bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NEW CLEANING PRODUCT FOR OILED BIRDS AND AN INTEGRATED AUTOMATED PROCESS
Authors: Basseres Anne , Verschuere Bruno , Holtzinger Gerard , Jacques Jean-Pierre , Tramier Bernard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new product for cleaning oiled birds was tested. A laboratory test was made in which several duck feathers, polluted with aged oil, were cleaned in 40° C water with the new product, then rinsed with cold water. Under these conditions, 90 percent of the oil was removed using the new product, versus 30 percent removal in control tests. Standard toxicity testing procedures were used to show the nontoxicity of the product. The new product was then tested using Sintef-Unimed techniques and metabolic activity tests on six mallard ducks. The cleaning process was easy and quick; birds recovered normal metabolic rate and thermal insulation one day after cleaning. Similar results were obtained on site in a rehabilitation center, where birds were also efficiently cleaned. The recovery rate for wild birds was about 60 percent after two weeks, with much higher hydrophobicity recovery rate when using the new product than when using the reference product. This new product for cleaning oiled birds appeared very efficient and nontoxic.
A new technique to wash the birds also was tested on site. Accidently oiled wild birds were cleaned in an automated process, which included washing with the new product and efficient rinsing. The cleaning time was about 10 minutes for one bird. This technique was tested in one of the largest French rehabilitation centers. It appears very promising, considering the decrease in stress to the birds and the reduction in cleaning time.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING DURING AN OPERATIONAL APPLICATION OF COREXIT 95801
Authors: Shigenaka Gary , Vicente Vance P. , McGehee M. Angela , Henry Charles B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following the grounding of the barge Morris J. Berman on the northern coast of Puerto Rico in January 1994, conditional approval for the use of the shoreline cleaner Corexit 9580 was granted. One requirement was the inclusion of biological effects monitoring, particularly during the first operational application. This was intended to safeguard against unforeseen ecological consequences from the treatment—to answer the question, does the use of Corexit 9580 result in adverse biological impact beyond that caused by the oil itself? The monitoring was designed to provide immediate operational feedback (Should the application continue?) but also addressed other questions of interest for future incidents and for further research.
Study sites were surveyed before, immediately following, and one day after treatment with Corexit 9580. No significant nearshore effects were observed, and the monitoring team recommended that operations proceed. Followup studies of organisms transplanted into the treatment area also showed few exposure-related effects. Measurable concentrations of both Corexit and oil were found in water samples collected in the treated area, and low levels of hydrocarbons were also found in sea urchins exposed to treatment runoff water. The toxicological significance of the exposure and the tissue residues were beyond the scope of this monitoring effort, but the lack of mortalities in both resident and transplanted organisms suggested a relatively minor short-term biological effect on exposed communities.
VESSEL LIABILITY AND FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE U.S. COASTAL STATES
Authors: Stolls Amy M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Vessel owners and operators doing business in the United States know by now that simply complying with federal laws and regulations is not enough. Though some states have enacted legislation similar to the federal Oil Pollution Act of 1990, others have their own approach to environmental protection. This paper reviews the patchwork of U.S. coastal state requirements with regard to vessel liability and financial responsibility.
OPERATIONAL POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR LOADED TANKERS TRANSITING COASTAL WATERS1
Authors: Lee N. Robin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Loaded tankers constitute a high-risk scenario during coastal navigation and inward transit to their destination terminal. An effective pollution prevention program based on prudent operational procedures can be developed on a port- and terminal-specific basis that will effectively reduce this risk and make cleanup and contingency plans largely redundant.
When the high cost and marginal effectiveness of oil spill cleanup is considered, a pollution prevention program appears particularly attractive. This is especially true if the threat of toxic chemical cargoes entering the water column is also borne in mind.
Most marine accidents that result in pollution take place in coastal waters to tankers under 100,000 dwt. The St. Lawrence Gulf and River on Canada's east coast constitute a fragile landlocked marine ecosystem that is potentially vulnerable to the depredations of pollution from vessels in transit to Montreal and the Great Lakes.
Perceptive assessment and strict operational programs have been established to ensure that only low-risk vessels, prudently navigated under approved terminal-specific programs, gain access to ports in the Maritime Provinces and thence to Canada's hinterland waterways.
A COOPERATIVE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: LESSONS FROM THE GREENHILL SPILL1
Authors: Finley J. Heather Warner , Hanifen James G. , Roscigno Pasquale F. , Debusschere Karolien , Newell Maura J. , Julius Brian E. , von Beek Johannes 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following a September 1992 natural gas and oil well blowout in Timbalier Bay, Louisiana, natural resource trustees took action under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to restore the natural resources injured by the spill. Trustees appointed by the State of Louisiana and the U.S. Government worked cooperatively with the well owner, Greenhill Petroleum Corporation, in a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). The resolution of the Greenhill NRDA marks an early success for all parties involved. The process was concluded in December 1993, only 14 months after the spill, when Greenhill and the trustees signed a natural resource restoration agreement. The cooperative assessment and innovative approaches used by the trustees and the well owner resulted in the rapid resolution of the case, rapid environmental restoration, and relatively low assessment costs.
TEXAS MARSH BURN: REMOVING OIL FROM A SALT MARSH USING IN SITU BURNING
Authors: Gonzalez Manuel F. , Lugo Gabriel A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Frequently coastal marsh is burned to enhance regrowth; but rarely is it burned to remove spilled oil. On January 7, 1992, a 40.64 cm crude oil pipeline ruptured causing a spill in a salt marsh. Four days later, in an unprecedented cleanup coordinated by Exxon Pipeline Company and the Texas General Land Office, 1,150 barrels of South Texas crude was ignited and removed, minimizing environmental damage to Copano Bay, Chiltipin Creek, and the surrounding wetlands.
This cleanup had been made difficult by inclement weather and heavy rainfall that saturated the marsh. Ingress and egress had damaged the marsh and was discontinued. Conventional mechanical cleanup techniques had been used with minimal success. Alternative methods like bioremediation, low pressure flooding, and peat moss applications were considered, but proved unfeasible. The unified command system then made an application for a permit to burn and gained approval. Seventy-six hours into the event, a successful test burn was conducted; one day later, the majority of the oil was ignited. It maintained a full burn for 21 hours, self-extinguished, and later was re-ignited for further removal.
Emerging technologies such as in-situ burning are additional implements in the oil spill responder's toolbox. In Texas, burning helped save a marsh.
OILING OF MANGROVE KEYS IN THE 1993 TAMPA BAY OIL SPILL1
Authors: Levings Sally C. , Garrity Stephen D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On August 10, 1993, three vessels collided in the channel leading from the Gulf of Mexico into Tampa Bay, Florida. More than 300,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil and 30,000 gallons of gasoline, Jet-A fuel, and No. 2 fuel oil were discharged into Tampa Bay. Most oil moved out to sea and weathered until August 14. Onshore winds then moved the slick onto beaches and into Boca Ciega Bay. Four mangrove keys inside Johns Pass were oiled with No. 6 fuel oil. Floating oil washed through two keys, but slicks and oil patty stranded against berms or elevated sections of two others. Oil contacted three species of mangroves: black (Avicennia germinans), red (Rhizophora mangle), and white (Laguncularia racemosa). Nine months after oiling, significantly more juvenile red and black mangroves were dead at three oiled keys than at unoiled sites or a fourth oiled key. Juvenile plants died if leaf shoots were oiled. Where the oil patty was stranded in greatest amounts, adult red mangroves defoliated and died, and surviving red and black mangroves showed significant deterioration of fringing prop roots and pneumatophores.
MITIGATION STRATEGIES AT AN ESTUARINE MANGROVE AREA AFFECTED BY AN OIL SPILL
Authors: Quilici Antonio , Infante Carmen , Rodríguez-Grau Jorge , LaSchiazza José A. , Briceño Henry , Pereira Néstor 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A simulated oil spill was carried out under controlled conditions at an estuarine mangrove forest dominated by Rhizophora mangle. Two mitigation strategies were thereafter applied: addition of nutrients to restore sediments CIN and CIP ratios and addition of a commercial shoreline cleaner without further surface washing. Photosynthetic capacity of leaves, soil respiration rate, and litter disappearance rate were measured periodically to evaluate differential responses of these community functional variables to the treatments. Application of shoreline cleaner negatively affected the productive capacity of R. mangle leaves. Soil respiration rate was stimulated in all of the oiled experimental plots but to a lesser extent in those where shoreline cleaner was applied—presumably as a result of less retention of hydrocarbon fractions in the sediments. Although litter increased its dry weight by 0.4 percent as a result of hydrocarbon addition, its disappearance rate did not slow down and remained unaltered among the different treatments compared to controls. Results suggest that the studied mangrove community possesses the capability to respond to moderate, medium crude oil spills. Neither the use of a shoreline cleaner nor the addition of nutrients alone is recommended as a mitigation strategy under such conditions.
CONFIRMING RESPONSE EFFECTIVENESS: AN OVERVIEW AND GUIDE TO OPERATIONAL MONITORING
Authors: Mearns Alan J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Monitoring is a common, if generally implicit, part of spill response. However, there are no general guidelines for designing and carrying out spill response monitoring. With a few notable exceptions, as in shoreline assessments, monitoring rules are made up as the response progresses. Important rules of monitoring, such as those concerning adequate controls, are often left out or remain ill-defined, leading to unjustified product claims. As a result, there is often considerable debate and confusion about the effectiveness of protection and cleanup actions as well as the need to move on or terminate the response.
A framework has been developed to help make monitoring an explicit process in spill response management. This framework forces (1) clear identification of the objectives of prevention and cleanup strategies, (2) selection of meaningful and useful end points, to quickly document effectiveness, (3) an appropriate strategy (statistical or otherwise) for collecting and reporting needed feedback information, (4) an often-overlooked quality assurance/quality control plan, (5) a data or information management plan, and (6) confirmation that a decision was (or was not) made based on monitoring results. The most important aspect of an explicit monitoring plan is that it forces not only clear definition of “how clean is clean enough,” but also how this measure will be operationally documented. Elements of this process are indeed covered in many past responses and in some recent documents. Nevertheless, there is a critical need to develop additional rapid response tools for chemistry, biology, and toxicology and for a more thorough operational monitoring guide for spill response.
NATIONAL DRILL OF THE VENEZUELAN OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN
Authors: Villoria Carlos , Gomez Elia , Tavel Nelson García 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In November 1993, the first drill of the Venezuelan national oil spill contingency plan (VNCP) was carried out to evaluate both the response capability of the plan to cope with an emergency and the effectiveness of the regional response organization to manage the given scenario.
During four days of intensive work, 800 participants, evaluators, and controllers of the drill made decisions and took actions to mobilize resources and pollution countermeasure equipment for cleanup operations.
To measure the effectiveness of the response actions, 23 oil spill response processes were evaluated based on flow charts or decision trees designed for each process.
In summary, the drill covered all areas related to response actions in the case of an oil spill (alert, notification, evaluation, decision-making, mobilization, field response, and postmortem), evaluating the ability of the VNCP to cope with a major emergency and identifying weaknesses in order to improve the response capability.
SHIP ESCORT RESPONSE VESSEL SYSTEM (SERVS) FISHING VESSEL OIL SPILL RESPONSE TRAINING
Authors: Ulvestad Dennis A. , Kelly N. Vincent 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the Exxon Valdez oil spill cleanup it became obvious that fishing vessels were a valuable asset. Their value was recognized by the Ship Escort Response Vessel System (SERVS), and they have become an integral part of the SERVS response capability. SERVS is a world leader in oil spill prevention and response and is charged with meeting the requirements of the Prince William Sound Tanker Oil Discharge Prevention and Response Plan. The Prince William Sound response plan and the Nearshore Response Plan both require a trained group of oil spill technicians to operate a fleet of small boats. Fishing vessels and their crews are in an ideal position to fulfill this function. SERVS and Prince William Sound Community College (PWSCC) are in the third year of a fishing vessel crew training program. Prince William Sound Community College, as part of the University of Alaska system, has developed a partnership with SERVS that included the codevelopment of a fishing vessel training program. The three major goals of this training are to teach vessel crews to safely operate the equipment they will employ to contain and clean up a spill, to provide general health and safety training, and to give participants an insight into their responsibilities within the SERVS oil spill response organization. The first year provides basic instruction. Each subsequent year reviews the first year and presents new material on equipment operation. The classes are structured to include both classroom and on-water training utilizing the fishing vessels.
DELIVERING OIL SPILL HEALTH AND SAFETY TRAINING FOR BEACH CLEANUP: INNOVATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AT WORK1
Authors: Penn Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The California Conservation Corps provides trained workers for oil spill cleanup. Delivering effective training that exceeds the requirements of applicable regulations and meets the educational needs of the students has necessitated minimizing the traditional classroom component and introducing nontraditional educational methodologies into the curriculum.
HEAVY OIL SPILLS: OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND
Authors: Castle Robert W. , Wehrenberg Fred , Bartlett Jeremy , Nuckols Jason 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Heavy oils include those low API gravity (LAPIO) petroleum hydrocarbons that will sink below the water surface, either to the bottom or to some level in the water column. While there is a tendency to ignore spilled oil that is no longer visible at the surface, submerged oil may resurface or be transported onto shorelines where it can present unexpected and reoccurring cleanup problems.
Factors influencing sinking and movement of sunken oil must be considered to guide heavy-oil spill contingency planning and response. Procedures that have been used successfully or show potential application for the location, mapping, and recovery of submerged oil should be included in planning. Decision diagrams are useful in the identification of appropriate procedures and technologies for varying oil characteristics and environmental situations. These decision diagrams include consideration of sunken oil assessment procedures, possible containment technology, and candidate recovery technologies.
SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA TO OPTIMIZE OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: Sell David , Conway Lucy , Clark Tracy , Picken Gordon B. , Baker Jenifer M. , Dunnet George M. , McIntyre Alasdair D. , Clark Robert B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Aberdeen University Research and Industrial Services (AURIS) undertook a joint industry pilot investigation on “Scientific Criteria for Optimizing Oil Spill Cleanup Operations and Effort” from October 1993 to March 1994. This project examined the worldwide scientific literature on the effects of oil spills, and experimental and natural clearances, on both rocky shores and salt marshes, to ascertain whether defensible scientific criteria could be used to establish the appropriate end point for oil spill cleanup operations. After exhaustive screening of the literature, the investigation found that ecological recovery of shore biota usually follows natural time scales of up to three years for rocky shores and five years for salt marshes, regardless of cleanup. Cleanup has a negative or marginal influence on these time scales, so there is little scientific justification for shore treatment. It may be justified, however, by socioeconomic factors relating to recreation, tourism, fisheries, aquaculture, visual amenity, or birds and mammals. In exceptional cases, where oil has formed heavy smothering deposits or toxic subsurface deposits, there are grounds for treatment to promote ecological recovery of the shore biota within the expected time scales.
JUST MAKE IT HAPPEN: LOGISTICS CONCEPTS, PROCESSES, AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN MAJOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Ives John R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive examination of the major logistics elements of a large-scale oil spill removal organization (OSRO) has been completed, focusing on the contingency support aspects of the organization—the development of oil spill logistics concepts, processes, and infrastructure. The key principles associated with command and control, contingency planning, and resource management were considered in the context of the most recent major response—the barge Morris J. Berman spill at San Juan, Puerto Rico. The manner in which sound logistics support strategies quickly injected organization into response processes, shaped available options, and influenced the success of a major oil spill cleanup operation was observed and examined.
DYNAMIC CONTINGENCY PLANNING WITHIN A COMMAND AND CONTROL FRAMEWORK1
Authors: Simmerman Jeff 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the development of the area contingency plan, the federal on-scene coordinator (FOSC) received a vast array of response expertise from the membership of each area committee. This expertise provided a wealth of response knowledge vital in contingency planning. Additionally, each agency in the area committee could be involved in the response command structure. These agencies, each with very different policies and procedures, offer a unique challenge to the FOSC in implementing that area contingency plan.
Another challenge faced by the FOSC is ensuring that the operational expertise contained in the area contingency plan is available to each member of a diverse response organization, including personnel mobilized from agencies in areas outside the FOSC area of responsibility, who may be unfamiliar with both the contingency planning process and the command and control (C & C) structure they are augmenting.
The solution to both these challenges lies in arranging the area contingency plan in a format outline directly representing the C & C response structure determined by the FOSC and the area committee. This paper discusses the steps in the Savannah Area Contingency Plan and the evolution of its format; the operational and training advantages of this format; and the potential for this format to incorporate improvements.
TO IMPROVE THE RESPONSE TIME: A COMMUNITY DECISION
Authors: Patry Marc , Rivet Claude 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effectiveness of a good contingency plan requires trained personnel and specialized equipment and can only be improved through sound predetermined operational strategies, to which all impacted communities contribute. To achieve such a plan depends on the willingness of potential on-scene commanders to recognize the competency of all stakeholders within a community.
This conclusion was derived from many informational and training sessions held in small and large communities following the amendments to the Canada Shipping Act. This legislation requires any response organization wishing to obtain accreditation to have specific action plans to protect and clean up designated sensitive areas.
The results of these sessions defined both the sensitive areas and the most appropriate strategies for mitigating the impact of an oil spill. The sessions approach was used in Montreal, Quebec City, and Sept-Iles to plan for the protection of the St. Lawrence ecosystem which is made up of river, estuary, and ocean-type environments.
THE MORRIS J. BERMAN SPILL—MSRC'S OFFSHORE OPERATIONS1
Authors: McDonald James L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The January 1994 spill off the coast of Puerto Rico may best be known for the oil it deposited on beaches of a prime resort area of this beautiful island during a peak tourism period. But we at the Marine Spill Response Corp. saw the spill as the first true field test, under reallife conditions, of one of our 16 specially designed, 208-foot oil spill recovery vessels.
While deemed successful, the operations in the offshore environment—an area little covered by oil recovery manuals—highlighted a number of important considerations, which may be grouped into three areas: impact of physical factors, both human and natural; flexibility in execution of procedures to suit the specific situation; and issues involved in the decontamination process.2
Being aware that the enhancement of policies and procedures is a continuing effort, we can apply knowledge gained during the Morris J. Berman spill to recommend—and, where appropriate, implement—measures to make operations still more efficient and effective in response to future spills.