bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness Analysis and Insurance Coverage: Solving a Puzzle
Authors: Pauly Mark 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe conventional model for the use of cost‐effectiveness analysis for health programs involves determining whether the cost per unit of effectiveness of the program is lower than some socially determined maximum acceptable cost per unit of effectiveness. If a program is better by this criterion, the policy implication is that it should be implemented by full coverage of its cost by insurance; if not, the program should not be implemented. This paper examines the unanswered question of how cost‐effectiveness analysis should be performed and interpreted when insurance coverage may involve cost sharing. It explores the question of how cost sharing should be related to the magnitude of a cost‐effectiveness ratio. A common view that cost sharing should vary inversely with program cost‐effectiveness is shown to be incorrect. A key issue in correct analysis is whether there is heterogeneity in marginal effectiveness of care that cannot be perceived by the social planner but is known by the demander. It is possible that some programs that would fail the social efficiency test at full coverage will be acceptable with positive cost sharing. Combining individual and social preferences affects both the choice of programs and the extent of cost sharing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles by Callicarpa Maingayi: Characterization and Its Application with Graphene Oxide for Enzymeless Hydrogen Peroxide Detection
Authors: Chekin Fereshteh , Bagheri Samira , Abd Hamid Sharifah Bee 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using aqueous leaf extract of Callicarpa Maingayi as a reducing and stabilizing agent during the synthesis from its salt solutions. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were analyzed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). XRD study shows that the particles are crystalline in nature with face centered cubic geometry. The crystallite size obtained from XRD is about 15 nm which is in agreement well with the TEM results. A new nanostructure sensor was constructed by immobilizing silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide (AgNPs‐GO) composite film on a glassy carbon electrode (AgNPs‐GO/GCE). It was found that the AgNPs‐GO composite exhibits good catalytic activity toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to an enzymeless sensor with a fast amperometric response time of less than 5 s, high selectivity, good reproducibility and stability. The linear range was 5.0 μM to 700 μM with a detection limit of 0.6 μM (S/N = 3).
Advancing safe drug use through interprofessional learning (IPL): A pilot study
Authors: Achike Francis I. , Smith John , Leonard Stuart , Williams Janet , Browning Felicia , Glisson James 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInterprofessional collaborative patient‐centered care (IPCPC) improves healthcare quality and cost. Drug‐related morbidity drives healthcare costs, thus requiring IPCPC approaches. The lack of educational preparedness for would‐be IPCPC practitioners underlies the failure of historic IPCPC attempts, hence today's emphasis on pre‐licensure interprofessional education (IPE). A pilot IPE class was conducted on rational drug use (RDU) through rational drug prescribing. Twenty fourth‐year nursing students and 88 second‐year medical students participated (8–10 medical per 2–3 nursing students) in small group activity in a lecture hall. A case study on rational drug choice and prescription writing processes from medical and nursing perspectives was used. Eighty of 108 (74%) students completed the post‐activity questionnaire and were satisfied with the class, with a mean weighted score (mws) of 0.8. The learning outcomes (mws = 1.0) contributed more (P < 0.05) to students satisfaction than the organization/delivery (mws = 0.6). A majority (84–94%) agreed the class objectives were achieved and favored more classes. Interaction with other healthcare professionals and the crowded classroom were, respectively, the most‐ and least‐liked aspects of the class. The study revealed students' appetite for IPE, highlights the challenges in developing IPE curricula, and could serve as impetus for schools developing IPE for RDU curricula.
Electrochemical removal of tetrahydrofuran from industrial wastewaters: anode selection and process scale‐up
Authors: Urtiaga Ane , Gómez Pedro , Arruti Axel , Ortiz Inmaculada 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this work, industrial wastewaters with an average tetrahydrofuran (THF) concentration of 688 ± 140 mg L−1 were treated by electrooxidation. Four anodic materials were tested: RuO2, Pt, PbO2 and boron‐doped diamond (BDD). Bench scale experiments (volume treated 1 L, anode area 140 cm2) and pilot scale tests (volume treated 200 L, anode area 2800 cm2) were performed, and the influence of the applied current density, in the range 300 <japp <1200 A m−2, was assessed.RESULTSBDD was the only anodic material that enabled fast THF degradation and mineralization, using sodium sulfate as electrolyte. Dimensionally stable oxides such as RuO2 with sodium chloride as electrolyte did not achieve mineralization of the organic pollutants. Bench scale experiments allowed the kinetics of THF degradation to be described. The electrooxidation process, under mass transfer control, was enhanced by the contribution of electrogenerated secondary oxidants. The kinetic model and parameters used for the process scale up were fully validated by the excellent matching between the model predictions and the experimental results obtained at pilot scale.CONCLUSIONSThe electrochemical treatment using BDD anodes allows the removal and mineralization of tetrahydrofuran contained in industrial wastewaters generated in rubber manufacturing. Process scale‐up, based on the kinetic model obtained from bench scale data, was successfully achieved. Energy consumption can be optimized by applying current modulation strategies. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs from primary and secondary effluents in a photocatalytic membrane reactor
Authors: Darowna Dominika , Grondzewska Sara , Morawski Antoni W. , Mozia Sylwia 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe pollution of the aquatic environment by pharmaceuticals has become a serious problem. Conventional technologies applied in water or sewage treatment plants are not effective in drugs removal, therefore there is an urgent need to develop new methods.RESULTSThe removal of diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBU) and naproxen (NAP) sodium salts in a photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) utilizing direct contact membrane distillation and UV‐C radiation from ultrapure water, tap water, primary effluents (PE) and secondary effluents (SE) of municipal wastewater treatment plant is presented. When PE were used as feed and TiO2 loading of 0.5 g dm−3 was applied, DCF was removed completely, IBU amount decreased for 73% and NAP for 90%. In the case of SE, DCF, IBU and NAP concentrations decreased by 100%, 93% and 94%, respectively (1.5 gTiO2 dm−3). Mineralization was low and did not exceed 14% for PE and 23% for SE. No drugs were found in the distillate, however, it contained high level of N‐NH4+, especially in PE.CONCLUSIONThe hybrid system can be an effective technology for the removal of pharmaceuticals from SE and PE, however, owing to membrane fouling the latter should be pretreated before application in the PMR. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The relative importance of climate change and shrub encroachment on nocturnal warming in the southwestern United States
Authors: He Yufei , D'Odorico Paolo , De Wekker Stephan F. J. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTMany regions of the world are affected by a major land cover change resulting from the encroachment of woody plants and the conversion of grasslands into shrublands. In the southwestern United States, such a change in vegetation cover has been found to increase the winter nighttime temperature, thereby contributing to a positive feedback between shrub encroachment and microclimate in areas encroached by cold‐sensitive shrubs. Temperature measurements show that winter minimum temperatures are on average ∼2 K higher in shrubland than in adjacent grassland sites. It is unclear how the nighttime warming induced by shrub encroachment compares with regional climate trends. We address this question by analysing both the historical and future regional temperature trends in central New Mexico. The estimated regional increase in minimum winter temperature ranges from 1 to 4 K per century using observations and climate models. Thus, the warming resulting from shrub encroachment is equivalent to a change in regional climate over a time period of century scale, which suggests that shrub encroachment has an overall important effect on the regional climate.
Tunable graphene‐based plasmonic waveguides: nano modulators and nano attenuators
Authors: Lao Jieer , Tao Jin , Wang Qi Jie , Huang Xu Guang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA modulation principle and method, the gate‐voltage‐controlled mode‐guiding switching/mode‐cutoff mechanism, is proposed and numerically investigated to achieve the modulation/attenuation function. The propagating attenuation of the graphene 2D waveguide as a function of the Fermi level of the cladding is analyzed. Different modes with low or high attenuations in a wide attenuation range have been observed. The proposed structure avoids the patterning on graphene or substrate, thus diminishing the energy scattering on the edges. It also has the advantages of large modulation depth/attenuation range, wide bandwidth, and sub‐micrometer chip‐length with a nanoscale lateral section, which is promising for future graphene‐based integrated photonic devices.
Surface plasmon resonance tunability in VO2/Au/VO2 thermochromic structure
Authors: Zhou Huaijuan , Cao Xun , Jiang Meng , Bao Shanhu , Jin Ping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNanometal–VO2 composite systems can exhibit a reversibly tunable localized surface plasmon effect under external temperature stimuli due to the temperature‐sensitive dielectric function of the thermochromic VO2 thin film. In order to improve the tunability range and enhance the resonance shift magnitude (ΔλSPR), the VO2/Au/VO2 sandwich structure was deliberately designed here. The plasmonic and thermochromic characteristics of this structure were powerfully dependent on the gold deposition time (t). By varying this parameter, the resonance wavelength (λSPR) of the semiconductor phase can be regulated from the visible range (686 nm) to the near‐infrared range (1482 nm) and a maximum ΔλSPR of 714 nm can be achieved at t = 3.5 min. This study may provide insights into plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles on a thermochromic VO2 matrix and offer potential applications in temperature‐sensitive nanodevices.
Hybrid photonic circuit for multiplexed heralded single photons
Authors: Meany Thomas , Ngah Lutfi A. , Collins Matthew J. , Clark Alex S. , Williams Robert J. , Eggleton Benjamin J. , Steel M. J. , Withford Michael J. , Alibart Olivier , Tanzilli Sébastien 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA key resource for quantum optics experiments is an on‐demand source of single and multiple photon states at telecommunication wavelengths. This letter presents a heralded single photon source based on a hybrid technology approach, combining high efficiency periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides, low‐loss laser inscribed circuits, and fast (>1 MHz) fibre coupled electro‐optic switches. Hybrid interfacing different platforms is a promising route to exploiting the advantages of existing technology and has permitted the demonstration of the multiplexing of four identical sources of single photons to one output. Since this is an integrated technology, it provides scalability and can immediately leverage any improvements in transmission, detection and photon production efficiencies.
A nano‐plasmonic chip for simultaneous sensing with dual‐resonance surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and localized surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Lin Jiao , Zhang Yuan , Qian Jun , He Sailing 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA dual‐resonance surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip which also serves as a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) refractive index sensor is proposed. The dual‐resonance SERS chip can simultaneously enhance excitation and Stokes lines for Raman signals detection in a broad wavelength region with virtually no limitation. Thus, it is especially useful for Raman detection at long wave numbers and hyper Raman. The great performance of this chip relies on the highly independent tunability of the two localized plasmonic resonances from the optical to the near‐infrared region and the strict “hot spot” match in space for both resonant wavelengths. Furthermore, Raman signals of poly‐methyl‐methacrylate (PMMA) from 500 cm−1 to 3300 cm−1 are measured in the experiments and an obvious superiority can be seen compared to a single‐resonance SERS chip. In an addition, by using the subradiant magnetic dipole resonance, the LSPR refractive sensor gives a high sensitivity of 577 nm/RIU and high figure of merit (FoM) of 14.2. The experimental results are consistent with the simulated results. This dual‐functional sensing chip opens a route for dual‐modality detection of the concentration of some specific molecules.
The Renaissance of Side‐Chain Ferrocene‐Containing Polymers: Scope and Limitations of Vinylferrocene and Ferrocenyl Methacrylates
Authors: Gallei Markus 
Published: March 2014

The synthesis of metal‐containing polymers and block copolymers has led to a rapidly expanding field of research interest for manifold potential applications. Within this contribution, some recent advances in the field of side‐chain ferrocene‐containing polymers focusing on poly(vinylferrocene) and poly(ferrocenyl methacrylates) are presented. The synthetic developments shown focus on living and controlled polymerizations, as well as surface‐initiated polymerization strategies. First attempts and recent developments for these novel redox‐responsive materials toward feasible applications are addressed.
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Poly(ethylene)‐co‐Poly(norborn‐2‐ene) Prepared by Group IV Bisamido and Half‐Sandwich Amido Complexes with Pendant Aminoborane Groups: Vinyl Insertion vs Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Xu Guangjuan , Narayana Gurram Venkata , Speiser Maria , Wang Dongren , Zou Yuanlin , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: March 2014

A series of ZrIV and TiIV complexes containing the 6‐(2‐(diethylboryl)phenyl)pyridyl‐2‐yl motif are used in the methylalumoxane‐triggered copolymerization of ethylene (E) with norborn‐2‐ene (NBE). 13C NMR analyses reveal that vinyl insertion polymerization (VIP)‐derived poly(E)‐co‐poly(NBE) is obtained with pre‐catalysts 1–4 and 6, while pre‐catalyst 5 allows for the synthesis of a copolymer that contains both VIP‐ and ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)‐derived structures. All the VIP‐derived poly(E)‐co‐poly(NBE) sequences show predominantly isolated NBE/alternating‐syndiotactic E‐NBE, as well as alternating‐isotactic E‐NBE sequences. The microstructure of the copolymers is correlated with the propensity of the pre‐catalysts to allow tandem ROMP‐VIP.
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Balancing the Initiation and Molecular Recognition Capabilities of Eosin Macroinitiators of Polymerization‐Based Signal Amplification Reactions
Authors: Lee Jungkyu K. , Sikes Hadley D. 
Published: March 2014

Coupling polymerization initiators to molecular recognition events provide the ability to amplify these events and detect them using the formation of a cross‐linked polymer as an inexpensive readout that is visible to the unaided eye. The eosin‐tertiary amine co‐initiation system, activated by visible light, has proven utility in this context when an average of three eosin molecules are coupled to a protein detection reagent. The present work addresses the question of how detection sensitivity is impacted when the number of eosin molecules per binding event increases in the range of two to fifteen. Unlike in other initiation systems, a non‐monotonic relationship is observed between the number of initiators per binding event and the observed detection sensitivity.
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Reduction of Epoxidized Vegetable Oils: A Novel Method to Prepare Bio‐Based Polyols for Polyurethanes
Authors: Zhang Chaoqun , Ding Rui , Kessler Michael R. 
Published: March 2014

A novel method, epoxidation/reduction of vegetable oils, is developed to prepare bio‐based polyols for the manufacture of polyurethanes (PUs). These polyols are synthesized from castor oil (CO), epoxidized soybean oil, and epoxidized linseed oil and their molecular structures are characterized. They are used to prepare a variety of PUs, and their thermomechanical properties are compared to those of PU made with petroleum‐based polyol (P‐450). It is shown that PUs made with polyols from soybean and linseed oil exhibit higher glass transition temperatures, tensile strength, and Young's modulus and PU made with polyol from CO exhibits higher elongation at break and toughness than PU made with P‐450. However, PU made with P‐450 displays better thermal resistance because of tri‐ester structure and terminal functional groups. The method provides a versatile way to prepare bio‐polyols from vegetable oils, and it is expected to partially or completely replace petroleum‐based polyols in PUs manufacture.
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Im Schnee und durch den Schnee
Authors: Bartels‐Rausch Thorsten 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEtwa die Hälfte der Landfläche in der nördlichen Hemisphäre ist im Winter schneebedeckt. Immer genauer versteht die Atmosphärenforschung die weitreichende Bedeutung der chemischen Prozesse im Schnee.
Im Internet gesucht, in der Nähe gefunden
Authors: Metzler‐Nolte Nils , Serova Katja 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDie Aussagekraft von Rankings und ihre Bedeutung für die Wahl des Studienorts sind umstritten. Wie sich Chemiestudenten ihre Universität aussuchen und dass sie dabei sogar Rankings nutzen, die es gar nicht gibt, zeigt nun eine Studie von Bochumer Wissenschaftlern.
Butter aus Weidegras
Authors: Hopf Henning 
Published: March 2014

AbstractChemie und Film, 1. Mitteilung: Cary Grant, hier als erfindungsreicher Chemiker, flirtet mit einer geradezu kindischen Marilyn Monroe, und Alec Guiness entwickelt eine Kunstfaser: Zwischen 1940 und 1960 gedreht, zeigen Kinofilme, wie das Wasserstoffbrückenkonzept Herzen gewinnt und Wissenschaft über Kapital geht.
Haustier geändert
Authors: Guggolz Ernst 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHat man schon jemals ein Hochhaus so schön zusammenkrachen sehen? Nicht nur die Sprengung eines universitären Turms in Frankfurt, sondern auch andere Kleinigkeiten gaben Anlass zu wilden Spekulationen und zu Erklärungen dessen, was die Welt zusammenhält — oder auseinanderfliegen lässt.
Schüler schalten chemisch
Authors: Schwarzer Stefan , Ingwersen Daniela , Herges Rainer , Parchmann Ilka 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWenn chemische Grundlagenforschung und Fachdidaktik zusammenarbeiten, profitieren beide Seiten. Ein Beispiel ist der Sonderforschungsbereich “Funktion durch Schalten” an der Universität Kiel, dessen Ergebnisse und Arbeitsweisen nun in Chemieunterricht und Schülerlabor einfließen.
Holding capacity of suction caisson anchors embedded in cohesive soils based on finite element analysis
Authors: Ahn Jaehun , Lee Hanmin , Kim Yun‐Tae 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThe foundations of offshore structures have been intensively studied to provide design guidelines for oil platforms. Recently, techniques developed for the oil industry have found new applications in the design of foundations for offshore wind turbines. There are simplified analytical solutions for the holding capacity of suction anchors, which are based on postulated failure mechanisms and are often compared with the results of finite element analyses. The merit of the results of a finite element analysis over the simplified solutions is that the finite element analysis satisfies all the basic equations in mechanics and does not require the assumption of reasonable failure mechanisms. The aim of this study is, based on the results of extensive finite element analyses, to provide a set of formulae for the estimation of the holding capacities of optimally loaded suction caisson anchors embedded in cohesive soils with a linear strength distribution. The bearing capacity factor and the depth of the optimal loading point are also estimated and reported. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional brain interactions during reflexive micturition are absent from spinal cord injured rats with neurogenic bladder
Authors: Wong Kelvin , Boone Timothy B. , Wong Stephen T.C. , Munoz Alvaro 
Published: March 2014

AimsThe micturition reflex is initiated by urinary bladder distension triggering afferent pathways and activation of specific brain centers for controlling urine storage and release. We evaluated brain activation patterns using blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during reflexive micturition in normal and spinal cord injury (SCI) rats.MethodsSprague‐Dawley female rats, either intact or with complete spinal cord transection, were anesthetized with urethane for simultaneous isovolumetric cystometry (CMG) and fMRI evaluations. A 9.4‐Tesla MRI system with a 4‐elements receiver array and a quadrature volume transmit coil was used to maximize the sensitivity detection. Gradient echo‐planar imaging (EPI) was used to evaluate brain activation during CMG compared to the empty bladder condition. Group analysis was conducted with a cluster threshold of Z > 2.5 and significance threshold of P = 0.05.ResultsThe amplitude of bladder contractions was 10‐fold higher in control rats and inter‐contractile intervals were significantly shorter in SCI rats, indicative of neurogenic overactivity. Group analysis in intact rats showed both known and novel activation patterns in hippocampus, dentate gyrus, ectorhinal cortex, thalamic nucleus, septal nucleus, primary and secondary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and the periaqueductal gray matter. SCI rats did not exceed the Z‐threshold during CMG.ConclusionsWe standardized a suitable urodynamic protocol to study supraspinal activation during reflexive micturition using simultaneous CMG/fMRI with high spatial resolution. Small contractions in SCI rats may be caused by increased excitability of afferent pathways without brain activation. Our results represent the first fMRI study in SCI rats. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:469–474, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.