bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Papal Provisions in Medieval Europe
Authors: Smith Thomas W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe system of papal provision – through which medieval clergy were appointed to ecclesiastical benefices across Christendom – has remained controversial ever since its inception in the 12th century. Xenophobic contemporary commentators, such as the 13th‐century English chronicler Matthew Paris, lambasted the appointment of large numbers of foreign clergy to church livings through papal intervention – criticism that has endured in the modern historiography on papal provisions. The predominant historiographical interpretation remains that popes proactively developed an autocratic and nepotistic system of provision, expanding their own powers to reserve benefices through encyclicals such asLicet ecclesiarum, so as to increase their authority over the western Church, and to finance the curia by rewarding cardinals and kinsmen with valuable benefices in local churches throughout the West. An unresolved tension in the historiography has been created, however, by a newer approach that emphasises the importance of petitioners, rather than the popes, in fuelling the development of curial institutions. This article maps the state of the historiography, synthesises the differing scholarly traditions and suggests avenues for future research.
Fear of cancer is associated with cancer information seeking, scanning and avoiding: a cross‐sectional study among cancer diagnosed and non‐diagnosed individuals
Authors: Nelissen Sara , Beullens Kathleen , Lemal Marijke , Van den Bulck Jan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundNowadays, there is an abundance of health and cancer information in the mass media. Because of this high amount of information, it is possible for individuals to find or incidentally encounter cancer information, but it is also possible to be overloaded by this information and, consequently, to avoid it. Previous studies have indicated that fear of cancer could be both positively and negatively related to behaviours such as screening, help‐seeking and information avoidance.ObjectiveThe aims of this study were (1) to assess the relationship between fear of cancer and cancer information acquisition and avoiding behaviour, (2) to examine whether this relationship was curvilinear, and (3) to determine whether this relationship was moderated by being diagnosed with cancer or not.MethodSix hundred and twenty‐one cancer diagnosed and 1387 non‐diagnosed individuals were recruited through a convenience sample in Flanders (Belgium) and filled in a standardised survey questionnaire.ResultsThe results showed a positive linear association between fear of cancer and information seeking, scanning and avoiding. Being diagnosed with cancer or not did not moderate this relationship.ConclusionFear of cancer is positively associated with cancer information acquisition and avoiding behaviour. This suggests that fear of cancer predicts different behaviours in different individuals.
High c‐Met expression in stage I–II pancreatic adenocarcinoma: proposal for an immunostaining scoring method and correlation with poor prognosis
Authors: Neuzillet Cindy , Couvelard Anne , Tijeras‐Raballand Annemilaï , de Mestier Louis , de Gramont Armand , Bédossa Pierre , Paradis Valérie , Sauvanet Alain , Bachet Jean‐Baptiste , Ruszniewski Philippe , Raymond Eric , Hammel Pascal , Cros Jérôme 
Published: March 2015

Aimsc‐Met is an emerging biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); there is no consensus regarding the immunostaining scoring method for this marker. We aimed to assess the prognostic value of c‐Met overexpression in resected PDAC, and to elaborate a robust and reproducible scoring method for c‐Met immunostaining in this setting.Methods and resultsc‐Met immunostaining was graded according to the validated MetMab score, a classic visual scale combining surface and intensity (SI score), or a simplified score (high c‐Met: ≥20% of tumour cells with strong membranous staining), in stage I–II PDAC. A computer‐assisted classification method (Aperio software) was developed. Clinicopathological parameters were correlated with disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival(OS). One hundred and forty‐nine patients were analysed retrospectively in a two‐step process. Thirty‐seven samples (whole slides) were analysed as a pre‐run test. Reproducibility values were optimal with the simplified score (kappa = 0.773); high c‐Met expression (7/37) was associated with shorter DFS [hazard ratio (HR) 3.456, P = 0.0036] and OS (HR 4.257, P = 0.0004). c‐Met expression was concordant on whole slides and tissue microarrays in 87.9% of samples, and quantifiable with a specific computer‐assisted algorithm. In the whole cohort (n = 131), patients with c‐Methigh tumours (36/131) had significantly shorter DFS (9.3 versus 20.0 months, HR 2.165, P = 0.0005) and OS (18.2 versus 35.0 months, HR 1.832, P = 0.0098) in univariate and multivariate analysis.ConclusionsSimplified c‐Met expression is an independent prognostic marker in stage I–II PDAC that may help to identify patients with a high risk of tumour relapse and poor survival.
Lymphomatous variant of hairy cell leukaemia: a distinctive presentation mimicking low‐grade B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Liu Hui , Wang Wei , Tang Guilin , Yin Cheng Cameron , Muzzafar Tariq , Medeiros Leonard Jeffrey , Hu Shimin 
Published: March 2015

AimsHairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is an indolent B‐cell neoplasm that primarily involves the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen. Rarely, patients with HCL present with a lymphoma‐like clinicopathological picture mimicking other types of low‐grade B‐cell lymphoma. Distinguishing HCL from other types of lymphoma is essential, given the different treatments and prognoses. We report two cases of the lymphomatous variant of HCL to draw attention to this unusual presentation.Methods and resultsTwo cases of HCL presented initially as salivary gland and soft tissue masses. Morphologically, the neoplastic cells showed a typical fried‐egg or monocytoid appearance with reniform nuclei, and were positive for CD11c, CD20, CD25, CD103, annexin A1, and cyclin D1. Both cases were positive for the BRAF V600E mutation, as shown by pyrosequencing and mutation‐specific immunohistochemistry. The diagnosis was challenging in both patients, and one patient experienced 5 years of disease relapse and progression after treatment with multiple lymphoma‐type regimens before the final diagnosis of HCL was established and complete remission was achieved following cladribine therapy.ConclusionsHCL can very rarely present as an extranodal mass. Being aware of this unusual presentation of HCL is essential to avoid diagnostic confusion with other types of low‐grade B‐cell lymphoma and to facilitate appropriate therapy.
Host–parasitoid interactions on urban roofs: an experimental evaluation to determine plant patch colonisation and resource exploitation
Authors: Quispe Ivone , Fenoglio Maria S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn cities, green roofs may favour an increase in the local diversity, although the role they play on host–parasitoid interactions is still unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the specialist leaf‐minerLiriomyza commelinaeand its parasitoid assemblage are able to colonise and exploit patches located on roofs, but with a lower efficiency than at ground level. We also predicted that parasitoid species may differ in their abilities to colonise patches on roofs due to traits related to their life strategy (idio/koinobionts) and morphology (body size).Through experimental exposure of non‐mined and mined host plants located at ground level and on the bare roofs of houses, we determined colonisation levels for the leaf‐miner and its parasitoids respectively. Changes in leaf‐miner abundance, parasitism rates and parasitoid species richness were also investigated.L. commelinaewas able to locate host plants on rooftops, but revealed a lower rate of colonisation and abundance than on the ground. A few species of the parasitoid assemblage were associated with the leaf‐miner in plants on roofs, resulting in decreasing colonisation rates, less species richness and lower parasitism. Interestingly, parasitoid species categorised as ‘small’ did not colonise plants on roofs.Our results provide evidence on how habitats at height influence host–parasitoid interactions in cities, representing one of the first approaches to the biological role that green roofs might have on them.
Research on a Micro Piezoelectric Gyroscope with Concentrated Rocking‐Mass
Authors: Cheng Yuxiang , Zhang Weiping , Tang Jian , Liu Wu , Wang Yinghai , Chen Wenyuan 
Published: March 2015

This study introduces a Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) piezoelectric gyroscope with a concentrated rocking‐mass, made from PZT ceramic. The gyroscope operates in the rocking mode with a frequency of 91.3 kHz. This gyroscope follows the study of the MEMS piezoelectric BAW gyroscope with an improvement of fewer boundary constraints, which enhances the device's operability and characteristic. Through the MEMS fabrication process, the device with a side of length 12 mm achieves a rate sensitivity of 30.7 μV/°/s and a bias stability of 8.6°/s. This study describes the design, fabrication, circuit system, and characteristics of this micro piezoelectric gyroscope.
Consumers' perceptions of functional foods: trust and food‐neophobia in a cross‐cultural context
Authors: Dolgopolova Irina , Teuber Ramona , Bruschi Viola 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConsumers' perceptions of functional foods are complicated by perceived risks and complexity that appear from growing and sometimes confusing information flow. Social trust can serve as a mean for the reduction of risk and complexity. It is thus vital to understand the sources of distrust and food‐neophobia as well as coping mechanisms used by consumers to ensure food provision and safety. We discuss the results of a qualitative inquiry in the form of focus groups into consumers' perceptions of functional foods in Russia and Germany. Altogether eight focus group interviews were carried out in different parts of Russia and Germany in December–January 2012–2013. A total of 59 people participated in the discussions. Different perspectives provided by the discussions in the two countries indicate different levels of trust. Deeper culturally embedded and wider‐spread distrust in formal institutions in Russia pushes consumers towards developing informal networks to ensure food provision and safety. It leads to high levels of food‐neophobia as consumers perceive traditions as the most important guarantee for healthy food. On the other hand, German participants indicate a number of formal institutions that are trustworthy and through which information concerning novel and healthy attributes in foods can be communicated. We provide exploratory views on the importance of social trust in consumers' perceptions of functional foods and lay out mechanisms that consumers develop to deal with increasing risk and complexity in food choices.
Distribution of cytokine gene polymorphisms in five Malay subethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Norhalifah H. K. , Zafarina Z. , Sundararajulu P. , Norazmi M. N. , Edinur H. A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIn this survey, we have successfully genotyped 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 13 cytokine genes for five Malay subethnic groups (Kelantan, Acheh, Mandailing, Minangkabau and Patani Malays) using polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primer cytokine genotyping kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Most of the cytokine genes showed similar pattern of allelic spectra with wild‐type alleles (e.g. ILIa−889/C, ILIB+3962/C and IL6 nt565/G) that represent more than 80% in the studied Malay subethnic groups. These newly observed cytokine alleles and subsequent analyses clearly indicate genetic contribution from Asia in the studied Malay subethnic groups with evidence of admixture from neighbouring populations in Patani Malays. The cytokine data sets for the five Malay subethnic groups deposited in this report can also be used as reference standard for searching suitable donor for allograft transplant and diseases association study. This is particularly relevance as our analyses showed differences between the Malay subethnic groups and other populations screened for cytokine genes.
Imputation of class I and II HLA loci using high‐density SNPs from ImmunoChip and their associations with Kawasaki disease in family‐based study
Authors: Shrestha S. , Wiener H. W. , Aissani B. , Shendre A. , Tang J. , Portman M. A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryKawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in most developed countries including the United States. The etiology of KD is not known; however, epidemiological and immunological data suggest infectious or immune‐related factors in the manifestation of the disease. Further, KD has several hereditary features that strongly suggest a genetic component to disease pathogenesis. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) loci have also been reported to be associated with KD, but results have been inconsistent, in part, because of small study samples and varying linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns observed across different ethnic groups. To maximize the informativeness of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes in the major histocompatibility (MHC) region, we imputed classical HLA I (A, B, C) and HLA II (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1) alleles using SNP2HLA method from genotypes of 6700 SNPs within the extended MHC region contained in the ImmunoChip among 112 White patients with KD and their biological parents from North America and tested their association with KD susceptibility using the transmission disequilibrium test. Mendelian consistency in the trios suggested high accuracy and reliability of the imputed alleles (class I = 97.5%, class II = 96.6%). While several SNPs in the MHC region were individually associated with KD susceptibility, we report over‐transmission of HLA‐C*15 (z = +2.19, P = 0.03) and under‐transmission of HLA‐B*44 (z = −2.49, P = 0.01) alleles from parents to patients with KD. HLA‐B*44 has been associated with KD in other smaller studies, and both HLA‐C*15 and HLA‐B*44 have biological mechanisms that could potentially be involved in KD pathogenesis. Overall, inferring HLA loci within the same ethnic group, using family‐based information is a powerful approach. However, studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to evaluate the correlations of the strength and directions between the SNPs in MHC region and the imputed HLA alleles with KD.
Antithrombotic Treatment at Onset of Stroke with Atrial Fibrillation, Functional Outcome, and Fatality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hannon Niamh , Arsava Ethem M. , Audebert Heinrich J. , Ay Hakan , Crowe Morgan , Chróinín Danielle Ní , Furie Karen , McGorrian Catherine , Molshatzki Noa , Murphy Sean , Noone Imelda , O'Donnell Martin , Schenkel Johannes , Tan Kit M. , Tanne David , Kelly Peter J. 
Published: March 2015

Background In atrial fibrillation–associated stroke, conflicting data exist regarding association between therapeutic vitamin K-antagonist anticoagulation (International Normalized Ratio 2–3) and early death and functional outcome, and few data exist relating to late outcome in ischemic and haemorrhagic atrial fibrillation–stroke. Aim We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of oral anticoagulation at stroke onset, death and functional outcome. Methods We performed a systematic review, searching multiple sources. Studies were included if outcomes in atrial fibrillation–associated stroke were reported stratified by pre-stroke antithrombotic status, with documented International Normalized Ratio at onset. Outcomes were survival and good functional outcome (modified Rankin score 0–2) at discharge/30 days, and at one-year. Results Of eight studies (3552 patients) in ischemic stroke, International Normalized Ratio ≥ 2 compared with other treatments (International Normalized Ratio < 2, antiplatelet, or no anti-thrombotic) was associated with good outcome [pooled odds ratio 1·9 (95% confidence interval) 1·5–2·5, P < 0·001] and improved survival at 30 days discharge (pooled odds ratio for death 0·4, confidence interval 0·2–0·5, P < 0·001). The net benefit remained after inclusion of haemorrhagic stroke (odds ratio for good outcome 1·89, confidence interval 1·45–2·46, P < 0·001). At one-year, improved functional outcome for International Normalized Ratio ≥ 2 (pooled odds ratio 1·7, confidence interval 1·0–2·7, P = 0·04) and survival (odds ratio for death 0·5, confidence interval 0·4–0·8, P = 0·001) were also observed. Conclusions Therapeutic International Normalized Ratio at stroke onset was associated with early and late improved survival and functional recovery suggesting sustained benefit for warfarin anticoagulation for stroke outcome in atrial fibrillation patients. Long-term outcome data following stroke in patients taking new oral anticoagulants is required.
Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in the ALIAS Multicenter Trial: Relationship to Endovascular Thrombolytic Therapy
Authors: Ginsberg Myron D. , Hill Michael D. 
Published: March 2015

Background In the ALIAS (Albumin in Acute Stroke) Part 2 Multicenter Trial, 85% of subjects received standard-of-care intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, and 21% received some form of endovascular thrombolysis. The overall rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was within the expected range but was higher in albumin-treated subjects than in saline-treated subjects. Aims and Methods Using the trial's Public Use Dataset, we analyzed factors contributing to symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in the ‘safety sample’ of 830 subjects. Results Four hundred sixteen subjects received albumin therapy, and 414 received saline. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator was given to 68·2%; intravenous tissue plasminogen activator plus endovascular intervention in 16·4%; and endovascular therapy alone in 4·3%. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 41 subjects – within the first 12 h in one-third of cases, and within the first day in ∼60%. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator had been used in 78% of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage subjects – no higher than in the overall cohort. In contrast, 48·8% of subjects with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage had received endovascular therapy – a rate markedly higher than the 20·7% rate for the entire cohort ( P = 0·0001). Sixty-eight point three percent of subjects with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage had received albumin, and 31·7% saline (risk ratio 2·14, P = 0·025). Other factors associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were baseline NIHSS and ASPECTS scores and the SEDAN score. Forty-one point four percent of subjects with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage died. The odds ratio for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was 3·89 (95% confidence interval 2·04–7·41) with endovascular therapy and 2·15 (confidence interval 1·08–4·25) with albumin. Conclusions Endovascular thrombolysis was the major factor predisposing to symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and albumin contributed to this predisposition. The latter may be mediated by albumin's influence on platelet aggregation or collateral perfusion.
Effects of Candesartan in Acute Stroke on Vascular Events during Long-Term Follow-up: Results from the Scandinavian Candesartan Acute Stroke Trial (SCAST)
Authors: Hornslien Astrid G. , Sandset Else C. , Igland Jannicke , Terént Andreas , Boysen Gudrun , Bath Philip M. W. , Murray Gordon D. , Berge Eivind 
Published: March 2015

Background Randomized-controlled trials have shown no beneficial short-term effects of blood pressure lowering treatment in the acute phase of stroke. Aim We aimed to see whether blood pressure lowering treatment with candesartan in the acute phase can lead to benefits that become apparent over a longer period of follow-up. Methods The Scandinavian candesartan Acute Stoke Trial was a randomized- and placebo-controlled trial of candesartan in 2,029 patients with acute stroke and systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg. Trial treatment was given for seven-days, and the primary follow-up period was six-months. We have used the national patient registries and the cause of death registries in the Scandinavian countries to collect data on vascular events and deaths up to three-years from randomization. The primary end-point was the composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death, and we used Cox proportional hazards regression model for analysis. Results Long-term data were available for 1,256 of the 1,286 patients (98%) from Scandinavia. The risk of the primary composite end-point did not differ significantly between the groups (candesartan 178/632 events, placebo 203/624 events, hazard ratio = 0·87, 95% confidence interval 0·71–1·07). There were also no statistically significant differences for the secondary end-points stroke and all-cause death, or in any of the pre-specified subgroups. Conclusions Treatment with candesartan in the acute phase of stroke was not associated with clear long-term clinical benefits. This result supports the conclusion from trials with short-term follow-up, that blood pressure lowering treatment with candesartan should not be given routinely to patients with acute stroke and raised blood pressure.
Venous tumor thrombus consistency is not predictive of survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma: A retrospective study of 147 patients
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro , Sodano Mario , Sandri Marco , Tardanico Regina , Yarigina Marina , Furlan Maria , Galvagni Giacomo , Zanotelli Tiziano , Cozzoli Alberto , Simeone Claudio 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prognostic role of venous tumor thrombus consistency in patients with renal cell carcinoma.MethodsA retrospective evaluation of the data of patients with renal cell carcinoma and a tumor thrombosis submitted to surgery from 2000 to 2013 was carried out. Histological slides were revised by two uropathologists, blinded of the clinical outcome, to assess venous tumor thrombus consistency classified as solid venous tumor thrombus consistency or friable venous tumor thrombus consistency. The statistical correlation between venous tumor thrombus consistency and other adverse features was assessed. Then the predictive ability of an integrated prognostic model, generated by Cox regression and random survival forest, was evaluated, with and without the inclusion of venous tumor thrombus consistency, by integrated Brier score, dynamic receiver operating characteristic curves, integrated discrimination improvement index and category‐less net reclassification index.ResultsThe data of 147 patients were analyzed, 79 with a solid venous tumor thrombus consistency and 68 with a friable venous tumor thrombus consistency, followed for a median period of 40.5 months. Venous tumor thrombus consistency was assessed with a high interobserver agreement (145/147 cases). The presence of a friable venous tumor thrombus consistency was associated with some adverse prognostic factors (symptoms, lymphnodal and distant metastasis, larger tumor diameter, higher cephalad thrombosis level, necrosis, microvascular invasion) and to a worse cancer‐specific and overall survival at univariate analysis. However, venous tumor thrombus consistency was not predictive of survival, and did not improve the performance of a multivariable model that included a set of informative predictors.ConclusionVenous tumor thrombus consistency does not seem to have an independent prognostic role in patients with renal cell carcinoma.