bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sinus irrigations before and after surgery—Visualization through computational fluid dynamics simulations
Authors: Zhao Kai , Craig John R. , Cohen Noam A. , Adappa Nithin D. , Khalili Sammy , Palmer James N. 
Published: October 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTopical sinus irrigations play a critical role in the management of sinonasal disease, and the improvement in irrigant penetration into the sinuses postoperatively greatly contributes to the success of endoscopic sinus surgery. Prior investigations on postoperative sinus irrigations have been mostly limited to cadaver studies, which are labor intensive and do not capture the full dynamics of the flows. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the impact of surgery on sinus irrigation through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.Study DesignRetrospective computational study.MethodsPre‐ and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained on a patient who underwent standard endoscopic surgeries for all sinuses, including a Draf III frontal sinusotomy. CT‐based pre‐ and postoperative CFD models then simulated irrigations of 120 mL saline per nostril at 12 mL/s (typical of Sinugator) and 60 mL/s (SinusRinse Bottle), in two head positions: face parallel and at a 45° angle to the ground.ResultsOverall, surgery most significantly improved frontal sinus irrigation, but surprisingly resulted in less maxillary and ethmoid sinuses penetration. This may due to the partial removal of the septum during the Draf III, causing most fluid to exit prematurely across the resected septum. Higher flow rate slightly improved ethmoid sinus irrigation, but resulted in less preoperative contralateral maxillary sinus penetration.ConclusionsCFD modeling of sinonasal irrigations is a novel technique for evaluating irrigant penetration of individual sinus cavities. It may prove useful in determining the optimal degree of surgery or the ideal irrigation strategy to allow for maximal and targeted sinus irrigant penetration.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 126:E90–E96, 2016
Surgical management of lateral skull base defects
Authors: Patel Neil S. , Modest Mara C. , Brobst Tyler D. , Carlson Matthew L. , Price Daniel L. , Moore Eric J. , Janus Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2015

Objectives/HypothesisWe sought to analyze key factors that influence the management of lateral skull base defects and implement an algorithm to improve outcomes of reconstruction.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingSingle tertiary academic referral center.MethodsAdults who underwent temporal bone resection were included. Variables included tumor characteristics, ablative procedure, reconstructive method, and wound complications.ResultsSeventy‐one patients were studied. Lateral temporal bone resection was performed in 55 patients (77%), subtotal temporal bone resection in 14 (20%), and total petrosectomy in two (3%). Primary closure was achieved in 46 patients (35%), with rotational muscle flaps in 21 (46%). The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) was used in nine patients (13%) without major complications. Single‐stage free tissue transfer was undertaken in 10 patients (14%) with no flap failures. Primary closure was achieved in 16 of 32 of previously untreated cases (50%) compared to nine of 39 cases of previously treated disease (23%) (P = 0.03). Pedicled or free flaps were used in 18 of 39 cases of previously treated disease (46%) compared to three of 32 previously untreated cases (9%) (P < 0.001). Pedicled or free flaps were used in 13 of 22 cases (59%) in which partial or total auriculectomy was performed, whereas primary closure was achieved in 39 of 49 cases (80%) in which the pinna was preserved (P < 0.001).ConclusionAdvanced tumors that require adjuvant therapy, revision cases for recurrent disease, and cases involving auriculectomy warrant free flap or PMMF reconstruction, with the latter preferred in poor free flap candidates.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 126:1911–1917, 2016
Isothermal Fractionation by DSC: Stepwise Isothermal Segregation Technique Applied to Random C3C2 Copolymers
Authors: Malizia Federica , Ferrara Giuseppe , Ferrari Paolo , Marega Carla , Marigo Antonio 
Published: October 2015

SummaryStepwise isothermal Segregation Technique (SIST) has been applied to three random C3C2 copolymers to study its ability to distinguish among different microstructures. Notwithstanding the application of the same SIST procedure, the final obtained melting profiles are different reveling that sample microstructures are dissimilar and respond differently to the applied thermal treatments. WAXS analysis highlighted that the nature of crystallity is not influenced by SIST treatment. On the other hand, SAXS analysis revealed different lamellae morphologies in the samples induced by thermal treatments.
Cysteine and hydrogen sulphide in the regulation of metabolism: insights from genetics and pharmacology
Authors: Carter Roderick N , Morton Nicholas M 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObesity and diabetes represent a significant and escalating worldwide health burden. These conditions are characterized by abnormal nutrient homeostasis. One such perturbation is altered metabolism of the sulphur‐containing amino acid cysteine. Obesity is associated with elevated plasma cysteine, whereas diabetes is associated with reduced cysteine levels. One mechanism by which cysteine may act is through its enzymatic breakdown to produce hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a gasotransmitter that regulates glucose and lipid homeostasis. Here we review evidence from both pharmacological studies and transgenic models suggesting that cysteine and hydrogen sulphide play a role in the metabolic dysregulation underpinning obesity and diabetes. We then outline the growing evidence that regulation of hydrogen sulphide levels through its catabolism can impact metabolic health. By integrating hydrogen sulphide production and breakdown pathways, we re‐assess current hypothetical models of cysteine and hydrogen sulphide metabolism, offering new insight into their roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. © 2015 The Authors. Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Neutrophil extracellular traps cause airway obstruction during respiratory syncytial virus disease
Authors: Cortjens Bart , de Boer Onno J , de Jong Rineke , Antonis Adriaan FG , Sabogal Piñeros Yanaika S , Lutter René , van Woensel Job BM , Bem Reinout A 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in young children worldwide. Extensive neutrophil accumulation in the lungs and occlusion of small airways by DNA‐rich mucus plugs are characteristic features of severe RSV–LRTD. Activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), extracellular networks of DNA covered with antimicrobial proteins, as part of the first‐line defence against pathogens. NETs can trap and eliminate microbes; however, abundant NET formation may also contribute to airway occlusion. In this study, we investigated whether NETs are induced by RSV and explored their potential anti‐viral effect in vitro. Second, we studied NET formation in vivo during severe RSV–LRTD in infants and bovine RSV–LRTD in calves, by examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue sections, respectively. NETs were visualized in lung cytology and tissue samples by DNA and immunostaining, using antibodies against citrullinated histone H3, elastase and myeloperoxidase. RSV was able to induce NET formation by human neutrophils in vitro. Furthermore, NETs were able to capture RSV, thereby precluding binding of viral particles to target cells and preventing infection. Evidence for the formation of NETs in the airways and lungs was confirmed in children with severe RSV–LRTD. Detailed histopathological examination of calves with RSV–LRTD showed extensive NET formation in dense plugs occluding the airways, either with or without captured viral antigen. Together, these results suggest that, although NETs trap viral particles, their exaggerated formation during severe RSV–LRTD contributes to airway obstruction. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic mobility in the overheated amorphous GeTe compound for phase change memories
Authors: Sosso G. C. , Behler J. , Bernasconi M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAbstractauthoren Phase change memories rest on the ability of some chalcogenide alloys to undergo a fast and reversible transition between the crystalline and amorphous phases upon Joule heating. The fast crystallization is due to a high nucleation rate and a large crystal growth velocity which are actually possible thanks to the fragility of the supercooled liquid that allows for the persistence of a high atomic mobility at high supercooling where the thermodynamical driving force for crystallization is also high. Since crystallization in the devices occurs by rapidly heating the amorphous phase, hysteretic effects might arise with a different diffusion coefficient and viscosity on heating than on cooling. In this work, we have quantified these hysteretic effects in the phase change compound GeTe by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The atomic mobility in the overheated amorphous phase is lower than in supercooled liquid at the same temperature and the viscosity is consequently higher. Still, the simulations of the overheated amorphous phase reveal a breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient and the viscosity, similarly to what we found previously in the supercooled liquid. Evidences are provided that the breakdown is due to the emergence of dynamical heterogeneities at high supercooling.
Molecular pathogenesis of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza: the role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif
Authors: Luczo Jasmina M. , Stambas John , Durr Peter A. , Michalski Wojtek P. , Bingham John 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza has caused a heavy socio‐economic burden through culling of poultry to minimise human and livestock infection. Although human infections with H5N1 have to date been limited, concerns for the pandemic potential of this zoonotic virus have been greatly intensified following experimental evidence of aerosol transmission of H5N1 viruses in a mammalian infection model. In this review, we discuss the dominance of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif as a pathogenicity determinant, the host‐pathogen molecular interactions driving cleavage activation, reverse genetics manipulations and identification of residues key to haemagglutinin cleavage site functionality and the mechanisms of cell and tissue damage during H5N1 infection. We specifically focus on the disease in chickens, as it is in this species that high pathogenicity frequently evolves and from which transmission to the human population occurs. With >75% of emerging infectious diseases being of zoonotic origin, it is necessary to understand pathogenesis in the primary host to explain spillover events into the human population. © 2015 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
To Be or Not to Be (Stressed): The Critical Role of a Psychologically Healthy Workplace in Effective Stress Management
Authors: Grawitch Matthew J. , Ballard David W. , Erb Kaitlyn R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article explains how key practices pertaining to the psychologically healthy workplace can be used to develop a comprehensive approach to stress management in contemporary organizations. Specifically, we demonstrate the ways in which employee involvement, recognition, work–life balance, health and safety, and growth and development practices can be used to assist in the reduction of work stress and the proactive management of strain. Although many organizations strive to establish a positive environment conducive to work and well‐being, identifying where to begin can often seem like a daunting task. Currently, many stress management efforts emphasize individual‐level interventions that are simply implemented alongside existing organizational practices. We propose that a broader perspective allows for a better understanding of the stress process, resulting in the ability to consider a wider range of changes to organizational processes. Combining knowledge regarding psychologically healthy workplace practices, stress management intervention levels and the personal resource allocation framework, we present a comprehensive framework for approaching workplace stress management, which can be tailored to the unique needs of various organizations, departments and employees. By adopting this broader perspective, we believe organizations can more strategically address employee stress, resulting in more effective stress management and a profound impact on stress‐related outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD150− Side Population Defines Leukemia Stem Cells in a BALB/c Mouse Model of CML and Is Depleted by Genetic Loss of SIRT1
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Chen Ching-Cheng , Chen WenYong 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are refractory to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment, persist in the residual disease, and are important source for disease recurrence. Better understanding CML LSCs will help devise new strategies to eradicate these cells. The BALB/c mouse model of CML using retroviral bone marrow transduction and transplantation is a widely used mouse model system for CML, but LSCs in this model are poorly characterized. Here, we show that lineage negative CD150− side population (CD150−SP), but not CD150+SP, are CML LSCs in this model, although both CD150−SP and CD150+SP cells are enriched for long-term hematopoietic stem cells in normal BALB/c mice. We previously showed that BCR-ABL transformation activates protein lysine deacetylase SIRT1 and inhibition of SIRT1 sensitizes CML stem/progenitor cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by acetylating and activating p53. In this study, we demonstrate that SIRT1 homozygous knockout substantially reduces CD150−SP CML LSCs, and compromises the maintenance of CML LSCs in the BALB/c model. We identified several molecular alterations in CD150−SP LSCs that included the elevated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk6 facilitating LSC activation and significantly reduced p53 expression. SIRT1 knockout suppressed Cdk6 expression and likely increases p53 protein functions through deacetylation without increasing its expression. Our results shed novel insight into CML LSCs and support a crucial role of SIRT1 in CML LSCs. Our study also provides a novel means for assessing new agents to eradicate CML LSCs. Stem Cells 2015;33:3437–3451
Risk of Complications with Energy‐Based Surgical Devices in Thyroid Surgery: A National Multicenter Register Study
Authors: Carlander Johan , Wagner Philippe , Gimm Oliver , Nordenström Erik , Jansson Svante , Bergkvist Leif , Johansson Kenth 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundEnergy‐based surgical devices (EBD) combining cutting and coagulation are increasingly used in thyroid surgery. However, there is a lack of information about potential benefits and risk of complications outside controlled trials. The aims of this national multicenter register study were to describe the use of EDB, their potential effect on complication rates, and on operation time.Materials and methodsThe Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid and Parathyroid surgery includes 35 surgical units in Sweden and covered 88 % of the thyroid procedures performed during 2008–2009. The use of the EBD was specifically registered for 12 months, and 1297 patients were included. Surgically related complications and operation time were evaluated. The clamp‐and‐tie group (C‐A‐T) constituted the control group for comparison with procedures where EBD was used.ResultsThe thyroid procedures performed included C‐A‐T (16.6 %), bipolar electrosurgery (ES: 56.5 %), electronic vessel sealing (EVS: 12.2 %), and ultrasonic dissection (UD: 14.5 %). Mean operative time was longer with EVS (p < 0.001) and shorter with UD (p < 0.05) than in the other groups. The bipolar ES group and the EVS group had higher incidence of calcium treatment at discharge and after 6 weeks than the UD group. No significant difference in nerve injury was found between the groups. There was a significant more frequent use of topical hemostatic agents in the EBD group compared to C‐A‐T.ConclusionIn this national multicenter study, the use of UD shortened and EVS increased operating time. There was a higher risk of calcium treatment at discharge and after 6 weeks after use of EVS and bipolar ES than after UD use. There was a significant more frequent use of topical hemostatic agents in the EBD groups compared to C‐A‐T.
Efficacy of Staged Treatment Strategy for Patients with Synchronous Double Cancers of the Esophagus and Head and Neck: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Watanabe Masayuki , Shigaki Hironobu , Nishida Koujiro , Mine Shinji , Sano Takeshi , Yanaga Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether a staged treatment strategy is acceptable for patients with synchronous double cancers.BackgroundSynchronous occurrence of esophageal and head and neck (H&N) cancers is frequently observed.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of 109 patients with synchronous double cancers of the esophagus and H&N treated between 2005 and 2011. Fifty‐one patients underwent synchronous treatment and 58 underwent staged treatment. We measured the delay in treatment for the second cancer in the staged treatment group and evaluated how many patients experienced progression of the second cancer during the first cancer treatment. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed in 100 patients who underwent potentially curative treatment.ResultsSynchronous treatment strategy was frequently selected for patients with both advanced cancers (77 %) compared with those who had early cancers in either or both organs (43 %) (P = 0.02). The median delay in the treatment for the second cancer was 80 days; 77.5 days in the H&N‐first group and 96 days in the esophagus‐first group. Only one patient experienced stage progression during the waiting period. There was no significant difference in OS between the synchronous treatment group and the staged treatment group (P = 0.73), and no significant difference in OS among patients who had advanced cancer in the H&N, esophagus, or both.ConclusionsPrognosis of patients with synchronous cancers depends on that of the more advanced cancer, and waiting for treatment of early cancers may not influence survival. The staged treatment strategy is acceptable when either of the double cancers is at an early stage.
Facial reconstruction with a unique osteomyocutaneous DCIA perforator flap variant: a case report
Authors: Wechselberger G. , Schwaiger K. , Hachleitner J. , Oberascher G. , Ensat F. , Larcher L. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Background
Anatomical variance of the deep circumflex iliac artery is of high clinical value in facial reconstruction using a deep circumflex iliac artery perforator (DCIAP) flap.

Methods
We present the case of a 76-year-old woman treated with an osteomyocutaneous DCIAP flap variant for facial reconstruction. We also review here the literature on DCIA perforator flaps and the different anatomical variances, which might bring clinical benefits.

Results
The observed anatomy in our patient offered the possibility to raise a free flap variant with high mobility of a large skin paddle and a long vascular pedicle combined with a variable osteomuscular portion.

Conclusion
The characteristics of the flap thus raised help overcome the disadvantages of the conventional DCIAP flap and offer excellent options for facial reconstruction.
Immigration Enforcement, Parent–Child Separations, and Intent to Remigrate by Central American Deportees
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Pozo Susan , Puttitanun Thitima 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Given the unprecedented increase in the flow of migrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to the United States, this article analyzes the impact of U.S. interior enforcement on parent–child separations among Central American deportees, along with its implications for deportees’ intentions to remigrate to the United States. Using the EMIF sur survey data, we find that interior enforcement raises the likelihood of parent–child separations as well as the likelihood that parents forcedly separated from their young children report the intention to return to the United States, presumably without documents. By increasing parent–child separations, interior enforcement could prove counterproductive in deterring repetitive unauthorized crossings among Central American deportees.
Influence of non-nutrient environmental factors on Ulva pertusa's inhibitory effects on Heterosigma akashiwo growth
Authors: Jin Qiu , Wu Han-Gui , Zhang Xin-Xin , Ke Zhong-Lu 
Published: October 2015

We studied the effects of four non-nutrient environmental factors (temperature, salinity, irradiance and pH) on the growth inhibition of the macroalgae Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) upon the microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo (Rhaphidophyta). Experiments were conducted in single-factor incubation and various two-factor combination experiments in which temperature (10, 15, 25 and 30°C), salinity (10, 20, 30 and 40 g kg−1 water), irradiance (20, 100, 200 and 400 μmol m−2 s−1), and pH (5.5, 7, 8.5 and 10) were varied systematically. The growth rates of U. pertusa and H. akashiwo and the rate of microalgal growth inhibition were altered significantly by changing some of the non-nutrient factors in both the single-factor and the two-factor experiments. The optimal growth conditions for U. pertusa were 20–25°C, salinity of 30 g kg−1, irradiance level of 200–400 μmol m−2 s−1, and pH 8.5–10; optimal conditions for H. akashiwo growth were 25°C, 30 g kg−1, 100 μmol m−2 s−1 and pH 8.5, respectively. The growth inhibitory influence of U. pertusa on H. akashiwo was strongest at 25°C with low salinity (10 g kg−1), high irradiance (400 μmol m−2 s−1) and high alkalinity (pH = 10). The results of this study may be helpful in the development of methods for using green macroalgae to control the proliferation of microalgae in harmful algal blooms (HABs). In particular, these findings provide guidance regarding optimum levels of non-nutrient environmental factors in confined areas, such as aquaculture factories.
Non-evidential believing and permissivism about evidence: a reply to Dan-Johan Eklund
Authors: COCKAYNE JOSHUA , EFIRD DAVID , MOLTO DANIEL , TAMBURRO RICHARD , WARMAN JACK 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn response to John Bishop's (2007) account of passionally caused believing, Dan-Johan Eklund (2014) argues that conscious non-evidential believing is (conceptually) impossible, that is, it's (conceptually) impossible consciously to believe thatpwhilst acknowledging that the relevant evidence doesn't supportp's being true, for it conflicts with belief being a truth-oriented attitude, or so he argues. In this article, we present Eklund's case against Bishop's account of passionally caused believing, and we argue that it's unpersuasive, at least to those who accept permissivism about evidence, that is, that it's possible for there to be more than one rational response to a given body of evidence. We do this through a novel application of a case of nurtured belief, that is, of a person holding a belief simply because she was caused to do so by her upbringing, and we use it to show exactly where Eklund's argument goes wrong. We conclude by drawing a general lesson drawn from this debate: if permissivism about evidence is true, then belief being truth-oriented is consistent with non-evidential believing being possible.