bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Inferior Oblique Overaction Associated With Astigmatism?
Authors: Al-Haddad Christiane , Antonios Rafic , Khatib Lama , Jaroudi Mahmoud , Khawam Edward 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:
To study the relationship between inferior oblique muscle overaction and astigmatism, and to explore any change in astigmatism after surgery.

Methods:
This was a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing strabismus surgery. Demographic data collected included age, diagnosis, preoperative refraction, presence of inferior oblique overaction, surgery performed, and postoperative refraction. Patients were divided into three groups: those having only horizontal strabismus without inferior oblique overaction (no inferior oblique group) as a control group, those having bilateral inferior oblique overaction (bilateral inferior oblique group), and those having unilateral inferior oblique overaction (unilateral inferior oblique group). Right eyes of the bilateral inferior oblique and no inferior oblique groups were chosen for analysis, whereas the eye with inferior oblique overaction was included in the unilateral cases. Refractions were converted to power vector coordinates for comparison. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the power vectors among groups using the no inferior oblique group as controls and to explore any postoperative change in astigmatism.

Results:

One hundred eighteen patients undergoing strabismus surgery were included (60 males and 58 females; mean age: 11.31 ± 10.59 years). Patients were divided into three groups: those having only horizontal strabismus without inferior oblique overaction (no inferior oblique group; 60 patients) as controls, those having bilateral inferior oblique overaction (bilateral inferior oblique group; 41 patients), and those having unilateral inferior oblique overaction (unilateral inferior oblique group; 17 patients). Preoperatively, there were no differences in astigmatism when comparing eyes with and without inferior oblique overaction. Postoperatively, both the no inferior oblique group and the bilateral inferior oblique group equally showed an increase in with-the-rule cylinder power (
P
= .02 and .01, respectively).

Conclusions:
Inferior oblique muscle overaction did not result in an increased prevalence of astigmatism along the axis of the overacting muscle.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2015;52(5):288–293.]
Toda la ciudad era un Paisaje. Naturaleza, arquitectura y pintura en la obra de Wang Shu
Authors: Bigas Vidal Montserrat , Bravo Farré Luis , Fernández-Morales Angélica , Font Baste Gloria , Li Gaoli , Quan Liyuan , Recasens Marta 
Published: June 2015

Según Wang Shu, su arquitectura produce una experiencia análoga a la que ofrece la contemplación de la pintura tradicional china. Esta se diferencia del arte occidental en que no trata de expresar la sensibilidad visual de su autor a través de la descripción de la luz, el espacio y los objetos. No define los temas a través del color sino perfilándolos con líneas oscuras y unas pocas tonalidades. El pintor no trabaja del natural; normalmente es, también, filósofo y poeta, además de dominar muchas otras disciplinas técnicas y humanísticas; vive aislado en los parajes elegidos antes de pintarlos, para captar el funcionamiento estructural del mundo natural del que forma parte y compartir después, a través de su arte, ese conocimiento. Provocar ese mismo tipo de vivencias es también para Wang Shu el principal propósito de su arquitectura.
Olvidados discursos formalistas
Authors: Jordá Such Cármen 
Published: June 2015

Un documentado artículo de Javier Monedero (La forma como molde. La forma como proceso) recorría, primeramente y bajo un principio evolutivo, la historia del pensamiento hasta la Gestalt, para luego detenerse en aquellas teorías contemporáneas que fundamentan un carácter procesual –y en cierto modo espontáneo– tanto en el arte como en la arquitectura de las últimas décadas. Ahora, en Olvidados discursos formalistas se contempla la relevancia filosófica de otras reflexiones en torno a la naturaleza, además de las focalizadas en la disciplina de la estética. De hecho, la línea argumental que vamos a explorar está organizada a partir de dos grandes relatos: uno conectado a la biología, que tendría su origen en el concepto de morfología de Goethe; mientras el otro estaría relacionado con la escuela de la pura visualidad, cuyas raíces se sitúan en las ideas de Kant, llegando a constituir una de las vertientes más importantes del formalismo.
De la teoría de los colores de Goethe a la interacción del color de Albers
Authors: Franco Taboada José Antonio 
Published: June 2015

En este artículo se plantea un hilo conductor básico entre la Teoría de los Colores, de Goethe y la Interacción del color, de Albers. Para Goethe, el color tenía un efecto sensible-moral y podía ser puesto al servicio de los más elevados fines estéticos, como más tarde ejemplificó magistralmente Albers en su serie Homenaje al cuadrado, de una forma que se ha definido como “medios mínimo, efecto máximo”, en su última y más completa exposición retrospectiva. La vertiente académica de Albers llega a su máxima expresión en la obra citada, cuya evolución de lo analógico a lo digital seguramente supondrá una nueva difusión, lastrada hasta ahora por lo limitado de las versiones de bolsillo y lo inalcanzable de las versiones completas impresas
Dilemas de autenticidad: la restauración de la Casa Freeman de Frank Lloyd Wright
Authors: Chusid Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2015

<p>El artículo expone una breve descripción histórica ilustrativa del proceso de encargo, diseño y construcción de la casa con los bloques prefabricados característicos de la etapa californiana de Wright y de la vida posterior del edificio, centro neurálgico de la actividad de vanguardia artística de Los Ángeles, con sustanciales modificaciones llevadas a cabo por otros arquitectos afamados como Rudolph Schindler, Gregory Ain and John Lautner. En el texto se refleja no solo la tremenda complejidad técnica de restaurar esta casa erigida con un sistema constructivo sugerente pero tremendamente frágil y problemático y la dificultad añadida de su presencia en zona sísmica y los daños sufridos por el terremoto de Los Ángeles de 1994, sino también el dilema que surge a la hora de escoger eventualmente qué fase restaurar del edificio entre toda la estratificación de intervenciones de arquitectos estrella que caracteriza a este edificio.</p>
Resource Wars: An On the Ground Understanding of Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining in Appalachia, West Virginia
Authors: Fabricant Nicole 
Published: June 2015

This article sketches student responses and subsequent political action to directly witnessing the tragedy of Mountaintop Coal Mining (MTR) on Kayford Mountain in West Virginia. I have created an "engaged anthropological curriculum" as part of my Resource Wars of 21st Century (an upper level elective course) where students spend four days on an active battlefield in order to a) expose students first-hand to the stories and testimonials of social, economic, physical degradation caused by MTR.
Sources: Owning and Using Scholarship: An IP Handbook for Teachers and Researchers
Authors: Gottschalk George 
Published: June 2015

Digital technologies challenge the assumptions of preexisting legal regimes, even as they enable new modes of scholarship. Whether using others' intellectual works or disseminating and safeguarding their own, educators and scholars often navigate a morass of issues. This audience needs guidance that is sound in practice and concise yet robust in context. Drawing on his experience offering such guidance as the director of Copyright and Scholarly Communications for Duke University Libraries, Kevin Smith offers a handbook directed at achieving these ambitious aims.
El Comentario a las Categorías de Aristóteles en el Palimpsesto de Arquímedes
Authors: Crespo Saumell Jordi 
Published: June 2015

El Palimpsesto de Arquímedes fue comprado, restaurado y completamente transliterado mediante la aplicación de modernas técnicas digitales en 2011. El presente artículo pretende ofrecer un retrato general de este documento único, así como introducir algunos elementos críticos en lo que hasta ahora se conoce sobre uno de los múltiples textos que ha conservado. Se tratará en primer lugar del palimpsesto en tanto que fenómeno cultural, trayendo a colación las razones de su elaboración durante la Edad Media. Se prestará después atención a algunos detalles referentes a su composición, para luego considerar el tratado aristotélico de las Categorías. Se arrojará algo de luz en lo tocante tanto a la autoría como a las fuentes del comentario conservado en el palimpsesto por medio de la crítica textual. Finalmente, se resaltan algunos paralelismos entre lo que le ocurrió al comentario y las actuales tendencias culturales.
Kant y la diferencia sexual
Authors: Posada Kubissa María Luisa 
Published: June 2015

Este artículo se hace cargo de un aspecto del pensamiento kantiano poco conocido, como es su filosofía sobre los sexos. Este aspecto, que compone lo menos ilustre del filósofo ilustrado, se aborda en particular a partir de la hermenéutica feminista contemporánea y, más concretamente, de la que procede de la órbita alemana. A partir de aquí se concluye cómo esta filosofía de los sexos de Kant se sitúa en posiciones no alejadas del esencialismo del pensamiento de la diferencia sexual, tal como el mismo se expresa en sus pensadoras fundacionales, como es el caso de la francesa Luce Irigaray.
The images theory of addiction
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka 
Published: June 2015

Sulkunen, P. (2015). The images theory of addiction. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 5-11. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.191In everyday language, addiction usually refers to a strong desire that drives people to continue habitual behaviour despite acknowledged harm and their own will to quit. Many theorists and practitioners have long rejected the concept because of its tendency to individualize problem behavior, to focus on treatment rather than prevention, and to limit harmful consequences unduly to a selected group of users. There is no commonly accepted etiology of, or evidence-based treatment for, the condition, and diagnostic definitions are based on syndromes only. This article argues that the objections are not valid if we understand addiction as a generic concept, defined in terms of characteristics shared by several specific types, of which some are called prototypes. Addictions involve neurological adaptations but are not caused by them. They always emerge from culturally regulated behaviours, they are processes rather than on-off conditions, and involve types and pathways that depend on the social conditions in which they evolve. Addicted and normal uses are closely related and governed by images that define the functions, norms, meanings and use-values of the behavior. These will be transformed as addictions develop. The Images Theory of Addiction opens the way to understanding cultural variations in the addictive process, as well as to identify particularly risky images of potentially addictive behaviors. The theory is illustrated with examples from recent comparative studies.
The Italian “alcohol question” from 1860 to 1930: Two opposing scientific interpretations
Authors: Petrilli Enrico , Beccaria Franca 
Published: June 2015

Petrilli, E., & Beccaria, F. (2015). The Italian “alcohol question” from 1860 to 1930: Two opposing scientific interpretations. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 37-43. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.193Background: In recent years, English-speaking and Northern European alcohol researchers have turned a historical gaze towards their subject, and in particular have explored how a medical view attempted to describe and explain phenomena such as alcohol abuse and addiction. Although there was a heated and prolific debate in Italy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there are few historical studies of the first scholars’ thoughts on alcohol-related problems.Aims: The article depicts how the Italian scientific community interpreted and explained alcohol-related concerns following the emergence of the alcohol issue in the late 19th century. Specifically, the stances of the two main groups of scientists who dealt with the issue, the Positive School of Criminology and Legal Socialism, are examined.Method: The article is based on the materials collected by the Italian research group during a comparative study carried out as part of the ALICE RAP project. More than 40 books and five scientific journals were consulted.Results: Medical-related concerns were never predominant in the late 19th-century Italian debate on the alcohol question, but were addressed in the broader discussion of criminality, where positivists’ and legal socialists’ perspectives both focused mainly on social consequences, albeit with differing interpretations of causalities and remedies.
Addiction as an adaptation process in the brain, a view from neurobiology
Authors: Korpi Esa R. 
Published: June 2015

Korpi, E. (2015). Addiction as an adaptation process in the brain, a view from neurobiology. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 91-94. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.194Research on the brain mechanisms of dependence on alcohol and drugs of abuse has rapidly advanced during the last two decades. We know the main processes, especially how the drugs are acting on their targets on brain cells, but this basic knowledge has not been well translated to better therapies. Not surprisingly, neurobiological addiction research is tackling the same fundamental questions as all neuropsychiatric research. For example, what are the roles of individual neuronal populations in different phases of addiction (development, maintenance, craving and compulsion, abstinence and relapse)? For preclinical research, novel neurogenetic methods now show great promise to answer at least some of the questions, but more innovative work is required to build models and find mechanisms for social and environmental interactions in addiction and to translate the inventions to clinical therapies. Addiction as a disease concept still gives a proper framework for this line of important research.
Clay‐sized Hf‐Nd‐Sr isotopic composition of Mongolian dust as a fingerprint for regional to hemispherical transport
Authors: Zhao Wancang , Sun Youbin , Balsam William , Zeng Lin , Lu Huayu , Otgonbayar Khureldavaa , Ji Junfeng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHf‐Nd‐Sr isotopic fingerprinting has been employed as a powerful method for distinguishing dust sources. However, the Hf and Sr isotopic compositions of dust are highly dependent on particle size to accurately identify dust provenance. Here we compare the Hf‐Nd‐Sr isotopic compositions of clay‐sized fractions from dust sources (the Mongolian Plateau) to sinks (Beijing and Greenland). Our results document that clay‐sized Hf‐Nd‐Sr isotopic compositions of Mongolian dust are controlled by two isotopic/geochemical provinces: Southern Mongolian Gobi (SMG) and Northern Mongolian Plateau (NMP). Our data indicate that the SMG is potentially an important dust source to the loess in Beijing and Hulun Buir and could be a contributing source of dust to Greenland, whereas the NMP contributes little dust to the Chinese loess and the Greenland. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the deserts of northwest China are one of the main dust contributors to Beijing and Greenland, but not to Hulun Buir.
Inverted barometer contributions to recent sea level changes along the northeast coast of North America
Authors: Piecuch Christopher G. , Ponte Rui M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRegional sea level (SL) changes reflect dynamic and isostatic ocean effects. Recent works have interpreted accelerated and extreme SL changes along the northeast coast of North America primarily in terms of dynamic changes; however, dedicated study of isostatic changes related to surface atmospheric pressure loading—the inverted barometer (IB) effect—has been lacking. This investigation uses five different atmospheric pressure products to analyze the influence of the IB effect on annual mean SL from tide gauge records. The IB effect explains ∼25% of interannual SL variance and accounts for ∼50% of the magnitude of a recent extreme event of SL rise along Atlantic Canada and New England. Estimated IB effects also amount to ∼10–30% of recent multidecadal SL accelerations over the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and Southern New England. These findings reiterate the need for careful estimation and removal of isostatic effects for studies of dynamic SL.
Grain growth and transformation of pedogenic magnetic particles in red Ferralsols
Authors: Long Xiaoyong , Ji Junfeng , Balsam William , Barrón Vidal , Torrent José 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSoil magnetism depends on the mineral composition and grain size distribution of magnetic particles. The accumulation of magnetic particles with different grain sizes has been found in the laboratory to precede the formation of hematite (Hm), which competes with goethite (Gt) in natural systems. To explore changes in the correlation between magnetic particles and Hm during pedogenesis, we focus on three representative red Ferrasol profiles with comparable total concentrations of iron oxides but different Hm/(Hm + Gt) ratios, from 0.14 to 0.74. Superparamagnetic particles and single‐domain particles commonly become enriched as the concentration of Hm increases in the profiles. However, the accumulation rates of the particles decrease with Hm/(Hm + Gt) along the profiles. We attributed these changes to the simultaneous grain growth of pedogenic magnetic particles and their partial transformation into Hm once a large amount of pedogenic magnetic particles have accumulated in hematitic soils.
Recent spatiotemporal patterns in temperature extremes across conterminous United States
Authors: Mutiibwa Denis , Vavrus Steven J. , McAfee Stephanie A. , Albright Thomas P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWith a warming climate, understanding the physical dynamics of hot and cold extreme events has taken on increased importance for public health, infrastructure, ecosystems, food security, and other domains. Here we use a high‐resolution spatial and temporal seamless gridded land surface forcing data set to provide an assessment of recent spatiotemporal patterns in temperature extremes over the conterminous United States (CONUS). We asked the following: (1) How are temperature extremes changing across the different regions of CONUS? (2) How do changes in extremes vary on seasonal, annual, and decadal scales? (3) How do changes in extremes relate to changes in mean conditions? And (4) do extremes relate to major modes of ocean‐atmosphere variability? We derive a subset of the CLIMDEX extreme indices from the North American Land Data Assimilation phase 2 forcing data set. While there were warming trends in all indices, daytime temperature extremes warmed more than nighttime. Spring warming was the strongest and most extensive across CONUS, and summer experienced the strongest and most extensive decrease in cold extremes. Increase in winter warm extremes appeared weakening relative to the rapid 1950–1990 increase found in previous studies. The Northeast and Midwest experienced the most warming, while the Northwest and North Great Plains saw the least. We found changes in average temperatures were more associated with changes in cold extremes than warm extremes. Since 2006 there have been 5 years when more than 5% of the U.S. experienced at least 90 warm days, something not observed in the previous 25 years. The unusually warm first decade of 21st century could have been associated with the warm conditions of near El Niño–Southern Oscillation‐neutral phase of the decade, and possibly amplified by anthropogenic forcing. The widespread, lengthy, and severe extreme hot events documented here during the past three decades underscore the need to implement thoughtful adaptation plans in the very near future, to the growing evidence of increasing warm extremes across United States.
Subglacial hydrology and ice stream margin locations
Authors: Perol Thibaut , Rice James R. , Platt John D. , Suckale Jenny 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFast‐flowing ice streams in West Antarctica are separated from the nearly stagnant ice in the adjacent ridge by zones of highly localized deformation known as shear margins. It is presently uncertain what mechanisms control the location of shear margins and possibly allow them to migrate. In this paper we show how subglacial hydrological processes can select the shear margin location, leading to a smooth transition from a slipping to a locked bed at the base of an ice stream. Our study uses a two‐dimensional thermomechanical model in a cross section perpendicular to the direction of flow. We confirm that the intense straining at the shear margins can generate large temperate regions within the deforming ice. Assuming that the melt generated in the temperate ice collects in a drainage channel at the base of the margin, we show that a channel locally decreases the pore pressure in the subglacial till. Therefore, the basal shear strength just outside the channel, assuming a Coulomb‐plastic rheology, can be substantially higher than that inferred under the majority of the stream. Results show that the additional basal resistance produced by the channel lowers the stress concentrated on the locked portion of the bed. Matching the model to surface velocity data, we find that shear margins are stable when the slipping‐to‐locked bed transition occurs less than 500 m away from a channel operating at an effective pressure of 200 kPa and for a hydraulic transmissivity equivalent to a basal water film of order 0.2 mm thickness.
Actuarial Science
Authors: Klugman Stuart 
Published: June 2015

AbstractActuarial science is an applied mathematical and statistical discipline in which data‐driven models are constructed to quantify and manage financial risk. The termactuarial statisticsis not in common use because a well‐defined set of statistical techniques useful to actuaries has not been established. This article could also be viewed as a discussion of the types of data (mortality, morbidity, accident frequency, and severity) collected by actuaries but that will not be the focus in this article. This article concentrates on three particular statistical endeavors in which actuaries have played a major role – construction of mortality tables, credibility theory, and estimation of outstanding claims and their variability.
Data Masking for Disclosure Limitation
Authors: Massell Paul B. , Freiman Michael H. , McKenna Laura V. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGovernmental agencies that conduct surveys and censuses collect data from respondents with the purpose of releasing it in the form of statistical summaries. The more detailed the summary is, the more likely a data intruder will be able to extract confidential data about individual respondents from the released data. However, there are various ways of redesigning the data product and/or modifying the data themselves to protect the data while preserving their usefulness. We discuss methods that achieve these two goals: (i) a data intruder will not be able to extract, with high confidence, confidential data directly from the data product or derive confidential microdata from several data products; and (ii) the released data are still quite detailed and useful to most data users, including researchers. Such “data‐masking” methods comprise a fast growing field often calledstatistical disclosure control.We discuss some simpler methods that have been used for decades, such as detail reduction, cell suppression, and data swapping; some methods developed in the 1990s, such as rank swapping, data shuffling, and multiplicative noise; and some methods developed in recent decade, such as randomization of microdata with constraints (PRAM) and synthetic data.