bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Independent and combined effects of heat and drought stress in the Seri M82 × Babax bread wheat population
Authors: Tahmasebi Sirous , Heidari Bahram , Pakniyat Hassan , Jalal Kamali Mohammad Reza 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHeat and drought are the most important wheat production constraints worldwide. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the independent and combined effects of drought and heat in SeriM82/Babax population. Genotypes showed 11, 38 and 52% losses in grain yield (YLD) in 2010–11 and 18, 25 and 48% in 2011–12 under heat, drought and combined stress, respectively. Seri M82 had higher YLD than Babax under heat and combined stress. Grain per spike and canopy temperature at vegetative stage (CTv) in irrigated, day to heading and CT at grain‐filling stage (CTg) in drought, CTg and thousand‐grain weight (TGW) in heat and in combined trials were the best predictors of YLD. Results indicated that due to genotype by environment interactions not all stress‐adaptive traits could be accumulated in a single genotype. In general, day to heading, CTg and grain weight are suggested as indirect selection criteria for increasing YLD under heat and drought stresses. In particular, CTg could be used as a rapid and effective criterion for screening a high number of genotypes.
Emergence and early evolution of fungicide resistance in North American populations of Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Estep L. K. , Torriani S. F. F. , Zala M. , Anderson N. P. , Flowers M. D. , McDonald B. A. , Mundt C. C. , Brunner P. C. 
Published: October 2014

Although fungicide resistance in crop pathogens is a global threat to food production, surprisingly little is known about the evolutionary processes associated with the emergence and spread of fungicide resistance. Early stages in the evolution of fungicide resistance were evaluated using the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici, taking advantage of an isolate collection spanning 20 years in Oregon, USA, and including two sites with differing intensity of fungicide use. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytb protein conferring single‐mutation resistance to QoI fungicides and the nuclear CYP51 gene implicated in multiple‐mutation resistance to azole fungicides were analysed. Mutations associated with resistance to both fungicides were absent in the 1992 isolates, but frequent in the 2012 collection, with higher frequencies of resistance alleles found at the field site with more intensive fungicide use. Results suggest that the QoI resistance evolved independently in several lineages, and resulted in significant mitochondrial genome bottlenecks. In contrast, the CYP51 gene showed signatures of diversifying selection and intragenic recombination among three phylogenetic clades. The findings support a recent emergence of resistance to the two fungicide classes in Oregon, facilitated by selection for mutations in the associated resistance genes.
Effect of acute exercise and cardiovascular fitness on cognitive function: An event‐related cortical desynchronization study
Authors: Chang Yu‐Kai , Chu Chien‐Heng , Wang Chun‐Chih , Song Tai‐Fen , Wei Gao‐Xia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study aimed to clarify the effects of acute exercise and cardiovascular fitness on cognitive function using the Stroop test and event‐related desynchronization (ERD) in an aged population. Old adults (63.10 ± 2.89 years) were first assigned to either a high‐fitness or a low‐fitness group, and they were then subjected to an acute exercise treatment and a reading control treatment in a counterbalanced order. AlphaERDwas recorded during the Stroop test, which was administered after both treatments. Acute exercise improved cognitive performance regardless of the level of cognition, and old adults with higher fitness levels received greater benefits from acute exercise. Additionally, acute exercise, rather than overall fitness, elicited greater lower and upper alphaERDsrelative to the control condition. These findings indirectly suggest that the beneficial effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance may result from exercise‐induced attentional control observed during frontal neural excitation.
Effect of Overnight Staining on the Quality of Flow Cytometric Sorted Stallion Sperm: Comparison with Tradtitional Protocols
Authors: Balao da Silva CM , Ortega Ferrusola C , Gallardo Bolaños JM , Plaza Dávila M , Martín‐Muñoz P , Morrell JM , Rodriguez Martínez H , Peña FJ 
Published: October 2014

ContentsFlow cytometry is considered the only reliable method for the separation of X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa in equines. The MoFlo SX DP sorter is highly efficient, allowing the production of foals of the desired sex. However, to achieve acceptable pregnancy rates the currently used protocol requires working with fresh semen obtained close to, or at, the sorting facility. An alternative protocol was tested during two consecutive breeding seasons. Fresh stallion semen was cooled for 20 h, during which staining with Hoechst 33342 took place. On the following day, this sample was flow sorted and compared with spermatozoa from the same ejaculate that had been sexed on the previous day. All sperm parameters evaluated remained unchanged when fresh sorted and refrigerated sorted semen were compared. Pre‐sorting storage at 5°C did not alter sperm velocities nor kinetics, viability or membrane permeability, production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential or DNA fragmentation index of the sorted sample. The findings open for the possibility of using semen from stallions housed far from the sorting facilities. Processed and stained sperm could be shipped refrigerated on the previous day, sorted and inseminated on the next day.
Increased CD8 T‐cell granzyme B in COPD is suppressed by treatment with low‐dose azithromycin
Authors: Hodge Sandra , Hodge Greg , Holmes Mark , Jersmann Hubertus , Reynolds Paul N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveCorticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major challenge. We have reported increased bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis and increased airway CD8 T‐cell numbers in COPD. Apoptosis can be induced via the serine protease, granzyme B. However, glucocorticosteroids fail to adequately suppress granzyme B production by CD8 T cells. We previously showed that low‐dose azithromycin reduced airways inflammation in COPD subjects and we hypothesized that it would also reduce granzyme B production by CD8 T cells.MethodsWe administered 250 mg azithromycin daily for 5 days then twice weekly (total 12 weeks) to 11 COPD subjects (five current smokers; six ex‐smokers) and assessed granzyme B in the airway (bronchoalveolar lavage), intra‐epithelial compartment and peripheral blood, collected before and following administration of azithromycin. To then dissect the effects of on CD4 and CD8 T‐cell subsets, we applied an in vitro assay and physiologically relevant concentrations of azithromycin (and, for comparison, n‐acetyl cysteine) and stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from five healthy subjects with CD3/CD28 T‐cell expander.ResultsT‐cell granzyme B production in both airway and intra‐epithelial compartments was reduced in COPD patients following 12 weeks of azithromycin treatment, with no significant effect in blood. Both azithromycin and n‐acetyl cysteine suppressed CD4 T‐cell granzyme B production, but only azithromycin was effective at reducing CD8+ T‐cell granzyme B production in vitro.ConclusionsWe provide further evidence for the application of low‐dose azithromycin as an attractive adjunct treatment option for controlling epithelial cell apoptosis, abnormal airway repair and chronic inflammation in COPD.
Trends and Determinants of Social Expenditure in Korea, Japan and Taiwan
Authors: Hong Ijin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSocial expenditure analyses have always been a central topic of research for welfare states in Western Europe, with more institutional approaches added to such studies later in time. Research on welfare states in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, on the contrary, has a shorter history, and attention has been paid more on understanding politico‐economic institutions on a case‐by‐case basis, instead of focusing on social expenditure causes and dynamics. This study aims to contribute to the literature with an up‐to‐date comparative perspective in the study of public social expenditures in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, in a two‐fold way. First, after discussing briefly the state of art of research on welfare in East Asia, descriptive data on public social expenditure trends in Korea, Japan and Taiwan are presented in comparison with industrialized welfare states in the West. Second, a pooled cross‐sectional regression analysis for panel data is run to uncover the determinants of social expenditure in Korea, Japan and Taiwan. A new comparative dataset has been constructed by merging secondary data on public social expenditures and socio‐economic and political variables made publicly available by the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Taiwanese national government. Results seem to suggest that there is a serious need of better conceptualizing political determinants of welfare expenditures in East Asia, since they will probably represent the most important field for welfare development in these countries in years to come.
Pacing and Mood Changes While Crossing the Adriatic Sea From Italy to Albania: A Case Study
Authors: De Ioannon Giulia , Cibelli Giuseppe , Mignardi Sergio , Antonelli Agnese , Capranica Laura , Piacentini Maria Francesca 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:To evaluate the pacing strategy, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and mood during a 78.1-km solo ultraendurance open-water swim.Methods:Before and after the event, anthropometric parameters, cortisol, and the profile of mood state (POMS) of 1 male athlete (age 48 y, height 172 cm, body mass 68 kg, body fat 7.2%, athletic achievement: Italian record holder of the Channel Swim) were ascertained. Every 3 h during the event, average swimming speed (SS), stroke rate, stroke length (SL), and RPE were recorded.Results:The athlete completed the event in 23:44 h:min. Compared with the first 3 h of swimming, decreases in SS (−33%) and SL (−25%) were observed between 18 h and 21 h. Thereafter, the athlete increased SS (+41%) and SL (+17%) between 21 h and the end. RPE steadily increased from the beginning to the last 6 h of swimming. Cortisol showed a 23-fold increase. After the event, POMS showed a 500% increase in fatigue, 44% decrease in tension, and 77% decrease in vigor.Conclusion:For the first time ever an athlete crossed the Adriatic Sea. This case study shows that the athlete adopted a variable pacing strategy to complete 78 km. Despite the athlete perceiving his effort at maximum during the last 6 h, the observed increases in SS at the end of the event might substantiate his high potential motivation to accomplish this challenging and unique event.
Gastrocnemius Stretching Program: More Effective in Increasing Ankle/Rear-Foot Dorsiflexion When Subtalar Joint Positioned in Pronation Than in Supination
Authors: Johanson Marie A. , Armstrong Megan , Hopkins Chris , Keen Meghan L. , Robinson Michael , Stephenson Scott 
Published: October 2014

Context:Stretching exercises are commonly prescribed for patients and healthy individuals with limited extensibility of the gastrocnemius muscle.Objective:To determine if individuals demonstrate more dorsiflexion at the ankle/rear foot and less at the midfoot after a gastrocnemius-stretching program with the subtalar joint (STJ) positioned in supination compared with pronation.Design:Randomized controlled trial.Setting:Biomechanical laboratory.Participants:22 volunteers with current or recent history of lower-extremity cumulative trauma and gastrocnemius tightness (10 women and 4 men, mean age 28 y) randomly assigned to stretching groups with the STJ positioned in either pronation (n = 11) or supination (n = 11).Intervention:3-wk home gastrocnemius-stretching program using a template to place the subtalar joint in either a pronated or a supinated position.Main Outcome Measures:A 7-camera Vicon motion-analysis system measured ankle/rear-foot dorsiflexion and midfoot dorsiflexion of all participants during stretching with the STJ positioned in both pronation and supination before and after the 3-wk gastrocnemius-stretching program.Results:A 2-way mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (P = .019). At posttest, the group who performed the 3-week stretching program with the STJ positioned in pronation demonstrated more increased ankle/rear-foot dorsiflexion when measured with the STJ in pronation than the group who performed the 3-wk stretching program with the STJ positioned in supination. No significant main effect of stretching group or interaction for dorsiflexion at the midfoot was detected (P = .755 and P = .820, respectively).Conclusion:After a 3-wk gastrocnemius-stretching program, when measuring dorsiflexion with the STJ positioned in supination, the participants who completed a 3-wk gastrocnemius stretching program with the STJ positioned in pronation showed more increased dorsiflexion at the ankle/rear foot than participants who completed the stretching program with the STJ positioned in supination.
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS OF TRAVELLERS' DIARRHOEA IN ATHLETES
Authors: Rossiter M 
Published: October 2014

AimsWith the improved fitness and conditioning of athletes, the most common reason to miss training or competition, whilst abroad, is illness; especially Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) with an athlete potentially unable to compete for up to 3 days and after that not performing at optimum level for several more days.ResultsVenueDuration(weeks)Male AthletesFemale AthletesStaffProphylaxis(Male)Prophylaxis(Female)Prophylaxis(Staff)Cases of TD(Athletes)Cases of TD(Staff)Av Days missed TrainingDelhi (World Cup)318070n/a7 (Ciprofloxacin)812Delhi (Commonwealth Games)32018140012 (Ciprofloxacin)10 Male2 Female3(1 on Prophylaxis)2South Africa3180720(Rifaxamin)n/a7(Rifaxamin)(2 stopped due to side effects)000Malaysia31801018n/a6010MethodsApproaches to reduce TD include selecting clean food and bottled drinks, probiotics and Bovine colostrum. The fluroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) have been the most effective both for prophylaxis and treatment of TD.1 2 However, in the athletic population there is a theoretical risk of tendon rupture with this class of drug. Therefore only non-athletes have used Ciprofloxacin as prophylaxis.Rifaxaminhas poor bioavailability and is therefore poorly systemically absorbed thus acting locally in the intestine. As such, it has few side effects and a very low risk of tendon rupture due to its non-systemic absorption. There has only been one (very small) previous study on the use of Rifaxamin for TD.3Historically, there has been a high incidence of TD in Hockey athletes when travelling to countries such as India, South Africa and Malaysia, not only from food but unclean water in the showers and on the pitch, on which they can dive and thus at risk of ingesting dirty water. ThereforeRifaxaminwas trialled as TD prophylaxis as shown below:ConclusionsThe results show that the introduction of prophylacticRifaxaminhas produced a significant reduction in the number of cases of TD. OralRifaxaminis now routinely offered (and accepted) by Hockey teams travelling to countries with high risk of TD and the incidence has reduced to almost negligible levels, thus ensuring athletes, and staff, are available for training and matches more often. After 18 months, there have been no cases of tendon rupture, which has been the worry when taking oralCiprofloxacin.
Exercise for lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review incorporating trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis
Authors: Uthman Olalekan A , van der Windt Danielle A , Jordan Joanne L , Dziedzic Krysia S , Healey Emma L , Peat George M , Foster Nadine E 
Published: October 2014

STUDY QUESTIONWhich types of exercise intervention are most effective in relieving pain and improving function in people with lower limb osteoarthritis?SUMMARY ANSWERAs of 2002 sufficient evidence had accumulated to show significant benefit of exercise over no exercise. An approach combining exercises to increase strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity is most likely to be effective for relieving pain and improving function.WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSCurrent international guidelines recommend therapeutic exercise (land or water based) as “core” and effective management of osteoarthritis. Evidence from this first network meta-analysis, largely based on studies in knee osteoarthritis, indicates that an intervention combining strengthening exercises with flexibility and aerobic exercise is most likely to improve outcomes of pain and function. Further trials of exercise versus no exercise are unlikely to overturn this positive result.
The relation between total joint arthroplasty and risk for serious cardiovascular events in patients with moderate-severe osteoarthritis: propensity score matched landmark analysis
Authors: Ravi Bheeshma , Croxford Ruth , Austin Peter C , Lipscombe Lorraine , Bierman Arlene S , Harvey Paula J , Hawker Gillian A 
Published: October 2014

STUDY QUESTIONWhat are the rates of serious cardiovascular events in those who undergo primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) compared with those who do not within three years of initial assessment?SUMMARY ANSWERUndergoing elective primary TJA within three years of initial assessment was associated with a significant 12.4% absolute reduction in subsequent risk of serious cardiovascular events.WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSOsteoarthritis is associated with increased mortality, particularly secondary to cardiovascular disease, with the risk for mortality proportional to the degree of disability secondary to the arthritis. This study suggests that management of hip or knee osteoarthritis with arthroplasty decreases the risk for subsequent serious cardiovascular events.
Eye Tracking: Evaluating the Impact of Gesturing during Televised Weather Forecasts
Authors: Drost Robert , Trobec Jay , Steffke Christy , Libarkin Julie 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Televised media is one of the most frequently accessed sources of weather information. The local weathercaster is the link between weather information and the public, and as such weathercaster characteristics, from vocal cadence to physical appearance, can impact viewer understanding. This study considers the role of weathercaster gesturing on viewer attention during weather forecasts. Two variations of a typical weather forecast were viewed by a total of 36 students during an eye tracking session. The first forecast variation contained physical gestures toward forecast text by the newscaster (Gesture condition) while the second variation contained minimal gesturing (No Gesture condition). Following each eye tracking session, students completed a retention survey related to the forecast. These data were used to identify areas of interest to which students attended during viewing and to ascertain how well the forecast was retained across the gesturing treatments. Study results suggest that the weathercaster’s gesturing during forecasts may have induced confusion among participants, but did not affect retention of the weather information investigated in the study. Gesturing diverted attention from other areas of interest within the forecast by encouraging participants to focus on the weathercaster’s hands. This study indicates that minor modifications to weathercaster behavior can produce significant changes in viewer behavior.
A Field Experiment on the Small-Scale Variability of Rainfall Based on a Network of Micro Rain Radars and Rain Gauges
Authors: Chen Yong , Liu Huizhi , An Junling , Görsdorf Ulrich , Berger Franz H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSmall-scale summer rainfall variability in a semiarid zone was studied by deploying five vertically pointing Micro Rain Radars (MRRs) along a nearly straight line and by using 12 rain gauges in the study area of the Xilin River catchment in China. The spatial scales of 4 and 9 km correspond to the resolution of precipitation radar and rainfall products from satellites. The dataset of the MRRs and rain gauges covers two months in the summer of 2009. Three parameters, that is, spatial correlation, intermittency, and the coefficient of variation (CV), were used to describe the rainfall variability as based on the data from the MRRs and rain gauges. The probability of partial beamfilling in a 4-km (9 km) pixel over a 30-min temporal scale was 17%–20% (28%–37%). More accurate equipment can measure lower rainfall intermittency. For scales of 4 and 9 km, the median CV of the accumulation times that were longer than 3 h with rainfall > 1 mm was 0.17–0.42. The accuracy of areal rainfall measured by different quantities of equipment was also evaluated. One MRR was sufficient for measuring the daily areal rainfall at a 4-km scale, with a fraction of prediction within a factor of 2 of observations of 1.0 and a correlation coefficient of ≥0.58 when daily mean rainfall was >1 mm.
Causes of the Multidecadal-Scale Warming of the Intermediate Water in the Okhotsk Sea and Western Subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Nakanowatari Takuya , Nakamura Tomohiro , Uchimoto Keisuke , Uehara Hiroki , Mitsudera Humio , Ohshima Kay I. , Hasumi Hiroyasu , Wakatsuchi Masaaki 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Causes of the multidecadal-scale warming of the intermediate water in the Okhotsk Sea and the western subarctic North Pacific during 1980–2008 are investigated using an ice–ocean coupled model with interannually varying atmospheric forcing. A hindcast experiment qualitatively reproduces the warming and decadal fluctuations of the intermediate water that are similar to those of observations: the warming is significant along the western part of the Okhotsk Sea and subarctic frontal region. The effects of the thermohaline- and wind-driven ocean circulation on the warming are evaluated from perturbation experiments on thermohaline (turbulent heat and freshwater fluxes) and wind causes, respectively. The thermohaline causes are shown to contribute positively to warming in the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (OSIW). The heat budget analysis for the OSIW indicates that the warming is related to a decrease in cold and dense shelf water (DSW) flux, which is caused by a decrease in sea ice and surface water freshening. In contrast, the wind cause has a cooling effect in the OSIW through an increase in DSW. In the subarctic frontal region, the warming is mainly caused by the wind stress change. The heat budget analysis indicates that the warming is related to an increase in the northward advection of the subtropical warm water. These results imply that both thermohaline- and wind-driven ocean circulation changes are essential components of the warming in the intermediate water. The atmospheric conditions responsible for the warming are related to a weakened Aleutian low and Siberian high in early and late winter.