bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Winds:VallenatoMusic and Marijuana Traffic in Colombia's First Illegal Drugs Boom
Authors: Britto Lina 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis essay, based in large part on local oral history, uncovers the lived experience of the rural and urban popular sectors who participated in the 1970s marijuana boom along the northernmost section of the Colombian Caribbean coast. In particular, the piece narrates how the country's first class of illegal drugs merchants helped shape a key element of modern Colombian nationalism by promoting vallenato music on the local stage and hastening its conquest of the national market and imaginary in the 1970s. Marijuana intermediaries — popularly known as marimberos — sprang into action from the most marginalized rural and urban sectors of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and La Guajira region. Soon they constituted a new entrepreneurial class whose profile as successful merchants was articulated as a regional masculine identity found in popular expressions such as vallenato music. That process helped marimberos to open space for themselves in regional society and to turn vallenato into a supreme expression of Colombian popular culture. This essay examines that cultural-political process while seeking to explain why the marimberos' role in vallenato's history has been largely erased from national memory.
Flora da Bahia: Asteraceae – Subtribo Vernoniinae
Authors: Ogasawara Helen Ayumi , Roque Nádia 
Published: February 2015

The subtribe Vernoniinae is one of the most representative of the tribe Vernonieae in Americas with six genera and 49 species in Brazil. The taxonomic treatment of Vernoniinae (Asteraceae, Vernonieae) in Bahia state is presented here. Twenty expeditions were undertook in the state between the years 2010 and 2013 and materials from the main Brazilian herbaria were examined. The subtribe is represented in the state by three genera and 11 species: Vernonanthura (7 species), Cyrtocymura (3) and the monotypic genus Albertinia. Vernonanthura vinhae is endemic to Bahia. Identification keys for genera and species, descriptions, illustrations, maps of geographical distribution and comments on the taxa are presented.
PENERAPAN ELEKTROOSMOSIS UNTUK PENGERINGAN SLUDGE DARI PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR
Authors: Darmawan Darmawan , Suryaningtyas Dyah Tjahyandari , Sariningpuri Juniska Muria 
Published: February 2015

APPLICATION OF ELECTROOSMOSIS FOR DEWATERING OF SLUDGE FROM WASTE WATER TREATMENT. Wastewater treatment produces semi-solid residue (sludge) that must be handled carefully during dumping and discharge to avoid polluting the environment. A low cost and easy treatment of dewatering is needed. This research aimed to apply electroosmosis technique for dewatering sludge in order to seek for parameters that can efficiently reduce water content of sludge, including range of voltage, type of electrodes, and distance between electrodes; and to determine the effect of electroosmosis processes on changes of chemical characteristics of sludge. The results showed that: (1) electroosmosis dewatering occurred on the sludge taken from waste water treatment of landfill but not on sludge from water purification plant (PDAM), (2) direct current voltage of 30 volts was the optimum voltage, (3) copper rod cathode provided electroosmosis process as good as stainless steel cathode and both were better than the woven stainless steel cathode, (4) the dewatering time to reduce 1200% (w/w) water content to about 400% was about 40 hours for sludge of 2500 cm3 in volume (laboratory bench scale), (5) the anode need to reinserted gradually approaching the cathode due to current lost when the water content at the anode point reached 400% and sludge at the point shrink, and (6) some chemical elements in the sludge decreased significantly after treatment. Pengolahan limbah cair menghasilkan residu berupa bahan semi padat yang dikenal sebagai sludge. Sludge tersebut juga perlu dikelola penyimpanan dan pembuangannya agar tidak mencemari lingkungan. Salah satu pengelolaan sludge yang perlu dilakukan adalah pengeringan (dewatering). Salahsatu teknik dewatering yang mungkin diterapkan ialah teknik elektroosmosis, yaitu teknik yang memanfaatkan adanya pergerakan air pada media poros di dalam medan istrik searah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari parameter sistem dewatering secara elektroosmosis yang dapat menurunkan kadar air sludge paling efisien dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh elektroosmosis terhadap karakteristik kimia sludge. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pengeringan sludge terjadi pada jenis sludge IPAL TPA namun tidak pada jenis lumpur PDAM; (2) tegangan listrik searah sekitar 30 volt merupakan tegangan optimum; (3) katoda batang tembaga menghasilkan proses elektroosmosis yang sebanding katoda batang stainless steel dan lebih baik dibanding katoda stainless steel anyam; (4) waktu pengeringan dari kadar air awal 1200% (b/b) hingga kadar air akhir sekitar 400% untuk volume sludge 2500 cm3 (skala laboratorium) sekitar 40 jam; (5) anoda perlu dipindahkan secara bertahap mendekati katoda karena arus terputus pada saat sludge di titik anoda mencapai kadar air sekitar 400% dan mengalami pengerutan; dan (6) kadar beberapa unsur kimia dalam sludge menurun secara signifikan setelah perlakuan.
PEMILIHAN ADSORBEN UNTUK PENJERAPAN KARBON MONOKSIDA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL ADSORPSI ISOTERMIS LANGMUIR
Authors: Yuliusman Yuliusman , Purwanto Widodo Wahyu , Nugroho Yulianto Sulistyo 
Published: February 2015

ADSORBENT SELECTION FOR CO ADSORPTION USING LANGMUIR ISOTHERMIC ADSORPTION MODEL. The objective of this research is to choose the adsorbent that can be applied to decrease toxicity level and to purify fire smoke. In case of fire, toxicity level is high due to carbon monoxide. Adsorbent is chosen based on its ability to adsorb carbon monoxide using volumetric method in constant temperature. Materials to be tested are natural zeolite, active carbon, TiO2, CuO, MgO. Due to existence of organic and mineral polluters, natural zeolite needs to be activated prior to adsorption test using fluoride acid (HF), chloride acid (HCl), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and followed by calcination process. Result shows that activation of natural zeolite can increase Si/Al ratio and surface area. According to Langmuir adsorption model obtained, adsorption capacity of active carbon and natural zeolite are the highest. At 1 atmospheric pressure, adsorption capacity are 0.0682 mmol/g for active carbon, 0.0464 for activated natural zeolite with particle size of 400 nm, and 0.0265 mmol/g for activated natural zeolite with particle size of (37-50) μm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memilih adsorben yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk menurunkan tingkat racun dan menjernihkan asap kebakaran. Pada kasus kebakaran tingkat racun asap disebabkan tingginya kandungan karbon monoksida. Proses pemilihan adsorben dilihat pada kemampuan adsorben mengadsorpsi karbon monoksida, yang dilakukan dengan metode volumetrik pada temperatur konstan. Material yang diuji adalah zeolit alam, karbon aktif, TiO2, CuO, MgO. Zeolit alam banyak terdapat pengotor baik organik maupun mineral, oleh karena itu sebelum dilakukan uji adsorpsi, zeolit alam terlebih dahulu diaktifasi menggunakan larutan asam florida (HF), asam khlorida (HCl) dan larutan amonium khlorida (NH4Cl), dilanjutkan dengan proses kalsinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktifasi zeolit alam dapat meningkatkan rasio Si/Al dan luas permukaan. Semua adsorben yang diuji mempunyai kemampuan mengadsorpsi karbon monoksida. Berdasarkan model adsorpsi Langmuir yang diperoleh, karbon aktif dan zeolit alam mempunyai kapasitas adsorpsi yang paling besar. Dengan menggunakan kondisi tekanan 1 atmosfir, kapasitas adsorpsi adalah 0,0682 mmol/g untuk karbon aktif, 0,0464 mmol/g untuk zeolit alam teraktifasi dengan ukuran partikel 400 nm dan 0,0265 mmol/g untuk zeolit alam teraktifasi dengan ukuran partikel (37-50) μm.
Krankenhausversorgung im Wandel – Chancen und Risiken für die Labormedizin/Hospital care in times of change: risks and rewards for laboratory medicine
Authors: Neubauer Günter 
Published: February 2015

ZusammenfassungDie demographisch bedingte Herausforderung einer sich verändernden Erwerbstätigenstruktur stellt die stationäre Versorgung und damit auch die Labormedizin vor vermehrten Rationalisierungsdruck. Die darauf folgenden betriebswirtschaftlichen Antworten sind unter anderem die interne Prozessoptimierung, Beschaffungsmanagement, Leistungs-Outsourcing und die Bildung regionaler Netze. Auch die Labormedizin muss sich diesen Herausforderungen stellen, um weiterhin wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben.
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in acute leukemia and lymphoma: indications for CNS assessment and advice for diagnostic strategy1)
Authors: Ringhoffer Mark , Bommer Martin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInvolvement of the central nervous system (CNS) must be considered in leukemia and lymphoma to develop a promising treatment strategy. In particular, a relapse within the CNS compartment is associated with a dismal prognosis. Therefore, CNS involvement should be detected as early as possible during the disease course. The risk for CNS disease varies considerably between the diseases. For diseases with a proven high-risk for CNS involvement, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or Burkitt’s lymphoma, prophylactic strategies are used. Although not in every entity, evidence-based therapeutic standards do exist, the detection of tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) will have an impact on the therapeutic concept. This holds true for the preemptive situation with low tumor burden as well as for the therapeutic situation with a symptomatic patient. Whereas parenchymatous lesions are detected by magnetic resonance imaging, CSF analysis is the method of choice for the diagnosis of neoplastic meningitis. Cytomorphology of CSF cells, if used by an experienced cytopathologist, is of sufficient specificity but limited sensitivity for the diagnosis of leukemia. In lymphoma, cytomorphology has only modest specificity, because rather seldom conclusions can be drawn about the lineage commitment of the lymphoma cells and there is no possibility to prove clonal disease. Furthermore, it is often very difficult to discriminate between neoplastic meningitis and reactive pleocytosis. By combining cytomorphology with flow cytometry, sensitivity as well as specificity can be improved. Careful acquisition of the CSF sample by lumbar puncture is important. Only the last of several CSF fractions should be assessed by cytomorphology and flow cytometry to avoid contamination with peripheral blood. It is further mandatory that essential clinical information is provided by the clinician to the laboratory, so that a well-suited antibody panel can be chosen. This will save material and laboratory time and will further accelerate analysis. Owing to the limited number of cells within the CSF, analysis should always start with a basic antibody panel, which can then be extended on demand.
Kennzahlen und Benchmarking im Krankenhauslabor/Key figures and benchmarking in the hospital laboratory
Authors: Orth Matthias , Aufenanger Johannes , Klosson Rupert J. 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung„Benchmarking“ ist ein systematischer und kontinuierlicher Prozess zum Vergleich von Produkten, Dienstleistungen und Prozessen – sowohl in qualitativer als auch in quantitativer Hinsicht. Benchmarking im Krankenhauslabor ist derzeit ein häufig angewandtes aber immer noch wenig standardisiertes Instrument. Aufgrund der großen Heterogenität und Komplexität der labormedizinischen Leistungen hinsichtlich der Art der Untersuchung, der erforderlichen bzw. gewünschten Verfügbarkeit und des für die einzelne Leistung notwendigen Ressourcenverbrauchs setzen aussagekräftige Benchmarkingprojekte eine aufwändige und strukturierte Datenerfassung voraus. Diese Voraussetzungen werden oft nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt. Während bei einem internen Benchmarking, d.h. den Vergleich von Leistungen, Kosten und Erlösen innerhalb einer Einrichtung über einen längeren Zeitraum, die vorhandenen Methoden zur Datenerfassung in der Regel geeignet sind, so sind beim externen Benchmarking eine Reihe von Fallstricken zu beachten, um ein valides Benchmarkingprojekt durchführen zu können. Deshalb können in der Regel laborübergreifend lediglich kleine Teilprozesse mit einer befriedigenden Aussagekraft verglichen werden. Aber auch bei internen Benchmarkingprojekten ist immer zu prüfen, ob die beobachteten Unterschiede tatsächlich durch Veränderungen der Prozesse hervorgerufen wurden oder nur eine Folge einer verbesserten Datenerfassung oder veränderter Rahmenbedingungen außerhalb des Labors sind. In dieser Übersicht werden Vorgehensweisen und Kennzahlen beschrieben, die bei Benchmarkingprojekten in Krankenhauslaboratorien verwendet wurden, und die Stärken und Grenzen dieser Ansätze diskutiert.
Flow cytometry and drug-monitoring of natalizumab saturation of immune cells in multiple sclerosis1)
Authors: Harrer Andrea , Oppermann Katrin , Pilz Georg , Wipfler Peter , Afazel Shahrzad , Haschke-Becher Elisabeth , Trinka Eugen , Kraus Jörg 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNatalizumab (Tysabri) is a blocking antibody specific to the α-4 integrin subunit and can be detected on the surface of immune cells by flow cytometry. We investigated if the determination of natalizumab saturation of immune cells has the potential to act as a biomarker for treatment effectiveness in multiple sclerosis (MS).Natalizumab saturation of immune cells from 11 patients was measured before the start of treatment and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of natalizumab therapy on T cells (CD3At weeks 4, 8, and 12 the average (n=9) natalizumab saturation of T cells approximated 80%. One patient with natalizumab neutralizing antibodies (NABs) and another patient with irregular infusion intervals were identified by abnormalities in the natalizumab saturation of cells. Different α-4 expression levels of T cell subpopulations were irrelevant to measuring cellular natalizumab saturation.We showed that monitoring natalizumab saturation of T cells by flow cytometry is a useful and routine-qualified method to identify patients with a reduced treatment effect due to NABs or irregular infusion intervals. Further studies to determine a cut-off value for suboptimal natalizumab saturation of immune cells will also show the potential of this parameter concerning more individualized treatment schedules. Considering the risk of opportunistic infections it is very important to increase the safety of this highly effective MS therapy.
The Incidence of Catheter-Associated Venous Thrombosis in Noncritically Ill Children
Authors: Smitherman Andrew B. , Alexander Thomas , Connelly Mark , Snavely Anna C. , Weston Brent W. , Liles Edmund A. , Steiner Michael J. 
Published: February 2015

Objective:
Previous studies estimated the incidence of catheter-associated venous thrombosis to be between 2% and 81%. Our goals were to define the incidence rate of catheter-related thrombosis in a hospitalized, noncritically ill, pediatric population and to determine modifiable factors that alter the risk of thrombosis.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was performed at the North Carolina Children’s Hospital from 2009 to 2012. Chart review was performed with extraction of patient characteristics and line-related variables. Presence of symptomatic catheter-associated venous thrombosis was the primary outcome. Bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to explore associations between line-related variables and thrombosis.

Results:
A total of 1135 lines were placed in 815 patients for 118 023 catheter-days. Thirty-six were complicated by venous thrombosis (3.2%) yielding a rate of 0.3 events per 1000 catheter-days. In multivariable analysis, increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.13; P = .002), renal dialysis (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.09–9.66; P = .035), and a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease or short bowel syndrome (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.2–15.0; P = .02) were associated with increased risk of thrombosis. Modifiable risk factors, such as line site, size, and lumens, were not significantly associated with thrombosis. No thromboembolic events were observed.

Conclusions:
We observed a lower incidence rate of catheter-associated venous thrombosis than in most previous reports. No modifiable characteristics altered the risk of thrombosis. Additional investigation of measures to prevent thrombosis is warranted in higher-risk populations, such as patients undergoing dialysis or patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
BUILDING THE LIFE MOLECULES: DNA AND RNA
Authors: Beltramini L.M. , De Ara A.P.U. , Abel L.D.S. , Carvalho J.C.Q. , Ramos O.H.P. , Oliveira T.H.G. , Moron F. , Dos Santos N.F. 
Published: February 2015

The dissemination area of the Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural (CBME) have beendeveloping a program of new tools to help teaching and learning of structural molecular biology areaat all levels, from elementary to graduate schools. In this way, we have developed a kit denotedBuilding the life molecules: DNA and RNA. The kit is composed by: (1) an interactive software calledThe Virtual Cells, used to facilitate the comprehension of the structures and functions of dierent typesof cells; (2) several small plastic elements with proper exibility that allows building DNA and RNAstructure models; (3)an Amino Acid Disk, with the amino acids structures, their abbreviation and thegenetic code; (4) a folder containing a historical about events on DNA discovery and instruction toused the tools. These tools contribute to the understanding of the cell structure, its dierent organellesand functions, specially the organization of the nucleus, nucleic acids and genetic code. The plasticelements and Amino Acid Disk permit the students to understand DNA and RNA molecule structure,as well as the semi conservative duplication of DNA, the transcription and translation processes.Such plastic components emphasize chemical connections and respect the real molecular structureparameters keeping size proportionality. The Amino Acid Disk is composed by superposed rotatingdisks, with openings allowing information on the amino acids can be observed. In the opposite facecontents a genetic code table. With this tool, teachers and students are able to simulate the synthesisof a given protein, after assembling the structure of RNAm and perceiving the molecular dynamic.The historical about events on DNA discovery helps one to better understand the development ofscience. We have evaluated this kit and its usefulness in learning. The data demonstrated it has highdidactic potential since of its easy handling. The development of this kit is part of a broad diusionproject of scientic knowledge, which CBME performs with the purpose of providing, in a playful way,the comprehension of the structure-function paradigm of biological macromolecules.
Non-chromatographic methods focused on speciation of arsenic and selenium in food and environmental samples
Authors: Rezende Helen C. , Almeida Ione L. S. , Coelho Luciana M. , Coelho Nívia M. M. , Marques Thiago L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSpeciation is a promising and essential tool in the evaluation of the contamination of metals in food and environmental samples. In this context, information about the species of these elements is important considering that toxic effects are directly related to their chemical forms. The enormous progress in combining separation and detection techniques has enabled the effective chemical speciation. However, a possible source of error in studies of speciation occurs during sample preparation. Appropriate treatment of samples is necessary in order to ensure that interconversion between the species does not occur during the experimental procedure prior to the final analysis. In this review, methods of sample preparation for the determination of arsenic and selenium in food and environmental samples are discussed. We decided to focus on these elements since they account for around 50% of all speciation studies. Procedures including conventional extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and sonolysis are discussed as simple ways to ensure species selectivity. The main purpose of this review is to provide an update on the recent literature concerning the strategies for arsenic and selenium speciation and to critically discuss their advantages and weaknesses compared with the commonly accepted approach of combining non-chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The problems focused on involve sampling, sample preparation and storage, as well as changes in ‘species information’ that occur during the use of various separation technologies. These difficulties are described along with recent developments aimed at overcoming these potential issues.
Abatacept in the Treatment of Severe, Longstanding, and Refractory Uveitis Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Tappeiner Christoph , Miserocchi Elisabetta , Bodaghi Bahram , Kotaniemi Kaisu , Mackensen Friederike , Gerloni Valeria , Quartier Pierre , Lutz Thomas , Heiligenhaus Arnd 
Published: February 2015

Objective.Abatacept (ABA), a selective T cell costimulation modulator that binds to CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells, was investigated for its antiinflammatory effect in treating severe chronic uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Methods.Our retrospective study was conducted by members of the Multinational Interdisciplinary Working Group for Uveitis in Childhood (MIWGUC). Patients with JIA who are receiving ABA treatment for active uveitis were included. In all patients, uveitis had been refractory to previous topical and systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, and at least 1 tumor necrosis factor–α inhibitor. A standardized protocol was used to document uveitis (MIWGUC) and arthritis. Baseline visit and visits at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months before and after ABA start were evaluated. Primary outcome measure was defined as achievement of uveitis inactivity; secondary outcome measures were tapering of corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive treatment, and occurrence of complications.Results.In all, 21 patients (16 female) with active uveitis (n = 21) and arthritis (n = 18) were included (mean age 11.8 ± 3.6 yrs). In 7 of 18 patients with active arthritis at baseline, inactivity was achieved following ABA treatment. Uveitis inactivity was achieved in 11 patients, but recurred later in 8 of them, and remained active in another 10 cases. Systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppression were tapered in 3 patients, but uveitis recurred in all of them during further followup. Ocular complications secondary to uveitis were present in 17 patients at baseline, while 3 patients developed new ocular complications during followup.Conclusion.A sustained response to ABA was uncommon in patients with severe and refractory uveitis.