bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interview with Professor Zbigniew Stawrowski on The Clash of Civilizations or Civil War
Authors: Grondelski John M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Western society is facing a clash of civilizations, but the fault line lies not between the West and Islam but within Western society itself, as two competing models of freedom and the principles underlying the modern state, each employing terms like “rights” and “justice” but holding totally opposite meanings, vie to prevail. The contemporary Polish philosopher Witold Stawrowski’s new book, The Clash of Civilizations or Civil War, considers this fracture at the heart of modern Western thought and offers provocative ways of reconceptualizing current debates that re-enshrine religious freedom as the first human right. In the process, he draws on the Polish tradition of religious freedom as a way of overcoming the practical approach of religious segregation that flowed from the Peace of Augsburg’s cujus regio, ejus religio (whose roots are essentially traceable to Antiquity). He discussed his book and some implications of its thought, especially in an American context, with Dr. John M. Grondelski.
Transplantation of Epigenetically Modified Adult Cardiac c-Kit+ Cells Retards Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function in Ischemic Heart Failure Model
Authors: Zakharova Liudmila , Nural-Guvener Hikmet , Feehery Lorraine , Popovic-Sljukic Snjezana , Gaballa Mohamed A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Cardiac c-Kit+ cells have a modest cardiogenic potential that could limit their efficacy in heart disease treatment. The present study was designed to augment the cardiogenic potential of cardiac c-Kit+ cells through class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and evaluate their therapeutic potency in the chronic heart failure (CHF) animal model. Myocardial infarction (MI) was created by coronary artery occlusion in rats. c-Kit+ cells were treated with mocetinostat (MOCE), a specific class I HDAC inhibitor. At 3 weeks after MI, CHF animals were retrogradely infused with untreated (control) or MOCE-treated c-Kit+ cells (MOCE/c-Kit+ cells) and evaluated at 3 weeks after cell infusion. We found that class I HDAC inhibition in c-Kit+ cells elevated the level of acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) and increased AcH3 levels in the promoter regions of pluripotent and cardiac-specific genes. Epigenetic changes were accompanied by increased expression of cardiac-specific markers. Transplantation of CHF rats with either control or MOCE/c-Kit+ cells resulted in an improvement in cardiac function, retardation of CHF remodeling made evident by increased vascularization and scar size, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy reduction. Compared with CHF infused with control cells, infusion of MOCE/c-Kit+ cells resulted in a further reduction in left ventricle end-diastolic pressure and total collagen and an increase in interleukin-6 expression. The low engraftment of infused cells suggests that paracrine effects might account for the beneficial effects of c-Kit+ cells in CHF. In conclusion, selective inhibition of class I HDACs induced expression of cardiac markers in c-Kit+ cells and partially augmented the efficacy of these cells for CHF repair.

Significance
The study has shown that selective class 1 histone deacetylase inhibition is sufficient to redirect c-Kit+ cells toward a cardiac fate. Epigenetically modified c-Kit+ cells improved contractile function and retarded remodeling of the congestive heart failure heart. This study provides new insights into the efficacy of cardiac c-Kit+ cells in the ischemic heart failure model.
Ecological Literacy in Design Education - A Theoretical Introduction
Authors: Boehnert Joanna 
Published: August 2015

Sustainability educators developed the concept of ecological literacy to provide a basis for understanding environmental problems and developing new capacities and critical skills to respond effectively. This paper presents a theoretical introduction to ecological literacy for design education. It starts with a philosophical overview of why ecological literacy is neces­sary, including details of some of the planet’s vital signs. The paper then describes six ecologi­cal principles (networks, nested systems, cycles, flows, development and dynamic balance) along with associated design concepts (resilience, epistemological awareness, a circular econ­omy, energy literacy, emergence and the ecological footprint). The final section explains why critical ecological literacy is necessary to make the work of transforming unsustainable condi­tions and designing sustainable ways of living possible. Cover image: Principles, Ecolabs, 2014
Impact of multichannel river network on the plume dynamics in the Pearl River estuary
Authors: Lai Zhigang , Ma Ronghua , Gao Guangyin , Chen Changsheng , Beardsley Robert C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractImpacts of the multichannel river network on plume dynamics in the Pearl River estuary were examined using a high‐resolution 3‐D circulation model. The results showed that during the dry season the plume was a distinct feature along the western coast of the estuary. The plume was defined as three water masses: (a) riverine water (<5 psu), (b) estuarine water (12–20 psu), and (c) diluted water (>22 psu), respectively. A significant amount of low‐salinity water from Hengmen and Hongqimen was transported through a narrow channel between the QiAo Island and the mainland of the Pearl River delta during the ebb tide and formed a local salinity‐gradient feature (hereafter referred to as a discharge plume). This discharge plume was a typical small‐scale river plume with a Kelvin number K = 0.24 and a strong frontal boundary on its offshore side. With evidence of a significant impact on the distribution and variability of the salinity and flow over the West Shoal, this plume was thought to be a major feature of the Pearl River plume during the dry season. The upstream multichannel river network not only were the freshwater discharge sources but also played a role in establishing an estuarine‐scale subtidal pressure gradient. This pressure gradient was one of the key dynamical processes controlling the water exchange between discharge and river plumes in the Pearl River estuary. This study clearly showed the role of the river network and estuary interaction on river plume dynamics.
On scientific inference in geophysics and the use of numerical simulations for scientific investigations
Authors: Mannucci A. J. , Tsurutani B. T. , Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Meng X. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractScientific knowledge is acquired in geophysics generally without the benefit of controlled experiments. In this paper, we discuss how scientific inference based on observations occurs in geophysical contexts. We develop a specific approach that uses approximate simultaneity of proposed cause and effect phenomena to infer causality. The approach applies equally well to effect phenomena that follow the cause with a known time delay. We find that, in general, establishing a causal relationship between two phenomena based on simultaneity requires knowledge of how often simultaneity of these phenomena occurs in the absence of causality. We then extend the discussion to using numerical simulations in the scientific inference process. Numerical simulations of physical processes, because they can simulate the values of observations, are often used to infer what physical processes are occurring in nature. We discuss agreement between model output and observations as a basis for inferring the physical processes underlying the observations. We find that an important factor to consider, which we here call the “confusion factor,” is how often it may occur that insufficient model representations of the physical processes nevertheless lead to agreement between model computations and observations. We suggest that models of intermediate or low complexity may have a significant role to play when using geophysical simulations to reach scientific conclusions.
Propagation of back‐arc extension into the arc lithosphere in the southern New Hebrides volcanic arc
Authors: Patriat M. , Collot J. , Danyushevsky L. , Fabre M. , Meffre S. , Falloon T. , Rouillard P. , Pelletier B. , Roach M. , Fournier M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNew geophysical data acquired during three expeditions of the R/V Southern Surveyor in the southern part of the North Fiji Basin allow us to characterize the deformation of the upper plate at the southern termination of the New Hebrides subduction zone, where it bends eastward along the Hunter Ridge. Unlike the northern end of the Tonga subduction zone, on the other side of the North Fiji Basin, the 90° bend does not correspond to the transition from a subduction zone to a transform fault, but it is due to the progressive retreat of the New Hebrides trench. The subduction trench retreat is accommodated in the upper plate by the migration toward the southwest of the New Hebrides arc and toward the south of the Hunter Ridge, so that the direction of convergence remains everywhere orthogonal to the trench. In the back‐arc domain, the active deformation is characterized by propagation of the back‐arc spreading ridge into the Hunter volcanic arc. The N‐S spreading axis propagates southward and penetrates in the arc, where it connects to a sinistral strike‐slip zone via an oblique rift. The collision of the Loyalty Ridge with the New Hebrides arc, less than two million years ago, likely initiated this deformation pattern and the fragmentation of the upper plate. In this particular geodynamic setting, with an oceanic lithosphere subducting beneath a highly sheared volcanic arc, a wide range of primitive subduction‐related magmas has been produced including adakites, island arc tholeiites, back‐arc basin basalts, and medium‐K subduction‐related lavas.
Factors affecting the rare earth element compositions in massive sulfides from deep‐sea hydrothermal systems
Authors: Zeng Zhigang , Ma Yao , Yin Xuebo , Selby David , Kong Fancui , Chen Shuai 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTo reconstruct the evolution of ore‐forming fluids and determine the physicochemical conditions of deposition associated with seafloor massive sulfides, we must better understand the sources of rare earth elements (REEs), the factors that affect the REE abundance in the sulfides, and the REE flux from hydrothermal fluids to the sulfides. Here we examine the REE profiles of 46 massive sulfide samples collected from seven seafloor hydrothermal systems. These profiles feature variable total REE concentrations (37.2–4092 ppb) and REE distribution patterns (LaCN/LuCN ratios = 2.00–73.8; (Eu/Eu*)CN ratios = 0.34–7.60). The majority of the REE distribution patterns in the sulfides are similar to those of vent fluids, with the sulfides also exhibiting light REE enrichment. We demonstrate that the variable REE concentrations, Eu anomalies, and fractionation between light REEs and heavy REEs in the sulfides exhibit a relationship with the REE properties of the sulfide‐forming fluids and the massive sulfide chemistry. Based on the sulfide REE data, we estimate that modern seafloor sulfide deposits contain approximately 280 t of REEs. According to the flux of hydrothermal fluids at mid‐ocean ridges (MORs) and an average REE concentration of 3 ng/g in these fluids, hydrothermal vents at MORs alone transport more REEs (>360 t) to the oceans over the course of just 2 years than the total quantity of REEs in seafloor sulfides. The excess REEs (i.e., the quantity not captured by massive sulfides) may be transported away from the systems and become bound in sulfate deposits and metalliferous sediments.
Hydrogeological responses to incoming materials at the erosional subduction margin, offshore Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Authors: Kameda Jun , Harris Robert N. , Shimizu Mayuko , Ujiie Kohtaro , Tsutsumi Akito , Ikehara Minoru , Uno Masaoki , Yamaguchi Asuka , Hamada Yohei , Namiki Yuka , Kimura Gaku 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBulk mineral assemblages of sediments and igneous basement rocks on the incoming Cocos Plate at the Costa Rica subduction zone are examined by X‐ray diffraction analyses on core samples. These samples are from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 334 reference Site U1381, ∼ 5 km seaward of the trench. Drilling recovered approximately 100 m of sediment and 70 m of igneous oceanic basement. The sediment includes two lithologic units: hemipelagic clayey mud and siliceous to calcareous pelagic ooze. The hemipelagic unit is composed of clay minerals (∼50 wt.%), quartz (∼5 wt.%), plagioclase (∼5 wt.%), calcite (∼15 wt.%) and ∼30 wt.% of amorphous materials, while the pelagic unit is mostly made up of biogenic amorphous silica (∼50 wt.%) and calcite (∼50 wt.%). The igneous basement rock consists of plagioclase (∼50–60 wt.%), clinopyroxene (∼>25 wt.%), and saponite (∼15–40 wt.%). Saponite is more abundant in pillow basalt than in the massive section, reflecting the variable intensity of alteration. We estimate the total water influx of the sedimentary package is 6.9 m3/yr per m of trench length. Fluid expulsion models indicate that sediment compaction during shallow subduction causes the release of pore water while peak mineral dehydration occurs at temperatures of approximately ∼100°C, 40–30 km landward of the trench. This region is landward of the observed updip extent of seismicity. We posit that in this region the presence of subducting bathymetric relief capped by velocity weakening nannofossil chalk is more important in influencing the updip extent of seismicity than the thermal regime.
Late Pleistocene ages for the most recent volcanism and glacial‐pluvial deposits at Big Pine volcanic field, California, USA, from cosmogenic 36Cl dating
Authors: Vazquez J. A. , Woolford J. M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Big Pine volcanic field is one of several Quaternary volcanic fields that poses a potential volcanic hazard along the tectonically active Owens Valley of east‐central California, and whose lavas are interbedded with deposits from Pleistocene glaciations in the Sierra Nevada Range. Previous geochronology indicates an ∼1.2 Ma history of volcanism, but the eruption ages and distribution of volcanic products associated with the most‐recent eruptions have been poorly resolved. To delimit the timing and products of the youngest volcanism, we combine field mapping and cosmogenic 36Cl dating of basaltic lava flows in the area where lavas with youthful morphology and well‐preserved flow structures are concentrated. Field mapping and petrology reveal approximately 15 vents and 6 principal flow units with variable geochemical composition and mineralogy. Cosmogenic 36Cl exposure ages for lava flow units from the top, middle, and bottom of the volcanic stratigraphy indicate eruptions at ∼17, 27, and 40 ka, revealing several different and previously unrecognized episodes of late Pleistocene volcanism. Olivine to plagioclase‐pyroxene phyric basalt erupted from several vents during the most recent episode of volcanism at ∼17 ka, and produced a lava flow field covering ∼35 km2. The late Pleistocene 36Cl exposure ages indicate that moraine and pluvial shoreline deposits that overlie or modify the youngest Big Pine lavas reflect Tioga stage glaciation in the Sierra Nevada and the shore of paleo‐Owens Lake during the last glacial cycle.
Multiple mantle upwellings in the transition zone beneath the northern East‐African Rift system from relative P‐wave travel‐time tomography
Authors: Civiero Chiara , Hammond James O. S. , Goes Saskia , Fishwick Stewart , Ahmed Abdulhakim , Ayele Atalay , Doubre Cecile , Goitom Berhe , Keir Derek , Kendall J.‐Michael , Leroy Sylvie , Ogubazghi Ghebrebrhan , Rümpker Georg , Stuart Graham W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMantle plumes and consequent plate extension have been invoked as the likely cause of East African Rift volcanism. However, the nature of mantle upwelling is debated, with proposed configurations ranging from a single broad plume connected to the large low‐shear‐velocity province beneath Southern Africa, the so‐called African Superplume, to multiple lower‐mantle sources along the rift. We present a new P‐wave travel‐time tomography model below the northern East‐African, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden rifts and surrounding areas. Data are from stations that span an area from Madagascar to Saudi Arabia. The aperture of the integrated data set allows us to image structures of ∼100 km length‐scale down to depths of 700–800 km beneath the study region. Our images provide evidence of two clusters of low‐velocity structures consisting of features with diameter of 100–200 km that extend through the transition zone, the first beneath Afar and a second just west of the Main Ethiopian Rift, a region with off‐rift volcanism. Considering seismic sensitivity to temperature, we interpret these features as upwellings with excess temperatures of 100 ± 50 K. The scale of the upwellings is smaller than expected for lower mantle plume sources. This, together with the change in pattern of the low‐velocity anomalies across the base of the transition zone, suggests that ponding or flow of deep‐plume material below the transition zone may be spawning these upper mantle upwellings.
Contrasting human versus climatic impacts on erosion
Authors: Cook Timothy L. , Yellen Brian C. , Woodruff Jonathan D. , Miller Daniel 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBoth human activity and climate change can influence erosion rates and initiate rapid landscape change. Understanding the relative impact of these factors is critical to managing the risks of extreme erosion related to flooding and landslide occurrence. Here we present a 2100 year record of sediment mass accumulation and inferred erosion based on lacustrine sediment cores from Amherst Lake, Vermont, USA. Using deposition from August 2011 Tropical Storm Irene as a modern analogue, we identified distinct event deposits indicative of destructive erosion events. These deposits record a prolonged (multidecadal) interval of enhanced erosion following the initial storm‐induced landscape disturbance. The direct impact of human land cover alteration is minimal in comparison to the more recent twentieth century increase in the occurrence of catastrophic erosion linked to overall wetter conditions that favor high erosion rates and more easily trigger landslides during periods of extreme precipitation.
Revisiting the recent California drought as an extreme value
Authors: Robeson Scott M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSpatially weighted averages of Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) over central and southern California show that the 1 year 2014 drought was not as severe as previously reported, but it still is the most severe in the 1895–2014 instrumental record. Using the typical adjustment procedure that matches the mean and standard deviation of tree ring PDSI values to those of instrumental data shows over 10 droughts from 800 to 2006 that were more severe than the 1 year 2014 drought, with the 2014 drought having a return period of 140–180 years. Quantile mapping allows for a closer correspondence between instrumental and tree ring PDSI probability distributions and produces return periods of 700–900 years for the 1 year 2014 drought. Associated cumulative 3 and 4 year droughts, however, are estimated to be much more severe. The 2012–2014 drought is nearly a 10,000 year event, while the 2012–2015 drought has an almost incalculable return period and is completely without precedent.
Linking magma transport structures at Kīlauea volcano
Authors: Wech Aaron G. , Thelen Weston A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIdentifying magma pathways is important for understanding and interpreting volcanic signals. At Kīlauea volcano, seismicity illuminates subsurface plumbing, but the broad spectrum of seismic phenomena hampers event identification. Discrete, long‐period (LP) events dominate the shallow (5–10 km) plumbing, and deep (40+ km) tremor has been observed offshore. However, our inability to routinely identify these events limits their utility in tracking ascending magma. Using envelope cross‐correlation, we systematically catalog non‐earthquake seismicity between 2008 and 2014. We find that the LPs and deep tremor are spatially distinct, separated by the 15–25 km deep, horizontal mantle fault zone (MFZ). Our search corroborates previous observations, but we find broader band (0.5–20 Hz) tremor comprising collocated earthquakes and reinterpret the deep tremor as earthquake swarms in a volume surrounding and responding to magma intruding from the mantle plume beneath the MFZ. We propose that the overlying MFZ promotes lateral magma transport, linking this deep intrusion with Kīlauea's shallow magma plumbing.
A 15 year slow‐slip event on the Sunda megathrust offshore Sumatra
Authors: Tsang Louisa L. H. , Meltzner Aron J. , Philibosian Belle , Hill Emma M. , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Sieh Kerry 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the Banyak Islands of Sumatra, coral microatoll records reveal a 15 year‐long reversal of interseismic vertical displacement from subsidence to uplift between 1966 and 1981. To explain these coral observations, we test four hypotheses, including regional sea level changes and various tectonic mechanisms. Our results show that the coral observations likely reflect a 15 year‐long slow‐slip event (SSE) on the Sunda megathrust. This long‐duration SSE exceeds the duration of previously reported SSEs and demonstrates the importance of multidecade geodetic records in illuminating the full spectrum of megathrust slip behavior at subduction zones.
More tropical cyclones in a cooler climate?
Authors: Sugi Masato , Yoshida Kohei , Murakami Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRecent review papers reported that many high‐resolution global climate models consistently projected a reduction of global tropical cyclone (TC) frequency in a future warmer climate, although the mechanism of the reduction is not yet fully understood. Here we present a result of 4K‐cooler climate experiment. The global TC frequency significantly increases in the 4K‐cooler climate compared to the present climate. This is consistent with a significant decrease in TC frequency in the 4K‐warmer climate. For the mechanism of TC frequency reduction in a warmer climate, upward mass flux hypothesis and saturation deficit hypothesis have been proposed. The result of the 4K‐cooler climate experiment is consistent with these two hypotheses. One very interesting point is that the experiment has clearly shown that TC genesis is possible at sea surface temperature (SST) well below 26°C which has been considered as the lowest SST limit for TC genesis.
Insights into high peak current in‐cloud lightning events during thunderstorms
Authors: Lyu Fanchao , Cummer Steven A. , McTague Lindsay 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe investigated National Lightning Detection Network reports and lightning radio waveforms in a 44 day observation period to analyze the in‐cloud (IC) events producing currents above 200 kA. The results show that there are two distinct classes of IC lightning events with very high peak currents: the well‐known narrow bipolar events, and a previously unreported type that we call energetic in‐cloud pulses (EIPs). Their temporal and spatial context shows that EIPs are generated from existing negative polarity leaders that are propagating usually upward but sometimes downward. The nearly identical characteristics of EIPs and some previously reported terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) indicate a likely connection between the two, which further suggests the possibility of downward directed TGFs. These very high peak current IC events also suggest the association of EIPs with ionospheric perturbations and optical emissions known as elves.