bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a parent survey for reporting child injuries
Authors: Curry A. , Zonfrillo M , Myers R , Durbin D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundMedical record abstraction is considered the ‘gold standard’ method of ascertaining injury information, but can be time-consuming and costly.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo assess the ability of parents to identify (1) moderate and greater severity injuries and (2) serious injuries, overall and by body region, by comparing survey responses to hospital medical records.MethodsChildren ≤17 years treated for injuries at three emergency departments between 08/10 and 07/11 and their parents were eligible. Parents were randomised to either a telephone interview or self-administered survey at 2 weeks post-visit and asked to report child injuries to seven body regions. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score was used to assign each child a body-region injury severity level of minor, moderate, or serious, generally corresponding to AIS scores of 1, 2 and >3.Results/OutcomesOf 798 parents enrolled in the study, 494 (61.9%) completed the survey. The overall sensitivity, reflecting the ability of parents to identify a documented moderate or serious injury, was 0.94 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.97). Sensitivities were >0.90 for the face and upper and lower extremity regions, 0.80–0.90 for head, abdomen, neck/back/spine regions, and <0.60 for the thorax region. Specificities for all body regions were ≥0.95. The overall sensitivity for identification of a serious injury (AIS>3) was 0.71 (0.60, 0.80).Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis survey enables parents to identify and characterise the body region and severity of their child's injuries and to differentiate between minor and more significant injuries. This survey may be particularly valuable in population-based studies of paediatric injuries.
Estimating the global burden of work-related fatal injury taking into account temporal changes
Authors: Driscoll T , Zhang Q , McGeechan K , Bryan-Hancock C 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAs part of the new Global Burden of Disease initiative, estimates are required of work-related fatal injury for the years 1990 and 2005. Point estimates of fatal injury in most countries were available from a separate study for 2001.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThis abstract describes the approach for estimating changes in fatality rate over time which could be applied to the 2001 data to provide the required estimates for 1990 and 2005.MethodsChanges in rates over time were estimated using available published cohort data on work-related fatality rates, modelled using Poisson regression. These Poisson estimates were applied to the 2001 numbers to provide estimates for 1990 and 2005. These estimates of the total number of injuries for each Region and both years were distributed by sex and age. The age and sex distribution information was based on a meta-analysis of all sex-specific information available from the literature.Results/OutcomeVirtually all regions for which there were data have shown a decline in fatality rates in the last two decades. The estimated decline in rates over time was 0.952 (95% CI 0.940 to 0.965) per year overall. This decline appeared smaller for developing regions (yearly decline=0.956 (95% CI 0.943 to 0.970)) compared to developed regions (yearly decline=0.935 (95% CI 0.904 to 0.96)) and differed considerably between some individual regions.Significance/Contribution to the FieldDeclines in fatality rate over time can be usefully modelled using Poisson approaches and are important to take into account when estimating injury burden at different times.
Video based methods for observing pedestrians behaviour
Authors: Forero A , Barrero L , Quiroga J , Calderän F , Quintana L 
Published: October 2012

AimUnderstanding pedestrians' behaviour is a priority in the design of interventions to prevent vehicle-pedestrian conflicts. Observation of pedestrians can help describe and understand their choices, unintended errors and reactions to traffic circumstances. In this study, we developed a computer algorithm to conduct video-based automated analysis of pedestrian behaviour at an urban busy site in Bogota, Colombia.MethodsData collection was planned to videotape pedestrians as they crossed a selected road. A goal was set to develop an open-source inexpensive algorithm that allowed for the automated recording of pedestrian and vehicle positions and speeds. The algorithm aimed to assess vehicles' and pedestrians' instantaneous speeds, distance of pedestrian from proximate approaching vehicles, and pedestrian crossing through non-designated areas. Results were compared against visual observations.ResultsThe developed algorithm was able to estimate, with up to 18% error, pedestrian traffic. The algorithm also recorded pedestrians' and vehicles' speed and pedestrian position in reference to moving vehicles throughout the crossing, with errors in distance of 0.3 m and a time resolution of 1/30 s. Over 24% of pedestrians crossed through non-designated areas. Pedestrians started the crossing on average at 5.5 m but as close as 0.3 m from moving vehicles, which approached pedestrians at an average speed of 16 km/h, but as fast as 45 km/h.ConclusionsVideo-based automated analysis of road safety conditions are feasible and can be successfully used to assess pedestrian behaviour in urban settings.
Bow Wow, Wolf Wolf: prevention and perception of dog bites
Authors: Franklin RC , Parison J , Watt K , Leggat P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundHumans and dogs have developed a mutually beneficial relationship that has spanned thousands of years. The evolution of society however, has changed the nature of human–dog relationship. Dog bites can cause serious injury and in some instances lead to death. Is it possible for humans and dogs to cohabitate without people being injured?Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo explore the epidemiology of dog bite injury in Queensland, and community response to a fatal dog attack.Methods(1) Data on dog bite injuries between 1999 and 2010 were extracted from Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU), Emergency Department data. (2) Frequency and circumstances of dog bites in the population were investigated via the Queensland Social Survey (a state wide telephone survey of people 18 years+). (3) Community response to a fatal dog attack was examined through qualitative analysis of comments posted in response to a national newspaper article regarding a fatal dog attack 2011.Results/OutcomeBetween 1999 and 2011, 5680 patients were treated for a dog bite injury in Queensland EDs (8 per week). Not all EDs in Queensland are captured in the QISU database, so this is an underestimate. Almost half of these occurred in children (43%). Ten percent of participants in the QSS indicated someone in their household was bitten by a dog in the last 3 years. Of the 402 newspaper comments on the fatal dog attack themes included enforcement, government regulation and positives/negatives of banning specific breeds.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis research explores the epidemiology of dog bite injury, and community perceptions regarding prevention strategies.
Human error assessment and management in Isfahan oil refinery work station operators by Sherpa technique
Authors: Habibi E , Garbe G , Reasmanjeyan M , Hasanzadah E 
Published: October 2012

IntroductionIn many work environments with sensitive and complex technologies, human error due to the unfortunate events is very important. So it is necessary to recognise and find root causes of human errors to prevent and limit the consequences of them. This study aimed to identify operator's human error in one of the sensitive units of oil refinery.MethodsThis study was taken to identify, assess and control human errors in Tar unit of Isfahan oil refinery. Data collected using by task observation and interviewing with safety authorities, unit and shift supervisors and operators to hierarchical task analysis (HTA) and human error identification by SHERPA technique.ResultsWith analyses SHERPA work sheets, 198 human errors were identified respectively 134(67.64%) action errors, 23(11.61%) checking errors, 11(5.6%) communication errors, 24 (12.12%) retrieval error and 6(3.03) selection errors. ‘Performance monitoring’ and ‘communication’ Critical tasks was the main tasks of control room operators. 64% of human error in the control room operators of the occurrence probability of ‘low’ and 36% probability of occurrence of ‘moderate’ were estimated. Also, 59% of the identified errors of control room operators have no required recovery but only 29% of their outcomes were sensitive.ConclusionsThe results showed SHERPA technique can be used serve as an effective technique to detect human errors in oil refineries and petrochemical.
Economic burden of various injuries in a low income community
Authors: Ibraheem GH , Ofoegbu CKP , Nasir AA , Solagberu BA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjuries pose an economic problem of immense proportion to communities in every society. Studies aimed at estimating financial losses that are incurred as a result of traumatic injuries by the patient and caregivers are very limited especially in this environment. The economic burden from injuries can be quantified through cost-of-injury studies, using techniques adopted from cost-of-illness research.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo ascertain the direct costs of traumatic injuries and their determinants.MethodsPatients who presented to the accident and emergency unit of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital in Ilorin following traumatic injury were recruited. The incurred direct costs estimated were calculated for each patient until discharge. These include the hospital admission bills, costs of drugs used, costs of procedures, investigations, etc.Results/Outcome72% of the 168 patients recruited were male and majority of them were young adults. Mean direct cost per injury was N 4061 ($27.1) with cost of drugs and procedures accounting for 37.2% and 27.4% of the total costs respectively.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe calculated direct costs of injury from this study represent a significant economic drain in this environment where 64% of the population lives on less than $1.25 per day. Extrapolating even these limited cost estimates of direct medical treatment to the fatal as well as the even larger non-fatal injury burden in Nigeria, exposes the immense financial drain to the individual patient, their caregivers as well as the larger community.
Establishing a Trauma registry in a level 1 Trauma centre in Subsaharan Africa—challenges and local experience
Authors: Adeleke O Ifesanya , Oludolapo O Afuwape , Ambrose Rukewe , Temitope O Alonge 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn developing countries, the accurate burden of trauma usually cannot be quantified. Our hospital, the largest in the country does not have a trauma registry.ObjectivesWe share experiences in establishing a trauma registry in our hospital, reviewing the first 103 cases and identifying the challenges.MethodsA trauma study group consisting of emergency physicians and three trauma surgeons drew up modalities of the project and funding was from personal contributions. A questionnaire was developed and administered to all trauma patients presenting to the emergency room and updated until discharge. Monthly meetings were held by the group to review progress.ResultsMean age was 34.2±18.2 years with a male: female ratio of 3.1. Most injuries occurred between 13 : 00–18 : 59 h. Average revised trauma score was 11.5±1.1 (range=7–12). Delay before reaching the first hospital was 16.2 h and 24.9 h before arrival at our A&E. Blunt injuries caused 72% and penetrating injuries 14%. About half were traffic crash victims, 12% falls, 7% gunshot and burns 6%. About 62% of injuries ocurred on roads. Passers-by provided first aid in 12%, 47% received none. Only one patient received on-scene cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Orthopaedics (41%), Neurosurgery (22%), and Plastic, reconstructive and burns (18%) teams were the most called. Our challenges included duplicate or incomplete documentation, missed cases, cost of registry software, payment of staff, unretrieved questionnaires and cumbersome data spreadsheet.SignificanceThe study shows that personal effort could be successful at developing a trauma registry. The use of expensive software is not always necessary.
Inadequacy of facial injury surveillance in Sri Lanka: a qualitative study of barriers in the routine health information system
Authors: Abeysekara WPMM 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjury surveillance in the health care system in Sri Lanka currently operates through Indoor Morbidity Mortality returns prepared according to the International Classification of Diseases codes from curative centres. Facial injuries are exclusively managed at Oral and Maxillofacial units. An initial survey revealed that facial injury information received by the health information unit is inadequate.ObjectiveTo describe the barriers in the facial injury surveillance system.MethodsTwelve in-depth interviews were carried out with seven categories of health staff involved in all the levels of information chain.ResultsThe administrative process involved in facial injury management is complicated. This directly affects the information flow. Staff is overburdened with clinical work. Negative attitude of the clinical staff towards injury surveillance is a major barrier. Too much paperwork involved in information process reduces the efficiency. Surveillance system is not properly regulated. Inadequacy of knowledge on information of the curative staff categories leads to inaccuracy in compiling data.Significance to the FieldThis study underlines the need of a user friendly and efficient method of facial injury data collection with proper regulatory mechanism and improvement of knowledge of the staff categories involved in information chain for the improvement of facial injury surveillance in Sri Lanka.
Evaluation of enforcement programme to increase seatbelt use: a case study in precinct 8, Putrajaya
Authors: Ghani Y , Isah N , Saleh S , Soid N F Mohd 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad safety issue is a major problem in Malaysia, with close to 7000 deaths are recorded every year. The government has introduced a number of intervention programmes nationwide to reduce fatalities. At the nation's administrative capital Putrajaya, in particular, the government in 2011 has embarked on a ‘safe city’ programme, emphasising on road safety issues through a community-based programme. The Precinct 8 was chosen for the intervention programmes that emphasis on enforcement, education, and campaign for a 6-month period.ObjectivesIt aimed to evaluate the percentage of seatbelt use among the community before, during, and after the intervention period.MethodsTo measure the effectiveness of the programme, a scientific research via observation was carried out.ResultsA total of 9487 all type of car occupants in Precinct 8, Putrajaya were observed. The study revealed that seatbelt use increased from 42% to 58%, before and during the enforcement period, respectively. The post enforcement period, however, revealed that the percentage of seatbelt compliance has decreased to 55%. A χ2test for independence indicated a significant association between enforcement programme period and seatbelt use, χ2(2, 9487)=202.36, p=0.0001. Car occupants were one time more likely to use seatbelts during enforcement programme as compared to before enforcement programme was implemented (with RR: 1.371, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.44).Significance to the FieldThe study concluded that the dosage of enforcement directly contributed to the seatbelt compliance. The study can be replicated in terms of programme design and implementation in other communities.
Independent risk factors for injury in pre-school children: three population-based nested case-control studies using routine primary care data
Authors: Kendrick D , Orton E , West J , Tata L 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjuries in childhood are largely preventable but continue to be a public health problem. However, the factors that contribute to injury occurrence have not been quantified at the population scale using primary care data.Aims/Objectives/PurposeWe used The Health Improvement Network database from the UK to identify risk factors for thermal injury, fractures and poisoning in pre-school children in order to inform the optimal delivery of preventative strategies.MethodsWe used a matched, nested case-control study design. Cases were children under 5 with a first medically-recorded injury, comprising 3649 thermal injury, 4050 fracture and 2193 poisoning cases, matched on general practice to 94 620 control children.Results/OutcomeYounger maternal age and higher birth order increased the odds of all injuries. Children's age of highest injury risk varied by injury type; compared with children under 1, thermal injuries were highest in those age 1–2 (OR=2.43, 95% CI 2.23 to 2.65), poisonings in those age 2–3 (OR=7.32, 95% CI 6.26 to 8.58) and fractures in those age 3–5 (OR=3.80, 95% CI 3.42 to 4.23).Increasing deprivation was an important risk factor for poisonings and thermal injuries as was alcohol misuse by a household adult (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.38 and OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.81 respectively) and maternal diagnosis of depression (OR=1.45, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.70 and OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.32 respectively).Significance/Contribution to the FieldMaternal depression, adult alcohol misuse and deprivation represent important modifiable risk factors for thermal injury and poisoning but not fractures in preschool children. Since these risk factors can be ascertained using routine primary care records, at risk children can be identified and offered preventative interventions.
Study on occupational injuries related death through the mortality reporting system from 2005–2010 in Vietnam
Authors: Pham LT , Khieu TQT , Luong MA , Tran TNL 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundOccupational injury (OI) is one of the five leading causes of death related injury in Viet Nam. In order to assess the situation of OI in Vietnam from 2005–2010, the study examined all causes specific mortality of over 10 000 communes.Objective and MethodRetrospective method.ResultsThere were 1883 deaths related OI which were accounted for 5.32% of total injuries during 2005–2010. In comparison with 2005, the mortality ratio in 2010 was slightly higher (with 2.64/100 000 population in 2010 and 2.3/100 000 in 2005). OI occupied the forth position among the leading causes of death related injury, only after road traffic injuries, drowning and suicide. Deaths related OI were 1.5; 1.8 and 2.2 times higher than that of falls, poisoning, and burns and violence, respectively. More than 80% deaths related OI occurred in male. Age group 20–59 had the highest number of deaths related OI. This could be explained that people at the age group 20–59 are the major workforce in Viet Nam.SignificanceDevelopment of policy to reduce OI deaths requires appropriate interventional measures such as national plans on occupational health and safety, enhancement of pre-hospital trauma care at workplace and health promotion at work, improvement of working conditions and implementation of sentinel surveillance systems on OI at some key industrial zones.
The under-report adjustment of injury deaths data from National disease surveillance points system of China
Authors: Li Q , Zhou M , Bishai D , Wang L , Ma S , Hyder AA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe National Disease Surveillance Points System (DSPs) of China was established in 1980, and currently consists of 161 nationally representative urban and rural sites from 31 provinces covering 78 million people, a roughly 6% of Chinese population. To estimate the completeness of DSPs data, an independent household investigation of missing were conducted in 2009.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo adjust the underreporting of injury death data in DSPs system.MethodsThis paper proposes and compares two methods to correct for underreporting of injury deaths. First a cell-based weighting system is applied whereby underreporting rates for 18 cells defined by 3 age groups×2 sexes×3 regions were computed using the household survey as a gold standard. The second method is a propensity weighting method based on a logistic regression of underreport against age, sex, region, season, education, occupation, place of death and cause of death.Results/OutcomeThe results from both adjustment methods performed better than the original DSPs data, compared with estimates from other sources such as WHO. The Life Expectancy at age 5 is 72.1 years in unadjusted data while compartment method and propensity weighting method respectively give 70.0 and 69.8, much closer to WHO estimate 70.3.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe adjusted DSPs data could provide valuable information for evidence-based injury-related policy-making in China. Additionally, the two approaches compared here can be applicable for other developing countries that also suffer underreporting problems.
Using National Health Insurance claims data to establish injury surveillance in Taiwan: a feasibility study
Authors: Tsung-Hsueh LU 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe National Health Insurance (NHI) programme was launched in 1995 in Taiwan and nearly 99% of 23 million citizens are enrolled in the NHI in 2010.ObjectiveTo examine the feasibility of using NHI discharge claims data to establish injury surveillance system in Taiwan.MethodsThere are three diagnoses variables for emergency room visits (ERV) in outpatient claims data and five diagnoses variables and two variables for external causes of injury codes (E-codes) in inpatient hospitalisation (IH) claims data. We used claims data of year 2008 to examine the completeness and specificity of reporting E-codes in claims data. The injured cases were defined as having ICD-9-CM nature of injury codes (N-codes) 800–999 in any one of the diagnosis variables.ResultsA total of 16 164 861 cases (350 835 ERV and 265 651 IH) with injury N-codes were identified in NHI claims data in 2008 which resulted in an overall incidence rate of 7093 per 100 000 population. Unfortunately, only 3% of ERV and 75% of IH with N-codes had E-codes reported. Of 154 hospitals with N-code as the main diagnosis in IH in 2008, only 27 hospitals had percentage of non-reporting of E-code higher than 80%.SignificanceEfforts are needed to improve the percentage of reporting E-code among ERV and IH with injury to promote the feasibility of using NHI claims data as injury surveillance system in Taiwan.
Acute neck injuries in Ilorin
Authors: Ofoegbu CKP , Afolabi OA , Nasir AA , Abdur-Rahman LO , Solagberu BA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundNeck injuries are common problems among trauma victims. There is paucity of data on neck injury in Nigeria.ObjectiveTo present the characteristics of neck injuries in Ilorin.MethodsA prospective study of all patients with neck injury seen at the accident and emergency department of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, north-central Nigeria. Questionnaires were used to retrieve information on demographic data and clinical details of patients. All information was entered into an SPSS computer soft ware V.17.0 and result analysed descriptively.ResultsA total of 22 patients were recruited for the study age range 22–70 years, median age 31.0 years. There were 16 males and 6 females with M : F ratio of 2.7 : 1. The marital status indicated that 17(77.3%) were married and 5(22.7%) were single. The modal age were those in the 2nd and 3rd decade of life (40.9% each). The commonest source of neck injury was road traffic injury in 90.9%. Blunt injury to the neck was the commonest injury encountered in 15 (68.2%), spinal cord was the commonest tissue affected in 15 (68.2%) and majority of the patient presented within 1–6 h (50%) of injury time, Zone II of the neck was commonly affected in 90.9%. about 50% of the patients had non-surgical treatment.Significant/Contribution to the FieldAcute neck injury is still a challenge among the road traffic injured patients in Nigeria with economically productive male being mostly affected.