bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Corrosion Resistance Of 200 and 300 Series Stainless Steels In Chemical Manufacturing Processes★
Authors: HAMSTEAD A. C. , VAN DELINDER L. S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Data are presented showing the comparative corrosion resistance of several experimental heats and of two commercial heats of AISI 200 series chromium-nickel-manganese steels with the 18-8 chromium-nickel steels (300 series) in a variety of chemical manufacturing processes.
Results of this preliminary comparison have indicated that the chromium-nickel-manganese alloys may be utilized in a number of chemical services where the higher nickel compositions (18-8 steels) are now used. Some environments were encountered in chemical plant processes in which the chromium-nickel-manganese steels in the annealed condition were more corrosion resistant than the 300 series (Types 304 and 316).
In some of the plant processes tested, it was found that in the sensitized condition (1-hour at 1200 F), the susceptibility of the commercial heats of 201 and 202 to intergranular attack was greater than that of the 18-8 chromium-nickel steels. 6.25
Evaluation of Steam Resistant Coatings For Carbon Steel Hospital Ware★
Authors: BOBALEK E. G. , PARK W. R. R. , BELL E. G. , DAWSON W. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Steam exposure presents the most severe environment for producing blistering failure of synthetic resin coatings. Conflicting evidence has been presented over the past several years regarding the performance of modern coatings in preventing the corrosion of steel in steam exposure. Tests were made to determine the feasibility of replacing stainless steel hospital ware with coated carbon steel ware. In this connection an experimental survey was made by panel testing more than 120 commercial coatings representing about 25 different chemical types over a variety of surface treatments. Tabular comparisons were made regarding the relative worth of different types of coatings. It was found that coated mild steel could not be regarded as an adequate substitute for stainless alloys in the manufacture of sterilizers. It was discovered, though, that a number of coating types, properly applied, could withstand 500 hours or more exposure to 250 F steam. 5.4.8
Laboratory Methods for Determining Corrosion Rates Under Heat Flux Conditions★
Authors: FISHER A. O. , WHITNEY F. L 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Laboratory techniques for testing the effect of heat flux and skin temperatures upon corrosion rates of 316 stainless steel, steel and cast iron in various environments are described. Advantages and disadvantages with supporting evidence are given for three practical approaches to this fundamental study in the laboratory.
Based on the data obtained, skin temperature rather than heat flux has been found to be the controlling factor in the corrosive environments investigated. Heat removed from the corroding surface through agitation and/or other methods appears to be the most practical means of increasing heat flux input without excessively increasing corrosion rate.
Preliminary results indicate the superiority of these techniques over the customary immersion tests for obtaining corrosion data involving heat transfer conditions. Continued research on these methods should eventually lead to the development of limiting skin temperatures for various metals in specific environments. Practical application of the data should form a sound basis for predicting plant corrosion rates in heat transfer equipment. 2.3.7
Evaluating The Economy of Reconditioning And Coating Underground Steel Pipe★
Authors: PEMBERTON GEORGE M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
By carefully selecting pipe for reconditioning, and accurately determining the time required for spot welding, the cost per foot for reconditioning an underground bare steel gas pipe line can be predicted. A method is developed to show that the economy of the total operation is related to this and other easily determined costs. A description of welding and wax coating methods used for an actual job is included with photographs, charts and graphs. 1.2.2
Stress Corrosion Crack Paths in Alpha Aluminum Bronze In Ammonia and Steam Atmospheres
Authors: KLEMENT J. F. , MAERSCH R. E. , TULLY P. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The investigation presented illustrates the importance of analyzing stress corrosion crack paths, and the interpretation of the crack paths with respect to alloys and corrosive media. Testing involved alpha aluminum bronze alloys of 5–8 percent Al content exposed to ammonia and steam atmospheres, while stressed to about 80 percent of the yield strength. The various crack paths obtained are illustrated in micrographs, and the reasons for the different types of crack paths are associated with factors such as equilibrium grain boundary segregation and the chemical attack of segregated solute elements by corrosive agents. The results of the investigation are discussed in terms of analyzing causes of field failures. Examples of processing considerations to minimize failures are cited. 3.2.2
Corrosion Protection Features Of the Hyperion Ocean Outfall★
Authors: KEELING HARRY J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Details are presented on the planning, design and installation of corrosion protection facilities to provide 100-year design life for a 7-mile, 22-inch steel pipe sewer outfall, the outer end of which is in ocean water 340 feet deep. The outfall serves the sewerage systems of Los Angeles and 16 other adjacent municipalities.
An impressed current cathodic protection system is used to protect the exterior of the pipe which is wrapped with a multiple-layer coal tar coating reinforced with glass fiber with bonded impregnated asbestos felt shield. A reinforced pneumatically applied cement mortar jacket provides negative buoyancy. Interior is protected by centrifugally-spun mortar lining with epoxy sleeves at welded tie-in joints.
Because of the depth of water in which the pipe was to be placed several novel features were necessary. Cathodic protection was applied continuously during installation by the use of zinc anodes. This system was monitored to detect any serious coating holiday before the pipe was laid in deep water. Permanent test leads also were attached to the pipe so performance of the impressed current system could be checked, continuously.
After 1½ years' operation there has been very little change in effective coating resistance, a pipe potential of —1.05 volts versus a copper/copper sulfate electrode being maintained with consumption of about 150 ma. 5.2.3
Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel In Concrete in Marine Atmospheres★
Authors: LEWIS D. A. , COPENHAGEN W. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Where a reinforced concrete structure is exposed to a marine atmosphere, serious corrosion of the reinforcing steel sometimes takes place within a relatively short time and the concrete cover round the reinforcing is spalled off.
This phenomenon, examples of which are described, constitutes a major problem in South Africa, particularly in coastal areas. No exhaustive work on this particular subject is described in the literature and because of the nature of concrete, conventional methods of corrosion prevention find little direct application.
The reaction proceeds by electro-chemical mechanisms whose emf's derive from differences in pH, aeration or other factors but whose severity is influenced mainly by presence of sodium chloride in the concrete.
Accelerated corrosion tests in a salt spray cabinet using steel reinforced mortar specimens indicated that factors of considerable significance are cover to the steel, protective coatings to the mortar, and the curing, cement content and water cement ratio of the mortar. The effects of these variables in the corrosion of the steel are discussed.
A comprehensive series of both accelerated and natural exposures of reinforced concrete specimens in progress is outlined. 6.6.5
Cathodic Protection of Lead Cable Sheath★
Authors: BRUCKNER W. H. , JANSSON OLE G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The paper describes the results of laboratory tests with gradient lead cathodes in environments of high pH level. By observation of the corrosion limit and corresponding potential it was possible to define the cathodic protection requirements for permanence of metallic lead as a function of the pH of the environment. The increment of cathodic potential required for interface protection of partially immersed lead cathodes was also defined for laboratory test cells. The effects of overprotection and of a soil barrier to diffusion are shown in the paper to increase the susceptibility of the lead system to corrosion loss during periods of minimum current supply.
The instability of a lead electrode was evident in attempts to measure static potentials except under precisely controlled conditions not obtainable in the field. It was recommended, therefore, that potentials in the field be obtained with other standards than the lead electrode. 5.2.4
Stress Corrosion Crocking of Oil Country Tubular Goods★
Authors: McGLASSON R. L. , GREAT HOUSE W. D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking as encountered in oil production is discussed as two problems: sulfide corrosion cracking and sweet corrosion cracking. Brief review of the literature is included.
A new test method is given which uses a notched ring loaded to different percentages of yield deformation. Also includes simple polished beam specimen test methods. Tabular data is given on hardness, applied stress and time-to-failure obtained in a saturated H2S-brine system using J-55 and N-80 steels. Concludes that any steel will suffer sulfide corrosion cracking above given hardness limits and that these limits depend on applied stress.
Tests to reproduce failures in sweet systems are reported. Conclusion is drawn that sweet cracking failures are sulfide cracking at low H2S concentrations and that time-to-failure is an inverse function of the H2S concentration. 3.2.2
Prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among multi-transfused Egyptian thalassemic patients
Authors: Mansour Ahmed Kamel , Aly Rabab Mahfouz , Abdelrazek Sohier Yahia , Elghannam Doaa Mahmoud , Abdelaziz Sherin Mohamed , Shahine Dina Abdalhalim , Elmenshawy Nadia Mohamed , Darwish Ahmad Mohamad 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Though regular blood transfusion improves the overall survival of patients with β-thalassemia, it carries a definite risk of infection with blood-borne viruses. The present study was carried out to estimate the real frequency of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among Egyptian β-thalassemic patients, and determine the infection-associated risk factors in these patients.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
A prospective study conducted in a university hospital from January 2009 to January 2010.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Two hundred patients with β-thalassemia major were enrolled in this study. using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), their sera were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis C core antigen (anti-HBc), and HCV antibody (HCV Ab). The positive HCV AB results were confirmed by second generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA).

RESULTS:
The study sample consisted of 111 males and 89 females, with a median age of 13 years. Eighty-one (40.5%) patients were HCV Ab positive by ELISA and 39 (19.5) were anti-HCV positive By RIBA; 58 (29.0%) were HBsAg positive and 13 (6.5%) were anti-HBc positive. Older age, an increased number of transfusion units, and HBsAg seropositivity were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of HCV and HBV.

CONCLUSION:
The prevalence of HCV and HBV infections are very high among Egyptian β-thalassemic patients, which calls for a critical look into the prevailing transfusion practices and adoption of stricter donor selection criteria to decrease the incidence rate of both HCV and HBV infections effectively. Furthermore, there is a compressing need for the use of more specific and sensitive methods for HCV testing in Mansoura university Hospitals.
Quality-of-Care Outcomes in Vertical Relationships Between Physicians and Health Systems
Authors: Ianni Katherine M. , Sinaiko Anna D. , Curto Vilsa E. , Soto Mark , Rosenthal Meredith B. 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceVertical relationships (ownership, affiliations, joint contracting) between physicians and health systems are increasing in the US. Many proponents of vertical relationships argue that increased spending associated with consolidation is accompanied by improvements in quality of care.ObjectiveTo assess the association of vertical relationships between primary care physicians (PCPs) and large health systems and quality of care.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis stacked difference-in-differences study compared outcomes for patients whose attributed PCP entered a vertical relationship with a large system in 2015 or 2017 to patients whose PCP was either never or always in a vertical relationship with a large system from 2013 to 2017. Models account for differences between PCPs, patient characteristics, market concentration, and secular trends. Data were derived from the 2013 to 2017 Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database. The study population included commercially insured individuals attributed to a PCP in the Massachusetts Health Quality Partners’ Massachusetts Provider Database in 2013, 2015, or 2017. Analyses were conducted between January 2021 and January 2024.ExposurePCPs attributed to patients in the study entering a vertical relationship with a large health system in 2015 or 2017.Main Outcomes and MeasuresLow-value care utilization, posthospitalization follow-up, utilization among patients with ambulatory care–sensitive conditions, practice site visit fragmentation, and timeliness of specialty care.ResultsThe study population included 4 603 172 patient-year observations from 2013 to 2017. Among all patients in the study, 53.5% were female, 35.3% had any chronic condition, and the mean (SD) age was 38.9 (20.3) years. There was no association between vertical relationships and low-value care or ambulatory care–sensitive conditions utilization. A patient’s PCP entering a vertical relationship had no association with the probability of follow-up within 90 days of cancer diagnosis with any oncologist but was associated with a 7.34–percentage point (pp) (95% CI, 2.28-12.40; P = .01) increase in the probability of follow-up with an oncologist in the health system. Vertical relationships were associated with increased posthospitalization follow-up with a physician in the health system by 7.51 pp (95% CI, 2.96-12.06: P = .001) in the 2015 subgroup. PCP–health system vertical relationships were associated with a significant decrease in fragmentation of practice site visits of −1.05 pp (95% CI, −2.05 to 0.05; P = .04).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, vertical relationships between PCPs and large health systems were associated with patient steering and changes in care delivery processes, but not necessarily improvements in patient outcomes.
Surgical Repair vs Splenectomy in Patients With Severe Traumatic Spleen Injuries
Authors: Jakob Dominik A. , Müller Martin , Kolitsas Apostolos , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K. , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceThe spleen is often removed in laparotomy after traumatic abdominal injury, with little effort made to preserve the spleen.ObjectiveTo explore the association of surgical management (splenic repair vs splenectomy) with outcomes in patients with traumatic splenic injuries undergoing laparotomy and to determine whether splenic repair is associated with lower mortality compared with splenectomy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a trauma registry–based cohort study using the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database from January 2013 to December 2019. Participants included adult patients with severe splenic injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] grades 3-5) undergoing laparotomy after traumatic injury within 6 hours of admission. Data analysis was performed from April to August 2023.ExposuresSplenic repair vs splenectomy in patients with severe traumatic splenic injury.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Outcomes were compared using different statistical approaches, including 1:1 exact matching with consecutive conditional logistic regression analysis as the primary analysis and multivariable logistic regression, propensity score matching, and inverse-probability weighting as sensitivity analyses.ResultsA total of 11 247 patients (median [IQR] age, 35 [24-52] years; 8179 men [72.7%]) with a severe traumatic splenic injury undergoing laparotomy were identified. Of these, 10 820 patients (96.2%) underwent splenectomy, and 427 (3.8%) underwent splenic repair. Among patients who underwent an initial splenic salvage procedure, 23 (5.3%) required a splenectomy during the subsequent hospital stay; 400 patients with splenic preservation were matched with 400 patients who underwent splenectomy (matched for age, sex, hypotension, trauma mechanism, AIS spleen grade, and AIS groups [0-2, 3, and 4-5] for head, face, neck, thorax, spine, and lower and upper extremity). Mortality was significantly lower in the splenic repair group vs the splenectomy group (26 patients [6.5%] vs 51 patients [12.8%]). The association of splenic repair with lower mortality was subsequently verified by conditional regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9; P = .03). Multivariable logistic regression, propensity score matching, and inverse-probability weighting confirmed this association.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective cohort study, splenic repair was independently associated with lower mortality compared with splenectomy during laparotomy after traumatic splenic injury. These findings suggest that efforts to preserve the spleen might be indicated in selected cases of severe splenic injuries.
Improving Triboelectric Nanogenerators Performance Via Interface Tribological Optimization: A Review
Authors: Xiao Ke , Wang Wei , Wang Kaiqiang , Zhang Hanli , Dong Shaowen , Li Jinjin 
Published: August 2024

AbstractTriboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) represent a novel energy harvesting technology that combines contact electrification (CE) and electrostatic induction, rendering them a promising solution for self‐powering micro smart devices and addressing the energy crisis. At present, the efficiency and longevity of TENGs have been substantially improved through various methods. These advancements have overcome the limitations caused by interface friction, expanding the scalability and practical applications of TENGs. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that interface tribological optimization can simultaneously enhance electrical output performance and durability. This review will initially discuss the fundamental mechanism of TENGs and its profound connection with tribology. Subsequently, the optimization of interface tribology, encompassing structure design, surface modification, and lubricant utilization, will be comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects will be summarized.
Improvement of Contact Resistance and 3D Integration of 2D Material Field‐Effect Transistors Using Semi‐Metallic PtSe2 Contacts
Authors: Seo Jae Eun , Gyeon Minseung , Seok Jisoo , Youn Sukhyeong , Das Tanmoy , Kwon Seongdae , Kim Tae Soo , Lee Dae Kyu , Kwak Joon Young , Kang Kibum , Chang Jiwon 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this work, the potential of 2D semi‐metallic PtSe2 as source/drain (S/D) contacts for 2D material field‐effect‐transistors (FETs) through theoretical and experimental investigations, is explored. From the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, semi‐metallic PtSe2 can inject electrons and holes into MoS2 and WSe2, respectively, indicating the feasibility of PtSe2 contacts for both n‐ and p‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor FETs (n‐/p‐MOSFETs). Indeed, experimentally fabricated flake‐level MoS2 n‐MOSFETs and WSe2 p‐MOSFETs exhibit a significant reduction in contact resistance with semi‐metallic PtSe2 contacts compared to conventional Ti/Au contacts. To demonstrate the applicability for large‐area electronics, MoS2 n‐MOSFETs are fabricated with semi‐metallic PtSe2 contacts using chemical vapor deposition‐grown MoS2 and PtSe2 films. These devices exhibit outstanding performance metrics, including high on‐state current (≈10−7 A/µm) and large on/off ratio (>107). Furthermore, by employing these high‐performance MoS2 n‐MOSFETs, vertically stacked n‐MOS inverters are successfully demonstrated, suggesting that 3D integration of 2D material FETs is possible using semi‐metallic PtSe2 contacts.
Coaxial 3D Printing Scaffolds with Sequential Antibacterial and Osteogenic Functions to Effectively Repair Infected Mandibular Defects
Authors: Zhang Hui , Sun Huan , Zhang Linli , Zhang Boqing , Zhang Mei , Luo Zeyu , Tan Yi , Tang Rong , Sun Jianxun , Zhou Xuedong , Fan Yujiang , Zhang Xingdong , Zhao Zhihe , Zhou Changchun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractInfected mandibular defects pose a formidable challenge without an entirely satisfactory repair strategy. Here, a coaxial 3D printing scaffold comprising a shell loaded is dveloped with the antibiotic minocycline hydrochloride and a core wrapped with traditional Chinese medicine antler powers. This study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the scaffold in facilitating the repair of infected mandibular defects. In vitro investigations exhibit that this construct possesses a porous microstructure, exceptional mechanical properties, appropriate degradability, acceptable water absorption capacity, and satisfactory biocompatibility. Transcriptome analyses further reveal a notable upregulation of relevant genes and signaling pathways associated with cell activity, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. In vivo rat (Φ = 5 mm) and rabbit (5 mm × 4 mm × 10 mm) mandibular defect models confirm the scaffold's ability to sequentially regulate bone healing by suppressing infection and inflammation, followed by promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This advanced graft holds significant translational potential for infectious bone regeneration.
Imaging Local Effects of Voltage and Boron Doping on Spin Reversal in Antiferromagnetic Magnetoelectric Cr2O3 Thin Films and Devices
Authors: Erickson Adam , Shah Syed Qamar Abbas , Mahmood Ather , Buragohain Pratyush , Fescenko Ilja , Gruverman Alexei , Binek Christian , Laraoui Abdelghani 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChromia (Cr2O3) is a magnetoelectric oxide that permits voltage‐control of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) order, but it suffers technological constraints due to its low Néel Temperature (TN ≈307 K) and the need of a symmetry‐breaking applied magnetic field to achieve reversal of the Néel vector. Recently, boron (B) doping of Cr2O3 films led to an increase TN >400 K and allowed the realization of voltage magnetic‐field free controlled Néel vector rotation. Here, the impact of B doping is directly imaged on the formation of AFM domains in Cr2O3 thin films and elucidates the mechanism of voltage‐controlled manipulation of the spin structure using nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) scanning probe magnetometry. A stark reduction and thickness dependence of domain size in B‐doped Cr2O3 (B:Cr2O3) films is found, explained by the increased germ density, likely associated with the B doping. By reconstructing the surface magnetization from the NV stray‐field maps, a qualitative distinction between the undoped and B‐doped Cr2O3 films is found, manifested by the histogram distribution of the AFM ordering, that is, 180° domains for pure films, and 90° domains for B:Cr2O3 films. Additionally, NV imaging of voltage‐controlled B‐doped Cr2O3 devices corroborates the 90° rotation of the AFM domains observed in magnetotransport measurement.