bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substrate size and heterogeneity control anomalous transport in small streams
Authors: Aubeneau A. F. , Hanrahan Brittany , Bolster Diogo , Tank Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn alluvial systems, substrate characteristics play a critical role in slowing downstream transport of both water and solutes. We present results from solute injection experiments testing the influence of sediment size (pea gravel versus coarse gravel) and heterogeneity (alternating sections versus well‐mixed reaches) on solute transport dynamics in four experimental streams at the Notre Dame Linked Experimental Ecosystem Facility. The stream with pea gravel resulted in more long‐term retention than the stream with coarse gravel, whereas both streams with heterogeneous substrate (alternated and mixed) fell between with similar late‐time scaling. Inverse modeling of solute breakthrough curves suggested that residence times were distributed according to a truncated power law. While conservative solute transport in all four streams was anomalous, truncation times were influenced by sediment size, with the smaller pea gravel exhibiting a later truncation time than the coarse gravel, and the two streams with heterogeneous substrate having an intermediate cutoff. These results uniquely associate transport scaling with substrate characteristics in fluvial systems, revealing truncation time scales that had been previously predicted but not observed and quantified in field conditions. Because both benthic (i.e., substrate‐water interface) and subsurface hyporheic regions are known biogeochemical hot spots, relating physical characteristics to the macroscopic transport behavior could be crucial to improve our estimates of solute export from fluvial systems.
First observation of rising‐tone magnetosonic waves
Authors: Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Zhima Z. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Santolík O. , Omura Y. , Taubenschuss U. , Chen L. , Huang S. Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMagnetosonic (MS) waves are linearly polarized emissions confined near the magnetic equator with wave normal angle near 90° and frequency below the lower hybrid frequency. Such waves, also termed equatorial noise, were traditionally known to be “temporally continuous” in their time‐frequency spectrogram. Here we show for the first time that MS waves actually have discrete wave elements with rising‐tone features in their spectrogram. The frequency sweep rate of MS waves, ~1 Hz/s, is between that of chorus and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. For the two events we analyzed, MS waves occur outside the plasmapause and cannot penetrate into the plasmasphere; their power is smaller than that of chorus. We suggest that the rising‐tone feature of MS waves is a consequence of nonlinear wave‐particle interaction, as is the case with chorus and EMIC waves.
DCMotor Drives
Authors: Hua Wei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe DC motor‐based drive of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) consists of a DC motor and a related controller. The controller converts the energy from batteries to the DC motor and then the DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy so as to achieve the desired torque and speed requested from the EVs and HEVs.The DC motor exhibits the advantages of larger starting torque, shorter response time, wider adjustable speed range, better speed regulation ability, and more convenient control on speed and torque separately and have been successfully employed in some EV drive systems. It should be emphasized that these above‐mentionedadvantages are particularly important for electric propulsion in EVs and HEVs applications.This chapter comprehensively discusses the topology, operating principle, and mechanical performance of DC motor‐based drive systems. The principle and characteristic of three key control methods, namely, combined armature voltage and field control, chopper control, and multi‐quadrant control of chopper‐fed DC motor drives, are analyzed, elaborated, and evaluated.
The Valve Train in Four‐Stroke Piston Engines
Authors: Bruce Dennert R. , Hoag Kevin L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe power production in an internal combustion engine requires the compression, combustion, and expansion of the engine's working fluid. This sequence of events must be preceded by a mechanism for bringing fresh air and fuel into the combustion chamber. It must be followed by a mechanism for exhausting the spent products from the cylinder. In the two‐stroke engine, the intake and exhaust events occur simultaneously in a scavenging process as the piston approaches the bottom of its operating strokes. In the four‐stroke engine addressed in this chapter the intake and exhaust processes require additional strokes of the piston. In this article. the mechanical development of the four‐stroke valve train is presented.
Tribological Optimization in the Powertrain
Authors: Plank Robert , Hosenfeldt Tim , Karbacher Richard , Musayev Yashar , Schulz Edgar , Weber Joerg 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Minimizing the frictional power in the powertrain is an important and—from a cost/benefit perspective—very effective way of meeting more stringent CO
2
limits. A basic understanding of the behavior of tribological systems is required to support this claim. In addition to component geometry, the contact surfaces and lubricant in particular determine, it is the surfaces and the lubricant in particular that determine the level of friction produced. The interaction between the component materials and the chemical constituents in the lubricant must be considered in every development phase. In recent years, the introduction of new coatings has provided a tool that enables wear and friction to be optimized in equal measures. Thus, in addition to the lubricant, the surface has become an important design element for optimizing tribological systems.

This paper illustrates the possibilities for tribological optimization using the bearing arrangements in transmissions and other components of the powertrain and addresses the principal physical contexts and their implementation using modern calculation tools.
Propshafts (Driveshafts)
Authors: Miller Michael J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Within the architecture of a vehicle driveline, there can be a variety of torque transmitting products to provide tractive effort to the wheels of a vehicle. This chapter focuses on specific vehicle drivelines that utilize a propshaft, also known in the automotive industry as a
propeller shaft
or
driveshaft
. Traditionally, these products transmit torque from the front of the vehicle to the rear and also from the middle of the vehicle to the front. Fundamentally, propshafts are the main link between torque transmitting products within the vehicle architecture. As with any technology, progression of the product application has adapted to the needs of the vehicle driveline layout. We discuss the fundamental layouts where propshafts are applied, the key enablers for propshaft design, critical calculations, variations of propshaft products, and current trends for propshafts and the interfaces with the torque products they interact with.
Advanced Compression‐Ignition Combustion for High Efficiency and Ultra‐LowNOXand Soot
Authors: Dec John E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLow temperature combustion of gasoline or gasoline‐like fuels has significant advantages over conventional piston‐engine combustion processes. This combustion process, which is based on the compression‐ignition (CI) of a premixed or partially premixed dilute charge, is capable of achieving thermal efficiencies at or above those of diesel engines, engine‐out NOXand soot emissions well below mandated standards, and loads as high as those typical of turbo‐charged diesel engines. However, additional research and development are required to make this process commercially viable. There are many variations of this combustion process, involving charge mixtures that range from well premixed (homogeneous charge compression ignition, HCCI) to those that are mildly or even highly stratified. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of low temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC), beginning with the fundamentals, which are discussed primarily in terms of HCCI, the simplest form of LTGC. An emphasis is placed on explaining the physical and chemical processes responsible for key operating parameters such as load limits, fuel effects, and intake‐pressure boosting. This approach is also applied to discussions of the use of controlled charge stratification to extend the operating limits and improve efficiency. Building on this understanding, methods for the practical implementation of LTGC are reviewed, along with two more‐recently introduced techniques that show promise: one using two fuels with different autoignition reactivities and the other using diesel‐type direct injection of gasoline‐like fuels.
Quality Management in
ITS
Authors: Spangler Matthias 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
While the industrial branch of the transportation sector, such as the automotive industry, has driven the development of quality management (QM) during the past decades, transport companies and public bodies were not able to implement comprehensive QM strategies. Nevertheless, quality is nothing new—even in transportation. Since the 1960s, the American Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) uses a level of service (LOS) concept for determining the quality of traffic flows. There are many other examples for mostly national guidelines that define service levels for parts of the transport system (e.g., traffic signal control, motorway control systems, and public transport).
The increasing experience from other (mainly industrial) domains in “how to do it in practice” leads to an ever‐rising awareness on the necessity and the value of QM for people and organizations in transportation.
Innovative Structural Design
Authors: Danzl Martin , Mlekusch Bernd , Koglin Klaus , Hagemann Franz‐Michael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe following chapter describes the main topics of a car body structure. For most car manufacturers, the body structure has a very high importance. This chapter describes the main requirements of a car body. Besides the functional requirements such as safety, durability (corrosion and strength), and comfort (stability and acoustics), environmental requirements, requirements of production (process, standardization, and flexibility), and economical requirements (direct costs and investments) will be explained.In the main part, all common architectural types such as ladder frame structure, sandwich construction, three‐dimensional frame structure, monocoque, and pressed steel construction will be presented. The wide range of materials from steel, aluminum, to fiber composite materials will be shown, and an overview of joining technology will be given. In addition, all modern simulation and testing methods will be mentioned, and an outlook in future architectures will be given.
Biopolymers and Biocomposites
Authors: Coles Stuart R. , Meredith James 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLegislation and consumer opinion are driving the increased use of biopolymers and biocomposites in the automotive industry. These materials can offer a competitive advantage by improving areas such as cost and weight saving and reducing CO2emission to meet ever‐increasing standards. Corporate responsibility also improves employee performance and job satisfaction, leading to benefits in intellectual property retention in this field.Biopolymers are beginning to penetrate every area of society and the automotive sector is no exception. Polylactic acid and polyurethanes are two examples where biopolymers have been utilized with the current technology level. Others, such as polypropylene or butadiene, require some further development but still remain realistic prospects in the short‐to‐medium term.Biocomposites, particularly those reinforced with natural fibers, are also gaining an increase in acceptance and application. Research on areas such as fiber treatment and processing has led to improvement in both static and dynamic properties and has opened up more potential areas for their utilization within this market.With the current level of research, a true biocomposite part for a lightweight automotive application remains a realistic target. Utilization of local resources will provide the next step for automotive companies on their road to become sustainable in terms of the environment, society, and economy.
Image Quality Concepts
Authors: Burns Peter D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe present several concepts useful in the specification, evaluation, and control of image quality for digital capture. We start by introducing the terminology and application of image quality models. The value of these models, however, lies in the ability to connect them to characteristics of images or imaging systems. Translating image quality into technology selection and design can be done when we have a physical understanding of design and performance. We describe methods for the objective measurement of several key imaging characteristics. They are then related to current practice by reference to several established imaging performance standards. These system‐based methods are often complemented by applying human vision models. Vision models are also part a larger set of techniques collectively known as Image Quality Assessment (IQA). IQA is based on extracting measures directly from digital images, particularly useful for processing paths which adapt to image content.
Acid–Base Driven Ligand Exchange with Palladium(II) “Click” Complexes
Authors: Noor Asif , Maloney Daniel L. , Lewis James E. M. , Lo Warrick K. C. , Crowley James D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo simple palladium(II) pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide complexes coordinated to CuAAC derived “click” 1,2,3‐triazole ligands are described. Addition of a more basic 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) ligand to these palladium(II) “click” complexes leads to complete displacement of the 1,2,3‐triazole ligands by DMAP. The process can be completely reversed by treatment with acid.
Practical and Highly Selective CH Functionalization of Structurally Diverse Ethers
Authors: Wan Miao , Meng Zhilin , Lou Hongxiang , Liu Lei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA trityl ion mediated CH functionalization of ethers with a wide range of nucleophiles at ambient temperature has been developed. The reaction displays high chemoselectivity and good functional group tolerance. The protocol also exhibits excellent regio‐ and diastereoselectivities for the unsymmetric ethers, thus stereoselectively generating highly functionalized disubstituted 2,5‐trans tetrahydrofurans (THF), 2,6‐trans tetrahydropyrans (THP), 2,6‐trans dihydropyrans (DHP), and 1,3‐trans isochromans, and highlighting the capacity of the protocol in complex molecule synthesis.
Kurzlebige Phenoxylradikale aus Polyphenolen des Grünen Tees und hochreaktiven Sauerstoffspezies: Detektion mittels zeitauflösender EPR‐Spektroskopie
Authors: Neshchadin Dmytro , Batchelor Stephen N. , Bilkis Itzhak , Gescheidt Georg 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPolyphenole sind wirkungsvolle Antioxidantien. Ihre Reaktivität ist bereits intensiv untersucht worden. Die wesentliche Reaktion ist die Wasserstoffübertragung vom Polyphenol auf eine hochreaktive Sauerstoffspezies. Bisher wurde eine klare Charakterisierung derjenigen Spezies, welche direkt nach einer solchen Reaktion gebildet werden, nicht erreicht. Hier berichten wir über die H‐Abstraktion von hochreaktiven sauerstoffzentrierten Spezies mit Katechin und im grünen Tee vorhandenen Polyphenolen. Mittels zeitauflösender EPR‐Spektroskopie erhält man molekulare Informationen in Echtzeit. Indem wir damit oxidativen Stress durch hochreaktive Sauerstoffspezies nachstellen, zeigen wir, dass alle phenolischen OH‐Gruppen im Wesentlichen über identische Reaktivitäten verfügen. Dies weist auf die Bedeutung statistischer (entropischer) Faktoren für antioxidative Vorgänge hin.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Vicinally Bis(trifluoromethylated) Alkylboron Compounds through Successive Insertions of 2,2,2‐Trifluorodiazoethane
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Ryu DaWeon 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe usefulness of embedded CF3 substituents within organic substructures necessitates the development of diverse methods for incorporating this functional group. A recently reported route to α‐trifluoromethylated alkylboron compounds by an α‐transfer mechanism has now been extended to the synthesis of unprecedented, vicinally ditrifluoromethylated alkylboron compounds in a diastereoselective fashion. The utility of these products is highlighted by conversion of the CB bond into other functional groups.
Photofunctional Nanomodulators for Bioexcitation
Authors: Miyako Eijiro , Russier Julie , Mauro Matteo , Cebrian Cristina , Yawo Hiromu , Ménard‐Moyon Cécilia , Hutchison James A. , Yudasaka Masako , Iijima Sumio , De Cola Luisa , Bianco Alberto 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA single organism comprises diverse types of cells. To acquire a detailed understanding of the biological functions of each cell, comprehensive control and analysis of homeostatic processes at the single‐cell level are required. In this study, we develop a new type of light‐driven nanomodulator comprising dye‐functionalized carbon nanohorns (CNHs) that generate heat and reactive oxygen species under biologically transparent near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. By exploiting the physicochemical properties of the nanohorns, cellular calcium ion flux and membrane currents were successfully controlled at the single‐cell level. In addition, the nanomodulator allows a remote bioexcitation of tissues during NIR laser exposure making this system a powerful tool for single‐cell analyses and innovative cell therapies.
Why p‐Cymene? Conformational Effect in Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones with a η6‐Arene/Ruthenium(II) Catalyst
Authors: Matsuoka Aki , Sandoval Christian A. , Uchiyama Masanobu , Noyori Ryoji , Naka Hiroshi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe global reaction route mapping (GRRM) methods conveniently define transition states in asymmetric hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones via the [RuH{(S,S)‐TsNCH(C6H5)CH(C6H5)NH2}(η6‐p‐cymene)] intermediate. Multiple electrostatic CH/π interactions are the common motif in the preferred diastereometric structures.
A Global Detectability Condition for Consensus Tracking of Linear Multi‐Agent Systems with Stochastic Disturbances
Authors: Diao Miao , Duan Zhisheng , Wen Guanghui 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the consensus tracking problem for both continuous‐ and discrete‐time multi‐agent systems with general linear dynamics and stochastic disturbances under a global detectability condition. It is assumed that there exists a dynamic leader and the subgraph describing the communication topology among the followers is undirected and connected. The proposed global detectability condition extends the traditional local detectability condition to the networked case. By using the relative states of neighboring followers and the relative measurement information of the leader, distributed observer‐type consensus protocols are constructed for both continuous‐ and discrete‐time cases to guarantee all the followers to track the leader. A distinct feature of this paper is that the relative states of the leader are estimated by a group of followers rather than any individual follower. It is found that the mean square tracking errors are bounded even if the leader is not detectable by any follower, where the only requirement is that the leader is globally detectable by followers. Simulation results are finally presented to verify the effectiveness of theoretical results.
Bioactive Derivatives of Isopropylstilbene from Mutasynthesis and Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Kronenwerth Max , Brachmann Alexander O. , Kaiser Marcel , Bode Helge B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIsopropylstilbene is a natural product from Photorhabdus luminescens TT01, with multiple biological activities. A mutant deficient in the production of both anthraquinones and cinnamic acid was constructed, thus giving a clean background according to UV detection. This anthraquinone and stilbene deficient (ASD) mutant was used in mutasynthesis experiments to obtain new stilbene derivatives, which were detected by GC–MS. The structures of the new derivatives were confirmed by detailed MS analysis and then chemically synthesised; all of the natural and synthetic compounds were tested against protozoa that cause tropical diseases. Two compounds obtained by mutasynthesis showed the highest activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, and Leishmania donovani, which causes leishmaniasis.
De‐SOX Performance of Spinels Containing Manganese
Authors: Jiang Ruiyu , Zhang Jiling , Tang Zhe , Cao Yuebin , Xu Ning , Hou Guihua 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe development of sulfur transfer agents plays a significant role in the environmental pollution control. However, at present, there are only few researches on the addition of active components to the sulfur transfer agent. Using manganese as an active component, the structure of a sulfur transfer agent is regulated through microwave reaction. The influence of the sulfur transfer agent with manganese on oxidative desulfurization performance is analyzed. The results demonstrate the key role of manganese as an active component in the reduction reaction process by pulse reduction reaction.
Enzymatic Fuel Cells Solely Supplied with Unpurified Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Laccase in Microorganism’s Culture Supernatants
Authors: Sané Sabine , Heilemann Corinna , Salavei Pavel , Rubenwolf Stefanie , Jolivalt Claude , Madzak Catherine , Zengerle Roland , Nielsen Peter J. , Kerzenmacher Sven 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEnzymatic electrodes have great potential for catalysing the direct conversion of chemical compounds into electricity with the use of redox enzymes. However, expensive and time‐consuming enzyme purification and the frequent need to add mediators are considered as drawbacks of enzymatic electrodes. We report a biofuel cell at pH 5, supplied with the unpurified enzymes laccase and cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) in crude culture supernatant, without the further addition of mediators. A maximum power output of 6.2±1.2 μW cm−2 was achieved by using supernatants containing laccase from Trametes versicolor (2.84 UmL−1) and CDH (0.90 UmL−1) from a recombinant yeast Yarrowia lipolytica YPC4. In comparison, the supply of purified enzymes (laccase: 2.40 UmL−1, CDH: 0.15 UmL−1) in a buffer solution yielded only about a twofold higher power density. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using unpurified laccase and CDH in an enzymatic biofuel cell, which can simplify its construction and operation.