Abstract A60: The hMENA Splicing Program: An important regulator of TGFβ1-driven EMT and invasiveness in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Melchionna Roberta , Iapicca Pierluigi , Modugno Francesca Di , Trono Paola , Gualtieri Novella , Diodoro Maria Grazia , Mottolese Marcella , Grazi Gian Luca , Fassan Matteo , Scarpa Aldo , Bissell Mina J. , Nisticò Paola 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Background: The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment plays an important role in promoting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early event in pancreatic cancer, involved in cancer invasiveness and in tumor progression. Among the stromal components the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are responsible for the peculiar pancreatic tumor microenvironment and are known to be linked to the induction of EMT.
The EMT process requires a dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and we have suggested that the splicing program of hMENA, an actin regulator, play a role in EMT. Two alternatively expressed isoforms, hMENA11a and hMENAΔv6, with opposite functions in invasiveness have been described in breast cancer (Di Modugno et al PNAS 2012).
hMENA expression has not been detected in normal pancreatic ducts, whereas expressed in the human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples, but no data are available on hMENA alternative isoform expression in this neoplasia.
The aim of this study is to investigate whether TGFβ1-mediated EMT in pancreatic cancer cells is affected by hMENA overexpression and splicing and how CAFs affect this process in cancer cell lines and in human tissues.
Methods: hMENA isoform expression was evaluated in PDAC tissues by immunohistochemistry using isoform specific antibodies. hMENA isoforms and EMT markers expression were characterized in human PDAC cell lines, TGFβ1-treated or untreated, by qRT-PCR and WB analysis. The effects of either hMENA isoform specific knockdown or overexpression in the TGFβ1-induced EMT were also evaluated.
Pancreatic CAFs were isolated from human tissues of resected PDAC patients. The effect of the conditioned medium of cultured CAFs was evaluated on hMENA expression. In parallel, the role of CAF-cancer cell interaction on the expression of the different hMENA isoforms was analysed using a co-culture system.
Results: Freshly explanted CAFs expressed the “mesenchymal” hMENAΔv6, and not hMENA11a and secreted paracrine factors involved in the induction of hMENA isoforms in tumor cells.
In a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines, hMENA11a expression correlated with an epithelial phenotype, while hMENAΔv6 expression was correlated with a mesenchymal phenotype. Interestingly, the expression of the invasive hMENAΔv6 isoform is specifically up-regulated by TGFβ1 treatment.
hMENA isoform expression levels influenced molecular changes induced by TGFβ1. Thus, the hMENA11a specific silencing led to E-cadherin down-regulation that is more evident in TGFβ1 treated cells. On the contrary, hMENA11a overexpression led to a reduction of vimentin expression and to E-cadherin up-regulation. Knockdown of the endogenous hMENA/hMENAΔv6 isoform expression prevented the activation of TGFβ1 signaling and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers. In addition, hMENA/hMENAΔv6 isoform depletion impaired the TGFβ1-induced invasiveness, migration and production of MMPs.
IHC analysis of PDAC tissues revealed that the epithelial hMENA11a is rarely expressed in primary pancreatic tumour, while high levels of hMENA and hMENAΔv6 isoforms were found in 75% of primary tumours analysed.
Conclusions: This data suggests that the lack of the epithelial hMENA11a isoform is an early event in pancreatic cancer, provides new insights into the role of hMENA splicing in TGFβ1-mediated EMT and highlights hMENA splicing program as an attractive pathway for the development of new therapies in PDAC.
Citation Format: Roberta Melchionna, Pierluigi Iapicca, Francesca Di Modugno, Paola Trono, Novella Gualtieri, Maria Grazia Diodoro, Marcella Mottolese, Gian Luca Grazi, Matteo Fassan, Aldo Scarpa, Mina J. Bissell, Paola Nisticò. The hMENA Splicing Program: An important regulator of TGFβ1-driven EMT and invasiveness in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A60.