bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Living with HIV postdiagnosis: a qualitative study of the experiences of Nairobi slum residents
Authors: Wekesa Eliud , Coast Ernestina 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesTo characterise the experiences of heterosexual men and women living with HIV postdiagnosis and explain these experiences in relation to their identity and sexuality.DesignQualitative study using in-depth interviews and a theoretically informed biographic disruption theory.SettingInterviews were conducted in two Nairobi slums (Kenya).Participants41 HIV-infected heterosexual men and women aged 18 years or older.ResultsPeople living with HIV have divergent experiences surrounding HIV diagnosis. Postdiagnosis, there are multiple phases of identity transition, including status (non-)disclosure, and attempts at identity repair and normalcy. For some people, this process involves a transition to a new self-identity, incorporating both HIV and antiretroviral treatment (ART) into their lives. For others, it involves a partial transition, with some aspects of their prediagnosis identity persisting, and for others it involves a rejection of HIV identity. Those people who were able to incorporate HIV/AIDS in their identity, without it being disruptive to their biography, were pursuing safer sexual and reproductive lives. By contrast, those people with a more continuous biography continued to reflect their prediagnosis identity and sexual behaviour.ConclusionsPeople living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) had to rework their sense of identity following diagnosis in the context of living in a slum setting. Men and women living with HIV in slums are poorly supported by health systems and services as they attempt to cope with a diagnosis of HIV. Given the availability of ART, health services and professionals need to support the rights of PLWHA to be sexually active if they want to and achieve their fertility goals, while minimising HIV transmission risk.
Nodding syndrome in Ugandan children—clinical features, brain imaging and complications: a case series
Authors: Idro Richard , Opoka Robert Opika , Aanyu Hellen T , Kakooza-Mwesige Angelina , Piloya-Were Theresa , Namusoke Hanifa , Musoke Sarah Bonita , Nalugya Joyce , Bangirana Paul , Mwaka Amos Deogratius , White Steven , Chong Kling , Atai-Omoruto Anne D , Mworozi Edison , Nankunda Jolly , Kiguli Sarah , Aceng Jane Ruth , Tumwine James K 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesNodding syndrome is a devastating neurological disorder of uncertain aetiology affecting children in Africa. There is no diagnostic test, and risk factors and symptoms that would allow early diagnosis are poorly documented. This study aimed to describe the clinical, electrophysiological and brain imaging (MRI) features and complications of nodding syndrome in Ugandan children.DesignCase series.Participants22 children with nodding syndrome brought to Mulago National Referral Hospital for assessment.Outcome measuresClinical features, physical and functional disabilities, EEG and brain MRI findings and a staging system with a progressive development of symptoms and complications.ResultsThe median age of symptom onset was 6 (range 4–10) years and median duration of symptoms was 8.5 (range 2–11) years. 16 of 22 families reported multiple affected children. Physical manifestations and complications included stunting, wasting, lip changes and gross physical deformities. The bone age was delayed by 2 (range 1–6) years. There was peripheral muscle wasting and progressive generalised wasting. Four children had nodding as the only seizure type; 18 in addition had myoclonic, absence and/or generalised tonic–clonic seizures developing 1–3 years after the onset of illness. Psychiatric manifestations included wandering, aggression, depression and disordered perception. Cognitive assessment in three children demonstrated profound impairment. The EEG was abnormal in all, suggesting symptomatic generalised epilepsy in the majority. There were different degrees of cortical and cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI, but no hippocampal changes. Five stages with worsening physical, EEG and brain imaging features were identified: a prodrome, the development of head nodding and cognitive decline, other seizure types, multiple complications and severe disability.ConclusionsNodding syndrome is a neurological disorder that may be characterised as probably symptomatic generalised epilepsy. Clinical manifestations and complications develop in stages which might be useful in defining treatment and rehabilitation. Studies of risk factors, pathogenesis, management and outcome are urgently needed.
Mechanical thrombectomy with the Solitaire device in acute basilar artery occlusion
Authors: Mourand Isabelle , Machi Paolo , Milhaud Didier , Picot Marie-Christine , Lobotesis Kyriakos , Arquizan Caroline , Costalat Vincent , Héroum Chérif , Sablot Denis , Bouly Stéphane , Lalu Thibault , Bonafé Alain 
Published: May 2013

AimsTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy with the Solitaire FR device in revascularization of patients with acute basilar artery occlusion (ABAO) and to identify the predictive factors for clinical outcome.MethodsThis prospective single-center study included 31 patients with acute ischemic stroke attributable to ABAO treated within the first 24 h after onset of symptoms with the Solitaire device. Nineteen patients simultaneously received intravenous thrombolysis. Recanalization rates after stent retrieval were determined and the clinical outcome and mortality rate were assessed 180 days after treatment.ResultsThe mean ±SD age of the patients was 61±17 years, the median prethrombectomy NIH Stroke Scale score was 38 (IQR 9–38) and the median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 7 (IQR 4–14). Successful recanalization (TICI 3 or 2b) was achieved in 23 patients (74%). Five symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages were related to the procedure. Ten symptomatic distal migrations of thrombotic material occurred. A favorable outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Score (mRS) of 0–2, was observed in 35% of patients (11/31). Overall mortality rate was 32% (10/31). In the univariate analysis, elevated baseline glucose (p=0.008) was significantly associated with a poor outcome (mRS >2), whereas a tendency towards significance was observed with age (p=0.06), GCS on admission (p=0.07) and symptom-related lesions on T2 sequences (p=0.10). Patients with successful recanalization tended to have a better outcome (p=0.20).ConclusionMechanical thrombectomy with the Solitaire FR device can rapidly and effectively contribute to a high rate of recanalization and improve functional outcome in patients with ABAO and has an acceptable complication rate.
Estimating chlamydia re-infection rates: an empirical example
Authors: Torrone Elizabeth A , Satterwhite Catherine L , Scholes Delia , Yu Onchee , Berman Stuart , Peterman Thomas A 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveChlamydia re-infection data are used to inform and evaluate chlamydia control programmes. We quantitatively investigated the effect of denominator selection on estimating re-infection rates and trends.MethodsUsing data on women aged 15–44 years enrolled in Group Health Cooperative (GH), a Pacific Northwest health plan, annual chlamydia re-infection rates from 1998 to 2006 were calculated. Three different denominators were compared using person-years contributed by: (1) all women; (2) women with a prior documented chlamydial infection regardless of whether they were retested; and (3) women with a prior chlamydial infection who were retested within 14 months.ResultsFrom 1998 to 2006, among all women 15–44 years enrolled in GH, re-infection rates increased from 64 to 149 cases per 100 000 person-years. Among women with a prior infection, rates decreased from 10 857 to 8782 cases per 100 000 person-years. Among women with a prior infection who were retested, rates increased from 29 374 to 42 475 cases per 100 000 person-years.ConclusionsUsing the same dataset, we demonstrate that it is possible to tell three different stories about the magnitude of rates and trends in chlamydia re-infection among women by using different denominators. All of these strategies have limitations, but restricting the denominator to women with a prior infection who are retested may best represent the population at-risk for re-infection. Still, rates do not account for additional factors influencing the number of re-infections diagnosed, including screening coverage and changes in test technology. Caution is needed in examining and comparing re-infection data.
Cultural Amnesia, Cultural Nostalgia and False Memory: Africa’s Identity Crisis Revisited
Authors: Mazrui Ali A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The point of departure of this article is Ernest Renan’s observation that the secret of nation-building is to get one’s history wrong. We critically analyze – in the broader and historical context of the encounters between Africans and Europeans – the role of collective memory in its four functions of preservation, selection, elimination and invention. We focus on the first function to examine in depth how positive preservation of memory can become a form of nostalgia and how negative selection by memory can lead to elimination and amnesia. We argue that both nostalgia and amnesia can be forms of “getting one’s history wrong” in order to get one’s national identity right. We also attempt to show how historical invention can be consolidated into a false memory – placing something in the past which was never there before.
Language of Instruction and Learning in Mathematics and Science in Some African Countries
Authors: Brock-Utne Birgit 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This article looks into the unfounded belief in many so-called anglophone countries in Africa that mathematics and science are best taught in English and not in an African language, the language pupils and teachers normally speak and command much better than English. Examples are given from Tanzania, South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho and Ghana. The reintroduction of English from the 5th grade in primary school in maths and science in the Kiswahili speaking island of Zanzibar is discussed at some length. Examples from Africa are contrasted with examples from some Asian countries like Sri Lanka and Malaysia. The attitudes of parents which are built on a misconception are analysed. The article ends on a more optimistic note claiming that misconceptions can be altered.
Africa-Asia Relations since the End of “Unipolar” Globalization: Focus on Education and Research
Authors: Lumumba-Kasongo Tukumbi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The role of education and research in social progress is vital. Since China was admitted into the World Trade Organization in 2001, its economic, financial and trade assistance with Africa has intensified, reflecting certain aspects of the claims associated with the Bandung Conference in 1955. And Japanese relations with Africa, which were at their peak from the end of 1980s through the beginning of the 1990s, have steadily been declining. Furthermore, as China has become the second largest economy in the World since 2010, it has begun projecting its influential power in Africa. Despite the newfound emergence of Chinese power in Africa, it is Japan that has created the strongest institutional support of its activities in the name of new Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA), which redefines Japan relationship with Africa through the TICAD initiative.
The competition between these two powers can benefit Africa if she can build her political leverage in her own capacity to identify her priorities with confidence and determination. Using comparative and historical perspectives, this article focuses on the examination of the new trends regarding Chinese and Japanese assistance to Africa with a particular focus on education and research.
Mobilities and Sediments: Spatial Dynamics in the Context of Contemporary Sub-Saharan African Migration to Europe
Authors: Schapendonk Joris 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Contemporary African migration to the European Union (EU) is triggered by global interconnectedness, but at the same time it is opposed by the hard borders of the EU. As a consequence, sub-Saharan African migrants often undertake fragmented and dangerous journeys to the North. These journeys are mainly discussed with regard to the rather linear notion of transit migration (as if migrants depart, go through a transit phase and settle afterwards). In this paper I take a different perspective by approaching migrants’ journeys as open and dynamic phenomena that evolve ‘en route’. I present an analytical lens that takes different mobilities (of people, goods, information, etc.) as the starting point to investigate these migration journeys. With this mobilities lens I analyze in detail three trajectories of African migrants who are moving to the EU. In order to avoid a simple ‘everything is mobile’ argument, I subsequently explore the role of the geographical concept of ‘place’ in the facilitation of these migration journeys. I thereby take into account places as geographical localities as well as migrants’ places in their social networks. Finally, I illustrate how mobilities, in turn, bring their ‘sediments’. This means that they change and give meaning to places. This reciprocal way of relating mobilities to places helps us to go beyond both individualistic and structuralistic explanations of migration.
Mission Networks and the African Diaspora in Britain
Authors: Higgins Thomas Winfield 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Scholars have frequently commented on the networks fostered by Africans living in the diaspora. It is not commonly recognized that many African Christians also relied upon ‘mission networks.’ These networks exerted a degree of influence on migrants, but were also a great help, particularly to students, and for that reason many Africans valued them while living in Britain. Such was the case with G. Daniels Ekarte, who founded the African Churches Mission in Liverpool, and others including: James ‘Holy’ Johnson, Byang Kato, Parmenas Mukiri Githendu and Emmanuel Akingbala.
The Hajj From West Africa From a Global Historical Perspective (19th and 20th Centuries)
Authors: Lecocq Baz 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Over the last years, in average, 2,1 million people per year performed the hajj. These millions stand in contrast to the numbers visiting Mecca half a century ago. On average, until 1946 a rough 60,000 pilgrims visited Mecca annually, with at least half of these coming from the Arabian Peninsula. Today Saudi nationals make up about a quarter of all pilgrims. The explanations for the staggering thirtyfold increase in total pilgrims, and the even more spectacular growth of the number of foreign pilgrims in slightly more than half a century are quite simple. First of all, the increasing world population in general led to larger numbers of pilgrims. Second, the journey became safer and better organised during the 20th century. In those parts of the Muslim world where it was not already (the Ottoman Empire), the organisation of the hajj became a state affair, organised first by the colonial authorities, and by the postcolonial states afterwards. Third, despite growing disparities in the distribution of global economic wealth an increasing number of Muslims could afford to pay for the journey. And finally the availability of cheap mechanical mass transport increased over this time period. This paper will look at these interconnected reasons for the spectacular growth of the hajj in the past half century from a world historical perspective, focussing on the West African Sahel in the 19th and 20th centuries. In this paper I hope to sketch how state rule, changing economies, motorised mass transport, and religion are interconnected phenomena, which are all shaped by and giving shape to world historical events in the Muslim world. The focus will be largely on the changing demography and social geography of the pilgrimage journey to Mecca as performed by pilgrims from the Sahel, and the changing significance of this journey in their lives.
Study of whole genome linkage disequilibrium in Nellore cattle
Authors: Espigolan Rafael , Baldi Fernando , Boligon Arione A , Souza Fabio RP , Gordo Daniel GM , Tonussi Rafael L , Cardoso Diércles F , Oliveira Henrique N , Tonhati Humberto , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Schenkel Flavio S , Carvalheiro Roberto , Ferro Jesus A , Albuquerque Lucia G 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundKnowledge of the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers is important to establish the number of markers necessary for association studies and genomic selection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of LD in Nellore cattle using a high density SNP panel and 795 genotyped steers.ResultsAfter data editing, 446,986 SNPs were used for the estimation of LD, comprising 2508.4 Mb of the genome. The mean distance between adjacent markers was 4.90 ± 2.89 kb. The minor allele frequency (MAF) was less than 0.20 in a considerable proportion of SNPs. The overall mean LD between marker pairs measured by r2and |D'| was 0.17 and 0.52, respectively. The LD (r2) decreased with increasing physical distance between markers from 0.34 (1 kb) to 0.11 (100 kb). In contrast to this clear decrease of LD measured by r2, the changes in |D'| indicated a less pronounced decline of LD. Chromosomes BTA1, BTA27, BTA28 and BTA29 showed lower levels of LD at any distance between markers. Except for these four chromosomes, the level of LD (r2) was higher than 0.20 for markers separated by less than 20 kb. At distances < 3 kb, the level of LD was higher than 0.30. The LD (r2) between markers was higher when the MAF threshold was high (0.15), especially when the distance between markers was short.ConclusionsThe level of LD estimated for markers separated by less than 30 kb indicates that the High Density Bovine SNP BeadChip will likely be a suitable tool for prediction of genomic breeding values in Nellore cattle.
Tissue culture-induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in rice pure-lines, F1 hybrids and polyploids
Authors: Wang Xiaoran , Wu Rui , Lin Xiuyun , Bai Yan , Song Congdi , Yu Xiaoming , Xu Chunming , Zhao Na , Dong Yuzhu , Liu Bao 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Genetic and epigenetic alterations can be invoked by plant tissue culture, which may result in heritable changes in phenotypes, a phenomenon collectively termed somaclonal variation. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the molecular nature and spectrum of tissue culture-induced genomic alterations, the issue of whether and to what extent distinct plant genotypes, e.g., pure-lines, hybrids and polyploids, may respond differentially to the tissue culture condition remains poorly understood.

Results
We investigated tissue culture-induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in a set of rice genotypes including two pure-lines (different subspecies), a pair of reciprocal F1 hybrids parented by the two pure-lines, and a pair of reciprocal tetraploids resulted from the hybrids. Using two molecular markers, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP), both genetic and DNA methylation alterations were detected in calli and regenerants from all six genotypes, but genetic alteration is more prominent than epigenetic alteration. While significant genotypic difference was observed in frequencies of both types of alterations, only genetic alteration showed distinctive features among the three types of genomes, with one hybrid (N/9) being exceptionally labile. Surprisingly, difference in genetic alteration frequencies between the pair of reciprocal F1 hybrids is much greater than that between the two pure-line subspecies. Difference also exists in the pair of reciprocal tetraploids, but is to a less extent than that between the hybrids. The steady-state transcript abundance of genes involved in DNA repair and DNA methylation was significantly altered in both calli and regenerants, and some of which were correlated with the genetic and/or epigenetic alterations.

Conclusions
Our results, based on molecular marker analysis of ca. 1,000 genomic loci, document that genetic alteration is the major cause of somaclonal variation in rice, which is concomitant with epigenetic alterations. Perturbed expression by tissue culture of a set of 41 genes encoding for enzymes involved in DNA repair and DNA methylation is associated with both genetic and epigenetic alterations. There exist fundamental differences among distinct genotypes, pure-lines, hybrids and tetraploids, in propensities of generating both genetic and epigenetic alterations under the tissue culture condition. Parent-of-origin has a conspicuous effect on the alteration frequencies.
Synthesis of S‐ and N‐Functionalized Dithiocarbamates from Cyclic Sulfates
Authors: Parada‐Aliste Jose , Megia‐Fernandez Alicia , De la Torre‐Gonzalez Diego , Hernandez‐Mateo Fernando , Santoyo‐Gonzalez Francisco 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA novel methodology for the synthesis of S‐ and N‐functionalized dithiocarbamates starting from cyclic sulfates, amines and carbon disulfide by using different protocols, including microwave assistance and a multicomponent variant, has been developed. The procedure is highly versatile, simple and efficient.
Alkyne‐Mediated Approach for Total Syntheses of Cladospolides A, B, C and iso‐Cladospolide B
Authors: Reddy Chada Raji , Suman Devatha , Rao Nagavaram Narsimha 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA general strategy for the stereoselective total syntheses of cladospolides A, B, and C and iso‐cladospolide B has been accomplished. The key steps provide easy access to the target molecules and include an alkyne‐zipper reaction, a Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation/dihydroxylation, and a Yamaguchi macrolactonization. The feasibility of the alkyne‐mediated approach to construct the required carbon framework as well as to create the diol functionality and the olefin geometry is successfully demonstrated.
Beyond the Divinyl Ketone: Innovations in the Generation and Nazarov Cyclization of Pentadienyl Cation Intermediates
Authors: Spencer III William T. , Vaidya Tulaza , Frontier Alison J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe requirement for new strategies for synthesizing five‐membered carbocycles has driven an expansion in study of the Nazarov cyclization. This renewed interest in the reaction has led to the discovery of several interesting new methods for generating the pentadienyl cation intermediates central to the cyclization. Methods reviewed include carbon‐heteroatom ionization, double bond functionalization, nucleophilic addition, or electrocyclic ring opening. Additional variations, such as iso‐ and imino‐Nazarov cyclization, employ unconventional substrates to produce new pentacycles. Here we provide an overview of these unconventional, yet highly useful versions of the Nazarov cyclization.