bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Male Gonadal Differentiation and the Paedomorphic Evolution of the Testis in Teleostei
Authors: Mazzoni Talita Sarah , Grier Harry J. , Quagio‐Grassiotto Irani 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTestis differentiation from representatives of the Otophysi (Cyprinus carpio), Percomorpha (Amatitlania nigrofasciata), and Atherinomorpha (Poecilia reticulata) was comparatively described. In the undifferentiated gonad of C. carpio, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) are scattered throughout the gonads while in A. nigrofasciata and P. reticulata the PGCs are restricted to the ventral periphery. In the dorsal region of the developing gonads, with the exception of C. carpio, somatic cell rearrangements result in the differentiation of the sperm duct. Pre‐Sertoli cells wrap around single spermatogonia forming cysts that proliferate forming acinar‐clusters. In C. carpio and A. nigrofasciata, the cysts in each acinar‐cluster move away from each other, creating a central lumen. In C. carpio, the acinar‐clusters then fuse to each other forming tubules that become lined by the germinal epithelium. Subsequently, the tubules anastomose dorsally and create the sperm duct. In A. nigrofasciata, the acinar‐clusters elongate, forming lobules that individually connect to the sperm duct. These are lined by the germinal epithelium. In P. reticulata, the spermatogonial cysts remain in the acinar‐cluster organization. Subsequently, developing ducts connect each cluster to the sperm duct and lobules subsequently develop. In the differentiated testis of C. carpio and A. nigrofasciata, spermatogonia are distributed along the lengths of the anastomosing tubules or lobules, respectively. However, in P. reticulata, the spermatogonia remain restricted to the terminal end of the lobules. Considering testis ontogeny, the spermatogonial acinar‐cluster is the adult characteristic of more derived taxa that approximate the early gonad developmental stages of the basal taxa. Anat Rec, 297:1137–1162, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enigmatic Cranial Superstructures Among Chamorro Ancestors From The Mariana Islands: Gross Anatomy and Microanatomy
Authors: Heathcote Gary M. , Bromage Timothy G. , Sava Vincent J. , Hanson Douglas B. , Anderson Bruce E. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the gross anatomy, anatomic relations, microanatomy, and the meaning of three enigmatic, geographically patterned, and quasi‐continuous superstructures of the posterior cranium. Collectively known as occipital superstructures (OSSs), these traits are the occipital torus tubercle (TOT), retromastoid process (PR), and posterior supramastoid tubercle (TSP). When present, TOT, PR, and TSP develop at posterior cranial attachment sites of the upper trapezius, superior oblique, and sternocleidomastoid muscles, respectively. Marked expression and co‐occurrence of these OSSs are virtually circumscribed within Oceania and reach highest recorded frequencies in protohistoric Chamorros (CHamoru) of the Mariana Islands. Prior to undertaking scanning electron microscopy (SEM) work, our working multifactorial model for OSS development was that early‐onset, long‐term, and chronic activity‐related microtrauma at enthesis sites led to exuberant reactive or reparative responses in a substantial minority of genetically predisposed (and mostly male) individuals. SEM imaging, however, reveals topographic patterning that questions, but does not negate, activity induction of these superstructures. Although OSSs appear macroscopically as relatively large and discrete phenomena, SEM findings reveal a unique, widespread, and seemingly systemic distribution of structures over the occipital surface that have the appearance of OSS microforms. Nevertheless, apparent genetic underpinnings, anatomic relationships with muscle entheses, and positive correlation of OSS development with humeral robusticity continue to suggest that these superstructures have potential to at once bear witness to Chamorro population history and inform osteobiographical constructions of chronic activity patterns in individuals bearing them. Further work is outlined that would illuminate the proximate and ultimate meanings of OSS. Anat Rec, 297:1009–1021, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Caudal Cerebral Artery in Surface of the Brain of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Nazer Manoel , Campos Rui 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBrain specimens from 30 ostriches were injected with red‐dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries, and the caudal cerebral arteries and their branches were systematically described. On the right side, the caudal cerebral artery was double‐, triple‐, quadruple‐, and single‐branched in 73.5%, 23.3%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively; on the left side, it was double‐, triple‐, quadruple‐, and single‐branched in 76.7%, 20%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively. The dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery appeared as a single vessel in 96.7% of cases, emerging as a collateral branch of the caudal cerebral artery. The dorsal mesencephalic tectal artery originated from the right dorsal cerebellar artery in 40% of cases and from the left side in 63.3% of cases. On the right side, there were four and three medial occipital hemispheric branches in 46.7% and 20% of cases, respectively; on the left side, there were four and three branches in 30% and 26.7% of cases. On the right side, the pineal artery was double‐, single‐, triple‐, and quadruple‐branched in 50%, 23.3%, 20%, and 6.7% of cases, respectively; on the left side, this artery was double‐, single‐, triple‐, and quadruple‐branched in 50%, 23.3%, 16.7%, and 10% of cases, respectively. The diencephalic artery was on the right side in 43.3% of cases and on the left side in 56.7% of cases. The interhemispheric artery was on the right side in 56.7% of cases and on the left side in 43.3% of cases; four, three, two, five, and one dorsal hemispheric trunks branched off of the interhemispheric artery in 40%, 40%, 10%, 6.7%, and 26.7% of cases, respectively. The caudal cerebral artery was classified as Type I in 56.7% of cases (subtype IA in 33.3% of cases and IB in 23.3% of cases), Type II in 40% of cases (subtype IIA in 20% of cases and IIB in 20% of cases), and Type III in 3.3% of cases. Anat Rec, 297:1523–1531, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Bacteriocin Sublancin Attenuates Intestinal Injury in Young Mice Infected With Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wang Qingwei , Zeng Xiangfang , Wang Shuai , Hou Chengli , Yang Fengjuan , Ma Xi , Thacker Philip , Qiao Shiyan 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTSublancin, a bacteriocin, has bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of gram‐positive bacteria. However, studies have not been conducted to determine its in vivo efficacy against potential pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sublancin in a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infected mouse model which induced intestinal injury. A total of 160, 4‐week‐old mice were randomly assigned to one of eight treatments. Mice in the control group were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline. Mice in the other seven groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mL saline containing 1.0 × 1010 colony‐forming units (CFU)/mL S. aureus. Six hours after inoculation, mice in the control group were again injected with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline. Mice in the other seven groups were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) sublancin or 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg BW ampicillin. The results showed that 4.0 mg/kg sublancin and 2.0 mg/kg ampicillin significantly reduced mice mortality from 55 to 10%. The height and the number of proliferated cells from the intestinal villi in the sublancin and ampicillin treated mice were higher than in the control. We conclude that sublancin has potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Therefore, sublancin could find use as an alternative antimicrobial agent for the treatment of gram‐positive bacterial infections. Anat Rec, 297:1454–1461, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical Review: In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Jensen Ellen 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn situ hybridization is a technique that is used to detect nucleotide sequences in cells, tissue sections, and even whole tissue. This method is based on the complementary binding of a nucleotide probe to a specific target sequence of DNA or RNA. These probes can be labeled with either radio‐, fluorescent‐, or antigen‐labeled bases. Depending on the probe used, autoradiography, fluorescence microscopy, or immunohistochemistry, respectively, are used for visualization. In situ hybridization is extensively used in research, as well as clinical applications, especially for diagnostic purposes. This review discusses the basic technique of in situ hybridization. The standard in situ hybridization process is reviewed, and different types of in situ hybridization, their applications, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Anat Rec, 297:1349–1353, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clarification of the Terminology of the Major Human Salivary Glands: Acinus and Alveolus are not Synonymous
Authors: Gilloteaux Jacques , Afolayan Adebowale 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDiscrepancies in the terminology of the major human salivary glands often appear in anatomical textbooks and tend to adversely affect student's learning experience in Microscopic Anatomy. The main culprit is the inconsistent description of the morphology of these glands secretory end pieces where “acinus” and “alveolus” are used interchangeably. The correct terminology originated from Malpighi (1687), repeated by Kölliker (1854), but over the years has been misinterpreted by prominent authors as a result of the nature of specimen preparation. This commentary is based on etymology, current standard light microscopy, research studies and consultation with experts. The overall objective of this publication is to recommend that textbooks should endeavour to modify the relevant descriptions about this terminology in their future editions. The most appropriate terminology for the major human salivary glands would be: (1) the parotid gland, entirely serous, should be called compound acinar glands; (2) the submandibular glands are mixed glands; their serous components are compound acinar while some of the mucinous areas are tubular with serous, crescents or demilunes, as acinar end pieces hence they should be named compound tubuloacinar glands; (3) the sublingual glands, mainly mucous glands with tubular shape, with small acinar end pieces that are serous crescents thence they should be called compound tubuloacinar glands. Anat Rec, 297:1354–1363, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Support Theory in Negotiation: How Unpacking Aspirations and Alternatives Can Improve Negotiation Performance
Authors: Haselhuhn Michael P. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPrescriptions for improving negotiation performance, including developing alternatives to negotiated agreements or setting high aspirations, often fail to consider the inherent uncertainty in such deliberations. Across three studies, this paper demonstrates that negotiators who address this uncertainty by unpacking their positive alternatives and aspirations (e.g., the likelihood of attaining an alternative job offer from Firm #1, Firm #2, or any other firm) judge these outcomes to be more likely to occur and achieve better negotiation outcomes compared with negotiators who consider these same outcomes as a single package (e.g., the likelihood of attaining an alternative job offer from any firm). Unpacking is not uniformly beneficial: unpacking potential negative outcomes (e.g., not receiving another job offer) leads negotiators to demand less in the current negotiation and claim less value as a result. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confirmatory Search and Asymmetric Dominance
Authors: Bhatia Sudeep 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDecision makers use confirmatory search strategies in judgment tasks. As a result of this, their attention towards task‐relevant cues is biased in favor of cues supporting available responses. Changing these responses can alter the cues used in the judgment task and, subsequently, alter beliefs. We use this mechanism to predict and explain the emergence of the asymmetric dominance effect in judgment. In four sets of experiments, we document systematic changes in belief, as dominated options are added to the response set. These effects emerge for a number of naturalistic judgment tasks and are mediated by the increased accessibility of decoy‐supporting cues. Finally, these effects can be eliminated when the decision maker's attention is drawn towards the cues supporting the non‐dominant response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in referral practice for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases
Authors: Young A L , Adair R , Culverwell A , Guthrie J A , Botterill I D , Toogood G J , Lodge J P A , Prasad K R 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Half of patients with colorectal cancer develop liver metastases. There remains great variability between hospitals in rates of liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CLM). This study aimed to determine how many patients with potentially resectable CLM are not seen by specialist liver surgeons.

Methods
Patients presenting with new CLM in a cancer network consisting of a tertiary centre and seven attached hospitals were studied prospectively over 12 months. Data were collected retrospectively for patients who did not have a complete data set. Outcomes for patients referred to the liver tertiary centre were collated. The radiology of tumours deemed inoperable by the local colorectal specialist teams was reviewed by specialist liver surgeons and radiologists.

Results
In total, 631 patients with CLM were assessed. Prospective data were complete for 241 patients, and 64 (26·6 per cent) of these were referred to the specialist liver team for consideration of resection. No decision was documented for 16 patients (6·6 per cent). Of those not referred, 30 (18·6 per cent) were deemed unfit or refused and 131 (81·4 per cent) were thought inoperable. Referral rates varied between hospitals (13–43·6 per cent). Of 131 patients deemed fit but inoperable by the colorectal specialist teams, 38 (29·0 per cent) were deemed operable and 20 (15·3 per cent) had equivocal imaging when assessed retrospectively by liver specialists. In total, 142 of the 631 patients were referred to liver specialists for consideration of treatments, and 107 (75·4 per cent) treated with curative intent.

Conclusion
A considerable number of patients with potentially resectable CLM are not assessed by specialist liver teams. Improved referral rates could greatly improve resection rates for CLM, which may improve outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer.
Full-thickness laparoendoscopic colonic excision in an experimental model
Authors: Brigic A , Southgate A , Sibbons P , Clark S K , Fraser C , Kennedy R H 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Patients requiring surgery for complex colonic polyps traditionally undergo colectomy, with significant risks. Typically in excess of 10–30 cm of colon is removed at laparoscopic or open surgery lasting over 60 min. This study details the preclinical development of a rapid, minimally invasive, limited full-thickness colonic resection.

Methods
Both survival and non-survival procedures were performed in anaesthetized 70-kg pigs. A simulated colonic polyp was created by endoscopic ink injection with a clearance margin delineated by circumferential placement of mucosal argon plasma coagulation marks. Full-thickness eversion of the bowel was achieved using endoscopically placed anchors and the polyp was excised using a laparoscopic stapler. In survival procedures, pigs were killed under anaesthetic 8 days after surgery. All pigs underwent post-mortem examination.

Results
Five procedures were performed (5 pigs). The median (range) procedure duration was 26 (20–31) min, with a specimen diameter of 5·1 (4·5–6·3) cm. The postoperative recovery of survival animals (4 pigs) was uneventful. At post-mortem evaluation the resection sites were well healed with no evidence of stenosis, intra-abdominal infection or inadvertent organ damage. Histological assessment of anastomoses showed mucosal repair and restoration of submucosal continuity.

Conclusion
Full-thickness localized colonic excision with this technique provides a large specimen with adequate healing in a porcine model.
Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, Glasgow, UK, May 2013; published in abstract form as Br J Surg 2013; 100(Suppl 7): 2
Circulating fibrocytes and Crohn's disease
Authors: Sahebally S M , Burke J P , Chang K H , Kiernan M G , O'Connell P R , Coffey J C 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Despite advances in medical therapy, there remains no effective preventive or non-surgical therapeutic option for fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD). Symptomatic recurrences are common, necessitating reintervention. Intestinal fibroblasts mediate stricture formation, but their exact source is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that circulating fibrocytes drive fibrosis through differentiation into fibroblasts and the production of extracellular matrix proteins. The aim of this review is to describe current understanding of the pathophysiology underlying fibrosis in CD, the cellular and molecular biology of fibrocytes and their role in CD.

Methods
The electronic literature (January 1972 to December 2012) on ‘circulating fibrocytes’ and ‘Crohn's fibrosis’ was reviewed.

Results
Circulating fibrocytes appear universally involved in organ fibrosis. A complex array of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors regulate fibrocyte biology, and these are associated with fibrogenesis in CD. The cytokines transforming growth factor β1, connective tissue growth factor and interleukin 13, overexpressed in the strictured Crohn's intestine, promote fibrocyte generation and/or differentiation.

Conclusion
Levels of circulating fibrocytes are raised in conditions marked by exaggerated fibrosis. These and other observations prompt a characterization of fibrocyte activity in CD with a view to investigating a pathogenic role.
Interlaboratory Comparison of the Co−C Eutectic Point with Small‐Size Cell for Thermocouples
Authors: Numajiri Haruhiko , Sasaki Masashi , Aikawa Takao , Sato Hiroyasu , Kimura Kazuhiro , Yamasaki Haruki , Ishii Juntaro , Yamada Yoshiro 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYUsing a small‐size crucible, interlaboratory comparison of the realization of the Co−C eutectic point was performed in the industrial field in Japan, with the aim of verifying the possibility of thermocouple calibration at the eutectic point with an existing furnace of less‐than‐ideal temperature distribution, namely, the palladium‐point wire‐bridge method furnace for thermocouple calibration. A small‐size crucible for thermocouples was made by the National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST). The interlaboratory comparison was piloted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute (TIRI), a public test and research organization in Tokyo, and was conducted among five calibration laboratories including the pilot. One of the five laboratories is a designated calibration laboratory in Japan, and the other three are private laboratories. Four laboratories including TIRI used an existing palladium‐point furnace, and one laboratory made a new furnace for this interlaboratory comparison.
Population pharmacokinetics of cilengitide in adult and pediatric cancer patients from a nonlinear mixed‐effects analysis
Authors: Zühlsdorf Michael , Bhattaram Venkatesh Atul , Campioni Marco , Krösser Sonja , Derendorf Hartmut , Kovar Andreas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCilengitide is an αvβ3/αvβ5‐integrin inhibitor investigated as an anticancer agent. This study aimed to develop a cilengitide population pharmacokinetic model using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling of 136 adult patients with advanced solid tumors and to scale the pharmacokinetic parameters to the pediatric population. A stepwise approach was used, beginning with exploratory analyses checking database/target covariate relationships. A two‐compartment structural model was developed to describe cilengitide's concentration–time profile and assess covariates’ impact on pharmacokinetic parameters. A bootstrap procedure validated the base/final model stability. A two‐compartment model best described concentration–time data. Estimated structural model parameters were: 2.79 L h−1 m−2 central compartment mean systemic clearance, 6.75 L m−2 central compartment volume of distribution, 1.3 L h−1 m−2 intercompartmental clearance, and 3.85 L m−2 peripheral compartment volume of distribution. Mean half‐life was 0.9 and 3.8 h (α/β‐phase). Co‐medications and study populations had no impact, as the different studies were not significant model covariates. Weight and body surface area correlated with the pharmacokinetic parameters (r = 0.95, P < 0.01). Pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent with individual study‐derived parameters; their allometric scaling enabled pediatric pharmacokinetic profile predictions as corroborated by independent data. This model provides the basis for pharmacokinetic profile simulations of different dosages/regimens in different populations.
Henry's constants for ethanol, iso‐octane and gasoline absorption in engine lubricants
Authors: de Lima Ribeiro Kamilla , Sodré José Ricardo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHenry's constants for hydrous ethanol, iso‐octane and gasoline absorption in engine lubricants were determined using gas chromatography. Samples of synthetic SAE 5 W30, synthetic SAE 5 W40, semi‐synthetic SAE 15 W40, mineral SAE 15 W40 and mineral SAE 25 W60 oil were used in the experiments. For all lubricants tested, typical molecular weights were considered, ranging from 500 to 5000 kg/kmol. The results show that, for any lubricant, Henry's constant for hydrous ethanol is about 2.2 times higher than that of gasoline, and about 4.3 times higher than that of iso‐octane. Decreasing Henry's constant was observed with increasing lubricant molecular weight, regardless of the fuel type. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer Response to Overstyling: Balancing Aesthetics and Functionality in Product Design
Authors: Hagtvedt Henrik , Patrick Vanessa M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAesthetic design, or styling, is an important product attribute in today's retail environment, especially when functional demands have been met (Chitturi, Raghunathan, & Mahajan, ; Hoegg, Alba, & Dahl, ). This research note, however, focuses on consumer responses to products when perceived functionality is low. Ideally, high styling is combined with high functionality, but perceived trade‐offs may arise when styling appears to conflict with functionality. This research highlights some implications of these trade‐offs and emphasizes that they depend on usage context. Specifically, the authors demonstrate that styling can compensate for minor, but not major, flaws in functionality (Study 1). Further, the influence of styling on perceived functionality and product evaluation is less (vs. more) favorable in a utilitarian (vs. hedonic) context (Study 2). Key insights for managers based on this research are discussed.