bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Hydrometeors in Sahelian Convective Systems with an X-Band Radar and Comparison with In Situ Measurements. Part II: A Simple Brightband Method to Infer the Density of Icy Hydrometeors
Authors: Alcoba M. , Gosset M. , Kacou M. , Cazenave F. , Fontaine E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA simple scheme that is based on the shape and intensity of the radar bright band is used to infer the density of hydrometeors just above the freezing level in Sahelian mesoscale convective systems (MCS). Four MCS jointly observed by a ground-based X-band radar and by an instrumented aircraft as part of the Megha-Tropiques algorithm-validation campaign during August 2010 in Niamey, Niger, are analyzed. The instrumented aircraft (with a 94-GHz radar and various optical probes on board) provided mass–diameter laws for the particles sampled during the flights. The mass–diameter laws derived from the ground-radar vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) for each flight are compared with those derived from the airborne measurements. The density laws derived by both methods are consistent and encourage further use of the simple VPR scheme to quantify hydrometeor density laws and their variability for various analyses (microphysical processes and icy-hydrometeor scattering and radiative properties).
Streamflow Hydrograph Classification Using Functional Data Analysis
Authors: Ternynck Camille , Ben Alaya Mohamed Ali , Chebana Fateh , Dabo-Niang Sophie , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Classification of streamflow hydrographs plays an important role in a large number of hydrological and hydraulic studies. For instance, it allows decisions to be made regarding the implementation of hydraulic structures and characterization of different flood types, leading to a better understanding of extreme flow behavior. The employed hydrograph classification methods are generally based on a finite number of hydrograph characteristics and do not include all the available information contained in a discharge time series. In this paper, two statistical techniques from the theory of functional data classification are adapted and applied for the analysis of flood hydrographs. Functional classification directly employs all data of a discharge time series and thus contains all available information on shape, peak, and timing. This potentially allows a better understanding and treatment of floods as well as other hydrological phenomena. The considered functional methodology is applied to streamflow datasets from the province of Quebec, Canada. It is shown that classes obtained using functional approaches have merit and can lead to better representation than those obtained using a multidimensional hierarchical classification method. The considered methodology has the advantage of using all of the information contained in the hydrograph, thus reducing the subjectivity that is inherent in multidimensional analysis of the type and number of characteristics to be used and consequently diminishing the associated uncertainty.
Revisiting Oceanic Acoustic Gravity Surface Waves
Authors: Smith Jerome A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe reintroduction of compressibility into the equations for surface gravity waves can permit mixed acoustic–gravity modes that are periodic in the vertical as well as horizontal directions. These modes interact with the bottom even in deep water, so bottom motion can excite them. Because they propagate rapidly, it has been suggested they may be useful as precursors of tsunamis. Here the equations are revisited, and, using some robust approximations, some physical understanding and interpretation of the phenomena are presented. It is posed that these new modes can alternatively be thought of as acoustic modes slightly modified by a gravity wave boundary condition at the surface, rather than as surface waves dramatically modified by compressibility. Their potential use is not diminished; indeed, this alternative perspective should help make implementation more practical.
Surgical outcome of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum
Authors: Arai Sadahiko , Fujii Yasuhiro , Kotani Yasuhiro , Kuroko Yosuke , Kasahara Shingo , Sano Shunji 
Published: September 2015

Background The surgical outcomes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum remains very poor in spite of the introduction of prenatal diagnosis before the Norwood operation. The hybrid operation consisting of bilateral pulmonary artery banding and balloon atrioseptectomy is one of the treatment strategies to potentially improve this patient population, however, the long-term outcomes are unknown. Methods Six consecutive patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum, who underwent the hybrid operation between October 2006 and July 2014, were retrospectively reviewed. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with highly restrictive atrial communication was excluded. Results Three patients died after the hybrid operation, due to sepsis, cerebral bleeding, and heart failure. Three patients underwent the modified Norwood operation. One of these died due to severe hypoxia while awaiting the bidirectional Glenn operation. The others underwent a bidirectional Glenn operation and subsequent Fontan completion but died due to lung dysfunction and sudden hemoptysis. Conclusions The hybrid operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum may have improved the neonatal outcome and Fontan completion rate in this extremely high-risk group of patients, but the long-term outcome remains dismal. Considering the late mortality related to pulmonary complications, aggressive fetal intervention to create a nonrestrictive atrial septal communication to promote normal development of the pulmonary vessels may be the last resort to improve the long-term outcome.
Hyponatraemia and confusion in a 70-year-old female when bupropion was added to dothiepin and escitalopram
Authors: Wiggins Aaron , Balasubramanian Thangam , Ferraro Angelo 
Published: September 2015

Objective: Hyponatraemia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a well-recorded adverse event observed in elderly patients on antidepressant treatment. Bupropion is an antidepressant agent usually reserved as an augmentation strategy for treatment-resistant depression. While hyponatraemia is not a documented side effect of bupropion, there are a few cases outside of Australia reported in the literature. We report on a case of hyponatraemia observed on bupropion initiation in a 70-year-old female patient with treatment-resistant depression. We present a discussion of the possible mechanism of action for the hyponatraemia observed in our case and prior reported cases. Conclusions: Our case and review of the available literature highlights the dangers of polypharmacy in the management of treatment-resistant depression. Our findings suggest that the association of hyponatraemia with bupropion in our and subsequent cases was likely the result of medication interaction and not a direct side effect of bupropion. Where bupropion is being used as an augmenting agent in the treatment of depression we would suggest checking of serum sodium prior to commencement of bupropion, and monitoring thereafter. This is especially important in elderly patients where other risk factors for hyponatraemia are likely to be present.
Introducing a competency based Fellowship programme for psychiatry in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Jurd Stephen , de Beer Wayne , Aimer Margaret , Fletcher Scott , Halley Elaine , Schapper Cathy , Orkin Michelle 
Published: September 2015

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to summarise the new psychiatry Fellowship programme and its rationale, highlighting the new inclusions, revised assessment structure, the benefits and structure of the programme. Conclusions: The 2012 Fellowship programme is based on the CanMEDs educational framework. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) underwent a comprehensive process, adapting the CanMEDs competencies to a psychiatric framework and mapping the curriculum to Fellowship competencies, learning outcomes and developmental descriptors of the various stages of training. The 2012 Fellowship programme introduced summative entrustable professional activities (EPAs), formative workplace-based assessments (WBAs) and revised external assessments.
Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? An audit of records of involuntary detention
Authors: O’Connor Nick , Belford Andrew , Corish John , Olmstead Colleen 
Published: September 2015

Objectives: To determine the appropriateness and utility of the certificates issued under the New South Wales Mental Health Act (MHA) and compliance with the requirements of the MHA. The analysis also compares MHA documentation by different groups of health professionals and police. Methods: The MHA certificates associated with 100 consecutive involuntary Emergency Department presentations were audited. Results: Considerable variability exists between professional groups in the level of detail, appropriateness, clinical utility and compliance of MHA certificates. Over 10% of Schedule 1s failed to meet the requirements of the MHA, potentially invalidating the involuntary detention of these patients. Information provided by police was typically superior in informing initial risk assessment and emergency management. Conclusions: A number of patients are presently being detained under incomplete MHA certificates. Educational initiatives that aim to improve awareness of the MHA’s requirements, and the potential uses of the information contained in MHA certificates, could encourage professionals to complete these certificates in a more appropriate and clinically useful manner.
Comparison of an IgG-Specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Cutoff of 0.4 Versus 0.8 and 1.0 Optical Density Units for Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Ritchie Brianne M. , Connors Jean M. , Sylvester Katelyn W. 
Published: September 2015

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated optimized diagnostic accuracy in utilizing higher antiheparin–platelet factor 4 (PF4) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) optical density (OD) thresholds for diagnosing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). We describe the incidence of positive serotonin release assay (SRA) results, as well as performance characteristics, for antiheparin–PF4 ELISA thresholds ≥0.4, ≥0.8, and ≥1.0 OD units in the diagnosis of HIT at our institution. Methods: Following institutional review board approval, we conducted a single-center retrospective chart review on adult inpatients with a differential diagnosis of HIT evaluated by both antiheparin–PF4 ELISA and SRA from 2012 to 2014. The major endpoints were to assess incidence of positive SRA results, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy at antiheparin–PF4 ELISA values ≥0.4 OD units when compared to values ≥0.8 and ≥1.0 OD units. Clinical characteristics, including demographics, laboratory values, clinical and safety outcomes, length of stay, and mortality, were collected. Results: A total of 140 patients with 140 antiheparin–PF4 ELISA and SRA values were evaluated, of which 23 patients were SRA positive (16.4%) and 117 patients were SRA negative (83.6%). We identified a sensitivity of 91.3% versus 82.6% and 73.9%, specificity of 61.5% versus 87.2% and 91.5%, PPV of 31.8% versus 55.9% and 63.0%, NPV of 97.3% versus 96.2% and 94.7%, and accuracy of 66.4% versus 86.4% and 88.6% at antiheparin–PF4 ELISA thresholds ≥0.4, ≥0.8, and ≥1.0 OD units, respectively. Conclusion: Our study suggests an increased antiheparin–PF4 ELISA threshold of 0.8 or 1.0 OD units enhances specificity, PPV, and accuracy while maintaining NPV with decreased sensitivity.
Imported Inequality? Immigration and Income Inequality in the American States
Authors: Xu Ping , Garand James C. , Zhu Ling 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this article, we use data from the American states from 1996 to 2008 to explore the effects of immigration on income inequality. Empirical evidence from both static and dynamic models shows that the foreign-born population has a strong positive effect on state-level income inequality, even when we control for a range of federal and state political and economic contextual variables. We also find that the positive relationship between immigration and state income inequality is driven primarily by low-skill immigrants (rather than high-skill immigrants), and we provide some evidence that high-skill immigrants lower income inequality for some segments of the income distribution. We conclude that immigration—particularly low-skilled immigration—has an important effect on income inequality in the American states.
Bacterial pericarditis in a cat
Authors: LeBlanc Nicole , Scollan Katherine F 
Published: September 2015

Case summary A 4-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented to the Oregon State University cardiology service for suspected pericardial effusion. Cardiac tamponade was documented and pericardiocentesis yielded purulent fluid with cytologic results supportive of bacterial pericarditis. The microbial population consisted of Pasteurella multocida, Actinomyces canis, Fusobacterium and Bacteroides species. Conservative management was elected consisting of intravenous antibiotic therapy with ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium and metronidazole for 48 h followed by 4 weeks of oral antibiotics. Re-examination 3 months after the initial incident indicated no recurrence of effusion and the cat remained free of clinical signs 2 years after presentation. Relevance and novel information Bacterial pericarditis is a rare cause of pericardial effusion in cats. Growth of P multocida, A canis, Fusobacterium and Bacteroides species has not previously been documented in feline septic pericarditis. Conservative management with broad-spectrum antibiotics may be considered when further diagnostic imaging or exploratory surgery to search for a primary nidus of infection is not feasible or elected.
Some results in fixed point theory and application to the convergence of some iterative processes
Authors: Redjel Najeh , Dehici Abdelkader 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we study the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for a class of self-mappings satisfying certain rational expressions on closed, bounded and convex subsets with normal structures in reflexive Banach spaces. We show that, in particular, this class extends that introduced by Ray and Singh (Indian J. Pure Appl. Math. 9:216-221, 1978). As an application, we give an investigation of the convergence and stability of some iterative processes associated to these mappings.
The complete genome, structural proteome, comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis of a broad host lytic bacteriophage ϕD3 infecting pectinolytic Dickeya spp.
Authors: Czajkowski Robert , Ozymko Zofia , Siwinska Joanna , Ossowicki Adam , de Jager Victor , Narajczyk Magdalena , Łojkowska Ewa 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPlant necrotrophic Dickeya spp. are among the top ten most devastating bacterial plant pathogens able to infect a number of different plant species worldwide including economically important crops. Little is known of the lytic bacteriophages infecting Dickeya spp. A broad host lytic bacteriophage ϕD3 belonging to the family Myoviridae and order Caudovirales has been isolated in our previous study. This report provides detailed information of its annotated genome, structural proteome and phylogenetic relationships with known lytic bacteriophages infecting species of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Exploring rationality in schizophrenia
Authors: Revsbech Rasmus , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Owen Gareth , Nordgaard Julie , Jansson Lennart , Sæbye Ditte , Flensborg-Madsen Trine , Parnas Josef 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundEmpirical studies of rationality (syllogisms) in patients with schizophrenia have obtained different results. One study found that patients reason more logically if the syllogism is presented through an unusual content.AimsTo explore syllogism-based rationality in schizophrenia.MethodThirty-eight first-admitted patients with schizophrenia and 38 healthy controls solved 29 syllogisms that varied in presentation content (ordinary v. unusual) and validity (valid v. invalid). Statistical tests were made of unadjusted and adjusted group differences in models adjusting for intelligence and neuropsychological test performance.ResultsControls outperformed patients on all syllogism types, but the difference between the two groups was only significant for valid syllogisms presented with unusual content. However, when adjusting for intelligence and neuropsychological test performance, all group differences became non-significant.ConclusionsWhen taking intelligence and neuropsychological performance into account, patients with schizophrenia and controls perform similarly on syllogism tests of rationality.
Serotonin transporter polymorphism (5HTTLPR), severe childhood abuse and depressive symptom trajectories in adulthood
Authors: Nguyen Timothy B. , Gunn Jane M. , Potiriadis Maria , Everall Ian P. , Bousman Chad A. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundCross-sectional studies suggest that the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism (5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region,5HTTLPR) moderates the relationship between childhood abuse and major depressive disorder.AimsTo examine whether the5HTTLPRpolymorphism moderates the effect childhood abuse has on 5-year depressive symptom severity trajectories in adulthood.MethodAt 5-year follow-up, DNA from 333 adult primary care attendees was obtained and genotyped for the5HTTLPRpolymorphism. Linear mixed models were used to test for a genotype × childhood abuse interaction effect on 5-year depressive symptom severity trajectories.ResultsAfter covariate adjustment, homozygoussallele carriers with a history of severe childhood abuse had significantly greater depressive symptom severity at baseline compared with those without a history of severe childhood abuse and this effect persisted throughout the 5-year period of observation.ConclusionsThe5HTTLPR s/sgenotype robustly moderates the effects of severe childhood abuse on depressive symptom severity trajectories in adulthood.
Integration of Palliative Care Into Comprehensive Cancer Treatment at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Western Kenya
Authors: Cornetta Kenneth , Kipsang Susan , Gramelspacher Gregory , Choi Eunyoung , Brown Colleen , Hill Adam B. , Loehrer Patrick J. , Busakhala Naftali , Chite Asirwa F. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose The prognosis for the majority of patients with cancer in Kenya is poor, with most patients presenting with advanced disease. In addition, many patients are unable to afford the optimal therapies required. Therefore, palliative care is an essential part of comprehensive cancer care. This study reviews the implementation of a palliative care service based at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya, and describes the current scope and challenges of providing palliative care services in an East African tertiary public referral hospital. Methods This is a review of the palliative care clinical services at the only tertiary public referral hospital in western Kenya from January 2012 through September 2014. Palliative care team members documented each patient's encounter on standardized palliative care assessment forms; data were then entered into the Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH)-Oncology database. Interviews were also conducted to identify current challenges and opportunities for program improvement. Results This study documents the implementation of a palliative care service line in Eldoret, Kenya. Barriers to providing optimal palliative cancer care include distance to pharmacies that stock opioids, limited selection of opioid preparations, education of health care workers in palliative care, access to palliative chemoradiation, and limited availability of outpatient and inpatient hospice services. Conclusion Palliative care services in Eldoret, Kenya, have become a key component of its comprehensive cancer treatment program.
Cancer Care in Africa: An Overview of Resources
Authors: Stefan Daniela Cristina 
Published: September 2015

Purpose According to predictions from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, over the next 5 years, the annual number of new cases of cancer in Africa will grow to more than one million. Together with the immense loss in human life, there is a considerable economic setback attached to this number. However, most African nations are far from adequately scaling up their capacity to control cancer. Methods This study reviews the published data on the existing cancer control resources in Africa. It is, to our knowledge, the first combined effort looking at all resources available on the continent regarding cancer care. Results The total number of 102 cancer treatment centers, including general oncology centers, gynecologic oncology or other single-organ malignancy units, and pediatric oncology and palliative care establishments, is not sufficient to cover the increasing needs of the African population affected by cancer. In addition, the continental average total health expenditure per capita amounts to only US$82. Conclusion This review could serve as a starting point for devising realistic solutions meant to improve the prevention and management of malignant disease on the African continent.
Fetal Leydig Cells Persist as an Androgen-Independent Subpopulation in the Postnatal Testis
Authors: Shima Yuichi , Matsuzaki Sawako , Miyabayashi Kanako , Otake Hiroyuki , Baba Takashi , Kato Shigeaki , Huhtaniemi Ilpo , Morohashi Ken-ichirou 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTwo distinct types of Leydig cells emerge during the development of eutherian mammals. Fetal Leydig cells (FLCs) appear shortly after gonadal sex differentiation, and play a crucial role in masculinization of male fetuses. Meanwhile, adult Leydig cells (ALCs) emerge after birth and induce the secondary male-specific sexual maturation by producing testosterone. Previous histological studies suggested that FLCs regress completely soon after birth. Furthermore, gene disruption studies indicated that androgen signaling is dispensable for FLC differentiation but indispensable for postnatal ALC differentiation. Here, we performed lineage tracing of FLCs using a FLC enhancer of the Ad4BP/SF-1 (Nr5a1) gene and found that FLCs persist in the adult testis. Given that postnatal FLCs expressed androgen receptor (AR) as well as LH receptor (LuR), the effects of AR disruption on FLCs and ALCs were analyzed by crossing AR knockout (KO) mice with FLC-specific enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice. Moreover, to eliminate the influence of elevated LH levels in ARKO mice, LuRKO mice and AR/LuR double-KO mice were analyzed. The proportion of ALCs to postnatal FLCs was decreased in ARKO mice, and the effect was augmented in the double-KO mice, suggesting that androgen signaling plays important roles in ALCs, but not in FLCs. Finally, ARKO was achieved in an FLC-specific manner (FLCARKO mice), but the FLC number and gene expression pattern appeared unaffected. These findings support the conclusion that FLCs persist as an androgen-independent Leydig subpopulation in the postnatal testis.