bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key Conclusions of the First International Urban Land Surface Model Comparison Project
Authors: Best M. J. , Grimmond C. S. B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The First International Urban Land Surface Model Comparison was designed to identify three aspects of the urban surface–atmosphere interactions: 1) the dominant physical processes, 2) the level of complexity required to model these, and 3) the parameter requirements for such a model. Offline simulations from 32 land surface schemes, with varying complexity, contributed to the comparison. Model results were analyzed within a framework of physical classifications and over four stages. The results show that the following are important urban processes: i) multiple reflections of shortwave radiation within street canyons; ii) reduction in the amount of visible sky from within the canyon, which impacts the net longwave radiation; iii) the contrast in surface temperatures between building roofs and street canyons; and iv) evaporation from vegetation. Models that use an appropriate bulk albedo based on multiple solar reflections, represent building roof surfaces separately from street canyons and include a representation of vegetation demonstrate more skill, but require parameter information on the albedo, height of the buildings relative to the width of the streets (height to width ratio), the fraction of building roofs compared to street canyons from a plan view (plan area fraction), and the fraction of the surface that is vegetated. These results, while based on a single site and less than 18 months of data, have implications for the future design of urban land surface models, the data that need to be measured in urban observational campaigns, and what needs to be included in initiatives for regional and global parameter databases.
Thermodynamic and Radiative Structure of Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary Layers*
Authors: Ghate Virendra P. , Miller Mark A. , Albrecht Bruce A. , Fairall Christopher W. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Stratocumulus-topped boundary layers (STBLs) observed in three different regions are described in the context of their thermodynamic and radiative properties. The primary dataset consists of 131 soundings from the southeastern Pacific (SEP), 90 soundings from the island of Graciosa (GRW) in the North Atlantic, and 83 soundings from the U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP). A new technique that makes an attempt to preserve the depths of the sublayers within an STBL is proposed for averaging the profiles of thermodynamic and radiative variables. A one-dimensional radiative transfer model known as the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model was used to compute the radiative fluxes within the STBL. The SEP STBLs were characterized by a stronger and deeper inversion, together with thicker clouds, lower free-tropospheric moisture, and higher radiative flux divergence across the cloud layer, as compared to the GRW STBLs. Compared to the STBLs over the marine locations, the STBLs over SGP had higher wind shear and a negligible (−0.41 g kg−1) jump in mixing ratio across the inversion. Despite the differences in many of the STBL thermodynamic parameters, the differences in liquid water path at the three locations were statistically insignificant. The soundings were further classified as well mixed or decoupled based on the difference between the surface and cloud-base virtual potential temperature. The decoupled STBLs were deeper than the well-mixed STBLs at all three locations. Statistically insignificant differences in surface latent heat flux (LHF) between well-mixed and decoupled STBLs suggest that parameters other than LHF are responsible for producing decoupling.
Initiation of a Runaway Greenhouse in a Cloudy Column
Authors: Popp Max , Schmidt Hauke , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A one-dimensional radiative–convective equilibrium model is used to investigate the influence of clouds on the onset of a runaway greenhouse under strong solar forcing. By comparing experiments with clear-sky conditions (clouds are transparent to radiation) to experiments with full-sky conditions (clouds are radiatively active), the authors find that the critical solar irradiance that is necessary to trigger a runaway greenhouse is increased from around 1.15–1.20 times the present-day total solar irradiance (TSI) on Earth S0 for clear-sky conditions to around 1.40–1.45S0 for full-sky conditions. Cloud thickness increases with TSI, leading to a substantially higher albedo, which in turn allows the climate to remain in equilibrium for markedly higher values of TSI. The results suggest that steady states with sea surface temperatures higher than 335 K exist for a large range of TSI. The thickening clouds in these states do not reduce the outgoing longwave radiation any more, implying that the thickening of clouds increases only their shortwave effect. This mechanism allows the column to remain in balance even at high sea surface temperatures. The authors find double equilibria for both clear-sky and full-sky conditions, but the range for which they occur extends to considerably higher values of TSIs for full-sky conditions. Moreover, when clouds are included in the radiative transfer calculations, climate instabilities are no longer caused by longwave effects but by the cloud albedo effect.
Dynamic Balances in a Wavy Boundary Layer
Authors: Hristov Tihomir , Ruiz-Plancarte Jesus 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The authors analyze the influence of waves on the budgets of momentum flux and kinetic energy in the atmospheric flow over sea surface waves and use the findings to reinterpret the results from the earlier empirical studies on the subject. This analysis employs the framework of wave–mean flow interaction and experimental data collected recently over the open ocean. From a minimal set of plausible assumptions, limited to small-slope waves and uncorrelated turbulent and wave-induced motions in the wind, this study demonstrates that the budgets apply separately to the turbulent and the wave-induced flows. The explicit forms of the wave-supported fluxes of momentum and kinetic energy favor wave spectra ∝ ω−β, 4 ≤ β ≤ 5 for wind–wave equilibrium. These explicit forms also show that in common conditions at heights above one significant wave height from the unperturbed surface, the wave-supported fluxes are a small fraction of the total, of the order of 5%. The wave influence on the kinetic energy budget and on the shape of the wind profile is therefore also small at these heights and thus difficult to identify experimentally next to influences from nonstationarity or horizontal inhomogeneity. Consequently, the predictions of Monin–Obukhov phenomenology show little sensitivity to wave effects. This makes the phenomenology as valid over the ocean as it is over land, but a poor instrument for studying wind–wave interaction. Describing the wind–wave interaction through the dynamics and statistics of the wave-induced motion remains a viable and productive alternative.
The development of an Aftermath of Dietary Lapses Coping Questionnaire for weight control
Authors: Shimpo Misa , Akamatsu Rie 
Published: September 2014

Objective: This study was designed to develop the Aftermath of Dietary Lapses Coping Questionnaire (ADLCQ) for evaluating how people cope with the aftermath of dietary lapses during weight control. Method: Between June–July 2012, dieticians working in public health centres and city offices in Sizuoka, Japan, recruited 466 participants. They were asked to complete a 20-item self-report questionnaire pertaining to coping strategies in the aftermath of dietary lapses. The questionnaire included items regarding the stage (readiness) of weight control, the experience of weight loss and demographic characteristics. We examined the questionnaire’s construct validity by conducting confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and investigated reliability by examining internal consistency and correlations of factors with readiness for weight control and the experience of weight loss. Results: Data from 411 participants were analysed. Five factors (i.e. self-reflective thoughts, compensation by healthy eating, compensation by exercising, self-monitoring and positive thoughts), collectively consisting of 17 items, reached nearly acceptable levels of validity (adjusted goodness-of-fit index [AGFI] = .919, goodness-of-fit index [GFI] = .943, comparative fit index [CFI] = .832, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .045). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from .61 to .87. Scores for coping differed with the readiness for weight control and the experience of weight loss. Conclusion: We developed the 17-item ADLCQ to evaluate coping with the aftermath of dietary lapses and confirmed the validity and the reliability of the questionnaire.
A randomised crossover trial of the acute effects of a deep-fried Mars bar or porridge on the cerebral vasculature
Authors: Dunn William G , Walters Matthew R 
Published: September 2014

Introduction The deep-fried Mars bar has been cited as ‘all that is wrong with the high-fat, high-sugar Scottish diet’. We investigated the effect of ingestion of a deep-fried Mars bar or porridge on cerebrovascular reactivity. We hypothesised that deep-fried Mars bar ingestion would impair cerebrovascular reactivity, which is associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. Methods Twenty-four fasted volunteers were randomised to receive a deep-fried Mars bar and then porridge (control), or vice-versa. We used transcranial Doppler ultrasound to calculate Breath Holding Index as a surrogate measure of cerebrovascular reactivity. Change in Breath Holding Index post-ingestion was the primary outcome measure. Results Twenty-four healthy adults (mean (SD) age 21.5 (1.7) years, 14 males) completed the protocol. Deep-fried Mars bar ingestion caused a non-significant reduction in cerebrovascular reactivity relative to control (mean difference in absolute Breath Holding Index after deep-fried Mars bar versus porridge −0.11, p = 0.40). Comparison of the difference between the absolute change in Breath Holding Index between genders demonstrated a significant impairment of cerebrovascular reactivity in males (mean difference women minus men of 0.65, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.00, p = 0.0003). Conclusion Ingestion of a bolus of sugar and fat caused no overall difference in cerebrovascular reactivity, but there was a modest decrease in males. Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity is associated with increased stroke risk, and therefore deep-fried Mars bar ingestion may acutely contribute to cerebral hypoperfusion in men.
Emotional vitality in caregivers: application of Rasch Measurement Theory with secondary data to development and test a new measure
Authors: Barbic Skye P , Bartlett Susan J , Mayo Nancy E 
Published: September 2014

Objective: To describe the practical steps in identifying items and evaluating scoring strategies for a new measure of emotional vitality in informal caregivers of individuals who have experienced a significant health event. Design: The psychometric properties of responses to selected items from validated health-related quality of life and other psychosocial questionnaires administered four times over a one-year period were evaluated using Rasch Measurement Theory. Setting: Community. Subjects: A total of 409 individuals providing informal care at home to older adults who had experienced a recent stroke. Main measures: Rasch Measurement Theory was used to test the ordering of response option thresholds, fit, spread of the item locations, residual correlations, person separation index, and stability across time. Results: Based on a theoretical framework developed in earlier work, we identified 22 candidate items from a pool of relevant psychosocial measures available. Of these, additional evaluation resulted in 19 items that could be used to assess the five core domains. The overall model fit was reasonable (χ2 = 202.26, DF = 117, p = 0.06), stable across time, with borderline evidence of multidimensionality (10%). Items and people covered a continuum ranging from −3.7 to +2.7 logits, reflecting coverage of the measurement continuum, with a person separation index of 0.85. Mean fit of caregivers was lower than expected (–1.31 ±1.10 logits). Conclusion: Established methods from the Rasch Measurement Theory were applied to develop a prototype measure of emotional vitality that is acceptable, reliable, and can be used to obtain an interval level score for use in future research and clinical settings.
Improving pulmonary vessel image quality with a full model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm in 80kVp low-dose chest CT for pediatric patients aged 0–6 years
Authors: Sun Jihang , Zhang Qifeng , Hu Di , Duan Xiaomin , Peng Yun 
Published: September 2014

Background Full model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) algorithm decreasing image noise and improving spatial resolution significantly, combined with low voltage scan may improve image and vessels quality. Purpose To evaluate the image quality improvement of pulmonary vessels using a full MBIR in low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) for children. Material and Methods This study was institutional review board approved. Forty-one children (age range, 28 days–6 years, mean age, 2.0 years) who underwent 80 kVp low-dose CT scans were included. Age-dependent noise index (NI) for a 5-mm slice thickness image was used for the acquisition: NI = 11 for 0–12 months old, NI = 13 for 1–2 years old, and NI = 15 for 3–6 years old. Images were retrospectively reconstructed into thin slice thickness of 0.625 mm using the MBIR and a conventional filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm. Two radiologists independently evaluated images subjectively focusing on the ability to display small arteries and diagnosis confidence on a 5-point scale with 3 being clinically acceptable. CT value and image noise in the descending aorta, muscle and fat were measured and statistically compared between the two reconstruction groups. Results The ability to display small vessels was significantly improved with the MBIR reconstruction. The subjective scores of displaying small vessels were 5.0 and 3.7 with MBIR and FBP, respectively, while the respective diagnosis confidence scores were 5.0 and 3.8. Quantitative image noise for the 0.625 mm slice thickness images in the descending aorta was 15.8 ± 3.8 HU in MBIR group, 57.3% lower than the 37.0 ± 7.3 HU in FBP group. The signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio for the descending aorta were 28.3 ± 7.9 and 24.05 ± 7.5 in MBIR group, and 12.1 ± 3.7 and 10.6 ± 3.5 in FBP group, respectively. These values were improved by 133.9% and 132.1%, respectively, with MBIR reconstruction compared to FBP reconstruction. Conclusion Compared to the conventional FBP reconstruction, the image quality and diagnostic performance for pulmonary vessels was significantly improved by the MBIR reconstruction in low-dose chest CT in children.
Does Limited Internal Femoral Rotation Increase Peak Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain During a Simulated Pivot Landing?
Authors: Beaulieu Mélanie L. , Oh Youkeun K. , Bedi Asheesh , Ashton-Miller James A. , Wojtys Edward M. 
Published: September 2014

Background: Many factors contributing to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk have been investigated. Recently, some ACL-injured individuals have presented with a decreased range of hip internal rotation compared with controls. The pathomechanics of why decreased hip range of motion increases risk of ACL injury have not yet been studied. Hypothesis: Peak relative strain of the anteromedial bundle of the ACL (AM-ACL) during a simulated single-leg pivot landing is inversely related to the available range of internal femoral rotation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A series of pivot landings were simulated in 10 female and 10 male human knee specimens with a testing apparatus that applied a 2-bodyweight impulsive load, inducing knee compression, flexion moment, and internal tibial torque. The range of internal femoral rotation was (1) locked at ~0°, (2) limited with a hard stop to ~7°, (3) limited with a hard stop to ~11°, or (4) free, with rotation resisted by 2 springs to simulate the resistance of the active hip rotator muscles to stretch. The AM-ACL strain was quantified with a differential variable reluctance transducer. A linear mixed model was used to determine whether a significant linear relation existed between peak AM-ACL relative strain and range of internal femoral rotation. Results: Peak AM-ACL relative strain was inversely related to the available range of internal femoral rotation ( R2 = 0.91; P < .001), with strain increasing 1.3% for every 10° decrease in rotation; this represented a 20% increase in peak relative strain, given an average range of femoral rotation of 15° upon landing in healthy athletes. Conclusion: Peak AM-ACL relative strain was inversely proportional to the available range of internal femoral rotation during simulated single-leg pivot landings. Clinical Relevance: Decreased range of internal femoral rotation results in greater ACL strain and may therefore increase the susceptibility to ACL rupture with athletic cutting and pivoting activities. Screening for a limited range of hip internal rotation should therefore become a component of not only ACL injury prevention programs but also evaluation protocols for those with ACL injuries and/or reconstructions.
Inhibition of 5-LOX, COX-1, and COX-2 Increases Tendon Healing and Reduces Muscle Fibrosis and Lipid Accumulation After Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Oak Nikhil R. , Gumucio Jonathan P. , Flood Michael D. , Saripalli Anjali L. , Davis Max E. , Harning Julie A. , Lynch Evan B. , Roche Stuart M. , Bedi Asheesh , Mendias Christopher L. 
Published: September 2014

Background: The repair and restoration of function after chronic rotator cuff tears are often complicated by muscle atrophy, fibrosis, and fatty degeneration of the diseased muscle. The inflammatory response has been implicated in the development of fatty degeneration after cuff injuries. Licofelone is a novel anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), as well as cyclooxygenase (COX)–1 and COX-2 enzymes, which play important roles in inducing inflammation after injuries. While previous studies have demonstrated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective inhibitors of COX-2 (coxibs) may prevent the proper healing of muscles and tendons, studies about bone and cartilage have demonstrated that drugs that inhibit 5-LOX concurrently with COX-1 and COX-2 may enhance tissue regeneration. Hypothesis: After the repair of a chronic rotator cuff tear in rats, licofelone would increase the load to failure of repaired tendons and increase the force production of muscle fibers. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Rats underwent supraspinatus release followed by repair 28 days later. After repair, rats began a treatment regimen of either licofelone or a vehicle for 14 days, at which time animals were euthanized. Supraspinatus muscles and tendons were then subjected to contractile, mechanical, histological, and biochemical analyses. Results: Compared with controls, licofelone-treated rats had a grossly apparent decrease in inflammation and increased fibrocartilage formation at the enthesis, along with a 62% increase in the maximum load to failure and a 51% increase in peak stress to failure. Licofelone resulted in a marked reduction in fibrosis and lipid content in supraspinatus muscles as well as reduced expression of several genes involved in fatty infiltration. Despite the decline in fibrosis and fat accumulation, muscle fiber specific force production was reduced by 23%. Conclusion: The postoperative treatment of cuff repair with licofelone may reduce fatty degeneration and enhance the development of a stable bone-tendon interface, although decreases in muscle fiber specific force production were observed, and force production in fact declined. Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates that the inhibition of 5-LOX, COX-1, and COX-2 modulates the healing process of repaired rotator cuff tendons. Although further studies are necessary, the treatment of patients with licofelone after cuff repair may improve the development of a stable enthesis and enhance postoperative outcomes.
Electrospun polyurethane as an alternative ventricular catheter and in vitro model of shunt obstruction
Authors: Suresh Supraja , Black Richard A 
Published: September 2014

Intracranial pressure and volume vary considerably between hydrocephalic patients, and with age, health and haemodynamic status; if left untreated, intracranial pressure rises and the ventricular system expands to accommodate the excess cerebrospinal fluid, with significant morbidity and mortality. Cerebrospinal fluid shunts in use today have a high incidence of failure with shunt obstruction being the most serious. Conventional proximal shunt catheters are made from poly(dimethyl)siloxane, the walls of which are perforated with holes for the cerebrospinal fluid to pass through. The limited range of catheters, in terms of material selection and flow distribution, is responsible in large part for their poor performance. In this study, we present an alternative design of proximal catheter made of electrospun polyether urethane, and evaluate its performance in the presence of glial cells, which are responsible for shunt blockage. The viability and growth of cells on catheter materials such as poly(dimethyl)siloxane and polyurethane in the form of cast films, microfibrous mats and porous sponges were studied in the presence of proteins present in cerebrospinal fluid after 48 h and 96 h in culture. The numbers of viable cells on each substrate were comparable to untreated poly(dimethyl)siloxane, both in the presence and absence of serum proteins found in cerebrospinal fluid. A cell culture model of shunt obstruction was developed in which cells on electrospun polyether urethane catheters were subjected to flow during culture in vitro, and the degree of obstruction quantified in terms of hydraulic permeability after static and perfusion culture. The results indicate that a catheter made of electrospun polyether urethane would be able to maintain cerebrospinal fluid flow even with the presence of cells for the time period chosen for this study. These findings have implications for the design and deployment of microporous shunt catheter systems for the treatment of hydrocephalus.
Effectiveness and toxicity of high-dose cyclophosphamide in obese versus non-obese patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Hunter Melissa R , Sabo Roy T , McCarty John M , Newland Ashley M 
Published: September 2014

Purpose To determine if there is a difference in toxicity and effectiveness between obese and non-obese patients who receive high-dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HCT). Methods Patients were included in this study if they were at least 18 years of age and received high-dose Cy in combination with total body irradiation (CyTBI) or busulfan (BuCy) prior to allo-HCT between 1 January 2008 and 29 February 2012. The primary endpoint was the difference in overall toxicity between obese and non-obese patients. Secondary objectives examined differences in effectiveness between groups assessed by relapse at day +100, relapse at 1 year, death at 1 year, chimerisms at days +30, +60, and +90, and incidence of acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD). Results Sixty-one patients met the inclusion criteria, 28 obese and 33 non-obese. Overall toxicity was greater in obese patients compared to non-obese patients (82% vs. 52%, OR 4.3 [95% CI 1.3–14.1]; p = 0.01), which was driven by a greater incidence of renal dysfunction (79% vs. 48%, OR 3.9 [95% CI 1.3–12.1]; p = 0.02). There were no differences in rates of grade 3 or 4 toxicity, hepatic dysfunction, or any measure of effectiveness between groups. Conclusion Obese patients receiving high-dose Cy and allo-HCT are at increased risk for toxicity, although there appears to be no difference in the rate of relapse or survival between obese and non-obese patients.