bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘drug policy ratchet’: why do sanctions for new psychoactive drugs typically only go up?
Authors: Stevens Alex , Measham Fiona 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIt has been much more common for drugs to be subjected to tighter rather than looser control as drugs and evidence about their effects have has emerged. We argue that there is in place a drug policy ratchet which subjects new psychoactive substances (NPS) to increasing control through the continuation of historical patterns that involve the attribution to emerging drugs of guilt by three different kinds of association: guilt by deviant association; guilt by lunatic association; and guilt by molecular association. We use our contemporary ethnographic experience of drug policy‐making to show how these processes continue to be applied to policy onNPS, alongside selective, narrative use of evidence and the ‘silent silencing’ by absorption of the concept of evidence‐based policy. We show that the drug policy ratchet cannot be justified as an example of the precautionary principle in action, as this principle is itself not rationally justified. We conclude that recognition of the drug policy ratchet and its mechanisms may help researchers and policy‐makers to improve regulation ofNPS.
Assessing Risk to Birds from Industrial Wind Energy Development via Paired Resource Selection Models
Authors: MILLER TRICIA A. , BROOKS ROBERT P. , LANZONE MICHAEL , BRANDES DAVID , COOPER JEFF , O'MALLEY KIERAN , MAISONNEUVE CHARLES , TREMBLAY JUNIOR , DUERR ADAM , KATZNER TODD 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhen wildlife habitat overlaps with industrial development animals may be harmed. Because wildlife and people select resources to maximize biological fitness and economic return, respectively, we estimated risk, the probability of eagles encountering and being affected by turbines, by overlaying models of resource selection for each entity. This conceptual framework can be applied across multiple spatial scales to understand and mitigate impacts of industry on wildlife. We estimated risk to Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) from wind energy development in 3 topographically distinct regions of the central Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania (United States) based on models of resource selection of wind facilities (n = 43) and of northbound migrating eagles (n = 30). Risk to eagles from wind energy was greatest in the Ridge and Valley region; all 24 eagles that passed through that region used the highest risk landscapes at least once during low altitude flight. In contrast, only half of the birds that entered the Allegheny Plateau region used highest risk landscapes and none did in the Allegheny Mountains. Likewise, in the Allegheny Mountains, the majority of wind turbines (56%) were situated in poor eagle habitat; thus, risk to eagles is lower there than in the Ridge and Valley, where only 1% of turbines are in poor eagle habitat. Risk within individual facilities was extremely variable; on average, facilities had 11% (SD 23; range = 0–100%) of turbines in highest risk landscapes and 26% (SD 30; range = 0–85%) of turbines in the lowest risk landscapes. Our results provide a mechanism for relocating high‐risk turbines, and they show the feasibility of this novel and highly adaptable framework for managing risk of harm to wildlife from industrial development.Evaluación del Riesgo para las Aves por el Desarrollo de Energía Eólica Industrial Mediante Modelos de Selección de Recursos Pareados.
Clinical significance and detection of microRNA‐21 in serum of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in Chinese population
Authors: Chen Weiqun , Wang Hui , Chen Heming , Liu Shuiyi , Lu Hongda , Kong Deyong , Huang Xiaodong , Kong Qinzhi , Lu Zhongxin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundExpression patterns of microRNAs in serum are involved in potentially non‐invasive biomarkers for various diseases. The purpose of this study is to examine the expression of miR‐21 in serum of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and to validate the significance of miR‐21 in early diagnosis, genotyping, treatment options as well as its prognosis estimates of Chinese DLBCL.MethodsmiR‐21 expression was detected by fluorescent quantity polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 9 DLBCL cell lines (OCI‐Ly1, OCI‐Ly3, OCI‐Ly4, OCI‐Ly7, OCI‐Ly8, OCI‐Ly10, OCI‐Ly18, OCI‐Ly19, and HBL), as well as in tumor tissue and serum samples from patients with DLBCL (germinal center B‐cell‐like (GCB) DLBCL 32; activated B‐cell‐like (ABC) DLBCL 30) and 50 healthy subjects.ResultsExpression of miR‐21 was increased in DLBCL cell lines. Compared with the miR‐21 expression of GCB subgroup (OCI‐Ly1, OCI‐Ly4, OCI‐Ly7, OCI‐Ly8, OCI‐Ly18, OCI‐Ly19), ABC subgroup (OCI‐Ly3, OCI‐Ly10, and HBL) has higher expression (t = 11.18, P < 0.01). Circulating miR‐21 level in sera from patients with DLBCLwas associated with matched tumor tissue (r2 = 0.931, P < 0.0001). Consistent with the in vitro, miR‐21 expression levels in serum of patients with DLBCL [21.38(10.26–45.21)] were higher than those in serum of control cases [1.87(1.05–3.97); U = 168, P = 0.000]. Moreover, miR‐21 expression levels in serum of patients with subgroup ABC [28.68(14.92~98.44)] were higher than that of patients with subgroup GCB [18.3(7.32~33.46); U = 336, P = 0.043]. miR‐21 expression in serum of DLBCL with stage I and II were higher than those in stage III and IV (U = 62, P = 0.013 in GCB type; U = 53, P = 0.014 in ABC type). Compared with relapse‐free survival in patients with DLBCL, high expression of miR‐21 was associated with well prognosis (U = 259, P = 0.035).ConclusionmiR‐21 expressed in the serum of patients with DLBCL from Chinese was associated with clinical stage, molecular subgroup, and prognosis estimates. miR‐21 may be served as a biomarker in early diagnosis, genotyping, treatment options, and prognosis estimating of Chinese DLBCL.
The effects of a breastfeeding self‐efficacy intervention on short‐term breastfeeding outcomes among primiparous mothers in Wuhan, China
Authors: Wu Di Shi , Hu Jie , McCoy Thomas P. , Efird Jimmy T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the effects of a breastfeeding intervention on primiparous mothers' breastfeeding self‐efficacy, breastfeeding duration and exclusivity at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum.BackgroundFew studies have examined the effects of breastfeeding self‐efficacy on improved breastfeeding outcomes among primiparous mothers in China.DesignAn experimental pre‐test and posttest, two‐group design was used in the study.MethodsA total of 74 participants were recruited to the study from a tertiary hospital in central China, from June–October 2012. An individualized, standardized nursing intervention based on the Self‐Efficacy Theory was delivered to enhance mothers' breastfeeding self‐efficacy, breastfeeding duration and exclusivity at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention or referent group. Participants in the intervention group received three individualized, self‐efficacy‐enhancing sessions. Participants in the referent group received standard care.ResultsParticipants in the intervention group showed significantly greater increases in breastfeeding self‐efficacy, exclusivity and duration than participants in the control group at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum (except for duration at 4 weeks). High baseline breastfeeding self‐efficacy predicted higher breastfeeding self‐efficacy later and more exclusive breast‐feeding.ConclusionThe findings in this study suggest that intervention aimed at increasing self‐efficacy has a significant impact on maternal breastfeeding self‐efficacy and short‐term breastfeeding outcomes.
The functional role of microRNAs in alcoholic liver injury
Authors: McDaniel Kelly , Herrera Leonardo , Zhou Tianhao , Francis Heather , Han Yuyan , Levine Phillip , Lin Emily , Glaser Shannon , Alpini Gianfranco , Meng Fanyin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe function of microRNAs (miRNAs) during alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has recently become of great interest in biological research. Studies have shown that ALD associated miRNAs play a crucial role in the regulation of liver‐inflammatory agents such as tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), one of the key inflammatory agents responsible for liver fibrosis (liver scarring) and the critical contributor of alcoholic liver disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the cell wall of gram‐negative bacteria, is responsible for TNF‐α release by Kupffer cells. miRNAs are the critical mediators of LPS signalling in Kupffer cells, hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Certain miRNAs, in particular miR‐155 and miR‐21, show a positive correlation in up‐regulation of LPS signalling when they are exposed to ethanol. ALD is related to enhanced gut permeability that allows the levels of LPS to increase, leads to increased secretion of TNF‐α by the Kupffer cells and subsequently promotes alcoholic liver injury through specific miRNAs. Meanwhile, two of the most frequently dysregulated miRNAs in steatohepatitis, miR‐122 and miR‐34a are the critical mediators in ethanol/LPS activated survival signalling during ALD. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the experimental and clinical aspects of functions of specific microRNAs, focusing mainly on inflammation and cell survival after ethanol/LPS treatment, and advances on the role of circulating miRNAs in human alcoholic disorders.
Outbreak of pathogenic Escherichia coli in an outdoor‐housed non‐human primate colony
Authors: Kolappaswamy K. , Nazareno J. , Porter W.P. , Klein H.J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundPathogenic Escherichia coli has been identified as an etiologic agent in humans causing acute diarrhea or even death but has been rarely reported in non‐human primates (NHP). An outbreak of diarrhea occurred in an outdoor‐housed NHP colony over a period of 2 months with an attack rate of 29%.MethodsBacterial culture and PCR were performed on the fecal specimens to identify enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in the NHPs.ResultsBy random sampling of 10% of fecal samples of diarrheal cases, four cases of EIEC in rhesus macaques and two cases of EHEC in cynomolgus macaques were confirmed.ConclusionThis is the first time EIEC and EHEC have been reported in NHPs associated with diarrhea. The primary source of infection could not be determined.
Early Numerical Studies on the Peristaltic Flow through the Pharynx
Authors: Salinas‐Vázquez M. , Vicente W. , Brito‐de la Fuente E. , Gallegos C. , Márquez J. , Ascanio G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe flow through the pharynx from the GPJ to the UES has been numerically investigated with a non‐Newtonian fluid obeying the power law with similar rheological indices to a contrast medium used in videofluroscopy. Flow fields revealed the occurrence of reflux regions in the beginning, being this effect stronger at low entrance pressure, which could be related to abnormal swallowing. As a consequence, the bolus travels preferably along the walls. It has been also observed that the bolus head travels faster than the bolus tail, which indicates that the bolus is elongated. Results from this work can be further used for a rheological characterization of oral nutritional supplements for patients suffering from swallowing disorders.Practical ApplicationsThe flow through the pharynx has been numerically investigated with a non‐Newtonian fluid to get insight about causes leading to abnormal swallowing. Reflux has been observed in the beginning as result of a central stream and two symmetric loops generated along the walls, being this effect at low peristaltic pressure. Velocity fields revealed that the bolus head travels faster than the bolus tail, which is a result of the geometry and conservation of mass. Under these conditions, extensional stresses are generated by the flexion of the pharynx walls. Shear rate fields allowed establishing the shear rate range at which the bolus is subjected along the pharynx, which is useful for the rheological characterization of supplements for patients suffering from swallowing disorders.
Integer‐valued Trawl Processes: A Class of Stationary Infinitely Divisible Processes
Authors: Barndorff‐Nielsen Ole E. , Lunde Asger , Shephard Neil , Veraart Almut E.D. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces a new continuous‐time framework for modelling serially correlated count and integer‐valued data. The key component in our new model is the class of integer‐valued trawl processes, which are serially correlated, stationary, infinitely divisible processes. We analyse the probabilistic properties of such processes in detail and, in addition, study volatility modulation and multivariate extensions within the new modelling framework. Moreover, we describe how the parameters of a trawl process can be estimated and obtain promising estimation results in our simulation study. Finally, we apply our new modelling framework to high‐frequency financial data.
Changing Healthcare System Types
Authors: Wendt Claus 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article classifies 32 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) healthcare systems based on data from 2001 and 2007. It shows that European countries are clustered in different types of healthcare systems and that traditional typologies are only partially represented in the four types of healthcare systems identified in this study. Type 1 represents countries with low total health expenditure (THE), high public financing, and low out‐of‐pocket payment (OOP). In‐patient healthcare is higher and out‐patient healthcare lower than the OECD average. General practitioners (GPs) are paid by capitation, and patients' access to healthcare is strictly regulated. Type 2 represents countries with an average level of THE, high public financing, above‐average OOP, and high in‐patient and out‐patient healthcare. GPs receive a salary, and access regulation is strict. Type 3 is characterized by very low THE, low public financing, and very high OOP. Both in‐patient and out‐patient healthcare is well below average, and GPs are paid a salary. Type 4 includes systems with the highest THE, the highest public financing, and the lowest direct payments by patients. In‐patient healthcare is below the OECD mean and out‐patient healthcare is well above it. GPs are paid by fee‐for‐service, and most countries offer free choice of medical doctors. The clusters for the years 2001 and 2007 are quite robust. During this time period, THE increased, and patients' access to medical doctors has since become more regulated.
Opportunities and Impediments for Open GIS
Authors: Sui Daniel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe field of GIS (S for Systems, Sciences, Services, and Studies) is at a cross‐road in the early 2010s. Aiming to link the multiple visions for the next phase of GIS development, this article suggests that the emerging open GIS should serve as a guiding concept. Contextualized in the broader literature of open science, this article proposes open GIS should include eight dimensions related to data, software, hardware, standards, research, publication, funding, and education. For the GIS community, open GIS offers four exciting opportunities: (1) technology‐driven opportunities for addressing challenges posed by the (spatial) big data deluge; (2) application‐led opportunities for confronting the problems of a rapidly changing planet; (3) curiosity‐inspired, crowd‐powered opportunities for the development of an open and geographic citizen science; and (4) education‐focused opportunities for implementing the vision of a spatial university. Although there are academic, legal, social/political, and environmental impediments for the practice of open GIS, open GIS will become increasingly important in shaping our research and educational agendas in the future.
Does Warm-Up Have a Beneficial Effect on 100-m Freestyle?
Authors: Neiva Henrique P. , Marques Mario C. , Fernandes Ricardo J. , Viana João L. , Barbosa Tiago M. , Marinho Daniel A. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:To investigate the effect of warm-up on 100-m swimming performance.Methods:Twenty competitive swimmers (with a training frequency of 8.0 ± 1.0 sessions/wk) performed 2 maximal 100-m freestyle trials on separate days, with and without prior warm-up, in a counterbalanced and randomized design. The warm-up distance totaled 1000 m and replicated the swimmers’ usual precompetition warm-up strategy. Performance (time), physiological (capillary blood lactate concentrations), psychophysiological (perceived exertion), and biomechanical variables (distance per stroke, stroke frequency, and stroke index) were assessed on both trials.Results:Performance in the 100-m was fastest in the warm-up condition (67.15 ± 5.60 vs 68.10 ± 5.14 s; P = .01), although 3 swimmers swam faster without warm-up. Critical to this was the 1st 50-m lap (32.10 ± 2.59 vs 32.78 ± 2.33 s; P < .01), where the swimmers presented higher distance per stroke (2.06 ± 0.19 vs. 1.98 ± 0.16 m; P = .04) and swimming efficiency compared with the no-warm-up condition (stroke index 3.46 ± 0.53 vs 3.14 ± 0.44 m2 · c−1 · s−1; P < .01). Notwithstanding this better stroke-kinematic pattern, blood lactate concentrations and perceived exertion were similar between trials.Conclusions:These results suggest that swimmers’ usual warm-up routines lead to faster 100-m freestyle swimming performance, a factor that appears to be related to better swimming efficiency in the 1st lap of the race. This study highlights the importance of performing swimming drills (for higher distance per stroke) before a maximal 100-m freestyle effort in similar groups of swimmers.
High Frequency of Acinetobacter soli among Acinetobacter Isolates Causing Bacteremia at a Tertiary Hospital in Japan
Authors: Endo Shiro , Yano Hisakazu , Kanamori Hajime , Inomata Shinya , Aoyagi Tetsuji , Hatta Masumitsu , Gu Yoshiaki , Tokuda Koichi , Kitagawa Miho , Kaku Mitsuo 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
is generally the most frequently isolated
Acinetobacter
species. Sequence analysis techniques allow reliable identification of
Acinetobacter
isolates at the species level. Forty-eight clinical isolates of
Acinetobacter
spp. were obtained from blood cultures at Tohoku University Hospital. These isolates were identified at the species level by partial sequencing of the RNA polymerase β-subunit (
rpoB
), 16S rRNA, and
gyrB
genes. Then further characterization was done by using the PCR for detection of OXA-type β-lactamase gene clusters, metallo-β-lactamases, and
carO
genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing were also performed. The most frequent isolate was
Acinetobacter soli
(27.1%). Six of the 13
A. soli
isolates were carbapenem nonsusceptible, and all of these isolates produced IMP-1. PFGE revealed that the 13
A. soli
isolates were divided into 8 clusters. This study demonstrated that
A. soli
accounted for a high proportion of
Acinetobacter
isolates causing bacteremia at a Japanese tertiary hospital. Non-
A. baumannii
species were identified more frequently than
A. baumannii
and carbapenem-nonsusceptible isolates were found among the non-
A. baumannii
strains. These results emphasize the importance of performing epidemiological investigations of
Acinetobacter
species.
Small Noncoding RNAs in Cells Transformed by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1: a Role for a tRNA Fragment as a Primer for Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Ruggero Katia , Guffanti Alessandro , Corradin Alberto , Sharma Varun Kumar , De Bellis Gianluca , Corti Giorgio , Grassi Angela , Zanovello Paola , Bronte Vincenzo , Ciminale Vincenzo , D'Agostino Donna M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The present study employed mass sequencing of small RNA libraries to identify the repertoire of small noncoding RNAs expressed in normal CD4
+
T cells compared to cells transformed with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The results revealed distinct patterns of microRNA expression in HTLV-1-infected CD4
+
T-cell lines with respect to their normal counterparts. In addition, a search for virus-encoded microRNAs yielded 2 sequences that originated from the plus strand of the HTLV-1 genome. Several sequences derived from tRNAs were expressed at substantial levels in both uninfected and infected cells. One of the most abundant tRNA fragments (tRF-3019) was derived from the 3′ end of tRNA-proline. tRF-3019 exhibited perfect sequence complementarity to the primer binding site of HTLV-1. The results of an
in vitro
reverse transcriptase assay verified that tRF-3019 was capable of priming HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase. Both tRNA-proline and tRF-3019 were detected in virus particles isolated from HTLV-1-infected cells. These findings suggest that tRF-3019 may play an important role in priming HTLV-1 reverse transcription and could thus represent a novel target to control HTLV-1 infection.

IMPORTANCE
Small noncoding RNAs, a growing family of regulatory RNAs that includes microRNAs and tRNA fragments, have recently emerged as key players in many biological processes, including viral infection and cancer. In the present study, we employed mass sequencing to identify the repertoire of small noncoding RNAs in normal T cells compared to T cells transformed with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The results revealed a distinct pattern of microRNA expression in HTLV-1-infected cells and a tRNA fragment (tRF-3019) that was packaged into virions and capable of priming HTLV-1 reverse transcription, a key event in the retroviral life cycle. These findings indicate tRF-3019 could represent a novel target for therapies aimed at controlling HTLV-1 infection.
NF-κB Inhibition Facilitates the Establishment of Cell Lines That Chronically Produce Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Viral Particles
Authors: Zahoor Muhammad Atif , Philip Subha , Zhi Huijun , Giam Chou-Zen 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Most human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected HeLa and SupT1 cells cease proliferation and become senescent immediately after infection by HTLV-1 or transduction of the HTLV-1
tax
gene. The cellular senescence response triggered by Tax is caused by hyperactivated NF-κB and mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21
CIP1/WAF1
and p27
KIP1
. When NF-κB activity is blocked by a degradation-resistant form of IκBα, ΔN-IκBα, Tax-induced senescence is averted. Here, we show that NF-κB inhibition through the expression of ΔN-IκBα allows cells of a human osteosarcoma (HOS) cell line to be chronically infected by HTLV-1. Stable HTLV-1-producing HOS cell clones can be readily established and isolated. These clones continue to proliferate in culture; express Tax, Rex, Gag, and Env proteins persistently; and transmit HTLV-1 to naive HOS, SupT1, and Jurkat T reporter cell lines readily after cocultivation. As HOS cells are adherent to culture plates, infected T cells in suspension can be easily collected and characterized. The ease with which chronic and productive HTLV-1 infection can be established in cell culture through inhibition of NF-κB affords a useful means to examine in depth the molecular events of HTLV-1 replication and the mechanisms of action of viral genes.

IMPORTANCE
This paper describes a system for establishing cell lines that can be productively infected by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and can spread HTLV-1 to susceptible cells. Such a system can facilitate the study of HTLV-1 replication in cell culture.