bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ZnO/ZnS Heterostructured Nanorod Arrays and Their Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Bao Di , Gao Peng , Zhu Xinyang , Sun Shuchao , Wang Ying , Li Xiaobo , Chen Yujin , Zhou Han , Wang Yanbo , Yang Piaoping 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSemiconducting heterostructures have been widely applied in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution due to their variable band gaps and high energy conversion efficiency. As typical semiconducting heterostructures, ZnO/ZnS heterostructured nanorod arrays (HNRAs) have been obtained through a simple anion‐exchange process in this work. Structural characterization indicates that the heterostructured nanorods (HNRs) are all composed of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO core and cubic zinc‐blende ZnS shell. As expected, the as‐obtained one‐dimensional heterostructures not only lower the energy barrier but also enhance the separation ability of photogenerated carriers in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Through comparisons, it is found that 1D ZnO/ZnS HNRAs exhibit much better performance in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution than 1D ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) and 1D ZnS NRAs. The maximum H2 production is 19.2 mmol h−1 for 0.05 g catalyst under solar‐simulated light irradiation at 25 °C and the corresponding quantum efficiency is 13.9 %, which goes beyond the economical threshold of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution technology.
Pd@UiO‐66‐Type MOFs Prepared by Chemical Vapor Infiltration as Shape‐Selective Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Luz Ignacio , Rösler Christoph , Epp Konstantin , Llabrés i Xamena Francesc X. , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHost‐guest inclusion properties of UiO‐66 and UiO‐67 metal‐organic frameworks have been studied using ferrocene (FeCp2) as probe molecule. According to variable‐temperature solid‐state 1H and 13C CP‐MAS‐NMR, two different environments exist for adsorbed FeCp2 inside UiO‐66 and UiO‐67, which have been assigned to octahedral and tetrahedral cavities. At room temperature, a rapid exchange between these two adsorption sites occurs in UiO‐67, while at –80 °C the intracrystalline traffic of FeCp2 through the triangular windows is largely hindered. In UiO‐66, FeCp2 diffusion is already impeded at room temperature, in agreement with the smaller pore windows. Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) encapsulated inside UiO‐66 and UiO‐67 have been prepared by chemical vapor infiltration of (allyl)Pd(Cp) followed by UV light irradiation. Infiltration must be carried out at low temperature (–10 °C) to avoid uncontrolled decomposition of the organometallic precursor and formation of Pd NPs at the external surface of the MOF. The resulting Pd‐MOFs are shape selective catalysts, as shown for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds with different steric hindrance.
Aqueous and tissue residue-based interspecies correlation estimation models provide conservative hazard estimates for aromatic compounds
Authors: Bejarano Adriana C. , Barron Mace G. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) models were developed for 30 nonpolar aromatic compounds to allow comparison of prediction accuracy between 2 data compilation approaches. Type 1 models used data combined across studies, and type 2 models used data combined only within studies. Target lipid (TLM) ICE models were also developed using target lipid concentrations of the type 2 model dataset (type 2-TLM). Analyses were performed to assess model prediction uncertainty introduced by each approach. Most statistically significant models (90%; 266 models total) had mean square errors &lt; 0.27 and adjusted coefficients of determination (adj R2) &gt; 0.59, with the lowest amount of variation in mean square errors noted for type 2-TLM followed by type 2 models. Cross-validation success (&gt;0.62) across most models (86% of all models) confirmed the agreement between ICE predicted and observed values. Despite differences in model predictive ability, most predicted values across all 3 ICE model types were within a 2-fold difference of the observed values. As a result, no statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) were found between most ICE-based and empirical species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). In most cases hazard concentrations were within or below the 95% confidence intervals of the direct-empirical SSD-based values, regardless of model choice. Interspecies correlation estimation-based 5th percentile (HC5) values showed a 200- to 900-fold increase as the log KOW increased from 2 to 5.3. Results indicate that ICE models for aromatic compounds provide a statistically based approach for deriving conservative hazard estimates for protecting aquatic life. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:56–64. © 2015 SETAC
Volatile constituents in sensory defective virgin olive oils
Authors: Zhu Hanjiang , Wang Selina C. , Shoemaker Charles F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNegative aromas such as rancid, fusty, winey‐vinegary and frozen are sensory attributes of defective virgin olive oil recognized by the International Olive Council. Solid phase microextraction‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometery (SPME‐GC/MS) was employed to establish a flavour profile for each defective oil. The potential contribution of the identified compounds to the overall aromas of oil samples was assessed by calculating the ratio relative area/odour threshold in air – Relative Area over Threshold (RAOT). The relevant compounds of each defective sensory attributes were suggested: a series of C7‐C12 unsaturated aldehydes, such as 2, 4‐heptadienal,E‐2‐nonenal andE‐2‐octenal, were found to be responsible for rancidity,Z‐3‐hexenyl acetate and nonanoic acid were related to fusty defects, acetic acid and butyric acid were responsible for winey‐vinegary defects, and limonene was found as a relevant compound in frozen oil. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red Cell Distribution Width as an Independent Predictor of Long-Term Mortality in Hip Fracture Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Lv Houchen , Zhang Licheng , Long Anhua , Mao Zhi , Shen Jing , Yin Pengbin , Li Ming , Zeng Chao , Zhang Lihai , Tang Peifu 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found to be a significant prognostic factor of mortality in many cardiovascular diseases. However, a link between RDW at admission with long-term mortality in the hip fracture population has not been well established. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the long-term prognostic value of RDW in a well-defined hip fracture cohort, and to compare the effect of RDW in patients with and without anemia. A prospective cohort study was performed on 1479 hip fracture patients admitted at the General Hospital of Chinese PLA between January 2000 and October 2011 with a follow-up study over a 2-year period. A total of 1479 patients were used for the evaluation of 2-year all-cause mortality, while 804 patients with more than 4 years of follow-up were extracted for further evaluation of 4-year all-cause mortality. Cox proportional regression was used to evaluate the association between admission RDW and long-term mortality, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Higher RDW values were strongly associated with increased all-cause mortality. After adjusting for age, mean corpuscular volume, admission hemoglobin, comorbidities, and complications, RDW had a significant independent association with both 2-year mortality with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.183 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.017 to 1.376) and 4-year mortality with an HR of 1.244 (95% CI, 1.052 to 1.471). In stratified analysis, the effect of RDW was even more pronounced, with 2-year mortality HR of 1.341 (95% CI, 1.095 to 1.643) and 4-year mortality HR of 1.345 (95% CI, 1.071 to 1.688) in non-anemic patients. In non-anemic patients, elevated RDW values are significantly associated with increased odds of all-cause mortality, implying that RDW may be a possible laboratory biomarker for risk stratification in non-anemic hip fracture patients. Further studies are needed to confirm the current finding in different and larger hip fracture cohorts. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Temporal scaling of high flow effects on benthic fauna: Insights from equatorial glacier‐fed streams
Authors: Cauvy‐Fraunié Sophie , Andino Patricio , Espinosa Rodrigo , Jacobsen Dean , Dangles Olivier 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe used equatorial glacier‐fed streams as a model system to investigate the relationships between flow fluctuation and benthic fauna at different temporal scales. Water level was measured at 30 min intervals over 29 months (942 d) and benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled 14 times over the study period. We performed wavelet analyses on water‐level time series to identify temporal scales at which significant flow variation occurs, and calculated three indices: intensity, frequency and temporal clustering of the diurnal flow variation for periods from 2 d to 50 d. We determined the effect of temporal scaling (length of the periods considered) on relationships between benthic community dissimilarity (using Sørensen index) and differences in flow indices among the 14 sampling dates. Temporal scaling affected flow‐variation frequency and temporal clustering and their subsequent relationships with benthic community dissimilarity. A time scale of 15 d before benthic sampling was relevant to the assessment of flow‐biota relationships. Community dissimilarity significantly increased with increasing difference in flow‐fluctuation intensity. This dissimilarity was associated with a decrease in the density of dominant taxa and a taxa turnover along the temporal gradient in flow‐fluctuation intensity. Although flow fluctuations are frequent and highly predictable in equatorial glacier‐fed streams, macroinvertebrate communities exhibited a temporal variability in taxon assemblage, which was linked to the intensity of flow fluctuation. We explain these patterns by downstream displacement during high flow events and upstream displacement during low flow periods, thereby highlighting the need of considering temporal scaling effects on benthic fauna to understand the ecological dynamics of lotic systems.
The differential effects of heat‐shocking on the viability of spores from Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium sporogenes after treatment with peracetic acid‐ and glutaraldehyde‐based disinfectants
Authors: March Jordon K. , Pratt Michael D. , Lowe Chinn‐Woan , Cohen Marissa N. , Satterfield Benjamin A. , Schaalje Bruce , O'Neill Kim L. , Robison Richard A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study investigated (1) the susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis (Ames strain), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 19659), and Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 3584) spores to commercially available peracetic acid (PAA)‐ and glutaraldehyde (GA)‐based disinfectants, (2) the effects that heat‐shocking spores after treatment with these disinfectants has on spore recovery, and (3) the timing of heat‐shocking after disinfectant treatment that promotes the optimal recovery of spores deposited on carriers. Suspension tests were used to obtain inactivation kinetics for the disinfectants against three spore types. The effects of heat‐shocking spores after disinfectant treatment were also determined. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate 6‐log reduction times for each spore type, disinfectant, and heat treatment combination. Reduction times were compared statistically using the delta method. Carrier tests were performed according to AOAC Official Method 966.04 and a modified version that employed immediate heat‐shocking after disinfectant treatment. Carrier test results were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. PAA‐based disinfectants had significantly shorter 6‐log reduction times than the GA‐based disinfectant. Heat‐shocking B. anthracis spores after PAA treatment resulted in significantly shorter 6‐log reduction times. Conversely, heat‐shocking B. subtilis spores after PAA treatment resulted in significantly longer 6‐log reduction times. Significant interactions were also observed between spore type, disinfectant, and heat treatment combinations. Immediately heat‐shocking spore carriers after disinfectant treatment produced greater spore recovery. Sporicidal activities of disinfectants were not consistent across spore species. The effects of heat‐shocking spores after disinfectant treatment were dependent on both disinfectant and spore species. Caution must be used when extrapolating sporicidal data of disinfectants from one spore species to another. Heat‐shocking provides a more accurate picture of spore survival for only some disinfectant/spore combinations. Collaborative studies should be conducted to further examine a revision of AOAC Official Method 966.04 relative to heat‐shocking.
Unawareness of Hyposmia in Elderly People With and Without Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Shill Holly A. , Hentz Joseph G. , Caviness John N. , Driver‐Dunckley Erika , Jacobson Sandra , Belden Christine , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Beach Thomas G. , Adler Charles H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundHyposmia is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is also observed with normal aging. It can be ascertained through objective testing, but it is unclear whether patients are aware of deficits and whether this has implications for cognitive status.MethodsSubjects in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders were studied with annual motor and cognitive testing with objective smell testing (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; UPSIT) done every third year beginning in 2002. Those with a baseline UPSIT <25th percentile (hyposmia) were studied for presence of unawareness of hyposmia and cognitive status.ResultsThere were 75 subjects with PD and 143 nonparkinsonian controls with hyposmia. Lack of awareness of hyposmia was present in 16% of PD subjects and 47% of those without PD. In PD, there was no increase in unawareness in PD with dementia. In non‐PD controls, unawareness was correlated with presence of dementia. Unawareness of hyposmia correlated most strongly with the neuropsychiatric tests of learning and memory. In controls without dementia or PD, 48% were unaware.ConclusionsQuerying patients about anosmia might be useful in parkinsonian disorders without objective testing. However, in elderly controls, it should be followed by objective testing and lack of awareness has implications for worsened cognitive status.
Development and evaluation of an Individualized Outcome Measure (IOM) for randomized controlled trials in mental health
Authors: Pesola Francesca , Williams Julie , Bird Victoria , Freidl Marion , Le Boutillier Clair , Leamy Mary , Macpherson Rob , Slade Mike 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPre‐defined, researcher‐selected outcomes are routinely used as the clinical end‐point in randomized controlled trials (RCTs); however, individualized approaches may be an effective way to assess outcome in mental health research. The present study describes the development and evaluation of the Individualized Outcome Measure (IOM), which is a patient‐specific outcome measure to be used for RCTs of complex interventions. IOM was developed using a narrative review, expert consultation and piloting with mental health service users (n = 20). The final version of IOM comprises two components: Goal Attainment (GA) and Personalized Primary Outcome (PPO). For GA, patients identify one relevant goal at baseline and rate its attainment at follow‐up. For PPO, patients choose an outcome domain related to their goal from a pre‐defined list at baseline, and complete a standardized questionnaire assessing the chosen outcome domain at baseline and follow‐up. A feasibility study indicated that IOM had adequate completion (89%) and acceptability (96%) rates in a clinical sample (n = 84). IOM was then evaluated in a RCT (ISRCTN02507940). GA and PPO components were associated with each other and with the trial primary outcome. The use of the PPO component of IOM as the primary outcome could be considered in future RCTs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ART of selecting the best embryo: A review of early embryonic mortality and bovine embryo viability assessment methods
Authors: Perkel Kayla J. , Tscherner Allison , Merrill Casandra , Lamarre Jonathan , Madan Pavneesh 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYAnimal reproductive biotechnology is continually evolving. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of early embryonic mortality and embryo development in domestic animals, which has improved the selection and success of in vitro technologies. Yet our knowledge is still relatively limited such that identifying a single embryo with the highest chance of survival and development for transfer remains challenging. While invasive methods such as embryo biopsy can provide useful information regarding the genetic status of the embryos, morphological assessment remains the most common evaluation. A recent shift, however, favors alternative, adjunct approaches for non‐invasive assessment of an embryo's viability and developmental potential. Various analytical techniques have facilitated the evaluation of cellular health through the metabolome, the assessment of end products of cellular metabolism, or by analyzing spent media for small RNAs. This review discusses the application of noninvasive approaches for ascertaining the health and viability of in vitro‐produced bovine embryos. A comparative analysis of noninvasive techniques for embryo assessment currently being investigated in cattle and humans is also discussed.Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 822–838, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partial fourier and parallel MR image reconstruction with integrated gradient nonlinearity correction
Authors: Tao Shengzhen , Trzasko Joshua D. , Shu Yunhong , Weavers Paul T. , Huston John , Gray Erin M. , Bernstein Matt A. 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo describe how integrated gradient nonlinearity (GNL) correction can be used within noniterative partial Fourier (homodyne) and parallel (SENSE and GRAPPA) MR image reconstruction strategies, and demonstrate that performing GNL correction during, rather than after, these routines mitigates the image blurring and resolution loss caused by postreconstruction image domain based GNL correction.MethodsStarting from partial Fourier and parallel magnetic resonance imaging signal models that explicitly account for GNL, noniterative image reconstruction strategies for each accelerated acquisition technique are derived under the same core mathematical assumptions as their standard counterparts. A series of phantom and in vivo experiments on retrospectively undersampled data were performed to investigate the spatial resolution benefit of integrated GNL correction over conventional postreconstruction correction.ResultsPhantom and in vivo results demonstrate that the integrated GNL correction reduces the image blurring introduced by the conventional GNL correction, while still correcting GNL‐induced coarse‐scale geometrical distortion. Images generated from undersampled data using the proposed integrated GNL strategies offer superior depiction of fine image detail, for example, phantom resolution inserts and anatomical tissue boundaries.ConclusionNoniterative partial Fourier and parallel imaging reconstruction methods with integrated GNL correction reduce the resolution loss that occurs during conventional postreconstruction GNL correction while preserving the computational efficiency of standard reconstruction techniques. Magn Reson Med 75:2534–2544, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multistage self‐gated lung imaging in small rodents
Authors: Tibiletti Marta , Kjørstad Åsmund , Bianchi Andrea , Schad Lothar R. , Stiller Detlef , Rasche Volker 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo investigate the exploitation of the self‐gating signal in ultrashort echo time (UTE) two‐dimensional (2D) acquisitions of freely breathing rats to reconstruct multiple respiratory stages.MethodsTwelve rats were investigated with a 2D golden angle UTE protocol (12 coronal slices, echo time 0.343 ms, repetition time 120 ms, thickness 1 mm, flip angle 30°, matrix 256 × 256, 20‐fold oversampling). The self‐gating signal was extracted from the k‐space center and sorted into five respiration bins (expiration, inspiration, three intermediate stages). Lung volume, sharpness, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and normalized signal intensity (NSI) were investigated. Time resolved images were reconstructed to visualize global animal motion.ResultsThe method delineated that the lung volume decreased gradually from inspiration to expiration. Sharpness index resulted higher in expiration than in the ungated images. SNR was higher in ungated images and in expiration, decreasing gradually toward inspiration. NSI values presented a similar trend, with ungated images showing lower values than the expiration images. In one animal clear global motion and in seven animals minor movements were identified.ConclusionThe presented respiratory gating method allows the reconstruction of different respiratory positions. Improved sharpness in expiration images was observed compared with ungated images. SNR and NSI changes in parenchyma reflect the expected variation of lung tissue density during respiration. Magn Reson Med 75:2448–2454, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Sylvester–Arnoldi type method for the generalized eigenvalue problem with two‐by‐two operator determinants
Authors: Meerbergen Karl , Plestenjak Bor 
Published: July 2015

SummaryIn various applications, for instance, in the detection of a Hopf bifurcation or in solving separable boundary value problems using the two‐parameter eigenvalue problem, one has to solve a generalized eigenvalue problem with 2 × 2 operator determinants of the form

urn:x-wiley:nla:media:nla2005:nla2005-math-0001
We present efficient methods that can be used to compute a small subset of the eigenvalues. For full matrices of moderate size, we propose either the standard implicitly restarted Arnoldi or Krylov–Schur iteration with shift‐and‐invert transformation, performed efficiently by solving a Sylvester equation. For large problems, it is more efficient to use subspace iteration based on low‐rank approximations of the solution of the Sylvester equation combined with a Krylov–Schur method for the projected problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Carbide Distribution on the Grain Refinement in the Steel for Large‐Size Bearing Ring
Authors: Dong Zhengqiang , Jiang Bo , Mei Zhen , Zhang Chaolei , Zhou Leyu , Liu Yazheng 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe effect of carbide distribution on the grain refinement in the steel for large‐size bearing ring is investigated. It is observed that Ni‐containing steel has an obvious grain refinement below 1050 °C, whereas its grain growth trend is steeper than that of Ni‐free steel above 1050 °C. No evident segregation of Ni is observed, whereas the pinning effect of carbides distributed along grain boundaries is advantageous for the grain refinement. It is found that Ni addition could affect the type of carbides and contribute to decreasing the size of carbides via accelerating the diffusion of carbon. A stronger pinning effect with smaller carbides distributed along grain boundaries could be obtained, which is beneficial to grain refinement with Ni addition in small amounts.