bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF THE FOURTH COMPONENT OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT: POPULATION STUDY AND PROPOSAL FOR A REVISED NOMENCLATURE BASED ON GENOMIC PCR TYPING OF RODGERS AND CHIDO DETERMINANTS
Authors: Schneider P. M. , Stradmann‐Bellinghausen B. , Rittner C. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThe fourth component of human complement (C4) is coded for by two homologous genes, C4A and C4B, located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Genetic typing of C4A and B alleles is routinely carried out by high‐voltage agarose gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic C4 polymorphism can be further subdivided by the Rodgers (Rg) and Chido (Ch) blood groups, which are antigenic determinants of the C4A and B alpha‐chains, respectively. We have used a recently described direct PCR typing method using sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) in combination with electrophoretic C4 typing as well as genomic RFLP analysis to determine the frequency of C4 allotypes, Rg/Ch subtypes and C4A‐B haplotypes in a family study of the German population. As the current C4 allele designation does not provide any information about the presence or absence of Rodgers and Chido antigens, we have developed an extension to the existing C4 nomenclature. This revised allele designation combines the exisiting numerical allotypes defined by electrophoretic mobility with eight subtypes (01–08) based on Rg/Ch PCR genotyping results. Using this approach, most electrophoretic allotypes could be subdivided. Among the C4A allotypes, the most common allele was A*0301 (59.9%), and the most common subtype among all electrophoretic allotypes was 01 (85.1%; = Rg1,2‐positive, Ch‐negative). For C4B, the most common allele was B*0101 (64.3%), and the most common subtype was 01 (79.6%; = Ch1,2,3,4,5,6‐positive, Rg‐negative). The subtypes 03, 04, 07 and 08 of the C4A allotypes, and the subtypes 03, 07 and 08 of the C4B allotypes, were not detected in this study. The analysis of duplicated C4 alleles revealed considerable heterogeneity of their subtypes. The results demonstrate that all known C4 allotypes can now be assigned unambiguously, which facilitates the identification of MHC haplotypes relevant for transplantation and disease association studies.
NO LINKAGE OR ASSOCIATION OF TELOMERIC AND CENTROMERIC T‐CELL RECEPTOR β‐CHAIN MARKERS WITH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TYPE 1 INSULIN‐DEPENDENT DIABETES IN HLA‐DR4 MULTIPLEX FAMILIES
Authors: McDermott M. F. , Schmidt‐Wolf G. , Sinha A. A. , Koo M. , Porter M. A. , Briant L. , Cambon‐Thomsen A. , Maclaren N. K. , Fiske D. , Bertera S. , Trucco M. , Amos C. I. , McDevitt H. O. , Kastner D. L. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThe T‐cell receptor β locus (TCRB) on chromosome 7q35 was studied as a candidate region for genetic susceptibility to type 1 insulin‐dependent diabetes (IDDM). A highly polymorphic microsatellite marker mapping to the TCRBV6.7 gene and a TCRB C‐region RFLP were used to genotype the members of a total of 21 multiplex IDDM families from two different geographical areas. There was no evidence to support linkage to either of these markers with IDDM, and conventional two‐point analysis excluded linkage to the telomeric end of the TCRB complex, in the region of the highly informative TCRBV6.7 marker. There was significant linkage of IDDM to the class II HLA‐D locus with significant lod scores >3.0 obtained for the HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 genes. Affected sib‐pair (ASP) and transmission disequilibrium (TDT) association tests confirmed these findings.
Overview of: “Young Adult Offenders: The Need for More Effective Legislative Options and Justice Processing”
Authors: Farrington David P. , Loeber Rolf , Howell James C. 
Published: November 2012

Research SummaryEmpirical evidence shows that no sharp change in cognitive functioning or in offending careers occurs on the 18th birthday. Many aspects of higher executive functioning, including impulse control, planning ahead, reasoning, thinking before acting, emotion regulation, delay of gratification, abstract thinking, and verbal memory, as well as resistance to peer influence, continue to mature through the mid‐20s. Most young offenders naturally “grow out” of offending in the early 20s, which is the peak period for desistance. Adult court processing makes offenders worse; convictions are followed by an increase in offending, juveniles who are dealt with in adult court are more likely to reoffend than other juveniles, and sending young people to adult prisons leads to an increase in recidivism. The evidence suggests that the rehabilitative approach of the juvenile court is more successful than the punitive approach of the adult criminal court.Policy ImplicationsMany justifications for the more rehabilitative treatment of juvenile offenders (immature, poor executive functioning, poor emotion regulation and self‐regulation, poor planning, more influenced by immediate gratification, low adjudicative competence, more susceptible to peer influence, more redeemable, less set in their offending habits, and less culpable) apply to young adult offenders. As in some other countries, there could be special legal provisions in the United States for young adult offenders  18–24 years of age. One possibility is that these offenders should not be dealt with in the adult criminal court but in special courts for young adult offenders that are more focused on rehabilitation. Alternatively, all young adult offenders could be assessed for their risks, needs, maturity, culpability, and adjudicative competence, and in appropriate cases, they should be given a “maturity discount.” Special efforts should be made to help young adult offenders with low intelligence and/or mental health problems. Young adult offenders should be housed in special correctional facilities and should be assisted with problems of reentry.
Learning To Use Their Senses: Visitors to Voluntary Hospitals in Eighteenth‐Century England
Authors: REINARZ JONATHAN 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article examines the way in which the senses were articulated in eighteenth‐century hospital records. Touring these charities weekly, hospital governors assessed buildings using all of their senses in a way that was novel in this period. Examination of the minute books of the General Hospital in Birmingham tells us much about the way members of the eighteenth‐century public experienced their world, established sensory hierarchies and refused to touch elements in their environment, among a number of other under‐explored issues. Finally, it considers how historians might read for evidence of the senses in such contexts.
Inscribing on the Mind: Anna Letitia Barbauld's ‘Sensible Objects’
Authors: WHARTON JOANNA 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the significance of the sensory object in the work of Anna Letitia Barbauld. It focuses on two strands of her writing – her pedagogic texts and her object poems – drawing links between the two through the associationist schema of impression and inscription. I argue that Barbauld shapes the text as a sensible object in order to forge lasting connections in the mind of the child, as well as to strengthen and maintain social associations. I suggest that a consideration of the materiality of these texts can shed light on their integration into the sensory lives of their readers.
Making Sense of Rome
Authors: WRIGLEY RICHARD 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis text explores how encounters with Rome relied on different senses, primarily smell and touch. Grand Tour studies usually prioritise literary and scholarly matters, and Rome as a place where sight takes precedence. Interactions based on smell and touch are in fact highly charged avenues for defining and expressing aspects of the city's experience (usually left out of modern accounts of earlier expectations of Rome), and what it amounted to once confronted as a physical site. Topics include: responses to St Peter's huge scale; perfume and odour; and walking in and touching Rome.
Stretch Current‐Induced Abnormal Impulses in CaMKIIδ Knockout Mouse Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: LAI DONGWU , XU LIN , CHENG JUN , GUILBERT ARNAUD B. , LIM HYUN JOUNG , FU GUOSHENG , WANG YANGGAN 
Published: November 2012

CaMKII and Arrhythmias. Background: CaMKII activation is proarrhythmic in heart failure where myocardium is stretched. However, the arrhythmogenic role of CaMKII in stretched ventricle has not been well understood.
Objective:
We tested abnormal impulse inducibility by stretch current in myocytes isolated from CaMKIIδ knockout (KO) mouse left ventricle (LV) where CaMKII activity is reduced by ≈ 62%.
Methods and Results:
Action potentials were recorded by whole‐cell patch clamp, and abnormal impulses were induced in LV myocytes by a simulation of stretch‐activated channel (SAC) current. SAC activation failed to induce abnormal impulses in wild type (WT) myocytes but steadily produced early after‐depolarizations and automaticity in KO myocytes in which an increase in L‐type calcium channel (LTCC) current (ICa) and a reduction of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak and action potential duration (APD) were observed. The abnormal impulses were not suppressed by CaMKII inhibitor AIP whereas a low concentration of nifedipine eliminated abnormal impulses without shortening APD, implicating ICa in promoting stretch‐induced abnormal impulses. In addition, APD prolongation by LTCC opener S(‐)Bay K 8644 or isoproterenol facilitated abnormal impulse induction in WT ventricular myocytes even in the presence of CaMKII inhibitor AIP, whereas APD prolongation by K+ channel blocker 4‐aminopyridine promoted abnormal impulses in KO myocytes but not in WT myocytes.
Conclusion:
ICa activation plays a central role in stretch‐induced abnormal impulses and APD prolongation is arrhythmogenic only when ICa is highly activated. At increased ICa activation, CaMKII inhibition cannot suppress abnormal impulse induction. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 457‐463, April 2013)
Does maternal depression predict young children’s executive function? – a 4‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Hughes Claire , Roman Gabriela , Hart Martha J. , Ensor Rosie 
Published: November 2012

Background:  Building on reports that parental maltreatment and neglect adversely affect young children’s executive function (EF), this longitudinal study examined whether exposure to a more common risk factor, mothers’ depressive symptoms, predicted individual differences in EF at school‐age.Methods:  We followed up at age 6 a socially diverse sample of 126 children (78 boys, 48 girls) for whom direct observations of mother–child interactions have been shown to predict gains in EF between the ages of 2 and 4. We used an EF latent factor based on scores from three tasks (Beads, Day/Night, Tower of London) that tapped working memory, inhibitory control and planning, as well as a latent growth model of mothers’ Beck Depression Inventory factor scores at four time‐points, and included age 6 verbal ability as a covariate in all analyses.Results:  The intercept and slope for mothers’ depressive symptoms each predicted unique variance in EF at age 6; these predictive effects remained significant when we also included: (a) age 2 working memory, (b) maternal education and (c) direct observations of maternal positive control at ages 2 and 6.Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that early exposure to mothers’ depressive symptoms adversely affects children’s developing EF, and that the chronicity of this exposure may matter.
Lead‐in treatment with interferon‐β/ribavirin may modify the early hepatitis C virus dynamics in pegylated interferon alpha‐2b/ribavirin combination for chronic hepatitis C patients with the IL28B minor genotype
Authors: Itokawa Norio , Atsukawa Masanori , Tsubota Akihito , Kondo Chisa , Hashimoto Satomi , Fukuda Takeshi , Matsushita Yoko , Kidokoro Hideko , Kobayashi Tamaki , Narahara Yoshiyuki , Nakatsuka Katsuhisa , Kanazawa Hidenori , Iwakiri Katsuhiko , Sakamoto Choitsu 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground and AimThe most important factor influencing the effect of pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN)/ribavirin therapy (PEG) for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1b with high viral load is the interleukin 28B (IL28B) genotype. We investigated the usefulness of lead‐in twice‐daily interferon (IFN)‐β/ribavirin therapy (IFN‐β), and the early hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV‐RNA) dynamics was compared between PEG and IFN‐β groups according to the IL28B genotype.MethodsForty‐six patients were randomly allocated to PEG and IFN‐β groups, and HCV‐RNA dynamics in an early phase of treatment were analyzed.ResultsThe patients with minor IL28B genotype was 6/23 and 8/23 in IFN‐β and PEG groups, respectively. In the patients with IL28B major genotype, viral load reduction was marginally greater in IFN‐β group than in PEG group. In contrast, in the patients with the IL28B minor genotype, viral load reduction was significantly and numerically greater in IFN‐β group than in PEG group at 1 week (2.07 vs 0.76 log IU/mL, P = 0.038), 2 weeks (2.73 vs 1.01, P = 0.009), 4 weeks (2.72 vs 1.55, P = 0.059), and 12 weeks (4.56 vs 3.24, P = 0.104). The sustained virological response rates in the IL28B major genotype were similar between IFN‐β group (47.1%, 8/17) and PEG group (53.3%, 8/15). In contrast, the sustained virological response rates in the IL28B minor genotype were numerically higher in IFN‐β group (50.0%, 3/6) than in PEG group (12.5%, 1/8), although not statistically significant.ConclusionIt was suggested that lead‐in twice‐daily IFN‐β/ribavirin treatment followed by PEG‐IFN/ribavirin combination therapy may modify the HCV‐RNA dynamics compared with that by PEG‐IFN/ribavirin therapy, and it is particularly useful for the IL28B minor genotype.
Methyl‐isobutyl amiloride reduces brain Lac/NAA, cell death and microglial activation in a perinatal asphyxia model
Authors: Robertson Nicola J. , Kato Takenori , Bainbridge Alan , Chandrasekaran Manigandan , Iwata Osuke , Kapetanakis Andrew , Faulkner Stuart , Cheong Jeanie , Iwata Sachiko , Hristova Mariya , Cady Ernest , Raivich Gennadij 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNa+/H+ exchanger (NHE) blockade attenuates the detrimental consequences of ischaemia and reperfusion in myocardium and brain in adult and neonatal animal studies. Our aim was to use magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) biomarkers and immunohistochemistry to investigate the cerebral effects of the NHE inhibitor, methyl isobutyl amiloride (MIA) given after severe perinatal asphyxia in the piglet. Eighteen male piglets (aged < 24 h) underwent transient global cerebral hypoxia‐ischaemia and were randomized to (i) saline placebo; or (ii) 3 mg/kg intravenous MIA administered 10 min post‐insult and 8 hourly thereafter. Serial phosphorus‐31 (31P) and proton (1H) MRS data were acquired before, during and up to 48 h after hypoxia‐ischaemia and metabolite‐ratio time‐series Area under the Curve (AUC) calculated. At 48 h, histological and immunohistochemical assessments quantified regional tissue injury. MIA decreased thalamic lactate/N‐acetylaspartate and lactate/creatine AUCs (both p < 0.05) compared with placebo. Correlating with improved cerebral energy metabolism, transferase mediated biotinylated d‐UTP nick end‐labelling (TUNEL) positive cell density was reduced in the MIA group in cerebral cortex, thalamus and white matter (all p < 0.05) and caspase 3 immunoreactive cells were reduced in pyriform cortex and caudate nucleus (both p < 0.05). Microglial activation was reduced in pyriform and midtemporal cortex (both p < 0.05). Treatment with MIA starting 10 min after hypoxia‐ischaemia was neuroprotective in this perinatal asphyxia model.
The functional role of the ischiopubic membrane for the mechanical loading of the pubis in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Fechner Regina , Stratmann Matthias , Gößling Rainer , Sverdlova Nina 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSoft tissues other than muscles are supposed to be of mechanical importance, yet they are rarely integrated into finite element models. Here, we investigate the functional role of the ischiopubic membrane for the loading of the pubis of the domestic fowl using 2D finite element analysis. For this purpose, a specimen of the domestic fowl was dissected and soft tissues attaching to the pubis were studied in great detail. Muscles were removed and measurements taken. For the 2D finite element model, the outline was taken from the dissected specimen. Two 2D finite element models were generated: one without and one with ischiopubic membrane. The same muscular loading based on own measurements and electromyographic data was applied to both models. The model without ischiopubic membrane shows anteroventral bending deformation of the scapus pubis, resulting in high compressive and tensile principal stresses at the level of ultimate bone stress values. The model with ischiopubic membrane shows low compressive principal stresses in the pubis consistent with the levels of steady state remodelling of bone. Based on these results, the ischiopubic membrane of the domestic fowl potentially establishes a physiological loading of the pubis and therefore might be of great mechanical significance for the loading of the bone.
Effects of cumulative sleep restriction on self‐perceptions while multitasking
Authors: Sallinen Mikael , Onninen Jussi , Tirkkonen Katriina , Haavisto Marja‐Leena , Härmä Mikko , Kubo Tomohide , Mutanen Pertti , Virkkala Jussi , Tolvanen Asko , Porkka‐Heiskanen Tarja 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThis study addressed a rarely studied question of self‐perceptions of performance and overall functional state during cumulative sleep restriction and the ensuing recovery period. Twenty healthy male volunteers, aged 19–29 years, were divided into a sleep restriction group (n = 13) and a control group (n = 7). On the first 2 nights, the sleep restriction group had an 8‐h sleep opportunity that was restricted to 4 h for the next 5 nights, and then restored to 8 h for the last 2 nights. The control group had an 8‐h sleep opportunity each night. Each day participants accomplished 50‐min multitask sessions and gave self‐ratings in their connection. Similar to our previous findings on multitasking performance, self‐perceived task performance, sleepiness and mental fatigue impaired during the sleep restriction and returned to baseline during the recovery phase. Self‐perceived mental effort, tension, task difficulty and task pace showed no sensitivity to the sleep restriction. We concluded that sleep‐restricted individuals can probably make use of some self‐perceptions when assessing their ‘fitness for duty’. However, at the individual level these measures seem to be inaccurate in revealing actual performance impairments.
Unusual presentations of BK virus infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients
Authors: Drake Keri A. , Najera Lydia , Reed Robyn C. , Verghese Priya S. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBKV has emerged as a significant pathogen in the field of transplantation, predominantly causing BKV nephropathy in renal transplant recipients and hemorrhagic cystitis in HSCT recipients. However, case reports describe more diverse complications, and we too present three unusual cases of BKV infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients. First, we describe a case of biopsy‐proven renal damage secondary to BKV prior to the onset of viremia, demonstrating that BKV nephropathy can occur without preceding viremia. We also present two renal transplant recipients with persistent BK viruria, one with BKV‐associated hemorrhagic cystitis and the other with microscopic hematuria. Therefore, we conclude that BKV manifestations may be more diverse than previously thought and suggest clinical utility in urine BKV qPCR testing in specific transplant recipients.
Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer in Comparative Welfare State Research
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Schmitt Carina , Starke Peter 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFor many years, comparative welfare state research has followed a ‘methodological nationalism’ in the sense that countries were treated as independent units. Yet the recent ‘spatial turn’ in comparative politics has also influenced welfare state research. For some years now, the field has been witnessing a growing interest in questions about interdependencies and policy diffusion between countries. In this article, we provide a structured overview of the state of the art in the policy diffusion and transfer literature that deals specifically with social policy. We present and critically evaluate existing theoretical concepts and quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that enable the analysis of interdependencies between countries. Moreover, we summarize the empirical findings of quantitative and qualitative studies on the diffusion and transfer of social policy, from some pioneering studies to the latest findings. Against this background we point out what we believe to be promising avenues for future research. We focus on five areas: theoretical work on the mechanisms underlying diffusion and transfer; methodological approaches; the impact of domestic institutions and policy characteristics on social policy diffusion and transfer; programme‐specific dynamics; and the systematic combination of horizontal and vertical interdependencies.
KINEROS2 application for land use/cover change impact analysis at the Hulu Langat Basin, Malaysia
Authors: Memarian Hadi , Balasundram Siva K. , Talib Jamal B. , Teh Boon Sung Christopher , Mohd Sood Alias , Abbaspour Karim C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe impacts of land use/cover changes (LUCC) on a developed basin in Malaysia were evaluated. Three storm events in different intensities and durations were required for KINEROS2 (K2) calibration and LUCC impact analysis. K2 validation was performed using three other rainfall events. Calibration results showed excellent and very good fittings for runoff and sediment simulations based on the aggregated measure. Validation results demonstrated that the K2 is reliable for runoff modelling, while K2 application for sediment simulation was only valid for the period 1984–1997. LUCC impacts analysis revealed that direct runoff and sediment discharge increased with the progress of urban development and unmanaged agricultural activities. These observations were supported by the NDVI, landscape and hydrological trend analyses.