bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of A Soft Drink Tax in the UK
Authors: Tiffin Richard , Kehlbacher Ariane , Salois Matthew 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe majority of the UK population is either overweight or obese. Health economists, nutritionists and doctors are calling for the UK to follow the example of other European countries and introduce a tax on soft drinks as a result of the perception that high intakes contribute to diet‐related disease. We use a demand model estimated with household‐level data on beverage purchases in the UK to investigate the effects of a tax on soft drink consumption. The model is a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, and censoring is handled by applying a double hurdle. Separate models are estimated for low, moderate and high consumers to allow for a differential impact on consumption between these groups. Applying different hypothetical tax rates, we conclude that understanding the nature of substitute/complement relationships is crucial in designing an effective policy as these relationships differ between consumers depending on their consumption level. The overall impact of a soft drink tax on calorie consumption is likely to be small. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health literacy and the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Palazzo M. Carlotta , Dell'Osso Bernardo , Altamura A Carlo , Stein Dan J , Baldwin David S 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveAnxiety disorders are treatable conditions, but many affected individuals neither seek professional help nor adhere to recommended pharmacological treatments. Increasing the health literacy of people with (or at risk of) anxiety disorders may encourage treatment‐seeking and adherence to recommended interventions. Aims of this study were to review the literature relating to health literacy in the treatment of anxiety disorders, focusing on results on public opinion on psychotropic medications and its effectiveness in improving access to psychiatric health care and the actual use of medications.MethodsA computerized literature search of the published literature on mental health literacy was undertaken, focusing on the question of whether increased mental health literacy led to increased treatment‐seeking and pharmacotherapy adherence in individuals with anxiety disorders.ResultsTwelve relevant articles were identified. All reported that improving mental health literacy leads to raised awareness, and in 10 out of 12 studies, increased help‐seeking. However, there is currently no unequivocal evidence to show that increasing health literacy leads to increased use of medication in any psychiatric disorder, including anxiety disorders. Two studies show that knowledge of presumed biological mechanisms can predict use of psychotropic medication, including antidepressants, in psychiatric disorders, however, not specifically in anxiety disorders.ConclusionThere have been few investigations of health literacy focused on psychotropic medications. Given the prevalence, burden and sub‐optimal recognition, and treatment of anxiety disorders, further work is needed to determine whether increased mental health literacy is associated with treatment‐seeking and medication adherence in patients with these disorders. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A large conditioned pain modulation response is not related to a large blood pressure response: A study in healthy men
Authors: Nilsen K.B. , Olsen I.C. , Solem A.N. , Matre D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundEndogenous pain modulation has been studied with the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm with large differences in the magnitude of the CPM effect. We hypothesized that differences in CPM effects might be associated with differences in blood pressure responses to the conditioning stimulus when comparing the CPM effects using two different conditioning stimuli.MethodsA single‐blind repeated‐measures design with block‐randomization was applied on 25 healthy male subjects. The test stimulus (TS; tonic heat pain for 120 s) was first presented alone, thereafter in parallel with a conditioning stimulus (CS). Conditioning stimuli were either a cold pressor test (CPT) or equally painful ischaemic muscle pain (ISC), both lasting 120 s. Finger blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously. Data were analysed in a linear mixed model framework with CS type (CPT or ISC) and conditioning (TS or TS + CS) as independent factors.ResultsAn inhibitory CPM effect was found for both types of conditioning (p < 0.001). The CPM effect was larger during CPT conditioning compared with ISC conditioning (p = 0.001). No association with the concomitant cardiovascular response (blood pressure and heart rate) was found (p > 0.34).ConclusionCold pressor pain CS induces larger CPM effects than ischaemic pain CS. The larger CPM effect is, however, not associated with a larger blood pressure response. Other factors related to the CS should be investigated to understand why different CS modalities give different CPM effects.
Target site pharmacokinetics of linezolid after single and multiple doses in diabetic patients with soft tissue infection
Authors: Eslam Roza Badr , Burian Angela , Vila Greisa , Sauermann Robert , Hammer Alexandra , Frenzel Dorothea , Minichmayr Iris K. , Kloft Charlotte , Matzneller Peter , Oesterreicher Zoe , Zeitlinger Markus 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe underlying pathology of diabetic wounds, i.e. impairment of macro‐ and microcirculation, might also impact target site penetration of antibacterial drugs. To compare tissue concentrations of linezolid in infected and not infected tissue 10 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes with foot infection were included in the study. Tissue penetration of linezolid was assessed using in vivo microdialysis at the site of infection as well as in non‐inflamed subcutaneous adipose tissue. All patients were investigated after receiving a single dose of linezolid and five patients in addition at steady state. After a single dose of linezolid significantly higher area under the concentration vs. time curve over 8 hours (AUC0–8) and maximum concentrations (Cmax)‐values were observed in plasma (65.5 ± 21.2 mg*h/L and 16.4 ± 4.6 mg/L) as compared to inflamed (36.3 ± 22.9  mg*h/L and 6.6 ± 3.6 mg/L) and non‐inflamed tissue (33.0 ± 17.7 mg*h/L and 6.7 ± 3.6 mg/L). Multiple administrations of linezolid led to disappearance of significant differences in Cmax and AUC0–8 between plasma, inflamed, and non‐inflamed tissue. Approximately 2‐fold increase of Cmax and AUC0–8‐values in tissue was observed at steady state as compared to the first administration. Penetration of linezolid is not impaired in diabetic foot infection but equilibrium between plasma and tissue might be delayed.
Thermal fatigue behaviour and damage development in Al‐Alloys 6061 an 6061‐metal matrix composites
Authors: Heimann S. , Pohl M. 
Published: March 2014

Metal matrix composites (MMC) have become important materials in many technical fields. But above all there is a high amount of failures due to alternating stresses because of temperature changes.In this investigation the thermal fatigue behaviour of two metal matrix composites with different particle contents and their base material without particles are compared. It is shown that there are three main parameters influencing lifetime: the maximum temperature of the cycles, the particle content and the particle size. An increasing of these parameters means a decreasing of the cycle numbers before damage occurs.
Effect of heat treatment on structure evolution and properties of nano zinc titanate ceramics
Authors: Labib S. , Refai H. S. , Ismail S. M. 
Published: March 2014

Nano zinc titanate ceramics are prepared using a conventional solid state method. The obtained compacts are sintered at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100 °C for 3 h. The prepared compacts are analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural and microstructural studies. Based on the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data, it is observed the coexistence of ZnTiO3 and α‐Zn2TiO4 phases together at low temperature (800 °C) without the presence of TiO2 (rutile) contradicting the general mechanism stating the transformation of ZnTiO3 to α‐Zn2TiO4 and TiO2 at higher temperatures. A new mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of nano ZnTiO3 and α‐Zn2TiO4 structures depending on the role of TiO2 in achieving this mission. According to this mechanism, we propose a partial diffusion of TiO2 in the ZnO lattice forming the ZnTiO3 phase. The second part of TiO2 acts as a catalyst that facilitates the transformation of nano ZnTiO3 to nano α‐Zn2TiO4. The catalytic power of rutile is achieved from its enhanced tensile stress that induces the phase transition from nano ZnTiO3 to nano α‐Zn2TiO4.
Boron addition in MnFe(P,Si) magnetocaloric materials: interstitial vs. substitutional scenarii
Authors: Guillou F. , Yibole H. , Porcari G. , Brück E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe addition of boron in MnFe(P,Si) materials has been studied by considering two possibilities: an interstitial intercalation or a substitutional approach. A cell volume decrease with “extra” B addition is observed which is incompatible with an interstitial scenario. On the contrary, the evolutions of the cell volume, ratio of the cell parameter and Curie temperatures are found to be well consistent with the values already reported for the substitution of phosphorous by boron in the parent Fe2P1‐xBx compound. This work sheds light on the possibility to achieve a fine tuning of the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of MnFe(P,Si) materials by involving a new parameter: boron substitution. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymmetric magnetoresistance in bulk In‐based off‐stoichiometric Heusler alloys
Authors: Dubenko Igor , Samanta Tapas , Quetz Abdiel , Saleheen Ahmad , Prudnikov Valerii N. , Granovsky Alexander B. , Stadler Shane , Ali Naushad 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIt has been found that Ni50Mn35In14B exhibits with increasing temperature a first‐order magnetostructural phase transition from a low‐magnetization martensitic phase to a high‐temperature ferromagnetic austenitic phase at TM∼315 K as observed from magnetization M(T) curves with H=0.05 T. A shift in TM of about 12 K towards lower temperatures has been detected under application of a 5T magnetic field. An asymmetric magnetoresistance (spin‐valve‐like behavior) has been observed in the vicinity of TM at 304 K after the initial application of magnetic field that could be related to the kinetic arrest and de‐arrest of a fractional austenite phase in the vicinity of phase co‐existence. A possible origin of a spin‐valve‐like MR in Ni50Mn35In14B, and its relation to structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties, has been discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inverse problem method for complex permittivity reconstruction of layered media in a rectangular waveguide
Authors: Smirnov Yu. G. , Shestopalov Yu. V. , Derevyanchuk E. D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe solve the inverse problem of finding frequency‐dependent complex permittivity of a multi‐sectional dielectric diaphragm in a waveguide of rectangular cross section from the transmission coefficient measured at different frequencies. Based on the developed recursive method we perform a detailed analysis for one‐, two‐ and three sectional diaphragms. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photodegradation of bisphenol A in aqueous medium: Monitoring and identification of by‐products by liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: da Silva Júlio César Cardoso , Reis Teodoro Janaina Aparecida , Afonso Robson José de Cássia Franco , Aquino Sérgio F. , Augusti Rodinei 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEEnvironmental bisphenol A (BPA) contamination is currently a matter of concern. This compound can disrupt the endocrine system by mimicking natural hormones and cause adverse effects on different organisms. In addition, it has been suggested that BPA can impair brain development, especially in fetuses and children. To efficiently remove BPA from contaminated water and wastewaters, several emerging technologies have been developed. Most are based on photodegradation. However, by‐products resulting from the application of such methods have not been properly characterized.METHODSThe photodegradation of BPA was conducted using two different methods: photocatalysis (TiO2/UV‐A and TiO2/UV‐C systems) and direct photolysis (UV‐A and UV‐C radiation). The degradation process was continuously monitored to identify and observe the by‐products formed under these conditions. Direct infusion electrospray ionization coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry in negative ion mode [ESI(–)‐HRMS] and liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS) were employed to monitor these by‐products.RESULTSThe results revealed that the TiO2/UV‐C system was the most efficient in causing both BPA depletion and mineralization of the organic matter in solution. Moreover, accurate mass data allowed for the assignment of molecular formulae for seven by‐products, many of them unprecedented, formed under these conditions. Thus, a route for the photodegradation of BPA in aqueous medium could be proposed based on these results. Finally, additional tests revealed that the by‐products showed a higher toxicity against Artemia salina than the primary precursor.CONCLUSIONSAll of these findings indicate that the identification of by‐products arising from oxidative treatments is of primary importance because such compounds can be more hazardous than their precursors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a single, high mass resolution mass spectrometry platform to investigate ion suppression effects observed during tissue imaging
Authors: Tomlinson Laura , Fuchser Jens , Fütterer Arne , Baumert Mark , Hassall David G. , West Andrew , Marshall Peter S. 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEThe signal intensity of a given molecule across a tissue section when measured using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is prone to changes caused by the molecular heterogeneity across the surface of the tissue. Here we propose a strategy to investigate these effects using electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) on a single high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) platform.METHODSA rat was administered with a single inhaled dose of a compound and sacrificed 1 h after dosing. Sections were prepared from the excised frozen lung and analysed using MALDI, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) nano‐ESI‐MS and nano‐ESI liquid chromatography (LC)/MS. The ESI and MALDI ion sources were mounted either side of the ion transfer system of the same Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometer.RESULTSMALDI MSI clearly demonstrated widespread distribution of the dosed molecule throughout the lung, with the exception of a non‐lung section of tissue on the same sample surface. Comparison of the lipid signals across the sample indicated a change in signal between the lung and the adipose tissue present on the same section. Use of ESI and MALDI, with and without an internal standard, supported the evaluation of changes in the signal of the dosed molecule across the tissue section.CONCLUSIONSThe results demonstrate the successful application of a dual ion source HRMS system to the systematic evaluation of data from MALDI MSI, used to determine the distribution of an inhaled drug in the lung. The system discussed is of great utility in investigating the effects of ion suppression and evaluating the quantitative and qualitative nature of the MSI data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural speculation and identification of alkaloids in Macleaya cordata fruits by high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry combined with a screening procedure
Authors: Qing Zhi‐Xing , Cheng Pi , Liu Xiu‐Bin , Liu Yi‐Song , Zeng Jian‐Guo , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEAlkaloids with significant therapeutic effects are the main active constituents of Macleaya cordata, which is a perennial herb plant in the Papaveraceae family. A systematic and novel method for speculating and identifying the structures of alkaloids in M. cordata fruits by high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS) with a screening procedure was reported.METHODSInvestigation of mass spectral fragmentation of alkaloids was carried out based on the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data analyses of eight reference substances. The skeletons of alkaloids were determined by their ultraviolet spectra (UV) and MS/MS data. The substituent groups of the alkaloids were acquired through a screening procedure developed in our laboratory and MS/MS data. The substituent linkage sites were deduced by MS/MS fragmentation behavior, as well as biosynthetic pathways of related alkaloids.RESULTSThe structures of 21 alkaloids were speculated in this study, 10 of which were reported for the first time in M. cordata. Furthermore, benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline and N‐methyltetrahydroprotoberberine‐type alkaloids were discovered, which indirectly proved that the biosynthetic pathways of benzophenanthridine alkaloids reported in Eschscholtzia california existed in M. cordata as well.CONCLUSIONSHPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS combined with a screening procedure was a systematic and reliable method for speculating and elucidating the structures of alkaloids. This study might be useful for the identification of other compounds in herbal medicines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HyperUAS—Imaging Spectroscopy from a Multirotor Unmanned Aircraft System
Authors: Lucieer Arko , Malenovský Zbyněk , Veness Tony , Wallace Luke 
Published: March 2014

One of the key advantages of a low‐flying unmanned aircraft system (UAS) is its ability to acquire digital images at an ultrahigh spatial resolution of a few centimeters. Remote sensing of quantitative biochemical and biophysical characteristics of small‐sized spatially fragmented vegetation canopies requires, however, not only high spatial, but also high spectral (i.e., hyperspectral) resolution. In this paper, we describe the design, development, airborne operations, calibration, processing, and interpretation of image data collected with a new hyperspectral unmanned aircraft system (HyperUAS). HyperUAS is a remotely controlled multirotor prototype carrying onboard a lightweight pushbroom spectroradiometer coupled with a dual frequency GPS and an inertial movement unit. The prototype was built to remotely acquire imaging spectroscopy data of 324 spectral bands (162 bands in a spectrally binned mode) with bandwidths between 4 and 5 nm at an ultrahigh spatial resolution of 2–5 cm. Three field airborne experiments, conducted over agricultural crops and over natural ecosystems of Antarctic mosses, proved operability of the system in standard field conditions, but also in a remote and harsh, low‐temperature environment of East Antarctica. Experimental results demonstrate that HyperUAS is capable of delivering georeferenced maps of quantitative biochemical and biophysical variables of vegetation and of actual vegetation health state at an unprecedented spatial resolution of 5 cm.
X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets: Enamel abnormalities and oral clinical findings
Authors: Cremonesi Ilaria , Nucci Cesare , D'Alessandro Giovanni , Alkhamis Nadia , Marchionni Silvia , Piana Gabriela 
Published: March 2014

SummaryX‐linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a genetic disorder related to alterations in bones and teeth formation, due to low levels of phosphate in blood. Oral findings in XLH have been enamel and dentine abnormalities, high pulp horns, large pulp chambers, and some cases of periapical abscesses related to teeth without caries or traumatic injuries. The aim of our study was to assess the presence of enamel alterations, such as microclefts and/or structure defects in patients with XLH and give guidelines of prevention of XLH dental complications. History taking, oral clinical and radiological examination in 10 young patients affected by XLH (average age of 9) and in 6 patients without XLH (average age of 8). Impressions were performed on the vestibular surfaces of teeth in order to obtain replicas. The replicas were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and compared to replicas of control group. The images of replicas of XLH patients showed deep microclefts and irregular enamel surface structure compared to replicas of control group. The replica of a patient with spontaneous periapical abscesses showed numerous enamel crater‐shaped depressions and deep microcleavages penetrating into the enamel thickness. In absence of caries or fractures, the abscesses pathogenesis may be related to microcleavages of the enamel and dentin, which allow bacterial invasion of the pulp. There could be a relationship between XLH disease and enamel abnormalities. SCANNING 36:456–461, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A mixture of common skew‐t factor analysers
Authors: Murray Paula M. , McNicholas Paul D. , Browne Ryan P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA mixture of common skew‐tfactor analysers model is introduced for model‐based clustering of high‐dimensional data. By assuming common factors, this model allows clustering to be performed in the presence of a large number of mixture components or when the number of dimensions is too large to be well modelled by the mixture of factor analysers model or a variant thereof. Furthermore, assuming that the component densities follow a skew‐tdistribution allows robust clustering of data with asymmetric clusters. This paper is the first time that skewed common factors have been used, and it marks an important step in robust clustering and classification of high‐dimensional data. The alternating expectation–conditional maximization algorithm is employed for parameter estimation. We demonstrate excellent clustering performance when our mixture of common skew‐tfactor analysers model is applied to real and simulated data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Propensity score estimation in the presence of length‐biased sampling: a non‐parametric adjustment approach
Authors: Ertefaie Ashkan , Asgharian Masoud , Stephens David 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe pervasive use of prevalent cohort studies on disease duration increasingly calls for an appropriate methodology to account for the biases that invariably accompany samples formed by such data. It is well known, for example, that subjects with shorter lifetime are less likely to be present in such studies. Moreover, certain covariate values could be preferentially selected into the sample, being linked to the long‐term survivors. The existing methodology for estimating the propensity score using data collected on prevalent cases requires the correct conditional survival/hazard function given the treatment and covariates. This requirement can be alleviated if the disease under study has stationary incidence, the so‐called stationarity assumption. We propose a non‐parametric adjustment technique based on a weighted estimating equation for estimating the propensity score, which does not require modeling the conditional survival/hazard function when the stationarity assumption holds. The estimator's large‐sample properties are established, and its small‐sample behavior is studied via simulation. The estimated propensity score is utilized to estimate the survival curves. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A Manganese(II) Coordination Polymer with the Ligands ­Azide and Picolinate: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Yang Qian , Liu Sui‐Jun , Zhang Ying‐Hui 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe two dimensional MnII coordination polymer [Mn3(pic)2(N3)4(CH3OH)]n (1) with the ligands azide and picolinic acid (Hpic) was synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Meanwhile, analysis of the magnetic properties revealed antiferromagnetic exchange for polymer 1.