bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Knowledge of Medical Professionals from Selected Hospitals in the Lubelskie Province about Diagnosis-Related Groups Systems
Authors: Iltchev Petre , Sierocka Aleksandra , Gierczyński Sebastian , Marczak Michał 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Health information technology (IT) in hospitals can be approached as a tool to reduce health care costs and improve hospital efficiency and profitability, increase the quality of healthcare services, and make the transition to patient-centered healthcare. A hospital’s efficiency and profitability depends on linking IT with the knowledge and motivation of medical personnel. It is important to design and execute a knowledge management strategy as a part of the implementation of IT in hospital management. A Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG) system was introduced in Poland in 2008 as a basis for settlements between hospitals and the National Health Fund (NHF). The importance and role of a DRG system in management of healthcare entities was emphasized based on a survey of medical professionals from two hospitals in the Lubelskie province. The goal of a survey is to assess the knowledge of medical professionals about the DRG system and how the medical personnel uses the DRG system in order to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. A newly developed survey was used to assess the medical personnel’s knowledge of DRG, using 12 closed and 5 open questions. The survey was conducted on 160 medical employees from two hospitals in the Lubelskie province. In conclusion, medical personnel’s DRG knowledge unambiguously contributes to reducing hospital costs and increasing profitability. The DRG related knowledge enables personnel to obtain value from data by applying DRG data-driven decisions.
OCCURRENCE OF GASTRO-ITESTINAL PARASITES IN POLISH PRIMITIVE HORSES FROM THE ROZTOCZE NATIONAL PARK, POLAND
Authors: Slivinska K. , Wróblewski Z. , Gawor J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The study was performed to investigate the gastrointestinal parasite fauna using the method of diagnostic deworming in own modification in 29 Polish primitive horses (Equus caballus) from the Roztocze National Park, south-east of Poland. The parasite community was comprised of 35 species represented by three nematode families (Strongylidae, Ascaridae, Habronematidae), one cestode family (Anoplocephalidae) and larvae of insects from the family Gasterophilidae (Diptera). Strongylidae being 100 % prevalent was represented by 31 species from the subfamily Strongylinae (6 species) and Cyathostominae (25 species). Parascaris equorum was recorded in 48.3 %, Habronema muscae in 55.2 %, tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata) in 24.1 % and Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae in 41.4 % of horses surveyed. The present results showed high prevalence of pathogenic intestinal parasites, which create the risk of health problems for horses living free in the reserve as well as stabled horses, when rarely treated.
Destabilizing Sexistentialism and Hegemonic Masculinity in Norman Mailer’sAn American Dream
Authors: Shaw Justin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract:While Mary Ellmann, Kate Millett, and Judith Fetterley have correctly taken Norman Mailer to task for his more overt representations of misogyny in An American Dream (1965), there have been few efforts to reveal how these representations are as critical as they are symptomatic of an American ethos of expansionistic capitalism and of the oppressive practices that secure masculine hegemony in post-industrial America. Thus, I argue that, rather than merely echoing the lamentation of post–World War II “crisis of masculinity” critics, Mailer explores this alleged crisis in shocking dramatic detail, critiquing the oppressive ideology and practices that sustain hegemonic masculinity and capitalism in America.
From Laundries to Labour Camps: Staging Ireland’s “Rule of Silence” in Anu Productions’Laundry
Authors: Haughton Miriam 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT:Anu Productions premiered their site-specific devised performance Laundry in the former Magdalene Laundry building on Lower Seán McDermott Street, as part of their four-part artistic investigation of this historical city centre district at the 2011 Ulster Bank Dublin Theatre Festival. This essay will offer performance analysis of Laundry (winner of “Best Production,” Irish Times Theatre Awards 2012) and detail how the founding principles of Irish national freedom – the Roman Catholic faith and independent Irish governance – determined that only certain individuals and groups were free, while others were hidden, silenced, punished, and incarcerated for life. Control of the female body existed at the heart of these national power interests, as did careful management of the family unit proper. Visibility, invisibility, free speech, individual agency, and access to political power were all tightly managed privileges in this culture of national, religious, and sexual control and overt gender discrimination.
A Randomized Trial of Daclatasvir with Peginterferon Alfa-2B and Ribavirin for HCV Genotype 1 Infection
Authors: Suzuki Fumitaka , Toyota Joji , Ikeda Kenji , Chayama Kazuaki , Mochida Satoshi , Hayashi Norio , Ishikawa Hiroki , Miyagoshi Hidetaka , Hu Wenhua , McPhee Fiona , Hughes Eric A , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: January 2014

Background Daclatasvir-containing regimens have the potential to address limitations of current regimens combining peginterferon alfa and ribavirin with first-generation protease inhibitors for treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. Methods In this randomized, double-blind study, 27 Japanese treatment-naive patients received once-daily daclatasvir 10 mg or 60 mg or placebo, each combined with peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin; 18 prior null ( n=9) or partial ( n=9) responders received the same daclatasvir-containing regimens without a placebo arm. Daclatasvir recipients with protocol-defined response (HCV RNA<15 IU/ml at week 4, undetectable at week 12) were treated for 24 weeks; those without protocol-defined response and placebo recipients continued treatment to week 48. Results Sustained virological response 24 weeks post-treatment (SVR24) was achieved by 66.7%, 90.0% and 62.5% of treatment-naive patients in the daclatasvir 10 mg, 60 mg and placebo groups, respectively. Prior non-responders had more frequent virological failure; 22.2% and 33.3% of daclatasvir 10 mg and 60 mg recipients, respectively, achieved SVR24. Adverse events were similar across groups and were typical of peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin. Pyrexia, headache, alopecia, decreased appetite and malaise were the most common adverse events; two daclatasvir recipients discontinued due to adverse events. Conclusions Daclatasvir 60 mg combined with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin achieved a high rate of SVR24 in treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype 1 infection, with tolerability similar to that of peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin alone. However, regimens with greater antiviral potency are needed for prior non-responders.
Les groupes minoritaires : un nouveau concept entre droit et politique
Authors: Hérin Jean-Louis 
Published: January 2014

Groupe d’opposition ou groupe minoritaire ? Cette option a été introduite par le Sénat lors de la dernière révision constitutionnelle qui a été adoptée grâce à l’apport des futurs groupes minoritaires... Forts de cette consécration constitutionnelle, les groupes minoritaires contribuent à conforter le pluralisme parlementaire, surtout au Sénat où le groupe majoritaire ne dispose pas de la majorité absolue des sièges, avec le risque, aux yeux de certains, de compliquer le processus de délibération et de remettre en cause la primauté du fait majoritaire. Même s’ils appartiennent de fait à la majorité ou à l’opposition, ils sont en capacité d’affirmer leur spécificité ou leur autonomie face à la bipolarisation de la vie parlementaire. Peut-on imaginer un Parlement représentatif sans un ou plusieurs groupes minoritaires ?
Natural variability and anthropogenic change in equatorial Pacific surface ocean pCO2 and pH
Authors: Sutton Adrienne J. , Feely Richard A. , Sabine Christopher L. , McPhaden Michael J. , Takahashi Taro , Chavez Francisco P. , Friederich Gernot E. , Mathis Jeremy T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe equatorial Pacific is a dynamic region that plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. This region is the largest oceanic source of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere, which varies interannually dependent on the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climatic and oceanic drivers. We present high‐resolution observations of surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) at four fixed locations in the Niño 3.4 area with data sets encompassing 10 ENSO warm and cold events from 1997 to 2011. The mooring observations confirm that ENSO controls much of the interannual variability in surface seawater pCO2 with values ranging from 315 to 578 µatm. The mooring time series also capture the temporal variability necessary to make the first estimates of long‐term pH trends in the equatorial Pacific, which suggests that the combination of ocean acidification and decadal variability creates conditions for high rates of pH change since the beginning of the mooring record. Anthropogenic CO2 increases play a dominant role in significant observed seawater pCO2 trends of +2.3 to +3.3 µatm yr−1 and pH trends of −0.0018 to −0.0026 yr−1 across the full time series in this region. However, increased upwelling driven by increased trade winds, a shallower thermocline, and increased frequency of La Niña events also contribute an average of 40% of the observed trends since 1998. These trends are higher than previous estimates based on underway observations and suggest that the equatorial Pacific is contributing a greater amount of CO2 to the atmospheric CO2 inventory over the last decade.
Why did the 2011–2012 La Niña cause a severe drought in the Brazilian Northeast?
Authors: Rodrigues Regina R. , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Brazilian Northeast (NE) is strongly affected by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During La Niña events, the precipitation over the NE is generally above average. However, during the last La Niña event in 2011–2012, the NE went through its worst drought in the last 30 years. In this study, observations and numerical simulations are used to determine what made the 2011–2012 event different from other events. We find that eastern Pacific (canonical) La Niña events cause a cooling of the tropical North Atlantic and warming of the tropical South Atlantic that lead to a southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which in turn brings rain to the NE. On the other hand, La Niña events with the cooling concentrated in the central Pacific cause the opposite meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical Atlantic, leading to droughts over the NE. The 2011–2012 event was of the latter type. This study also shows that it is possible to predict the sign of the NE rainfall anomaly during ENSO events using a simple SST index.
Observational quantification of the separation of simple and complex atmospheric ice particles
Authors: Schmitt Carl G. , Heymsfield Andrew J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe impact of ice clouds on weather and climate is a function of ice particle shape through light scattering properties and cloud lifetime through ice particle sedimentation rates. Many weather forecast and climate models use two categories to represent ice cloud particles: cloud ice and snow, though the distinction between particle categories is generally without observational justification. Improved characterization of cloud ice and snow as well as the transition between them will make models more realistic. An analysis of particle imagery data from high‐resolution aircraft particle imaging probes indicates that atmospheric ice particles can easily be separated by particle complexity. In this work, a technique is described which enables the clear separation of vapor grown particles from aggregates of particles. When applied to two example data sets, the technique shows that the separation between these categories occurs at 150 and 250 microns, for two example data sets.
Impact of Barents Sea winter air‐sea exchanges on Fram Strait dense water transport
Authors: Moat Bengamin I. , Josey Simon A. , Sinha Bablu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractImpacts of extreme Barents Sea air‐sea exchanges are examined using the HadCM3 coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. Variability in the Barents Sea winter air‐sea density flux is found to be a potentially significant factor in determining changes in the southward transport of dense water through Fram Strait. The density flux variability is primarily driven by the thermal term, FT, due to heat loss to the atmosphere. The other two terms (haline flux and ice formation) play a relatively minor role. The difference in ocean circulation between winters with extreme strong and weak Barents Sea surface density flux anomalies is analyzed. This reveals an increase in strong winters of both the north‐westward intermediate depth flow out of the basin and the east‐west deep flows north of Spitsbergen and south through the Fram Strait. A linear fit yields a Fram Strait southward transport increase of 1.22 Sv for an increase in FT of 1 × 10−6 kg m−2 s−1. For the 10 strongest Barents Sea surface density flux winters, the Fram Strait winter southward transport increases by 2.4 Sv. This compares with a reduction of 1.0 Sv for the corresponding weakest winters. Furthermore, the properties of the southward flowing water are modified in strong density flux winters. In such winters, the Fram Strait water below 250 m is colder by up to 0.5°C and fresher by 0.05 than the climatological winter mean.
Energy dissipation in viscous‐plastic sea‐ice models
Authors: Bouchat Amélie , Tremblay Bruno 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn viscous‐plastic (VP) sea‐ice models, small deformations are approximated by irreversible viscous deformations, introducing a nonphysical energy sink. As the spatial resolution and the degree of numerical convergence of the models increase, linear kinematic features (LKFs) are better resolved and more states of stress lie in the viscous regime. Energy dissipation in this nonphysical viscous regime therefore increases. We derive a complete kinetic energy (KE) balance for sea ice, including plastic and viscous energy sinks to study energy dissipation. The main KE balance is between the energy input by the wind and the dissipation by the water drag and the internal stresses (dissipating 87% and 13% of the energy input on an annual average). The internal stress term is mostly important in winter when ice‐ice interactions are dominant. The energy input that is not dissipated locally is redistributed laterally by the internal stresses into regions of dissipation by small‐scale deformations (LKFs). Of the 13% dissipated annually by the internal stress term, 93% is dissipated in plastic friction along LKFs (14% in ridging, 79% in shearing) and 7% is stored as potential energy in ridges. For all time and spatial scales tested, the frictional viscous dissipation is negligible in the KE balance. This conclusion remains valid regardless of the degree of numerical convergence of the simulations. Overall, the results confirm the applicability, from an energetical point of view, of the VP approximation.
Racial Profiling (Issues in Measurement)
Authors: Hefner M. Kristen 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Allegations of racial profiling by our society's law enforcement personnel need to be scientifically investigated in order to resolve current, and circumvent future, constitutional and social impairments through the use of departmental policies and officer education. However, scientific investigations and inquiries into allegations of racial profiling by law enforcement officials pose methodological difficulties.
Criminal Sanctions
Authors: Na Chongmin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe primary rationale for criminal sanctions is that punishing criminals can reduce crime through deterrence, punishment, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. These justifications for criminal sanctions vary over time as they were influenced by philological, political, and social characteristics of particular periods in history. In particular, criminal sanctions are one of the areas where a clear linkage between criminological theories and criminal justice policies can be observed. Even so, evidence that the benefits of crime reduction through deterrence and incapacitation strategies outweigh the costs of them continues to be challenged. This issue becomes more complicated when considering not only intended consequences of criminal sanctions, but their unintended impact on offenders, offenders' families, and communities.
Victimology
Authors: Dillenburger Karola 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVictimology (also victimotology) is the scientific inquiry into issues related to victims, such as what makes people vulnerable to becoming a victim and how people's lives are affected when offenses are perpetrated against them or their property. It also includes the study of perpetrators and offenders and their relationship to the victims of the offenses they commit. Victimology attracts a wide range of theories from multiple disciplines, including sociology, psychology, criminal justice, law, and advocacy.
Recidivism (Issues in Measurement)
Authors: Balusek Ken 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Recidivism is the return to criminal behavior after the offender has previously engaged in it. Recidivism can be measured by using several different methods, each of which touches on different aspects of the process of re‐offending. While different measures often reveal similar results with regard to determining if an offender is a recidivist, it is also possible to reach differing conclusions due to the nature of these measures.
Day Fines
Authors: Hignite Lance R. , Kellar Mark 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Day fines are commonly used in Europe as an alternative to incarceration. The amount of the fine imposed is based on the severity of the offense as well as the defendant's ability to pay. As a result, wealthy individuals are given a larger fine compared to poor individuals. The concept originated in Scandinavia early in the twentieth century and spread throughout continental Europe during the 1970s. Although a number of pilot projects have been established in the United States and the United Kingdom, day fines as a criminal sanction have not gained widespread support or application in these countries. Many scholars believe cultural, political, and structural factors prohibit the use of day fines in the United States.
Chemical Castration
Authors: Kellar Mark C. , Hignite Lance R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Chemical castration refers to the use of synthetic hormones to reduce and/or eliminate testosterone production in males as well as increasing the metabolism of testosterone in the liver. Unlike physical castration, chemical castration is not permanent and the effects of the drug are reversible once the use of the drug has ceased. Chemical castration has been used for many years in Europe and the United States for the treatment of certain sexual offenders. Specifically, type 4 sex offenders, also known as paraphiliacs, have been shown to benefit from this type of treatment. In addition to the aforementioned effects, the drug(s) lessens and/or eliminates deviant sexual imagery. Recently, as many as six states passed legislation authorizing the use of chemical castration as a treatment and/or punishment for certain sexual offenses, either as part of a sentence, as a condition of probation, or a condition of parole. Critics of chemical castration cite First, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment concerns about the constitutionality of such a treatment/punishment for sex offenders.
Obscenity and Pornography
Authors: Crichlow Vaughn J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObscenity refers to anything contrary to accepted morality or propriety, and pornography refers to anything sexually explicit that is intended to cause sexual excitement. Although obscene material need not necessarily be pornographic, it is clear that these terms are conceptually linked. Legal sanctions and restrictions regarding the use of pornographic material are usually imposed by anti‐obscenity laws. Therefore, by legal standards, pornographic material will also be deemed obscene.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Authors: Tsai Lily Chi‐Fang 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) serves as a threat‐based and intelligence‐driven organization within the US Department of Justice. Under the motto “Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity,” the FBI seeks to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, conduct criminal investigations based on the criminal laws of the United States, as well as provide criminal justice services to agencies and partners within federal, state, municipal, and even international jurisdictions. As both an internal intelligence and federal criminal investigative agency, the FBI has legal jurisdiction over more than 200 categories of federal crime.
Institutional Anomie Theory
Authors: Khruakham Seksan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Institutional anomie theory was proposed by Messner and Rosenfeld in 1994. The theory drew heavily from Merton's strain theory, itself developed from the conceptualization of anomie proposed by Durkheim. The aim of institutional anomie theory is to explain crime rates at the aggregate level. In particular, the higher crime rate is attributed to the cultural pressure exerted by economic goals and the “American Dream,” coupled with weakened controls of noneconomic social institutions.
Fraud
Authors: Nguyen Tomson H. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
“Fraud” is a broad and generic term used to describe a multitude of distinct types of criminal activities. While definitions of fraud vary among states, criminal justice agencies, and private institutions, they all share four essential elements: (1) the intent to deceive; (2) a falsified statement that is material in nature; (3) knowledge that the statement is untrue; and (4) damage or loss resulting from the deception. Historically, limited resources have been allocated to the investigation of fraud, largely because ordinary citizens have a limited understanding of the wide‐ranging impact of fraud on society. Limited resources combined with technological innovations, legal changes, and the restructuring of the US capitalist system, have resulted in unprecedented levels of fraud. The vast economic costs of fraud to American taxpayers today reach the billions and even trillions of dollars, bringing the issue to the fore for most US citizens.
Peel, Robert and The Metropolitan Police
Authors: Gaunt Richard A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRobert Peel (1788–1850), Conservative politician and reformer, is widely recognized as the founder of the Metropolitan Police force in London, England in June 1829. To this day, members of the police force in Britain are referred to as “Bobbies” in recognition of their political founder. Peel was involved in reforming the criminal justice system which encompassed the capital statutes enforcing the death penalty on a range of crimes, the empanelling of juries, the condition of prisons, and the administration of justice. He was concerned with consolidating statutes. In the “Act for further improving the Police of the Metropolis,” which became law in 1829 as the Metropolitan Police Act, the parish‐based system of policing the Metropolitan districts of London was abolished, and a central police department with jurisdiction over London was established.