bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent effects of forest edges on host distribution and seed disperser activity influence mistletoe distribution and recruitment
Authors: Magrach Ainhoa , Rodríguez‐Pérez Javier , Piazzon Martín , Santamaría Luis 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Species interactions define functional diversity and community stability across ecosystems, and depend on the spatial distribution, the habitat requirements and the sensitivity to disturbances of all interacting partners. Hence, assessing the effects of such anthropogenic disturbances on multi‐species interactions may be essential to improve adaptation and mitigation measures for biodiversity conservation.

We determined the importance of edge effects on the interaction and distribution of three keystone species in South American temperate rain forests: the hemiparasitic mistletoe Tristerix corymbosus, its main host (the liana Campsidium valdivianum) and its only seed disperser (the marsupial Dromiciops gliroides).

The discordant impacts of forest edges on host (positive) and seed disperser (negative) affected mistletoe distribution at large spatial scales, owing to the combined effects of increased dispersal limitation and decreased host availability. More importantly, marsupial abundance had contrasting effects on mistletoe abundance at small and large spatial scales – suggesting a potential trade‐off between local and long‐distance dispersal.

We found the number of adult mistletoes per host increased with host size, which likely indicates that mistletoe colonization accumulated over the host's lifespan. However, the number of juveniles found per host peaked at medium‐sized hosts, increased with marsupial abundance and host availability and showed a negligible response to edges.

Synthesis. The lack of spatial congruence between host and seed disperser probably explains the scarcity of mistletoes in the study area, although the discordant drivers of juvenile and adult distributions suggest that there is a trade‐off between recruitment patterns but also potential dispersal limitation at small scales. In essence, the interdependence amongst species linked by (mutualistic and antagonistic) interactions makes them more sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance, exacerbating its impact on the diversity and functioning of forest ecosystems.
Maternal outcomes at 3 months after planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for twin pregnancies in the Twin Birth Study: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hutton EK , Hannah ME , Ross S , Joseph KS , Ohlsson A , Asztalos EV , Willan AR , Allen AC , Armson BA , Gafni A , Mangoff K , Sanchez JJ , Barrett JF ,   the Twin Birth Study Collaborative Group
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo compare outcomes at 3 months post partum for women randomised to give birth by planned caesarean section (CS) or by planned vaginal birth (VB) in the Twin Birth Study (TBS).DesignWe invited women in the TBS to complete a 3‐month follow‐up questionnaire.SettingTwo thousand and eight hundred and four women from 25 countries.PopulationTwo thousand and five hundred and seventy women (92% response rate).MethodsWomen randomised between 13 December 2003 and 4 April 2011 in the TBS completed a questionnaire and outcomes were compared using an intention‐to‐treat approach.Main outcome and measuresBreastfeeding, quality of life, depression, fatigue and urinary incontinence.ResultsWe found no clinically important differences between groups in any outcome. In the planned CS versus planned VB groups, breastfeeding at any time after birth was reported by 84.4% versus 86.4% (P = 0.13); the mean physical and mental Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF‐36) quality of life scores were 51.8 versus 51.6 (P = 0.65) and 46.7 versus 46.0 (P = 0.09), respectively; the mean Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue score was 20.3 versus 20.8 (P = 0.14); the frequency of probable depression on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was 14.0% versus 14.8% (P = 0.57); the rate of problematic urinary incontinence was 5.5% versus 6.4% (P = 0.31); and the mean Incontinence Impact Questionnaire‐7 score was 20.5 versus 20.4 (P = 0.99). Partner relationships, including painful intercourse, were similar between the groups.ConclusionFor women with twin pregnancies randomised to planned CS compared with planned VB, outcomes at 3 months post partum did not differ. The mode of birth was not associated with problematic urinary incontinence or urinary incontinence that affected the quality of life. Contrary to previous studies, breastfeeding at 3 months was not increased with planned VB.Tweetable abstractPlanned mode of birth for twins doesn't affect maternal depression, wellbeing, incontinence or breastfeeding.
The Impact of Pediatrician Supply on Child Health Outcomes: Longitudinal Evidence from Japan
Authors: Sakai Rie , Fink Günther , Kumamaru Hiraku , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of pediatrician supply on under‐5 mortality over the period 2000–2010.Data SourcesMultiple publicly available data sources were used.Study DesignJapan's 366 “Secondary Tier of Medical Care Units” (STMCU) were used as study units. To evaluate the association between under‐5 mortality and pediatrician supply, we explored time and area fixed‐effects Poisson regression model. The following factors were introduced into the models as time‐varying controls: (1) number of physicians other than pediatricians per total population except for under‐5‐year‐old population, and (2) income per total population by year and STMCU. Extensive sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess robustness of results.Principal FindingsPediatrician density was inversely associated with under‐5 mortality. We estimated that a unit increase in pediatrician density was associated with a 7 percent (95 percent CI: 2–12 percent) reduction in the child mortality rate after adjustment for all other variables. The results were consistent and robust across all specifications tested.ConclusionsThe results suggest that increasing human health resources can have positive effects on child health, even in settings where child mortality of less than 5 per 1,000 has been achieved.
Deneddylase 1 regulates deneddylase activity of the Cop9 signalosome in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kim Kiyoung , Yoon Jeongsook , Yim Jeongbin , Kim Hyung‐Jun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNEDD8 conjugation of Cullin has an important role in ubiquitin‐mediated protein degradation. The COP9 signalosome, of which CSN5 is the major catalytic subunit, is a major Cullin deneddylase. Another deneddylase, Deneddylase 1, has also been shown to process the Nedd8 precursor. In Drosophila, the DEN1 mutants do not have increased levels of Cullin neddylation, but instead show a significant decrease in neddylated Cullin. This characteristic decrease in neddylated Cullins in the DEN1null background can be rescued by UAS‐dDEN1WT overexpression but not by overexpression of mature NEDD8, indicating that this phenotype is distinct from the NEDD8‐processing function of DEN1. We examined the role of DEN1–CSN interaction in regulating Cullin neddylation. Overexpression of DEN1 in a CSN5hypo background slightly reduced unneddylated Cullin levels. The CSN5, DEN1 double mutation partially rescues the premature lethality associated with the CSN5 single mutation. These results suggest that DEN1 regulates Cullin neddylation by suppressing CSN deneddylase activity.
External Supply Risks in the Context of Food Security: An Index Borrowed from the Energy Security Literature
Authors: Hubbard Carmen , Hubbard Lionel 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIn recent years many countries have become increasingly concerned about food security. Concern was heightened by the sudden and sharp increase in world food prices in 2007–08, but additionally other factors are now adjudged to pose a threat, such as climate change, oil shortages, increased use of biofuels, rapidly growing demand in China and India, embargos and international terrorism. This article focuses on one aspect of overall food security, that of external supply risks. It highlights an interesting parallel between the food security debate and that of security of energy supplies, and offers a quantitative assessment of the risks associated with external food supplies through application of an index borrowed from the recent literature on energy security. The index accounts for risks associated with (i) the number of supplying countries, (ii) the political and economic situation in each of these, and (iii) import dependency. A worked example for the UK, using bilateral trade data for the period 1988–2010, shows that values of the index are very low with no clear trend. Consequently, external supply risks are not high with respect to food imports into the UK and do not warrant alarm or undue concern.
Comparison of roentgenographic manifestations of active pulmonary tuberculosis between migrant and non‐migrant populations in the Hunter Region
Authors: Stott Samantha M , Soans Barry , Bui John QH 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroductionActive pulmonary tuberculosis in Australia is considered more common in migrants and the immunocompromised, but little data exist on how it manifests in non‐migrants. This study identified the radiographic findings of active pulmonary tuberculosis in the Hunter Region, NSW, Australia, and determined whether this manifests differently in non‐migrant and migrant populations.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 64 patients over 8 years from the Hunter Region, who had positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures and contemporaneous thoracic imaging. Recorded data included age, gender, country of origin and chest radiographic findings, the latter categorised into apical fibrocavitatory disease, mixed apical fibrocavitation and consolidation, consolidation, lymphadenopathy, pleural effusions, tree‐in‐bud, empyema and miliary nodules.ResultsSixty‐four patients (men = 37, women = 27) had available thoracic imaging, of which 34 were Australian born. There was no statistically significant difference in the age between Australian‐born and migrants (49.1 years (95% confidence interval, CI 42.8–55.5) vs 48.2 years (95% CI 41.1–55.3), P = 0.71). The most common radiographic manifestations were purely apical fibrocavitatory lesions (22%), mixed apical fibrocavitation and consolidation (6%) and purely consolidation (27%). Migrants were more likely to have consolidation (40%), while Australian‐born individuals were more likely to have apical fibrocavitatory lesions (26%). Australian‐born individuals were slightly more likely to have a normal chest radiograph (18% vs 10%).ConclusionThere are radiographic differences between Australian‐born and migrant populations with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Migrants are more likely to present with consolidation, and Australian‐born with fibrocavitatory lesions. A normal chest radiograph does not exclude active tuberculosis, and while thoracic computed tomography may be useful to detect tree‐in‐bud opacities, neither should not detract from commencing treatment of a positive culture for tuberculosis.
Five‐year risk of incident disease following a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Hirsch A. G. , Yan X. S. , Sundaresan A. S. , Tan B. K. , Schleimer R. P. , Kern R. C. , Kennedy T. L. , Greene J. S. , Schwartz B. S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has a broad range of comorbidities. Due to a lack of longitudinal studies, it is not known whether these comorbidities cause CRS, are promoted by CRS, or share a systemic disease process with CRS.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the risk of incident disease within 5 years after a new diagnosis of CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP).MethodsWe conducted a case–control study nested within the longitudinal cohort of primary care patients in the Geisinger Clinic using electronic health record data. We evaluated incident disease over 5 years in newly diagnosed CRSwNP and CRSsNP cases compared to controls using multivariable Cox regression models.ResultsCRSsNP (n = 3612) cases were at greater risk (HR, 95% confidence interval) than controls for incidence of: upper airway diseases, including adenotonsillitis (3.29, 2.41–4.50); lower aerodigestive tract diseases, including asthma (2.69, 2.14–3.38); epithelial conditions, including atopic dermatitis (2.75, 1.23–6.16); and hypertension (1.38, 1.19–1.61). CRSwNP (n = 241) cases were at greater risk for obesity than controls (1.74, 1.08–2.80), but CRSwNP was not associated with other diseases.ConclusionThe risk of other diseases associated with CRS adds to the burden of an already highly burdensome condition, and suggests either that CRS promotes onset of other diseases or is an indicator of systemic disease processes. Different patterns of association with diseases by CRS phenotype may be due to CRSwNP sample size limitations or reflect a different pattern of disease onset by phenotype. These findings have implications for screening guidelines and care of CRS patients.
“I Desire Sanctity”: Sanctity and Separateness among Jewish Religious Zionists in Israel/Palestine
Authors: Stern Nehemia Akiva 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article expands on anthropological understandings of affect and emotion to include certain theological and religious concepts that structure and give meaning to the daily lives of religious nationalists in areas of ethnic and political conflict. In doing so, it will ethnographically explore the relationship between theological notions of sanctity and the way those notions manifest themselves in the context of contemporary Jewish religious Zionism in both Israel and the Occupied West Bank. I will argue that analyzing mystical conceptions of sanctity as a distinct affect opens new areas of human experience, which anthropologists may use to better grapple with the dilemmas posed by nationalism and religious extremism in an increasingly politically fraught world.
Prospective evaluation of the Sunshine Appendicitis Grading System score
Authors: Reid Fiona , Choi Julian , Williams Marli , Chan Steven 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough there is a wealth of information predicting risk of post‐operative intra‐abdominal collection and guiding antibiotic therapy following appendicectomy, confusion remains because of lack of consensus on the clinical severity and definition of ‘complicated’ appendicitis. This study aimed to develop a standardized intra‐operative grading system: Sunshine Appendicitis Grading System (SAGS) for acute appendicitis that correlates independently with the risk of intra‐abdominal collections.MethodsTwo‐hundred and forty‐six patients undergoing emergency laparoscopy for suspected appendicitis were prospectively scored according to the severity of appendicitis and followed up for complications including intra‐abdominal collection. After termination of the study, the SAGS score was repeated by an independent surgeon based on operation notes and intra‐operative photography to determine inter‐rater agreement. The primary outcome measure was incidence of intra‐abdominal collection, secondary outcome measures were all complications and length of stay.ResultsSAGS score demonstrated good inter‐rater agreement (kappa Kw 0.869; 95% CI 0.796–0.941; P < 0.001). A risk ratio of 2.594 (95% CI 0.655−4.065; P < 0.001) for intra‐abdominal collection was found using SAGS score as a predictor. The discriminative ability of SAGS score was supported by an area under the curve value of 0.850 (95% CI 0.799–0.892; P < 0.001).ConclusionsSAGS score can be used to simply and accurately classify the severity of appendicitis and to independently predict the risk of intra‐abdominal collection. It can therefore be used to stratify risk, guide antibiotic therapy, follow‐up and standardize the definitions of appendicitis severity for future research.
Long‐term survivors after pancreatectomy for cancer: the TNM classification is outdated
Authors: Jouffret Lionel , Turrini Olivier , Ewald Jacques , Moutardier Vincent , Iovanna Juan Lucio , Delpero Jean‐Robert 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAccording to knowledge, patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) should receive adjuvant gemcitabine‐based chemotherapy. Thus, the tumour node metastasis (TNM) classification is not used to determine post‐operative treatment but rather only to establish patient prognosis. However, the TNM classification does not include strong factors influencing survival, such as perineural invasion or margin status. This study compared the survival of patients with very similar tumours.MethodsFrom 1997 to 2007, 118 patients underwent pancreatectomy for PA. Twenty‐six patients (22%) had long‐term survival (>5 years; LTS group). According to the major prognostic factors of PA, we matched (1:1) patients in the LTS group with patients who did not have long‐term survival (<5 years; control group).ResultsSurprisingly, we did not have any difficulty identifying patients to include in the control group. Consequently, no differences were noted between patients of the LTS group when compared with patients of the control group according to major prognostic factors and the TNM classification. Three patients (12%) in the LTS group had positive margin status, and two patients (8%) had positive lymph node status. Unsurprisingly, the median survival for the control group versus the LTS group was 16 months versus not reached (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe lack of difficulty in matching the two groups confirmed that patients of the LTS group did not have an exclusive tumour pattern. TNM classification is outdated because it did not influence adjuvant therapies and did not include two crucial factors: tumour biology and tumour response to chemo/radio therapies.
‘Sandwich’ technique in the treatment of large and complex incisional hernias
Authors: Martín‐Cartes Juan Antonio , Tamayo‐López María Jesús , Bustos‐Jiménez Manuel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundReconstruction of large, complex abdominal wall hernias is an interesting challenge. Primary closure of those hernias is often not possible. There is little agreement about the most appropriate technique or prosthetic to repair these defects, in spite the fact of the prevalence of ventral hernias. Sometimes despite being contaminated surgical fields, we are often faced to reinforce with bio‐prosthetic meshes. The component separation technique (CST) is a practical option; however, recurrence rates remain unacceptably high. In an attempt to reduce recurrences, we frequently added a biologic underlay mesh and a lightweight polypropylene on‐lay mesh to the traditional CST. Our objective was to determine biologic mesh practice patterns of reconstructive surgeons with regard to indications, most appropriate technique, choice of prosthetics and experience with complications in order to work those hernias out.MethodsThirty consecutive patients who underwent abdominal wall reconstruction by means of a component separations associated with non‐cross‐linked porcine dermal scaffolds (NCPDS) or a synthetic tissue scaffold (STS) reinforcement between October 2009 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Analysis of demographics, indications for NCPDS or STS placement, surgical technique, complications and follow‐up data were performed. They underwent a ‘sandwich’ procedure with a biologic underlay mesh and a lightweight polypropylene on‐lay mesh added to the traditional CST. We chose NCPDS or STS underlay mesh according to the fact of the presence or absence of a contaminated field.ResultsA ‘sandwich’ procedure was used for abdominal wall repair in 30 patients. In all of them, NCPDS or STS was positioned using an intraperitoneal technique associated to a lightweight polypropylene on‐lay mesh and the CST. At a mean follow‐up time of 30.1 months, most patients had successful outcomes. Occurrences included seroma, recurrence and infection. One of our patients died from multi‐organ failure unrelated to hernia repair.ConclusionsThis study shows that complex abdominal wall defects can be successfully reconstructed using a ‘sandwich’ procedure with a low rate of recurrence and occurrences. Moreover, repair of large, complex abdominal wall hernias by CST augmented with a biologic underlay mesh and a lightweight polypropylene on‐lay mesh results in lower recurrence rates compared with historical reports of CST alone.
A Bivariate Measurement Error Model for Semicontinuous and Continuous Variables: Application to Nutritional Epidemiology
Authors: Kipnis Victor , Freedman Laurence S. , Carroll Raymond J. , Midthune Douglas 
Published: September 2015

SummarySemicontinuous data in the form of a mixture of a large portion of zero values and continuously distributed positive values frequently arise in many areas of biostatistics. This article is motivated by the analysis of relationships between disease outcomes and intakes of episodically consumed dietary components. An important aspect of studies in nutritional epidemiology is that true diet is unobservable and commonly evaluated by food frequency questionnaires with substantial measurement error. Following the regression calibration approach for measurement error correction, unknown individual intakes in the risk model are replaced by their conditional expectations given mismeasured intakes and other model covariates. Those regression calibration predictors are estimated using short-term unbiased reference measurements in a calibration substudy. Since dietary intakes are often “energy-adjusted,” e.g., by using ratios of the intake of interest to total energy intake, the correct estimation of the regression calibration predictor for each energy-adjusted episodically consumed dietary component requires modeling short-term reference measurements of the component (a semicontinuous variable), and energy (a continuous variable) simultaneously in a bivariate model. In this article, we develop such a bivariate model, together with its application to regression calibration. We illustrate the new methodology using data from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (Schatzkin et al., 2001, American Journal of Epidemiology 154, 1119–1125), and also evaluate its performance in a simulation study.