bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dehydrochlorination of Carboxylic Acid Chlorides by an Aluminum/Phosphorus‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pair and the Formation of Ketene Adducts
Authors: Uhl Werner , Wegener Philipp , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Al/P‐based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)Mes2P–C(=CH–Ph)–Al(CMe3)2 (1) reacted with carboxylic acid chlorides [Cl–C(=O)Me, Cl–C(=O)Et, Cl–C(=O)CH2CMe3] by dehydrochlorination. The released hydrogen chloride molecules were captured by one equivalent of the FLP 1 to yield the previously published HCl adduct, Mes2P(H)+–C(=CH–Ph)–Al(Cl)(CMe3)2– (3). This remarkable reaction resulted in the formal generation of ketenes, R(H)C=C=O, which were trapped by a second equivalent of 1 via the coordination of the C=O groups to the Lewis acidic aluminum and the Lewis basic phosphorus atoms (4 to 6). Five‐membered AlC2PO heterocycles were formed, which had an exocyclic C=C double bond. Quantum chemical DFT calculations were performed to study the thermodynamic driving forces of the adduct formation and to identify reactive intermediates with respect to a mutual activation of this process by phosphorus and aluminum atoms.
Synthesis of Titanium and Zirconium Complexes with 2‐­Pyridonate and 2, 6‐Pyridinedithiolate Ligands
Authors: Casado Miguel A. , Álvarez‐Vergara M. Carmen , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Lahoz Fernando J. , Dobrinovich Isabel T. , Oro Luis A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTreatment of complex [Cp2TiCl2] with the lithium salt of 2‐hydroxypyridine afforded complex [Cp2Ti(Opy)2] (1), whereas the same synthetic strategy applied to the analogous zirconium compound [Cp2ZrCl2] did not worked. However, the use of the metallocene [Cptt2ZrMe2] with protic ligands allowed directing the reactivity towards protonation of the methyl groups attached to zirconium. To check this approach we reacted [Cptt2ZrMe2] with methanol affording complex [Cptt2ZrMe(OMe)] (2), which was characterized in situ by NMR techniques. In the same line, the reaction of [Cptt2ZrMe2] with 2‐hydroxypyridine gave complex [Cptt2Zr(Me)(Opy)] (3); forcing the conditions of this reaction did not lead to the expected complex [Cptt2Zr(Opy)2], most probably due to the steric hindrance exerted by the bulky cyclopentadienyl ligands. Further reactions of complex 3 with ligands having acidic protons also led to the recovery of the starting complex. However, when shifting to the bifunctional ligand 2, 6‐dimercaptopyridine [py(SH)2] a double protonation of the methyl ligands in [Cptt2ZrMe2] occurred, allowing the isolation of mononuclear complex [Cptt2Zr(κS,κS,κN‐pyS2)] (4), upon evolution of methane. The molecular structure of complex 4 was determined by X‐ray methods, showing the zirconium atom in a highly distorted trigonal bipyramidal arrangement; structural parameters indicate a conventional Zr–N bond, but rather weak Zr–S interactions.
Strontium Chemistry with Silicone Grease
Authors: Harder Sjoerd , Freitag Benjamin , Stegner Philipp , Pahl Jürgen , Naglav Dominik 
Published: August 2015

AbstractReaction of Sr(2‐Me2N‐α‐Me3Si‐benzyl)2·(THF)2 with one equivalent of DIPP(H)N–BH–N(H)DIPP (NBN–H2, DIPP = 2,6‐iPr‐phenyl) gave the strontium bora‐amidinate complex Sr(NBN)·(THF)4. Traces of silicone grease, however, can change the course of the reaction completely and gave the product {Sr[(DIPP)NSiMe2O]·THF}4 (1) in a ca. 25 % yield. Complex 1 is a S4 symmetric cluster with a Sr4O4 core and four chelating amide side arms. From the mother liquor a second product could be isolated: the dimeric cluster [Sr(NBN‐SiMe2OSiMe2O)·THF]2 (2). Whereas the synthesis of complex 2 is not reproducible, complex 1 can be prepared by deliberate addition of silicone grease. Also, it was found that Sr[N(SiMe3)2]2, 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl and cyclic hexamethyltrisiloxane can be used as the reagents. For reactions with silicone grease, a mechanism, in which silicone precoordinates the central Sr atom followed by nucleophilic Si–O bond fission is proposed.
Assessment of the Strength of Energetic Compounds Through the Trauzl Lead Block Expansions Using Their Molecular Structures
Authors: Jafari Mohammad , Kamalvand Mohammad , Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Farrashi Salman 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe strength of energetic materials can be expressed as the expansion of the cavity of a standard lead block through explosion of the sample. A new method is introduced for prediction of the Trauzl lead block expansions for some of the important classes of pure and mixture of energetic compounds, with the general formula of CaHbNcOd. This model needs only the molecular structure of the energetic materials without using the detonation characteristics of different explosives. The model uses the ratios of the number of carbon to oxygen (a/d) and hydrogen to oxygen atoms (b/d). The effects of intra‐ and intermolecular interactions are applied to the model by assignment of some correcting parameters upon considering certain molecular fragments. This model gives more reliable results with respect to three of the best available methods.
Negative Fine‐Needle Aspiration in Patients with Goiter: Should We Doubt It?
Authors: Mekel Michal , Gilshtein Hayim , Al‐Kurd Abbas , Bishara Bishara , Krausz Michael M. , Freund Herbert R. , Kluger Yoram , Eid Ahmed , Mazeh Haggi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiologic studies demonstrated higher incidence of thyroid cancer in patients with multinodular goiters compared to the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of finding significant thyroid cancer in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for presumed benign disease.MethodsThe records of 273 patients operated for indications other than cancer or indeterminate cytology were reviewed and analyzed.Results202 (74 %) patients had a preoperative fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) performed. FNA was benign in 96 % of patients and non‐diagnostic in 4 %. Malignancy was unexpectedly found in 50 (19 %) patients. Papillary carcinoma constituted 94 % of cancers and 86 % of cancers were incidental microcarcinomas. Only 7 (2.6 %) patients of the entire cohort had tumors greater than 1 cm, of those only 3 had a previous benign FNA (false‐negative rate 1.5 %).ConclusionsThe rate of significant thyroid cancer found unexpectedly in resected goiters is extremely low. A negative FNA excludes significant cancer with near certainty.
Augmented Reality Guidance for the Resection of Missing Colorectal Liver Metastases: An Initial Experience
Authors: Ntourakis Dimitrios , Memeo Ricardo , Soler Luc , Marescaux Jacques , Mutter Didier , Pessaux Patrick 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundModern chemotherapy achieves the shrinking of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) to such extent that they may disappear from radiological imaging. Disappearing CRLM rarely represents a complete pathological remission and have an important risk of recurrence. Augmented reality (AR) consists in the fusion of real‐time patient images with a computer‐generated 3D virtual patient model created from pre‐operative medical imaging. The aim of this prospective pilot study is to investigate the potential of AR navigation as a tool to help locate and surgically resect missing CRLM.MethodsA 3D virtual anatomical model was created from thoracoabdominal CT‐scans using customary software (VR RENDER®, IRCAD). The virtual model was superimposed to the operative field using an Exoscope (VITOM®, Karl Storz, Tüttlingen, Germany). Virtual and real images were manually registered in real‐time using a video mixer, based on external anatomical landmarks with an estimated accuracy of 5 mm. This modality was tested in three patients, with four missing CRLM that had sizes from 12 to 24 mm, undergoing laparotomy after receiving pre‐operative oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy.ResultsAR display and fine registration was performed within 6 min. AR helped detect all four missing CRLM, and guided their resection. In all cases the planned security margin of 1 cm was clear and resections were confirmed to be R0 by pathology. There was no postoperative major morbidity or mortality. No local recurrence occurred in the follow‐up period of 6–22 months.ConclusionsThis initial experience suggests that AR may be a helpful navigation tool for the resection of missing CRLM.
The Genome-Wide Influence on Human BMI Depends on Physical Activity, Life Course, and Historical Period
Authors: Guo Guang , Liu Hexuan , Wang Ling , Shen Haipeng , Hu Wen 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this analysis, guided by an evolutionary framework, we investigate how the human genome as a whole interacts with historical period, age, and physical activity to influence body mass index (BMI). The genomic influence is estimated by (1) heritability or the proportion of variance in BMI explained by genome-wide genotype data, and (2) the random effects or the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data on BMI. Data were used from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) in the United States. The study was initiated in 1948, and the obesity data were collected repeatedly over the subsequent decades. The analyses draw analysis samples from a pool of &gt;8,000 individuals in the FHS. The hypothesis testing based on Pitman test, permutation Pitman test, F test, and permutation F test produces three sets of significant findings. First, the genomic influence on BMI is substantially larger after the mid-1980s than in the few decades before the mid-1980s within each age group of 21–40, 41–50, 51–60, and &gt;60. Second, the genomic influence on BMI weakens as one ages across the life course, or the genomic influence on BMI tends to be more important during reproductive ages than after reproductive ages within each of the two historical periods. Third, within the age group of 21–50 and not in the age group of &gt;50, the genomic influence on BMI among physically active individuals is substantially smaller than the influence on those who are not physically active. In summary, this study provides evidence that the influence of human genome as a whole on obesity depends on historical period, age, and level of physical activity.
Prediction and optimization of thinning in automotive sealing cover using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Kakandikar Ganesh M. , Nandedkar Vilas M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDeep drawing is a forming process in which a blank of sheet metal is radially drawn into a forming die by the mechanical action of a punch and converted to required shape. Deep drawing involves complex material flow conditions and force distributions. Radial drawing stresses and tangential compressive stresses are induced in flange region due to the material retention property. These compressive stresses result in wrinkling phenomenon in flange region. Normally blank holder is applied for restricting wrinkles. Tensile stresses in radial direction initiate thinning in the wall region of cup. The thinning results into cracking or fracture. The finite element method is widely applied worldwide to simulate the deep drawing process. For real-life simulations of deep drawing process an accurate numerical model, as well as an accurate description of material behavior and contact conditions, is necessary. The finite element method is a powerful tool to predict material thinning deformations before prototypes are made. The proposed innovative methodology combines two techniques for prediction and optimization of thinning in automotive sealing cover. Taguchi design of experiments and analysis of variance has been applied to analyze the influencing process parameters on Thinning. Mathematical relations have been developed to correlate input process parameters and Thinning. Optimization problem has been formulated for thinning and Genetic Algorithm has been applied for optimization. Experimental validation of results proves the applicability of newly proposed approach. The optimized component when manufactured is observed to be safe, no thinning or fracture is observed.
Comparison of Two Successive Earthquake Awareness Campaigns in Israel: Improved Methodology or a Cumulative Effect?
Authors: Shenhar Gilead , Rozenfeld Michael , Radomislensky Irina , Peleg Kobi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectivesAn effective way to reduce casualties from earthquakes is to increase population preparedness. During 2011 to 2013, Israeli authorities executed 3 national-level earthquake awareness campaigns. We aimed to assess the impact of these campaigns on the populace and the ability of the campaigns to produce a cumulative effect throughout the study period.MethodsTwo surveys were conducted 2 weeks after the end of the first campaign and the third campaign in a similar randomly selected representative sample.ResultsExposure to the campaign proved to be a significant factor in increasing the knowledge of the respondents, giving a knowledge advantage of 1.5 times to respondents exposed to the campaign. However, the period of assessment proved to be an even more significant factor, with knowledge in 2013 being 2.3 times that in 2011. Additionally, a gap of up to 40% between the levels of trust and the perceived responsibility of respective authorities in the times of earthquake was found.ConclusionsThis study found an improvement in public knowledge regarding earthquake preparedness over the 3 years of the study. This may mean that an awareness campaign does not stand by itself, but should be part of an integrated long-term process in order to have a lasting effect on the population. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:74–79)
Targeted Assessment for Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections: A New Prioritization Metric
Authors: Soe Minn M. , Gould Carolyn V. , Pollock Daniel , Edwards Jonathan 
Published: August 2015

OBJECTIVETo develop a method for calculating the number of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) that must be prevented to reach a HAI reduction goal and identifying and prioritizing healthcare facilities where the largest reductions can be achieved.SETTINGAcute care hospitals that report HAI data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Healthcare Safety Network.METHODSThe cumulative attributable difference (CAD) is calculated by subtracting a numerical prevention target from an observed number of HAIs. The prevention target is the product of the predicted number of HAIs and a standardized infection ratio goal, which represents a HAI reduction goal. The CAD is a numeric value that if positive is the number of infections to prevent to reach the HAI reduction goal. We calculated the CAD for catheter-associated urinary tract infections for each of the 3,639 hospitals that reported such data to National Healthcare Safety Network in 2013 and ranked the hospitals by their CAD values in descending order.RESULTSOf 1,578 hospitals with positive CAD values, preventing 10,040 catheter-associated urinary tract infections at 293 hospitals (19%) with the highest CAD would enable achievement of the national 25% catheter-associated urinary tract infection reduction goal.CONCLUSIONThe CAD is a new metric that facilitates ranking of facilities, and locations within facilities, to prioritize HAI prevention efforts where the greatest impact can be achieved toward a HAI reduction goal.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(12):1379–1384
Lean rats gained more body weight than obese ones from a high-fibre diet
Authors: Li Shaoting , Zhang Cheng , Gu Yingyi , Chen Long , Ou Shiyi , Wang Yong , Peng Xichun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThere is controversy over previous findings that a high ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes helps obese animals harvest energy from the diet. To further investigate the relationship between microbial composition and energy harvest, microbial adaptation to diet and time should be considered. In this study, lean and obese rats were successfully induced with low-fat and high-fat diets. An 8-week high soyabean fibre (HSF)-containing diet was then fed to investigate the interaction between the diet and the rats’ gut microbiota, as well as their influence on rats’ growth. Rats’ body weight (BW) was recorded weekly; their plasma lipids and their gut microbiota at week 11, 15 and 19 were analysed. After the consumption of the HSF diet, BW of lean rats increased significantly (P<0·05), but no significant alteration in BW was found in obese rats. The average content of plasma cholesterol was lowered and that of TAG was upgraded in both the groups when fed the HSF diet. There was no significant difference observed at each period between lean and obese rats. In the group of lean rats, the diversity of gut microbiota was elevated strongly (P<0·01), and bacteria from phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were both increased largely (P<0·01); however, the bacterial diversity and composition in obese rats were less altered after the HSF diet control. In conclusion, the increased Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes might relate to lean rats’ higher BW gain; ‘obese microbiota’ could not help the hosts harvest more energy from the HSF diet.
“GLOBALISING SOVEREIGNTY”? PETTIT'S NEO-REPUBLICANISM, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Thomas Christopher Alexander 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article explores Philip Pettit's recent attempts to extend his republican theory of justice and legitimacy to the international sphere in accordance with his ideal of “globalised sovereignty”, with a specific focus on his treatment of international law and institutions. It uses the practice of international law and institutions, with examples largely drawn from international economic law, to test the assumptions built into Pettit's theory. It then considers whether and how some of those assumptions might need to be revised in light of the legal, institutional, and practical constraints of the international domain.
Labor Control and Mobility in Japanese-Controlled Fushun Coalmine (China), 1907−1932
Authors: Teh Limin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe prevalence and persistence of labor contractors in China’s mining industry during the first half of the twentieth century is frequently attributed to foreign management’s avoidance of directly managing Chinese laborers. However, in Japanese-controlled Fushun Coalmine, Japanese management’s reliance on labor contractors over four decades (1907−1945) represented an expansion in management’s reach in labor management. In this article, I examine the period of Japanese control (1907−1932), during which Japanese mine managers resorted to bureaucratic means to control labor contractors. Using labor process theorists, particularly Richard Edwards, to read company archival documents, I argue that salient features of the Chinese labor market, namely Chinese migrant labor’s mobility and international competition for Chinese labor, compelled Japanese managers to extend control over labor contractors.
Bilateral, independent juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: case report
Authors: Mørkenborg M-L , Frendø M , Stavngaard T , Von Buchwald C 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackground:Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a benign, vascular tumour that primarily occurs in adolescent males. Despite its benign nature, aggressive growth patterns can cause potential life-threatening complications. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is normally unilateral, originating from the sphenopalatine artery, but bilateral symptoms can occur if a large tumour extends to the contralateral side of the nasopharynx. This paper presents the first reported case of true bilateral extensive juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma involving clinically challenging pre-surgical planning and surgical strategy.Case report:A 21-year-old male presented with increasing bilateral nasal obstruction and discharge. Examination revealed tumours bilaterally and imaging demonstrated non-contiguous tumours. Pre-operative angiography showed strictly ipsilateral vascular supplies requiring bilateral embolisation. Radical removal performed as one-step, computer-assisted functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed. The follow-up period was uncomplicated.Conclusion:This case illustrates the importance of suspecting bilateral juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in patients presenting with bilateral symptoms. Our management, including successful pre-operative planning, enabled one-step total removal of both tumours and rapid patient recovery.
Comparison of caloric reactivity between migraineurs and non-migraineurs
Authors: Foster C A , Pollard C K 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjective:To demonstrate that the elevated prevalence of migraine in patients with vertigo disorders is due to enhanced sensitivity to dizziness, which could cause migraineurs to seek more, or earlier, medical care for vertigo disorders, confounding the ability to show causation.Methods:This case–control study investigated whether migraineurs perceive dizziness more intensely than non-migraineurs by comparing caloric responses in migraineurs, non-migraineurs and possible migraineurs. The summed caloric responses in the best responding ear were reviewed.Results:The migraine group had higher caloric response values, with a mean of 37.97 degrees per second, which was statistically significant when compared to the values for the possible migraine group (30.74 degrees per second (p< 0.05)) and the non-migraine group (30.70 degrees per second (p< 0.001)).Conclusion:The findings suggest that migraineurs experience vestibular stimuli more intensely compared to non-migraineurs, which might explain the association of migraine with vestibular disorders in general.
Litigation trends and costs in otorhinolaryngology
Authors: Metcalfe C W , Muzaffar S J , Coulson C J 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackground:Litigation in surgery is increasing and liabilities are becoming unsustainable. This study aimed to analyse trends in claims, and identify areas for potential risk reduction, improved patient safety and a reduction in the number, and cost, of future claims.Methods:Ten years of retrospective data on claims in otorhinolaryngology (2003–2013) were obtained from the National Health Service Litigation Authority via a Freedom of Information request. Data were re-entered into a spreadsheet and coded for analysis.Results:A total of 1031 claims were identified; of these, 604 were successful and 427 were unsuccessful. Successful claims cost a total of £41 000 000 (mean, £68 000). The most common areas for successful claims were: failure or delay in diagnosis (137 cases), intra-operative problems (116 cases), failure or delay in treatment (66 cases), failure to warn – informed consent issue (54 cases), and inappropriate treatment (47 cases).Conclusion:Over half of the claims in ENT relate to the five most common areas of liability. Recent policy changes by the National Health Service Litigation Authority, over the level of information divulged, limits our learning from claims.