bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neyman‐Pearson Lemma
Authors: Hallin Marc 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Named after Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson, who published the result in 1933 [1], the Neyman–Pearson lemma can be considered as the theoretical cornerstone of the modern theory of hypothesis testing. Although the situation it is addressing (a
simple
null hypothesis versus a
simple
alternative) is of limited practical value, this lemma paved the way for all further developments of the theory; see Ref. [2] for an overview. We briefly state that fundamental result, and describe some immediate applications to standard one‐sided one‐parameter problems.
Robust estimation of location and scale
Authors: Croux Christophe , Dehon Catherine 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Sample mean and standard deviation are the classical estimators of the location and scale parameters of a statistical distribution. They are, however, unreliable in the presence of outliers. Robust alternatives have been proposed, of which the median and the median absolute deviation are best known. Several robust estimators of location and scale are reviewed and their properties discussed. The multivariate case is also discussed.
Skew Distributions
Authors: Ley Christophe 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Interest in skew distributions has been growing tremendously over the past two decades, driven mostly by applications. Indeed, datasets exhibiting evidence of nonsymmetric distributions are the rule rather than the exception. From a more theoretical perspective, skew distributions have been used as privileged alternatives in the construction of tests for symmetry and related inferential procedures. We review the history and development of skew distributions, describe the most important skewing methods, and present some examples for each method.
Agrobiodiversity
Authors: Hammer Karl , Piepho H.‐P. , Szabó Attila T. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Agrobiodiversity
is a term coined toward the end of the last millennium after the Rio conference on biodiversity. Important features of agrobiodiversity have been developed from a synthesis of biodiversity research and the genetic resources approach. The aim of agrobiodiversity is to include all crops and livestock, wild relatives, interacting species‐pollinators, symbionts, pests, parasites, predators, and competitors. As in the discussions of biological diversity, three levels are generally acknowledged: genetic diversity, species diversity, and the diversity of ecosystems. Genetic erosion, that is, the disappearance of a large number of traditional races and breeds and the predominance of a limited number of high‐bred organisms, leads to a tremendous loss of valuable genes. This particular process within agrobiodiversity is under intensive discussion, but a coherent theory has yet to be developed. In addition, for the strongly interacting elements of agrobiodiversity a generalized model is still far from being available.
Geomicrobiology and Environmental Biotechnology
Authors: Gadd Geoffrey M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Microbes play key geoactive roles in the biosphere in element and mineral biotransformations. Central to many geomicrobial processes are transformations of metals and minerals. Apart from being important in natural biosphere processes, metal and mineral transformations have beneficial or detrimental consequences in a human context. Bioremediation is the application of biological systems to the cleanup of organic and inorganic pollution, with bacteria and fungi being the most important organisms for reclamation, immobilization, or detoxification of metallic and radionuclide pollutants. Some biominerals or metallic elements deposited by microbes have catalytic and other properties in nanoparticle, crystalline, or colloidal forms. Several metal and mineral transformations by microbes result in spoilage and destruction of natural and synthetic materials, rock and mineral‐based building materials, for example, concrete, acid mine drainage and associated metal pollution, biocorrosion of metals, alloys, and related substances, and adverse effects on radionuclide speciation, mobility, and containment.
E
nergy
E
fficiency
Authors: Ang Beng Wah , Chai Kah Hin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In most countries, energy efficiency is now considered a key factor in achieving long‐term energy and climate goals. In this article, the concept and definitions of energy efficiency as they are generally used and presented in interdisciplinary energy studies are described. The techniques of measuring and tracking economy‐wide energy efficiency trends and the underlying methodological and application issues are explained. Various approaches to implementing energy efficiency and the barriers to energy efficiency are discussed. In view of the complexity of the issues involved, a holistic and systematic approach is needed to studying and managing energy efficiency.
Nanoparticles: Environmental Fate and Transport
Authors: Römer Isabella , Pettitt Michala E. , Lead Jamie R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Nanomaterials (NMs) are usually defined as those particles that have at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm in size. The unusual properties of NMs and our ability to manipulate matter at this spatial scale have accelerated growth in the production of nanoscale materials and the rapid increase of their applications in many areas has captured the attention of researchers, government, and industry worldwide. Study of their fate and impact in the environment is becoming important due to the large discharges to the environment and the potentially novel toxicities associate with NMs. Two of the most widely used metal and metal oxides in consumer products are silver (Ag) and titanium oxide (TiO
2
), both TiO
2
and Ag NMs will be discussed as exemplars of general NM fate and behavior processes. Understanding the NM environmental fate and behavior such as their environmental distributions and concentration, pathways, sinks are critical in determining environemntal exposure and risk. The precise fate of NMs is uncertain because of the complexity of (i) types NMs and (ii) different environmental systems
Renewable Energy Technologies
Authors: Deshmukh Sandip , Jinturkar Adesh 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished) forms of energy. One of the most notable features of renewable forms of energy is the diversity of technologies and resources. The prominent advantages of renewable energy sources are perennial, available locally, do not need elaborate arrangements for transport, usually modular in nature, environment‐friendly, suited for decentralized applications and use in remote areas, and so on. Renewable technology choices can be made on the basis of their adoption at the building integrated or community level. The density of development also plays an important role in technology selection. This article introduces various available forms of renewable energy and their applications.
Groundwater Remediation
Authors: Bjerg Poul L. , Broholm Mette , Lemming Gitte , Heron Gorm 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

This article focuses on off‐site, on‐site, and
in situ
treatment methods for chlorinated solvent and petroleum hydrocarbon source and plume zones at contaminated sites. Physical remediation methods often include
in situ
contaminant mass transfer followed by an on‐site treatment. Chemical and biological remediation methods provide contaminant mass destruction, which is preferable. However, physical methods such as thermal remediation technologies have shown very high efficiency within short time frames. The major challenges for chemical and biological methods are contaminations in low‐permeability settings and source zones with dense nonaqueous phase liquids, which cause long remediation time frames. Finally, considerations for choice of remediation technologies and the recent development in the use of decision support tools for environmental comparison of remedial alternatives and their life cycle impacts are addressed.
Geomatics Engineering
Authors: Pagiatakis Spiros D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Geomatics engineering is the modern term used to describe the group of related disciplines that collect, analyze, manage, and display a wide variety of geographic information, including digital imagery and satellite‐based position coordinates. Geomatics engineers use their knowledge of science, measurement technology, and engineering to solve complex real‐world problems. The key element in all geomatics applications is the common frame or grid to which all diverse data are referenced. Geomatics engineering applications touch every aspect of our daily lives but most importantly contribute significantly to the socioeconomic development, sovereignty, health and safety, and the environment of every country that has adopted a modern geospatial database.
Ocean Acidification
Authors: Cooley Sarah R. , Doney Scott C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Ocean acidification is the multidecadal decrease in ocean pH and change in seawater inorganic carbon chemistry caused primarily by uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
) from the atmosphere. Global surface ocean mean pH has decreased from 8.2 to 8.1 over the past two centuries; the current pH decrease is about 10‐100 times faster than past trends observed in the recent geological record. As CO
2
dissolves into the ocean, it decreases pH as well as carbonate ion concentrations (CO
3
2−
). Carbonate ions are required for the hard calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
) shells and skeletons that many marine organisms create. Many organisms decrease their rate of CaCO
3
production in response to ocean acidification. Other biological responses to ocean acidification include changes in photosynthesis and respiration, alterations in behavior, and shifts in intracellular chemistry. Ocean acidification may also alter the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen, carbon, and micronutrients. Direct impacts on individual organisms could then indirectly affect local ecosystems via altered predator‐prey relationships, competition, and habitat availability. Ecosystems that will most likely be affected include coral reefs, open ocean environments, high‐latitude oceans, and deep‐sea regions. Susceptible species provide human communities with many goods and services, so human communities may feel the effects of ocean acidification in several ways.
Climate Change, Cryosphere, and Atmospheric Chemistry
Authors: Brenning Alexander , Gel Yulia R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this article, we briefly review three major methodological challenges faced in climate change research, cryospheric science, and atmospheric chemistry, namely, (i) matching and correlation of climatic and (paleo)climatic records, (ii) trend and regime shift analysis, and (iii) spatial downscaling and modeling. We discuss uses and misuses of statistics in climate research and provide general perspectives on open research problems lying at the intersection of modern statistical science and climate studies.
Ecological Economics
Authors: Stern David I. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Ecological economics is a relatively new interdisciplinary field concerned with the relationship between economic systems and the biological and physical world. This article covers the following topics: a discussion of views on whether ecological economics is just a field or approach within economics or a new “transdisciplinary” field in its own right; origin of the name of the field; core common principles of ecological economics; comparison with environmental economics; applications; history and institutions of ecological economics. The core principles are that the economy is embedded and dependent upon the ecosphere and that, therefore, models of the economy have to comply with biophysical principles. Ecological economists believe that there are limits to our ability to substitute human‐made inputs and knowledge for natural resources and the environment in both production and consumption. They also argue that economic policy must consider jointly the objectives of economic efficiency, equity, and sustainability.
Colimitations
Authors: Wacker Alexander 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Understanding the interactions in resource limitations is a crucial challenge for ecological sciences. If organisms are simultaneously limited by more than one nutrient, they face a multiple resource limitation, which is often described by the term
co‐limitation
. Though the concept of co‐limitation has been successfully applied to describe nutrient‐limited growth responses of plants, this concept has been poorly applied to the nutrient‐limited growth of animals. This article provides essential insights into the concept of co‐limitation and its different facets, in particular the differences among modeling equations.
Forest Ecology
Authors: Johnson E. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractForest ecology focuses on the ecology of forest trees and provides the ecological basis for silviculture, forest management, and forest economics. Recent years have seen forest ecology shift from field trials and correlation studies to more process models. Forest ecology has also been enriched by hydrology, meteorology, soil science, geomorphology, economics, and wildlife management. Watersheds and water budgets, forest geomorphology, and ecosystem management, three areas that have seen significant advances are discussed in more detail.
Species Interaction Networks
Authors: Chiu Grace S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
To gain insight into the food web structure through analysis of empirical food webs, it is necessary to disentangle the complex interdependence among the species interactions that form the food web. This article reviews some basics for making sense of species trophic (feeding) interactions and any associated nonconsumption information. It then provides some details of a more novel statistical‐model‐based social network analysis approach. The inference for food web structure resulting from the single rigorous quantitative analysis incorporates trophic data and any available nontrophic data, and accounts for uncertainty inherent in the data. The inference can reveal trophic patterns simultaneously from three different perspectives of feeding behavior: trophic activity, predator's preference, and so‐called prey's preference.
Aerial Survey Data
Authors: Ver Hoef Jay M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAircraft are important platforms for sampling and monitoring the environment. Aerial surveys often use photography to estimate some environmental feature over large geographic areas. In this article I use wildlife surveys from Alaska as examples, which are broadly classified based on visibility of the response variable. Census data is covered first, where all objects are visible to be counted with complete survey coverage. Sampling is used when all objects are visible but complete survey coverage is not possible. When objects are only partially visible, distance sampling and capture‐recapture methods are popular. Even when items are only partially visible, it may still be possible to estimate trend and habitat relationships. Occupancy models can be used for less expensive, rapid surveys, or when objects are very difficult to see but evidence of presence is possible. Advancements in technology such as digital cameras, GPS systems, etc., have made aircraft more valuable and cost effective for surveys, and this trend will likely continue.
Conservation Planning
Authors: Zwick Paul D. , Carr Margaret 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Conservation planning – a subdiscipline of environmental planning that focuses on the development of plans to address conservation objectives including the protection of biological diversity, environmental processes, and all other ecological services on which human life depends. The plans might include the adoption of some form of public policy, a private set of actions, or the design of some physical feature to achieve a conservation goal.

Conservation implies some moral thought or normative objective as embodied in an ethic or set of ethics. There is no better place to turn to find that moral guidance than the writings of the pioneer conservationist, Aldo Leopold. Leopold discussed conservation in his classic book
A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There
, stating “that conservation is getting nowhere because of its incompatibility with our Abrahamic concept of land”. He described the drive to support conservation as evolving from two concepts (i) a conservation esthetic and (ii) a land ethic. He argued that the essence of conservation revolves around a conservation esthetic which he declared to be “the common consent that it is good for people to get back to nature”. Second, he argued that conservation is not adequately valued monetarily, that most conservation value is derived from an esthetic quality of the land and by a land owners understanding that the land is important for natural processes. To describe the natural system web of interlinking components and processes, he presented one of the first descriptions of ecosystem energy flows by defining a “land pyramid.” His land pyramid starts with the soil layer that supports the plant layer that in turn supports the insect layer. Next, the insect layer supports the birds and small animals, channeling energy to predators, which ultimately support the top carnivore layer. Today, his land pyramid is still valid and eloquently describes the flow of energy from the sun through plants to the rest of the ecosystem. Subsequent leaders in the evolution of conservation thinking like Archie Carr, David Ehrenfeld, and Holmes Rolston have expanded on the guidance provided by Leopold, articulating each in their own way, why it is important to engage in conservation planning.
Process Models
Authors: Johnson E. A. , Martin Y. E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Three types of process models are described: physical models, conceptual models and mathematical models. The choice of a model depends on the available knowledge about the process, available data and the intended uses of the model. Two examples of process mathematical models are briefly described with one dealing with modeling sediment transport process in geomorphology while the other is concerned with modeling the changes in population number overtime.
E
nvironmental
I
ndices
Authors: Dobbie Melissa J. , Dail David 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

An environmental index is the combination of multiple sources of information (i.e., indicators of ecological responses) about an environmental system (e.g., a stream) from potentially varying attributes of that system (e.g., instream processes, ecological processes, species richness, riparian vegetation, etc.). Environmental indices are typically developed to provide an overall snapshot of some feature of the environmental system but they are also used to compare similar environmental systems. The construction of an environmental index requires careful consideration of several important aspects of the individual environmental indicators that contribute to it, namely,

defining a theoretical framework for supporting indicator selection;

data preparation;

standardization of the potentially disparate indicators so that they can easily be combined into an index;

weighting and aggregation of the individual indicators; and

robustness and sensitivity of the decisions made in constructing an environmental index.

By considering all five steps, there is a better chance of producing a transparent, objective, and defensible summary of the attribute of the environmental system.
Statistical Graphics
Authors: Wickham Hadley 
Published: January 2013

AbstractStatistical graphics (let alone visualisation) is a very broad field. This article is my personal take on it, focussing on the works that are most useful for creating insightful graphics. Visualisations work because they display data in a way that is easy for the brain to parse and interpret: this means we need to know a little bit about cognitive psychology, particularly the perception of continuous values, colour and differences. It's also helpful to be aware of what's already been done, so I also summarise the origins the most common statistical graphics, plots of statistical summaries, graphics for high‐dimensional data, display spatial data, and the grammar of graphics.
E
xtremes:
S
patial
M
odels and
P
rediction
Authors: Stoev Stilian A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Max‐stable processes and fields are reviewed as natural models of spatial extremes. Their stochastic properties, extremal integral, and de Haan spectral representations are briefly discussed. A solution to the prediction problem for a large class of spectrally discrete max‐linear models is presented and illustrated over a data set of rainfall extremes.
Soil Contamination and Remediation
Authors: Zvomuya Francis , Murata Alison P. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Soil contamination is a major concern across the globe because it poses a severe threat to human and environmental health. Organisms that come into direct or indirect contact with contaminated soil or its associated groundwater may be negatively impacted. Soil contamination is also a problem because it reduces the quality and productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although soil contamination can be caused by natural processes and events, most contamination is the result of anthropogenic activities. Sites may be contaminated with a variety of contaminants, which are grouped into two categories: inorganic and organic. Inorganic contaminants include trace elements and radionuclides, whereas organic contaminants include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons, and pesticides. Trace elements and PAHS are the most abundant and widespread contaminants. When sites are found to be contaminated, a wide variety of remediation strategies exists to address the problem. This article discusses some of the more common technologies used to treat contaminated soils.
Judgments about Felony‐Murder in Hindsight
Authors: Evelo Andrew J. , Greene Edie 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe purpose of this research was to investigate the role of hindsight bias in application of the felony‐murder law, a controversial rule stating that felons can be held responsible for any foreseeable deaths that occur as a result of their felony. Some versions of the rule involve notions of proximate cause requiring legal decision makers to determine foreseeability and assess case evidence. Those judgments may be biased by outcome information and the process of cognitive sense‐making. Jury eligible participants read a crime vignette modeled on an actual felony‐murder case manipulated with regard to outcome information and relevant case facts. They made likelihood judgments and rated felons on intent and culpability. Results indicated that outcome information biased death likelihood ratings in hindsight but did not significantly affect assessments of case evidence. Implications for further applied cognitive research regarding the felony‐murder rule are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.