bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogen inactivation of platelets using ultraviolet C light: effect on in vitro function and recovery and survival of platelets
Authors: Bashir Saber , Cookson Philip , Wiltshire Michael , Hawkins Louise , Sonoda Luke , Thomas Stephen , Seltsam Axel , Tolksdorf Frank , Williamson Lorna M. , Cardigan Rebecca 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the effect of treating platelets (PLTs) using ultraviolet (UV)C light without the addition of any photosensitizing chemicals on PLT function in vitro and PLT recovery and survival in an autologous radiolabeled volunteer study.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: For in vitro studies, pooled or single buffy coat–derived PLT concentrates (PCs) were pooled and split to obtain identical PCs that were either treated with UVC or untreated (n = 6 each) and stored for 7 days. PLT recovery and survival were determined in a two‐arm parallel autologous study in healthy volunteers performed according to BEST guidelines. UVC‐treated or untreated PCs (n = 6 each) were stored for 5 days and were compared to fresh PLTs from the same donor.RESULTS: There were no significant differences on Day 7 of storage between paired UVC‐treated and control PC units for pH, adenosine triphosphate, lactate dehydrogenase, CD62P, CD63, PLT microparticles, and JC‐1 binding, but annexin V binding, lactate accumulation, and expression of CD41/61 were significantly higher in treated units (p < 0.05). Compared with control units, the recovery and survival of UVC‐treated PC were reduced after 5 days of storage (p < 0.05) and when expressed as a percentage of fresh values, survival was reduced by 20% (p = 0.005) and recovery by 17% (p = 0.088).CONCLUSION: UVC‐treated PLTs stored for 5 days showed marginal changes in PLT metabolism and activation in vitro and were associated with a degree of reduction in recovery and survival similar to other pathogen inactivation systems that are licensed and in use.
Further Evidence for the “Muscle Bundle” Hypothesis of Cavotricuspid Isthmus Conduction: Physiological Proof, with Clinical Implications for Ablation
Authors: MECHULAN ALEXIS , GULA LORNE J. , KLEIN GEORGE J. , LEONG‐SIT PETER , OBEYESEKERE MANOJ , KRAHN ANDREW D. , YEE RAYMOND , SKANES ALLAN C. 
Published: August 2012

Two Line Flutter Ablation. Introduction: It has been suggested that the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) is composed of discrete muscle bundles with preferred paths of conduction. An ablation technique targeting high‐voltage local electrograms (maximum voltage guided or MVG technique) has been described with the aim of preferentially targeting the muscle bundles. We hypothesized that the MVG technique could provide isthmus block even if the high voltage targets were clearly separated on different ablation lines. In contrast, conduction over a continuous sheet of muscle would require a single continuous ablation line.
Methods:
Twenty‐two consecutive patients (mean age 65 ± 11.7, 5 females) underwent ablation using the MVG technique on 2 noncontiguous lines in the CTI. Ablation lesions were first applied at the septal aspect of the CTI, targeting only the ventricular (anterior) aspect of the annulus. A line distinctly lateral and noncontiguous to the first was then chosen to target high voltage potentials on the atrial (posterior) aspect of the CTI.
Results:
Complete CTI block was achieved in all study patients without complication. A mean of 7.8 ± 3.7 ablation lesions were required. Mean ablation time was 401.0 ± 414.5 seconds.
Conclusion:
Two nonoverlapping incomplete lines of ablation in the CTI consistently lead to bidirectional conduction block. This further supports the hypothesis that conduction over the CTI occurs over discrete muscle bundles. These bundles can be targeted individually for ablation without the need to ablate a continuous line over the CTI. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 47‐52, January 2013)
Pastoralism, Provisioning, and Power at Bronze Age Acemhöyük, Turkey
Authors: Arbuckle Benjamin S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT  This article addresses the relationship between a major Anatolian Bronze Age center, the site of Acemhöyük, and its pastoral hinterland with a focus on understanding the nature of the interactions and integration between rural pastoral producers and a centralized state. Through the analysis of faunal, archaeological, and ethnohistoric evidence, it is argued that although mobile herders provisioned Acemhöyük with animal products, and the center itself was characterized by specialized systems of carcass processing and distribution, pastoralists operated largely outside of centralized controls focusing on the intensive production of wool in response to regional, rather than local, markets. These results suggest that the relationships between urban centers and their pastoral hinterlands in Bronze Age Anatolia were complex, with mobile herders likely playing a more prominent role in the development of Bronze Age commodity economies than previously realized. [pastoralism, Bronze Age, Anatolia, sheep and goats, Acemhöyük]Özet Bu makale TunçÇağ’nda Anadolu’nun büyük merkezlerinden biri olan Acemhöyük’ün etrafndaki krsal bölge ile olan ilişkisini incelemektedir. İncelemenin odak noktas krsal üreticiler ile merkezi devlet arasndaki ikili ilişkilerin ve entegrasyonun doğasn anlamaktr. Makalede, zooarkeolojik, arkeolojik ve etno‐tarihsel analizlerden elde edilen bilgilere dayanlarak, bir yandan göçebe çoban topluluklarn Acemhöyük’e hayvansal ürünler sağladğ, öte yandan da merkezin uzmanlaşmş et işleme ve dağtm sistemlerine sahip olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Buna rağmen, krsal kesimde hayvanclk aktiviteleri merkezi kontrolün dşnda faaliyet göstermiş, yerel değil bölgesel pazara hitap eden yün üretimine yönelmiştir. Bu sonuçlar TunçÇağ Anadolu'sunda merkezi yönetimler ile krsallar arasndaki ilişkilerin karmaşk bir yapya sahip olduğunu ve göçebe çoban topluluklarnn TunçÇağ ekonomisinde daha önce sanldğndan daha önemli bir rol oynadklarn göstermektedir.
Self‐reported cultural skills from dental students and graduates from Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Marino R. , Morgan M. , Hawthorne L. , Ismail M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo explore Melbourne Dental School students and graduates’ self‐assessed levels of competence and skill regarding cultural issues which emerge in dental treatment, and their perceptions of the dental curriculum in addressing socio‐cultural issues.MethodsInformation was derived from a 59‐item questionnaire consisting of three parts: socio‐demographic; self‐assessed level of culture competency within the clinical encounter; and cultural aspects in the dental curriculum. Data was collected from undergraduate dental students enrolled in the fourth year of 2006 and 2007 and fifth year of 2006 and from dentists who graduated in 2002 and 2003.ResultsA total of 133 students and 37 dentists took part in the survey. Response rates were 68.9% among students and 92.6% among dentists. The majority (students: 90.2%; graduates: 62.1%) indicated ‘Very often’/’Always’ treating patients from different cultural backgrounds. Distribution of competencies showed that participants felt fairly competent in communicating and establishing rapport, but less competent in dealing with patients’ cultural practices, and patients’ family involvement. The majority (students: 72.1%; graduates: 59.7%) perceived the coverage of socio‐cultural aspects in the course as not adequate. Around 40% of participants indicated that inclusion of socio‐cultural awareness in the dental curriculum was important or very important.ConclusionAlthough there were some significant differences in participants’ reports, they generally self‐reported having good competency and skill in providing care to patients from different cultural backgrounds. Further exploration of these issues would enhance the future dental workforce's quality of care, professionalism and capacity for cultural competence.
Effects of vascular endothelial cells on osteogenic differentiation of noncontact co‐cultured periodontal ligament stem cells under hypoxia
Authors: Wu Y. , Cao H. , Yang Y. , Zhou Y. , Gu Y. , Zhao X. , Zhang Y. , Zhao Z. , Zhang L. , Yin J. 
Published: August 2012

Background and Objective: During periodontitis or orthodontic tooth movement, the periodontal vasculature is severely impaired by chronic inflammation or excessive mechanical force. This leads to a hypoxic microenvironment of the periodontal cells and enhances the expression of various cytokines and growth factors that may regulate angiogenesis and alveolar bone remodeling. However, the role of hypoxia in regulating the communication between endothelial cells (ECs) and osteoblast progenitors during the remodeling and repair of periodontal tissue is still poorly defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vascular ECs on osteogenic differentiation, mineralization and the paracrine function of noncontact co‐cultured periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) under hypoxia, and further reveal the involvement of MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK pathways in the process.Material and Methods: First, PDLSCs were obtained and a noncontact co‐culture system of PDLSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was established. Second, the effects of different time‐periods of hypoxia (2% O2) on the osteogenic potential, mineralization and paracrine function of co‐cultured PDLSCs were investigated. Third, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities of PDLSCs under hypoxia were measured by western blotting. Finally, we employed specific MAPK inhibitors (PD98059 and SB20350) to investigate the involvement of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in PDLSC osteogenesis under hypoxia.Results: We observed further increased osteogenic differentiation of co‐cultured PDLSCs, manifested by markedly enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) levels, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release, runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Sp7 transcriptional and protein levels and mineralized nodule formation, compared with PDLSCs cultured alone. ERK1/2 was phosphorylated in a rapid but transient manner, whereas p38 MAPK was activated in a slow and sustained way under hypoxia. Furthermore, hypoxia‐stimulated transcription and expression of osteogenic regulators (hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α, ALP, Runx2, Sp7, PGE2and VEGF) were also inhibited by PD98059 and SB203580 to different degrees.Conclusion: Further increased osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of co‐cultured PDLSCs under hypoxia were regulated by MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. And the ECs‐mediated paracrine of PGE2and VEGF may facilitate the unidirectional PDLSC‐EC communication and promote PDLSCs osteogenesis.
Experimental Analysis of a Beverage Carbonation System Equipped with a Venturi Nozzle
Authors: Bottani Eleonora , Ferretti Gino , Vignali Giuseppe 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article investigates an important issue in carbonation systems for beverages, i.e., monitoring and optimizing the amount of carbon dioxide concentration in carbonated beverages. The study is grounded on two series of experimental tests performed using a laboratory apparatus that reproduces an industrial carbonation unit equipped with a Venturi nozzle, properly manufactured for this application. The experimental tests aimed to optimize the carbonation process as a function of both two parameters of the Venturi nozzle, namely the injection distance and the length of the cylindrical part, and a plant parameter, namely the pressure of the fluid at the end of the Venturi device. Analysis of variance was used to assess whether the parameters mentioned earlier have a significant effect on the carbonation level reached by the fluid (i.e., water), and on the amount of carbon dioxide sucked by the Venturi device.This study contributes to the literature in that it examines and optimizes an industrial carbonation process. The outcomes obtained could be useful for the optimization of the equipment.Practical ApplicationsThis study can be useful to practitioners because it examines and optimizes a real industrial carbonation process. The outcomes obtained provide indications as regards the optimal size of the Venturi device, and could be useful for the optimization of the equipment used in the beverage industry, as well as for the optimization of the carbonation process.
Pulpar temperature changes during mechanical reduction of equine cheek teeth: Comparison of different motorised dental instruments, duration of treatments and use of water cooling
Authors: O'Leary J. M. , Barnett T. P. , Parkin T. D. H. , Dixon P. M. , Barakzai S. Z. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyAlthough equine motorised dental instruments are widely used, there is limited information on their thermal effect on teeth. The recently described variation in subocclusal secondary dentine depth overlying individual pulp horns may affect heat transmission to the underlying pulps.ObjectivesThis study compared the effect of 3 different equine motorised dental instruments on the pulpar temperature of equine cheek teeth with and without the use of water cooling. It also evaluated the effect of subocclusal secondary dentine thickness on pulpar temperature changes.MethodsA thermocouple probe was inserted into the pulp horns of 188 transversely sectioned maxillary cheek teeth with its tip lying subocclusally. Pulpar temperature changes were recorded during and following the continuous use of 3 different equine motorised dental instruments (A, B and C) for sequential time periods, with and without the use of water cooling.ResultsUsing motorised dental instrument B compared with either A or C increased the likelihood that the critical temperature was reached in pulps by 8.6 times. Compared with rasping for 30 s, rasping for 45, 60 and 90 s increased the likelihood that the critical temperature would be reached in pulps by 7.3, 8.9 and 24.7 times, respectively. Thicker subocclusal secondary dentine (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75/mm) and water cooling (OR = 0.14) were both protective against the likelihood of the pulp reaching the critical temperature.ConclusionsProlonged rasping with motorised dental instruments increased the likelihood that a pulp would be heated above the critical temperature. Increased dentinal thickness and water cooling had protective roles in reducing pulpar heating.Potential relevanceMotorised dental instruments have the potential to seriously damage equine pulp if used inappropriately. Higher speed motorised dental instruments should be used for less time and teeth should be water cooled during or immediately after instrument use to reduce the risk of thermal pulpar damage.
Discovery of coesite–eclogite from the Nordøyane UHP domain, Western Gneiss Region, Norway: field relations, metamorphic history, and tectonic significance
Authors: BUTLER J. P. , JAMIESON R. A. , STEENKAMP H. M. , ROBINSON P. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUltrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks from the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) of Norway record subduction of Baltican continental crust during the Silurian to Devonian Scandian continental collision. Here, we report a new coesite locality from the island of Harøya in the Nordøyane UHP domain, the most northerly yet documented in the WGR, and reconstruct the P–T history of the host eclogite. The coesite–eclogite lies within migmatitic orthogneiss, interpreted as Baltica basement, that underwent multiple stages of deformation and partial melting during exhumation. Two stages of metamorphism have been deduced from petrography and mineral chemistry. The early (M1) assemblage comprises garnet (Pyr38–41Alm35–37Grs23–26Spss1) and omphacite (Na0.35–0.40Ca0.57–0.60Fe2+0.08–0.10Mg0.53Fe3+0.01AlVI0.40–0.42)2(AlIV0.03–0.06Si1.94–1.97)2O6, with subordinate phengite, kyanite, rutile, coesite and apatite, all present as inclusions in garnet. The later (M2) assemblage comprises retrograde rims on garnet (Pyr38–40Alm40–44Grs16–21Spss1), diopside rims on omphacite (Na0.04–0.06Ca0.88–0.91Fe2+0.09–0.13Mg0.81–83Fe3+0.08AlVI0.03)2(AlIV0.07–0.08Si1.92–1.93)2O6, plagioclase, biotite, pargasite, orthopyroxene and ilmenite. Metamorphic P–T conditions estimated using thermocalc are ∼3 GPa and 760 °C for M1, consistent with the presence of coesite, and ∼1 GPa and 813 °C for M2, consistent with possible phengite dehydration melting during decompression. Comparison with other WGR eclogites containing the same assemblage shows a broad similarity in peak (M1) P–T conditions, confirming suggestions that large portions of the WGR were buried to depths of ∼100 km during Scandian subduction. Field relations suggest that exhumation, accompanied by widespread partial melting, involved an early phase of top‐northwest shearing, followed by subhorizontal sinistral shearing along northwest‐dipping foliations, related to regional transtension. The present results add to the growing body of data on the distribution, maximum P–T conditions, and exhumation paths of WGR coesite–eclogites and their host rocks that is required to constrain quantitative models for the formation and exhumation of UHP metamorphic rocks during the Scandian collision.
Deformation assisted phase transformation: an example from the sillimanite‐in isograd, Eolus batholith, Needle Mountains, Colorado, USA
Authors: Hunter Robert A. , Andronicos Christopher L. 
Published: August 2012

Terra Nova, 25, 48–56, 2013AbstractThe Palaeoproterozoic Vallecito conglomerate of the Needle Mountains, Colorado, experienced deformation and metamorphism during emplacement of the ∼1.4 Ga Eolus batholith, producing a contact aureole defined by sillimanite near the pluton, andalusite and sillimanite together ∼2 km from the pluton, and andalusite alone at greater distance. In the andalusite–sillimanite zone, sillimanite‐rich layers, poor in andalusite, define shear bands. In contrast, regions between shear bands contain abundant andalusite and sillimanite. A deformed sample is enriched in immobile elements, with an estimated major element mass loss of 43% relative to a weakly deformed sample. Modal and compositional variation between deformed and undeformed regions indicates that mass transfer was central to shear band development. This process changed the composition of the deformed sample, facilitated the localization of deformation, catalyzed metamorphism and allowed the assemblage to more rapidly approach equilibrium than weakly deformed assemblages.
Ageing and cardiorespiratory response to hypoxia
Authors: Lhuissier François J. , Canouï‐Poitrine Florence , Richalet Jean‐Paul 
Published: August 2012

Key points
A previous study showed that an older age could be associated with a lower risk of severe altitude‐induced diseases.
This work combines a cross‐sectional study including 4675 subjects and a longitudinal study on 30 subjects.
It shows that ageing is associated with a blunting of cardiac chronotropic function and an increase in ventilatory response leading to maintenance of arterial O2 saturation in hypoxia.
These adaptive responses to hypoxia with ageing are blunted by menopause but can be maintained with endurance training.
The cardiac and ventilatory adaptations allow older people to challenge hypoxia similarly to younger ones when performing moderate exercise.
Abstract  The risk of severe altitude‐induced diseases is related to ventilatory and cardiac responses to hypoxia and is dependent on sex, age and exercise training status. However, it remains unclear how ageing modifies these physiological adaptations to hypoxia. We assessed the physiological responses to hypoxia with ageing through a cross‐sectional 20 year study including 4675 subjects (2789 men, 1886 women; 14–85 years old) and a longitudinal study including 30 subjects explored at a mean 10.4 year interval. The influence of sex, training status and menopause was evaluated. The hypoxia‐induced desaturation and the ventilatory and cardiac responses to hypoxia at rest and exercise were measured. In men, ventilatory response to hypoxia increased (P < 0.002), while desaturation was less pronounced (P < 0.001) with ageing. Cardiac response to hypoxia was blunted with ageing in both sexes (P < 0.001). Similar results were found in the longitudinal study, with a decrease in cardiac and an increase in ventilatory response to hypoxia with ageing. These adaptive responses were less pronounced or absent in post‐menopausal women (P < 0.01). At exercise, desaturation was greater in trained subjects but cardiac and ventilatory responses to hypoxia were preserved by training, especially in elderly people. In conclusion, respiratory response to hypoxia and blood oxygenation improve with ageing in men while cardiac response is blunted with ageing in both sexes. Training aggravates desaturation at exercise in hypoxia, improves the ventilatory response and limits the ageing‐induced blunting of cardiac response to hypoxia. Training limits the negative effects of menopause in cardiorespiratory adaptations to hypoxia.
Statistical CT noise reduction with multiscale decomposition and penalized weighted least squares in the projection domain
Authors: Tang Shaojie , Tang Xiangyang 
Published: August 2012

Purposes:The suppression of noise in x‐ray computed tomography (CT) imaging is of clinical relevance for diagnostic image quality and the potential for radiation dose saving. Toward this purpose, statistical noise reduction methods in either the image or projection domain have been proposed, which employ a multiscale decomposition to enhance the performance of noise suppression while maintaining image sharpness. Recognizing the advantages of noise suppression in the projection domain, the authors propose a projection domain multiscale penalized weighted least squares (PWLS) method, in which the angular sampling rate is explicitly taken into consideration to account for the possible variation of interview sampling rate in advanced clinical or preclinical applications.Methods:The projection domain multiscale PWLS method is derived by converting an isotropic diffusion partial differential equation in the image domain into the projection domain, wherein a multiscale decomposition is carried out. With adoption of the Markov random field or soft thresholding objective function, the projection domain multiscale PWLS method deals with noise at each scale. To compensate for the degradation in image sharpness caused by the projection domain multiscale PWLS method, an edge enhancement is carried out following the noise reduction. The performance of the proposed method is experimentally evaluated and verified using the projection data simulated by computer and acquired by a CT scanner.Results:The preliminary results show that the proposed projection domain multiscale PWLS method outperforms the projection domain single‐scale PWLS method and the image domain multiscale anisotropic diffusion method in noise reduction. In addition, the proposed method can preserve image sharpness very well while the occurrence of “salt‐and‐pepper” noise and mosaic artifacts can be avoided.Conclusions:Since the interview sampling rate is taken into account in the projection domain multiscale decomposition, the proposed method is anticipated to be useful in advanced clinical and preclinical applications where the interview sampling rate varies.