bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Identifying Plant Food Cells in Gastric Contents for Use in Forensic Investigations—A Laboratory Manual
Authors: Fran Ernst M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This laboratory manual was developed to assist death investigators in determining what food, if any, was eaten prior to death by analysis of the gastric contents. It is intended for use by investigators not previously trained in histologic techniques. It is a step-by-step guide for the actual preparation of microscopic slides and identification of gastric materials.
Solid-Phase Extraction, Identification, and Quantitation of 11-Nor-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Nakamura GR , Meeks RD , Stall WJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A procedure has been developed to extract and recover minute amounts of delta-9-carboxytetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) from urine. A new non-isotopic internal standard is introduced to permit a chromatographic assay of the metabolite. The method affords a 91% recovery of 20 ng/mL of the THC-COOH acid from spiked urine with the assurance of a 3.8% coefficient of variation.
Enhanced Conditions for DNA Fingerprinting with Biotinylated M13 Bacteriophage
Authors: Moreno RF , Booth F , Thomas SM , Tilzer LL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprints are Southern blots which have a pattern resembling bar codes. The pattern is created by DNA probes that bind to variable-length repeated sequences of human genomic DNA digested with restriction endonucleases. To improve DNA fingerprints obtained with biotin-labeled M13mp8 replicative form (RF) bacteriophage as the gene probe, the conditions for hybridization and the subsequent washing steps of the filter were refined. Experiments were conducted varying the electrophoresis time, blotting membranes, hybridization solution, and posthybridization washes. The simplicity, sensitivity, and reliability of this nonisotopic technique make possible its application for identification of individuals within a species, for parentage testing, and for monitoring bone marrow transplantation.
Tooth Mineralization Standards for Blacks and Whites from the Middle Southern United States
Authors: Harris EF , McKee JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Normative standards are provided for permanent tooth mineralization stages for blacks and whites of the middle southern United States. The data cover tooth development from 3.5 to 13 years of age. Females develop more rapidly than males, and blacks are nearly twice as sexually dimorphic (7.2%) as whites (3.7%). Within each sex, blacks achieve mineralization stages significantly earlier, by about 5%, than whites. This complements earlier findings that teeth erupt at appreciably earlier mean ages in blacks.
One-Pot Processing of Swabs for Organic Explosives and Firearms Residue Traces
Authors: Lloyd JBF , King RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
By the procedure described, swabs may be extracted and the cleanup of the extracts continued, by solid phase extraction, in the containers issued for the return of the used swabs to the laboratory. Thus, problems associated with techniques that involve transfer between containers of the swabs or their extracts are avoided. The procedure is designed for work with explosives and firearm traces and residues but is in principle applicable to any trace material that can be taken into solution.
Coming to Terms with Facial Reproduction
Authors: Rhine JS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The process of building human faces by applying clay to skulls to generate leads for identification of unknown human remains is plagued by the use of a number of terms which are already used for other purposes. Reconstitution, reconstruction, restoration, death mask, moulage, and sculpture have all been used, but each is used in another context in forensic science. “Facial reproduction” is suggested as a term which is not already in use in forensic science, which is precise, and which would thus be preferred over any of the other terms.
A Review of Pulmonary Pathology
Authors: Sperry KL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The scope of contemporary forensic medicine has evolved to the point where the medicolegally oriented pathologist is frequently called upon to examine and autopsy deaths that, until recently, would either have been autopsied by a hospital-based pathologist or, more probably, not have been autopsied at all. Issues such as medical negligence, injury causation, liability, workplace safety, and iatrogenic complications of therapy now necessitate the inclusion of the forensic pathologist, who, among physicians, usually has the greatest experience in melding the often divergent medical and jurispru- dential viewpoints. To facilitate this best, the pathologist needs the proper training and tools, like any craftsman. A recently published resource, Pulmonary Pathology, edited by Dial and Hammar, is clearly an exemplary addition to the pathologist's tool chest.
Determination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody Status in Forensic Autopsy Cases in Vancouver Using a Recombinant Immunoblot Assay
Authors: Little D , Ferris JAJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sera from 207 forensic autopsy cases were tested for the presence of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) technique developed by Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, California—the Chiron RIBA™-HIV216 test system. Out of these cases, 172 autopsies were of individuals with no known risk factors for HIV infection, and of these, 169 had no detectable antibodies to HIV. In 2 cases, the serum reacted with p24 alone on the RIBA™-HIV216 assay, but these results were not confirmed by further testing and are considered to be false positive reactions. In I case, the serum reacted only with gp41 on the RIBA™-HIV216 test but was nonreactive with further testing. This result has been designated equivocal. Of the 35 cases at high risk of HIV infection, 4 had antibodies to HIV detected in postmortem serum samples. The sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98.5%) of the RIBA™-HIV216 test system are high. However, the test appears to be more suitable for routine diagnosis of HIV infection than for rapid screening in the mortuary.
Cardiac Pathology in 470 Consecutive Forensic Autopsies
Authors: Catellier MJ , Waller BF , Clark MA , Pless JE , Hawley DA , Nyhuis AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the single most common generic cause of sudden and unexpected deaths. Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction are the most prevalent forms of fatal cardiac disease observed at autopsy. Other cardiac lesions are frequently listed as causes of death, but the prevalence of such lesions as incidental findings in the general population is unknown. In this study, 470 consecutive forensic autopsies were evaluated for minor and major anomalies. The most frequently observed major congenital finding was floppy mitral valve (5%). Tunneled coronary arteries, considered minor congenital findings, were seen in 29%. Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease was the most common major acquired finding, observed in 16% of cases. Of the 470 hearts, only 8% were considered normal.
Causes of Death in Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers
Authors: Klatt EC , Mills NZ , Noguchi TT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors reviewed at autopsy the causes of death of 274 patients with evidence of intravenous drug abuse who had been admitted to a large public hospital. There were 127 who died from diseases unrelated to intravenous drug abuse, and in 41% of these, chronic alcoholism was implicated. Deaths from overdose syndromes and drug-related organ pathology comprised only 11% of all cases. The mean age at death was 39 years. There was a male/female ratio of 3.6:1. Half of all patients died from infection—72 from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) alone. These findings indicate that persons hospitalized with a history of intravenous drug abuse usually die from causes other than overdose and that AIDS and chronic alcoholism are significant problems. Emphasis should be placed upon detecting “hidden” intravenous drug deaths to provide more accurate statistical information.
Paternity Testing: Blood Group Systems and DNA Analysis by Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Markers
Authors: Akane A , Matsubara K , Shiono H , Yuasa I , Yokota S-I , Yamada M , Nakagome Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two recent paternity cases are reported. In the first case of paternity exclusion, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) on variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci with multiple alleles were informative, as well as established systems of red blood antigens, red cell enzymes, serum proteins, and human leukocyte antigens. In the second case, in which both the alleged father and the first wife were deceased, the paternal genotype was determined by using genetic markers from the second wife and four children, which then were compared with the paternal alleles of the child in question, the plaintiff in this case. The high probability of paternity (0.999 998 7) made us conclude that the man probably was the actual father. The DNA analysis by VNTR probes appears to be quite valuable in the study of paternity cases.
A Review of Cults and Personality
Authors: Felthous AR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cults, especially satanic cults, have sparked much interest in recent years. Cult leaders inspire morbid fascination. Concern is expressed for the followers, who may have been proselytized with subterfuge and induced to join with subtle coercion. When an innocent person with no interest in cults is victimized in a violent cultic ritual, the community reacts with horror and indignation. On the other hand, society values religious independence from the state and the individual's right to make personal choices. So many questions beg for answers, particularly regarding the interplay between cults and individual personalities. Regrettably, hard data are lacking because cultists, especially members of secret cults, elude investigative research and because serious researchers in sociology and psychology eschew mysticism and concentrate their efforts on more easily observed behaviors, both normal and abnormal.
The Identification of Unreacted Precursors, Impurities, and By-Products in Clandestinely Produced Phencyclidine Preparations
Authors: Angelos SA , Raney JK , Skowronski GT , Wagenhofer RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The typical phencyclidine sample found in clandestine laboratories can be contaminated by the presence of unreacted precursors and large amounts of impurities and by-products. Although this may involve an extensive “cleanup” procedure before phencyclidine identification, the additional analysis of the sample for the impurities will often confirm the synthetic process employed. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure has been developed in which the 13 major components, including phencyclidine and piperidinocyclohexane carbonitrile, found in these typical clandestine mixtures, may be screened for and identified. The data obtained from this analysis are consistently used as an aid to the successful prosecution of “intent to manufacture” cases.
Differences Between Multisite Postmortem Ethanol Concentrations as Related to Agonal Events
Authors: Marraccini JV , Carroll T , Grant S , Halleran S , Benz JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a study of postmortem ethanol concentrations, blood was withdrawn from the right atrium, ascending aorta, and inferior vena cava. These samples, vitreous humor, and gastric fluid were analyzed in 307 autopsies, where a minimum blood ethanol concentration of 0.05% weight/volume (w/v) was present.
Premortem, agonal, and postmortem events were reviewed in an attempt to account for differences in blood ethanol concentrations between sites. The agonal aspiration of vomitus having at least 0.80% w/v ethanol appears to be associated with an increase in aortic ethanol concentrations. We conclude that valid interpretation of postmortem ethanol concentrations must take into consideration the possible entry of ethanol into the pulmonary venous circulation via the respiratory system.
Fetal Death Due to Nonlethal Maternal Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Farrow JR , Davis GJ , Roy TM , McCloud LC , Nichols GR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fetal death due to acute carbon monoxide poisoning is rarely reported in the medical literature. Of the eight cases found in literature review, only one documented the fetal carboxyhemoglobin concentration. This paper reports a fetal death due to accidental nonlethal maternal carbon monoxide intoxication in which both maternal and fetal carboxhyhemoglobin concentrations were obtained. The corrected carboxyhemoglobin concentration was 61% at the time of death in utero, while the maternal carboxyhemoglobin was measured at 7% after one hour of supplemental oxygen. The authors review the mechanisms of fetal death and emphasize the different carbon monoxide kinetics in the fetal circulation.
A Review of Cocaine—An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Jones AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
These two volumes are valuable for anyone seeking complete reference materials on coca and cocaine. The introduction includes the history, structural aspects, metabolites, and stereochemical compounds of coca and cocaine. Just over 4000 annotated citations are included, from 1950 through 1986. These citations are from chemical, biologic, pharmacologic, botanic, psychologic, sociologic, medical, legal, and treatment literature.
Blunt Trauma of the Abdomen in Children
Authors: Fossum RM , Descheneaux KA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Abdominal trauma in children is usually due to motor vehicle accidents or falls, but child abuse is also a common cause. Injuries to the small intestine are particularly worrisome because symptoms may not appear for hours, days, or even weeks. This can cause significant difficulty for the investigator trying to determine when an injury occurred, or who may have caused it.
Coca Paste: Chemical Analysis and Smoking Experiments
Authors: ElSohly MA , Brenneisen R , Jones AB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Several samples of Colombian and a sample of Peruvian coca paste were subjected to chemical analysis to ascertain the complexity of these products. A neutral and acid fraction and a basic fraction were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The basic fraction was also analyzed as its trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative. Several gasoline residue components were identified in the neutral fraction. In addition to cocaine (&gt;60% in all cases), other alkaloids were identified. Lead and manganese analyses were carried out on these samples. While all the samples contained no lead (&lt;45 ppm), most of the Colombian samples contained significant amounts of manganese (&gt;5%). Preliminary smoking experiments with a Colombian coca paste sample indicated that it behaves more like free cocaine than like a cocaine sulfate salt.
Statistical Discrimination of Flat Glass Fragments by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Methods for Forensic Science Applications
Authors: Pitts SJ , Kratochvil B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and cyclic INAA (CINAA) techniques were used for the discrimination of flat glass fragments. Employing short irradiation, delay, and count times, sample test portions of 100 µg and 1 mg (INAA) or 1 and 5 mg (CINAA) were considered. A statistical model was used to assign the elemental variation among glasses to different experimental factors; by advanced statistical methods elemental differences between specific glasses can be identified. Analysis and comparison of float glass panes produced by two major Canadian manufacturers were also performed; the two were readily differentiated, primarily on the basis of their aluminum levels.
Nondestructive Differentiation of Full-Color Photocopies
Authors: Shiver FC , Nelson LK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There has been a recent increase in the use and availability of full-color copiers. With this increase comes a greater potential for criminal use. Research by the authors has shown that many products of full-color copiers can be differentiated by the use of microscopy, infrared luminescence, infrared reflectance, and laser luminescence.
Threatening and Otherwise Inappropriate Letters to Hollywood Celebrities
Authors: Dietz PE , Matthews DB , Van Duyne C , Martell DA , Parry CDH , Stewart T , Warren J , Crowder JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this paper, the authors examine the characteristics of threatening and otherwise inappropriate letters sent to Hollywood celebrities. Such communications, known colloquially as “nut mail,” “hate mail,” obscene letters, and threat letters, are received by the famous in enormous volume. We studied approximately 1800 such letters to entertainment celebrities from 214 subjects, who averaged 8 letters apiece. We quote excerpts from these letters, describe objects enclosed with them, and provide quantitative data on such variables as the form, appearance, volume, and duration of such letters; the subject's perceived relationship to the celebrity; the thematic content of the letters; and the messages and threats they communicate. Comparisons between 107 subjects who pursued encounters with the celebrities and 107 who did not revealed 15 factors associated with such pursuit. Contrary to expectation, the presence or absence of threats was not associated with pursuit behavior.
Polymorphism of the Plasminogen (PLG) System in Cádiz Province, Southern Spain
Authors: Gamero JJ , Romero J-L , Angel Vizcaya M , Isabel Arufe M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this work, the authors report a plasminogen (PLG) system genetic-population study in a sample of 378 healthy subjects, of both sexes and unrelated, all resident in the province of Cádiz in Southern Spain. In this study, the PLG types were determined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (PAGIF), followed by staining with Coomassie blue.
The genic frequencies obtained were the following: PLG A = 0.833 333 3; PLG B = 0.166 666 7.
Methenamine—An Unusual Component in an Improvised Incendiary Device
Authors: Blackledge RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An improvised incendiary device intended to be concealed in a cigarette pack was recovered before its assembly was completed. The chemical components identified were concentrated sulfuric acid, sucrose, potassium chlorate, and methenamine. Methenamine will support combustion and was probably included as a fuel to keep the fire burning longer.
Comparison of Minute Smears of Lipstick by Microspectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
Authors: Choudhry MY 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Minute lipstick smears are sometimes found as evidence on clothing, eigarette butts, bedding, and miscellaneous crime scene surfaces. Traditional techniques, such as visible-absorption spectroscopy, and paper and thin-layer chromatography, are not always suitable for comparison of the trace amounts of lipstick which usually occur in actual casework. Microspectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in combination with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were evaluated for comparison of minute lipstick samples. Microspectrophotometry proved very promising in differentiating lipstick samples of nearly the same color but with minor shade differences. Backscattered electron imaging followed by X-ray microanalysis was used as an additional method for discrimination purposes. Both of these techniques can rapidly analyze microscopic samples of lipstick.
Peak Blood-Ethanol Concentration and the Time of Its Occurrence After Rapid Drinking on an Empty Stomach
Authors: Jones AW , Jönsson K-Å , Neri A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Healthy men, 20 to 60 years old, drank a moderate dose of ethanol in the morning after an overnight fast. They consumed either neat whisky in amounts corresponding to 0.34, 0.51, 0.68, 0.85, or 1.02 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight or 0.80 g/kg ethanol solvent diluted with orange juice. The peak blood-ethanol concentration (BEC) increased with the dose administered, but the time required to reach the peak was not markedly influenced over the range of doses studied. At a dose of 0.68 g/kg, the peak BEC ranged from 52 to 136 mg/dL (N = 83), and slow absorption (a late-occurring peak) produced a lower peak BEC. The peak BEC was reached between 0 and 45 min for 77% of the subjects (N = 152) and between 0 and 75 min for 97% of them. The time of peaking in venous blood occurred, on average, 10 min later than in capillary (fingertip) blood although the peak BEC was not appreciably different; the mean venous BEC was 97.0 mg/dL (range, 76 to 112 mg/dL), and the mean capillary BEC was 99.6 mg/dL (range, 75 to 123 mg/dL). When subjects drank 0.80 g/kg ethanol diluted with orange juice over 30 min, the average BEC increment between the end of drinking and the peak was 33 mg/dL (range, 0 to 58 mg/dL). The rate of absorption of ethanol was 1.78 mg/dL/min (range, 0.52 to 4.8 mg/dL/min), and the peak BEC occurred within 60 min after the end of drinking in 92% of the trials. The largest BEC increment (mean, 21 mg/dL; range, 0 to 44 mg/dL) was seen during the first 15 min after the drinking period.
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Drug Smuggler's Abdomen
Authors: Karhunen PJ , Suoranta H , Penttilä A , Pitkäranta P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Narcoties “body packing” can be detected in abdominal X-rays by the ring shadow caused by air trapped in the packs. In a series of 82 cases admitted for abdominal X-ray in Helsinki. Finland, in 1982 through 1988, we encountered 9 (11.0%) true positives, 3 (3.6%) false positives, and 1 (1.2%) false negative. The false positives were due to the constipation often associated with the narcotics abuse. The false negative X-ray diagnosis was attributable to an inexperienced radiologist. False negatives may also be associated with packets containing marijuana, packs with few wrappings, aluminum-foil coated packs, and machine-packed narcotics. Searching for trapped air in radiographs, repeated X-raying by an experienced radiologist, use of computed tomography, or combined urinary drug screening may be applied to diminish false findings and to avoid unnecessary arrest for the purpose of fecal screening over several days.
Body Retrieval and Morgue Operation at the Crash of United Flight 232
Authors: Randall B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
On 19 July 1989, United Airlines Flight 232, a wide-bodied DC-10, crash-landed in Sioux City, Iowa, ultimately resulting in 112 deaths. By using the first several hours after the crash to preplan carefully and to walk through the entire body recovery and morgue procedure mentally, the disaster management team was able to process the fatalitics from Flight 232 expeditiously. The team also prepared a rigid system of data management for the morgue, which allowed the staff to collate and process large volumes of information without significant error or mismatched records.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Forensic Science Casework in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Zhang X-W , Lan L , Huo Z-Y , Duan B-Z , Kobilinsky L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the purpose of individualization is now being used in casework in the People's Republic of China. This report deseribes the use of the multilocus minisatellite probe 33.15 to solve three cases, including two homicides and a rape. In the third case, fetal tissue was analyzed to prove that the alleged rapist was, in fact, the father. In each case, analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) resulted in a positive match. The probability of chance association of the DNA fingerprint was calculated as 5.6 × 10−12, which is similar to the figures reported in the literature.