bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensiling of wheat straw decreases the required temperature in hydrothermal pretreatment
Authors: Ambye-Jensen Morten , Thomsen Sune Tjalfe , Kádár Zsófia , Meyer Anne S 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Ensiling is a well-known method for preserving green biomasses through anaerobic production of organic acids by lactic acid bacteria. In this study, wheat straw is subjected to ensiling in combination with hydrothermal treatment as a combined pretreatment method, taking advantage of the produced organic acids.

Results
Ensiling for 4 weeks was accomplished in a vacuum bag system after addition of an inoculum of Lactobacillus buchneri and 7% w/w xylose to wheat straw biomass at 35% final dry matter. Both glucan and xylan were preserved, and the DM loss after ensiling was less than 0.5%. When comparing hydrothermally treated wheat straw (170, 180 and 190°C) with hydrothermally treated ensiled wheat straw (same temperatures), several positive effects of ensiling were revealed. Glucan was up-concentrated in the solid fraction and the solubilisation of hemicellulose was significantly increased.
Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid fractions showed that ensiling significantly improved the effect of pretreatment, especially at the lower temperatures of 170 and 180°C.
The overall glucose yields after pretreatments of ensiled wheat straw were higher than for non-ensiled wheat straw hydrothermally treated at 190°C, namely 74-81% of the theoretical maximum glucose in the raw material, which was ~1.8 times better than the corresponding yields for the non-ensiled straw pretreated at 170 or 180°C. The highest overall conversion of combined glucose and xylose was achieved for ensiled wheat straw hydrothermally treated at 180°C, with overall glucose yield of 78% and overall conversion yield of xylose of 87%.

Conclusions
Ensiling of wheat straw is shown to be an effective pre-step to hydrothermal treatment, and can give rise to a welcomed decrease of process temperature in hydrothermal treatments, thereby potentially having a positive effect on large scale pretreatment costs.
Intraflagellar transport complex structure and cargo interactions
Authors: Bhogaraju Sagar , Engel Benjamin D , Lorentzen Esben 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is required for the assembly and maintenance of cilia, as well as the proper function of ciliary motility and signaling. IFT is powered by molecular motors that move along the axonemal microtubules, carrying large complexes of IFT proteins that travel together as so-called trains. IFT complexes likely function as adaptors that mediate interactions between anterograde/retrograde motors and ciliary cargoes, facilitating cargo transport between the base and tip of the cilium. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of IFT complex structure and architecture, and discuss how interactions with cargoes and motors may be achieved.
Atoh7 promotes the differentiation of retinal stem cells derived from Müller cells into retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting Notch signaling
Authors: Song Wei-tao , Zhang Xue-yong , Xia Xiao-bo 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Retinal Müller cells exhibit the characteristics of retinal progenitor cells, and differentiate into ganglion cells under certain conditions. However, the number of ganglion cells differentiated from retinal Müller cells falls far short of therapeutic needs. This study aimed to develop a novel protocol to promote the differentiation of retinal Müller cells into ganglion cells and explore the underlying signaling mechanisms.

Methods
Müller cells were isolated and purified from rat retina and induced to dedifferentiate into retinal stem cells. Next the stem cells were transfected with lentivirus PGC-FU-GFP or lentivirus PGC-FU-Atoh7-GFP. In addition, the stem cells were transfected with Brn-3b siRNA or Isl-1 siRNA or treated with Notch inhibitor gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI).

Results
The proportion of ganglion cells differentiated from Atoh7-tranfected stem cells was significantly higher than that of controls. Knockdown of Brn-3b or Isl-1 inhibited, while GSI promoted, the differentiation into retinal ganglion cells. Atoh7 promoted the expression of Brn-3b and Isl-1 but inhibited the expression of Notch1.

Conclusions
Atoh7 promotes the differentiation of Müller cells-derived retinal stem cells into retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting Notch signaling, thus opening up a new avenue for gene therapy and optic nerve regeneration in glaucoma.
First Record of Lepidoptera in Southern Brazilian Salt Marshes
Authors: Gantes Marcel Lucas , Carrasco Daiane Silveira , D'Incao Fernando 
Published: August 2013

Salt marshes are highly productive environments and economic importance, however, little attention is given to insects in this ecosystem, and its entomofauna unknown in Brazil. Thus, it is the first record for lepidopteran Southern Brazilian coastal marshes (32°01’S; 052°06’W).
Primeiro Registro de Lepidoptera em Marisma no Sul do Brasil
Resumo. Marismas são ambientes de grande produtividade e importância econômica, no entanto, pouca atenção é dada aos insetos neste ecossistema, sendo sua entomofauna desconhecida no Brasil. Assim, faz-se o primeiro registro de lepidópteros para as marismas do sul do Brasil (32°01’S; 052°06’W).
Diversidade e Atividade de Voo de Himenópteros Parasitóides em Pomar de Macieira em Vacaria, RS
Authors: Klesener Daniela Fernanda , Santos Régis Sivori Silva dos , Menezes Jr. Ayres de Oliveira 
Published: August 2013

O O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de himenópteros parasitóides e o período de atividade de voo em macieira. Os insetos foram amostrados com armadilha Malaise, semanalmente, por um período de 24h, sendo retirados do frasco coletor nos seguintes horários: 1, 7, 13 e 19 h. Foram coletados 1.249 himenópteros parasitóides distribuídos em 25 famílias com maior abundância de Ichneumonidae (318), Bethylidae (199), Figitidae (Eucoilinae) (183), Braconidae (90) e Scelionidae (86). Com exceção de Ichneumonidae (Ophioninae) a maioria dos parasitóides mostrou atividade de voo diurna.
Diversity and Flight Activity of Parasitoids Hymenoptera in Apple Orchard in Vacaria, RS
Abstract. The objective of this work was to evaluate the diversity of parasitoids Hymenoptera and the period of flight activity in apple trees. Insects were sampled with Malaise traps weekly for a period of 24 hours, being removed from the trap in the following times 1, 7, 13 and 19 hours. A total of 1,249 individual parasitoids from 25 families were collected. The most abundant families was Ichneumonidae (318), Bethylidae (199), Figitidae (Eucoilinae) (183), Braconidae (90) and Scelionidae (86). With the exception of Ichneumonidae (Ophioninae), parasitoids were most commonly colleted during daylight.
Influência do Fotoperíodo no Parasitismo de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em Ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Santana Danilo Renato Santiago , Bellon Patricia Paula , Melo Elmo Ponte de , Oliveira Harley Nonato de 
Published: August 2013

As espécies de Trichogramma constituem um importante grupo de parasitóides que atacam, principalmente, ovos de lepidópteros. A qualidade e o desempenho desse inimigo natural podem ser influenciados por alguns fatores, como hospedeiro alternativo utilizado nas criações massais, temperatura e diferenças de fotoperíodo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o número de ovos parasitados, % de fêmeas que parasitaram, % emergência, razão sexual e número de indivíduos de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi em os ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius), na presença e ausência de luminosidade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (claro e escuro) com 60 repetições, cada uma dessas foi constituída por 40 ovos de D. saccharalis que foram colocados em tubo de vidro com uma fêmea de T. galloi com 24 horas de idade, previamente alimentadas com mel. O experimento foi conduzido à 25º C ± 2º C e 70 ± 10% umidade relativa. Em cada um dos tratamentos, o parasitoide foi removido após 12 horas. O maior número de ovos parasitados (12,9) e % de fêmeas que parasitaram (83,3%) foi observado no período com luz. Em relação à emergência, razão sexual e número de indivíduos por ovo, não houve diferença estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que a presença de luminosidade é essencial para esse agente de controle biológico.
Influence of Photoperiod on Parasitism of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Abstract. Trichogramma species are an important group of parasitoids that attack especially lepidopteran eggs. The quality and performance of this natural enemy may be influenced by factors such as alternative host used in the massal rearing, and differences in the temperature and photoperiod. Based on this, this study aimed to evaluate the number of parasitized eggs, % of females that parasitized, % emergence, sex ratio and number of individuals of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi per egg of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) in the presence and absence of light. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (light and dark) and 60 replications, being each experimental unit composed by 40 eggs of D. saccharalis which were placed in a glass tube with one female of T. galloi with age of 24 hours, previously fed with honey. The experiment was carried out at 25 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 10% relative humidity. In each one of the treatments, the parasitoid was removed from the tube after 12 hours. The highest number of parasitized eggs (12.9) and % of females that parasitized (83.3%) was observed during the period with light. For the emergence, sex ratio and number of individuals per egg, there was no statistical difference. The results showed that the presence of light is essential for this biological control agent.
Inventário Rápido de Vespas Sociais em Três Ambientes com Diferentes Vegetações
Authors: Silva Newton José de Jesus , Morais Tatiana Aparecida , Santos-Prezoto Helba Helena , Prezoto Fabio 
Published: August 2013

Apesar de essenciais, trabalhos que objetivem conhecer a riqueza de vespas em meios naturais e agrícolas são incipientes, refletindo em escassez de tempo, recursos e logística adequada para a sua elaboração. Assim, nosso estudo buscou conhecer as espécies de vespas sociais em área com fragmento florestal, plantio de eucaliptos e pomar, além de testar a hipótese de que inventários rápidos, utilizando-se a busca ativa e armadilhas atrativas são estratégias viáveis para amostrar espécies com maior abundância. Foram coletadas 365 vespas sociais, distribuídas em quatro gêneros e 10 espécies, de modo que o pomar registrou maior riqueza específica (s=8), diversidade (H’=0,5131) e abundância (n=218). Tanto Agelaia vicina (Saussure), quanto Polybia ignobilis (Haliday) e Polistes versicolor (Oliver) foram relatadas nas três áreas. O gênero Agelaia contabilizou mais de 70% dos indivíduos coletados, resultados equivalentes aos de trabalhos conduzidos em fitofisionomias similares, validando a hipótese apresentada. Os inventários constituem-se, ferramentas eficazes na amostragem de espécies de vespas sociais abundantes, refletindo na diminuição de custos e logística em trabalhos de levantamento, contribuindo com ampliação do número de estudos sobre conservação e monitoramento ambiental, além dos relacionados a programas de manejo integrado de pragas.
A Fast Inventory of Social Wasps in Three Environments with Different Vegetation
Abstract. Although essential, researches that seek to discover the richness of wasps in natural and agricultural environments are incipient, reflecting in shortage of time, resources and adequate logistics for its formulation. Therefore, our study sought to know the species of social wasps in areas with forest fragments, eucalyptus plantations and orchard, in addition to test the hypothesis that fast inventories involving active search and attractive traps are viable strategies for sampling species with greater abundance. We collected 365 social wasps, distributed amongst four genera and 10 species, and the orchard reported the greatest specific richness (s=8), diversity (H'=0.5131) and abundance (n=218). Agelaia vicina (Saussure), Polybia ignobilis (Haliday) and Polistes versicolor (Oliver) were found in the three areas. The genus Agelaia accounted over 70% of the collected individuals, results equivalent to those carried out in similar works regarding phytophysiognomy, thus validating the presented hypothesis. The inventories are effective tools on sampling abundant social wasps species, reflecting on the decrease of costs and logistics in diversity studies, contributing with an increase of the number of conservation and environmental monitoring research, in addition to the ones related to integrated pest management programs.
First Record of Scirtidae (Coleoptera) Associated With Decaying Carcasses in the Neotropical Region
Authors: Farias Rodrigo Cesar Azevedo Pereira , Dal-Bó Daniel , Santos Wellington Emanuel dos , Creão-Duarte Antonio José , Thyssen Patricia Jacqueline 
Published: August 2013

During a two-year study on the insect fauna associated with pig carcasses in an Atlantic forest remnant in João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil, 127 adult Scirtes sp. were collected. This is the first record of specimens of the family Scirtidae associated with carcasses in the Neotropical region.
Primeiro Registro de Scirtidae (Coleoptera) Associado a Carcaças em Decomposição na Região Neotropical
Resumo. Durante um estudo de dois anos da entomofauna associada a carcaças de suínos em um remanescente de Mata Atlântica em João Pessoa, PB, Brasil, foram coletados 127 indivíduos de Scirtes sp. Este é o primeiro registro de exemplares da família Scirtidae associados a carcaças na região Neotropical.
Responsibility Beliefs, Memory Confidence, Intolerance of Uncertainty and the Urge to Check in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Examination of Cognitive Theory
Authors: Farrell Lara J. , Waters Allison M. , Boschen Mark J. , Milliner Ella L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjective: This study aimed to extend current research into cognitive models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in a pediatric sample by examining the impact of perceived responsibility on memory confidence, intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and checking urge using an experimental design to manipulate perceived responsibility. It was hypothesised that the high responsibility condition would result in higher ratings of responsibility, lower memory confidence and higher IU, which would also result in higher ratings on urge to check. Moreover, it was hypothesised that adolescents would report significantly higher ratings of responsibility than children. Finally, it was hypothesised that the effect of perceived inflated responsibility on the urge to check in a high responsibility condition would be mediated by IU.Method: Twenty-seven children and adolescents diagnosed with OCD completed an experimental cognitive appraisal task (CAT) in which they heard two standardised vignettes presented in counterbalanced order; one in which participants were responsible and one in which they were not responsible for preventing harm to a friend's pet cat. Memory confidence, IU and checking urge were assessed after each scenario using Likert scales.Results: The manipulation of perceived responsibility was successful with children and adolescents rating increased responsibility in the high compared with the low responsibility scenario. There were no differences across high and low responsibility conditions, however, in ratings of memory confidence, IU or the urge to check. There were no significant age-related differences; however, there was a trend for adolescents to report higher ratings across all variables. Finally, the relationship between perceived inflated responsibility and the urge to check was not mediated by IU.Conclusions: Responsibility is not related to ratings of memory confidence, IU or the urge to check in a pediatric sample, suggesting that biases of responsibility may not be central to the formulation of childhood OCD. Results are discussed in terms of implications for cognitive formulations and cognitive approaches to treatment in pediatric OCD.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Comparison of Sol–Gel TiO2 Immobilized Photocatalysts
Authors: Duca Clara , E. Imoberdorf Gustavo , Mohseni Madjid 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This study was focused on the synthesis of titania-based photocatalytic coatings with high photocatalytic activity, attrition resistance, and stability. Five different photocatalytic coatings were synthesized using the sol–gel technique. Three coatings were prepared using aqueous sols of TiO2 nanoparticles with different amounts of titanium tetraisopropoxide and different quantities and types of acids. The other two photocatalysts were composite sol–gel coatings which were prepared by incorporating commercial Degussa P25 into the TiO2 synthesized through sol–gel technique. The physical and optical properties of the immobilized photocatalysts were characterized with UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and light scattering. The photocatalytic activity of each coating was determined using a lab-scale differential photoreactor by measuring the degradation rate of a model micropollutant, the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The conversions of 2,4-D obtained with the TiO2 coatings without Degussa P25 were in the order of 7–23%, whereas the two composite coatings provided conversions in the range of 66–69%. In addition, one of the composite coatings showed a more homogeneous morphology and less cracking, and for this reason, it was more durable and showed lower attrition.
Evaluation of the Freezing and Thawing Cryoconcentration Process on Bioactive Compounds Present in Banana Juice from Three Different Cultivars
Authors: Escalante-Minakata Pilar , Ibarra-Junquera Vrani , Chávez-Rodríguez Arturo M. , de Jesús Ornelas-Paz José , Emparan-Legaspi María José , Pérez-Martínez Jaime David , VillaVelázquez-Mendoza Carlos Ignacio 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In this research, we produced concentrates of banana juices from three different cultivars of bananas (Enano gigante and two hybrids FHIA-17 and FHIA-23) by the freezing and thawing method. To track the cryoconcentration process, different parameters were monitored in the melted fractions, such as variation of the content of soluble solids, concentration of polyphenols (Folin–Ciocalteu), reducing sugar (DNS assay), minerals (K, Mg, Ca, P, Na, Mn, Cu and B) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and the main volatile compounds by headspace-GC–MS. It was found that the solution obtained during thawing showed higher concentrations than the original solution. The concentrations of polyphenols were duplicated in FHIA-17 cultivar (758.53 mg/100 ml), and the concentrates obtained in this study proved to be good sources of K and Mg 5,054.6 mg/l and 485.4 mg/l with around 70% and 40% of the recommended daily intake (RDI), respectively. In addition, the concentrates contained a very low level of Na around 1% of the RDI. Furthermore, the cryoconcentration process of the bioactive compounds presented a sigmoid behavior, and the inflexion point in the function was proposed as stop point of the process. Finally, the main volatile compounds reported as responsible for the banana aroma were identified, and its cryoconcentration proved. These results suggest that consumption of banana juice concentrates obtained by the freezing and thawing method can provide bioactive compounds needed for health.
Corticospinal Excitability Following Short-Term Motor Imagery Training of a Strength Task
Authors: Leung Michael C.M. , Spittle Michael , Kidgell Dawson J. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Motor imagery and actual movement engage similar neural structures, however, whether they produce similar training-related corticospinal adaptations has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to compare changes in strength and corticospinal excitability following short-term motor imagery strength training and short-term strength training. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the contralateral motor cortex (M1) to elicit motor-evoked potentials in the dominant biceps brachii muscle prior to and following 3-week strength training using actual bicep curls or motor imagery of bicep curls. The strength training (n = 6) and motor imagery (n = 6) groups underwent three supervised training sessions per week for 3 weeks. Participants completed four sets of six to eight repetitions (actual or imagined) at a training load of 80% of their one-repetition maximum. The control group (n = 6) were required to maintain their current level of physical activity. Both training groups exhibited large performance gains in strength (p < 0.001; strength training 39% improvement, imagery 16% improvement), which were significantly different between groups (p = 0.027). TMS revealed that the performance improvements observed in both imagery and strength training were accompanied by increases in corticospinal excitability (p < 0.001), however, these differences were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.920). Our findings suggest that both strength training and motor imagery training utilised similar neural substrates within the primary M1, however, strength training resulted in greater gains in strength than motor imagery strength training. This difference in strength increases may be attributed to adaptations during strength training that are not confined to the primary M1. These findings have theoretical implications for functional equivalent views of motor imagery as well as important therapeutic implications.
Acute Effects of Motor Imagery on Performance and Neuromuscular Control in Maximal Drop Jumps
Authors: Bergmann Julian , Kumpulainen Susanne , Avela Janne , Gruber Markus 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) used as mental preparation is known to be effective in enhancing athletic performance. However, data about the efficacy of mental preparation on performance and neuromuscular control of subsequent reactive movements are lacking. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of MI on performance in drop jumps and on leg muscle activities. Fifteen participants performed maximal drop jumps from 26 cm height with and without kinesthetic MI in a randomized order. Ankle and knee angles, EMG of soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, vastus medialis, biceps femoris and ground reaction forces were measured. Directly after MI participants showed a 3% (p
<0.05) higher performance index (PI = air time/ contact time) compared to control jumps. With regard to neuromuscular control participants showed higher preactivities (PRE = 100 ms before touchdown until touchdown) in soleus (11%, p<0.01) and in gastrocnemius (5%, p<0.05) muscles with MI compared to control jumps without MI. During the short latency response (30–60 ms after touchdown), muscle activities were enhanced in SOL and GAS (9%, p<0.01 and 8%, p<0.05, respectively). No differences were found for tibialis anterior, vastus medialis and biceps femoris. These findings indicate an enhanced neural drive directly after MI resulting in higher activation levels of triceps surae muscles before and shortly after touchdown. However, the effectiveness of using MI as mental preparation to enhance performance in drop jumps seems to be limited.