bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of netazepide, a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist, on gastric acid secretion and rabeprazole‐induced hypergastrinaemia in healthy subjects
Authors: Boyce Malcolm , Dowen Sally , Turnbull Gillian , van den Berg Frans , Zhao Chun‐Mei , Chen Duan , Black James 
Published: October 2014

AimsTo compare gastric acid suppression by netazepide, a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist, with that by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and to determine if netazepide can prevent the trophic effects of PPI‐induced hypergastrinaemia.MethodsThirty healthy subjects completed a double‐blind, randomized, parallel group trial of oral netazepide and rabeprazole, alone and combined, once daily for 6 weeks. Primary end points were: basal and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric acid and 24 h circulating gastrin and chromogranin A (CgA) at baseline, start and end of treatment, gastric biopsies at baseline and end of treatment and basal and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric acid and dyspepsia questionnaire after treatment withdrawal.ResultsAll treatments similarly inhibited pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric acid secretion. All treatments increased serum gastrin, but the combination and rabeprazole did so more than netazepide alone. The combination also reduced basal acid secretion.Rabeprazole increased plasma CgA, whereas netazepide and the combination reduced it. None of the biopsies showed enterochromaffin‐like (ECL) cell hyperplasia. Withdrawal of treatments led neither to rebound hyperacidity nor dyspepsia.ConclusionsNetazepide suppressed pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric acid secretion as effectively as did rabeprazole. The reduction in basal acid secretion and greater increase in serum gastrin by the combination is consistent with more effective acid suppression. Despite our failure to show rabeprazole‐induced ECL cell hyperplasia and rebound hyperacidity, the increase in plasma CgA after rabeprazole is consistent with a trophic effect on ECL cells, which netazepide prevented. Thus, netazepide is a potential treatment for the trophic effects of hypergastrinaemia and, with or without a PPI, is a potential treatment for acid‐related conditions.
Species-specific engagement of human nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD)2 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling upon intracellular bacterial infection: role of Crohn's associated NOD2 gene variants
Authors: Salem M , Seidelin J B , Eickhardt S , Alhede M , Rogler G , Nielsen O H 
Published: October 2014

Summary
Recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl-dipeptide (MDP) by nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) induces crucial innate immune responses. Most bacteria carry the N-acetylated form of MDP (A-MDP) in their cell membranes, whereas N-glycolyl MDP (G-MDP) is typical for mycobacteria. Experimental murine studies have reported G-MDP to have a greater NOD2-stimulating capacity than A-MDP. As NOD2 polymorphisms are associated with Crohn's disease (CD), a link has been suggested between mycobacterial infections and CD. Thus, the aim was to investigate if NOD2 responses are dependent upon type of MDP and further to determine the role of NOD2 gene variants for the bacterial recognition in CD. The response pattern to A-MDP, G-MDP, Mycobacterium segmatis (expressing mainly G-MDP) and M. segmatisΔnamH (expressing A-MDP), Listeria monocytogenes (LM) (an A-MDP-containing bacteria) and M. avium paratuberculosis (MAP) (a G-MDP-containing bacteria associated with CD) was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A-MDP and M. segmatisΔnamH induced significantly higher tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α protein levels in healthy wild-type NOD2 PBMCs compared with G-MDP and M. segmatis. NOD2 mutations resulted in a low tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α protein secretion following stimulation with LM. Contrary to this, TNF-α levels were unchanged upon MAP stimulation regardless of NOD2 genotype and MAP solely activated NOD2- and Toll-like receptor (TLRs)-pathway with an enhanced production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10. In conclusion, the results indicate that CD-associated NOD2 deficiencies might affect the response towards a broader array of commensal and pathogenic bacteria expressing A-MDP, whereas they attenuate the role of mycobacteria in the pathogenesis of CD.
Thinning factors influence on custom‐made mouthguards thermoforming
Authors: Kojima Ichiro , Takeda Tomotaka , Nakajima Kazunori , Narimatsu Keishiro , Konno Michiyo , Ozawa Takamitsu , Ishigami Keiichi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to clarify and quantify factors influencing thinning during a thermoforming using a special simulation model that has three different flat surfaces such as 0 degree, 45 degree and 90 degree against a pressurizing force. Air pressure type samples were made by EVA and acrylic resin blank. Vacuum type samples were also made by EVA. Thickness gauge was employed to measure the thickness. As results, pressure forming showed significantly larger thinning at 45 and 90 degree surfaces and smaller thinning at 0 degree surface, 36% in thinning rate by vacuum forming and 66% by the pressure forming at 90 degree surface, and 17% and 20% at 45 degree surface, and 11% and 2% at 0 degree surfaces. Thinning was increased with the increase in distance from the centre in 0 degree surface and increased with the decrease in height in the vertical surface significantly. The air pressure, the material thickness in EVA (Drufosoft) and difference in material colour did not affect thinning rate. An acrylic resin material showed approximately 10% smaller thinning than EVA (Drufosoft). To retain enough thickness of 3 mm on 90 degree surface corresponding to an incisal labial aspect for pressure laminate type, over 55% reduction is taken into consideration and at least two 3‐mm‐thickness materials should be laminated. 0 degree surface showed at most 2 % reduction in pressure lamination; post thermoforming occlusal thickness became almost 6 mm with a usual 3 mm plus 3 mm lamination. Therefore, careful occlusal adjustment in an actual mouthguard fabrication to achieve an appropriate 2 mm thickness on this surface should be requested.
Fatty acid signatures and stomach contents of four sympatricLakeTrout: assessment of trophic patterns among morphotypes inGreatBearLake
Authors: Chavarie Louise , Howland Kimberly , Gallagher Colin , Tonn William 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSympatric diversification inLakeTrout is generally linked to differences in habitat use (especially depth) as a result of foraging on different prey items. However, extensive sympatric divergence has taken place in the shallow waters (≤30 m) ofGreatBearLake, with multipleLakeTrout morphs varying in head and fin characteristics. To investigate diet partitioning as a potential explanatory mechanism for this diversification, we assessed trophic characteristics and relationships among four sympatric shallow‐water morphs ofLakeTrout via analyses of fatty acids and stomach contents. Fatty acids and stomach contents both identifiedLakeTrout,Cisco andMysisas key prey items inLakeTrout diets. Interestingly, terrestrial invertebrates were also seasonally important among morphs, reflecting temporal variability of available prey in this arctic lake. Some diet partitioning was observed among morphs;Morph 1 was characterised as a generalist,Morph 3 was more benthic‐oriented, andMorphs 2 and 4 were mainly pelagic feeders. Of the latter,Morph 4 was the most specialised, whereasMorph 2 exhibited alternative feeding tactics of benthic cannibalistic and pelagic piscivorous feeding. Our findings demonstrate that complementary dietary methods can elucidate habits of opportunistic feeders, a task that can often be problematic, given their complex and variable diets. Our results add new information and perspectives on the current model ofLakeTrout differentiation, demonstrating niche partitioning based on benthic versus pelagic habitat use and generalist versus specialist feeding tactics.
Early evaluation of response to sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma by duplex Doppler ultrasonography
Authors: Hidaka Hisashi , Nakazawa Takahide , Fujii Shigeru , Yanagihara Michiko , Minamino Tsutomu , Takada Juichi , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Okuwaki Yusuke , Shibuya Akitaka , Koizumi Wasaburo 
Published: October 2014

AimEarly evaluation of the response to sorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. This prospective study investigated the early evaluation of the efficacy of sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC using duplex Doppler ultrasonography (DDU).MethodsThirty‐seven Child–Pugh class‐A advanced HCC patients treated with sorafenib 400 mg b.i.d. were enrolled. Changes in portal venous area (PVA) and portal venous flow velocity (PVV) revealed by DDU before and after 2 weeks of sorafenib treatment were evaluated. The relation between the congestion index (PVA/PVV), which reflects the pathophysiological hemodynamics of the portal venous system and the tumor response, according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST), was also assessed.ResultsThe median progression‐free survival and overall survival of all the patients was 2.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6–3.2) and 12.8 months (95% CI, 8.7–17.0), respectively. Overall, three patients (8%) had a partial response (PR), 15 (41%) stable disease (SD) and 17 (46%) progressive disease, according to the mRECIST, and two patients (6%) could not be evaluated because of worsened conditions. The decrease in the congestion index was significantly larger in the disease control group (PR/SD) after the sorafenib treatment (P = 0.035); furthermore, the congestion index was the only significant independent predictor of disease control (P = 0.033; hazard ratio, 8.456; 95% CI, 1.182–60.484).ConclusionA decrease in the congestion index revealed by DDU provides an early evaluation of response in patients taking sorafenib for advanced HCC.
Development of a methodology and a tool for the assessment of vulnerability of roadways to flood‐induced damage
Authors: Mallick R.B. , Tao M. , Daniel J.S. , Jacobs J. , Veeraragavan A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractProper assessment of flooded pavement is very critical for reducing the risk and ensuring the safety of construction crews, department of transportation personnel and the public. The objective of this paper is to present a rational procedure for the assessment of vulnerability of asphalt pavements to flood‐induced damage. A system dynamics‐based methodology was developed to determine the critical time (Tcritical) for full saturation of the unbound base and for failure of the bound surface layer. The methodology and the web‐based simulation tool presented here will help the users to identify potentially vulnerable stretches of highway prior to flooding and either take action to improve them or monitor them closely to obtain preflood conditions which can be compared against post‐flood conditions to detect deterioration; it will help them decide whether emergency and non‐emergency vehicles can be allowed during and immediately after flooding, and in planning post‐flooding investigative actions.
Mutation of sepJ reduces the intercellular signal range of a hetN‐dependent paracrine signal, but not of a patS‐dependent signal, in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120
Authors: Rivers Orion S. , Videau Patrick , Callahan Sean M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryFormation and maintenance of a periodic pattern of nitrogen‐fixing cells called heterocysts by the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is dependent on regulators encoded by patS and hetN. In this study, genetic mosaic filaments that consisted of cells engineered to produce one of the developmental regulators flanked by target cells capable of reporting the activity of the developmental regulator were used to investigate the intercellular movement of patS‐ and hetN‐dependent activity. We provide evidence that hetN encodes a paracrine signal with a signal range of several cells. The signal that moved between cells did not include the C‐terminus of the annotated HetN protein as indicated by similar signal ranges from source cells expressing either hetN‐YFP or hetN alone, despite a lack of intercellular exchange of the HetN‐YFP fusion protein. Deletion of sepJ, which has been shown to encode a component of intercellular channels, caused a significant decrease in the signal range of hetN expressed from source cells but not of patS. These results are consistent with symplastic transport of a paracrine hetN‐dependent signal between vegetative cells of Anabaena.
Tangier disease in a Turkish family
Authors: Sahiner Neriman , Kocak Mukadder , Demirceken Fulya , Kisa Ucler , Ayva Sebnem , Kazkayasi Mustafa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this report we describe the upper gastrointestinal tractus involvement in a rare genetic disease of lipid metabolism. A 12‐year‐old boy presented with sore throat and fever. On physical examination, orange–yellow tonsils and adenoid tissue were noted. Mild hepatosplenomegaly was present. Lipid profile was compatible with Tangier disease (TD). Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract showed white‐yellowish fatty deposits on the gastric mucosa. Microscopically, biopsy specimens contained numerous histiocytes with a foamy cytoplasm packed in the lamina propria of the gastric mucosa and at the crypt basement of the duodenum. His sister, 8 years old, was also diagnosed with TD based on abnormal lipid profile and orange–yellow tonsils. TD is a rare familial disorder of lipid metabolism, characterized by deposition of cholesteryl esters, probably involving the entirety of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus.
Neonatal Dubin–Johnson syndrome: Novel compound heterozygous mutation in the ABCC2 gene
Authors: Okada Hitoshi , Kusaka Takashi , Fuke Noriko , Kunikata Jun , Kondo Sonoko , Iwase Takashi , Nan Wang , Hirota Takeshi , Ieiri Ichiro , Itoh Susumu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDubin–Johnson syndrome (DJS) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal‐onset DJS is rare. It is caused by dysfunction of adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette, sub‐family C, member 2 (ABCC2). We found a novel compound heterozygous mutation of DJS‐related gene: W709R (T2145C): a missense mutation in exon 17, and R768W (C2302T), a missense mutation in exon 18. Serum diglucuronosyl bilirubin/monoglucuronosyl bilirubin ratio was high. ABCC2 may excrete diglucuronosyl bilirubin preferentially over monoglucuronosyl bilirubin.
Successful management of neonatal renal venous thrombosis
Authors: Piscitelli Antonio , Galiano Rossella , Piccolo Vincenzo , Concolino Daniela , Strisciuglio Pietro 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRenal vein thrombosis is the most common vascular condition involving the newborn kidney and it can result in severe renal damage. We report a newborn with renal vein thrombosis treated with continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin who had normal total renal function after 3 years of follow up, despite reduction of the functional contribution of the affected kidney.
Ocular dimensions, corneal thickness, and corneal curvature in quarter horses with hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia
Authors: Badial Peres R. , Cisneros‐Àlvarez Luis Emiliano , Brandão Cláudia Valéria S. , Ranzani José Joaquim T. , Tomaz Mayana A.R.V. , Machado Vania M. , Borges Alexandre S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare ocular dimensions, corneal curvature, and corneal thickness between horses affected with hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) and unaffected horses.AnimalsFiveHERDA‐affected quarter horses and five healthy control quarter horses were used.MethodsSchirmer's tear test, tonometry, and corneal diameter measurements were performed in both eyes of all horses prior to ophthalmologic examinations. Ultrasonic pachymetry was performed to measure the central, temporal, nasal, dorsal, and ventral corneal thicknesses in all horses. B‐mode ultrasound scanning was performed on both eyes of each horse to determine the dimensions of the ocular structures and to calculate the corneal curvature.ResultsEach corneal region examined in this study was thinner in the affected group compared with the healthy control group. However, significant differences in corneal thickness were only observed for the central and dorsal regions.HERDA‐affected horses exhibited significant increases in corneal curvature and corneal diameter compared with unaffected animals. The ophthalmologic examinations revealed mild corneal opacity in one eye of one affected horse and in both eyes of three affected horses. No significant between‐group differences were observed forSchirmer's tear test, intraocular pressure, or ocular dimensions.ConclusionsHereditary equine regional dermal asthenia‐affected horses exhibit decreased corneal thickness in several regions of the cornea, increased corneal curvature, increased corneal diameter, and mild corneal opacity. Additional research is required to determine whether the increased corneal curvature significantly impacts the visual accuracy of horses withHERDA.
Establishment of Lolium species resistant to acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicide in and around grain‐importation ports in Japan
Authors: Shimono Y , Shimono A , Oguma H , Konuma A , Tominaga T 
Published: October 2014

SummaryCompared with natural seed dispersal, human‐mediated seed dispersal could spread herbicide resistance genes on a much larger scale. Herbicide‐resistant weed seeds have been reported as contaminants in commercial grain. We investigated the contamination of seeds of Lolium species with target‐site mutations conferring resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides in wheat imported from the USA, Canada and Australia into Japan. We also investigated the establishment of ALS‐inhibiting herbicide‐resistant Lolium species in 12 seaports in Japan that are major entry points for international commodities. We found herbicide‐resistant Lolium spp. seeds from all classes of wheat samples. Resistant individuals became established at six of eight ports where more than 50 kt of imported wheat is unloaded every year. The establishment of resistant Lolium spp. individuals was common at major grain landing ports. Monitoring over 3 years at one port revealed that the frequency of resistant individuals did not fluctuate between years. Many resistant individuals were distributed in front of the entrance of a fodder company, but a few resistant individuals were found in areas 2 km away from the port. The results indicate that gene flow is rare through pollen or seed movement from resistant plants to peripheral populations. Further extensive and long‐term monitoring is necessary to perform a comprehensive risk assessment of herbicide‐resistant plants entering Japan through major commercial ports.
Signal to noise ratio of energy selective x‐ray photon counting systems with pileup
Authors: Alvarez Robert E. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:To derive fundamental limits on the effect of pulse pileup and quantum noise in photon counting detectors on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and noise variance of energy selective x‐ray imaging systems.Methods:An idealized model of the response of counting detectors to pulse pileup is used. The model assumes a nonparalyzable response and delta function pulse shape. The model is used to derive analytical formulas for the noise and energy spectrum of the recorded photons with pulse pileup. These formulas are first verified with a Monte Carlo simulation. They are then used with a method introduced in a previous paper [R. E. Alvarez, “Near optimal energy selective x‐ray imaging system performance with simple detectors,” Med. Phys. 37, 822–841 (2010)] to compare the signal to noise ratio with pileup to the ideal SNR with perfect energy resolution. Detectors studied include photon counting detectors with pulse height analysis (PHA), detectors that simultaneously measure the number of photons and the integrated energy (NQ detector), and conventional energy integrating and photon counting detectors. The increase in the A‐vector variance with dead time is also computed and compared to the Monte Carlo results. A formula for the covariance of the NQ detector is developed. The validity of the constant covariance approximation to the Cramèr–Rao lower bound (CRLB) for larger counts is tested.Results:The SNR becomes smaller than the conventional energy integrating detector (Q) SNR for 0.52, 0.65, and 0.78 expected number photons per dead time for counting (N), two, and four bin PHA detectors, respectively. The NQ detector SNR is always larger than the N and Q SNR but only marginally so for larger dead times. Its noise variance increases by a factor of approximately 3 and 5 for the A1 and A2 components as the dead time parameter increases from 0 to 0.8 photons per dead time. With four bin PHA data, the increase in variance is approximately 2 and 4 times. The constant covariance approximation to the CRLB is valid for larger counts such as those used in medical imaging.Conclusions:The SNR decreases rapidly as dead time increases. This decrease places stringent limits on allowable dead times with the high count rates required for medical imaging systems. The probability distribution of the idealized data with pileup is shown to be accurately described as a multivariate normal for expected counts greater than those typically utilized in medical imaging systems. The constant covariance approximation to the CRLB is also shown to be valid in this case. A new formula for the covariance of the NQ detector with pileup is derived and validated.