bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
«A Mighty Weapon in the Class War»: Proletarian Values, Tourism and Mass Mobilisation in Stalin's Time
Authors: Noack Christian 
Published: February 2015

«A Mighty Weapon in the Class War»: Proletarian Values, Tourism and Mass Mobilisation in Stalin's Time The article contextualises the 1920s Soviet project of «proletarian» tourism in contemporary debates on the politics of mass culture. Juxtaposed both with established Western and Soviet practices, the project of «proletarian» tourism tried to bridge the gap between self-organised, «grass-roots» tourism and the hierarchic character of Soviet mass organisations. Anticipating the ideology of Stalin's cultural revolution, the idea of «proletarian» tourism and the creation of a mass volunteer organisation seemed congenial, yet the analysis of the institutional history displays the many obstacles that the realisation of the project encountered. When the regime declared the achievement of the great social transformation in the mid-1930s, the project of «proletarian» tourism was unceremoniously abandoned. However, some of the ideological notions of «proletarian» tourism displayed a remarkable resilience in Soviet debates, while behind the ideological smokescreen of political correctness a largely self-organised grass-roots tourism saw an astonishing revival in the post-war Soviet Union.
The Unfathomable Foe. Constructing the Enemy in the Sino-Soviet Borderlands, ca. 1969–1982
Authors: Urbansky Sören 
Published: February 2015

The Unfathomable Foe. Constructing the Enemy in the Sino-Soviet Borderlands, ca. 1969–1982 This paper examines the impact of the hostilities between the Soviet Union and China during the period of the bitterest disagreement between the two great socialist powers on the local and regional level at the border between the two states. The article focuses on the region of Chita (Eastern Transbaikalian region) and Hulunbuir (Inner Mongolia). An analysis of the Soviet propaganda reveals that the conflict produced only very few innovations in technology and content. Instead, propaganda material had rather been dug out of the «relic box». Enemy concepts dating back to a former phase of the conflict were rekindled and remained stereotypical and abstract. Because of isolation, the local population perceived the people on the other side of the border as through frosted glass».
Väter der Gerüchte. Angst und Massenkommunikation in Halle und Magdeburg im Herbst 1989
Authors: Wagner-Kyora Georg 
Published: February 2015

Mothers of Rumours. Fear and Mass-communication in Halle and Magdeburg in Autumn 1989 Prior to and at the height of the peaceful revolution in the GDR, rumours fulfilled the following function: they made it possible for local communities to coordinate their collective protest behaviour in a communicative process. In the hermetically structured public space of the GDR, oppositional groups seized the opportunity for mass mobilisation: they generated a counter-public sphere by countering state intimidation with continuous politicisation. Comparing the protest in both of the provincial centres of Halle and Magdeburg in the autumn of 1989, we are able to outline the influence of state-made fear scenarios and the impact of counter-rumours spread by those active in the East German citizens’ movement. Since September 1989, the citizens’ movement showed solidarity with the protest in Leipzig. Rather unexpectedly, the new instrument of mobilisation became more and more important in October: repetitive demonstrations even conquered the inner cities of Halle and Magdeburg. Following the same ideal of freedom, the revolutionists rallied in a kind of American civil rights movement. Mass mobilisation, which was influenced by the translocal flow of information was moreover caused more by confidence in intangible collective types of communication than by strategic planning, particularly because it led to unusual forms of protest in familiar places like city centres.
Rumour Propagation as a Form of Social Control. A Case from Dictatorial Chile
Authors: Bastias Saavedra Manuel , Rinke Stefan 
Published: February 2015

Rumour Propagation as a Form of Social Control. A Case from Dictatorial Chile The following article discusses the role of media and civilian organisations in downplaying the role of rumour propagation in the Chilean dictatorship. After outright repression failed to control popular unrest during the national protests that took place between 1983 and 1984, the military regime attempted to keep people inside their homes by playing on their fears and prejudices. We focus here on an episode that occurred in September 1983, when residents of a working class neighbourhood were led to believe that they would be attacked by the populace of the surrounding area. After the protest was over, the actions of state agents and unknown civilians in propagating the rumour were publicised through the opposition press and widely condemned by relevant national figures. In the end, the effectiveness of this sort of social control by the military government was greatly jeopardised by the existence of relatively strong independent media and civil organisations with considerable resources for gathering and verifying information. In this article, we not only discuss how the rumour was propagated and why it worked, but also consider the question why rumour placement as a policing strategy finally failed to produce its intended effects in the late dictatorial period.
Das Verbot der fremden Dienste. Herrschaftsvermittlung und Kontrolle von lokalen Eliten in den Österreichischen Niederlanden
Authors: Mertens Arnout , Sonkajärvi Hanna 
Published: February 2015

The Prohibition of Foreign Military Service. The Mediation of Power and the Control of Local Elites in the Austrian Netherlands Using the example of the military, the article examines the question of the mediation of power in the Austrian Netherlands during the 18th century. Referring to the requests of subjects to join foreign armies, the article shows, on the one hand, how the prohibition to join and the therefore compulsory duty to obtain dispensation helped the Habsburg monarchy to consolidate its supremacy and to control local elites in the southern Netherlands. On the other hand, the analysis reveals clearly how a systematic inclusion of the elites from the southern Netherlands into the Habsburg domain failed despite the attempts to underpin their claim to power through a prohibition to join foreign armies. The latter turned out to be a general norm which was flexibly treated in practice and which enabled the elites from the southern Netherlands to carry on choosing between different armies.
Eugenische Konzepte in der westdeutschen Humangenetik, 1945-1980
Authors: Cottebrune Anne 
Published: February 2015

Eugenic Concepts West German Human Genetics, 1945-1980 After the end of the Second World War, the subject of eugenics within the field of human genetics was far from a taboo. While some older experts distanced themselves from authoritarian measures of enforcement, they were nevertheless still committed to the principle of eugenic-based selection. Only since the late 1960s did doubts about the effectiveness of eugenic-based selection predominate among younger specialists. Although human geneticists increasingly appealed for a sense of individual responsibility with regard to eugenics and rejected the authoritarian enforcement of eugenic goals, their interest in the population-genetic effects of new uses of human genetics was nevertheless nearly universal. It is precisely this interest that led to the creation of an important framework for the institutionalization of human-genetic consulting services in the FRG. Furthermore, the human geneticists who were involved in the institutionalization of consulting services in the 1970s also put into practice traditional cost-benefit considerations. As a consequence, a central component behind the justification for eugenics was revived in the context of preventive medicine.
Revolution I.O
Authors: Baker Keith Michael 
Published: February 2015

Revolution 1.0 This article uses digitised databases to investigate meanings of »revolution» and its cognates in English, American and French imprints in the century between the Glorious Revolution and the French Revolution. It traces a shift from the notion of revolution as event, an expression of change and vicissitude generally recognised ex post facto, to a conception of revolution as a collective political act oriented toward the future. It points to the role of Enlightenment thinking in the revalorisation of revolution as long-term transformation and, more particularly, to the significance of Raynal's Révolution de l'Amérique in narrativising revolution as immediate and ongoing political action. It concludes by examining the elaboration of the revolutionary script in the French Revolution.
Vom Anfang und Ende der Revolution – fünf Bemerkungen mit Blick auf die arabische Welt
Authors: Schulze Reinhard 
Published: February 2015

On Beginning and End of Revolution – five Statements regarding the Arab World The fall of the despots in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, the creeping modification of the elite power structure in Yemen and Bahrain, and the fall of the Syrian regime to be expected sooner or later are commonly interpreted as a result of a revolution in the Arab world. But a closer analysis of the events connected to the change of regime shows that the classic concept of revolution does not help to adequately comprehend these events. Rather it is indicated, that since the 1980s, the semantics of the concept of revolution has fundamentally shifted from an utopian order of norms aspired to and interpreted politically to an order of values being embedded in the plurality of life worlds worldly. As a consequence, a radical change of the pragmatics of revolution also took place which paved the way to the «revolt of life worlds», whose new discursive shape has manifestly come to light in the Arab revolts.
New Courts in Late Tsarist Russia: On Imperial Representation and Muslim Participation
Authors: Kirmse Stefan B. 
Published: February 2015

New Courts in Late Tsarist Russia: On Imperial Representation and Muslim Participation This article explores the new circuit courts introduced in late tsarist Russia in the 1860s as an interactive space in which jurists and ordinary subjects of the Empire shaped and experienced state policy. Furthermore, by focusing on Crimea and Kazan, two regions that were home to significant numbers of Muslim Tatars, it considers the court system as a point of entry into the study of imperial rule over ethnic and religious minorities. Discussing the role of Tatars in the new courts and competing visions of imperial society as communicated in the courtroom, the article argues that the new legal system furthered the integration of Tatars into the institutions of the Empire. At the same time, the courts contributed to an increasing differentiation among Muslims (as those in the Steppe region, Central Asia and the Caucasus remained outside the system). The article draws mainly on court records from Kazan and Simferopol (Crimea), newspaper coverage and on the reports and memoirs of jurists.
Rationales of Humanitarianism: The Case of British Relief to Germany, 1805–1815
Authors: Götz Norbert 
Published: February 2015

Rationales of Humanitarianism: The Case of British Relief to Germany, 1805–1815 This article examines the British humanitarian relief campaign initiated by the Committee for Relieving the Distresses in Germany and Other Parts of the Continent (1805–1815). It demonstrates the significance of two aspects for the campaign: the activism of London-based immigrant communities on the one hand, and British solidarity with allied countries during the Napoleonic Wars and the related matter of national mobilisation against France on the other. While immigrant activism was a major driving force of the campaign, its impact depended on the integration of immigrants into British society and on the mobilisation of Britons. Moreover, while the alliance with German states was often underlined in the publicity efforts of the campaign, wider humanitarian concerns were also addressed.
«A Great Host of Sympathisers»: The Doukhobor Emigration and its International Supporters, 1895–1905
Authors: Alston Charlotte 
Published: February 2015

«A Great Host of Sympathisers»: The Doukhobor Emigration and its International Supporters, 1895–1905 Between September 1898 and July 1899, 7500 members of the non-resistant Doukhobor sect emigrated from Russia to Canada. This article investigates the networks of moral, logistical and financial support that made this emigration possible. Members of the Society of Friends in England and America, Tolstoyan Christian anarchists and opponents of the Tsarist regime worked, through their own networks and together, to raise funds and raise the Doukhobors’ profile. Their relationships with each other, with the Doukhobors and with external audiences were complicated by their own very different investments in the cause. This article explores the aims, activities and impact of this campaign, along with its value for the campaigners. It offers a case study of the complex relationships in such a campaign between humanitarianism, solidarity and self-interest.
Minority Rights and Humanitarianism: The International Campaign for the Ukrainians in Poland, 1930–1931
Authors: Dyroff Stefan 
Published: February 2015

Minority Rights and Humanitarianism: The International Campaign for the Ukrainians in Poland, 1930–1931 In October 1930, violent actions of the Polish security forces against the Ukrainian population in Eastern Galicia resulted in an international campaign for the Ukrainians in Poland. Its central claim was the condemnation of these incidents as a violation of the Minorities Treaty of the League of Nations. The article focuses on the involved British extra-parliamentary groups and their international federations as well as leftist intellectuals, socialist parties and the Labour and Socialist International. In most cases, the commitment of the activists was motivated by the desire to expose a humanitarian scandal while the implementation of minority rights played a minor role. When it turned out that the first reports had presented an exaggerated version of the events, they shifted their focus to the Polish opposition, whose persecution started in November 1930.
Aid, Activism and the State in Post-War France: AMANA, a Charity Organisation for Colonial Migrants, 1945–1962
Authors: Escafré-Dublet Angéline 
Published: February 2015

Aid, Activism and the State in Post-War France: AMANA, a Charity Organisation for Colonial Migrants, 1945–1962 The article uses the case of AMANA, a charity organisation for colonial migrants, to analyse the humanitarian and political underpinnings of social assistance in postwar France. AMANA was created in 1945 to provide education to North Africans and its origins were linked to French colonial history: the growing migrant population was a product of the empire and AMANA's director, Jacques Ghys, had previously been a missionary with the order of the White Fathers. The article discusses the early years of AMANA, based on its recently deposited papers. It shows how the organisation drew upon colonial experiences in the creation of programmes aimed at immigrant adaptation. Organisations such as AMANA helped to shape views on the immigrants’ ability to adapt to French culture. In doing so, such bodies contributed to the definition of assimilation from a colonial project to a republican imperative.
Fourth World Activism in the First World: The Rise and Consolidation of European Solidarity with Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Kemner Jochen 
Published: February 2015

Fourth World Activism in the First World: The Rise and Consolidation of European Solidarity with Indigenous Peoples Against the backdrop of massive assaults and acts of violence against indigenous peoples in South America, specialised advocacy organisations emerged in several European countries from the late 1960s onwards. Embarking on the idea to inform the Western public on the plight of vulnerable and threatened ethnic minority groups, they developed different strategies of activism. This article examines the repertoires of action of organisations such as Survival International, the Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker and the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Their activities involved information-gathering, public awareness campaigns, support of capacity-building processes, and the provision of humanitarian aid and of access to aid agencies. Moreover, specific attention is given the relationship between western advocacy and mounting indigenous activism.
Aus der Krise nach «Europa»? Vergangenheit und Zukunft in Geschichte und politischer Ökonomie
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

From Crisis to «Europe»? The Past and the Future in History and Political Economy I comment on six reviews of my book, Gekaufte Zeit, as published in the last issue of the Journal of Modern European History. My subjects are: how to write the history of a loss while avoiding being accused of «nostalgia»; how to take into account structure, agency and contingency when dealing with processes of patterned historical development and institutional change; how the «crisis of the tax state» might be related to the capitalist class conflict; why the crisis of the European Monetary Union will probably be with us for a long time to come, and why certain proposed solutions are not solutions at all; and what is to be made of the idea of a de-nationalized Pan-European democracy as a practical answer to that crisis.
Twists, Turns and Dead Alleys: The League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation in Times of War
Authors: Pernet Corinne A. 
Published: February 2015

Twists, Turns and Dead Alleys: The League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation in Times of War In recent years, historians of international organisations have asserted a strong continuity between pre- and post-war organisations. This article examines the wartime transitions in the field of intellectual cooperation and traces the fate of the League's International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation (CICI) and its executive arm, the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IICI) in Paris. Even though both the CICI and the IICIC were officially dormant after 1940, representatives of intellectual cooperation such as Henri Bonnet, James T. Shotwell and Gilbert Murray sought ways to continue their work. During the war, such initiatives seemed most promising in the Western hemisphere, where Latin American and US American protagonists planned to continue the League's work in Havana. Paradoxically, the increased importance of intellectual cooperation and cultural exchange and especially the engagement of the US and the British governments towards 1945 led to a break with the League's institutions, which were perceived as too weak. The postwar organisation UNESCO was in fact built on a different, more strictly inter-governmental basis than the League's ICO and also pursued different aims that reflected the shifts in global alliances.
The Religion of the Homeland. The Cult of «Martyrs of Freedom» in Nineteenth-century Italy
Authors: Conti Fulvio 
Published: February 2015

The Religion of the Homeland. The Cult of «Martyrs of Freedom» in Nineteenth-Century Italy In recent years, the historiography of the Risorgimento has been transformed by a new approach that began with the so-called linguistic turn. One particularly stimulating element of such studies are attempts to read the cult of martyrs as a motive for patriotic volunteering, and as one of the tools used by the Risorgimento movement, starting with Mazzini, to convert people to the nationalist cause. This article outlines the development of martyr literature in Italy from the early nineteenth century up to Fascism. The author distinguishes his approach from other scholars to argue that, with the partial exception of Mazzini, those who participated in the construction of patriotic martyr cults were strongly anti-clerical. They attempted to build a civic religion, which consciously drew elements from traditional Christian religion in order to utilise its symbols and liturgies. At the same time, the cults remained firmly fixed within a secular culture.
DEGRADAÇÃO AMBIENTAL E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A DRENAGEM URBANA – ESTUDO DE CASO EM DRACENA-SP
Authors: Do Carmo Vieira Marcela , Corral de Arêa Leão Honda Sibila 
Published: February 2015

O processo de ocupação do solo urbano deveria prever e regular aspectos de limitassem a degradação do ambiente natural, inclusive por meio de coleta adequada das águas pluviais. A drenagem, embora seja identificada como elemento relacionado à salubridade do ambiente urbano, quando mal projetada e executada, causa sérios danos ao solo, aos córregos e rios, e à população local, devido à grande velocidade e força que resulta do escoamento das águas, assim como ao acúmulo superficial. Da mesma forma, a impermeabilização do solo amplia o volume das águas captadas, aumentando a velocidade nos pontos de lançamento, impactando negativamente onde tais águas são lançadas, possibilitando surgimento de sulcos, ravinas, voçorocas e desaterro. Assim, a pesquisa que embasa este artigo buscou analisar dissipadores de energia proposto em dois pontos de lançamento no conjunto habitacional Emílio Zanatta, em Dracena–SP; que objetivaram recuperar a degradação ambiental causada pela força das águas na bacia hidrográfica onde o empreendimento foi implantado. A metodologia foi baseada em aprofundamento teórico e levantamentos documentais e in loco. Verificou-se que a ausência de projetos bem elaborados de drenagem urbana auxilia na degradação do meio ambiente natural e construído, podendo deixar a população próxima em situação de risco devido a processos erosivos e deslizamentos, além da ruptura possível do sistema e alagamentos de áreas urbanizadas. Palavras chave: Drenagem Urbana. Degradação Ambiental. Meio Ambiente Construído.
SELEÇÃO DE INDICADORES DE SUSTENTABILIDADE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE DRENAGEM URBANA
Authors: Ripol e Silva Bárbara , Pinheiro Hemerson , Dias Lopes Deize 
Published: February 2015

É comum observar nas grandes cidades os efeitos negativos causados pelo processo de urbanização desordenado, principalmente aqueles relacionados com o escoamento pluvial. Inundações, erosões da pavimentação das vias e deslizamentos de solo são exemplos dos problemas recorrentes em eventos chuvosos. Para mitigar tais prejuízos, surge a necessidade da utilização de sistemas de drenagem sustentáveis, os quais buscam não modificar o ciclo hidrológico da região, bem como, não transferir impactos decorrentes das precipitações pluviais para jusante. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta de avaliação do sistema de drenagem urbana utilizando indicadores de sustentabilidade selecionados e propostos a partir de informações levantadas na literatura sobre o assunto. Os indicadores definidos devem ser utilizados para avaliações expeditas da drenagem urbana de uma área, pois não fazem uso de levantamentos quantitativos. Os resultados alcançados com a aplicação da ferramenta desenvolvida podem ser utilizados para organizar as informações relacionadas a drenagem urbana e servirem de apoio ao planejamento e tomada de decisões com relação às ações a serem adotadas para solução de problemas envolvendo o escoamento das águas pluviais e o sistema de drenagem urbana do local. Palavras-chave: Drenagem urbana sustentável. Indicadores de sustentabilidade. Águas urbanas. Infraestrutura urbana.