bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ice-core pollen record showing vegetation response to Late-glacial and Holocene climate changes at Nevado Sajama, Bolivia
Authors: Reese C.A. , Liu K.B. , Thompson L.G. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe present the results of pollen analysis performed on an ice core recovered from Nevado Sajama, Bolivia, dated to 25 ka BP. Low pollen concentrations from 25 to 15 ka BP are consistent with the scenario of an expanded ice cap surrounded by sparse vegetation and cold conditions on the Altiplano during the Last Glacial Maximum. After 15 ka BP, more pollen is present and percentages show vegetation response to climate fluctuations during the late Pleistocene. Initially, high concentrations of Poaceae pollen are replaced by Asteraceae pollen, suggesting the occurrence of dry conditions towards the end of the Bølling–Allerød/Guantiva interstadial. A deglacial climatic reversal is registered in the pollen record by an abrupt decline in Asteraceae and maximum percentages of Poaceae, indicating wet conditions during 14–12 ka BP. The climate changed abruptly to warm and dry after 12 ka BP, but vegetation remained in disequilibrium with climate until 10 ka BP. Pollen results indicate dry conditions at the beginning of the Holocene, with humidity increasing steadily until 8.5 ka BP. Decreased pollen concentration values (used as a moisture availability proxy) place the mid-Holocene dry period between 8 and 5 ka BP. This was followed by wetter conditions to the present day.
The morphology of supraglacial lake ogives
Authors: Darnell K.N. , Amundson J.M. , Cathles L.M. , MacAyeal D.R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSupraglacial lakes on grounded regions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets sometimes produce ‘lake ogives’ or banded structures that sweep downstream from the lakes. Using a variety of remote-sensing data, we demonstrate that lake ogives originate from supraglacial lakes that form each year in the same bedrock-fixed location near the equilibrium-line altitude. As the ice flows underneath one of these lakes, an ‘image’ of the lake is imprinted on the ice surface both by summer-season ablation and by superimposed ice (lake ice) formation. Ogives associated with a lake are sequenced in time, with the downstream ogives being the oldest, and with spatial separation equal to the local annual ice displacement. In addition, lake ogives can have decimeter- to meter-scale topographic relief, much like wave ogives that form below icefalls on alpine glaciers. Our observations highlight the fact that lake ogives, and other related surface features, are a consequence of hydrological processes in a bedrock-fixed reference frame. These features should arise naturally from physically based thermodynamic models of supraglacial water transport, and thus they may serve as fiducial features that help to test the performance of such models.
Ice cascade growth and decay: a thermodynamic approach
Authors: Gauthier F. , Montagnat M. , Weiss J. , Allard M. , Hétu B. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe ice volume evolution of a frozen waterfall (or ice cascade) was studied using a thermodynamic model. The model was developed from meteorological data collected in the vicinity of the waterfall and validated from ice volume measurements estimated from terrestrial lidar images. The ice cascade forms over a 45 m high rock wall located in northern Gaspésie, Québec, Canada. Two stages of formation were identified. During the first stage, the growth is mainly controlled by air convection around the flowing and free-falling water. The ice cascade growth rate increases with decreasing air temperature below 0°C and when the water flow reaches its lowest level. During the second stage, the ice cascade covers the entire rock-wall surface, water flow is isolated from the outside environment and ice volume increases asymptotically. Heat is evacuated from the water flow through the ice cover by conduction. The growth is controlled mainly by the conductive heat loss through the ice cover but also by the longwave radiation emitted at the ice surface during the night. In spring, melting of the ice cascade is dependent on the air convection over the ice surface but also on the sensible heat carried by the increasing water flow and the solar radiation received during the day.
Remaniements pulsionnels autour de la grossesse
Authors: Stern Sarah , Dupeyron Louise 
Published: June 2013

La grossesse est l’occasion de remaniements pulsionnels, quelle incidence cela a-t-il sur le Surmoi ? Si Freud a toujours considéré le Surmoi féminin immature, plus faible que chez le garçon, la clinique nous montre parfois au contraire des jeunes femmes en proie à des conflits d’une très vive intensité. À partir d’un cas clinique, les auteurs interrogent l’impact de la grossesse sur l’émergence d’un Surmoi féroce, sur la nature de ses impératifs, et ses liens avec l’œdipe. Enfin, on peut se demander ce qu’induisent les débordements pulsionnels contemporains de l’arrivée du bébé dans les institutions du champ de la périnatalité.
Troubles dans l'écriture
Authors: Melot Michel 
Published: June 2013

L’histoire de l’écriture n’est plus ce long fleuve tranquille qui prenait sa source à Sumer pour aller se jeter dans l’alphabet, loin du continent des idéogrammes chinois. Les écritures de l’image et du son, celles des calculs et des programmations, circulent à vive allure au large de la langue. L’écriture mécanique déjà s’émancipait du scribe ; mais qu’advient-il de l’écrivain, à l’ère des codes numériques que seuls savent lire les robots ?
Platon à l'époque victorienne contre l'idée de système
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: June 2013

On considère généralement que les deux grands platoniciens de l’ère victorienne – George Grote et Benjamin Jowett – ont défendu des perspectives opposées sur Platon. Tout ce que leurs lectures respectives ont de commun n’est pas moins important : une herméneutique « atomiste », en réaction contre toutes les tentatives de systématisation des Dialogues , et un mélange d’attention scrupuleuse portée à l’historicité des textes et d’insistance sur l’idée que donner sa place à Platon dans l’histoire de la philosophie et dans « l’échelle du progrès humain » fait partie de l’obligation qui incombe à l’historien
De l'homme démocratique à l'animal grégaire
Authors: Dixsaut Monique 
Published: June 2013

Ce n’est pas leur critique du régime démocratique qui rapproche Platon et Nietzsche mais un même diagnostic : la démocratie est l’avant-dernière étape d’une déchéance dont la dernière est la tyrannie. Un tel diagnostic ne se comprend qu’à la condition de rejeter les interprétations déterministes du livre VIII de la République et de faire appel aux concepts nietzschéens de généalogie, provenance ( Herkunft ), type. C’est ce même schème qui explique chez Platon le passage d’un extrême à l’autre – de l’homme démocratique au tyran – et qui chez Nietzsche annonce le destin de l’Européen moderne : son nihilisme passif engendrera un animal grégaire, un « dernier homme ».
RKIP Contributes to IFN-γ Synthesis by CD8+ T Cells after Serial TCR Triggering in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Wright Kyle T. , Vella Anthony T. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is associated with the development of severe medical complications, including progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and even death. To date, only marginal improvements in terms of therapeutic options have been established for patients affected by SIRS. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a regulator of MAPK and NF-κB signaling cascades, which are both critical for production of the proinflammatory cytokines responsible for SIRS initiation. By testing a T cell–dependent mouse model of SIRS that utilizes staphylococcal enterotoxin A specific for Vβ3+ T cells, we show that RKIP is necessary for the exaggerated production of IFN-γ from SIRS splenocytes. This effect was not due to differences in T cell expansion, IL-10 production, or APC priming, but rather a cell-intrinsic defect lying downstream of the TCR in staphylococcal enterotoxin A–specific CD8+ T cells. Importantly, mice lacking RKIP were still able to proliferate, survive, and contribute to cytokine production in response to pathogen associated molecular pattern-TLR–mediated stimuli, despite the TCR-dependent defects seen in our SIRS model. Finally, by blocking RKIP in wild-type SIRS splenocytes, the IFN-γ response by CD8+ Vβ3+ T cells was significantly diminished. These data suggest that RKIP may be a potential therapeutic target in SIRS by curbing effector cytokine production from CD8+ T cells during serial TCR triggering.
Palliative chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell cancer - What is best in Indian population? A time without symptoms, treatment toxicity score based study
Authors: Anuradha V , Anand B.B. , Suresh A. V. S. , Sinha Sudha , Babu S Chinna , Suresh K 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Background: Patients with recurrent and metastatic head and neck Squamous Cell Cancer (HNSCC) have poor prognosis with limited treatment options. In view of decimal prognosis, the treatment decision should include quality of life (QOL) issues, cost-effectiveness besides the response rates and survival. Aim: Present retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate efficacy (disease-free survival), pharmacoeconomics, and toxicity profile of four (4) different regimens, viz. gefitinib alone, gefitinib with methotrexate, methotrexate alone, or 5-FU with cisplatin. Materials and Methods: Case records between 2007 September and 2008 September were analyzed, 68 patients were found suitable for analysis. Patients received gefitinib (250 mg/day), methotrexate as 50 mg intramuscular weekly or a combination of the same or 5-FU 750 mg/m 2 /day for 4 days along with cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 /day on day 1 in 21-day cycle. Results: A total of 68 patients received therapy. Fifty-one patients have clinically meaningful response (stable disease + complete + partial responses) (75%) and had symptomatic improvement. The median progression-free survival was significantly superior in responders (those who achieved partial or complete response) (8.4 months vs. 3.1 months, P=0.001). Methotrexate with gefitinib had maximum median survival and better overall QOL compared to the other treatment regimens. Weekly methotrexate is relatively cost-effective followed by methotrexate with gefitinib and gefitinib alone. 5-FU with cisplatin in our experience does not appear so attractive in view of high complication rates (when given in full doses) and prolonged hospital stay. Conclusion: Based on the results of this retrospective analysis, methotrexate weekly as single agent or in combination with gefitinib appears as an attractive alternative regimen for patients with metastatic HNSCC including those having poor performance status. A prospective study was planned and submitted to the local ethics committee based on above results to validate these results and compare methotrexate and gefitinib arm with 5-FU + cisplatin.
Candida albicans endocarditis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A dreaded complication of intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Chaudhary Narendra , Vishwanath Manini , Pahuja Mohit , Borker Anupama 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Candida endocarditis is a rare entity during febrile neutropenia due to early introduction of empirical antifungal therapy. Early surgical intervention has diagnostic and therapeutic importance in Candida endocarditis. We report a case of Candida albicans endocarditis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on chemotherapy. The role of surgical intervention is discussed.
A cadeia de valores e as cinco forças competitivas como Metodologia de planejamento estratégico
Authors: Schiemer Vargas Katiuscia De Fátima , De Moura Gilnei Luiz , Bueno Daiane De Fátima dos Santos , Paim Eliane Suely Everling 
Published: June 2013

0 presente artigo tem o intuito de compreender as possíveis vantagens da utilização da cadeia de valores e das cinco forças competitivas, propostas por Porter (1990; 1992), na implementação do planejamento estratégico na área da saúde, mais especificamente no ramo comercial de farmácia {drogarias). Por isso, este estudo é: uma pesquisa descritiva quanto ao objetivo; qualitativa, quanto à análise; e de estudo de caso, quanto à estratégia de abordagem do problema. Nesse sentido, foram identificadas as seguintes vantagens inerentes à utilização da cadeia de valores como instrumento metodológico de planejamento estratégico: {i) sistema de identificação de pontos fortes e fracos de maneira objetiva e eficaz; {ii) subsídio para a formulação de estratégias dentro do planejamento condizentes com a realidade interna da organização; e {iii) percepção de possível compartilha- mento e envolvimento de ações e de informações em todas atividades – primárias e de apoio – da organiza- ção. Com relação à utilização das cinco forças competitivas, identificam-se como vantagens: {i) a identificação de vantagens competitivas; {ii) a exploração das vantagens competitivas identificadas; {iii) a identificação de oportunidades a serem vislumbradas pela organização; e {iv) a abordagem das ameaças ambientes, a fim de exercer a proatividade diante de possíveis mudanças ambientais. 0 estudo demonstra a fragilidade da empresa pelo desconhecimento tanto do ambiente interno quanto externo, das formas e procedimentos mínimos neces- sários para a gestão do empreendimento, manutenção e desenvolvimento deste. Sendo assim, considera-se que as devidas adequações, sem grandes investimentos, e considerando-se o longo prazo, desenham para a em- presa uma possibilidade ampla de desenvolvimento e de adequação aos fatores do ambiente mercadológico.
Basophils
Authors: Mukai K , Galli SJ 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBasophilic granulocytes or ‘basophils’ are a type of leucocyte (‘white blood cell’) that circulates in the blood. They are the rarest of the granulocytes (the others are neutrophils and eosinophils), usually representing less than 0.5% of leucocytes in the peripheral blood of humans or mice. Basophils can participate in the expression of acute and chronic and allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. Basophils also can contribute to resistance to internal parasites (such as helminths) and ectoparasites (such as ticks). At a steady state, upon leaving the bone marrow, basophils reside mainly in the peripheral blood but can migrate into tissues such as lymph nodes, skin and the lungs where they can play roles in regulating immune responses or in the pathogenesis of diseases. When they participate in allergic reactions or responses to parasites, basophils release histamine and many other biologically active molecules that can contribute to inflammation.Key Concepts:Basophils are the rarest granulocytes circulating in the peripheral blood.Basophils are increased during inflammatory responses such as certain types of skin inflammation, asthma or parasite infections, settings in which basophils may appear in the affected tissues.Basophils are activated when antigen‐specific IgE antibodies that may recognise antigens derived from parasites or from substances that cause allergies (such as ragweed allergens in subjects with hay fever induced by ragweed) that are bound to the basophils' high‐affinity IgE receptors (FcɛRI) encounter bi‐ or multivalent antigen recognised by that FcɛRI‐bound IgE.Basophils activated by IgE and antigen can help to induce the development of acute allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis to bee stings or peanut products, and also chronic allergic reactions, such as in asthma or atopic dermatitis.Basophils have common features with mast cells (which are normally located in the tissues, but, unlike basophils, are not normally present in the blood), and basophils and mast cells can play similar or overlapping roles, as well as have some distinct roles, in the induction of allergic diseases or in immune responses against parasites or ticks.Chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients often have a markedly increased number of basophils in the blood and bone marrow.
Tumours: Immunotherapy
Authors: Johnson C Bryce , Salem Mohamed L , Mehrotra Shikhar , Cole David J , Rubinstein Mark P 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The mainstay of cancer treatment has historically involved therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation, that were developed without regard for the patient's immune system. However, as researchers have started to elucidate mechanisms by which the immune system can eradicate cancerous cells, an increasing number of approaches have been developed that capitalise on an immune‐based antitumour response. These therapies include nonspecific activation of the immune system using toll‐like receptor ligands, cytokines or immune checkpoint inhibitors, or specific treatments, like monoclonal antibody administration or vaccination, that directly target cancer cells. Perhaps, the most promising specific therapy is the adoptive transfer of genetically engineered tumour‐reactive T cells, an approach that has already proven curative in some patients with metastatic disease. Cumulatively, these new immune‐based approaches have great promise to revolutionise cancer therapy. In this article, we will outline the mechanisms and characteristics of these tumour immunotherapies, emphasising those with demonstrated clinical efficacy.

Key Concepts:

The immune system can destroy malignant cells.

The tumour microenvironment enables tumour growth by exerting immunosuppression.

Restoring the immune system's ability to fight cancers is a promising clinical approach.

Nonspecific immunotherapies include administration of toll‐like receptor ligands, cytokines or immune‐checkpoint inhibiting antibodies.

Specific immunotherapies include administration of monoclonal antibodies, adoptive T cell transfer or vaccination.
Phylogeny Reconstruction
Authors: Irisarri Iker , Zardoya Rafael 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPhylogenies provide the necessary comparative framework to study biological problems from an evolutionary perspective. Therefore, selecting the appropriate data sources and methods of inference that ensure reconstructing robust phylogenetic hypotheses becomes essential. Molecular phylogenies reconstructed with probabilistic methods (i.e. maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) are by far the most popular, as they produce powerful statistical estimation of phylogenies from a potentially large number of characters (sequences). Working within a probabilistic framework further allows using available statistical tools fora posteriorianalyses on the reconstructed phylogenies. Most recent advances in phylogenetics, including sophisticated evolutionary models, methods that reconcile different gene genealogies, the analysis of genome‐scale data (phylogenomics) or the development of new and more effective computational methods take advantage of probabilistic methods of phylogeny inference. Hence, an understanding of the properties, strengths and limitations of probabilistic methods is fundamental.Key Concepts:Phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary history of organisms (or sequences) in terms of relationships and the amount of genetic differentiation.Phylogenies are essential to fully understand the evolutionary dimension in any biological discipline.Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference are probabilistic methods for the statistical estimation of phylogenies based on explicit models of sequence evolution.Probabilistic methods of phylogeny reconstruction provide a statistical framework for estimating historical patterns, inferring intrinsic parameters of evolutionary processes and testing of hypotheses.Methods that attempt to reconcile different gene trees with the underlying species phylogeny have recently been developed as an alternative to data concatenation.The intersection of genome‐scale sequence data and probabilistic methods of phylogeny reconstruction has given rise to phylogenomics, which is emerging as a very promising field in evolutionary studies.
Serpentes (Snakes)
Authors: Lee Michael SY 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Snakes are a diverse group of long‐bodied, limb‐reduced reptiles closely related to lizards; together they are termed squamate reptiles. Primitive snakes with vestigial legs appear in the fossil record of the Cretaceous period (∼90 Mya). Snakes have since been diversified rapidly, and now comprise ∼3500 species that occupy terrestrial, subterranean, aboreal and aquatic niches. All snakes are predators, having highly mobile skulls and jaws that can often swallow prey much larger than their own diameter. Primitive snakes such as boas, pythons and blindsnakes lack venom fangs. Such fangs have evolved repeatedly within more advanced snakes, called the Colubroidea, which make up ∼80% of the diversity of living snakes: front fangs in viperids (e.g. vipers and rattlesnakes), fixed front fangs in elapids (e.g. mambas and cobras) and rear fangs in many lineages of colubrids (e.g. boomslangs and twig snakes).

Key Concepts:

Snakes are just one of the many lineages of limb‐reduced lizards – though by far the most successful ones.

Snakes have highly flexible (kinetic) skulls and lower jaws, and many forms can engulf prey wider than their heads.

Snakes are one of the most rapidly diversifying groups, with more than 3000 living species, mostly belonging to the Colubroidea.

Venom‐delivery systems (fangs and glands) have evolved multiple times within the most advanced snake lineage (Colubroidea).

The fossil snakes
Najash
and
Pachyrhachis
(∼90 My old) retain prominent external hindlimbs, as would be expected given that snakes evolved from lizard‐like reptiles.