bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cause of death as a historical problem
Authors: RISSE GÜNTER B. 
Published: July 2002

PROBLEM NUMBER 1: THE SHIFTING ECOLOGY OF DISEASEWe all know that human disease is a constant and natural expression of conflicting forces and agents. As biological phenomena, diseases are never
static. Influenced by physical and social agents, sickness shifts constantly in specific ecological settings. In infectious diseases, for example, constant readjustments within changing physical environments occur between pathogenic agents such as micro-organisms and viruses and their human hosts. As do other complex organisms, humans display a series of adaptive mechanisms which can both prevent or create illness; a lifetime of such encounters categorized as ‘wear and tear’ phenomena leads to distinctions between chronological and physiological age that are useful in assessing susceptibility to disease and life expectancy.To understand the broad contours of human disease and periodic epidemiological changes in various parts of the globe – what physicians have called the ‘ebb and flow’ of disease – many historians therefore subscribe to the idea of a shifting ecology of disease. This dynamic concept presupposes complex interactions between both biological and non-biological factors which are ultimately responsible for different and changing patterns of sickness in time and space, exemplified, at least superficially, by McNeill's popular book Plagues and peoples. By highlighting the interconnectedness of various possible factors, including those which could ultimately cause death, the ecological model is quite useful to both historians and demographers.
Family strategies: patterns of inheritance in Odiham, Hampshire, 1525–1850
Authors: STAPLETON BARRY 
Published: July 2002

In recent years the analysis of individual communities in England has shed
increasing light on their economic, social, demographic, cultural and
religious development during the three centuries prior to the Industrial
Revolution. Contemporaneously, and to some extent resulting from
these local studies, there has been a growing interest in the family and
patterns of inheritance. Similarly, among social anthropologists there has
been the development of the concept of ‘strategy’ with writings on
marriage, fertility, inheritance and migration strategies, although these
may be regarded as components of general family strategies. Whereas in
some writings strategies are shown as being pursued by individuals for
their own purposes, others focused on family strategies, particularly ones
designed to keep a family landholding from being divided. However,
whether these studies of social organization in continental Europe and
Asia can be applied to the English experience remains to be seen. To begin
with they are all concerned with peasant landholding and as such may not
be appropriate to the English experience where the debate on whether a
peasantry even existed was begun by Macfarlane's The origins of English
individualism in 1978.Secondly, there is no universal agreement on what kind of strategies
were being followed, either individualistic or familial. Thirdly, there
remains the question as to whether the strategies were intentional and the
outcome of rational decision-making, or subconscious and rooted in
implicitly accepted and long-established principles. These could have been
that a landholding should remain undivided, that men had primacy over
women in inheritance, that primogeniture would be practised and that
younger brothers would not challenge their eldest brother's inheritance.
A refinement of these approaches has been the view that family strategies
could be very different. Some may have wished to hold on to the family
estate and pass it on to the next generation. Others wanted to enlarge it
and may have needed to do so for familial reasons, and yet more families
may have wanted to create an estate where none yet existed. But in all
cases, it is stated, there were families consciously planning and pursuing
a strategy for the benefit of future generations. Furthermore, it is said
that these strategies could only be pursued by families above the level of
the poor and only became possible in western Europe in the sixteenth
century as a result of changing attitudes and growing individualistic
commercialism.
The Family of Caenorhabditis elegans Tyrosine Kinase Receptors: Similarities and Differences with Mammalian Receptors
Authors: Popovici Cornel , Roubin Régine , Coulier François , Pontarotti Pierre , Birnbaum Daniel 
Published: July 2002

Transmembrane receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (RTK) constitute a superfamily of proteins present in all metazoans that is associated with the control and regulation of cellular processes. They have been the focus of numerous studies and are a good subject for comparative analyses of multigene families in different species aimed at understanding metazoan evolution. The sequence of the genome of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans is available. This offers a good opportunity to study the superfamily of nematode RTKs in its entirety and to compare it with its mammalian counterpart. We show that the C. elegans RTKs constitute various groups with different phylogenetic relationships with mammalian RTKs. A group of four RTKs show structural similarity with the three mammalian receptors for the vascular endothelial growth factors. Another group comprises RTKs with a short extracellular region, a feature not known in mammals; the genes encoding these RTKs are clustered on chromosome II with other gene families, including genes encoding chitinase-like proteins. Most of theC. elegans RTKs have no direct orthologous relationship with any mammalian RTK, providing an illustration of the importance of the separate evolution of the different phyla.[The sequences in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under the following accession numbers: AF188748, AF188749, AF188750, and AF188751.]
Tissue Localization of a Submergence-Induced 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase in Rice
Authors: Zhou Zhongyi , de Almeida Engler Janice , Rouan Dominique , Michiels Frank , Van Montagu Marc , Van Der Straeten Dominique 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
At least two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase genes (ACS) are implicated in the submergence response of rice (Oryza sativa). Previously, theOS-ACS5 gene has been shown to be induced during short- as well as long-term complete submergence of seedlings and to be controlled by a balance of gibberellin and abscisic acid in both lowland and deepwater rice. This study demonstrates thatOS-ACS5 mRNA is localized in specific tissues and cells both during normal development and in response to complete submergence. The temporal and spatial regulation of OS-ACS5expression is presented by in situ hybridization and histochemical analysis of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in transgenic rice carrying an OS-ACS5-gus fusion. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that in air-grown rice seedlings,OS-ACS5 was expressed at a low level in the shoot apex, meristems, leaf, and adventitious root primordia, and in vascular tissues of nonelongated stems and leaf sheaths. In response to complete submergence, the expression in vascular bundles of young stems and leaf sheaths was strongly induced. The results of histochemical GUS assays were consistent with those found by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Our findings suggest that OS-ACS5 plays a role in vegetative growth of rice under normal conditions and is also recruited for enhanced growth upon complete submergence. The possible implication of OS-ACS5 in root-shoot communication during submergence stress and its putative role in aerenchyma formation upon low-oxygen stress are discussed.
Regulation of the Cell Expansion Gene RHD3 during Arabidopsis Development
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Lee Myeong Min , Schiefelbein John W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The RHD3 (ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3) gene encodes a putative GTP-binding protein required for appropriate cell enlargement in Arabidopsis. To obtain insight into the mechanisms of RHD3 regulation, we conducted a molecular genetic dissection of RHD3 gene expression and function. Gene fusion and complementation studies show that the RHD3 gene is highly expressed throughout Arabidopsis development and is controlled by two major regulatory regions. One regulatory region is located between −1,500 and −600 bp upstream of the RHD3 gene and is required for vascular tissue expression. The other region is intragenically located and includes the 558-bp first intron, which is responsible for high-level expression of RHD3 throughout the plant. The presence and location of this intron is essential for gene function because constructs lacking this intron or constructs with the intron in an abnormal position are unable to functionally complement therhd3 mutations. We also analyzed the role of otherRHD genes and the plant hormones auxin and ethylene inRHD3 regulation, and we determined that these act downstream or independently from the RHD3 pathway. This study shows that multiple levels of regulation are employed to ensure the appropriate expression of RHD3 throughout Arabidopsis development.
Adaptation of H+-Pumping and Plasma Membrane H+ ATPase Activity in Proteoid Roots of White Lupin under Phosphate Deficiency
Authors: Yan Feng , Zhu Yiyong , Müller Caroline , Zörb Christian , Schubert Sven 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
White lupin (Lupinus albus) is able to adapt to phosphorus deficiency by producing proteoid roots that release a huge amount of organic acids, resulting in mobilization of sparingly soluble soil phosphate in rhizosphere. The mechanisms responsible for the release of organic acids by proteoid root cells, especially the trans-membrane transport processes, have not been elucidated. Because of high cytosolic pH, the release of undissociated organic acids is not probable. In the present study, we focused on H+ export by plasma membrane H+ ATPase in active proteoid roots. In vivo, rhizosphere acidification of active proteoid roots was vanadate sensitive. Plasma membranes were isolated from proteoid roots and lateral roots from P-deficient and -sufficient plants. In vitro, in comparison with two types of lateral roots and proteoid roots of P-sufficient plants, the following increase of the various parameters was induced in active proteoid roots of P-deficient plants: (a) hydrolytic ATPase activity, (b) V max andK m, (c) H+ ATPase enzyme concentration of plasma membrane, (d) H+-pumping activity, (e) pH gradient across the membrane of plasmalemma vesicles, and (f) passive H+ permeability of plasma membrane. In addition, lower vanadate sensitivity and more acidic pH optimum were determined for plasma membrane ATPase of active proteoid roots. Our data support the hypothesis that in active proteoid root cells, H+ and organic anions are exported separately, and that modification of plasma membrane H+ ATPase is essential for enhanced rhizosphere acidification by active proteoid roots.
Gene Structure and Differential Regulation of the Rhizobium-Induced Peroxidase Gene rip1
Authors: Peng H. M. , Dreyer D. A. , VandenBosch K. A. , Cook D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Primary expression of the Rhizobium meliloti-induced peroxidase gene rip1 occurs prior to nodule morphogenesis, specifically at the site of impending rhizobial infection (D. Cook, D. Dreyer, D. Bonnet, M. Howell, E. Nony, K. VandenBosch [1995] Plant Cell 7:43–55). We examined the distribution and structure of rip1 transcript throughout nodule development. We determined that expression of rip1 in root tips is correlated with the competence of this zone for symbiotic association, whereas after rhizobial infection rip1 transcript is specifically associated with the zone of nodule development, including nascent nodule primordia. rip1 transcripts are characterized by multiple polyadenylation sites distributed within 200 to 400 bp of the translation stop site, and a single major transcription initiation site in close proximity to the rip1 open reading frame. Thus, rip1 expression is likely to be mediated through effects on a single transcription unit. Immediately 5[prime] of the rip1 transcription unit DNA sequence analysis identified a 377-bp DNA element containing extensive repeat structure that is widely distributed in the Medicago truncatula genome.
The Role of Iron-Deficiency Stress Responses in Stimulating Heavy-Metal Transport in Plants1
Authors: Cohen Clara K. , Fox Tama C. , Garvin David F. , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Plant accumulation of Fe and other metals can be enhanced under Fe deficiency. We investigated the influence of Fe status on heavy-metal and divalent-cation uptake in roots of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Sparkle) seedlings using Cd2+ uptake as a model system. Radiotracer techniques were used to quantify unidirectional 109Cd influx into roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient pea seedlings. The concentration-dependent kinetics for 109Cd influx were graphically complex and nonsaturating but could be resolved into a linear component and a saturable component exhibiting Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We demonstrated that the linear component was apoplastically bound Cd2+ remaining in the root cell wall after desorption, whereas the saturable component was transporter-mediated Cd2+ influx across the root-cell plasma membrane. The Cd2+ transport system in roots of both Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient seedlings exhibited similar Michaelis constant values, 1.5 and 0.6 μm, respectively, for saturable Cd2+ influx, whereas the maximum initial velocity for Cd2+ uptake in Fe-deficient seedlings was nearly 7-fold higher than that in Fe-grown seedlings. Investigations into the mechanistic basis for this response demonstrated that Fe-deficiency-induced stimulation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase did not play a role in the enhanced Cd2+ uptake. Expression studies with the Fe2+transporter cloned from Arabidopsis, IRT1, indicated that Fe deficiency induced the expression of this transporter, which might facilitate the transport of heavy-metal divalent cations such as Cd2+ and Zn2+, in addition to Fe2+.
Shifts of Intracellular pH Distribution as a Part of the Signal Mechanism Leading to the Elicitation of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids
Authors: Roos Werner , Evers Sven , Hieke Margit , Tschöpe Markus , Schumann Brigitte 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCultured cells ofEschscholtzia californica (Californian poppy) respond to a yeast elicitor preparation or Penicillium cyclopiumspores with the production of benzophenanthridine alkaloids, which are potent phytoalexins. Confocal pH mapping with the probe carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor-1-acetoxymethylester revealed characteristic shifts of the pH distribution in challenged cells: within a few minutes after elicitor contact a transient acidification of cytoplasmic and nuclear areas occurred in parallel with an increase of the vacuolar pH. The change of proton concentration in the vacuole and in the extravacuolar area showed a nearly constant relation, indicating an efflux of vacuolar protons into the cytosol. A 10-min treatment with 2 mm butyric or pivalic acid caused a transient acidification of the cytoplasm comparable to that observed after elicitor contact and also induced alkaloid biosynthesis. Experimental depletion of the vacuolar proton pool reversibly prevented both the elicitor-triggered pH shifts and the induction of alkaloid biosynthesis. pH shifts and induction of alkaloid biosynthesis showed a similar dependence on the elicitor concentration. Net efflux of K+, alkalinization of the outer medium, and browning of the cells were evoked only at higher elicitor concentrations. We suggest that transient acidification of the cytoplasm via efflux of vacuolar protons is both a necessary and sufficient step in the signal path toward biosynthesis of benzophenanthridine alkaloids in Californian poppy cells.
Aluminum-Induced 1→3-β-d-Glucan Inhibits Cell-to-Cell Trafficking of Molecules through Plasmodesmata. A New Mechanism of Aluminum Toxicity in Plants
Authors: Sivaguru Mayandi , Fujiwara Toru , Šamaj Josef , Baluška František , Yang Zhenming , Osawa Hiroki , Maeda Takanori , Mori Tomoko , Volkmann Dieter , Matsumoto Hideaki 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Symplastic intercellular transport in plants is achieved by plasmodesmata (PD). These cytoplasmic channels are well known to interconnect plant cells to facilitate intercellular movement of water, nutrients, and signaling molecules including hormones. However, it is not known whether Al may affect this cell-to-cell transport process, which is a critical feature for roots as organs of nutrient/water uptake. We have microinjected the dye lucifer yellow carbohydrazide into peripheral root cells of an Al-sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Scout 66) either before or after Al treatment and followed the cell-to-cell dye-coupling through PD. Here we show that the Al-induced root growth inhibition is closely associated with the Al-induced blockage of cell-to-cell dye coupling. Immunofluorescence combined with immuno-electron microscopic techniques using monoclonal antibodies against 1→3-β-d-glucan (callose) revealed circumstantial evidence that Al-induced callose deposition at PD may responsible for this blockage of symplastic transport. Use of 2-deoxy-d-glucose, a callose synthesis inhibitor, allowed us to demonstrate that a reduction in callose particles correlated well with the improved dye-coupling and reduced root growth inhibition. While assessing the tissue specificity of this Al effect, comparable responses were obtained from the dye-coupling pattern in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mesophyll cells. Analyses of the Al-induced expression of PD-associated proteins, such as calreticulin and unconventional myosin VIII, showed enhanced fluorescence and co-localizations with callose deposits. These results suggest that Al-signal mediated localized alterations to calcium homeostasis may drive callose formation and PD closure. Our data demonstrate that extracellular Al-induced callose deposition at PD could effectively block symplastic transport and communication in higher plants.
Direct Evidence of Active and Rapid Nuclear Degradation Triggered by Vacuole Rupture during Programmed Cell Death in Zinnia
Authors: Obara Keisuke , Kuriyama Hideo , Fukuda Hiroo 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Differentiation into a tracheary element (TE) is a typical example of programmed cell death (PCD) in the developmental processes of vascular plants. In the PCD process the TE degrades its cellular contents and becomes a hollow corpse that serves as a water conduct. Using a zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cell culture we obtained serial observations of single living cells undergoing TE PCD by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Vital staining was performed and the relative fluorescence intensity was measured, revealing that the tonoplast of the swollen vacuole in TEs loses selective permeability of fluorescein just before its physical rupture. After the vacuole ruptured the nucleus was degraded rapidly within 10 to 20 min. No prominent chromatin condensation or nuclear fragmentation occurred in this process. Nucleoids in chloroplasts were also degraded in a similar time course to that of the nucleus. Degradations did not occur in non-TEs forced to rupture the vacuole by probenecid treatment. These results demonstrate that TE differentiation involves a unique type of PCD in which active and rapid nuclear degradation is triggered by vacuole rupture.
Thermodynamic analysis of AsH3 and PH3 decomposition including subhydrides
Authors: Jordan A. S. , Robertson A. 
Published: July 2002

We have determined the gas-phase composition produced by the pyrolysis of AsH3 and PH3 in chemical equilibrium over a wide range of temperatures and pressures (ptot). Although the main interest in the analysis is the distribution of species in a cracker employed in metalorganic molecular-beam epitaxy (MOMBE) the results given as a function of ptot are also applicable to metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). To perform the calculations, we have updated the thermodynamic properties (free-energy function, entropy, etc.) of PH, PH2, and PH3 via statistical thermodynamics and derived the standard enthalpies of formation for these hydrides from bond energy measurements. In a previous article we provided similar data for As hydrides. Next, using a Gibbs energy minimization technique, we evaluated the equilibrium gas-phase concentrations of P, P2, P4, PH, PH2, PH3, H, and H2 and the corresponding As-related species as a function of temperature and ptot.
In the case of MOMBE, ptot is the approximate steady-state pressure. As expected, the decomposition of AsH3 is essentially complete at all temperatures, while PH3 is more stable. The major subhydride in MOMBE operations is AsH; its mole fraction reaches ∼10−4 at a cracker temperature of 1500 K and ptot=10−5 atm. AsH2 becomes more prominent in MOVPE applications. We have found that the atomic H concentration rises with temperature; it reaches a mole fraction of ∼3×10−4 at 1300 K and 10−5 atm which translates to an estimated beam flux of 0.011 monolayers (ML)/s and equals the atomic As flux. However, for PH3 decomposition the atomic H is about an order of magnitude more abundant than P. With rising temperature there is a rapid increase in the dimer/tetramer ratio. In MOMBE P2 and As2 are the dominant species and their concentrations are relatively insensitive to temperature. The calculations suggest that a cracker pressure exceeding ∼10−5 atm is advisable to attain an As2 or P2 beam flux of 1 ML/s (i.e., growth rate of 1 μm/h) in growing GaAs or InP. As low pressure MOVPE conditions are approached the tetramers become more prominent than the dimers and reach a dominant position at atmospheric pressure.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lumefantrine (Benflumetol) in Acute Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Ezzet F. , van Vugt M. , Nosten F. , Looareesuwan S. , White N. J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to conduct a prospective population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of lumefantrine during blinded comparisons of artemether-lumefantrine treatment regimens in uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Three combination regimens containing an average adult lumefantrine dose of 1,920 mg over 3 days (four doses) (regimen A) or 2,780 mg over 3 or 5 days (six doses) (regimen B or C, respectively) were given to 266 Thai patients. Detailed observations were obtained for 51 hospitalized adults, and sparse data were collected for 215 patients of all ages in a community setting. The population absorption half-life of lumefantrine was 4.5 h. The model-based median (5th and 95th percentiles) peak plasma lumefantrine concentrations were 6.2 (0.25 and 14.8) μg/ml after regimen A, 9.0 (1.1 and 19.8) μg/ml after regimen B, and 8 (1.4 and 17.4) μg/ml after regimen C. During acute malaria, there was marked variability in the fraction of drug absorbed by patients (coefficient of variation, 150%). The fraction increased considerably and variability fell with clinical recovery, largely because food intake was resumed; taking a normal meal close to drug administration increased oral bioavailability by 108% (90% confidence interval, 64 to 164) (
P
, 0.0001). The higher-dose regimens (B and C) gave 60 and 100% higher areas under the concentration-time curves (AUC), respectively, and thus longer durations for which plasma lumefantrine concentrations exceeded the putative in vivo MIC of 280 μg/ml (median for regimen B, 252 h; that for regimen C, 298 h; that for regimen A, 204 h [
P
, 0.0001]) and higher cure rates. Lumefantrine oral bioavailability is very dependent on food and is consequently poor in acute malaria but improves markedly with recovery. The high cure rates with the two six-dose regimens resulted from increased AUC and increased time at which lumefantrine concentrations were above the in vivo MIC.