bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political polarization and climate change: The editorial strategies of The New York Times and El País newspapers
Authors: Castilla Elena Blanco , Rodríguez Laura Teruel , Quesada Montse 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The editorial section is the perfect space to investigate the identity of newspapers, as it reflects their ideological position. For this reason, this work analyses the editorial position on climate change of two highly prestigious newspapers: The New York Times (United States), which is a reference for the Anglo-Saxon world, and El País (Spain), which is a reference for the Spanish-speaking world. Both newspapers seem to share a similar editorial stance, in the sense that they both accept the consensus on climate change and support the objectives set in the Kyoto Protocol in relation to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). However, the analysis of the editorials published over the fourteen years between the two climate summits, held in Kyoto and Durban, shows that political polarization has taken precedence over the need to spread public awareness about the seriousness of climate change. This implies that the editorial agendas of these newspapers are not giving importance to the dissemination of the causes of climate change, and are generally not providing opinions based on reliable and fully identified scientific sources.
The Etiology of Ring Lesions on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Authors: Finelli Pasquale F. , Foxman Ethan B. 
Published: April 2014

This study describes a series of cases and reviews the literature on cases of ring lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging to better appreciate the spectrum of disease associated with this neuroimaging finding. We retrospectively reviewed the MR studies of 15 patients with ring pattern lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging from an inpatient Neurology service of a tertiary care center seen over a ten-year period, and reviewed cases in the literature. Thirty-one cases, including 15 new patients, comprise the study group. Immunocompromised patients accounted for 38% of patients with ring lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging with cerebral aspergillosis in five patients, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in three, primary CNS lymphoma in two, cerebral toxoplasmosis in one, and resolving cerebral hematoma in one. In the immunocompetent group demyelinating lesions including multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Balo's concentric sclerosis and acute necrotizing encephalitis, were seen in 11 patients, vascular etiology in four and neoplastic in three patients, two primary and one metastatic and pyogenic brain abscess in one. Ring lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging are associated with a spectrum of disease not previously considered. Immunocompromised patients accounted for almost one-half while demyelinating conditions in the immunocompetent patients were most common overall.
Cognition and Hippocampal Plasticity in the Mouse Is Altered by Monosomy of a Genomic Region Implicated in Down Syndrome
Authors: Sahún Ignasi , Marechal Damien , Pereira Patricia Lopes , Nalesso Valérie , Gruart Agnes , Garcia José Maria Delgado , Antonarakis Stylianos E , Dierssen Mara , Herault Yann 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is due to increased copy number of human chromosome 21. The contribution of different genetic regions has been tested using mouse models. As shown previously, the Abcg1-U2af1 genetic region contributes to cognitive defects in working and short-term recognition memory in Down syndrome mouse models. Here we analyzed the impact of monosomy of the same genetic interval, using a new mouse model, named Ms2Yah. We used several cognitive paradigms and did not detect defects in the object recognition or the Morris water maze tests. However, surprisingly, Ms2Yah mice displayed increased associative memory in a pure contextual fear-conditioning test and decreased social novelty interaction along with a larger long-term potentiation recorded in the CA1 area following stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. Whole-genome expression studies carried out on hippocampus showed that the transcription of only a small number of genes is affected, mainly from the genetic interval (Cbs, Rsph1, Wdr4), with a few additional ones, including the postsynaptic Gabrr2, Gabbr1, Grid2p, Park2, and Dlg1 and the components of the Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (Anapc1, Rnf7, Huwe1, Park2). The Abcg1–U2af1 region is undeniably encompassing dosage-sensitive genes or elements whose change in copy number directly affects learning and memory, synaptic function, and autistic related behavior.
Prenatal Vitamin D and Dental Caries in Infants
Authors: Schroth Robert J. , Lavelle Christopher , Tate Robert , Bruce Sharon , Billings Ronald J. , Moffatt Michael E.K. 
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES:Inadequate maternal vitamin D (assessed by using 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD]) levels during pregnancy may affect tooth calcification, predisposing enamel hypoplasia and early childhood caries (ECC). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between prenatal 25OHD concentrations and dental caries among offspring during the first year of life.METHODS:This prospective cohort study recruited expectant mothers from an economically disadvantaged urban area. A prenatal questionnaire was completed and serum sample drawn for 25OHD. Dental examinations were completed at 1 year of age while the parent/caregiver completed a questionnaire. The examiner was blinded to mothers’ 25OHD levels. A P value ≤ .05 was considered significant.RESULTS:Overall, 207 women were enrolled (mean age: 19 ± 5 years). The mean 25OHD level was 48 ± 24 nmol/L, and 33% had deficient levels. Enamel hypoplasia was identified in 22% of infants; 23% had cavitated ECC, and 36% had ECC when white spot lesions were included in the assessment. Mothers of children with ECC had significantly lower 25OHD levels than those whose children were caries-free (41 ± 20 vs 52 ± 27 nmol/L; P = .05). Univariate Poisson regression analysis for the amount of untreated decay revealed an inverse relationship with maternal 25OHD. Logistic regression revealed that enamel hypoplasia (P &lt; .001), infant age (P = .002), and lower prenatal 25OHD levels (P = .02) were significantly associated with ECC.CONCLUSIONS:This study found that maternal prenatal 25OHD levels may have an influence on the primary dentition and the development of ECC.
Influence of Caregivers and Children’s Entry Into the Dental Care System
Authors: Divaris Kimon , Lee Jessica Y. , Baker A. Diane , Gizlice Ziya , Rozier R. Gary , DeWalt Darren A. , Vann William F. 
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES:
Early preventive dental visits are essential in improving children’s oral health, especially young children at high risk for dental caries. However, there is scant information on how these children enter the dental care system. Our objectives were as follows: (1) to describe how a population-based cohort of young Medicaid-enrolled children entered dental care; and (2) to investigate the influence of caregiver characteristics on their children’s dental care–seeking patterns.

METHODS:
We relied on Medicaid claims and interview data of caregiver–child dyads who were enrolled in the Carolina Oral Health Literacy study during 2007–2008. The analytical cohort comprised 1000 children who had no dental visits before enrollment. Additional information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, oral health status, health literacy, dental neglect, and access to care barriers. Our analyses relied on descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods.

RESULTS:
During the 25-month median follow-up period, 39% of the children (mean baseline age: 16 months) entered the dental care system, and 13% of their first encounters were for emergency care. Caregivers’ dental neglect emerged as a significant predictor of nonentrance. Children with reported oral health problems at baseline were more likely to enter the dental care system compared with children with better oral health, but they were also more likely to require emergency care.

CONCLUSIONS:
Caregivers have a pivotal role in children’s oral health and care. Interventions aimed at improving children’s oral health should involve community outreach to engage caregivers in a culturally appropriate manner when their children are infants or toddlers.
Academic Achievement of Children and Adolescents With Oral Clefts
Authors: Wehby George L. , Collet Brent , Barron Sheila , Romitti Paul A. , Ansley Timothy N. , Speltz Matthew 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Previous studies of academic achievement of children with oral clefts have mostly relied on small, clinic-based samples prone to ascertainment bias. In the first study in the United States to use a population-based sample with direct assessment, we evaluated the academic achievement of children with oral clefts relative to their classmates.

METHODS:
Children born with isolated oral clefts in Iowa from 1983 to 2003 were identified from the Iowa Registry for Congenital and Inherited Disorders and matched to unaffected classmates by gender, school/school district, and month and year of birth. Academic achievement was assessed by using standardized tests of academic progress developed by the Iowa Testing Programs. Iowa Testing Programs data were linked to birth certificates for all children. Regression models controlled for household demographic and socioeconomic factors. The analytical sample included 588 children with clefts contributing 3735 child-grade observations and 1874 classmates contributing 13 159 child-grade observations.

RESULTS:
Children with oral clefts had lower scores than their classmates across all domains and school levels, with a 5-percentile difference in the overall composite score. Children with clefts were approximately one-half grade level behind their classmates and had higher rates of academic underachievement and use of special education services by 8 percentage points. Group differences were slightly lower but remained large and significant after adjusting for many background characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with oral clefts underperformed across all academic areas and grade levels compared with their classmates. The results support a model of early testing and intervention among affected children to identify and reduce academic deficits.
National Patterns of Codeine Prescriptions for Children in the Emergency Department
Authors: Kaiser Sunitha V. , Asteria-Penaloza Renee , Vittinghoff Eric , Rosenbluth Glenn , Cabana Michael D. , Bardach Naomi S. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
National guidelines have recommended against codeine use in children, but little is known about prescribing patterns in the United States. Our objectives were to assess changes over time in pediatric codeine prescription rates in emergency departments nationally and to determine factors associated with codeine prescription.

METHODS:
We performed a serial cross-sectional analysis (2001–2010) of emergency department visits for patients ages 3 to 17 years in the nationally representative National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We determined survey-weighted annual rates of codeine prescriptions and tested for linear trends over time. We used multivariate logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with codeine prescription and interrupted time-series analysis to assess changes in prescriptions for upper respiratory infection (URI) or cough associated with two 2006 national guidelines recommending against its use for these indications.

RESULTS:
The proportion of visits (N = 189 million) with codeine prescription decreased from 3.7% to 2.9% during the study period (P = .008). Odds of codeine prescription were higher for children ages 8 to 12 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [1.21–1.67]) and among providers outside the northeast. Odds were lower for children who were non-Hispanic black (OR, 0.67 [0.56–0.8]) or with Medicaid (OR, 0.84 [0.71–0.98]). The 2006 guidelines were not associated with a decline in codeine prescriptions for cough or URI visits.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although there was a small decline in codeine prescription over 10 years, use for cough or URI did not decline after national guidelines recommending against its use. More effective interventions are needed to prevent codeine prescription to children.
First Record of the Biunguis Species Group (Acari: Podapolipidae: Eutarsopolipus) from Asia, with the Description of a New Species Parasitizing Drypta Lineola (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Mortazavi Abdolazim , Hajiqanbar Hamidreza , Kamali Karim 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A new species of mites of the genus Eutarsopolipus Berlese, 1911 (Acari: Prostigmata: Podapolipidae) belonging to the biunguis species group, has been described from southern Iran. Eutarsopolipus dryptus Mortazavi and Hajiqanbar n. sp. is a subelytral ectoparasite of the carabid beetle, Drypta lineola MacLeay (Coleoptera: Carabidae). This is the first record of the biunguis species group from Asia. Furthermore, this finding revealed the first record of the association between tribe Dryptini (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Dryptinae) and mites of the family Podapolipidae. A key to the adult females of this species group is provided, and the distribution and host range of all representatives of the group are discussed.
Lung Cancer Deaths Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1990–2009
Authors: Plescia Marcus , Henley Sarah Jane , Pate Anne , Underwood J. Michael , Rhodes Kris 
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We examined regional differences in lung cancer among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) using linked data sets to minimize racial misclassification. Methods. On the basis of federal lung cancer incidence data for 1999 to 2009 and deaths for 1990 to 2009 linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records, we calculated age-adjusted incidence and death rates for non-Hispanic AI/AN and White persons by IHS region, focusing on Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. We correlated death rates with cigarette smoking prevalence and calculated mortality-to-incidence ratios. Results. Lung cancer death rates among AI/AN persons in CHSDA counties varied across IHS regions, from 94.0 per 100 000 in the Northern Plains to 15.2 in the Southwest, reflecting the strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. For every 100 lung cancers diagnosed, there were 6 more deaths among AI/AN persons than among White persons. Lung cancer death rates began to decline in 1997 among AI/AN men and are still increasing among AI/AN women. Conclusions. Comparison of regional lung cancer death rates between AI/AN and White populations indicates disparities in tobacco control and prevention interventions. Efforts should be made to ensure that AI/AN persons receive equal benefit from current and emerging lung cancer prevention and control interventions.
Mortality Caused by Chronic Liver Disease Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999–2009
Authors: Suryaprasad Anil , Byrd Kathy K. , Redd John T. , Perdue David G. , Manos M. Michele , McMahon Brian J. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We compared chronic liver disease (CLD) mortality from 1999 to 2009 between American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites in the United States after improving CLD case ascertainment and AI/AN race classification. Methods. We defined CLD deaths and causes by comprehensive death certificate-based diagnostic codes. To improve race classification, we linked US mortality data to Indian Health Service enrollment records, and we restricted analyses to Contract Health Service Delivery Areas and to non-Hispanic populations. We calculated CLD death rates (per 100 000) in 6 geographic regions. We then described trends using linear modeling. Results. CLD mortality increased from 1999 to 2009 in AI/AN persons and Whites. Overall, the CLD death rate ratio (RR) of AI/AN individuals to Whites was 3.7 and varied by region. The RR was higher in women (4.7), those aged 25 to 44 years (7.4), persons residing in the Northern Plains (6.4), and persons dying of cirrhosis (4.0) versus hepatocellular carcinoma (2.5), particularly those aged 25 to 44 years (7.7). Conclusions. AI/AN persons had greater CLD mortality, particularly from premature cirrhosis, than Whites, with variable mortality by region. Comprehensive prevention and care strategies are urgently needed to stem the CLD epidemic among AI/AN individuals.
Prostate Cancer Deaths and Incident Cases Among American Indian/Alaska Native Men, 1999–2009
Authors: Hoffman Richard M. , Li Jun , Henderson Jeffrey A. , Ajani Umed A. , Wiggins Charles 
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We linked databases to improve identification of American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in determining prostate cancer death and incidence rates. Methods. We linked prostate cancer mortality and incidence data with Indian Health Service (IHS) patient records; analyses focused on residents of IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. We calculated age-adjusted incidence and death rates for AI/AN and White men for 1999 to 2009; men of Hispanic origin were excluded. Results. Prostate cancer death rates were higher for AI/AN men than for White men. Death rates declined for White men (−3.0% per year) but not for AI/AN men. AI/AN men had lower prostate cancer incidence rates than White men. Incidence rates declined among Whites (−2.2% per year) and AI/ANs (−1.9% per year). Conclusions. AI/AN men had higher prostate cancer death rates and lower prostate cancer incidence rates than White men. Disparities in accessing health care could contribute to mortality differences, and incidence differences could be related to lower prostate-specific antigen testing rates among AI/AN men.
Trends and Disparities in Stroke Mortality by Region for American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: Schieb Linda J. , Ayala Carma , Valderrama Amy L. , Veazie Mark A. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We evaluated trends and disparities in stroke death rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and White people by Indian Health Service region. Methods. We identified stroke deaths among AI/AN persons and Whites (adults aged 35 years or older) using National Vital Statistics System data for 1990 to 2009. We used linkages with Indian Health Service patient registration data to adjust for misclassification of race for AI/AN persons. Analyses excluded Hispanics and focused on Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. Results. Stroke death rates among AI/AN individuals were higher than among Whites for both men and women in CHSDA counties and were highest in the youngest age groups. Rates and AI/AN:White rate ratios varied by region, with the highest in Alaska and the lowest in the Southwest. Stroke death rates among AI/AN persons decreased in all regions beginning in 2001. Conclusions. Although stroke death rates among AI/AN populations have decreased over time, rates are still higher for AI/AN persons than for Whites. Interventions that address reducing stroke risk factors, increasing awareness of stroke symptoms, and increasing access to specialty care for stroke may be more successful at reducing disparities in stroke death rates.
Trends and Disparities in Heart Disease Mortality Among American Indians/Alaska Natives, 1990–2009
Authors: Veazie Mark , Ayala Carma , Schieb Linda , Dai Shifan , Henderson Jeffrey A. , Cho Pyone 
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We evaluated heart disease death rates among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites after improving identification of AI/AN populations. Methods. Indian Health Service (IHS) registration data were linked to the National Death Index for 1990 to 2009 to identify deaths among AI/AN persons aged 35 years and older with heart disease listed as the underlying cause of death (UCOD) or 1 of multiple causes of death (MCOD). We restricted analyses to IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Areas and to non-Hispanic populations. Results. Heart disease death rates were higher among AI/AN persons than Whites from 1999 to 2009 (1.21 times for UCOD, 1.30 times for MCOD). Disparities were highest in younger age groups and in the Northern Plains, but lowest in the East and Southwest. In AI/AN persons, MCOD rates were 84% higher than UCOD rates. From 1990 to 2009, UCOD rates declined among Whites, but only declined significantly among AI/AN persons after 2003. Conclusions. Analysis with improved race identification indicated that AI/AN populations experienced higher heart disease death rates than Whites. Better prevention and more effective care of heart disease is needed for AI/AN populations.
Unintentional Injury Mortality Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1990–2009
Authors: Murphy Tierney , Pokhrel Pallavi , Worthington Anne , Billie Holly , Sewell Mack , Bill Nancy 
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We describe the burden of unintentional injury (UI) deaths among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations in the United States. Methods. National Death Index records for 1990 to 2009 were linked with Indian Health Service registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN deaths. Most analyses were restricted to Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in 6 geographic regions of the United States. We compared age-adjusted death rates for AI/AN persons with those for Whites; Hispanics were excluded. Results. From 2005 to 2009, the UI death rate for AI/AN people was 2.4 times higher than for Whites. Death rates for the 3 leading causes of UI death—motor vehicle traffic crashes, poisoning, and falls—were 1.4 to 3 times higher among AI/AN persons than among Whites. UI death rates were higher among AI/AN males than among females and highest among AI/AN persons in Alaska, the Northern Plains, and the Southwest. Conclusions. AI/AN persons had consistently higher UI death rates than did Whites. This disparity in overall rates coupled with recent increases in unintentional poisoning deaths requires that injury prevention be a major priority for improving health and preventing death among AI/AN populations.
Racial Misclassification of American Indians and Alaska Natives by Indian Health Service Contract Health Service Delivery Area
Authors: Jim Melissa A. , Arias Elizabeth , Seneca Dean S. , Hoopes Megan J. , Jim Cheyenne C. , Johnson Norman J. , Wiggins Charles L. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the racial misclassification of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in cancer incidence and all-cause mortality data by Indian Health Service (IHS) Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA). Methods. We evaluated data from 3 sources: IHS-National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), IHS-National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR)/Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, and National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS). We calculated, within each data source, the sensitivity and classification ratios by sex, IHS region, and urban–rural classification by CHSDA county. Results. Sensitivity was significantly greater in CHSDA counties (IHS-NVSS: 83.6%; IHS-NPCR/SEER: 77.6%; NLMS: 68.8%) than non-CHSDA counties (IHS-NVSS: 54.8%; IHS-NPCR/SEER: 39.0%; NLMS: 28.3%). Classification ratios indicated less misclassification in CHSDA counties (IHS-NVSS: 1.20%; IHS-NPCR/SEER: 1.29%; NLMS: 1.18%) than non-CHSDA counties (IHS-NVSS: 1.82%; IHS-NPCR/SEER: 2.56%; NLMS: 1.81%). Race misclassification was less in rural counties and in regions with the greatest concentrations of AI/AN persons (Alaska, Southwest, and Northern Plains). Conclusions. Limiting presentation and analysis to CHSDA counties helped mitigate the effects of race misclassification of AI/AN persons, although a portion of the population was excluded.