bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK RELATED TO LOCAL, NATIONAL AND GLOBAL CONSTRAINTS OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT TRANSFER
Authors: Heydarian S.A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIrrigation management transfer (IMT) has already been implemented in over 60 countries. The project has faced different challenges and achieved various results in each country. Use of global experience in implementing IMT projects is highly recommended. Considering that the success of IMT is affected by various parameters, the present study has been conducted with the aim of finding the key indicators and strategic issues on the local, national and global levels. For this purpose, the data from four studies already carried out by the author (and his colleagues) on the local (the Moghan and Qazvin irrigation networks in Iran) and national scale (Iran) as well as global research by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) were used. Currently Iran is at the rudimentary stages of IMT, and the two selected pilot studies deal with distinctive social and organizational features, operation time, irrigation method, physical status, conducted method and duration of IMT. The method of the study is descriptive correlation and the sample society consists of farmers on the pilot level and experts on the national level. The results reveal that the indicator of 'clarity on roles, responsibilities and authority of public sectors' has a low score. Although the effects of neglecting the said indicator are clearly manifest on the local level, and global experience has already established the fact, the significance of this indicator is not greatly recognized on the national level because of the limited IMT experience and simplicity‐minded strategies in Iran. Key factors such as 'pilots, study tours and information sharing significance', 'severe deterioration of infrastructure' and 'financial capacity of water users’ associations (WUAs)', on the other hand, are more important on the national level. This study enabled the author to develop an initial strategic framework for better utilization of the related experience in the field of IMT. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐lens based hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging and quantitative spectral analysis
Authors: Wang Ke , Zhang Delong , Charan Kriti , Slipchenko Mikhail N. , Wang Ping , Xu Chris , Cheng Ji‐Xin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate a hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope through spectral‐transformed excitation. The 1064 nm Stokes pulse was from a synchronized time‐lens source, generated through time‐domain phase modulation of a continuous wave (CW) laser. The tunable pump pulse was from linear spectral filtering of a femtosecond laser output with an intra‐pulse spectral scanning pulse shaper. By electronically modulating the time‐lens source at 2.29 MHz, hyperspectral stimulated Raman loss (SRL) images were obtained on a laser‐scanning microscope. Using this microscope, DMSO in aqueous solution with a concentration down to 28 mM could be detected at 2 μs time constant. Hyperspectral SRL images of prostate cancer cells were obtained. Multivariate curve resolution analysis was further applied to decompose the SRL images into concentration maps of CH2 and CH3bonds. This method offers exciting potential in label‐free imaging of live cells using fingerprint Raman bands. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The profiling of bioactive ingredients of differently aged Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Authors: Wang Yajun , Peng Huasheng , Shen Ye , Zhao Rong , Huang Luqi 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., named Danshen in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, also for food auxiliary agent. Rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, dihydrotanshinone, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA are all responsible for the pharmacological activity of Danshen, they are important quality evaluation index for Danshen. The quality evaluation of Danshen is mainly concentrated in difference of cultivated regions and years, but the difference in root systems themselves and the cause of the difference were overlook. The growth rings were employed to identified the roots ages in root systems. Then the contents of eight bioactive component in different aged, diameter and tissue of individual roots of the same root system were evaluated using HPLC coupled with an ultraviolet photodiode array detector. The root system of S. miltiorrhiza was a complex root systems composed by different aged and diameter roots, in which the contents of bioactive compounds vary greatly from the other. The lipophilic diterpenoid quinones mainly distributed in the bark and increased with the cultivated years. The hydrophilic depsides distributed in all tissues, and the contents are relatively high in xylem in 1‐year‐old roots. It was very important to identify the individual root age of S. miltiorrhiza root system cultivated for several years. In the same root system of S. miltiorrhiza roots with 0.4‐cm diameter contain more bioactive compounds, which maybe cause by the uneven distribution of bioactive compounds. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:947–954, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Renewal models and coseismic stress transfer in the Corinth Gulf, Greece, fault system
Authors: Console Rodolfo , Falcone Giuseppe , Karakostas Vassilis , Murru Maura , Papadimitriou Eleftheria , Rhoades David 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe model interevent times and Coulomb static stress transfer on the rupture segments along the Corinth Gulf extension zone, a region with a wealth of observations on strong‐earthquake recurrence behavior. From the available information on past seismic activity, we have identified eight segments without significant overlapping that are aligned along the southern boundary of the Corinth rift. We aim to test if strong earthquakes on these segments are characterized by some kind of time‐predictable behavior, rather than by complete randomness. The rationale for time‐predictable behavior is based on the characteristic earthquake hypothesis, the necessary ingredients of which are a known faulting geometry and slip rate. The tectonic loading rate is characterized by slip of 6 mm/yr on the westernmost fault segment, diminishing to 4 mm/yr on the easternmost segment, based on the most reliable geodetic data. In this study, we employ statistical and physical modeling to account for stress transfer among these fault segments. The statistical modeling is based on the definition of a probability density distribution of the interevent times for each segment. Both the Brownian Passage‐Time (BPT) and Weibull distributions are tested. The time‐dependent hazard rate thus obtained is then modified by the inclusion of a permanent physical effect due to the Coulomb static stress change caused by failure of neighboring faults since the latest characteristic earthquake on the fault of interest. The validity of the renewal model is assessed retrospectively, using the data of the last 300 years, by comparison with a plain time‐independent Poisson model, by means of statistical tools including the Relative Operating Characteristic diagram, the R‐score, the probability gain and the log‐likelihood ratio. We treat the uncertainties in the parameters of each examined fault source, such as linear dimensions, depth of the fault center, focal mechanism, recurrence time, coseismic slip, and aperiodicity of the statistical distribution, by a Monte Carlo technique. The Monte Carlo samples for all these parameters are drawn from a uniform distribution within their uncertainty limits. We find that the BPT and the Weibull renewal models yield comparable results, and both of them perform significantly better than the Poisson hypothesis. No clear performance enhancement is achieved by the introduction of the Coulomb static stress change into the renewal model.
Velocity‐weakening behavior of plagioclase and pyroxene gouges and stabilizing effect of small amounts of quartz under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: He Changrong , Luo Li , Hao Quan‐Ming , Zhou Yongsheng 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe investigated properties of frictional sliding of plagioclase, pyroxene, and their mixture gouges with a small amount of hornblende, biotite, and quartz as accessory minerals, under hydrothermal conditions with an effective normal stress of 200 MPa, pore pressure of 30 MPa, and temperatures from 100°C to 600°C. Axial loading rate was stepped between 0.001 and 0.0001 mm/s to acquire the rate dependence. Both plagioclase and pyroxene gouges showed velocity‐weakening behavior in the whole temperature range except the velocity‐strengthening behavior of pyroxene at 200°C. For temperatures above 400°C, both plagioclase and pyroxene gouges showed oscillatory slips, as a result of small dc values of 3–4 µm which make the critical stiffness rise remarkably and approach the system stiffness. Above 300°C, the direct effect of plagioclase shows an increasing trend with temperature, indicating control of the deformation process by thermally activated mechanisms. As the difference of a and b values here are only 20% at most, this trend also applies to the evolution effect. Our analytical derivation based on the theory of pressure solution shows a log‐linear contact area growth with time that corresponds to an evolution effect, and estimations based on this encompass the plagioclase data, though the identification of actual mechanisms is not easy. Finally, it is found that a little quartz (3–5%) added to the plagioclase (60–62%)‐pyroxene (35%) mixture has a strong stabilizing effect, leading to a transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening. These results may help constrain the depth range of seismic slips on deep faults in the lower crust of gabbroic composition.
Bone marrow stimulation of the medial femoral condyle produces inferior cartilage and bone repair compared to the trochlea in a rabbit surgical model
Authors: Chen Hongmei , Chevrier Anik , Hoemann Caroline D. , Sun Jun , Picard Genevieve , Buschmann Michael D. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe influence of the location of cartilage lesions on cartilage repair outcome is incompletely understood. This study compared cartilage and bone repair in medial femoral condylar (MFC) versus femoral trochlear (TR) defects 3 months after bone marrow stimulation in mature rabbits. Intact femurs from adult rabbits served as controls. Results from quantitative histomorphometry and histological scoring showed that bone marrow stimulation produced inferior soft tissue repair in MFC versus TR defects, as indicated by significantly lower % Fill (p = 0.03), a significant increase in collagen type I immunostaining (p < 0.00001) and lower O'Driscoll scores (p < 0.05). 3D micro‐CT analysis showed that repaired TR defects regained normal un‐operated values of bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number, whereas in MFC defects the repaired bone architecture appeared immature and less dense compared to intact un‐operated MFC controls (p < 0.0001). Severe medial meniscal damage was found in 28% of operated animals and was strongly correlated with (i) low cartilage defect fill, (ii) incomplete bone repair in MFC, and (iii) with a more posterior defect placement in the weight‐bearing region. We conclude that the location of cartilage lesions influences cartilage repair, with better outcome in TR versus MFC defects in rabbits. Meniscal degeneration is associated with cartilage damage. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1757–1764, 2013
Freshwater influx, hydrographic reorganization and the dispersal of ice‐rafted detritus in the sub‐polar North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation
Authors: SMALL DAVID , AUSTIN WILLIAM , RINTERKNECHT VINCENT 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA sediment core from the north‐east North Atlantic contains high‐resolution co‐registered foraminiferal δ18O and ice‐rafted detritus (IRD) records for the last deglaciation. These reveal a distinct ice‐rafting event that occurred at the time of Greenland Interstade 1d (GI‐1d), a feature also seen in other high‐resolution cores from the North Atlantic. The occurrence of a geographically widespread peak in IRD at ice distal sites at a time when increased freshwater flux to the surface ocean is inferred to have caused rapid cooling suggests a mechanistic link between the processes, analogous to the Younger Dryas (GS‐1) cooling episode. The general absence of IRD at southern locations at other times during GI‐1 when the flux of icebergs from surviving ice sheets to northern locations continued suggests that the GI‐1d IRD peak represents a time of hyrdrographic reorganization which changed IRD dispersal. While numerous studies have suggested freshwater flux as a major driver of rapid climate oscillations observed around the North Atlantic during the last deglaciation, the evidence presented here both supports that mechanism and highlights the potential for rapid and major reorganization of the North Atlantic's surface hydrography to explain changes in IRD flux independently of ice sheet calving dynamics.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of long‐term results of nasal tip defatting in rhinoplasty cases
Authors: Nemati Shadman , Banan Rahmatollah , Alizadeh Ahmad , Leili Ehsan Kazemnejad , Kerdari Hassan 
Published: July 2013

Objectives/HypothesisNasal skin thickness has an important role in aesthetic results of rhinoplasty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term results of tip and supratip skin defatting technique in rhinoplasty subjects using ultrasonography.Study DesignProspective, randomized, case‐control study.MethodsAmong 111 rhinoplasty cases referred to a university hospital between February 2010 and September 2011, after physical examination and measuring the nasal tip and supratip skin thickness by ultrasonography, a total of 55 patients with thick and moderate skin were randomly allocated for rhinoplasty using one of the following methods: rhinoplasty with (case group) and without (control group) defatting tip and supratip skin. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the skins was repeated 1 and 12 months after surgery, and the data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and repeated measure tests using SPSS 17 software.ResultsTwenty‐eight of 55 candidates (10 men, 45 women; mean age, 25.1 ± 7.6 years) underwent skin defatting during rhinoplasty; the other 27 patients did not undergo this procedure. Forty‐four patients completed the study. Thickness of tip and supratip skin was not statistically different before surgery and during follow‐up evaluations in defatting and nondefatting technique groups (P= .7).ConclusionsDefatting techniques have no effect on reducing tip and supratip skin thickness after rhinoplasty in moderate to thick skins.Laryngoscope, 123:2131–2135, 2013
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of a New Low‐Bandgap Polymer Consisting of Benzodithiophene and Fluorinated Benzoselenadiazole Units
Authors: Shin Seung Ah , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Park Jong Baek , Kang In‐Nam , Park Moo‐Jin , Hwang Do‐Hoon 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA donor–acceptor‐type conjugated alternating copolymer (PBDT–DFBSe) consisting of benzodithiophene (BDT) and a fluorinated 2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole derivative (DFBSe) is synthesized using Stille cross‐coupling. The optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of PBDT–DFBSe are compared with those of its non‐fluorinated analog, PBDT–BSe, which is composed of BDT and 2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole (BSe). The optical bandgap energies of PBDT–BSe and PBDT–DFBSe are determined from their absorption onsets to be 1.64 and 1.60 eV, respectively. Fluorine‐containing PBDT–DFBSe shows a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and higher hole mobility than PBDT–BSe. The device incorporating PBDT–DFBSe has a higher open‐circuit voltage (Voc), short‐circuit current density (Jsc), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) than the device incorporating PBDT–BSe.magnified image
From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: It's time to change the name
Authors: Edwards Mark J. , Stone Jon , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSuccessive attempts at rebranding may be behind at least some of the proliferation of terms we have at our disposal when describing patients with what are now most often referred to as “psychogenic,” “conversion,” or “somatoform” symptoms. The most popular term in the movement disorder literature, “psychogenic,” provides the aetiology of the disorder within the name, indicating that the symptoms are “born of the mind.” Here we argue that it is logical to stop using a term that defines the disorder with regard to a poorly defined aetiology that is not supported by current evidence, and, instead, to use a broad term—functional—not as a “polite eponym” but as a term that is freer from such assumptions and does not reinforce dualistic thinking. The main argument for change is not political or even practical, but scientific. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Exploring Human Subsistence Strategies and Environmental Change through Stable Isotopes in the Dry Puna of Argentina
Authors: Samec C. T. , Morales M. R. , Yacobaccio H. D. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis article explores the feeding and territorial behaviour of the wild camelids – guanacos and vicuñas – consumed by the inhabitants of the Dry Puna during the Early and Mid‐Holocene, as a way to deal with the strategies for resource exploitation employed by these human groups. We present 38 stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) generated from bone collagen extracted from the faunal remains obtained from the Hornillos 2 archaeological site (Susques, Jujuy Province, Argentina). These bone assemblages were recovered from nine layers that comprise human occupations corresponding to both periods (from 9710 to 6130 years bp). These data will be discussed considering ecological and ethological information about wild camelids, especially regarding territorial behaviour and dietary selectiveness of vicuñas and guanacos that currently inhabit the Puna. Finally, the trends and patterns identified in these isotopic evidences will be analysed in the light of the environmental and cultural changes that took place during the mentioned chronological span.Our results show no significant differences between camelid species, implying that δ13C and δ15N values of bone collagen constitute a poor taxonomical indicator, dismissing the possibility to identify the early incidence of human intervention in animal diet as an initial step to deal with the problem of domestication. In chronological terms, the δ15N results from Early and Mid‐Holocene show certain differences that can be linked to the preponderance of arid conditions during the latter. This underscores the usefulness of this line of evidence when evaluating environmental changes. On the other hand, the δ13C values show no substantial differences, meaning that carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen in mixed C3–C4 systems is not a reliable paleoenvironmental proxy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity and respiratory symptoms in children: The generation R study
Authors: Driessen Lisa M. , Kiefte‐de Jong Jessica C. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Hofman Albert , Raat Hein , de Jongste Johan C. , Moll Henriette A. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackgroundTo assess the relationship between physical activity in second year of life and respiratory symptoms during the pre‐school period.MethodsThis study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a large prospective birth‐cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Physical activity was measured in the second year of life by an Actigraph accelerometer in a subgroup of 347 children (182 boys, 165 girls; mean age 25.1 months) and data were expressed as counts per 15 sec in categories: light activity (302–614 counts/15 sec), moderate activity (615–1,230 counts/15 sec), and vigorous activity (≥1,231 counts/15 sec). Respiratory symptoms were assessed by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Questionnaire in the third and fourth year of life.ResultsPhysical activity levels were not associated with wheezing symptoms in the third and fourth year of life (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.05 and OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.92–1.07 for total activity, respectively), nor associated with shortness of breath symptoms (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.05 and OR 1.03; 95% CI: 0.96–1.11 for total activity, respectively).ConclusionThese results suggest that physical activity may not play an important role in the development of respiratory symptoms in pre‐school children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:36–42. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between nitrites in induced sputum and asthma symptoms in asthmatic schoolchildren
Authors: Castro‐Rodriguez Jose A. , Molina Ronald O. , Cáceres Marco , Recabarren Arturo 
Published: July 2013

SummaryObjectiveTo determine if nitrites (nitric oxide metabolites) measured in induced sputum decrease and correlate with improvement of clinical asthma symptoms after treatment, we performed a prospective longitudinal study in a tertiary care hospital in Arequipa, Peru.MethodsIn 95 schoolchildren with mild and moderate persistent asthma we determined nitrites in induced sputum samples (measured using the Griess assay). Clinical parameters and exercise bronchial challenge (EBC) test were performed twice, at baseline and after 3 months of beclomethasone‐dipropionate treatment (median doses: 300 mcg/day, IQR: 300–450).ResultsSixty out of 95 children completed the study (median age of 9‐year [IQR: 7–13]). A significant change in sputum nitrites levels between admission and the end of the study was observed (34.4 nmol/ml [IQR:18.2–58.4] and 11.2 nmol/ml [6–20.1], respectively, P = < 0.0001). Also a significant correlation between decrease of sputum nitrites levels and improvement of clinical parameters (acute exacerbations [r = 0.361, P = 0.005]; use of salbutamol [r = 0.322, P = 0.013]; emergency visits [r = 0.275, P = 0.033]; and school absence [r = 0.41, P = 0.001]) from admission to the end of the study was found. However, sputum nitrites levels did not correlated with peripherical blood eosinophils or serum IgE levels or with EBC test at any point of the study. The decrease of sputum nitrites levels after the treatment was significant in each asthma group (mild and moderate), but not between groups.ConclusionThis study showed that measured nitrite in induced sputum (a simple and cheap non‐invasive method) is a good alternative for monitoring asthmatic treatment in schoolchildren. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:214–220. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.