bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of DEP Cell Sorter by Design of Flow Channel for Higher Field Gradient
Authors: Suzuki Seiichi , Ito Emiko , Hasegawa Sena , Takahashi Tsutomu , Hara Takahiko 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn this study, high separation ratio microfluidic cell sorting by a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force is presented. The recent development of iPS cell technology has raised the possibility of regenerative therapy. Technologies of genetic cell processing require purification of specific target cells by a cell sorter. The most widely used system for cell separation is flow cytometry (FCM), which has been developed for research purposes. Despite the excellent separation ratio it achieves, it has a rather high cost per operation. For clinical use, devices contacting biological specimens must be disposable to prevent cross‐infection. A low cost microfluidic cell sorter, using the DEP force, can be fabricated by photolithography. However, the sorting rate of existing DEP cell sorters is far lower than that of FCM because of limitations of the applicable voltage in an aqueous fluid. To circumvent the problem and raise the DEP force, the implementation of field gradient dependence was investigated. The flow channel was designed to produce a high gradient at the separation point and to enhance the DEP force. Numerical calculations by the finite element method indicate that the electric field distribution has a peak intensity at the entrance to the separation channel. DEP separation of latex beads 2 m in diameter at a flow speed of 3.0 mm/s, six times that of our previous system, was demonstrated.
Profiles of white matter tract pathology in frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Mahoney Colin J. , Ridgway Gerard R. , Malone Ian B. , Downey Laura E. , Beck Jonathan , Kinnunen Kirsi M. , Schmitz Nicole , Golden Hannah L. , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Schott Jonathan M. , Rossor Martin N. , Ourselin Sebastien , Mead Simon , Fox Nick C. , Warren Jason D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite considerable interest in improving clinical and neurobiological characterisation of frontotemporal dementia and in defining the role of brain network disintegration in its pathogenesis, information about white matter pathway alterations in frontotemporal dementia remains limited. Here we investigated white matter tract damage using an unbiased, template‐based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) protocol in a cohort of 27 patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) representing both major genetic and sporadic forms, in relation both to healthy individuals and to patients with Alzheimer's disease. Widespread white matter tract pathology was identified in the bvFTD group compared with both healthy controls and Alzheimer's disease group, with prominent involvement of uncinate fasciculus, cingulum bundle and corpus callosum. Relatively discrete and distinctive white matter profiles were associated with genetic subgroups of bvFTD associated with MAPT and C9ORF72 mutations. Comparing diffusivity metrics, optimal overall separation of the bvFTD group from the healthy control group was signalled using radial diffusivity, whereas optimal overall separation of the bvFTD group from the Alzheimer's disease group was signalled using fractional anisotropy. Comparing white matter changes with regional grey matter atrophy (delineated using voxel based morphometry) in the bvFTD cohort revealed co‐localisation between modalities particularly in the anterior temporal lobe, however white matter changes extended widely beyond the zones of grey matter atrophy. Our findings demonstrate a distributed signature of white matter alterations that is likely to be core to the pathophysiology of bvFTD and further suggest that this signature is modulated by underlying molecular pathologies. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4163–4179, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity abnormalities in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rocca Maria A. , Valsasina Paola , Absinta Martina , Moiola Lucia , Ghezzi Angelo , Veggiotti Pierangelo , Amato Maria P. , Horsfield Mark A. , Falini Andrea , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractActive motor functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have a strictly lateralized pattern of activations and a preserved functional connectivity (FC) within the motor system when compared to age‐matched healthy controls. However, it is still not clear whether a preserved FC in pediatric MS is present only in the motor system, or involves other relevant functional system. Resting‐state (RS) fMRI is a valuable tool for an unbiased investigation of FC abnormalities of multiple networks. This study explored abnormalities of RS FC within and between large‐scale neuronal networks from 44 pediatric MS patients and 27 controls and their correlation with clinical, neuropsychological, and conventional MRI measures. Compared to controls, pediatric MS patients had a decreased FC of several regions of the sensorimotor, secondary visual, default‐mode (DMN), executive control, and bilateral working memory (WMN) networks. They also experienced an increased FC in the right medial frontal gyrus of the attention network, which was correlated with T2 lesion volume. Cognitively impaired patients had decreased RS FC of the right precuneus of the left WMN. An increased FC between the sensorimotor network and the DMN, and between the L WMN and the attention network as well as a decreased FC between L WMN and the DMN were also found. A distributed pattern of FC abnormalities within large‐scale neuronal networks occurs in pediatric MS patients, contributes to their cognitive status, and is partially driven by focal white matter lesions. Internetwork connectivity is relatively preserved in these patients. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4180–4192, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rangeland hydrology and erosion model (RHEM) enhancements for applications on disturbed rangelands
Authors: Al‐Hamdan Osama Z. , Hernandez Mariano , Pierson Frederick B. , Nearing Mark A. , Williams C. Jason , Stone Jeffrey J. , Boll Jan , Weltz Mark A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe rangeland hydrology and erosion model (RHEM) is a new process‐based model developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service. RHEM was initially developed for functionally intact rangelands where concentrated flow erosion is minimal and most soil loss occurs by rain splash and sheet flow erosion processes. Disturbance such as fire or woody plant encroachment can amplify overland flow erosion by increasing the likelihood of concentrated flow formation. In this study, we enhanced RHEM applications on disturbed rangelands by using a new approach for the prediction and parameterization of concentrated flow erosion. The new approach was conceptualized based on observations and results of experimental studies on rangelands disturbed by fire and/or by tree encroachment. The sediment detachment rate for concentrated flow was calculated using soil erodibility and hydraulic (flow width and stream power) parameters. Concentrated flow width was calculated based on flow discharge and slope using an equation developed specifically for disturbed rangelands. Soil detachment was assumed to begin with concentrated flow initiation. A dynamic erodibility concept was applied where concentrated flow erodibility was set to decrease exponentially during a run‐off event because of declining sediment availability. Erodibility was estimated using an empirical parameterization equation as a function of vegetation cover and surface soil texture. A dynamic partial differential sediment continuity equation was used to model the total detachment rate of concentrated flow and rain splash and sheet flow. The enhanced version of the model was evaluated against rainfall simulation data for three different sites that exhibit some degree of disturbance by fire and/or by tree encroachment. The coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were 0.78 and 0.71, respectively, which indicates the capability of the model using the new approach for predicting soil loss on disturbed rangeland. By using the new concentrated flow modelling approach, the model was enhanced to be a practical tool that utilizes readily available vegetation and soil data for quantifying erosion and assessing erosion risk following rangeland disturbance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of γ‐decalactone by Yarrowia lipolytica: insights into experimental conditions and operating mode optimization
Authors: Braga Adelaide , Belo Isabel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDγ‐Decalactone production from ricinoleic acid biotransformation derived from the triglycerides in castor oil by Yarrowia lipolytica, has been widely described in literature in studies concerning lipidic metabolism that leads to lactones production, interactions of cells with the lipid substrate, toxicity of produced metabolites, selection of over‐producing mutants and selection of environmental conditions.RESULTSIn order to improve technological aspects of γ‐decalactone production, oxygen transfer rate (OTR), cell density and oil concentration effects were investigated, in batch and step‐wise fed‐batch cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica W29. The best γ‐decalactone concentration of 5.4 ± 0.5 g L‐1 was obtained for batch cultures with 60 g L‐1 of cells and substrate concentration.CONCLUSIONThe direct influence of aeration and agitation rates, thus of OTR, on production of γ‐decalactone has been demonstrated. γ‐Decalactone productivity of 215 ± 19 mg L‐1 h‐1 was obtained with 60 g L‐1 of cells and castor oil concentration in batch and step‐wise fed‐batch cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica. The results obtained suggest that these two strategies are good alternatives for industrial production processes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐directional anisotropy from diffusion orientation distribution functions
Authors: Tan Ek T. , Marinelli Luca , Sperl Jonathan I. , Menzel Marion I. , Hardy Christopher J. 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo evaluate a model‐independent, multi‐directional anisotropy (MDA) metric that is analytically and experimentally equivalent to fractional anisotropy (FA) in single‐direction diffusivity, but potentially superior to FA in its sensitivity to the underlying anisotropy of multi‐directional diffusivity.Materials and MethodsAn expression for MDA was defined from the orientation distribution function (ODF) and its analytical relation to FA was derived. Simulations of single and crossed double‐fibers were performed using a compressed‐sensing‐accelerated diffusion‐spectrum‐imaging (CS‐DSI) scheme. In vivo brain imaging using CS‐DSI was performed on eight healthy subjects. MDA was compared with FA and with another ODF‐based metric known as generalized FA (GFA).ResultsIn simulated single‐direction fibers, MDA was shown to be equivalent to FA (from FA = 0.2 to 0.8). In crossed fibers, MDA provided superior differentiation of the underlying anisotropy as compared to FA and GFA. In vivo analysis shows that the MDA was superior to both FA (P = 0.015) and GFA (P = 0.021) in terms of its relative accuracy in crossed fiber regions.ConclusionMDA provides a potentially superior measure of fiber anisotropy relative to conventional FA or GFA, and may be used to improve the assessment of disease in regions with multi‐directional brain fibers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:841–850. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activity Reconstruction of Post‐Medieval Dutch Rural Villagers from Upper Limb Osteoarthritis and Entheseal Changes
Authors: Palmer J. L. A. , Hoogland M. H. L. , Waters‐Rist A. L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe first objective of this study is to reconstruct levels and types of physical activity and associated sexual and social differences using human skeletal remains from the predominately 19th century Dutch cemetery of Middenbeemster. For most individuals, life in the Beemster centred around dairy farming and was heavily based on manual labor, with a purported higher class of wealthier individuals performing less manual labor. Two skeletal markers of activity are examined in the upper limb of late young adult and middle‐aged adults of both sexes (26–49 years, n = 69): osteoarthritis (OA) and entheseal changes (EC). Results support the hypothesis that the majority of the population engaged in high levels of physical activity; however, a group with a clearly lower or different pattern of activity, possibly representing a higher, less active class, was not discernible. This may be due to a low number of less active individuals in the analysed sample and/or the heterogeneity of occupations and activities. A gendered division of labour was evident in the EC data with males having more pronounced muscle attachments in almost all sites, especially the biceps brachii, used primarily in lifting. Females had more pronounced triceps brachii, which may be due to activities that required pushing or pulling with the elbow in a flexed position. The prevalence and severity of OA did not differ between the sexes. While this could be interpreted to indicate men and women engaged in a similar level of strenuous activity, hormonal and anatomical differences limit the strength of the comparison. The second objective of this study is to evaluate the concordance of OA and EC as activity markers. The correlation between OA and EC is very low, illustrating their variable and complex etiologies. Etiological factors need further research for OA and EC to become more reliable activity markers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultural Changes in Funeral Rites During the Neolithic in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula? The Cave of Pantà de Foix (Barcelona)
Authors: Subirà M. E. , López‐Onaindia D. , Yll R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDuring the third millennia bc, there is a change in the funerary patterns of the populations in Catalonia. This novelty usually has been usually related to a change in the economical source of the human groups that become less sedentary as the stockbreeding becomes more important. In the present study, we analyse this change, reflected in the mortuary practices, by the study of diet and health markers such as caries, dental calculus or enamel hypoplasias and of biological affinities based on dental non‐metric traits. It has been included a total amount of 317 permanent teeth from Cova del Pantà de Foix sites, a sepulchral cave found at the south‐west of the city of Barcelona and dates from the third millennia bc. The 74.2% of them present dental calculus deposits, which are usually related to a high protein intake. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of carious lesions (15.3% of the teeth) suggests that the main dietary contribution comes from carbohydrates. Furthermore, when this group is compared with one from the Middle Neolithic Age, which presents a lower calculus prevalence, no biological differences are observed. This lack of differences among these groups denote that the origin of the high amount of calculus deposit is environmental, which is consistent with the elevated observation of hypoplasias of the crown enamel. The absence of dietary, biological and economical differences indicates that the population substrate during the Neolithic in Catalonia is the same and that the transition in the funerary rite is related to a substantial change only regarding to mortuary practices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced electrochemical properties of a novel polyvinyl formal membrane supporting gel polymer electrolyte by Al2O3 modification
Authors: Wen Yan , Lian Fang , Ren Yan , Guan Hong‐Yan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPolyvinyl formal (PVFM)‐based dense polymer membranes with nano‐Al2O3 doping are prepared via phase inversion method. The membranes and also their performances as gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for lithium ion battery are studied by field emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, mechanical strength test, electrolyte uptake test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and charge–discharge test. The polymer membrane with 3 wt % nano‐Al2O3 doping shows the improved mechanical strength of 12.16 MPa and electrolyte uptake of 431.25% compared with 10.47 MPa and 310.59% of the undoped sample, respectively. The membrane absorbs and swells liquid electrolyte to form stable GPE with ionic conductivity of 4.92 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, which is higher than 1.77 × 10−4 S cm−1 of GPE from the undoped membrane. Moreover, the Al2O3‐modified membrane supporting GPE exhibits wide electrochemical stability window of 1.2–4.8 V (vs. Li/Li+) and good compatibility with LiFePO4 electrode, which implies Al2O3‐modified PVFM‐based GPE to be a promising candidate for lithium ion batteries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 572–577
Lift‐out procedures for atom probe tomography targeting nanoscale features in core‐shell nanowire heterostructures
Authors: Padalkar Sonal , Riley James R. , Li Qiming , Wang George T. , Lauhon Lincoln J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFocused ion beam (FIB) milling and lift‐out was used to prepare atom probe tomography (APT) specimens from GaN‐InGaN multi‐quantum well (MQW) nanowire arrays. Modifications to the conventional FIB lift‐out technique enable the site‐specific analysis of different regions of a single nanowire heterostructure. Three dimensional (3‐D) reconstructions of quantum wells generated by analysis along different directions with respect to the heterointerface demonstrate both the capabilities and limitations of atom probe tomographic analysis. The methods described herein can be applied to the site‐specific analysis of other complex 3‐D heterostructures. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High temperature HVPE of AlN on sapphire templates
Authors: Baker Troy , Mayo Ashley , Veisi Zeinab , Lu Peng , Schmitt Jason 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAluminum nitride (AlN) was grown on c‐plane sapphire substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The experiments utilized a two zone inductively heated hot‐wall reactor capable of temperatures exceeding 1500 °C. The precursors of aluminum monochloride (AlCl) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) were used, and it was determined that AlCl3 was more thermodynamically conducive to single crystalline AlN growth at 1450 °C. AlN templates were optimized at a thickness of 1 µm without cracking. The double axis X‐ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curves full width half maximums (FWHMs) were reproducibly demonstrated with an average of 130 arcsec for the (002) and 516 arcsec for the (102). The AlN was transparent in the UV spectrum with a band gap cut off of 200 nm. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Akt Signaling Leads to Stem Cell Activation and Promotes Tumor Development in Epidermis
Authors: Segrelles Carmen , García-Escudero Ramón , Garín Maria I. , Aranda Juan F. , Hernández Pilar , Ariza José M. , Santos Mirentxu , Paramio Jesús M. , Lorz Corina 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HF-SCs) alternate between periods of quiescence and proliferation, to finally differentiate into all the cell types that constitute the hair follicle. Also, they have been recently identified as cells of origin in skin cancer. HF-SCs localize in a precise region of the hair follicle, the bulge, and molecular markers for this population have been established. Thus, HF-SCs are good model to study the potential role of oncogenic activations on SC physiology. Expression of a permanently active form of Akt (myrAkt) in basal cells leads to Akt hyperactivation specifically in the CD34+Itga6H population. This activation causes bulge stem cells to exit from quiescence increasing their response to proliferative stimuli and affecting some functions such as cell migration. HF-SC identity upon Akt activation is preserved; in this sense, increased proliferation does not result in stem cell exhaustion with age suggesting that Akt activation does not affect self-renewal an important aspect for normal tissue maintenance and cancer development. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of HF-SC isolated from myrAkt and wild-type epidermis underscores changes in metabolic pathways characteristic of cancer cells. These differences manifest during a two-step carcinogenesis protocol in which Akt activation in HF-SCs results in increased tumor development and malignant transformation. Stem Cells 2014;32:1917–1928
Clarifying the complexities of school–museum interactions: Perspectives from two communities
Authors: Kisiel James F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIf we truly wish to promote science or STEM education, then it would seem that the joining of resources and expertise from the communities of formal schooling and informal science education institutions or ISEIs (museums, aquariums, and the like) would be an important early step. Yet creating such connections between teacher and museum remain a challenge for both teachers and informal educators. This study employs a communities of practice lens (Wenger, 1998) to provide a deeper explanation for the challenges inherent in those programs and experiences (field trips, outreach programs, teacher professional development) where schools and informal science institutions interact to create unique learning opportunities. To better understand the expectations and perceived challenges of these boundary activities, questionnaires, focus groups and interviews were used to gather information from over 200 teachers and informal science institution staff in southern California. Several factors, identified by both groups, were found to influence these shared experiences, including issues of authority, capacity, communication, and complexity. By considering both educators' perspectives, we gain a clearer understanding of the practice of these communities and how such practices influence the activities at these boundaries. Furthermore, a closer look at avid users—those teachers who do successfully and regularly make use of ISEIs—reveals possible avenues for strengthening such boundary activities and potentially creating a more effective merging of learning and teaching resources. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 342–367, 2014