bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schiavi, poveri e benefattori nell’Anatolia tardoantica: la visione socio-economica delle comunità enkratite attraverso gli atti apocrifi degli apostoli
Authors: Filippini Alister 
Published: March 2015

Different sources (epigrahical, literary, apocryphal) can be used to analyse the Christian heretical sects connected to an enkratite movement (Enkratites, Apotactites, Sakkophoroi, Hydroparastatai, Aerians), which was characterised by radical forms of self-restraint (). Epigraphical documents are helpful in setting these communities in the rural background of late antique Anatolia (4th-5th cent. AD). On the other side the apocryphal acts of the apostles – specially the so calledfrom theand the– offer important hints on social and economic ideas developed by Enkratites, in particular concerning the most debated issues of evangelic poverty, emancipation of slaves and social assistance to poor and sick, with the foundation of hospices ().
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure
Authors: Beveridge Louise A. , Struthers Allan D. , Khan Faisel , Jorde Rolf , Scragg Robert , Macdonald Helen M. , Alvarez Jessica A. , Boxer Rebecca S. , Dalbeni Andrea , Gepner Adam D. , Isbel Nicole M. , Larsen Thomas , Nagpal Jitender , Petchey William G. , Stricker Hans , Strobel Franziska , Tangpricha Vin , Toxqui Laura , Vaquero M. Pilar , Wamberg Louise , Zittermann Armin , Witham Miles D. ,   D-PRESSURE Collaboration
Published: March 2015

ImportanceLow levels of vitamin D are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and future cardiovascular events. Whether vitamin D supplementation reduces BP and which patient characteristics predict a response remain unclear.ObjectiveTo systematically review whether supplementation with vitamin D or its analogues reduce BP.Data SourcesWe searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and http://www.ClinicalTrials.com augmented by a hand search of references from the included articles and previous reviews. Google was searched for gray literature (ie, material not published in recognized scientific journals). No language restrictions were applied. The search period spanned January 1, 1966, through March 31, 2014.Study SelectionWe included randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials that used vitamin D supplementation for a minimum of 4 weeks for any indication and reported BP data. Studies were included if they used active or inactive forms of vitamin D or vitamin D analogues. Cointerventions were permitted if identical in all treatment arms.Data Extraction and SynthesisWe extracted data on baseline demographics, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), and change in BP from baseline to the final follow-up. Individual patient data on age, sex, medication use, diabetes mellitus, baseline and follow-up BP, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were requested from the authors of the included studies. For trial-level data, between-group differences in BP change were combined in a random-effects model. For individual patient data, between-group differences in BP at the final follow up, adjusted for baseline BP, were calculated before combining in a random-effects model.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDifference in SBP and DBP measured in an office setting.ResultsWe included 46 trials (4541 participants) in the trial-level meta-analysis. Individual patient data were obtained for 27 trials (3092 participants). At the trial level, no effect of vitamin D supplementation was seen on SBP (effect size, 0.0 [95% CI, −0.8 to 0.8] mm Hg; P = .97; I2 = 21%) or DBP (effect size, −0.1 [95% CI, −0.6 to 0.5] mm Hg; P = .84; I2 = 20%). Similar results were found analyzing individual patient data for SBP (effect size, −0.5 [95% CI, −1.3 to 0.4] mm Hg; P = .27; I2 = 0%) and DBP (effect size, 0.2 [95% CI, −0.3 to 0.7] mm Hg; P = .38; I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis did not reveal any baseline factor predictive of a better response to therapy.Conclusions and RelevanceVitamin D supplementation is ineffective as an agent for lowering BP and thus should not be used as an antihypertensive agent.
Estimation of soil salinity in a drip irrigation system by using joint inversion of multicoil electromagnetic induction measurements
Authors: Jadoon Khan Zaib , Moghadas Davood , Jadoon Aurangzeb , Missimer Thomas M. , Al‐Mashharawi Samir K. , McCabe Matthew F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLow frequency electromagnetic induction (EMI) is becoming a useful tool for soil characterization due to its fast measurement capability and sensitivity to soil moisture and salinity. In this research, a new EMI system (the CMD mini‐Explorer) is used for subsurface characterization of soil salinity in a drip irrigation system via a joint inversion approach of multiconfiguration EMI measurements. EMI measurements were conducted across a farm where Acacia trees are irrigated with brackish water. In situ measurements of vertical bulk electrical conductivity (σb) were recorded in different pits along one of the transects to calibrate the EMI measurements and to compare with the modeled electrical conductivity (σ) obtained by the joint inversion of multiconfiguration EMI measurements. Estimates of σ were then converted into the universal standard of soil salinity measurement (i.e., electrical conductivity of a saturated soil paste extract – ECe). Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was repeatedly measured with the CMD mini‐Explorer to investigate the temperature stability of the new system at a fixed location, where the ambient air temperature increased from 26°C to 46°C. Results indicate that the new EMI system is very stable in high temperature environments, especially above 40°C, where most other approaches give unstable measurements. In addition, the distribution pattern of soil salinity is well estimated quantitatively by the joint inversion of multicomponent EMI measurements. The approach of joint inversion of EMI measurements allows for the quantitative mapping of the soil salinity distribution pattern and can be utilized for the management of soil salinity.
Techniques to determine the quiet day curve for a long period of subionospheric VLF observations
Authors: Cresswell‐Moorcock Kathy , Rodger Craig J. , Clilverd Mark A. , Milling David K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVery low frequency (VLF) transmissions propagating between the conducting Earth's surface and lower edge of the ionosphere have been used for decades to study the effect of space weather events on the upper atmosphere. The VLF response to these events can only be quantified by comparison of the observed signal to the estimated quiet time or undisturbed signal levels, known as the quiet day curve (QDC). A common QDC calculation approach for periods of investigation of up to several weeks is to use observations made on quiet days close to the days of interest. This approach is invalid when conditions are not quiet around the days of interest. Longer‐term QDCs have also been created from specifically identified quiet days within the period and knowledge of propagation characteristics. This approach is time consuming and can be subjective. We present three algorithmic techniques, which are based on either (1) a mean of previous days' observations, (2) principal component analysis, or (3) the fast Fourier transform (FFT), to calculate the QDC for a long‐period VLF data set without identification of specific quiet days as a basis. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques at identifying the true QDCs of synthetic data sets created to mimic patterns seen in actual VLF data including responses to space weather events. We find that the most successful technique is to use a smoothing method, developed within the study, on the data set and then use the developed FFT algorithm. This technique is then applied to multiyear data sets of actual VLF observations.
Treatment Algorithms in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Muangchan Chayawee , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Bernatsky Sasha R. , Smith C. Douglas , Hudson Marie , Inanç Murat , Rothfield Naomi F. , Nash Peter T. , Furie Richard A. , Senécal Jean‐Luc , Chandran Vinod , Burgos‐Vargas Ruben , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Pope Janet E. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo establish agreement on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment.MethodsSLE experts (n = 69) were e‐mailed scenarios and indicated preferred treatments. Algorithms were constructed and agreement determined (≥50% respondents indicating ≥70% agreement).ResultsInitially, 54% (n = 37) responded suggesting treatment for scenarios; 13 experts rated agreement with scenarios. Fourteen of 16 scenarios had agreement as follows: discoid lupus: first‐line therapy was topical agents and hydroxychloroquine and/or glucocorticoids then azathioprine and subsequently mycophenolate (mofetil); uncomplicated cutaneous vasculitis: initial treatment was glucocorticoids ± hydroxychloroquine ± methotrexate, followed by azathioprine or mycophenolate and then cyclophosphamide; arthritis: initial therapy was hydroxychloroquine and/or glucocorticoids, then methotrexate and subsequently rituximab; pericarditis: first‐line therapy was nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, then glucocorticoids with/without hydroxychloroquine, then azathioprine, mycophenolate, or methotrexate and finally belimumab or rituximab, and/or a pericardial window; interstitial lung disease/alveolitis: induction was glucocorticoids and mycophenolate or cyclophosphamide, then rituximab or intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG), and maintenance followed with azathioprine or mycophenolate; pulmonary hypertension: glucocorticoids and mycophenolate or cyclophosphamide and an endothelin receptor antagonist were initial therapies, subsequent treatments were phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors and then prostanoids and rituximab; antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: standard anticoagulation with/without hydroxychloroquine, then a thrombin inhibitor for venous thrombosis, versus adding aspirin or platelet inhibition drugs for arterial events; mononeuritis multiplex and central nervous system vasculitis: first‐line therapy was glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide followed by maintenance with azathioprine or mycophenolate, and then rituximab, IVIG, or plasmapheresis; and serious lupus nephritis: first‐line therapy was glucocorticoids and mycophenolate, then cyclophosphamide then rituximab.ConclusionWe established variable agreement on treatment approaches. For some treatment decisions there was good agreement between experts even if no randomized controlled trial data were available.
Iron‐Catalyzed Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) of Indoles and Benzylic CH Bonds
Authors: Guo Shuaibo , Li Yaxuan , Wang Yu , Guo Xin , Meng Xu , Chen Baohua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of 3‐alkylated indoles is described. The oxidative cross‐coupling reaction of diphenylmethane derivatives with indoles at the C‐3 position was achieved employing the N,N‐dimethylcarbamoyl moiety as an auxiliary group in the presence of iron(II) chloride (FeCl2) and 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanoquinone (DDQ).magnified image
Intermolecular Dearomatization Reaction of Pyrroles Promoted by Silica Gel
Authors: Zhou Yong , Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , Gu Qing , You Shu‐Li 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of polysubstituted 2H‐pyrrole derivatives via a silica gel‐promoted intermolecular dearomative Michael addition of pyrroles with α,β‐unsaturated ketones has been developed. This transformation features environmentally benign promoter, high efficiency, wide substrate scope and mild reaction conditions.magnified image
Identifizierung von niedermolekularen kovalenten Bromodomäne‐Bindern aus einer DNA‐kodierten Bibliothek
Authors: Daguer Jean‐Pierre , Zambaldo Claudio , Abegg Daniel , Barluenga Sofia , Tallant Cynthia , Müller Susanne , Adibekian Alexander , Winssinger Nicolas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDie Regulierung von transkriptionellen Programmen durch epigenetische Leser (Bromodomänen) wurde mit der Entwicklung von mehreren Krankheiten in Zusammenhang gebracht. Sie ist vor allem bei der Regulierung des Zellwachstums, Umgehung der Apoptose, bei Krebs sowie bei Entzündungskrankheiten beteiligt. Die Entdeckung niedermolekularer Sonden, um die Rolle der Bromodomänen zu studieren, hat daher eine große Bedeutung. Wir zeigen, dass spezifische konservierte Cysteine in den Bromodomänen kovalent abgefangen werden können. Wir berichten über die Entdeckung von zwei niedermolekularen Substanzen, die eine kovalente Bindung mit konservierten Cysteinen in der Familie von Bromodomänen eingehen, analysieren die Teilmenge an Bromodomänen die durch die kovalente Bindung angesprochen werden kann und demonstrieren Proteomanalysen durch Anreicherung von Bromodomänen aus nativen Zell‐Lysaten.
An Efficient One‐Pot Four‐Segment Condensation Method for Protein Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Tang Shan , Si Yan‐Yan , Wang Zhi‐Peng , Mei Kun‐Rong , Chen Xin , Cheng Jing‐Yuan , Zheng Ji‐Shen , Liu Lei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSuccessive peptide ligation using a one‐pot method can improve the efficiency of protein chemical synthesis. Although one‐pot three‐segment ligation has enjoyed widespread application, a robust method for one‐pot four‐segment ligation had to date remained undeveloped. Herein we report a new one‐pot multisegment peptide ligation method that can be used to condense up to four segments with operational simplicity and high efficiency. Its practicality is demonstrated by the one‐pot four‐segment synthesis of a plant protein, crambin, and a human chemokine, hCCL21.
Total Synthesis of Schilancitrilactones B and C
Authors: Wang Liang , Wang Hengtao , Li Yihang , Tang Pingping 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe first total syntheses of schilancitrilactones B and C have been accomplished in 17 steps (longest linear sequence) from commercially available materials. Key steps include an intramolecular radical cyclization to provide the seven‐membered ring, late‐stage iodination, and an intermolecular radical addition reaction to complete the total synthesis.
Laboratory scale study on rheological behavior, morphological and structural properties of crosslinked polyacrylamide composite hydrogels embedded with date seed powder
Authors: Adewunmi Ahmad. A. , Ismail Suzylawati , Sultan Abdullah. S. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIncorporation of biofillers in polymeric hydrogels has continued to receive great attention in recent times because of their excellent properties. In this study, polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were used to develop novel composite hydrogels filled with date seed powder (DSP) via chemical crosslinking technique. Pristine PAM/PEI hydrogel and PAM/PEI‐DSP hydrogels at various DSP loadings were fabricated and subjected to gelation at 40°C for 24 h. The impact of various DSP loadings on the hydrogel samples developed was investigated using hybrid rheometer, SEM, XRD, and FTIR instruments, respectively. Rheological measurements confirmed the viscoelastic responses of the neat PAM/PEI hydrogel and the PAM/PEI‐DSP hydrogels reinforced with various DSP contents (0.8, 2.4, and 4 wt %). The dynamic strain, dynamic frequency and time sweep tests demonstrated that PAM/PEI‐DSP hydrogels were slightly more elastic than the virgin PAM/PEI hydrogel. The SEM characterization revealed the surface micrographs of the neat PAM/PEI hydrogel and the PAM/PEI‐DSP hydrogels at different DSP loadings to be smooth, homogeneous, and dense. Besides, the SEM micrographs supported the incorporation of DSP in the PAM/PEI‐DSP hydrogel samples. XRD analysis showed that the structures of neat PAM/PEI hydrogel and PAM/PEI‐DSP hydrogels filled with various DSP contents were predominantly amorphous while FTIR results confirmed the functional groups and evidence of crosslinking in the neat PAM/PEI hydrogel and the PAM/PEI‐DSP hydrogels embedded with different DSP contents. It is believed that these new hydrogels have huge development potentials and promising future in wastewater treatment and removal of heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42110.
Influence of complexing treatment and epoxy resin coating on the properties of aramid fiber reinforced natural rubber
Authors: Jin Zhong , Luo Zhu , Yang Shirun , Lu Shengjun 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, natural rubber/aramid fiber (NR/AF) composites were prepared with master batch method. AF was modified by using epoxy resin (EP) and accelerator 2‐ethyl‐4‐methylimidazole (2E4MZ) through surface coating on the basis of the complexing treatment with CaCl2 solution. Hydroxyl‐terminated liquid isoprene rubber (LIR) was regarded as a compatibilizer between EP and NR. It is found that the crystallinity on AF surface is decreased by complexing reaction with CaCl2 solution. Swelling and mechanical properties of the vulcanized composites, such as swelling degree, tensile and tear strength, tensile modulus at 300% elongation, are measured, and the tensile fracture morphology and dynamic mechanical analysis of the composites are investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties of composites with modified fibers are improved obviously and interfacial adhesion between matrix and the fiber is enhanced, especially for the AF coated with EP and imidazole. The best comprehensive mechanical properties of the composites are obtained with using CaCl2‐EP/2E4MZ system when the ratio of m(EP)/m(AF) is 3%. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42122.
Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and compatibility properties of poly(vinylp‐nitrobenzal acetal)‐g‐polyglycidylazides
Authors: Chen Congdi , Jin Bo , Peng Rufang , Huang Hengjian , Chu Shijin , Dong Haishan 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA series of energetic polymers, poly(vinylp‐nitrobenzal acetal)‐g‐polyglycidylazides (PVPNB‐g‐GAPs), are obtained via cross‐linking reactions of poly(vinylp‐nitrobenzal acetal) (PVPNB) with four different molecular weights polyglycidylazides (GAPs) using toluene diisocyanate as cross‐linking agent. The structures of the energetic polymers are characterized by ultraviolet visible spectra (UV‐Vis), attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FT‐IR),1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (1H NMR), and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (13C NMR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is applied to evaluate the glass‐transition temperature of the polymers. DSC traces illustrate that PVPNB‐g−2#GAP, PVPNB‐g−3#GAP, and PVPNB‐g−4#GAP have two distinct glass‐transition temperatures, whereas PVPNB‐g−1#GAP has one. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are used to evaluate the thermal decomposition behavior of the four polymers and their compatibility with the main energetic components of TNT‐based melt‐cast explosives, such as cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), cyclotrimethylene‐trinitramine (RDX), triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). The DTA and TGA curves obtained indicate that the polymers have excellent resistance to thermal decomposition up to 200°C. PVPNB‐g−4#GAP also exhibits good compatibility and could be safely used with TNT, HMX, and TATB but not with RDX. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42126.
Kinetic and thermodynamic control in conductive PP/PMMA/EAA carbon black composites
Authors: Brigandi Paul J. , Cogen Jeffrey M. , Wolf Casey A. , Reffner John R. , Pearson Raymond A. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTMultiphase polymer blends provide unique morphologies to reduce the percolation concentration and increase conductivity of carbon‐based polymer composites via selective distribution of the conductive filler. In this work, the kinetic and thermodynamic effects on a series of multiphase conductive polymer composites were investigated. The electrical conductivity of carbon black (CB)‐filled conductive polymer blend composites comprising polypropylene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and ethylene–acrylic acid were determined as a function of compounding sequence and annealing time. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were found to influence the conductivity. Phase morphology and conductivity at short annealing times were influenced by the compounding sequence where the CB was added after being premixed with one of the polymer components or directly added to the three‐component polymer melt. However, they were thermodynamically driven at longer annealing times; the resistivity was found to decrease by a statistically significant amount to similar levels for all the composite systems with increasing annealing time. The increase in conductivity at longer annealing times was determined to be the result of changes in the phase morphology from sea‐island, dispersed microstructure to a tri‐continuous morphology rather than change in localization of CB, given that the CB was found to be entirely located in the EAA phase even at short annealing times (and independent of compounding sequence), where the conductivity was not measurable. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42134.
Crystallization and mechanical behavior of covalent functionalized carbon nanotube/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) nanocomposites
Authors: Jiang Ni , Abe Hideki 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTTo improve the dispersity of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co−3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) matrix, MWCNTs functionalized with carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, and atactic poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate) (ataPHB) through acid oxidation, esterification reaction, and “grafting from” method, respectively, were used to fabricate nanofiller/PHBV nanocomposites. The crystallization behavior, dispersion of MWCNTs before and after functionalization in PHBV matrices, and mechanical properties of a series of nanocomposites were investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscope results suggested that the four types of MWCNTs acted as effective heterogeneous nucleation agents, inducing an increase in the crystallization rate, crystallinity, and crystallite size. Scanning electron microscope observations demonstrated that functionalized MWCNTs showed improved dispersion comparing with MWCNTs, suggesting an enhanced interfacial interaction between PHBV and functionalized MWCNTs. Consequently, the mechanical properties of the functionalized MWCNTs/PHBV nanocomposites have been improved as evident from dynamic mechanical and static tensile tests. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42136.