, to induce IFN-γ-secreting T cells. The IL-10 and IL-12 data were confirmed by microarray analysis, which also showed that stimulated moDC produced inflammatory-associated chemokines and cytokines, whereas stimulated CD1c DC showed minimal up-regulation of these genes. Thus, moDC, widely used as a human myeloid DC model, do not faithfully reflect the properties of CD1c tissue DC, making the initial response to a pathogen or vaccine.
Allergen induced pulmonary inflammation enhances mammary tumor growth and metastasis: Role of CHI3L1
Authors: Libreros Stephania , Garcia-Areas Ramon , Keating Patricia , Gazaniga Nathalia , Robinson Philip , Humbles Alison , Iragavarapu-Charyulu Vijaya L 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in women with breast cancer. Metastasis to the lungs is greater in patients with pulmonary inflammatory illnesses. It is unknown how pre-existing pulmonary inflammation affects mammary tumor progression. We developed a novel breast cancer model in which pulmonary inflammation is induced in mice prior to tumor cell implantation. In the present study, we determined how pre-existing allergen-induced inflammation changes the pulmonary microenvironment to exacerbate tumor metastasis. We showed that pre-existing pulmonary inflammation in mammary tumor bearers is associated with: 1) an increase in growth of the primary tumor and metastasis; 2) an increase in the expression of a glycoprotein known as CHI3L1; and 3) increase in the levels of myeloid populations in their lungs. We also showed that myeloid derived cells from the lungs of allergic tumor bearers produce higher amounts of CHI3L1 than the saline controls. We previously showed that CHI3L1 induces the expression of proinflammatory and protumorigenic molecules. In this study, we show that CHI3L1 knockout tumor bearers with pre-existing allergic pulmonary inflammation had decreased levels of myeloid-derived cells, decreased levels of proinflammatory mediators, and a significant reduction in tumor volume and metastasis compared with the wild-type controls. Pre-existing inflammation and CHI3L1 might be driving the establishment of a premetastatic milieu in the lungs and aiding in the support of metastatic foci. Understanding the role of allergen-induced CHI3L1 and inflammation in tumor bearers and its effects on the pulmonary microenvironment could result in targeted therapies for breast cancer.
ADAM9 disintegrin domain activates human neutrophils through an autocrine circuit involving integrins and CXCR2
Authors: Amendola Rafael S , Martin Ana Carolina B M , Selistre-de-Araújo Heloísa S , Paula-Neto Heitor A , Saldanha-Gama Roberta , Barja-Fidalgo Christina 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
ADAM9 is a member of the ADAM family whose expression positively correlates with tumor progression. Besides the metalloprotease activity, ADAM9D interacts with different integrins, modulating cell-adhesion events. Previous studies pointed to an important role for neutrophils in tumor development, as the inhibition of neutrophil migration or depletion of this immune cell impairs tumor growth. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, as well as the main key players acting on neutrophils, is very limited. Here, we investigated the possible modulatory effects of ADAM9D on human neutrophil functions. Our results show that ADAM9D promotes neutrophil activation and chemotaxis in a process that depends on the engagement of αvβ3 and α9β1 integrins and on the activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathway. ADAM9D impairs migration of neutrophils toward fMLP, LTB4, and IL-8 as classic chemoattractants. This effect is blocked by PTX, a G(i)PCR inhibitor. Furthermore, CXCR2 antagonists RPTX and SB225002 also impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in response to ADAM9D, suggesting a hierarchical cross-talk of integrins with CXCR2. Our results indicate that ADAM9D activates neutrophil functions and may be implicated in the inflammatory events associated with cancer and other disorders.
Role of the intestinal cytokine microenvironment in shaping the intraepithelial lymphocyte repertoire
Authors: Qiu Yuan , Wang Wensheng , Xiao Weidong , Yang Hua 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Local resident IELs are composed of distinct subsets of T cells with potent cytolytic and immunoregulatory capacities. As IELs are located within this unique interface between the core of the body and the outside environment, the specific development and function of intestinal IELs must be tightly regulated. To accomplish this, the cytokine microenvironment of the intestine has evolved sophisticated mechanisms that modulate the phenotype, ontogeny, and function of these cells. In this review, we summarize the evidence demonstrating the origin of certain intestinal cytokines, including IL-7, IL-15, IL-2, TGF-β, and SCF and discuss what influence such cytokines may have on IELs. Moreover, we review data suggesting that the abnormal expression of cytokines that leads to the heightened activation of IELs may also contribute to immunopathological responses or exacerbate inflammatory diseases, such as IBD and celiac disease, or promote cancer development and progression.
Iodide- and Glucose-Handling Gene Expression Regulated by Sorafenib or Cabozantinib in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Ruan Maomei , Liu Min , Dong Qianggang , Chen Libo 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Context:
The aberrant silencing of iodide-handling genes accompanied by up-regulation of glucose metabolism presents a major challenge for radioiodine treatment of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on iodide-handling and glucose-handling gene expression in BHP 2-7 cells harboring RET/PTC1 rearrangement.

Main Outcome Measures:
In this in vitro study, the effects of sorafenib or cabozantinib on cell growth, cycles, and apoptosis were investigated by cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay, respectively. The effect of both agents on signal transduction pathways was evaluated using the Western blot. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and radioisotope uptake assays were used to assess iodide-handling and glucose-handling gene expression.

Results:
Both compounds inhibited cell proliferation in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner and caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Sorafenib blocked RET, AKT, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas cabozantinib blocked RET and AKT phosphorylation. The restoration of iodide-handling gene expression and inhibition of glucose transporter 1 and 3 expression could be induced by either drug. The robust expression of sodium/iodide symporter induced by either agent was confirmed, and 125I uptake was correspondingly enhanced. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation was significantly decreased after treatment by either sorafenib or cabozantinib.

Conclusions:
Sorafenib and cabozantinib had marked effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and signal transduction pathways in PTC cells harboring RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Both agents could be potentially used to enhance the expression of iodide-handling genes and inhibit the expression of glucose transporter genes.
Metal-free Synthesis of 2-Alkenyl/Alkynyl-5-nitropyridines Using a Three-component Ring Transformation
Authors: Le Song Thi , Asahara Haruyasu , Nishiwaki Nagatoshi 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A metal-free, facile, and efficient protocol for synthesizing a series of 2-alkenyl/alkynyl-5-nitropyridines was developed by using a three-component ring transformation of 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-2-pyridone with α,β-unsaturated ketones and ammonium acetate. As 2-alkenyl/alkynyl-5-nitropyridines are not easily prepared by the Heck or Sonogashira reactions, this method will be supplementary to these reactions.
Doxorubicin-loaded Fe3O4@SiO2 Nanoparticles as Magnetic Targeting Agents for Combined Photothermal-chemotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Ding Bei , Shen Song , Wu Lin , Qi Xueyong , Ni Haihua , Ge Yanru 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Specific photothermal-chemotherapy is a promising tool in the treatment of the cancer. We developed silica-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as photothermal agents and magnetic targeting drug delivery system. Doxorubicin-loaded silica-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed pH-responsive release properties. A synthetic antitumor effect of photothermal-chemotherapy was realized on MCF-7 cells.
From where to what: a neuroanatomically based evolutionary model of the emergence of speech in humans
Authors: Poliva Oren 
Published: March 2015

In the brain of primates, the auditory cortex connects with the frontal lobe via the temporal pole (auditory ventral stream; AVS) and via the inferior parietal lobule (auditory dorsal stream; ADS). The AVS is responsible for sound recognition, and the ADS for sound-localization, voice detection and audio-visual integration. I propose that the primary role of the ADS in monkeys/apes is the perception and response to contact calls. These calls are exchanged between tribe members (e.g., mother-offspring) and are used for monitoring location. Perception of contact calls occurs by the ADS detecting a voice, localizing it, and verifying that the corresponding face is out of sight. The auditory cortex then projects to parieto-frontal visuospatial regions (visual dorsal stream) for searching the caller, and via a series of frontal lobe-brainstem connections, a contact call is produced in return.Because the human ADS processes also speech production and repetition, I further describe a course for the development of speech in humans. I propose that, due to duplication of a parietal region and its frontal projections, and strengthening of direct frontal-brainstem connections, the ADS converted auditory input directly to vocal regions in the frontal lobe, which endowed earlyHominanswith partial vocal control. This enabled offspring to modify their contact calls with intonations for signaling different distress levels to their mother. Vocal control could then enable question-answer conversations, by offspring emitting a low-level distress call for inquiring about the safety of objects, and mothers responding with high- or low-level distress calls. Gradually, the ADS and the direct frontal-brainstem connections became more robust and vocal control became more volitional. Eventually, individuals were capable of inventing new words and offspring were capable of inquiring about objects in their environment and learning their names via mimicry.
Organizational Structure and Product Choice in Knowledge-Intensive Firms
Authors: Wu Yanhui 
Published: March 2015

This paper formulates a model in which a firm simultaneously chooses its organizational structure and product position. The firm’s production is knowledge intensive, requiring employees to solve problems. A vertical hierarchy, in which workers refer unsolved problems to managers facilitates the acquisition and leveraging of managers’ superior knowledge. I show that a larger span of control is complementary to the provision of high-value products. Moreover, this complementarity is sustained when employees acquire sufficient knowledge and is further strengthened when the firm enhances its capability of communicating knowledge. The model yields testable implications concerning (1) the fit between a firm’s product position and span of control, (2) the effect of information technology on product innovations and skill-biased organizational changes, and (3) the heterogeneity in hierarchical structure and human resource management in professional service firms.This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
The Relationship Between Workplace Stressors and Mortality and Health Costs in the United States
Authors: Goh Joel , Pfeffer Jeffrey , Zenios Stefanos A. 
Published: March 2015

Even though epidemiological evidence links specific workplace stressors to health outcomes, the aggregate contribution of these factors to overall mortality and health spending in the United States is not known. In this paper, we build a model to estimate the excess mortality and incremental health expenditures associated with exposure to the following 10 workplace stressors: unemployment, lack of health insurance, exposure to shift work, long working hours, job insecurity, work–family conflict, low job control, high job demands, low social support at work, and low organizational justice. Our model uses input parameters obtained from publicly accessible data sources. We estimated health spending from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and joint probabilities of workplace exposures from the General Social Survey, and we conducted a meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature to estimate the relative risks of poor health outcomes associated with exposure to these stressors. The model was designed to overcome limitations with using inputs from multiple data sources. Specifically, the model separately derives optimistic and conservative estimates of the effect of multiple workplace exposures on health, and uses optimization to calculate upper and lower bounds around each estimate, which accounts for the correlation between exposures. We find that more than 120,000 deaths per year and approximately 5%–8% of annual healthcare costs are associated with and may be attributable to how U.S. companies manage their work forces. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to management practices as important contributors to health outcomes and costs in the United States. This paper was accepted by Dimitris Bertsimas, optimization.
Human acellular dermal wound matrix for treatment of DFU: literature review and analysis
Authors: Reyzelman A. M. 
Published: March 2015

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) affect a significant number of people and the treatment is challenging and costly. Since only a small portion of patients respond to standard care, the majority require more advanced wound healing interventions. Human acellular dermal matrices—regenerative tissue matrices derived from human tissue and processed from screened donated skin—can aid wound closure by restoring the missing physiological factors to the microenvironment. A literature review of the clinical literature was performed to estimate the comparative effectiveness of one specific human acellular dermal wound matrix (HADWM; Graftjacket regenerative tissue matrix) versus standard care in healing DFUs. Outcomes from three prospective, controlled clinical trials, which included 154 patients with DFUs, were pooled. A comparative analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in mean wound healing time, 1.7 weeks, as well as a nearly four-fold improvement in the chance of healing ulcers treated with HADWM versus moist wound-care. These pooled results suggest that HADWM may improve healing outcomes for these difficult-to-heal lower extremity wounds. Declaration of interest: Alexander Reyzelman is a consultant for KCI, an Acelity company.
Clinical audit of a lymphoedema bandaging system: a foam roll and cohesive short stretch bandages
Authors: Whitaker J. , Williams A. , Pope D. , Elwell R. , Thomas M. , Charles H. , Muldoon J. 
Published: March 2015

Objective: Late-stage lymphoedema is characterised by chronic swelling, shape distortion, inflammatory processes and tissue fibrosis. Our aim was to perform a clinical audit of a lymphoedema compression bandaging system (Rosidal Soft foam roll layer and figure-of-eight application of Actico cohesive inelastic bandages) specifically designed for patients with late stage lower limb lymphoedema. Method: The audit explored suitability of the bandaging system, benchmarking limb volume changes with research evidence, and reporting patient and practitioner evaluations. Results: A mean reduction (33%) in excess limb volume was reported for the 11 patients with unilateral lymphoedema who completed a course of bandaging over 12 days. Mean percentage reduction of absolute limb volume after treatment was 8%. Patient and practitioner evaluations indicated the suitability of this bandage system for patients with late stage lymphoedema in terms of comfort and effectiveness. Conclusion: The bandaging system is suitable for patients with late stage chronic swelling. Two parameters for calculating change in limb volume are not interchangeable. Future evaluation of the bandaging system, using validated outcome measures within a comprehensive research study is required. Declaration of interest: Activa Healthcare provided financial support to the project and supplied the materials.
Niche cinema: Negotiating cultural identities of the new Indian middle classes
Authors: Ray Sriparna 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Niche has become a key word in Indian media and Hindi film industry discourses ever since economic liberalization led to a rapid escalation in the consumption power of the urban, affluent, English-educated middle classes. Like any other leisure industry sector, the entertainment industry sought to reap the benefits of this trend by making films that would appeal to this section of the population, thus redefining the term ‘masses’, which has been conventionally used to describe Hindi popular cinema spectators. This article analyses how the industry has tailored its narrative content and modes of address in order to articulate the shifting identity markers of the urban middle classes. How do Hindi film narratives and their ancillary texts make their prioritization obvious? A further segmentation of the target audience is taking place through the industry’s increasing focus on young people. Industry and media discourses have used the term ‘youth’ to indicate a generation of consuming classes with a high level of disposable income. Their cinematic representations connect them to global – particularly western – identities but, at the same time, distinguish their construction of a national identity that is informed by and inflected with foreign cultural influences but not entirely dominated by them. Citing interviews conducted with industry executives, the article looks at how the Hindi film industry is imagining its intended audiences and structuring their identities through negotiations between local and global. The aim of the article is to explore the processes of signification through which the industry is articulating that imagination.