bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environment‐induced lentigines: formation of solar lentigines beyond ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Nakamura Motoki , Morita Akimichi , Seité Sophie , Haarmann‐Stemmann Thomas , Grether‐Beck Susanne , Krutmann Jean 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThere is no doubt that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) contributes to the generation of acquired lentigines in human skin, as indicated by the term solar lentigo. A growing number of recent epidemiological and mechanistic studies, however, strongly suggest that in addition to UVR, other environmental factors contribute to lentigines’ formation as well. We therefore here introduce the term ‘environment‐induced lentigo’ (EIL) to refer to acquired pigment spots of human skin. In this view point, we (i) summarize the existing evidence to support a role of environmental toxicants other than UVR in the pathogenesis of EILs, (ii) we argue that activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling by UVR and environmental toxicants is critically involved in triggering and sustaining a crosstalk between melanocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which then causes the development and persistence of EILs in human skin, and (iii) we discuss clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of EILs resulting from this concept.
Fatigue assessment of high‐frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)‐treated welded joints subjected to high mean stresses and spectrum loading
Authors: Mikkola E. , Doré M. , Marquis G. , Khurshid M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe fatigue strength of welded joints can be improved with various post‐weld treatment methods. High‐frequency mechanical impact treatment is a residual stress modification technique that creates compressive residual stresses at the weld toe. However, these beneficial residual stresses may relax under certain loading conditions. In this paper, previously published fatigue data for butt and fillet welded joints subjected to high stress ratios and variable amplitude cyclic stresses were evaluated in relation to the current International Institute of Welding (IIW) recommendations on fatigue strength improvement and a proposed IIW design guideline for high‐frequency mechanical impact‐treated welded joints. The evaluation showed that the current IIW recommendations resulted in both non‐conservative and overly conservative fatigue strength estimations depending on the applied stress level, whereas the proposed fatigue assessment guideline fitted the current data well.
Record of archaeal activity at the serpentinite‐hosted Lost City Hydrothermal Field
Authors: Méhay S. , Früh‐Green G. L. , Lang S. Q. , Bernasconi S. M. , Brazelton W. J. , Schrenk M. O. , Schaeffer P. , Adam P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSamples of young, outer surfaces of brucite–carbonate deposits from the ultramafic‐hosted Lost City hydrothermal field were analyzed for DNA and lipid biomarker distributions and for carbon and hydrogen stable isotope compositions of the lipids. Methane‐cycling archaeal communities, notably the Lost City Methanosarcinales (LCMS) phylotype, are specifically addressed. Lost City is unlike all other hydrothermal systems known to date and is characterized by metal‐ and CO2‐poor, high pH fluids with high H2 and CH4 contents resulting from serpentinization processes at depth. The archaeal fraction of the microbial community varies widely within the Lost City chimneys, from 1–81% and covaries with concentrations of hydrogen within the fluids. Archaeal lipids include isoprenoid glycerol di‐ and tetraethers and C25 and C30 isoprenoid hydrocarbons (pentamethylicosane derivatives – PMIs – and squalenoids). In particular, unsaturated PMIs and squalenoids, attributed to the LCMS archaea, were identified for the first time in the carbonate deposits at Lost City and probably record processes exclusively occurring at the surface of the chimneys. The carbon isotope compositions of PMIs and squalenoids are remarkably heterogeneous across samples and show highly 13C‐enriched signatures reaching δ13C values of up to +24.6‰. Unlike other environments in which similar structural and isotopic lipid heterogeneity has been observed and attributed to diversity in the archaeal assemblage, the lipids here appear to be synthesized solely by the LCMS. Some of the variations in lipid isotope signatures may, in part, be due to unusual isotopic fractionation during biosynthesis under extreme conditions. However, we argue that the diversity in archaeal abundances, lipid structure and carbon isotope composition rather reflects the ability of the LCMS archaeal biofilms to adapt to chemical gradients in the hydrothermal chimneys and possibly to perform either methanotrophy or methanogenesis using dissolved inorganic carbon, methane or formate as a function of the prevailing environmental conditions.
Revealing hidden evolutionary capacity to cope with global change
Authors: Chirgwin Evatt , Monro Keyne , Sgro Carla M. , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe extent to which global change will impact the long‐term persistence of species depends on their evolutionary potential to adapt to future conditions. While the number of studies that estimate the standing levels of adaptive genetic variation in populations under predicted global change scenarios is growing all the time, few studies have considered multiple environments simultaneously and even fewer have considered evolutionary potential in multivariate context. Because conditions will not be constant, adaptation to climate change is fundamentally a multivariate process so viewing genetic variances and covariances over multivariate space will always be more informative than relying on bivariate genetic correlations between traits. A multivariate approach to understanding the evolutionary capacity to cope with global change is necessary to avoid misestimating adaptive genetic variation in the dimensions in which selection will act. We assessed the evolutionary capacity of the larval stage of the marine polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa to adapt to warmer water temperatures. Galeolaria is an important habitat‐forming species in Australia, and its earlier life‐history stages tend to be more susceptible to stress. We used a powerful quantitative genetics design that assessed the impacts of three temperatures on subsequent survival across over 30 000 embryos across 204 unique families. We found adaptive genetic variation in the two cooler temperatures in our study, but none in the warmest temperature. Based on these results, we would have concluded that this species has very little capacity to evolve to the warmest temperature. However, when we explored genetic variation in multivariate space, we found evidence that larval survival has the potential to evolve even in the warmest temperatures via correlated responses to selection across thermal environments. Future studies should take a multivariate approach to estimating evolutionary capacity to cope with global change lest they misestimate a species’ true adaptive potential.
Potential impacts on ecosystem services of land use transitions to second‐generation bioenergy crops inGB
Authors: Milner Suzanne , Holland Robert A. , Lovett Andrew , Sunnenberg Gilla , Hastings Astley , Smith Pete , Wang Shifeng , Taylor Gail 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present the first assessment of the impact of land use change (LUC) to second‐generation (2G) bioenergy crops on ecosystem services (ES) resolved spatially for Great Britain (GB). A systematic approach was used to assess available evidence on the impacts ofLUCfrom arable, semi‐improved grassland or woodland/forest, to 2G bioenergy crops, for which a quantitative ‘threat matrix’ was developed. The threat matrix was used to estimate potential impacts of transitions to eitherMiscanthus, short‐rotation coppice (SRC, willow and poplar) or short‐rotation forestry (SRF). TheESeffects were found to be largely dependent on previous land uses rather than the choice of 2G crop when assessing the technical potential of available biomass with a transition from arable crops resulting in the most positive effect onES. Combining these data with constraint masks and available land forSRCandMiscanthus(SRFomitted from this stage due to lack of data), south‐west and north‐west England were identified as areas whereMiscanthusandSRCcould be grown, respectively, with favourable combinations of economic viability, carbon sequestration, high yield and positiveESbenefits. This study also suggests that not all prospective planting ofMiscanthusandSRCcan be allocated to agricultural land class (ALC) ALC 3 and ALC 4 and suitable areas ofALC5 are only minimally available. Beneficial impacts were found on 146 583 and 71 890 ha when plantingMiscanthusorSRC, respectively, under baseline planting conditions rising to 293 247 and 91 318 ha, respectively, under 2020 planting scenarios. The results provide an insight into the interplay between land availability, original land uses, bioenergy crop type and yield in determining overall positive or negative impacts of bioenergy cropping on ecosystems services and go some way towards developing a framework for quantifying widerESimpacts of this importantLUC.
Sulfoquinovosylacylpropanediol is a novel potent radiosensitizer in prostate cancer
Authors: Sawada Yugo , Omoto Kazuya , Kohei Naoki , Sakaguchi Kengo , Miura Masahiko , Tanabe Kazunari 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo examine the effects of combined treatment with sulfoquinovosylacylpropanediol and X‐ray irradiation on the remodeling of the prostate cancer microenvironment, including angiogenic and hypoxic characteristics.MethodsHuman prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC3) were implanted subcutaneously into the right hind legs of athymic nude mice. After the tumor volume reached 100–300mm3, 2mg/kg/day sulfoquinovosylacylpropanediol was given intravenously from day0 to day4, and cells were exposed to 4Gy X‐ray irradiation on days0 and 3 (for a total of 8Gy). Tumors were fixed and stained for pathological analyses and immunohistochemical evaluations. To analyze vascular normalization, 60mg/kg pimonidazole dissolved in saline was injected intraperitoneally.ResultsCombined treatment with sulfoquinovosylacylpropanediol plus X‐ray irradiation enhanced growth inhibition in DU145 xenografts. The tumor vessel density in DU145 cells significantly decreased after the combined treatment. Staining for αsmooth muscle actin in vessels was significantly increased. Pimonidazole staining, showing hypoxic lesions, was negative from 72h, but positive at 6 and 24h after the first combined treatment. In contrast, no enhancement of the microenvironment in PC3 xenografts was observed with sulfoquinovosylacylpropanediol plus X‐ray irradiation.ConclusionSulfoquinovosylacylpropanediol could be a novel potent radiosensitizing agent targeting angiogenesis in prostate cancer.
New curvilinear scheme for elastic wave propagation in presence of curved topography
Authors: Tarrass Issam , Giraud Luc , Thore Pierre 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe study a new curvilinear scheme for wave propagation modelling in presence of topography. The discrete scheme takes advantage of recent developments in areoacoustics. Our new scheme relies on the conventional grid coupled with optimized filters to remove numerical noise in case of strong material heterogeneity. We used non‐centred stencils for free surface implementation and optimized the explicit Runge‐Kutta scheme for the time differencing. We performed a complete theoretical stability and dispersion analysis of the discrete scheme. Finally, we illustrate the numerical accuracy of the new scheme by intensive experiments.
REE and C‐O Isotopic Geochemistry of Calcites from the World‐class Huize Pb‐Zn Deposits, Yunnan, China: Implications for the Ore Genesis
Authors: HUANG Zhilong , LI Xiaobiao , ZHOU Meifu , LI Wenbo , JIN Zhongguo 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:The world‐class Huize Pb‐Zn deposits of Yunnan province, in southwestern China, located in the center of the Sichuan‐Yunnan‐Guizhou Pb‐Zn polymetallic metallogenic province, has Pb+Zn reserves of more than 5 million tons at Pb+Zn grade of higher than 25% and contains abundant associated metals, such as Ag, Ge, Cd, and Ga. The deposits are hosted in the Lower Carboniferous carbonate strata and the Permian Emeishan basalts which distributed in the northern and southwestern parts of the orefield. Calcite is the only gangue mineral in the primary ores of the deposits and can be classified into three types, namely lumpy, patch and vein calcites in accordance with their occurrence. There is not intercalated contact between calcite and ore minerals and among the three types of calcite, indicating that they are the same ore‐forming age with different stages and its forming sequence is from lumpy to patch to vein calcites.This paper presents the rare earth element (REE) and C‐O isotopic compositions of calcites in the Huize Pb‐Zn deposits. From lumpy to patch to vein calcites, REE contents decrease as LREE/HREE ratios increase. The chondrite‐normalized REE patterns of the three types of calcites are characterized by LREE‐rich shaped, in which the lumpy calcite shows (La)N < (Ce)N < (Pr)N≈ (Nd)N with Eu/Eu* < 1, the patch calcite has (La)N < (Ce)N < (Pr)N≈ (Nd)N with Eu/Eu* > 1, and the vein calcite displays (La)N > (Ce)N > (Pr)N > (Nd)N with Eu/Eu* > 1. The REE geochemistry of the three types of calcite is different from those of the strata of various age and Permian Emeishan basalt exposed in the orefield. The δ13CPDB and δ18OSMOW values of the three types of calcites vary from −3.5‰ to −2.1‰ and 16.7‰ to 18.6‰, respectively, falling within a small field between primary mantle and marine carbonate in the δ13CPDB vs δ18OSMOW diagram.Various lines of evidence demonstrate that the three types of calcites in the deposits are produced from the same source with different stages. The ore‐forming fluids of the deposits resulted from crustal‐mantle mixing processes, in which the mantle‐derived fluid components might be formed from degassing of mantle or/and magmatism of the Permian Emeishan basalts, and the crustal fluid was mainly provided by carbonate strata in the orefield. The ore‐forming fluids in the deposits were homogenized before mineralization, and the ore‐forming environment varied from relatively reducing to oxidizing.
Applicability of Carbazole Migration Indices in Continental Rift Basins: A Case Study of Western Lujiapu Depression in Kailu Basin, NE China
Authors: ZHOU Shuqing , HUANG Haiping 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:Kailu Basin in which the Western Lujiapu Depression is located is a typical continental rift basin. Biomarker parameters of the oils indicate that depositional facies and environments vary between the Bao 1 and Bao 14 fault blocks with a higher saline environment in the Bao 1 fault block, but such difference has no significant impact on carbazole abundance and distribution. Maturity and migration distance are the main controls on carbazole abundance and distribution in the Western Lujiapu Depression. The commonly used migration indices, such as ratios of nitrogen shield isomers to nitrogen exposed isomers (1‐/4‐methylcarbazole ratio, 1,8‐/2,4‐dimethylcarbazole (DMC) ratio and half‐shield/exposed‐DMC ratio), absolute concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and BC ratio (= benzo [a]carbazole/ (benzo[a]carbazole + benzo[c]carbazole)) increase at the low mature range and decrease at a higher mature range with increasing maturity. At relatively low maturity stage (Rc<0.77%), maturation has reversal effects with migration on the ratios of nitrogen shield isomers to nitrogen exposed isomers, which may cover migration influence and makes these parameters fail to indicate migration effects. Valid migration indicators at this maturity stage are concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and BC ratios, which can provide ideal tools for migration direction assessment even within short migration distance. Maturity effects should be taken into account when carbazole compounds are applied to indicate migration direction, and at different maturity stages, these commonly used parameters have different validity in tracing migration direction. Coupled with our previous study in the Eastern Lujiapu Depression, a conceptual model of the variation of nitrogen migration indices can be established for terrestrial rifted basins, that is, strong fractionation lateral migration model through sandy beds, weak fractionation vertical migration model along faults, and maturity impacts on migration assessment.
A New Sapeornithid Bird from China and Its Implication for Early Avian Evolution
Authors: HU Dongyu , LI Li , HOU Lianhai , XU Xing 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:Recent discoveries of basal birds have greatly improved our understanding of early bird evolution, yet the evolution of several important features such as cranial kinesis and arboreality remain debated. A new sapeornithid bird,Shenshiornis primitagen. et sp. nov., based on an articulated skeleton from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China, sheds new light on these issues.Shenshiornispossesses a skull as primitive as or even more primitive than that ofArchaeopteryxand hind limbs modified for an improved arboreal capability. A cladistic analysis shows that: 1) presence of a diapsid skull is a plesiomorphy of the Aves and a kinetic skull evolved incrementally later in avian evolution; and 2) cursorial capability significantly weakens at the base of the Pygostylia due to a change in locomotor system.
Ultrastructural Evidence for a Novel Accumulation of Ca in a Microbial Mat from a Slight Acidic Hot Spring
Authors: PENG Xiaotong , ZHOU Huaiyang , YAO Huiqiang , LI Jiangtao , WU Zijun 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:Microbial mats are ecosystems that can control or induce the precipitation of calcium (Ca) carbonate on Earth through geological time. In the present study, we report on a novel accumulation of Ca, together with iron (Fe), in a microbial mat collected from a slight acidic hot spring (pH=5.9) in south China. Combining an array of approaches, including environmental scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction, we provide ultrastructral evidence for amorphous acicular aggregates containing Ca and Fe associated with cyanobacteria precipitating in the microbial mats. Cyanobacterial photosynthesis and exopolymeric organic matrixes are considered to be responsible for the precipitation of Ca. These amorphous acicular aggregates might imply the early stage of calcification occurring in microbial mats. Ca and Fe coprecipitation indicates another potential important way of inorganic element precipitation in hot spring microbial mats. Our results provide insight into the possible mechanism of cyanobacterial calcification and microfossil preservation in slight acidic hot spring environments.
Structural Analysis of the Multi‐layer Detachment Folding in Eastern Sichuan Province
Authors: WANG Zongxiu , ZHANG Jin , LI Tao , XIE Guoai , MA Zongjin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:A serial of “comb‐like and trough‐like” folds developed in eastern Sichuan, controlled by the multi‐layer detachment folding, is different from the classical Jura‐type structure in their development. The key factor resulting in the development of these structures is the occurrence of detachment layers in different parts of Neoprotozoic to Mesozoic stratigraphy of study area, which, from the bottom to the top, are the lower part of Banxi Group, Lower Cambrian (Niutitang Formation), Lower Silurian (Longmaxi Formation and Luoreping Formation), Upper Permian (Wujiaping Formation) and Lower Triassic (Daye Formation). On the basis of field survey combined with sand‐box modeling, this study argued that the detachment layer of the lower part of Banxi Group controlled the development of the “comb‐like” folds, and the lower part of Cambrian detachment layer controlled the development of “trough‐like” folds. Because of several detachment layers occurring in the study area, the development of duplex structures different scales is an important deformation mechanism, and the duplexes are the important structures distinguished from the typical detachment folding structures. Due to these duplexes, the surface structures and structural highs may not be the structural highs in the depth. Meanwhile, the detachment layers are good channels for oil/gas migration benefiting the understanding of accumulation and migration of oil and gas.
A molecular analysis of the patterns of genetic diversity in local chickens from western Algeria in comparison with commercial lines and wild jungle fowls
Authors: Mahammi F. Z. , Gaouar S. B. S. , Laloë D. , Faugeras R. , Tabet‐Aoul N. , Rognon X. , Tixier‐Boichard M. , Saidi‐Mehtar N. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic variability of village chickens from three agro‐ecological regions of western Algeria: coastal (CT), inland plains (IP) and highlands (HL), to reveal any underlying population structure, and to evaluate potential genetic introgression from commercial lines into local populations. A set of 233 chickens was genotyped with a panel of 23 microsatellite markers. Geographical coordinates were individually recorded. Eight reference populations were included in the study to investigate potential gene flow: four highly selected commercial pure lines and four lines of French slow‐growing chickens. Two populations of wild red jungle fowls were also genotyped to compare the range of diversity between domestic and wild fowls. A genetic diversity analysis was conducted both within and between populations. Multivariate redundancy analyses were performed to assess the relative influence of geographical location among Algerian ecotypes. The results showed a high genetic variability within the Algerian population, with 184 alleles and a mean number of 8.09 alleles per locus. The values of heterozygosity (He and Ho) ranged from 0.55 to 0.62 in Algerian ecotypes and were smaller than values found in Jungle fowl populations and higher than values found in commercial populations. Although the structuring analysis of genotypes did not reveal clear subpopulations within Algerian ecotypes, the supervised approach using geographical data showed a significant (p < 0.01) differentiation between the three ecotypes which was mainly due to altitude. Thus, the genetic diversity of Algerian ecotypes may be under the influence of two factors with contradictory effects: the geographical location and climatic conditions may induce some differentiation, whereas the high level of exchanges and gene flow may suppress it. Evidence of gene flow between commercial and Algerian local populations was observed, which may be due to unrecorded crossing with commercial chickens. Chicken ecotypes from western Algeria are characterized by a high genetic diversity and must be safeguarded as an important reservoir of genetic diversity.
Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre
Authors: Cinar Kul B. , Bilgen N. , Lenstra J.A. , Korkmaz Agaoglu O. , Akyuz B. , Ertugrul O. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryGenetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honamlı, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.