bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXX. A Bute Post-Glacial Shell-bed. Notes on Excavations at the Rothesay Gasworks in 1896-1897
Authors: Ballantyne John 
Published: September 2014

B
ute
has long been known for its post-glacial shell-beds. The first recorded was at Balnakailly Bay, Kyles of Bute, by Mr. James Smith, of Jordanhill, in 1831, where it occurs from a little above high-water mark to about half-tide level. Another was found near the centre of Rothesay in 1854 in an excavation of 19 feet for a tank at the Old Gasworks. Both deposits were described by Hugh Miller in an article entitled “The Chain of Causes.” (See his “Sketchbook of Popular Geology,” page 321.) The section of the latter is given as follows:—

Vegetable Mould or Soil, 1 foot 6 inches.

Ferruginous Gravel, (about) 7 feet.

Peat Moss, with Hazel Nuts, 1 foot 6 inches.

Fine Stratified Sea-sand, 9 feet.

Arenaceous Clay (shell-bed), so far as seen, 2 feet.

The surface was 20 feet above sea-level, so the shell-bed lay just 1 foot above it.
A third shell-deposit was found at Kilchattan Bay in 1847, where a deep clay-bed was being utilised for tile-making, though the shells do not seem to have been noticed till some years afterwards.
In 1877 a shell-bed was met with in the foundations for a sawpit and boiler at the Rothesay Sawmill, but no particulars were preserved.
Two excavations for gas tanks at the Rothesay New Gasworks, opening up a shelly clay, were made in 1896-1897, about 50 yards S. of the sawmills and 500 yards S. of the Old Gasworks deposit. The section here at 28 feet above
XIV. Geological Notes on the Cuttings in the City of Glasgow Union Railway between Bellgrove and Springburn
Authors: Neilson James 
Published: September 2014

T
he
branch line connecting the College and Sighthill Stations of the North British Railway, was made principally to relieve the Queen Street terminus—long inadequate for the purpose—from the ever-increasing goods traffic. Although only about one mile and a half in length, its cost has been great, as besides heavy cuttings, with much building in and tunnelling, the Monkland Canal had to be diverted, and a new bed half a mile in length constructed.

Minerals have been long and extensively worked in the district. I remember a deserted coal pit and a sandstone quarry where the Camlachie goods station now stands, while another pit was till lately visible near the Cumbernauld Road, about 100 yards north of Duke Street. Craigpark whinstone quarry and Blochairn sand quarry are still being worked. Although, owing to the thick overlying deposits of clay, the locality has been so barren to the geologist as not to have been mentioned in the Transactions of the Society except in one instance, and then only to state that nothing of interest was to be seen, yet I do not know any place, where, within the space of a mile, there can be seen more interesting geological features,—igneous and stratified rocks, boulder clay, and other glacial deposits, besides numerous fossil remains. Unfortunately a number of the sections have been built up, but of those hereafter described, parts at Burnbank, Blochairn, and Garngad Road are still visible.
The first section worthy of note is one seen immediately after leaving the main
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the role of platelets in infection
Authors: Andrews Robert , Arthur Jane , Gardiner Elizabeth 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn addition to playing a central role in normal haemostasis, platelets make important contributions to host inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection. Under pathophysiological conditions where platelet function is not tightly controlled, platelets also play critical roles in pathogenic processes underlying cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled inflammation, coagulopathy and in tumour metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of histone-modified nuclear material extruded from activated neutrophils during inflammatory responses and these degranulation events can be directly triggered by platelet/neutrophil engagement. Emerging research describes how NETs influence platelet function, particularly in the setting of infection and inflammation. Especially intriguing is the potential for platelet-driven coagulation to be modulated by NETs in plasma and interstitial spaces. These findings also reveal new perspectives related to improved therapy for venous thrombosis.
Clinical Characteristics and Circumstances of Death in the Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome
Authors: Mellor Greg , Raju Hariharan , de Noronha Sofia V. , Papadakis Michael , Sharma Sanjay , Behr Elijah R. , Sheppard Mary N. 
Published: September 2014

Background—
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a devastating event in the young. Referral to a specialist cardiac pathologist is recommended. Age, sex, and circumstances of death may reflect underlying diagnoses. We aim to describe the demographics of victims and circumstances surrounding sudden cardiac death with a normal heart (ie, sudden arrhythmic death syndrome).

Methods and Results—

There were 2156 cases of sudden cardiac death from across the United Kingdom referred to a tertiary cardiac pathology service from 1994 to 2010. We analyzed 967 consecutive cases (61% male; median age 29 years) with a normal heart at postmortem. Information from referring coroners’ reports was used to ascertain clinical information. Familial evaluation was performed in 5% of cases. Information from these cases was used to determine the likely accuracy of coronial reports. Deaths during sleep or at rest were more common than deaths during exercise or with emotional stress: 82% versus 16%. Death with exercise/stress was more common in males (relative risk, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.56–3.47;
P
<0.001) and those under 18 years of age: males, relative risk, 2.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.69–3.13;
P
<0.001) and females, relative risk, 2.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.80–4.01;
P
<0.001)). Prior syncope (4.1%), documented arrhythmia (3.4%), and family history of sudden death (4.2%) were uncommon. Epilepsy had been diagnosed in 6.6%.

Conclusions—
Death caused by sudden arrhythmic death syndrome is more common at rest or during sleep. Death with exercise/stress is more common in males and those aged below 18 years. Up to 90% of SADS victims have no preceding symptoms or recognized risk factors for sudden death. Epilepsy may be considered a risk factor for SADS.
An Evaluation of Surface Atmospheric Changes over the Arctic Ocean for 2000–09 Using Recent Reanalyses
Authors: Chaudhuri Ayan H. , Ponte Rui M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The authors examine five recent reanalysis products [NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR)] for 1) trends in near-surface radiation fluxes, air temperature, and humidity, which are important indicators of changes within the Arctic Ocean and also influence sea ice and ocean conditions, and 2) fidelity of these atmospheric fields and effects for an extreme event: namely, the 2007 ice retreat. An analysis of trends over the Arctic for the past decade (2000–09) shows that reanalysis solutions have large spreads, particularly for downwelling shortwave radiation. In many cases, the differences in significant trends between the five reanalysis products are comparable to the estimated trend within a particular product. These discrepancies make it difficult to establish a consensus on likely changes occurring in the Arctic solely based on results from reanalyses fields. Regarding the 2007 ice retreat event, comparisons with remotely sensed estimates of downwelling radiation observations against these reanalysis products present an ambiguity. Remotely sensed observations from a study cited herewith suggest a large increase in downwelling summertime shortwave radiation and decrease in downwelling summertime longwave radiation from 2006 and 2007. On the contrary, the reanalysis products show only small gains in summertime shortwave radiation, if any; however, all the products show increases in downwelling longwave radiation. Thus, agreement within reanalysis fields needs to be further checked against observations to assess possible biases common to all products.
In situ Measurements of Momentum Fluxes in Typhoons
Authors: Potter Henry , Graber Hans C. , Williams Neil J. , Collins Clarence O. , Ramos Rafael J. , Drennan William M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
One of the scientific objectives of the U.S. Office of Naval Research–sponsored Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) campaign was improved understanding of air–sea fluxes at high wind speeds. Here the authors present the first-ever direct measurements of momentum fluxes recorded in typhoons near the surface. Data were collected from a moored buoy over 3 months during the 2010 Pacific typhoon season. During this period, three typhoons and a tropical storm were encountered. Maximum 30-min sustained wind speeds above 26 m s−1 were recorded. Data are presented for 1245 h of direct flux measurements. The drag coefficient shows evidence of a rolloff at wind speeds greater than 22 m s−1, which occurred during the passage of a single typhoon. This result is in agreement with other studies but occurs at a lower wind speed than previously measured. The authors conclude that this rolloff was caused by a reduction in the turbulent momentum flux at the frequency of the peak waves during strongly forced conditions.
Parameterization of Cloud Microphysics Based on the Prediction of Bulk Ice Particle Properties. Part I: Scheme Description and Idealized Tests
Authors: Morrison Hugh , Milbrandt Jason A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A method for the parameterization of ice-phase microphysics is proposed and used to develop a new bulk microphysics scheme. All ice-phase particles are represented by several physical properties that evolve freely in time and space. The scheme prognoses four ice mixing ratio variables, total mass, rime mass, rime volume, and number, allowing 4 degrees of freedom for representing the particle properties using a single category. This approach represents a significant departure from traditional microphysics schemes in which ice-phase hydrometeors are partitioned into various predefined categories (e.g., cloud ice, snow, and graupel) with prescribed characteristics. The liquid-phase component of the new scheme uses a standard two-moment, two-category approach.
The proposed method and a complete description of the new predicted particle properties (P3) scheme are provided. Results from idealized model simulations of a two-dimensional squall line are presented that illustrate overall behavior of the scheme. Despite its use of a single ice-phase category, the scheme simulates a realistically wide range of particle characteristics in different regions of the squall line, consistent with observed ice particles in real squall lines. Sensitivity tests show that both the prediction of the rime mass fraction and the rime density are important for the simulation of the squall-line structure and precipitation.
Mechanisms of Multidecadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability Diagnosed in Depth versus Density Space
Authors: Kwon Young-Oh , Frankignoul Claude 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is examined based on a comparison of the AMOC streamfunctions in depth and in density space, in a 700-yr present-day control integration of the fully coupled Community Climate System Model, version 3. The commonly used depth-coordinate AMOC primarily exhibits the variability associated with the deep equatorward transport that follows the changes in the Labrador Sea deep water formation. On the other hand, the density-based AMOC emphasizes the variability associated with the subpolar gyre circulation in the upper ocean leading to the changes in the Labrador Sea convection. Combining the two representations indicates that the ~20-yr periodicity of the AMOC variability in the first half of the simulation is primarily due to an ocean-only mode resulting from the coupling of the deep equatorward flow and the upper ocean gyre circulation near the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current. In addition, the density-based AMOC reveals a gradual change in the deep ocean associated with cooling and increased density, which is likely responsible for the transition of AMOC variability from strong ~20-yr oscillations to a weaker red noise–like multidecadal variability.
Ring-shaped calcific constrictive pericarditis strangling the heart: a case report
Authors: Lee Mu Sook , Choi Joon Hyouk , Kim Young Uck , Kim Su Wan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Constrictive pericarditis is caused by fibrosis and calcification of the pericardium, processes that inhibit diastolic filling of the heart. For the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis, a combined approach is used to evaluate the morphologic pericardial abnormalities in conjunction with assessment of the functional and hemodynamic changes. We report novel findings of chest computed tomography (CT) and chest roentgenogram with respect to a ring-shaped pericardial calcification on atrioventricular groove causing strangulation of the heart in the patient with constrictive pericarditis, which is anatomically rarer than other severe cases of constrictive pericarditis encasing the entire heart.
Trametes meyenii possesses elevated dye degradation abilities under normal nutritional conditions compared to other white rot fungi
Authors: Chenaux Peter R , Lalji Narisa , Lefebvre Daniel D 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Several species of white-rot fungi were investigated for their utility in prolonged decolouration of the recalcitrant sulfonated azo dye, amaranth. Trametes pubescens, T. multicolor, T. meyenii and T. versicolor decoloured amaranth azo-dye best on low-nitrogen agar-solidified media whereas Bjerkandera adusta and Phlebia radiata were most effective in low nitrogen medium supplemented with manganese. Trametes cotonea did not decolour effectively under any condition. The decolouring Trametes species were also effective in liquid culture whereas B. adusta and P. radiata were not. Trametes meyenii, T. pubescens and T. multicolor were equal to or better than commonly employed T. versicolor at decolouring amaranth. This is the first study to show the dye decolouration potential of T. meyenii, T. pubescens, and T. multicolor. Supplementing with Mn(II) increased assayable manganese peroxidase activity, but not long-term decolouration, indicating that laccase is the main decolourizing enzyme in these Trametes species. This appears to be because of inadequate Mn3+ chelation required by manganese peroxidase because adding relatively low amounts of malonate enhanced decolouration rates. The ability of Trametes meyenii to simultaneously decolour dye over prolonged periods of time while growing in relatively nutrient-rich medium appears to be unique amongst white-rot fungi, indicating its potential in wastewater bioremediation.
Management of thrombocythemia
Authors: Gowin Krisstina , Mesa Ruben 
Published: September 2014

Essential thrombocythemia is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an elevated platelet count, the potential for both microvascular and macrovascular sequelae, and a risk for transformation to myelofibrosis or acute myeloid leukemia. A systematic and detailed initial analysis is essential for accurate diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia, as many etiologies are reactive and benign. Once a diagnosis has been made, risk stratification and symptom assessment are vital to guide the subsequent therapy. Treatment may be required in high-risk disease, such as in cases of advanced age or prior thrombotic events. Systemic therapy is aimed at reducing the thrombotic risk and includes daily low dose aspirin and in some patients, cytoreductive therapy. Currently, the first line cytoreductive therapy includes hydroxyurea or pegylated interferon, with a phase III clinical trial underway comparing these two important agents. Anagrelide and clinical trials are reserved for refractory or intolerant patients. Looking to the future, new therapies including Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and telomerase inhibitors are promising and may become valuable to the treatment armamentarium for those afflicted with essential thrombocythemia.
Efeito do tempo pós-queimada sobre comunidades de Tephritidae (Diptera) em áreas de cerrado na Chapada dos Guimarães – MT
Authors: Fávero Kellen , Bordignon Leandra , Junior Kleber Vecchi , Diniz Soraia 
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) analisar a riqueza, a abundância e a ocorrência de espécies de insetos endófagos de capítulos de Asteraceae da Chapada dos Guimarães-MT; (ii) avaliar o efeito do tempo decorrido pós-queimada sobre riqueza, abundância e distribuição de espécies de Tephritidae endófagos. Foram amostradas 13 áreas de cerrado nas quais foi traçado um transecto de 250m x 2m sobre uma isoclina topográfica. Todos os capítulos, de cada indivíduo florido, foram coletados e mantidos em potes telados para criação. Um total de 341 indivíduos pertencentes a sete espécies emergiram dos capítulos. Cecidochares e Xanthaciura foram os gêneros mais bem representados em relação ao número de espécies. A maioria dos insetos emergiu de capítulos coletados em apenas uma localidade. Somente Xanthaciura chrysura (Thomson) ocorreu em todas as localidades amostradas em que emergiram insetos. O tempo decorrido após a última queimada não teve efeito significativo sobre a riqueza, abundância e distribuição das espécies de Tephritidae endófagos.
Effect of Post-Fire Time on Tephritidae (Diptera) Communities in Cerrado Areas at Chapada dos Guimarães – MT.
Abstract. The objectives of this study were to: (i) analyze the richness, abundance, and occurrence of endophagous insects in capitula of Asteraceae at Chapada dos Guimarães; (ii) evaluate the effect of post-fire time on the richness, abundance, and distribution of endophagous Tephritidae species. Thirteen cerrado areas were sampled, onto which a 250m × 2m transect was established over a topographic isocline. All capitula from individual plants were collected and maintained in screened rearing pots. Three hundred and forty-one individuals belonging to seven species emerged from the flowerheads. Cecidochares and Xanthaciura were the best-represented genera in relation to the number of species. Most insects emerged from capitula collected at a single locality. Only Xanthaciura chrysura (Thomson) occurred in all of the sampled localities at which emerged insects were obtained. The time elapsed after the last fire did not have a significant effect on the richness, abundance, and distribution of endophagous Tephritidae species.
Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de uma futura Unidade de Conservação em área de Mata Atlântica no sul do Brasil
Authors: Marchi Marco Jacometto , Müller Gerson Azulim , Marcondes Carlos Brisola 
Published: September 2014

Foram coletadas espécies de mosquitos antropofílicas em duas áreas de Mata Atlântica onde será implantada uma Unidade de Conservação no município de Itapema-SC. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o nível de preservação de duas áreas da Mata Atlântica através da composição da fauna de Culicidae. A diversidade de espécies mostrou-se semelhante nos dois locais de amostragem (Dm=4,02 na Praia Grossa e Dm = 4,04 em São Paulinho). O índice de similaridade entre as duas áreas foi: CCs = 0,57 e CMH = 0,07. O índice de dominância de Simpson foi de 0,63 para a Praia Grossa e 0,31 para São Paulinho. A maior abundância de Anopheles cruzii Dyar & Knabe Culex (Microculex) (táxons relacionados a áreas preservadas) em São Paulinho e de Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani) e Psorophora ferox (Humboldt) (táxons relacionados a áreas degradadas) na Praia Grossa sugere que a primeira área é mais preservada do que a segunda.
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of a Future Conservation Unit in the Area of Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil.
Abstract. Anthropophilic mosquitoes were collected in two areas of the Atlantic Forest wich will constitute a Conservation Unit in the municipality of Itapema-SC. The aim of this study was to analyze the level of preservation of two areas of Atlantic Forest trough the composition of the Culicidae fauna. Species diversity was similar in both sampling sites (Dm = 4.02 in Praia Grossa and Dm = 4.04 in São Paulinho). Indices of similarity between the two areas were: CCs = 0.57 and CMH = 0.07. The Simpson’s dominance index was 0.63 in Praia Grossa and 0.31 in São Paulinho. The higher abundance of Anopheles cruzii Dyar & Knaband Culex (Microculex) (taxa related to preserved area) in São Paulinho and Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani) and Psorophora ferox (Humboldt) (taxa related to degraded area) in Praia Grossa suggests that the first area is more preserved than the last.
Genomic High-Resolution Profiling of Single CKpos/CD45neg Flow-Sorting Purified Circulating Tumor Cells from Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Neves Rui P L , Raba Katharina , Schmidt Oliver , Honisch Ellen , Meier-Stiegen Franziska , Behrens Bianca , Möhlendick Birte , Fehm Tanja , Neubauer Hans , Klein Christoph A , Polzer Bernhard , Sproll Christoph , Fischer Johannes C , Niederacher Dieter , Stoecklein Nikolas H 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are promising surrogate markers for systemic disease, and their molecular characterization might be relevant to guide more individualized cancer therapies. To enable fast and efficient purification of individual CTCs, we developed a work flow from CellSearchTM cartridges enabling high-resolution genomic profiling on the single-cell level.

METHODS
Single CTCs were sorted from 40 CellSearch samples from patients with metastatic breast cancer using a MoFlo XDP cell sorter. Genomes of sorted single cells were amplified using an adapter–linker PCR. Amplification products were analyzed by array-based comparative genomic hybridization, a gene-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for cyclin D1 (CCND1) locus amplification, and genomic sequencing to screen for mutations in exons 1, 9, and 20 of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene and exons 5, 7, and 8 of the tumor protein p53 (TP53) gene.

RESULTS
One common flow-sorting protocol was appropriate for 90% of the analyzed CellSearch cartridges, and the detected CTC numbers correlated positively with those originally detected with the CellSearch system (R2 = 0.9257). Whole genome amplification was successful in 72.9% of the sorted single CTCs. Over 95% of the cells displayed chromosomal aberrations typical for metastatic breast cancers, and amplifications at the CCND1 locus were validated by qPCR. Aberrant CTCs from 2 patients harbored mutations in exon 20 of the PIK3CA gene.

CONCLUSIONS
This work flow enabled effective CTC isolation and provided insights into genomic alterations of CTCs in metastatic breast cancer. This approach might facilitate further molecular characterization of rare CTCs to increase understanding of their biology and as a basis for their molecular screening in the clinical setting.