bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors in Sulfide Corrosion Cracking of High Strength Steels
Authors: TRESEDER R. S. , SWANSON T. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Results of laboratory sulfide corrosion cracking tests on commercial steel alloys are presented. Emphasis is placed on effects of environmental factors, alloy composition and metallurgical variables. Environmental factors studied include pH in the range of 2 to 5, H2S partial pressures in the range 0.001 to 1.0 atmosphere and addition of sodium chloride. Twelve percent chromium stainless steels and low alloy steels containing more than 1 percent nickel, were found to have lower resistance to cracking at the same hardness level than low alloy steels normally used for oil field equipment. Plastic deformation of low alloy steels by cold rolling decreased the resistance to cracking.
Effect of Inhibitors on Scale Removal in HCl Pickling Solutions
Authors: RIGGS O. L. , HURD R. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Inhibitors are available which effectively reduce the loss of metal because of corrosion occurring in the hydrochloric acid pickling baths. Selection of these inhibitors, however, must take into consideration the effect the inhibitor will have on scale dissolution. The optimum concentration of inhibitor must consider the functional relationship between inhibitor concentration and the rate of scale removal. This relationship is not the same as that between inhibitor concentration and metal dissolution rate.
Data are shown on scale dissolution rates for two corrosion inhibitors in 10 percent by weight hydrochloric acid at temperatures of 55 through 85 C (131–185 F). Extrapolations to somewhat higher temperatures of some pickling operations can be made. However, it was observed that all corrosion inhibitor effects on scale removal became somewhat temperature-dependent at, or near, 80 C.
The experimental acid corrosion inhibitors (B and C) exhibit surfactant behavior between 55–75 C, removing scale more quickly than did the uninhibited acid.
Effect of Some Environmental Conditions on Stress Corrosion Behavior of Ni-Cr-Fe Alloys in Pressurized Water
Authors: COPSON H. R. , ECONOMY G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion tests have been run in pressurized water at 600 F (316 C) using double U-bends and double bent beam specimens. The tests were conducted in autoclaves for up to 3000 hours. The composition of the gas phase above the water and the pH were controlled. The materials tested were commercial heats of Inconel (1) 600, Inconel 625, lncoloy(1) 800 and stainless steel Types 304, 304L and 347; some Inconel alloy 600 weldments; and some experimental laboratory compositions. Several heat treatments were included. No attack was observed in specimens stressed at 90 percent of room temperature yield strength. No attack was observed when hydrogen constituted the gas phase. No attack was observed when crevices were absent. The combined action of a high stress, a high oxygen concentration and a crevice did promote intergranular attack and cracking in the crevice area in all alloys tested. The severity of the attack increased with the oxygen concentration. Many specimens heated for 2 hours at 1250 F (677 C) showed deeper attack than annealed specimens. Solution heat treatment, low carbon content or the presence of carbide stabilizers did not eliminate the attack. The behavior of weld metal deposits was not significantly different from that of base plate. Variations in composition within the normal range of Alloy 600 were unimportant. Differences in behavior among the several alloys tested were minor compared to those from environmental effects.
Electrochemical Properties of Ferrite and Cementite in Relation to Stress Corrosion of Mild Steels in Nitrate Solutions
Authors: GREEN J. A. S. , PARKINS R. N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Polarization studies were carried out both at an iron electrode and an iron electrode having a surface layer of cementite. Anodic and cathodic polarization curves were com-pared in nitrate and chloride solutions and the effect of temperature and the addition of acid was examined also. The Fe3C electrode was found to undergo relatively little cathodic polarization at low current densities and the cementite was thought to be acting as an efficient site for cathodic discharge during the corrosion reaction.
Hydrogen-Induced Phase Transformations in Type 304L Stainless Steels
Authors: HOLZWORTH M. L. , LOUTHAN M. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Electrolytic charging of hydrogen into Type 304L stainless steel at room temperature and 100 C (212 F) induced partial transformation) of the austenite to the some martensitic phases [α′ (bcc) and ε (hep)] as are formed by cold-working hydrogen-free austenite at low temperatures (−196 C) (−321 F). No evidence of a hexagonal hydride was found. The formation of the ε phase by cathodic charging suggests that hydrogen lowers the stacking fault energy of austenite. Hydrogen charging expands the austenite lattice, causes the dislocation and stacking fault density to increase with increasing hydrogen concentration, and causes dislocation movement.
Corrosion of Monel 400 in High CO2 Well Water
Authors: UGIANSKY GILBERT M. , ELLINGER GEORGE A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Dezincification type corrosion of a Monel Alloy well screen in water with 23–54ppm CO2 is discussed in detail. The second phase in the corroded grain boundaries was identified by electron probe microanalysis as nearly pure copper with little or no nickel. It is concluded that Monel may be susceptible to dezincification-type corrosion when used in certain environments.
The Separation of Corrosion and Stress Effects in Stress Corrosion: Ti-Al-4V in Bromine-Methanol Solutions
Authors: COCKS F.H. , RUSSO J.F. , BRUMMER S.B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The time to failure for stress corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V depends strongly on the extent of precorrosion. Corrosion without stress is initially just as effective in causing eventual failure as is corrosion with stress; only during the last 40% of the normal stress, corrosion life is stress critical in causing failure. Thus, only in this last stage can a stress corrosion process be said to occur. A general mechanism to account for this behavior is suggested, and a precorrosion) susceptibility index is defined and used as a quantitative measure of the importance of stress at each stage of the total process leading to failure. The time to failure of Ti-6Al-4V in methanol-bromine solutions depends also on the extent of “aging” of the solution. The time to failure becomes shorter the longer the solution has been kept standing. This effect arises from the influence of the reaction products of bromine with methanol and water.
The Oxidation of Vanadium-Base Alloys by Liquid Sodium Containing Dissolved Oxides in Temperatures Ranging From 500 to 600 C
Authors: BORGSTEDT HANS U. , FREES GUNTER 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Vanadium-base alloys suffer oxidation by liquid sodium (500 to 600 C) containing 5 to 10 ppm oxides. The effects are different with differing components of the alloys and the degree of purity of liquid sodium. In liquid sodium of a pumped sodium loop, V-Ti alloys with 5 to 20% Ti suffer embrittlement of surface areas. The zones of embrittlement contain up to 7 to 9% oxygen. Unalloyed vanadium does not underly oxygen diffusion into the metal phase. The different behavior is intelligible from thermodynamic reasons. The free energy of oxygen exchange between Na2O and the refractory metals following the equation, Na2O + V = VO + 2 Na, is small in the reaction with vanadium but remarkable in the reaction with titanium in the above range of oxygen concentrations. Depth of the penetration zone of the metallic phase is dependent on Ti content. After 500 hours testing at 600 C (1112 F), the following depths were measured: 200 microns in V-5% Ti, 100 in V-10% Ti, and 70 in V-20% Ti. In alloys with less than 5% Ti, complete embrittlement occurred through the specimen of 0.5 mm thickness. In some tests with cold trapped sodium with plugging temperatures of less than 130 C (266 F), severe corrosion weight losses and oxide layers were observed. Beneath these oxide layers, there were the well known oxygen diffusion layers. X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that oxide layers contained calcium up to 5% concentration.
Effects of Uranium on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steels in a Nitrate Environment
Authors: McDonald R. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion tests in a boiling nitrate environment show beneficial effects of uranium is steed ion quantities up to 0.15%, the preferred level being at 0.09%. Steels included in the tests contained two levels of carbon and three levels sulphur at strength levels within the ramie 135,000 to 155,000 psi.
Passivation and Activation of Iron in the Presence of Molybdate Ions
Authors: CARTLEDGE G. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In extension of previous studies of the mechanism of the action of XO4n− inhibitors of corrosion, the behavior of MoO42− ions has been investigated. This inhibitor was found to exert a noncathodic action in facilitating anodic passivation, but the phenomena are more complex than those exhibited by CrO42−, TcO4−, and MnO4−. The transition between active and passive potentials comprises several well-defined stages which were identified in potentiostatic measurements. The character of surface films was studied as a function of potential, both by analytical procedures and by electron microscopy and diffraction. The existence of mixed complex species containing Fe(II), Fe(III), and Mo(VI) in solution was established spectro-photometrically and solids having such compositions were synthesized. A super passive state was found to be produced at noble potentials when ferrous ions were present in sufficient concentration, and the dependence of all transition potentials upon pH was established. An interpretation of the processes occurring in the different regions of potential is presented, and deductions from the super passive behavior are extended to a generalized theory of the passive state.
Passivation of Crevices During Anodic Protection
Authors: FRANCE W. D. , GREENE N. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The protection of crevices poses an important problem in industrial applications of anodic protection. Experimental studies with a special crevice assembly have shown that the interiors of crevices often remain active and corrode at a rapid rate. These experiments, together with theoretical analyses, demonstrate that the ability to passivate crevices during anodic protection is controlled by electrolyte characteristics, crevice geometry, and the electrochemical behavior of the protected metal. Of these, critical anodic current density, ic, is the most important parameter.
The Dissolution of Zinc in the NaNO3-NH4Cl-NH3-H2O System
Authors: GOODRICH J. D. , SCHMID G. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Zinc dissolves rapidly in NaNO3-NH4Cl-NH3-H2O with rates of 0.375 to 2.16 g./cm2- hr being observed at 25.0 ± 0.1 C. The reaction occurs via complexion of the zinc ion with ammonia in NH4+ buffered solutions. The cathodic reaction is primarily the reduction of NO3− to NO2−, NO2−, NH2OH, and NH2NH2 are shown to be reactive with Zn but not significantly so.
Stress Corrosion Behavior of High Strength Steels
Authors: LECKIE H. P. , LOGINOW A. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of stress and environment on the susceptibility to failure of HY-80, HY-130(T), 12Ni maraging, and 18Ni maraging steels has been evaluated by using both pre-notched and smooth specimens. Tests were conducted in sodium chloride solution, artificial sea water, and natural sea water, both with and without cathodic charging. Data are presented which show that the apparent susceptibility to failure is dependent on the test method used. Thus, in natural sea water, the most severe environment, notched specimens often showed failure, whereas, specimens of the same material tested in the unnotched condition did not fail. HY-80 steel was resistant to failure in all environments tested. HY-130(T) steel showed a slight reduction in load-carrying ability during cathodic charging, although the applied stress required for failure remained very high. Both 12Ni and 18Ni maraging steels failed as notched specimens in all test environments at applied stresses below the yield strength. In contrast, however, no failures were observed during the test period when these materials were tested as U-bend specimens in natural sea water.
The Electrochemical Behavior of Some Nickel Base and Cobalt Base Alloys
Authors: LEONARD R. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Potentiostatic anodic polarization curves are provided for Hastelloy Alloys B, C, D, F, and G, Haynes Alloy No. 25 and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 6B in a variety of media. These data demonstrate that, if oxidizers are present in environments in contact with low chromium alloys, the dissolution rate will increase with increasing oxidizer level. The polarization data also show that copper markedly decreases the dissolution of alloys in reducing media. Also, the presence of grain-boundary precipitates increases the dissolution rate of Hastelloy Alloy C in oxidizing, pitting, and hydrochloric acid media while not affecting the dissolution rate in unaerated sulfuric acid. The effective alloy content of an alloy is altered by the precipitation of new phases, according to the data obtained. A 30% chromium alloy, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 6B, had higher current densities, hence lower corrosion resistance under oxidizing conditions, than a 20% chromium alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 25. This was causes by the removel of much of the matrix chromium content by the precipitation of chromium containing carbides in the Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 6B.
Apparatus for Stress Corrosion Tests in Boiling Magnesium Chloride Solutions
Authors: STREICHER M. A. , SWEET A. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Time-to-failure in stress corrosion tests on stainless steels and related alloys depends on the temperature of the boiling magnesium chloride test solution. Small losses of water vapor and condensate from solutions in the range of 40 to 46 wt % MgCl2 lead to rapid increases in boiling temperature. Components of a three-part test apparatus — flask, condenser, and trap — have been designed to reduce losses of water vapor and condensate to negligible proportions. With this apparatus the temperature of the boiling magnesium chloride solution can be held constant, e.g. at 155 C ±1 C (311 F ±1.8 F), for periods of 100 days or more. This apparatus for reducing vapor and condensate losses may also be useful for other solutions whose boiling points are significantly affected by such losses. Design details are given for a 1-liter Erlenmeyer test flask, condenser, and vapor trap. In addition, dimensions are provided for two stress corrosion specimens, a U-bend and a bent-beam, together with holders for these specimens, which fit a 1-liter test apparatus.
Resistance of Explosion-Bonded Stainless Steel Clads to Intergranular Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: HILL B. , TRUEB L. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Intergranular corrosion of stabilized austenitic stainless steel is not accelerated when this material is explosion-clad to carbon steel. Heat-treatment in the sensitization range causes carbon diffusion across the bond interface and precipitation of chromium carbides; this influences the corrosion rates within the diffusion band. Outside of this relatively small area, corrosion rates are similar to those characteristic of nonclad material subjected to the same heat treatment. Stress corrosion cracking of both a stabilized and an unstabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel is not accelerated by explosion cladding to carbon steel. Stainless steel-to-steel explosion clads thus do not appear to pose any special corrosion problems.
Oxidation of 304L Stainless Steel by Steam and by Air
Authors: BITTEL J. T. , SJODAHL L. H. , WHITE J. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The oxidation of 304L stainless steel has been measured in steam and in air in the temperature range from 1000 to 1375 C (1832 to 2507 F) using a thermogravimetric technique. This temperature range is of interest in the analysis of a reactor loss-of-coolant accident. Experiments in steam showed initial linear weight gain with time for the first 6 to 28 minutes, followed by parabolic rate behavior. The linear reaction rate constant W/t was found to be 1.1 × 105 exp (−44,350/RT) while the parabolic constant W2/t was found to be 2.4 × 101 2 exp (−84,300/RT), where T is in °K and W is in mg/cm2 and t is in sec. The parabolic rate controlling process is diffusion through an Fe-Ni-Cr spinel layer observed in the inner layer of the scale. The oxidation of 304L stainless steel by air from 1100 to 1360 C (2012 to 2480 F) was slow compared to the oxidation by steam in this same temperature range, parabolic rates being lower than those in steam by a factor of ~ 103. Although X-ray diffraction observed Fe3O4 (major) and Fe2O3 (minor) on the surface of the coatings formed in air at temperatures of 1360 C and below, Cr2O3 was found at the metal-oxide interface. The low rates in air thus reflect the formation of a protective Cr2O3 film. The rate in air at 1375 C is exceptionally rapid compared to those at the lower temperatures possibly because of the Fe-FeO liquidus at 1370 C (2498 F).
Environmental Effects of Anthraquinone Derivatives on the Resistance to SCC of AISI 4340 Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solutions
Authors: TIRMAN A , FUGASSI PAUL , HANEY E. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Polyhydroxy derivatives of anthraquinone adsorbed on AISI 4340 steel foil increase the resistance of the foil to stress corrosion cracking in aerated 0.6 M aqueous sodium chloride acidified with hydrogen chloride to pH 1.5. It is suggested that these compounds act as acceptors of atomic hydrogen or of other intermediates involved in the electrolytic discharge of hydrogen and that the reduced form of the compound is re-oxidized to its original state by dissolved oxygen in the sodium chloride solution.
Mechanism of Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: RHODES P. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Electrochemical studies were made in aqueous LiCl, MgCl2, and MgBr2 solutions and in ZnCl2/KCl molten salt to clarify the corrosion reactions related to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel and to better define environmental variables critical to the occurrence of chloride SCC. Type 304 stainless steel electrodes were employed, with complementary SCC tests made with U-bend Type 304 stainless steel specimens. Several conclusions critical to an understanding of the mechanism of chloride SCC resulted from these investigations: (1) SCC was observed in concentrated MgBr2 solutions, (2) H2O must be present in the electrolyte, as SCC did not occur in dry molten ZnCl2/KCl, and (3) H2 evolution from corroding specimens may be facilitated by anodic polarization. Present studies do not support a model equating crack propagation with stress assisted anodic dissolution. Rather, evidence is presented that hydrogen evolution at the crack tip occurs and is a critical precursor to crack initiation and propagation. A model of SCC requiring hydrogen evolution at the crack tip is proposed, with emphasis being placed on the effect of anodic reactions within the crack in maintaining high acidity near the crack tip. Recent publications suggest that the role of evolved hydrogen in SCC may be related to formation of hydrogen induced martensitic platelets along paths of crack propagation.
Theoretical Considerations in the Measurements of Polarization and Corrosion Potential Curves
Authors: MUELLER W.A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The polarization curve is defined as the current density potential relationship for a given electrode immersed in a given electrolyte. Based on this definition, the use of hemi-spherical or of cylindrical iso-potential test electrodes is proposed for its accurate determination. For these test electrodes, combined with counter electrodes of equal symmetry, drop of the potential in the electrolyte is shown to be: I1 ρr1 (1–r1/rc) for hemi-spherical and l1ρr1 1n (rc/r1) for cylindrical symmetry, where l1 = current density on the test electrode (amp/cm2), ρ = resistivity of the electrolyte (ohm x cm), and Y1,rc = radii of the test and counter electrode (cm), respectively. By adding to either of these values, the potential drop between test electrode and electrolyte and by subtracting the potential drop between counter electrode and electrolyte, the total potential drop between these electrodes is obtained. The product I1ρr1 is found to be the parameter of deciding importance for an exact determination of the potential field which surrounds electrodes and of the potential of test electrodes. For test electrodes of conventional shape, the average potential drop in the electrolyte is estimated and a similar parameter defined. For sets of hemi-spherical or cylindrical test electrodes arranged in circular order with the reference electrode in the center, the potential field is expressed by an equation which provides a sound basis for the use of such multi-test electrode arrangements. Finally, the effect on the course of polarization curves of redox reagents such as originally contained in the electrolyte or produced by corrosion, is reviewed. From the relations derived, some conclusions are drawn and incorporated in the design of various types of experimental equipment for the determination of polarization and corrosion potential curves in laboratory and field studies, including the study of crevice corrosion.
The Application of Electrochemical Techniques to the Study of Corrosion of Automotive Trim Materials
Authors: WALKER M. S. , ROWE L. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
De-icing salts are known to have a contributing effect on the corrosion of automotive trim materials. Various accelerated tests have been developed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of trim materials, but each test has its own limitations. Electrochemical techniques are a valuable supplement to these other methods, not only because they are fast and reproducible but also because they help in determining mechanisms of reactions. A potentiodynamic anodic polarization method was used to show the relative corrosion resistance of four different stainless steels and a chromium plated stainless steel used in trim applications, and the order of corrosion resistance compared favorably with that obtained by conventional chemical tests and by field exposure. Furthermore, the test was used to show distinct differences in the pitting susceptibility of stainless steels exposed to different concentrations of chloride ion. The thermographic test is commonly used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of stainless steels. The effect of specific ingredients in the solution on corrosion was determined by both chemical and electrochemical tests. Chemical tests showed that chloride and thiosulfate ions had the greatest effect on pit initiation, probably because the thiosulfate altered the redox potential of the solution. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicated that the chloride ion concentration was rate controlling after corrosion had begun, and the thiosulfate ion caused a shift in potential which placed the material in a corroding region.