bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the accuracy of CT colonography and colonoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Martín‐López J. E. , Beltrán‐Calvo C. , Rodríguez‐López R. , Molina‐López T. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimThe available evidence was reviewed to compare the effectiveness of CT colonography with that of colonoscopy for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening.MethodAn electronic search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases, from inception to July 2009. Studies were included if investigations used CT colonography for CRC screening in asymptomatic populations. Studies were excluded if investigations were conducted for the diagnosis of CRC or in elderly, high‐risk or symptomatic populations.ResultsOf the 213 references identified, nine studies were included. The specificity of CT colonography in screening for CRC was high, although it decreased with decreasing diameter of polyp to be detected. The sensitivity of CT colonography for the detection of polyps < 6 mm in diameter was low and heterogeneous, although it was higher for polyps > 10 mm. The main factors contributing to a greater sensitivity of CT colonography were the inclusion of only populations with an average CRC risk and colonic insufflation with CO2. The incidence of adverse effects was very low for both tests.ConclusionCT colonography has high specificity but heterogeneous sensitivity, although in most cases it is not as sensitive or specific as conventional colonoscopy. CT colonography could therefore be useful as a screening test for populations with an average risk of CRC.
Comparing the reliability of voluntary and evoked muscle actions
Authors: Jenkins Nathaniel D. M. , Palmer Ty B. , Cramer Joel T. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryPurposeThe purpose of this exploratory study was to quantify the test–retest reliability, intertrial variability and correlations between variables calculated during voluntary and evoked muscle actions.MethodsDuring three separate trials of isometric leg extension muscle actions with 14 men [mean age (±SD) = 21·9 (±3·2) years; height = 179·2 (±8·0) cm; mass = 77·7 (±10·9) kg], peak torque (PTV), time to peak torque (TPTV), rate of torque development (RTDV), time to peak rate of torque development (TRTDV), electromechanical delay (EMDV) and EMG amplitude (EMGRMS) were quantified for voluntary muscle actions. Peak twitch torque (PTE), time to peak twitch torque (TPTE), rate of torque development (RTDE), time to peak rate of torque development (TRTDE), electromechanical delay (EMDE), peak‐to‐peak M‐wave (Mp‐p) and M‐wave area (Marea) were calculated for evoked twitches. All electromyographic measurements were recorded over the vastus lateralis.ResultsVoluntary intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0·84–0·96, except for TRTDV (0·30) and EMDV (0·74). Evoked ICC were 0·80–0·95, except for EMDE (0·52). Relative standard errors of measurement for TPT and TRTD were greater for voluntary than evoked, whereas the value for PTE was greater than PTV. There were low to moderate correlations (r = −0·41–0·51) between common voluntary and evoked variables.ConclusionsEvoked variables showed lower intertrial variability than voluntary. Overall, voluntary and evoked muscle actions provide unique, complimentary information regarding neuromuscular function that cannot be used interchangeably.
Assessing the cost‐effectiveness of Type 1 diabetes interventions: the Sheffield Type 1 Diabetes Policy Model
Authors: Thokala P. , Kruger J. , Brennan A. , Basarir H. , Duenas A. , Pandor A. , Gillett M. , Elliott J. , Heller S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimsTo build a flexible and comprehensive long‐term Type 1 diabetes mellitus model incorporating the most up‐to‐date methodologies to allow a number of cost‐effectiveness evaluations.MethodsThis paper describes the conceptual modelling, model implementation and model validation of the Sheffield Type 1 Diabetes Policy Model (version 1.0), developed through funding by the UK National Institute for Health Research as part of the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating research programme. The model is an individual patient‐level simulation model of Type 1 diabetes and it includes long‐term microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and macrovascular (myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization and angina) diabetes‐related complications and acute adverse events (severe hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis). The occurrence of these diabetes‐related complications in the model is linked to simulated individual patient‐level risk factors, including HbA1c, age, duration of diabetes, lipids and blood pressure. Transition probabilities were modelled based on a combination of existing risk functions, published trials, epidemiological studies and individual‐level data from the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating research programme.ResultsThe model takes a lifetime perspective, estimating the impact of interventions on costs, clinical outcomes, survival and quality‐adjusted life years. Validation of the model suggested that, for almost all diabetes‐related complications predicted, event rates were within 10% of the normalized rates reported in the studies used to build the model.ConclusionsThe model is highly flexible and has broad potential application to evaluate the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating research programme, other structured diabetes education programmes and other interventions for Type 1 diabetes.
Evaluation of a 5‐day education programme in Type 1 diabetes: achieving individual targets with a patient‐centred approach
Authors: Halbron M. , Sachon C. , Simon D. , Obadia T. , Grimaldi A. , Hartemann A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimsTo evaluate if a single inpatient education training programme can achieve individualized therapeutic targets.MethodsPatients with Type 1 diabetes participating in a flexible intensive therapy programme were consecutively included in a prospective monocentric study. They all participated in the same education programme which had a patient‐centred approach. Before the intervention, patients were divided into three groups according to their main therapeutic target: Group 1, to decrease HbA1c concentration in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%); Group 2, to improve quality of life and satisfaction with treatment in patients with baseline HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (7.5%); and Group 3, to decrease the frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes in patients with severe or frequent hypoglycaemic episodes. Therapeutic targets were evaluated at 12 months. Quality of life and treatment satisfaction were evaluated with validated questionnaires completed at baseline and 6 months.ResultsIn Group 1 (n = 74), the mean ± sd HbA1c concentration decreased from 75 ± 15 mmol/mol (9.0 ±1.4%) to 68 ±15 mmol/mol (8.4 ± 1.4%; P < 0.001), with 53% of patients experiencing a decrease in HbA1c concentration of at least 6 mmol/mol (0.5%), without weight gain or more frequent hypoglycaemia. In Group 2 (n = 12), patient satisfaction with treatment improved significantly (P < 0.0001). In Group 3 (n = 35), minor hypoglycaemia significantly decreased from a mean ± sd of 6.6 ± 4.7 to 3.2 ± 3.0 hypoglycaemic episodes/week (P < 0.001) and the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia dropped significantly from a mean ± sd of 2.31 ± 3.07 to 0.86 ± 2.46 episodes/patient/year (P < 0.001).ConclusionsMany patients with different needs, who attended the same flexible intensive therapy education programme, which had a patient‐centred approach, were able to achieve their individual therapeutic targets.
Darwin's Finch Begging Intensity Does Not Honestly Signal Need in Parasitised Nests
Authors: O'Connor Jody A. , Robertson Jeremy , Kleindorfer Sonia 
Published: December 2013

AbstractParental care should be selected to respond to honest cues that increase offspring survival. When offspring are parasitised, the parental food compensation hypothesis predicts that parents can provision extra food to compensate for energy loss due to parasitism. Chick begging behaviour is a possible mechanism to solicit increased feeding from attending parents. We experimentally manipulated parasite intensity from Philornis downsi in nests of Darwin's small ground finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) to test its effects on chick begging intensity and parental food provisioning. We used in‐nest video recordings of individually marked chicks to quantify nocturnal parasite feeding on chicks, subsequent diurnal chick begging intensity and parental feeding care. Our video analysis showed that one chick per brood had the highest parasite intensity during the night (supporting the tasty chick hypothesis) and weakest begging intensity during the day, which correlated with low parental care and rapid death. We observed sequential chick death on different days rather than total brood loss on a given day. Our within‐nest video images showed that (1) high nocturnal larval feeding correlated with low diurnal begging intensity and (2) parent birds ignored weakly begging chicks and provisioned strongly begging chicks. Excluding predation, all parasite‐free chicks survived (100% survival) and all parasitised chicks died in the nest (100% mortality). Weak begging intensity in parasitised chicks, which honestly signalled recent parasite attack, was not used as a cue for parental provisioning. Parents consistently responded to the strongest chick in both parasitised and parasite‐free nests.
The importance of free fatty acid chain length for the skin barrier function in atopic eczema patients
Authors: van Smeden Jeroen , Janssens Michelle , Kaye Edward C. J. , Caspers Peter J. , Lavrijsen Adriana P. , Vreeken Rob J. , Bouwstra Joke A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAn important feature of atopic eczema (AE) is a decreased skin barrier function. The stratum corneum (SC) lipids – comprised of ceramides (CERs), free fatty acids (FFAs) and cholesterol – fulfil a predominant role in the skin barrier function. In this clinical study, the carbon chain length distribution of SC lipids (FFAs and CERs) and their importance for the lipid organization and skin barrier function were examined in AE patients and compared with control subjects. A reduction in FFA chain length and an increase in unsaturated FFAs are observed in non‐lesional and lesional SC of AE patients. The reduction in FFA chain length associates with a reduced CER chain length, suggesting a common synthetic pathway. The lipid chain length reduction correlates with a less dense lipid organization and a decreased skin barrier function. All changes are more pronounced in lesional SC compared with non‐lesional skin. No association was observed between lipid properties and filaggrin mutations, an important predisposing factor for developing AE. The results of this study demonstrate an altered SC lipid composition and signify the importance of these changes (specifically regarding the CER and FFA chain lengths) for the impaired skin barrier function in AE. This provides insights into epidermal lipid metabolism as well as new opportunities for skin barrier repair.
Geographies of Experiment/Experimental Geographies: A Rough Guide
Authors: Kullman Kim 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGeographers have increasingly employed the notion of experiment to describe the explorative styles of researching and thinking that they have elaborated in response to the complexities that characterise the present world. This article discusses the shifting uses of the notion in recent contributions, tracing out the ethical, methodological and theoretical sensibilities that it brings into geography. The article falls into two parts, the first reviewing geographies of experiment—that is, accounts exploring diverse empirical sites of experimentation, from scientific laboratories to performance art and urban spaces. The second part concentrates on experimental geographies which involve attempts by human geographers and other social and cultural researchers to reconsider their practices as experimental. Although the notion of experiment might take on varied functions and meanings, the article indicates that it offers plenty of inspiration for geographical learning and more collaborative and responsive modes of researching and thinking. © 2013 The Author(s). Geography Compass © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
House/Work: Home as a Space of Work and Consumption
Authors: Cox Rosie 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the literatures on home as a place of work and a space of consumption. Geographers have made significant contributions to our understandings of homes as spaces that are (re)made by the work and consumption that goes on within them, as well as being locales of many different forms of work (paid and unpaid) and multifarious consumption activities. The paper focuses on how work and consumption in the home intertwine. That is how consumption at home creates work and is a form of work itself. Few activities in the home are separable from the work that goes on there, and consumption is intimately tied to domestic labour. This paper explores these relationships between work and consumption in the home focusing on housework, paid domestic labour, cooking and eating and sustainable consumption.
Latin American Decolonial Thought, or Making the Subaltern Speak
Authors: Asher Kiran 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Modernity/Coloniality/Decoloniality (MCD) research program is a collective project associated with Latin America. In addition to a critique of Eurocentric “colonial modernity,” the project highlights non‐Eurocentric forms of knowing and being in the world. It also aims to foster alternative or decolonial thinking emerging from the lived colonial experiences of those situated “outside” Europe. This last is what MCD proponents claim differentiates it from postcolonial critiques of modernity with their emphasis on deconstruction. This review provides a brief but critical overview of the MCD project's parameters and claims. It makes a cautionary call to those tempted by “alternatives to modernity,” who might want to uncritically adopt alternative decolonial thinking. It concludes with a call for a closer and critical engagement with Latin American decolonial ideas and those they contest.
Abnormality of autophagic function and cathepsin expression in the liver from patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Fukuo Yuka , Yamashina Shunhei , Sonoue Hiroshi , Arakawa Atsushi , Nakadera Eisuke , Aoyama Tomonori , Uchiyama Akira , Kon Kazuyoshi , Ikejima Kenichi , Watanabe Sumio 
Published: December 2013

AimRecent evidences indicate that hepatic steatosis suppresses autophagic proteolysis. The present study evaluated the correlation between autophagic function and cathepsin expression in the liver from patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsLiver biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with chronic liver diseases (chronic hepatitis C [CHC; n = 20], chronic hepatitis B [CHB; n = 16], primary biliary cirrhosis [PBC; n = 23], NAFLD [n = 22] and control [n = 14]). The number of autophagic vesicles in hepatocytes was counted by using transmission electron microscopy. Expression of cathepsin B, D, L and p62 in the liver section was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. The histological severity of NAFLD is assessed by NAFLD activity score (NAS).ResultsThe number of autophagic vesicles in hepatocytes was significantly increased in both CHC and NAFLD groups, but not CHB and PBC, more than control. Although hepatocytes with aggregation of p62 were observed in less than 15% of CHC, p62 aggregation was detected in approximately 65% of NAFLD. Cathepsin B, D and L expression was significantly suppressed in the liver from NAFLD patients. Suppression of cathepsin B, D and L expression was not observed in CHB, CHC and PBC. In NAFLD patients, p62 aggregation was correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase value and inflammatory activity by NAS.ConclusionThese results indicate that a decrease in hepatic cathepsin expression in NAFLD is associated with autophagic dysfunction. Hepatic inflammation correlates with autophagic dysfunction in NAFLD. These findings indicate that the suppression of autophagic proteolysis by hepatic steatosis is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
Oestrogen receptor‐beta as a potential target for treatment in advanced colorectal cancer: a pilot study
Authors: van Halteren Henk , Mulder Dries , Ruijter Emiel 
Published: December 2013

AimsOestrogen receptor‐beta (ER‐β) is expressed in colorectal cancer. Theoretically, ER‐β stimulation could slow down tumour proliferation, and this is supported by preclinical research data. While preparing a Phase II trial for advanced colorectal cancer patients we performed a pilot study with three questions: (i) in what percentage of patients do metastases display strong ER‐β1 expression; (ii) is there any concordance in expression between primary tumours and metastases; and (iii) is the immunohistochemical (IHC) scoring procedure reproducible?Methods and resultsThirty patients were selected, 15 with locoregional lymph node metastases and 15 with either synchronous or metachronous hepatic metastases. All primary tumours and metastases were analysed for immunohistochemical ER‐β1 expression according to a predefined scoring system. The scoring was performed independently by two pathologists in order to calculate the weighted kappa value. Strong ER‐β1 expression was found in four of 15 hepatic metastases and four of 15 lymph node metastases. In 15 of 30 patients, the level of ER‐β1 expression in the metastasis was concordant with that observed in the primary tumour. Weighted kappa values of IHC ER‐β1 expression were satisfactory.ConclusionsIn twenty‐five per cent of patients there was strong ER‐β1 expression in metastases, biopsy of which will be considered mandatory for trial inclusion.
Randomized control trial comparing calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate for partial pulpotomies in cariously exposed pulps of permanent molars
Authors: Chailertvanitkul P. , Paphangkorakit J. , Sooksantisakoonchai N. , Pumas N. , Pairojamornyoot W. , Leela‐apiradee N. , Abbott P. V. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the treatment outcomes when calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate are used for partial pulpotomy in cariously exposed young permanent molars in a randomized control trial.MethodologyEighty‐four teeth in 80 volunteers (aged 7–10 years) with reversible pulpitis and carious pulp exposures were randomly divided into two groups. Exposed pulps were severed using high‐speed round burs until fresh pulp was seen. Cavities were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and the pulp exposures were photographed and measured. Dycal or ProRoot MTA was placed on the pulp. Vitremer was placed over the material until the remaining cavity was 2 mm deep; amalgam was then placed. Teeth were evaluated for clinical symptoms and radiographic periapical changes after 24 h, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. Mean survival times and incidence of extraction were calculated using exact binomial confidence intervals.ResultsThe median survival time for both ProRoot MTA and Dycal groups was 24 months. Three teeth had unfavourable outcomes with the incidence rate of 0.20/100 tooth‐months with ProRoot MTA (95% CI: 0.02–0.71) and 0.11/100 tooth‐months with Dycal (95% CI: 0.001–0.60). The incidence of unfavourable outcomes was 0.05/100 (95% CI: 0.001–0.30) and 2.38/100 (95% CI: 0.29–8.34) tooth‐months in teeth with small (<5 mm2) and large (>5 mm2) pulp exposure areas, respectively.ConclusionsPartial pulpotomy in teeth of young patients with reversible pulpitis, either using ProRoot MTA or Dycal, resulted in favourable treatment outcomes for up to 2 years. The incidence of unfavourable outcomes tended to be higher in teeth with pulp exposure areas larger than 5 mm2.
Effect of harvest time and geographical area on sensory and instrumental texture profile of a PDO artichoke
Authors: Di Salvo Riccardo , Fadda Costantino , Sanguinetti Anna Maria , Naes Tormod , Del Caro Alessandra 
Published: December 2013

SummaryA methodology of sensory and instrumental texture analysis was developed on a Protected Designation of Origin artichoke. Descriptive sensory analysis was applied on artichokes collected in two different geographical areas during the harvest time. Eight trained assessors evaluated the thistle odour, sweet, bitter, astringent, crunchy, fleshy and tender attributes. Instrumental texture, on artichoke heads and leaves, was evaluated with a texture analyser applying the cutting test and the texture profile analysis. The geographical area seems to affect the profile less than the harvest time. Instrumental texture analysis highlighted significant differences between the two geographical areas and during the harvest time. It can be assumed that, at the end of the biological cycle, artichokes are more suited to processing rather than for fresh consumption.
The effect of storage on nutritional, textural and sensory characteristics of creamy ricotta made from whey as well as cow's milk and goat's milk
Authors: Borba Karla Kalígia Silva , Silva Francyeli Araújo , Madruga Marta Suely , de Cássia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga Rita , de Souza Evandro Leite , Magnani Marciane 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a creamy ricotta using a mixture of goat and cow whey as the main ingredients, with the addition of whole goat and cow milk. The nutritional composition, texture and sensory characteristics of the ricotta cheese were evaluated over 14 days of refrigerated storage. There was a decrease in protein and ash content and pH changes during the assessed storage periods. The instrumental texture profile indicated that the creamy ricotta was easily deformable, with minimal inelasticity and a cohesive, soft and delicate texture. The medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acid content was higher than the short‐chain fatty acid content. The flavour and aroma of creamy ricotta were described by the panel as having a soft texture and wet appearance. The use of whey from goat and cow cheese in making creamy ricotta is feasible and does not cause negative impact in the final product.
Antioxidant activities of the fractionated protein hydrolysates from heat stable defatted rice bran
Authors: Zhang Hui Juan , Wang Jing , Zhang Bing Hua , Zhang Hui 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe hydrolysates from heat stable rice bran (HSDRB) treated by Alcalase 2.4L and Protease 500G were desalted and fractionated by hydrophobicity using a nonpolar, styrene divinylbenzene resin and macroporous adsorption resin DA201‐C. The antioxidant activities of HSDRB hydrolysates (HSDRBH) eluted by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% ethanol were investigated using 2, 2‐di (4‐tertoctylphenyl)‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical‐scavenging activity assay, reducing power assay, ferrous ion‐chelating activity assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. The HSDRBH‐75 had the highest reducing power assay and inhibition ratio of linoleic acid autoxidation, which might be associated with reduced molecular weight, amino acid composition and hydrophobicity. The highest metal‐chelating activity of four different fractions (at the concentration of 4 mg mL−1) had a positive correlation (r = 0.768, P = 0.116) with the total content of basic amino acid (Lys, Arg, and His) and a negative correlation (r = −0.886, P = 0.057) with the range of molecular weight (Mw < 1000 Da). The HSDRBH‐75 had the highest antioxidant activities in many assays, which suggests that it may become a good natural antioxidant as a food additive.