bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additive effects of mild head trauma, blast exposure, and aging within white matter tracts: A novel Diffusion Tensor Imaging analysis approach
Authors: Poliva Oren , Herrera Christian , Sugai Kelli , Whittle Nicole , Leek Marjorie R , Barnes Samuel , Holshouser Barbara , Yi Alex , Venezia Jonathan H 
Published: July 2024

AbstractExisting diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies of neurological injury following high-level blast exposure (hlBE) in military personnel have produced widely variable results. This is potentially due to prior studies often not considering the quantity and/or recency of hlBE, as well as co-morbidity with non-blast head trauma (nbHT). Herein, we compare commonly used DTI metrics: fractional anisotropy and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity, in Veterans with and without history of hlBE and/or nbHT. We use both the traditional method of dividing participants into 2 equally weighted groups and an alternative method wherein each participant is weighted by quantity and recency of hlBE and/or nbHT. While no differences were detected using the traditional method, the alternative method revealed diffuse and extensive changes in all DTI metrics. These effects were quantified within 43 anatomically defined white matter tracts, which identified the forceps minor, middle corpus callosum, acoustic and optic radiations, fornix, uncinate, inferior fronto-occipital and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, and cingulum, as the pathways most affected by hlBE and nbHT. Moreover, additive effects of aging were present in many of the same tracts suggesting that these neuroanatomical effects may compound with age.
Comparison on stress memory of two Hypnaceae moss species to haze
Authors: Liu Binyang , Zhang Xinru , Jiang Gaoming 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Industrialization and the rapid growth of economies have caused severe environmental pollution, which might impact the survival of sensitive species. In this study, we investigated the defense responses of two common mosses with varying anti-haze capacities, Hypnum callichroum and Homomallium incurvatum, in response to simulated haze pollution. Photoprotection and antioxidant mechanisms of both mosses were measured immediately after the first exposure to the haze treatment, followed by the initial recovery stage and again after exposure to secondary stress and secondary recovery. Haze exposure caused severe oxidative stress and photodamage in both H. callichroum and H. incurvatum. Metabolic processes such as photorespiration, the ascorbate–glutathione cycle and secondary metabolism—which play roles in defense responses—were significantly activated in both moss species after haze treatment. During the recovery following haze stress, H. callichroum exhibited a significant stress memory response, as evidenced by the greater accumulation of several memory substances, including xanthophylls and phenolic acids. However, H. incurvatum did not exhibit a strong stress memory response, which might explain its relatively inferior anti-haze capacity in the natural environment.
Linked Data for modelling and replicating the knowledge production process in data-driven humanities research
Authors: Stapel Rombert , Zandhuis Ivo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The steps from primary source to scholarly claim typically follow a ‘breadcrumb trail’ of wide-ranging decisions by one or more scholars. For replication studies, these decisions must be identified and made as explicit as possible so that the results can be faithfully reproduced. We use a replication study of premodern population estimates as a use case to gain more insight into the kinds of scholarly practices that need to be made explicit, and to think about possible solutions for modelling this process with future replicability in mind. We argue that Linked Data is the logical and flexible technique for modelling such a replication study. For our use case, it allows us to capture both the data itself and the individual decisions made to arrive at a scientifically derived population estimate based on, for example, geographical phenomena or source criticism. In this article, we set an agenda for the use of Linked Data in data-driven humanities research by exploring the benefits, opportunities, and challenges associated with using Linked Data to conduct a replication study in the humanities (and to promote the reproducibility of humanities research more generally). We identify three key aspects that can benefit from the flexibility offered by Linked Data: increasing the trustworthiness of quantitative studies; facilitating the reproducibility of future studies; and facilitating the interpretation of replication results.
Anorectal abscess
Authors: Sweeney Matthew , Samdani Tushar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An anorectal abscess is a common problem which frequently requires surgical drainage. This chapter explores the aetiology, classification, and management of anorectal abscesses. It reviews the pertinent anatomy and pathophysiology behind the prevailing theory of anorectal abscess formation, and it discusses the relationship of an anorectal abscess and fistula-in-ano. It covers the typical symptomatology, examination findings, and diagnostic testing involved in the management of an anorectal abscess. It describes the surgical approach for each subtype of anorectal abscess (perianal and perirectal), and briefly explores the considerations with anorectal abscess in specific patient populations, including those with Crohn’s Disease or immunocompromised states.
Rectal prolapse
Authors: Marco Michael , Cass Richard W. , Garrett Kelly A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Rectal prolapse occurs when the rectum loses its normal attachments and prolapses out of the anus. This is more common in older women and can impact their quality of life. Prolapse can often be associated with either constipation or faecal incontinence. This condition is mainly diagnosed on a physical examination. Physiologic testing can be obtained but often does not change the treatment. The main treatment for rectal prolapse is surgery. There are many different types of procedures described for the treatment of rectal prolapse indicating there is no gold standard approach. The goal of surgery is to reduce the prolapse and improve associated symptoms.
Endoscopic evaluation for surgeons
Authors: Yamashita Satoshi , Hoteya Shu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During screening colonoscopy, careful observation and avoiding missed flat lesions are the most important aspects. To correctly evaluate colorectal neoplasia, a combination of several endoscopic imaging methods (i.e. white light imaging, image-enhanced endoscopy, magnifying chromoendoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS) are necessary. To select the appropriate therapy, understanding the appearance of lesions with submucosal invasion on each image is very important. Conventional EUS is useful for evaluating depth of invasion into other organs from advanced cancers, especially lesions located in the rectum because of their volume and location. Tumour depth evaluations for superficial adenocarcinoma by EUS are more difficult than those for advanced cancer. However, for sessile-type lesions, particularly those suspected to be T1b carcinoma, EUS sometimes obtains tumour depth information in addition to information about the appearance, and superficial structure evaluations with magnified endoscopy can be performed. High-frequency ultrasound probe is useful for the evaluation of superficial or small lesions.
Current endoscopic treatment techniques
Authors: Fujii Yuko , Leer-Greenberg Brett Van , Nishimura Makoto 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Currently, there is a wide array of techniques for the endoscopic treatment of colorectal tumours. Historically, polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) were the standard techniques for polyp resection. Newer modalities have since been established in the literature including: cold biopsy forceps polypectomy, cold snare polypectomy, and underwater EMR and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) techniques. In recent years, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has developed in Japan which can provide a reliable and curative resection for early stage colorectal neoplasms. However, ESD is regarded to be a technically difficult and time-consuming procedure. Recent progress on multiple devices in the past few years has enabled ESD to be more commonly performed in Western countries and is increasing in availability in the United States. In this article, we describe the current status of endoscopic removal techniques for colorectal lesions.
Sample paper 2
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains 100 single best answer questions as a practice paper. The questions aim to test a variety of areas within obstetrics and gynaecology. The question content is not necessarily reflective of how the topics may appear in paper one and paper two of the actual examination. The aim of the sample paper is to provide you with a broad range of questions to test your knowledge. It is recommended you prioritise how long you take to complete the paper, as you would in the actual examination.
Immunology, Oncology, and Statistical Concepts
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers basic immunology, including the innate and adaptive immune arms and their cellular constituents. It includes the fundamentals of transplant immunology, rejection, medical management, and associated complications. This is followed by a review of oncologic principles, tumor markers, and chemotherapeutics as they pertain to the surgeon. It closes with high yield facts for statistics and evidence-based medicine relevant to the general surgery board examination.
Spleen
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The anatomy and physiology of the spleen, its hematologic regulation and lymphatic contribution are outlined at the start of the chapter. Common splenic masses are reviewed, followed by frequently tested platelet and hemolytic disorders. Lymphoid and myeloid diseases pertinent to general surgery and causing splenomegaly are listed. The chapter closes with splenic trauma and operative details on splenorrhaphy and splenectomy.
Primary CNS diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Grommes Christian , Giulino-Roth Lisa , Gupta Tejpal , Ferreri Andrés José María 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) are rare, extranodal, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas confined to the brain, eyes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and spinal cord, without systemic, non-central nervous system involvement. Clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, diagnostic evaluation, novel pathophysiological insights, and treatment of immunocompetent PCNSL patients are reviewed in this chapter. The prognosis of PCNSLs has improved over the past few decades, due to the introduction and widespread use of high-dose methotrexate, which now forms the backbone of all first-line polychemotherapy treatments. Despite this progress, durable remission is still only observed in approximately 50% of patients. Novel insights into the pathophysiology of PCNSLs have identified the B-cell receptor pathway, as well as the immunosuppressed tumour microenvironment and immune evasion, as key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PCNSLs. Novel small molecules and agents targeting these aberrant pathways have been introduced into clinical trials of refractory and relapsed PCNSLs. Newer agents, such as the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib, or immunomodulatory drugs, such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide, have shown promising response rates in the relapsed setting. The diagnosis of PCNSL requires a high level of suspicion because clinical symptoms and signs are variable and depend upon the involved neuroanatomical structures. Rapid initiation of therapy is essential for recovery and prognosis. The optimal treatment regimen has not been defined, but methotrexate-based chemotherapy regimens are considered the standard of care for induction treatment. Novel targeted agents have recently been introduced into the therapeutic arsenal.
Neurological complications of red blood cell disorders
Authors: Klein Joshua P. , Archer Natasha M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Abnormalities in erythrocyte structure and function result from a variety of genetic, metabolic, and infectious causes. Such abnormalities impair the ability of the erythrocyte to carry and deliver oxygen and other nutrients to tissues of the body. Consequently, many of the major medical and neurological complications of erythrocyte dysfunction are due to hypoxaemic or ischaemic tissue injury. This chapter reviews the neurological complications caused by disorders of the erythrocyte, focusing on hypoproliferative anaemias, megaloblastic anaemias, disorders of haemoglobin, and infections of the erythrocyte. Four distinctive neurological conditions are highlighted: restless legs syndrome in iron deficiency anaemia; subacute combined degeneration in cobalamin deficiency, moyamoya syndrome in sickle cell disease, and cerebral involvement in Plasmodium falciparum infection.
Addressing the consequences of the corporatization of reproductive medicine
Authors: Attinger Sara A , Jackson Emily , Karpin Isabel , Kerridge Ian , Newson Ainsley J , Stewart Cameron , van de Wiel Lucy , Lipworth Wendy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Australia and the UK, commercialization and corporatization of assisted reproductive technologies have created a marketplace of clinics, products, and services. While this has arguably increased choice for patients, ‘choice’, shaped by commercial imperatives may not mean better-quality care. At present, regulation of clinics (including clinic–corporations) and clinicians focuses on the doctor–patient dyad and the clinic–consumer dyad. Scant attention has been paid to the conflicts between the clinic–corporation’s duty to its shareholders and investors, the medical profession’s duty to the corporations within which they practice, and the obligations of both clinicians and corporations to patients and to health systems. Frameworks of regulation based in corporate governance and business ethics, such as stakeholder models and ‘corporate social responsibility’, have well-recognized limits and may not translate well into healthcare settings. This means that existing governance frameworks may not meet the needs of patients or health systems. We argue for the development of novel regulatory approaches that more explicitly characterize the obligations that both corporations and clinicians in corporate environments have to patients and to society, and that promote fulfilment of these obligations. We consider mechanisms for application in the multi-jurisdictional setting of Australia, and the single jurisdictional settings of the UK.
The sherlock pipeline: new exoplanet candidates in the WASP-16, HAT-P-27, HAT-P-26, and TOI-2411 systems
Authors: Dévora-Pajares Martín , Pozuelos Francisco J , Thuillier Antoine , Timmermans Mathilde , Van Grootel Valérie , Bonidie Victoria , Mota Luis Cerdeño , Suárez Juan C 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
The launches of NASA Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) missions have significantly enhanced the interest in the exoplanet field during the last 15 yr, providing a vast amount of public data that are being exploited by the community thanks to the continuous development of new analysis tools. However, using these tools is not straightforward, and users must dive into different codes, input–output formats, and methodologies, hindering an efficient and robust exploration of the available data. We present the sherlock pipeline, an end-to-end public software that allows the users to easily explore observations from space-based missions such as TESS or Kepler to recover known planets and candidates issued by the official pipelines and search for new planetary candidates that remained unnoticed. The pipeline incorporates all the steps to search for transit-like features, vet potential candidates, provide statistical validation, conduct a Bayesian fitting, and compute observational windows from ground-based observatories. Its performance is tested against a catalogue of known and confirmed planets from the TESS mission, trying to recover the official TESS Objects of Interest (TOIs), explore the existence of companions that have been missed, and release them as new planetary candidates. sherlock demonstrated an excellent performance, recovering 98 per cent of the TOIs and confirmed planets in our test sample and finding new candidates. Specifically, we release four new planetary candidates around the systems WASP-16 (with P $\sim$ 10.46 d and R $\sim$ 2.20 $\mathrm{ R}_{\oplus }$), HAT-P-27 (with P $\sim$ 1.20 d and R $\sim$ 4.33 $\mathrm{ R}_{\oplus }$), HAT-P-26 (with P $\sim$ 6.59 d and R $\sim$ 1.97 $\mathrm{ R}_{\oplus }$), and TOI-2411 (with P $\sim$ 18.75 d and R $\sim$ 2.88 $\mathrm{ R}_{\oplus }$).
Linear operator theory of phase mixing
Authors: Darling Keir , Widrow Lawrence M 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
We study solutions of the collisionless Boltzmann equation (CBE) in a functional Koopman representation. This facilitates the use of linear spectral techniques characteristic of the analysis of Schrödinger-type equations. For illustrative purposes, we consider the classical phase mixing of a non-interacting distribution function in a quartic potential. Solutions are determined perturbatively relative to a harmonic oscillator. We impose a form of coarse-graining by choosing a finite-dimensional basis to represent the distribution function and time evolution operators, which sets a minimum length-scale on phase space structure. We observe a relationship between the dimension of the representation and the multiplicity of the harmonic oscillator eigenvalues. System dynamics are understood in terms of degenerate subspaces of the linear operator spectra. Each subspace is associated with a mode of the harmonic oscillator, the first two being bending and breathing structures. The quartic potential splits the degenerate eigenvalues within each subspace. This facilitates the formation of spiral structure as deformations from the harmonic oscillator modes. We ultimately argue that this construction provides a promising avenue for study of self-interacting systems experiencing phase mixing, which is an outstanding problem in the context of the Gaia DR2 vertical phase space spirals.
Closing the gap: secular evolution of bar-induced dark gaps in the presence of thick discs
Authors: Ghosh Soumavo , Gadotti Dimitri A , Fragkoudi Francesca , Nagpal Vighnesh , Di Matteo Paola , Cuomo Virginia 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
The presence of dark gaps, a preferential light deficit along the bar minor axis, is observationally well known. The properties of dark gaps are thought to be associated with the properties of bars, and their spatial locations are often associated with bar resonances. However, a systematic study, testing the robustness and universality of these assumptions, is still largely missing. Here, we investigate the formation and evolution of bar-induced dark gaps using a suite of N-body models of (kinematically cold) thin and (kinematically hot) thick discs with varying thick disc mass fractions and different thin-to-thick disc geometries. We find that dark gaps are a natural consequence of the trapping of disc stars by the bar. The properties of dark gaps (such as strength and extent) are well correlated with the properties of bars. For stronger dark gaps, the fractional mass-loss along the bar minor axis can reach up to ${\sim} 60\!-\!80$ per cent of the initial mass contained, which is redistributed within the bar. These trends hold true irrespective of the mass fraction in the thick disc and the assumed disc geometry. In all our models harbouring slow bars, none of the resonances (corotation, inner Lindblad resonance, and 4:1 ultraharmonic resonance) associated with the bar correspond to the location of dark gaps, thereby suggesting that the location of dark gaps is not a universal proxy for these bar resonances, in contrast with earlier studies.
The Great Rift Valley is a more pronounced biogeographic barrier than the Blue Nile Valley for six Ethiopian Highland passerines in the eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Behrends Garrett J , Meheretu Yonas , Manthey Joseph D 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
The Ethiopian Highlands are divided by lowland biogeographic barriers, including the Blue Nile Valley (BNV) and Great Rift Valley (GRV). We show that the GRV is a more pronounced phylogeographic break than the BNV for 6 focal passerines. Previous research suggests that the BNV greatly shaped phylogeographic patterns in relatively sedentary montane taxa such as frogs and rodents, whereas the GRV shaped phylogeographic patterns in volant taxa such as birds. However, no previous research simultaneously compares the impact of each valley on phylogeographic patterns in birds, and as these barriers vary in geographic extent and topography, the relative extent of their effects on gene flow is unclear. Using whole-genome resequencing, we quantified genetic variation in 6 montane forest passerines in the Ethiopian Highlands and found that their phylogeographic patterns varied, with general trends distinct from those of taxa that were previously studied across the same barriers. Genetic variation was assessed by estimating genome-wide genetic diversity (HO), demographic history, phylogeographic structure, and phylogeographic concordance among taxa. Population pairs flanking the GRV showed higher FST and more distinct population clusters in principal component analysis than those separated by the BNV. HO was broadly consistent across populations, excluding noticeable reductions in 2 populations (1 population each in 2 separate species). The overall phylogenetic signature and concordance across study taxa supported populations separated by the BNV as sister and populations southeast of the GRV as most distinct.
On Artin’s Primitive Root Conjecture for Function Fields over 𝔽q
Authors: Hochfilzer Leonhard , Waxman Ezra 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
In 1927, E. Artin proposed a conjecture for the natural density of primes p for which g generates $(\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z})^\times$. By carefully observing numerical deviations from Artin’s originally predicted asymptotic, Derrick and Emma Lehmer (1957) identified the need for an additional correction factor, leading to a modified conjecture which was eventually proved to be correct by Hooley (1967) under the assumption of the generalized Riemann hypothesis. An appropriate analogue of Artin’s primitive root conjecture may moreover be formulated for an algebraic function field K of r variables over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$. Relying on a soon to be established theorem of Weil (1948), Bilharz (1937) provided a proof in the particular case that K is a global function field (that is, r = 1), which is correct under the assumption that $g \in K$ is a geometric element. Under the same assumptions, Pappalardi and Shparlinski (1995) established a quantitative version of Bilharz’s result. In this paper we build upon these works by both generalizing to function fields in r variables over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ and removing the assumption that $g \in K$ is geometric, thereby completing a proof of Artin’s primitive root conjecture for function fields over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$. In doing so, we moreover identify an interesting correction factor which emerges when g is not geometric. A crucial feature of our work is an exponential sum estimate over varieties that we derive from Weil’s Theorem.