bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inertial versus baroclinic instability of the Bickley jet in continuously stratified rotating fluid
Authors: Ribstein Bruno , Plougonven Riwal , Zeitlin Vladimir 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe paper contains a detailed study of the inertial instability of a barotropic Bickley jet on the $f$-plane in the continuously stratified primitive equations model, and a comparison of this essentially ageostrophic instability with the classical baroclinic one. Analytical and numerical investigation of the linear stability of the jet in the long-wave sector is performed for a range of Rossby and Burger numbers. The major results are that: (1) the standard symmetric inertial instability, appearing at high enough Rossby numbers, turns out to be the infinite-wavelength limit of an asymmetric inertial instability, this latter having the highest growth rate for a large range of vertical wavenumbers; (2) inertial instability coexists with the standard baroclinic instability, which becomes dominant at small Rossby numbers. Nonlinear saturation of the inertial instability of the jet with a superimposed random small-amplitude perturbation is then studied, using the Weather Research and Forecast model. It is shown that at first stages the inertial instability dominates. It is localized near the maximum of the anticyclonic shear and is associated with the highest attainable value of the vertical wavenumber. The saturation of the inertial instability leads to the homogenization of the geostrophic momentum in the unstable region. At later stages, another baroclinic instability develops, characterized by lower values of the vertical wavenumber. This instability saturates by forming large-scale vortices downstream. It is identified as the leading instability of a marginally inertially stable jet resulting from the initial one through homogenization of the geostrophic momentum. The rough scenario of the evolution of essentially ageostrophic jets is, thus, as follows: the inertial instability rapidly saturates and baroclinic instability takes over. It is shown that reorganization of the flow due to developing instabilities is an efficient source of inertia-gravity waves.
LIVING WITH SENECA THROUGH HISEPISTLES
Authors: Davies Mark 
Published: March 2014

In a letter famous for outlining the genesis of his workThe Prince, Machiavelli responded to his friend's description of his day as a courtier in Rome by describing his own daily routine on his farm. The morning he spent bird-catching, taking a book of poetry to pass the time, ‘Dante, Petrarch, or one of the minor poets like Tibullus, Ovid, or some such’. The afternoon was spent at the inn in noisy arguments over games. However, in the evening he goes on:I return home and enter my study; on the threshold I take off my workday clothes, covered with mud and dirt, and put on the garments of court and palace. Fitted out appropriately, I step inside the venerable courts of the ancients, where, solicitously received by them, I nourish myself on that food that alone is mine and for which I was born; where I am unashamed to converse with them and to question them about the motives for their actions, and they, out of their human kindness, answer me. And for four hours at a time I feel no boredom, I forget all my troubles, I do not dread poverty, and I am not terrified by death. I absorb myself into them completely.
General
Authors: Izzet Vedia , Shorrock Robert 
Published: March 2014

The last few years have brought us handbooks, companion guides and encyclopaedias in serried ranks. In size these works have ranged from magnum (opus) through to double magnum or perhaps (in the case of the 2010 Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome) to jeroboam. The new Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Ancient History outdoes them all in capacity (clearly a rehoboam) and range. This vast work – comprising over 5,000 entries in more than 7,000 pages – advances confidently (note the bold use of the definite article in the title: TheEncyclopedia of Ancient History) beyond the confines of the ‘classical world’ and ‘ancient Greece and Rome’ to provide nothing less than a reference work for the whole of Ancient History from the Near East to the Egypt of the Pharaohs, from the Neolithic to the eighth century ce. The refusal of this work to recognize traditional boundaries would clearly have appealed to the spirit of Alexander III, the Great (whose entry spans an impressive six pages). Alexander would no doubt also be impressed by the remarkable juxtapositions which occur within this alphabetized encyclopaedia: in volume 11 we move within five pages from an Egyptian residence and town associated with Rameses II (Piramese) to the Greek district of Elis around Olympia (Pisa) to a ‘short Jewish magical text of a Late Antique Babylonian provenance’ (Pishra de-Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa; 5337). Alexander's attempts at eastward expansion proved, in the end, too much for his men. One wonders if this work too – in the form of thirteen printed volumes – may prove to be similarly overwhelming to many an undergraduate whose starting point lies in Augustan Rome or Periclean Athens:(consider, for example the daunting thirty-five pages of maps which precede the first entry in volume 1 (not ‘Aardvark’, alas, but ‘Abantes’). However, it is important to consider that the print version of this work is not the end of the project nor even the main point of the project at all. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History is a true child of the World Wide Web. It has clearly been conceptualized as an online resource (not simply as a printed text that can be viewed on a computer screen) that will continue to expand and evolve:
The electronic form of the EAH will continue to add new articles, indeed new areas of the ancient world; to revise existing ones; and to create spaces for correction and discussion of published articles – even, in line with our conviction of the open-endedness of history, counter-articles… . It will try to represent something of the unsettledness of our disciplines and their vitality. It will continue to evolve as historical studies do. (cxxxvi)
Host-specificity and morphometrics of female Haemonchus contortus, H. placei and H. similis (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in cattle and sheep from shared pastures in São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Silva M.R.L. , Amarante M.R.V. , Bresciani K.D.S. , Amarante A.F.T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo better evaluate the usefulness of female Haemonchus specimens for specific identification, we undertook a detailed analysis of the morphology of a collection of worms obtained from cattle and sheep in shared pastures. Based on the results, we also more precisely evaluated the host-specificity of Haemonchus contortus, H. placei and H. similis occurring sympatrically in a farm located in the western region of São Paulo State, Brazil. A synlophe analysis was employed to identify the three species of Haemonchus. In cattle, the predominant species was H. similis (90.9%), followed by H. placei (9.1%). With the exception of one H. placei specimen, only H. contortus was found in sheep. The longest body length was found for H. placei specimens, followed by H. contortus and then H. similis. It was possible to distinguish H. similis females from H. contortus and H. placei on the basis of vulval structure. The synlophe analysis proved to be very useful for identification of H. contortus, H. placei and H. similis in epidemiological studies involving different species of ruminants in the same pastures. The finding that H. placei and H. similis were adapted to cattle and that H. contortus was adapted to sheep also confirmed the high host-specificity of the three nematodes species.
How have fisheries affected parasite communities?
Authors: WOOD CHELSEA L. , LAFFERTY KEVIN D. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYTo understand how fisheries affect parasites, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that contrasted parasite assemblages in fished and unfished areas. Parasite diversity was lower in hosts from fished areas. Larger hosts had a greater abundance of parasites, suggesting that fishing might reduce the abundance of parasites by selectively removing the largest, most heavily parasitized individuals. After controlling for size, the effect of fishing on parasite abundance varied according to whether the host was fished and the parasite's life cycle. Parasites of unfished hosts were more likely to increase in abundance in response to fishing than were parasites of fished hosts, possibly due to compensatory increases in the abundance of unfished hosts. While complex life cycle parasites tended to decline in abundance in response to fishing, directly transmitted parasites tended to increase. Among complex life cycle parasites, those with fished hosts tended to decline in abundance in response to fishing, while those with unfished hosts tended to increase. However, among directly transmitted parasites, responses did not differ between parasites with and without fished hosts. This work suggests that parasite assemblages are likely to change substantially in composition in increasingly fished ecosystems, and that parasite life history and fishing status of the host are important in predicting the response of individual parasite species or groups to fishing.
Fishery in ‘free spaces’: non-compliance with fishery regulations in a northern Baikal Evenki village
Authors: Davydov Vladimir Nikolaevich 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTDuring the post-Soviet period, fishery became one of the main sources of income for the inhabitants of Evenki villages in the northern Baikal region. When a number of villagers lost their official jobs, they managed to earn money by selling fish. Most people are required to fish during a particular season and to follow official quotas. Special indigenous Evenki quotas, however, are usually in excess of regular official guidelines and those who can use these quotas usually exceed them. This results in a tension between the way local Evenki people judge their own actions and the way their actions are judged by the official authorities. The law never covers all the areas of human activities, and in these gaps regular people manage to control certain institutions, knowledge and the use of landscapes themselves. In a discussion of the northern Baikal area, I employ the term ‘free spaces’, that describes the weakening of external control over the sphere of activities which are essential for local people's survival. This lessening of control has led people to regulate the fishing situation locally, resulting in many violations of fishing laws not being registered in official documents. The purpose of this paper is to to discuss a case of ‘free spaces’ in the post-Soviet Evenki village, with particular focus upon the village's non-compliance with official fishery regulations. This article investigates the reasons for, and the social mechanisms guiding, non-compliant behaviour in a northern Baikal Evenki village. It argues that non-compliance with fishery regulations should be interpreted within the context of local mechanisms of social control, market relations, reciprocity and cooperation.
The significance of reed beds on siltation in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Alizai S. A. K. , McManus J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe Phragmites communis marshes occupy 250–330 hectares bordering the northern tidal flats of the Tay Estuary. The outer edge of the marsh forms a step up to 50 cm in height. Reed stems grow with densities of 90–150/m2 and break to produce upward facing cylinders which entrap sediments. Measured daily accretion rates in broken stems varied from 001 g to 0.07 g. Sedimentation was greatest during spring tides, but decreased with falling tidal range. Accretion of 16 g per stem is normal and many stem plugs have greater weight. Annual rates of contribution from instem accumulation vary between 0.9 and 2.6 kg/m2 on the marsh margin. Stem fall provides cylindrical sedimentary lumps to the marsh sediments, whose internal structure reveals nodules and thin laminae juxtaposed.
Quantitative studies on the marine phycomycetes, chytrids and higher mycelial fungi of the upper Tay Estuary
Authors: Gaertner Alwin 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAt ten stations in the upper Tay Estuary, surface water, bottom water and sediment samples were taken on 25 March 1976, 5/6 May 1977, 11 April 1978 and 6 June 1978, and investigated quantitatively for the presence of lower marine fungi, chytrids and higher mycelial fungi by means of the water-culture baiting method with pine pollen. The distribution of fungi is discussed as a function of the physical characteristics of the estuary.
Phragmites performance in reed beds in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Ingram H. A. P. , Barclay A. M. , Coupar A. M. , Glover J. G. , Lynch B. M. , Sprent Janet I. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAn extensive reed bed on the north shore of the inner Tay Estuary is briefly described. Studies in the summers of 1975, 1976 and 1978 showed it to comprise monodominant stands of Phragmites communis Trin. The standing crop of shoots was sampled at the end of the season of vegetative growth and analysed by simple biometrical methods. Certain important spatial and architectural characteristics of the community varied in a regular manner with position in the bed. Estimates of the above ground productivity of intact stands ranged from 100 to 150 tonnes/ha in a poor growing season. Commercial harvesting operations, conducted since 1975, produced an immediate and consistent decrease in shoot stature, apparently followed by a slow increase in density and productivity. The behaviour of the downshore edge of the bed and the details of its annual development above and below ground require further study.
Chytrids in the estuary of the River Tay
Authors: Ulken Annemarie 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe occurrence of chytridiaceous fungi was investigated during 10 trips along the River Tay between October 1975 and September 1978. The fungi isolated were: Rhizophlyctis harderi Uebelmesser, Phlyctochytrium reinboldtae Persiel, Rhizophydium utriculare Uebelmesser, ? Podochytrium chitinophilum Willoughby, ? Chytriomyces hyalinus Karling, ? Rhizophydium halophilum Uebelmesser and Rhizophydium sp. No seasonal fluctuations could be observed.
Anaerobic bacteria as indicators of faecal pollution
Authors: Wheater D. W. F. , Mara D. , Opara A. , Singleton P. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisIn several well-authenticated instances intestinal pathogens, includingSalmonellaspecies, have been isolated from water in the absence of bacteria, such asEscherichia coli,commonly used to detect faecal pollution. The present study examines certain anaerobic, non-sporing commensals of the intestinal tract as alternative ‘indicator’ bacteria. The numbers of bifidobacteria andBacteroides fragilisrecovered from faecal specimens were between 109 and 1010 per gram while the Gram-positive, anaerobic cocci numbered only about 106per gram. In sewage, this numerical difference was eliminated by a rapid loss of viability of bifidobacteria andB. fragilisso that the counts of all three types of bacteria approximated to those ofE. coli.Storage tests with aerated and non-aerated sewage established that further loss of viability of bifidobacteria andB. fragilisoccurred only fairly slowly. In samples of water from the Dighty Water and River Tay Estuary, shown to be faecally polluted, the three anaerobic types of bacteria were recovered in numbers roughly equal to those ofE. coliand their persistence in the surface of the bed of the Dighty Water was also at least equal to that ofE. coli.These results demonstrated that, in spite of their strictly anaerobic growth requirements, Bifidobacteria,B. fragilisand the Gram-positive, anaerobic cocci persist in aerobic, aqueous environments. If their habitat can be shown to be reasonably restricted to the intestinal tract they are likely, under special circumstances, to be useful indicators of faecal pollution.
Present knowledge of the non-marine invertebrate fauna of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Waterston A.R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe Outer Hebrides, because of their apparent isolation, attracted zoologists in the past who looked for new species and subspecies and some sought to explain the origin of the invertebrate fauna by exotic land connections in preglacial times. These expectations were largely unfulfilled and the speculations are unsupported by geologists or geomorphologists. The non-marine invertebrate fauna is examined from published records, museum collections and special field surveys and the lists total over 2500 species, of which approximately one-third are of general occurrence in the Outer Hebrides. Three species of mites are new to the British fauna and over 700 species, mainly insects, are additions to the Hebridean fauna. The fauna is impoverished compared with the mainland and this may be due to climate and the lack of variety of habitats and the low structure of the vegetative cover. Upland species occur on the moors and some descend to sea level, possibly on account of the low mean temperature in summer. Species with a north western distribution occur in the Odonata, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. Species with a discontinuous distribution are discussed and it is suggested that some reached the islands by natural means and others by human agency and there is no evidence of refugia for a glacial relict fauna. Examples are given of insects with a south western distribution arriving by sea in driftwood and five amphiatlantic species, including a freshwater sponge, which may have been brought by migrating birds, a wrack-fly, two strand-line beetles and a mite, which may have been distributed by the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift.There are no endemic species, but a few so-called subspecies of insects may be restricted to the Outer Hebrides. Changes in the fauna are traceable in a stratified Flandrian shell deposit in Harris, where two species have become extinct, and some insects have also become extinct in St Kilda during the last century. Some of the most conspicuous land snails have arrived in historic times and the most rapid coloniser has been a brackish-water snail which has spread throughout the islands since 1933.
Bracken and cancer
Authors: Jarrett W. F. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThere is a high incidence of cancer in beef cows in certain sharply localised geographic calf-rearing areas in Britain and also in cattle in several other parts of the world. The tumours occur on farms which are highly infested with bracken fern and which have a history of bracken poisoning. Bracken is known to cause intestinal and bladder cancer in rats and recently the flavonol, quercetin, has been shown to be a mitogen and to be carcinogenic in rats. Bracken contains large amounts of quercetin. In addition the animals have a high incidence of papillomas of the alimentary tract and these transform to malignant tumours. A new and unique papilloma virus has been isolated from these tumours. Studies using genetic engineering and DNA hybridisation techniques have shown that both alimentary and urinary bladder tumours contain viral DNA sequences. The relationship between bracken, quercetin and viral DNA sequences is under investigation both in cattle and at the molecular biology level as two possible stages in a multi-stage process in the aetiology of a high incidence naturally occurring cancer.
Studies on the mode of action of asulam in bracken (Pteridium aquilinumL. Kuhn)
Authors: Kirkwood R. C. , Veerasekaran P. , Fletcher W. W. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe efficiency of bracken control using foliage-applied translocated herbicides depends upon the accumulation of a potentially lethal concentration of the active ingredient at the sites of action, the rhizome buds. There is evidence that the level of herbicide accumulation at these target sites is determined by a number of factors including the efficiency of cuticle penetration, absorption, translocation, metabolism and activity at the enzyme target sites. The level of metabolic activity of the rhizome/frond buds may be critical, dormant buds possibly receiving a sublethal dose. These buds may later become active and act as foci for reinfestation.The nature of these problems is discussed with particular reference to studies carried out on the mode of action of [14C]asulam.
Viral erythrocytic necrosis in fish: a review
Authors: Smail D. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisViral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) in fish is prevalent in a wide variety offish species. It has been detected in both wild and captive fish populations. The infection prevalence in wild populations of some fish species is correlated inversely with the age of the fish. VEN is characterised by cytoplasmic inclusions in circulating erythrocytes of infected fish; nuclear necrosis of erythrocytes may also be evident by light microscopy. The stage and degree of infection affect the type of cytology seen in VEN infections of different fish species. By electron microscopy, infected erythrocytes show spherical virions within the cytoplasm and the virion size is characteristic of the host erythrocytes infected. To date, knowledge of VEN viruses in fish is restricted to virus morphology and propagation in vivo, although preliminary studies have indicated the type of blood parameters which VEN can affect. No such virus has been fully isolated and characterised and all of Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled.
Monoclonal antibodies in clinical chemistry
Authors: Hunter W. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisImmunoassays have markedly enlarged the armamentarium of the clinical chemist during the last twenty years. Radioimmunoassays and their variants, in particular, now provide evidence which is central to diagnosis and patient management in endocrinology and certain other disorders. Currently used methods employ labelled antigens in the radioimmunoassay (RIA) method first described for insulin by Yalow and Berson. The advent of monoclonal antibodies seems to remove the one major barrier to the use of methods based upon labelled antibodies–the immunoradiometric (IRMA) method as proposed by Miles and Hales. These procedures offer advantages of speed, sensitivity, working range, specificity and robustness which strongly suggest that they will replace RIA for the microdetermination of specific proteins. Nevertheless, their specificity is based upon the recognition of a single epitope on the antigen and thorough testing on varied patient material will be required before they can safely be adopted for routine use.
Pleistocene history of Betula with special reference to the British Isles
Authors: Dickson J. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisBetula is well represented in the Pleistocene deposits of the British Isles; B. nana is often recovered from glacial sediments and tree Betula flourished early and late in the interglacial periods. In western and northern Britain, tree Betula has remained important in the forests since the last glacial period.
Nutrient cycles in birchwoods
Authors: Miller Hugh G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisBirch has a long-established reputation as a soil-improver, a characteristic often presumed to result from some aspect of the nutrient cycle peculiar to this species. However, models for the cycles of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium by age in slow-growing birch based on data from the literature for biomass development, nutrient levels and rates of decomposition suggest that nutrient cycling in birchwoods is comparable to that in forests of other species with similar rates and patterns of growth.
Physiological studies in birch
Authors: Longman K. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAspects of whole-plant physiology of birch are reviewed, and previously unpublished research is presented. Seasonal cycles of shoot growth and bud dormancy are discussed, with environmental and hormonal factors affecting the rate and duration of shoot extension and leaf production. Also covered are variability in branching patterns, aspects of cambial activity, onset of the reproductive phase, factors affecting flowering and sex ratio, and seed viability and dormancy. Finally, the regenerative capacity of birch is described, and its future roles are mentioned.