bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why no more Latin?
Authors: Bentliff D. G. 
Published: July 2013

Mr. melluish's vigorous plea for the restoration of Latin to an honoured place in the school curriculum cuts through the mists of apologetic defeatism and loose thinking which have in recent years befogged discussion of pre-certificate Latin. The Four-Year Course was imposed on classical teachers by the fact that the majority of boys and girls in secondary schools left at the age of sixteen, or at any rate dropped Latin after taking the School Certificate Examination. What was really an evil to be fought against has been erected into a sort of permanent educational article of faith, and would-be reformers have been trying in various ways to put the quart of Latin (or substitutes and dilutions thereof) into the pint pot of the pre-certificate curriculum.There were those (and the writer confesses he has been one of them) who would have tried to teach their pupils to run before they could walk. Less formal grammar and less English into Latin, it was argued, would leave more time for the reading of Latin authors, that is, for the enjoyment of Latin literature and an understanding of Roman culture. Herein lay two fallacies. In the first place, Latin authors cannot be read with any facility or, indeed, at all, until the pupil has mastered the elements of Latin accidence and syntax. This, in spite of modern methods, remains a formidable task for the average boy or girl, calling for a great deal of hard work. It is, therefore, misleading to suggest that up to the School Certificate stage much more is possible than the acquisition of the essential preliminaries.
Some Stage Conventions in the Classics Or How to Start the Wheels Turning
Authors: Andrewes M. 
Published: July 2013

If you were setting out to write a play you would at an early stage have to decide how to begin. That is to say, once your plot and characters had taken shape, you would have to determine how to introduce your audience to sufficient basic facts for them to appreciate the situation at the opening of the play and the relevance of fresh developments as they occurred. Moreover, you would aim to do this in a manner which was both economical and dramatic; and you would probably discover that your two aims were inconsistent. A bald exposition of the present position and past history of the more important characters would be economical in time but unsuited to the stage; whereas dramatic dialogue, of sufficient length to allow of the necessary knowledge being imparted indirectly to the audience, is apt to be verbose and disproportionately long.In a modern play we should expect to find that any second- or thirdrate playwright has a slick enough technique to have resolved this discrepancy with a fair degree of success. But it was not always so; and this paper is largely concerned with the history of the tug-of-war between the two aims—the economical and concise exposition on the one hand and, on the other, the more leisurely and more properly dramatic build-up of the situation by natural explanatory dialogue and incidental allusions between characters on the stage.For Aeschylus, the problem does not really arise in the form in which it faces his successors.
Some Very Odd Latin
Authors: Mattingly Harold 
Published: July 2013

The lives of the Emperors from Hadrian to Carus, usually grouped together under the title of Scriptores Historiae Augustae, offer a strange problem to the historian. They purport to be addressed to the Emperors Diocletian and Constantine and to be the work of six distinct writers, Aelius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Vulcacius Gallicanus, Aelius Lampridius, Trebellius Pollio, and Flavius Vopiscus. In fact, they betray occasional evidences of a much later date—whether the age of Julian the Apostate, the age of Theodosius the Great, or one later still. There seems to be a growing agreement that the six independent authors are not to be taken too seriously—at least, that the work, based on material of various dates, finally saw the light through the agency of a single editor. Let us, however, leave the headaches to the historians and see if we can find a laugh for the latinist amid the strange variations of idiom which our mysterious historians permit themselves. The oddest usages probably belong to the hypothetical ‘final’ editor: but even oddity has its variations and I seem to detect such variations here. It should be a serious task for some student of Latin to investigate the problem of date from the linguistic point of view.There is a strange freedom in the use of cases. Accusative of motion towards is not limited to ‘towns and small islands’: civitatem veniens ‘coming to the city’ (Severus 22. 6), Asiam primum venit (Gallicanus 2. 6), orientem redire (Alexander Severus 63. 5). In with accusative is found where in with ablative is expected: habet in potestatem Thracios (Claudius 15. 2), dispatches quae in urbem ingentem laetitiam fecerunt (Maximinus 24. 6), or we may find ablatives where we expect accusatives: in loco Maximini Gordianus sufficiatus (Maximinus 26. 4).
Trial by Combat Among the Greeks
Authors: Armstrong A. MacC. 
Published: July 2013

The heroic age of Greece, like the heroic age of western Europe, practised trial by combat. For a combat to be judicial (a) it must be single combat, (b) it must be of numinous import, as evidenced among the Greeks by a connexion with divination in the form of oracle or prophecy, and (c) there must be a dispute the issue of which is to depend on the result of the combat. Not all single combat is judicial, for such a combat may be fought simply for honour and not to decide a dispute, as when Hector and Ajax fight on a challenge of Hector's to the best of the Achaeans to decide which shall have the honour of killing the other and bearing his arms away in triumph (Iliad H 77–83).The institution of judicial combat is illustrated by a golden passage in the Iliad in Book Γ describing the duel between Menelaus and Paris. The Achaeans and the Trojans agree, after a challenge by Paris, that Menelaus and Paris shall fight in single combat, the terms being that if Paris kills Menelaus he is to retain Helen and her possessions, while if Menelaus kills Paris, then the Trojans are to return Helen and her possessions and pay the Achaeans a proper recompense. After performing the due rites Agamemnon formally recites these terms and threatens to fight to the end if the Trojans should break their word. Hector and Odysseus mark out a space and settle by lot which of the two combatants is to throw his spear first, while the Trojan and Achaean spectators pray to Zeus for death to the man who is responsible for bringing all the trouble on them.
Juvenal's Big-Fish Satire
Authors: Thomson J. O. 
Published: July 2013

Horace puts in the mouth of Ofellus a sermon on plain living. Healthy hunger, says the honest yeoman, is content with ordinary fare; gluttons would like to see a big fish in a big dish,porrectum magno magnum spectare catino,but may the south wind turn their dainties bad, though the freshest turbot is already stale for a jaded appetite:praesentes austri, coquite horum obsonia, quamquam putet aper rhombusque recens, mala copia quando aegrum sollicitat stomachum.So Sat. ii. 2. 39–43: let us call the passage (a). He adds that he mentions turbots in particular because they happen to be more in fashion nowadays than sturgeons (46–48). Later in the same satire he talks (b) of the scandal and expense of big turbots and big dishes,grandes rhombi patinaeque grande ferunt una cum damno dedecus. (95–96)In another satire, an ironical lecture on cookery, we hear (c) that it is a gross fault to buy a big fish very dear and then serve it shabbily in too small a dish,immane est vitium dare milia terna macello. angustoque vagos piscis urgere catino. (ii. 4. 76–77)(The conventional translation of rhombus as a turbot has been retained, though it may well be some other fish.)Juvenal, Satire iv, tells how a huge turbot was caught in the Adriatic off Ancona and hurried south to Alba as a gift to the Emperor. Fisherman and fish are promptly granted audience,spectant admissa obsonia patres, (64)and Domitian summons his Cabinet to discuss what is to be done with the treasure trove.
Virgil's Periplus of Latium
Authors: Tilly Bertha 
Published: July 2013

It is not perhaps generally recognized that the description of the coast of Latium in the seventh book of the Aeneid, in the passage which is often called ‘The Gathering of the Clans’, is in the form of a periplus—literally, ‘a sailing round’. The places and natural features are named in order from the mouth of the Tiber as far as Tarracina (modern Terracina) as if they were seen from the sea by one coasting along the shore. Accounts of this kind are frequent in ancient geographers. Virgil followed a familiar pattern in the six Unes in which this stretch of coast is described:‘Those who plough thy glades, Tiberinus, and the sacred shore of the Numicus, and work the Rutulian hills with the ploughshare, and Circe's ridge, the fields over which Jupiter Anxurus holds sway, and Feronia rejoicing in her green grove; where lies Satura's unhealthy marsh, and cool through sunken valleys Ufens seeks his way, and is lost in the sea.’
Ancient and Modern Greek
Authors: Newton B. E. 
Published: July 2013

A question which occurs frequently to classical students and others concerns the relation between ancient and modern Greek. It is the purpose of the present article to indicate in as brief a fashion as possible the lines on which the question might be approached.Perhaps the most amazing thing about Greek is that in the period over which our written records extend—in over three millennia, since the decipherment of Linear B—it has changed so little. Whereas a student of Latin would be ill-equipped to read a modern Italian newspaper, a person with a good working knowledge of classical Greek would not only find an Athenian newspaper intelligible for the most part, but would be amazed at the remarkable likenesses between the ancient and the modern languages. For the vocabulary of a Greek newspaper is probably 99 per cent, of classical origin and modern Greek has retained much of the cumbersome grammar of the ancient language—and ancient Greek has got a cumbersome grammar, when we consider that its verb has over four hundred forms as compared to sixty or so in French and two in Afrikaans. Thus the declension of φίλος is precisely the same now (except for the absence of the dual, which was obsolescent in Xenophon's day, and of the dative) as it was in the fifth century B.c. The conjugation of the present of ἒχω is identical with that of the classical verb, although the third plural ending -ουσι occurs mostly dialectically, e.g. in Cypriot, and has been largely replaced by -ουν.
The Imperfect Parallel Betwixt Painting and Poetry
Authors: Spencer T. J. B. 
Published: July 2013

In 1695, in the last decade of his literary activity, Dryden borrowed (as he tells us) two months from his Virgil, and published a prose translation of the Latin poem De Arte Graphicâ by the Frenchman, Charles Dufresnoy; and to it he prefixed his well-known essay, ‘A Parallel betwixt Painting and Poetry’. Among Dryden's critical writings, this may justly be regarded as the worst. Here Swift's jibe about the Prefaces seems to be justified—how they weremeerly writ at first for filling,To raise the Volume's Price, a Shilling.
Hybris and Dishonour: I
Authors: Fisher N. R. E. 
Published: July 2013

Professor D. M. MacDowell's article continues a recent and welcome tendency to question the common interpretation of hybris by study of the actual instances of the concept throughout Greek literature. MacDowell's definition ‘having energy or power and misusing it self-indulgently’ is fairly broad, and he supports it by five further points:i) that hybris is always bad,ii) that it is always voluntary,iii) that it is frequently, but not always, produced by such things as youth, wealth, and excess of food and drink,iv) that it is not usually religious, andv) that it often involves a victim, and is more serious when it does.
Socrates and Authority
Authors: Mulgan R. G. 
Published: July 2013

In a well-known passage in the Apology, Socrates says that if the court release him on condition that he give up questioning the views of his fellow citizens, he will refuse to obey:… If you say to me, ‘Socrates, this time we will not follow Anytus but will let you go on condition that you no longer spend your time on this inquiry and stop philosophizing; if you are caught doing this again, you shall die’—if you were to acquit me on this condition, I would reply: ‘Men of Athens, I honour and love you, but I shall obey the god rather than you and as long as I breathe and have the capacity I shall never cease philosophizing …’ (29 c 6–d 5.)
Pursuing security: economic resources and the ontological security of older New Zealanders
Authors: MANSVELT JULIANA , BREHENY MARY , STEPHENS CHRISTINE 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAccess to economic resources influences the material conditions of life for older people, as well as the freedoms and capacities of older people to achieve the kind of lives they value. Security is one aspect of later life valued by older people. Ontological security provides a sense of order and continuity and needs to be understood in terms of the situated life experiences and circumstances of older people. The study reported in this paper analysed 145 qualitative interviews with New Zealanders aged 63–93 in order to explore how participants understand ontological security. Varying levels of access to economic resources were associated with differing abilities of participants to manage the unpredictability of everyday life. Among the wealthy, security was strongly connected to the freedoms provided by ample financial resources. Contrary to what might be expected, those with the lowest levels of economic resources did not express higher levels of insecurity, but instead drew upon life experiences of managing and making do to construct a trajectory of security. Those with mid-range levels of economic resources expressed most insecurity, including anxiety over changing economic conditions and concerns over their ability to manage reductions in economic resources. In discussing the implications of this, the paper highlights the need to recognise ways in which access to economic resources intersect with life circumstances, past experiences and future social expectations to provide opportunities for all older people to pursue security as they strive to age well.
A cohomological splitting criterion for locally free sheaves on arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay surfaces
Authors: HALIC MIHAI , TAJAROD ROSHAN 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this paper we obtain a cohomological splitting criterion for locally free sheaves on arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay surfaces with cyclic Picard group, which is similar to Horrocks' splitting criterion for locally free sheaves on projective spaces. We also recover a duality property which identifies a generalK3 surface with a certain moduli space of stable sheaves on it, and obtain examples of stable, arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay, locally free sheaves of rank two on general surfaces of degree at least five in${\mathbb P}^3$.
Biodegradation Process of α-Tricalcium Phosphate and α-Tricalcium Phosphate Solid Solution BioceramicsIn Vivo: A Comparative Study
Authors: de Aza Piedad N. , Luklinska Zofia B. , de Val Jose E. Mate-Sanchez , Calvo-Guirado Jose L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article reports the structure and morphology of thein vivointerface between implants composed of either α tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) or αTCP doped with 3.0 wt% dicalcium silicate (αTCPss) ceramic, and natural bone of rabbit tibias. Both interfaces developed a new bone layer in direct contact with the implants after 4 and 8 weeks of implantation. The specimens were examined using analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy, up to the lattice plane resolution level. Degradation processes of the implants developed at the interfaces encouraged osseous tissue ingrowth into the periphery of the material, changing the microstructure of the implants. The ionic exchange initiated at the implant interface with the environment was essential in the integration process of the implant, through a dissolution–precipitation–transformation mechanism. The interfaces developed normal biological and chemical activities and remained reactive over the 8-week period. Organized collagen fibrils were found at the αTCPss/bone interface after 4 weeks, whereas a collagen-free layer was present around the Si-free αTCP implants. These findings suggest that the incorporation of silicate ions into αTCP ceramic promotes processes of the bone remodeling at the bone/αTCPssinterface, hence the solubility rate of the αTCPssmaterial decreased.
Efficacy of agomelatine and escitalopram on depression, subjective sleep and emotional experiences in patients with major depressive disorder: a 24-wk randomized, controlled, double-blind trial
Authors: Corruble Emmanuelle , de Bodinat Christian , Belaïdi Carole , Goodwin Guy M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In the present randomized, controlled, double-blind trial (12 wk treatment plus double-blind extension for 12 wk), 25–50 mg/d agomelatine (n = 164) and 10–20 mg/d escitalopram (n = 160) were compared for short- and long-term efficacy, subjective sleep and tolerability. The effects of these drugs on emotional experiences were also compared in patients having completed the Oxford Questionnaire on the Emotional Side-Effects of Antidepressants (agomelatine: n = 25; escitalopram: n = 20). Agomelatine and escitalopram similarly improved depressive symptoms, with clinically relevant score changes over 12 and 24 wk and notable percentage of remitters (week 12: 60.9 and 54.4%; week 24: 69.6 and 63.1% respectively). Over the 12 and 24-wk treatment periods, the ‘global satisfaction on sleep’ scores increased in both treatment groups and did not differ between groups. Satisfaction with sleep–wake quality was high in both groups; the ‘wellness feeling on waking’ was more improved with agomelatine than with escitalopram (p = 0.02). In patients with pronounced sleep complaints, quality of sleep and feeling on waking were significantly more improved with agomelatine than with escitalopram (p = 0.016 and p = 0.009, respectively). Emotional blunting was less frequent on agomelatine than on escitalopram. Indeed, 28% of patients on agomelatine vs. 60% on escitalopram felt that their emotions lacked intensity and 16% of patients on agomelatine vs. 53% on escitalopram felt that things that they cared about before illness did not seem important any more (p = 0.024). The tolerability profile of agomelatine was found to be superior to that of escitalopram and the incidence of patients with at least one emergent adverse event leading to treatment discontinuation was lower in the agomelatine group than in the escitalopram group (5.5 vs. 10.6%). The findings suggest that agomelatine displays additional long-term clinical benefits on sleep–wake quality and emotional experiences over escitalopram in the management of depression.
Establishing Best Practices and Guidance in Population Modeling: An Experience With an Internal Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis Guidance
Authors: Byon W , Smith MK , Chan P , Tortorici MA , Riley S , Dai H , Dong J , Ruiz‐Garcia A , Sweeney K , Cronenberger C 
Published: July 2013

This tutorial describes the development of a population pharmacokinetic (Pop PK) analysis guidance within Pfizer, which strives for improved consistency and efficiency, and a more systematic approach to model building. General recommendations from the Pfizer internal guidance and a suggested workflow for Pop PK model building are discussed. A description is also provided for mechanisms by which conflicting opinions were captured and resolved across the organization to arrive at the final guidance.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e51; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.26; advance online publication 3 July 2013
Lnetwork: an efficient and effective method for constructing phylogenetic networks
Authors: Wang Juan , Guo Maozu , Liu Xiaoyan , Liu Yang , Wang Chunyu , Xing Linlin , Che Kai 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Motivation: The evolutionary history of species is traditionally represented with a rooted phylogenetic tree. Each tree comprises a set of clusters, i.e. subsets of the species that are descended from a common ancestor. When rooted phylogenetic trees are built from several different datasets (e.g. from different genes), the clusters are often conflicting. These conflicting clusters cannot be expressed as a simple phylogenetic tree; however, they can be expressed in a phylogenetic network. Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that can account for processes such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer and recombination, which are difficult to represent in standard tree-like models of evolutionary histories. There is currently a large body of research aimed at developing appropriate methods for constructing phylogenetic networks from cluster sets. The Cass algorithm can construct a much simpler network than other available methods, but is extremely slow for large datasets or for datasets that need lots of reticulate nodes. The networks constructed by Cass are also greatly dependent on the order of input data, i.e. it generally derives different phylogenetic networks for the same dataset when different input orders are used.
Results: In this study, we introduce an improved Cass algorithm, Lnetwork, which can construct a phylogenetic network for a given set of clusters. We show that Lnetwork is significantly faster than Cass and effectively weakens the influence of input data order. Moreover, we show that Lnetwork can construct a much simpler network than most of the other available methods.
Availability: Lnetwork has been built as a Java software package and is freely available at http://nclab.hit.edu.cn/∼wangjuan/Lnetwork/.
Contact: maozuguo@hit.edu.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The signal within the noise: efficient inference of stochastic gene regulation models using fluorescence histograms and stochastic simulations
Authors: Lillacci Gabriele , Khammash Mustafa 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Motivation: In the noisy cellular environment, stochastic fluctuations at the molecular level manifest as cell–cell variability at the population level that is quantifiable using high-throughput single-cell measurements. Such variability is rich with information about the cell’s underlying gene regulatory networks, their architecture and the parameters of the biochemical reactions at their core.
Results: We report a novel method, called Inference for Networks of Stochastic Interactions among Genes using High-Throughput data (INSIGHT), for systematically combining high-throughput time-course flow cytometry measurements with computer-generated stochastic simulations of candidate gene network models to infer the network’s stochastic model and all its parameters. By exploiting the mathematical relationships between experimental and simulated population histograms, INSIGHT achieves scalability, efficiency and accuracy while entirely avoiding approximate stochastic methods. We demonstrate our method on a synthetic gene network in bacteria and show that a detailed mechanistic model of this network can be estimated with high accuracy and high efficiency. Our method is completely general and can be used to infer models of signal-activated gene networks in any organism based solely on flow cytometry data and stochastic simulations.
Availability: A free C source code implementing the INSIGHT algorithm, together with test data is available from the authors.
Contact: mustafa.khammash@bsse.ethz.ch
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.