bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of HIV‐related oral manifestations in women: A review
Authors: Shiboski CH 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE: (1) To assess the extent of knowledge acquired since 1981 on the epidemiology of HIV‐related oral manifestations in women; (2) to determine if these findings differ by gender; and (3) to assess the needs and direction for future epidemiologic research on oral disease and HIV infection in women in relation to men.DATA IDENTIFICATION: A computer‐assisted search was conducted to identify epidemiologic studies reporting the frequency of various oral conditions in HIV‐infected women. Studies on periodontal disease as manifestation of HIV infection were not included.DATA EXTRACTION: Methods used in the retrieved articles were reviewed with respect to target population, study design, sampling scheme, outcomes, measurements, and statistical issues. Results were summarized in relation to oral findings in HIV‐infected men.RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Most studies were prospective, and sample selection was non‐random. Studies differed with respect to geographic location, risk category for HIV transmission, and stage of HIV disease. Despite these differences, oral lesions were found in at least 15% of HIV‐infected women, and the most common oral lesion in all studies was candidiasis. Women differed from men with respect to the prevalence of hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) both of which were significantly less common in women.CONCLUSION: Future epidemiologic studies should be directed at identifying cofactors involved in addition to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in the development of hairy leukoplakia, and in addition to KS herpes virus (KSHV) in the occurrence of KS.
Oral manifestations in 70 German HIV‐infected women
Authors: Schmidt‐Westhausen A , Grünewald Th , Reichart PA , Pohle HD 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV‐infected women, and to determine the association of oral lesions with the level of immunosuppression and the route of transmission.PATIENTS: In a retrospective, cross‐sectional study, a cohort of 70 HIV‐infected women (median age: 32.5 y; median CD4+‐cell count 262 per μl) comprising 18% of all HIV‐infected individuals (n = 389) was selected in an outpatient clinic. Oral lesions strongly associated with HIV‐infection were evaluated.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of oral lesions was 27/70 (39%). Among HIV‐infected women with CD4+‐cell counts <200 per μl, the prevalence was 65% (19/29); and with counts >200 per μl, the prevalence was 27% (11/41). The prevalence of candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia was similar among those infected heterosexually or by intravenous drug use.CONCLUSIONS: As reported in men, these findings demonstrate that oral lesions are common in HIV‐infected women. Candidiasis is more likely to occur at low CD4+‐cell counts, whereas no difference was seen regarding the level of immunosuppression and hairy leukoplakia. Interestingly, the route of transmission does not play a role regarding the presence of oral lesions among HIV‐infected women.
Inhibition of HIV infectivity by human saliva
Authors: Malamud D , Nagashunmugam T , Davis C , Kennedy S , Abrams WR , Kream R , Friedman HM 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE: Human saliva is known to decrease HIV infectivity in vitro. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings and to focus on the mechanism of action of these salivary factor(s).DESIGN: A number of viruses and several assay systems have been utilized to determine if the effect of submandibular saliva is directly on the virus, on the host cell, or on the virus‐cell interaction.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Submandibular saliva from seronegative donors was incubated with HIV‐1, other retroviruses, or unrelated viruses. Viral infectivity was monitored either by determining p24 antigen levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or Sup T1 cells, or using HeLa cells expressing CD4 and an HIV derived long terminal repeat linked to the β‐galactosidase gene.RESULTS: The inhibition of viral infectivity by submandibular saliva is specific for HIV‐1. While inhibition increases with time of incubation of saliva with virus, pre‐treatment of cells with saliva does not inhibit HIV production, and saliva has only modest inhibitory effects when added to HIV‐infected cells.CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the effect of submandibular saliva on decreasing the infectivity of HIV‐1 is directly on the virus, rather than on the host cell.
Detection of HIV in oral mucosal cells
Authors: Qureshi MN , Barr CE , Hewlitt I , Boorstein R , Kong F , Bagasra O , Bobroski LE , Joshi B 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of HIV DNA and RNA and the morphologic localization of HIV in the oral cavity of HIV‐seropositive subjects. DESIGN: A cross‐sectional analysis of saliva, buccal scrapings and buccal biopsies from HIV‐seropositive injecting drug users (IDUs).SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Whole saliva, buccal mucosal scrapings and buccal biopsies were obtained from HIV‐seropositive and seronegative IDUs. Presence of HIV DNA and RNA was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR). RT in situ PCR was used to detect HIV tat/rev RNA in buccal mucosal scrapings. Host‐cell integrated HIV‐proviral DNA in buccal biopsies was detected by in situ PCR. Presence of intact HIV viral particles in buccal scrapings was assessed by electron microscopy.RESULTS: HIV DNA was detected in 40% (18/45) and HIV RNA in 69.2% (25/36) of saliva samples from HIV‐seropositive IDUs. Viral particles consistent with HIV were localized in inter‐epithelial spaces by electron microscopy. RT in situ PCR revealed the presence of HIV tat/rev RNA in 36% (8/22) of the seropositive samples tested.CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that epithelial cells can be productively infected by HIV. Epithelial cells in buccal mucosa may acquire HIV in the basal layers through contact with submucosal HIV‐positive lymphocytes and/or Langerhans' cells. HIV infection may also spread by inter‐epithelial cell contact. As HIV infected cells mature they travel to more superficial layers and are shed into the oral cavity.
Supporting People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities to Participate in their Communities through Support Staff Pilot Intervention
Authors: Zakrajsek Andrea Gossett , Hammel Joy , Scazzero Joseph A. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundIncreasingly, people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) are supported to participate in least‐restricted settings in the community. However, little is known about desired community participation choice and control of people with I/DD, nor effective strategies to support full participation. Furthermore, service providers of this population in community and residential settings have unique roles in influencing choice and control in community participation.Research AimThe purpose of this project is to empower adults with I/DD in community participation by collaborating with agency staff and administrators to strategize change in service provision and programming.MethodsThis article describes the development, imple‐mentation and mixed‐methods evaluation of a pilot staff intervention.ResultsFindings indicate staff who participated in pilot intervention report increased confidence in supporting adults with I/DD to participate in their communities.ConclusionsIntervention development has implications for staff, administrators and agencies in planning and executing opportunities to support choice and control for community participation for adults with I/DD.
Geographical patterns of congruence and incongruence between correlative species distribution models and a process‐based ecophysiological growth model
Authors: Serra‐Diaz Josep M. , Keenan Trevor F. , Ninyerola Miquel , Sabaté Santiago , Gracia Carlos , Lloret Francisco 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimOur aim was to map the climate dependence of tree species distributions (probability of occurrence) and forest growth (net primary productivity) by comparing the congruence and incongruence between correlative and process‐based modelling approaches.LocationIberian Peninsula, south‐western Europe.MethodsWe used forest inventory data for three widespread tree species (Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris) to model climatic suitability with an ensemble of seven correlative species distribution models (using biomod). We then simulated forest net primary productivity (NPP) as a surrogate of forest growth for forests of each species using an ecophysiological process‐based model (gotilwa+) along a gradient of climatic suitability. The spatial distribution of the growth estimates was then compared with that of the suitability estimates, and robust regression was used to classify regions in terms of model congruence.ResultsQuercus ilex and P. sylvestris both showed a positive relationship between forest NPP and climatic suitability. The main discrepancies were found in the north of the peninsula, where there was high potential forest growth but low climate suitability. Low forest‐growth estimates in areas of high suitability only appeared for P. sylvestris in southern montane regions. Pinus halepensis always showed a negative relationship between estimated growth and climatic suitability. The analysis of other ecophysiological parameters (mean leaf life and leaf area index) suggests that this tree species has different physiological strategies that allow differential growth rates in areas of low suitability.Main conclusionsWe found that the relationship between estimated growth and distribution varies strongly in different areas and species. Mapping the incongruences between the predicted climatic suitability and growth allowed us to identify regions where other factors (e.g. biotic interactions) may be more significant than the physiological limits on growth. We show that new insights into species distributions can be gained from mapping the differences between correlative and process‐based models.
Suppressive effect of RAS inhibitor manumycin A on aberrant crypt foci formation in the azoxymethane‐induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis model
Authors: Tsuda Miho , Okamoto Koichi , Muguruma Naoki , Sannomiya Katsutaka , Nakagawa Tadahiko , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Kitamura Shinji , Goji Takahiro , Kimura Tetsuo , Okahisa Toshiya , Izumi Keisuke , Takayama Tetsuji 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and AimThe chemopreventive effect of RAS inhibitors on colorectal cancer is unknown. Because aberrant crypt foci (ACF), earliest preneoplastic lesions, are highly positive for K‐RAS mutation, RAS inhibitors are likely to be effective for chemoprevention. Therefore, in the present study, the suppressive effect of a RAS inhibitor, manumycin A, on ACF formation in an azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis model was investigated.MethodsRats injected with AOM were administered manumycin A (30 mg/kg) subcutaneously thrice weekly for 8 weeks or for 4 weeks (latter half), sacrificed at 8 weeks, and examined for ACF in the colorectum. Phosphorylated ERK and Ki‐67 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining.ResultsThe mean number of ACF in the 8‐week manumycin A group (72.9 ± 20.1) was significantly lower than in the vehicle group (155.6 ± 56.7, P < 0.01), and it was significantly lower even in the 4‐week manumycin A group than in the vehicle group (92.2 ± 13.0 vs 222.3 ± 83.3, P < 0.01). The positive rate for phosphorylated ERK in the manumycin A group (13.5 ± 19.2%) was significantly lower than in the vehicle group (50.2 ± 19.8%, P < 0.01). The positive rate for Ki‐67 in the manumycin A group (2.2 ± 3.4%) was significantly lower than in the vehicle group (14.7 ± 8.2%, P < 0.01). There were significantly more terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling‐positive cells in tissue samples from the manumycin A group versus the vehicle group (8.6 ± 9.7% vs 2.9 ± 2.0%, P < 0.05).ConclusionManumycin A suppressed ACF formation in the AOM‐induced colorectal carcinogenesis model, demonstrating that RAS inhibitors may be very effective for chemoprevention of colorectal cancers.
Clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound elastography for identification of malignant pancreatic masses: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ying Li , Lin Xiao , Xie Zuo‐Liu , Hu Yuan‐Ping , Tang Kai‐Fu , Shi Ke‐Qing 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and AimEndoscopic ultrasound (EUS) elastography is not used for detection but rather for characterization of solid pancreatic masses. A meta‐analysis was used to assess the accuracy of EUS elastography for identification of malignant pancreatic masses.MethodsPubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the ISI Web of Knowledge were searched. The studies relating to evaluation accuracy of qualitative or quantitative EUS elastography for identification of malignant pancreatic masses were collected. Language was limited to English. The sensitivity and specificity were used to examine the accuracy. Clinical utility was evaluated by likelihood ratio scattergram.ResultsA total of 10 studies including 893 pancreatic masses (646 malignant, 72.3%) were analyzed. The summary sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malignant pancreatic masses were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93–1.00) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.52–0.82) for qualitative EUS elastography, and 0.96 (95% CI 0.86–0.99) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.58–0.87) for quantitative EUS elastography, respectively. The hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.94 and 0.93 for qualitative and quantitative EUS elastography. The accuracy of quantitative methods was similar to qualitative methods. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 3.15 and 0.03 for qualitative EUS elastography, and 3.94 and 0.05 for quantitative EUS elastography, respectively. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were useful for exclusion of presence of malignant pancreatic masses and not for its confirmation.ConclusionsEUS elastography could be used as a good identification tool for benign and malignant pancreatic masses, with its good performance for exclusion of presence of malignant pancreatic masses.
The Effect of One‐Step vs. Two‐Step Impression Techniques on Long‐Term Accuracy and Dimensional Stability when the Finish Line is within the Gingival Sulcular Area
Authors: Levartovsky Shifra , Zalis Maayan , Pilo Raphael , Harel Noga , Ganor Yehuda , Brosh Tamar 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of two putty‐wash impression techniques on the long‐term accuracy and dimensional stability of poly(vinyl siloxane) (PVS) in the gingival sulcus area.Materials and MethodsImpressions were taken from a master cast to simulate molar crown preparation. A space around the abutment served as the gingival sulcus. Fifteen impressions using the one‐ and two‐step impression techniques were taken using Express Regular, Express Fast, and President impression materials with custom trays. Using a Toolmaker's microscope, the long (LD) and short distances (SD) of the abutment and the planar distance between two parallel lines (PL) at the circumference of the cast were taken at 0.5, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours after mixing. ANOVA was performed, with the discrepancy between the distances of the impressions and the master cast as the dependent variable.ResultsThe differences when different materials and impression techniques were used were significant (p < 0.001) for LD, SD, and PL, as was the interaction between the material, time, and technique (p < 0.001). SD discrepancies were higher than those of LD for all materials and times. The two‐step impression technique was more accurate, with smaller discrepancies than the one‐step impression technique. For all materials, the PL discrepancy was deemed acceptable (less than 0.5%) for all tested times. President had higher discrepancies than the other materials.ConclusionsWhen using the two‐step putty‐wash impression technique, pouring of the impressions may be postponed up to 30 hours; however, when using the one‐step impression technique, pouring should be performed within 2 hours.
How diverse is Mitopus morio? Integrative taxonomy detects cryptic species in a small‐scale sample of a widespread harvestman
Authors: Arthofer Wolfgang , Rauch Hannes , Thaler‐Knoflach Barbara , Moder Karl , Muster Christoph , Schlick‐Steiner Birgit C. , Steiner Florian M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMitopus morio is a widespread harvestman species occurring in most of Europe and in moderate and cold‐moderate zones of Asia and North America. The species is characterized by extreme variability in body size and leg length. As leg length is correlated with habitat temperature, M. morio has been considered as an example of Allen's rule. Recently, observations for a single location in Tyrol, Austria, indicated the absence of mating between short‐ and long‐legged individuals. This study examines for signs of putative cryptic species in M. morio using an integrative approach that combines mating trials, amplified fragment length polymorphism whole‐genome scans, mitochondrial sequences and morphometrics. The mating trials did not corroborate the initial hypothesis of a reproductive barrier associated with leg size. Both types of genetic data revealed the existence of three distinct groups, in line with the mating results but largely unrelated to leg morphology and geographical origin of specimens. Morphometric characters supporting the findings of the other disciplines were identified using a supervised approach. We infer from all data together the existence of strongly diverged cryptic lineages among the analysed individuals, cautiously interpret them as three sympatric species and conclude that in these harvestmen Allen's rule applies at different levels. Due to the unexpected amount of differentiation found within a geographical scale very small compared with the distribution of M. morio, we suggest a thorough revision of the genus prior to formal taxonomic changes. Our case study underlines the general applicability of the integrative taxonomic protocol used and highlights the relevance of several rationales implemented in the protocol.
Origins of Meaning: Must We ‘Go Gricean’?
Authors: BAR‐ON DORIT 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe task of explaining language evolution is often presented by leading theorists in explicitly Gricean terms. After a critical evaluation, I present an alternative, non‐Gricean conceptualization of the task. I argue that, while it may be true that nonhuman animals, in contrast to language users, lack the ‘motive to share information’ understoodà laGrice, nonhuman animals nevertheless do express states of mind through complex nonlinguistic behavior. On a proper, non‐Gricean construal of expressive communication, this means that they show to their designated audience (without intentionally telling)—and their designated audience recognizes (without rationally inferring)—both how things are in the world and how things are with them. Recognizing that our nonhuman predecessors were already proficient—though non‐Gricean—sharers of such information would free us to focus on the more tractable problem of explaining how linguistic expressive vehicles came to replace, augment, and transform the nonlinguistic expressive means to which nonhuman animals are consigned.
Different models of transition to adult care after pediatric kidney transplantation: A comparative study
Authors: Pape L. , Lämmermühle J. , Oldhafer M. , Blume C. , Weiss R. , Ahlenstiel T. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTransition from pediatric to adult care is a critical and difficult step for young people with transplants and for the multidisciplinary team involved. In our retrospective study, we investigated the clinical course in a two‐yr period of transition. Data from 66 teenagers were collected one yr before and after their transfer to three different adult care settings: (i) a specialized transition clinic, (ii) a general transplantation clinic, and (iii) a nephrologist. Patient survival rate was 100%. Three patients developed graft loss. GFR development was comparable in the three settings (ΔGFR 1.4 ± 8.7 vs. 3.1 ± 10.6 vs. 0.8 ± 4.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = ns). Immunosuppressive therapy was stable in setting 1, whereas the number of changes increased in setting 2 and even more in setting 3. The percentage of patients with steroids increased from 36% to 38% and 52% in settings 1–3. Patient satisfaction was highest in setting 1 (100% vs. 64% and 78%, p < 0.05). Setting 1 was associated with fewer changes in therapy (13% vs. 91% and 45%, p < 0.05). The use of a specialized transition clinic is associated with fewer changes in medication and care and a higher level of patient satisfaction. This was not associated with a lower increase in GFR one yr after transition. Long‐term results are awaited.
Age‐related changes in ERP correlates of visuospatial and motor processes
Authors: Cespón J. , Galdo‐Álvarez S. , Díaz F. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAlthough previous ERP studies have demonstrated slowing of visuospatial and motor processes with age, such studies frequently included only young and elderly participants, and lacked information about age‐related changes across the adult lifespan. The present research used a Simon task with two irrelevant dimensions (position and direction of an arrow) to study visuospatial (N2 posterior contralateral, N2pc) and motor (response‐locked lateralized readiness potential, LRP‐r) processes in young, middle‐aged, and elderly adults. The reaction time and motor execution stage (LRP‐r) increased gradually with age, while visuospatial processes (N2pc latency) were similarly delayed in the older groups. No age‐related increase in interference was observed, probably related to a delay in processing the symbolic meaning of the direction in older groups, which was consistent with age‐related differences in distributional analyses and N2pc amplitude modulations.
Short outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme reduces readmission following a hospitalization for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Revitt Olivia , Sewell Louise , Morgan Michael D.L. , Steiner Michael , Singh Sally 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) are now firmly established. However, less is known about the provision and efficacy of PR immediately after an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a short outpatient PR programme and the impact upon readmission rates.MethodsOne hundred sixty (87 males) patients, mean (SD) age 70.35 (8.59) years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.99 (0.44) litres were assessed for a 7‐week PR programme following a hospital admission for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Patients were assessed and commenced PR within 4 weeks of discharge from hospital. Outcome measures included: Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT), Endurance Shuttle Walk Test (ESWT), Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire Self‐Reported (CRQ‐SR). Patients were assessed at baseline and at 7 weeks (after the 4‐week supervised and 3‐week unsupervised components). Readmission data were collected retrospectively for the 12 months pre and post admission (n = 155).ResultsStatistically significant improvements were found in the ISWT, ESWT and CRQ‐SR at discharge (P < 0.05). The number of admission was significantly less in the 12‐month post‐pulmonary rehabilitation compared to the previous 12 months.ConclusionsA short course of PR showed improvements in exercise capacity and health status in patients who have had an acute exacerbation of COPD. The number of readmissions was also significantly lower in the year following PR.