bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening for resistant clones of Casuarina equisetifolia to bacterial wilt and the analysis of AFLP markers in resistant clones
Authors: Sun S. , Shu C. W. , Chen J. L. , Wang J. , Zhou E. X. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBacteria wilt (BW) of Casuarina equisetifolia L. Johnson, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (E. F. Smith) Yabuuchi, is one of the most important diseases of C. equisetifolia L. Johnson, the main coastal protective forest tree in southeast China. The resistance of 33 C. equisetifolia L. Johnson clones to BW was determined by means of hydroponic and pot inoculation methods with the suspension of R solanacearum (E. F. Smith) Yabuuchi as inocula in the two‐step procedure. The results showed that clones FJ11 and FJ13 were highly resistant to BW with the lowest disease incidences of 10.8 and 15.8%, respectively, whereas clones FJ9 and GD15 were the most susceptible ones with the highest disease incidences of 100.0%. The analysis of AFLP markers was performed on clones FJ11, FJ13, FJ9 and GD15, and the results indicated that three DNA fragments E‐AAA/M‐CCG, E‐AAG/M‐CGC and E‐AGG/M‐CAA were found to be linked to the BW resistance. BLAST searches revealed that the first two fragments (GenBank accession numbers: KC111411 and KC135871) had no identities to any sequences, and the third one showed a high similarity to some sequences which code for heat shock protein. Taken together, the two resistant clones screened in our research were undoubtedly the valuable resistant resources of C. equisetifolia L. Johnson, and the three AFLP markers could be used in marker‐assisted selection of C. equisetifolia L. Johnson in the future.
The undergraduate degree project – preparing dental students for professional work and postgraduate studies?
Authors: Franzén C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe undergraduate degree project is a requisite part of higher education in Sweden, designed to prepare students for professional work and postgraduate studies. This article examines the extent to which the degree project in Swedish dental education helps students achieve these purposes. The focus was on the students' choice of topics and research methods as well as their ability to reflect on the implications of their results for dental practice.MethodsDegree projects from three of the four Swedish dental schools were analysed using content analysis.ResultsThe students' topics concerned clinical dentistry, biomedicine, educational issues and public oral health. Quantitative research methods were used more often than qualitative ones. Some of the degree projects were based on literature reviews. Students demonstrated shortcomings in their reflections on the implications of their results for dental practice. The level of reflection was particularly low in one of the schools; this may be because the students in this school were not expected to reflect on the results.ConclusionsThe degree project gives the students an opportunity to develop their knowledge on a topic relevant to dentistry, to be trained in conducting research and to reflect on scientific knowledge in relation to dentistry. However, this study shows the need of assessment criteria that urge the students to reflect on the link between science and clinical work and motivate them to learn to reflect so they become critical thinkers. It is also suggested that dental students should learn more about qualitative research methods.
Similar outcomes of peripheral blood stem cells vs. bone marrow for human leukocyte antigen‐matched unrelated donor transplantation in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia using risk‐adapted graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis
Authors: Shin Seung‐Hwan , Kim Jung‐Ho , Jeon Young‐Woo , Yoon Jae‐Ho , Yahng Seung‐Ah , Lee Sung‐Eun , Cho Byung‐Sik , Eom Ki‐Sung , Kim Yoo‐Jin , Lee Seok , Min Chang‐Ki , Cho Seok‐Goo , Kim Dong‐Wook , Lee Jong‐Wook , Min Woo‐Sung , Park Chong‐Won , Kim Hee‐Je 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn unrelated donor allogeneic stem cell transplantation (URD‐SCT), most studies reported that peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) resulted in higher incidence of acute and/or chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) without survival benefits compared with bone marrow (BM). To overcome these shortcomings of PBSC, we have used a risk‐adapted GVHD prophylaxis for patients that received HLA‐matched URD‐SCT, which was adding low‐dose rabbit antithymocyte globulin (Thymoglobulin®, 1.25 mg/kg for 2 d) to conditioning in the transplants with PBSC and not BM.MethodsTo determine whether this strategy is effective, we analyzed 115 adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia who received HLA‐matched URD‐SCT with PBSC (n = 70) or BM (n = 45) using our risk‐adapted GVHD prophylaxis strategy.ResultsThe PBSC group showed faster neutrophil (11 d vs. 13 d; P < 0.01) and platelet (12 d vs. 18 d; P < 0.01) engraftment compared with the BM group. No difference was observed in the incidence of acute GVHD grade II–IV at 100 d (54.3% vs. 64.4%; P = 0.38) and chronic GVHD at 4 yr (65.1% vs. 60.0%; P = 0.83). Other outcomes including the incidence of relapse (30.8% vs. 31.2%; P = 0.53), non‐relapse mortality (13.5% vs. 6.9%; P = 0.24), disease‐free survival (55.7% vs. 61.9%; P = 0.68), and overall survival (62.2% vs. 63.2%; P = 0.96) at 4 yr were not significantly different.ConclusionOur risk‐adapted GVHD prophylaxis strategy resulted in similar transplant outcomes including comparable incidence of GVHD between the PBSC and BM groups in HLA‐matched URD‐SCT.
Sustained brain activation supporting stop‐signal task performance
Authors: Hughes M. E. , Budd T. W. , Fulham W. R. , Lancaster S. , Woods W. , Rossell S. L. , Michie P. T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStop‐signal paradigms operationalize a basic test of goal‐directed behaviour whereby an overarching stop goal that is performed intermittently must be maintained throughout ongoing performance of a reaction time go task (go goal). Previous studies of sustained brain activation during stop‐signal task performance in humans did not observe activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that, in concert with the parietal cortex, is known to subserve goal maintenance. Here we explored the hypothesis that a DLPFC and parietal network has a key role in supporting ongoing stop‐signal task performance. We used a blocked functional magnetic resonance imaging design that included blocks of trials containing typical stop‐signal paradigm stimuli that were performed under three conditions: Stop condition, which required reaction time responding to go stimuli and inhibition of cued responses upon presentation of a stop signal; Go condition, identical except that the tone was ignored; and Passive condition, which required only quiescent attention to stimuli. We found that, whereas a distributed corticothalamic network was more active in Stop compared with Go, only the right DLPFC and bilateral parietal cortex survived after masking that contrast with Stop compared with Passive. These findings indicate that sustained activation of a right dominant frontoparietal network supports stop goal processes during ongoing performance of the stop‐signal task.
Molecular phylogenetic and divergence time estimation analyses of the sawfly subfamily Selandriinae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Isaka Yuichi , Sato Toshiyuki 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSelandriinae, a subfamily of family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), comprises multiple tribes, each of which has a relationship with specific plant group. The host specificity of the Selandriinae taxa provides a good model to examine the coevolution between hosts and insects. However, few phylogenetic studies for the Selandriinae obscure the evolutionary scenario with their host‐plants. The present study is a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 19 selandriine species based on mitochondrial genes (12S: 461 sites, 16S: 262sites and COI: 495 sites) and nuclear genes (18S: 773 sites and 28S: 495 sites). The results suggested three of six studied tribes are genetically isolated. Moreover, estimation of the time of molecular divergence showed that the Selandriinae clearly diverged at the same time as their host‐plants (monocots and ferns). These results suggested that the Selandriinae species might have codiversified with their hosts.
Diurnal butterfly pollination in the orchid Habenaria radiata
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji , Tanaka Koji 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHabenaria is one of the largest orchid genera, with its main centers of diversity in Brazil, eastern Asia and central and southern Africa. In spite of its diversity, the pollinators of few Habenaria spp. have been studied, while most published reports indicate that Habenaria spp. are mainly pollinated by moths. Here we report that the diurnal skipper Parnara guttata can be at least one of the pollinators of Habenaria radiata. Skippers have generally been thought of as nectar thieves, transferring few pollen grains. However, orchids transmit their pollen grains in large groups within pollinia. Such innovation can probably render the skipper a pollinator of H. radiata.
Effects of abdominocentesis technique on peritoneal fluid and clinical variables in horses
Authors: Duesterdieck‐Zellmer K. F. , Riehl J. H. , McKenzie E. C. , Firshman A. M , Payton M. E. , Gorman M. E. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryEleven healthy horses underwent 5 repeated abdominocenteses, with either a sharp‐tipped spinal needle or a blunt‐tipped teat cannula to investigate possible differences in success rate, sample volume, depth at which a sample was obtained, length of procedure, complications and cytological variables. Variables were analysed with a repeated‐measuresANOVAor Fisher's exact test (α = 0.05). Success rate, sample volume, length of procedure, occurrence of haemorrhage during the procedure and incidence of grossly visible blood contamination were not different between techniques or over time. Depth at which samples were obtained was greater using a cannula than a needle (P<0.02), and samples were obtained with either technique at a greater depth than abdominal wall thickness assessed via ultrasound (P<0.014). Peritoneal fluid total and differential nucleated cell counts, and total protein concentration did not differ between techniques or over time. Red blood cell count in the least blood contaminated fraction of each sample was not affected by time, but it was lower after needle abdominocentesis than after cannula abdominocentesis (P = 0.04). Swelling of abdominocentesis sites increased with both techniques over time (P<0.05) and was more severe in horses undergoing cannula abdominocentesis (P<0.05). Enterocentesis occurred with a spinal needle in one horse, but no subsequent complications were noted. Both techniques appear to be safe and reliable for abdominocentesis in healthy horses. Using a blunt‐tipped cannula, as opposed to a needle, is likely to result in greater subcutaneous swelling. Both the cannula and needle must be long enough to penetrate well beyond the thickness of the abdominal wall to achieve successful peritoneal fluid collection.
Racing performance following prosthetic laryngoplasty using a polyurethane prosthesis combined with a laser‐assisted ventriculocordectomy for treatment of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in 78Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Raffetto J. A. , Wearn J. G. , Fischer A. T. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyRecurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) causes airway obstruction and adversely affects racing performance inThoroughbred racehorses. Prosthetic laryngoplasty (PL) is the preferred treatment ofRLNas it returns variables of airway mechanics to baseline. A number of materials have been evaluated as prostheses; however, the application of Lycra has not been rigorously investigated.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy ofPLusing aLycra prosthesis, in combination with transendoscopic, laser‐assisted ventriculocordectomy, to restore racing performance inThoroughbredracehorses withRLN.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsMedical records, preoperative and post operative racing performance indices from 78Thoroughbred racehorses that underwent surgical treatment forRLNwere evaluated. Medical records, preoperative and post operative racing performance indices were evaluated. Case history, post operative complications andPLfailure were recorded. Racing performance was analysed usingBeyerSpeedFigures (BSF), earnings and a performance index (PI), with comparisons made between the 3 races before and after surgery. Factors associated with return to racing and racing performance were analysed.ResultsEighty‐two per cent (46/56) of horses that raced prior to surgery and 75% (15/20) of horses that had not raced prior to surgery competed in at least one race post operatively. Horses had a lowerBSFandPIin the final race before surgery. Following surgery,PIandBSFvalues were restored to preoperative values in 73% and 78% of horses respectively. Surgical failure rate and immediate post operative complication rate were lower than, or comparable with, other reported prosthesis materials.ConclusionsThoroughbred racehorses withRLNhave a good prognosis for racing successfully afterPLusing aLycra prosthesis. The described surgical technique is associated with a low post operative complication rate and an increase in indicators of racing performance (PIandBSF) post operatively.Lycra offers an attractive option for application as a prosthetic forPLwith a low complication rate and similar efficacy to reported rigid prostheses.
Water intake, faecal output and intestinal motility in horses moved from pasture to a stabled management regime with controlled exercise
Authors: Williams S. , Horner J. , Orton E. , Green M. , McMullen S. , Mobasheri A. , Freeman S. L. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyA change in management from pasture to stabling is a risk factor for equine colic.ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of a management change from pasture with no controlled exercise to stabling with light exercise on aspects of gastrointestinal function related to large colon impaction. The hypothesis was that drinking water intake, faecal output, faecal water content and large intestinal motility would be altered by a transition from a pastured to a stabled regime.Study designWithin‐subject management intervention trial involving changes in feeding and exercise using noninvasive techniques.MethodsSeven normal horses were evaluated in a within‐subjects study design. Horses were monitored while at pasture 24 h/day, and for 14 days following a transition to a stabling regime with light controlled exercise. Drinking water intake, faecal output and faecal dry matter were measured. Motility of the caecum, sternal flexure and left colon (contractions/min) were measured twice daily by transcutaneous ultrasound. Mean values were pooled for the pastured regime and used as a reference for comparison with stabled data (Days 1–14 post stabling) for multilevel statistical analysis.ResultsDrinking water intake was significantly increased (mean ± s.d. pasture 2.4 ± 1.8 vs. stabled 6.4 ± 0.6 l/100 kg bwt/day), total faecal output was significantly decreased (pasture 4.62 ± 1.69 vs. stabled 1.81 ± 0.5 kg/100 kg bwt/day) and faecal dry matter content was significantly increased (pasture 18.7 ± 2.28 vs. stabled 27.2 ± 1.93%DM/day) on all days post stabling compared with measurements taken at pasture (P<0.05). Motility was significantly decreased in all regions of the large colon collectively onDay 2 post stabling (‐0.76 contractions/min), and in the left colon only onDay 4 (‐0.62 contractions/min;P<0.05).ConclusionsThere were significant changes in large intestinal motility patterns and parameters relating to gastrointestinal water balance during a transition from pasture to stabled management, particularly during the first 5 days.
Angling for endangered fish: conservation problem or conservation action?
Authors: Cooke Steven J , Hogan Zeb S , Butcher Paul A , Stokesbury Michael J W , Raghavan Rajeev , Gallagher Austin J , Hammerschlag Neil , Danylchuk Andy J 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRecreational angling has been implicated in population declines of some marine and freshwater fish, but this activity is rarely considered as a threat or even halted when endangered species are targeted. Indeed, in some cases, anglers are drawn to fish for rare or endangered species. Conservation‐oriented behaviours such as catch‐and‐release are often practiced voluntarily due to the ethics of anglers, yet even in these cases, some fishing mortality occurs. Nonetheless, there are many indirect conservation benefits associated with recreational angling. Here, we present a series of case‐studies and consider whether catch‐and‐release angling for endangered fish is a conservation problem or a conservation action. If recreational angling activities contribute to population‐level consequences that are contrary to recovery strategies, then angling for endangered species would seem to be a poor option. However, as revealed by several case‐studies, there is much evidence that anglers are vocal and effective proponents of fish and habitat conservation, and for endangered species, they are often the only voice when other stakeholders are not engaged. Anglers may contribute directly to conservation actions via user fees (e.g. licences), philanthropic donations or by volunteering in research, education and restoration activities. However, it is important to quantify post‐release mortality as well as understand the full suite of factors influencing a given population or species to know the potential risks. A risk assessment approach outlined in the paper may be used by managers to determine when the benefits of angling for endangered species outweigh the risks.
Homeopathy is faith healing without religion
Authors: Shaw David M 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFaith healing is recognised as a sham treatment and is not available in most healthcare systems. In contrast, homeopathic ‘remedies’ are provided in most countries. This article argues that homeopathy is very similar to faith healing: it is based on ritual, there is no evidence that it works, and it deceives and can cause harm to patients.
From physical bodies to astral bodies – theoretical problems in anthroposophic medicine
Authors: Puustinen Raimo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSwitzerland has recently adopted anthroposophic medicine into its health insurance system. This decision was partly based on the 2006 Health Technology Assessment Report on anthroposophic medicine, commissioned by the Swiss Federal Social Insurance Office, which claimed that anthroposophic treatments seem to be safe and, in terms of patient satisfaction, beneficial for the patients receiving them. The report does not, however, discuss the theoretical basis of anthroposophic medicine apart from noting that there are, according to anthroposophic thinking, formative forces acting in nature that are not acknowledged by contemporary natural science. This article discusses the theoretical fundamentals in anthroposophic theory such as astral bodies, incarnation and clairvoyance and their role in medical diagnosis and treatment. Politicians making decisions on spending public money on anthroposophic medicine should be fully aware of its theoretical basis, which is incompatible with contemporary scientific thinking.
Role of activating transcription factor 3 protein ATF3 in necrosis and apoptosis induced by 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine
Authors: Sato Akira , Nakama Kentaro , Watanabe Hiroki , Satake Akito , Yamamoto Akihiro , Omi Takuya , Hiramoto Akiko , Masutani Mitsuko , Wataya Yusuke , Kim Hye‐Sook 
Published: February 2014

Necrosis and apoptosis are the two major forms of cell death. We have studied the mechanisms that regulate the cell death observed during treatment of mouse cancer cell line FM3A with the anticancer drug 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine (FUdR). To detect causal differences between necrosis and apoptosis, we exploited the necrosis in original clone F28‐7 and the apoptosis in its variant F28‐7‐A that occur on treatment with FUdR. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was strongly induced during necrosis but not apoptosis. In addition, we found that ATF3 expression is regulated by heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) at the mRNA stage. Knockdown of Atf3 by siRNA in the F28‐7 cells resulted in apoptotic morphology rather than necrotic morphology. These results suggest that ATF3 is a cell‐death regulator in necrosis and apoptosis.
Fatigue crack growth and damage tolerance
Authors: Jones R. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe problems arising as a result of aging aircraft, rail and civil infrastructure have focused attention on tools for predicting the growth of cracks from small naturally occurring material discontinuities. To this end, the present paper discusses on the difference between the analysis tools needed for ab initio design and sustainment, modelling of cracks that grow from small naturally occurring material discontinuities and ways to determine the short crack da/dN versus ΔK data from long crack American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) tests. It also discusses how existing equations can be used to predict short crack growth and how to account for the variations seen in crack growth histories. Attention is also focused on the recent Federal Aviation Administration limit of validity ruling and the effect of the environment on widespread fatigue damage in civil transport aircraft.