bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and symbiotic ability of Psathyrellaceae fungi isolated from a photosynthetic orchid, Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Yagame Takahiro , Funabiki Eriko , Nagasawa Eiji , Fukiharu Toshimitsu , Iwase Koji 
Published: September 2013

• Premise of the study: Photosynthetic orchids found in highly shaded forests are often mixotrophic, receiving part of their carbon energy via ectomycorrhizal fungi that had originally received carbohydrate from trees. A photosynthetic orchid, Cremastra appendiculata, is also found under highly shaded forest, but our preliminary data suggested that its associated fungi were not ectomycorrhizal. We tested whether their relation is an unusual example of a mixotrophic orchid associating with saprotrophic fungi by direct detection of fungal DNAs in conjunction with isolation of the fungus in pure culture and experimental inoculation of orchid seeds with the fungus.• Methods: For isolated mycobionts of C. appendiculata plants, two regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU), were sequenced, and fruiting bodies of the one isolate, SI1‐1 were induced. In addition, two fungal isolates, SI1‐1 and KI1‐1, were grown in symbiotic cultures with C. appendiculata to verify their status as mycobionts.• Key results: In phylogenetic analyses, all isolates clustered with fungi belonging to Coprinellus in Psathyrellaceae of Agaricales. Phylogenetic analyses of these DNA sequences showed that five fungal isolates from C. appendiculata, including SI1‐1 and two mycobionts isolated from the mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium roseum, have very similar ITS sequences. Isolate SI1‐1 was identified as Coprinellus domesticus based on the morphological characteristics of the fruiting body. Isolates SI1‐1 and KI1‐1 induced seed germination of C. appendiculata as mycobionts.• Conclusions: This report is the first of a mycorrhizal symbiosis between a fungus in Psathyrellaceae and a photosynthetic orchid, revealing a new pathway to full mycoheterotrophy and contributing to our understanding of the evolution of mycoheterotrophy.
Eschar in scrub typhus
Authors: Kundavaram AP , Jonathan AJ , Nathaniel SD , Varghese GM 
Published: September 2013

Background:
Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness widely prevalent in the ‘tsutsugamushi triangle’ region of the world. Clinical features include fever, myalgia, headache, rash, and a pathognomonic eschar. An eschar is formed by the bite of chigger mite that inoculates the causative agent of Scrub typhus Orientia tsutsugamushi. The aim of this study is to determine the most common sites of eschars over the bodies of patients with Scrub typhus.

Materials and Methods:
In a retrospective analysis, we examined a total of 418 patients who presented to Christian Medical College, Vellore between 2009 and 2012 with an acute febrile illness and an eschar on clinical examination and confirmed to have scrub typhus with a positive Scrub typhus IgM ELISA test. We studied the distribution of eschars over the bodies of 418 patients with Scrub typhus.

Results:
There was a significant difference in the distribution of eschars between males and females with a preponderance of the chest and abdomen (42.3%) among females and the axilla, groin and genitalia (55.8%) in males. Some unusual sites of an eschar were the cheek, ear lobe and dorsum of the feet.

Conclusion:
The eschar is the most useful diagnostic clue in patients with acute febrile illness in areas endemic for Scrub typhus and therefore should be thoroughly examined for its presence especially over the covered areas such as the groin, genitalia, infra-mammary area and axilla.
Surface Roughness of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Following Chemical Disinfection, Autoclave and Microwave Sterilization
Authors: Kheraif Abdulaziz Abdullah Al 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Background
Autoclave sterilization and microwave sterilization has been suggested as the effective methods for the disinfection of elastomeric impressions, but subjecting elastomeric impressions to extreme temperature may have adverse effects on critical properties of the elastomers.

Aim
To evaluate the effect of chemical disinfection as well as autoclave and microwave sterilization on the surface roughness of elastomeric impression materials.

Materials and methods
The surface roughness of five commercially available polyvinyl siloxane impression materials (Coltene President, Affinis Perfect impression, Aquasil, 3M ESPE Express and GC Exafast) were evaluated after subjecting them to chemical disinfection, autoclaving and microwave sterilization using a Talysurf Intra 50 instrument. Twenty specimens from each material were fabricated and divided into four equal groups, three experimental and one control (n = 25). The differences in the mean surface roughness between the treatment groups were recorded and statistically analyzed.

Results
No statistically significant increase in the surface roughness was observed when the specimens were subjected to chemical disinfection and autoclave sterilization, increase in roughness and discoloration was observed in all the materials when specimens were subjected to microwave sterilization.

Conclusion
Chemical disinfection did not have a significant effect but, since it is less effective, autoclave sterilization can be considered effective and autoclaving did not show any specimen discoloration as in microwave sterilization. Microwave sterilization may be considered when impressions are used to make diagnostic casts. A significant increase in surface roughness may produce rougher casts, resulting in rougher tissue surfaces for denture and cast restorations.

Clinical significance
Autoclave sterilization of vinyl polysiloxane elastomeric impressions for 5 minutes at 134°C at 20 psi may be considered an effective method over chemical disinfection and microwave sterilization, because chemical disinfection does not eliminate all disease-causing microorganisms and microwave sterilization leads to a rougher impression surface.

How to cite this article
Al Kheraif AA. Surface Roughness of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Following Chemical Disinfection, Autoclave and Microwave Sterilization. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):483-487.
Acetabular Revision in THA Using Tantalum Augments Combined with Impaction Bone Grafting
Authors: Gehrke Thorsten , Bangert Yannic , Schwantes Bernd , Gebauer Matthias , Kendoff Daniel 
Published: September 2013

Introduction Acetabular revision with associated bone loss in uncontained defects can be difficult. We report preliminary results utilising a novel technique, combining tantalum-augments with allograft bone and cemented cups. Patients and methods Forty-six patients undergoing cup revision with a tantalum augment and allografting were clinically (HHS) and radiographically reviewed at an average of 46 months postoperatively. There were 28 type-2B and 18 type-3A Paprosky defects. Postoperative images were assessed for osteointegration, bone-remodelling and recreation of the native hip centre. Results The average patient age at time of acetabular revision was 65 years, with 18 male and 28 female patients. The HHS improved on average from 44 to 82 points. Correction of the high hip centre was possible in all patients with average medialisation of 10 mm and lowering of the hip centre by 14 mm. Four patients (four hips) sustained a hip dislocation postoperatively and one required revision. Two acetabular revisions were necessary after implantation, because of early cup loosening and failure of the construct. In one of these, the tantalum augment was found to be well fixed. Of the remaining hips, at latest radiographic follow-up, 44 tantalum implants were radiographically stable and osteointegrated. Non-progressive radiolucent lines were present around the acetabular component in two other hips. Conclusion The combination of tantalum-augmentation with impaction allografting is a promising technique to manage severe uncontained acetabular defects.
Accueillir, vêtir, nourrir, instruire, éduquer et soigner : la protection de l’enfance à l’Hospice Saint-Joseph des Soeurs Grises de Montréal (1854-1911)1
Authors: Giroux Marie-Christine 
Published: September 2013

Dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle à Montréal, la bourgeoisie montante s’intéresse de plus en plus à la misère quotidienne urbaine. Avec l’appui de l’élite cléricale, elle fonde quelques institutions destinées à certaines clientèles, comme les enfants victimes de l’industrialisation et de l’urbanisation. C’est dans ce contexte qu’Olivier Berthelet, bourgeois canadien-français, fonde l’Hospice Saint-Joseph de Montréal. En 1854, cette institution charitable passe aux mains des Soeurs Grises qui y accueillent principalement des « orphelines ». Dès lors, les religieuses cherchent à s’adapter aux besoins matériels, éducatifs et spirituels des familles, et ce, en composant avec les objectifs de régulation sociale à l’origine de l’institution. Dans le cadre de la société patriarcale, elles parviennent à administrer l’Hospice bien qu’elles se heurtent constamment à des problèmes de sous-financement et de manque de personnel. Ces difficultés récurrentes les mèneront graduellement à transformer la vocation charitable de l’institution jusqu’à ce qu’elle devienne l’École ménagère Saint-Joseph en 1911. À plusieurs égards, ce cas d’étude intéressant illustre bien les limites du réseau d’assistance catholique mis en place au milieu du XIXe siècle.
À propos de « ceux qui sont en dehors de la société ». L’indigent et l’assistance publique au Québec dans la première moitié du XXe siècle1
Authors: Petitclerc Martin 
Published: September 2013

La « Loi établissant le service de l’assistance publique » a suscité un vive polémique après son adoption en 1921. Cette loi prévoyait l’octroi de subventions statutaires de l’État provincial et des municipalités aux institutions privées et confessionnelles d’hébergement des indigents. La polémique, animée notamment par Henri Bourassa, a porté sur le problème de l’intervention de l’État dans un domaine traditionnellement conçu comme relevant de la responsabilité de l’Église. Prenant les thèses de Bourassa à rebours, la plupart des historiens ont analysé cette loi sous l’angle de la modernisation, soit celui de l’affirmation nécessaire des prérogatives de l’État dans le domaine de la protection sociale. Dans cet article, nous défendons plutôt la thèse que cette loi est une tentative (largement réussie) de consolidation de la gouvernementalité libérale qui s’appuyait, depuis le XIXe siècle, sur ce que Karl Polanyi a appelé le « personnage de l’indigent ». Selon cette perspective, la loi de 1921 n’est pas une étape marquante dans la bataille séculaire entre l’État et l’Église, mais bien le moment d’une refondation de la politique libérale à l’égard du « personnage de l’indigent ». Ce dernier, défini légalement comme inapte au travail et sans soutien familial, et donc « en dehors de la société » selon une expression de l’époque, a permis de justifier le développement d’un système privé/public d’assistance charitable aux dépens de politiques sociales fondées sur une conception universelle du droit social. Cette dynamique est démontrée dans cet article par l’analyse de la question très litigieuse du droit de l’indigent à l’assistance publique.
« Un foyer pour chaque enfant ! »
Authors: Quesney Chantale 
Published: September 2013

La Société d’adoption et de protection de l’enfance à Montréal fut, de 1937 à 1972, la plus importante agence de placement « hors murs » de la province. Pionnière dans le domaine au Québec, elle aura oeuvré à l’implantation des conditions légales et minimales nécessaires à la désinstitutionnalisation adéquate des enfants sans famille. De fait, le passage du placement asilaire comme mode de protection privilégié à celui en foyer d’accueil ou d’adoption, soulève des enjeux juridiques nouveaux tout comme il appelle la mise en place de pratiques et de savoirs inédits. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous nous concentrons sur deux de ceux-ci, à savoir la tutelle tierce et la technique du casework.
Ion‐exchange kinetics based on film theory
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi , Hoshi Makoto 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe ion‐exchange kinetics in polymer complexes was theoretically formulated. The regeneration of metal species from an ion‐exchange or chelate resin was described as a competitive reaction between metal ions and protons. We considered the ion‐exchange terms and the Langmuir terms to describe the rate of reaction, and film diffusion was also taken into account to describe the profile of the kinetics. In contrast to early methods, the surface concentrations were determined so that the rates of the chemical reactions and diffusion were self‐consistent. Although in the initial stage ion exchange was controlled by diffusion, in the last stage ion exchange was controlled by chemical reactions, particularly under excess acid. The kinetics were supported by experimental data for an iminodiacetic acid chelate resin and amidinourea resins. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39358.
Characterization of the thermoresponsive shape‐memory effect in poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)
Authors: Wu Xue Lian , Huang Wei Min , Ding Zhen , Tan Hui Xin , Yang Wen Guang , Sun Ke Yuan 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWe conducted a systematic experimental investigation to characterize the shape‐memory effect in a commercial poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), which is a very important high‐temperature polymers at present. The focus was on the influence of the programming conditions and heating temperature for recovery on the shape‐recovery ratio (Rr). We concluded that PEEK is not only an important engineering polymer as it is traditionally known but is also an excellent high‐temperature shape‐memory polymer. For a residual programming strain of 30%, the maximum Rr was about 90%. It was revealed that it was practically feasible to program PEEK at room temperature and to lower the recovery temperature from its melting temperature range to around its glass‐transition temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39844.
Enantioselective Reactions of N‐Acyliminium Ions Using Chiral Organocatalysts
Authors: Lee Yong Sup , Alam Md. Maqusood , Keri Rangappa S 
Published: September 2013

AbstractN‐acyliminium ions are reactive intermediates that can act as electron‐deficient electrophiles toward weak or soft nucleophiles, thereby providing useful methods for both intermolecular‐ and intramolecular carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation. Nucleophilic additions to N‐acyliminium ions constitute an important method for providing α‐functionalized amino compounds and many other biologically active nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. The development of efficient catalytic asymmetric reactions is a key objective in modern organic chemistry and is very important for the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Various methods are available for this purpose and mostly rely on the use of chiral catalysts for enantioselective synthesis. This review deals with one aspect of such catalysis, which has emerged only in the past few years, and its applications in enantioselective reactions of N‐acyliminium ions to provide various nitrogen‐containing heterocycles.
The Employability Gap and the Community College Role in Workforce Development
Authors: Myran Gunder , Ivery Curtis L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn the first chapter of this sourcebook, one of the scenarios presented for the future urban community college was that of a “workforce development college.” In this scenario, the college of the future is the primary provider of a highly educated and talented community workforce in alignment with regional employment and economic development needs. A second scenario was that of a “social equity college” serving as a primary leader, advocate, and implementer of community‐wide efforts to shape a multiracial democracy. The chapter concludes by stating that the best future will be created by linking the two scenarios, expanded upon here by exploring ways to close employability and wealth gaps.
Precolumn o‐Phthalaldehyde‐N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine Derivatization Followed by RP‐HPLC Separation and Fluorescence Detection of Sitagliptin Enantiomers in Rat Plasma
Authors: Nageswara Rao R. , Sravan B. , Ramakrishna K. , Saida Shaik , Padiya Raju 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTAn indirect reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic separation and fluorescence detection of sitagliptin enantiomers in rat plasma was developed and validated. Deproteinized rat plasma containing racemic sitagliptin was derivatized with o‐phthalaldehyde and N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine under alkaline conditions, converted to diastereomers, and separated on a Lichrospher 100 RP‐18e column using 20 mM phosphate buffer and methanol (45:55 v/v) as a mobile phase under isocratic mode of elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Fluorescence detection was performed at 330 and 450 nm as excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. The method was linear in the range of 50–5000 ng/ mL for both enantiomers. The intra‐ and interday accuracy and precision were within the predefined limits of ≤15% at all concentrations. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of sitagliptin after 5 mg/kg oral administration to Wistar rats. Robustness of the method was evaluated using design of experiments. Chirality 25:883–889, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymer‐free Vertical Transfer of Silicon Nanowires and their Application to Energy Storage
Authors: Kim Han‐Jung , Lee Jihye , Lee Sang Eon , Kim Wanjung , Kim Hwan Jin , Choi Dae‐Geun , Park Jong Hyeok 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSilicon nanowires (SiNWs) for use as lithium‐ion battery (LIB) anode materials have been studied for their one‐dimensional (1D) properties and ability to accommodate large volume changes and avoid rapid capacity fading during cycling. Although the vertical transfer of SiNWs from their original substrate onto a conducting electrode is very important, to date, there has been no report of a direct integration method without polymer binders. Here, we propose for the first time a vertical transfer method for SiNWs grown on a Si substrate directly to the current‐collecting electrode without using a polymer adhesive for the use as a binder‐free LIB anode. The vertical SiNWs produced using a low‐cost wafer‐scale metal‐assisted chemical etching (MaCE) process have been successfully transferred directly to a copper electrode coated with a thin Ag layer by using a simple hot pressing method. When evaluated as an LIB anode without using conventional polymeric binder and a conducting additive, the transferred vertically aligned SiNWs showed a high specific capacity (≈2150 mAh g−1) and excellent rate performance. It is believed that the anode‐manufacturing process is simple and fast, thus enabling a large‐scale production that is of low‐cost, broadly applicable, and provides new avenues for the rational engineering of Si‐based electrode materials with enhanced power density and conductivity.
Wide Electrochemical Window of Supercapacitors from Coffee Bean‐Derived Phosphorus‐Rich Carbons
Authors: Huang Congcong , Sun Ting , Hulicova‐Jurcakova Denisa 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPhosphorus‐rich carbons (PCs) were prepared by phosphoric acid activation of waste coffee grounds in different impregnation ratios. PCs were characterized by nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that the activation step not only creates a porous structure, but also introduces various phosphorus and oxygen functional groups to the surface of carbons. As evidenced by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and wide potential window tests, a supercapacitor constructed from PC‐2 (impregnation ratio of 2), with the highest phosphorus content, can operate very stably in 1 M H2SO4 at 1.5 V with only 18 % degradation after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1. Due to the wide electrochemical window, a supercapacitor assembled with PC‐2 has a high energy density of 15 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 75 W kg−1. The possibility of widening the potential window above the theoretical potential for the decomposition of water is attributed to reversible electrochemical hydrogen storage in narrow micropores and the positive effect of phosphorus‐rich functional groups, particularly the polyphosphates on the carbon surface.
An efficient communication relay placement algorithm for content‐centric wireless mesh networks
Authors: Wang Jin , Lu Kejie , Zhang Shukui , Fan Jianxi , Zhu Yanqin , Cheng Baolei 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, we investigate a communication relay placement problem to optimize the network throughput in a content‐centric wireless mesh networks (WMN), in which the WMN is enhanced by including a small set of communication relays and a subset of wireless mesh routers serving as storage nodes. Specifically, we first define the communication relay placement problem in content‐centric WMNs. We then model the problem as a mathematical programming and propose a linear programming approach for calculating the achievable network throughput when the positions of communication relays are fixed. Next, to optimally placing the communication relays, we formulate an integer linear programming problem and we develop an efficient near‐optimal approximation algorithm based on linear programming relaxation. Finally, extensive simulation experiments have been conducted, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basal insulin analogues in the management of diabetes mellitus: what progress have we made?
Authors: Owens David R. , Matfin Glenn , Monnier Louis 
Published: September 2013

SummaryInsulin remains the most effective and consistent means of controlling blood glucose levels in diabetes. Since 1946, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) has been the predominant basal insulin in clinical use. However, absorption is variable due to the need for resuspension and the time–action profile (peak activity 4–6 h after subcutaneous administration) confers an increased propensity for between‐meal and nocturnal hypoglycaemia. In the 1980s, recombinant DNA technology enabled modifications to the insulin molecule resulting in the soluble long‐acting insulin analogues, glargine and detemir. Both exhibit a lower risk of hypoglycaemia compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn due to improved time–action profiles and reduced day‐to‐day glucose variability. Glargine is indicated for administration once daily and detemir once or twice daily. Degludec is the latest prolonged‐acting insulin which forms long subcutaneous multi‐hexamers that delay absorption. Recent phase III trials in type 1 and type 2 diabetes show that degludec was non‐inferior to comparators (predominantly glargine) with a minimal although inconsistent reduction in overall hypoglycaemia and a small absolute difference in nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Newer developmental agents include LY2605541 and glargine U300. LY2605541 comprises insulin lispro combined with polyethylene glycol, thereby increasing its hydrodynamic size and retarding absorption from the subcutaneous tissue. Glargine U300 is a new formulation of glargine resulting in a flatter and more prolonged time–action profile than its predecessor. This article reviews recent advances in basal insulin analogues, including a critical appraisal of the degludec trials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.