bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Body Water, Total Exchangeable Sodium and Related Variables in the Ghanaian
Authors: Addae S. Kojo , Dakubu S. , Larmie E. T. , Boatin R. , Belcher E. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Standard radioisotope dilution techniques employing [3H]water and [22Na]sodium chloride have been used to determine the total body water and total exchangeable sodium of 20 male and 10 female normal Ghanaians (Africans) aged 19–25 years.
2. Lean body mass and total body fat are calculated as a percentage of body weight; the total exchangeable sodium values have been expressed in relation to lean body mass.
3. Comparison of the data for Ghanaian subjects with published figures for Caucasian subjects of similar age shows that the Ghanaian men have much less total body fat and the women a little less total body fat than their Caucasian counterparts.
4. Total exchangeable sodium expressed in terms of lean body mass shows close agreement in both men and women.
Renal Vascular Response to Haemorrhage in the Rabbit after Pentobarbitone, Chloralose–Urethane and Ether Anaesthesia
Authors: Warren D. J. , Ledingham J. G. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Total renal blood flow and its cortical distribution were measured by the microsphere technique before and after haemorrhage in conscious rabbits, and after haemorrhage in rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, chloralose—urethane or ether.
2. The average blood loss necessary to achieve a fall in systolic blood pressure to about 65 mmHg was 101 ml in conscious rabbits and 38, 90 and 118 ml in weight-matched groups of rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, chloralose—urethane and ether respectively.
3. After haemorrhage in conscious rabbits total renal blood flow fell by 25%, this fall being confined to the superficial renal cortex.
4. In rabbits subject to haemorrhage under pentobarbitone anaesthesia renal blood flow fell by a further 23% when compared with the conscious bled rabbits. This reduction in blood flow was confined to the superficial cortex.
5. Haemorrhage in the rabbits subjected to chloralose—urethane anaesthesia caused no significant change in renal blood flow, as compared with conscious bled rabbits.
6. Haemorrhage under ether anaesthesia was associated with a further 33% fall in total renal blood flow, as compared with conscious bled rabbits. This was associated with a fall of 32% and 34% in superficial and deep cortical blood flow respectively.
7. Animals subjected to general anaesthesia may be particularly susceptible to the renal haemodynamic effects of haemorrhage.
An Evaluation of Bilirubin Kinetics with Respect to the Diagnosis of Gilbert's Syndrome
Authors: Okolicsanyi L. , Ghidini O. , Orlando R. , Cortelazzo S. , Benedetti G. , Naccarato R. , Manitto P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The kinetics of the plasma disappearance of bilirubin (2 mg/kg intravenously) were studied in 106 patients with Gilbert's syndrome and in 13 normal subjects.
2. All patients had significant decreases in hepatic bilirubin clearance and transfer rates from plasma to liver, resulting in increased values for plasma retention at 4 h. The calculated value for unconjugated bilirubin production was normal in 40% of patients and increased in the remainder.
3. In 29 of the Gilbert's patients their bromosulphthalein kinetics were studied 1 week before the bilirubin test. These results were essentially normal and it was concluded that the hepatic clearance mechanisms for bilirubin and bromosulphthalein are different.
4. In 10 patients the bilirubin transport maximum (Tm) was found to be low whereas the relative storage capacity (S) was normal. Phenobarbitone treatment in four patients resulted in an increase in Tm, and S decreased in two patients and remained unchanged in the other two.
5. These results support the hypothesis that there are several variants of Gilbert's syndrome and that the bilirubin tolerance test is a useful diagnostic test.
The Organelle Pathology and Demonstration of Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Deficiency in Two Patients with Dubin–Johnson–Sprinz Syndrome
Authors: Peters T. J. , Seymour Carol A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Liver biopsies from two patients with the Dubin—Johnson—Sprinz syndrome were subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and enzymic micro-assays.
2. A selective deficiency of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase has been demonstrated in these patients.
3. The significance of this enzyme deficiency is discussed in relation to the organelle pathology of the syndrome.
Effects of Glucocorticoid Deficiency on Renal Medullary Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate of Rats
Authors: Kurokawa K. , Aznar E. , Descoeudres C. , Zulueta Anicia , Massry S. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of adrenalectomy on the adenylate cyclase—adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) system of rat renal medulla were examined to evaluate the mechanism of the impaired water diuresis in glucocorticoid deficiency.
2. Concentrations of cyclic AMP in medullary tubules from adrenalectomized rats were significantly higher than in the tubules from control animals both in the presence and absence of antidiuretic hormone.
3. This abnormality was corrected by the treatment in vivo of the adrenalectomized rats with dexamethasone, but addition of this drug to the incubation medium did not abolish the differences in cyclic AMP between tubules from adrenalectomized and normal rats.
4. The activity of adenylate cyclase or cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in vitro was not affected by adrenalectomy.
5. In glucocorticoid deficiency, the concentration of cyclic AMP in medullary tubules is increased both with and without antidiuretic hormone. This abnormality may render medullary tubules more permeable to water and may underlie the impaired water diuresis in glucocorticoid deficiency.
Factors Related to Potassium Transport in Chronic Stable Renal Disease in Man
Authors: Kahn T. , Kaji D. M. , Nicolis G. , Krakoff L. R. , Stein R. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The inter-relationships between plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, potassium excretion and plasma potassium were evaluated in subjects with normal and decreased glomerular filtration rate.
2. In seven studies of healthy control subjects and 12 studies of patients with renal disease, daily urine collections, plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were measured on a free diet for 5–10 days and subsequently during the addition of 50 mmol of potassium chloride daily for 5 days. Plasma aldosterone was also measured in 22 hospital patients with normal glomerular filtration rate and 24 patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate.
3. Plasma aldosterone was similar in base-line conditions in patients with or without renal disease and increased similarly during the administration of potassium chloride, suggesting that potassium excretion in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate probably does not depend primarily upon increased aldosterone.
4. Plasma renin activity increased similarly in control subjects and patients with renal disease during the administration of 50 mmol of potassium chloride/day, but plasma renin activity did not increase when 100 mmol of potassium chloride/day was given to control subjects.
5. With the administration of 50 mmol of potassium chloride/day mean daily potassium excretion increased similarly in control subjects and patients with renal disease but plasma potassium increased significantly (4·7 to 5·4 mmol/l) only in patients with renal disease, suggesting that their uptake of potassium into cells was impaired.
Renin Release from Renin Granules in the Dog
Authors: Funakawa S. , Higashio T. , Yamamoto K. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renin release from isolated dog renin granules was limited to within 20% of the total renin during incubation at 37°C in isotonic medium and did not depend on the external concentration of renin.
2. Although the renin granules were osmotically and mechanically fragile, they were quite stable at 0°C in isotonic medium.
3. The bulk of renin activity appeared in the supernatant when the granules were ruptured by osmotic lysis. About 8% of the total renin still remained in the membrane fraction of the granules after treatment by freezing and thawing.
4. Therefore stored renin in the granules can be described as comprising three components: a readily released soluble form; a soluble but hard-to-release form; a membrane-bound form.
Gastric Ulcers with and without Associated Duodenal Ulcer Have Different Pathophysiology
Authors: Lam S. K. , Lai C. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Maximal acid output after pentagastrin stimulation, and fasting and postprandial serum gastrin concentrations were determined in 25 normal subjects, 30 patients with corpus gastric ulcers, 10 patients with prepyloric ulcers and 30 patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcers.
2. Corpus ulcers and prepyloric ulcers formed one distinct group. Maximal acid output was abnormally low in the corpus ulcer patients and no different from normal in prepyloric ulcer patients, whereas fasting serum gastrin and postprandial integrated gastrin response was abnormally high in the former and no different from the normal in the latter. Furthermore, as in the normal subjects, a significant negative correlation between maximal acid output expressed in mmol h−1 kg−1 body weight and postprandial integrated gastrin response was observed in the corpus and prepyloric ulcer patients taken as a group.
3. In complete contrast patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcers, in whom postprandial integrated gastrin response was statistically highest amongst the three types of gastric ulcers, had a significantly positive correlation between maximal acid output and the integrated gastrin response.
4. These findings suggest the operation of different pathophysiological mechanisms in gastric ulcers with and without associated duodenal ulcers.
Galactose and Hepatic Metabolism in Malnutrition and Sepsis in Man
Authors: Royle G. , Kettlewell M. G. W. , Ilic Vera , Williamson D. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism was studied by an intravenous galactose test in control patients, malnourished non-septic patients, patients with prolonged severe sepsis and patients after recovery from sepsis.
2. Blood galactose half-life was not significantly increased in the septic group despite abnormal liver-function tests, whereas it was approximately doubled in the malnourished patients.
3. The rise in blood glucose after galactose injection was less in both the septic and malnourished groups, as compared with that in the control subjects.
4. Fasting blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentrations were similar in all groups, whereas blood ketone bodies were increased in the malnourished and septic groups, and blood alanine was decreased only in the septic group.
5. The changes in hepatic metabolism and function were reversible on recovery from sepsis.
6. It is suggested that alterations in hepatic blood flow and the metabolic fate of galactose within the liver may explain the changes in the metabolic response to galactose observed in malnourished or septic patients.
Excretion of Urea by the Foetal Guinea Pig
Authors: Horn Jane 
Published: August 2015

1. The placental transfer of urea was studied by perfusing the guinea-pig foetal placenta in situ with dextran solutions containing various amounts of urea, and radioactively labelled urea.
2. Transfer of urea was linearly related to the difference in concentration between the maternal and the foetal sides of the placenta, but transfer in both directions across the placenta was equal when the concentration of urea in the perfusing fluid was 2.5–3.5 mmol/l less than the maternal arterial value. This suggested that urea may be transferred against a concentration gradient.
3. Foetal plasma urea concentrations were found to be 0.5 mmol/l less than the maternal, suggesting that active transfer from the foetal circulation to the maternal can occur. However, because of the close relationship between foetal and maternal plasma urea (r = 0.96), it is concluded that the major control of foetal urea concentrations is by diffusion of urea between maternal and foetal extracellular fluids.
Effect of a Surgically Created Side-to-Side Arteriovenous Fistula on Heat Elimination from the Human Hand and Forearm: Evidence for a Critical Role of Venous Resistance in Determining Fistular Flow
Authors: Wallace W. F. M. , Jamison J. P. 
Published: August 2015

1. In eight patients with a unilateral fistula between the radial artery and a nearby superficial vein, heat elimination from both hand and forearm, as measured by calorimetry, was always substantially greater on the side of the fistula (mean excess from hand-plus-forearm 889 J/min).
2. Fistular blood flow measured by hand-plus-forearm plethysmography in these patients averaged 431 ml/min. Correlation between fistular blood flow and heat elimination was poor (r = 0.70, P < 0.06), probably because heat elimination due to the fistula takes place mainly from veins, whose pattern varies from patient to patient.
3. Approximately half of the total increased heat elimination due to the fistula is from the hand. Occlusion of the circulation to the hand caused fistular flow rate to be reduced by about half. This suggests that the main resistance to fistular flow is venous, proximal veins offering a similar resistance to distal veins.
4. The obligatory heat loss due to the fistula is unlikely to embarrass temperature regulation, except in severe cold stress.
Assessment of Early and Delayed Responses in Vitamin B12 Absorption during Antibiotic Therapy in Tropical Malabsorption
Authors: Tomkins A. M. , Smith T. , Wright S. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Vitamin B12 absorption was measured in 18 patients with tropical malabsorption.
2. Absorption was particularly impaired in patients with severe mucosal lesions.
3. Sequential measurements with 57Co- and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 were made before and 48 h after the start of tetracycline therapy. A rapid improvement (on average 22% increase in absorption) occurred in four of six patients with marked mucosal lesions. Further improvement occurred in four of five patients measured after 4 weeks' tetracycline, including the two who failed to improve initially.
4. These rapid changes in vitamin B12 absorption after antibiotics occur too early to be due to mucosal recovery and suggest that bacterial metabolism is an important factor in the malabsorption in these patients.
The Absence of 24,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Anephric Patients
Authors: Taylor Carol M. , Mawer E. Barbara , Wallace Jayne E. , St John Judy , Cochran M. , Russell R. G. G. , Kanis J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. In subjects with normal renal function there was a strong positive correlation between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, as measured by competitive protein-binding assay.
2. The 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentration was about 7% of the prevailing 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration.
3. In contrast, sera from anephric patients contained very low or undetectable amounts of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol even after the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations in these patients had been elevated by oral administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
4. In a further group of anephric patients, all having normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations, no radioactively labelled 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was formed from an injected pulse dose of [3H,14C]cholecalciferol.
5. These results indicate that in man the kidney is the major site of 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
Relationship of Basal Plasma Noradrenaline to Blood Pressure, Age, Sex, Plasma Renin Activity and Plasma Volume in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Chobanian A. V. , Gavras H. , Melby J. C. , Gavras Irene , Jick H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship of basal plasma noradrenaline to blood pressure, age, sex, urinary sodium excretion, and plasma volume has been examined in 117 untreated ambulatory patients with essential hypertension.
2. No significant correlations between basal plasma noradrenaline and either age or sex were apparent in the total group of essential hypertensive patients. In addition, no significant correlations were observed between plasma noradrenaline and 24 h urinary sodium excretion.
3. Basal plasma noradrenaline concentration was significantly higher in high renin essential hypertensive subjects compared with those with normal or low plasma renin activity.
4. Plasma noradrenaline was reduced significantly in relatively young patients with low renin essential hypertension, but appeared to be normal in other low renin subjects.
5. Basal plasma noradrenaline correlated significantly with blood pressure in patients with normal or low renin essential hypertension but the relationships were only significant in male patients.
6. No significant relationship between basal plasma noradrenaline and either blood pressure or plasma volume could be demonstrated in this population of essential hypertensive patients.
Hypertension and Brain Catecholamine Distribution in the Hebrew University Sabra, H and N Rats
Authors: Zamir N. , Gutman Y. , Ben-Ishay D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The concentration of catecholamines was measured in several brain areas of the Hebrew University Sabra rat (SB rat), and in two substrains selected for their respective sensitivity (H) or immunity (N) to hypertension.
2. Hypertension was induced in SB rats by DOCA—salt, renal artery constriction and NaCl 1·7% drinking. The noradrenaline content was consistently elevated in the medulla oblongata of hypertensive animals. In other brain areas the rise in noradrenaline varied in the different types of hypertension.
3. Administration of DOCA—salt to H and N rats, while causing marked hypertension in the former, had no effect on noradrenaline in either strain.
4. Untreated, normotensive N rats had in the medulla oblongata, significantly higher concentrations of noradrenaline than did H rats.
5. Differences in brain noradrenaline may explain the inherited susceptibility or resistance to hypertension in H and N rats.
Purification of Human Renal Renin
Authors: Slater Eve E. , Cohn Robert C. , Dzau Victor J. , Haber Edgar 
Published: August 2015

1. Human renal renin has been purified 200 000-fold from cadaver kidney cortex by a method which employs affinity chromatography on aminohexyl pepstatin.
2. The product of this purification has a specific activity of 400 Goldblatt units/mg when compared with Haas human renin standard.
3. This product appears as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate gel and polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis. Renin enzymatic activity was recovered after elution from a polyacrylamide-disc gel run at pH 7·8.
4. Yield with this method was 1%.
Definitive Evidence for Renin in Rat Brain by Affinity Chromatographic Separation from Protease
Authors: Inagami Tadashi , Yokosawa Hideyoshi , Hirose Shigehisa 
Published: August 2015

1. Angiotensin I-generating activity of rat brain extract was separated into two components by affinity chromatography on a casein—Sepharose gel column.
2. The component without affinity to the gel was identified as true renin on the basis of its sensitivity to anti-renin antibody and the lack of protease activity.
3. The second renin-like component with affinity to the gel was a protease insensitive to the anti-renin antibody. Its renin-like activity examined with sheep substrate was pronounced compared with the rate of angiotensin I generation from the rat substrate.
4. It was concluded that rat brain contains true renin, which can be detected by the use of rat substrate but can be masked when examined with sheep substrate.
Is High-Molecular-Weight-Renin Binding of Renin to the Protease Inhibitors and Lipoproteins?
Authors: Poulsen K. , Nielsen A. H. , Lykkegaard S. , Malling C. , Krøll J. , Jensenius J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Two high-molecular-weight forms of renin (molecular weights 800 000 and 70 000) are present in mouse plasma.
2. The 800 000 form could be activated and converted into the fully active 40 000 form, by acid or limited proteolysis. The 70 000 form was activated without change in molecular weight.
3. In addition to its enzymic activity, renin was measured by a direct radioimmunoassay, which revealed that the current acid treatment of plasma did not activate all the renin present.
4. Renin is stored as fully active 40 000 renin, with a specific enzymic reactivity of 0·4 × 10−3 GU ng−1, in the submaxillary gland of mice.
5. Pure 125I-labelled 40 000 submaxillary renin did not bind to plasma proteins. However, by changing the tertiary structure of renin, it was bound to some of the plasma protease inhibitors; α2-macroglobulin, inter-α-trypsin inhibitor and α2-antithrombin. It was also bound to α1- and β1-lipoprotein, albumin and an unidentified plasma protein. No binding was seen to more than 50 other studied plasma proteins.
An Endogenous Protease Activating Plasma Inactive Renin
Authors: Leckie B. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The protease inhibitors Trasylol and soya-bean trypsin inhibitor prevented the activation of plasma inactive renin by acid.
2. N-Ethylmaleimide inhibited acid-activation to some extent but o-phenanthroline had no effect.
3. Acid-activation of the inactive renin in human plasma is mediated by a serine protease.
Cryoactivation of Plasma Renin
Authors: Hara A. , Matsunaga M. , Yamamoto J. , Morimoto K. , Nagai H. , Kanatsu K. , Pak C. H. , Ogino K. , Kawai C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The mechanism of increased renin activity after human plasma had been kept at −5°C for 4 days (cryoactivation) was investigated.
2. The increase in renin activity of human plasma by cryoactivation was closely correlated to the increase obtained by incubation with trypsin (r = 0·88, P < 0·001, n = 10).
3. An inhibitor of thiol enzyme, N-ethylmaleimide did not inhibit cryoactivation.
4. Soyabean trypsin inhibitor and di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) inhibited cryoactivation, suggesting that the cryoactivation may be due to the action of a trypsin-like serine enzyme.
5. In an experiment in the rat haemorrhagic shock caused parallel increments of renin activity in non-cryoactivated and cryoactivated plasma, the renin activity being about two times higher in the latter. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of renin and renin substrate between the non-cryoactivated and cryoactivated plasma samples.
6. The results may indicate that a destruction of an inhibitor of the renin—renin substrate reaction is responsible for the increase of renin activity after exposure of rat plasma to low temperature. A trypsin-like enzyme in plasma might have destroyed the inhibitor during this procedure.
Acid-Activated Renin Responses to Hydrochlorothiazide, Propranolol and Indomethacin
Authors: McKenzie J. K. , Reisin E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Six essential hypertensive patients (five with low renin) were treated in successive weeks with placebo; hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg (382 μmol)/day; hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mmol of sodium/day diet; hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mmol of sodium diet and propranolol 160 mg (544 μmol)/day; and hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mmol of sodium and indomethacin 100 mg (287 μmol)/day.
2. Although blood pressure remained unchanged and serum potassium fell on diuretic with or without low salt, there was a marked increase of active renin and a lesser increase of inactive renin, resulting in an increased proportion of active to total renin.
3. Propranolol decreased both active and inactive renin, but not significantly.
4. Indomethacin produced a marked suppression of active renin, a smaller reduction in inactive renin, and a reduction of the ratio of active to total renin almost to placebo values.
5. Blood pressure rose to control values on indomethacin despite the fall in renin whereas it fell with propranolol with little change in renin.
6. Serum aldosterone rose with stimulation but remained elevated despite effective renin suppression with indomethacin and continuing reduced serum potassium concentration.