bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strained fermented milks – A review of existing legislative provisions, survey of nutritional labelling of commercial products in selected markets and terminology of products in some selected countries
Authors: Tamime Adnan Y , Hickey Michael , Muir David D 
Published: July 2014

A survey of the information contained in the labels of 109 commercial concentrated fermented milks from the Eastern Mediterranean, Australasia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America and Canada plus Skyr (from Iceland), Ymer (from Denmark) and Chakka (from India) was carried out in late 2012 and early 2013. There were substantial differences in composition. The carbohydrate, fat and protein contents ranged between 1–12, 0–20 and 3.3–11 g/100 g, respectively. Considering the compositional data of the product and existing legislative provisions, a typical strained product should have a protein content of ≥8 g/100 and ~5 g/100 g of carbohydrates, and it would be appropriate to name such products as ‘strained yoghurt’, ‘Greek strained yoghurt’ and/or ‘Labneh’. A higher content of carbohydrate would suggest that the product was made using the product formulation method (i.e. without straining the fermentate), or the milk base had been fortified with skimmed milk before straining the fermentate to enhance the yield of the product, and such products should be known, for example, as ‘Greek‐style yoghurt’. It was also observed in some of the samples that the nomenclature of the starter cultures did not conform to recommendations of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS). Manufacturers could address such issues to minimise consumer confusion.
Standardized Descriptive Method for the Anthropological Evaluation of Pediatric Skull Fractures
Authors: Wiersema Jason M. , Love Jennifer C. , Derrick Sharon M. , Pinto Deborrah C. , Donaruma‐Kwoh Marcella , Greeley Christopher S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe literature pertaining to pediatric skull fracture is primarily clinically based and thus motivated by the need for effective assessment of both fracture characteristics (type, frequency, location, and mechanics) and context (severity of injury, associated soft tissue damage, and prognosis). From a strictly descriptive standpoint, these schemas employ overlapping levels of detail that confound the nonclinical description of fractures in the forensic context. For this reason, application of these schemas in the forensic anthropological interpretation of skull fractures is inappropriate. We argue that forensic anthropological interpretation of skull fractures requires a standard classification system that reflects fracture morphology alone, and we suggest a three‐stepped classification system that conveys increasing detail with each additional step. A retrospective application of the method to a sample of 31 children aged 1 month to 2 years demonstrated its efficacy in the description of pediatric skull fractures.
Radiocarbon Analysis of Human Remains: A Review of Forensic Applications
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRadiocarbon analysis of organic materials, with the comparison of values with those of the post‐1950 modern bomb curve, has proven useful in forensic science to help evaluate the antiquity of evidence. Applications are particularly helpful in the study of human remains, especially with those displaying advanced decomposition of soft tissues. Radiocarbon analysis can reveal if the remains relate to the modern, post‐1950 era and if so, also provide information needed to evaluate the death and birth date. Sample selection and interpretation of results must be guided by knowledge of the formation and remodeling of different human tissues, as well as contextual information and the approximate age at death of the individual represented. Dental enamel does not remodel and thus captures dietary radiocarbon values at the time of juvenile formation. Most other human tissues do remodel but at differing rates and therefore collectively offer key information relative to the estimation of the death date.
The Spacing Effect in Children's Generalization of Knowledge: Allowing Children Time to Forget Promotes Their Ability to Learn
Authors: Vlach Haley A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDistributing learning events in time promotes memory to a greater degree than massing learning together in immediate succession, a phenomenon known as the spacing effect. In this article, I review research on the spacing effect in children's acquisition and generalization of conceptual knowledge. For decades, researchers hypothesized that spaced learning should deter generalization because the forgetting that occurs between learning events limits children's ability to retrieve prior learning. However, new research suggests that spaced learning promotes children's generalization and implicates forgetting as the mechanism that supports, rather than deters, children's generalization. This work counters the intuitive assumption that forgetting uniformly constrains children's learning, suggesting instead that forgetting is a domain‐general process that promotes cognitive development.
Over 1000 Aluminium Cans for Forty Dollars: The Provisioning Contributions of Older Children from the Perspectives of Welfare‐Reliant Lone Mothers
Authors: Liegghio Maria 
Published: July 2014

In this article, as a child and family mental health therapist, I connect the feminist concept of ‘provisioning’ and the experiences of ‘young carers’ to critically examine the family care contributions made by older children living in poverty. I present the findings of a qualitative study consisting of two focus groups in which ten (n = 10) welfare‐reliant lone mothers living inToronto,Canada described the nature and significance of the contributions made by their older children (11–17 years old) to help their families ‘make ends meet’. Using grounded theory, two main categories emerged: (1) the nature of the provisioning by older children, and (2) the significance of the contributions. The implications of the findings suggest that mental health approaches with older children living in poverty inappropriately misrepresent and pathologise their emotional distress and family contributions.
Big Data and Large Sample Size: A Cautionary Note on the Potential for Bias
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. , Chambers David A. , Glasgow Russell E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA number of commentaries have suggested that large studies are more reliable than smaller studies and there is a growing interest in the analysis of “big data” that integrates information from many thousands of persons and/or different data sources. We consider a variety of biases that are likely in the era of big data, including sampling error, measurement error, multiple comparisons errors, aggregation error, and errors associated with the systematic exclusion of information. Using examples from epidemiology, health services research, studies on determinants of health, and clinical trials, we conclude that it is necessary to exercise greater caution to be sure that big sample size does not lead to big inferential errors. Despite the advantages of big studies, large sample size can magnify the bias associated with error resulting from sampling or study design. Clin Trans Sci 2014; Volume #: 1–5
Leukemia inhibitor factor promotes functional recovery and oligodendrocyte survival in rat models of focal ischemia
Authors: Rowe Derrick D. , Collier Lisa A. , Seifert Hilary A. , Chapman Cortney B. , Leonardo Christopher C. , Willing Alison E. , Pennypacker Keith R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHuman umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells have shown efficacy in rodent models of focal ischemia and in vitro systems that recapitulate stroke conditions. One potential mechanism of protection is through secretion of soluble factors that protect neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs) from oxidative stress. To overcome practical issues with cellular therapies, identification of soluble factors released by HUCB and other stem cells may pave the way for treatment modalities that are safer for a larger percentage of stroke patients. Among these soluble factors is leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine that exerts pleiotropic effects on cell survival. Here, data show that LIF effectively reduced infarct volume, reduced white matter injury and improved functional outcomes when administered to rats following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. To further explore downstream signaling, primary oligodendrocyte cultures were exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation to mimic stroke conditions. LIF significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release from OLs, reduced superoxide dismutase activity and induced peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4) transcript. Additionally, the protective and antioxidant capacity of LIF was negated by both Akt inhibition and co‐incubation with Prdx4‐neutralising antibodies, establishing a role for the Akt signaling pathway and Prdx4‐mediated antioxidation in LIF protection.
Pheromone Blend Does not Explain Old Male Mating Advantage in a Butterfly
Authors: Kehl Tobias , Burmeister Martin F. W. T. , Donke Elisabeth , Köhn Nora A. K. , Metschke Katja , Pfender David , Karl Isabell , Fischer Klaus 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn several insect species, male mating success is higher in older than in younger males, although condition diminishes dramatically with age. Two hypotheses are under debate to explain the counterintuitive pattern of old male mating advantage: first, an increased eagerness of older males to mate, driven by their low residual reproductive value, and second female preference for older males based on chemical cues such as sex pheromones (female choice hypothesis). In a series of experiments, we manipulated female olfaction, male pheromone blend and female age to test whether old male mating advantage prevails when the influence of male sex pheromones is controlled for, using the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana as model. We found that older males had a higher mating success than younger ones irrespective of female scent‐sensitivity and irrespective of male pheromone blend. Interestingly, older males were found to court more often and for longer time bouts than younger males. These results were independent of female age, although younger males courted younger females more often and for longer bouts than older females. Taken together, our results indicate that male courtship activity (1) is higher in older compared to younger males and (2) increases the mating success of older males. Olfaction and sensing pheromones, in contrast, were not a necessary prerequisite for old male mating advantage to occur and may use other cues than pheromones to assess male quality.
Wheat germ agglutinin as a counterstain for immunofluorescence studies of equine hoof lamellae
Authors: Clark Robert K. , Galantino‐Homer Hannah L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEquine laminitis is a common, painful, debilitating condition of the hoof that is a leading cause of disability in horses, often necessitating euthanasia. The equine hoof represents an extreme evolutionary adaptation of an epidermal structure homologous to the human or murine nail units. Immunohistochemistry is frequently utilized in the study of the pathophysiology of laminitis. The complex, multilayered, extensively interdigitated epidermal–dermal lamellar interface renders precise interpretation of immunofluorescence localization difficult, especially when effective technique and reagents render non‐reactive tissues completely dark. Fluorescent‐conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) selectively labels dermal extracellular matrix fibres and epidermal cell membranes in tissue sections of horse hoof lamellae, is compatible with indirect immunofluorescence and augments interpretation of indirect immunofluorescence antigen localization. The current report details the use of WGA as a rapid, simple, economical counterstain for immunofluorescence studies of the equine hoof and may have application to other complex epidermal tissue structures.
Qualified doctor and medical students' use of resources for accessing information: what is used and why?
Authors: Brennan Nicola , Edwards Sarah , Kelly Narcie , Miller Alice , Harrower Lucy , Mattick Karen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundLearning to access information using resources such as books and search engines is an important and fast changing challenge for doctors and medical students. Many resources exist to support evidence‐based clinical decision‐making, but a wide range of factors influences their use.ObjectiveTo explore qualified doctor and medical students' use of resources for accessing information and to determine what is used and why.MethodsA stratified sample of 46 participants was recruited in Devon, UK. Participants kept a self‐report diary of resources used over a week. The diaries were then used to stimulate recall within a semi‐structured interview. Diary data were collated into tables of resource use. Qualitative data from the interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.ResultsMany resources were used by participants but typically for a short duration of time. Categories of reasons for accessing resources were ‘to check’, ‘to learn’ and ‘to demonstrate’. The two main factors influencing choice of information resource were ‘ease of access’ and ‘quality of information’. Students accessed more information, for a longer duration.Discussion & ConclusionResources must be quick to use, easy to access and tailored to the different purposes that they serve for qualified doctors and medical students.
Comparing Three Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods from an Endpoint Perspective
Authors: Weidema Bo P 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe impact assessment methods Eco‐Indicator 99 (H), Stepwise2006, and ReCiPe2008 (H) are compared with respect to the relative and absolute importance that they assign to the different mid‐point impact categories. The comparison is done by a common monetary valuation of the three endpoints that are common to the three methods: human well‐being, nature, and resources. Land use, global warming, and respiratory inorganic pollutants together make up between 86% and 97% of the overall impacts compared in all three methods. The overall monetarized impacts amount to 30%, 28%, and 165% of the gross domestic product (GDP), respectively. Resource depletion, land use, and global warming explain 99.5% of the positive deviation of ReCiPe2008, relative to the other two methods. The main causes for these differences are investigated and discussed, pointing to possibly questionable calculations and assumptions, for example, regarding the nonsubstitutability of resources and the very long relaxation time for transformed forestland in the relatively new ReCiPe2008 method, which leads us to recommend users to be cautious and critical when interpreting the results. Sensitivity analysis is made for other cultural perspectives and normalization references.
Prevention of Stroke in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Adams Robert J. 
Published: July 2014

Sickle cell anemia (SCD) is a disease characterized by abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) structure. There is a mutation in the beta-globin gene that changes the sixth amino acid from glutamic acid to valine causing the mutated hemoglobin (HbS) to polymerize reversibly when deoxygenated to form a gelatinous network of fibrous polymers that stiffen and distort the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. This leads to episodes of microvascular vasoocclusion and premature RBC destruction leading to hemolytic anemia. For reasons that are unclear, some children develop a large artery vasculopathy (gradual narrowing and ultimate occlusion causing deprivation of blood to the brain — a stroke in other words) involving the intracranial arteries supplying the brain.The risk of stroke for a child with SCD is many times greater than that of a healthy child without SCD or heart disease. There is a technique that allows the identification of the children with SCD who have high risk even within this relatively high-risk group. And there is a highly effective preventive treatment.
URBANIZATION AND URBAN SYSTEMS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Lu Ming , Wan Guanghua 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper provides a literature review on urbanization in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Research findings indicate that the PRC's urbanization is incomplete: its level of urbanization lags behind its industrialization and development status, and while there are too many small cities, the large cities are not large enough. This is mainly because of the institutional constraints exerted by the Hukou and land systems on labor mobility, which have led to segregation, efficiency loss, distortion in the urban system and adverse impacts on equity, as discussed in this study. Major policy recommendations are offered for removing the distortions and steering the PRC's urbanization onto an efficient and equitable path.
Comparison of the effects on glycaemic control and β‐cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients of treatment with exenatide, insulin or pioglitazone: a multicentre randomized parallel‐group trial (the CONFIDENCE study)
Authors: Xu W. , Bi Y. , Sun Z. , Li J. , Guo L. , Yang T. , Wu G. , Shi L. , Feng Z. , Qiu L. , Li Q. , Guo X. , Luo Z. , Lu J. , Shan Z. , Yang W. , Ji Q. , Yan L. , Li H. , Yu X. , Li S. , Zhou Z. , Lv X. , Liang Z. , Lin S. , Zeng L. , Yan J. , Ji L. , Weng J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveProgressive β‐cell dysfunction hinders the maintenance of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, but comparative data on β‐cell‐protective therapies are lacking in the early stage of type 2 diabetes. Here we evaluated the comparative glycaemic efficacy and impact on β‐cell function of three antihyperglycaemic agents that have a β‐cell‐protective effect, exenatide, insulin and pioglitazone, in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes.Design and methodsIn this 48‐week, multicentre, parallel‐group study, 416 patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned 1 : 1 : 1 to receive exenatide, insulin or pioglitazone. The primary end‐point was the change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline. Secondary end‐points included effects on weight, blood pressure, lipid profiles and β‐cell function assessed by homeostasis model assessment, fasting proinsulin:insulin (PI/I), disposition index (DI) and acute insulin response (AIR).ResultsAt week 48, mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] HbA1c changes from baseline were −1.8% (−1.55% to −2.05%) with exenatide, −1.7% (−1.52% to −1.96%) with insulin and −1.5% (−1.23% to −1.71%) with pioglitazone. Treatment differences were −0.20% (95% CI −0.46% to 0.06%) for exenatide versus insulin (P = 0.185), and −0.37% (95% CI −0.63% to −0.12%) for exenatide versus pioglitazone (P = 0.002). Significant improvements from baseline in AIR, PI/I and DI were observed with all treatments, with the greatest improvements in DI, as well as weight, blood pressure and lipid profile, observed with exenatide.ConclusionsAll three agents showed efficacy regarding glycaemic control and metabolic benefits; however, exenatide showed the greatest efficacy. β‐cell function improved in all treatment groups; hence, early initiation of β‐cell‐protective therapy may halt the decline in β‐cell function in type 2 diabetes.
Prediction of Long‐Term Outcome by Measurement of Serum Concentration of Cardiac Troponins in Critically Ill Dogs with Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Langhorn R. , Thawley V. , Oyama M.A. , King L.G. , Machen M.C. , Trafny D.J. , Willesen J.L. , Tarnow I. , Kjelgaard‐Hansen M. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundMyocardial injury, detected by cardiac troponin I and T (cTnI and cTnT), has been associated with long‐term death in the noncardiac human intensive care unit (ICU).HypothesisPresence of myocardial injury predicts 1‐year case fatality in critically ill dogs with systemic inflammation.AnimalsThirty‐eight dogs with evidence of systemic inflammation and no primary cardiac disease.MethodsProspective cohort study. In dogs admitted to the ICU with evidence of systemic inflammation, blood samples were obtained at ICU admission for measurement of cTnI and cTnT, and cTnI was measured once daily during ICU hospitalization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine prognostic capacity of admission cTnI, admission cTnT, and peak cTnI concentrations.ResultsOne‐year case fatality rate was 47% (18/38 dogs). Admission cTnI concentrations were (median [range]) 0.48 [0.004–141.50] ng/mL, and peak cTnI concentrations were 1.21 [0.021–141.50] ng/mL. Admission cTnT concentrations were 15 [<13–3744] ng/L. For each marker, non‐survivors had significantly higher concentrations than survivors (P = .0082–.038). ROC analyses revealed areas under curves [95% CI] of 0.707 [0.537–0.843] for peak cTnI and 0.739 [0.571–0.867] for admission cTnT, respectively. At the optimal cut‐off, concentrations were 1.17 ng/mL (peak cTnI) and 23 ng/L (admission cTnT), sensitivities were 72% and 72%, and specificities were 70% and 80%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWhile peak cTnI and admission cTnT are significantly related to 1‐year case fatality in critically ill dogs with systemic inflammation, low sensitivities and specificities prevent their prediction of long‐term outcome in individual patients. Troponins might play a role in identification of dogs at long‐term risk of death.
Flowering time QTL in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana and implications for their adaptive value
Authors: Dittmar Emily L. , Oakley Christopher G. , Ågren Jon , Schemske Douglas W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe genetic basis of phenotypic traits is of great interest to evolutionary biologists, but their contribution to adaptation in nature is often unknown. To determine the genetic architecture of flowering time in ecologically relevant conditions, we used a recombinant inbred line population created from two locally adapted populations of Arabidopsis thaliana from Sweden and Italy. Using these RILs, we identified flowering time QTL in growth chambers that mimicked the natural temperature and photoperiod variation across the growing season in each native environment. We also compared the genomic locations of flowering time QTL to those of fitness (total fruit number) QTL from a previous three‐year field study. Ten total flowering time QTL were found, and in all cases, the Italy genotype caused early flowering regardless of the conditions. Two QTL were consistent across chamber environments, and these had the largest effects on flowering time. Five of the fitness QTL colocalized with flowering time QTL found in the Italy conditions, and in each case, the local genotype was favoured. In contrast, just two flowering time QTL found in the Sweden conditions colocalized with fitness QTL and in only one case was the local genotype favoured. This implies that flowering time may be more important for adaptation in Italy than Sweden. Two candidate genes (FLC and VIN3) underlying the major flowering time QTL found in the current study are implicated in local adaptation.