bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of the Moping Dome in the Xuefengshan Orocline, Central China and its Tectonic Significance
Authors: Wei SHI , Shuwen DONG , Jianhua LI , Mi TIAN , Guoli WU 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Many equiaxial dome‐like structures developed in the north segment of the Xuefengshan orocline, Central China are obviously inconcordant with the NE‐trending linear structures in this area, which contain important records for understanding the structural framework and evolution of this belt. In this paper, taking one of the typical dome‐like structures in the Xuefengshan orcline (e.g. Moping dome‐like structure) as an example, based on its structural framework interpratatoin, superposed deformation analysis and paleo‐stress fields reconstruction, we propose the Moping dome‐like structure is composed of two populations of different‐striking thrust‐fold structures, ∼E‐trending and NE‐striking structures, indicative of two‐stages shortening, ∼N‐ and NW‐striking, respectively. Together with the geochronological analysis, we suggest the first stage of shortening occurred in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, due to the Indosinian intercollisional orogeny of the Yangtze Block and the North China Block The second occurred during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous owing to Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny, leading to the intensive superposition of the NE‐trending structures onto the ∼E‐trending structures, and the final ocurrence of the Moping dome. Thus, our study indicates the Xuefengshan arc‐shape belt also experienced two‐phase deformation, and resulted from the superposition of NE–SW structures onto ∼E–W structures in Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, which could provide new structural evidence for probing the Mesozoic tectonic framework and evolution of the Xuefengshan orocline.
Authigenic Gypsum in Gas‐Hydrate Associated Sediments from the East Coast of India (Bay of Bengal)
Authors: KOCHERLA M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Authigenic gypsum crystals, along with pyrite and carbonate mineralization, predominantly calcites were noticed in distinct intervals in a 32 m long piston core, collected in the gas hydrate‐bearing sediments in the northern portion of the Krishna‐Godavari basin, eastern continental margin of India at a water depth of 1691 m. X‐ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrum studies confirm presence of pyrite, gypsum, calcite, and other mineral aggregates. The occurrence of gypsum in such deep sea environment is intriguing, because gypsum is a classical evaporite mineral and is under saturated with respect to sea water. Sedimentological, geochemical evidences point to diagenetic formation of the gypsum due to oxidation of sulphide minerals (i.e. pyrite). Euhedral, transparent gypsum crystals, with pyrite inclusions are cemented with authigenic carbonates, possibly indicating that they were formed authigenically in situ in the gas hydrate‐influenced environment due to late burial diagenesis involving sulphate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Therefore, the authigenic gypsums found in sediments of the Krishna‐Godavari and Mahanadi offshore regions could be seen as one of the parameters to imply the presence of high methane flux possibly from gas hydrate at depth.
Gas Sources of Natural Gas Hydrates in the Shenhu Drilling Area, South China Sea: Geochemical Evidence and Geological Analysis
Authors: Youhai ZHU , Xia HUANG , Shaoying FU , Pibo SU 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:The Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area is located in the central Baiyun sag, Zhu II depression, Pearl River Mouth basin, northern South China Sea. The gas compositions contained in the hydrate‐bearing zones is dominated by methane with content up to 99.89% and 99.91%. The carbon isotope of the methane (δ13C1) are −56.7‰ and −60.9‰, and its hydrogen isotope (δD) are −199‰ and −180‰, respectively, indicating the methane from the microbial reduction of CO2. Based on the data of measured seafloor temperature and geothermal gradient, the gas formed hydrate reservoirs are from depths 24–1699 m below the seafloor, and main gas‐generation zone is present at the depth interval of 416–1165 m. Gas‐bearing zones include the Hanjiang Formation, Yuehai Formation, Wanshan Formation and Quaternary sediments. We infer that the microbial gas migrated laterally or vertically along faults (especially interlayer faults), slump structures, small‐scale diapiric structures, regional sand beds and sedimentary boundaries to the hydrate stability zone, and formed natural gas hydrates in the upper Yuehai Formation and lower Wanshan Formation, probably with contribution of a little thermogenic gas from the deep sedments during this process.
Origin, Flow of Formation Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Zhenwu Area of the North Jiangsu Basin, China
Authors: Mei LI , Zhanghua LOU , Aimin JIN , Rong ZHU , Changjian SHANG , Ying YE , Zhenhong ZHU 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:In order to understand the origin and flow of formation water and to evaluate the hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation conditions, the properties of formation water chemistry and dynamics of the Zhenwu area in the southern Gaoyou Sag, North Jiangsu Basin, China, have been investigated. The results show that Xuzhuang oilfield is infiltrated discontinuously by meteoric water under gravity, which consequently leads to the desalination of formation water. Formation water in the Zhenwu and Caozhuang oilfields is less influenced by meteoric water infiltration, and the origin is interpreted to be connate water. Hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and preservation are closely related to the hydrodynamic field of formation water. Formation water concentrates gradually during the process of centrifugal flow released by mudstone compaction and the centripetal flow of meteoric water infiltration, leading to the high salinity of the central part. The geological conditions of the southern fault–terrace belt are poor for hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation as meteoric water infiltration, leaching and oxidation, while the central part, i.e., northern Zhenwu and Caozhuang oilfields is beneficial for an abundance of hydrocarbon accumulation. Most of the large scale oil–gas fields locate herein.
Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping in Northern Khur, Iran, Using ASTER Image Processing: a New Insight to the Type of Copper Mineralization
Authors: SHAFAROUDI Azadeh Malekzadeh , KARIMPOUR Mohammad Hassan 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Eastern Iran has great potential for the discovery of different types of mineralization. The study area encompasses Tertiary magmatism in the northern Lut block located in northern Khur, South Khorasan, eastern Iran and is mostly covered by volcanic rocks, which are intruded by porphyritic subvolcanic intrusions in some places. Application of the spectral angle mapper (SAM) technique to Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images detected sericitic, argillic, and propylitic alterations, silicification, and secondary iron oxides. The alteration is linear and associated within vein‐type mineralization. Twelve prospective areas are selected for detailed exploration and based on our processing results, in addition to NW–SE faults, which are associated with Cu mineralization indications, NE–SW faults are also shown to be important. Based on the presence of subvolcanic rocks and numerous Cu ± Fb‐Zn vein‐type mineralizations, extensive alteration, high anomaly of Cu and Zn (up to 100 ppm), the age (43.6 to 31.4 Ma) and the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7047 to 0.7065) of the igneous rocks, and the metallogenic epoch of the Lut block (middle Eocene–lower Oligocene) for the formation of porphyry Cu and epithermal deposits, the studied area shows great potential for porphyry copper deposits.
Geochemical‐geomorphological Evidence for the Provenance of Aeolian Sands and Sedimentary Environments in the Hunshandake Sandy Land, Eastern Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Ziting LIU , Xiaoping YANG 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Identifying the provenance of aeolian sediments in the Hunshandake Sandy Land is of great importance for understanding the formation of the dune fields in the mid‐latitudes and for deciphering information about desert's responses to global change. By determining the major and trace elements concentrations of aeolian sands in three grain size fractions from the central and western parts of the Hunshandake Sandy Land, we systematically study the provenance and the depositional history of aeolian sands in this desert environment Our results show that aeolian sands from the Hunshandake Sandy Land are enriched in SiO2 and are depleted in many other elements compared to those of the Upper Continent Crust (UCC). Variations of the immobile elements ratios like Zr/Hf, La/Yb, Th/Nb, La/Nb, LaN/YbN, GdN/YbN are relatively large in the coarse and medium fractions but minor in the fine fractions. Eu anomalies are quite different in the coarse fractions, but mostly positive in the medium fractions and all negative in the fine fractions. Decreasing tendency of Zr concentrations from the west to the east in the Hunshandake Sandy Land is evident in the coarse sands but rather weak in the fine grain size fractions. Our geochemical data indicate that the sources for the coarse and medium fractions of aeolian sands are diverse, influenced by local geology and geomorphology, while the fine sand fractions are more homogenous due to intensive mixture mainly by aeolian processes. Various ratios of immobile elements suggest that these sands should be sourced primarily from the surrounding mountains by fluvial/alluvial processes rather than from any remote territories. Aeolian sands with Ce negative anomalies are widely distributed in the Hunshandake Sandy Land, indicating that aquatic environments have occurred extensively prior to the occurrence of the dune field.
The 12‐15‐lipoxygenase is a modulator of Alzheimer's‐related tau pathology in vivo
Authors: Giannopoulos Phillip F. , Joshi Yash B. , Chu Jin , Praticò Domenico 
Published: July 2013

Summary12/15‐lipoxygenase (12‐15LO) is a lipid‐peroxidizing enzyme widely expressed in the central nervous system where it has been involved in the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) because it modulates amyloid beta (Aβ) and APP processing. However, its biological effect on tau protein is unknown. We investigated the effect of 12‐15LO on tau levels and metabolism in vivo and in vitro and the mechanism involved by using genetic and pharmacologic approaches. While no significant differences were observed in the levels of total tau for both groups, compared with controls, Tg2576 mice overexpressing 12‐15LO had elevated levels of phosphorylated tau at two specific epitopes, Ser 202/Thr 205 and Ser 396. In vitro and in vivo studies show that 12‐15LO modulates tau metabolism specifically via the cdk5 kinase pathway. Associated with these changes were biochemical markers of synaptic pathology. Finally, 12‐15LO‐dependent alteration of tau metabolism was independent from an effect on Aβ. Our findings reveal a novel pathway by which 12‐15LO modulates endogenous tau metabolism making this protein an appealing pharmacologic target for treatment of AD and related tauopathies.
Modeling Clinical Endpoints as a Function of Time of Switch to Second‐Line ART with Incomplete Data on Switching Times
Authors: Johnson Brent A. , Ribaudo Heather , Gulick Roy M. , Eron Joseph J. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryModeling clinical endpoints as a function of change in antiretroviral therapy (ART) attempts to answer one simple but very challenging question: was the change in ART beneficial or not? We conceive a similar scientific question of interest in the current manuscript except that we are interested in modeling the time of ART regimen change rather than a comparison of two or more ART regimens. The answer to this scientific riddle is unknown and has been difficult to address clinically. Naturally, ART regimen change is left to a participant and his or her provider and so the date of change depends on participant characteristics. There exists a vast literature on how to address potential confounding and those techniques are vital to the success of the method here. A more substantial challenge is devising a systematic modeling strategy to overcome the missing time of regimen change for those participants who do not switch to second‐line ART within the study period even after failing the initial ART. In this article, we adopt and apply a statistical method that was originally proposed for modeling infusion trial data, where infusion length may be informatively censored, and argue that the same strategy may be employed here. Our application of this method to therapeutic HIV/AIDS studies is new and interesting. Using data from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Study A5095, we model immunological endpoints as a polynomial function of a participant's switching time to second‐line ART for 182 participants who already failed the initial ART. In our analysis, we find that participants who switch early have somewhat better sustained suppression of HIV‐1 RNA after virological failure than those who switch later. However, we also found that participants who switched very late, possibly censored due to the end of the study, had good HIV‐1 RNA suppression, on average. We believe our scientific conclusions contribute to the relevant HIV literature and hope that the basic modeling strategy outlined here would be useful to others contemplating similar analyses with partially missing treatment length data.
New diagnostic criteria for common variable immune deficiency (CVID), which may assist with decisions to treat with intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulin
Authors: Ameratunga R , Woon S-T , Gillis D , Koopmans W , Steele R 
Published: July 2013

Summary
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immune deficiency in adults. The standard of care is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or subcutaneous immunoglobulin (scIG) therapy. The cause of CVID is currently unknown, and there is no universally accepted definition of CVID. This creates problems in determining which patients will benefit from IVIG/scIG treatment. In this paper, we review the difficulties with the commonly used European Society of Immune Deficiencies (ESID) and the Pan American Group for Immune Deficiency (PAGID) definition of CVID. We propose new criteria for the diagnosis of CVID, which are based on recent scientific discoveries. Improved diagnostic precision will assist with treatment decisions including IVIG/scIG replacement. We suggest that asymptomatic patients with mild hypogammaglobulinaemia are termed hypogammaglobulinaemia of uncertain significance (HGUS). These patients require long-term follow-up, as some will evolve into CVID.
Karyotyping of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas: loss of 17p is associated with poor patient outcome
Authors: Fiskvik Idun , Aamot Hege V. , Delabie Jan , Smeland Erlend B. , Stokke Trond , Heim Sverre , Holte Harald 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundCytogenetic studies of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have revealed a large spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities, some of which may be clinically relevant. We wanted to evaluate possible associations between commonly acquired chromosome aberrations and prognosis in a large cohort of patients.MethodsAll patients with DLBCL treated at our center during 1999–2010 with an abnormal G‐banding karyotype determined on cells short‐term cultured from diagnostic biopsies were included. Detailed information on staging, treatment, and outcome was available for all patients.ResultsOf the 110 patients available for analysis, there were 48 deaths and 27 relapses after a median follow‐up of 4.5 yr. Eleven different chromosomal abnormalities were detected in more than ten percent of patients. Of those, only loss of 17p, including the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, was significantly associated with inferior long‐term prognosis. Five year overall and progression‐free survival frequencies were 32% and 27% for patients with loss of 17p and 67% and 59% in patients without this abnormality.ConclusionIn a relatively large cohort of patients with DLBCL analyzed by chromosome banding, loss of 17p was the only chromosomal abnormality associated with inferior survival in uni‐ and multivariate analysis.
Measuring reactive metal in soil: a comparison of multi‐element isotopic dilution and chemical extraction
Authors: Marzouk E. R. , Chenery S. R. , Young S. D. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe isotopically exchangeable metal pool (E‐value) of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were simultaneously measured, using stable isotope dilution, in soils contaminated by Pb/Zn mining activities and varying in properties likely to affect metal reactivity, including pH, organic matter content, metal concentration and land use. E‐values were compared with single and sequential extraction schemes. Results showed a wide range of metal reactivity (approximately 1–100% of total) depending on the extent of contamination and on the prevailing soil conditions. Across the range of soils, the E‐values showed no consistent correspondence to any single chemical extraction procedure (EDTA, DTPA and HNO3) although there was reasonable agreement with the extractants 0.05 m EDTA and 0.43 m HNO3 in acidic organic soils. Extraction with 0.005 m DTPA substantially under‐estimated the isotopically exchangeable metal content. E‐values corresponded reasonably well with the exchangeable metal (fraction 1 (F1) of the sequential extraction procedure) in calcareous soils but relatively poorly and inconsistently with F1–F2, F1–F3 or F1–F4 in acidic‐neutral soils. Operational aspects associated with determination of multi‐element E‐values are discussed.
Microbial selenium transformations in seleniferous soils
Authors: Fellowes J. W. , Pattrick R. A. D. , Boothman C. , Al Lawati W. M. M. , van Dongen B. E. , Charnock J. M. , Lloyd J. R. , Pearce C. I. 
Published: July 2013

SummarySelenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals and displays a narrow range between dietary deficiency and toxicity. The toxicity of Se depends on its bioavailability, which is directly related to its oxidation states, of which four occur in the environment (SeVI, SeIV, Se0 and SeII−). Microbial communities drive the cycling of Se between these oxidation states. In order to investigate the effect of microbial activity on Se cycling in the environment, a field site in County Meath, Ireland, was identified with anomalously large concentrations of Se as a result of weathering of black shales within the Lucan formation, leading to cases of Se toxicity in farm animals. Soil cores were extracted from the site for Se speciation and microbial community analysis prior to microcosm experiments to assess Se stability and microbial Se transformations. Selenium was present as a recalcitrant, reduced organic phase that was strongly coordinated with carbon, concordant with suggested hypotheses of Se phyto‐concentration within a clay‐lined, postglacial marshland. Selenium was not mobilized in microcosm experiments, and supplementation with SeVI resulted in rapid reduction and removal from solution as Se0. Additional electron donors did not affect Se stability or removal from solution, although nitrate did hinder SeVI reduction. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated a significant shift in microbial community after amendment with SeVI. This work extends the current knowledge of Se cycling in the environment, and provides information on the bioavailability of Se in the soil, which determines Se content of foodstuffs.
Characterizing scale‐ and location‐specific variation in non‐linear soil systems using the wavelet transform
Authors: Biswas A. , Cresswell H. P. , Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Si B. C. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe combined action of physical, chemical and biological soil processes, which occur at different intensities and scales, causes complex spatial variation in soil that is difficult to characterize. The presence of non‐stationarity and non‐linearity increases this complexity. Wavelet transforms have been used to analyse non‐stationary soil spatial variation. In this study we used the wavelet transform to characterize the spatial variation of non‐linear soil systems. In the wavelet transform, a mathematical function (mother wavelet) is used to examine the frequency behaviour of a spatial series by translating or dilating the function. The effective resolution in identifying the frequency is dependent on the translation‐dilation parameter, which is further dependent on the central frequency of the mother wavelet. The central frequency of the commonly used mother wavelet (Morlet) has been modified in this study to capture up to 95% of the uncertainty in identifying frequency components present in spatial series. Increased central frequency resulted in more oscillations within a localized window and thus provided enhanced frequency resolution, which helped to identify the instantaneous (≡ localized) frequency (IF). Identification of the IF can reduce the local unpredictability and enable characterization of non‐linear systems. We have demonstrated the method with a case study using soil water storage and clay content data. The wavelet spectra and the wavelet IF spectra provided improved spatial resolution in identifying the dominant frequency (scale) of variation in the spatial series. Information on dominant scales can be used for scale‐specific prediction of soil properties and multiscale soil mapping and modelling.
Identifying critical unrecognized sugar–protein interactions in GH10 xylanases from Geobacillus stearothermophilus using STD NMR
Authors: Balazs Yael S. , Lisitsin Elina , Carmiel Oshrat , Shoham Gil , Shoham Yuval , Schmidt Asher 
Published: July 2013

1H solution NMR spectroscopy is used synergistically with 3D crystallographic structures to map experimentally significant hydrophobic interactions upon substrate binding in solution under thermodynamic equilibrium. Using saturation transfer difference spectroscopy (STD NMR), a comparison is made between wild‐type xylanase XT6 and its acid/base catalytic mutant E159Q – a non‐active, single‐heteroatom alteration that has been previously utilized to measure binding thermodynamics across a series of xylooligosaccharide–xylanase complexes [Zolotnitsky et al. (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 11275–11280). In this study, performing STD NMR of one substrate screens binding interactions to two proteins, avoiding many disadvantages inherent to the technique and clearly revealing subtle changes in binding induced upon mutation of the catalytic Glu. To visualize and compare the binding epitopes of xylobiose–xylanase complexes, a ‘SASSY’ plot (saturation difference transfer spectroscopy) is used. Two extraordinarily strong, but previously unrecognized, non‐covalent interactions with H2–5 of xylobiose were observed in the wild‐type enzyme but not in the E159Q mutant. Based on the crystal structure, these interactions were assigned to tryptophan residues at the −1 subsite. The mutant selectively binds only the β–xylobiose anomer. The 1H solution NMR spectrum of a xylotriose–E159Q complex displays non‐uniform broadening of the NMR signals. Differential broadening provides a unique subsite assignment tool based on structural knowledge of face‐to‐face stacking with a conserved tyrosine residue at the +1 subsite. The results obtained herein by substrate‐observed NMR spectroscopy are discussed further in terms of methodological contributions and mechanistic understanding of substrate‐binding adjustments upon a charge change in the E159Q construct.