bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Niveaux de base actuels dans les trois principaux canyons du Languedoc oriental : l'Ardèche, la Cèze, le Gard
Authors: Fabre Guilhem 
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Dans un massif karstique traversé par un canyon dans lequel coule une rivière allogène, il y a plusieurs niveaux de base ; surtout si les calcaires se développent largement sous le talweg. La complexité qu'il y a de les caractériser avec précision est unanimement reconnue et se retrouve dans les définitions classiquement proposées. A partir de l'exemple des trois principaux canyons du Languedoc oriental on constate actuellement que :
a) Lorsqu'un cours d'eau épigé allogène est pérenne et sans perte notable, il y a correspondance globale entre le niveau de base fluviatile s.l. et le niveau de base karstique majeur matérialisé par les plus bas conduits noyés du karst. C'est-à-dire ceux qui se trouvent dans la tranche calcaire comprise entre le mur atteint par la corrosion et les plus basses et importantes sources pérennes drainant le karst.
b) Lorsqu'un cours d'eau épigé allogène temporaire ne coule pas par suite de prélèvements karstiques, il n'y a pas correspondance entre les différents niveaux de base. Le niveau de base fluviatile s.l. est temporairement actif. Quant au niveau de base karstique majeur pérenne il se place dans la zone noyée comprise entre le mur atteint par la corrosion et le toit des écoulements karstiques pérennes situés sous le talweg sec ; c'est-à-dire principalement au niveau des plus basses et importantes sources pérennes drainant le karst.
The Combined Role of Galactose-Deficient IgA1 and Streptococcal IgA–Binding M Protein in Inducing IL-6 and C3 Secretion from Human Mesangial Cells: Implications for IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Schmitt Roland , Ståhl Anne-lie , Olin Anders I. , Kristoffersson Ann-Charlotte , Rebetz Johan , Novak Jan , Lindahl Gunnar , Karpman Diana 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion associated with immune deposits consisting of galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 and C3. We have previously shown that IgA-binding regions of streptococcal M proteins colocalize with IgA in mesangial immune deposits in patients with IgAN. In the present study, the IgA-binding M4 protein from group A Streptococcus was found to bind to galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 with higher affinity than to other forms of IgA1, as shown by surface plasmon resonance and solid-phase immunoassay. The M4 protein was demonstrated to bind to mesangial cells not via the IgA-binding region but rather via the C-terminal region, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. IgA1 enhanced binding of M4 to mesangial cells, but not vice versa. Costimulation of human mesangial cells with M4 and galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 resulted in a significant increase in IL-6 secretion compared with each stimulant alone. Galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 alone, but not M4, induced C3 secretion from the cells, and costimulation enhanced this effect. Additionally, costimulation enhanced mesangial cell proliferation compared with each stimulant alone. These results indicate that IgA-binding M4 protein binds preferentially to galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 and that these proteins together induce excessive proinflammatory responses and proliferation of human mesangial cells. Thus, tissue deposition of streptococcal IgA-binding M proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of IgAN.
Rapid Proliferation and Differentiation Impairs the Development of Memory CD8+ T Cells in Early Life
Authors: Smith Norah L. , Wissink Erin , Wang Jocelyn , Pinello Jennifer F. , Davenport Miles P. , Grimson Andrew , Rudd Brian D. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Neonates often generate incomplete immunity against intracellular pathogens, although the mechanism of this defect is poorly understood. An important question is whether the impaired development of memory CD8+ T cells in neonates is due to an immature priming environment or lymphocyte-intrinsic defects. In this article, we show that neonatal and adult CD8+ T cells adopted different fates when responding to equal amounts of stimulation in the same host. Whereas adult CD8+ T cells differentiated into a heterogeneous pool of effector and memory cells, neonatal CD8+ T cells preferentially gave rise to short-lived effector cells and exhibited a distinct gene expression profile. Surprisingly, impaired neonatal memory formation was not due to a lack of responsiveness, but instead because neonatal CD8+ T cells expanded more rapidly than adult cells and quickly became terminally differentiated. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that neonatal CD8+ T cells exhibit an imbalance in effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation, which impairs the formation of memory CD8+ T cells in early life.
Collecting Money, Connecting Beliefs: Fundraising and Networking in the Unity of Brethren of the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Schunka Alexander 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Early modern fundraising journeys were an important tool for the economic and religious survival of minorities, as well as for the creation of transnational ties of communication and support. This essay addresses a fundraising journey of the Bohemian Unity of Brethren from Poland to Great Britain in 1715/17. Focusing on the diary of the fundraiser Christian Sitkovius, it argues that this journey was crucial in providing a theological and communicative basis for later links between the Bohemian Brethren and Zinzendorf's Moravian Church, as well as for the Moravians' establishment in the British empire. The article offers important insights into contemporary practices of traveling and religious self-fashioning as well as into the relationship between religion and economy among Protestants in the early eighteenth century. It also adds new information about the early history of the Moravian Church in the Atlantic World.
Diurnal variations of energetic particle radiation at the surface of Mars as observed by the Mars Science Laboratory Radiation Assessment Detector
Authors: Rafkin Scot C. R. , Zeitlin Cary , Ehresmann Bent , Hassler Don , Guo Jingnan , Köhler Jan , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert , Gomez‐Elvira Javier , Harri Ari‐Matti , Kahanpää Henrik , Brinza David E. , Weigle Gerald , Böttcher Stephan , Böhm Eckart , Burmeister Söenke , Martin Cesar , Reitz Güenther , Cucinotta Francis A. , Kim Myung‐Hee , Grinspoon David , Bullock Mark A. , Posner Arik ,   the MSL Science Team
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Radiation Assessment Detector onboard the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity is detecting the energetic particle radiation at the surface of Mars. Data collected over the first 350 Martian days of the nominal surface mission show a pronounced diurnal cycle in both the total dose rate and the neutral particle count rate. The diurnal variations detected by the Radiation Assessment Detector were neither anticipated nor previously considered in the literature. These cyclic variations in dose rate and count rate are shown to be the result of changes in atmospheric column mass driven by the atmospheric thermal tide that is characterized through pressure measurements obtained by the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station, also onboard the rover. In addition to bulk changes in the radiation environment, changes in atmospheric shielding forced by the thermal tide are shown to disproportionately affect heavy ions compared to H and He nuclei.
Terrain physical properties derived from orbital data and the first 360 sols of Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover observations in Gale Crater
Authors: Arvidson R. E. , Bellutta P. , Calef F. , Fraeman A. A. , Garvin J. B. , Gasnault O. , Grant J. A. , Grotzinger J. P. , Hamilton V. E. , Heverly M. , Iagnemma K. A. , Johnson J. R. , Lanza N. , Le Mouélic S. , Mangold N. , Ming D. W. , Mehta M. , Morris R. V. , Newsom H. E. , Rennó N. , Rubin D. , Schieber J. , Sletten R. , Stein N. T. , Thuillier F. , Vasavada A. R. , Vizcaino J. , Wiens R. C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPhysical properties of terrains encountered by the Curiosity rover during the first 360 sols of operations have been inferred from analysis of the scour zones produced by Sky Crane Landing System engine plumes, wheel touch down dynamics, pits produced by Chemical Camera (ChemCam) laser shots, rover wheel traverses over rocks, the extent of sinkage into soils, and the magnitude and sign of rover‐based slippage during drives. Results have been integrated with morphologic, mineralogic, and thermophysical properties derived from orbital data, and Curiosity‐based measurements, to understand the nature and origin of physical properties of traversed terrains. The hummocky plains (HP) landing site and traverse locations consist of moderately to well‐consolidated bedrock of alluvial origin variably covered by slightly cohesive, hard‐packed basaltic sand and dust, with both embedded and surface‐strewn rock clasts. Rock clasts have been added through local bedrock weathering and impact ejecta emplacement and form a pavement‐like surface in which only small clasts (<5 to 10 cm wide) have been pressed into the soil during wheel passages. The bedded fractured (BF) unit, site of Curiosity's first drilling activity, exposes several alluvial‐lacustrine bedrock units with little to no soil cover and varying degrees of lithification. Small wheel sinkage values (<1 cm) for both HP and BF surfaces demonstrate that compaction resistance countering driven‐wheel thrust has been minimal and that rover slippage while traversing across horizontal surfaces or going uphill, and skid going downhill, have been dominated by terrain tilts and wheel‐surface material shear modulus values.
Modeling permafrost thaw and ecosystem carbon cycle under annual and seasonal warming at an Arctic tundra site in Alaska
Authors: Li Jianwei , Luo Yiqi , Natali Susan , Schuur Edward A. G. , Xia Jianyang , Kowalczyk Eva , Wang Yingping 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPermafrost thaw and its impacts on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics are critical for predicting global climate change. It remains unclear whether annual and seasonal warming (winter or summer) affect permafrost thaw and ecosystem C balance differently. It is also required to compare the short‐term stepwise warming and long‐term gradual warming effects. This study validated a land surface model, the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange model, at an Alaskan tundra site, and then used it to simulate permafrost thaw and ecosystem C flux under annual warming, winter warming, and summer warming. The simulations were conducted under stepwise air warming (2°C yr−1) during 2007–2011, and gradual air warming (0.04°C yr−1) during 2007–2056. We hypothesized that all warming treatments induced greater permafrost thaw, and larger ecosystem respiration than plant growth thus shifting the ecosystem C sink to C source. Results only partially supported our hypothesis. Climate warming further enhanced C sink under stepwise (6–15%) and gradual (1–8%) warming scenarios as followed by annual warming, winter warming, and summer warming. This is attributed to disproportionally low temperature increase in soil (0.1°C) in comparison to air warming (2°C). In a separate simulation, a greater soil warming (1.5°C under winter warming) led to a net ecosystem C source (i.e., 18 g C m−2 yr−1). This suggests that warming tundra can potentially provide positive feedbacks to global climate change. As a key variable, soil temperature and its dynamics, especially during wintertime, need to be carefully studied under global warming using both modeling and experimental approaches.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Donor–Acceptor Molecules with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Ishimatsu Ryoichi , Matsunami Shigeyuki , Kasahara Takashi , Mizuno Jun , Edura Tomohiko , Adachi Chihaya , Nakano Koji , Imato Toshihiko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of four kinds of electron donor–acceptor molecules exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is presented. TADF molecules can harvest light energy from the lowest triplet state by spin up‐conversion to the lowest singlet state because of small energy gap between these states. Intense green to red ECL is emitted from the TADF molecules by applying a square‐wave voltage. Remarkably, it is shown that the efficiency of ECL from one of the TADF molecule could reach about 50 %, which is comparable to its photoluminescence quantum yield.
Electrochemical Synthesis of a Microporous Conductive Polymer Based on a Metal–Organic Framework Thin Film
Authors: Lu Chunjing , Ben Teng , Xu Shixian , Qiu Shilun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new approach to preparing 3D microporous conductive polymer has been demonstrated in the electrochemical synthesis of a porous polyaniline network with the utilization of a MOF thin film supported on a conducting substrate. The prepared porous polyaniline with well‐defined uniform micropores of 0.84 nm exhibits a high BET surface area of 986 m2 g−1 and a high electric conductivity of 0.125 S cm−1 when doped with I2, which is superior to existing porous conducting materials of porous MOFs, CMPs, and COFs.
Strongly Veined Carbon Nanoleaves as a Highly Efficient Metal‐Free Electrocatalyst
Authors: Ye Tian‐Nan , Lv Li‐Bing , Li Xin‐Hao , Xu Miao , Chen Jie‐Sheng 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEffective integration of one‐dimensional carbon nanofibers (CNF) and two‐dimensional carbon sheets into three‐dimensional (3D) conductive frameworks is essential for their practical applications as electrode materials. Herein, a novel “vein‐leaf”‐type 3D complex of carbon nanofibers with nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG) was prepared through a simple thermal condensation of urea and bacterial cellulose. During the formation of the 3D complex CNF@NG, the graphene species was tethered to CNF via carbon–carbon bonds. Such an interconnected 3D network facilitates both the electron transfer and mass diffusion for electrochemical reactions.
All‐Inorganic Nanocrystals as a Glue for BiSbTe Grains: Design of Interfaces in Mesostructured Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Son Jae Sung , Zhang Hao , Jang Jaeyoung , Poudel Bed , Waring Al , Nally Luke , Talapin Dmitri V. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNano‐ and mesostructuring is widely used in thermoelectric (TE) materials. It introduces numerous interfaces and grain boundaries that scatter phonons and decrease thermal conductivity. A new approach has been developed for the rational design of the interfaces in TE materials by using all‐inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) that serve as a “glue” for mesoscopic grains. For example, circa 10 nm Bi NCs capped with (N2H5)4Sb2Te7 chalcogenidometallate ligands can be used as an additive to BiSbTe particles. During heat treatment, NCs fill up the voids between particles and act as a “glue”, joining grains in hot‐pressed pellets or solution‐processed films. The chemical design of NC glue allowed the selective enhancement or decrease of the majority‐carrier concentration near the grain boundaries, and thus resulted in doped or de‐doped interfaces in granular TE material. Chemically engineered interfaces can be used as to optimize power factor and thermal conductivity.
Magnetic and Optoelectronic Properties of Gold Nanocluster–Thiophene Assembly
Authors: Qin Wei , Lohrman Jessica , Ren Shenqiang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNanohybrids consisting of Au nanocluster and polythiophene nanowire assemblies exhibit unique thermal‐responsive optical behaviors and charge‐transfer controlled magnetic and optoelectronic properties. The ultrasmall Au nanocluster enhanced photoabsorption and conductivity effectively improves the photocurrent of nanohybrid based photovoltaics, leading to an increase of power conversion efficiency by 14 % under AM 1.5 illumination. In addition, nanohybrids exhibit electric field controlled spin resonance and magnetic field sensing behaviors, which open up the potential of charge‐transfer complex system where the magnetism and optoelectronics interact.
A Trinuclear Defect‐Grid Iron(II) Spin Crossover Complex with a Large Hysteresis Loop that is Readily Silenced by Solvent Vapor
Authors: Steinert Markus , Schneider Benjamin , Dechert Sebastian , Demeshko Serhiy , Meyer Franc 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new type of [2×2] matrix‐like complexes with one vertex devoid of a metal ion has been selectively synthesized. The defect‐grid triiron(II) complex exhibits a sharp and complete spin‐crossover (SCO) from the 1HS‐2LS to the 2HS‐1LS state (HS: high spin; LS: low spin) with wide hysteresis near room temperature. Although the “structurally soft” H‐bonded vertex, elastically coupled to the metal ions, accounts for the stabilization of spin states, it also mediates a dramatic, yet reversible, response to the uptake of exogenous solvent molecules leading to silencing of the SCO. The high sensitivity towards those guest molecules, the short response time upon exposure, and the smooth reversibility of guest binding are favorable characteristics for future sensing applications of such defect grids.
Synthesis, characterization and properties of cellulose‐grafted glycine derivatives
Authors: Guo Ming , Wang Huan , Sun Liping , Li Yanjun 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTNovel Schiff base cellulose derivatives were successfully prepared by a bridge‐coupling reaction from dialdehyde cellulose (DAC), which was obtained by the selective oxidation of sodium periodate to cotton fibers, in which the glycine (Gly) was bonded onto the DAC chains by a Schiff base reaction with p‐nitrobenzaldehyde as a bridge. The structures of the graft copolymer (DAC‐g‐Gly) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, solid‐state NMR, and scanning electronic microscopy. The thermodynamic properties were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and the biodegradability was also tested by the microbial degradation and the active sludge method. The results indicate that Gly was connected to DAC by chemical bonding, which changed the thermal stability, and that DAC‐g‐Gly could be biodegraded significantly. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40929.
Antioxidant, antifungal, water binding, and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) film incorporated with essential oil as a potential wound dressing material
Authors: Kavoosi Gholamreza , Nateghpoor Behroz , Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Ali 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, the properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films incorporated with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMO) as a potential antioxidant/antibacterial material was investigated. PVA films were prepared from PVA solutions (2% w/v) containing different concentrations of ZMO. Water solubility, moisture absorption, water swelling, and water vapor permeability for pure PVA films were 57 ± 1.1, 99 ± 3.2%, 337 ± 8%, and 0.453 ± 0.015 g mm/m2 h, respectively. Incorporation of ZMO into PVA films caused a significant decrease in water swelling and moisture absorption and increase in solubility and water vapor permeability. Tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break for pure PVA films were 13.5 ± 0.61 MPa, 15.2 ± 0.8 MPa, and 216 ± 4%, respectively. Incorporation of ZMO into the PVA films caused a significant decrease in tensile strength and elastic modulus and increase in elongation at break of the films. Pure PVA film showed UV‐visible light absorbance ranging from 280 to 440 nm with maximum absorbance at 320 nm. Addition of ZMO caused a significant increase in light absorbance and opacity. PVA films exhibited no antioxidant and antifungal activities, whereas PVA/ZMO films exhibited excellent antioxidant and antifungal properties. Although the bioactivity PVA films were improved by the addition of ZMO, however, the mechanical properties and water binding capacity of the films were weaken slightly. Thus, ZMO emulsified in the ethanol not compatible with PVA matrix and more suitable emulsifier was needed in order to obtain strong film with higher mechanical properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40937.
Polymeric micelles based on hyaluronic acid and phospholipids: Design, characterization, and cytotoxicity
Authors: Saadat Ebrahim , Amini Mohsen , Dinarvand Rassoul , Dorkoosh Farid A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTNovel amphiphilic copolymers were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR using Hyaluronic acid (HA) as a hydrophilic part and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) including 1,2‐dimiristoyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) and 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) as a hydrophobic segment. The newly developed HA‐PE copolymers form a micelle in an aqueous media. The micellar properties, including critical micelle concentration (CMC) with pyrene as a fluorescence probe and micelle morphology, using transmission electron microscopy were assessed. It was found that the CMC values for HA‐DMPE and HA‐DSPE were 15.5 and 13.4 μg/mL, respectively. Also micelles were spherical in shape and within the size range of 162–214 nm. The solubility of cholesterol, a highly hydrophobic compound, was enhanced to 0.25 mg/mL which is much higher than it is in water (0.0001 mg/mL). In vitro cytotoxicity assay of HA‐PE copolymers showed no toxicity on human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7). These results suggest that HA‐PE micelles could be considered as a promising carrier for delivery of hydrophobic compounds. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40944.
Spherical activated carbon derived from spherical cellulose and its performance as EDLC electrode
Authors: Tsubota Toshiki , Nagata Daisuke , Murakami Naoya , Ohno Teruhisa 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTSpherical activated carbons (ca. 30–100 μm in diameter) were synthesized from commercial spherical cellulose beads. The addition of guanidine phosphate was performed as the pretreatment, and CO2 activation was applied for enhancing the specific surface area. The addition of guanidine phosphate drastically improved the yield of carbon during the activation process. The specific surface area reached 1545 m2 g−1 for the sample heat‐treated at 850°C for 1 h in flowing N2 and continuously for 3 h in flowing CO2 activation. The calculated capacitance values per area (F m−2) for the pore size of less than 1 nm was large in the case of small current density. The distortion of the solvation shell could be the reason for the large capacitance value for the small pore size of less than 1 nm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40950.
Development of a paper‐type tyrosinase biosensor for detection of phenolic compounds
Authors: Şenyurt Özge , Eyidoğan Füsun , Yılmaz Remziye , Öz M. Tufan , Özalp V. Cengiz , Arıca Yakup , Öktem Hüseyin A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA low‐cost, portable, and disposable paper‐type tyrosinase biosensor was developed for determination of phenolic compounds, using a paper‐strip absorption method. Tyrosinase and a chromophore (3‐methyl‐2‐benzothiazolinone hydrazone) were immobilized on paper strips to manufacture the biosensor, which was tested on a nontoxic substrate (l‐dopamine). The biosensor was responsive to phenolic compounds such as 4‐chlorophenol, catechol, m‐cresol, and p‐cresol. The sensor showed stability for 70 days. The developed biosensor can be used for remote on‐site qualitative monitoring of phenolic compounds in wastewater samples.