bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partitioning between benthic and pelagic nitrate reduction in the Lake Lugano south basin
Authors: Wenk Christine B. , Zopfi Jakob , Gardner Wayne S. , McCarthy Mark J. , Niemann Helge , Veronesi Mauro , Lehmann Moritz F. 
Published: July 2014

We evaluated the seasonal variation of denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates in the sediments and the integrative N (and O) isotopic signatures of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) compounds in the overlying water column of the monomictic Lake Lugano south basin. Denitrification was the dominant NO−3 reduction pathway, whereas the contribution of anammox and DNRA to total benthic NO−3 reduction was < 6% and < 12%, respectively. Sedimentary denitrification rates were highest (up to 57.2 ± 16.8 µmol N m−2 h−1) during fully oxic bottom water conditions. With the formation of seasonal bottom water anoxia, NO−3 reduction was partitioned between water column and sedimentary processes. Total benthic NO−3 reduction rates determined in 15N‐label experiments and sediment—water interface N2 fluxes as calculated from water column N2 : Ar gradients revealed that sedimentary denitrification still accounted for ∼ 40% of total N2 production during bottom water anoxia. The partitioning between water column and sedimentary denitrification was further evaluated by the natural abundance stable N isotope composition of dissolved NO−3 in the water column. With anaerobic bottom water conditions, water column NO−3 concentrations gradually decreased, paralleled by an increase in δ15N— and δ18O— NO−3 from approximately 7‰ to 20‰ and from 2‰ to 14‰, respectively. Using a closed‐system (Rayleigh) model, the N and O isotope effects associated with community NO−3 consumption were 15ε ≈ 13.7‰ and 18ε ≈ 11.3‰, respectively. With the assumptions of a relatively low net N isotope effect associated with sedimentary denitrification (i.e., 15εsed = 1.5–3‰) vs. a fully expressed biological N isotope fractionation during water column denitrification (i.e., 15εwater = 20–25‰), our results confirm that 36–51% of reduction occurred within the sediment. The general agreement between the indirect (isotopic) approach and the flux and rate measurements suggests that water column nitrate isotope measurements can be used to distinguish between benthic and pelagic denitrification quantitatively.
Intersite validations of the pixel-wise method for liver R2* analysis in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients
Authors: Saiviroonporn Pairash , Viprakasit Vip , Sanpakit Kleebsabai , Wood John C. , Krittayaphong Rungroj 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
MRI-R2* has been accepted as a clinical tool for monitoring iron overload in thalassemia patients, especially for monitoring liver iron concentration (LIC). The most optimal and practical method of analysis however, is still open to further investigations. Our objective was to investigate intra- and intersite observer variability of the pixel-wise method for liver R2* analysis in thalassemia patients using a monoexponential with a constant offset model.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We performed 88 liver R2* measurements on 72 thalassemia major patients. A single breath-hold multi-echo gradient-echo sequence was acquired and analyzed at both the reference (REF) and local (LOC) sites. The analysis defined the region of interest in the whole liver parenchyma, excluding the great vessels, and were reported as median values.

RESULTS:
The R2* values from the REF and LOC were statistically comparable for all comparisons. The intrasite and intersite observer variation were 0.75% (less than 0.9%) and 2.5%, respectively, both of which are comparable to previous reports, but substantially lower than conventional region-based approaches.

CONCLuSION:
The low variation of the R2* also yielded excellent variation in the tabulated hepatic iron content. However, caution is required when comparing the results to different implementation methods and appropriate evaluation and validation of methodology for any new scan site is essential before its clinical use.
Bcl-2 protein expression in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands
Authors: Sefvan Janjua Omer , Mehmood Qureshi Sana , Sarfraz Khan Tariq , Alamgir Wajiha 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland tumor with varying behavior among different histopathological grades. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of Bcl-2 protein in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and to correlate with histological grades.

METHODS:
The records of 40 cases of MEC were collected from the histopathology department. Fresh slides were prepared and fresh diagnoses were made using the grading criteria for MEC. Immunohistochemical markers for Bcl-2 were applied and the results analyzed using the chi-square test.

RESULTS:
Of 40 cases, 20 were males and 20 were females. The range in age of the patients was 6 to 67 years mean (SD) was 42.6 (1.85) years. Twenty-two were low grade (55%), 11 high grade (27.5%) and 7 (17.5%) were intermediate grade MEC. Among these 40 cases, Bcl-2 expression was positive in 24 cases and negative in 16 cases. In 22 cases of low-grade MEC, 19 were positive while only 3 were negative. In high-grade tumors, all 11 cases were found to have a negative expression of Bcl-2 protein. in intermediate-grade MEC, 5 cases showed positive expression while only 2 cases showed negative expression.

CONCLUSION:
Bcl-2 protein expression showed positive expression in low-grade and negative expression in high-grade MEC. intermediate grade showed more than 50% positive results for Bcl-2. Correlation between grades of MEC and expression of Bcl-2 is statistically significant and can be used for the depicting the prognosis of MEC along with other prognostic and clinico-pathological parameters.
Réponse à Jean-Luc Petit
Authors: Descombes Vincent 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRicœur, in his Philosophy of the Will (1950), is already turning eidetic descriptions into linguistic descriptions. Therefore what is at stake between phenomenologists and analytic philosophers is not the linguistic turn as such. Rather, it is the question whether all psychological verbs are experiential verbs. The contribution of Vincent Descombes is presented as a response to the communication of Jean-Luc Petit delivered in Paris in November 2013 for the International Congress "Ricœur and Contemporary Philosophy in the English Language." A written version of Jean-Luc Petit’s paper can be found in this issue. NDE RésuméDès sa Philosophie de la volonté (1950), Ricœur donne un tour linguistique à ses descriptions eidétiques. Ce n'est donc pas le tournant linguistique qui sépare la phénoménologie de l'action d'une grammaire philosophique, mais plutôt la question de savoir si tous les verbes psychologiques sont des verbes d'expérience. La contribution de Vincent Descombes se présente comme une réponse à la communication de Jean-Luc Petit prononcée à Paris en novembre 2013 pour le congrès international “Ricœur et la philosophie contemporaine de langue anglaise.” On trouvera dans ce numéro la version écrite de la communication de Jean-Luc Petit. NDE
QUE SENTIDOS SE ESCONDEM SOB A SUPOSTA FACE NEUTRA DA PALAVRA INFÂNCIA?
Authors: Dos Santos Morais Jacqueline de Fatima 
Published: July 2014

Toda política de atendimento à educação infantil organiza-se tendo como norte concepções e conceitos em um tempo e lugar específicos, sendo isso apresentado de forma explícita ou não. Para compreendermos tanto as práticas quanto as políticas ligadas à EI, precisamos inicialmente perguntarmo-nos: a que infância essas políticas ou práticas se referem? O que entendem por infância? A que perspectiva se aproximam? Este artigo tem por objetivo buscar os múltiplos sentidos do conceito de infância, construídos em diferentes lugares e tempos históricos, partindo do pressuposto de que “o sentido da palavra é totalmente determinado por seu contexto.” (Bakhtin,1990: 106)
CIVILIDADE, CORPO E ESCOLARIZAÇÃO DA CRIANÇA: O LEGADO DE DESCARTES E ROUSSEAU
Authors: Pinto Rubia-Mar Nunes 
Published: July 2014

Este texto apresenta uma discussão sobre o processo de desenvolvimento, em Descartes e Rousseau, de uma perspectiva de intervenção sobre a corporalidade infantil cujo ponto de partida é concepção do ser humano como uma dualidade corpo-mente. Pretende-se explicitar como as concepções cartesianas e rousseaunianas sobre a sociedade, o homem e a educação fornecem subsídios para a configuração de pedagogias do corpo que, por sua vez, orientam a organização da escola e a ação educativa dos professores.
EDUCAÇÃO CONTINUADA: UM IMPERATIVO AOS PROFISSIONAIS DA EDUCAÇÃO DIANTE DAS POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS ATUAIS
Authors: Pereira Sueli Menezes 
Published: July 2014

Com o objetivo de conhecer as ações das instituições escolares municipais no que se refere à construção de sua autonomia, através de pesquisa participante, buscou-se identificar posicionamentos dos profissionais da educação, o embasamento teórico e o apoio legal que fundamentam as ações dos agentes educativos. Os resultados apontam para o desconhecimento das políticas educacionais por parte dos docentes, a falta de compreensão crítica da legislação educacional que, associado à falta de um coletivo escolar voltado para a superação destas limitações, conclui-se pela necessidade de educação continuada para os docentes como condição de compreensão crítica das políticas educacionais com vistas a decisões conscientes de modo a escola ocupar seu espaço de autonomia e construir seu projeto de formação para a cidadania.
UM ESTUDO SOBRE A GÊNESE DA PROFISSÃO DOCENTE
Authors: Vasconcelos Maria Celi Chaves 
Published: July 2014

Este artigo se propõe a um estudo acerca do surgimento das escolas como parte da gênese da profissão docente, considerando que ela se tornou o “locus” da atuação dos professores, quando progressivamente outros espaços foram sendo destituídos desse sentido, em função do espaço escolar. A seguir, apresentamos uma análise da estatização e da profissionalização docente, especialmente relacionada à formação e às práticas dos professores, no Brasil, particularmente na segunda metade do século XIX.
A INCLUSÃO NA PRIMEIRA FASE DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL NAS ESCOLAS PÚBLICAS DO MUNICÍPIO DE CATALÃO
Authors: Belo Fernanda Ferreira , Bernardes Rosângela Aparecida 
Published: July 2014

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o processo de inclusão escolar, implementado na primeira fase do ensino fundamental, nas escolas públicas do município de Catalão. Ele é resultado de uma pesquisa que possibilitou reflexões sobre a relação entre educação, inclusão e a construção do conhecimento escolar na conjuntura atual.
FUNDAMENTOS EPISTEMOLÓGICOS DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DO ESTÁGIO COM PESQUISA
Authors: Ghedin Evandro , De Almeida Whasgthon Aguiar 
Published: July 2014

A pesquisa aqui apresentada procura construir um movimento teórico que busca a fundamentação epistêmica da prática de pesquisa na formação inicial de professores que vincula os processos de investigação ao desenvolvimento do estágio curricular. Esta experiência vem sendo desenvolvida com professores que estudam e atuam na Educação do Campo. A questão que o texto procura dar conta é a da fundamentação epistemológica desta prática. Para isso lança mão da literatura existente, como reflexão teórica no campo educacional, que dá suporte e embasamento para uma prática de formação organizada a partir de uma dinâmica que articula a aprendizagem dos processos de pesquisa em sua íntima articulação com a construção do saber do professor, que se constrói a partir do apreender a profissão na experiência concreta da escola. O que a pesquisa busca em sua operacionalização, a partir dos princípios da pesquisa-açãocrítico-colaborativa, é possibilitar ao professor em formação inicial compreender que o conhecimento é elaborado na prática a partir das teorias educacionais que possibilitam a reelaboração das próprias teorias, que sustentam as práticas educativas. Essa dialética permite-nos desenhar um quadro teórico imbricado com a prática formativa, de tal modo que não há como separar os processos de investigação dos procedimentos da aprendizagem da profissão na experiência do estágio. O método utilizado para esta reflexão sobre os resultados do processo centra-se numa abordagem hermenêutico-fenomenológico. A conclusão, ainda parcial, é que não há como avançar no campo da formação inicial de professoresse não formos capazes, no desenvolvimento da própria formação,de aliar processo e produto da aprendizagem da profissão em um movimento dialético que alia a pesquisa como formação, a formação para a pesquisa, a prática da pesquisa na formação e a formação na prática articulada aos processos investigativos que constituem os produtos do conhecimento na área educacional.
Nietzsche's Use of Monumental History
Authors: Jenkins Scott 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
This article examines Nietzsche's notion of monumental history in “On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life” and considers its importance for Nietzsche's later work. In the first section, I examine the connections between monumental history and the work of Polybius, Thucydides, and Livy. Here I argue that Nietzsche takes his notion of monumental history directly from the practice of history in the ancient world. In the second section, I demonstrate that Nietzsche regards the production of illusions as the principal benefit of monumental history, while he criticizes its mendacious and conservative tendencies. Finally, I argue in the third section that the collection of characters we encounter in Nietzsche's later works—including the free spirits and the figure of Zarathustra—ought to be understood through Nietzsche's account of the uses and disadvantages of monumental history. These exemplary figures neither falsify nor glorify the past, but they remain illusions in the service of life.
Determination of Flurbiprofen in Human Plasma by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry and Its Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Yilmaz Bilal , Sahin Huseyin , Akba Vedat , Erdem Ali Fuat 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper describes a GC/MS method for the determination of flurbiprofen in human plasma. Flurbiprofen and internal standard ibuprofen were extracted from plasma by using a liquid–liquid extraction method. Derivatization was carried out using N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. The calibration curve was linear between the concentration range of 0.10 and 5.0 μg/mL. Intraday and interday precision values for flurbiprofen in plasma were less than 5.49%, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 5.33%. The extraction recoveries of flurbiprofen from human plasma were between 93.6 and 98.6%. The LOD and LOQ of flurbiprofen were 0.03 and 0.10 μg/mL, respectively. This assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of flurbiprofen in healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 100 mg of flurbiprofen.
Analysis of Six Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Apples and Pears Using Cloud-point Extraction Coupled with HPLC-UV
Authors: Zhang Lijin , Chen Fang , Zhang Wenhuan , Pan Canping 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A cloud-point extraction (CPE) method with Triton X-114 has been developed for analysis of six organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in apples and pears. In this CPE procedure, the effects of the surfactant volume, mass of sodium chloride, equilibrium temperature, equilibrium time, and pH on the extraction procedure were investigated. Under the optimal CPE conditions, the analytes were enriched 20-fold and the LODs dropped to 0.44–5.20 μg/kg. Furthermore, the proposed extraction method was validated by the correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve, repeatability (RSD, n = 6), and fortified recoveries, which were 0.9967–0.9993, 2.7–6.5, and 74.7–104.5%, respectively. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the proposed CPE method with Triton X-114 was suitable for the effective extraction and enrichment of OPP residues in the apple and pear samples.
Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Some Trace Elements in Fertilizer Samples
Authors: Unsal Yunus Emre , Tuzen Mustafa , Soylak Mustafa 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Total concentration of metal ions at trace levels does not give sufficient information about toxicity and biological availability of these elements in fertilizer samples. In the presented work, a sequential extraction procedure modified by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was applied to fractionate Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn levels in two fertilizer samples collected from cooperative agricultural retailers. The fractions extracted were exchangeable/dilute acid soluble, reducible bound to Fe/Mn oxides, oxidizable bound to organic matter and sulfides, and residual. The determination of analyte elements was done by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The accuracy of the procedure was validated with BCR-701 sediment certified reference material. The RSD of the procedure was less than 10%.
Photodegradation Study of Nystatin by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and Chemometrics Modeling
Authors: Hemmateenejad Bahram , Nekoeinia Mohsen , Absalan Ghodratollah , Ansari Mehdi 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Nystatin, one of the tetraene antifungal antibiotics, is very sensitive to light. Thus, when nystatin is exposed to natural daylight, it is photodegraded to products of lower biological activity. In this work, the photodegradation kinetics of nystatin was monitored by a UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The absorbance spectra of the nystatin, exposed to a 366 nm UV lamp, were recorded at different periods of time. By application of factor analysis to the absorbance data matrix, three absorbing chemical species, coexisting in the reaction system, were detected. The soft-modeling multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares analysis of the evolutionary absorbance data revealed that nystatin undergoes photodegradation in a two-step consecutive manner. Hard-modeling data analysis suggested that reaction has first-order kinetics in the first step and zero-order kinetics in the second step. The reaction rate constants of the first and second steps were estimated as 0.0929 (±0.0076) and 0.0052 (±0.0016)/min, respectively. Finally, the pure spectra of the resolved chemical species were calculated.
Use of Nanoporous Cu(II) Ion Imprinted Polymer as a New Sorbent for Preconcentration of Cu(II) in Water, Biological, and Agricultural Samples and its Determination by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Fazelirad Hamid , Taher Mohammad Ali , Ashkenani Hamid 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A new and selective Cu(II) ion imprinted polymer was prepared by formation of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol complex for selective extraction and preconcentration of Cu ions. Polymerization was performed with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinking monomer and methacrylic acid as a functional monomer in the presence of 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator via a bulk polymerization method. The Cu(II) imprinted polymeric particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and IR spectrometry. The imprint Cu ion was removed from the polymeric matrix using 2 M HNO3. Optimum pH for maximum sorption was 5–8. Maximum sorbent capacity and the enrichment factor for Cu(II) were 11.3 mg/g and 100, respectively. The RSD and LOD of the method were evaluated as ±4.3% and 8.7 ng/L, respectively. The proposed method is simple, highly selective, and sensitive and can be applied to the determination of ultratrace amounts of Cu in water, biological, and agricultural samples.
Rapid Screening of Oleuropein from Olive Leaves Using Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Rashidipour Marzieh , Heydari Rouhollah , Feizbakhsh Alireza , Hashemi Payman 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) methodology as a quick and easy extraction method has been developed to extract oleuropein from Olea europaea leaves. This method has been compared with conventional maceration and Soxhlet extraction (SOXE) methods. Variables affecting MSPD, such as the sorbent material, the ratio of sample to sorbent material, elution solvent, and volume of the elution solvent, have been fully evaluated and optimized. Oleuropein was successfully extracted by silica sorbent with 350 μL of dichloromethane–methanol (70 + 30, v/v) as the elution solvent. The calibration curve showed good linearity (r2 = 0.9985) and precision (RSD &lt;4.5%) in the concentration range of 0.5–100 μg/mL for oleuropein. The LOD and LOQ were 0.14 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 88.0–94.0% with RSD values ranging from 6.0 to 9.8%. The extraction yields obtained by the MSPD method were comparable with those obtained by the maceration and SOXE methods. The reported MSPD extraction method was revealed to be eco-friendly, simpler, and faster than conventional methods used to quantify oleuropein in O. europaea leaves.
Comparison of SNP-Based Detection Assays for Food Analysis: Coffee Authentication
Authors: Spaniolas Stelios , Bazakos Christos , Tucker Gregory A , Bennett Malcolm J 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Recently, DNA-based authentication methods were developed to serve as complementary approaches to analytical chemistry techniques. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based reaction chemistries, when combined with the existing detection methods, could result in numerous analytical approaches, all with particular advantages and disadvantages. The dual aim of this study was (a) to develop SNP-based analytical assays such as the single-base primer extension (SNaPShotTM) and pyrosequencing in order to differentiate Arabica and Robusta varieties for the authentication of coffee beans and (b) to compare the performances of SNaPshot, pyrosequencing and the previously developed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer on the basis of linearity (R2) and LOD, expressed as percentage of the adulterant species, using green coffee beans (Arabica and Robusta) as a food model. The results showed that SNaPshot analysis exhibited the best LOD, whereas pyrosequencing revealed the best linearity (R2 = 0.997). The PCR-RFLP assay using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer could prove to be a very useful method for a laboratory that lacks sequencing facilities but it can be used only if a SNP creates/deletes a restriction site.
Fast and High Throughput Screening of Amantadine in Chicken Muscle by Extractive Derivatization with Pentafluorobenzoyl Chloride and Gas Chromatography/Negative Ion Chemical Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ho Clare , Wong Yiu-Tung 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A fast and high throughput screening method for the determination of amantadine (ADA) in chicken muscle is presented. After acidic extraction and extractive derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride, ADA was analyzed directly without any preconcentration by GC/negative ion chemical ionization-tandem MS/MS. With the selective MS/MS detection, ADA in chicken muscle can be detected at concentrations well below 1 μg/kg. Quantification of ADA in chicken muscle was accomplished by using matrix-matched calibration with memantine as an internal standard. The method was validated with ADA fortified chicken muscle at 1, 2, and 5 μg/kg. The recoveries ranged from 89 to 95%, and RSDs were ≤10% in all cases. The estimated LOD and LOQ in chicken muscle were 0.020 and 0.054 μg/kg, respectively. This method is rapid, robust, and suitable for routine monitoring of ADA residues in chicken muscle samples.