bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evaluation of Contextual Speech Materials
Authors: Zerlin Stanley , Urban Beth 
Published: July 2014

The energy level of contextual discourse (recorded lists of the CID Sentence Intelligibility materials) was measured by feeding the material into a speech-time analyzer. The energy levels of all 10 sentences contained in each list were integrated over 0.1 sec intervals by the analyzer, and counters displayed the amount of time that a given wave form fell below or exceeded certain arbitrary energy levels. Thus absolute energy level as well as absolute duration could be measured for each list.
Intensity measurements were compared to intelligibility functions of the lists obtained by presenting each list at five signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Twenty normal subjects heard all 10 lists at 40 dB sensation level. Results showed no relation between absolute duration and intelligibility.
Intelligibility curves for each list were evaluated in terms of the S/N ratio which yielded the 50% intelligibility point. Each list was compared in terms of its relative standing for absolute energy level and for S/N ratio at 50% intelligibility.
With the exception of two lists, there was good correspondence between the rankings for absolute energy level and intelligibility. It is suggested that this measurement of speech energy levels will give a good indication of the relative intelligibility of contextual test materials.
Template for the EEG Response to Sound
Authors: Derbyshire A. J. , McCandless Geary A. 
Published: July 2014

A working template representing an EEG response to auditory stimulation is presented. This template has arisen from the need of researchers and clinicians to relate finding among different laboratories.
The working EEG template for the response to sound presented here was extracted through the use of standard EEG techniques, summing computers and digital converters. A general description of the evoked response is presented and particular characteristics are labelled as to latency and relative amplitude.
Some Characteristics of the Peak Latency and Amplitude of the Acoustically Evoked Response
Authors: Rose Darrell E. , Ruhm Howard B. 
Published: July 2014

This experiment explored some characteristics of peak latency and amplitude of the human evoked auditory response as functions of time and number of signals at two sensation levels (20 and 40 dB) in 10 subjects.
As signal intensity increased, the number of responses elicited increased, the amplitude of the responses increased, and the latency of the first two components of the response decreased. The amplitudes and latencies of any component of the evoked response did not change significantly as a function of number of signals presented.
Further Validation of Evoked Response Audiometry (ERA)
Authors: Davis Hallowell , Hirsh Shirley K. , Shelnutt Joyce , Bowers Clyde 
Published: July 2014

For 162 pupils at Central Institute for the Deaf who had severe hearing impairment but whose thresholds lay within the limits of the audiometric equipment at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, comparisons were made between the “thresholds” estimated from the vertex (V) potentials, behavioral thresholds using the same audiometric equipment, and audiograms already on record.
The data for 46 children four to 10 years old tested in 1965–66 did not differ significantly from results previously reported with older children. Average estimates of threshold were in excellent agreement: the difference of means for the groups, V potential vs. behavioral, was 0.1 dB; V potential vs. clinical audiogram, 2.2 dB. The average deviation of estimates for a single trial at one frequency, V potential vs. behavioral, was 7.9 dB.
The children with impairments beyond the limits of the equipment were all identified as having very severe auditory impairment.
The method of average evoked response appears to be completely feasible for passive audiometry of school children four years of age or more.
A Cephalometric Study of Normal and Defective /s/ Articulation and Variations in Incisor Dentition
Authors: Weinberg Bernd 
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to define variation in /s/ articulation associated with differences in incisor dentition. Articulatory relationships, defined by cephalometric films, were studied in normal speakers with normal occlusion and complete dentition, normal speakers with normal molar relationships and missing maxillary incisors, and /s/ defective speakers with normal molar relationships and missing maxillary incisors. Adequacy of /s/ articulation for the total sample of 39 children was determined by two separate auditory ratings.
Significant differences between normal and defective /s/ articulation were related to the environmental characteristics of the anterior oral constriction. Speakers with defective /s/ articulation excessively fronted the tongue tip. Other differences were related to the antero-postero and vertical placement of the tongue tip, to the extent of mandibular protrusion-retrusion, and to the vertical position of the upper lip. There was no significant difference between children with normal and defective /s/ articulation in regard to the degree of vertical constriction between the midline of the tongue and dental-alveolar complex. These findings appear to be consistent with current physiological phonetic theory.
Effects of Method of Measurement on Most Comfortable Loudness Level for Speech
Authors: Kopra Lennart L. , Blosser Dennis 
Published: July 2014

Eighteen college men and 18 college women, all with normal hearing, were tested for the effects of three variables upon most comfortable loudness (MCL) level for speech. These variables were: (1) three measurement methods, (2) sex of listener, and (3) repeated testing. MCL levels for speech were measured in an initial test session and a retest session by the method of adjustment, the method of limits, and the Bekesy audiometer.
Results showed that: (1) all three measurement methods produced similar mean MCL levels in both test and retest, (2) mean MCL levels did not change significantly from test to retest for any single measurement method, (3) sex of listener did not significantly affect mean MCL level, (4) MCL levels as measured by the three methods were significantly correlated, (5) test-retest correlations for each measurement method were significant, and (6) Bekesy audiometer tracings of MCL level remained stable over the four and one-half minute test periods in both initial test sessions and in retest sessions.
Sociological and Psychological Factors Associated with Hearing Loss
Authors: Vernon McCay 
Published: July 2014

Existing research on the psychological and sociological conditions of the severely hearing impaired is surveyed. These data reveal an essentially normally distributed intellectual potential and cognitive capacity. However, data on the educational achievement and level of vocational attainment indicate that the hearing-impaired population is grossly below national averages. These data on achievement stand in stark contrast to the findings on potential.
The failure of aural rehabilitation and education to provide appropriate programs and opportunities is seen as the primary reason for this discrepancy. More specifically, existing research indicates that education’s rigid adherence to a teaching methodology limited to speech, amplification, speechreading, and printed symbols instead of one that uses these techniques in conjunction with fingerspelling and the language of signs has impaired the deaf child’s educational progress by limiting his chance to learn. To plan realistic rehabilitative and educational programs, professional specialists must be familiar with results, that is, the deaf adult.
Data on marriage patterns, organizations, mental illness, and communication among the hearing-impaired are presented. Certain myths, such as the “hearing vs. deaf world,” are discussed. These data are then related to research on trends in competitive employment and the future occupational picture.
The Role of Practice and the Observation of Practice in Speech-Sound Discrimination Learning
Authors: Ritterman Stuart I. 
Published: July 2014

This study examined the use of vicarious experience in the establishment of the discriminative responses comprising a repertoire of phonetic distinctions. A modification of a technique developed by Warden (Warden and Jackson, 1935) for the study of observer and model group learning was employed in the speech-sound discrimination training of 41 second grade children.
Retroactive facilitation effects were observed in the observation group. In addition, no differences in group performance were obtained between observer and model groups in a relearning situation.
The Effects of Delayed Auditory Feedback on a Speech-Related Task in Stutterers
Authors: Stark Rachel E. , Pierce Bruce R. 
Published: July 2014

Fifteen adult stutterers and 15 matched nonstutterers who presented normal hearing and normal psychiatric and neurological histories were studied. Their responses were compared on a patterned syllable-repetition task under various auditory feedback conditions. The feedback signals were clicks activated by an electro-mechanical device at the time of lip closure. They were either synchronous (SAF) or delayed (DAF) or a combination (SAF/DAF). SAF was presented by bone conduction at a 40-dB sensation level, DAF by binaural air conduction with a delay of 140 or 200 msec, at sensation levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 dB in DAF alone and at sensation levels of 40, 50, 60, and 70 dB in the SAF/DAF combination. Performances were evaluated in terms of pattern duration, lip-closure duration, and number of pattern errors.
Stutterers and nonstutterers responded similarly to the feedback conditions. The following three differences were found: (1) during SAF alone, stutterers showed greater duration of lip closure than nonstutterers; (2) there were non-systematic differences between stutterers and nonstutterers in duration of lip closure during DAF and SAF/DAF conditions; and (3) with increased intensity of DAF, stutterers showed a greater increase in number of pattern errors than nonstutterers.
Differences in Disfluency Behavior Between Male and Female Nonstuttering Children
Authors: Kools Joseph A. , Berryman Joan D. 
Published: July 2014

Speech samples of 150 words were obtained from 92 first-grade children, 46 males and 46 females. Children’s Thematic Apperception Test pictures were employed to elicit verbalization. Occurrences of types of disfluencies were identified from taped recordings.
No sex differences were found with regard to total number of disfluencies. Comparisons of incidence of specific types of disfluencies revealed that males exhibited a greater number of incomplete phrases than did females.
Erratum: Lingual-Palatal Pressure Measurement and Analysis Techniques
Authors: Leeper Herbert A. , Appl Franklin J. 
Published: July 2014

In the September 1975 issue, the article by Herbert A. Leeper, Jr., and Franklin J. Appl, “Lingual-Palatal Pressure Measurement and Analysis Techniques,” contains the following error.

Page 591, paragraph 3, formula (4) should read

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Tympanometry in Normal Neonates
Authors: Himelfarb Mordechai Z. , Popelka Gerald R. , Shanon Eliahu 
Published: July 2014

Acoustic conductance and susceptance tympanograms were obtained at 220 and 660 Hz in 34 neonates. The neonates were categorized into three age groups (8-24 hours, 24-60 hours, and 60-96 hours). Single-peaked, double-peaked, and monotoni-cally increasing tympanograms were found. Static values for conductance, susceptance, admittance, resistance, reactance and impedance at the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane were computed from the tympanograms. There were no significant differences in mean static values among the three groups. At 220 Hz, the individual static reactance values were usually smaller than the static resistance values and often assumed a positive sign. At 660 Hz, the individual static reactance values always assumed a negative sign and were approximately equal to the static resistance values. The single- and double-peaked tympanograms apparently were the result of previously identified interactions between static resistance and reactance values. The data were compared to those of infants and adults.
Tympanograms at 220 Hz were obtained for 13 of the original subjects at the age of three to four months. The data collected in this group were consistent with those reported in the literature for the same age group.
Principal and Differential Effects of Haloperidol and Placebo Treatments upon Speech Disfluencies in Stutterers
Authors: Prins David , Mandelkorn Theodore , Cerf F. Ann 
Published: July 2014

abstract
Fourteen stutterers completed a double-blind crossover study of the effects of Haloperidol and Placebo treatments upon their speech disfluencies. Although clearly not clinically effective, Haloperidol had a statistically significant effect upon reducing disfluency frequency and increasing speaking rate. For most subjects, drug-related reductions in disfluency severity resulted from a decrement in whole-word and phrase repetition, interjection, and revision-type disfluencies rather than from fewer part-word (elemental) repetitions and prolongations of sound or of silence. Neurotic personality profile correlated positively with an overall placebo effect, and there was a positive correlation between abnormal EEG and the drug effect. These findings are discussed in light of the nature of speech disfluency and stuttering and Haloperidol's biochemical and behavioral actions.
The Influence of Probe-Tone Parameters on the Shape of Psychophysical Tuning Curves in Normal-Hearing Listeners
Authors: Grimes Charles T. , Wright Herbert N. 
Published: July 2014

Psychophysical tuning curves have become increasingly important in furthering the interpretation of traditional masking data. Although a substantial amount of relatively new information is available on psychophysical tuning curves, the analysis and interpretation of this information are diffcult because of the lack of consistency among the probe-tone parameters used. This study investigated the shape of psychophysical tuning curves under simultaneous masking as a function of three frequencies— 500, 1000, and 4000 Hz; three levels—5, 20, and 40 dB SL; and two durations—10 msec and 200 msec. of the probe tones.
The results indicate that the general shape of psychophysical tuning curves is consistent throughout the 18 combinations of parameter values studied. Irregularities such as notches and CF shifts, inconsistently noted in previous investigations, were observed in the shape of psychophysical tuning curves. However, they were shown to depend on unique combinations of probe-tone parameters. These results are compared to previous investigations of simultaneous-masking psychophysical tuning curves with respect to the specific effects of probe-tone parameter values on the shape of the curves. Irregularities in the shape of psychophysical tuning curves are discussed in relation to aural combination tones and other nonlinearities.
Interobserver Reliability and Perceptual Ratings
Authors: Kearns Kevin P. , Simmons Nina N. 
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of ratings of perceptual characteristics for 10 ataxic dysarthric subjects. The influence of the occurrence of "deviant" speech parameters on the calculation of reliability coefficients was also explored. Results indicated that overall interobserver agreement levels for minimally trained judges compared favorably to reliability coefficients reported in previous studies. Furthermore, levels of overall agreement were above levels of agreement expected on the basis of chance alone.
In contrast to overall interobserver agreement, much lower levels of interobserver agreement were obtained when "occurrence Reliability" coefficients were calculated for deviant dimensions alone. However, occurrence reliability coefficients surpassed the level of agreement expected on the basis of chance alone for all subjects. Based on the results of this investigation, recommendations are made for modifying standard practices for obtaining interobserver reliability for perceptual ratings of speech characteristics.
Physiological Bases of Acoustic LRT in Nonstutterers, Mild Stutterers, and Severe Stutterers
Authors: Watson B. C. , Alfonso P. J. 
Published: July 2014

Physiological Bases of Acoustic LRT in Nonstutterers, Mild Stutterers, and Severe Stutterers. Watson, B. C., & Alfonso, P. J. December 1987 434–447
On p. 440, under the section "Events after the foreperiod" the sentence should read: "Events occurring after the foreperiod were analyzed in terms of the presumed functional target of phonation onset."
Performance of Some of the Better Cochlear-Implant Patients
Authors: Tyler Richard S. , Moore Brian C. J. , Kuk Francis K. 
Published: July 2014

The main purpose of this study was to provide an independent corroboration of open-set word recognition in some of the better cochlear-implant patients. These included the Chorimac, Nucleus (one group from the U.S.A. and one group from Hannover, Germany), Symbion, Duren/Cologne and 3M/Vienna implants. Three experiments are reported: (1) word recognition in word lists and in sentences; (2) environmental sound perception, and (3) gap detection. On word recognition, the scores of 6 Chorimac patients averaged 2.5% words and 0.7% words in sentences correct in the French tests. In the German tests, the scores averaged 17% words and 10% words in sentences for 10 Duren/Cologne patients, 15% words and 16% words in sentences for 9 3M/Vienna patients, and 10% words and 16% words in sentences (3% to 26%) for 10 Nucleus/Hannover patients. In the English tests, the scores averaged 11% words and 29.6% words in sentences for l0 Nucleus-U.S.A. patients, and 13.7% words and 35.7% words in sentences for the 9 Symbion patients.
The ability to recognize recorded environmental sounds was measured with a closed set of 18 sounds. Performance averaged 23% correct for Chorimac patients, 41% correct for 3M/Vienna patients, 44% correct for Nucleus/Hannover patients, 21% correct for Duren/Cologne patients, 58% correct for Nucleus/U.S.A. patients, and 83% correct for Symbion patients. A multidimensional scaling analysis suggested that patients were, in part, utilizing information about the envelope and about the periodic/aperiodic nature of some of the sounds.
Gap detection thresholds with a one-octave wide noise centered at 500 Hz varied widely among patients. Typically, patients with gap thresholds less than 40 ms showed a wide range of performance on speech perception tasks, whereas patients with gap-detection thresholds greater than 40 ms showed poor word recognition skills.
Approaches to the Prediction of Language Abilities in a Sample of Children Who Have Developmental Delays
Authors: Sommers Ronald K. 
Published: July 2014

Prediction of the quality of language was explored using planned comparisons of three approaches, one cognitive, one neurodevelopmental, and one a combination of the two. Subjects were 37 children, ages 5–9 years, whose significant developmental delays included language and speech skills. The cognitive predictors were mental age (MA) and IQ from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Neurodevelopmental predictors consisted of fine motor skill quotients (MQs) and dichotic speech processing scores. Chronological age (CA) was also evaluated as a predictor. A composite language ability score constituted the dependent variable.
Results of regression analyses showed that CA and MQ, and MA and MQ, were nearly equal in their predictive strengths and were substantial predictors of composite language scores. Larger multiple correlations (low .8 range) were found when combinations of MA, IQ, and MQ or CA, IQ, and MQ were used as predictors. Statistical control over the 4-year age range revealed that approximately equal amounts of prediction of language scores were attributable to CA and a combination of MA, IQ, and MQ. Each of the latter variables contributed important amounts of unique variance to the language score prediction. Dichotic ear scores did not relate to cognitive or language scores and were ineffectual as predictors in regression analysis. Results indicated that children of the type studied have language and speech delays that show substantial relationships to their verbal cognitive abilities and MQs, in addition to their CAs.
Scaling and Transcription Measures of Intelligibility for Populations With Disordered Speech
Authors: Tye-Murray Nancy , Barkmeier Julie , Folkins John W. 
Published: July 2014

Although Samar and Metz (1988) have addressed significant issues regarding the assessment of the intelligibility of hearing-impaired talkers, we cannot agree with their interpretation of their findings.
Because the transcription and rating-scale measures were performed on different types of speech samples, the two sets of scores cannot be compared. Moreover, transcription and scaling measures may provide fundamentally different estimates of speech performance. Investigators should select which measure to use after considering the appropriate construct validity and the purpose of the measurement.
Novel Word Learning in Children With Hearing Impairment
Authors: Gilbertson Margie , Kamhi Alan G. 
Published: July 2014

This study examined novel word-learning abilities in young school-age children with mild-to-moderate hearing losses. We questioned whether degree of hearing loss or measures of language and phonological processing abilities were more likely to be related to novel word-learning ability. Subjects were 20 children with hearing impairment (M = 9:0) and 20 children with normal hearing (M = 6:5) matched for receptive vocabulary knowledge. Children were administered measures of language and phonological processing. The novel word-learning task consisted of an acquisition and retention phase in which children received a series of trials to learn to produce four novel words.
Half of the children with hearing impairment performed comparably to the children with normal hearing on all of the measures obtained, whereas the other 10 children with hearing impairment performed more poorly than the higher functioning children with hearing impairment and all of the children with normal hearing on most of the measures of language, phonological processing, and novel word learning. Degree of hearing loss was not related to language or word-learning abilities. These findings suggest that the population of children with mild-to-moderate hearing loss may contain two distinct groups: a group of normally developing children who have a hearing loss and a group of children with language impairment who have a hearing loss. The implications of this categorization will be discussed.