bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the effect of pyroxene on deformation of peridotite in a natural shear zone
Authors: Hansen Lars N. , Warren Jessica M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe influence of pyroxene on upper mantle viscosity remains unclear but may occur either through its difference in strength relative to olivine or through its effect on olivine microstructure. To determine the role of pyroxene in moderating peridotite viscosity, we analyzed microstructures in paired harzburgites and dunites from a natural shear zone exposed in the Josephine Peridotite. Olivine crystallographic textures evolve similarly in harzburgites and dunites with increasing strain, indicating the operation of similar deformation mechanisms in olivine. The mean olivine grain sizes are ~1.5 times larger in dunites than in harzburgites, whereas the mean olivine subgrain sizes are a factor of ~1.2 smaller in dunites than in harzburgites. The average stresses in olivine, estimated with a subgrain‐size piezometer, are inversely correlated with pyroxene volume fraction and directly correlated with the mean olivine grain size. The calculated ratio of pyroxene viscosity to olivine viscosity for each harzburgite/dunite pair varies from 1.2 to 3.3. Notably, our data indicate that olivine viscosity is non‐Newtonian with a finite grain‐size sensitivity. We suggest that at the conditions of the shear zone, pyroxene is more viscous than olivine but that the increase in aggregate strength with larger pyroxene fractions is offset by correspondingly smaller olivine grain sizes. Thus, major rheological weakening associated with pyroxene content may only be possible if (1) temperatures are higher than those characterizing this shear zone, increasing the viscosity contrast between olivine and pyroxene or (2) stresses are high enough that grain‐size reduction promotes a transition to a deformation mechanism with extreme grain‐size sensitivity, such as diffusion creep.
Interval‐based fast fault detection and identification applied to radio‐navigation multipath
Authors: Drevelle Vincent , Bonnifait Philippe 
Published: February 2015

SummaryDetection and identification of faulty measurements like multipath are of prime importance for radio navigation. A method based on interval analysis and constraint propagation is presented in this paper and applied to the GPS positioning. This method is able to detect and identify erroneous measurements in real time simultaneously with the computation of the positioning domain. With bounded‐error measurements (GPS pseudoranges on visible satellites here), fault detection is guaranteed not to trigger false alarms. A q‐relaxed robust estimation method is studied. By the use of a breadth‐first exploration strategy and of measurement consistency counters, the algorithm can promptly signal a detected fault during the set‐inversion process. It can also be stopped at any time of the evaluation and can instantly return the solution subpaving and the list of identified erroneous measurements. We demonstrate that the method is able to handle simultaneous faults as long as they are fewer than the degree of relaxation. The method has been evaluated with real GPS pseudodistances in an urban environment with a low‐cost high‐sensitivity GPS receiver providing numerous faulty multipath measurements, and we report experiments. As the application of this method deals with road vehicles, a three‐dimensional map of the drivable space has also been used to constrain the vehicle location to improve the performance of the method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of Molecular Hydrogen by a Singlet Carbene through Quantum Mechanical Tunneling
Authors: Henkel Stefan , Sander Wolfram 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCarbenes are among the few metal‐free molecules that are able to activate molecular hydrogen. Whereas triplet carbenes have been shown to insert into H2 through a two‐step mechanism that at low temperature is assisted by quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT), singlet carbenes insert in concerted reactions with considerable activation barriers, and are thus unreactive towards H2 at cryogenic temperatures. Here we show that 1‐azulenylcarbene with a singlet ground state readily inserts into H2, and that QMT governs the insertion into both H2 and D2. This is the first example that shows that QMT can also be important for singlet carbenes inserting into dihydrogen.
Highly Sensitive and Robust Linear Probe for Detection of mRNA in Cells
Authors: Asanuma Hiroyuki , Akahane Mariko , Niwa Rie , Kashida Hiromu , Kamiya Yukiko 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA stemless linear probe was designed that robustly detects mRNA in cells with high sensitivity. The probe is modified at some positions with base surrogates prepared from D‐threoninol, with anthraquinone moieties near the 5′‐ and 3′‐termini, and with perylene moieties. Even in cell lysate that involves various proteins and enzymes, background emission was very low. When the probe was hybridized with RNA, chromophores are intercalated between the base pairs, resulting in a remarkable light‐up signal. The signal‐to‐background ratio was as high as 1600 under our standard buffer conditions. In the HeLa cell lysate, the linear probe had sufficient signal‐to‐background ratio (S/B=40) for reliable mRNA detection. No degradation was observed after a 24 h incubation in HeLa cell lysate. In cells, a probe designed to target DsRed resulted in distinct blue fluorescence only in cells transfected with plasmid encoding DsRed; no fluorescence was observed in control cells.
Introduction of laparoscopic abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Howard A Q , Bennett P C , Ahmad I , Choksy S A , Mackenzie S I P , Backhouse C M 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
The aim was to review a consecutive series of patients treated with laparoscopic abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. These patients were compared with patients having elective open AAA repair.

Methods
Demographic and operative details were collected prospectively and outcomes recorded for all patients undergoing laparoscopic or open AAA repair.

Results
A total of 316 patients underwent laparoscopic (51), open (53) or endovascular (EVAR; 212) AAA repair between 2007 and 2013. The median age of patients who had laparoscopic or open repair was 72 (i.q.r. 66–75) years, and 92·3 per cent were men. There was no significant difference in sex distribution, age or V-POSSUM physiology score between laparoscopic and open repair. Of the 51 laparoscopic procedures, six were totally laparoscopic, 43 were laparoscopically assisted and two were converted to open repair. Pain scores were similar on days 1 and 3 after laparoscopic and open repair, even though epidurals were used in the open group, and were lower on days 5 and 7 after laparoscopic procedures. Patients who had laparoscopic repair had significantly fewer postoperative cardiorespiratory and renal complications (P = 0·017), and were discharged from hospital sooner (median 5 (i.q.r. 3–7) versus 8 (6–11) days; P = 0 ·001).

Conclusion
Laparoscopic AAA repair was performed safely, and with at least equivalent outcomes to open repair, in patients unfavourable for EVAR.
Genetic variations in angiopoietin and pericyte pathways and clinical outcome in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Stremitzer Stefan , Zhang Wu , Yang Dongyun , Ning Yan , Stintzing Sebastian , Sebio Ana , Sunakawa Yu , Yamauchi Shinichi , Matsusaka Satoshi , El‐Khoueiry Rita , Stift Judith , Wrba Friedrich , Gruenberger Thomas , Lenz Heinz‐Josef 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDGenes involved in the angiopoietin and pericyte pathways may become escape mechanisms under antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) therapy. The authors investigated whether variations within genes in these pathways are associated with clinical outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases who undergo liver resection and receive perioperative, bevacizumab‐based chemotherapy.METHODSSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 9 genes (angiopoietin‐1 [ANGPT1]; ANGPT2; TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial [TEK]; platelet‐derived growth factor β [PDGFB]; β‐type platelet‐derived growth factor receptor [PDGFRB]; insulin‐like growth factor 1 [IGF1]; transforming growth factor β1 [TGFB1]; RalA binding protein 1 [RALBP1]; and regulator of G‐protein signaling 5 [RGS5]) were analyzed in samples of genomic DNA from 149 patients and were evaluated for associations with clinical outcome.RESULTSRALBP1 reference SNP 329007 (rs329007) A>G resulted in a significant difference in recurrence‐free survival (A/A genotype, 14.0 months; A/G or G/G genotype, 9.2 months; hazard ratio [HR], 1.60; P = .024). PDGFB rs1800818 A>G was associated with 3‐year overall survival rates (A/A genotype, 78%; A/G genotype, 69%; [HR 1.37]; G/G genotype, 53%; [HR 2.12]; P = .048). In multivariate analysis, RALBP1 rs329007 A>G remained significant (HR, 1.99; P = .002). PDGFB rs1800818 A>G and RALBP1 rs329007 A>G were correlated with radiologic response (A/A or A/G genotype, 86%; G/G genotype, 71% [P = .042]; A/A genotype, 78%; A/G or G/G genotype, 94% [P = .018], respectively). RALBP1 rs329007 A>G demonstrated significantly different rates of histologic response (A/A genotype: major histologic response, 35%; partial histologic response, 34%; no histologic response, 30%; A/G or G/G genotype: 46%, 13%, and 41%, respectively; P = .029). Recursive partitioning analysis revealed that ANGPT2 rs2442599 T>C and RALBP1 rs329007 A>G were the main SNPs that predicted histologic response and recurrence‐free survival, whereas PDGFB rs1800818 A>G was the leading SNP that predicted overall survival. ANGPT2 rs2916702 C>T and rs2442631 G>A were significantly associated with the probability of achieving a cure.CONCLUSIONSThe current data suggest that variations in genes involved in the angiopoietin and pericyte pathways may be predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases who receive bevacizumab‐based chemotherapy. Cancer 2015;121:1898–1905. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
A Mild and Selective Reduction of β‐Lactams: Rh‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation towards Important Pharmacological Building Blocks
Authors: Bornschein Christoph , Lennox Alastair J. J. , Werkmeister Svenja , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFour‐membered N‐heterocyclic compounds exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities. Herein, we report a useful rhodium‐catalyzed protocol for the activation of phenylsilane to reduce tertiary β‐lactams. Reaction with the tertiary amides was selective over secondary amides, esters, olefins and nitriles, with no erosion of stereochemistry. A one‐pot protocol from commercially available starting materials and a selective reduction of a complex penicillin derivative demonstrate the synthetic utility of this facile procedure.
Immobilization stress sensitizes rat dorsal horn neurons having input from the low back
Authors: Hoheisel U. , Vogt M.A. , Palme R. , Gass P. , Mense S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundStress is known to promote several forms of muscle pain including non‐specific low back pain. However, the question if stress alone activates nociceptive central neurons has not been studied systematically. Here, we investigated the influence of repeated immobilization stress on dorsal horn neurons and behaviour in the rat.MethodsThe stress consisted of immobilization in a narrow tube for 1 h on 12 days. Single dorsal horn neurons were recorded with microelectrodes introduced into the spinal segment L2. In this segment, about 14% of the neurons responded to mechanical stimulation of the subcutaneous soft tissues of the low back in naïve rats. The neurons often behaved like wide dynamic range cells in that they had a low mechanical threshold and showed graded responses to noxious stimuli.ResultsThe stress‐induced changes in neuronal response behaviour were (1) appearance of new receptive fields in the deep tissues of the hindlimb, (2) increased input from deep soft tissues, but unchanged input from the skin and (3) significant increase in resting activity. Surprisingly, the pressure‐pain threshold of the low back remained unchanged, although dorsal horn neurons were sensitized. In the open field test, the rats showed signs of increased anxiety.ConclusionsThis study shows that stress alone is sufficient to sensitize dorsal horn neurons. The data may explain the enhanced pain low back patients report when they are under stress. The increased resting discharge may lead to spontaneous pain.
ABORIGINAL SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND RECIPROCITY
Authors: Testart Alain 
Published: February 2015

This paper seeks to show that while the idea of reciprocity is fundamental in Australian Aboriginal societies, inequalities are also inherent in the kinship system itself. An attempt is then made to articulate these two aspects and to specify the form of social inequality which is characteristic of Australia.Cet article prétend montrer, d'une part, que l'idée de réciprocité est fondamentale dans les sociétés australiennes, d'autre part, que les inégalités le sont tout autant dans la mesure où elles sont insuites et fondeés dans la parenté elle‐même. Il cherche aussi à montrer comment réciprocité et inégalité s'articulent entre elles. Enfin, it tente de spécifier la forme d'inégalité sociale caractéristique de l'Australie.
The Political Iconography of Aboriginality1
Authors: James Roberta 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe politics of ambiguity is about multiplicities and is inherent in the politics of representation. Political satire has always been a weapon of critique levelled at those in positions of power, unmasking the disjunctures between the current slogans or discursive strategies of political pretenders and the stark social realities of the people whose interests they apparently protect. Political satire necessarily obscures complexities, precisely those complexities which are disavowed in the dominant discourses.
Construction Sacrifice, Kidnapping and Head‐hunting Rumors on Flores and Elsewhere in Indonesia
Authors: Barnes R.H. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThree recent articles have examined head‐hunting and kidnapping rumors in connection with construction sacrifice on Borneo and Flores. This paper presents further information on such rumors on Flores and elsewhere in Indonesia which largely confirms their interpretations. However, the argument is made that rather than being a new phenomenon and a product of the colonial era, these rumors may well have been characteristic of Indonesia from ancient times and have typically been associated with offices of political and military potency. Policies and activities of the Dutch near the Solor islands since the seventeenth century may have strongly reinforced suspicions that they were capable of taking heads through local agents.
Enga Social Life and Identity in a Papua New Guinea Mining Town1
Authors: Imbun Benedict Y. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe process of modernisation coupled with division of labour and leisure have had an enormous impact on tribal people. This group of people have responded to the bewildering environment with the consolidation of their existing network on ethnic and tribal solidarity. This paper looks at one group of people, the Enga people of Papua New Guinea (PNG) while they sought employment in the now abandoned Bougainville copper mine. The paper explains that the Enga workers maintained their own identity through utilisation of leisure activities amid the diverse presence of other workers in the mining town. It concludes that if ethnic and tribal solidarity were to be superseded by other forms of social alliance, would the latter eventually perform the role of protecting, recruiting, and reciprocating not only in Bougainville but in other PNG town settings? These are some of the questions that need to be addressed in the context of socioeconomic development and change in PNG and in other similiar developing countries.
Memory, Forgetting and the New Tribes Mission in West New Britain
Authors: Lattas Andrew 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I use ethnography from the Kaliai area to explore the social and political relationships which underpin memory and forgetting. I analyse the relationships of hegemony and resistance which are inscribed and articulated in a context of missionising where villagers and missionaries enter into an uneasy alliance to control what should be remembered so that people emerge as particular kinds of subjects. In exploring the social and political organisation of memory, this paper does not treat memory and forgetting as opposites, for people are also taught how to forget. Indeed they are caught in the paradox of always needing to remember that they have to always try to forget. Here the need to forget has the paradoxical effect of keeping alive the content of what must be forgotten. In a strange sort of way the need to forget sustains the need to remember what must be forgotten. I explore the political implications of these paradoxes and ambiguities for sustaining a place outside European hegemony whilst still inscribed in it.
Review
Authors: Tomasetti Friedegard 
Published: February 2015

Weisse und Wilde: Erste Kontakte und Anfaenge der Mission By H. Fischer (Materialien zur Kultur der Wampar, Papua New Guinea; vol. 1) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1992. Pp. 230. DM48.Geister und Menschen: Mythen, Maerchen und neue Geschichten By H. Fischer (Materialien zur Kultur der Wampar, Papua New Guinea; vol. 2) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1994. Pp. 374. DM48
Managing the Discourse of Resource Management: the Case of Sasi from ‘Southeast’ Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: Pannell Sandra 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTCo‐management of protected areas and renewable resources, with its focus upon local community involvement, is often proposed as some form of ‘magic cure’ for environmental ailments and social injustices. Notwithstanding the inherent romanticism of some of the proponents of management from ‘the bottom up’, there is a strong tendency to view this approach in overly utilitarian, ahistorical and often essentialist terms. In the process, the cultural, historical and political specificities and effects of this discourse are either neutralised or totally disregarded. While a number of authors have identified some of the limitations and problems associated with the implementation of community‐based, co‐management programmes, there is still a general reluctance to question the logic which informs and is constitutive of this discourse.In this paper, I explore the discourse of resource management in relation to the varied practices and perceptions associated with and identified as sasi. This discussion of sasi focuses upon the island of Luang, and the 1800 or so people who inhabit this island located in the southern waters of the Banda sea. The environmental and economic circumstances of Luang make it an ideal context for the investigation of ‘community‐based, marine resource management’ strategies. However, while this context seems to comply with some of the truths produced by the discourse of resource management, in this paper I argue that the very canons of this discourse are placed at risk through people's enactment of their own projects and the expression of their own representations.
‘Mr Neville did all in [his] power to assist me’: A. P. Elkin, A. O. Neville and Anthropological Research in Northwest Western Australia, 1927–1928
Authors: Gray Geoffrey 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTFrom the commencement of his field research A. P. Elkin sought to bring a practical application to his work on Aborigines. He positioned anthropology as an enabling science which had the capacity to reduce conflict, violence and misunderstanding on the frontier. He stated that the ‘object of his mission [field work]’ was both ‘academic and practical’. He declared that the knowledge gained through anthropological field research would serve not only narrow academic aims but would also be put at the service of government. Anthropology's purpose was to inform and influence the formulation of government Aboriginal policy. This paper examines Elkin's first encounter and interaction with government through his relationship with A. O. Neville, chief protector of Aborigines in Western Australia. It illustrates the beginnings of what Gillian Cowlishaw has called a discourse of helping, that is Australian anthropologists in the 1930s constructed a discourse about their usefulness to government. It was a discourse which seemingly lacked critical distance from the policies of government. I argue that this discourse of helping government was heavily influenced by Elkin once he became professor of anthropology but it can be discovered in this earlier period. I conclude by discussing how the implications of this discourse were played out in the decade of the 1930s. The focus of this paper is on Elkin and his relationship with Neville and the consequences of this relationship for Elkin's later actions.
On Deer and Dolphins: Nage Ideas Regarding Animal Transformation
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTAccording to the Nage of eastern Indonesia, certain animals regularly transform into animals of another kind. Similar beliefs—specified here as notions of ‘contemporary zoological transformation’—have been documented for Malays and at least one other Indonesian society, as well as for the Kalam and Rofaifo of New Guinea. Referring to interpretations by ethnographers of these other societies, the paper analyses the Nage beliefs in regard to their connection with observation of zoological kinds. Attention is also given to their possible utilitarian value, connection with ethnozoological classification, and relation to similar yet distinct transformations encountered in myth and spiritual representations. Drawing on Atran's thesis (1990), it is concluded that Nage beliefs in contemporary animal transformation posit changes of essence and are in this sense counter‐intuitive. At the same time, certain ontological features demonstrate that the beliefs cannot be accommodated to a category of mythological or religious representations, and that in several respects they share more in common with modern scientific thought.
Kia Tupato!1 Anthropologist at Work
Authors: Metge Joan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines my involvement with Te Runanga o Murwhenua in the presentation of land claims before the Waitangi Tribunal. Reflecting on this experience, I stress the importance of keeping a running record of one's participation in such work; examine the propriety and motivation for getting involved; distinguish between different kinds of involvement and explore the challenges and problems implicit in the role of expert witness in a Tribunal setting.
Growing Knowledge in Bolivip, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Crook Tony 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTKnowledge practices in the Mountain Ok or Min area of Papua New Guinea have, since Fredrik Barth's pioneering Baktaman study, come to exemplify ‘secrecy’ in Melanesian ethnography and have consequently represented something of an enigma to anthropological interpretation. This paper reports research among the Angkaiyakmin of Bolivip village, Western Province, and addresses the problem posed by Min revelatory practices. The Barthian paradigm interprets awem as ‘secret knowledge’, and holds that revelations are restricted to infrequent performances of male initiation rituals which serve to manage the distribution of secrets exclusively among suitably qualified men. The Bolivip data, however, suggest that awem (glossed here as ‘important’) is more widely known, and conventionally revealed to women and junior initiates in hidden contexts. Through analysing the movements involved in composing efficacious forms by combining ‘halves' in Bolivip, and illustrating the comparison Angkaiyakmin draw between taro gardening and cult ritual, the paper argues for a reorientation of approaches to ‘secrecy’ and to conceptions of ‘knowledge’.