POSSIBILITIES OF CATCHMENT’S TRANSPIRATION ASSESSMENT BASED ON SAP FLOW MEASUREMENTS: THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
Authors: Кожевникова Н.К. , Рубцов А.В. , Шамов В.В. , Гарцман Б.И. , Лупаков С.Ю. , Губарева Т.С. 
Published: July 2024

Изучение сезонной динамики и объемов суммарного испарения лесных водосборов (главным образом транспирации древостоев) является актуальнейшей задачей как в фундаментальном, так и прикладном аспектах. Ее решение связано с рядом сложностей: трудоемкость прямого наблюдения, наличие большого количества влияющих друг на друга факторов, необходимость распространения данных точечных измерений на площадь и многие другие. Это приводит к тому, что при моделировании водного баланса речных бассейнов испарение определяется по упрощенным схемам, остаточному принципу, что ведет к неправильному отражению структуры водного баланса. Настоящая статья представляет первые результаты усилий инициативного коллектива исследователей, направленных на постановку экспериментальных измерений ксилемного потока с использованием современных датчиков стволового сокодвижения, а также развития методов оценки транспирации как отдельных деревьев, так и бассейновой транспирации на основе этих данных. Исследование проведено на территории смешанных хвойно-широколиственных лесов Центрального Сихотэ-Алиня в пределах экспериментального водосбора, входящего в состав Верхнеуссурийского биогеоценотического стационара ФНЦ Биоразнообразия ДВО РАН, на котором рабочей группой возобновлены воднобалансовые работы в 2011 г. и в настоящее время являются уже постоянными. Регистрация стволового сокодвижения выполнялась в период с июня по начало октября 2019 года на одном из доминантных видов местного растительного сообщества. В Дальневосточном регионе России работы такого плана, по-видимому, проведены впервые. Предполагается, что отработка методов оценки прямых измерений транспирации на уровне отдельных деревьев, попытка пространственной генерализации на территорию топологического масштаба и вовлечение полученной информации в комплекс гидрометеорологических наблюдений позволят выполнить исчерпывающий анализ водного баланса в пределах малого речного бассейна и интегрировать поток измеряемых данных по испарению в гидрологические модели. Литература Бенькова А.В., Рубцов А.В., Бенькова В.Е., Шашкин А.В. Сезонная динамика сокодвижения у деревьев Larix sibirica в Красноярской лесостепи // Журнал Сибирского федерального унвиверситета. Биология. 2019. Том 12. № 1. С. 32-47. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1389-0071 Болдескул А.Г., Шамов В.В., Гарцман Б.И., Кожевникова Н.К. Ионный состав генетических типов вод малого речного бассейна: стационарные исследования в Центральном Сихотэ-Алине // Тихоокеанская геология. 2014. Т. 33. № 2. С. 90-101. Гарцман Б.И., Шамов В.В. Натурные исследования стокоформирования в Дальневосточном регионе на основе современных средств наблюдений // Водные ресурсы. 2015. Т. 42. № 6. С. 589 599. DOI: 10.7868/S0321059615060048 Жильцов А.С. Гидрологическая роль горных хвойно-широколиственных лесов Южного Приморья. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2008. 331 с. Клиге Р.К., Данилов И.Д., Конищев В.Н. История гидросферы. М.: Научный мир, 1998. 368 с. Тихова Г.П., Павлов А.Г., Придача В.Б., Сазонова Т.А. Новый гибридный метод для измерения транспирационных потоков влаги у деревьев // Сибирский лесной журнал. 2017. № 4. С. 78-90. DOI: 10.15372/SJFS20170407 Čermák J. Solar equivalent leaf area: an efficient biometric parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands // Tree Physiology. 1989. Vol. 5. No. 3. P. 269-289. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/5.3.269 Čermák J., Deml M., Penka M. A new method of sap flow rate determination in trees // Biologia Plantarum (Praha). 1973. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 171-178. Čermák J., Kučera J. Scaling up transpiration data between trees, stands and watersheds // Silva Carelica, 1990. Vol. 15. P. 101-120 Čermák J., Kučera J., Nadezhdina N. Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands // Trees. 2004. Vol. 18. No. 5. P. 529-546. DOI 10.1007/s00468-004-0339-6 Chiesi M., Maselli F., Bindi M., Fibbi L., Bonora L., Raschi A., Tognetti R., Čermák J., Nadezhdina N. Calibration and application of FOREST-BCG in a Mediterraen area by the use of conventional and remote sensing data // Ecological Modelling. 2002. Vol. 154. Iss. 3. P. 251-262. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00057-1 Clearwater M.J., Meinzer F.C., Andrade J.L., Goldstein G., Holbrook N.M. Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes // Tree Physiology. 1999. Vol. 19. Iss. 10. P. 681-687. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.10.681 De Schepper V., van Dusschoten D., Copini P., Jahnke S., Steppe K. MRI links stem water content to stem diameter variations in transpiring trees // Journal of Experimental Botany. 2012. Vol. 63. Iss. 7. P. 2645-2653. DOI:10.1093/jxb/err445 Dye P.J., Olbrich B.W., Poulter A.G. The influence of growth rings in Pinus patula on heat pulse velocity and sap flow measurement // Journal of Experimental Botany. 1991. Vol. 42. Iss. 7. P. 867-870. DOI:10.1093/jxb/42.7.867 Edwards W.R.N., Booker R.E. Radial variation in the axial conductivity of Populus and its significance in heat pulse velocity measurement // Journal of Experimental Botany. 1984. Vol. 35. Iss. 4. P. 551-561. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/35.4.551 Forster M.A. How significant is nocturnal sap flow? // Tree Physiology. 2014. Vol. 34. Iss. 7. P. 757-765. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu051 Granier A. Une nouvelle méthode pour la mesure du flux de sève brute dans le tronc des arbres // Annales des sciences forestières, INRA/EDP Sciences. 1985. 42 (2). P. 193-200. Hatton T.J., Catchpole E.A., Vertessy R.A. Integration of sapflow velocity to estimate plant water use // Tree Physiology. 1990. Vol. 6. Iss. 2. P. 201-209. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/6.2.201 Huber B. Beobachtung und Messung pflanzlicher Saftströme // Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft. 1932. Vol. 50. P. 89-109. Jarvis P.G., McNaughton K.G. Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region // Advances in Ecological Research. 1986. Vol. 15. P. 1-49. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60119-1 Jasechko S., Sharp Z.D., Gibson J.J., Birks S.J., Yi Y., Fawcett P.J. Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration // Nature. 2013. Vol. 496. P. 347-350. DOI: 10.1038/nature11983 Kučera J., Čermák J., Penka M. Improved thermal method of continual recording the transpiration flow rate dynamics // Biologia Plantarum (Praha). 1977. Vol. 19. No. 6. P. 413-420 Lundblad M., Lagergren F., Lindroth A. Evaluation of heat balance and heat dissipation methods for sapflow measurements in pine and spruce // Annals of Forest Science. 2001. Vol. 58. No. 6. P. 625-638. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2001150 Marshall D.C. Measurement of sap flow in conifers by heat transport // Plant Physiology. 1958. Vol. 33. Iss. 6. P. 385-396. DOI: 10.1104/pp.33.6.385 Meiresonne L., Nadezhdina N., Čermák J., Slycken J. Van, Ceulemans R. Measured sap flow and simulated transpiration from a poplar stand in Flanders (Belgium) // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 1999. Vol. 96. Iss. 4. P. 165-179. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00066-0 Meiresonne L., Sampson D.A., Kowalski A.S., Janssens I.A., Nadezhdina N., Čermák J., Slycken J. Van, Ceulemans R. Water flux estimates from a Belgian Scots pine stand: a comparison of different approaches // Journal of Hydrology. 2002. Vol. 270. Iss. 3-4. P. 230-252. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00284-6 Miralles D.G., Jeu R.A.M. De, Gash J.H., Holmes T.R.H., Dolman A.J. Magnitude and variability of land evaporation and its components at the global scale // Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2011. Vol. 15. Iss. 3. P. 967-981. DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-967-2011 Monteith J.L. Evaporation and environment // Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. 1965. Vol. 19. P. 205-234. Nadezhdina N., Čermák J., Ceulemans R. Radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant and understory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensors // Tree Physiology. 2002. Vol. 22. Iss. 13. P. 907-918. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/22.13.907 O'Grady A.P., Eamus D., Hutley L.B. Transpiration increases during the dry season: patterns of tree water use in eucalypt open-forests of northern Australia // Tree Physiology. 1999. Vol. 19. Iss. 9. P. 591-597. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.9.591 Oltchev A., Čermák J., Gurtz J., Tischenko A., Kiely G., Nadezhdina N., Zappa M., Lebedeva N., Vitvar T., Albertson J.D., Tatarinov F., Tischenko D., Nadezhdin V., Kozlov B., Ibrom A., Vygodskaya N., Gravenhorst G. The response of the water fluxes of the boreal forest region at the Volga’s source area to climatic and land-use changes // Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 2002a. Vol. 27. Iss. 9-10. P. 675-690. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00052-9 Oltchev A., Čermák J., Nadezhdina N., Tatarinov F., Tischenko A., Ibrom A., Gravenhorst G. Transpiration of a mixed forest stand: ﬁeld measurements and simulation using SVAT models // Boreal Environment Research. 2002b. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 389-397. Phillips N., Oren R., Zimmermann R. Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non-, diffuse- and ring-porous tree species // Plant, Cell and Environment. 1996. Vol. 19. Iss. 8. P. 983-990. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00463.x Phillips N.G., Ryan M.G., Bond B.J., McDowell N.G., Hinckley T.M., Čermák J. Reliance on stored water increases with tree size in three species in the Pacific Northwest // Tree Physiology. 2003. Vol. 23. Iss. 4. P. 237-245. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/23.4.237 Shackel K.A., Johnson R.S., Medawar C.K., Phene C.J. Substantial errors in estimates of sap flow using the heat balance technique on woody stems under field conditions // Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1992. Vol. 117. Iss. 2. P. 351-356. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.117.2.351 Tatarinov F., Kučera J., Cienciala E. The analysis of physical background of tree sap flow measurement based on thermal methods // Measurement Science and Technology. 2005. Vol. 16. No. 5. P. 1157-1169. DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/16/5/016 Tuzet A., Perrier A., Leuning R. A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration // Plant, Cell and Environment. 2003. Vol. 26. Iss. 7. P. 1097-1116. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01035.x Urban J., Rubtsov A.V., Urban A.V., Shashkin A.V., Benkova V.F. Canopy transpiration of a Larix sibirica and Pinus sylvestris forest in Central Siberia // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2019. Vol. 271. P. 64-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.02.038 Verbeeck H., Steppe K., Nadezhdina N., Beeck M Op de., Deckmyn G., Meiresonne L., Lemeur R., Čermák J., Ceulemans R., Janssens I.A. Stored water use and transpiration in Scots pine: a modeling analysis with ANAFORE // Tree Physiology. 2007. Vol. 27. Iss. 12. P. 1671-1685. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/27.12.1671 Wang H., Tetzlaff D., Soulsby C. Hysteretic response of sap flow in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) to meteorological forcing in a humid low-energy headwater catchment // Ecohydrology. 2019. Vol. 12. Iss. 6. E2125. DOI: 10.1002/eco.2125 Zang D., Beadle C.L., White D.A. Variation of sap flow velocity in Eucalyptus globulus with position in sapwood and use a correction coefficient // Tree Physiology. 1996. Vol. 16. Iss. 8. P. 697-703. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/16.8.697 Zeppel M.J.B., Murray B.R., Barton B., Eamus D. Seasonal responses of xylem sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation during drought in a stand of native trees in temperate Australia // Functional Plant Biology. 2004. Vol. 31. Iss. 5. P. 461-470. DOI: 10.1071/FP03220
Study of seasonal dynamics and evapotranspiration volume of forested catchments (mainly forest stand transpiration) is the relevant objective for fundamental knowledge and practical applications. However, there are many difficulties: labor efforts of direct observations, many factors affecting against each other, observational data scaling and so on. As a result, evapotranspiration during hydrological modeling is determined by the leftover principle and simplified techniques, leading to wrong representation of water balance structure. The presented article deals with the first results of our research group focused on setting up field measurements of xylem sap flow using trunk sap flow measuring sensors as well as development of sap flow assessment methods for individual trees and whole catchment. The investigations were performed for mixed coniferous-broad leaved forests at the territory of the Central Sikhote-Alin within Verkhneussuriyskiy biogeocenotical station of FSC of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS. This site is used for water balance measuring surveys from 2011. Sap flow was measured continuously during June-October of 2019 on one of the local dominant tree species. Apparently, such investigations are novel for the Russian Far East region. It is expected that direct sap flow measurements for individual trees refinement methods, data scaling and its integration to the hydrometeorological observations will help to make a comprehensive analysis of catchments water balance and to integrate measured data into hydrological models. References Benkova A.V., Rubtsov A.V., Benkova V.E., Shashkin A.V. Sezonnaya dinamika sokodvizheniya u derevev Larix sibirica v Krasnoyarskoi lesostepi Seasonal sap flow dynamics in Larix sibirica trees growing in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. Zhurnal Sibirskogo federalnogo unviversiteta. Biologiya. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology, 2019, vol. 12, iss. 1, pp. 32-47. (In Russian abstract in English). DOI: 10.17516/1997-1389-0071. Boldeskul A.G., Shamov V.V., Gartsman B.I., Kozhevnikova N.K. Ionnyi sostav geneticheskikh tipov vod malogo rechnogo basseina: statsionarnye issledovaniya v Tsentralnom Sikhote-Aline Main ions in water of different genetic types in a small river basin: case experimental studies in Central Sikhote-Alin. Tikhookeanskaya geologiya Tikhookeanskaya geologiya, 2014, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 90-101. (In Russian abstract in English). ermk J. Solar equivalent leaf area as the efficient biometric parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands. Tree Physiology, 1989, vol. 5, no. 3. P. 269-289. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/5.3.269 ermk J., Deml M., Penka M. A new method of sap flow rate determination in trees. Biologia Plantarum (Praha), 1973, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 171-178. ermk J., Kuera J. Scaling up transpiration data between trees, stands and watersheds. Silva Carelica, 1990, vol. 15, pp. 101-120. ermk J., Kuera J., Nadezhdina N. Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands. Trees, 2004, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 529-546. DOI: 10.1007/s00468-004-0339-6 Chiesi M., Maselli F., Bindi M., Fibbi L., Bonora L., Raschi A., Tognetti R., ermk J., Nadezhdina N. Calibration and application of FOREST-BCG in a Mediterraen area by the use of conventional and remote sensing data. Ecological Modelling, 2002, vol. 154, iss. 3, pp. 251-262. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00057-1 Clearwater M.J., Meinzer F.C., Andrade J.L., Goldstein G., Holbrook N.M. Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes. Tree Physiology, 1999, vol. 19, iss. 10, pp. 681-687. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.10.681 De Schepper V., van Dusschoten D., Copini P., Jahnke S., Steppe K. MRI links stem water content to stem diameter variations in transpiring trees. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2012, vol. 63, iss. 7, pp. 2645-2653. DOI:10.1093/jxb/err445 Dye P.J., Olbrich B.W., Poulter A.G. The influence of growth rings in Pinus patula on heat pulse velocity and sap flow measurement. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1991, vol. 42, iss. 7, pp. 867-870. DOI:10.1093/jxb/42.7.867 Edwards W.R.N., Booker R.E. Radial variation in the axial conductivity of Populus and its significance in heat pulse velocity measurement. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1984, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 551-561. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/35.4.551 Forster M.A. How significant is nocturnal sap flow Tree Physiology, 2014, vol. 34, iss. 7, pp. 757-765. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu051 Gartsman B.I., Shamov V.V. Field studies of runoff formation in the far east region based on modern observational instruments. Water Resources, 2015, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 766-775. DOI: 10.1134/S0097807815060044 (In Russ. ed.: Gartsman B.I., Shamov V.V. Naturnye issledovaniya stokoformirovaniya v Dalnevostochnom regione na osnove sovremennykh sredstv nablyudenii. Vodnye resursy, 2015, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 589 599. DOI: 10.7868/S0321059615060048) Granier A. Une nouvelle mthode pour la mesure du flux de sve brute dans le tronc des arbres. Annales des sciences forestires, INRA/EDP Sciences, 1985, 42 (2), pp. 193-200. Hatton T.J., Catchpole E.A., Vertessy R.A. Integration of sapflow velocity to estimate plant water use. Tree Physiology, 1990, vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 201-209. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/6.2.201 Huber B. Beobachtung und Messung pflanzlicher Saftstrme. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 1932, vol. 50, pp. 89-109. Jarvis P.G., McNaughton K.G. Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region. Advances in Ecological Research, 1986, vol. 15, pp. 1-49. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60119-1 Jasechko S., Sharp Z.D., Gibson J.J., Birks S.J., Yi Y., Fawcett P.J. Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration. Nature, 2013, vol. 496, pp. 347-350. DOI: 10.1038/nature11983 Klige R.K., Danilov I.D., Konishchev V.N. Istoriya gidrosfery The history of hydrosphere. Moscow, Publ. Scientific world, 1998. 368 p. (In Russian abstract in English). Kuera J., ermk J., Penka M. Improved thermal method of continual recording the transpiration flow rate dynamics. Biologia Plantarum (Praha), 1977, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 413-420. Lundblad M., Lagergren F., Lindroth A. Evaluation of heat balance and heat dissipation methods for sapflow measurements in pine and spruce. Annals of Forest Science, 2001, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 625-638. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2001150 Marshall D.C. Measurement of sap flow in conifers by heat transport. Plant Physiology, 1958, vol. 33, iss. 6, pp. 385-396. DOI: 10.1104/pp.33.6.385 Meiresonne L., Nadezhdina N., ermk J., Slycken J. Van, Ceulemans R. Measured sap flow and simulated transpiration from a poplar stand in Flanders (Belgium). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 1999. Vol. 96. Iss. 4. P. 165-179. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00066-0 Meiresonne L., Sampson D.A., Kowalski A.S., Janssens I.A., Nadezhdina N., ermk J., Slycken J. Van, Ceulemans R. Water flux estimates from a Belgian Scots pine stand: a comparison of different approaches. Journal of Hydrology, 2002, vol. 270, iss. 3-4, pp. 230-252. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00284-6 Miralles D.G., Jeu R.A.M. De, Gash J.H., Holmes T.R.H., Dolman A.J. Magnitude and variability of land evaporation and its components at the global scale. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, vol. 15, iss. 3, pp. 967-981. DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-967-2011 Monteith J.L. Evaporation and environment. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 1965, vol. 19, pp. 205-234. Nadezhdina N., ermk J., Ceulemans R. Radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant and understory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensors. Tree Physiology, 2002, vol. 22, iss. 13, pp. 907-918. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/22.13.907 OGrady A.P., Eamus D., Hutley L.B. Transpiration increases during the dry season: patterns of tree water use in eucalypt open-forests of northern Australia. Tree Physiology, 1999, vol. 19, iss. 9, pp. 591-597. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.9.591 Oltchev A., ermk J., Gurtz J., Tischenko A., Kiely G., Nadezhdina N., Zappa M., Lebedeva N., Vitvar T., Albertson J.D., Tatarinov F., Tischenko D., Nadezhdin V., Kozlov B., Ibrom A., Vygodskaya N., Gravenhorst G. The response of the water fluxes of the boreal forest region at the Volgas source area to climatic and land-use changes. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2002a, vol. 27, iss. 9-10, pp. 675-690. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00052-9 Oltchev A., ermk J., Nadezhdina N., Tatarinov F., Tischenko A., Ibrom A., Gravenhorst G. Transpiration of a mixed forest stand: eld measurements and simulation using SVAT models. Boreal Environment Research, 2002b, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 389-397. Phillips N., Oren R., Zimmermann R. Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non-, diffuse- and ring-porous tree species. Plant, Cell and Environment, 1996, vol. 19, iss. 8, pp. 983-990. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00463.x Phillips N.G., Ryan M.G., Bond B.J., McDowell N.G., Hinckley T.M., ermk J. Reliance on stored water increases with tree size in three species in the Pacific Northwest. Tree Physiology, 2003, vol. 23, iss. 4, pp. 237-245. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/23.4.237 Shackel K.A., Johnson R.S., Medawar C.K., Phene C.J. Substantial errors in estimates of sap flow using the heat balance technique on woody stems under field conditions. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1992, vol. 117, iss. 2, pp. 351-356. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.117.2.351 Tatarinov F., Kuera J., Cienciala E. The analysis of physical background of tree sap flow measurement based on thermal methods. Measurement Science and Technology, 2005, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1157-1169. DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/16/5/016 Tikhova G.P., Pavlov A.G., Pridacha V.B., Sazonova T.A. The new hybrid method for measuring transpiration sap flows in trees. Sibirskij Lesnoj Zurnal Siberian Journal of Forest Science, 2017, no. 4, pp. 78-90. (In Russian abstract in English). DOI: 10.15372/SJFS20170407 Tuzet A., Perrier A., Leuning R. A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2003, vol. 26, iss. 7, pp. 1097-1116. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01035.x Urban J., Rubtsov A.V., Urban A.V., Shashkin A.V., Benkova V.F. Canopy transpiration of a Larix sibirica and Pinus sylvestris forest in Central Siberia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2019, vol. 271, pp. 64-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.02.038 Verbeeck H., Steppe K., Nadezhdina N., Beeck M Op de., Deckmyn G., Meiresonne L., Lemeur R., ermk J., Ceulemans R., Janssens I.A. Stored water use and transpiration in Scots pine: a modeling analysis with ANAFORE. Tree Physiology, 2007, vol. 27, iss. 12, pp 1671-1685. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/27.12.1671 Wang H., Tetzlaff D., Soulsby C. Hysteretic response of sap flow in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) to meteorological forcing in a humid low-energy headwater catchment. Ecohydrology, 2019, vol. 12, iss. 6, e2125. DOI: 10.1002/eco.2125 Zang D., Beadle C.L., White D.A. Variation of sap flow velocity in Eucalyptus globulus with position in sapwood and use a correction coefficient. Tree Physiology, 1996, vol. 16, iss.8, pp. 697-703. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/16.8.697 Zeppel M.J.B., Murray B.R., Barton B., Eamus D. Seasonal responses of xylem sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation during drought in a stand of native trees in temperate Australia. Functional Plant Biology, 2004, vol. 31, iss. 5, pp. 461-470. DOI: 10.1071/FP03220 Zhiltsov A.S. Gidrologicheskaya rol gornykh khvoino-shirokolistvennykh lesov Yuzhnogo Primorya The hydrological role of mountain coniferous-deciduous forests of Southern Primorye. Vladivostok: Publ. Dalnauka, 2008. 331 p. (In Russian)