bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical analysis and simulation study on a coaxial vircator with enhanced modulation
Authors: Ou J. J. , Shao H. , Zhang Y. C. , Xiong X. Z. , Liao C. 
Published: July 2015

Based on large-signal theory, a one-dimensional theoretical model of a coaxial vircator is developed to give the microwave gain of the nonlinear beam–wave interaction, and the effect of injected current premodulation on the microwave gain is analysed theoretically. In addition, a coaxial vircator with improved dual-cavity modulation structure, which has the advantage of enhancing the effect of the modulation cavity on the injected electron beam by way of feedback microwaves, is presented. The simulation results are presented to test the validity of the proposed theory, and it can be seen that the system power efficiency can become further strengthened by adjusting the parameters of the microwave feedback channel until the feedback electric field is at the proper phase. Finally, through optimization, a structure capable of generating 7.05 GW average output power and 19.5 % power conversion efficiency at 2.95 GHz operating frequency is obtained.
Feng Youlan and Dialectical/Historical Materialism, 1930s–1950s
Authors: LIN XIAOQING DIANA 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article explores the acceptance of Marxism by a non-Marxist Chinese philosopher, Feng Youlan, before and after 1949. Previous studies have largely focused on establishment intellectuals in the study of Marxism and intellectuals in China, and this article seeks to fill the lacuna on the intellectual potential Marxism offered to non-Communist intellectuals in China. This article finds that for Feng Youlan, a non-Marxist Chinese intellectual, Marxism was able to provide meaningful venues for his attempt to modernize Chinese knowledge and transform Chinese culture. A Marxist emphasis on universal rules governing all human societies on the same stage of development, Marxist presentist approaches to history, and most of all, a Marxist emphasis on praxis, aided Chinese intellectuals like Feng in constructing new approaches to learning the Chinese past. The Marxist emphasis on praxis helped deepen the discussion of experience, a concept central to a reconstruction of Confucian learning in modern China, after the Communist takeover of China in 1949. Eventually the state monopoly of the definition of Marxist praxis stifled the spontaneous search for a new understanding of experience in Communist China. Nonetheless, Marxism had a transformative and lasting impact on modern Chinese scholarship, as seen from the example of Feng Youlan.
Attention network functioning in children with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and non-clinical anxiety
Authors: Mogg K. , Salum G. A. , Bradley B. P. , Gadelha A. , Pan P. , Alvarenga P. , Rohde L. A. , Pine D. S. , Manfro G. G. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundResearch with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders).MethodWe examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting.ResultsFindings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times.ConclusionsImpaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.
Childhood sexual and physical abuse: age at exposure modulates impact on functional outcome in early psychosis patients
Authors: Alameda L. , Ferrari C. , Baumann P. S. , Gholam-Rezaee M. , Do K. Q. , Conus P. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundEvidence suggests a relationship between exposure to trauma during childhood and functional impairments in psychotic patients. However, the impact of age at the time of exposure has been understudied in early psychosis (EP) patients.MethodTwo hundred and twenty-five patients aged 18–35 years were assessed at baseline and after 2, 6, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of treatment. Patients exposed to sexual and/or physical abuse (SPA) were classified according to age at the time of first exposure (Early SPA: before age 11 years; Late SPA: between ages 12 and 15 years) and then compared to patients who were not exposed to such trauma (Non-SPA). The functional level in the premorbid phase was measured with the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) and with the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) during follow-up.ResultsThere were 24.8% of patients with a documented history of SPA. Late SPA patients were more likely to be female (p= 0.010). Comparison with non-SPA patients revealed that: (1) both Early and Late SPA groups showed poorer premorbid social functioning during early adolescence, and (2) while patients with Early SPA had poorer functional level at follow-up with lower GAF (p= 0.025) and lower SOFAS (p= 0.048) scores, Late SPA patients did not.ConclusionOur results suggest a link between exposure to SPA and the later impairment of social functioning before the onset of the disease. EP patients exposed to SPA before age 12 may present long-lasting functional impairment, while patients exposed at a later age may improve in this regard and have a better functional outcome.
Diagnostic change 10 years after a first episode of psychosis
Authors: Heslin M. , Lomas B. , Lappin J. M. , Donoghue K. , Reininghaus U. , Onyejiaka A. , Croudace T. , Jones P. B. , Murray R. M. , Fearon P. , Dazzan P. , Morgan C. , Doody G. A. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundA lack of an aetiologically based nosology classification has contributed to instability in psychiatric diagnoses over time. This study aimed to examine the diagnostic stability of psychosis diagnoses using data from an incidence sample of psychosis cases, followed up after 10 years and to examine those baseline variables which were associated with diagnostic change.MethodData were examined from the ÆSOP and ÆSOP-10 studies, an incidence and follow-up study, respectively, of a population-based cohort of first-episode psychosis cases from two sites. Diagnosis was assigned using ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR. Diagnostic change was examined using prospective and retrospective consistency. Baseline variables associated with change were examined using logistic regression and likelihood ratio tests.ResultsSlightly more (59.6%) cases had the same baseline and lifetime ICD-10 diagnosis compared with DSM-IV-TR (55.3%), but prospective and retrospective consistency was similar. Schizophrenia, psychotic bipolar disorder and drug-induced psychosis were more prospectively consistent than other diagnoses. A substantial number of cases with other diagnoses at baseline (ICD-10, n = 61; DSM-IV-TR, n = 76) were classified as having schizophrenia at 10 years. Many variables were associated with change to schizophrenia but few with overall change in diagnosis.ConclusionsDiagnoses other than schizophrenia should to be regarded as potentially provisional.
Can a microwave heat up coffee? How English- and Japanese-speaking children choose subjects in lexical causative sentences
Authors: KANERO JUNKO , HIRSH-PASEK KATHY , MICHNICK GOLINKOFF ROBERTA 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLanguages differ greatly in how they express causal events. In languages like Japanese, the subjects of causative sentences, orcausers, are generally animate and intentional, whereas in other languages like English, causers range widely from animate beings to inanimate objects (e.g. Wolff, Jeon & Li, 2009). This paper exploreswhenchildren learn to represent cause in their native tongue andhowthis learning occurs over the course of development. English- and Japanese-speaking preschoolers watched animations that were caused by (i) humans acting intentionally, (ii) humans acting accidentally, (iii) objects that generate energy (e.g. a machine), and (iv) objects that do not generate energy (e.g. a tool). Children were then asked to choose a good description of the event between two options. At age three, English- and Japanese-speaking children performed the task in similar ways, attending only to the intention of causal agents; however, at age four, speakers of the two languages diverged. English speakers were more likely to accept energy-generating objects such as machines as the subject of a lexical causative sentence than Japanese speakers.
Influence of thyroid hormone disruption on the incidence of shingles
Authors: AJAVON A. , KILLIAN D. , ODOM R. , FIGLIOZZI R. W. , CHEN F. , BALISH M. , PARMAR J. , FREEMAN R. , SNITZER J. , HSIA S. V. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYThe reactivation of dormant alpha-human herpesvirus (αHHV) has been attributed to various causes often referred to as stressors. However, no clinical study investigating the relationship between stressors and reactivation exists in humans at this time. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), an important αHHV, was shown to have its gene expression and replication regulated by thyroid hormone (TH) using molecular biology approaches. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is categorized in αHHV superfamily and shares similar homology with HSV-1. We hypothesize that a history of TH imbalance may be associated with the incidence of shingles (VZV reactivation). This current pilot study, based on a hospital medical claims database, was conducted as a retrospective case-controlled investigation to determine if a putative link between TH imbalance and incidence of shingles is present. An odds ratio of 2·95 with a χ2 value of 51·74 was calculated for the total population diagnosed with TH disruption and shingles. Further analyses indicated that African American males exhibited a much higher chance of simultaneous diagnoses. These results show that a TH imbalance history may affect VZV reactivation at different incidence rates in different races and age groups.
Involvement of l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation. Part II: α-l-Rhamnosidase
Authors: Liang Jing , Aleksanyan Heghush , Metzenberg Stan , Oppenheimer Steven B. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe sea urchin embryo is recognized as a model system to reveal developmental mechanisms involved in human health and disease. In Part I of this series, six carbohydrates were tested for their effects on gastrulation in embryos of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Only l-rhamnose caused dramatic increases in the numbers of unattached archenterons and exogastrulated archenterons in living, swimming embryos. It was found that at 30 h post-fertilization the l-rhamnose had an unusual inverse dose-dependent effect, with low concentrations (1–3 mM) interfering with development and higher concentrations (30 mM) having little to no effect on normal development. In this study, embryos were examined for inhibition of archenteron development after treatment with α-l-rhamnosidase, an endoglycosidase that removes terminal l-rhamnose sugars from glycans. It was observed that the enzyme had profound effects on gastrulation, an effect that could be suppressed by addition of l-rhamnose as a competitive inhibitor. The involvement of l-rhamnose-containing glycans in sea urchin gastrulation was unexpected, since there are no characterized biosynthetic pathways for rhamnose utilization in animals. It is possible there exists a novel l-rhamnose-containing glycan in sea urchins, or that the enzyme and sugar interfere with the function of rhamnose-binding lectins, which are components of the innate immune system in many vertebrate and invertebrate species.
Restrictive atrial septum after the Fontan procedure
Authors: Penford Gemma , Quandt Daniel , Stumper Oliver 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this study, three patients presenting with early or late postoperative Fontan complications were identified to suffer from restriction of the native atrial septum. This caused significant obstruction to pulmonary venous return and elevated systemic venous pressure. Dobutamine stress testing was used in one patient to identify this lesion. Transcatheter stenting was performed in the other two patients. Patients improved after relief of the obstruction.
Exploring the opportunities for food and drink purchasing and consumption by teenagers during their journeys between home and school: a feasibility study using a novel method
Authors: Cowburn Gill , Matthews Anne , Doherty Aiden , Hamilton Alex , Kelly Paul , Williams Julianne , Foster Charlie , Nelson Michael 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility and acceptability of using wearable cameras as a method to capture the opportunities for food and drink purchasing/consumption that young people encounter on their regular journeys to and from school.DesignA qualitative study using multiple data-collection methods including wearable cameras, global positioning system units, individual interviews, food and drink purchase and consumption diaries completed by participants over four days, and an audit of food outlets located within an 800 m Euclidean buffer zone around each school.SettingA community setting.SubjectsTwenty-two students (fourteen girls and eight boys) aged 13–15 years recruited from four secondary schools in two counties of England.ResultsWearable cameras offered a feasible and acceptable method for collecting food purchase and consumption data when used alongside traditional methods of data collection in a small number of teenagers. We found evidence of participants making deliberate choices about whether or not to purchase/consume food and drink on their journeys. These choices were influenced by priorities over money, friends, journey length, travel mode and ease of access to opportunities for purchase/consumption. Most food and drink items were purchased/consumed within an 800 m Euclidean buffer around school, with items commonly selected being high in energy, fat and sugar. Wearable camera images combined with interviews helped identify unreported items and misreporting errors.ConclusionsWearable camera images prompt detailed discussion and generate contextually specific information which could offer new insights and understanding around eating behaviour patterns. The feasibility of scaling up the use of these methods requires further empirical work.
Asthma control in pregnancy is associated with pre-conception dietary patterns
Authors: Grieger Jessica A , Grzeskowiak Luke E , Wood Lisa G , Clifton Vicki L 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine pre-conception dietary patterns in pregnant asthmatic women and to identify associations between maternal diet and asthma control during pregnancy.DesignCross-sectional study. Pre-conception food frequency data were collected retrospectively. Asthma control was assessed using the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. Dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between uncontrolled asthma and each dietary pattern (Z-score), with values presented as odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval.SettingAntenatal clinic in a tertiary hospital, Adelaide, Australia, May 2009–July 2013.SubjectsOne hundred and fifty-eight asthmatic pregnant women.ResultsThree dietary patterns were identified: (i) ‘high protein/fruit’ (strong food group loadings for fish, meat, chicken, fruit); (ii) ‘high fat/sugar/takeaway’ (takeaway foods, crisps, refined grains); and (iii) ‘vegetarian-type’ (vegetables, fruit, soya milk, whole grains). A 1sdincrease in score on the high fat/sugar/takeaway pattern was associated with increased likelihood of uncontrolled asthma (adjusted OR=1·54; 95 % CI 1·07, 2·23;P=0·022). Women with uncontrolled asthma (n115) had higher energy-adjusted intakes of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, carbohydrate, sugar and fibre compared with women with controlled asthma (n43, allP≤0·05).ConclusionsPre-pregnancy dietary patterns may influence maternal asthma control. Our work highlights the importance of achieving a healthy diet before pregnancy that is low in saturated fat, sugar and takeaway foods, and therefore higher in lean meats, poultry and fish, as well as fruits, vegetables and whole grains. A healthy dietary pattern should be encouraged in all asthmatic women who are of childbearing age, and should additionally be promoted before pregnancy and beyond.
Nutrition among men and household food security in an internally displaced persons camp in Kenya
Authors: Singh Kamal P , Bhoopathy Sankara Varun , Worth Heather , Seale Holly , Richmond Robyn L 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the nutritional status of men and the food security status of their households in an internally displaced persons (IDP) camp in Kenya.DesignA descriptive, cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and biometric measurements was completed in June 2013.SettingIDP camp, Rongai, Kenya.SubjectsA total of 267 men aged ≥18 years residing within the camp were recruited via respondent-driven sampling. Statistical associations between categorical variables were analysed using Pearson’sχ2tests, while independentttests were used for continuous variables.ResultsAmong the men surveyed, we found a mean BMI of 20·3 (sd2·5) kg/m2, with 23·9 % of participants in the underweight category (BMI<18·5 kg/m2). The mean Individual Dietary Diversity Score was 6 out of a maximum score of 9. The mean Household Food Insecurity Access Scale score was 11·6 (sd6·8), with 180 participants (71·7 %) residing in households categorised as severely food insecure. Low monthly household income (<2000 Kenyan Shillings, or $US 25) was associated with a higher food insecurity score (P<0·001), greater likelihood of residing in a severely food-insecure household (P<0·001), low dietary diversity score (P<0·05) and being underweight (P<0·01).ConclusionsWhile the nutritional status of men in the IDP camp is comparable to non-displaced men in Kenya, household food insecurity is relatively high. Efforts to improve food security for the future are essential to minimise the impact of severe food insecurity on mental health, disease profiles and family well-being reported in other IDP settings.
Long-term stability of the Hounsfield unit to electron density calibration curve in cone-beam computed tomography images for adaptive radiotherapy treatment planning
Authors: Takemura Akihiro , Tanabe Shogo , Tokai Mei , Ueda Shinichi , Noto Kimiya , Isomura Naoki , Kojima Hironori 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo use cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for treatment planning, the Hounsfield unit (HU)-electron density (ED) calibration table for CBCT should be stable. The purpose of this study was to verify the stability of the HU values for the CBCT system over 1 year and to evaluate the effects of variation in HU-ED calibration curves on dose calculation.Materials and MethodsA tissue characterisation phantom was scanned with the field of view (FOV) of size S (FOV-S) and FOV of size M (FOV-M) using the CBCT system once a month for 1 year. A single field treatment plan was constructed on digital phantom images to validate the dose distribution using mean HU-ED calibration curves and possible variations.ResultsHU values for each material rod over the observation period varied with trend. The HU value of the cortical bone rod decreased by about 100 HU for the FOV-S and by about 300 HU for the FOV-M. Possible variation in the HU-ED calibration curves produced a ≤17·9% dose difference in the dose maximum in the treatment plan.ConclusionsThe CBCT system should be calibrated periodically for consistent dose calculation.
The missing link: economic exposure and pension plan risk
Authors: Sweeting Paul , Christie Alexandre , Gladwyn Edward 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe funding position of a defined benefit pension plan is often closely linked to the performance of the sponsoring company’s business. For example, a plan sponsor whose financial health is dependent on high oil prices may struggle during periods of oil price weakness. If the pension plan’s assets perform poorly at this time, the ability of the sponsor to address any funding requirement could be restricted precisely when the need for funding is heightened. In this paper, we propose an approach to dealing with joint plan and sponsor risk that can provide protection against extreme adverse events for the sponsor. In particular, adopt a strategy of minimising a portfolio’s expected losses in the event of an assumed drop of x% in the oil price. Our methodology relies on an asset allocation framework that takes into account the impact of serial correlation in asset returns, as well as the negative skewness and leptokurtosis resulting from the non-normal shape of marginal distributions of historical asset returns. We also make use of copulas to measure the dependence between asset class returns.
Supramolecular motifs in dynamic covalent PEG-hemiaminal organogels
Authors: Fox Courtney H. , ter Hurrne Gijs M. , Wojtecki Rudy J. , Jones Gavin O. , Horn Hans W. , Meijer E. W. , Frank Curtis W. , Hedrick James L. , García Jeannette M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDynamic covalent materials are stable materials that possess reversible behaviour triggered by stimuli such as light, redox conditions or temperature; whereas supramolecular crosslinks depend on the equilibrium constant and relative concentrations of crosslinks as a function of temperature. The combination of these two reversible chemistries can allow access to materials with unique properties. Here, we show that this combination of dynamic covalent and supramolecular chemistry can be used to prepare organogels comprising distinct networks. Two materials containing hemiaminal crosslink junctions were synthesized; one material is comprised of dynamic covalent junctions and the other contains hydrogen-bonding bis-hemiaminal moieties. Under specific network synthesis conditions, these materials exhibited self-healing behaviour. This work reports on both the molecular-level detail of hemiaminal crosslink junction formation as well as the macroscopic behaviour of hemiaminal dynamic covalent network (HDCN) elastomeric organogels. These materials have potential applications as elastomeric components in printable materials, cargo carriers and adhesives.