bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traditionally used wild edible greens in the Aegean Region of Turkey
Authors: Dogan Yunus 
Published: December 2012

Turkey has the largest coastal area in the Mediterranean, possesses an extraordinarily rich flora, and a great traditional knowledge. This diversity of plants naturally affects the traditional use of plants and is reflected in the rich Turkish cuisine. Consequently, the Mediterranean Diet (whose typical components are wild greens) constitutes one of the important elements of Turkish cuisine. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine the consumption of wild edible green plants for the Aegean Region of Turkey and to establish the similarities to or differences from consumption in other regions and other cuisine in the Mediterranean Basin. This study compiles and evaluates the ethnobotanical data currently available. There were 111 taxa that were identified as wild edible greens in the study area belonging to 26 different families. Asteraceae (21 taxa) were the most commonly consumed as food. It was followed by Boraginaceae with 19 taxa, Apiaceae with 15 taxa and Lamiaceae with 7 taxa, respectively. <em>Rumex </em>and <em>Erodium </em>were the most represented genera with 4 species. <em>Tamus communis </em>and <em>Asparagus acutifolius</em>, Mediterranean elements and distributed in all of the Mediterranean Basin, are among the most widely consumed wild plants in the area. Wild edible plants are consumed in a variety of ways. The most common type of consumption (79 taxa) was in salads. The fact that the majority of the plants used in the area are consumed in salads shows the close relationship between the local diet and the concept of the Mediterranean Diet. As a result, very promisingly, there is a renewed or increasing interest in consuming wild food plants as part of this diet.
The Utility of UroVysion Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Pancreatic Fine-Needle Aspiration Samples Directed and Obtained by Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Authors: Henkes David N. , Patel Sandeep N. , Rosenkranz Laura A. , Escobedo Jose L. 
Published: December 2012

Context.—The diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma can be challenging for the pathologist. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) can be used to obtain samples of pancreatic masses. UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization (UFISH) has been reported to increase the sensitivity and to be very specific for the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma when combined with cytology in the diagnosis of biliary brushings and washings.
Objectives.—To determine the sensitivity and specificity of UFISH on tissues obtained from pancreatic lesions suggestive of adenocarcinoma obtained by EUS-FNA, compared against fine-needle aspiration (FNA) results. Additionally, to use patient follow-up data to evaluate UFISH results in FNA samples that showed significant atypia but did not meet the criteria for malignancy.
Design.—Sixty consecutive cases of pancreatic EUS-FNA from our institution submitted for UFISH testing.
Results.—Polysomic UFISH has a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 100% when compared against FNA results. Follow-up studies showed that adding UFISH to FNA increased the sensitivity for patients with true-positive results from 83% to 94% and increased specificity from 85% to 100%. For 7 patients with suspicious FNA results who had sufficient follow-up, UFISH was 100% sensitive and 100% specific.
Conclusions.—UFISH can be used to confirm the diagnosis of malignancy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Because of the high specificity, polysomic UFISH may help establish a diagnosis of malignancy when the FNA features are suggestive of, but not conclusive for, malignancy. The most common cause for a false-negative UFISH result was insufficient numbers of malignant cells.
Evaluation and Purchase of an Analytical Flow Cytometer: Some of the Numerous Factors to Consider
Authors: Zucker Robert M. , Fisher Nancy C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhen purchasing a flow cytometer, the decision of which brand, model, specifications, and accessories may be challenging. The decisions should initially be guided by the specific applications intended for the instrument. However, many other factors need to be considered, which include hardware, software, quality assurance, support, service, and price and recommendations from colleagues. These issues are discussed to help guide the purchasing process. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 63:1.28.1‐1.28.11. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Applications of
GIS
in Engineering Measurements
Authors: Spring Gary S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The GIS is a computerized database management system that provides graphic access (capture, storage retrieval, analysis, and display) to spatial data. GIS software provides a map display that allows thematic mapping of data and its graphic output overlain onto a map image. The study finds that there are two types of data in general‐spatial data and attribute data. The two most common ways of representing spatial data are the raster and vector formats. The linkage between attribute data and spatial data is the key advantage of using GIS. The process by which this is accomplished is called geocoding. There has been a significant increase in recent years in the number of state departments of transportation developing more accurate road base maps using digital imagery and kinematic GPS. There has also been significant growth in web‐based GIS applications and the use of GIS for managing infrastructure inventories. This Chapter thoroughly reviews emerging issues and applications that are forefronts of current attention include‐ metadata, data visualization, and enterprise GIS.
Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges
Authors: Monzon Eric V. , Itani Ahmad M. , Pekcan Gokhan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEarthquake simulation using shake tables is one of the main tools that can be used to determine the seismic response of structures. Seismic response of bridges is of particular interest as they are considered as “life‐line structure.” The collapse or closure of highway bridges due to damage during an earthquake may lead to significant economic loss. However, one of the drawbacks of shake‐table testing is the payload limitation of the table itself. The specimen has to be scaled down in order to fail it under realistic earthquake excitation. Similitude requirements involved in modeling structures are discussed in this chapter. Although seismic modeling of highway bridges is emphasized in this chapter, the theory presented on dimensional analysis can be used to model any civil engineering structure. An example based on the 0.4‐scale model of a curved bridge used for seismic testing at University of Nevada, Reno is presented. The discussion also includes specimen fabrication, selection of input motion, instrumentation, and data acquisition and processing.
Measurements in Environmental Engineering
Authors: Vallero Daniel A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe quality of environmental decisions depends on reliable environmental data. These data are obtained from field samples that are either analyzed on site or collected for laboratory analysis. Measurements of air, water, soil, sediment, and biota are used either directly, for example, monitoring wells around a hazardous waste site, or indirectly, for example, extrapolations in time and space. Extrapolations of environmental conditions are often accomplished using models. This chapter provides guidance on selecting sites to be sampled, preparing environmental monitoring plans based on data quality objectives, and analyzing the samples. The numerous sources of variability and uncertainty are introduced, including means of expressing data limitations. The chapter concludes with examples of how measurement data have been used, notably as environmental indicators and in environmental indices.
Mobile Source Emissions Testing
Authors: Venigalla Mohan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This Chapter provides broad review on emission testing of new and in‐use vehicles, particularly in the United States. Under a mandate from the U.S. Congress, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA or EPA) sets emissions standards for vehicles. All of EPA's emission regulations specify test procedures to measure engine or vehicle emission levels. EPA uses the test results to determine compliance with the applicable emission standards and also develop emission models such as the MOBILE model and its successor MOVES model. The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires every engine and motor vehicle within the chain of commerce in the United States to meet a set of emission standards and conformity requirements. Various testing for regulatory compliance have been summarized, for example, federal test procedure, testing for inspection and maintenance, emission testing with onboard portable emissions monitoring systems and, testing for special purpose emissions study.
Mass Properties Measurement
Authors: Tellet (editor) David 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Mass properties—weight, centers of gravity, and inertias—are critical performance parameters for any vehicle such as an aircraft, spacecraft, land vehicle, or ship as well as any subsystem or component, where precise mass properties measurement and management is necessary to meet strict engineering and performance requirements. This chapter deals with the techniques, methods, tools, and approaches for the measurement of mass properties of vehicles, and vehicle subsystems, rather than production line or bulk items. This chapter covers mass and weight measurement systems; measurement methodology; choosing measuring equipment; mass and weight measurement; centers of gravity; moments of inertia; products of inertia; measuring large vehicles; and uncertainty in mass properties measurements.
Vibration Measurement
Authors: Gracewski Sheryl M. , Ramoutar Nigel D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Vibration can be defined as an oscillation about an equilibrium point. This Chapter summarizes techniques of vibration measurement which can be used to determine a machine's dynamic response to forces that are generated during operation. However, many of the concepts discussed here can be applied to other systems, such as oscillations in electrical circuits or fluidic systems. The basic notation and concepts needed to interpret vibration measurements has been introduced by discussing the response of a one‐degree‐off freedom system. These concepts are further generalized to multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems to emphasize the need to analyze vibration measurements in the frequency domain. A range of vibration measurement equipment and techniques have been described that can be used to excite a structure and to measure and analyze its response. A summary of modal analysis techniques that can be used to obtain the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and modal damping parameters of a structure has been given. Finally, some applications of vibration measurement have also been discussed comprehensively.
Pressure and Velocity Measurements
Authors: Figliola Richard S. , Beasley Donald E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In this Section, we cover basic concepts related to taking pressure measurements in engineering systems, as well as to taking velocity measurements within systems with moving fluids. The Section begins with a discussion of pressure concepts and moves on to discussions of the pressure standards commonly used in the laboratory and pressure transducers used in general engineering practice. Treatment is given to pressure measurements in static and dynamic systems, as well as in moving fluid systems. The Section presents concepts useful in predicting the time response of a pressure system associated with dynamic measurements, including details of a lumped parameter model of the often encountered pressure transmission line that can be useful in planning a measuring system's design. The Section provides discussion on many of the common errors associated with pressure instruments and their associated measurement systems and suggests nominal values for pressure measurement uncertainties. The Section also discusses several techniques for measuring flow velocity, either at a point or for a full flow field, as pressure and velocity measurements are often carried out together in many applications. Pressure and thermal techniques for measuring velocity that are widely used both in the engineering practice and laboratory are included in the presentation along with a discussion on the advantages and uncertainties associated with each technique.
Flow Measurement
Authors: Yoder Jesse 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Flow is one of the most important variables measured in industrial and commercial environments. This Chapter focuses various aspects of new and traditional technologies to flow measurements. The study finds one important trend in flow measurement is the move from traditional technology to new technology flowmeters. Many end‐users are selecting new‐technology flowmeters for their accuracy, reliability, lack of pressure drop, and reduced need for maintenance. The primary attributes that end‐users look for in flowmeters include accuracy, reliability, and lack of required maintenance. This trend primarily benefits ultrasonic, Coriolis, and magnetic flowmeters. The use of vortex meters is also growing, especially for steam applications. Thermal flowmeters are not so much displacing other meters as they are being increasingly used for a wide range of new environmental applications involving the measurement of greenhouse gases. However, traditional technology flowmeters are also holding their own in some applications for the use of gas in commercial and industrial buildings.
Heat Flux Measurement
Authors: Diller Thomas E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOwing to the importance of energy in modern society, heat transfer (the movement of thermal energy) has become a crucial factor in many engineering systems. Measurements of heat transfer are therefore important, but remain a challenge to accomplish with accuracy. Various commercial heat flux gages and research methods are available to measure heat transfer in a wide range of applications. This chapter explores how to accurately and reliably measure heat flux (heat transfer per area) with these techniques in practical situations.
Evaluating and Selecting Technology‐Based Projects
Authors: Thamhain Hans J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Managers can choose among a large number of quantitative and qualitative methods for project evaluation and selection. The effectiveness of each method depends on the specific project type, organizational culture and managerial skills, discussed in this paper together with the strength and limitations of various evaluation methods. To be effective, especially in complex project situations, the decision‐making process often has to go beyond the application of just quantitative methods. Field research shows that incorporating both quantitative and qualitative measures into a combined rational–judgmental evaluation process often yields the most reliable predictor of future project value and success. As equally important, the process requires managerial leadership and skills in planning, organizing, and communicating. Above all, the leader of the project evaluation team must be a social architect, who can unify the multifunctional process and its people. The leader must be able to foster an environment that is professionally stimulating and conducive to risk sharing. Moreover, the evaluation process must be effectively linked to the functional support groups responsible for project implementation, and aligned with organizational strategy. Senior management has an important role in unifying the evaluation team behind the mission objectives and in facilitating the linkages to the diverse stakeholder community.
Manufacturing Systems Evaluation
Authors: Olson Walter W. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Environmentally conscious manufacturing is the production of products using processes and techniques selected to have the least impact on the environment while still being economically viable. This Chapter discusses several techniques for assessing and evaluating environmentally conscious manufacturing performance of manufacturing systems. This provides the basis for making evaluations of improvement areas and performing the tasks necessary to formulate improvement projects. The goal of this Chapter is to provide guidance to assist the industrial engineer in finding better methods and techniques to make the overall manufacturing system more responsive to the goals of environmentally conscious manufacturing. The study determines that ISO 14001 is a suitable plan to pursue and may be essential to the business practices of the firm if it is used properly.
Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment
Authors: Cross Alan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Chemical processes are dependent, for proper overall performance, on proper performance of the individual and inter‐connected process equipment components comprising the process. To achieve proper performance, it requires proper selection and placement, preferably of automatically monitoring instrumentation, for both the individual processing components and the ultimate products produced. Such instrumentation ideally consists of properly selected and placed, indicating, recording and controlling devices designed for this purpose and typically consists of temperature, pressure, and flow indicators, controllers, and recorders. Proper performance of individual processing components, such as those used for crushing and grinding equipment, can be obtained by measurements and control of the feed flow rate; measurement of properties such as particle size of both feed and product; and measurement of properties such as particle size, crushing strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of the feed.
Industrial Waste Auditing
Authors: Visvanathan C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Waste auditing is as important as any other step in a waste‐minimization or cleaner‐production project. The global industry is embracing proactive methods that principally focus on energy conservation and waste minimization by the application of cleaner production techniques. It has been noticed that use of traditional end‐of‐pipe treatment of waste alone is progressively becoming inadequate to satisfy the tightening requisites of modern environmental legislations. Industrial processes are impacted by the progressive phasing out or banning of chemicals that have been regularly used in industries. Several case studies proved that such proactive approaches reduce the overall production cost and environmental liabilities. With increasing popularity and attention to proactive methods, structured methodologies are being developed to systematically explore, analyze, and implement energy conservation and waste minimization or cleaner production programs in industries. The study concludes that the waste audit should be undertaken with utmost care and should be as thorough as possible. The more effort is spent at this phase, the better will be the chance of success of the project.
Viscosity Measurement
Authors: Anderson Ann M. , Bruno Bradford A. , Smith Lilla Safford 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter is designed to provide detailed and practical information on methods for measuring viscosity for the nonexpert. The chapter starts with a brief theoretical and mathematical overview of viscosity and presents correlations that can be used to account for the effects of pressure and temperature. Next we describe the theory of operation and advantages and disadvantages of the major measurement methods, including drag‐type, flow‐type, and vibrational viscometers. The chapter includes tables of information on commercially available viscometers, reviews the ASTM standards for measuring viscosity, and guides the reader through a set of questions/answers that can be used to select the appropriate viscometer for a given application.
Mechanical Properties of Polymers
Authors: Liu Daniel , Rehkopf Jackie , Reitman Maureen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPolymers are being used in every day consumer products manufacturing and various engineering applications. They provide design and manufacturing flexibility, as well as desirable combinations of properties. However, successful implementation of any polymer requires a basic understanding of its mechanical behavior and what factors affect that behavior. The chapter overviews the basic principles of polymer mechanical behavior which includes a discussion of the microstructure and morphology of polymers, stress‐strain behavior, time–temperature relationships, deformation mechanisms, fracture mechanics, polymer toughening, and reinforced polymers (and composites). The behavior of polymers in load‐bearing applications is also described, with introductions to creep, fatigue, and high‐strain rate performance.
Electrical Properties of Polymers
Authors: Riande Evaristo , Díaz‐Calleja Ricardo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe physics underlying the response of condensed matter to static and alternating electric force fields is briefly described. The relation between polarization and static electric fields leading to the estimation of the dipole moments of isolated polymer chains is progressively developed. Attention is paid to the dependence of the polarity of polymer chains on their chemical structure. The variation of the complex dielectric permittivity with the frequency of the perturbing electric field is studied at several temperatures above and below the glass transition temperature of polymers. It is shown that only in the case that the dipole moment scales with chains length, the dielectric relaxation spectra exhibits at low frequencies the normal mode relaxation arising from chains disentanglements. Relaxation spectra of polymers are profoundly affected by the development of order in these systems. The structures that make polymers suitable to be used as semiconductors, electronic and ionic conductors as well as actuators, are described. Moreover, the usefulness and performance of polymers in these endeavors are discussed. Finally, comments are made on the electrical breakdown in electrical isolating polymers.
Nondestructive Inspection
Authors: Crane Robert L. , Knopp Jeremy S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractToday manufactured products compete in the global marketplace. Because customers have a choice of several high quality products, the importance of initial quality and reliability has never been greater. Key elements to achieving high initial product quality are the inspections that are conducted during the manufacturing process. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) or nondestructive inspection (NDI) is often used to ensure that parts or components and the final assemble comply with design specifications. When used effectively, data produced by the inspection processes are compiled in a database that is used to correlate process variables with design specifications and reliability over product's lifetime. Traditionally, NDI techniques consisted of only five techniques such as ultrasonic, eddy current, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and radiography. Currently, there is a plethora of techniques that may be employed to ensure that the both components and the final product meet acceptable initial quality and reliability standards. With the advent of miniature microelectronic devices, it is now possible to embed the inspection capability into the part for a sacrificial or one‐time inspection or for continual health monitoring. This chapter briefly touches the basic aspects of commonly employed NDE/NDI techniques. For an examination of the latest techniques of NDI/NDE, the reader is encouraged to explore the open technical literature that is available on the worldwide web and in a research library.