bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontal Diseases in an Omani Adult Population: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Al‐Harthi Latfiya S. , Cullinan Mary P. , Leichter Jonathan W. , Thomson W. Murray 
Published: October 2013

Background: Data on the periodontal status of the adult population in the Arab world are scarce. The aim of this pilot study is to assess the prevalence, extent, and severity of periodontal diseases in an adult group from Oman.Methods: This is a cross‐sectional study of 319 teachers who were randomly sampled from the list of teachers from the Muscat region schools in Oman. Dental caries, tooth loss, and periodontal attachment loss (AL) were recorded for each of the participants. A questionnaire collected data on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, dental‐care characteristics, self‐rated periodontal status, and self‐rated well‐being.Results: A total of 99% of participants had at least one site with probing depth (PD) or clinical AL of ≥3 mm. More than one third (36%) of participants had at least one site with AL ≥5 mm, and 12% had at least one site with AL ≥6 mm; for PD, the prevalence estimates were 26% and 8%, respectively, and a gradient by age group was evident across the different thresholds. Regarding the extent of disease, 17.6% of sites had PD ≥3 mm, and 21% of sites had AL ≥3 mm.Conclusions: The prevalence, extent, and severity of periodontitis were higher than estimates reported from industrialized countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. This is of concern, especially when considering the relatively young age of the study population. Because of this high prevalence, investigation of periodontitis in a national sample of Omanis is desirable to confirm the findings of this study.
Age at Menarche and Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Authors: Elks Cathy E. , Ong Ken K. , Scott Robert A. , van der Schouw Yvonne T. , Brand Judith S. , Wark Petra A. , Amiano Pilar , Balkau Beverley , Barricarte Aurelio , Boeing Heiner , Fonseca-Nunes Ana , Franks Paul W. , Grioni Sara , Halkjaer Jytte , Kaaks Rudolf , Key Timothy J. , Khaw Kay Tee , Mattiello Amalia , Nilsson Peter M. , Overvad Kim , Palli Domenico , Quirós J. Ramón , Rinaldi Sabina , Rolandsson Olov , Romieu Isabelle , Sacerdote Carlotta , Sánchez María-José , Spijkerman Annemieke M.W. , Tjonneland Anne , Tormo Maria-Jose , Tumino Rosario , van der A Daphne L. , Forouhi Nita G. , Sharp Stephen J. , Langenberg Claudia , Riboli Elio , Wareham Nicholas J. ,   The InterAct Consortium
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
Younger age at menarche, a marker of pubertal timing in girls, is associated with higher risk of later type 2 diabetes. We aimed to confirm this association and to examine whether it is explained by adiposity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study consists of 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals from 26 research centers across eight European countries. We tested the association between age at menarche and incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression in 15,168 women (n = 5,995 cases). Models were adjusted in a sequential manner for potential confounding and mediating factors, including adult BMI.

RESULTS
Mean menarcheal age ranged from 12.6 to 13.6 years across InterAct countries. Each year later menarche was associated with 0.32 kg/m2 lower adult BMI. Women in the earliest menarche quintile (8–11 years, n = 2,418) had 70% higher incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with those in the middle quintile (13 years, n = 3,634), adjusting for age at recruitment, research center, and a range of lifestyle and reproductive factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.49–1.94; P &lt; 0.001). Adjustment for BMI partially attenuated this association (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.18–1.71; P &lt; 0.001). Later menarche beyond the median age was not protective against type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Women with history of early menarche have higher risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Less than half of this association appears to be mediated by higher adult BMI, suggesting that early pubertal development also may directly increase type 2 diabetes risk.
Disproportionate Body Composition and Neonatal Outcome in Offspring of Mothers With and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Persson Martina , Fadl Helena , Hanson Ulf , Pasupathy Dharmintra 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVEHigh birth weight is a risk factor for neonatal complications. It is not known if the risk differs with body proportionality. The primary aim of this study was to determine the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in relation to body proportionality in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants stratified by maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSPopulation-based study of all LGA (birth weight [BW] &gt;90th percentile) infants born to women with GDM (n = 1,547) in 1998–2007. The reference group comprised LGA infants (n = 83,493) born to mothers without diabetes. Data were obtained from the Swedish Birth Registry. Infants were categorized as proportionate (P-LGA) if ponderal index (PI) (BW in grams/length in cm3) was ≤90th percentile and as disproportionate (D-LGA) if PI &gt;90th percentile. The primary outcome was a composite morbidity: Apgar score 0–3 at 5 min, birth trauma, respiratory disorders, hypoglycemia, or hyperbilirubinemia. Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) for adverse outcomes.RESULTSThe risk of composite neonatal morbidity was increased in GDM pregnancies versus control subjects but comparable between P- and D-LGA in both groups. D-LGA infants born to mothers without diabetes had significantly increased risk of birth trauma (OR 1.19 [95% CI 1.09–1.30]) and hypoglycemia (1.23 [1.11–1.37]). D-LGA infants in both groups had significantly increased odds of Cesarean section.CONCLUSIONSThe risk of composite neonatal morbidity is significantly increased in GDM offspring. In pregnancies both with and without GDM, the risk of composite neonatal morbidity is comparable between P- and D-LGA.
Effect of Postmenopausal Status and Age at Menopause on Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes in Japanese Individuals: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 17 (TOPICS 17)
Authors: Heianza Yoriko , Arase Yasuji , Kodama Satoru , Hsieh Shiun Dong , Tsuji Hiroshi , Saito Kazumi , Shimano Hitoshi , Hara Shigeko , Sone Hirohito 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
Findings on the effect of menopause or age at menopause on the presence of hyperglycemia are controversial, and why women after menopause have a higher probability of having hyperglycemia than men in the same age range remains unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We reviewed data on 29,189 men, 6,308 premenopausal women, and 4,570 postmenopausal women in Japan. Odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes or prediabetes indicated by American Diabetes Association criteria were calculated for men and for pre- and postmenopausal women.

RESULTS
Compared with premenopausal women, women after natural menopause had an age-adjusted OR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.03–1.89) for diabetes, and women after menopause by surgical or other causes had an age-adjusted OR of 1.59 (1.07–2.37). The age-adjusted OR in men was 4.02 (3.15–5.14). Compared with premenopausal nondiabetic women, postmenopausal nondiabetic women had a significantly elevated OR of 1.33 (1.20–1.48) for prediabetes; nondiabetic men had an OR of 1.93 (1.77–2.10) independently of age and demographic and metabolic factors. Even among women aged &lt;50 years, postmenopausal status was significantly associated with an elevated OR (1.50 [1.18–1.91]) for dysglycemia (either diabetes or prediabetes). Postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years had a particularly elevated OR for dysglycemia, regardless of age at menopause.

CONCLUSIONS
The postmenopausal state was significantly associated with the presence of dysglycemia independently of normal aging, although the increased probability in postmenopausal women did not equal that in men. Among women, menopause and older age might additively influence the elevated probability of dysglycemia.
Does a Patient-Managed Insulin Intensification Strategy With Insulin Glargine and Insulin Glulisine Provide Similar Glycemic Control as a Physician-Managed Strategy? Results of the START (Self-Titration With Apidra to Reach Target) Study
Authors: Harris Stewart B. , Yale Jean-François , Berard Lori , Stewart John , Abbaszadeh Babak , Webster-Bogaert Susan , Gerstein Hertzel C. 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVEDiabetes self-management is universally regarded as a foundation of diabetes care. We determined whether comparable glycemic control could be achieved by self-titration versus physician titration of a once-daily bolus insulin dose in patients with type 2 diabetes who are unable to achieve optimal glycemia control with a basal insulin.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSPatients with type 2 diabetes, an HbA1c level &gt;7% (53 mmol/mol), and either nocturnal hypoglycemia episodes or an insufficient basal insulin glargine level (with or without oral agents) to achieve a fasting plasma glucose level ≤6 mmol/L (108 mg/dL) were studied. Participants all had bolus insulin glulisine added at breakfast and were allocated to either algorithm-guided patient self-titration or physician titration. The primary outcome was an HbA1c level ≤7% (53 mmol/mol) without severe hypoglycemia.RESULTSAfter a mean (SD) follow-up of 159.4 days (36.2 days), 28.4% of participants in the self-titration arm vs. 21.2% in the physician titration arm achieved an HbA1c level of ≤7% (53 mmol/mol) without severe hypoglycemia (between-group absolute difference 7.2%; 95% CI −3.2 to 17.7). The lower end of this 95% confidence interval was within the predetermined noninferiority boundary of −5% (P noninferiority = 0.011).CONCLUSIONSIn stable patients with type 2 diabetes who are receiving doses of basal insulin glargine who require bolus insulin, a simple bolus insulin patient-managed titration algorithm is as effective as a physician-managed algorithm.
Preoperative A1C and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes Undergoing Major Noncardiac Surgical Procedures
Authors: Underwood Patricia , Askari Reza , Hurwitz Shelley , Chamarthi Bindu , Garg Rajesh 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the relationship between preoperative A1C and clinical outcomes in individuals with diabetes mellitus undergoing noncardiac surgery.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSData were obtained from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database and the Research Patient Data Registry of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Patients admitted to the hospital for ≥1 day after undergoing noncardiac surgery from 2005 to 2010 were included in the study.RESULTSOf 1,775 patients with diabetes, 622 patients (35%) had an A1C value available within 3 months before surgery. After excluding same-day surgeries, patients with diabetes were divided into four groups (A1C ≤6.5% [N = 109]; &gt;6.5–8% [N = 202]; &gt;8–10% [N = 91]; &gt;10% [N = 47]) and compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched nondiabetic control subjects (N = 888). Individuals with A1C values between 6.5 and 8% had a hospital length of stay (LOS) similar to the matched control group (P = 0.5). However, in individuals with A1C values ≤6.5 or &gt;8%, the hospital LOS was significantly longer compared with the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that a higher A1C value was associated with increased hospital LOS after adjustments for age, sex, BMI, race, type of surgery, Charlson Comordity Index, smoking status, and glucose level on the day of surgery (P = 0.02). There were too few events to meaningfully evaluate for death, infections, or readmission rate.CONCLUSIONSOur study suggests that chronic hyperglycemia (A1C &gt;8%) is associated with poor surgical outcomes (longer hospital LOS). Providing a preoperative intervention to improve glycemic control in individuals with A1C values &gt;8% may improve surgical outcomes, but prospective studies are needed.
Factors influencing veterinarian referral to oncology specialists for treatment of dogs with lymphoma and osteosarcoma in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Stoewen Debbie L. , Coe Jason B. , MacMartin Clare , Stone Elizabeth A. , Dewey Catherine E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objective—To elucidate factors influencing practitioner decisions to refer dogs with cancer to veterinary oncology specialists.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample—2,724 Ontario primary care companion animal veterinarians.
Procedures—Practitioners were invited to participate in a survey involving clinical scenarios of canine cancer patients, offered online and in paper format from October 2010 through January 2011. Analyses identified factors associated with the decision to refer patients to veterinary oncology specialists.
Results—1,071 (39.3%) veterinarians responded, of which 603 (56.3%) recommended referral for dogs with multicentric lymphoma and appendicular osteosarcoma. Most (893/1,059 [84.3%]) practiced within < 2 hours’ drive of a specialty referral center, and most (981/1,047 [93.7%]) were completely confident in the oncology service. Few (230/1,056 [21.8%] to 349/1,056 [33.0%]) were experienced with use of chemotherapeutics, whereas more (627/1,051 [59.7%]) were experienced with amputation. Referral was associated with practitioner perception of patient health status (OR, 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 2.07), the interaction between the client's bond with the dog and the client's financial status, practitioner experience with treating cancer (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.63 to 4.77), how worthwhile practitioners considered treatment to be (OR, 1.66 to 3.09; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.72), and confidence in the referral center (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1. 11 to 4.34).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Several factors influenced practitioner decisions to refer dogs with lymphoma or osteosarcoma for specialty care. Understanding factors that influence these decisions may enable practitioners to appraise their referral decisions and ensure they act in the best interests of patients, clients, and the veterinary profession.
Evaluation of a modified proportional margins approach for surgical resection of mast cell tumors in dogs: 40 cases (2008–2012)
Authors: Pratschke Kathryn M. , Atherton Matt J. , Sillito Jack A. , Lamm Catherine G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate a modified proportional margins approach to resection of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—40 dogs with subcutaneous and cutaneous MCTs undergoing curative intent surgery.
Procedures—Medical records were searched to identify dogs with a cytologically or histologically confirmed diagnosis of MCT that had not previously been treated surgically and that had undergone full oncological staging. In those dogs, tumors were resected with lateral margins equivalent to the widest measured diameter of the tumor and a minimum depth of 1 well-defined fascial plane deep to the tumor. Surgical margins were evaluated histologically. Cutaneous tumors were graded by use of the Patnaik system and the 2-tier system described by Kiupel et al. The prognosis for subcutaneous tumors was assessed in accordance with published recommendations. Follow-up information on dog health status was obtained through clinical examination, the dog owners, and the referring veterinarians.
Results—The 40 dogs had 47 tumors. Forty-one (87%) tumors were cutaneous, and 6 (13%) were subcutaneous. On the basis of the Patnaik system, 21 (51%) cutaneous tumors were considered grade I, 18 (44%) were considered grade II, and 2 (5%) were considered grade III. On the basis of the Kiupel system, 37 (90%) cutaneous tumors were considered low grade, and 4 (10%) were considered high grade. The prognosis for the 6 subcutaneous tumors was classified as likely resulting in a shorter (2) or longer (4) survival time. Forty tumors were deemed to have been excised with clear margins and 7 with incomplete margins. Local recurrence was not recorded for any dog but was suspected for 1 (2%) tumor, although not confirmed. Interval from tumor excision to follow-up ranged from 30 to 1,140 days (median, 420 days).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The modified proportional margins system resulted in satisfactory local disease control in dogs with MCTs.
Effects of early pregnancy diagnosis by per rectal palpation of the amniotic sac on pregnancy loss in dairy cattle
Authors: Romano Juan E. , Fahning Melvyn L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of per rectal amniotic sac palpation (ASP) for pregnancy diagnosis during early gestation on pregnancy loss in lactating cows.
Design—Controlled, randomized block design.
Animals—368 pregnant dairy cows.
Procedures—Pregnancy was detected via transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) at day 29 (day of estrus = day 0), and cows were allocated into a control group (n = 167 cows) and ASP group (180). Control cows were not subjected to pregnancy diagnosis via palpation per rectum. Per rectal ASP was performed between days 34 and 43 by only 1 experienced veterinarian. All cows were reevaluated with TRUS on days 45, 60, and 90.
Results—21 cows were removed because of illness. Pregnancy loss between days 29 and 90 occurred in 44 of 347 (12.7%) cows. Pregnancy loss for the control and ASP groups from days 29 to 90 occurred in 22 of 167 (13.2%) and 22 of 180 (12.2%) cows, respectively. Late embryonic pregnancy loss (days 29 to 45) for the control and ASP groups occurred in 18 (10.8%) and 15 (8.3%) cows, respectively. Early fetal pregnancy loss (days 46 to 60) for the control and ASP groups occurred in 2 of 149 (1.3%) and 6 of 165 (3.6%) cows, respectively, and late fetal pregnancy loss (days 61 to 90) for the same groups occurred in 2 of 147 (1.4%) and 1 of 159 (0.6%) cows, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pregnancy diagnosis via per rectal ASP during early gestation did not increase pregnancy loss in dairy cattle.
Morphological and genetic differentiation and reproductive isolation among closely related taxa in the Ipomoea series Batatas
Authors: Duncan Tanya M. , Rausher Mark D. 
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the study: Identifying recently diverged taxa can be useful for studying the process of speciation. Ipomoea lacunosa and I. cordatotriloba, along with a putative homoploid hybrid, I. ×leucantha, are closely related taxa, which are promising for investigating the early stages of speciation. The objectives of this investigation were to determine how distinct these purported taxa are morphologically and genetically, and to assess the magnitude of reproductive isolation among the taxa.• Methods: We measured morphological characteristics and determined genotypes at four microsatellite loci in several populations of each of the taxa in North Carolina and South Carolina to quantify genetic and morphological differentiation. We also included a previously undescribed fourth taxon, which we term ‘I. austinii’.• Key results: Our study revealed that all four taxa had distinct but overlapping geographical ranges, and had significantly distinct morphologies. Patterns of microsatellite variation and the results of crosses indicate that I. ×leucantha and I. austinii are morphologically and genetically distinct taxa. Each exhibits substantial reproductive isolation from the other three taxa. By contrast, microsatellite markers indicate that I. lacunosa and I. cordatotriloba exhibit little differentiation at neutral markers, despite substantial morphological differentiation, and exhibit some reproductive isolation.• Conclusion: I. ×leucantha and I. austinii should be considered separate species. Our results provide no evidence that either species originated through homoploid hybrid speciation. I. cordatotriloba and I. lacunosa should be considered incipient species, but may be experiencing considerable reciprocal gene flow.
Automating case definitions using literature-based reasoning
Authors: Ball R. , Botsis T. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackground: Establishing a Case Definition (CDef) is a first step in many epidemiological, clinical, surveillance, and research activities. The application of CDefs still relies on manual steps and this is a major source of inefficiency in surveillance and research.Objective: Describe the need and propose an approach for automating the useful representation of CDefs for medical conditions.Methods: We translated the existing Brighton Collaboration CDef for anaphylaxis by mostly relying on the identification of synonyms for the criteria of the CDef using the NLM MetaMap tool. We also generated a CDef for the same condition using all the related PubMed abstracts, processing them with a text mining tool, and further treating the synonyms with the above strategy. The co-occur-rence of the anaphylaxis and any other medical term within the same sentence of the abstracts supported the construction of a large semantic network. The ‘islands’ algorithm reduced the network and revealed its densest region including the nodes that were used to represent the key criteria of the CDef. We evaluated the ability of the “translated” and the “generated” CDef to classify a set of 6034 H1N1 reports for anaphylaxis using two similarity approaches and comparing them with our previous semi-automated classification approach.Results: Overall classification performance across approaches to producing CDefs was similar, with the generated CDef and vector space model with cosine similarity having the highest accuracy (0.825±0.003) and the semi-automated approach and vector space model with cosine similarity having the highest recall (0.809±0.042). Precision was low for all approaches.Conclusion: The useful representation of CDefs is a complicated task but potentially offers substantial gains in efficiency to support safety and clinical surveillance.Citation: Botsis T, Ball R. Automating case definitions using literature-based reasoning. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 515–527http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-04-RA-0028
Humans, animals and computers: Minding machines?
Authors: Wasserman Edward A. 
Published: October 2013

¿Hay máquinas pensantes? En este artículo consulto material histórico, filosófico y empírico, tratando de responder esta intrigante pregunta. Mi discusión histórica y filosófica revisa el pensamiento de cinco famosos franceses (Michele de Montaigne, René Descartes, Salomon de Caus, Julien Offray de La Mettrie y Jacques Vaucanson) y de un famoso americano (William James). Mi revisión de investigaciones empíricas se focaliza en cuatro temas contemporáneos en cognición comparada: aprendizaje asociativo/causal, memoria de corto plazo, discriminación numérica, y metacognición. Concluyo que existen máquinas pensantes, ellas son los humanos y los animales. El acto de pensar, podría ser dicho, media los complejos cambios en el comportamiento que muestran humanos y animales. Sin embargo, computadores y otros dispositivos mecánicos son pálidas réplicas que están construidas con "el material equivocado". Nunca lograrán el estatus de máquinas pensantes.