bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Did the Campaign End? An Examination of the Timing of Vote Returns
in the 2008 General Election in Washington State
Authors: Pirch Kevin A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDuring the past decade the United States has seen an increase in alternative forms
to Election Day voting, including voting by mail. Voting by mail has spurred a
number of studies concerning the effects it has on voter turnout and other aspects
of voting. However, one important facet of voting by mail has not been examined—when
people decide to send in their vote. Because ballots are mailed out weeks before the
election, voting by mail creates, in effect, a rolling Election Day. This could have
profound effects for campaigns as candidates must determine when to use campaign
resources and campaign to an electorate who might have already voted. Using data
from the 2008 general election in Washington State, this study examines when voters
turned in their ballots and determines if age, partisanship, or other factors play a
role in the timing of turning in a ballot.
Research Ethics 101: Dilemmas and Responsibilities
Authors: Fujii Lee Ann 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe emphasis in political science on procedural ethics has led to a neglect of how researchers should consider and treat study participants, from design to publication stage. This article corrects this oversight and calls for a sustained discussion of research ethics across the discipline. The article's core argument is twofold: that ethics should matter to everyone, not just those who spend extended time in the field; and that ethics is an ongoing responsibility, not a discrete task to be checked off a “to do” list. Ethics matter in all types of political science research because most political science involves “human subjects.” Producers and consumers of political science research need to contemplate the ambiguous and oftentimes uncomfortable dimensions of research ethics, lest we create a discipline that is “nonethical,” or worse, unethical.
Methodological Lessons Learned from Conducting Civic Education Research
in High Schools
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C. , Vercellotti Timothy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWith the growing size of the “Millennial Generation” and its potential impact on
American democracy, the civic education of this cohort deserves study. Using news
media and discussion of politics at home and in the classroom at four public high
schools in New Jersey, we conducted an experiment to measure changes in media use,
political knowledge, and political efficacy. Although the experiment generated
useful substantive findings, we also learned important lessons about the challenges
associated with conducting research in high schools. We present suggestions to aid
in studying a crucial segment of the population: adolescents who are on the cusp of
entering the electorate.
The Political Geography of Campaign Finance: Contributions to 2008
Republican Presidential Candidates
Authors: Sebold Karen , Limbocker Scott , Dowdle Andrew , Stewart Patrick 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn fundraising, potential candidates who do not collect sizable amounts of “early
money” may be effectively eliminated even before the start of the Iowa Caucus. This
winnowing raises concern about the impact money has on narrowing the field of
candidates from whom voters can choose. To better grasp patterns of successful
fundraising, we explore where candidates obtain funds during the preprimary and
primary periods. We use individual contributions data from the Federal Election
Commission during the preprimary and primary periods of the 2008 Republican
presidential nomination contest. Findings suggest that although California, New
York, and Texas provide disproportionate amounts of early financing, the ability of
presidential aspirants to broaden their support is indicative of campaign
success.
CAUCHY–MIRIMANOFF AND RELATED POLYNOMIALS
Authors: NANNINGA PAUL M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn 1903 Mirimanoff conjectured that Cauchy–Mirimanoff polynomials En are irreducible over ℚ for odd prime n. Polynomials Rn, Sn, Tn are introduced, closely related to En. It is proved that Rm, Sm, Tm are irreducible over ℚ for odd m≥3 , and En, Rn, Sn are irreducible over ℚ, for n=2qm, q=1,2,3,4,5 , and m≥1 odd.
The quality factor of x-rays/gamma rays as one is realistic?
Authors: Akber Syed F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe quality factor for x-rays, gamma rays and electrons assigned as one need to be revised. It is observed that as the energy decreases, mean lethal radiation dose (Do)decreases as well and become more potent. It is therefore proposed that radiation quality in biological systems should be assessed in the mitotic phase of the cell cycles. Furthermore, based on the mean lethal radiation dose within specific energy range, an appropriate quality factor of x-rays, gamma rays and electrons should be assigned.
Effects of pregabalin on sleep in generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Holsboer-Trachsler Edith , Prieto Rita 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSleep disturbance is a cardinal symptom in both DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This review summarizes the results of clinical trials and pooled analyses that provide data on pregabalin's effect on sleep disturbance in patients diagnosed with GAD. The hypothesized mechanism of action of pregabalin is distinctly different from other anxiolytics. Pregabalin binds to a membrane α2δ subunit protein to inhibit release in excited central nervous system neurons of neurotransmitters implicated in pathological anxiety. Treatment with pregabalin has been found to be associated with significant improvement in GAD-related sleep disturbance across seven placebo-controlled clinical trials. Treatment with pregabalin is associated with improvement in all forms of insomnia and improvement in sleep has been found to be correlated with reduction in functional impairment and improvement in quality of life on subjective global measures. Results of a mediational analysis suggest that 53% of the effect of pregabalin on sleep disturbance was due to a direct effect and 47% was due to an indirect effect, mediated through prior reduction in anxiety symptom severity. In patients with GAD, improvement in sleep has been found to be associated with a reduction in daytime sleepiness. However, dose-related sedation is reported, typically in the first 2 wk of treatment, in approximately 10–30% of patients, depending on the dose used and the speed of titration. Insomnia is a common component of the clinical presentation of GAD and pregabalin appears to be an efficacious treatment for this often chronic and disabling symptom.
How do volcanic rift zones relate to flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna
Authors: Ruch Joel , Pepe Susi , Casu Francesco , Acocella Valerio , Neri Marco , Solaro Giuseppe , Sansosti Eugenio 
Published: September 2012

Volcanic rift zones, characterized by repeated dike emplacements, are expected to delimit the upper portion of unstable flanks at basaltic edifices. We use nearly two decades of InSAR observations excluding wintertime acquisitions, to analyze the relationships between rift zones, dike emplacement and flank instability at Etna. The results highlight a general eastward shift of the volcano summit, including the northeast and south rifts. This steady‐state eastward movement (1–2 cm/yr) is interrupted or even reversed during transient dike injections. Detailed analysis of the northeast rift shows that only during phases of dike injection, as in 2002, does the rift transiently becomes the upper border of the unstable flank. The flank's steady‐state eastward movement is inferred to result from the interplay between magmatic activity, asymmetric topographic unbuttressing, and east‐dipping detachment geometry at its base. This study documents the first evidence of steady‐state volcano rift instability interrupted by transient dike injection at basaltic edifices.
Fine‐structure contamination by internal waves in the Canary Basin
Authors: Gostiaux Louis , van Haren Hans 
Published: September 2012

Over a range of 132.5 m, 54 temperature sensors (1 mK relative accuracy) were moored yearlong while sampling at 1 Hz around 1455 m in the open Canary Basin. Coherence between individual records shows a weak but significant peak above the local buoyancy frequency N for all vertical separations Δz < 100 m, including at sensor interval Δz= 2.5 m. Instead of a dominant zero‐phase difference over the range of sensors, as observed for internal waves at frequenciesf < σ < N, with f denoting the inertial frequency, this superbuoyant coherence shows π‐phase difference. The transition from zero‐phase difference, for internal waves, toπ‐phase difference is abrupt and increases in frequency for decreasing Δz < 10 m. For Δz > 10 m, the transition is fixed at Nt ≃ 1.6N, which is also the maximum value of the small‐scale buoyancy frequency, and limits the internal wave band on its high‐frequency side. In the time domain it is observed that this high‐frequency coherence mainly occurs when nonlinearities in the temperature gradient, such as steps in the temperature profile, are advected past the sensors. A simple kinematic model of fine‐structure contamination is proposed to reproduce this observation. The canonical −2 slope of the temperature spectrum aboveN is not observed in the in situ data, which rather slope as −8/3. The −8/3 slope can, however, be reproduced in our model, provided the jumps in the temperature profile are not infinitely thin.
Bedload transport of a bimodal sediment bed
Authors: Houssais M. , Lajeunesse E. 
Published: September 2012

Despite several decades of investigations, accounting for the effect of the wide range of grain sizes composing the bed of rivers on bedload transport remains a challenging problem. We investigate this problem by studying experimentally the influence of grain size distribution on bedload transport in the simple configuration of a bimodal sediment bed composed of a mixture of 2 populations of quartz grains of sizes D1 = 0.7 ± 0.1 mm and D2 = 2.2 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. The experiments are carried out in a tilted rectangular flume inside which the sediment bed is sheared by a steady and spatially uniform turbulent flow. Using a high‐speed video imaging system, we focus on the measurement of the average particle velocity and the surface density of moving particles, defined as the number of moving particles per unit surface of the bed. These two quantities are measured separately for each population of grains as a function of the dimensionless shear stress (or Shields number) and the fraction of the bed surface covered with small grains. We show that the average velocity and the surface density of moving particles obey the same equations as those reported by Lajeunesse et al. (2010) for a bed of homogeneous grain size. Once in motion, the grains follow therefore similar laws whether the bed is made of uniform sediment or of a bimodal mixture. This suggests that the erosion‐deposition model established by Lajeunesse et al. (2010) for a bed of uniform sediment can be generalized to the case of a bimodal one. The only difference evidenced by our experiments concerns the critical Shields number for incipient sediment motion. Above a uniform sediment bed, the latter depends on the particle Reynolds number through the Shields curve. In the case of a bimodal bed, our experiments show that the critical Shields numbers of both populations of grains decrease linearly with the fraction of the bed surface covered with small grains. We propose a simple model to account for this observation.
Characterization of in vitro cultured bone marrow and adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells and their ability to express neurotrophic factors
Authors: Taghi Ghorbanian Mohammad , Maryam Ghasem Kashani , Taghi Lashkarbolouki , Leili Hosseinpour , Leyla Mirzaeiyan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) have attracted attention as a promising tool for regenerative medicine and transplantation therapy. MSCs exert neuroprotective effects by secreting a number of factors in vitro and in vivo. Similar characteristics are found in ADSCs (adipose‐derived stem cells) and BMSCs (bone marrow stromal cells). Multipotent capability, easy accessibility and rapid proliferation of ADSCs have been established. Our main objective was to compare cell viability, growth rate, expression of neurotrophic factors and nestin genes in ADSCs and BMSCs. Cell doubling time and proliferation rate indicate that ADSCs has a higher proliferation rate than BMSCs. ADSCs and BMSCs express a similar pattern of CD71 and CD90 markers. Nestin immunostaining showed that ADSCs and BMSCs are immunopositive. The expression of neurotrophic factors genes in ADSCs proved similar to that of BMSCs genes. Thus adipose tissue stem cells with a high proliferation rate can express nestin and neurotrophic factor genes. Therefore ADSCs may be useful in future cell replacement therapies and help improve neurodegenerative diseases.
Phages.
Authors: Abedon S. T. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

To help orient readers towards understanding the role that phages can play as part of the human microbiome, in health as well as disease, this chapter begins with a brief review of the history of phage research, and then provides an overview of basic phage properties. These include, in particular, what phage virions 'look' like, the basic characteristics of phage infections and the potential for phages to move DNA between bacteria, a process known as transduction.
Diseases caused by phages.
Authors: Kuhl S. , Abedon S. T. , Hyman P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Genomic sequencing of bacterial pathogens has demonstrated that many of the virulence factor molecules (also called pathogenicity factors) that allow bacteria to be more effective pathogens are encoded by prophages; in other words, these otherwise seemingly bacterial genes are found within the genomes of temperate phages. Temperate phage genomes can, in turn, reside semi-permanently within bacteria as prophages, forming what are commonly described as bacterial lysogens, or simply lysogens. This chapter provides an overview of various diseases that are associated with virulence factors that are prophage-encoded. These include diphtheria, botulism, Staphylococcus aureus infections (i.e. skin and pulmonary infections, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome), Streptococcus infections, Pasteurella infections, cholera, Shiga toxing-producing Shigella and Escherichia coli infections, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
Prophage-induced changes in cellular cytochemistry and virulence.
Authors: Christie G. E. , Allison H. E. , Kuzio J. , McShan W. M. , Waldor M. K. , Kropinski A. M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the impact of non-essential temperate phage genes on host expression that leads to a phenotypic change in virulence or in surface chemistry. Emphasis will be on the production of secreted toxins by Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Vibrio, the synthesis of membrane proteins, and alterations in lipopolysaccharide structure in Salmonella and Pseudomonas. The concept of phage-mediated transfer of bacterial genes, or transduction, is also briefly discussed.
The lion and the mouse: how bacteriophages create, liberate and decimate bacterial pathogens.
Authors: Hendrickson H. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses the influence of phages in the process of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and the impact that HGT has on bacterial evolution with a special interest in the evolution of pathogens. First, it provides a brief introduction about the day-to-day struggle between phages and bacteria before proceeding to a description of the mechanisms, quantities and impact of HGT in the microbial jungle.
Clinical applications of phage display.
Authors: Siegel D. L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Since its initial description over 20 years ago, phage display technology has been used to understand complex biological signalling pathways, to study protein-protein interactions, and to develop diagnostic and therapeutic agents important to human health. This chapter provides a description of the technology and then offers an overview of key clinical areas in which phage display has had its largest impact. It presents an overview of the ways in which phage display has been used to discover new diagnostic reagents and assays for their use, as well as reagents that have served as leads for the development of novel pharmaceuticals. The process begins with a source of immunoglobulin DNA, the construction of a phage-display library, the selection of binders through panning and the isolation of target-specific phage particles. Immunoglobulin DNA can then be extracted from individual phages and subcloned into other systems to produce full-length IgG in which antibody Fc constant region domains are appended, or to produce antibody fragments as soluble molecules for applications in which natural antibody effector function or long circulation half-life is not necessary. Alternatively, the phage particles can be used directly as highly sensitive and specific immunological detection reagents.
Phages and their hosts: a web of interactions - applications to drug design.
Authors: Wagemans J. , Lavigne R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter describes the interactions between phage-encoded and bacterial proteins within the phage-infected cell, hereafter referred to as bacteriophage-host interactions. From known bacteriophage-host interactions, crucial examples are described, with emphasis on those that could readily be exploited in drug design: phage-host interactions affecting the transcription machinery; phage-host interactions involved in host replication shutoff; and phages manipulating the translation machinery. A general phage genomics-based strategy for drug discovery is also discussed.
Bacteriophage-based methods of bacterial detection and identification.
Authors: Cox C. R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter reviews both traditional and newer approaches to phage-based bacterial detection and identification. Phages possess 2 key features that make them ideal 'reagents' for bacterial detection and identification: their specificity and their ability to amplify in number in the presence of target bacteria. These 2 properties are described within the context of a traditional approach to bacterial identification, the plaque assay. A third key feature, phage genetic malleability, is also described in subsequent sections, where the following newer approaches are considered: phage amplification-coupled matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, phage amplification-coupled lateral flow immunoassays, phage immobilization for bacterial detection, phage-encoded reporter genes for bacterial detection, phage-conjugated quantum dots, and fluorescent phage endolysin cell wall-binding domains.
Phage translocation, safety and immunomodulation.
Authors: Olszowska-Zaremba N. , Borysowski J. , Dąbrowska K. , Górski A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter reviews published scientific literature on the following topics: prevalence of bacteriophages in the environment and the safety of phage therapy for bacterial diseases; immune responses to exogenous bacteriophages, including anti-phage antibodies and anti-phage cellular immunity; effects of bacteriophage preparations on granulocytes, phagocytosis, T lymphocytes, platelets, and cytokines; and bacteriophage translocation from the intestinal lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes and subsequently to other extraintestinal organs and sites.
Phage therapy of wounds and related purulent infections.
Authors: Loc-Carrillo C. , Wu S. J. , Beck J. P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter provides a general definition of what wounds are and describes specific wound infections that have been investigated for their receptiveness to phage therapy. It highlights some of the early clinical work, from the pre-antibiotic era, when phage therapy was first used to prevent and treat wound infections, as well as other localized infections. It also provides insights into some of the reasons for failure of these approaches as judged by today's standards. Finally, this chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses in experimental design of various animal models used to determine the efficacy of bacteriophages as antimicrobials.
Phage therapy of non-wound infections.
Authors: Burrowes B. , Harper D. R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter begins with an overview of the history of phage therapy as it pertains to non-wound infections, and then details more up-to-date experimental models (such as mice and dogs) and results. The following experimental infections are described: septicaemia, pulmonary infections, gastrointestinal infections, and canine otitis. A brief list of human uses of phage therapy is also provided.
Phage-based enzybiotics.
Authors: Shen Y. , Mitchell M. S. , Donovan D. M. , Nelson D. C. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The term 'enzybiotic' was coined by Vincent Fischetti's group in 2001 to describe both the enzymatic and antibiotic properties of bacteriophage-encoded endolysins. In recent years, the enzybiotic term has been extended by some authors to describe any enzyme that displays general antibacterial or antifungal properties, whether phage-derived or not. While the most comprehensive definition of enzybiotics would include all endolysins, autolysins, exolysins and perhaps other enzymes, this chapter focuses on the phage-encoded enzymes, primarily the endolysins. Current knowledge about the mechanisms of action for these enzymes, in vitro and in vivo (usually mouse models) activity, synergy with other enzymes or antibiotics, immune responses and resistance to these enzymes, are discussed. The final sections briefly review bacteriocins and depolymerases, 2 other classes of phage-encoded enzymes that may also be considered enzybiotics.
Phage-therapy best practices.
Authors: Abedon S. T. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

In this chapter, the author provides a guide to phage therapy 'best practices', principles that have been formulated in the course of reviewing the modern phage therapy and phage-based bacterial biocontrol literature in combination with extensive consideration of related issues of phage ecology. These ideas are presented as answers to a series of 12 questions, which are believed should be generally considered over the course of phage therapy research and development. Four more issues are also presented at the end of the chapter - those of host range, unusual results, the dependence of phage-mediated bacterial killing on phage titres, and a discussion of the meaning or lack thereof of positive results.