bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivational typologies of drinkers: do enhancement and coping drinkers form two distinct groups?
Authors: Littlefield Andrew K. , Vergés Alvaro , Rosinski Jenny M. , Steinley Douglas , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimsThis study used a person‐centered approach to test whether drinking motive typologies could be identified.DesignLongitudinal study of college students within the Intensive Multivariate Prospective Alcohol College‐Transitions (IMPACTS) data set.SettingUniversity campus in the United States.ParticipantsUniversity students (baseline n reporting alcohol motives = 2158; baseline age = 18.60 years old).MeasurementsThe Drinking Motives Questionnaire‐Revised (DMQ‐R).FindingsUsing Steinley & Brusco's cluster analysis approach [based on the theoretical ratio expected between the within sum of squares and the total sum of squares when the data are divided into two clusters when no cluster structure is present; the cut‐off for the ratio is 0.25 for uniform (multivariate uniform) distributions and 0.36 for normal (multivariate normal) distributions], we examined whether there was evidence for distinct clusters of individuals that differed on their overall level of motives to drink. We tested the fit of a one‐group (cluster) solution compared to multi‐cluster solutions. Both cross‐sectionally and prospectively, the data could not be partitioned into two or more clusters [regardless of whether the cut‐off assuming a multivariate uniform distribution (i.e. 0.25) or the more liberal multivariate normal distribution (i.e. 0.36) was used]. These findings showed that enhancement and coping drinkers do not form two distinct groups but, rather, these motives exist on a continuum such that individuals who are high in one internal motive tend to be high in the other motive.ConclusionsCoping and enhancement drinkers do not form two distinct groups. Variable‐centered approaches to drinking motives may be a better alternative to classifying all drinkers as either enhancement or coping drinkers for both clinical and research endeavors.
Indirect effects of parasites in invasions
Authors: Dunn Alison M. , Torchin Mark E. , Hatcher Melanie J. , Kotanen Peter M. , Blumenthal Dana M. , Byers James E. , Coon Courtney A.C. , Frankel Victor M. , Holt Robert D. , Hufbauer Ruth A. , Kanarek Andrew R. , Schierenbeck Kristina A. , Wolfe Lorne M. , Perkins Sarah E. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryIntroduced species disrupt native communities and biodiversity worldwide. Parasitic infections (and at times, their absence) are thought to be a key component in the success and impact of biological invasions by plants and animals. They can facilitate or limit invasions, and positively or negatively impact native species.Parasites have not only direct effects on their hosts, but also indirect effects on the species with which their hosts interact. Indirect effects include density‐mediated effects (resulting from parasite‐induced reduction in host reproduction and survival) as well as trait‐mediated indirect effects (resulting from parasite‐induced changes in host phenotype, behaviour or life history). These effects are not mutually exclusive but often interact.The importance of these indirect interactions for invasion success, and the extent to which these effects ramify throughout communities and influence ecosystems undergoing biological invasion provide the focus of our review. Examples from the animal and plant literature illustrate the importance of parasites in mediating both competitive and consumer–resource interactions between native and invasive species.Parasites are involved in indirect interactions at all trophic levels. Furthermore, the indirect effects of parasitic infection are important at a range of biological scales from within a host to the whole ecosystem in determining invasion success and impact.To understand the importance of parasitic infection in invasion success and in the outcomes for invaded communities requires an interdisciplinary approach by ecologists and parasitologists, across animal and plant systems. Future research should develop a framework integrating community ecology, evolution and immunology to better understand and manage the spread of invasive species and their diseases.
Capacity for thermal acclimation differs between populations and phylogenetic lineages within a species
Authors: Seebacher Frank , Holmes Sebastian , Roosen Nicholas J. , Nouvian Morgane , Wilson Robbie S. , Ward Ashley J. W. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Within‐individual plasticity (acclimation) counteracts potentially negative physiological effects resulting from environmental changes and thereby maintains fitness across a broad range of environments. The capacity for the acclimation of individuals may therefore determine the persistence of populations in variable environments.
We determined phylogenetic relationships by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of six populations of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) from coastal and mountain environments and compared their capacity for thermal acclimation to test the hypotheses that acclimation capacity is greater in more seasonal environments with less diurnal variability, that acclimation is genetically constrained and that demographic processes determine acclimation capacity.
We show that populations are divided into distinct genetic lineages and that populations within lineages have distinct genetic identities. There were significant differences in the capacity for acclimation between traits (swimming performance, citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase activities), between lineages and between populations within lineages.
We rejected the hypothesis that climatic conditions (coastal vs. mountain) determined the capacity for acclimation, but accepted the hypotheses that demographic processes and genetic constraint influenced thermal acclimation.
The importance of our data lies in proof of concept that there can be substantial variation in thermal plasticity between populations within species. Similar responses are likely to be found in other species that comprise structured populations. Many predictions of the impact of climate change on biodiversity assume a species‐specific response to changing environments. Based on our results, we argue that this resolution can be too coarse and that analysis of the impacts of climate change and other environmental variability should be resolved to a population level.
Functional properties of limited hydrolysed cross‐linked casein–gelatin composites
Authors: Sheng Wen‐Wen , Zhao Xin‐Huai 
Published: September 2012

SummaryA casein–gelatin composite was prepared by cross‐linking of caseinate and bovine gelatin with a microbial transglutaminase, and the impact of limited proteolysis by trypsin on some functional properties of the composite was investigated in the present work. Two hydrolysed composites were prepared with degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 1 and 2% and analysed by SDS‐PAGE to reflect polypeptide profiles. Some functional properties of the two hydrolysed composites were evaluated, among which solubility, digestibility in vitro, surface hydrophobicity and emulsifying properties showed dependence on the DH. Limited proteolysis of the composite improved its solubility in pH 3–10, especially when the DH was 2%. Compared to the composite, the hydrolysed composites showed an increased emulsifying activity index (about 357–408%), emulsion stability index (about 23–28%) and digestibility in vitro (about 65–80% for pepsin, whereas 2–3% for pepsin–trypsin hydrolysis), together with a decreased surface hydrophobicity (about 55–62%) and oil absorption capacity (about 20–23%). The applied proteolysis also led to the aqueous dispersions of the two hydrolysed composites much lower apparent viscosity, storage and loss modulus.
Empirical and diffusion models to describe water transport into chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: da Silva Wilton P. , e Silva Cleide M. D. P. S. , de Sousa Jossyl A. R. , Farias Vera S. O. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryTo describe water transport in a porous media, a mathematical model is usually used. Among the models available in the literature, empirical and diffusive ones can be cited. In this paper, Page and diffusion models are used to describe drying and soaking of chickpea. In addition, new empirical equation is proposed to describe the mentioned processes. According to the results, the two empirical models well describe drying and soaking, but the proposed one gives the best statistical indicators. The use of the diffusion model to describe the drying process makes it possible to determine the effective diffusivities (7.13 × 10−11, 10.39 × 10−11 and 13.78 × 10−11 m2 s−1 for the drying air at 40, 50 and 60 °C, respectively) and also the activation energy associated with the process (27.9 kJ mol−1).
Physicochemical properties of extruded germinated wheat and barley as modified by CO2 injection and difference extrusion conditions
Authors: Singkhornart Sasathorn , Gu Bon‐Jae , Ryu Gi Hyung 
Published: September 2012

SummaryGerminated wheat and barley were extruded with a pilot‐scale corotating twin‐screw extruder under different barrel temperatures (100 and 120 °C), feed moisture content (30 and 35%) and CO2 injection. The effect of germination, barrel temperature, feed moisture content and CO2 injection on physical properties, proximate composition, γ‐aminobutyric acid, β‐glucan, phytic acid and protease activity was investigated. Results indicated that the barrel temperature, moisture content and CO2 injection significantly affected water absorption index (WAI), water‐soluble solid index (WSI), specific length, expansion ratio, bulk density, mechanical properties and colour of all extruded products (P < 0.05). Extrusion process significantly decreased γ‐aminobutyric acid and protease activity in extruded germinated wheat (EGW) and barley (EGB) products (with and without CO2 injection). However, extrusion process (with and without CO2 injection) increased β‐glucan in EGB and decreased phytic acid in EGW. The content of proximate composition, γ‐aminobutyric acid, β‐glucan, phytic acid and protease activity was slightly affected by CO2 injection.
Anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity in bran extracts of some Thai black rice varieties
Authors: Pitija Kitsada , Nakornriab Muntana , Sriseadka Tinakorn , Vanavichit Apichart , Wongpornchai Sugunya 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThis study investigated both the anthocyanin content and the antioxidant capacity of a set of genetically related glutinous and nonglutinous Thai black rice varieties. The ethanol/water extracts of the brans of these black rice varieties showed relatively potent antioxidant activities compared with those of tocopherol. These antioxidant activities were determined by thiocyanate, H2O2‐scavenging chemiluminescence (XYZ), Cu++/bathocuproine colorimetry (PAO) and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging assay. The structural identification and quantification of the black rice anthocyanins performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and tandem mass spectrometry found cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside as the major anthocyanins in the ranges of 16.01–34.40 and 2.43–7.36 μg mL−1, respectively. The comparative study in terms of quantity of these phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of the black rice bran extracts suggested the contribution of overall phenolic components rather than that of the particular anthocyanin pigments.
Chloroplast DNA diversity associated with protected slopes and valleys for hybridizing Eucalyptus species on isolated ranges in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Pollock Laura J. , Bayly Michael J. , Nevill Paul G. , Vesk Peter A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim  To relate genetic diversity to topographic features and to investigate genetic interactions between Eucalyptus species in a local centre of endemism and diversity in south‐eastern Australia.Location  Grampian Ranges, Victoria, Australia.Methods  We documented chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation for a group of endemic Eucalyptus species (E. serraensis, E. verrucata and E. victoriana) that dominate rocky, high‐elevation ridgelines of the Grampian Ranges and for one closely‐related, widespread species (E. baxteri) occupying flanking slopes and valleys. We documented genetic patterns across the landscape using cpDNA microsatellites, and related them to topographic features (exposed west‐facing versus protected east‐facing slopes and valleys). We also determined the extent of local haplotype sharing between populations of endemic species and neighbouring E. baxteri downslope with cpDNA microsatellites, and haplotype sharing between the endemic group and more distantly related species (E. obliqua, E. pauciflora and E. willisii) with sequences of the JLA+ chloroplast region.Results  We detected 26 cpDNA microsatellite haplotypes in a relatively small area of c. 20 km × 50 km. Populations of E. baxteri on east‐facing slopes and valleys had greater cpDNA microsatellite diversity than E. baxteri and endemic species on exposed west‐facing slopes. Endemic species frequently shared chloroplast haplotypes with E. baxteri downslope. Sharing of JLA+ haplotypes with species outside the endemic group was mostly restricted to E. victoriana, which had cpDNA more similar to the species from other sections of Eucalyptus (E. obliqua, E. willisii and E. pauciflora).Main conclusions  Intensive sampling of related species on small isolated mountain ranges allowed us to relate genetic diversity to fine‐scale habitats and to document extensive local haplotype sharing between species. This study contributes to a general understanding of the environmental conditions that enable plant population persistence by linking concentrations of genetic diversity to particular habitats.
Clines in Africa: does size vary in the same way among widespread sub‐Saharan monkeys?
Authors: Cardini Andrea , Dunn Jason , O'Higgins Paul , Elton Sarah 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimWe characterize and compare patterns of clinal size variation among diverse widespread sub‐Saharan monkeys with the aim of identifying commonalities and differences in biogeographical variation. Thus, we accurately quantify nonlinear clines in representatives of the main lineages of widespread sub‐Saharan terrestrial and arboreal monkeys, and provide a crude numerical estimate of the strength of similarities across taxonomic groups.LocationSub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsVariations of skull centroid size, as a proxy for body mass, were modelled over sub‐Saharan Africa within two terrestrial monkey species (Papio hamadryas and Chlorocebus aethiops) and two arboreal monkey taxa (Procolobus (Piliocolobus) sp., and the superspecies Cercopithecus nictitans–Cercopithecus mitis) using inverse distance weighting, thin‐plate splines and kriging. The model with the highest cross‐validated accuracy was used to produce contour plots that visualized clines and predicted size at equally spaced localities across overlapping areas of distribution ranges. Correlations among these predictions were used as a similarity measure among clines.ResultsIrrespective of phylogenetic distances and ecological differences, all groups showed similarities in clinal size over central Africa: large animals mostly live in and around the tropical forest of the Congo basin; size declines rapidly towards the Horn of Africa and the coasts of Kenya and Tanzania. Size also tends to decrease in western Africa but clinal patterns in this region vary, with vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops) exceptionally showing a size increase.Main conclusionsSimilarities in patterns of size across diverse monkey groups were found. Nonetheless, complexity in clines and a degree of heterogeneity across groups were evident, which is unlikely to be compatible with the exclusive effect on size of a single main environmental factor. Primary productivity may be most significant in relation to the consistent observation of large sizes in and adjacent to the central African tropical forest belt. Complex clines, such as those of African monkeys, are difficult to compare visually and data collection from evenly sampled sets of localities, where all species of interest may be found, is often impractical or simply not feasible for primates and other protected animals. The development of improved quantitative methods for the description and comparison of clines in mammals and other organisms is required.
Critical thinking in clinical medicine: what is it?
Authors: Gupta Mona , Upshur Ross 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the recent emphasis, in various medical contexts, of the term ‘critical’ or the notion of ‘being critical’. We identify various definitions of being critical and note that they differ strikingly. What are these different uses of the term trying to capture that is important in clinical medicine and medical education? We have analysed these qualities as responsibilist, epistemic virtues. We believe that a virtues approach is best able to make sense of the non‐cognitive elements of ‘being critical’, such as the honesty and courage to question claims in the face of persuasion, authority or social pressure.Medical educators and professional bodies seem to agree that being critical is important and desirable. Yet, it is unclear how this quality can be optimally fostered and balanced with the constraints that act upon individual practitioners in the context of institutional medicine including professional standards and the demands of the doctor–patient relationship. Other constraints such as authoritarianism, intimidation and financial pressures may act against the expression of being critical or even the cultivation of critical thinking. The issue of the constraints on critical thinking and the potential hazards it entails will require further consideration by those who encourage being critical in medicine.
What is knowledge and when should it be implemented?
Authors: O'Grady Laura 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA primary purpose of research is to generate new knowledge. Scientific advances have progressively identified optimal ways to achieve this purpose. Included in this evolution are the notions of evidence‐based medicine, decision aids, shared decision making, measurement and evaluation as well as implementation. The importance of including qualitative and quantitative methods in our research is now understood. We have debated the meaning of evidence and how to implement it. However, we have yet to consider how to include in our study findings other types of information such as tacit and experiential knowledge. This key consideration needs to take place before we translate new findings or ‘knowledge’ into clinical practice. This article critiques assumptions regarding the nature of knowledge and suggests a framework for implementing research findings into practice.
Compellingness: assessing the practical relevance of clinical research results
Authors: Tonelli Mark R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWhile the critical appraisal of clinical research has generally focused on aspects of study design and statistical analysis, other features of clinical studies appear to be more important to clinicians for assessing the value of a particular study in the care of particular patients. These features relate to the quality of the knowledge derived from the research, the value of the results to the care of individual patients, and the responsibility of clinicians to be stewards of limited resources. Twelve features of clinical research studies that affect how compelling individual clinicians find the results are proposed and examined here. By better understanding what makes clinical research compelling enough to alter or reinforce clinical practice, clinical researchers can design future studies to better serve the needs of clinicians and patients.
Many‐models medicine: diversity as the best medicine
Authors: Nunn Robin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMany medicines have been proposed to cure various ills of biomedicine including evidence‐based medicine, evolutionary medicine, narrative medicine, and complexity medicine, among others. To the extent that all models are idealizations or abstractions, all of these model medicines are imperfect in some respects. In the absence of a single unified model, if indeed unification is possible or even desirable, and despite the relative advantages of one model or another, in practice many models and methods are necessary in medicine. In this article, I consider the value of such diversity in models and methods. I briefly describe several models. Then I discuss simulations of agents who use diverse models. Advocates of models such as those discussed here typically claim that we should use their preferred model because it is the best. Evidence‐based medicine, for instance, has been promoted as the single best model of medicine while other models have been cast as lesser models or in opposition to it and each other. But isolated models and methods may never be as good as groups of models and methods. Debates about various individual models may result in better outcomes, but explicitly choosing to use many models is likely to produce even better outcomes.
How does a psychiatrist infer from an observed condition to a case of mental disorder?
Authors: Lemoine Maël 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe main thesis of this paper is that mental health practitioners can legitimately infer that a patient's given condition is a case of mental disorder without having diagnosed any specific mental disorder. The article shows how this is justifiable by relying either on psychopathological reasoning, on ‘intentional’ analysis or possibly on other modes of reasoning. In the end, it highlights the clinical and philosophical consequences of the plurality of modes of ‘inferences to mental disorder’.
Values‐based medicine and modest foundationalism
Authors: Little Miles , Lipworth Wendy , Gordon Jill , Markham Pippa , Kerridge Ian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPhilosophically, values refer to the basic commitments that justify judgements, beliefs and practices, both at the community and personal levels. The study of these kinds of values is axiology. We suggest that all people subscribe to three foundational values – survival, security and flourishing – and that these foundational values are expressed by way of concepts, systems, principles and practices that may differ substantially from culture to culture. Values can stand on their own as foundational justifications for health care and medicine. Many ethical quandaries can be better understood, even though they may remain unsolved, by reference to the foundational values that people can agree upon. This version of values‐based health care has strong claims to prior logical status as a justification for the whole enterprise of health care, and values‐based medicine is a part of this larger domain.