bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the reliability of Surface Production Facilities in the Oil and Gas Industry through better data quality
Authors: Ehi Ataga , Asiodu-Otughwor Isioma 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Surface production facilities refer to all the equipment used in the oil and gas industry to separate and measure the produced fluids from hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil, gas, water, and impurities), prepare the oil and gas for transportation to the market, and handle disposal of any water and impurities. Examples of this equipment include compressors, pumps, separators, metering systems, coolers, pipelines, storage tanks, turbines etc.
The reliability of surface production facilities refer to the ability of the above named equipment to perform its required function under given conditions for a given time interval.
Equipment failure history over the entire facility life cycle is the key component of reliability data for surface production facilities. Quality reliability data would contain the following: detailed description of fault, functional location to lowest possible level, accurate maintenance planning group and work centre, damage information(such as object code, part code, damage code), symptoms, execution condition (whether it is done on the run or during a shutdown), and appropriate corrective maintenance priority rating.
Reliability data is deemed to be of high quality if they are fit for their intended uses in surface production operations, decision making and planning as well as if they correctly represent the real-world construct to which they refer. These data are useful for planning, front end loading for new projects, equipment improvement initiatives/minor modification projects, decision making, budgeting and business improvement initiatives/projects.
Good quality reliability data will safeguard the integrity of the facilities (which is a core aspect of asset integrity and process safety management), improve maintenance performance, reduce the direct cost of maintenance, and minimize downtime thereby increasing productivity. Therefore good quality information is paramount to maintenance improvement and translates to improved equipment reliability.
Biological And Chemical Changes Associated With Exposure Of Cyprinid Fishes To Some Oil Field Chemicals In The Niger-Benue River System, Nigeria
Authors: Uche A. O , Sikoki F. D. , Konya R. S. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Oil and gas exploration and production in Nigeria is geared towards meeting the energy need of its populace and also generate revenue. However, oil field chemicals used in oil and gas activities are sources of environmental pollution, causing various degrees of harm especially to the aquatic components of the environment. Most ascertained detrimental effects of oil field chemicals on organisms are generally laboratory based investigations. These have not considered synergistic and antagonists effects of these chemicals under various environmental conditions on organisms and the ecosystem. A research that incorporates both field and laboratory studies to investigate the effects of oil field chemicals in the natural environment would be of great use to provide a wholistic data for scientists. Such research would consider both synergistic and/or antagonistic effects of these chemicals under the natural environment with its varing conditions. The result obtained from such study would significantly enhance - integrated catchment management (ICM), further limnological studies/assessment, information for policy redress on contamination and pollution abatement, and remedial activities to ensure a sustainable healthy environment.
Biosurfactant production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for applications as oil field chemical in Nigeria.
Authors: Hope Neboh , Gideon Abu 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The interest of Petroleum industry in biosurfactant production has increased considerably in recent years as a possible replacement for chemical surfactants which are known for their high toxicity and non-degradability. Biosurfactants are amphiphillic surface active agents produced by microrganisms. They are biodegradable and have been found useful in oil field applications such as bioremediation of hydrocarbon impacted media due to their enhanced oil recovery ability, solubilisation, removal of oil from contaminated soil and sludge in oil storage tanks, dispersion of oil spills, transfer of crude oil and bioremediation of recalcitrant molecules without a residual toxic effect on the environment. These properties make their usage more advantageous over their synthetic counterparts. Biosurfactants can be obtained with the use of agro-industrial waste such as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as substrate, this helps to reduce overall production costs. Microrganisms have demonstrated the ability to utilize POME as a carbon source accompanied with biosurfactant production. This is due to their unique metabolic pathways which makes them a useful tool in the bio-industry. Production of biosurfactants from POME will not only reduce its production cost but will also encourage the use of our indigenous raw material thus reducing the amount of waste released into the environment and contributing immensely to sustainable waste management. The present review describes the production of biosurfactant from POME and its applications in oil field industry.
Mitigation of Biogenic Sulphide Production by Sulphate Reducing Bacteria in Petroleum Reservoir Souring
Authors: Immanuel O. M. , Abu G. O. , Stanley H. O. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) often thrive in reservoirs requiring seawater flooding to enhance recovery of oil. A mix of sulphate ions, easily degradable organic compounds and SRB, coupled with a favourable temperature, leads to biosulphidogenesis. Petroleum reservoir souring occurs when there is an increase in the concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in produced fluids. Physiological and molecular studies have given us the picture of microbial diversities in petroleum reservoirs, tolerable conditions for their growth and metabolism, and the presence of genes for various metabolic functions. Uncontrolled growth of SRB limits reservoir productivity due to bioclogging and can also lead to biocorrosion, increase in the refining cost and decrease in the economic value of crude, due to biogenic sulphide production. The decision to control the activities of SRB is one that must be taken before the onset of souring. The use of green biocides such as glutaraldehyde and tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS) has proven effective. Less expensive and environmental friendly biocides effective against both sessile and planktonic SRB growth are sought by the petroleum industry as alternatives to those currently in use. Here, we review the role of SRB in petroleum reservoir souring, mechanisms of souring and biocorrosion, souring mitigation strategies, and recent advances in control of SRB.
Managing Greenhouse gases emission through minimizing the usage of blanketing gas on storage tanks – The Bonny Oil and Gas Terminal Case Study
Authors: Ehi Ataga 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions are primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect, which occurs when thermal radiation from the earth surface is absorbed by these greenhouse gases and radiated back to the earth surface. The consequence of this phenomenon is a rise in the average earth surface temperature. It is established that the earth's natural greenhouse effect makes living on earth possible and comfortable for humans but the activities of humans such as burning of fossil fuels(hydrocarbons) over time has intensified the natural greenhouse effect by significantly increasing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide resulting in global warming. Global warming has resulted in widespread melting of snow and ice, sea level rise, increased humidity, and increased heat content of the oceans.
The Bonny Oil and Gas terminal receives, dehydrates, stabilizes, stores and exports all crude oil produced in SPDC Eastern operations and the processed crude oil is exported by pipeline to tankers and to the nearby NNPC refinery. In the Terminal, LP fuel gas (composed mainly of methane) is used as blanketing gas and is introduced into storage tanks and vessels to prevent a vacuum from developing when liquid is removed from a tank to maintain the desired blanket pressure and prevent outside air from contaminating the tank or creating a flammable or explosive environment. It also ensures that a constant gas pressure is maintained in the vapour space of a storage tank.
Efficient blanketing gas demand would ensure that pressure relief from tanks and vessels which ultimately result in greenhouse gas emissions are minimized. This is implemented through the use of split range control scheme for blanketing gas on fixed roof storage tanks in the Export Terminal. In a split range control scheme, the output of the controller is split and sent to two final control elements (pressure control valves).The splitter is configured to define how each pressure control valve will open. The first valve which allows inflow of blanket gas to the tank opens when the output is of the range 0-45% while the second pressure control valve to the flare opens at an output range of 55%-100%.
The deployment of this control scheme of blanketing gas on fixed roof storage tanks in Bonny Terminal has resulted in the lowering of greenhouse gas emissions, combating climate change, process optimization, and significant energy savings.
Improving Value by Leveraging on Integrated Multi-discipline Data Review for a Partially Appraised Gas Field Development: The Zed Field Case Study
Authors: Sonde Adenike , Ozoemene Uchechukwu , Nwabudike Udoka , Ifeanyi-Onah Florence , Amuboh Okiemute , Esho Muyiwa 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The importance of multi-discipline integration in the various phases of hydrocarbon exploitation cannot be over-emphasized. In the past, the various subsurface disciplines, within the oil and gas industry, worked in silo-like organizations which often results in a sub-optimal understanding/evaluation of the subsurface data. However, in recent times, much has been done and written on multi-disciplinary integration and its benefits particularly with respect to subsurface studies.
The Zed field, which is the subject of this paper, is a predominantly gas bearing partially appraised field. The field is composed of a series of stacked sandstone reservoirs located in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Given the limited subsurface data available within the hydrocarbon-bearing areas of the field (only 2 of the 6 wells in the field penetrated the hydrocarbon-bearing sections), one of the biggest challenges of developing this field remain the high level of subsurface uncertainties coupled with the potentially low economic value of further appraisal and development of the field. In order to adequately assess these uncertainties and the economic feasibility of developing the Zed field, a detailed subsurface study involving a full re-evaluation of all potential hydrocarbon bearing sands penetrated by the wells was required.
The study, which kicked off with a comprehensive integrated multi-discipline data review and quicklook evaluation, resulted in the identification of two additional reservoirs previously considered too marginal to contain substantial hydrocarbon. This paper details how the systematic, multi-discipline data integration and review of these two reservoirs helped in the identification and determination of higher hydrocarbon volumes in these reservoirs; and how this has helped in improving the economic value of the Zed field development project.
Wellbore Strengthening through Squeeze Cementing: A Case Study
Authors: Ogochukwu Benyeogor 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Formation strength is an important parameter in drilling operations pressure control because it indicates the wellbore pressure containment envelope above which fracture or rock matrix failure starts to occur and propagate if the pressure/stress is sustained. The rock mineralogy, the orientation of wellbore with respect to the direction of regional fault line, the stress regime as well as the permeability of the rock determines the manner in which the rock would fracture. During well operations, situations that may result in the fracture of one of the formations traversed by the wellbore could arise, in which case, the main operations focus shifts to ensuring that the fractured formation is repaired before normal well operations can resume. One of the techniques of reinforcing or repairing a fractured formation is Wellbore Strengthening; which employs a variety of technologies such as deployment of resins and specially designed cement slurry.
Over the years squeeze cementing success has greatly improved through studies and using best practices; however, wellbore strengthening through squeeze cementing still poses unique challenges of determining the location of the fractures that need sealing; and also whether these fractures are compatible with the designed cement slurry. Thus squeeze cementing, while being economical and effective, will only succeed if the job is properly designed and executed.
This paper will demonstrate, through actual results, the feasibility of squeeze cementing as a means to restore wellbore strength by explaining the basic engineering that goes into designing a successful squeeze cement job for this purpose. It focuses on describing how the multidisciplinary approach of rock geo-mechanics, lithology, fluid mechanics, cement slurry design and proper job execution can contribute to the success of wellbore strengthening through squeeze cementing.
Strategic Management of Health Safety and Environment Risks in Down-Trodden Oil Dependence Economy
Authors: Tubosun Fagbe 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
As price of crude oil descends with fast falling economy of some oil dependence national economies like Nigeria, strong indications have emerged that the management of Occupational Health, Safety and Environment in Nigeria Oil sector may nose-dive due to shortage of funds, company's income, national currency exchange rate, management preference for profit, inadequate risk analysis, government policy and standard enforcement challenges. This paper examines the various factors that may negatively and positively affect safety management in suggesting strategic health safety and environment management styles that may trigger, maintain and sustain business corporate image, improvement in productivity, returns-on-investment, reduce accident, eliminate cost of litigation and victim compensation despite national economic crisis arising from crash in International Crude Oil price.
An Investigation of the Effects of High Temperature and High Pressure (HTHP) On the Stability of Wellbore Casing Using Finite Element (FE) Method
Authors: Ohenzuwa S. O , Olafuyi A. O , Nwankwo E. , Bello K. O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Casing is designed to provide well bore stability and withstand imposed loads such as external pressure, internal pressure and mechanical load due to compressive forces on casing. To ensure integrity and reliability of casings, a cost effective approach is hereby presented using finite element (FE) methods.
At ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure, casing design can be achieved by the use of available grades of casing, but for HTHP wells it becomes critical to investigate the integrity and reliability of casing grades provided. Thus, numerical methods such as FE become invaluable as opposed to standard casing selection procedures.
This work models stability of casing in the wellbore using a commercial industry accepted FE package – Abaqus 6.12. The model was developed using simple plane stress and plane strain elements with corresponding boundary conditions. Various mechanical properties of steel casing, concrete, surrounding rock and interfaces were modeled to mimic a full scale industry scenario. The model investigated casings under HTHP, mechanical failure criteria in terms of elasticity, plasticity of material, geometric non-linearity and compared with other existing analytical models in literature in other to validate the model.
It was observed that the model becomes highly unstable under HTHP environment, hoop and radial strains in the wellbore casing increased as the temperature and pressure of the transported fluid in the wellbore increased. Areas of stress concentration in the casings can easily be observed in the model and it shows an efficient procedure for investigating the stability of casings in harsh conditions. Casings were subjected to HTHP to predict optimum configurations for different scenarios.
Finite Element Analysis of Induced Stresses on Injection Wells using Plane Stress and Strain Elements
Authors: Ikponmwosa U. B , Nwankwo E , Bello K. O , Olafuyi A. O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Casing failure has become a common occurrence especially in injection wells, which often affect development objectives of intended reservoirs. Stresses induced by injection of fluids (e.g. water, CO2, steam) in a well may affect the integrity of the casing, cement and surrounding formations. Thus, a simplified and reliable assessment of the thermal stresses induced in casings are necessary in predicting the integrity of well in complex and unconventional production activities.
The injected fluid cause fracturing of the formations and this induces local compression and tensile stresses in the various casing strings landed and cemented in the well. This work presents a quick and cost effective procedure for obtaining appropriate grades of casing using finite element (FE) method. The model is developed for quick assessment of well integrity using a well-known commercial FE package- ABAQUS 6.12-1. The ABAQUS’ plane stress and plane strain elements with associated material properties were used to model the thermal stresses in casing, cement and near well bore. The effect of varying the thickness of casing was investigated and an optimum thickness corresponding to various fluid conditions was obtained. The developed model was compared to existing models in other to assess the accuracy of the model. A parametric study was conducted on the effect of casing dimensions on the stresses and strains developed in the steel casing.
The results of the study showed that strains and stresses on the casing vary directly with increasing temperature and pressure of transported fluid in the wellbore casing. A strain based failure criteria was developed to aid the well design engineer in selecting appropriate casing thickness and diameter. The model presented shows a quick and reliable procedure for obtaining dimensions of casing subjected to unconventional environments.
Optimization of Hole Cleaning Using Dynamic Real-Time Cuttings Monitoring Tools
Authors: Dosunmu Adewale , Orun Cosmas , Anyanwu Chimaroke , Ekeinde Evelyn 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Optimization of hole cleaning remains a vital challenge when planning and drilling deviated, high angle and extended reach wells. Hole cleaning depends on a number of factors and as to date most existing models have been deployed in solving hole cleaning problems. However, the flow rate predicted by these models may not be feasible to apply practically in field operations because it gives a pressure exceeding allowable limits of the pop-up valves on the mud pump. This is the major cause of downtime during drilling operations. This research is aimed at adding value to the existing models in achieving better hole cleaning and reduced down time. This was made possible through the use of cutting monitoring model which is a real time and quantitative tool. A case study on a well being drilled in the Niger Delta was conducted whose from which it was observed that within 5800ft to 11500ft, the hole was not properly clean as less cuttings were recovered. This information was used to initiate hole cleaning procedure. From the validation, the results shows Non-Productive Time associated with hole cleaning has a significant drop of 2-5 days when the cutting monitoring model is used in conjunction with the existing models.
Formulation of Demulsifiers from Locally Sourced Raw Materials for Treatment of a Typical Nigerian Crude Oil Emulsion
Authors: Sulaiman A. D. , Abdulsalam S. , Francis A. O. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Crude oil produced from the depths of the earth and during processing is associated with water or aqueous solutions of salts, particularly sodium chloride and during spills over waters, in the form of emulsions. Nigeria, an oil producing country, has remained dependent on foreign demulsifiers for the treatment of crude oil emulsion. This water interferes with refining operations, provoke corrosions, increase heat capacity and reduce the handling capacity of refining equipment and pipelines. Four samples of crude oil emulsion were collected from Ughelli East stations W/10L, W/10L, W/8L and W/1T, and labeled A, B, C, and D respectively. These samples were kept for few days at regulated temperature below their well head temperature to allow for natural gravitation. Meanwhile, four blends of local demulsifiers were formulated using locally sourced materials of non-edible jatropha curcas oil, industrial camphor, paraffin wax, starch from cassava and prepared liquid soap. These blends were used to treat the crude oil emulsion at a ratio of 1:50 ml using bottle test method at room temperature and regulated well head temperature in a water bath alongside the patent Separol N46 demulsifier as ‘control experiment’. The comparative results obtained showed that all local demulsifiers performance increased with separating time and operating temperature, while equal dosage of patent Separol N46 showed no performance. However, treatments AWHT4, BRT4, CWHT3 and DWHT4 all at well head temperature showed that most water was expelled after about 480 minutes. These results showed that the demulsifiers produced from these local content materials were cheaper, time effective and broke the selected crude oil within a shorter time frame than the foreign demulsifiers.