bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial pathogen phytosensing in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants
Authors: Liu Wusheng , Mazarei Mitra , Rudis Mary R. , Fethe Michael H. , Peng Yanhui , Millwood Reginald J. , Schoene Gisele , Burris Jason N. , Stewart C. Neal 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPlants are subject to attack by a wide range of phytopathogens. Current pathogen detection methods and technologies are largely constrained to those occurring post‐symptomatically. Recent efforts were made to generate plant sentinels (phytosensors) that can be used for sensing and reporting pathogen contamination in crops. Engineered phytosensors indicating the presence of plant pathogens as early‐warning sentinels potentially have tremendous utility as wide‐area detectors. We previously showed that synthetic promoters containing pathogen and/or defence signalling inducible cis‐acting regulatory elements (RE) fused to a fluorescent protein (FP) reporter could detect phytopathogenic bacteria in a transient phytosensing system. Here, we further advanced this phytosensing system by developing stable transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants containing candidate constructs. The inducibility of each synthetic promoter was examined in response to biotic (bacterial pathogens) or chemical (plant signal molecules salicylic acid, ethylene and methyl jasmonate) treatments using stably transgenic plants. The treated plants were visualized using epifluorescence microscopy and quantified using spectrofluorometry for FP synthesis upon induction. Time‐course analyses of FP synthesis showed that both transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants were capable to respond in predictable ways to pathogen and chemical treatments. These results provide insights into the potential applications of transgenic plants as phytosensors and the implementation of emerging technologies for monitoring plant disease outbreaks in agricultural fields.
Wittgenstein on the Place of the Concept “Noticing an Aspect”
Authors: Dinishak Janette 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeeing aspects is a dominant theme inWittgenstein's 1940s writings on philosophy of psychology. Interpreters disagree about whatWittgenstein was trying to do in these discussions.Iargue that interpretingWittgenstein's observations about the interrelations between “noticing an aspect” and other psychological concepts as a systematic theory of aspect‐seeing diminishes key lessons ofWittgenstein's explorations: these interrelations are enormously complicated and “noticing an aspect” resists neat classification. Further,Wittgenstein invites us to engage in his “placing activity,” and by doing so we are building a skill that is valuable for enabling us to helpourselveswhen we encounter conceptual difficulties.
The Continence of Virtue
Authors: Scarre Geoffrey 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMany recent writers in the virtue ethics tradition have followed Aristotle in arguing for a distinction between virtue and continence, where the latter is conceived as an inferior moral condition. In this paper I contend that rather than seeking to identify a sharp categorical difference between virtue and continence, we should see the contrast as rather one of degree, where virtue is a continence that has matured with practice and habit, becoming more stable, effective and self‐aware.
Molecular characterization and functional analysis of two new β‐1,4‐endoglucanase genes (Ha‐eng‐2,Ha‐eng‐3) from the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae
Authors: Long H. , Peng D. , Huang W. , Peng H. , Wang G. 
Published: November 2012

Parasitism genes encoding secretory proteins expressed in the pharyngeal glands of plant‐parasitic nematodes play a crucial role in nematode parasitism of plants. Two new β‐1,4‐endoglucanase genes (Ha‐eng‐2 and Ha‐eng‐3) expressed in the pharyngeal glands of the sedentary cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, were cloned. Both of the predicted proteins have a putative signal peptide for secretion and a catalytic domain. Neither peptide linkers nor cellulose binding domains were present. In situ hybridization showed that the transcripts of Ha‐eng‐2 and Ha‐eng‐3 accumulated specifically in the two subventral gland cells of H. avenae. RT‐PCR analysis confirmed that their transcriptions were strong in the preparasitic and early parasitic second‐stage juveniles, and were undetectable at the late parasitic stages of the nematode. Cellulase activities of the recombinant proteins HA‐ENG‐2 and HA‐ENG‐3 were confirmed in vitro. Knocking down Ha‐eng‐2 using RNA interference reduced nematode infectivity by 40%. The results indicate that these β‐1,4‐endoglucanases can be secreted into plant tissues and play an important role in the wall degradation of plant cells during penetration and the migration of second‐stage juveniles in host roots.
Why was the enforcement pyramid so influential? And what price was paid?
Authors: Mascini Peter 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAlthough responsive regulation includes much more than the enforcement pyramid, it is the pyramid that has received most attention from academics and practitioners. This is despite the fact that the implementation of the strategy of gradual escalation has proved challenging in many respects. Why has the enforcement pyramid been so attractive? Apart from its scholarly and policy usefulness, this paper suggests that it appeals to practitioners because it provides a theoretical endorsement of the professional autonomy to which practitioners aspire. It was, and is, still appealing to scholars because it provides a practical means to improve regulation, which is congruent with the dominant neoliberal reflex to depoliticize the regulation of capitalist economies. All in all, because responsive regulation has very largely been reduced to the enforcement pyramid, the literature has neglected the normative issues surrounding the regulation of capitalist economies that were central to Ayres and Braithwaite.
Differential distribution of lymphatic clearance between upper and lower regions of the lung
Authors: EGASHIRA RYOKO , TANAKA TOMONORI , IMAIZUMI TAKESHI , SENDA KAZUTAKA , DOKI YOSHINORI , KUDO SHO , FUKUOKA JUNYA 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground and objectiveMany lung diseases arise as the consequence of inhalational injury. When pathogenic materials are inhaled, it is possible that their clearance routes become the main focus of injury in the lung. Lymphatic clearance is important in the removal from the lung of small inhaled particles. The leak of toxic agents from the lymphatic flow potentially explains the topographic distribution of diffuse lung diseases triggered by inhaled materials, for example asbestosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in lymphatic distribution across various craniocaudal levels of the lung by using carbon dust deposition (CDD) as a tracing marker.MethodsWe evaluated 61 HE‐stained slides of the normal lung area from 61 lobectomy specimens. The intensity of CDD was scored into five degrees (0–4) in bronchiolovascular (BV) areas and subpleural/septal (SP) areas per slide. The distribution was highlighted by subtraction scores of SP areas from those of bronchiolovascular areas.ResultsThe subtraction scores of the upper lung area were significantly greater than those in the lower area, whereas there was no significant difference in scores by pulmonary lobes.ConclusionsOur results indicated that the main lymphatic clearance routes vary according to the craniocaudal levels, and are predominant in BV areas of the upper areas and in SP areas of the lower areas of the lung. This may explain the histological variations in anatomical distribution observed in the biopsy specimens of some diffuse lung diseases.
Body maps do not facilitate older children’s report of touch
Authors: MORGAN KIRSTIE , DORGAN KATHRYN , HAYNE HARLENE 
Published: November 2012

Morgan, K., Dorgan, K. & Hayne, H. (2013). Body maps do not facilitate older children’s report of touch. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54, 51–55.In a single experiment, we assessed the effect of body maps on reports of touch by 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds, 9‐ and 10‐year‐olds, and adults. Children and adults participated in a staged event in which they were touched four times. Immediately following the event, children and adults were asked to either show using a body map or show using their own body where they had been touched. Consistent with prior research, body maps were ineffective with 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds. Furthermore, although older children and adults reported more touches and were more accurate than younger children, body maps did not enhance the quality of their reports. We conclude that the provision of a body map does not facilitate reports of touch by any age group, raising serious questions about their use in forensic contexts.
15‐month‐olds’ transfer of learning between touch screen and real‐world displays: language cues and cognitive loads
Authors: ZACK ELIZABETH , GERHARDSTEIN PETER , MELTZOFF ANDREW N. , BARR RACHEL 
Published: November 2012

Zack, E., Gerhardstein, P., Meltzoff, A. N. & Barr, R. (2013). 15‐month‐olds’ transfer of learning between touch screen and real‐world displays: language cues and cognitive loads. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54, 20–25.Infants have difficulty transferring information between 2D and 3D sources. The current study extends Zack, Barr, Gerhardstein, Dickerson & Meltzoff’s (2009) touch screen imitation task to examine whether the addition of specific language cues significantly facilitates 15‐month‐olds’ transfer of learning between touch screens and real‐world 3D objects. The addition of two kinds of linguistic cues (object label plus verb or nonsense name) did not elevate action imitation significantly above levels observed when such language cues were not used. Language cues hindered infants’ performance in the 3D→2D direction of transfer, but only for the object label plus verb condition. The lack of a facilitative effect of language is discussed in terms of competing cognitive loads imposed by conjointly transferring information across dimensions and processing linguistic cues in an action imitation task at this age.
Avian Schistosomes and Human Cercarial Dermatitis in a Wildlife Refuge in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran
Authors: Gohardehi S. , Fakhar M. , Madjidaei M. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryEach year, hundreds of aquatic migratory birds migrate from northern hemisphere to the Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Little information is available on prevalence and density of schistosomes in water birds in Iran and around the world. The objectives of this study were to determine definitive and intermediate hosts of avian schistosomes as well as to assess human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) in a wildlife refuge in Mazandaran Province. Of 1106 examined people, 589 (53.2%) had maculopapular rashes mainly on feet but also on hand. The majority of cases were adults and local residents. Of 260 ducks, 41 (15.8%) were found to be infected with Trichobilharzia spp. eggs or adult worms. Prevalence was highest in Anas clypeata and Anas platyrhynchos, 79% and 18.9%, respectively. A total of 1.2% snails, examined by both shedding and crushing methods, were infected with furcocercariae belonging to avian schistosomes. The most frequently infected snail was Lymnaea gedrosiana (5.9%). Our results showed that cercarial dermatitis and avian schistosomiasis is a common and yet neglected disease in this area. Anas clypeata played the most important role in exposing snails to miracidia in ponds and paddy fields. Moreover, because of the high prevalence in ducks and high prevalence of HCD in the region, it is considered as a new endemic focus in Iran.
High‐resolution echocardiography in the assessment of cardiac physiology and disease in preclinical models
Authors: Moran Carmel M. , Thomson Adrian J. W. , Rog‐Zielinska Eva , Gray Gillian A. 
Published: November 2012

Key Findings
What is the topic of this review?This review describes the use of high spatial and temporal resolution ultrasound imaging for the evalution of cardiovascular function.
What advances does it highlight?This short reveiw succintly highlights the advances in the use of high‐resolution ultrasound in the assessment of rodent cardiac function, with emphasis on the differences between human and rodent echocardiography and on the main principles involved in completing a successful echocardiographic study in preclinical models.
The high temporal and spatial resolution of echocardiography makes it a powerful and reliable tool for the non‐invasive study of cardiac phenotype and disease in both adult and embryonic preclinical models. This overview of the use of high‐resolution ultrasound for echocardiography highlights the present and potential applications of the technique.
Water and tissue equivalence of a new PRESAGE® formulation for 3D proton beam dosimetry: A Monte Carlo study
Authors: Gorjiara Tina , Kuncic Zdenka , Doran Simon , Adamovics John , Baldock Clive 
Published: November 2012

Purpose:To evaluate the water and tissue equivalence of a new PRESAGE® 3D dosimeter for proton therapy.Methods:The GEANT4 software toolkit was used to calculate and compare total dose delivered by a proton beam with mean energy 62 MeV in a PRESAGE® dosimeter, water, and soft tissue. The dose delivered by primary protons and secondary particles was calculated. Depth‐dose profiles and isodose contours of deposited energy were compared for the materials of interest.Results:The proton beam range was found to be ≈27 mm for PRESAGE®, 29.9 mm for soft tissue, and 30.5 mm for water. This can be attributed to the lower collisional stopping power of water compared to soft tissue and PRESAGE®. The difference between total dose delivered in PRESAGE® and total dose delivered in water or tissue is less than 2% across the entire water/tissue equivalent range of the proton beam. The largest difference between total dose in PRESAGE® and total dose in water is 1.4%, while for soft tissue it is 1.8%. In both cases, this occurs at the distal end of the beam. Nevertheless, the authors find that PRESAGE® dosimeter is overall more tissue‐equivalent than water‐equivalent before the Bragg peak. After the Bragg peak, the differences in the depth doses are found to be due to differences in primary proton energy deposition; PRESAGE® and soft tissue stop protons more rapidly than water. The dose delivered by secondary electrons in the PRESAGE® differs by less than 1% from that in soft tissue and water. The contribution of secondary particles to the total dose is less than 4% for electrons and ≈1% for protons in all the materials of interest.Conclusions:These results demonstrate that the new PRESAGE® formula may be considered both a tissue‐ and water‐equivalent 3D dosimeter for a 62 MeV proton beam. The results further suggest that tissue‐equivalent thickness may provide better dosimetric and geometric accuracy than water‐equivalent thickness for 3D dosimetry of this proton beam.
Comparison of a multileaf collimator tracking system and a robotic treatment couch tracking system for organ motion compensation during radiotherapy
Authors: Menten Martin J. , Guckenberger Matthias , Herrmann Christian , Krauß Andreas , Nill Simeon , Oelfke Uwe , Wilbert Jürgen 
Published: November 2012

Purpose:One limitation of accurate dose delivery in radiotherapy is intrafractional movement of the tumor or the entire patient which may lead to an underdosage of the target tissue or an overdosage of adjacent organs at risk. In order to compensate for this movement, different techniques have been developed. In this study the tracking performances of a multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking system and a robotic treatment couch tracking system were compared under equal conditions.Methods:MLC tracking was performed using a tracking system based on the Siemens 160 MLC. A HexaPOD robotic treatment couch tracking system was also installed at the same linac. A programmable 4D motion stage was used to reproduce motion trajectories with different target phantoms. Motion localization of the target was provided by the 4D tracking system of Calypso Medical Inc. The gained positional data served as input signal for the control systems of the MLC and HexaPOD tracking systems attempting to compensate for the target motion. The geometric and dosimetric accuracy for the tracking of eight different respiratory motion trajectories was investigated for both systems. The dosimetric accuracy of both systems was also evaluated for the tracking of five prostate motion trajectories.Results:For the respiratory motion the average root mean square error of all trajectories iny direction was reduced from 4.1 to 2.0 mm for MLC tracking and to 2.2 mm for HexaPOD tracking. In x direction it was reduced from 1.9 to 0.9 mm (MLC) and to 1.0 mm (HexaPOD). The average 2%/2 mm gamma pass rate for the respiratory motion trajectories was increased from 76.4% for no tracking to 89.8% and 95.3% for the MLC and the HexaPOD tracking systems, respectively. For the prostate motion trajectories the average 2%/2 mm gamma pass rate was 60.1% when no tracking was applied and was improved to 85.0% for MLC tracking and 95.3% for the HexaPOD tracking system.Conclusions:Both systems clearly increased the geometric and dosimetric accuracy during tracking of respiratory motion trajectories. Thereby, the geometric accuracy was increased almost equally by both systems, whereas the dosimetric accuracy of the HexaPOD tracking system was slightly better for all considered respiratory motion trajectories. Substantial improvement of the dosimetric accuracy was also observed during tracking of prostate motion trajectories during an intensity‐modulated radiotherapy plan. Thereby, the HexaPOD tracking system showed better results than the MLC tracking.
Incorporating social network effects into cost-effectiveness analysis: a methodological contribution with application to obesity prevention
Authors: Konchak Chad , Prasad Kislaya 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesTo develop a methodology for integrating social networks into traditional cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) studies. This will facilitate the economic evaluation of treatment policies in settings where health outcomes are subject to social influence.DesignThis is a simulation study based on a Markov model. The lifetime health histories of a cohort are simulated, and health outcomes compared, under alternative treatment policies. Transition probabilities depend on the health of others with whom there are shared social ties.SettingThe methodology developed is shown to be applicable in any healthcare setting where social ties affect health outcomes. The example of obesity prevention is used for illustration under the assumption that weight changes are subject to social influence.Main outcome measuresIncremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).ResultsWhen social influence increases, treatment policies become more cost effective (have lower ICERs). The policy of only treating individuals who span multiple networks can be more cost effective than the policy of treating everyone. This occurs when the network is more fragmented.Conclusions(1) When network effects are accounted for, they result in very different values of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). (2) Treatment policies can be devised to take network structure into account. The integration makes it feasible to conduct a cost-benefit evaluation of such policies.
A population-based study of nearly 15 000 observations among Swedish women and men during 1973–2003
Authors: Halford Christina , Welin Catharina , Bogefeldt Johan , Wallman Thorne , Rosengren Annika , Bardel Annika , Johansson Saga , Eriksson Henry , Svärdsudd Kurt 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesGlobal self-rated health (SRH) has become extensively used as an outcome measure in population health surveillance. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of age and secular trend (year of investigation) on SRH.DesignProspective cohort study, using population-based data from eight ongoing cohort studies, with sampling performed between 1973 and 2003.SettingSweden.Participants11 880 women and men, aged 25–99 years, providing 14 470 observations.Primary outcome measureGlobal SRH.ResultsIn multiple ordinal logistic regression analyses, adjusted for the effects of covariates, there were independent effects of age (p<0.0001) and of year of investigation (p<0.0001) on SRH. In women the association was linear, showing lower levels of SRH with increased age, and more recent year of investigation. In men the association was curvilinear, and thus more complex. The final model explained 76.2% of the SRH variance in women and 74.5% of the variance in men.ConclusionsSRH was strongly and inversely associated with age in both sexes, after adjustment for other outcome-affecting variables. There was a strongly significant effect of year of investigation indicating a change in SRH, in women towards lower levels over calendar time, in men with fluctuations across time.
Cardiovascular risk factor management of myocardial infarction patients with and without diabetes in the Netherlands between 2002 and 2006: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data
Authors: Soedamah-Muthu Sabita S , Geleijnse Johanna M , Giltay Erik J , Kromhout Daan 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveWe examined levels and trends in cardiovascular risk factors and drug treatment in myocardial infarction (MI) patients with and without diabetes.DesignCross-sectional analysis of baseline Alpha Omega Trial data, a randomised controlled trial.Setting32 hospitals in the Netherlands.ParticipantsIn total, we had 1014 MI patients with diabetes (74% men) and 3823 without diabetes (79% men) aged 60–80 years, analysed over the period 2002–2006.ResultsBetween 2002 and 2006, a significantly decreasing trend in the prevalence of obesity (−5%, ptrend=0.02) and in systolic blood pressure (BP) levels (−5 mm Hg, ptrend<0.0001) was demonstrated in non-diabetic patients, but not in diabetic patients. In 2006, obesity, mean systolic BP and serum triglyceride levels were significantly higher, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower in diabetic patients compared to those without. Prescription of antihypertensive drug (diabetic vs non-diabetic patients respectively, 95% vs 93%, p=0.08) and statin treatment were high (86% and 90%, p=0.11).ConclusionsA high proportion of MI patients with and without diabetes was similarly treated with cardiovascular drugs. In spite of high drug treatment levels, more adverse risk factors were found in patients with diabetes.