bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: TOPE WHITNEY D. , SANGÜEZA OMAR P. 
Published: June 2013

background. Merkel cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a cutaneous neoplasm, histopathologically difficult to differentiate from other small blue cell neoplasms. Immunohistochemical and ultra‐structural analyses are usually helpful in differentiating these neoplasms. Recently, cytogenetic analysis has emerged as a potential tool in the diagnosis of solid neoplasms, including MCC.objective. To describe the immunohistochemical and cytogenetic features of a case of primary MCC and to review the cytogenetics literature on MCC.methods. Formalin‐fixed tissue was processed routinely and labeled with a battery of antibodies. Metaphase cells from fresh tissue were prepared by Giemsa banding.results. Histopathologically, there were irregular aggregates of pyknotic cells with little cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells stained positive for neurofilament, cytokeratin, neuron‐specific enolase, and epithelial membrane antigen. Leucocyte common antigen, S‐100, 013, and chromogranin were negative. Karyotyping of neoplastic cells showed loss of chromosome Y(—Y).conclusions. Coexpression of cytokeratin and neurofilament is characteristic of MCC and allows it to be differentiated from similar neoplasms. The significance of Y chromosome loss is unclear. Further cytogenetic analyses are warranted to identify genetic mutations significant to the pathogenesis of MCC.
Treatment of Common Warts Using the Infrared Coagulator
Authors: HALASZ CHARLES L. G. 
Published: June 2013

background. The infrared coagulator (IRC) is an instrument that delivers a narrow beam of noncoherent infrared light to the skin surface.objective. The purpose of the study was to determine the utility of the infrared coagulator in treating common warts of the hands and feet.METHODS. Forty‐four warts in 21 patients were treated with 1.25‐second pulse durations. Thirty‐one of the warts were recurrent after previous electrosurgery or cryosurgery. Average follow‐up time was 11 months.results. Overall, 25 warts (57%) resolved after one treatment, 6 warts (14%) regressed and cleared with additional treatment, and 13 warts (30%) recurred, giving an overall cure rate of 70%. Eleven of the 21 patients (52%) were cleared of all their treated warts.conclusion. The IRC is a useful therapeutic modality for common warts.
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
Authors: BURNS MICHAEL K. , CHEN SOO PEEN , GOLDBERG LEONARD H. 
Published: June 2013

background. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a slow‐growing, nondescript, locally aggressive, deeply infiltrating neoplasm histologically characterized by an infiltrative pattern of basaloid or squamous cells, a desmoplastic stromal reaction, keratin‐filled cysts, and glandular structures.objective. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is uncommon and may be mistaken microscopically for other benign and malignant entities. Perineural or intraneural involvement by tumor cells is characteristic and extension into underlying structures including muscle, fat, and bone are frequently encountered. Although local recurrences are common after standard surgical excision, metastases have not been reported. Extensive resections of lesions may be necessary to extirpate widespread tumor, particularly those that are long standing or recurrent. Because significantly increased morbidity is associated with recurrent disease, surgical and histopathologic techniques that stress examination of all margins are advantageous.methods. We review the course of 10 patients with microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the face (six primary and four recurrent lesions) and their treatment by Mohs micrographic surgery.
Clinical Advantage of the CO2Laser Superpulsed Mode
Authors: FITZPATRICK RICHARD E. , GOLDMAN MITCHEL P. , RUIZ‐ESPARZA JAVIER 
Published: June 2013

background.Unintended thermal damage occurring during surgery with the CO2laser limits its usefulness because of slow healing and increased scarring. The superpulsed mode was developed to address this problem, but little clinical data exist to evaluate its effectiveness.objective.Patients having warts of the hands and feet, seborrheic keratoses, lentigines, and actinic cheilitis were treated by three experienced laser surgeons using both the conventional continuous mode CO2laser and a superpulsed CO2laser. Effectiveness of therapy, healing time, and rates of scarring were compared for the two groups of patients.methods.Charts of patients treated in 1988 and 1989 were reviewed and data recorded regarding surgical parameters, healing time, scarring, and effectiveness of therapy. Patients were placed in a diagnosis category with each laser only if there was a corresponding patient treated by the same physician using the other laser.conclusion.The superpulsed mode was found to convey only a slight advantage. The use of a 50‐millisecond pulse was even more advantageous. The superpulse parameters are analyzed and ideal parameters to prevent unwanted thermal damage are suggested.
Microcirculatory Aspects of Venous Ulceration
Authors: BUTLER C.M. , SMITH P.D. COLERIDGE 
Published: June 2013

background. Articles were identified from a literature search based on Index Medicus from 1983 onwards with additional, as yet, unpublished data obtained directly from ongoing research at The Middlesex Hospital Vascular Laboratory. Original scientific articles were selected if they addressed the mechanisms causing venous ulceration in relation to the events in the microcirculation.objective. To review the mechanisms proposed recently to explain the pathogenesis of venous ulceration.results. Recent data suggest that there is a systemic inflammatory response associated with the presence of venous disease in the lower limb, as indicated by measuring plasma neutrophil elastase and lactoferrin. In volunteers without venous disease white cell activation may be produced by experimental venous hypertension lasting 30 minutes, produced by applying a venous tourniquet to the lower limb or by standing without moving for 30 minutes.conclusion. Inflammatory mechanisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of venous disease but the exact mechanisms producing venous ulceration remain to be elucidated.
Verruca Vulgaris and Radiation Exposure Are Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Finger
Authors: KOPELSON PETER L. , NGUYEN QUAN H. , MOY RONALD L. 
Published: June 2013

background. Factors associated with the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the finger are verruca vulgaris, radiation exposure, burns, and arsenic ingestion,objectives. We wish to further document the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and roentgen exposure to squamous cell carcinoma of the finger.methods. A retrospective study of 32 cases of digital squamous cell carcinoma seen at UCLA Medical Center was performed.results. Ten patients (31%) had histories ofverrucae at the site of the carcinoma. Eight patients (25%) had histories of x‐ray therapy to the hand.conclusion. Our study further supports the association of verruca vulgaris and radiation exposure in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the finger.
Ars Conjectandi Three Hundred Years On
Authors: Edwards Anthony 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This year sees the 300th anniversary of Bernoulli's Ars conjectandi–The Art of Conjecturing. It transformed gamblers' “expectations” into modern mathematical probabilities. More importantly, it sets forth what Bernoulli called his “golden theorem”– the law of large numbers – which underpins the whole of statistical inference. Professor Anthony Edwards digs deep.
Time and the Entrepreneurial Journey: The Problems and Promise of Studying Entrepreneurship as a Process
Authors: McMullen Jeffery S. , Dimov Dimo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe examine the growing disconnect between the process‐oriented conception of entrepreneurship taught in the classroom and theorized about in premier journals and the variance‐oriented conception of entrepreneurship that characterizes empirical studies of the phenomenon. We propose that a shift in inquiry from entrepreneurship as an act to entrepreneurship as a journey could facilitate process‐oriented research by initiating a dialogue about the nature of the entrepreneurial journey, when it has begun and ended, whether it might be productively subdivided into variables or events, and what if anything remains constant throughout the process. Finally, we propose that a clearer understanding of the entrepreneurial journey is necessary to distinguish the field horizontally from research on creativity and strategy, and vertically from research on more practical business functions or more abstract systems‐level concepts.
Macroalgal associations of motile epifaunal invertebrate communities on coral reefs
Authors: Roff George , Wabnitz Colette C. C. , Harborne Alastair R. , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSmall grazing motile epifaunal invertebrates play an important ecosystem role on coral reefs, influencing both the abundance and composition of macroalgal communities and acting as a key food source for a range of predatory fishes. The first aim of this study was to investigate the associations between motile epifaunal communities and four common macroalgal species (Lobophora variegata,Dictyota divaricata,Microdictyon marinumandHalimeda opuntia) on fore‐reef environments in the Exuma Cays (Bahamas, wider Caribbean). Secondly, we investigated the implications of the well documented rise of Caribbean macroalgal cover on invertebrate densities by surveying sites inside and outside the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (ECLSP), where increases in parrotfish grazing intensity inside the marine reserves have led to reductions in macroalgal cover. Therefore, surveys compared similar reefs with significantly different macrolagal cover. Comparisons between macroalgal species revealed a four to fivefold difference in motile epifaunal densities per unit volume of macroalgae.Post‐hoctests revealed that this difference was significant only forLobophora, with no difference observed among the other species. As macroalgae provide both a refuge from predation and a food source for grazing epifauna, the higher densities of epifauna observed inLobophoramay be attributed to either refuge from visual predators through morphological features (high cover of overlapping blades close to the substrate) or lack of palatability for parrotfish grazing, providing a more stable refuge. Our results revealed no significant differences in diversity, density or community structure of motile epifauna per unit volume of macroalgae between sites inside and outside theECLSP. Since canopy height and invertivore biomass did not vary systematically across reserve boundaries, this suggests that algal cover does not affect the density of epifaunal invertebrates. However, areal cover was consistently higher for all macroalgal species at sites outside theECLSPthan those inside the reserve. Therefore, when scaled by aerial cover of macroalgae, total abundance of epifauna was twofold higher outside theECLSP. We suggest that the increasing abundance of macroalgae on Caribbean reefs may be having dramatic effects on epifaunal invertebrate populations and potentially their ecological functions.
Local adaptation of sex induction in a facultative sexual crustacean: insights from QTL mapping and natural populations of Daphnia magna
Authors: Roulin Anne C. , Routtu Jarkko , Hall Matthew D. , Janicke Tim , Colson Isabelle , Haag Christoph R. , Ebert Dieter 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDormancy is a common adaptation in invertebrates to survive harsh conditions. Triggered by environmental cues, populations produce resting eggs that allow them to survive temporally unsuitable conditions. Daphnia magna is a crustacean that reproduces by cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between the production of asexual offspring and the sexual reproduction of diapausing eggs (ephippia). Prior to ephippia production, males (necessary to ensure ephippia fertilization) are produced parthenogenetically. Both the production of ephippia and the parthenogenetic production of males are induced by environmental factors. Here, we test the hypothesis that the induction of D. magna resting egg production shows a signature of local adaptation. We postulated that Daphnia from permanent ponds would produce fewer ephippia and males than Daphnia from intermittent ponds and that the frequency and season of habitat deterioration would correlate with the timing and amount of male and ephippia production. To test this, we quantified the production of males and ephippia in clonal D. magna populations in several different controlled environments. We found that the production of both ephippia and males varies strongly among populations in a way that suggests local adaptation. By performing quantitative trait locus mapping with parent clones from contrasting pond environments, we identified nonoverlapping genomic regions associated with male and ephippia production. As the traits are influenced by two different genomic regions, and both are necessary for successful resting egg production, we suggest that the genes for their induction co‐evolve.
Multilocus tests of Pleistocene refugia and ancient divergence in a pair of Atlantic Forest antbirds (Myrmeciza)
Authors: Raposo do Amaral Fábio , Albers Patrick K. , Edwards Scott V. , Miyaki Cristina Y. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Atlantic Forest (AF) harbours one of the most diverse vertebrate faunas of the world, including 199 endemic species of birds. Understanding the evolutionary processes behind such diversity has become the focus of many recent, primarily single locus, phylogeographic studies. These studies suggest that isolation in forest refugia may have been a major mechanism promoting diversification, although there is also support for a role of riverine and geotectonic barriers, two sets of hypotheses that can best be tested with multilocus data. Here we combined multilocus data (one mtDNA marker and eight anonymous nuclear loci) from two species of parapatric antbirds, Myrmeciza loricata and M. squamosa, and Approximate Bayesian Computation to determine whether isolation in refugia explains current patterns of genetic variation and their status as independent evolutionary units. Patterns of population structure, differences in intraspecific levels of divergence and coalescent estimates of historical demography fit the predictions of a recently proposed model of refuge isolation in which climatic stability in the northern AF sustains higher diversity and demographic stability than in the southern AF. However, a pre‐Pleistocene divergence associated with their abutting range limits in a region of past tectonic activity also suggests a role for rivers or geotectonic barriers. Little or no gene flow between these species suggests the development of reproductive barriers or competitive exclusion. Our results suggests that limited marker sampling in recent AF studies may compromise estimates of divergence times and historical demography, and we discuss the effects of such sampling on this and other studies.
Regular or covert sex defines two lineages and worldwide superclones within the leaf‐curl plum aphid (Brachycaudus helichrysi, Kaltenbach)
Authors: Piffaretti J. , Clamens A.‐L. , Vanlerberghe‐masutti F. , Gupta R.K. , Call E. , Halbert S. , Jousselin E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAsexual reproduction occurs widely in plants and animals, particularly in insects. Aphid species usually reproduce by cyclic parthenogenesis, but many species include obligate asexual lineages. We recently showed that the leaf‐curl plum aphid, Brachycaudus helichrysi, actually encompasses two lineages, B. helichrysi H1 and H2. Ecological data suggest that these lineages have different life cycles. We conducted a large population genetics study, based on 14 microsatellite loci, to infer their respective life cycles and investigate their population structure and geographical distribution. Brachycaudus helichrysi H1 displayed the genetic signature of cyclical parthenogenesis, using plum trees as primary hosts for sexual reproduction, as classically described for B. helichrysi. This global survey showed that the Central Asian population of H1 was clearly differentiated from American–European populations. By contrast, B. helichrysi H2 displayed the typical signature of obligate asexual reproduction. H2 encompassed at least eight highly successful genotypes or superclones. This lack of ability to undergo sexual reproduction was confirmed for one of the superclones by sex induction experiments. We found only one B. helichrysi H2 population that underwent sexual reproduction, which was collected from peach trees, in Northern India. Our results confirm that H1 and H2 have different life cycles. Brachycaudus helichrysi H1 is clearly heteroecious using plum trees as primary hosts, while B. helichrysi H2 encompasses several anholocyclic lineages, and some heteroecious populations that until now have only been found associated with peach trees as primary hosts. We discuss implications of these findings for the pest status of B. helichrysi lineages.
Introgression and the fate of domesticated genes in a wild mammal population
Authors: Feulner Philine G. D. , Gratten Jacob , Kijas James W. , Visscher Peter M. , Pemberton Josephine M. , Slate Jon. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWhen domesticated species are not reproductively isolated from their wild relatives, the opportunity arises for artificially selected variants to be re‐introduced into the wild. However, the evolutionary consequences of introgression of domesticated genes back into the wild are poorly understood. By combining high‐throughput genotyping with 25 years of long‐term ecological field data, we describe the occurrence and consequences of admixture between a primitive sheep breed, the free‐living Soay sheep of St Kilda, and more modern breeds. Utilizing data from a 50 K ovine SNP chip, together with forward simulations of demographic scenarios, we show that admixture occurred between Soay sheep and a more modern breed, consistent with historical accounts, approximately 150 years ago. Haplotype‐sharing analyses with other breeds revealed that polymorphisms in coat colour and pattern in Soay sheep arose as a result of introgression of genetic variants favoured by artificial selection. Because the haplotypes carrying the causative mutations are known to be under natural selection in free‐living Soay sheep, the admixture event created an opportunity to observe the outcome of a ‘natural laboratory’ experiment where ancestral and domesticated genes competed with each other. The haplotype carrying the domesticated light coat colour allele was favoured by natural selection, while the haplotype associated with the domesticated self coat pattern allele was associated with decreased survival. Therefore, we demonstrate that introgression of domesticated alleles into wild populations can provide a novel source of variation capable of generating rapid evolutionary changes.
The functional vanGCd cluster of Clostridium difficile does not confer vancomycin resistance
Authors: Ammam Fariza , Meziane‐cherif Djalal , Mengin‐Lecreulx Dominique , Blanot Didier , Patin Delphine , Boneca Ivo G. , Courvalin Patrice , Lambert Thierry , Candela Thomas 
Published: June 2013

SummaryvanGCd, a cryptic gene cluster highly homologous to the vanG gene cluster of Enterococcus faecalis is largely spread in Clostridium difficile. Since emergence of vancomycin resistance would have dramatic clinical consequences, we have evaluated the capacity of the vanGCd cluster to confer resistance. We showed that expression of vanGCd is inducible by vancomycin and that VanGCd, VanXYCd and VanTCd are functional, exhibiting D‐Ala : D‐Ser ligase, D,D‐dipeptidase and D‐Ser racemase activities respectively. In other bacteria, these enzymes are sufficient to promote vancomycin resistance. Trans‐complementation of C. difficile with the vanC resistance operon of Enterococcus gallinarum faintly impacted the MIC of vancomycin, but did not promote vancomycin resistance in C. difficile. Sublethal concentration of vancomycin led to production of UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide[D‐Ser], suggesting that the vanGCd gene cluster is able to modify the peptidoglycan precursors. Our results indicated amidation of UDP‐MurNAc‐tetrapeptide, UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide[D‐Ala] and UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide[D‐Ser]. This modification is passed on the mature peptidoglycan where a muropeptide Tetra‐Tetra is amidated on the meso‐diaminopimelic acid. Taken together, our results suggest that the vanGCd gene cluster is functional and is prevented from promoting vancomycin resistance in C. difficile.
Advance care planning for institutionalised older people: an integrative review of the literature
Authors: Séchaud Laurence , Goulet Céline , Morin Diane , Mazzocato Claudia 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundThis integrative review of the literature describes the evolution in knowledge and the paradigm shift that is necessary to switch from advance directives to advance care planning.Aims and objectivesIt presents an analysis of concepts, trends, models and experiments that enables identification of the best treatment strategies, particularly for older people living in nursing homes.DesignBased on 23 articles published between 1999 and 2012, this review distinguishes theoretical from empirical research and presents a classification of studies based on their methodological robustness (descriptive, qualitative, associative or experimental).ResultsIt thus provides nursing professionals with evidence‐based information in the form of a synthetic vision and conceptual framework to support the development of innovative care practices in the end‐of‐life context. While theoretical work places particular emphasis on the impact of changes in practice on the quality of care received by residents, empirical research highlights the importance of communication between the different persons involved about care preferences at the end of life and the need for agreement between them.ConclusionsThe concept of quality of life and the dimensions and factors that compose it form the basis of Advance care planning (ACP) and enable the identification of the similarities and differences between various actors. They inform professionals of the need to ease off the biomedical approach to consider the attributes prioritised by those concerned, whether patients or families, so as to improve the quality of care at the end of life.Implications for practiceIt is particularly recommended that all professionals involved take into account key stakeholders' expectations concerning what is essential at the end of life, to enable enhanced communication and decision‐making when faced with this difficult subject.
The Differing Values of Multigeneration and First‐Generation Farmers: Their Influence on the Structure of Agriculture at the Rural‐Urban Interface
Authors: Inwood Shoshanah , Clark Jill K. , Bean Molly 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecognizing the inherent pressures on farm families and farmland, USDA has been developing policies and programs that simultaneously attempt to retain existing farm families on the landscape, recruit new farmers, and create lasting economic opportunities rooted in agriculture. In this article we argue that to date there has been an overemphasis on economic and structural approaches and a systematic discounting of the way individual farmer and farm household motivations can differ as they relate to the farm household life cycle, enterprise growth, adaptation, and reproduction. We use a sociological lens to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the social differences between multigeneration and first‐generation farmers at the rural‐urban interface by exploring how economic and noneconomic values influence succession plans and enterprise structure. We find that the answers to these questions are complex, layered, and not static, as farm households cycle through the life course. We describe how the differences between young and old multigeneration and first‐generation farmers can influence the structure of agriculture at the rural‐urban interface, and conclude with some practical policy recommendations.