bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into the Mechanism of Extraction of Uranium (VI) from Nitric Acid Solution into an Ionic Liquid by using Tri‐n‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Gaillard Dr Clotilde , Boltoeva Maria , Billard Isabelle , Georg Sylvia , Mazan Valérie , Ouadi Ali , Ternova Dariia , Hennig Christoph 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe present new results on the liquid–liquid extraction of uranium (VI) from a nitric acid aqueous phase into a tri‐n‐butyl phosphate/1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TBP/[C4mim][Tf2N]) phase. The individual solubilities of the ionic‐liquid ions in the upper part of the biphasic system are measured over the whole acidic range and as a function of the TBP concentration. New insights into the extraction mechanism are obtained through the in situ characterization of the extracted uranyl complexes by coupling UV/Vis and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. We propose a chemical model to explain uranium (VI) extraction that describes the data through a fit of the uranyl distribution ratio DU. In this model, at low acid concentrations uranium (VI) is extracted as the cationic complex [UO2(TBP)2]2+, by an exchange with one proton and one C4mim+. At high acid concentrations, the extraction proceeds through a cationic exchange between [UO2(NO3)(HNO3)(TBP)2]+ and one C4mim+. As a consequence of this mechanism, the variation of DU as a function of TBP concentration depends on the C4mim+ concentration in the aqueous phase. This explains why noninteger values are often derived by analysis of DU versus [TBP] plots to determine the number of TBP molecules involved in the extraction of uranyl in an ionic‐liquid phase.
Recent Progress on Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators for SelfPowered Electronics
Authors: Hinchet Ronan , Seung Wanchul , Kim Sang‐Woo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecently, smart systems have met with large success. At the origin of the internet of things, they are a key driving force for the development of wireless, sustainable, and independent autonomous smart systems. In this context, autonomy is critical, and despite all the progress that has been made in low‐power electronics and batteries, energy harvesters are becoming increasingly important. Thus, harvesting mechanical energy is essential, as it is widespread and abundant in our daily life environment. Among harvesters, flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) exhibit good performance, and they are easy to integrate, which makes them perfect candidates for many applications and, therefore, crucial to develop. In this review paper, we first introduce the fundamentals of TENGs, including their four basic operation modes. Then, we discuss the different improvement parameters. We review some progress made in terms of performance and integration that have been possible through the understanding of each operation mode and the development of innovative structures. Finally, we present the latest trends, structures, and materials in view of future improvements and applications.
Cost‐Effective Hierarchical Catalysts for Promoting Hydrogen Release from Complex Hydrides
Authors: Yang Cheng‐Hsien , Hsu Chih‐Ping , Lee Sheng‐Long , Wang Kuan‐Wen , Chang Jeng‐Kuei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFe nanoparticles (∼10 nm), used to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have an outstanding ability to catalyze the dehydrogenation of LiAlH4. The CNTs help connect Fe and LiAlH4 and create microchannels among the composite, thus promoting the release of hydrogen. Inspired by these results, a supercritical‐CO2‐fluid‐assisted deposition technique is employed to decorate the Fe/CNTs with highly dispersed nanosized Ni (∼2 nm in diameter) for better performance. With the incorporation of 10 wt % of this hierarchical catalyst (Ni/Fe/CNTs), the initial dehydrogenation temperature of LiAlH4 is decreased from ∼135 to ∼40 °C. At 100 °C, this catalyzed LiAlH4 takes only ∼0.1 h to release 4.5 wt % hydrogen, which is more than 100 times faster than the time needed with pristine LiAlH4. The dehydrogenation mechanism of the complex hydride is examined using in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction.
Nanocatalysis in Flow
Authors: Ricciardi Roberto , Huskens Jurriaan , Verboom Willem 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNanocatalysis in flow is catalysis by metallic nanoparticles (NPs; 1–50 nm) performed in microstructured reactors. These catalytic processes make use of the enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity of NPs and fulfill the requirements of green chemistry. Anchoring catalytically active metal NPs within a microfluidic reactor enhances the reagent/catalyst interaction, while avoiding diffusion limitations experienced in classical approaches. Different strategies for supporting NPs are reviewed herein, namely, packed‐bed reactors, monolithic flow‐through reactors, wall catalysts, and a selection of novel approaches (NPs embedded on nanotubes, nanowires, catalytic membranes, and magnetic NPs). Through a number of catalytic reactions, such as hydrogenations, oxidations, and cross‐coupling reactions, the advantages and possible drawbacks of each approach are illustrated.
Muscles and their role in episodic tension‐type headache: implications for treatment
Authors: Bendtsen L. , Ashina S. , Moore A. , Steiner T. J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTension‐type headache (TTH) imposes a heavy burden on the global population but remains incompletely understood and poorly managed.Databases and Data TreatmentHere, we review current knowledge of peripheral factors involved in the mechanism of TTH and make recommendations for the treatment of episodic TTH based on these.ResultsPeripheral activation or sensitization of myofascial nociceptors is most probably involved in the development of muscle pain and the acute episode of TTH. Repetitive episodes of muscle pain may sensitize the central nervous system resulting in progression of TTH to the chronic form. Thus, muscular factors may be responsible not only for the acute headache episode but also for chronification of the disorder. Simple analgesics and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are the mainstays of management of individual headache episodes. Ibuprofen 400 mg and aspirin 1000 mg are recommended as drugs of first choice based on treatment effect, safety profile and costs. Non‐pharmacological therapies include electromyographic biofeedback, physiotherapy and muscle relaxation therapy. Future studies should aim to identify the triggers of peripheral nociception and how to avoid peripheral and central sensitization. There is a need for more effective, faster acting drugs for acute TTH.ConclusionMuscular factors play an important role in episodic TTH. Ibuprofen 400 mg and aspirin 1000 mg are recommended as drugs of first choice.
Seismic resilience of concrete structures under corrosion
Authors: Biondini Fabio , Camnasio Elena , Titi Andrea 
Published: July 2015

SummaryA probabilistic approach to lifetime assessment of seismic resilience of deteriorating concrete structures is presented. The effects of environmental damage on the seismic performance are evaluated by means of a methodology for lifetime assessment of concrete structures in aggressive environment under uncertainty. The time‐variant seismic capacity associated with different limit states, from damage limitation up to collapse, is assumed as functionality indicator. The role of the deterioration process on seismic resilience is then investigated over the structural lifetime by evaluating the post‐event residual functionality and recovery of the deteriorating system as a function of the time of occurrence of the seismic event. The proposed approach is applied to a three‐story concrete frame building and a four‐span continuous concrete bridge under corrosion. The results show the combined effects of structural deterioration and seismic damage on the time‐variant system functionality and resilience and indicate the importance of a multi‐hazard life‐cycle‐oriented approach to seismic design of resilient structure and infrastructure systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offshore wind energy potential estimation using UPSCALE climate data
Authors: Gross Markus S. , Magar Vanesa 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOffshore and near‐shore wind energy is one of the major renewable energy resources, which already make a substantial contribution to the energy supply in Europe. Nevertheless, development is still in the start‐up phase, with new projects being planned and implemented continuously. This development needs to be informed, to enable deployment at the most suitable/ideal locations. However, in order to predict the potential energy yield, forecasts have to be made. In this paper the authors present a scoping study. This study uses high‐resolution climate data to predict wind speeds at various heights, and various locations along the coast of Mexico. Several techniques for wind extrapolation are explored, alongside a new method based on data analysis. The results show clearly a strong sensitivity to the method chosen, and results have to be interpreted accordingly. Also, the impact of water vapor is shown, using a method that predicts the moist air density at the hub height. The paper indicates that valuable information can be gained from the analyses undertaken, prior to embarking on detailed, targeted studies. The paper concludes with recommendations for further work.
Response surface methodology for optimization of bio‐lubricant basestock synthesis from high free fatty acids castor oil
Authors: Borugadda Venu Babu , Goud Vaibhav V. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this paper, an eco‐friendly single‐step process for the synthesis of biolubricant basestock from high free fatty acid (FFA) castor oil (CO) via epoxidation reaction was investigated. Influence of various process parameters on the structural modification of CO and their interaction with the maximum oxirane oxygen content (OOC) was optimized. Central composite design (CCD) as one of the tools in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of process variables on maximum OOC. Iodine value (IV) and OOC was used to monitor the progress of epoxidation. From the RSM study, the optimal condition inferred was H2O2, 1.65 mol; catalyst loading, 15.14 wt%; temperature, 52.81°C; and reaction time, 2.81 h. At this optimum condition, OOC was found to be 3.85 mass%. Further, the epoxide product was confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR spectral technique and OOC was determined by the standard HBr method. Finally, the significant physico‐chemical properties for the prepared epoxide were determined and compared with the castor oil.
The hydrology of interconnected bog complexes in discontinuous permafrost terrains
Authors: Connon R. F. , Quinton W. L. , Craig J. R. , Hanisch J. , Sonnentag O. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the zone of discontinuous permafrost, the cycling and storage of water within and between wetlands is poorly understood. The presence of intermittent permafrost bodies tends to impede and re‐direct the flow of water. In this region, the landscape is characterized by forested peat plateaus that are underlain by permafrost and are interspersed by permafrost‐free wetlands. These include channel fens which convey water to the basin outlet through wide, hydraulically rough channels and flat bogs which are typically thought to retain moisture inputs as storage. Field studies conducted at a peatland‐dominated landscape near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada, indicate the presence of ephemeral drainage channels that form a cascade of connected bogs that ultimately discharges into a channel fen. Consequently, understanding bogs as dynamic transmitters of surface and subsurface flows, rather than simple storage regions, calls for further examination. Whether bogs act as either storage features or flow through features has a direct impact on the runoff contributing area in a basin. Here, two adjacent series of bog cascades were gauged over two consecutive years to determine spatial and temporal changes in effective runoff contributing areas. It was found that runoff varies significantly between two adjacent bog cascades with one cascade producing 125 mm of runoff over the 2‐year period, while the other yielded only 25 mm. The bog cascades are primarily active during the snowmelt season when moisture conditions are high; however flows can also be generated in response to large rain events. It is proposed that bog cascades operate under an ‘element threshold concept’ whereby in order for water to be transmitted through a bog, the depression storage capacity of that bog must first be satisfied. Our work indicates that whether bogs act as storage features or flow‐through features has a direct impact on the runoff contributing area in a basin. Neglecting to represent connected bogs as dynamic transmission features in the landscape is shown to underestimate water available for streamflow by between 5 and 15%, and these systems are therefore a key component of the water balance in discontinuous permafrost regions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of extra irradiation on surface and bulk properties of PMPC‐grafted cross‐linked polyethylene
Authors: Yamane Shihori , Kyomoto Masayuki , Moro Toru , Watanabe Kenichi , Hashimoto Masami , Takatori Yoshio , Tanaka Sakae , Ishihara Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSterilization using high‐energy irradiation is an important aspect of implementing an ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular liner in total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study, we evaluate the effects of extra irradiations such as gamma‐ray or plasma irradiation during sterilization of the poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [MPC]) (PMPC) surface and cross‐linked polyethylene (CLPE) substrate of a PMPC‐grafted CLPE acetabular liner. The PMPC‐grafted surface yielded high wettability and low friction properties regardless of the extra irradiations as compared with untreated CLPE. During a hip simulator test, wear resistance of the PMPC‐grafted CLPE liner was maintained after extra irradiation, which is due to the high wettability characteristics of the PMPC surface. In particular, the PMPC‐grafted CLPE liner treated with plasma irradiation showed greater wettability and wear resistance than that with gamma‐ray irradiation. However, we could not clearly observe the changes in chemical properties and morphology of the PMPC surface after both extra irradiations. The physical and mechanical properties attributed to CLPE substrate performance were also unchanged. In contrast, PMPC‐grafted CLPE treated with plasma irradiation showed improved oxidation resistance as compared to that treated with gamma‐ray irradiation after accelerated aging. Thus, we conclude that PMPC‐grafted CLPE with plasma irradiation has promise as a lifelong solution for bearing in THA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 37–47, 2016.
Hyperbranched poly(glycidol)/poly(ethylene oxide) crosslinked hydrogel for tissue engineering scaffold using e‐beams
Authors: Haryanto  , Singh Deepti , Huh Pil Ho , Kim Seong Cheol 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA microporous hydrogel scaffold was developed from hyperbranched poly(glycidol) (HPG) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using electron beam (e‐beam) induced cross‐linking for tissue engineering applications. In this study, HPG was synthesized from glycidol using trimethylol propane as a core initiator and cross‐linked hydrogels were made using 0, 10, 20, and 30% HPG with respect to PEO. The effects of %‐HPG on the swelling ratio, cross‐linking density, mechanical properties, morphology, degradation, and cytotoxicity of the hydrogel scaffolds were then investigated. Increasing the HPG content increased the pore size of the hydrogel scaffold, as well as the porosity, elongation at break, degree of degradation and swelling ratio. In contrast, the presence of HPG decreased the cross‐linking density of the hydrogel. There was no significant difference in compressive modulus and tensile strength of all compositions. The pore size of hydrogel scaffolds could be easily tailored by controlling the content of HPG in the polymer blend. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity demonstrated that HPG/PEO hydrogel scaffold has potential for use as a matrix for cellular attachment and proliferation. These results indicate that cross‐linked HPG/PEO hydrogel can function as a potential material for tissue engineering scaffolds. Moreover, a facile method to prepare hydrogel microporous scaffolds for tissue engineering by e‐beam irradiation was developed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 48–56, 2016.
Improved ex vivo blood compatibility of central venous catheter with noble metal alloy coating
Authors: Vafa Homann Manijeh , Johansson Dorota , Wallen Håkan , Sanchez Javier 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCentral line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality induced by the use of central venous catheters (CVCs). Nobel metal alloy (NMA) coating is an advanced surface modification that prevents microbial adhesion and growth on catheters and thereby reduces the risk of infection. In vitro microbiological analyses have shown up to 90% reduction in microbial adhesion on coated CVC compared to uncoated ones. This study aimed to assess the blood compatibility of NMA‐coated CVC according to ISO 10993‐4. Hemolysis, thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complex, platelet counts, fibrin deposition, and C3a and SC5b‐9 complement activation were analyzed in human blood exposed to the NMA‐coated and control CVCs using a Chandler‐loop model. NMA‐coated CVC did not induce hemolysis and fell in the “nonhemolytic” category according to ASTM F756‐00. Significantly lower amounts of TAT were generated and less fibrin was deposited on NMA‐coated CVC than on uncoated ones. Slightly higher platelet counts and lower complement markers were observed for NMA‐coated CVC compared to uncoated ones. These data suggest that the NMA‐coated CVC has better ex vivo blood compatibility compared to uncoated CVC. © 2015 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1359–1365, 2016.
TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of UV filter para‐aminobenzoic acid under artificial and solar illumination
Authors: Tsoumachidou Sophia , Velegraki Theodora , Poulios Ioannis 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products' (PPCPs) residues in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue due to their uncontrolled release, through grey water, and accumulation in the environment that may affect living organisms, ecosystems and public health. As a result, efforts are being made to develop methods to inactivate or eliminate this class of substance in the environment.RESULTSThe heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA), one of the components that are present in many types of PPCPs, has been investigated in aqueous solutions using artificial and solar illumination. The effects of TiO2 P25 and TiO2 Kronos vlp 7000 and their concentration (0.25–1.5 g L−1), initial concentration of H2O2 (0.25–0.2 g L−1), pH of the solution (3–10), temperature (280–323 K), as well as the type of radiation (artificial, solar) on initial reaction rates were evaluated in a bench‐scale Pyrex reactor. Solar‐induced photocatalytic degradation of PABA was accompanied by the formation of several hydroxylated aromatic intermediates, while a decrease in the parent compound toxicity has been observed after treatment in the presence of TiO2 P25.CONCLUSIONAccording to the results presented in this study, the TiO2 photocatalytic process in the presence of artificial and solar illumination is an efficient methodology for PABA degradation and its toxicity reduction. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A cyclone climatology of the British‐Irish Isles 1871–2012
Authors: Matthews T. , Murphy C. , Wilby R. L. , Harrigan S. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe British‐Irish Isles (BI) lie beneath the North Atlantic storm track year‐round and thus are impacted by the passage of extra‐tropical cyclones. Given recent extreme storminess and projections of enhanced winter cyclone activity for this region, there is much interest in assessing the extent to which the cyclone climate of the region may be changing. We address this by assessing a 142‐year (1871–2012) record of cyclone frequency, intensity and ‘storminess’ derived from the 20th Century Reanalysis V2 (20CR) dataset. We also use this long‐term record to examine associations between cyclone activity and regional hydroclimate. Our results confirm the importance of cyclone frequency in driving seasonal precipitation totals which we find to be greatest during summer months. Cyclone frequency and storminess are characterized by pronounced interannual and multi‐decadal variability which are strongly coupled to atmospheric blocking in the Euro‐Atlantic region, but we detect no evidence of an increasing trend. We observe an upward trend in cyclone intensity for the BI region, which is strongest in winter and consistent with model projections, but promote caution interpreting this given the changing data quality in the 20CR over time. Nonetheless, we assert that long‐term reconstruction is helpful for contextualizing recent storminess and for identifying emerging changes in regional hydroclimate linked to cyclones.
Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei 01 fermented milk beverage on protection of intestinal epithelial cell in vitro
Authors: Chen Yen‐Po , Hsu Chih‐An , Hung Wei‐Ting , Chen Ming‐Ju 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntestinal protection is an important function of probiotics. However, there is no evidence that the potential probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei 01 is able to improve intestinal function. In the present study, the protective effect and underlying mechanisms of L. paracasei 01 on intestinal epithelial cell in vitro were investigated.RESULTSA fermented milk beverage containing L. paracasei 01 at 3 × 108 CFU mL−1 was made from skim milk powder, glucose, sucrose and isomaltooligosaccharide. Results indicated that L. paracasei 01 fermented milk beverage could reduce macromolecule permeability caused by dextran sodium sulfate‐induced damage. Besides, 50 mL L−1 fermented milk beverage with live L. paracasei 01 in the cell medium could increase intestinal epithelial cell Caco‐2 growth, decrease lipopolysaccharide/tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)/interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐induced Caco‐2 cell death and chemokine CCL‐20 production. The protecting mechanisms involve promoting intestinal epithelial cell growth and intestinal epithelial integrity to strengthen the intestinal barrier against chemical and inflammatory stimuli‐induced damage. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine such as IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and CCL‐20 also contributes to the beneficial effects of this product on epithelial function.CONCLUSIONLactobacillus paracasei 01 fermented milk beverage may be a new functional food with intestinal protecting effects in vitro. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry