bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a Prescription-Assistance Program for Medically Uninsured Patients With Cancer: Case Study of a Public Hospital Experience in New York State
Authors: Gao Limin , Joseph Jivin , Santoro- Levy Marcelle , Gotlieb Vladimir K. , Multz Alan S. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose: With the advances in early detection, prevention, and treatment of some cancers, mortality rates in the United States have been consistently falling. However, with these successes have come substantial increases in the cost of cancer care. Antineoplastics are the leading class in hospital drug expenditures. Cancer treatments are causing a serious financial burden for patients, families, hospitals, and society at large, especially for those who are uninsured. Prescription assistance programs (PAPs) are offered by pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide medications at no out-of-pocket cost to medically indigent patients. To assist the Cancer Care Center at Nassau University Medical Center (NUMC) with drug costs for chemotherapies, a clinical pharmacist–managed PAP was implemented to procure chemotherapy medications from pharmaceutical manufacturers. NUMC is a safety-net teaching hospital in suburban New York. It serves mostly an indigent population, and its Level I trauma center has more than 77,000 emergency department visits per year. Methods: We observed all patients requiring assistance with chemotherapy who enrolled in PAPs from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2012. The total number of visits in the clinic over 24 months was 9,405. Individuals potentially eligible for the PAP were identified by oncologists. Patients received a referral to the PAP when they mentioned to office personnel that they had difficulty obtaining medications or expressed financial concerns related to management. Results: The clinical pharmacist spent the majority of his time assisting uninsured individuals, working with charity pools from the drug manufacturers, and obtaining medications through the PAP. The program served 341 patients in 2011 and 579 patients in 2012. Medications obtained for these patients included both oral and parenteral chemotherapy drugs and antiemetics. The total cost savings of the medications was $908,944.11 in 2011 and $1,715,538.37 in 2012. In 2012, a total of 783 prescriptions were processed, and 775 were approved by the manufacturers (98.9%). Conclusion: PAPs provide a valuable safety net to ensure that uninsured patients with cancer receive needed prescription medications. The rising cost of health care and the high proportion of indigent patients have financially burdened the hospital. For the pharmacy department, this has resulted in a lack of compensation for pharmaceuticals dispensed to indigent patients. A pharmacy-based program to procure free medications for uninsured patients with cancer has helped to defray the expenses of the Cancer Care Center in providing care at NUMC, increased patient compliance with chemotherapy protocols, and allowed many patients to receive the treatments they otherwise would not have been able to afford.
Improving Medical Oncology Quality Through Peer-to-Peer Consultation
Authors: McCrone Daniel , Gill Dudley W. , Tran Cecilia , Flocco Jessica 
Published: March 2014

Purpose: This study describes how the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) physician consultation improves medical oncology care quality by preventing non–evidence-based and potentially morbid chemotherapy treatments. New Century Health (NCH) has adapted a physician audit and feedback model to strengthen adherence to clinical guidelines. In the NCH oncology program, P2P consultation complements clinical pathways and an online prior authorization platform. Payers are adopting the use of clinical pathways as a management strategy for managing costs and improving quality. Managing medical oncology is a complex process, because evidence evolves rapidly, and almost one third of chemotherapy is prescribed off label. The use of prior authorization, combined with standardized protocols for patients with specific cancer diagnoses, is one way for payers to reduce unnecessary treatment variation. [Table: see text] Methods: NCH completed a retrospective analysis of the chemotherapy treatment requests (CTRs) submitted by payers' oncologists for prior authorization between January and December 2012. The objectives of the clinical impact analysis were to measure the CTR disposition rate, identify the CTR intervention rate resulting from P2P consultation, and identify the types of drug triggering the interventions. Results: Analysis of the 13,078 CTRs associated with the 1,116 unique Medicare and commercial patients of a national health plan determined that CTRs voluntarily withdrawn or recommended adverse determination (RAD; ie, NCH recommendation to member's health plan to not authorize treatment as requested; after review of health plan policy and compendia, NCH was not able to resolve provider's request through P2P consultation and could not recommend approval of treatment plan as requested, therefore recommending denial of request) by the submitting physician as a result of a P2P consultation with an NCH board-certified oncologist comprised 11.6% of all CTRs. Further analysis identified the types of medication associated with the 1,521 CTRs withdrawn/RAD as a consequence of P2P consultation. Interventions on chemotherapeutic medications and supportive care were evenly distributed at 51.2% and 48.8%, respectively. Interventions on medications that had received US Food and Drug Administration approval within the last 2 years (initial approval or for new indications) represented 12.1%. [Table: see text] Conclusion: Using P2P consultation to complement a pathway-driven prior authorization process improves medical oncology quality. In addition, P2P consultation can be an effective collaborative physician engagement strategy by supporting oncologists with critical clinical information and mitigating concerns about pathway implementation and about payer involvement in drug use management.
Undulatory locomotion of flexible foils as biomimetic models for understanding fish propulsion
Authors: Shelton Ryan M. , Thornycroft Patrick , Lauder George V. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn undulatory pattern of body bending in which waves pass along the body from head to tail is a major means of creating thrust in many fish species during steady locomotion. Analyses of live fish swimming have provided the foundation of our current understanding of undulatory locomotion, but our inability to experimentally manipulate key variables such as body length, flexural stiffness, and tailbeat frequency in freely-swimming fish has limited our ability to investigate a number of important features of undulatory propulsion. In this paper we use a robotic apparatus to create an undulatory wave in swimming passive flexible foils by creating a heave motion at their leading edge, and compare this motion to body bending patterns of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and clown knifefish (Notopterus chitala). We found similar swimming speeds, Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, and patterns of curvature and shape between these fish and foils suggesting that passive flexible foils provide a useful model for understanding fish undulatory locomotion. We swam foils with different lengths, stiffnesses, and heave frequencies while measuring forces, torques, and hydrodynamics. From measured forces and torques we calculated thrust and power coefficients, work, and cost of transport for each foil. We found that increasing frequency and stiffness produced faster swimming speeds and more thrust. Increasing length had minimal impact on swimming speed, but had a large impact on Strouhal number, cost of transport, and thrust coefficient. Foils that were both stiff and long had the lowest cost of transport (in mJ m-1 g-1) at low cycle frequencies, and the ability to reach the highest speed at high cycle frequencies.
Experimental analysis of the liquid-feeding mechanism of the butterfly Pieris rapae
Authors: Lee Seung Chul , Kim Bo Heum , Lee Sang Joon 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The butterflies Pieirs rapae drink liquid by using a long proboscis. A high pressure gradient is induced in the proboscis when cibarial pump muscles contract. However, liquid feeding through the long proboscis poses a disadvantage of high flow resistance. Hence, butterflies may possess special features to compensate for this disadvantage and succeed in foraging. The main objective of this study is to analyze the liquid-feeding mechanism of butterflies. The systaltic motion of cibarial pump organ was visualized by using synchrotron X-ray imaging technique. In addition, an ellipsoidal pump model was established based on synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography. To determine the relationship between the cyclic variation of the pump volume and the liquid-feeding flow, velocity fields of the intake flow at the tip of the proboscis were measured using micro-particle image velocimetry. Reynolds and Womersley numbers of liquid-feeding flow in the proboscis were approximately 1.40 and 0.129, respectively. The liquid-feeding flow could be characterized as a quasi-steady state laminar flow. Considering these results, we analyzed the dimensions of the feeding apparatus on the basis of minimum energy consumption during liquid-feeding process. The relationship between the proboscis and the cibarial pump was determined when minimum energy consumption occurs. As a result, the volume of the cibarial pump is proportional to the cube of the radius of the proboscis. It seems that the liquid-feeding system of butterflies and other long-proboscid insects follow the cube relationship. The present results would provide insights into the feeding strategies of liquid-feeding butterflies.
Unique function of a chemosensory protein in the proboscis of two Helicoverpa species
Authors: Liu Yu-Ling , Guo Hao , Huang Ling-Qiao , Pelosi Paolo , Wang Chen-Zhu 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are soluble proteins found only in arthropods. Some of them fill the lumen of chemosensilla and are believed to play a role similar to that of odorant-binding proteins in detection of semiochemicals. Other members of the CSP family have been reported to perform different functions, from delivery of pheromones to development. This report is focused on a member (CSP4) that is highly and almost exclusively present in the proboscis of two sibling noctuid species, Helicoverpa armigera and H. assulta. We have expressed the protein in bacteria and measured binding to terpenoids and related compounds. Using specific antibodies, we have found that during sucking of a sugar solution CSP4 is partly extruded from the proboscis. A solution of protein can also fill by capillary action a hydrophobic tube of same length and diameter as the proboscis. On this basis, we suggest that CSP4 acts as a wetting agent to reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions and consequently the pressure involved in sucking.
Management of Innovative Projects Involving Venture Capital Investments
Authors: ������  , Dagaev Aleksandr 
Published: March 2014

The paper is devoted to considering of some problems related to high risk
innovative projects management. These problems are a consequence of
uncertainty inherent in innovations with realization terms, needs for resource
providing and even with the end results of carried-out projects.
The specified reasons demand use of non-standard approaches to project
management, considering specifics of innovative process. Some of such
approaches wide-spread in a practice of venture capital investment are discussed.
Energy wood and pulpwood harvesting from young stands using a prototype whole-tree bundler
Authors: Jylhä Paula , Laitila Juha 
Published: March 2014

The productivity of cutting and bundling whole trees using the first prototype of a bundle-harvester comprised of a harwarder as the base machine, an accumulating felling head, and a compacting device was studied in three young stands in order to facilitate the further development of the concept. In addition, the removal and its composition were studied as a means of laying the foundations for developing methods for work rating and measurement on delivery. Bundling enables in-depth integration of pulpwood and energy wood procurement. Both energy wood (crown biomass) and pulpwood can be incorporated into the same bundles, and the subsequent separation of these fractions takes place at the debarking phase at the pulpmill. Bundle-harvesting productivities were relatively low (2.8â3.7Â m/E-h) when compared to current harvesting technology. Improving working techniques, machine structure, and components showed great potential for increasing the efficiency of the concept. The bundles were dimensionally uniform. Their solid volume varied between 0.350Â m and 0.513Â m, depending on the bundle assortment and stand properties. Integrating energy wood harvesting with pulpwood harvesting increased removal even by 59 per cent.3033
A Meshless Method of Lines for Numerical Solution of Some Coupled Nonlinear Evolution Equations
Authors: Ali Arshed , Haq Fazal , Hussain Iltaf , Shah Usman 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Method of lines (MOL) together with radial basis functions (RBFs) is proposed to find the numerical solution of coupled Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations, coupled modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equations and coupled KdV system. The initial-boudary-value problem is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations. The system is then solved by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Numerical examples are given to illustrate practical usefulness of the present approach. The method is efficient and all the examples take very low CPU time. Accuracy of the method is assessed in terms of L∞ error norm, number of nodal points and time step size. Superiority of the suggested method is shown through comparison with the spectral collocation method.
Enérgeia in trasformazione
Authors: Prifti Elton 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
For a suitable description of the linguistic change in contacts caused by migration it is necessary to systematically consider the four aspects of language as knowledge, activity, product and identity. The focus of this paper is placed on the perception of language as activity, or as enérgeia. It aims to describe the dynamics of enérgeia in migration-caused contacts as well as the main analytical elements and preliminary distinctions concerning linguistic behavior, such as the classification of speakers into generations, the identification of varieties of contact according to their communicative importance (primary, secondary, tertiary varieties) as well as the main choice determinants, the classification of several levels of description of enérgeia (individual, family and community) and the typology of language choices (individual vs. collective, real vs. virtual, oral vs. written use). It could be shown that enérgeia is particularly dynamic and in continuous transformation in migration-caused contacts, where it basically plays the role of the engine of language change.
Fórmulas rutinarias de rechazo en español y sus equivalencias en alemán
Authors: Zulategui Juan Pablo Larreta 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Although routine formulas are relevant linguistic phenomena in the teaching of foreign languages and bilingual lexicography, contrastive studies in the language pair German-Spanish are almost non-existent, except for the extensive work of Igor Sosa. This contribution intends to analyse contrastively one type of routine formulas: rejection formulas. For this purpose, according to the nature of these units, we establish a tertium comparationis where pragmalinguistic criteria predominate, although supplemented by other factors relating to morphosyntactic and lexical features of the formulas. By means of the contrastive procedure, we first analyse in detail the Spanish units through the established criteria and in a second step we look for the equivalent German units.
Crystal structure of 2,6-dimethoxy-4-((4-(pyrimidin-2-ylsulfonyl)phenyl)-carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, C21H20N4O7S
Authors: You Yu , Miao Jian-Hua , Pan Wei-Gao , Zhou Hong , Lin Cui-Wu 
Published: March 2014

Abstract C21H20N4O7S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 17.003(2) Å, b = 14.403(2) Å, c = 9.211(1) Å, β = 97.941(2)°, V = 2233.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0461, wRref(F2) = 0.1261, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of 3-(p-bromobenzoyl)-4-(p-bromophenyl)-1-isopropyl-4-piperidinol hydrochloride, C21H24Br2ClNO2
Authors: Aydin Abdullah , Akkurt Mehmet , Gul Halise Inci , Mete Ebru , Sahin Ertan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract C21H24Br2ClNO2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 10.3942(2) Å, b = 7.0862(2) Å, c = 29.3803(6) Å, β = 93.508(2)°, V = 2160.0 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0638, wRref(F2) = 0.0953, T = 294 K.
Crystal structure of dichlorido[N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aniline]zinc(II), C12H12Cl2N2Zn
Authors: Xu Hua-Jie , Sheng Liang-Quan , Chen Ming-Ming , Liu Zhao-Di 
Published: March 2014

Abstract C12H12Cl2N2Zn, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.615(2) Å, b = 10.589(2) Å, c = 16.525(2) Å, β = 116.598(6)°, V = 1347.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0247, wRref(F2) = 0.0697, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of (S)-benzyl-3-{(4-bromophenyl)carbamoyl}-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate, C24H21BrN2O3
Authors: Cele Zamani E. D. , Bhatt Pralav , Govender Thavendran , Kruger Hendrik G. , Maguire Glenn E. M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract C24H21BrN2O3, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 12.8659(6) Å, b = 10.6838(5) Å, c = 16.1445(8) Å, β = 104.351(2)°, V = 2149.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0228, wRref(F2) = 0.0603, T = 173 K.
Flow Re-direction Endoluminal Device in treatment of cerebral aneurysms: initial experience with short-term follow-up results
Authors: Kocer Naci , Islak Civan , Kizilkilic Osman , Kocak Burak , Saglam Muzaffer , Tureci Ercan 
Published: March 2014

Object
Flow diverter (FD) stents are relatively new and important devices in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The Flow Re-Direction Endoluminal Device has been recently released for clinical use. The authors' aim in this paper is to report their initial single-center FRED experience with short-term results.

Methods
Between February 2012 and May 2013, 33 patients with 37 aneurysms (35 unruptured and 2 previously ruptured aneurysms) were treated with the FRED. Clinical and radiological data of the patients were retrospectively reviewed.

Results
In all patients only 1 device was used without any additional device or material, such as a stent or coil. All procedures were successfully performed. The procedural complication rate was 3% (1 of 33). Thirty patients underwent clinical and radiological follow-up. During the follow-up period, changes in stent morphology, such as “fish mouth” and “foreshortening” phenomena, occurred in 5 patients. The mortality and permanent morbidity rates were 0%. The complete occlusion rates were 32% (6 of 19) at 0–1 month, 67% (8 of 12) at 2–3 months, 80% (4 of 5) at 4–6 months, and 100% (8 of 8) at 7–12 months. The rates for some aneurysms were assessed at more than one time point.

Conclusions
The FRED has an ability to serve neurointerventionalists in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms with its different technical advantages. The occlusion rates with FRED are similar to those with other FD devices. However, these short-term results need to be confirmed with mid- and long-term follow-up results of multicenter large series.
Comparison of CT and clinical findings of Terson's syndrome in 121 patients: a 1-year prospective study
Authors: Koskela Elina , Pekkola Johanna , Kivisaari Riku , Kivelä Tero , Hernesniemi Juha , Setälä Kirsi , Laakso Aki 
Published: March 2014

Object
Terson's syndrome (TS) is a vitreous hemorrhage in association with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Its diagnosis is often delayed, which may result in vision loss secondary to treatable conditions. Methods to hasten early diagnosis and consequent ophthalmic referral are desirable. The aims of this study were 1) to assess the specificity and sensitivity of conventional head CT for diagnosing TS in patients with aneurysmal SAH (aSAH); and 2) to determine the incidence of TS and its association with age, sex, aSAH severity, and overall mortality.

Methods
Patients admitted to Helsinki University Central Hospital who underwent surgery or endovascular treatment for a ruptured intracranial aneurysm during 2011 were participants in this prospective study. They underwent serial dilated fundoscopic examinations during a 6-month period. Two radiologists independently reviewed ocular findings suggestive of TS on conventional CT head scans obtained in all patients as a routine diagnostic procedure. Associations between TS and relevant clinical, radiological, and demographic data were analyzed with uni- and multivariate logistic regression.

Results
Of 121 participants, 13 (11%) presented with TS, and another 22 (18%) with intraretinal hemorrhages. For reviewing CT head scans, the overall observed agreement between the 2 raters was 96% (116 of 121 cases), with a substantial κ of 0.69 (95% CI 0.56–0.82). The sensitivity of the CT findings for TS was 42%, and the specificity was 97%. Associations of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) and Hunt and Hess grades on admission, the presence of intracerebral hemorrhage, female sex, and aneurysm length with TS were all statistically significant. Logistic regression demonstrated that sex and WFNS grade were independently associated with TS and provided the best fit to the data.

Conclusions
Routinely looking for TS findings in CT head scans may prove valuable in clinical practice. Terson's syndrome is associated with female sex and poor clinical condition on admission.
Gyrotron
Authors: Ives R. Lawrence 
Published: March 2014

GyrotronsGyrotrons are among the highest power RF sources at millimeter wave frequencies. Commercially available gyrotrons can produce more than 1.5 MW of CW power between 100 and 170 GHz. These sources are primarily used for heating fusion plasmas in tokamaks. Higher frequency gyrotron are finding applications in enhance nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. While gyrotrons are oscillators, the interaction mechanism is also used in high frequency, high power amplifiers, such gyroklystrons, gyro‐TWTs, gyro‐BWOs, and gyro‐twystrons. An important amplifier application is high resolution radar. This article describes the basic theory of gyro‐devices, including the historical development, applications, and future development.
Variability and trends in anticyclonic circulation over the Greenland ice sheet, 1948–2013
Authors: Rajewicz Jill , Marshall Shawn J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMelting and mass loss on the Greenland ice sheet have accelerated in recent years. Possible causes include broader Arctic warming, reduced snow/ice cover, lowered ice sheet albedo, and changes in atmospheric circulation. Anticyclonic ridging over Greenland leads to southerly advection of warm air and clear‐sky conditions, promoting high melt rates. To examine the relative importance of ridging, we examine direct measures of summer 500 hPa anticyclonic circulation strength and frequency in Greenland from 1948 to 2013, isolating the atmospheric circulation signal from 500 hPa geopotential height variations. Anticyclonic circulation anomalies account for 38–49% of the interannual variability and trend in summer air temperature and melt indices. Vorticity‐detrended geopotential height anomalies explain an additional 13–27% of the variance. We identify an abrupt, persistent shift to strong anticyclonic circulation in central Greenland beginning in 2001, which has contributed to recent increases in Greenland ice sheet melt.