bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromyographic Study in Diabetes: Contribution to the Problem of Diabetic Angiopathy
Authors: Janda V , Kozák P 
Published: December 2014

The results of electromyographic examination of the gastrocnemius muscle in thirty-three diabetics are reported. Pathological electromyographic patterns have been found in almost all individuals of the studied group. The electrical activity of muscle in diabetics differs from that of patients with atherosclerosis obliterans and resembles that of patients suffering from thromboangiitis obliterans. In diabetics and patients with obliterating thromboangiitis we regularly found electromyographic indications of both peripheral nerve and muscle lesion. With obliterating atherosclerosis only indications of peripheral neurogenic disorders were found.
It is concluded that the cause of the different electromyographic symptoms lies in the location of the occlusion at different levels of the arterial bed. The electromyographic changes, especially those pointing to a predominantly myogenic lesion, have been found even in young individuals in whom diabetes had been known only a few months. We believe that our study helps to establish the existence of diabetic angiopathy as a lesion different from the atherosclerosis obliterans.
Absolute Rates of Glucose Production, Accumulation, and Utilization in the Dog at Pancreatectomy and Thereafter
Authors: Wrenshall G A , Rappaport A M , Best C H , Cowan J S , Hetenyi G 
Published: December 2014

1. The method of successive measured injections of tracer has been used to determine absolute rates of glucose appearance (production), accumulation, disappearance, excretion and utilization in six fasting bitches at times before and after total pancreatectomy.
2. The rate of glucose utilization underwent a great reduction within minutes following pancreatectomy.
3. In contrast, the rate of glucose production did not change greatly at this time.
4. As a consequence, there was a rapid accumulation of glucose in the dog when measured in terms of the amount which intermixed with the injected tracer, and as seen less directly by a rise in the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma.
5. The increase in blood glucose level following pancreatectomy was accompanied by a restoration in the average rate of glucose utilization to about two thirds of its value before pancreatectomy, and by glycosuria.
6. Both the rate of production and that of utilization increased moderately during the first one or two days following total pancreatectomy. Thereafter they decreased progressively and ketonuria became severe.
7. No effect of general anesthesia (Nembutal) was noted on the above patterns of change in glucose rates.
Diabetic Neuropathy: a Metabolic or a Vascular Disease?
Authors: Pirart Jean 
Published: December 2014

A group of 1,175 unselected diabetics was examined and the degenerative lesions were correlated with each other and with other clinical data. Diabetic neuropathy was found in 21 per cent of the patients. It is closely related to diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy and to peripheral artery disease, but not to blood cholesterol or to coronary sclerosis, aortic sclerosis and myocardial degenerative disease not related to proved coronary disease. It is related to severity, poor control and duration of the diabetes.
A group of 235 cases of asymptomatic diabetic neuropathy (asymptomatic loss of a deep reflex) was compared with a selected group of fifty-eight cases of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy (symptomatic with often severe motor, sensory, autonomic and/or trophic disturbances). The correlations previously found were still more striking in the group of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy.
The clinical picture of fifty-eight cases of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy shows such a close association between acute and chronic, between symmetrical and asymmetrical, and between motor, sensory, autonomic and trophic defects that any classification of diabetic neuropathies seems artificial. Only paralysis of extra-ocular muscles might be classified in a separate group. Attention is drawn to the acute course (weeks) of some cases of paralysis and, on the other hand, to the very slow evolution of some cases of trophic lesions of the feet (up to twenty-five years).
Certain cases are briefly reported to show that the vascular pathogenetic theory of diabetic neuropathy is not in agreement with several clinical observations.
Critical Variables in the Radioimmunoassay of Serum Insulin Using the Double Antibody Technic
Authors: Soeldner J Stuart , Slone D 
Published: December 2014

An adaptation of the double antibody radioimmunoassay for insulin originally presented by Morgan and Lazarow is described. These studies have confirmed the presence of an inhibitor in serum and plasma (heparin) which delays the rate at which the insulin-insulin antibody complex is rendered insoluble by rabbit serum containing antibodies to guinea pig globulin. Serum dilution reduces the effect of the inhibitor but increases dilutional error. Heparin similarly reduces the effect of the inhibitor, but excess heparin produces falsely low values for immunoreactive insulin (IRI).
Data are presented for serum which show that if sufficient time (72 hrs.) is allowed to elapse after the addition of the precipitating antibody (rabbit, anti-guinea pig globulin, serum), the precipitating system reaches equilibrium. Employing this modification, additional data are presented, showing excellent recovery of human insulin added to serum, good duplication of respective serum IRI values in repeat assays, and constancy of fasting serum IRI in any one individual on repeated sampling. Normal adults exhibit fasting values of serum IRI from 1 to 20 μU./ml. with a mean of 8.4 μU./ml., and after rapid intravenous glucose, serum IRI usually reaches maximum levels in one to two minutes.
The Course of Juvenile Diabetes Treated with Unmeasured Diet
Authors: Knowles Harvey C , Guest George M , Lampe Joan , Kessler Margaret , Skillman Thomas G 
Published: December 2014

Prospective observations over a ten-year period of 108 juvenile diabetics treated with unmeasured diet are reported. Description is given of the patient material, circumstances at diagnosis, and course of management.
Hyperglycemia and glycosuria were common, and ketoacidosis occurred often. Total plasma lipidswere elevated. Chemical control was unsatisfactory according to current popular standards.
Growth was less in those with onset before puberty, and the men were underweight. Infections may have been excessive. Adolescent emotional difficulties were exaggerated. Educational, athletic, and vocational achievements probably equaled the normal expectation.
Pregnancies were only 55 per cent successful when fetuses were viable.
The prevalence of degenerative complication was similar to that reported from restricted diet studies. No factors were found to account for vascular disease. It is surmised that the general course of the patients compared favorably to those reported to be following diets. It is also suggested that if diet control does have favorable effects, then those reported to follow diets are not following them, or factors other than control are more influential on the progression of juvenile diabetic vascular disease.
Serum Concentration and Urinary Excretion of Oral Sulfonylurea Compounds: Relation to Diabetic Control
Authors: Sheldon Joanna , Anderson John , Stoner Linda 
Published: December 2014

Serum and urinary concentrations of sulfonylureas were measured in 125 diabetic patients over periods of eight to eighteen months. The concentrations were dose related. They varied between individuals but tended to remain constant in the same person. They also tended to vary inversely with body weight. Acetohexamide concentration increased with the number of doses given daily. The per cent of urinary recovery of each drug was unrelated to dosage.
The response to therapy was graded and ranges of therapeutically effective serum concentrations determined. A delayed response was observed in some patients, and failure to respond occurred in others despite high serum concentrations. Presumed failure to take the prescribed drugs was seen in five patients.
A Triamcinolone-glucose Tolerance Test in the Early Diagnosis of Diabetes
Authors: Navarrete Victoriano N , Torres Isabel H 
Published: December 2014

A glucose tolerance test with the prior administration of triamcinolone (8 mg. at eleven and at one hour preceding glucose) was performed in two groups, (1) a control group of 163 normal individuals having no diabetic antecedents; and (2) a group of 301 “clinically prediabetic” patients so classified on obstetrical grounds orbecause both parents were diabetic, with a previously normal glucose tolerance test.
Abnormal triamcinolone curves were found in 1.8 per cent of the control group, an additional 1.8 per cent were “suspicious,” contrasting with 80 per cent abnormal and 11.6 per cent “suspicious” curves in the clinically prediabetic group. A comparison of this test with the standard glucose tolerance, the tolbutamide or the glucose-cortisone test, reveals that the triamcinolone test had a higher correlation with the clinical findings; also, the disadvantages attributed to the glucose-cortisone test did not occur.
Effect of Glucagon on the Metabolism of Lipids and on Urea Formation by the Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: Penhos J C , Wu C H , Daunas J , Reitman M , Levune R 
Published: December 2014

Livers obtained from fed or fasted rats were perfused with blood from fasted rats with and without the addition of glucagon and/or a hyperlipemic serum (HLS).
In addition to its well-known hyperglycemic effect, glucagon increased the blood levels of the ketone bodies and of urea, and decreased the levels of cholesterol, total lipids and NEFA.
The magnitude of the effects noted were dependent upon the previous state of the liver and the addition of the hyperlipemic serum.
In the fed liver, glucagon produced a greater degree of hyperglycemia than in the fasted liver and this effect was enhanced by the addition of a hyperlipemic serum. In fasted livers the addition of a hyperlipemic serum did not increase the hyperglycemia produced by glucagon alone.
Total lipids, cholesterol and NEFA were decreased when glucagon was added to either the fasted or fed liver, in the presence or absence of a hyperlipemic serum. Glucagon caused a greater increase in the level of ketone bodies in the fasted than in the fed liver and this effect was increased by the addition of a serum rich in lipids.
The addition of glucagon caused an increase in the levels of urea and this effect was reduced when a hyperlipemic scrum was acMted.
Studies of “Bound” Insulin by Epididymal, Fat Pad Assay
Authors: Gener-Segui Juan , Wolfe Ava J 
Published: December 2014

Sera were treated with Dowex-50 W resin and the fraction which escaped adsorption, and that which was adsorbed and subsequently eluted, were assayed for insulin-like activity (ILA) using the rat epididymal fat pad technic. Previous investigators have stated that these two fractions contain, respectively,“free” and “bound” insulin.
In individual normal and diabetic sera assayed by thismethod, the “free” fraction accounted for all of the ILA present in the original whole serum. “Bound” insulin was detectable in small quantities when measured by incorporation of glucose-1-C-14 into C-14-O2, but not by incorporation into glycogen. The addition of an adipose tissue extract did not increase the ILA of the eluate nor modify it so that it was neutralized by an anti-insulin serum.
A lyophilized resin eluate from pooled fasting normal human sera, stated to contain “bound” insulin, also had a low level of ILA. This activity did not increase after acid alcohol extraction or at pH 9.8. It was not neutralized by anti-insulin serum either before or after these treatments.
These experiments do not support the concept of a “bound” insulin.
Diabetic Visceral Neuropathy: A Case Report
Authors: Midtgaard Knud 
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented concerning a long-standing, juvenile-type diabetic with severe vascular involvement and severe diarrhea and steatorrhea. In spite of this, light and electron microscopic investigations of a peroral jejunal biopsy did not show any signs of diabetic microangiopathy, i.e., thickening of the basement membrane of the subepithelial capillaries.
It appears that diabetic microangiopathy can be ruled out as an immediate etiologic factor in diabetic diarrhea.
Preventive Action of the Monoaminooxidase Inhibitor, Nialamide, on Experimental Diabetes in Rats
Authors: Buschiazzo Perla Mordujovich de , Buschiazzo Héctor O , Bosch Ricardo , Rodríguez Ricardo R 
Published: December 2014

Intraperitoneal injection of nialamide in rats submitted to extensive pancreatectomy delays the appearance of diabetes and diminishes its intensity. Whereas in the control group, some of the animals developed diabetes two to three months after surgical extirpation of the pancreas, the nialamide-treated animals presented diabetes only after five or six months. Neoformation of B cells was observed in these animals, but it was not statistically significant.
Protection against development of diabetes has been observed in all animals which were injected with nialamide immediately before or twenty minutes before alloxan administration.
The antitoxic effect of nialamide, which produces a marked decrease in mortality, has been observed.
Protective action on diabetes might be due to a chemical combination of nialamide with alloxan, thus preventing its action or protecting important enzyme centers. Another possibility might be that nialamide increased circulating catecholamines, especially epinephrine and norepinephrine, producing splanchnic vasoconstriction and diminution of alloxan concentration at the pancreatic beta cells, an effect that was eliminated when an adrenolitic agent was given simultaneously.
Preventive Action of Tranylcypromine on Alloxan Diabetes in Rats
Authors: Buschiazzo Héctor O , Buschiazzo Perla Mordujovich de , Hernández Rodolfo E , Rodríguez Ricardo R 
Published: December 2014

The intraperitoneal injection of tranylcypromine (25 mg./kg.) twenty minutes before the intravenous administration of alloxan prevents the onset of diabetes in the rat. The same protective effect is observed when the monoamine-oxidase inhibitor is injected intravenously (10 mg./kg.) fifteen seconds before alloxan. When these two drugs are mixed in vitro and injected intravenously, the protection disappears.
This protective action against diabetes appears to indicate that tranylcypromine protects important enzymatic centers against the action of alloxan at the pancreatic level.
Magnesium Deficiency and Sugar Transport in Muscle: Effect of Acute Insulin Deficiency
Authors: Kahil M E , Simons E L , Brown H 
Published: December 2014

Intact diaphragms from magnesium (Mg) deficient rats had an increased 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake from Mg free medium. Acute insulin deficiency induced by the administration of anti-insulin serum did not inhibit transport.
Addition of Mg to the incubation medium reversed the increased 2-DG transport. Transport as a function of the external 2-DG concentration conformed to Michaeles-Menten kinetics; Mg and insulin deficiency lowered the transport Km with no change in the Vmax Both saturation kinetics and competitive inhibition were demonstrated during the acceleration of sugar transport, while studies with L-glucose and L-arabinose showed no facilitation of nonspecific diffusion of sugar into muscle cells.
These studies indicate that the carrier system is preserved in diaphragms from Mg and insulin deficient rats and accounts for a major portion of 2-DG transport. They also suggest that in Mg deficiency enhanced 2-DG penetration occurs both by an insulin independent and by an insulin sensitive mechanism.
Functional Microangiopathy in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ditzel Jørn 
Published: December 2014

The present knowledge of the state of the microvasculature in diabetic subjects early during the course of the disease and prior to any clinical signs of retinopathy and nephropathy is reviewed. Functional changes in the peripheral vascular bed have been demonstrated by various methods in the retina, the skin and the conjunctiva. The common features of these functional changes appear to be a loss of normal vascular tone and increased permeability. There is also evidence of a functional disorder of the glomerular capillaries in young diabetics early during their disease, as indicated by increased glomerular filtration rates.
Based on the presence of a functional microangiopathy, a dynamic concept of the development of clinical microangiopathy is presented. It is suggested that the functional changes may occur very early and might in some instances come before the degenerative vascular changes. Thus they might participate in the mechanism of the development of the long-term diabetic syndrome.
Hypoglycemic Effect of Adipose Tissue Extracts (ATE) in Rats
Authors: Lenti G , Pellegrini A , Pagano G , Zizi P , Cirillo R , Mascia V , Rossi Miss O 
Published: December 2014

Intraperitoneal administration of ATE obtained from pooled epididymal fat pads produced hypoglycemia in adrenalectomized rats. Injection of extracts from rat brain, liver and muscle did not affect the blood glucose levels of the adrenalectomized animals. With high ATE concentrations, a progressive decline in blood sugar was observed and most of the animals died from hypoglycemia ten to thirteen hours after intraperitoneal injection.Identical concentration of ATE did not affect the blood glucose levels in intact rats.
In some adrenal ectomized rats injected with ATE (100 mg.) a progressive bound insulin fall was detected, but no significant change in free insulin was evidenced.
Effect of Biguanides on Intestinal Absorption of Glucose
Authors: Czyzyk Artur , Tawecki January , Sadowski Jan , Ponikowska Irena , Szczepanik Zdistawa 
Published: December 2014

In a group of fifty-eight patients with mild maturity onset diabetes, the double oral glucose loading test after StaubTraugott, the intravenous glucose loading test with calculation of the glucose disappearance rates and intraduodenal glucose loading test were performed before and after phenethylbiguanide administration. The drug produced no changes in the intravenous glucose loading test, whereas it caused a significant lowering of the glycemia curves obtained in oral and intraduodenal loading tests. In order to complement these investigations, double fistula of the initial and distal segment of the small intestine were made in six dogs and perfusion of the intestine performed in situ with a glucose solution. Previous administration of butylbiguanide produced a marked flattening of the glycemia curve, and the recovery of glucose from the distal segment of the small intestine was more than doubled.
Suppression of intestinal glucose absorption by biguanide derivatives, demonstrated in the present study, could be explained by specific action of these compounds on the small intestine wall. Biguanide derivatives, accumulated in intestinal cells in higher concentrations than in other tissues, could impair glucose utilization by suppressing the synthesis of ATP required for active absorption of glucose.
Effect of Blood Glucose on Glucagon Secretion in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: Buchanan Keith D , Vance James E , Dinstl Karl , Williams Robert H , Hickernell Barbara , Page Susan 
Published: December 2014

Insulin induced hypoglycemia and tolbutamide administration accompanied by much smaller falls in blood glucose were associated with increased pancreatic vein IRG concentrations in laparotomized dogs under barbiturate anesthesia. Hyperglycemia may have diminished pancreatic IRG release. Changes in IRG levels in peripheral and jejunal veins during hypoglycemia were unremarkable. In dogs, pancreatectomy was associated with no change in IRG release into a jejunal vein. Very small doses of glucagon administered intraportally during hyperglycemia were effective in promoting IRI release.
It is concluded that a fall in blood glucose from the basal state is a stimulus, and hyperglycemia is an inhibitor, of pancreatic IRG release. It is possible that glucagon may act in the basal state to deliver repeated small pulses of glucose and insulin into the circulation.
Hyperglycemia and Inhibition of Insulin Secretion during Administration of Diazoxide and Trichlormethiazide in Man
Authors: Seltzer Holbrooke S , Allen E William 
Published: December 2014

Reversible “diabetes” was produced in eight normal male subjects by administering between 400 mg. and 645 mg. of diazoxide and 8 mg. of trichlormethiazide per day for four to seven days. Insulin secretory responses to oral and intravenous glucose loads were determined on the last treatment day and the following morning, respectively. Four to six weeks later both tests were repeated to obtain control data.
The speed of breakdown in glucose tolerance was proportional to daily diazoxide dosage, which in turn was limited by the severity of side effects. Carbohydrate turnover tended to worsen each day, even after correction of severe symptomatic hypokalemia in two subjects. The induced “diabetic” state was associated with sluggish insulin release as blood glucose rose, and with greatly decreased hormonal output per unit of glycemic stimulus—the same two secretory defects which characterize the clinical onset of hereditary diabetes mellitus.
The dala suggest that the potent diabetogenicity of diazoxide given with trichlormethiazide may be almost entirely due io blockade of insulin release, either by direct action or by stimulating alpha adrenergic receptor sites in the beta cell. The synergistic effect of natriuretic analogues like trichlormethiazide probably reflects superimposed potassium deficiency, evidence of which consistently underlies the weaker hyperglycemic property of diuretic benzothiadiazines but is not caused by diazoxide itself. Thus, “diazoxide diabetes” appears to be functionally distinct from ordinary “thiazide diabetes” and, in fact, closely resembles spontaneous diabetes mellitus clinically. Since the condition can be predictably induced and is entirely reversible, it may provide a useful experimental model for further study of the inherited disease in man.
Immunoreactive Insulin, Glucose Tolerance, and Carbohydrate Inducibility in Types II, III, IV, and V Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Glueck Charles J , Levy Robert I , Fredrickson Donald S 
Published: December 2014

The elevation of plasma glycerides by a high carbohydrate diet (carbohydrate induction) has been systematically correlated with glucose tolerance, insulin output and ponderal index in normals and in patients with different types of hyperlipoproteinemia. Carbohydrate inducibility (ΔTG) was similar in normals and patients with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Delta TG was nearly always much greater than normal in Type III, and was quite heterogeneous in type IV. The scatter in ΔTG values in Type V patients was extremely great. The basal triglyceride and ΔTG were positively correlated only in Type IV.
Abnormal glucose tolerance was present in approximately one third of Types II and III, one half of Type IV and 80 per cent of Type V patients.
Hyperinsulinemia was present in most Type V patients, while a majority of Type II and III patients had relatively normal insulin levels. Approximately one third each of the Type IV patients had low, normal, and abnormally high insulin levels. Increasing insulin and insulinogenic indices were correlated with increased ATG in the normal, but not in any of the patient groups. In the specific groups of hyperglyceridemic patients in this study, plasma insulin levels did not appear to be a primary determinant of the degree of carbohydrate induction.