bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Set-Up for Testing Cement Sheath Integrity in Arctic Wells
Authors: Albawi A. , De Andrade J. , Torsæter M. , Opedal N. , Stroisz A. , Vrålstad T. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Petroleum activities in the sensitive Arctic environment require increased focus on well integrity, since even small leaks can affect production and surrounding ecosystems. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the sealing ability of the annular well cement can be maintained here. This is challenging in normal locations, and difficulties are intensified when moving north. Due to the harsh topside conditions in the Arctic, the operational windows are short – and production will necessarily be turned on/off repeatedly. The temperature of any unheated injected fluid will also be lower here. As a result, Arctic wells will be subjected to strong downhole temperature variations over their life cycles. These cause the volume of well construction materials, like casing steel and annular well cement, to repeatedly expand and contract, which might lead to loss of well integrity through debonding or cracking of the annular cement sheath.
In the present paper we describe an experimental laboratory set-up that has been designed for studying the sealing ability of annular cement as a well is exposed to thermal cycling. The samples studied are small-scale well sections including casing, annular cement and rock formation. These are exposed to thermal cycles by using a computer controlled thermal platform, which heats up by means of electrical resistance and cools down through expansion of liquefied nitrogen. It has a temperature span from – 50°C to +200°C, and adjustable heating/cooling rates and holding times. During the thermal cycling experiments, any cracking and debonding occurring in the system is continuously monitored in-situ by Acoustic Emission (AE). To demonstrate the functioning of the set-up we present some initial results obtained using ordinary Portland G cement as annular sealant. In this work, the AE events collected during cycling are compared with data from post-experiment computed tomography (CT) scans.
The testing methodology presented in this paper is flexible, thus rock type, annular sealant type and casing type can be varied at will. Mud or filter cake effects can also be included. For all samples, the procedure will enable determination of when leakage paths appear (as a function of applied thermal cycles and time), where they appear (in the bulk cement or at its interfaces) and what their sizes, geometries and distributions are. This opens for improved material choices for Arctic well construction, and optimization of operational patterns and remediation strategies for the high north.
Technological Development in Oil Recovery in Ice Conditions
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Ritari Esa , Uuskallio Arto , Niini Mikko 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Oil spills and oil recovery has become an issues as exploration and transportation is moving to more harsh offshore environment. In the early days of offshore development in the 1970ies and 1980ies most of the activity took place in open water where the existing systems; oil booms etc. where considered quite adequate. However, the recent incidents like Macondo in the Gulf of Mexico have shown that the traditional recovery methods are not sufficient, not even in open water conditions. What comes to conditions where the recovery has to be done among ice conditions and even more so in cold environment where it could be dark at very remote location? For the purpose to prevent incidents from happening and to be prepared to take proper actions in recovering spilled oil among ice we need a new approach to ensure safe operation without any harm to the environment. The accident of MT Antonio Gramsci in winter 1979 with an oil spill of 5.000 tons which mostly came to shore in the Western coasts of Finland created the impetus for changing the helpless status of the nation's winter response. The active development work in Finland thus started already in the early 1980ies by performing laboratory experiments as well as full-scale tests. Today we have a clear national target for 30.000 tons year-round response capability and are entering in the home waters to modern, tailored ice capable oil recovery vessels with dedicated tasks and integrated systems ready for oil recovery challenges in various conditions; open water and ice, warm and cold environment, good infrastructure and with no infrastructure at all. This paper describes the new possibilities in ship design relevant to oil recovery together with earlier studies in testing the possibility of oil collection from ice.
Operability of Lifeboats on Pack Ice: Coxswains’ Skill and Design Factors
Authors: Billard Randy , Rahman Md Samsur , Kennedy Allison , Ré António Simões , Veitch Brian 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Increased resource exploration and transportation in the Arctic has catalyzed the evaluation of equipment and procedures to determine their suitability for ice covered waters. Remote operating locations and harsh physical environments present new operational challenges and increased complexity that must be addressed to ensure environmental and personnel safety is not compromised. Emergency response in sea ice is a specific area that must be assessed to ensure that personnel are able to escape, evacuate, and be rescued in conditions that will be experienced during operations in the north. Regulators will expect that operators will be able to demonstrate that lifeboats can be safely launched and that the craft can navigate to a safe zone for rescue of personnel.
The paper describes an investigation into the operability of conventional lifeboats in pack ice conditions. The investigation was based on field trials of a small Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft (TEMPSC) lifeboat that was operated in a range of controlled pack ice conditions. The study focused on observing how operators with different levels of experience and backgrounds operated in ice, how their behaviors impacted their ability to maneuver through the ice field and the impact on the vessel and crew. Participants in the trials had different levels of experience operating in ice and in small crafts. The coxswains who participated in the investigation had a range of operational experience with vessels in ice, including operators who have worked aboard icebreaking vessels, but with limited experience operating in small vessels, and operators with experience operating small vessels, but with limited experience operating in ice. During the field trials, coxswains employed different tactics for advancing through ice. The outcomes of the study were used to analyze the impact of different driving techniques on the ability of the coxswain to successfully maneuver through ice and the impact of driving style on vessel integrity and crew comfort. The results of the study assess the tactics which can be employed by coxswains in different ice concentrations and the outcomes can be used to define learning objectives for training programs designed to prepare coxswains for emergency operations in ice covered waters.
Stimulation of the RIG-I/MAVS Pathway by Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Upregulates IFN-β in Airway Epithelial Cells with Minimal Costimulation of IL-8
Authors: Dauletbaev Nurlan , Cammisano Maria , Herscovitch Kassey , Lands Larry C. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pharmacological stimulation of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β in the airways may help to counter deleterious virus-induced exacerbations in chronic inflammatory lung diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis). Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] is a known inducer of IFN-β but also costimulates an inflammatory response. The latter response is undesirable given the pre-existing airway inflammation in these diseases. The objective of our study was to identify conditions for poly(I:C) to selectively upregulate IFN-β in airway epithelial cells without a concomitant inflammatory response. The inflammatory response was gauged by production of the chemokine IL-8. Using cell lines and primary airway epithelial cells (both submerged and well-differentiated), we observed that pure poly(I:C) stimulated IFN-β mainly through the TLR3/TRIF pathway and IL-8 through an unidentified pathway. The magnitude of the IL-8 response stimulated by pure poly(I:C) matched or even exceeded that of IFN-β. Furthermore, this IL-8 response could not be pharmacologically downregulated without affecting IFN-β. In contrast, we show that stimulation of the RIG-I/MAVS pathway, such as when poly(I:C) is delivered intracellularly in a complex with liposomes or via nucleofection, selectively stimulates IFN-β with low IL-8 costimulation. The magnitude of IFN-β stimulation by liposome-encapsulated poly(I:C) is markedly diminished in well-differentiated cells. In conclusion, it is feasible to augment IFN-β production in airway epithelial cells without excessive costimulation of IL-8 if the RIG-I/MAVS pathway is stimulated, such as via liposomal delivery of poly(I:C). Better cytoplasmic delivery vehicles are needed to efficiently stimulate this pathway in well-differentiated cells.
The Novel Receptor C5aR2 Is Required for C5a-Mediated Human Mast Cell Adhesion, Migration, and Proinflammatory Mediator Production
Authors: Pundir Priyanka , MacDonald Clayton A. , Kulka Marianna 
Published: August 2015

AbstractC5a generated during complement activation possesses proinflammatory and immunoregulatory properties critical for the development and modulation of allergic immune responses. In immune cells, C5a mediates its effects through binding to two G protein–coupled receptors, C5aR1 and C5aR2. Mast cells are key effectors in allergic reactions, and decades of research have suggested that the majority of C5a effects on mast cells are mediated through C5aR1, whereas the expression and function of C5aR2 have not been explored. We demonstrated that the human mast cell line Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 2 (LAD2) expresses surface C5aR2 but not C5aR1, whereas CD34+ cell–derived primary mast cells do not express surface C5aR1 or C5aR2. Stem cell factor and IL-4 upregulated C5aR2 expression on LAD2 cells. Furthermore, C5a caused internalization of LAD2 cell-surface C5aR2. We therefore used LAD2 cells as a model to study C5a/C5aR2-induced biological responses and signaling in human mast cells. We found that whereas C5a was unable to induce degranulation, it stimulated GM-CSF, TNF, CXCL10, and CCL2 production. C5a caused ERK phosphorylation, a signaling molecule important in cytokine and chemokine generation. In addition, C5a stimulated adhesion and chemotaxis of mast cells. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, and small interfering RNA against β-arrestin-2 blocked C5a-induced adhesion. Silencing of C5aR2 using lentiviral short hairpin RNA rendered the cells unresponsive to C5a-induced adhesion, chemotaxis, and mediator release, as well as ERK phosphorylation. Overall, this study reveals a novel role for C5aR2 in C5a-mediated activation of mast cells and demonstrates that C5aR2 ligation initiates a β-arrestin-2–, PI3K-, and ERK-dependent signaling pathway in these cells.
Impact ofToxoplasma gondiion Dendritic Cell Subset Function in the Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Cohen Sara B. , Denkers Eric Y. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe function of mucosal dendritic cell (DC) subsets in immunity and inflammation is not well understood. In this study, we define four DC subsets present within the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node compartments based on expression of CD103 and CD11b. Using IL-12p40 YFP (Yet40) reporter mice, we show that CD103+CD11b− mucosal DCs are primary in vivo sources of IL-12p40; we also identified CD103−CD11b− mucosal DCs as a novel population producing this cytokine. Infection was preferentially found in CD11b+ DCs that were negative for CD103. Lamina propria DCs containing parasites were negative for IL-12p40. Instead, production of the cytokine was strictly a property of noninfected cells. We also show that vitamin A metabolism, as measured by ALDH activity, was preferentially found in CD103+CD11b+ DC and was strongly downregulated in all mucosal DC subsets during infection. Finally, overall apoptosis of lamina propria DC subsets was increased during infection. Combined, these results highlight the ability of intestinal Toxoplasma infection to alter mucosal DC activity at both the whole population level and at the level of individual subsets.
Arterial segments as microvascular interposition grafts in venous anastomosis in digital replantations
Authors: Saha Shiv Shankar , Pandey Anurag , Parwal Chirayu 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Microvascular anastomosis is a crucial procedure in replantation surgeries. Venous insufficiency is one of the most consistent cause of failure or re-exploration in these surgeries necessitating the use of venous grafts. Materials and Methods: We discuss our study of 9 such replantation surgeries executed in calendar year 2013-2014, including a double finger replantation done in the same patient having total amputation of 4 fingers of the same (right) hand, in which an arterial segment was used as a microvascular interposition graft for venous anastomosis. Out of these 9 surgeries, 3 were re-exploration procedures for venous compromise and 6 were successful primary replantations. Results: In all, 8 replants were successful and one failed due to arterial compromise. Discussion: In our experience and extensive review of the previously available literature, we would like to portray the advantages of arterial segments as microvascular grafts in replant surgeries. Specifically, in a crush amputation injury for which the use of a vascular interposition graft is being contemplated. If any other digit is also amputated and is unsuitable for replantation, it can act as a potential donor site to harvest the arterial segment. However, when dealing with single finger amputation, the surgeon must be confident about the single digital arterial anastomosis, before harvesting the second digital artery as a microvascular graft. Conclusion: In our study, we found the use of arterial grafts in microvascular anastomosis of veins advantageous, as arterial segments have better ability to resist spasm due to environmental changes, better pressure tolerance as compared to venous segments, and provide an appropriate calibre match and ease of harvest in the same operative field.
“Ride-on” technique and other simple and logical solutions to counter most common complications of silicone implants in augmentation rhinoplasty
Authors: Agrawal Kapil S. , Bachhav Manoj V. , Naik Charudatta S. , Gupta Shikha , Sarda Anup V. , Desai Vyoma 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTAugmentation rhinoplasty can be carried out using a wide range of materials including autologous bone and/or cartilage as well as alloplasts. Use of biologic bone and cartilage grafts results in lower infection rates, but they are associated with long-term resorption and donor-site morbidity. Alloplastic materials, in particular silicone, have been associated in literature with extrusion, necrosis of the tip, mobility and deviation or displacement of the implant, immobile nasal tip and infection. However, they have the advantages of being readily available and easy to reshape with no requirement for harvesting autografts. Aim: To overcome these problems associated with silicone implants for which the authors have devised a novel technique, the “rideon technique”. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 11 patients over a period of 4 years. The authors have devised a simple technique to fix the silicone implant and retain it in place. Restricting the implant to only dorsum avoided common complications related to the silicone implant. Results: The authors have used this technique in 11 patients with encouraging results. Follow-up ranged from 12 months to 36 months during which patients were assessed for implant mobility, implant extrusion and tip necrosis. There was no incidence of above mentioned complications in these patients. Conclusion: The “rideon technique” provides excellent stability to silicone implants and restricting the implant only to dorsum not only eliminates chances of tip necrosis and thus implant extrusion but also maintains natural shape, feel and mobility of the tip.
Surgical revirgination: Four vaginal mucosal flaps for reconstruction of a hymen
Authors: Saraiya Hemant A. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Over centuries, virginity has been given social, religious and moral importance. It is widely believed as a state of a female who has never engaged in sexual intercourse, and her hymen is intact. Hymenoplasty for torn hymen is carried out not only for the sake of cultural and religious traditions but also for the social status and interpersonal relationships. Materials and Methods: 2.5 cm long and 1 cm wide four vaginal mucosal flaps were raised from the anterior vaginal wall just behind labia minora. Two flaps were based proximally, and their two opposing flaps were based distally. These flaps were overlapped in a crisscross fashion and were sutured with 5/0 Polyglactin (Vicryl® ) sutures leaving no area raw. The donor area was closed primarily. When some remains of a torn hymen were found, one to three vaginal mucosal flaps were added to its remains as per the need for reconstruction. Results: We operated upon 11 patients. In nine cases, the hymen was reconstructed with four flaps. In remaining two, it was reconstructed from the remains using vaginal mucosal flaps. All flaps healed without any infection or disruption. Sutures got absorbed in 25-35 days. In all cases, this newly constructed barrier broke with only moderate pressure at the time of penetrative sex serving the purpose of the surgery completely. Conclusion: Erasing evidence of the sexual history simply by ‘Surgical Revirgination’ is extremely important to women contemplating marriage in cultures where a high value is placed on virginity.
Congenital urethrocutaneous fistula in an adolescent male
Authors: Kale Satish M. , Mody Nikunj B. , Patil Surendra B. , Sadawarte Pranam 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTA urethrocutaneous fistula is a common complication after hypospadias repair, but congenital fistula is a rare anomaly. We present a 16-year-old boy with this unusual anomaly. Its etiology, embryology, and management are discussed in brief.
Intraosseous keratin cyst of the distal phalanx
Authors: Prasad Rohini , Bhamidi Arivind , Rajeswaran Arun Kumar , Bhuvaneshwari Ramamurthy 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTKeratin or epidermoid cysts of the phalanges are rare lesions mimicking osteolytic lesions such as infection, malignancy and other tumours. Definitive diagnosis can be made by histopathology only and treatment is by simple excision and curettage. We present a case of intraosseous keratin cyst of the distal phalanx and review of literature.
Dynamic models of an earthquake and tsunami offshore Ventura, California
Authors: Ryan Kenny J. , Geist Eric L. , Barall Michael , Oglesby David D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Ventura basin in Southern California includes coastal dip‐slip faults that can likely produce earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater and significant local tsunamis. We construct a 3‐D dynamic rupture model of an earthquake on the Pitas Point and Lower Red Mountain faults to model low‐frequency ground motion and the resulting tsunami, with a goal of elucidating the seismic and tsunami hazard in this area. Our model results in an average stress drop of 6 MPa, an average fault slip of 7.4 m, and a moment magnitude of 7.7, consistent with regional paleoseismic data. Our corresponding tsunami model uses final seafloor displacement from the rupture model as initial conditions to compute local propagation and inundation, resulting in large peak tsunami amplitudes northward and eastward due to site and path effects. Modeled inundation in the Ventura area is significantly greater than that indicated by state of California's current reference inundation line.
In situ optical measurements of Chang'E‐3 landing site in Mare Imbrium: 1. Mineral abundances inferred from spectral reflectance
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yang Yazhou , Yuan Ye , Jin Weidong , Lucey Paul G. , Zhu Meng‐Hua , Kaydash Vadim G. , Shkuratov Yuriy G. , Di Kaichang , Wan Wenhui , Xu Bin , Xiao Long , Wang Ziwei , Xue Bin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe visible and near‐infrared imaging spectrometer on board the Yutu Rover of Chinese Chang'E‐3 mission measured the lunar surface reflectance at a close distance (~1 m) and collected four spectra at four different sites. These in situ lunar spectra have revealed less mature features than that measured remotely by spaceborne sensors such as the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument on board the Chandrayaan‐1 mission and the Spectral Profiler on board the Kaguya over the same region. Mineral composition analysis using a spectral lookup table populated with a radiative transfer mixing model has shown that the regolith at the landing site contains high abundance of olivine. The mineral abundance results are consistent with that inferred from the compound measurement made by the on board alpha‐particle X‐ray spectrometer.
ULF wave power features in the topside ionosphere revealed by Swarm observations
Authors: Balasis Georgios , Papadimitriou Constantinos , Daglis Ioannis A. , Pilipenko Viacheslav 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRecently developed automated methods for deriving the characteristics of ultra low frequency (ULF) waves are applied to the Swarm data sets in order to retrieve new information about the near‐Earth electromagnetic environment. Here we present the first ULF wave observations by Swarm, analyzing 1 year data from the mission. We find evidence for the decay of the amplitude of the Pc3 (20–100 mHz) signal with altitude in the topside ionosphere as predicted by theoretical models of wave propagation. We show that the major characteristics of the Swarm ULF power maps generally agree with respect to the wave activity seen by the upper satellite and the lower pair of satellites when the power spectrum of the upper satellite is shifted by 1 h in magnetic local time. Moreover, a puzzling enhancement, not predicted by current ULF wave theories, of compressional Pc3 wave energy was revealed by Swarm in the region of South Atlantic Anomaly.
Asymmetries observed in Saturn's magnetopause geometry
Authors: Pilkington N. M. , Achilleos N. , Arridge C. S. , Guio P. , Masters A. , Ray L. C. , Sergis N. , Thomsen M. F. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFor over 10 years, the Cassini spacecraft has patrolled Saturn's magnetosphere and observed its magnetopause boundary over a wide range of prevailing solar wind and interior plasma conditions. We now have data that enable us to resolve a significant dawn‐dusk asymmetry and find that the magnetosphere extends farther from the planet on the dawnside of the planet by 7 ± 1%. In addition, an opposing dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the suprathermal plasma pressure adjacent to the magnetopause has been observed. This probably acts to reduce the size asymmetry and may explain the discrepancy between the degree of asymmetry found here and a similar asymmetry found by Kivelson and Jia (2014) using MHD simulations. Finally, these observations sample a wide range of season, allowing the “intrinsic” polar flattening (14 ± 1%) caused by the magnetodisc to be separated from the seasonally induced north‐south asymmetry in the magnetopause shape found theoretically (5 ± 1% when the planet's magnetic dipole is tilted away from the Sun by 10–17°).