bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topography of primitive reflexes in dementia: an F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study
Authors: Matias‐Guiu J. A. , Cabrera‐Martín M. N. , Fernádez‐Matarrubia M. , Moreno‐Ramos T. , Valles‐Salgado M. , Porta‐Etessam J. , Carreras J. L. , Matias‐Guiu J. 
Published: April 2015

Background and purposeAlthough primitive reflexes (PRs) are inhibited during the first years of childhood, they may reappear with brain injury. PRs have been linked to frontal lobe dysfunction, but their precise topography has not yet been defined. The purpose of this study was to map which regions of the brain display a reduced glucose metabolism in patients with cognitive impairment and PRs.MethodsA prospective study was conducted to evaluate PRs in a group of patients assessed due to suspected cognitive decline. Neurological and neuropsychological examinations and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography fused with computerized tomography were performed. Voxel‐based brain mapping analysis by means of statistical parametric mapping was used to compare patients with and without PRs.ResultsThe study included 99 patients (33 diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, 33 on the frontotemporal dementia spectrum and 33 with other diagnoses). Mean age was 71 ± 9.7 years; time since symptom onset was 3.6 ± 2.9 years. At least one PR was observed in 43 cases (43.4% of the whole sample; 48.5% in the Alzheimer disease group, 63.6% in frontotemporal dementia and 18.2% in the group with other diagnoses). The group of patients with PRs exhibited a decreased cerebral metabolism in the bilateral superior frontal gyri (Brodmann area 6), bilateral putamina and thalami.ConclusionsThe presence of PRs was associated with hypometabolism at the superior frontal gyrus and putamen. This suggests that dysfunction in the corticostriatal motor circuit (supplementary motor area–putamen–thalamus) may constitute the anatomical basis of the recurrence of PRs.
Differential growth response of Rytidosperma species (wallaby grass) to phosphorus application and its implications for grassland management
Authors: Waddell H. A. , Simpson R. J. , Henderson B. , Ryan M. H. , Lambers H. , Garden D. L. , Richardson A. E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRytidosperma species (formerly Austrodanthonia) are native grasses common in temperate grasslands of southern Australia. Nine Rytidosperma species, Lolium perenne and Bromus hordeaceus were grown as microswards in pots in a glasshouse, and their growth response to six levels of applied P was measured. Shoot yield differed up to twofold between the highest‐ and lowest‐yielding Rytidosperma species. Some Rytidosperma species were slow growing with minimal ability to respond to increased soil P availability. However, three species, Rytidosperma duttonianum, Rytidosperma racemosum and Rytidosperma richardsonii, had a similar shoot yield to L. perenne. Species that grew well at high P also grew well at low P, except B. hordeaceus, which was the lowest‐yielding species at low P, but had among the highest yields at high P. No species showed evidence of P toxicity. The species exhibited a range in critical external P requirement (i.e. amount of P applied for 90% maximum yield). Among the fast‐growing Rytidosperma species, R. richardsonii was notable because it had a low critical external P (16·3 mg P pot−1) and high agronomic P‐use efficiency (94·1 g DW g−1 P applied). In contrast, R. duttonianum had a higher critical external P requirement (22·4 mg P pot−1) and lower agronomic P‐use efficiency (85 g DW g−1 P applied). It was concluded that it is important to know which Rytidosperma species are present in a grassland to understand how it may respond to P fertilization. The results help to explain the diverse opinions expressed about the productivity of pastures containing Rytidosperma species.
Clinical features of 32 new Japanese cases with autoimmune haemorrha‐philia due to anti‐factor XIII antibodies
Authors: Ichinose A. , Osaki T. , Souri M. ,   the Japanese Collaborative Research Group (JCRG) on AH13 (supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare)
Published: April 2015

IntroductionAutoimmune haemophilia‐like disease (or haemorrha‐philia) due to anti‐factor XIII (FXIII; F13 to avoid confusion with FVIII or FXII) antibodies (termed AH13) is a severe bleeding disorder. Although AH13 is thought to be rare, ‘the number of its diagnosed patients’ has recently increased in Japan. However, its prevalence remains unknown.AimTo improve understanding of this disease, we examined and diagnosed 32 ‘new’ Japanese patients with AH13.MethodsThe presence of antibodies against F13‐A subunit and/or F13‐B subunit was confirmed by using a dot blot test and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsMost of our patients had autoantibodies against the F13‐A subunit (88%). A predominance of men (59%) was observed. The mean age and residual F13 activity of our AH13 cohort were 71.7 years and 10.5% of normal, respectively, and 53% of cases were idiopathic. Autoimmune disorders and malignancies were the leading underlying disease (both 16%). Intramuscular and subcutaneous bleeding were the leading symptoms (both 72%). Most of our patients were treated with F13 concentrates (72%) to arrest bleeding and with prednisolone (81%) to eradicate anti‐F13 autoantibodies. Cyclophosphamide and rituximab (both 25%) were also administered. The mortality of AH13 was high (22%), and haemorrhage was the major cause of death (71%). Moreover, 13% of our AH13 patients were diagnosed after haemorrhagic death.ConclusionPhysicians/haematologists must raise the awareness of AH13 as a life‐threatening disease. This report represents the only experience of a nationwide survey, and may contribute to a diagnosis on potentially overlooked non‐Japanese AH13 patients in other countries in the world.
Treatment with 8‐OH‐modified adenine (TLR7 ligand)‐allergen conjugates decreases T helper type 2‐oriented murine airway inflammation
Authors: Nencini Francesca , Pratesi Sara , Petroni Giulia , Filì Lucia , Cardilicchia Elisa , Casini Andrea , Occhiato Ernesto Giovanni , Calosi Laura , Bani Daniele , Romagnani Sergio , Maggi Enrico , Parronchi Paola , Vultaggio Alessandra 
Published: April 2015

SummaryA strategy to improve allergen‐specific immunotherapy is to employ new adjuvants stably linked to allergens. The study is addressed to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro effects of allergens [natural Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 2 (nDer p 2) and ovalbumin (OVA)] chemically bound to an 8‐OH‐modified adenine. Humoral and cellular responses were analysed in allergen‐sensitized and challenged mice by using conjugates (Conj) in a therapeutic setting. The in vitro activity of the conjugates on cytokine production induced by bone marrow dendritic cells and the co‐culture system was also investigated. The nDer p 2‐Conj treatment in nDer p 2‐primed and challenged BALB/c mice reduced the numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, airway allergen‐driven interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) production in lung mononuclear cells and IgE, in comparison with nDer p 2‐treated mice. The increase of IgG2a paralleled that of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and IL‐10 in allergen‐stimulated spleen cells. Similar effects were elicited by treatment with OVA‐Conj in an OVA‐driven BALB/c model. The nDer p 2‐Conj or OVA‐Conj redirected memory T helper type 2 cells towards the production of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ also in C57BL/6 mice and when subcutaneously administered. Interleukin‐10, IL‐12 and IL‐27 were produced in vitro by Conj‐stimulated bone marrow dendritic cells, whereas IL‐10 and IFN‐γ were up‐regulated in co‐cultures of CD11c+ and CD4+ T cells from Conj‐treated mice stimulated with allergen. Cytofluorometric analysis indicated that the Conj expanded IFN‐γ‐ and IL‐10‐ producing memory T cells. The Conj effects on IL‐10−/− and IL‐12−/− mice confirmed the role of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ in inducing a protective and balanced redirection the T helper type 2‐mediated airway inflammation.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CEREBRAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND INTRACRANIAL NEOPLASM
Authors: VORIS HAROLD C. 
Published: April 2015

Advances in the treatment of both cerebral vascular disease and intracranial neoplasm make early differentiation of these conditions increasingly important. In the past many have assumed that there was little reason to confuse the diagnosis of cerebral vascular disease with its traditionally sudden onset (strokes), and that of brain tumor with its equally traditional gradual progression of symptoms, findings and signs of increased intracranial pressure. However, experience, especially with patients over 50, soon teaches that often this differentiation is very difficult. It is my purpose to review the reasons for this difficulty, to point out the diagnostic pitfalls, and to emphasize the special procedures which may be of aid.First it may be pointed out that cerebral vascular disease is not always sudden in its onset. Even hemorrhage may be slowly progressive in onset. In such cases a slowly developing subcortical hematoma gives the mechanical effects of a space‐occupying lesion and in air studies or angiograms is mistaken for a neoplasm.
Working Group Recommendations: Targeting Criteria for Geriatric Evaluation and Management Research
Authors: Rubenstein Laurence Z. , Goodwin Marsha , Hadley Evan , Patten Sharon K. , Rempusheski Veronica F. , Reuben David , Winograd Carol Hutner 
Published: April 2015

To maximize the cost effectiveness of geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) programs, criteria need to be established for selecting patients most likely to benefit. A working group was convened to define appropriate patient selection (targeting) criteria for each type of GEM program and to consider research questions for future targeting studies. The group outlined targeting criteria for the spectrum of GEM program types and locations. GEM program types included: inpatient GEM units; hospital geriatric consultation services; GEM programs in nursing homes; outpatient GEM programs for functionally impaired persons; and geriatric community outreach/screening programs for functionally independent elders. For each program type, the group outlined targeting criteria based on current literature and experience.Because research has not yet established the effectiveness of many of these patient targeting strategies, the group drafted a set of research questions, pertinent to targeting, that require attention: (1) For each identifiable population of elderly people, who are most likely to benefit from GEM? (2) How should these people best be identified/targeted? (3) What criteria should be used for targeting? (4) How and how often should population screening be performed to identify persons in need of GEM?
Online system adoption and K‐12 academic outcomes
Authors: Kimmons R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study seeks to understand the relationship between K‐12 online system adoption (e.g., Blackboard, Edmodo, WordPress) and school‐level academic achievement ratings. Utilizing a novel approach to data collection via website data extraction and indexing of all school websites in a target state in the United States (n = 732) and merging these data with publicly available data on school academic achievement ratings, this study provides generalizable results of online system adoption on academic achievement ratings for the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 school years. Univariate general linear modelling is used to determine significant relationships between categories of systems (e.g., any, education‐specific, generic, cost, no‐cost, proprietary, open‐source) or specific systems and school academic ratings for each year. The results indicate some general positive effects, but effect sizes remain small and account for 2% or less of variance in ratings. Implications of this study suggest that online system adoption does not impact student academic achievement at a sufficient level to justify adoption that is not meaningfully coupled with other essential factors of school development (e.g., professional development, curricular development), and we propose that decision‐makers should be wary of large‐scale, technocentric attempts to improve schools that are not grounded in generalizable research findings.
Evaluation of a workplace engagement project for people with younger onset dementia
Authors: Robertson Jacinta , Evans David 
Published: April 2015

Aims and ObjectivesIn 2011, a workplace project was established to provide a small group of people who had younger onset dementia with the opportunity to return to the workplace. The project sought to explore the feasibility and safety of engaging these younger people in workplace activities if an appropriate framework of support was provided.BackgroundOpportunities to engage in meaningful activities are quite limited for younger people with dementia because services are targeted at an older client population.DesignA qualitative exploratory approach was used for the project evaluation.MethodParticipants were people who were 65 years or younger and had a diagnosis of dementia. They attended a large metropolitan hardware store one day per week and worked beside a store employee for a four hour work shift. Evaluation of the project included observation of participant's engagement in the workplace, adverse events and a qualitative analysis that used participant‐nominated good project outcomes.ResultsNine people with a mean age of 58·8 years participated in the project. Six of these participants have been engaged at the workplace for more than two years. All participants were able to gain the skills needed to complete their respective work duties. Participants initially assisted with simple work tasks, but over time, they were able to expand their range of duties to include more complex activities such as customer sales. Participants achieved their nominated good outcomes of improved well‐being, engaging in worthwhile activities, contributing to society and socialisation.ConclusionThe evaluation has shown that this workplace programme is a viable model of engagement for younger people with dementia.Relevance to clinical practiceThis evaluation offers a practical demonstration that it is feasible and safe to provide opportunities for younger people with dementia to engage in meaningful activities in the community if appropriate support is provided.
The Nanochannel Delivery System for Constant Testosterone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Ferrati Silvia , Nicolov Eugenia , Zabre Erika , Geninatti Thomas , Shirkey Beverly A. , Hudson Lee , Hosali Sharath , Crawley Michael , Khera Mohit , Palapattu Ganesh , Grattoni Alessandro 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Introduction
The goal of testosterone replacement is to provide long-term physiological supplementation at sufficient levels to mitigate the symptoms of hypogonadism.

Aim
The objective of this work is to determine if the implantable nanochannel delivery system (nDS) can present an alternative delivery strategy for the long-term sustained and constant release of testosterone.

Methods
A formulation of common testosterone esters (F1) was developed to enable nanochannel delivery of the low water soluble hormone. In vivo evaluation of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and a multiplex assay, respectively, in castrated Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with nDS-F1 implants or polymeric pellets was performed over a 6-month period. The percent of testosterone concentrations observed that fell within the normal range of testosterone levels for each animal was calculated and used to compare the study groups.

Main Outcome Measures
Sustain release of testosterone in vivo for over 6 months.

Results
The subcutaneous release of F1 from nDS implants exhibited sustained in vivo release kinetics and attained stable clinically relevant plasma testosterone levels. Plasma LH and FSH levels were significantly diminished in nDS-F1 implant–treated animals, confirming biological activity of the released testosterone.

Conclusions
In conclusion, we demonstrate that nDS-F1 implants represents a novel approach for the treatment of male hypogonadism. Further studies will be performed in view of translating the technology to clinical use.
The Immunotherapy of Canine Osteosarcoma: A Historical and Systematic Review
Authors: Wycislo K.L. , Fan T.M. 
Published: April 2015

Osteosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that accounts for the majority of primary bone tumors in dogs and shares biological and clinical similarities with osteosarcoma in humans. Despite dose intensification with conventional cytotoxic therapies, survival times for dogs and humans diagnosed with high‐grade osteosarcoma have not changed in the past 20 years, with the principal cause of mortality being the development of pulmonary metastases. Given the therapeutic plateau reached for delaying metastatic progression with cytotoxic agents, exploration of alterative adjuvant therapies for improving management of osteosarcoma micrometastases is clinically justified. Evidence suggests that osteosarcoma is an immunogenic tumor, and development of immunotherapies for the treatment of microscopic lung metastases might improve long‐term outcomes. In this review, the history and foundational knowledge of immune interactions to canine osteosarcoma are highlighted. In parallel, immunotherapeutic strategies that have been explored for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma are summarized. With a greater understanding and awareness for how the immune system might be redirected toward combating osteosarcoma metastases, the rational development of diverse immune strategies for managing osteosarcoma holds substantial promise for transforming the therapeutic landscape and improving disease management in both dogs and human beings.
Writing Language‐based Trade Books: Making Linguistics Accessible to Lay Audiences
Authors: Reaser Jeffrey , Myrick Caroline 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNew publishing models and increased interest in “popular science” books have converged to make it increasingly viable for linguists to write language‐based trade books focusing on regional and social speech varieties. In order for such books to reach a broad audience, authors must make writing choices that are quite dissimilar from those made when writing for academic peers. In this article, we examine a number of recent sociolinguistic trade books and consider the effects of the authors' choices on the effectiveness in engaging and conveying technical information to non‐academic audiences. From our investigation of issues of audience, prose, images, citations, etc., emerge some guidelines that might help others be more successful in appealing to a popular readership. Though we offer no prescriptions, we hope that our investigation begins a conversation of best practices for engaging the public in linguistic investigations of regional and social speech varieties via trade books. In doing so, we also examine issues related to research ethics and the value in the academy of trade books specifically and linguistic gratuity projects in general.
No increase in prevalence of somatization in functional vs organic dyspepsia: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Gracie D. J. , Bercik P. , Morgan D. G. , Bolino C. , Pintos‐Sanchez M. I. , Moayyedi P. , Ford A. C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundPsychological factors are associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Literature suggests that somatization is associated with functional dyspepsia (FD). However, the relationship between organic dyspepsia (OD), FD, and FD subtypes and somatization is poorly described. We aimed to examine this issue in a cross‐sectional study of secondary care patients.MethodsDemographic and GI symptom data were collected from 4224 adult patients via the Rome III questionnaire. Somatization data were collected using the patient health questionnaire‐12. Mean somatization score and number of somatic symptoms were compared between patients with organic and FD, and between FD subtypes using analysis of variance. The same comparison was undertaken for the proportion of patients reporting individual somatic symptoms.Key ResultsExactly, 783 patients met criteria for dyspepsia, of whom 231 (29.5%) had organic disease following upper GI endoscopy. Mean somatization scores and number of somatic symptoms were no higher in functional vs OD (p = 0.23; p = 0.19). In addition, while the prevalence of somatization in FD was relatively high, there was no difference in severity of somatization in FD subgroups.Conclusions & InferencesSomatization is associated with functional and OD to the same degree. Overall severity of somatization did not appear to vary according to FD subtype.
Intraoperative changes in blood pressure associated with cerebral desaturation in infants
Authors: Michelet Daphné , Arslan Ozkan , Hilly Julie , Mangalsuren Nyamjargal , Brasher Christopher , Grace Robert , Bonnard Arnaud , Malbezin Serge , Nivoche Yves , Dahmani Souhayl 
Published: April 2015

SummaryBackgroundIntraoperative hypotension has been linked to poor postoperative neurological outcomes. However, the definition of hypotension remains controversial in children. We sought to determine arterial blood pressure threshold values associated with cerebral desaturation in infants.MethodsAfter ethics committee approval, infants younger than 3 months were included in this prospective observational study. Cerebral saturation was assessed using near‐infrared spectroscopy. The primary goal of the study was to determine percentage reductions in intraoperative systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) associated with decreases in cerebral blood oxygen saturation of >20%, when compared to baseline. Analyses were performed using a bootstrap receiving operator characteristic (ROC) curves with determination of the gray zone.ResultsSixty patients were recruited and 960 measurement points were recorded. Fifty‐nine data points (6.1%) recorded cerebral desaturation of >20% when compared to baseline. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.79 (0.74–0.84) and 0.67 (0.6–0.75) for percentage decreases in SBP and MBP, respectively. Gray zone values with false‐positive and negative rates <10% were SBP decreases of 20.5% and 37.5%, respectively, and MBP decreases of 15.5% and 44.5%, respectively.ConclusionOur results indicate that falls in noninvasive systolic blood pressure of <20% from baseline are associated with a <10% chance of cerebral desaturation in neonates and infants <3 months of age undergoing noncardiac surgery. As such, maintaining systolic blood pressure above this threshold value appears a valid clinical target.
Survey research: it's just a few questions, right?
Authors: Tait Alan R. , Voepel‐Lewis Terri 
Published: April 2015

SummaryWhile most anesthesiologists and other physician‐ or nurse‐scientists are familiar with traditional descriptive, observational, and interventional study design, survey research has typically remained the preserve of the social scientists. To that end, this article provides a basic overview of the elements of good survey design and offers some rules of thumb to help guide investigators through the survey process.