bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waste-Heat for Pre-Heating Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Unnthorsson Runar , Palsson Halldor , Magnusdottir Rikey Huld 
Published: October 2013

The pre-heating of engine coolant using electrical and fuel-based pre-heaters has been practiced for decades. There are many valid reasons for pre-heating engines such as increasing fuel economy, reducing pollution from combustion, reducing engine wear and increasing comfort. Those reasons are particularly true in colder climates where cars are used for short trips of up to 10 minutes or 5 kilometers.
In this paper an unconventional approach for pre-heating engines before starting is studied. The pre-heating is accomplished by assuming storage of a certain amount of the engine’s hot coolant in an insulated storage system when not operating the vehicle, and pumping it back into the engine’s coolant system before restarting. The approach does not rely on external power sources, except for control and pumping of the coolant.
The paper presents results from experimental tests made to evaluate the approach. The experimental tests were run with different settings. In one setting the system produced an average of 26 kW for fifty seconds (peaking at 41 kW). This power is considerably higher than the 2–6 kW provided by common commercial electrical and fuel-powered pre-heaters. Although 50 second pre-heating using the approach presented here will not match all commercial systems using 8–10 minutes heating time, the approach has room for improvement.
Fin Drive Propulsion
Authors: Asgeirsson Saethor , Unnthorsson Runar 
Published: October 2013

This paper presents the results of a study, which aimed to understand and evaluate the locomotion of Atlantic salmon and Arctic char under three different swimming conditions, slow, medium and fast swimming. A Fourier-series based numerical model that describes the swimming mode for each condition is represented.
The numerical model is based on a video analysis of swimming fish. A video recording system was used to record the movement of two fish species under different swimming conditions in a swimming tunnel. The movements of eleven points on the fishes were tracked from the video recordings and logged. The movements of each point were then analyzed in Matlab and a 2nd degree Fourier model constructed to describe the motion.
Removing the Hot-Spots in High Power Devices Using the Thermoelectric Cooler and Micro Heat Pipe
Authors: Hirachan Agat , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: October 2013

Due to localized high heat fluxes, hot-spots are created in silicon chips. Cooling of the hot-spots is one of the major thermal challenges in today’s integrated circuit (IC) industry. Many researches have been conducted to find ways to cool hot-spots using different techniques as uniform heating is highly desired. This paper focuses on cooling of hot-spot using conventional thermoelectric cooler (Melcor_CP1.0-31-05L.1) and a micro heat pipe. A chip package with conventional integrated heat spreader and heat sink was designed. Hot-spot was created at the center of the silicon die with background heat at rest of the area. The heat flux on the hot-spot was much greater than rest of the area. Forced convection was used to cool IC package, temperature was observed at active side of the silicon die. After that a copper conductor was used to take away heat directly from the hot-spot of the silicon die to the other end of the conductor which was cooled using the thermoelectric cooler. Finally the conductor was replaced by a heat pipe and a comparison between three cases was done to study the cooling performance using the commercial software, ANSYS Icepak. The effect of trench on silicon die was also studied.
In this paper the United States Patent, Patent No. US 6,581,388 B2, Jun. 24 2000 [8] as shown in Fig. 1 (b) was modified by replacing the conductor with a micro heat pipe to solve the hot-spots problem in electronic packaging.
Demand Response and FERC Mandated Compensation Issues
Authors: Lincoln Donald 
Published: October 2013

This paper describes a Demand Response (DR) pilot event performed at Sandia National Laboratories in August of 2011. This paper includes a description of the planning for the demand response event, sources of energy reduction during the event, the potential financial benefit to Sandia National Laboratories from the event, event implementation issues, and the event results. In addition, this paper presents the implications of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 745, Demand Response Compensation in Organized Wholesale Energy Markets, issued in March 2011. In this order FERC mandates that demand response suppliers must be compensated by the organized wholesale energy markets at the local market price for electricity during the hour the demand response is performed.
Energy management in a commercial facility can be segregated into energy efficiency and demand response. Energy efficiency focuses on steady state load minimization. Demand response reduces load for event-driven periods during the peak load. Commercial facility demand response refers to voluntary actions by customers that change their consumption of electric power in response to price signals, incentives, or directions from grid operators at times of high wholesale market prices or when electric system reliability is jeopardized. Demand-response-driven changes in electricity use are designed to be short-term and centered on critical hours during the day when demand is high or when the electricity supplier’s reserve margins are low. Demand response events are typically scheduled between 12:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. on eight to 15 days during the hottest period of the year. Analysis has determined that automated demand response programs are more efficient and effective than manually controlled demand response programs due to persistence.
FERC has stated that their Order 745 ensures organized wholesale energy market competition and removes barriers to the participation of demand response resources. In Order 745, FERC also directed that the demand response compensation costs be allocated among those customers who benefit from the lower prices for energy resulting from the demand response. FERC has allowed the organized wholesale energy markets to establish details for implementation methods for demand response compensation over the next four years following the final Order issue date. This compensation to suppliers of demand response can be significant since demand response is typically performed during those hours when the wholesale market prices are at their highest levels during the year.
Source position verification and dosimetry in HDR brachytherapy using an EPID
Authors: Smith R. L. , Taylor M. L. , McDermott L. N. , Haworth A. , Millar J. L. , Franich R. D. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:Accurate treatment delivery in high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy requires correct source dwell positions and dwell times to be administered relative to each other and to the surrounding anatomy. Treatment delivery inaccuracies predominantly occur for two reasons: (i) anatomical movement or (ii) as a result of human errors that are usually related to incorrect implementation of the planned treatment. Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) were originally developed for patient position verification in external beam radiotherapy and their application has been extended to provide dosimetric information. The authors have characterized the response of an EPID for use with an192Ir brachytherapy source to demonstrate its use as a verification device, providing both source position and dosimetric information.Methods:Characterization of the EPID response using an192Ir brachytherapy source included investigations of reproducibility, linearity with dose rate, photon energy dependence, and charge build‐up effects associated with exposure time and image acquisition time. Source position resolution in three dimensions was determined. To illustrate treatment verification, a simple treatment plan was delivered to a phantom and the measured EPID dose distribution compared with the planned dose.Results:The mean absolute source position error in the plane parallel to the EPID, for dwells measured at 50, 100, and 150 mm source to detector distances (SDD), was determined to be 0.26 mm. The resolution of the z coordinate (perpendicular distance from detector plane) is SDD dependent with 95% confidence intervals of ±0.1, ±0.5, and ±2.0 mm at SDDs of 50, 100, and 150 mm, respectively. The response of the EPID is highly linear to dose rate. The EPID exhibits an over‐response to low energy incident photons and this nonlinearity is incorporated into the dose calibration procedure. A distance (spectral) dependent dose rate calibration procedure has been developed. The difference between measured and planned dose is less than 2% for 98.0% of pixels in a two‐dimensional plane at an SDD of 100 mm.Conclusions:Our application of EPID dosimetry to HDR brachytherapy provides a quality assurance measure of the geometrical distribution of the delivered dose as well as the source positions, which is not possible with any current HDR brachytherapy verification system.
In Vitro
Activities of Eight Antifungal Drugs against 106 Waterborne and Cutaneous Exophiala Species
Authors: Najafzadeh M. J. , Saradeghi Keisari M. , Vicente V. A. , Feng P. , Shamsian S. A. A. , Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. , de Hoog G. S. , Curfs-Breuker I. , Meis J. F. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

The
in vitro
activities of eight antifungal drugs against 106 clinical and environmental isolates of waterborne and cutaneous
Exophiala
species were tested. The MICs and minimum effective concentrations for 90% of the strains tested (
n
= 106) were, in increasing order, as follows: posaconazole, 0.063 μg/ml; itraconazole, 0.25 μg/ml; micafungin, 1 μg/ml; voriconazole, 2 μg/ml; isavuconazole, 4 μg/ml; caspofungin, 8 μg/ml; amphotericin B, 16 μg/ml; fluconazole, 64 μg/ml.
Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Tested against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Various Resistance Patterns Isolated in U.S. Hospitals (2011-2012)
Authors: Farrell David J. , Flamm Robert K. , Sader Helio S. , Jones Ronald N. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Ceftolozane/tazobactam, a novel antimicrobial agent with activity against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(including drug-resistant strains) and other common Gram-negative pathogens (including most extended-spectrum-β-lactamase [ESBL]-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
strains), and comparator agents were susceptibility tested by a reference broth microdilution method against 7,071
Enterobacteriaceae
and 1,971
P. aeruginosa
isolates. Isolates were collected consecutively from patients in 32 medical centers across the United States during 2011 to 2012. Overall, 15.7% and 8.9% of
P. aeruginosa
isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR), and 8.4% and 1.2% of
Enterobacteriaceae
were classified as MDR and XDR. No pandrug-resistant (PDR)
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates and only one PDR
P. aeruginosa
isolate were detected. Ceftolozane/tazobactam was the most potent (MIC
50/90
, 0.5/2 μg/ml) agent tested against
P. aeruginosa
and demonstrated good activity against 310 MDR strains (MIC
50/90
, 2/8 μg/ml) and 175 XDR strains (MIC
50/90
, 4/16 μg/ml). Ceftolozane/tazobactam exhibited high overall activity (MIC
50/90
, 0.25/1 μg/ml) against
Enterobacteriaceae
and retained activity (MIC
50/90
, 4/>32 μg/ml) against many 601 MDR strains but not against the 86 XDR strains (MIC
50
, >32 μg/ml). Ceftolozane/tazobactam was highly potent (MIC
50/90
, 0.25/0.5 μg/ml) against 2,691
Escherichia coli
isolates and retained good activity against most ESBL-phenotype
E. coli
isolates (MIC
50/90
, 0.5/4 μg/ml), but activity was low against ESBL-phenotype
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates (MIC
50/90
, 32/>32 μg/ml), explained by the high rate (39.8%) of meropenem coresistance observed in this species phenotype. In summary, ceftolozane/tazobactam demonstrated high potency and broad-spectrum activity against many contemporary
Enterobacteriaceae
and
P. aeruginosa
isolates collected in U.S. medical centers. Importantly, ceftolozane/tazobactam retained potency against many MDR and XDR strains.
Contribution of Six Flagellin Genes to the Flagellum Biogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus and
In Vivo
Invasion
Authors: Kim Soo Young , Thanh Xuan Tran Thi , Jeong Kwangjoon , Kim Seong Bin , Pan Sang O , Jung Che Hun , Hong Seol Hee , Lee Shee Eun , Rhee Joon Haeng 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Vibrio vulnificus
is a halophilic pathogenic bacterium that is motile due to the presence of a single polar flagellum.
V. vulnificus
possesses a total of six flagellin genes organized into two loci (
flaFBA
and
flaCDE
). We proved that all six of the flagellin genes were transcribed, whereas only five (FlaA, -B, -C, -D, and -F) of the six flagellin proteins were detected. To understand roles of the six
V. vulnificus
flagellins in motility and virulence, mutants with single and multiple flagellin deletions were constructed. Mutations in
flaB
or
flaC
or the
flaCDE
locus resulted in a significant decrease in motility, adhesion, and cytotoxicity, whereas single mutations in the other flagellin genes or the
flaFBA
locus showed little or no effect. The motility was completely abolished only in the mutant lacking all six flagellin genes (
flaFBA flaCDE
). Surprisingly, a double mutation of
flaB
and
flaD
, a gene sharing 99% identity with the
flaB
at the amino acid level, resulted in the largest decrease in motility, adhesion, and cytotoxicity except for the mutant in which all six genes were deleted (the hexa mutant). Additionally, the 50% lethal doses (LD
50
s) of the
flaB flaD
and the
flaFBA flaCDE
mutants increased 23- and 91-fold in a mouse model, respectively, and the
in vitro
and
in vivo
invasiveness of the mutants was significantly decreased compared to that of the wild type. Taken together, the multiple flagellin subunits differentially contribute to the flagellum biogenesis and the pathogenesis of
V. vulnificus
, and among the six flagellin genes,
flaB
,
flaD
, and
flaC
were the most influential components.
Analysis of the Proteome of Intracellular Shigella flexneri Reveals Pathways Important for Intracellular Growth
Authors: Pieper Rembert , Fisher C. R. , Suh Moo-Jin , Huang S.-T. , Parmar P. , Payne S. M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTGlobal proteomic analysis was performed withShigella flexneristrain 2457T in association with three distinct growth environments:S. flexnerigrowing in broth (in vitro),S. flexnerigrowing within epithelial cell cytoplasm (intracellular), andS. flexnerithat were cultured with, but did not invade, Henle cells (extracellular). Compared toin vitroand extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria had increased levels of proteins required for invasion and cell-to-cell spread, including Ipa, Mxi, and Ics proteins. Changes in metabolic pathways in response to the intracellular environment also were evident. There was an increase in glycogen biosynthesis enzymes, altered expression of sugar transporters, and a reduced amount of the carbon storage regulator CsrA. Mixed acid fermentation enzymes were highly expressed intracellularly, while tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle oxidoreductive enzymes and most electron transport chain proteins, except CydAB, were markedly decreased. This suggested that fermentation and the CydAB system primarily sustain energy generation intracellularly. Elevated levels of PntAB, which is responsible for NADPH regeneration, suggested a shortage of reducing factors for ATP synthesis. These metabolic changes likely reflect changes in available carbon sources, oxygen levels, and iron availability. Intracellular bacteria showed strong evidence of iron starvation. Iron acquisition systems (Iut, Sit, FhuA, and Feo) and the iron starvation, stress-associated Fe-S cluster assembly (Suf) protein were markedly increased in abundance. Mutational analysis confirmed that the mixed-acid fermentation pathway was required for wild-type intracellular growth and spread ofS. flexneri. Thus, iron stress and changes in carbon metabolism may be key factors in theS. flexneritransition from the extra- to the intracellular milieu.
Presence of Arp Specifically Contributes to Joint Tissue Edema Associated with Early-Onset Lyme Arthritis
Authors: Hove Petronella R. , Haldorson Gary J. , Magunda Forgivemore , Bankhead Troy 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAntiserum to theBorrelia burgdorferiarthritis-related protein, Arp, has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis in immunodeficient mice. To directly investigate the requirement for this lipoprotein in the generation of Lyme arthritis, we utilized targeted deletion to generate aB. burgdorfericlone that lacked only thearpgene locus. Infection of Lyme disease-susceptible C3H/HeN mice with thearpdeletion mutant demonstrated significantly reduced tibiotarsal joint swelling during the first 6 weeks of infection compared to a wild-type control. The severity of joint swelling was restored to wild-type levels in mice infected with anarpmutant clone complemented incis. Interestingly, the reduced swelling of joint tissues exhibited by mice infected with thearpdeletion mutant did not directly correspond to reduced underlying arthritis. Histopathology data at 2 weeks postinfection showed some reduction in arthritis severity caused by thearpmutant clone; however, by 8 weeks, no significant difference was observed between joint tissues infected by the wild-type orarpmutant clones. The spirochete load in the joint tissues of mice infected with thearpmutant was found to be greater than that exhibited by the wild-type control. Our findings demonstrate that this lipoprotein contributes to the generation of early-onset joint swelling and suggests thatarpexpression has a negative secondary effect on total spirochete numbers in joint tissues.
Potassium Uptake Systems in Staphylococcus aureus: New Stories about Ancient Systems
Authors: Gründling Angelika 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is a hardy organism that can survive high-salt conditions better than many other bacteria. This characteristic is thought to help
S. aureus
survive in the nares and on the skin of the human host and is used to selectively propagate and identify
Staphylococcus
species. However, the mechanism that allows
S. aureus
to tolerate such high-salt conditions is not well understood. A recent study in
mBio
by A. Price-Whelan et al. [mBio 4(4):e00407-13, 2013, doi:10.1128/mBio.00407-13] highlights the importance of potassium uptake in this process. This commentary provides a perspective of the study by Price-Whelan et al. as well as other recently reported work on potassium uptake and transport systems in
S. aureus
.
Self-reported time spent watching television is associated with arterial stiffness in young adults: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study
Authors: van de Laar Roel J , Stehouwer Coen D , Prins Martin H , van Mechelen Willem , Twisk Jos W , Ferreira Isabel 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate whether time spent watching television (a marker of sedentary behaviour) is associated with arterial stiffness, a major determinant of cardiovascular disease, and whether any such association could be explained by related deleterious levels of habitual physical activity (HPA) and/or other lifestyle and biological risk factors.MethodsProspective measures (ages 32 and 36 years) of television time and risk factors were retrieved from 373 participants (196 women) in whom stiffness of the carotid, brachial and femoral arteries was assessed by means of ultrasonography at age 36 years. Data were analysed with generalised estimating equations.ResultsParticipants with stiffer carotid arteries spent more time (in min/day) watching television during the four preceding years than did those with less stiff arteries, as defined on the basis of the highest compared with the lowest gender-specific tertiles of the distensibility or compliance coefficients (reversed) or the Young's elastic modulus: +22.4 (95%CI 8.7 to 36.1), +18.4 (4.2 to 32.5) and +19.7 (6.0 to 33.4), respectively. These differences were independent of potential confounders, such as vigorous intensity HPA and other lifestyle risk factors, and could only in part (up to 31%) be explained by the adverse associations of television time with traditional biological risk factors. Qualitatively similar results were found for femoral, but not brachial, stiffness estimates.ConclusionsGiven the independent associations of time spent watching televisionandvigorous intensity HPA with arterial stiffness, our study suggests that not only promotion of physical activity,but alsodiscouragement of sedentary behaviours should be targeted in younger adults to prevent arterial stiffening.
Inhaled salbutamol does not affect athletic performance in asthmatic and non-asthmatic cyclists
Authors: Koch Sarah , MacInnis Martin J , Sporer Benjamin C , Rupert James L , Koehle Michael S 
Published: October 2013

RationaleSalbutamol may affect lung function and exercise performance differently in individuals with and without asthma.ObjectivesTo compare the effects of inhaled salbutamol on lung function, exercise performance and respiratory parameters during cycling exercise in athletes with a positive response to a eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH+) and negative (EVH−) challenge, indicative of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.MethodsIn a randomised controlled trial with a crossover design, a total of 49 well-trained male athletes (14 EVH+ and 35 EVH−) performed two simulated 10 km time-trials on a cycle ergometer 60 min after the inhalation of either 400 μg of salbutamol or a placebo. Lung function, assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 s, was measured immediately before and 30 min after inhalation. Performance was measured by mean power output.Measurements & main resultsDespite a significant increase in lung function after the inhalation of salbutamol compared to the placebo (p<0.001), salbutamol did not affect athletes’ perceptions of dyspnoea (p>0.05) or leg exertion (p>0.05) during exercise. Salbutamol did not affect mean power output: EVH+ and EVH− athletes averaged 4.0 (0.5) and 4.1 (0.5) W/kg after salbutamol and 4.0 (0.5) W/kg and 4.0 (0.4) W/kg after placebo, respectively (p>0.05 for each comparison).ConclusionsThe inhalation of salbutamol induced a significant increase in resting lung function in EVH+ and EVH− athletes but this improvement in lung function did not translate to improved exercise performance. Salbutamol had no discernible effect on key ventilatory and exercise parameters regardless of EVH challenge outcome.