bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Kids in the Kitchen’ impact evaluation: engaging primary school students in preparing fruit and vegetables for their own consumption
Authors: Ritchie Barbara , O'Hara Lily , Taylor Jane 
Published: May 2015

Issue addressedChildren's fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption in Australia is below levels recommended for optimal growth, development and health.Methods‘Kids in the Kitchen’ is a classroom‐based program that engages students in preparing FV. Impact evaluation was conducted with students from Grade 1 (around 6 years old) and Grade 5 (around 11 years old) who participated in the program. A questionnaire was used to collect pre‐ and post‐program data on knowledge, attitudes and consumption of FV, FV preparation skills and environmental supports for FV consumption. A skill audit was also conducted for Grade 1 students.ResultsStudy participants (n = 118) included 70 Grade 1 and 48 Grade 5 students. There was an increase in the median number of fruits correctly identified (from 14 to 16), tried (from 14 to 16) and liked (from 10.5 to 12; P = 0.0001 for all changes). The median number of vegetables correctly identified increased from 10 to 12 (P = 0.0001), but there was no change in the number of vegetables tried or liked. The proportion of participants who rated their skills in using a knife to prepare FV as ‘not really that good’ decreased by 15%, from 42% to 27% (P = 0.04). Grade 1 participants' skills in cutting, grating and peeling improved (P = 0.0001 for all changes).ConclusionsIf children are involved in the preparation of FV, they are more likely to correctly identify them, try them, like them and eat them.
Estimating Trout Abundance with Cataraft-Mounted Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar: a Comparison with Drift Diving
Authors: Hayes John W. , Hay Joe , Maxwell Iain , Quarterman Aaron 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We investigated the potential of dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) deployed from a drifting cataraft for estimating abundance in rivers of Brown Trout Salmo trutta larger than 20 cm. We compared triplicate trout density estimates made by DIDSON with drift-diving density estimates in three reaches of a clear-water river in New Zealand. DIDSON density estimates were much lower (∼22% of drift-dive estimates, range = 7–33%) and less precise than drift-dive estimates (DIDSON CV = 0.13–0.47; drift diving CV = 0.15–0.17). Variation in detecting fish in the DIDSON field survey contributed substantially more (95%) to DIDSON count variability than did fish detection in the image files. Highest precision with DIDSON was achieved in the reach with the least shallow habitat and most uniform channel. Fewer person-hours were required to undertake the field component of DIDSON surveys than the drift dives (5 versus 8.3 h), but the substantial time spent on image review (3.3 h) made DIDSON surveys 34% more costly than drift dives in terms of overall effort. Despite observed shortcomings, cataraft-mounted DIDSON has utility as a noninvasive survey method for estimating abundance of large (&gt;20-cm) fish, particularly in situations where turbidity is too high for visual counting methods to be effective.
Received September 22, 2014; accepted January 8, 2015
Agonistic Behavior among Three Stocked Trout Species
Authors: Hafen Konrad , Budy Phaedra 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The popularity of reservoirs to support sport fisheries has led to the stocking of species that did not co-evolve, creating novel reservoir fish communities. In Utah, the Bear Lake strain of Bonneville Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii utah and tiger trout (female Brown Trout Salmo trutta × male Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis) are being more frequently added to a traditional stocking regimen consisting primarily of Rainbow Trout O. mykiss. Interactions between these three predatory species are not well understood, and studies evaluating community interactions have raised concern for an overall decrease of trout condition. To evaluate the potential for negative interactions among these species, we tested aggression in laboratory aquaria using three-species and pairwise combinations at three densities. Treatments were replicated before and after feeding. During the three-species trials Rainbow Trout initiated 24.8 times more aggressive interactions than Cutthroat Trout and 10.2 times more aggressive interactions than tiger trout, and tiger trout exhibited slightly (1.9 times) more aggressive initiations than Cutthroat Trout. There was no significant difference in behavior before versus after feeding for any species, and no indication of increased aggression at higher densities. Although Rainbow Trout in aquaria may benefit from their bold, aggressive behavior, given observations of decreased relative survival in the field, these benefits may be outweighed in reservoirs, possibly through unnecessary energy expenditure and exposure to predators.
Received October 1, 2014; accepted January 27, 2015
Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic and renal damages in rat: inhibitory effects of cacao polyphenol
Authors: Suzuki Koichiro , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Yamamoto Takayuki , Miyazawa Taiki , Kimura Fumiko , Kamei Masanori , Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Here, we investigated the protective effect of cacao polyphenol extract (CPE) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepato-renal oxidative stress in rats. Rats were administered CPE for 7 days and then received intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. Two hours after injection, we found that CCl4 treatment significantly increased biochemical injury markers, lipid peroxides (phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) and malondialdehyde (MDA)) and decreased glutathione peroxidase activity in kidney rather than liver, suggesting that kidney is more vulnerable to oxidative stress under the present experimental conditions. CPE supplementation significantly reduced these changes, indicating that this compound has antioxidant properties against CCl4-induced oxidative stress. An inhibitory effect of CPE on CCl4-induced CYP2E1 mRNA degradation may provide an explanation for CPE antioxidant property. Together, these results provide quantitative evidence of the in vivo antioxidant properties of CPE, especially in terms of PCOOH and MDA levels in the kidneys of CCl4-treated rats.
Russian Approaches to International Law
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This book examines Russian approaches to international law from three different yet closely interconnected perspectives: history, theory, and recent state practice. The study uses comparative international law as a starting point and argues that in order to understand post-Soviet Russia’s state and scholarly approaches to international law, one should take into account the history of ideas in Russia. To some extent, Russian understandings of international law differ from what is considered the mainstream in the West. One specific feature of this work is that it goes inside the language of international law as it is spoken and discussed in post-Soviet Russia, especially the scholarly literature in the Russian language, and relates this literature to the history of international law as discipline in Russia. Recent state practice such as the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia’s record in the UN SC, the European Court of Human Rights, investor-state arbitration, and the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union are laid out and discussed in the context of increasingly popular ‘civilizational’ ideas, i.e. the claim that Russia is a unique civilization and not part of Europe understood as the West. The implications of this claim for the future of international law, its universality and regionalism are discussed. This study concludes the author’s five-year work on ERC-funded grant that enabled him to attend international law conferences in Russia and other CIS countries, as well as get access to relevant sources that often cannot be so easily accessed in the West.
Inductive Inference
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter focuses on case-based reasoning. It offers an axiomatic approach to the following problem: given a database of observations, how should different eventualities be ranked? The approach is complementary to the Bayesian approach at two levels: first, it may offer an alternative model of prediction, when the information available to the predictor is not easily translated to the language of a prior probability. Second, the approach may describe how a prior is generated. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the formal model and the main results. Section 3 discusses the relationship to kernel methods and to maximum likelihood rankings. Section 4 presents a critical discussion of the axioms, outlining their scope of application. Finally, Section 5 briefly discusses alternative interpretations of the model, and, in particular, relates it to case‐based decision theory.
The Sleeping Beauty Awakens Late: An Absolute Prohibition with Many Buts
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Soering v. the United Kingdom, which concerned the State of Virginia in the United States’ request for the extradition of a young German national, to be put on trial for murder. The case affirmed the obligation under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) for a contracting state not to send a person to a place where this person might be subjected to torture or inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. The chapter questions why Soering, rather than Vilvarajah v. the United Kingdom which had been previously lodged by a number of failed asylum seekers from Sri Lanka, became the leading case in Article 3 return cases. It also identifies the regrettable seeds—from a human rights perspective—which the Cruz Varas v. Sweden judgment, of the same period, planted, with effects discernible up to this day.
Domestic Asylum Procedures Aside: Scrutinising Strasbourg’s ‘Scrutiny’
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyses the M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece judgment of 2011, which called into question a central piece of the Common European Asylum System put in place by the European Union. It argues that the Court was ready to allow migrants to be returned to circumstances of serious adversity, including in Afghanistan. This is in part because the Court requires an impossibly high level of documentation before accepting that a situation is such that individuals should not be returned to a place of adversity.
Plasmonic Effects in Metal-Semiconductor Nanostructures
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis book offers an up-to-date overview of the growing trends in the field of solid state physics known as plasmonics. Initially, plasmonics was concerned with the study of resonant interactions of light with various metal structures. In recent years, however, the emphasis has shifted towards investigation of more sophisticated nanostructures involving not only metals but also semiconductors. The combination of strong surface plasmon resonances inherent to conducting structures with high responsivity of semiconductors to external electromagnetic fields have opened new exciting pathways to control light in ultra-compact geometries. The purpose of the book is to give a general view of electromagnetic and quantum phenomena taking place in metal-semiconductor plasmonic structures, ranging from basic physical theories to practical engineering applications, such as plasmonic nanolasers, plasmon-enhanced light-emitting diodes and solar cells, plasmonic emitters of quantum light, and advanced plasmonic devices operating in infrared and terahertz domains. The list of topics also includes achievement of the strong coupling regime in plasmonic cavities with both organic and inorganic semiconductors and preservation of the non-classical statistics of photons by propagating surface plasmon polaritons.
Bayesian Mechanism Design
Authors: Tilman Börgers , Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter begins by applying general insights from the theory of incentive compatibility to the design of Bayesian incentive-compatible mechanisms when private signals are independent. It then moves on to study the case of correlated private signals and proves Cremer and McLean’s famous result on full surplus extraction in this case. The implications of this paradoxical result for the theory of mechanism are also discussed.
Trans-species learning of cellular signaling systems with bimodal deep belief networks
Authors: Chen Lujia , Cai Chunhui , Chen Vicky , Lu Xinghua 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Model organisms play critical roles in biomedical research of human diseases and drug development. An imperative task is to translate information/knowledge acquired from model organisms to humans. In this study, we address a trans-species learning problem: predicting human cell responses to diverse stimuli, based on the responses of rat cells treated with the same stimuli.
Results: We hypothesized that rat and human cells share a common signal-encoding mechanism but employ different proteins to transmit signals, and we developed a bimodal deep belief network and a semi-restricted bimodal deep belief network to represent the common encoding mechanism and perform trans-species learning. These ‘deep learning’ models include hierarchically organized latent variables capable of capturing the statistical structures in the observed proteomic data in a distributed fashion. The results show that the models significantly outperform two current state-of-the-art classification algorithms. Our study demonstrated the potential of using deep hierarchical models to simulate cellular signaling systems.
Availability and implementation: The software is available at the following URL: http://pubreview.dbmi.pitt.edu/TransSpeciesDeepLearning/. The data are available through SBV IMPROVER website, https://www.sbvimprover.com/challenge-2/overview, upon publication of the report by the organizers.
Contact: xinghua@pitt.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
ABC: a tool to identify SNVs causing allele-specific transcription factor binding from ChIP-Seq experiments
Authors: Bailey Swneke D. , Virtanen Carl , Haibe-Kains Benjamin , Lupien Mathieu 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Detection of allelic imbalances in ChIP-Seq reads is a powerful approach to identify functional non-coding single nucleotide variants (SNVs), either polymorphisms or mutations, which modulate the affinity of transcription factors for chromatin. We present ABC, a computational tool that identifies allele-specific binding of transcription factors from aligned ChIP-Seq reads at heterozygous SNVs. ABC controls for potential false positives resulting from biases introduced by the use of short sequencing reads in ChIP-Seq and can efficiently process a large number of heterozygous SNVs.
Results: ABC successfully identifies previously characterized functional SNVs, such as the rs4784227 breast cancer risk associated SNP that modulates the affinity of FOXA1 for the chromatin.
Availability and implementation: The code is open-source under an Artistic-2.0 license and versioned on GitHub (https://github.com/mlupien/ABC/). ABC is written in PERL and can be run on any platform with both PERL (≥5.18.1) and R (≥3.1.1) installed. The script requires the PERL Statistics::R module.
Contact: mlupien@uhnres.utoronto.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Impact of Preoperative Environmental Enrichment on Prevention of Development of Cognitive Impairment following Abdominal Surgery in a Rat Model
Authors: Kawano Takashi , Eguchi Satoru , Iwata Hideki , Tamura Takahiko , Kumagai Naoko , Yokoyama Masataka 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAbstract
Anesthesia and surgery were associated with memory deficits, microglial activation, and elaboration of inflammatory cytokines in aged, but not young, animals. Preoperative environmental enrichment attenuated cognitive deficits and cytokine production in the brain. The data suggest that preoperative environmental enrichment can mitigate the adverse effects of anesthesia and surgery on postoperative cognitive function.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background:
Sustained neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Here, the authors evaluated the preventive effect of preoperative environmental enrichment (PEE) on the development of neuroinflammation and concomitant POCD in a rat abdominal surgery model.

Methods:
Young and aged rats were assigned to one of four groups using a 2 × 2 experimental design: PEE versus sedentary condition for 14 days, by abdominal surgery versus anesthesia alone (n = 8 in each group). After a 7-day postsurgical recovery period, cognitive function was assessed using a novel object recognition test, followed by measurement of hippocampal levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Under identical conditions, microglia were isolated from the hippocampus for assessment of cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide.

Results:
In the sedentary group, aged, but not young, rats receiving surgery showed memory deficits (novel object preference during testing phase of 54.6 ± 7.8% vs. 76.9 ± 11.3% in nonsurgery group, P < 0.05) and increased hippocampal levels of cytokines compared with nonsurgical rats. PEE had no effects on novel object preference in nonsurgery animals (78.6 ± 10.7%), whereas it attenuated surgery-induced impairment of novel object preference (70.9 ± 15.0%, P < 0.05 vs. sedentary/surgery group) as well as increase of cytokine levels in hippocampus. Furthermore, upon ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, cytokines release from hippocampal microglia isolated from aged rats before intervention was significantly higher in comparison with young rats. PEE resulted in reduction of these age-related microglial phenotypic changes.

Conclusions:
PEE could prevent the development of neuroinflammation and related POCD in aged rats by reversion of a proinflammatory phenotype of hippocampal microglia.
Cost-effectiveness of Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections
Authors: Carreon Leah Y. , Bratcher Kelly R. , Ammous Farah , Glassman Steven D. 
Published: May 2015

Study Design.
Longitudinal cohort.

Objective.
To determine the cost per quality-adjusted life-year for lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESI).

Summary of Background Data.
Despite being a widely performed procedure, there are few studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness of LESIs.

Methods.
Patients who had received LESI between June 2012 and July 2013 with EuroQOL-5D (EQ-5D) scores available before and after LESIs but before any surgical intervention were identified. Costs were calculated on the basis of the Medicare Fee Schedule multiplied by the number of LESIs received between the 2 clinic visits. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were calculated using the EQ-5D.

Results.
Of 421 patients who had pre-LESI EQ-5D data, 323 (77%) had post-LESI data available; 200 females, 123 males, mean age: 59.2 ± 14.2 years. Cost per LESI was $608, with most patients receiving 3 LESIs for more than 1 year (range: 1–6 yr). Mean QALY gained was 0.005. One hundred forty-five patients (45%) had a QALY gain (mean = 0.117) at a cost of $62,175 per QALY gained; 127 patients (40%) had a loss in QALY (mean = −0.120) and 51 patients (15%) had no change in QALY. Fourteen of the 145 patients who improved, and 29 of the 178 patients who did not, have medical comorbidities that precluded surgery. Thirty-two (22%) of 131 patients without medical comorbidities who improved and 57 (32%) of 149 patients without medical comorbidities who did not improve subsequently had undergone surgery (P = 0.015).

Conclusion.
LESI may not be cost-effective in patients with lumbar degenerative disorders. For the 145 patients who improved, cost per QALY gained was acceptable at $62,175. However, for the 178 patients with no gain or a loss in QALY, the economics are not reportable with a cost per QALY gained being theoretically infinite. Further studies are needed to identify specific patient populations who will benefit from LESI because the economic viability of LESI requires improved patient selection.

Level of Evidence: 2
Atypical Testicular Torsion
Authors: Güneş Mustafa , Umul Mehmet , Altok Muammer 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Testicular torsion is a common important urological emergency. Testicles usually undergo various degrees of rotation in a medial (inward) direction. Manual detorsion is a critical maneuver, allowing to prevent testis viability in patients with delay to get into the operation room. Testis torsion rarely occurs in lateral direction. It is important for patients undergoing manual detorsion. Hereby, we present a case of atypical lateral (outward) torsion who performed preoperative manual derotation.
Penetrating Cardiac Nail Gun Injury in a Child
Authors: Kulaylat Afif N. , Chesnut Charles H. , Patel Sunil , Rocourt Dorothy V. , Clark Joseph B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Nail gun injuries primarily occur in the extremities of adult males as a consequence of accidental occupational trauma. Such injury involving the thorax is much less common, and penetrating cardiac injury secondary to pneumatic nail gun discharge is rare. Although potentially lethal, most cases with cardiac trauma are survivable with expedient surgical intervention. Despite improvements in engineered safety mechanisms, the incidence of nail gun injuries has risen as use of the devices has increased. The widespread availability of these tools to nonprofessional consumers exposes a broader population to the potential hazards associated with these devices. We describe the presentation and successful management of the first reported case of penetrating cardiac nail gun injury in a young child.
Magnetite nanoparticles for nonradionuclide brachytherapy
Authors: Safronov Victor , Sozontov Evgeny , Polikarpov Mikhail 
Published: May 2015

Magnetite nanoparticles possess several properties that can make them useful for targeted delivery of radiation to tumors for the purpose of brachytherapy. Such particles are biodegradable and magnetic and can emit secondary radiation when irradiated by an external source. In this work, the dose distribution around a magnetite particle of 10 nm diameter being irradiated by monochromatic X-rays with energies in the range 4–60 keV is calculated.