bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Selected Stages of Wastewater Treatment in Elimination of Eggs of Intestinal Parasites
Authors: Zdybel Jolanta , Cencek Tomasz , Karamon Jacek , Kłapeć Teresa 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the degree of municipal wastewater contamination with intestinal parasite eggs of the genera Ascaris, Toxocara, and Trichuris at individual stages of treatment, and indication of potentially weak points in the hygienisation of sewage sludge. The study was conducted in 17 municipal mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants which, to a slight degree, differed in the technological process of wastewater treatment and the method of hygienisation of sewage sludge. The selected treatment plants, located in seven regions, included five classified as large agglomerations (population equivalent - PE >100 000), ten as medium-size (PE 15 000-100 000), and two as smaller size with PE 10 000 - 5000. The largest number of viable eggs of Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., and Trichuris spp. was found in the sewage sludge collected from the primary settling tank. A slightly lower number of the eggs were found in the samples of excess sludge, which indicates that the sedimentation process in the primary settling tank is not sufficiently long to effectively separate parasites’ eggs from the sewage treated. The number of eggs of Ascaris spp. and Toxocara spp. in the fermented sludge was nearly 3 times lower than that in the raw sludge. The effectiveness of hygienisation of dehydrated sewage sludge by means of quicklime was confirmed in two wastewater treatment plants, with respect to Ascaris spp. eggs, in three plants with respect to Toxocara spp. eggs, and in one plant with respect to Trichuris spp. eggs. The mean reduction of the number of eggs was 65%, 61%, and 100%, respectively. In one wastewater treatment plant, a reduction in the number of viable eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris species was also noted as a result of composting sludge by 85% and 75%, respectively. In the remaining treatment plants, no effect of hygienisation of sewage sludge was observed on the contents of viable eggs of these nematodes.
Epidemiological Importance of Yeasts Isolated from the Beak and Cloaca of Healthy Charadriiformes
Authors: Dynowska Maria , Biedunkiewicz Anna , Kisicka Iwona , Ejdys Elżbieta , Kubiak Dariusz , Sucharzewska Ewa 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The paper presents mycological studies conducted jointly with ornithologists on the epidemiology of mycoses and the taxonomic diversity and prevalence of fungi that colonise the selected onthocenoses in healthy, wild migratory birds. Aquatic ecosystem populations of healthy birds include a percentage of carriers of potential zoo- and anthropopathogens, and this study's purpose was to determine the percentage. The studies were performed on swabs sampled in vivo (during spring and autumn migrations) from the beak and cloaca of nine species of Charadriiformes in two age categories. Macro- and microcultures of fungi were prepared according to the standards for diagnostic mycological laboratories. From the 450 birds examined, fungi were isolated from 130 (26.5%) individuals. The sampling yielded 272 yeast isolates: 170 (62.5%) from the beak and 102 (37.5%) from the cloaca. The isolates represented 23 species, among which C. albicans, C. neoformans, and R. rubra were predominant. In both onthocenoses in young and adult birds, more fungi were recorded in autumn than in spring. As many as 15 species are included in the biosafety level classification, of which seven are categorised as category 2 and one as category 3.
Changes in Synovial Fluid Inflammatory Mediators and Cartilage Biomarkers After Experimental Acute Equine Synovitis
Authors: Wang Guanying , Li Xinran , Jiang Renli , Li Yue , Fan Xiaojing , Zheng Yu , Gao Li 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to define transient changes in the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers and cartilage biomarkers in the synovial fluid of joints following experimentally induced acute equine synovitis. Acute synovitis was induced in eight skeletally mature mares by a sterile intra-articular injection of 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5 ng of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The solution was injected into the right middle carpal joint. One mL of sterile PBS was injected into the left control joint. Synovial fluid was obtained at the baseline level and at 8, 24, and 168 h after injection. The levels of inflammatory biomarkers-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cartilage turnover biomarkers-collagenase-cleavage neoepitope of type II collagen (C2C) and C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide type II collagen (CTX-II) were detected with proper assays. Single injections of LPS raised the number of synovial white blood cells and concentrations of total protein, PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α, C2C, and CTX-II. PGE2 and IL-1β rose sharply at 8 h, while TNF-α increased steadily through 8 h and 24 h, at that point; these three factors returned to the baseline level by 168 h. The time course of C2C and CTX-II concentrations peaked sharply at 24 h, and continued to be significantly elevated over the baseline level even at 168 h. Injections of LPS into the joints led to a temporal inflammatory response, which in turn increased local release of inflammatory biomarkers and significantly altered the concentrations of cartilage markers in the synovial fluid.
MMP-2 Plays an Important Role During the Early Acute Developmental Phase of Oligofructose-Induced Equine Laminitis
Authors: Li Xinran , Jiang Renli , Wang Guanying , Li Yue , Fan Xiaojing , Liu Xu , Wang Jinglu , Pan Jialiang , Gao Li 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The study was conducted on 24 Mongolian horses, with oligofructose-induced equine laminitis (10 g/kg b.w.). The objective of the study was to investigate the relationships among matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38 MAPK), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) during acute developmental phase of laminitis, and to determine whether there are any characteristic tendencies. Moreover, plasma concentrations of LPS and TNF-α were measured in order to determine the time of leukocytes’ activation. Eleven of the 12 horses showed clinical signs of laminitis. The contents of MMP-2 and P38 MAPK increased significantly from 8 h to 64 h, and the content of TIMP-2 decreased significantly at the same time. Plasma LPS concentrations increased significantly between 8 h and 20 h and reached a peak of 0.024 ± 0.009 EU/mL (equivalent to 3.04 ± 1.19 pg/mL) at 12 h. TNF-α concentration increased between 20 h and 36 h. This data indicates that MMP-2 plays an important role during the early acute developmental phase of oligofructose-induced equine laminitis.
Antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of liquid and gaseous phases of essential oils
Authors: Křůmal Kamil , Kubátková Nela , Večeřa Zbyněk , Mikuška Pavel 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe antimicrobial properties of fifteen essential oils (EOs) tested on seventeen microorganisms were determined using the vapour-agar contact method. The most effective EOs (i.e. Lavandula angustifolia, Cymbopogon nardus, Citrus aurantifolia, Juniperus communis, Myrtus communis and Cinnamomum zeylanicum), whose volatile components afforded the best antimicrobial properties, were selected for a detailed study of chemical composition. All these six EOs contained one to three main components that presented 67-91 mass % of total mass of a corresponding essential oil. The amount of other components was much lower (less than 5 mass %). The volatile components of Lavandula angustifolia exhibited the most effective antimicrobial properties because they completely inhibited the tested bacteria and fungi within 3 days and 1 week, respectively. The components of Lavandula angustifolia with the highest concentration in the gaseous phase were linalool (99.0 ppmv), eucalyptol (44.9 ppmv), linalyl acetate (25.9 ppmv), myrcene (22.2 ppmv), β-trans-ocimene (19.7 ppmv), camphor (16.7 ppmv) and limonene (14.9 ppmv).
Three decades of auxetic polymers: a review
Authors: Bhullar Sukhwinder K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDevelopments in design and technology in the engineering and medical fields necessitate the use of smart and high-performance materials to meet higher engineering specifications. The general requirements of such materials include a combination of high stiffness and strength with significant weight savings, resistance to corrosion, chemical resistance, low maintenance, and reduced costs. Over the last three decades, it has been demonstrated that auxetic materials offer a huge potential for the fields of engineering, natural sciences, and biomedical engineering, and for many other industries, including the aerospace and defense industries, through their unique deformation mechanism and measured enhancements in mechanical properties. To meet future engineering challenges, auxetic materials are increasingly being recognized as integral components of smart and advanced materials. Although materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio have been known since the early 1900s, they did not capture researchers’ attention until the late 1980s. Since 1991, these materials have been known as auxetic materials. Since then, their benefits and applications have been expanded to all major classes of materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites, and they are also now being used in engineering applications. The goal of this review was to present the development of auxetic polymers, which were first fabricated in the form of polyurethane foam approximately three decades ago and are now used in the fabrication of non-woven nano/micropolymeric structures. This review could provide useful information for the future development of auxetic polymers.
CSR as a Tool of Building the Competitiveness of Businesses
Authors: Żychlewicz Maja 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this article, author analyzes the application of CSR as a tool of building the competitiveness of business. She assumes that corporate social responsibility (CSR) could be a useful tool in giving a competitive edge to an enterprise.
The idea of CSR as a part of the tool creating the position of the company in the market is explored by the author. Besides, an attempt to define and comprehend CSR is undertaken. The author explains the necessary requirements that must be fulfilled for CSR to play the role of a useful tool for creating the competitive edge and spheres of activity for the individual, which should be taken into consideration while creating strategic CSR.
Data Mining and Statistics Methods for Advanced Training Course Quality Measurement: Case Study
Authors: Galchenko Maxim , Gushchinsky Alexander , Izdebski Waldemar , Skudlarski Jacek 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Advanced training courses in the energetics field is a very important part of human reliability growth. In the words of S.E. Magid, chief of Technical Educational systems in Energy Technologies, UNESCO department: “The number of forced outages due to failures of equipment on the power stations -30 %. The share of operational personnel fault in these infringements makes considerable size (to 15%). As a whole in the Russian Open Society ‘United Power Systems’ the infringements percentage because of the personnel from infringements total makes 2%. At the same time, on power stations this quantity makes 18%. In power supply systems of Siberia the relative quantity of infringements because of the personnel reaches 50%.” [1].
Project Management in Research and Development
Authors: Kisielnicki Jerzy 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Implementation of R&D projects determines whether the organization is changing and becoming fully competitive. R&D projects are the basis for innovation policy at the macro level - the state - and the micro level - the organization. Management of R&D projects requires not only high level of skills, but knowledge of highly developed tools to support the development of the organization. In managing this type of project, methods such as management competence, talent and knowledge, knowledge of modern information, and communication technology, stand out. In this study the following issues are presented: analysis of decision-making processes of R&D projects, basic modeling methodology of R&D projects, and analysis of communication systems in project management. The final part of the article presents the problems of commercialization of results obtained from R&D projects.
Directions of Changes in Organizational Structures of SME - Results of Empirical Research
Authors: Mierzejewska Wioletta 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The article presents results of empirical research concerning the directions of changes in organizational structures of SME which have occurred during the last few years. The research was carried out in a group of 380 enterprises running their businesses in Poland. The organizational structure generally described in respect of parameters such as centralization, formalization, standardization and configuration. The main part of this article is dedicated to changes that have occurred in organizational structures of SME.
Closing the Gap between Marketing and Finance: The Link to Driving Wise Marketing Investment
Authors: Reibstein David J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Unlike a couple of decades ago, today the majority of a firm’s value is in intangible assets. Marketing carries the primary responsibility for most of these intangible. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how marketing expenditures are linked to these intangible assets and that increasing the value of intangible assets is in the interest of both marketing and finance.
It is not always easy to demonstrate this link, and many marketing departments still struggle to prove the financial returns of their activities. Too often marketers rely on typical marketing metrics, like awareness or preferences, whereas finance is more concerned about market results like profit, cash flow or EBITDA. Rather than letting marketing budgets be cut during economic downturns, marketing managers should learn to show the value marketing brings to the firm. The key for marketers is learning to speak the financial language of the firm and helping train the rest of the organization to understand the longer-term financial assets resulting from marketing.
True Synergy for Real Effects: How to Control Integrated Marketing Successfully
Authors: Naik Prasad A. , Peters Kay 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In integrated marketing, the effectiveness of each activity depends upon all other branding activities when synergies are sought. Synergies arise from each of the following four areas: combining different media types, scheduling their inphase or out-phase timing, using consistent formal designs and creating integrated content across media types. Using a proper mix of multiple media and synchronizing their spending patterns over time are more important than creating and designing advertising content when generating media synergies. In some cases, the effectiveness of one medium increases because of repetition of the brand’s message in a different medium. In other cases, synergies occur because the target segment gets to read, understand and elaborate on the advertised content, thereby reinforcing the brand’s message.
Synergies not only influence the effectiveness of advertising but also the budgeting. As synergy increases, the optimal total media budget increases, as well, and the proportion of the media budget allocated to the more effective medium decreases, while that allocated to the less effective medium increases. Sometimes the effects of synergies are surprising, and individual activities need to be seen in a completely different light when combined with others. Managers are welladvised to monitor synergies of their activities and reflect them in their budgets.
Keeps Working and Working and Working … The Long-Term Impact of Advertising
Authors: Hanssens Dominique 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
While some marketing tactics such as price promotions have mostly short-term effects, others such as advertising have both a short- and a long-term impact. A short-term focus in advertising measurement may bias return-on-investment calculations because it takes into account the complete expenditure for advertising but only a portion of its impact. Therefore it is necessary to assess advertising’s long-term impact on top of its short-term effects.
Sustained advertising effect arises from consumer response in terms of carry-over effects or purchase reinforcement like repeat buying or word of mouth. It also depends on corporate behavior like a company’s ability to learn from past experiences. A precondition to leveraging optimal short- and longterm advertising effects is to monitor success and infer theright action. The improvement in an organization’s marketing processes and behaviors can result in an impact that is over five times stronger and longer lasting. To produce such results, the organization must use consumer response metrics to advertising that are predictive of transactional and financial returns, spend on activities that create the short-term effects necessary for long-term build-up, repeat successful behavior and turn this feedback loop into better business practices and improved process management for both the brand and for the company as a whole.
The Long-Term ROI of TV Advertising in a Digital World
Authors: Wildner Raimund , Modenbach Guido 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The methods of measuring market success and advertising effect are already quite sophisticated and precise compared to the early age of mass advertising, but identifying cause and effect in the world of marketing is still a challenge. There are so many influential factors, and more and more ommunication channels are becoming available for addressing consumers and promoting one’s brand. So how does good old TV advertising stack up in this environment? Has it become obsolete in the age of social media? Does it belong to the half of the advertising that does not work? If you consider both the short- and longterm effects, the answer is an unequivocal no. That was the result of the calculations of a model developed by Seven One Media, GfK Fundamental Research of GfK Verein and GfK TV Audience Research for determining the return on investment (ROI) of TV advertising.
Silting of Foum El Gherza Reservoir
Authors: Boualem Remini , Djillali Bensafia , Mohamed Missoum 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The Foum El Gherza Reservoir fails to satisfy the irrigation of 300,000 palms of Sidi Okba and Seriana due to advanced siltation. Based on data from bathymetric surveys conducted by the National Agency for Dams, the siltation rate was estimated at 0.9 million m3/year. With a total capacity of 47 million of m3, the Foum El Gherza dam is silted up with more than 65 million m3. In this case, the life of the dam will not exceed 11 years of operation. The total silting of the reservoir will occur in 2023. Desilting the dam proves an emergency to save the palms of Seriana and Sidi Okba.
Modified Zeolites in Ground Water Treatment/ Modifikované Zeolity V Úprave Podzemných Vôd
Authors: Barloková Danka , Ilavský Ján , Sokáč Marek 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
There are presented results of technological experiments carried out in Water Treatment Plant Kúty. The goal of this study was to compare modified zeolite known as clinoptilolite (rich deposits of clinoptilolite were found in the region of East Slovakia in the 1980s) with the imported modified zeolite from deposit situated in Hungary. Klinopur-Mn and Klinomangan were used for removal of iron and manganese from ground water to meet the requirements of the Regulation of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 496/2010 on Drinking Water. The materials observed exhibit different efficiencies of manganese removal from water, since the quality of the treated water play a major role (oxygen content and pH value). In the case of the removal of the iron from the water, the quality of the raw water is not a limiting factor; both materials removed Fe from the water to below the limit value (0.20 mg.l-1).
Diversity as a General Basis of Tourism – System Approach/ Diverzita Jako Základ Turizmu – Systémový Přístup
Authors: Schejbal Ctirad 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The general basis for tourism consists in the diversity of natural and man-made environment. The diversity can be considered as a natural characteristic of natural and anthropogenic systems produced by them as a condition of its continuance and development at all levels. When assessing tourism, geodiversity, biodiversity and socio-economic diversity, which includes technological diversity might be defined. Geodiversity and biodiversity coupled with technological diversity for the basis of geoscience and montanistic tourism. In the case of biodiversity, in terms of tourism regional and structural types of diversity are particularly important that can be parallelized with a geotope and a geophenomenon. The aim is to highlight the need for system approach to the analysis of tourism as a complex phenomenon with a complex structure.
Microstructure and Mechanical Property of 12Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel
Authors: Xu Haijian , Lu Zheng , Jia Chunyan , Gao Hao , Liu Chunming 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNanostructured oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels with nominal compositions (wt%): Fe-12Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y2O3 were produced by mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing. The microstructure was characterized by means of electron microscopy (EBSD, TEM and HRTEM) and the hardness and the tensile properties at different temperatures were measured. The results showed that the ultimate tensile strength of the fabricated 12Cr-ODS steel reached nearly 1,100 MPa at room temperature and maintained around 340 MPa at 700°C. Nano-oxide particles with size ranging from several nm to 30 nm and the number density was 3.6 × 1020/m3 were observed by TEM. Following heat treatment, including normalizing at 1,100°C for 1 h and tempering at 750°C for 2 h, the average grain size was a little decreased. The number of nano-oxide particles increased and the number density was 8.9 × 1020/m3. Specimens showed much higher ductility and there was a slight increase of ultimate tensile strength and Vickers hardness at the same time.
Put-Down Humor Directed at Outgroup Members Increases Perceived – but Not Experienced – Cohesion in Groups
Authors: Gockel Christine , Kerr Norbert L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPut-down humor always has a target, and the intent of the speaker is to make fun of someone or something. Due to its inherently social nature, put-down humor could strongly affect socio-emotional group processes and outcomes like cohesion. We hypothesized that put-down humor would increase cohesion when it was targeted at outgroup members and was followed by laughter. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the underlying processes of the put-down humor – cohesion relation. Study 1 showed that put-down humor of outgroup members (as compared to no humor) did not increase participants’ attraction to the group. But it increased perceived cohesion among other group members and the perception that other group members felt safer and were more similar to each other. Even when procedures were altered in Study 2 to reduce participants’ evaluation apprehension and their potential anxiety about not themselves being humorous, we found the same pattern of results. We discuss which conditions might be necessary for put-down humor to increase one’s personal attraction to a group.