bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and architecture of a West Mediterranean Upper Pleistocene to Holocene coastal apron‐fan system
Authors: Andreucci Stefano , Panzeri Laura , Martini I. Peter , Maspero Francesco , Martini Marco , Pascucci Vincenzo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Quaternary deposits of tectonically stable areas are a powerful tool to investigate high‐frequency climate variations (<10 ka) and to distinguish allogenic and autogenic factors controlling deposition. Therefore, an Upper Pleistocene–Holocene coastal apron‐fan system in north–western Sardinia (Porto Palmas, Italy) was studied to investigate the relations between climate changes, sea‐level fluctuations and sediment source‐supply that controlled its development. The sedimentary sequence records the strong influence of local (wet/dry) and worldwide (sea‐level) environmental variations in the sedimentation and preservation of the deposits. A multi‐disciplinary approach allowed subdivision of the succession into four major, unconformity‐bounded stratigraphic units: U1 U2, U3 and U4. Unit U1, tentatively dated to the warm and humid Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 5, consists of sandy, gravelly coastal/beach deposits developed during high sea‐level in low‐lying areas. Unit U2 consists of debris‐flow dominated fan‐deposits (ca 74 ka; MIS 4), preserved as partial fills of small valleys and coves. Unit U2 is mainly composed of reddish silty conglomerate to pebbly siltstones sourced from the Palaeozoic metamorphic inland hills (bedrock), superficially disintegrated during the preceding warm, vegetation‐rich MIS 5. The cold and semi‐arid climate strongly reduced vegetation cover along the valley flanks. Therefore, sediment gravity‐flow processes, possibly activated by rainstorms, led to deposition of debris‐flow dominated fans. Unit U3 consists of water‐flow dominated alluvial‐fan deposits (ca 47 to 23 ka; MIS 3), developed on a slightly inclined coastal plain. Unit U3 is composed of sandstone and sandy conglomerate fed from two main sediment sources: metamorphic inland bedrock and Quaternary bioclastic‐rich shelf‐derived sands. During this cold phase, sea‐level dropped sufficiently to expose bioclastic sands accumulated on the shelf. Frequent climate fluctuations favoured inland aeolian transport of sand during dry phases, followed by reworking of the aeolian bodies by flash floods during wet phases. Bedrock‐derived fragments mixed with water‐reworked, wind‐blown sands led to the development of water‐flow dominated fans. The Dansgaard–Oeschger events possibly associated with sand landward deflation and main fan formations are Dansgaard–Oeschger 13 (ca 47 ka), Dansgaard–Oeschger 8 (ca 39 ka) and Dansgaard–Oeschger 2 (ca 23 ka). No record of sedimentation during MIS 2 was observed. Finally, bioclastic‐rich aeolianites (Unit U4, ca 10 to 5 ka; MIS 1), preserved on a coastal slope, were developed during the Holocene transgression (ca 10 to 5 ka; MIS 1). The studied sequence shows strong similarities with those of other Mediterranean sites; it is, however, one of the few where the main MIS 4 and MIS 3 climatic fluctuations are registered in the sedimentary record.
Optimizing donor selection for public cord blood banking: influence of maternal, infant, and collection characteristics on cord blood unit quality
Authors: Page Kristin M. , Mendizabal Adam , Betz‐Stablein Brigid , Wease Stephen , Shoulars Kevin , Gentry Tracy , Prasad Vinod K. , Sun Jessica , Carter Shelly , Balber Andrew E. , Kurtzberg Joanne 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundBanked unrelated donor umbilical cord blood (CB) has improved access to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients without a suitably matched donor. In a resource‐limited environment, ensuring that the public inventory is enriched with high‐quality cord blood units (CBUs) addressing the needs of a diverse group of patients is a priority. Identification of donor characteristics correlating with higher CBU quality could guide operational strategies to increase the yield of banked high‐quality CBUs.Study Design and MethodsCharacteristics of 5267 CBUs donated to the Carolinas Cord Blood Bank, a public bank participating in the National Cord Blood Inventory, were retrospectively analyzed. Eligible CBUs, collected by trained personnel, were processed using standard procedures. Routine quality and potency metrics (postprocessing total nucleated cell count [post‐TNCC], CD34+, colony‐forming units [CFUs]) were correlated with maternal, infant, and collection characteristics.ResultsHigh‐quality CBUs were defined as those with higher post‐TNCC (>1.25 × 109) with CD34+ and CFUs in the upper quartile. Factors associated with higher CD34+ or CFU content included a shorter interval from collection to processing (<10 hr), younger gestational age (34‐37 weeks; CD34+ and CFUs), Caucasian race, higher birthweight (>3500 g), and larger collection volumes (>80 mL).ConclusionsWe describe characteristics identifying high‐quality CBUs, which can be used to inform strategies for CBU collection for public banks. Efforts should be made to prioritize collections from larger babies born before 38 weeks of gestation. CBUs should be rapidly transported to the processing laboratory. The lower quality of CBUs from non‐Caucasian donors highlights the challenges of building a racially diverse public CB inventory.
Anatomical location and culture of equine corneal epithelial stem cells
Authors: Moriyama Hidekazu , Kasashima Yoshinori , Kuwano Atsutoshi , Wada Shinya 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo identify morphologically the locations of equine corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs) and to culture these cells.Animals studiedWe studied the eyes of 12 adult thoroughbred horses.ProceduresEye tissues were immunostained for two positive stem cell markers (p63,CK14) and one negative marker (CK3) to identify the locations ofCESCs, so we could compare their immunostaining patterns with those of human stem cells previously reported. We compared the proliferation rates and morphological features of epithelial cells isolated from the corneal limbus and central cornea.ResultsUndifferentiated cells expressing the same immunostaining pattern as humanCESCs were present in the equine corneal limbus. Cultured epithelial cells isolated from the limbus expressed the same immunostaining pattern thatCESCs show histologically, but cells isolated from the central cornea did not proliferate and could not be evaluated.ConclusionsEquineCESCs were localized in the epithelial basal layer of the corneal limbus, where melanocytes reside. They could be cultured without loss of their undifferentiated nature. When collecting such stem cells, it may be useful to harvest and culture corneal epithelial tissues in the limbus where melanocytes serve as an indicator of the collecting area.
Bacterial microbiota of the ocular surface of captive and free‐ranging microbats:Desmodus rotundus,Diameus youngiandArtibeus lituratus
Authors: Leigue dos Santos Lucianne , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano , Lima Leandro , Lange Rogério , de barros Filho Ivan R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate normal aerobic bacterial microbiota of the eye surface in vvcaptive and free‐ranging bats belonging to the suborder Microchiroptera.Animals studiedA total of 36 bats belonging to three different species (Desmodus rotundus,Diameus youngi,andArtibeus lituratus) were used to perform this investigation. ThirteenDiameus youngiand sixDesmodus rotunduswere trapped in a cave, and 17 captiveArtibeus lituratuswere obtained from an experimental colony. Both free‐ranging and captive bats were free of apparent ocular or systemic disease.ProceduresCorneal and conjunctival swabs were collected from both eyes to identify the resident bacterial microbiota.ResultsSeventeen bats had positive bacterial cultures in one or both eyes. Considering all isolates, Gram‐positive bacteria (82.6%) predominated over those that were Gram‐negative bacteria (17.4%). Coagulase‐negative staphylococci (30.4%) were the most isolated genus, followed byBacillusspp. (26%) andCorynebacteriumspp. (21%). Only four Gram‐negative species were isolated:Shigellaspp.,Hafnia alvei,Morganella morganii,andFlavobacterium odoratum.ConclusionsIn this study, bacterial microbiota of the ocular surface of bats was described, andStaphylococcusspp. were the most frequently isolated type of microorganism from healthy bat eyes.
Evaluation of the quality of blood components prepared using the Reveos automated blood processing system
Authors: Johnson L. , Winter K. M. , Kwok M. , Reid S. , Marks D. C. 
Published: May 2013

Background and ObjectiveThe Reveos automated blood processing system has been developed to combine primary and secondary processing of whole‐blood units, resulting in a plasma unit, a red‐blood‐cell concentrate and an interim platelet unit per input. The aim of this study was to determine product specifications and in vitro quality of components produced by the Reveos system.Materials and MethodsWhole blood was processed using the Reveos system and compared with historical Reference units produced using semi‐automated methods. Reveos red cells were leucoreduced and stored in SAGM at 4°C. Reveos plasma was frozen at −30°C and factor activity was assessed after thawing. Reference red cell, plasma and buffy coats were produced by top and bottom processing. Leucoreduced Reveos and Reference platelet concentrates were prepared by pooling four interim platelet units or four buffy coats, respectively, with SSP+.ResultsProcessing with the Reveos system was faster (76 min) than semi‐automated separation (92 min). The red cell and platelet yields were higher in the units prepared by the Reveos system. The Reference and Reveos red cell and plasma units had very similar in vitro quality parameters. The platelet concentrates were also similar in many in vitro parameters, including pH, glucose and lactate metabolism, hypotonic shock response and phosphatidylserine expression, although platelet activation markers (CD62P and cytokine levels) were higher in the Reveos units.ConclusionThe Reveos system can improve blood component efficiencies through reductions in processing time, whilst maintaining similar component quality.
BIOLOGY AND THE THEOLOGY OF THE HUMAN
Authors: McMullin Ernan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe will consider two Christian responses to the enormous advances in recent years in the connected sciences of genetics, evolutionary biology, and biochemistry, a dualist one by Pope John Paul II and an “emergentist” one by Arthur Peacocke. These two could hardly be more different. It would be impossible within the scope of a brief comment to do justice to these differences. What I hope to do instead is more modest: to draw attention to troublesome ambiguities in some of the key concepts on which discussions of human uniqueness depend, to recall very briefly some of the difficulties philosophers have encountered in their attempts to define the relation of the human powers of mind to the material capacities of body, and finally to ask what the theological significance of all this is.
CREATED FOR EVERLASTING LIFE: CAN THEISTIC EVOLUTION PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE CHRISTIAN ACCOUNT OF HUMAN NATURE?
Authors: Cooper John W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractChristians who affirm standard science and the biblical doctrine of creation often endorsetheistic evolutionas the best approach to human origins. Buttheistic evolutionis ambiguous. Some versions arenaturalistic(NTE)—God created humans entirely by evolution—and some aresupernaturalistic(STE)—God supernaturally augmented evolution. This article claims that NTE is inadequate as an account of human origins because its theological naturalism and emergent physicalist ontology of the soul or person conflict with the Christian doctrine that God created humans for everlasting life. Both the traditional Christian account of the afterlife and its modern Christian alternatives involve God's supernatural action and a separation (dualism) of person and body at death. STE can combine with several philosophical accounts of the body‐soul relation to provide an adequate Christian account of original human nature.
Burst activity and ultrafast activation kinetics of CaV1.3 Ca2+ channels support presynaptic activity in adult gerbil hair cell ribbon synapses
Authors: Zampini Valeria , Johnson Stuart L. , Franz Christoph , Knipper Marlies , Holley Matthew C. , Magistretti Jacopo , Masetto Sergio , Marcotti Walter 
Published: May 2013

Key points
The transfer of sound information to the brain relies on the precise release of neurotransmitter from sensory inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses.
Neurotransmitter release from IHCs is triggered by Ca2+ entry mainly through one type of Ca2+ channel (CaV1.3).
In this study we show that in near‐physiological conditions Ca2+ channels open very rapidly following a stimulus with a delay of about 50 μs.
Despite the open probability of the Ca2+ channels being very low, they can switch to a burst‐like mode during a stimulus, maximizing Ca2+ influx into IHCs.
These results help us to better understand how IHCs are able to accomplish high‐fidelity signal transfer at individual auditory ribbon synapses.
Abstract  Auditory information transfer to afferent neurons relies on precise triggering of neurotransmitter release at the inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses by Ca2+ entry through CaV1.3 Ca2+ channels. Despite the crucial role of CaV1.3 Ca2+ channels in governing synaptic vesicle fusion, their elementary properties in adult mammals remain unknown. Using near‐physiological recording conditions we investigated Ca2+ channel activity in adult gerbil IHCs. We found that Ca2+ channels are partially active at the IHC resting membrane potential (−60 mV). At −20 mV, the large majority (>70%) of Ca2+ channel first openings occurred with an estimated delay of about 50 μs in physiological conditions, with a mean open time of 0.5 ms. Similar to other ribbon synapses, Ca2+ channels in IHCs showed a low mean open probability (0.21 at −20 mV), but this increased significantly (up to 0.91) when Ca2+ channel activity switched to a bursting modality. We propose that IHC Ca2+ channels are sufficiently rapid to transmit fast signals of sound onset and support phase‐locking. Short‐latency Ca2+ channel opening coupled to multivesicular release would ensure precise and reliable signal transmission at the IHC ribbon synapse.
Crosslinking the ligand‐binding domain dimer interface locks kainate receptors out of the main open state
Authors: Daniels Bryan A. , Andrews Elizabeth D. , Aurousseau Mark R. P. , Accardi Michael V. , Bowie Derek 
Published: May 2013

Key points
This study identifies the gating structure responsible for controlling ion‐channel subconductance behaviour at a major neurotransmitter receptor, namely kainate‐type ionotropic glutamate receptor.
Evidence is provided that the activation process may be made up of two clearly distinct conductance phases.
The study speculates that functional diversity amongst ionotropic glutamate receptors emerged during evolution by re‐deploying the same structures to carry out different tasks.
Abstract  Kainate‐selective ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) fulfil key roles in the CNS, making them the subject of detailed structural and functional analyses. Although they are known to gate a channel pore with high and low ion‐permeation rates, it is still not clear how switches between these gating modes are achieved at the structural level. Here, we uncover an unexpected role for the ligand‐binding domain (LBD) dimer assembly in this process. Covalent crosslinking of the dimer interface keeps kainate receptors out of the main open state but permits access to lower conductance states suggesting that significant rearrangements of the dimer interface are required for the receptor to achieve full activation. These observations differ from NMDA‐selective iGluRs where constraining dimer movement reduces open‐channel probability. In contrast, our data show that restricting movement of the dimer interface interferes with conformational changes that underlie both activation and desensitization. Working within the limits of a common architectural design, we propose functionally diverse iGluR families were able to emerge during evolution by re‐deploying existing gating structures to fulfil different tasks.
Evolution of the Population of Precipitating Convective Systems over the Equatorial Indian Ocean in Active Phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Zuluaga Manuel D. , Houze Robert A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThree-dimensional radar reflectivity fields from a dual-wavelength Doppler polarimetric radar (S-PolKa) deployed in the equatorial Indian Ocean are used to evaluate the composition of the population of convective cloud elements during active phases of the MJO. Rainfall in active periods was intermittent, occurring in 11 episodes of about 2–4 days, separated by several nonrainy days. Data for these 2-day periods were composited relative to the time of maximum rainfall. Analysis of the S-PolKa data shows the makeup of the convective population during the rainfall episodes. Four types of echo structures were analyzed statistically for the 11 rainfall episodes: shallow convective echoes (SCE), deep convective cores (DCC), wide convective echo cores (WCC), and broad stratiform (BSR) echo regions. SCE and DCC events were most frequent before the maximum rainfall, with the peak frequency of SCE leading that of DCCs. WCCs were most frequent during the rainfall maximum, and BSR regions were most frequent in the later part of the rainfall episode. Composited ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data and 3-hourly atmospheric soundings indicate that the 2–4-day episodes were related to the passage of equatorial waves. In the early part of a rainfall episode, the wave-passage conditions were unstable, favoring deep penetrating convective elements, while in the later period the wave divergence profile was commensurate with convective systems in late anvil-producing stages. These results support the stretched building-block notion of the life cycle of tropical convection and confirm satellite-based interpretations of SCE, DCC, WCC, and BSR statistics in the composition of the convective population.
Toward an Understanding of Vertical Momentum Transports in Cloud-System-Resolving Model Simulations of Multiscale Tropical Convection
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. , Lane Todd P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This study examines the characteristics of convective momentum transport (CMT) and gravity wave momentum transport (GWMT) in two-dimensional cloud-system-resolving model simulations, including the relationships between the two transports. A linear group velocity criterion is shown to objectively separate CMT and GWMT. The GWMT contribution is mostly consistent with upward-propagating gravity waves and is present in the troposphere and the stratosphere. The CMT contribution forms a large part of the residual (nonupward-propagating contribution) and dominates the fluxes in the troposphere. Additional analysis of the vertical sensible heat flux supports the physical interpretation of the two contributions, further isolating the effects of unstable convection from vertically propagating gravity waves.
The role of transient and nonconservative (friction and diabatic heating) processes in generating momentum flux and their dependence on changes in convective organization was assessed using a pseudomomentum budget analysis. Nonconservative effects were found to dominate the transports; the GWMT contribution involved a diabatic source region in the troposphere and a dissipative sink region in the stratosphere. The CMT contribution was consistent with transport between the boundary layer and free troposphere via tilted convection. Transient buoyancy–vorticity correlations highlighted wave sources in the region of convective outflow and the boundary layer. These sources were akin to the previously described “mechanical oscillator” mechanism. Fluxes associated with this upper-level source were most sensitive to convective organization, highlighting the mechanism by which changes in organization are communicated to GWMT. The results elucidate important interactions between CMT and GWMT, adding further weight to suggestions that the two transports should be linked in parameterizations.
Drug Use Disorder (DUD) Questionnaire
Authors: Scherer Michael , Furr-Holden C. Debra , Voas Robert B. 
Published: May 2013

Background: Despite the ample interest in the measurement of substance abuse and dependence, obtaining biological samples from participants as a means to validate a scale is considered time and cost intensive and is, subsequently, largely overlooked. Objectives: To report the psychometric properties of the drug use disorder (DUD) questionnaire including oral fluid and blood sample screening indicators measuring the three most commonly used illicit substances—marijuana, cocaine, and extramedicinal painkillers. Subjects: Participants were a subset ( N = 2,702) of the 2007 U.S. National Roadside Survey that was administered to daytime and nighttime weekend drivers in the 48 contiguous states to examine the prevalence of substance use and misuse. Measures: Participants completed demographic and substance use questions as well as the DUD—a 12-item measure assessing substance abuse and dependence. Participants could potentially have completed the DUD three times for each of the three substances. Subscales of abuse and dependence were created using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition Text Revision [DSM-IV-TR]) criteria of these diagnoses. Results: The DUD displayed adequate internal consistency on both subscales of substance abuse and dependence (Cronbach’s α ranging from .71 to .84 and .83 to .92, respectively). The DUD also demonstrated construct validity in comparison to biological markers of each substance. Conclusions: The DUD is a biologically validated instrument that is both easy to utilize and may have valuable implications as a research tool among both clinical and nonclinical populations.
Current ciprofloxacin usage in children hospitalized in a referral hospital in Paris
Authors: Yang Zhi-Tao , Zahar Jean-Ralph , Méchaï Fréderic , Postaire Martine , Blanot Stéphane , Balfagon-Viel Sarah , Nassif Xavier , Lortholary Olivier 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Fluoroquinolones are used with increasing frequency in children with a major risk of increasing the emergence of FQ resistance. FQ use has expanded off-label for primary antibacterial prophylaxis or treatment of infections in immune-compromised children and life-threatening multi-resistant bacteria infections. Here we assessed the prescriptions of ciprofloxacin in a pediatric cohort and their appropriateness.

Methods
A monocenter audit of ciprofloxacin prescription was conducted for six months in a University hospital in Paris. Infected site, bacteriological findings and indication, were evaluated in children receiving ciprofloxacin in hospital independently by 3 infectious diseases consultants and 1 hospital pharmacist.

Results
Ninety-eight ciprofloxacin prescriptions in children, among which 52 (53.1%) were oral and 46 (46.9%) parenteral, were collected. 45 children had an underlying condition, cystic fibrosis (CF) (21) or an innate or acquired immune deficiency (24). Among CF patients, the most frequent indication was a broncho-pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (20). In non-CF patient, the major indications were broncho-pulmonary (25), urinary (8), intra-abdominal (7), operative site infection (5) and bloodstream/catheter (2/4) infection. 62.2% were microbiologically documented. Twenty-three (23.4%) were considered “mandatory”, 48 (49.0%) “alternative” and 27 (27.6%) “unjustified”.

Conclusion
In our university hospital, only 23.4% of fluoroquinolones prescriptions were mandatory in children, especially in Pseudomonas aeruginosa healthcare associated infection. Looking to the ecological risk of fluoroquinolones and the increase consumption in children population we think that a control program should be developed to control FQ use in children. It could be done with the help of an antimicrobial stewardship team.