bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘ICH WOLLTE MEINE UNSCHULD ENDLICH LOSWERDEN’: THE SUBVERSION OF WILHELMINE GENDER NORMS IN FRANK WEDEKIND'S FRANZISKA
Authors: Navratil Michael 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTFrank Wedekind's late play Franziska (1912) has long been read primarily as a female version of the Faust myth. I argue that it is more fruitful to regard Franziska as a critical elaboration of predominant gender norms of the Wilhelmine era. Central issues that are at stake in the play include the discussion of the possibility of marriage, the natural differences between the sexes, the gender discourse of post‐idealist philosophy, censorship of discussions related to the topic of sexuality and patriarchal imaginings of gender‐related features. Setting Franziska in its socio‐historical context will expose the play's subversive potential and enable a new evaluation of its significance within Wedekind's œuvre.
Immunohistochemical study of the autophagy marker microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 in normal and steatotic human livers
Authors: Kashima Jumpei , Shintani‐Ishida Kaori , Nakajima Makoto , Maeda Hideyuki , Unuma Kana , Uchiyama Yasuo , Yoshida Ken‐ichi 
Published: June 2013

AimAutophagy has been implicated in lipid droplet (LD) turnover. Adipose differentiation‐related protein (ADRP) and microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) monitor LD and autophagosomes, respectively. We examined whether immunohistochemical staining of ADRP and LC3 can monitor LD and autophagy, and if so, whether autophagy is related to LD turnover in post‐mortem human livers.MethodsWe performed conventional immunohistochemistry of LC3 in paraffin‐embedded human livers with different severities of steatosis, obtained at autopsy. Double immunofluorescence microscopy using anti‐LC3 and anti‐ADRP antibodies was performed to elucidate the relationship between autophagy and LD turnover.ResultsLC3 immunohistochemistry reproducibly delineated puncta in normal human livers, which were preferentially located around the central venal zone. The extent of LC3 immunostaining reduced with progressing steatosis. Double immunofluorescence for ADRP and LC3 demonstrated an inverse relationship between ADRP positive areas and LC3 positive areas, as well as the co‐localization of ADRP and LC3 on a part of small LD but not large LD.ConclusionThese findings suggest that impaired autophagy promotes steatosis and that autophagy may be implicated in LD turnover.
Differential gene hypermethylation in genital lichen sclerosus and cancer: a comparative study
Authors: Guerrero‐Setas David , Pérez‐Janices Noemí , Ojer Amaya , Blanco‐Fernandez Laura , Guarch‐Troyas Carmen , Guarch Rosa 
Published: June 2013

AimsLichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the genital skin of unknown aetiology. The role of LS in penile squamous cell carcinogenesis is not well characterized. HPV has been implicated in both, as have epigenetic changes. The presence of HPV and hypermethylation of the MGMT, p16, RASSF1, RASSF2, TSLC1 and TSP1 genes were studied in penile LS; MGMT, RASSF2 and TSLC1 hypermethylation in penile cancer and TSLC1 hypermethylation in vulvar LS and cancer extends previous results reported by our group.Methods and resultsThirty‐seven HPV genotypes and hypermethylation were evaluated by PCR/reverse‐line‐blot and methylation‐specific PCR respectively, in 27 preputial LS, 24 penile SCC, 30 vulvar SCC, 21 vulvar LS and 22 normal skin cases. HPV66 was present in 3.7% of penile LS cases, and p16 and RASSF2 hypermethylation were more frequent in penile cancer than in penile LS. p16, RASSF1, RASSF2 and TSP1 hypermethylation were similar in penile and vulvar LS.ConclusionsGene hypermethylation is a common event in penile LS, and occurs approximately as frequently as in vulvar LS. Certain genes can be hypermethylated as an early or late event in LS or cancer, respectively. This suggests a possible sequential role for these alterations in the transition from benign to malignant lesions.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of MYC expression in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Oberley Matthew J , Rajguru Saurabh A , Zhang Chong , Kim KyungMann , Shaw Gene R , Grindle Kreg M , Kahl Brad S , Kanugh Craig , Laffin Jennifer , Yang David T 
Published: June 2013

AimTo assess the validity and potential clinical utility of evaluating MYC expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).Methods and resultsMYC IHC was scored on a tissue microarray containing 62 MCLs and 29 controls by two pathologists. Inter‐observer correlation was high (intra‐class correlation of 0.98). MYC IHC scores correlated with MYC expression (Spearman's rank correlation 0.69, P < 0.0001) and weakly with Ki67 proliferation index (Spearman's rank correlation 0.30, P = 0.03). Six blastic MCLs did not have higher mean MYC IHC scores or MYC mRNA expression than non‐blastic MCLs. None of 57 cases assessed, including all of the blastic cases, showed MYC rearrangement by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization. Multivariate analysis with backward selection from potential predictors including age, lactate dehydrogenase, leukocyte count, MIPI score, ECOG performance status, blastic morphology and Ki67 index showed that MYC IHC score is an independent predictor of progression‐free survival (hazard ratio 2.34, 95% CI 1.42–3.88, P = 0.0009) and overall survival (hazard ratio 1.90, 95% CI 1.05–3.43, P = 0.034).ConclusionsWe show that a new monoclonal anti‐MYC antibody can enable accurate and reproducible visual assessment of MYC expression that is independently predictive of clinical outcomes in MCL.
High Mobility of Polish Women: The Ethnographic Inquiry of Barcelona
Authors: Main Izabella 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article analyses migration narratives of a small group of Polish female “repeat migrants” currently residing in Barcelona. Before settling there they lived in at least three other countries. I argue that repeat migrants experience many challenges: learning multiple languages, integrating into multiple labour markets, building multiple social networks, and adapting to cultural contexts. I asked whether these challenges have resulted in increased integration in the host societies or integration into international expatriate communities. The main findings are that the two main subgroups were 1) women who adapted well to life in Barcelona because of their Catalan partners and 2) women with international partners who tended to live in clusters of internationals. Polish immigrant women in my fieldwork perceived themselves as outsiders unless they quickly learned Spanish and Catalan. I also argue that the availability of different kinds of Urry's mobilities might influence and facilitate decisions on becoming more mobile.
HIV‐1 neutralizing antibodies: understanding nature's pathways
Authors: Mascola John R. , Haynes Barton F. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe development of an effective vaccine has been hindered by the enormous diversity of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) and its ability to escape a myriad of host immune responses. In addition, conserved vulnerable regions on the HIV‐1 envelope glycoprotein are often poorly immunogenic and elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses (BNAbs) in a minority of HIV‐1‐infected individuals and only after several years of infection. All of the known BNAbs demonstrate high levels of somatic mutations and often display other unusual traits, such as a long heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDRH3) and autoreactivity that can be limited by host tolerance controls. Nonetheless, the demonstration that HIV‐1‐infected individuals can make potent BNAbs is encouraging, and recent progress in isolating such antibodies and mapping their immune pathways of development is providing new strategies for vaccination.
miRNAs and HIV: unforeseen determinants of host‐pathogen interaction
Authors: Swaminathan Sanjay , Murray Daniel D. , Kelleher Anthony D. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryOur understanding of the complexity of gene regulation has significantly improved in the last decade as the role of small non‐coding RNAs, called microRNAs (miRNAs), has been appreciated. These 19–22 nucleotide RNA molecules are critical regulators of mRNA translation and turnover. The miRNAs bind via a protein complex to the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of mRNA, ultimately leading to mRNA translational inhibition, degradation, or repression. Although many mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infection eventually induces catastrophic immune destruction have been elucidated, the important role that miRNAs play in HIV‐1 pathogenesis is only now emerging. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that changes to endogenous miRNA levels following infection is important: in maintaining HIV‐1 latency in resting CD4+ T cells, potentially affect immune function via changes to cytokines such as interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and IL‐10 and may predict disease progression. We review the roles that both viral and host miRNAs play in different cell types and disease conditions that are important in HIV‐1 infection and discuss how miRNAs affect key immunomodulatory molecules contributing to immune dysfunction. Further, we discuss whether miRNAs may be used as novel biomarkers in serum and the potential to modulate miRNA levels as a unique approach to combating this pathogen.
HIV‐associated chronic immune activation
Authors: Paiardini Mirko , Müller‐Trutwin Michaela 
Published: June 2013

SummarySystemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4+ T‐cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV‐infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti‐retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4+ T‐cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4+ T‐cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to ‘show AIDS the door’, and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.
Dendritic cell dysregulation during HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Miller Elizabeth , Bhardwaj Nina 
Published: June 2013

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are a diverse subset of innate immune cells that are key regulators of the host response to human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infection. HIV‐1 directly and indirectly modulates DC function to hinder the formation of effective antiviral immunity and fuel immune activation. This review focuses upon the differential dysregulation of myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) at various stages of HIV‐1 infection providing insights into pathogenesis. HIV‐1 evades innate immune sensing by mDCs resulting in suboptimal maturation, lending to poor generation of antiviral adaptive responses and contributing to T‐regulatory cell (Treg) development. Dependent upon the stage of HIV‐1 infection, mDC function is altered in response to Toll‐like receptor ligands, which further hinders adaptive immunity and limits feasibility of therapeutic vaccine strategies. pDC interactions with HIV‐1 are pleotropic, modulating immune responses on an axis between immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive. pDCs promote immune activation through an altered phenotype of persistent type I interferon secretion and weak antigen presentation capacity. Conversely, HIV‐1 stimulates secretion of indolemine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) by pDCs resulting in Treg induction. An improved understanding of the roles and underlying mechanisms of DC dysfunction will be valuable to the development of therapeutics to enhance HIV‐specific adaptive responses and to dampen immune activation.
Immune interventions in HIV infection
Authors: Carcelain Guislaine , Autran Brigitte 
Published: June 2013

SummaryImmune‐based therapy (IBT) interventions have found a window of opportunity within some limitations of the otherwise successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Two major paradigms drove immunotherapeutic research to combat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. First, IBTs were proposed either to help restore CD4+ T‐cell counts in cases of therapeutic failures with cytokines, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) or IL‐7, or to better control HIV and disease progression during treatment interruptions with anti‐HIV therapeutic candidate vaccines. The most widely used candidates were HIV‐recombinant live vector‐based alone or combined with other vaccine compounds and dendritic cell (DC) therapies. A more recent and current paradigm aims at achieving HIV cure by combining IBT with cART using either cytokines to reactivate virus production in latently infected cells and/or therapeutic immunization to boost HIV‐specific immunity in a ‘shock and kill’ strategy. This review summarizes the rationale, hopes, and mechanisms of successes and failures of these cytokine‐based and vaccine‐based immune interventions. Results from these first series of IBTs have been so far somewhat disappointing in terms of clinical relevance, but have provided lessons that are discussed in light of the future combined strategies to be developed toward an HIV cure.
Plasma Processing of B4C–TiB2 Eutectic Composite Powders
Authors: White Ryan M. , Kunkle Jamie M. , Haines Chris , Dickey Elizabeth C. 
Published: June 2013

The production of a composite powder of eutectic B4C–TiB2 is demonstrated via an atmospheric plasma processing method. Feedstock material is prepared for plasma processing by mixing and spray drying monolithic B4C and TiB2 to produce a flowable precursor powder. These powders are fed through a plasma torch, where they are melted and actively quenched in flight with argon gas. Plasma processed powders are composed of crystalline B4C and TiB2, with some additional B2O3 oxide phase. The plasma processing method results in the production of monolithic B4C and TiB2 nanoparticles, but some larger particles (generally ≥10 μm in diameter) are shown to contain the traditional lamellar eutectic microstructure. The eutectic interphase spacing ranges from 100 to 650 nm, and the composite microstructure is present through the entire thickness of the eutectic particles. Future work on plasma processing of eutectic powders should focus on methods utilizing passive in‐flight quenching to increase the average particle size.
Carbon Mobility in SiOC/HfO2 Ceramic Nanocomposites
Authors: Nonnenmacher Katharina , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Rohrer Jochen , Ionescu Emanuel , Riedel Ralf 
Published: June 2013

Silicon oxycarbide/hafnia (SiOC/HfO2) ceramic nanocomposites were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) upon isothermal annealing at 1300°C for 1–200 h. TEM investigations in conjunction with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed a pronounced reduction in the local carbon content in close proximity to internal surfaces. Such small microcracks are a consequence of the polymer‐to‐ceramic transition and, hence, are commonly formed upon thermal annealing. The profiles of the carbon content between surface and bulk were analyzed employing error functions to yield carbon diffusivities.
Glass‐Forming Dynamics of Aluminophosphate Melts Studied by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Tran Tri D. , Sidebottom David L. 
Published: June 2013

The dynamic structure factor of a series of sodium aluminophosphate melts has been measured using photon correlation spectroscopy. These melts consist of oxide networks that undergo a uniform increase in the lattice connectivity (per structural unit) from 〈n〉 = 2 to 〈n〉 ≈ 2.8 with the addition of alumina. Characteristics of the main viscoelastic relaxation (its shape parameter β and fragility m) were evaluated and the fragility is seen to decrease in a manner identical with that reported previously for both chalcogenide and sodium phosphate melts. To explain this common dependence on connectivity, we turn to the bond lattice model and simulations that indicate a direct proportionality between fragility and the excess entropy gained in the removal of a lattice constraint. We propose that the variation in the fragility with lattice connectivity might be decomposed into two regimes. In the first regime at 〈n〉 < 2.4, the linear decrease in m with 〈n〉 is argued to reflect a decreasing configurational entropy associated with the formation of covalent crosslinks between polymer‐like chains that vanishes in the vicinity of the rigidity threshold. In the second regime at 〈n〉 > 2.4, we speculate that the variation in m with 〈n〉 results from a weaker, vibrational contribution to the entropy.
Testing and extending the triple match principle in the nursing profession: a generational perspective on job demands, job resources and strain at work
Authors: Lavoie‐Tremblay Melanie , Trépanier Sarah‐Geneviève , Fernet Claude , Bonneville‐Roussy Arielle 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimThe Triple Match Principle offers insight into the interactive interplay between job demands and job resources in the prediction of work‐related strain. The aim of this article was to examine the interplay among job demands, job resources and strain in the nursing profession (the Triple Match Principle) and to gain insight into potential generational differences by investigating generation as a moderator of that interplay.BackgroundNo research has been done to evaluate generational differences in the Triple Match Principle. In a context of nursing shortages, it seems important to examine the relevance of the Triple Match Principle with respect to different generations of nurses.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsA total of 1254 public healthcare sector nurses in Quebec, Canada, completed a questionnaire in the autumn of 2010. The questionnaire was used to assess cognitive, emotional and physical job demands and resources; psychological distress; psychosomatic complaints; and turnover intention.ResultsThe results supported the Triple Match Principle and showed that job resources were more likely to buffer the effect of job demands on strain as the degree of match in qualitative dimension among demands, resources and strain increased (33·3% of triple‐match interactions, 22·22% of double‐match interactions and 16·67% non‐match interactions were significant). Moreover, generation played a key role in this interplay, as it increased the number of significant qualitative interactions among job demands, job resources and strain.ConclusionsThe results underscore the necessity of providing adequate job resources tailored to the specific job demands nurses face, to counteract the negative effects of those demands.
Divergent lineages in two species of Dendrobium orchids (D. speciosum and D. tetragonum) correspond to major geographical breaks in eastern Australia
Authors: Burke Jacinta M. , Ladiges Pauline Y. , Batty Erin L. , Adams Peter B. , Bayly Michael J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimWe investigated genetic divergence among two widespread eastern Australian orchids (Dendrobium sect. Dendrocoryne): Dendrobium speciosum and Dendrobium tetragonum. These orchids are endemic to mesic habitats, with distributional ranges that cross major geographical breaks associated with deep divergences in various fauna. We compared the biogeography of these orchids with other taxa and tested for congruence of divergence date estimations.LocationEastern Australia, latitude 14° S to 34° S.MethodsPhylogenetic relationships within each species were estimated using maximum parsimony based on sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the psbA–trnH spacer region of plastid DNA. Divergence dates were inferred by Bayesian relaxed‐clock dating, calibrated on an early Miocene macrofossil, Dendrobium winikaphyllum from New Zealand.ResultsDeep divergences were revealed within each species. Dendrobium speciosum includes three major geographical clades (deepest 2.6% ITS divergence): a northern Queensland clade, which occurs mainly to the north of the Black Mountain Corridor (BMC) in the Wet Tropics; a central Queensland clade; and a southern clade related to the central clade and separated from it by a dry corridor, the St Lawrence Gap (SLG). The central and northern lineages show overlap near the BMC. Divergence in this area is estimated to date from the Pliocene, possibly late Miocene, 4.3 (2.0–6.9) Ma, and at the SLG in the early Pleistocene, possibly late Pliocene, 2.0 (0.6–3.8) Ma. Dendrobium tetragonum also includes two clades, deeply divergent (3%) at the SLG, estimated as Pliocene in age but possibly latest Miocene, 3.7 (1.8–5.9) Ma.Main conclusionsDendrobium orchids reveal significant divergence associated with geographical breaks in eastern Australia, the SLG and BMC, patterns broadly concordant with findings for fauna. We infer that divergences were driven by topographical and climatic conditions, with contraction and fragmentation of mesic biomes during periods of drying in the late Neogene.
Ablation Effect Indicated by Impedance Fall is Correlated with Contact Force Level During Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: DE BORTOLI ALESSANDRO , SUN LI‐ZHI , SOLHEIM EIVIND , HOFF PER IVAR , SCHUSTER PETER , OHM OLE‐JøRGEN , CHEN JIAN 
Published: June 2013

Contact Force Correlates with Impedance Fall During AblationIntroductionPrevious studies have validated the use of impedance fall as a measure of the effects of ablation. We investigated whether catheter‐to‐tissue contact force correlated with impedance fall during atrial fibrillation ablation.Methods and ResultsA total of 394 ablation points from 35 patients who underwent atrial fibrillation ablation were selected and analyzed in terms of the presence of stable catheter contact in non‐ablated areas in the left atrium. A fixed power output (30 W) was applied for 60 seconds. Contact force, impedance fall, and force‐direction angle were retrieved and exported for off‐line analysis. Qualified points were divided into 5 groups according to the level of contact force (1–5 g, 6–10 g, 11–15 g, 16–20 g, and >20 g). An acute impedance fall was observed in the first 10 seconds followed by a plateau in group I and by a further fall in the other groups. Group V showed a rise in impedance during the last 20 seconds of ablation. Levels of impedance fall at each time point were significantly different among all the groups (P<0.001) except between groups III and IV. There was a significant correlation between contact force and maximum impedance fall (rho = 0.54, P<0.01). Lesions with a force‐direction angle of 0–30° had significantly lower contact force and maximum impedance fall than those with angles of 30–60° and 60–135° (P<0.01).ConclusionsUnder stable catheter conditions, contact force correlates with impedance fall during 60 seconds of ablation. Contact force exceeding 5 g produces greater impedance fall, which probably indicates adequate lesion formation. A contact force greater than 20 g may lead to late tissue overheating.