bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The management and administration of government communications in Canada
Authors: Glenn Ted 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article examines the communications function in Canadian government using the results of a pilot study on the governments of Canada, Ontario and the City of Toronto. It first defines what government communication is, explains what activities are included within the function, and then explains how and for what purposes government communications are used. It also provides a high‐level overview of how communications within the federal, provincial and municipal governments are managed and administered. The article concludes with some observations about the nature of government communications in Canada and thoughts about future research in the area.SommaireCet article examine la fonction de communication au sein du gouvernement canadien en se fondant sur les résultats d'une étude pilote sur les gouvernements du Canada, de l’Ontario et de la Ville de Toronto. Il définit tout d'abord en quoi consiste la communication gouvernementale, démontre quelles sont les activités que comporte cette fonction, puis explique comment est utilisée la communication gouvernementale et à quelles fins. L'article offre également un aperçu de haut niveau sur la manière dont on gère et administre les communications au sein du gouvernement fédéral et des gouvernements provinciaux et municipaux. En conclusion, l'article présente certaines observations sur la nature de la communication gouvernementale au Canada et des suggestions de recherche future dans le domaine.
The intestinal microbiome in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Dunne J L , Triplett E W , Gevers D , Xavier R , Insel R , Danska J , Atkinson M A 
Published: March 2014

Summary
Few concepts in recent years have garnered more disease research attention than that of the intestinal (i.e. ‘gut’) microbiome. This emerging interest has included investigations of the microbiome's role in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Indeed, a growing number of recent studies of patients with T1D or at varying levels of risk for this disease, as well as in animal models of the disorder, lend increasing support to the notion that alterations in the microbiome precede T1D onset. Herein, we review these investigations, examining the mechanisms by which the microbiome may influence T1D development and explore how multi-disciplinary analysis of the microbiome and the host immune response may provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic options for prevention of T1D.
Association of the (TTTA)n repeat polymorphism of CYP19 gene with bone mineral density in Greek peri‐ and postmenopausal women
Authors: Markatseli Anastasia E. , Lazaros Leandros , Markoula Sofia , Kostoulas Harilaos , Sakaloglou Prodromos , Tigas Stelios , Georgiou Ioannis , Tsatsoulis Agathocles 
Published: March 2014

SummaryAromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene and catalyses the conversion of androgens to oestrogens, which in turn regulate skeletal homeostasis. CYP19 gene polymorphisms have been studied for their association with bone mineral density (BMD) in the general population with mixed results.ObjectiveTo explore the influence of the CYP19 (TTTA)n repeat polymorphism on BMD and serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κΒ ligand (RANKL), and bone metabolic markers in a Greek female population.DesignCross‐sectional study.Participants and MeasurementsTwo hundred and seventeen peri‐ and postmenopausal women aged 42–63 years were enrolled. All participants underwent spinal BMD evaluation by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Genotyping of the (TTTA)n repeat polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Levels of OPG, soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and bone metabolic markers were measured.ResultsGenotype analysis revealed alleles having 7–12 TTTA repeats. Women carrying the (TTTA)11 and/or (TTTA)12 alleles had significantly higher spinal BMD than women not carrying these alleles in the total study population as well as in the subgroup of women with osteoporosis (P = 0·042 and P = 0·006, respectively). The aforementioned associations remained significant after adjustment for age, years since menopause, smoking and body mass index (P = 0·048 and P = 0·023, respectively, by multivariate analysis). Moreover, the urinary calcium to creatinine ratio was associated with the (TTTA)n polymorphism. No association of the (TTTA)n polymorphism with circulating levels of OPG, sRANKL was observed.ConclusionsThe (TTTA)n polymorphism of the CYP19 gene is associated with spinal BMD in peri‐ and postmenopausal Greek women.
Greedy Geometric Algorithms for Collection of Balls, with Applications to Geometric Approximation and Molecular Coarse‐Graining
Authors: Cazals F. , Dreyfus T. , Sachdeva S. , Shah N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractChoosing balls that best approximate a 3D object is a non‐trivial problem. To answer it, we first address the inner approximation problem, which consists of approximating an object defined by a union of n balls with balls defining a region . This solution is further used to construct an outer approximation enclosing the initial shape, and an interpolated approximation sandwiched between the inner and outer approximations. The inner approximation problem is reduced to a geometric generalization of weighted max k‐cover, solved with the greedy strategy which achieves the classical lower bound. The outer approximation is reduced to exploiting the partition of the boundary of by the Apollonius Voronoi diagram of the balls defining the inner approximation. Implementation‐wise, we present robust software incorporating the calculation of the exact Delaunay triangulation of points with degree two algebraic coordinates, of the exact medial axis of a union of balls, and of a certified estimate of the volume of a union of balls. Application‐wise, we exhibit accurate coarse‐grain molecular models using a number of balls 20 times smaller than the number of atoms, a key requirement to simulate crowded cellular environments.
Ridge alterations following grafting of fresh extraction sockets in man. A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Araújo Mauricio G. , da Silva João Carlos Costa , de Mendonça Arthur Furtado , Lindhe Jan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate dimensional alterations of the alveolar ridge that occurred following tooth extraction at sites grafted with Bio‐Oss® Collagen.Material and methodsTwenty‐eight subjects with maxillary incisors, canines, and premolars scheduled for extraction were included. The tooth was carefully removed. The patients were randomly assigned to a test or a control group. In the test group patients, Bio‐Oss® Collagen was placed in the fresh extraction socket while in the controls no grafting was performed.Radiographic examination (cone beam computed tomograms, CBCT) was performed immediately after tooth extraction and socket treatment. Four months later, a new CBCT was obtained. In the radiographs, (i) the distance (mm) between base of the alveolar process (apex) and the buccal and palatal crests was determined, (ii) the outer profile of alveolar process of the experimental sites was outlined, and the cross section of the area (mm2) determined.ResultsAfter 4 months of healing, the buccal and to a less extent also the palatal bone plate had become markedly reduced in height. The placement of a biomaterial in the socket failed to prevent resorption of the buccal and palatal bone walls. The cross‐sectional area of the control ridge was reduced about 25% and of the test ridge with 3%.ConclusionThe placement of a xenograft in fresh extraction sockets markedly counteracted the reduction in the hard tissue component of the edentulous sites.
Dyeing properties of CI Acid Blue 193 and the non‐equivalent properties of CI Acid Black 194 produced by different manufacturers
Authors: Wojciechowski Krzysztof , Szuster Lucjan , Rutowicz Joanna , Kaminska Anna 
Published: March 2014

This paper presents the results of research conducted into the colour properties of commercial metal complex dyes CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194. Three chromium(III) complexes with different colours were identified using thin‐layer chromatographic analysis and then separated by preparative chromatography. It was found that colour differences of the examined dyes depend on the ratio of the three components in CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194, and that these differences are typical for each of the commercial products. The colour differences of the components were expressed as ΔS, calculated as the difference in the areas under the absorption curve of the individual components in the range 400–700 nm after spectrum normalisation. The UV‐vis spectroscopic and CIELAB colorimetric properties (at 1% owf on polyamide) of eleven samples of CI Acid Black 194 were investigated. From these results, the proportions of the three components were derived. Theoretically, dyes sold under the same CI name are interchangeable. In practice, the obtained colour of the dyed material is different owing to the difference in composition namely the ratio of the components in the tested dyes. Consequently, the result of polyamide dyeing with the studied dyes CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194 is a redder or greener hue. It has been concluded from these findings that the production of identical dyeings may be impossible when dyes from different sources are employed.
Forecasted climate and land use changes, and protected areas: the contrasting case of spiders
Authors: Leroy Boris , Bellard Céline , Dubos Nicolas , Colliot Arthur , Vasseur Manon , Courtial Cyril , Bakkenes Michel , Canard Alain , Ysnel Frédéric 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTo assess the exposure of 10 spider species to two drivers of global change (climate and land use), the suitability of the current network of protected areas with respect to this exposure, and the implications for a national conservation programme.LocationThe western Palearctic and France.MethodsWe predicted the current and future potential distributions of 10 spider species using species distribution models (SDMs). We explicitly quantified uncertainties in the models and estimated the future environmental suitability with discounted uncertainty. We analysed the predicted future suitability for protected versus unprotected occurrence cells.ResultsIn this first forecast of the future of multiple spider species in the face of environmental changes, we showed that environmental changes could be confidently predicted to have serious impacts on all the studied species, with significant range contractions and expansions within a relatively short time‐scale (up to 2050). We predicted that for seven of the 10 species, the current network of protected areas will conserve at least one occurrence cell in suitable conditions in the future. However, we showed that there is considerable room for improvement.Main conclusionsThis study illustrated how SDMs could be applied to a conservation programme for an understudied taxon such as spiders, in spite of significant uncertainties in their predictions. In addition, the uncertainties raised here compel us to emphasize the pressing need to improve our knowledge on understudied taxa such as spiders. We advocate the necessity of increasing monitoring schemes, experiments and forecasts of environmental change effects on a larger and more diversified range of species than is currently the case in the literature.
Characteristics of Men and Premenopausal Women With Burning Mouth Symptoms: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Kim Yongdae , Kim Hyung‐Il , Kho Hong‐Seop 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo identify possible clinical differences between male, premenopausal, and postmenopausal female patients with burning mouth symptoms.BackgroundBurning mouth symptoms are known to occur predominantly in postmenopausal women. In some rare cases, however, such symptoms may also appear in men and younger premenopausal women. There is no information on the characteristics of male and premenopausal female patients with burning mouth symptoms.MethodsA total of 22 male patients (no age limit) and 19 relatively younger premenopausal female patients (age: ≤45 years) with a burning sensation in the mouth without any visible signs of oral mucosal diseases were included in the experimental groups. Sixty burning mouth patients (postmenopausal females, age: ≥50 years) without oral mucosal diseases were included as a typical older postmenopausal group for comparison. All individuals in the 3 groups were subjected to clinical evaluations including an interview, a comprehensive questionnaire, a simplified psychological evaluation (Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revision [SCL‐90‐R]), blood tests, and a measurement of salivary flow rate.ResultsThe male group reported taste problems less commonly (40.9%, P = .009) and less severely (median visual analog scale [VAS] = 0.00, P = .004) than the postmenopausal group (73.3%, median VAS = 4.50). The younger premenopausal group complained of paresthesia more commonly (68.4%, P = .006) and more severely (median VAS = 0.50, P = .007) than the postmenopausal group (30.0%, median VAS = 0.00). The male group (81.8%) reported discomfort of the tongue less commonly than the postmenopausal group (100.0%, P = .004). The percentage of patients with a symptom triad of oral mucosal pain, dysguesia, and xerostomia was significantly higher in the premenopausal (73.7%, P = .005) and postmenopausal (60.0%, P = .012) groups than the male group (27.3%). The flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva was significantly higher in the premenopausal group (0.27 ± 0.18 mL/min) than the postmenopausal group (0.17 ± 0.16 mL/min, P = .006). None of the 9 symptom dimensions of the SCL‐90‐R were significantly different among the 3 groups. The percentage of patients with abnormal blood tests and taking medications due to comorbid diseases was the lowest in the premenopausal group.ConclusionsMale and premenopausal female patients with burning mouth symptoms showed different characteristics compared with typical postmenopausal female patients.
Oligocene crustal xenolith‐bearing alkaline basalt from Jandaq area (Central Iran): implications for magma genesis and crustal nature
Authors: Rajabi Samineh , Torabi Ghodrat , Arai Shoji 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Oligocene alkaline basalts of Toveireh area (southwest of Jandaq, Central Iran) exhibit northwest–southeast to west–east exposure in northwest of the central‐east Iranian microcontinent (CEIM). These basalts are composed of olivine (Fo70–90), clinopyroxene (diopside, augite), plagioclase (labradorite), spinel, and titanomagnetite as primary minerals and serpentine and zeolite as secondary ones. They are enriched in alkalis, TiO2 and light rare earth elements (La/Yb = 9.64–12.68) and are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (Cs, Rb, Ba) and high field strength elements (Nb, Ta). The geochemical features of the rocks suggest that the Toveireh alkaline basalts are derived from a moderate degree partial melting (10–20%) of a previously enriched garnet lherzolite of asthenospheric mantle. Subduction of the CEIM confining oceanic crust from the Triassic to Eocene is the reason of mantle enrichment. The studied basalts contain mafic‐ultramafic and aluminous granulitic xenoliths. The rock‐forming minerals of the mafic‐ultramafic xenoliths are Cr‐free/poor spinel, olivine, Al‐rich pyroxene, and feldspar. The aluminous granulitic xenoliths consist of an assemblage of hercynitic spinel + plagioclase (andesine–labradorite) ± corundum ± sillimanite. They show interstitial texture, which is consistent with granulite facies. They are enriched in high field strength elements (Ti, Nb and Ta), light rare earth elements (La/Yb = 37–193) and exhibit a positive Eu anomaly. These granulitic xenoliths may be Al‐saturated but Si‐undersaturated feldspar bearing restitic materials of the lower crust. The Oligocene Toveireh basaltic magma passed and entrained these xenoliths from the lower crust to the surface.
Recommendations for dispatching emergency vehicles under multitiered response via simulation
Authors: Sudtachat Kanchala , Mayorga Maria E. , McLay Laura A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEmergency medical service (EMS) systems provide medical care and transportation. While many real‐world systems use multiple vehicle types to attend different call priorities, few guidelines exist about which vehicles to allocate in multitiered responses where more than one vehicle is sent per call. This paper makes recommendations for multiple‐unit dispatch to multiple call priorities based on simulation optimization and heuristics. The objective is to maximize the overall expected survival probability of patients classified as “life‐threatening”. We assume two types of medical units and three call priorities; and that information may be updated when the medical unit arrives on‐scene. First, we study the optimal dispatching policies through several examples. Numerical results show that dispatching while considering call priorities, rather than dispatching the closest units, improves EMS system effectiveness. A heuristic algorithm is developed for large‐scale problems. A comparison between the heuristic and closest policy is demonstrated using real‐world data.
Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and synthesis of enigmatic cytoplasmic inclusions in the spirally shaped spermatozoon of the polychaete Spio setosa (Annelida: Spionidae)
Authors: Eckelbarger Kevin J. , Hodgson Alan N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe sperm of Spio setosa (Polychaeta, Spionidae) are known to be very unusual in form; here, spermiogenesis and the structure of the spermatozoon in this species are described by transmission electron microscopy. While spermiogenesis is similar to that described for many other polychaetes, two notable exceptions to this process include the synthesis of abundant ring‐shaped and tubular, membrane‐bounded cytoplasmic inclusions in the midpiece, and the differentiation of a spirally shaped sperm head. Spermatids develop as free‐floating tetrads in the male's coelom. A microtubular manchette does not develop during chromatin condensation and nuclear elongation, and the spiral acrosome forms as a single Golgi‐derived vesicle that migrates anteriorly to become housed in a deep anterior nuclear fossa. Early in spermiogenesis, numerous Golgi‐derived, membrane‐bounded cytoplasmic inclusions appear in the cytoplasm; these ultimately occupy the sperm midpiece only. The mature spermatozoon in the male has a 15‐μm‐long head consisting of a nucleus coiled like a spring and a spiral acrosome with differentiated substructure, the posterior two thirds of which sits in an anterior nuclear fossa. The midpiece is wider than the rest of the spermatozoon and contains 9–10 spherical mitochondria surrounding the two centrioles, as well as numerous membrane‐bounded conoid and tubular cytoplasmic inclusions. The axoneme has a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules. By contrast, stored sperm in the female's seminal receptacles have lost the midpiece inclusions but contain an abundance of glycogen. The function of the midpiece inclusions remains unresolved, and the significance of their absence in stored sperm within the seminal receptacle and the appearance of midpiece glycogen stores remains unclear and requires additional investigation.
Assessing the learning potential and students' perception of rich lecture captures
Authors: Pale P. , Petrović J. , Jeren B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThere is a large variety of lecture capture forms being used today when considering their content and ways in which that content is being reproduced. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the students' perception and the learning potential of lecture captures enriched using additional learning contents compared to lecture captures containing only the video and audio recording of the lecturer and his slideshow. In an experiment in which students were learning using each of those two types of learning materials, a slight yet unsignificant difference was observed in favour of learning from rich lecture captures. Students' survey responses indicated they prefer rich lecture captures for learning and that their availability would not necessarily have a negative impact on students' live lecture attendance rates. These results suggest that even though students prefer rich lecture capture materials for learning, they did not prove to be more efficient in achieving the desired learning outcomes. Additional research would be needed to verify this conclusion on more complex subjects.
Annual Research Review: Reaction time variability in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: measurement and mechanisms of a proposed trans‐diagnostic phenotype
Authors: Karalunas Sarah L. , Geurts Hilde M. , Konrad Kerstin , Bender Stephan , Nigg Joel T. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIntraindividual variability in reaction time (RT) has received extensive discussion as an indicator of cognitive performance, a putative intermediate phenotype of many clinical disorders, and a possible trans‐diagnostic phenotype that may elucidate shared risk factors for mechanisms of psychiatric illnesses.Scope and MethodologyUsing the examples of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), we discuss RT variability. We first present a new meta‐analysis of RT variability in ASD with and without comorbid ADHD. We then discuss potential mechanisms that may account for RT variability and statistical models that disentangle the cognitive processes affecting RTs. We then report a second meta‐analysis comparing ADHD and non‐ADHD children on diffusion model parameters. We consider how findings inform the search for neural correlates of RT variability.FindingsResults suggest that RT variability is increased in ASD only when children with comorbid ADHD are included in the sample. Furthermore, RT variability in ADHD is explained by moderate to large increases (d = 0.63–0.99) in the ex‐Gaussian parameter τ and the diffusion parameter drift rate, as well as by smaller differences (d = 0.32) in the diffusion parameter of nondecision time. The former may suggest problems in state regulation or arousal and difficulty detecting signal from noise, whereas the latter may reflect contributions from deficits in motor organization or output. The neuroimaging literature converges with this multicomponent interpretation and also highlights the role of top‐down control circuits.ConclusionWe underscore the importance of considering the interactions between top‐down control, state regulation (e.g. arousal), and motor preparation when interpreting RT variability and conclude that decomposition of the RT signal provides superior interpretive power and suggests mechanisms convergent with those implicated using other cognitive paradigms. We conclude with specific recommendations for the field for next steps in the study of RT variability in neurodevelopmental disorders.