bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Activity and Inhibition of the Neurotoxic Complex Vipoxin from the Venom of Vipera ammodytes meridionalis
Authors: Noetzel Corinna , Chandra Vikas , Perbandt Markus , Rajashankar Kanagalaghatta , Singh Tej , Aleksiev Boris , Kalkura Narayana , Genov Nicolay , Betzel Christian 
Published: February 2015

Vipoxin from the venom of Vipera ammodytes meridionalis is an unique neurotoxic complex between a toxic phospholipase A2 and a highly homologous non-toxic protein inhibitor. It is an example of evolution of a catalytic and toxic function into inhibitory and non-toxic one. The activity of the V. ammodytes meridionalis toxin is 1.7 times higher than that of the closely related (92% sequence identity) neurotoxic complex RV4/RV7 from the venom of Vipera russelli formosensis. The enhanced enzymatic activity of vipoxin is attributed to limited structural changes, in particular to the substitutions G54R and Q78K in the PLA2 subunit of the complex and to the T54R substitution in the inhibitor.
Oleyloxyethylphosphocholine, aristolochic acid and vitamin E suppressed the enzymatic activity of vipoxin and its isolated PLA2 subunit. These compounds influence inflammatory processes in which PLA2 is implicated. The peptide Lys-Ala-Ile-Tyr-Ser, which is an integral part of the PLA2 components of the two neurotoxic complexes from V. ammodytes meridionalis and V. russelli formosensis (sequence 70-74) activated vipoxin increasing its PLA2 activity by 23%. This is in contrast to the inhibitory effect of the respective pentapeptides with 70Ð-74 sequences on other group II PLA2s. Surprisingly, the same peptide inhibited 46% of the V. russelli formosensis PLA2 activity. The limited changes in the structure of the two highly homologous neurotoxins lead to considerable differences in their interaction with native peptides.
Egyptian Propolis: 3. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities And Chemical Composition Of Propolis From Reclaimed Lands
Authors: Hegazi Ahmed G. , El Hady Faten K. Abd 
Published: February 2015

The free radical scavenging effect of two propolis samples collected from reclaimed land, Egypt as well as of vitamin C and caffeic acid in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical system was determined. The antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli and Candida albicans) activity was also investigated. The results of the free radical scavenging effect of El-Saff and Ismailia propolis showed a concentration-dependent activity. The antioxidant activity was varied according to the examined material. It was obvious that caffeic acid and vitamin C showed the highest activity if compared with the propolis samples. El- Saff propolis had a higher antioxidant activity than Ismailia propolis, it showed a higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and a higher anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans. While the Ismailia propolis had a higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, than El-Saff propolis.
The chemical composition of propolis samples was investigated by GC/MS, where 75 compounds were identified, 22 being new for propolis. The Ismailia propolis was characterized by the presence of a highly significant amount of aromatic acid esters (47.3%) and triterpenoids (17.3%), while El-Saff propolis contained 3% and 1.9% respectively. The new esters belonged to 4-methoxyhydrocinnamic acid, hydroferulic acid and ferulic acid. El-Saff propolis had a very high significant amount (27%) of 2,6-bis-(pentanyloxy)-4-pentanylphenethanol, which is also a new compound for propolis
Natural and artificial colours: the megalithic monuments of Brittany
Authors: Ramírez Primitiva Bueno , Behrmann Rodrigo de Balbín , Laporte Luc , Gouézin Philippe , Cousseau Florian , Bermejo Rosa Barroso , Gismero Antonio Hernanz , Cela Mercedes Iriarte , Quesnel Laurent 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Dual melanocortin‐4 receptor and GLP‐1 receptor agonism amplifies metabolic benefits in diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Clemmensen Christoffer , Finan Brian , Fischer Katrin , Tom Robby Zachariah , Legutko Beata , Sehrer Laura , Heine Daniela , Grassl Niklas , Meyer Carola W , Henderson Bart , Hofmann Susanna M , Tschöp Matthias H , Van der Ploeg Lex HT , Müller Timo D 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe assessed the efficacy of simultaneous agonism at the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) and the melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R) for the treatment of obesity and diabetes in rodents. Diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice were chronically treated with either the long‐acting GLP‐1R agonist liraglutide, the MC4R agonist RM‐493 or a combination of RM‐493 and liraglutide. Co‐treatment of DIO mice with RM‐493 and liraglutide improves body weight loss and enhances glycemic control and cholesterol metabolism beyond what can be achieved with either mono‐therapy. The superior metabolic efficacy of this combination therapy is attributed to the anorectic and glycemic actions of both drugs, along with the ability of RM‐493 to increase energy expenditure. Interestingly, compared to mice treated with liraglutide alone, hypothalamic Glp‐1r expression was higher in mice treated with the combination therapy after both acute and chronic treatment. Further, RM‐493 enhanced hypothalamic Mc4r expression. Hence, co‐dosing with MC4R and GLP‐1R agonists increases expression of each receptor, indicative of minimized receptor desensitization. Together, these findings suggest potential opportunities for employing combination treatments that comprise parallel MC4R and GLP‐1R agonism for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Comparison of Larval and Adult Drosophila Astrocytes Reveals Stage-Specific Gene Expression Profiles
Authors: Huang Yanmei , Ng Fanny S , Jackson F Rob 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The analysis of adult astrocyte glial cells has revealed a remarkable heterogeneity with regard to morphology, molecular signature, and physiology. A key question in glial biology is how such heterogeneity arises during brain development. One approach to this question is to identify genes with differential astrocyte expression during development; certain genes expressed later in neural development may contribute to astrocyte differentiation. We have utilized the Drosophila model and Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP)-RNA-seq methods to derive the genome-wide expression profile of Drosophila larval astrocyte-like cells (hereafter referred to as astrocytes) for the first time. These studies identified hundreds of larval astrocyte-enriched genes that encode proteins important for metabolism, energy production, and protein synthesis, consistent with the known role of astrocytes in the metabolic support of neurons. Comparison of the larval profile with that observed for adults has identified genes with astrocyte-enriched expression specific to adulthood. These include genes important for metabolism and energy production, translation, chromatin modification, protein glycosylation, neuropeptide signaling, immune responses, vesicle-mediated trafficking or secretion, and the regulation of behavior. Among these functional classes, the expression of genes important for chromatin modification and vesicle-mediated trafficking or secretion is overrepresented in adult astrocytes based on Gene Ontology analysis. Certain genes with selective adult enrichment may mediate functions specific to this stage or may be important for the differentiation or maintenance of adult astrocytes, with the latter perhaps contributing to population heterogeneity.
Actin and Endocytosis in Budding Yeast
Authors: Goode Bruce L , Eskin Julian A , Wendland Beverly 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEndocytosis, the process whereby the plasma membrane invaginates to form vesicles, is essential for bringing many substances into the cell and for membrane turnover. The mechanism driving clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves &gt; 50 different protein components assembling at a single location on the plasma membrane in a temporally ordered and hierarchal pathway. These proteins perform precisely choreographed steps that promote receptor recognition and clustering, membrane remodeling, and force-generating actin-filament assembly and turnover to drive membrane invagination and vesicle scission. Many critical aspects of the CME mechanism are conserved from yeast to mammals and were first elucidated in yeast, demonstrating that it is a powerful system for studying endocytosis. In this review, we describe our current mechanistic understanding of each step in the process of yeast CME, and the essential roles played by actin polymerization at these sites, while providing a historical perspective of how the landscape has changed since the preceding version of the YeastBook was published 17 years ago (1997). Finally, we discuss the key unresolved issues and where future studies might be headed.
Brainbow: New Resources and Emerging Biological Applications for Multicolor Genetic Labeling and Analysis
Authors: Weissman Tamily A , Pan Y Albert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Brainbow is a genetic cell-labeling technique where hundreds of different hues can be generated by stochastic and combinatorial expression of a few spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins. Unique color profiles can be used as cellular identification tags for multiple applications such as tracing axons through the nervous system, following individual cells during development, or analyzing cell lineage. In recent years, Brainbow and other combinatorial expression strategies have expanded from the mouse nervous system to other model organisms and a wide variety of tissues. Particularly exciting is the application of Brainbow in lineage tracing, where this technique has been instrumental in parsing out complex cellular relationships during organogenesis. Here we review recent findings, new technical improvements, and exciting potential genetic and genomic applications for harnessing this colorful technique in anatomical, developmental, and genetic studies.
Genetic Characterization of Human Populations: From ABO to a Genetic Map of the British People
Authors: Bodmer Walter 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFrom 1900, when Landsteiner first described the ABO blood groups, to the present, the methods used to characterize the genetics of human populations have undergone a remarkable development. Concomitantly, our understanding of the history and spread of human populations across the earth has become much more detailed. As has often been said, a better understanding of the genetic relationships among the peoples of the world is one of the best antidotes to racial prejudices. Such an understanding provides us with a fascinating, improved insight into our origins as well as with valuable information about population differences that are of medical relevance. The study of genetic polymorphisms has been essential to the analysis of the relationships between human populations. The evolution of methods used to study human polymorphisms and the resulting contributions to our understanding of human health and history is the subject of this Perspectives.
Genomic Insights into the Saccharomyces sensu stricto Complex
Authors: Borneman Anthony R , Pretorius Isak S 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The Saccharomyces sensu stricto group encompasses species ranging from the industrially ubiquitous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to those that are confined to geographically limited environmental niches. The wealth of genomic data that are now available for the Saccharomyces genus is providing unprecedented insights into the genomic processes that can drive speciation and evolution, both in the natural environment and in response to human-driven selective forces during the historical “domestication” of these yeasts for baking, brewing, and winemaking.
Control of Iron Disilicide Crystal Structure by Using Liquid Phase Obtained by Au-Si Eutectic Reaction
Authors: Akiyama Kensuke , Motoizumi Yuu , Funakubo Hiroshi 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe Au-Si liquid phase was obtained by melting the Si surface via Au-Si eutectic reaction, which contributed to the formation of semiconducting iron disilicide (β-FeSi2), on Au-coated Si(100) substrates. By coating a substrate with an Au layer of 60 nm or more, the Au-Si liquid phase covered the entire Si substrate surface, and single-phase β-FeSi2 was grown on Si(100) substrates. A clear photoluminescence spectrum of β-FeSi2 indicated the formation of high-quality crystals with a low density of the non-radiative recombination center in the grains.
O PAPEL DA MICROACESSIBILIDADE NA MOBILIDADE URBANA NAS CIDADES SUSTENTÁVEIS: CASO DA ESTAÇÃO SANTO AMARO NA CIDADE DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Baiardi Yara Cristina Labronici , Benini Sandra Medina 
Published: February 2015

Entender a mobilidade urbana na metrópole contemporânea requer uma análise que vá além da visão da engenharia de tráfego e da circulação de veículos nas vias. O deslocar nas grandes cidades deve envolver relações complexas entre as características pessoais e econômicas do cidadão, dos sistemas de transportes disponíveis - sejam eles individuais ou coletivos -, assim como entre o uso e a ocupação do solo urbano e a configuração do território existente. Frente ao aumento crescente dos desafios de circulação na metrópole paulista, o tema da mobilidade urbana vem sendo amplamente debatido na sociedade. Nesse sentido, a partir do estudo de caso da estação Santo Amaro da Linha 9 (localizada paralelamente ao Rio Pinheiros) da Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos - CPTM, procura-se estudar a microacessibilidade dessa estação de trem articulada com os diferentes modos de transporte entre si por meio da análise da configuração espacial do território no entorno da estação. Parte-se hipótese de que, apesar da modernização recente dos equipamentos da linha do trem e da integração tarifária entre ônibus e metrô/trem, a microacessibilidade é ainda ineficaz, reduzindo tanto o potencial de atração das estações (que representam um nó diante da rede metropolitana), como da qualidade do percurso do pedestre e da intermodalidade, bem como da construção de equipamentos públicos de referência e de qualidade. Isso ocorre principalmente devido à ausência de uma política integrada e contínua do setor de transportes e do planejamento urbano das últimas décadas, à má concepção e gestão dos espaços públicos e consequentemente à falta de clareza no entorno do ambiente construído das estações. O modelo teórico proposto no trabalho tem caráter exploratório, com abordagens qualitativas, baseada em estudo de caso. O método para atingir o objetivo consiste no levantamento em campo de variáveis pré-estabelecidas cujos resultados foram sintetizados numa matriz conceitual para posterior indicação de possíveis melhorias sob o ponto de vista dos diferentes papéis que o cidadão desempenha durante o seu locomover pela cidade, ora pedestre, ora ciclista, ora usuário do sistema público, ora motorista. Com este estudo busca então contribuir para discussão da melhoria da microacessibilidade do entorno de equipamentos públicos de referência na mobilidade urbana a fim de que ocorra a articulação entre os sistemas de transporte e o território urbano de modo a ampliar a qualidade do direito de ir e vir dos cidadãos nas cidades brasileiras.
Закономірності формування рухової функції у дітей дошкільного віку
Authors: Худолій О. М. , Касьян А. В. 
Published: February 2015

На основі комп’ютерного моделювання умов навчання точнісним рухам кисті дошкільників 4—6 років встановлено, що на ефективність навчання точнісним рухам хлопчиків 4 років впливає кількість повторень на 33,5% і перерви в повторенні на 52,8%. Тривала перерва в повторенні збільшує час виконання завдання. З віком зменшується вплив перерви в повторенні на формування навички виконання точнісних рухів. У цьому разі спостерігається достатньо сильний вплив взаємодії кількості повторень і перерви в повторенні. Так, у хлопчиків 5 років на ефективність навчання на 61,7%, а у хлопчиків 6 років на 34,4% впливають взаємодія кількості повторень і перерви між повтореннями (Х1Х2). У дівчаток 4—6 років спостерігаються з віком збільшення впливу кількості повторень на ефективність навчання. Чим молодше дівчатка, тим більше впливає перерва в повторенні (Х2) і його взаємодія з кількістю повторень (Х1Х2) на результат навчання.
Педагогічна практика в школі. Повідомлення ІІ
Authors: Худолій О. М. , Іващенко О. В. 
Published: February 2015

У статті розглядається програма педагогічної практики в середніх класах загальноосвітньої школи. Конкретизуються: мета і завдання практики, тривалість і строки проведення, обов’язки практикантів, зміст роботи, перелік звітної документації. Наводяться зразки оформлення звітної документації та пояснення до її упорядкування
Особливості методики розвитку сили у дівчаток молодшого шкільного віку
Authors: Худолій О. М. , Тітаренко А. А. 
Published: February 2015

У статті розглядається методика розвитку сили у дівчаток молодшого шкільного віку. Встановлено, що комбінований метод розвитку сили позитивно впливає на розвиток силових здібностей у школярів. Покращення результатів тестування можливе за умови коли силове навантаження приводить до значних змін після роботи на кожному місці, після заняття (ТТЕ) і через двадцять чотири години після навантаження (ВТЕ). Чим більша динаміка ТТЕ і ВТЕ, тим значніші поліпшення результатів силових тестів спостерігаються вже через три заняття.
Anisotropic Dispersion and Upscaling for Miscible Displacement
Authors: Adepoju Olaoluwa O. , Lake Larry W. , Johns Russell T. 
Published: February 2015

Summary
Dispersion is the irreversible mixing that occurs during miscible displacements. Dispersion can reduce local displacement efficiency by lessening solvent peak concentration or increase volumetric sweep efficiency by spreading of the injected solvent to more of the reservoir. Dispersion is therefore an important parameter in predicting and simulating miscible displacements. The difficulty of simulating miscible displacement and understanding the effect of dispersion is also compounded by numerical dispersion, which increases the apparent dispersion in finite-difference simulation models.
This paper presents an approach to estimate the total longitudinal and transverse dispersion in large-scale media by use of continuous solvent injection in a medium of finite thickness. The simulations are based on the experimental arrangement of Blackwell (1962) to estimate transverse dispersion, with experiments consisting of coinjecting two miscible fluids into different sections of the medium at similar rates. This model arrangement, coupled with analytical solutions for the 2D convection/dispersion equation for a continuously injected solvent, allows us to determine longitudinal and transverse dispersivity simultaneously for the flow medium. In this manner, we investigate the effects of stochastic permeability distributions and other scaling groups affecting first-contact-miscible simulations on dispersion.
Sensitivity analysis of dispersion in stochastic permeability fields confirms that both longitudinal and transverse dispersion are scale dependent. Results also show that the effect of increasing autocorrelation of cell permeability in the longitudinal direction (parallel to flow) is to increase longitudinal dispersion, as solvent travels through more continuous layers, while reducing transverse dispersion. Increasing autocorrelation in the transverse direction reduces dispersion in both directions. This reduction is caused by equilibration of solvent concentrations in continuous sections of the reservoir, resulting in reduced solute fingering and channeling.
Finally, we developed a simple procedure to use the estimated dispersivities to determine a priori the maximum gridblock size that will maintain an equivalent level of dispersion between fine-scale models and upscaled coarse models. Large gridblock sizes can be used for highly heterogeneous and layered reservoir models. Nonuniform coarsening (upscaling) methods were also recommended and validated for reservoir models with sets of sequential but different permeability distributions. The procedure was extended to multicontact miscible simulations. The sweep and recovery from upscaled multicontact miscible simulations were comparable with those of fine-scale models.
A New Hydrolyzed Formula is Well Tolerated in Infants with Suspected Food Protein Allergy or Intolerance
Authors: Borschel Marlene W. , Baggs Geraldine E. 
Published: February 2015

Background:
Extensively hydrolyzed formulas (eHF) are indicated for infants with food protein allergy. The purpose of the study was to assess the tolerance and compliance of an intended population of infants to a new formulation of a hypoallergenic eHF.

Methods:
A non-random, single-group, multicenter study was conducted. Infants with suspected food protein allergy, persistent feeding intolerance, or presenting conditions where an eHF was deemed appropriate were enrolled in a 15-day feeding trial. Intake, stool patterns, weight (wt), length, and questionnaires were collected. The primary outcome was maintenance of wt for age Z-score during the study.

Results:
25 infants (85 ± 8.9 d of age) were enrolled; 7 were ≥ 4 months; 4 were preterm. At entry, 12 had symptoms of allergic colitis or food protein allergy/intolerance, 12 had persistent formula intolerance, 11 had hematochezia/heme positive stools, and 1 was recovering from necrotizing enterocolitis. Mean wt for age Z-score was -0.62 ± 0.19 at entry and -0.41 ± 0.16 at exit. Mean change in wt for age Z-score was 0.21 ± 0.10. Mean formula intake was 764 ± 48 mL/day. The mean number of stools/day was 1.8 ± 0.4 and the predominant stool consistencies were loose/mushy (48%) or soft (43%).

Conclusion:
The results suggest that this eHF was well accepted and tolerated by an intended use population of infants during the first 6 months of life which enabled adequate volume consumption, maintenance of wt for age Z-scores and a high level of parental satisfaction.
Executive Equity Risk-Taking Incentives and Audit Pricing
Authors: Chen Yangyang , Gul Ferdinand A. , Veeraraghavan Madhu , Zolotoy Leon 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Using a large sample of U.S. firms spanning the period 2000–2010, we document a strong positive association between the sensitivity of CEO compensation portfolio to stock return volatility (vega) and audit fees. We also show that the positive association between vega and audit fees is weaker in the post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) period. In supplementary tests, we show that the relation between vega and audit fees is stronger for firms with older CEOs and in firms where the CEO is also chairman of the board. Collectively, our results suggest that audit firms incorporate executive risk-taking incentives in the fees they charge for their services.
JEL Classifications: M41; M42; M52.