bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Religion in Brazil, in Public Schools and Confessional Colleges
Authors: Cruz Eduardo R. , Soares Afonso L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis essay is part of a collection of short essays solicited from authors around the globe who teach religion courses at the college level (not for professional religious training). They are published together with an introduction in Teaching Theology and Religion 18:3 (July 2015). The authors were asked to provide a brief overview of the curriculum, student learning goals, and pedagogical techniques employed in their courses.
The auxin transporter, OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root hair elongation and in Cd stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Yu ChenLiang , Sun ChenDong , Shen Chenjia , Wang Suikang , Liu Fang , Liu Yan , Chen YunLong , Li Chuanyou , Qian Qian , Aryal Bibek , Geisler Markus , Jiang De An , Qi YanHua 
Published: July 2015

SummaryAuxin and cadmium (Cd) stress play critical roles during root development. There are only a few reports on the mechanisms by which Cd stress influences auxin homeostasis and affects primary root (PR) and lateral root (LR) development, and almost nothing is known about how auxin and Cd interfere with root hair (RH) development. Here, we characterize rice osaux1 mutants that have a longer PR and shorter RHs in hydroponic culture, and that are more sensitive to Cd stress compared to wild‐type (Dongjin). OsAUX1 expression in root hair cells is different from that of its paralogous gene, AtAUX1, which is expressed in non‐hair cells. However, OsAUX1, like AtAUX1, localizes at the plasma membrane and appears to function as an auxin tranporter. Decreased auxin distribution and contents in the osaux1 mutant result in reduction of OsCyCB1;1 expression and shortened PRs, LRs and RHs under Cd stress, but may be rescued by treatment with the membrane‐permeable auxin 1‐naphthalene acetic acid. Treatment with the auxin transport inhibitors 1‐naphthoxyacetic acid and N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid increased the Cd sensitivity of WT rice. Cd contents in the osaux1 mutant were not altered, but reactive oxygen species‐mediated damage was enhanced, further increasing the sensitivity of the osaux1 mutant to Cd stress. Taken together, our results indicate that OsAUX1 plays an important role in root development and in responses to Cd stress.
Taste and move: glucose and peptide transporters in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Daniel Hannelore , Zietek Tamara 
Published: July 2015

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
Nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract requires membrane proteins embedded in the apical membrane of epithelial cells that allow bulk quantities of nutrients, such as monosaccharides and amino acids, to be moved into epithelial cells. Very recently, a new function of the transporters as nutrient sensors mediating peptide hormone release from enteroendocrine cells has been discovered.

What advances does it highlight?
The review covers recent advances in membrane transporter functions for the absorption and sensing of dietary peptides and sugars and their putative interplay.

Nutrient transporters are integral membrane proteins responsible for uptake into enterocytes and release of nutrients into the circulation. Absorption of food breakdown products, such as fatty acids, monosaccharides or amino acids, requires high‐capacity transporters. In the case of glucose, amino acids and peptides, the transporters are electrogenic in nature, coupling substrate flux to ion movement. While glucose absorption is mediated by the Na+‐dependent SGLT1 protein, uptake of short‐chain peptides is mediated by the H+‐coupled PEPT1 protein. Interestingly, both transporters were recently shown to fulfil an additional role as intestinal ‘sensors’ in enteroendocrine cells, mediating the release of gastrointestinal peptide hormones into the circulation. Sensing of d‐glucose and of di‐ and tripeptides is particularly relevant for the secretion of the incretins glucose‐dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide 1 that promote insulin output from β‐cells and mediate β‐cell protection. In addition to these sensing pathways, a variety of G‐protein‐coupled receptors are involved in sensing of intestinal contents. d‐Glucose is sensed not only by SGLT1 but also by the sweet taste receptor T1R2/3 expressed in enteroendocrine cells. Activation of T1R2/3 increases SGLT1 levels and intestinal glucose absorption. Although T1R2/3 ligands, such as artificial sweeteners, were shown to elicit incretin secretion from enteroendocrine cell lines or in vitro in tissue preparations, convincing data that this is also relevant in vivo are missing to date. However, there is growing interest in targeting intestinal sensory pathways, involving receptors but also the ‘transceptors’ PEPT1 and SGLT1, by use of drugs or food constituents to elicit the beneficial effects of incretins on the pancreas and metabolic control.
Cortical folding scales universally with surface area and thickness, not number of neurons
Authors: Mota Bruno , Herculano-Houzel Suzana 
Published: July 2015

The best way to fold a mammalian brain
As mammalian brains grew larger through evolution, the organization and folding of brains changed too. In a series of statistical analyses comparing a large number of mammalian species, Mota and Herculano-Houzel found that brain folding is not simply a phylogenetic consequence of brain mass increase (see the Perspective by Striedter and Srinivasan). The exposed surface of the cortex scales across all mammals and across individuals as a single power law of the product of total cortical surface and the square root of cortical thickness.

Science
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74
; see also p.
31
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain WS136, a Highly Cytotoxic ExoS-Positive Wound Isolate Recovered from Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Authors: Arnold Martin , Wibberg Daniel , Blom Jochen , Schatschneider Sarah , Winkler Anika , Kutter Yvonne , Rückert Christian , Albersmeier Andreas , Albaum Stefan , Goesmann Alexander , Zange Sabine , Heesemann Jürgen , Pühler Alfred , Hogardt Michael , Vorhölter Frank-Jörg 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an opportunistic pathogen that typically infects patients with a compromised immune defense. Here, we present the improved 6.5-Mb draft genome of strain WS136, an ExoS-positive and ExoU-negative highly cytotoxic chronic wound isolate recovered from pyoderma gangrenosum of a patient who received bone marrow transplantation.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Bacilli bacterium
Strain VT-13-104 Isolated from the Intestine of a Patient with Duodenal Cancer
Authors: Tetz George , Tetz Victor 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

We report the complete genome sequence of
Bacilli bacterium
strain VT-13-104 isolated from the intestine of a patient with duodenal cancer. The genome is composed of 3,573,421 bp, with a G+C content of 35.7%. It possesses 3,254 predicted protein-coding genes encoding multidrug resistance transporters, resistance to antibiotics, and virulence factors.
Cost-effectiveness of first-line erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer unsuitable for chemotherapy
Authors: Khan Iftekhar , Morris Stephen , Hackshaw Allan , Lee Siow-Ming 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the cost-effectiveness of erlotinib versus supportive care (placebo) overall and within a predefined rash subgroup in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer who are unfit for chemotherapy and receive only active supportive care due to their poor performance status or presence of comorbidities.SettingBetween 2005 and 2009, a total of 670 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were randomised across 78 hospital sites (centres) in the UK.Participants670 patients with pathologically confirmed stage IIIb-IV NSCLC, unfit for chemotherapy, predominantly poor performance status (>2 on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG) and estimated life expectancy of at least 8 weeks. Patients were followed until disease progression or death, including a subgroup of patients who developed first cycle rash.InterventionsPatients were randomised (1:1) to receive best supportive care plus oral placebo or erlotinib (150 mg/day) until disease progression, toxicity or death.Primary outcomeOverall survival (OS).Secondary outcomesProgression-free survival (PFS), tumour response and quality adjusted life years (QALY), including within prespecified subgroups.ResultsThe mean incremental cost per QALY in all patients was £202 571/QALY. The probability of cost-effectiveness of erlotinib in all patients was <10% at thresholds up to £100 000. However, within the rash subgroup, the incremental cost/QALY was £56 770/QALY with a probability of cost-effectiveness of about 80% for cost-effectiveness thresholds between £50 000 to £60 000.ConclusionsErlotinib has about 80% chance of being cost-effective at thresholds between £50 000–£60 000 in a subset of elderly poor performance patients with NSCLC unfit for chemotherapy who develop first cycle (28 days) rash. Erlotinib is potentially cost-effective for this population, for which few treatment options apart from best supportive care are available.Trial registration number(ISCRTN): 77383050.
Burden and trend analysis of injury mortality in China among children aged 0–14 years from 2004 to 2011
Authors: Yin Zhaoxue , Wu Jing , Luo Jiesi , Pak Anita WP , Choi Bernard CK , Liang Xiaofeng 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo track changes of the burden and trends of childhood injury mortality among children aged 0–14 years in China from 2004 to 2011.DesignNational representative data from the Chinese Disease Surveillance Points system and Chinese Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance system from 2004 to 2011 were used. Rates and 95% CIs of aged-standardised mortality, as well as the proportions of injury death, were estimated.SettingUrban and rural China.ParticipantsChildren aged 0–14 years from 2004 to 2011.ResultsThe proportion of injury among all deaths in children increased from 18.69% in 2004 to 21.26% in 2011. A ‘V’ shape change was found in the age-standardised injury mortality rate during the study period among the children aged 0–14 years, with the age-standardised injury mortality rate decreasing from 29.71 per 100 000 per year in 2004 to 24.12 in 2007, and then increasing to 28.12 in 2011. A similar change was observed in the rural area. But the age-standardised mortality rate decreased consistently in the urban area. The rate was higher among boys than among girls. Drowning, road traffic accidents and falls were consistently the top three causes of death among children.ConclusionsChildhood injury is an increasingly serious public health problem in China. The increasing trend of childhood injury mortality is driven by the rural areas rather than urban areas. More effective strategies and measures for injury prevention and control are needed for rural areas, boys, drowning, road traffic accidents and falls.
Development and validation of Australian aphasia rehabilitation best practice statements using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method
Authors: Power Emma , Thomas Emma , Worrall Linda , Rose Miranda , Togher Leanne , Nickels Lyndsey , Hersh Deborah , Godecke Erin , O'Halloran Robyn , Lamont Sue , O'Connor Claire , Clarke Kim 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo develop and validate a national set of best practice statements for use in post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation.DesignLiterature review and statement validation using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RAM).ParticipantsA national Community of Practice of over 250 speech pathologists, researchers, consumers and policymakers developed a framework consisting of eight areas of care in aphasia rehabilitation. This framework provided the structure for the development of a care pathway containing aphasia rehabilitation best practice statements. Nine speech pathologists with expertise in aphasia rehabilitation participated in two rounds of RAND/UCLA appropriateness ratings of the statements. Panellists consisted of researchers, service managers, clinicians and policymakers.Main outcome measuresStatements that achieved a high level of agreement and an overall median score of 7–9 on a nine-point scale were rated as ‘appropriate’.Results74 best practice statements were extracted from the literature and rated across eight areas of care (eg, receiving the right referrals, providing intervention). At the end of Round 1, 71 of the 74 statements were rated as appropriate, no statements were rated as inappropriate, and three statements were rated as uncertain. All 74 statements were then rated again in the face-to-face second round. 16 statements were added through splitting existing items or adding new statements. Seven statements were deleted leaving 83 statements. Agreement was reached for 82 of the final 83 statements.ConclusionsThis national set of 82 best practice statements across eight care areas for the rehabilitation of people with aphasia is the first to be validated by an expert panel. These statements form a crucial component of the Australian Aphasia Rehabilitation Pathway (AARP) (http://www.aphasiapathway.com.au) and provide the basis for more consistent implementation of evidence-based practice in stroke rehabilitation.
Interprofessional Simulation Olympics as a platform to assess team work knowledge acquisition
Authors: Sanko Jill Steiner , Shekhter Ilya , Mckay Mary , Gattamorta Karina , Birnbach David J 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionSeveral years ago an on-stage competition called SimWars was introduced to the simulation community. This concept was adopted into a patient safety course as a way to further engage students and named Sim Olympics. We sought to evaluate it as a platform for assessment of learning in students who participated as audience members.MethodsA non-equivalent groups design was used to assess whether students could be taught to recognise features of effective teamwork, including a pair of expert raters. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare students’ attitudes toward interprofessional education (IPE) education, teamwork and simulation, before and after the course.ResultsStudent scores compared to expert scores showed good agreement. For team 1 there were no statistical differences noted (M=19.58, SD=4.34 given by the students, M=17.50, SD=2.12 given by the experts), t (192)=1.26, p=0.264. There was also no difference for team 2 (M=15.173, SD=5.52 given by the students, M=19.50, SD=3.53 given by the experts), t (173)=0.863, p=0.354. A premeasure and postmeasure of students’ attitudes towards IPE education, teamwork and simulation, also showed significant time effect, p<0.001.ConclusionsMedical and nursing students were able to demonstrate their learning of teamwork dynamics by discerning differences between great teamwork and good teamwork as proficiently as seasoned experts. Findings of this study may further support the use of observation as a method to evaluate learning.
Sickness absence and the time-varying excess risk of premature death: a Swedish population-based prospective cohort study
Authors: Olsson Daniel , Alexanderson Kristina , Bottai Matteo 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundPrevious studies have found that sickness absentees have an excess risk of premature death. Most of the studies compared sickness absentees with non-sickness absentees, with 1 report including the total population. However, no study to date has investigated in detail how the risk of premature death varies over the time course of a sick-leave spell.MethodsA population-based cohort of all 5.6 million people aged 16–64 years was followed up for 6 years. Hazard rates with 95% CI for mortality in the total population, sickness absentees with sick-leave spells exceeding 30 days and non-sickness absentees, were estimated over time and were standardised so that the distribution of background variables in all 3 groups was as close as possible to that in the total population.ResultsThe standardised hazard rate of premature death at the first day under risk for the sickness absentees was 13.58 (95% CI 13.26 to 13.95) deaths per 1000 person-years, 2.29 (2.24 to 2.35) in the total population and 0.90 (0.87 to 0.94) among non-sickness absentees. The standardised hazard rates of premature death at 6 years was 3.42 (3.22 to 3.62) among sickness absentees, 3.48 (3.43 to 3.52) in the total population and 2.61 (2.57 to 2.66) among the non-sickness absentees. The hazard rates varied greatly across sick-leave diagnoses.ConclusionsRight after start of a sick-leave spell exceeding 30 days, sickness absentees were at higher risk of premature death than the total population. The difference in risk, however, decreased over time and vanished completely after 6 years of follow-up.
Improved clinical outcome 3 months after endovascular treatment, including thrombectomy, in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis
Authors: Falk-Delgado Anna , Kuntze Söderqvist Åsa , Fransén Jian , Falk-Delgado Alberto 
Published: July 2015

Background and purposeIntravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator is standard treatment in acute stroke today. The benefit of endovascular treatment has been questioned. Recently, studies evaluating endovascular treatment and intravenous thrombolysis compared with intravenous thrombolysis alone, have reported improved outcome for the intervention group. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing endovascular treatment in addition to intravenous thrombolysis with intravenous thrombolysis alone.MethodsDatabases were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was a functional neurological outcome after 90 days. A secondary outcome was severe disability and death. Data were pooled in the control and intervention groups, and OR was calculated on an intention to treat basis with 95% CIs. Outcome heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochrane's Q test (significance level cut-off value at <0.10) and I2(significance cut-off value >50%) with the Mantel–Haenszel method for dichotomous outcomes. A p value <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.ResultsSix studies met the eligibility criteria, and data from 1569 patients were analyzed. A higher probability of a functional neurological outcome after 90 days was found for the intervention group (OR 2, 95% CI 2 to 3). There was a significantly higher probability of death and severe disability in the control group compared with the intervention group.ConclusionsEndovascular treatment in addition to intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke leads to an improved clinical outcome after 3 months, compared with patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis alone.
Physical characteristics of catheters used for subarachnoid drainage
Authors: Wong A Ian , Gao Shengqiang , Bain Mark D , Fitzsimons Brian , Hui Ferdinand K 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundCerebrospinal fluid diversion through lumbar drainage catheters is a routine procedure that is used in a variety of clinical applications. Fracture of catheters during insertion or removal may result in retained foreign bodies that may lead to patient morbidity with potential legal ramifications. Fracture resistance is an important component of drain selection.ObjectiveTo analyze catheter integrity to determine which commercially available catheters are most robust and resistant to fracture.MethodsPhysical properties of the commercially available drainage catheters that can be advanced through a Touhy needle were assessed using laboratory equipment and reported. Five types of catheter were analyzed for break load, tensile strength, extension at break, and shear strength.Results and conclusionsOf the five types of catheter, the Arrow catheter showed the greatest resistance to fracture. Of the drainage catheters, the Codman catheter showed the greatest resistance to fracture.
The SMARCA2/4 ATPase Domain Surpasses the Bromodomain as a Drug Target in SWI/SNF-Mutant Cancers: Insights from cDNA Rescue and PFI-3 Inhibitor Studies
Authors: Vangamudi Bhavatarini , Paul Thomas A. , Shah Parantu K. , Kost-Alimova Maria , Nottebaum Lisa , Shi Xi , Zhan Yanai , Leo Elisabetta , Mahadeshwar Harshad S. , Protopopov Alexei , Futreal Andrew , Tieu Trang N. , Peoples Mike , Heffernan Timothy P. , Marszalek Joseph R. , Toniatti Carlo , Petrocchi Alessia , Verhelle Dominique , Owen Dafydd R. , Draetta Giulio , Jones Philip , Palmer Wylie S. , Sharma Shikhar , Andersen Jannik N. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The SWI/SNF multisubunit complex modulates chromatin structure through the activity of two mutually exclusive catalytic subunits, SMARCA2 and SMARCA4, which both contain a bromodomain and an ATPase domain. Using RNAi, cancer-specific vulnerabilities have been identified in SWI/SNF-mutant tumors, including SMARCA4-deficient lung cancer; however, the contribution of conserved, druggable protein domains to this anticancer phenotype is unknown. Here, we functionally deconstruct the SMARCA2/4 paralog dependence of cancer cells using bioinformatics, genetic, and pharmacologic tools. We evaluate a selective SMARCA2/4 bromodomain inhibitor (PFI-3) and characterize its activity in chromatin-binding and cell-functional assays focusing on cells with altered SWI/SNF complex (e.g., lung, synovial sarcoma, leukemia, and rhabdoid tumors). We demonstrate that PFI-3 is a potent, cell-permeable probe capable of displacing ectopically expressed, GFP-tagged SMARCA2-bromodomain from chromatin, yet contrary to target knockdown, the inhibitor fails to display an antiproliferative phenotype. Mechanistically, the lack of pharmacologic efficacy is reconciled by the failure of bromodomain inhibition to displace endogenous, full-length SMARCA2 from chromatin as determined by in situ cell extraction, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and target gene expression studies. Furthermore, using inducible RNAi and cDNA complementation (bromodomain- and ATPase-dead constructs), we unequivocally identify the ATPase domain, and not the bromodomain of SMARCA2, as the relevant therapeutic target with the catalytic activity suppressing defined transcriptional programs. Taken together, our complementary genetic and pharmacologic studies exemplify a general strategy for multidomain protein drug-target validation and in case of SMARCA2/4 highlight the potential for drugging the more challenging helicase/ATPase domain to deliver on the promise of synthetic-lethality therapy. Cancer Res; 75(18); 3865–78. ©2015 AACR.