bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond projection: using collaborative visualization to conduct qualitative interviews
Authors: Comi Alice , Bischof Nicole , J. Eppler Martin 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to argue for the reflective use of visual techniques in qualitative inter-viewing and suggests using visuals not only as projective techniques to elicit answers, but also as facilitation techniques throughout the interview process.Design/methodology/approach– By reflecting on their own research projects in organization and management studies, the authors develop a practical approach to visual interviewing – making use of both projective and facilitation techniques. The paper concludes by discussing the limitations of visualization techniques, and suggesting directions for future research on visually enhanced interviewing.Findings– The integration of projective and facilitation techniques enables the interviewer to build rapport with the respondent(s), and to elicit deeper answers by providing cognitive stimulation. In the course of the interview, such an integrative approach brings along further advantages, most notably focusing attention, maintaining interaction, and fostering the co-construction of knowledge between the interviewer and the interviewee(s).Originality/value– This paper is reflective of what is currently occurring in the field of qualitative interviewing, and presents a practical approach for the integration of visual projection and facilitation in qualitative interviews.
Dissecting the variation of a visual trait: the proximate basis of UV‐Visible reflectance in crab spiders (Thomisidae)
Authors: Gawryszewski Felipe M. , Birch Debra , Kemp Darrell J. , Herberstein Marie E. 
Published: June 2014

Summary

The astounding diversity of animal coloration is indicative of a wide variety of selection pressures. Despite great interest in adaptive function, detailed understanding of the constituent elements of colour traits is lacking for many systems. Such information is important in allowing more accurate appraisals of colour variation and its potential production costs.

In this study, we ‘dissect’ the dorsal colour of crab spiders (Thomisidae) to examine the mechanistic basis of a polyphenic colour trait. These spiders possess the ability to alter reflectance in the ultraviolet (UV), violet and blue wavelengths, changing their colour within days. We investigate and compare the proximate mechanistic basis of colour production in multiple phenotypes of three species using histology and spectrophotometry.

Our analyses indicate that the spider cuticle is not equivalently transparent to light across the spectrum (300–700 nm) – as previously argued – and contributes to colour variation. UV light is reflected from guanine crystals, present in storage cells ventral to the hypodermis. The crystals are exposed through a partially UV‐transmitting hypodermis and cuticle. Variation from white to yellow is likely mediated through pigments/crystals present in different oxidative stages in the hypodermal cells.

Simple mechanistic changes are therefore necessary to produce the observed variation, and likely underlie the evolutionary and ontogenetic lability of this trait. Our findings imply that either a UV‐reflective abdomen was the ancestral state for crab spiders, or, if pre‐dated by UV‐absorbent hypodermal pigments, the evolution of UV reflection has only involved the exposure of underlying guanine crystals through an otherwise clear hypodermis.
Spatial replicates as an alternative to temporal replicates for occupancy modelling when surveys are based on linear features of the landscape
Authors: Charbonnel Anaïs , D'Amico Frank , Besnard Aurélien , Blanc Frédéric , Buisson Laëtitia , Némoz Mélanie , Laffaille Pascal 
Published: June 2014

SummaryOccupancy estimates can inform biodiversity managers about the distribution of elusive species, such as thePyrenean desmanGalemys pyrenaicus, a small semi‐aquatic mammal that lives along streams. Occupancy models rely on replication within a sampling site and provide estimates of the probability of detection. However, we still do not know how occupancy and detection estimates obtained from spatial vs. temporal replications differ or the appropriateness of using one or the other when cost and logistics make one approach prohibitive. Recently, theMarkovian occupancy model has been developed to analyse adjacent spatial replicates and to test for spatial dependence between them. This model has already been applied to large and highly mobile mammals using trails, but never tested for any species with linear home ranges.We compared detection and occupancy estimates obtained from both temporal and spatial sampling designs that were subsequently organized into four data configurations (sites with both spatial and temporal replicates, adjacent spatial replicates only, temporal replicates only at the segment and site scales). From that, five occupancy models with different assumptions (the standard occupancy model, the standard multiscale model, the multiscale model withMarkovian process for detection, theMarkovian detection model and theMarkovian occupancy model) were used. We also assessed which occupancy model was the most appropriate for each data configuration to determine whether it is necessary to incorporate correlation into models.We found that the estimated detection probabilities were relatively high (≥0·58) and similar when the same model was applied to each data configuration.Spatial replication weakly underestimated occupancy. But when using this design, theMarkovian occupancy model was the most supported and minimized the underestimation of occupancy, highlighting a spatial dependence between adjacent replicates.Synthesis and applications. We show that a survey based on adjacent spatial replicates for a mammal living along linear features of the landscape is a good compromise between cost and occupancy estimates, while using theMarkovian occupancy model to estimate detection and occupancy. Our finding may have wider applications for the monitoring of species especially when temporal replicates are difficult or unrealistic. Spatial design, for surveys based on sign detection, could thus be applied for species with linear home ranges or when surveys are constrained by linear habitats.
The impact of supportive counselling on women's psychological wellbeing after miscarriage – a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kong GWS , Chung TKH , Lok IH 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of supportive counselling after miscarriage.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingUniversity hospital.SampleTwo hundred and eighty women with miscarriage.MethodWomen were randomised to receive supportive counselling from a nurse (at diagnosis and 2 weeks later) or routine care. Psychological wellbeing was measured with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).Main outcome measuresPrimary outcome measured the proportion of women suffering psychological distress (GHQ‐12 score ≥4) at 3 months after miscarriage. Secondary outcomes were GHQ‐12 and BDI scores at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months.ResultsThere was no difference in the proportion of women suffering psychological distress at 3 months after miscarriage (17.1% in counselling group versus 24.4% in control group; 95% CI –0.034 to 0.177; P = 0.19). However, for the subgroup of women (n = 152) with high baseline GHQ‐12 scores, the median GHQ‐12 score in the counselling group was significantly lower than the control group at 6 weeks (median score 3 versus 4.5 in counselling and control groups; P = 0.04) and 3 months (median score 1 versus 2.5 in counselling and control groups; P = 0.03). Similarly, for women with high baseline BDI scores (BDI > 12), the proportion for women continuing to score high was significantly lower in the counselling group 6 weeks after miscarriage (33.3 versus 61.1% in counselling group and control group; P = 0.03).ConclusionsAlthough the results of current study do not justify routine counselling of all women following miscarriage, a supportive counselling programme for selected women with high levels of psychological distress is promising and merits further investigation.
Marine bacterial communities are resistant to elevated carbon dioxide levels
Authors: Oliver Anna E. , Newbold Lindsay K. , Whiteley Andrew S. , van der Gast Christopher J. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIt is well established that the release of anthropogenic‐derived CO2 into the atmosphere will be mainly absorbed by the oceans, with a concomitant drop in pH, a process termed ocean acidification. As such, there is considerable interest in how changes in increased CO2 and lower pH will affect marine biota, such as bacteria, which play central roles in oceanic biogeochemical processes. Set within an ecological framework, we investigated the direct effects of elevated CO2, contrasted with ambient conditions on the resistance and resilience of marine bacterial communities in a replicated temporal seawater mesocosm experiment. The results of the study strongly indicate that marine bacterial communities are highly resistant to the elevated CO2 and lower pH conditions imposed, as demonstrated from measures of turnover using taxa–time relationships and distance–decay relationships. In addition, no significant differences in community abundance, structure or composition were observed. Our results suggest that there are no direct effects on marine bacterial communities and that the bacterial fraction of microbial plankton holds enough flexibility and evolutionary capacity to withstand predicted future changes from elevated CO2 and subsequent ocean acidification.
Truth or consequences in the diagnosis of substance use disorders
Authors: Martin Christopher S. , Langenbucher James W. , Chung Tammy , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimsThis commentary critically evaluates the use of substance‐related negative psychosocial and health consequences to define and diagnose alcohol and other substance use disorders.MethodsNarrative review.ResultsThe consequences of substance use cause much suffering and are major public health and economic problems. However, there are a number of conceptual and measurement problems with using consequences as diagnostic criteria for substance disorders. Data indicate that substance‐related consequences introduce systematic bias and degrade the validity of diagnostic systems.ConclusionsNegative psychosocial and health consequences of substance use should play a fundamentally reduced role in modern diagnostic systems for, and definitions of, addictive disorders.
Conditioning out‐of‐date bank‐stored red blood cells using a cell‐saver auto‐transfusion device: effects on numbers of red cells and quality of suspension fluid
Authors: Read M. S. , Coles P. , Pomeroy M. , Anderson E. , Aziz M. I. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryWe investigated the utility of a cell‐saver device for processing out‐of‐date red blood cells, by washing twenty bags of red blood cells that had been stored for between 36 and 55 days. The volume of recovered cells, and the characteristics of the suspension fluid, were measured before and after treatment. The ratio of free haemoglobin to total haemoglobin was up to 0.02 before processing, and up to 0.011 afterwards, changing by between −0.013 and +0.003. This ratio met the current standard for free haemoglobin (less than 0.008 in more than 75% of samples), both before and after processing. Ninety‐three percent of red blood cells survived the process. Potassium ion concentration fell from above 15 mmol.l−1 in all cases, to a mean of 6.4 mmol.l−1 (p < 0.001). The pH rose to a mean value of 6.44 (p = 0.001). Lactate ion concentration fell to a mean value of 14 mmol.l−1 (p < 0.001). Sodium ion concentration rose from a mean value of 93 mmol.l−1 to a mean value of 140 mmol.l−1 (p < 0.001). A useful proportion of out‐of‐date red blood cells remained intact after conditioning using a cell‐saver, and the process lowered concentrations of potentially toxic solutes in the fluid in which they were suspended.
Effects of anemia and iron deficiency on quality of life in women with heavy menstrual bleeding
Authors: Peuranpää Pirkko , Heliövaara‐Peippo Satu , Fraser Ian , Paavonen Jorma , Hurskainen Ritva 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of anemia and iron deficiency on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in women treated for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB).DesignSecondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.SettingFive university hospitals in Finland.SampleA total of 236 women referred for HMB.MethodsWomen were randomized to treatment with hysterectomy or a levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system. We defined groups based on women's pretreatment hemoglobin [hemoglobin <120 g/L (anemic) vs. hemoglobin ≥120 g/L (nonanemic)] and serum ferritin (ferritin <15 μg/L vs. ≥15 μg/L) concentrations. HRQoL was compared between groups at baseline, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Hemoglobin and ferritin were followed for 5 years.Main outcome measuresHRQoL was measured by the RAND 36‐item health survey (RAND‐36), 5‐Dimensional EuroQol and two questionnaires of mental wellbeing.ResultsAt baseline, 63 women (27%) were anemic and 140 (60%) were severely iron deficient (ferritin <15 μg/L). Only 8% of the anemic women had taken iron supplementation. Twelve months after treatment hemoglobin had increased in both hemoglobin groups, but was still significantly lower (p < 0.001) in initially anemic women (128 g/L) compared with nonanemic women (136 g/L). Twelve months after treatment three domain scores of RAND‐36 increased more (energy, p = 0.002; physical functioning, p = 0.04; social functioning, p = 0.05), and anxiety (p = 0.02) and depression scores (p = 0.002) decreased more in anemic compared with nonanemic women. Serum ferritin took 5 years to reach normal levels.ConclusionsImproved HRQoL after treatment of HMB is associated with correction of anemia. Clinicians should actively screen for anemia in women with HMB and emphasize early iron substitution as an integral part of treatment.
Should myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with PCM1‐JAK2 and other rearrangements of JAK2 be recognized as specific entities?
Authors: Bain Barbara J. , Ahmad Shahzaib 
Published: June 2014

SummarySince the publication of the 2001 and 2008 World Health Organization classifications of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, there has been an increasing move towards classification of haematological neoplasms on the basis of the underlying molecular genetic disorder. In recent decades there have been a significant number of reports of haematological neoplasms with rearrangement of JAK2. Published data on such cases have therefore been analysed to determine if any specific entities could be identified. On the basis of this analysis, it is suggested that lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms associated with t(8;9)(p22;p24); PCM1‐JAK2 fusion should be recognized as an entity. Furthermore, lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms associated respectively with t(9;12)(p24;p13); ETV6‐JAK2 and with t(9;22)(p24;q11·2); BCR‐JAK2 should be documented carefully in order to define their features more clearly and assess whether they can be recognized as entities. Identification of all these conditions is important because of the possibility of response to JAK2 inhibitors.
Edaphic, Nutritive, and Species Assemblage Differences between Hotspots and Matrix Vegetation: Two African Case Studies
Authors: Arnold Stephen G. , Anderson Todd M. , Holdo Ricardo M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAreas of locally intense and frequent grazing, or ‘hotspots’, are pervasive features in tropical grasslands and savannas. In some ecosystems, hotspot presence is clearly associated with edaphic factors (e.g., high clay content and elevated soil fertility), such as those that develop in abandoned cattle bomas. Studies in a range of other savanna ecosystems, however, have failed to find intrinsic soil differences between hotspots and the surrounding matrix. Also, it remains unclear to what extent hotspots are associated with specific assemblages of nutrient‐rich plant species, as opposed to being a manifestation of intraspecific variation in nutritive quality. We conducted simultaneous studies in Kruger (South Africa) and Serengeti (Tanzania) National Parks to re‐evaluate the role of edaphic correlates of hotspot occurrence and to test whether intraspecific variation in plant quality occurs across hotspot‐matrix boundaries. We sampled soils and plants in paired hotspot and matrix plots at multiple sites within each ecosystem to test oura priorihypothesis that hotspots would be associated with distinct species assemblages and differences in soil fertility. We found clear hotspot‐matrix differences in foliar N, particularly within species, despite finding no differences in any soil or plant–soil variables, including N mineralization potential and mycorrhizal inoculation levels. We found only weak differences in community composition across the boundary, suggesting that intraspecific variation in foliar N rather than species turnover is mainly responsible for the enhanced nutritive value of hotspot vegetation. We propose that grazer–plant interactions may be stronger drivers of hotspot maintenance in these systems than plant–soil interactions.
Local Hydrological Conditions Explain Floristic Composition in Lowland Amazonian Forests
Authors: Moulatlet Gabriel M. , Costa Flávia R. C. , Rennó Camilo D. , Emilio Thaise , Schietti Juliana 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAmazonian forests harbor a large variety of understory herbs adapted to areas with different hydrological conditions, ranging from well‐drained to seasonally flooded forests. The presence versus absence of flooding forms the extremes of a hydrological gradient, with various intermediate conditions, such as seasonal soil waterlogged areas, in between. We investigated the relationship between understory herbs and hydrological conditions in Central Amazonian forests using eighty‐eight 250 × 2 m plots distributed along a 600‐km transect. Hydrological conditions were determined regionally by precipitation and locally by topographic conditions based on drainage potential, flooding height and soil permeability (sand content). Soil cation concentration was used as a proxy for soil fertility. The floristic dissimilarities among plots were visualized by Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling, and simple and multiple regressions were used to identify the best predictor of herb species composition. Local drainage potential was more important in determining herb species composition than soil fertility or precipitation at non‐flooded and flooded sites. Flooded sites comprised a very distinctive herb species composition even when the flood height was low (0.3 m). We conclude that hydrological conditions are the primary constraint of herb distribution within this flat regional landscape with moderate amounts of soil fertility variation (0.09–2.280 cmol(+)/kg). Hydrological models that consider local water conditions explained the largest part of herb species composition. Therefore, predictions of species distribution based on large‐scale climatic variables may underestimate the favorable area for understory herbs if the variation on local hydrological conditions is not considered.
Responses of Primates to Landscape Change in Amazonian Land‐bridge islands—a Multi‐scale Analysis
Authors: Benchimol Maíra , Venticinque Eduardo M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLarge hydroelectric dams are one of the current drivers of habitat loss across Amazonian forests. We investigated how the primate community at a hydroelectric dam in Brazilian Amazonia responded to changes in the landscape and local habitat structure of land‐bridge islands after 21 yr of post‐isolation history. The Balbina Dam, constructed in 1986, inundated 3129 km2of primary forests and created more than 3500 variable‐sized islands. We conducted primate and habitat structure surveys on 20 islands from 5 to 1815 ha, and extracted forest patch and landscape metrics for each island. The number of primate species per island varied between 0 and 7 species. Primate composition varied substantially according to both island area and forest cover remaining within the landscape, whereas island area alone was the most significant predictor of richness. Locally, tree density and vertical stratification were the most significant explanatory variables of primate composition and richness. A model containing area effects had the most explanatory power regarding site occupancy for most species. Individually, each species responded differently, with howler and brown capuchin monkeys showing greater tolerance to cope with habitat changes. Body size was also an important predictor of primate occupancy. We recommend protecting large fragments and enhancing the suitability of surrounding habitats to ensure primate conservation in most Neotropical fragmented landscapes. Given the flat topography of hydroelectric reservoirs, which mainly favors the formation of small islands, and the escalating hydropower development plans in Amazonia, our findings provide evidence for pervasive detrimental impacts of dams on primate communities.
Seeing it my way: living with childhood onset visual disability
Authors: Tadić V. , Hundt G. Lewando , Keeley S. , Rahi J. S. ,   Vision‐related Quality of Life (VQoL) group
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the significant impact of visual disability in childhood has been widely recognized, children's own perspectives of living with a visual impairment have not been considered. We report the experiences of visually impaired (VI) children and young people aged 10–15 years about growing up with impaired sight.MethodsThe participants were 32 VI children and young people, aged 10–15 years [visual acuity logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) worse than 0.51] recruited through National Health Service (NHS) paediatric ophthalmology and developmental vision clinics and 11 VI pupils aged 12–17 attending a specialist school for pupils with disabilities. Individual semi‐structured interviews with participants captured their experiences of living with a visual impairment. A child‐centred interview topic guide was developed from a literature review, observations at ophthalmology clinics, consultation with health and education professionals working with VI children and young people, and interviews and a focus group with VI pupils from the specialist school. Collaborative qualitative thematic analysis by three researchers identified emergent themes. NVivo software was used for coding the data.ResultsAnalysis identified six themes concerning living with a visual impairment: (i) social relationships, participation and acceptance; (ii) independence and autonomy; (iii) psychological and emotional well‐being; (iv) aspirations and concerns about the future; (v) functioning – home, school and leisure; and (vi) treatment of eye condition. Key issues included: the importance of family and peer support; balancing independence, support and safety; the emotional burden and adjustment of living with a disability; concerns about education and job prospects in the future; functional restrictions and limitations; and ongoing management of the eye condition.ConclusionsThe findings offer insights into the complex realities of living with visual impairment. They provide the basis for development of patient‐reported outcome measures. They can also serve to help enrich the understanding of health professionals working with VI children and young people, potentially enabling them to better support them.