bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Railway Transport (I)
Authors: Kaufmann Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The first reforms of the EU railway sector were made in the 1990s, after the quality of railway transport had deteriorated drastically. Road traffic benefitted from dynamic growth owing to the EU Internal Market, but the national monopoly railway companies were not able to meet market demands. Awareness of the negative environmental consequences of road traffic was growing. This chapter describes the main objectives of the European Union’s railway policy through successive ‘packages’ since the 1990s, intended to open the market to competition and create incentives for product innovation and service quality, while fostering the interoperability of the national networks (and, hence, international services) through technical harmonization, developing a common rail safety approach, and creating a Trans-European Network for rail. It details the role of regulatory bodies and defines the relationship between infrastructure providers and rail service operators. The chapter also sets out the regulatory framework to enhance rail safety and interoperability.
Competition (I)
Authors: Mes Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
After transport by car, travel by air is the option that European consumers and companies use most to move around. Air transport covers almost 10 per cent of the kilometres travelled by EU citizens. More than 800 million passengers use EU airports annually. Having airlines compete with the best service and the best price is essential for the European economy. The European Union has made a considerable effort to liberalize the air transport markets in Europe. As a result, fares were reduced, new business models (low-cost carriers) emerged, and air travel became more affordable. In the long term, European airlines became more resilient in the global market place. This chapter describes the complex operations of the airline industry and the delicate definition of relevant markets. It sets out in detail the elaborate practice in respect of restrictive agreements and abuses of dominant position.
Galaxy clustering at cosmic dawn from JWST/NIRCam observations to redshift z~11
Authors: Dalmasso Nicolò , Leethochawalit Nicha , Trenti Michele , Boyett Kristan 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
We report measurements of the galaxy two-point correlation function at cosmic dawn, using photometrically selected sources from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). The JWST/NIRCam data set comprises approximately $N_g \simeq 7000$ photometrically selected Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs), spanning in the redshift range $5\le z\lt 11$. The primary objective of this study is to extend clustering measurements beyond redshift $z\gt 10$, finding a galaxy bias $b=9.6\pm 1.7$ for the sample at $\overline{z} = 10.6$. The result suggests that the observed sources are hosted by dark matter haloes of approximately $M_{h}\sim 10^{10.6}~\mathrm{{\rm M}_{\odot }}$, in broad agreement with theoretical and numerical modelling of early galaxy formation during the epoch of reionization. Furthermore, the JWST JADES data set enables an unprecedented investigation of clustering of dwarf galaxies two orders of magnitude fainter than the characteristic $L_*$ luminosity (i.e. with $M_{F200W}\simeq -15.8$) during the late stages of the epoch of reionization at $z\sim 6$. By analysing clustering as a function of luminosity, we find that $b(M_{F200W})$ aligns with previous results for brighter galaxies and then decreases with $M_{F200W}$, as theoretically expected for fainter candidates. These initial results demonstrate the potential for further quantitative characterization of the interplay between assembly of dark matter and light during cosmic dawn that the growing samples of JWST observations are enabling.
Rapid profiling of transcription factor–cofactor interaction networks reveals principles of epigenetic regulation
Authors: Inge Melissa M , Miller Rebekah , Hook Heather , Bray David , Keenan Jessica L , Zhao Rose , Gilmore Thomas D , Siggers Trevor 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Transcription factor (TF)–cofactor (COF) interactions define dynamic, cell-specific networks that govern gene expression; however, these networks are understudied due to a lack of methods for high-throughput profiling of DNA-bound TF–COF complexes. Here, we describe the Cofactor Recruitment (CoRec) method for rapid profiling of cell-specific TF–COF complexes. We define a lysine acetyltransferase (KAT)–TF network in resting and stimulated T cells. We find promiscuous recruitment of KATs for many TFs and that 35% of KAT–TF interactions are condition specific. KAT–TF interactions identify NF-κB as a primary regulator of acutely induced histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). Finally, we find that heterotypic clustering of CBP/P300-recruiting TFs is a strong predictor of total promoter H3K27ac. Our data support clustering of TF sites that broadly recruit KATs as a mechanism for widespread co-occurring histone acetylation marks. CoRec can be readily applied to different cell systems and provides a powerful approach to define TF–COF networks impacting chromatin state and gene regulation.
Greenwashed Cigarette Ad Text and Imagery Produce Inaccurate Harm, Addictiveness, and Nicotine Content Perceptions: Results From a Randomized Online Experiment
Authors: Moran Meghan Bridgid , Ibrahim Maryam , Czaplicki Lauren , Pearson Jennifer , Thrul Johannes , Lindblom Eric , Robinson-Mosley Shae , Kennedy Ryan David , Balaban Ariel , Johnson Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The tobacco industry has a long history of circumventing regulations to present their products, inaccurately, as less harmful. Greenwashing (portraying a product as natural/eco-friendly) is increasingly used by tobacco companies and may mislead consumers to believe that certain cigarettes are less harmful than others. This study assesses the effect of some common greenwashing tactics on consumer product perceptions.

Aims and Methods
We conducted an online experiment with 1504 participants ages 18–29, randomized to view a cigarette ad manipulated for presence–absence of a combination of four different greenwashing techniques: greenwashed ad text, greenwashed ad imagery, recycled paper ad background, and image of greenwashed cigarette pack. Participants rated perceived absolute harm, relative harm to other cigarettes, absolute addictiveness, relative addictiveness, and relative nicotine content.

Results
Participants who viewed ads containing greenwashed text were more likely to have inaccurate perceptions about absolute harm (AOR = 1.72), relative harm (AOR = 3.92), relative addictiveness (AOR = 2.93), and nicotine content (AOR = 2.08). Participants who viewed ads containing greenwashed imagery were more likely to have inaccurate perceptions of relative harm (AOR = 1.55), absolute addictiveness (AOR = 1.72), relative addictiveness (AOR = 1.60), and nicotine content (AOR = 1.48). Forty-two percent of those who saw an ad with all greenwashed features believed the product was less harmful than other cigarettes versus 2% of those who saw an ad without greenwashed features.

Conclusions
We found that greenwashed text and imagery produced inaccurate risk perceptions. More active U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) enforcement against such greenwashing and new FDA rulemaking to prohibit unnecessary imagery in tobacco advertising and establish plain packaging requirements would help protect consumers and public health.

Implications
These findings provide evidence that greenwashing tactics used by the tobacco industry increase inaccurate product risk perceptions. These tactics could be a way for the industry to make implicit modified risk claims, despite applicable U.S. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act prohibitions. Findings from this study support the need for prohibitions on these tactics, and the potential for such prohibitions to help protect public health.
Healthcare professionals as domestic abuse survivors: workplace impact and support-seeking
Authors: Dheensa Sandi , Doughty Janine , Gregory Alison 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are expected to identify and respond to domestic abuse (DA) among their patients. Although research suggests that a high proportion of HCPs are affected by DA, the impact of their experiences has been under-researched.

Aims
To assess UK HCPs’ experiences of DA and develop a broad understanding of its impact on work and HCPs’ support needs.

Methods
An online cross-sectional survey was promoted via multiple professional channels (October to December 2022). We adopted convenience sampling and analysed data descriptively.

Results
Among the 192 HCP survivors who responded, all abuse subtypes—psychological, sexual, economic and physical—were common. Ninety per cent of abusers were male (ex)partners. Eighty-five per cent reported abusers directly interfered with their work and 92% reported their work and career were affected. Almost all reported physical and mental health consequences. Eighty-nine per cent reported their own experiences shaped their responses to patient survivors. On average, per year, HCP survivors reported they had 13 sick days, 5 days’ leave, 10 days’ lateness and 6 days’ early departure due to DA. Only 20% reported their workplace had a staff DA policy, and over 50% were unsure what workplace support mechanisms were available. Just over half disclosed at work; concerns that others would question their fitness to practice were common. Twenty-two per cent reported aspects of work, for example, long hours, stopped them from seeking support outside work.

Conclusions
HCPs face unique barriers to DA disclosure and support-seeking and may benefit from tailored support from specialists who understand both DA and the healthcare context.
Otherworld
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Otherworld offers a lively translation and retelling of little-known, anonymous stories composed over a thousand years ago in the monastic libraries of Ireland. In poetry and prose, the tales tell us what happens when human and supernatural lovers cross the boundaries between our world and the magical Otherworld (síd) and its creatures (áes síde). Set in a lost time of heroes, demigods, and warrior queens, these stories inspired some of the earliest fairy tales of Europe, but they are sexier, funnier, and bloodier than better-known medieval myths and romances. While retelling the tales, this book also traces themes and characters that link the nine stories and interprets crucial details often lost on modern readers. With beguiling illustrations by Saba Joshaghani, Otherworld opens a modern portal to the síd and to the imagination of storytellers who lived long ago.
Introduction
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Once upon a time, a very few fortunate mortals found their way to the Otherworld—the early medieval Irish síd. Some of their adventures are told in this book: nine enchanting tales from Ireland, all more than a thousand years old. These stories are about love and magic. They are about the boundaries between the present moment and the distant past, about parallel worlds and the strange borderlands between them. They speak of the anguish of betrayal, and they celebrate enduring devotion. They probe the terrible choice between duty to family and duty to the heart. They boast of the impossible toils and triumphs of heroes and demigods and the unbelievable beauty of queens. They relish the shriek of the raven-winged war goddess and lament men’s blood spilled on the muddy earth. Above all, they are about interracial love desire shared by mortal humans and the supernatural áes síde, folk of the ancient Irish Otherworld.
The Eighth Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This story began before Cú Chulainn wed Emer. We heard before how the Cú was on his way home from Alba after his training and stopped at the Isles, where he met a king’s daughter and arranged a tryst with her. This is her sad story, for not all romances end well. No one from the Otherworld figures in this story, but the heroine, Derb Forgaill, was able to take bird shape, just like Cáer Ibormeith, Étaín, and other ladies of the síd. The lesson in this tale is about men who ignored the wrath of the woman-troop when the ladies thought themselves betrayed.
Where There’s Smoke, There’s Fire
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The ability of inference to bring about knowledge of unseen things is the focus of this chapter. It introduces the distinction between two kinds of inference: inference for oneself and inference for another, where the latter is crucial for public reasoning. As well, it explains the five components of a Nyāya inference: the thesis, reason, illustration, application, and conclusion. After explaining the basic structure of inference, the chapter explains three majors kinds of inference: presence-only, absence-only, and presence-and-absence inferences. When these different inferences are suitable is the main concluding discussion, with a brief digression into the topic of probabilistic inference.
Is That a Person or a Post?
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Doubt is a trigger for investigation according to Nyāya philosophers, who distinguish among three categories of doubt based on what brings them about. These categories are (1) from common properties being cognized, (2) from distinguishing properties being cognized, and (3) from controversy. In addition to explaining these three categories of doubt, the chapter considers when doubt is rational and when a competing viewpoint should bring about doubt in an individual. In situations of doubt, suppositional reasoning is one helpful auxiliary to the ways of knowing for Nyāya philosophers, and its structure and role in knowing is the other main subject of this chapter. That suppositional reasoning is not itself a way of knowing is a crucial point the chapter develops.
Never Could Learn to Drink that Blood and Call It Wine
Authors: Green Jeffrey Edward 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Part II examines Bob Dylan’s religious ideas. It argues that while Dylan does not provide a stable message about what kind of religious faith to adopt or whether to adopt one, an abiding ethical meaning of his spiritual meandering is that it gives prophetic voice to what so far has been a merely philosophical notion: the postsecular idea that both religion and non-religion are coequal alternatives, neither of which is natural, modern, or better than the other. Dylan’s most distinct prophetic function with regard to religion is not to convert the non-religious to God but to inspire greater respect in the non-religious for the dignity, integrity, and plausibility of religiosity. Dylan achieves this not through dispassionate argumentation in the manner of a philosopher but through personal testimony that demonstrates that the respect of the non-religious for religiosity is properly grounded not in generosity or tolerance toward some radical other but rather in the ever-present possibility for religiosity all of us possess, even if only some actualize.
Lies, Self-Presentation, and Early Modern Culture
Authors: Balserak Jon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explore the views on lying and self-fashioning that existed from antiquity to the Early Modern era. It treats ancient thinkers, like Plato, and biblical material. It looks at two interpretive traditions which developed in Christian theology on mendacity. One of these argues that there are occasions when lying is acceptable and even pious. The other argues that all lying is sinful, regardless of the motivation behind it. The chapter then explores Western thought on more nuanced ethical matters such as dissimulation and feigning. Moving on to look at self-presentation, the chapter explores praise and criticism for it by Early Modern thinkers.
National Beers
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Beer became nationalized in the mid-twentieth century for political and economic reasons. Beer provided a standardized, industrial beverage that seemingly contributed to national identities. Economies of scale allowed a few firms to acquire brewing oligopolies or monopolies within national markets. Governments encouraged breweries in former colonies and in Communist societies as an affordable working-class luxury. Technological improvements made it possible to brew ever lighter lagers, while changing consumer tastes favored these beers, even in societies with long traditions drinking strong ales such as Belgium and the Anglo world. Younger generations who grew up on industrial processed foods rejected old-fashioned tastes, while migrants from the countryside associated factory goods with modernity, in the Global South as well as Europe. Even in China, the Maoist government encouraged the brewing of European beer, which acquired a national lineage.
Strive for Originality
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the difference between original in the “novel” sense and original in the sense pertaining to origin. Originality in this latter sense is what Leopoldo Zea and Emilio Uranga call “originarity.” I begin the chapter by thinking about the sources of the “impostor syndrome,” in which one feels as though one does not belong or does not fit in. We claim that the feeling of being an impostor is partly due to feeling like a “bad copy” of something more genuine or original (in the sense of “novel”). The solution is to think of “bad copies” as Zea does: not as bad or wrong but instead as different or “originary.”
Set Yourself Apart
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Samuel Ramos makes a distinction between being a “person,” an “individual,” and a “personality,” claiming that one must develop the last of these in order to transcend egoism and self-centeredness. To be a personality is to know and act in the interest of a higher purpose, to have a higher calling, or to exist on a higher moral plane. Ramos, however, wants us to focus not on becoming a personality but simply on doing what personalities do, without falling into an exercise of “futile imitation.” Examples of such personalities are Emiliano Zapata, Cesar Chavez, and Malala Yousafzai. In this chapter we highlight the imperative to develop a personality.
Love without Violence
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
I open this chapter with the story of my mother-to-be’s abduction by my father-to-be many years ago. The story illustrates a point: that love between two people cannot be based on force or violence. I turn then to Luis Villoro’s conception of love. Love, according to Villoro, involves respect, the sort of respect that allows the other person to remain free and unknown, a mystery even to his or her lover. Without this respect, love is impossible. Without respect, love may be akin to violence. The question becomes, can we love without violence? It would seem that the “good life” would require this, if nothing more.
Be Like the Rabbit
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The past few chapters have dealt with the problem of objectification and Mexican philosophy’s response to that problem. We continue that here. Clearly, none of us wants to be “pushed into a corner,” “pigeonholed,” captured in stereotypes, or imprisoned by the weight of the past or the predicting algorithms of contemporary culture. The Aztecs would advise us to be like rabbits—elusive and hard to catch. Emilio Uranga takes this notion to refer to a modern identity that refuses to settle into a definition, emphasizing that a certain rabbithood is necessary to maneuver our way past the objectifying gaze of others. In this chapter, we consider the value of rabbithood both as described by the Aztecs and as appropriated by Uranga. The example of my father’s “hard-to-know” personality serves as my initial example.
Growing Songwriting
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Growing Songwriting builds on the work of professional songwriters, songwriting professors, scholars in songwriting, and on the professional discourse in music education to provide a pedagogical starting place for the teaching of songwriting in school classrooms and community centers. Creative processes centered on writing songs are divided into three separate but related activity areas: Covering, the Middle Ground, and Songwriting. Within each of these areas are provided lesson “seed” starting places for developing lessons, “water” in the form of stories of how songwriters have written some of the most enduring songs, and “sunlight” as represented by inspiration for continuing and extending creative practices. By adopting a growth metaphor in pedagogical practice, this book aims to help grow songwriting as a curricular offering.
Developing an Artistic Voice
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding the role of songwriting—flowing from cover songs and The Middle Ground—in being and becoming a songwriter. Advice is provided for how to think about songwriting and the development of a personal voice along the path that started with covering songs. Strategies are provided to help both students and their teachers think about the process of lyric and musical writing so that the lesson seeds can be accomplished more successfully. Small group music-making is presented as a way to nurture the best of what can be accomplished through songwriting. Song mapping, object writing ideas, terminology, and technology are shared across the chapter as well as “water” and “sunlight” for help and inspiration.
Why Does Free Will Matter?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
People are animals, but also are more than animals, and free will is part of what makes them more than animals. The main reason people care about free will is moral responsibility. Both ordinary people and expert philosophers associate free will with moral responsibility. Human society depends on people doing what is morally right (at least much of the time). Philosophical arguments about free will, focusing on whether it could exist in a world in which everything is fully determined and inevitable long in advance, are different from scientific ones. Meanwhile, ordinary people associate free will with being able to make decisions, resist external influence, and build toward the future. They also link it to conscious pondering of options, getting a good result and reaching goals, and moral virtue.
Owning Your Actions as an Individual
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
People often have mixed feelings, ambivalence, and conflicting impulses. Yet they act as an individual, that is, an entity that cannot be divided. Somehow inner conflict gets resolved to permit a single response. The popular expression to “own” one’s actions is to accept full responsibility for having done them, despite inner conflict and uncertainty. Free will is involved in this resolving of inner conflict so as to make a whole-hearted action. This topic remains understudied, but this chapter does draw on evidence from neuroscience (including the classic split-brain studies) as well as philosophy, psychopathology, and moral and legal systems to develop the importance of recognizing that free will means acting as a unified self.