bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Prophylactic Anticoagulation Reduce the Risk of Femoral Tunneled Dialysis Catheter-related Complications?
Authors: Herrington William G. , Nye Helen J. , Haynes Richard J. , Winearls Christopher G. , Vaux Emma C. 
Published: November 2012

Purpose To determine the incidence and predictors of femoral tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC)-related complications and whether prophylactic anticoagulation is associated with reduced catheter-related deep vein thrombosis (CRT) or prolonged patency. Methods A retrospective review of femoral TDCs inserted for maintenance hemodialysis in patients from two dialysis units that have used two different strategies to reduce thrombotic complications. One center routinely considered all femoral TDCs for prophylactic anticoagulation, whilst the other restricted anticoagulation to TDCs that had required repeated treatment with urokinase locks to maintain patency. Survival analyses were performed to establish complication rates, identify predictors of complications and assess the effect of prophylactic anticoagulation use. Results Of the 194 femoral TDCs identified, 178 (92%) were associated with at least one complication. Approximately three quarters did not provide adequate small solute clearance; one half were not in use by three months; one quarter had at least one catheter-related infection (2.3 per 1000 catheter days); and one in ten developed a CRT (1.1 per 1000 catheter days). Prophylactic anticoagulation was not associated with significant improvements in rates of catheter occlusion, CRT, catheter-related infection or dialysis adequacy. A previous ipsilateral femoral TDC was identified as a statistically significant predictor of a CRT (adjusted hazard ratio 3.7 [95% confidence interval 1.4-9.8]; P=.007). Conclusions Femoral TDCs are associated with poor patency rates and high complication rates; reusing femoral veins for TDCs should be avoided where possible, and this study provides no evidence to support routine prophylactic anticoagulation in all patients with femoral TDCs.
Ratings of animal personality as a tool for improving the breeding, management and welfare of zoo mammals
Authors: Tetley CL , O’Hara SJ 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe effect of individual differences on the behaviour and reproduction of zoo animals has long been recognised by zoo biologists, yet only recently has the quantitative assessment of personality been used to investigate some of the challenges faced in zoo animal management. We review the findings of animal personality studies carried out in zoos since 1995. Our results reveal that zoo animal personality is most commonly assessed using observer ratings, where people who are familiar with the animals are asked to rate them on various personality traits. The reviewed studies indicate that zoo keepers are able to reliably rate animal personality traits, and these ratings are valid and related to behaviour. We identify promising areas of development in zoo animal personality research and suggest applications of personality profiling to zoo animal welfare and management. We argue that a validated personality questionnaire is a valuable tool for zoo professionals and advocate the implementation of personality assessment into existing zoo management practices to inform decisions on welfare and captive breeding.
Negative affective states and their effects on morbidity, mortality and longevity
Authors: Walker MD , Duggan G , Roulston N , Van Slack A , Mason G 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMortality rates are often used in population-level animal welfare assessments because they are assumed to reflect rates of disease or injury and other problems likely to cause poor welfare. High mortality is thus assumed to correlate with factors likely to cause negative affective states. Here, we argue that negative affective states are also related to mortality rates more directly, via causal rather than merely correlational routes. In humans, negative affective states predict elevated morbidity and mortality rates as well as decreased longevity, while self-reported happiness does the opposite. This review investigates whether mortality rates and longevity can thus be used to make inferences regarding past affective states in animals. The proposed mechanism is that chronic stressors cause negative affective states and thence harmful physiological consequences through continual activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adreno-medullary axes, which in turn can lead to increased mortality. The convergent validity of mortality as an indicator of past negative affect is demonstrated via examples of how stressors such as bereavement in humans and social isolation in social non-human species cause negative affective states, and then increase the morbidity of potentially lethal conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and HIV/AIDS, ultimately leading to increased mortality and reduced longevity in both humans and animals. The potential drawbacks of using mortality rates to infer animal welfare are also discussed, including its low sensitivity and the multiplicity of factors unrelated to affective states that can influence mortality rates. However, providing these issues are accounted for, it is suggested that this indicator has value in welfare assessment, and is especially well suited for cases where animals are allowed to live out their natural lifespans, such as tends to be the case with zoo and companion animals.
From HIV to global health: opportunities and challenges
Authors: El‐Sadr W 
Published: November 2012

Remarkable advances have been achieved over the past decade in confronting the global HIV epidemic. By the end of 2010, 6.5 million persons living with HIV had initiated antiretroviral therapy in low and middle‐income countries, the majority in sub Saharan Africa. Of the total of 2.5 new HIV infections that occurred in 2010, 1.9 million occurred in sub Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, 22 countries in sub Saharan Africa have experienced a decrease in HIV incidence. These remarkable achievements have involved a transformation of fragile health system. Examples include new models of care, task shifting, infrastructure enhancement, establishment of new data systems and mobilization of communities.However, many of the same countries where HIV is prevalent also confront other health threats including high maternal and child mortality, high rates of tuberculosis and malaria as well as a burgeoning non‐communicable chronic disease threat. Addressing these health threats requires taking the lessons learned from the HIV response and adapting them to confront these threats. Through building on the foundation established, similar progress may be achieved in addressing these health threats while maintaining the momentum of the HIV response.
Currently available medications may not be sufficient for lifelong treatment of HIV
Authors: Jansson J , Wilson D , Carr A , Petoumenos K , Boyd M 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyCombination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has greatly improved the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV). A series of cohort studies have predicted near‐to‐normal life expectancies for PLHIV receiving cART but have not considered the impact of multi‐class resistance on long‐term survival. Our study aims to project the future life expectancy of PLHIV in a resource‐rich setting in the context of the currently available antiretroviral treatments.MethodsPatient antiretroviral treatment data, including time on each regimen until treatment failure, were sourced from an observational cohort of 3434 predominantly male (94.2%) PLHIV in Australia over the period 1997 to 2010. These data were analyzed in an individual‐based mathematical model to calculate the time until exhaustion of all treatment options and the expected impact on HIV‐associated mortality. Standardized mortality ratios were used to simulate expected survival before and after treatment exhaustion.Summary of resultsThe model estimated that the median time until exhaustion of currently available treatment options is 43.4 years (interquartile range = 31.4 to 58.6 years). However, the model predicts that 10% of PLHIV will use up all currently available cART options after just 22.6 years. The figure shows the survival proportions of males from age 20 years in four mortality scenarios: (1) the general population mortality rate; (2) the mortality rate in PLHIV as currently measured (without considering exhaustion of currently available treatments); (3) mortality rate in PLHIV considering additional mortality due to limited cART options; and (4) mortality rate if no cART is available. PLHIV who start currently available cART regimens at age 20 years are expected to live to a median of 64.7 (95% uncertainty bound (UB) = 61.8 to 69.3) years of age, when adjusting for treatment option exhaustion. This is a substantial improvement on no cART (median survival to 27.6 [95% UB = 27.2 to 28.1] years of age) but is lower than the expected life expectancy (82.2 years of age) of an HIV‐negative male in the general population. The gap between life expectancy among PLHIV and the general population is greater for those infected at younger ages.
imageConclusionsAs treatment options are exhausted in the coming years, a substantial difference in life expectancy between PLHIV and the general population is expected, particularly for people who acquire HIV at a younger age or who are currently highly treatment‐experienced.
HIV drug resistance surveillance in low‐ and middle‐income countries: 2004 to 2010
Authors: Bertagnolio S , Parkin N , Jordan M 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundAt the end of 2011, over 8 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC), a 26‐fold increase from 2003. Some degree of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) will emerge among populations on combination ART even when high levels of adherence are achieved. In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated global HIVDR surveillance to monitor emergence and transmission of HIVDR in countries scaling‐up ART.MethodsWHO HIVDR surveillance strategy was designed to inform public health decision‐making regarding choice of ART and to identify ART programme factors which could be adjusted to minimize HIVDR emergence. The strategy includes (1) surveillance of transmitted HIVDR (TDR) in recently infected populations, (2) surveillance of acquired HIVDR (ADR) in populations on ART and (3) monitoring of early warning indicators (EWI) of HIVDR which are ART programme factors favouring HIVDR emergence. Surveys used standardized protocols. Epidemiological and sequence data were quality assured.ResultsTDR: Eighty‐two surveys were conducted in 30 countries in 2004 to 2010, assessing 3588 recently infected individuals. Pooled analysis indicates an overall prevalence of 3.1% TDR to at least one drug class, 1.6% to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), 1.3% to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and 0.7% to protease inhibitor (PI). Levels of NNRTI resistance, particularly in the areas surveyed in Africa, increased over time, reaching 3.4% (95% CI=1.8 to 5.2%) in 2009. Greater ART coverage was associated, though modestly, with increased prevalence of TDR to NNRTI (P‐value adjusted for region=0.039). ADR: Thirty‐six ADR surveys assessing 6370 people in 12 LMIC were conducted in 2007 to 2010. HIVDR prevalence to any drug among those initiating ART ranged from 4.8% (95% CI=3.8 to 6.0%) in 2007 to 6.8% (95% CI=4.8 to 9.0%) in 2010. Ninety per cent of patients alive and on therapy at 12 months achieved viral load <1000 c/mL. Among people with virological failure, 72% had HIVDR to at least one drug. EWI: EWIs were monitored at 2017 clinics in 50 countries assessing 131,686 people since 2004. Overall, 75% of clinics met the target of 100% of patients receiving appropriate ART; 69% of clinics met the <20% target for lost to follow‐up at 12 months; and only 65% of clinics provided a continuous supply of ART during a 12‐month period.ConclusionExpansion of ART in LMIC has resulted in an overall increase in HIVDR, particularly to NNRTI in Africa. EWIs reveal important gaps in service delivery and programme performance. While these data call for continued and improved scale up of surveillance, they also suggest that resistance is under control in the areas surveyed, and the majority of patients initiating or switching therapy are likely to respond to currently available first‐ and second‐line therapy.
Evolution of resistance in paediatric patients with failure on antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Orrell C , Levison J , Ciaranello A , Bekker L , Kuritzkes D , Freedberg K , Wood R 
Published: November 2012

IntroductionHIV‐1 resistance data to inform treatment sequencing are limited for children with virological failure on first‐ and second‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsHIV‐1‐infected children aged ≤15 years were retrospectively identified from an ART cohort in Cape Town, South Africa (2003 to 2010). First‐line ART was either non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or lopinavir/ritonavir‐based (with the exception of children <6 months old who received full‐dose ritonavir as the sole protease inhibitor (PI) from 2004 to 2007). Second‐line ART was the alternative regimen. Treatment outcomes, including virological failure, loss to care, death or remaining in care, were determined. Genotypic resistance testing was conducted on stored serum from children at first‐ or second‐line virological failure (two consecutive HIV‐1 RNA levels >1000 copies/ml). International AIDS Society criteria defined resistance mutations.ResultsOf 472 children starting first‐line ART, 352 (75%) remained in care, 45 (9%) were lost and 4 (1%) died on first‐line treatment. Seventy‐one (15%) had observed virological failure, and 37 of these children had specimens available for genotype testing. Eight children (22%) had wild‐type virus, seven (19%) had thymidine analog mutations (TAMs), 24 (65%) had NNRTI resistance and two (5.4%) had multiple protease resistance (PR). Of the 78 children who received second‐line ART, 54 (71%) remained in care, 6 (8%) were lost and 1 (1%) died during second‐line treatment. Fifteen (20%) had observed virological failure; 13 had samples available for genotype. Three (23%) had wild‐type virus, eight (62%) had TAMs, nine (69%) had NNRTI resistance, and five (38%) had multiple PI resistance all of whom had received full‐dose ritonavir.ConclusionAlthough virological failure was infrequent in children on first‐ and second‐line ART, rates of observed resistance including multiple PR resistance after failure were high. Reasons for high rates of resistance include use of full‐dose ritonavir and continued viremia. Wild‐type virus was common, suggesting poor adherence or challenges in correct dosing. Genotype resistance testing in children with virological failure may optimize selection of subsequent regimens and inform recommendations for sequencing of existing ART.
Work‐related risk factors for lateral epicondylitis and other cause of elbow pain in the working population
Authors: Herquelot Eleonore , Bodin Julie , Roquelaure Yves , Ha Catherine , Leclerc Annette , Goldberg Marcel , Zins Marie , Descatha Alexis 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to assess the relationship between work‐related combined physical and psychosocial factors and elbow disorders (lateral epicondylitis and non‐specific disorders without lateral epicondylitis) in the working population.MethodsA total of 3,710 workers (58% men) in a French region in 2002–2005 participated in physical examinations by occupational health physicians and assessed their personal factors and work exposure by self‐administered questionnaire. Statistical associations between elbow disorders and risks factors were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression.ResultsA total of 389 (10.5%) workers had elbow pain without lateral epicondylitis and 90 (2.4%) workers had lateral epicondylitis. Age, body mass index (>25), and low social support (only for men) were significant risks factors. Hard perceived physical exertion combined with elbow flexion/extension (>2 hr/day) and wrist bending (>2 hr/day) was a strong significant risk factor for elbow pain and epicondylitis: among men, adjusted Odds Ratio (ORa) = 2.6 (1.9–3.7) and ORa = 5.6 (2.8–11.3), respectively; among women, ORa = 1.4 (0.9–2.2) and ORa = 2.9 (1.3–6.5).ConclusionsThis study emphasizes the strength of the associations between combined physical exertion and elbow movements and lateral epicondylitis. Certain observed differences in associations with lateral epicondylitis and elbow pain only indicate the need for additional longitudinal studies on different stages of elbow disorders and known risk factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:400–409, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Properties of a Diazopentacene Analogue
Authors: Li Gang , Abiyasa Agus Putu , Gao Junkuo , Divayana Yoga , Chen Wangqiao , Zhao Yang , Sun Xiao Wei , Zhang Qichun 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe report the synthesis, optical, and electrochemical properties, as well as the organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) performance of diazopentacene 2,7,11,16‐tetra‐tert‐butyldiphenanthro[4,5‐abc:4′,5′‐hij]phenazine (BDPP, 1). BDPP has two absorption peaks centered at 350 nm and 460 nm with a shoulder peak at 434 nm and fluoresces bright green light with the emission peak at 481 nm when excited at 360 nm in dichloromethane solution. Interestingly, the UV absorption of BDPP is sensitive to different Lewis acids and organic acids. Calculations revealed that the theoretical band gap is 2.83 eV, which is close to experimental optical data (2.69 eV). Furthermore, OLEDs that use BDPP as the emitter were fabricated. The results indicate that BDPP derivatives might be a good candidate to enhance the efficiency of OLEDs.
Morphological and thermal properties of photodegradable biocomposite films
Authors: Pillai Sreejarani Kesavan , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Scriba Manfred , Ojijo Vincent , Hato Mpitloane Joseph 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBiocomposites containing ultraviolet (UV) radiation absorbing inorganic nanofillers are of great interest in food packaging applications. The biodegradable polylactide (PLA) composite films were prepared by solvent casting method by incorporating 1 wt % of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Ag‐TiO2 (silver nanoparticles decorated TiO2) nanoparticles to impart the photodegradable properties. The films were exposed to UV radiation for different time periods and morphology of the composite films before and after UV exposure were investigated. The results showed that homogenous filler distribution was achieved in the case of Ag‐TiO2 nanoparticles. The thermal properties and thermomechanical stability of the composite film containing Ag‐TiO2 nanoparticles were found to be much higher than those of neat PLA and PLA/TiO2 composite films. The scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the photodegradability of PLA matrix was significantly improved in the presence of Ag‐TiO2 nanoparticles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ultra‐small, Uniform, and Single bcc‐Phased FexCo1‐x/Graphitic Shell Nanocrystals for T1Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
Authors: Choi In Ae , Li Yan , Kim Da Jeong , Pal Mou , Cho Jee‐Hyun , Lee Kyujoon , Jung Myung‐Hwa , Lee Chulhyun , Seo Won Seok 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe have synthesized ultra‐small and uniform FexCo1‐x/graphitic carbon shell (FexCo1‐x/GC) nanocrystals (x=0.13, 0.36, 0.42, 0.50, 0.56, and 0.62, respectively) with average diameters of <4 nm by thermal decomposition of metal precursors in approximately 60 nm MCM‐41 and methane CVD. The composition of the FexCo1‐x/GC nanocrystals can be tuned by changing the Fe:Co ratios of the metal precursors. The FexCo1‐x/GC nanocrystals show superparamagnetic properties at room temperature. The Fe0.50Co0.50/GC, Fe0.56Co0.44/GC, and Fe0.62Co0.38/GC nanocrystals have a single bcc FeCo structure, whereas the Fe0.13Co0.87/GC, Fe0.36Co0.64/GC, and Fe0.42Co0.58/GC nanocrystals have a mixed structure of bcc FeCo and fcc Co. The single bcc‐phased FexCo1‐x/GC nanocrystals functionalized with phospholipid–poly(ethylene glycol) (PL–PEG) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) are demonstrated to be excellent T1 MRI contrast agents.
Do Subtoxic levels of chlorate influence the desiccation tolerance of Egeria densa?
Authors: Palma Alvaro T. , Schwarz Alex , Henríquez Luís A. , Alvarez Ximena , Fariña José M. , Lu Qimiao 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Among the different factors hypothesized to be responsible for the virtual disappearance of Egeria densa, once a dominant aquatic macrophyte in a southern Chile wetland ecosystem, are the negative effects of certain chemical compounds (mainly chlorate) and harsh environmental conditions (desiccation caused by prolonged atmospheric exposure). The authors performed an integrated experiment in which E. densa plants were first exposed for four weeks inside a mesocosm system to levels of chlorate that existed in the wetland at the time of the plant's demise and then exposed to desiccation conditions that also resembled those that the system had experienced. Hence, the authors tested the hypothesis that E. densa plants exposed to sublethal levels of chlorate are more susceptible to the deleterious effect of desiccation compared with plants that had not been exposed to chlorate. This hypothesis was tested by means of quantifying physiologically related parameters in plants right after the four weeks under water and then after the desiccation period of 6 h. Their results rejected this hypothesis, because all plants, regardless of their history, are equally affected by desiccation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:417–422. © 2012 SETAC
Increased susceptibility of natural killer T-cell-deficient mice to acetaminophen-induced liver injury
Authors: Martin-Murphy Brittany V. , Kominsky Douglas J. , Orlicky David J. , Donohue Terrence M. , Ju Cynthia 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes severe, fulminant liver injury. The underlying mechanism of APAP-induced liver injury (AILI), studied by a murine model, displays similar characteristics of injury as those observed in patients. Previous studies suggest that aside from APAP-induced direct damage to hepatocytes, the hepatic innate immune system is activated and may contribute to the overall pathogenesis of AILI. The current study employed the use of two murine natural killer (NK) cells with T-cell receptor (NKT) cell knockout models (CD1d−/− and Jα18−/−) to elucidate the specific role of NKT cells in AILI. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, NKT cell-deficient mice were more susceptible to AILI, as indicated by higher serum alanine transaminase levels and mortality. Increased levels of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein expression and activities, which resulted in increased APAP protein adduct formation, were observed in livers of APAP-treated NKT cell-deficient mice, compared to WT mice. Compared to WT mice, starvation of NKT cell-deficient mice induced a higher increase of ketone bodies, which up-regulate CYP2E1 through protein stabilization.

Conclusion

: Our data revealed a novel role of NKT cells in regulating responses to starvation-induced metabolic stress. Elevated ketone body production in NKT cell-deficient mice resulted in increased CYP2E1-mediated APAP biotransformation and susceptibility to AILI.