bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application unit for the administration of contrast gases for pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging: optimization of ventilation distribution for 3He‐MRI
Authors: Güldner M. , Becker St. , Wolf U. , Düber C. , Friesenecker A. , Gast K. K. , Heil W. , Hoffmann C. , Karpuk S. , Otten E. W. , Rivoire J. , Salhi Z. , Scholz A. , Schreiber L. M. , Terekhov M. 
Published: September 2014

PurposeMRI of lung airspaces using gases with MR‐active nuclei (3He, 129Xe, and 19F) is an important area of research in pulmonary imaging. The volume‐controlled administration of gas mixtures is important for obtaining quantitative information from MR images. State‐of‐the‐art gas administration using plastic bags (PBs) does not allow for a precise determination of both the volume and timing of a 3He bolus.MethodsA novel application unit (AU) was built according to the requirements of the German medical devices law. Integrated spirometers enable the monitoring of the inhaled gas flow. The device is particularly suited for hyperpolarized (HP) gases (e.g., storage and administration with minimal HP losses). The setup was tested in a clinical trial (n = 10 healthy volunteers) according to the German medicinal products law using static and dynamic ventilation HP‐3He MRI.ResultsThe required specifications for the AU were successfully realized. Compared to PB‐administration, better reproducibility of gas intrapulmonary distribution was observed when using the AU for both static and dynamic ventilation imaging.ConclusionThe new AU meets the special requirements for HP gases, which are storage and administration with minimal losses. Our data suggest that gas AU‐administration is superior to manual modes for determining the key parameters of dynamic ventilation measurements. Magn Reson Med 74:884–893, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of aging on laser evoked potentials
Authors: Creac'H Christelle , Bertholon Alexandre , Convers Philippe , Garcia‐Larrea Luis , Peyron Roland 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Aging has been reported to reduce the amplitude of laser evoked potentials. However, it is unknown whether this effect depends on the length of the sensory fibers. This is an important issue, because most painful neuropathies are length‐dependent. Methods: We conducted a study of 40 healthy subjects, half of whom were older than age 50 years. Nociceptive stimuli were delivered to the feet and thighs using a CO2 laser stimulator. Results: Detection and pain perception thresholds did not correlate with age. Latencies of N1, N2, and P2 correlated positively with age on the feet but not on the thighs, whereas the amplitude of N2‐P2 decreased with age for both areas. Conclusions: The effects of aging on latencies may reflect a distal loss of peripheral inputs and a length‐dependent de‐synchronization of the ascending nociceptive volley. Additional changes in peripheral and central processes may explain the diffuse decrease of N2‐P2 amplitudes observed with aging. Muscle Nerve 51:736–742, 2015
An implicit adaptive node‐splitting algorithm to assess the failure mechanism of inelastic elastomeric continua
Authors: Özenç K. , Kaliske M. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThis contribution presents a mesh adaptive crack propagation scheme for the evaluation of the viscoelastic fracture response of elastomers at large strains and up to high loading rates. The approach accounts for micromechanical based features of both elastic and viscoelastic bulk responses of idealized polymer networks. To this end, the Bergstörm–Boyce model is considered to introduce hyperelastic and nonlinear finite viscoelastic responses. Moreover, the crack driving force and the crack driving direction are predicted by the material force approach. A consistent thermodynamic framework for the combined configurational motion in viscoelastic continua at finite strain regime is discussed.The fracture toughness of non‐strain‐crystallizing elastomers shows strong rate dependency and the energy release rate versus the rate of tearing to be a fundamental material property. Therefore, in this contribution, a dynamic fracture criterion, which is a function of the rate of crack growth, is shown to be adequate in numerical simulations. The use of the presented method enables to study fracture behaviour of any material nonlinearity within the implicit time integration. Main feature of the proposed algorithm is restructuring the overall discrete system by duplication of crack front DOFs based on minimization of the overall energy via the Griffith criterion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual characteristics and the arousal of mixed emotions: consequences for the effectiveness of charity fundraising advertisements
Authors: Bennett Roger 
Published: September 2014

Charities that deal with emotionally upsetting issues (severe physical disfigurement, cruelty to animals, etc.) frequently include in their fundraising materials images and messages with the potential to cause substantial psychological distress to some members of the public. Often, the materials presented arouse mixed positive and negative emotions within viewers. This study examined the influences of a number of potential antecedents of the stimulation of mixed emotions among individuals confronted with highly emotional charity fundraising advertisements. The research sought to identify the type of person most likely to experience mixed emotions when observing an emotional charity advertisement, the specific kinds of emotion felt most deeply by individuals with various characteristics, and the consequences of mixed emotions for a person's attitude towards the advertisement and for the individual's behavioural intention vis‐à‐vis future donations. Three made‐up charity advertisements were presented to a sample of 771 respondents. A model was constructed to predict the participants' emotional reactions to the advertisements and was estimated, the results suggesting that mixed emotions represented an important determinant of both attitude towards the advertisement and the sample members' behavioural intention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chirality Sensing and Size Discrimination of Anions by Macrotricyclic Cyclen–Disodium Complexes
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Shinoda Satoshi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwo macrotricyclic ligands composed of two face‐to‐face octadentate metal chelates were synthesized. These cage‐shaped disodium complexes had special recognition ability for various counter anions. Specific chiral dicarboxylates bound to the complexes within the cavity and exhibited chirality induction properties. For instance, N‐Boc‐Asp dianion strongly induced circular dichroism (CD) signals, but N‐Boc‐Glu dianion, which is one carbon longer, did not.
Animal models of disease shed light on Nipah virus pathogenesis and transmission
Authors: de Wit Emmie , Munster Vincent J 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNipah virus is an emerging virus infection that causes yearly disease outbreaks with high case fatality rates in Bangladesh. Nipah virus causes encephalitis and systemic vasculitis, sometimes in combination with respiratory disease. Pteropus species fruit bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah virus and zoonotic transmission can occur directly or via an intermediate host; human‐to‐human transmission occurs regularly. In this review we discuss the current state of knowledge on the pathogenesis and transmission of Nipah virus, focusing on dissemination of the virus through its host, known determinants of pathogenicity and routes of zoonotic and human‐to‐human transmission. Since data from human cases are sparse, this knowledge is largely based on the results of studies performed in animal models that recapitulate Nipah virus disease in humans. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Wilms tumour in Malawi: Surgical staging to stratify postoperative chemotherapy?
Authors: Borgstein Eric , Kamiza Steve , Vujanic Gordan , Pidini Dalida , Bailey Simon , Tomoka Tamiwe , Banda Kondwani , Kaspers Gertjan , Molyneux Elizabeth , Israels Trijn 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundWilms tumour postoperative chemotherapy is ideally stratified according to the pathologist's assessment of tumour stage and risk classification (tumour type). In sub‐Saharan Africa results are often not available in time to influence therapy and in Malawi surgical staging has been used to stratify postoperative chemotherapy. Here we compare the results from surgical and both local pathology and central pathology review.ProcedureChildren diagnosed with a Wilms tumour in Blantyre, Malawi between 2007 and 2011 were included if they had a nephrectomy and the pathology slides were available. All tumour specimens were assessed in three different ways: the local surgeon documented the surgical stage of the tumour, and the risk classification and pathology stage were assessed both by the local pathologist and by a SIOP central review pathologist in Europe.ResultsFifty patients had complete data available and were included in the analyses. Tumour risk classification differed between the local and central pathology review in only two patients (4%). Using central pathology review as the gold standard 60% of patients received the correct postoperative chemotherapy treatment based on surgical staging and 84% based on the local pathology stage and risk classification.ConclusionLocal pathology capacity building is needed to enable timely assessment and reporting. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2180–2184. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing Metabolomic Variations in Cortex Moutan from Different Root Parts using HPLC–MS method
Authors: Xiao Chaoni , Wu Man , Chen Yongyong , Zhang Yajun , Zhao Xinfeng , Zheng Xiaohui 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe distribution of metabolites in the different root parts of Cortex Moutan (the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is not well understood, therefore, scientific evidence is not available for quality assessment of Cortex Moutan.ObjectiveTo reveal metabolomic variations in Cortex Moutan in order to gain deeper insights to enable quality control.MethodsMetabolomic variations in the different root parts of Cortex Moutan were characterised using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) and multivariate data analysis. The discriminating metabolites in different root parts were evaluated by the one‐way analysis of variance and a fold change parameter.ResultsThe metabolite profiles of Cortex Moutan were largely dominated by five primary and 41 secondary metabolites . Higher levels of malic acid, gallic acid and mudanoside‐B were mainly observed in the second lateral roots, whereas dihydroxyacetophenone, benzoyloxypaeoniflorin, suffruticoside‐A, kaempferol dihexoside, mudanpioside E and mudanpioside J accumulated in the first lateral and axial roots. The highest contents of paeonol, galloyloxypaeoniflorin and procyanidin B were detected in the axial roots. Accordingly, metabolite compositions of Cortex Moutan were found to vary among different root parts.ConclusionThe axial roots have higher quality than the lateral roots in Cortex Moutan due to the accumulation of bioactive secondary metabolites associated with plant physiology. These findings provided important scientific evidence for grading Cortex Moutan on the general market. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of single‐walled carbon nanotubes filled with CuCl by gas‐phase technique
Authors: Fedotov Pavel V. , Tonkikh Alexander A. , Obraztsova Ekaterina A. , Nasibulin Albert G. , Kauppinen Esko I. , Chuvilin Andrey L. , Obraztsova Elena D. 
Published: September 2014

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have unique electronic and optical properties, which are attractive in various applications. These properties can be further improved by functionalization. In this work, it is shown that filling nanotubes with CuCl leads to improvement of their electro‐conductive and optical transmission properties up to outstanding level. The improvement is due to the significant p‐type doping of the functionalized nanotubes. That leads to a huge increase in nanotubes charge carrier density and the considerable decrease of the nanotubes absorption via Pauli blocking. The functionalization was realized via a gas‐phase filling of SWCNTs with CuCl. We demonstrate the effect of huge doping on optical properties of nanotubes with different average diameters. The observed sufficient stability of the CuCl@SWCNT composite is proved to be due to the formation of quasi‐one‐dimensional (1D) CuCl crystal inside nanotubes. AC‐HRTEM image of 1D CuCl crystal formed inside SWCNT.
Asia’s little divergence: state capacity in China and Japan before 1850
Authors: Sng Tuan-Hwee , Moriguchi Chiaki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the role of state capacity in the comparative economic development of China and Japan. Before 1850, both nations were ruled by stable dictators who relied on bureaucrats to govern their domains. We hypothesize that agency problems increase with the geographical size of a domain. In a large domain, the ruler’s inability to closely monitor bureaucrats creates opportunities for the bureaucrats to exploit taxpayers. To prevent overexploitation, the ruler has to keep taxes low and government small. Our dynamic model shows that while economic expansion improves the ruler’s finances in a small domain, it could lead to lower tax revenues in a large domain as it exacerbates bureaucratic expropriation. To check these implications, we assemble comparable quantitative data from primary and secondary sources. We find that the state taxed less and provided fewer local public goods per capita in China than in Japan. Furthermore, while the Tokugawa shogunate’s tax revenue grew in tandem with demographic trends, Qing China underwent fiscal contraction after 1750 despite demographic expansion. We conjecture that a greater state capacity might have prepared Japan better for the transition from stagnation to growth.
Informed Consent Form Challenges for Genetic Research in a Developing Arab Country with High Risk for Genetic Disease
Authors: Nair Satish Chandrasekhar , Ibrahim Halah 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe prevalence of genetic disease is high in the Middle East, particularly in the United Arab Emirates. Our study assesses the information provided in, and the readability ease of, informed consent forms (ICF) for genetic research studies. A multicenter retrospective cross‐sectional review of 54 ICFs was conducted to assess compliance by comparing them with standard good clinical practice guidelines for developing consent forms. Readability of the forms was determined using the Flesch‐Kincaid scale. Overall Good Clinical Practice compliance for the ICFs averaged at 63 %. Information regarding privacy, confidentiality, specimen collection and storage were absent from the majority of the ICFs. Readability ease score was low (36.7 ± 4.6) and required college‐level (11.8 ± 1.4) reading skills to understand the information. Our study highlights the need to improve the readability and information contained in the ICFs for genetic research studies in our setting. Our findings may be generalized to similar cultures in the Middle East and Asia.
Phenolization and Coralline Hydroxyapatite Grafting following Meticulous Curettage for the Treatment of Enchondroma of the Hand. A Case Series of 82 Patients with 5-year Follow-up
Authors: Georgiannos Dimitrios , Lampridis Vasilios , Bisbinas Ilias 
Published: September 2014

Background Enchondromas are benign cartilaginous tumours. The most common location is in the long bones of the hand. Treatment methods fall into a broad spectrum ranging from conservative, medical therapies, to a variety of surgical procedures, which may or may not employ the use of local adjuvant treatment or bone grafting. The purpose of this study was to report our experience and evaluate the long-term results of patients with enchondroma of the hand, treated in our department with meticulous curettage, phenolization and coralline hydroxyapatite grafting. Methods We present 82 patients with hand enchondromas treated surgically in our department during the last 10 years. The patients were treated operatively with meticulous curettage of the bone lesion, with use of phenol 5 % as local adjuvant and coralline hydroxyapatite bone graft to fill in the remaining cavity. Results At a minimum of 5-year follow-up, radiographs and clinical examination showed adequate bone formation at the site of enchondroma excavation and no evidence of recurrence, fracture, infection or other complication related to the procedure. Conclusion We concluded that the combination of meticulous curettage of the lesion, with the use of phenol as local adjuvant and coralline hydroxyapatite graft is a safe technique that prevents recurrence and allows adequate and uncomplicated local new bone formation.
Analysis of adult 20-year survivors after liver transplantation
Authors: Dopazo C. , Bilbao I. , Castells L. L. , Sapisochin G. , Moreiras C. , Campos-Varela I. , Echeverri J. , Caralt M. , Lázaro J. L. , Charco R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Liver transplantation (LT) is the treatment of choice for chronic and acute liver failure; however, the status of long-term survivors and allograft function is not well known.

Aim
To evaluate the clinical outcome and allograft function of survivors 20 years post-LT, cause of death during the same period and risk factors of mortality.

Methods
A retrospective study was conducted from prospective, longitudinal data collected at a single center of adult LT recipients surviving 20 years. A comparative sub-analysis was made with patients who were not alive 20 years post-transplantation to identify the causes of death and risk factors of mortality.

Results
Between 1988 and 1994, 132 patients received 151 deceased-donors LT and 28 (21 %) survived more than 20 years. Regarding liver function in this group, medians of AST, ALT and total bilirubin at 20 years post-LT were 33 IU/L (13–135 IU/L), 27 (11–152 IU/L) and 0.6 mg/dL (0.3–1.1 mg/dL). Renal dysfunction was observed in 40 % of patients and median eGFR among 20-year survivors was 64 mL/min/1.73 m2 (6–144 mL/min/1.73 m2). Sixty-one percent of 20-year survivors had arterial hypertension, 43 % dyslipidemia, 25 % de novo tumors and 21 % diabetes mellitus. Infections were the main cause of death during the 1st year post-transplant (32 %) and between the 1st and 5th year post-transplant (25 %). After 5th year from transplant, hepatitis C recurrence (22 %) became the first cause of death. Factors having an impact on long-term patient survival were HCC indication (p = 0.049), pre-transplant renal dysfunction (p = 0.043) and long warm ischemia time (p = 0.016); furthermore, post-transplant factors were diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001) and liver dysfunction (p = 0.05) at 1 year.

Conclusion
Our results showed the effect of immunosuppression used during decades on long-term outcome in our LT patients in terms of morbidity (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and renal dysfunction) and mortality (infections and hepatitis C recurrence).
Research on the maceral characteristics of Shenhua coal and efficient and directional direct coal liquefaction technology
Authors: Shu Geping , Zhang Yuzhuo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this research, molecular structure models were developed respectively for Shenhua coal vitrinite concentrates (SDV) and inertinite concentrates (SDI), on the basis of information on constitutional unit of Shenhau coal and elemental analysis results obtained from 13C-NMR analysis characterization, FTIR analysis characterization, X-ray diffraction XRD and XPS analysis characterization. It can be observed from characterization data and molecular structure models that the structure of SDV and SDI is dominated by aromatic hydrocarbon, with aromaticity of SDI higher than that of SDV; SDV mainly consists of small molecule basic structure unit, while SDI is largely made from macromolecular structure unit. Based on bond-level parameters of the molecular model, the research found through the autoclave experiment that vitrinite liquefaction process goes under thermodynamics control and inertinite liquefaction process under dynamics control. The research developed an efficient directional direct coal liquefaction technology based on the maceral characteristics of Shenhua coal, which can effectively improve oil yield and lower gas yield.
Anomaly and geochemistry of rare earth elements and yttrium in the late Permian coal from the Moxinpo mine, Chongqing, southwestern China
Authors: Zou Jianhua , Liu Dong , Tian Heming , Li Tian , Liu Feng , Tan Lin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) of the K2 coal from the Moxinpo mine, Chongqing, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that REY are enriched in the K2 coal, with the average content up to 462 μg/g, much higher than average values of most coals in the world. The REY distribution patterns indicate that the light REY is enriched and show a well-pronounced Eu minimum. The fractionation of individual light-REY is higher than that of the heavy-REY. The REY distribution through the K2 coal seam shows that the top and bottom portion of the coal seam have a lower content of REY than the middle portion. Goyazite and rhabdophane were identified with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersed X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). The REY distributions through the coal seam, SEM-EDX data and the correlation analysis between ash yields and the concentrations have revealed that the REY mainly occurs in the organic matter. The K2 coal is a potential rare-metal resource due to its high REY contents, and the coal ash could be regarded as a new and promising raw material for recovery of REY as a by-product.
Experimental forward and reverse in situ combustion gasification of lignite with production of hydrogen-rich syngas
Authors: Cui Yong , Liang Jie , Wang Zhangqing , Zhang Xiaochun , Fan Chenzi , Wang Xuan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis research focused on the feasibility of applying the forward and reverse combustion approach to the in situ gasification of lignite with the production of hydrogen-rich syngas (H2 and CO). The so-called forward combustion gasification (FCG) and reverse combustion gasification (RCG) approach in which oxygen and steam are simultaneously fed to the simulated system of underground coal gasification (UCG) was studied. A simulated system of UCG was designed and established. The underground conditions of the coal seam and strata were simulated in the system. The combustion gasification of lignite has been carried out experimentally for almost 6.5 days. The average effective content (H2 + CO) of syngas during the FCG phase was 62.31 % and the maximum content was 70.92 %. For the RCG phase the corresponding figures are 61.33 % and 67.91 %. Thus, the feasibility of using RCG way for UCG has been demonstrated. The temperature profiles have been provided by using of 85 thermocouples during the model experiment, which portrayed the several nephograms of thermal data in the gasifier were of significance for the prospective gasification processes.
Twisted K-theory constructions in the case of a decomposable Dixmier-Douady class
Authors: Harju Antti J. , Mickelsson Jouko 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwisted K-theory on a manifold X, with twisting in the 3rd integral cohomology, is discussed in the case when X is a product of a circle and a manifold M. The twist is assumed to be decomposable as a cup product of the basic integral one form on and an integral class in H2(M,ℤ). This case was studied some time ago by V. Mathai, R. Melrose, and I.M. Singer. Our aim is to give an explicit construction for the twisted K-theory classes using a quantum field theory model, in the same spirit as the supersymmetric Wess-Zumino-Witten model is used for constructing (equivariant) twisted K-theory classes on compact Lie groups.