bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex-specific effect of maternal thyroid peroxidase antibody exposure during pregnancy on 5- to 6-year-old children's cardiometabolic risk score: the Ma'anshan birth cohort study
Authors: Teng Yuzhu , Zhou Jixing , Zhang Manyu , Wu Penggui , Chen Lu , Cai Wenjin , Tong Juan , Han Yan , Yan Shuangqin , Tao Fangbiao , Huang Kun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
To explore the association between maternal thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) exposure and 5- to 6-year-old children's cardiometabolic risk (CMR).

Methods
A total of 2129 mother–child pairs were recruited from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) study. Serum TPOAb was retrospectively measured in pregnant women using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. CMR score was evaluated by the serum glycolipids, blood pressure, and waist circumference for children aged 5-6 years. Growth mixture modelling was used to fit trajectories of TPOAb levels throughout pregnancy. Multiple linear regression models and logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses.

Results
Two thousand one hundred twenty-nine mother–child pairs (mean [SD] age, 26.6 [3.6] years) were enrolled for the final study. Maternal TPOAb exposure in the first trimester increased children's overall CMR, glucose level, HOMA-IR, triglyceride level, boys’ overall CMR, boys’ glucose level, and girls’ glucose level. TPOAb exposure in the first trimester was also associated with lower boys’ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. In the second trimester, maternal TPOAb exposure was positively associated with children's triglyceride level. Compared with low TPOAb trajectory, children with high maternal TPOAb trajectory had an increased risk of developing high CMR (OR = 3.40; 95% CI, 1.30-8.90), hyperglycemia (OR = 5.20; 95% CI, 2.20-12.28), insulin-resistance (adjusted OR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.10-4.07), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.55; 95% CI, 1.06-6.14).

Conclusions
The first trimester of pregnancy is a critical period for maternal TPOAb exposure to affect CMR in children, with some sex specificity, mainly to the detriment of boys.
The impact of the introduction of tobacco product plain packaging on consumer responses in Ireland: a real-world policy evaluation stratified by socioeconomic groups
Authors: Sheridan Aishling , Conway Robert , Murphy Edward , Blake Martina , Mulcahy Maurice , Howell Fenton , Gordon Claire , Doyle Frank , Kavanagh Paul M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Smoking prevalence remains high in Europe and widening socioeconomic group differences are driving health inequalities. While plain packaging policies disrupt tobacco industry tactics that sustain smoking, evidence of their equity impact is sparse. This study evaluated the implementation of plain packaging in Ireland in 2018 on consumer responses, overall and by the socioeconomic group. Consecutive nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (2018, n = 7701 and 2019, n = 7382) measured changes in 13 consumer responses among respondents who smoked across three domains: product appeal, health warnings effectiveness, and perceived harmfulness of smoking. Multiple logistic regression-derived adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals to compare responses post- versus pre-implementation adjusting for age, gender, educational level, and heaviness of smoking. A stratified analysis examined changes by socioeconomic group indexed using educational level. There were statistically significant changes in consumer responses to plain packaging policy implementation across 7/13 outcomes studied. Five changes were aligned with expected policy impacts (2/6 product appeal outcomes and 3/4 health warning effectiveness outcomes). Two responses were also observed which were not expected policy impacts (1 appeal-related and 1 perceived harm-related outcome). There was no change in five outcomes. Differences in consumer responses between educational groups were generally small, mixed in nature, and indistinguishable when interval estimates of effect were compared. Implementation of plain packaging in Ireland had intended impacts on consumer responses. Including plain packaging requirements in revising the European Union’s legislative frameworks for tobacco control will help build progress towards a Tobacco-Free Europe without exacerbating smoking inequalities.
Tropical Timber Species Grow Faster in Full Sun Than in the Understory of Restoration Plantings
Authors: José Marina Pérola Zerbinato , Molin Paulo Guilherme , Viani Ricardo Augusto Gorne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Tropical timber species are generally shade tolerant, but preliminary studies have indicated that greater light availability can accelerate their growth. In this study, we hypothesized that native timber species can grow faster initially when planted in full sun alongside the pioneer species in high-diversity restoration plantings compared with being planted in the understory of an established forest restoration. We assessed the mortality, relative growth in height (RGH) and stem diameter (RGDGL) of eight native timber species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest 19 months after planting. Overall seedling mortality was similar across planting conditions, and only Handroanthus heptaphyllus exhibited higher mortality in the shaded planting. The RGH and RGDGL of most species was higher in full sun planting. Therefore, our findings indicate that those tropical timber species grow faster and have higher survival rates when planted in open areas.
Study Implications: We evaluated the initial growth and mortality of eight timber species native to the Atlantic Forest, focusing on their performance in forest restoration across two distinct conditions: full sun alongside pioneer species, and natural shade beneath an established canopy. Late successional timber species exhibit accelerated initial growth rates when planted in full sunlight compared with under an established forest canopy due to the greater light intensity. Our findings strongly support the practice of planting native timber species in full sun alongside pioneer species. This approach also provides logistical advantages, potentially reducing costs compared with staggered planting methods.
Temperature modulates dominance of a superinfecting Arctic virus in its unicellular algal host
Authors: Meyer Claudia , Jackson Victoria L N , Harrison Keith , Fouskari Ioanna , Bolhuis Henk , Artzy-Randrup Yael A , Huisman Jef , Monier Adam , Brussaard Corina P D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Complex virus–virus interactions can arise when multiple viruses coinfect the same host, impacting infection outcomes with broader ecological and evolutionary significance for viruses and host. Yet, our knowledge regarding virus competition is still limited, especially for single-celled eukaryotic host-virus systems. Here, we report on mutual interference of two dsDNA viruses, MpoV-45T and MpoV-46T, competing for their Arctic algal host Micromonas polaris. Both viruses affected each other’s gene expression and displayed reduced genome replication during coinfection. MpoV-45T was the dominant virus, likely due to interference in the DNA replication of is competitor. Even when its coinfection was delayed, the dominant virus still prevailed while genome production of the other virus was strongly suppressed. This contrasts with typical superinfection exclusion, where the primary infection prevents secondary infection by other viruses. Higher temperature made the suppressed virus a stronger competitor, signifying that global warming is likely to alter virus–virus interactions in Arctic waters.
Effects of increasing SID lysine and metabolizable energy levels in lactation diets fed to young and mature sows
Authors: Estrada Jorge , Perez Jeremy G , Kyle Kelsey L , Parr Eric , Welch Michael W , Johnson Danielle C , Neill Casey , Boler Dustin D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate increasing standard ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) and metabolizable energy (ME) above recommended inclusion levels fed to young (parity 1-2) and mature (parity 3-5) lactating sows. A total of 741 sows (371 parity 1-2, 370 parity 3-5) were fed in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Factors included SID Lys (0.85% vs 1.11%) and ME (3.18 Mcal/kg vs 3.33 Mcal/kg). Diets were formulated to deliver 62 g of SID Lys at 0.85% inclusion and 23.2 Mcal of energy to sows that consume 7.30 kg of complete feed per day. Overall, sows consumed 61 g/d SID Lys and 22.6 Mcal/kg, but because of nutrient intake differences between young and mature sows, outcome variables were analyzed separately and not statistically compared. There were no differences for either SID Lysine or ME treatment in lactation feed intake (P ≥ 0.27) or change in body weight (P ≥ 0.19) for young sows. Young sows fed 3.33 Mcal/kg ME had 0.31 fewer post-cross foster mortalities (P &lt; 0.01) resulting in weaned litters that were 4.06 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.01) than litters from young sows fed 3.18 Mcal/kg ME. Young sows fed 1.11% SID Lys and 3.33 Mcal/kg ME had the fewest (P ≤ 0.03) sows bred by d 7 compared to all other treatments. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) for wean-to-estrus-interval for young sows were young sows fed 1.11% SID Lys and 3.33 Mcal/kg ME were at least 3.27 days longer than young sows fed 0.85% SID Lys and 3.33 Mcal/kg ME or 1.11% SID Lys and 3.18 Mcal/kg ME. Young sows fed 3.33 Mcal/kg ME had a nearly 7% improvement in lactation G:F (0.40 vs 0.43; P &lt; 0.01) compared to young sows fed 3.18 Mcal/kg ME. The percentage of mature sows fed 1.11% SID Lys bred by day 7 was 7.0 percentage units less (P = 0.06) when fed 3.33 Mcal/kg ME compared to 3.18 Mcal/kg ME. Feed efficiency of mature sows fed 1.11% SID Lys (0.38) was 7.89% greater (P &lt; 0.01) than mature sows fed 0.85% SID Lys (0.35). Increasing either SID Lys or ME energy to young and mature sows had little influence on sow or pig performance, but simultaneously increasing both SID Lys and metabolizable energy negatively impacted subsequent breeding performance.
Patent Type Requirements and Procedure from Filing to Granting
Authors: Giacopello Fabio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Patent Law and its Implementing Regulations. The Patent Law of the People's Republic of China was first adopted at the 4th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress on March 12, 1984 and was enforced on April 1, 1985. The current Patent Law is the result of the third amendment from its first version adopted with the Decision of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People's Congress on Amending the Patent Law of the People's Republic of China. The chapter shows how the Implementing Regulations to the Patent Law supplement the provisions of the Patent Law and were issued for the first time with the second amendment of the Patent Law in 2001.
Competition Law
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Korah Valentine , Siciliani Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This casebook, designed for a readership of graduate students, policy makers, and practitioners in competition law, aims to provide a comprehensive reference on EU and UK competition law. While the majority of the text comprises analysis supplemented with detailed commentary and analysis of judgments, National Competition Authorities (NCAs) and European Commission decisions, and legislation, the casebook also gives a high-level introduction to the design and history of EU and UK competition law, including an overview of the main actors and their objectives, furnishing students with the understanding of the law required to practise competition law. In particular, the book takes an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, featuring a substantial section on the economic context of competition law accessible even to those with no economics background.
The Elements of Article 101 TFEU/Chapter I of the UK Competition Act 1998: Restriction of Competition
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Korah Valentine , Siciliani Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the elements of Article 101 TFEU and Chapter I of the UK Competition Act of 1998 (CA98) with regard to restriction of competition within the internal market. It first provides an overview of decision theory and its role in framing competition law categories before discussing its implementation in the context of Article 101 TFEU. In particular, it considers the objective of minimizing substantive error costs and decision costs as the primary reason for the bifurcation of Article 101. It then explains object or effect to restrict competition under Article 101(1) TFEU and Chapter I CA98, citing some recent case law, including the ones involving the Beef Industry Development Society (BIDS), GlaxoSmithKline, and T-Mobile Netherlands. The chapter also analyses exemptions and exceptions to the prohibition principle by highlighting the basics of Article 101(3) TFEU and CA98.
Supplement to Chapter 8
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Korah Valentine , Siciliani Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This supplement to Chapter 8 presents case studies on dominant position, beginning with United Brands Corporation and United Brands Continental BV v Commission (1978), in which the European Commission ruled that United Brands enjoyed a dominant position over the supply of bananas in six Member States. The second case, Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v Commission (1979), saw the Commission impose fines under Art 102 TFEU on Hoffmann-La Roche for excluding its competitors by giving fidelity rebates to twenty-two large buyers. The Commission's ruling in the case of Tetra Pak International SA and the UK High Court's decision in Streetmap Limited v. Google are also discussed. Finally, freedom of competition, competitive structure and ‘consumer welfare’ as avenues for interpreting the concept of abuse of a dominant position are analysed, along with the structuralist and consumer welfare approaches to dominant position.
Jurisdiction: Common Provisions
Authors: Wilderspin Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the common rules in the Brussels IIb Regulation. It explains how common rules apply irrespective of whether the court is seized of an application for matrimonial relief or parental responsibility. Article 17 determines the moment of consideration for seizing a court. The chapter considers the rules around lis pendens and dependent actions featured in Article 20. The lis pendens regime aims to prevent parallel proceedings, partly for the economy of procedure and partly to avoid inconsistent or irreconcilable judgments being handed down in different Member States. The chapter then elaborates on the Brussels IIb Regulation’s examination of jurisdiction and admissibility.
Final Provisions
Authors: Dickinson Andrew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Arts 74-81 of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments (Recast). Art 74 requires Member States to submit through the European Judicial Network information concerning local enforcement procedures to which judgment creditors from other Member States may resort. Arts 75 and 76 require Member States to communicate information to the Commission. Arts 77 and 78 contain procedures for amendment of the forms of the Certificates Concerning Judgments (Annex I) and Authentic Instruments/Court Settlements (Annex II) in Civil and Commercial Matters. Art 80 emphasizes that, subject to the transitional provisions in Art 66, the Recast Regulation repeals and replaces the 2001 Regulation for all purposes in EU law. Art 81 reflects the distinction in EU law between the entry into force, and application, of a Regulation.
Anti-Suit Injunctions: General Principles
Authors: Raphael Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the general principles governing the grant of an anti-suit injunction to restrain the pursuit of foreign court proceedings. The principles for the grant or refusal of an anti-suit injunction will be determined by English law. An anti-suit injunction, like any injunction, is a discretionary remedy and will only be granted if the court considers it is appropriate to do so in all the circumstances of the case. Within that general principle, an anti-suit injunction may be granted to protect a substantive legal or equitable right not to be sued abroad. Where no such substantive legal or equitable right exists, an anti-suit injunction will generally only be granted to restrain foreign proceedings that are or will be vexatious or oppressive. In exercising the power to grant an anti-suit injunction, regard must be had to the principle of comity.
Alternative Remedies
Authors: Raphael Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores alternative remedies which may be granted by the English courts to shape, pre-empt, or respond to the pursuit of litigation elsewhere. These procedural remedies or strategies include claims for declarations; applications for the appointment of an arbitrator; procedural management; and resistance to enforcement. Where foreign proceedings are in breach of a contractual exclusive jurisdiction or arbitration clause, the courts will, in appropriate cases, grant declarations that a given set of claims is covered by an English contractual forum clause, or that the defendant is obliged to bring those claims before the chosen forum or cannot bring them elsewhere, or that the foreign proceedings are in breach of contract. Meanwhile, the court can appoint an arbitrator under section 18 of the Arbitration Act 1996.
Introduction to State Aid Law and Policy
Authors: Bacon Kelyn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In contrast to the rest of the book, which sets out the detailed rules for the application of European Union (EU) State aid control by the Commission, European Court, and national courts in particular areas, this chapter provides an introduction to the political and economic themes that have shaped the development of State aid law and practice within the EU over the last decades. The chapter provides a brief overview of the history of State aid control policy, and reviews the main reasons why States intervene in the economy and the rationale behind EU State aid control. It concludes with some general remarks on current practice in the application of the State aid provisions as well as a discussion of the avenues for reform.
Enforcement in the European Court
Authors: Bacon Kelyn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses in turn the various procedural routes by which State aid cases may be brought to the European Court. These include, in particular, enforcement action by the Commission under Articles 108(2) or 258 TFEU, or by Member States against another Member State under Article 259 TFEU; actions for annulment under Article 263 TFEU, actions for failure to act under Article 265 TFEU; and actions for damages against the EU under Article 340(2) TFEU. The chapter concludes by considering appeals from the General Court to the Court of Justice, and the way in which the rules on interim measures and interventions in the European Court have been applied in State aid cases.
Enforcement in the National Courts
Authors: Bacon Kelyn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of national courts in the procedures for the enforcement of State aid in the EU. After a discussion of the Article 108(3) standstill provision, the chapter addresses the various State aid remedies available in national courts, including challenges to the validity of national measures, recovery actions, actions for reimbursement of taxes or charges, private damages actions, and a selection of other contexts in which State aid law arises in national proceedings. The principal requirements imposed by EU law on national court State aid proceedings is discussed, followed by a discussion of the situations where national State aid proceedings may interact with procedures before the European Commission and the European Courts, including in particular preliminary references, challenges in national courts to the validity of Commission decisions, requests for Commission opinions, and issues arising from concurrent domestic and EU proceedings.
Financial Market Infrastructures
Authors: Saguato Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on risk management. Innovation and the 2008 financial crisis forced policymakers to re-evaluate the existing approaches to the regulation of financial markets. How to effectively manage risk in the financial system became central in the political agenda, both domestically and internationally. Indeed, the necessity of building resilient and efficient financial markets drove regulators to articulate policy recommendations that incorporate the use of financial market infrastructures (FMIs) as ‘risk managers’ and that set risk management standards for the governance of financial firms. A perfect example of the regulatory interest in risk management was the reform of the over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets. Ultimately, reforms affected three segments of risk management: systemic risk management, organizational risk management, and transactional risk management.
Compensation in Financial Institutions
Authors: Ferrarini Guido 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of executive and employee compensation in financial institutions. Excessive pay at financial institutions has often been indicated as one of the possible causes of the recent financial crisis, but the case for regulating compensation is rather weak, while regulation of remuneration and risk governance, and of remuneration disclosure are to some extent justified. The EU law shifted the setting of compensation from a supervisory approach to a regulatory one, adopting detailed and rigid provisions on the structure, governance, and disclosure of pay. Moreover, the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV) introduced an unprecedented cap to variable remuneration, which may distort incentives and produce unintended consequences on bank risk-taking. The chapter then looks at possible ways to overcome the shortcomings of EU regulation of financial institutions in the remuneration are and suggests that it should be made more flexible and proportionate within the limits allowed by the international principles.
The Dutch Banker’s Oath and the Dutch Banking Disciplinary Committee
Authors: Laaper Peter , Busch Danny 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Dutch banker’s oath and the Dutch Banking Disciplinary Committee. The great financial crisis severely damaged trust in the banking sector and raised doubts about the conduct and culture of bankers. Against this backdrop, the Board of the Dutch Banking Society (Nederlandse Vereniging van Banken or NVB) appointed the Advisory Committee on the Future of Banks (the Maas Committee) in November 2008. One of the committee’s recommendations aimed at restoring trust and confidence in the Dutch banking sector was to introduce a moral and ethical declaration for bank directors and certain other groups of employees. The idea of a banker’s oath was thus born. To enforce compliance with the banker’s oath, the NVB established the independent Foundation for Banking Ethics Enforcement (Stichting Tuchtrecht Banken, FBEE). The FBEE has set up the world’s first statutory disciplinary board for the banking sector, the Dutch Banking Disciplinary Committee.