bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Service Provision
Authors: Young Mary E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Benefits of interventions to improve the development of young children (ages 0–6 years) are well-known. Despite an increased global awareness of the importance of early childhood development (ECD), we still have much to do. In developing countries, we must harness the science of ECD to scale up ECD policies and programs, but there are impediments to this implementation. This chapter reviews lessons learned from external donor-supported ECD projects in developing countries to identify key factors causing delays in implementation. The issues relate to the preparation, management and implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of projects. Two main conclusions are that attention to training of staff and all stakeholders at each stage of a project is indispensable to delivering effective high-quality services, and proper understanding of monitoring and evaluation—and support from the highest levels—are crucial. Continued fine-tuning of indicators to demonstrate the impact of ECD remains a research priority.
The Empty Quadrant
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter considers the possibility of a fourth quadrant in the matrix defining the modal responses to any dominant world-view. That empty square, which would be the paradoxical site of an acceptance of the world and a refusal of the world-question, would be there where the work attempted to escape the demand to meditate on or even recognize the terms of representation, while nonetheless continuing to represent the world as such. The aesthetic that comes most readily to mind for the mode in the empty quadrant is Roland Barthes's “neutral,” whose relation to both politics and the aesthetic attempts to negate the demand that the work take a position in relation to the field of its appearance.
Gradually increased Golgi protein 73 expression in the progression of benign liver diseases to precancerous lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with prognosis of patients
Authors: Shan Shi‐Gang , Gao Ying‐Tang , Xu Yan‐Jie , Huang Yong , Zhang Qin , Zhai Dao‐Kuan , Li Jian‐Biao , Wang Feng‐Mei , Jing Xiang , Du Zhi , Wang Yi‐Jun 
Published: January 2013

AimSerum Golgi protein 73 (sGP73) is a novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there are few reports on the pattern of GP73 expression in the progression of benign liver diseases to precancerous lesions and HCC. This study aimed to investigate GP73 expression and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters.MethodsTissue GP73 (tGP73) levels were detected in specimens of group A (n = 186) including HCC, peritumoral tissue (PTL), high/low‐grade hepatic atypical hyperplasia (AH), chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and normal controls (NC) by immunohistochemistry, and GP73 expression in group B (n = 159) and group C (n = 16) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. sGP73 levels were detected in subjects of group D (n = 287) by enzyme‐linked immunoassay.ResultsGP73 expression increased gradually from NC, CHB, PTL to high‐grade AH and HCC at both protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.05), while sGP73 in the HCC group was lower than in the liver cirrhosis (LC) group (P < 0.001). Both tGP73 and sGP73 levels were negatively associated with tumor size and tumor–node–metastasis stage, and tGP73 levels were positively associated with tumor differentiation. The high‐tGP73 group showed significantly better overall and disease‐free survival than the low‐tGP73 group (P = 0.008, P = 0.018). Multivariate analysis revealed that the tGP73 level was an independent prognostic factor for HCC, but not sGP73.ConclusionGP73 expression pattern suggests that the regulatory mechanism of GP73 is related to the progression of chronic liver diseases. Furthermore, a high level of tGP73 is a favorable prognostic factor for HCC.
Intravesical bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) in immunologically compromised patients with bladder cancer
Authors: Herr Harry W. , Dalbagni Guido 
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Intravesical bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) is generally considered to be contraindicated in immunologically compromised patients with bladder cancer because it may be ineffective and potentially toxic. Therefore, there is little experience with BCG in individuals with impaired immune systems.
The present study provides evidence that intravesical BCG is safe and effective in the short term against non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer affecting patients who were receiving immunosuppressive medications. This included anti‐rejection drugs to support a solid organ transplant, high‐dose steroids for autoimmune inflammatory diseases, and the first description of BCG use in patients who were receiving concomitant systemic chemotherapy for unrelated malignant neoplasms.
Objective
To investigate the outcomes of bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) therapy in patients with bladder cancer who were immunologically compromised.
Patients and Methods
In all, 45 immunosuppressed patients with high‐grade non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer received BCG therapy. Twelve had functioning organ transplants, 23 were undergoing systemic chemotherapy for unrelated cancers, and 10 were taking steroids for autoimmune or related diseases.
Patients received a 6‐week induction course of BCG therapy. Relapsing patients were eligible for retreatment.
All patients were followed for median (range) of 40 (12–72) months.
End points were response to BCG and 5‐year recurrence‐free, progression‐free and overall survival rates.
Results
In all, nine of the 12 transplant patients responded completely to one or two cycles of BCG compared with 99% (32/33) of other immunosuppressed patients. Half the patients with unrelated cancers and autoimmune diseases recurred vs all but one of the transplant patients (P = 0.008). Of the 12 transplant patients, six of 12 progressed vs five of 33 (15%) of the other patient groups (P = 0.02).
Five patients died (11%), two of bladder cancer (both in transplant patients), and three of unrelated causes.
BCG was well tolerated. None of the patients developed bacterial or BCG sepsis.
Although this is largest series evaluating BCG in transplant and other immune‐suppressed patients, it represents few patients and results must be interpreted with caution.
Conclusions
We conclude that intravesical BCG is safe and effective in immunologically compromised patients with bladder cancer.
Transplant patients fare worse and should be considered for early cystectomy if they fail BCG therapy.
Euparkeriidae
Authors: Sookias Roland B. , Butler Richard J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Euparkeria capensis
has long been considered an archetype for the ancestral archosaur morphology, and has been placed just outside of crown Archosauria by nearly all cladistic analyses. Six species are currently considered to be putative members of a clade Euparkeriidae, and have been collected from Olenekian- or Anisian-aged deposits in South Africa (
Euparkeria capensis
– the only definitive member of the group), China (
Halazhaisuchus qiaoensis
,
Wangisuchus tzeyii
, ‘
Turfanosuchus
’
shageduensis
), Russia (
Dorosuchus neoetus
) and Poland (
Osmolskina czatkowicensis
). Four other species (
Turfanosuchus dabanensis
,
Xilousuchus sapingensis
,
Platyognathus hsui
,
Dongusia colorata
) were historically assigned to Euparkeriidae, but have been removed by recent work. Recent authors deemed
Osmolskina czatkowicensis
and
Dorosuchus neoetus
to be the most likely taxa to form a euparkeriid clade with
Euparkeria capensis
, but
Osmolskina czatkowicensis
and
Euparkeria capensis
were not found as sister taxa by the only cladistic analysis to have tested euparkeriid monophyly.
Euparkeria capensis
was small (<1 m), insectivorous or carnivorous, probably had vision adapted to low-light conditions and a semi-erect crocodile-like stance, and may have been facultatively bipedal. Bone histology demonstrates that
Euparkeria capensis
had a slow growth rate, which has been suggested to have been an adaptation to relatively stable environmental conditions.
Pirfenidone Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Desmoplasia by Regulating Stellate Cells
Authors: Kozono Shingo , Ohuchida Kenoki , Eguchi Daiki , Ikenaga Naoki , Fujiwara Kenji , Cui Lin , Mizumoto Kazuhiro , Tanaka Masao 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC), which are implicated in desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer, enhance the malignancy of cancer cells and confer resistance to established treatments. We investigated whether the antifibrotic agent pirfenidone can suppress desmoplasia and exert antitumor effects against pancreatic cancer. Primary PSCs were established from pancreatic cancer tissue obtained during surgery. In vitro, pirfenidone inhibited the proliferation, invasiveness, and migration of PSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Although supernatants of untreated PSCs increased the proliferation, invasiveness, and migration of pancreatic cancer cells (PCC), supernatants of pirfenidone-treated PSCs decreased these effects. Exposure to PCC supernatant increased the production of platelet-derived growth factor-A, hepatic growth factor, collagen type I, fibronectin, and periostin in PSCs, which was significantly reduced by pirfenidone. Mice were subcutaneously implanted with PCCs (SUIT-2 cells) and PSCs into the right flank and PCCs alone into the left flank. Oral administration of pirfenidone to these mice significantly reduced tumor growth of co-implanted PCCs and PSCs, but not of PCCs alone. Pirfenidone also decreased the proliferation of PSCs and the deposition of collagen type I and periostin in tumors. In mice with orthotopic tumors consisting of PCCs co-implanted with PSCs, pirfenidone suppressed tumor growth, reduced the number of peritoneal disseminated nodules, and reduced the incidence of liver metastasis. Pirfenidone in combination with gemcitabine more effectively suppressed orthotopic tumor growth compared with pirfenidone or gemcitabine alone. In conclusion, our findings indicate that pirfenidone is a promising antitumor agent for pancreatic cancer, owing to its suppression of desmoplasia through regulating PSCs. Cancer Res; 73(7); 2345–56. ©2013 AACR.
Water Vapor Transport Paths and Accumulation during Widespread Snowfall Events in Northeastern China
Authors: Sun Bo , Wang Huijun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study aims to identify the distinct characteristics of water vapor transport (WVT) and its role in supplying moisture for widespread snowfall (WS) events in northeastern China (NEC). Fifty WS events in NEC were selected based on cumulative precipitation gauge data taken at 12-h intervals from 1980 to 2009 and a qualified set of criteria. The evolution of WVT during WS events in NEC was analyzed using 6-h ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data and discussed in regard to WVT paths and water vapor budgets over NEC. The results of this analysis indicate that southerly WVT, which carries moisture over eastern China, its adjacent seas, and the Sea of Japan, has played a key role in supplying water vapor for WS, which is quite different from the climatology of winter WVT. Moreover, the results indicate that there tends to be an 18-h lag between the WVT budget and precipitation, resulting in a great amount of water vapor accumulating over NEC before WS. The amount of preaccumulated water vapor could account for about 47% of the total precipitation, whereas synchronous WVT could only supply a limited amount of moisture that could hardly sustain WS. In addition, the original atmospheric moisture over NEC has likely made a considerable contribution to WS. The lag between the WVT budget and precipitation appears to be an outcome of the cooperation between the atmospheric flow field and the specific humidity field.
Mobilization of ectopic yolk in Gallus domesticus: a novel reverse lipid transport process
Authors: Cornax Ingrid , Walzem Rosemary L. , Larner Craig , Macfarlane Ronald D. , Klasing Kirk C. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
In many oviparous animals, bursting type atresia of ovarian follicles occurs during the reproductive cycle resulting in the escape of yolk into the extracellular compartment. In birds, this ectopic yolk is rapidly cleared by an unknown process that involves the appearance of yolk-engorged macrophage-like cells. To study this unique type of lipid transport, we injected young male chickens intra-abdominally with egg yolk. Absorption of egg yolk from the body cavity markedly increased the triacylglyceride-rich fraction (TRL) of plasma lipoproteins and was coincident with increased levels of plasma triacylglycerides (TAG) but not non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Thus, the transport of yolk lipids from the abdominal cavity appears to occur in lipoproteins and be more similar to the transport of hepatic TAG to the periphery via lipoproteins than to transport of adipose TAG to the periphery via NEFA released by the action of lipases. When macrophages were exposed to yolk in vitro, they quickly phagocytized yolk; however, it is unclear if this level of phagocytosis contributes significantly to total yolk clearance. Instead, the chicken macrophage may function more as a facilitator of yolk clearance through modification of yolk lipoproteins and the regulation of the local and systemic immune response to ectopic yolk. Yolk appears to be anti-inflammatory in nature. Yolk did not increase inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and IFNγ either in vivo or in vitro; in fact, yolk dampened many inflammatory changes caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conversely, LPS-induced inflammation retarded yolk clearance from the abdominal cavity and plasma TAG levels.
Rapid postnatal development of myoglobin from large liver iron stores in hooded seals
Authors: Geiseler Samuel J. , Blix Arnoldus S. , Burns Jennifer M. , Folkow Lars P. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) rely on large stores of oxygen, either bound to hemoglobin or myoglobin (Mb), to support prolonged diving activity. Pups are born with fully developed hemoglobin stores, but their Mb levels are only 25-30% of adults. We measured changes in muscle Mb concentration [Mb] from birth until one year of age in two groups of captive hooded seal pups, one being maintained in a sea-water pool and one on land during the first two months. All pups fasted during the first month, but were fed from there on. The [Mb] of the swimming muscle musculus longissimus dorsi (LD) doubled during the month of fasting in the pool group. These animals had significantly higher levels and a more rapid rise in m. longissimus dorsiLD [Mb] than those kept on land. The [Mb] of the shoulder muscle, m. supraspinatus, which is less active both in swimming and hauled-out animals, was consistently lower than in the m. longissimus dorsiLD and did not differ between groups. This suggests that a major part of the postnatal rise in LD [Mb] is triggered by (swimming) activity, and coincides with the previously reported rapid early development of diving capacity in wild hooded seal pups. Liver iron concentration, as determined from another 25 hooded seals of various age, was almost 10 times higher in young pups (1-34 days) than in yearling animals and adults, and liver iron content of pups dropped during the first month, implying that liver iron stores support the rapid initial rise in [Mb].
Crystal structure of bis-(μ2-3-methylbenzoato-κO:κO’) (1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N’)manganese(II), C28H22MnN2O4
Authors: Zhu Hong-Lin , Yu Xiao-Ke 
Published: January 2013

Abstract C28H22MnN2O4, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 27.070(8) Å, b = 11.762(3) Å, c = 7.321(2) Å, β = 92.18(3)°, V = 2329.3 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0329, wRref(F2) = 0.0906, T = 293 K
Crystal structure of hexaaquazinc(II) 4-nitrobenzoate dihydrate, C14H24N2O16Zn
Authors: Shen Ye-Dan , Lin Jian-Li 
Published: January 2013

Abstract C14H24N2O16Zn, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 5.980(1) Å, b = 7.363(2) Å, c = 12.360(3) Å, α = 97.90(3)°, β = 96.83(3)°, γ = 91.16(3)°, V = 534.9 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0439, wRref(F2) = 0.1315, T = 295 K.
Druckbares, piezoresistives Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren-Elastomer-Komposit für Drucksensoren
Authors: Gerlach Carina , Kanoun Olfa 
Published: January 2013

Zusammenfassung
Piezoresistive Polymerkomposite mit leitfähigen Füllpartikeln stellen für großflächige, kostengünstige und flexible Drucksensoren ein vielversprechendes Sensorkonzept dar. Derzeitige Materialsysteme enthalten vorrangig Leitruße als Füllpartikel. Mit Kompositen basierend auf Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren (carbon nanotubes, CNT) ist es möglich, bei geringerem Materialeinsatz leitfähiger Füllpartikel ein vergleichbares kraftabhängiges Widerstandsverhalten zu erzielen. Der Beitrag beschreibt ein flexibles, druckbares, piezoresistives CNT-Elastomer-Komposit einschließlich des Sensorkonzepts, der Materialauswahl, der Herstellung und der Charakterisierung in Druckversuchen.
Temporal trends and volume-outcome associations after traumatic brain injury: a 12-year study in Taiwan
Authors: Shi Hon-Yi , Hwang Shiuh-Lin , Lee King-Teh , Lin Chih-Lung 
Published: January 2013

Object
The purpose of this study was to evaluate temporal trends in traumatic brain injury (TBI); the impact of hospital volume and surgeon volume on length of stay (LOS), hospitalization cost, and in-hospital mortality rate; and to explore predictors of these outcomes in a nationwide population in Taiwan.

Methods
This population-based patient cohort study retrospectively analyzed 16,956 patients who had received surgical treatment for TBI between 1998 and 2009. Bootstrap estimation was used to derive 95% confidence intervals for differences in effect sizes. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to predict outcomes.

Results
Patients treated in very-high-volume hospitals were more responsive than those treated in low-volume hospitals in terms of LOS (−0.11; 95% CI −0.20 to −0.03) and hospitalization cost (−0.28; 95% CI −0.49 to −0.06). Patients treated by high-volume surgeons were also more responsive than those treated by low-volume surgeons in terms of LOS (−0.19; 95% CI −0.37 to −0.01) and hospitalization cost (−0.43; 95% CI −0.81 to −0.05). The mean LOS was 24.3 days and the average LOS for very-high-volume hospitals and surgeons was 61% and 64% shorter, respectively, than that for low-volume hospitals and surgeons. The mean hospitalization cost was US $7,292.10, and the average hospitalization cost for very-high-volume hospitals and surgeons was 19% and 22% lower, respectively, than that for low-volume hospitals and surgeons. Advanced age, male sex, high Charlson Comorbidity Index score, treatment in a low-volume hospital, and treatment by a low-volume surgeon were significantly associated with adverse outcomes (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The data suggest that annual surgical volume is the key factor in surgical outcomes in patients with TBI. The results improve the understanding of medical resource allocation for this surgical procedure, and can help to formulate public health policies for optimizing hospital resource utilization for related diseases.
Lower Bounds for Eigenvalues of the Stokes Operator
Authors: Hu Jun , Huang Yunqing 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a condition that can guarantee the lower bound property of the discrete eigenvalue produced by the finite element method for the Stokes operator. We check and prove this condition for four nonconforming methods and one conforming method. Hence they produce eigenvalues which are smaller than their exact counterparts.
Reliable Decentralized Supervisors for Discrete‐Event Systems Under Communication Delays: Existence and Verification
Authors: Liu Fuchun , Lin Hai 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA reliable decentralized supervisory control framework for discrete‐event systems is proposed to deal with possible actuation failures and communication delays. We mainly focus on the existence of such a controller that the control performance can be guaranteed even in face of local supervisor failures and communication delays. Especially, the existence of k‐reliable decentralized supervisors under communication delays is characterized by the notion of k‐reliable together with . In addition, the verification for k‐reliable decentralized supervisors is investigated by developing a constructive methodology to test the k‐reliable . It is shown that for a given number of distributed components, the existence of such k‐reliable decentralized supervisors can be checked with a polynomial complexity in the size of the state space.
Cocrystallising Rotamers of a Pentacoordinate Silicon Complex with a Chiral Aminodiol Ligand
Authors: Schlecht Sebastian , Finze Maik , Bertermann Rüdiger , Frank Walter , Domann Anke , Braun Manfred 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCrystal structure analysis reveals the cocrystallysation of two turnstyle rotamers of a pentacoordinate silicon complex with a chiral backbone derived from 2‐amino‐1,1,2‐triphenylethanol. The structures of the two epimers are well reproduced by DFT calculations. In addition, the coexistence of two rotamers, which readily interconvert in solution, is confirmed by their solid‐state NMR spectroscopic data. Possible mechanisms of their interconversion are discussed, and preference is given to a turnstile‐like rotation of three ligands at the silicon atom about 120°.
Modelling the effects of changes in rainfall event characteristics on TSS loads in urban runoff
Authors: Borris Matthias , Viklander Maria , Gustafsson Anna‐Maria , Marsalek Jiri 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe effect of changes in rainfall event characteristics on urban stormwater quality, which was described by total suspended solids (TSS), was studied by means of computer simulations conducted with the Storm Water Management Model for a climate change scenario for northern Sweden. The simulation results showed that TSS event loads depended mainly on rainfall depth and intensity, but not on antecedent conditions. Storms with low‐to‐intermediate depths and intensities showed the highest sensitivity to changes in rainfall input, both for percentage and absolute changes in TSS wash‐off loads, which was explained by the contribution of pervious areas and supply limitations. This has significant implications for stormwater management, because those relatively frequent events generally carry a high percentage of the annual pollutant load. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of porphobilinogen on the formation of garlic green pigments
Authors: Mou Conghua , Hao Xiaoran , Xu Zhixiang , Qiao Xuguang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundGarlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb is processed into various forms such as crushed garlic, garlic juice, granules, dehydrated garlic pieces and garlic powder. However, greening is often a major problem when garlic is crushed, since it affects the appearance and quality of the resulting product. Therefore study of the formation mechanism of garlic green pigments is very important for garlic processing.ResultsThe effect of porphobilinogen (PBG) on the formation of garlic green pigments was investigated in this study. As the storage time increased, there was a significant positive correlation between garlic greening and PBG content at low temperature (4 °C). PBG content decreased significantly during the garlic greening process. When treated with respiration inhibitor, both garlic greening strength and PBG content decreased as the concentration of respiration inhibitor increased. The green colour was generated when extracted PBG and allicin mixed thoroughly.ConclusionThere was a clear relationship between PBG content and garlic greening. As a provider of pyrrolyl compounds, PBG plays an important role in the formation of garlic green pigments. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry