bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IS IT WRONG TO EAT ANIMALS?
Authors: Lomasky Loren 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEating meat appeals, but the cost is measured in millions of slaughtered animals. This has convinced many that vegetarianism is morally superior to a carnivorous diet. Increasingly, those who take pleasure in consuming animals find it a guilty pleasure. Are they correct? That depends on the magnitude of harm done to food animals but also on what sort of a good, if any, meat eating affords people. This essay aims to estimate both variables and concludes that standard arguments for moral vegetarianism are significantly misplaced. That is because the contribution of meat eating to lives of excellence is underestimated and overall harms to animals consequent on practices of meat eating are overestimated. The answer to the question posed in the title is, therefore, “No.”
Scattered Pearls: Exploring al-Suyī's Hermeneutics and Use of Sources inal-Durr al-manthūr fī’l-tafsīr bi’l-maʾthūr
Authors: BURGE S. R. 
Published: February 2014

AbrstractJalāl al-Dīn al-Suyī'sal-Durr al-manthūr fī’l-tafsīr bi’l-maʾthūris almost unique in presenting an exegesis based entirely onadīthmaterial, takingtafsīr bi’l-maʾthūrto the extreme. Since al-Suyī cites a source, or multiple sources, for every singleadīththat he includes in his collection, it is possible to gain some insight into his compositional method and the way in which he engages with source material. This article presents a statistical analysis of the sources in this exegesis, taking a sample of twenty-threesūras, including over 5,000aādīth. The source data is analysed and shows that there is a discernible pattern in al-Suyī's use of sources and that there is much to learn from studying this source data in detail. Al-Suyī's hermeneutical method is closely aligned with those of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Kathīr, and this article will also examine the extent to whichal-Durr al-manthūrcan be viewed as the culmination of Ibn Taymmiyya's approach totafsīr.
4DCT radiotherapy for NSCLC: a review of planning methods
Authors: Hutchinson A. , Bridge P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPurposeTo establish whether the use of a passive or active technique of planning target volume (PTV) definition and treatment methods for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) deliver the most effective results. This literature review assesses the advantages and disadvantages in recent studies of each, while assessing the validity of the two approaches for planning and treatment.MethodsA systematic review of literature focusing on the planning and treatment of radiation therapy to NSCLC tumours. Different approaches which have been published in recent articles are subjected to critical appraisal in order to determine their relative efficacy.ResultsFree-breathing (FB) is the optimal method to perform planning scans for patients and departments, as it involves no significant increase in cost, workload or education. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) is the fastest form of delineation, however it is noted to be less accurate than the ten-phase overlap approach for computed tomography (CT). Although gating has proven to reduce margins and facilitate sparing of organs at risk, treatment times can be longer and planning time can be as much as 15 times higher for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This raises issues with patient comfort and stabilisation, impacting on the chance of geometric miss. Stereotactic treatments can take up to 3 hours to treat, along with increases in planning and treatment, as well as the additional hardware, software and training required.ConclusionFour-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is superior to 3DCT, with the passive FB approach for PTV delineation and treatment optimal. Departments should use a combination of MIP with visual confirmation ensuring coverage for stage 1 disease. Stages 2–3 should be delineated using ten-phases overlaid. Stereotactic and gated treatments for early stage disease should be used accordingly; FB-IMRT is optimal for latter stage disease.
Machines, modernity, and sugar: the Greater Caribbean in a global context, 1812–50
Authors: Ortega José Guadalupe 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the diffusion of evaporation technology along multi-centred and overlapping scientific, industrial, and commercial knowledge networks. It follows the circulation of vacuum pan (steam evaporator) technology in the Greater Caribbean, the North Atlantic, and the East Indies in order to understand the dual processes of invention and globalization. The article demonstrates that the tropical sugar plantation served as an experimental laboratory and, as such, vital inventions and engineering developments that took place in this space were subsequently incorporated into manufacturing designs in the North Atlantic, helping to modernize European industries in the process. As transient intermediaries, scientists, industrialists, and engineers modified and adapted vacuum pan technologies to meet the local demands of planters in the Greater Caribbean, thereby integrating this area into an increasingly globalized economy.
Immigration restriction: rethinking period and place from settler colonies to postcolonial nations
Authors: Bashford Alison 
Published: February 2014

AbstractImmigration acts have long been analysed as instrumental to the working of the modern nation-state. A particular focus has been the racial exclusions and restrictions that were adopted by aspirationally white, new world nation-states: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. This article looks again at the long modern history of immigration restriction in order to connect the history of these settler-colonial race-based exclusions (much studied) with immigration restriction in postcolonial nation-states (little studied). It argues for the need to expand the scope of immigration restriction histories geographically, temporally and substantively: beyond the settler nation, beyond the Second World War, and beyond ‘race’. The article focuses on the Asia-Pacific region, bringing into a single analytical frame the early immigration laws of New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and Canada on the one hand and those of Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Fiji on the other.
De-coca-colonizing Egypt: globalization, decolonization, and the Egyptian boycott of Coca-Cola, 1966–68
Authors: Labelle Maurice Jr M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the middle of the twentieth century, many Egyptians welcomed the arrival of Coca-Cola.Yet the Egyptian embrace of Coke drastically declined when, in April 1966, the firm consented to the opening of a bottling franchise in Israel. This article explores the de-coca-colonization of post-independence Egypt. The Coca-Cola Company's reluctance to revoke its commercial extension into Israel obliged the Egyptian government to reject the multinational corporation's discourse of development, view Coke as a political threat, vote in favour of an Arab League boycott, and ultimately close its borders to Coca-Cola. By doing so, the Cairo government did not reject either cultural globalization or economic modernization, nor was it disconnected from the global flow of capital, people, ideas, and goods, but it chose to concentrate its support on one of these processes: decolonization.
Historiography and narration in transnational history
Authors: Knudsen Ann-Christina L. , Gram-Skjoldager Karen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe ‘transnational turn’ has been one of the most widely debated historiographical directions in the past decade or so. This article explores one of its landmark publications: The Palgrave dictionary of transnational history (2009), which presents around 400 entries on transnational history written by around 350 authors from some 25 countries. Drawing on narrative theory and the sociology of knowledge, the article develops an extensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of the most prominent narrative structures that can be found across the Dictionary, thus piecing together a coherent historiographical portrait of the book's many and multifarious entries. In doing so the article wishes to demonstrate a possible methodology for analysing the growing body of reference works – in the form of dictionaries, encyclopaedias, and handbooks – that are currently mushrooming in expanding research areas across the social sciences and the humanities such as international relations, governance, and globalization studies.
Greenhouse conditions induce mineralogical changes and dolomite accumulation in coralline algae on tropical reefs
Authors: Diaz-Pulido Guillermo , Nash Merinda C. , Anthony Kenneth R.N. , Bender Dorothea , Opdyke Bradley N. , Reyes-Nivia Catalina , Troitzsch Ulrike 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHuman-induced ocean acidification and warming alter seawater carbonate chemistry reducing the calcification of reef-building crustose coralline algae (CCA), which has implications for reef stability. However, due to the presence of multiple carbonate minerals with different solubilities in seawater, the algal mineralogical responses to changes in carbonate chemistry are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a 200% increase in dolomite concentration in living CCA under greenhouse conditions of high pCO2 (1,225 μatm) and warming (30 °C). Aragonite, in contrast, increases with lower pCO2 (296 μatm) and low temperature (28 °C). Mineral changes in the surface pigmented skeleton are minor and dolomite and aragonite formation largely occurs in the white crust beneath. Dissolution of high-Mg-calcite and particularly the erosive activities of endolithic algae living inside skeletons play key roles in concentrating dolomite in greenhouse treatments. As oceans acidify and warm in the future, the relative abundance of dolomite in CCA will increase.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Tobramycin Powder in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Ting L , Aksenov S , Bhansali SG , Ramakrishna R , Tang P , Geller DE 
Published: February 2014

Tobramycin powder for inhalation (TOBI Podhaler or TIP) is approved for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). A population pharmacokinetic model for tobramycin inhalation powder (TIP) in CF patients was developed to characterize the effect of covariates including body mass index (BMI) and lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s as percent of the predicted value (FEV1% predicted) at baseline) on the serum exposure parameters.A two‐compartment model with first‐order elimination and first‐order absorption was developed. Across a range of baseline demographic values in the study population, the predicted mean values for the maximum (Cmax) and trough (Ctrough) plasma concentrations at steady state were at least 7.5 and 5‐fold lower, respectively, than the recommended thresholds for tobramycin toxicity (12 µg/ml for Cmax and 2 µg/ml for Ctrough). This model adequately described the tobramycin serum concentration–time course in CF patients following inhalation of TIP. The results indicate that no BMI‐ or FEV1‐based dose adjustment is needed for use of TIP in CF patients.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e99; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.76; published online 12 February 2014
Less is more: need to simplify ETSI distributed congestion control algorithm
Authors: Yang Seungnam , Kim Hyogon , Kuk Seungho 
Published: February 2014

In the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) framework, the vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) and the vehicle‐to‐roadside (V2R) communications on the 5 GHz frequency band must use the decentralised congestion control (DCC) algorithm standardised by the ETSI. The DCC algorithm distinguishes itself from other methods in that it simultaneously regulates no less than four parameters that all work to the identical effects. However, it is have claimed that this apparently reassuring feature is actually excessive and can lead DCC to perform sub‐optimally. It is shown that it could be simplified to use fewer parameters by demonstrating that a physical layer data rate control, which is only one of the four used by the DCC, achieves a better result.
Design of high port isolation access point MIMO system using centrally located hexahedron
Authors: Wang Shun‐Min , Hwang Lih‐Tyng , Chang Fa‐Shian , Liu Chih‐Fang 
Published: February 2014

A novel dual‐band multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system with diversity polarisation and high port isolation is proposed. The antenna system consists of six antennas (three antennas operate at 2.44 GHz and the others at 5.25 GHz) mounted on a hexagon ground plane and backed by a centrally located hexahedron. The antennas for different bands are arranged in an alternative fashion along the peripheral of the hexagonal ground. From simulation and experimental results, the proposed MIMO system has been shown to perform superbly at both the 2.44 and 5.25 GHz bands, with significant and consistent improvements in sidelobe levels and envelope correlation coefficients at the lower band due to the presence of the hexahedron.
Stacked series‐fed linear array antenna with reduced sidelobe
Authors: Zhang X.M. , Huyan J.L. , Gao P.C. , Wang H. , Zheng Y.F. 
Published: February 2014

At the C‐band, a double‐layer series‐fed linear array antenna is proposed. T‐shape and interdigital microstrip transmission lines are used to increase the impedance bandwidth and obtain a reduced sidelobe level (SLL). The antenna has a bandwidth (BW) of 28% (VSWR ≤ 2), a SLL of −20 dB and a gain of 13.5 dB across the BW of 23%. Details of the antenna design and the experimental results are presented.
Broadband miniaturised bow‐tie antenna for 3D microwave tomography
Authors: Jalilvand M. , Li X. , Kowalewski J. , Zwick T. 
Published: February 2014

A broadband, miniaturised bow‐tie antenna array element designed to be used in three‐dimensional (3D) microwave imaging systems based on the tomographic approach is proposed. Miniaturisation is achieved by adding inductive strips to the capacitive antenna element and thereby lowering the cutoff operational frequency. Furthermore, the broadband directive radiation characteristic of the antenna with the proposed feeding network is equivalent to that of the same antenna being fed by an ideally symmetrical feeding network. This characteristic assists in the modelling of the antenna in the numerical solver. The proposed broadband antenna covering 0.85–3.25 GHz is a compact, directive element with a simple structure having the potential to be implemented in the numerical solver in 3D microwave tomography without imposing a high computational cost on the solver.
Dual‐element folded dipole design for broadband multilayered Yagi antenna for 2G/3G/LTE applications
Authors: Wang Zedong , Liu Xianglong , Yin Yingzeng , Wu Jianjun 
Published: February 2014

A vertically multilayered Yagi antenna is presented. The antenna consists of a novel dual‐element folded dipole, three latticed director arrays and a ground plane. The dual‐element folded dipole is composed of a pair of folded dipoles which are fed by an internal feedline. It mainly makes the proposed Yagi have a bandwidth of 70.8% (1.34–2.83 GHz) for a return loss (RL) > 10 dB. The latticed director arrays and the ground plane are utilised to enhance the gain performance of the multilayered Yagi antenna. The measured and the simulated results indicate that a gain better than 10.8 dB and a front‐to‐back ratio (FBR) higher than 20 dB can be obtained in the frequency range 1.7–2.83 GHz which covers the second generation 2G/3G/long‐term evaluation (LTE) application.
Enhanced ordering of water at hydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Strazdaite Simona , Versluis Jan , Backus Ellen H. G. , Bakker Huib J. 
Published: February 2014

We study the properties of water molecules adjacent to a hydrophobic molecular layer with vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. We find that the water molecules at D2O/hexane, D2O/heptane, and D2O/polydimethylsiloxane interfaces show an enhanced ordering and stronger hydrogen-bond interactions than the water molecules at a D2O/air interface. With increasing temperature (up to 80 °C) the water structure becomes significantly less ordered and the hydrogen bonds become weaker.
Tissue factor expression provokes escape from tumor dormancy and leads to genomic alterations
Authors: Magnus Nathalie , Garnier Delphine , Meehan Brian , McGraw Serge , Lee Tae Hoon , Caron Maxime , Bourque Guillaume , Milsom Chloe , Jabado Nada , Trasler Jacquetta , Pawlinski Rafal , Mackman Nigel , Rak Janusz 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Our study shows that the clotting protein tissue factor (TF) controls the state of tumor dormancy and does so in conjunction with recruitment of inflammatory cells and blood vessels. We show that indolent glioma cells remain harmless in mice unless rendered TF positive. Our work also demonstrates the ability of TF to indirectly influence the DNA of cancer cells by facilitating gene mutations and silencing. This ability is important because injury, cardiovascular disease, or other conditions may activate the clotting system and contribute to the awakening of occult cancer cells. This understanding also may suggest a prophylactic use of blood thinners in cases where dormant cancer cells and clotting are suspected to coexist (e.g., after surgery).
The magnetic field in HD 161701, the only binary system identified to consist of an HgMn primary and an Ap secondary
Authors: Hubrig S. , Carroll T. A. , González J. F. , Schöller M. , Ilyin I. , Saffe C. , Castelli F. , Leone F. , Giarrusso M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Recently, we performed a complete study of the SB2 system HD 161701 with an orbital period of 12.5 d, consisting of an HgMn primary and a classical Ap secondary. Since this is the first system identified with this particular combination of peculiar stars, a study of the presence of a magnetic field in both components is of considerable interest to astronomers studying stellar magnetism and the impact of the presence of a magnetic field in binary systems. Apart from HD 161701, only one other close binary systems with a magnetic Ap component, the system HD 98088, is currently known. Using high accuracy radial velocity planet searcher (HARPS) polarimetric spectra obtained on six consecutive nights, we detect in the Ap component a mean longitudinal magnetic field of up to 200 G varying in strength over the orbital/rotational period. The magnetic field behaviour in this component is closely related to the position of the primary component, exhibiting negative polarity. There was no detection of any longitudinal magnetic field with an upper limit of ∼90 G in the primary.
Abundance Patterns in the Interstellar Medium of the S0 Galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A) Revealed with Suzaku
Authors: Konami Saori , Matsushita Kyoko , Nagino Ryo , Tashiro Makoto S. , Tamagawa Toru , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Suzaku X-ray satellite observed the nearby S0 galaxy NGC 1316, a merger remnant aged 3 Gyr. The total good exposure time was 48.7 ks. The spectra were well represented by a two-temperature thermal model for the interstellar medium (ISM) plus a power-law model. The cool and hot temperatures of the thermal model were 0.48$\ \pm\ $0.03 and 0.92$\ \pm\ $0.04 keV, respectively. The excellent spectral sensitivity of Suzaku enables us for the first time to measure the metal abundances of O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe in the ISM. The resultant abundance pattern of O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe is close to that of the new solar abundance determined by Lodders (2003, ApJ, 591, 1220). The measured abundance pattern is compared with those of elliptical galaxies and an S0 galaxy, observed with Suzaku. Considering metal-enrichment from present Type Ia supernovae, the near-solar abundance pattern of the ISM in NGC 1316 indicates an enhanced $\alpha/$Fe ratio of stellar materials in the entire galaxy, like in giant elliptical galaxies.
Lyman-α Emitters and Lyman-Break Galaxies at z = 3–6 in Cosmological SPH Simulations
Authors: Nagamine Kentaro , Ouchi Masami , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We study the properties of Lyman-$\alpha $ emitters (LAEs) and Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at $z$$=$ 3–6 using cosmological SPH simulations. We investigate two simple scenarios for explaining the observed Ly$\alpha $ and rest-frame UV luminosity functions (LFs) of LAEs: (i) the “escape fraction” scenario, in which the effective escape fraction (including the IGM attenuation) of Ly$\alpha $ photons is $f_{{\rm Ly}\alpha}$$\approx$ 0.1 (0.15) at $z$$=$ 3 (6), and (ii) the “stochastic” scenario, in which the fraction of LAEs that are turned on at $z$$=$ 3 (6) is ${C_{\rm stoc}}$$\approx$ 0.07 (0.2) after correcting for the IGM attenuation. Our comparisons with a number of different observations suggest that the stochastic scenario is preferred over the escape fraction scenario. We find that the mean values of stellar mass, metallicity and black hole mass hosted by LAEs are all smaller in the stochastic scenario than in the escape fraction scenario. In our simulations, the galaxy stellar mass function evolves rapidly, as expected in hierarchical structure formation. However, its evolution is largely compensated by a beginning decline in the specific star formation rate, resulting in little evolution of the rest-frame UV LF from $z$$=$ 6 to 3. The rest-frame UV LF of both LAEs and LBGs at $z$$=$ 3 and 6 can be described well by the stochastic scenario provided the extinction is moderate, $E$($B$$-$$V$) $\approx$ 0.15, for both populations, although our simulation might be overpredicting the number of bright LBGs at $z$$=$ 6. We also discuss the correlation function and bias of LAEs. The Ly$\alpha $ LFs at $z$$=$ 6 in a field-of-view of 0.2 deg$^2$ show a significantly larger scatter owing to cosmic variance relative to that in a $1\ $deg$^2$ field, and the scatter seen in the current observational estimates of the Ly$\alpha $ LF can be accounted for by cosmic variance.