bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8.2.1 Engineering a Telework Solution
Authors: Mosier Stephen P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTelework is the application of information technology to enable workers to perform their jobs from home or other locations to avoid commuting through congested rush hour traffic. Successful telework solutions will provide the organization as well as the teleworker with the means to perform their job, potentially more efficiently than before, while achieving increased employee satisfaction, reducing facility costs for the employer, and reducing traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and green‐house gasses. This paper describes the concept of telework and outlines a systems engineering approach to implementation of telework solutions that extend beyond casual ad‐hoc instances.
8.3.1 The Macro Risk Model: An Early Warning Tool for Software‐Intensive Systems Projects
Authors: Boehm Barry , Ingold Dan , Madachy Raymond 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Macro Risk Model is a tool for early detection and quantification of project risks associated with Software‐Intensive Systems (SIS). It has been calibrated and validated against detailed case studies. Structured questions guide a user in rating evidence and risk impacts with respect to critical project success factors. It provides color‐coded risk exposures, and allows for rationale and supporting artifacts. This paper describes the model and the basis of its risk evaluation methods, it reviews case studies of NASA exploration mission failures with respect to the model, it discusses a Delphi consensus‐seeking process that was used to analyze factors affecting model accuracy and to calibrate the model, and compares the model to other risk approaches.
9.1.2 Coupling component systems towards systems of systems
Authors: Autran Frédéric , Auzelle Jean‐Philippe , Cattan Denise , Garnier Jean‐Luc , Luzeaux Dominique , Mayer Frédérique , Peyrichon Marc , Ruault Jean‐René 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems of systems (SoS) are a hot topic in our “fully connected global world”. Our aim is not to provide another definition of what SoS are, but rather to focus on the adequacy of reusing standard system architecting techniques within this approach in order to improve performance, fault detection and safety issues in large‐scale coupled systems that definitely qualify as SoS, whatever the definition is. A key issue will be to secure the availability of the services provided by the SoS despite the evolution of the various systems composing the SoS. We will also tackle contracting issues and responsibility transfers, as they should be addressed to ensure the expected behavior of the SoS whilst the various independently contracted systems evolve asynchronously.
11.4.1 Luz: From Light to Darkness: Lessons learned from the solar system
Authors: Kasser Joseph E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract1In teaching systems engineering the relationship between functions, physical decomposition and requirements during the process of defining, designing and developing the system, has been difficult to get across to the students. While trying to improve the learning process, an explanation of the relationship between functions, physical decomposition and requirements during the process of defining, designing and developing the system based on a modification of the Functions Requirements Answers and Test (FRAT) views of a system (Mar, 1994) was tried on undergraduate students at the University of South Australia in 2006–2007 with positive results (Kasser, et al., 2007). This paper documents the LuZ SEGS‐1 system design process in the form of the FRAT views demonstrating the intertwined relationships between requirements, functions and their allocation to components at a lower level of system decomposition. The paper provides examples of alternative choices, discusses them and documents the choice with the reasons for selection. Several lessons learned from the project are also provided.
11.5.1 Eliminating Barriers to Understanding: A Systems Engineering Approach to Cross‐Discipline Communications
Authors: Newbern David W. , Nolte Jerome T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAs systems engineers asked to apply systems engineering methods to aid in solving the major social, economic, and political problems of our times, we must effectively communicate more frequently with non‐engineer stakeholders. In this paper we identify five primary areas of potential barriers to communication. These five areas are: 1) Language, including differences in dialects and fluency; 2) Culture, including ethnicity and religion; 3) Organizational context, including nature of the organization and the stakeholder's position within the structure; and 4) Domain expertise, including education and work experience; and 5) Age and Gender. We take a look at these problems and offer some practical ways to improve communications with non‐engineers. The high level process emphasizes feedback and iteration to verify understanding.
KR01 Product Life‐Cycle Modeling Utilizing SysML Modeling
Authors: Artery Georgia , De Spain Mark , Griego Regina 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFunctional modeling and SysML/UML are defined communication languages that engineers and related disciplines use to communicate the nature of engineering products. We often see functional modeling and SysML/UML used to describe large, physical entities, such as airplanes or space craft. Systems engineers use functional modeling to decompose these large systems into subsystems. Each subsystem has defined requirements, defined roles and responsibilities (functions), and definable interfaces. Each subsystem consists of electrical hardware, mechanical hardware, and computer software. Functional modeling and SysML/UML can also be used for modeling program/project management processes, systems engineering processes, and manufacturing processes. Many organizations use an array of flow charts, organization charts, network diagrams, and spreadsheets to define engineering processes. This paper presents how Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) used functional modeling and SysML/UML to define the design and development processes and procedures for a product realization process (PRP) called the Integrated Phase Gate (IPG) Process. The use of functional modeling helped the organization more readily accept the use of systematic modeling for developing PRP. Additionally, this paper will explore the value of using SysML/UML over functional modeling in order to completely specify process and process artifacts.
KR04 System of Systems Engineering and Family of Systems Engineering From a Standards Perspective
Authors: Clark John O. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystem of Systems Engineering (SoSE) and Family of Systems Engineering (FoSE) continue to be two of the least well‐understood SE disciplines. Knowledge of the SE standards significantly aids this understanding, including the relationship between SE, SoSE, and FoSE. This knowledge enhances any engineer's career.The goals of this paper are to: 1) describe the SE standards heritage, processes, and products; 2) show the relationships between SE, SoSE, and FoSE based on these standards; 3) encourage and challenge the participants to read, understand, select, tailor, and apply these standards to SE, SoSE, and FoSE, i.e., “stand on the standards,” as opposed to relying solely on other sources such as instructions, procedures, guides, textbooks, education, training, and experience; and 4) describe how to apply these standards. Individuals may have an understanding of portions of SE, SoSE, and FoSE based on these other sources. Standards, developed by subject matter experts and approved by nationally recognized standards organizations, provide a more complete and common understanding.
2.1.2 Engineering in the Network Dimension to Enhance the Human Dimension – A Framework for Analysis and Design
Authors: Hew Patrick Chisan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe way that warfighters share awareness and fight as a team is substantially influenced by choices in networking technologies and interface standards. There is a need for techniques and tools for analysing these choices, to improve Network‐Centric Warfare (NCW) systems‐of‐systems from human‐centred design principles. This paper proposes a framework with three features: first, it identifies opportunities for enhanced sharing of situation awareness across warfighters; second, it clarifies the nature of the requisite technologies and systems; and third, it starts to quantify the relative warfighting advantages that should arise. The framework is illustrated by case studies in maritime air defence and naval surface fire support.
2.2.3 Applying Machine Learning Methods to the Airframe Structural Design Cost Estimation – A Case Study of Wing‐Box Project
Authors: Deng S. , Yeh Tsung‐Han 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis research used two machine leaning methods, the Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Back‐Propagation Neural Network (BPN), to create the cost prediction models for airplane wing‐box structural design, and verified the feasibility and efficiency for both methods. In the case study, four different main structural part groups of the wing‐box, Spars/Ribs/Skins/Stringers, were chosen. In the parts data base, the part dimensions were included and used for classifying the part groups. Each part group has 150 bill of parts, 100 bill of parts used for training samples, 50 bill of parts used for predicting samples, to test there accuracy. After verified through wing‐box case study, the results showed either SVR or BPN can precisely predicting the design costs. But compare to the BPN, SVR can get the global optimal solution while using less decision parameters. This can save lots of time for searching the best parameters combination when creating the prediction model.
2.3.1 Using the Swing Weight Matrix to Weight Multiple Objectives
Authors: Parnell Gregory S. , Trainor Timothy E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMultiobjective decision analysis is used for trade studies and the evaluation of alternative system and architecture designs. Attributes are identified to measure the achievement of each objective. Value (or utility) models are mathematical equations that assess the value (or utility) of a score on an attribute and relative weight of each attribute. One of the challenging concepts is that weights depend on both importance and variation of the range of the attribute. Many analysts, not familiar with the mathematical theory, assess weights using only importance. Several years ago, we developed the swing weight matrix to properly assess weights by explicitly defining importance and variation. A second motivation was to provide a tool for communication with stakeholders and decision makers. This paper presents the swing weight matrix theory, the approaches used to define importance and variation, and some illustrative applications. We conclude with the challenges, improvements, and benefits of the swing weight matrix.
2.3.3 Near‐Neighbor Based Systems Engineering of Swarming Networks: A Case Study
Authors: Krill Jerry A. , O'Driscoll Michael J. , O'Haver Kenneth W. , Farmer Eric R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTraditional systems engineering is tailored to systems with complex subsystems having well‐described physical and functional attributes and interfaces. Moreover, a network system generally features precisely defined communication signal and data protocols. We submit that development of swarming networks that do not exhibit such discrete linear attributes represents a new class of systems that can benefit from a new approach to systems engineering methodology. We will describe the new systems engineering concept of “near‐neighbor interaction zones” for systems engineering processes and apply this approach to a case study of one such system, an automated swarming intrusion detection network to alleviate the monitoring burden on security operators. The result is a large‐scale complex system that is potentially more tractable and efficient to develop and operate from a human cognition perspective.
3.1.4 A SoS Perspective of Critical Infrastructure Systems Development
Authors: Yeo K T 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTCritical infrastructural systems are complex systems of systems (SoS). Taking a SoS perspective of large‐scale infrastructural development can be beneficial in better understanding the inherent problems of emergent complexity. SoS is a relatively new term that is being applied primarily to addressing large scale inter‐disciplinary developmental challenges with multiple, heterogeneous, and distributed network‐centric systems. A large‐scale infrastructural system can be hierarchically structured from its building blocks to higher multi‐levels of network. An infrastructural SoS is usually developed in evolutionary stages integrating existing systems with upgraded or extended systems. Complex infrastructural systems are non‐monolithic and they share certain common characteristics which can be developed into a set of discriminators to develop a framework for SoS engineering management addressing issues in an evolutionary planning and staged development, stakeholder management and leadership for complex systems integration. The framework is then used to compare with and appreciate the observed characteristics of real‐world major infrastructural development using Singapore‐based case examples.
3.4.2 Research on a Framework for Selecting and Applying Systems Engineering Tools for Australian Small and Medium Enterprises – II
Authors: Tran Xuan‐Linh , Ferris Timothy , Huynh Thomas V. , Shoval Shraga 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMany of the subsystems developed by the Australian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are integrated into military systems developed by larger companies. If the SMEs cannot win and sustain defence contracts to develop the subsystems because of their lack of systems capability, then the ability of the Australian Defence to develop and deploy needed systems will be adversely affected. By systems capability it is meant effectual use of sound systems engineering (SE) processes and effective use of SE tools. Unlike most large organisations, many of the Australian SMEs engaging in defence work have not widely employed SE processes and tools in their endeavour. In addition, the SE software tools currently used by the Australian SMEs do not appear to have effectively aided the SMEs in their work. This paper describes a methodology employed in the development of a framework for aiding Australian SMEs in defence work in effectively acquiring and applying SE processes and tools and thereby helping to improve their systems capability. Specifically, the methodology involves a collection and analysis of information, using qualitative grounded theory as the fundamental analysis technique, and NVivo software as the analysis tool. The paper also discusses some preliminary results of the research and future work.
5.2.2 The Culture of Innovation Styles: Are our Corporate Cultures Tuned for Innovation?
Authors: Czaika Ellen , Valerdi Ricardo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems engineering work is requiring increasing collaboration among various enterperprises, nations, and individuals to innovate to meet the comlex needs of large numbers of stakeholders. This indicates a need to better understand the cultural differences in innovation styles that can enable or hinder collaboration. This paper argues that applying the Hofstede Cross‐Cultural Dimensions to enterprises will provide useful insights for systems engineering enterprises in working with cross‐cultural teams. Furthermore, this paper seeks to apply the Hofstede dimensions to identifying enterprise cultures conducive to innovation, radical and incremental. By exploring the relationship between the Hofstede Dimensions and Miller and Friesen's Conservative and Entreprenurial Innovation Models, and between the Hofstede Dimensions and Brown's System Model of Technological Innovation, this paper seeks to help enterprises match their culture to the type of innovation their enterprise culture supports. Furthermore, it suggests future research to investigate and compare the Hofstede dimensions of defense organizations and of the companies listed on the BusinessWeek Most Innovative Companies List.
6.3.1 The Human Element of Decision Making in Systems Engineers: A Focus on Optimism
Authors: Valerdi Ricardo , Blackburn Craig 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBiases continue to be an important aspect of human judgment and decision making because they can lead to unfavorable outcomes. Optimism bias is one type of bias that is often overlooked because of its association with good health and positive outcomes. However, the existence of optimism bias in human judgment can be very damaging especially when it distorts a person's view of future events.In order to better understand optimism bias we explore the benefits and downsides of optimism as well as some empirically‐based origins of both optimism and pessimism. This provides a backdrop for a methodology for quantifying optimism and pessimism using the Brier score developed for calibrating weather reporters and a discussion about how sports bookies make well‐calibrated decisions. Results are explored from an optimism survey given to a cohort of eighty systems engineers, which ultimately portray the degree to which optimism bias influences decision making in large projects. Further exploration of the key differences in optimism across professions helps distinguish motivational factors and characteristics of well‐calibrated professions. We also present results from a calibration exercise, designed to infer if such activities can be adopted to assist systems engineering estimation. Finally, we provide prescriptive advice on how individual decision makers can better manage their optimism and become more realistic.
6.3.3 Emergent Behavior in an Unregulated Financial System of Systems: Economic Meltdown
Authors: Osmundson John S. , Langford Gary O. , Huynh Thomas V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe need to consider the human dimension to systems engineering is no more evident than in the current global economy. The current global financial crisis can be interpreted by applying a system of systems analysis methodology that elucidates the behavior that has emerged from the unregulated US market in collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). The market for US financial obligations of collateralized debt obligation market is modeled dynamically as a system of systems covering the time period from 2000 to 2008. Behavior of home mortgage borrowers, lenders, CDO buyers and sellers, as well as specific market inputs and outputs are included in the model. Results show that an increasing rate of home loan defaults and loss of financial market liquidity is a predictable and natural consequence of the market conditions. Of particular interest are the leading indicators that result in financial instabilities.
7.2.1 The Evaluation of the Alliance Systems Designed by “Enterprise Currencies” in Japan
Authors: YASUOKA Hiromichi , OHKAMI Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMileage points and electronic money are called “Enterprise currencies”. The total market of mileage points issued in Japan in 2006 was 665 billion yen As represented by the mileage programs offered by the airlines and the point programs of home electronics retailers, etc., they have been launched to provide a means of directly returning a company's advertising and sales costs to customers. In Japan, they have thrived with alliances centered on the airline, and many alliances have composed of the open point issuers.We have successfully evaluated some open types of representative “Enterprise currencies” compared to a closed type by systems engineering (SE) approach like Pugh's Method. And we proposed to design new types of future alliances based on product value chains, services and areas according to the customer behavioral processes or product life cycles. These future ones will have better performance in the evaluation of SE than closed type.
7.2.2 Agile Development of Tractable Analyses and Simulations of Complex Systems
Authors: Cloutier Robert J. , De Spain Mark J. , Linebarger John M. , Spencer Floyd W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAgile development differs from other engineering processes in the manner in which each task is performed, and the ability to respond to changes in scope or requirements. The agile model permits continual feedback after a complete pass through each of the disciplines. Agile development enables the system to be built in a series of cycles from a set of rudimentary capabilities to the full system capability. When agile development is applied to the analysis of complex systems and “wicked problems,” the inherent conflicts and inconsistencies of those systems can be resolved. The result of applying “agile” to analysis of a wicked problem is the Design for Tractable Analysis (DTA) framework. DTA analyzes the system (or enterprise) of interest as a whole, in conjunction with decomposing the system into constituent elements for domain specific analyses that are informed by the whole. The use of DTA is demonstrated through a case study of a complex security system.
10.1.3 Screening Candidate Systems Engineers: A Research Design
Authors: Gonçalves Duarte , Britz Janine 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the human dimension of Systems Engineering by addressing the need for the development of systems engineering potential in candidate engineers. Specifically, we propose a research design for a systems engineering screening methodology that could be used to screen potential systems engineers. According to our design, this can be achieved by defining a system engineering profile with specific psychological attributes, and using this profile to predict competence in systems engineering. This is done with the aim of increasing the identification and successful development of systems engineering potential, in order to address the shortage of systems engineering skills in South‐Africa over a long‐term period.
10.2.4 Persons in the Processes: Human Systems Integration in Early System Development
Authors: Hardman Nicholas , Colombi John , Jacques David , Hill Raymond R. , Miller Janet 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe systems engineering technical processes often lack the support of methods and tools that quantitatively integrate human considerations into early system design decisions. Because of this, engineers generally rely on qualitative judgments or delay critical decisions until late in the system lifecycle. Studies have revealed that this frequently results in cost, schedule, and effectiveness consequences. We begin this paper with a study of current issues in the application of systems engineering as a whole. We then examine how the challenges of human systems integration are a pervasive factor in those issues. Finally, we propose how to improve system engineering by better addressing the identified challenges.
Systems Engineering and a New Puppy
Authors: Bullard Randy 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDuring a break at the 2008 INCOSE International Symposium, a discussion ensued regarding the need for introducing the younger population to the systems engineering processes. My first thought was how to best present SE in a context that my 10‐year‐old daughter would grasp. The last time she was in my office, we used a dry‐erase board to write out “requirements” for her “need” of a new pet. She desperately wanted a new puppy, and together we used the SE process to acquire her new pet. While she may not completely grasp the SE Engine or Vee diagram, she fully appreciated the process that delivered a new puppy to our home.