bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Radar and Satellite Data Storm-Scale Assimilation Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter Approach for 24 May 2011
Authors: Jones Thomas A. , Stensrud David , Wicker Louis , Minnis Patrick , Palikonda Rabindra 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Assimilating high-resolution radar reflectivity and radial velocity into convection-permitting numerical weather prediction models has proven to be an important tool for improving forecast skill of convection. The use of satellite data for the application is much less well understood, only recently receiving significant attention. Since both radar and satellite data provide independent information, combing these two sources of data in a robust manner potentially represents the future of high-resolution data assimilation. This research combines Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 13 (GOES-13) cloud water path (CWP) retrievals with Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) reflectivity and radial velocity to examine the impacts of assimilating each for a severe weather event occurring in Oklahoma on 24 May 2011. Data are assimilated into a 3-km model using an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter approach with 36 members over a 2-h assimilation window between 1800 and 2000 UTC. Forecasts are then generated for 90 min at 5-min intervals starting at 1930 and 2000 UTC. Results show that both satellite and radar data are able to initiate convection, but that assimilating both spins up a storm much faster. Assimilating CWP also performs well at suppressing spurious precipitation and cloud cover in the model as well as capturing the anvil characteristics of developed storms. Radar data are most effective at resolving the 3D characteristics of the core convection. Assimilating both satellite and radar data generally resulted in the best model analysis and most skillful forecast for this event.
Beyond the Basics: Evaluating Model-Based Precipitation Forecasts Using Traditional, Spatial, and Object-Based Methods
Authors: Wolff Jamie K. , Harrold Michelle , Fowler Tressa , Gotway John Halley , Nance Louisa , Brown Barbara G. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
While traditional verification methods are commonly used to assess numerical model quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) using a grid-to-grid approach, they generally offer little diagnostic information or reasoning behind the computed statistic. On the other hand, advanced spatial verification techniques, such as neighborhood and object-based methods, can provide more meaningful insight into differences between forecast and observed features in terms of skill with spatial scale, coverage area, displacement, orientation, and intensity. To demonstrate the utility of applying advanced verification techniques to mid- and coarse-resolution models, the Developmental Testbed Center (DTC) applied several traditional metrics and spatial verification techniques to QPFs provided by the Global Forecast System (GFS) and operational North American Mesoscale Model (NAM). Along with frequency bias and Gilbert skill score (GSS) adjusted for bias, both the fractions skill score (FSS) and Method for Object-Based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) were utilized for this study with careful consideration given to how these methods were applied and how the results were interpreted. By illustrating the types of forecast attributes appropriate to assess with the spatial verification techniques, this paper provides examples of how to obtain advanced diagnostic information to help identify what aspects of the forecast are or are not performing well.
The Effect of Climate Change on Natural Disasters: A College Student Perspective
Authors: Phillips Melissa C. K. , Cinderich Adam B. , Burrell Jennifer L. , Ruper Jennifer L. , Will Rachel G. , Sheridan Scott C. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Climate change is currently a topic of debate that is discussed not only within the physical science community but also by those in policy. Outside of these communities lies the American public, often not seeking out climate change research, but rather ingesting information interpreted by a third party, most likely through a political lens. Given the increased attention to natural disasters, one area of concern is the possible relationship between climate change and natural disasters. An assessment of the public’s opinion on this relationship has seen minimal research and none regarding college students. College students are a unique subset of the populace for their age, media sensitivity, and possible future in policy or research. This study surveyed college students in geography courses at Kent State University regarding their opinion of the effect of climate change on various natural disasters, while given examples of recently occurring natural disasters. The natural disasters included both atmospheric-related and nonatmospheric-related phenomena. The results show similar responses for those natural disasters that are atmospheric related. However, disparities exist between atmospheric-related and nonatmospheric-related natural disasters, illustrating a lack of knowledge between climate change and nonatmospheric natural disasters, especially tsunamis. Finally, females were found more likely to agree with the effect of climate change on natural disasters, while males were more likely to disagree.
Calculation of limits for significant bidirectional changes in two or more serial results of a biomarker based on a computer simulation model
Authors: Lund Flemming , Petersen Per Hyltoft , Fraser Callum G , Sölétormos György 
Published: September 2014

Background Reference change values provide objective tools to assess the significance of a change in two consecutive results of a biomarker from an individual. However, in practice, more results are usually available and using the reference change value concept on more than two results will increase the number of false positive results. Methods A computer simulation model was developed using Excel. Based on 10,000 simulated measurements among healthy individuals, a series of up to 20 results of a biomarker from each individual was generated using different values for the within-subject biological variation plus the analytical variation. Each new result in this series was compared to the initial result. These successive serial differences were computed to give limits for significant bidirectional changes with constant cumulated maximum probabilities of 95% (p < 0.05) and 99% (p < 0.01). Results From an individual factors used to multiply the first result were calculated to create limits for constant cumulated significant changes. The factors were shown to become a function of the number of results included and the total coefficient of variation. Conclusions The first result should be multiplied by the appropriate factors for increase and decrease to give the limits for a significant bidirectional change in several consecutive measurements.
Radiographic Analysis of Diabetic Midfoot Charcot Neuroarthropathy With and Without Midfoot Ulceration
Authors: Wukich Dane K. , Raspovic Katherine M. , Hobizal Kimberlee B. , Rosario Bedda 
Published: September 2014

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate weight-bearing radiographs in patients with and without foot ulcers diagnosed with midfoot Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) secondary to diabetes mellitus. Methods: One hundred fourteen patients with midfoot CN (50 with foot ulcers and 64 without ulcers) were identified and included in this study. Nine radiographic measurements were made (7 in the sagittal plane and 2 in the transverse plane). Results: CN patients with foot ulcers had significantly greater deformity when assessing the lateral-talar first metatarsal angle, calcaneal pitch, cuboid height, medial column height, calcaneal-fifth metatarsal angle, talar declination, and lateral tibiotalar angle. Two measurements in the transverse plane (hindfoot-forefoot angle and AP talar first metatarsal angle) were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Of patients with foot ulcers, 24% had a lateral talar first metatarsal angle of less than −27 degrees and 80% had a negative cuboid height. Conclusion: Sagittal plane deformities were more likely to be associated with foot ulceration in patients with CN than transverse plane deformities. Lateral column involvement was associated with a worse prognosis than medial column involvement, thus we believe progressive deformity of the lateral column should be monitored closely to prevent foot ulceration. Lateral column involvement could be identified by a decrease in the cuboid height, decreased calcaneal pitch, and decreased lateral calcaneal fifth metatarsal angle. This study can assist physicians in stratifying the risk for both ulceration and need for surgery in patients with CN based on reproducible radiographic measurements. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative series.
Clopidogrel Plus Aspirin Prevents Early Neurologic Deterioration and Improves 6-Month Outcome in Patients With Acute Large Artery Atherosclerosis Stroke
Authors: Wang Chun , Yi Xingyang , Zhang Biao , Liao Duanxiu , Lin Jing , Chi Lifen 
Published: September 2014

Aims: To evaluate the effects of treatments with clopidogrel plus aspirin (dual therapy) on early neurological deterioration (END) and outcomes at 6 months in patients with acute large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) stroke. Methods: A total of 574 patients with LAA stroke were randomly assigned to receive either dual therapy or aspirin alone (monotherapy). The primary outcome was END. Secondary outcomes included recurrent ischemic stroke (RIS) and outcomes at 6 months. Results: The prevalence of END and RIS was lower in patients on dual therapy than in those on monotherapy during the 30 days. At 6 months, dual therapy improved outcomes among older patients and those with symptomatic stenosis in the posterior circulation and basilar artery. Conclusion: Clopidogrel plus aspirin is superior to aspirin alone for reducing END and RIS within 30 days and improves outcomes in certain subgroups at 6 months.
Clinical Outcome 3 Years After Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Does Not Correlate With the Expression of a Predefined Gene Marker Set in Chondrocytes Prior to Implantation but Is Associated With Critical Signaling Pathways
Authors: Stenberg Johan , de Windt Tommy S. , Synnergren Jane , Hynsjö Lars , van der Lee Josefine , Saris Daniel B.F. , Brittberg Mats , Peterson Lars , Lindahl Anders 
Published: September 2014

Background: There is a need for tools to predict the chondrogenic potency of autologous cells for cartilage repair. Purpose: To evaluate previously proposed chondrogenic biomarkers and to identify new biomarkers in the chondrocyte transcriptome capable of predicting clinical success or failure after autologous chondrocyte implantation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study and case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Five patients with clinical improvement after autologous chondrocyte implantation and 5 patients with graft failures 3 years after implantation were included. Surplus chondrocytes from the transplantation were frozen for each patient. Each chondrocyte sample was subsequently thawed at the same time point and cultured for 1 cell doubling, prior to RNA purification and global microarray analysis. The expression profiles of a set of predefined marker genes (ie, collagen type II α1 [COL2A1], bone morphogenic protein 2 [BMP2], fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [FGFR3], aggrecan [ACAN], CD44, and activin receptor–like kinase receptor 1 [ACVRL1]) were also evaluated. Results: No significant difference in expression of the predefined marker set was observed between the success and failure groups. Thirty-nine genes were found to be induced, and 38 genes were found to be repressed between the 2 groups prior to autologous chondrocyte implantation, which have implications for cell-regulating pathways (eg, apoptosis, interleukin signaling, and β-catenin regulation). Conclusion: No expressional differences that predict clinical outcome could be found in the present study, which may have implications for quality control assessments of autologous chondrocyte implantation. The subtle difference in gene expression regulation found between the 2 groups may strengthen the basis for further research, aiming at reliable biomarkers and quality control for tissue engineering in cartilage repair. Clinical Relevance: The present study shows the possible limitations of using gene expression before transplantation to predict the chondrogenic and thus clinical potency of the cells. This result is especially important as the chondrogenic potential of the chondrocytes is currently part of quality control measures according to European and American legislations regarding advanced therapies.
Ras pathway mutations are prevalent in relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and confer sensitivity to MEK inhibition
Authors: Irving Julie , Matheson Elizabeth , Minto Lynne , Blair Helen , Case Marian , Halsey Christina , Swidenbank Isabella , Ponthan Frida , Kirschner-Schwabe Renate , Groeneveld-Krentz Stefanie , Hof Jana , Allan James , Harrison Christine , Vormoor Josef , von Stackelberg Arend , Eckert Cornelia 
Published: September 2014

Key Points
RAS pathway mutations are prevalent in relapsed childhood ALL, and KRAS mutations are associated with a poorer overall survival. RAS pathway mutations confer sensitivity to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors.
Properties of q-shift difference-differential polynomials of meromorphic functions
Authors: Wang Xin-Li , Xu Hong-Yan , Zhan Tang-Sen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we deal with the zeros of the q-shift difference-differential polynomials

[
P
(
f
)

∏

j
=
1

d

f

(

q
j

z
+

c
j

)

s
j

]

(
k
)

−
α
(
z
)

and

(
P
(
f
)

∏

j
=
1

d

[
f
(

q
j

z
+

c
j

)
−
f
(
z
)
]

s
j

)

(
k
)

−
α
(
z
)

, where

P
(
f
)

is a nonzero polynomial of degree n,

q
j

,

c
j

∈
C
∖
{
0
}

(

j
=
1
,
…
,
d

) are constants,

n
,
d
,

s
j

(
j
=
1
,
…
,
d
)
∈

N
+

and

α
(
z
)

is a small function of f. The results of this paper are an extension of the previous theorems given by Chen and Chen and Qi. We also investigate the value sharing for q-shift difference polynomials of entire functions and obtain some results which extend the recent theorem given by Liu, Liu and Cao.

MSC:39A50, 30D35.
Feasibility of tailored treatment based on risk stratification in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Markusse Iris M , de Vries-Bouwstra Jeska K , Han K Huub , van der Lubbe Peter AHM , Schouffoer Anne A , Kerstens Pit JSM , Lems Willem F , Huizinga Tom WJ , Allaart Cornelia F 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Personalized medicine is the holy grail of medicine. The EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) support differential treatment between patients with baseline characteristics suggestive of a non-poor prognosis (non-PP) or poor prognosis (PP) (presence of autoantibodies, a high inflammatory activity and damage on radiographs). We aimed to determine which prognostic risk groups benefit more from initial monotherapy or initial combination therapy.

Methods
508 patients were randomized to initial monotherapy (iMono) or initial combination therapy (iCombo). Disease outcomes of iMono and iCombo were compared within non-PP or PP groups as determined on baseline characteristics

Results
PP patients treated with iCombo after three months more often achieved ACR20 (70% vs 38%, P <0.001), ACR50 (48% vs 13%, P <0.001) and ACR70 response (24% vs 4%, P <0.001) than those treated with iMono, and had more improvement in HAQ (median decrease 0.75 vs 0.38, P <0.001). After 1 year, differences in ACR20 response and DAS-remission remained; PP patients treated with iCombo (vs iMono) had less radiographic progression (median 0.0 vs 1.5, P =0.001).
Non-PP patients treated with iCombo after three months more often achieved an ACR response (ACR20: 71% versus 44%, P <0.001; ACR50: 49% vs 13%, P <0.001; ACR70: 17% vs 3%, P =0.001) than with iMono, and functional ability showed greater improvement (median decrease in HAQ 0.63 vs 0.38, P <0.001). After 1 year, differences in ACR20 and ACR50 response remained; radiographic progression was comparable between the groups.
Non-PP and PP patients responded equally well to iCombo in terms of improvement of functional ability, with similar toxicity.

Conclusions
Since PP and non-PP patients benefit equally from iCombo through earlier clinical response and functional improvement than with iMono, we conclude that personalized medicine as suggested in the guidelines is not yet feasible. The choice of treatment strategy should depend more on rapid relief of symptoms than on prognostic factors.

Trial registration
Netherlands Trial Register NTR262 (registered 7 September 2005) and NTR265 (8 September 2005).
Tissue specific CD4+ T cell priming determines the requirement for interleukin-23 in experimental arthritis
Authors: Olalekan Susan A , Cao Yanxia , Finnegan Alison 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease with striking heterogeneity in (i) clinical presentation, (ii) autoantibody profiles and (iii) responses to treatment suggesting that distinct molecular mechanisms may underlie the disease process. Proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) is induced by two pathways either by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) exposure to PG. CD4+ T cells primed by the i.p. route are T helper (Th)1 cells expressing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) whereas CD4+ T cells primed by the s.c. route are Th17 cells expressing interleukin (IL)-17. IL-23 is necessary for maintaining the phenotype of Th17 cells; however, IL-23 is inflammatory independent of IL-17. The aim of this study was to determine if PGIA induced by different routes of immunization is dependent on IL-23.

Methods
BALB/c wild type (WT), IL-12p40−/− and IL-23p19−/− littermate mice were immunized with recombinant G1 (rG1) domain of human PG in adjuvant either i.p. or s.c. and development of arthritis monitored. Joint histology was assessed. CD4+ T cell cytokines in spleen, lymph node (LN), and joint were assessed by intracellular staining and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RNA transcripts for cytokines and transcription factors were examined.

Results
PGIA was suppressed in the p40−/− and p19−/− mice immunized by the s.c. route but only inhibited in p40−/− mice by the i.p. route. The joints of s.c. but not i.p. sensitized mice contained a population of CD4+ T cells expressing single positive IFN-γ and IL-17 and double positive IFN-γ/IL-17 which were dependent on IL-23 expression. The IFN-γ and IL-17 response in spleen and inguinal LN was inhibited in p19−/− mice and p40−/− mice after s.c. immunization, whereas in i.p. immunized p19−/− mice, IL-17 but not IFN-γ was reduced. Inguinal LN CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) from s.c. immunized, but not spleen DC from i.p. immunized mice, produced IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-6 and activated T cells to produce IL-17.

Conclusion
IL-23 is necessary for the activity of Th17 after s.c. immunization and does not play a role independent of IL-17 after i.p. immunization. These data demonstrate that the molecular pathways IL-23/17 and IL-12/IFN-γ may represent subtypes of arthritis determined by the mode of induction.
Solvability for nonlocal boundary value problems on a half line with "Equation missing"
Authors: Jeong Jeongmi , Kim Chan-Gyun , Lee Eun Kyoung 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The existence of at least one solution to the second-order nonlocal boundary value problems on a half line is investigated by using Mawhin’s continuation theorem.

MSC: 34B10, 34B40, 34B15.
Novel Panchromatic Absorption Material, Isoindigo-based A–π–A–π–A Small Molecule
Authors: Liu Qian , Du Zhengkun , Qiu Meng , Sun Liang , Liu Wei , Chen Weichao , Sun Mingliang , Yang Renqiang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
One A–π–A–π–A small molecule [I(TPTA)2], containing two planar acceptor units, isoindigo, and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (TPTA) with thiophene as bridge, was synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction. The obtained molecule exhibits panchromatic absorption between 300 and 720 nm with a large half band width up to 350 nm in thin solid film. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of [I(TPTA)2] are −5.50 and −3.82 eV. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the structure of [I(TPTA)2] is quite planar and that the electron density is mainly delocalized over the central isoindigo and thiophene units.
Drift Performance of Point Fixed Glass Façade Systems
Authors: Sivanerupan S. , Wilson J.L. , Gad E.F. , Lam N.T.K. 
Published: September 2014

Glass façade systems in buildings are subject to racking actions caused by inter storey drifts from earthquakes and wind action. The performance of façade systems is dependent on the amount of imposed drift and the interaction of the glass panels with the façade structural support frames. There are two major concerns related to the glass façade system performance during and immediately after a seismic event; hazards to people from falling glass and the cost associated with building down time and repair. It was observed that earthquake damage to glass façade systems resulting from in-plane racking actions is increasingly common and yet there has been limited research published in this field. The research completed to date has mainly focused on traditional framed glass façade systems; however, the racking performance of point fixed glass façade system (PFGFS) is likely to be quite different. Therefore, the aim of the research presented in this paper is to assess the in-plane racking performance of PFGFS which is a façade system gaining popularity worldwide. Two unique full scale in-plane racking laboratory tests on typical PFGFS with different types of connections were conducted and specific racking mechanisms were identified. Sophisticated non-linear finite element models (FE models) were developed and benchmarked against experimental results with excellent correlation. Further detailed FE analyses were conducted to evaluate the individual drift contributions of each racking mechanism such as rigid body translation of the glass panels at the oversize holes for construction tolerance, spider arm rotation and spider arm deformation. It was found that most of the drift capacity is attributed to the rigid body translation at the oversize holes. In this paper, the laboratory test setup and the experimental results are discussed together with the confirmatory FE analysis results to assess the in-plane racking performance of the PFGFS.