bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does open innovation apply to China? Exploring the contingent role of external knowledge sources and internal absorptive capacity in Chinese large firms and SMEs
Authors: Huang Fang , Rice John , Martin Nigel 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhile ‘open innovation’ is often considered to be an organisational strategy with universal application, its generalisability and applicability to organisations operating within emerging economies has yet to be fully explored. This study provides empirical evidence of its importance within a substantial sample of Chinese large firms and small and medium enterprises. Using Tobit regression analysis, our findings indicate that external knowledge sources from inter-firm networking are more important in creating the benefits of open innovation for Chinese small and medium enterprises than their larger peers. Linkages to university and research institutes generally have few direct effects on the innovation performance of both large and small firms in China. However, the role of universities and research institutes is shown to be important among our large firm sample when combined with evident internal absorptive capacity. This interaction is generally limited to our large firm sample, and is not as evident among small firms.Our study indicates that the barriers to the adoption of open innovation by Chinese firms might be largely related to the comparatively weak domestic research expertise and limited organisational absorptive capabilities, with this most particularly evident for small and medium enterprises.These findings suggest that, based on this evidence, there is no need for emerging economies like China to mimic the emergence path from closed to open innovation followed by developed countries. Chinese firms will be more likely to garner the benefits available from openness when they develop the capabilities required to identify, assimilate and commercialise knowledge and technologies obtained from external sources.
Canine filarial infections in Liguria, north-west Italy
Authors: Magi M. , Guardone L. , Mignone W. , Monni G. , Tozzini G. , Prati M.C. , Macchioni F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper reports the findings of a study on the presence of various species of filarial nematodes in dogs in Liguria, north-west Italy, a region traditionally considered free from the disease. Between 2009 and 2012 blood samples were taken from 365 dogs in rural areas in Liguria. The blood samples were then submitted to Knott's test, histochemical staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Dirofilaria immitis antigens. Overall, 35 of the 365 dogs were positive using Knott's test for microfilariae (prevalence 9.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.6–12.6%). Acanthocheilonema reconditum was the most prevalent species (8.0%), while Dirofilaria repens (1.4%) and Dirofilaria immitis (0.6%) were less common. One co-infection by D. repens and A. reconditum was observed. All morphological identifications were confirmed by histochemical staining and PCR. In addition, a retrospective analysis of data on D. immitis antigens in 11,363 samples of canine sera was carried out. Sera were collected and analysed for D. immitis antigens by the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (Imperia section) between 2004 and 2013 during annual tests for leishmaniasis on autochthonous dogs throughout Liguria. Serological data from IZS showed an overall seroprevalence of 0.65% (95% CI: 0.50–0.80%) for D. immitis throughout the region. The present study updates the epidemiological map of canine filarial infections in Italy and suggests the need for surveillance and prophylaxis in Liguria.
Early human communication helps in understanding language evolution
Authors: Lenti Boero Daniela 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBuilding a theory on extant species, as Ackermann et al. do, is a useful contribution to the field of language evolution. Here, I add another living model that might be of interest: human language ontogeny in the first year of life. A better knowledge of this phase might help in understanding two more topics among the “several building blocks of a comprehensive theory of the evolution of spoken language” indicated in their conclusion by Ackermann et al., that is, the foundation of the co-evolution of linguistic motor skills with the auditory skills underlying speech perception, and the possible phylogenetic interactions of protospeech production with referential capabilities.
Potential immunohaematological effects of persistent organic pollutants on chinstrap penguin
Authors: Jara-Carrasco S. , González M. , González-Acuña D. , Chiang G. , Celis J. , Espejo W. , Mattatall P. , Barra R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can affect the immune system of mammals and birds. In this study, the concentration of different POPs and leukocytes in blood samples from three chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) populations was analysed in order to assess the impact on haematological parameters. Using blood sample smears, basophils, eosinophils, heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were quantified. Mature and immature red blood cells were counted and cell alterations in both white and red blood cells were analysed. At the same time, whole blood was analysed for POPs. The results showed that contaminants, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (ΣDDT), as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCB), had significant correlations to eosinophils, lymphocytes and heterophils. This indicates possible immunohaematological alterations derived from exposure to such contaminants. Cytological alterations were also observed, such as cytotoxic granules, toxic heterophils, and atypical and granulated lymphocytes, which would demonstrate that these seabirds are being exposed to stress agents that could be producing some alterations at a leukocytary cellular level.
Parents’ beliefs about the healthfulness of sugary drink options: opportunities to address misperceptions
Authors: Munsell Christina R , Harris Jennifer L , Sarda Vishnudas , Schwartz Marlene B 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess potential misperceptions among parents regarding the healthfulness of sugary drinks for their children.DesignOnline survey of parents. Participants identified the categories and specific brands of sugary drinks they provided for their children. They also indicated their perceptions of sugary drink categories and brands as healthy options for children, perceived importance of on-package claims in purchase decisions and their concerns about common sugary drink ingredients.SettingOnline market research panel.SubjectsParents (n982) of 2- to 17-year-olds, 46 % non-white or Hispanic.ResultsNinety-six per cent of parents provided on average 2·9 different categories of sugary drinks for their children in the past month. Flavoured waters, fruit drinks and sports drinks were rated as the healthiest sugary drink categories. Across all categories and brands, parents who purchased specific products rated them as significantly healthier than those who did not (P<0·05). Over half of parents reported concern about caffeine, sugar and artificial sweeteners in sugary drinks that their children consume and approximately one-third reported that on-package ingredient claims were important in their purchase decisions.ConclusionsNearly all parents provide sugary drinks for their children and many believe that some sugary drinks are healthy options for children, particularly flavoured waters, fruit drinks and sports drinks. Furthermore, many parents rely upon on-package claims in their purchase decisions. Given excessive consumption of added sugar by children in the home, there is a continuing need to address parents’ misperceptions about the healthfulness of many sugary drink products.
Tit-for-tat in trade policies: nothing but a fest for vested interests?
Authors: DLUHOSCH BARBARA 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTit-for-tat (TFT) in trade policies is a common practice. It is even enshrined in Article 22.4 of the WTO's dispute settlement process within multilateral trade integration. As such, it is a well-recognized means for promoting cooperation and for enforcing compliance with a common set of rules or institutions. However, there is equally widespread concern that a strategy of TFT degenerates into a prisoner's dilemma, in particular because of special interests ill-using it as a springboard for advancing protectionist measures and beggar-thy-neighbor policies. This paper provides a novel evolutionary perspective on TFT in trade policy regimes in that it tracks the role of special interests by parameterizing their leverage on strategies. Doing so, it provides new insights on the political economy of TFT in international institutions. Accordingly, the set of parameters for which a prisoner's dilemma emerges shrinks rather than widens, even with powerful domestic interest groups sharing a stake in protection.
Philosophy of Biology
Authors: Garvey Brian 
Published: March 2015

Biology raises distinct questions of its own not only for philosophy of science, but for metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. This comprehensive new introduction to a growing field of study provides readers new to the subject with an up-to-date presentation of the key philosophical issues. Care is taken throughout to keep the technicalities accessible to the non-biologist but without sacrificing the philosophical subtleties. The first part of the book explores the philosophical challenges posed by evolution and evolutionary biology, beginning with Darwins central argument in The Origin of Species. Individual chapters cover natural selection, creationism, the selfish gene, alternative units of selection, developmental systems theory, adaptionism and issues in macroevolution. The second part of the book examines philosophical questions that arise in connection with biological traits, function, nature and nurture, and biological kinds. The third part of the book examines metaphysical questions, biologys relation with the traditional concerns of philosophy of science, and how evolution has been introduced into epistemological debates. The final part considers the relevance of biology to questions about ethics, religion and human nature. Philosophy of Biology is a fresh and engaging general survey of the subject suitable for course use and for the non-specialist looking for an introduction to an increasingly popular subject area in the philosophy of science.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Exacerbates Emotional Complaints but not Cognitive Impairments in Individuals Suffering from Postconcussional Disorder after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Schroeder Sara C. , Ruff Ronald M. , Jäncke Lutz 
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on (a) neuropsychological test performance and (b) self-reported emotional complaints within individuals suffering from postconcussional disorder (PCD) after a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). A two-group comparative research design was employed. Two MTBI samples with and without PTSD were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery and the Ruff Neurobehavioral Inventory (RNBI). On the neurocognitive test performances no significant between group differences were found, but the MTBI group with PTSD endorsed a significantly greater number of emotional complaints, especially in the RNBI subscales of anxiety and depression. The patients with PTSD also endorsed a significantly greater number of premorbid sequelae in the RNBI emotional composite scale as well as the RNBI premorbid subscales of pain, anxiety and abuse. In sum, PTSD has a negative impact on emotional but not cognitive functioning within individuals suffering from PCD after a mild TBI.
Primäre progressive Aphasie: kanonische und nicht-kanonische Formen? Ein Fallbericht
Authors: Bodner Thomas , Domahs Frank , Benke Thomas 
Published: March 2015

Wir berichten die linguistischen und neuropsychologischen Befunde einer Patientin mit primärer progressiver Aphasie (PPA), deren Erkrankung über eine Zeit von 60 Monaten beobachtet wurde. Die Patientin litt an einer flüssigen Aphasie, aus der sich ein Jargon entwickelte. Weitere Defizite bestanden beim Benennen, Nachsprechen und Schreiben, wogegen das Sprachverständnis relativ unbeeinträchtigt blieb. Mit Bezug auf die aktuellen Kriterien ( Gorno-Tempini et al., 2011 ) kann das Sprachsyndrom als logopenische PPA klassifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus zeigten sich aber über diese Kriterien hinausgehende patholinguistische Auffälligkeiten. Neben einer detaillierten Fallbeschreibung wird in dieser Arbeit auf die diagnostischen Schwierigkeiten der PPA-Klassifikation eingegangen.
Plastid establishment did not require a chlamydial partner
Authors: Domman Daryl , Horn Matthias , Embley T. Martin , Williams Tom A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPrimary plastids descend from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont of an ancient eukaryotic host, but the initial selective drivers that stabilized the association between these two cells are still unclear. One hypothesis that has achieved recent prominence suggests that the first role of the cyanobiont was in energy provision for a host cell whose reserves were being depleted by an intracellular chlamydial pathogen. A pivotal claim is that it was chlamydial proteins themselves that converted otherwise unusable cyanobacterial metabolites into host energy stores. We test this hypothesis by investigating the origins of the key enzymes using sophisticated phylogenetics. Here we show a mosaic origin for the relevant pathway combining genes with host, cyanobacterial or bacterial ancestry, but we detect no strong case for Chlamydiae to host transfer under the best-fitting models. Our conclusion is that there is no compelling evidence from gene trees that Chlamydiae played any role in establishing the primary plastid endosymbiosis.
Porous molybdenum carbide nano-octahedrons synthesized via confined carburization in metal-organic frameworks for efficient hydrogen production
Authors: Wu Hao Bin , Xia Bao Yu , Yu Le , Yu Xin-Yao , Lou Xiong Wen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting has been considered as a promising approach to produce clean and sustainable hydrogen fuel. However, the lack of high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction hinders the large-scale application. As a new class of porous materials with tunable structure and composition, metal-organic frameworks have been considered as promising candidates to synthesize various functional materials. Here we demonstrate a metal-organic frameworks-assisted strategy for synthesizing nanostructured transition metal carbides based on the confined carburization in metal-organic frameworks matrix. Starting from a compound consisting of copper-based metal-organic frameworks host and molybdenum-based polyoxometalates guest, mesoporous molybdenum carbide nano-octahedrons composed of ultrafine nanocrystallites are successfully prepared as a proof of concept, which exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen production from both acidic and basic solutions. The present study provides some guidelines for the design and synthesis of nanostructured electrocatalysts.
Localized attacks on spatially embedded networks with dependencies
Authors: Berezin Yehiel , Bashan Amir , Danziger Michael M. , Li Daqing , Havlin Shlomo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMany real world complex systems such as critical infrastructure networks are embedded in space and their components may depend on one another to function. They are also susceptible to geographically localized damage caused by malicious attacks or natural disasters. Here, we study a general model of spatially embedded networks with dependencies under localized attacks. We develop a theoretical and numerical approach to describe and predict the effects of localized attacks on spatially embedded systems with dependencies. Surprisingly, we find that a localized attack can cause substantially more damage than an equivalent random attack. Furthermore, we find that for a broad range of parameters, systems which appear stable are in fact metastable. Though robust to random failures—even of finite fraction—if subjected to a localized attack larger than a critical size which is independent of the system size (i.e., a zero fraction), a cascading failure emerges which leads to complete system collapse. Our results demonstrate the potential high risk of localized attacks on spatially embedded network systems with dependencies and may be useful for designing more resilient systems.
Pattern Transformation of Heat-Shrinkable Polymer by Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Technique
Authors: Zhang Quan , Yan Dong , Zhang Kai , Hu Gengkai 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA significant challenge in conventional heat-shrinkable polymers is to produce controllable microstructures. Here we report that the polymer material fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has a heat-shrinkable property, whose initial microstructure can undergo a spontaneous pattern transformation under heating. The underlying mechanism is revealed by evaluating internal strain of the printed polymer from its fabricating process. It is shown that a uniform internal strain is stored in the polymer during the printing process and can be released when heated above its glass transition temperature. Furthermore, the internal strain can be used to trigger the pattern transformation of the heat-shrinkable polymer in a controllable way. Our work provides insightful ideas to understand a novel mechanism on the heat-shrinkable effect of printed material, but also to present a simple approach to fabricate heat-shrinkable polymer with a controllable thermo-structural response.
Fabrication of SnO2-Reduced Graphite Oxide Monolayer-Ordered Porous Film Gas Sensor with Tunable Sensitivity through Ultra-Violet Light Irradiation
Authors: Xu Shipu , Sun Fengqiang , Yang Shumin , Pan Zizhao , Long Jinfeng , Gu Fenglong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new graphene-based composite structure, monolayer-ordered macroporous film composed of a layer of orderly arranged macropores, was reported. As an example, SnO2-reduced graphite oxide monolayer-ordered macroporous film was fabricated on a ceramic tube substrate under the irradiation of ultra-violet light (UV), by taking the latex microsphere two-dimensional colloid crystal as a template. Graphite oxide sheets dispersed in SnSO4 aqueous solution exhibited excellent affinity with template microspheres and were in situ incorporated into the pore walls during UV-induced growth of SnO2. The growing and the as-formed SnO2, just like other photocatalytic semiconductor, could be excited to produce electrons and holes under UV irradiation. Electrons reduced GO and holes adsorbed corresponding negative ions, which changed the properties of the composite film. This film was directly used as gas-sensor and was able to display high sensitivity in detecting ethanol gas. More interestingly, on the basis of SnO2-induced photochemical behaviours, this sensor demonstrated tunable sensitivity when UV irradiation time was controlled during the fabrication process and post in water, respectively. This study provides efficient ways of conducting the in situ fabrication of a semiconductor-reduced graphite oxide film device with uniform surface structure and controllable properties.
Atomic interaction mechanism for designing the interface of W/Zr-based bulk metallic glass composites
Authors: Li Z. K. , Fu H. M. , Sha P. F. , Zhu Z. W. , Wang A. M. , Li H. , Zhang H. W. , Zhang H. F. , Hu Z. Q. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe interaction between active element Zr and W damages the W fibers and the interface and decreases the mechanical properties, especially the tensile strength of the W fibers reinforced Zr-based bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs). From the viewpoint of atomic interaction, the W-Zr interaction can be restrained by adding minor elements that have stronger interaction with W into the alloy. The calculation about atomic interaction energy indicates that Ta and Nb preferred to segregate on the W substrate surface. Sessile drop experiment proves the prediction and corresponding in-situ coating appears at the interface. Besides, the atomic interaction mechanism was proven to be effective in many other systems by the sessile drop technique. Considering the interfacial morphology, Nb was added into the alloy to fabricate W/Zr-based BMGCs. As expected, the Nb addition effectively suppressed the W-Zr reaction and damage to W fibers. Both the compressive and tensile properties are improved obviously.
Highly selective fluorescent and colorimetric probe for live-cell monitoring of sulphide based on bioorthogonal reaction
Authors: Huo Fang-Jun , Kang Jin , Yin Caixia , Chao Jianbin , Zhang Yongbin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractH2S is the third endogenously generated gaseous signaling compound and has also been known to involve a variety of physiological processes. To better understand its physiological and pathological functions, efficient methods for monitoring of H2S are desired. Azide fluorogenic probes are popular because they can take place bioorthogonal reactions. In this work, by employing a fluorescein derivative as the fluorophore and an azide group as the recognition unit, we reported a new probe 5-azidofluorescein for H2S with improved sensitivity and selectivety. The probe shows very low background fluorescence in the absence of H2S. In the presence of H2S, however, a significant enhancement for excited fluorescence were observed, resulting in a high sensitivity to H2S in buffered (10 mmol/L HEPES, pH 7.0) aqueous acetonitrile solution (H2O/CH3CN = 1:3, v/v) with a detection limit of 0.035 μmol/L observed, much lower than the previously reported probes. All these features are favorable for direct monitoring of H2S with satisfactory sensitivity, demonstrating its value of practical application.
Dislocation–Twin Boundary Interactions Induced Nanocrystalline via SPD Processing in Bulk Metals
Authors: Zhang Fucheng , Feng Xiaoyong , Yang Zhinan , Kang Jie , Wang Tiansheng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis report investigated dislocation–twin boundary (TB) interactions that cause the TB to disappear and turn into a high-angle grain boundary (GB). The evolution of the microstructural characteristics of Hadfield steel was shown as a function of severe plastic deformation processing time. Sessile Frank partial dislocations and/or sessile unit dislocations were formed on the TB through possible dislocation reactions. These reactions induced atomic steps on the TB and led to the accumulation of gliding dislocations at the TB, which resulted in the transition from coherent TB to incoherent GB. The factors that affect these interactions were described and a physical model was established to explain in detail the feasible dislocation reactions at the TB.
Cation-Induced Pesticide Binding and Release by a Functionalized Calix[4]arene Molecular Host
Authors: Luo Li , Zhang Xiaoyan , Feng Ningmei , Tian Demei , Deng Hongtao , Li Haibing 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIon-controlled switchable progress is very important in many biological behaviors. Here, we reported K+-controlled switch, this switch system exhibited excellent carbaryl (G) binding/release by fluorescent (FL), ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrums and 1H NMR spectroscopy. More importantly, the K+-controlled G binding/release switch based on C4C5 not only in the solution, but also on the surface, promising for the application for the pesticide controlled release.