bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN SATURATION OF THE TISSUES WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN.—II. THE GASEOUS NITROGEN CONTENT OF CERTAIN FATS, FATTY ACIDS, ETC., SATURATED WITH AIR, AS ESTIMATED BY A NEW APPARATUS
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll 
Published: December 2014

1. The new apparatus for estimating gaseous nitrogen in solid tissues —e.g. bone marrow, liver, brain—gives results sufficiently accurate for its purpose when tested against the standard methods with gas‐pumps.2. The solubility S of nitrogen in various substances, when estimated by the new apparatus, is as follows:—Formic acid, 0·026; acetic acid, 0·122; propionic acid, 0·089; butyric acid, 0·155; valeric acid, 0·122; caproic acid, 0·097; acetone, 0·125; paraffinum liquidum, 0·065; glycerol, trace.3. When melted and exposed to air, stearin, palmitin, and bone marrow dissolve about the same amount of nitrogen as does olein, namely, 5 c.c. nitrogen per 100 c.c. substance. This is due to the fatty acids—oleic, stearic, and palmitic—which apparently dissolve about equal amounts of nitrogen.4. Evidence is obtained that large quantities of gaseous nitrogen may be “adsorbed” by particles of powdered stearin, stearic acid, and palmitin.I am indebted to my assistant, Mr C. PERGANDE, for much help with this work.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PSYCHO‐GALVANIC REFLEX
Authors: M'Dowall R. J. S. 
Published: December 2014

The various factors concerned in the fall of electrical resistance of the skin, which occurs as a result of psychic and other stimuli, are reviewed.It is shown that any procedure calculated to cause vaso‐constriction causes the fall both in man and animals. Evidence is adduced that the psychic response is influenced by the circulation in the part of the skin led off.The amount of the fall in resistance is discussed in relation to its possible situation. It is shown to be the stratum corneum which becomes altered in resistance.Evidence is adduced that under circumstances in which the psychogalvanic response is observed, vaso‐constriction also always occurs. The view that the reflex is produced as a result of activity of the sweat glands is discussed and shown not to be in agreement with the facts.The nervous mechanism and biological significance of the skin constrictor reflex is also discussed.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETERS OF ERYTHROCYTES. —VII. ON THE VALUE OF k IN THE DIFFRACTION EQUATION d = k cosec σ, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SCATTER OF THE RED‐CELL POPULATION
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

1. The paper is concerned essentially with the value which ought to be assigned to k in the diffraction equation d = k cosec θ, when the trichromatic light of the Hg arc is used. It is shown that for discoidal cells in plasma or serum k = 1·200, but that for cells in their spherical form in isotonic saline k = 1·095. The constant has the same value when the cells are in hypotonic saline. For cells in dried films k = 1·095. The value of the constant, however, may depend on the type of cell.2. A method for the diffractometric measurement of red cells in plasma is described, and the results are shown to agree with those obtained by photography.3. A method for removing the “rouleaux‐forming substance” from serum or plasma is described. The substance is adsorbed on the activated charcoal “darko.” For cells in “darko”‐treated plasma k = 1·200, as for cells in normal plasma. The diameter of the cells, however, is reduced when they are suspended in plasma treated with “darko.”4. Red cells assume the form of perfect spheres in plasma or serum treated with small quantities of lecithin. This fact is utilised as the basis of a method for measuring red‐cell volume in plasma, the volume being calculated from the diffractometrically measured radius of the spheres. The results obtained by this method agree with those obtained by other reliable methods.5. It is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, by the production of an anæmia in rabbits, that the value of k in the diffraction equation increases as the scatter of the red‐cell diameters increases.6. The observation of MILLAR and myself, that red‐cell diameter increases in the rabbit as a result of anæmia from hæmorrhage, is confirmed.
THE ACTION OF PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON THE KIDNEY
Authors: MacDonald A. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. The action of posterior lobe pituitary extracts on the renal vessels is not dilator, as is usually stated. In the pig, marked contraction has been found. In the cat, rabbit, sheep, and cow the plain muscle of the arteries is scarcely affected by pituitary extracts, though sensitive to other drugs.2. The full course of the action of the extracts on the volume of the kidney in situ in the cat, whether anæsthetised or spinal, and, under favourable circumstances, in the dog, consists of a brief initial diminution in volume, a short increase in volume, and a prolonged secondary diminution. The increase in volume is believed to be passive; it can be produced also by adrenaline.3. It is shown that in unanæsthetised man and in the lightly anæsthetised dog even intravenous injection may not raise the blood‐pressure nor increase excretion. Diuresis can be produced in the decerebrate or spinal cat, and is thus less dependent on the presence of an anæsthetic than on the action taking place in an animal in which the blood‐pressure can be significantly raised, as in the cat or in the dog after ether or morphine and atropine.4. It is concluded from experiments on the cat, dog, rabbit, and man that the diuretic action is associated with rise of blood‐pressure, and is always followed by anti‐diuresis.
ADRENALINE AND VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION IN THE DECAPITATED CAT
Authors: Schlapp Walter 
Published: December 2014

1. The pressor response of the decapitated cat to the intravenous injection of adrenaline varies with the time after decapitation; an interruption appears on the ascending portion of the blood‐pressure tracing, which is due to cardiac irregularities of an extra‐systolic type, and may lead to ventricular fibrillation.2. After the intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, intravenous injection of adrenaline will produce ventricular fibrillation, provided that a sufficient time interval has elapsed since the decapitation. Immediately after decapitation the phenomenon is not seen.3. No direct relationship between the degree of alkalinity of the blood consequent on over‐ventilation, and the onset of ventricular fibrillation from the injection of adrenaline has been found. Fibrillation has not been observed in animals in which the reaction of the blood was kept normal by the administration of CO2.I wish to thank Dr F. W. Lamb for his encouragement and advice.
THE MOUSE‐UNIT OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE B
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. 
Published: December 2014

A description is given of a method of bio‐assay of the luteinising, or B hormone, of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of partition of the dose are discussed. It is shown that the amount required to produce the chosen limiting reaction is ten times greater when given in one dose than when split into six parts.The differential production of hæmorrhagic follicles and of corpora lutea does not depend on dosage. Uterine growth follows the administration of “Prolan,” but quantitative measurements show the degree of growth to be irregular.The mouse‐unit of anterior pituitary hormone B (prolan B) is defined as the amount which, divided into six doses and injected intraperitoneally into 10 female mice exactly three weeks old, over a period of 36 hours, will produce hæmorrhagic follicles in 50 per cent. of the animals 100 hours from the first administration.The bulk of this investigation was carried out during my tenure of a Beit Memorial Research Fellowship. The cost of the experiments has been borne by a grant from the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation. Bayer's Products, Ltd., kindly supplied the “Prolan” used.
A CONDITIONED REFLEX METHOD OF TESTING HEARING IN CATS
Authors: Dworkin S. , Seymour S. L. , Sutherland G. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. A simple conditioned reflex method for testing hearing in cats is described. This involves an alimentary motor reaction.2. With the procedure and apparatus described it is possible to explore the hearing range in one month.3. Intensity‐frequency curves for two cats are given.We wish to acknowledge with sincere thanks our indebtedness to the Research Bureau of the American Otological Society for financial assistance in this work.
THE RED CELL AND HÆMOGLOBIN CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN YOUNG MALE ADULTS LIVING ON THE WITWATERSRAND
Authors: Liknaitzky Isidore 
Published: December 2014

1. Blood Counts and Hæmoglobin determinations on 60 young male adults living on the Witwatersrand (altitude 5750 feet) gave the following results:—Red Blood Corpuscles.Range . . . . 5,120,000 to 6,820,000.Mean probably lies between 5,800,000 and 6,160,000.Hœmoglobin.Range . . . . 88 to 118.Mean probably lies between 103 and 108.Colour Index.Range . . . . 0·81 to 1·12.Mean is probably not significantly different from 1.2. Tables are given showing the probable error of a single blood count and the frequency distribution of the red blood cells, hæmoglobin and colour index in the subjects tested.
SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES IN THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuo , KurÉ Ken , Okinaka Shigeo 
Published: December 2014

1. Vasodilatation of the tongue is produced by the spinal parasympathetic.2. The spinal parasympathetic vasodilator fibres for the tongue arise from the VIII. cervical and I. thoracic segments through their dorsal roots. Sometimes the VII. cervical segment is also involved. The centres for the vasoconstrictors of the tongue seem to extend much more widely.3. These vasodilator fibres pass for the most part through the posterior crus of the Ansa of Vieussens.4. This vasodilator effect is not interrupted by the application of 2 per cent. nicotine solution to the superior cervical ganglion.
THE GLUCOSE AND LACTATE USAGES OF THE DIABETIC HEART AND THE INFLUENCE OF INSULIN THEREON
Authors: Evans C. Lovatt , Grande F. , Hsu F. Y. , Lee D. H. K. , Mulder A. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The glucose utilization of the normal dog's heart as studied in a heart‐oxygenator circuit is increased to about 150 mg./100 g./hr., or about double the normal, when the blood glucose is raised to a diabetic level. The lactate usage is thereby slightly reduced to about 150 mg./100 g./hr.2. The glucose usage of the diabetic dog's heart circulated under comparable conditions with diabetic blood is only about 35 mg./100 g./ hr., and the lactate about 120 mg./100 g./hr. The glucose usage is raised by adding insulin to about 100 mg./100 g./hr., but the lactate thereby reduced to about 90 mg.3. The fact that the diabetic heart uses lactate at almost the same rate as a hyperglycæmic normal heart is of fundamental importance in the consideration of its metabolism, since it may explain the origin of its glycogen, and also disposes of the need to regard it as dependent solely on the metabolism of protein and fat. If lactate and sugar be regarded for many purposes as mutually interchangeable, then the metabolism of the diabetic heart is only quantitatively different from that of the normal.4. Certain data concerning fats, unsaponifiable matter, and inositol of the diabetic heart are recorded.The authors express their gratitude to the University of London for a grant from the Thomas Smythe Hughes Medical Research Fund which enabled animals to be purchased. Also to Professor J. C. Drummond and Mr L. Young for help mentioned in the text, and to Messrs Hoffmann La Roche for supply of “Prostigmin” ampoules.
THE EFFECT OF IODOACETATE ON POST‐MORTEM GLYCO‐GENOLYSIS IN LIVER
Authors: Noltie H. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. lodoacetate did not prevent glycogenolysis in rabbit liver slices, incubated in nitrogen at 38°, either when injected prior to decapitation or when in the suspending medium.2. lodoacetate caused the lactic acid concentration to become stationary, but required one to two hours to achieve complete inhibition.3. lodoacetate did not prevent accumulation of sugar, although it appears to have exerted a braking effect on its production.The author wishes to record his thanks to Professor J. J. R. Macleod for his interest and advice; and to the Medical Research Council for assistance from their grant to Professor Macleod and Dr J. M. Peterson.
THE EFFECT OF OVARIAN EXTRACTS ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE UTERUS
Authors: Khayyal M. A. , Scott C. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Fresh follicular fluid from cows ovaries contains a substance which causes an increase in the oxygen consumption rate of the isolated uterus of mice.2. This substance is neither cestrin nor the luteal hormone, nor was it found in the blood serum of men and women.3. Evidence is put forward that this metabolic substance is released from the ovary by the action of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, but these latter hormones have no direct action on the oxygen consumption of the isolated uterus.4. Thyroxine causes a rise in the rate of oxygen consumption of the isolated mouse uterus.5. Male hormone causes no rise in uterine oxygen consumption.We thank Professor A. J. Clark for his help during this investigation. The expenses were paid by a grant from the Moray Fund of Edinburgh University.
ON THE REFLEX REGULATION OF RESPIRATION FROM THE CAROTID SINUS
Authors: Stella G. 
Published: December 2014

Bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus, in the dog, was followed by alterations in the character of respiration, the latter becoming, as a rule, less deep, and its rhythm being often accelerated.The effect upon the magnitude of the pulmonary ventilation per unit of time was variable.A decrease of the pulmonary ventilation was obtained whenever the inhibitory effect of the endosinual pressure upon respiration was weak, i.e. when occlusion of the carotids caused little or no augmentation of breathing.The depressing effect upon the respiratory movements of denervating the carotid sinus, when evident, seemed more marked during respiration in air than when the animal was breathing a mixture of carbon dioxide (3 to 5 per cent.) and air.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Foulerton Reserve Fund of the Royal Society, for which I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude.I am also very grateful to Professor C. Lovatt Evans for his interest in this work, and for his valuable criticism, and to Mr. E. G. White for his kind assistance in some of the experiments.
THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE ON THE AUGMENTED SALIVARY SECRETION IN THE CAT
Authors: MacIntosh F. C. , Rawlinson H. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. After small doses of atropine, the secretory response of the cat's submaxillary gland to sympathetic stimulation is increased by previous stimulation of the chorda tympani, although the latter nerve is itself unable to cause any secretion.2. Stimulation of the chorda tympani must therefore cause a true increase in the irritability of the secretory cells to sympathetic stimulation.
THE ACTION OF ADRENALINE, ACETYLCHOLINE, AND HISTAMINE ON THE LUNGS OF THE RAT
Authors: Foggie P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of adrenaline, acetylcholine and histamine on the blood‐vessels of the isolated perfused lungs of the rat were found to be as follows: Small doses of adrenaline (crystalline) cause pulmonary vasodilatation, and large doses cause vasoconstriction. If any effect on the bronchi takes place, it is one of dilatation. Both histamine and acetylcholine cause bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction, but much larger doses are required to produce these effects in the rat than in the guinea‐pig.2. A constant infusion of adrenaline was found to increase the vasoconstrictor action of single injections of the same drug.3. The vasoconstrictor response of large doses of adrenaline is reversed by ergotoxine.I wish to thank Professor I. de Burgh Daly for his very generous help throughout this investigation.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALINE ON CARDIAC GLYCOGEN
Authors: Chang I. 
Published: December 2014

1. Asphyxia of rats rapidly reduces the glycogen content of the heart to one‐fifth of its normal value, but only to three‐fifths of its normal value when the influence of the adrenal glands is excluded.2. Large doses of adrenaline, in the absence of asphyxia, reduce the cardiac glycogen to one‐half after twenty‐five minutes, but full recovery occurs in the subsequent half‐hour.3. Adrenaline therefore causes depletion of cardiac glycogen in both normal and in asphyxiated rats.The author wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark and Dr. C. P. Stewart for their advice and criticism. The expenses of these experiments were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund, for which the author desires to express his thanks.
THE SOURCE OF THE HEART GLYCOGEN
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Evans C. Lovatt , Gregory R. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. By continuous administration of adrenaline (together with high mechanical work) the glycogen content of the dog's heart is rapidly lowered. When it has all been exhausted failure suddenly occurs.2. When the administration of adrenaline is stopped short of failure, and when the glucose and lactate of the blood have also been reduced to low levels, there is no recovery of glycogen; glyconeogenesis therefore does not occur, or is relatively slow.3. Addition of lactate after glycogen depletion by adrenaline, if the blood glucose is low, leads to no recovery of glycogen in two hours.4. Addition of glucose after adrenaline depletion and with low blood lactate results in considerable restoration of heart glycogen in two hours. The heart glycogen is therefore formed from glucose.5. Addition of both glucose and lactate to adrenaline‐depleted hearts leads to a smaller glycogen formation than is obtained by addition of glucose alone. This is perhaps correlated with the fact that high lactate depresses the sugar usage of the heart.6. Addition of either glucose or lactate, so as to give large concentrations of either in the blood prior to the addition of the adrenaline does not hinder the glycogen depletion caused by adrenaline.The costs of the investigation were in part defrayed out of a grant from the Thomas Smythe Hughes Fund by the University of London to R. A. G., and of a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society to J. Y. B. The authors wish to express their thanks for these two grants.
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF PURIFIED EGG‐WHITE LYSOZYME
Authors: Roberts E. A. Houghton 
Published: December 2014

1. A simple method is described for the extraction of a highly purified lysozyme from hen's egg‐white.2. Some of its properties suggest that it is a low molecular weight protein.3. Lysozyme possesses antigenic properties.The author is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a full‐time personal grant, and to the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for a grant towards the expenses of the investigation. Thanks are also due to Professor W. Ramsden for his help and advice in determining the surface properties of lysozyme.
THE INHIBITION OF GROWTH BY 1·2 : 5·6 DIBENZANTHRACENE AND OTHER AGENTS
Authors: Lees J. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. Single injections of 5, 10, and 20 mg. 1·2 : 5·6 dibenzanthracene produce a prolonged inhibiting effect on the growth of young rats, and the effect produced varies as the dosage.2. Mercury in oil, bismuth salicylate in oil, and thallium acetate in single injections produce an immediate but transient interference with growth.3. Various non‐carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons produce an immediate but transient interference with growth.4. Nearly half (21/48) of the animals injected with d.b.a. died within 64 days. Half the deaths (11/21) occurred between 40 and 64 days after injection.This work was made possible by a grant from the Medical Research Council for the maintenance of animals and laboratory expenses, and by a personal grant from the Cancer Control Organisation for South‐East Scotland. Thanks are also due to Dr. C. M. Scott for advice and assistance.
SYNERGISMS AND ANTAGONISMS OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS
Authors: Raventós J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Compounds of the series Me3NMe. to Me3NAm. produce a full additive action when combined with acetylcholine on the frog's auricle and other tissues tested.2. The series Me3NHex. to Me3NCetyl produces an antagonistic action, and the intensity of antagonism increases with increasing length of chain.3. The compounds Et4N, Pr4N, and Br4N are similar as regards their power of antagonising acetylcholine.4. The compounds Et4As, Me2NPiperidine, and Et2NPiperidine have similar antagonistic actions, which are about one‐tenth that of Et4N.5. Methylene‐blue and procaine antagonise the action of acetylcholine on the frog's heart, rectus abdominis, and rat's gut, but potentiate its action on the leech muscle.6. Various antagonists to acetylcholine, such as atropine and curarine, show marked tissue specificity.7. The significance of these results in relation to certain general theories of drug action has been discussed.It is with pleasure that I put on record my indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his kind hospitality, and for his constant help and Synergisms and Antagonisms of Acetylcholine advice. The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by the Moray Fund, for which help I express my thanks.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN TISSUES FOLLOWING OBSTRUCTION OF THE BLOOD SUPPLY
Authors: Billings F. T. , Maegraith B. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. Within a few minutes of tying the common iliac artery in the rabbit the tissues of the tied‐off limb became acid.2. Substances with the biological reactions of histamine and adenosine can be detected in the ischæmic tissues and the venous blood returning from the limb.3. It is suggested that the accumulation of these substances, together with the acidity which develops, brings about dilatation of the small vessels of the limb, thereby establishing a good blood‐flow through the tissues within 12 hours of tying the artery.One of us (B. G. M.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant, and to the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for a grant towards expenses. Thanks are also due to Professor H. W. Florey and to Dr. A. N. Drury for much help and advice, to Professor J. A. Gunn for the loan of apparatus, and to many others, including Dr J. C. Eccles, Mr D. K. Crystal, and Mr. H. Wheal, for help and assistance.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION FOLLOWING CAROTICOAORTIC DENERVATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Boyd J. D. , McCullagh G. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The results of denervation of the carotid sinuses and section of the aortic (“depressor”) nerves on the blood‐pressure in the rabbit are recorded.2. An increase in the blood‐pressure resulted from bilateral removal of these “buffer” mechanisms, but in a considerable proportion of the experimental animals the increase was not permanent. The possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.3. Pathological changes in the heart and aorta followed the operative interferences and are described.4. The adequacy of the methods used for denervation was demonstrated by the use of neuro‐histological techniques. No evidence for the regeneration of nerve‐endings in the vessel walls was found.5. It is indicated that bilateral vagotomy is necessary for the complete removal of the afferent pathways subserving the caroticoaortic depressor reflexes.