bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailoring the stress-free two-way shape memory effect in sol–gel crosslinked poly(ϵ-caprolactone)-based semicrystalline networks
Authors: Inverardi Nicoletta , Toselli Maurizio , Messori Massimo , Scalet Giulia , Auricchio Ferdinando , Pandini Stefano 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Two-way shape memory polymers are stimulus-responsive materials capable of changing their shape between two configurations based on an on/off thermal stimulus. While the traditional effect has been studied under the application of an external mechanical load, it was demonstrated also in the absence of an external load. Such a response only relies on a carefully tailored macromolecular architecture of the polymer combined with a specific thermo-mechanical protocol. In particular, semicrystalline networks, either consisting of a multi-phase copolymer network or a homopolymer based network with broad phase transitions, have been proposed to this aim under ad hoc thermo-mechanical histories. In this work, the two-way shape memory behavior is studied on a poly(ϵ-caprolactone)-based network, crosslinked by means of a sol–gel approach and tailored on the selection of the molecular weight of the precursor polymer. Changing the prepolymer precursor allowed to tune the melting/crystallization regions of the networks, thus the thermal region of the reversible shape memory effect. The application of properly designed thermo-mechanical cycles allowed to study the two-way shape memory effect without the application of an external load under tensile conditions. Given a specific network, the stress-free actuation of the reversible elongation-contraction cycle under tensile conditions was induced across its specific melting/crystallization region. The extent of the effect was found to depend on the crystalline fraction remaining for the given actuation temperature and on the tensile stretched state imposed on the materials during the training step. The results were compared with the response achieved under the traditional two-way shape memory protocol under stress. The stress-free two-way shape memory effect was also successfully demonstrated and emphasized, under flexural conditions, which suggests the potential of these materials as intrinsically reversible actuators, promising for applications in the biomedical field and/or for soft robotics.
Evaluating non-intrinsic contribution in flexoelectric measurements
Authors: Wang Tingjun , Lun Yingzhuo , Yang Yida , Zhang Xiangping , Xu Shaoqing , Jin Shuaizhao , Wang Xueyun , Hong Jiawang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The characterization of the flexoelectric coefficient is a fundamental issue for the studies of the flexoelectric effect, which describes the coupling between strain gradient and polarization. However, the contribution from non-intrinsic flexoelectricity cannot be ignored in the flexoelectric measurements, bringing challenges for the determination of intrinsic flexoelectric coefficients. In this work, we propose a non-intrinsic flexoelectric factor to evaluate the non-intrinsic flexoelectric contributions to the measured coefficient, based on the crystal-orientation-dependent flexoelectric coefficients measured by cantilever-bending method. The cubic magnesium oxide single crystals with different surface statuses are chosen to obtain the effective flexoelectric coefficients through the cantilever-bending method and first-principles. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed non-intrinsic flexoelectric factor. This work provides an effective way to evaluate the non-intrinsic flexoelectric contributions in flexoelectric measurements.
Charged Particles Capture Cross-section by a Weakly Charged Schwarzschild Black Hole
Authors: Al Zahrani A. M. , Al-Jama A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We study the capture cross-section of charged particles by a weakly charged Schwarzschild black hole. The dependence of the maximum impact parameter for capture on the particle’s energy is investigated numerically for different values of the electromagnetic coupling strength between the particle and the black hole. The capture cross-section is then calculated. We show that the capture cross-section is independent of the electromagnetic coupling for ultra-relativistic particles. The astrophysical implications of our results are discussed.
Resistive wall mode and fishbone mode in ITER steady state scenario: roles of fusion-born alphas and plasma flow
Authors: He Hongda , Liu Yueqiang , Hao Guangzhou , Zhu Jinxia , Shen Yong , Zheng Guoyao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Drift-kinetic effects of fusion-born alpha particles on the n= 1 (n is the toroidal mode number) resistive wall mode (RWM) is numerically investigated for a recent design of the ITER 10 MA steady state plasma scenario, utilizing a magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD)-kinetic hybrid toroidal model. While the fluid theory predicts unstable RWM as the normalized plasma pressure β
N exceeds the no-wall Troyon limit and with the mode growth rate monotonically increasing with β
N, inclusion of the drift-kinetic contribution of trapped alphas qualitatively modifies the behavior by stabilizing the mode at high β
N. In fact, a complete stabilization of the n= 1 RWM up to the ideal-wall Troyon limit is found. On the other hand, another unstable branch—the alpha-driven n = 1 fishbone mode (FB)—is identified in the high-β
N regime, with the mode frequency matching that of the toroidal precession frequency of trapped alphas. Fast plasma toroidal flow however helps mitigate the FB instability. Kinetic stabilization of the RWM and flow stabilization of the (alpha-triggered) FB result in an enhancement of β
N from the design value of 3.22–3.52 for the ITER scenario considered, while still maintaining stable plasma operation against the aforementioned MHD instabilities.
Dynamic control of divertor heat flux during n = 4 resonant magnetic perturbation edge localized mode suppression by small variation of q
95 in EAST
Authors: Yang Hua , Sun Youwen , Jia Manni , Loarte Alberto , Xie Pengcheng , Ma Qun , Wu Xuemin , Ye Cheng , Liu Yueqiang , Chen Jiale , Liang Ruirong , Yang Zhendong , Chen Gaoting , Zhang Bin , Zang Qing , Ye Kaixuan ,   the EAST Team
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Experiments at EAST demonstrate effective modulation of the stationary heat flux to the secondary lobes of the magnetic footprint induced by the resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) by slightly varying the equilibrium q
95, consistent with prior numerical modeling. During the small q
95 variation, the edge localized mode control is well maintained, and the position of the secondary heat flux peak is effectively shifted, thus avoiding a specific location heat flux accumulation. As the divertor heat load is one of the significant concerns in tokamaks, these results provide a promising choice, varying magnetic equilibrium periodically to shift stationary heat load deposition position during static n = 4 (n is the toroidal mode number) RMP condition, for further fusion devices. In this respect, the use of this technique for n = 4 RMPs is advantageous because the q
95 range that needs to be covered to spread the divertor heat load is reduced due to the smaller toroidal extent of the off-separatrix heat deposition zones compared to lower n’s.
First SOLPS-ITER predictions of the impact of cross-field drifts on divertor and scrape-off layer conditions in double-null configuration of STEP
Authors: Karhunen J. , Henderson S.S. , Järvinen A. , Moulton D. , Newton S. , Osawa R.T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Introduction of cross-field drifts in SOLPS-ITER simulations of connected double-null plasmas in STEP with the ion

∇
B
×
B

drift towards the upper divertors was found to enhance the detachment of the inner divertors with decreased target densities and ion and heat fluxes, while simultaneously complicating the access to detachment in the outer lower divertor by increasing the target temperature and heat loads to levels above the engineering limits. The

∇
B
×
B

drift was observed to significantly affect the radial heat transport between the core and the scrape-off layer (SOL), altering the poloidal temperature and pressure profiles and, consequently, the poloidal conductive and convective heat transport in the SOL. As a result, up-down asymmetries of 52:48 and 58:42 biased towards the outer lower and upper inner divertors, respectively, were observed to arise in the unmitigated power entering the divertor regions, breaking the up-down symmetry seen in simulations without the drift terms and contradicting with earlier experimental observations on the low-field side. Moreover, the upstream electron density was found to decrease noticeably in the core and separatrix regions following the activation of the drifts due to an increased share of the neutrals arriving from D2 injections near the upper and lower X-points ionizing already in the private flux regions.
Independent-oscillator model and the quantum Langevin equation for an oscillator: a review
Authors: Ghosh Aritra , Bandyopadhyay Malay , Dattagupta Sushanta , Gupta Shamik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This review provides a brief and quick introduction to the quantum Langevin equation for an oscillator, while focusing on the steady-state thermodynamic aspects. A derivation of the quantum Langevin equation is carefully outlined based on the microscopic model of the heat bath as a collection of a large number of independent quantum oscillators, the so-called independent-oscillator model. This is followed by a discussion on the relevant ‘weak-coupling’ limit. In the steady state, we analyze the quantum counterpart of energy equipartition theorem which has generated a considerable amount of interest in recent literature. The free energy, entropy, specific heat, and third law of thermodynamics are discussed for one-dimensional quantum Brownian motion in a harmonic well. Following this, we explore some aspects of dissipative diamagnetism in the context of quantum Brownian oscillators, emphasizing upon the role of confining potentials and also upon the environment-induced classical-quantum crossover. We discuss situations where the system-bath coupling is via the momentum variables by focusing on a gauge-invariant model of momentum-momentum coupling in the presence of a vector potential; for this problem, we derive the quantum Langevin equation and discuss quantum thermodynamic functions. Finally, the topic of fluctuation theorems is discussed (albeit, briefly) in the context of classical and quantum cyclotron motion of a particle coupled to a heat bath.
Design of a bipedal robot for water running based on a six-linkage mechanism inspired by basilisk lizards
Authors: Zhao Jingfu , Han Jiaxu , Ju Wenjie , Zhang Wenjie , Hou Zhenmin , Bian Chenya , Kang Rongjie , Dai Jiansheng , Song Zhibin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Legged robots have received widespread attention in academia and engineering owing to their excellent terrain adaptability. However, most legged robots can only adapt to high-hardness environments instead of flexible environments. Expanding the motion range of legged robots to water is a promising but challenging work. Inspired by basilisk lizards which can run on water surfaces by feet, this paper proposes a bipedal robot for water running by hydrodynamics instead of buoyancy. According to the motion parameters of the basilisk lizard during water running, a single-degree of freedom bipedal mechanism is proposed to reproduce the motion trajectory of the feet of the basilisk lizard. Scale optimization is conducted by a particle swarm optimization algorithm to determine the geometrical parameters of the mechanism. The effects of motion frequency and foot area on mechanism performance are studied and the optimal solutions are determined by the maximum single-cycle lift impulse through numerical calculations. A bipedal water running robot prototype was fabricated, and the experimental results show that the prototype can generate enough support for the robot running on the water by providing a maximum lift of 2.4 times its weight (160 g) and reaching a horizontal forward speed range of 0.3–0.8 m s−1, compared with the basilisk lizard weighs 2–200 g, generates a lift impulse that is 111%–225% of its body weight, and moves at a speed of 1.3 ± 0.1 m s−1.
Water budget-based evapotranspiration product captures natural and human-caused variability
Authors: Goswami Shubham , Rajendra Ternikar Chirag , Kandala Rajsekhar , Pillai Netra S , Kumar Yadav Vivek , Abhishek  , Joseph Jisha , Ghosh Subimal , Dutt Vishwakarma Bramha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important yet highly uncertain components of the water cycle. Available modeled ET products do not necessarily agree with each other at various spatiotemporal scales, either due to limitations on input data and/or due to model assumptions and simplifications. Therefore, using the water budget equation to estimate ET has gained attention. However, numerous water budget combinations with large uncertainties are available, which increases ambiguity in choosing the best ET estimate. Here, the Kalman filter is employed to ingest 96 water budget-based ET estimates, and produce a global ET product with uncertainty

<

2

mm month−1, and capture the general spatiotemporal pattern of ET and the inter-annual variability over all continents. Since the water budget includes storage changes due to human interventions, our ET estimates are superior over regions with strong irrigation signals, such as the Ganges basin. We verify our claim by using a modified variable infiltration capacity model that also simulates irrigation activities. Our ET estimates have a global mean positive trend of

0.18

±

0.02

mm yr−1 with larger regional variations, which we discuss.
Heat extremes linearly shift with global warming, with frequency doubling per decade since 1979
Authors: Vautard Robert , Barnes Clair , Philip Sjoukje , Kew Sarah , Pinto Izidine , Otto Friederieke E L 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Heat extremes have been increasing both in frequency and in intensity in most land regions of the world, and this increase has been attributed to human activities. In the last decade, many outstanding and record shattering heat extremes have occurred worldwide, triggering fears of a nonlinear behaviour or an ‘acceleration’ in the development of heat conditions, considering the warming level when the event occurred. Here we show that the evolution of yearly temperature maxima, with return periods (RPs) above 10 years, consistently shifts with global temperatures and does not significantly depart from this behaviour in recent years or decades when considered globally or at the scale of continents. This result is obtained by using a classical statistical event attribution technique, where the assumption that the distribution of block-maxima extremes linearly shifts with global warming is tested across years and world land regions. However, the pace of frequency change is large, with the probability of heat extremes exponentially rising and nearly doubling every decade since 1979, particularly when considering events with a RP of about 10–50 years in 2000. This makes the climate of a decade ago unrepresentative of today’s climate. Our results overall mean that we do not expect events like the recent outstanding extremes to undergo nonlinear changes, despite fast changes. They also show that assumptions underlying attribution techniques used in many recent studies are consistent with recent temperature trends.
Management of functional constipation-associated halitosis: a retrospective study
Authors: Qian (钱孝先) Xiao Xian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The features of functional constipation (FC)-associated halitosis were identified in the author’s previous report. In this report, the author aimed to further investigate its treatment and efficacy. This retrospective study reviewed 100 FC patients, including 82 (82%) halitosis patients and 18 (18%) non-halitosis patients. They underwent the organoleptic test (OLT) to diagnose halitosis, and the organoleptic score (OLS) (0–5) was used to evaluated halitosis severity. The Cleveland Clinical Constipation Score (CCCS) (0–30) was used to evaluate FC severity. Patients were treated with the laxative polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder (PGEP) for four weeks. These tests were performed before and after treatment. The author found that, before treatment, the CCCS was 20.00 (18.00–23.00) for all patients, 21.00 (19.00–24.00) for halitosis patients, and 18.00 (17.00–18.25) for non-halitosis patients. A significant difference was observed between halitosis patients and non-halitosis patients (P < 0.001). The OLS for halitosis patients was 3.00 (3.00–4.00). A positive correlation (r = 0.814, 95% CI: 0.732–0.872, P < 0.001) was found between OLS and CCCS. A CCCS ⩾18 predicted over 50% probability of halitosis. After treatment, the CCCS significantly decreased to 11.50 (6.00–14.75) (P < 0.001), and OLS significantly decreased to 1.00 (0.00–2.00) (P < 0.001). A positive correlation (r = 0.770, 95% CI: 0.673–0.841, P < 0.001) persisted between OLS and CCCS. A pre-treatment CCCS ⩾21 predicted over 50% probability of post-treatment halitosis, while a post-treatment CCCS ⩾12 predicted over 50% probability of post-treatment halitosis. The author concludes that the severity of FC parallels the severity of FC-associated halitosis, and can predict the probability of halitosis. Laxative treatment with PGEP is effective in improving FC-associated halitosis.
First-principles calculation of monolayer PdSe2 with Se and Pd vacancy and its effect on quantum capacitance
Authors: Paz K A , Villagracia A R , David M Y 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The emergence of 2-D materials such as graphene has caught the attention of the scientific community. 2-D materials have a higher surface area per unit mass, which is ideal for electrodes. Another popular material among researchers is the monolayer palladium diselenide or PdSe2, a semiconductor with a tunable bandgap energy. Since there are fewer states in the fermi level of PdSe2, the quantization effect is more prevalent, hence, it would most likely draw its capacitance from its electronic configuration. In this study, the electronic properties such as band structure, density of states, and quantum capacitance of pristine monolayer PdSe2, PdSe2 with Se, and Pd vacancy were calculated based on density functional theory via Quantum Espresso. The formation energies of all systems were energetically favourable. The system with Se vacancy has the highest formation energy with a value of -3.47 eV. The density of states of all systems were observed to have a local minima at the fermi level. More occupiable states around the valence band were observed for the systems with vacancy. Bader charge analysis showed a notable decrease of charge in Se atoms near the Pd vacancy, while the Pd atoms in the Se vacated system showed stronger charge transfer between Pd and another Se atom. The quantum capacitance and surface charge values were calculated using the density of states. Higher surface charge values at the negative voltage were observed for the systems with induced vacancies. Based on the results, the systems with vacancies have improved the quantum capacitance and surface charge at the negative potential.
Systematic literature review of software tools for modeling heat transfer in phase change materials for building applications
Authors: Vanaga R , Narbuts J , Zundāns Z , Gušča J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
New buildings in the European Union must attain nearly zero-energy status, emphasizing minimal energy consumption, partly met by on-site or nearby renewable sources. However, the fluctuating nature of on-site renewables poses a challenge, necessitating effective energy storage solutions. Addressing this, the use of phase change materials (PCMs) in building envelopes emerges as a promising trend. PCMs efficiently store excess thermal energy during abundance and release it when renewable generation falls short, ensuring a consistent energy supply. Introducing novel building components is time-intensive, with on-site testing demanding substantial resources. Numerical studies offer an efficient alternative, making modeling tools crucial. These tools facilitate exploration of design concepts under diverse conditions, allowing iterative refinement and optimization. This paper conducts a systematic literature review evaluating five prominent software programs—COMSOL, ANSYS, MATLAB, EnergyPlus, and TRNSYS—designed for modeling heat transfer within PCMs for building applications. In closer detail paper explores the use of ANSYS for heat transfer analysis for phase change materials.
Performance analysis of ground source heat pump systems for constant temperature and humidity air conditioning in industrial buildings: a case study
Authors: Du S S , Cui Y , Sun Q H , Deng Y , Zhang X W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The ground source heat pump (GSHP) system has gained widespread popularity for its provision of efficient and environmentally sustainable cooling and heating solutions for buildings. While the performance of GSHP systems has raised significant concerns, research predominantly focuses on residential and office buildings, leaving a gap in understanding their applicability in industrial settings with constant temperature and humidity air conditioning needs. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating the performance of a hybrid ground source heat pump (HGSHP) system implemented within a cigarette factory located in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) of China. Through a comprehensive analysis of operational data and long-term monitoring under three cooling conditions, essential parameters including water temperature characteristics, indoor temperature and humidity, system efficiency, power consumption, and soil temperature distribution were examined. The findings revealed that the weighted average coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pumps (COPhp) and the whole system (COPsys) was decreased from 5.05 to 4.32 and 3.32 to 2.89, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between low cooling load high energy consumption, and low COP. The inlet temperature of the condenser exhibited a declining trend, which was attributed to the intermittent operation of condensation heat recovery. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of indoor temperature and humidity distribution within the controlled room was presented and found that almost all the rooms serviced by this system meet the specified design requirements. This research contributes to an enhanced understanding of the viability of HGSHP systems in industrial settings and provides valuable references for improving their energy efficiency and overall performance.