bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Évolution des inégalités salariales en France
Authors: Verdugo Gregory , Fraisse Henri , Horny Guillaume 
Published: November 2012

Résumé Cet article étudie l’évolution de la distribution des salaires en France de 1990 à 2008. Nous isolons l’effet des variations de la probabilité d’emploi et de la qualification de l’effet des changements du prix du travail. Contrairement à d’autres pays développés, les inégalités à la fois dans le bas et dans le haut de la distribution entre le premier et le dernier décile reculent chez les hommes et les femmes. La période récente peut ainsi être qualifiée de période de « grande compression » salariale entre le premier et le dernier décile. La baisse des rendements de l’éducation et de l’expérience sur la période a produit une structure des salaires en 2008 parmi la plus égalitaire jamais observée en France depuis les années 1960.
The Lupus-Prone NZM2410/NZW Strain–Derived Sle1b Sublocus Alters the Germinal Center Checkpoint in Female Mice in a B Cell–Intrinsic Manner
Authors: Wong Eric B. , Khan Tahsin N. , Mohan Chandra , Rahman Ziaur S. M. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
C57BL/6 (B6) mice carrying the Sle1b sublocus (named B6.Sle1b), which harbors the lupus-associated NZM2410/NZW SLAM family genes, produce antinuclear Abs (ANAs). However, the role and mechanism(s) involved in the alteration of the germinal center (GC) tolerance checkpoint in the development of ANAs in these mice is not defined. In this study, we show significantly higher spontaneously formed GCs (Spt-GCs) in B6.Sle1b female mice compared with B6 controls. We also found a significant increase in CD4+CXCR5hiPD-1hi spontaneously activated follicular Th cells in B6.Sle1b female mice. Compared with B6 controls, B6.Sle1b female mice had increased numbers of proliferating B cells predominantly located in Spt-GCs. The elevated Spt-GCs in B6.Sle1b female mice were strongly associated with increased ANA-specific Ab-forming cells and ANA titers. The increased numbers of Spt-GCs and spontaneously activated follicular Th cells in B6.Sle1b mice were not the result of a generalized defect in B cells expressing Sle1b. Consistent with the elevated spontaneous response in B6.Sle1b mice, the attenuated GC response characteristic of DNA and p-azophenylarsonate reactive B cells from Ig VH knock-in mice (termed HKIR) were relieved in adoptively transferred recipients in the presence of Sle1b. Finally, by generating mixed bone marrow chimeras, we showed that the effect of Sle1b on Spt-GC, follicular Th cell, and autoantibody responses in B6.Sle1b mice was B cell autonomous. These data indicate that the NZM2410/NZW-derived Sle1b sublocus in conjunction with the female sex primarily affects B cells, leading to the alteration of the GC tolerance checkpoint and the generation of ANA-specific Ab-forming cells.
Fashion, Luxury and Design: Store Brand Management and Global Cities' Identity
Authors: Arrigo Elisa 
Published: November 2012

The brand enhancement policies of fashion, luxury and design firms play their part in establishing the identity of global cities. This article analyses the brand enhancement policies with the best impact on the territory (store management and events management), adopted by successful global companies (Gucci, Hermès, Kartell and Artemide) in the city of Milan, the fashion and design capital. From this analysis it emerges that, in Milan, fashion, luxury and design firms define alternative models of immaterial consumption in the city.
Integrated Commercial Activities and Intangible Consumption in Cities Development
Authors: Tresca Roberta 
Published: November 2012

The transformations taking place in consumers’ behaviour, brought on by the growing importance attributed to intangible elements in purchasing decisions, induce the different places of purchase, gravitating to the area (urban or rural), to enhance the intangible components of its marketing system. This article examines the way the different commercial centres are responding to the need for intangible consumer products. In particular, we will examine the case of the city of Pescara.
Uptake and effectiveness of interventions to reduce claw lesions in 40 dairy herds in the UK
Authors: Barker ZE , Wright JL , Blowey RW , Amory JR , Green LE 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the final year of a three-year study of lameness in dairy cattle, 40 herds were allocated to either an intervention (22) or control (18) group. Farms in the intervention group were visited by a veterinarian who made up to 16 recommendations to reduce the incidence of lameness based on potential risks for lameness observed at that visit. Farms in the control group were visited and the same observations were made, but no changes recommended. All farms were visited on three further occasions to score the locomotion of all cows and collect information on changes made to the farm. Before intervention, the mean herd size, lactation average milk yield per cow and prevalence of severely lame cows were 122, 8,157 I and 9.85% for the control group and 109, 7,807 I and 9.14% for the intervention group. After the intervention there were no significant differences between the treatments in terms of the change in prevalence of severely lame cows or the change in rate of sole ulcer, white line disease or digital dermatitis. The overall uptake of recommendations was 41.3%. There were no significant correlations between the percentage of risks addressed and the rate of sole ulcer or prevalence of severely lame cows and only a non-significant trend for white line disease. Improvements to cubicle dimensions were associated with a reduction in the rate of sole ulcer, and changing nutrition and adding biotin to the ration were associated with a reduction in white line disease. Conversely, increasing the amount of sawdust to cubicle floors was associated with increased rate of sole ulcer and white line disease and improving cubicle dimensions was associated with increased rate of white line disease.
The effects of level of support for animal protection organisations on attitudes to the use of animals and other social issues
Authors: Phillips CJC , Izmirli S 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAnimal protection issues are being advanced increasingly by Non-Government Organisations, yet the views of their supporters are little understood. We surveyed attitudes towards animals and other social issues in 3,462 university students from over 103 universities in eleven European and Asian countries. The extent to which those respondents that supported animal protection organisations had more concern for animals than those who did not support such organisations was investigated, and whether this concern was generalised to other world social issues. Of the respondents, 36% sometimes and 6% very often supported animal protection organisations and 2% identified themselves as key members. Supporters and key members had increased scores on indices that measured their concerns for animal welfare (+ 6%), animals in experimentation (+ 7%), and other major social issues (+ 5%), compared with non-supporters. Supporters were also likely to have lived with pets for longer, suggesting that this was one of the drivers for their increased concern for animals. Key members of the organisations rated the sentience of humans lower (-9%) than other students rated them, and nearer to that of animals. The level of support for the organisations was directly related to avoidance of poultry, pork and beef meat. It is concluded that support for animal protection organisations is an indicator of attitudes towards animals and other social issues, and food consumption habits.
Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Using a Novel Class of Ullazine Dyes as Sensitizers
Authors: Dualeh Amalie , Humphry‐Baker Robin , Delcamp Jared Heath , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Grätzel Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHere we present the photovoltaic performance of solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) using a series of ullazine‐based metal‐free organic sensitizers and spiro‐MeOTAD as a hole‐transport material. A maximum of 4.95% power conversion efficiency measured under standard AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm−2) was achieved with the best performing ullazine dye, and was further improved to 5.40% through co‐sensitization with the triphenylamine‐based organic sensitizer, D35. This study investigates the effect of the molecular structure of the ullazine sensitizer on the performance in solid‐state DSCs.
Myosin Isoform Fiber Type and Fiber Size in the Tail of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
Authors: Hazimihalis P.J. , Gorvet M.A. , Butcher M.T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMuscle fiber type is a well studied property in limb muscles, however, much less is understood about myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression in caudal muscles of mammalian tails. Didelphid marsupials are an interesting lineage in this context as all species have prehensile tails, but show a range of tail‐function depending on either their arboreal or terrestrial locomotor habits. Differences in prehensility suggest that MHC isoform fiber types may also be different, in that terrestrial opossums may have a large distribution of oxidative fibers for object carrying tasks instead of faster, glycolytic fiber types expected in mammals with long tails. To test this hypothesis, MHC isoform fiber type and their regional distribution (proximal/transitional/distal) were determined in the tail of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Fiber types were determined by a combination of myosin‐ATPase histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and SDS‐PAGE. Results indicate a predominance of the fast MHC‐2A and ‐2X isoforms in each region of the tail. The presence of two fast isoforms, in addition to the slow MHC‐1 isoform, was confirmed by SDS‐PAGE analysis. The overall MHC isoform fiber type distribution for the tail was: 25% MHC‐1, 71% MHC‐2A/X hybrid, and 4% MHC‐1/2A hybrid. Oxidative MHC‐2A/X isoform fibers were found to be relatively large in cross‐section compared to slow, oxidative MHC‐1 and MHC‐1/2A hybrid fibers. A large percentage of fast MHC‐2A/X hybrids fibers may be suggestive of an evolutionary transition in MHC isoform distribution (fast‐to‐slow fiber type) in the tail musculature of an opossum with primarily a terrestrial locomotor habit and adaptive tail‐function. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Somal and Dendritic Development of Human CA3 Pyramidal Neurons F rom Midgestation to Middle Childhood: A Quantitative Golgi Study
Authors: Lu Dahua , He Lixin , Xiang Wei , Ai Wei‐Min , Cao Ye , Wang Xiao‐Sheng , Pan Aihua , Luo Xue‐Gang , Li Zhiyuan , Yan Xiao‐Xin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe CA3 area serves a key relay on the tri‐synaptic loop of the hippocampal formation which supports multiple forms of mnemonic processing, especially spatial learning and memory. To date, morphometric data about human CA3 pyramidal neurons are relatively rare, with little information available for their pre‐ and postnatal development. Herein, we report a set of developmental trajectory data, including somal growth, dendritic elongation and branching, and spine formation, of human CA3 pyramidal neurons from midgestation stage to middle childhood. Golgi‐impregnated CA3 pyramidal neurons in fetuses at 19, 20, 26, 35, and 38 weeks of gestation (GW) and a child at 8 years of age (Y) were analyzed by Neurolucida morphometry. Somal size of the impregnated CA3 cells increased age‐dependently among the cases. The length of the apical and basal dendrites of these neurons increased between 26 GW to 38 GW, and appeared to remain stable afterward until 8 Y. Dendritic branching points increased from 26 GW to 38 GW, with that on the apical dendrites slightly reduced at 8 Y. Spine density on the apical and basal dendrites increased progressively from 26 GW to 8 Y. These data suggest that somal growth and dendritic arborization of human CA3 pyramidal neurons occur largely during the second to third trimester. Spine development and likely synaptogenesis on CA3 pyramidal cells progress during the third prenatal trimester and may continue throughout childhood. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Carborane‐Derivative “Click” Reaction under Heterogeneous Conditions for the Synthesis of a Promising Lipophilic MRI/GdBNCT Agent
Authors: Toppino Antonio , Bova Maria Elena , Geninatti Crich Simonetta , Alberti Diego , Diana Eliano , Barge Alessandro , Aime Silvio , Venturello Paolo , Deagostino Annamaria 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this study, the Huisgen reaction has been used to functionalise a carborane cage with a lipophilic moiety and a 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA) ligand to obtain a new Gd boron neutron‐capture therapy (BNCT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent. The introduction of the triazole units has been accomplished under both heterogeneous conditions, by the use of a Cu‐supported ionic‐liquid catalyst, and homogeneous conditions. The ability of the Gd complex of the synthesised ligand to form stable adducts with low‐density lipoproteins (LDLs) has been evaluated and then MRI has been performed on tumour melanoma cells incubated in the presence of a Gd‐complex/LDL imaging probe. It has been concluded that the high amount of intracellular boron necessary to perform BNCT can be reached even in the presence of a relatively low‐boron‐containing LDL concentration.
Toward Libraries of Biotinylated Chondroitin Sulfate Analogues: From Synthesis to In Vivo Studies
Authors: Despras Guillaume , Bernard Clémence , Perrot Anthony , Cattiaux Laurent , Prochiantz Alain , Lortat‐Jacob Hugues , Mallet Jean‐Maurice 
Published: November 2012

AbstractChondroitin sulfate‐E (CS‐E) oligosaccharidic analogues (di to hexa) were prepared from lactose. In these compounds, the 2‐acetamido group was replaced by a hydroxyl group. This modification speeded up the synthesis, and large oligosaccharides were constructed in a few steps from a lactose‐originated block. The protecting groups used were as follows; Fmoc for hydroxyl groups to be glycosylated, allyl group for anomeric position protection, and trichoroacetimidate leaving groups were used to prepare up to octasaccharides. We took advantage of the presence of allyl group to develop a click biotinylation, through its transformation into a 3‐azido‐2‐hydroxyl propyl group in two steps (epoxidation and sodium azide epoxide opening). The biotinylating agent was a water‐soluble propargylated and biotinylated triethylene glycol (PEG). By using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), it was shown that the di‐, tetra‐, and hexasaccharides display a binding affinity and selectivity toward HSF/GSF and CXCL12 similar to that of CS‐E. A parallel study confirmed their mimicry of natural compounds, based on the hexasaccharide interaction with Otx2, a homeodomain protein involved in brain maturation, thus validating our simplification approach to synthesize bioactive GAG.
Conjugate Addition versus Cycloaddition/Condensation of Nitro Compounds in Water: Selectivity, Acid–Base Catalysis, and Induction Period
Authors: Guideri Luca , De Sarlo Francesco , Machetti Fabrizio 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNitroacetates and nitroacetamides react in water as in chloroform with electron‐deficient dipolarophiles to give condensation or conjugate addition products under base catalysis. In general, high selectivity towards condensation is observed in water, with shorter induction periods than in chloroform. In water, condensations slowly occur even without base; kinetic profiles evidence the catalytic effect of the base, which should be related to the conversion into the tautomer nitronic acid. Condensations in water provide convenient access to isoxazole derivatives bearing various functional groups including ammonium, carboxy, and carboxyamide.
Metal‐Ion Metathesis in Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Synthetic Route to New Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kim Yonghwi , Das Sunirban , Bhattacharya Saurav , Hong Soonsang , Kim Min Gyu , Yoon Minyoung , Natarajan Srinivasan , Kim Kimoon 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA porous metal–organic framework, Mn(H3O)[(Mn4Cl)3(hmtt)8] (POST‐65), was prepared by the reaction of 5,5′,10,10′,15,15′‐hexamethyltruxene‐2,7,12‐tricarboxylic acid (H3hmtt) with MnCl2 under solvothermal conditions. POST‐65(Mn) was subjected to post‐synthetic modification with Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu according to an ion‐exchange method that resulted in the formation of three isomorphous frameworks, POST‐65(Co/Ni/Cu), as well as a new framework, POST‐65(Fe). The ion‐exchanged samples could not be prepared by regular solvothermal reactions. The complete exchange of the metal ions and retention of the framework structure were verified by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface‐area analysis. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffractions studies revealed a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC)‐transformation nature of the ion‐exchange process. Hydrogen‐sorption and magnetization measurements showed metal‐specific properties of POST‐65.
Lyotropic Supramolecular Helical Columnar Phases Formed by C3‐Symmetric and Unsymmetric Rigid Molecules
Authors: Wang Daoliang , Huang Youju , Li Junjun , Xu Lu , Chen Mingming , Tao Jiaojiao , Li Liangbin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractUnlike thermotropic liquid‐crystalline C3‐symmetric molecules with flexible chains, the herein‐designed fully rigid three‐armed molecules (C3‐symmetric and unsymmetric) create a fancy architecture for the formation of lyotropic liquid crystals in water. First, hollow columns with triple‐stranded helices, analogous to helical rosette nanotubes, are spontaneously constructed by self‐organization of the rigid three‐armed molecules. Then, the helical nanotubes arrange into hexagonal liquid‐crystalline phases, which show macroscopic chirality as a result of supramolecular chiral symmetry breaking. Interestingly, the helical nanotubes constructed by the fully rigid molecules are robust and stable over a wide concentration range in water. They are hardly affected by ionic defects at the molecular periphery, that is, further decoration of functional groups on the molecular arms can presumably be realized without changing the helical conformation. In addition, the formed columnar phases can be aligned macroscopically by simple shear and show anisotropic ionic conductivity, which suggests promising applications for low‐dimensional ion‐conductive materials.
Barriers to Warfarin Use for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Vivian W. Y. , Tam Cheuk Shing , Yan Bryan P. , Man Yu Cheuk , Yin Lam Yat 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground:Oral anticoagulation medications such as warfarin reduce the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF) but have been underutilized. This study aimed to investigate physicians' perceptions of stroke prevention management and patients' knowledge of AF and warfarin therapy in Hong Kong (HK).Hypothesis:Both physician and patient's knowledge on warfarin use were the barriers for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation in Hong Kong.Methods:This prospective survey‐based study was conducted between February 2011 and April 2011 to assess physicians' perceptions of stroke prevention management, patients' knowledge of AF, and patients' knowledge of warfarin therapy. The results were scored and compared with those in foreign countries.Results:Sixty‐two physicians and 114 warfarin users were recruited in the study. The average score of HK physicians in the knowledge of stroke prevention therapy in AF patients was lower than that of Australian (AUS) family physicians (HK 2.48 vs AUS 4.02 out of 7). The mean scores of AF patients in Hong Kong regarding the knowledge of AF were lower than that of United Kingdom (UK) (HK 1.16 vs UK 2.24 out of 4) (P < 0.001) and that of Finland (FIN) (HK 2.77 vs FIN 5.94 out of 8) (P < 0.001), respectively. The mean score of AF patients in Hong Kong regarding the knowledge of warfarin therapy was lower than that of AF patients in the United States (US) (HK 2.39 vs US 3.92).Conclusions:The barriers of warfarin use for AF patients in Hong Kong were related to both physicians and patients. Many Hong Kong physicians did not comply with international recommendations of stroke prevention in AF patients, and AF patients had a low knowledge level about the disease and warfarin therapy.Presented at the International Congress of Cardiology, Hong Kong, Peoples Republic of China, February 24‐26, 2012.This study was supported by the School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong.The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces hepatic steatosis via increased expression of the hepatic very low-density lipoprotein receptor
Authors: Jo Hyunsun , Choe Sung Sik , Shin Kyung Cheul , Jang Hagoon , Lee Jae Ho , Seong Je Kyung , Back Sung Hoon , Kim Jae Bum 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that obese animals exhibit increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver and adipose tissue. Although ER stress is closely associated with lipid homeostasis, it is largely unknown how ER stress contributes to hepatic steatosis. In this study, we demonstrate that the induction of ER stress stimulates hepatic steatosis through increased expression of the hepatic very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). Among the unfolded protein response sensors, the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase–activating transcription factor 4 signaling pathway was required for hepatic VLDLR up-regulation. In primary hepatocytes, ER stress–dependent VLDLR expression induced intracellular triglyceride accumulation in the presence of very low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, ER stress–dependent hepatic steatosis was diminished in the livers of VLDLR-deficient and apolipoprotein E–deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. In addition, the VLDLR-deficient mice exhibited decreased hepatic steatosis upon high-fat diet feeding.

Conclusion

: These data suggest that ER stress–dependent expression of hepatic VLDLR leads to hepatic steatosis by increasing lipoprotein delivery to the liver, which might be a novel mechanism explaining ER stress–induced hepatic steatosis.
Hepatitis C virus promotes t-helper (Th)17 responses through thymic stromal lymphopoietin production by infected hepatocytes
Authors: Lee Hai-Chon , Sung Sung-Sang J. , Krueger Peter D. , Jo Yoon-Ah , Rosen Hugo R. , Ziegler Steven F. , Hahn Young S. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we report that infection of hepatic cells by HCV stimulates nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-dependent production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Hepatocyte-derived TSLP in turn conditions dendritic cells (DCs) to drive T-helper (Th)17 differentiation. The TSLP secreted by HCV-infected hepatoma cells is capable of activating human monocyte-derived DCs by up-regulating the expression of CD40, CD86, CCL17, CCL22, and CCL20 which are activating markers of DCs. In addition, the production of key cytokines for Th17 differentiation, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-21, is enhanced by human monocytes upon coculture with HCV-infected cells. Importantly, the blockade of TSLP using neutralizing antibody prevented the activation and maturation of DCs as well as the production of Th17 differentiation cytokines. DC conditioning by TSLP secreted from HCV-infected cells activated naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes, resulting in Th17 differentiation. Furthermore, we can detect substantial levels of hepatocyte TSLP in fibrotic liver tissue from chronic HCV patients. Thus, blockade of TSLP released by HCV-infected hepatocytes may suppress the induction/maintenance of hepatic Th17 responses and halt the progression of chronic liver disease to fibrosis and liver failure.

Conclusion:

Hepatocyte-derived TSLP conditions DCs to drive Th17 differentiation. Treatment of TSLP neutralizing antibody in HCV-infected hepatocyte/DC coculture abrogates DC conditioning and thereby inhibits Th17 differentiation.