bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting High‐Throughput Screening Results With Scalable Literature‐Based Discovery Methods
Authors: Cohen T , Widdows D , Stephan C , Zinner R , Kim J , Rindflesch T , Davies P 
Published: October 2014

The identification of new therapeutic uses for existing agents has been proposed as a means to mitigate the escalating cost of drug development. A common approach to such repurposing involves screening libraries of agents for activities against cell lines. In silico methods using knowledge from the biomedical literature have been proposed to constrain the costs of screening by identifying agents that are likely to be effective a priori. However, results obtained with these methods are seldom evaluated empirically. Conversely, screening experiments have been criticized for their inability to reveal the biological basis of their results. In this paper, we evaluate the ability of a scalable literature‐based approach, discovery‐by‐analogy, to identify a small number of active agents within a large library screened for activity against prostate cancer cells. The methods used permit retrieval of the knowledge used to infer their predictions, providing a plausible biological basis for predicted activity.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e140; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.37; published online 08 October 2014
Suppression of antigen-specific adaptive immunity by IL-37 via induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells
Authors: Luo Yuchun , Cai Xiangna , Liu Sucai , Wang Sen , Nold-Petry Claudia A. , Nold Marcel F. , Bufler Philip , Norris David , Dinarello Charles A. , Fujita Mayumi 
Published: October 2014

SignificanceThe skin develops antigen-specific immune response, called “allergic contact dermatitis” in humans and “contact hypersensitivity” (CHS) in mice. IL-1 family member IL-37 expression in transgenic mice (IL-37tg) inhibits innate immune responses. In this study we show that DCs from IL-37tg mice exhibit diminished CHS response to an antigen-specific exposure. Although DCs from IL-37tg mice maintain migratory capacity to lymph nodes, they fail to activate T cells effectively; instead, they promote generation of T regulatory cells, a characteristic of semimature DCs that dampen adaptive immune response. Thus, IL-37 emerges as an inhibitor of adaptive immunity.
Differences in Hospital-Associated Multidrug-Resistant Organisms and Clostridium difficile Rates Using 2-Day versus 3-Day Definitions
Authors: Gombosev Adrijana , Fouad Salah E. , Cui Eric , Cao Chenghua , Terpstra Leah , Avery Taliser R. , Kim Diane , Meyers Hildy , Cheung Michele , Huang Susan S. 
Published: October 2014

We surveyed infection prevention programs in 16 hospitals for hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum β-lactamase, and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter acquisition, as well as hospital-associated MRSA bacteremia and Clostridium difficile infection based on defining events as occurring >2 days versus >3 days after admission. The former resulted in significantly higher median rates, ranging from 6.76% to 45.07% higherInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1417–1420
DupliPHY-Web: a web server for DupliPHY and DupliPHY-ML
Authors: Ames Ryan M. , Lovell Simon C. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Summary : Gene duplication and loss are important processes in the evolution of gene families. Moreover, growth of families by duplication and retention is an important mechanism by which organisms gain new functions. Therefore the ability to infer the evolutionary histories of families is an important step in understanding the evolution of function. We have recently developed DupliPHY, a software tool to infer gene family histories using parsimony and maximum likelihood. Here, we present DupliPHY-Web a web server for DupliPHY that implements additional maximum likelihood functionality and provides users an intuitive interface to run DupliPHY.
Availability and implementation : DupliPHY-Web is available at www.bioinf.manchester.ac.uk/dupliphy/
Contact : ryan.ames@manchester.ac.uk
Supplementary information : Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Habituation to an acoustic harassment device (AHD) by killer whales depredating demersal longlines
Authors: Tixier Paul , Gasco Nicolas , Duhamel Guy , Guinet Christophe 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAcoustic harassment devices (AHDs) have been increasingly implemented in various fisheries that suffer significant losses caused by odontocete depredation. However, the efficacy of AHDs to deter odontocetes from fishing gear remains poorly investigated. To determine the effectiveness of AHDs in deterring depredation, we experimentally tested a high amplitude device (195 dB re 1 μPa 6.5 kHz 1 m from the source) from a Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus elegenoides longliner operating off the Crozet Islands, while it was subjected to heavy depredation by killer whales Orcinus orca. This species usually depredates longlines within a 10- to 300-m range from the vessel, as they only have access to fishing gear during hauling. We expected this distance to increase in response to the acoustic disturbance created by the AHD. The distances of 29 killer whales from the vessel (n = 1812 records) were collected during phases of AHD activation and phases during which the AHD was turned off. Two multiexposed killer whale social units fled over 700 m away from the vessel when first exposed to the AHD. However, they remained within a 10- to 300-m range and depredated longlines again past the third and seventh exposures, respectively, showing an insignificant behavioural response to further activations of the AHD. When tested through generalized linear mixed models, the effect of AHD activation was only significant when killer whales were first exposed to the device. However, the effect disappeared after successive exposures suggesting that killer whales became habituated to the AHD and may sustain potentially harmful hearing disturbance to access the resource made available by longliners. In addition to raising significant conservation concerns, this rapid return of initial depredation behaviour strongly suggests that AHDs are ineffective at deterring depredating killer whales, and that fisheries should favour the use of other mitigation techniques when facing repeated depredation by this species.
Whole Genome Sequencing of a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pseudo-Outbreak in a Professional Football Team
Authors: Anderson Deverick J. , Harris Simon R. , Godofsky Eliot , Toriscelli Todd , Rude Thomas H. , Elder Kevin , Sexton Daniel J. , Pellman Elliot J. , Mayer Thom , Fowler Vance G. , Peacock Sharon J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Two American football players on the same team were diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections on the same day. Our investigation, including whole genome sequencing, confirmed that players did not transmit MRSA to one another nor did they acquire the MRSA from a single source within the training facility.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Politics of Food
Authors: Srinivas Krishna Ravi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe legal status of plant genetic resources has been subject to numerous international agreements and laws over the centuries. The “common heritage of mankind” approach enabled free access but proved unworkable because of conflicts over intellectual property rights. The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) recognized sovereign rights of nations over genetic resources within their territory. The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement under auspices of the World Trade Organization mandated intellectual property protection for plant varieties, but synchronizing such rights has proved problematic. Many developing countries have enacted sui generis regimes to comply with TRIPS requirements. The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Convention provides models that have changed over time. With the advent of agricultural biotechnology and availability of intellectual property rights for plant components, patents relating to plant genetic resources have increased. As plant genetic resources are subject to many overlapping treaties, the regime governing them is becoming more complex, resulting in inconsistencies and disputes. While the rights of plant breeders and the private seed industry are well protected in formal agreements, the rights of farmers, who have nurtured diversity in plant genetic resources, developed varieties of crops with different traits, and contributed to exchange and conservation of plant genetic resources, are left to the discretion of nation-states. Farmers’ rights are mentioned in many international legal instruments, but no binding treaty or convention mandates protecting and promoting the rights of working farmers.
Statistical Reasoning in Music Analysis
Authors: McKay John Z. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Music analysis frequently appeals to implicit statistical arguments in asserting the normative forms of musical structures, as well as in interpreting apparently unusual musical features. With the increasing trend toward corpus studies and music informatics within the field of music theory, the explicit use of statistical methods is also becoming more common. This essay presents an outline of some elements of statistical and probabilistic arguments that music theorists should consider when representing musical elements as data to be analyzed. Even in the analysis of individual works, where traditional statistics may not seem applicable, the properties of expected distributions of musical materials within the data may help to judge whether a given musical feature is a significant finding or merely a coincidence. Finally, a number of potential numerical pitfalls are described, where intuitions about relationships within data often fail and can lead to inappropriate conclusions or anomalous results.
Crime Journeys
Authors: Bernasco Wim 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCrime requires the simultaneous presence of offenders and targets. This essay reviews what is known about how offenders come to intersect in time and space with their targets. It addresses their motivations, destinations, routes, distances, directions, modes of transportation, and travel companions, if any. Rational choice theory has been applied widely to organize and interpret empirical observations. Space-time geography and crime pattern theory emphasize the role of habitual behavior and routine activities. Previous research used police records and offender interviews, mainly to assess how far from home offenders committed crimes. Contemporary research utilizes time-use diaries and geographic tracking devices to measure multiple aspects of crime journeys. Future studies will profit from the advance of smartphones and similar devices.
Late-Blooming Offending
Authors: van Koppen Vere , Blokland Arjan A. J. , van der Geest Victor , Bijleveld Catrien , van de Weijer Steve 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis chapter highlights the phenomenon of late bloomers, those who only start to offend frequently after adolescence. First we briefly review the extant empirical evidence with regard to late-blooming offending. Second, we address the explanations life-course criminology has offered to account for late-blooming offending. Finally, we use three different datasets to examine the prevalence of late blooming in samples at different risk of offending, assess the extent to which late blooming is a recent phenomenon, and scrutinize the individual and background characteristics associated with late-blooming offending. Though we find evidence for a late-blooming trajectory in several datasets, and for both male and female offenders, late blooming does not seem a particularly recent phenomenon and the risk factors associated with late-blooming trajectories do not readily correspond to those proposed by extant life course criminological theory. Avenues for future research are discussed.
Ethnic Divisions and Production in Firms
*
Authors: Hjort Jonas 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A body of literature suggests that ethnic heterogeneity limits economic growth. This article provides microeconometric evidence on the direct effect of ethnic divisions on productivity. In team production at a plant in Kenya, an upstream worker supplies and distributes flowers to two downstream workers, who assemble them into bunches. The plant uses an essentially random rotation process to assign workers to positions, leading to three types of teams: (i) ethnically homogeneous teams, and teams in which (ii) one or (iii) both downstream workers belong to a tribe in rivalry with the upstream worker’s tribe. I find strong evidence that upstream workers undersupply non-coethnic downstream workers (vertical discrimination) and shift flowers from non-coethnic to coethnic downstream workers (horizontal discrimination), at the cost of lower own pay and total output. A period of ethnic conflict following Kenya’s 2007 election led to a sharp increase in discrimination. In response, the plant began paying the two downstream workers for their combined output (team pay). This led to a modest output reduction in (i) and (iii) teams—as predicted by standard incentive models—but an increase in output in (ii) teams, and overall. Workers’ behavior before conflict, during conflict, and under team pay is predicted by a model of taste-based discrimination. My findings suggest that interethnic rivalries lower allocative efficiency in the private sector, that the economic costs of ethnic diversity vary with the political environment, and that in high-cost environments firms are forced to adopt “second best” policies to limit discrimination distortions.
Use of OWL within the Gene Ontology
Authors: Mungall Christopher J , Dietze Heiko , Osumi-Sutherland David 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Gene Ontology (GO) is a ubiquitous tool in biological data analysis, and is one of the most well-known ontologies, in or outside the life sciences. Commonly conceived of as a simple terminology structured as a directed acyclic graph, the GO is actually well-axiomatized in OWL and is highly dependent on the OWL tool stack. Here we outline some of the lesser known features of the GO, describe the GO development process, and our prognosis for future development in terms of the OWL representation.
Millennium Company Ltd: overcoming tough times
Authors: Divekar Rajiv Gopalkrishna , Chitrao Pradnya Vishwas , Bhoyar Pravin Kumar 
Published: October 2014

Subject area
Strategic marketing, Downturn, Optimal utilisation of minimal resources, Consolidating profitability, Focus shift from features to benefits and cost savings.

Study level/applicability
Management students who have knowledge of basic concepts of management discipline to derive the maximum benefit and understand the applicability; budding entrepreneurs; middle- and senior-level executives in an executive development program; people running family-owned businesses.

Case overview
In 2008-2009, the Indian manufacturing sector was facing stiff competition from China on account of the latter's ability to provide cheap labour and handle large volumes. The 2008-2009 economic down turn saw consumers cut down on their requirements with manufacturing companies getting fewer orders. Manufacturing companies therefore adopted the principle of optimal utilisation of minimal resources. Millennium Company Ltd (MCL) also succeeded in overcoming the 2008-2009 downturns through a shift in focus during the recession of 2009 from achieving pure revenue to consolidating its profitability. MCL is probably the only company in the world to have extensive expertise in both steam and control instrumentation. The dual expertise allows them to engineer industry-specific systems that focus on energy efficiency and utilities management for sectors as diverse as textiles, food processing, paper, power and chemicals etc. The company shifted its attention from features to benefits, cost savings, and profitability. MCL trained its people as to what to talk to whom. Today, MCL is a leader in India in process efficiency and energy conservation through technology tie-ups and focused investments in manufacturing and research.

Expected learning outcomes
The purpose of this case is to enable student managers to evaluate effectiveness of corporate strategies; make the student managers understand the resources–businesses–systems framework and the need for focused connection between these three through appropriate coordination and control mechanisms for a corporate strategy to deliver value; encourage students to apply their knowledge of Turnkey Projects, BCG/Porters/SWOT/Mackensys Model; encourage the students to research and find out how other companies in this field fared and what were the strategies adopted by them to overcome the recession and compete with MCL in a highly competitive market like that of India; and encourage student managers to go on field visits with the institute's help to similar organisations within the same city and if possible get live projects.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.: creating a competitive advantage through an empowered workforce
Authors: Mohapatra Sanjay , Nag Debapriyo , Tej P. Ravi 
Published: October 2014

Subject area
This case study concerns self-managed teams (SMTs) and high-performing work stations.

Studylevel/applicability
This study is applicable to training, employee satisfaction and developing economy in the society at large.

Case overview
High-performance work systems (HPWS) are processes in which organizations utilize a fundamentally different approach for managing work in place of the traditional hierarchal approach. HPWS uses an approach that is fundamentally different from the traditional hierarchical or bureaucratic approach otherwise known as the control-oriented approach. The fundamental difference between control-oriented and involvement-oriented approach is in organizing and managing at the lowest level in an organization. The basic purpose of HPWS is to create an organization based on employee involvement, commitment and empowerment. In these kinds of highly involved organizations, employees demonstrate more responsibility and commitments because of high empowerment and have access to information/knowledge and awareness to perform at the highest level. In this case study, the authors make a complete study about the ten pillars of SMTs in Dr Reddy's Laboratories Private Ltd. and the situation of FTO-4 at the Yanam plant and FTO-7 at the Visakhapatnam plant post-implementation of the SMT concept. This paper attempts to demonstrate how SMTs differ from conventional teams, as well as how effectively they contribute to the organization objectives.

Expected learning outcomes
To understand HPWS and concept of SMT; to understand how the concepts of HPWS and SMT were implemented in Dr Reddy'S Laboratories in *FTO-4 AND *FTO-7; to understand the key difference between traditional hierarchical systems and SMTs; to find out how continuous process improvement has made SMT initiative an evolving one (from 2002 to 2011); to understand how involvement of different stakeholders has made SMT initiative a sustainable one; and to understand the importance of SMT in this twenty-first century as they lead to a better and brighter future for everyone.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Vivekananda and the inner quest of humanity
Authors: Vivekaprana Pravrajika 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to study Vivekananda and the inner quest of humanity. Vivekananda’s quest was to hold up a mirror to us for our inner search. Vivekananda desired to show us the intrinsic truth, the innermost divinity and help manifest it. We have not reached the ultimate level of development and evolution. Swami Vivekananda was convinced that we are on the cusp of higher evolution and need to believe that we can move in that direction consciously.

Design/methodology/approach
– We can rise to the highest levels of civilization and culture through personal research and discovery. Sustained human development is to have a goal and follow a well-thought path. The goal is the ultimate freedom.

Findings
– All human beings have a spiritual core, whether we are aware of it or not; whether we manifest it or not; or whether we recognize it or not. Therefore, it is a matter of having faith that we are spiritual to begin with and then make the effort to manifest that truth.

Originality/value
– In the East and in the Third World, civilizations had suffered severely due to invasions and colonization. They had to now struggle and achieve freedom, even at the political or social level. In the West, where human beings had a surfeit of physical enjoyment, they had to avoid the pitfalls of over-confidence and physical power.
Legumin from chickpea: hypolipidemic effect in the liver of hypercholesterolemic rats
Authors: L. Amaral Ana , S. Ferreira Ederlan , A. Neves Valdir , Demonte Aureluce 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to determine the effects of 11S globulin isolated from Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) on lipid metabolism in animals subjected to a hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic diet and compared to the drug simvastatin.Design/methodology/approach– Thirty-six male Wistar rats, kept in individual cages and under appropriate conditions, were separated into groups that were fed a normal diet (STD) containing casein as protein source and according to AIN-93G; a high-cholesterol diet (HC), normal diet plus 1 per cent cholesterol and 0.5 per cent cholic acid and 20 per cent coconut oil; HC diet plus the isolated 11S globulin (300 mg/kg/day); and HC diet plus the simvastatin (50 mg/kg/day), both dissolved in saline and administered by gavage for 28 days. After this time, the animals were killed.Findings– The results indicated that the addition of 1 per cent cholesterol and 0.5 per cent cholic acid induced hypercholesterolemia in the animals without interfering with their weight gain. Analyses of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) in the plasma, and TC and TG in the liver were made. The results show that the protein isolated from chickpea, and given as a single daily dose, did not affect the levels of plasma TC and its fractions, although decreasing the TG levels. Unlike the simvastatin, the chickpea protein significantly reduced TC and TG in the liver relative to HC group.Originality/value– A single daily dose of 11S globulin from chickpea contributed as only as additional 2.8 per cent of dietary protein intake. These findings demonstrate that 11S chickpea protein acts as a functional agent in the lipid metabolism in addition to its nutritional properties.