bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral green tea catechin metabolites are incorporated into human skin and protect against UV radiation-induced cutaneous inflammation in association with reduced production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoid 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
Authors: Rhodes Lesley E. , Darby Gemma , Massey Karen A. , Clarke Kayleigh A. , Dew Tristan P. , Farrar Mark D. , Bennett Susan , Watson Rachel E. B. , Williamson Gary , Nicolaou Anna 
Published: January 2013

Green tea catechins (GTC) reduce UV radiation (UVR)-induced inflammation in experimental models, but human studies are scarce and their cutaneous bioavailability and mechanism of photoprotection are unknown. We aimed to examine oral GTC cutaneous uptake, ability to protect human skin against erythema induced by a UVR dose range and impact on potent cyclo-oxygenase- and lipoxygenase-produced mediators of UVR inflammation, PGE2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), respectively. In an open oral intervention study, sixteen healthy human subjects (phototype I/II) were given low-dose GTC (540 mg) with vitamin C (50 mg) daily for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-supplementation, the buttock skin was exposed to UVR and the resultant erythema quantified. Skin blister fluid and biopsies were taken from the unexposed and the UVR-exposed skin 24 h after a pro-inflammatory UVR challenge (three minimal erythema doses). Urine, skin tissue and fluid were analysed for catechin content and skin fluid for PGE2 and 12-HETE by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem MS. A total of fourteen completing subjects were supplement compliant (twelve female, median 42·5 years, range 29–59 years). Benzoic acid levels were increased in skin fluid post-supplementation (P= 0·03), and methylated gallic acid and several intact catechins and hydroxyphenyl-valerolactones were detected in the skin tissue and fluid. AUC analysis for UVR erythema revealed reduced response post-GTC (P= 0·037). Pre-supplementation, PGE2 and 12-HETE were UVR induced (P= 0·003, 0·0001). After GTC, UVR-induced 12-HETE reduced from mean 64 (sd 42) to 41 (sd 32) pg/μl (P= 0·01), while PGE2 was unaltered. Thus, GTC intake results in the incorporation of catechin metabolites into human skin associated with abrogated UVR-induced 12-HETE; this may contribute to protection against sunburn inflammation and potentially longer-term UVR-mediated damage.
Production of bioactive bovine fibroblast growth factor 4 in E. coli based on the common nucleotide sequence of its structural gene in three breeds
Authors: Sugawara Saiko , Ito Toshihiko , Sato Sho , Yokoo Mari , Mori Yuki , Kasuga Kano , Kojima Ikuo , Fukuda Tomokazu , Yamanaka Ken‐ichi , Sakatani Miki , Takahashi Masashi , Kobayashi Masayuki 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is considered a crucial gene in the proper development of bovine embryos. We recently determined the FGF4 gene sequence in eight cattle derived from three breeds and revealed a common nucleotide sequence of the structural gene encoding FGF4, which leads to the deletion and mutation of amino acid sequences in the mature FGF4 (Pro32‐Leu206) compared with the sequence previously reported. In the present study, HisbFGF4, a 6× histidine‐tagged bovine FGF4 (Pro32‐Leu206), was produced in Escherichia coli based on the validated nucleotide sequence and purified by heparin column chromatography. In primary bovine fibroblasts, HisbFGF4 showed significant mitogenic activity, whereas, intriguingly, the activity of a commercially available recombinant human FGF4 (Gly25‐Leu206) produced in E. coli was weaker than that of HisbFGF4. In conclusion, the present study provides a simple method for the production of a bioactive bovine FGF4 derivative in E. coli utilizing its structural gene elucidated by us.
Soil seed banks of remnant and degraded Swartland Shale Renosterveld
Authors: Heelemann Steffen , Krug Cornelia B. , Esler Karen J. , Reisch Christoph , Poschlod Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the characteristics of soil seed banks in highly endangered renosterveld vegetation and adjacent degraded sites? What is the contribution of the soil seed bank to restoring renosterveld vegetation after degradation through agriculture or afforestation?LocationTygerberg Nature Reserve – one of the largest remaining fragments of Swartland Shale Renosterveld, Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.MethodsAssessment of vegetation, soil parameters and soil seed banks in three renosterveld sites, two adjacent abandoned fields, one pine plantation and one pine plantation clear‐cut site. Smoke primer (i.e. fire surrogate) was applied to soil seed bank samples to evaluate fire as a possible management and restoration tool.ResultsAbandoned agricultural fields adjacent to renosterveld remnants are characterized by alien grass cover, nutrient enrichment of the soil and depletion of the indigenous soil seed bank. In contrast, pine plantations show less alien species infestation, soil nutrient alteration and have a viable soil seed bank as well as re‐development of indigenous renosterveld vegetation after clearance. Seedling recruitment was not significantly influenced by application of a smoke primer compared to the magnitude of fire response in fynbos.ConclusionAbandoned agricultural fields (previously renosterveld) at Tygerberg have a very low restoration potential. In contrast, pine plantation sites should be given priority in restoration, because soil chemistry is less significantly altered and a viable indigenous soil seed bank is still present, which can be successfully activated through clearance management.
The role of domestic goats in the conservation of four endangered species of cactus: between dispersers and predators
Authors: Baraza E. , Fernández‐Osores S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQuestionsThe aim of this study was to establish the potential of domestic goats to act as cactus seed dispersers by assessing: (1) the proportion of cactus seeds that can pass undamaged through the domestic goat gut, (2) the temporal pattern of seed defecation, (3) whether ingestion by goats enhances or depresses cactus seed germination, and (4) whether the viable cactus seeds contained within goat faecal pellets can germinate directly from the faeces.LocationRiver basin of Zapotitlán, Tehuacán‐Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.MethodsFour groups of goats, each comprising three females of similar size and age, were fed the fruits of four endemic cactus species (Echinocactus platyacanthus f. grandis, Ferocactus flavovirens, F. robustus and F. latispinus var. spiralis). The percentage of undamaged seeds in the goat faeces was calculated at different times of collection following ingestion. Recovered seeds were tested for germination and viability, alongside seeds taken directly from the fruit. Intact and artificially cracked faecal pellets, collected from grazed natural areas, were kept in a greenhouse while seedling emergence was quantified. After 103 d, all cactus seeds that remained within the faecal pellets were recovered and their germination capacity was compared to that of the seeds taken directly from fruits.ResultsFor the four species, between 28% and 61% of the seeds ingested were later recovered in the faecal pellets. No significant differences were found between species in the proportion of seeds retrieved during each collection time point. However, the time interval between ingestion and collection significantly influenced the number of seeds retrieved, peaking at between 16–32 hr. The digestion process significantly decreased the seed germination rate. Cactus germination from cracked faecal pellets was significantly higher than from intact pellets. Both contained viable seeds of all four cactus species, but particularly E. platyacanthus f. grandis.ConclusionsDomestic goats are potential dispersers of the studied cactus species, although degradation of the faecal pellets is necessary to fully permit seedling emergence. These findings should be taken into account when designing management plans to conserve these endangered species.
Associations of HbA1c and educational level with risk of cardiovascular events in 32 871 drug‐treated patients with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study in primary care
Authors: Östgren C. J. , Sundström J. , Svennblad B. , Lohm L. , Nilsson P. M. , Johansson G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimsTo explore the association of HbA1c and educational level with risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsA cohort of 32 871 patients with Type 2 diabetes aged 35 years and older identified by extracting data from electronic patient records for all patients who had a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes and had glucose‐lowering agents prescribed between 1999 and 2009 at 84 primary care centres in Sweden. Associations of mean HbA1c levels and educational level with risks of cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality were analysed.ResultsThe associations of HbA1c with risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality were J‐shaped, with the lowest risk observed for cardiovascular mortality at an HbA1c level of 51 mmol/mol (6.8%) for subjects on oral agents and 56 mmol/mol (7.3%) in insulin‐treated patients. The lowest risk observed for all‐cause mortality was at an HbA1c level of 51 mmol/mol (6.8%) for subjects on oral agents and 56 mmol/mol (7.3%) in insulin‐treated patients. There was an increased risk for cardiovascular death [hazard ratio 1.6 (1.2–2.1), P = 0.0008] at the lowest HbA1c decile for subjects in the low education category. For subjects with higher education there was no evident J curve for cardiovascular death [hazard ratio 1.2 (0.8–1.6), P = 0.3873].ConclusionsOur results lend support to the recent American Diabetes Association/ European Association for the Study of Diabetes position statement that emphasizes the importance of additional factors, including the propensity for hypoglycaemia, which should influence HbA1c targets and treatment choices for individual patients.(Clinical Trials Registry No; NCT 01121315)
The permanent deformation of the self‐adjusting files when used in canals of extracted teeth
Authors: Farmakis E. T. R. , Sotiropoulos G. G. , Pantazis N. , Kozyrakis K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo examine the permanent deformation of self‐adjusting files (SAF) when used by endodontists with no previous experience with this system.MethodologyThe canals of extracted human molars were initially prepared with glide path up to size 20 K‐file. The operators were first instructed on the use of the SAF in simulated canals in plastic blocks then applied the SAF in natural root canals of extracted teeth. Every 4 min, each file was withdrawn from the canal and inspected for integrity. If intact, it was used in another canal for an additional 4 min and checked again. This was repeated until all 19 SAF files were deformed. The files were collected for inspection at ×50 magnification. All teeth were then examined radiographically for the presence of any metal fragments in the root canals. Permanent deformation was categorized according to the type and location occured. Three types were defined as follows: (i) detachment of one component of the file at one end while the component is retained (ii) detachment of a component at both ends and the component missing and (iii) permanent twisting of the component. Recordings were made and statistically analysed using McNemar's test.ResultsMechanical failures on the 5‐arch‐side of SAF (odd side) were significantly more frequent in comparison with the even side (P = 0.039). Similarly, mechanical failures in arches on the odd side were also significantly more frequent compared with the even ones (P = 0.012) Longitudinal beams fractured significantly less often compared with arcs or struts (P < 0.001). In no case did complete file fracture occur, nor were metal fragments retained in the root canal.ConclusionsDeformation of SAF files occurred mainly as detachment of one of the arches or struts at connection points on the odd side of the file. In no case did its mechanical failure result in metal fragment retention in the root canal.
Welcome to a decade of action that can make a change!
Authors: Schmucker Uli , Ekkernkamp Axel , Stengel Dirk 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Journal of Trauma Management and Outcomes welcomes the launch of the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020. More than 100 countries around the world will kick off the first global Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020, a decade that we believe can make a change!
Low Cost, Low Risk Options for Determining Reservoir Pressures in Newly Drilled Horizontal Wells
Authors: Adams John R. , Dotson Bryan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Understanding ranges of reservoir depletion is essential in optimizing field development within tight gas plays. Unfortunately, determining reservoir pressure in low permeability reservoirs is difficult due the long shut-in times required for conventional pressure transient analysis. Pre-fracture injection tests have successfully been used in low permeability reservoirs, but these tests can add operational complexity restricting their use in many cases. Horizontal wells with reservoir pressure below hydrostatic are particularly challenging since running downhole pressure gauges prior to fracture stimulation is often deemed to be an unacceptable risk. New low cost, low risk measurement methods for determining reasonable approximations of reservoir pressure in horizontal open-hole packer/sleeve (ball actuated) completions have been successfully tested in an East Texas Cotton Valley well. This paper describes two of the methods used in this well which successfully yielded reliable approximations of reservoir pressure. The primary driver for using these methods was well risk imposed by extended deployment of pressure gauges downhole. The first method, port opening observation, is applicable to open-hole packer/sleeve completions where the first port is pressure activated. The second, gas-over-level, can be used on any type of completion on an under-pressured formation where the risk or expense of downhole pressure gauges is prohibitive. It approximates sandface pressure which can then be analyzed using standard DFIT (diagnostic fracture injection test) methods. Both of these methods can be performed with minimal cost and operational interference thus providing an opportunity to routinely obtain reasonable estimates of reservoir pressures during infill horizontal drilling programs.
Re-engineering and Upgrade of Semi-Automated 3000 HP Drilling Rig for KOC HP/HT Exploration Program in Frontier Areas - Case History of UPDC Rig 776
Authors: Al-Saleh A.. , Al-Khaldy M. D. , Shehab A. A. , Al-Naqa F. A. , Baijal S.. , Karam M. F. , Schmidt S.. , McKinnell D. C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
KOC have been drilling deep HP/HT wells for over thirty years during which time the well prospects have become more challenging, aiming for new frontier areas with increased depth and formation difficulty. The rig designs employed have therefore been developed over the years with new technologies being incorporated to meet these challenges, and to improve safety and operational performance.
In 2011 KOC looked into the enhancement of the equipment specifications for deep drilling rigs to integrate ‘State-of-the-Art’ technologies in the new contract terms. UPDC-776 was the first of the existing fleet rigs to be upgraded and this work was handled as an integrated project by the rig contractor working in close cooperation with the field operator.
With regard to the rig design, major changes were made to enhance safety, capacity and automation of the drilling functions. These modifications included; re-design of sub-structure to incorporate full 15K BOP stack rig-up, upgrade of TDS, 2200HP mud pumps and associated 7500 psi discharge pipework, new power train and SCR system, upgraded drawworks with semi-automated control system, iron roughneck and power slips, increased capacity mud system with latest design solids control equipment. The actual rig modifications were carried out within the scheduled time and performance has been improved with less downtime than comparative new build start-ups.
This paper will describe the ‘Upgrading Project’ including the re-engineering and design, rig modifications and construction phase, commissioning / break-in operations on the first well. The case study will make particular reference to the planning, logistics, and teamwork employed during this process and conclude with lessons learnt plus recommendations for future rig modification projects.
Naturalistic Fallacy
Authors: Suikkanen Jussi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract[1] The phrase “naturalistic fallacy” is used in two distinct senses which are not always distinguished clearly enough. This tends to lead to unfortunate confusions (see, e.g., Hauser 2006: 5). Hence, one of my aims in this essay is to clarify the distinction between these uses in the hope that further confusions could be avoided.
Error Theory
Authors: Joyce Richard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo hold an error theory about morality is to endorse a kind of radical moral skepticism – a skepticism analogous to atheism in the religious domain. The atheist thinks that religious utterances, such as “God loves you,” really are truth‐evaluable assertions (as opposed to being veiled commands or expressions of hope, etc.), but that the world just doesn't contain the items (e.g., God) necessary to render such assertions true. Similarly, the moral error theorist maintains that moral judgments are truth‐evaluable assertions (thus contrasting with the non‐cognitivist), but that the world doesn't contain the properties (e.g., moral goodness, evil, moral obligation) needed to render moral judgments true. In other words, moral discourse aims at the truth but systematically fails to secure it. If there is no such property asmoral wrongness, for example, then no judgment of the form “X is morally wrong” will be true (where “X” denotes an actual action or state of affairs). Advocates of this position include Hinckfuss (1987), Joyce (2001), and Mackie (1977;seeMackie, J. L.). Various forms of moral skepticism – some of which are arguably instances of the error theoretic stance – have been familiar to philosophers since ancient times (seeSkepticism, Moral).
Vegetarianism and Veganism
Authors: Fox Michael Allen 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Most people, past and present, have never seriously questioned whether it is morally acceptable to eat animals and treat them as resources. However, vegetarianism and veganism, which have a lengthy history in both Western and non‐Western cultures, challenge these assumptions and clash with prevailing views about how humans should conduct their lives and make use of the natural world. Religious practices and ideas about diet energized early outlooks of this sort more than clearly focused ethical reflections; but the latter have surfaced periodically, from the Greco‐Roman period to the present. Strong, sustained vegetarian and vegan movements today coincide with the rise of the animal rights/liberation movement, and are fueled by concerns about factory farming, climate change, healthy eating, and how to feed a rapidly increasing human population.
Companion Animals
Authors: Palmer Clare 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Companion animals are nonhuman beings with whom humans choose to cohabit for reasons such as companionship and entertainment, rather than for food or profit. Households across the world include companion animals, most commonly domesticated dogs and cats, but also other small domesticated mammals, reptiles, fish, and even insects. Keeping companion animals raises a variety of ethical issues, both general (in that such issues arise in all human–animal interactions) and specific (concerning the domestication, breeding, and keeping of animals in human homes).
Sentience, Moral Relevance of
Authors: Bortolotti, Lisa , Mameli,and Matteo , Blasimme Alessandro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSentience is a capacity that only some organisms have. It is often assumed that this capacity has moral significance and should have a prominent role in moral thinking. The commonsense notion of sentience (as indicated by the etymology, from the Latinsentienswhich means “capable of feeling”) suggests that sentience is a capacity to bein certain kinds of mental states. In the ethical literature, the term “sentience” is often used to refer to the ability to feel pain and pleasure. More generally, sentience can be said to be the capacity to have feelings or sensations, which include pain and pleasure but also visual and auditory sensations, hunger, sadness, and so on.
Strict Liability
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe termstrict liabilityrefers to a legal rule or regime in which liability is imposed in the absence of proof that the defendant was at fault in causing the alleged harm or injury. Strict liability is imposed in order to prevent or limit conduct that is harmful or dangerous even when performed by one who is using due care. It is common in both tort law and criminal law (seeCriminal Law; Torts), though its use is more controversial in the latter because criminal law in general is more concerned with the blameworthiness of the defendant's conduct.
Children's Rights
Authors: Archard David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAny discussion of children's rights must ask whether children do have rights and, if they do, what rights they have. It should at the outset acknowledge the basic distinction between moral and legal or positive rights (seeRights). The latter are those rights which, as a matter of fact, have been accorded to persons in law or by existing institutional rules; the former are those rights whose ascription to individuals can be morally justified. Clearly moral rights need not be positively recognized, and, conversely, those rights that individuals are given in law may lack any moral warrant.
Pacifism
Authors: Hawk William J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Pacifism involves a number of related moral positions, endorsed for different reasons, often evoking powerful emotional responses. To understand pacifism, we need to identify what pacifism is, or what pacifisms there are, by (1) looking at pacifism's core meaning, etymology, uses, near neighbors, and relationship to just war theory; (2) distinguishing absolute versus contingent pacifism; (3) categorizing pacifism's chief motivators such as nonviolence, nonkilling, moral autonomy, libertarianism, nuclear war, and religious teachings; (4) highlighting pacifism's role in international relations in the United Nations, pacifist nations, the human rights debate, and legal standing as conscientious objectors; and (5) articulating and responding to pacifism's perennial criticisms.
Mozi
Authors: Fraser Chris 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMozi (fl. ca. 430BCE) was the charismatic founder of an influential philosophical, political, and religious movement that flourished during the Warring States era (479–221BCE) in ancient China. Arguably the first real philosopher in the Chinese tradition, Mozi initiated the practice of ethical argumentation in China. He was the first figure to undertake – as Socrates did in ancient Greece – an explicit, reflective search for objective moral criteria and to support his views with tightly constructed arguments. He and his followers – the Mohists (Mo zhe) – developed a systematic set of ethical, political, and epistemological doctrines that included history's earliest version of a consequentialist ethical theory (seeConsequentialism), a state of nature argument for the existence of government, and an inchoate just war theory (seeJust War Theory, History of). The Mohists played a pivotal role in shaping the central concepts, premises, and issues of classical Chinese ethics, political theory, epistemology, philosophy of language, and logic (Graham 1978, 1989; Hansen 1992). They also contributed to early Chinese science and mathematics. The Mohist movement continued for two to three centuries after Mozi's death before eventually fading away during the Western Han dynasty (206BCE–8CE).