bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kapitalertragsbesteuerung und Kapitalkosten
Authors: Rumpf Dominik , Wiegard Wolfgang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn Germany income from financial capital received by private persons is taxed at a reduced final withholding tax of about 25 percent whereas income from real estate property or business income is usually taxed at significantly higher rates up to 47 percent. Furthermore, there are special tax rules concerning returns from assurances and private pension plans. This article provides an overview of the current taxation of capital income in Germany by calculating costs of capital for the most common investment opportunities. While private pension plans and other assurances are considerably favoured by the tax system, equity-financed business investment is heavily discriminated against. The conclusions for real-estate taxation are ambiguous. This chaotic situation can be traced back to the coexistence of principally incompatible blueprints for capital income taxation.
Die Politische Ökonomik der Besteuerung
Authors: Feld Lars P. , Schaltegger Christoph A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBased on a survey of the literature on the political economics of taxation we analyze in this paper with data for Switzerland which tax instruments are less intensively used when tax policy is restricted by tax competition and direct democracy. Both institutions restrict government revenue according to our results. In particular, Swiss cantons finance their government activities less by broad-based taxes, like personal income taxes, than by user charges. Both institutions thus enforce a stronger government financing according to the benefit principle instead of the ability to pay principle.
Self‐interest and the theory of action
Authors: Barbalet Jack 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe concept of self‐interest remains underdeveloped in sociology although central to economics. Recent methodological and social trends render sociological indifference to the concept untenable. The term has enjoyed historical predominance in the West since the sixteenth century. While it is seen in modern economics as a singular motivating force, Adam Smith regarded self‐interest in economic action as necessarily moderated by sympathy. In addition to its problematic economic conceptualization self‐interest has an experiential basis in unequal power relations. An alternative to the concept of self‐interest is presented by Amartya Sen in his account of commitment; its inconsistencies, however, render Sen's statement unsatisfactory. Differences between present and future interests indicate that the distinction between self‐interested and other‐interested action is not sustainable.
The logic of strategic ignorance
Authors: McGoey Linsey 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIgnorance and knowledge are often thought of as opposite phenomena. Knowledge is seen as a source of power, and ignorance as a barrier to consolidating authority in political and corporate arenas. This article disputes this, exploring the ways that ignorance serves as a productive asset, helping individuals and institutions to command resources, deny liability in the aftermath of crises, and to assert expertise in the face of unpredictable outcomes. Through a focus on the Food and Drug Administration's licensing of Ketek, an antibiotic drug manufactured by Sanofi‐Aventis and linked to liver failure, I suggest that in drug regulation, different actors, from physicians to regulators to manufacturers, often battle over who can attest to the least knowledge of the efficacy and safety of different drugs – a finding that raises new insights about the value of ignorance as an organizational resource.
An affective dimension within oppositional defiant disorder symptoms among boys: personality and psychopathology outcomes into early adulthood
Authors: Burke Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2012

Background:  A dimension of negatively oriented affect within oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, which has been described as irritability, has been shown to predict depression and anxiety. Related constructs have been linked to temperament and personality constructs. However, only a few studies have examined the prediction from irritability within ODD to psychopathology or personality outcomes. Further, no studies have investigated whether irritability distinguishes among classes of youth.Methods:  Data from a clinic‐referred sample of 7–12‐year‐old boys followed up to age 18 were used. Measures included structured clinical interviews with parents through adolescence, and youth self‐report of depression and personality domains at age 18.Results:  Variable‐oriented analyses found predictive links between irritability and outcomes of depression, anxiety, and Neuroticism. Latent classes of youth were distinguished by the presence or absence of irritability symptoms. Youth classified by irritability symptoms at baseline were significantly more likely to show anxiety and depression through adolescence and depression and Neuroticism at 18. No relationship was observed for the other of the Big Five personality factors.Conclusion:  Irritability symptoms within ODD distinguish youth at risk for persisting problems with internalizing disorders and Neuroticism into adulthood. The findings are suggestive of a model in which the early emergence of irritability marks life‐course risks for specific types of psychopathology and personality problems.
Behaviour in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: cognition, executive function, attention, emotion, and social competence
Authors: LEHTONEN ANNUKKA , HOWIE EMMA , TRUMP DOROTHY , HUSON SUSAN M 
Published: August 2012

Aim  This systematic review aimed to pull together the findings from research into behavioural systems and attention in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and to identify areas that need further study.Method  Relevant papers were identified through searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE) and manual searches through reference lists. In total, 5746 articles were identified and 57 met the inclusion criteria. The data were synthesized using the narrative approach, as the studies varied considerably in terms of participants and measures.Results  The results of the review showed that intelligence, academic skills, visuospatial skills, social competence, and attention are impaired in children with NF1. Evidence of deficits in memory, motor functioning, language, and executive functions was less clear.Interpretation  Research has made marked progress in outlining the behavioural phenotype of NF1. However, although the general areas of impairment are becoming better known, the exact nature of the impairment is still not understood in many areas of behaviour. Care needs to be taken with the way in which behavioural constructs are defined and measured, and the variability of problems in NF1 is a particular challenge. Nevertheless, research is steadily moving towards comprehensive understanding of behaviour in children with NF1.
Heterochronic activation of VEGF signaling and the evolution of the skeleton in echinoderm pluteus larvae
Authors: Morino Yoshiaki , Koga Hiroyuki , Tachibana Kazunori , Shoguchi Eiichi , Kiyomoto Masato , Wada Hiroshi 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThe evolution of the echinoderm larval skeleton was examined from the aspect of interactions between skeletogenic mesenchyme cells and surrounding epithelium. We focused on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, which was reported to be essential for skeletogenesis in sea urchin larvae. Here, we examined the expression patterns of vegf and vegfr in starfish and brittle stars. During starfish embryogenesis, no expression of either vegfr or vegf was detected, which contrast with previous reports on the expression of starfish homologs of sea urchin skeletogenic genes, including Ets, Tbr, and Dri. In later stages, when adult skeletogenesis commenced, vegfr and vegf expression were upregulated in skeletogenic cells and in the adjacent epidermis, respectively. These expression patterns suggest that heterochronic activation of VEGF signaling is one of the key molecular evolutionary steps in the evolution of the larval skeleton. The absence of vegf or vegfr expression during early embryogenesis in starfish suggests that the evolution of the larval skeleton requires distinct evolutionary changes, both in mesoderm cells (activation of vegfr expression) and in epidermal cells (activation of vegf expression). In brittle stars, which have well‐organized skeletons like the sea urchin, vegfr and vegf were expressed in the skeletogenic mesenchyme and the overlying epidermis, respectively, in the same manner as in sea urchins. Therefore, the distinct activation of vegfr and vegf may have occurred in two lineages, sea urchins and brittle stars.
The effect of salvaged blood on coagulation function as measured by thromboelastography
Authors: Konig Gerhardt , Yazer Mark H. , Waters Jonathan H. 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: There is concern that salvaged blood has the potential to activate the coagulation system, which might place patients at risk of thrombotic complications. The aim of this study was to determine whether transfusion of salvaged blood after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) would lead to procoagulopathic changes as measured by thromboelastography (TEG) and furthermore if washing would reduce this risk.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty‐two patients undergoing TKA were enrolled. Control samples were venous blood samples taken before surgery. Test samples were created by mixing the control samples with postoperatively salvaged blood, either washed or unwashed. TEG profiles were measured, noting the time to initiate clotting (R), the time of clot formation (K), the angle of clot formation (α‐angle), and the maximum amplitude (clot strength [MA]).RESULTS: The changes in the coagulation profile from control samples to test samples were consistent for both the washed and the unwashed groups: R time decreased, MA decreased, and K and α‐angle remained the same. However, the changes were more pronounced in the unwashed group than the washed group, with a 61% decrease in R time compared with 14%, and a 26% decrease in MA compared with 6%.CONCLUSION: The addition of salvaged blood to the patient's preoperative blood resulted in decreased MA as well as decreased R time. This suggests that the reinfusion of postoperatively salvaged washed or unwashed blood after TKA favors a change toward a more hypocoagulable state, and washing appears to reduce this effect.
Electronic health record surveillance algorithms facilitate the detection of transfusion‐related pulmonary complications
Authors: Clifford Leanne , Singh Amandeep , Wilson Gregory A. , Toy Pearl , Gajic Ognjen , Malinchoc Michael , Herasevich Vitaly , Pathak Jyotishman , Kor Daryl J. 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO) are leading causes of transfusion‐related mortality. Notably, poor syndrome recognition and underreporting likely result in an underestimate of their true attributable burden. We aimed to develop accurate electronic health record–based screening algorithms for improved detection of TRALI/transfused acute lung injury (ALI) and TACO.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study. The study cohort, identified from a previous National Institutes of Health–sponsored prospective investigation, included 223 transfused patients with TRALI, transfused ALI, TACO, or complication‐free controls. Optimal case detection algorithms were identified using classification and regression tree (CART) analyses. Algorithm performance was evaluated with sensitivities, specificities, likelihood ratios, and overall misclassification rates.RESULTS: For TRALI/transfused ALI detection, CART analysis achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 83.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.4%‐90.4%) and 89.7% (95% CI, 80.3%‐95.2%), respectively. For TACO, the sensitivity and specificity were 86.5% (95% CI, 73.6%‐94.0%) and 92.3% (95% CI, 83.4%‐96.8%), respectively. Reduced PaO2/FiO2 ratios and the acquisition of posttransfusion chest radiographs were the primary determinants of case versus control status for both syndromes. Of true‐positive cases identified using the screening algorithms (TRALI/transfused ALI, n = 78; TACO, n = 45), only 11 (14.1%) and five (11.1%) were reported to the blood bank by physicians, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Electronic screening algorithms have shown good sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients with TRALI/transfused ALI and TACO at our institution. This supports the notion that active electronic surveillance may improve case identification, thereby providing a more accurate understanding of TRALI/transfused ALI and TACO epidemiology.
Association of CD14‐260 polymorphisms, red‐complex periodontopathogens and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels with cyclosporine A‐induced gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients
Authors: Gong Y. , Bi W. , Cao L. , Yang Y. , Chen J. , Yu Y. 
Published: August 2012

Backgroud and ObjectiveGenetic factors may influence the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, therefore increasing the risk for the initiation and development of periodontal disease. The present study was carried out to investigate the association of CD14‐260 polymorphisms, subgingival microbiota, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokine levels with cyclosporine A (CsA)‐induced gingival overgrowth (GO) in renal transplant patients.Material and MethodsA total of 204 patients were dichotomized into two groups: 124 with GO and 80 without GO. The CD14‐260 polymorphisms were measured using an allele‐specific PCR method. The levels of periodontal pathogens were determined by real‐time PCR of subgingival samples. GCF levels of IL‐1β and sCD14 were detected by ELISA.ResultsThe frequency of CD14‐260 genotype CT + TT was found to be similar in both groups. Patients with GO presented increased prevalence of Pg, Td, and Tf (red complex) and significantly higher levels of interleukin ‐1β than those without GO. Patients with GO carrying CT + TT genotypes were found to have higher frequencies of Pg, Td, and Tf than those carrying the CC genotype. Furthermore, in the presence of red complex, CT + TT genotypes were associated with higher interleukin ‐1β levels and severe GO. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the severity of GO is not dependent on age, gender and pharmacological variables, being only associated with CD14‐260 genotype and red complex periodontopathogens.ConclusionNo association between CD14‐260 polymorphisms and the prevalence of GO was revealed in renal transplant patients administered CsA. However, CD14‐260 CT + TT genotypes are associated with the prevalence of red complex periodontopathogens in patients with GO, and may thus play some role in the development of severe CsA‐induced GO.
Adaptation and validation of the Japanese version of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ‐J) for the evaluation of self‐management education interventions
Authors: Morita Rie , Arakida Mikako , Osborne Richard H. , Nolte Sandra , Elsworth Gerald R. , Mikami Hiroshi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAim:  In many countries, health education interventions are popular; however, few valid measures exist for evaluation of multifactorial interventions. The aim of the present study was to translate and culturally adapt the widely‐used 8 scale Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) for the evaluation of the Japanese Specific Health Consultation (SHC) in people with metabolic syndrome.Methods:  A draft was generated using a standardized forward and back translation protocol with independent translators and consensus meetings. Pilot testing included cognitive interviews (n = 12) resulting in question refinements. To explore psychometric properties, 250 participants aged between 40 and 64 years (retest = 116) completed the Japanese version of the heiQ (heiQ‐J) and comparator scales, mental health and vitality scales of the Medical Outcomes Study 36 item Short‐Form Health Survey, Sense Of Coherence scale, and Social Support Measurement scale.Results:  Cognitive interviews revealed that the translation was understood as intended by participants. Internal consistency (α) was good to very good for all scales (0.70–0.88) and test–retest intraclass correlation coefficients were high (≥0.83). Concurrent validity was supported by high correlation with like scales and weak correlation with dissimilar scales.Conclusion:  The translated and adapted heiQ‐J has good face and concurrent validity and is reliable. The heiQ‐J is likely to be a useful measure of the quality and impact of the SHC and return valuable data to clinicians and commissioners of health education in Japan.
Effect of psychosocial factors on metabolic syndrome in male and female blue‐collar workers
Authors: HWANG Won Ju , LEE Chung Yul 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAim:  The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between psychosocial factors and metabolic syndrome among male and female blue‐collar workers, and which factors influence their metabolic syndrome by sex.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was completed of 154 men and 80 women working at small companies in Korea. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire, blood test, and anthropometric and blood pressure measure. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed from the results of blood test and the measurements of waist circumference and blood pressure.Results:  The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male and female blue‐collar workers was 24.0% and 7.5%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine factors of metabolic syndrome associated with sex. After controlling for age, marital status, smoking, alcohol drinking, shift work, overtime work, and physical exercise, job stress (odds ratio [OR] = 3.10, P = 0.005) and risk perception (OR = 1.12, P = 0.016) were influencing factors for men, and low job stress (OR = 0.05, P = 0.04), low social support (OR = 1.51, P = 0.009), and risk perception (OR = 1.27, P = 0.023) for women.Conclusion:  Metabolic syndrome among blue‐collar workers is closely related to psychosocial factors, such as job stress, social support, and risk perception, with the effect of job stress a point of difference between men and women. Occupational health nurses should be cognizant of the importance of assessing the effect of psychosocial factors on cardiovascular risk for blue‐collar workers.
Creative Genius as a Personality Phenomenon: Definitions, Methods, Findings, and Issues
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGenius first became the subject of scientific inquiry in the early 19th century, and it has continued to attract research interest to the present day. Although genius can be defined as either superlative intelligence or achieved eminence, this review is restricted to the latter definition, and is further confined to creative achievement. The article then describes the main methods for studying creative genius as a personality phenomenon. These methods entail three central dichotomous methodological decisions: single‐case versus multiple‐case samples, qualitative versus quantitative analyses, and direct versus indirect assessments. Next, the main empirical findings are presented with respect to both generic traits and domain‐contingent traits. There follows a brief discussion of three major issues: genetic and environmental influences, additive and multiplicative effects, and individual and situational factors. Given the intrinsic importance of the phenomenon and the many questions still unanswered, creative genius certainly deserves future treatment in personality psychology.
Neuroprotection by Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) Mimics: Antioxidant Effect and Oxidative Stress Regulation in Acute Experimental Stroke
Authors: Huang Hai‐Feng , Guo Fei , Cao Yuan‐Zhao , Shi Wen , Xia Qing 
Published: August 2012

SummaryAimsManganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), one of the most crucial antioxidant enzymes in the central nervous system, is thought to be one of the major mechanisms by which cells counteract the injuries of reactive oxygen species after cerebral ischemia. In this study, we used a novel synthesized compound (MnTm4PyP) with highly effective superoxide dismutase activity to study the therapeutic potential of MnSOD and the possible underlying mechanisms in cerebral ischemia.MethodsPrimary cultured cortical neurons were used to examine the protective effect of the compounds. Mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion were used as ischemic stroke animal model. Animals were pretreated with MnTm4PyP intravenously 30 min before surgery. At 24 h after surgery, neurological behavior and histological function were observed. Infarcted cortex tissues and cultured neurons were collected for investigation of the oxidative stress signaling pathways.ResultsIn vitro studies revealed that MnSOD mimic MnTm4PyP pretreatment significantly increased viability of neurons after injury by H2O2. Intracellular superoxide radical levels were eliminated. In vivo experiments demonstrated MnTm4PyP pretreatment reduced infarct volume and improved neurological function. The MnSOD mimic alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis.ConclusionMnSOD is an effective therapeutic target in ischemic stroke prevention because of its antioxidant effects and oxidative stress regulation.
Transplantation of Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells is Associated with Neural Differentiation and Functional Improvement in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Chen Juan , Tang Ying‐Xin , Liu Yong‐Ming , Chen Ji , Hu Xiao‐Qing , Liu Na , Wang Shu‐Xin , Zhang Yu , Zeng Wen‐Gao , Ni Hou‐Jie , Zhao Bin , Chen Yan‐Fang , Tang Zhou‐Ping 
Published: August 2012

SummaryAimsTo examine whether transplantation of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) induces neural differentiation and improves neural function in a rat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model.MethodsAdipose‐derived stem cells cells were isolated from inguinal fat pad of rat. ICH was induced by injection of collagenase type IV into the right basal ganglia of rat. Forty‐eight hours after ICH, ADSCs cells (10 μL of 2–4 × 107 cells/mL) were injected into the right lateral cerebral ventricle. The differentiation of ADSCs was detected in vitro and in vivo. The neural function was evaluated with Zea Longa 5‐grade scale at day 1, 3, 7, 14, or 28.ResultsOur data demonstrated that ADSCs differentiated into cells that shared the similarities of neurons or astrocytes in vitro. Transplantation of ADSCs decreased cell apoptosis and the transplanted ADSCs were able to differentiate into neuron‐like and astrocyte‐like cells around the hematoma, accompanied with upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and improvement of neural function.ConclusionsOur data suggest that transplantation of ADSCs could be a therapeutic approach for ICH stroke.