bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic influences on leaf trait integration inPelargonium(Geraniaceae): Convergence, divergence, and historical adaptation to a rapidly changing climate
Authors: Jones Cynthia S. , Martínez‐Cabrera Hugo I. , Nicotra Adrienne B. , Mocko Kerri , Marais Elizabeth M. , Schlichting Carl D. 
Published: July 2013

•Premise of the study:Trait integration may improve prediction of species and lineage responses to future climate change more than individual traits alone, particularly when analyses incorporate effects of phylogenetic relationships. The South African genusPelargoniumcontains divergent major clades that have radiated along the same seasonal aridity gradient, presenting the opportunity to ask whether patterns of evolution in mean leaf trait values are achieved through the same set of coordinated changes among traits in each clade.•Methods:Seven leaf traits were measured on field‐collected leaves from one‐third of the species (98) of the genus. Trait relationships were examined using phylogenetic regression within major clades. Disparity analysis determined whether the course of trait evolution paralleled historical climate change events.•Key results:Divergence in mean trait values between sister clades A1 and A2 was consistent with expectations for leaves differing in longevity, despite strong similarity between clades in trait interactions. No traits in either clade exhibited significant relationships with multivariate climate axes, with one exception. Species in clades C and A2 included in this study occupied similar environments. These clades had similar values of individual trait means, except for δ13C, but they exhibited distinctive patterns of trait integration.•Conclusions:Differing present‐day patterns of trait integration are consistent with interpretations of adaptive responses to the prevailing climate at the time of each clade's origin. These differing patterns of integration are likely to exert strong effects on clade‐level responses to future climate change in the winter rainfall region of South Africa.
Community shifts under climate change: Mechanisms at multiple scales
Authors: Gornish Elise S. , Tylianakis Jason M. 
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Processes that drive ecological dynamics differ across spatial scales. Therefore, the pathways through which plant communities and plant–insect relationships respond to changing environmental conditions are also expected to be scale‐dependent. Furthermore, the processes that affect individual species or interactions at single sites may differ from those affecting communities across multiple sites.• Methods: We reviewed and synthesized peer‐reviewed literature to identify patterns in biotic or abiotic pathways underpinning changes in the composition and diversity of plant communities under three components of climate change (increasing temperature, CO2, and changes in precipitation) and how these differ across spatial scales. We also explored how these changes to plants affect plant–insect interactions.• Key results: The relative frequency of biotic vs. abiotic pathways of climate effects at larger spatial scales often differ from those at smaller scales. Local‐scale studies show variable responses to climate drivers, often driven by biotic factors. However, larger scale studies identify changes to species composition and/or reduced diversity as a result of abiotic factors. Differing pathways of climate effects can result from different responses of multiple species, habitat effects, and differing effects of invasions at local vs. regional to global scales. Plant community changes can affect higher trophic levels as a result of spatial or phenological mismatch, foliar quality changes, and plant abundance changes, though studies on plant–insect interactions at larger scales are rare.• Conclusions: Climate‐induced changes to plant communities will have considerable effects on community‐scale trophic exchanges, which may differ from the responses of individual species or pairwise interactions.
Les réactions des acteurs locaux à Monastir dans le contexte de l'après-révolution tunisienne
Authors: Hellal Mohamed 
Published: July 2013

Ville du Sahel tunisien, Monastir avait été l’une des priorités urbaines dans l’agenda de l’ancien président Habib Bourguiba (1956-1987) qui avait décidé de faire de sa ville natale une cité moderne. Mais, après le coup d’Etat du 7 novembre 1987, le président Zine El Abidine Ben Ali la marginalisa. Aujourd’hui, un an après la révolution, les Monastiriens essaient de remédier à la situation. Cet article analyse les rapports et les conflits entre les acteurs urbains de Monastir dans ce contexte politique exceptionnel, qui aura sans doute une répercussion sur l’avenir de la ville. Il s’agit notamment de voir quelle sera la marge de manœuvre de la ville de Monastir, prise en tenaille entre des acteurs privés et le pouvoir central fragilisé, et dans quelle mesure la municipalité pourra-t-elle appliquer une politique urbaine décentralisée qui lui permettra de résoudre ses problèmes comme beaucoup de municipalités du pays.
Effectiveness of Locking Versus Dynamic Compression Plates for Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures
Authors: Azboy İbrahim , Demirtas Abdullah , Uçar Bekir Yavuz , Bulut Mehmet , Alemdar Celil , Özkul Emin 
Published: July 2013

This study compares the results of the locking compression plate (LCP) and the dynamic compression plate (DCP) in the treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures in adults and defines the indications for the use of the LCP.
Forty-two patients with diaphyseal forearm fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Of those, 22 had been treated with the LCP (LCP group) and 20 had been treated with the DCP (DCP group). The AO/ASIF classification was used to classify the fractures. Patients were assessed using the Grace-Eversmann criteria and the Disabilities of the Arm and Shoulder and Hand questionnaire during the final follow-up.

Mean follow-up was 21 months (range, 20–24 months) in the LCP group and 23 months (range, 19–26 months) in the DCP group. Union was achieved in all patients. Mean time to union was 15 weeks (range, 12–25 weeks) in the LCP group and 17 weeks (range, 13–24 weeks) in the DCP group. In each group, 1 patient experienced delayed union, which required no additional surgical intervention. No significant difference was found regarding the time to union between the groups (
P
>.05). No significant difference existed between the 2 groups in terms of Grace-Eversmann criteria and Disabilities of the Arm and Shoulder and Hand scores (both
P
>.05).

The results of these different fixation methods for forearm fractures in adults are similar. As such, the correct selection and application of surgical technique is more important than the type of plate used.
Solitary Amyloidoma Related to THA
Authors: Ahmad Zafar , Tibrewal Saket , Waters Geoffrey , Nolan John 
Published: July 2013

Amyloidoma of soft tissues is rare, and no previously published reports describe it in relation to hip prostheses. This article presents the case of a 78-year-old woman with a medical history of myelodysplasia and mild renal failure who underwent a right-sided metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty in 2003. She presented to the outpatient clinic with a 1-year history of right anterior thigh pain. On examination, a large proximal anteromedial lump was palpable and was nontender, nonpulsatile, and firm. She had a positive Trendelenburg test but good hip range of motion. Plain radiographs showed signs of osteolysis around the hip prosthesis. Serology showed mildly raised liver function and renal function but a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cell count.
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large mixed-signal soft tissue mass directly opposing the anterior cortex of the right femur, related to the hip prosthesis, measuring 16×10×7 cm. Associated destruction of the underlying cortex existed. Histological staining of a biopsy of the mass confirmed that the mass contained AL-type amyloid seen in primary amyloidosis.
Mean patient age at diagnosis for amyloid tumors of soft tissues is 66 years. By definition, they start as solitary lesions. The types are important: AA type is related to infection and AL type is a primary process. Patients with AL amyloidomas have a poorer prognosis because they have a higher chance of malignancies. Early diagnosis can prevent long-term serious consequences of this condition.
Notch Signaling Regulates T Cell Accumulation and Function in the Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Sandy Ashley R. , Stoolman Josh , Malott Kelli , Pongtornpipat Prae , Segal Benjamin M. , Maillard Ivan 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Systemic inhibition of Notch signaling was previously shown to attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease model of multiple sclerosis in mice. Different studies attributed these effects to decreased T-bet and IFN-γ expression, enhanced regulatory T cell function, reduced T cell chemotaxis to the CNS, or impaired Th9 cell differentiation. Interpretation of these heterogeneous findings is difficult because past experimental strategies did not ensure complete Notch inhibition in T cells and because many cell populations could be affected by systemic Notch blockade. To resolve the role of Notch in T cells during EAE, we used the pan-Notch inhibitor dominant-negative form of Mastermind-like 1 (DNMAML), as well as several complementary loss-of-function approaches specifically in myelin-reactive T cells. Notch inhibition in T cells profoundly decreased EAE incidence and severity. Notch-deprived myelin-reactive T cells had preserved activation and effector differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. However, Notch-deprived T cells failed to accumulate in the CNS after immunization. Parking wild-type and DNMAML T cells together in bone marrow chimeras increased accumulation of Notch-deprived T cells in the CNS after immunization but did not prevent EAE, indicating the absence of dominant suppression by DNMAML T cells. Analysis of CNS-infiltrating DNMAML T cells revealed markedly defective IL-17A and IFN-γ production, despite preserved T-bet expression. Collectively, our findings capture the profound overall effects of Notch signaling in myelin-reactive T cells and demonstrate that Notch controls the accumulation and pathogenic functions of CD4+ T cells within their target organ but not in lymphoid tissues during EAE.
Analysis of differentially expressed proteins in late‐stationary growth phase of Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv
Authors: Ang Kai‐Cheen , Ibrahim Pazilah , Gam Lay‐Harn 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis is a causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). The ability of M. tuberculosis to be quiescent in the cell has caused the emergence of latent infection. A comprehensive proteomic analysis of M. tuberculosis H37Rv over three growth phases, namely mid‐log (14‐day culture), early stationary (28‐day culture), and late stationary (50‐day culture), was performed in order to study the change in proteome from the mid‐log phase to late‐stationary phase. Combination methods of two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) and tandem mass spectrometry were used to generate proteome maps of M. tuberculosis at different growth phases. Ten proteins were detected differentially expressed in the late‐stationary phase compared with the other two phases. These proteins were SucD, TrpD, and Rv2161c, which belong to metabolic pathway proteins; FadE5, AccD5, DesA1, and Rv1139c are proteins involved in cell wall or lipid biosynthesis, whereas TB21.7 and Rv3224 are conserved hypothetical proteins with unknown function. A surface antigen protein, DesA1, was not detectable in the late‐stationary phase, although present in both log and early‐stationary phases. The changes in the expression levels of these proteins were in line with the growth environment changes of the bacteria from mid‐log phase to late‐stationary phase. The information gathered may be valuable in the intervention against latent TB infection.
Strategies for Developing an Environmentally Sustainable Supply Chain: Differences Between Manufacturing and Service Sectors
Authors: Chiarini Andrea 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis research illuminates the debate on whether there are differences between the manufacturing and service sectors in the matter of developing a sustainable environmental supply chain. Over the past 5 years a survey has been conducted with 800 large European companies, of which half are in the manufacturing sector and half in the service sector. The hypotheses within the survey are related to strategies for developing an environmental supply chain. They were derived from a literature review and were tested by means of a chi‐square test. The survey questionnaire enabled the respondents to give some viewpoints about the hypotheses. In this way, strategies for developing the supply chain such as ISO 14001, the Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), auditing, waste management systems, reverse logistics, environmental indicators, remanufacturing and reuse have been investigated. Results show interesting and unexpected differences between manufacturing and service sectors that can lead to further research, practical implications and even suggestions for the surveyed companies. For instance, the viewpoints of manufacturing and service industries differ over ISO 14001 and EMAS implementation in the supply chain. In addition, service industries approach the implementation of auditing, reverse logistics, reuse and remanufacturing in a way different from that of manufacturing. Other strategies are considered essential by both sectors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis and Complexation Properties of “Unsymmetrical” Sucrose‐Based Receptors
Authors: Potopnyk Mykhaylo A. , Jarosz Sławomir 
Published: July 2013

AbstractNew “unsymmetrical”, sucrose‐based diaza‐crown ethers have been designed and prepared from monosilylated hexa‐O‐benzylsucrose derivatives. The enantioselective complexation of phenylethylammonium cations by these receptors was evaluated. It was demonstrated that the introduction of the amino group at the 6‐position (glucose moiety) in sucrose increases the association constant for the S cation, but reduces the enantioselectivity. On the other hand, introduction of the amino group at the 6′‐position (fructose moiety) in sucrose increases significantly the value of Ka and at the same time the high enantioselectivity is preserved.
Aryne Cycloaddition Reactions in the Synthesis of Large Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Pérez Dolores , Peña Diego , Guitián Enrique 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCycloaddition reactions involving arynes provide privileged strategies for the convergent synthesis of polycyclic compounds containing aromatic rings. This review focuses on the application of aryne chemistry, in particular [4+2] and palladium‐catalysed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions, in the synthesis of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing five or more fused benzene rings. Many of the polycyclic compounds included in this report display properties of interest in the field of materials science and some can be considered as nano‐sized graphene substructures or nanographenes.
Making sense of cultural distance for military expatriates operating in an extreme context
Authors: Fisher Kelly , Hutchings Kate 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThis research examines the relationship between cultural distance (CD) and intercultural adjustment for Australian military advisers who trained and lead foreign soldiers during the Vietnam War. Situated cognition is used to identify six salient attributes of CD for the military advisers, and a conceptual framework is proposed on the basis of shared mental models (schemata) that illustrate the relationship between CD and expatriate adjustment in an extreme context. The findings highlight the significance of professional and ethical differences between the Australians and Vietnamese, foreignness, language, political and social milieu, and face management. The research is significant in the following: extending the literature on CD and expatriate adjustment from an erstwhile overwhelming focus on adjustment in a mundane environment to the extreme context in which poor intercultural collaboration can have potentially life‐threatening effects; highlighting the role of “boundary spanners” in intercultural collaborations and negotiations; and providing insights into human behavior in a complex, dynamic context for other organizations operating in an extreme context. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of natural prokaryotes, viruses, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates in alpine karstic groundwater
Authors: Wilhartitz Inés C. , Kirschner Alexander K. T. , Brussaard Corina P. D. , Fischer Ulrike R. , Wieltschnig Claudia , Stadler Hermann , Farnleitner Andreas H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSeasonal dynamics of naturally occurring prokaryotes, viruses, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates in two hydro‐geologically contrasting alpine karst springs were monitored over three annual cycles. To our knowledge, this study is the first to shed light on the occurrence and possible interrelationships between these three groups in karstic groundwater. Hydrological and microbiological standard indicators were recovered simultaneously in order to estimate surface influence, especially during rainfall events. Data revealed a strong dependence of the microbial communities on the prevailing hydrological situation. Prokaryotic numbers averaged 5.1 × 107 and 1.3 × 107 cells L−1, and heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundance averaged 1.1 × 104 and 3 × 103 cells L−1 in the limestone spring type (LKAS2) and the dolomitic spring type (DKAS1), respectively. Viral abundance in LKAS2 and DKAS1 averaged 9.4 × 108 and 1.1 × 108 viruses L−1. Unlike in DKAS1, the dynamic spring type LKAS2 revealed a clear difference between base flow and high discharge conditions. The virus‐to‐prokaryotes ratio was generally lower by a factor of 2–3, at higher average water residence times. Furthermore, the high prokaryotes‐to‐heterotrophic nanoflagellate ratios, namely about 4700 and 5400 for LKAS2 and DKAS1, respectively, pointed toward an uncoupling of these two groups in the planktonic fraction of alpine karstic aquifers.
Structure of P3HT in the solid state
Authors: de Oliveira Eliézer Fernando , Lavarda Francisco Carlos 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a polymer widely used in organic photovoltaic devices. Discrepancies in information exist in the literature about its morphological structure in solution and in the solid state. This work is a theoretical study, in which the structure of P3HT in the solid state is deduced from its structure in solution and comparisons with optical absorption data. The results indicate that P3HT is not planar, either in solution or in the solid state. However, the effective conjugation length in the solid state is similar to that of a planar chain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1350–1354
An investigation of college chemistry students' understanding of structure–property relationships
Authors: Cooper Melanie M. , Corley Leah M. , Underwood Sonia M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe connection between the molecular‐level structure of a substance and its macroscopic properties is a fundamental concept in chemistry. Students in college‐level general and organic chemistry courses were interviewed to investigate how they used structure–property relationships to predict properties such as melting and boiling points. Although student difficulties in this area are well documented, they are usually classified as individual misconceptions. However our studies showed that student problems appear to arise from a complex interplay of problems involving a number of different sources: (1) models of phases/phase change, (2) use of representations, (3) language and terminology, and (4) use of heuristics in student reasoning. No two students used the same sets of ideas to perform the task at hand, and while we did see some recurrences of a single idea or heuristic, the ways that students combined them were different. We believe that, at least for high‐level complex tasks such as determining structure–property relationships, student understanding is best understood as a set of loosely connected ideas, skills, and heuristics that are not well integrated. These are not single “misconceptions” that can be reconstructed in isolation. What is clear is that students who have done everything we ask of them, and who have earned high grades in chemistry courses are unable to address a core concept in chemistry. Typical assessments often mask the difficulties that students have with core concepts, since many students may correctly answer a question using heuristics, but have faulty reasoning. We recommend that instruction should include a scaffolded progression of ideas, and opportunities to construct and connect their understanding that will allow students to construct a more coherent framework from which to make predictions about the behavior of matter.
Assessing Postdisaster Psychological Stress in Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) Workers
Authors: Calcote Joshua C. , Carson Arch I. , Peskin Melissa F. , Emery Robert J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of traumatic stress experienced by secondary responders to disaster events to determine if mental health education should be included in HAZWOPER training.MethodsPreexisting survey tools for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), resiliency, and mental distress were combined to form a web-based survey tool that was distributed to individuals functioning in secondary response roles. Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test, 1-way ANOVA, and 1-samplettests.ResultsRespondents reported elevated PTSD levels (32.9%) as compared to the general population. HAZWOPER-trained responders with disaster work experience were more likely to be classified as PTSD positive as compared to untrained, inexperienced responders and those possessing only training or experience. A majority (68.75%) scored below the mean resiliency level of 80.4 on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Respondents with only training or both training and experience were more likely to exhibit lower resiliency scores than those with no training or experience. PTSD positivity correlated with disaster experience. Among respondents, 91% indicated support for mental health education.ConclusionsGiven the results of the survey, consideration should be given to the inclusion of pre- and postdeployment mental health education in the HAZWOPER training regimen. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1-9)