bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What can local foundations do to support youth service system change efforts?
Authors: Weah Wokie , Pope Marcus 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMaking sound decisions in funding youth‐serving organizations can be greatly enhanced by implementing a comprehensive and inclusive learning process that embraces the perspectives of and input from a variety of stakeholders, including program staff and leadership, various community partners, and, most important, the youth. Youthprise effectively applied this collaborative approach to its grant making in 2012 when it funded Saint Paul Parks and Recreation (P&R) to continue and expand its innovations in youth work and diffuse specific strategies into other recreation centers. For a new grant‐making intermediary, this was an ideal opportunity to test its priorities with an organization that had a demonstrated commitment to working with young people who were severely marginalized by other youth‐serving agencies. Youthprise's relationship with P&R has yielded valuable insight that has informed its work as a grant maker and as an organization focused on systems change.
Accurate Structure and Bonding Description of the Transition Metal‐Disulfur Monoxide Complexes [(PMe3)2M(S2O)] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt): Grimme Dispersion Corrected DFT Study
Authors: Pandey Krishna K. , Patidar Sunil K. , Patidar Pankaj , Vishwakarma Ravi , Bariya Pankaj K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract Geometry and bonding energy analysis of M–S2O bonds in the metal‐disulfur monoxide complexes [(PMe3)2M(S2O)] of nickel, palladium, and platinum were investigated at DFT, DFT‐D3, and DFT‐D3(BJ) methods using three different functionals (BP86, PBE, and TPSS). The TPSS/DFT‐D3(BJ) yields better geometry, while the BP86 geometry is least accurate for studied complexes. The geometry of platinum complex optimized at TPSS/DFT‐D3(BJ) level is in excellent agreement with the available experimental values. The M–S bonds are shorter than the M–S(O) bonds. The Mayer bond orders suggest the presence of M–S and M–S(O) single bonds. Both the M–S and M–S(O) bond lengths vary with the density functionals as TPSS‐D3(BJ) < TPSS < PBE < BP86. The Hirshfeld charge distribution indicates that the overall charge flows from metal fragment to [S2O]. The Ni–S2O bond has greater degree of covalent character than the ionic. The contribution of dispersion interactions is large in computing accurate bond dissociation energies between the interacting fragments. The BDEs are largest for the functional TPSS and smallest for the functional BP86. The DFT‐D3 dispersion corrections to the BDEs between the metal fragments [(PMe3)2M] and ligand fragment [(S2O)] for the TPSS functional are in the range 7.1–7.3 kcal·mol–1, which are smaller than the corresponding DFT‐D3(BJ) dispersion corrections (9.4–10.6 kcal·mol–1).
The Impact of Paternity Leave on Fathers’ Future Earnings
Authors: Rege Mari , Solli Ingeborg F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUsing Norwegian registry data, we investigate the effect of paternity leave on fathers’ long-term earnings. If the paternity leave increased long-term father involvement, then we should expect a reduction in fathers’ long-term earnings as they shift time and effort from market to home production. For identification, we use the Norwegian introduction of a paternity-leave quota in 1993, reserving four weeks of the total of 42 weeks of paid parental leave exclusively for the father. The introduction of the paternity-leave quota led to a sharp increase in rates of leave-taking for fathers. We estimate a difference-in-differences model that exploits differences in fathers’ exposure to the paternity-leave quota by the child’s age and year of observation. Our analysis suggests that four weeks of paternity leave during the child’s first year decreases fathers’ future earnings, an effect that persists through our last point of observation, when the child is 5 years old. A battery of robustness tests supports our results.
Select human milk oligosaccharides directly modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 10-d-old pigs
Authors: Comstock Sarah S. , Wang Mei , Hester Shelly N. , Li Min , Donovan Sharon M. 
Published: October 2013

Infant formulas lack the complex mixture of oligosaccharides found in human milk. These human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) may be pivotal to the development of the neonatal immune system. Few comprehensive analyses of the effects of HMO on immune cells from neonates have been undertaken. Herein, the direct effects of HMO on immune cells were analysedex vivo. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from 10-d-old sow-reared (SR) or colostrum-deprived formula-fed (FF) pigs were stimulated for 72 h with single HMO, mixtures of single HMO or a complex mixture of HMO isolated from human milk (iHMO). T-cell phenotype, cytokine production and proliferation were measured by flow cytometry, immunoassay and [3H]thymidine incorporation, respectively. Stimulation with HMO had direct effects on PBMC. For instance, cells stimulated with iHMO produced more IL-10 than unstimulated cells, and cells stimulated with fucosylated HMO tended to proliferate less than unstimulated cells. Additionally, co-stimulation with HMO mixtures or single HMO altered PBMC responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Compared with PBMC stimulated with PHA alone, cells co-stimulated with iHMO and PHA proliferated more and had fewer detectable CD4+CD8+T cells. Compared with PBMC stimulated by LPS alone, cells co-stimulated with a mixture of sialylated HMO and LPS proliferated more and tended to have fewer detectable CD4+T cells. Differences in the baseline responses of PBMC isolated from the SR or FF pigs were observed. In summary, HMO directly affected PBMC populations and functions. Additionally,ex vivomeasurements of PBMC phenotype, cytokine production and proliferation were influenced by the neonate's diet.
Components of herbage accumulation in elephant grass cvar Napier subjected to strategies of intermittent stocking management
Authors: PEREIRA L. E. T. , PAIVA A. J. , GEREMIA E. V. , DA SILVA S. C. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYHerbage accumulation is determined by the tissue turnover of individual plants and by the regulation patterns of the number of individuals in a plant population, which function in conjunction to enable swards to adapt to variations in growth and management conditions. Based on the hypothesis that intermittent grazing strategies change the proportion of basal and aerial tillers and, consequently, sward herbage accumulation, the objective of the current experiment was to evaluate the components of herbage accumulation in elephant grass cvar Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cvar Napier) from January 2011 to April 2012. The treatments corresponded to combinations of two post-grazing (post-grazing heights of 35 and 45 cm) and two pre-grazing conditions (0·95 and maximum canopy light interception during regrowth – LI0·95 and LIMax) and were allocated to experimental units (850 m2 paddocks) according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The following response variables were evaluated: the population density of basal tillers (TPDb) and the population density of aerial tillers (TPDa), the number of aerial tillers per supporting unit (A/B+VC), growth rates of the leaf (LGR) and stem (SGR), leaf senescence rate, net leaf accumulation rate (LAR), and the contributions of basal and aerial tillers to sward growth and senescence. The swards managed with the LI0·95 target had greater TPDb than those managed with the LIMax target, but no difference was recorded between the LI pre-grazing targets for TPDa. The larger A/B+VC ratio recorded for the swards managed with the LIMax target resulted in a higher contribution of aerial tillers to the growth and senescence of swards. This growth strategy resulted in a higher SGR and lower LGR and LAR for the swards managed with the LIMax target relative to those managed with the LI0·95 target. The post-grazing height targets affected only LGR during winter and the second summer and SGR on average for the experiment, with higher values recorded for the swards managed at 35 cm. The LI pre-grazing targets played a central role in defining the compensatory mechanisms responsible for the competitive ability of the plants, which were primarily expressed in the variation of the proportion of basal and aerial tillers in the tiller population and interfered with the components of herbage accumulation and total herbage yield of the swards.
An individualised treatment algorithm for tumour stage 1 glottic squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Aydil U , Akmansu M , Kizil Y , Yazici Ö , Üstün S , Karaloğlu F , Köybaşioğlu A 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjective:To report and discuss the outcome of a treatment algorithm for patients with tumour stage 1 glottic squamous cell carcinoma.Method:A retrospective outcome analysis study was performed using data from a tertiary referral centre.Results:Sixty-nine patients were treated with radiotherapy and 26 with surgery, in accordance with the treatment algorithm. Five-year overall survival rates were the same for both treatment groups (92 per cent). Five-year disease-specific survival rates were 100 per cent for surgery, 98 per cent for radiotherapy and 99 per cent overall. The overall 5-year laryngeal preservation rate was 89.1 per cent, being 95.7 per cent for surgery patients and 86.7 per cent for radiotherapy patients (p = 0.502). There was no significant association between laryngeal preservation rates and age (p = 0.779), anterior commissure involvement (p = 0.081), tumour stage (1a or 1b) (p = 0.266) or treatment modality (surgery or radiotherapy; p = 0.220). There was no significant difference in local recurrence rates between the two treatment groups (19.3 per cent for radiotherapy vs 10.0 per cent for surgery; p = 0.220). The overall 5-year regional recurrence rate was 1.2 per cent.Conclusion:Tumour stage 1 glottic carcinoma can be managed with different treatment modalities, following an individualised treatment algorithm, with results comparable to published outcomes.
A survey of qualitative spatial representations
Authors: Chen Juan , Cohn Anthony G. , Liu Dayou , Wang Shengsheng , Ouyang Jihong , Yu Qiangyuan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRepresentation and reasoning with qualitative spatial relations is an important problem in artificial intelligence and has wide applications in the fields of geographic information system, computer vision, autonomous robot navigation, natural language understanding, spatial databases and so on. The reasons for this interest in using qualitative spatial relations include cognitive comprehensibility, efficiency and computational facility. This paper summarizes progress in qualitative spatial representation by describing key calculi representing different types of spatial relationships. The paper concludes with a discussion of current research and glimpse of future work.
Evaluation and resilience of ecotourism in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal
Authors: BARAL NABIN 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYEcotourism has been promoted to reconcile seemingly conflicting goals of tourism development and nature conservation. Given its importance, how has ecotourism fared in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) and how resilient was it to the Maoist insurgency in Nepal (1996–2006)? Drawing upon more than 10 months of field research, participant observation, semi-structured surveys and content analysis of 21 annual reports, ecotourism was evaluated by organizing ACA's programmes and activities under the four major emerging themes, namely local capacity building, waste management, education and infrastructure development; the most prominent theme was local capacity building. Annual visitor numbers declined during the insurgency, but ecotourism managed to survive, mainly due to self-organization of local tourism entrepreneurs. Local tourism entrepreneurs facilitated self-organization through capacity building and diversification of livelihoods. In the aftermath of the insurgency, visitor numbers rebounded and ecotourism continued to develop and evolve; ecotourism was thus resilient to the insurgency. Building local capacity, facilitating self-organization and diversifying livelihoods can enhance the resilience of ecotourism, sustaining stability and helping to deal with uncertainty.
Making the most out of life: Exploring the contribution of attention restorative theory in developing a non-pharmacological intervention for fatigue
Authors: Kirshbaum Marilynne N. , Donbavand Joanne 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectives:This study investigates an approach based on Kaplan's Attention Restorative Theory (ART) to develop a non-pharmacological intervention to help individuals manage the distressing effects of illness related fatigue. The study aims to: identify activities perceived as being enjoyable by individuals who have moderate to severe fatigue related to advanced illness; determine the core attributes of potentially beneficially interventions; analyse reported ‘enjoyable’ experiences within the ART framework by mapping emergent themes to attributes of attention restoration; and develop the prototype for a self-management intervention tool.Methods:A purposive sample of 25 individuals who experienced moderate to severe fatigue was selected from the local hospice and community. Focused semi-structured interviews probed the questions: What do you enjoying doing? What is it about the activity that you particularly enjoy? Framework analysis was used to manage responses.Results:Seventy-five ‘enjoyable experiences’ were identified, including artistic pursuits, voluntary work, socialising and learning. These activities were organised into four conceptual themes: Belonging, Expansive, Nurturing and Purposeful. When mapped against attributes of restorative activities specified in ART, there was some congruence and variation. It was clear that the participants expressed a great need to be safe and in a nurturing environment. Some participants placed a high value in and received great joy from contributing to the community; this was not noted in previous ART literature.Significance of results:This study has extended Kaplan's insightful work on restorative behaviours by revealing the value that purposeful, engaging and safe activities hold for people who live with fatigue. ART has inspired the research team to develop a self-management intervention tool to guide health care practitioners in promoting a non-pharmacological approach to manage fatigue through exploring, discovering and promoting experiences which engage, excite, nurture and challenge the person. Further research is needed to integrate this approach into clinical practice.
Axonal protection by Nmnat3 overexpression with involvement of autophagy in optic nerve degeneration
Authors: Kitaoka Y , Munemasa Y , Kojima K , Hirano A , Ueno S , Takagi H 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAxonal degeneration often leads to the death of neuronal cell bodies. Previous studies demonstrated the crucial role of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (Nmnat) 1, 2, and 3 in axonal protection. In this study, Nmnat3 immunoreactivity was observed inside axons in the optic nerve. Overexpression of Nmnat3 exerts axonal protection against tumor necrosis factor-induced and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation-induced optic nerve degeneration. Immunoblot analysis showed that both p62 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-II were upregulated in the optic nerve after IOP elevation. Nmnat3 transfection decreased p62 and increased LC3-II in the optic nerve both with and without experimental glaucoma. Electron microscopy showed the existence of autophagic vacuoles in optic nerve axons in the glaucoma, glaucoma+Nmnat3 transfection, and glaucoma+rapamycin groups, although preserved myelin and microtubule structures were noted in the glaucoma+Nmnat3 transfection and glaucoma+rapamycin groups. The axonal-protective effect of Nmnat3 was inhibited by 3-methyladenine, whereas rapamycin exerted axonal protection after IOP elevation. We found that p62 was present in the mitochondria and confirmed substantial colocalization of mitochondrial Nmnat3 and p62 in starved retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-5 cells. Nmnat3 transfection decreased p62 and increased autophagic flux in RGC-5 cells. These results suggest that the axonal-protective effect of Nmnat3 may be involved in autophagy machinery, and that modulation of Nmnat3 and autophagy may lead to potential strategies against degenerative optic nerve disease.
Spatial heterogeneity and co-occurrence patterns of human mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota
Authors: Zhang Zhigang , Geng Jiawei , Tang Xiaodan , Fan Hong , Xu Jinchao , Wen Xiujun , Ma Zhanshan (Sam) , Shi Peng 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Human gut microbiota shows high inter-subject variations, but the actual spatial distribution and co-occurrence patterns of gut mucosa microbiota that occur within a healthy human instestinal tract remain poorly understood. In this study, we illustrated a model of this mucosa bacterial communities’ biogeography, based on the largest data set so far, obtained via 454-pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rDNAs associated with 77 matched biopsy tissue samples taken from terminal ileum, ileocecal valve, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum of 11 healthy adult subjects. Borrowing from macro-ecology, we used both Taylor’s power law analysis and phylogeny-based beta-diversity metrics to uncover a highly heterogeneous distribution pattern of mucosa microbial inhabitants along the length of the intestinal tract. We then developed a spatial dispersion model with an R-squared value greater than 0.950 to map out the gut mucosa-associated flora’s non-linear spatial distribution pattern for 51.60% of the 188 most abundant gut bacterial species. Furthermore, spatial co-occurring network analysis of mucosa microbial inhabitants together with occupancy (that is habitat generalists, specialists and opportunist) analyses implies that ecological relationships (both oppositional and symbiotic) between mucosa microbial inhabitants may be important contributors to the observed spatial heterogeneity of mucosa microbiota along the human intestine and may even potentially be associated with mutual cooperation within and functional stability of the gut ecosystem.
Horizontal gene transfer converts non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains into toxin producers
Authors: Brouwer Michael S.M. , Roberts Adam P. , Hussain Haitham , Williams Rachel J. , Allan Elaine , Mullany Peter 
Published: October 2013

AbstractClostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen and the main causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. The organism produces two potent toxins, A and B, which are its major virulence factors. These are chromosomally encoded on a region termed the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc), which also contains regulatory genes, and is absent in non-toxigenic strains. Here we show that the PaLoc can be transferred from the toxin-producing strain, 630Δerm, to three non-toxigenic strains of different ribotypes. One of the transconjugants is shown by cytotoxicity assay to produce toxin B at a similar level to the donor strain, demonstrating that a toxigenic C. difficile strain is capable of converting a non-toxigenic strain to a toxin producer by horizontal gene transfer. This has implications for the treatment of C. difficile infections, as non-toxigenic strains are being tested as treatments in clinical trials.
Resonant Transparency and Non-Trivial Non-Radiating Excitations in Toroidal Metamaterials
Authors: Fedotov V. A. , Rogacheva A. V. , Savinov V. , Tsai D. P. , Zheludev N. I. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEngaging strongly resonant interactions allows dramatic enhancement of functionalities of many electromagnetic devices. However, resonances can be dampened by Joule and radiation losses. While in many cases Joule losses may be minimized by the choice of constituting materials, controlling radiation losses is often a bigger problem. Recent solutions include the use of coupled radiant and sub-radiant modes yielding narrow asymmetric Fano resonances in a wide range of systems, from defect states in photonic crystals and optical waveguides with mesoscopic ring resonators to nanoscale plasmonic and metamaterial systems exhibiting interference effects akin to electromagnetically-induced transparency. Here we demonstrate theoretically and confirm experimentally a new mechanism of resonant electromagnetic transparency, which yields very narrow isolated symmetric Lorentzian transmission lines in toroidal metamaterials. It exploits the long sought non-trivial non-radiating charge-current excitation based on interfering electric and toroidal dipoles that was first proposed by Afanasiev and Stepanovsky in [J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 28, 4565 (1995)].
Seeking a Valid Gold Standard for an Innovative, Dialect-Neutral Language Test
Authors: Pearson Barbara Zurer , Jackson Janice E. , Wu Haotian 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
In this study, the authors explored alternative gold standards to validate an innovative, dialect-neutral language assessment.

Method
Participants were 78 African American children, ages 5;0 (years;months) to 6;11. Twenty participants had previously been identified as having language impairment. The Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation—Norm Referenced (DELV–NR; Seymour, Roeper, & J. de Villiers, 2005) was administered, and concurrent language samples (LSs) were collected. Using LS profiles as the gold standard, sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of diagnostic accuracy were compared for diagnoses made from the DELV–NR and participants' clinical status prior to recruitment. In a second analysis, the authors used results from the first analysis to make evidence-based adjustments in the estimates of DELV–NR diagnostic accuracy.

Results
Accuracy of the DELV–NR relative to LS profiles was greater than that of prior diagnoses, indicating that the DELV–NR was an improvement over preexisting diagnoses for this group. Specificity met conventional standards, but sensitivity was somewhat low. Reanalysis using the positive and negative predictive power of the preexisting diagnosis in a discrepant-resolution procedure revealed that estimates for sensitivity and specificity for the DELV–NR were .85 and .93, respectively.

Conclusion
The authors found that, even after making allowances for the imperfection of available gold standards, clinical decisions made with the DELV–NR achieved high values on conventional measures of diagnostic accuracy.
Ependymal Cyst Presenting with Lhermitte Sign
Authors: Franceschini Paulo Roberto , Worm Paulo Valdeci 
Published: October 2013

Study Design Case report and review of the literature. Objective To present an unusual case of conus medullaris ependymal cyst. Methods This is a case of a 41-year-old woman with a diagnosis of ependymal cyst who presented with a history of shock-like pain to the lower limbs. Results The patient underwent a successful cyst decompression. Conclusion A few cases have been reported in the literature. Including this case, there are a total of eight cases of ependymal cyst in the conocaudal segment reported.