bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF MACADAMIA (MACADAMIA SPP.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThe macadamia nut is the only commercial food crop indigenous to Australia. It originated along the fringes of rainforests, only becoming an important internationally traded crop in the late 20th century. Australia is now the main centre of production, following a lead set by Hawai'i. The crop is also important in Central America and southern Africa. The majority of recent research reported in the literature on the physiology and water relations of macadamia has been undertaken in Australia. Macadamia is a tall evergreen tree in which vegetative growth occurs in a series of flushes. Mild water stress suppresses growth, but compensatory growth occurs on re-watering. Flowers form on hardened wood within the leaf canopy. Floral initiation occurs in late autumn, with flowering in the following spring. Flowering is profuse but only 5–10% of the flowers set fruit and less than 1% of the flowers reach maturity as fruits due largely to premature abscission. High temperatures (>30 °C) can contribute to the shedding of fruit. It takes about 12 months from floral initiation to the completion of harvest. Macadamia root systems are described as relatively shallow and spreading. The taproot can extend to depths of >1.2 m, with a dense matt of fibrous roots in the top 0.4 m. Proteoid rootlets are also present. Stomata are only found on the abaxial surface of the leaf. Macadamia has several attributes that help to explain its apparent tolerance to periodic dry conditions as found in its native habitat. These include leaves with xeromorphic adaptations, stomatal closure without concurrent changes in leaf water potential and an efficient water transport system. There has only been one serious attempt to measure the actual water use of macadamia. Most irrigation experiments have been poorly planned and/or the outcomes were inconclusive. Nut yields are cyclical and highly variable, making it difficult to establish cause and effect. It is not yet possible to say with evidence where and when irrigation is worthwhile.
Is use of formal community services by older women related to changes in their informal care arrangements?
Authors: MCKENZIE SAMANTHA J. , LUCKE JAYNE C. , HOCKEY RICHARD L. , DOBSON ANNETTE J. , TOOTH LEIGH R. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how the relationships between the factors (predisposing, enabling and illness) of the 1973 Andersen framework and service use are influenced by changes in the caring role in older women of the 1921–26 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Outcome variables were the use of three formal community support services: (a) nursing or community health services, (b) home-making services and (c) home maintenance services. Predictor variables were survey wave and the following carer characteristics: level of education, country of birth, age, area of residence, ability to manage on income, need for care, sleep difficulty and changes in caring role. Carer changes were a significant predictor of formal service use. Their inclusion did not attenuate the relationship between the Andersen framework factors and service use, but instead provided a more complete representation of carers' situations. Women were more likely to have used support services if they had changed into or out of co-resident caring or continued to provide co-resident care for a frail, ill or disabled person, needed care themselves, and reported sleep difficulties compared with women who did not provide care. These findings are important because they indicate that support services are particularly relevant to women who are changing their caring role and who are themselves in need of care.
Evaluating authorship distance methods using the positive Silhouette coefficient
Authors: LAYTON ROBERT , WATTERS PAUL , DAZELEY RICHARD 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUnsupervised Authorship Analysis (UAA) aims to cluster documents by authorship without knowing the authorship of any documents. An important factor in UAA is the method for calculating the distance between documents. This choice of the authorship distance method is considered more critical to the end result than the choice of cluster analysis algorithm. One method for measuring the correlation between a distance metric and a labelling (such as class values or clusters) is the Silhouette Coefficient (SC). The SC can be leveraged by measuring the correlation between the authorship distance method and the true authorship, evaluating the quality of the distance method. However, we show that the SC can be severely affected by outliers. To address this issue, we introduce the Positive Silhouette Coefficient, given as the proportion of instances with a positive SC value. This metric is not easily altered by outliers and produces a more robust metric. A large number of authorship distance methods are then compared using the PSC, and the findings are presented. This research provides an insight into the efficacy of methods for UAA and presents a framework for testing authorship distance methods.
Spatial dispersion of interstellar civilizations: a probabilistic site percolation model in three dimensions
Authors: Hair Thomas W. , Hedman Andrew D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA model of the spatial emergence of an interstellar civilization into a uniform distribution of habitable systems is presented. The process of emigration is modelled as a three-dimensional probabilistic cellular automaton. An algorithm is presented which defines both the daughter colonies of the original seed vertex and all subsequent connected vertices, and the probability of a connection between any two vertices. The automaton is analysed over a wide set of parameters for iterations that represent up to 250 000 years within the model's assumptions. Emigration patterns are characterized and used to evaluate two hypotheses that aim to explain the Fermi Paradox. The first hypothesis states that interstellar emigration takes too long for any civilization to have yet come within a detectable distance, and the second states that large volumes of habitable space may be left uninhabited by an interstellar civilization and Earth is located in one of these voids.
Deformation during the 1975–1984 Krafla rifting crisis, NE Iceland, measured from historical optical imagery
Authors: Hollingsworth James , Leprince Sébastien , Ayoub François , Avouac Jean‐Philippe 
Published: October 2012

We measure the displacement field resulting from the 1975–1984 Krafla rifting crisis, NE Iceland, using optical image correlation. Images are processed using the COSI‐Corr software package. Surface extension is accommodated on normal faults and fissures which bound the rift zone, in response to dike injection at depth. Correlation of declassified KH‐9 spy and SPOT5 satellite images reveals extension between 1977–2002 (2.5 m average opening over 80 km), while correlation of aerial photos between 1957–1990 provide measurements of the total extension (average 4.3 m opening over 80 km). Our results show ∼8 m of opening immediately north of Krafla caldera, decreasing to 3–4 m at the northern end of the rift. Correlation of aerial photos from 1957–1976 reveal a bi‐modal pattern of opening along the rift during the early crisis, which may indicate either two different magma sources located at either end of the rift zone (a similar pattern of opening was observed in the 2005 Afar rift crisis in East Africa), or variations in rock strength along the rift. Our results provide new information on how past dike injection events accommodate long‐term plate spreading, as well as providing more details on the Krafla rift crisis. This study also highlights the potential of optical image correlation using inexpensive declassified spy satellite and aerial photos to measure deformation of the Earth's surface going back many decades, thus providing a new tool for measuring Earth surface dynamics, e.g. glaciers, landsliding, coastal erosion, volcano monitoring and earthquake studies, when InSAR and GPS data are not available.
Rhetoric, Rationality, and Judicial Activism: The Case of Hillary Goodridge v. Department of Public Health
Authors: Tell Dave , Miller Eric Carl 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
This article considers the relationship between rhetoric and judicial activism. A term first coined by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in 1947, the charge of judicial activism has become ubiquitous in modern political and legal discourse, frequently leveled at judicial opinions with which one disagrees. Despite focused attention from legal scholars in recent years, the term continues to defy easy definition. After surveying the relevant legal scholarship on judicial activism, this article considers a widely decried example of activism in action. Taking the 2003 case of Hillary Goodridge v. Department of Public Health as a case study, the authors examine the five judicial opinions, paying particular attention to how each justice justifies his or her decision with recourse to one of three rhetorical forms (legal analysis, the discourse of science, and public consensus). We conclude that the legitimacy of judicial activism is a function of particular rhetorical forms (and not others).
“Pardon Me for the Digression”: Robert Forten and James Forten Jr. Address the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
Authors: McClish Glen 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis study features two speeches by African American abolitionists Robert B. Forten and James Forten Jr., who in the 1830s addressed the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Their orations simultaneously appeal to conventional nineteenth-century, white, upper- and middle-class notions of womanhood while drawing upon arguments that more typically inform male abolitionist rhetoric. In addition, both men emphasize traditional racial differences while seeking to establish links with their listeners that transcend these differences. The development of a powerful collective sense of identity, achieved through the constitutive quality of their arguments, forms the speeches' best opportunity to serve abolition.
Consilium: A System to Address Deliberative Uncertainty in the Rhetoric of the Middle Ages
Authors: Ramsey Shawn D. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis article treats the idea of consilium as a concept in the rhetoric of the Western Middle Ages. The tradition of civic oratory in antiquity was associated with the deliberative genre, and civic speech was perpetuated in the Middle Ages but manifested itself as consilium. In the letters of Fulbert of Chartres, the rhetorical commentaries of Thierry of Chartres, and the rhetorical treatises of Albertanus of Brescia and Brunetto Latini, the concept of consilium (“counsel”) systematically describes persuasive human interaction to address deliberative uncertainty about future civic decisions. Medieval rhetoricians use the term consilium both synonymously with deliberation and to describe an activity of persuasion that is akin to deliberative oratory. In rhetorical texts describing the practice of counsel in the Middle Ages, we see a transition from counsel as a subject of rhetorical theory to counsel as a public practice.
Eu3+/Tb3+-codoped Y2O3 nanophosphors: Rietveld refinement, bandgap and photoluminescence optimization
Authors: Som S , Sharma S K 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In this work, Eu-doped, Tb-doped and Eu, Tb-codoped Y2O3 nanophosphors were synthesized by the combustion synthesis method. The prepared phosphors were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD studies and Rietveld refinement confirmed the body-centred cubic structure of doped and codoped phosphors. FTIR studies also confirmed the formation of these compounds. Thermal analysis results indicated that there was no phase transition for all the phosphors in the studied temperature range. In the optical properties, diffuse reflectance (DR) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed. DR spectra were used to determine the bandgap and it increased in the doped and codoped samples due to the crystallite size effect. A strong characteristic emission from Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions was identified and the influence of doping concentration and annealing temperature on PL properties was systematically studied. Transfer of energy was observed from Tb3+ to Eu3+ ions in the codoped phosphor at room temperature.
A-site vacancy-induced giant strain and the electrical properties in non-stoichiometric ceramics Bi0.5+x(Na1−yKy)0.5−3xTiO3
Authors: Ni Feng , Luo Laihui , Li Weiping , Chen Hongbing 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A-site vacancies were created in lead-free piezoelectric non-stoichiometric ceramics Bi0.5+x
(Na1−y
K
y
)0.5−3x
TiO3 and Bi0.5+x
(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3, which were synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction process. The ferroelectric properties, piezoelectric performances and strain behaviours of the as-prepared ceramics were characterized, and the effects of A-site vacancies on the ferroelectric properties, piezoelectric performances and strain behaviours of the ceramics were discussed. The results show that moderate A-site vacancies in the prepared ceramics enhance the piezoelectric performance of the ceramics, meanwhile, A-site vacancies lead to a decrement of depolarization temperature T
d. A large bipolar strain of 0.35% is achieved in the Bi0.505(Na0.74K0.26)0.485TiO3 ceramic at room temperature.
Piezoelectric properties of polyamide 11/NaNbO3 nanowire composites
Authors: David Charlotte , Capsal Jean-Fabien , Laffont Lydia , Dantras Eric , Lacabanne Colette 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Polyamide 11(PA 11)/sodium niobate nanowire (NW) 0–3 composites with different volume fractions of NWs were synthesized. The electric polarization (P) was measured as a function of the applied electric field (E). The P–E hysteresis loop was used to work out the remanent polarization P
r of these materials. The dielectric permittivity and the piezoelectric strain constant were determined. Good impedance matching between inorganic and organic phases leads to higher electroactivity than conventional lead-free 0–3 composites. The piezoelectric voltage of the PA 11/NaNbO3 NW composites is of the same order as those obtained for fluorinated piezoelectric polymers. These composites could have some applications in flexible, low-cost, environmentally friendly piezoelectric sensors and actuators.
Epitaxial growth of ZnO film on Si(1 1 1) with CeO2(1 1 1) as buffer layer
Authors: Wong T I , Tan H R , Sentosa D , Wong L M , Wang S J , Feng Y P 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
ZnO(0 0 2) epitaxial films have been successfully grown on Si(1 1 1) with CeO2 as a buffer layer by pulsed laser deposition. In spite of large lattice mismatch between ZnO and CeO2, good film quality was achieved, as proven by Fourier filtered high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image, due to reduction in interface strain by domain matching epitaxy. The epitaxial relationship of ZnO and CeO2 on the Si substrate was determined to be (0 0 2)[2 1 0]ZnO‖(1 1 1)[1 1 2]

(1 1 1)[1 1 2]Si. The HRTEM images show low defect concentrations in both the deposited ZnO film and CeO2 layer. Ordered crack lines are observed on the surface of the ZnO film which are due to A-type and B-type stackings of CeO2 on Si(1 1 1). Sharp near-band edge emission at 3.253 eV was detected for the ZnO film through photoluminiscence measurement at room temperature.
Transport and thermoelectric properties of n-type Ruddlesden–Popper phase (Sr1−xGdx)3(Ti1−yTay)2O7 oxides
Authors: Sun R R , Qin X Y , Li L L , Li D , Zhang J , Wang Q Q 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The transport and thermoelectric properties of (Sr1−x
Gd
x
)3(Ti1−y
Ta
y
)2O7(x = 0.05, y = 0.05–0.15; x = 0.1, y = 0.05–0.1) compounds with Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phase, prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction method plus spark plasma sintering (SPS), were investigated in the temperature range from 300 to 1000 K. The results indicate that the electrical resistivity ρ for all compounds increases with temperature, and has a relation ρ ∝ T

M
(i.e. the mobility μ ∝ T
−M
) with M = 1.58–1.92 at T ≳ 650 K, indicating that the phonon scattering is predominant. Basically, the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient |S| increases almost linearly with temperature above ∼400 K, showing degenerated semiconducting behaviour. Moreover, both ρ and |S| decrease with the increase in both Ta and Gd content, which can be attributed to an increase in the carrier concentration. The lattice thermal conductivity κ
L of the compounds decreases monotonically with an increase in both Ta and Gd content due to mass-defect phonon scattering, and the lowest κ
L(κ
L = 3.3 W K−1m−1 at room temperature and 2.0 W K−1 m−1 at 1000 K) is achieved in (Sr0.9Gd0.1)3(Ti0.9Ta0.1)2O7. Among all the compounds investigated here, the largest dimensionless figure of merit ZT = 0.08 (at 1000 K) is obtained in the compound (Sr0.9Gd0.1)3(Ti0.95Ta0.05)2O7.
Permanent left atrial pacing therapy may improve symptoms in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and atrial dyssynchrony: a pilot study prior to a national clinical research programme
Authors: Laurent Gabriel , Eicher Jean Christophe , Mathe Anaëlle , Bertaux Géraldine , Barthez Olivier , Debin Régine , Billard Clotilde , Philip Jean Luc , Wolf Jean Eric 
Published: September 2012

AimsOur group has recently shown that in some patients, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) may be explained by ‘atrial dyssynchrony syndrome’ (ADS) due to interatrial conduction delay (IACD), a short left atrioventricular interval (LAVI), and increased left atrial (LA) stiffness. Our primary objective was to evaluate LA pacing therapy as a new treatment to restore left ventricular active filling in patients with no other known causes for HF than ADS.Methods and resultsSix patients with severe HFPEF with IACD (P wave duration >120 ms in lead II), short LAVI during electrophysiological studies (<70 ms), a restrictive filling pattern (E/e' >15), and no standard indication for a pacemaker were implanted with a lead screwed inside the coronary sinus for active LA pacing. After 3 months of active pacing, a 2 week randomized double‐blind crossover phase compared active vs. inactive LA pacing. After 3 months of pacing, the mean distance walked in 6 min (6MWD) was 21% greater (240 ± 25 m vs. 190 ± 15m, P < 0.05), mitral A wave duration was longer (104 ± 8 vs. 158 ± 25 ms, P = 0.002), and E/A and E/e' ratios were smaller (3.4 ± 1.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.9, P = 0.009, and 22.6 ± 4.6 vs. 15.3 ± 4.3, P = 0.006, respectively). Inactivation of pacing for 1 week led to a significant reduction in the 6MWD, with an on/off response.ConclusionThe beneficial effects of LA pacing observed in this pilot study will have to be confirmed by the randomized, controlled crossover ‘LEAD’ study.
Evolutionary game theory: an exposition
Authors: Lahkar Ratul 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis article aims to provide an exposition of evolutionary game theory which can be used for pedagogical purposes.Design/methodology/approachThe exposition is presented as a mathematical model in order to cover the formal underpinnings of evolutionary game theory. The paper aims to illustrate the theory using some simple examples.FindingsThe paper discusses population games and describes the notion of revision protocols that agents use to change strategies. As an example of an evolutionary dynamic, the paper discusses the replicator dynamic in detail. It shows convergence of this dynamic to Nash equilibrium in simple 2 strategy games. The paper then applies this dynamic to a particular class of 3 strategy games to establish the possibility on cyclical behavior around a Nash equilibrium.Originality/valueThe paper can serve as an educational briefing for students and researchers who are new to the field of evolutionary game theory.
Impact of exchange rate volatility on sectoral exports of Pakistan: an ARDL investigation
Authors: Aftab Muhammad , Abbas Zaheer , Nawaz Kayani Farrukh 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of exchange rate volatility at sectoral level on the exports trade of Pakistan. All the sectors involved in the export trade (proposed by the State Bank of Pakistan, by commodity), were used to study this relationship at a more minute level.Design/methodology/approachQuarterly data regarding research were collected over the period 2003 to 2010 from databases of State Bank of Pakistan and International Monetary Fund financial statistics. The bound testing approach proposed by Pesaran et al., was used to study the relationship between sectoral export and exchange rate volatility, while augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron tests were used to test the unit root of series and GARCH,proposed by Bollerslev, was used to study exchange rate volatility.FindingsThe results show that exports are negatively influenced by exchange rate volatility and relative prices while positively affected by foreign income. This relationship holds for all sectors where bound testing revealed the existence of long‐ run relationship, although some equations results were not statistically significant.Practical implicationsThe paper's findings can be used to form such policies which result in a stabilized and competitive exchange rate, so that Pakistan's exports can be increased.Originality/valuePrevious studies have been conducted on aggregated data set for exports in the Pakistani context, which hinders pertinent information; however this information is possible by studying disaggregated data. The paper fills a research gap by taking sectoral level data, to divulge the behavior of individual sectors against exchange rate volatility.
The development of internal auditing in Ethiopia: the role of institutional norms
Authors: Getie Mihret Dessalegn , Mula Joseph M. , James Kieran 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which institutional norms determine attributes of internal audit practices and how institutional changes explain the development of these practices.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employed a qualitative research approach based on archival analysis and interview evidence.FindingsFindings indicate that regulation‐based institutional norms explain the adoption of internal audit and the function's characteristics in Ethiopian organizations. Furthermore, innovative introduction of internal audit practices originate within individual organizations and eventually get institutionalized through diffusion. Such innovations are associated with organizational size, top management characteristics, internal audit advancement in technology, and exogenous input from the external environment. Widely accepted internal audit practices, as institutional norms, are not always taken‐for‐granted at the level of individual organizations. The institutional change perspective enables explaining how new internal audit approaches are introduced to supplant old ones.Originality/valueThis study theorizes the development of internal audit practices from an institutional change perspective. Being the first study to do so, it contributes to the understanding of key drivers of institutional change that initiate new institutional norms that foster the development of internal audit through introduction and diffusion of new audit practices as old ones are deinstitutionalized.