bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topology of tree–mycorrhizal fungus interaction networks in xeric and mesic Douglas‐fir forests
Authors: Beiler Kevin J. , Simard Suzanne W. , Durall Daniel M. 
Published: February 2015

Summary

From the phytocentric perspective, a mycorrhizal network (MN) is formed when the roots of two or more plants are colonized by the same fungal genet. MNs can be modelled as interaction networks with plants as nodes and fungal genets as links. The potential effects of MNs on facilitation or competition between plants are increasingly recognized, but their network topologies remain largely unknown. This information is needed to understand the ecological significance of MN functional traits.

The objectives of this study were to describe the interaction network topologies of MNs formed between two ectomycorrhizal fungal species, Rhizopogon vesiculosus and R. vinicolor, and interior Douglas‐fir trees at the forest stand scale, identify factors leading to this structure and to contrast MN structures between forest plots with xeric versus mesic soil moisture regimes.

Tuberculate mycorrhizas were sampled in six 10 × 10 m plots with either xeric or mesic soil moisture regimes. Microsatellite DNA markers were used to identify tree and fungal genotypes isolated from mycorrhizas and for comparison with reference tree boles above‐ground.

In all six plots, trees and fungal genets were highly interconnected. Size asymmetries between different tree cohorts led to non‐random MN topologies, while differences in size and connectivity between Rhizopogon species‐specific subnetwork components contributed towards MN nestedness. Large mature trees acted as network hubs with a significantly higher node degree compared to smaller trees. MNs representing trees linked by R. vinicolor genets were mostly nested within larger, more highly connected R. vesiculosus‐linked MNs.

Attributes of network nodes showed that hub trees were more important to MN topology on xeric than mesic sites, but the emergent structures of MNs were similar in the two soil moisture regimes.

Synthesis. This study suggests MNs formed between interior Douglas‐fir trees and R. vesiculosus and R. vinicolor genets are resilient to the random loss of participants, and to soil water stress, but may be susceptible to the loss of large trees or fungal genets. Our results regarding the topology of MNs contribute to the understanding of forest stand dynamics and the resilience of forests to stress or disturbance.
Application of Cellulosic Nanofibers in Food Science Using Electrospinning and Its Potential Risk
Authors: Rezaei Atefe , Nasirpour Ali , Fathi Milad 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCellulose is the most abundant and a low‐cost biodegradable by‐product in the food and agricultural industries. Electrospun cellulosic nanofibers have remarkable physicochemical properties that make them attractive for many applications in the food sector. In this review, electrospinning is investigated as an easy method for producing nanofibers from polymers. Moreover, the most important applications of cellulosic nanofibers in food science are presented. These applications are (a) immobilization of bioactive substances such as enzymes, vitamins, and antimicrobials; (b) nutraceutical delivery systems and controlled release of materials; (c) as biosensors; (d) filtration; and (e) for reinforcing composites and in films. Finally, some potential risks of using electrospinning in food science are reviewed.
A Systematic Study to Understand the Effects of Particle Size Distribution of Magnetic Fingerprint Powders on Surfaces with Various Porosities
Authors: Gürbüz Serkan , Özmen Monkul Bahar , İpeksaç Tuğba , Gürtekin Seden Merve , Erol Melek 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis study intends to design magnetite (Fe3O4)‐based magnetic fingerprint powders with different particle size distributions. It also investigates the influence of particle size distribution on the visualization of latent fingermarks with as little background staining as possible on the surfaces with various porosities in a systematic way. Two strategies were used to prepare the magnetic fingerprint formulations for this study: milling of coarse magnetite particles for different durations, and mixing of sieved fine particles with different size ranges with coarse particles. Particle size analyses of the prepared magnetic powders, optical microscopy‐based roughness analysis of the surfaces and SEM measurements of the visualized fingerprints and representative powders were performed. Mag2 of the formulations prepared through milling and Mag5 and Mag6 of the formulations prepared through sieving and mixing were more successful in the development of latent prints than the rest of the solutions.
Sexual Dimorphism in Auricular Surface Projection and Postauricular Sulcus Morphology
Authors: Wescott Daniel J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe presence of an elevated auricular surface and a postauricular sulcus is presented in numerous reference books as osteological indicators of sex, but the validity of these traits has not been adequately evaluated. The ilia of 322 (181 male, 141 female) adults were examined, the auricular surface was scored as completely, partially, or nonelevated, and the postauricular sulcus was scored as present or absent. Complete elevation occurred almost exclusively in females (67% of females and 0.6% of males). The postauricular sulcus was present in 27% of males and 85% of females. When present, an elevated auricular surface is a reliable indicator that the individual is female. However, the absence of the trait is a less reliable indicator of sex. The postauricular sulcus is a moderately accurate estimator of sex.
Age distribution of emergency department presentations in Victoria
Authors: Freed Gary L , Gafforini Sarah , Carson Norman 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo describe patterns of ED utilisation over time, by patient age group and triage classification.MethodsSecondary analysis of data from all patients presenting to EDs in Victoria utilising the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD) for the years 2002–2013. The VEMD includes all hospitals in Victoria with 24 h EDs.ResultsThe absolute number of presentations to EDs in Victoria has grown by over 52% in the last 11 years. The triage categories of highest urgency (1–3) grew by 89% whereas the categories of lowest urgency (4–5) grew by 33%. Over this period, the 5 year age band with the greatest number of ED presentations has consistently been, by far, children 0–4 years of age. This age group has seen an increase of 29% in ED presentations overall with a >55% increase in Triage 1–3, and an increase of 16% in triage 4–5. For all age groups, there has been little change in the number of triage category 4–5 presentations since 2007/2008. However, for triage categories 1–3, there have been consistent increases in presentations across all age groups.ConclusionThe age range with the greatest absolute number of ED presentations in Victoria is children 0–4 years of age. This finding is consistent over time and across all triage classifications. The age range with the second highest absolute number of ED presentations is comprised of those 20–24 years of age. This is in contrast to the frequent public attention placed on the volume of ED presentations by the elderly.
Correlation between macular blood flow and central visual sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Murakami Yusuke , Ikeda Yasuhiro , Akiyama Masato , Fujiwara Kota , Yoshida Noriko , Nakatake Shunji , Notomi Shoji , Nabeshima Takahiro , Hisatomi Toshio , Enaida Hiroshi , Ishibashi Tatsuro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the changes in macular blood flow and the correlation between those changes and central visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).MethodsThe mean blur rate (MBR), a quantitative blurring index of the laser speckle pattern that represents retinal and choroidal blood flow, was measured by laser speckle flowgraphy. Mean blur rate values in the macular area were compared between 70 patients with RP and 28 control subjects. The relationships between MBR on the one hand and, on the other, visual acuity (VA), mean deviation (MD) and averaged macular sensitivity of static perimetry tests (Humphrey Filed Analyzer, the central 10‐2 program) were analysed in patients with RP.ResultsMacular MBR was decreased to 75% in patients with RP compared with control subjects (p < 0.0001, Student's t‐test). Spearman's rank testing showed that macular MBR was significantly correlated with VA (r = −0.261, p = 0.0299), MD values (r = 0.438, p = 0.0002) and averaged macular sensitivity at the central 4 and 12 points of static perimetry tests (r = 0.426 and 0.442, p = 0.0003 and 0.0002, respectively). Multivariable‐adjusted analysis confirmed that MBR was independently associated with MD (p = 0.0002) and macular sensitivity at the central 4 and 12 points (p < 0.0001 and 0.0002, respectively).ConclusionsDecreased macular blood flow was associated with reduced macular visual sensitivity in patients with RP. Although the cause–effect relationships remain to be elucidated, these findings suggest that vascular defects may be involved in the pathogenesis of RP such as central vision loss.
Expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 in Human Foetal Tissues and its Correlation with Nuclear Receptors
Authors: Betts Stina , Björkhem‐Bergman Linda , Rane Anders , Ekström Lena 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPrevious reports have suggested that the nuclear receptors vitamin D receptor (VDR), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are involved in the regulation of the drug‐metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 expression in adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene expression of CYP3A4 and the foetal CYP3A7 in human foetal tissues and their relation to gene expression and genetic variations in the nuclear receptors VDR, PPARα, PXR and CAR. We determined the relative expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 and these nuclear receptors in foetal livers, intestines and adrenals, using quantitative PCR. In addition, the expression of these enzymes was also analysed in adult liver. There was a high interindividual variability in CYP3A4 and CYP3A7, 49 times and 326 times, respectively. Both CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 had the highest expression in the liver. There were significant correlations (p < 0.001) between the nuclear receptors studied and the expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 in foetal liver, as well as the expression of CYP3A4 in foetal intestine. Polymorphisms in the VDR gene, rs1544410 and rs1523130 (TaqI), in the PXR gene, rs1523130, and in the PPARα gene, rs4253728, were not correlated with CYP3A4 or CYP3A7 expression. However, C‐homozygous individuals of the TaqI VDR polymorphism had 60% lower VDR gene expression (p < 0.05), than individuals carrying one or two T alleles. In conclusion, differences in the expression of nuclear receptors might determine the variability in CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 expression observed in foetal liver.
Rawlsian Justice and Palliative Care
Authors: Knight Carl , Albertsen Andreas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPalliative care serves both as an integrated part of treatment and as a last effort to care for those we cannot cure. The extent to which palliative care should be provided and our reasons for doing so have been curiously overlooked in the debate about distributive justice in health and healthcare. We argue that one prominent approach, the Rawlsian approach developed by Norman Daniels, is unable to provide such reasons and such care. This is because of a central feature in Daniels' account, namely that care should be provided to restore people's opportunities. Daniels' view is both unable to provide pain relief to those who need it as a supplement to treatment and, without justice‐based reasons to provide palliative care to those whose opportunities cannot be restored. We conclude that this makes Daniels' framework much less attractive.
A frame‐reflective discourse analysis of serious games
Authors: Mayer Igor , Warmelink Harald , Zhou Qiqi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe authors explore how framing theory and the method of frame‐reflective discourse analysis provide foundations for the emerging discipline of serious games (SGs) research. Starting withWittgenstein's language game andBerger andLuckmann's social constructivist view on science, the authors demonstrate why a definitional or taxonomic approach toSGs is problematic and unfruitful. UsingGoffman's frame analysis as an alternative, they construct four frames, with sample illustrations, demonstrating the different ways in which the utility of games for society, business and politics is considered. These areSGs as: (1) tool (therapy, drug), (2) innovation (economic utility), (3) persuasion (idea, belief) and (4) self‐organization (complexity). The frames are based upon different values and perceive different impacts of games in society, business and politics. The authors discuss the implications of their approach.
A spatio‐temporal contrast of the predatory impact of an invasive freshwater crustacean
Authors: Iacarella Josephine C. , Dick Jaimie T. A. , Ricciardi Anthony 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimImpacts of invasive species may vary across invasion gradients, owing to trait‐based sorting of individuals through dispersal: those aggregating at invasion fronts may be more aggressive and voracious. We examine, in the field and laboratory, variation in the predatory impacts of an invasive Ponto‐Caspian crustacean Hemimysis anomala G.O. Sars, 1907 at two sites along a spatio‐temporal gradient of invasion.LocationRepublic of Ireland.MethodsWe used reciprocal transplant field‐deployed mesocosms to compare predation rates of invasion front and well‐established H. anomala on natural zooplankton assemblages. In the laboratory, we measured the functional response (relationship between predation rate and prey supply) of H. anomala from both sites, for a per capita mechanistic comparison of predation efficiency. We also assessed prey selectivity of H. anomala in the mesocosm experiments to further compare feeding behaviour. Finally, we used a correlative approach to assess the community impact of H. anomala across sites, including a nearby uninvaded site, by comparing zooplankton diversities and densities.ResultsInvasion front H. anomala had higher predation rates than well‐established H. anomala at high in situ zooplankton densities. Invasion front H. anomala also had higher functional responses – in particular showing higher ‘attack rates’ – indicating a heightened ability to locate and capture prey. Prey selectivity was consistent across the spatio‐temporal contrast, with positive selection for cladocerans. Zooplankton diversity and density declined with time since H. anomala invasion, both being maximal at the uninvaded site.Main conclusionsOur study, for the first time, (1) reveals differences in predatory per capita effects and associated behavioural traits between two sites along a spatio‐temporal invasion gradient and (2) shows a negative community‐level impact of the invasive H. anomala in natural water bodies. Further spatio‐temporal comparisons of predatory per capita effects of invaders are needed to assess the generality of these results.
Plant diversity, soil biota and resistance to exotic invasion
Authors: Liao Huixuan , Luo Wenbo , Peng Shaolin , Callaway Ragan M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimHigh species richness at small spatial scales can increase productivity and resist exotic invasion through complementary and selection effects. Recent evidence also suggests that soil biota can drive the increase in productivity caused by high species richness. Here, we take this a step farther and investigate whether soil biota can also affect how high species richness resists invasion.LocationMissoula, Montana, USA.MethodsTen native grassland species were used to create plant assemblages with either one species (monocultures) or 10 species (polycultures) in a common garden. Soils cultured by these assemblages were collected and either sterilized or not to examine the combined effects of species richness and soil biota on the growth and competitive ability of the 10 native species against the invader Bromus tectorum.ResultsLive soil from monocultures inhibited the growth of all native species as a group and native grasses as a functional group more than live soil from polycultures. Sterilization eliminated the negative effects of soil from monocultures but not from polycultures. Native species also competed with B. tectorum more successfully in live soil from polycultures than live soil from monocultures, and sterilization eliminated the competitive advantage of natives in live polyculture soil.Main conclusionsWe found that local plant species richness can affect soil biota in ways that can increase the competitive effects of natives against an aggressive exotic invader; thus, our results suggest a mechanism by which species diversity might provide resistance to exotic invasion.
Presentation and management of acute coronary syndromes among adult persons with haemophilia: results of an international, retrospective, 10‐year survey
Authors: Fogarty P. F. , Mancuso M. E. , Kasthuri R. , Bidlingmaier C. , Chitlur M. , Gomez K. , Holme P. A. , James P. , Kruse‐Jarres R. , Mahlangu J. , Mingot‐Castellano M. E. , Soni A. ,   the Global Emerging HEmophilia Panel (GEHEP)
Published: February 2015

SummarySparse data are available on presentation and management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including unstable angina and non‐ST‐ and ST‐elevation myocardial infarction, among persons with haemophilia (PWH). The aim of this study was to determine demographics, bleeding disorder characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs), interventions, haemostatic protocol, revascularization outcomes and complications among PWH with ACS. Members of an international consortium comprising >2000 adult PWH retrospectively completed case report forms for episodes of ACS in a >10‐year follow‐up period (2003–2013). Twenty ACS episodes occurred among 19 patients [rate, 0.8% (95% CI 0.4, 1.2)]. Seven patients (37%) were aged <50 years; 10 (53%) had ≥3 CRFs. In 5/20 episodes (25%), the initial ACS management protocol was altered because of the bleeding disorder. None of the eight patients with severe haemophilia underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), compared with 54.5% of patients with non‐severe disease (P = 0.02). Revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or CABG was rated successful in 13/13 cases, with no excessive bleeding during initial management. During chronic exposure to antiplatelet agents, secondary haemophilia prophylaxis was more prevalent in patients with severe haemophilia compared with non‐severe haemophilia (85.7% vs. 30%, P = 0.05). No ACS‐related deaths occurred during initial management, but one patient with severe haemophilia A died of undetermined cause 36 months after the ACS event while on aspirin therapy. ACS occurs even among relatively younger PWH, typically in association with multiple CRFs. Revascularization with PCI/CABG is feasible, and antiplatelet agents plus secondary prophylaxis appears to be well tolerated in selected PWH with ACS.
Contraceptive options for HIV‐positive women: making evidence‐based, patient‐centred decisions
Authors: Sharma M , Walmsley SL 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesWomen of reproductive age represent a large proportion of the global population living with HIV/AIDS. With improvements in morbidity and mortality since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy, contraception and pregnancy planning are an increasingly important issue for women living with HIV. This review aims to outline the key considerations when choosing contraceptive methods in HIV‐positive women and provides a review of the literature to inform decision‐making.MethodsPubmed was searched using the terms ‘HIV’, ‘contraception’, ‘HIV progression’, ‘HIV acquisition’, ‘HIV transmission’ and the combination of ‘antiretroviral’ and ‘contraception’. Abstracts were reviewed and relevant articles were retrieved. Reference lists were also reviewed for pertinent citations.ResultsHIV and contraceptive methods can interact in several clinically meaningful ways. Concomitant use may result in altered contraceptive efficacy, drug−drug interactions, or increased toxicity. Hormonal contraceptives have not been shown to affect HIV progression. Notably, the impact of hormonal contraceptives on HIV transmission and acquisition remains unclear, particularly for injectable forms. Data are lacking on several newer methods of contraception including contraceptive rings, patches and intrauterine systems.ConclusionsEffective, reliable contraception is important for HIV‐positive women. Efficacy, toxicity, drug interactions, and potential impacts on HIV disease progression, transmission, and acquisition must be assessed when making clinical decisions.
An exploratory study of the views of community pharmacy staff on the management of patients with undiagnosed skin problems
Authors: Tucker Rod , Stewart Derek 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore pharmacist and medicine counter assistant (MCA) perceptions of community pharmacy management of patients presenting with symptomatic skin problems.

Methods
The study involved semi-structured telephone interviews with 10 pharmacists and 15 MCAs from seven pharmacies. Interviews focused on perceptions of their role in managing symptomatic skin problems and views on why people sought pharmacy advice and any barriers to management. Advice from the local ethics committee was that approval was not required for the study. We analysed the interviews using the framework approach.

Key finding
Pharmacists identified two key themes that defined their role; triage and reassurance. In contrast, MCAs defined their role as information gatherers and independent advisors. Themes identified by both pharmacists and MCAs relating to the use of pharmacy as a source of advice were convenience, the perceived non-serious nature of conditions and inaccessibility of the GP. Additionally, MCAs believed familiarity with the pharmacist was important. Both pharmacists and MCAs identified their lack of dermatological knowledge as a barrier with pharmacists reporting insufficient time to deal effectively with patients. MCAs identified the potential for misdiagnosis by pharmacists as another potential barrier.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that the role of pharmacists and MCAs is complementary; MCAs screen and provide the necessary information to pharmacists who then decide upon an appropriate course of action for the patient. Nevertheless, a major barrier to pharmacy-supported self-care of symptomatic skin problems is a perceived lack of knowledge and training in dermatology.
Moral distress in critical care nurses: a phenomenological study
Authors: Choe Kwisoon , Kang Youngmi , Park Youngrye 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo explore and understand moral distress from the perspective of and as experienced by critical care nurses in Korea.BackgroundThe concept of moral distress among critical care nurses must be more broadly explored using a qualitative approach.DesignGiorgi's phenomenological research approach was used.MethodsA purposive sampling was used to select 14 critical care nurses. In‐depth face‐to‐face interviews were performed in Korea from March 2012–December 2013.FindingsFive main themes of moral distress emerged: (1) ambivalence towards treatment and care (notably prioritizing work tasks over human dignity, unnecessary medical treatments and the compulsory application of restraints); (2) suffering resulting from a lack of ethical sensitivity; (3) dilemmas resulting from nurses' limited autonomy in treatments; (4) conflicts with physicians; and (5) conflicts with institutional policy.ConclusionStaff shortages are aggravated by high staff turnover caused by ethical suffering. The resulting lack of staff can, in turn, give rise to added ethical conflicts as part of a vicious circle, leading to decreased patient satisfaction.