bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Various Deep Learning Algorithms for Landslide and Sinkhole Detection from UAV Imagery in a Semi-arid Environment
Authors: Kariminejad Narges , Shahabi Hejar , Ghorbanzadeh Omid , Shafaie Vahid , Hosseinalizadeh Mohsen , Homayouni Saied , Pourghasemi Hamid Reza 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSinkholes and landslides occur due to soil collapse in different slope types, often triggered by heavy rainfall, presenting challenges in the semi-arid Golestan province, Iran. This study primarily focuses on the detection of these phenomena. Recent advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) image acquisition and the incorporation of deep learning (DL) algorithms have enabled the creation of semi-automated methods for highly detailed soil landform detection across large areas. In this study, we explored the efficacy of six state-of-the-art deep learning segmentation algorithms—DeepLab-v3+, Link-Net, MA-Net, PSP-Net, ResU-Net, and SQ-Net—applied to UAV-derived datasets for mapping landslides and sinkholes. Our most promising outcomes demonstrated the successful mapping of landslides with an F1-Score of 0.95% and sinkholes with an F1-Score of 89% in a challenging environment. ResUNet exhibited an outstanding Precision of 0.97 and Recall of 0.92, culminating in the highest F1-Score of 0.95, indicating the best landslide detection model. MA-Net and SQ-Net resulted in the highest F1-Score for sinkhole detection. Our study underscores the significant impact of DL segmentation algorithm selection on the accuracy of landslide and sinkhole detection tasks. By leveraging DL segmentation algorithms, the accuracy of both landslide and sinkhole detection tasks can be significantly improved, promoting better hazard management and enhancing the safety of the affected areas.
STEM Career Choices for K–12 Students and the Influencing Factors—A Comparison of Students in Different Support Programs
Authors: Bahr Tobias , Brändle Marcus , Zinn Bernd 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The evidence regarding the effectiveness of STEM support programs for K–12 students to spark their interest in the STEM field is mixed. The goals and contents of support programs vary and mostly cover short intervention periods. So far, not many studies exist that cover different learning characteristics of students in long-term STEM support programs. Against this backdrop, the present paper engages in intra- and intergroup comparisons, characterizing groups of students interested in STEM who participated in three long-term STEM support programs and a control group. The sample contained a total of N = 1170 students. For this purpose, the study was divided into a description of the samples, an analysis of the factors influencing career choice decisions, and an analysis of the interest profiles of students in support programs based on a circumplex model comparing STEM and non-STEM students. The results of this study indicate that female students in different support programs tend to fall into the Ideas domain on Prediger’s axis, and male students in support programs are located close to male students in the control group. Overall, the results align with the state of research, suggesting that support programs should be offered regularly, integrated into school curriculums, and linked with STEM universities and mentoring. This study indicates that future research in the context of STEM support programs could verify the effects on students’ vocational interests with longitudinal analyses.
The diagnosis of worn texture in urban villages—Case study: Lalejin urban village
Authors: Hoursan Faezeh 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe present study examines the effectiveness of the physical parameters of micro-density, impermeability, and instability in the diagnosis of worn texture in urban villages. The transformation of every village into a city causes hundreds of small and large changes in the urban space and the lifestyle of its inhabitants. With the increasing influx of migrants from surrounding villages into urban villages, there is an urgent need for more accurate management of deteriorating areas. To preserve the character of such places as a heritage and examine their condition and the damage incurred, it is necessary to precisely identify the worn textures as a first step towards addressing these challenges. The urban village of Lalejin, as the statistical population of the study, is a clear example of such failed transformation, as it has lost most of its agricultural land and yet has remained underdeveloped in urban construction. While there have been several studies on the status of the worn texture, there are major concerns regarding the validity of the physical parameters involved. This research aims to take a strategic approach to studying the desired texture and to investigate the three parameters of micro-density, impermeability, and instability. Subsequently, the strategy to recognize the worn-out texture in rural–urban regions was extrapolated. The developed strategy in this study can be further generalized to all urban villages and shows how to determine the degree of deterioration in rural–urban areas using three physical parameters: micro-density, impermeability, and instability. The results specify the conditions and formulas necessary for such assessment.
Core knowledge, visual illusions, and the discovery of the self
Authors: Berke Marlene D. , Jara-Ettinger Julian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Why have core knowledge? Standard answers typically emphasize the difficulty of learning core knowledge from experience, or the benefits it confers for learning about the world. Here, we suggest a complementary reason: Core knowledge is critical for learning not just about the external world, but about the mind itself.
Clinical efficacy and identification of factors confer resistance to afatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in EGFR-overexpressing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Yanni , Liu Chang , Chen Huan , Jiao Xi , Wang Yujiao , Cao Yanshuo , Li Jian , Zhang Xiaotian , Sun Yu , Zhuo Na , Dong Fengxiao , Gao Mengting , Wang Fengyuan , Dong Liyuan , Gong Jifang , Sun Tianqi , Zhu Wei , Zhang Henghui , Shen Lin , Lu Zhihao 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is reportedly overexpressed in most esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients, but anti-EGFR treatments offer limited survival benefits. Our preclinical data showed the promising antitumor activity of afatinib in EGFR-overexpressing ESCC. This proof-of-concept, phase II trial assessed the efficacy and safety of afatinib in pretreated metastatic ESCC patients (n = 41) with EGFR overexpression (NCT03940976). The study met its primary endpoint, with a confirmed objective response rate (ORR) of 39% in 38 efficacy-evaluable patients and a median overall survival of 7.8 months, with a manageable toxicity profile. Transcriptome analysis of pretreatment tumors revealed that neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (NTRK2) was negatively associated with afatinib sensitivity and might serve as a predictive biomarker, irrespective of EGFR expression. Notably, knocking down or inhibiting NTRK2 sensitized ESCC cells to afatinib treatment. Our study provides novel findings on the molecular factors underlying afatinib resistance and indicates that afatinib has the potential to become an important treatment for metastatic ESCC patients.
A robust, simple, and efficient convergence workflow for GW calculations
Authors: Großmann Max , Grunert Malte , Runge Erich 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA robust, simple, and efficient convergence workflow for GW calculations in plane-wave-based codes is derived from more than 7000 GW calculations on a diverse dataset of 70 semiconducting and insulating solids divided into 60 bulk and 10 2D materials. The workflow can significantly accelerate material screening projects and high-precision single-system studies. Our method is based on two main results: The convergence of the two interdependent parameters in the numerical implementation of the dynamically screened Coulomb interaction W in a plane-wave basis set is accelerated by a ‘cheap first, expensive later’ coordinate search that maintains the same accuracy as a state-of-the-art convergence algorithm, but converges faster. In addition, we empirically establish the practical independence of the k-point grid and the aforementioned parameterization of W. Incorporating both results into one workflow dramatically speeds up convergence.
Nutritional load in post-prandial oxidative stress and the pathogeneses of diabetes mellitus
Authors: He Fangzhou , Liu Junshi , Huang Yuanding , Chen Lan , Rizi Ehsan Parvaresh , Zhang Ke , Ke Lijing , Loh Tze Ping , Niu Meng , Peng Weng Kung 
Published: June 2024

AbstractDiabetes mellitus affected more than 500 million of people globally, with an annual mortality of 1.5 million directly attributable to diabetic complications. Oxidative stress, in particularly in post-prandial state, plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of the diabetic complications. However, oxidative status marker is generally poorly characterized and their mechanisms of action are not well understood. In this work, we proposed a new framework for deep characterization of oxidative stress in erythrocytes (and in urine) using home-built micro-scale NMR system. The dynamic of post-prandial oxidative status (against a wide variety of nutritional load) in individual was assessed based on the proposed oxidative status of the red blood cells, with respect to the traditional risk-factors such as urinary isoprostane, reveals new insights into our understanding of diabetes. This new method can be potentially important in drafting guidelines for sub-stratification of diabetes mellitus for clinical care and management.
Effects of acute aerobic exercise on resting state functional connectivity of motor cortex in college students
Authors: Li Wenyi , Wang Bingyang , Yuan Haoteng , Chen Jun , Chen Gonghe , Wang Yue , Wen Shilin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study intends to inspect the effects of acute aerobic exercise (AE) on resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in motor cortex of college students and the moderating effect of fitness level. Methods: 20 high fitness level college students and 20 ordinary college students were recruited in public. Subjects completed 25 min of moderate- and high-intensity acute aerobic exercise respectively by a bicycle ergometer, and the motor cortex’s blood oxygen signals in resting state were monitored by functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS, the Shimadzu portable Light NIRS, Japan) in pre- and post-test. Results: At the moderate intensity level, the total mean value of RSFC pre- and post-test was significantly different in the high fitness level group (pre-test 0.62 ± 0.18, post-test 0.51 ± 0.17, t(19) = 2.61, p = 0.02, d = 0.58), but no significant change was found in the low fitness level group. At the high-intensity level, there was no significant difference in the difference of total RSFC between pre- and post-test in the high and low fitness group. According to and change trend of 190 “edges”: at the moderate-intensity level, the number of difference edges in the high fitness group (d = 0.58, 23) were significantly higher than those in the low fitness group (d = 0.32, 15), while at high-intensity level, there was a reverse trend between the high fitness group (d = 0.25, 18) and the low fitness group (d = 0.39, 23). Conclusions: moderate-intensity AE can cause significant changes of RSFC in the motor cortex of college students with high fitness, while high fitness has a moderating effect on the relationship between exercise intensity and RSFC. RSFC of people with high fitness is more likely to be affected by AE and show a wider range of changes.
Enhancing hepatoprotective action: oxyberberine amorphous solid dispersion system targeting TLR4
Authors: Chen Tingting , Li Qingguo , Ai Gaoxiang , Huang Ziwei , Liu Jun , Zeng Lingfeng , Su Ziren , Dou Yaoxing 
Published: June 2024

AbstractOxyberberine (OBB) is a significant natural compound, with excellent hepatoprotective properties. However, the poor water solubility of OBB hinders its release and absorption thus resulting in low bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks of OBB, amorphous spray-dried powders (ASDs) of OBB were formulated. The dissolution, characterizations, and pharmacokinetics of OBB-ASDs formulation were investigated, and its hepatoprotective action was disquisitive in the D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury (ALI) mouse model. The characterizations of OBB-ASDs indicated that the crystalline form of OBB active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) was changed into an amorphous form in OBB-ASDs. More importantly, OBB-ASDs showed a higher bioavailability than OBB API. In addition, OBB-ASDs treatment restored abnormal histopathological changes, improved liver functions, and relieved hepatic inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in ALI mice. The spray drying techniques produced an amorphous form of OBB, which could significantly enhance the bioavailability and exhibit excellent hepatoprotective effects, indicating that the OBB-ASDs can exhibit further potential in hepatoprotective drug delivery systems. Our results provide guidance for improving the bioavailability and pharmacological activities of other compounds, especially insoluble natural compounds. Meanwhile, the successful development of OBB-ASDs could shed new light on the research process of poorly soluble medicine.
Synergistic effects of Arctic amplification and Tibetan Plateau amplification on the Yangtze River Basin heatwaves
Authors: Dong Wei , Jia XiaoJing , Li XiuMing , Wu Renguang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractExtreme heatwaves pose a significant threat to a wide range of environmental, ecological, and social systems. The rapid warming of the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which are the most prominent features in the Northern Hemisphere in the context of climate change, has significantly influenced mid-latitude extreme events in recent decades. This study utilizes observational data and numerical simulations to demonstrate that the variations in Arctic amplification (AA) and TP amplification (TA) play a crucial role in the interannual variability of summer heatwaves (HWs) in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) (HWs_YRB) region. The HWs_YRB is associated with a zonally oriented barotropic high-pressure system anchored over the YRB region. The spatial distribution and intensity of the HWs_YRB are impacted by the synergistic effects of AA and TA, via a meridional atmospheric tripole pattern and double jets over East Asia. Furthermore, AA primarily impacts the geographical extent of the HWs_YRB, while TA plays a critical role in determining the intensity of the HWs_YRB. Our findings provide an innovative perspective on the linkage between the pronounced warming observed in the Arctic and TP and the occurrence of summer HWs_YRB, enhancing our comprehension of the climatic consequences of the rapid changes in these two geographical regions.
Deep learning to quantify care manipulation activities in neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Majeedi Abrar , McAdams Ryan M. , Kaur Ravneet , Gupta Shubham , Singh Harpreet , Li Yin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEarly-life exposure to stress results in significantly increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairments with potential long-term effects into childhood and even adulthood. As a crucial step towards monitoring neonatal stress in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), our study aims to quantify the duration, frequency, and physiological responses of care manipulation activities, based on bedside videos and physiological signals. Leveraging 289 h of video recordings and physiological data within 330 sessions collected from 27 neonates in 2 NICUs, we develop and evaluate a deep learning method to detect manipulation activities from the video, to estimate their duration and frequency, and to further integrate physiological signals for assessing their responses. With a 13.8% relative error tolerance for activity duration and frequency, our results were statistically equivalent to human annotations. Further, our method proved effective for estimating short-term physiological responses, for detecting activities with marked physiological deviations, and for quantifying the neonatal infant stressor scale scores.
The impact of asteroseismically calibrated internal mixing on nucleosynthetic wind yields of massive stars
Authors: Brinkman Hannah E. , Roberti Lorenzo , Kemp Alex , Michielsen Mathias , Tkachenko Andrew , Aerts Conny 
Published: June 2024

Context. Asteroseismology gives us the opportunity to look inside stars and determine their internal properties, such as the radius and mass of the convective core. Based on these observations, estimations can be made for the amount of the convective boundary mixing and envelope mixing of such stars and for the shape of the mixing profile in the envelope. However, these results are not typically included in stellar evolution models.
Aims. We aim to investigate the impact of varying convective boundary mixing and envelope mixing in a range based on asteroseismic modelling in stellar models up to the core collapse, both for the stellar structure and for the nucleosynthetic yields. In this first study, we focus on the pre-explosive evolution and we evolved the models to the final phases of carbon burning. This set of models is the first to implement envelope mixing based on internal gravity waves for the entire evolution of the star.
Methods. We used the MESA stellar evolution code to simulate stellar models with an initial mass of 20 M⊙ from zero-age main sequence up to a central core temperature of 109 K, which corresponds to the final phases of carbon burning. We varied the convective boundary mixing, implemented as ‘step-overshoot’, with the overshoot parameter (αov) in the range 0.05−0.4. We varied the amount of envelope mixing (log(Denv/cm2 s−1)) in the range 0−6 with a mixing profile based on internal gravity waves. To study the nucleosynthesis taking place in these stars in great detail, we used a large nuclear network of 212 isotopes from 1H to 66Zn.
Results. Enhanced mixing according to the asteroseismology of main-sequence stars, both at the convective core boundary and in the envelope, has significant effects on the nucleosynthetic wind yields. This is especially the case for 36Cl and 41Ca, whose wind yields increase by ten orders of magnitude compared to those of the models without enhance envelope mixing. Our evolutionary models beyond the main sequence diverge in yields from models based on rotational mixing, having longer helium-burning lifetimes and lighter helium-depleted cores.
Conclusions. We find that the asteroseismic ranges of internal mixing calibrated from core hydrogen-burning stars lead to similar wind yields as those resulting from the theory of rotational mixing. Adopting the seismic mixing levels beyond the main sequence, we find earlier transitions to radiative carbon burning compared to models based on rotational mixing because they have lower envelope mixing in that phase. This influences the compactness and the occurrence of shell mergers, which may affect the supernova properties and explosive nucleosynthesis.
Compaction during fragmentation and bouncing produces realistic dust grain porosities in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Michoulier Stéphane , Gonzalez Jean-François , Price Daniel J. 
Published: June 2024

Context. In protoplanetary discs, micron-sized dust grows to form millimetre- to centimetre-sized pebbles but encounters several barriers during its evolution. Collisional fragmentation and radial drift impede further dust growth to planetesimal size. Fluffy grains have been hypothesised to solve these problems. While porosity leads to faster grain growth, the implied porosity values obtained from previous simulations were larger than suggested by observations.
Aims. In this paper, we study the influence of porosity on dust evolution, taking into account growth, bouncing, fragmentation, compaction, rotational disruption, and snow lines, in order to understand their impact on dust evolution.
Methods. We developed a module for porosity evolution for the 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics code PHANTOM that accounts for dust growth and fragmentation. This mono-disperse model is integrated into both a 1D code and the 3D code to capture the overall evolution of dust and gas.
Results. We show that porosity helps dust growth and leads to the formation of larger solids than when considering compact grains, as predicted by previous work. Our simulations taking into account compaction during fragmentation show that large millimetre grains are still formed but are ten to 100 times more compact. Thus, millimetre sizes with typical filling factors of ~0.1 match the values measured on comets or via polarimetric observations of protoplanetary discs.
The fundamental plane of black hole activity for low-luminosity radio active galactic nuclei across 0 < z < 4
Authors: Wang Yijun , Wang Tao , Ho Luis C. , Zhong Yuxing , Luo Bin 
Published: June 2024

Context. The fundamental plane of black hole activity describes the correlation between radio luminosity (LR), X-ray luminosity (LX), and black hole mass (MBH). It reflects a connection between the accretion disc and the jet. However, the dependence of the fundamental plane on various physical properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and host galaxies remains unclear, especially for low-luminosity AGNs, which is important for understanding the accretion physics in AGNs.
Aims. Here, we explore the dependence of the fundamental plane on the radio loudness, Eddington-ratio (λEdd), redshift, and galaxy star formation properties (star-forming galaxies and quiescent galaxies) across 0.1 < z ≤ 4 for radio AGNs. Based on current deep and large surveys, our studies can extend to lower luminosities and higher redshifts.
Methods. From the deep and large multi-wavelength surveys in the GOODS-N, GOODS-S, and COSMOS/UltraVISTA fields, we constructed a large and homogeneous radio AGN sample consisting of 208 objects with available estimates for LR and LX. Then we divided the radio AGN sample into 141 radio-quiet AGNs and 67 radio-loud AGNs according to the radio loudness defined by the ratio of LR to LX, and explored the dependence of the fundamental plane on different physical properties of the two populations, separately.
Results. The ratio of LR to LX shows a bimodal distribution that is well described by two single Gaussian models. The cross point between these two Gaussian components corresponds to a radio-loudness threshold of log(LR/LX) =  − 2.73. The radio-quiet AGNs have a significantly larger Eddington ratio than the radio-loud AGNs. Our radio-quiet and radio-loud AGNs show a significantly different fundamental plane, which indicates a significant dependence of the fundamental plane on the radio loudness. For both radio-quiet and radio-loud AGNs, the fundamental plane shows a significant dependence on λEdd, but no dependence on redshift. The fundamental plane shows a significant dependence on the galaxy star formation properties for radio-quiet AGNs, while for radio-loud AGNs this dependence disappears.
Conclusions. The fundamental plane sheds important light on the accretion physics and X-ray emission origins of central engines. X-ray emission of radio-quiet AGNs at 0.01 < λEdd < 0.1 are produced by a combination of advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) and synchrotron radiation from the jet, while at 0.1 < λEdd < 1 they mainly follow the synchrotron jet model. The origins of X-ray emission of radio-loud AGNs are consistent with a combination of ADAF and the synchrotron jet model at λEdd < 0.01, agree with the synchrotron jet model at 0.01 < λEdd < 0.1, and follow a combination of the standard thin disc and a jet model at λEdd > 0.1.