bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Uses and Limitations of Model Studies in Cycling
Authors: Marshall D.L. , Oliver L.R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The use of model studies for the development of invasion patterns for cyclingis illustrated by model studies obtained with a recently developed apparatus inthe solution of actual cycling problems.

Introduction
Depletion of a gas reservoir by cycling under pressure maintenance may bedivided into three general phases. In the first phase, injection of dry gas isused to move all possible wet gas to producing wells prior to breakthrough ofappreciable quantities of dry gas into producing wells. In the second phase, injection moves additional wet gas to producing wells while moderate quantitiesof dry gas are being produced. The third phase consists of production withoutinjection to deplete the commercial gas reserve which remains after the cyclingoperation. Thus, in the first phase, a portion of the reservoir is invaded bydry gas, and the dry gas usually displaces something less than 100 pct of thewet gas from the invaded portions of the reservoir. The second phase enlargesthe invaded portion of the reservoir and, at the same time, increases recoveryfrom that zone invaded by dry gas in the first phase of the cycling operation.The result is an early yield of a substantial quantity of the liquefiablehydrocarbons in the reservoir with a minimum of the retrograde losses whichoccur in some reservoirs. The overall recovery from such an operation isusually high.
The summation of the paths taken by dry gas in a cycling operation can betermed an invasion pattern. The use of electrical models to predict invasionpatterns has been the subject of several contributions to the literature, theresults of such model studies as applied to actual cases has been discussed byKelton and Miller and Lents.
Recently, an improved apparatus for conducting potentiometric model studies hasbeen developed, as described by Lee. S The purpose of this paper is to presentmodel studies or invasion patterns obtained with this instrument in thesolution of actual cycling problems.
The percentage of displacement of wet gas within the invaded portion of thereservoir in cycling, increase in recoveries of wet gas by continuing cyclingafter dry gas breakthrough, recoveries of wet and dry gas by production aftercycling, or economic factors in cycling are beyond the scope of this paper.Discussions which follow will be limited entirely to the development ofsuitable invasion patterns for cycling under pressure maintenance and the useof model studies therein.
T.P. 2230
Use of Oil-emulsion Mud in the Sivells Bend Field
Authors: Echols W.H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
An oil-emulsion mud, consisting of a mixture of oil-base mud and bentoniticwater-base mud, has been used experimentally in drilling 8 of the 35 wells inthe Sivells Bend field, Cooke County, Texas. Experience indicates theoil-emulsion mud can be controlled in much the same manner as a water-base mud, and the "drilling" functions of the two types of mud are comparable.The average water-loss for the oil-emulsion mud was 3.8 cu cm per well. Whenusing oil-emulsion mud to drill the last 2000'Ft of 7000'Ft wells, the mudcosts were approximately 2Y2 times that of water-base mud. There is nothing toindicate well productivities have been affected through the use of oil-emulsionmud. However, drilling time and bit footages were increased and the holes weremaintained more closely to bit guage. The apparent advantages gained throughthe use of oil-emulsion mud in the Sivells Bend field do not appear to justifythe increase in mud costs.

Introduction
Until a comparatively few years ago most of the development of drilling mud wasdirected toward improving the functions of the mud as related to actualdrilling operations. The industry has long recognized that one disadvantage ofrotary drilling over cable-tool drilling is the possibility of injury toproducing zones through the blocking effect resulting from the infiltration ofwater or mud into the sands. Recognizing this disadvantage, considerableattention has been diverted toward the development of muds that will improvethe quality of well completions through the reduction or elimination of waterinto the sands, but without sacrificing too many of their "drilling"functions and at a cost commensurate with the benefits derived from their use.This phase of mud research has already found practical application, forexample, in the development of the Rangely field, Colorado, it appears the useof oil-base mud during drilling-in operations will contribute appreciablytoward making this exploitation more profitable.
Much of the discussion to follow will be better understood if a brief sketch ofthe Sivells Bend field is given. The Sivells Bend field, discovered by TheTexas Co. in 1944 and still in the process of development, is in a large bendon the Texas side of the Red River about 85 miles north of Dallas.Geologically, the structure is an unsymmetrical anticline, with faulting havingcontributed to its development. The productive sands are of the Strawn seriesof Pennsylvanian age, the sands being lenticular in character and varyingconsiderably in development from well to well. At present there are 35producing wells in the field, producing from seven different sand lenses. Theproductive sand lenses vary from 15 to 50'Ft in thickness and the individualsands have average permeabilities of from 75 to 375 md.
T.P.2227
What Does Industry Have a Right to Expect of Petroleum Engineering Schools?
Authors: Bohart P.H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The answer to the title question will be found by considering the ultimateinfluence of the petroleum engineers on industry and by considering the toolswith which petroleum engineers must be equipped. Some 2000 to 3000 petroleumengineers are being absorbed by the industry yearly, indicating the magnitudeof influence which they may exert on the industry.
The petroleum industry is a highly technical one and it is inevitable thatmanagement be entrusted more and more to executives with technical training.The industry, therefore, expects the petroleum engineering schools to provide abroad basic training and a social and economic orientation which goes beyondmerely supplying the minimum technical qualifications necessary to dischargeresponsibilities for a particular job. Because of the many branches ofindustry, emphasis must be placed on the student's being trained infundamentals, as well as grounded in other engineering branches, such asmechanical, civil and electrical engineering. The petroleum engineeringgraduate must know how to outline and organize the material for an engineeringreport and should be thoroughly grounded in English, both written andspoken.
Even to the end that a five-year course may be required, they should receiveinstructions in auxiliary cultural and social science courses, industrialrelations, and public speaking. Training in the method of approach to anengineering problem is something in which industry is deeply interested. Astandard of ethics, a desire to arrive at the truth, and leadership trainingshould be stressed.

Introduction
The basis of an answer to any question concerning the petroleum engineeringschools' responsibility to the industry will be found by considering theultimate influence of the petroleum engineers on the industry and byconsidering also the tools with which petroleum engineers must be equipped inorder to achieve success and happiness in the role in which their training, individual talents and choice of a profession ultimately will cast them. Theproblem must always be considered as it relates to a large group and not as itrelates to a particular individual possessing strong natural talents anddestined, by virtue of them, to pursue a certain course.
The question implies that petroleum engineering schools have a responsibility, and indeed they do, not only to the industry but also to the students and evento the public. Because the responsibility is concentrated in a relatively fewschools whose graduates are absorbed largely by the one industry, theresponsibility is more apparent and the effect of failure to discharge theresponsibility fully is more serious than the effect of similar failure on thepart of schools supplying a smaller portion of the industry's intake ofengineering graduates. This fact is especially true with respect to an industrysuch as the petroleum industry whose ratio of technical to nontechnicalemployees is relatively high and is increasing.
T.P. 2270
Calculation of Initial Fluid Distributions in Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Muskat Morris 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
It is pointed out that the application of capillary pressure curves obtainedby drainage or desaturation processes to the calculation of the fluiddistribution in interphase transition zones involves a number of difficulties;namely:the development of very low nonwetting phase saturations appears tobe in contradiction with the lack of mobility of such distributions indicatedby permeability-saturation curves,dispersed non wetting phases arethermodynamically unstable, anddiscontinuous phases should not be subjectto hydrostatic equilibrium requirements.
While these difficulties could beobviated by assuming that the capillary pressure drainage curve has an initialhorizontal segment, they are automatically circumvented by application of theimbibition capillary pressure curve to the lower part of the water-oiltransition zone. These generally show zero displacement pressure at onlypartial wetting-phase saturations. The countercurrent upward flow of oil intothe main oil-saturated pay and downward drainage of water also suggests thatwetting-phase imbibition processes will control the saturation distributionimmediately above the water-saturated section. Similar considerations, with ageneralized interpretation of the apparent wetting-phase behavior of the oiland gas phases, provides a basis for constructing the curve for fluiddistribution in the oil-gas transition zone. In the transition zones soderived, the oil begins with a nonvanishing saturation at the water-oil contactand terminates with a similar saturation at the top of the gas-oil contact. Thegas-oil transition zone begins with an equivalent nonvanishing gassaturation.

Introduction
It has been a common assumption for some years that the nature of the fluiddistribution in virgin reservoirs, and in particular that in the transitionzones between the oil and water and between the oil and gas sections, can becomputed by a simple application of capillary pressure data. The results ofsuch calculations appear to have been first reported by Leverett. The latter, however, indicated only the numerical values of the parameters used in thecomputations, without explicitly describing the procedure. Leverett'sillustrative calculated transition zones are reproduced in Fig 1. Although nocritical study of the apparently obvious method of calculation has beenpublished, one cannot proceed very far in the computation without encounteringsome rather fundamental questions not yet answered in the literature.
This paper is not written under the pretense that the whole transition-zoneproblem has been fully and satisfactorily solved. Its purpose, rather, is todiscuss suggestions for its treatment, much of it admittedly hypothetical, andemphasize the nature of the uncertainties arising therein; for the literature, as now available, gives little indication that there are any problems stilloutstanding.
T.P. 2405
Displacement of Oil from Porous Media by Water or Gas
Authors: Welge Henry J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Laboratory apparatus has been devised which permits study of the displacementof oil from cores by water and by gas. The cores used contained interstitialbrine as well as oil.
Experiments were run to determine the comparative effect of varying theproperties of the fluids used. No great effect was noted on the maximumdisplacement achieved. This observation made it unnecessary in initial work touse fluids in their exact reservoir conditions. Consequently, the displacementswere run at near-atmospheric pressure in Pyrex glass equipment, using strippedcrude oils.

Introduction and Theory
The chief object of this work has been to determine the efficiency of gasand water as primary agents for displacing oil from reservoir rock underlaboratory conditions in which capillary phenomena were predominant. To thisend the maximum displacement of oil from cores has been ascertained. Thismaximum displacement may not be equal to the maximum displacement from areservoir; but it will he a close approximation to it sometimes, and othertimes the laboratory information will be useful in reservoir engineeringpredictions. It is believed that the laboratory experimental maximum representsthe upper limit for the reservoir recovery.
The experiments were carried out by obtaining cores of interest from thereservoir, and filling the pores with interstitial brine and oil with therestored state technique. Then the oil was displaced from the core as describedlater, either by brine from below, or by gas from above. The former type ofdisplacement suggests analogy to production by water drive, but not to waterflooding, for reasons discussed below. The latter type of displacement isbelieved to simulate production by gas cap displacement.
The displacements were performed by what may be termed thecapillary-pressure method. The cores are placed in capillary contact with anoil-wetted membrane which has very small pores (about I micron in diameter).Pores of this size will transmit oil hut prevent the passage of gas or water, unless the pressures used are higher than the capillary pressures employed inthis work. Accordingly, use of the membrane makes it possible to apply acapillary pressure differential between the displacing phase and the oil in thecore.
T.P. 2433
Experimental Production Projects and Exploratory Drilling at Elk Hills
Authors: Eastman Max C. , Ruhlman F.L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The termination of the recent war marked a major change in the oil-fieldoperations at Elk Hills. Production was greatly curtailed, various experimentalproduction projects were started, and a long-range exploratory program wasinaugurated. Production was reduced from the wartime peak of 65,000 bbl per dayto the current rate of about 8000 bbl per day in order to maintain an availablesource of crude that can be drawn upon during a national emergency. Theexisting production rate is deemed essential to carry on the experimentalproduction projects. These projects are being conducted to determine the bestmethods and means of maintaining the Reserve, shut in; but in a state ofreadiness to produce the maximum quantity of oil in the most expeditiousmanner. Projects now being investigated include:protection of surfaceequipment;repair of wells that might damage the reservoir;gasinjection;water encroachment,gravity drainage.
An exploratory program is being carried on to determine the amount ofrecoverable oil in the unexplored portions of the Reserve. The Shallow-zoneexploration is practically completed, but owing to the complexity of theStevens structure and the magnitude of the oil discoveries in the Stevens, exploration will probably continue in that zone for another two years.

Introduction

Summary of Development History of Elk Hills
Although a detailed history of Elk Hills oil field is presented in variouspublications, a summary of its unusual development and production history willbe given in order that the present problems may be more readily understood.
The first development that resulted in commercial production was in thecentral part of the Reserve. The first well, Hay No. I, in sec 36-R, wascompleted in January 1919, and was soon followed by 47 others in the samegeneral area. It is commonly referred to as the Hay-Carman area and was shut inin stages from 1925 to 1934 as a result of litigation regarding the title tothe land. Not being highly productive, only about 6 1/2 million barrels of oilwith a large volume of gas was produced from the area prior to theshutdown.
T.P. 2404
Group Risk Assessment Conversation and Experience Transfer (GRACE)
Authors: Vassmyr K.-A. , Gjellestad B. , Hide A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The improved trend in number of injuries in the Norwegian Continental Shelf over the last decades is encouraging. Despite the improved statistics, it is a common goal to further reduce the number of injuries. One of the challenges is to learn from previous accidents.
The accident investigation reports or accident databases can be more proactively used by the workforce or management at site in terms of learning. However, such reports are often complicated and not easily available.
This paper presents the development of GRACE, a system that makes experiences from accidents available in a much more accessible format. Real accidents are presented in a format purpose built for experience transfer among first level leaders and their work force, with emphasis on visual presentation. The paper also outlines experiences in using the system.
Working Together With Subcontractors Towards Excellence in Quality, Health, Safety, and Environmental Issues
Authors: Alary F. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The contribution of subcontractors to oilfield service operations in Mexico has almost doubled over the last five years. Historically, the role of subcontractors was mainly limited to logistical or peripheral activities, but with the growth of integrated projects, they contribute directly to oilfield service operations, including well construction activities. In order to continue overall performance improvements in health, safety, environment, and service quality areas, it is critical to proactively manage interactions with our subcontractors so that risks are systematically identified and adequately controlled.
This paper gives an overview of a subcontractor management initiative, implemented in Mexico during 2004 and 2005 that enhanced the interfaces between a service company and its subcontractors. The initiative defined risk-based subcontractor selection and classification criteria, established clear roles and responsibilities, formalized performance and compliance expectations contractually, and implemented systematic monitoring processes to ensure compliance and evaluate performance. Similarly, specific efforts were made to develop the maturity of quality, health, safety, and environmental (QHSE) systems and the cultures of certain subcontractors by providing assistance, including training and coaching.
Contracting services and buying products have always been strategic components of oil and gas company operations because of the direct and critical impact on project technical performance and economics. Until recently, this dimension has not represented the same criticality for oilfield service companies like Schlumberger who are accustomed to working as contractors. This was largely due to a more limited exposure and a natural tendency to give absolute priority to the commercial and technical relationship with their clients, without necessarily realizing how much their own performance can be influenced by that of their subcontractors.
Evaluation of Experiment Program 2004: Natural Hydrate Exploration Campaign in the Nankai-Trough Offshore Japan
Authors: Matsuzawa M. , Umezu S. , Yamamoto K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan has decided to carry out the 16 years research and development program of natural methane hydrate (MH) resources and set up the Research Consortium for Methane Hydrate Resources in Japan (MH21) in 2001.1
In 2004, a multi-well exploration campaign in the Nankai-Trough was conducted as a national project led by METI. It was organized by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) in collaboration with Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd. (JAPEX) and Teikoku Oil Co., Ltd. (TOC) as drilling operators. All scheduled programs were performed with deepwater research vessel "JOIDES Resolution" operated by Transocean. There were 30 wells drilled mainly for geological research purposes and 2 wells drilled for engineering experiment purposes during this campaign.2
The purpose of experiment was to obtain the engineering data and to verify technologies which would be required for the future possible production from the natural hydrate offshore of Japan. The following experiments, which were 1) Drilling fluids applicability for borehole stability, 2) Monitoring the downhole pressure and temperature while drilling, 3) Cementing, 4) Formation / fracture pressure measurements, 5) Capability to horizontally drill unconsolidated formations and hydrate layers in very shallow section below the seabed, was conducted by drilling 2 wells in 19 days. This experiment program was undertaken by Japan Drilling Co., Ltd. (JDC) under contract with JOGMEC for the planning and for the analysis of obtained data, and with JAPEX for the operation.
As a result of the experiment, effectiveness of the drilling fluids which were used to the borehole stability was confirmed. The specially designed cement slurry covered up the hydrate formations. The pressure measurement executed at several points including the hydrate formations by using Cased Hole Dynamics Tester (CHDT*) acquired effective data. The horizontal well was executed almost on the planned path and it was able to drill about 300m length of the hydrate layers including 100m length of horizontal section at 340mTVD below the seabed.
A further research and development is scheduled to be promoted with the method of completion of the production test well.
An Environment Friendly and Economically Attractive Thermal Degradation Inhibitor for Bentonite Mud
Authors: Amanullah Md. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The environmental concerns, increasing cost of exploration and the technical requirement of high temperature drilling demand the use of environment friendly, economically attractive and thermally stable water-based drilling mud to fulfill the functional behavior of a mud system to complete a well safely and economically. Thermal stability of low cost water-based mud is essential to achieve the technical goal, meet the environmental challenges and reduce the mud cost. This paper describes a novel additive to prevent the thermal degradation of bentonite mud up to a bottom hole temperature of 150°C.
The experimental data of a base bentonite mud showed more than 150% increase in PV, more than 250% increase in YP and more than 100% increase in gel strength after hot rolling at 150°C for 16 hours. The bentonite mud with novel thermal degradation inhibitor showed about 50% increase in PV and little change in the YP and gel strength characteristic of the bentonite+GSP mud after hot rolling at 150°C for 16 hours. The environment friendly thermal degradation inhibitor is expected to increase the working temperature range of bentonite mud without causing any damage to the environment.