bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence of Petroleum Products III. Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Plots of Petrolatum-Based Products
Authors: Gugel J , Siegel JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A high degree of association between known and unknown specimens of petrolatum-based lubricants, which occur as evidence in criminal sexual assault cases, can be demonstrated by using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3-D fluorescence). Fifteen petrolatum-based products, five mock cases, and two cases provided by the Michigan State Police Crime Laboratory are analyzed and compared using this technique. Controls are run to eliminate interfering substances and to insure proper technique. Three-dimensional plots of excitation, emission, and synchronous excitation fluorescence spectra are collected. A computerized comparison of the resultant plots is conducted to determine if any differences occur between the plots. The results of these analyses suggest that this technique has great potential as an analytical tool, allowing the analyst to determine whether or not two petrolatum-based products could have a common source.
Cardiac Blood pH as a Possible Indicator of Postmortem Interval
Authors: Sawyer WR , Steup DR , Martin BS , Forney RB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Postmortem changes in the pH of blood and selected tissues in rats were evaluated at intervals ranging from 2 min to 96 h. Cardiac blood pH was significantly and reproducibly decreased in all groups at all postmortem intervals, independent of the method of sacrifice used. A preliminary study using cardiac blood obtained at autopsy from a limited number (n = 11) of human subjects demonstrated a significant negative correlation (r = −0.908, P &lt; 0.01) between postmortem interval (range 2 to 20 h) and cardiac blood pH.
Pheochromocytoma and Sudden Death as a Result of Cerebral Infarction in Turner's Syndrome: Report of a Case
Authors: Knisely AS , Sweeney K , Ambler MW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Various etiologies for hypertension in Turner's syndrome, a common feature of the disorder, are well recognized. Pheochromocytoma is not among them. A young woman with Turner's syndrome, recently diagnosed with hypertension, died suddenly and unexpectedly. A hemorrhagic cerebral infarct and an adrenal gland pheochromocytoma were found at necropsy. This is the first reported case of pheochromocytoma associated with Turner's syndrome.
Recovery of Latent Prints and Drug Residues from a Problem Porous Surface
Authors: Nielson JP , Katz AI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A protocol to maximize the probability of recovery of both drug residues and latent prints has been previously reported. A particular type of substrate (paper) has been encountered which traps drug residues in the paper matrix, thereby preventing recovery by the methods previously reported. In the case in which the existing protocol fails to recover drug residues, an additional technique is described which has allowed recovery of confirmatory amounts of the drug. The technique consists of sonication of the substrate in methanol after latent print processing.
A Review of Violence Prediction: Guidelines for the Forensic Practitioner
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Violence prediction is a most important subject today in our society which is one enmeshed in a surprising degree of criminality. This aura of violence and threat contrasts markedly with our image of ourselves as an advanced, civilized, and genteel society. A book review is not a place to indulge in speculation as to why this is a crime-ridden land. Suffice to say that in numerous circumstances, individuals are frequently assessed for violence potential and that such assessment is fraught with pitfalls—not the least of which is the problem of predicting future events, weighing the possibility of future intervening effects or circumstances, and attempting to deal with cultural factors that play an obviously important role in violence. In any event, numerous variables enter into the assessment mechanism which is relevant both to the criminal justice and mental health systems.
A Review of Human Values in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Authors: Moenssens AA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Determining proper medical treatment and whether to treat and how to treat child cancer patients calls for a consideration of ethical, familial, and human values, as well as an appreciation of the laws that govern medical practice and define protections afforded patients. This book focuses on the human values involved in decision making about the care and treatment of child cancer patients. The volume consists of a series of essays by 16 medical and legal professionals, organized in 2 parts. Part 1 deals with issues in clinical research and Part 2, which comprises the bulk of the book, addresses issues in patient care. Succinct and well written, the book is recommended not only for medical and legal professionals, but also for parents confronted with medical choices for a child suffering with cancer.
A Review of Evil Angels
Authors: Slovenko R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
I was in Australia in late 1987, my first visit to the country, when I heard about the case of Lindy Chamberlain. She was convicted years earlier, in 1982, of the murder of her nine-week-old daughter Azaria. To this day, the case arouses strong, divided opinion among Australians. It has gripped the nation like nothing else. Wherever one would go, people would talk about it. It is Australia's most controversial criminal case.
Validity Testing of Commercial Urine Cocaine Metabolite Assays: I. Assay Detection Times, Individual Excretion Patterns, and Kinetics After Cocaine Administration to Humans
Authors: Cone EJ , Menchen SL , Paul BD , Mell LD , Mitchell J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A validity study of eight commercial urine assays for detection of cocaine metabolite was performed on clinical specimens collected from human subjects who received single 20-mg intravenous doses of cocaine hydrochloride. The specimens were collected under controlled conditions and analyzed in random order under blind conditions. Benzoylecgonine concentration in each specimen also was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Mean times of detection of the last positive specimen (≥ 300 ng/mL of benzoylecgonine equivalents) after cocaine administration varied among seven of the commercial tests from 16.9 to 52.9 h in the following aseending order: Toxi-Lab® &lt; TDx® = EMIT® dau™ = EMIT® st™ &lt; Abuscreen® &lt; Coat-A-Count® = Double Antibody. In contrast, a commercial spot test (KDI Quik Test™) which was evaluated for detection of cocaine metabolite produced both false positives and false negatives for benzoylecgonine and was not considered to be a valid test for detection of cocaine metabolite. Half-lives of excretion of benzoylecgonine among four subjects varied from 5.9 to 7.9 h, and overall recovery of benzoylecgonine varied from 15.0 to 34.3% of the administered dose of cocaine.
Analysis of Cocaine-Positive Fatalities
Authors: Tardiff K , Gross E , Wu J , Stajic M , Millman R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A review of all autopsy and toxicology reports for persons dying in New York City in an 11-month period found 935 persons dying with cocaine in their bodies. Cocaine-positive fatalities were more likely in the young black and Hispanic and male population. In addition to cocaine and its metabolites, heroin and other opiates were found in 39% of persons and ethanol in 33% and barbituates and minor tranquilizers in only 2% of the deceased. Cocaine overdose was responsible for 4% of the deaths and overdose with heroin and cocaine for 12% of the deaths. Violence was often the cause of death. Thirty-eight percent died of homicide, seven percent of suicide, and eight percent from accidents. Of particular interest were 6 persons who died of acute cardiac events directly related to cocaine as well as 4 cases of ruptured dissections of the ascending aorta, and 9 cases of cerebral hemorrhage. Autopsy findings for these individuals are described, and possible mechanisms of death are discussed.
Comparison of Smokeless Powders by Pyrolysis Capillary Gas Chromatography and Pattern Recognition
Authors: Keto RO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four smokeless powder propellants from each of three domestic manufacturers were analyzed by pyrolysis capillary gas chromatography. Pyrograms were compared to see if this was a viable technique for the identification of a questioned smokeless powder. Comparisons were made between particles from the same manufacturer's product and lot, between different lots of the same manufacturer's product, and between different manufacturers' products. The differences between the pyrograms were less than anticipated, and some of the manufacturer's products could not be differentiated from others. Correlation values were computed to quantify the degree to which each pyrogram matched each of the others. The correlation values for within-product comparisons averaged 97.1 out of a possible 100, whereas those for between-product comparisons averaged 80.0. The range of correlation values for between-product comparisons overlapped the range of correlation values for within-product comparisons. This limited the conclusion that could be drawn regarding the origin of a smokeless powder in question.
Amanita Phalloides Mushroom Poisoning: A Cluster of Four Fatalities
Authors: McClain JL , Hause DW , Clark MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A group of four illegal aliens had been without food for several days when they found a group of wild mushrooms growing in a field in Southern California. Each man consumed a meal of one to six fried mushrooms. Two days after eating the mushrooms, all four men developed abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and intractable vomiting. Three days after consuming the mushrooms, all four were hospitalized and their clinical courses rapidly deteriorated to refractory hepatorenal failure and coma. Three of the victims died three days after admission to the hospital and the fourth died eight days after admission. The autopsy findings are presented and the mechanism of Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning is discussed.
Changes in the Specificity of Blood Groups Induced by Enzymes from Soil Fungi
Authors: Kubo S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three strains of Cunninghamella elegance (C. elegance), Penicillium simplicissimum (P. simpl.), and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) were isolated from soil that produced the enzymes acting on blood groups A and B red cells. Culture filtrates from these fungi contained α-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase as an A-decomposing enzyme, which resulted in an almost complete loss of A specificity and an enhancement of blood group H activity as measured by elution tests using monoclonal antibodies. They also contained an α-D-galactosidase and an α-L-fucosidase, which partially destroyed the blood group B specific activity, but did not influence the blood group H specific activity.
Forensic Science Applications of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): IV. Direct Analysis of Metallic Paints—Sampling Considerations
Authors: Suzuki EM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many metallic paints, which are commonly used for automotive finishes, can be sampled directly using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The density of metallic flakes used in a particular paint is the primary factor determining the applicability of this method. Specular reflectance, which often limits the usefulness of data obtained from direct DRIFTS sampling, can be mostly eliminated through selective changes in the geometry of the diffuse reflectance accessory. The nature of this direct sampling method depends on the density of the metallic flakes, and a Kubelka-Munk-type reflectance is not the only process involved. For paints having a high density of metallic flakes, spectra of chips as small as 0.5 by 0.5 mm can be obtained. Metallic paints having a basecoat/clearcoat finish can also be sampled using this method, but the clearcoat or primer layer must first be removed.
A New Film for Ultraviolet Photography
Authors: Frair JA , West MH , Davies JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new generation of black-and-white films manufactured by Eastman Kodak under the name of T-Max have proved, through controlled experiments, to be superior to existing film emulsions in recording short ultraviolet reflective and fluorescent photographs. The positive and negative aspects of this film emulsion are explored as they apply to forensic ultraviolet photography.
Suicide by Intravenous Injection of Cocaine. A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Sperry K , Sweeney ES 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Death as a consequence of cocaine abuse is continuing to increase in all parts of the United States. Cocaine use may cause the development of psychosis, with subsequent expression of suicidal ideations, and potentially even successful suicide. Cocaine dependence may also cause depression in the individual who is unable to control his or her craving for the drug, and suicide may be perceived as the only solution to a desperate problem. Despite the dramatic escalation of cocaine abuse and the potential toxicity of this drug, there have been no reports within the United States of cocaine being used as the agent to accomplish a suicide. Herewith are reported three cases in which depression and desperation over cocaine dependence were the motivations for successful suicide, which was accomplished through the intravenous injection of cocaine to the point of death. True cocaine suicide is probably only identified through the presence of objective scene information that unequivocally proves suicidal intent, such as notes or letters which contain information to this effect. A careful search of the scene of death in cocaine fatalities is mandatory, and diligent application of routine scene investigation principles may reveal that suicide through the use of cocaine is more widespread than first appearances would suggest.
Postmortem Determination of the Biological Distribution of Sufentanil and Midazolam after an Acute Intoxication
Authors: Ferslew KE , Hagardorn AN , McCormick WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case is presented of a death caused by self-injection of sufentanil and midazolam. Biological fluids and tissues were analyzed for midazolam by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and for sufentanil by GC/MS. Midazolam was extracted from basified fluids or tissues homogenated with n-butyl chloride and analyzed by HPLC by using a phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (60:40) mobile phase on a μ-Bondapak C18 column at 240 nm. Sufentanil was extracted from basified fluids and tissue homogenates with hexane:ethanol (19:1). GC/MS methodology for both compounds consisted of chromatographic separation on a 15-m by 0.25-mm inside diameter (ID) DB-5 (1.0-μm-thick film) bonded phase fused silica capillary column with helium carrier (29 cm/s) splitless injection at 260°C; column 200°C (0.8 min) 10°C/min to 270°C; and electron ionization and multiple ion detection for midazolam (m/z 310), methaqualone (IS, m/z 235), sufentanil (m/z 289), and fentanyl (IS, m/z 245). Sufentanil concentrations were: blood 1.1 ng/mL, urine 1.3 ng/mL, vitreous humor 1.2 ng/mL, liver 1.75 ng/g, and kidney 5.5 ng/g. Midazolam concentrations were: blood 50 ng/mL, urine 300 ng/mL, liver 930 ng/g, and kidney 290 ng/g. Cause of death was attributed to an acute sufentanil/midazolam intoxication and manner of death a suicide.
Cranial Suture Eccentricities: A Case in Which Precocious Closure Complicated Determination of Sex and Commingling
Authors: Reichs KJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The union of the cranial sutures can follow a somewhat erratic course. While it is recognized that this can cause inaccuracies in estimating age at death, deviant closure patterns can influence assessments other than age. Premature or eccentrically fusing sutures can alter cranial growth and, therefore, shape. Such modified growth vectors can significantly influence metric analysis.
A case is described in which precocious synostosis of the sagittal suture complicated determination of sex in a set of skeletalized remains. Features of the cranium and post-cranial skeleton indicated the individual was male, while the mandible, both metrically and morphologically, appeared to have come from a female. This led to the question of commingling. Techniques are described which were used to resolve these issues.
Analytical Methods for Developing Fibers as Forensic Science Proof: A Review with Comments
Authors: Fong W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A review and commentary of the principal methods for developing textile fibers as evidence are given. The methods reviewed proceed from the preliminary phase of finding and handling to the subsequent phases of identification, characterization, and comparison. The latter phase is arranged to progress from methods that require only microscopic amounts of fibers and are nondestructive to those that require progressively larger amounts of fibers and are destructive. The relevant literature in the time period 1950 to 1987 is included.
Concentration Techniques for the Detection of Gunshot Residues by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX)
Authors: Zeichner A , Foner HA , Dvorachek M , Bergman P , Levin N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The efficiency of the filtration process for concentrating small populations of gunshot residue (GSR) particles (for detection by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis [SEM/EDX]) was examined with a novel method using GSR particle suspensions. Methods of concentrating and segregating GSR particles on small areas (for example, 7 mm2) using both filtration and heavy liquid separations with centrifugation were examined from the practical point of view. It is shown that, in real cases, there may be an intrinsic difficulty in concentrating GSR particles as a result of a pile up of extraneous material or clogging of the collecting filter or both.
Collection of GSR particles from clothes using a suction method was compared to the direct glue-lift technique. The suction method involved trapping the GSRs in an organic solvent and recovering them on a membrane filter. The method proved less efficient than using the glue-lift technique.
From the findings in this study, it seems that the most efficient way of detecting GSR particles by SEM/EDX is by using the recently developed automated systems directly on glue-lift samples without any pretreatment.
Small Particle Reagent: Developing Latent Prints on Water-Soaked Firearms and Effect on Firearms Analysis
Authors: Onstwedder J , Gamboe TE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Small particle reagent (SPR) is a technique for developing latent prints on watersoaked items. Current research in processing wet firearms indicates that SPR may be a valid technique for developing latent prints with negligible effect on firearms analysis. Six different firearms each composed of different materials were immersed in water at time intervals ranging from eight to thirty-five days. At the end of the first and second phases, all firearms were processed for latent prints using SPR. A third phase involved using cyanoacrylate ester fuming followed by black powder as a generally accepted processing technique. Results of the experiment revealed that SPR yielded more suitable latent impressions than cyanocrylate ester fuming followed by black powder.
Identification of Plant Stains Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Hayashiba Y , Nagata T , Miyajima I , Kimura K , Kudo K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A study was designed to identify stains derived from plant pigments. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 13 species of common weeds were examined, and 12 flavonoids were detected from as low as 100 to 200 μg of dried leaves and from their stains. Identification of plant species could be made, based on the various chromatographic patterns of the flavonoids with different retention indices, using rutin and rhamnetin as the reference standards. A brief practical case of application is described.
Application of Trace Evidence in the Forensic Medical Examination
Authors: He Z-N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The statistics in this paper were based on the classification, lifting, general detection, and results of instrument analysis of trace evidence (354 samples) in 211 cases involving homicide, suicide, rape, and traffic accidents which were handled in our institute since 1982. The study showed that trace evidence plays a critical role in crime investigation. We expect the application of trace evidence to be further developed and more widely used by our colleagues in the forensic science community.
Compulsive Gambling and the Expert Witness
Authors: Lorenz VC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Compulsive gambling is a mental disorder which affects an estimated 3% of the adult population of the United States. This psychological addiction is often associated with other addictive behaviors and with criminal activities.
Attorneys and judges have only minimal training in understanding mental disorders. Few know the differences in types of gamblers, understand the nature and progression of the disorder, or know the types of crimes committed by compulsive gamblers; nor are they aware of treatment options.
The expert witness must not only evaluate the defendant, but must also educate the defense and prosecuting attorneys, probation and parole officers, and the judge. In this regard, the expert must consider factors binding upon the legal and judicial systems, the potential for restitution for the victims, and treatment options for the compulsive gambler.
Guidelines and frequent problems encountered by the compulsive gambling expert witness are included.
When Doctors Divulge: Is There a “Threat from Within” to Psychiatric Confidentiality?
Authors: Goldstein RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Psychiatrists, as a profession, have always asserted the central importance of confidentiality. The American Psychiatric Association (APA), in its recently released “Guidelines on Confidentiality,” reaffirms this position. In an age of progressive erosion of the traditional psychiatrist-patient confidentiality, the threat to confidentiality is invariably perceived as exogenous, emanating from external sources such as the legal system, third-party payers, and peer review organizations. In rare instances, there appears to be a threat from within, when the psychiatrist (or nonpsychiatrist physician dealing with a psychiatric patient) deliberately chooses to divulge the patient's confidential communications in the absence of any clearcut legal requirement to do so (and against the express wishes of the patient). Four case examples of these unusual breaches of confidentiality are presented. The author concludes that although significant assaults on patient confidentiality are occurring from without, it is quite rare for such violations to come from within the profession itself.
Development and Application of Immunoassay for Paraquat: Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Nagao M , Takatori T , Terazawa K , Wu B , Wakasugi C , Masui M , Ikeda H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A sensitive radioimmunoassay for paraquat is reported. Anti-paraquat antisera were produced by repeated immunization in rabbits with 1-methyl,1′-hexanoic acid-4,4′-bipyridinium (MHBP) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Less than 0.5 ng of paraquat dichloride was detectable by this assay system. These antisera were strongly cross-reactive with the bipyridyl ring and methyl group in either the 1- or 1′-position of paraquat. The determination of paraquat in tissues of paraquat-poisoned cadavers was also carried out.