bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Rossi William 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The nineteenth century was a period of evolutionary theories in all spheres. The idea of evolution or “development” was often synonymous with “progress” and since these ideas had themselves been developed in various social and professional settings, efforts to distinguish them without dividing biological from cultural meanings was challenging. Those efforts haven't done justice to the complexity of evolutionary thought. The article elaborates on Darwinism saying the Transcendentalists had welcomed the theory, though their writings had a tendency to cling to the divine origins of humankind. The older Transcendentalists had proven tricky to locate in the development of evolutionary thought in part because they had little interest in the Darwinian issues of adaptation and mechanisms for species change. Where Darwin sought a mechanism to explain the complexities of adaptation and the processes of speciation and descent, those pre-Darwinian evolutionary thinkers closest to Transcendentalism were more concerned with organic form.
The Free Religion Movement
Authors: Robinson David M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article narrates different aspects of religious reforms and the changes that were brought about by transmitting an entirely new concept to the American society in the wake of the formation of Free Religious Association (FRA). The program of religious reform begun by the Transcendentalists was carried forward by the FRA, formed in 1865 by a group of dissident Unitarian ministers, self-described “radicals” who aspired to a naturalized, post-Christian, and universal understanding of human spirituality. They propounded a perpetually evolving and reconstituting self whose religious evolution was never wholly attained or fully completed but remaking itself always. The article states that though Transcendentalism had generated an ocean of scholarly articles and books, the free religion movement has been much less studied. The controversies surrounding the rise of the FRA were not so prominent as those surrounding Transcendentalism, and the movement remained, despite its larger aspirations, an essentially intra-Unitarian dispute.
The Electronic Age
Authors: Earhart Amy E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the various online materials related to Transcendentalism and assesses the amount of coverage and usefulness the concerned websites possess. It says the best online encyclopedia for general information on Transcendentalism is the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as it is peer reviewed and conducts regular updates. While naming a number of websites that are dedicated to either individual writers associated with Transcendentalism or to the movement itself, it also states that since many of these sites are for general users they have limited value for scholars and the researchers interested in utilizing digital material. The article also assesses the coverage the Transcendentalists have got in the web world and states the coverage of other Transcendentalist figures is much less complete than that of Emerson and Thoreau.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenblum Marc R. , Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInternational migration has increased steadily during the past half century. The flow of people across national borders appears to have grown markedly. The United Nations Population Division estimates that the total number of international migrants—defined as persons born in a country other than where they currently reside—rose from 79 million in 1960 to 175 million in 2000 and to 210 million in 2009. The most developed regions of the world have experienced the largest growth in migrant populations and women comprise nearly half of all international migrants. This article discusses the origins and causes of migration, the effects of migration, migration policy, and the immigrant experience.
Space, Time, and Volition: Dimensions of Migration Theory
Authors: Fussell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article lays out three overarching dimensions of current theoretical models of migration flows: a “spatial” dimension, which describes pushes and pulls in origin and destination countries; a “temporal” dimension, which explains why migration streams begin and either grow or dissipate; and a “volitional” dimension, which explains at the individual level how migrants respond to these forces and to the changing context in which migration occurs. The spatial dimension includes the four primary models of migration, based on neoclassical economics, world systems theory, the new economics of labor migration, and social capital theory. By placing these demographic-economic approaches into a synthetic, three-dimensional framework, the article addresses the discrete causes of migration while bridging the artificial (often disciplinary) divide among competing explanations.
War, Natural Disasters, and Forced Migration
Authors: Martin Susan F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on two categories of forced migrants—those displaced by conflict and those displaced by disasters—and the interconnections between them, particularly in the context of complex humanitarian emergencies. Using the typology of forced migration which considers the causes, timing, and geographic location of the displaced populations, the article sets out the legal and institutional frameworks in international and domestic law for protecting various categories of forced migrants. It then discusses the life cycle of displacement, exploring the stages of uprootedness. Next special problems encountered by involuntary migrants from conflict and natural disasters are identified. Finally, new challenges are examined, including the potential impact of climate change on mass displacement of people.
Economic Effects of Emigration on Sending Countries
Authors: Kapur Devesh , McHale John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article surveys the economic consequences of international migration on sending countries. It first provides a broad overview of recent research on migration and development, beginning with the sizes of the emigrant/immigrant stocks and the possibilities for migration-related income gains, both direct migration-related impacts and the resulting remittance flows. Recent advances have led to a reassessment of the effects of migration on development, often leading to a more sanguine view compared to earlier work on the “brain drain.” However, the state of knowledge is still too rudimentary to identify when migration is beneficial for development. This uncertainty is particularly pronounced for skilled migration, which is increasingly the object of rich-country policies.
Immigrant Participation
Authors: DeSipio Louis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses four aspects of immigrant participation. First it analyzes naturalization patterns, looking at both numbers and the reasons some immigrants pursue naturalization and others do not. Second, it examines civic and community engagement among immigrants. This is frequently the first form of politics that appears in immigrant communities, in large part because immigrants, regardless of legal or citizenship status, can participate in civic life. Third, it assesses immigrant (and coethnic) electoral behavior. Finally, it examines a newly emerging form of political engagement among immigrants: their transnational efforts to influence the civic or political life of their communities or countries of origin. This form of politics remains an activity engaged in by a minority of immigrants, but like civic engagement in the country of residence, transitional activities are open to all immigrants, regardless of status.
Dimensions of Immigration Policy
Authors: Rosenblum Marc R. , Cornelius Wayne A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes the various and evolving definitions of the immigration policy problem and lays out a taxonomy of policy responses. In reviewing the types of immigration and immigrant integration policies being implemented in the United States and other migrant-receiving countries, it also describes contemporary empirical patterns and concludes by reevaluating two hypotheses from previous research: the “convergence” hypothesis, which predicts that diverse migrant-receiving countries are moving toward common policy modes; and the “gap” hypothesis, which predicts a divergence between popular demands for tight migration policies and less restrictive immigration policy outputs and outcomes.
Interest Group Politics and Immigration Policy
Authors: Freeman Gary P. , Tendler Stuart M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the case for the centrality of interest groups to the politics of immigration in liberal democracies. It focuses on alternative theories that might account for the creation of individual preferences with regard to immigration policies, which incentives and constraints affect the translation of individual preferences into organized groups, how groups seek to influence policy, and how effective they are. This discussion is followed by a review of the American case, and the article concludes with a discussion of research needed to establish the interest group-immigration policy nexus outside the United States.
Pathways of Incorporation for Immigrant Citizens in the United States: Perspectives on Historical Patterns
Authors: Ueda Reed 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores immigrant integration over time and identifies major historical pathways of immigrant civic incorporation which highlight the importance of historical developments and transitions that shape this process. It traces the civic construction of immigrants from late eighteenth-century thought to the Progressive Era, and from the Great Depression and the Cold War to the civil rights revolution of the 1960s. It places special emphasis on two significant dimensions of civic incorporation for newcomers. The first lies in how the symbolic representation of immigrants was produced by public discourse in legislation, public education, and government-promoted racial categories and policies. The second centers on the naturalization process as it was influenced by national policies and overall immigration trends, but especially by the local contexts of family and communal ties, demographic structures, community organizations, and civic institutions.
Aliens and People of Color: The Multidimensional Relationship of Immigration Policy and Racial Classification in the United States
Authors: Filindra Alexandra , Junn Jane 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes U.S. immigration policy as both a dependent and an independent variable in the politics of race and ethnicity. It argues that immigration policies at all levels of government have often been the direct result of racial considerations designed to support the American racial stratification system; have important influence on the context of immigrant reception and its connection to how immigrant and minority groups experience politics; and have influenced the social construction of various immigrant groups and the formation of racial and ethnic identities.
Conceptualizing Transborder Communities
Authors: Stephen Lynn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article develops the concept of “transborder” communities. It first explores the concepts of borders, border crossing, and borderlands as a way of understanding the complexity of transborder communities. From there the discussion focuses on the concept of coloniality as a tool for understanding the ways that ethnic and racial hierarchies written into colonialism are often recycled into ideologies of nationalism that permeate discussions of contemporary migration. It evaluates theories of the compression of time in terms of how to conceptualize the local in multiple places simultaneously, drawing on the concepts of bifocal vision and social fields. Finally, the article discusses both the power and limits of states in affecting transborder communities.
Migration and Citizenship: Normative Debates
Authors: Bauböck Rainer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the persistence of national sovereignty as the organizing principle in migration. All modern states are defined by territories and rules defining membership. And as long as people migrate (and seek permanent residence abroad), every modern state confronts questions about when and how to extend membership to newcomers and how to exclude those denied legal access. The article approaches this question from the perspectives of freedom of movement and distributive social justice. First, do states have a moral right to restrict free movement, or does the individual's right to free movement supersede state interests in controlling borders? The answer depends on whether the individual's right to travel is intrinsic, or merely instrumental, in which case states may prioritize openness based on the secondary value would-be travelers derive from free access, for example, by admitting those with a well-founded fear of persecution. Second, from a distributive justice perspective, the right of states to exclude noncitizens depends on the normative theory of global distribution and on the likely redistributive effects of an open migration regime. The article concludes by drawing an important distinction between immigration policies and rules governing democratic membership. It makes the case that long-term stakeholders accrue greater rights to membership over time, an argument with resonance across most of the developed world as countries grapple with large and, in most cases growing, populations of unauthorized immigrants.
The Intellectual Roots of Health Psychology
Authors: Friedman Howard S. , Adler Nancy E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHealth psychology has deep and broad intellectual roots. Although the field of health psychology did not formally organize as a scientific discipline until the 1970s, its concepts grew out of a long philosophical tradition and from scientific developments in medical and clinical psychology, epidemiology and public health, medical sociology and anthropology, and psychosomatic medicine. Appreciation of these roots encourages more sophisticated concepts and models, and it helps modern researchers avoid common intellectual traps and sterile research paths.
A History of the Development of Health Psychology
Authors: Pickren Wade , Degni Silvia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA long tradition of thought and practice has asserted important connections between psychological states and physical health. The possible mechanisms or paths of influence may have changed over time and varied across locations, but humans have long believed that how they think and what they feel may be intimately linked to whether they are healthy or sick. This chapter focuses on those ideas and practices that led to this tradition’s eventual expression, in the late 20th century, in what came to be labeled health psychology. Beginning with developments in the mid to late 19th century, it tracks the convergence of thought and application that came together in the 20th century in a manner that made it possible to carve out a new area of disciplinary and professional expertise, that addressed health and disease from the perspective of the discipline of psychology.
The Brain, Homeostasis, and Health: Balancing Demands of the Internal and External Milieu
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Berntson Gary G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCommunications among the nervous system, neuroendocrine system, and immune system are bidirectional to better balance the demands of the internal and external milieu. By producing feelings of fever and fatigue, not only is the immune system better able to defend against an infection (e.g., invading microbes do not flourish at elevated body temperatures), but the individual who, due to fever and fatigue, withdraws from daily stresses to the comfort of his or her bedroom also diminishes the release of neural and hormonal signals that can compromise immune function. This chapter traces the historical development of integrative principles regarding the regulatory and restorative forces of the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine function, and immune actions, and their modulation by the brain in transaction with the environment. The intention is to examine from a global perspective how the brain integrates the regulatory and restorative processes of the body to foster health and adaptation to environmental challenges.
Adjustment to Chronic Disease: Progress and Promise in Research
Authors: Stanton Annette L. , Revenson Tracey A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChronic illnesses carry important psychological and social consequences that demand significant psychological adjustment. The literature is providing increasingly nuanced conceptualizations of adjustment, demonstrating that the experience of chronic disease necessitates adaptation in multiple life domains. Heterogeneity in adjustment is apparent between individuals and across the course of the disease trajectory. Focusing primarily on cancer and rheumatic diseases, we review longitudinal investigations of proximal (personality attributes, cognitive appraisals, coping processes, interpersonal relationships) and distal (socioeconomic variables, culture/ethnicity, gender-related processes) risk and protective factors for adjustment across the illness trajectory. We conclude that the past decade has seen a surge in research that is longitudinal in design, involves adequately characterized samples of sufficient size, and includes statistical control for initial values on dependent variables. A progressively convincing characterization of risk and protective factors for favorable adjustment to chronic illness has emerged. We identify important issues for future application and research.
Health and Illness Perceptions
Authors: Benyamini Yael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the contents and structure of subjective perceptions of health and illness, which are coherent theories in which individuals’ health-related knowledge is integrated and that then serve to guide their coping with health issues as part of dynamic self-regulation processes that take place over time. These perceptions are not always medically accurate, yet they are rational and internally logical from the person’s subjective point of view. They serve as the objective reality for the individual in their role as major influences on behaviors and outcomes. The chapter discusses how such perceptions are formed on the basis of a variety of sources and their sensitivity to experiential, rather than to purely medical knowledge. Different quantitative and qualitative ways to assess health perceptions are described. Next, the processes involving these perceptions are discussed: The reasons why people form these perceptions, their associations with various physical and psychological outcomes, the mechanisms explaining these associations, and the personal and sociocultural factors affecting these perceptions. Finally, directions for future research are outlined.
Expressive Writing: Connections to Physical and Mental Health
Authors: Pennebaker James W. , Chung Cindy K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a broad overview of the expressive writing paradigm. Since its first use in the 1980s, dozens of studies have explored the parameters and boundary conditions of its effectiveness. In the laboratory, consistent and significant health improvements are found when individuals write or talk about personally upsetting experiences. The effects include both subjective and objective markers of health and well-being. The disclosure phenomenon appears to generalize across settings, many individual difference factors, and several Western cultures, and is independent of social feedback.
Advancing Health Behavior Theory: The Interplay Among Theories of Health Behavior, Empirical Modeling of Health Behavior, and Behavioral Interventions
Authors: Aiken Leona S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIntervention research aimed at modifying health behavior can go beyond merely assessing behavioral outcomes to characterizing the putative mechanisms by which interventions bring about behavior change. To characterize these mechanisms, a two-stage research program is required. The first stage involves the development and evaluation of a psychosocial model of the putative determinants of a particular health behavior. This may be a hybrid model that draws constructs from existing theories and models, and it may also integrate constructs from related areas of scholarship. The second stage involves translation of the psychosocial model into a multicomponent intervention to encourage behavior adoption. Here, each model construct is transformed into a component of the intervention and becomes a candidate mechanism by which the intervention may bring about behavior change. The intervention is evaluated in an experimental trial, followed by mediation analysis to examine putative linkages from the intervention to change on model constructs to change on behavior outcomes. This two-stage approach is illustrated with examples of health behaviors aimed at disease detection and prevention, at distal and proximal threats to health, and at private and public health-related behaviors. Examination of the putative mechanisms by which interventions bring about behavior change reverses the flow of information from health behavior model to intervention. Instead, the findings from health behavior interventions can lead to theoretical advances in our understanding of health protective behavior.
Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Sher Kenneth J. , Talley Amelia E. , Littlefield Andrew K. , Martinez Julia A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHeavy alcohol use in the general population, especially among late adolescents and young adults, is highly prevalent and associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, such as unintentional injury and sexually transmitted infections, as well as fetal injury in pregnant women. Although heavy consumption tends to decrease as individuals age, the cumulative effect of alcohol exposure increases risk for some forms of cancer, gastrointestinal disease, dementing illnesses, and other serious conditions. Alcohol use can also interfere with treatments for medical illnesses via drug interactions and poor compliance with prescribed treatments. Against this backdrop of considerable health burden associated with alcohol use in the population are findings that, at least among certain subgroups of the population, there are health benefits of moderate consumption. Additionally, alcohol use disorders (AUDs; alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence), are among the most prevalent mental disorders in the United States and elsewhere. AUDs are frequently comorbid with other psychological disorders which in themselves have important implications for health. A number of approaches to the prevention and treatment of problematic alcohol use have been developed and are effective. Some of these can be employed during primary care visits or other contacts with health professionals (e.g., emergency room visits).