bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static and Dynamic Handling Stability of Server Rack Computers
Authors: Notohardjono Budy D. , Sanders Robert 
Published: October 2014

This paper discusses the static and dynamic stability analysis of rack or frame computer/server products during shipping and relocation. The static stability is the ability of server products to resist tipping over on a typical raised floor in a datacenter or when it is installed in its operational product environment. The dynamic stability is the ability to resist tipping over when a velocity change occurs during re-location either on flat or inclined planes. The product consists of a frame or a rack in which components such as processor units, input-output units and power supplies are installed.
The static stability analysis presented here calculates the tip over threshold angle, which is the maximum angle of an inclined plane on which the product can be placed without tipping over. The location of the installed components in a frame, the dimension and weight of the installed components, and the dimension of the product dictate the overall static stability of the product. Specifically, those parameters affect the location of the center of gravity of the product and the tip over threshold angle. The tip over threshold angle is a critical parameter influencing the dynamic stability of the product..
The dynamic stability of an unpackaged product moving on casters can be calculated using the conservation of mechanical energy principle. Finite element modeling is a good way to evaluate the dynamic stability of a product during manual handling or mechanical handling; for instance, on a forklift. The objective of the finite element modeling is to provide guidelines on the maximum speed, minimum radius curvature, and safe turning speed of a forklift when transporting a product.
The main objective of the analysis presented here is to provide a method for analyzing the static and dynamic stability of a rack style computer server product during shipping, relocation, and handling.
Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Variable Injection Timing System Performance Evaluation and Optimum Setting for Minimum Fuel Consumption at Acceptable NOx Levels
Authors: Hountalas Dimitrios T. , Raptotasios Spiridon , Antonopoulos Antonis , Daniolos Stavros , Dolaptzis Iosif , Tsobanoglou Maria 
Published: October 2014

Currently the most promising solution for marine propulsion is the two-stroke low-speed diesel engine. Start of Injection (SOI) is of significant importance for these engines due to its effect on firing pressure and specific fuel consumption. Therefore these engines are usually equipped with Variable Injection Timing (VIT) systems for variation of SOI with load. Proper operation of these systems is essential for both safe engine operation and performance since they are also used to control peak firing pressure.
However, it is rather difficult to evaluate the operation of VIT system and determine the required rack settings for a specific SOI angle without using experimental techniques, which are extremely expensive and time consuming. For this reason in the present work it is examined the use of on-board monitoring and diagnosis techniques to overcome this difficulty. The application is conducted on a commercial vessel equipped with a two-stroke engine from which cylinder pressure measurements were acquired. From the processing of measurements acquired at various operating conditions it is determined the relation between VIT rack position and start of injection angle. This is used to evaluate the VIT system condition and determine the required settings to achieve the desired SOI angle. After VIT system tuning, new measurements were acquired from the processing of which results were derived for various operating parameters, i.e. brake power, specific fuel consumption, heat release rate, start of combustion etc. From the comparative evaluation of results before and after VIT adjustment it is revealed an improvement of specific fuel consumption while firing pressure remains within limits. It is thus revealed that the proposed method has the potential to overcome the disadvantages of purely experimental trial and error methods and that its use can result to fuel saving with minimum effort and time.
To evaluate the corresponding effect on NOx emissions, as required by Marpol Annex-VI regulation a theoretical investigation is conducted using a multi-zone combustion model. Shop-test and NOx-file data are used to evaluate its ability to predict engine performance and NOx emissions before conducting the investigation. Moreover, the results derived from the on-board cylinder pressure measurements, after VIT system tuning, are used to evaluate the model’s ability to predict the effect of SOI variation on engine performance. Then the simulation model is applied to estimate the impact of SOI advance on NOx emissions. As revealed NOx emissions remain within limits despite the SOI variation (increase).
Vibro-Acoustic Analysis of a Heavy Duty Truck Cabin
Authors: Yenerer Hakan , Stan Andrei Cristian , Sendur Polat , Basdogan Ipek 
Published: October 2014

Automotive manufacturers invest a lot of effort and money to enhance the vibro-acoustic performance of their products. In a complex dynamic system such as a truck cabin, the enhancement effort may be very difficult and time-consuming if only the ‘trial and error’ method is used without prior knowledge about the noise contributors.
The purpose of this paper is to identify the most influential noise radiating panel in a passenger cabin compartment of a heavy duty truck. The noise inside the vehicle cabin originates from various sources and travels through many pathways. The first step of sound quality refinement is to find the pathways and corresponding operational internal forces. Operational acceleration responses and frequency response functions (FRFs) are measured on a prototype truck to determine the excitation forces while engine is running in operational conditions. Once these internal forces are identified using the experimental force identification (FI) technique, they are utilized to predict the total sound pressure level inside the cabin and also perform the panel acoustic contribution analysis (PACA) to determine the most problematic panel of the cabin. A coupled vibro-acoustic finite element model (FEM) is used to predict the sound pressure level inside the cabin. Sound pressure levels at the driver’s and passenger’s right and left ears are determined numerically for excitation coming from the cabin mounts ranging between 20–200 Hz. When the most noise radiating panel is identified, it can be redesigned to improve the sound pressure level inside the cabin.
Some Unexpected Results in the Stress Calculation Around Multiple Holes in an Isotropic Plate Under In-Plane-Loads
Authors: Asmar Ghazi H. , Chakar Elie A. , Jabbour Toni G. 
Published: October 2014

The Schwarz alternating method, along with Muskhelishvili’s complex potential method, is used to calculate the stresses around non-intersecting circular holes in an infinite isotropic plate subjected to in-plane loads at infinity. The holes may have any size and may be disposed in any manner in the plate, and the loading may be in any direction.
Complex Fourier series, whose coefficients are calculated using numerical integration, are incorporated within a Mathematica program for the determination of the tangential stress around any of the holes. The stress values obtained are then compared to published results in the literature and to results obtained using the finite element method.
It is found that part of the results generated by the authors do not agree with some of the published ones, specifically, those pertaining to the locations and magnitudes of certain maximum stresses occurring around the contour of holes in a plate containing two holes at close proximity to each other. This is despite the fact that the results from the present authors’ procedure have been verified several times by finite element calculations.
The object of this paper is to present and discuss the results calculated using the authors’ method and to underline the discrepancy mentioned above.
Draft Genome Assemblies of Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002 and Proteus vulgaris ATCC 49132
Authors: Minogue T. D. , Daligault H. E. , Davenport K. W. , Bishop-Lilly K. A. , Bruce D. C. , Chain P. S. , Coyne S. R. , Chertkov O. , Freitas T. , Frey K. G. , Jaissle J. , Koroleva G. I. , Ladner J. T. , Palacios G. F. , Redden C. L. , Xu Y. , Johnson S. L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

The pleomorphic swarming bacilli of the genus
Proteus
are common human gut commensal organisms but also the causative agents of recurrent urinary tract infections and bacteremia. We sequenced and assembled the 3.99-Mbp genome of
Proteus mirabilis
ATCC 7002 (accession no. JOVJ00000000) and the 3.97-Mbp genome of
Proteus vulgaris
ATCC 49132 (accession no. JPIX00000000), both of which are commonly used reference strains.
Combination of an Unbiased Amplification Method and a Resequencing Microarray for Detecting and Genotyping Equine Arteritis Virus
Authors: Hans Aymeric , Gaudaire Delphine , Manuguerra Jean-Claude , Leon Albertine , Gessain Antoine , Laugier Claire , Berthet Nicolas , Zientara Stephan 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
This study shows that an unbiased amplification method applied to equine arteritis virus RNA significantly improves the sensitivity of the real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. Twelve viral RNAs amplified using this method were hybridized on a high-density resequencing microarray for effective viral characterization.
Persistent Hepatitis C Virus Infection Impairs Ribavirin Antiviral Activity through Clathrin-Mediated Trafficking of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1
Authors: Panigrahi Rajesh , Chandra Partha K. , Ferraris Pauline , Kurt Ramazan , Song Kyoungsub , Garry Robert F. , Reiss Krzysztof , Coe Imogen R. , Furihata Tomomi , Balart Luis A. , Wu Tong , Dash Srikanta 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Ribavirin (RBV) continues to be an important component of interferon-free hepatitis C treatment regimens, as RBV alone does not inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication effectively; the reason for this ineffectiveness has not been established. In this study, we investigated the RBV resistance mechanism using a persistently HCV-infected cell culture system. The antiviral activity of RBV against HCV was progressively impaired in the persistently infected culture, whereas interferon lambda 1 (IFN-λ1), a type III IFN, showed a strong antiviral response and induced viral clearance. We found that HCV replication in persistently infected cultures induces an autophagy response that impairs RBV uptake by preventing the expression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). The Huh-7.5 cell line treated with an autophagy inducer, Torin 1, downregulated membrane expression of ENT1 and terminated RBV uptake. In contrast, the autophagy inhibitors hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) prevented ENT1 degradation and enhanced RBV antiviral activity. The HCV-induced autophagy response, as well as treatment with Torin 1, degrades clathrin heavy chain expression in a hepatoma cell line. Reduced expression of the clathrin heavy chain by HCV prevents ENT1 recycling to the plasma membrane and forces ENT1 to the lysosome for degradation. This study provides a potential mechanism for the impairment of RBV antiviral activity in persistently HCV-infected cell cultures and suggests that inhibition of the HCV-induced autophagy response could be used as a strategy for improving RBV antiviral activity against HCV infection.

IMPORTANCE
The results from this work will allow a review of the competing theories of antiviral therapy development in the field of HCV virology. Ribavirin (RBV) remains an important component of interferon-free hepatitis C treatment regimens. The reason why RBV alone does not inhibit HCV replication effectively has not been established. This study provides a potential mechanism for why RBV antiviral activity is impaired in persistently HCV-infected cell cultures and suggests that inhibition of the HCV-induced autophagy response could be used as a strategy to increase RBV antiviral activity against HCV infection. Therefore, it is anticipated that this work would generate a great deal of interest, not only among virologists but also among the general public.
The Sheep Tetherin Paralog oBST2B Blocks Envelope Glycoprotein Incorporation into Nascent Retroviral Virions
Authors: Murphy Lita , Varela Mariana , Desloire Sophie , Ftaich Najate , Murgia Claudio , Golder Matthew , Neil Stuart , Spencer Thomas E. , Wootton Sarah K. , Lavillette Dimitri , Terzian Christophe , Palmarini Massimo , Arnaud Frédérick 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) is a cellular restriction factor with a broad antiviral activity. In sheep, the
BST2
gene is duplicated into two paralogs termed
oBST2A
and
oBST2B
. oBST2A impedes viral exit of the Jaagsiekte sheep retroviruses (JSRV), most probably by retaining virions at the cell membrane, similar to the “tethering” mechanism exerted by human BST2. In this study, we provide evidence that unlike oBST2A, oBST2B is limited to the Golgi apparatus and disrupts JSRV envelope (Env) trafficking by sequestering it. In turn, oBST2B leads to a reduction in Env incorporation into viral particles, which ultimately results in the release of virions that are less infectious. Furthermore, the activity of oBST2B does not seem to be restricted to retroviruses, as it also acts on vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteins. Therefore, we suggest that oBST2B exerts antiviral activity using a mechanism distinct from the classical tethering restriction observed for oBST2A.

IMPORTANCE
BST2 is a powerful cellular restriction factor against a wide range of enveloped viruses. Sheep possess two paralogs of the
BST2
gene called
oBST2A
and
oBST2B
. JSRV, the causative agent of a transmissible lung cancer of sheep, is known to be restricted by oBST2A. In this study, we show that unlike oBST2A, oBST2B impairs the normal cellular trafficking of JSRV envelope glycoproteins by sequestering them within the Golgi apparatus. We also show that oBST2B decreases the incorporation of envelope glycoprotein into JSRV viral particles, which in turn reduces virion infectivity. In conclusion, oBST2B exerts a novel antiviral activity that is distinct from those of BST2 proteins of other species.
The HIV-1 gp120 CD4-Bound Conformation Is Preferentially Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity-Mediating Antibodies in Sera from HIV-1-Infected Individuals
Authors: Veillette Maxime , Coutu Mathieu , Richard Jonathan , Batraville Laurie-Anne , Dagher Olina , Bernard Nicole , Tremblay Cécile , Kaufmann Daniel E. , Roger Michel , Finzi Andrés 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTRecent studies have linked antibody Fc-mediated effector functions with protection or control of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency (SIV) infections. Interestingly, the presence of antibodies with potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in the Thai RV144 vaccine trial was suggested to correlate with decreased HIV-1 acquisition risk. These antibodies recently were found to recognize HIV envelope (Env) epitopes exposed upon Env-CD4 interaction. CD4 downregulation by Nef and Vpu, as well as Vpu-mediated BST-2 antagonism, were reported to modulate exposure of those CD4-induced HIV-1 Env epitopes and were proposed to play a role in reducing the susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC mediated by this class of antibodies. Here, we report the high prevalence of antibodies recognizing CD4-induced HIV-1 Env epitopes in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals, which correlated with their ability to mediate ADCC responses against HIV-1-infected cells, exposing these Env epitopes at the cell surface. Furthermore, our results indicate that Env variable regions V1, V2, V3, and V5 do not represent a major determinant for ADCC responses mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. Altogether, these findings suggest that HIV-1 tightly controls the exposure of certain Env epitopes at the surface of infected cells in order to prevent elimination by Fc-effector functions.IMPORTANCEHere, we identified a particular conformation of HIV-1 Env that is specifically targeted by ADCC-mediating antibodies present in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. This observation suggests that HIV-1 developed sophisticated mechanisms to minimize the exposure of these epitopes at the surface of infected cells.
Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
Adhesins
Authors: McWilliams Brian D. , Torres Alfredo G. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Adhesins are a group of proteins in enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) that are involved in the attachment or colonization of this pathogen to abiotic (plastic or steel) and biological surfaces, such as those found in bovine and human intestines. This review provides the most up-to-date information on these essential adhesion factors, summarizing important historical discoveries and analyzing the current and future state of this research. In doing so, the proteins intimin and Tir are discussed in depth, especially regarding their role in the development of attaching and effacing lesions and in EHEC virulence. Further, a series of fimbrial proteins (Lpf1, Lpf2, curli, ECP, F9, ELF, Sfp, HCP, and type 1 fimbria) are also described, emphasizing their various contributions to adherence and colonization of different surfaces and their potential use as genetic markers in detection and classification of different EHEC serotypes. This review also discusses the role of several autotransporter proteins (EhaA-D, EspP, Saa and Sab, and Cah), as well as other proteins associated with adherence, such as flagella, EibG, Iha, and OmpA. While these proteins have all been studied to varying degrees, all of the adhesins summarized in this article have been linked to different stages of the EHEC life cycle, making them good targets for the development of more effective diagnostics and therapeutics.
Shiga Toxin-Producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) in Fresh Produce—A Food Safety Dilemma
Authors: Feng Peter 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Produce contains high levels of mixed microflora, including coliforms and
Escherichia coli
, but occasionally pathogens may also be present. Enterotoxigenic
E. coli
and Shigatoxin-producing
E. coli
(STEC) have been isolated from various produce types, especially spinach. The presence of STEC in produce is easily detected by PCR for the Shiga toxin (Stx) gene,
stx
, but this is insufficient for risk analysis. STEC comprises hundreds of serotypes that include known pathogenic serotypes and strains that do not appear to cause severe illness. Moreover, Stx without a binding factor like intimin (encoded by
eae
) is deemed to be insufficient to cause severe disease. Hence, risk analyses require testing for other virulence or serotype-specific genes. Multiplex PCR enables simultaneous testing of many targets, but, in a mixed flora sample, not all targets detected may be coming from the same cell. The need to isolate and confirm STEC in produce is critical, but it is time- and labor-intensive due to the complexity of the group. Studies showed that only a handful of STEC strains in produce have
eae
, and most belonged to recognized pathogenic serotypes so are of definite health risks. Several
eae
-negative strains belonged to serotypes O113:H21 and O91:H21 that historically have caused severe illness and may also be of concern. Most of the other STEC strains in produce, however, are only partially serotyped or are unremarkable serotypes carrying putative virulence factors, whose role in pathogenesis is uncertain, thus making it difficult to assess the health risks of these STEC strains.
New Therapeutic Developments against Shiga Toxin-Producing
Escherichia coli
Authors: Melton-Celsa Angela R. , O'Brien Alison D. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is an etiologic agent of bloody diarrhea. A serious sequela of disease, the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) may arise in up to 25% of patients. The development of HUS after STEC infection is linked to the presence of Stx. STEC strains may produce one or more Stxs, and the Stxs come in two major immunological groups, Stx1 and Stx2. A multitude of possible therapeutics designed to inhibit the actions of the Stxs have been developed over the past 30 years. Such therapeutics are important because antibiotic treatment of STEC infections is contraindicated due to an increased potential for development of HUS. The reason for the increased risk of HUS after antibiotic treatment is likely because certain antibiotics induce expression of the Stxs, which are generally associated with lysogenic bacteriophages. There are a few potential therapeutics that either try to kill STEC without inducing Stx expression or target gene expression within STEC. However, the vast majority of the treatments under development are designed to limit Stx receptor generation or to prevent toxin binding, trafficking, processing, or activity within the cell. The potential therapies described in this review include some that have only been tested in vitro and several that demonstrate efficacy in animals. The therapeutics that are currently the furthest along in development (completed phase I and II trials) are monoclonal antibodies directed against Stx1 and Stx2.
A Unique DNA Recombination Mechanism of the Mating/Cell-type Switching of Fission Yeasts: a Review
Authors: Klar Amar J. S. , Ishikawa Ken , Moore Sharon 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Cells of the highly diverged
Schizosaccharomyces (S.) pombe
and
S. japonicus
fission yeasts exist in one of two sex/mating types, called P (for plus) or M (for minus), specified by which allele,
M
or
P
, resides at
mat1
. The fission yeasts have evolved an elegant mechanism for switching P or M information at
mat1
by a programmed DNA recombination event with a copy of one of the two silent mating-type genes residing nearby in the genome. The switching process is highly cell-cycle and generation dependent such that only one of four grandchildren of a cell switches mating type. Extensive studies of fission yeast established the natural DNA strand chirality at the
mat1
locus as the primary basis of asymmetric cell division. The asymmetry results from a unique site- and strand-specific epigenetic “imprint” at
mat1
installed in one of the two chromatids during DNA replication. The imprint is inherited by one daughter cell, maintained for one cell cycle, and is then used for initiating recombination during
mat1
replication in the following cell cycle. This mechanism of cell-type switching is considered to be unique to these two organisms, but determining the operation of such a mechanism in other organisms has not been possible for technical reasons. This review summarizes recent exciting developments in the understanding of mating-type switching in fission yeasts and extends these observations to suggest how such a DNA strand-based epigenetic mechanism of cellular differentiation could also operate in diploid organisms.
The Pup-Proteasome System of Mycobacteria
Authors: Bode Nadine J. , Darwin K. Heran 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Proteasomes are ATP-dependent, barrel-shaped proteases found in all three domains of life. In eukaryotes, proteins are typically targeted for degradation by posttranslational modification with the small protein ubiquitin. In 2008, the first bacterial protein modifier, Pup (
p
rokaryotic
u
biquitin-like
p
rotein), was identified in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Functionally analogous to ubiquitin, conjugation with Pup serves as a signal for degradation by the mycobacterial proteasome. Proteolysis-dependent and -independent functions of the
M. tuberculosis
proteasome are essential for virulence of this successful pathogen. In this article we describe the discovery of the proteasome as a key player in tuberculosis pathogenesis and the biology and biochemistry of the Pup-proteasome system.