bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Künstliche Intelligenz aus dem Chemiereaktor
Authors: Braun Artur , Toth Rita , Lagzi Istvan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDer zeitlich‐räumliche Verlauf von chemischen Reaktionen ermöglicht analoge und parallele Simulationen von Transportprozessen. Dieses Verfahren kann schneller sein als das mit herkömmlichen digitalen, sequenziellen Computern. Ein Beispiel sind Flüssigkeiten in einem Labyrinth.
Unersetzlich oder nicht?
Authors: Prechtl Fritz 
Published: April 2015

AbstractImmer noch glauben zu viele der für Produktsicherheit zuständigen Personen, dass der Ablauf der Reach‐Registrierfrist am 31. Mai 2018 noch Zeit zum Abwarten ließe. Die noch anstehenden Aufgaben und die möglichen Konsequenzen machen aber klar, wie notwendig die frühzeitige Vorbereitung ist.
Blei im Hirsch, Kupfer im Reh?
Authors: Stawitz Melanie , Schlösser Joachim 
Published: April 2015

AbstractJagdverbände und Handel fördern gezielt das Bio‐Image von Wildfleisch. Auch die Möglichkeit, Wildfleisch über lokale Jäger zu beziehen, kommt dem Wunsch vieler Verbraucher nach Lebensmitteln aus der Region entgegen. Doch wie stark ist Wildfleisch mit giftigen Metallen belastet? Elementanalytik mit ICP‐MS schafft Klarheit.
Cerebral white matter fractional anisotropy and tract volume as measured by MR imaging are associated with impaired cognitive and motor function in pediatric posterior fossa tumor survivors
Authors: Rueckriegel Stefan M. , Bruhn Harald , Thomale Ulrich W. , Hernáiz Driever Pablo 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundDisease and therapy cause brain damage and subsequent functional loss in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors. Treatment‐related toxicity factors are resection in patients with pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and, additionally, cranio‐spinal irradiation together with chemotherapy in patients with medulloblastoma (MB). We tested whether damage to white matter (WM) as revealed by diffusion tensor MR imaging (DTI) correlated with specific cognitive and motor impairments in survivors of pediatric posterior fossa tumors.ProceduresEighteen MB (mean age ± SD, 15.2 ± 4.9 y) and 14 PA (12.6 ± 5.0 y) survivors were investigated with DTI on a 3‐Tesla‐MR system. We identified fractional anisotropy (FA) of WM, the volume ratio of WM to gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid (WM/GM + CSF), and volume of specific frontocerebellar tracts. Ataxia was assessed using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS), while the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children determined full‐scale intelligence quotients (FSIQ). Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT) was used to assess processing speed. Handwriting automation was analyzed using a digitizing graphic tablet.ResultsThe WM/GM + CSF ratio correlated significantly with cognitive measures (IQ, P = 0.002; ANT baseline speed, P = 0.04; ANT shifting attention, P = 0.004). FA of skeletonized tracts correlated significantly with FSIQ (P = 0.008), ANT baseline speed (P = 0.028) and ANT shifting attention (P = 0.045). Moreover, frontocerebellar tract volumes correlated with both the FSIQ (P = 0.011) and ICARS (P = 0.007).ConclusionDTI provides a method for quantification of WM damage by tumor and by therapy‐associated effects in survivors of pediatric posterior fossa tumors. DTI‐derived WM integrity may be a representative marker for cognitive and motor deterioration. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1252–1258. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phthalonitrile end‐capped polyarylene ether nitrile: crystals embedded in matrix through crosslinking reaction
Authors: Tong Lifen , Jia Kun , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA novel single‐component composite based on phthalonitrile end‐capped polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN‐Ph) which undergoes a crosslinking reaction combined with crystallization behavior has been prepared successfully by hot compressing. The project focuses on studying the influence of the processing temperature and curing time on the crosslinking reaction and crystallization behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicates that the crosslinking degree increases with an increase of processing temperature and curing time. In contrast, the crystallinity increases first and then decreases as the curing time increases, owing to the effect of the restriction of the crosslinking reaction on the crystallization behavior. Thermal polarizing microscope images provide direct evidence for crystal formation as a result of crosslinking reaction. Moreover, through comparative analysis of amorphous and crystallized PEN‐Ph sheets, the conclusion is drawn that the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties are affected by not only the degree of crosslinking but also by the crystallinity. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A 5.1% efficient kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film solar cell prepared using modified sulfurization process
Authors: Gang Myeng G. , Gurav Kishor V. , Shin Seung W. , Hong Chang W. , Min Jung H. , Suryawanshi Mahesh P. , Vanalakar Sharad A. , Lee Dong S. , Kim Jin H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) absorber thin films are prepared by sulfurization of sputtered Cu/Sn/Zn (CZT) stacked metallic precursor. The modified sulfurization process is adapted to prepare photovoltaic quality CZTS films. Specifically, sputtered CZT precursor films are sulfurized in sulfur powder contained graphite box using rapid thermal processing furnace at 580 °C for 10 min, in N2(95%) + H2S (5%) atmosphere. The Cu‐poor CZTS films with various Cu/(Zn+Sn) ratio are prepared by varying Cu layer deposition time. The effect of Cu/(Zn+Sn) ratio on the properties of CZTS films is investigated. The CZTS thin film solar cells with Cu/(Zn+Sn)=0.76 shows best conversion efficiency of 5.1% (Voc: 573 mV, Jsc: 18.38 mA/cm2, FF: 0.48%, and active area: 0.31 cm2). (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization and effect of calcination temperature on structural properties of spinel zinc aluminate synthesized via Co‐precipitation process
Authors: Mekprasart Wanichaya , Worasawat Suchada , Tangcharoen Thanit , Pecharapa Wisanu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractZinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) nanopowders were synthesized by co‐precipitation method using zinc chloride and aluminum chloride as starting precursors. The calcination temperature which was a crucial preparation factor was varied and its influence on relevant physical properties of the product was investigated. Structural properties of synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. The results suggest that that ZnAl2O4 in spinel structure with high crystallinity can be obtained after calcination beyond specific temperature affirmed by XRD results. Raman result indicates the correlated chemical bonding relating to the formation of ZnAl2O4 structure. Meanwhile, the Zn K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectra of these samples with different calcination temperature obtained from the synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy measurement show the existence of accurate oxidation state for zinc ion (Zn2+) in the spinel crystal structure. Moreover, it is revealed that the calcination temperature has significant effect on the local environment of the zinc absorbing atoms through the interesting change of white line appearance. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The validities of centrifugal sudden approximations in chemical reaction dynamics
Authors: Chu Tianshu , Liang Dongyue , Xu Jinmei , Dong Shunle 
Published: April 2015

In this review article, we discuss and analyze the validities of centrifugal sudden (CS) approximations in chemical reactions, with emphasis on the recent progress in the comparison studies of close‐coupling and CS approximations in chemical dynamics both adiabatically and nonadiabatically. All these relevant studies are performed using the time‐dependent wave packet approach, focusing on several typical and benchmark chemical reactions, for example, the triatomic adiabatic ion–molecule reactions of Ne +
, He + HeH+, O+ + H2, O+ + D2, and O+ + HD, the triatomic nonadiabatic reactions of N + NH and O + N2, and the tetraatomic and polyatomic adiabatic reactions of H2 + D2 and H + CHD3. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do‐no‐harm versus do‐good social responsibility: Attributional thinking and the liability of foreignness
Authors: Crilly Donal , Ni Na , Jiang Yuwei 
Published: April 2015

Research summary: The efforts of multinational corporations to be socially responsible do not always engender positive evaluations from overseas stakeholders. Drawing on attribution theory, we argue that two heuristics guide stakeholders in evaluating firms' social performance: foreignness and the valence of firms' social responsibility. We provide evidence from a field study of secondary stakeholders and an experimental study involving 129 non‐governmental organizations. Consistent with attribution theory, the liability of foreignness is minimized when firms engage in “do‐good” social responsibility (focused on proactive engagement creating positive externalities) but is substantial when firms engage in “do‐no‐harm” social responsibility (focused on attenuating negative externalities). In online supporting information, Appendix S1, we demonstrate that these evaluations have consequences for whether stakeholders subsequently cooperate, or sow conflict, with firms.Managerial summary: There is no guarantee that efforts to be socially responsible will improve multinational corporations' relations with overseas stakeholders, such as customers, governments, and activists. In a field study and an experiment, we unpack when foreign firms suffer from harsh stakeholder evaluations. Foreign firms especially suffer from harsh evaluations when they conduct “do‐no‐harm” CSR rather than “do‐good” CSR. Stakeholders attribute the motive for foreign firms' do‐no‐harm CSR to managerial interests and shareholder pressures, perceiving a wedge between managers and owners (who may be unmotivated to reduce the negative impacts of their business activities) and local stakeholders (who bear the social costs). A practical implication is that foreign firms gain more from highlighting do‐good rather than do‐(no)‐harm CSR initiatives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disruption of cardiogenesis in human embryonic stem cells exposed to trichloroethylene
Authors: Jiang Yan , Wang Dan , Zhang Guoxing , Wang Guoqing , Tong Jian , Chen Tao 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTTrichloroethylene (TCE) is ubiquitous in our living environment, and prenatal exposure to TCE is reported to cause congenital heart disease in humans. Although multiple studies have been performed using animal models, they have limited value in predicting effects on humans due to the unknown species‐specific toxicological effects. To test whether exposure to low doses of TCE induces developmental toxicity in humans, we investigated the effect of TCE on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and cardiomyocytes (derived from the hESCs). In the current study, hESCs cardiac differentiation was achieved by using differentiation medium consisting of StemPro‐34. We examined the effects of TCE on cell viability by cell growth assay and cardiac inhibition by analysis of spontaneously beating cluster. The expression levels of genes associated with cardiac differentiation and Ca2+ channel pathways were measured by immunofluorescence and qPCR. The overall data indicated the following: (1) significant cardiac inhibition, which was characterized by decreased beating clusters and beating rates, following treatment with low doses of TCE; (2) significant up‐regulation of the Nkx2.5/Hand1 gene in cardiac progenitors and down regulation of the Mhc‐7/cTnT gene in cardiac cells; and (3) significant interference with Ca2+ channel pathways in cardiomyocytes, which contributes to the adverse effect of TCE on cardiac differentiation during early embryo development. Our results confirmed the involvement of Ca2+ turnover network in TCE cardiotoxicity as reported in animal models, while the inhibition effect of TCE on the transition of cardiac progenitors to cardiomyocytes is unique to hESCs, indicating a species‐specific effect of TCE on heart development. This study provides new insight into TCE biology in humans, which may help explain the development of congenital heart defects after TCE exposure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1372–1380, 2016.
Effect of MnOx Loading on Structural, Surface, and Catalytic Properties of CeO2‐MnOx Mixed Oxides Prepared by Sol‐Gel Method
Authors: Jampaiah Deshetti , Venkataswamy Perala , Tur Katie M. , Ippolito Samuel J. , Bhargava Suresh K. , Reddy Benjaram M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNanosized CeO2‐MnOx mixed oxides with different Ce/Mn ratios were prepared by a citric acid‐assisted sol‐gel method. The effect of the MnOx content on structural, redox, and surface properties of the CeO2‐MnOx was investigated by various techniques, namely, BET surface area, SEM, XRD, ICP‐OES, Raman and FT‐IR spectroscopy, H2‐TPR, and XPS. Catalytic activity was evaluated with soot‐catalyst mixture under tight contact conditions. BET surface area analysis indicated that Mn doping favors an enhancement in the surface area of pure CeO2. Raman active peaks for both pure CeO2 and CeO2‐MnOx mixed oxides were determined at ca. 460 cm–1. The observed Raman shift can also be assigned to Raman active modes of CeO2 that are shifted from the original position due to different Mn doping. Formation of Ce1–xMnxO2–δ solid solutions was further confirmed by XRD and FT‐IR analysis. H2‐TPR results demonstrate that Ce1–xMnxO2–δ solid solutions significantly improved the redox property over the pure CeO2 or MnOx. XPS analysis reveal that Ce is in the form of Ce4+ and Ce3+, and Mn existed in the form of Mn4+, Mn3+, and Mn2+ on the surface of the samples. Catalytic activity results indicate that the oxidation temperature of soot can be significantly reduced by CeO2‐MnOx mixed oxides, which render higher Ce3+ concentration and more surface oxygen vacancies compared with pure CeO2. Particularly, the Ce0.7Mn0.3O2–δ sample exhibited highest activity (a shift of T50 by ca. 122 K) compared to pure ceria.
Deletion of hxk1 gene results in derepression of xylose utilization in Scheffersomyces stipitis
Authors: Dashtban Mehdi , Wen Xin , Bajwa Paramjit K , Ho Chi-Yip , Lee Hung 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A major problem in fermenting xylose in lignocellulosic substrates is the presence of glucose and mannose which inhibit xylose utilization. Previous studies showed that catabolite repression in some yeasts is associated with hexokinases and that deletion of one of these gene(s) could result in derepressed mutant strain(s). In this study, the hxk1 encoding hexokinase 1 in Scheffersomyces stipitis was disrupted. The ∆hxk1 SS6 strain retained the ability to utilize the main hexoses and pentoses commonly found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates as efficiently as the wild-type (WT) strain. SS6 also fermented the dominant sugars to ethanol; however, on xylose, the ∆hxk1 strain produced more xylitol and less ethanol than the WT. On mixed sugars, as expected the WT utilized glucose ahead of xylose and xylose utilization did not commence until all the glucose was consumed. In contrast, the ∆hxk1 mutant showed derepression in that it started to utilize xylose even when considerable glucose (about 1.72 %, w/v) remained in the medium. Similarly, mannose did not repress xylose utilization by the ∆hxk1 mutant and xylose and mannose were simultaneously utilized. The results are of interest in efforts to engineer yeast strains capable of efficiently utilizing glucose and xylose simultaneously for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
On the Development of Implicit and Control Processes in Relation to Substance Use in Adolescence
Authors: Wiers Reinout W. , Boelema Sarai R. , Nikolaou Kiki , Gladwin Thomas E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAdolescence is a period in which brain structures involved in motivation and cognitive control continue to develop and also a period in which many youth begin substance use. Dual-process models propose that, among substance users, implicit or automatically activated neurocognitive processes gain in relative influence on substance use behavior, while the influence of cognitive control or reflective processes weakens. There is evidence that a variety of implicit cognitive processes, such as attentional bias, biased action tendencies (approach bias), memory bias and at a neural level, cue reactivity, are associated with adolescent substance use. The impact of these implicit processes on the further development of addictive behaviors appears to depend on moderating factors, such as (premorbid) executive control functions. Clear negative effects of adolescent substance use on executive control functions generally have not been found using behavioral tasks, although some studies have identified subtle and specific effects on cognitive functioning.
Brief report: Peer group influences and adolescent internalizing problems as mediated by effortful control
Authors: Dyson Rachel , Robertson Gail C. , Wong Maria M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTInternalizing problems in adolescence encompass behaviors directed inward at the self (Colman, Wadsworth, Croudace, & Jones, 2007). Several predictors have been linked to internalizing problems including antisocial and prosocial peers (Cartwright, 2007; Chung, 2010). Effortful control, a component of self‐regulation, is one factor that could mediate the relationship between peer behaviors and individual outcomes. This study assessed the relationship between peer behaviors, effortful control, and adolescent internalizing problems. Participants were 151 middle school adolescents (M = 12.16 years old) who completed self‐report questionnaires regarding behaviors of their peers, perceptions of effortful control, and experiences of internalizing problems. Structural equation modeling (SEM) yielded a significant negative relationship between antisocial peers and effortful control, and a significant positive relationship between prosocial peers and effortful control. In addition, effortful control significantly mediated the relationship between prosocial peers and internalizing problems, but not for antisocial peers. Implications for interventions related to adolescent health were discussed.
Clinical characteristics and management experience of unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy
Authors: Zhang Jiaren , Zhang Junji , Dai Yi , Zhu Lan , Lang Jinghe , Leng Jinhua 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the prevalence of unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy for presumed leiomyoma and compare clinical outcomes after primary myomectomy with and without power morcellation.MethodsIn a retrospective study, a review was undertaken of the medical records of patients who had unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy with and without power morcellation at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China, between January 2009 and December 2013.ResultsAmong 4248 patients who underwent myomectomy for presumed leiomyoma, 9 (0.2%) had unexpected uterine sarcoma (1 [< 0.1%] had leiomyosarcoma; 8 [0.2%] endometrial stromal sarcoma). The malignancy was identified in 5 (0.2%) of 3068 women who were treated by laparoscopy with power morcellation and 4 (0.3%) of 1180 who underwent laparotomy (P = 0.274). All nine patients were alive after a mean follow‐up of 31.2 months in the laparoscopy group and 40.5 months in the laparotomy group.ConclusionThe overall incidence of unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy was low. Incidental power morcellation of unexpected uterine sarcoma seemed to cause no increase in sarcoma dissemination.
Pseudo-turbulent gas-phase velocity fluctuations in homogeneous gas–solid flow: fixed particle assemblies and freely evolving suspensions
Authors: Mehrabadi M. , Tenneti S. , Garg R. , Subramaniam S. 
Published: April 2015

Gas-phase velocity fluctuations due to mean slip velocity between the gas and solid phases are quantified using particle-resolved direct numerical simulation. These fluctuations are termed pseudo-turbulent because they arise from the interaction of particles with the mean slip even in ‘laminar’ gas–solid flows. The contribution of turbulent and pseudo-turbulent fluctuations to the level of gas-phase velocity fluctuations is quantified in initially ‘laminar’ and turbulent flow past fixed random particle assemblies of monodisperse spheres. The pseudo-turbulent kinetic energy $k^{(f)}$ in steady flow is then characterized as a function of solid volume fraction ${\it\phi}$ and the Reynolds number based on the mean slip velocity $\mathit{Re}_{m}$. Anisotropy in the Reynolds stress is quantified by decomposing it into isotropic and deviatoric parts, and its dependence on ${\it\phi}$ and $Re_{m}$ is explained. An algebraic stress model is proposed that captures the dependence of the Reynolds stress on ${\it\phi}$ and $Re_{m}$. Gas-phase velocity fluctuations in freely evolving suspensions undergoing elastic and inelastic particle collisions are also quantified. The flow corresponds to homogeneous gas–solid systems, with high solid-to-gas density ratio and particle diameter greater than dissipative length scales. It is found that for the parameter values considered here, the level of pseudo-turbulence differs by only 15 % from the values for equivalent fixed beds. The principle of conservation of interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer is validated by quantifying the interphase transfer terms in the evolution equations of kinetic energy for the gas-phase and solid-phase fluctuating velocity. It is found that the collisional dissipation is negligible compared with the viscous dissipation for the cases considered in this study where the freely evolving suspensions attain a steady state starting from an initial condition where the particles are at rest.
A proof that convection in a porous vertical slab may be unstable
Authors: Barletta A. 
Published: April 2015

The stability of the natural convection parallel flow in a vertical porous slab is reconsidered, by reformulating the problem originally solved in Gill’s classical paper of 1969 (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 35, pp. 545–547). A comparison is made between the set of boundary conditions where the slab boundaries are assumed to be isothermal and impermeable (Model A), and the set of boundary conditions where the boundaries are modelled as isothermal and permeable (Model B). It is shown that Gill’s proof of linear stability for Model A cannot be extended to Model B. The question about the stability/instability of the basic flow is examined by carrying out a numerical solution of the stability eigenvalue problem. It is shown that, with Model B, the natural convection parallel flow in the basic state becomes unstable when the Darcy–Rayleigh number is larger than 197.081. The normal modes selected at onset of instability are transverse rolls. Direct numerical simulations of the nonlinear regime of instability are carried out.