bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Liquid‐Carbon Nanotube Modified Screen‐Printed Electrodes and Their Potential for Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Gan Patrick , Foord John S. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCompared with paraffin oil, the use of ionic liquids as a binder in carbon paste type electrodes was shown to greatly enhance the accumulation of analytes, as illustrated with 17α‐ethynylestradiol as a model. The ionic “liquid” n‐octyl‐pyridinium hexafluorophosphate [C8py][PF6] was most efficient among several ionic liquids investigated. Such preconcentration allowed a [C8py][PF6]‐multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (95 : 5 w/w) composite electrode to be useful for adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Screen‐printed electrodes modified with [C8py][PF6]‐MWCNTs were developed and were able to achieve high sensitivity during adsorptive stripping voltammetric measurements under optimised conditions.
Relay selection for two‐way opportunistic relaying with outdated Nakagami‐m estimates
Authors: Xia Xiaochen , Xu Kui , Xie Wei , Xu Youyun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOpportunistic relay selection (RS) is an efficient method to obtain diversity gain in two‐way relaying protocol with multiple relays. However, in practical wireless networks, the channel state information (CSI) used in the RS procedure becomes outdated because of the feedback delay, which severely deteriorates the system performance. In this paper, we study the RS strategies that aim to optimise the system outage performance of two‐phase two‐way opportunistic relaying protocol in Nakagami‐m channels. RS schemes for two different cases are designed, that is, (i) the scheme with only the outdated CSI during the RS procedure and (ii) the scheme with both the outdated CSI and the statistical knowledge of channels during the RS procedure. The system outage performance and the achievable diversity for the proposed schemes are analysed theoretically. It is shown that the RS schemes that use the statistical knowledge of channels can not only provide improvement in outage probability but also harvest diversity gain. Simulation results are presented to evaluate the performances while validating the theoretical analyses for the proposed schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unstructured finite volume technique for the 3D Poisson equation on arbitrary geometry using a σ‐coordinate system
Authors: Zapata Miguel Uh , Van Bang Damien Pham , Nguyen Kim Dan 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYWe present a solver for a three‐dimensional Poisson equation issued from the Navier–Stokes equations applied to model rivers, estuaries, and coastal flows. The three‐dimensional physical domain is composed of an arbitrary domain in the horizontal direction and is bounded by an irregular free surface and bottom in the vertical direction. The equations are transformed vertically to the σ‐coordinate system to obtain an accurate representation of top and bottom topographies. The method is based on a second‐order finite volume technique on prisms consisting of triangular grids in the horizontal direction. The algorithm is accompanied by an analysis of different linear system solvers in order to achieve fast solutions. Numerical experiments are conducted to test the numerical accuracy and the computational efficiency of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A STUDY OF ACHIEVEMENT IN TWO TYPES OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Authors: French John W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn connection with their investigation of the problems of American secondary education, Dr. James B. Conant and the staff of “A Study of the American High School” wanted to obtain objective evidence on the question whether there are comprehensive high schools which do as good a job of teaching as is done by highly reputed college‐oriented schools. Final achievement in trigonometry and physics courses in 13 comprehensive schools and four college‐oriented schools was measured by appropriate Cooperative and College Board tests. Ability was held constant in the analysis by scores on SCAT. A very large overlap in the range of teaching effectiveness, as reflected by these tests, was found for the two types of school. The same kind of overlap persisted when the data were analyzed separately for students at three different levels of ability.
A BASE‐FREE MEASURE OF CHANGE1
Authors: Tucker Ledyard R , Damarin Fred , Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA model for the measurement of the discrepancy between two scores is presented and discussed as a paradigm for the study of growth or experimentally produced change. The model assumes two tests or measures differing in complexity, and it analyzes the true difference between the test scores into a component that is entirely dependent on the first or base‐line test and a second component that is entirely independent of it. Equations for estimating both components are given and these are compared with other measurement efforts with similar goals.
ITEM CHARACTERISTIC CURVE SOLUTIONS TO THREE INTRACTABLE TESTING PROBLEMS1
Authors: Marco Gary L. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes three studies that illustrate how application of the three‐parameter logistic test model helped solve three relatively intractable testing problems. The three problems are designing a multi‐purpose test, evaluating a multi‐level test, and equating a test on the basis of pretest statistics. Examples use information about tests in various College Board testing programs. The first two studies demonstrate the value of the information function and relative efficiency. The last study is an application of basic item characteristic curve theory and shows the potential usefulness of pre‐equating.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF FREE‐RESPONSE AND MACHINE‐SCORABLE VERSIONS OF A TEST OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING
Authors: Ward William C. , Frederiksen Norman , Carlson Sybil B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study is to investigate the construct validity of free‐response and machine‐scorable versions of Formulating Hypotheses (FH), one of the Tests of Scientific Thinking. Six free‐response and eight machine‐scorable FH items were administered (in that order) to 172 college seniors who were majoring in psychology and who claimed an intention to go to graduate school. Tests of other variables that are theoretically related to FH scores provided data for studying construct validity; these included tests to identify eight cognitive and three personality factors. A background questionnaire was also administered, and GRE scores were obtained from files.Six FH scores were obtained for each item in each test format. They are (1) quality of the hypothesis considered best by the candidate, (2) average quality of all hypotheses, (3) quality of the best hypotheses according to our scoring system, (4) number of hypotheses, (5) number of unusual hypotheses, and (6) number of hypotheses that are both unusual and of high quality. Correlations between corresponding scores for the two formats were computed and corrected for unreliability; they indicate that the two forms cannot be considered parallel. The correlations are particularly low for scores based on numbers of hypotheses.The major method of analysis employed maximum likelihood factor analysis to verify a factor model involving the construct validity variables and to find the extension loadings of the experimental test scores and GRE scores on the factors. One such analysis used cognitive factors and one examined personality factors.The personality factor model identified three factors; social extraversion, maladjustment (anxiety), and acceptance of complexity. GRE scores and quality scores from FH all were related to acceptance of complexity, and GRE scores were all negatively correlated with social extraversion. Number scores from the free‐response form of FH were related (positively) to maladjustment.The cognitive factor model involved eight factors: verbal comprehension, three reasoning abilities, cognitive flexibility, two divergent production factors, and knowledge of psychology. GRE scores and quality scores from both forms of FH all showed substantial correlations with reasoning, cognitive flexibility, and knowledge. Only the number scores from the free‐response form of FH were related to divergent production.An appraisal of all the findings suggests that the machine‐scorable form of FH would add little to the information already available from GRE scores. The free‐response form would add information about divergent production not now provided by GRE tests.
EEG AMPLITUDE ASYMMETRY RELATED TO THE FIELD‐DEPENDENCE‐INDEPENDENCE COGNITIVE STYLE
Authors: Semple Charmion M. , Oltman Philip K. , Goldstein Leonide 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYRight/left ratios of integrated EEG amplitudes were computed for 9 field‐dependent and 8 field‐independent male college‐age subjects. EEG's were recorded during performance of several cognitive tasks. Results indicated that field‐dependent subjects showed relatively greater left‐hemisphere activation, while field‐independent subjects showed the reverse, i.e., relatively greater right‐hemisphere activation. These results are consistent with earlier findings linking relative right‐hemisphere activation with higher spatial ability.
EVALUATION OF VIDEOTAPED AND LIVE THEATRE AUDITIONS
Authors: Ward William C. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTTheatre auditions by 24 high school seniors were evaluated under two conditions. Four judges ranked the live auditions, while five evaluated videotapes of the same performance. Correlations between the two sets of assessments indicated considerable agreement across methods of evaluation, though they were not equivalent to one another. Videotapes could be useful as a screening device, serving to limit the number of individuals to be seen in live audition in an adjudication program.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF ESTIMATES USING PATTERNED COVARIANCES OR CORRELATIONS IN THE MULTIVARIATE NORMAL ESTIMATION PROBLEM
Authors: Szatrowski Ted H. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe relative efficiency of maximum likelihood estimates is studied when taking advantage of underlying linear patterns in the covariances or correlations when estimating covariance matrices. We compare the variances of estimates of the covariance matrix obtained under two nested patterns with the assumption that the more restricted pattern is the true state. Formulas for the asymptotic variances are given which are exact for linear covariance patterns when explicit maximum likelihood estimates exist. Several specific examples are given using complete symmetry, circular symmetry and general covariance patterns as well as an example involving a covariance matrix with a linear pattern in the correlations.
DETECTING CONSTRUCT‐IRRELEVANT VARIANCE IN AN OPEN‐ENDED, COMPUTERIZED MATHEMATICS TASK
Authors: Gallagher Ann , Bennett Randy Elliot , Cahalan Cara 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate whether variance due to computer‐based presentation was associated with performance on a new constructed‐response type — Mathematical Expression — that requires examinees to build mathematical expressions using a mouse and an on‐screen tool palette. Participants took parallel computer‐based and paper‐based tests consisting of Mathematical Expression items, plus a test of their skill in entering and editing data using the computer interface. Comparisons of mean performance, reliability, speededness, and relations with external indicators were conducted across the paper‐based and computer‐based tests; also, computer‐based math score was regressed on edit/entry score after controlling for paper‐and‐pencil math score and background information. Although no statistical evidence of construct‐irrelevant variance was detected, some examinees reported mechanical difficulties in responding and indicated a preference for the paper‐and‐pencil test.
POPULATION INVARIANCE AND THE EQUATABILITY OF TESTS: BASIC THEORY AND THE LINEAR CASE
Authors: Dorans Neil J. , Holland Paul W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTEquating functions are supposed to be population invariant by definition. But when two tests are not equatable, it is possible that the linking functions, used to connect the scores of one to the scores of the other, are not invariant across different populations of examinees. We introduce two root‐mean‐square difference measures of the degree to which linking function are different for different subpopulations. We also introduce the system of “parallel‐linear” linking functions for multiple subpopulations and show that, for this system, our measure of population invariance can be easily computed from the standardized mean differences between the scores of the subpopulations on the two tests. For the parallel‐linear case, we develop a correlation‐based upper bound on our measure.
Nitrogen source and biomass removal effects on the performance of biotrickling filters packed with modified organisms suspended filler or volcanic rock during toluene removal
Authors: Li Bing , Xu Xiaoliang , Wang Xiaojun , Niu Qian , Qiu Yu , Shen Shubao , Chen Yingwen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDTwo identical biotrickling filters, BTF1 and BTF2, were loaded with modified organisms, suspended filler and volcanic rock. The start‐up times of both biotrickling filters were compared, and their performances were evaluated in terms of removal efficiency and elimination capacity. The parameters influencing the removal performance, such as the nitrogen source and biomass removal, were investigated.RESULTSThe results illustrated that both BTFs can start rapidly. In the case of BTF1, the removal efficiency was maintained at values greater than 80% when the gas flow rates ranged from 300 L h−1 to 500 L h−1. A change in the nitrogen source from nitrate to ammonium salt didn't markedly improve BTF1 performance, however, BTF2 removal efficiency increased from 66% to 90%. Both BTFs rapidly achieved their previous performance when the biomass was removed, and high removal efficiency greater than 90% was achieved with a variable inlet toluene concentration ranging from 0.6 gm−3 to 1.1 gm−3 after the biomass was removed from BTF2. Maximum elimination capacities of 135.5 g m−3 h−1 and 157.8 g m−3 h−1 were achieved with BTF1 and BTF2, respectively. An uneven biomass distribution and, compared with BTF2, a lower quantity and variety of microorganisms were observed with BTF1.CONCLUSIONThese results demonstrated that when volcanic rock was used as packing material in BTFs, they exhibited higher removal efficiency and stability. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Collaborative Management and Planning of Urban Heritage Tourism: Public Sector Perspective
Authors: Petrova Petia , Hristov Dean 
Published: August 2014

Summary‘This paper investigates collaborative management and planning among public organisations involved in urban heritage tourism. An exploratory case study has been applied, capturing urban heritage tourism development in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The findings demonstrate a shared desire for further collaboration between the key public bodies involved, with limited existing and previous collaboration, beyond work that is the result of existing hierarchies. Collaboration is at an early stage, and many looked to the Local Authority to provide leadership in driving new initiatives. The private sector has a limited but increasing role in this. There are differing views on the focus of heritage tourism development – some suggesting a regional, others a city focus.’ Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coil‐to‐Globule Transition of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics in Bulk and Nanopores
Authors: Farasat Reza , Vyazovkin Sergey 
Published: August 2014

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to study the kinetics of the coil‐to‐globule transition in aqueous solutions of poly(N‐isopropoylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) prepared in the bulk (3 and 10 wt%) and nanoconfined (10 wt% inside 30 nm silica pores) forms. It is demonstrated that the kinetics can be described in terms of the classical nucleation model. The proposed treatment affords estimating the free‐energy barrier and pre‐exponential factor of the transition. The application of the nucleation model to the DSC data collected for the three systems studied provides physical insights into the effect of increasing the transition temperature due to dilution and nanoconfinement. Dilution appears to raise the free‐energy barrier, whereas nanoconfinement causes a decrease in the pre‐exponential factor.
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An efficient approach to solve very large dense linear systems with verified computing on clusters
Authors: Kolberg Mariana , Bohlender Gerd , Fernandes Luiz Gustavo 
Published: August 2014

SummaryAutomatic result verification is an important tool to guarantee that completely inaccurate results cannot be used for decisions without getting remarked during a numerical computation. Mathematical rigor provided by verified computing allows the computation of an enclosure containing the exact solution of a given problem. Particularly, the computation of linear systems can strongly benefit from this technique in terms of reliability of results. However, in order to compute an enclosure of the exact result of a linear system, more floating‐point operations are necessary, consequently increasing the execution time. In this context, parallelism appears as a good alternative to improve the solver performance. In this paper, we present an approach to solve very large dense linear systems with verified computing on clusters. This approach enabled our parallel solver to compute huge linear systems with point or interval input matrices with dimensions up to 100,000. Numerical experiments show that the new version of our parallel solver introduced in this paper provides good relative speedups and delivers a reliable enclosure of the exact results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absorption, translocation and metabolism of bispyribac‐sodium on rice seedlings under cold stress
Authors: Martini Luiz Fernando D , Burgos Nilda R , Noldin José Alberto , de Avila Luis Antonio , Salas Reiofeli A 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDRice production is highly affected by weed competition. The efficacy of chemical weed control and crop safety is a function of absorption, translocation and metabolism of herbicides. This study investigates the effect of cold stress 22/16 °C (day/night) on absorption, translocation and metabolism of 14C‐bispyribac‐sodium on rice seedlings.RESULTSMaximum 14C‐bispyribac‐sodium absorption occurred at 24 h after herbicide treatment and was stimulated by the warm 30/22 °C (day/night) temperature. A large amount of total absorbed herbicide was retained in the treated leaf, indicating that bispyribac‐sodium had minimal translocation to other plant parts. Piperonyl‐butoxide (a P450 inhibitor) plus herbicide caused greater injury than the herbicide alone. In addition, injury on rice plants was enhanced by exposure to cold, emphasizing the negative effect on herbicide metabolism. In the thin‐layer chromatography metabolism experiment, cold‐grown plants had higher injury and retained more of the parent herbicide than plants grown at a warm temperature.CONCLUSIONCold stress reduces bispyribac‐sodium absorption and metabolism in rice, but has no effect on translocation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Social Networking, Workplace, and Entertainment Literacies: The Out‐of‐School Literate Lives of Newcomer Latina/o Adolescents
Authors: Stewart Mary Amanda (Mandy) 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStudies indicate that Latino immigrant youths engage in a wide range of sophisticated literacy practices outside of school that are often transnational, crossing various linguistic, cultural, and social spaces. However, Latino immigrant youths drop out of U.S. schools at disproportional rates, suggesting that their literacy practices are not recognized or valued by the educational system. This collective case study investigated the range, form, and purpose of the Out‐of‐School literacies of four Latina/o adolescent English learners who are new arrivals. Findings demonstrated that the most prevalent out‐of‐School literacies that the participants practice take place on the social networking site Facebook, in their workplaces, and through entertainment media sources. A cross‐case analysis suggests that the literacy practices in these spaces have unique and purposeful roles for the individuals that allow them to connect to their home countries and maintain their Latina/o identities. Additionally, the participants use their out‐of‐school literacy practices to acquire English, support themselves, and establish a place to succeed. The five aforementioned spaces that their Facebook, workplace, and entertainment literacy practices fill are virtually absent from their in‐school literacies. This study suggests that literacy pedagogy must not continue to impose a narrow monolingual, monocultural, monoliterate, and monomodal view of Latina/o immigrant students that essentially divests them of their greatest resources. Their literacy practices demonstrate that they are emerging as multilingual, multiliterate, and multicultural transnationals who competently engage in multimodal means of communication.
Systems Engineering Success Factors for Capturing Contracts
Authors: Smartt Clement , Ferreira Susan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMastering the proposal process to ensure that contracts will be awarded is key to survival for organizations that thrive on contract work. Organizations often use systems engineering on proposals when complex systems are being engineered. However, not much research has been performed related to the use of systems engineering on proposals. This paper presents an analysis of results of a survey related to the use of systems engineering on proposals and identifies systems engineering related success factors for capturing contracts. The presented results can be used by decision makers to potentially increase the likelihood that proposal efforts will lead to contract awards.
Causes of mortality in eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center 1975–2013
Authors: Russell Robin E. , Franson J. Christian 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWe summarized the cause of death for 2,980 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 1,427 golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, for diagnosis between 1975 and the beginning of 2013. We compared the proportion of eagles with a primary diagnosis as electrocuted, emaciated, traumatized, shot or trapped, diseased, poisoned, other, and undetermined among the 4 migratory bird flyways of the United States (Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific). Additionally, we compared the proportion of lead‐poisoned bald eagles submitted before and after the autumn 1991 ban on lead shot for waterfowl hunting. Trauma and poisonings (including lead poisoning) were the leading causes of death for bald eagles throughout the study period, and a greater proportion of bald eagles versus golden eagles were diagnosed as poisoned. For golden eagles, the major causes of mortality were trauma and electrocution. The proportion of lead poisoning diagnoses for bald eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center displayed a statistically significant increase in all flyways after the autumn 1991 ban on the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting. Thus, lead poisoning was a significant cause of mortality in our necropsied eagles, suggesting a continued need to evaluate the trade‐offs of lead ammunition for use on game other than waterfowl versus the impacts of lead on wildlife populations. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.