bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GABAB modulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core
Authors: Pitman Kimberley A. , Puil Ernest , Borgland Stephanie L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractModulation of the concentration of dopamine (DA) released from dopaminergic terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) influences behaviours such as the motivation to obtain drugs of abuse. γ‐Aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptors are expressed throughout the mesolimbic circuit, including in the NAc, and baclofen, an agonist of GABAB receptors, can decrease drug‐seeking behaviours. However, the mechanism by which GABAB receptors modulate terminal DA release has not been well studied. We explored how baclofen modulates the concentration of DA released from terminals in the NAc core using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry in brain slices from adult male C57BL/6J mice. We found that baclofen concentration‐dependently decreased single pulse‐evoked DA release. This effect was blocked by the GABAB antagonist, CGP 52432, but not by a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Suppression of DA release by a saturating concentration of baclofen was sustained for up to 1 h. The effect of baclofen was reduced with electrical stimulations mimicking burst firing of DA neurons. Similar to the D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, baclofen reduced the probability of DA release, supporting a mechanistic overlap with D2 receptors. Baclofen‐mediated suppression of DA release persisted after a locomotor‐sensitizing cocaine treatment, indicating that GABAB receptors on DA terminals were not altered by cocaine exposure. These data suggest that baclofen‐mediated suppression of terminal DA release is due to GABAB activation on DA terminals to reduce the probability of DA release. This effect does not readily desensitize, and persists regardless of chronic cocaine treatment.
Mate Preference for Novel Phenotypes: A Fresh Face Matters
Authors: Graber Robin E. , Senagolage Madhavi , Ross Elizabeth , Houde Anne E. , Hughes Kimberly A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractConspicuous polymorphism in sexually selected traits is usually attributed to processes such as frequency‐dependent selection that can maintain genetic variation. Recent evidence indicates that dramatic variation of male coloration in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) is promoted by a form of frequency‐dependent selection in which males bearing rare or novel color patterns achieve higher mating success than males bearing common patterns. Active female preference for unfamiliar or rare color patterns has been implicated in generating this rare‐phenotype advantage, but the behavioral processes responsible for the preference remain unclear. To determine whether familiarity that is developed over a very short timescale can lead to a rare‐male mating advantage, we measured female response to courtship by males with color patterns that were the same as or different from that of the previous male to court. Females showed two types of short‐term preference variation in this experiment. On the first trial day, females shifted their preferences on a timescale of minutes, showing strong preference for males bearing a color pattern different from that of the immediately previous male to court. Twenty‐four hours later, females were less responsive to male courtship overall, and there was no difference in females’ response to different‐ and same‐morph males. Females also preferred males with more orange coloration on both trial days, but this color preference was independent of the preference for ‘different’ color patterns. These data suggest that the behavioral process underlying rare‐male advantage in guppies is that females prefer males bearing unfamiliar color patterns and that familiarity is determined over a very short timescale.
Social Dominance in a Gregarious Bird is Related to Body Size But not to Standard Personality Assays
Authors: Funghi Caterina , Leitão Ana V. , Ferreira André C. , Mota Paulo G. , Cardoso Gonçalo C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe recent growth of research on animal personality could provide new insights into our understanding of sociality and the structure of animal groups. Although simple assays of the type commonly used to study animal personality have been shown to correlate with social aggressiveness in some bird species, conflicting empirical results do not yet make it clear when such assays, typically using isolated individuals, predict behaviour within social groups. We measured aggressiveness in groups of a very gregarious species, the common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), and performed five commonly used behavioural assays on the same individuals: tonic immobility, mirror test, novel object test, open‐field test and a variant of the latter in an enriched environment. We found that larger individuals were more dominant and that differences in aggressiveness were repeatable. None of the traditional behavioural assays were related to aggressiveness or dominance. Standard personality assays may fail to capture individual differences relevant to predict social behaviour, and we discuss biological and methodological explanations for these results, such as social behaviour being in part an emergent property of groups rather than an intrinsic property of individuals, or gregarious species being particularly sensitive to the conditions of standard personality assays that test individuals alone.
Trait‐based community assembly of aquatic macrophytes along a water depth gradient in a freshwater lake
Authors: Fu Hui , Zhong Jiayou , Yuan Guixiang , Xie Ping , Guo Longgen , Zhang Xiaolin , Xu Jun , Li Zhongqianng , Li Wei , Zhang Meng , Cao Te , Ni Leyi 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Trait‐based approaches provide a framework for integrating the distribution of functional traits associated with ecological strategies into the responses of plant community dynamics along environmental gradients. We used a trait‐based approach to unravel the processes governing macrophyte community assembly along a water depth gradient. We sampled 42 plots and 1513 individual plants and measured 12 functional traits and abundance of 17 macrophyte species.

The results showed significant evidences of habitat filtering (i.e. a significant reduction in the range and variance of trait values) and of niche differentiation (i.e. trait values distributed more evenly than expected), both of which affected the functional responses of macrophyte communities associated with different sets of traits in significant different patterns along the gradient.

Habitat filtering effects increased significantly for specific leaf area and leaf carbon content along the gradient. Niche differentiation effects increased significantly for leaf dry mass content, but decreased for ramet size, shoot height and leaf carbon content with increasing water depth, implying that the relative strength of biotic competition in a specific functional niche would vary with water depth.

Intraspecific trait variability promoted significantly the detection of habitat filtering effects on stem diameter, lamina thickness and stem dry mass content, and niche differentiation effects on specific leaf area, leaf dry mass content, shoot height, stem diameter, stem dry mass content and ramet size.

Community assembly processes shape the functional trait distribution within communities along environmental gradients through hierarchical effects of habitat filtering and niche differentiation. Our study highlights that niche differentiation plays a structuring role in macrophyte community assembly and that intraspecific trait variability is an important factor influencing macrophyte community dynamics.
Palaeo‐formation water evolution in the Latrobe aquifer, Gippsland Basin, south‐eastern Australia continental shelf
Authors: Bourdet J. , Kempton R. , Michael K. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOffshore fresh or brackish groundwater has been observed around the globe and represents an interesting but unusual freshwater reserve. Formation waters in sedimentary basins evolve at geological time through fluid–rock interactions and water movements in aquifers. However, the mechanism and timing of freshwater displacing and mixing with pre‐existing formation water offshore under the seafloor has not been investigated in many cases. The growing need for developing freshwater resources in deeper parts of sedimentary basins that have not been economic or technically feasible in the past, may potentially lead to an increasing conflict with petroleum production or injection of carbon dioxide. For being able to assess and mitigate possible impacts of fluid production or injection on groundwater flow and quality, a better understanding of the natural history of the interaction between fresh meteoric water and deep basin formation water is necessary. A low‐salinity wedge of meteoric origin with less than 5000 ppm currently extends to about 20 km offshore in the confined Latrobe aquifer in the Gippsland Basin (Australia). The Latrobe aquifer is a freshwater resource in the onshore, hosts major petroleum reservoirs and has been considered for carbon dioxide storage in the offshore parts of the basin. The objective of this study is to constrain the evolution of formation water in the Latrobe aquifer by investigating the water naturally trapped in fluid inclusions during burial. The measured palaeo‐salinities from onshore and offshore rock samples have a minimum of about 12 500 ppm (NaCl equivalent) and a maximum of about 50 000 ppm. Most of the salinities are in the 32 000–35 000 ppm range. There is no evidence for freshwater in fluid inclusions and the variation in palaeo‐salinity across the basin is consistent with the palaeogeography of deposition of the sedimentary rocks. The current low‐salinity water wedge must have started to form recently after most of the diagenetic processes that led to the trapping of water in fluid inclusions happened. The minimum homogenisation temperatures (Th) recorded are consistent with current formation temperature. However, they are generally higher than present day suggesting that hotter temperatures were attained in the past. The Th and salinity data together suggest that the fluid inclusions record the diagenetic modification of connate water to higher salinities over a time period that was accompanied by an increase in temperature, consistent with a westward palaeo‐fluid flow from the deeper part of the basin through the aquifer. Subsequent pore‐water evolution from palaeo‐ to current day conditions is consistent with an influx of fresher and cooler meteoric water into the Latrobe Group. The meteoric recharge originates from the area of the Baragwanath anticline in the onshore part of the basin where the Latrobe Group subcrops at high elevations.
Gleason drift in the NIHR ProtecT study
Authors: Oxley Jon , Simpkin Andrew , Goepel John , Varma Murali , Griffiths David , Grigor Ken , Mayer Nick , Warren Anne , Deshmukh Nayneeta , Bhattarai Selina , Dormer John , Hounsome Luke , Adamczyk Lukasz A , Metcalfe Christopher , Lane J Athene , Davis Michael , Donovan Jenny L , Neal David E , Hamdy Freddy C , Robinson Mary C ,   the ProtecT Study Group
Published: September 2014

AimsThere is increasing evidence of Gleason score (GS) drift in prostatic core biopsies during the last two decades. The ProtecT study is a randomized controlled study and provides an excellent cohort to study the effect of time, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, perineural invasion, tumour length and age on GS.Methods and resultsThe ProtecT study recruited men in the United Kingdom between 1999 and 2010. The Gleason scores were grouped into four categories ≤3 + 3, 3 + 4, 4 + 3 and ≥4 + 4 for analysis. Data from England between 2000 and 2012 were also available. A total of 3282 biopsies containing cancer were analysed. For each year of the ProtecT study, the odds of being diagnosed with a higher GS category increased by 4.9%. Higher GS was also associated with perineural invasion, increasing tumour length, age and PSA level. While biopsy GS from England was incomplete, it also showed a marked decrease in GS five and six tumours during the same period.ConclusionThere was GS drift from 3 + 3 to 3 + 4 with time in the ProtecT study, but there appeared to be no significant change in percentage of GS 4 + 3 or higher. This drift was less dramatic when compared to GS in the rest of England.
The physical chemistry of the stratum corneum lipids
Authors: Boncheva M. 
Published: September 2014

SynopsisThe extracellular matrix of stratum corneum (SC) participates actively in the defensive performance of human skin. Understanding its physicochemical properties is essential for understanding the skin homoeostasis, for the development of efficient therapies for skin disorders and diseases and for ensuring the safety of products designed for topical application. This article summarizes the current knowledge of the composition, self‐assembly and molecular organization of the SC lipids, reviews the evidence connecting these parameters and the barrier properties of human skin, and outlines the immediate issues in the field of SC lipid research.
A dual role for β1 integrin in an in vitro Streptococcus mitis/human gingival fibroblasts co‐culture model in response to TEGDMA
Authors: Di Nisio C. , De Colli M. , di Giacomo V. , Rapino M. , Di Valerio V. , Marconi G. D. , Gallorini M. , Di Giulio M. , Cataldi A. , Zara S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of TEGDMA on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in vitro co‐cultured with Streptococcus mitis, focusing on the signalling pathways underlying cell tissue remodelling and inflammatory response processes.Methodologyβ1 integrin expression was evaluated by means of imaging flow cytometry. The Western blot technique was used to investigate the expression of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and 3 (MMP3). RT‐PCR was performed to quantify nuclear factor‐kb subunits (Nf‐kb1, ReLa), IkB kinase β (IkBkB), cyclooxygenase II (COX‐2) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mRNA levels. Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis of variance (anova).ResultsWhen HGFs are co‐cultured with S. mitis, β1 integrin intensity, phosphorylated PKC (p‐PKC), activated ERK (p‐ERK), IkBkB mRNA level and MMP9 expression increased (for all molecules P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs co‐cultured with S. mitis). A higher level of MMP3 in HGFs treated with TEGDMA was recorded (P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs exposed to TEGDMA). COX‐2 inflammatory factor mRNA level appeared higher in HGFs exposed to 1 mmol L−1 TEGDMA (P < 0.01 HGFs versus HGFs exposed to TEGDMA), whereas TNF‐α gene expression was higher in HGFs co‐cultured with S. mitis (P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs co‐cultured with S. mitis).Conclusionsβ1 integrin triggered the signalling pathway, transduced by p‐PKCα and involving ERK 1 and 2 and MMPs. This pathway resulted in an unbalanced equilibrium in tissue remodelling process, along with inflammatory response when HGFs are exposed to bacteria or biomaterial alone. On the contrary, the TEGDMA/S. mitis combination restored the balance between extracellular matrix deposition and degradation and prevented an inflammatory response.
Enteral tube feeding of patients with acute stroke: when does the risk of diarrhoea increase?
Authors: Arevalo‐Manso J. J. , Martinez‐Sanchez P. , Juarez‐Martin B. , Fuentes B. , Ruiz‐Ares G. , Sanz‐Cuesta B. E. , Parrilla‐Novo P. , Diez‐Tejedor E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground/AimWe aimed to evaluate the relationship between the length of time acute stroke patients underwent enteral tube feeding (ETF) and episodes of diarrhoea, and to investigate the temporal cut‐off point at which diarrhoea risk increases.MethodsAn observational, retrospective study was conducted on patients with acute stroke admitted to a Stroke Centre. Patients undergoing ETF (ETF group) and those not undergoing ETF (control group) were analysed and matched by age and stroke severity. Data regarding demographic and clinical variables were recorded. The analysis was conducted using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariate analyses.ResultsA total of 130 inpatients was included (age 75.08 ± 11.53 years, 56.2% men). The ETF group had higher diarrhoea frequency (27.7% vs 6.2%, P = 0.001). The length of time on ETF was associated with diarrhoea development (odds ratio (OR), 1.12 increment per day; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.18; P < 0.001), after adjusting for confounders. The ROC curve showed 7 days on ETF as a cut‐off point for diarrhoea risk. Seven days or more on ETF was independently associated with diarrhoea (OR, 6.26; 95% CI 1.66–23.62; P = 0.007), whereas less than 7 days was not when compared with the control group (OR, 0.38; 95% CI 0.04–3.91; P = 0.413).ConclusionsThe length of time on ETF is associated with diarrhoea development in patients with acute stroke, demonstrating a temporal cut‐off point. Seven days or longer on ETF is related to the occurrence of diarrhoea, whereas less than 7 days on ETF does not show this effect.
Children's discomfort may vary among different treatments for initial approximal caries lesions: preliminary findings of a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mattos‐Silveira Juliana , Floriano Isabela , Ferreira Fernanda R. , Viganó Maria Eduarda F. , Mendes Fausto M. , Braga Mariana M. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundLonger and more complex dental procedures could negatively affect patient's acceptability of minimal invasive techniques.Aims and MethodsTherefore, this short communication aims to show the preliminary findings regarding children's discomfort reported after some minimal invasive treatments in treating initial caries lesions on approximal surfaces: flossing instruction, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application and caries resin infiltration.ResultsChildren allocated in the infiltration group showed higher levels of discomfort than those in the SDF and control groups.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the simplest interventions for approximal initial caries lesions cause less discomfort for children and should be applied where possible.
The deep structure of organizational online networking – an actor‐oriented case study
Authors: Trier Matthias , Richter Alexander 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWhile research on organizational online networking recently increased significantly, most studies adopt quantitative research designs with a focus on the consequences of social network configurations. Very limited attention is paid to comprehensive theoretical conceptions of the complex phenomenon of organizational online networking. We address this gap by adopting a theoretical framework of the deep structure of organizational online networking with a focus on their emerging meaning for the employees. We apply and assess the framework in a qualitative case study of a large‐scale implementation of a corporate social network site (SNS) in a global organization. We reveal organizational online networking as a multi‐dimensional phenomenon with multiplex relationships that are unbalanced, primarily consist of weak ties and are subject to temporal change. Further, we identify discourse drivers and information retrievers as two mutually interdependent actor roles as an explanation for uneven levels of user contributions to the SNS. Based on our analysis, we elicit abstract order principles, such as topical discourses, and identify transactive memory theory as a potent explanation of the evolving interaction structures. We finally discuss how the deep structure framework can contribute to future research on organizational networks.
A DFT Study of Structural and Electronic Properties of ZnS Polymorphs and its Pressure‐Induced Phase Transitions
Authors: La Porta Felipe A. , Gracia Lourdes , Andrés Juan , Sambrano Júlio R. , Varela Jose A. , Longo Elson 
Published: September 2014

A systematic first‐principles investigation, by using the density functional formalism with the nonlocal B3LYP approximation including a long‐range dispersion correction, has been performed to calculate the structural and electronic properties and phase transitions under pressure of the three phases of ZnS (cubic zinc blende, ZB, hexagonal wurtzite, W, and cubic rock salt, RS). Numerical and analytical fittings have been carried out to determine the equilibrium unit cell geometry and equation of state parameters for the ZnS phases. The band structures, energy gap, density of states, and vibrational frequencies and their pressure dependences are investigated. The present results illustrate that both phases, W and ZB, present very similar enthalpy and the RS phase becomes thermodynamically more stable than ZB and W structures at 15.0 and 15.5 GPa, respectively. These phase transitions are accompanied by an increase of the first shell coordination number of Zn atom and by a cell volume collapse of 13.9% and 14.3% for ZB and W phases, respectively. The atomic contributions of the conduction and valence bands, as well the binding energy for the Zn 3d orbital have been obtained.
Contemporary ecotypic divergence during a recent range expansion was facilitated by adaptive introgression
Authors: Lucek K. , Lemoine M. , Seehausen O. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough rapid phenotypic evolution during range expansion associated with colonization of contrasting habitats has been documented in several taxa, the evolutionary mechanisms that underlie such phenotypic divergence have less often been investigated. A strong candidate for rapid ecotype formation within an invaded range is the three‐spine stickleback in theLakeGeneva region of centralEurope. Since its introduction only about 140 years ago, it has undergone a significant expansion of its range and its niche, now forming phenotypically differentiated parapatric ecotypes that occupy either the pelagic zone of the large lake or small inlet streams, respectively. By comparing museum collections from different times with contemporary population samples, we here reconstruct the evolution of parapatric phenotypic divergence through time. Using genetic data from modern samples, we infer the underlying invasion history. We find that parapatric habitat‐dependent phenotypic divergence between the lake and stream was already present in the first half of the twentieth century, but the magnitude of differentiation increased through time, particularly in antipredator defence traits. This suggests that divergent selection between the habitats occurred and was stable through much of the time since colonization. Recently, increased phenotypic differentiation in antipredator defence traits likely results from habitat‐dependent selection on alleles that arrived through introgression from a distantly related lineage from outside the Lake Geneva region. This illustrates how hybridization can quickly promote phenotypic divergence in a system where adaptation from standing genetic variation was constrained.