bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture of Honor, Violence, and Homicide
Authors: Brown Ryan P. , Osterman Lindsey L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCulture promotes beliefs and values that help its constituents to address local and enduring problems. We propose that cultures that allow and encourage certain forms of violence do so in response to specific ecological problems, namely pervasive resource deprivation and unreliable law enforcement. The convergence of these problems over long periods of time, we argue, results in a social environment that requires vigilant and aggressive defense of reputation, person, and property as a means of deterrence. As an illustration of such a culture, we discuss the history of the Ulster Scots (or Scotch-Irish), who settled the southern and western United States in the 18th and 19th centuries—regions that are characterized even today as “cultures of honor.” We review empirical evidence regarding behavioral patterns in these honor states, with a focus on evidence indicating that residents of these states are not more violent in general but tend to display behaviors related to the vigilant and aggressive defense of honor, at both the individual and collective levels. When such social adaptations become entrenched in a culture's schemas, scripts, and identity dynamics, they can be transmitted from one generation to the next, long after the ecological circumstances that encouraged them have dissipated.
Ethics and South African Psychology
Authors: Cooper Saths 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe checkered history of South African psychology and its ethical implications underpin this chapter, from its early organizational origins in 1948, which coincided with the legalization of apartheid, to its present-day postdemocratic liberated form. The burgeoning development of psychology as a profession in the southern African region has resulted in the quest to create ethics frameworks in those countries where psychology has legal recognition, using international benchmarking. The close nexus between these countries’ ethical bases is alluded to, and, while providing examples of some of the national ethical dilemmas confronted within the psychology profession during apartheid, the chapter indicates the shortcomings that have to be constantly addressed in a fast-transforming country like South Africa, which has constitutional imperatives that mandate its parliament to bring all statutes in line with its liberal human rights culture.
Patents and Regulatory Exclusivity
Authors: Eisenberg Rebecca S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reexamines the sources of exclusivity for drugs, considers their limitations, and evaluates exclusivity under the new biologics legislation in light of these limitations. The current overlapping legal protections for exclusivity in the pharmaceutical marketplace reflect a series of political compromises, repeatedly renegotiated to correct for unintended consequences in the previous version of the rules. Patents and patent challenges play a central role in this system of protection, and many of the patents at stake are ultimately held invalid in litigation. It is not easy to untangle a complex legal regime that allocates billions of dollars of profits. But it makes little sense for lawmakers and trade negotiators to extend this Byzantine system into new legal regimes, either by duplicating the Hatch–Waxman Act for biosimilars or by binding US trading partners to adopt similar systems in their national laws. A simpler and more effective legal regime would rely less on patent protection and more on well-designed regulatory exclusivity to support incentives for new drug development.
Pricing and Reimbursement in US Pharmaceutical Markets
Authors: Berndt Ernst R. , Newhouse Joseph P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis survey article on pricing and reimbursement in US pharmaceutical markets first presents a theoretical framework for pricing of branded pharmaceuticals, initially without and then in the presence of prescription drug insurance, noting how the common designs of the insurance policy, co-insurance and co-payments, affect prices and utilization. It treats the pricing of generic drugs as a limiting case. It next provides information on important federal legislation, distribution channel logistics, definitions of alternative price measures, historical developments, and reasons why price discrimination is prevalent among branded pharmaceuticals. It then summarizes long-term trends in co-payments and co-insurance for retail and mail order purchases, and describes the average percentage discounts off Average Wholesale Price paid by third-party payers to pharmacy benefit managers as well as average dispensing fees and generic penetration rates. The article concludes with a summary of how the 2006 implementation of the Medicare Part D benefits affected pharmaceutical prices and utilization and comment on the recent entry of large retailers such as Wal-Mart into domains traditionally dominated by large retail chains and the “commoditization” of generic drugs.
Regulation of Price and Reimbursement for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Danzon Patricia M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews, first, the rationale for price regulation of on-patent pharmaceuticals and then models of optimal regulatory structure. It then describes the main regulatory prototypes for on-patent drugs and the empirical evidence on their effects. This is followed by a review of regulatory and reimbursement regimes for generics and evidence of their effects. Finally, international regulation of promotion is addressed. The concluding section reviews major unanswered research questions.
Drugs and Vaccines for Developing Countries
Authors: Towse Adrian , Keuffel Eric , Kettler Hannah E. , Ridley David B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article sets out the context for the problem of insufficient affordable medicines to address health issues in developing countries. It also highlights some of the drivers of recent positive trends. It then detail policies and proposals that are intended to increase access to global medicines (i.e., those with a developed country market) by lowering prices, including differential pricing, compulsory licensing, and donations. Finally, it considers policies that are aimed at encouraging the development of new medicines for neglected diseases (i.e., those prevalent only in lower-income countries) by reducing company-borne costs and risks or by expanding the expected revenue for the manufacturer through increased product demand. In particular, it describes “push” mechanisms that subsidize research inputs and “pull” mechanisms that reward research output.
Women with Disabilities: The Cultural Context of Disability, Feminism, Able-Bodied Privilege, and Microaggressions
Authors: Palombi Barbara J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an orientation to the lives and experiences of women with disabilities (WWD); examines the relationship between WWD and feminist psychology, including philosophical differences between feminist theorists and disability feminist theorists; and focuses on therapeutic models that incorporate feminism and multiculturalism. The chapter also (a) addresses the behavioral impact of able-bodied privilege and microaggressions experienced by WWD; (b) describes behaviors within clinical practice associated with microaggressions; (c) provides resources to increase multiculturalism competency when working with WWD; and (d) presents a model of therapy that integrates multiculturalism and feminism when working with WWD.
Understanding and Responding to Intergroup Conflict: Toward an Integrated Analysis
Authors: Tropp Linda R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractConflicts based in ethnic, religious, and racial differences continue to erupt around the world, despite decades of intervention and scholarly research. It is difficult to assess precisely what contribution social science has made to an adequate diagnosis of the sources of violent conflict. Harder still to know is how best to move forward to alleviate conflict, promote reconciliation, and achieve sustainable, peaceful relations among diverse groups. A primary goal of the present volume is to bring together social psychological and peace perspectives, and to encourage a more integrative approach to the study of intergroup conflict and peace as we look toward the future.
Ideological Bases of Violent Conflict
Authors: Cohrs J. Christopher 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter first introduces the concept of ideology, how it is distinct from similar concepts, and how its content can be described. Ideologies are defined as socially shared systems of beliefs about the ideal arrangement of society. The chapter then reviews research on the relations between ideology and violent conflict at the individual, group, and societal levels of analysis. It suggests that: at the individual level, ideological beliefs of authoritarianism and social dominance are related to variables associated with violent conflict; at the group level, ideological groups (groups based on shared ideological beliefs) engage in collective action, which can spur violent conflict once a legitimate target of violence is identified; and at the societal level, particular ideological climates can make societies more prone to engage in violence. Finally, the chapter proposes an integrative multilevel framework for understanding the role of ideology for violent conflict, and identifies directions for future research.
Group Identities
Authors: Roccas Sonia , Elster Andrey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe review a large body of research showing the negative impact of group identification on intergroup relations: people who strongly identify with their group tend to endorse more strongly aggressive policies, are less critical of the ingroup's wrongdoings, and are less responsive to interventions designed to reduce conflict. Despite its robustness, the link between identification and intergroup conflict is not indissoluble. We focus on three factors that mitigate it. First, awareness of one's multiple identities mitigates reactions to intergroup conflicts. Second, there are different ways to express one's identification with a group, some of which have the potential to encourage group members to act in ways that reduce intergroup conflict. Finally, the content of national and ethnic identities has profound impact on the way people react to intergroup conflict. We review studies on the content of identities focusing on aspects that may escalate or mitigate conflict.
Social Psychology and The Study of Peace: Personal Reflections
Authors: Kelman Herbert C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter offers reflections on the present volume from the perspective of someone who has worked at the interface of social psychology and peace research since the early 1950s. It describes the involvement of social psychologists in the beginnings of the peace research movement, including such initiatives as the Research Exchange on the Prevention of War, the Journal of Conflict Resolution, and the University of Michigan's Center for Research on Conflict Resolution. The author's own theoretical and empirical work and efforts as a scholar-practitioner in conflict resolution over the years are summarized, to illustrate potential contributions of social psychology to peace research. The chapter proposes that a major challenge in earlier years was bridging social-psychological approaches with international relations theory, anchored in political science; by now, social-psychological inputs are widely accepted in the field. One challenge today is bridging social-psychological research on peace and conflict—which, as this volume demonstrates, has become a flourishing and recognized specialization within the discipline—with mainstream social psychology.
Processes and Components of Reading
Authors: Trezek Beverly J. , Wang Ye , Paul Peter V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough the contents of the processes and components of reading for students who are deaf or hard of hearing have not changed considerably since they were first proposed (Paul, 1998, 2003), the field has been informed by recent publications that foster an enhanced and expanded dialogue on this topic. The purpose of this chapter is to reexamine the reading acquisition process of children and adolescents who are deaf or hard of hearing within the current context of reading research beginning with a discussion of reading achievement and an explanation of the Qualitative Similarity Hypothesis (QSH; Paul, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2009). Following a brief overview of the reading process for students with typical hearing, we provide a research synthesis pertaining to reader and text factors that influence the development of reading. The conflation of research on both groups of learners is necessary to obtain an adequate understanding of the reading process, the interaction between reader and text, and to appreciate the directions for future research offered in the conclusion.
Deaf Communities
Authors: Woll Bencie , Ladd Paddy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter offers an introduction to the theoretical concepts underlying research on Deaf communities and Deaf culture, including a comparison of early views centering on the image of the deaf individual and later approaches seeing deaf people as members of social groups. It also includes the history of the concept of Deaf culture, models of Deaf communities, and and a consideration of ethnicity, identity, and cultural choice: Deaf communities as minority communities and subcommunities within Deaf communities. The central section of the chapter explores the origins of Deaf communities in relation to Deaf families and to deaf education. A multidimensional model is presented in the central section, and this is applied to case examples of various types of Deaf communities, starting with the European and American Deaf communities, and moving on to a consideration of village communities, including Martha’s Vineyard, Bali, the Yucatan, Bedouin, and Kano (Nigeria). These are then compared to case studies of isolated deaf individuals, the status of home sign, and the early development of Deaf communities and sign languages (including Nicaraguan Sign Language). These are used as a basis for describing studies of specific Deaf communities. In the final section, current issues in Deaf Cultural Studies are discussed.
Social and Emotional Development of Deaf Children: Family, School, and Program Effects
Authors: Calderon Rosemary , Greenberg Mark T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHealthy social and emotional development is invaluable to life success, but there are challenges to this goal specific to deaf children. Key components of social and emotional development include: (a) effective and positive communication, (b) building social networks, (c) independent and evaluative thinking, (d) emotional and motivational understanding of self and others, (e) self-control and self-direction, (f) tolerance and flexibility to accommodate change and diversity, (g) empathy, (h) friendship skills which that promote positive growth in others and self, and (i) ability to cope with stereotyping and stigma. A developmental perspective for attaining these skills takes into consideration the differential development for deaf children. The role of family and ecological influences in promoting healthy social and emotional development also needs special address particularly for (a) supporting the family to support the child, (b) keeping families involved across time, and (c) engaging families broader community (Deaf community) involvement. Similar to families, professionals in school settings are also instrumental in promoting healthy social and emotional development by (a) prioritizing goals, (b) planning for success, and (c) emphasizing a comprehensive and generalized approach. A review of efficacy outcomes is discussed for programs designed to address social and emotional development. What is abundantly clear is the need for parents and professionals working together for the current and future needs to facilitate healthy adaptation in deaf children.
Mental Health and Deaf Adults
Authors: Leigh Irene W. , Pollard Robert Q. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhile the majority of deaf people are mentally healthy and able to pursue self-actualizing lives, this chapter addresses critical issues in providing mental health services to deaf adults in need. It covers the history of research in mental health and the evolution of service delivery for this population. Information on the incidence and assessment of psychopathology outlines past findings and current issues. Psychological evaluations continue to be an area of concern due to the need for fluency in the deaf client’s preferred language as well as the challenges in arriving at accurate diagnoses. In turn, treatment approaches now focus on cultural relevance; however research on best practices is still in its infancy. The results of public policy advocacy are beginning to influence trends in program development and administration. Opportunities for training have improved, particularly for upcoming clinicians who are deaf and hard-of-hearing. Despite the difficulties in providing mental health services, the long-term economic benefit of keeping people mentally healthy as opposed to neglecting their mental health needs should serve as justification for service enhancements.
Formal and Informal Approaches to the Language Assessment of Deaf Children
Authors: Jamieson Janet R. , Simmons Noreen R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFrom the moment deaf children are first identified, language development is a primary educational goal, and meaningful assessment of language skills is the cornerstone upon which initial placement and subsequent educational programming rests. In this connection, language assessment should be tailored to respond to specific diagnostic questions and to meet individual language and learning needs. However, few tests can be used reliably with this population; thus early interventionists, educators, and clinicians need to proceed cautiously when planning for, conducting, and interpreting findings of language assessments of deaf children. This chapter discusses some of the important issues surrounding the language assessment of deaf children, including issues that influence the selection of approaches and measures, assessment procedures, and interpretation of findings. Language assessment typically focuses on aspects of semantic, syntactic, or pragmatic development, and both formal (or standardized or “product-oriented”) and informal (or “process-oriented”) approaches and measures contribute to the language assessment process within and across these domains. Formal measures include instruments developed for and normed on typically hearing children and adapted for use with deaf children, as well as the comparatively smaller number of instruments designed specifically for use with children with hearing losses. In contrast, informal assessment is based on the assumption that language performance should be viewed in context and evaluated over time against the child’s own baseline. Overall, the aspect of language under investigation should be assessed using a variety of formal and informal approaches, and findings should be integrated both within and across domains.
Screening and Assessment of Hearing Loss in Infants
Authors: Cone Barbara 
Published: February 2013

AbstractScreening newborns for hearing loss has become the standard of care in many regions of the world. Electroacoustic (evoked otoacoustic emissions) and electrophysiological (auditory brainstem response) methods are used for screening. These methods are also used in assessment of hearing loss, as well as behavioral methods such as visual reinforcement audiometry and other electrophysiological techniques such as electrocochleography, auditory steady-state responses, and cortical auditory evoked potential. This chapter describes the physiological bases of and the methods used for screening and assessment of infant hearing.
Adventures in the Evidence-Based Management Trade
Authors: Kovner Anthony R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractI have spent more than a decade trying to get managers and those who study management to use an evidence-based process where interventions to improve performance are concerned. This chapter describes my experiences including teaching a graduate capstone course, writing a text on evidence-based management in health-care, decision making as a board member of a large hospital, and attempting to launch evidence-based management research with practitioners.This chapter describes my experiences and interpretations of early efforts to promote and practice evidence-based management. It includes my personal experiences, tacit knowledge derived from those experiences, the experiences of others in similar situations, expert opinion, case studies and other relevant information.
Evidence-BasedDecisionManagement
Authors: Yates J. Frank , Potworowski Georges A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDecision making is the lifeblood of every organization and the central focus in the practice of evidence-based management (EBMgt). To help guide the practice of EBMgt, this chapter describes fundamental concepts of decision making and decision management. It begins with a discussion of the features that distinguish decision making from other, related concepts, such as more general problem solving and judgment. It then describes how crucial aspects of decision management are approached especially effectively when decision processes are broken down into essential elements. It then describes the theory known as the “cardinal decision issue perspective,” and illustrates its use as a decision management tool.
Evidence-Based Management (EBMgt) Using Organizational Facts
Authors: Donaldson Lex 
Published: February 2013

AbstractManagers using evidence-based management (EBMgt) use data that exist in their organization to draw inferences and make decisions. This process is prone to a number of errors, including the small-numbers problem, measurement unreliability, range restriction, and confounding. This chapter makes recommendations about how managers can minimize these errors and make better-informed decision. Recommended procedures include statistical corrections and computation methods that make data more interpretable as well as changes in the way data are reported and aggregated within organizations.
From the 3 Rs to the 4 Rs: Toward Doctoral Education that Encourages Evidence-Based Management through Problem-Focused Research
Authors: Salipante Paul , Smith Ann Kowal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTo make evidence-based management(EBMgt) commonplace and effective, senior managers and academics must develop the capabilities that problem-focused research requires. Drawing lessons from alternative doctoral programs and problem-focused research, this chapter offers its readers concrete ways to support EBMgt in their educational, research, and senior management activities. It covers three related developments: (1) alternative doctoral-education programs producing a community of managerially experienced practitioner-scholars, that fosters EBMgt by bridging managerial and academic practice; (2) problem-focused research, providing a new model of research for more effective EBMgt, refined in alternative doctoral programs; and (3) overcoming barriers to EBMgt, new educational pedagogies and problem-focused research via relevance, respect, resourcefulness and reframing, or “the 4Rs.” This chapter presents these developments as exemplified through an alternative doctoral program’s 15-year evolution.