bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
III.—Some Specimens of Cladoxylon from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisCladoxylon waltoni sp. nov. is described from stems resembling C. radiatum Unger in the form of stele and absence of secondary xylem, but differing in the mode of emission of clepsydroid leaf-traces. Each leaf-trace originates as a band of xylem connecting two adjacent xylem arms. Dorsiventral axes with an ornate U-shaped bundle and 4-9 radiating arms are also included in the species. These give off alternate clepsydroid traces from two or three adjacent arms in a manner resembling a rachis. One specimen of Hierogramma mysticum Unger is described and three small rachides are interpreted as possible subdivisions of a Hierogramma frond.
IV. Cyrtoctenus gen. nov., a large late Palaeozoic Arthropod with pectinate Appendages
Authors: Størmer Leif , Waterston Charles D. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisIt is confirmed that the type species of the genus Glyptoscorpius Peach 1882 is a subjective synonym of Adelophthalmus Jordan and Meyer 1854. Species which have been referred to Glyptoscorpius are reviewed and their present taxonomic position defined. Cyrtoctenus gen. nov., type species Cyrtoctenus peachi sp. nov., is designated to accommodate forms bearing five pairs of specialised abdominal appendages of which the first is comb-like. Four species of Cyrtoctenus from Devonian and Carboniferous rocks in Scotland, England, Belgium and Czechoslovakia are recognized. The structure and affinities of these forms are discussed with special reference to the comb-like appendages and their ornamentation in relation to these features in other arthropods. In particular the development of filaments and fulcra from different types of scales is discussed. The characters of the new genus are found to be so distinctive as to require the creation of the new order Cyrtoctenida for its accommodation.
V.—The Petrology of Byne Hill, Ayrshire
Authors: Bloxam T. W. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisByne Hill, two miles south of Girvan, Ayrshire, is composed of Lower Ordovician igneous rocks which form partof the Girvan-Ballantrae igneous series. Byne Hill consists of serpentinized harzburgite, gabbro, diorite and trondhjemite which probably form a N.E.–S.W. elongated dome with trondhjemite occupying the core. There are transitional passages from gabbro into dioritic gabbro, diorite, quartz diorite and trondhjemite with no sharp contacts, and gabbroidal minerals and textures persist into the marginal hornblendic phases of the trondhjemite. The mineralogical changes are mainly progressive amphibolization and albitization of the gabbro accompanied by increases in SiO2 and Na2O. Geochemical culminations of FeO, MnO and P2O5 occur in the intermediate dioritic gabbro and diorites. Comparing the intermediate rocks with similar rock series from other areas suggests that mineralogical and chemical criteria do not always distinguish intermediate rocks of metasomatic origin from those produced by fractional crystallization. On Byne Hill the textural evidence suggests that the intermediate rocks are hybrids produced by reaction between crystalline gabbro and silicic sodium-rich solutions related to the trondhjemite, although there is evidence that the trondhjemite is itself metasomatic in origin. Serpentinization and rodingitization of the Byne Hill gabbro at contacts with serpentinite are described, and it is concluded that the gabbro was emplaced into the ultrabasic rocks prior to their serpentinization.
XI.—The Evolution of the Scottish Caledonides in Relation to their Isotopic Age Pattern
Authors: Dewey J. F. , Pankhurst R. J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThree main stages are recognized in the evolution of the Scottish Caledonian orogen. Firstly, the development of the depositional framework from late Pre-Cambrian to early Ordovician times is outlined, The thick Moine and Dalradian sediments, accumulating on a continental rise, are shown to be equivalent to the shelf sequence of the foreland, and likely correlations are suggested. Secondly, the events comprising the Caledonian deformation and metamorphism of these sediments are reviewed and related to the development of a Benioff zone and coupled oceanic trench along the southern margin of the orogen through the Ballantrae complex. Comparison of stratigraphic and isotopic evidence for the age of these events leads to the conclusion that all major deformation and metamorphism occurred during a relatively short climactic episode 480–510 m.y. ago, within the Arenigian stage of the Ordovician. The third factor in the evolution of the orogen is post-climactic uplift and erosion continuing throughout Upper Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Devonian times. Contours of K–Ar mica ages are presented and related to the geological evidence for this prolonged period of isostatic recovery and thermal adjustment. The style and timing of granitic plutonism, which is closely associated with this third stage, may be indicative of crustal behaviour during uplift rather than continued metamorphism at depth.
XII.—The Postcranial Skeleton of Rhipidistian Fishes ExcludingEusthenopteron
Authors: Andrews S. Mahala , Westoll T. Stanley 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisIn a previous paper (Andrews and Westoll 1970) the postcranial skeleton of the best known rhipidistian,Eusthenopteron, was described, and its bearing on the origin of the tetrapod postcranial skeleton discussed. The postcranial remains of other Rhipidistia are now described as far as they are known, and comparisons are made withEusthenopteronand other forms where relevant. Possible modes of function are considered in relation to the habitats in which these fishes may have lived. These studies have made it necessary to revise rhipidistian classification; the Family Rhizodontidae is re-defined and placed alone in a third Order of Rhipidistia (the Rhizodontida, alongside the better known Osteolepidida and Holoptychiida). Fresh insight has been gained into the following morphological problems: the composition of the osteolepid ring-like centrum, the origin of the tetrapod scapular blade and the diphyletic origin of the tetrapods.
XIII.—A new interpretation of Lepidodendron calamopsoides Long and Oxroadia gracilis Alvin
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA petrified lycopod found in a loose block of calciferous sandstone from the Cementstone Group in Berwickshire possesses a rooting stem-base similar to others previously assigned to Lepidodendron calamopsoides (Long 1964) but it shows continuity with a dichotomously branched stem about 15 cm. long, lacking leaves, but otherwise resembling Oxroadia gracilis (Alvin 1965). The diagnosis of Lepidodendron calamopsoides has been emended to include only axes bearing lepidodendroid leaf cushions as previously described. The new specimen, and others with like roots are tentatively assigned to Oxroadia gracilis Alvin.
4.—On the Structure of a Petrified Stem and some Associated Seeds from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of East Lothian, Scotland
Authors: Barnard P. D. W. , Long A. G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe stem,Buteoxylon gordonianumgen. et sp. nov. was found in stratified ash-beds at Oxroad Bay, near Tantallon Castle. It consists of a terminal region, about 12 cm in length surrounded by 38 petioles borne at acute angles on the stem in a ⅖ phyllotactic spiral. The stelar anatomy resembles that of aCalamopityswith a mixed pith. The petiolar bundles, however, have a distinctive T-shape in cross-section unlike any known species ofCalamopitys.Associated with this fossil stem are numerous seeds ofTantallosperma setigeragen. et sp. nov. These are radially symmetrical, with four (rarely five or six) integumental lobes joined at grooves on the body of the seed but free apically where they bear numerous bristle-like hairs. The funnel-shaped salpinx is only slightly narrower than the lagenostome. Enclosed spherical pollen grains have a trilete mark and measure 60 μ in diameter. The average dimensions of the seeds are 5·9 × 1·1 mm.
10.—Triradioxylon—a New Genus of Lower Carboniferous Petrified Stems and Petioles together with a Review of the Classification of Early Pterophytina
Authors: Barnard P. D. W. , Long A. G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisTriradioxylongen. nov. is erected for petrified stems and petioles in which the primary xylem has a triradiate form and possesses protoxylem at the ends of the arms and in the central region. Secondary xylem is dense and composed of small tracheids having multiseriate bordered pits on all walls. Rays are narrow and high. The cortex has sclerotic nests and radial bands of fibres (sparganum structure).In the type speciesT. primaevumsp. nov. the petioles are borne 5–6 cm apart in a phyllotactic spiral of ⅓ on a stem about 1 cm (or more) diameter. The petiole is swollen at its base (about 8 mm diameter) and very gradually tapers to about 2 mm in the rachis which has not been seen to dichotomise. The length of petiole up to the first pinna may exceed 10 cm. Pinnae arose alternately and themselves branched. The T-shaped petiolar bundle has two protoxylem groups at the end of each arm and the central protoxylem divided into three in the rachis.Two detached rachises which cannot be assigned with certainty toTriradioxylon primaevumare placed in the genusLyginorachisand namedL. whitadderensissp. nov. In these the T-shaped vascular bundle is slightly larger than that in the rachises ofT. primaevumand the ends of the transverse arms are wider and may possess three protoxylem groups.The rachises in bothT.primaevumandL. whitadderensisbear alternate triarch pinna-traces but inL. whitadderensisa pair of sub-opposite monarch pinna-traces is also present.Triradioxylonis classified along withButeoxylonin the family Buteoxylonaceae placed tentatively asincertae sedisin the Pteridosperms although showing some affinity withAneurophytonin the Progymnospermopsida.
12.—Further Observations on some Lower Carboniferous Seeds and Cupules
Authors: Long A. G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisTwenty-eight specimens of the seed genusDolichospermahave been examined. Fourteen are assigned toD. sexangulatumLong; these possess six or seven integumental lobes which extend apically as free tentacles equal in length to the seed body except when damaged or broken off. Fourteen other specimens are namedD. pentagonumsp. nov. These are smaller and usually have five integumental lobes (less commonly six or seven). Long apical tentacles have not been seen in this species.Evidence is adduced thatAnasperma burnenseLong is the mature prothallial seed developed from the ovuleEurystoma trigonaLong.Eurystoma angulareLong sometimes possesses five integumental lobes and the free apical lobes vary in length.Compressed megaspores macerated from cupules ofStamnostoma huttonenseLong sometimes have three abortive spores in a compact group at the apex.Ovules ofEccroustosperma langtonenseLong were borne in small bunches (probably pendent) on short pedicels; one specimen of this seed shows three well-developed separate abortive spores around the apex of the functional megaspore.The cupule ofCalathospermum fimbriatumBarnard shows a structure suggesting that it may have evolved from a pair of cupules. Twelve to fourteen ovules were sometimes formed in the entire cupule though most of these were probably abortive.Some possible seed embryos are described and discussed, and an outline classification of seeds in the order Lagenostomales is proposed.
13.—Zoning of Ore Deposits: Types and Causes
Authors: Barnes H. L. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe zoning found in ore deposits is dominantly of two distinctive types: that in syngenetic sedimentary deposits, like the Kupferschiefer, and that in common hydrothermal deposits of either epigenetic or syngenetic characteristics. Here, epigenetic hydrothermal deposits include those commonly classified as vein, porphyry copper, contact metasomatic, and Mississippi Valley deposits; the syngenetic hydrothermal deposits are conformable, massive ores such as at Rammelsberg. The two zoning sequences, beginning nearest the source of the metals, are: in hydrothermal deposits, Fe—Ni—Sn—Cu—Zn—Pb—Ag—Au—Sb—Hg, and in sedimentary deposits, Cu—Ag—Pb—Zn.A zoning sequence represents the natural order of increasing solubilities of the metallic sulphides and other minerals in ore-forming solutions. Comparison of zoning sequences with relative solubilities in proposed ore solutions provides a rigorous test of the efficacy of such solutions. When corrected for relative metal concentrations (mass-action effect), then both theoretically predicted, and experimental relative solubilities of sulphide complexes match precisely the order of hydrothermal zoning. The order in sedimentary zoning is identical to the mass-action-corrected calculation of the sequence in which sulphides must precipitate from solutions containing metallic ions or weak chloride or hydroxyl complexes. The consanguinity of these correlations imply (1) that hydrothermal zoning is the product of deposition from sulphide complexes, and (2) that chloride complexes may be the metal-transporting agent in sedimentary deposits.
14.—The Silurian Rocks bordering Kirkcudbright Bay, South Scotland
Authors: Clarkson C. M. , Craig G. Y. , Walton E. K. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe Riccarton and Raeberry Castle beds in Kirkcudbrightshire have hitherto been regarded as Wenlock in age, and the Hawick Rocks as Llandovery. Detailed mapping and revision of the graptolite faunas shows that the Raeberry Castle beds are Llandovery and the Riccarton beds Wenlock in age. On structural evidence the Hawick Rocks south of Kirkcudbright are considered to be younger than the Riccarton beds. The Riccarton beds in the area are formally defined as the Ross Formation and the Raeberry Castle beds as the Raeberry Castle Formation. Directional data suggest that the sediment forming the Raeberry Castle Formation was derived from the west and the sediment forming the Ross Formation and Hawick Rocks was derived from the north-east.
17.—Trilobites from the basalsuperstesMudstones (Ordovician) at Aldons Quarry, near Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: Tripp Ronald Pearson 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe trilobite fauna of the basalDidymograptus superstesMudstones (Nemagraptus graciliszone) at Aldons Quarry is described. The fauna is large, consisting of 68 species, of which 12 are new, belonging to 47 genera. The fauna bears a much closer resemblance to that of the Albany mudstones than to that of the platy upper Stinchar Limestone: this is attributed to environmental control. The strong North American stamp of Barr Group faunas is at a maximum:Stenoblepharum, Raymondella, ChomatopygeandMiraspisappear for the first time in the Girvan District.
18.—Sedimentation in some Scottish Rivers of Low Sinuosity
Authors: Bluck B. J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisScottish streams of low sinuosity have four kinds of bars, three are bank-attached (lateral), and one is medial. Bar type is related to sinuosity, and as streams often increase in sinuosity away from source, there tends to be a variation in bar type successively downstream. The morphology and structure of the bars are related to grain size—gravel bars do not have the same bed forms and structures as those made of sand—and variations in flow stage. The bar head, composed mostly of gravel, forms during the high-flow stage, and as the flow falls so sediments of the lee face record the changing flow pattern. With further drop in water level the locus of sedimentation shifts to the bar tail where the dwindling flow may build diversely oriented bed forms and structures. Changes in the rate of fall, or differences in the maximum rise of water level, result in different proportions of sediment type being deposited.The mean orientation of the directional structures is not always alined with the mean stream direction, and the diversity of orientation is comparable with the diversity in orientation of directional structures in meandering streams. The variability in orientation is due to the effects of flood-produced bed forms in diverting the low-stage flow, stream sinuosity, and the changing orientation of the channel as it sweeps across the floodplain.
21.—Morphological and Ontogenetic Reconstructions of Parka decipiens Fleming and Pachytheca Hooker from the Lower Old Red Sandstone, Scotland
Authors: Niklas Karl J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisMorphological examination of 56 specimens of Parka decipiens suggests that the thallus was dorsiventral with a many layered ventral cell-layer bearing dorsal sporangia originating from both the margin of the thallus and the underlying tissue. A disc-like holdfast is present, suggesting that at maturity Parka was attached to some substrate. Mathematical simulations of growth suggest that sporangia were produced by lateral proliferation of cells, while simulations of the frequency of cell dichotomy indicate that the order of sporangial packing on the dorsal surface is consistent with an underlying pseudoparenchyma. Latex replicas indicate the presence of filament dichotomy and corroborate to some extent the presence of a pseudoparenchyma. Intercalated, anticlinal cell divisions are demonstrated mathematically. Ontogenetic reconstructions of Parka suggest a similarity to the extant green algal genus Coleochaete. Growth stages of Coleochaete in their early stages of development are similar to the fossil Pachytheca, while mathematical and chemical comparison of Pachytheca with those of Parka suggest either a phylogenetic or ontogentic interpretation.
II.—The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses
Authors: Lewis Francis J. 
Published: January 2013

During 1904 and 1905 the author investigated the plant remains of the peat deposits in certain areas of the Southern Uplands and the Highlands. The present paper deals with similar work over large peat-covered areas in the E. and N. W. Highlands, Shetland Islands, and the Outer Hebrides.Perhaps the most interesting feature found in the course of the work is the evidence of constant change in the character of the vegetation which has successively covered the peat areas of Scotland. Many areas in different parts of the country have been examined in order to ascertain if this succession can be accounted for by local changes in physical conditions, or whether it represents stages in a long cycle of secular changes in climate, and consequent plant migrations.
XXIII.—The Feeding Mechanism, Formation of the Tube, and Physiology of Digestion in Sabella pavonina
Authors: Nicol E. A. T. 
Published: January 2013

Recent work has directed much attention to the subject of feeding mechanisms and digestive enzymes in the Invertebrates.The groups worked on previously have been chiefly the Mollusca and the Crustacea, and it was felt that a study of the Polychætes in this connection would be of considerable interest in itself, as well as for comparative purposes. An examination of the literature showed that the amount of detailed work on the Polychætes from the physiological point of view was extremely small, and, in the case of the digestive processes, out of date. A study of the feeding mechanisms and physiology of digestion in Polychaetes has therefore been begun, choosing a filter-feeding form as a starting point, so that a direct comparison can be made with such Molluscs asMya arenariaandOstrea edulis, which feed on similar material.
XXVII.—Morphology and Mathematics.
Authors: Thompson D'Arcy Wentworth 
Published: January 2013

The study of Organic Form, which we call by Goethe's name of Morphology, is but a portion of that wider Science of Form which deals with the forms assumed by matter under all aspects and conditions, and, in a still wider sense, with Forms which are theoretically imaginable.The study of Form may be descriptive merely, or it may become analytical. We begin by describing the shape of an object in the simple words of common speech: we end by defining it in the precise language of mathematics; and the one method tends to follow the other in strict scientific order and historical continuity.
XI.—A Monograph on the general Morphology of the Myxinoid Fishes, based on a study of Myxine. Part IV.—On some Peculiarities of the Afferent and Efferent Branchial Arteries of Myxine
Authors: Cole F. J. 
Published: January 2013

The first three parts of this work, on the skeleton and muscles, were published in the Transactions of the Society in 1905, 1907, and 1909.In 1905 I briefly drew attention to the existence of vascular papillæ on the afferent branchial arteries of Myxine, which had up to that time escaped notice, and which I then described in the following words: “In addition to the definite bloodvessels, Myxine possesses a system of large lacunar spaces, such as the extensive subdermal cavity, the spongy tissue of the head, the peribranchial sinuses, etc., which have been generally regarded as belonging to the lymphatic system. I have, however, long been convinced that these spaces were in communication with the blood vascular stream.
XX.—Ordovician Submarine Disturbances in the Girvan District
Authors: Henderson S. M. K. 
Published: January 2013

Investigations have been made into the conditions of sedimentation of the Ordovician rocks of the Girvan district, with special attention to a series of greywackes, the Ardwell Beds, which are remarkable for frequent intraformational disturbances and unconformities.In presenting the evidence it is proposed to follow the stratigraphical classification of Peach and Horne (1899), who, after careful consideration, adopted Lapworth's (1882) succession, except for a few minor alterations. These authors pointed out that the Llandeilo rocks north of the River Stinchar consist of Kirkland Conglomerate, Stinchar Limestone Group, and Benan Conglomerate, while south of the river they are represented by Tappins Greywackes and Glen App Conglomerate (see table p. 488).
XXIV.—On Fagnani's Theorem
Authors: Talbot H. F. 
Published: January 2013

Before proceeding to the subject of this paper, I wish to advert to the following well-known theorem.Let ABC be any triangle with its inscribed and circumscribed circles. Then if we take any other point D in the exterior circle, and draw the tangents DE, EF, FD, the last tangent will come again to the original point D. A similar theorem is true of a polygon of any number of sides which is both inscribed in, and circumscribed to, a circle. Also if ellipses are substituted for circles. Of these theorems I remember to have seen a demonstration founded on the theory of elliptic integrals. But this appears to me to be a great waste of analytic power; for the theorem really results from first principles, as I think will be manifest from the following considerations.
XLIII.—On the Reputed Metrological System of the Great Pyramid
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: January 2013

In the year 1859, a book of remarkable power and originality was published by Mr John Taylor, of London, entitled “The Great Pyramid, why was it built?”On first looking into it, I was unfortunately inclined to fear that its results were unlikely to be very sound; though merely because they seemed to bear, in a hitherto nearly barren, or difficult, and certainly most mysterious field, such a remarkably large crop of rich and promising-looking fruit. But considering afterwards, that that was not the proper frame of mind to be indulged in connection with, and certainly not in place of, strict scientific investigation into the merits of the case,—I read the book carefully, and then searched for the data required to test it, both in the original authors appealed to, and in some others.