bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational heritage language practices: A case study of Spanish-speaking families in Britain
Authors: Tyrrell Naomi , Guijarro-Fuentes Pedro , Blandon Claudia 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper analyses data from a multiple-method study exploring intergenerational heritage language practices in Spanish-speaking families in Britain. The paper harnesses interdisciplinary perspectives (human geography, childhood studies and socio-linguistics) to explore families' accounts of their intergenerational language practices within the home specifically, due to the dearth of work in this area in Britain. There is an urgent need to examine the multiple intersections between language, home and identity, particularly from intergenerational and/or life course perspectives. Currently, little is known about the ways in which members of migrant families evaluate their heritage language practices socially and linguistically in the home in European contexts, or how their heritage language practices are informed by their identities (often multiple) in European migrant-receiving countries. Specifically, the paper explores: the comparative geographical patterns of Spanish in Britain, using data from Census 2011; how and why children's and parents' heritage language practices differ in the home space (and beyond); and the ways in which these practices are rooted in senses of identity and belonging.
Changing argument structure in (heritage) Pennsylvania German
Authors: Stolberg Doris 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
By way of migration, large numbers of German-speaking settlers arrived in Pennsylvania between roughly 1700 and 1750. Pennsylvania German, as a distinct variety, developed through levelling processes from L1 varieties of these migrants who came mainly from the southwestern regions of the German speaking area. Pennsylvania German is still spoken today by specific religious groups (primarily Amish and Menonnite groups) for many of whom it is an identity marker. My paper focuses on those Pennsylvania Germans who are not part of these religious groups but have the same migration history. Due to their being closer to the cultural values of American mainstream society, they were integrated into it, and during the 20th century their use of Pennsylvania German was continually diminishing. A revival of this heritage language has occurred over the past c. three decades, including language courses offered at community colleges, public libraries, etc., where ethnic Pennsylvania Germans wish to (re-)learn the language of their grandparents.
Written Pennsylvania German data from four points in time between the 1860s and the 1990s were analysed in this study. Based on these linguistic analyses, differences between the data sets are shown that point towards a diachronic change in the language contact situation of Pennsylvania German speakers. Sociolinguistic and extralinguistic factors are considered that influence the role of PG and make their speakers heritage speakers much in the sense of recent immigrant heritage speakers, although delayed by 200 years.
Study of Stand-Alone Microgrid under Condition of Faults on Distribution Line
Authors: Malla S. G. , Bhende C. N. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The behavior of stand-alone microgrid is analyzed under the condition of faults on distribution feeders. During fault since battery is not able to maintain dc-link voltage within limit, the resistive dump load control is presented to do so. An inverter control is proposed to maintain balanced voltages at PCC under the unbalanced load condition and to reduce voltage unbalance factor (VUF) at load points. The proposed inverter control also has facility to protect itself from high fault current. Existing maximum power point tracker (MPPT) algorithm is modified to limit the speed of generator during fault. Extensive simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK established that the performance of the controllers is quite satisfactory under different fault conditions as well as unbalanced load conditions.
A Novel Edge Detection Algorithm Based on Texture Feature Coding
Authors: Sengur Abdulkadir , Guo Yanhui , Ustundag Mehmet , Alcin Ömer Faruk 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA new edge detection technique based on the texture feature coding method (TFCM) is proposed. The TFCM is a texture analysis scheme that is generally used in texture-based image segmentation and classification applications. The TFCM transforms an input image into a texture feature image whose pixel values represent the texture information of the pixel in the original image. Then, on the basis of the transformed image, several features are calculated as texture descriptors. In this article, the TFCM is employed differently to construct an edge detector. In particular, the texture feature number (TFN) of the TFCM is considered. In other words, the TFN image is used for subsequent processes. After obtaining the TFN image, a simple thresholding scheme is employed for obtaining the coarse edge image. Finally, an edge-thinning procedure is used to obtain the tuned edges. We conducted several experiments on a variety of images and compared the results with the popular existing methods such as the Sobel, Prewitt, Canny, and Canny–Deriche edge detectors. The obtained results were evaluated quantitatively with the Figure of Merit criterion. The experimental results demonstrated that our proposed method improved the edge detection performance greatly. We further implemented the proposed edge detector with a hardware system. To this end, a field programmable gate array chip was used. The related simulations were carried out with the MATLAB Simulink tool. Both software and hardware implementations demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed edge detector.
A Novel Cost-effective OFDM WDM-PON Radio Over Fiber System Employing FBG to Generate Optical mm-wave
Authors: Nguyen HoangViet 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe have investigated and demonstrated a novel scheme to generate 2.5 Gbit/s 64 QAM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals for Radio Over Fiber (ROF) systems. We employ Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) because the repetitive frequency of the RF source and the bandwidth of the optical modulator are largely reduced and the architecture of the ROF system is simpler. Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) has been considered as a promising solution for future broadband access networks. Principle of WDM-PON access network compatible with OFDM-ROF systems is investigated. This novel scheme which has multiple double-frequency technique to generate mm-wave signal to carry OFDM signals is a practical scheme to be applied for future broadband access networks.
An Eighteen-Minute Submaximal Exercise Test to Assess Cardiac Fitness in Response to Aerobic Training
Authors: Romagnoli Marco , Alis Rafael , Sanchis-Gomar Fabian , Lippi Giuseppe , Arduini Alessandro 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Romagnoli, M, Alis, R, Sanchis-Gomar, F, Lippi, G, and Arduini, A. An 18-minute submaximal exercise test to assess cardiac fitness in response to aerobic training. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2846–2852, 2018—We aimed to evaluate the utility of a submaximal heart rate recovery (HRR) test to monitor changes in cardiac fitness after aerobic training. Twenty healthy subjects were assigned to a control (n = 10) or a training (n = 10) group. Subjects in the training group performed 8 weeks of bicycle training, followed by 8 weeks of detraining. Heart rate recovery was assessed after exercises at 65% and 80% HRmax. The HRR test was performed at weeks 0 (W0), 4 (W4), 8 (W8), and 16 (W16) in the training group and at W0 and W8 in the control group. Heart rate recovery indices changed in response to training and detraining. Absolute HRR at 60, 120, and 180 seconds after exercise increased at both exercise intensities at W8 of training (p < 0.01, W8 vs. W0) and returned to the pretraining level after detraining (p > 0.05, W16 vs. W0). Time constants of fast HRR recovery (<1 minute) changed with training (p < 0.05–0.01, W8 vs. W0) and detraining (p > 0.05, W16 vs. W0) but only at 65% HRmax. At the end of the 3-minute recovery period, the predicted heart rate (HR) value (A0) and the HR recovered (Amax) from the monoexponential analysis changed with training (p < 0.05–0.01, W8 vs. W0) and detraining (p > 0.05, W16 vs. W0). We conclude that this novel submaximal HRR test is highly sensitive for monitoring cardiac fitness during training and detraining in healthy people. Because this test is simple, inexpensive, and the data are reliable and easy to analyze, we hope that it may be of interest to the sports science community.
Sequence analysis of the catalytic subunit of PKA in somatotroph adenomas
Authors: Larkin Sarah J , Ferraù Francesco , Karavitaki Niki , Hernández-Ramírez Laura C , Ansorge Olaf , Grossman Ashley B , Korbonits Márta 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveThe pathogenetic mechanisms of sporadic somatotroph adenomas are not well understood, but derangements of the cAMP pathway have been implicated. Recent studies have identified L206R mutations in the alpha catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PRKACA) in cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas and amplification of the beta catalytic subunit of protein kinase A PRKACB in acromegaly associated with Carney complex. Given that both adrenocortical adenomas and somatotroph adenomas are known to be reliant on the cAMP signalling pathway, we sought to determine the relevance of the L206R mutation in both PRKACA and PRKACB for the pathogenesis of sporadic somatotroph adenomas.DesignSomatotroph adenoma specimens, both frozen and formalin-fixed, from patients who underwent surgery for their acromegaly between 1995 and 2012, were used in the study.MethodsThe DNA sequence at codon 206 of PRKACA and PRKACB was determined by PCR amplification and sequencing. The results were compared with patient characteristics, the mutational status of the GNAS complex locus and the tumour granulation pattern.ResultsNo mutations at codon 206 of PRKACA or PRKACB were found in a total of 92 specimens, comprising both WT and mutant GNAS cases, and densely, sparsely and mixed granulation patterns.ConclusionsIt is unlikely that mutation at this locus is involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic somatotroph adenoma; however, gene amplification or mutations at other loci or in other components of the cAMP signalling pathway, while unlikely, cannot be ruled out.
Parent and Adolescent Knowledge of HPV and Subsequent Vaccination
Authors: Fishman Jessica , Taylor Lynne , Kooker Patricia , Frank Ian 
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been shown to have important health benefits, but vaccination rates are low. Parental and adolescent knowledge could possibly promote vaccination, but the relationship between knowledge and subsequent vaccination is unclear. This study examines how strongly HPV vaccination among high-risk adolescents is related to their or their parents’ previous knowledge.

METHODS:
A longitudinal cohort study enrolled participants from low-income, predominantly African American neighborhoods. Baseline questionnaires measuring knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccination, as well other variables, were completed by 211 adolescents and 149 parents of another adolescent sample. Adolescent vaccination was tracked prospectively for 12 months after baseline by using clinic reporting data. Analyses tested if parent or adolescent knowledge was associated with or predictive of adolescent HPV vaccination.

RESULTS:
On average, parents and adolescents answered slightly less than 50% of knowledge items correctly at baseline, with 5% of parents and 10% of adolescents not answering any knowledge items correctly. Within 12 months, 20 of 149 (13.4%) of the parents’ daughters received an HPV vaccination and 32 of 211 (15.2%) of the other adolescent sample did so. Neither parental nor adolescent knowledge was associated with or predictive of adolescent vaccination. For example, when testing the relationship between adolescent vaccination and parental knowledge scores, all R2 values were &lt;0.005. Results were independent of available potential confounders.

CONCLUSIONS:
Those with higher levels of knowledge were not more likely to obtain vaccination for themselves or their daughters. Ideally, future interventions will target factors related to vaccination.
Parental Tdap Boosters and Infant Pertussis: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Quinn Helen E. , Snelling Thomas L. , Habig Andrew , Chiu Clayton , Spokes Paula J. , McIntyre Peter B. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND:
Although recommended for almost a decade, evidence for field effectiveness of vaccinating close adult contacts of newborn infants against pertussis (“cocooning”) is lacking. We evaluated the impact of a government-funded cocoon program during a pertussis epidemic in New South Wales, Australia.

METHODS:
We matched all New South Wales laboratory-confirmed pertussis cases aged &lt;4 months with onset between April 1, 2009, to March 30, 2011 to controls from the state birth register by date of birth and area of residence. Parental vaccine receipt was by self-report, with a subset verified. Parents were considered “immunized” if vaccinated ≥4 weeks before case symptom onset. The effectiveness of parental immunization (versus neither vaccinated) was quantified as (1 – odds ratio) × 100%.

RESULTS:
Case households had fewer immunized mothers (22% vs 32%) or fathers (20% vs 31%) but were more likely to include additional and older children. After adjustment, when both parents met our definition of immunized, risk of pertussis at&lt;4 months of age was reduced by 51% (95% confidence interval 10% to 73%). Maternal vaccination prepregnancy and an immunized father reduced the risk by 51% (95% confidence interval 0% to 76%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Timely parental pertussis boosters provided significant protection. Evidence of protection from maternal vaccination prepregnancy is biologically plausible, and more precise data on the magnitude and duration of this is important for future policy recommendations.
Parental Financial Incentives for Increasing Preschool Vaccination Uptake: Systematic Review
Authors: Wigham Sarah , Ternent Laura , Bryant Andrew , Robalino Shannon , Sniehotta Falko F. , Adams Jean 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Financial incentives have been used to promote vaccination uptake but are not always viewed as acceptable. Quasimandatory policies, such as requiring vaccinations for school enrollment, are widely implemented in some countries. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effectiveness, acceptability, and economic costs and consequences of parental financial incentives and quasimandatory schemes for increasing the uptake of preschool vaccinations in high-income countries.

METHODS:
Electronic databases and gray literature were searched for randomized controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies, and time series analyses examining the effectiveness of parental financial incentives and quasimandatory schemes, as well as any empirical studies exploring acceptability. All included studies were screened for information on economic costs and consequences. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the quality of selected articles by using established instruments. Studies were synthesized in narrative reviews.

RESULTS:
Four studies on the effectiveness and 6 on the acceptability of parental financial incentives and quasimandatory interventions met the inclusion criteria. Only 1 study reported on costs and consequences. Studies of effectiveness had low risk of bias but displayed substantial heterogeneity in terms of interventions and methods.

CONCLUSIONS:
There was insufficient evidence to conclude whether these interventions were effective. Studies of acceptability suggested a preference, in settings where this already occurs, for incentives linking vaccinations to access to education. There was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on economic costs and consequences.
IMPLEMENTACION DE LAS MODIFICACIONES AL CURSO DIMENSIONES DEL CONOCIMIENTO EN ENFERMERIA: UNA EXPERIENCIA DE AULA
Authors: Rojas Valenciano Ligia , Guzmán Aguilar Ana , Leiva Díaz Viriam 
Published: September 2014

Se presentan los resultados de la segunda etapa de un estudio que forma parte del proyecto de investigación No. 421-A8-113 titulado “Los procesos educativos y evaluativos que conducen a la actualización del plan de estudios de Licenciatura en Enfermería”, el cual concierne a la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Fue aprobado por la Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la misma entidad educativa. (Vicerrectoría de Investigación oficio VI-1608- 2008)Esta investigación se enmarca dentro de los fundamentos que establece la investigación acción en el aula. La población actuante fue aquella matriculada en el curso Dimensiones del Conocimiento en Enfermería, ubicado en el V ciclo del plan de estudios de la carrera de Licenciatura en Enfermería, la cual correspondió a 80 estudiantes; de los cuales se seleccionó una muestra intencional de 60 estudiantes que correspondió al 75% de la población. Para la recolección de información, se utilizó la técnica de cuestionario y la encuesta con preguntas generadoras, así como la observación por parte del docente y las notas de campo. Los datos obtenidos se confrontaron con la propuesta curricular del plan de estudios de la Escuela de Enfermería según resolución VD-6479-98. El estudio evidenció que los contenidos que se desarrollan durante el curso permiten el análisis de la actuación del profesional de enfermería en su realidad. De tal manera, que cuando el estudiantado se encuentra en el campo clínico interviene con la persona como un todo desde el “saber”, “ser” y “quehacer” enfermero. La metodología variada utilizada fue el punto de encuentro en los tres grupos participantes. La práctica pedagógica se orientó hacia un carácter más subjetivo, se estimuló la participación del estudiantado. La evaluación formativa adquirió relevancia para determinar el desempeño en el aula y en los trabajos solicitados, congruente con el enfoque constructivista.
Dual-Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Focused Ion Beam (FIB): A Practical Method for Characterization of Small Cultural Heritage Objects
Authors: Carl Matthew , Smith Chris A. , Young Marcus L. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTKnowledge of the composition of many cultural heritage objects is limited, resulting in many unanswered questions in regards to the provenance, composition, and production methods. In this paper, our objective is to show that dual beam scanning electron microscope (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) can be used rapidly and non-destructively to determine the surface and bulk metal compositions in small cultural heritage objects. We show, for the first time, that this novel FIB technique can be successfully applied non-destructively to cultural heritage objects by examining three representative silver plated objects (Candelabra, “Century” spoon, and New York World’s Fair spoon) from the Dallas Museum of Art’s unparalleled collection of modern American silver. In each case, we successfully reveal and characterize the bulk metal as well as the Ag-plating, up to ∼80 µm deep and show that there is no visual damage resulting from the milling process of the FIB. This novel characterization technique can be applied, due to its ease of availability and rapid use, to many other problems in addition to silver plated objects, making dual beam SEM/FIB a possible cornerstone technique in the study of cultural heritage objects.
The Effect of Edaphic Factors on the Similarity of Parasitic Nematodes in the Soil Sampled in Nurseries of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs
Authors: Chałańska Aneta , Łabanowski Gabriel 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The largest faunistic similarity of nematodes was found in soils sampled in coniferous nurseries where arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis - Cupressaceae), spruces (Picea spp. - Pinaceae) and pines (Pinus spp. - Pi-naceae) were grown. In soil sampled from deciduous tree and shrub nurseries, similar species composition of parasitic nematodes was found in stands of oaks (Quercus spp. - Fagaceae), black locusts (Robiniapseudo-acacia - Fabaceae) and maples (Acer spp. - Sapindaceae). In soils, especially the light and medium, from stands of coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs, Aphelenchus avenae was often isolated. Bitylenchus dubius occurred in both types of nurseries, particularly in light soils. The largest faunistic similarities between nematodes isolated from places of growth of coniferous and deciduous plants were recorded in soils of loamy sand and sandy loam. The most abundant nematode species and the greatest similarity in species of plant parasitic nematodes were observed in soils with neutral pH or slightly acidic. Aphelenchus avenae was found in soil samples collected from both coniferous and deciduous plants, with no relation to soil acidity.
Examination of the Suitability of Different Pollinators for Four Sweet Cherry Cultivars Commonly Grown in Poland
Authors: Głowacka Agnieszka , Rozpára Elżbieta 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The aim of the work was to select pollinators for sweet cherry cultivars: ‘Vanda’, ‘Techlovan’, ‘Syl–via’ and ‘Regina’, which are of great economic significance in Poland. As pollinators, three or four different cultivars with the same or similar flowering time as the pollinated cultivars were evaluated annually. The pollinators belonged to different incompatibility groups. Pollination was carried out over four consecutive seasons. Assuming that for a good yield more than 20% of the flowers should develop fruits, a good polli–nator for the cv. ‘Vanda’ was ‘Techlovan’, and for the cv. ‘Regina’ - ‘Sylvia’. The cv. ‘Techlovan’ was pollinated to best effect by ‘Vega’, and the cv. ‘Sylvia’ by ‘Regina’, but the setting of fruits in the last two combinations was moderately good. Low to moderately good fruit setting but depending on the year was observed in the combinations ‘Sylvia’ x ‘Summit’, ‘Regina’ x ‘Summit’, and ‘Regina’ x ‘Rainier’. Cultivar ‘Summit’ for ‘Sylvia’, and ‘Summit’ and ‘Rainier’ for the cv. ‘Regina’ should not be used as pollinators because the low percentage of fruit set obtained annually does not guarantee a satisfactory yield.
Ethylene Emission of Apples Treated with 1-Methylcyclopropene During Storage
Authors: Melnyk Oleksandr , Drozd Olga , Boicheva Natalia , Zhmudenko Yuliia , Melnyk Igor , Khudik Liudmyla , Remeniuk Leonid , Vykhvatniuk Liubomyr 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The effect of post-harvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on ethylene emission in early-winter apple (cv. ‘Calville’), winter (‘Gloster’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’), and late-winter cultivars (‘Granny Smith’, ‘Idared’ and ‘Reinette Simirenko’) w as investigated. The fruits were picked at a commercial harvest time and half of them were treated with 1-MCP (‘SmartFresh™’ 0.068 gm-3) for 24 h at 5 °C. Then both groups of apples were placed in a common storage at the temperature of 2 °C. The intensity of fruit ethylene emission (rate of ethylene production) was measured and 1 -MCP inhibition index was calculated. During storage, activity of ethylene emission by control apples of ‘Calville’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ showed typical climacteric pattern, while the intensity of ethylene emission of apples of other cultivars only increased gradually. The change of ethylene activity of early-winter apple cv. ‘Calville’ and winter cv. ‘Jonagold’, both treated with 1-MCP after harvest, had exponential character, especially actively increasing after 3 months of storage. At the same time ethylene emission of 1 -MCP treated fruits of other cultivars changed steadily to a low level and was effectively suppressed during the whole 6-month period of storage in normal atmosphere. The value of inhibition index of fruits treated by 1-MCP confirmed the consistent restoration of the ability to ethylene synthesis and thus to post-harvest ripening of some apples cultivars.