bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation of Sulphur to Variation in the Gravity of California Petroleum
Authors: Rogers G. Sherburne 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 989–1009.

Introduction
One of the features of oil-field work that puzzles operator, chemist, and geologist alike, is variation in the gravity of the petroleum produced on neighboring leases or even from adjoining wells. Few fields in the United States yield oil that is of uniform gravity throughout; in some fields the different grades are produced from different sands, in a few from different formations, and in many from different areas in the same sand.
In a few cases, perhaps, a common assumption that the heavier oil is derived from the lighter through the escape of the more volatile constituents is valid, but many cases can not be explained in this way. Although in the California fields the specific gravity of the oil generally decreases with depth, there are numerous exceptions to this rule; and, as in many other regions the light oil is found nearest the surface, it is evident that evaporation underground is generally an unimportant factor.
It is generally recognized that the great differences between petroleum from widely separated fields are due largely to differences in age and degree of metamorphism and to variation in the composition of the original organic matter; but in the writer's opinion some of these broader differences, as well as most of the minor variations in the character of the oil from any one field, are due to the local action of natural reagents such as sulphur or oxygen. This is particularly likely to be true if the oil has migrated from one formation to another, as in the California fields; and in some arcas it appears that variation in sulphur content may even afford a rough index of the extent or distance of the migration. It is the purpose of this paper to call attention to the chemical action of sulphur and oxygen on petroleum, to show that the gravity of the oil from any one field is intimately related to its sulphur content, and to discuss the possibility that oil in its migration will encounter and take up sulphur or oxygen.
Petroleum chemists have been occupied so largely in working out the complex constitution of petroleum and the processes of refining it, that we know little of the effect on petroleum of any of the substances with which it comes in contact underground. The study of petroleum from the geochemical standpoint has received slight attention except from a few chemists, and it is therefore impossible to trace in detail the natural changes that oil may undergo. Clifford Richardson however, pointed out many years ago the influence of sulphur in hardening asphalt.
T.P. 057–48
Being a former Second World War partisan:
Reported speech and the expression of local
identity
Authors: Guerini Federica 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This paper presents a qualitative analysis of narrative sequences extracted from a sample of semistructured
interviews to a group of former Second World War partisans living in the Camonica valley (in the province
of Brescia), for a total of roughly 15 hours of recordings. The analysis combines the interpretative frameworks of
conversation analysis and interactional sociolinguistics with the study of reported speech and of the strategies
of voice representation in dialogic and narrative texts. Special attention is devoted to the use of code-switching
as a ‘contextualisation cue’ (Gumperz 1982) in order to mark portions of reported speech and set them off from
the surrounding talk or from the main flow of a narrative episode, even in the absence of explicit recourse to
verba dicendi or other quotation devices. Our findings show that code-switching may serve as a quotative marker,
whereby speakers index the beginning of the reported utterances and shape the characters alternating in a dialogic
sequence by drawing on the various linguistic resources at their disposal.
Influence of fabrication parameters on the nanostructure of Si-NWs under HF/Fe(NO3)3 etching system
Authors: Xiao Yongyin , Chen Xiuhua , Ma Wenhui , Li Shaoyuan , Li Yuping , He Jiali , Zhang Hui , Li Jiao 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Large-area and oriented silicon nanowire arrays have been successfully fabricated through a two-step metal-assisted chemical etching process at room temperature. The effects of key fabrication parameters (AgNO3 concentration, Fe(NO3)3 concentration, and etching time) on the silicon nanowire nanostructure were carefully investigated. The Raman spectra of silicon nanowires prepared under different etching times have been recorded and analyzed. The porosity and length of the nanowire increases with the increase in AgNO3 concentration from 0.002 mol L−1 to 0.1 mol L−1, which indicates that the re-dissolved Ag+ ions would work as the main oxidative species and catalyze the vertical and lateral etching of nanowires, leading to silicon nanowire growth and porous structure formation.
Fabrication and microstructure of nano-SiC/Ni composite coatings on diamond surface via electro-co-deposition
Authors: Li Zhengxin , Xiao Changjiang 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Nano-SiC/Ni composite coatings on diamond surface were fabricated using an electro-co-deposition method. SiC nanoparticles with an average size of 50 nm were suspended in the plating solution and co-deposited together with Ni on diamond surface. The weight ratio (wt.%) of nano-SiC/Ni composite coating to the diamond was controlled by varying deposition time. The microstructure, composition and compression strength of an as-deposited single diamond particle was investigated. The results reveal that nano-SiC/Ni composite coating possesses a smoother, finer and denser microstructure as compared to a pure Ni coating. Moreover, the compression strength of an as-deposited single diamond particle gradually enhances with increasing nano-SiC/Ni wt.%.
Birth desires and intentions of women diagnosed with a meningioma
Authors: Owens Michelle A. , Craig Benjamin M. , Egan Kathleen M. , Reed Damon R. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECT
To the authors' knowledge, no previous study has examined the impact of meningioma diagnosis on women's birth desires and intentions. In an exploratory study, the authors surveyed women affected by meningioma to determine their attitudes toward childbearing and the influences, including physician recommendations, on this major life decision and compared their responses to those of women in the general population.

METHODS
Meningioma survivors from the Meningioma Mommas online support group participated in an online survey that included questions on their birth desires and intentions, whether the risk of disease recurrence influenced their reproductive decisions, and risks communicated to them by their physicians. Using chi-square and rank-sum tests, the authors compared the survey participants' responses with those of the general population as assessed by the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth. Logistic regression was used to adjust for differences in age, race, ethnicity, education, parity, pregnancy status, and infertility status in these populations.

RESULTS
Respondents with meningioma were more likely than those in the general population to report wanting a baby (70% vs 54%, respectively), intending to have a baby (27% vs 12%, respectively), and being very sure about this intention (10% vs 2%, respectively). More than half (32 of 61) of the women of childbearing age reported being advised by a physician about potential risk factors for recurrence of the meningioma, and pregnancy was the most commonly cited risk factor (26 of 61). The most common factor influencing birth desires and intentions was risk of the meningioma returning and requiring more treatment, which was reported by nearly two-thirds of the women in their childbearing years.

CONCLUSIONS
A majority of the meningioma survivors of childbearing age who completed the survey reported a desire for children, although concern about the risk of meningioma recurrence was an important factor for these women when making reproductive decisions. Physicians are in a position to educate their patients on potential risk factors for recurrence and to provide contact information for services such as counseling and family planning.
Les relations entre tourisme et sport autour des Jeux olympiques de 1924
Authors: Schut Pierre-Olaf , Levet-Labry Éric 
Published: January 2015

Le Touring-Club de France (TCF) est une importante association de tourisme créée à la fin du XIX e siècle. Il se distingue pour avoir accompagné de nombreuses initiatives en faveur du développement touristique en France. Parmi celles-ci, certaines activités sportives ont bénéficié de son soutien. En 1921, la France se prépare à accueillir les Jeux olympiques qui doivent attirer un grand nombre de spectateurs. L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les relations entre le TCF et le comité exécutif chargé de l’organisation des épreuves pour comprendre dans quelle mesure le TCF a soutenu cet événement sportif. Pour réaliser ce travail, les sources utilisées sont essentiellement issues des archives du CNOSF, du CIO et du TCF. Les résultats qui révèlent un degré de collaboration limité nous amènent à nous questionner sur l’intérêt du spectacle sportif pour le tourisme dans les années 1920.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type γ Is a JAK Phosphatase and Negatively Regulates Leukocyte Integrin Activation
Authors: Mirenda Michela , Toffali Lara , Montresor Alessio , Scardoni Giovanni , Sorio Claudio , Laudanna Carlo 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Regulation of signal transduction networks depends on protein kinase and phosphatase activities. Protein tyrosine kinases of the JAK family have been shown to regulate integrin affinity modulation by chemokines and mediated homing to secondary lymphoid organs of human T lymphocytes. However, the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in leukocyte recruitment is still elusive. In this study, we address this issue by focusing on protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type γ (PTPRG), a tyrosine phosphatase highly expressed in human primary monocytes. We developed a novel methodology to study the signaling role of receptor type tyrosine phosphatases and found that activated PTPRG blocks chemoattractant-induced β2 integrin activation. Specifically, triggering of LFA-1 to high-affinity state is prevented by PTPRG activation. High-throughput phosphoproteomics and computational analyses show that PTPRG activation affects the phosphorylation state of at least 31 signaling proteins. Deeper examination shows that JAKs are critically involved in integrin-mediated monocyte adhesion and that PTPRG activation leads to JAK2 dephosphorylation on the critical 1007–1008 phosphotyrosine residues, implying JAK2 inhibition and thus explaining the antiadhesive role of PTPRG. Overall, the data validate a new approach to study receptor tyrosine phosphatases and show that, by targeting JAKs, PTPRG downmodulates the rapid activation of integrin affinity in human monocytes, thus emerging as a potential novel critical regulator of leukocyte trafficking.
GATA2 Germline Mutations Impair GATA2 Transcription, Causing Haploinsufficiency: Functional Analysis of the p.Arg396Gln Mutation
Authors: Cortés-Lavaud Xabier , Landecho Manuel F. , Maicas Miren , Urquiza Leire , Merino Juana , Moreno-Miralles Isabel , Odero María D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Germline GATA2 mutations have been identified as the cause of familial syndromes with immunodeficiency and predisposition to myeloid malignancies. GATA2 mutations appear to cause loss of function of the mutated allele leading to haploinsufficiency; however, this postulate has not been experimentally validated as the basis of these syndromes. We hypothesized that mutations that are translated into abnormal proteins could affect the transcription of GATA2, triggering GATA2 deficiency. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays showed that the human GATA2 protein activates its own transcription through a specific region located at −2.4 kb, whereas the p.Thr354Met, p.Thr355del, and p.Arg396Gln germline mutations impair GATA2 promoter activation. Accordingly, GATA2 expression was decreased to ∼58% in a patient with p.Arg396Gln, compared with controls. p.Arg396Gln is the second most common mutation in these syndromes, and no previous functional analyses have been performed. We therefore analyzed p.Arg396Gln. Our data show that p.Arg396Gln is a loss-of-function mutation affecting DNA-binding ability and, as a consequence, it fails to maintain the immature characteristics of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which could result in defects in this cell compartment. In conclusion, we show that human GATA2 binds to its own promoter, activating its transcription, and that the aforementioned mutations impair the transcription of GATA2. Our results indicate that they can affect other GATA2 target genes, which could partially explain the variability of symptoms in these diseases. Moreover, we show that p.Arg396Gln is a loss-of-function mutation, which is unable to retain the progenitor phenotype in cells where it is expressed.
Cutting Edge: CD69 Interference with Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Function Regulates Peripheral T Cell Retention
Authors: Mackay Laura K. , Braun Asolina , Macleod Bethany L. , Collins Nicholas , Tebartz Christina , Bedoui Sammy , Carbone Francis R. , Gebhardt Thomas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells provide local immune protection in barrier tissues, such as skin and mucosa. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling effector T cell retention and subsequent memory formation in those locations are not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the role of CD69, an early leukocyte activation marker, in regulating effector T cell egress from peripheral tissues. We provide evidence that CD69 surface expression by skin-infiltrating CD8 T cells can be regulated at multiple levels, including local Ag stimulation and signaling through type I IFNRs, and it coincides with the transcriptional downregulation of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P1. Importantly, we demonstrate that expression of CD69, by interfering with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor function, is a critical determinant of prolonged T cell retention and local memory formation. Our results define an important step in the generation of long-lived adaptive immune memory at body surfaces.
Friends Not Foes: CTLA-4 Blockade and mTOR Inhibition Cooperate during CD8+ T Cell Priming To Promote Memory Formation and Metabolic Readiness
Authors: Pedicord Virginia A. , Cross Justin R. , Montalvo-Ortiz Welby , Miller Martin L. , Allison James P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
During primary Ag encounter, T cells receive numerous positive and negative signals that control their proliferation, function, and differentiation, but how these signals are integrated to modulate T cell memory has not been fully characterized. In these studies, we demonstrate that combining seemingly opposite signals, CTLA-4 blockade and rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition, during in vivo T cell priming leads to both an increase in the frequency of memory CD8+ T cells and improved memory responses to tumors and bacterial challenges. This enhanced efficacy corresponds to increased early expansion and memory precursor differentiation of CD8+ T cells and increased mitochondrial biogenesis and spare respiratory capacity in memory CD8+ T cells in mice treated with anti–CTLA-4 and rapamycin during immunization. Collectively, these results reveal that mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition cooperates with rather than antagonizes blockade of CTLA-4, promoting unrestrained effector function and proliferation, and an optimal metabolic program for CD8+ T cell memory.
Glycosaminoglycans in the Human Cornea: Age-Related Changes
Authors: Pacella Elena , Pacella Fernanda , De Paolis Giulio , Parisella Francesca Romana , Turchetti Paolo , Anello Giulia , Cavallotti Carlo 
Published: January 2015

Aim To investigate possible age-related changes in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the human cornea. The substances today called GAGs were previously referred to as mucopolysaccharides. Methods Samples of human cornea were taken from 12 younger (age 21 ± 1.2) and 12 older (age 72 ± 1.6) male subjects. Samples were weighed, homogenized, and used for biochemical and molecular analyses. All the quantitative results were statistically analyzed. Results The human cornea appears to undergo age-related changes, as evidenced by our biochemical and molecular results. The total GAG and hyaluronic acid counts were significantly higher in the younger subjects than in the older subjects. The sulfated heavy GAGs, such as chondroitin, dermatan, keratan, and heparan sulfate, were lower in the younger subjects than in the older subjects. Discussion GAGs of the human cornea undergo numerous age-related changes. Their quantity is significantly altered in the elderly in comparison with younger subjects. GAGs play an important role in age-related diseases of the human cornea.
The Phase Transition Model for Heat-Shrinkable Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogels Based on Interaction Energy
Authors: Peng Qiujin , Zhang Hui , Zhang Zhengru 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA biphase mixture continuum mechanics model is derived for neutral heat-shrinkable thermo-sensitive hydrogels in this paper. The mixing free energy of the special mixture is recalculated based on the partition function of Bose system, and it evaluates the contribution of the hydrophilic, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding to the volume phase transition behaviors. The ideas of the Flory lattice theory and the UNIFAC group contribution method are employed to get the expression of the mixing free energy. Then we deduce a particular model by combining this mixing free energy with the conservation laws equations and constitutive relations of both phases to predict the volume transition behaviors of these special hydrogels.
Computationally Efficient Fluid-Particle Dynamics Simulations of Arterial Systems
Authors: Umbarkar Tejas S. , Kleinstreuer Clement 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRealistic and accurate computer simulations of the particle-hemodynamics in arterial systems can be a valuable tool for numerous biomedical applications. Examples include optimal by-pass grafting and optimal drug-delivery, as well as best medical management concerning the cardio-vascular system. However, such numerical analyses require large computer resources which may become prohibitive for extended sets of arterial bifurcations. A remedy is to develop a hybrid model where the first few generations of the bifurcating arteries of interest are simulated in full 3-D, while a 1-D model is then coupled for subsequent bifurcations. Alternatively, a 1-D computer model can be directly employed to simulate fluid-particle transport in complex bifurcating networks.Relying on a representative axial velocity profile, a physiological 1-D model has been developed and validated, which is capable of predicting with reasonable accuracy arterial flow, pressure field and elastic wall interaction as well as particle transport. The usefulness of the novel 1-D simulation approach is demonstrated via a comparison to 3-D blood flow and microsphere transport in a hepatic artery system, featuring as outlets one major branch and four small daughter vessels. Compared to the 3-D simulation, the 1-D analysis requires only about 1% of computational time. The hybrid modeling approach would be also applicable to the human respiratory tract to evaluate the fate of inhaled aerosols.A simple and cost-effective way to simulate particle-hemodynamics is using a 1-D model for simulating arterial pressures and flow rates as well as microsphere transport, based on assumptions involving the use of a simple algebraic pressure-area relation, an exponential elasticity model for the vessels, and considering only unidirectional flow with a representative skewed velocity profile. In summary, the novel contributions are:• Particle tracking in arteries via 1-D fluid modeling and selection of an averaged, skewed velocity profile based on 3-D simulation results to provide more realistic friction and inertia term values for modeling a flow system with bifurcations.• The 1-D model can be coupled to a 3-D model so that simulations can be run for larger regions of vascular or lung-airway systems.
Three-Point Combined Compact Alternating Direction Implicit Difference Schemes for Two-Dimensional Time-Fractional Advection-Diffusion Equations
Authors: Gao Guang-Hua , Sun Hai-Wei 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the discussion of numerical methods for solving two-dimensional time-fractional advection-diffusion equations. Two different three-point combined compact alternating direction implicit (CC-ADI) schemes are proposed and then, the original schemes for solving the two-dimensional problems are divided into two separate one-dimensional cases. Local truncation errors are analyzed and the unconditional stabilities of the obtained schemes are investigated by Fourier analysis method. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness and the spatial higher-order accuracy of the proposed methods.
Pour une approche relationnelle des itinéraires féminins
Authors: Attané Anne 
Published: January 2015

Cet article repose sur un triple objectif. Premièrement, à partir d’une perspective théorique explicitée ici, ce texte rend compte d’une méthodologie de recherche qui éclaire les itinéraires féminins comme masculins et qui permet de les analyser conjointement. Résolument ancrée dans une anthropologie dynamique, cette méthode vise à reconstituer l’histoire de vie des personnes rencontrées ainsi que l’ensemble de leurs relations intrafamiliales. Deuxièmement, à partir de trajectoires féminines singulières, il dresse des portraits de citadines en Afrique de l’Ouest. Grâce à un ensemble de résultats de recherches menées entre 1997 et 2014, il dessine les contours des mutations matrimoniales que connaissent les sociétés urbaines de cette partie du continent. Ces transformations influencent la vie des femmes aussi bien dans leur accession à la maternité que dans leur vie conjugale et dans leurs conditions matérielles d’existence. Dans un troisième temps, le recueil des relations de « parenté pratique » réalisé depuis 2011 au sein de groupes familiaux résidant à Lomé, Cotonou ou Ouagadougou montre la diversité des situations conjugales et matrimoniales dans l’Afrique contemporaine et la nécessité de renouveler leurs études.
Genre et prise de décision au sein du ménage au Burkina Faso
Authors: Gnoumou Thiombiano Bilampoa 
Published: January 2015

L’étude examine les facteurs sociodémographiques et économiques qui influencent la participation des femmes à la prise de décision au sein du ménage au Burkina Faso. Les données de l’Enquête démographique et de santé réalisée en 2010 sont exploitées à l’aide d’une régression logistique. Ces données quantitatives sont complétées par des entretiens qualitatifs réalisés en 2011 sur le thème « genre et décision économique au Burkina Faso ». Les résultats montrent que les femmes participent peu aux décisions concernant leurs soins de santé, les achats importants du ménage et les visites aux parents, mais les femmes ayant une activité rémunérée sont susceptibles de décider de la gestion de leurs revenus. La scolarisation, l’exercice d’un travail rémunéré, un âge plus élevé, la résidence en milieu urbain et le niveau de vie élevé du ménage sont des facteurs favorables à la participation de la femme à la prise de décision au sein de son ménage. On note cependant des différences selon le groupe ethnique. Ces résultats suggèrent que la scolarisation croissante des filles en Afrique subsaharienne, l’urbanisation et la participation progressive des femmes au marché du travail contribuent à la modification des rapports de genre au sein des couples et, de façon générale, à l’amélioration du statut social de la femme.