bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quantitative Relationship Between “The Metabolic Syndrome” and Abdominal Obesity in Women
Authors: Lapidus Leif , Bengtsson Calle , Björntorp Per 
Published: September 2012

Abdominal obesity is closely associated with the presence of metabolic risk factors and elevated blood pressure in selected materials. This has, however, never been analyzed quantitatively in a non‐selected cohort. Therefore, in a population‐based study of 1462 Swedish women, four selected risk factors for non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), serum triglycerides, blood glucose and systolic blood pressure and also serum insulin in a subsample, were examined in relation to regional and overall obesity. This was performed by subdividing the age adjusted sample into quintiles of waist to hip circumference ratio (WHR) or body mass index (BMI) as indicators of abdominal distribution of body fat and overall obesity, respectively. The risk factors serum triglycerides, blood glucose, blood pressure and serum insulin were defined as being elevated when the value of the risk factor was higher than the mean plus one or two standard deviations of the total age‐adjusted cohort. The percentage of women with elevated risk factors according to this definition was then calculated in each of these quintiles.Having a risk factor which was elevated according to the definition was significantly correlated to WHR and BMI (p<0.0001) independent of age. The presence of one or several of these elevated risk factors was clearly higher than expected in the fifth quintile of WHR, and to a lesser extent in the fifth quintile of BMI while this was not the case in the lower quintiles of WHR and BMI. When studying the combination of the WHR and BMI, the presence of risk factors higher than the mean plus two standard deviations increased gradually with WHR in all five quintiles of BMI. A significant association was observed between WHR and presence of risk factors independent of BMI (p<0.0001) but BMI did not remain significantly correlated to presence of risk factors when controlling for WHR (p=0.09). These results indicate that abdominal distribution of body fat in women independently of general obesity is closely associated with metabolic risk factors including elevated blood pressure, a metabolic syndrome with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
The Response to Exercise with Constant Energy Intake in Identical Twins
Authors: Bouchard Claude , Tremblay Angelo , Després Jean‐Pierre , Thériault Germain , Nadeauf André , Lupien Paul J. , Moorjani Sital , Prudhomme Denis , Fournier Guy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSeven pairs of young adult male identical twins completed a negative energy balance protocol during which they exercised on cycle ergometers twice a day, 9 out of 10 days, over a period of 93 days while being kept on a constant daily energy and nutrient intake. The total energy deficit caused by exercise above the estimated energy cost of body weight maintenance reached 244 ± 9.8 MJ (Mean ± SEM). Baseline energy intake was estimated over a period of 17 days preceding the negative energy balance protocol. Mean body weight loss was 5.0 kg (SEM = 0.6) (p <0.001) and it was entirely accounted for by the loss of fat mass (p <0.001). Fat‐free mass was unchanged. Body energy losses reached 191 MJ (SEM = 24) (p <0.001) which represented about 78% of the estimated energy deficit. Subcutaneous fat loss was slightly more pronounced on the trunk than on the limbs as estimated from skinfolds, circumferences, and computed tomography (CT). The reduction in CT‐assessed abdominal visceral fat was quite striking, from 81 cm2 (SEM = 5) to 52 cm2 (SEM = 6) (p <0.001). At the same submaximal power output level, subjects oxidized more lipids than carbohydrates after the program as indicated by the changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (p <0.05). Intrapair resemblance was observed for the changes in body weight (p <0.05), fat mass (P <0.01), percent fat (p <0.01), body energy content (p <0.01), sum of 10 skinfolds (p <0.01), abdominal visceral fat (p <0.01), fasting plasma triglycerides (p <0.05) and cholesterol (p <0.05), maximal oxygen uptake (p <0.05), and respiratory exchange ratio during submaximal work (p <0.01). We conclude that even though there were large individual differences in response to the negative energy balance and exercise protocol, subjects with the same genotype were more alike in responses than subjects with different genotypes particularly for body fat, body energy, and abdominal visceral fat changes. High lipid oxidizers and low lipid oxidizers during sub‐maximal exercise were also seen despite the fact that all subjects had experienced the same exercise and nutritional conditions for about three months.
Comparison of the Lipolytic Effects of Norepinephrine and BRL 37344 in Rat Brown and White Adipocytes
Authors: Simard Pierre‐Michel , Atgié Claude , Mauriège Pascale , D'Allaire François , Bukowiecki Ludwik J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe lipolytic effects of norepinephrine (a non‐selective β‐agonist) and BRL 37344 (a selective β3‐agonist) were compared in isolated rat brown and white adipocytes. Norepinephrine and BRL 37344 maximally stimulated lipolysis in brown and white adipocytes, approximately 10 times above basal values. However, adipocyte sensitivity for BRL 37344 was greater than that for norepinephrine, particularly in brown adipocytes [the EC50 values (nM) for BRL 37344 and norepinephrine were 5 ± 1 and 103 ± 31 in brown adipocytes (P <0.01) versus 56 ± 9 and 124 ± 17 in white adipocytes (P <0.05), respectively]. On the other hand, the lipolytic effects of norepinephrine were totally blocked by 20–40 times superior concentrations of propranolol or bupranolol in brown as well as in white adipocytes. In contrast, the lipolytic effects of BRL 37344 were fully inhibited by concentrations of propranolol or bupranolol that were 200–1000 superior to the β3 agonist concentration. The results demonstrate that: (1) the (β3‐agonist BRL 37344 is as effective as norepinephrine for maximally stimulating lipolysis in rat brown and white adipocytes, (2) both adipocyte types are more sensitive to the lipolytic effects of BRL 37344 than to those of norepinephrine, (3) although bupranolol is a better antagonist than propranolol on BRL 37344‐stimulated lipolysis, it cannot be considered as a specific β3‐antagonist, (4) brown adipocytes are 10 times more sensitive than white adipocytes to the lipolytic effects of BRL 37344, suggesting an important role of β3‐receptors in brown adipose tissue.
Associations of Body Mass and Body Fat Distribution with Parity Among African‐American and Caucasian Women: The CARDIA Study
Authors: Lewis Cora E. , Smith Delia E. , Caveny Jennifer L. , Perkins Laura L. , Burke Gregory L. , Bild Diane E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAssociations of parity with body fat and its distribution are poorly understood; therefore, we examined the relationships between parity and obesity in young adult women. Body mass index (BMI), skin folds, and waist‐hip ratio were compared in 1452 African‐American and 1268 Caucasian nonpregnant women aged 18 to 30, adjusting for age (where no age‐parity interactions were present), education, physical activity (assessed by questionnaire) and fitness (assessed by graded exercise test), dietary fat intake, alcohol and smoking. Adjusted mean BMI was significantly higher in African‐American women aged 25–30 years with three or more children (28.5 kg/m2) than in those with two (27.0 kg/m2), one (26.2 kg/m2), or no children (26.3 kg/m2). Similar trends were found in Caucasians (BMI = 23.3, 23.4, 23.7, 25.0 kg/m2 for parity = 0,1, 2, ≥ 3, respectively), but the mean BMI was significantly higher in African Americans in each parity group. The association between BMI and parity was not present among women 18–24 years of age. Skinfolds were directly associated with parity in African Americans only. Waist‐hip ratios were generally lower among nulliparous than parous women in both ethnic groups; race differences were present only among nulliparas. In conclusion, parity was associated with BMI in women aged 25 to 30 years but did not explain ethnicity‐related differences in body mass.
Extracellular Hypothalamic Monoamines Measured by In Vivo Microdialysis in a Rat Model of Dietary Fat‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki , Fisler Janis S. , Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe tested two hypotheses about monoamine neurotransmitters in two strains of rats that differ in their sensitivity to obesity when eating a high‐fat diet; 1) that the concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin and of their metabolites differ in the extracellular fluid of tlie ventromedial hypothalamus of conscious, unrestrained Osborne‐Mendel and S 5B/PI rats, and 2) that these monoamines are altered differently between strains by a high‐fat diet. The monoamines were measured by HPLC in dialysate collected by in vivo microdialysis in rats eating a semisyntlietic low‐fat diet (10% of kcal as fat) and again after either two or seven days of eating a high‐fat diet (56 % of kcal as fat). Norepinephrine, serotonin (5‐HT), and 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA) were lower in Osborne‐Mendel rats than in S 5BR1 rats eating the low‐fat diet. Norepinephrine and serotonin both increased in Osborne‐Mendel rats with the onset of tlie high‐fat diet so that Osborne‐Mendel and S 5B/PI rats no longer differed in these neurotransmitters. By day 7 of high‐fat feeding, the concentrations of 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyplienylglycol (MHPG), 5‐HIAA and the 5‐HIAA/5‐HT ratio rose in both strains. Ambient extracellular monoamines in the medial hypothalamus are lower in Osborne‐Mendel rats than in S 5B/PI rats and the response of these catecholamines to dietary fat was greater in Osborne‐Mendel rats than in S 5B/PI rats.
No Specific Effect of Fluoxetine Treatment on Fasting Glucose, Insulin, Lipid Levels, and Blood Pressure in Healthy Men with Abdominal Obesity
Authors: Visser Maijolein , Seidell Jacob C. , Koppeschaar Hans P.F. , Smits Philip 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper we investigated the effect of fluoxetine (60 mg/d) on serum lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations and blood pressure by means of a randomized, double‐blind placebo controlled trial. Thirty‐eight overweight BMI: 26–30 kg/m2), nondiabetic, nonhypertensive men with an abdominal fat distribution (waist/hip ratio: >0.97) received dietary advice and placebo or fluoxetine for 12 weeks.The changes in serum parameters and blood pressure in the fluoxetine treated group were not different from the placebo treated group, despite a significantly larger weight loss in the fluoxetine group. In both groups serum total‐cholesterol concentrations, serum LDL‐cholesterol concentrations and tlie HDL/LDL ratio were significantly improved after treatment. Reductions in fasting glucose concentration and systolic blood pressure were only significant in the placebo group. A reduction of serum triglycerides and an increase of HDL‐cholesterol were found in the fluoxetine treated group.In the total study population the changes in serum lipids seemed to be more strongly related to the change in total body fat or subcutaneous abdominal fat (assessed by MRI) compared to the change in visceral fat. The improvement of most of the serum lipids was related to tlie change in total body fat independent of the mechanism for attaining this fat loss.Our results indicate that fluoxetine treatment has no specific effect beyond that expected for weight loss on serum lipid, glucose and insulin concentrations, and blood pressure in overweight men.
Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Body Fat Content in Men and Women
Authors: Jean‐Aimé  , Dr. Simoneau  , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to verify the relationships between indicators of body Eat content and specific characteristics of skeletal muscle in a large sample of men and women. Six skinfold thicknesses (σ6S) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) were measured in 348 Caucasian subjects (149 women and 199 men). Fiber type proportions (type I, type IIA, and type IIB) and activity levels of marker enzymes for the Krebs cycle (malate dehydrogenase, MDH) and for the fatty acid oxidation (3‐hydroxya‐cyl CoA dehydrogenase, HADH) pathways were determined in vastus lateralis muscle samples. No significant correlation was found between fiber type proportions and σ6S. Significant and negative correlations were, however, obtained in both genders between the σ6S and MDH enzyme activity (r = −0.23; p<0.01), but not between the σ6S and HADH enzyme activity. When individuals with low and high amount of subcutaneous fat but paired for VO2max were compared, vastus lateralis of fat men exhibited the same proportion of type I fiber (38.6 ± 10.3 vs 38.5 ± 13.4 %) and HADH activity level (3.43 ± 1.05 vs. 334 ± 0.81 U/g), but had about 20% less MDH enzyme activity than vastus lateralis of leaner men (158 ± 35 vs. 198 ± 43 U/g;p<0.05). No difference was found in any of these muscle phenotypes when comparisons were made between women with low and high amount of subcutaneous fat but also paired for VO2max. Moreover, no relations were observed between skeletal muscle fiber type proportion or metabolic markers with relative subcutaneous fat distribution. In conclusion, these results indicate that the proportion of fiber type of skeletal muscle is not a determinant of body fat content or fat distribution in men and women. However, the results of the present study suggest, at least in men, that a low oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, undetected by muscle fiber typing, is associated with an augmented body fat content.
Long‐Term Weight Cycling in Female Wistar Rats: Effects on Metabolism
Authors: Lu Huiqing , Buiso Anne , Uhley Virginia , Jen K‐L Catherine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLU, HUIQING, ANNE BUISON, VIRGINIA UHLEY AND K‐L CATHERINE JEN. Long‐term weight cycling in female Wistar rats: effects on metabolism. Obes Res.Weight cycling (WC) induced by ad‐lib and restricted high fat (HF) feeding has been shown to reduce final body weight but not body fat percent in female Wistar rats. We examined the metabolic consequences of this type of WC. Five groups of female Wistar rats were fed a HF diet and the sixth group was fed a low fat diet to serve as a control group. Of the five HF groups, four groups were weight cycled by ad‐lib and restricted feeding of the HF diet One of these groups weight cycled three times (HFCYC group) while the remaining three groups weight cycled once only, corresponding to the first, second and the third cycle of the HFCYC group. HF feeding induced hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and elevated adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (AT‐LPL) activity levels as compared to rats fed the low fat (LF) control diet. WC further increased blood insulin concentrations and insulin resistance in rats with three cycles of WC. However, blood pressure was not affected by HF feeding or WC. The magnitude of increase of AT‐LPL was reduced in weight cycled, HF fed obese rats after 15 weeks refeeding. We concluded that even though WC did not enhance weight gain nor impair weight loss, it did facilitate the development of insulin resistance and may predispose animals to diabetes.
Sertraline and Relapse Prevention Training Following Treatment by Very‐Low‐Calorie Diet: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Bartlett Susan J. , Foster Gary D. , Greenstein Robert A. , Wingate Barbara J. , Stunkard Albert J. , Letizia Kathleen A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWADDEN, THOMAS A, SUSAN J BARTLETT, GARY D FOSTER, ROBERT A GREENSTEIN, BARBARA J WINGATE, ALBERT J STUNKARD AND KATHLEEN A LETIZIA. Sertraline and relapse prevention training following treatment by very‐low‐calorie diet: a controlled clinical trial.Obes Res.This study examined the combination of sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and relapse prevention training in the maintenance of weight loss following treatment by a very‐low‐calorie diet. A total of 53 women who had lost a mean (± SD) of 22.9 ± 7.1 kg from a pretreatment weight of 103.1 ± 17.8 kg were randomly assigned to a 54‐week weight maintenance program that was combined with either: 1) 200 mg/d of sertraline; or 2) placebo. During the first 6 weeks, sertraline subjects lost significantly more weight and reported significantly greater reductions in hunger and preoccupation with food than did subjects on placebo. After this time, however, women in both conditions regained weight steadily. The 13 sertraline subjects who completed the 54‐week study regained 17.7 ± 10.6 kg of their original 26.3 ± 7.6 kg loss, equal to a regain of 70.9 ± 41.7%. The 17 placebo completers regained 11.8 ± 9.0 kg of their 23.4 ± 7.8 kg loss, equal to a 46.5 ± 34.6% regain. End‐of‐treatment differences between groups in weight change were not statistically significant. Nor were there significant differences between the two conditions at any time in changes in fat‐free mass, resting metabolic rate or dysphoria, all of which tended to increase with weight regain. The results are discussed in relation to findings from other long‐term studies that combined diet and medication.
Clinical Studies with Mazindol
Authors: Inoue Shuji 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn anoerxiant, mazindol suppresses food intake by 1)stimulating β‐adrenergic receptors, 2)inhibiting the feeding center and, 3)stimulating the satiety center in the hypothalamus. In Japan, mazindol is available for clinical use. We examined the effects of mazindol on 1) body weight, appetite, and abnormalities of obesity‐related diseases in long‐term use 2)maintenance of the reduced body weight after very‐low‐calorie diet (VLCD) therapy 3)combined use with VLCD therapy and, 4)inhibition of body weight gain in Prader‐Willi syndrome. In long‐term effects of mazindol, the average reduction of individual body weight was around 6.8 kg. The appetite of 59% of obese subjects was moderately suppressed. Systolic blood pressure, serum GOT, serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol, and glucose tolerance were also improved. With mazindol, 53.3% of obese subjects kept the reduced body weight after VLCD, in contrast, 20.0% of them kept it without mazindol. Combined use of mazindol with VLCD made the VLCD therapy more effective in out patients. Two of 3 patients with Prader‐Willi syndrome inhibited their body weight gain with mazindol. Thus, mazindol produced positive effects in these studies, although the effects were limited.
Obesity in Europe
Authors: Seidell Jacob C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity, defined as a body mass index > 30 kg/m2 is relatively common in Europe, particularly among women, and especially in Southern and Eastern European countries. Among men the distribution of body mass index values is surprisingly similar in most countries of Europe.Educational level is strongly inversely associated with the prevalence of obesity. Although differences in body mass index cannot entirely explain the large variation in risk factors and mortality from coronary heart disease, it can be shown that within populations an increased body mass index is associated with less favorable risk patterns. More research is needed to elucidate the reasons for the large variation in the prevalence of obesity among European women and to the health risks associated with obesity in different European countries.
Growth and Body Mass Index of Brazilians Ages 9 Through 17 Years
Authors: Sichieri Rosely , Recine Elisabetta , Everhart James E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity during adolescence is considered a strong predictor of adult obesity, and obesity and overweight have been increasing among Brazilian adults. To gauge the relative frequency of overweight among adolescents in Brazil, we compared the distributions of body mass index (kg/m2) and stature in national population based samples of the U.S. and Brazil.U.S. adolescents were on average about 10 cm taller than Brazilians, although growth spurts occurred at the same age for both populations. Brazilian adolescents were leaner than their U.S. counterparts. This difference was reduced among girls in the postpubertal period. At age 17 years, U.S. boys were about 10 kg heavier than Brazilian boys, but the difference among girls was only 2 kg. In families above the poverty level in the more developed South region, body mass index distribution for boys was closer to that of the U.S., and older girls tended to have higher body mass index than U.S. girls. Within Brazil, body mass index varied by ethnicity with Mulattos, but not Blacks, of both sexes having lower body mass index than Whites of the same age. Urban adolescents had higher body mass index than those living in rural areas. In general, the patterns seen among Brazilian adults were found among children. Among girls, in particular, overweight has become an identifiable problem during adolescence.
Abnormalities of Fuel Utilization as Predisposing to the Development of Obesity in Humans
Authors: Schutz Yves 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA number of recent investigations in man have demonstrated that a low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation (i.e., a high respiratory quotient or RQ) was associated with actual and/or subsequent body weight gain in obese non‐diabetic Pima Indians, in American men of various ages and in post‐obese European women investigated shortly after the cessation of a hypocaloric diet. It is well known that numerous exogenous and endogenous factors influence the RQ at rest such as: the level of feeding (positive vs. negative energy balance), the composition of food eaten (high vs. low carbohydrate), the size of the glycogen stores, the amount of adipose tissue as well as genetic factors. It should be stressed that some nutritional situations can coexist during which a low ratio of fat to carbohydrate is observed (i.e., a high RQ) despite weight loss. Furthermore, in most studies mentioned above, the low fat to carbohydrate oxidation ratio explains less then 10% of the variance in weight gain, suggesting that numerous additional factors also play a substantial role in the onset of weight gain.It is concluded that: 1) A low fat to carbohydrate oxidation ratio or an abnormal fat oxidation is difficult to define quantitatively since it is largely influenced by the energy level and the composition of the diet. 2) Following a dynamic adaptation phase to positive energy balance, a low fat oxidation is progressively compensated: increased body fat is the price to pay for normalizing fat oxidation since, at least in resting conditions, there is an increase in fat oxidation of approximately 20 g/day for each 10 kg additional fat gain. The subject with a low fat to carbohydrate oxidation ratio will equilibrate at a body fat level allowing to reach a new fat balance.