bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Blue‐Emitting AlN:Eu2+ Phosphors by Alloying with GaN
Authors: Yin Liang‐Jun , Chen Guo‐Zhang , Zhou Zheng‐Yang , Jian Xian , Xu Bao , He Ji‐Hua , Tang Hui , Luan Chun‐Hong , Xu Xin , van Ommen J. Ruud , (Bert) Hintzen Hubertus T. 
Published: September 2015

A method is designed to improve the luminescence of AlN‐based phosphors by tuning the band structure and crystal structure due to alloying with GaN. The pure (Al,Ga)N:Eu phosphors were initially prepared by gas‐phase reaction in an NH3 atmosphere. GaN alloying was used to expand the crystal lattice of AlN due to Ga3+ substituting for smaller Al3+ ions, making dissolution of Eu2+ easier. The dissolution of Ga in the AlN lattice was proven by the result of the Rietveld refinement and the increase in lattice parameters with increasing Ga content. To introduce other energy states mixing with the 5d states of Eu2+, Ga doping was also used to tune the band structure of AlN by acting on Eu2+ ions. The theoretical result was analyzed using the Cambridge Sequential Total Energy Package (CASTEP). According to the calculated total and atom resolved partial density of states, it was observed that the Ga 5p states contribute a large portion to the corresponding Eu2+ absorption band in (Al,Ga)N:Eu phosphors. As a consequence, an enhanced emission intensity at 470 nm and a high quantum efficiency for excitation at 330 nm was obtained despite of stronger thermal quenching of the (Al,Ga)N:Eu phosphors compared with AlN:Eu.
Biogeographical variation in the potential effectiveness of prescribed fire in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Price Owen F. , Penman Trent D. , Bradstock Ross A. , Boer Matthias M. , Clarke Hamish 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimPrescribed fire is a common land management for reducing risks from unplanned fires. However, the universality of such effectiveness remains uncertain due to biogeographical variation in fuel types, climatic influences and fire regimes. Here, we explore biogeographical patterns in the effectiveness of prescribed fire by calculating leverage (the reduction in unplanned area burnt resulting from recent previous area burnt) across south‐eastern Australia over a 25 year period.LocationThe 30 bioregions of south‐eastern Australia.MethodsWe quantified leverage in each bioregion from fire records from 1975–2009, controlling for variation in annual weather. We also identified potential drivers of variation in leverage by relating the bioregional leverage values to measures of fuel type and growth, climate, and weather extremes.ResultsLeverage was inferred in four bioregions while in the other 26 bioregions no leverage was detected or prescribed fire had the opposite effect (fire‐follows‐fire). Leverage occurred in the forested eastern section of the study area, where rainfall, fuel load and fire activity is high and fire weather is mild. In all bioregions, weather was a stronger predictor than past‐fire extent of area burnt in a particular year.Main conclusionsOur analysis of leverage shows that the effectiveness of prescribed fire varies regionally in predictable ways, which means that fuel management strategies applied in one region are not necessarily applicable in another. In most bioregions prescribed burning is likely to have very little effect on subsequent extent of unplanned fire, and even in regions where leverage occurs, large areas of treatment are required to substantially reduce the area burned by unplanned fire.
Attributing forest responses to global‐change drivers: limited evidence of aCO2‐fertilization effect in Iberian pine growth
Authors: Camarero J. Julio , Gazol Antonio , Tardif Jacques C. , Conciatori France 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimForest responses to global‐change drivers such as rising atmosphericCO2concentrations (Ca), warming temperatures and increased aridification will depend on tree species and site characteristics. We aim to determine if risingCaenhances growth of coexisting pine species along broad ecological gradients in a drought‐prone area.LocationIberian Range, Spain.MethodsWe sampled 557 trees of five pine species encompassing a wide climatic gradient and measured their radial growth. We used nonlinear flexible statistics (generalized additive mixed models) to characterize growth trends and relate them toCa, temperature and water balance.ResultsThe sites most responsive to the growing‐season water balance were dominated byPinus pinasterandPinus nigraat low elevations, whereas those most responsive to temperatures were high‐elevationPinus sylvestrisandPinus uncinatastands. From 1950 onwards, most sites and species showed decreasing radial growth trends. Growth trends were coherent with aCO2‐related fertilization effect only in oneP. sylvestrissite.Main conclusionsWe found little evidence of growth stimulation of Iberian pine forests due to risingCa. The results indicated that any positive effect of aCa‐induced growth increase was unlikely to reverse or cancel out the drought‐driven trends of reduced growth in most Mediterranean pine forests. Further assessments ofCO2‐fertilization effects on forest growth should be carried out in sites where climatic stressors such as drought do not override the effects of risingCaon forest growth.
Research trends in biogeography
Authors: Ladle Richard J. , Malhado Ana C. M. , Correia Ricardo A. , dos Santos Jhonatan Guedes , Santos Ana M. C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn a recent editorial, Whittaker (2014,Journal of Biogeography,41, 1–5) suggested that biogeography is in the process of adopting a ‘big science’ model, characterized by increasing levels of individual specialization and international collaboration. Using network analysis based on co‐authored articles and bibliometrics, we trace this transformation, identifying where biogeographical knowledge is produced and how the global biogeography community is connected. Our data reveal dramatic increases in biogeographical research over the last 30 years, with a trend of increasing diversity of countries and institutions. Moreover, an analysis of keywords suggests that the widening availability of molecular phylogenies and the ubiquitous threat of climate change are increasingly driving biogeographical research agendas. These trends are associated with diverse social and technological forces, notably advances in communication technology and the increasing availability and quality of biogeographical data.
Within‐river genetic connectivity patterns reflect contrasting geomorphology
Authors: Waters Jonathan M. , Craw Dave , Burridge Christopher P. , Kennedy Martyn , King Tania M. , Wallis Graham P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo test the hypothesis that geomorphological features, shaped by underlying geology, can influence within‐river connectivity patterns in freshwater‐limited fishes.LocationRivers draining the eastern flanks of the Southern Alps in South Island, New Zealand.MethodsWe analyse up to 1624 bp of mtDNA from 499 ‘flathead’ Galaxias specimens from 145 localities across 14 different river systems. Variation among sampling sites within systems is characterized using ϕ statistics.ResultsAlthough similar levels of DNA sequence variation were detected in all rivers sampled, spatial partitioning of this variation was significantly greater within schist (n = 5; mean ϕST = 0.696) than within greywacke (n = 10; mean ϕST = 0.268) rivers.Main conclusionsPopulation connectivity can be strongly influenced by underlying geology, leading to profound differences in the connectivity, phylogeography and diversity of riverine species.
Rapid Mapping of Right Atrial Tachycardia Using a New Multielectrode Basket Catheter
Authors: OKUBO KENJI , KUWAHARA TAISHI , TAKAGI KATSUMASA , TAKIGAWA MASATERU , NAKAJIMA JUN , WATARI YUJI , NAKASHIMA EMIKO , YAMAO KAZUYA , FUJINO TADASHI , TSUTSUI HIROYUKI , TAKAHASHI ATSUSHI 
Published: September 2015

Basket Catheter for Mapping Atrial TachycardiaIntroductionThe mapping of atrial tachycardia (AT) can often be challenging and time‐consuming, especially in patients with ATs that develop following cardiac surgery or are concomitant with atrial fibrillation. Recently, a new multielectrode basket catheter (MBC) has become available; we hypothesized that the MBC could be utilized to diagnose AT circuits.Methods and ResultsThis study included 51 consecutive patients undergoing catheter ablation of clinically documented right‐sided ATs (including 17 cases following cardiac surgery). Using a NavX system, 2 activation maps of the ATs were created, one using the new MBC (32 mm, 31 poles) and the other using a circular catheter. The time needed to complete the activation maps and the points acquired with both mapping catheters were compared. In all 64 ATs, including 34 non‐cavotricuspid isthmus‐dependent ATs, the AT activation maps created by both catheters were essentially identical. The number of points acquired to complete the activation maps did not differ significantly between the MBC and the circular catheter (387 [285–511] vs. 374 [269–533], P = 0.19), but the mapping time was significantly shorter using the MBC (4.0 [3.0–6.0] minutes vs. 8.0 [6.5–10.0] minutes, P < 0.0001). Inadvertent mechanical AT termination (n = 6) was observed only during mapping with the circular catheter.ConclusionIn patients with right‐sided ATs, the use of an MBC could save mapping time.
Sex without sex chromosomes: genetic architecture of multiple loci independently segregating to determine sex ratios in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
Authors: Alexander H. J. , Richardson J. M. L. , Edmands S. , Anholt B. R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSex‐determining systems are remarkably diverse and may evolve rapidly. Polygenic sex‐determination systems are predicted to be transient and evolutionarily unstable, yet examples have been reported across a range of taxa. Here, we provide the first direct evidence of polygenic sex determination in Tigriopus californicus, a harpacticoid copepod with no heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Using genetically distinct inbred lines selected for male‐ and female‐biased clutches, we generated a genetic map with 39 SNPs across 12 chromosomes. Quantitative trait locus mapping of sex ratio phenotype (the proportion of male offspring produced by an F2 female) in four F2 families revealed six independently segregating quantitative trait loci on five separate chromosomes, explaining 19% of the variation in sex ratios. The sex ratio phenotype varied among loci across chromosomes in both direction and magnitude, with the strongest phenotypic effects on chromosome 10 moderated to some degree by loci on four other chromosomes. For a given locus, sex ratio phenotype varied in magnitude for individuals derived from different dam lines. These data, together with the environmental factors known to contribute to sex determination, characterize the underlying complexity and potential lability of sex determination, and confirm the polygenic architecture of sex determination in T. californicus.
Using Outcome Measurement to Promote Continuous Quality Improvement for Children in Foster Care
Authors: Flango Victor E. , Gatowski Sophia , Sydow Nora E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractContinuous Quality Improvement is the term used to measure progress toward achieving safety, permanency, and well‐being for children in foster care. This report highlights the results of a 2014 survey conducted by the National Resource Center on Legal and Judicial Issues asking states to identify how they are using performance measures to improve the lives of children in care, which measures are being used, whether the newly‐created well‐being measures are being integrated into the original set of court performance measures, and how performance measures are being used to support Continuous Quality Improvement. Although there is much more to do, the number of performance measures being used, the number of states sharing data between courts and child welfare agencies, and the number of documented examples of improvement in lives of abuse and neglected children are all encouraging signs.
Effects of Electrical Pretreatments on the Yield and Quality Characteristics of Red Bell Pepper Puree
Authors: Rayman Ergün Ahsen , Bozkir Hamza , Taştan Özge , Baysal Taner 
Published: September 2015

AbstractElectrical treatments, which are among the nonthermal preservation technologies, have been gaining importance with the changes in the preferences of consumers who want high quality foods. In this study, electroplasmolysis (EP) as a pretreatment and microwave (MW) heating as an alternative to traditional heating were used in the production of red pepper puree in order to increase the puree yield and improve the quality characteristics of the puree. The red pepper purees were treated by EP, conventional heating (CH) as the control and also combinations of treatments (EP + MW, EP + CH). The EP application was optimized using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were found as a voltage gradient of 143 V/cm and a treatment time of 60 s. At this optimum point, the yield was found to be 76.3%. In the combination of the EP and MW groups, the yield increased by 7.56% compared with the control group. The pectin and vitamin C contents increased after the pretreatments when compared to the control group.Practical ApplicationsElectrical treatments are used as an alternative to traditional food processing techniques. Electroplasmolysis (EP) application provides an increased permeability of the plant tissues. This benefit can be used in the production of fruit and vegetable juice or puree. Yield is so important especially on the industrial scale. EP and microwave applications increased the yield and also the quality of the red bell pepper puree, and as a result, these methods are useful for food processing technology.
Drug‐eluting beads versus conventional chemoembolization for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Facciorusso Antonio , Mariani Luigi , Sposito Carlo , Spreafico Carlo , Bongini Marco , Morosi Carlo , Cascella Tommaso , Marchianò Alfonso , Camerini Tiziana , Bhoori Sherrie , Brunero Federica , Barone Michele , Mazzaferro Vincenzo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and AimSolid demonstrations of superior efficacy of drug‐eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization with respect to conventional chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma patients are lacking. The aim of the study was to compare these two techniques in two large cohorts of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients.MethodsA single center series of 249 early/intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma patients who underwent “on demand” chemoembolization in the period 2007–2011 was analyzed. Overall survival, time to progression, tumor response rate, and safety were compared between 104 patients who underwent conventional chemoembolization and 145 who underwent drug‐eluting beads chemoembolization. Time‐to‐event data were analyzed using the Cox univariate and multivariate regression.ResultsThe two cohorts resulted balanced for liver function and tumor stages. Objective response rate was 85.3% after conventional and 74.8% after drug‐eluting beads chemoembolization (P = 0.039), and median time to progression was 17 (95% confidence interval: 14–21) versus 11 months (9–12), respectively (P < 0.001). Treatment regimen was the sole independent predictor of progression at multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 2.01; 1.45–2.80; P < 0.001). Median survival was 39 (32–47) and 32 (24–39) months in the two groups, respectively (hazard ratio = 1.33; 0.94–1.87; P = 0.10), but conventional chemoembolization was significantly associated with a survival advantage in patients with bilobar neoplasia, portal hypertension and alpha fetoprotein above normal limits. No significant differences in severe adverse events were found.ConclusionIn a large series of Western hepatocellular carcinoma patients, drug‐eluting beads chemoembolization with 100–300 µm particles did not seem to improve survival in comparison with conventional chemoembolization, which in turn provided better tumor responses and time to progression.
BCLC stage B is a better designation for single large hepatocellular carcinoma than BCLC stage A
Authors: Jung Young Kul , Jung Chang Ho , Seo Yeon Seok , Kim Ji Hoon , Kim Tae Hyung , Yoo Yang Jae , Kang Seong Hee , Yim Sun Young , Suh Sang Jun , An Hyunggin , Yim Hyung Joon , Yeon Jong Eun , Byun Kwan Soo , Um Soon Ho 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:Although the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is widely used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging, the most appropriate BCLC stage designation for single large HCC (SLHCC, single nodule > 5 cm) remains controversial. This study investigated the prognosis of patients with SLHCC.Methods:Patients with newly diagnosed HCCs (BCLC stages A or B) were classified according to tumor burden: group 1, a single nodule > 2 and ≤ 5 cm or two or three nodules ≤ 3 cm; group 2, a single nodule > 5 cm; and group 3, two or three nodules > 3 cm or > 3 nodules. Survival analysis was performed according to tumor stage, treatment type, and Child–Pugh grade.Results:A total of 1005 patients were enrolled. Age was 59.3 ± 10.6 years, and 788 patients (78.4%) were men. Groups 1, 2, and 3 consisted of 613 (61.0%), 124 (12.3%), and 268 (26.7%) patients, respectively. HCC treatment included resection in 202 patients (20.1%), radiofrequency ablation ± transarterial chemoembolization in 311 patients (30.9%), and transarterial chemoembolization in 492 patients (49.0%). The median survival time differed significantly according to tumor stage (75.2, 44.9, and 30.3 months in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that group 2 had significantly worse survival compared with group 1 and similar survival to group 3.Conclusions:Patients in group 2 had a worse prognosis than those in group 1 and a similar prognosis to those in group 3. Our results suggest that BCLC stage B is the best stage designation for SLHCC.
Research and Development, Uncertainty, and Analysts’ Forecasts: The Case of IAS 38
Authors: Dinh Tami , Eierle Brigitte , Schultze Wolfgang , Steeger Leif 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study analyzes the consequences of the capitalization of development expenditures under IAS 38 on analysts’ earnings forecasts. We use unique hand‐collected data in a sample of highly research and development (R&D)‐intensive German‐listed firms over the period 2000–2007. We find that the capitalization of development costs is significantly associated with both higher individual analysts’ forecast errors and forecast dispersion. This suggests that the increasing complexity surrounding the capitalization of development costs negatively impacts forecast accuracy. However, for firms with high underlying environmental uncertainty, forecast errors are negatively associated with capitalized development expenditures. This indicates that the negative impact of increased complexity on forecast accuracy can be outweighed by the information contained in the signals from capitalized development costs when the underlying environmental uncertainty is high. The findings contribute to the ongoing controversial debate on the accounting for self‐generated intangible assets. Our results provide useful insights on the link between capitalization of development costs, environmental uncertainty, and analysts’ forecasts for accounting academics and practitioners alike.
Regulation of the orexigenic neuropeptide, enkephalin, by PPARδ and fatty acids in neurons of the hypothalamus and forebrain
Authors: Poon Kinning , Alam Mohammad , Karatayev Olga , Barson Jessica R. , Leibowitz Sarah F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIngestion of a high‐fat diet composed mainly of the saturated fatty acid, palmitic (PA), and the unsaturated fatty acid, oleic (OA), stimulates transcription in the brain of the opioid neuropeptide, enkephalin (ENK), which promotes intake of substances of abuse. To understand possible underlying mechanisms, this study examined the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs), and tested in hypothalamic and forebrain neurons from rat embryos whether PPARs regulate endogenous ENK and the fatty acids themselves affect these PPARs and ENK. The first set of experiments demonstrated that knocking down PPARδ, but not PPARα or PPARγ, increased ENK transcription, activation of PPARδ by an agonist decreased ENK levels, and PPARδ neurons coexpressed ENK, suggesting that PPARδ negatively regulates ENK. In the second set of experiments, PA treatment of hypothalamic and forebrain neurons had no effect on PPARδ protein while stimulating ENK mRNA and protein, whereas OA increased both mRNA and protein levels of PPARδ in forebrain neurons while having no effect on ENK mRNA and increasing ENK levels. These findings show that PA has a strong, stimulatory effect on ENK and weak effect on PPARδ protein, whereas OA has a strong stimulatory effect on PPARδ and weak effect on ENK, consistent with the inhibitory effect of PPARδ on ENK. They suggest a function for PPARδ, perhaps protective in nature, in embryonic neurons exposed to fatty acids from a fat‐rich diet and provide evidence for a mechanism contributing to differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on neurochemical systems involved in consummatory behavior.
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Our findings show that PPARδ in forebrain and hypothalamic neurons negatively regulates enkephalin (ENK), a peptide known to promote ingestive behavior. This inverse relationship is consistent with our additional findings, that a saturated (palmitic; PA) compared to a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic; OA) has a strong stimulatory effect on ENK and weak effect on PPARδ. These results suggest that PPARδ protects against the neuronal effects of fatty acids, which differentially affect neurochemical systems involved in ingestive behavior.
Locus coeruleus response to single‐prolonged stress and early intervention with intranasal neuropeptide Y
Authors: Sabban Esther L. , Laukova Marcela , Alaluf Lishay G. , Olsson Emelie , Serova Lidia I. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDysregulation of the central noradrenergic system is a core feature of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we examined molecular changes in locus coeruleus (LC) triggered by single‐prolonged stress (SPS) PTSD model at a time when behavioral symptoms are manifested, and the effect of early intervention with intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY). Immediately following SPS stressors, male SD rats were administered intranasal NPY (SPS/NPY) or vehicle (SPS/V). Seven days later, TH protein, but not mRNA, was elevated in LC only of the SPS/V group. Although 90% of TH positive cells expressed GR, its levels were unaltered. Compared to unstressed controls, LC of SPS/V, but not SPS/NPY, expressed less Y2 receptor mRNA with more CRHR1 mRNA in subset of animals, and elevated corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) in central nucleus of amygdala. Following testing for anxiety on elevated plus maze (EPM), there were significantly increased TH, DBH and NPY mRNAs in LC of SPS‐treated, but not previously unstressed animals. Their levels highly correlated with each other but not with behavioral features on EPM. Thus, SPS triggers long‐term noradrenergic activation and higher sensitivity to mild stressors, perhaps mediated by the up‐regulation influence of amygdalar CRH input and down‐regulation of Y2R presynaptic inhibition in LC. Results also demonstrate the therapeutic potential of early intervention with intranasal NPY for traumatic stress‐elicited noradrenergic impairments.
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Single‐prolonged stress (SPS)‐triggered long‐term changes in the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine (LC/NE) system with increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein and CRH receptor 1(CRHR1) mRNA and lower neuropeptide Y receptor 2 (Y2R) mRNA levels as well as elevated corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) that were prevented by early intervention with intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY). SPS treatment led to increased sensitivity of LC to mild stress of elevated plus maze (EPM), with elevated mRNA for NE biosynthetic enzymes in subset of animals.