bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bitcoin - Nowa Wirtualna Globalna Waluta?
Authors: Chrabonszczewska Elżbieta 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present the phenomenon of the new virtual currency bitcoin, and analyse its economic significance. The paper examines the origin, notion, functions and mechanism of emission of the BTC. The theoretical aspects of creation of the BTC and its advantages and weakness are also explained.
The results of the analysis show that bitcoin does not eliminate current problems of traditional currency but also generates new risks for its users. The risks could as well affect the central banks (the legal risk, the risk to payment system stability, and the reputation risk).
Three contributions of this paper to the problem of the BTC are worth distinguishing. Firstly, the scientific literature lacks information and data about the BTC - the main source of information is the Internet which reliability cannot be fully guaranteed. Secondly, periodical examination of development of the risk connected with the BTC is necessary. Thirdly, it is a basis to begin discussion on the new virtual currency which bitcoin is.
Economic Development Path of Poland: Innovation and Competitiveness in Light of the Situation of Southern European Countries
Authors: Kubacki Konrad , Słuszniak Agnieszka 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The financial crisis of 2007 revealed structural weaknesses in many European countries, particularly in Southern Europe. The goal of this article is to identify the existing economic situation in the four main Southern European countries: Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain (GIPS), and in Poland, conduct a comparative analysis of the development paths and competitiveness levels of these countries using statistical data as well as existing scientific literature, and finally to formulate suggestions for a new development path of Poland. The results of the analysis suggest that Poland's development is currently on a turning point, portraying many similarities to Southern European economies after their EU accession, as well as before the crisis. The authors come to a conclusion that unless Poland undertakes crucial reforms, particularly in the field of its innovation system, business environment, implementation of EU funds, and overall strategic long-term planning, it is inevitable that its economic growth will slow down, possibly falling into a middle-income trap. Poland might not avoid the same mistakes of GIPS, that failed to implement adequate reforms in times of economic growth, what today results in suffering from serious consequences. T is paper presents a unique view on the future economic development of Poland in relation to the paths already undertaken by Southern European economies.
Copper in Chile - When the Resource “Outside” Becomes a Blessing
Authors: Kubacki Konrad , Wieprzowski Paweł 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The article aims at explaining how a small opened economy can effectively deal with a resource abundance problem. The thesis of the essay is a statement that Chile has been able to cope with the resource “outside” by developing proper institutions and diversifying the structure of its foreign trade. To verify the thesis, a literature review of theoretical recommendations how to utilize resource revenues without harming economy, as well as analyses of chosen macroeconomic variables were conducted. The possible solutions on how to deal with resource abundance problem are following: investing resource revenues outside of the economy, implementing fiscal rules that will stabilize budget revenues and prevent inflation from rising, and diversifying export in terms of product and geographical structure. Consequently, these solutions have been introduced in Chile, the world leading producer of copper, several years ago and proved to be very successful. Chile enjoys stable resource revenues despite the business cycle and performance of the copper market, while its real effective rate and export competitiveness has not been eroded. T is paper presents, according to author's knowledge, the first detailed case study analysis of the country from Latin America, that has been successfully dealing with the resource abundance problem over several decades.
On Economics in Poland in 1949-1989: Introduction
Authors: Czarny Bogusław 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This article is a concise introduction into the history of economics in totalitarian Poland in 1949-1989. In it, I attempt to show the degradation of economics in Poland in this period. The main theses of the article are three. First, academic economics and the institutions necessary for the normal functioning of science were destroyed in Poland at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. Pseudo science was substituted for the science of economics. Second, these events had a damaging impact on the quality of research in the years that followed. In my opinion, the alleged achievements of Polish economists, e.g., Oskar Lange's monograph Ekonomia polityczna, as well as the works of Włodzimierz Brus and members of the so-called “Wakar School,” were of only “outside” importance. Third, after 1949, the teaching of economics degenerated as well.
In effect, the achievements of Polish economists in the period 1949-1989 are negligible. They did not contribute significantly to the accumulation of true knowledge about the economy. Moreover, in violation of the ideals of science, Polish economists intensely indoctrinated the society, perpetuating the totalitarian system in Poland.
Challenge of Sport Towards Social Inclusion and Awareness-Raising Against Any Discrimination
Authors: Marivoet Salomé 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Sport presents itself as a social configuration that enhances social inclusion by promoting tolerance, respect for others, cooperation, loyalty and friendship, and values associated with fair play, the most important ethical principles of sport. However, intolerance and exclusion can also be expressed in sport, certainly even more so the bigger the social inequalities and the ethnic, religious, gender, disability, and sexual orientation prejudices are in society. The processes of social exclusion, integration, and inclusion are research areas in the social sciences with consolidated knowledge, namely in the study of the problems of poverty, social inequalities, racial and ethnic discrimination, disability, and education. However, it is necessary to discuss the existing theoretical approaches and conceptions seen as explanatory principles of the reality of these fields of analysis, look at how they can frame the reality on the sports field, and then confirm them through empirical research in order to produce knowledge based on the reality of social facts. Despite the broad consensus on the potential of sport in promoting social inclusion, in this paper I stress that this potential can only become real if the orientation of sport includes strategies aimed at achieving these goals. I intend to show how the –social issue‖ in the field of sports has gained relevance in the institutional context, and thereby a new field of research for the social science of sport has been opened and needs to be deepened.
The Sport for All Ideal: A Tool for Enhancing Human Capabilities and Dignity
Authors: Javier Francisco 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Sport, as a child of modernity, is intertwined with typically modern elements, such as the search for universality, competition, and the fascination for measurement. As modernity is essentially defined, in legal and moral terms, as a search for universally grounded moral principles or basic human rights, modern sports are widely seen as a means to promote typically modern values such as dignity. This paper conceives of the term "dignity" in light of the capabilities approach upheld by Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen. According to these authors, dignity is conferred according to certain human basic capabilities that we all are entitled to. This is the reason why this article explores how sport can be a tool for enhancing and exercising such human capabilities. In so doing, I shall argue that the Sport for All ideal provides us with a normative proposal to achieve such a task since it embodies the basic spirit and ethical goals of our modern society. Moreover, connecting the promotion of dignity to the capabilities approach will allow us not just to use sport as a means for development, but also to provide us with specific criteria to evaluate the impact of sport in the wider society regarding the promotion of people‘s dignity.
Burned Out Or Just Frustrated? Reasons Why Physical Education Teachers Leave Their Profession
Authors: Cieśliński Ryszard , Szum Ernest 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This work focuses on the reasons why physical education (PE) teachers leave their profession. The study included 80 individuals who decided to leave a teaching profession in 2013. A diagnostic poll method with the use of the QWL (Quality of Work Life) index was employed in the study. It was observed that there are usually a number of reasons why they give up their job, the most important being financial reasons. Their decision is influenced by the accumulation of professional and personal problems as well as their inability to solve them. The findings showed that teachers‘ departure from the profession is generally associated with the issue of burnout; however, financial reasons are most frequently ones that directly affect this decision.
Integration of Monetary and Fiscal Policy of the Countries of the Visegrad Group
Authors: Kappel Stanislav , Janků Jan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate mutual interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in the countries of the Visegrad group, i.e. in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. The relationship of monetary and fiscal policy - their coordination, cooperation or mutual antagonism - are basic determinants of successful implementation for economic policy of the state. Fiscal and monetary policies usually have different aims, and some conflict situations may arise in practical economic and political decision- making. Each policy has to make its decision with regard to the other one. Methodical approaches of this contribution are based on the game theory, which deals with the analysis of a wide range of decision situations with more participants (players) and it is primarily focused on the conflict situations. This game-theoretical approach is responsible for creating the theoretical model which is then dealt with in the empirical analysis. We find a distinctly stabilizing role of monetary policy and relatively problematic stabilizing role of fiscal policy in the analyzed countries. The dominant role of monetary policy is statistically confirmed in the case of the Czech Republic and Hungary.
Comparison of Development of Non-governmental Organizations and the Current State of Their Funding in Slovakia and Austria
Authors: Svidroňová Mária , Vaceková Gabriela 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Non-governmental organizations play a vital role in the economy of every country. They are not only providers of special type of services that public sector is not capable of providing in full quality and quantity, and private sector is not interested in, but they are also watch dogs of the society and builders of active citizenship. Thus they have become an object of many research studies. The divergence in their goals, sizes, roles, types of services provided, and ways of funding make NGOs an interesting subject. As a goal for our research we therefore chose a comparison of the development and state of the Slovak and Austrian non-profit sector in the view of historical development of both countries. Consequently, we want to evaluate the funding of NGOs in Slovakia and Austria. In the paper we map the development of non-profit sector in Slovakia and Austria and in the context of a common historical development we assess a current state and a potential of economic strength of NGOs in both countries. The output is comparison of funding of NGOs in Slovakia and Austria based on statistical data evaluation. Subsequently, we propose recommendation for suitable diversification of the funding sources.
Analysis of the Structure of Job Offers on the Czech Labour Market
Authors: Martínek Tomáš , Hanzlík Petr 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Labour market development is an important macro-economic indicator of every national economy. Labour supply in particular fields should reflect on demands of employers on newly recruited employees. These demands can be analysed by studying published job offers. This analysis of Czech labour market is conducted based on the aggregated statistical data collected by an on-demand application. The studied data sample covers more than 60% of all the job offers published in the Czech Republic. The situation in respective occupational fields is compared with aggregate nation-wide average as well as with data from other fields. Results show distinct differences in absolute quantity of offers, compensations to employees offered as well as qualification requirements.
Embolization of the Middle Meningeal Artery Effectively Treats Refractory Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gobran Alfotih , Li Fang-Cheng , Xu Xin-Ke , Zhang Shang-Yi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) formation mechanism is very complex, and has not entirely understood. It represents a frequent type of intracranial hemorrhage, and is very common disease in Neurosurgery practice, especially in older patients. Various surgical treatments have been proposed for the treatment of CSDH. The rate of recurrence in CSDH after surgery ranges from 5% to 30%, repeated surgery must be considered. But in some cases subdural collections are still persistent. Endovascular embolization of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) is an option for treatment of refractory CSDH. We review all cases that were treated with embolization to assess the effect of this intervention. Our review revealed 6 papers with a total enrollment of 14 patients were treated with MMA embolization for refractory chronic subdural hematoma without any postoperative complication or recurrence. In this study we suggest MMA embolization as an alternative for treatment of non-curable CSDH, especially for old people with systematic diseases, who cannot tolerate repeat surgery.
A Rare Case of Medulloblastoma with Excessive Nodularity: Imagistic Features
Authors: Tascu A. , Rizea R. E. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant tumor of childhood. Neuroimaging can play a role in the diagnosis of medulloblastoma, however atypical features do exist [2]. We report the case of a 1 year and 10- month-old infant diagnosed with a medulloblastoma with what we term “excessive” nodularity based on neuroimaging features and confirmed by neuropathology. CT-scan (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the brain revealed a very large posterior fossa tumor attached to tentorium. On T2-weighted and post-gadolinium sequences, the tumor shows an extensive nodular grape-like appearance. Initial the patient was underwent a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. The second operative procedure was tumour resection. Histology examen revealed a diagnosis of medulloblastoma desmoplastic with extensive nodularity. The neuroradiographic features of this medulloblastoma with what we describe as “excessive” nodularity are important to recognize as these children may be cured with chemotherapy alone.
Developing a Traumatic Brain Injury Registry: Lessons Learned from Difficulties
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Prasad M. Veera , Kumar S. Satish , Subrahmanyan B. V. , Harisha P. N. , Malleswara Rao G. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Aim: The aim of present article is to share our experiences and lessons learned from a pilot study which was conducted to collect data to serve as a model in establishing a multi-center registry on traumatic brain injury patients.
Methods: The present study was conducted from December 2013 to June 2014 in the Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine. All patients with the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (as per the criteria laid by International Classification of Disease injury codes ICD 10) were enrolled in the study. Variables were identified as per the international norms and the data points were selected which included demographic details, pre-hospital characteristics, clinical details in emergency room, injury details, course during hospital stay, treatment and disposition. The data were categorized into master data, data related to pre-hospital events including pre-hospital care, data related to emergency room care offered in the emergency department, data related to hospital stay and patient course, outcome and follow up.
Results: A total of 231 patients were admitted with the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury. There were 79.1% male and 20.5% female patients. Mean age was 37.19 years (SD±17.02 years, range 4-87 years). Mean hospital stay was 3.66 days (SD±4.46 days, range-1-21 days). Data were collected daily for all the admitted patients on previous day fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The Proforma was easy to comprehend and it was easy to fill.
Conclusion: We found that a well-designed Proforma based under supervision data collection in a relatively low volume trauma center. We found that a well-designed Proforma based under supervision data collection in a relatively low volume trauma center and at regular intervals can be costeffective which can be managed by personnel with basic training.
Falx Cerebelli Meningioma: Technical Note
Authors: Agrawal Amit 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The falx cerebelli is a small sickle-shaped fold of dura mater below the tentorium cerebelli, which projects forward into the posterior cerebellar notch. We report a rare case of 28 year female presented with the history of headache of six months duration off and it increased in severity and frequency over last 15 days. Imaging findings were suggestive of meningiona arising from the falx cerebelli. The lesion could be excised totally and safely.
Posttraumatic Chronic Ossified Extradural Hematoma: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Mittal Radhe Shyam 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Posttraumatic Chronic ossified extradural hematomas are rare entities. Natural absorption of EDH does not occurs due to calcification. Chronic ossified EDH is frequently present in paediatric age group. Careful regular follow-up is mandatory in conservatively managed case of EDH in children. We report a rare case of Posttraumatic Chronic ossified extradural hematomas in a 10-years old girl presenting six years after head injury with right temporal region swelling.
Translation and Cross-cultural Adaptation of the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form Into Turkish
Authors: Çelik Derya , Coşkunsu Dilber , KiliÇoğlu Önder , Ergönül Önder , Irrgang James J. 
Published: October 2014

Study Design Clinical measurement. Objective To translate and culturally adapt the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form into Turkish and to determine selected psychometric properties of the translated version. Background The IKDC Subjective Knee Form is widely used to evaluate disability associated with knee injuries, but it has not yet been translated or culturally adapted for Turkish-speaking individuals. Methods The IKDC Subjective Knee Form was translated into Turkish, consistent with published methodological guidelines. The process included 2 forward translations, followed by the synthesis of these translations, and 2 backward translations, followed by an analysis of the translations and creation of the final version. The measurement properties of the Turkish IKDC Subjective Knee Form (internal consistency, construct validity, and floor and ceiling effects) were tested in 103 patients (52 male; average ± SD age, 34.9 ± 11.9 years) with a variety of knee pathologies. Reproducibility was tested in 58 patients (28 male; age, 33.7 ± 10.6 years) over 3 to 14 days, and responsiveness was tested in 33 patients (23 male; age, 30.8 ± 8.0 years) with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Cronbach alpha was used to assess internal consistency, and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the test-retest reliability. Construct validity was analyzed with the Turkish version of the Lysholm knee score, the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale, and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Results The Turkish version of the IKDC Subjective Knee Form showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach coefficient α = .89) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.91). The correlation coefficients between the IKDC Subjective Knee Form and the Lysholm knee score and Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale were 0.64 and 0.89, respectively (P<.001). The highest correlations between the IKDC Subjective Knee Form and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey were observed in the physical functioning subscale and the physical component summary score (r = 0.69 and r = 0.70, respectively; P<.05); the lowest correlations were observed in the mental health subscale and mental component summary score (r = 0.13 and r = 0.05, respectively). We observed no floor or ceiling effects. The IKDC Subjective Knee Form demonstrated a large effect size with the group tested (2.09; 95% confidence interval: 1.61, 2.59). Conclusion The Turkish version of the IKDC Subjective Knee Form has sufficient reliability and validity to measure patient-reported outcomes for Turkish-speaking individuals with a variety of knee disorders. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(11):899–909. Epub 16 October 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4865
Eliciting Production of L2 Target Structures through Priming Activities
Authors: McDonough Kim , Neumann Heike , Trofimovich Pavel 
Published: October 2014

Abstract: This study focuses on the pedagogical applications of structural priming research in an English for academic purposes (EAP) context, investigating whether priming activities are an effective tool for eliciting production of target grammatical structures. University students across four EAP classes carried out a total of 6 information-exchange activities over a 13-week semester. Some students received information-exchange activities that provided models of the target structures (e.g., primes), while other students received activities without any models. Analysis of the students’ novel utterances generated from sentence fragments (e.g., prompts) indicated that students who carried out the priming activities produced more target structures following prime sentences than they did in the absence of primes. In addition, students who did priming activities produced significantly more relative clauses and adverbial clauses overall than did students who carried out the activities without models, but there was no difference in their production of passives. Implications and suggestions for instructors interested in incorporating priming activities in L2 classrooms are discussed.