bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary assessment of complex regional water systems and their future evolution: how socioeconomic drivers can matter more than climate
Authors: Reynard Emmanuel , Bonriposi Mariano , Graefe Olivier , Homewood Christine , Huss Matthias , Kauzlaric Martina , Liniger Hanspeter , Rey Emmanuel , Rist Stephan , Schädler Bruno , Schneider Flurina , Weingartner Rolf 
Published: June 2014

Modeling of future water systems at the regional scale is a difficult task due to the complexity of current structures (multiple competing water uses, multiple actors, formal and informal rules) both temporally and spatially. Representing this complexity in the modeling process is a challenge that can be addressed by an interdisciplinary and holistic approach. The assessment of the water system of the Crans‐Montana‐Sierre area (Switzerland) and its evolution until 2050 were tackled by combining glaciological, hydrogeological, and hydrological measurements and modeling with the evaluation of water use through documentary, statistical and interview‐based analyses. Four visions of future regional development were co‐produced with a group of stakeholders and were then used as a basis for estimating future water demand. The comparison of the available water resource and the water demand at monthly time scale allowed us to conclude that for the four scenarios socioeconomic factors will impact on the future water systems more than climatic factors. An analysis of the sustainability of the current and future water systems based on four visions of regional development allowed us to identify those scenarios that will be more sustainable and that should be adopted by the decision‐makers. The results were then presented to the stakeholders through five key messages. The challenges of communicating the results in such a way with stakeholders are discussed at the end of the article. WIREs Water 2014, 1:413–426. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1032This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Human Water > Water Governance
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of genital tract bacteria in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes in a resource‐limited setting
Authors: Eleje George U. , Adinma Joseph I. , Ghasi Samuel , Ikechebelu Joseph I. , Igwegbe Anthony O. , Okonkwo John E. , Okafor Charles I. , Ezeama Chukwuemeka O. , Ezebialu Ifeanyichukwu U. , Ogbuagu Chukwuanugo N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify microbes prevalent in the genital tract of pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and to assess the susceptibility of the microbial isolates to a range of antibiotics to determine appropriate antibiotics for treating cases of PPROM in resource‐limited settings.MethodsA prospective cross‐sectional study was undertaken involving women with (n = 105) and without (n = 105) a confirmed diagnosis of PPROM admitted to Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, southeast Nigeria, between January 1, 2011, and April 30, 2013. Endocervical swabs were collected from all participants and examined microbiologically. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion.ResultsStreptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were significantly more prevalent among women with PPROM than among those without PPROM (P < 0.01). Among the antibiotics considered safe to use during pregnancy, the bacteria were most sensitive to ampicillin‐sulbactam, cefixime, cefuroxime, and erythromycin.ConclusionFor the first 48 hours, women with PPROM should receive an intravenous dose combining ampicillin‐sulbactam, cefixime, cefuroxime, or erythromycin with metronidazole followed by oral administration of the chosen antibiotic combination to complete a 7‐day course.
Risk factors for postoperative endoscopic recurrence in Crohn's disease: a Brazilian observational study
Authors: de Barcelos Ivan Folchini , da Silva Rodolff Nunes , Teixeira Fábio Vieira , de Albuquerque Idblan Carvalho , Saad-Hossne Rogério , Ropelato Renato Vismara , Kotze Lorete Maria da Silva , Olandoski Márcia , Kotze Paulo Gustavo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction Postoperative endoscopic recurrence (PER) is the initial event after intestinal resection in Crohn's disease (CD), and after a few years most patients present with progressive symptoms and complications related to the disease. The identification of risk factors for PER can help in the optimization of postoperative therapy and contribute to its prevention.
Methods Retrospective, longitudinal, multicenter, observational study involving patients with CD who underwent ileocolic resections. The patients were allocated into two groups according to the presence of PER and the variables of interest were analyzed to identify the associated factors for recurrence.
Results Eighty-five patients were included in the study. The mean period of the first postoperative colonoscopy was 12.8 (3–120) months and PER was observed in 28 patients (32.9%). There was no statistical difference in relation to gender, mean age, duration of CD, family history, previous intestinal resections, smoking, Montreal classification, blood transfusion, residual CD, surgical technique, postoperative complications, presence of granulomas at histology, specimen extension and use of postoperative biological therapy. The preoperative use of corticosteroids was the only variable that showed a significant difference between the groups in univariate analysis, being more common in patients with PER (42.8% vs. 21%; p
= 0.044).
Conclusions PER was observed in 32.9% of the patients. The preoperative use of corticosteroids was the only risk factor associated with PER in this observational analysis.
Modulation of the muscle and nerve compound muscle action potential by evoked pain
Authors: Duez L. , Qerama E. , Jensen T.S. , Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background and aims
To our knowledge there are no studies that have examined the effects of the experimental pain on muscle fibre excitability as measured by the amplitudes of the potentials evoked by direct muscle stimulation (DMS) in a muscle at rest. We hypothesized that evoked pain can modulate the muscle compound action potential (CMAP) obtained by DMS possibly due to changes in muscle fibre excitability.

Methods
Pain was evoked by intramuscular infusion of hypertonic saline in 50 men. Ten control subjects were infused with isotonic saline. The infusions were given distal to the motor end plate region of the dominant brachial biceps muscle (BBM) in a double-blind manner. The nerve CMAP was obtained by stimulating the musculocutaneous nerve and recording from the BBM using surface-electrodes. Muscle CMAPs were obtained by direct muscle stimulation with subdermal electrodes placed subcutaneously in the distal third of the muscle. A stimuli-response curve of the amplitudes from muscle CMAP was obtained by stimulating from 10 to 90 mA.

Results
There was a decrease of the nerve CMAP amplitudes after infusion of isotonic saline (from 13.78mV to 12.16 mV), p-value 0.0007 and of hypertonic saline (from 13.35 mV to 10.85 mV), p-value 0.0000. The percent decrease from before to after infusion was larger in the hypertonic saline group (19.37%) compared to the isotonic saline group (12.18%), p-value 0.025.
There was a decrease of the amplitudes of the muscle CMAP after infusion of both isotonic (at 90 mA from 13.84mV to 10.32 mV, p value 0.001) and of hypertonic saline (at 90 mA from 14.01 mV to 8.19 mV, p value 0.000). The percent decrease was larger in the hypertonic saline group compared to the isotonic saline group for all the stimulations intensities. At 90 mA we saw a 42% decrease in the hypertonic saline group and 24.5% in the isotonic saline group, p value 0.005.
There were no changes in conduction velocity.

Conclusion
We found a larger amplitude decrease of the muscle and nerve potentials following hypertonic saline infusion compared with that of isotonic saline. We suggest that this deferential outcome of hypertonic saline on muscle CMAP may be linked to the nociceptive effect on muscle fibre membrane excitability.

Implications
The study supplies with some evidence of the peripheral effect of muscle pain. However, further trials with other nociceptive substances such as capsaicin should be performed.
The role of advance ratio and aspect ratio in determining leading-edge vortex stability for flapping flight
Authors: Harbig R. R. , Sheridan J. , Thompson M. C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe effects of advance ratio and the wing’s aspect ratio on the structure of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) that forms on flapping and rotating wings under insect-like flight conditions are not well understood. However, recent studies have indicated that they could play a role in determining the stable attachment of the LEV. In this study, a numerical model of a flapping wing at insect Reynolds numbers is used to explore the effects of these parameters on the characteristics and stability of the LEV. The word ‘stability’ is used here to describe whether the LEV was attached throughout the stroke or if it was shed. It is demonstrated that increasing the advance ratio enhances vorticity production at the leading edge during the downstroke, and this results in more rapid growth of the LEV for non-zero advance ratios. Increasing the wing aspect ratio was found to have the effect of shortening the wing’s chord length relative to the LEV’s size. These two effects combined determine the stability of the LEV. For high advance ratios and large aspect ratios, the LEV was observed to quickly grow to envelop the entire wing during the early stages of the downstroke. Continued rotation of the wing resulted in the LEV being eventually shed as part of a vortex loop that peels away from the wing’s tip. The shedding of the LEV for high-aspect-ratio wings at non-zero advance ratios leads to reduced aerodynamic performance of these wings, which helps to explain why a number of insect species have evolved to have low-aspect-ratio wings.
Two-dimensional numerical study of vortex shedding regimes of oscillatory flow past two circular cylinders in side-by-side and tandem arrangements at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Zhao Ming , Cheng Liang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOscillatory flow past two circular cylinders in side-by-side and tandem arrangements at low Reynolds numbers is simulated numerically by solving the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes (NS) equations using a finite-element method (FEM). The aim of this study is to identify the flow regimes of the two-cylinder system at different gap arrangements and Keulegan–Carpenter numbers (KC). Simulations are conducted at seven gap ratios $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}G$ ($G=L/D$ where $L$ is the cylinder-to-cylinder gap and $D$ the diameter of a cylinder) of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and KC ranging from 1 to 12 with an interval of 0.25. The flow regimes that have been identified for oscillatory flow around a single cylinder are also observed in the two-cylinder system but with different flow patterns due to the interactions between the two cylinders. In the side-by-side arrangement, the vortex shedding from the gap between the two cylinders dominates when the gap ratio is small, resulting in the gap vortex shedding (GVS) regime, which is different from any of the flow regimes identified for a single cylinder. For intermediate gap ratios of 1.5 and 2 in the side-by-side arrangement, the vortex shedding mode from one side of each cylinder is not necessarily the same as that from the other side, forming a so-called combined flow regime. When the gap ratio between the two cylinders is sufficiently large, the vortex shedding from each cylinder is similar to that of a single cylinder. In the tandem arrangement, when the gap between the two cylinders is very small, the flow regimes are similar to that of a single cylinder. For large gap ratios in the tandem arrangement, the vortex shedding flows from the gap side of the two cylinders interact and those from the outer sides of the cylinders are less affected by the existence of the other cylinder and similar to that of a single cylinder. Strong interaction between the vortex shedding flows from the two cylinders makes the flow very irregular at large KC values for both side-by-side and tandem arrangements.
The Burnett equations in cylindrical coordinates and their solution for flow in a microtube
Authors: Singh Narendra , Agrawal Amit 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Burnett equations constitute a set of higher-order continuum equations. These equations are obtained from the Chapman–Enskog series solution of the Boltzmann equation while retaining second-order-accurate terms in the Knudsen number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Kn}$. The set of higher-order continuum models is expected to be applicable to flows in the slip and transition regimes where the Navier–Stokes equations perform poorly. However, obtaining analytical or numerical solutions of these equations has been noted to be particularly difficult. In the first part of this work, we present the full set of Burnett equations in cylindrical coordinates in three-dimensional form. The equations are reported in a generalized way for gas molecules that are assumed to be Maxwellian molecules or hard spheres. In the second part, a closed-form solution of these equations for isothermal Poiseuille flow in a microtube is derived. The solution of the equations is shown to satisfy the full Burnett equations up to $\mathit{Kn} \leq 1.3$ within an error norm of ${\pm }1.0\, \%$. The mass flow rate obtained analytically is shown to compare well with available experimental and numerical results. Comparison of the stress terms in the Burnett and Navier–Stokes equations is presented. The significance of the Burnett normal stress and its role in diffusion of momentum is brought out by the analysis. An order-of-magnitude analysis of various terms in the equations is presented, based on which a reduced model of the Burnett equations is provided for flow in a microtube. The Burnett equations in full three-dimensional form in cylindrical coordinates and their solution are not previously available.
Within-concept similarities in a taxonomy: a corpus linguistic approach
Authors: STORMS STIJN , SPEELMAN DIRK , GEERAERTS DIRK , STORMS GERT 
Published: June 2014

abstractThis paper looks at a hitherto unexplored aspect of taxonomically organized concepts which has to do with word distributions in corpora of actual language use. In parallel to the psychological informativeness claim of the differentiation explanation, the question is addressed if concepts are internally more similar than their higher-ranked taxonomical relatives. This internal similarity is measured by making use of token-based vector space models. For each occurrence of a concept in the corpus a context vector can be calculated, which then serves as input for the internal similarity measure. Experiments are conducted for taxonomies taken from the Dutch counterparts of the English semantic domainsanimalandmeans of transportation. Results do not wholeheartedly agree with the imposition of a strict taxonomical order, but give rise to a new behavioural measure of the basic level.
Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Abete Itziar , Romaguera Dora , Vieira Ana Rita , Lopez de Munain Adolfo , Norat Teresa 
Published: June 2014

An association between processed and red meat consumption and total mortality has been reported by epidemiological studies; however, there are many controversial reports regarding the association between meat consumption and CVD and IHD mortality. The present meta-analysis was carried out to summarise the evidence from prospective cohort studies on the association between consumption of meat (total, red, white and processed) and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality. Cohort studies were identified by searching the PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. Risk estimates for the highest v. the lowest consumption category and dose–response meta-analysis were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was also evaluated. A total of thirteen cohort studies were identified (1 674 272 individuals). Subjects in the highest category of processed meat consumption had 22 and 18 % higher risk of mortality from any cause and CVD, respectively. Red meat consumption was found to be associated with a 16 % higher risk of CVD mortality, while no association was found for total and white meat consumption. In the dose–response meta-analysis, an increase of 50 g/d in processed meat intake was found to be positively associated with all-cause and CVD mortality, while an increase of 100 g/d in red meat intake was found to be positively associated with CVD mortality. No significant associations were observed between consumption of any type of meat and IHD mortality. The results of the present meta-analysis indicate that processed meat consumption could increase the risk of mortality from any cause and CVD, while red meat consumption is positively but weakly associated with CVD mortality. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity observed in most of the analyses as well as the possibility of residual confounding.
Eating ‘attentively’ reduces later energy consumption in overweight and obese females
Authors: Robinson Eric , Kersbergen Inge , Higgs Suzanne 
Published: June 2014

Attentional and memory processes underpin appetite control, but whether encouraging overweight individuals to eat more ‘attentively’ can promote reductions in energy consumption is unclear. In the present study with a between-subjects design, a total of forty-eight overweight and obese females consumed a fixed lunchtime meal. Their ad libitum energy intake of high-energy snack food was observed during a second laboratory session that occurred later that day. In the focused-attention condition, participants ate their lunch while listening to audio instructions that encouraged them to pay attention to the food being eaten. In a control condition, participants ate while listening to an audio book with a neutral (non-food-related) content. To test whether focused attention influenced food intake via enhancing the memory of the earlier consumed meal, we measured the participants' memory of their lunchtime meal. Ad libitum snack intake was approximately 30 % lower for participants in the focused-attention condition than for those in the control condition, and this difference was statistically significant. There was limited evidence that attention decreased later food intake by enhancing memory representation of the earlier consumed meal. Eating attentively can lead to a substantial decrease in later energy intake in overweight and obese individuals. Behavioural strategies that encourage a more ‘attentive’ way of eating could promote sustained reductions in energy intake and weight loss.
Genetic differences in the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae), in Thailand
Authors: Dusitsittipon S. , Thaenkham U. , Watthanakulpanich D. , Adisakwattana P. , Komalamisra C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study surveyed the genetic differences among Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) using the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Partial cytb sequences were determined for 91 worms from eight locations in Thailand. Using morphological techniques, the nematodes were found to be A. cantonensis. Phylogenetic analysis found two main clades, which were subdivided into four subclades (clusters). Haplotype network analysis showed that 11 distinct cytb haplotypes were also present in four groups of A. cantonensis. There was no observable relationship between the genetic differentiation of gene flow and geographical distance. This low genetic variation and geographical distribution of A. cantonensis in each location indicates a founder effect, which may have resulted from multiple independent origins, and suggests that haplotypes migrated from endemic areas via human-related activities.
Stability of the southern European border ofEchinococcus multilocularisin the Alps: evidence thatMicrotus arvalisis a limiting factor
Authors: GUERRA DIOGO , HEGGLIN DANIEL , BACCIARINI LUCA , SCHNYDER MANUELA , DEPLAZES PETER 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYThe known range of the zoonotic fox tapewormEchinococcus multilocularishas expanded since the 1990s, and today this parasite is recorded in higher abundances throughout large parts of Europe. This phenomenon is mostly attributed to the increasing European fox populations and their invasion of urban habitats. However, these factors alone are insufficient to explain the heterogeneous distribution of the parasite in Europe. Here, we analysed the spatial interrelationship ofE. multiloculariswith the known distribution of seven vole species in Ticino, southern Switzerland. Among 404 necropsied foxes (1990–2006) and 79 fox faecal samples (2010–2012),E. multiloculariswas consistently found in the north of the investigated area. No expansion of this endemic focus was recorded during the 22 years of the study period. This stable endemic focus is coincident with the known distribution of the vole speciesMicrotus arvalisbut not, or only partly, with the distribution of the other autochthonous vole species. Our results give evidence that this vole species plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the parasite's life cycle and that its absence could be a limiting factor for the spread ofE. multilocularisin this region.
Persistence ofToxoplasma gondiitissue stages in poultry over a conventional fattening cycle
Authors: GEUTHNER A.-C. , KOETHE M. , LUDEWIG M. , POTT S. , SCHARES G. , DAUGSCHIES A. , BANGOURA B. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondiiis a widely spread protozoon in humans, mammals and poultry. Regarding the latter, nothing is known yet about the duration ofT. gondiipersistence and distribution over a conventional fattening cycle of turkeys and chickens. Twenty-four turkeys and 12 broiler chickens were infected intravenously with 1×106T. gondiitachyzoites (strain NED). Serum antibody levels were determined weekly by ELISA (turkeys) or immunofluorescent antibody test (chickens). Turkeys were slaughtered at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks post-infection (p.i.), and chickens 5 or 10 weeks p.i. (n = 6 per group). Sixteen different tissue samples per bird were analysed forT. gondiiby PCR. All infected animals showed seroconversion. In turkeys, 15·9% of all samples were tested positive forT.-gondii-DNA. Among the edible tissues (drumstick, thigh, breast muscle, heart, liver and gizzard) 7·8% tested positive. Among poultry slaughtered after different periods of time after infection no significant differences (P>0·05) regarding the number of positive samples were observed. Only 4 out of 192 samples (2·1%) from infected chickens contained detectableT. gondiiDNA.The PCR findings suggested thatT. gondiimay persist in poultry. Particularly in turkey it was shown that edible tissues stay infected for at least 16 weeks p.i. which indicates a potential risk for consumers of undercooked turkey meat whereas chickens appear less susceptible toT. gondiiinfection.