bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescence dynamics originating from exciton‐exciton and exciton‐electron scattering in a GaN thin film
Authors: Wakaiki Shuji , Tokumaru Hitoshi , Ichida Hideki , Mizoguchi Kohji , Kim DaeGwi , Kanematsu Yasuo , Nakayama Masaaki 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe have investigated the photoluminescence (PL) dynamics of a GaN thin film under intense excitation conditions using an optical‐Kerr‐gating method. It has been found that the PL originating from the exciton‐exciton scattering (P emission) appears at the temperatures lower than around 100 K, while at higher temperatures P emission vanishes and the PL originating from exciton‐electron scattering (H emission) dominates. The ultrashort gating time of 0.6 ps enabled us to obtain precise information of the temporal profiles of the peak energy, the bandwidth, and the intensity of the P emission and H emission. We have found that the decay time of the H emission is shorter than that of the P emission. By taking into account the strong correlation between the decay time and the peak‐energy position of the emissions, we conclude that the difference in the decay times is attributed to a change of the photon‐like characteristics of the lower polariton branch that is the final state of the scattering process; namely, the photon‐like component of the H emission is larger than that of the P emission. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Minimizing the variance of cluster mixture models for clustering uncertain objects
Authors: Gullo Francesco , Ponti Giovanni , Tagarelli Andrea 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in clustering uncertain objects. In contrast to traditional, ‘sharp’ data representation models, uncertain objects are modeled as probability distributions defined over uncertainty regions. In this context, a major issue is related to the poor efficiency of existing algorithms, which is mainly due to expensive computation of the distance between uncertain objects. In this work, we extend our earlier work in which a novel formulation to the problem of clustering uncertain objects is defined based on the minimization of the variance of the mixture models that represent the clusters being discovered. Analytical properties about the computation of variance for cluster mixture models are derived and exploited by a partitional clustering algorithm, called MMVar. This algorithm achieves high efficiency since it does not need to employ any distance measure between uncertain objects. Experiments have shown that MMVar is scalable and outperforms state‐of‐the‐art algorithms in terms of efficiency, while achieving better average performance in terms of accuracy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 6: 116–135, 2013
High Beta-Palmitate Formula and Bone Strength in Term Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial
Authors: Litmanovitz Ita , Davidson Keren , Eliakim Alon , Regev Rivka H. , Dolfin Tzipora , Arnon Shmuel , Bar-Yoseph Fabiana , Goren Amit , Lifshitz Yael , Nemet Dan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We aimed to compare the effect of 12-week feeding of commercially available infant formulas with different percentages of palmitic acid at sn-2 (beta-palmitate) on anthropometric measures and bone strength of term infants. It was hypothesized that feeding infants with high beta-palmitate (HBP) formula will enhance their bone speed of sound (SOS). Eighty-three infants appropriate for gestational age participated in the study; of these, 58 were formula-fed and 25 breast-fed infants, serving as a reference group. The formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to receive HBP formula (43 % of the palmitic acid is esterified to the middle position of the glycerol backbone, study group; n = 30) or regular formula with low-beta palmitate (LBP, 14 % of the palmitic acid is esterified to the middle position of the glycerol backbone, n = 28). Sixty-six infants completed the 12-week study. Anthropometric and quantitative ultrasound measurements of bone SOS for assessment of bone strength were performed at randomization and at 6 and 12 weeks postnatal age. At randomization, gestational age, birth weight, and bone SOS were comparable between the three groups. At 12 weeks postnatal age, the mean bone SOS of the HBP group was significantly higher than that of the LBP group (2,896 ± 133 vs. 2,825 ± 79 m/s respectively, P = 0.049) and comparable with that of the breast-fed group (2,875 ± 85 m/s). We concluded that infants consuming HBP formula had changes in bone SOS that were comparable to those of infants consuming breast milk and favorable compared to infants consuming LBP formula.
Orthopedic surgery and mobility goals for children with cerebral palsy GMFCS level IV: What are we setting out to achieve?
Authors: Blumetti Francesco Camara , Wu Jenny Chia Ning , Bau Karen Vanessa , Martin Brian , Hobson Sally Anne , Axt Matthias Wolfgang , Selber Paulo 
Published: November 2012

Background Multilevel orthopedic surgery is considered to be the gold standard treatment for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP), classified at levels I, II, or III according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Hip enlocation and stability are the main goals of orthopedic intervention in the GMFCS level IV subgroup and are well researched; however, there is no evidence to date to support or challenge the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment to preserve functional mobility in this patient group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of orthopedic surgery to maintain or restore standing transfers and supported walking in children with CP at GMFCS level IV. Methods Twenty-two children with CP GMFCS level IV who underwent orthopedic surgery to improve mobility between the years 2004 and 2008 were included in this study. A retrospective chart review was performed and a satisfaction questionnaire sent to all patients. The primary outcome measure was the attainment and maintenance of mobility goals 2 years post-surgery. The secondary outcome measures were family/patient satisfaction, Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), and complications. Results The two goals identified by the patients and carers were standing transfers and supported walking. At the 2-year post-surgery assessment, 14 children (63.6 %) did not reach their pre-determined goals. In the questionnaire, 21.4 % of the families reported that surgery was not beneficial. The FMS score remained unchanged in 95.4 % of the patients. Fourteen patients (63.6 %) had at least one complication that prolonged their post-operative rehabilitation (e.g., neuropraxia). Conclusion This study suggests that orthopedic surgery in children with CP at GMFCS level IV is unlikely to maintain or restore mobility. Furthermore, it carries a significant risk of complications. Level of evidence Case series, Level IV.
Essential therapeutics skills required of junior doctors
Authors: Mathew J. Baldwin Mathew J. , Abouyannis Michael , Butt Tehreem F. 
Published: November 2012

Junior doctors are responsible for the majority of in-hospital prescription
errors. Little research has explored their confidence to prescribe, or practical
therapeutics related tasks which they are required to perform in day-to-day practice.
This survey aimed to explore these areas, gather feedback regarding therapeutics
teaching at undergraduate level, and to apply findings to undergraduate training at
University of Birmingham. Questionnaire-based survey of all first-year postgraduate
doctors (PG1) attending teaching hospitals in the Birmingham and Worcester regions
towards the end of the PG1 year. Doctors were asked about difficulties in prescribing,
satisfaction with undergraduate training, and how frequently they undertook particular
tasks pertaining to therapeutics. Qualitative data on suggestions for improving the
curriculum were also collected. Difficulties were commonly encountered with prescribing
warfarin, controlled drugs and syringe-driven drugs. Most (87.4 %) had been required to
administer intravenous medications. Nearly all had prescribed to ‘special groups’ such
as the elderly (100 %) and patients with renal disease (98.3 %). Thirty-seven percent
were not satisfied with their undergraduate therapeutics teaching, and many (56.2 %)
recommended making teaching more relevant to clinical practice. Many PG1s expressed
difficulties in prescribing potentially dangerous medications. Although better than
other UK surveys, significant numbers were not satisfied with undergraduate teaching.
The strong opinion was for teaching to become more practical and more relevant.
Prescriptions which PG1s are commonly asked to write have been described. Findings have
guided improvements to undergraduate teaching and assessment in therapeutics at the
University of Birmingham, and may offer guidance to other medical schools.
Self‐esteem in adolescent aggression perpetrators, victims and perpetrator‐victims, and the moderating effects of depression and family support
Authors: Wang Peng‐Wei , Yang Pin‐Chen , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Lin Huang‐Chi , Ko Chih‐Hung , Liu Tai‐Ling , Yen Cheng‐Fang 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe aims of this study were (1) to examine differences in the level of self‐esteem among adolescents with different roles in aggression involvement (aggression perpetrators, victims, perpetrator‐victims and neutrals) according to gender and (2) to examine the moderating effects of depression and family support on association between aggression involvement and self‐esteem. A total of 8085 adolescents in Taiwan completed questionnaires. The relationships between self‐esteem and aggression involvement were examined by multiple regression analysis. The moderating effects of depression and family support on the association between aggression involvement and self‐esteem were examined. The results showed that in females, aggression victims had lower self‐esteem than those in the other three groups (t = −2.940 to 2.173, p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in self‐esteem among perpetrators, perpetrator‐victims, and neutrals (t = 0.693–0.933, p > 0.05). In males, self‐esteem in victims and perpetrator‐victims was lower than in neutrals and perpetrators (t = −3.339 to −2.704, p < 0.01); however, there was no difference in self‐esteem between victims and perpetrator‐victims (t = −1.115, p > 0.05) or between perpetrators and neutrals (t = −1.396, p > 0.05). Family support had a moderating effect on the association between self‐esteem and victimization in males. Depression had a moderating effect on the association between self‐esteem and perpetration‐victimization and victimization in males. The results indicate that self‐esteem in adolescents with different patterns of involvement in aggression is not the same as in those without involvement. The moderating effects of depression and family support should be considered when developing intervention strategies to raise self‐esteem in adolescents with aggression involvement.
SalmonellaDublin faecal excretion probabilities in cattle with different temporal antibody profiles in 14 endemically infected dairy herds
Authors: NIELSEN L. R. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThis longitudinal field study investigated the hypothesis that persistently high antibody levels indicate a high risk ofSalmonellaDublin shedding in animals in 14 endemically infected dairy herds. A hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse 6614 paired faecal cultures and four types of temporal antibody profiles from cattle aged ≥180 days. Age and repeated measurements on animals nested within herds were taken into account. Overall, the prevalence of faecal shedders was low (0·3% and 2·8% in the lowest and highest risk groups, respectively). An important predictor of faecal shedding was young age. There was a significant, but modest increase in risk in cattle with persistently high or recently increased antibody levels, but no difference between these two groups. Contrary to previous recommendations, the detection of carriers by the use of repeated antibody testing is not likely to be a plausible control option in mostSalmonellaDublin-infected dairy herds.
Hot and cold ion outflow: Observations and implications for numerical models
Authors: Nilsson H. , Barghouthi I. A. , Slapak R. , Eriksson A. I. , André M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCluster observations of oxygen ion outflow and low‐frequency waves at high altitude above the polar cap and cold ion outflow in the lobes are used to determine ion heating rates and low‐altitude boundary conditions suitable for use in numerical models of ion outflow. Using our results, it is possible to simultaneously reproduce observations of high‐energy O+ ions in the high‐altitude cusp and mantle and cold H+ ions in the magnetotail lobes. To put the Cluster data in a broader context, we first compare the average observed oxygen temperatures and parallel velocities in the high‐altitude polar cap with the idealized cases of auroral (cusp) and polar wind (polar cap) ion outflow obtained from a model based on other data sets. A cyclotron resonance model using average observed electric field spectral densities as input fairly well reproduces the observed velocities and perpendicular temperatures of both hot O+ and cold H+, if we allow the fraction of the observed waves, which is efficient in heating the ions to increase with altitude and decrease toward the nightside. Suitable values for this fraction are discussed based on the results of the cyclotron resonance model. Low‐altitude boundary conditions, ion heating rates, and centrifugal acceleration are presented in a format suitable as input for models aiming to reproduce the observations.
Tidal wind mapping from observations of a meteor radar chain in December 2011
Authors: Yu You , Wan Weixing , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo , Wang Zhengui , Hu LianHuan , Ren Zhipeng 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article proposes a technique to map the tidal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region from the observations of a four‐station meteor radar chain located at middle‐ and low‐latitudes along the 120°E meridian in the Northern Hemisphere. A 1 month dataset of the horizontal winds in the altitude range of 80–100 km is observed during December 2011. We first decompose the tidal winds into mean, diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal components for each station. It is found that the diurnal/semidiurnal components dominate at the low‐latitude/midlatitude stations. Their amplitudes increase at lower altitudes and then decrease at higher altitudes after reaching a peak in the MLT region. Hough functions of the classical tidal theory are then used to fit the latitudinal distribution of each decomposed component. The diurnal component is found to be dominated by the first symmetric (1, 1) mode. Yet for the semidiurnal and terdiurnal components, the corresponding dominant modes are the second symmetric modes (2, 4) and (3, 5), and considerable contributions are also from the first antisymmetric modes (2, 3), (3, 4) and second antisymmetric modes (2, 5), (3, 6). Based on the decomposed results, we further map the horizontal winds in the domains of latitude, altitude and local time. The mapped horizontal winds successfully reproduce the local time versus altitudinal distributions of the original observations at the four stations. Thus, we conclude that the meteor radar chain is useful to monitor and study the regional characteristics of the tidal winds in the MLT region.
Variations in tropical cyclone precipitation in Texas (1950 to 2009)
Authors: Zhu Laiyin , Quiring Steven M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSpatial and temporal variations of tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) in Texas are examined using 60 years of precipitation data from Cooperative Observing Network gages (1950 to 2009). An automated extraction method is used to identify TCP. Texas receives an average of 123.5 mm of TCP/year, which is ~13% of the state's mean annual precipitation. September is the month with the most TCP with an average of 18.5 mm. As expected, TCP generally deceases as you move inland. Long‐term trends (>50 years) in TCP are evident at some locations, but there are no statistically significant long‐term trends in aggregated annual TCP metrics for Texas. Despite the lack of long‐term trends, TCP metrics show some spectral power at periodicities of ~2‐3 years, ~5‐8 years, and >10 years. Areas within 400 km of the coast have higher risk of extreme daily TCP (>100 mm), but inland Texas can also occasionally experience extreme TCP. In some areas in southeastern Texas the probability of receiving >100 mm of daily TCP in any given year is ~0.30 (i.e., daily TCP exceeds 100 mm, on average, 1 out every 3 years).
Anatomic Sites of Patent Colonization and Environmental Contamination with Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase—Producing Enterobacteriaceae at Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals
Authors: Thurlow Caroline J. , Prabaker Kavitha , Lin Michael Y. , Lolans Karen , Weinstein Robert A. , Hayden Mary K. ,   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: November 2012

Objective.To determine anatomic sites of colonization in patients and to assess environmental contamination with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae.Design, Setting, and Patients.We conducted a cross-sectional microbiologic survey of 33 patients and their environments at 6 long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) in metropolitan Chicago. Swab samples of anatomic sites and inanimate surfaces in patients' rooms and common areas were cultured. blaKPC was verified by polymerase chain reaction. Patient charts were reviewed for covariates known to be associated with colonization and environmental contamination.Results.Mean age was 66 years. Median length of stay prior to surveillance was 50 days. Thirty (91%) patients were mechanically ventilated, 32 (97%) were bedbound, and 27 (82%) had fecal incontinence. Of the 24 patients with KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae recovered from 1 or more anatomic sites, 23 (96%) had KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae detected at 1 or more skin sites. Skin colonization was more common in patients with positive rectal/stool swab cultures or positive clinical cultures (P <.001). Rectal/stool swab was the single most sensitive specimen for detecting KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization (sensitivity, 88%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 68%-97%); addition of inguinal skin swab culture resulted in detection of all colonized patients (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI, 86%-100%). Only 2 (0.5%) of 371 environmental specimens grew KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae.Conclusions.Culture of more than 1 anatomic site was required to detect all KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae-colonized Patients. Skin colonization was common, but environmental contamination was rare. These results can guide development of multimodal interventions for control of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in LTACHs.
Improving temperature-stable AZO–Ag–AZO multilayer transparent electrodes using thin Al layer modification
Authors: Zhou Lin , Chen Xiaohong , Zhu Feng , Sun XinXing , Sun Zhuo 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The thermal stability of AZO/Al/Ag/Al/AZO (5A) compared with AZO/Ag/AZO (3A) electrodes was significantly improved by introducing a thin Al layer at the interface between Ag and AZO layers. The rapidly deteriorated sheet resistance of 3A compared with 5A electrodes is roughly consistent with the XRD results of weaker intensity of the (1 1 1) Ag peak of 3A after annealing for 20 h at 300 or 500 °C for 10 min. The improved thermal stability of the 5A electrode is ascribed to the limitation function of Al atoms on Ag diffusion into the AZO layer. The polymer solar cells based on 5A compared with ITO electrodes showed a similar efficiency.
Dual-band spoof surface plasmon polaritons based on composite-periodic gratings
Authors: Gao Xi , Shi Jin Hui , Ma Hui Feng , Jiang Wei Xiang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We propose a composite grating structure constructed by a double-periodic groove array with finite thickness, which supports two tightly bound spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at two frequency bands. The two SPP waves correspond to the dominant modes of two single-periodic gratings with different groove depths, and the cutoff frequency of each mode is determined independently by the individual groove depth. We design and fabricate the dual-band SPP waveguide in the microwave frequency, and the measurement results show good performance of SPP propagations. The ability to guide two independent-band SPP waves could be important for developing novel surface wave devices.
Hybrid plasmonic structures based on CdS nanotubes: a novel route to low-threshold lasing on the nanoscale
Authors: Bian Yusheng , Zheng Zheng , Zhao Xin , Su Yalin , Liu Lei , Liu Jiansheng , Zhou Tao , Zhu Jinsong 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Nanowires and nanotubes could become important building blocks in advanced photonic systems owing to their fascinating optoelectronic properties and high compatibility with versatile chemical synthetic methods. Many intriguing studies have been enabled by applying these nanostructures in the construction of various types of active and passive photonic components. Successful examples are the recent demonstration of semiconductor and plasmonic lasers based on CdS nanowires (Duan et al 2003 Nature
421 241–5, Oulton et al 2009 Nature
461 629–32, Ma et al 2010 Nature Mater.
10 110–13), which generate and deliver intense coherent light down to and even below the diffraction-limited scale. Here in this paper, by carrying out a numerical investigation of a novel hybrid plasmonic structure that consists of a CdS nanotube sitting above a metal substrate separated by a nanometric MgF2 layer, we show theoretically that nanotube-based plasmonic structures can also act as highly efficient lasing sources. Optical properties of such a laser configuration including modal behaviour and the lasing threshold is investigated with regard to the variation of key geometrical parameters. Simulation results reveal that the employment of a CdS nanotube may result in improved optical performance compared with the conventional CdS-nanowire-based plasmon laser. Reduced lasing threshold with mitigated modal loss can be achieved simultaneously under carefully engineered geometries. We also explore the feasibility of combining nanowire- and nanotube-based active and passive components for on-chip integrations. As a simple demonstration, monolithic integration of a CdS nanotube laser with a CdS-nanowire-based passive component is shown numerically on a single chip. We expect that these studies could lay the foundations for nanotube- and nanowire-based hybrid integrated photonic components and circuits.
Synthesis characteristics of Cu particulates in high-pressure magnetron sputtering plasmas studied by in situ laser-light scattering
Authors: Nafarizal N , Sasaki K 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper reports the temporal evolution, the dependence on the discharge conditions and the spatial distribution of Cu particulates synthesized in high-pressure magnetron sputtering plasmas. The spatial distributions of the size and the density of particulates were examined with precision using a two-wavelength laser light scattering technique. We found that more than 50% of Cu particulates in the discharge space had sizes ranging between 100 and 175 nm. The absolute density of Cu particulate was on the order of 107–109 cm−3. Cu particulates had concentrated distributions in the boundary between the bright plasma and the dark region and in the region connecting to the anode of the magnetron sputtering source. The spatial distribution, the size distribution and the density of Cu particulates were sensitively dependent on the discharge power and pressure.