bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHRONIC OILING AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE 1986 GALETA SPILL ON FRINGING MANGROVES
Authors: Garrity Stephen D. , Levings Sally C. , Burns Kathryn A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In April 1986, more than 50,000 barrels of crude oil spilled into Bahía las Minas on the central Caribbean coast of Panama, oiling reef flats, seagrasses, coral reefs and mangroves. In August 1986, we began a five-year study on the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) fringe and the plants and animals that live attached to submerged prop roots. This habitat forms an important part of nearshore, tropical nursery grounds. In three habitats (wave-washed open shores, channels and lagoons, and interior drainage streams), oil initially coated virtually the entire surface of submerged prop roots and sank more than 20 cm into sediments. Secondary re-oiling was heaviest in sheltered drainage streams where oil continuously leached from sediments, but also occurred on the open coast and in channels. Bivalves in channels and streams were heavily contaminated through at least May 1991. Results show this spill was a chronic source of oil contamination rather than a single point-source event.
The epibiota of submerged mangrove roots had not recovered completely in any habitat after five years. Independent of this reduction, the structure of the mangrove fringe significantly changed after oiling, including decreases in the amount of shore fringed with mangroves and in the density and size of submerged prop roots. Overall, the surface area on submerged mangrove roots decreased by 33 percent on the open coast, 38 percent in channels and 74 percent in streams. The combination of chronic re-oiling, damage to epibiotic assemblages, and reductions in the biogenic substrate (submerged prop roots) has decreased the productivity of this tropical nursery area and suggests recovery will be a complex and prolonged process.
HERRING PARASITE AND TISSUE ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL
Authors: Moles Adam D. , Rice Stanley D. , Okihiro Mark S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
We examined the intensity and prevalence of larval nematodes (Anisakis simplex,) and alterations in selected tissues of spawning Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) exposed to crude oil, in the laboratory under controlled conditions and in Prince William Sound 14 days after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In the laboratory, intensity and prevalence of nematodes in the body cavities of herring exposed to the water-soluble fraction of oil declined when exposed to doses above 1.2 mg/L total aromatics. In Prince William Sound, nematodes were rare in spawning herring from oiled sites and abundant among herring from areas outside the spill. Oil exposure apparently induced the nematodes to migrate from the body cavity to the body wall with the lower intensity reflecting a change in parasite location. A coccidian Eimeria clupearum was found in greater numbers in oil exposed herring.
To verify exposure effects and to link parasite and tissue alteration with oil exposure, histological examination was used. Liver coagulative necrosis indicated hepatotoxic exposure. Necrosis was followed by macrophage aggregation in the resolution phase. The laboratory exposures allowed confirmation of oil exposure in Prince William Sound and permitted analysis of effects on two internal parasites.
MEASURING EFFICACY OF BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS: MONITORING, OBSERVATIONS, AND LESSONS FROM THE APEX OIL SPILL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Mearns Alan J. , Roques Patrick , Henry Charles B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Bioremediation treatment and monitoring were observed at an oiled marsh in upper Galveston Bay, Texas, August 5 to 8, 1990, during response to the oil spill created by the collision of three Apex barges and the tanker Shinoussa. Samples of oil from treated and untreated sites were collected and independently analyzed for evidence of biodegradation. Required monitoring protocols for water and sediment quality and acquisition of samples for chemical analysis were expertly adhered to. Visual observations indicated that the treated oil experienced color changes. However, after several days there were no significant visual differences in oil appearance in treated and untreated plots. Chemical analyses from samples collected by observers (independent of the required monitoring program) indicated that there were also no apparent chemical differences in petroleum hydrocarbon patterns between treated and untreated plots. Water from one or both of two treated sites was toxic to mysid shrimp; it is possible that micronutrients (trace elements) in the nutrient mix may have contributed to that toxicity. Increased monitoring is needed to demonstrate the efficacy and effects of bioremediation.
EFFECTS OF SHORELINE TREATMENT METHODS ON INTERTIDAL BIOTA IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND
Authors: Lees Dennis C. , Houghton Jonathan P. , Driskell William B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several studies conducted in Prince William Sound during 1989 were directed at assessing short term biological effects of treatment methods considered or employed for treating oil contaminated beaches. The four treatment alternatives evaluated in this paper are: low pressure warm water wash (LP-WW); high pressure hot water wash (HP-HW); the dispersant Corexit 7664; and the beach cleaner Corexit 9580 M2. Effects on the biota were assessed primarily on the basis of changes in the abundance of dominant taxa and the magnitude of selected community attributes (such as percent cover by algae or animals, and number of taxa).
Significant reductions in one or more community or population attributes, and increases in the percent of dead mussels were observed in response to all types of treatment but the strongest and most consistent effects were observed following high pressure hot water treatment, which was also accompanied by heavy mortality in rockweed.
Generally, the programs were not designed to discriminate among the potential causes of damage. However, available data suggest that neither chemical nor LP-WW treatments caused significant thermal impacts in the intertidal biota. In contrast, temperature appeared to cause significant mortality in the dominant plants and grazing and filter-feeding animals in HP-HW treatment sites. Observations of displacement and mortality for clams and mussels suggest that physical effects may be substantial in some cases.
Of the types of treatment examined, dispersant and beach cleaner treatments appeared to be accompanied with the smallest number of significant changes in abundance; however, this conclusion is weak because the LP-WW wash accompanying chemical applications during the tests was sometimes less rigorous than when performed by itself. LP-WW treatment was accompanied by an intermediate level of changes whereas HP-HW treatment was accompanied with the highest percentage of changes, nearly all of which were decreases. Based upon long term surveys in the area, HP-HW treatment caused severe and persistent effects that remained conspicuous as late as July 1992. The long term consequences of dispersant and beach cleaner applications have not been evaluated.
DISTRIBUTION OF OIL FROM THE GULF WAR SPILL WITHIN INTERTIDAL HABITATS—ONE YEAR LATER
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline , Montello Todd M. , Al-Mansi Ahmed M. , Jensen John R. , Narumalani Sunil , Aurand Don V. , Al-Momen Abdul Halim , Thayer Gordon W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Results of a land-based intertidal survey of the impacts of the Gulf War oil spill on the Saudi Arabian coast, carried out from 1 March to 4 April 1992 in conjunction with Leg II of the NOAA ship Mt. Mitchell's ROPME Sea cruise, show that there is a striking correlation between the nearshore geomorphology and the persistence of intertidal oil. Significant quantities of oil (measured in millions of gallons) remained in the sediments of the sheltered tidal flat/marsh areas, and significant erosion of oiled sediments has occurred along many of the outer exposed areas.
A massive asphalt pavement, tens of meters wide and over 20 kilometers long, which is believed to have formed as a result of the Nowruz spill of 1983, occurs along the outer coast of the Abu Ali headland. Along certain other exposed outer sand beaches, conditions are conducive to the formation and preservation of a similar asphalt pavement as a result of the Gulf War spill.
The most severely impacted areas studied were several halophyte marsh/algal mat complexes and mudflats at the heads of sheltered bays, where all the halophytes were dead and there was no sign of living epibiota in the mid to upper intertidal areas. Before the spill, burrowing infauna, such as crabs and polychaetes, occurred in large numbers in these sheltered areas. The previously occupied burrows were heavily oiled, with some containing liquid black oil to depths of over 40 cm. The deep penetration of oil into the burrows and probable slow weathering rates of the oil could result in many years of pollution of these sheltered habitats.
The development of “bubble sand,” a sponge-like sand deposit with porosities probably as high as ± 50 percent, is a common phenomenon in the sheltered coarse-grained beaches and intertidal sand flats of the bays, covering hundreds of acres of intertidal area. The high porosity results from entrapment of air between the water table, which is lowered during low tide, and water flooding the sediment surface during rising tides. Depths of penetration of the oil into bubble sand exceeding 40 cm were found at several localities. This deep oil will also remain in the sediment for many years, because of the slow erosion rates that occur in these sheltered environments.
In most places, the oiling extended all the way to the low-tide line (the tidal range is 0.5 to 1.5 m), but, one year later, the oil in the lower intertidal areas was generally restricted to the tops of intertidal sand bars. Many of the unoiled topographic lows between the bars and other unoiled portions of the lower flats were rich in epifaunal and infaunal populations of invertebrates and plants. Shorebirds were observed feeding in these unoiled areas.
FIELD STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CLEANUP METHODS ON OILED SHORELINES
Authors: Owens E. H. , Gould J. R. , Lindstedt-Siva J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study identifies research needed to assess the ecological effects and efficiency of various spill cleanup methods for oiled salt marshes. This is part of a larger program with the goal of developing ecologically based cleanup methods for a variety of shoreline habitats using controlled shoreline oiling plus various cleanup methods, preceded and followed by ecological monitoring. The information provided by these experiments will strengthen the scientific base available to support decision makers during spills and provide a sound approach to spill response planners.
The first phase of the program has involved the design of a proposed experiment and selection of a site. A literature review has been completed as well as an evaluation of state and federal permitting procedures for experimental shoreline oiling. Development of the field study, which has yet to be implemented, included the following components.Identified a Spartina marsh as the priority habitat for the first phase of the programSelected a proposed experimental site in LouisianaProposed the treatment methods to be evaluated, such as flushing and vegetation cropping
Previous controlled oil spill experiments have provided valuable data on the effects and efficiency of different cleanup techniques in a variety of habitats. More can be learned by such experimental oilings, where pre-spill data, dosage, and pre- and post-spill monitoring are controlled, than it is possible to learn from studying spills of opportunity.
BIOREMEDIATION EFFECTIVENESS FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ SPILL
Authors: Bragg James R. , Prince Roger C. , Harner E. James , Atlas Ronald M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Statistical analyses of changes in the composition of oil residues remaining on beaches following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound have demonstrated that bioremediation was effective in accelerating oil removal. Extensive data were obtained in a joint bioremediation monitoring program conducted during the summer of 1990 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the State of Alaska, and Exxon. Composition changes in the oil relative to hopane, a trace oil component very resistant to biodegradation, provided the basis for accurately determining rates and extent of biodegradation. Results show that on fertilized beaches the rate of oil biodegradation was from three to more than five times faster than on adjacent, unfertilized control beaches. Further, most hydrocarbon components of the oil were biodegraded simultaneously, although at different rates. On one beach studied, about 60 percent of the total hydrocarbons detectable by gas chromatograph and 45 percent of the total PAH were biodegraded in three months.
Bioremediation effectiveness was determined to depend primarily on the amount of nitrogen fertilizer delivered to the sediment per unit of oil present, time, and the extent of oil degradation prior to fertilizer application. The results suggest ways to improve future bioremediation application strategies and monitoring.
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL UNDER A RANGE OF SHORELINE ENERGY LEVELS
Authors: Little David I. , Pritchard Robin W. , Smith Jan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent attention to bioremediation of stranded oil on shorelines has identified some of the conditions under which nutrient addition to oil may prove successful. However, relatively little is known of the interactions between substrate texture and natural biodegradation rates to determine the residual hydrocarbon content and composition.
The effects of varying shoreline energy levels on the balance of physical versus biological oil removal rates from a range of sediment substrates was investigated in a series of oil spill field experiments in southwest Britain. Two oil types (medium fuel oil mousse and lightly weathered Nigerian crude oil) were used on five shore types (coarse sand to salt marsh).
Hydrocarbons were determined in the sediment at intervals up to a year. Selected extracts were analysed by gas chromatography (aliphatics). In a further phase, the contribution to the removal process made by treatment of the stranded oil with chemical dispersant was assessed.
Results indicated that on shores where the most rapid physical removal occurred, biodegradation was minimal during the short time scale involved. On shores where oil persisted more than 20 days, biodegradation was more noticeable when oil concentration in the sediment was less than about 1 percent. These data show that physical processes (waves, tides, evaporation) remain the dominant removal mechanism across a range of shore types.
The use of chemical dispersant on stranded oil appeared to accelerate physical removal of oil, but may have slowed down biodegradation rates. It would seem, however, that the stage at which biodegradation becomes quantitatively important may be reached more quickly if shoreline countermeasures (including dispersant use) are successful in accelerating physical removal.
MONITORING FOR BIOREMEDIATION EFFICACY: THE MARROW MARSH EXPERIENCE
Authors: Nadeau Royal , Singhvi Rajeshmal , Ryabik John , Lin Yi-Hua , Syslo John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Response Team analyzed samples taken from Marrow Marsh, Galveston Bay, Texas, to assess the efficacy of a bioremediation effort in the marsh following the Apex barges spill on July 28, 1990. Samples from the marsh had been collected over a 96-hour period following the first application of the bioremediation agent and then 25 days after the second application, which occurred 8 days after the first. Results of sample analyses to evaluate changes in the chemical characteristics of spilled oil failed to show evidence of oil degradation during the 96 hours after the initial treatment, but did show evidence of degradation 25 days after the second treatment—although differences between samples from treated and untreated sites were not evident. Because control areas had not been maintained after the second application, contamination by the bioremediation agent of previously untreated (control) areas may have occurred, perhaps negating the possibility of detecting differences between treated and control areas. Better preparedness to implement bioremediation and conduct monitoring might have increased the effectiveness of the monitoring effort.
APPLICATION OF BIOSURFACTANT IN OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Juwarkar Asha , Babu P. Sudhakar , Mishra Kirti , Deshpande Megha 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Surfactants are surface active agents which reduce surface tension and interfacial tension between two immiscible phases and help in emulsification. Toxicity, nonbiodegradability, and limited structural types of chemical surfactants have initiated the need for effective substitutes. Biosurfactants, which are synthesized by specific microbial cultures, have surface active properties comparable to chemical surfactants. They are compounds that can help in oil spill cleanup operations without presenting the problems posed by chemical surfactants.
Two bacterial cultures were isolated from oil-contaminated soil and were used for biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants produced by the Bacillus licheniformis, BS1, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, BS2, in mineral media containing glucose as the carbon source belong to the class of lipoprotein and glycolipid, respectively. They were found to reduce the surface and interfacial tension of water and water-hexadecane systems from 72 dynes/cm and 40 dynes/cm to 28 to 30 dynes/cm and 1 to 3 dynes/cm, respectively. These results were comparable with chemical surfactants with respect to surface tension reduction (Slic Gone 34 dynes/cm and Castrol 30 dynes/cm). The low interfacial tension allows the formation of stable emulsion.
The two cultures were grown on different substrates, namely, glucose, mannitol, glycerol, hexadecane, oily sludge, and crude oil. Emulsion formation of hexadecane in water was tested with the cell-free broth containing biosurfactant from the respective substrate broths. Emulsions of 56 percent stability to 100 percent stability were obtained from these biosurfactant-containing broths. Both biosurfactants were able to emulsify crude oil.
A surfactant's ability to form a stable emulsion is the first step in oil spill cleanup. The emulsified oil can then be acted upon very easily by the microorganisms under study. Therefore, the biosurfactants produced by the microorganisms under study offer a good potential for use in oil spill cleanup.
A NEW LABORATORY METHOD FOR EVALUATING OIL SPILL DISPERSANTS
Authors: Becker Kenneth W. , Walsh Marjorie A. , Fiocco Robert J. , Curran Matthew T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new dispersant effectiveness test, named EXDET, was developed to address certain concerns associated with currently available laboratory dispersant effectiveness test procedures. This new procedure uses standard laboratory equipment (such as a Burrell Wrist-Action Shaker) and small volumes of water, oil, and chemical dispersant. Other features include the capabilities to mass balance the dispersed and non-dispersed oil, and to generate replicate data for statistical analysis. Details of the new procedure are presented and data at various test conditions illustrate features of the laboratory test method. Variables, such as dispersant/oil ratio, dispersant addition method, water salinity and oil/water ratio can readily be investigated for various crude oils and dispersants with the new method.
THE DETECTION OF OIL UNDER ICE BY PULSED ULTRAVIOLET FLUORESCENCE
Authors: Moir Michael E. , Yetman Deana C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
While detection of oil spills on water is relatively straightforward, spills under ice present a unique challenge. In this work, freshwater ice and synthetic sea ice was grown in a cold room. Crude oil was introduced under the ice and irradiated with 1 µs pulses of 360 nm ultraviolet radiation from a 10 MW Xenon flash lamp suspended above the ice. The returning fluorescence signal greater than 450 nm was measured with a simple, rugged photodiode detector. Calculations suggest that oil can be detected under freshwater ice and sea ice up to 100 cm and 80 cm thick respectively. Discontinuities in the ice limit the detectability of oil and even a modest snow covering defeats detection.
RESULTS FROM OIL SPILL RESPONSE RESEARCH—AN UPDATE
Authors: Tennyson Edward J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent large oil spills from tankers have reaffirmed the need for continuing technology assessment and research to improve oil spill response capabilities. This paper discusses Minerals Management Service concerns, as reinforced by the acceleration of its research program in 1990. It briefly assesses current state-of-the-art technology for major aspects of spill response, including remote sensing, open-ocean containment and recovery, in-situ burning, use of chemical treating agents, beachline cleanup, and oil behavior. Specific research projects have begun to yield information that will improve detection and at-sea equipment performance; current projects, include the development of an airborne laser-fluorosensor to determine whether apparent slicks contain oil. Additional projects involve the development of improved strategies for responding to oil in broken-ice conditions, for gaining an improved understanding of the fate and behavior of spilled oil as it affects response strategies, and for defining the capabilities of available dispersants and development of improved formulations. Recently progress has been made on the development of safe and environmentally acceptable strategies to burn spilled oil in situ. The Ohmsett facility has been reopened and will be used to test prospective improvements in chemical treating agents and to develop standard procedures for testing and evaluating response equipment. Results of research published since the last Oil Spill Conference are discussed.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISPERSANTS: VARIATION WITH ENERGY
Authors: Fingas M. F. , Kyle D. A. , Holmes J. B. , Tennyson E. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study of the relationship of dispersant effectiveness and mixing energy was performed. Energy was varied by changing the rotational speed of a specially designed apparatus. The effects of dispersant type and oil type were also measured. The stability of the resulting emulsions was gauged by measuring the amount of oil that remained in the water column over time.
The findings are that each oil-dispersant combination shows a unique threshold or onset of dispersion. The effectiveness goes up linearly with energy, expressed as flask rotational speed. Natural dispersion was also measured and shows behavior similar to that of chemical dispersion, except that the thresholds occur at a higher energy and effectiveness rises more slowly with increasing energy. Effectiveness (defined as the percentage of oil in the water column) rises rapidly to 80 to 90 percent with increasing energy for light oils treated with chemical dispersants. Heavier oils will disperse, but to lesser effectiveness values.