bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin-Induced Glucose Utilization Influences Triglyceride Metabolism
Authors: Bazelmans J. , Nestel P. J. , Nolan C. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have investigated the possibility that the effect of insulin on triglyceride metabolism is related to the individual's responsiveness to insulin-mediated glucose utilization. Changes in plasma triglyceride levels were determined during 2 h infusions of insulin with glucose that maintained euglycaemia in 17 subjects, some of whom were overweight and/or hypertrigly-ceridaemic.
2. Plasma triglyceride concentrations fell in most subjects (mean ± sd: 19.9 ± 13.0%). The percentage fall in plasma triglyceride was inversely related to body mass index (r = −0.64, P &lt; 0.01) and to basal triglyceride concentration (r = −0.69, P &lt; 0.005), but directly to insulin sensitivity (r = +0.48, P &lt; 0.05), and was unrelated to plasma free fatty acid concentration.
3. Since insulin sensitivity was also related to body mass index and basal triglyceride level stepwise regression analysis was carried out to determine the influence of these three variables on insulin-mediated lowering of plasma triglyceride. The percentage fall in plasma triglyceride remained independently related to insulin sensitivity (P &lt; 0.05) and to body mass index (P &lt; 0.05), and these two variables accounted for 44% of the fall in triglyceride.
4. Resistance to insulin (in terms of glucose utilization) may therefore be one significant, independent factor determining the plasma triglyceride concentration.
Ferroxidase and Ascorbate Oxidase Activities of Caeruloplasmin in Synovial Fluid from Rheumatoid Patients
Authors: Blake D. R. , Blann A. , Bacon P. A. , Farr M. , Gutteridge J. M. C. , Halliwell B. 
Published: August 2015

1. The protein caeruloplasmin inhibits certain free radical reactions, in part probably due to its ability to oxidize Fe2+ into Fe3+ (ferroxidase activity). Since caeruloplasmin is present in synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients, we investigated its properties in relation to protection of the joint from damage by oxygen radicals produced by activated phagocytes.
2. The ferroxidase and ascorbate oxidase activities of serum from both normal and rheumatoid patients could be accounted for by the caeruloplasmin present, as determined immunologically. More caeruloplasmin is present in the serum of rheumatoid patients than in normal serum.
3. Synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients contains caeruloplasmin protein but its ferroxidase and ascorbate oxidase activities are abnormally low. It is suggested that ferroxidase deficiency contributes to radical damage in the rheumatoid joint.
Platelet Function and Lipoprotein Levels after Plasma-Exchange in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Brook Gerald , Winterstein Giora , Aviram Michael 
Published: August 2015

1. Repeated plasma exchange was carried out on three young patients with severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. There was a 3 week interval between each exchange. After a single exchange, plasma cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels decreased markedly, but pre-exchange levels were not achieved within 2 weeks. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels also fell but returned to the original concentration after only 5 days.
2. Platelet aggregation and [14C]serotonin release were increased in all three patients and dropped by 20% and 13% respectively after a single plasma exchange. Platelet function in vitro returned to pre-exchange levels with similar kinetics to that observed with the low density lipoprotein concentration. On removal of 100 g of plasma cholesterol, after repeated exchanges, low density lipoprotein concentration and platelet function were significantly decreased in comparison with values before initiation of plasma exchange. in addition there was a marked regression of xanthoma in all three patients.
3. Since this procedure is instrumental in achieving a negative cholesterol balance as well as inhibiting hypersensitive platelets, it may well result in a downgrading of the atherosclerotic risk.
Changes in the Binding of Radioactive Conjugated Bile Salts to Serum Proteins in Cholestatic Jaundice
Authors: Chitranukroh A. , Billing B. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. A micro-partition centrifugal ultrafiltration technique has been used to monitor the percentage of[14C]glycocholate,[3H]glycochenodeoxycholate and[3H]glycochenodepxycholate-3-sulphate bound to serum proteins of patients with cholestatic liver disease.
2. in comparison with normal individuals the percentage of binding of [14C]glycocholate and, to a lesser extent, of [3H]glycochenodeoxycholate and [3H]glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate was reduced.
3. The binding of [14C]glycocholate was inversely related to the serum bile salt and bilirubin concentrations. in contrast, the binding of [3H]glycochenodeoxycholate and [3H]glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate were not altered by the severity of the cholestasis.
4. Studies in vitro indicated that the reduction in the binding of [14C]glycocholate in cholestatic liver disease was not due to high concentrations of bile salts, unconjugated bilirubin or fatty acids.
Decreased Neutrophil Cyclic AMP Response to Isoprenaline Stimulation in the Elderly
Authors: Cotter T. G. , O'Malley K. 
Published: August 2015

1. Neutrophils from drug-free elderly subjects produced approximately 50% less cyclic AMP in response to isoprenaline than did neutrophils from young subjects. A significant difference in basal cyclic AMP levels was also evident (elderly 2.8 ± 0.37; young 4.9 ± 0.36 pmol of cAMP/107 cells; P &lt; 0.05).
2. With a range of anti-neutrophil monoclonal antibodies no evidence of age-related neutrophil population heterogeneity was found.
3. These findings indicate that the age-related decline in β-adrenoceptor responsiveness is not due to changes in the neutrophil population.
4. The present results support the hypothesis that there is a generalized decline in β-adrenoceptor-mediated responsiveness in the elderly.
The Physiological Effects of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia in Man: Responses at Differing Levels of Blood Glucose
Authors: Gale E. A. M. , Bennett T. , MacDonald I. A. , Holst J. J. , Matthews J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The aim of this study was to describe hormonal, cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia of differing levels of severity.
2. Five normal male volunteers were rendered hypoglycaemic at intervals of 1 week by intravenous infusions of 3, 4 or 6 units of insulin/h, or by intravenous injection of 0.15 unit/kg body weight.
3. Plasma glucose reached nadir values of 2.08 ±0.10, 1.82 ± 0.21, 1.24 ±0.08 and 0.92 ± 0.06 mmol/l (means ± sem) in the four experiments. Non-esterified fatty acid levels fell equally in all experiments but recovery was more rapid with severe hypoglycaemia. In contrast the rate of recovery of plasma glucose was slower with deeper hypoglycaemia and this appeared unrelated to the counter-regulatory response.
4. Plasma glucagon, adrenaline and prolactin levels increased in proportion to the severity of hypoglycaemia, but peak concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone (somatotropin) and noradrenaline did not vary, suggesting that moderate hypoglycaemia had elicited maximal responses. When the areas under the curves were calculated, the cortisol responses were greater for the 6 units infusion and bolus injection than for the other infusions, and the growth hormone responses were similar for all three infusions but significantly greater with the bolus injection.
5. Increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure were related to the severity of hypoglycaemia, but changes in diastolic blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance (assessed from calf and from hand blood flow) were not.
6. Central temperature fell by 0.13 ± 0.06°C, 0.30 ± 0.10°C, 0.65 ± 0.14°C and 1.15 ± 0.30°C (means ± sem) in the four experiments, and the fall in skin temperature had a similar gradation.
7. Many physiological responses to hypoglycaemia are not ‘all-or-none’, but vary according to the intensity of stimulus; some are already maximal at mild degrees of hypoglycaemia. Other changes are more complex, reflecting an interplay between opposing endocrine and neural responses.
The Combined Effects of Infection and Malnutrition on Protein Metabolism in Children
Authors: Tomkins A. M. , Garlick P. J. , Schofield W. N. , Waterlow J. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty-two children were studied as in-patients at a Nigerian Hospital.
2. They were divided into four groups on the basis of weight for age: I, adequately nourished, acutely infected; II, moderately under weight, acutely infected; III, malnourished, chronically infected; IV, malnourished, uninfected.
3. Urinary nitrogen excretion was highest in group I and lowest in groups III and IV. Urinary creatinine was highest in group I, but did not differ significantly in groups II, III and IV. The excretion of 3-methylhistidine closely paralleled that of creatinine. It is suggested that the high rates of creatinine and methylhistidine excretion in group I resulted in part from destruction of muscle.
4. Rates of whole body protein turnover were measured by administration of a single dose of [15N]glycine with measurement of the excretion of 15N in urinary NH3 for the next 9 h.
5. Rates of protein synthesis and breakdown were very high in infected children of groups I and II. Although rates were lower in the malnourished groups, in infected children of group III they were nearly twice as high as in the uninfected group IV. The net balance of protein (synthesis minus breakdown) was negative in group I, less negative in group II, zero in group III and positive in group IV.
6. Repeat measurements in group I during recovery from infection showed a decline in rates of excretion of nitrogen, creatinine and 3-methylhistidine. Rates of protein synthesis and breakdown declined and the protein balance became less negative, but these changes were not statistically significant.
7. Multiple regression analysis of the results of all groups taken together showed independent contributions to rates of protein metabolism from infection and nutritional state, especially plasma albumin.
8. It was concluded that infection caused a rise in protein breakdown which was larger than the concomitant rise in synthesis, leading to net loss of protein, and that these responses were reduced by malnutrition.
The Transport of Thyroid Hormones
Authors: Hoffenberg R. , Ramsden D. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hormones have to be transported from their sites of synthesis to their target organs. For lipophilic hormones, such as steroids and thyroid hormones, transport is accomplished by binding to specific serum proteins, in the case of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and prealbumin (PA). Normally about 70% of circulating T4 and 75–80% of T3 is bound to TBG, about 20% of T4 and 10% of T3 to PA and 10–15% of each to albumin, which has a low affinity but high capacity for both hormones [1, 2]. Apart from facilitating transport, binding to serum protein prevents excessive loss of hormone into the urine by glomerular filtration or flooding into cells, and may provide a readily available reservoir in times of need. The union between binding proteins and their ligands is reversible, so that a small proportion of hormone is non-protein-bound or ‘free’, in equilibrium with that which is protein-bound. For T4 this free fraction is normally 0.02-0.04% of the total serum T4 concentration, for T3 about 0.3% [3, 4].
2. The major binding proteins of T4 and T3 will briefly be described and the nature of free T4 and T3 considered.
Estimation of Non-Fat Body Tissues from Measurements of Skinfold Thickness, total Body Potassium and Total Body Nitrogen
Authors: Morgan D. B. , Burkinshaw L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Many previous reports have shown that the ratio of total body potassium to fat-free tissue mass is, on average, higher in men than in women.
2. In an attempt to explain this finding we have re-examined our own data and data taken from the literature. Our own data comprise measurements on 333 healthy people (196 men and 137 women). In all subjects we measured total body potassium and estimated fat-free mass from body weight and skinfold thickness; in 91 of them (62 men and 29 women) we measured, in addition, total body nitrogen.
3. We have used the statistical technique of factor analysis to obtain unbiased estimates of the relationships between the three quantities measured in the smaller group. The validity of the relationships is supported by the results from the larger group and by data from the literature.
4. The average values of total body potassium and fat-free mass are greater in men than in women, but the relationship between the two variables is identical in men and women. The relationship has a positive intercept on the axis of fat-free mass, so that the ratio of total body potassium to fat-free mass increases with fat-free mass. The higher ratio in men compared with women can therefore be explained by a difference in size alone.
5. The relationship between total body potassium and total body nitrogen has a negligible intercept. Therefore the ratio of total body potassium to total body nitrogen does not change with size.
6. These findings suggest that, on average, the fat-free mass is made up of a fixed component of approximately 9 kg of tissue containing no potassium or nitrogen, and a variable component with a potassium to nitrogen ratio of about 1.81 mmol/g.
Hypoxia-Induced Cardiovascular Changes and Plasma Electrolytes before and after β-Adrenoceptor Blockade
Authors: Mengesha Yoseph Assen , Woreta Ambachew , Mariam Belay Tesfa 
Published: August 2015

1. The forearm blood flow responses to hypoxia obtained from ten subjects (ages 26–37 years) before and after propranolol showed no relation with either plasma osmolality or plasma concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Pi and Cl−. The average oral dose of 3.3 mg of propanolol/kg body weight decreased the overall mean flow response to hypoxia by 42.2% (P &lt; 0.025). This reflects some β-adrenoceptor involvement. The residual vasodilatation observed after β-blockade by propranolol could be attributed to activation of cholinergic vasodilator fibres by hypoxic stress.
2. The mean heart rate during acute hypoxia before and after propranolol administration was 95 and 89 beats/min respectively. The residual tachycardia could be due to reduction of vagal tone during the hypoxic stress.
3. The response of arterial blood pressure to the hypoxic stress before and after propranolol administration, on the other hand, was found to be negligible in most subjects. This lack of response during emotional stress is in agreement with previous findings. In the present circumstances the possible increase in baroreceptor activity is probably masked by the general peripheral vasodilatation.
The Influence of Neonatal Treatment with Guanethidine on the Development of Isolation-Induced Hypertension in Adult Rats
Authors: Gardiner S. M. , Bennett T. 
Published: August 2015

1. Rats housed individually in glass metabolism cages develop hypertension. Since previous experiments have provided some evidence for the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the maintenance of the hypertension, the present work was designed to explore the possible involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the genesis of isolation-induced hypertension.
2. Male and female Wistar rats were treated neonatally with guanethidine, with a protocol designed to produce an extensive peripheral sympathectomy; control rats received saline.
3. The effects of isolation on systolic blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balances were studied when the rats were mature.
4. Guanethidine-treated rats did not develop hypertension in response to isolation whereas control rats did.
5. There were no significant differences between the fluid and electrolyte balances of the guanethidine-treated rats compared with controls throughout the period of isolation.
6. It is concluded that a fully functional sympathetic nervous system is required for the development of isolation-induced hypertension, but its involvement is not through a modulation of renal function.
Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Hospitalized Patients as Measured by l-[U-14C]Tyrosine and l-[1-14C]Leucine
Authors: Desai Sukumar P. , Moldawer Lyle L. , Bistrian Bruce R. , Blackburn George L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma amino acid kinetics were determined in hospitalized patients receiving one of three intravenous solutions: isotonic amino acids, isotonic sodium chloride, or total parenteral nutrition.
2. Whole body amino acid appearance, oxidation and incorporation into protein were estimated with two different isotopically labelled amino acids: l-[1-14C]leucine and l-[U-14C]tyrosine.
3. A positive correlation was obtained between whole body amino acid appearance, oxidation and incorporation into protein with the two isotopically labelled amino acids.
4. Derivation of whole body protein kinetics with l-[U-14C]tyrosine consistently gave higher values than those obtained from l-[1-14C]leucine, presumably due in part to the contribution of phenylalanine hydroxylation to plasma tyrosine appearance. However, the percentages of amino acid appearance oxidized and used for protein synthesis were similar.
5. It can be concluded that estimates of whole body protein kinetics are qualitatively similar when measured with l-[U-14C]tyrosine and l-[1-14C]leucine in hospitalized patients receiving either isotonic sodium chloride solutions or balanced amino acid intakes.
Altered Behaviour of Erythrocytes in Scleroderma
Authors: Kovacs I. B. , Sowemimo-Coker S. O. , Kirby J. D. T. , Turner P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Filterability (deformability) of erythrocytes of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon together with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) was decreased compared with the filtration of erythrocytes from normal subjects.
2. PSS erythrocytes showed lower electrophoretic velocity and about 23% less neuraminidase-removable sialic acid density on their surface than the normal erythrocytes.
3. PSS erythrocytes showed more adherence to cultured endothelial cells than the control normal erythrocytes.
4. It is concluded that the increased rigidity and adherence of PSS erythrocytes-5-have pathological significance in the mechanism of vascular abnormalities in PSS.
Vitamin a and its Transport Proteins in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Receiving Maintenance Haemodialysis and after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Kelleher J. , Humphrey C. S. , Homer Dana , Davison A. M. , Giles G. R. , Losowsky M. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum vitamin A, retinol binding protein, prealbumin and transferrin have been studied in chronic renal failure patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis and after renal transplantation.
2. Vitamin A and retinol binding protein were uniformly raised in haemodialysis patients and this was unrelated to the period on dialysis. There was a molar excess of retinol binding protein to both vitamin A and prealbumin as compared with normal individuals.
3. Renal transplantation significantly reduces serum vitamin A and retinol binding protein concentrations but has no effect on prealbumin concentrations. The reduction in vitamin A and retinol binding protein is variable in individual patients and cannot be predicted either by the allograft function or time since transplantation.
4. Several years after transplantation, with normal serum creatinine, both serum vitamin A and retinol binding protein levels may still be greatly increased. Despite the very high vitamin A and retinol binding protein concentrations, the close correlation between the two seen in normal individuals is well maintained.
5. The continuing high vitamin A and retinol binding protein levels in patients with satisfactorily functioning transplants is unexplained.
Extracellular Release of Hydrogen Peroxide by Human Alveolar Macrophages: The Relationship to Cigarette Smoking and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Greening A. P. , Lowrie D. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. It has been suggested that oxidants from pulmonary inflammatory cells may contribute to the development of emphysema by (i) direct tissue toxicity and (ii) inhibition of α1-antitrypsin, thus diminishing protection of the lung from proteolytic damage.
2. The extracellular release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by human alveolar macrophages (AM) has been measured. AM were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and adherence from 24 smokers and 17 non-smokers.
3. Smokers' AM released significantly more H2O2 (3.83 nmol h−1 üg−1 of DNA; sem 0.44) than those of non-smokers' (2.33 nmolh−1 μg−1 of DNA; sem 0.40) (P &lt;0.05).
4. AM from donors with a recent lower respiratory tract infection released increased quantities of H2O2 (5.22 nmol h−1 μg−1 of DNA; sem 0.72; P &lt;0.01) even when allowance was made for smoking habits.
5. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that H2O2 of AM origin contributes to the development of emphysema in smokers.
Trends in Trabecular and Cortical Bone in the Radius Compared with Whole Body Calcium Balance in Osteoporosis
Authors: Hesp R. , Deacon A. C. , Hulme Patricia , Reeve J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Mean linear attenuation coefficients for trabecular bone (T) in the distal radius and total absorption coefficients (TA) in the radial mid-shafts of 22 patients with crush fracture osteoporosis were measured serially for a year by using computed tomography. After approximately 6 months, each patient was admitted to a metabolic ward for an 18-day calcium balance study.
2. The rate of change (trend) in trabecular bone (T) in the distal radius was a better predictor of calcium balance than the trend in mid-shaft cortical bone (TA).
3. The scatter in the regressions of the trends of T and TA on calcium balance could be accounted for by known methodological uncertainties.
Release of Active and Inactive Kallikrein from the Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney
Authors: Van Leeuwen B. H. , Grinblat S. M. , Johnston C. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. The release of kallikrein into the perfusate and urine of the isolated perfused rat kidney was studied.
2. Comparison between enzymic and immunological assays for kallikrein demonstrated the presence of an enzymically inactive form of kallikrein.
3. Of kallikrein found in normal rat urine 77 ± 4% is active and 23% is in an inactive form.
4. In the isolated perfused rat kidney a similar proportion of active kallikrein (84%) was excreted into the urine but very little enzymically active kallikrein (2%) could be detected in the perfusate.
5. However, significant amounts of enzymically inactive but immunologically reactive kallikrein could be found in the kidney perfusate. The rate of release of kallikrein into the perfusate was approximately one-fifth of the rate of release into the urine.
6. Renin showed a similar pattern of release into the perfusate and urine but the lysosomal enzyme marker acid phosphatase was not detectable.
7. These results show that kallikrein is secreted from the kidney into the circulation as well as being excreted in the urine. However, in urine the enzyme is predominantly in an enzymically active form whereas it is secreted into the circulation in an inactive form.