bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Pt, PtRh, and PtRhNi Alloys Supported by Pristine Graphene Nanosheets for Ethanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Shen Yi , Zhang Mr. Zhihui , Xiao Kaijun , Xi Jingyu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUltrafine Pt, PtRh, and PtRhNi particles were assembled on pristine graphene nanosheets (GNSs), and the resulting hybrids were examined as electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation. The structures of the catalysts were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The bulk composition of the catalysts was determined by using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and the surface composition of the nanoparticles was analyzed by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The activity of the catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation was studied by using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweeping voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The activity of the catalysts followed the order of Pt/GNS<PtRh/GNS<PtRhNi/GNS, and it was well correlated with the structural characteristics of the catalysts. The excellent activity and stability of the PtRhNi/GNS catalyst was attributed to the bifunctional effects as well as the modification of Pt electronic structures.
Extraction Behavior of Lipids Obtained from Spent Coffee Grounds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Akgün Nalan A. , Bulut Hakan , Kikic Ireneo , Solinas Dario 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide (sc‐CO2) extraction was applied to extract lipids from spent coffee grounds. The effects of different process conditions on the extraction yield and composition of the extracts were investigated by response surface methodology. A comparison of the experimental results with those obtained by conventional solvent extraction was also performed. In all these samples, the main fatty acids were rich in palmitic and linoleic acids. Moreover, a new method was developed and validated for the gas chromatographic analysis of sterols and tocopherols. The results demonstrate that sc‐CO2 extraction is principally a potential candidate method for the extraction of lipids and high value‐added compounds from residues/by‐products.
Mechanisms of Fever Production and Lysis: Lessons from Experimental LPS Fever
Authors: Roth Joachim , Blatteis Clark M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFever is a cardinal symptom of infectious or inflammatory insults, but it can also arise from noninfectious causes. The fever‐inducing agent that has been used most frequently in experimental studies designed to characterize the physiological, immunological and neuroendocrine processes and to identify the neuronal circuits that underlie the manifestation of the febrile response is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our knowledge of the mechanisms of fever production and lysis is largely based on this model. Fever is usually initiated in the periphery of the challenged host by the immediate activation of the innate immune system by LPS, specifically of the complement (C) cascade and Toll‐like receptors. The first results in the immediate generation of the C component C5a and the subsequent rapid production of prostaglandin E2(PGE2). The second, occurring after some delay, induces the further production of PGE2by induction of its synthesizing enzymes and transcription and translation of proinflammatory cytokines. The Kupffer cells (Kc) of the liver seem to be essential for these initial processes. The subsequent transfer of the pyrogenic message from the periphery to the brain is achieved by neuronal and humoral mechanisms. These pathways subserve the genesis of early (neuronal signals) and late (humoral signals) phases of the characteristically biphasic febrile response to LPS. During the course of fever, counterinflammatory factors, “endogenous antipyretics,” are elaborated peripherally and centrally to limit fever in strength and duration. The multiple interacting pro‐ and antipyretic signals and their mechanistic effects that underlie endotoxic fever are the subjects of this review. © 2014 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol4:1563‐1604, 2014.
New Developments for Case Conceptualization in Emotion‐Focused Therapy
Authors: Timulak Ladislav , Pascual‐Leone Antonio 
Published: October 2014

Emotion‐focused therapy (EFT) has increasingly made use of case conceptualization. The current paper presents a development in the case conceptualization approach of EFT. It takes inspiration from recent research on emotion transformation in EFT. The case conceptualization presented here can guide the therapist in listening to the client's narrative and in observing the client's emotional presentation in sessions. Through observing regularities, the therapist can tentatively determine core emotion schemes' organizations, triggers that bring about the emotional pain, the client's self‐treatment that contributes to the pain, the fear of emotional pain that drives avoidance and emotional interruption strategies. The framework recognizes global distress, into which the client falls, as a result of his or her inability to process the underlying pain, the underlying core pain and the unmet needs embedded in it. This conceptual framework then informs therapists as to which self‐organizations (compassion and protective anger based) have to be facilitated to respond to the pain and unmet needs, so that they might transform it. The conceptual framework can guide the therapist's thinking/perceptions and actions in the session. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Therapists can better facilitate emotional transformation when they understand the dynamics involved in the client's distress.
Emotion transformation is facilitated by first helping the client to access the core underlying painful feelings and unmet needs embedded in them and then by helping the client to generate adaptive emotional responses to those unmet needs.
Molecular Basis for the High CO2 Adsorption Capacity of Chabazite Zeolites
Authors: Pham Trong D. , Hudson Matthew R. , Brown Craig M. , Lobo Raul F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCO2 adsorption in Li‐, Na‐, K‐CHA (Si/Al=6,=12), and silica chabazite zeolites was investigated by powder diffraction. Two CO2 adsorption sites were found in all chabazites with CO2 locating in the 8‐membered ring (8MR) pore opening being the dominant site. Electric quadrupole‐electric field gradient and dispersion interactions drive CO2 adsorption at the middle of the 8 MRs, while CO2 polarization due to interaction with cation sites controls the secondary CO2 site. In Si‐CHA, adsorption is dominated by dispersion interactions with CO2 observed on the pore walls and in 8 MRs. CO2 adsorption complexes on dual cation sites were observed on K‐CHA, important for K‐CHA‐6 samples due to a higher probability of two K+ cations bridging CO2. Trends in isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption based on cation type and concentration can be correlated with adsorption sites and CO2 quantity. A decrease in the hardness of metal cations results in a decrease in the direct interaction of these cations with CO2.
Modelling algal abnormal proliferation in a reservoir using support vector regression: a case study
Authors: Díaz Muñiz C. , Alonso Fernández J. R. , García Nieto P. J. , Alvarez Antón J. C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn important issue in lake and reservoir management is to prevent algal proliferation and its problematic symptom: the algal blooms that deteriorate water quality and ruin its use. The aim of this study was to obtain a predictive model able to perform an early detection of algal abnormal proliferation using as a predictor the chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration of previous days. For this purpose, some biological parameters (phytoplankton species expressed in biovolume) in addition to the most important chemical and physical–chemical parameters were considered. The implementation of the statistical learning method known as support vector machines (SVMs) allowed us to predict the Chl a concentration, one of the most frequently used estimators of algal biomass, and to study its evolution in the Trasona reservoir (Principality of Asturias, Northern Spain). In the first place, the main goal was to obtain the dependence relationship of chlorophyll concentration as a function of not only several chemical and physical–chemical variables but also the biological ones. This dependence relationship was useful in setting the significance order of the variables involved in the Chl a prediction. Secondly, a model for forecasting the algal abnormal proliferation is obtained. The agreement between experimental data and the model confirmed the good performance of the latter. Finally, conclusions of this innovative research work are exposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined Stabilizing Effects of Trifluoromethyl Groups and Semifluorinated Side Chains on the Thermotropic Liquid‐Crystal Behavior of β‐Enamino Ketone Ligands and Their Bischelate PdII Complexes
Authors: Martin Alexander , Mügge Carolin , Gin Douglas L. , Donnio Bertrand , Weigand Wolfgang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSeveral linear β‐enamino ketone ligands and their corresponding bischelate PdII complexes bearing various combinations of methyl and trifluoromethyl groups at the chelating center as well as peripheral hydrocarbon and perfluorinated side chains were prepared. The effect of these structural modifications on the thermotropic liquid‐crystalline behavior of both the ligands and the corresponding metal complexes was studied. The relationships between the molecular structures and the corresponding thermal properties are discussed. As expected, the persistence of liquid‐crystalline behavior was highly sensitive to both applied structural manipulations. On the one hand, increased steric congestion around the chelating moiety clearly appears detrimental to the retention of mesomorphism. On the other hand, perfluorinated chains at the molecular extremity can occasionally restore it. Therefore, the regulation of the balance between both structural parameters permits a precise control of the mesomorphic properties of the compounds.
Nanostructuring of Bridged Organosilane Precursors with Pendant Alkyl Chains
Authors: Nunes Sílvia C. , Bürglová Kristýna , Hodačová Jana , Ferreira Rute A. S. , Carlos Luís D. , Almeida Paulo , Cattoën Xavier , Wong Chi Man Michel , de Zea Bermudez Verónica 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe copper‐catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction was combined with sol‐gel reactions for the production of bridged silsesquioxanes (BSs) in which hexyl and icosanyl chains are pendant and anchored on a single position to a triazole ring. The influence of the alkyl chain length on the structure of the BSs, represented by the notation Cn/siloxane (where n = 6 and 20), was examined. The C20/siloxane hybrid is a hydrophobic material that exhibits a hierarchically structured lamellar bilayer organization, a texture composed of microplates of nanometer thickness, and a reversible time‐independent order/disorder phase transition (onset at 60 °C). The driving forces for self‐assembly are van der Waals interactions between the icosanyl chains and π‐π interactions between the triazole rings. In the essentially amorphous C6/siloxane hybrid, the latter contribution promotes the genesis of a pre‐lamellar phase similar to that found in C20/siloxane.
Lithium–Titanium Exchange of Tertiary α‐Sulfonyl Carbanions: Synthesis, Structure, Dynamics and Reactivity of Bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums
Authors: Heß Thomas , Raabe Gerhard , Gais Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLithium–titanium exchange of tertiary α‐sulfonyl carbanions with ClTi(OiPr)3 and Cl2Ti(OiPr)2 in diethyl ether gave bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums and not the corresponding (1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums. X‐ray crystal structure analysis of di(isopropoxy)bis[1‐(phenylsulfonyl)cyclobutyl]titanium and di(isopropoxy)bis[1‐(phenylsulfonyl)isopropyl]titanium showed asymmetric distorted octahedral complexes, having hexacoordinate Ti atoms, two C–Ti bonds, four Ti–O bonds, and two four‐membered Ti–O–S–Cα rings. According to 1H NMR spectroscopy bis(1‐sulfonylcycloalkyl)titaniums are non‐fluxional at room temperature. This suggests that chiral bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums should be configurationally stable. The bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums are stable at room temperature towards β‐H elimination. They selectively add to benzaldehyde in the presence of acetophenone but do not react with methyl iodide. The reaction of tertiary acyclic α‐sulfonyl carbanions with ClTi(OiPr)3 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gives different titanium derivatives with unspecified structures, which not only selectively react with benzaldehyde in the presence of acetophenone but are also alkylated by methyl iodide.
Electrochemical Sensing of Nitrite Ions Using Tin‐Submicroparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Sivasubramanian R. , Sangaranarayanan M. V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe applicability of tin submicroparticles modified glassy carbon electrodes for sensing of nitrite ions is demonstrated. Tin submicroparticles have been electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode using constant potential deposition. The detection of nitrite ions is carried out with differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The lowest detection limit of 0.5 µM with a linear range of 5 µM–1000 µM is inferred from the differential pulse voltammetry. The interference from different compounds such as urea, glucose and nitrate ions is also analyzed.
Furnishing for long railway tunnels – interplay between construction and maintenance costs (example Koralm Tunnel) / Ausstattung langer Bahntunnel im Spannungsfeld zwischen Errichtungs‐ und Erhaltungskosten am Beispiel des Koralmtunnels
Authors: Steiner Helmut , Rodler Johann 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMajor rail projects pose numerous challenges for design, construction, installation, commissioning and later operation. In order to be able to harmonise all these sometimes very varied subjects and activities, extensive consideration is necessary in advance. Increasing tunnel lengths, more stringent requirements for tunnel safety and also for the demands to exploit the available technology are reasons for the massive growth of technical equipment that has been observed. This trend must be followed very carefully and critically, particularly in order that it does not lead to any further increase of maintenance costs, reduction of the availability of the facilities or limitation of the capacity or quality of operations.These points are gaining ever higher priority through the newly opened railway lines (western line Vienna–St. Pölten – 60 km/Unterinntalbahn – 40 km) and the experience gained from them. On current and future projects, questions of rail fittings and equipment must therefore be considered as early as possible in order to be able to reduce the plant to a necessary minimum.Große Bahnprojekte stellen vielfältige Anforderungen an die Planung, den Bau, die Ausstattung, die Inbetriebnahme wie auch an die spätere Betriebsführung. Um all diese teilweise sehr unterschiedlich zu bewertenden Themen und Bereiche in Einklang zu bringen, sind vorab weitreichende Überlegungen erforderlich. Wachsende Tunnellängen, erhöhte Anforderungen an die Tunnelsicherheit und auch die Ausnutzung von vorhandenen technischen Möglichkeiten sind Gründe, warum ein massiver Zuwachs von technischen Anlagen zu beobachten ist. Dieser Trend muss sehr aufmerksam und kritisch verfolgt und vor allem auch hinterfragt werden, damit es nicht dadurch zu weiter erhöhten Instandhaltungsaufwendungen, zu Verringerungen der Anlagenverfügbarkeit, zu Einschränkungen bei der Kapazität und Qualität der Betriebsführung kommt.Diese Punkte bekommen durch die neu in Betrieb genommenen Bahnstrecken (Weststrecke Wien–St. Pölten – 60 km/Unterinntalbahn – 40 km) und die daraus erst kürzlich gewonnenen Erfahrungen eine immer größere Priorität. Bei laufenden und zukünftigen Projekten müssen daher so früh wie möglich Aspekte der bahntechnischen Ausstattung/Ausrüstung in Grundlagenentscheidungen einfließen, um eine Reduktion der Anlagen auf ein erforderliches Minimum hin betreiben zu können.
Full face excavation in difficult ground
Authors: Lunardi Pietro , Barla Giovanni 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the evolution of full face excavation from the mid 1980s to the present. During this time, more than 1,000 km of tunnels have been designed, excavated and completed using full face excavation, with cross sections ranging in size from 120 to 220 m2, in different geological and geotechnical conditions, near the ground surface or at depth.Starting from the basic concepts of the approach (ADECO‐RS) applied at the tunnel design stage and during construction, the experience gained and the lessons learned are summarised. It is shown how full face excavation has been developed and improved through the experience gained from the construction of both road and railway tunnels in the past thirty years.In order to highlight the current stage of development, with new materials, technologies, modelling methods and increased capacity in observation and real‐time monitoring of tunnel behaviour becoming available, the case of the Sochi Tunnel in Russia is presented and a comparison with the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) is illustrated.
In vitro metabolic conversion of the organic breakdown products of glucosinolate to goitrogenic thiocyanate anion
Authors: Lee Juyoung , Kwon Hoonjeong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDGlucosinolates are abundant in Brassicaceae vegetables, and they are degraded into various organic breakdown products (BPs) (R—CN, —NCS and —SCN) by myrosinase when plant tissues are damaged. This study was designed to investigate whether these BPs could be broken further into goitrogenic thiocyanate anions (SCN−) metabolically and/or spontaneously. Ten glucosinolates were chosen for this study based on the various structures of their side chains. SCN− and cyanide anions (CN−) liberated from the BPs of these glucosinolates were quantified after incubation with human liver S9 and rhodanese.RESULTSUpon treatment with metabolic enzymes, CN− was produced from all organic thiocyanates, aliphatic and benzyl nitriles, then a substantial amount of produced CN− was further metabolized to SCN− by rhodanese. All organic thiocyanates and allyl isothiocyanate were metabolized to produce SCN−, without involving CN− production. Spontaneous degradation to SCN− in an aqueous environment was observed only in 4‐(methylthio)butyl thiocyanate, though the enzymatic reaction rate exceeded the spontaneous one. Among these BPs, the major source of SCN− was organic thiocyanates.CONCLUSIONThe results show that some organic nitriles, organic thiocyanates and allyl isothiocyanate may be regarded as potential sources of SCN− through metabolism when people ingest glucosinolate‐containing vegetables. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of pig rennet on fatty acid composition, volatile molecule profile, texture and sensory properties of Pecorino di Farindola cheese
Authors: Suzzi Giovanna , Sacchetti Giampiero , Patrignani Francesca , Corsetti Aldo , Tofalo Rosanna , Schirone Maria , Fasoli Giuseppe , Gardini Fausto , Perpetuini Giorgia , Lanciotti Rosalba 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPig rennet is traditionally used in Pecorino di Farindola cheese. In this study, different Pecorino cheeses obtained using calf, kid and pig rennets were compared in terms of fatty acids, volatile molecule profile, texture and sensory properties during ripening.RESULTSThe rennet type influenced the fatty acid composition of cheeses, though palmitic, myristic and oleic acids were always predominant. The analysis of volatiles by SPME‐GC/MS showed that Pecorino from calf rennet, at the end of ripening, was the least ‘evolved’ in terms of volatile profile. SPME‐GC/MS analysis revealed that cheeses from calf rennet showed the slowest accumulation of free fatty acids over ripening time. Volatile data permitted the differentiation of cheese samples ripened from 30 to 180 days according to the rennet used. Texture analysis differentiated cheeses made with pig and calf rennet from those made with kid rennet, which were less hard and more elastic than the former. Also sensory analysis differentiated cheese samples on the basis of rennet type, and cheeses made with pig rennet showed the lowest elasticity, bitter taste and fruity and hay flavour intensities.CONCLUSIONPig rennet is fundamental to determine the quality parameters of Pecorino di Farindola cheese and could be used to impart peculiar quality features to ewe's milk cheeses. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular pathology of emerging coronavirus infections
Authors: Gralinski Lisa E , Baric Ralph S 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRespiratory viruses can cause a wide spectrum of pulmonary diseases, ranging from mild, upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life‐threatening lower respiratory tract infections, including the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Viral clearance and subsequent recovery from infection require activation of an effective host immune response; however, many immune effector cells may also cause injury to host tissues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus cause severe infection of the lower respiratory tract, with 10% and 35% overall mortality rates, respectively; however, >50% mortality rates are seen in the aged and immunosuppressed populations. While these viruses are susceptible to interferon treatment in vitro, they both encode numerous genes that allow for successful evasion of the host immune system until after high virus titres have been achieved. In this review, we discuss the importance of the innate immune response and the development of lung pathology following human coronavirus infection. © 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Conceptualizing transport transitions: Energy Cultures as an organizing framework
Authors: Stephenson Janet , Hopkins Debbie , Doering Adam 
Published: October 2014

The dominance of fossil fuel‐powered transport systems presents a serious risk to human well‐being and the natural environment. Transitioning to a low‐carbon transport system requires changes to many dimensions of transport, including: technologies, and mobility practices and expectations. It also requires changes across multiple scales of activity. Conceptual models play an essential role in transitions within complex systems such as transport, as they can help identify key interactions and opportunities for change. A variety of theoretical models offer useful perspectives on transport transitions from different disciplinary positions. In this paper, we introduce the Energy Cultures framework, which was developed to support interdisciplinary understandings of energy behavior and energy‐related transitions. It offers an integrating framework for transport behavior and a group of concepts to assist with analysis. We explore the potential of the framework in the transportation context by using the findings from a series of in‐depth interviews with international transport experts. Applied to the interview material, the framework provides a structure which works at different scales to highlight key influences that lock‐in the prevailing transport culture, as well as key drivers that are producing new emerging transport cultures. The framework complements other models and approaches, and offers a gateway to deeper exploration of the elements of interest via these complementary theories and models. We conclude that the Energy Cultures framework has the qualities of a successful integrating model for conceptualizing energy transitions in transport. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:354–364. doi: 10.1002/wene.149This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy and Development > Climate and Environment