bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Extreme High Obesity Among Pennsylvania Children and Adolescents, 2007–2011: Promising but Cautionary
Authors: Lohrmann David , YoussefAgha Ahmed , Jayawardene Wasantha 
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We determined current trends and patterns in overweight, obesity, and extreme high obesity among Pennsylvania pre-kindergarten (pre-K) to 12th grade students and simulated future trends. Methods. We analyzed body mass index (BMI) of pre-K to 12th grade students from 43 of 67 Pennsylvania counties in 2007 to 2011 to determine trends and to discern transition patterns among BMI status categories for 2009 to 2011. Vinsem simulation, confirmed by Markov chain modeling, generated future prevalence trends. Results. Combined rates of overweight, obesity, and extreme high obesity decreased among secondary school students across the 5 years, and among elementary students, first increased and then markedly decreased. BMI status remained constant for approximately 80% of normal and extreme high obese students, but both decreased and increased among students who initially were overweight and obese; the increase in BMI remained significant. Conclusions. Overall trends in child and adolescent BMI status seemed positive. BMI transition patterns indicated that although overweight and obesity prevalence leveled off, extreme high obesity, especially among elementary students, is projected to increase substantially over time. If current transition patterns continue, the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme high obesity among Pennsylvania students in 2031 is projected to be 16.0%, 6.6%, and 23.2%, respectively.
The Treatment of Incineration Wastes with a Carbonate Waste Fraction from the Zinc-Lead Industry
Authors: Bień January , Morzyk Bartosz , Wystalska Katarzyna , Celary Piotr , Sobik-Szołtysek Jolanta 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The article presents the results of plasma vitrification of solid remnants from thermal waste treatment with and without the addition of a carbonate fraction obtained from lead-zinc ore flotation. The substrates used in the research were slags and ashes from medical waste treatment, incineration of municipal waste, sewage sludge as well as hazardous and industrial wastes.
The plasma treatment resulted in acquiring products of different quality depending on the processed substrate. Most of the obtained products were of vitreous and homogenic build. Treatment of remnants from incineration of hazardous and industrial wastes resulted in obtaining heterogeneous and rough surfaced products. A 20% share of the carbonate fraction enabled the obtaining of a vitrified product with a glassy surface and fracture. Hardness of the obtained products was rated in Mohs scale and ranged from 6 to 6,5. Leaching tests showed a decrease in heavy metal concentration in the leachates from vitrificates with the addition of carbonate fraction compared to the ones with it.
Spatial Differentiation of Water Quality Between Reservoirs Under Anthropogenic and Natural Factors Based on Statistical Approach
Authors: Boyacioglu Hülya 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This study illustrates the benefits of statistical techniques to analyze spatial and temporal variations in water quality. In this scope water quality differentiation caused by anthropogenic and natural factors in the Tahtali and Balçova reservoirs in western Turkey was investigated using discriminant analysis-DA, Mann Whitney U techniques. Effectiveness of pollution prevention measures was analyzed by Mann Kendall and Sen’s Slope estimator methods. The water quality variables were divided into three groups as physical-inorganic, organic and inorganic pollution parameters for the study. Results showed that water quality between reservoirs was differentiated for “physical-inorganic” and “organic pollution” parameters. Degree of influence of water quality by urbanization was higher in the Tahtali reservoir and in general, no trend detection at pollution indicators explained by effective management practices at both sites.
Eco-Friendly Soaking Process Using Tannic Acid as an Alternative Bactericide
Authors: Zengin Arife Candaş Adigüzel , Çolak Selime Menteş , Zengin Gökhan , Kiliç Eylem 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Eco-friendly leather processes based on the usage of natural products have become a potentially attractive issue for leather industry during the last few decades. Synthetic protective chemicals like bactericides used in most soaking process are known as hazardous substances and cause tannery effluents with high concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In the present study, the effect of tannic acid on microorganisms, skin, wool and effluent were investigated in order to demonstrate the applicability of tannic acid in soaking process instead of commonly used bactericides. The bacterial load (cfu/ml), COD and Nitrogen Content (N) of the soaking effluents and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) content of skins and wools were investigated. Application of 0.5 and 1 wt% tannic acid concentrations was more effective than commercial bactericide, while comparable results were achieved by 0.1 and 0.3 wt% tannic acid. The application of tannic acid for soaking process resulted in lower COD and N values of effluents. The results show that tannic acid has the potential to be an alternative, eco-friendly bactericide for leather industry by reducing the pollution of leather soaking process.
Utilization of Sludge from Mine Water Treatment Plant in The Segment of Thermal Insulation Mortars
Authors: Václavík V. , Daxner J. , Valíček J. , Dombek V. , Dvorský T. , Kušnerová M. , Václavíková B. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The results from the experimental research are presented in the abstract. The experimental research involved utilization of the sludge from the mine water treatment plant of Coal Quarry ČSA/Czechoslovak Army/ (hereinafter “ČSA”) and Coal Quarry Jana Švermy (hereinafter “JŠ”) in the segment of thermal insulation mortars. The mine water treatment is described below including chemical and mineralogical sludge composition as the additional component of the binding material in the polyurethane thermal insulation mortars. Furthermore the composition of experimental mixtures of the thermal insulation polyurethane mortar is presented in the work and its physical-mechanical properties. The monitored elements included the strength characteristics, heat conductivity coefficient λ, and water vapour diffusion coefficient μ.
Modified Wallschläger Sequential Extraction as a Tool for Evaluating the Mobility of Mercury
Authors: Flader Anna , Gworek Barbara , Kostrzewa-Szulc Jolanta 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The presented studies were focused on evaluating the utility of one of sequential extraction methods for evaluating the bioavailability of mercury in soils polluted by this element. Soil samples collected from horizons 0-20 cm and 20-80 cm were subject to analysis of the basic physical and chemical properties of soils. Moreover, the total content of mercury was determined and sequential extraction of mercury was conducted using a modified five-stage Wallschläger method. The analyses show that the studied soils are characterized by a variable mercury content, the highest in the surface soil horizons. Sequential extraction of mercury in the analyzed soils has indicated that the highest percentage content in the total content had mercury linked with sulphides. A high content of mercury linked with organic matter was also noted. The content of bioavailable mercury did not exceed 1.5% of the total content.
Impact of the Salinity Gradient on the Mollusc Fauna in Flooded Mine Subsidences (Karvina, Czech Republic)
Authors: Kašovská Kamila , Pierzchała Łukasz , Sierka Edyta , Stalmachová Barbara 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in flooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg·l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fieldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential.
The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg·l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identified as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota.
The analysis showed statistically significant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity significantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
Cellular Automaton Modeling of Ductile Iron Density Changes at the Solidification Time
Authors: Burbelko A.A. , Gurgul D. , Królikowski M. , Wróbel M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Formation of the shrinkage defects in ductile iron castings is far more complicated phenomenon than in other casting alloys. In the paper one of the aspects of formation of porosity in this alloy was considered - changes in cast iron's density during crystallization caused by varying temperature, phase fractions and phase's composition. Computer model, using cellular automata method, for determination of changes in density of ductile iron during crystallization was applied. Simulation of solidification was conducted for 5 Fe-C binarie alloys with ES from 0.9 to 1.1 for the estimation of the eutectic saturation influence on the ductile iron shrinkage and expansion. As a result of calculations it was stated that after undercooling ductile iron below liquidus temperature volumetric changes proceed in three stages: preeutectic shrinkage (minimal in eutectic cast iron), eutectic expansion (maximum value equals to about 1.5% for ES = 1.05) and last shrinkage (about 0.4% in all alloys regardless of ES).
The Control of Solidification Kinetics of the Vacuum-cast Thin-wall Nickel-based Superalloys by Changing the Geometrical Characteristics of the Ceramic Mold
Authors: Cygan R. , Szeliga D. , Rokicki P. , Sieniawski J. , Suchy J.S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of experimental research and results of investment casting process. Temperature field in a ceramic mold is one of the problems during numerical simulation. Reducing the costs of production in precision casting involves the reduction of scraps, which is one of the fundamental problems of the foundry industry. Reducing these costs is associated with optimization of precision casting technology of aircraft engines critical parts, including control of the solidification front in thin-walled castings of nickel super alloys cast in a vacuum. It is achieved by changing the geometrical characteristics of the ceramic mold. The results of the tests were used to optimize the industrial production of aircraft components in Precision Foundry of WSK Rzeszów. Temperature distribution gained in the conducted tests allowed verification and optimization of computer simulations.
Change of Aluminum Alloys Structure by Sono-Solidification
Authors: Gnapowski S. , Tsunekawa Y. , Okumiya M. , Lenik K. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This experiment utilized five Aluminum alloys with silicon content percentages of 7, 10, 12.6, 14.5 and 17(wt)%. Ultrasonic vibration was applied to improve the quality of aluminum alloys. Sono-solidification, in which ultrasound vibrations are applied to molten metal during its solidification, is expected to cause improved mechanical properties due to grain refinement. Observed by microstructure photographs was that grains became smaller and their shapes more regular. Using ultra sound solidification α Al appeared during ultrasound treatment the eutectic solidification time was longest around 10% compared with same condition experiment without ultrasound treatment.
Examination and Elimination of Defects in Cone Casting Made of Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: Guzik E. , Łagowski M. , Nowak-Dudek A. , Niedzielski B. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the scope of existing cooperation with the Foundry of Cast Iron ZM “WSK Rzeszów” Ltd. there was carried out research work of microstructure and mechanical properties in the walls of a cone casting made of ductile cast iron. The particular attention was being put to the search of the potential brittle phases which have deleterious effect on ductility and dynamic properties of highly strained use of the casting prone to the potential risk of cracks during the highly strained use.
Effect of high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on the abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water
Authors: Kalandyk B. , Zapała R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The study attempts to determine the impact of the high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on its abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water prepared in accordance with ASTM G75. For tests, the high-manganese cast steel containing 10.7, 17.9 and 20.02% Mn was selected. The results of microstructure examinations and abrasion wear resistance tests carried out on the material in non-hardened condition and after strain hardening with a force of 539.55kN were disclosed. Additionally, the surface of samples after a 16-hour cycle of abrasion tests was examined. Moreover, based on the obtained results, the effect of different contents of Mn in cast steel was studied, mainly in terms of its impact on the abrasion wear resistance. The results obtained on the tested materials were compared with the results obtained on the low-alloyed abrasion wear-resistant cast steel L35GSM.
The Framework of Agent-based Negotiation Platform for Foundries Cooperating in Supply Chain
Authors: Kluska-Nawarecka S. , Regulski K. , Rojek G. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper concerns the domain of contracts in the metallurgy and heavy industry, that are the form of deals making between cooperating companies being suppliers and consumers of some goods. From a general point of view cooperation enables for small companies to realize orders that are too large for an individual producer, but contract negotiations, further scheduling and support of production are usually too difficult and complicated. This paper presents a proposition of an information system, that should make cooperation between companies more available. Such system should be distributed among cooperating producers, what is the reason for choosing of the agent technology as the main software paradigm. This system should also support interchanging of information in many norms and technical standards, what results in the use of ontology concerning metallurgy and heavy industry.
X-Ray Tomography Investigation of Fe-rich Intermetallics in AlSi Alloys
Authors: Mikołajczak P. , Ratke L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Iron exists as a common impurity element in AlSi foundry alloys. The main consequence of the presence or adding of iron to AlSi alloys is the formation Fe-rich intermetallics with especially deleterious β-Al5FeSi. This work aims to identify the role of fluid flow on the microstructure and intermetallics in Al-9 wt.% Si-0.2/0.5/1.0 wt.% Fe alloys directionally solidified under defined thermal and fluid flow conditions and extensively uses 3D x-ray tomography to get a better insight into their morphology and formation. The results have revealed the growth of larger and more dense β-Al5FeSi intermetallics in the specimen centre as an effect of forced flow. The reconstructions confirmed that the course of number density at the specimen cross section increases from the specimen edge to its centre.
Technological Aspects of Low-Alloyed Cast Steel Massive Casting Manufacturing
Authors: Szajnara J. , Studnicki A. , Kondracki M. , Głownia J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the paper authors have undertaken the attempt of explaining the causes of cracks net occurrence on a massive 3-ton cast steel casting with complex geometry. Material used for casting manufacturing was the low-alloyed cast steel with increased wear resistance modified with vanadium and titanium. The studies included the primary and secondary crystallization analysis with use of TDA and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of non-metallic inclusions.
Kinetics of Hardening and Drying of Ceramic Moulds with the New Generation Binder – Colloidal Silica
Authors: Zych J. , Kolczyk J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The influence of selected factors on drying ceramic moulds applied in the investment casting technology was determined by the gravimetric method. Moulds produced of ceramic sands based on the new generation binders - colloidal silica, were investigated. It was found that each successive layer, of a similar thickness, is drying longer than the previous one. The drying time of layers forming closed spaces is several times longer as compared with drying open surfaces (external). Grain size of matrix used for moulds sprinkling has none significant influence on drying rates.
Fler Huvuden Väntas Falla
Authors: Walatek Ewa 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to give a detailed analysis of the semantics of the Swedish body part term huvud (head). The study covers all types of linguistic units including the component huvud (idioms, compounds), both conventionalized everyday expressions and occasional uses. The theoretical basis of the analysis is the cognitive theory of metaphor and metonymy formulated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980).
A large part of semantic extensions of huvud are associated with the head as the upper part of the human body, containing the brain and sense organs. These features lead to metonymies: HEAD FOR THINKING ABILITY AND PERCEPTION and metaphor HEAD IS POSITION OF COMMAND. The head itself is conceptualized metaphorically as a CONTAINER in which thoughts, memories, emotional and physical states are stored.
THE UNFOLDING OF TRUTH AND SELF-REPRESENTATION WITHIN THE CRACKED MIRROR IN SHAKESPEARE’S RICHARD II
Authors: Ekmekçioğlu Neslihan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Shakespeare’s Richard II deals with the controversy between the divine and the mortal aspects of the King. According to Kantorowicz’s The King’s Two Bodies, the King had two bodies: a Body Natural and a Body Politic. In the deposition scene of the play, Richard exploits the divine authority by undoing himself as if in a sacramental ceremony and asks for a mirror in order to see whether the change in his kingly nature has affected his face. My paper will deal with the unfolding of unendurable truth and the self-representation of Richard II in the duality of his image within the cracked mirror.
THE SEA AND WOMEN IN SHAKESPEARE’S FIRST TETRALOGY
Authors: Cheang Wai Fong 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The garden is a powerful imagery in Shakespeare history plays, yet the sea also plays an important role. By discussing episodes and metaphors related to the sea in Shakespeare’s first tetralogy, this paper aims to demonstrate Shakespeare’s macro-spatial perspective of England as an island, whose history is influenced by elements on and across the sea. The paper also examines Shakespeare’s dramatization of women’s interconnections with the sea. It attempts to contextualize Shakespeare’s dramatic representation of the sea and of women within English Renaissance maritime culture.
“SYCORAX ON STAGE”: THE UNVOICED SHAKESPEAREAN FEMALE OTHER FINALLY SPEAKS IN SUNITI NAMJOSHI’S POETRY
Authors: Tóth Gabriella 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The witch has always been the representation of an unspeakable absence. Sycorax embodies all silenced African women, experiencing double patriarchy (a term used by Omofolabo Ajayi-Soyinka). Associated with the margins, she represented the barbarian Other to European culture. Sycorax decolonizes the male-dominated world of Prospero: from absence, she is turned into presence, as she constructs her subjective narrative
THE MOTHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP IN MANJU KAPUR’S DIFFICULT DAUGHTERS
Authors: Bălănescu Olivia 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper attempts an analysis of Manju Kapur’s Difficult Daughters from the perspective of mother-daughter relationships. Starting from the assumption that the mother plays a crucial part in socialising children into traditional gender roles, I will focus on family relations and women’s quest for identity in an Indian society set against the backdrop of Partition.
GENDER AND POLITICS AS THE DOMINANT FACTORS IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
Authors: Izgarjan Aleksandra , Markov Slobodanka , Prodanović-Stankić Diana 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of research focusing on the attitudes of students at the University of Novi Sad, Serbia toward multiculturalism and on the intersection of the gender aspect and students’ political affiliation. The results show that both gender and political affiliation shape student attitudes since more female students and those who identify themselves with the democratic block support multicultural education in comparison with those who identify themselves with the nationalist block.
Changes in body composition and physical fitness of 7-year-old girls after completing a 12-month artistic gymnastics training program
Authors: Boraczyński Tomasz , Boraczyński Michał , Boraczyńska Sandra , Michels Anna 
Published: February 2014

PurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate changes in body composition and physical fitness in girls aged 7 years before and after a 12-month macrocycle artistic gymnastics training program.MethodsThe study involved 32 girls attending the first grade at a sports-focused primary school with a specialization in artistic gymnastics. The study was conducted at the beginning and after an annual training cycle. Measures of body height, body mass, and body composition were performed. Physical fitness was assessed using the Eurofit physical fitness test battery.ResultsThe results showed average body composition and a high initial level and later dynamic increase in the physical fitness of the participants.ConclusionsThe dynamic increase in the results of six Eurofit tests and the overall high level of results in seven of the tests after completing the annual training cycle is evidence of the high effectiveness of the applied training program in improving the physical fitness of the tested girls. The reasons for the lack of significant progress in one of the tests measuring agility (10 × 5 m shuttle run) are unclear, requiring more in-depth analysis of the training process used by trainers with focus on the applied methods, means, and training load volumes. The Eurofit test battery proved to be a precise tool to assess changes in the physical fitness of the tested girls after completing the annual training cycle and is therefore worth recommending at early training stage in gymnastics. The results provide useful information in optimizing the training loads of artistic gymnasts at the initial training stage.