bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Wood Product Trends in North American Nonresidential Buildings
Authors: Gaston Christopher W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
An exploratory Web survey was implemented in 2012 of 250 architects in North America that specialize in nonresidential building design. Approximately one-third of the respondents had used architectural elements defined as solid wood heavy timbers, glue-laminated timber, and other engineered beams or posts, which are visually exposed. These members can be structural or nonstructural.
Results showed that these visual wood products are used in virtually all types of nonresidential buildings and are growing in popularity. This coincides with an overall growth in popularity for wood interior finish in these buildings. It was also found that there is a link between the architectural elements and interior finish with a desire to match species, color, and character.
The use of wood as an architectural design element has gone a long way in North America in increasing its popularity in nonresidential construction, especially showcase public structures such as educational and recreational buildings. Because the nonresidential building sector has been identified as the sector with a large growth potential for wood, this trend is encouraging. Combined with advances in structural engineered products and building systems, improved engineering and architectural training in wood, and continued efforts to expand the allowance for wood solutions in the building codes, this may be an indication of potential increases in the use of wood products, both nonstructurally and structurally.
Forest Certification in Bolivia: A Status Report and Analysis of Stakeholder Perspectives
Authors: Espinoza Omar , Dockry Michael J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Forest certification systems are voluntary, market-based initiatives to promote the sustainable use of forests. The assumption is that consumers prefer sustainably sourced wood products. One of the major drivers for the creation of forest certification was to prevent deforestation in tropical forests. However, after 20 years of certification, only 10 percent of the global forest area is certified, mostly in temperate regions. Only 2 percent of tropical forests have been certified, and deforestation proceeds at alarming rates in those same areas. Africa and Latin America are the only regions with a net loss of forest area in the 2000 to 2010 decade. In this article, the status of forest certification is analyzed, and challenges and opportunities are evaluated using the case of Bolivia. After an initial period of successful implementation of certification, the area of Bolivian forest under certification has fallen sharply, and deforestation has actually increased in the 2000 to 2010 period, compared with the previous decade. This research uses qualitative research methods to uncover the reasons for the rapid initial growth of certification in Bolivia, its subsequent decline, and prospects for the future of certification in this South American country from the perspectives of people living and working in Bolivia's forestry sector. Participants concurred that a strong regulatory framework and international support were key factors to the initial success of certification in Bolivia. Benefits from certification commonly cited were improvement in the standard of living of timber-reliant communities, better markets for certified products, and an improvement in the image of the forest products industry.
Automatic Extraction of Figures from Scientific Publications in High-Energy Physics
Authors: Praczyk Piotr Adam , Nogueras-Iso Javier 
Published: January 2014

Plots and figures play an important role in the process of understanding a scientificpublication, providing overviews of large amounts of data or ideas that are difficult to in-tuitively present using only the text. State of art in digital libraries, serving as gatewaysto knowledge encoded in scholarly writings, does not take full advantage of the graphicalcontent of documents. Enabling machines to automatically unlock the meaning of scien-tific illustrations would allow immense improvements in the way scientists work and theknowledge is being processed. In this paper we present a novel solution for the initial problem of processing graphicalcontent, obtaining figures from scholarly publications stored in PDF format. Our methodrelies on vector properties of documents and as such, does not introduce additional errors,characteristic for methods based on raster image processing. Emphasis has been placed oncorrectly processing documents in High Energy Physics. The described approach makesdistinction between different classes of objects appearing in PDF documents and usesspatial clustering techniques to group objects into larger logical entities. A number ofheuristics allow the rejection of incorrect figure candidates and the extraction of differenttypes of metadata.
That Was Then, This Is Now: Replacing the Mobile-Optimized Site with Responsive Design
Authors: Bridges Laurie M. , Rempel Hannah Gashco 
Published: January 2014

As mobile technologies continue to evolve, libraries seek sustainable ways to keep up with these changes and to best serve our users. Previous library mobile usability research has examined tasks users predict they might be likely to perform, but little is known about what users actually do on a mobile-optimized library site. This research used a combination of survey methodology and web analytics to examine what tasks users actually carry out on a library mobile site. The results indicate that users perform an array of passive and active tasks and do not want content choices to be limited on mobile devices. Responsive design is described as a long-term solution for addressing both designers and users’ needs.
Le « tout inclus » : contrôle du risque et de la durabilité
Authors: Giobbi Laura 
Published: January 2014

Dans l’actuelle société postmoderne, les nombreuses options de consommation, la possibilité pour les individus de construire leurs propres biographies en suivant l’impulsion individualiste sans les contraintes de la société traditionnelle, ont inévitablement une incidence sur la pratique du tourisme. Le tourisme contemporain, dit post-tourisme, est aujourd’hui segmenté, flexible et offert sur mesure en fonction des souhaits individuels. Ainsi, la pratique du tourisme « tout inclus » est une variation postmoderne du tourisme de masse, dont les origines dans les années 1920 étaient liées à la sécurité des transports et de l’hôtellerie dans la pratique du tourisme. Cet article illustre comment, dans la période actuelle, le tout inclus prend une signification différente qui répond au climat d’incertitude qui entoure l’individu postmoderne au niveau individuel et collectif. Pleinement conscient de son statut ludique, en payant le voyagiste, le touriste du tout inclus obtient un séjour contrôlé et planifié qui lui permet de vivre une expérience sans risque mais qui rend difficile, en retour, une véritable connaissance mutuelle entre les peuples.
En soulevant les questions liées aux problèmes et paradoxes du tout inclus, cet article questionne la durabilité du concept.
Ash from Changbaishan Millennium eruption recorded in Greenland ice: Implications for determining the eruption's timing and impact
Authors: Sun Chunqing , Plunkett Gill , Liu Jiaqi , Zhao Hongli , Sigl Michael , McConnell Joseph R. , Pilcher Jonathan R. , Vinther Bo , Steffensen J. P. , Hall Valerie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMajor volcanic eruptions can impact on global climate by injecting large quantities of aerosols and ash into the atmosphere that alter the radiative balance and chemical equilibrium of the stratosphere. The Millennium eruption of Tianchi (Paektu), China/North Korea, was one of the largest Late Holocene eruptions. Uncertainty about the precise timing of the eruption has hindered the recognition of its climate impact in palaeoclimate and historical records. Here we report the compelling identification of the eruption's volcanic signal in Greenland ice cores through the association of geochemically characterized volcanic glass, represented in by bimodal populations that compare with proximal material from the source eruption. The eruption most probably occurred in the A.D. 940s, 7 years after the Eldgjá eruption on Iceland. We examine the eruption's potential for climate forcing using the sulfate records from the ice cores and conclude that it was unlikely to have had a global or extraregional impact.
The effect of a guide field on the structures of magnetic islands formed during multiple X line reconnections: Two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations
Authors: Huang Can , Lu Quanming , Lu San , Wang Peiran , Wang Shui 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA magnetic island plays an important role in magnetic reconnection. In this paper, using a series of two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations, we investigate the magnetic structures of a magnetic island formed during multiple X line magnetic reconnections, considering the effects of the guide field in symmetric and asymmetric current sheets. In a symmetric current sheet, the current in the x direction forms a tripolar structure inside a magnetic island during antiparallel reconnection, which results in a quadrupole structure of the out‐of‐plane magnetic field. With the increase of the guide field, the symmetry of both the current system and out‐of‐plane magnetic field inside the magnetic island is distorted. When the guide field is sufficiently strong, the current forms a ring along the magnetic field lines inside a magnetic island. At the same time, the current carried by the energetic electrons accelerated in the vicinity of the X lines forms another ring at the edge of the magnetic island. Such a dual‐ring current system enhances the out‐of‐plane magnetic field inside the magnetic island with a dip in the center of the magnetic island. In an asymmetric current sheet, when there is no guide field, electrons flow toward the X lines along the separatrices from the side with a higher density and are then directed away from the X lines along the separatrices to the side with a lower density. The formed current results in the enhancement of the out‐of‐plane magnetic field at one end of the magnetic island and the attenuation at the other end. With the increase of the guide field, the structures of both the current system and the out‐of‐plane magnetic field are distorted.
The 17 May 2012 M4.8 earthquake near Timpson, East Texas: An event possibly triggered by fluid injection
Authors: Frohlich Cliff , Ellsworth William , Brown Wesley A. , Brunt Michael , Luetgert Jim , MacDonald Tim , Walter Steve 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study summarizes our investigation of the 17 May 2012 MW‐RMT4.8 earthquake near Timpson, Texas, the largest earthquake recorded historically in eastern Texas. To identify preshocks and aftershocks of the 17 May event we examined the arrivals recorded at Nacogdoches (NATX) 30 km from the 17 May epicenter, at nearby USArray Transportable Array stations, and at eight temporary stations deployed between 26 May 2012 and mid‐2013. At NATX we identified seven preshocks, the earliest occurring in April 2008. Reliably located aftershocks recorded by the temporary stations lie along a 6 km long NW‐SE linear trend corresponding to a previously mapped basement fault that extends across the highest‐intensity (MMI VII) region of the 17 May main shock. Earthquakes in this sequence are relatively shallow—with focal depths ranging from 1.6 to 4.6 km. Evidence supporting these depths include: hypocentral locations of exceptionally well‐recorded aftershocks, S‐P intervals at the nearest stations, and comparisons of synthetics and observed seismograms. Within 3 km of the linear trend of aftershock activity there are two Class II injection disposal wells injecting at 1.9 km depth beginning in August 2006 and February 2007, with injection rates averaging 42,750 m3/mo and 15,600 m3/mo, respectively. Several observations support the hypothesis that fluid injection triggered the Timpson sequence: well‐located epicenters are situated near a mapped basement fault and near high‐volume injection wells, focal depths are at or below the depths of injection, and the earliest preshock (April 2008) occurred after the onset of injection in 2006.
Oligocene clockwise rotations along the eastern Pamir: Tectonic and paleogeographic implications
Authors: Bosboom Roderic , Dupont‐Nivet Guillaume , Huang Wentao , Yang Wei , Guo ZhaoJie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDespite the importance of the Pamir range in controlling Asian paleoenvironments and land‐sea paleogeography, its tectonic evolution remains poorly constrained in time and space, hindering its potential for understanding deep to surface processes. We provide here new constraints on vertical‐axis tectonic rotations from the southwest Tarim Basin along the eastern flank of the Pamir arcuate range based on paleomagnetic results. Two well‐dated Eocene to Oligocene sections, previously analyzed using biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, yield consistently clockwise rotations of 21.6 ± 4.2° in 41 to 36 Ma strata then 17.1 ± 6.5° in 33 to 28 Ma strata at the Aertashi section and 14.2 ± 11.5° in 41 to 40 Ma strata at the Kezi section. Combined with a regional review of existing paleomagnetic studies, these results indicate that most of the clockwise rotations along the eastern Pamir occurred during Oligocene times and did not extend systematically and regionally into the Tarim Basin. In contrast, on the western flank of the Pamir tectonic rotations in Cretaceous to Neogene strata are regionally extensive and systematically counterclockwise throughout the Afghan‐Tajik Basin. This timing and pattern of rotations is consistent with paleogeographic reconstructions of the regional sea retreat out of Central Asia and supports a two‐stage kinematic model: (1) symmetric rotations of either flanks of the Pamir arcuate range until Oligocene times followed by (2) continued rotations on its western flank associated with radial thrusting and, along the eastern flank, no further rotations due to decoupled transfer slip starting in the Early Miocene.
Cucurbit[7]uril⋅Guest Pair with an Attomolar Dissociation Constant
Authors: Cao Liping , Šekutor Marina , Zavalij Peter Y. , Mlinarić‐Majerski Kata , Glaser Robert , Isaacs Lyle 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHost⋅guest complexes between cucurbit[7] (CB[7]) or CB[8] and diamantane diammonium ion guests 3 or 6 were studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. 1H NMR competition experiments revealed that CB[7]⋅6 is among the tightest monovalent non‐covalent complexes ever reported in water with Ka=7.2×1017 M−1 in pure D2O and 1.9×1015 M−1 in D2O buffered with NaO2CCD3 (50 mM). The crystal structure of CB[7]⋅6 allowed us to identify some of the structural features responsible for the ultratight binding, including the distance between the NMe3+ groups of 6 (7.78 Å), which allows it to establish 14 optimal ion‐dipole interactions with CB[7], the complementarity of the convex van der Waals surface contours of 6 with the corresponding concave surfaces of CB[7], desolvation of the CO portals within the CB[7]⋅6 complex, and the co‐linearity of the C7 axis of CB[7] with the N+⋅⋅⋅N+ line in 6. This work further blurs the lines of distinction between natural and synthetic receptors.
Using mathcad to simplify uncertainty computations in a laboratory course
Authors: Fumo Nelson 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTNumeric experimental results are completely specified when accompanied by a quantitative magnitude of its uncertainty. Mechanical Engineering (ME) students at The University of Texas at Tyler, and in most of the ME programs, are introduced to experimental uncertainty through laboratory courses. In both laboratory activities and experiments, for variables not measured, results are obtained with the use of a data reduction equation (DRE). The DRE defines the relationship between the result of unmeasured variables and the measured variables, which is also used to estimate the uncertainty of the result (the unmeasured variable). The uncertainty of the result is estimated by applying a propagation of uncertainty approach that requires the implementation of partial derivatives on the DRE. If the DRE is complicated, the partial derivatives are quite difficult to perform. Therefore, Mathcad can be used as a tool to simplify the computations needed to estimate uncertainties. This paper illustrates the use of Mathcad to perform and simplify uncertainty computations for college laboratory activities and experiments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:250–257, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21593
On‐street smart parking networks at a fraction of their cost: performance analysis of a sampling approach
Authors: Evenepoel S. , Van Ooteghem J. , Verbrugge S. , Colle D. , Pickavet M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTParking spot monitoring can be used for various smart parking applications. One particular use is detecting the city wide occupancy level of the parking spaces and redirecting cars accordingly to reduce congestion. The practice of monitoring parking spots is already widespread in modern off‐street parking lots. However, a large fraction of a city's parking capacity still stems from on‐street parking spots. These aren't yet monitored as commonly. This can be explained by higher deployment costs for on‐street implementations.In light of improving the adoption of on‐street parking spot monitoring, this paper evaluates a novel approach to reduce these deployment costs. The idea is to provide sensor readings on only a fraction of the parking spots and use extrapolation to calculate city wide saturation levels. This reduces the number of sensors that has to be installed and consequently lowers the network cost.A probabilistic model and corresponding performance measure were built to quantify the reliability of a sensor network that implements this approach. Dependent on the number of sensors deployed, the estimated saturation levels might be subject to extrapolation errors. An analysis of several deployments scenarios with decreasing numbers of sensors shows that significant cost reductions (up to a factor 30) are obtainable whilst retaining sufficient performance.These results exceed cost reductions obtained by alternative approaches where a switch is made from roadside to vehicle mounted sensors for monitoring parking spots. An additional comparative advantage of our approach is the reduced dependency on vehicles equipped with vehicle‐to‐vehicle or vehicle‐to‐environment communication units. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An immersed boundary method for simulation of inviscid compressible flows
Authors: Zhang Y. , Zhou C. H. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, an immersed boundary method for simulating inviscid compressible flows governed by Euler equations is presented. All the mesh points are classified as interior computed points, immersed boundary points (interior points closest to the solid boundary), and exterior points that are blanked out of computation. The flow variables at an immersed boundary point are determined via the approximate form of solution in the direction normal to the wall boundary. The normal velocity is evaluated by applying the no‐penetration boundary condition, and therefore, the influence of solid wall in the inviscid flow is taken into account. The pressure is computed with the local simplified momentum equation, and the density and the tangential velocity are evaluated by using the constant‐entropy relation and the constant‐total‐enthalpy relation, respectively. With a local coordinate system, the present method has been extended easily to the three‐dimensional case. The present work is the first endeavor to extend the idea of hybrid Cartesian/immersed boundary approach to compressible inviscid flows. The tedious task of handling multi‐valued points can be eliminated, and the overshoot resulting from the extrapolation for the evaluation of flow variables at exterior points can also be avoided. In order to validate the present method, inviscid compressible flows over fixed and moving bodies have been simulated. All the obtained numerical results show good agreement with available data in the literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a golden angle radial sequence (GOLD) for abdominal T1 mapping during free breathing: Demonstrating clinical feasibility for quantifying gastric secretion and emptying
Authors: Curcic Jelena , Sauter Matthias , Schwizer Werner , Fried Michael , Boesiger Peter , Steingoetter Andreas 
Published: January 2014

PurposeTo validate a magnetic resonance imaging sequence suitable for quantitative assessment of acid suppression by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) on gastric secretion and emptying in clinical practice.MethodsA golden angle radial sequence (GOLD) was validated in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical feasibility was shown in two studies. The impact of free breathing and image plane orientation on T1 values was evaluated in a controlled in vivo experiment. The free‐breathing GOLD sequence was compared against a standard breath‐hold gradient echo sequence for gastric half emptying time in 23 subjects during a gastric emptying study. Pilot data from five subjects assessed the sensitivity of the GOLD sequence to detect changes in acid secretion volume produced by PPI treatment.ResultsThe coronal free‐breathing GOLD sequence and the axial breath‐hold standard gradient echo sequence showed good agreement of the gastric half emptying time (6 ± 3 min, P = 0.053). The GOLD sequence demonstrated sensitivity to reduction of gastric secretion volumes induced by PPI treatment (55 ± 5 mL, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe GOLD sequence allowed for free breathing, multislice, combined imaging and T1 mapping of the stomach content. GOLD presents a promising multipurpose, noninvasive imaging tool for monitoring gastric function in clinical studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:157–164. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postharvest physiology and technology of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit
Authors: Pareek Sunil , Benkeblia Noureddine , Janick Jules , Cao Shifeng , Yahia Elhadi M 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLoquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a subtropical evergreen tree whose fruit is consumed both fresh and processed. Loquat fruit is a good source of minerals and carotenoids, while the kernel is rich in protein and carbohydrates. It has been considered a non‐climacteric fruit, but there is evidence that some cultivars have a ripening pattern similar to that of climacteric fruits. The fruit has a short postharvest life at ambient temperatures and is susceptible to physical and mechanical damage, loss of moisture and nutrients, and decay. Low‐temperature storage extends the shelf life of loquat fruit, but some cultivars are severely affected by chilling injury and flesh browning during cold storage. Purple spot, browning and leatheriness are major postharvest disorders. The shelf life of loquat can be extended by modified or controlled atmosphere storage as well as by postharvest treatment with 1‐methyl cyclopropene or methyl jasmonate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry