bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9 Thermidor: Cinderella among Revolutionary Journées
Authors: Jones Colin 
Published: January 2015

Following the overthrow of Robespierre in the journée of 9 Thermidor II (July 27, 1794), the Convention set about establishing an official version of the events of the day. The principal protagonists had been Robespierre’s fellow Montagnards and the Parisian sections, which responded positively to the Convention’s call for armed support against Robespierre and the Paris Commune during the night of 9–10 Thermidor. Yet by the time the moderate deputy Edme-Bonaventure Courtois presented the official report to the assembly on 8 Thermidor Year III (July 26, 1795), a thorough reconceptualization of the day had occurred. The role of the Montagnards and of the people of Paris was simply erased. This rewriting of history was congruent with the general direction of Thermidorian policies toward popular involvement in the revolutionary process. It was also to prove influential in subsequent historiography of the events of 9 Thermidor.
Après le renversement de Robespierre pendant la journée du 9 thermidor II (27 juillet 1794), la Convention se mit à établir une version officielle des événements de la journée. Les principaux protagonistes avaient été les Montagnards, anciens compagnons de Robespierre, et les sections parisiennes. Celles-ci ont répondu positivement à l’appel de la Convention qui réclamait leur appui contre Robespierre et la Commune de Paris dans la nuit du 9–10 thermidor. Pourtant, au moment où le député modéré, Edme-Bonaventure Courtois, a présenté le rapport officiel à l’assemblée le 8 thermidor an III (26 juillet 1795), une conceptualisation complètement nouvelle de la journée avait eu lieu. Le rôle des Montagnards et du peuple de Paris a été tout simplement effacé. Cette réécriture de l’histoire s’accordait avec la tendance générale des politiques thermidoriennes à nier la participation populaire dans le processus révolutionnaire. Elle a également eu une grande influence sur l’historiographie ultérieure du 9 thermidor.
A Second Terror: The Purges of French Revolutionary Legislators after Thermidor
Authors: Harder Mette 
Published: January 2015

French revolutionary legislators faced assassins, violent insurrections, and the risk of being injured or killed while on mission. Statistically, however, the most dangerous place for them was their own legislative assembly. As full-scale parliamentary warfare erupted between different political “factions” in the founding year of the republic, the safeguards of parliamentary immunity were removed and hundreds of legislators were purged. Much research has been done on the famous parliamentary purges of the Terror. The practice continued, however, long after Robespierre’s fall as the Thermidorian Reaction experienced a second Terror in the legislature. Little is known about these later purges, and few comparisons have been made to the higher-profile cases of Year II. This article investigates why the Thermidorians failed to halt the cycle of parliamentary violence in the post-Terror era, arguing that the purging of legislators had by then become a destructive, long-term political habit with dangerous consequences for French representative democracy.
Les conventionnels couraient souvent le risque d’être assassinés, de se faire agresser pendant les journées ou d’être blessés en mission. Le lieu le plus dangereux pour eux était, pourtant, leur propre assemblée : entre 1792 et 1794, la Convention nationale expulse 149 de ses membres de son sein. Accusés de crimes politiques, des députés girondins, dantonistes et robespierristes sont arrêtés, mis en prison et souvent condamnés à mort. Les épurations de la Convention sous la Terreur sont si bien étudiées qu’elles ont longtemps obscurci la continuation de la même politique épuratoire après la chute de Robespierre. La réaction thermidorienne, pourtant, commence une seconde Terreur contre les députés. Les historiens de la Révolution, en traitant ces incidents comme de simples résultats de la dynamique réactionnaire, niaient la possibilité d’un rapport plus direct entre les épurations de la Terreur et celles de la période thermidorienne. Le but de cet article sera d’identifier, premièrement, les continuités entre les épurations successives des conventionnels sous la Terreur et ses suites, et, deuxièmement, les conséquences pour la démocratie révolutionnaire de cette habitude politique d’épurer la législature.
Levodopa effects on [11C]raclopride binding in the resting human brain
Authors: Black Kevin J. , Piccirillo Marilyn L. , Koller Jonathan M. , Hseih Tiffany , Wang Lei , Mintun Mark A. 
Published: January 2015

Rationale: Synaptic dopamine (DA) release induced by amphetamine or other experimental manipulations can displace [11C]raclopride (RAC*) from dopamine D2-like receptors. We hypothesized that exogenous levodopa might increase dopamine release at striatal synapses under some conditions but not others, allowing a more naturalistic assessment of presynaptic dopaminergic function. Presynaptic dopaminergic abnormalities have been reported in Tourette syndrome (TS).Objective: Test whether levodopa induces measurable synaptic DA release in healthy people at rest, and gather pilot data in TS.Methods: This double-blind crossover study used RAC* and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure synaptic dopamine release 4 times in each of 10 carbidopa-pretreated, neuroleptic-naïve adults: before and during an infusion of levodopa on one day and placebo on another (in random order). Five subjects had TS and 5 were matched controls. RAC* binding potential (BPND) was quantified in predefined anatomical volumes of interest (VOIs). A separate analysis compared BPND voxel by voxel over the entire brain.Results: DA release declined between the first and second scan of each day (p=0.012), including on the placebo day. Levodopa did not significantly reduce striatal RAC* binding and striatal binding did not differ significantly between TS and control groups. However, levodopa’s effect on DA release differed significantly in a right midbrain region (p=0.002, corrected), where levodopa displaced RAC* by 59% in control subjects but increased BPND by 74% in TS subjects.Discussion: Decreased DA release on the second scan of the day is consistent with the few previous studies with a similar design, and may indicate habituation to study procedures. We hypothesize that mesostriatal DA neurons fire relatively little while subjects rest, possibly explaining the non-significant effect of levodopa on striatal RAC* binding. The modest sample size argues for caution in interpreting the group difference in midbrain DA release with levodopa.
Global Sourcing and Foreign Knowledge Seeking
Authors: Berry Heather , Kaul Aseem 
Published: January 2015

We develop and test a rigorous theoretical account of firm global sourcing decisions, distinguishing the antecedents of offshore integration from those of offshore outsourcing. Although traditional theories of global sourcing focus on lowering costs, we argue that as high-performing firms seek to develop new capabilities by tapping into foreign knowledge, they will increasingly turn to offshore integration to reap colocation benefits and overcome expropriation challenges. By contrast, offshore outsourcing will be preferred by less profitable firms seeking to tap into low-cost inputs, especially as investments in information technology lower monitoring costs. Empirical analysis of a comprehensive panel of cross-border product transfers by U.S. manufacturing multinational corporations from 1989 to 2004 reveals support for these arguments. Our study thus highlights the effect of foreign knowledge seeking on global sourcing and helps explain recent trends in this increasingly important phenomenon, especially the increasing reliance on offshore integration in technology intensive industries. This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Resource Allocation Decisions Under Imperfect Evaluation and Organizational Dynamics
Authors: Schlapp Jochen , Oraiopoulos Nektarios , Mak Vincent 
Published: January 2015

Research and development (R&D) projects face significant organizational challenges, especially when the different units who run these projects compete among each other for resources. In such cases, information sharing among the different units is critical, but it cannot be taken for granted. Instead, individual units need to be incentivized to not only exert effort in evaluating their projects, but also to truthfully reveal their findings. The former requires an emphasis on individual performance, whereas the latter relies on the existence of a common goal across the organization. Motivated by this commonly observed tension, we address the following question: How should a firm balance individual and shared incentives, so that vital information is both acquired, and equally importantly, disseminated to the entire organization? Our model captures two key characteristics of R&D experimentation: information is imperfect and it is also costly. Our analysis yields several important implications for the design of such incentive schemes and the management of R&D portfolios. This paper was accepted by David Hsu, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Methods for biogeochemical studies of sea ice: The state of the art, caveats, and recommendations
Authors: Miller Lisa A. , Fripiat Francois , Else Brent G.T. , Bowman Jeff S. , Brown Kristina A. , Collins R. Eric , Ewert Marcela , Fransson Agneta , Gosselin Michel , Lannuzel Delphine , Meiners Klaus M. , Michel Christine , Nishioka Jun , Nomura Daiki , Papadimitriou Stathys , Russell Lynn M. , Sørensen Lise Lotte , Thomas David N. , Tison Jean-Louis , van Leeuwe Maria A. , Vancoppenolle Martin , Wolff Eric W. , Zhou Jiayun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOver the past two decades, with recognition that the ocean’s sea-ice cover is neither insensitive to climate change nor a barrier to light and matter, research in sea-ice biogeochemistry has accelerated significantly, bringing together a multi-disciplinary community from a variety of fields. This disciplinary diversity has contributed a wide range of methodological techniques and approaches to sea-ice studies, complicating comparisons of the results and the development of conceptual and numerical models to describe the important biogeochemical processes occurring in sea ice. Almost all chemical elements, compounds, and biogeochemical processes relevant to Earth system science are measured in sea ice, with published methods available for determining biomass, pigments, net community production, primary production, bacterial activity, macronutrients, numerous natural and anthropogenic organic compounds, trace elements, reactive and inert gases, sulfur species, the carbon dioxide system parameters, stable isotopes, and water-ice-atmosphere fluxes of gases, liquids, and solids. For most of these measurements, multiple sampling and processing techniques are available, but to date there has been little intercomparison or intercalibration between methods. In addition, researchers collect different types of ancillary data and document their samples differently, further confounding comparisons between studies. These problems are compounded by the heterogeneity of sea ice, in which even adjacent cores can have dramatically different biogeochemical compositions. We recommend that, in future investigations, researchers design their programs based on nested sampling patterns, collect a core suite of ancillary measurements, and employ a standard approach for sample identification and documentation. In addition, intercalibration exercises are most critically needed for measurements of biomass, primary production, nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic matter (including exopolymers), the CO2 system, air-ice gas fluxes, and aerosol production. We also encourage the development of in situ probes robust enough for long-term deployment in sea ice, particularly for biological parameters, the CO2 system, and other gases.
Observations of activity levels and social interaction in a residential care setting
Authors: Sackley Cath , Levin Sonya , Cardoso Karina , Hoppitt Thomas 
Published: January 2015

Immobility, inactivity and the lack of social interaction are associated with poor physical and mental health. The main aim of this study was to examine the type and frequency of activities and social interactions with took place in a care home for older people. Residents within the communal area of a care home were observed over a period of 16 hours at 10-minute intervals by two psychologists. Residents' positions, activities and interactions were recorded. The majority of observations (97%) found residents sitting and not engaged in activity (60.7%). Only 10.7% of observations involved social interaction of residents either with each other or with a carer. The results demonstrate a very low level of daily activity and interaction in the care home setting. The risks of immobility and inactivity related complications such as pressure sores, muscle weakness, depression and anxiety are high.
Contested Memories: A Cosmopolitan and Feminist Analysis of Four Provincial Museums in Turkey
Authors: Sade Mete Özge 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article examines four archaeological and ethnographic museums in the provinces of Turkey designed by Erten Altaban, a female architect. While these museums have long been neglected and viewed as a sign of Turkey’s failure to preserve its cultural heritage, this study suggests that they reveal a conscious project of forgetting – a negligence of the diversity of memories in the creation of official histories. From a cosmopolitan and feminist perspective, this paper points out that the abandoned spaces of these archaeological and ethnographic museums contain the potential to draw attention to what has been forgotten within the official historiographies. Unlike existing scholarship that focuses on central museums and views them as representations of dominant historical narratives, this study points at peripheral structures as conveyers of memories left out of prevailing accounts.
Revisiting a Graduate Design Studio on Sacred Architecture: A Mosque Design in Yazd, Iran
Authors: Stubblefield Thomas , Kirchner Samia Rab , Sheehi Stephen , Sharma Sunil , Aube Sandra 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Photography’s Orientalism: New Essays on Colonial Representation, Ali Behdad and Luke Gartlan (eds.) (2013) Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 224 pp., 45 b/w illus., 27 colour plates ISBN 9781606061510, $35 (paperback)
From a Nation Torn: Decolonizing art and Representation in France, 1945–1962), Hannah Feldman (2014) Durham and London: Duke University Press, 336 pp., 88 illus. ISBN 9780822353713, $27.95 (paperback)
Contemporary Architecture and Urbanism in the Middle East, Mohammad Al-Asad (2012) Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 320 pp., approx. 550 illus. ISBN 9780813040172, $50 (hardback)
Cairo to Constantinople: Francis Bedford’s Photographs of the Middle East, Sophie Gordon (2013) London: Royal Collection Publications, 256 pp., 220 colour illus. ISBN: 9781905686186, $60 (hardback)
Eros and Sexuality in Islamic Art, Francesca Leoni and Mika Natif (eds.) (2013) Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 244 pp., 56 b/w illus., 8 colour plates ISBN 9781409464389, $109.95 (hardback)
Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th–15th Century Tabriz, Judith pfeiffer (ed.) (2014) Leiden and Boston: Brill, Iran Studies, volume 8, 397 pp., 34 illus. ISBN 9789004255395, 131€/$182 (hardback)
Being, Forgetting, Remembering: Stewardship, Spirituality, and Change in the Vernacular Built Environment
Authors: Khan Hasan-Uddin 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The correlation between belief in the stewardship of the earth and vernacular architecture yields a sensitivity to nature and to the spirituality of place in building construction. Patterns in nature are thus reflected in the organic forms of buildings and in various urban interventions. The notion of stewardship is also deeply embed in the teachings of Islam and other religions and cultural systems. Past architecture exhibits knowledge about the relationship and balance between the built and natural environment (A Place of Being). The scientific revolution, the industrial revolution and specialization seemed to bring with them the separation of beauty and utility and also encouraged an aggressive attitude toward the exploitation of nature. In the larger project of modernity ‘progress and development’ deepened the rupture between the built and natural realms (A Place of Forgetting). In the past two decades or so, environmental awareness and economic imperatives have begun to generate programs that have resulted in built works that attempt to heal the scars in the landscape and to be more sensitive to place (A Place of Remembering). Today, some architectural projects, based on ethical concerns, are beginning to reconnect contemporary architectural projects to the wisdom of the past in order to produce solutions for a sustainable built environment (A New Place of Being), and perhaps a new vernacular built environment.
International specialization and the return to capital
Authors: Batista Cátia , Potin Jacques 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHow does factor accumulation affect an open economy’s pattern of international specialization and returns to capital? We provide a new integrated treatment to this question using a panel of 44 developing and developed countries over the period 1976–2000. The data confirm the Heckscher-Ohlin prediction that, with sufficient differences in country endowments, there is no factor price equalization and countries specialize in different subsets of goods. Innovatively, we obtain the returns to capital implied by this model: these are consistent with the Lucas paradox, which we explain after accounting for cross-country differences in the cost of capital goods. Our findings are also consistent with Ventura’s hypothesis that the growth of small open economies can be promoted by “beating the curse of diminishing returns” – indeed we find no decrease in the return to capital at any given capital-labor ratio despite capital accumulation by most countries within a cone of diversification.
Permissible limits for uncertainty of measurement in laboratory medicine
Authors: Haeckel Rainer , Wosniok Werner , Gurr Ebrhard , Peil Burkhard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe international standard ISO 15189 requires that medical laboratories estimate the uncertainty of their quantitative test results obtained from patients’ specimens. The standard does not provide details how and within which limits the measurement uncertainty should be determined. The most common concept for establishing permissible uncertainty limits is to relate them on biological variation defining the rate of false positive results or to base the limits on the state-of-the-art. The state-of-the-art is usually derived from data provided by a group of selected medical laboratories. The approach on biological variation should be preferred because of its transparency and scientific base. Hitherto, all recommendations were based on a linear relationship between biological and analytical variation leading to limits which are sometimes too stringent or too permissive for routine testing in laboratory medicine. In contrast, the present proposal is based on a non-linear relationship between biological and analytical variation leading to more realistic limits. The proposed algorithms can be applied to all measurands and consider any quantity to be assured. The suggested approach tries to provide the above mentioned details and is a compromise between the biological variation concept, the GUM uncertainty model and the technical state-of-the-art.
Cloning and expression of a sesquiterpene synthase gene from Taiwania cryptomerioides
Authors: Hsieh Hui-Ling , Ma Li-Ting , Wang Sheng-Yang , Chu Fang-Hua 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata) is a conifer species native to Taiwan, which is known for several bioactive secondary metabolites extracted from it. In this study, a sesquiterpene synthase (TPS) gene isolated from Taiwania was in focus. First, a pair of degenerate primers was designed for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction based on the total RNA extracted from the leaves of a mature tree. A DNA fragment with the conserved region of TPS gene was obtained. After 5′- and 3′-end amplification, the full-length gene was obtained, which contains an open reading frame of 1791 bp and encodes a predicted molecular mass of 70.2-kDa protein. The gene was highly expressed in young leaves, female flowers, and cones. The expression in leaves was enhanced by salicylic acid. To identify the function of TPS, the recombinant protein from Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani & Chalmers was incubated with farnesyl diphosphate. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and retention time as well as mass spectrum matching with authentic standards revealed that the major product of TPS is sesquiterpene α-gurjunene. The gene was, therefore, designated as Tc-Gur.
Antinociceptive effects of FTY720 during trauma-induced neuropathic pain are mediated by spinal S1P receptors
Authors: Zhang Dong Dong , Linke Bona , Suo Jing , Zivkovic Aleksandra , Schreiber Yannick , Ferreirós Nerea , Henke Marina , Geisslinger Gerd , Stark Holger , Scholich Klaus 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
FTY720 (fingolimod) is, after its phosphorylation by sphingosine kinase (SPHK) 2, a potent, non-selective sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist. FTY720 has been shown to reduce the nociceptive behavior in the paclitaxel model for chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain through downregulation of S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) in microglia of the spinal cord. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effects of FTY720 in a model for trauma-induced neuropathic pain. We found that intrathecal administration of phosphorylated FTY720 (FTY720-P) decreased trauma-induced pain behavior in mice, while intraplantar administered FTY720-P had no effect. FTY720-P, but not FTY720, reduced the nociceptive behavior in SPHK2-deficient mice, suggesting the involvement of S1P receptors. Fittingly, intrathecal administration of antagonists for S1P1 or S1P3, W146 and Cay10444 respectively, abolished the antinociceptive effects of systemically administered FTY720, demonstrating that activation of both receptors in the spinal cord is necessary to induce antinociceptive effects by FTY720. Accordingly, intrathecal administration of S1P1 receptor agonists was not sufficient to evoke an antinociceptive effect. Taken together, the data show that, in contrast to its effects on chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, FTY720 reduces trauma-induced neuropathic pain by simultaneous activation of spinal S1P1 and S1P3 receptor subtypes.