bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appraisal of Native Hydrogen Accumulation in Geological Formations under Uncertainty
Authors: Ranaee E. , Inzoli F. , Riva M. , Guadagnini A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Objectives/Scope: A key issue related to potential accumulation of native hydrogen (H2) in geological formations is the risk of hydrogen loss due to conversion to other chemical species such as methane (CH4). Our study tries to quantify how uncertainties linked to carbonate-clay reactions (CCR) reflect in evaluation of the geogenic methane generation and the associated losses of native H2.
Methods, Procedures, Process: We rely on a modeling workflow developed by Ceriotti et al. (2017) for evaluating geogenic carbon dioxide, CO2, generation through CCR in sedimentary basins. As a showcase, we consider a one-dimensional (vertical) model patterned after a typical sedimentary compaction setting. Such a model provides the dynamics of porosity, temperature, and pressure along the vertical direction. Outputs of the compaction model are viewed as deterministic quantities. We then consider a given mineral composition and focus on the quantification of the parametric uncertainties associated with CCR. This is reflected in the uncertainty related to the values of thermodynamic equilibrium constants of the species involved in CCR and is then propagated onto the ensuing estimated CO2 release. Underground trapping of native H2 is conceptualized upon considering the subsurface as a natural chemical reactor that consumes a mixture of H2 (generated from serpentinization of ultramafic rocks) and CO2 (from CCR) yielding a mixture of H2/CO2/CH4. Our analysis considers that (a) complete mixing of the chemical species is attained and (b) geochemical reactions can be evaluated under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. We then perform a modelling study framed in a stochastic context and relying on a numerical Monte Carlo framework. The latter is aimed at quantifying uncertainty associated with methane production following geogenic hydrogen and carbon dioxide generation. Our results are tied to (i) shallow, (ii) intermediate-depth, and (ii) deep reservoirs. Due to its preliminary nature, the study considers uncertainty solely in the CCR process as well as accumulation reservoir depth/pressure/temperature conditions.
Results, Observations, Conclusions: Our results suggest that accumulation of H2 in geological formations entails the risk of hydrogen loss due to conversion to CH4 by methanogenesis. They also suggest that deep geological formations (characterized by high temperature and pressure conditions) tend to limit hydrogen loss due to methanogenesis reactions. Thus, exploration of native H2 accumulations could target geological formations where the residing gas has low CO2 concentrations and where the mineralogical composition of reservoir rocks contains low amounts of carbon-bearing minerals.
Novel/Additive Information: We provide a quantification of native hydrogen losses with the explicit inclusion of a stochastic assessment of some uncertainties linked to the geogenic generation of CO2.
PVT Analysis for Hydrogen and Methane Mixtures for Underground Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Tawil Michel , Borello Eloisa Salina , Panini Filippo , Loffredo Marialuna , Bocchini Sergio , Verga Francesca , Pirri Fabrizio , Coti Christian , Scapolo Matteo , Ferraro Pierpaolo , Adinolfi Luca , Viberti Dario 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Hydrogen has been identified as an energy carrier that could play a major role in decarbonization. Large-scale hydrogen storage is required to face future challenges in terms of energy and environmental transition. Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) in depleted gas reservoirs is broadly recognized as a promising strategy to safely store large quantities of hydrogen, which can be injected into the porous rocks as a pure component (100% of H2) or as a mixture with methane. In order to properly design storage activity in a depleted gas reservoir, it is extremely important to define a reliable 3D reservoir dynamic model able to simulate the behavior of the system under all the possible considered operating conditions. To properly represent the interaction between injected hydrogen or mixture with the reservoir fluids, the Equations of State adopted in the compositional simulation must be validated against laboratory data in the pressure and temperature ranges representative of possible operating conditions, and if necessary, properly calibrated.
In this paper, we provide the results of experiments carried out on H2-CH4 mixtures within ranges of temperature and pressure conditions representative of depleted gas candidates for storage activities. Constant Mass Expansion (CME) tests were performed using a PVT cell. Pressures up to 300 bar and a temperature range from 30 to 60°C, representing the typical range for a gas storage reservoir in Italy and Europe, were applied. Four different mixtures were considered: pure H2, 50 mole% H2-50 mole% CH4, 10% H2-90 mole% CH4, pure CH4. Results are represented in terms of gas compressibility factor (z factor) curves as a function of pressure for different temperatures and compositions. Furthermore, the obtained results are compared with the GERG-2008 equation of state (EoS).
In the considered pressure and temperature ranges, the GERG-2008 EoS provides a satisfactory match with the experimental data for all the considered cases.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Major Impurities in the CO2 Stream on Carbon Storage in Chalk Reservoirs
Authors: Mokhtari R. , Ghahramani K. , Khojamli S. , Mihrin D. , Feilberg K. L. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Depleted oil and gas reservoirs in the Danish sector of the North Sea are predominantly composed of chalk, characterized by high porosity, low permeability, and reactivity. While storing CO2 in these reservoirs presents challenges, due to the reactivity of calcium carbonate and the low permeability, mitigating the risks could unlock substantial CO2 storage capacity. This study specifically investigates the impact of major reactive impurities such as H2S, NO2, and SO2 in the injected CO2 stream on calcite dissolution and its implications for rock integrity. These impurities can be present in captured CO2 and an important factor in carbon storage feasibility studies is the maximum tolerable levels of impurities for storage safety. Dynamic injection experiments were carried out on reservoir material from a Danish North Sea mature oil field. The experiments were carried out in a core flood injection set-up designed to mimic reservoir conditions. These experiments were designed with alternating Gas mixture/Water injection scenarios into separate core plugs, with the effluent brine samples analyzed by ion chromatography to assess rock dissolution. Porosity and permeability measurements were conducted before and after the experiments. Results revealed that calcite dissolution notably increased when SO2 was present in the CO2 stream, with H2S enhancing dissolution to a lesser extent, and NO2 exhibiting the least effect. Comparison with a base case of pure CO2 exposure showed calcite dissolution but no significant changes in porosity and permeability. The dynamic experiments demonstrated that the measured calcite dissolution occurs regardless of injection rate and takes place primarily at the gas-water interface. The experiments consider the worst-case scenario locally in the reservoir, with a relatively high concentration of reactive impurities in the CO2 allowing for a comparison between the three impurities H2S, NO2, and SO2, and the core scale and in experiments lasting several days. This research contributes novelty to the study of CO2 storage in chalk reservoirs, which remains relatively pioneering due to safety concerns. The exploration of impurity effects under dynamic conditions, as presented in this study, represents a notable innovation, addressing a gap in the literature dominated by batch experiments and thermodynamic modeling.
Prediction and History Matching of Observed Production Rate and Bottomhole Pressure Data Sets from in Situ Cross-Linked Polymer Gel Conformance Treatments Using Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Chen Yuhao , Onur Mustafa , Kuzu Nihal , Narin Onur 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a computationally efficient methodology for the prediction of oil rate, water rate, and injection bottomhole pressure (BHP), and history matching of such well outputs to estimate important rock and fluid parameters that have a significant impact on reservoir conformance after in situ polymer gel treatment. Two different machine learning (ML) proxy methods are investigated for performing prediction and history matching of well output data such as oil production rate, water production rate, and/or injection BHP that may be acquired before and after polymer gel treatment. One of the ML methods used is the least-squares support vector regression (LS-SVR) and the other is the long short-term memory (LSTM) network, a deep learning method based on the recurrent neural network (RNN). The LS-SVR and LSTM proxy models are built on training sets of BHP and rate data generated with a high-fidelity commercial numerical simulator. The high-fidelity model is based on compositional flow simulation using double permeability fracture models. The reservoir models used in history matching are calibrated by using synthetic BHP, oil, and/or water production rate data sets before and after polymer gel treatment. The ensemble smoother multiple data (ES-MDA) method is used for history matching and prediction for the uncertainty assessment of the polymer gel treatment period, while a high-fidelity simulator is used for history matching. When the high-fidelity simulator is replaced with any of the ML-based methods, we use a randomized maximum likelihood estimation (RMLE) method where the gradients are analytically computed for the LS-SVR surrogate model, while the LSTM is replaced by the high-fidelity simulator, we compute the gradients of the LSTM by stochastic simplex approximate gradient (StoSAG) method. Results show that the LS-SVR and LSTM methods provide significant computational savings over the conventional simulation and history matching with a high-fidelity model. LSTM provides better predictions than LS-SVR for the same size of training sets. However, for larger training sets, LSTM provides a significant computational gain over LS-SVR. In addition, the results also identify the key parameters that have a significant impact on the performance of in situ polymer gel treatment. These parameters are the relative permeability curves of oil and water, absolute fracture permeability, polymer and cross-linked concentrations, and residual resistance factors (RRFT) are the key parameters in the performance of in situ polymer gel treatment.
Investigation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hot Dry Rock as a Geothermal Energy Source After LN2 Cooling
Authors: Longinos S. N. , Begaliyev D. , Hazlett R. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
To investigate the impact of liquid nitrogen (LN2) as a stimulation method to increase reservoir contact with hot dry rock, we carried out a sequence of physical and mechanical examinations on Kazakhstani granite specimens. Granite samples were gradually heated to desired temperatures ranging from 50 °C to 500 °C. Subsequently, rapid cooling was implemented using two different coolants: water, and LN2. Following the thermal treatments, we conducted tests to evaluate both the physical and mechanical properties of the samples. Based on the experimental findings, the permeability of the heated granite samples notably rises following LN2-cooling, accompanied by reductions in P- wave velocity, and strength, as evidence of internal thermal shock fracturing. As the initial temperature increases, these alterations in properties become more pronounced. In comparison between water-cooling and LN2-cooling, the latter leads to more significant changes in both physical and mechanical properties across all target temperatures. This suggests that LN2-cooling can yield more effective stimulation of hot dry rocks compared to the water-cooling method.
Targeting accumulated apolipoprotein J in renal tubules halts the mTOR-TFEB interaction and relieves diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Sun Hung-Yu , Duan Shuangdi , Qin Nong , Pi Jiayi , Sun Pei , Huang Cheng-Pin , Wang Hsin-Tzu , Huang Mei-Chi , Wang Sin-Tian , Liu Wen-Chun , Chi Chi-Li , Liu Lamei , Ge Xingyi , Qiu Ye , Shi Liyang , Gao Qiang , Shi Junfeng , Yang Shuen-Ru 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Ectopic lipid accumulation in renal tubules leads to lipotoxicity and exacerbates the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) functions as a stress-induced molecular chaperone and participates in lipid homeostasis. As a hepatocyte-secreted entity, the involvement of ApoJ in the pathogenesis of extrahepatic organs remains poorly understood. Herein, serum ApoJ levels have been found to correlate with glycemic profiles, renal function parameters, and disease progression in individuals with Type-II diabetes. Accumulation of ApoJ in renal tubules was observed in mouse models of DKD and confirmed pathologically by renal overexpression of ApoJ in db/db mice. Under nutrient overload, ApoJ disrupts lipid and redox homeostasis and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of proximal tubular cells by facilitating mTOR and transcription factor EB (TFEB) interaction. Consequently, targeting ApoJ promotes TFEB activation, restores autophagy, and alleviates renal injuries. By using tissue-specific knockout mice, we further demonstrated that the liver serves as a major source contributing to the ApoJ accumulated in renal tubules. Finally, the application of an MK53 peptide antagonizes ApoJ chaperone activity, thereby relieving disease progression of DKD. In summary, these findings suggest that ApoJ promotes diabetic renal pathogenesis through mTOR-TFEB-autophagy axis, and MK53 peptide emerges as a novel therapeutic strategy against DKD.
Chemical composition by PTP 1B inhibitory activity guided analysis of plant-based antidiabetic polyherbal drug used in ethnomedical systems
Authors: Dzomba Pamhidzai , Mugari Pardon , Nyoni Stephen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Due to growing resistance and continued depletion of drugs that can be used as replacements, people turn to herbal medicines. A polyherbal drug was studied to investigate its chemical composition and possible mode of action.
Methods
Phytochemicals were isolated using Column and Thin Layer Chromatography, and antidiabetic activity was ascertained using an enzyme inhibition model. Active compounds identity was established using 1HNMR, 13CNMR, HSQC-NMR, UV, FT-IR and MS spectroscopy.
Results
Results showed that the polyherbal drug consisted of alkaloids and anthocyanins as the major active components. The alkaloids PTP 1B inhibition was not significantly different from that of metformin with percentage inhibition of Alkaloid 1, 78.6 ± 3.2% and Alkaloid 2, 79.6 ± 2.3. The anthocyanins inhibited PTP 1B enzyme significantly better than metformin with percentage inhibition of Flavonoid 1, 88.2 ± 3.2, Flavonoid 2, 90.3 ± 2.3 and Flavonoid 3 93.6 ± 2.9. One new alkaloid compound, Alkaloid 1, 1, 2-dimethoxy-12-methyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-12, 13-dihydro[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridin-13-ol, one previously reported alkaloid, Alkaloid 2 berberine, IUPAC name, 9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro[1,3]dioxolo[4',5':6,7]isoquinolino[2,1-b][2]benzazin-7-ium and three anthocyanins, Flavonoid 1, malvidin 3-o-glucoside, Flavonoid 2, pelargonidin-3-O-gucoside and Flavonoid 3 malvidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside were identified as the active compounds in the polyherbal drug extract.
Conclusion
Presence of alkaloids and anthocyanins that have PTP 1B inhibitory activity showed that the polyherbal drug is a potential medicine for managing diabetes.
Hysteresis in ocean heat uptake prevents polar climate reversibility in HadGEM3-GC3.1-LL climate model.
Authors: Ridley Jeff , Ringer Mark , Blockley Edward 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

The reversibility of climate change has seen much discussion – in particular through consideration of scenarios that overshoot a warming target before being cooled through carbon sequestration. The uptake of heat into the deep ocean during warming can result in hysteresis of global and local climate when warming is reversed. The impact of ocean heat uptake on climate reversibility can be efficiently investigated using idealised abrupt transition from pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 to four times pre-industrial levels followed by abrupt transitions back to pre-industrial. New multi-centennial simulations are undertaken, using the HadGEM3-GC3.1-LL climate model, in which abrupt transitions to pre-industrial conditions are simulated after 25, 100, 250 and 1000 years from the start of the existing instantaneous 4xCO2 CMIP6 experiment. These simulations result in increasing amount of heat being input to the ocean before releasing it during the cooling phase. We show that the loss of heat from the ocean in the cooling phase is slower than the heat uptake during warming, with the climate stabilising to an equilibrium state warmer than pre-industrial. During the warm state the Arctic undergoes Atlantification and, after the cooling phase, returns to an equilibrium state with greater poleward transport of Atlantic water. The Southern Ocean becomes more isolated from the global system during warming and takes up considerable local heat which is vented through sustained deep convection on cooling. In neither polar region does the sea ice return to its pre-industrial state, and thus we find that the climate system is not reversible for high warming levels. This will have implications for climate overshoot in the real world if warming is not controlled.
PDCD4 Inhibition Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by regulating Spinal Autophagy and neuroinflammation
Authors: Zhang Ting , Qi Le , Sun Kai , Huan Xiang , Zhang Hao , Zhou Meiyan , Wang Liwei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Neuropathic pain is still a clinical challenge. Inflammatory responses and autophagy in the spinal cord are important mechanisms for the occurrence and maintain of neuropathic pain. PDCD4 is an important molecule that regulates inflammatory responses and autophagy. However, the regulatory role of PDCD4 is unknown in pain modulation. In this study we found that the expression of PDCD4 in the spinal cord of CCI mice was increased. Inhibition of PDCD4 by intrathecal injection of adeno-associated virus alleviated neuropathic pain and enhanced autophagy in CCI mice, and inhibited the activation of MAPK pathway and glia, as well as the expression of inflammatory factors. Intrathecal injection of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA reversed PDCD4 inhibition induced pain relief and change of autophagy. Our results indicate that spinal cord inhibition of PDCD4 alleviates pain sensitization in neuropathic pain mice, and PDCD4 may be developed into a therapeutic target.
Stereotactic Core Ablative Radiation Therapy (SCART) - principal and practice of a novel strategy to treat bulky tumor
Authors: Yang Jun , yan Weisi , Lu Qiuxia , Li Yuan , Han Liangfu , Wang Lei , Qi Weihua , Yuan Jie , Chen Bingguang , Wang Brian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Purpose: Bulky tumor is a challenge to surgery, chemotherapy, and conventional radiation therapy. In this study, we propose a novel therapeutic paradigm using the strategy of Stereotactic Core Ablative Radiation Therapy (SCART), which delivers an ablative dose to a large core of the bulky tumor and a relative low dose at tumor periphery.
Methods and Materials: We pre-defined SCART-treatment volume (STV) at the core of bulky gross tumor volume (GTV) and irradiated with ablative dose. The remaining GTV surrounding STV was defined as Transitional Treatment Volume (TTV). SCART planning process was standardized. Linac-based VMAT, Cyberknife technique, and 6MV photon were adopted. Numerous radiation fields passed TTV, intersected within STV, and generated an ultra-heterogeneous dose distribution, including an ablative dose at STV. The dose quickly fell off at TTV and reached a low and safe level at the edge of GTV, sparing the surrounding tissue.
Results:
In Phase 1 trial, 19 patients with 21 biopsy-proven recurrent or metastatic bulky tumors were enrolled. The five dose levels were 15Gy X1, 15Gy X3, 18GyX3, 21GyX3, and 24GyX3; the GTV’s peripheral dose was limited at 5Gy per fraction. All patients completed treatment with average beam-on time of 8.9min and average treatment time of 18.5min. Mean follow-up time is 15.4 month. No grade-III or higher toxicity was observed. 7/19 patients still survive, with the overall survival of 40% at 30 months. Mean tumor volume shrinks by 60% between initial 301cc and post-SCART volumes of 118cc. Long follow-up showed that 14/21 tumors achieved PR, 2/21 CR, 3/21 SD, and 1/21 PD, leading to an encouraging local control of 95%.
Conclusion:
SCART emerges as a safe and effective strategy for treating bulky malignant tumors, demonstrating excellent local control and overall survival. Multiple treatment courses were feasible. The results from phase-1 study suggest that SCART could revolutionize the treatment landscape for bulky tumors, offering a promising avenue for further exploration and application in clinical practice.
Nutritional Assessment of Food Aid Delivered to Gaza by land and air drops, during the 2024 War
Authors: Fliss-Isakov Naomi , Nitzan Dorit , Magnazi Moran Blaychfeld , Mendlovic Joseph , Preis Sharon Alroy , Twig Gilad , Troen Aron M. , Endevelt Ronit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
The continuing Gaza-Israel war puts the civilian population in Gaza at risk of food and nutrition insecurity. We aimed to assess the nutritional content of the humanitarian food aid supplied to Gaza. We assembled and analyzed data on the quantity of food aid delivered to the Gaza Strip, and analyzed its compliance with population needs, as established by Sphere international humanitarian guidelines.
Methods
We obtained the registry of all food aid delivered to Gaza via air drops and land crossings between January - April 2024 from Israel’s Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT). For every truck or airdrop of food, we categorized, quantified, and assessed the nutrient composition of individual food items. We then summed the energy, protein, fat, and iron content of all shipments, and calculated supply per capita per day, according to the size of Gaza’s population. Finally, we compared the findings to the Sphere standards for food security and nutrition in conflict-affected populations.
Results
Between January and April 2024, 14,916 trucks conveying 227,854 tons, and 95 airdrops weighing 3,694 tons of food entered Gaza. On average, 3,729 food trucks per month entered Gaza, with a continuous increase of 431 trucks per month since January. Between January and April, the overall weight of food shipments increased by 57%. Food group diversity increased. The crude mean per capita per day energy supplied was 3,374 kcal, protein was 101 gr (12.1% of energy), fat was 80.6 gr (21.5% of energy), and iron was 25.2 mg. Energy, protein, and fat amounts exceed Sphere recommendations. Although the amount of iron supplied improved over time, it remained lower than the Sphere standard.
Conclusions
Of the four pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability - this study focuses on the availability pillar. The quantity and quality of food aid delivered to Gaza have steadily improved since January 2024 and supply sufficient energy, protein, and fat for the population’s needs. In addition to monitoring the quality and quantity of food available to Gaza, reliable data on food distribution and population access will be necessary for securing the civilian population’s nutrition.