bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Enemy of the Feet
Authors: Scheer Bernd Volker , Reljic Dejan , Murray Andrew , Costa Ricardo Jose Soures 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundBlisters are the most common dermatologic problem in ultraendurance runners. Their incidence, localization, pain scores, and risk factors in field conditions are poorly understood.MethodsWe conducted an observational field-based cohort study during the 5-day multistage 2010 and 2011 Al Andalus Ultimate Trail (219 km). Daily postrace data on blister frequency, localization, severity, and preventive measures from 50 ultramarathon runners were collected through the direct interview technique.ResultsAfter 4 days of running (182 km), blisters occurred in 76% of the participants (P &lt; .001 versus stage 1) compared with 34% after day 1, 54% after day 2, and 72% after day 3 (P &lt; .001 versus stage 1). Most of the blisters formed on the toes (65%) (P &lt; .001), followed by blisters on other locations of the foot: the ball of the foot (16%), heel (14%), and sole (5%). Blisters were more painful toward the end of the race, and those on the sole and heel tended to be the most painful, although this did not reach statistical significance. Prophylactic measures studied (type and fabric of socks; application of antiperspirants, talcum powder, or lubricant to feet; and prophylactic taping) did not show any reduction in blister rates. The only predictive marker for reduced blister incidence was previous ultramarathon experience in men (r = −0.44, P &lt; .05).ConclusionsBlisters are extremely common in multistage ultramarathon races. Race experience in male ultramarathon runners is associated with reduced blister rates.
Dansgaard‐Oeschger oscillations predicted in a comprehensive model of glacial climate: A “kicked” salt oscillator in the Atlantic
Authors: Peltier W. Richard , Vettoretti Guido 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDuring the period from 60,000 to 35,000 years ago, Summit‐Greenland ice core records of the oxygen isotopic ratio 18O/16O exhibit intense millennium time scale oscillations. These Dansgaard‐Oeschger oscillations have been interpreted to represent the variations in North Atlantic air temperature caused by correlative changes in the strength of North Atlantic Deep Water production. We apply a comprehensive model of glacial climate to unambiguously identify the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon. This is shown to involve a salt oscillation of relaxation oscillator form. This nonlinear oscillation does not require the existence of feedback due to freshwater release from grounded ice on the continents during the warm phase of the cycle.
Influence of the Madden‐Julian oscillation on the Indian Ocean cross‐equatorial heat transport
Authors: Guan Bin , Waliser Duane E. , Lee Tong , Halkides Daria J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Indian Ocean cross‐equatorial heat transport (CEHT) anomalies associated with the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) are analyzed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis for the period 1979–2010. The magnitude of MJO‐related CEHT anomalies, seasonal dependence, and interannual modulations are examined. The magnitude of composite MJO CEHT anomalies is ~30% (~15%) of the amplitude of the seasonal climatology in winter (summer). Interannual modulation on average accounts for only ~10% of the total magnitude of intraseasonal variability of a given year. MJO CEHT is largely contributed by temperature flux anomalies in the upper ~140 m, with notable compensation between two characteristic layers. The significance of MJO CEHT anomalies, the nonnegligible magnitude of residual CEHT accumulated from intraseasonal anomalies during specific years, and the vertical compensation of temperature flux anomalies that give rise to the CEHT, have implications to the potential importance of upper ocean thermodynamics in MJO evolution and regional climate.
Transition between viscous dipolar and inertial multipolar dynamos
Authors: Oruba Ludivine , Dormy Emmanuel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe investigate the transition from steady dipolar to reversing multipolar dynamos. The Earth has been argued to lie close to this transition, which could offer a scenario for geomagnetic reversals. We show that the transition between dipolar and multipolar dynamos is characterized by a three terms balance (as opposed to the usually assumed two terms balance), which involves the nongradient parts of inertial, viscous and Coriolis forces. We introduce from this equilibrium the sole parameter RoE−1/3≡ReE2/3, which accurately describes the transition for a wide database of 132 fully three‐dimensional direct numerical simulations of spherical rotating dynamos (courtesy of U. Christensen). This resolves earlier contradictions in the literature on the relevant two terms balance at the transition. Considering only a two terms balance between the nongradient part of the Coriolis force and of inertial forces provides the classical Ro/ℓu. This transition can be equivalently described by , which corresponds to the two terms balance between the nongradient part of inertial forces and viscous forces.
Interchange motion as a transport mechanism for formation of cold‐dense plasma sheet
Authors: Wang Chih‐Ping , Gkioulidou Matina , Lyons Larry R. , Xing Xiaoyan , Wolf Richard A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo evaluate whether interchange motion can provide the transport for the formation of the cold‐dense plasma sheet in the near‐Earth region, we present an event of cold‐dense plasma sheet observed by five THEMIS probes after the interplanetary magnetic field turned northward, as well as their comparisons with the simulation results from the Rice Convection Model (RCM) combined with a modified Dungey force‐balanced magnetic field solver. The observations of cold‐dense plasma at different locations show quite different characteristics: (1) closer to the flank, the appearance is more periodic and exhibits larger fluctuations in plasma moments and magnetic field; (2) further away from the flank, the cold plasma appears later; (3) in the mixture with the cold plasma, the decrease in high‐energy particle fluxes becomes less significant further away from the flank; (4) there is energy‐dispersion in the cold particles at some locations; and (5) near the magnetopause, the fluctuations have the characteristics of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) vortices and the colder‐denser plasma is likely to have lower entropy. In the RCM simulations, lower entropy plasma consisting of colder‐denser ions and electrons was periodically released locally at the outer boundary to represent the plasma created within a K‐H vortex. This lower entropy perturbation is interchange unstable and the resulting interchange motion through the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling pushes the colder‐denser plasma radially inward. The simulated particle energy spectrums at different locations qualitatively reproduce the observations, strongly suggesting that the seemingly different characteristics of cold‐dense plasma observed by different probes are all a result of the same interchange‐related transport mechanism.
Effect of spatial density variation and O+ concentration on the growth and evolution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves
Authors: Denton R. E. , Jordanova V. K. , Fraser B. J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe simulate electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave growth and evolution within three regions, the plasmasphere (or plasmaspheric plume), the plasmapause, and the low‐density plasmatrough outside the plasmapause. First, we use a ring current simulation with a plasmasphere model to model the particle populations that give rise to the instability for conditions observed on 9 June 2001. Then, using two different models for the cold ion composition, we do a full‐scale hybrid code simulation in dipole coordinates of the EMIC waves on a meridional plane at magnetic local time = 18 and at 1900 UT within a range of L shell from L=4.9 to 6.7. EMIC waves were observed during 9 June 2001 by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) spacecraft. While an exact comparison between observed and simulated spectra is not possible here, we do find significant similarities between the two, at least at one location within the region of largest wave growth. We find that the plasmapause is not a preferred region for EMIC wave growth, though waves can grow in that region. The density gradient within the plasmapause does, however, affect the orientation of wavefronts and wave vector both within the plasmapause and in adjacent regions. There is a preference for EMIC waves to be driven in the He+ band (frequencies between the O+ and He+ gyrofrequencies) within the plasmasphere, although they can also grow in the plasmatrough. If present, H+ band waves are more likely to grow in the plasmatrough. This fact, plus L dependence of the frequency and possible time evolution toward lower frequency waves, can be explained by a simple model. Large O+ concentration limits the frequency range of or even totally quenches EMIC waves. This is more likely to occur in the plasmatrough at solar maximum. Such large O+ concentration significantly affects the H+ cutoff frequency and hence the width in frequency of the stop band above the He+ gyrofrequency. EMIC wave surfaces predicted by cold plasma theory are altered by the finite temperature of the ring current H+.
Power spectra for screening parkinsonian patients for mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Bousleiman Habib , Zimmermann Ronan , Ahmed Shaheen , Hardmeier Martin , Hatz Florian , Schindler Christian , Roth Volker , Gschwandtner Ute , Fuhr Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveMild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD‐MCI) is diagnosed based on the results of a standardized set of cognitive tests. We investigate whether quantitative EEG (qEEG) measures could identify differences between cognitively normal PD (PD‐CogNL) and PD‐MCI patients.MethodsHigh‐resolution EEG was recorded in 53 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Relative power in five frequency bands was calculated globally and for ten regions. Peak and median frequencies were determined. qEEG results were compared between groups. Effect sizes of all variables were calculated. The best separating variable was used to demonstrate subject‐wise classification.ResultsLower mean values were observed in global alpha1 power and alpha1 power in five brain regions (left hemisphere: frontal, central, temporal, occipital; right hemisphere: temporal, P < 0.05), differentiating between PD‐CogNL and PD‐MCI groups. Effect sizes were high, ranging from 0.79 to 0.87. Median frequency was 8.56 ± 0.74 Hz and was not different between the groups. The variable with the best subject‐wise classification was the power in the alpha1 band in the right temporal region. The area under the corresponding receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.72. The optimal classification threshold yielded a sensitivity of 65.9% and a specificity of 66.7%. The positive and negative predictive values were 87.1% and 36.4%, respectively.InterpretationReduction in alpha1 band power in nondemented PD patients, particularly in the right temporal region, is highly indicative of MCI in PD patients. The results might be used to assist in time‐efficient diagnosis of PD‐MCI and avoid the drawbacks of test–retest effect in repeated neuropsychological testing.
A Direct CH Arylation of Unactivated Arenes Promoted by Mixed Potassium Alkoxides
Authors: Wu Yinuo , Choy Pui Ying , Kwong Fuk Yee 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn intermolecular CH arylation of unactivated arenes with aryl iodides is made viable through a transition‐metal‐free approach. This simple and efficient process obviates the common use of diamines or diols as the promoters. With the aid of only mixed potassium alkoxides, a number of unactivated arene CH bonds can be directly arylated through a homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) pathway.
The significance of response shift in sinus surgery outcomes
Authors: Liu Jack J. , Davis Greg E. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundFunctional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) aims to improve quality‐of‐life (QOL). Perception of QOL can change according to one's current medical or emotional state. This is known as response shift. It can be measured by the “then‐test,” which asks patients to report pretreatment symptoms after receiving treatment. Patients often do not understand their disease burden until their symptoms are improved. This study aims to assess the significance of response shift in FESS outcomes.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study that included chronic rhinosinusitis patients from 2010 to 2012 who completed a preoperative 20‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐20). Two SNOT‐20 forms were mailed approximately 6 months after surgery. Patients completed 1 SNOT‐20 according to their preoperative symptoms in light of their current state of health (“then‐test”) and the other based on postoperative symptoms. The preoperative and postoperative SNOT‐20 difference represented the treatment effect and the preoperative SNOT‐20 and then‐test difference represented the response shift.ResultsThirty‐two completed responses were obtained. Using a 0 to 5 scale, mean treatment effect was −0.96 (p < 0.01), which signifies a QOL improvement. Mean response shift was +0.42 (p = 0.01). This positive value signifies that patients felt they were worse off preoperatively, likely due to a positive change in health status. The actual treatment effect is the sum of the measured treatment effect and response shift, which was −1.38.ConclusionResponse shift exists and can be quantified. The actual treatment effect was more profound when response shift was included. Therefore, future studies should account for this often unmeasured, potential change in QOL.
Sinus culture poorly predicts resident microbiota
Authors: Hauser Leah J. , Feazel Leah M. , Ir Diana , Fang Rui , Wagner Brandie D. , Robertson Charles E. , Frank Daniel N. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disorder of the paranasal sinuses in which bacteria are implicated. Culture‐based assays are commonly used in clinical and research practice; however, culture conditions may not accurately detect the full range of microorganisms present in a sample. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of clinical culture of CRS specimens compared with DNA‐based molecular techniques.MethodsEthmoid samples from 54 CRS patients collected during endoscopic sinus surgery were analyzed by both clinical culture and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. The association between 16S relative abundance and detection by culture was determined using logistic regression.ResultsEach subject had an average of 3 isolates identified by bacterial culture and 21.5 ± 12.5 species identified by 16S sequencing. On average, 1.6 dominant taxa (>10% abundance) per subject were identified using molecular techniques, but only 47.7% of these taxa were identified by culture. Low abundance taxa (abundance <1%) were detected in only 4.5% of cultures. The odds that any organism would be detected by culture were 2.3 times higher with each 10% increase in relative abundance (p < 0.01). Conversely, only 29.5% of isolates identified by culture represented the dominant species, whereas 40% accounted for species with 1% to 10% abundance. Interestingly, 12% of isolates detected by culture were not identified by 16S pyrosequencing.ConclusionStandard clinical culture is a poor representation of resident microbiota. The incorporation of modern culture‐independent techniques into clinical and research practices provides additional information that may be relevant for CRS.
Research on protein thermal condensation detection based on phase modulation SPR imaging
Authors: He Peng , Kang Zi‐Yang , Wan Xiao‐Qing , Fang Han‐Xiong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article presents a novel SPR imaging biomolecular interaction detection method based on time domain phase modulation. An experimental apparatus of SPR imaging biomolecular interaction detection based on TDPM is established to detect biomolecular interaction. During the experimental pretreatment process, we prepared the 2×2 lysozyme array chip and detected lysozyme thermal condensation state with the experimental apparatus. Using the Stoilov algorithm, we were able to extract the changed phase information as well as obtain the interactive SPR curves and calculate kinetic parameters. This method can sensitively acquire real‐time phase change caused by biomolecular interaction based on interference imaging and resolve the related bioinformation, which is a potential tool for proteomics research.
Preparation of volatile fatty acid (VFA) calcium salts by anaerobic digestion of glucose
Authors: Li Xiaofen , Swan Janis E. , Nair Giridhar R. , Langdon Alan G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMany potentially useful intermediates such as hydrogen and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are formed during the complex anaerobic digestion processes that produce methane from biomass. This study recovers VFAs from an anaerobic digester by a combination of gas stripping and absorption with calcium carbonate slurry. Glucose was used as the model substrate because it is readily available, inexpensive, and easily digested. Sludge from a meatworks anaerobic digester produced methane and carbon dioxide (and sometimes a small amount of hydrogen) when batch‐fed with glucose. Conditioning the neutral anaerobic sludge to an acidic pH (below 4.8) was achieved using repeated 1 g L−1 doses of glucose. After conditioning, mainly VFAs and hydrogen were produced. The intermediate VFAs could be stripped using headspace gas. In subsequent fed‐batch digestion/stripping cycles, the pH decreased when glucose was added and then increased when the VFA was gas stripped. The predominant acids formed at low pH values were lactic, butyric, and acetic acids. Lactic acid was converted to VFAs during stripping. The VFA calcium salts recovered were 80% butyrate and 20% acetate with minor quantities of propionate and valerate.
Role of three‐dimensional matrix stiffness in regulating the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Liu Chang , Liu Yang , Xie Hong‐guo , Zhao Shan , Xu Xiao‐xi , Fan Li‐xin , Guo Xin , Lu Ting , Sun Guang‐Wei , Ma Xiao‐jun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was the most common primary liver cancer, and its resistance to anti‐tumor drugs often caused the death of patients suffering with HCC. Matrix stiffness was reported to be closely related to tumor chemoresistance; however, the relationship between HCC drug resistance and three‐dimensional (3D) matrix stiffness is still unclear at present. In this study, alginate gel (ALG) beads with controllable matrix stiffness were used to mimic tumor tissue rigidity, and the role of 3D matrix stiffness in regulating the chemoresistance of HCC cells was investigated by using these ALG beads. It was found that HCC cells in ALG beads with 105 kPa stiffness had highest resistance to paclitaxel, 5‐FU, and cisplatin. Although the mechanism was still uncovered, ABC transporters and endoplasmic reticulum stress‐related molecules were highly expressed in ALG bead‐encapsulated HCC cells compared with two‐dimensional‐cultured cells, which suggested a very complex mechanism underlying HCC drug resistance in 3D culture conditions. In addition, to mimic the specific stiffness of HCC tumor tissue, or other tumor tissues in vivo, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to build up a prediction mathematical model so that ALG beads with desired matrix stiffness could be prepared by simply changing three factors: molecular weight, G content, and alginate concentration.
Novel lipase purification methods – a review of the latest developments
Authors: Tan Chung Hong , Show Pau Loke , Ooi Chien Wei , Ng Eng‐Poh , Lan John Chi‐Wei , Ling Tau Chuan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMicrobial lipases are popular biocatalysts due to their ability to catalyse diverse reactions such as hydrolysis, esterification, and acidolysis. Lipases function efficiently on various substrates in aqueous and non‐aqueous media. Lipases are chemo‐, regio‐, and enantio‐specific, and are useful in various industries, including those manufacturing food, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. A large number of lipases from fungal and bacterial sources have been isolated and purified to homogeneity. This success is attributed to the development of both conventional and novel purification techniques. This review highlights the use of these techniques in lipase purification, including conventional techniques such as: (i) ammonium sulphate fractionation; (ii) ion‐exchange; (iii) gel filtration and affinity chromatography; as well as novel techniques such as (iv) reverse micellar system; (v) membrane processes; (vi) immunopurification; (vi) aqueous two‐phase system; and (vii) aqueous two‐phase floatation. A summary of the purification schemes for various bacterial and fungal lipases are also provided.
Synthesis of the Ag/AgCl/g‐C3N4 Composite with High Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Yao Xiaxi , Liu Xiaoheng , Hu Xiuli 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNovel Ag/AgCl/g‐C3N4 composite photocatalysts were synthesized through precipitation in geothermal water at room temperature, in which geothermal water was used as the chlorine source. The results suggested that Ag/AgCl nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of g‐C3N4 sheets with high dispersion and that Ag/AgCl/g‐C3N4 composites show strong absorption in the visible light region. The 50 wt % Ag/AgCl/g‐C3N4 composite demonstrated increased photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes under visible light irradiation than did pure g‐C3N4 (one component), Ag/AgCl (two component), and the mixture of Ag/AgCl and g‐C3N4. The trapping experiments confirmed that holes and ⋅O2− were the main active species responsible for the photocatalytic process. Finally, a possible photocatalytic mechanism of the charge transfer in Ag/AgCl/g‐C3N4 composites was proposed. This work could provide new insights into the application of cheap geothermal water resources and extend the design of new plasmon‐based photocatalysts.
CN Bond Formation Using Highly Effective and Reusable Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Tavakoli Ghazal , Moafi Atiyeh , Saberi Vahid , Rezvani Hamid Reza 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNickel ferrite nanoparticles were used as a catalyst system for CN bond formation in water under conventional heating conditions. These nanoparticles were synthesized by using the coprecipitation method and were analyzed by using TEM, SEM, XRD, X‐ray fluorescence, and FTIR techniques. The magnetization behavior of nanoparticles was also investigated by measuring the hysteresis curve of the sample, which confirmed the superparamagnetic nature of the catalyst. By using this catalyst system, various types of amines and amides, including primary and secondary ones, can react with different types of aryl halides. In addition, it is a recyclable and reusable catalyst system with high turnover efficiency. The reactions proceed in water as a green solvent, which result in good to excellent yields in short times.