bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language And Copyright
Authors: Butters Ronald R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA copyright is one of four legally enforceable limitations on the general public's freedom of expression with respect to a wide variety of creative productions, legally termed ‘intellectual property’, including works of visual art, music, and language. The laws that govern intellectual property create specified, exclusive rights, which permit only specific individuals to use particular creations if those individuals can claim to have had a significant creative role in their origination; all other citizens are denied the specified uses, or, in some instances, have the right to use the material, but must pay to do so. As part of its focus on language and copyright, this article explores the legal aspects of copyright and considers other types of intellectual property. It then examines the scope of copyright protection and looks at, as well of the role of linguists with respect to, copyright infringement. The article concludes by presenting three court cases in which linguists have attempted to apply linguistic principles to copyright issues as expert consultants in litigated cases.
Author Identification In The Forensic Setting
Authors: Chaski Carole E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAuthor identification can play a role in the investigation of many different types of crimes, civil transactions, and security issues. Over the last fifteen years, author identification has become increasingly recognized by research-funding agencies, investigative agencies, the forensic science community, and the courts, as a forensic science that deals with pattern evidence. Forensic authorship identification methods, despite their differences, require that similar steps be taken: choosing an appropriate linguistic level, coding, engaging in statistical analysis and decision making, and conducting validation testing. This article presents a review of currently available and emerging methods for identifying authorship in the forensic setting, presents some current methods based on the categorization scheme, and provides some ideas about why some methods fail to obtain high accuracy. Finally, it considers two methods that are currently used in criminal investigations and trials: forensic stylistics and software-generated analysis.
Forensic Speaker Comparison: A Linguistic–Acoustic Perspective
Authors: Foulkes Paul , French Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTwo of the tasks undertaken in forensic voice and speech analysis are speaker profiling and speaker or voice comparison (or speaker/voice identification). The first task involves an examination of features of the voice to ascertain information about the speaker's regional, social, and ethnic background. The second involves comparative analysis against a reference sample known to have been produced by a particular talker. Although analysis of vocal features cannot determine a speaker's identity, it can provide a wealth of information about the speaker, albeit to varying degrees of precision and confidence. It is for this reason that the label ‘speaker comparison’ is now preferred to identification. Globally, speaker comparison is carried out using three general methodologies: ‘voiceprinting’, analysis using automatic systems, and linguistic-acoustic analysis. This article first presents a brief historical review of forensic speaker comparison and then explores the use of the linguistic-acoustic method in forensic speaker comparison.
Introduction
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Heine Bernd 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis introductory article discusses the theme of this volume, which is about grammaticalisation. It explains that grammaticalisation is considered a young sub-field of linguistics because the term was coined only in 1912 by Antoine Meillet and provides background information on modern studies in grammaticalisation which began in the early 1970s. This volume analyses grammaticalisation in relation to linguistic theory and discusses the domains of grammaticalisation. It also explores the grammaticalisation of form classes and categories and describes the different faces of grammaticalisation across languages.
Construction grammar and grammaticalization
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas , Patten Amanda 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews literature on constructional change and its integration with grammaticalisation theory. It discusses a number of issues that are relevant to work on grammaticalisation and addresses several questions which fall out from a constructional view of grammaticalisation. It explores a constructional approach to grammaticalisation and the question of how constructions change and evaluates whether construction grammar is useful to linguists examining grammaticalisation changes to lexical items. It also considers the relationship between constructional change and the grammaticalisation of lexical items.
Grammaticalization and prosody
Authors: Wichmann Anne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the relevance of prosodic change in the analysis of the grammaticalisation processes in languages that are typologically very diverse. It shows how the availability of recorded speech now allows us to explore synchronic data for evidence of prosodic change. It argues that present-day prosodic realization provides vital evidence to complement independent analyses of historical change. It explains that the prosodic analysis of discourse markers has a number of implications, not least for their classification in relation to other, more prototypical grammaticalised items.
Grammaticalization and word formation
Authors: Wischer Ilse 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relation between grammaticalisation and word formation, focusing on derivations and phrasal compounds. It suggests that grammaticalization and word formation must be considered distinct processes because grammaticalisation is a process by which linguistic elements change into constituents of grammar while word formation allows for the production of new lexical items. The analysis reveals that the formation of phrasal compounds can be accompanied by a grammaticalisation process which may affect the whole construction or only part of it and that some syntactic constructions can be lexicalized.
Iconicity versus grammaticalization: a case study
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a case study concerning the differences between iconicity and grammaticalisation, focusing on the Hua and Khmer languages. It explains that among the universally acknowledged side-effects of economically motivated reduction in general and grammaticalization is the loss of semantic transparency and that one striking example of the trade-off between transparency and compactness is offered by the relatively exotic grammatical category of medial verbs commonly found in many Papuan languages. It contends that grammaticalisation through everyday use is the constant, cunning, and patient adversary of iconicity.
Degrammaticalization
Authors: Norde Muriel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the status of degrammaticalisation in grammaticalisation studies. It describes the main similarities and differences between grammaticalisation and degrammaticalisation and outlines a typology of degrammaticalisation changes. It argues that there are three basic types of degrammaticalisation, which include degrammation, deinflectionalisation, and debonding. It contends that degrammaticalisation is a composite change whereby a gram in a specific context gains in autonomy or substance on more than one linguistic level.
The grammaticalization of evidentiality
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the grammaticalisation of the grammatical category of evidentiality. It explains that evidentiality is a verbal category in its own right and it does not bear any straight-forward relationship to the expression of speaker's responsibility, or attitude to the statement. Grammaticalisation of evidentials follows two general paths. Markers of evidentiality may develop out of grammaticalising a lexical item and an evidential may also evolve out of an evidentiality strategy, acquiring the status of a grammatical system in its own right. Evidentials evolve from a variety of sources, including forms from open classes and from closed classes and reinterpretation and reanalysis of evidentiality strategies.
The Grammaticalization of subordination
Authors: Ohori Toshio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses issues relevant to the grammaticalisation of subordination. It explains that this is defined as a relation in which a clause has a function equivalent to that served by a word in a simple clause and that it has occupied an important place in grammaticalization studies. It analyses the general tendencies of the grammaticalisation of subordination and reviews some selected cases of the development of the three types of linguistic construction.
Progress in Physics and Psychological Science Affects the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
Authors: Worthington Everett L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the present chapter, I argue that general culture is strongly influenced by three assumptions that have derived from modern science. These include the following: (1) Big numbers in time and space make anything thought to be statistically possible to eventually be thought of as likely. (2) We can be optimistic that this will eventuate in progress. (3) Life is all about relationships. The main implication of these assumptions is that the psychology of religion will soon become the psychology of religion and spirituality. Based on a review of quantum mechanics and cosmology, I suggested that there are four types of spirituality: (a) religious spirituality, (b) human spirituality, (c) nature or environment spirituality, and (d) cosmos spirituality (or transcendent spirituality). Each of these is defined in terms of close or intimate connection or relationship with a different object, and each has been formed primarily by the wonder, awe, and lack of determinancy found in different fields of study—theology, psychological science, biological science, and physics, respectively.
Psychoanalysis, Psi Phenomena, and Spiritual Space: Common Ground
Authors: Rosenbaum Ruth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPsychoanalysis, psi phenomena (telepathy, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis), and spirituality might appear to be strange bedfellows. However, with the evolution of psychoanalytic theories of intersubjectivity and scientific studies of psi phenomena, a portrait has emerged of the kind of space within which the self exists. It is a space characterized by indistinct boundaries between self and other, a shared space, and it appears to be crucial for psychological growth and transformation. This concept of the self connecting with an “other” beyond its own localized boundaries is also the basis of spiritual experience and spiritually inspired forms of transformation, such as miracles and mystical states. In exploring the common ground shared by these overlapping territories of the self's expansive reach, we may discover the conditions that enhance the possibilities for change and growth in psychoanalysis and, in the process, approach a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of consciousness itself.
Eastern Traditions, Consciousness, and Spirituality
Authors: Patel Kartikeya C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the constructs of consciousness and spirituality in the Eastern tradition of early Buddhism. The descriptive explanations of the following basic and yet complex questions are offered: What are the contents of consciousness? Are there content-less states of consciousness? What is spiritual inquiry? If states of consciousness are multileveled and multifaceted, how one can understand the process of transformation and attainment of these states? Although a comprehensive presentation of various Eastern traditions is not possible in a brief book chapter, it is hoped that a detailed look at early Buddhism will give the reader a taste of the issues that Eastern theories and practices attempt to address.
Spirituality, Science, and the Human Body
Authors: Jonas Wayne B. , Fritts Matt , Christopher Gail , Jonas Maeba , Jonas Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCultures throughout the world and over millennia have described the intimate relationship between spirit and body. Presently, we have an unprecedented opportunity to bring sophisticated scientific methods to the study of this relationship. In this chapter, we present a unified model of the whole person (spirit, mind, and body) and describe examples of practices from Eastern and Western traditions that are grounded in the assumption of body-mind-spirit unity. In addition, we give an overview of modern physical measurement options, such as neuroimaging and genomics, which allow for more detailed study of the spiritual interactions with the body. A fuller understanding of this relationship can lead to deep healing.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Lisa J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis introductory article starts by defining psychology and discussing the importance of psychology and how it relates to spirituality. The contributors to this book see spirituality as being fundamental to the human constitution and foundational to the nature of the surrounding world. By deeply integrating spirituality into the existing landscape of psychology, this book hopes to reveal an entirely new formulation of psyche. In this book, spirituality is understood as ontologically real. Psyche connects us with the greater spirit, or consciousness, that is in us, through us and around us. This book defines an emerging field within a spiritual psychological framework, that of postmaterialism, a science beyond the limitations of exclusive ontological materialism and mechanism.
Cultural Histories of Food
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBecause of its essential role in human life, food has been a part of historical narratives since antiquity. As the proper subject of professional inquiry, however, food gained recognition only in the 1990s with the advent of the so-called new cultural history. Whereas the disciplinary hegemony of culture has begun to fragment and decline, the field of food history continues to grow significantly. Therefore, it is only fitting to reflect on the historical study of food as a cultural expression, to differentiate it from cultural approaches to the history of food politics, nutrition, and the like. Changing scholarly assumptions about culture have had an impact in terms of understanding what cuisine is all about. Drawing on the theories of Jack Goody, Sidney Mintz, and Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson about cuisine, this article examines historical change at three interrelated levels: the circulation of texts, the tastes of dining, and the practices of cooking.
Geography of Food
Authors: Mandelblatt Bertie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe study of food essentially deals with the interrelationships between the social and cultural worlds of humans and the zoological and physical worlds of climate and ecology. This article examines the debates over food as they have developed within geography in both the English- and French-speaking worlds, particularly in light of the recent interest in food studies both within academia and in the public sphere. Geographers, known for their disciplinary focus on the spatial element of human life, tend to conceptualize foodways in fluid relation to place. This article first discusses global and transnational food scales, before turning to national and regional food scales as well as food consumption at the urban and domestic scales. The article also explores geography's engagement with agriculture, animal husbandry, and rural food production and distribution networks.
Fast Food
Authors: Penfold Steve 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFast food probably originated in 1948, when Dick and Maurice McDonald re-designed their successful restaurant. Few of the brothers' "innovations" were entirely new. They specialized in a small number of familiar foods and applied systematic thinking to production. By fitting into existing and emerging cultures of age, family, leisure and consumption, the brothers' new outlet acquired a social life. Under Ray Kroc's leadership, McDonald's grew from its first outlet near Chicago to more than 300 locations in 44 states by 1961, when he bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million. Over the next decade, McDonald's emerged as a dominant fast food chain in the United States, spread to Canada, and eventually turned into a global brand. Four themes—expansion, taste, systems, and social life—might be viewed as the basic elements of a global history of fast food, one that has similarities to the McDonald's story but is unique on its own. Technology and technocracy allowed food to become fast food.
Food, Time, and History
Authors: Mandala Elias 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the African countryside, food has a social biography which is both linear and cyclical. According to the golden-age theory, every member of the community deserves access to food, while the alternative perspective argues that not all members enjoy those rights. Both theories fall within what Stephen J. Gould called "time's cycle" or "the intelligibility of timeless order and lawlike structure." As components of time's cycle, the alternative vision and the golden-age theory address the problem of order and represent peasants' collective protest against what Mircea Eliade termed "terror of history," which refers to terrifying events such as famine. The linear nature of the social biography of food is part of Gould's "time's arrow." The old Mang'anja of Malawi referred to famine, a one-time event, as chaola, or moment of rottenness, which is different from recurrent hunger or njala. The history of Malawi's food system represents a story about irreversible change and about days and seasons.
National Cuisines
Authors: Smith Alison K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn 2005, the Council of Europe released a book celebrating the "culinary cultures of Europe." Consisting of essays, the volume describes the food of forty European nations. In his introduction, Fabio Parasecoli focuses on the created nature of national cuisines as well as the many "signifying networks [that] define the key concepts of tradition and authenticity," which play a key in constructing what is "typical." These signifiers therefore define local, regional or even national identities, and include ingredients, techniques, trade, location, time and media, all of which give rise to variations and, eventually, differences that are interpreted as national. Yet national cuisines remain a complicated part of the world of globalization (and, in the European context, of pan-European administration). Russia is one country where the broad array of influences on national cuisines is evident.
Reading Race Through Disability: Slavery and Agency in Mark Twain'sPudd'nhead Wilsonand “Those Extraordinary Twins”
Authors: Samuels Ellen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the persistence of race, slavery, and disability issues in nineteenth-century American literature. It employs both critical race and disability analysis to argue for a mutually constitutive relationship between these categories of representation in nineteenth-century American literature. The article comments on Mark Twain's novel Puddn'head Wilson and his short story “Those Extraordinary Twins,” which are structured around the mutually supportive tropes of conjoined twins and racial ambiguity.
Creole Kinship: Privacy and The Novel in the New World
Authors: Bentley Nancy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the so-called Creole kinship in American novels during the nineteenth century. It argues in the first instance that the political origins of the novel are the source of the genre's ability to conduct experiments in imagining subjectivity, the space of interior thought and feeling. The article investigates why novels about New World families knock notions of liberal subjectivity off their stable centers and discusses the explanations of several well-known American personalities on the topic of kinship and privacy, including Abraham Lincoln, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Nancy Bentley.
On The Redundancy of “Transnational American Studies”
Authors: Hickman Jared 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the profound redundancy, terminological and historical, of transnational American studies. It argues that transnational American studies is a logically incoherent formulation whose plausibility arises from its perpetuation of a hemispheric cultural–political project of a very long nineteenth century which has distinguished America as more than yet another nation but rather a teeming nation of nations. The article discusses the works of Thomas Paine, Simón Bolívar, and José Vasconcelos.
Whose Protest Novel?Ramona, TheUncle Tom's Cabinof the Indian
Authors: Gillman Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines so-called protest novels in the U.S.A. It discusses Ramona, the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Indian, and compares present-day protest novels with those of the nineteenth century. The article analyzes the social-protest literature authored and/or adapted by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Helen Hunt Jackson, and José Martí, and argues that the Stowe–Jackson text network suggests a way for the comparatively minded to think both within and beyond comparison.
Sport and Performance Psychology: Ethical Issues
Authors: Hankes Douglas M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe psychology of human performance, which includes the domains of sport and other performance areas such as dance and music, offers a unique and complex environment in which to engage in ethical practice. Regardless of what “type” of psychology the practitioner is providing, the American Psychological Association's General Principles and Ethics Code guides the psychologist and consultant in their work with performers and the organizations to which they belong and interact within. Much of the work that sport and performance psychologists and consultants provide is done outside of traditional practice models, so a commitment to ethical practice is imperative.This chapter discusses some of the fundamental elements that may serve to encourage and nurture ethical practitioners, including the development of sound clinical judgment, utilization of personal skill inventories, adoption of a lifelong learning attitude, incorporation of peer supervision, and the selection of a decision-making model for ethical questions. The different training backgrounds of sport and performance psychologists and consultants, including certification and proficiency standards, are also explored. Finally, the three major areas of ethical issues in the practice of sport and performance psychology are examined, including competence and training, confidentiality and informed consent, and multiple relationships and boundaries. Case examples and vignettes are provided to illustrate the relevant ethical considerations.