bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kunene Anorthosite Complex, Namibia, and Its Satellite Intrusions: Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Economic Potential
Authors: Maier W. D. , Rasmussen B. , Fletcher I. R. , Li C. , Barnes S-J. , Huhma H. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The Kunene Complex of Namibia-Angola is one of the largest anorthosite massifs on Earth (up to 18,000 km2), consisting of several distinct anorthosite and leucotroctolite intrusions. The Namibian portion of the Kunene Complex measures ~80 × 50 km, ~4,000 km2, and is dominated by the Zebra Mountain lobe, a ~16-km-thick dome-like mass of interlayered, relatively unaltered dark leucotroctolite with relatively altered, “white,” anorthosite. Past studies and the present work have found evidence for intrusion of two distinct phases of dark leucotroctolite into the white anorthosite, namely a relatively early, deformed, phase dated at 1363 ± 17 Ma (U-Pb in baddelyite), and a relatively later and undeformed phase whose absolute age remains unknown. The Kunene leucotroctolites are among the least evolved troctolites known from anorthosite complexes, with olivine containing 59 to 77 mol % forsterite and up to 1,700 ppm Ni, and plagioclase containing 56 to 69 mol % anorthosite. Our isotope data from the troctolites indicate a relatively small crustal component (δ18O, ~5.3–7.3; δ34S, 0.5–1; and ɛNdT, 0.9–1.8), whereas Nd and oxygen isotope data from the white anorthosites, published by other workers, showed a slightly larger crustal component (e.g., ɛNdT as low as −3; δ18O up to 7.5‰).
In the periphery of the Kunene Complex are several, relatively small (&lt;10 km2), mafic-ultramafic intrusions comprising peridotite, pyroxenite, gabbro, troctolite, and anorthosite. Some of these bodies are Ni-Cu-PGE mineralized, including the Ohamaremba troctolite, the Oncocua pyroxenite, and the Ombuku peridotite-gabbronorite. The latter additionally contains a massive chromitite layer. A new U-Pb baddelyite age of 1220 ± 15 Ma for Ohamaremba indicates that the latter postdates the main Kunene Complex by ~140 Ma.
The relative enrichment in MgO, Cr, and Ni, and the O, Nd, and S isotope characteristics of Kunene magmatism suggest that the primary magmas were predominantly mantle-derived picrites or basalts. The massif-type anorthosites formed through ascent of feldspathic slurries followed by downward draining of residual liquid. Subsequent magma pulses formed troctolitic sills within the anorthosite plutons and mafic-ultramafic satellite intrusions in the periphery of the anorthosites. The recurring nature of Kunene mafic-ultramafic magmatism results from several successive mantle upwellings. Partial mantle melts ascended through reactivated translithospheric lineaments along the southern margin of the Congo craton.
Trace Metal Levels in Vehicle Air and Pollen Filter Dusts by the BCR Extraction Procedure
Authors: Altundağ Hüseyin , Dündar Mustafa Şahin , Keskin Can Serkan 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The availability of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe and Zn of dust from vehicle air and pollen filters were investigated by four-step BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, residual extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results indicated that both of air and pollen filter dusts contained higher concentration of Fe. To estimate the accuracy of the method the standard reference material BCR 701 was used. The results for recovery all the elements were found in the range 95.4-101.3%. The mean concentrations [μg/g] of trace elements in dusts from air filters/pollen filters were: cadmium 16.72/17.56; cobalt 24.22/23.72; chromium 46.02/55.44; copper 44.92/37.67; iron 1868.03/1854.92; manganese 231.2/213.64; nickel 38.89/45.27; lead 60.99/67.17; zinc 199.58/201.25. The results obtained are in agreement with data reported in the literature.
Calculation of Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition with the Frame Model and Assessment of the Exceedance of Critical Loads in Poland
Authors: Kryza Maciej , Mill Wojciech , Dore Anthony J. , Werner Małgorzata , Błaś Marek 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Sulphur and nitrogen deposition were calculated with the FRAME model and used to assess the exceedances of the critical loads for acidification and eutrophication of natural ecosystems in Poland. For the first time two tools: the FRAME and SONOX models were used jointly to provide information on ecosystems at risk. The FRAME model obtained close agreement with available sulphur and nitrogen wet deposition measurements. The total mass of sulphur deposited in Poland in year 2008 was estimated as 292 Gg S. Total deposition of nitrogen (oxidized + reduced) is 389 Gg N. 11% of the ecosystems in Poland were calculated to be at risk of acidification due to deposition of sulphur and nitrogen. In the case of eutrophication, over 95% of terrestrial ecosystems are at risk due to the large deposition of nitrogen compounds.
The Use of Water Plants in Biomonitoring And Phytoremediation of Waters Polluted with Heavy Metals
Authors: Krems Paweł , Rajfur Małgorzata , Wacławek Maria , Kłos Andrzej 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The publication is a synthetic review of many years of research on the possibility of using water plants (macrophytes) to assess pollution of surface waters and the possibility of using the biomass in phytoremediation processes. The results of the research of kinetics and equilibria of heavy metals sorption and desorption conditions were presented in order to repeatedly use the biomass, as well as the research on the influence of abiotic factors on sorption processes. Defence mechanisms of macrophytes, which enable them to vegetate in considerably polluted waters, have been discussed. The results presented herein and carried out in many countries demonstrate that macrophytes can be successfully used in the biomonitoring of water environments and phytoremediation of waters and sewage; however, validation of these procedures requires more detailed research of the mechanisms, which accompany them.
Effect of Development of the town of Przemysl on Operation of its Sewerage System
Authors: Stec Agnieszka , Słyś Daniel 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the sewage system functioning in the city of Przemysl. It was assumed that, as a result of joining to the city new areas, the volume of stormwater discharged to existing combined sewer system would increase continuously. The information about the areas that are planned to be joined was drawn from current development plan of the city. On the basis of data received from the sewage system exploiter hydrodynamic model of the drainage basin of Zasanie quarter was created. The model is based on the existing sewerage network design and development plan of the city. Simulations with the use of real-life precipitation data collected by the pluviometer in Przemysl were carried out with the use of Storm Water Management Model program.
Determination of hydraulic conductivity of a suspension
Authors: Petrova Marketa , Mls Jiri 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The process of sedimentation and subsequent gravity compression of kaolin and water suspensions was investigated experimentally. 45 batch tests were carried out and the time dependence of the height of the suspension column was measured. The one-dimensional equations of Darcian mechanics of two-phase porous media are applied to formulate the studied process mathematically. A very natural assumption makes it possible to find a solution of the forward problem for a starting period of the process. Analysis of the theoretical function and the experimental data gives hydraulic conductivity as a function of the suspension concentration. The obtained results are presented and discussed.
Exact analytical solutions for contaminant transport in rivers 1. The equilibrium advection-dispersion equation
Authors: Genuchten Martinus Th. van , Leij Feike J. , Skaggs Todd H. , Toride Nobuo , Bradford Scott A. , Pontedeiro Elizabeth M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Analytical solutions of the advection-dispersion equation and related models are indispensable for predicting or analyzing contaminant transport processes in streams and rivers, as well as in other surface water bodies. Many useful analytical solutions originated in disciplines other than surface-water hydrology, are scattered across the literature, and not always well known. In this two-part series we provide a discussion of the advection-dispersion equation and related models for predicting concentration distributions as a function of time and distance, and compile in one place a large number of analytical solutions. In the current part 1 we present a series of one- and multi-dimensional solutions of the standard equilibrium advection-dispersion equation with and without terms accounting for zero-order production and first-order decay. The solutions may prove useful for simplified analyses of contaminant transport in surface water, and for mathematical verification of more comprehensive numerical transport models. Part 2 provides solutions for advective- dispersive transport with mass exchange into dead zones, diffusion in hyporheic zones, and consecutive decay chain reactions.
Comparison of real evapotranspiration measured by weighing lysimeters with simulations based on the Penman formula and a crop growth model
Authors: Wegehenkel Martin , Gerke Horst H. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Although the quantification of real evapotranspiration (ETr) is a prerequisite for an appropriate estimation of the water balance, precision and uncertainty of such a quantification are often unknown. In our study, we tested a combined growth and soil water balance model for analysing the temporal dynamics of ETr. Simulated ETr, soil water storage and drainage rates were compared with those measured by 8 grass-covered weighable lysimeters for a 3-year period (January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998). For the simulations, a soil water balance model based on the Darcy-equation and a physiological-based growth model for grass cover for the calculation of root water uptake were used. Four lysimeters represented undisturbed sandy soil monoliths and the other four were undisturbed silty-clay soil monoliths. The simulated ETr-rates underestimated the higher ETr-rates observed in the summer periods. For some periods in early and late summer, the results were indicative for oasis effects with lysimeter-measured ETr-rates higher than corresponding calculated rates of potential grass reference evapotranspiration. Despite discrepancies between simulated and observed lysimeter drainage, the simulation quality for ETr and soil water storage was sufficient in terms of the Nash-Sutcliffe index, the modelling efficiency index, and the root mean squared error. The use of a physiological-based growth model improved the ETr estimations significantly.
Heavy and light minerals as a tool for reconstructing depositional environments: an example from the Jałówka site (northern Podlasie region, NE Poland)
Authors: Woronko Barbara , Rychel Joanna , Karasiewicz Mirosław T. , Ber Andrzej , Krzywicki Tomasz , Marks Leszek , Pochocka-Szwarc Katarzyna 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Part of northern Podlasie (NE Poland), shaped during the Wartanian stadial of the Odranian glaciation (Saalian), was situated in the periglacial zone during the Vistulian (Weichselian) glaciation. Both landforms and sediments were affected by the periglacial conditions. This is recorded at the Jałówka site, at the floor of a dry valley, where mineral deposits of 4.13 m thick, overlying organic deposits from the Eemian interglacial, were examined. These mineral deposits form four units, from bottom to top: a fluvial unit (I), a loess-like unit (II), a solifluction unit (III), and an aeolian unit with ice wedges (IV) on top of unit III. The heavy and light minerals were analysed, as well as the geochemistry, in order to find out about the parent material and to reconstruct the climatic conditions during deposition. The mineral analysis indicates that the Saalian till was predominantly derived from shallow-marine deposits; erosion accompanied by sorting of the heavy minerals took place on the basis of their mass and grain size. The original material of the till seems therefore to be sedimentary rocks from the eastern Central Baltic Basin. This material became strongly weathered under the periglacial conditions, resulting in the destruction of the quartz grains, as well as in leaching, leading to complete decalcification of the deposits. Aeolian activity resulted in infilling of ice wedges and the creation of thin layers. The intensity and the duration of these processes was limited, so that the effects of the aeolian abrasion are insignificant. Neither resulted the aeolian activity in significant reshaping of the landscape.
Modeling the tip-sample interaction in atomic force microscopy with Timoshenko beam theory
Authors: Claeyssen Julio R. , Tsukazan Teresa , Tonetto Leticia , Tolfo Daniela 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA matrix framework is developed for single and multispan micro-cantilevers Timoshenko beam models of use in atomic force microscopy (AFM). They are considered subject to general forcing loads and boundary conditions for modeling tipsample interaction. Surface effects are considered in the frequency analysis of supported and cantilever microbeams. Extensive use is made of a distributed matrix fundamental response that allows to determine forced responses through convolution and to absorb non-homogeneous boundary conditions. Transients are identified from intial values of permanent responses. Eigenanalysis for determining frequencies and matrix mode shapes is done with the use of a fundamental matrix response that characterizes solutions of a damped second-order matrix differential equation. It is observed that surface effects are influential for the natural frequency at the nanoscale. Simulations are performed for a bi-segmented free-free beam and with a micro-cantilever beam actuated by a piezoelectric layer laminated in one side.
Vertical microzonation of ciliates in cryoconite holes in Ecology Glacier, King George Island
Authors: Mieczan Tomasz , Górniak Dorota , Świątecki Aleksander , Zdanowski Marek , Tarkowska−Kukuryk Monika , Adamczuk Małgorzata 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThere are hardly any data concerning the vertical micro−distribution of protozoa in water column in cryoconite holes on the glacier surface. Such comparisons can provide in− sights into the ecology of protozoa. The present research wasmade on Ecology Glacier (South Shetland Islands, Antarctic); vertical microzonation of ciliates in relation to physical and chemical parameters in cryoconite holes was studied. The density and biomass of protozoans significantly differed between the studied stations (cryoconite holes), with the lowest num− bers in the surface water and the highest in the bottom water. The surface waters were domi− nated by mixotrophic and omnivorous taxa,whereas the deepest sampling level has shown the increase of the proportion of bacterivore species. Ordination analysis indicated that TN and P−PO4 can strongly regulate the abundance and species composition of protozoa. The redun− dancy analyses (RDA) showed that the ciliate communities can be separated into two groups. The first group included species associated with surface water: Halteria grandinella and Codonella sp. The second group included species that are associated with bottom water: Prorodon sp., Holosticha pullaster, Stylonychia mytilus−complex and small scuticociliates.
Benthic foraminifera from Pine Island and Ferrero bays, Amundsen Sea
Authors: Majewski Wojciech 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Twenty one core tops from the central part of Pine Island Bay and nearby Ferrero Bay were collected in early 2010. They originate from a poorly studied area of the Amundsen Sea influenced at greater depths by relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water. Almost all samples came from water−depths between 550 and 900 m and yield benthic foraminiferal assemblages of moderate variability with a significant decrease in calcareous forms with increasing water−depth. In total, 93 benthic taxa, belonging to 71 genera, are identified at the species level. They share a greater percentage of common species with the Ross Sea than with South Shetland Islands, most likely due to stronger climatic dissimilar− ity with the latter. Interestingly, the assemblages from Pine Island Bay, share the greatest numbers of taxa with assemblages described from Lutzow−Holm Bay in East Antarctica, where the influence of Circumpolar Deep Water has been also recognized.
Engineered RNA Nanodesigns for Applications in RNA Nanotechnology
Authors: Afonin Kirill A. , Lindsay Brian , Shapiro Bruce A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNucleic acids have emerged as an extremely promising platform for nanotechnological applications because of their unique biochemical properties and functions. RNA, in particular, is characterized by relatively high thermal stability, diverse structural flexibility, and its capacity to perform a variety of functions in nature. These properties make RNA a valuable platform for bio-nanotechnology, specifically RNA Nanotechnology, that can create
Vehicles for Small Interfering RNA transfection: Exosomes versus Synthetic Nanocarriers
Authors: Duechler Markus 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTherapies based on RNA interference (RNAi) hold a great potential for targeted interference of the expression of specific genes. Small-interfering RNAs (siRNA) and micro-RNAs interrupt protein synthesis by inducing the degradation of messenger RNAs or by blocking their translation. RNAibased therapies can modulate the expression of otherwise undruggable target proteins. Full exploitation of RNAi for medical purposes depends on efficient and safe methods for delivery of small RNAs to the target cells. Tremendous effort has gone into the development of synthetic carriers to meet all requirements for efficient delivery of nucleic acids into particular tissues. Recently, exosomes unveiled their function as a natural communication system which can be utilized for the transport of small RNAs into target cells. In this review, the capabilities of exosomes as delivery vehicles for small RNAs are compared to synthetic carrier systems. The step by step requirements for efficient transfection are considered: production of the vehicle, RNA loading, protection against degradation, lack of immunogenicity, targeting possibilities, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, RNA release into the cytoplasm and gene silencing efficiency. An exosomebased siRNA delivery system shows many advantages over conventional transfection agents, however, some crucial issues need further optimization before broad clinical application can be realized.
The Boundaries of Language: Dealing with Paralinguistic Features
Authors: Karpiński Maciej 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
Maciej Karpiński. The Boundaries of Language: Dealing with Paralinguistic Features. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. LIV (2)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-252-2, pp. 37-54.
The paralinguistic component of communication attracted a great deal of attention from contemporary linguists in the 1960s. The seminal works written then by Trager, Crystal and others had a powerful influence on the concept of paralanguage that lasted for many years. But, with the focus shifting towards the socio-psychological context of communication in the 1970s, the development of spoken corpora and databases and the significant progress in speech technology in the 1980s and 1990s, the need has arisen for a more comprehensive, coherent and formalised - but also flexible - approach to paralinguistic features. This study advances some preliminary proposals for a revised treatment of paralanguage that would meet some of these requirements and provide a conceptual basis for a new system of annotation for paralinguistic features. A range of views on paralinguistic features, which come mostly from the fields of speech prosody and gesture analysis, are briefly discussed. A number of assumptions and postulates are formulated to allow for a more consistent approach to paralinguistic features. The study suggests that there should be more reliance on continua than on binary categorisations of features, that multi-functionality and multimodality should be fully acknowledged and that clear distinctions should be made among the levels of description, and between the properties of speakers and the speech signal itself.
Resultatives in Basque: A Diachronic Study
Authors: Krajewska Dorota 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
Dorota Krajewska. Resultatives in Basque: A Diachronic Study. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. LIV (2)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-252-2, pp. 55-67.
This paper deals with several aspects of the diachrony of Basque resultative constructions. In present day Basque, resultatives can be used with perfect-like meaning. The goal of this paper has been thus to study the development of the non-resultative uses of resultative constructions. To this end, the diathesis types of resultative and the meanings the construction may convey are studied in a corpus of 17th to 20th century texts. It has been found that in the time span covered by the study, new diathesis types are introduced and two new meanings develop: perfect and experiential.
Synanthropic Orchard Flora in West Mazovia – Central Poland
Authors: Lisek Jerzy 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Research on synanthropic flora was conducted in the orchards of central Poland (near Skierniewice, Łowicz and Grójec). In the 2007-2010 time period, 390 phytosociological releves were taken, which included herbicide fallow under trees, swarm of inter-rows, tillage places, trodden and rutty places, roadsides, boundary stripes and drainage ditches. In the examined orchards the occurrence of 186 species belonging to 39 botanical families was noted. The most numerously represented were: Asteraceae (21%), Poaceae (15%), Brassicacea (8%) and Fabaceae (7%). In the examined orchards, 60% of the found species occurred occasionally or rarely. Those species which were found at the 15% level were: Equisetum arvense, Polygonum aviculare, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Stellaria media, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Convolvulus arvensis, Viola arvensis, Epilobium adenocaulon, Conyza canadensis, Taraxacum officinale, Poa annua, and Echinochloa crus-galli. All of these species which occurred at the 15% level were most frequently noted in the herbicide fallow and were recognised as the most significant orchard weeds. The most numerous group in the examined orchards was made up of the therophytes (50%), which predominated over hemicryptophytes (31%) and geophytes (10%). Apophytes - native species (59%) predominated over archeophytes (33%) and kenophytes (8%). Within the vascular flora of the examined orchards, those which were predominant were the segetal species (26%), ruderal species (21%) and meadow species (19%).