bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Difference in the posterior pole profiles associated with the initial location of visual field defect in early‐stage normal tension glaucoma
Authors: Choi Jin A , Park Hae‐Young Lopilly , Park Chan Kee 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeTo identify the differences in posterior pole profiles between early normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients with an initial central visual field (VF) loss and those with a peripheral VF loss.MethodsNormal tension glaucoma patients with parafoveal scotoma (PFS; within a central 10° of fixation; superior, n = 47; inferior, n = 24) and peripheral nasal step (PNS; VF defect in the nasal meridian outside 10° of fixation; superior, n = 27; inferior, n = 32) in either hemifield were enrolled, if their mean deviation was greater than −10 decibels (dB). Disc tilt (tilt ratio), disc torsion, area of peripapillary atrophy and disc‐foveal angle (angle between a horizontal line through the disc centre and the line connecting the fovea and the disc centre) were analysed from red‐free fundus photographs.ResultsThe mean disc‐foveal angles (shortest diameter) in PNS and PFS groups were 6.2 ± 4.5 and 7.7 ± 4.0°, respectively. In multivariate analysis, eyes with PFS were associated with a greater disc‐foveal angle, compared with PNS (p = 0.042). In subgroup analysis, superior PFS group showed greater disc‐foveal angle compared with inferior PFS group (p = 0.018). In the PNS group, the direction of disc torsion was associated with superior and inferior hemifield defects (p = 0.004).ConclusionsThe posterior pole profiles were different in NTG patients according to their location of damage. Disc‐foveal angle was the major determinant of the VF location in patients with VF loss at the central region and disc torsion in patients with loss at the peripheral region.
Serum fetuin‐A concentration predicts glycaemic outcomes in people with prediabetes: a prospective study from eastern India
Authors: Dutta D. , Mondal S. A. , Kumar M. , Hasanoor Reza A. H. , Biswas D. , Singh P. , Chakrabarti S. , Mukhopadhyay S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the role of fetuin‐A levels in predicting glycaemic outcomes (progression to diabetes or reversion to normoglycaemia) in people with prediabetes.MethodsA total of 2119 people were screened, of whom 144 people with prediabetes, 50 people with normoglycaemia and 66 people with newly diagnosed diabetes underwent estimation of fasting insulin, fetuin‐A, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α, lipid and 25‐hydroxyvitamin‐D levels and assessment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease using ultrasonography and the fatty liver index. People with prediabetes were followed and analysed according to glycaemic outcome and quartile of fetuin‐A level.ResultsFetuin‐A, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α and triglyceride levels and presence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease increased across the glycaemic spectrum and were highest in people with diabetes. A total of 32 people with prediabetes reverted to normoglycaemia, 23 progressed to diabetes and 65 remained with prediabetes over a mean ± sd follow‐up of 32.12 ± 8.4 months. People progressing to diabetes had higher baseline glycaemia rates, fetuin‐A levels, interleukin‐1β levels, fatty liver index scores and prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and lower 25‐hydroxyvitamin‐D levels. People with prediabetes in the highest fetuin‐A quartile had the highest risk of progression to diabetes (relative risk 2.68, 95% CI 0.95–7.55; P = 0.06) and the lowest rate of reversion to normoglycaemia (relative risk 0.27, 95% CI 0.08–0.85; P = 0.03). Fetuin‐A levels correlated with interleukin‐1β levels (r = 0.420; P < 0.001), interleukin‐6 levels (r = 0.231; P = 0.022) and fatty liver index scores (r = 0.319; P < 0.001). Cox regression showed that higher fetuin‐A levels and higher BMI and lower 25‐hydroxyvitamin‐D levels were predictive of lower rates of reversion to normoglycaemia. Age, triglyceride levels, and interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐1β levels were predictive of progression to diabetes.ConclusionsIncreased fetuin‐A level has an adverse impact on glycaemic outcomes in prediabetes. This study highlights the importance of fetuin‐A as a predictor of glycaemic outcomes in prediabetes.
The enigma of the rise of angiosperms: can we untie the knot?
Authors: Augusto L. , Davies T. J. , Delzon S. , De Schrijver A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMultiple hypotheses have been put forward to explain the rise of angiosperms to ecological dominance following the Cretaceous. A unified scheme incorporating all these theories appears to be an inextricable knot of relationships, processes and plant traits. Here, we revisit these hypotheses, categorising them within frameworks based on plant carbon economy, resistance to climatic stresses, nutrient economy, biotic interactions and diversification. We maintain that the enigma remains unresolved partly because our current state of knowledge is a result of the fragmentary nature of palaeodata. This lack of palaeodata limits our ability to draw firm conclusions. Nonetheless, based on consistent results, some inferences may be drawn. Our results indicate that a complex multidriver hypothesis may be more suitable than any single‐driver theory. We contend that plant carbon economy and diversification may have played an important role during the early stages of gymnosperms replacement by angiosperms in fertile tropical sites. Plant tolerance to climatic stresses, plant nutrition, biotic interactions and diversification may have played a role in later stages of angiosperm expansion within temperate and harsh environments. The angiosperm knot remains partly tied, but to unravel it entirely will only be feasible if new discoveries are made by scientific communities.
Racing performance inStandardbred trotting horses with proximal palmar/plantar first phalangeal fragments relative to the timing of surgery
Authors: Carmalt J. L. , Borg H. , Näslund H. , Waldner C. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyProximal palmar/plantar osteochondral fragmentation of the first phalanx is a frequent radiographic finding inStandardbred horses. These lesions are routinely removed prior to the onset of a racing career with no evidence to support the timing of this surgical intervention.ObjectivesTo determine whether horses racing before surgery slowed as they approached surgery date and whether they speeded up after surgery. To investigate the factors affecting whether a horse raced after surgery and compare the performance of horses that did and did not race before surgery.Study designA retrospective study using 193SwedishStandardbred trotters.MethodsMedical records and radiographs of each horse were examined. Racing data were retrieved from official online records. Generalising estimating equations were used to examine presurgery racing performance and determine whether this differed between horses that raced before surgery and those that had not. Multivariable regression was used to examine career earnings and number of career races.ResultsHorses racing before surgery neither slowed as they approached surgery, nor speeded up after surgery. Race speed of horses raced before surgery was not different from those that only raced after surgery. Racing before surgery was not associated with whether horses raced following surgery. Only horses with 3 affected legs had slower race speeds than other horses. No other horse level variables affected race speed, number of career races, career earnings or top speed.ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in race speed between horses that raced before surgery and those that did not. Horses did not slow down prior to surgery. Horses with 3 affected legs ran slower than those with only a single or 2 affected limbs. There was no association between timing of surgery and race speed or career longevity. The potential benefits of surgical intervention should be critically examined.
Reactivation of oxidized PTP1B and PTEN by thioredoxin 1
Authors: Schwertassek Ulla , Haque Aftabul , Krishnan Navasona , Greiner Romy , Weingarten Lars , Dick Tobias P. , Tonks Nicholas K. 
Published: June 2014

The transient inactivation of protein phosphatases contributes to the efficiency and temporal control of kinase‐dependent signal transduction. In particular, members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family are known to undergo reversible oxidation of their active site cysteine. The thiol oxidation step requires activation of colocalized NADPH oxidases and is mediated by locally produced reactive oxygen species, in particular H2O2. How oxidized phosphatases are returned to the reduced active state is less well studied. Both major thiol reductive systems, the thioredoxin and the glutathione systems, have been implicated in the reactivation of phosphatases. Here, we show that the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and the dual‐specificity phosphatase PTEN are preferentially reactivated by the thioredoxin system. We show that inducible depletion of thioredoxin 1(TRX1) slows PTEN reactivation in intact living cells. Finally, using a mechanism‐based trapping approach, we demonstrate direct thiol disulphide exchange between the active sites of thioredoxin and either phosphatase. The application of thioredoxin trapping mutants represents a complementary approach to direct assays of PTP oxidation in elucidating the significance of redox regulation of PTP function in the control of cell signaling.Structured digital abstract

TRX1 physically interacts with PTP1B by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (1, 2)
Evaluation of the effects of two Lactobacillus buchneri strains and sodium benzoate on the characteristics of corn silage in a hot‐climate environment
Authors: Da Silva Naiara C. , Dos Santos Josiane P. , Ávila Carla L. S. , Evangelista Antônio R. , Casagrande Daniel R. , Bernardes Thiago F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study determined the effectiveness of two Lactobacillus buchneri strains (commercial and indigenous) and sodium benzoate (SB) in improving the aerobic stability of corn silage under laboratory and field conditions. Two experiments were carried out to test the following treatments: untreated forage, commercial L. buchneri (CLB), indigenous L. buchneri (ILB) and SB at a 2 g kg−1 concentration. Both inoculants were applied at a rate of 1 × 106 colony forming units of bacteria per gram of forage. In experiment 1, five replicates of each treatment were ensiled in 15‐L laboratory silos. The nutritional, fermentation and microbiological characteristics and aerobic stability of the silage were determined. In experiment 2, the top of a bunker silo was divided into four parts (blocks) along its length before it was sealed, and the treatments were randomly applied. Three bags were buried in each experimental unit (two at the top and one at the core) to determine the loss of dry matter (DM) and the silage characteristics. In experiment 1, ILB exhibited a lower lactic acid concentration and higher 1,2‐propanediol and acetic acid levels, which provided intermediate aerobic stability (67 h). In both experiments, treatment SB exhibited higher residual water‐soluble carbohydrate levels and longer aerobic stability relative to the other treatments. In experiment 2, there were lower DM losses and higher digestibility coefficients when SB was applied, similar to that found at the core. Overall, SB was the most effective additive for improving fermentation, preserving nutrients and reducing the aerobic deterioration of corn silage at the top of a bunker silo in a hot‐climate environment.
‘These places are like a godsend’: a qualitative analysis of parents' experiences of health visiting outside the home and of children's centres services
Authors: Donetto Sara , Maben Jill 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn 2011–2012, we carried out a programme of research to inform the Department of Health's strategy for strengthening health visiting services in England. Our research included a study of parents' views of their experiences with health visiting services in two geographical areas in England. Here, we draw upon data from this work to illustrate valuable aspects of family support outside the home reported in parents' accounts of their experiences of health visiting. We also explore the usefulness of relational autonomy as a theoretical lens for understanding the mechanisms through which this support operates.DesignWe draw upon data from semi‐structured interviews with 44 parents across two ‘Early Implementer Sites’ of the ‘new service vision’ in England. Our thematic analysis of the data was informed by grounded theory principles.Findings and discussionParents valued being able to attend child health clinics and group activities outside the home; this helped them to avoid social isolation and to identify, choose and use the forms of advice and support that best suited them. We suggest that health visiting outside the home and children's centres services may also foster parental autonomy, especially when this is understood in relational terms.ConclusionsHealth visiting outside the home and children's centres services are an important complement to health visiting in the home; both dimensions of family support should be available in the community. Relational readings of autonomy can help illuminate the ways in which these services can foster (or undermine) parents' autonomy.
Can consultation skills training change doctors' behaviour to increase involvement of patients in making decisions about standard treatment and clinical trials: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Butow P , Brown R , Aldridge J , Juraskova I , Zoller P , Boyle F , Wilson M , Bernhard J 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundInformed consent is required for both standard cancer treatments and experimental cancer treatments in a clinical trial. Effective and sensitive physician–patient communication about informed consent is difficult to achieve. Our aim was to train doctors in clear, collaborative and ethical communication about informed consent and evaluate the impact of training on doctor behaviour, stress and satisfaction.Participants and MethodsParticipants were 21 oncologists from 10 Australian/New Zealand (ANZ) centres and 41 oncologists from 10 Swiss/German/Austrian (SGA) centres. Oncologists were randomized to participate in a 1‐day workshop or not. Patients were recruited before and after the training. Doctors were asked to submit 1–2 audiotaped consultations before and after training. Doctors completed outcome measures before and after completing the post‐training cohort recruitment.ResultsNinety‐five consultation interactions were audiotaped. Doctors strongly endorsed the training. ANZ intervention doctors demonstrated a significant increase in collaborative communication (P = 0.03). There was no effect of training on other doctor behaviours. Trained doctors did not demonstrate reduced stress and burnout. Patient outcomes are presented elsewhere.ConclusionsTraining can improve some aspects of the process of obtaining informed consent. Methods to increase the impact of training are required and may include longer training and more intensive follow‐up.
Relative heart size in two rodent species increases with elevation: reviving Hesse's rule
Authors: Müller Jörg , Bässler Claus , Essbauer Sandra , Schex Susanne , Müller Dennis W.H. , Opgenoorth Lars , Brandl Roland 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimWe assessed the phenotypic responses of body size and organ weights of two small rodent species (Myodes glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis) to elevation, a surrogate for temperature and other environmental conditions. We expected not only an increase in body size (Bergmann's rule), but also an increase in relative heart weight with increasing elevation (Hesse's rule).LocationThe Bohemian Forest, south‐eastern Germany.MethodsWe measured body length, body mass, and mass of the heart, lung, liver, kidneys and spleen of 386 adult specimens (188 of A flavicollis and 198 of M. glareolus) from 28 localities at 300–1450 m a.s.l., and also recorded the number of ectoparasites. We analysed body length using linear mixed models, with site as a random factor and species, sex, population density and elevation as fixed factors, and included all two‐way interactions between species and the remaining fixed variables. For the organ masses, we included body length and body mass in the calculations to account for allometric variation of organ mass with body size. For a subset of individuals, we sequenced the mitochondrial D‐loop to analyse genetic variation along the elevational gradient.ResultsFor both species, we found no support for Bergmann's rule. The body size of A. flavicollis even decreased with elevation. In contrast, the relative heart weight of both species significantly increased with elevation, thereby supporting Hesse's rule. Lung mass also increased with elevation. The mass of other internal organs showed no such consistent relationship with elevation. Neither species showed genetic differentiation across the elevational gradient.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that both rodent species respond to increasing elevation by decreasing overall energy expenditure and by increasing overall aerobic capacity. In the context of climate change, our results indicate that biogeographers should pay more attention to the potential significance of genetic and/or phenotypic plasticity of relative organ mass to environmental heterogeneity.
Parental knowledge is an environmental influence on adolescent externalizing
Authors: Marceau Kristine , Narusyte Jurgita , Lichtenstein Paul , Ganiban Jody M. , Spotts Erica L. , Reiss David , Neiderhiser Jenae M. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThere is evidence both that parental monitoring is an environmental influence serving to diminish adolescent externalizing problems and that this association may be driven by adolescents' characteristics via genetic and/or environmental mechanisms, such that adolescents with fewer problems tell their parents more, and therefore appear to be better monitored. Without information on how parents' and children's genes and environments influence correlated parent and child behaviors, it is impossible to clarify the mechanisms underlying this association.MethodThe present study used the Extended Children of Twins model to distinguish types of gene–environment correlation and direct environmental effects underlying associations between parental knowledge and adolescent (age 11–22 years) externalizing behavior with a Swedish sample of 909 twin parents and their adolescent offspring and a US‐based sample of 405 White adolescent siblings and their parents.ResultsResults suggest that more parental knowledge is associated with less adolescent externalizing via a direct environmental influence independent of any genetic influences. There was no evidence of a child‐driven explanation of the association between parental knowledge and adolescent externalizing problems.ConclusionsIn this sample of adolescents, parental knowledge exerted an environmental influence on adolescent externalizing after accounting for genetic influences of parents and adolescents. Because the association between parenting and child development originates in the parent, treatment for adolescent externalizing must not only include parents but should also focus on altering their parental style. Thus, findings suggest that teaching parents better knowledge‐related monitoring strategies is likely to help reduce externalizing problems in adolescents.
Review of Translucency Determinations and Applications to Dental Materials
Authors: Johnston William M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStatement of ProblemThere are several ways to measure the translucency of materials, as various basic colorimetric concepts have been used to describe the translucency of natural and esthetic dental materials. There are currently no guidelines regarding which method to use to describe the translucency of these materials.Purposes of StudyTwo initial purposes of this study are to review the initial developments of the major translucency measurement methods first in the color science literature and then in the dentistry literature, and to review in the dentistry literature the recent uses of the various translucency measurement methods in light of the objectives of the presented research.Material and MethodsA major color science textbook was reviewed to obtain the background information and selected references regarding the original methods of opacity measurement and the original references regarding the development and use of a translucency parameter were also reviewed. Then the recent dentistry literature was reviewed to describe the uses of the various methods of opacity or translucency determinations for various dental materials.ResultsThe three major methods of translucency measurement were found to be contrast ratio, transmittance, and translucency parameter, with the contrast ratio and transmittance methods each having the possibility of being either luminous or spectral. Translucency measurements were mainly used to describe dental resin composites and dental ceramic materials, but prosthetic elastomers, fiber posts, orthodontic brackets, natural tooth dentine and enamel, and combinations of materials were also studied using at least one of these methods.ConclusionsThe more‐developed use of models that relate the thickness of the translucent materials to the translucency measurement of interest is encouraged. Also, care must be taken when comparing previously generated translucency measurements with any newly generated data because technical details of the thickness and the backings used in previous research must be matched or adjustments must be made to make any newly generated data comparable with published values.Clinical SignificanceThe method of specifying the translucency of esthetic dental materials may be based on clinical appearance requirements of the patient, on technical demands of optimizing the setting of underlying material, or on both. The method or methods used to describe translucency may provide clinically relevant information in order for the clinician to select the optimum material to satisfy these requirements.
Esthetic Treatment of a Periodontal Patient with Prefabricated Composite Veneers and Fiber‐Reinforced Composite: Clinical Considerations and Technique
Authors: Novelli Claudio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe advances in periodontal therapy and the clinical success of adhesive dentistry have changed the way dentists treat periodontal patients. As more teeth are saved, the demand for functional and esthetic restoration of periodontally involved teeth grows. Once, these teeth were restored with full‐coverage splinted restorations, whereas today, adhesive techniques provide less invasive and less complicated treatment options.This paper presents a novel adhesive combination of fiber‐reinforced composite and prefabricated composite veneers to restore function and esthetics in a periodontal patient with severe bone and attachment loss. After successful completion of the periodontal treatment, fiber‐reinforced composite has been bonded to the buccal surface of the maxillary anterior teeth in order to control teeth mobility. At the same appointment, prefabricated composite veneers have been bonded to the splinted teeth in order to restore esthetics. The final result shows full integration of contemporary adhesive techniques for single‐appointment, minimally invasive treatment of a periodontal patient.Clinical SignificanceThis paper describes the use of fiber‐reinforced composite and prefabricated composite veneers for the treatment of severe periodontal patients with a minimally invasive, single‐appointment technique.