bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect‐induced tree mortality of boreal forests in eastern Canada under a changing climate
Authors: Zhang Xiongqing , Lei Yuancai , Ma Zhihai , Kneeshaw Dan , Peng Changhui 
Published: May 2014

AbstractForest insects are major disturbances that induce tree mortality in eastern coniferous (or fir‐spruce) forests in eastern North America. The spruce budworm (SBW) (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens]) is the most devastating insect causing tree mortality. However, the relative importance of insect‐caused mortality versus tree mortality caused by other agents and how this relationship will change with climate change is not known. Based on permanent sample plots across eastern Canada, we combined a logistic model with a negative model to estimate tree mortality. The results showed that tree mortality increased mainly due to forest insects. The mean difference in annual tree mortality between plots disturbed by insects and those without insect disturbance was 0.0680 per year (P < 0.0001, T‐test), and the carbon sink loss was about 2.87t C ha−1 year−1 larger than in natural forests. We also found that annual tree mortality increased significantly with the annual climate moisture index (CMI) and decreased significantly with annual minimum temperature (Tmin), annual mean temperature (Tmean) and the number of degree days below 0°C (DD0), which was inconsistent with previous studies (Adams et al. ; van Mantgem et al. ; Allen et al. ). Furthermore, the results for the trends in the magnitude of forest insect outbreaks were consistent with those of climate factors for annual tree mortality. Our results demonstrate that forest insects are the dominant cause of the tree mortality in eastern Canada but that tree mortality induced by insect outbreaks will decrease in eastern Canada under warming climate.
Synthesis and Structures of Fluorinated (β‐Diketiminato)rhodium Complexes: Si–H Activation of Silanes at a Carbonyl Complex
Authors: Meier Gregor , Steck Viktoria , Braun Beatrice , Eißler Anna , Herrmann Roy , Ahrens Mike , Laubenstein Reik , Braun Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe (β‐ketiminato)rhodium complex [Rh{κ2‐(N,O)‐(tBu)(O)CCHC(tBu)N(C6F5)}(cod)] (1) [cod = (1Z,5Z)‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene] and (β‐diketiminato)rhodium complexes [Rh{κ2‐(N,N)‐(Ar)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(Ar)}(L1)(L2)] [2: Ar = C6F5, (L1)(L2) = cod; 3: Ar = C6F5, L1 = L2 = C2H4; 4: Ar = C6F5, L1 = L2 = CNtBu; 5: Ar = 2,6‐MeC6H3, L1 = L2 = CNtBu; 6a: Ar = C6F5, L1 = L2 = CO; 7a: Ar = C6F5, L1 = CO, L2 = NCMe; 8a: Ar = C6F5, L1 = CO, L2 = PEt3; 9a: Ar = C6F5, L1 = CO, L2 = NH3] were synthesized. Treatment of [Rh{κ2‐(N,N)‐(C6F5)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(C6F5)}(CO)(NCMe)] (7a) with tertiary silanes HSiR3 gave the (β‐diketiminato)(hydrido)(silyl)rhodium complexes [Rh{κ2‐(N,N)‐(C6F5)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(C6F5)}(H)(SiR3)(CO)] (10a: R = Me; 11: R = Et; 12: R = iPr; 13: R = Ph; 14: R = OMe; 15: R = OEt). When using an excess amount of HSiMe3 the dihydridobis(silyl) complex [Rh{κ2‐(N,N)‐(C6F5)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(C6F5)}(H)2(SiMe3)2] (16) was formed in addition to 10a.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of the Formylcarbazole Alkaloids Murrayaline A–C, 7‐Methoxymukonal, and 7‐Methoxy‐O‐methylmukonal
Authors: Hesse Ronny , Krahl Micha P. , Jäger Anne , Kataeva Olga , Schmidt Arndt W. , Knölker Hans‐Joachim 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe describe the synthesis of the naturally occurring 2,7‐dioxygenated formylcarbazole alkaloids 7‐methoxymukonal, 7‐methoxy‐O‐methylmukonal, and the murrayalines A–C. The carbazole framework was constructed by a Buchwald–Hartwig amination and a subsequent palladium(II)‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization.
Effects of TENS in living kidney donors submitted to open nephrectomy: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Galli T.T. , Chiavegato L.D. , Liebano R.E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundPain is a negative factor in the recovery process of postoperative patients. It causes pulmonary alterations and complications, and it also affects functional capacity. Several studies have investigated the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) during the postoperative period. However, no studies have assessed the effects of TENS on kidney donors. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of TENS on pain, walking function, respiratory muscle strength and vital capacity in kidney donors.MethodsSeventy‐four patients were randomly allocated into two groups: active TENS or placebo TENS. All patients were assessed for pain intensity, respiratory muscle strength, vital capacity and walking function before and after the TENS application on the first day of the postoperative period.ResultsThe use of active TENS significantly reduced pain at rest (p = 0.006), during the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure (p = 0.006), during maximal expiratory pressure (p = 0.004) and during vital capacity (p = 0.013). Active TENS also produced a significant increase in maximal expiratory pressure when compared with the placebo TENS group (p = 0.001). Maximal inspiratory pressure, vital capacity and walking function were not significantly different between the two treatment groups.ConclusionsThese results suggest that TENS decreases pain intensity at rest and during respiratory manoeuvres and increases maximal expiratory pressure during the postoperative period in kidney donors after open nephrectomy.
Happy but unhealthy: The relationship between social ties and health in an emerging network
Authors: Howell Jennifer L. , Koudenburg Namkje , Loschelder David D. , Weston Dale , Fransen Katrien , De Dominicis Stefano , Gallagher S. , Haslam S. Alexander 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSocial connections are essential to health and well‐being. However, when pursing social acceptance, people may sometimes engage in behavior that is detrimental to their health. Using a multi‐time‐point design, we examined whether the structure of an emerging network of students in an academic summer school program correlated with their physical health and mental well‐being. Participants who were more central in the network typically experienced greater symptoms of illness (e.g., cold/flu symptoms), engaged in riskier health behaviors (e.g., binge drinking), and had higher physiological reactivity to a stressor. At the same time, they were happier, felt more efficacious, and perceived less stress in response to a strenuous math task. These outcomes suggest that social ties in an emerging network are associated with better mental well‐being, but also with poorer physical health and health behaviors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of glyphosate on egg incubation, larvae hatching, and ovarian rematuration in the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata
Authors: Avigliano Luciana , Alvarez Natalia , Loughlin Camila Mac , Rodríguez Enrique Marcelo 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Ovigerous females of the estuarine crab (Neohelice granulate) were exposed to both pure glyphosate (2.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L) and a glyphosate formulation (Roundup Ultramax, containing glyphosate at 2.5 mg/L acid equivalent). At the end of the egg incubation period, a significant reduction in the number of hatched larvae was seen as a result of Roundup exposure. Additionally, several larvae abnormalities were seen in both pure glyphosate (2.5 mg/L) and Roundup treatments, such as hydropsy and hypopigmented eyes, and atrophied eyes were observed in the Roundup treatment. To evaluate the effect of the herbicide on ovarian rematuration, females remained exposed for 32 d. Pure glyphosate at 2.5 mg/L stimulated ovarian maturation over control levels, mainly in terms of a higher gonadosomatic index and a higher percentage of vitellogenic oocytes. A plausible hypothesis to be tested in further experiments is that exposure to glyphosate disrupts the hormonal system controlling reproduction. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1879–1884. © 2014 SETAC
In vitro biotransformation rates in fish liver S9: Effect of dosing techniques
Authors: Lee Yung-Shan , Lee Danny H.Y. , Delafoulhouze Maximilien , Otton S. Victoria , Moore Margo M. , Kennedy Chris J. , Gobas Frank A.P.C. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

In vitro biotransformation assays are currently being explored to improve estimates of bioconcentration factors of potentially bioaccumulative organic chemicals in fish. The present study compares thin-film and solvent-delivery dosing techniques as well as single versus multiple chemical dosing for measuring biotransformation rates of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver S9. The findings show that biotransformation rates of very hydrophobic substances can be accurately measured in thin-film sorbent-dosing assays from concentration–time profiles in the incubation medium but not from those in the sorbent phase because of low chemical film-to-incubation-medium mass-transfer rates at the incubation temperature of 13.5 °C required for trout liver assays. Biotransformation rates determined by thin-film dosing were greater than those determined by solvent-delivery dosing for chrysene (octanol–water partition coefficient [KOW] = 105.60) and benzo[a]pyrene (KOW = 106.04), whereas there were no statistical differences in pyrene (KOW = 105.18) biotransformation rates between the 2 methods. In sorbent delivery–based assays, simultaneous multiple-chemical dosing produced biotransformation rates that were not statistically different from those measured in single-chemical dosing experiments for pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene but not for chrysene. In solvent-delivery experiments, multiple-chemical dosing produced biotransformation rates that were much smaller than those in single-chemical dosing experiments for all test chemicals. While thin-film sorbent-phase and solvent delivery–based dosing methods are both suitable methods for measuring biotransformation rates of substances of intermediate hydrophobicity, thin-film sorbent-phase dosing may be more suitable for superhydrophobic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1885–1893. © 2014 SETAC
A low‐complexity iterative MIMO detection and decoding scheme using dimension reduction
Authors: Shin Sang‐Sik , Choi Hongsoo , Jang Jae‐Eun , Choi Ji‐Woong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSpatial multiplexing multiple‐input multiple‐output is considered as a core advanced communication technology to increase data rate. Although it guarantees higher capacity, it gives huge burden on the receiver side especially when iterative detection and decoding (IDD) is employed. Therefore, the IDD receiver needs to be efficiently implemented considering the complexity as well as performance in practice. In this paper, we propose an IDD scheme employing dimension reduction soft demodulation (DRSD) principle based on maximum a posteriori criterion necessary for IDD operation. With separation into hard and soft streams in the DRSD, the proposed scheme employs all ordering successive interference cancellation with a simple modified slicing for hard detection to consider the effect of a priori information conveyed from past iteration, enabling complexity reduction. It can provide better trade‐off between complexity and performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on polystyrene with intumescent flame retardants from different scale experiments
Authors: Wu Zhonggang , Yang Lizhong , Zhan Jing , Chen Yanqiu , Zhou Xiaodong , Hu Yuqi , Stec A.A. , Hull T.R. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIn this study, the fire performance and toxicity of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polystyrene composites were investigated experimentally. Ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine were selected as IFR. The flammability of the polystyrene (PS) composites was evaluated by microscale combustion calorimetry and cone calorimetry and in the ISO Room. The results suggested that the thermal stability and the peak heat release rate of PS composites decreased with the increasing content of IFR. In the cone calorimeter and ISO 9705 testing, the carbon monoxide yield of PS composites also decreased markedly with the addition of IFR. Scanning electron microscope images show that the char from cone calorimetry testing was more compact and smoother than that from the ISO 9705 testing. The comparison between bench‐ and full‐scale tests demonstrated that the flammability and the toxicity of PS composites are decreased markedly due to the incorporation of the flame retardant, but considerable differences exist. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snowpack variability across various spatio‐temporal resolutions
Authors: López‐Moreno J. I. , Revuelto J. , Fassnacht S. R. , Azorín‐Molina C. , Vicente‐Serrano S. M. , Morán‐Tejeda E. , Sexstone G. A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHigh‐resolution snow depth (SD) maps (1 × 1 m) obtained from terrestrial laser scanner measurements in a small catchment (0.55 km2) in the Pyrenees were used to assess small‐scale variability of the snowpack at the catchment and sub‐grid scales. The coefficients of variation are compared for various plot resolutions (5 × 5, 25 × 25, 49 × 49, and 99 × 99 m) and eight different days in two snow seasons (2011–2012 and 2012–2013). We also studied the relation between snow variability at the small scale and SD, topographic variables, small‐scale variability in topographic variables. The results showed that there was marked variability in SD, and it increased with increasing scales. Days of seasonal maximum snow accumulation showed the least small‐scale variability, but this increased sharply with the onset of melting. The coefficient of variation (CV) in snowpack depth showed statistically significant consistency amongst the various spatial resolutions studied, although it declined progressively with increasing difference between the grid sizes being compared. SD best explained the spatial distribution of sub‐grid variability. Topographic variables including slope, wind sheltering, sub‐grid variability in elevation, and potential incoming solar radiation were also significantly correlated with the CV of the snowpack, with the greatest correlation occurring at the 99 × 99 m resolution. At this resolution, stepwise multiple regression models explained more than 70% of the variance, whereas at the 25 × 25 m resolution they explained slightly more than 50%. The results highlight the importance of considering small‐scale variability of the SD for comprehensively representing the distribution of snowpack from available punctual information, and the potential for using SD and other predictors to design optimized surveys for acquiring distributed SD data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of TiO2‐SiO2 composite photocatalysts for environmental applications
Authors: Paušová Šárka , Krýsa Josef , Jirkovský Jaromír , Prevot Vanessa , Mailhot Gilles 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this work is to prepare various TiO2/SiO2 composites, determine their photocatalytic activity and suggest the most promising materials for further application.RESULTSTiO2/SiO2 composites were successfully prepared as a powder, obtained by the heterocoagulation of mixed TiO2 and SiO2 aqueous colloidal suspensions. The heterocoagulation of prepared amorphous TiO2 in the presence of SiO2 led to the crystallization of TiO2 with anatase structure. Photocatalytic activity was tested in the liquid phase by dye degradation and in the gas phase by hexane degradation. In aqueous phase the presence of SiO2 increased the rate of degradation of Methylene Blue in comparison with pure TiO2 in acidic conditions, whereas Acid Orange 7 photodegradation was faster in basic solution in the presence of TiO2/SiO2 1:1 composite. In gaseous phase, composites prepared by heterocoagulation showed improved photoactivity (conversion around 35%).CONCLUSIONComposites prepared by heterocoagulation with ratio TiO2/SiO2 1:10 can be used as photocatalyst in self‐cleaning paints. SiO2 partly covers the TiO2 surface and acts as a barrier which separates the active surface of TiO2 from contact with the binder or polymeric substrate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The response of grain production to changes in quantity and quality of cropland in Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Liu Guilin , Zhang Luocheng , Zhang Qian , Musyimi Zipporah 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDCropland in Yangtze River Delta has declined drastically since economic reforms in 1978 that led to rapid economic development. Such cropland loss due to population growth has led to a decline in grain production. This study aimed at analyzing the impact of land use changes on grain production. To achieve this, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cropland during 1980–2010 were analyzed. Irrigation and soil fertility data were used as additional lines of evidence.RESULTSCropland loss had negative impacts on grain production. About 80 and 66% of grain production decreased during 1980–2005 and 2005–2010 respectively. This decline was attributed to the conversion of cropland to built‐up areas. Abandoned cropland areas were mainly concentrated in regions with high irrigation capability and high soil fertility, while cropland reclamation was mainly in areas with low irrigation and soil fertility, implying that, although cropland was reclaimed, production remained low. The decline in cropland area has reinforced the chronic food insecurity in Yangtze River Delta.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated the response of grain production to the changes in cropland quantity and quality. It also provides scientific evidence for decision makers to protect cropland and enhance grain production. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
LC GRIN lens mode with wide viewing angle for rotatable 2D/3D tablet
Authors: Kashiwagi Masako , Uehara Shinichi , Takagi Ayako , Baba Masahiro 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo widen the vertical and horizontal angular ranges where the lens performs well, the off‐axis performance of a liquid crystal gradient index (LC GRIN) lens is analyzed by the combined simulation system of an LC director simulator and a ray‐tracing simulator. We found that the angular difference between an LC alignment direction and an electrode array direction of the LC GRIN lens is one of significant parameters, and detailed conditions of structure are established. The measurement result shows that the developed structure reduces the degradation ratio in a luminance profile from 61% to 3.2%. We have applied a user tracking system for the rotatable 3D display, equipped with a detection of a panel orientation and a face position. As a result, we have developed a rotatable 2D/3D tablet whose 3D viewing azimuth angle is over 30° in both landscape and portrait orientations.
Two‐Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy Study of Polystyrene
Authors: Noda Isao 
Published: May 2014

SummaryTwo‐dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy is a versatile technique suited for the study of polymers. The technique was originally developed for the examination of dynamic infrared linear dichroism spectra of polymer films. When a polymer film is subjected to a small‐amplitude oscillatory strain, electric dipole transition moments associated with molecular vibrations of submolecular moieties undergo time‐dependent reorientation processes, which can be monitored with a polarized IR probe. Dynamics of submolecular level reorientation turned out to be surprisingly complex even for a seemingly uniform amorphous polymer like polystyrene. Possible existence of highly localized molecular rearrangement, which cannot be explained by a simple polymer chain motion, is indicated. Such multiple and multi‐staged reorientation processes can be effectively sorted out by applying the cross correlation analysis among time‐dependent IR signals monitored at different wavenumbers to construct 2D IR correlation spectra.
Pyrolytic and Elemental Analysis of Decomposition Products from a Phenolic Resin
Authors: Bennett Alexandre , Payne David R. , Court Richard W. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryResearch into elucidation of the decomposition mechanism of phenolic resin is being undertaken at the United Kingdom Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. In spite of the widespread use of phenolic resins the underlying decomposition mechanism is not yet fully understood. Central to understanding the mechanism is knowledge of the chemical products formed during the decomposition process and their respective quantities. Pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and pyrolysis‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques have been developed to quantify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the permanent gases and water generated from the thermal decomposition of a phenolic resin. The VOCs and permanent gases that are produced during pyrolysis of phenolic resin have been identified. Quantitative analysis of the pyrolysis products has been undertaken and the initial results indicate that heating rate affects the composition of the products. Elemental analysis of the residue has been performed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline by Using Weak Oxidizing Agent
Authors: Ullah Rizwan , Bowmaker G.A. , Travas‐Sejdic Jadranka , Ali Khurshid , Shah Anwar‐Ul‐Haq Ali 
Published: May 2014

SummaryPolyaniline was synthesized by using weak oxidizing agent CuCl2 and characterized with FTIR, UV‐vis, and XPS spectroscopic techniques. The composition of products was calculated from elemental analysis. The results show the presence of polyaniline in the emeraldine base (EB) form doped with [CuCl4]−. An increase in the yield and decrease in the final pH was observed when the oxidant to monomer ratio was increased. The increase in the yield was attributed to increase in the oxidation potential of oxidant with increase in its molar concentration.
Using of Novel Halides in the ATRP Polymerization. Estimation of Polymer Molecular Mass
Authors: Soriano‐Moro Guillermo , Percino Judith , Cerón Margarita , Bañuelos Alejandro , Chapela Víctor M. , Castro María Eugenia 
Published: May 2014

SummaryTwo novel ATRP initiator (R‐X): 2‐bromo‐2‐methyl‐N‐(1‐phenyl‐ethyl)propanamide (I) and 2,2,2‐trichloro‐N‐(1‐phenylethyl)acetamide (II) were synthesized and characterized by 1H‐NMR, IR, EI. Also, crystal structures of (I) and (II) are reported. Compounds (I) and (II) were used in the ATRP reaction of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylamide (AAD) at 48°C, using CuBr/Me6TREN and ethanol/toluene (60:40) mixture as catalytic complex and solvent, respectively. End‐group analysis by 1H‐NMR was used to determinate the molecular mass of the polymers synthesized via ATRP. The Mn values for poly(MMA) using (II) were 2333 and 3952 g/mol, which is higher in comparison with the Mn values obatined for (AAD)/(II) and (AAD)/(I) systems indicating that monomers containing ester moiety in their structure, such as acrylates and methacrylates, may be good candidates to polymerize with (II) and CuBr/Me6TREN.
Vibrational Analysis of 3‐Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane Polymer
Authors: Šapić Iva Movre , Bistričić Lahorija , Volovšek Vesna , Dananić Vladimir 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIn this work 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane polymer with inorganic SiOSi bonds was prepared by a sol‐gel process. The structure of polymer was characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and IR). The interpretation of vibrational spectra is supported by the normal coordinate analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A conformational and vibrational analysis of lowest energy dimer structure has been carried out by DFT calculations using Becke's three‐parameter exchange functional in combination with the Lee‐Young‐Parr correlation functional (B3‐LYP) and standard 6–311 + G(d,p) basis set.The comparison of theoretical spectra with the experimental data enabled us to extract the characteristic vibrational bands of polymer structure. The inorganic polymerization gives rise to siloxane network with SiOSi stretchings at 1030 and 1134 cm−1 suggesting the ladder‐type structure of GPTMS polymer.