bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power smoothing in large wind farms using optimal control of rotating kinetic energy reserves
Authors: De Rijcke Simon , Driesen Johan , Meyers Johan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn large wind farms, self‐induced turbulence levels significantly increase the variability of generated power in a range of time scales from a few seconds to several minutes. In the current study, we investigate the potential for reducing this type of variability by dynamically controlling the rotating kinetic energy reserves that are present in the farm's wind turbines. To this end, we reduce the burden of frequency regulation on remaining conventional units when they are displaced in favor of wind turbines. We focus on the development of a theoretical benchmark framework in which we explore the trade‐off between high energy extraction and low variability using optimal coordinated control of multiple turbines subject to a turbulent wind field. This wind field is obtained from a large‐eddy simulation of a fully developed wind farm boundary layer. The controls that are optimized are the electric torque and the pitch angles of the individual turbines as function of time so that turbines are accelerated or decelerated to optimally extract or store energy in the turbines' rotating inertia. Results are presented in terms of Pareto fronts (i.e., curves with optimal trade‐offs), and we find that power variations can be significantly reduced with limited loss of extracted energy. For a one‐turbine case, such an optimal control leads to large potential reductions of variability but mainly for time scales below 10 s if we limit power losses to a few percent. Variability over longer time scales (10–100 s) is reduced considerably more for coordinated control. For instance, restricting the energy‐loss incurred with smoothing to 1%, and looking at time scales of 50 s, we manage to reduce variability with a factor of 6 for a coordinated case with 24 turbines, compared with a factor of 1.4 for an uncoordinated case. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MgSrP3N5O2 – A Novel Oxonitridophosphate
Authors: Pucher Florian J. , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMgSrP3N5O2 was synthesized at 6 GPa and 1000 °C starting from Mg3N2, Sr(N3)2, PON, and P3N5 utilizing the multianvil technique. By applying NH4Cl as mineralizer, single crystals were obtained. MgSrP3N5O2 exhibits a novel structure type [P21/c (no. 14), a = 6.9404(8), b = 6.6103(7), c = 13.9317(12) Å, β = 118.433(4)°, V = 562.06(10) Å3, R1 = 0.0289, wR2 = 0.0468]. It is built up of a three‐dimensional P(O, N)4 tetrahedra network and exhibits an uncommon distribution of ring sizes. Besides 4‐ and 6‐rings, the structure contains 10‐rings as well. PXRD confirms phase purity. MAPLE calculations prove electrostatic plausibility of the crystal structure.
Unique Odd‐Chain Polyenoic Phospholipid Fatty Acids Present in Chytrid Fungi
Authors: Akinwole Philips O. , Lefevre Emilie , Powell Martha J. , Findlay Robert H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractChytrid fungi are ubiquitous components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems yet they remain understudied. To investigate the use of phospholipid fatty acids as phenotypic characteristics in taxonomic studies and biomarkers for ecological studies, 18 chytrid fungi isolated from soil to freshwater samples were grown in defined media and their phospholipid fatty acid profile determined. Gas chromatographic/mass spectral analysis indicated the presence of fatty acids typically associated with fungi, such as 16:1(n‐7), 16:0, 18:2(n‐6), 18:3(n‐3) 18:1(n‐9), and 18:0, as well as, a number of odd‐chain length fatty acids, including two polyunsaturated C‐17 fatty acids. Conversion to their 3‐pyridylcarbinol ester facilitated GC–MS determination of double‐bond positions and these fatty acid were identified as 6,9‐17:2 [17:2(n‐8)] and 6,9,12‐17:3 [17:3(n‐5)]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of polyunsaturated C‐17 fatty acids isolated from the phospholipids of chytrid fungi. Cluster analysis of PLFA profiles showed sufficient correlation with chytrid phylogeny to warrant inclusion of lipid analysis in species descriptions and the presence of several phospholipid fatty acids of restricted phylogenetic distributions suggests their usefulness as biomarkers for ecological studies.
Dietary Lipid Intake only Partially Influences Variance in Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition in Adolescents: Impact of Other Dietary Factors
Authors: Vyncke Krishna , Huybrechts Inge , Van Winckel Myriam , Cuenca Garcia Magdalena , Labayen Idoia , Gottrand Frederic , Widhalm Kurt , Leclercq Catherine , Libuda Lars , Manios Yannis , Sjostrom Michael , Molnar Denes , Moreno Luis A. , Gonzalez‐Gross Marcela , Spinneker André , Perez de Heredia Fatima , Plada Maria , De Henauw Stefaan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe present study aimed to assess the correlation between food and fatty acid (FA) intake and the serum phospholipid (PL) FA status in European adolescents and explored the percentage of variation in serum PL FA that could be attributed to dietary habits. Participants included 528 adolescents recruited in the HELENA Study. Dietary intake was assessed by two, self‐administered, non‐consecutive 24‐h recalls. PL FA concentrations were measured in fasting venous serum samples. Reduced rank regressions were applied to examine the combined effect of food intakes. Results indicated that the variance in serum PL FA in adolescents, that could be explained by diet varied from 7.0 % for MUFA to 14.2 % for n‐3FA. The variance in the long‐chain n‐3FA was mainly explained by fish intake but also by coffee and tea consumption. In conclusion this study indicated that dietary intake influences the serum PL FA status to a limited amount but that also other factors interfere. However, dietary intake is important as it is among those factors that could be modified. Furthermore, the results suggest that the overall dietary habits should be considered instead of only the consumption of single foods or nutrients, as the medium of the food or concomitant intake of foods and nutrients might interact and as such influence absorption or metabolism.
Expression of Genes Controlling Unsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis and Oil Deposition in Developing Seeds of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.)
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Liu Aizhong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L., Euphorbiaceae) seed oil is rich in α‐linolenic acid, a kind of n‐3 fatty acids with many health benefits. To discover the mechanism underlying α‐linolenic acid accumulation in sacha inchi seeds, preliminary research on sacha inchi seed development was carried out from one week after fertilization until maturity, focusing on phenology, oil content, and lipid profiles. The results suggested that the development of sacha inchi seeds from pollination to mature seed could be divided into three periods. In addition, investigations on the effect of temperature on sacha inchi seeds showed that total oil content decreased in the cool season, while unsaturated fatty acid and linolenic acid concentrations increased. In parallel, expression profiles of 17 unsaturated fatty acid related genes were characterized during seed development and the relationships between gene expression and lipid/unsaturated fatty acid accumulation were discussed.
Probabilistic Neural Network Algorithm for using Radon Emanations as an Earthquake Precursor
Authors: Gupta Dhawal , Shahani D. T. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
The investigation throughout the world in past two decades provides evidence which indicate that significance variation of radon and other soil gases occur in association with major geophysical events such as earthquake. The traditional statistical algorithm includes regression to remove the effect of the meteorological parameters from the raw radon and anomalies are calculated either taking the periodicity in seasonal variations or periodicity computed using Fast Fourier Transform. In case of neural networks the regression step is avoided. A neural network model can be found which can learn the behavior of radon with respect to meteorological parameter in order that changing emission patterns may be adapted to by the model on its own. The output of this neural model is the estimated radon values. This estimated radon value is used to decide whether anomalous behavior of radon has occurred and a valid precursor may be identified. The neural network model developed using Radial Basis function network gave a prediction rate of 87.7%. The same was accompanied by huge false alarms. The present paper deals with improved neural network algorithm using Probabilistic Neural Networks that requires neither an explicit step of regression nor use of any specific period. This neural network model reduces the false alarms to zero and gave same prediction rate as RBF networks.
A New Fossil Leaf of Kleinhovia L. from the Early Eocene of India and its Palaeoclimatic and Phytogeographical Significance
Authors: Shukla Anumeha , Mehrotra R. C. , Guleria J. S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
This study reports a new fossil leaf of Kleinhovia L., Kleinhovia bikanerensis sp. nov., from the Eocene clay mine of the Marh Formation of Bikaner, Rajasthan. The leaf resembling Kleinhovia hospita L. of the family Malvaceae is described for the first time from India. The leaf is characterized by very wide ovate shape, basal actinodromous venation with seven primary veins and cordate base. The presence of this leaf fossil indicates tropical warm and humid climatic conditions prevailing in the area during the Eocene and throws light on its past and present distribution.
Velocity-Porosity and Velocity-Density Relationship for Shallow Sediments in the Kerala-Konkan Basin of Western Indian Margin
Authors: Ojha Maheswar , Sain Kalachand 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
During the expedition 01 of the National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP), drilling and coring were carried out at one site in the Kerala-Konkan basin on the west cost of India to validate gas hydrate. Drilling/coring results show a homogenous sequence of oozes and explains that the reflector, which was identified as a bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) on seismic section, is mainly due to changes in formation density because of less clay content in carbonate-rich sediment. Downhole logs collected at this site are of good quality and have been used to establish empirical relationship between the P-wave velocity (VP), S-wave velocity (VS), density (ρ) and porosity (ϕ). The established relations show very good fit with high R2 value (&gt;0.73), and can be used for further studies in this region. Well known existing empirical formulas between VP, VS, ρ and ϕ deviate significantly from our established relations.
Hypsometric Analysis of Shakkar River Catchment through Geographical Information System
Authors: Gajbhiye Sarita , Mishra S. K. , Pandey Ashish 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
Hypsometric analysis of watershed (area-elevation analysis) has generally been used to reveal the stages of geomorphic development (stabilized, mature and young). The geologic stages of development and proneness of the watersheds for erosion are quantified by hypsometric integral. The estimation of hypsometric integral is carried out from the graphical plot of the measured contour elevation and encompassed area by using empirical formulae. In this study, efforts were made to estimate the hypsometric integral values of Shakkar river watershed which is a tributary of Narmada river located in Madhya Pradesh. The watershed was delineated into eight sub-watersheds and hypsometric analysis was carried out for all of them using digital contour maps, which was generated using Arc/Info GIS. The hypsometric integral values for all the sub-watersheds of Shakkar river ranges between 0.47 and 0.51. In the study area, only mature stage of erosion cycle is identified.
Petrogenesis of Fractionated Basaltic Lava Flows of Poladpur-Mahabaleshwar Formation around Mahabaleshwar, Western Ghats, India
Authors: Choudhary Babita R. , Jadhav Gajananrao N. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
Geochemical investigations of Wai sub-group volcanic flows (in and around Mahabaleshwar) have been undertaken to determine the petrogenetic processes involved in the formation of volcanic flows. In comparison to the Ambenali Formation, Mahabaleshwar Formation flows were affected more by crustal materials, which left a signature consisting of enriched levels of K, Rb, Ba, Ti and P. Ratios of Nb/Zr and Ba/Y were sensitive to fractional crystallization; Mahabaleshwar formation flows showed the highest Nb/Zr ratios. Ba was noted as a boundary marker element between the Ambenali (47.3 to 63.9 ppm Ba) and Mahabaleshwar (83.1 to 180 ppm) formations. The general trend of incompatible element concentrations increasing from lower Poladpur to upper Mahabaleshwar flows with increasing Zr and the linear array on the plot are consistent with the fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene. MgO ranged from 4.8 to 7.1 wt%, TiO2 from 1.8 to 4.6 wt%, SiO2 from 47 to 52 wt% and Al2O3 from 12 to15.5 wt%. The Mg number (Mg#) was much lower, ranging from 36 to 50. The K2O/ P2O5 ratio showed the role of assimilation in the basaltic flows. TiO2, Y, Zr, Nb and Mg# were used to determine fractional crystallization, whereas Ba, Rb, K2O and SiO2 were used for monitoring the fractional crystallization effects of crustal contamination. The range of Zr/Y and TiO2 &gt; 1.8 wt% appears to have been generated by fractional crystallization starting from enriched mafic precursors.
Vulnerability Assessment of Coastal Aquifer System for Irrigation Suitability – A Classical Approach from Southern India
Authors: Sonkamble Sahebrao 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
The vulnerability of the shallow aquifer system for saline water intrusion has been evaluated using the classical tools at a coastal area, southern India. Groundwater samples (N=144) from Quaternary aquifer system within 25 km2 area in pre- and post-monsoon seasons were analyzed for major ion chemistry including Electrical Conductivity (EC). The hydrochemical parameters are examined applying classical irrigation suitability tools. Based on their weight percentages (ratios in meq/l) the dominance of cations and anions was established as Na-Cl and Ca-SO4 type. Results show that high hydraulic conductivity (10−2 to 1 cm/s) of the sandy aquifer enhanced the vertical recharge leading to major spatial distribution suitable for irrigation use in post-monsoon. The overexploitation of groundwater resources has generated reversal of hydraulic gradient enhancing salinity intrusion from marine sources in pre-monsoon. Further, the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey and water level measurements are assessed to demarcate the study area into zones of water table ‘above mean sea level (amsl)’ and ‘below mean sea level (bmsl)’. It was deduced that, the industrial effluent and seawater were the prime sources of groundwater salinity of water table ‘amsl’ and ‘bmsl’ zones, respectively. The area up to 600 m from marine source is found vulnerable which is falling under ‘Unsuitable’ category of irrigation classifications. The remedial measures are also framed to protect further extension of aquifer vulnerability for sustainable agriculture.
Estimation of Specific Yields of Individual Litho-units in a Terrain with Multiple Litho-units: A Water Balance Approach
Authors: Ray Ranjan Kumar , Mukherjee Arunangshu , Mukherjee Rumi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
In a terrain with more than one litho-unit, the traditional water balance approach provides a single spatially averaged specific yield. A methodology is proposed here, which can be applied to estimate specific yields of individual litho-units in such terrains. This approach is demonstrated here considering two watersheds, which are covered partly by limestone and partly by sandstone. Watershed wise specific yields were estimated using a traditional water balance method. The specific yields thus obtained are the volume-weighted averages of the specific yields of the individual litho-units in the watersheds. Based on the volumes of aquifers desaturated and the watershed wise specific yield values, a set of two linear equations in two variables was formulated. These linear equations were solved to get the specific yields of the individual litho-units. Specific yields of sandstone (Chandarpur Group) and limestone (Charmuria Formation) units in the study area were thus estimated to be 0.004 and 0.037 respectively.
Geotechnical Evaluation of Eastern Ghats Bauxite Deposits of India
Authors: Bhukte P. G. , Chaddha M. J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
India is endowed with more than 3000 million tons of bauxite resources. Out of total India reserves, about 70% reserves are concentrated in Eastern Ghats (Odisha and Andhra Pradesh) region. Majority of the Eastern Ghat bauxite deposits are located at high altitude (high level type) and have been developed on khondalite and charnockite group of rocks with different geomorphological conditions. These are formed at an elevation of about 900-1400 meter above mean sea level (msl). The physico-mechanical and technological properties of these bauxite vary widely depending upon the parent rock composition, mode of origin, geomorphological position, duration and age of bauxite formation. In the Bayer process the most important parameter that decides the economic importance is the quality of bauxite which again decides the digestion parameters for alumina extraction. Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre (JNARRDC) is in process of evaluating the bauxite and laterite deposits of India for its suitability for commercial applications.
The present paper highlights the geological and geomorphological features of Eastern Ghats bauxite deposits and their technological characteristics. These studies are required to evaluate the bauxite in terms of their suitability for metallurgical and non metallurgical applications.
Development of a prototype tool for ballast water risk management using a combination of hydrodynamic models and agent-based modeling
Authors: Hansen Flemming T. , Potthoff Michael , Uhrenholdt Thomas , Vo Hong D. , Linden Olof , Andersen Jesper H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report the development of a prototype tool for modeling the risks of spreading of non-indigenous invasive species via ballast water. The tool constitutes of two types of models: a 3D hydrodynamical model calculates the currents in the North Sea and Danish Straits, and an agent-based model estimates the dispersal of selected model organisms with the prevailing currents calculated by the 3D hydrodynamical model. The analysis is concluded by a postprocessing activity, where scenarios of dispersal are combined into an interim estimate of connectivity within the study area. The latter can be used for assessment of potential risk associated with intentional or unintentional discharges of ballast water. We discuss how this prototype tool can be used for ballast water risk management and outline other functions and uses, e.g., in regard to ecosystem-based management and the implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
Contemporary analysis of pelvic and para‐aortic metastasis in endometrial cancer using the SEER registry
Authors: Katsoulakis Evangelia , Mattes Malcolm D. , Rineer Justin M. , Nabhani Thomas , Mourad Waleed F. , Choi Kwang , Schreiber David 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the incidence of regional lymph node involvement for early‐stage endometrial cancer by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry.MethodsIn a retrospective study, data were analyzed from patients who were diagnosed with stage IA–IIB endometrioid adenocarcinoma and were treated between 1998 and 2003. The incidence of pelvic and para‐aortic lymph node involvement was determined.ResultsData were analyzed from 4052 patients. Incidences of pelvic and para‐aortic lymph node metastases were: 1% and 0% in stage IA, grade 1 disease; 2% and 0% in IA, grade 2; 2% and 1% in IA, grade 3; 2% and 0% in IB, grade 1; 3% and 1% in IB, grade 2; 3% and 2% in IB, grade 3; 7% and 3% in IC, grade 1; 8% and 5% in IC, grade 2; 12% and 8% in IC, grade 3; 7% and 3% in IIA, grade 1; 10% and 4% in IIA, grade 2; 10% and 5% in IIA, grade 3; 8% and 4% in IIB, grade 1; 13% and 8% in IIB, grade 2; and 19% and 12% in IIB, grade 3.ConclusionIncidences of pelvic and para‐aortic metastases were lower than previously reported. Patients at higher stages and grades had a 10% or higher risk of lymph node involvement and might benefit from aggressive therapy.
Development and Preliminary Validation of the Acute Brain Injury Physiotherapy Assessment (ABIPA)
Authors: Gesch Janelle M. , Low Choy Nancy L. , Weeks Benjamin K. , Passier Leanne L. , Nascimento Margarida , Haines Terrence P. , Kuys Suzanne S. 
Published: August 2014

Background and aims: For patients with a severe brain injury there is no objective physiotherapy assessment tool that is responsive to the incremental changes in motor recovery in the acute stage. The aims of this study were to identify the items of neuro-motor recovery and scoring criteria for the Acute Brain Injury Physiotherapy Assessment (ABIPA) and determine responsiveness to change and concurrent validity against accepted standard measures of consciousness and physical function in the severe brain injury population.Method: The literature was searched and an expert consensus panel of experienced clinical physiotherapists informed item selection and developed practical assessment guidelines. The ABIPA was investigated for responsiveness to change and concurrent validity against the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Clinical Outcome Variable Scale (COVS) and Motor Assessment Scale (MAS). Eleven patients (9 males; cohort 41 ± 18 years) with moderate/severe brain injury were recruited, and assessed on days 1, 3, 7 and then weekly until discharge.Results: The ABIPA demonstrated good to excellent correlations overall with the GCS (rho > .76, p ≤ .001), COVS (rho > .82, p ≤ .001) and MAS (rho > 0.66, p ≤ .001). On day 3, the ABIPA showed the greatest responsiveness to change (standardised response means (SRM) > .83) compared to other measures (SRMs < .77). At discharge all tools demonstrated change in neuro-motor recovery.Conclusions: The ABIPA is a promising tool for detecting incremental changes in neuro-motor recovery early after severe brain injury.
FERTILITY INTENTIONS AND EARLY LIFE HEALTH STRESS AMONG WOMEN IN EIGHT INDIAN CITIES: TESTING THE REPRODUCTIVE ACCELERATION HYPOTHESIS
Authors: KULATHINAL SANGITA , SÄÄVÄLÄ MINNA 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn life history theory, early life adversity is associated with an accelerated reproductive tempo. In harsh and unpredictable conditions in developing societies fertility is generally higher and the reproductive tempo faster than in more secure environments. This paper examines whether differences in female anthropometry, particularly adult height, are associated with fertility intentions of women in urban environments in India. The study population consists of women aged 15–29 (N=4485) in slums and non-slums of eight Indian cities in the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) of 2005–2006. Adult height is taken as a proxy for early childhood health and nutritional condition. Fertility intentions are examined by using two variables: the desire to have a child or another child, and to have it relatively soon, as indicative of accelerated reproductive scheduling. Evidence supporting the acceleration hypothesis is found in two urban frames out of 26 examined in a two-staged multinomial logistic model. In three cases, the relationship between fertility intentions and height is the opposite than expected by the acceleration hypothesis: taller women have a higher predictive probability of desiring a(nother) child and/or narrower birth spacing. Potential explanations for the partly contradictory relationship between the childhood health indicator and fertility intentions are discussed.