bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gold and Mercury Deposits in the Sulphur Creek Mining District, California
Authors: Nelson Gordon C. , Rytuba James J. , McLaughlin Robert M. , Tosdal R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Within the central part of the Sulphur Creek Mining District six epithermal gold-mercury deposits have been mined, the West End, Central, Cherry Hill, Empire, Manzanita, and Wide Awake (Fig. 1). The mining district also includes the Abbott, Elgin and Rathburn mercury deposits and several hot springs that are depositing gold and cinnabar. The association of gold and mercury in the district was recognized early and gold was mined at the Cherry Hill and the Manzanita Mercury Mine from 1865 to 1891 with total production being about 3,000 oz of Au (Whitney, 1865, and Bradley, 1916). Whitney (1865) describes cobbles of cinnabar from the Sulphur Creek Mining District containing plumes of gold distributed through out the cinnabar. Fine placer gold is also present in drainages within the Sulphur Creek district, but has not been mined. Total mercury production from the district has been about 33,000 flasks, primarily from the Abbott mine. The Wide Awake mine was reported to have reserves of 24,000 flasks in 1899 and substantial unreported production may have come from this mine. In 1977, Homestake Mining Co. delineated a small gold deposit in the area of the Cherry Hill, West End, and Wide Awake Mines. The mineralization extends under the Sulphur Creek valley which separates these mines. Although numerous high-grade gold veins are present, typically greater than 0.3 oz of Au with multiple oz assays common, the veins are widely spaced and the deposit is presently uneconomic.
Geology and Related Studies at the Gold Quarry Deposit, Nevada
Authors: Rota Joseph C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In excess of 170,000 kg (5.5 million troy ounces) of gold have been produced to date from the Gold Quarry epithermal, sediment-hosted gold deposit. Large, high to low-angle structures originally localized over 348 Mmt (387 Mst) of economic gold ores hosted in upper Devonian to Ordovician mixed carbonate and siliciclastic marine sediments. Recent research involving detailed analysis of digital structural data, petrography, fluid inclusion studies and isotopic analysis are supportive of previous mine-scale studies that document three or more possible mineralization events and multiple, overlapping alteration suites.
Geology of the Ridgeway Gold Deposits, Ridgeway, South Carolina
Authors: Gillon Kenneth A. , Spence William H. , Duckett Roy P. , Benson Christopher J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Kennecott Minerals Company (KMC) operates a 15,000-ton-per-day open-pit gold mine located approximately 5 miles east of the town of Ridgeway, and 25 miles north of Columbia, South Carolina (Figure 1). The Ridgeway gold mine is one of four gold mines which were put in production in South Carolina in the 1980’s. It is currently the only operating gold mine in the Eastern United States.
The Ridgeway mine produces gold bullion from two bulk-mineable, open-pit deposits located one mile apart. Low-grade oxide and sulfide ore produced from the siliceous deposits is blasted and hauled to a central mill complex. Ore is milled to minus 200 mesh, and gold is extracted by a carbon-in-pulp, electrowinning process. The mine operates 24 hours a day, and employs over 100 people. The mine began producing gold in December 1988 and total developed in order to achieve an ultimate production goal of 1.5 million ounces of gold bullion by the year 2000. The North Pit is 2,000 feet long, 1,400 feet wide, and 320 feet deep. The South Pit is 2,600 feet long, 1,500 feet wide, and 360 feet deep. The South Pit is being mined at full scale, and is expected to be mined out by June 1996. Activity in the North Pit is currently focused on the stripping of oxide ore and waste at the 420-440 level along the northern half of the pit. Future development plans for the North Pit include deepening the pit from the 120 elevation to -40 elevation. This paper
Pb and Sr Isotopic Mapping of Crustal Structure in the Northern Great Basin
Authors: Wooden J.L. , Tosdal R.M. , Kistler R.W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Two subparallel NNW-to NW-trending mineral belts in Nevada, the Battle Mountain-Eureka trend on the SW and the Carlin trend on the NE, are thought to reflect deep-seated, pre-Cenozoic crustal structures. These structures may be pre-Cenozoic faults, Mesozoic and/or Paleozoic fold axes, or uncertain features of the Precambian basement. Both geophysical and geochemical/isotopic studies can be used to complement field based geologic studies of these features. Geophysical studies measure time-integrated physical parameters and attempt to distinguish younger from older features. Isotopie studies have the advantage of investigating time-related features by comparing the isotopie compositions of rocks formed at different times during the geologic history of a region for systematic or significant changes or lack there of. The isotopie signatures of igneous rocks largely reflect the average characteristics of their source regions plus any later interaction with the crustal column through which they moved or into which they were emplaced, and in general reflect lower and middle crustal features. Kistler and Peterman (1973, 1978) and Kistler (1983, 1991) demonstrated that the distribution of Sr isotopie compositions of granitoid rocks in the northern Great Basin delineate crustal structure, particularly the location of the continental-oceanic crustal boundary as marked by the Isr = 0.706 line. Ellison et al. (1990) showed that the Isr=0.706 Ime is correlated with Paleozoic stratigraphy. Farmer and DePaolo (1983, 1984) used combined Nd and Sr isotopie compositions of Great Basin granitoids to study the pedogenesis of these rocks and regional crustal structure; however, these pioneering studies are limited by the
Preliminary Facies Analysis of Devonian Autochthonous Rocks that Host Gold Along the Carlin Trend, Nevada
Authors: Armstrong Augustus K. , Theodore Ted G. , Kotlyar Boris B. , Lauha Eric G. , Griffin Gregory L. , Lorge David L. , Abbott Earl W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Sedimentary platformal rocks in northern Nevada serve as hosts for the bulk of the gold introduced into Carlin-type gold deposits (Roberts, 1966; Arehart et al, 1993a; Christensen, 1996), and these deposits largely account for this region comprising the most significant gold province in North America. In 1997, approximately 7 MM oz Au will be produced from the province, which amounts to approximately 64 percent of United States and 9 percent of world production (Nevada Mining Association Newsletter, 1996, http://www.nevadamining.org/econ_overview_95.html). Production since 1965 from the Carlin trend of deposits, a 40-mile-long string of mineralized centers, totals approximately 21 MM oz Au (Christensen, 1996). The most prolific part of the Carlin trend is its northern half which extends from the Gold Quarry Mine on the south to the Dee Mine on the north (Fig. 1). Although sedimentary rocks constitute a fundamental element of the genetic model for Carlin-type deposits (Cox and Singer, 1986), the implications and impacts of Paleozoic sedimentary fabrics and diagenetic processes on the genesis of these deposits have not been investigated as thoroughly as have the types of associated alteration, chemistry of the mineralizing fluids, and structural setting(s) of the deposits. The purpose of this report is to present a facies analysis of those autochthonous Devonian rocks that are the principal hosts for gold in the northern part of the Carlin trend (Fig. 2), and to suggest that some essential attributes derived from the sedimentary environments of these rocks contributed significantly to their becoming the premier gold hosts that
Mineralogy and Paragenesis of Ore Stage Mineralization in the Betze Gold Deposit, Goldstrike Mine, Eureka County, Nevada
Authors: Ferdock G.C. , Castor S.B. , Leonardson R.W. , Collins T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Betze gold deposit in the Goldstrike Mine, north-central Carlin Trend, Eureka County, Nevada, is the largest known, sedimentary rock-hosted, disseminated gold deposit containing 32 million ounces of gold (Leonardson and Rahn, 1996)(Fig.1). The paragenesis of hydrothermal mineralization characterizes the nature of gold mineralization in the deposit. This paper describes stages of gold ore mineralization determined from hand specimen and thin section petrology, XRD analysis and SEM studies; mineral formulae reported are those from Frondel (1962) and may not be exact. The stages result from a poly-phase, mineralizing event that has determined the conditions under which gold was precipitated.
Previous studies of paragenesis and associated hydrothermal minerals of Carlin-type deposits were conducted by Arehart et al. (1993a), Bakken and Einaudi (1986), Kuehn and Rose (1992), Peters (1996) and Peters et al. (1997) who determined relative paragenesis of mineralization in a general one or two stage hydrothermal event. Our investigations suggest that three stages of hydrothermal mineral development are associated with gold ore mineralization in the Betzedeposit: Stage I: Early (pre-primary gold deposition); Stage II: Main (primary gold deposition), and Stage III: Late (post-primary gold deposition). Pre-gold stage mineralization events include diagenesis of the sediments and metasomatic processes associated with the intrusion of the dioritic Goldstrike stock. Hydrothermal minerals associated with an individual stage generally are limited to each stage; however, overlap of the major gangue minerals, such as quartz, illite, and sericite (Fig. 2) is common. Some mineralogical overlap between stages is due to cycling of circulating fluid that
Role of Sulfidation in Deposition of Gold, Twin Creeks Sediment-Hosted Micron Gold Deposit, Nevada
Authors: Stenger David P. , Kesler Stephen E. , Fortuna John , Peltonen Dean R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Despite important advances in our understanding of sediment-hosted micron gold deposits, debate continues over the processes that deposited their gold. Possible processes include cooling or boiling of the ore fluid, dilution, oxidation or other changes caused by mixing two fluids, or wallrock reactions such as carbonate dissolution and sulfidation. Several recent studies have called attention to the role of sulfidation in deposition of SHMG ores. At Jerritt Canyon, support for fluid mixing and sulfidation was provided by the relation between δ18O values and gold grades in ore-stage jasperoids (Northrop et al, 1987) and chemical reaction-path modeling of ore and alteration mineralogy (Hofstra et al, 1991). At Carlin, studies of fluid inclusions by Kuehn and Rose (1995) suggested that mineralization accompanied by sulfidation took place when an acidic, CO2-rich, mineralizing fluid mixed with cooler, gas-poor meteoric(?) water as it underwent episodic leakage from a deep overpressured reservoir.
The best way to assess the role of sulfidation in SHMG deposits is through comparison of the abundance and distribution of elements at the scale of a deposit. We report here the results of comparisons of this type based on a database comprised of 20-foot composite samples from hundreds of drillholes at Twin Creeks, all of which were analyzed for Au, Fe, S (total and reduced) and other elements of interest and labeled according to rock type and degree of oxidation. From the standpoint of chemical compositions, one of the most important differences among the depositional mechanisms listed above is the degree to which
Sequence of Deformational Events and the Recognition of Eocene(?) Deformation in the Alligator Ridge Area, East-central Nevada
Authors: Nutt Constance J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Alligator Ridge district hosts disseminated gold deposits (Alligator Ridge, Yankee deposits) in Mississippian and Devonian clastic and carbonate rocks. The deposits are about 70 miles (113 km) northwest of Ely, Nevada, along the southern projection of the Carlin trend (Fig. 1), and east of the Roberts Mountain thrust. The area is underlain by lower-plate Paleozoic miogeoclinal carbonate and clastic rocks, Eocene(?) sedimentary rocks; and Oligocene and younger volcanic rocks. Jurassic plutonic rocks are exposed to the north at Bald Mountain (Hitchbom et a/., 1996) (Fig. 2). Hitchbom eta/. (1996) propose that at Bald Mountain tungsten, molybdenum, zinc, and precious metal deposits, including disseminated gold, are associated with the Jurassic pluton and are Jurassic in age, and that Alligator Ridge and Yankee are related distal deposits.
The well-exposed Alligator Ridge area is ideal for unraveling the geologic history of ea.stem-facies rocks, and, in particular, documenting Mesozoic and Tertiary deformation and their controls on ore. An improved understanding of the tectonic history in the Alligator Ridge district may also help to identify Mesozoic and Tertiary structures in the Carlin trend which is underlain by eastern- and western-facies rocks that were deformed during the late Devonian-early Mississippian Antler and late Permian Sonoma orogenies, as well as during the Mesozoic and Tertiary tectonic events. Previously published geologic maps have depicted the Alligator Ridge-Bald Mountain area as a relatively undeformed uplift between the isoclinally folded and thrusted Diamond Mountains on the west side of Newark Valley and the broad syncline comprising the Butte Mountains
Summary of the Geology of the Bingham District, Utah
Authors: Babcock Russell C. , Ballantyne Geoffrey H. , Phillips Charles H. 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
The Bingham District is a large polymetallic mining district centered on an Eocene porphyry copper deposit 20 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah. Since its discovery in 1863 the district has at various times been a silver-lead, gold, lead-zinc-silver, and copper-gold-molybdenum district.
The Bingham District is located in a zone of overlap between the Basin and Range extensional terrain and the Cordilleran fold and thrust belt. Permian quartzites and limestones were folded and thrust-faulted during several Mesozoic orogenies and then intruded by 39.8 to 37.5 Ma calcalkaline monzonite, quartz monzonite, and quartz latite. Volcanic breccias and flows petrochemically similar to the intrusions were erupted from centers close to the deposit from 39 to 33 Ma.
The Bingham Porphyry Copper Deposit exhibits the concentric alteration and mineralization zoning characteristic of many porphyry deposits. However, the deposit is notable for the magnitude and intensity of the various kinds of mineralization present:It is one of the largest copper deposits in the world with pre-mining reserves of almost 3 billion tons of 0.67 percent copper ore.Nested within the copper orebody are overlapping zones of molybdenum, gold, and silver mineralization that mimic the shape of the copper deposit and contain greater than 0.1 percent MoS2, 0.01 ounces per ton gold, and 0.5 ounces per ton silver respectively.Major copper-gold skarn deposits flank the copper orebody on two sides. They include the Carr Fork Deposit (61 million tons of 1.90 percent copper, 0.01 ounces per ton gold, and 0.31 ounces per ton silver) and the North Ore Shoot Deposit (82 million tons of 2.81 percent copper, 0.05 ounces per ton gold, and 1.57 ounces per ton silver).Vein and replacement lead-zinc-silver deposits located in a halo around the porphyry and skarn deposits have produced 28 million tons at an average grade of 8.6 percent lead, 6.6 percent zinc, 5.0 ounces per ton silver, and 0.039 ounces per ton gold.
The Barneys Canyon and Melco Deposits located five miles north of the porphyry copper deposit have combined pre-mining reserves of 19 million tons at a grade of 0.05 ounces per ton gold. They are sediment-hosted gold deposits characterized by sub-micron sized disseminated gold mineralization, an arsenic-antimony-barium-mercury-thallium geochemical signature, low silver and base metal contents, and an almost complete absence of quartz veining. The deposits lie at the outer edge of an extensive arsenic-gold geochemical halo about the Bingham Porphyry Copper Deposit, but chronological and genetic relationships to the porphyry deposit have not been clearly established.
Quaternary Gold Mineralization and Its Geologic Environments in Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Izawa Elji , Urashima Yukitoshi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The late Cenozoic volcanic activity in Kyushu is characterized by large-scale volcano-tectonic depressions. The sites of these depressions together with associated volcanism and gold mineralization migrated southeastward in northern Kyushu and eastward in southern Kyushu. Thus, Quaternary gold deposits in Kyushu occur within 30 km west from the present volcanic front; the Pliocene gold deposits occur farther away from the active volcanoes.
Typical Quaternary gold mineralization in Kyushu is the quartz vein type with associated adularia and minor calcite. Although host rocks are predominantly andesitic volcanic rocks and sometimes rhyolite and lacustrine sediments, the major portion of high-grade quartz veins of the Hishikari deposit discussed here is hosted in basement sedimentary rocks close to the unconformity between the basement and overlying Quaternary andesites. Five distinct alteration types are recognizable on the basis of mineral assemblages for Quaternary gold deposits. Two are the deeper propylitic alteration and the shallower smectite-zeolite alteration of the widespread and temperature-controlled type; the rest are mica-chlorite alteration, argillic alteration, and silicification of the fracture-controlled type.
Most Quaternary and some Pliocene gold deposits in Kyushu are located near small Bouguer anomaly highs in areas of regional gravity anomaly lows. In the case of the youngest deposits the gravity anomaly highs are overlapped by low electrical resistivities. The small gravity anomaly highs have been ascribed to underlying uplifted blocks of basement. The low resistivity anomalies are caused by the presence of argillic alteration of the shallow portion of the mineralized systems.
Epithermal Gold Exploration in the Iriki District, Kagoshima, Japan
Authors: Hayashi Toshihiko , Taguchi Sachihiro 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Iriki district was chosen by the Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ) as a target for epithermal gold exploration on the basis of the following criteria: the presence of steam-heated acid alteration, a gravity anomaly high, geochemical characteristics of hot spring water similar to those of water from the Hishikari gold deposit, and old mining activity. In 1994 and 1995 the MMAJ carried out exploration that included alteration mapping, geochemical and geophysical surveys, and diamond drilling. of note, several drill holes intersected gold mineralization returning approximately 6 g/t Au at more than 4 m beneath the steam-heated acid alteration.
On the basis of the sulfide assemblage, mineralization in the Iriki district is not typically high sulfida- tion, as alteration assemblages and the presence of arsenopyrite may suggest, but is more akin to the intermediate-sulfidation style described by Hedenquist et al. (2000 and 2001). The characteristics of the mineralization in the Iriki district are concordant with the magmatic characteristics of hot springs from the Iriki and with the presence of young host volcanic rocks in the Iriki district.
Field Stops
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The first part of the excursion is mainly concentrated on the western lava field of the 1914 eruption, which was the latest big eruption in historic time. The surface texture of the lava field is quite variable, from typical block lava to a broken pyroclastic flow. The route follows along the southern coast of Sakurajima to the second stop, which is a good vantage point from which to observe the lava flows of 1914 and 1946. Should our visit coincide with an active period, we will experience a shower of volcanic ash. upon passing through the road junction between Sakurajima and osumi Peninsula, the route turns northward. From stop 5-3 we can look at the different features of two volcanic edifices, Kitadake and Minamidake. At stop 5-4 we will see the buried “Torii,” a shrine “gate.” After that the route follows along the coast counterclockwise to the starting point. Along the way, we will be able to see new islands that appeared during An-ei eruption (1779-1781), the steep wall of Aira caldera, and Kirishima volcanoes far off to the north (see Day 5 route map).
Driving distance, 49.2 km; driving time, 3.0 hours (including stops); starting time, 8:00 am; assembly point, entrance of the hotel; leader, Tetsuo Kobayashi.
ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN PENERIMAAN PAJAK DAERAH SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19 SE-SUMATRA
Authors: Al Wafa Imtiyaz , Masnila Nelly , Antina Aryanti Yuli 
Published: August 2024

The Covid-19 a pandemic emerged in late 2019 and has spread across the world, including Indonesia. The first case occurred in March 2020, resulting in a downturn in the economy and a decline in tax revenues in affected areas. The purpose of this study is to analyze the regional tax revenue comparison of various regions/cities in Sumatra, taking regions/cities as research samples. This study used a statistical test tool, the paired-samples t-test of SPSS application version 26. Such studies are comparative quantitative studies, using only samples from different treatments of the same study, i.e. before and during Covid -19 disease, compared to the epidemic. Using the target sample, the total population for the period 2018-2021 is 154 population, consisting of 11 local taxes, so the sample used is only 35 districts/cities in Sumatra. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in Regional Tax revenue before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic with details of 9 (nine) taxes affected and 2 (two) others not affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.
PERAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN SEBAGAI MEDIASI PENGARUH KUALITAS LAYANAN TERHADAP LOYALITAS PELANGGAN EL RADNA SKINCARE CLINIC
Authors: Erma Widyastuti  , Al Ghazali Buya 
Published: August 2024

Self-care has become a necessity and lifestyle for everyone, especially for women. The rapid development of beauty clinics requires companies in the beauty industry to understand the behavior of their consumers. The aim of this research is to explain the influence of service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty, as well as to elucidate the mediating role of customer satisfaction in the influence of service quality on customer loyalty. This study was conducted at El Radna Skincare Clinic. The sample in this study consisted of individuals who have used products from El Radna Skincare Clinic and have undergone some treatments at the clinic. The sampling method used was nonprobability examining. Data collection in this research employed a survey method with data collection techniques using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using path analysis techniques. The results of the study indicate that service quality has a positive and significant influence on customer satisfaction, service quality has a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty, customer satisfaction has a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. The implications of this research include theoretical and practical implications.
Keywords: · Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty