bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic criteria for pancreaticobiliary maljunction 2013
Authors: Kamisawa Terumi , Ando Hisami , Hamada Yoshinori , Fujii Hideki , Koshinaga Tsugumichi , Urushihara Naoto , Itoi Takao , Shimada Hiroshi ,   The Japanese Study Group on Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction
Published: December 2013

Abstract Pancreaticobiliary maljunction is a congenital malformation in which the pancreatic and bile ducts join anatomically outside the duodenal wall. The diagnostic criteria for pancreaticobiliary maljunction were proposed in 1987. The committee of The Japanese Study Group on Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction (JSGPM) for diagnostic criteria for pancreaticobiliary maljunction began to revise the diagnostic criteria from 2011 taking recently advanced diagnostic imaging techniques into consideration, and the final revised version was approved in the 36th Annual Meeting of JSPBM. For diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary maljunction, an abnormally long common channel and/or an abnormal union between the pancreatic and bile ducts must be evident on direct cholangiography, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transpehatic cholangiography, or intraoperative cholangiography; magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; or three‐dimensional drip infusion cholangiography computed tomography. However, in cases with a relatively short common channel, it is necessary to confirm that the effect of the papillary sphincter does not extend to the junction by direct cholangiography. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction can be diagnosed also by endoscopic ultrasonography or multi‐planar reconstruction images provided by multi‐detector row computed tomography. Elevated amylase levels in bile and extrahepatic bile duct dilatation strongly suggest the existence of pancreaticobiliary maljunction.
Survival probabilities of adult Mongolian gazelles
Authors: Olson Kirk A. , Larsen Elise A. , Mueller Thomas , Leimgruber Peter , Fuller Todd K. , Schaller George B. , Fagan William F. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTMongolian gazelles are Central Asia's most abundant plains ungulate and an iconic symbol of large unfragmented grasslands. Despite a long history of commercial harvesting and subsistence hunting by herding households, adult gazelle demographic data is almost non‐existent. We calculated cause‐specific mortality rates for 49 adult gazelles collared with a global positioning system. Exponential models provided better fits to survival distributions from collared gazelles than did either Weibull or Gompertz models, and yielded an overall estimated annual mortality risk of 36%. The estimated daily hazard rate from human‐caused mortality was 30% greater than the hazard rate due to natural mortality alone. Estimated median lifespan of adult gazelles was just 4 years, which concurred with age data taken from incisor cementum annuli obtained from harvested animals and from a natural mass mortality. For gazelles that have already reached adulthood, in the absence of hunting mortality, the estimated median lifespan of collared gazelles increased from 4 years to 8 years. Survivorship estimates from the complete telemetry dataset (including both natural and human‐caused mortality sources) yielded lifespan estimates in line with greatly shortened lifespans evident during periods of heightened mortality, whether from a mass‐mortality event or commercial hunting. When compared to earlier population models for the species, our results suggest current survival rates based on measures of natural and human‐caused mortality will not support a stable population. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Comparing traditional ecological knowledge and western science woodland caribou habitat models
Authors: Polfus Jean L. , Heinemeyer Kimberly , Hebblewhite Mark ,   Taku River Tlingit First Nation
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTNegotiating the complexities of wildlife management increasingly requires new approaches, especially where data may be limited. A robust combination of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and western science has the potential to improve management decisions and enhance the validity of ecological inferences. We examined the strengths and weaknesses of predicting woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) habitat selection with resource selection functions (RSF) based on western science and TEK‐based models within the territory of the Taku River Tlingit First Nation of northern British Columbia. We developed seasonal RSF models with data from 10 global positioning system collared caribou. We generated TEK‐based habitat suitability index models from interviews with Taku River Tlingit members. We tested the ability of both habitat models to spatially predict the occurrence of collared caribou locations. To portray differences between the models, we statistically and visually compared the spatial predictions of TEK and RSF modeling approaches using Kappa statistics and k‐fold cross validation. Kappa statistics of habitat ranks from the models showed substantial agreement during summer (K = 0.649) and fair agreement during winter (K = 0.337). We found that both TEK and RSF models predicted independent caribou locations (Spearman's rank correlations from k‐fold cross‐validation ranged from 0.612 to 0.997). Differences in model performance were a result of RSF models predicting more relatively high quality habitat than TEK models. Given the widespread declines of woodland caribou across the boreal forest of Canada, and the requirement of the Canadian Species at Risk Act to incorporate both traditional and western science approaches into recovery planning, our results demonstrate that TEK‐based habitat models can effectively inform recovery planning for this imperiled species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of body size and sex of Drymarchon couperi (eastern indigo snake) on habitat use, movements, and home range size in Georgia
Authors: Hyslop Natalie L. , Meyers J. Michael , Cooper Robert J. , Stevenson Dirk J. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe federally threatened eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi), native to the southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States, has experienced population declines caused primarily by habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. To examine spatial and habitat use requirements of the species, we radiotracked 32 eastern indigo snakes from 2002 to 2004 on Fort Stewart Military Installation and adjacent private lands in Georgia. We estimated annual and seasonal home ranges and evaluated a priori hypotheses examining morphometric and ecological factors (sex, body size, location) associated with intraspecific differences in home range size. We analyzed habitat use hierarchically by examining use across the study area and within home ranges. Annual home range size varied from 33 ha to 1,528 ha (average minimum convex polygon: ; ). Individual home range size was most influenced by sex (males with larger home ranges) followed by body size. Compositional analysis of habitat use suggested positive selection for wetland, evergreen forest, and pine‐hardwood (mixed) forest, with an avoidance of roads and deciduous forests. Seasonally, indigo snakes used the highest diversity of habitats as they moved from xeric uplands (sandhills) in winter and early spring to wetlands and uplands other than sandhills in summer; however, snakes continued to use sandhill habitats (35–58% of locations seasonally) with gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows throughout the warmest months. In Georgia, management and conservation of the eastern indigo snake should include conservation of large tracts of undeveloped land, containing a matrix of xeric uplands with suitable underground shelters and adjacent wetland habitats. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Reactions of p‐Substituted Phenols with Nitrous Acid in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Rubio María A. , Lissi Eduardo , Olivera Nicol , Reyes Jael L. , López‐Alarcon Camilo 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe reaction of phenols with nitrite (nitrous acid HONO, or its conjugated base, NO2−) is of importance in stomach fluids (low pH) and in atmospheric hydrometeors (mild acid and basic pH). The initial reaction associated with the oxidation/nitration of 4‐substitued phenols promoted by HONO/NO2 depends on the pH of the solution. At low pH, the initial step involves the reaction between HONO and phenol, whereas at basic conditions this involves an electron transfer from the phenoxy anion to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) producing the nitrite anion. The rate of both processes is determined by the donor capacity of the substituent at the 4‐position of the phenol, and the data obtained at pH 2.3 follow a linear Hammett‐type correlation with a slope equal to –1.23. The partition of the gaseous intermediates (NO and NO2) makes the rate of HONO‐mediated oxidation dependent on their gas–liquid distribution. At low pH, the main process is phenol oxidation, even in oxygen‐free conditions, and the presence of any 4‐substituted phenol decreases the rate of HONO auto‐oxidation.
Unpolarer Analyt, unpolare Matrix: das Mykotoxin Zearalenon in Öl
Authors: Weiz Stefan , Marten Silvia , Heinze Julia , Drzymala Sarah , Koch Matthias 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMit einer automatisierten Online‐Festphasenextraktion ist das Schimmelpilzgift Zearalenon in Speiseöl mit HPLC direkt bestimmbar. Die Probenvorbereitung ist hochselektiv und eignet sich für die Routinekontrolle des EU‐Grenzwerts.
Drogen, Wein, Getreide
Authors: Vinke Ingeborg 
Published: December 2013

AbstractChemiker in den Zolllaboren untersuchen und bewerten Waren und unterstützen so die Zollbehörden bei der Kontrolle des Warenverkehrs. Außerdem tragen sie dazu bei, illegalen Handel und Betrug aufzudecken und zu ahnden.
Performance of instrumental variable methods in cohort and nested case–control studies: a simulation study
Authors: Uddin Md. Jamal , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , de Boer Anthonius , Belitser Svetlana V. , Roes Kit C. B. , Hoes Arno W. , Klungel Olaf H. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeInstrumental variable (IV) analysis is becoming increasingly popular to adjust for confounding in observational pharmacoepidemiologic research. One of the prerequisites of an IV is that it is strongly associated with exposure; if it is weakly associated with exposure, IV estimates are reported to be biased. We aimed to assess the performance of IV estimates in various (pharmaco‐)epidemiologic settings.MethodsData were simulated for continuous/binary exposure, outcome and IV in cohort and nested case–control (NCC) designs with different incidences of the outcome. Pearson's correlation, point bi‐serial correlation, odds ratio (OR), and F‐statistic were used to assess the IV‐exposure association. Two‐stage analysis was performed to estimate the exposure effect.ResultsFor all types of IV and exposure in the cohort and NCC designs, IV estimates were extremely unstable and biased when the IV was very weakly associated with exposure (e.g. Pearson's correlation < 0.15 for continuous or OR < 2.0 for binary IV and exposure; although specific cut‐off values depend on simulation settings). For stronger IVs, estimates were unbiased and become less variable compared with weaker IVs in the case of continuous and binary (risk difference scale) outcomes. For a similar IV‐exposure association (e.g. OR = 1.4 and 5% incidence of the outcome), the variability of the estimates was more pronounced in the NCC (standard deviation = 2.37, case : control = 1:5) compared with the cohort design (standard deviation = 1.14). The variability was even more pronounced for rare (≤1%) outcomes. However, IV estimates from the NCC design became less variable with an increasing number of controls per case. Moreover, estimates were biased when the IV was related to confounders even with strong IVs.ConclusionsInstrumental variable analysis performs poorly when the IV‐exposure association is extremely weak, especially in the NCC design. IV estimates in the NCC design become less variable when the number of control increases. As NCC does not use the entire cohort, in order to achieve stable estimates, this design requires a stronger IV‐exposure association than the cohort design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rigidity loss of protein macromolecule induced by force—Effective field theory
Authors: Meilikhov E.Z. , Farzetdinova R.M. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTIn the framework of the effective field theory for the order parameter, which characterizes the degree of deviating the protein globule structure from its native state, the phase transition of the protein macromolecule from the elastic state into the plastic one under its mechanical stretching is considered. Elastic properties of a protein are studied as a function of the applied force, temperature, and the mean coordination number of the protein “network.” Proteins 2014; 82:966–974. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seismic behavior of multistory RC building frames with vertical setback irregularity
Authors: Varadharajan S. , Sehgal V. K. , Saini Babita 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYThis paper is the second of two companion papers that aimed to examine the behavior of irregular buildings subjected to seismic excitation. In the present study, seismic response of the building frames with setback irregularity has been determined. To achieve this purpose, building frames with different geometrical configurations of setbacks are modeled and analyzed using nonlinear dynamic analysis by subjecting them to an ensemble of 27 ground motions to generate 21 060 nonlinear dynamic analysis results. These results are compiled to create a seismic response database consisting of parameters such as maximum roof displacement, maximum interstory drift ratio, maximum plastic hinge rotation and collapse risk parameters. Furthermore, nonlinear regression analysis is conducted on this database to propose simple equations to estimate the seismic response parameters. Finally, the proposed equations are validated for two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional building models, and applicability of the proposed equation in performance‐based and displacement‐based designs is briefly discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Realism and construct validity of novel pelvic models of common gynecologic conditions
Authors: Edwards Sian , Cass Gemma , Lenguerrand Erik , Fox Robert , Crofts Joanna 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo test a novel set of pelvic trainers for realism and construct validity.MethodsSeven models of the female pelvis were studied. Participants performed speculum and bimanual examinations, documented their findings, and recorded opinions of the models in a structured questionnaire. Results were analyzed by participant grade (inexperienced and experienced).ResultsTwenty‐six inexperienced and 24 experienced gynecologists participated. Experienced doctors were more likely to correctly identify the uterus corresponding to 16 weeks of gestation (P < 0.001), the large fibroid uterus (P = 0.01), and uterine anteversion (P = 0.04). Identification of the uterus containing a small fibroid, the uterus corresponding to 10 weeks of gestation, and an adnexal cyst was low overall (< 35%) and not significantly different between the groups. Correct identification of cervical findings (ectropion and polyp) was high in both groups (65%–88%). Experienced doctors were more consistent—with 17 (71%) reporting the same correct finding on a repeated model, compared with 8 (31%) inexperienced doctors. Forty‐nine (98%) doctors completed the structured questionnaire, 36 (73%) of whom felt the models were realistic.ConclusionThe models were found to be realistic and have construct validity. Senior participants were consistent at correctly identifying most abnormalities. The models may be useful for pelvic examination training; further testing is required regarding their ability to aid learning of clinical and communication skills.
Prophylactic ampicillin versus cefazolin for the prevention of post‐cesarean infectious morbidity in Rwanda
Authors: Mivumbi Victor N. , Little Sarah E. , Rulisa Stephen , Greenberg James A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of ampicillin versus cefazolin as prophylactic antibiotics prior to cesarean delivery in Rwanda.MethodsIn a prospective, randomized, open‐label, single‐site study conducted between March and May 2012, the effects of prophylactic ampicillin versus cefazolin were compared among women undergoing cesarean delivery at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda. Postoperatively, participants were evaluated daily for infectious morbidity while in the hospital. Follow‐up was done by phone and by appointment at the hospital within 2 weeks of delivery.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 578 total deliveries and 234 cesarean deliveries (40.4%). Overall, 132 women were enrolled in the study and randomized to receive either ampicillin (n = 66) or cefazolin (n = 66). No women were lost to follow‐up. The overall infection rate was 15.9% (21/132). The infection rate in the ampicillin group and the cefazolin group was 25.8% (17/66) and 6.1% (4/66), respectively.ConclusionImplementing a universal protocol in Rwanda of prophylactic cefazolin prior to cesarean delivery might reduce postoperative febrile morbidity, use of postoperative antibiotics, and number of postoperative days in hospital.
Three-dimensional architecture of actin filaments in
Listeria monocytogenes
comet tails
Authors: Jasnin Marion , Asano Shoh , Gouin Edith , Hegerl Reiner , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Villa Elizabeth , Cossart Pascale , Baumeister Wolfgang 
Published: December 2013

Significance
For an understanding of the molecular mechanism of actin-based motility, knowledge of the underlying molecular architectures is indispensable. We have used cryo-electron tomography to study the supramolecular arrangements of actin filaments in unperturbed cellular environments. An in-depth quantitative analysis of comet tails, stress fibers, and filopodia has revealed the existence of bundles of nearly parallel actin filaments, some of them hexagonally packed and with strikingly similar spacings between the filaments. This common feature of actin filament architecture has important implications for the mechanical properties of actin supramolecular assemblies and for the mechanism of force generation.
Leaf Shrinkage with Dehydration: Coordination with Hydraulic Vulnerability and Drought Tolerance
Authors: Scoffoni Christine , Vuong Christine , Diep Steven , Cochard Hervé , Sack Lawren 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Leaf shrinkage with dehydration has attracted attention for over 100 years, especially as it becomes visibly extreme during drought. However, little has been known of its correlation with physiology. Computer simulations of the leaf hydraulic system showed that a reduction of hydraulic conductance of the mesophyll pathways outside the xylem would cause a strong decline of leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf). For 14 diverse species, we tested the hypothesis that shrinkage during dehydration (i.e. in whole leaf, cell and airspace thickness, and leaf area) is associated with reduction in K leaf at declining leaf water potential (Ψleaf). We tested hypotheses for the linkage of leaf shrinkage with structural and physiological water relations parameters, including modulus of elasticity, osmotic pressure at full turgor, turgor loss point (TLP), and cuticular conductance. Species originating from moist habitats showed substantial shrinkage during dehydration before reaching TLP, in contrast with species originating from dry habitats. Across species, the decline of K leaf with mild dehydration (i.e. the initial slope of the K leaf versus Ψleaf curve) correlated with the decline of leaf thickness (the slope of the leaf thickness versus Ψleaf curve), as expected based on predictions from computer simulations. Leaf thickness shrinkage before TLP correlated across species with lower modulus of elasticity and with less negative osmotic pressure at full turgor, as did leaf area shrinkage between full turgor and oven desiccation. These findings point to a role for leaf shrinkage in hydraulic decline during mild dehydration, with potential impacts on drought adaptation for cells and leaves, influencing plant ecological distributions.
Do stage‐specific functional responses of consumers dampen the effects of subsidies on trophic cascades in streams?
Authors: Sato Takuya , Watanabe Katsutoshi 
Published: December 2013

SummaryResource subsidies often weaken trophic cascades in recipient communities via consumers' functional response to the subsidies. Consumer populations are commonly stage‐structured and may respond to the subsidies differently among the stages yet less is known about how this might impact the subsidy effects on the strength of trophic cascades in recipient systems.We show here, using a large‐scale field experiment, that the stage structure of a recipient consumer would dampen the effects of terrestrial invertebrate subsidies on the strength of trophic cascade in streams.When a high input rate of the terrestrial invertebrates was available, both large and small fish stages switched their diet to the terrestrial subsidy, which weakened the trophic cascade in streams. However, when the input rate of the terrestrial invertebrates was at a moderate level, the terrestrial subsidy did not weaken the trophic cascade.This discrepancy was likely due to small fish stages being competitively excluded from feeding on the subsidy by larger stages of fish and primarily foraging on benthic invertebrates under the moderate input level.Although previous studies using single fish stages have clearly demonstrated that the terrestrial invertebrate input equivalent to our moderate input rate weakened the trophic cascade in streams, this subsidy effect might be overestimated given small fish stage may not switch their diet to the subsidy under competition with large fish stage.Given the ubiquity of consumer stage structure and interaction among consumer stages, the effects we saw might be widespread in nature, requiring future studies that explicitly involve consumer's stage structure into community ecology.
The GATA transcription factor/MTA‐1 homolog egr‐1 promotes longevity and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zimmerman Stephanie M. , Kim Stuart K. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryAging is associated with a large number of both phenotypic and molecular changes, but for most of these, it is not known whether these changes are detrimental, neutral, or protective. We have identified a conserved Caenorhabditis elegans GATA transcription factor/MTA‐1 homolog egr‐1 (lin‐40) that extends lifespan and promotes resistance to heat and UV stress when overexpressed. Expression of egr‐1 increases with age, suggesting that it may promote survival during normal aging. This increase in expression is dependent on the presence of the germline, raising the possibility that egr‐1 expression is regulated by signals from the germline. In addition, loss of egr‐1 suppresses the long lifespan of insulin receptor daf‐2 mutants. The DAF‐16 FOXO transcription factor is required for the increased stress resistance of egr‐1 overexpression mutants, and egr‐1 is necessary for the proper regulation of sod‐3 (a reporter for DAF‐16 activity). These results indicate that egr‐1 acts within the insulin signaling pathway. egr‐1 can also activate the expression of its paralog egl‐27, another factor known to extend lifespan and increase stress resistance, suggesting that the two genes act in a common program to promote survival. These results identify egr‐1 as part of a longevity‐promoting circuit that changes with age in a manner that is beneficial for the lifespan of the organism.