bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Temporal Patterns in the Relationship Between Housing Development and Forest Bird Biodiversity
Authors: PIDGEON ANNA M. , FLATHER CURTIS H. , RADELOFF VOLKER C. , LEPCZYK CHRISTOPHER A. , KEULER NICHOLAS S. , WOOD ERIC M. , STEWART SUSAN I. , HAMMER ROGER B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAs people encroach increasingly on natural areas, one question is how this affects avian biodiversity. The answer to this is partly scale‐dependent. At broad scales, human populations and biodiversity concentrate in the same areas and are positively associated, but at local scales people and biodiversity are negatively associated with biodiversity. We investigated whether there is also a systematic temporal trend in the relationship between bird biodiversity and housing development. We used linear regression to examine associations between forest bird species richness and housing growth in the conterminous United States over 30 years. Our data sources were the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. In the 9 largest forested ecoregions, housing density increased continually over time. Across the conterminous United States, the association between bird species richness and housing density was positive for virtually all guilds except ground nesting birds. We found a systematic trajectory of declining bird species richness as housing increased through time. In more recently developed ecoregions, where housing density was still low, the association with bird species richness was neutral or positive. In ecoregions that were developed earlier and where housing density was highest, the association of housing density with bird species richness for most guilds was negative and grew stronger with advancing decades. We propose that in general the relationship between human settlement and biodiversity over time unfolds as a 2‐phase process. The first phase is apparently innocuous; associations are positive due to coincidence of low‐density housing with high biodiversity. The second phase is highly detrimental to biodiversity, and increases in housing density are associated with biodiversity losses. The long‐term effect on biodiversity depends on the final housing density. This general pattern can help unify our understanding of the relationship of human encroachment and biodiversity response.Patrones Sistemáticos Temporales en la Relación entre Desarrollos Urbanos y la Biodiversidad de Aves de Bosque
Deconstructing alcohol use on a night out in England: Promotions, preloading and consumption
Authors: McClatchley Kirstie , Shorter Gillian W. , Chalmers Jenny 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo examine alcohol consumed during a drinking event (a single drinking occasion) by those attending public house/on‐trade establishments on nights with standard pricing and nights with promotional prices.Design and MethodsData (n = 425) were collected in an ecological momentary assessment over eight nights in two locations (Midlands and London) on both promotional and standard (Saturday) nights. Multiple regression was used to predict event alcohol consumption by sex, age, type of night, alcohol preloading behaviour, marital and employment status, education, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test alcohol consumption questions separately or total AUDIT‐C and social group size.ResultsMean (UK) units consumed were 11.8 (London) and 14.4 (Midlands). In London, consumption was similar on promotional and standard nights, but in the Midlands, standard night consumption was three units higher. Preloading was reported by 30%; more common on standard nights. Regression analyses revealed being male, preloading and past‐year total AUDIT‐C were associated with higher event consumption. However, when AUDIT‐C questions were added separately, being a standard night was associated with increased event consumption and different AUDIT‐C questions were significantly associated with event consumption in each location.Discussion and ConclusionsEvent consumption reflected heavy episodic drinking and was influenced by price. Promotional night consumption either matched standard Saturday night consumption or was slightly lower. In London, there was a significant preference for drinking at least one promotional beverage on promotional nights. On standard nights, consumption was over a wider range of venues, and preloading with off‐trade alcohol was more likely. [McClatchley K, Shorter GW, Chalmers J. Deconstructing alcohol use on a night out in England: Promotions, preloading and consumption. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:367–375]
Effects of altered precipitation on insect community composition and structure in a meadow steppe
Authors: ZHU HUI , WANG DELI , WANG LING , FANG JIAN , SUN WEI , REN BINGZHONG 
Published: May 2014

Precipitation can be a key driver of ecosystem functioning in semi‐arid and arid grasslands. Altered precipitation patterns had significant impacts on plant community dynamics, which in turn influenced the community composition and structure of higher trophic levels, especially insects, in grasslands.
A field experiment was conducted by manipulating the amount of natural precipitation (control, +30% rainfall, and −30% rainfall) to examine the effects of altered precipitation patterns on insect diversity, abundance, and trophic structure in a meadow steppe over 3 years (2007–2009).
The results showed that the increased precipitation treatment significantly enhanced above‐ground biomass of the entire plant community and particularly grasses, whereas the decreased precipitation treatment significantly reduced them. There were year‐to‐year changes in species richness, Shannon–Wiener index, and abundance of the whole insect community. Both increased and decreased precipitation caused declines in insect species richness and abundance owing to potentially complex vegetation‐mediated effects and direct habitat effects. The abundance of each trophic guild in the insect community responded differently to altered precipitation patterns, with lower herbivore abundance and unchanged abundance of predators and parasitoids. Thus changes in precipitation may generate an insect community that is increasingly dominated by secondary consumers.
The present results suggest that altered precipitation causes a declines in insect diversity and shifts in trophic structure, potentially influencing ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Additionally, the inter‐annual variation in the insect community under altered precipitation highlights the importance of long‐term experiments for drawing correct conclusions about the impacts of climate change on grassland ecosystems.
The importance of individual developmental variation in stage‐structured population models
Authors: de Valpine Perry , Scranton Katherine , Knape Jonas , Ram Karthik , Mills Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPopulation stage structure is fundamental to ecology, and models of this structure have proven useful in many different systems. Many ecological variables other than stage, such as habitat type, site occupancy and metapopulation status are also modelled using transitions among discrete states. Transitions among life stages can be characterised by the distribution of time spent in each stage, including the mean and variance of each stage duration and within‐individual correlations among multiple stage durations. Three modelling traditions represent stage durations differently. Matrix models can be derived as a long‐run approximation from any distribution of stage durations, but they are often interpreted directly as a Markov model for stage transitions. Statistical stage‐duration distribution models accommodate the variation typical of cohort development data, but such realism has rarely been incorporated in population theory or statistical population models. Delay‐differential equation models include lags but no variation, except in limited cases. We synthesise these models in one framework and illustrate how individual variation and correlations in development can impact population growth. Furthermore, different development models can yield the same long‐term matrix transition rates but different sensitivities and elasticities. Finally, we discuss future directions for estimating realistic stage duration models from data.
Community ecology theory predicts the effects of agrochemical mixtures on aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem properties
Authors: Halstead Neal T. , McMahon Taegan A. , Johnson Steve A. , Raffel Thomas R. , Romansic John M. , Crumrine Patrick W. , Rohr Jason R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEcosystems are often exposed to mixtures of chemical contaminants, but the scientific community lacks a theoretical framework to predict the effects of mixtures on biodiversity and ecosystem properties. We conducted a freshwater mesocosm experiment to examine the effects of pairwise agrochemical mixtures [fertiliser, herbicide (atrazine), insecticide (malathion) and fungicide (chlorothalonil)] on 24 species‐ and seven ecosystem‐level responses. As postulated, the responses of biodiversity and ecosystem properties to agrochemicals alone and in mixtures was predictable by integrating information on each functional group's (1) sensitivity to the chemicals (direct effects), (2) reproductive rates (recovery rates), (3) interaction strength with other functional groups (indirect effects) and (4) links to ecosystem properties. These results show that community ecology theory holds promise for predicting the effects of contaminant mixtures on biodiversity and ecosystem services and yields recommendations on which types of agrochemicals to apply together and separately to reduce their impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
Cortical cartography reveals political and physical maps
Authors: Loring David W. , Gaillard William Davis , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Meador Kimford J. , Ojemann Jeffrey G. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryAdvances in functional imaging have provided noninvasive techniques to probe brain organization of multiple constructs including language and memory. Because of high overall rates of agreements with older techniques, including Wada testing and cortical stimulation mapping (CSM), some have proposed that those approaches should be largely abandoned because of their invasiveness, and replaced with noninvasive functional imaging methods. High overall agreement, however, is based largely on concordant language lateralization in series dominated by cases of typical cerebral dominance. Advocating a universal switch from Wada testing and cortical stimulation mapping to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) ignores the differences in specific expertise across epilepsy centers, many of which often have greater skill with one approach rather than the other, and that Wada, CSM, fMRI, and MEG protocols vary across institutions resulting in different outcomes and reliability. Specific patient characteristics also affect whether Wada or CSM might influence surgical management, making it difficult to accept broad recommendations against currently useful clinical tools. Although the development of noninvasive techniques has diminished the frequency of more invasive approaches, advocating their use to replace Wada testing and CSM across all epilepsy surgery programs without consideration of the different skills, protocols, and expertise at any given center site is ill‐advised.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Diversity anomalies and spatial climate heterogeneity
Authors: Jiménez Iván , Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimDiversity anomalies are differences in species richness between areas that belong to different regions but have similar environments. Some hypotheses addressing the origin of well‐known anomalies in plant diversity propose that regions with higher environmental spatial heterogeneity have higher diversity because heterogeneity fosters diversification or coexistence. Arguments supporting these hypotheses emphasize inter‐regional comparisons of diversity and assume that spatial environmental heterogeneity is higher in: (1) easternAsia (EA) than in easternNorthAmerica (ENA), (2) westernNorthAmerica (WNA) than inENA, and (3) theCapeFloristicRegion in southernAfrica (CFR) than in theSouthwestAustralian Floristic Region (SWA). Here, we evaluate these assumptions by measuring two kinds of environmental heterogeneity – spatially implicit and explicit – each thought to affect diversity via different mechanisms. The former refers to environmental variation among sites within a region, regardless of site location. The latter refers to the spatial pattern of environmental variation across a region (e.g., monotonic or undulating).LocationEA,ENA,WNA,CFRandSWA.MethodsMultivariate and univariate analyses of spatially implicit and explicit heterogeneity in 17 climatic variables describing central tendency, variation and extremes of temperature and precipitation.ResultsMultivariate (spatially implicit and explicit) climate heterogeneity is higher in: (1)EAthan inENA, (2)WNAthan inENA, and (3)CFRthan inSWA. However, univariate analysis revealed that the regions thought to be most homogeneous (ENAandSWA) were actually most heterogeneous in three or four climatic variables, including precipitation during the driest (ENA) or wettest (SWA) seasons.Main conclusionsThe overall inter‐regional pattern of spatially implicit and explicit heterogeneity in climate supports the three assumptions listed in the Aim. However, particular climate variables deviate from this overall pattern, implying that hypotheses linking diversity to regional heterogeneity can yield more precise predictions, and thus can be more stringently tested, than previously recognized.
Multiple drivers of plant diversity in forest ecosystems
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Han Y. H. , Taylor Anthony 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimTheoretical and empirical studies have shown that climate is a major determinant of species richness, yet the importance of climate relative to local site conditions remains unclear in forest ecosystems across large regions. Furthermore, little is known about how climate and local site conditions affect species evenness and understorey plant diversity.LocationCanadian forest (42°37′ to 68°14′ N; 53°25′ to 134°46′ W; 4 to 2170 m elevation).MethodsUsing national, broad‐scale forest inventory data, we tested the influence of growing degree days (GDD), climate moisture index (CMI), soil drainage class (SDC) and stand age (SA) on plant diversity across Canada's forests. Diversity was assessed on variable plot sizes from 125 to 500 m2 for canopy tree and total plant species, and from 100 to 400 m2 for understorey plants.ResultsOur models accounted for 47, 30 and 49% of total variation in canopy tree species richness, Simpson's dominance index and total plant species richness, respectively. After accounting for the effects of plot size and management history, canopy richness increased with GDD and CMI and peaked at intermediate SDC and SA. Simpson's dominance index decreased with increasing GDD and CMI and was lowest at intermediate SDC and SA. Total species richness was most strongly related to SDC and was highest on imperfectly drained soils. Climatic controls on species richness of understorey strata were generally weaker than those on canopy richness.Main conclusionsOur results for canopy richness along a mainly longitudinal gradient demonstrate the positive effects of energy on tree species diversity and show evidence for the effects of local site conditions and secondary succession on diversity. Furthermore, our results show that the extent of the influence of climate and local site conditions on plant species diversity can strongly differ between vegetation strata.
Changes in fluid pathways in a calcite vein mesh (Natih Formation, Oman Mountains): insights from stable isotopes
Authors: Arndt M. , Virgo S. , Cox S. F. , Urai J. L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe present a structural, microstructural, and stable isotope study of a calcite vein mesh within the Cretaceous Natih Formation in the Oman Mountains to explore changes in fluid pathways during vein formation. Stage 1 veins form a mesh of steeply dipping crack‐seal extension veins confined to a 3.5‐m‐thick stratigraphic interval. Different strike orientations of Stage 1 veins show mutually crosscutting relationships. Stage 2 veins occur in the dilatant parts of a younger normal fault interpreted to penetrate the stratigraphy below. The δ18O composition of the host rock ranges from 21.8‰ to 23.7‰. The δ13C composition ranges from 1.5‰ to 2.3‰. This range is consistent with regionally developed diagenetic alteration at top of the Natih Formation. The δ18O composition of vein calcite varies from 22.5‰ to 26.2‰, whereas δ13C composition ranges from −0.8‰ to 2.1‰. A first trend observed in Stage 1 veins involves a decrease of δ13C to compositions nearly 1.3‰ lower than the host rock, whereas δ18O remains constant. A second trend observed in Stage 2 calcite has δ18O values up to 3.3‰ higher than the host rock, whereas the δ13C composition is similar. Stable isotope data and microstructures indicate an episodic flow regime for both stages. During Stage 1, formation of a stratabound vein mesh involved bedding‐parallel flow, under near‐lithostatic fluid pressures. The 18O fluid composition was host rock‐buffered, whereas 13C composition was relatively depleted. This may reflect reaction of low 13C CO2 derived by fluid interaction with organic matter in the limestones. Stage 2 vein formation is associated with fault‐controlled fluid flow accessing fluids in equilibrium with limestones about 50 m beneath. We highlight how evolution of effective stress states and the growth of faults influence the hydraulic connectivity in fracture networks and we demonstrate the value of stable isotopes in tracking changes in fluid pathways.
Validation of the manufacturing process used to produce long‐acting recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein
Authors: McCue J. , Osborne D. , Dumont J. , Peters R. , Mei B. , Pierce G. F. , Kobayashi K. , Euwart D. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryRecombinant factor IX Fc (rFIXFc) fusion protein is the first of a new class of bioengineered long‐acting factors approved for the treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes in haemophilia B. The aim of this work was to describe the manufacturing process for rFIXFc, to assess product quality and to evaluate the capacity of the process to remove impurities and viruses. This manufacturing process utilized a transferable and scalable platform approach established for therapeutic antibody manufacturing and adapted for production of the rFIXFc molecule. rFIXFc was produced using a process free of human‐ and animal‐derived raw materials and a host cell line derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293H cells. The process employed multi‐step purification and viral clearance processing, including use of a protein A affinity capture chromatography step, which binds to the Fc portion of the rFIXFc molecule with high affinity and specificity, and a 15 nm pore size virus removal nanofilter. Process validation studies were performed to evaluate identity, purity, activity and safety. The manufacturing process produced rFIXFc with consistent product quality and high purity. Impurity clearance validation studies demonstrated robust and reproducible removal of process‐related impurities and adventitious viruses. The rFIXFc manufacturing process produces a highly pure product, free of non‐human glycan structures. Validation studies demonstrate that this product is produced with consistent quality and purity. In addition, the scalability and transferability of this process are key attributes to ensure consistent and continuous supply of rFIXFc.
Climbazole increases expression of cornified envelope proteins in primary keratinocytes
Authors: Pople J. E. , Moore A. E. , Talbot D. C. S. , Barrett K. E. , Jones D. A. , Lim F. L. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryObjectiveDandruff is a troubling consumer problem characterized by flaking and pruritus of the scalp and is considered a multifactorial condition with sebum, individual susceptibility and the fungus Malassezia all thought to play a part. The condition is commonly treated with shampoo products containing antifungal ingredients such as zinc pyrithione and climbazole. It is hypothesized that these ingredients may be delivering additional scalp skin benefits besides their antifungal activity helping to relieve dandruff effectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti‐dandruff ingredient climbazole for potential skin benefits using genomics and in vitro assays.MethodsMicroarray analysis was performed to profile gene expression changes in climbazole‐treated primary human keratinocyte cells. Results were independently validated using qPCR and analysis of protein expression using ELISA and immunocytochemistry.ResultsMicroarray analysis of climbazole‐treated keratinocytes showed statistically significant expression changes in genes associated with the gene ontology groups encompassing epidermal differentiation, keratinization, cholesterol biosynthesis and immune response. Upregulated genes included a number encoding cornified envelope proteins such as group 3 late‐cornified envelope proteins, LCE3 and group 2 small‐proline‐rich proteins, SPRR2. Protein analysis studies of climbazole‐treated primary keratinocytes using ELISA and immunocytochemistry were able to demonstrate that the increase in gene transcripts translated into increased protein expression of these cornified envelope markers.ConclusionClimbazole treatment of primary keratinocytes results in an upregulation in expression of a number of genes including those encoding proteins involved in cornified envelope formation with further studies demonstrating this did translate into increased protein expression. A climbazole‐driven increase in cornified envelope proteins may improve the scalp skin barrier, which is known to be weaker in dandruff. These studies suggest climbazole, besides its antifungal activity, is delivering positive skin benefits helping to relive dandruff symptoms effectively.