bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ebola virus screening during pregnancy in West Africa: unintended consequences
Authors: Deaver John E. , Cohen Wayne R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe hypothesized that predictive value of traditional Ebola virus disease (EVD) screening in West African pregnant women is low because febrile and hemorrhagic complications of pregnancy that can mimic EVD are common.Proportions of various categories of pregnancy loss from a hypothetical cohort of West African gravidas were used to construct a Kaplan-Meier curve. The incidence rate of each category was determined by multiplying its proportion by the overall incidence rate, calculated from the inverse of the area under the curve. Incidence rates of Ebola-like illnesses during pregnancy were obtained by multiplying their percentages by the incidence rates of categories of loss with which they coincide.During pregnancy about 1.5% of suspected EVD cases would prove to have EVD. Most of the remaining 98.5% would have hemorrhagic and febrile complications of pregnancy.Current guidelines consider obstetrical interventions inappropriate in suspected EVD during pregnancy. However, because the overwhelming majority of cases suspected by screening do not have EVD and might benefit from obstetrical intervention, policy makers must consider whether the small risk to properly protected health care workers from the 1.5% with true EVD justifies withholding potentially life-saving care from the 98.5% who ultimately test negative for EVD.
Invitation refusals in Cameroon French and Hexagonal French
Authors: Farenkia Bernard Mulo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDescriptions of regional pragmatic variation in French are lacking to date the focus has been on a limited range of speech acts, including apologies, requests, compliments and responses to compliments. The present paper, a systematic analysis of invitation refusals across regional varieties of French, is designed to add to the research on intralingual regional pragmatic variation in French. Using questionnaire data collected in France and Cameroon, this paper examines the strategies employed by French speakers in Cameroon and in France to decline an invitation to a friend’s birthday party, an invitation by a classmate to have a drink and an invitation to attend a talk given by a professor’s colleague. The findings reveal some parallels in both varieties of French with respect to the preference for face-saving refusal strategies (indirect refusal and adjuncts to refusals and internal modification devices). However, many differences emerged with respect to the choices of indirect refusals. Also, the Cameroonian participants tend to produce more complex utterances and to use more relational address forms than the French.
Plasmon-enhanced photodetection in nanostructures
Authors: Bao Yanjun , Fang Zheyu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPhotodetection, which converts light into electric current, has significant importance in modern physics. For the graphene photodetector, the performance is mainly limited by its low external quantum efficiency, mainly due to its poor light absorption properties. While for the semiconductor photodetector, photocurrent generation is limited to photon energies above the band gap of the semiconductor. When a metallic nanostructure is introduced, on the one hand, the plasmon oscillations lead to a dramatic enhancement of the local electric field around graphene, resulting in a significant performance improvement of the graphene photodetector; on the other hand, hot electrons from plasmon decay can transfer across the Schottky barrier at the metal-semiconductor interface, resulting in a photocurrent, which is no longer limited to photon energies greater than the band gap of the semiconductor, but rather to photon energies above the Schottky barrier height. Here, we review typical plasmonic nanostructures for the enhancement of photodetection in graphene and other semiconductor materials.
Copper oxide nanoparticles: an antidermatophytic agent for Trichophyton spp.
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Shukla Shashi Kant , Pandey Anand , Srivastava Sanjeev Kumar , Dikshit Anupam 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Copper oxide (CuO) is one of the most important transition metal oxides due to its unique properties. It is used in various technological applications such as high critical temperature, superconductors, gas sensors, in photoconductive applications and so on. Recently, it has been used as an antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic bacteria. In the present investigation, we studied the structural and antidermatophytic properties of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by a precipitation technique. Copper sulfate was used as a precursor and sodium hydroxide as a reducing agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed flower-shaped CuO NPs and X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed the crystalline nature of CuO NPs. These NPs were evaluated against two prevalent species of dermatophytes, i.e. Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes by using the broth microdilution technique. Further, the NPs activity was also compared with synthetic sertaconazole. Although better antidermatophytic activity was exhibited with sertaconazole as compared to NPs, being synthetic, sertaconazole may not be preferred, as it shows different adverse effects. Trichophyton mentagrophytes is more susceptible to NPs than T. rubrum. A phylogenetic approach was applied for predicting differences in susceptibility of pathogens.
Are there treatments for atypical parkinsonism? An update on actual options
Authors: Moretti Davide V. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSuccess in treating patients with atypical parkinsonism remains exceedingly low. It is particularly important for both neurologists and general practicians to have a guideline in the actual possible cure options. This study reviews the limited available literature reporting treatment trials about treatment in parkinsonism. Various therapeutical approaches have been tried with rasagiline, immunoglobulin, autologous mesenchymal stem cells, davunetide, lithium, and tideglusib. Recently, the transdermal rotigotine has been proposed for the treatment of atypical parkinsonism, as well as deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the peduncolopontine nucleus alone or combined with globus pallidus internus stimulation. The outcomes reviewed here highlight the need for the development of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to validate outcomes about rotigotine, DBS, and all other new therapies directed at altering the underlying biological mechanisms involved in the disease process.
Evolution of Carbon Fiber Microstructure During Carbonization and High-Temperature Graphitization Measured In Situ Using Synchrotron Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Behr Michael , Rix James , Landes Brian , Barton Bryan , Hukkanen Eric , Patton Jasson , Weigand Steven , Keane Denis 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper will discuss the structure-property model developed that correlates the tensile modulus to the elastic properties and angular distribution of constituent graphitic layers for carbon fiber derived from a polyethylene precursor. In addition, a high-temperature fiber tensile device was built to enable heating of carbon fiber bundles at a variable rate from 25 °C to greater than ∼2300 °C, while simultaneously applying a tensile stress. This capability combined with synchrotron wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), enabled observation in situ and in real time of the microstructural transformation from different carbon fiber precursors to high-modulus carbon fiber. Experiments conducted using PAN- and PE-derived fiber precursors reveal stark differences in their carbonization and high-temperature graphitization behavior.
Surface Analytical Characterization of P3HT-Streptavidin Bilayers for Biosensing Applications
Authors: Sportelli Maria Chiara , Picca Rosaria Anna , Manoli Kyriaki , Magliulo Maria , Re Marilena , Pesce Emanuela , Tapfer Leander , Santacroce Maria Vittoria , Di Franco Cinzia , Cioffi Nicola , Torsi Luisa 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTUltrasensitive biosensors based on bottom gate organic field-effect transistors can be developed by depositing a functional biological (protein) interlayer directly on the silicon oxide gate dielectric and underneath the organic semiconductor film. However, the deposition methods for assembling the protein biological recognition layer can affect the biosensor analytical performances for the target analyte detection. Here, spin-coating and layer-by-layer techniques were considered as different approaches for streptavidin protein deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was systematically used in the non-destructive parallel angle resolved mode to characterize the multilayer device at each step of its assembly to gain information on elemental depth profiles. Scanning electron and scanning Helium ion microscopies gave information about stacked layer structure and morphology corroborating XPS results.
Tests for clinical assessment of the stand-to-sit/sit-to-stand in subjects post-stroke: a systematic review.
Authors: Silva Paula Fernanda de Sousa , Gusmão Amanda Ferreira , Franco Juliane , Quintino Ludmylla Ferreira , Faria Christina Danielli Coelho de Morais 
Published: June 2015

Introduction: Individuals with stroke usually show limitations in the performance of daily activities. Among the most limited activities is the stand-up/sit-down, which limitation in performance is a major cause of disability in this population. Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical tests used to evaluate the stand-up/sit-down in individuals with stroke, considering their protocols and properties. Method: A systematic literature review following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol was performed. Systematic literature searches on the following databases MEDLINE/SCIELO/LILACS/PEDro was performed, using search strategies that included terms referring to tests and individuals with stroke. The inclusion criteria were: use of a clinical test to evaluate the stand-up/sit-down in individuals with stroke and be published in any language until april/2013. Results: Fifteen studies were included, which used the test of three repetitions (n=1/15), number of repetitions in 30s (n=1/15) and 60s (n=1/15), and the five repetitions test (n=12/15), for which was investigated reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (n=2/12, 0.89≤ICC≤0.99), sensibility/specificity (n=2/12, 67%-83%/72-75%) and validity with pearson correlation coefficients (r) (n=1/12, 0.75≤r≤0.83). Most part of the studies (n=8/15) used chair with seat height fixed and reported the number of repetitions of the test (n=7/15), performed with one (n=3/8), two (n=2/8) or three repetitions (n=3/8). Conclusion: The test of five repetitions was used more often in individuals with stroke and the only one for which measurement properties was investigated, which results were adequate. However, standardization of this test considering determining factors for the evaluation of stand-up/sit-down, as chair height and number of repetitions, are still needed.
Risques naturels en Afrique équatoriale. L'exemple du Gabon (Natural Hazards in Equatorial Africa. Gabon case)
Authors: Loubamono Solange , Faugères Lucien 
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les violents averses de la saison pluvieuse d'octobre 1988, réparties sur l'ensemble du Gabon, ont provoqué des inondations catastrophiques le long du cours de l'Ogooué et de ses principaux affluents. Les agglomérations ont été durement frappées, mais particulièrement Franceville et la ville de Lambaréné, la plus exposée aux risques d'inondation.
La prise de conscience récente de l'importance des risques d'origine naturelle au Gabon, jusqu'alors tenus pour négligeables, est liée à cet épisode au cours duquel des décisions importantes durent être prises. Pour tenter de discerner les causes profondes de l'apparition récente du phénomène, ainsi que pour évaluer l'efficacité du début de gestion des risques qui est alors mis en place pour lui répondre, deux études ont été entreprises sur les deux secteurs représentatifs de Franceville et Lambaréné. Elles montrent le rôle des dégradations du milieu d'origine anthropique, particulièrement sensibles le long du tracé du chemin de fer transgabonais.
Le défi démographique chinois (The Chinese vital challenge)
Authors: Zongxia Cai , Sigwalt Pierre 
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - An analysis of the newest vital data issued from Chinese sources shows how broad is the scope of the Chinese vital challenge. It aims to ensure a balanced ressources/population development, or, in other words, to allow the survival of the people along with the development of the country. That means to develop new understandings and solidarities between the people to be able to resolve arising social welfare expenditure due to rapid urbanization and care needed by the elderly.
The pessimistic scenarios of evolution of Chinese vital factors justify the pursuit, or even the intensification, of the birth control programme. New educationnal programmes should focus on the necessity to develop new solidarities, to achieve a raisonnable vital growth at least during the next five decades, which could lead to a better balanced economical development of the economy.
Comptabilités urbaines et histoire monétaire (1384-1482)
Authors: Clauzel Denis 
Published: June 2015

The monetary history of the Low-countries in the Burgundian times is still ill-known. This article rests on the examination of about a hundred urban accounts of Lille and yields three additionnai elements to previous studies.
The search for a "good currency", strong and stable, is a constant concern for the Dukes of Burgundy. But their monetary bills are not always thoroughly enforced by the Lille accountants. They often deviate when the attempts at stricter rules seem unreasonable, even if this complicates their task and tangles up their accounts.
The princes' absolutism cannot in fact be freely exercised. Money is a good whose value is submitted to the laws of the market. The incidence of the fluctuations of the market prices of fine silver on the legal currency is decisive. The shortage of cash compels the ducal power to alter its currencies.
A monetary policy cannot be indifferent to the international environment. Flemish and French currencies were thus carefully adjusted. To speak of a system of fixed currency equivalence is not anachronistic. Before Gresham, the dukes had understood, phrased and applied this rule. This played as a constraint against devaluation.
Three and Four Horizontal Muscle Surgery for Large Angle Exotropia
Authors: Chen John H. , Morrison David G. , Donahue Sean P. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:
Surgery on two horizontal recti typically is most effective for angles less than 40 prism diopters (PD). The authors evaluate their experience operating on three or four rectus muscles for angles exceeding 40 PD.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review of 47 patients who underwent a first surgical procedure for a large angle comitant exodeviation. Patients were observed for a minimum of 2 months. Success was defined as deviation ±10 PD.

Results:

Median age was 48 years (range: 1 to 79 years). Thirty-four patients underwent three muscle surgery and 13 underwent four muscle surgery. Mean preoperative angles were 55 ± 9.8 and 72 ± 8.8 PD, respectively. Following three muscle surgery, rates of success, undercorrection, and overcorrection were 67%, 27%, and 7% at 2 months and 42%, 58%, and 0% at final follow-up (12 ± 8.7 months), respectively. Rates for four muscle surgery were 44%, 33%, and 22% at 2 months and 50%, 38%, and 13% at final follow-up (11 ± 12.2 months), respectively. Patients who were successfully aligned at 2 months had a mean preoperative angle of 55 PD, whereas those who were undercorrected had a mean preoperative angle of 67 PD (
P
= .009). Between 1 week and 2 months, 77% of patients experienced exotropic drift averaging 10 ± 9.1 PD. By final follow-up, 90% experienced exotropic drift averaging 15 ± 14.1 PD. Success rates for traditional and adjustable suture surgeries did not differ significantly.

Conclusions:
Three and four horizontal muscle surgeries are effective for correcting large angle exotropia. Higher preoperative deviations predisposed to undercorrection. Postoperative exotropic drift should be anticipated.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(5):305–310.]
Reduction in Rectus Muscle Recession Depending on the Distance Between Rectus Muscle Suture Placement and Scleral Insertion in Rabbit Eyes
Authors: Ryu Won Yeol , An Seoung Hyun 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:
To quantitatively determine how a large tendon remnant reduces the effect of the rectus muscle recession procedure with respect to the distance between the placement of the muscle suture and the scleral insertion.

Methods:
Thirty-six eyes from 18 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups according to the distance between the superior rectus muscle suture placement and the scleral insertion (1, 2, 3, and 4 mm). The superior rectus muscle was sutured at the previously listed distances from the insertion. Each superior rectus muscle was reattached using a scleral pass at a site 4 mm posterior to its original insertion. The amount of recession was measured as the distance between the most anterior aspect of the reattached muscle and the original insertion site.

Results:

The mean amount of recession was 4.07 ± 0.25 mm in the 1-mm group and 2.76 ± 0.55 mm in the 4-mm group at postoperative week 4. There were significant differences in the amount of recession between the four groups. Linear regression analyses revealed a significant relationship between the distance of the muscle suture placement from the scleral insertion and the amount of recession (
r
2
= 0.521). The superior rectus muscle was estimated to be reattached 0.437 mm anterior to the desired location for every 1 mm that the muscle suture was placed posterior to the scleral insertion.

Conclusions:
The potential error that depends on the distance between the muscle suture placement and the scleral insertion should be considered to reduce undercorrection and ensure a good surgical outcome.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2015;52(5):294–298.]
Surgical Treatment of V-pattern Exotropia in Crouzon Syndrome
Authors: Qiao Tong , Wang Gang , Xiong Juan , Luo Wenting , Chen Juan 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:
Strabismus affects as many as 60% to 70% of patients with Crouzon syndrome. V-pattern strabismus is common and is thought to be secondary to severe oblique muscle dysfunction. The complex motility disorders produced by abnormal extraocular muscles in this syndrome can be difficult to manage. Few studies have reported findings regarding the extraocular muscles or how to plan and adapt the required surgery for this condition.

Methods:
The surgical management and outcomes of four patients with Crouzon syndrome who had undergone craniofacial reconstruction surgery were retrospectively reviewed.

Results:
All patients showed significant improvement in the primary eye position, but had residual ocular motility dysfunction postoperatively, especially relating to the up gaze position. During surgery it was noted that the lateral rectus muscle or superior oblique tendons were absent or anomalous in one of the four patients. In two of the patients, there was an absence of both inferior rectus muscles. The extraocular muscles were examined pathologically and revealed evidence of tendon capsule and mild fiber degeneration.

Conclusions:
Strabismus in Crouzon syndrome is complex and the absence of certain extraocular muscles is unpredictable. It is not possible to perform strabismus surgery according to a defined surgical plan; one needs to adapt according to the patient’s individual anatomy. Also, the strabismus is difficult to completely correct. However, improving ocular motility in the most functional fields of gaze will benefit the quality of life for both children and their families.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(5):299–304.]
Arch-Taping Techniques for Altering Navicular Height and Plantar Pressures During Activity
Authors: Newell Tim , Simon Janet , Docherty Carrie L. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Arch tapings have been used to support the arch by increasing navicular height. Few researchers have studied navicular height and plantar pressures after physical activity.

Objective
To determine if taping techniques effectively support the arch during exercise.

Design
Crossover study.

Setting
Athletic training research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Twenty-five individuals (13 men, 12 women; age = 20.0 ± 1.0 years, height = 172.3 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 70.1 ± 10.2 kg) with a navicular drop of more than 8 mm (12.9 ± 3.3 mm) volunteered.

Intervention(s)
All individuals participated in 3 days of testing, with 1 day for each tape condition: no tape, low dye, and navicular sling. On each testing day, navicular height and plantar pressures were measured at 5 intervals: baseline; posttape; and after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of running. The order of tape condition was counterbalanced.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
The dependent variables were navicular height in millimeters and plantar pressures in kilopascals. Plantar pressures were divided into 5 regions: medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, lateral midfoot, lateral rearfoot, and medial rearfoot. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable.

Results
Navicular height was higher immediately after application of the navicular-sling condition (P = .004) but was reduced after 5 minutes of treadmill running (P = .12). We observed no differences from baseline to posttape for navicular height for the low-dye (P = .30) and no-tape conditions (P = .25). Both the low-dye and navicular-sling conditions increased plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot region compared with the no-tape condition. The low-dye condition created decreased pressure in the medial and lateral forefoot regions compared with the no-tape condition. All changes were identified immediately after application and were maintained during running. No changes were noted in plantar pressures for the no-tape condition (P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Both taping techniques effectively changed plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot, and these changes were sustained throughout the 15 minutes of exercise.
Reflexiones sobre dos dibujos de la Torre de los Escipiones de Tarragona. La paradoja de la conceptualidad del dibujo arqueológico
Authors: Puche Josep M , Macias Josep M , Solà-Morales Pau , Toldrà Josep M 
Published: June 2015

<p>La arqueología, la disciplina que permite conocer las sociedades humanas históricas a partir de sus restos materiales, no se puede concebir sin el dibujo. No hay labor vinculada a ella que no implique una participación activa del dibujo, desde el trabajo de campo hasta la publicación, pasando por los informes técnicos y administrativos. A partir de dos dibujos, uno de Mouliner i el otro del DAI, sobre la Torre dels Escipions de Tarragona, separados en el tiempo y conceptualmente diferentes se realiza una reflexión sobre cual tendría que ser el concepto de bondad del dibujo arqueológico, a que sirve y cual tiene que ser su funcionalidad.</p>