bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—Not Exactly a One-Way Ticket Back to the Preinjury Level
Authors: Ardern Clare L. 
Published: March 2015

Context: A recently updated meta-analysis of return-to-sport rates after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction demonstrated that 65% of athletes returned to their preinjury level of sport after surgery. The aim of this clinical review was to explore contextual factors associated with returning or not returning to the preinjury level after ACL reconstruction. Evidence Acquisition: Data were obtained from peer-reviewed literature via a search of the electronic databases Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus from database inception to January 2015. The keywords anterior cruciate ligament and return to sport were used. Additional literature was identified via hand-searching of the reference lists of relevant articles and the ePublication lists of key scientific journals. Random effects meta-analyses were used to pool the results of modifiable contextual factors and to examine their association with returning or not returning to the preinjury level of sport after surgery. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Results: Lower fear of reinjury (standardized mean difference, 0.7), greater psychological readiness to return to sport (standardized mean difference, 1.0), and a more positive subjective assessment of knee function (standardized mean difference, 0.9) favored return to the preinjury level after surgery. Conclusion: Returning or not returning to the preinjury level after ACL reconstruction is complex and multifactorial. Screening for potentially modifiable contextual factors, particularly psychological factors, early after ACL injury may help clinicians identify athletes who could be at risk of not returning to the preinjury level of sport and institute interventions that could improve returning to sport.
A Systematic Review of Failed Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Autograft Compared With Allograft in Young Patients
Authors: Wasserstein David , Sheth Ujash , Cabrera Alison , Spindler Kurt P. 
Published: March 2015

Context: The advantages of allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), which include shorter surgical time, less postoperative pain, and no donor site morbidity, may be offset by a higher risk of failure. Previous systematic reviews have inconsistently shown a difference in failure prevalence by graft type; however, such reviews have never been stratified for younger or more active patients. Objective: To determine whether there is a different ACLR failure prevalence of autograft compared with allograft in young, active patients. Data Sources: EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane trials registry. Study Selection: Comparative studies of allograft versus autograft primary ACL reconstruction in patients <25 years of age or of high-activity level (military, Marx activity score >12 points, collegiate or semiprofessional athletes). Study Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: Manual extraction of available data from eligible studies. Quantitative synthesis of failure prevalence and Lysholm score (outcomes in ≥3 studies) and I2 test for heterogeneity. Assessment of study quality using CLEAR NPT and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria (1 level 1; 2 level 2, 4 level 3), including 788 patients treated with autograft tissue and 228 with various allografts. The mean age across studies was 21.7 years (64% male), and follow-up ranged between 24 and 51 months. The pooled failure prevalence was 9.6% (76/788) for autografts and 25.0% (57/228) for allografts (relative risk, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.24-0.53; P < 0.00001; I2 = 16%). The number needed to benefit to prevent 1 failure by using autograft was 7 patients (95% CI, 5-10). No difference between hamstrings autograft and patella tendon autograft was noted. Lysholm score was reported in 3 studies and did not differ between autograft and allograft. Conclusion: While systematic reviews comparing allograft and autograft ACLR have been equivocal, this is the first review to examine young and active patients in whom allograft performs poorly.
MiR-181a: a potential biomarker of acute muscle wasting following elective high-risk cardiothoracic surgery
Authors: Bloch Susannah AA , Donaldson Anna VJ , Lewis Amy , Banya Winston AS , Polkey Michael I , Griffiths Mark JD , Kemp Paul R 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Acute muscle wasting in the critically ill is common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although some aetiological factors are recognised and muscle wasting can be detected early with ultrasound, it not possible currently to predict in advance of muscle loss those who will develop muscle wasting. The ability to stratify the risk of muscle wasting associated with critical illness prior to it becoming clinically apparent would provide the opportunity to predict prognosis more accurately and to intervene at an early stage. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that modulate post-transcriptional regulation of translation, some are tissue specific and can be detected and quantified in plasma. We hypothesised that certain plasma microRNAs could be biomarkers of ICU acquired muscle weakness.

Methods
Plasma levels of selected microRNAs were measured in pre- and post-operative samples from a previously reported prospective observational study of 42 patients undergoing elective high-risk cardiothoracic surgery, 55% of whom developed muscle wasting.

Results
The rise in miR-181a was significantly higher on the second post-operative day in those who developed muscle wasting at 1 week compared to those who did not (p = 0.03). A rise in miR-181a of greater than 1.7 times baseline had 91% specificity and 56% sensitivity for subsequent muscle wasting. Other microRNAs did not show significant differences between the groups.

Conclusion
Plasma miR-181a deserves further investigation as a potential biomarker of muscle wasting. Additionally, since mir-181a is involved in both regulation of inflammation and muscle regeneration and differentiation; our observation therefore also suggests directions for future research.
Is the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia declining?
Authors: Langa Kenneth M 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Background
The number of older adults with dementia will increase around the world in the decades ahead as populations age. Current estimates suggest that about 4.2 million adults in the US have dementia and that the attributable economic cost of their care is about $200 billion per year. The worldwide dementia prevalence is estimated at 44.3 million people and the total cost at $604 billion per year. It is expected that the worldwide prevalence will triple to 135.5 million by 2050. However, a number of recent population-based studies from countries around the world suggest that the age-specific risk of dementia may be declining, which could help moderate the expected increase in dementia cases that will accompany the growing number of older adults.

Discussion
At least nine recent population-based studies of dementia incidence or prevalence have shown a declining age-specific risk in the US, England, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark. A number of factors, especially rising levels of education and more aggressive treatment of key cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, may be leading to improving ‘brain health’ and declining age-specific risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in countries around the world.

Summary
Multiple epidemiological studies from around the world suggest an optimistic trend of declining population dementia risk in high-income countries over the past 25 years. Rising levels of education and more widespread and successful treatment of key cardiovascular risk factors may be the driving factors accounting for this decline in dementia risk. Whether this optimistic trend will continue in the face of rising worldwide levels of obesity and diabetes and whether this trend is also occurring in low- and middle-income countries are key unanswered questions which will have enormous implications for the extent of the future worldwide impact of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia on patients, families, and societies in the decades ahead.
Political participation via the web: Structural and subjective contingencies
Authors: Dahlgren Peter 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The article offers an overview of key contingencies that shape the use of the web for democratic participatory purposes. I begin by probing the notion of participation, suggesting that we need to be specific in what we mean by it and how different contexts accord it very different significance. From there I examine the main parameters of the web’s structural contingencies, taking up its political economy and technical architecture. These parameters are bound up with power relations, an important feature too often ignored, with the result that the web erroneously is seen as a neutral terrain of communication. Thereafter I turn to the web’s subjective contingencies, looking first at the relationship between subjectivity and discourse. The subjective contingencies – the ‘inner realities’ of political actors – derive in part from the web’s structural power relations, but cannot merely be reduced to them, since human agency can never fully be predetermined. Further, I take up the theme of reason and emotion, as well as the notion of affect. This latter term points to experiential reality beyond the immediately personal/private one. I conclude with some brief reflections on the relationship between offline and online forms of participation.
Characterization of an alkaline protease with high quality bating potential in leather processing from Bacillus licheniformis MZK05M9 mutant
Authors: Mamun Md. Arafat Al , Khan Md. Murad , Akand Md. Nahinur Rahmam , Khan Shakila Nargis , Hoq Md. Mozammel 
Published: March 2015

An alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis MZK05M9 (BlM9), a mutant strain developed in our laboratory, has been partially purified and characterized for its robustness and eco-friendly application potential in processing of hides and skins for leather manufacturing and detergent industries. The enzyme was purified 2.70 fold with specific activity of 1624U/mg in comparison to crude enzyme extract by using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 27.2 kDa as judged by SDSâ€“PAGE. The purified protease had a pH optimum of 8.5 and temperature optimum of 55Â°C. According to the inhibition profiles obtained with the various protease inhibitors, it was confirmed that the partially purified protease belongs to the serine protease type. The activity of partially purified enzyme was enhanced by calcium, magnesium, barium, potassium and manganese ions and strongly inhibited by mercury ion. In addition, the protease showed remarkable stability in the presence of 1% SDS; 1, 3 and 5% Triton X-100 and H2O2, which comprise the common bleach-based detergent formulation. The enzyme was found equally efficient to a commercial enzyme Oropon K (one of the commercial enzymes imported into Bangladesh for bating purpose) in bating of animal hide as proved by different comparative qualitative tests such as tensile strength, percent of elongation, stitch tears strength, water vapor permeability, grain crack strength and tongue tearÂ strength tests. In addition, the stability profile (pH, temperature and surfactants) and blood stain removal data also revealed its suitability for application in detergent industry.
The effect of past antibiotic exposure on diabetes risk
Authors: Boursi Ben , Mamtani Ronac , Haynes Kevin , Yang Yu-Xiao 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveGut microbiota influence metabolic pathways related to the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin-resistance and diabetes. Antibiotic therapy can alter the microbiota, and is commonly used in western countries. We sought to evaluate whether past antibiotic exposure increases diabetes risk.Research design and methodsWe conducted a nested case–control study using a large population-based database from the UK. The cases were defined as those with incident diagnosis of diabetes. For every case, four eligible controls matched on age, sex, practice-site, and duration of follow-up before index-date were selected using incidence-density sampling. Exposure of interest was antibiotic therapy >1 year before index-date. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated using conditional logistic regression. The risk was adjusted for BMI, smoking, last glucose level, and number of infections before index-date, as well as past medical history of coronary artery disease and hyperlipidaemia.ResultsThe study included 208 002 diabetic cases and 815 576 matched controls. Exposure to a single antibiotic prescription was not associated with higher adjusted diabetes risk. Treatment with two to five antibiotic courses was associated with increase in diabetic risk for penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides and quinolones with adjusted OR ranging from 1.08 (95% CI 1.05–1.11) for penicillin to 1.15 (95% CI 1.08–1.23) for quinolones. The risk increased with the number of antibiotic courses and reached 1.37 (95% CI 1.19–1.58) for more than 5 courses of quinolones. There was no association between exposure to anti-virals and anti-fungals and diabetes risk.ConclusionsExposure to certain antibiotic groups increases diabetes risk.
Bumble bee nest abundance, foraging distance, and host‐plant reproduction: implications for management and conservation
Authors: Geib Jennifer C. , Strange James P. , Galen Candace 
Published: March 2015

Recent reports of global declines in pollinator species imply an urgent need to assess the abundance of native pollinators and density‐dependent benefits for linked plants. In this study, we investigated (1) pollinator nest distributions and estimated colony abundances, (2) the relationship between abundances of foraging workers and the number of nests they represent, (3) pollinator foraging ranges, and (4) the relationship between pollinator abundance and plant reproduction. We examined these questions in an alpine ecosystem in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, focusing on four alpine bumble bee species (Bombus balteatus, B. flavifrons, B. bifarius, and B. sylvicola), and two host plants that differ in their degrees of pollinator specialization (Trifolium dasyphyllum and T. parryi).Using microsatellites, we found that estimated colony abundances among Bombus species ranged from ~18 to 78 colonies/0.01 km2. The long‐tongued species B. balteatus was most common, especially high above treeline, but the subalpine species B. bifarius was unexpectedly abundant for this elevation range. Nests detected among sampled foragers of each species were correlated with the number of foragers caught. Foraging ranges were smaller than expected for all Bombus species, ranging from 25 to 110 m. Fruit set for the specialized plant, Trifolium parryi, was positively related to the abundance of its Bombus pollinator. In contrast, fruit set for the generalized plant, T. dasyphyllum, was related to abundance of all Bombus species. Because forager abundance was related to nest abundance of each Bombus species and was an equally effective predictor of plant fecundity, forager inventories are probably suitable for assessing the health of outcrossing plant populations. However, nest abundance, rather than forager abundance, better reflects demographic and genetic health in populations of eusocial pollinators such as bumble bees. Development of models incorporating the parameters we have measured here (nest abundance, forager abundance, and foraging distance) could increase the usefulness of foraging worker inventories in monitoring, managing, and conserving pollinator populations.
Investigation of the influence of capillary effect on operation of the loop heat pipe
Authors: Mikielewicz Dariusz , Błauciak Krzysztof 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the paper presented are studies on the investigation of the capillary forces effect induced in the porous structure of a loop heat pipe using water and ethanol ad test fluids. The potential application of such effect is for example in the evaporator of the domestic micro-CHP unit, where the reduction of pumping power could be obtained. Preliminary analysis of the results indicates water as having the best potential for developing the capillary effect.
Analytical solutions of heat transfer for laminar flow in rectangular channels
Authors: Rybiński Witold , Mikielewicz Jarosław 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The paper presents two analytical solutions namely for Fanning friction factor and for Nusselt number of fully developed laminar fluid flow in straight mini channels with rectangular cross-section. This type of channels is common in mini- and microchannel heat exchangers. Analytical formulae, both for velocity and temperature profiles, were obtained in the explicit form of two terms. The first term is an asymptotic solution of laminar flow between parallel plates. The second one is a rapidly convergent series. This series becomes zero as the cross-section aspect ratio goes to infinity. This clear mathematical form is also inherited by the formulae for friction factor and Nusselt number. As the boundary conditions for velocity and temperature profiles no-slip and peripherally constant temperature with axially constant heat flux were assumed (H1 type). The velocity profile is assumed to be independent of the temperature profile. The assumption of constant temperature at the channel’s perimeter is related to the asymptotic case of channel’s wall thermal resistance: infinite in the axial direction and zero in the peripheral one. It represents typical conditions in a minichannel heat exchanger made of metal.
Measurement and analysis of ammonia emission from a pig farm in the northeast of China
Authors: Xu Ying-Ying , Guan Jiu-Nian 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
China is the largest swine production country in the world. The fast development has consequently
brought various environmental issues which have already seriously threatened the environmental quality. This
study is aimed to measure the concentrations of NH3 in the pig houses in the selected pig farm, try to conclude
characteristics on the concentration change and the correlation between the concentrations and the environmental
factors. The NH3 concentration was monitored in two fattening pig houses. The concentrations fluctuated between
11.0 and 26.9 ppm, 11.0 and 28.5 ppm respectively during the measurement periods, peaking at the early morning
and in the afternoon before cleaning. The concentrations of NH3 correlated to the indoor temperature in winter,
whereas, there was no correlation between relative humidity and NH3 concentrations.
Treatment of a diaphyseal long-bone defect with autologous bone grafts and platelet-rich plasma in a rabbit model
Authors: Schneppendahl J. , Lögters T. T. , Sager M. , Wild M. , Hakimi M. , Windolf J. , Grassmann J. P. , Jungbluth P. 
Published: March 2015

Summary
Introduction: Large bone defects are a therapeutic challenge to surgeons and are often associated with a high morbidity. The use of autologous cancellous bone graft represents an essential therapeutic option and is considered the gold standard. However, the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for improving bone defect healing has been discussed controversially. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of a diaphyseal long-bone defect in a rabbit model with a combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone.
Material and methods: A monocortical long-bone defect in the radial diaphysis of 24 New Zealand white rabbits was filled either with autologous cancellous graft as a control group or with autologous cancellous graft combined with autologous PRP. Histomorphometrical and radiological analysis as well as quantification of platelets and growth factors were performed. The animals were euthanatized after three and six weeks according to the study arms.
Results: A significant improvement in bone healing was observed histomorphometrically in the PRP group in the central area of the defect zone (p <0.01) as well as the cortical defect zone (p <0.01). The radiological findings were in accordance with the histomorphometrical results. Comparing native blood and PRP, an enrichment of growth factors and platelets was detectable in the PRP.
Conclusion: Within this animal study, the combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone grafts improved bone healing significantly compared to the sole application of autologous bone. Therefore, further efforts should be initiated to establish the composite of PRP and autologous bone for bone healing disorders in clinical use.
A comparison of anatomical lateral distal femoral angles obtained with four femoral axis methods in canine femora
Authors: Mortensen M. , Svalastoga E. L. , Eriksen T. , Miles J. E. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryObjectives: To report the repeatability and reproducibility of four different anatomical proximal femoral axis (a-PFA) methods for measuring anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (a-LDFA), and to compare a-LDFA values produced by each method at three different femoral elevation angles.Methods: Digital radiographs were obtained of seven dry canine femora at 0°, 12.5° and 25° elevations. Using image analysis software, landmarks defining four different a-PFA and the condylar axis were identified by two independent observers on two separate occasions. Corresponding a-LDFA were calculated for each femur, elevation and a-PFA. Repeatability and reproducibility parameters were calculated and compared statistically, along with the effect of technique and elevation on a-LDFA value.Results: Interobserver repeatability coefficients were subjectively better for three of the a-PFA methods at 2° compared to the fourth at 3.1°. Median a-LDFA increased significantly (p 0.002) with increasing femoral elevation for all a-PFA methods, with a median increase of 3.3°. The median difference in a-LDFA between a-PFA methods yielding the highest and lowest measurements was 2.6° over all three elevations.Clinical significance: The combined effects of a-PFA choice, femoral elevation and measurement reproducibility may produce typical errors of ± 2.6°, which could have implications for the selection of candidates for corrective osteotomies. Clinicians need to be aware that values obtained with one method and femoral elevation may not be equivalent to values obtained with other methods or elevations.