bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Young Offenders Act and Juvenile Justice in the United States: Perspectives on Recent Reform Proposals
Authors: Manfredi Christopher P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecent proposals to reform the Young Offenders Act have sought to address the difficult question of the proper response to youth who commit especially serious offences. This article evaluates these proposals from the perspective or recent developments in US juvenile justice policy that have also been designed to meet serious and chronic youth criminality. The article suggests that a series of US state legislative reforms, in which individual responsibility and system accountability replace rehabilitation as the dominant objective of juvenile justice policy, offers a comprehensive, if imperfect, model for reform.
Les droits de la personne et l'éthique de la discussion
Authors: Mouelhi Noureddine 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLe présent article traite de la question des fondements de la justice sociale. Il constate l' inconsistance entre les diverses théories de la justice distributive, et envisage cette inconsistance du point de vue des catégories de droits que sont susceptibles de reconnoître ou de méconnaître, de part et d'autre, les théories d'allégeance libertaire et les diverses théories de tendance égalitariste dans leur conception de la répartition des biens sociaux. Le caractère conflictuel de ces droits vient de ce qu'étant des droits «déclarés» dans des conjonctures éiconomiques, politiques et sociales particulières, ils expriment for ćement des intérêts particuliers et irréductibles les uns aux autres. À cette conception des droits qui s'accompagne d'une argumentation visant à en montrer le caractère sacré, inaliénable ou naturel, l'article oppose une conception des droits «discutés». L'articulation de cette conception se fait à partir d'un modèle d'inspiration habermassienne dans lequel les droits sont représentés comme résultant d'un consensus rationnel. Ainsi conçus, les droits peuvent jouer un rôle régulateur homo gène dans les conceptions des mécanismes de répartition des biens.
Legal Education and the Possibility of Critique: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Duncanson Ian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA social activity is characterized and understood, this paper argues, only after one has found a place to put it among one's more general understandings and a frame to put around it to render it discrete and prevent its escape into chaos. Framing and reframing are the concomitants of social struggles for and against closure and exclusion. The paper sees critique as a form of practical and scholarly struggle against disciplinary closure, doubting question posed to disciplines. Law school education in Australia, because it offers guaranteed universal knowledge about its object, law, is unsympathetic to critique.
“Our” Bodies: Property Rights in Human Tissue
Authors: Gilmour Joan M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractInMoore v. Regents of the University of California, the Supreme Court of California held that the human source of blood and tissue used by his physician and other defendants in potentially lucrative medical research without his permission could not assert a legal claim that, in doing so, the defendants had deprived him of any property right in these materials or the cell line developed from them. He was, however, permitted to proceed with his claim that there had been a failure to obtain his informed consent to the excision or removal of these materials, given that their end uses were not disclosed. The decision in Moore is but one example of the range of new legal problems created by the many and rapid advances in biotechnology, and of the attempts courts are making to respond. The judgment raises questions about whether these types of issues as between the patient and medical, research, and pharmaceutical concerns can or ought to be analyzed in terms of property rights. Are the general justifications for recognizing proprietary rights that have traditionally been influential in judicial decisions useful or helpful in this context? And what of the identity of the decision-maker? InMoore, the majority was content to effectively delegate much of the decision-making authority to the U.S. Patent Office and the Office of Technology Assessment. While there are no Canadian decisions directly on point as yet, the pace of technological advances, the potential for economic gain, and the international nature of biotechnology enterprises all set the scene for these issues' coming before our courts in the near future. This paper begins to explore the implications of adopting an analytical model based on property rights and to address the fact that the biotechnology industry already operates on the premise that such material can be owned. It concludes that the current legal regime needs to be modified to allow effective control of these new realities and suggests principles that might be adopted to address important concerns that are raised by the transformation of human tissue and cells into economic goods.
Law, Feminism and Sexuality: From Essence to Ethics?
Authors: Smart Carol 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper explores current thinking on the meanings of sex, gender and sexuality and on the relationship between each of these concepts. It suggests that whilst feminist theory has adopted a social constructionist view of gender and, to a lesser extent, sexuality, it has left sex to the conceptual domain of biology. It has also prioritised gender over sexuality conceptually. These issues are explored in the specific area of sexuality and law where it is argued that recent theoretical developments on sex and sexuality within poststructuralist thought have, as yet, failed to influence the dominant understanding of heterosexual relations. Arguably in the field of law and sexuality, feminism has remained wedded to a notion of binary sex and identity politics. The paper then works through two specific instances, namely rape and S/M sexual practice, to identify some of the problems associated with the latter approach. Ultimately it raises questions about whether a poststructuralist politics imbued with feminist ethics might provide us with less essentialist models of masculine/male and feminine/female sexuality without either abandoning feminist political action or falling into a new sexual conservatism.
The Reputations of Human Rights Commissions in Canada
Authors: Howe R. Brian , Andrade Malcolm J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to report on a study of the reputations of provincial human rights commissions in Canada among interested community organizations, women's groups, and minority groups. The focus of the study was on the reputations of commissions for effectiveness, responsiveness, and fairness in handling human rights complaints and implementing programmes against discrimination. The study was designed to test for an hypothesized relation between levels of public funding of commissions and their reputations in the above areas. It was anticipated that the lower the commission's funding the poorer the commission's reputation. Results of the study show that while commissions have generally poor reputations among community organizations, their low ratings are not related to levels of funding. The suggestion made is that poor reputations may be related to other factors such as high community expectations of rights delivery in an increasingly rights-conscious political culture and the structure of human rights procedure.
The Role of Law in the Civilizing Process and the Reform of Popular Culture
Authors: Hunt Alan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper builds on the notion that cultural revolution has always been implicated in processes of state formation and is manifest in moral regulation, which produces the normalizing, taken-for-granted reality of deep processes of social change. Two bodies of work are examined—namely, Norbert Elias' historical sociology of the civilizing process, and Peter Burke and the English social historians' concept of the “reform of popular culture”—for the insights they can provide into the part played by law in the formation of the modern state, the modern self, and the practice of everyday life.
Judicial Scripts in the Dramaturgy of the Small Claims Court
Authors: McGuire Seana C. , Macdonald Roderick A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Small Claims Court is designed to improve access to justice through a number of procedures, the net effect of which is to enhance the role of the judge as manager of the adjudicative process. The essay reports the results of interviews with 14 Small Claims Court judges in Montreal. Attitudes of judges about their responsibility to ensure a fair hearing, to assist litigants in presenting their cases and to adjust the substance of rules of law and evidence are surveyed. The study also canvasses judicial perceptions and responses to Small Claims Court plaintiffs who may be from ethno-cultural minorities. It concludes that despite their discretion to depart from a strictly adversarial adjudicative posture, judges rarely do so. It also concludes that judges do not see their role as requiring them to take special account of the expectations and understandings of ethno-cultural communities. Informality of proceedings, low filing fees, and the exclusion of lawyers are thought by judges to be a sufficient concession to enhanced access. Transforming the object and processes of civil disputes is not seen as a proper endeavour for the court
Le Processus de «mise ailleurs» juridique: La Création de l'enfance dans les lois manitobaines, 1870–1924
Authors: Laberge Danielle , Théorêt Bruno 
Published: July 2014

RésuméDans cet article, les auteurs examinent le phénomène de la création de l'enfance et le rôle qu'y joue le droit, particulièrement par la «mise ailleurs» des jeunes au plan de leur statut juridique. En examinant attentivement l'évolution du droit manitobain concernant les jeunes entre 1870 et 1924, on constate le développement graduel d'un espace juridique spécifique caractérisé par la nécessité du contrôle adulte, la fixité domiciliaire, la moralisation et l'interdiction relative de la présence des jeunes dans bon nombre de lieux publics. La mise en place de cet espace juridique spécifique aux jeunes s'actualise par 1) la mise en place de nouveaux principes juridiques, 2) l'adoption de nouvelles désignations légales de situations appelant l'intervention, 3) l'implantation de structures administratives spécifiques soutenant l'application de ce nouveau droit des jeunes et 4) la mise sur pied d'une police des jeunes. L'effet de cette création est important: transformation de la représentation des jeunes, transformation des rapports juridiques entre les parents, lesjeunes et l'État et enfin, transformation globale du mode de vie des jeunes. Mais plus encore, la construction de l'enfance à travers le droit manitobain manifeste la transformation des nécessités liées au maintien d'un certain ordre social.
Human Rights Commissions in Canada: Reform or Reinvention in a Time of Restraint?
Authors: Johnson David , Howe R. Brian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper addresses current tensions and initiatives respecting the manner by which provincial human rights commissions are confronting the pressures of financial restraint. It also focuses attention on theoretical debates respecting the reform or reinvention of governmental bodies. As such agencies are forced to do more with less, we can witness them engaging in an important process of institutional and administrative reconfiguration. This process is significant, touching on matters ranging from case prioritisation, through adjudication, to agency responsibilities regarding public education. The process of change, however, is to be understood more in light of the literature on the reform of government rather than its reinvention. And as all these agencies confront the need to engage in the reform of their services, questions arise regarding the degree to which such reform is subject to public awareness and scrutiny.
A Legal Concept of Community
Authors: Cotterrell Roger 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe concept of community has a new importance for legal theory and legal sociology. It allows an escape from traditional conceptions of the relationship between law, state and political society. It makes possible the development of a pluralistic view of law that realistically recognises powerful globalising and localising pressures shaping contemporary law. Community is best thought of initially in terms of four ideal types of collective involvement, derived from Weber's types of social action. These imply different kinds of trusting relationships and different regulatory needs. A sense of attachment and a degree of stability in relationships is also necessary to community. Actual groups combine relationships of community in many different ways. Law's contemporary task is to express and coordinate the regulatory needs surrounding structures of community within and beyond the nation state.
Globalization of the Mind: Canadian Elites and the Restructuring of Legal Fields
Authors: Arthurs H. W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGlobalization is not simply a matter of transnational trade, and of the state, non-state and supra-state legal regimes which facilitate, regulate or resist it; it also involves transnational social, cultural, intellectual and ideological forces. These forces play upon strategically located knowledge-based elites which play an important role in restructuring the legal fields by which public and public and private institutions are constituted. Canada's experience of globalization—unique because of proximity to the United States—has been both exemplified and, in part, shaped by the fate of its knowledge-based elites, including the business community (especially that part of it involved directly or indirectly with transnational corporations), academics and intellectuals, lawyers, artists and other cultural figures, and individuals involved in politics and public administration. Because of the effects of this “globalization of the mind” upon the institutions which all of these elites inhabit, state and non-state legal fields associated with them have been transformed.
Evolutionary computational synthesis of self-organizing systems
Authors: Humann James , Khani Newsha , Jin Yan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA computational approach for the design of self-organizing systems is proposed that employs a genetic algorithm to efficiently explore the vast space of possible configurations of a given system description. To generate the description of the system, a two-field based model is proposed in which agents are assigned parameterized responses to two “fields,” a task field encompassing environmental features and task objects, and a social field arising from agent interactions. The aggregate effect of these two fields, sensed by agents individually, governs the behavior of each agent, while the system-level behavior emerges from the actions of and interactions among the agents. Task requirements together with performance preferences are used to compose system fitness functions for evolving functional and efficient self-organizing mechanisms. Case studies on the evolutionary synthesis of self-organizing systems are presented and discussed. These case studies focus on achieving system-level behavior with minimal explicit coordination among agents. Agents were able to collectively display flocking, exploration, and foraging through self-organization. The proposed two-field model was able to capture important features of self-organizing systems, and the genetic algorithm was able to generate self-organizing mechanisms by which agents could form task-based structures to fulfill functional requirements.
Relational victimization, friendship, and adolescents' hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responses to an in vivo social stressor
Authors: Calhoun Casey D. , Helms Sarah W. , Heilbron Nicole , Rudolph Karen D. , Hastings Paul D. , Prinstein Mitchell J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAdolescents' peer experiences may have significant associations with biological stress-response systems, adding to or reducing allostatic load. This study examined relational victimization as a unique contributor to reactive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis responses as well as friendship quality and behavior as factors that may promote HPA recovery following a stressor. A total of 62 adolescents (ages 12–16; 73% female) presenting with a wide range of life stressors and adjustment difficulties completed survey measures of peer victimization and friendship quality. Cortisol samples were collected before and after a lab-based interpersonally themed social stressor task to provide measures of HPA baseline, reactivity, and recovery. Following the stressor task, adolescents discussed their performance with a close friend; observational coding yielded measures of friends' responsiveness. Adolescents also reported positive and negative friendship qualities. Results suggested that higher levels of adolescents' relational victimization were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity, even after controlling for physical forms of victimization and other known predictors of HPA functioning (i.e., life stress or depressive symptoms). Friendship qualities (i.e., low negative qualities) and specific friendship behaviors (i.e., high levels of responsiveness) contributed to greater HPA regulation; however, consistent with theories of rumination, high friend responsiveness in the context of high levels of positive friendship quality contributed to less cortisol recovery. Findings extend prior work on the importance of relational victimization and dyadic peer relations as unique and salient correlates of adaptation in adolescence.
It gets better or does it? Peer victimization and internalizing problems in the transition to young adulthood
Authors: Leadbeater Bonnie J. , Thompson Kara , Sukhawathanakul Paweena 
Published: July 2014

AbstractConsistent research shows that peer victimization predicts internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence, but the extent to which peer victimization and its harmful effects on mental health persists into young adulthood is unclear. The current study describes patterns of physical and relational victimization during and after high school, and examines concurrent and prospective associations between internalizing symptoms (depressive and anxious symptoms) and peer victimization (physical and relational) from adolescence to young adulthood (ages 12–27). Data were collected from the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey, a five-wave multicohort study conducted biennially between 2003 and 2011 (N = 662). Physical victimization was consistently low and stable over time. Relational victimization increased for males after high school. Both types of victimization were associated concurrently with internalizing symptoms across young adulthood for males and for females. Although sex differences were important, victimization in high school also predicted increases in internalizing problems over time.
Centimeter-long electron transport in marine sediments via conductive minerals
Authors: Malvankar Nikhil S , King Gary M , Lovley Derek R 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Centimeter-long electron conduction through marine sediments, in which electrons derived from sulfide in anoxic sediments are transported to oxygen in surficial sediments, may have an important influence on sediment geochemistry. Filamentous bacteria have been proposed to mediate the electron transport, but the filament conductivity could not be verified and other mechanisms are possible. Surprisingly, previous investigations have never actually measured the sediment conductivity or its basic physical properties. Here we report direct measurements that demonstrate centimeter-long electron flow through marine sediments, with conductivities sufficient to account for previously estimated electron fluxes. Conductivity was lost for oxidized sediments, which contrasts with the previously described increase in the conductivity of microbial biofilms upon oxidation. Adding pyrite to the sediments significantly enhanced the conductivity. These results suggest that the role of conductive minerals, which are more commonly found in sediments than centimeter-long microbial filaments, need to be considered when modeling marine sediment biogeochemistry.
Giant dielectric and magnetoelectric responses in insulating nanogranular films at room temperature
Authors: Kobayashi Nobukiyo , Masumoto Hiroshi , Takahashi Saburo , Maekawa Sadamichi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe electric and magnetic properties of matter are of great interest for materials science and their use in electronic applications. Large dielectric and magnetoelectric responses of materials at room temperature are a great advantage for electromagnetic device applications. Here we present a study of FeCo-MgF nanogranular films exhibiting giant dielectric and magnetoelectric responses at room temperature; with dielectric constant ε′=490 and magnetoelectric response Δε′/ε′0=3%. In these films, Fe-Co alloy-based nanometer-sized magnetic granules are dispersed in a Mg-fluoride-based insulator matrix. Insulating nanogranular films are a new class of multifunctional materials. The giant responses are caused by spin-dependent charge oscillation between magnetic granules via quantum-mechanical tunnelling. A possible application of such insulating nanogranular materials with giant response is in the construction of a tunable device, in which impedance components such as capacitance and inductance are tunable at room temperature.
Late Eocene to early Oligocene quantitative paleotemperature record: Evidence from continental halite fluid inclusions
Authors: Zhao Yan-jun , Zhang Hua , Liu Cheng-lin , Liu Bao-kun , Ma Li-chun , Wang Li-cheng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractClimate changes within Cenozoic extreme climate events such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum and the First Oligocene Glacial provide good opportunities to estimate the global climate trends in our present and future life. However, quantitative paleotemperatures data for Cenozoic climatic reconstruction are still lacking, hindering a better understanding of the past and future climate conditions. In this contribution, quantitative paleotemperatures were determined by fluid inclusion homogenization temperature (Th) data from continental halite of the first member of the Shahejie Formation (SF1; probably late Eocene to early Oligocene) in Bohai Bay Basin, North China. The primary textures of the SF1 halite typified by cumulate and chevron halite suggest halite deposited in a shallow saline water and halite Th can serve as an temperature proxy. In total, one-hundred-twenty-one Thdata from primary and single-phase aqueous fluid inclusions with different depths were acquired by the cooling nucleation method. The results show that all Thrange from 17.7°C to 50.7°C,with the maximum homogenization temperatures (ThMAX) of 50.5°C at the depth of 3028.04 m and 50.7°C at 3188.61 m, respectively. Both the ThMAXpresented here are significantly higher than the highest temperature recorded in this region since 1954and agree with global temperature models for the year 2100 predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Chemo- and bioinformatics resources for in silico drug discovery from medicinal plants beyond their traditional use: a critical review
Authors: Lagunin Alexey A. , Goel Rajesh K. , Gawande Dinesh Y. , Pahwa Priynka , Gloriozova Tatyana A. , Dmitriev Alexander V. , Ivanov Sergey M. , Rudik Anastassia V. , Konova Varvara I. , Pogodin Pavel V. , Druzhilovsky Dmitry S. , Poroikov Vladimir V. 
Published: July 2014

An overview of databases andin silicotools for discovery of the hidden therapeutic potential of medicinal plants.