bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transatlantic Consumption
Authors: McDonald Michelle Craig 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The parameters of material culture studies of the 1980s and 1990s were influenced in no small part by the concurrent rise of Atlantic history and its emphasis on crossing national, regional, and imperial boundaries. Indeed, it is the circulation of goods, people, and ideas across and around the Atlantic Ocean that defined the field. Early studies traced migration, trade patterns, or specific commodities, but more recent work has focused on less tangible, but critically related, fields to consumption, such as taste and refinement, and adaptation and creolization. Like material culture studies, Anglo-Atlantic scholarship outpaced other aspects of the field until the last decade, but historians and literary scholars have begun to turn the tide, and the resulting work broadened both the Atlantic regions and peoples considered as consumers, including Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean, as well as women, and native and enslaved peoples. This article, which focuses on consumption in the transatlantic, begins with a discussion on the slave trade and then explores the changing profile of transatlantic consumers.
The Global Exchange of Food and Drugs
Authors: Fernández‐Armesto Felipe , Sacks Benjamin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
There are few more intriguing problems in the history of consumption than that of how cultural barriers to the transmission of foods and drugs have been traversed or broken. Environmental change is a crucial part of the background of global exchanges of food and drugs. The process we have come to know as ‘the Columbian exchange’ of the last half-millennium made it possible to transplant crops to new climates, by a mixture of adaptation and accident. Shifts of religion can also play a big part. This article discusses the global exchange of food and drugs. After briefly considering imperialism and migration, which are inescapable parts of the background of trade, it focuses on trade itself, which is probably the biggest single influence on the global exchange of commodities such as salt, sugar and spice, psychotropic beverages, and therapeutic and recreational drugs. The article concludes with a discussion on food and drugs in the era of global trade.
From India to the World: Cotton and Fashionability
Authors: Parthasarathi Prasannan , Riello Giorgio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSince at least the nineteenth century, cotton has been the most important textile fibre in the world. In 1913, cotton accounted for 80 per cent of global fibre consumption: cotton consumption for textile uses was about 4 billion kilograms, while that of wool, the second most important fibre, was about 700 million kilograms. In 1990, even after the rise of synthetic fibres, which accounted for 38 per cent of global fibre use in textiles, cotton accounted for 48 per cent of world fibre share and wool had slumped to the low proportion of 4.9 per cent. The appeal of cotton lay in its fashionability, which was often associated with the exotic, the hard to get, the item that came from afar. Cotton textiles, many from the Indian subcontinent, satisfied these fashion desires for the rare and the unusual. This article explores cotton and fashionability in India. After discussing cotton textiles, it looks at the diffusion of Indian cottons in Africa and Asia, as well as in Europe and the Atlantic world.
Standard of Living, Consumption, and Political Economy Over the Past 500 Years
Authors: Shammas Carole 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The phrase ‘standard of living’ is closely identified with a more-than-century-long debate in both the popular press and academic journals about the effects of the early stages of industrialization on the working class, especially in nineteenth-century Britain. This article explores when and why the consumption of material goods became the measure of the ‘standard of living’, and, secondly, what has led to its displacement in more recent times. These shifts provide insight into changing assumptions about the desirability of household accumulation. The article tracks the state of our knowledge about transformations in living standards from the early modern period on, and examines whether a longer and broad historical view has demoted industrialization as a causal factor. It looks at the promotion of well-being by limiting consumption, political economy and the emergence of a standard of living debate, human capital, public goods, poverty lines, and consumer sovereignty.
Sites of Consumption in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Welch Evelyn 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In 1535, the Venetian patrician Francesco Priuli began a new account book for his household's daily expenditure. Despite his elevated standing, he kept it in his own hand, noting with precision how his money was spent, where, when, and on what. There are a number of things to note about this patrician family's behaviour. One is that a major mercantile city such as Venice already offered a wide range of shopping spaces and opportunities in the early sixteenth century (and had for many years). Also, forms of payment varied and could take place long after the goods had been transferred. Moreover, Priuli's purchases (and his occasional sales) make it clear that Venice's large second-hand markets provided economic security. This article focuses on sites of consumption in early modern Europe, first considering the moral aspects of the division of labour and then discussing the spectacles of consumption. It also examines credit, the sites of bargaining and exchange of material goods, and activities such as lotteries, second-hand dealers, pawnbrokers, and auctions.
Public Spaces, Knowledge, and Sociability
Authors: Cowan Brian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The concept of sociability was introduced as an analytic term by the German sociologist Georg Simmel. Sociability has figured prominently in recent histories of consumer society and material cultures. It has become increasingly clear to historians and social theorists that the places where consumption took place, or where consumer desires were stimulated, and the social milieux in which consumers were located, are just as important to understand as the actual acts of consumption. The German sociologist Norbert Elias introduced Freudian insights into human psychology into a ‘processual’, or what is sometimes called a ‘figurational’, framework for his historical sociology. His works have had a major impact on the history of sociability and knowledge formation. The history of ‘civil society’ has been a major growth industry in the last few decades, and much of this work has developed under the rubric of explaining and exploring the rise of a ‘public sphere’ in early modern Europe. Unlike Elias, the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas located the origins of modern sociability and civil society outside of the realm of court society.
Comfort and Convenience: Temporality and Practice
Authors: Shove Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Despite being embedded in the practices and discourses of daily life, comfort and convenience are not terms around which theories and studies of consumption have traditionally revolved. Over the last decade or so, the tides of intellectual fashion have begun to turn, bringing the mundane into view and highlighting previously invisible dimensions of consumer culture. In reviewing changing interpretations of comfort and convenience, this article captures some of the processes through which the contours of social life are simultaneously sustained and transformed. It also examines how interpretations of comfort and convenience come to be as they are today, and in understanding the types of consumption and demand they entail. This more substantive angle is important in that contemporary definitions of physical well-being and temporal order imply and rely upon forms of resource consumption which are unsustainable in the longer run or on a global scale. The article concludes by considering time and timing, convenience and compromise, convenience and the time–space profiles of practice, and changing patterns of consumption in relation to comfort and convenience.
Consumer Activism, Consumer Regimes, and the Consumer Movement: Rethinking the History of Consumer Politics in the United States
Authors: Glickman Lawrence B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The historiography of consumer society in the United States has matured in the last decade. As David Steigerwald noted in an influential review essay in 2006, ‘consumer interpretations of American history have come of age’, interpretations that prominently emphasize the politics of consumption. Indeed, Steigerwald made his claim about the state of the field largely on the basis of an analysis of the paradigm-shifting books of T. H. Breen on ‘how consumer politics shaped independence’ (2005) and Lizabeth Cohen on ‘the politics of mass consumption in postwar America’ (2003). This article explores and disaggregates three core elements of consumer politics in America: what it calls consumer activism, the consumer movement, and consumer regimes.
Consumer Movements
Authors: Hilton Matthew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The phenomena of consumer organizing, consumer protesting, consumer activism, and consumer movements are not confined to recent decades. While many consumers have undoubtedly displayed a voracious appetite for getting ever more stuff, others have demonstrated an engaged form of citizenship eager to inject morality and politics into the marketplace. Yet for all that the study of consumption has expanded exponentially over the last three decades, it is only relatively recently that our knowledge of these movements has come anywhere close to catching up with what is known about, say, consumer psychology, consumer marketing, consumer economics, or the cultural practices of shoppers. This article examines why scholars of consumption have turned to an analysis of consumer activism, offers a broad chronology of consumer movements to show the different types of consumer politics that have emerged over the last 200 years, and looks at some of the areas to which future scholars of consumption and social movements might turn their attention.
The Politics of Everyday Life
Authors: Trentmann Frank 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
As recently as 1985, the doyen of social science history in Germany, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, said the study of everyday life added little more than a bit of ‘gruel’ to the main course of history. Since then, the turf wars between social history, history from below, and cultural history have themselves become a thing of the past. It was during the 1950s–1970s that first sociologists, and then ‘new social’ historians, embraced the everyday. The flowering of consumption studies since would be unthinkable without the recognition that everyday life is an important – perhaps the most important – place people find meaning, develop habits, and acquire a sense of themselves and their world. This article offers an historical account of the changing scope and politics of everyday life. In contrast to recent discussions that have made the everyday appear the product of Western Europe after World War II, it traces the longer history of the everyday and the different politics of modernity which it has inspired.
Youth and Consumption
Authors: Capuzzo Paolo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The kaleidoscope of social identity is defined by multiple forces of signification. Gender, ethnicity, and class trace porous borders of the social and symbolic space within which consumption practices unfold, changing, forcing, and sometimes even subverting the apparent fixity of those spaces. The transition from childhood to adulthood is marked by clear biological changes that affect the conduct of life and the ways in which to confront a series of phases in the form of the transformation and maturation of the body. The analysis of consumption practices can be useful in showing how young people define themselves. As part of a discussion on youth and consumption, this article focuses on cultures of consumption among young workers. It also discusses the social deviance and consumer behaviour of young people, the impact of advertising on the social representation of the youth body, films and fantasies, and the emergence of a youth mass market.
Consumption and Well-Being
Authors: Offer Avner 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Consumption defines the standard of living – whether food is hot or cold, whether walls are dry or damp. It is the stuff of desires and dreams. It signals superiority, but also community. It drives policy and vexes scholars. But consumption is not consummation. Its purpose recedes even as it is being realized. If insatiability is the vortex at the heart of consumption, there are also other problems. In standard economic theory, consumers rank preferences in the present, but the most significant choices arise not between two immediate substitutes (say coffee or tea), but between the present and the future. This article opens with some standard assumptions about the benefits of consumption, and competing ones about its futility. It discusses the findings of social and behavioural research on consumption and well-being, the link between happiness and wealth, relative income, habituation, materialism, history and culture, advertising, myopia, narcissism, and individualism.
Introduction
Authors: Devine T. M. , Wormald Jenny 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This book explores the history of modern Scotland from the Renaissance and Reformation periods rather than the previous conventional starting points, such as the Union of 1707 or the later seventeenth century. It demonstrates that there are long-run social, religious, and intellectual forces that shaped the modern Scottish nation which cannot be fully understood without reaching back in time to the sixteenth century. The book also examines the existing trend towards the internationalization of Scottish history by including articles on emigration, immigration, and empire. Contributors are historians in their respective fields, such as geography, political science, literature, and sociology. There are also articles on environment, myth, family, criminality and violence, gender, contemporary society, and economy.
The Demographic Factor
Authors: Anderson Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
For its size, Scotland has a very diverse natural environment. Historically, there have also been major regional differences in landholding practices, industrial development, and popular and religious culture. All these produced a highly differentiated spatial demography; and this means that we always need to go below the national level if we are to fully understand Scottish population change and its implications for the people of Scotland. Scotland's first official census, in 1801, showed a national population of somewhat over 1.6 million, with figures for every civil parish. In spite of some problems with data collection, the results for most places are probably accurate for the civilian population to within a few per cent. It seems that, as in England and many other countries, opportunities for marriage were a major control over Scottish demographic change during this period. This article, which analyses Scotland's demographic history and looks at contrasting patterns of population change between 1801 and 2001, also discusses fertility, mortality, and migration in Scotland during the same period.
Religion and Society to c.1900
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Revolution of 1688, which brought the Dutch Calvinist Stadtholder William of Orange and his consort, Mary, to the English throne, was mainly a political event, but it also had important religious dimensions, and this was especially true of Scotland. This article provides an overview of religion in modern Scotland up to 1900, with emphasis on the movement from a unitary Calvinist state, an aspiring ‘godly commonwealth’, to a multi-denominational, increasingly pluralist society. After discussing the Reformation in Scotland, it looks at the rigorous Calvinism of the Covenanting period, and especially the Westminster Confession that was adopted in the 1640s and still remains the official standard of faith in the Church of Scotland. Following the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 under Charles II, the Crown reimposed episcopacy within the Scottish Church, proscribed the Westminster Confession, and declared royal supremacy over the Church. For many Presbyterians, the early eighteenth century was the golden age for the Scottish Church. The article also examines pluralism and mission culture in Scotland during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Clearances and the Transformation of the Scottish Countryside
Authors: Dodgshon Robert 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Underpinning the transformation of the Scottish countryside during the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, and forming a vital precondition for the Improving Movement, were far-reaching changes in the structure and layout of farms, and in the nature of the farm community. When first coined as a description of the changes that swept across the Highlands and Islands over the second half of the eighteenth first half of the nineteenth century, the meaning, chronology, and distribution of the clearances were all clearly defined. ‘Clearance’ was seen as a term that best captured the sudden and socially disruptive way in which many traditional communities in the Highlands were swept aside to make way for sheep. Establishing the build-up of market responsiveness is important when we come to look at the restructuring of towns. This article, which discusses Scotland's clearances and the transformation of the Scottish countryside, focusing on the Lowlands, Southern Uplands, and Highlands and Islands, also examines the persistence of small farms, crofts and townships, and the spread of new husbandries.
The Renaissance
Authors: Thomas Andrea 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Renaissance in Scotland was an amalgamation of influences, both foreign and domestic, some of which originated in Italy whilst others were rooted in northern Europe. One important influence was the impact of humanism. It is difficult to identify precisely when the first stirrings of the Renaissance were felt in Scotland, but if notions of historical self-awareness and individualistic self-fashioning are significant, then arguably the roots may be traced to the personal rule of James I (r.1406–1437). As a woman, Mary, Queen of Scots could not fully participate in a revival of the cult of chivalry during her brief adult reign, but as dowager Queen of France she was wealthy enough to afford grand court entertainments, spectacles, and rituals to promote a message of national reconciliation and royal revival. This article deals with the Scottish Renaissance, the Reformation of 1560, and the rise of Protestantism from 1567–1625.
Reformed and Godly Scotland?
Authors: Wormald Jenny 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
On September 16, 2010, two notable religious figures came to Edinburgh. One was the Reverend Ian Paisley, leader of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ireland, and the other was Pope Benedict XVI. Paisley and his supporters went to the Magdalen Chapel in the Cowgate, the church where, Paisley erroneously claimed, the Scottish Reformation of 1560 began its life, presided over by John Knox. The Reverend's doughty defence of that Reformation was somewhat weakened by the fact that Edinburgh exists on two levels, and geographically it was Paisley and his sixty followers who were at a disadvantage. Paisley, heir to Knox, was the representative of the long-held belief in the peculiarly godly nature of reformed Scotland; those who cheered the Pope were the destroyers of that Scottish godly Protestantism which, from the sixteenth to the twentieth century, had been the bedrock of the nation's identity and justifiable pride in itself. The belief of the unusual godliness of reformed Scotland began its life in the late sixteenth century and flowered with renewed vigour after the union of the parliaments in 1707.
The Seventeenth-Century Irish Connection
Authors: Fitzgerald Patrick 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAny exploration of the waves of migration and bonds of association that have characterized the historic relationship between Scotland and Ireland must begin with a consideration of the physical geographical context within which this human history was played out. Firstly, let us consider the North Channel, the body of water that lies between the tip of the Kintyre peninsula and Torr Head on the north Antrim coast. Even today, those who regularly traverse this ‘narrow sea’ talk in the vernacular idiom about going ‘ower the sheugh’, a sheugh in Irish meaning a field drainage ditch and thereby emphasizing the limited impediment to contact. This perspective may be widened to accommodate a view of the entire body of the Irish Sea as acting over the longue durée as an inland sea or inland waterway, a bridge to coastal cultural contact rather than a barrier. The accession in March 1603 of James VI of Scotland to the English throne as James I served to affect a significant transformation in how Scottish migration to Ireland was viewed from London or Dublin.
Scottish Jacobitism in its International Context
Authors: Szechi Daniel 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
From its very inception, Scottish Jacobitism was an intrinsically international phenomenon. At its core lay a network of supporters at home who plotted and planned for the great day, but these men and women were always connected to an exterior network of overseas exiles who lobbied foreign governments and smuggled arms, money, and propaganda into Scotland to promote the cause. Religion was far from being the sole motivation for Scottish Jacobites. At least equally important in many cases was the conviction after 1707 that the Stuarts' cause was Scotland's cause. Despite the very real ideological division between Jacobites and Whigs, the former never separated from the rest of Scottish society. Long before there was Jacobitism, there was a Scottish diaspora in Europe. In terms of European power politics, the Scottish Jacobites in many respects began as just one of a number of ethnic, patriotic movements resisting the imperial drive of the European great powers.
The Rise (and fall?) of the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Broadie Alexander 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The eighteenth-century cultural movement known as the European Enlightenment contained a specifically Scottish Enlightenment that was recognized as a powerhouse of ideas in fields as diverse as philosophy, political economy, physics, chemistry, and geology. This article focuses on the Scottish Enlightenment. After identifying some of the luminaries (or ‘literati’) of the Scottish Enlightenment, it gives a brief account of what it is that makes something an ‘Enlightenment’. First, the people. They included philosophers such as Francis Hutcheson and David Hume, political economists such as Adam Smith and Sir James Steuart, mathematicians such as Colin Maclaurin and Matthew Stewart, and the geologist James Hutton. It has been held by some that the 1707 Union of Scotland and England is a major element in the explanation of how Scotland came to have an Enlightenment. The article also considers the intellectual life of pre-Enlightenment Scotland, some of the writings that emanated from the Scottish Enlightenment itself, and the question of when the Scottish Enlightenment ended.