bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new digital bathymetric model of the world's oceans
Authors: Weatherall Pauline , Marks K. M. , Jakobsson Martin , Schmitt Thierry , Tani Shin , Arndt Jan Erik , Rovere Marzia , Chayes Dale , Ferrini Vicki , Wigley Rochelle 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGeneral Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) has released the GEBCO_2014 grid, a new digital bathymetric model of the world ocean floor merged with land topography from publicly available digital elevation models. GEBCO_2014 has a grid spacing of 30 arc sec and updates the 2010 release (GEBCO_08) by incorporating new versions of regional bathymetric compilations from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean, the Baltic Sea Bathymetry Database, and data from the European Marine Observation and Data network bathymetry portal, among other data sources. Approximately 33% of ocean grid cells (not area) have been updated in GEBCO_2014 from the previous version, including both new interpolated depth values and added soundings. These updates include large amounts of multibeam data collected using modern equipment and navigation techniques, improving portrayed details of the world ocean floor. Of all nonland grid cells in GEBCO_2014, approximately 18% are based on bathymetric control data, i.e., primarily multibeam and single‐beam soundings or preprepared grids which may contain some interpolated values. The GEBCO_2014 grid has a mean and median depth of 3897 m and 3441 m, respectively. Hypsometric analysis reveals that 50% of the Earth's surface is composed of seafloor located 3200 m below mean sea level and that ~900 ship years of surveying would be needed to obtain complete multibeam coverage of the world's oceans.
Influence of volcanic eruptions on midlatitude upper tropospheric aerosol and consequences for cirrus clouds
Authors: Friberg Johan , Martinsson Bengt G. , Sporre Moa K. , Andersson Sandra M. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. , Hermann Markus , van Velthoven Peter F. J. , Zahn Andreas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe influence of downwelling stratospheric sulfurous aerosol on the UT (upper troposphere) aerosol concentrations and on cirrus clouds is investigated using CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container observations) (between 1999–2002 and 2005–2013) and the cirrus reflectance product from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The initial period, 1999–2002, was volcanically quiescent after which the sulfurous aerosol in the LMS (lowermost stratosphere) (SLMS) became enhanced by several volcanic eruptions starting 2005. From 2005 to 2008 and in 2013, volcanic aerosol from several tropical eruptions increased SLMS. Due to consequent subsidence, the sulfur loading of the upper troposphere (SUT) was increased by a factor of 2.5 compared to background levels. Comparison of SLMS and SUT during the seasons March–July and August–November shows a close coupling of the UT and LMS. Finally, the relationship between SLMS and the cirrus cloud reflectance (CR) retrieved from MODIS spectrometer (on board the satellites Terra and Aqua) is studied. SLMS and CR show a strong anticorrelation, with a factor of 3.5 increase in SLMS and decrease of CR by 8 ± 2% over the period 2001–2011. We propose that the increase of SLMS due to volcanism has caused the coinciding cirrus CR decrease, which would be associated with a negative radiative forcing in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes.
Yardang evolution from maturity to demise
Authors: Barchyn Thomas E. , Hugenholtz Chris H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractYardangs are enigmatic wind‐parallel ridges sculpted by aeolian processes that are found extensively in arid environments on Earth and Mars. No general theory exists to explain the long‐term evolution of yardangs, curtailing modeling of landscape evolution and dynamics of suspended sediment release. We present a hypothesis of yardang evolution using relative rates of sediment flux, interyardang corridor downcutting, yardang denudation, substrate erodibility, and substrate clast content. To develop and sustain yardangs, corridor downcutting must exceed yardang vertical denudation and deflation. However, erosion of substrate yields considerable quantities of sediment that shelters corridors, slowing downcutting. We model the evolution of yardangs through various combinations of rates and substrate compositions, demonstrating the life span, suspended sediment release, and resulting landscape evolution. We find that yardangs have a distinct and predictable evolution, with inevitable demise and unexpectedly dynamic and autogenic erosion rates driven by subtle differences in substrate clast composition.
Omega band pulsating auroras observed onboard THEMIS spacecraft and on the ground
Authors: Sato Natsuo , Kadokura Akira , Tanaka Yoshimasa , Nishiyama Takanori , Hori Tomoaki , Yukimatu Akira Sessai 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe examined a fortuitous case of an omega band pulsating aurora observed simultaneously on the ground at Sanikiluaq in Canada and onboard the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorm (THEMIS) spacecraft on 1 March 2011. We observed almost the entire process of the generation of the omega band aurora from the initial growth to the declining through expansion period. The omega band aurora grew from a faint seed, not via distortion of a preexisting east‐west band aurora. The size scale of the omega band aurora during the maximum period was ~500 km in the north‐south direction and ~200 km in the east‐west direction. The mesoscale omega band aurora consisted of more than 15 patches of complex‐shaped small‐scale auroras. Each patch contained an intense pulsating aurora with a recurrent period of ~9–12 s and a poleward moving form. The footprints of the THEMIS D and THEMIS E spacecraft crossed the poleward part of the omega band aurora. THEMIS D observed significant signatures in the electromagnetic fields and particles associated with the time at which the spacecraft crossed the omega band aurora. In particular, it was found that the Y and Z components of the DC electric field intensity, especially the Z component, modulated with almost the same period as that of the optical pulsating auroras. The electrostatic low‐frequency waves of less than 30 Hz showed quasiperiodic intensity variations similar to those of the DC electric field. These observations suggest that DC electric field variation and low‐frequency electrostatic waves may play important roles in the driving mechanism of omega band pulsating auroras.
Modulation of the connection between boreal winter ENSO and the South Asian high in the following summer by the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation
Authors: Xue Xu , Chen Wen , Chen Shangfeng , Zhou Dingwen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study investigated the modulation effect of boreal winter quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) on the connection between winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and the variability of the following summer's South Asian high (SAH) by using European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis data for the period of 1979–2013. The results suggest that the boreal summer SAH is more significantly influenced by preceding ENSO events in the easterly phase of the QBO than in the westerly phase. The change in the ENSO‐SAH relationship in the different QBO phases may be attributable to the change in the ENSO‐induced sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). Specifically, ENSO's influence on the following summer's TIO SST is more significant when the QBO is in its easterly phase than westerly phase. Further analysis showed that the change in the connection between ENSO and the TIO SST in the different QBO phases may be attributable to change in the anomalous tropical Indian Ocean cell (IOC) associated with ENSO. In particular, the anomalous IOC induced by anomalous Walker circulation over the tropical Pacific is stronger and located further west in QBO easterly than westerly phase. This leads to stronger descending motion and larger SST anomalies over the TIO in the QBO easterly phase. These larger SST anomalies over the TIO in the QBO easterly phase could exert a more significant influence on the tropospheric temperature through moist adjustment, which subsequently results in stronger SAH variability.
Synthesis and Recognition of Nano Pore Molecularly Imprinted Polymers of Thymol on the Surface of Modified Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Masoumi Motahare , Jahanshahi Mohsen 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTTo the best of our knowledge, for the first time in this study, nano pore molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared using thymol as a template. A molecularly imprinting polymer with high performance for recognizing thymol was prepared by a novel surface molecular imprinting technique. First, silica nanoparticles were modified with γ‐methacyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH‐570) as a support material. Afterward, surface molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIP) were obtained through polymerization with methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as the cross‐linking agent. The produced polymers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SMIP were obtained with the average core shell thickness of 17 nm, an average pore diameter of 3.9 nm, and the high specific surface area of 282.3 m2 g−1. The adsorption properties were revealed by batch binding experiments. The results indicated that the SMIP had higher binding capacity for thymol than its nonimprinted polymers. The selectivity of the SMIP obtained was clarified by using thymol and structurally related compounds. The selectivity coefficient of SMIP for thymol with respect to competition species obtained was 2.44, which revealed SMIP had good selectivity and site accessibility for thymol. A kinetic binding study showed that adsorption capacity of SMIP increased continuously with time and reached saturation adsorption at 90 min.
The Paternal Provisioning Hypothesis: Effects of workload and testosterone production on men's musculature
Authors: Alvarado Louis Calistro , Muller Martin N. , Emery Thompson Melissa , Klimek Magdalena , Nenko Ilona , Jasienska Grazyna 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesTestosterone supports male reproduction through a broad range of behavioral and physiological effects, including the maintenance of sexually dimorphic muscle used in male‐male competition. Although it is often assumed that a persistent relationship exists between men's testosterone production and musculature, most studies either fail to find evidence for such a relationship, or document very weak associations. In nonhuman primates, by contrast, correlations between testosterone and muscle mass are higher. Here, we propose the “Paternal Provisioning Hypothesis,” which predicts that men's skeletal muscle is less dependent on the effects of androgens than that of other primates, and more sensitive to the physical demands of men's work. This permits human fathers to downregulate testosterone, which has negative impacts on pair‐bonding and parenting effort, but without sacrificing the strength and musculature necessary to provision mates and offspring.MethodsWe tested predictions of the Paternal Provisioning Hypothesis by assessing parental status, salivary testosterone levels, anthropometry, and strength among 122 men (ages 18–78) at the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site in rural Poland. We chose this population because men practice subsistence agriculture, regularly engaging in physically demanding labor. Grip and chest strength were assessed using a dynamometer, and upper‐body musculature was estimated from arm muscle circumference.ResultsIn this population, testosterone showed no association with measures of strength or musculature, and was lower in older men and pair‐bonded fathers. Marital and parental status and workload, by contrast, were positive predictors of muscle mass and strength measures.DiscussionThese findings offer support for the Paternal Provisioning Hypothesis. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:19–35, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using isotopic evidence to assess the impact of migration and the two‐layer hypothesis in prehistoric Northeast Thailand
Authors: King Charlotte L. , Tayles Nancy , Higham Charles , Strand‐Viđarsdóttir Una , Bentley R. Alexander , Macpherson Colin G. , Nowell Geoff 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe nature of the agricultural transition in Southeast Asia has been a topic of some debate for archaeologists over the past decades. A prominent model, known as the two‐layer hypothesis, states that indigenous hunter‐gatherers were subsumed by the expansion of exotic Neolithic farmers into the area around 2000 BC. These farmers had ultimate origins in East Asia and brought rice and millet agriculture. Ban Non Wat is one of the few archaeological sites in Southeast Asia where this model can potentially be tested. The site is located in the Mun River valley of Northeast Thailand, and divided into 12 phases that span over 2,000 years, from about 1750 BC to the end of the Iron Age (ca. 500 AD). These phases exhibit successive cultural changes, and current interpretation of the site is of an early hunter‐gatherer population, with agriculturalists immigrating into the later phases.MethodsWe analyzed strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotopes in tooth enamel from over 150 individuals, dating from the Neolithic to Iron Age, to assess extrinsic origins and differences in diet between early and later phases.ResultsWe find evidence of dietary and cultural differences between groups at Ban Non Wat during its early occupation, but little evidence for immigration from distinct environments beyond the Khorat Plateau of Northeast Thailand.ConclusionsThe lack of consistent isotopic differences between early and later Neolithic occupants at Ban Non Wat means that the site does not conclusively support the two‐layer hypothesis. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:141–150, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The largest relative testis size among primates and aseasonal reproduction in a nocturnal lemur, Mirza zaza
Authors: Rode‐Margono Eva Johanna , Nekaris K. Anne‐Isola , Kappeler Peter M. , Schwitzer Christoph 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesTestis size is an indirect indicator of a species’ mating system, along with sexual size and canine dimorphism, existence and usage of mating and advertisement calls as well as the spatial distribution of males and females ready to mate in solitary species. Upon its recent discovery, the northern giant mouse lemur Mirza zaza was suggested to have a polygynandrous mating system and to exhibit seasonal breeding. We tested these predictions in a field study in Sahamalaza National Park, NW Madagascar.Materials and MethodsWe caught 12 M. zaza, before and during the suggested mating period and obtained standard field morphometric measurements, including testes size.ResultsWe show that M. zaza has the highest relative testis volume among primates, indicating strong sperm competition and polygynandrous mating. In addition, based on inferred age of captured animals, observed mating behavior, a female caught in met‐estrus and data from captivity, we suggest M. zaza to be one of the few lemurs that breed aseasonally.DiscussionFuture field work on this endangered species is required to illuminate the causes and consequences of intense promiscuity and aseasonal breeding despite strong habitat seasonality, which distinguish M. zaza from most other nocturnal lemurs. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:165–169, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and use of varied natural tools for extractive foraging by bonobos (Pan Paniscus)
Authors: Roffman Itai , Savage‐Rumbaugh Sue , Rubert‐Pugh Elizabeth , Stadler André , Ronen Avraham , Nevo Eviatar 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe tool‐assisted extractive foraging capabilities of captive (zoo) and semi‐captive (sanctuary) bonobo (Pan paniscus) groups were compared to each other and to those known in wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) cultures.Materials and MethodsThe bonobos were provided with natural raw materials and challenged with tasks not previously encountered, in experimental settings simulating natural contexts where resources requiring special retrieval efforts were hidden. They were shown that food was buried underground or inserted into long bone cavities, and left to tackle the tasks without further intervention.ResultsThe bonobos used modified branches and unmodified antlers or stones to dig under rocks and in the ground or to break bones to retrieve the food. Antlers, short sticks, long sticks, and rocks were effectively used as mattocks, daggers, levers, and shovels, respectively. One bonobo successively struck a long bone with an angular hammer stone, completely bisecting it longitudinally. Another bonobo modified long branches into spears and used them as attack weapons and barriers. Bonobos in the sanctuary, unlike those in the zoo, used tool sets to perform sequential actions.DiscussionThe competent and diverse tool‐assisted extractive foraging by the bonobos corroborates and complements the extensive information on similar tool use by chimpanzees, suggesting that such competence is a shared trait. Better performance by the sanctuary bonobos than the zoo group was probably due to differences in their cultural exposure and housing conditions. The bonobos' foraging techniques resembled some of those attributed to Oldowan hominins, implying that they can serve as referential models. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:78–91, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population‐specific stature estimation from long bones in the early medieval Pohansko (Czech Republic)
Authors: Sládek Vladimír , Macháček Jiří , Ruff Christopher B. , Schuplerová Eliška , Přichystalová Renáta , Hora Martin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectives:We tested the effect of population‐specific linear body proportions on stature estimation.Materials and Methods:We used a skeletal sample of 31 males and 20 females from the Early Medieval site at Pohansko (Břeclav, Central Europe) and a comparative Central European Early Medieval sample of 45 males and 28 females. We developed new population‐specific equations for the Pohansko sample using anatomical reconstructions of stature, then compared percentage prediction errors (%PEs) of anatomical stature from limb bone lengths using the derived Pohansko equations with those previously derived from more general European and other Early Medieval samples.Results:Among general European equations, the lowest %PEs for the Pohansko sample were obtained using the equations of Formicola and Franceschi: Am J Phys Anthropol 100 (1996) 83–88 and Ruff et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 148 (2012) 601–617. However, unexpectedly, the choice between tibial latitudinal variants proposed by Ruff et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 148 (2012) 601–617 appeared to be sex‐specific, with northern and southern variants producing lower %PEs for males and females, respectively. Equations from Breitinger: Anthropol Anz 14 (1937) 249–274, Bach: Anthropol Anz 29 (1965) 12–21, and Sjøvold: Hum Evol 5 (1990) 431–447 provided poor agreement with anatomical stature. When applied to the comparative Central European Early Medieval sample, our new formulae have generally lower %PE than previously derived formulae based on other European Early Medieval samples (Maijanen and Niskanen: Int J Osteoarchaeol 20 (2010) 472–480; Vercellotti et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 140 (2009) 135–142.Conclusions:The best agreement with anatomical stature among our newly developed equations was obtained using femoral+tibial length, followed by femoral length. Upper limb bone lengths resulted in higher %PEs. Variation in the tibia is likely to contribute most to potential bias in stature estimation. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:312–324, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia of the oropharyngeal cavity and paranasal sinuses: a case series and literature review
Authors: Melton Myles F. , Pearlman Aaron N. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an indolent B‐lineage neoplasm responsible for 30% of all leukemias. The median age of onset is 67 years with a male predominance of 2:1. Localized infiltration in the oropharynx and paranasal sinuses is exceptionally rare. The aims of this study were (1) to add an additional case series of CLL with involvement of the oropharynx and paranasal sinuses to the literature and (2) to determine incidence and demographic data.MethodsRetrospective chart review from 1990 to 2014.ResultsFive cases were found in our case series, representing 0.74% of the total number of cases analyzed (5/680). Sixteen additional cases were identified through literature review, resulting in a total of 21 cases of CLL (13 men, 8 women) with involvement of the oropharynx (n = 15) and paranasal sinuses (n = 6). The average age of patients with CLL in the oropharynx was 62 years whereas in the paranasal sinuses it was 52 years (p = 0.16). The average age of female cases was 62 years and the average age of male cases was 58 years (p = 0.63). Almost 85% (84.6%) of men had oropharynx invasion vs 50% of females (p = 0.15), which suggests a nonsignificant trend.ConclusionThe results of our study indicate that CLL infiltrates the oropharynx or paranasal sinuses in less than 1% of CLL cases. Although there seems to be no age bias between invasion in the oropharynx and the paranasal sinuses, there is a trend whereby women appear more likely to experience invasion of the paranasal sinuses.
Shape‐memory behaviors of electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) composite nanofibrous membranes
Authors: Wei Hongqiu , Zhang Fenghua , Zhang Dawei , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTWith aim of constructing a class of functional environmentally friendly materials, we electrospun chitosan (CS) blends with various contents of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) into a series of composite nanofibrous membranes exhibiting shape‐memory behaviors. In the present composite system, CS and PEO served as hard and soft domains, respectively. The CS, presenting no thermal transition, and the PEO, with apparent melting–crystallization, were demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry testing. Characterizations also revealed that the morphologies of the CS/PEO membranes were controlled by the mass ratios of CS/PEO. The composite fibrous membranes showed great mechanical performances and thermal stabilities as well. Moreover, CS/PEO possessed excellent shape‐memory behaviors. Such fibrous membranes could complete their shape‐recovery processes within 20 s at the temperature of 20°C above the melting transition temperature (Tm). Both the shape fixity and shape‐recovery ratios were higher than 90%, even after five cycles. The CS/PEO fibrous membranes present significant potential applications in the field of biotechnology and tissue engineering, such as in scaffolds and smart tubes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42532.