bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Health
Authors: Wilson Kathi , Snyder Marcie , Richmond Chantelle 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Globally, there are almost 400 million indigenous people representing 5 percent of the world's total population. While indigenous populations throughout the world are very distinct, they share one important commonality: pervasive health inequalities that are reflective of colonial and neocolonial policies and practices. In this entry we provide an overview of indigenous health and social determinants of health with a particular focus on their links to colonialism. We point to the challenges of improving indigenous health in the face of complexly intertwined social, cultural, historical, and economic factors as well as the increasing mobility and urbanization of the global indigenous population. We also point to the importance of indigenous research methods as one way of moving away from the colonial project, and identify key areas of future research.
Health Services Utilization among Heart Disease Patients
Authors: O'Neil Adrienne 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Despite the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation that all patients attend a rehabilitation program after a cardiac event, uptake is low. Patients experiencing depression are even less likely to use health services, thus elevating their risk of a recurrent event. This entry reviews the evidence of existing depression management programs for cardiac patients. The implications of treatment on health service utilization in this population are discussed.
Race and Place
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kevin M. , Willis Don 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The nexus of race and place continues to impact population health around the world; their interaction within the boundaries of the United States has been an important part of both US health history and the history of racial and ethnic relationships. Health consequences, for many racial and ethnic groups, is not a story about being in the wrong place at the wrong time, but rather a function of the way in which social resources are spatially allocated and constrained by social forces. Segregation is a powerful force that has altered the face of metropolitan areas throughout the United States. Even now, nearly 50 years since the Civil Rights Act was passed, the United States remains a nation physically divided with major disparities in health. These inequalities of health are partly determined by the physical distribution of health care delivery and how access is divided along socially constructed racial and ethnic lines. Regardless, segregation, whether exacerbated or moderated through the concentration of poverty, socioeconomic attainment, and/or a declining physical environment, has increased negative health outcomes among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States.
Social Support and Illness
Authors: Lai Gina 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
It is well documented that social support protects an individual from the health‐damaging effects of illnesses and enhances health. Social support is defined as the functions performed for an individual by social ties with the intention to bring beneficial consequences – for example, emotional sustenance, information provision, and instrumental assistance. It has been operationalized in various ways, including perceived support, enacted support, expressive support, instrumental support, routine support, and crisis support. Social relationships are the structural carriers of supportive resources and considered as the structural aspect of social support. Three aspects of support structure have been examined, including social integration, social networks, and confiding relationships. These three aspects constitute a hierarchically structured environment that influences the provision of different types of support functions. The health benefits of social relationships are largely mediated by support functions. While social relationships are the conduits of supportive resources, the negative health impacts of social ties are also observed. Further, access to social support and its health effects are found to vary across social groups, subsequently contributing to health inequalities. A recent development in social support research is a call for attention to the mechanisms linking between social support and health outcomes.
Heart Disease Prevention Services, Utilization of
Authors: McNaughton Rebekah , Shucksmith Janet 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of premature death and disability worldwide. Of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2008, 17 million (30 percent) were attributed to CVD. Globally, mortality from CVD is felt disproportionately with 80 percent of all CVD‐related deaths occurring in low‐ and middle‐income countries. A large number of these deaths could be preventable through the modification of behavioral risk factors such as healthy eating, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, and through the identification and management of underlying physiological conditions such as increased blood pressure and cholesterol. The World Health Organization calls for a global response to this situation through a mix of population and individual‐level intervention.
Interprofessional Education
Authors: Barr Hugh 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Interprofessional education is the means by which health and social care professions learn with, from, and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care for individuals, families, and communities. It may be built into two or more pre‐licensure courses for different professions, or during continuing interprofessional education, employing a repertoire of face‐to‐face and e‐enhanced interactive learning methods in the classroom or during practice placements.
Mental Health and Immigrant Status
Authors: Gong Fang , Takeuchi David T. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Immigrant status in the United States includes multiple dimensions, commonly measured by nativity, age at time of immigration, length of residence, generational status, English‐language proficiency, and level of acculturation. Early community studies and recent national studies in general have found that various immigrant groups have significantly lower rates of mental health problems than their US‐born counterparts and/or non‐Hispanic whites, but the associations between various measures of immigrant status and mental health tend to vary with different racial/ethnic groups, gender, and the age of arrival. The mental health of immigrants can be understood from positive selection, cultural buffering, negative assimilation, and cultural expressions of diseases. Finally, we suggest a few avenues for future research including collecting longitudinal data to track changes of mental health, incorporating more nuanced measures of acculturation, attending to the unique cultural and psychosocial characteristics and contexts, and more fully embracing the life course perspective.
Preventive Health Behavior: Conceptual Approaches
Authors: Noar Seth M. , Head Katharine J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A variety of conceptual approaches to understanding health behavior exist. While an individual's health behavior is likely the product of numerous levels of influence, including interpersonal, group, community, and institutional/policy levels, much theory and research have focused on understanding health behavior at the individual level. In this realm, there are a variety of behavioral theories that advance our understanding of what motivates people to engage in healthy and unhealthy behaviors. These theories vary, and can be grouped according to value‐expectancy approaches, risk‐oriented theories, social cognitive theory, and stage theories.
Socialist Medicine
Authors: Field Mark G. , Cockerham William C. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The term “socialist medicine” applies to a health care delivery system that is government‐owned and ‐operated, and designed to provide preventive, diagnostic, clinical, rehabilitative, educational, and custodial services to a designated population free of charge at the time of the service. Services are paid for out of the state's budget. The prototype of socialist medicine was developed in the former Soviet Union and is often referred to as Soviet socialized medicine. This type of health care system has generally disappeared and exists today only in Cuba.
Mental Health Treatment, History of
Authors: Menzies Robert 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
From antiquity to the present, humanity has been preoccupied with experiences of mental diversity and distress, and with attendant questions about how to tame and repair the wayward mentalities of the “mad,” or “insane,” or “mentally ill.” Historians have chronicled a litany of scientific and cultural approaches, spanning the millennia, to the regulation and treatment of human distress – from the violent purging of demonic possession in the classical and medieval worlds; through the Enlightenment's embrace of the asylum as the archetype of all things rational; to the rise of moral treatment in nineteenth‐century Europe and the Americas; to the somber era of eugenics and somatic intervention that prevailed through to World War II; to a spate of radical developments over recent decades epitomized by the ascendancy of the psychopharmaceutical industry, the demise of the segregative mental institution, and the advent of grassroots recovery movements offering humanistic alternatives to the dominant biomedical paradigm of mental health treatment.
Immigrant Health
Authors: Dyck Isabel , Dossa Parin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The complex links between migration, culture, health, and place are signaled through scholarship employing various theoretical lenses and methodologies. Immigrants come from different geographic, social and religious backgrounds and therefore the theoretical constructs of place and situated local knowledge are crucial for the study of immigrant health. Geographical and social dislocations accompanying migration are experienced and responded to in the context of particular places and sets of social relations forged through interlocking scales – local, national, and global. Qualitative research gives central space to the stories of (im)migrants. There is evidence of vulnerability and inequality arising either from economically disadvantaged status and/or a discourse on “othering,” and an observed fluidity of identities and culture. Four key, interweaving, themes relate to immigrant health: first, the bodily inscription of immigrants and refugees in terms of citizenship and related access to health services in the receiving country; second, the situatedness of health ideas and practices in sets of local conditions and relationships; third, addressing “culture” in health care practice; and fourth, advocacy/engaged research that interrogates the construct “immigrant health” to foreground pluralistic and transnational models of care. Common in these themes is resistance to a polarizing of structure/political economy and agency in explanation.
Social Causation and Social Selection
Authors: Mossakowski Krysia N. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
An extensive literature has shown that disadvantaged levels of socioeconomic status are associated with mental illness. Yet an important question continues to stimulate research: What is the direction of the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental illness? This question is addressed by two competing hypotheses. The social causation hypothesis asserts that experiencing economic hardship increases the risk of subsequent mental illness. The selection/drift hypothesis posits that mental illness can inhibit socioeconomic attainment and lead people to drift into the lower social class or never escape poverty. Research suggests there is a reciprocal relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health, although social causation has more evidence. Furthermore, longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the strength and direction of the relationship can vary by the type of mental illness and socioeconomic indicator. Overall, both social causation and selection/drift are important in advancing our understanding of the influence of social inequality on people's lives.
Labor Markets of Health Professions
Authors: de Grip Andries 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Labor markets of health professions are professional labor markets that are legally protected by the requirement of a clearly defined educational background in order to deliver an adequate performance. Because of the restricted career opportunities in professional labor markets, health professionals are usually employed in the same kinds of job throughout their entire career. However, graduates of medical and nursing schools do have options outside of health care, in several other jobs that require more general skills. Therefore, the number of graduates of medical and nursing schools should exceed labor demand in the related health profession. There is also an upward trend in labor demand driven by continuous improvements in medical and technical sciences as well as the related aging of the population. Health professionals therefore face an increasing pressure to improve their productivity. Moreover, the competences acquired during initial education become obsolete in due course because of the rapid technological and organizational innovations in the health sector. This means that in order to remain a proficient professional during an entire career, lifelong learning is crucial. Moreover, health professionals need to develop adequate communication skills to be able to deal with different kinds of clients and to improve their ability to work in teams.
Involuntary Commitment
Authors: Scheid Teresa L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Involuntary commitment is generally referred to as involuntary “civil” commitment, to differentiate this form of commitment from “criminal” commitment, and refers to court‐ordered treatment either to a hospital or to mental health treatment in a jail, prison, or outpatient setting. Involuntary commitment continues to raise a number of ethical issues and is still hotly debated in the literature.
Health Care Delivery System: United States
Authors: Budrys Grace 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The structure of the health care system in the United States has evolved in response to shifts in concern about one of several competing issues. From the early years of the twentieth century, quality of care was the main concern until the onset of the Great Depression, which brought access to care to the top of the list. With the emergence of health insurance during the middle decades of the twentieth century more people gained access to care. Increased utilization of health care services plus the sudden increase in development of highly sophisticated diagnostic equipment meant that the cost of care started to rise at an unprecedented rate. By the later decades of the twentieth century the health care system was finding it difficult to balance three basic objectives, namely: quality, access, and cost containment.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Usage and Race
Authors: Wasserman Jason Adam 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This entry highlights the relationship between complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and race/ethnicity. The sociohistorical trajectory of the intersection of CAM use and race/ethnicity engages issues of culture and racism, as well as the important and changing relationship between class and health in an increasingly complex sociological environment. This entry explores the historical disparities in CAM use among African Americans and the shift in the status of CAM from a refuge of the disfranchised to a symbol of privilege in contemporary health.
Health Geography
Authors: Andrews Gavin J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This entry reviews the development of health geography: the emerging empirical, theoretical, and methodological interests of the subdiscipline since the early 1990s. Although it notes how many of these are academically motivated, it finishes with a review of some of the fundamental geographical changes that have occurred “out there” in the worlds of health and health care that have equally encouraged changes in scholarship.
Asylum and Post‐Asylum Geographies of Psychiatric Health Care
Authors: Moon Graham 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Asylum and post‐asylum geographies are the geographies that emerged before and after the closure of large‐scale residential asylums for people with various health problems. The term is generally taken to refer to the location and use of health care facilities for people with mental health problems but can also refer to provision for people with learning difficulties physical handicaps, or substance misuse problems. More rarely the term references isolation facilities for infectious disease treatment, notably tuberculosis sanatoria. The focus here is on mental health.
Somatization
Authors: Kohrt Brandon A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Somatization historically has referred to the physical presentation of psychological distress. Somatization has been an area of interest to anthropologists and cross‐cultural psychiatrists because of prior claims that somatization was more common in non‐Western cultural groups. However, some studies have suggested that somatic differences across cultural groups are overstated. Instead, somatic symptoms are a universal component of depression, present worldwide in both Western and non‐Western communities. One reason for differences across settings in rates of somatization may be variation in local health problems and access to biomedical diagnostic and treatment resources. Despite the number of studies that have addressed this issue when studying patient populations from Western cultures, less attention has been given to the issue of physical pathology presenting as psychiatric pathology in non‐Western samples. More recent cross‐cultural psychiatric approaches have advocated for addressing physical symptom presentation of psychiatric populations within the context of local healthy populations; understanding the influence of the local burden of physiological diseases on somatic presentation of mental illness; documenting how psychological idioms of distress may be linguistically translated as physical complaints; and placing somatic complaints within the context of cultural variation in concepts of mind–body.
Mental Health Preventive Services, Utilization of
Authors: Gary Elizabeth , Olafsdottir Sigrun 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This entry focuses on the use of preventive mental health services. Preventive mental health services are used prior to the onset of a mental illness in an effort to eliminate and reduce the burden of these types of illness. Since the 1980s, the development of these services has grown alongside major advances in the scientific understanding of the brain, and has primarily consisted of research on potential biomedical treatments with the hope that they may prevent future episodes of an already diagnosed illness.
Health and Economic Stress
Authors: Simoni Zachary 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Sociological literature has noted the impact of economic disparities and their connection to both physical and mental health. Sociologists employ a number of measures of socioeconomic status including income, education, occupational prestige, wealth, and debt. Chronic economic stress – including living in poverty or with very low socioeconomic status – may lead to decreased health and quality of life among members of society. Acute problems like residential precariousness, debt, and job loss are also associated with poor mental and physical health. As a discipline, sociology offers a number of theoretical explanations for the connection between economic stress and health.
Health Campaigns
Authors: Kreps Gary L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Effective health campaigns are carefully planned, evidence‐based, and theoretically grounded communication programs designed to influence health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of key audiences for promoting public health. Health campaigns involve a broad set of communication strategies and activities to disseminate relevant information to promote resistance to health threats. Health campaigns have been designed to educate the public about important health threats and risky behaviors in order to raise public consciousness about such issues and to move audiences to action in support of public health. For example, communication campaigns often encourage specific audiences to resist serious health threats, adopt healthy lifestyles, avoid dangerous situations and substances, engage in early detection for health problems, and seek appropriate health care services when needed.
The best health campaigns are guided by rigorously conducted needs analysis and audience analysis research. Health campaigns are also guided by relevant theory about how communication can influence health behaviors. Health campaigns use a variety of different communication channels and media to convey campaign messages based upon the communication preferences and utilization patterns of key audiences. Effective health campaigns refine strategic health promotion messages so they are meaningful and influential with key audiences.
Epidemics
Authors: Hoffman Lily M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The meaning of “epidemic” has broadened over time to include non‐infectious disease and health‐related behavior. The impetus to renewed interest has been the resurgence of infectious disease and concern with bioterrorism. Current approaches take into account the complex relationship between elements of the social, political, and ecological system within which an epidemic may emerge, spread, and/or be contained. They are accordingly multidisciplinary. Several thematic and analytic concerns dominate the empirical and analytic literature: risk and uncertainty, globalization and governance, collective behavior and disasters. Multidisciplinary scholars and practitioners have overlapping interests and draw upon similar concepts; there is a need for more cross‐disciplinary dialogue.
Medical Education, Competency‐Based
Authors: ten Cate Olle 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Since the turn of the twenty‐first century, competency‐based medical education (CBME) has become a dominant approach to postgraduate medical education in many countries, and is gradually becoming popular in undergraduate medical education. CBME has a history dating back half a century and is rooted in general educational approaches such as outcome‐based education and mastery learning. Despite controversies around the terminology and the CBME approach, important national medical regulatory bodies in Canada, the United States, and other countries have embraced CBME. CBME can be characterized as having two distinct features: a focus on specific domains of competence, and a relative independence of time in training, making it an individualized approach that is particularly applicable in workplace training. It is not the length of training that determines a person's readiness for unsupervised practice, but the attained competence or competencies. This shift in focus makes CBME different from traditional training. In this entry, definitions of CBME and related concept are detailed.