bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION): Methods of the Surveillance Program, 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014
Authors: Dompier Thomas P. , Marshall Stephen W. , Kerr Zachary Y. , Hayden Ross 
Published: June 2015

Context
Previous epidemiologic researchers have examined time-loss (TL) injuries in high school student-athletes, but little is known about the frequency of non–time-loss (NTL) injuries in these athletes.

Objective
To describe the methods of the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) Surveillance Program and provide descriptive epidemiology of TL and NTL injuries across athletes in 27 high school sports.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting
Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 147 high schools in 26 states.

Patients or Other Participants
High school student-athletes participating in 13 boys' sports and 14 girls' sports during the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Athletic trainers documented injuries and exposures using commercially available injury-tracking software packages. Standard injury-tracking software was modified by the software vendors to conform to the surveillance needs of this project. The modified software exported a set of common data elements, stripped of personally identifiable information, to a centralized automated verification and validation system before they were included in the centralized research database. Dependent measures were injury and exposure frequencies and injury rates with 95% confidence intervals stratified by sport, sex, and injury type (TL or NTL).

Results
Over the 3-year period, a total of 2337 team seasons across 27 sports resulted in 47 014 injuries and 5 146 355 athlete-exposures. The NTL injuries accounted for 38 765 (82.45%) and TL injuries for 8249 (17.55%) of the total.

Conclusions
The NTL injuries accounted for a substantial amount of the total number of injuries sustained by high school student-athletes. This project demonstrates the feasibility of creating large-scale injury surveillance systems using commercially available injury-tracking software.
Leder
Authors: Myskja Bjørn , Nydal Rune , Solberg Berge 
Published: June 2015

Velkommen til Etikk i praksis – Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics. Gjennom dette tidsskriftet ønsker vi å bidra til bedre kontakt mellom forskere innenfor anvendt etikk i Norden. Det finnes et økende antall forskere som arbeider med anvendte etiske problemstillinger, og anvendt etikk har blitt et tverrfaglig forskningsfelt i alle nordiske land. Etikk i praksis har som mål å gjøre den anvendte etikken i Norden sterkere og synligere.
Not your problem? Exploring the relationship between problem formulation and social responsibility
Authors: Jørgensen Sveinung , Tynes Lars Jacob 
Published: June 2015

This article explores the relationship between organizationalproblem formulation and social responsibility. Thepurpose of the article is to illuminate how organizationalproblem formulations (1) determine the manner in whichthe organization attempts to solve the problem and (2)involve the ascription of significance to a group of stakeholdersseen as relevant for the organization. This has implicationsfor the degree to which they assume responsibilityfor those stakeholders. We discuss three dimensions ofresponsible decision making – rationality in goal attainment,reverence for ethical norms, and respect for stakeholders.Thereby, we arrive at an understanding of how differentorganizations in the same sector conceive of, andattempt to solve fundamental problems in the sector, aswell as how their assumed responsibility is reflected therein.We present and discuss a case that discusses keysimilarities and differences between two organizations inthe drug sector – a pharmaceutical company that producesmedicine for the treatment of drug addiction and a foundationworking with drug rehabilitation. We illuminatehow the two organizations base their activities on divergentformulations of the drug problem and how this ismanifested in their approach to the problem. We argue that this ultimately translates into differences in the inclusion of various stakeholdersin their problem space, and thereby the degree to which they assumeresponsibility for key stakeholders. This contributes to the corporate socialresponsibility literature by providing an in depth account of how problem formulationsshape organizational activities and determine the practical inclusionof stakeholders’ interests in the decisions and activities of organizations.
Efficient Gene Editing in Pluripotent Stem Cells by Bacterial Injection of Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease Proteins
Authors: Jia Jingyue , Bai Fang , Jin Yongxin , Santostefano Katherine E. , Ha Un-Hwan , Wu Donghai , Wu Weihui , Terada Naohiro , Jin Shouguang 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a powerful tool for direct protein delivery into mammalian cells and has successfully been used to deliver various exogenous proteins into mammalian cells. In the present study, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) proteins have been efficiently delivered using the P. aeruginosa T3SS into mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), human ESCs (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for genome editing. This bacterial delivery system offers an alternative method of TALEN delivery that is highly efficient in cleavage of the chromosomal target and presumably safer by avoiding plasmid DNA introduction. We combined the method of bacterial T3SS-mediated TALEN protein injection and transfection of an oligonucleotide template to effectively generate precise genetic modifications in the stem cells. Initially, we efficiently edited a single-base in the gfp gene of a mESC line to silence green fluorescent protein (GFP) production. The resulting GFP-negative mESC was cloned from a single cell and subsequently mutated back to a GFP-positive mESC line. Using the same approach, the gfp gene was also effectively knocked out in hESCs. In addition, a defined single-base edition was effectively introduced into the X-chromosome-linked HPRT1 gene in hiPSCs, generating an in vitro model of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. T3SS-mediated TALEN protein delivery provides a highly efficient alternative for introducing precise gene editing within pluripotent stem cells for the purpose of disease genotype-phenotype relationship studies and cellular replacement therapies.

Significance
The present study describes a novel and powerful tool for the delivery of the genome editing enzyme transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) directly into pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), achieving desired base changes on the genomes of PSCs with high efficiency. This novel approach uses bacteria as a protein delivery tool. It is easy to manipulate and adaptable to scaling up. This is a safe delivery system, because the delivery strains can be easily eliminated using simple antibiotic treatment. Type III secretion system (T3SS)-mediated TALEN protein delivery provides a highly efficient alternative for introducing precise gene alterations within PSCs for the purpose of disease genotype-phenotype relationship studies and cellular replacement therapies. The results of the present study also pave the way to applying the bacterial T3SS to deliver transcriptional factors into PSCs for cellular reprogramming, raising the hope of a safe technology that can be used in cell or tissue replacement therapy for human genetic diseases.
Three‐Dimensional Bimetal‐Graphene‐Semiconductor Coaxial Nanowire Arrays to Harness Charge Flow for the Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Hou Jungang , Cheng Huijie , Takeda Osamu , Zhu Hongmin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe photochemical conversion of carbon dioxide provides a straightforward and effective strategy for the highly efficient production of solar fuels with high solar‐light utilization efficiency. However, the high recombination rate of photoexcited electron–hole (e‐h) pairs and the poor photostability have greatly limited their practical applications. Herein, a practical strategy is proposed to facilitate the separation of e‐h pairs and enhance the photostability in a semiconductor by the use of a Schottky junction in a bimetal‐graphene‐semiconductor stack array. Importantly, Au‐Cu nanoalloys (ca. 3 nm) supported on a 3D ultrathin graphene shell encapsulating a p‐type Cu2O coaxial nanowire array promotes the stable photochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol by the synergetic catalytic effect of interfacial modulation and charge‐transfer channel design. This work provides a promising lead for the development of practical catalysts for sustainable fuel synthesis.
A Four‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Dioxadiazaborocines
Authors: Flagstad Thomas , Petersen Mette T. , Nielsen Thomas E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA four‐component reaction for the synthesis of heterocyclic boronates is reported. Readily available hydrazides, α‐hydroxy aldehydes, and two orthogonally reactive boronic acids are combined in a single step to give structurally distinct bicyclic boronates, termed dioxadiazaborocines (DODA borocines). In this remarkable process, one boronic acid reacts as a carbon nucleophile and the other as a boron electrophile to provide enantio‐ and diastereomerically pure heterocyclic boronates with multiple stereocenters in high yields.
Enhancing allyl alcohol selectivity in the catalytic conversion of glycerol; influence of product distribution on the subsequent epoxidation step
Authors: Harvey Luke , Sánchez Gizelle , Kennedy Eric M. , Stockenhuber Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractConversion of glycerol to allyl alcohol in a flow reactor and subsequent conversion to glycidol in a batch reactor are discussed in this paper. To increase reaction selectivity in the glycerol to allyl alcohol reaction, the catalyst was modified with alkali metal salts. The treatment of the catalyst (Fe/Al2O3) with potassium, caesium and rubidium salts enhanced the allyl alcohol yield when a 35 wt% glycerol solution was used as feed. Furthermore, the addition of organic reductants or hydrogen to the glycerol feed increased the allyl alcohol yield. Optimisation of allyl alcohol selectivity was achieved by a combination of alkali metal cation modifiers and the addition of reductants. The influence of acid, base and redox properties on selectivity is presented, focusing on the effect of these properties on product distribution. The effect of by‐products from the conversion of glycerol to allyl alcohol on the epoxidation reaction was examined to identify the ideal reaction conditions for maximising the glycidol yield. Epoxidation of allyl alcohol by 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide was conducted in a batch reactor at 333K using titanium silicate‐1 catalyst. Conversion of allyl alcohol was high for all conditions; however, hydrolysis of glycidol to glycerol reduces selectivity. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed consensus of delayed multi‐agent systems with nonlinear dynamics via intermittent control
Authors: Ye Zhiyong , Chen Yungen , Zhang Hua 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a distributed consensus of delayed multi‐agent systems with a leader is investigated, and a nonlinear protocol is proposed based on intermittent control. A notable feature of this protocol is to address second‐order consensus problems for delayed nonlinear multi‐agent systems, where agents can only communicate with each other over some disconnected time intervals. Some sufficient conditions to guarantee the consensus over fixed and switching topologies are derived. It is shown that second‐order consensus for delayed multi‐agent system with intermittent control can be achieved if the time delay is less than a critical value and the communication time duration is larger than a threshold value. In addition, some numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the theoretical results.
PEPSI: The high‐resolution échelle spectrograph and polarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope
Authors: Strassmeier K.G. , Ilyin I. , Järvinen A. , Weber M. , Woche M. , Barnes S. I. , Bauer S.‐M. , Beckert E. , Bittner W. , Bredthauer R. , Carroll T. A. , Denker C. , Dionies F. , DiVarano I. , Döscher D. , Fechner T. , Feuerstein D. , Granzer T. , Hahn T. , Harnisch G. , Hofmann A. , Lesser M. , Paschke J. , Pankratow S. , Plank V. , Plüschke D. , Popow E. , Sablowski D. , Storm J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPEPSI is the bench‐mounted, two‐arm, fibre‐fed and stabilized Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument for the 2×8.4 m Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). Three spectral resolutions of either 43 000, 120 000 or 270 000 can cover the entire optical/red wavelength range from 383 to 907 nm in three exposures. Two 10.3k×10.3k CCDs with 9‐µm pixels and peak quantum efficiencies of 94–96 % record a total of 92 échelle orders. We introduce a new variant of a wave‐guide image slicer with 3, 5, and 7 slices and peak efficiencies between 92–96 %. A total of six cross dispersers cover the six wavelength settings of the spectrograph, two of them always simultaneously. These are made of a VPH‐grating sandwiched by two prisms. The peak efficiency of the system, including the telescope, is 15 % at 650 nm, and still 11 % and 10 % at 390 nm and 900 nm, respectively. In combination with the 110 m2 light‐collecting capability of the LBT, we expect a limiting magnitude of ≈20th mag in V in the low‐resolution mode. The R = 120 000 mode can also be used with two, dual‐beam Stokes IQUV polarimeters. The 270 000‐mode is made possible with the 7‐slice image slicer and a 100‐µm fibre through a projected sky aperture of 0.74″, comparable to the median seeing of the LBT site. The 43 000‐mode with 12‐pixel sampling per resolution element is our bad seeing or faint‐object mode. Any of the three resolution modes can either be used with sky fibers for simultaneous sky exposures or with light from a stabilized Fabry‐Pérot étalon for ultra‐precise radial velocities. CCD‐image processing is performed with the dedicated data‐reduction and analysis package PEPSI‐S4S. Its full error propagation through all image‐processing steps allows an adaptive selection of parameters by using statistical inferences and robust estimators. A solar feed makes use of PEPSI during day time and a 500‐m feed from the 1.8 m VATT can be used when the LBT is busy otherwise. In this paper, we present the basic instrument design, its realization, and its characteristics. Some pre‐commissioning first‐light spectra shall demonstrate the basic functionality. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Back to consumption and production? Prosumers negotiating the WMG lockdown on YouTube
Authors: Bajde Domen , Kos Koklic Mateja , Bajde Jernej 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature that explores the increasingly blurred divide separating production and consumption. Within this stream of work, digital environments are commonly depicted as sites of consumer empowerment, participation, co‐creation and prosumption, the intertwined process of production and consumption. Yet, in response to the mounting commercial and legal pressures, Web 2.0 companies pro‐actively regulate prosumption, deploying advanced technological devices and innovative contractual arrangements. Exploring the case of Warner Music Group lockdown on YouTube, we investigate the role of a content‐sharing platform in (re)formatting prosumption. We draw from prosumption theory and Ritzer's “prosumption continuum” to highlight how shifting arrangements of rights and content regulation shape prosumption of corporate content (in our case music owned by record labels). In contrast to the studies emphasizing the blurring of the line between consumer and producer, we illustrate how prosumption can also be transformed (back) into more conventional forms of consumption and production. We highlight several mechanisms that make this process of “de‐prosumption” possible despite considerable consumer opposition, and consider the implications facing prosumers of corporate content. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of patent foramen ovale closure in patients with platypnea‐orthodeoxia syndrome
Authors: Mojadidi Mohammad Khalid , Gevorgyan Rubine , Noureddin Nabil , Tobis Jonathan M. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundPlatypnea‐orthodeoxia syndrome is a rare condition characterized by hypoxemia in the upright position that is improved in the supine position. Although several etiologies of platypnea‐orthodeoxia exist, it is frequently associated with right‐to‐left shunting of blood at the cardiac or pulmonary level, usually via a patent foramen ovale (PFO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of platypnea‐orthodeoxia syndrome in a select patient population with right‐to‐left shunting and to describe the outcomes after PFO closure.MethodsPatients with platypnea‐orthodeoxia were prospectively identified from a population of patients who had a PFO and were referred to UCLA from 2001 to 2012. Those patients who elected to have their PFO closed were assessed for the severity of their symptoms and interval SaO2 changes. The changes in SaO2 before and after closure were compared in the supine and upright position. Patients were classified depending on the result of PFO closure as having “improved SaO2” or “no change.”ResultsOf 683 patients with PFO‐associated conditions, 17 (2.5%) had platypnea‐orthodeoxia and elected to close their PFO. The results in 11 of 17 patients (64.8%) were classified as having “improved SaO2”; they experienced improvement or complete resolution of their dyspnea and hypoxemia (improved SaO2 from baseline 5.2 ± 4.7% when recumbent and 15.6 ± 3.0% when upright, P = 0.03 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with no change after PFO closure predominantly had a pulmonary etiology for their hypoxia, with elevated mean pulmonary pressures measured before closure (51.4 ±16.8 mmHg, P = 0.06).ConclusionPFO closure may resolve symptomatic postural dyspnea and hypoxemia and is an effective method for treating platypnea‐orthodeoxia, but is not effective when the primary etiology of the hypoxemia is due to a pulmonary cause. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of Particle‐Stabilized Nonspherical Emulsion Drops in Simple Shear Flow
Authors: Merkel Tobias , Gräf Volker , Walz Elke , Schuchmann Heike P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNonspherical drops are of interest in the formation of microcapsules in life sciences like food, pharmacy, and cosmetics, agro and fine chemicals as well as material sciences. Out of many systems, particle‐stabilized emulsion drops, so‐called Pickering emulsions, exhibit an interesting formulation. Systems with Pickering particles applied in an excess amount were investigated. During deformation, the particles fully covered the enlarged drop interfaces and prevented its relaxation to a spherical drop shape. Nonspherical drops could be produced in simple shear flow using an adequate process routine. The production in a simple device is a promising high‐throughput alternative to microfluidic devices.
The Mechanism of NO Bond Cleavage in Rhodium‐Catalyzed CH Bond Functionalization of Quinoline N‐oxides with Alkynes: A Computational Study
Authors: Li Yingzi , Liu Song , Qi Zisong , Qi Xiaotian , Li Xingwei , Lan Yu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMetal‐catalyzed CH activation not only offers important strategies to construct new bonds, it also allows the merge of important research areas. When quinoline N‐oxide is used as an arene source in CH activation studies, the NO bond can act as a directing group as well as an O‐atom donor. The newly reported density functional theory method, M11L, has been used to elucidate the mechanistic details of the coupling between quinoline NO bond and alkynes, which results in CH activation and O‐atom transfer. The computational results indicated that the most favorable pathway involves an electrophilic deprotonation, an insertion of an acetylene group into a RhC bond, a reductive elimination to form an oxazinoquinolinium‐coordinated RhI intermediate, an oxidative addition to break the NO bond, and a protonation reaction to regenerate the active catalyst. The regioselectivity of the reaction has also been studied by using prop‐1‐yn‐1‐ylbenzene as a model unsymmetrical substrate. Theoretical calculations suggested that 1‐phenyl‐2‐quinolinylpropanone would be the major product because of better conjugation between the phenyl group and enolate moiety in the corresponding transition state of the regioselectivity‐determining step. These calculated data are consistent with the experimental observations.
A Bright Future for Evolutionary Methods in Drug Design
Authors: Le Tu C. , Winkler David A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMost medicinal chemists understand that chemical space is extremely large, essentially infinite. Although high‐throughput experimental methods allow exploration of drug‐like space more rapidly, they are still insufficient to fully exploit the opportunities that such large chemical space offers. Evolutionary methods can synergistically blend automated synthesis and characterization methods with computational design to identify promising regions of chemical space more efficiently. We describe how evolutionary methods are implemented, and provide examples of published drug development research in which these methods have generated molecules with increased efficacy. We anticipate that evolutionary methods will play an important role in future drug discovery.
Lipophilic Muramyl Dipeptide–Antigen Conjugates as Immunostimulating Agents
Authors: Willems Marian M. J. H. P. , Zom Gijs G. , Meeuwenoord Nico , Khan Selina , Ossendorp Ferry , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Filippov Dmitri V. , Codée Jeroen D. C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMuramyl dipeptide (MDP) is the smallest peptidoglycan fragment capable of triggering the innate immune system through interaction with the intracellular NOD2 receptor. To develop synthetic vaccine modalities composed of an antigenic entity (typically a small peptide) and a molecular adjuvant with well‐defined activity, we previously assembled covalent MDP–antigen conjugates. Although these were found to be capable of stimulating the NOD2 receptor and were processed by dendritic cells (DCs) leading to effective antigen presentation, DC maturation—required for an apt immune response—could not be achieved with these conjugates. To improve the efficacy of these vaccine modalities, we equipped the MDP moiety with lipophilic tails, well‐known modifications to enhance the immune‐stimulatory activity of MDPs. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a lipophilic MDP–antigen conjugate and show that it is a promising vaccine modality capable of stimulating the NOD2 receptor, maturing DCs, and delivering antigen cargo into the MHC‐I cross‐presentation pathway.
Hysteresis current control with distributed shoot‐through states for impedance source inverters
Authors: Husev Oleksandr , Chub Andrii , Romero‐Cadaval Enrique , Roncero‐Clemente Carlos , Vinnikov Dmitri 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis paper presents a hysteresis current control technique with shoot‐through states distribution. This control algorithm could be applied to three‐level and multi‐level inverters with any impedance source network where reference current control signal along with shoot‐through states are required. Possible modifications of the presented algorithm are discussed. The steady‐state analysis was made to explain the operation principle of the algorithm. As a result, the link between the band ratio of the hysteresis current controller, the input voltage, and the desired DC‐link voltage was obtained. All theoretical predictions were proved by simulation and experimental results. Future applications are discussed.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.