bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Summer Diurnal Circulations over the Northwest United States
Authors: Brewer Matthew C. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
During the summer, strong surface heating combines with the terrain and land–water contrasts of the northwest United States to create a complex array of diurnal circulations. Though observational and modeling studies have described some of these circulations, advances in high-resolution numerical modeling allow for a more comprehensive and three-dimensional examination. To simulate typical summer conditions over the Pacific Northwest, 3-hourly Global Forecast System (GFS) model output for July and August 2009–11 was used to initialize and provide boundary conditions for a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model run. To ensure the realism of the simulation, it was compared to observations from a collection of days representing typical summer conditions. Generally, it was found that the simulated diurnal wind, relative humidity, and temperature were close to the observations. It is shown that regional diurnal circulations over the Pacific Northwest occur on a number of interacting scales, ranging from upslope/downslope winds on local terrain features to larger-scale circulations such as between the Pacific Ocean and the western Oregon and Washington interiors. Such multiscale diurnal circulations occur concurrently, with the interactions producing complex structures, several of which are described in this paper. Wind speeds in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and downstream of the major Cascade Mountain gaps reach maxima between 2100 and 2400 local daylight time (LDT), while most other areas have peak winds earlier in the day. Localized nocturnal low-level wind maxima are described, including one over the northern Willamette Valley and another over the high plateau of eastern Oregon.
Simulation and gaming to promote health education: Results of a usability test
Authors: Albu Mihai , Atack Lynda , Srivastava Ishaan 
Published: May 2014

Objective: Motivating clients to change the health behaviour, and maintaining an interest in exercise programmes, is an ongoing challenge for health educators. With new developments in technology, simulation and gaming are increasingly being considered as ways to motivate users, support learning and promote positive health behaviours. The purpose of the present study was to develop an exercise simulation called BringItOn, which is targeted towards individuals who need to increase their physical activity for health, recovery or rehabilitation. BringItOn is a video-based simulation in which individuals use a Kinect system to capture their movements as they exercise. Design: A usability study was conducted to examine software ease of use and perceived usefulness. An expert heuristic evaluation was completed by a software engineer, and user testing was conducted using the think-aloud method, observation, survey and interviews. Results: The majority of participants were very enthusiastic about the exercise simulation’s potential to encourage exercise and activity. Three major benefits of the simulation were identified: (1) it promotes proper exercise technique; (2) individualised feedback similar to that received from a personal trainer was viewed as very motivating; (3) the software was ‘game like’, and made exercising fun. Conclusion: The simulation system has considerable potential as a component in an integrated rehabilitation programme for patients or as a health promotion activity for individuals. The results shed light on key components that health educators should look for in simulations if they hope to maximise user motivation and encourage a positive changes in health behaviour.
Immobilization of commercial inulinase on alginate–chitosan beads
Authors: Missau Juliano , Scheid Amir J , Foletto Edson L , Jahn Sergio L , Mazutti Marcio A , Kuhn Raquel C 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The commercial inulinase obtained from Aspergillus niger was effectively immobilized on alginate-chitosan beads which were hardened with glutaraldehyde. The immobilization conditions were studied using Plackett & Burmann experimental design and central composite rotational design (CCRD). The effects of chitosan, glutaraldehyde, sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations in order to obtain a better immobilization yield were optimized. In the Plackett & Burman experimental design, the sodium alginate and calcium chloride had a significant effect (p < 0.1), but only the calcium chloride showed a positive effect, indicating that as higher the concentration, better is the immobilization yield. In the central composite rotational design (CCRD), the best results were obtained in the central point, using sodium alginate (1% w/v) and calcium chloride (4% w/v) as conditions for inulinase immobilization. By the CCRD, the optimal immobilization strategy was: chitosan (0.1% w/v), glutaraldehyde (0.1% v/v), sodium alginate (1% w/v) and calcium chloride (4% w/v). In this condition, the enzyme loading capacity was 668 U/g gel beads and the effect of temperature on the immobilized enzyme activity was also evaluated, showing better activity at 50°C. The immobilized enzyme maintained 76% of its activity in six days at room temperature.
A 10-second fluid challenge guided by transthoracic echocardiography can predict fluid responsiveness
Authors: Wu Yunfan , Zhou Shusheng , Zhou Zhihua , Liu Bao 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
The accurate assessment of intravascular volume status for the therapy of severe hypovolemia and shock is difficult and critical to critically ill patients. Non-invasive evaluation of fluid responsiveness by the rapid infusion of a very limited amount of volume is an important clinical goal. This study aimed to test whether echocardiographic parameters could predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients following a low-volume (50-ml crystalloid solution) infusion over 10 seconds.

Methods
We prospectively studied 55 mechanically ventilated patients. Echocardiography was performed during a 50-ml infusion of crystalloid solution over 10 seconds and a further 450 ml over 15 minutes. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), aortic velocity time index (VTI), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were recorded. Patients were classified as responders (Rs) if CO increased by at least 15% following the 500-ml volume expansion or were classified as non-responders (NRs) if CO increased by less than 15%. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) compared CO variations after 50 ml over 10 seconds (∆CO50) and 500 ml over 15 minutes (∆CO500) and the variation of VTI after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds (∆VTI50).

Results
In total, 50 patients were enrolled, and 27 (54%) of them were Rs. General characteristics, LVEF, heart rate, and central venous pressure were similar between Rs and NRs. In the Rs group, the AUC for ∆CO50 was 0.95 ± 0.03 (P <0.01; best cutoff value, 6%; sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 91%). Moreover, ∆CO50 and ∆CO500 were strongly correlated (r = 0.87; P <0.01). The AUC for ∆VTI50 was 0.91 ± 0.04 (P <0.01; best cutoff value, 9%; sensitivity, 74%; specificity, 95%). ∆VTI50 and ∆CO500 were positively correlated (r = 0.72; P <0.01).

Conclusion
In critically ill patients, the variation of CO and VTI after the administration of 50-ml crystalloid solution over 10 seconds (∆CO50 and ∆VTI50) can accurately predict fluid responsiveness.

Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10524328. Registered 12 December 2013.
Multilevel competing risks in the evaluation of nosocomial infections: time to move on from proportional hazards and even from hazards altogether
Authors: Muñoz Alvaro , Mongilardi Nicole , Checkley William 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA competing risk is an event (for example, death in the ICU) that hinders the occurrence of an event of interest (for example, nosocomial infection in the ICU) and it is a common issue in many critical care studies. Not accounting for a competing event may affect how results related to a primary event of interest are interpreted. In the previous issue of Critical Care, Wolkewitz and colleagues extended traditional models for competing risks to include random effects as a means to quantify heterogeneity among ICUs. Reported results from their analyses based on cause-specific hazards and on sub-hazards of the cumulative incidence function were indicative of lack of proportionality of these hazards over time. Here, we argue that proportionality of hazards can be problematic in competing-risk problems and analyses must consider time by covariate interactions as a default. Moreover, since hazards in competing risks make it difficult to disentangle the effects of frequency and timing of the competing events, their interpretation can be murky. Use of mixtures of flexible and succinct parametric time-to-event models for competing risks permits disentanglement of the frequency and timing at the price of requiring stronger data and a higher number of parameters. We used data from a clinical trial on fluid management strategies for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome to support our recommendations.
Choice of transcripts and software has a large effect on variant annotation
Authors: McCarthy Davis J , Humburg Peter , Kanapin Alexander , Rivas Manuel A , Gaulton Kyle ,   The WGS500 Consortium, Cazier Jean-Baptiste , Donnelly Peter 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Background
Variant annotation is a crucial step in the analysis of genome sequencing data. Functional annotation results can have a strong influence on the ultimate conclusions of disease studies. Incorrect or incomplete annotations can cause researchers both to overlook potentially disease-relevant DNA variants and to dilute interesting variants in a pool of false positives. Researchers are aware of these issues in general, but the extent of the dependency of final results on the choice of transcripts and software used for annotation has not been quantified in detail.

Methods
This paper quantifies the extent of differences in annotation of 80 million variants from a whole-genome sequencing study. We compare results using the RefSeq and Ensembl transcript sets as the basis for variant annotation with the software Annovar, and also compare the results from two annotation software packages, Annovar and VEP (Ensembl’s Variant Effect Predictor), when using Ensembl transcripts.

Results
We found only 44% agreement in annotations for putative loss-of-function variants when using the RefSeq and Ensembl transcript sets as the basis for annotation with Annovar. The rate of matching annotations for loss-of-function and nonsynonymous variants combined was 79% and for all exonic variants it was 83%. When comparing results from Annovar and VEP using Ensembl transcripts, matching annotations were seen for only 65% of loss-of-function variants and 87% of all exonic variants, with splicing variants revealed as the category with the greatest discrepancy. Using these comparisons, we characterised the types of apparent errors made by Annovar and VEP and discuss their impact on the analysis of DNA variants in genome sequencing studies.

Conclusions
Variant annotation is not yet a solved problem. Choice of transcript set can have a large effect on the ultimate variant annotations obtained in a whole-genome sequencing study. Choice of annotation software can also have a substantial effect. The annotation step in the analysis of a genome sequencing study must therefore be considered carefully, and a conscious choice made as to which transcript set and software are used for annotation.
Lipopolysaccharide differentially affects the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through Toll-like receptor 4 mediated nuclear factor κB pathway
Authors: Li Chenghua , Li Bei , Dong Zhiwei , Gao Li , He Xiaoning , Liao Li , Hu Chenghu , Wang Qintao , Jin Yan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Periodontitis is initiated and sustained by bacteria. However, the mechanism of bacteria induced periodontitis is still unknown. We hypothesized that bacterial components can affect the functions of stem cells in the periodontium. In this study, we comparatively investigated the influence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the osteogenesis potential of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs).

Methods
Human PDLSCs and BMMSCs were harvested and mineralized nodule formation was assessed by alizarin red S staining. Expression level of osteogenic related gene was detected by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its downstream signaling pathway were examined by western blot. The role of TLR4 and related signaling pathway in LPS impairing the osteogenic potential of human PDLSCs and BMMSCs were also studied by alizarin red S staining and qRT-PCR. Experimental periodontitis was induced in adult Sprague–Dawley rats and the alveolar bone loss was measured by micro computed tomography analysis. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was assessed by immunohistochemistry and the number of osteoclasts was shown by Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining.

Results
LPS decreased the osteogenic differentiation of human PDLSCs through TLR4 regulated nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, but not for BMMSCs. Blocking TLR4 or NF-κB signaling partially reversed the decreased osteogenic potential of PDLSCs and prevented the alveolar bone loss caused by LPS experimental periodontitis in rats. The ALP expression in the periodontal ligament was elevated after treatment with anti-TLR4 antibody or pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, whereas there was no statistical significance among groups for the number of osteoclasts.

Conclusions
These data suggest that LPS can activate TLR4 regulated NF-κB pathway of human PDLSCs, thus decreasing their osteogenic potential. Blockage of TLR4 or NF-κB pathway might provide a new approach for periodontitis treatment.
Regioselective Double Cyclization of 5,15-Bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)porphyrin to Produce Di(oxoethano)porphyrin
Authors: Oda Kazuma , Hiroto Satoru , Shinokubo Hiroshi 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Treatment of bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)porphyrin with strong acids afforded doubly oxoethano-fused porphyrin with perfect regioselectivity. The oxoethano-fused porphyrin was more electron deficient than meso-acetylporphyrin because of the coplanar orientation of the carbonyl groups to the porphyrin π system.
Identifying the Moscow Region Tourism Industry Demand for Personnel Training
Authors: Кривошеева Татьяна , Krivosheeva Tatiana , Харитонова Татьяна , Kharitonova Tatyana 
Published: May 2014

This article deals with the issues of identification of the demand for training the personnel for the Moscow
region tourism industry. The range of issues raised in the article covers (1) the causes of the trained personnel
shortage in the region; (2) the employers’ general approaches to candidates’ applications processing; (3)
the current and expected enrollment in Tourism- and Hospitality-related training programmes; and (4) the
creation of forecast scenarios of Moscow region tourism industry development, which vividly demonstrate a growing demand for personnel. The article focuses on the evaluation methodology of the demand for the
tourism industry personnel and its approbation in a number of Moscow-region-based municipal entities.
The evaluation methodology is based on the trend analysis of the tourism industry development indices,
strategic and standard-and-goal programming, the multiplier theory, extrapolative and scenario forecasting.
The strategic guidelines for Moscow region tourism industry development correspond to the performance
targets of the development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Moscow region in effect until 2018: a
twofold increase in the number of tourists using collective accommodation facilities, a 30% increase in the
tourist companies’ customership, up to a 4-% increase in the number of foreign tourists using collective
accommodation facilities, etc. The application of the methodology developed by the authors of the article
allows of the conclusion that, for the innovative development scenario, the number of jobs in the Moscow
region tourism industry should have reached 6,000 by 2018. The methodology can be applied to assess the
current and expected demand for personnel as observed in a variety of business domains in different regions
of the Russian Federation.
Tesla Valves in Micromixers
Authors: Wang Chin-Tsan , Chen Yan-Ming , Hong Pei-An , Wang Yi-Ta 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Micromixers are the devices which have the ability to mix liquids uniformly. However, a Tesla valve has the potential for micromixer development because of its simple structure and special flow mechanism. In this study, a numerical simulation analysis of a new Tesla-type micromixer was designed by placing a flow plate into a micromixer, which has a contact angle of 30° with the channel wall. The optimization of the geometric parameter, aspect ratio (AR) and the Reynolds number (Re) effect is discussed. The results show that the optimal geometric parameters of the unit Tesla-type micromixer are θ1 = 45°, θ2 = 30°, A = 0.3 mm, B = 0.22 mm, C = 0.3 mm, D = 0.25 mm, and the mixing efficiency can achieve εmixing = 0.953 by passing three-unit Tesla-type micromixers (inverse-type, Re = 1, AR = 1). The Tesla-type micromixers designed in this study, which have a lower pressure drop and a higher mixing performance at a low Reynolds number, can contribute to the application of biomedical chips and chemical reactors.
Convective Drying of Apples: Kinetic Study, Evaluation of Mass Transfer Properties and Data Analysis using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Guiné Raquel P. F. , Cruz Ana C. , Mendes M. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In the present work, the effect of drying was evaluated on some chemical and physical properties of apples, and the functions were modelled using feed-forward artificial neural networks. The drying kinetics and the mass transfer properties were also studied. The results indicated that acidity and sugars were significantly reduced by drying. Regarding colour lightness decreases, whereas redness and yellowness increased. As for texture, the dried samples were softer and less cohesive as compared to the fresh ones. Mass diffusivity increased with temperature, from 4.4×10−10 m2/s at 30°C to 1.4×10−9 m2/s at 60°C, and so did the mass transfer coefficient, increasing from 3.7×10−10 m/s at 30°C to 7.4×10−9 m/s at 60°C. As to the activation energy, it was found to be 34 kJ/mol. Neural network modelling showed that all properties can be correctly predicted by feed-forward neural networks. The analysis of the networks’ behaviours input layer weight values also shows which properties are more affected by dehydration or more dependent on variety.
Effects of Screw Speed and Sesame Cake Level on Optimal Operation Conditions of Expanded Corn Grits Extrudates
Authors: Huang Junjai , Lui Wai-Bun , Peng Jinchyau 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Mixtures of sesame cake (0–20%) and corn grits processed in a single-screw extruder to improve the nutritional value of corn-expanded extrudates. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyse the effect of screw speed (X1) and sesame cake level (X2) on the objective (radial expansion ratio (Y1), hardness (Y2), degree of gelatinization (Y3), and water solubility index (Y4)) attributes of a corn-based sesame cake extrudates. The optimum acceptable regions determined from subjective decision and previous studies by referred authors. Therefore, it assumed that radial expansion ratio should be more than 4, hardness should be less than 7.7 kgf, degree of gelatinization should be more than 69%, and water solubility index should be less than 2.9%. Individual contour plots of the different responses were overlaid, and regions meeting the optimum radial expansion ratio of 4.03, hardness of 7.51 (kgf), degree of gelatinization of 69.28(%), and water solubility index of 2.87 (%) were identified at the screw speed of 311 rpm and the sesame cake level of 16%, respectively.
Migration of enterprise applications to the cloud
Authors: Binz Tobias , Breitenbücher Uwe , Kopp Oliver , Leymann Frank 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The migration of existing applications to the cloud enables enterprises to preserve their previous investments and—at the same time—to benefit from the properties of the cloud.
This article presents a semi-automated approach for migrating existing
enterprise applications to the cloud. Thereby, information about the application is gathered in the source environment, the application is extracted, transformed, and cloud-enabled.
This makes the application ready for provisioning in the target cloud.
Cloud-enabling an application preserves its business functionality and does not change the fundamental way the application was built.
SAT-based ATPG beyond stuck-at fault testing
Authors: Hellebrand Sybille , Wunderlich Hans-Joachim 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
To cope with the problems of technology scaling, a robust
design has become desirable. Self-checking circuits combined with rollback
or repair strategies can provide a low cost solution for many applications.
However, standard synthesis procedures may violate design constraints or
lead to sub-optimal designs. The SAT-based strategies for the verification
and synthesis of self-checking circuits presented in this paper can provide
efficient solutions.
Abbreviations of polymer names and guidelines for abbreviating polymer names (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)
Authors: He Jiasong , Chen Jiazhong , Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Hess Michael , Horie Kazuyuki , Jones Richard G. , Kahovec Jaroslav , Kitayama Tatsuki , Kratochvíl Pavel , Meille Stefano V. , Mita Itaru , dos Santos Claudio , Vert Michel , Vohlídal Jiří 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This document provides some basic rules and guidelines regarding the use and creation of abbreviations for the names of polymers. An extended list of currently used abbreviations for polymers and polymeric materials is appended.
Synthesis of a novel class of mixed-type surfmers and their properties in water
Authors: Li Linyu , Duan Ming , Fang Shenwen , Zhang Liehui , Long Weihong , Wang Hu 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Three new mixed-type surfmers were synthesized using poly(propylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide) (PPO-PEO-PPO) having terminal tertiary amine group as the basic material: (1) PPO-PEO-PPO with a carboxyl group on one end (MTA); (2) PPO-PEO-PPO with a quaternary ammonium group on one end (JTA); (3) PPO-PEO-PPO with a quaternary ammonium group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end (MJTA). These products were confirmed by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. Similar to PPO-PEO-PPO, the three surfmers have a cloud point (Tcp). Both MJTA and MTA have lower Tcp than JTA. However, the cloud points of both MJTA-Na+ and MTA-Na+ are much higher than JTA. Their different Tcp may be caused by their strength of dissociation in water. In addition, at a high temperature (T>Tcp of MJTA), MJTA-Na+ can be considered a pH-sensitive surfactant. At neutral and alkaline conditions, it can be used as an emulsifier. However, at acidic conditions, it loses its emulsification property. MTA-Na+ has the same property.