bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of local environment and geographical distance in determining community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the landscape scale
Authors: Hazard Christina , Gosling Paul , van der Gast Christopher J , Mitchell Derek T , Doohan Fiona M , Bending Gary D 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Arbuscular fungi have a major role in directing the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about their biogeographical distribution. The Baas-Becking hypothesis (‘everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects’) was tested by investigating the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at the landscape scale and the influence of environmental factors and geographical distance in determining community composition. AMF communities in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne roots were assessed in 40 geographically dispersed sites in Ireland representing different land uses and soil types. Field sampling and laboratory bioassays were used, with AMF communities characterised using 18S rRNA terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Landscape-scale distribution of AMF was driven by the local environment. AMF community composition was influenced by abiotic variables (pH, rainfall and soil type), but not land use or geographical distance. Trifolium repens and L. perenne supported contrasting communities of AMF, and the communities colonising each plant species were consistent across pasture habitats and over distance. Furthermore, L. perenne AMF communities grouped by soil type within pasture habitats. This is the largest and most comprehensive study that has investigated the landscape-scale distribution of AMF. Our findings support the Baas-Becking hypothesis at the landscape scale and demonstrate the strong influence the local environment has on determining AMF community composition.
Infidel Brands: Unveiling Alternative Meanings of Global Brands at the Nexus of Globalization, Consumer Culture, and Islamism
Authors: Izberk-Bilgin Elif 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Religion and ideology are prominent forces shaping consumption. While consumer researchers have studied both topics considerably, examinations of religious ideology remain scant. Notably lacking is research on how religion, myths, and ideology intertwine in the marketplace, informing attitudes toward brands. This ethnography investigates how the religious ideology of Islamism informs brand meanings among low-income Turkish consumers and identifies three discourses that construct global brands as infidels. Informants use the infidel parable to characterize market societies as devoid of social equality, morality, and justice. Their critique culminates in a consumer jihad against global brands. Through the consumer jihad, informants accommodate and protest the social crises posed by modernity and globalization as they seek to recreate the Golden Age of Islam. Exploring the relationships among economic means, cultural capital, and religious ideology helps this study bridge related domains of research on religiosity, ideology, and brand meanings that are often investigated separately.
Commitment and Behavior Change: Evidence from the Field
Authors: Baca-Motes Katie , Brown Amber , Gneezy Ayelet , Keenan Elizabeth A. , Nelson Leif D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Influencing behavior change is an ongoing challenge in psychology, economics, and consumer behavior research. Building on previous work on commitment, self-signaling, and the principle of consistency, a large, intensive field experiment (N = 2,416) examined the effect of hotel guests' commitment to practice environmentally friendly behavior during their stay. Notably, commitment was symbolic—guests were unaware of the experiment and of the fact that their behavior would be monitored, which allowed them to exist in anonymity and behave as they wish. When guests made a brief but specific commitment at check-in, and received a lapel pin to symbolize their commitment, they were over 25% more likely to hang at least one towel for reuse, and this increased the total number of towels hung by over 40%. This research highlights how a small, carefully planned intervention can have a significant impact on behavior. Theoretical and practical implications for motivating desired behavior are discussed.
Tip of the Hat, Wag of the Finger: How Moral Decoupling Enables Consumers to Admire and Admonish
Authors: Bhattacharjee Amit , Berman Jonathan Z. , Reed Americus 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
What reasoning processes do consumers use to support public figures who act immorally? Existing research emphasizes moral rationalization, whereby people reconstrue improper behavior in order to maintain support for a transgressor. In contrast, the current research proposes that people also engage in moral decoupling, a previously unstudied moral reasoning process by which judgments of performance are separated from judgments of morality. By separating these judgments, moral decoupling allows consumers to support a transgressor's performance while simultaneously condemning his or her transgressions. Five laboratory studies demonstrate that moral decoupling exists and is psychologically distinct from moral rationalization. Moreover, because moral decoupling does not involve condoning immoral behavior, it is easier to justify than moral rationalization. Finally, a field study suggests that in discussions involving public figures’ transgressions, moral decoupling may be more predictive of consumer support (and opposition) than moral rationalization.
AffyRNADegradation: control and correction of RNA quality effects in GeneChip expression data
Authors: Fasold Mario , Binder Hans 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Gene expression experiments aim to accurately quantify thousands of transcripts in parallel. Factors posterior to RNA extraction can, however, impair their accurate representation. RNA degradation and differences in the efficiency of amplification affect raw intensity measurements using Affymetrix expression arrays. The positional intensity decay of specifically hybridized probes along the transcript they intend to interrogate is used to estimate the RNA quality in a sample and to correct probe intensities for the degradation bias. This functionality, for which no previous software solution is available, is implemented in the R/Bioconductor package AffyRNADegradation presented here.
Availability: The package is available via Bioconductor at the URL http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/AffyRNA Degradation.html
Contact: Fasold@izbi.uni-Leipzig.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Movements and site fidelity of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Kattegat, Denmark, with implications for the epidemiology of the phocine distemper virus
Authors: Dietz Rune , Teilmann Jonas , Andersen Signe M. , Rigét Frank , Olsen Morten T. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Dietz, R., Teilmann, J., Andersen S. M. Rigét, F., and Olsen, M. T. 2013. Movements and site fidelity of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Kattegat, Denmark, with implications for the epidemiology of the phocine distemper virus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:186–195. Twenty-seven harbour seals were caught and tagged at the island of Anholt in central Kattegat, Denmark, the epicentre of the phocine distemper virus (PDV) outbreaks in 1988 and 2002 that killed 50–60% of the populations. The satellite tagging shows that harbour seals from Anholt moved widely across Kattegat with a maximum distance of 249 km from the tagging haul-out site. Overall, females travelled over a wider area compared with males [90% kernel home range (KHR) females, 5189 km2; males, 3293 km2). KHR calculated for yearlings (6414 km2) is larger than for subadults (2534 km2), which again is larger than for adult seals (1713 km2), showing a strong site fidelity, indicating limited gene flow between haul-out sites. Distances moved and home range sizes increased across autumn, peaked in February–March, and decreased through spring. During the breeding season in spring, all seals were very stationary around Anholt. The onset of the PDV epizootics in 1988 and 2002 took place when the Anholt harbour seals congregate on the Island during April. Anholt seal were also documented to have contact with infected seal locations at Hesselø, Læsø, and the Swedish west coast, although this contact takes place during winter prior to the documented summer outbreaks.
In the presence of IL-21 human cord blood T cells differentiate to IL-10-producing Th1 but not Th17 or Th2 cells.
Authors: Doganci Aysefa , Birkholz Julia , Gehring Stephan , Puhl Alexander G. , Zepp Fred , Meyer Claudius U. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIL-21, a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is mainly produced by activated CD4+ T cells and controls the activity of immune and also non-immune cells. As a pleiotropic cytokine, IL-21 acts on both innate and adaptive immune responses, suggesting that IL-21 may be a master regulator of the T-cell-dependent adaptive immune response. Although IL-21 is described as mostly promoting inflammation, evidence also suggests inhibitory effects of IL-21. However, its role, particularly in the human neonatal immune system, has not been detailed so far. Here, we assessed the effect of IL-21 in the specific context of the neonatal immune response and delineated differences between the human newborn and adult immune response. In umbilical cord blood, we demonstrated that IL-21 polarized naive CD4+ T cells into Th1 cells, producing IL-10, a key negative regulator during certain infections and autoimmunity. Furthermore, IL-21 stimulation increased IFNγ secretion and inhibited the development of Th2 and Th17 cells and molecules associated with their function. Thus, in neonates, known to show limitations in establishing Th1 responses, IL-21 played a clear role in supporting Th1 responses in vitro, while appearing irrelevant for the adult immune response. Overall, we demonstrated the capability of IL-21 to induce the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 and outlined its potential to compensate the restricted Th1 response in human newborns and consequently to reduce the susceptibility for infectious diseases in the first period of life.
An Ancient Duplication of Apple MYB Transcription Factors Is Responsible for Novel Red Fruit-Flesh Phenotypes
Authors: Chagné David , Lin-Wang Kui , Espley Richard V. , Volz Richard K. , How Natalie M. , Rouse Simon , Brendolise Cyril , Carlisle Charmaine M. , Kumar Satish , De Silva Nihal , Micheletti Diego , McGhie Tony , Crowhurst Ross N. , Storey Roy D. , Velasco Riccardo , Hellens Roger P. , Gardiner Susan E. , Allan Andrew C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAnthocyanin accumulation is coordinated in plants by a number of conserved transcription factors. In apple (Malus × domestica), an R2R3 MYB transcription factor has been shown to control fruit flesh and foliage anthocyanin pigmentation (MYB10) and fruit skin color (MYB1). However, the pattern of expression and allelic variation at these loci does not explain all anthocyanin-related apple phenotypes. One such example is an open-pollinated seedling of cv Sangrado that has green foliage and develops red flesh in the fruit cortex late in maturity. We used methods that combine plant breeding, molecular biology, and genomics to identify duplicated MYB transcription factors that could control this phenotype. We then demonstrated that the red-flesh cortex phenotype is associated with enhanced expression of MYB110a, a paralog of MYB10. Functional characterization of MYB110a showed that it was able to up-regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The chromosomal location of MYB110a is consistent with a whole-genome duplication event that occurred during the evolution of apple within the Maloideae family. Both MYB10 and MYB110a have conserved function in some cultivars, but they differ in their expression pattern and response to fruit maturity.
Production of Diploid Male Gametes in Arabidopsis by Cold-Induced Destabilization of Postmeiotic Radial Microtubule Arrays
Authors: De Storme Nico , Copenhaver Gregory P. , Geelen Danny 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Whole-genome duplication through the formation of diploid gametes is a major route for polyploidization, speciation, and diversification in plants. The prevalence of polyploids in adverse climates led us to hypothesize that abiotic stress conditions can induce or stimulate diploid gamete production. In this study, we show that short periods of cold stress induce the production of diploid and polyploid pollen in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using a combination of cytological and genetic analyses, we demonstrate that cold stress alters the formation of radial microtubule arrays at telophase II and consequently leads to defects in postmeiotic cytokinesis and cell wall formation. As a result, cold-stressed male meiosis generates triads, dyads, and monads that contain binuclear and polynuclear microspores. Fusion of nuclei in binuclear and polynuclear microspores occurs spontaneously before pollen mitosis I and eventually leads to the formation of diploid and polyploid pollen grains. Using segregation analyses, we also found that the majority of cold-induced dyads and triads are genetically equivalent to a second division restitution and produce diploid gametes that are highly homozygous. In a broader perspective, these findings offer insights into the fundamental mechanisms that regulate male gametogenesis in plants and demonstrate that their sensitivity to environmental stress has evolutionary significance and agronomic relevance in terms of polyploidization.
Diagnosis and therapy of pancreas divisum by ERCP: A single center experience
Authors: Rustagi Tarun , Golioto Michael 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the diagnosis and endoscopic management of pancreas divisum with results from long‐term experience at our institution.MethodsA prospectively collected database of all patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with the diagnosis of pancreas divisum at our institution from January 2001 to April 2010 was retrospectively analyzed.ResultsA total of 45 patients were identified with pancreas divisum with 62 ERCP procedures. The major indication for ERCP included pancreatitis in 33 patients (73.3%), of whom 18 had idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis, 8 had recurrent pancreatic‐type pain and 7 had chronic pancreatitis. The median size of the incision of sphincterotomy was 5 mm (range 3–8 mm). In all 37 patients (82.2%) underwent placement of stent into the dorsal pancreatic duct, with a median stent size of 5 Fr by 7 cm (range 3–10 Fr by 3–12 cm). The overall response rate was 75.8%.ConclusionsThe frequency of finding pancreas divisum during ERCP varies among institutions and is low compared with the autopsy series, given that many patients may remain asymptomatic or might not undergo ERCP even if the symptoms develop. Our study is the first to describe specific procedure‐related details during therapeutic endoscopy for pancreas divisum.
Effect of recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing interleukin‐10 in dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis mice
Authors: Qiu Zhi Bing , Chen Jian , Chen Jia Jie , Rong Lan , Ding Wei Qun , Yang Hai Jing , Zhong Liang 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo study the effect of recombinant Lactobacillus casei (L.casei) expressing interleukin (IL)‐10 combined with 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis mice.MethodsRecombinant L. casei CECT 5276, which can secrete IL‐10, was constructed. The length of colon tissue, disease activity index (DAI) and histological score (HS) of the mice were determined to evaluate the modeling and the effectiveness of L. casei. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot and ELISA were used to determine the levels of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ, interferon (IFN)‐γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and IL‐10.ResultsRecombinant L. casei expressing IL‐10 combined with 5‐ASA was more effective than L. casei with 5‐ASA. Among the three different concentrations of the recombinant L. casei, the highest concentration group (2 × 109 colony‐forming units/mL) had the best effectiveness.ConclusionsRecombinant L. casei combined with 5‐ASA is effective in the treatment of DSS‐induced colitis. The possible mechanism might be the blocking of the excessive activation of NF‐κB pathway, thus suppressing the release of inflammation‐related factors.
Consequences of increased temperature and acidification on bacterioplankton community composition during a mesocosm spring bloom in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Lindh Markus V. , Riemann Lasse , Baltar Federico , Romero‐Oliva Claudia , Salomon Paulo S. , Granéli Edna , Pinhassi Jarone 
Published: October 2012

SummaryDespite the paramount importance of bacteria for biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients, little is known about the potential effects of climate change on these key organisms. The consequences of the projected climate change on bacterioplankton community dynamics were investigated in a Baltic Sea spring phytoplankton bloom mesocosm experiment by increasing temperature with 3°C and decreasing pH by approximately 0.4 units via CO2 addition in a factorial design. Temperature was the major driver of differences in community composition during the experiment, as shown by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. Several bacterial phylotypes belonging to Betaproteobacteria were predominant at 3°C but were replaced by members of the Bacteriodetes in the 6°C mesocosms. Acidification alone had a limited impact on phylogenetic composition, but when combined with increased temperature, resulted in the proliferation of specific microbial phylotypes. Our results suggest that although temperature is an important driver in structuring bacterioplankton composition, evaluation of the combined effects of temperature and acidification is necessary to fully understand consequences of climate change for marine bacterioplankton, their implications for future spring bloom dynamics, and their role in ecosystem functioning.
IgE, but not IgG4, antibodies to Ara h 2 distinguish peanut allergy from asymptomatic peanut sensitization
Authors: Hong X. , Caruso D. , Kumar R. , Liu R. , Liu X. , Wang G. , Pongracic J. A. , Wang X. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThere are no available clinical tests that can accurately predict peanut allergy (PA) and/or anaphylaxis. This study is aimed at evaluating whether the component‐resolved diagnostic (CRD) IgE and IgG4 tests can (i) distinguish PA from asymptomatic peanut sensitization (PS) and (ii) differentiate anaphylactic from nonanaphylactic PA.MethodsThis study included 20 nonatopic controls, 58 asymptomatically peanut‐sensitized children, 55 nonanaphylactic, and 53 anaphylactic PA cases from the Chicago Food Allergy Study. IgE and IgG4 to 103 allergens were measured using the ImmunoCAP ISAC technology and were compared among each group of children. The random forest test was applied to estimate each allergen's ability to predict PA and/or peanut anaphylaxis.ResultsPeanut allergy cases (with or without anaphylaxis) had significantly higher IgE reactivity to Ara h 1–3 (peanut allergens) and Gly m 5–6 (soy allergens) than asymptomatically sensitized children (P < 0.00001). Similar but more modest relationships were found for IgG4 to Ara h 2 (P < 0.01). IgE to Ara h 2 was the major contributor to accurate discrimination between PA and asymptomatic sensitization. With an optimal cutoff point of 0.65 ISU‐E, it conferred 99.1% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity, and a 1.2% misclassification rate in the prediction of PA, which represented a higher discriminative accuracy than IgE to whole peanut extract (P = 0.008). However, none of the IgE and/or IgG4 tests could significantly differentiate peanut anaphylaxis from nonanaphylactic PA.ConclusionsIgE to Ara h 2 can efficiently differentiate clinical PA from asymptomatic PS, which may represent a major step forward in the diagnosis of PA.
Early response and local control of stage I non‐small‐cell lung cancer after stereotactic radiotherapy: difference by histology
Authors: Miyakawa Akifumi , Shibamoto Yuta , Kosaki Katsura , Hashizume Chisa 
Published: October 2012

To investigate the possible influences of various factors on tumor response to radiation, regression speeds and long‐term local control rates of primary adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung after stereotactic body radiotherapy were evaluated. Ninety‐one patients (65 men and 26 women) with a median age of 76 years were serially examined using computed tomography at 2, 4 and 6 months after treatment. Tumor histology was adenocarcinoma in 62 patients and squamous cell carcinoma in 29 patients. The prescribed dose was 48 Gy in four fractions given twice a week for T1 tumors (≤3 cm) and 52 Gy in four fractions given twice a week for T2 tumors (3–5 cm). Tumor shrinkage speed and 3‐year local control rates were similar between T1 and T2 tumors and between patients with normal pulmonary function and those with impaired function. Squamous cell carcinomas shrank faster than adenocarcinomas at 2 and 4 months after radiation, but mean relative tumor size at 6 months and local control rates at 3 years did not differ significantly between the two histologies. Tumors in patients with a higher hemoglobin level tended to shrink faster but the control rates were not different. It is concluded that, although squamous cell carcinoma shrinks faster than adenocarcinoma, the two types of lung cancer are of similar radiosensitivity in terms of long‐term control rates. Radiosensitivity should not be evaluated by early tumor response. (Cancer Sci 2013; 104: 130–134)
Motor Origins of Tool Use
Authors: Kahrs Björn A. , Jung Wendy P. , Lockman Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2012

The current study examines the developmental trajectory of banging movements and its implications for tool use development. Twenty (6‐ to 15‐month‐old) infants wore reflective markers while banging a handled cube; movements were recorded at 240 Hz. Results indicated that through the second half‐year, banging movements undergo developmental changes making them ideally suited for instrumental hammering and pounding. Younger infants were inefficient and variable when banging the object: Their hands followed circuitous paths of great lengths at high velocities. By 1 year, infants showed consistent and efficient straight up‐down hand trajectories of smaller magnitude and velocity, allowing for precise aiming and delivering dependable levels of force. The findings suggest that tool use develops gradually from infants' existing manual behaviors.
An Implicit Theories of Personality Intervention Reduces Adolescent Aggression in Response to Victimization and Exclusion
Authors: Yeager David Scott , Trzesniewski Kali H. , Dweck Carol S. 
Published: October 2012

Adolescents are often resistant to interventions that reduce aggression in children. At the same time, they are developing stronger beliefs in the fixed nature of personal characteristics, particularly aggression. The present intervention addressed these beliefs. A randomized field experiment with a diverse sample of Grades 9 and 10 students (ages 14–16,n = 230) tested the impact of a 6‐session intervention that taught an incremental theory (a belief in the potential for personal change). Compared to no‐treatment and coping skills control groups, the incremental theory group behaved significantly less aggressively and more prosocially 1 month postintervention and exhibited fewer conduct problems 3 months postintervention. The incremental theory and the coping skills interventions also eliminated the association between peer victimization and depressive symptoms.