bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigrant Children and the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Gonzales Roberto G. , Roth Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The children of immigrants represent a large and growing segment of the US population. The children of immigrants are not progressing steadily as a group at the same rate or following a standard pathway to adulthood. Rather, there is wide variation across ethnic groups and immigrant generations, and immigrant children are not necessarily following the patterned sequence of the nonimmigrant majority.
Immigrant youth reach developmental milestones such as educational attainment, job attainment, and achieving independence from parents, but they do so at varying rates and with different levels of success. These young people are diverse in terms of their backgrounds and the places where they come of age, and these factors interact in ways that help explain why they are following divergent pathways to adulthood. In particular, legal status—whether of immigrant parents or of immigrant youth themselves—has become a “master status” that conditions their path to adulthood. Future research must continue to identify the ways in which geography, local organizations, immigration reform, and other factors interact to shape opportunities that immigrant youth as they approach adulthood.
The implications of the diverging developmental pathways of immigrant youth are significant, not only for immigrants and their families but also for the larger society. Given that they represent a large percentage of children today, these young people will heavily influence tomorrow's workforce—and therefore the economic strength and security of this country.
Immigration and the Changing Status of Asian Americans
Authors: Lee Jennifer 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMass immigration over the past four decades has changed the racial and ethnic composition of United States by ushering in millions of Asians and Latinos whose arrival has not only challenged the traditional black‐white color line, but has also changed perceptions about race. Focusing on Asian Americans, I show how contemporary immigration has changed the racial status of this group; once considered “unassimilable” and “undesirable immigrants,” Asian Americans now exhibit the highest rates of intermarriage, the lowest rates of residential segregation, and the highest median household incomes of all US racial groups. By highlighting the changing selectivity of Asian immigration after the passage of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, I illustrate how their hyper‐selectivity has not only affected their patterns of incorporation, but also produced positive stereotypes of contemporary Asian Americans. This, in turn, has resulted in a social psychological process that I refer to asstereotype promise—the promise of being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype that leads one to perform in such a way that confirms the positive stereotype, thereby enhancing performance and outcomes. By introducing research in social psychology to the fields of immigration and race, I provide a better understanding of the ways in which immigration is changing the meaning of race for Asian Americans in twenty‐first century America.
Impact of Limited Education on Employment Prospects in Advanced Economies
Authors: Solga Heike 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEmployment and wage inequalities between educational groups in advanced economies have received much attention in economic and sociological research. Over the past 50 years, the labor market vulnerability of less‐educated workers has increased and will most probably continue to do so unless crucial interventions take place. Foundational research has identified multiple factors that contribute to rising educational disparities in employment prospects. It has focused in particular on demand‐side factors, such as skill supply–demand mismatches, changes in overall job structures, foreign trade, or institutional changes; however, most studies were based on supply‐side data. Cutting edge research has challenged some of these findings by studying recruitment processes, technological changes, and skill distributions, and by using a multidimensional concept of education. Nevertheless, the relative importance of the various factors has yet to be determined. Other key issues for future research involve including women in the analysis, explaining not only differences between educational groups but also differences within the group of less‐educated workers, and studying the impact of variation in competence‐qualification relationships on the employment prospects of less‐educated workers. Research of this nature will require more interdisciplinary cooperation between economists and sociologists and an increase in international comparative studies. Such research will enrich our understanding of how the barriers confronting less‐educated workers in the labor market can be overcome or removed.
Implicit Memory
Authors: McBride Dawn M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractImplicit memory involves the influence of memory without intention and often without awareness. For example, many of the tasks we perform without conscious control are considered implicit tasks. These include tasks with which we have experience such as riding a bicycle, driving a car, or typing. In this essay, the study of implicit memory is briefly reviewed beginning with discussion of foundational studies in this area that followed either a processing or memory systems perspective on this topic. Some current, cutting edge research is reviewed with primary emphasis on questions that hold promise for new knowledge about implicit forms of memory: (i) In what ways is conceptual implicit memory (memory without intention) similar to explicit memory (memory with intention)? (ii) What roles do item‐specific (focus on details of an item) and relational (focus on connections between items) processing play in implicit memory retrieval? (iii) What is the role of attention in implicit memory retrieval? Examination of these questions provides avenues for future research in this area.
Inefficiencies in Health Care Provision
Authors: Burgess James F. , Hockenberry Jason M. , Allen Lindsay 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay seeks to elucidate salient issues on the topic of inefficiency in the provision of health care. We begin with a discussion on the definition of efficiency, and the particular forms it can take in health care. From there, we define a useful framework for thinking about ways in which efficiency in the health care system can be improved. We describe cutting edge research being conducted in the field, and the major challenges to furthering the research agenda in this area, not the least of which is the unique nature of health care itself. We conclude with a discussion about key issues for future research, including the importance of incorporating multidisciplinary perspectives into this research.
Information Politics in Dictatorships
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPolitical science has made great progress in the study of nondemocratic regime survival in the past 15 years. Democratization is only one threat that such regimes face—indeed, most nondemocratic regimes are replaced by other dictators. How do regimes learn about the threats facing them? Cutting‐edge research has pointed to elite institutions, such as legislatures and politburos, easing information problems among regime insiders. However, the ways that nondemocratic regimes gather information about local agent performance and society remain underexplored.
Insomnia and Sleep Disorders
Authors: Mason Elizabeth C. , Harvey Allison G. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Sleep is common to all animals and yet there are so many mysteries surrounding its function. Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, is prevalent and debilitating and has been shown to play a role in the onset and maintenance of other mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. This chapter outlines a basic overview of sleep, followed by a summary of cutting‐edge research investigating insomnia as well as its relationship to other psychiatric disorders. It is suggested that a bidirectional relationship exists between sleep and emotion and research supporting this framework is addressed briefly. We describe the treatment of choice for insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy, as well as outline other exciting developments in the treatment of insomnia, including bright light therapy, intensive sleep retraining therapy, and Internet‐based treatments. Finally, we end on a discussion of areas that are ripe for future investigation, including biological mechanisms, sleep medications, and other sleep disorders such as hypersomnia.
Institutional Contexts for Socioeconomic Effects on Schooling Outcomes
Authors: van de Werfhorst Herman G. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

In the field of stratification sociology, one of the most important developments of the past two decades has been an improved understanding of cross‐national variations with regard to the role of education in society. The structure of educational systems differs in important respects between countries, affecting patterns of inequality. The central issue that will be addressed in this essay is to what extent educational institutional characteristics are related to the level of inequality of educational opportunity (IEO) in a country.
IEO
refers to the association between background variables, most notably social class origin and race/ethnicity, and schooling outcomes of children. These outcomes include the highest attained educational level, school continuation decisions during the educational career, and student test scores. Institutional characteristics that are discussed include early tracking, forms of standardization, the vocational orientation, and private schooling.
Interdependence, Development, and Interstate Conflict
Authors: Gartzke Erik 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A nation's economy is the engine that powers, produces, and procures the weapons of war. Economic interests may benefit from war through increased production or they may oppose contests that promise to interfere with profits from trade and investment. Punitive raids, a major invasion, or an attack from the air may also hamper the productive potential of a nation, encouraging its leaders to think twice before using force.
What relationships link economics and interstate conflict? How can a better understanding of these relationships help limit bloodshed in war and potentially bring peace? The many ways in which economic processes are tied to the development and use of military force would seem to support almost any speculation about the causes and implications of each for the other. Indeed, the literature on war would appear to have detailed just about every such possibility. Economics may be good or bad for peace depending on which sets of connections one prefers to emphasize. Part of this confusion stems from the inherent complexity of interacting two complex social phenomena in multiple possible ways. Confusion may also arise if the causes of either or both processes are not well understood. Indeed, the origins and nature of warfare have only recently begun to reveal themselves, despite centuries of interest and inquiry.
Simply understanding why nations fight will go a long way to whittling down the number of ways that economic forces are likely to impact decisions of war and peace. It will also prove useful to distinguish the effects of different features of national economies, once a framework is in place (a model) to adequately represent war, the basic process whose functioning is said to be affected in various ways. This essay focuses on two economic processes, development and interdependence, explains why these two are especially worthy of attention, and attempts to lay out possible avenues for the extension of research into linkages between and among economic interdependence, development, and interstate conflict.
Judicial Independence
Authors: Clark Tom S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFor analytic clarity, judicial independence is best thought of as a concept that captures a variety of features of a judicial system. One common, and useful, approach is to associate judicial independence with the ability of judges to, in practice, make decisions the outcomes of which are not dictated by extrajudicial pressures. In this spirit, research on judicial independence has examined a number of topics, two of which are (i) the origins and determinants of political support for the judiciary and (ii) the consequences of maintaining judicial independence for economic performance. Original research on political support for the judiciary focused on how a system of separation of powers can constrain judicial independence. Current research is turning the question around, examining the role courts play as a component of a system in which policy is made collectively by political institutions. Research on the relationship between judicial independence and economic performance originally examined whether greater judicial independence is associated with higher levels of economic growth. Current research is expanding the focus to evaluate the conditions under which independent courts reinforce the stability of democratic government. As research on judicial independence moves forward, it should focus on further conceptual clarification, the study of independent courts as complements to other parts of a system of governance (rather than competitors to policy makers), and leveraging current advances for theoretically driven measurement of these concepts.
Kin‐Directed Behavior in Primates
Authors: Berman Carol M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractKinship was one of the first foundational principles of primate social organization to be recognized and to be viewed within an explicit evolutionary framework, specifically kin selection theory. Over time we have come to appreciate how much kinship structures and kin preferences vary between and within species, and how they are constrained by demography, life history characteristics, ecology, and mechanisms for recognizing kin. We have only recently discovered that many species are able to recognize paternal kin and to express preferences for them, but we have much to learn about how individuals do this, and how they make choices among different classes of kin and nonkin. Many potential benefits of close kin relationships have been uncovered, and some have been firmly linked to fitness benefits. Questions about kin selection versus mutualism or reciprocity as an explanation for kin preferences continue to pose challenges. Recent empirical studies support the operation of kin selection, but suggest that it may extend only within fairly narrow limits of relatedness. Much current theoretical research focuses on modeling the ways in which kinship interacts with dispersal patterns, reproductive skew, habitat saturation, and other ecological and life history patterns to produce various selective regimes related to cooperation. Some recent promising theoretical models of the origins of human social systems also rely in part on principles of kin selection and on a greatly expanded understanding of kin‐related behavior in nonhuman primates.
Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Nokes‐Malach Timothy J. , Richey J. Elizabeth 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Controversy regarding the nature and frequency of knowledge transfer has received significant attention for more than a century, and this debate has sparked advances in our theoretical understanding of transfer as well as educational practices designed to promote it. We review the classical cognitive approach to studying transfer and highlight several important critiques of that approach regarding issues of context, assessment, and individual differences. These critiques have pushed research to improve understanding of the learning processes that facilitate transfer, the application processes that enact it, and the measurement of it. Research investigating the relationship between achievement goals and transfer serves as an example of the ways issues of context and individual differences are being integrated into the study of transfer. Future work on transfer should continue to refine and clarify how we define, assess, and promote it.
Lawmaking
Authors: Carson Jamie L. , Owens Mark E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe goal of this essay is to present foundational and cutting‐edge research that has influenced how researchers study the lawmaking process within American politics. By assessing the most influential research on legislative politics to date, we are able to highlight the research that is moving the discipline forward. Specifically, we focus not only on the outcomes produced by the lawmaking process but also the institutional influences that shape what ultimately becomes law. Our discussion outlines how institutional rules and procedural context are important considerations in determining how legislative chambers and the executive interact to govern and create new laws. This is especially important as the polarization among the public and political elites continues to grow and reflects fluctuations in party divisions during the past century. These changes in the political context of each institution have created challenges in the lawmaking process, necessitating new and unorthodox procedures to deal with these difficulties as they arise. We also provide guidance in discussing new questions, which have not yet been fully addressed by scholars to date, as well as where to look for new sources of data that will help researchers begin to find answers to those questions. We believe that expanding upon existing research agendas will provide greater opportunities to learn more about the important role of both chambers and the executive in designing and implementing legislation.
Learning Across the Life Course
Authors: Allmendinger Jutta , Helbig Marcel 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Owing to intense changes in educational demands in a globalized world and demographic shifts in almost all developed countries, structures and content of educational and vocational training have to adapt.
Specificity
refers to the need for a broad‐based education, allowing people to train for more than one occupation. In terms of
content
, social skills must be taught to embrace diversity. Educational
institutions
need to be open for all stages in the life course. Moreover, possibilities of disconnecting time and space owing to progress in educational
media
need to be explored.

These global challenges for the educational system also place demands on education
research
. We need to overcome the
segmentation
in disciplines and narrowly defined life stages. We need to reconsider the trend toward a
standardized system
of educational and vocational training. One size does not fit all. Finally, emerging
group differences
in educational outcomes have to be more thoroughly explored.
Lifecourse and Aging
Authors: Hazan Haim 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay addresses the need of peoples everywhere to think about the human life span as a series of discretely identifiable stages here characterized and analyzed as a series of fundamental dimensions around which dominant cultural beliefs are commonly organized. They include: Universality versus diversity; determinacy versus indeterminacy; social time versus experienced time; and course versus cycle. Each dimension is described and exemplified, resulting in a framework to guide future studies of aging and the life course.
Limits to Human Longevity
Authors: Preston Samuel H. , Beltrán‐Sánchez Hiram 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Longevity has increased sharply in the past century and it is likely to continue increasing. Historical trends in maximum life expectancy at birth show major improvements since 1760. Life expectancy at age 80 has also improved with an accelerating pace in recent years suggesting we are not approaching a biological limit to the length of life. Anticipating the near future of longevity typically relies on extrapolating either longevity itself or age‐specific death rates. The principal alternative to extrapolative methods attempts to model factors affecting mortality and to project those factors into the future. In the more distant future, rather than targeting specific diseases, much research would attempt to arrest the aging process itself either through gene therapy or through medicines that replicate the genes' activities. Stem cell technologies may make it possible to create new body organs to replace defective ones. Although discoveries in laboratories will play an important role in determining the future of longevity, many puzzles remain to be worked out in translating individual behaviors into population‐level indexes. Quasi‐experimental designs may provide a useful approach to investigate systemic determinants of mortality, with implications for the future of longevity. In addition to projections of longevity for national populations, there would also be projections for major groups within populations. Future projections of longevity are likely also to involve much more consideration of the epidemiology of diseases and their interactions. Finally, an attractive approach to longevity is to base projections on birth cohorts instead of, or in addition to, period‐specific data.
Maternal and Paternal Employment across the Life Course
Authors: Kreyenfeld Michaela 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay provides a condensed summary of major findings in trends in maternal and paternal employment patterns. Key theoretical concepts (such as cultural approaches, welfare state approaches, preference theory, economic approaches, and life course theory) are briefly summarized. The increase in maternal employment rates in most European countries, and the extent to which this increase has been related to growth in part‐time and marginal employment, are also discussed. In studying the dynamics of the employment behavior of mothers, empirical researchers have mainly looked at the amount of time it takes for women to return to work after childbirth. While these studies often capture only a snapshot of the life course—namely, the period between childbirth and labor market reentry—new approaches (so‐called sequence analyses) that map the lifetime employment patterns of women have been developed. The analysis of the employment patterns of fathers is an emerging field of research as well. However, little is known so far about how fatherhood affects men's lifetime employment patterns, and how paternal employment varies in different cultural and social policy contexts.
Media Neuroscience
Authors: Mangus J. Michael , Adams Aubrie , Weber Rene 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMedia neuroscience offers a unique window into how the complexities of human behavior emerge from the dynamic interaction of adaptive brain structures in response to environmental inputs. Rather than treating these dynamics as a black box or measuring them only indirectly through self‐report or behavioral observation, neuroimaging studies are uniquely able to provide theoretical insight into underlying brain processes and their evolutionary basis. This essay provides an overview of foundational research in the area of media neuroscience, evaluates key critiques of that research, and provides an outlook for how emerging trends may develop in the near future.