bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landmark Lipid‐Lowering Trials in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Chrispin Jonathan , Martin Seth S. , Hasan Rani K. , Joshi Parag H. , Minder C. Michael , McEvoy John W. , Kohli Payal , Johnson Amber E. , Wang Libin , Blaha Michael J. , Blumenthal Roger S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAlthough atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, the long disease latency affords ample opportunity for preventive care. Indeed, lifelong exposure to atherogenic apoliprotein B‐containing lipoproteins has consistently been shown to increase the cumulative risk of suffering a CVD event, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Over the past 25 years, lipid‐lowering therapies have been developed that are proven to not only lower cholesterol, but also to decrease adverse CVD events and CVD mortality. This review will highlight several key clinical trials encompassing several classes of lipid‐lowering medications that have provided clinicians with an evidence‐based framework for managing their patients' cardiovascular risk.
Influence of good manufacturing practices on the shelf life of refrigerated fillets of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) packed in modified atmosphere and gamma‐irradiated
Authors: Monteiro Maria Lúcia Guerra , Mársico Eliane Teixeira , Mano Sérgio Borges , Teixeira Claudia Emília , Canto Anna Carolina Vilhena da Cruz Silva , de Carvalho Vital Helio , Conte‐Júnior Carlos Adam 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of good manufacturing practices (GMP) on the shelf life of refrigerated fillets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) packed in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and irradiated. In a first series of experiments, 120 tilapia fillets kept under controlled sanitary conditions were purchased from a fish market managed by a cooperative. A second lot totaling 200 tilapia fillets was obtained under controlled storage conditions from a pilot plant. The combined effects of MAP (40% CO2 and 60% N2) and irradiation (1.5 kGy) were investigated by monitoring physical and chemical (total volatile bases and pH), bacteriological (aerobic heterotrophic mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria) and sensory (acceptance test) changes in the samples. The quality of samples decreased with storage time regardless of the treatment, remaining higher in fillets produced in the pilot plant in comparison with the commercially produced fillets. The observed shelf life of nonirradiated commercially produced fillets was only 3 days, compared to 8 days for those produced in the pilot plant, probably due to GMP in the latter. It was concluded that, even with a combination of proven conservation methods for meats, the adoption of good manufacturing practices still remains essential before, during, and after the filleting process in order to ensure the effectiveness of the entire treatment.
Characterization of nociceptive behavioural responses in the awake pig following UV–B‐induced inflammation
Authors: Di Giminiani P. , Petersen L.J. , Herskin M.S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundAmong the current translational inflammatory pain models, the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is of rapidly growing interest. The development of primary thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia has been observed in humans and rodents. The pig as a translational animal model might be advantageous due to its great homology with humans.MethodsThe skin in the flank of awake pigs was irradiated by a UV‐B light source (1 J/cm2) and changes in thermal and mechanical sensitivity 24 and 48 h following irradiation were measured via assessment of nociceptive behaviours.ResultsThermal sensitivity increased significantly within the inflamed site 24 h after irradiation as indicated by the reduction of latency to respond to thermal stimulation from baseline to 24 h (P < 0.05). At 48 h, the response latency had not decreased any further (P = 0.414). Thermal sensitivity was also higher at the inflamed skin site than at the control site 24 and 48 h following irradiation (P < 0.05). An overall decrease of 50% of the baseline mechanical threshold was observed 24 and 48 h following UV‐B irradiation (P = 0.092). Following the inflammatory challenge, the mechanical sensitivity was higher at the site of irradiation compared with the control skin at both 24 and 48 h (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study shows that behavioural recordings are a valid tool for the assessment of thermal hyperalgesia following UV‐B inflammation in porcine skin, but they were not capable of providing a clear indication of the development of mechanical hyperalgesia.
In vitro exposure to cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress in follicular cells of F1 hybrid mice
Authors: Siddique Shabana , Sadeu Jean C. , Foster Warren G. , Feng Yong‐lai , Zhu Jiping 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the influence of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] on the levels of two oxidative stress biomarkers [8‐isoprostane (8‐IsoP) and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxy Guanosine (8‐OH‐dG)], in in‐vitro spent media of follicle cells. Follicles (100–130 µm) isolated from ovaries of F1 hybrid (C57Bl/6j × CBA/Ca) mice were cultured for 13 days in media exposed to B(a)P [0 ng ml–1 (control) to 45 ng ml–1] or CSC [0 µg ml–1 (control) to 130 µg ml–1]. The concentrations of oxidative stress biomarkers in spent media were quantified by enzyme‐linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA). CSC and B(a)P treatment induced a significant, dose‐dependent increase in the concentrations of 8‐IsoP and 8‐OH‐dG in the spent media. We conclude that CSC and B(a)P exposure can induce oxidative stress in ovarian follicles, an effect that may contribute to the previously documented decline in follicle development and premature ovarian failure in women who smoke. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2013.
Electricity production from synthesis gas in a multi‐electrode microbial fuel cell
Authors: Hussain Abid , Raghavan Vijaya , Guiot Serge R. , Tartakovsky Boris 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDElectricity production in single‐anode/cathode MFCs fed with simulated synthesis gas (syngas) as the sole electron donor has recently been demonstrated. This study evaluated the ability of a multi‐anode/cathode MFC fed with syngas to achieve improved volumetric efficiency at several operating temperatures and electrode arrangements.RESULTSA maximum power density of 33 mW (normalized to the anodic compartment volume) and a coulombic efficiency (CE) of 43% was achieved at an operating temperature of 37°C. MFC operation at 50°C resulted in a much lower power density of 10 mW and a CE of 15%. The MFC power density was greatly impacted by the electrode arrangement and the highest power density was achieved in a three anode–two cathode (3A‐2C) arrangement.CONCLUSIONThe multi‐electrode design enhanced the performance of a syngas‐fed MFC, which could have major economic and operational implications for designing large‐scale syngas‐fed MFCs. The MFC performance at elevated temperatures was restricted by low microbial activity, implying that a thermophilic rather than a mesophilic inoculum might be required for successful operation under thermophilic conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
AN ISLAND DRIFTING APART. WHY HAITI IS MIRED IN POVERTY WHILE THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FORGES AHEAD
Authors: Frankema Ewout , Masé Aline 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe 2010 earthquake in Haiti has exposed the extreme vulnerability of a society where the state and the economy simultaneously fail to deliver. The Dominican Republic has witnessed several phases of rapid economic growth since the 1870s and, from the 1970s onwards, a sustained process of political emancipation. Douglas North, John Wallis and Barry Weingast have developed a conceptual framework to explain different long‐term performance characteristics of societies, which we apply to the case of Hispaniola. We argue that it captures the internal logic of the political economy of both societies but fails to account for the effect of different foreign relations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion‐weighted signal models in healthy and cancerous peripheral prostate tissues: Comparison of outcomes obtained at different b‐values
Authors: Mazzoni Lorenzo N. , Lucarini Silvia , Chiti Stefano , Busoni Simone , Gori Cesare , Menchi Ilario 
Published: May 2013

PurposeTo evaluate the dependence on the b‐values adopted of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), perfusion fraction (PF), slow and fast diffusion coefficient (Dslow, Dfast), corrected diffusion coefficient (D) and kurtosis (K), in healthy peripheral (HP) and peripheral cancerous (PCa) prostate tissues.Materials and MethodsPatients who underwent multiparametric prostate MR examination were retrospectively evaluated for possible inclusion. ADC, PF, Dslow, Dfast, D, and K were estimated both in HP and PCa tissues, using three different ranges of b‐values: 0–2300, 0–1800, 0–800 s/mm2 (group A, B and C, respectively). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed, to establish differences among groups and to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of every parameter in distinguishing HP and PCa tissues when calculated with different b‐values.ResultsIn all, 57 patients were included. ANOVA showed significant differences of all parameters between group A‐B vs. C, both in HP and PCa tissues. In ROC analysis K showed the best area under the curve (AUC) when calculated in groups A and B (0.87 and 0.86), while it was comparable with the ADC one in group C (both 0.82).ConclusionA significant dependence on the adopted b‐values of DWI parameters is shown. The best performance in distinguishing HP from PCa tissues was obtained by K, calculated using a high b‐value sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:512–518. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equality and Diversity in the Health Service
Authors: Ali Shahnaz , Burns Christine , Grant Loren 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNine years after the first human rights legislation came into effect, many public sector organizations struggle to demonstrate meaningful and sustainable outcomes for protected groups. The workforce stubbornly fails to reflect the diversity of the communities it serves. Equality stakeholders report that services ignore the specific needs of their section of the communities, resulting in poor outcomes. To redress this, National Health Service (NHS) North West developed an evidence‐based strategy, supported by the introduction of tools and best practice methods. It applied cultural change management, defined the leadership competencies required, and introduced a consistent and objective framework for measuring outcomes across a range of 13 key areas. Three years into the strategy, outcomes include the national adoption of a leadership competency framework and outcome‐based performance measurement tool, as well as demonstrable improvements in the cultural competencies of NHS bodies in the region. Within 18 months, the number of primary care trusts able to evidence tangible “achieving” outcomes affecting at least three equality target groups has doubled.
Efficient failure prediction in autonomic networks based on trend and frequency analysis of anomalous patterns
Authors: Abed Hesham J. , Al‐Fuqaha Ala , Khan Bilal , Rayes Ammar 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYWe describe an efficient failure prediction system based on new algorithms that model and detect anomalous behaviors using multi‐scale trend analysis of multiple network parameters. Our approach enjoys many advantages over prior approaches. By operating at multiple timescales simultaneously, the new system achieves robustness against unreliable, redundant, incomplete and contradictory information. The algorithms employed operate with low time complexity, making the system scalable and feasible in real‐time environments. Anomalous behaviors identified by the system can be stored efficiently with low space complexity, making it possible to operate with minimal resource requirements even when processing high‐rate streams of network parameter values. The developed algorithms generate accurate failure predictions quickly, and the system can be deployed in sa distributed setting. Prediction quality can be improved by considering larger sets of network parameters, allowing the approach to scale as network complexity increases. The system is validated by experiments that demonstrate its ability to produce accurate failure predictions in an efficient and scalable manner. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failing to Professionalise, Struggling to Specialise: The Rise and Fall of Health Promotion as a Putative Specialism in England, 1980–2000
Authors: Duncan Peter 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSignificant attention has been paid to the history of public health in England during the final part of the twentieth century. Within this, however, the field that came to be known as specialist health promotion (SHP) has been relatively neglected. Between 1980 and 2000 those working in this field, generally known as health promotion specialists (HPSs), enjoyed a relative rise in policy and practice prominence before SHP was effectively abandoned by government and others charged with developing and sustaining public-health structures. This paper seeks to explain why the fall of SHP is important; to move towards explaining its rise and decline; and to argue for greater historical attention to be paid to an important but neglected field within health and health care. Essentially, SHP emerged from a set of loose and contingent practices known as health education. A range of important social, economic, organisational and political influences contributed to the slow construction of a putative specialism in health promotion, accompanied by the desire on the part of some (but not all) HPSs to ‘professionalise’ their role. Finally the projects of both specialisation and professionalisation failed, again as a result of then prevailing organisational and political influences. The importance of such a failure in a so-called era of public health is discussed. In the light of this, the paper concludes by briefly setting out an agenda for further research related to the history of SHP.
A ‘Textbook Pattern’? Malaria Control and Eradication in Jamaica, 1910–65
Authors: Jones Margaret 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn 1965 Jamaica was declared free of malaria by the World Health Organisation (WHO), thus ending centuries of death and suffering from the disease. This declaration followed the successful completion of the WHO’s Malaria Eradication Programme (MEP) on the island, initiated in 1958. This account first explores the antecedent control measures adopted by the government up to the MEP. These, as advocated by the previous malaria ‘experts’ who had reported on the disease on the island concentrated on controlling the vector and the administration of quinine for individual protection. Although Jamaica suffered no catastrophic epidemics of island-wide scope, malaria was a constant cause of mortality and morbidity. Major change came in the wake of the Second World War within the changing political context of national independence and international development. In 1957 the Jamaican government joined the global WHO programme to eradicate malaria. The Jamaican campaign exposes many of the problems noted in other studies of such top–down initiatives in their lack of attention to the particular circumstances of each case. Despite being described as ‘a textbook pattern’ of malaria eradication, the MEP in Jamaica suffered from a lack of sufficient preparation and field knowledge. This is most obviously illustrated by the fact that all literature on the programme sent to Jamaica in the first two years was in Spanish. That the MEP exploited the technological opportunity provided by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) with advantage in Jamaica is not disputed but as this analysis illustrates this success was by no means guaranteed.
The Origin, Context and Function of Consular Diptychs
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMembers of the late Roman élite commemorated the holding of certain offices by the distribution of ivory diptychs. This paper attempts to show how diptychs came to play this rôle; that they were not originally distributed by consuls but by any official who provided games; that they had nothing to do with the ecclesiastical diptychs that are first heard of at about the same time; that the custom spread from east to west, not from west to east; and that the earliest western consular diptychs are not illustrated with scenes from games because there were no multi-day consular games at Rome before the fifth century.
Long-term performance and herbivory of tree seedlings planted into primary and secondary forests of Central Amazonia
Authors: Benítez-Malvido Julieta , Martínez-Ramos Miguel 
Published: May 2013

Abstract:Plant survival and growth in tropical rain forest are affected by different biotic and abiotic forces. As time elapses and plants grow the relative importance of such forces as regeneration inhibitors and/or facilitators may change according to habitat and species. To detect within- and among-species divergences in performance over time in different habitats we followed, for nearly a decade, the survival, growth and herbivory of seedlings of the native tree species: Chrysophyllum pomiferum, Micropholis venulosa and Pouteria caimito. In Central Amazonia, young seedlings were planted into old-growth and secondary forests dominated by Vismia spp. One year after planting, C. pomiferum ranked first (i.e. fast growth, fewer dead and less herbivory) for both habitats, followed by M. venulosa and P. caimito. Initial trends changed over time. In the long term, M. venulosa ranked first for both habitats, followed by C. pomiferum and P. caimito ranked consistently lowest. Within-species divergences in growth and herbivory were greater in secondary forest. Initial seedling responses cannot always be used to predict species persistence in the long term. Contrary to previous estimations, old-growth-forest species can persist under Vismia spp. stands, at least when planted.
A sparkling apéritif or old wine in new bags?
Authors: MUYSKEN PIETER 
Published: May 2013

In the keynote article “Language contact outcomes as the result of bilingual optimization strategies” (Muysken, published online May 31, 2013; henceforth KA), I have tried to accomplish three things:(a)linking a number of fields of language contact research (code-switching, Creole studies, contact-induced language change, bilingual production), by(b)assuming four roles that the contributing languages may play ((i) first language dominant, (ii) second language dominant, (iii) neither language dominant – patterns common to the two languages, and (iv) neither language dominant – language-neutral communicative strategies), and(c)modeling these four roles in terms of bilingual optimization strategies, which may be implemented in an Optimality Theoretic (OT) framework.Bilingual strategies are conditioned by social factors, processing constraints of speakers’ bilingual competence, and perceived language distance. Different language contact outcomes correspond to different interactions of these strategies in bilingual speakers and their communities.
Characterization of Rotating Gantry Micro-CT Configuration for theIn VivoEvaluation of Murine Trabecular Bone
Authors: Arentsen Luke , Hui Susanta 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine the optimal physical parameters of a rotating gantry micro-CT system to assessin vivochanges to the trabecular bone of mice. Magnification, binning, peak kilovoltage, beam filtration, and tissue thickness are examined on a commercially available micro-CT system. The X-ray source and detector geometry provides 1.3×, 1.8×, or 3.3× magnification. Binning is examined from no binning to 2 to 4. Energy is varied from 40 to 80 kVp in 10 kVp increments and filter thickness is increased from no filtration to 1.5 mmAl in 0.5 mmAl increments. Mice are imaged at different magnifications and binning combinations to evaluate changes to image quality and microstructure estimation. Increasing magnification from 1.3× to 3.3× and lowering binning from 4 to 1 varies the spatial resolution from 2.5 to 11.8 lp/mm. Increasing the beam energy or filtration thickness decreases Hounsfield unit (HU) estimation, with a maximum rate of change being −286 HU/kVp for 80 kVp. Images for murine trabecular bone are blurred at effective pixel sizes above 60 μm. By comparing resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and radiation dose, we find that a 3.3× magnification, binning of 2.80 kVp beam with a 0.5 mmAl filter comprises the optimal parameters to evaluate murine trabecular bone for this rotating gantry micro-CT.
Feline HER2 Protein Expression Levels and Gene Status in Feline Mammary Carcinoma: Optimization of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) andIn SituHybridization (ISH) Techniques
Authors: Soares Maria , Correia Jorge , Rodrigues Pedro , Simões Margarida , de Matos Alves , Ferreira Fernando 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHuman epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) is a tumor biomarker that when overexpressed and/or amplified is associated with a poor prognosis for women with breast cancer. This specific tumor subtype is eligible for a specific immunotherapy that increases survival period. However, in feline oncology, only a few studies have been performed on molecular characterization of feline (fHER2) in feline mammary carcinoma (FMC), and the available data are inconsistent. In this study,fHER2 protein levels and gene status in FMC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry andin situhybridization. After being optimized, these techniques revealed thatfHER2 is overexpressed in 33% of FMC cases, althoughfHER2 andfTOP2A gene amplification could not be observed. Our results support the possibility of using FMC as a natural model for comparative oncology. Additional data obtained may also improve the diagnostics, and consequently the treatment, of this type of tumor in veterinary medicine.
Orgasmic Headaches
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Headache arising during intercourse is, of course, one of the most unsettling headache presentations. The differential diagnosis for sudden headache (e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage, arterial dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis) is discussed as well as the gamut of exertional headaches. Treatment of orgasmic headache is also summarized.
Migrainous Vertigo
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
It has become clear that vertigo is a common migraine aura symptom. There are some migraine disorders with prominent vertigo, such as basilar-type migraine and benign positional vertigo of childhood. The diagnosis of migrainous vertigo in the absence of the accompanying headache is a bit challenging but crucial if these patients are to receive effective treatment. Criteria are summarized in this chapter. The differential diagnosis of vertigo is discussed as well.
Use of Triptans in Elderly Patients
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Although usually a disorder of the young, approximately 3%–10% of older patients continue to suffer from migraine. Because this age group has more medical comorbidity, treatment options may be limited. This chapter reviews the indications, contraindications, and work-up required to safely prescribe triptans in older migraine sufferers.
Principles of imaging
Authors: Liaw Jonathan , Taylor Jane , Chambers Anthony , Sanghera Bal , Goh Vicky 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses how imaging is fundamentally important to the management of the cancer patient, how anatomical imaging is the mainstay for patient evaluation, and how functional and hybrid (combined functional–anatomical) imaging have acquired an increasing role. Additionally it offers guidance on obtaining the most accurate and reliable information possible with the most appropriate imaging modality and why the relative performance of the imaging test has to be defined.