bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Facile Preparation, Characteristic Properties, and Crystal Structure of {4-[(E)-2-(3-Guaiazulenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}(3-guaiazulenyl)methylium Hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Takekuma Shin-ichi , Seki Atsuki , Minematsu Toshie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Reaction of 4-[(E)-2-(3-guaiazulenyl)diazenyl]benzene-1-carbaldehyde with guaiazulene (=7-isopropyl-1,4-dimethylazulene) in methanol in the presence of 65% hexafluorophosphoric acid at 25 °C for 2 h gives the title new monocarbenium ion compound with an equivalent of HPF6, in 97% isolated yield, which upon reduction with NaBH4 in a mixed solvent of ethanol and acetonitrile at 25 °C for 30 min affords the corresponding new H−-reduction product, {4-[(E)-2-(3-guaiazulenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}(3-guaiazulenyl)methane, in 93% isolated yield. Along with the above basic studies, the difference between the delocalized π-electron system (i.e., the formation of the resonance structures) of the title compound, possessing an (E)-diazene linkage (–N=N–), and that of the structurally related new compound, possessing an (E)-ethene linkage (–CH=CH–), i.e., {4-[(E)-2-(3-guaiazulenyl)ethenyl]phenyl}(3-guaiazulenyl)methylium hexafluorophosphate, is reported in detail.
Antibacterial activity of the body wall extracts of sea cucumber (Invertebrata; Echinodermata) on infectious oral streptococci
Authors: Kiani Negin , Heidari Behrooz , Rassa Mehdi , Kadkhodazadeh Mahdi , Heidari Bijan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background: The present study was carried out to test the antibacterial effect of the body wall of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius.

Methods: After sampling sea cucumbers from the Persian Gulf, different extractions were prepared. Then, aqueous, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.8), chloroform, hexane and methanolic extracts from sea cucumber body wall were screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria S. mutans and S. salivarius using the disk diffusion method.

Results: The PBS extract did not show any antibacterial or inhibitory activity; the chloroform extract, however, demonstrated high levels of antibacterial activity against S. salivarius while exhibiting low levels of activity against S. mutans. The hexane and methanolic extracts were found to show no antibacterial activity against S. mutans, but exhibited antibacterial activity against S. salivarius.

Conclusions: In conclusion, the results demonstrated the possibility of utilizing sea cucumbers as a cheap source of potential antibacterial agents and for treating odontogenic diseases.
Chronic ethanol use in alcoholic beverages by HIV-infected patients affects the therapeutic window of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine during the 9-month follow-up period: using chronic alcohol-use biomarkers
Authors: Bbosa Godfrey S. , Kyegombe David B. , Anokbonggo William W. , Ogwal-Okeng Jasper , Musoke David , Odda John , Lubega Aloysius , Ntale Muhammad 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background: Chronic ethanol use is a global problem including among HIV-infected patients on stavudine/lamivudine/nevirapine (d4T/3TC/NVP) regimen. The study determined the effect of chronic ethanol use on the therapeutic window of d4T, 3TC and NVP in HIV-infected patients using alcohol-use biomarkers to screen patients for chronic ethanol use.

Methods: A case-control study using repeated measures design with serial measurements was used to quantify drugs in plasma. The WHO alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) tool was initially used to screen patients for chronic alcohol use, and then they were further sorted using alcohol-use bioamarkers (γ-glutamyl transferase ≥55.0 IU; mean corpuscular volume, ≥96 fl, aspartate amino transferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio ≥2.0 value). A total of 41 patients (26 in the alcohol group and 15 in the control group) were followed up for 9 months with blood sampling done at 3-month intervals. Plasma drug concentrations were quantified using a Shimadzu Class-VP™ HPLC data system version 6.1. Data was analyzed using SAS 2003 version 9.1 statistical package with repeated measures fixed model. Means were compared using Student’s t-test.

Results: The mean steady-state plasma drug concentrations of d4T and 3TC in the alcohol group were lower than that in the control group during the 9-month period of follow-up. For 3TC, there was a statistical difference in the mean steady-state plasma drug concentrations between the alcohol group and the control group (p≤0.05) in the 6- and 9-month period of follow-up. For NVP, in both groups they were within the reference ranges, although the drug plasma concentrations were higher in the alcohol group compared to the control group and were statistically significant (p<0.05) in 0, 3 and 6 months of follow-up.

Conclusions: Chronic ethanol use by HIV-infected patients reduced the therapeutic steady-state plasma drug concentrations of d4T and 3TC and increased the NVP drug concentrations in the HIV-infected patients.
Analysis of individually prepared medicines prescription in community pharmacy
Authors: Ľ. Lehocká , L. Masaryková , D. Mináriková , I. Malovecká , A. Oleárová , M. Fulmeková , V. Foltán 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Our study deals with the analysis of prescription of individually prepared medicines (IPMs) in selected community pharmacies in Slovakia and Greece during the year 2011. Throughout the given period, the total sum of processed medical prescriptions in selected Slovak pharmacies was 50,992, while in Greece it was 45,862 prescriptions. Out of the total sum of prescriptions, we selected those with prescribed IPMs. In our study, we further analysed the representation of individual age groups and both genders in prescriptions of the IPMs. Next, we examined the frequency of IPM prescriptions based on specialisation of the prescribing physicians and the most frequent diagnoses for which the IPMs were prescribed. Further, we classified the prescribed IPMs into specific groups according to their drug forms. In our study, we also described the representation of individual drug forms (oral, cutaneous and for specific use) and representation of prepared or adjusted IPMs. The relevance of this topic is supported by marked decrease of rate of preparing of IPMs in the last decades as well as by necessity to preserve it for reasons such as certain diagnoses, technological and economic aspects and differences among age groups require distinctive specification of the prepared medicines.
THE YIELD STABILITY AND QUALITY OF LEGUMES DURING TWO CONSECUTIVE, EXTREMELY DRY YEARS
Authors: Kizeková Miriam , Tomaškin Ján , Čunderlík Jozef , Jančová Ľubica , Martincová Janka 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This study highlights the effect of drought and ambient temperature on performance and herbage quality of legume monocultures and grass-legume mixtures. In a field experiment, the total dry matter yield, seasonal pattern of dry matter yield distribution, content of crude protein and crude fibre of monocultures of red clover and alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures were investigated during two consecutive dry years (2011-2012). Alfalfa cultivars Kamila and Tereza grown as monocultures or as mixtures with Festulolium braunii (cultivar Achilles) outperformed the red clover cultivars Fresko and Veles and provided a well-balanced total and seasonal dry matter yield during both years. Across all experimental years, crude protein content was significantly higher at alfalfa monocultures and mixture when compared with clover monocultures (P < 0.05). However, considerable lower content of crude fibre at clover monocultures in comparison with alfalfa ones was found. Responses of nutritive parameters of both legume species to weather variables were different. Crude protein content in red clover was independent of rainfall and temperature. In contrast, the crude fibre content correlated with temperature whereby the alfalfa monocultures showed stronger correlations (P < 0.05) than red clover monocultures.
Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy
Authors: Krčmáŕová Jana , Stredová Hana , Pokorný Radovan , Stdŕeda Tomáš 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).
Maize transpiration in response to meteorological conditions
Authors: Klimešová Jana , Stŕedová Hana , Stŕeda Tomáš 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Differences in transpiration of maize (Zea mays L.) plants in four soil moisture regimes were quantified in a pot experiment. The transpiration was measured by the “Stem Heat Balance” method. The dependence of transpiration on air temperature, air humidity, global solar radiation, soil moisture, wind speed and leaf surface temperature were quantified. Significant relationships among transpiration, global radiation and air temperature (in the first vegetation period in the drought non-stressed variant, r = 0.881**, r = 0.934**) were found. Conclusive dependence of transpiration on leaf temperature (r = 0.820**) and wind speed (r = 0.710**) was found. Transpiration was significantly influenced by soil moisture (r = 0.395**, r = 0.528**) under moderate and severe drought stress. The dependence of transpiration on meteorological factors decreased with increasing deficiency of water. Correlation between transpiration and plant dry matter weight (r = 0.997**), plant height (r = 0.973**) and weight of corn cob (r = 0.987**) was found. The results of instrumental measuring of field crops transpiration under diverse moisture conditions at a concurrent monitoring of the meteorological elements spectra are rather unique. These results will be utilized in the effort to make calculations of the evapotranspiration in computing models more accurate.
AGEISM AND AGE DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
Authors: Veldon Barry 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The overall quality of life of older people is largely impacted by their participation and engagement in society and remaining active within the work place. This article researches this area in greater depth in terms of the impact of the ever increasing ageing population has on employment opportunities for this group of people and the political and social changes that are being implemented to support this issue. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches looks to investigate key dimensions of age discrimination that can lead to the elder generation being unable to fulfill this requirement. It views the perspective from both employee and employer regarding changes in legislation and how 3 individual organisations have implemented policies to align with these changes and then further explore the employees’ knowledge of this legislation and their rights within the work place.
Ex-post analysis of national programmes KONTAKT, INGO, EUREKA and COST
Authors: Čadil Vladislav , Vondrák Tomáš 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article summarises main findings of an ex-post analysis of national programmes fostering international collaboration in research and development - KONTAKT, INGO, EUREKA and COST. The analysis was based on descriptive analyses of data from the publicly accessible part of the Information system of research, development and innovation, and a questionnaire survey. It analyses information on projects and their results as well as their general impacts on research institutions. As for disciplines, the programmes mostly supported Physics and Mathematics, Technical sciences, Bio sciences and Chemistry. The most frequent types of activities were basic and applied research. In the last decade, the programmes KONTAKT, INGO and COST showed a common trend of an increase of basic research activities, which became the dominant type. The main types of results were articles in scientific journals and conference proceedings. The evaluation also revealed that such papers were the most frequent result of applied research projects. In general, the results of the programmes were used for further research activities. Beside research activities and international collaboration, the programmes had positive impacts especially on human resources development and innovative capabilities of supported companies.
Weak signals and wild cards in development process of the nuclear power engineering
Authors: Valenta Ondřej , Faťun Martin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Energy sector on a global level has been a dynamically developing field of industry, and in the context of contemporary economic development it has become a „hot topic“ with anticipated increase of its importance. Growing significance is therefore put also on outlooks and forward-looking studies in energy sector, outlining its possible future developments and impact on economy, society, and environment. This article presents the most important outlooks in the sector, with a special regard to nuclear energy. In the context of these outlooks, the article attempts to line the possible development with a relatively novel concept of assessing the future risks, threats and opportunities in the field of nuclear energy - by identification of most significant wild cards and weak signals and means to prevent the possible threats as well as to take advantage of the opportunities.
Modern-Day Demographic Processes in Central Europe and Their Potential Interactions with Climate Change
Authors: Bański Jerzy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of contemporary transformations in the population of Central European countries on climate change, in addition to singling out the primary points of interaction between demographic processes and the climate. In analyzing the interactions between climate and demographics, we can formulate three basic hypotheses regarding the region in question: 1) as a result of current demographic trends in Central Europe, the influence of the region on its climate will probably diminish, 2) the importance of the “climatically displaced” in global migratory movements will increase, and some of those concerned will move to Central Europe, 3) the contribution of the region to global food security will increase.In the last decade most of what comprises the region of Central Europe has reported a decline in population growth and a negative migration balance. As a process, this loss of population may have a positive effect on the environment and the climate. We can expect ongoing climate change to intensify migration processes, particularly from countries outside Europe. Interactions between climate and demographic processes can also be viewed in the context of food security. The global warming most sources foresee for the coming decades is the process most likely to result in spatial polarization of food production in agriculture. Central Europe will then face the challenge of assuring and improving food security, albeit this time on a global scale.
Assessing the possibility of genetically modified DNA transfer from GM feed to broiler, laying hen, pig and calf tissues
Authors: Sieradzki Z. , Mazur M. , Kwiatek K. , Świątkiewicz S. , Świątkiewicz M. , Koreleski J. , Hanczakowska E. , Arczewska-Włosek A. , Goldsztejn M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of genetically modified DNA transfer from feed containing RR soybean or/and MON810 maize to animal tissues, gut bacterial flora, food of animal origin, and the fate of GM DNA in the animal digestive tract. The experiment was carried out on broilers, laying hens, pigs and calves. All animals were divided into four groups: I - control group (non-modified feed), II - GM soybean group (non-modified maize, RR soybean), III - GM maize group (MON810 maize, non-modified soybean), and IV - GM maize and soybean group (MON810 maize, RR soybean). Samples of blood, organs, tissues, digesta from the gastrointestinal tract, and eggs were analysed for the presence of plant species specific genes, and transgenic sequences of CaMV 35S promoter and NOS terminator. PCR amplifications of these GM sequences were conducted to investigate the GM DNA transfer from feed to animal tissues and bacterial gut flora. In none of the analysed samples of blood, organs, tissues, eggs, excreta and bacterial DNA were plant reference genes or GM DNA found. A GM crop diet did not affect bacterial gut flora as regards diversity of bacteria species, quantity of particular bacteria species in the animal gut, or incorporation of transgenic DNA to the bacteria genome. It can be concluded that MON810 maize and RR soybean used for animal feeding are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts. Genetically modified DNA from MON810 maize and RR soybean is digested in the same way as plant DNA, with no probability of its transfer to animal tissues or gut bacterial flora.
Effects of two water disinfectants (chloramine T and peracetic acid) on the epidermis and gills of Garra rufa used in human ichthyotherapy
Authors: Sirri R. , Zaccaroni A. , Di Biase A. , Mordenti O. , Stancampiano L. , Sarli G. , Mandrioli L. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Doctor fish (Garra rufa) have recently been used for aesthetic purposes and as a medical treatment in patients with psoriasis (ichthyotherapy). For this particular kind of human therapy it is essential to guarantee adequate hygienic conditions for both people and fish. The aim of this study was to test two concentrations of water disinfectants, chloramine T and peracetic acid, on Garra rufa to ascertain possible exposure damage to the epidermis and gills. Fish were exposed to 2 mg/l and 10 mg/l of chloramine T and to 15 μl/l and 45 μl/l of peracetic acid in a 40-minute static bath up to six times a day for one week. The epidermis and gills were checked for histological changes and the number of epidermal mucous cells, club cells and taste buds were quantified; mucous cells were also characterized histochemically to detect alterations in mucin production. No mortality or severe histological changes were found in treated or control fish. Cell count showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in mucous cells (mean 49.1 ± 6.7 vs 37.0 ± 13.1 of controls) in animals treated with peracetic acid independently of the dose. Club cell number showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in fish treated with 2 mg/l of chloramine T (mean 74.3 ± 15.6) and with 45 μl/l of peracetic acid (mean 78.17 ± 10.5) compared to controls (mean 107.0 ± 19.2). Histochemical evaluation of mucous cells did not reveal changes in mucin type in fish exposed to the two disinfectants. The results suggest a good tolerability of Garra rufa to the two disinfectants at the concentrations tested.
Lymphocytes T and B in rabbits infected with RHD virus
Authors: Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. , Tokarz-Deptuła B. , Deptuła W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the differences in immunological response of animals infected with different antigenic variants of the virus - three haemagglutinating (Vt97, Triptis, Hartmannsdorf) and two non-haemagglutinating (Pv97, 9905 RHDVa). The specific immunological response was measured by the dynamics of changes in the amount of lymphocytes T (with CD5+, CD4+, CD8+, CD25+ receptor) and B (with CD19+ receptor). The study showed differences in immunogenicity of the analysed RHDV antigenic variants, which allowed them to be divided into groups of: more immunogenic strains, including non-haemagglutinating 9905 RHDVa and haemagglutinating Vt97 and Triptis variants; and less immunogenic strains, including the haemagglutinating Hartmannsdorf variant and the non-haemagglutinating Pv97 variant. Such a result may indicate that the agglutination capacity of red blood cells might not be a factor impacting the number of T and B lymphocytes.
Oesophageal foreign bodies in dogs
Authors: Jankowski M. , Spużak J. , Kubiak K. , Glińska-Suchocka K. , Nicpoń J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present own experience in diagnosis and endoscopic removal of foreign bodies from the oesophagus in dogs. The study was performed on 22 dogs of different breed and sex, aged 7 months to 17 years, with suspicion of a foreign body in the oesophagus. All the dogs were subjected to a radiography of the oesophagus and oesophagoscopy. The most commonly observed clinical signs were regurgitation and swallowing disorders. The best diagnostic method allowing detection of foreign bodies in the oesophagus was esophagoscopy
Incidence of parvoviruses in chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus
Authors: Tarasiuk K. , Woźniakowski G. , Samorek-Salamonowicz E. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine co-occurrence of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and chicken parvovirus (ChPV) co-occurrence in field chicken flocks. The materials for the study derived from 115 broiler chickens or layer hens originated from 23 farms with suspicion of Marek’s disease (MD). Dual infection with MDV and ChPV was found in 23 (20%) examined chickens. The results obtained suggest a possibility of influence of ChPV infection on efficacy of the MD vaccines.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of irbesartan in Beagle dogs after oral administration at two dose rates
Authors: Carlucci L. , Song K.H. , Yun H.I. , Park H.J. , Seo K.W. , Giorgi M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIrbesartan (Irb) is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist widely used in humans to treat hypertension. Age-related diseases such as hypertension are increasingly being diagnosed in dogs and there is the need for new drugs. The PK/PD of Irb was tested in Beagle dogs. Ten healthy Beagles were orally administered two dose rates (2 and 5 mg/kg), according to a cross over study design. Blood collections for PK analysis and systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart and respiratory rate, mucous membranes colour, capillary refill time and temperature evaluations were performed at scheduled intervals. The drug plasma concentration was dose dependent. The dogs administered 5 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in SBP, while in those receiving 2 mg/kg, this parameter was minimally affected. A counter clockwise hysteresis showed no direct correlation between SBP and plasma concentrations. The minimum effective concentration was theorized to be within the range 550-800 ng/mL. Although further studies are necessary, 5 mg/kg seems to be the more appropriate dose to obtain a hypotensive effect in Beagle dogs.