bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling multisystem biological risk in later life: Allostatic load in the lothian birth cohort study 1936
Authors: Booth Tom , Starr John M. , Deary Ian 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate and replicate a multisystem model of biological risk, or allostatic load, in a sample of generally healthy older adults.MethodsMultigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MG‐CFA) was applied to data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (n = 726). Blood samples were taken at a physical examination. Three markers of inflammation (fibrinogen, interleukin‐6, and C‐reactive protein), five metabolic markers (high‐ and low‐density lipoprotein, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, and triglyceride), and blood pressure (mean sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were used to estimate a second‐order CFA model of allostatic load. Our sample was split into those taking antihypertensive, anti‐inflammatory, lipid‐lowering, and diabetes medications (n = 470), and those who were not (n = 256), in order to test the stability of the CFA model across groups.ResultsIn the nonmedicated sample, a second‐order allostatic load model showed good fit to the data. However, the second‐order model failed to estimate in the medicated group. The factor correlations between blood pressure and inflammation and metabolism were smaller in magnitude in the medicated group. Invariance analysis on the first‐order measurement model suggested significant differences across groups in the associations of low‐density lipoprotein and HbA1c with metabolism.ConclusionsReliable measurement of allostatic load is possible in ageing samples free of medications but is complicated in the presence of medications. MG‐CFA represents a highly versatile method for the analysis of allostatic load. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:538–543, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Birth weight, season of birth and postnatal growth do not predict levels of systemic inflammation in gambian adults
Authors: Richards Anna A. , Fulford Anthony J. , Prentice Andrew M. , Moore Sophie E. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesStudies testing whether systemic inflammation might lie on the causal pathway between aberrant fetal and post‐natal growth patterns and later cardiovascular disease have been inconclusive, possibly due to the use of single markers of unknown predictive value. We used repeated measures of a comprehensive set of inflammatory markers to investigate the relationship between early life measures and systemic inflammation in an African population.MethodsIndividuals born in three rural villages in The Gambia, and for whom early life measurements were recorded, were traced (n = 320). Fasting levels of eight inflammatory markers (C‐reactive protein, serum amyloid A, orosomucoid, fibrinogen, α 1‐antichymotrypsin, sialic acid, interleukin‐6 and neopterin) were measured, and potential confounding factors recorded. The association between early life measurements and systemic inflammation was assessed using regression analysis.ResultsLevels of most markers were unrelated to early growth patterns. In analyses adjusted for age and sex, more rapid growth between birth and 3 months of age was associated with higher levels of fibrinogen, orosomucoid, and sialic acid. These relationships persisted after further adjustment for body mass index but after full adjustment only the association with fibrinogen remained.ConclusionsThis study provides little evidence that size at birth or growth in early infancy determine levels of inflammatory markers in young Gambian adults. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:457–464, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural selection In Utero: Evidence from the great East Japan earthquake
Authors: Catalano R. , Yorifuji T. , Kawachi I. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesControversy remains over whether declines in male births reported after population stressors result from either or both reduced conception of males or increased selection in utero against male fetuses. We use monthly birth cohorts to determine if Japanese male births following the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 fell below levels expected from female births and from history (i.e., autocorrelation) among cohorts exposed to the Earthquake at or after conception.MethodsWe apply interrupted time‐series methods to 69 months (i.e., April, 2006 through December, 2011) of birth data from the most and least affected prefectures as well as from the remainder of Japan. We estimate expected male births from female births and from autocorrelation.ResultsFindings varied by distance from the greatest damage but suggest sensitive periods both early and late in gestation when population stressors may induce selection against males in utero. Support for reduced conception of males appeared only in the prefectures most damaged by the Earthquake.ConclusionsResults align with the claim that natural selection has conserved mechanisms that reduce the odds of a male live birth during stressful times by reducing the conception of males and by increasing the rate of spontaneous abortion among male fetuses. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:555–559, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladiumkatalysierte migratorische Insertion von Isocyaniden: eine neue Methode für die Kreuzkupplungschemie
Authors: Vlaar Tjøstil , Ruijter Eelco , Maes Bert U. W. , Orru Romano V. A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSeit der Entdeckung der Ugi‐Reaktion und ähnlicher Isocyanid‐ basierter Mehrkomponentenreaktionen sind Isocyanide wichtige Bausteine für die organische Synthese. In den letzten zehn Jahren fanden Isocyanide als vielseitige C1‐Bausteine in der Palladiumkatalyse eine neue Anwendung. Palladiumkatalysierte Reaktionen, die unter Isocyanidinsertion ablaufen, bieten ein enormes Potenzial für die Synthese stickstoffhaltiger Feinchemikalien. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden alle erzielten Erfolge auf diesem neu entstehenden Gebiet diskutiert.
A new bioreactor for paclitaxel production based on foam separation
Authors: Taura Kohei , Yamamoto Shinjiro , Hayashi Shuhei , Furusaki Shintaro , Shioya Suteaki 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTWe report here the development of a new bioreactor (bioreactor with foam separation, BFS) for efficient production and recovery of paclitaxel that circumvents paclitaxel's inhibitory effects on growth through a feedback mechanism. The BFS captures paclitaxel through its hydrophobic interaction with the foam generated by aerated culture medium. The BFS comprises co‐axial 0.65 dm3 outer (150 mm height and 75 mm diameter) and 0.15 dm3 inner vessels (90 mm height and 50 mm diameter) equipped with a ball‐type sparger (5–10 µm pore size, 10 mm diameter) and a wire‐framed draft tube covered by a water‐permeable cellulose bag (150 × 40 mm, 100 µm maximum pore size). The BFS was tested by adding paclitaxel alone to the medium of 0.12 dm3 in the inner vessel and collecting it in the foam that overflowed into the outer vessel. Paclitaxel was separated with first‐order kinetics and was optimally recovered using an aeration rate of 0.05 dm3 min−1 (0.21 vvm). Next, a Taxus cuspidata callus was cultured using the optimal aeration rate. A conventional shaking culture (110 rpm) served as the control using a 0.2 dm3 Erlenmeyer flask (0.12 dm3 medium). Paclitaxel was maintained at less than 0.02 g m−3 in the inner vessel of the BFS. Consequently, there was no feedback inhibition, and the paclitaxel production increased by a factor of five in the BFS compared with the control culture where there was feedback inhibition by the high concentration of paclitaxel. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding marine park opposition: the relationship between social impacts, environmental knowledge and motivation to fish
Authors: Voyer Michelle , Gladstone William , Goodall Heather 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs), are being vigorously pursued globally but meeting significant resistance at a local level. Despite this, there is limited research into the factors that drive this resistance.
The Port Stephens–Great Lakes Marine Park (PSGLMP) and Batemans Marine Park (BMP), both situated in New South Wales (NSW) Australia, were established in December 2005 and April 2006 respectively. Both generated significant controversy and hostility, particularly from the recreational fishing sector.
The controversy surrounding the declaration of these and other NSW marine parks continues and has been the subject of intense political interest and government enquiry.
Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with recreational, professional and indigenous fishers. They explored the social impacts of the declaration of PSGLMP and BMP and their link to marine park opposition. Opponents felt the marine parks had resulted in a variety of negative impacts ranging from a loss of enjoyment and convenience through to more serious impacts on wellbeing, livelihood and culture.
Examination of the reasons why interview subjects participated in fishing provided further insight into their perception of the marine park and the impacts resulting from the declaration.
Opposition to MPAs, however, cannot be explained by impact alone. All the marine park opponents interviewed represented themselves as ‘knowledge holders’ about their local marine area. This knowledge – predominately ‘fish’ knowledge – appears to have conflicted with a policy position which places biodiversity conservation as the primary objective of MPAs. This has led to a perception that the practical knowledge of users was not valued in the planning of each marine park.
Incorporation of the goals and objectives of local communities into the development of MPA proposals may provide communities with a greater sense of ownership. Considering motivation to fish may allow for the development of more holistic management responses to mitigate and compensate users for social impacts that may arise from any necessary trade‐offs between these often competing objectives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does propeller turbulence affect the sink rate of baited hooks and their availability to seabirds in pelagic longline fisheries?
Authors: Robertson Graham , Candy Steven G. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTExperiments were conducted on three pelagic longline fishing vessels on the effects of propeller and hull turbulence on baited hook sink rates. Baited hooks were deployed to land in the sea: (i) close to the vessel's stern in the centre line of the propeller; into the wake zones on both (ii) upswing and (iii) downswing sides of the propeller; and outboard of wake zones on vessel (iv) upswing and (v) downswing sides. Two branch line deployment methods – the ‘lead sinker first’ and ‘hook‐and‐sinker together’– were also assesssed.Branch line deployment method made no difference to the sink rates in each of the five bait landing positions. The sink rates within bait landing position varied among vessels as did the order of the sink profiles (fastest to slowest), indicating that results cannot be combined for all vessels.Within each of the three vessels, baited hooks in the centre position reached 3 m depth 16%, 19% and 30% slower than those in the next slowest position. Mean sink times in propeller upswing and downswing zones were virtually the same. Sink times to 3 m in these two positions and in the two positions outboard of vessel wakes varied by only 2 s (0.02 m s‐1). Gear sank fastest outboard of vessel wakes on the downswing side of the propeller, but the advantage in deploying to this area was minor.To reduce bait availability to seabirds, hooks should be set to avoid the area of maximum propeller upwelling astern of vessels (i.e. the centre position). The absence of strong effects with the other bait landing positions dictates that rigging position of bird scaring streamer lines takes priority over landing position, and baits be set to areas that provide the most effective coverage (both laterally and distance astern) by streamer lines.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polynesian chickens in the New World: a detailed application of a commensal approach
Authors: Storey Alice A. , Quiroz Daniel , Beavan Nancy , Matisoo‐Smith Elizabeth 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn 2007, based on direct radiocarbon dates, we presented evidence that chickens were introduced to Chile before Europeans first made contact with the New World. The pre‐Columbian age of the chicken bones and their mtDNA affinities with one of two prehistoric Pacific chicken haplogroups (E) led us to conclude that Polynesia was the most likely origin for these pre‐Columbian chickens. Subsequently, the mtDNA and radiocarbon evidence provided has been applied to a range of studies and occasionally reinterpreted. This has revealed issues related to the brevity of the initial report in 2007. Here, we provide a full discussion of the evidence, including the relevant archaeological, historical and biological information necessary to provide the context for interpreting genetic analyses and understanding their implications for addressing archaeological questions. We include a comprehensive analysis of the isotope data within a geographical and temporally relevant dataset to verify the pre‐Columbian age of the El Arenal chickens. In addition, we provide longer DNA sequences obtained from some of the ancient Chilean chicken remains to address objections raised by critics and to demonstrate that longer sequences do not change the observed affinities of the mtDNA sequences, nor their interpretation. In this analysis, historical information is used to critically evaluate the results of phylogenetic analyses. This comprehensive approach demonstrates that the examination of modern chicken DNA sequences does not contribute to our understanding of the origins of Chile's earliest chickens. Interpretations based on poorly sourced and documented modern chicken populations, divorced from the archaeological and historical evidence, do not withstand scrutiny. Instead, this expanded account will confirm the pre‐Columbian age of the El Arenal remains and lend support to our original hypothesis that their appearance in South America is most likely due to Polynesian contact with the Americas in prehistory.
Where are stone artefacts found? Testing Hall's predictive model of artefact density in the south‐east Australian highlands
Authors: Cochrane Grant W.G. , Doelman Trudy , Greenwood Simon , Reeves Jamie 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe use a non‐site survey methodology and statistical significance testing to evaluate Hall's (1992a) predictive model of stone artefact distributions in the south‐east Australian highlands. The study area is a 19.5 km2 rectangular corridor in the Limestone Creek valley, north‐east Victoria. The study confirms a number of Hall's predictions about the relationship between stone artefact density and environmental factors. The strongest relationship is between artefact density and slope. This relationship is probably a reflection of both cultural and non‐cultural processes, which have promoted higher artefact density on the more subdued terrain. We also found that less common artefact types such as retouched tools and cores had the least predictable spatial distributions, although this may be a reflection of the small sample size.
Silcrete quarries and artefact distribution in the Central Queensland Highlands, Eastern Australia
Authors: Webb John , Finlayson Brian , Cochrane Grant , Doelman Trudy , Domanski Marian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA geoarchaeological study of silcrete in the Central Queensland Highlands highlights the importance of geological context in understanding the procurement, use and transport of artefacts. This study shows, by focusing on a newly discovered silcrete quarry, that silcrete formed beneath basalt by silicification of stream sediments and underlying sandstone. Silcrete outcrops are largely restricted to cliffs where the base of the basalt is exposed, narrowing the location of potential quarries. Silcrete artefacts are abundant throughout the region, and there are clear patterns in the use and distribution of different qualities of silcrete. Fine‐grained grain‐supported silcrete is the dominant artefact lithology because of its excellent flaking quality; it is sufficiently versatile to make flake scrapers and retouched microlithic tools. At one occupation site, the mid‐Holocene appearance of backed artefacts and points was accompanied by an increase in the use of fine‐grained grain‐supported silcrete and a decrease in the exploitation of coarse‐grained matrix‐supported silcrete; the latter was less suited to the manufacture of more curated tools. With increasing distance from silcrete outcrops, there is a decrease in the percentage of silcrete artefacts and an increase in the expedient use of local lithologies. However, silcrete's flaking quality justified its dispersal over distances of >80 kilometres from the nearest outcrop.
Baseline Predictors of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Flares: Data From the Combined Placebo Groups in the Phase III Belimumab Trials
Authors: Petri Michelle A. , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Buyon Jill , Levy Roger A. , Navarra Sandra V. , Cervera Ricard , Zhong Z. John , Freimuth William W. ,   on behalf of the BLISS‐52 and BLISS‐76 Study Groups
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo identify predictors of moderate‐to‐severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flare in 562 patients treated with standard therapy alone in phase III belimumab trials, and to evaluate the impact of standard therapies on preventing flares.MethodsPost hoc analysis assessed baseline demographics, disease activity, and biomarkers in patients with and those without flare at treatment weeks 24 and 52. Severe flare was defined by the modified SLE Flare Index (SFI) and the development of any new British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) A domain score. Severe and moderate flare was defined by development of 1 new BILAG A domain score or 2 new BILAG B domain scores. Baseline characteristics associated with a ≥10% absolute difference or a ≥50% increase in flare rates were considered predictive.ResultsFrequencies of flares over 52 weeks according to the SFI, any new BILAG A domain score, and 1 new BILAG A domain score or 2 new BILAG B domain scores were 23.7%, 23.1%, and 32.0%, respectively. Flare predictors by univariate analysis on all 3 indices at weeks 24 and 52 were a score ≥12 on the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the SLE Disease Activity Index (SELENA–SLEDAI); anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) positivity; proteinuria (≥0.5 gm/24 hours); BILAG renal, vasculitic, and hematologic scores; elevated C‐reactive protein levels; and B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) levels ≥2 ng/ml. Independent predictors by multivariate analysis at week 52 were SELENA–SLEDAI and/or BILAG renal involvement and anti‐dsDNA ≥200 IU/ml (on all 3 indices); SELENA–SLEDAI and/or BILAG neurologic and vasculitic involvement (on 2 indices: any new BILAG A domain score and 1 new BILAG A domain score or 2 new BILAG B domain scores); BLyS levels ≥2 ng/ml (on 2 indices: the SFI and 1 new BILAG A domain score or 2 new BILAG B domain scores); and low C3 level (on the SFI). Baseline medications did not significantly decrease or increase moderate‐to‐severe SLE flare risk.ConclusionPatients who were receiving standard SLE therapy and had renal, neurologic, or vasculitic involvement, elevated anti‐dsDNA or BLyS levels, or low C3 had increased risk of clinically meaningful flare over 1 year. Hydroxychloroquine use was not predictive.
Effect of Renal Disease on the Standardized Mortality Ratio and Life Expectancy of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Mok C. C. , Kwok Raymond C. L. , Yip Paul S. F. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo study the effect of renal disease on the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and life expectancy of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsPatients whose diagnosis met ≥4 American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE were longitudinally followed up from 1995 to 2011. The cumulative survival rate, SMR, and life expectancy were calculated, and the effect of renal involvement, histologic class of lupus nephritis, renal damage, and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on these parameters was evaluated.ResultsOf the 694 SLE patients studied, 368 (53%) had renal disease, and the distribution of histologic classes (among 285 patients) was class I (1%), class II (6%), class III (19%), class IV (47%), class III/IV + class V (10%), and class V (16%). Renal damage was present in 79 patients (11%), and 24 (3%) developed ESRD. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality in SLE patients with renal disease, those with renal damage, and those with ESRD, as compared to those without, were 2.23 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.29–3.85), 3.59 (95% CI 2.20–5.87), and 9.20 (95% CI 4.92–17.2), respectively. Proliferative lupus nephritis (adjusted HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.22–4.24), but not the pure membranous type (adjusted HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.38–3.14), was associated with a significant increase in mortality. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted SMRs of SLE patients without renal involvement, those with lupus nephritis, those with proliferative nephritis, those with pure membranous nephritis, those with renal damage, and those with ESRD were 4.8 (95% CI 2.8–7.5), 9.0 (95% CI 6.7–11.9), 9.8 (95% CI 6.5–14.1), 6.1 (95% CI 2.0–14.1), 14.0 (95% CI 9.1–20.5), and 63.1 (95% CI 33.6–108.0), respectively. The life expectancy of SLE patients with renal disease and those with renal damage was reduced by 15.1 years and 23.7 years, respectively, compared to the general population.ConclusionThe presence of renal disease, in particular proliferative nephritis causing renal insufficiency, significantly reduces the survival and life expectancy of SLE patients.