bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Institutional Structure of the American Musical Theater
Authors: Sanjek David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article gives an introduction to the important agencies supporting and maintaining the musical theater. One of these agencies is the producer who manages all the finances, and the logistics required to run a musical theater. Another category is the publisher who solicits and merchandizes the songs featured in those productions. The theatrical songwriters for a considerable period of time after the premiere of The Black Crook focused mainly on producing their material and left its promotion and legal protection to others. Working out a contractual obligation to a publishing firm allowed them to be single-minded about their craft. These obligations differed from individual to individual, although during the early years of the genre, most negotiations tended to be short and direct. Many would not even pursue a long-term association, selling their songs outright, while others recognized the benefits of a regular paycheck and worked out a system of advances. Most theatrical songwriters have been beholden to publishers in order to maintain their presence in the musical theater and were treated much like workers on an assembly line. The public fascination with American musical theater increased significantly between the 1920s and the 1960s. The musical theater requires all the technologies provided by a well-equipped stage. The principal location of the stages in New York City has shifted corresponding to the gravitation of both population centers and centers of public influence from the lower portion of Manhattan to midtown and thence the precinct surrounding Times Square.
Sets, Costumes, Lights, and Spectacle
Authors: Anderson Virginia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article focuses on technological and artistic advancements within scenic and lighting design in American musicals. The stagecraft that proved most influential to the American musical was developed in Germany in the late nineteenth century. The composer Richard Wagner from Germany developed an equally influential approach to design with his theory of the Gesamtkunstwerk, or total artwork. Wagner called for the complete synthesis of artistic elements, pointing toward opera as the vehicle with the greatest potential for such a totalizing effect. The director/producer/playwright David Belasco signaled the imminent pendulum swing toward the extravagant. Belasco's electrician, Louis Hartmann, with technicians John H. and Anton Kliegl, were devoted to the creation of mood through light, but they tried to create unparalleled realism through lighting. They famously enabled a sunrise to coincide with approximately twenty minutes of action within the saloon setting of Belasco's 1905 play The Girl of the Golden West, using tightly controlled lighting cues. Hartmann's developed the practical lensed spotlight, a device regularly used to separate the stars of musical theater from the chorus. Belasco, Hartmann, and Kliegl developed multiple forms of electronic equipment to advance significantly the lighting technology of the early twentieth century. The advancements in stage machinery enabled audiences to experience a remarkable and precedent setting “transformation scene”, in which a rocky cavern became a fairyland throne room before their eyes.
Stars and Fans
Authors: Replogle-Wong Holley 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article provides insight into the major elements of star-making. Star-making is a reciprocal project that is mediated between the star figure, the media, the mass audience, and the individual fan. These elements work together to create the star's image, which is the persona that the public sees and follows. A star's image is made up of media “texts”, including the roles and performances and also artifacts such as recordings, films, publicity pictures, and interviews. Fan practice and the relationship between fans and stars are intricate and varied. Stars are multivalent personae and they are people who work as actors who portray characters. Stars combine distinctive talents with recognizable looks and personalities that are perpetuated as an image. A star's image includes the voice, manner of speech, and patterns of behavior in addition to visual content. Their voices and personae are recognizable, and their abilities and charm are extremely impressive. Innovative technologies have bridged the gap between stars and their fans. Internet fan sites and discussion boards are important locations of community for fans, making ethnographic research over the Internet a useful way of engaging with fans from different geographic locations in dialogue within online communities. Some shows develop fan cults that track favorite performers across national tours and replacement casts.
Economics of League Design
Authors: Szymanski Stefan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of the closed and open league systems for economic performance. It also describes the distinction between sporting competition and economic competition, the objectives of league organizers, and the general implications of open versus closed leagues in professional sport. The chapter then addresses the economic theory of contests and the insights of the theory for promotion and relegation. Moreover, some of the practical implications of open and closed leagues are explained. The insights presented from contest theory can be used to think about the comparison of open and closed systems in practice. It might almost seem that, although the open systems punish failure, the closed systems reward it. There still remains relatively little research into the practical implications of the two systems, and there is scope for more work, both on the theory and the empirical side.
Baseball's Antitrust Exemption
Authors: Blair Roger D. , Haynes Jessica S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores Major League Baseball (MLB)'s antitrust exemption and its current relevance, starting by presenting a brief overview of the antitrust laws in the United States. Next, MLB's anomalous antitrust exemption and its vulnerability to Congressional action are explained, and it is argued that the antitrust exemption is largely irrelevant today. The anticompetitive pooling of broadcast rights is covered by the Sports Broadcasting Act, which shields such pooling from the antitrust laws. The exemption had an enormous financial impact for over fifty years as it protected and preserved MLB's monopsonistic reserve system, which meant that the club owners obtained nearly the entire surplus generated by the business of baseball. The agreements on other labor issues, namely player drafts, age restrictions, and roster size, are considered. There is still an extremely good reason for MLB to jealously guard its antitrust exemption.
The Reserve Clause and Labor Mobility
Authors: Staudohar Paul D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores sports institutions, particularly players' unions, leagues, and the role of government. Topics covered include origins of the reserve clause, union opposition, antitrust law, breakthrough on free agency, labor-market theories, and impact of free agency. The reserve clause gave clubs a continuing option on player services, and the main arguments for and against it are given. The union's constitution sought to limit but not abolish the reserve clause. A reasonable semblance of competitive balance is necessary for a league to be successful. Rottenberg's theory holds that, under the reserve clause, trades and sale of players ensure that a player will wind up on the team for which he generates the highest marginal revenue product. The topic of the reserve clause and labor mobility is concerned with the operation of the labor market.
The Economics of NASCAR
Authors: Abere Andrew , Bronsteen Peter , Elzinga Kenneth G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents a description and brief history of NASCAR, and also explores the economic logic of the NASCAR business model. It then provides a partial explanation, based on outcome uncertainty, about the popularity of NASCAR and why it has outpaced other professional sports competitors. NASCAR sanctions a number of local, regional, and national racing series. From an economic perspective, the consolidation was a watershed event in the history of NASCAR and its host tracks. NASCAR continued to split broadcast revenue as it had in the past: 65% going to the tracks, 25% going to the teams and drivers, and 10% going to NASCAR. Many factors contribute to NASCAR's growth in competing for consumer patronage against other sports and other forms of auto racing. Many analysts have contemplated why demand for NASCAR events has grown so dramatically over time.
Career Duration in Professional Football
Authors: Frick Bernd 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the institutional framework and the nomination procedure that is currently applied in the German “Bundesliga” (GBL), and then provides the data and some descriptive evidence on career length of soccer referees. A plea for further research on the determinants of career length of referees from a comparative perspective is presented, and it is shown that financial incentives do not motivate the referees to put forth higher levels of effort. The number of matches a referee is assigned to over the course of his career is highly concentrated among a small minority of match officials. The distribution of career length of head coaches in the GBL exhibits an even more pronounced bimodal pattern than is the case for referees since the early 1990s. Comparing the duration of individual careers in different institutional environments would allow the researcher to better understand how selection and incentive effects interact.
The Economics of Discrimination
Authors: Kahn Lawrence M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article uses basketball as the laboratory to look at discrimination in pay, hiring, and retention against black National Basketball Association (NBA) players and coaches, and gender discrimination among college coaches. It describes Gary Becker's analysis of the possible sources of discrimination in labor markets. It then outlines the evidence on each of the possible forms of discrimination in basketball, including both a discussion of methodological issues and substantive findings. Racial discrimination in professional basketball seemed more prevalent in the 1980s than is the case today. The issue of whether a gender difference in revenue produced is a legitimate factor upon which to base a gender difference in coaching salaries is an open question from the legal point of view. The evidence for customer discrimination in the NBA in the 1990s and 2000s seems weaker than it was during the 1980s.
Gender and Discrimination in Professional Golf
Authors: Shmanske Stephen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the evidence of gender discrimination in professional golf. It explains the methodology used to examine the earnings gap. This is followed by explanations of the golf production function. Then, the description of the data is presented, including summary comparisons between men and women for the years 1998 and 2008. A natural outcome of hitting the ball farther is the decrease in driving accuracy noted in the statistics. The 2008 regressions on levels of earnings per tournament are estimated with less precision than those from 1998. Some care should be exercised when interpreting the SANDSAVE portion of the decomposition. Only 9% of the gap between the women's average earnings and the men's average earnings is attributable to discrimination. The PGA Tour, which is the source of the data for the male golfers in the sample, does not discriminate against women.
Measuring Performance in the National Basketball Association
Authors: Berri David J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the several empirical attempts to quantify the productivity of National Basketball Association (NBA) players, and argues that models should be judged both on the consistency of the measures through time and on the correlation with winning percentages. The scoring models have a good job of explaining player salary. It also appears to be quite consistent over time. The plus-minus approach can explain wins. Wins Produced and Win Shares seem to trump the scoring models or the plus-minus models. Although research in basketball is not without its challenges, the performance metrics the researcher can employ in basketball might be the best player data available in the study of professional team sports.
Frontier Models and Their Application to the Sports Industry
Authors: Lee Young Hoon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents an extensive discussion of stochastic frontier “effects” models, which analyze factors influencing efficiency. The recent literature on team sports efficiency is also addressed. It offers an overview of the stochastic frontier model and equations for general models. It then compares various models that may be useful in analyses of determinants of efficiency and the effects models. The methodologies for inference within team efficiency estimation are explained. Additionally, a more detailed discussion of frontier models with time-varying efficiency is shown. The confidence interval from the percentile bootstrap should be precise enough for panel data with sufficiently large time-series observations because a bias problem is less likely. The discussion of the selection of input variables revealed that team playing talents can be decomposed into positional playing talents that have different roles in the process of producing output (producing wins).
Demand, Attendance, and Censoring
Authors: Schmidt Martin B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses the censoring of the data that comes about because of capacity constraints on game-day attendance. Using high-quality data about National Football League (NFL) attendance, it explores why and shows how a Tobit estimation technique is superior to OLS for testing propositions about price and demand shift variables in the context of the demand to attend sporting events. The OLS results are almost uniformly lower, in absolute terms, than those produced when the censoring is explicitly recognized. In addition, the marginal significance of several of the variables differs across the two. It is found that game-day attendance in the NFL depends negatively on time and positively on the perceived competitiveness and scoring output of the game. It also increases when the team plays a division rival or when the game is played on Thanksgiving.
Contingent Valuation of Sports
Authors: Johnson Bruce K. , Whitehead John C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article takes up the task of using surveys to quantify ex ante the value of a public investment project that offers both an excludable benefit stream and an intangible, subjectively valued benefit stream. It specifically describes the use of the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to conduct such surveys and to analyze the data to measure the benefits produced by sports public goods. The Lexington survey showed the feasibility of using the CVM to estimate willingness-to-pay for sports public goods, but left unanswered the question of how much major league sports public goods are worth. Pittsburgh's civic pride in its major league status would be intact if the Penguins left, since the city also hosts baseball's Pirates and football's Steelers. Conducting a CVM survey offers an opportunity to ask questions to allow stated preference methods other than CVM to be employed to inform public policy related to sports.
Illustrations of Price Discrimination in Baseball
Authors: Rascher Daniel A. , Schwarz Andrew D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the ticket pricing behavior of the clubs to illustrate the theory of price discrimination. An example presented shows how useful it is to be flexible in recognizing that while a box seat to a game is not an identical product to an upper reserved seat at the same game, the two tickets sufficiently share the core product that the price discrimination framework is useful for analyzing pricing, even if the products are clearly not identical on every dimension of quality. It is stated that every single Major League Baseball ticket is sold under some form of price discrimination. As teams grow increasingly sophisticated in their pricing strategies, price discrimination is becoming more precise, more widespread, and more profitable, while at the same time providing more opportunities for more fans to find tickets at a price they are willing to pay.
Aggression, Impulsivity, and Personality Disorders
Authors: Siever Larry J. , Kuluva Joshua E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAggressivity and impulsivity are traits that are core features of the Cluster B personality disorders. Within these disorders, impulsive aggression leads to a significant amount of morbidity and mortality. This type of behavior is intrinsically linked to violence, suicide, and substance abuse. In this chapter, we will discuss the phenomenology of these traits, the neurobiology of impulsive aggression, and some potential treatment options. We will conclude with some thoughts on the future direction of research in this filed.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Problematic Internet Use
Authors: Liu Timothy C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the phenomenology and epidemiology of problematic Internet se (PIU). Interest in the addictive potential of Internet activities has grown in the past two decades. Problematic Internet use can be broadly defined as uncontrolled use of the Internet that leads to significant psychosocial and functional impairments. It is currently conceptualized as an impulse control disorder that may share features with substance dependence disorders. Reliable studies have estimated the prevalence in the general population to be about 1%, but higher proportions of individuals might be at risk. Comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders are common. Concerns exist regarding the appropriateness and implications of formally recognizing PIU as a distinct disorder in current diagnostic systems. Given the ever-growing exposure to the Internet, especially in younger generations, PIU might become an emerging public health problem. Further studies are greatly needed, especially those using valid measures and longitudinal designs. Neuroimaging and genetic studies should also be explored.
Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Authors: Black Donald W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCompulsive buying disorder (CBD) is defined as excessive shopping cognitions and buying behavior that leads to distress or impairment. This chapter presents an overview of its definition and recognition, clinical symptoms, epidemiology, natural history, and both cultural and family factors. Compulsive buying disorder is found worldwide and has a lifetime prevalence of 5.8% in the U.S. general population. The disorder has a female preponderance, has an onset in the late teen years or early 20s, appears to be chronic or recurrent, and occurs mainly in women. Subjects with CBD report a preoccupation with shopping, prepurchase tension or anxiety, and a sense of relief following a purchase. Compulsive buying disorder is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity, particularly mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, other disorders of impulse control, and Axis II disorders, although there is no special “shopping” personality. The disorder tends to run in families, and these families are filled with mood and substance use disorders.
Assessment and Treatment of Pathological Gambling
Authors: Tavares Hermano 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs gambling becomes more popular, more people will be exposed to it; thus, the prevalence of and demand for gambling-related treatments are expected to increase. Pathological gambling (PG) is the most severe level of gambling compromise, characterized by unrestrained gambling to the point of financial and psychosocial harm. Classified among the impulse control disorders, PG resembles other addictive disorders. A host of scales for screening and diagnosing PG are available for both the specialist and the general practitioner. The diagnosis of PG, like that of other addictions, is based upon signs of loss of control over the target behavior (i.e., gambling), dose escalation (increasing amounts wagered to get the same excitement as in previous bets), withdrawal-like symptoms, psychosocial harm, persistent desire, and persistent betting despite the negative consequences. Its treatment requires thorough assessment of psychiatric related conditions, motivational intervention, gambling-focused psychotherapy, relapse prevention, and support for maintenance of treatment gains. Psychopharmacological tools to treat craving and gambling recurrence are an incipient but promising field.
The Assessment and Treatment of Trichotillomania
Authors: Christenson Gary A.-H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe successful treatment of trichotillomania necessitates an initial clinical evaluation of the cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and situational characteristics contributing to an individual’s hair pulling. Assessment also requires a comprehensive psychological/psychiatric interview to assess for comorbid illness, which may either contribute to hair pulling or require separate attention. Several instruments have been designed to assist in quantifying the core symptoms of trichotillomania and can be useful for monitoring treatment progress over time. Treatment approaches include medication, hypnosis, and behavioral therapies, especially modifications of habit reversal therapy. Controlled studies are few in number and are limited to only a few behavioral treatment approaches and medication classes. Research suggests that variations of habit reversal therapy have the greatest efficacy of the interventions investigated thus far. There is additional support for treatment with clomipramine, N-acetylcysteine, and olanzapine, in contrast to multiple other drugs that have been studied or suggested as useful for trichotillomania.
Assessment and Treatment of Pathological Skin Picking
Authors: Siev Jedidiah , Reese Hannah E. , Timpano Kiara , Wilhelm Sabine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPathological skin picking (PSP) refers to chronic skin picking or scratching that causes tissue damage and distress. It is a heterogeneous category of behaviors and may be manifest in the context of various psychological disorders. This chapter presents an overview of the empirical literature on the assessment and treatment of PSP, including (1) a cognitive-behavioral model as heuristic for conceptualizing treatment, (2) assessment tools, (3) a review of the pharmacological and psychosocial treatment outcome literatures, (4) cognitive-behavioral treatment techniques, and (5) future directions. The chapter is intended to introduce the clinician to the assessment and psychological tools used to treat PSP, as well as to provide impetus to advance research in this understudied domain.
Gender and Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Takacs Alexea , Madrid Sonia , Potenza Marc N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough women and men (and girls and boys) share similarities, they also exhibit differences that may contribute to the etiology and development of impulse control disorders. Such differences may hold significant implications for the generation of optimal prevention and treatment strategies. In this chapter, we review data on gender-related differences in impulse control disorders, considering epidemiological, clinical, biological, and therapeutic perspectives. Implications for improving prevention and treatment interventions are discussed.