bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesenchymal progenitor cells in mouse foetal liver regulate differentiation and proliferation of hepatoblasts
Authors: Ito Keiichi , Yanagida Ayaka , Okada Ken , Yamazaki Yuji , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Kamiya Akihide 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatoblasts are somatic progenitor cells of the foetal liver that possess high proliferative capacity and bi‐potency for differentiation into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Although mesenchymal cells are known to be important for liver ontogeny, current understanding of their interaction with hepatoblasts remains obscure. Mesenchymal cell populations in the developing liver were purified and their potential to support proliferation and differentiation of hepatoblasts was examined.MethodsFoetal liver cells were fractionated with a flow cytometer using antibodies against cell surface markers. Gene expression of mesenchymal‐specific transcripts and morphological characteristics were analysed. The ability of the mesenchymal cells to support hepatoblast function was analysed using a transwell and direct coculture system.ResultsCD45−Ter119−CD71−Dlk1midPDGFRα+ cells from the mid‐foetal stage liver expressed the mesenchymal cell‐specific transcription factors H2.0‐like homeobox 1 and LIM homeobox 2 at high levels. Foetal mesenchymal cells make contact with hepatoblasts in vivo and possess the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteocytes and adipocytes under appropriate cell culture conditions, indicating that these cells are possible candidates for mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. Foetal mesenchymal cells expressed pleiotrophin, hepatocyte growth factor and midkine 1, which are involved in the growth of hepatoblasts. Using the coculture system with hepatoblasts and foetal mesenchymal cells, these cells were shown to support proliferation and maturation of hepatoblasts through indirect and direct interactions respectively.ConclusionsDlk1midPDGFRα+ cells in non‐haematopoetic fraction derived from the foetal liver exhibit mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell characteristics and have abilities to support proliferation and differentiation of hepatoblasts.
Acquisition and diversification of tendrilled leaves in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) involved changes in expression patterns of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM), LEAFY/FLORICAULA (LFY/FLO), and PHANTASTICA (PHAN)
Authors: Sousa‐Baena Mariane Silveira , Lohmann Lúcia G. , Rossi Magdalena , Sinha Neelima R. 
Published: November 2013

Summary

Leaves have undergone structural modifications over evolutionary time, and presently exist in many forms. For instance, in Fabaceae and Bignoniaceae, leaf parts can be modified into tendrils. Currently, no data are available on genic control of tendrilled leaf development outside Fabaceae.

Here, we conducted a detailed study of three representatives of Bignonieae: Amphilophium buccinatorium, Dolichandra unguis‐cati, and Bignonia callistegioides, bearing multifid, trifid, and simple‐tendrilled leaves, respectively. We investigated the structure of their petioles, petiolules, leaflets, and tendrils through histological analyses. Additionally, the expression of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM), PHANTASTICA (PHAN), and LEAFY/FLORICAULA (LFY/FLO) during leaf development was analyzed by in situ hybridizations.

Tendrils share some anatomical similarities with leaflets, but not with other leaf parts. Transcripts of both STM and LFY/FLO were detected in leaf primordia, associated with regions from which leaflets and tendril branches originate. PHAN expression was found to be polarized in branched tendrils, but not in simple tendrils.

In Bignonieae, tendrils are modified leaflets that, as a result of premature completion of development, become bladeless organs. Bignonieae leaves develop differently from those of peas, as both LFY/FLO and STM are expressed in developing leaves of Bignonieae. Moreover, PHAN is probably involved in tendril diversification in Bignonieae, as it has distinct expression patterns in different leaf types.
Anesthetic considerations in Sheldon–Hall syndrome
Authors: Anthony Anderson Thomas , Kasser James R. , Holzman Robert S. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryArthrogryposis is characterized by multiple, nonprogressive joint contractures which may be caused by maternal disorders such as oligohydramnios as well as fetal akinesia resulting from primary disorders of muscle, connective tissue, or neurologic tissue. Its prevalence is about 1 : 3000. Distal arthrogryposis (DA) is a heterogenous group of genetic disorders with a characteristic flexion of the joints of the hands and feet divided into different types with additional features. Sheldon–Hall Syndrome (SHS), also known as distal arthrogryposis type 2A (DA2A), has some nonorthopedic features of specific importance to anesthetic care.
High‐resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of carbon dynamics in mycorrhizas formed by an obligately myco‐heterotrophic orchid
Authors: BOUGOURE JEREMY , LUDWIG MARTHA , BRUNDRETT MARK , CLIFF JOHN , CLODE PETA , KILBURN MATT , GRIERSON PAULINE 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMycorrhiza formation represents a significant carbon (C) acquisition alternative for orchid species, particularly those that remain achlorophyllous through all life stages. As it is known that orchid mycorrhizas facilitate nutrient transfer (most notably of C), it has not been resolved if C transfer occurs only after lysis of mycorrhizal structures (fungal pelotons) or also across the mycorrhizal interface of pre‐lysed pelotons. We used high‐resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) and labelling with enriched 13CO2 to trace C transfers, at subcellular scale, across mycorrhizal interfaces formed by Rhizanthella gardneri, an achlorphyllous orchid. Carbon was successfully traced in to the fungal portion of orchid mycorrhizas. However, we did not detect C movement across intact mycorrhizal interfaces up to 216 h post 13CO2 labelling. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that C transfer from the mycorrhizal fungus to orchid, at least for R. gardneri, likely occurs after lysis of the fungal peloton.
Observations of families in structured interactions: Parenting therapists provide reliable ratings of mothers' parenting
Authors: Storå Bent , Hagtvet Knut A. , Heyerdahl Sonja 
Published: November 2013

The reliability of observations of parenting by parenting therapists was assessed. An important predictor of externalizing behavior in children is quality of parenting. Data were videotapes of structured interactions in families with a child age 8–12 years referred to the evidence based Parent Management Training Oregon (PMTO) treatment program for child behavior problems. The therapists had clinical PMTO training but no training in systematic observation. PMTO observational coders with specific coder training were included as a reference for the therapists. Five therapists and two coders observed videotapes of 10 families and performed global evaluations of mothers' parenting skills. They used the coder's impression measure used in PMTO research. Scores were analyzed in a generalizability theory framework for the two groups of observers separately. Both observer types reliably rank‐ordered the mothers and assessed the level of parenting skills. PMTO therapists without coder training provided reliable ratings of parenting constructs relevant to the clinical PMTO program in a manner comparable to that of the trained reference coders.
The Limitations of Pulsed‐Field Gel Electrophoresis for Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolates
Authors: Gilpin B. J. , Robson B , Lin S. , Hudson J. A. , Weaver L. , Dufour M. , Strydom H. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThis study describes the analysis of 432 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE had a high level of discrimination with biotype 1A isolates (Simpson's Diversity Index 0.997), but with the clinically important biotypes 2, 3 and 4, the discriminatory ability of PFGE was so low as to severely limit its usefulness (DI <0.6). For biotypes 2, 3 and 4, 79% or more of isolates of each biotype were of just three different PFGE profiles. Because of this, four known outbreaks of yersiniosis would not have been identified by PFGE analysis. However, a previously unrecognized potential outbreak of yersiniosis caused by biotype 4 isolates was identified on the basis of a rare PFGE genotype with spatial and temporal clustering. We conclude that PFGE has a very limited application to the genotyping of Y. enterocolitica biotypes 2, 3 and 4, and inferences based on finding indistinguishable PFGE profiles among cases or between cases and sources need to be substantiated using alternative typing tools, or strong epidemiological evidence.
Repopulation of interacting tumor cells during fractionated radiotherapy: Stochastic modeling of the tumor control probability
Authors: Fakir Hatim , Hlatky Lynn , Li Huamin , Sachs Rainer 
Published: November 2013

Purpose:Optimal treatment planning for fractionated external beam radiation therapy requires inputs from radiobiology based on recent thinking about the “five Rs” (repopulation, radiosensitivity, reoxygenation, redistribution, and repair). The need is especially acute for the newer, often individualized, protocols made feasible by progress in image guided radiation therapy and dose conformity. Current stochastic tumor control probability (TCP) models incorporating tumor repopulation effects consider “stem‐like cancer cells” (SLCC) to be independent, but the authors here propose that SLCC‐SLCC interactions may be significant. The authors present a new stochastic TCP model for repopulating SLCC interacting within microenvironmental niches. Our approach is meant mainly for comparing similar protocols. It aims at practical generalizations of previous mathematical models.Methods:The authors consider protocols with complete sublethal damage repair between fractions. The authors use customized open‐source software and recent mathematical approaches from stochastic process theory for calculating the time‐dependent SLCC number and thereby estimating SLCC eradication probabilities. As specific numerical examples, the authors consider predicted TCP results for a 2 Gy per fraction, 60 Gy protocol compared to 64 Gy protocols involving early or late boosts in a limited volume to some fractions.Results:In sample calculations with linear quadratic parameters α = 0.3 per Gy, α/β = 10 Gy, boosting is predicted to raise TCP from a dismal 14.5% observed in some older protocols for advanced NSCLC to above 70%. This prediction is robust as regards: (a) the assumed values of parameters other than α and (b) the choice of models for intraniche SLCC‐SLCC interactions. However, α = 0.03 per Gy leads to a prediction of almost no improvement when boosting.Conclusions:The predicted efficacy of moderate boosts depends sensitively on α. Presumably, the larger values of α are the ones appropriate for individualized treatment protocols, with the smaller values relevant only to protocols for a heterogeneous patient population. On that assumption, boosting is predicted to be highly effective. Front boosting, apart from practical advantages and a possible advantage as regards iatrogenic second cancers, also probably gives a slightly higher TCP than back boosting. If the total number of SLCC at the start of treatment can be measured even roughly, it will provide a highly sensitive way of discriminating between various models and parameter choices. Updated mathematical methods for calculating repopulation allow credible generalizations of earlier results.
An RF dosimeter for independent SAR measurement in MRI scanners
Authors: Qian Di , El‐Sharkawy AbdEl‐Monem M. , Bottomley Paul A. , Edelstein William A. 
Published: November 2013

Purpose:The monitoring and management of radio frequency (RF) exposure is critical for ensuring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) safety. Commercial MRI scanners can overestimate specific absorption rates (SAR) and improperly restrict clinical MRI scans or the application of new MRI sequences, while underestimation of SAR can lead to tissue heating and thermal injury. Accurate scanner‐independent RF dosimetry is essential for measuring actual exposure when SAR is critical for ensuring regulatory compliance and MRI safety, for establishing RF exposure while evaluating interventional leads and devices, and for routine MRI quality assessment by medical physicists. However, at present there are no scanner‐independent SAR dosimeters.Methods:An SAR dosimeter with an RF transducer comprises two orthogonal, rectangular copper loops and a spherical MRI phantom. The transducer is placed in the magnet bore and calibrated to approximate the resistive loading of the scannerˈs whole‐body birdcage RF coil for human subjects in Philips, GE and Siemens 3 tesla (3T) MRI scanners. The transducer loop reactances are adjusted to minimize interference with the transmit RF field (B1) at the MRI frequency. Power from the RF transducer is sampled with a high dynamic range power monitor and recorded on a computer. The deposited power is calibrated and tested on eight different MRI scanners. Whole‐body absorbed power vs weight and body mass index (BMI) is measured directly on 26 subjects.Results:A single linear calibration curve sufficed for RF dosimetry at 127.8 MHz on three different Philips and three GE 3T MRI scanners. An RF dosimeter operating at 123.2 MHz on two Siemens 3T scanners required a separate transducer and a slightly different calibration curve. Measurement accuracy was ∼3%. With the torso landmarked at the xiphoid, human adult whole‑body absorbed power varied approximately linearly with patient weight and BMI. This indicates that whole‐body torso SAR is on average independent of the imaging subject, albeit with fluctuations.Conclusions:Our 3T RF dosimeter and transducers accurately measure RF exposure in body‐equivalent loads and provide scanner‐independent assessments of whole‐body RF power deposition for establishing safety compliance useful for MRI sequence and device testing.
Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica
Serovar Thompson Strain RM6836
Authors: Parker Craig T. , Gorski Lisa , Huynh Steven 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Thompson strain RM6836 was isolated from lettuce in 2002. We report here the complete sequence and annotation of the genome of
S.
Thompson RM6836. This is the first reported complete genome sequence for
S.
Thompson and it will enhance our understanding of this serovar and provide another point for comparative studies between
Salmonella enterica
strains.
Genome Sequence of a Circulating Human-Like Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus H3N2 Strain
Authors: Li Xinsheng , Wang Junya , Chen Hong-Ying , Yan Ruoqian , Du Xiangdang 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT
The full-genome sequence of A/swine/Henan/1/2010, a strain of influenza A virus isolated in central China, was determined. Phylogenetic analyses show that its eight genomic segments are human-like, and some of its segments have appeared in swine H1N2, swine H1N1, and human H1N2 influenza viruses.
Evaluation of cerebral arteriovenous malformation using ‘dual vessel fusion’ technology
Authors: Sheng Liuqing , Li Jun , Li Huanhuan , Li Guodong , Chen Gang , Xiang Weichu , Wang Qiang , Gan Zhiqiang , Sun Qi , Yan Bing , Beilner Janina , Ma Lian-Ting 
Published: November 2013

AimThis study explored the value of using a vessel fusion technique for visualizing and evaluating the vessel structure of patients diagnosed with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).Materials andmethods 10 patients with AVMs supplied by multiple cerebral arteries were investigated. The three-dimensional structure of the AVM nidus, feeding arteries, and draining veins were reconstructed from rotational angiographic images and then displayed on a single image in a fused manner.ResultsIn the vessel fusion image, the tangled cluster of vessels surrounding the AVMs could be clearly visualized in three-dimensional space from a selected optimal viewing angle. Each AVM nidus component with its specific feeding arteries and venous drainage could be accurately identified.ConclusionsThe vessel fusion technique offered detailed anatomical information that enabled clinicians to better understand the AVM structure, which helped with treatment planning.
Republished: Immune deficiencies in children: an overview
Authors: Jyothi S , Lissauer S , Welch S , Hackett S 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) are disorders of the immune system that result in increased susceptibility to infectious disease, autoimmunity and malignancy. They are challenging to paediatricians as they can present anytime from birth to adolescence with a wide variety of signs and symptoms. It is important to diagnose PIDs promptly, especially more severe forms to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. However, significant challenges exist in deciding which children to investigate and when. We aim to give a basic understanding of the human immune system, the different presentations in a child that should alert a paediatrician about the possibility of PID and the possible underlying diagnosis. Additionally, we have developed a framework for a stepwise approach to investigating these children.
Two decades of the gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance program in South America and the Caribbean: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Dillon Jo-Anne R , Trecker Molly A , Thakur Sidharath Dev ,   on behalf of the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program Network in Latin America and the Caribbean 1990–2011
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesThe WHO has called for a global action plan to control the spread and impact of antibiotic resistantNeisseria gonorrhoeae. We report on key antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) trends in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1990 to 2011.MethodsData collected between 1990 and 2011 by up to 23 countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region were aggregated and analysed for overall trends inN gonorrhoeaeAMS to six antibiotics. Methods for gonococcal identification, susceptibility testing and interpretation were standardised.ResultsMore than 21 500N gonorrhoeaeisolates were tested for AMS between 1990 and 2011. The number of countries reporting yearly declined from 17 in the 1990s to 7 in 2011. The first isolates (0.4%, 20/5171) with reduced susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥0.125 mg/L) to ceftriaxone were reported between 2007 and 2011. Ciprofloxacin resistance, first noted in the mid-1990s, ranged from 1.6% of isolates tested in 1997 rising to 42.1% in 2010. Overall, azithromycin resistance reached a high of 25.8% of isolates tested in 2008 falling to 1.0% in 2010. Resistance to penicillin ranged between 24.2% in 2003 to a high of 48.5% in 1993. Tetracycline resistance ranged between a high of 61.1% of isolates tested in 2001 to 21.8% in 2010. Plasmid mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistance declined over the period.ConclusionsGonococcal AMS surveillance initiatives are urgently needed in every country in the region to ensure that effective treatments for gonococcal infections are in place and to better understand emerging trends in gonococcal antimicrobial resistance.
Gonococcal antimicrobial resistance in the Western Pacific Region
Authors: Lahra Monica M , Lo Ying-Ru , Whiley David M 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo outline the current situation of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the Western Pacific region and factors that impact on this.BackgroundThe Western Pacific region is densely populated with many living in poverty. There are high rates of infectious diseases, and a disproportionate burden of gonococcal disease. In many countries there is uncontrolled antimicrobial use: these are ideal conditions for the emergence of AMR.MethodsGonococcal AMR in this region has been monitored for more than 20 years. Clinical isolates, predominantly from unselected patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics, are tested against a panel of antibiotics. Quality assurance and control strategies are in place.ResultsThere is widespread, high level resistance to penicillin and ciprofloxacin. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC≥0.06 mg/L) is reported in high levels from some countries in the region. Low numbers of isolates tested in some countries reflect capacity for testing, and are suboptimal for surveillance.ConclusionThe raised MIC values to ceftriaxone, and the emergence and spread of ceftriaxone resistant strains regionally is alarming. Sustaining and enhancing surveillance is critical; however obtaining an adequate sample size is a long-standing issue. The implementation of molecular surveillance strategies could provide broader information on the spread and threat of AMR.
Inflammatory Stress Induces Statin Resistance by Disrupting 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Feedback Regulation
Authors: Chen Yaxi , Ku Halcyon , Zhao Lei , Wheeler David C. , Li Lung-Chih , Li Qing , Varghese Zac , Moorhead John F. , Powis Stephen H. , Huang Ailong , Ruan Xiong Z. 
Published: November 2013

Objective—
The risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by up to 33 to 50× in chronic inflammatory states and convention doses of statins may not provide the same cardiovascular protection as in noninflamed patients. This study investigated whether the increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCoA-R)–mediated cholesterol synthesis observed under inflammatory stress was resistant to the action of statins and if so, whether this was because of interference with the sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein pathway.

Approach and Results—
Inflammatory stress was induced by adding cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6) and lipopolysaccharides to vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and by subcutaneous casein injection in apolipoprotein E/scavenger receptors class A/CD36 triple knockout mice in vivo. Inflammatory stress exacerbated cholesterol ester accumulation and was accompanied in vitro and in vivo by increased HMGCoA-R mRNA and protein expression mediated via activation of the sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein/sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 pathway. Atorvastatin reduced HMGCoA-R enzymatic activity and intracellular cholesterol synthesis in vitro. However, inflammatory stress weakened these suppressive effects. Atorvastatin at concentrations of 16 μmol/L inhibited HMGCoA-R activity by 50% in vascular smooth muscle cells, but the same concentration resulted in only 30% of HMGCoA-R activity in vascular smooth muscle cells in the presence of interleukin-1β. Knocking down sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein prevented statin resistance induced by interleukin-1β, and overexpression of sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein induced statin resistance even without inflammatory stress. In vivo, the amount of atorvastatin required to lower serum cholesterol and decrease aortic lipid accumulation rose from 2 to 10 mg/kg per day in the presence of inflammatory stress.

Conclusions—
Increased cholesterol synthesis mediated by HMGCoA-R under inflammatory stress may be one of the mechanisms for intracellular lipid accumulation and statin resistance.