bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wake Dynamics of Complex Turning Vanes Using Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements
Authors: Hayden Andrew P. , Gillespie John , Hefner Cole , Lowe K. Todd , Untaroiu Alexandrina 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe use of turning vanes spans multiple engineering disciplines such as aerospace, ocean, and biomedical to effectively turn an otherwise uniform flowfield and achieve desired downstream flow angles. The presented work investigates the wake dynamics generated by sets of complex turning vanes which contained nonaxisymmetric geometries, spanwise variations in turning angle, and multiple vane junctions. Time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) measurements were performed to collect three-component velocity data downstream of the vane pack geometries. As the vanes contained blunt trailing edges (TEs), large-scale periodic structures (von Kármán vortices) dominated the unsteady wakes. Two postprocessing methods, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), were employed to extract the wake energy or enstrophy content, corresponding spatial modes, and associated frequencies. This was completed for various parameters such as Reynolds number, vane turning angle, and vane trailing edge thickness. Spatial POD analyses showed that zero-turning vanes contained similar dynamics to that of a circular cylinder, and the total wake energy distributions were affected by freestream velocity. A spectral POD analysis in the wake of vane junctions found that the junction flow contained significant coherent content and gave some insight into the mean flow. Finally, vane parameters such as turning angle and TE thickness were found to play a large role in modifying the enstrophy content of the large-scale shedding modes.
Effect of the Material Properties and Knee Position to the Bone Bruise Pattern in Skeletally Mature and Immature Subjects
Authors: Yamakawa Satoshi , Fu Freddie H. , Musahl Volker , Debski Richard E. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA bone bruise is generated by a bony collision that could occur when the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is injured, and its pattern reflects the injury mechanism and skeletal maturity. Thus, the bone bruise pattern is useful to predict a subject-specific injury mechanism, although the sensitivity and/or effect of the material property and the knee position at injury is still unclear. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the material property and knee position on the bone bruise pattern in skeletally mature and immature subjects using finite element analysis. Finite element models were created from a magnetic resonance (MR) image in the sagittal plane of a skeletally mature (25 y. o.) and immature (9 y. o.) male subject. The femur and tibia were collided at 2 m/s to simulate the impact trauma and determine the maximum principal stress. The analysis was performed at 15, 30, and 45 deg of knee flexion, and neutral, 10 mm anterior and posterior translated position at each knee flexion angle. Although high stress was distributed toward the metaphysis area in the mature model, the stress did not cross the growth plate in the immature model. The size of the stress area was larger in the mature model than those in the immature model. The location of the stress area changed depending on the joint position. Young's modulus of cartilage and trabecular bone also affected the location of the stress area. The Young's modulus for the cartilage affected peak stress during impact, while the size of the stress area had almost no change. These results indicate that the bone bruise pattern is strongly associated with subject-specific parameters. In addition, the bone bruise pattern was affected not only by knee position but also by tissue qualities. In conclusion, although the bone bruise distribution was generally called footprint of the injury, the combined evaluation of the quality of the structure and the bone bruise distribution is necessary for properly diagnosing tissue injury based on the MR imaging.
Cimicifugin, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of
Theileria annulata
and
Plasmodium falciparum
CDK7
Authors: Kar Prajna Parimita , Araveti Prasanna Babu , Saxena Kanika , Borah Atlanta , Sijwali Puran , Srivastava Anand 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers, and a previous report suggested that
Plasmodium falciparum
CDK7 is a potential drug target for developing new anti-malarial drugs. In this study, we aimed to characterize and evaluate the drug target potential of
Theileria annulata
CDK7.
Theileria annulata
is responsible for tropical theileriosis, which induces a phenotype similar to cancerous cells like immortalization, hyperproliferation, and dissemination. Virtual screening of the MyriaScreen II library predicted 14 compounds with high binding energies to the ATP-binding pocket of TaCDK7. Three compounds (cimicifugin, ST092793, and ST026925) of these 14 compounds were non-cytotoxic to the uninfected bovine cells (BoMac cells). Cimicifugin treatment led to the activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway and induced autophagy in
T. annulata
-infected cells. Furthermore, cimicifugin also inhibited the growth of
P. falciparum
, indicating that it has both anti-theilerial and anti-malarial activities and that TaCDK7 and PfCDK7 are promising drug targets.
Mutual regulation of novel transcription factors RsrD and RsrE positively modulates the production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme in
Penicillium oxalicum
Authors: Guo Hao , Mo Li-Xiang , Luo Xue-Mei , Zhao Shuai , Feng Jia-Xun 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Filamentous fungi can produce raw-starch-degrading enzyme, however, regulation of production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme remains poorly understood thus far. Here, two novel transcription factors raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator D (RsrD) and raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator E (RsrE) were identified to participate in the production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme in
Penicillium oxalicum
. Individual knockout of
rsrD
and
rsrE
in the parental strain Δ
ku70
resulted in 31.1%–92.9% reduced activity of raw-starch-degrading enzyme when cultivated in the presence of commercial starch from corn. RsrD and RsrE contained a basic leucine zipper and a Zn2Cys6-type DNA-binding domain, respectively, but with unknown functions. RsrD and RsrE dynamically regulated the expression of genes encoding major amylases over time, including raw-starch-degrading glucoamylase gene
PoxGA15A
and α-amylase gene
amy13A
. Interestingly, RsrD and RsrE regulated each other at transcriptional level, through binding to their own promoter regions; nevertheless, both failed to bind to the promoter regions of
PoxGA15A
and
amy13A
, as well as the known regulatory genes for regulation of amylase gene expression. RsrD appears to play an epistatic role in the module RsrD-RsrE on regulation of amylase gene expression. This study reveals a novel regulatory pathway of fungal production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme.

IMPORTANCE

To survive via combating with complex extracellular environment, filamentous fungi can secrete plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes that can efficiently hydrolyze plant polysaccharide into glucose or other mono- and disaccharides, for their nutrients. Among the plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, raw-starch-degrading enzymes directly degrade and convert hetero-polymeric starch into glucose and oligosaccharides below starch gelatinization temperature, which can be applied in industrial biorefinery to save cost. However, the regulatory mechanism of production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme in fungi remains unknown thus far. Here, we showed that two novel transcription factors raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator D (RsrD) and raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator E (RsrE) positively regulate the production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme by
Penicillium oxalicum
. RsrD and RsrE indirectly control the expression of genes encoding enzymes with amylase activity but directly regulate each other at transcriptional level. These findings expand diversity of gene expression regulation in fungi.
AlgU mediates hyperosmotic tolerance in
Pseudomonas protegens
SN15-2 by regulating membrane stability, ROS scavenging, and osmolyte synthesis
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Yaping , Lu Shouquan , Lou Haibo , Wang XiaoBing , Wang Wei 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas protegens
can serve as an agricultural biocontrol agent.
P. protegens
often encounters hyperosmotic stress during industrial production and field application. The ability of
P. protegens
to withstand hyperosmotic stress is important for its application as a biocontrol agent. AlgU is a global regulator responsible for stress response and biocontrol ability. However, the specific regulatory role of AlgU in the hyperosmotic adaptation of
P. protegens
is poorly understood. In this study, we found that the AlgU mutation disrupted the hyperosmotic tolerance of
P. protegens
. Many genes and metabolites related to cell envelope formation were significantly downregulated in Δ
algU
compared with that in the wild-type (WT) strain under hyperosmotic conditions, and we found that the
algU
mutation caused membrane integrity to be compromised and increased membrane permeability. Further experiments revealed that the cell envelope integrity protein TolA, which is regulated by AlgU, contributes to cell membrane stability and osmotic tolerance in
P. protegens
. In addition, several genes related to oxidative stress response were significantly downregulated in Δ
algU
, and higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species were found in Δ
algU
. Furthermore, we found that the synthesis of N-acetyl glutaminyl glutamine amide is directly regulated by AlgU and contributes to the hyperosmotic adaptation of
P. protegens
. This study revealed the mechanisms of AlgU’s participation in osmotic tolerance in
P. protegens
, and it provides potential molecular targets for research on the hyperosmotic adaptation of
P. protegens
.

IMPORTANCE

In this study, we found that the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor AlgU is essential for the survival of
P. protegens
under hyperosmotic conditions. We provided evidence supporting the roles of AlgU in influencing cell membrane stability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and dipeptide N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide (NAGGN) synthesis in
P. protegens
under hyperosmotic conditions. Our findings revealed the mechanisms of AlgU’s participation in hyperosmotic stress tolerance in
P. protegens,
and they provide potential molecular targets for research on the hyperosmotic adaptation of
P. protegens
, which is of value in improving the biocontrol ability of
P. protegens
.
The polinton-like supergroup of viruses: evolution, molecular biology, and taxonomy
Authors: Koonin Eugene V. , Fischer Matthias G. , Kuhn Jens H. , Krupovic Mart 
Published: July 2024

SUMMARY

Polintons are 15–20 kb-long self-synthesizing transposons that are widespread in eukaryotic, and in particular protist, genomes. Apart from a transposase and a protein-primed DNA polymerase, polintons encode homologs of major and minor jelly-roll capsid proteins, DNA-packaging ATPases, and proteases involved in capsid maturation of diverse eukaryotic viruses of kingdom
Bamfordvirae
. Given the conservation of these structural and morphogenetic proteins among polintons, these elements are predicted to alternate between transposon and viral lifestyles and, although virions have thus far not been detected, are classified as viruses (class
Polintoviricetes
) in the phylum
Preplasmiviricota
. Related to polintoviricetes are vertebrate adenovirids; unclassified polinton-like viruses (PLVs) identified in various environments or integrated into diverse protist genomes; virophages (
Maveriviricetes
), which are part of tripartite hyperparasitic systems including protist hosts and giant viruses; and capsid-less derivatives, such as cytoplasmic linear DNA plasmids of fungi and transpovirons. Phylogenomic analysis indicates that the polinton-like supergroup of viruses bridges bacterial tectivirids (preplasmiviricot class
Tectiliviricetes
) to the phylum
Nucleocytoviricota
that includes large and giant eukaryotic DNA viruses. Comparative structural analysis of proteins encoded by polinton-like viruses led to the discovery of previously undetected functional domains, such as terminal proteins and distinct proteases implicated in DNA polymerase processing, and clarified the evolutionary relationships within
Polintoviricetes
. Here, we leverage these insights into the evolution of the polinton-like supergroup to develop an amended megataxonomy that groups
Polintoviricetes
, PLVs (new class ‘
Aquintoviricetes
’), and virophages (renamed class ‘
Virophaviricetes
’) together with
Adenoviridae
(new class ‘
Pharingeaviricetes
’) in a preplasmiviricot subphylum ‘
Polisuviricotina
’ sister to a subphylum including
Tectiliviricetes
(‘
Prepoliviricotina
’).
Supplemental Material: Evolution of magma compositions and phosphorus availability in early Earth’s crust: New constraints from zircon-melt partitioning experiments
Authors: Shang Sheng , Lin Yanhao , al. et 
Published: July 2024

<p>Experimental and analytical methods, lattice strain model fitting of 3+ trace element partitioning data, criteria used to filter natural zircon data for primary (unaltered) crystals, Figures S1–S4, and Tables S1–S8. </p>
Risk factors of falls in rural elderly of Ningxia in China: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wang Qingan , Wang Guoqi , Wang Binxia , Li Xiaoxia , Liu Xiuying , Yin Ting , Jing Jinyun , Zhao Yi 
Published: July 2024

ObjectivesTo identify risk factors associated with falls in older people in rural China.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted across 27 villages in the rural areas of Ningxia, China. After excluding individuals younger than 60 years, a total of 758 out of the initial 822 participants were ultimately included for the collection of baseline information. Participants were followed up through telephone calls or face-to-face interviews at 3rd, 6th and 12th months following the baseline investigation. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine risk factors of falls.ResultsA total of 758 participants underwent baseline information surveys, and all samples were included in the Cox model analysis. The study found that being woman (RR=1.879, 95% CI: 1.313 to 2.668), smoking (RR=1.972, 95% CI: 1.238 to 3.143), use of painkillers (RR=1.700, 95% CI: 1.226 to 2.356) and higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (RR=1.081, 95% CI: 1.013 to 1.154) were associated with higher risk of falls among the elderly in rural China. After excluding those who were lost to follow-up or deceased, 738 participants completed the follow-up. There were 341 men (46.2%) and 397 women (53.8%), with an average age of 66.8±5.0 years. The fall rate in study area was 23.8% during the follow-up period.ConclusionsThe fall rate among the elderly in rural China was higher than other areas. Our findings revealed that being woman, smoking, medication usage, elevated SBP and people with a higher body mass index were risk factors for developing falls.
Cycle safe or cycle cool? Adolescents’ views on bicycle helmet use and injury prevention campaigns in Belgium
Authors: Verlinde Liesbeth , Verlinde Femke , Van Doren Shauni , De Coninck David , Toelen Jaan 
Published: July 2024

ObjectivesAlthough cycling is a healthy, ecological and practical way of transportation, it is not without risk. The effect of bicycle helmets to prevent head injuries on crashing has been extensively investigated. Nonetheless, the overall use of helmets by adolescents remains low. While various interventions to increase helmet use have been adopted, adolescents’ perspectives on these interventions have not been extensively explored. In our study, we aim to understand the facilitators and barriers to bicycle helmet use by adolescents and their perspectives on injury prevention campaigns.MethodsA qualitative methodology was selected. A convenience sample of three schools in Belgium was selected for participation. 12 focus groups were conducted with a total of 84 adolescents aged 12–17 years in the second, third or fourth year of secondary school.ResultsFour key themes regarding adolescents’ views on safe cycling practices emerged from the analysis: external motivation, internal motivation, factors specific to the helmet and the cycling environment. The main barriers to bicycle helmet use identified by adolescents were peer pressure, appearance and discomfort. The perceived risks of cycling without a helmet among adolescents were low. Mandatory bicycle helmet laws and non-legislative programmes were considered to be an effective strategy by the study participants. Parental strategies, including strict parental rules and parental helmet use, further contributed to wear a bicycle helmet.ConclusionThe results of this qualitative study add to the literature by expanding the understanding of motivation for bicycle helmet use and should be considered when designing interventions to promote bicycle helmet use.
‘We may need some help; we are just parents who have chosen to engage in football’: a qualitative study on amateur coaches’ experiences of use of and support for injury prevention training in Sweden
Authors: Lindblom Hanna , Sonesson Sofi , Hägglund Martin 
Published: July 2024

IntroductionAchieving sufficient adherence with injury prevention exercise programmes is a challenge. The aim was to explore how amateur football coaches experience the use of and support for injury prevention training using theKnee Controlprogrammes as examples.MethodsSemistructured interviews with 20 amateur football coaches around experiences of injury prevention training, facilitators and barriers, and perceived support, analysed with qualitative content analysis. Participants coached male and female, junior and senior teams. Experience of having used theKnee Controlprogrammes was an inclusion criteria.ResultsFour main categories were developed:Why are we really doing this?,How do we make it work?,What are our drivers and challenges?andWhat could be improved?Coaches were motivated for injury prevention training but faced challenges such as limited access to football grounds and low player motivation. To make the prevention programme work for them, they integrated it and used exercises in the pauses during football-specific drills, or used as a warm-up. Many conducted prevention routines from an early player age. Coaches believed preventive training use could be further enhanced by education and practical support, and by football associations and clubs working together to reduce injuries.ConclusionCoaches were motivated and creatively worked with the prevention programme to make it fit their team. Even coaches with long-term experience of using prevention programmes wanted support, indicating that present implementation strategies targeting those about to start using prevention programmes should be complemented by continuous support for maintained use. These strategies should preferably target both coaches and players.
Gone but not forgotten: expanding the spectrum of ORISE (submucosal lifting agent) associated diagnostic pitfalls and complications
Authors: Dhorajiya Pooja , Mahmood Sultan , Fabrizio Anne , Deshpande Vikram , Vyas Monika 
Published: July 2024

AimsA synthetic lifting agent, ORISE, used for endoscopic mucosal resections, has been recalled from the market since November 2022 due to clinical complications. Despite this, the impact of ORISE-associated complications is expected to persist in the foreseeable future. We present a large single institutional series of therapeutic resections from patients for whom ORISE was used for initial endoscopic procedures, highlighting the pitfalls and complications associated with its use.MethodsAll specimens showing lifting agent granulomata (LAGs) associated with the use of ORISE were identified. The H&E slides were reviewed to define the morphological characteristics and extent of LAG in the intestinal wall and other organs. The clinical impression and gross findings were compared with the final pathological diagnosis.Results34 cases (28 resections and 6 repeat endoscopic mucosal resection specimens) showed LAG. On microscopy, 20.5% showed no residual disease, 64.7% also showed residual precursor lesion and 14.7% also showed malignancy. In 64.2% of cases, a mass lesion was seen grossly but no malignancy was identified microscopically. ORISE was present in vascular spaces (n=9), lymph nodes (n=2), other organs such as appendix (n=1) and omentum/peritoneum (n=1). The major discordance between clinical impression (mass/neoplasm) and final pathology (no residual malignancy) was seen in 4/34 (11.8%) cases. LAGs were seen up to 10 months after the use of ORISE in the prior endoscopic procedure.ConclusionORISE deposits may mimic residual/disseminated neoplasm and prompt inadvertent changes in surgical decisions. Awareness of this pitfall is essential to prevent unwarranted surgical resections in patients undergoing follow-up for endoscopically resected lesions.
Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of acid–base disorders in humans: a laboratory medicine perspective
Authors: Carlton Henry , Shipman Kate E 
Published: July 2024

Diagnostic errors affect patient management, and as blood gas analysis is mainly performed without the laboratory, users must be aware of the potential pitfalls. The aim was to provide a summary of common issues users should be aware of.A narrative review was performed using online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and reference lists of identified papers. Language was limited to English.Errors can be pre-analytical, analytical or post-analytical. Samples should be analysed within 15 min and kept at room temperature and taken at least 15–30 min after changes to inspired oxygen and ventilator settings, for accurate oxygen measurement. Plastic syringes are more oxygen permeable if chilled. Currently, analysers run arterial, venous, capillary and intraosseous samples, but variations in reference intervals may not be appreciated or reported. Analytical issues can arise from interference secondary to drugs, such as spurious hyperchloraemia with salicylate and hyperlactataemia with ethylene glycol, or pathology, such as spurious hypoxaemia with leucocytosis and alkalosis in hypoalbuminaemia. Interpretation is complicated by result adjustment, for example, temperature (alpha-stat adjustment may overestimate partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in hypothermia, for example), and inappropriate reference intervals, for example, in pregnancy bicarbonate, and pCO2ranges should be lowered.Lack of appreciation for patient-specific and circumstance-specific reference intervals, including extremes of age and altitude, and transformation of measurements to standard conditions can lead to inappropriate assumptions. It is vitally important for users to optimise specimen collection, appreciate the analytical methods and understand when reference intervals are applicable to their specimen type, clinical question or patient.