bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does antibody binding to diverse antigens predict future infection?
Authors: Owen J. P. , Waite J. L. , Holden K. Z. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryWe studied diverse antigen binding in hosts and the outcome of parasitism. We used captive‐bred F1 descendants of feral rock pigeons (Columba livia) challenged with blood‐feeding flies (Hippoboscidae) and a protozoan parasite (Haemoproteus). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunoblots were used to test (i) whether pre‐infection IgY antigen binding predicts parasite fitness and (ii) whether antigen binding changes after infection. Assays used extracts from three pigeon parasites (northern fowl mite, Salmonella bacteria and avian pox virus), as well as nonparasitic molecules from cattle, chicken and keyhole limpet. Binding to hippoboscid and S. enterica extracts were predictive of hippoboscid fly fitness. Binding to extracts from hippoboscids, pox virus and nonparasitic organisms was predictive of Haemoproteus infection levels. Antigen binding to all extracts increased after parasite challenge, despite the fact that birds were only exposed to flies and Haemoproteus. Immunoblots suggested innate Ig binding to parasite‐associated molecular markers and revealed that new antigens were bound in extracts after infection. These data suggest that host antibody binding to diverse antigens predicts parasite fitness even when the antigens are not related to the infecting parasite. We discuss the implications of these data for the study of host–parasite immunological interaction.
Shame, Publicity, and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Galligan Phillip 
Published: October 2014

AbstractShame is a puzzling emotion. On the one hand, to feel ashamed is to feel badly about oneself; but on the other hand, it also seems to be a response to the way the subject is perceived by other people. So whose standards is the subject worried about falling short of, his own or those of an audience? I begin by arguing that it is the audience's standards that matter, and then present a theory of shame according to which shame is a response to the subject's perception that he is not thought of in the way he intrinsically values himself for being thought of by someone else.Then I go on to suggest some refinements to this basic view. First, the subject of shame is primarily concerned about his audience's attitudes toward him, not what they believe about him. And second, there may be one particular attitude which he values himself for inspiring. There is no very perspicuous term for this attitude, so I call it ‘proto‐respect’ – the attitude a social animal directs toward those it regards as valuable allies or bad enemies.
Justice Sensitivity in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Bondü Rebecca , Elsner Birgit 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIndividuals differ in their sensitivity toward injustice. Justice‐sensitive persons perceive injustice more frequently and show stronger responses to it. Justice sensitivity has been studied predominantly in adults; little is known about its development in childhood and adolescence and its connection to prosocial behavior and emotional and behavioral problems. This study evaluates a version of the justice sensitivity inventory for children and adolescents (JSI‐CA5) in 1472 9‐ to 17‐year olds. Items and scales showed good psychometric properties and correlations with prosocial behavior and conduct problems similar to findings in adults, supporting the reliability and validity of the scale. We found individual differences in justice sensitivity as a function of age and gender. Furthermore, justice sensitivity predicted emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents over a 1‐ to 2‐year period. Justice sensitivity perspectives can therefore be considered as risk and/or protective factors for mental health in childhood and adolescence.
Keeping Up with the Congressmen: Evaluating Constituents’ Awareness of Redistricting
Authors: Lawrence Christopher N. , Huffmon Scott H. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveWe seek to understand how voters respond to being drawn into a new congressional district: specifically, the new Seventh District of South Carolina created in 2012.MethodsWe employ data from a survey of voters in the new district, and employ descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to identify whether voters are aware of the new district, whether they expect better representation as a result, and to explain their likely vote choice.ResultsWe find limited awareness of the new district among voters, despite a competitive election campaign, but nonetheless a broad public understanding that redistricting may lead to more local influence in Congress.ConclusionsOur results suggest that redistricting efforts that ensure the maintenance of communities of interest to preserve voter‐representative links, even if that means deviation from a strict “one person, one vote” standard, may be superior from a representational standpoint.
Rooting down the aphid's tree – the oldest record of the Aphidomorpha lineage from Palaeozoic (Insecta: Hemiptera)
Authors: SZWEDO JACEK , LAPEYRIE JEAN , NEL ANDRE 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe new genus and species Lutevanaphis permiana gen.n. et sp.n., represents the oldest Aphidomorpha, new superfamily Lutevanaphidoidea superfam.n. and new family Lutevanaphididae. This taxon is described from the Middle Permian of the Lodève Basin, southern France. The presence of very small Aphidomorpha in the Middle Permian contradicts the hypothesis of the ‘Lilliput effect’ that is presumed to have affected the insect fauna during the Early to Middle Triassic, after the end‐Permian crisis. Very small insects were present well before the end of the Permian; their relative rarity is attributable probably to taphonomic biases.
Modified lamellar keratoplasties for the treatment of deep stromal abscesses in horses
Authors: McMullen Richard J. , Gilger Brian C. , Michau Tammy M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a surgical modification of deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) and posterior lamellar keratoplasty (PLK) procedures, to facilitate surgery on standing horses under‐sedation.Animals studiedFour client‐owned horses, for which the owners declined surgery under general anesthesia, underwent standing corneal lamellar keratoplasty procedures for the treatment of deep corneal stromal abscesses.ProceduresAll four horses were placed in stocks and sedated with detomidine. Local eyelid and retrobulbar blocks were performed to provide local analgesia and akinesia, and each horse's head was stabilized and supported by soft pads placed on a mobile cart. Deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasties (DLEKs) and posterior lamellar keratoplasties (PLKs) were performed on two horses each, for the treatment of deep stromal abscesses (DSA). Following the firstDLEK, a mid‐stromal two‐step anterior lamellar keratectomy modification was used to facilitate rapid closure of the anterior chamber immediately following removal of the abscess.ResultsEach of the four horses had similar cosmetic and postoperative visual outcomes, compared to previously published results. Intra‐operative complications were most prevalent in the firstDLEKcase (i.e., focal iris and lens damage and postoperative anterior chamber collapse) and were all but eliminated in the remaining three cases. Similar to previously reported findings, greater postoperative corneal fibrosis was observed in theDLEKcases.ConclusionsIn horses with deep stromal or endothelial abscesses, for which general anesthesia is not an option, both the modifiedDLEKandPLKcorneal procedures may be performed as an alternative to enucleation on the standing, sedated horse.
Pharmacokinetics of Injectable, Long-Acting Nevirapine for HIV Prophylaxis in Breastfeeding Infants
Authors: Cortez John M. , Quintero Rafaela , Moss John A. , Beliveau Martin , Smith Thomas J. , Baum Marc M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 remains a global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations advise the administration of a once-daily, oral, prophylactic regimen of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine (NVP) from birth until 4 to 6 weeks of age for infants born to HIV-infected mothers in regions without access to safe and nutritionally adequate alternatives to breast milk. A critical factor driving the successful implementation of the WHO guidelines involves sustaining high adherence to the frequent dosing. With these challenges in mind, we have developed the first injectable, sustained-release NVP formulations with the goal of providing, for 6 weeks or longer, preventative plasma drug levels from a single subcutaneous administration at birth. The long-acting NVP consists of large (>50 μm), monodisperse NVP particles coated with biocompatible polymers that control the drug release kinetics. Two lead formulations exhibiting burst-free, sustained-release kinetics for up to 75 days
in vitro
were developed. Subsequent
in vivo
studies in rats demonstrated no toxicity related to the formulations. Rat plasma NVP concentrations were above the analytical assay's limit of quantification for up to 28 days. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the rat plasma NVP concentration-time data allowed absorption rate constants to be calculated. These data then were used to simulate infant NVP exposure from a single injected dose (<200 mg) of our long-acting formulations, demonstrating preliminary feasibility of the technology to maintain safe, preventative NVP plasma levels (0.2 to 3.0 μg ml
−1
) for 6 weeks or longer.
Topology of Streptococcus pneumoniae CpsC, a Polysaccharide Copolymerase and Bacterial Protein Tyrosine Kinase Adaptor Protein
Authors: Whittall Jonathan J. , Morona Renato , Standish Alistair J. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

In Gram-positive bacteria, tyrosine kinases are split into two proteins, the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and a transmembrane adaptor protein. In
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, this transmembrane adaptor is CpsC, with the C terminus of CpsC critical for interaction and subsequent tyrosine kinase activity of CpsD. Topology predictions suggest that CpsC has two transmembrane domains, with the N and C termini present in the cytoplasm. In order to investigate CpsC topology, we used a chromosomal hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged Cps2C protein in
S. pneumoniae
strain D39. Incubation of both protoplasts and membranes with carboxypeptidase B (CP-B) resulted in complete degradation of HA-Cps2C in all cases, indicating that the C terminus of Cps2C was likely extracytoplasmic and hence that the protein's topology was not as predicted. Similar results were seen with membranes from
S. pneumoniae
strain TIGR4, indicating that Cps4C also showed similar topology. A chromosomally encoded fusion of HA-Cps2C and Cps2D was not degraded by CP-B, suggesting that the fusion fixed the C terminus within the cytoplasm. However, capsule synthesis was unaltered by this fusion. Detection of the CpsC C terminus by flow cytometry indicated that it was extracytoplasmic in approximately 30% of cells. Interestingly, a mutant in the protein tyrosine phosphatase CpsB had a significantly greater proportion of positive cells, although this effect was independent of its phosphatase activity. Our data indicate that CpsC possesses a varied topology, with the C terminus flipping across the cytoplasmic membrane, where it interacts with CpsD in order to regulate tyrosine kinase activity.
Comparative Analysis of
kdp
and
ktr
Mutants Reveals Distinct Roles of the Potassium Transporters in the Model Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803
Authors: Nanatani Kei , Shijuku Toshiaki , Takano Yousuke , Zulkifli Lalu , Yamazaki Tomoko , Tominaga Akira , Souma Satoshi , Onai Kiyoshi , Morishita Megumi , Ishiura Masahiro , Hagemann Martin , Suzuki Iwane , Maruyama Hisataka , Arai Fumihito , Uozumi Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Photoautotrophic bacteria have developed mechanisms to maintain K
+
homeostasis under conditions of changing ionic concentrations in the environment.
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803 contains genes encoding a well-characterized Ktr-type K
+
uptake transporter (Ktr) and a putative ATP-dependent transporter specific for K
+
(Kdp). The contributions of each of these K
+
transport systems to cellular K
+
homeostasis have not yet been defined conclusively. To verify the functionality of Kdp,
kdp
genes were expressed in
Escherichia coli
, where Kdp conferred K
+
uptake, albeit with lower rates than were conferred by Ktr. An on-chip microfluidic device enabled monitoring of the biphasic initial volume recovery of single
Synechocystis
cells after hyperosmotic shock. Here, Ktr functioned as the primary K
+
uptake system during the first recovery phase, whereas Kdp did not contribute significantly. The expression of the
kdp
operon in
Synechocystis
was induced by extracellular K
+
depletion. Correspondingly, Kdp-mediated K
+
uptake supported
Synechocystis
cell growth with trace amounts of external potassium. This induction of
kdp
expression depended on two adjacent genes,
hik20
and
rre19
, encoding a putative two-component system. The circadian expression of
kdp
and
ktr
peaked at subjective dawn, which may support the acquisition of K
+
required for the regular diurnal photosynthetic metabolism. These results indicate that Kdp contributes to the maintenance of a basal intracellular K
+
concentration under conditions of limited K
+
in natural environments, whereas Ktr mediates fast potassium movements in the presence of greater K
+
availability. Through their distinct activities, both Ktr and Kdp coordinate the responses of
Synechocystis
to changes in K
+
levels under fluctuating environmental conditions.
Genome-Wide Analyses in Bacteria Show Small-RNA Enrichment for Long and Conserved Intergenic Regions
Authors: Tsai Chen-Hsun , Liao Rick , Chou Brendan , Palumbo Michael , Contreras Lydia M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Interest in finding small RNAs (sRNAs) in bacteria has significantly increased in recent years due to their regulatory functions. Development of high-throughput methods and more sophisticated computational algorithms has allowed rapid identification of sRNA candidates in different species. However, given their various sizes (50 to 500 nucleotides [nt]) and their potential genomic locations in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions as well as in intergenic regions, identification and validation of true sRNAs have been challenging. In addition, the evolution of bacterial sRNAs across different species continues to be puzzling, given that they can exert similar functions with various sequences and structures. In this study, we analyzed the enrichment patterns of sRNAs in 13 well-annotated bacterial species using existing transcriptome and experimental data. All intergenic regions were analyzed by WU-BLAST to examine conservation levels relative to species within or outside their genus. In total, more than 900 validated bacterial sRNAs and 23,000 intergenic regions were analyzed. The results indicate that sRNAs are enriched in intergenic regions, which are longer and more conserved than the average intergenic regions in the corresponding bacterial genome. We also found that sRNA-coding regions have different conservation levels relative to their flanking regions. This work provides a way to analyze how noncoding RNAs are distributed in bacterial genomes and also shows conserved features of intergenic regions that encode sRNAs. These results also provide insight into the functions of regions surrounding sRNAs and into optimization of RNA search algorithms.
Weekly working hours for Norwegian hospital doctors since 1994 with special attention to postgraduate training, work–home balance and the European Working Time Directive: a panel study
Authors: Rosta Judith , Aasland Olaf G 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesTo examine the weekly working hours of Norwegian hospital doctors from 1994 to 2012 with special emphasis on the quality of postgraduate training and work–home balance, and in relation to the requirements of the European Working Time Directive (EWTD).DesignPanel study based on postal questionnaires.SettingNorway.ParticipantsUnbalanced cohort of 1300–1600 doctors in 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012.Outcome measuresSelf-reported total weekly working hours and whether 45 weekly working hours are too short, sufficient, or too long to meet the quality requirements of obligatory postgraduate training for junior doctors.ResultsFrom 1994 to 2012, the number of weekly working hours was stable for senior (46–47 h) and junior (45–46 h) hospital doctors. In 2012, significantly more senior (27–35%) than junior (11–20%) doctors reported suboptimal work–home balance, defined as working more than 48 h a week. The majority perceived the present situation with an average of 45 h per week for juniors as sufficient for obligatory postgraduate specialist training, but doctors of higher age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08), senior doctors (1.07, 1.04 to 1.11) and doctors working in surgical specialties (OR 1 vs laboratory medicine 0.03, 0.01 to 0.25, internal medicine 0.31, 0.17 to 0.58, psychiatry 0.12, 0.04 to 0.36, paediatrics 0.36, 0.12 to 1.07, anaesthesiology 0.08, 0.02 to 0.39, gynaecology 0.07, 0.01 to 0.56 and others 0.39, 0.04 to 3.56) were more likely to want the work-week to be longer.ConclusionsThe weekly working hours of Norwegian hospital doctors were always below the EWTD requirements. A significant growth of hospital doctor density over the past two decades, national regulations and cultural values might be important factors. Specialty differences in perception of sufficient training time may call for more flexibility in working time regulations.
Prognostic Implication of Predominant Histologic Subtypes of Lymph Node Metastases in Surgically Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Suda Kenichi , Sato Katsuaki , Shimizu Shigeki , Tomizawa Kenji , Takemoto Toshiki , Iwasaki Takuya , Sakaguchi Masahiro , Mitsudomi Tetsuya 
Published: October 2014

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) proposed a new classification for lung adenocarcinoma (AD) based on predominant histologic subtypes, such as lepidic, papillary, acinar, solid, and micropapillary; this system reportedly reflects well outcomes of patients with surgically resected lung AD. However, the prognostic implication of predominant histologic subtypes in lymph nodes metastases is unclear so far. In this study, we compared predominant subtypes between primary lung tumors and lymph node metastatic lesions in 24 patients with surgically treated lung adenocarcinoma with lymph node metastases. Additionally, we analyzed prognostic implications of these predominant histologic subtypes. We observed several discordance patterns between predominant subtypes in primary lung tumors and lymph node metastases. Concordance rates were 22%, 64%, and 100%, respectively, in papillary-, acinar-, and solid-predominant primary lung tumors. We observed that the predominant subtype in the primary lung tumor (HR 12.7,P = 0.037), but not that in lymph node metastases (HR 0.18,P = 0.13), determines outcomes in patients with surgically resected lung AD with lymph node metastases.
Ulam’s Type Stability of Involutional-Exponential Functional Equations
Authors: Chung Jaeyoung 
Published: October 2014

LetSbe a commutative semigroup,f,g:S→Candσ:S→San involution. In this paper we consider the stability of involution-exponential functional equationsfx+σy-gxfy≤ϕxresp.,  ϕy, |f(x+σy)-f(x)g(y)|≤ϕ(x) [resp.,  ϕ(y)]for allx,y∈S, whereϕ:S→R+satisfies the growth condition: there existsC>1such thatlimk→∞C-kϕ(kx)=0for eachx∈S. We also consider the stability ofL∞-version|f(x+σy)-f(x)f(y)|L∞(R2n)≤ϵ,wheref:Rn→Cis a locally integrable function.
On the Exact Series Solution for Nonhomogeneous Strongly Coupled Mixed Parabolic Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Soler Vicente , Defez Emilio , Capilla Roberto , Verdoy José Antonio 
Published: October 2014

An exact series solution for nonhomogeneous parabolic coupled systems of the typeut-Auxx=Gx, t, A1u0, t+B1ux0, t=0, A2ul, t+B2uxl, t=0, 0<x<1, t>0, ux, 0=fx, whereA1, A2, B1, andB2are arbitrary matrices for which the block matrix is nonsingular, andAis a positive stable matrix, is constructed.
Common Genetic Variants in NEFL Influence Gene Expression and Neuroblastoma Risk
Authors: Capasso Mario , Diskin Sharon , Cimmino Flora , Acierno Giovanni , Totaro Francesca , Petrosino Giuseppe , Pezone Lucia , Diamond Maura , McDaniel Lee , Hakonarson Hakon , Iolascon Achille , Devoto Marcella , Maris John M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The genetic etiology of sporadic neuroblastoma is still largely obscure. In a genome-wide association study, we identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with neuroblastoma at the CASC15, BARD1, LMO1, DUSP12, HSD17B12, HACE1, and LIN28B gene loci, but these explain only a small fraction of neuroblastoma heritability. Other neuroblastoma susceptibility genes are likely hidden among signals discarded by the multiple testing corrections. In this study, we evaluated eight additional genes selected as candidates for further study based on proven involvement in neuroblastoma differentiation. SNPs at these candidate genes were tested for association with disease susceptibility in 2,101 cases and 4,202 controls, with the associations found replicated in an independent cohort of 459 cases and 809 controls. Replicated associations were further studied for cis-effect using gene expression, transient overexpression, silencing, and cellular differentiation assays. The neurofilament gene NEFL harbored three SNPs associated with neuroblastoma (rs11994014: Pcombined = 0.0050; OR, 0.88; rs2979704: Pcombined = 0.0072; OR, 0.87; rs1059111: Pcombined = 0.0049; OR, 0.86). The protective allele of rs1059111 correlated with increased NEFL expression. Biologic investigations showed that ectopic overexpression of NEFL inhibited cell growth specifically in neuroblastoma cells carrying the protective allele. NEFL overexpression also enhanced differentiation and impaired the proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of cells with protective allele and basal NEFL expression, while impairing invasiveness and proliferation of cells homozygous for the risk genotype. Clinically, high levels of NEFL expression in primary neuroblastoma specimens were associated with better overall survival (P = 0.03; HR, 0.68). Our results show that common variants of NEFL influence neuroblastoma susceptibility and they establish that NEFL expression influences disease initiation and progression. Cancer Res; 74(23); 6913–24. ©2014 AACR.