Exercise to Improve Self‐Esteem in Children and Young People
Authors: Ekeland Eilin , Heian Frode , Hagen Kåre Birger , Abbott Jo , Nordheim Lena 
Published: July 2013

This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of exercise interventions on the self‐esteem of children and young people.The review summarise findings from 23 studies conducted in the USA, Canada, Australia and Nigeria. Participants were children and adolescents between the ages of 3–20 years and a total of 1,821 participants were included in the studies.Exercise interventions have positive effects on self‐esteem, at least in the short‐term. The finding is the same for interventions which comprise exercise alone, and those including exercise as part of a more comprehensive programme. There was no significant difference in effects according to the type of exercise intervention or intervention duration.No follow‐up results were given so long‐run effects are not known. However, there are several methodological weaknesses including risk of moderate to high bias in the studies and insufficient data, which reduces the strength of the current evidence. As such, further research that provides stronger evidence of the effectiveness of exercise programmes on self‐esteem is needed. Furthermore, there is a need for follow‐up data to demonstrate the extent to which the effects of programmes are maintained over time.SynopsisSome evidence that exercise has positive short‐term effects on self‐esteem in children and young peopleImproving self‐esteem may help to prevent the development of psychological and behavioural problems which are common in children and adolescents. Strong evidence exists for the benefits of exercise on physical health, but evidence for the effects of exercise on mental health is scarce. This review of trials suggests that exercise has positive short‐term effects on self‐esteem in children and young people, and concludes that exercise may be an important measure in improving children's self‐esteem. However, the reviewers note that the trials included in the review were small‐scale, and recognise the need for further well‐designed research in this area.AbstractBackgroundPsychological and behavioural problems in children and adolescents are common, and improving self‐esteem may help to prevent the development of such problems. There is strong evidence for the positive physical health outcomes of exercise, but the evidence of exercise on mental health is scarce.ObjectivesTo determine if exercise alone or exercise as part of a comprehensive intervention can improve self‐esteem among children and young people.Search strategyComputerised searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), CINAHL, PsycINFO and ERIC were undertaken and reference lists from relevant articles were scanned. Relevant studies were also traced by contacting authors. Dates of most recent searches: May 2003 in (CENTRAL), all others: January 2002.Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials where the study population consisted of children and young people aged from 3 to 20 years, in which one intervention arm was gross motor activity for more than four weeks and the outcome measure was self‐esteem.Data collection & analysisTwo reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed the validity of included trials and extracted data. Investigators were contacted to collect missing data or for clarification when necessary.Main resultsTwenty‐three trials with a total of 1821 children and young people were included. Generally, the trials were small, and only one was assessed to have a low risk of bias. Thirteen trials compared exercise alone with no intervention. Eight were included in the meta‐analysis, and overall the results were heteregeneous. One study with a low risk of bias showed a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 1.33 (95% CI 0.43 to 2.23), while the SMD's for the three studies with a moderate risk of bias and the four studies with a high risk of bias was 0.21 (95% CI −0.17 to 0.59) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.11 to 1.04), respectively. Twelve trials compared exercise as part of a comprehensive programme with no intervention. Only four provided data sufficient to calculate overall effects, and the results indicate a moderate short‐term difference in self‐esteem in favour of the intervention [SMD 0.51 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.88)].Reviewers' conclusionsThe results indicate that exercise has positive short‐term effects on self‐esteem in children and young people. Since there are no known negative effects of exercise and many positive effects on physical health, exercise may be an important measure in improving children's self‐esteem. These conclusions are based on several small low‐quality trials.