bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural biology of the IL‐1 superfamily: Key cytokines in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses
Authors: Krumm Brian , Xiang Yan , Deng Junpeng 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInterleukin‐1 superfamily of cytokines (IL‐1, IL‐18, IL‐33) play key roles in inflammation and regulating immunity. The mechanisms of agonism and antagonism in the IL‐1 superfamily have been pursued by structural biologists for nearly 20 years. New insights into these mechanisms were recently provided by the crystal structures of the ternary complexes of IL‐1β and its receptors. We will review here the structural biology related to receptor recognition by IL‐1 superfamily cytokines and the regulation of its cytokine activities by antagonists.
Mn2+‐induced room‐temperature ferromagnetism and spin‐glass behavior in hydrothermally grown Mn‐doped ZnO nanorods
Authors: Vinod R. , Bushiri M. Junaid , Sajan P. , Achary Sreekumar Rajappan , Muñoz‐Sanjosé Vicente 
Published: February 2014

The magnetic properties of Mn‐doped ZnO (ZnO:Mn) nanorods grown by hydrothermal process at a temperature of 200 °C and a growth time of 3 h have been studied. The samples were characterized by using powder X‐ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis and SQUID magnetometry. Mn (3 wt%) and (5 wt%)‐doped ZnO samples exhibit paramagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior, respectively, at room temperature. The spin‐glass behavior is observed from the samples with respect to the decrease of temperature. At 10 K, both samples exhibit a hysteresis loop with relatively low coercivity. The room‐temperature ferromagnetism in 5 wt% Mn‐doped ZnO nanorods is attributed to the increase in the specific area of grain boundaries, interaction between dopant Mn2+ ions substituted at Zn2+ site and the interaction between Mn2+ ions and Zn2+ ions from the ZnO host lattice. M–H curve of hydrothermally grown ZnO:Mn (3 wt%) and ZnO:Mn (5 wt%) nanorods at 10 K.
Orthogonal multicarrier modulations in satellite uplinks
Authors: Rosati Stefano , Corazza Giovanni E. , Vanelli‐Coralli Alessandro 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, we analyze Orthogonal Frequency‐Division Multiple Access and Single‐Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access as alternative physical layer schemes for the up‐link of a satellite network. Both orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access and single‐carrier frequency division multiple access are orthogonal multicarrier modulations (MCMs). They provide a higher spectral efficiency than the single‐carrier modulations employed today in satellite networks. Unfortunately, MCMs are also more vulnerable to nonlinear distortion, phase noise, and synchronization errors. This has prevented, so far, the use of MCMs in satellite uplinks, where these impairments are very critical. In our analysis, we show that a well‐design MCM system can effectively provide reliable communications in satellite uplinks, even in the presence of nonlinear distortion, phase noise, and synchronization errors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Displacement estimation of nonlinear structures using the force analogy method
Authors: Li Gang , Li Hong‐Nan , Zhang Yu 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYSignificant effort has gone toward developing accurate and efficient displacement estimation procedures for the nonlinear multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) system. Although the dynamic nonlinear analysis is capable of providing the high computational precision through the step‐by‐step time integration method, the simplified method is still expected and imperative for seismic design practices. The work presented in this paper focuses on the implementation of using the modal superposition method to estimate displacement responses of the nonlinear MDOF system based on the force analogy method (FAM). The current research demonstrated that the equation of motion for the nonlinear MDOF system can be decoupled, but other two governing equations in the FAM about the internal force, such as the moment and force of structural members, are not decomposable. Thus, the FAM is incorporated with the modal pushover analysis (MPA) method to determine the basic parameters of each mode such that the modal superposition method can be suitable for the solution of the nonlinear MDOF system. The procedure presented here is an approximately estimation method due to the application of MPA method. However, the value and potential for the maximum displacement estimation of the nonlinear MDOF system were demonstrated through the application in a framed structure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of chlorthiophos using micronucleus, chromosome aberration, sister chromatid exchange, and Ames tests
Authors: Akyıl Dilek , Konuk Muhsin 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPotential mutagenic and genotoxic effects of Chlorthiophos, an organophosphate pesticide, were evaluated using four standard assays. Five different concentrations of the pesticide were tested by an Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102, with and without S9 metabolic activation. No concentrations of Chlorthiophos showed mutagenic activity on the TA97, TA100, and TA102 strains, with and without S9 fraction, but were all mutagenic to the TA98 strain without S9. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberration (CA), and micronucleus (MN) tests were used to investigate the genotoxic effects of Chlorthiophos in human peripheral lymphocytes treated with 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL concentrations of Chlorthiophos for 24 and 48 h. The nuclear division index (NDI), replication index (RI), and mitotic index (MI) were also calculated to determine the cytotoxicity of Chlorthiophos. No increase in SCE frequency was seen for any treatment period or concentration, but Chlorthiophos at 200 µg/mL increased the frequency of CAs. Increases in MN formation were only observed at Chlorthiophos concentrations of 200 µg/mL following 24 and 48 h treatments. Chlorthiophos treatment reduced the MI and NDI significantly, but had no effect on the RI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 937–945, 2015.
The potential of microblogs for the study of public perceptions of climate change
Authors: Auer Matthew R. , Zhang Yuman , Lee Priscilla 
Published: February 2014

Microblogs are electronic platforms that convey brief communications posted by users. Keyword searches in popular microblogs, like Twitter, reveal fragments of users' knowledge of and views on issues like climate change. Evaluations of climate change communications in the microblogosphere are rare even compared with the few studies on the impacts of Web sites and blogs on users' perceptions of climate change. However, extant research focuses more often on appraising logic and evidence in microblog discourse than in discovering pathways of influence and impact. The limiting ‘frames’ imposed by strategic users of microblogs and the persuasive power of ‘influencers’ are often depicted as interfering with the open, egalitarian potential of microblogs, and also, as perpetrating bias and misinformation. But oversimplifying or biased framings and pronouncements by celebrities are the stock and trade of microblogs. Good or bad, they are part of a communication medium whose users plunge in to exchange views, to persuade, and to be persuaded. Tweets and posts on any number of issues are fodder for attitudinal analytics and predictive modelling. Tools of the analytical trade should be applied to climate change microblogging, too, considering the sheer number of people who post commentary on this topic, and considering the continuing need to better understand how people view and engage with climate change.This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change
Generalized fiducial inference
Authors: Iverson Todd 
Published: February 2014

Generalized Fiducial Inference provides a recipe for constructing confidence intervals as well as tools for establishing the asymptotically correct coverage of many of these intervals. Confidence intervals based on the generalized fiducial framework have been applied to a wide range of problems, many of which lack exact pivots, and these intervals have exhibited excellent asymptotic and small sample performance. Generalized fiducial inference has also been used for model selection and simultaneous inference. In this article, the generalized fiducial framework is presented along with important results and applications. In the process, simple examples are used to illustrate the intuition behind and the application of the framework and its tools.WIREs Comput Stat2014, 6:132–143. doi: 10.1002/wics.1291This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory
Deadenylation: enzymes, regulation, and functional implications
Authors: Yan Yong‐Bin 
Published: February 2014

Lengths of the eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) poly(A) tails are dynamically changed by the opposing effects of poly(A) polymerases and deadenylases. Modulating poly(A) tail length provides a highly regulated means to control almost every stage of mRNA lifecycle including transcription, processing, quality control, transport, translation, silence, and decay. The existence of diverse deadenylases with distinct properties highlights the importance of regulating poly(A) tail length in cellular functions. The deadenylation activity can be modulated by subcellular locations of the deadenylases, cis‐acting elements in the target mRNAs, trans‐acting RNA‐binding proteins, posttranslational modifications of deadenylase and associated factors, as well as transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the deadenylase genes. Among these regulators, the physiological functions of deadenylases are largely dependent on the interactions with the trans‐acting RNA‐binding proteins, which recruit deadenylases to the target mRNAs. The task of these RNA‐binding proteins is to find and mark the target mRNAs based on their sequence features. Regulation of the regulators can switch on or switch off deadenylation and thereby destabilize or stabilize the targeted mRNAs, respectively. The distinct domain compositions and cofactors provide various deadenylases the structural basis for the recruitments by distinct RNA‐binding protein subsets to meet dissimilar cellular demands. The diverse deadenylases, the numerous types of regulators, and the reversible posttranslational modifications together make up a complicated network to precisely regulate intracellular mRNA homeostasis. This review will focus on the diverse regulators of various deadenylases and will discuss their functional implications, remaining problems, and future challenges.This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Splicing factor mutations and cancer
Authors: Yoshida Kenichi , Ogawa Seishi 
Published: February 2014

Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing technologies have unexpectedly revealed that somatic mutations of splicing factor genes frequently occurred in several types of hematological malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes, other myeloid neoplasms, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Splicing factor mutations have also been reported in solid cancers such as breast and pancreatic cancers, uveal melanomas, and lung adenocarcinomas. These mutations were heterozygous and mainly affected U2AF1 (U2AF35), SRSF2 (SC35), SF3B1 (SF3B155 or SAP155), and ZRSR2 (URP), which are engaged in the initial steps of RNA splicing, including 3′ splice‐site recognition, and occur in a large mutually exclusive pattern, suggesting a common impact of these mutations on RNA splicing. In this study, splicing factor mutations in various types of cancers, their functional/biological effects, and their potential as therapeutic targets have been reviewed. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:445–459. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1222This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms
Do digestive contents confound body mass as a measure of relative condition in nestling songbirds?
Authors: Streby Henry M. , Peterson Sean M. , Lehman Justin A. , Kramer Gunnar R. , Vernasco Ben J. , Andersen David E. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTRelative nestling condition, typically measured as nestling mass or as an index including nestling mass, is commonly purported to correlate with fledgling songbird survival. However, most studies directly investigating fledgling survival have found no such relationship. We weighed feces and stomach contents of nestling golden‐winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) to investigate the potential contribution of variation in digestive contents to differences in nestling mass. We estimated that the mass of a seventh‐day (near fledging) nestling golden‐winged warbler varies by 0.65 g (approx. 9% of mean nestling mass) depending on the contents of the nestling's digestive system at the time of weighing, and that digestive contents are dissimilar among nestlings at any moment the brood is removed from the nest for weighing. Our conservative estimate of within‐individual variation in digestive contents equals 72% and 24% of the mean within‐brood and population‐wide range in nestling mass, respectively. Based on our results, a substantive but typically unknown amount of the variation in body mass among nestlings is confounded by differences in digestive contents. We conclude that short‐term variation in digestive contents likely precludes the use of body mass, and therefore any mass‐dependent index, as a measure of relative nestling condition or as a predictor of survival in golden‐winged warblers and likely in many other songbirds of similar size. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Tetrakis(4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole)platinum(II) Salts: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Properties
Authors: Carpenter Julia A. , Dshemuchadse Julia , Busato Stephan , Bräunlich Irene , Pöthig Alexander , Caseri Walter 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTransparent crystals comprising the nitrogen‐rich co­ordination unit [Pt(NH2trz)4]2+ were synthesized with counterions of various sizes but of the same charge (–1), yielding the compounds [Pt(NH2trz)4]Cl2·2H2O, [Pt(NH2trz)4](NO3)2 and [Pt(NH2trz)4](CF3SO3)2, with NH2trz designating 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that NH2trz coordinates with only the nitrogen atom in 1‐position in all compounds. The [Pt(NH2trz)4]2+ units are stacked such that the platinum atoms form linear arrays with Pt–Pt spacings mostly uncorrelated to anion size. The compound with the smallest anion (Cl–) has the smallest Pt–Pt spacing (4.72 Å) and shows a quasi‐one‐dimensional structure. Thermal decomposition of the compounds was observed around 200 °C. Electrical conductivity of [Pt(NH2trz)4]Cl2 and [Pt(NH2trz)4](SO3CF3)2 was investigated and found to be humidity‐dependent. Finally, [Pt(NH2trz)4]2+ ions obtained by dissolution of the chloride salt are shown to be useful for the synthesis of new compounds such as the Magnus' salt derivative [Pt(NH2trz)4][PtCl4].
A Partially Fluorinated Three‐fold Interpenetrated Stable Metal‐Organic Framework with Selective CO2 Uptake
Authors: Santra Atanu , Lah Myoung Soo , Bharadwaj Parimal K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe hydrothermal reaction of Zn(NO3)2·H2O and a linear 2, 2′‐bis‐trifluoromethyl‐biphenyl‐4, 4′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2L) ligand with –CF3 groups at each phenyl moiety of the biphenyl rings leads to the formation of a three‐fold interpenetrated metal‐organic framework (MOF), {[Zn2.66O0.66(L)2]·2H2O}n (1) at 180 °C. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that 1 is constructed from polynuclear clusters [Zn4O(COO)6] as secondary building units (SBU). These SBU are connected through the L2– to generate an overall three‐dimensional structure with a 6‐connected primitive cuboidal (α‐Po) network. Thermogravimetric analyses and variable temperature powder X‐ray diffraction measurements suggested that 1 is thermally stable. The porosity of 1 was estimated by N2, CO2, H2, and CH4 at different temperatures. The framework showed high selectivity of CO2 uptake over N2 and CH4. Furthermore, solid‐state photoluminescence studies were carried out for complex 1 upon excitation at 275 nm at room temperature.
Ba1–xRbxFe2As2 and Generic Phase Behavior of Hole‐doped 122‐Type Superconductors
Authors: Peschke Simon , Stürzer Tobias , Johrendt Dirk 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe solid solution Ba1–xRbxFe2As2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was synthesized by solid state reactions and characterized by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction. The compounds crystallize in the ThCr2Si2‐type structure (space group I4/mmm) and contain layers of edge‐sharing FeAs4/4‐tetrahedra without bonds between the layers. Rubidium substitution decreases the temperature of the structural phase transition in BaFe2As2 (I4/mmm → Fmmm) until the orthorhombic distortion is completely suppressed at x = 0.33. Superconductivity already emerges at x = 0.15, reaches the highest critical temperature of 37.5 K close to x = 0.4 and exists up to x = 1. The Tc(x) phase diagram of Ba1–xRbxFe2As2 is remarkably similar to those of Ba1–xKxFe2As2 and Ba1–xNaxFe2As2 in spite of opposing volume effects. The highest critical temperature coincides with an almost ideal As–Fe–As bond angle (109.5°) in the FeAs4‐tetrahedra. The reduced critical temperatures Tc/Tc, max of the so far known hole‐doped 122‐type superconductors exhibit a generic behavior, where the highest transition temperatures occur near 0.19 holes per iron, which is comparable to the hole‐doped copper‐oxides, where the maximum is near 0.16 holes per copper. Such remarkably similar values in the two classes of high‐Tc superconductors may not be fortuitous, and suggest parallels of both systems concerning the unresolved mechanism of unconventional superconductivity.
Use of ultrasonography in developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Õmeroğlu Hakan 
Published: February 2014

Purpose Ultrasonography has been used as a diagnostic tool in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) during early infancy since the early 1980s. The aim of this review article is to summarise the technique, benefits and shortcomings of four infantile hip ultrasonography methods, focusing mainly on the Graf method, and to assess the effectiveness of ultrasonographic newborn hip screening programmes. Methods Several infantile hip ultrasonography methods have been defined to assess the relationship between the femoral head and acetabulum. The Graf, Harcke, Terjesen and Suzuki methods are the universally known ones. The Graf method is composed of a quantitative classification system, while the Harcke and Suzuki methods have qualitative definitions and the Terjesen method contains both quantitative and qualitative descriptions. Results Although the results of several studies assessing the sensitivity and consistency of the ultrasonography methods have still not proven a clear dominance of one of these techniques, the primary advantage of the Graf method is that it has a standardised examination technique, as well as a very well defined numeric hip typing system. The importance of newborn hip screening has been universally accepted, but there is still no strong evidence regarding the superiority of either universal (screening of all newborns) or selective (screening of high-risk newborns) ultrasonographic newborn hip screening programmes. Conclusions An effective ultrasonographic method should include simple, precise, quantitative and consistent definitions for a proper examination and diagnosis. Both universal and selective ultrasonographic newborn hip screening programmes have significantly decreased the rate of late detected DDH and lessened the need for surgical treatment.
Lessons from a BACE1 inhibitor trial: Off‐site but not off base
Authors: Lahiri Debomoy K. , Maloney Bryan , Long Justin M. , Greig Nigel H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by formation of neuritic plaque primarily composed of a small filamentous protein called amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ). The rate‐limiting step in the production of Aβ is the processing of Aβ precursor protein (APP) by β‐site APP‐cleaving enzyme (BACE1). Hence, BACE1 activity plausibly plays a rate‐limiting role in the generation of potentially toxic Aβ within brain and the development of AD, thereby making it an interesting drug target. A phase II trial of the promising LY2886721 inhibitor of BACE1 was suspended in June 2013 by Eli Lilly and Co., due to possible liver toxicity. This outcome was apparently a surprise to the study's team, particularly since BACE1 knockout mice and mice treated with the drug did not show such liver toxicity. Lilly proposed that the problem was not due to LY2886721 anti‐BACE1 activity. We offer an alternative hypothesis, whereby anti‐BACE1 activity may induce apparent hepatotoxicity through inhibiting BACE1's processing of β‐galactoside α‐2,6‐sialyltransferase I (STGal6 I). In knockout mice, paralogues, such as BACE2 or cathepsin D, could partially compensate. Furthermore, the short duration of animal studies and short lifespan of study animals could mask effects that would require several decades to accumulate in humans. Inhibition of hepatic BACE1 activity in middle‐aged humans would produce effects not detectable in mice. We present a testable model to explain the off‐target effects of LY2886721 and highlight more broadly that so‐called off‐target drug effects might actually represent off‐site effects that are not necessarily off‐target. Consideration of this concept in forthcoming drug design, screening, and testing programs may prevent such failures in the future.
Effects of surface corrugation on the stability of a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer
Authors: Ma’mun Mochamad Dady , Asai Masahito , Inasawa Ayumu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe effects of surface corrugation with small amplitude on the growth of Tollmien–Schlichting (T–S) waves were examined experimentally in a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer. Two- and three-dimensional corrugations of sinusoidal geometry with wavelengths of the same order as that of the two-dimensional T–S wave were considered. The corrugation amplitudes were one order of magnitude smaller than the boundary-layer displacement thickness. Streamwise growth of T–S waves on the corrugated walls was compared with that in the boundary layer on the smooth surface. A distinct difference was found in the destabilizing effect between the two- and three-dimensional corrugations. The two-dimensional corrugation significantly enhanced the growth of two-dimensional T–S waves even when the corrugation amplitude was only ∼10% of the displacement thickness. On decreasing the corrugation amplitude, the growth rate of two-dimensional T–S waves asymptotically approached that in the smooth-wall case. On the other hand, the three-dimensional corrugation had only a small influence on the growth of two-dimensional T–S waves even when the corrugation amplitude was as large as 20% of the displacement thickness. For three-dimensional corrugations, however, a pair of oblique waves was generated and developed by an interaction between the two-dimensional T–S wave and the corrugation-induced mean-flow distortion for the corrugation wavelength considered. On increasing the corrugation amplitude, the oblique waves generated were increased in amplitude and thus significantly influenced the secondary instability process.