bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human caliciviruses detected in HIV‐seropositive children in Kenya
Authors: Mans Janet , Murray Tanya Y. , Kiulia Nicholas M. , Mwenda Jason M. , Musoke Rachel N. , Taylor Maureen B. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe human caliciviruses (HuCVs) are important causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) have been detected in HIV‐seropositive children but the genetic diversity of HuCVs circulating in these individuals is largely unknown. In this study the prevalence and genotype diversity of HuCVs circulating in Kenyan HIV‐positive children, with or without diarrhea, from the year 1999 to 2000 was investigated. The overall prevalence of HuCVs was 19% with NoV predominating at 17% (18/105) and SaV present in 5.7% (6/105) of specimens. Human CVs were detected in both symptomatic (24%) and asymptomatic (16%) children. Co‐infections with other enteric viruses were detected in 21.6% of children with diarrhea but only in 4.4% of children without diarrhea. Remarkable genetic diversity was observed with 12 genotypes (7 NoV, 5 SaV) being identified in 20 HuCV‐infected children. NoV genogroup II (GII) strains predominated with GII.2 and GII.4 each representing 27% of the NoV‐positive strains. The GII.4 strain was most closely related to the nonepidemic GII.4 Kaiso 2003 variant. Other NoV genotypes detected were GI.3, GII.6, GII.12, GII.14, and GII.17. Five different SaV genotypes (GI.2, GI.6, GII.1, GII.2, and GII.4) were characterized from six specimens. Diarrheal symptoms were not associated with any specific HuCV genotype. Overall the HuCV genotype distribution detected in this study reflects those in other studies worldwide. The strains detected are closely related to genotypes that have circulated on several continents since the year 2000. J. Med. Virol. 86:75–81, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory infections in Vietnam
Authors: Tran Dinh Nguyen , Nguyen Tran Quynh Nhu , Nguyen Tuan Anh , Hayakawa Satoshi , Mizuguchi Masashi , Ushijima Hiroshi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAcute respiratory infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus (HBoV), a novel virus, is recognized to increasingly associate with previously unknown etiology respiratory infections in young children. In this study, the epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characteristics of HBoV infections were described in hospitalized Vietnamese pediatric patients. From April 2010 to May 2011, 1,082 nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained from patients with acute respiratory infections at the Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Samples were screened for HBoV by PCR and further molecularly characterized by sequencing. HBoV was found in 78 (7.2%) children. Co‐infection with other viruses was observed in 66.7% of patients infected with HBoV. Children 12–24 months old were the most affected age group. Infections with HBoV were found year‐round, though most cases occurred in the dry season (December–April). HBoV was possible to cause severe diseases as determined by higher rates of hypoxia, pneumonia, and longer hospitalization duration in patients with HBoV infection than in those without (P‐value <0.05). Co‐infection with HBoV did not affect the disease severity. The phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 gene showed minor variations and all HBoV sequences belonged to species 1 (HBoV1). In conclusion, HBoV1 was circulating in Vietnam and detected frequently in young children during dry season. Acute respiratory infections caused by HBoV1 were severe enough for hospitalization, which implied that HBoV1 may have an important role in acute respiratory infections among children. J. Med. Virol. 86:988–994, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human papillomavirus type‐specific persistence and recurrence after treatment for cervical dysplasia
Authors: Söderlund‐Strand Anna , Kjellberg Lennart , Dillner Joakim 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the cervical cancer development. Also after treatment for cervical dysplasia, HPV can be present and promote the recurrence of cervical disease. In the present study, the aim was to perform a long‐term follow‐up on the ability of HPV testing with genotyping, as compared with cytology, to predict recurrence of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) conization. Cervical samples for HPV DNA testing and cytological analysis were obtained from 178 women with abnormal smears referred for treatment with LEEP conization. These women were scheduled for HPV DNA testing and Pap smears before and 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after treatment. Three years after treatment 3.1% (N = 4) of women were still persistently HPV‐positive with the same type as had been detected at treatment. Recurrent or residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II+ in histopathology was found among 9 (5.1%) women during follow‐up. All of these women had type‐specific HPV‐persistence (sensitivity 100% [95% CI 63–100%] and specificity 94.7% [89.8–97.4%]), but only 7/9 had abnormal cytology (sensitivity 77.8% [40.2–96.1%] and specificity 94.7% [89.8–97.4%]). No recurrent or residual disease was found among women with any other patterns of HPV positivity (e.g., type change or fluctuating positivity) (sensitivity 0% [95% CI 0–37.1%] and specificity 80.5% [73.5–86.0%]). In conclusion, only type‐specific HPV persistence predicted recurrent or residual disease, and HPV genotyping appears useful to improve the specificity when using HPV testing in post‐treatment follow‐up. J. Med. Virol. 86:634–641, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the interannual and spatial variations of ET and GPP with climate by a physical model and remote sensing data in a large basin of Northeast China
Authors: Mo Xingguo , Liu Suxia , Meng Dejuan , Lin Zhonghui 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTVariations in evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP) due to climatic fluctuations deserve specific considerations for sustainable water and agricultural management. A Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model assimilated with Terra‐MODIS remotely sensed leaf area index was used to simulate their spatial and temporal patterns from 2000 to 2010 in the Songhua River Basin of Northeast China at 1‐km grid and 1‐h time step. The predicted ET and GPP were well verified with the eddy covariance measurements, and the ET was in agreement with that derived from water balance. Over the whole basin, average annual precipitation (P), ET, GPP and water use efficiency are 458 mm, 374 mm, 1067 gC m−2 and 2.86 gC m−2 mm−1, respectively. Both ET and GPP display significantly spatial variability, with ET presenting different and good relationships with precipitation for different kinds of land use covers (LUCs); and GPP a unified good relationship across almost all the LUCs except water body. Over the years from 2000 to 2010, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), especially crop NDVI, experienced a trend of increasing. GPP showed no significant trend. ET showed an increasing trend for cropland and grassland, a decreasing trend in water body and wetland, no significant trend for other vegetation types and a weakly increasing trend for the whole basin. Annually, ET roughly follows precipitation, whereas GPP was mainly regulated by radiation (Rn). The inter‐annual variability for the eco‐hydrological elements with the order of the coefficient of variation (CV) being P (0.13) > EC (0.055) > ET (0.05) > Rn (0.037) > GPP (0.019) > NDVI (0.01) is less than their spatial variability with the order of CV being EC (0.23) > P (0.22) > GPP (0.19) > ET (0.15) > Rn (0.05). The highest spatial variability of ET and GPP in grassland implies the incurring problem of degradation in western basin. The low spatial variability in paddy relates agricultural management.
Air temperature, relative humidity, climate regionalization and thermal comfort of Nigeria
Authors: Eludoyin O. M. , Adelekan I. O. , Webster R. , Eludoyin A. O. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPlanners and policy makers require information about the regions for which they are responsible. However, it seems that many developing countries, including Nigeria, are not adequately prepared either for their current climates or for the impact of climate change because they lack sufficient information. We have therefore examined the variations in the thermal condition in terms of the temperature, relative humidity, effective temperature (ET), temperature–humidity index (THI) and relative strain index (RSI). We studied the spatial and temporal (1951–2009, 1951–1980, 1981–2009, decadal, seasonal and monthly averages) variations in the thermal climate of Nigeria, and we divided Nigeria into thermal climate regions for effective climate change management. Mean annual minimum, mean and maximum temperatures (with their standard deviations) were 21.4 (3.5), 27.1 (2.7) and 32.8 (3.4) °C, respectively, while the overall mean relative humidity was 62 (24.8)%. Mean ET, THI and RSI were 24.3 (0.85), 24.8 (1.83) and 0.2 (0.18) °C, respectively. The ET, THI and RSI provided contrasting expressions of thermal comfort for Nigeria, because of its varied climate. We also found that elevation; the movement of the Inter Tropical Discontinuity and urbanization affect thermal comfort in Nigeria. We conclude that thermal stress has increased in Nigeria from 2000 at most stations, especially in the south and north‐western regions, and that Nigerian thermal comfort climate is heterogeneous and requires analysis of multiple thermal indices.
Empirical studies of cloud effects on ultraviolet radiation inCentralChina
Authors: Wang Lunche , Gong Wei , Li Jun , Ma Yingying , Hu Bo 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTGlobal solar radiation (G) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) observed at Wuhan, China from 2006 to 2012 have been used to investigate the temporal variability of both radiant fluxes and theUV/G ratios (FUV) at different time scales for the first time in central China. Clearness index (Kt) was used to study the cloud effects onFUVin each month under different sky conditions. It turned out thatFUVreached higher values in summer and lower values in winter;FUValso increased generally with cloudiness. AUVmodel for cloud‐free condition was developed by studying the dependence of hourlyUVirradiations on the relative optical air mass (m), which has been assessed through the statistical indices: mean bias error (mbe), mean‐absolute bias error (mabe) and root‐mean‐square error (rmse) whose values were 0.32, 7.3 and 8.64%, respectively.UVclearness index, m and Kt were further used for analysing the cloud effects, and differentUVmodels under any sky conditions have been established and validated. Meanwhile, as a modulation for different sky conditions, both cloud modification factors were also used in the construction of a new type ofUVmodel. Finally, by comparing the statistical indices from different models, the most suitable model was chosen for validating at Wuhan University (WHU) and two other sites in different regions of China under any atmospheric conditions, which suggested that the proposed model should be modified to account for local differences to produce better estimations in larger areas.
Greenhouse gas‐related predictability of regional climate model trends in the Mediterranean area
Authors: Paxian A. , Hertig E. , Vogt G. , Seubert S. , Jacobeit J. , Paeth H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study investigates whether a regional climate model (RCM) driven by a global general circulation model (GCM) in a nesting approach with observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations shows predictability for temperature and precipitation trends during 1961–1990 in the Mediterranean area, a region strongly influenced by large‐scale circulation. Resulting discrepancies between model and observations raise the question whether the model predictability increases after removing impacts of mid‐latitude circulation variability. For temperature and precipitation trends we use the RCM REMO and the observational dataset E‐OBS, and for atmospheric circulation the driving coupled GCM ECHAM5/MPI‐OM and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. Cross‐validated multiple regression analyses between large‐scale circulation and regional temperature and precipitation are performed for observed and simulated data. The impact of circulation is removed from the original temperature and precipitation data, and the trends of circulation‐related and circulation‐unrelated parts are compared. The circulation‐related trends of models and observations show discrepancies owing to differing observed and simulated mid‐latitude circulation dynamics, i.e. different temporal evolutions of North Atlantic Oscillation and East Atlantic pattern in winter and East Atlantic Jet and a blocking pattern in summer. Such differences can be related to unknown initial conditions of GCM simulations. In fact, we find strong impacts of initial conditions on mid‐latitude circulation dynamics of ECHAM5/MPI‐OM ensemble members over 30‐year periods. The agreement between simulated and observed circulation‐unrelated trends is generally higher than for original trends indicating that the predictability of this nesting approach increases by removing impacts of mid‐latitude circulation variability. We conclude that initial conditions affect climate variability up to the multi‐decadal timescale, at least in parts of the globe which are governed by extratropical circulation modes, and hence, hinder the comparability of simulated and observed climate trends over time periods shorter than the timescale dominated by radiative forcing. In the Mediterranean Basin the latter is definitely beyond 30 years.
Geometric profile of the tibial plateau cartilage surface is associated with the risk of non‐contact anterior cruciate ligament injury
Authors: Beynnon Bruce D. , Vacek Pamela M. , Sturnick Daniel R. , Holterman Leigh Ann , Gardner‐Morse Mack , Tourville Timothy W. , Smith Helen C. , Slauterbeck James R. , Johnson Robert J. , Shultz Sandra J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine if geometry of the articular surfaces of the tibial plateau is associated with non‐contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. This was a longitudinal cohort study with a nested case–control analysis. Seventy‐eight subjects who suffered a non‐contact ACL tear and a corresponding number of controls matched by age, sex, and sport underwent 3 T MRI of both knees. Surface geometry of the tibial articular cartilage was characterized with polynomial equations and comparisons were made between knees on the same person and between ACL‐injured and control subjects. There was no difference in surface geometry between the knees of the control subjects. In contrast, there were significant differences in the surface geometry between the injured and normal knees of the ACL‐injured subjects, suggesting that the ACL injury changed the cartilage surface profile. Therefore, comparisons were made between the uninjured knees of the ACL‐injured subjects and the corresponding knees of their matched controls and this revealed significant differences in the surface geometry for the medial (p < 0.006) and lateral (p < 0.001) compartments. ACL‐injured subjects tended to demonstrate a posterior–inferior directed orientation of the articular surface relative to the long axis of the tibia, while the control subjects were more likely to show a posterior–superior directed orientation. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:61–68, 2014.
A computational study on the effect of fracture intrusion distance in three‐ and four‐part trochanteric fractures treated with Gamma nail and sliding hip screw
Authors: Goffin Jérôme M. , Pankaj Pankaj , Simpson A. Hamish 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTUsing finite element analysis, the behaviors of the Gamma nail and the sliding hip screw (SHS) were compared in an osteoporotic bone model for the fixation of three‐ and four‐part trochanteric fractures (31‐A2 in the AO classification, types IV and V in Evans' classification). The size of the medial fragment was varied based on clinical data, and the case of a fractured greater trochanter was also considered. Our results showed that for Evans' type V stabilized with a Gamma nail and for Evans' types IV and V with the SHS, cancellous bone around the lag screw is susceptible to yielding, thus indicating a risk of cut‐out. The volume of bone susceptible to yielding increases with an increase in size of the medial fragment. Conversely, Evans' type IV with a Gamma nail was not predicted to cut out. Our findings suggest that future clinical trials investigating fixation of unstable proximal fractures should include the size of the medial fragment and the integrity of the greater trochanter as covariables and be powered to evaluate whether intramedullary devices are superior to SHSs for Evans' type IV fractures and inferior/equivalent for type V. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:39–45, 2014.
Phosphorus pools in soil after land conversion from silvopasture to arable and grassland use
Authors: Slazak Anna , Freese Dirk , Matos Eduardo S. , Nii‐Annang Seth , Hüttl Reinhard F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDifferences in soil P among silvopasture, grassland, and arable lands have been well established. Nevertheless, most of the reports compare soil properties under long‐term sites. Thus, there exists little information on the effect of the conversion of silvopasture to arable or grassland use on soil P pools. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of converting silvopasture system (SP) into arable cropping and grassland system on the distribution of P pools and potential P bioavailability. We compared the following systems: SP system, SP converted to arable cropland (SP‐AL), SP converted to grassland (SP‐GL), and for comparative purposes, a long‐term arable cropland (AL). The P fractionation was performed by a sequential extraction scheme, using acid and alkaline extractants on samples collected from the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers. It was assumed that the large variations in soil‐P fractionations are caused by the different management practices associated with land conversion. The results of P fractionation showed a dominance of calcium‐bound P, HCl‐extractable Pi constituted up to 36% of the soil total P (TP). However, the type of land use did not affect this P fraction. On the other hand, the reduction in labile‐Pi and NaOH‐Pi fractions observed at the SP‐AL site may have led to the decline in readily available P. The soil total organic P (TPo) content was 8% and 17% lower at SP‐AL compared to SP and SP‐GL site, respectively. Labile organic‐P (labile‐Po) content was markedly higher at SP site compared to arable soils, and was ≈ 10% of TPo. The NaOH‐Po constituted the highest fraction of the organic‐P pool (55%–79% of TPo) across all the study systems, and was positively correlated with TPo (p < 0.01). The study indicates that conversion of SP system in temperate regions to arable cropping with conventional tillage seems to result in the reduction of P availability compared to SP, indicating SP as an important land‐use practice.
Availability of soil nitrogen and phosphorus under elevated [CO2] and temperature in the Taihu Lake region, China
Authors: Zhang Yong , Chen Xiaomin , Zhang Congcong , Pan Genxing , Zhang Xuhui 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGlobal climate change affects the availability of soil nutrients, thereby influencing crop productivity. This study examined the effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on the availability of soil N and P in a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region, China. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted at two levels of atmospheric [CO2] (375 μmol L–1 ambient; 575 μmol L–1 elevated) and two temperature levels (ambient; ambient + 2°C). The results were as follows: Compared to ambient, the interaction effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature significantly decreased soil NH$ _4^+ $‐N contents by 20.3%, 20.6%, and 18.7% in the jointing, heading, and ripening stages (p < 0.05), respectively, while soil NO3–‐N content had no clear variation trend under different [CO2] and temperature conditions. Elevated [CO2] significantly increased soil available P content by 14.3% in the jointing stage, and elevated temperature significantly decreased soil available P content by 18.8% in the jointing stage. Compared with ambient [CO2], elevated [CO2] significantly increased wheat biomass in jointing and heading stages (p < 0.05). The positive effect of elevated [CO2] on wheat biomass was more significant at ambient temperature (AT) than at elevated temperature (ET) in the middle and late plant growth stages. These results explained that the availability of soil N and P varied under elevated [CO2] and temperature conditions. The application of N and P should be adjusted to meet the need of wheat plants after the wintering stage.
Chemistry and morphology of dried‐up pollen suspension residues
Authors: Pummer Bernhard G. , Bauer Heidi , Bernardi Johannes , Chazallon Bertrand , Facq Sébastien , Lendl Bernhard , Whitmore Karin , Grothe Hinrich 
Published: October 2013

Pollen grains are covered with lots of different biochemical compounds, like proteins, saccharides and lipids, which are only loosely attached to the pollen. Therefore, they can be separated from the pollen by suspending them in water. Since these compounds play a key role in many atmospheric processes (e.g. cloud condensation nucleation, ice nucleation, aerial allergen exposure), their separation and analyzing are of interest.The chemical composition of whole pollen grains is compared by both Raman and infrared spectroscopy with material that could be extracted from pollen with water. The dominant signals in the pollen grain Raman spectra are those from sporopollenin and carotenoids. These bands decrease in the washing water spectra, since sporopollenin is high molecular and thus is not extractable. The released material shows in turn a chemical composition that differs significantly between species, what is quite expected, since they differ even in the optical properties of their aqueous suspensions. The FTIR spectra show some additional bands to appear in comparison to the Raman spectra.Furthermore, we investigated the pollen rupturing and material release in the aqueous suspensions by drying them up and picturing the residues with a scanning electron microscope. We saw that corn pollen ejected loads of micrometer‐sized organelles, which are most likely starch granules. The more the pollen disrupted, the more the measured samples were covered with an amorphous film, which consists of the extracted pollen material, like lipids, sugars, and proteins – the same substances we detected by spectroscopy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.