bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining sucrose and glucose levels in dual‐purpose sorghum stalks by Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Shih‐Fang , Danao Mary‐Grace C , Singh Vijay , Brown Patrick J 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSorghum is an advanced biomass feedstock from which grain, sugar and stover can be used for biofuel production. Determinations of specific sugar contents in sorghum stalks help to make strategic decisions during plant breeding, processing, storage and optimization of fermentation conditions. In this study, Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy was used as a relatively fast, low‐cost, high‐throughput assay to predict sucrose and glucose levels in stalks of 40 dwarf grain sorghum inbreds.RESULTSThe diffuse reflection spectra were pretreated with multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and first‐derivative Savitzy–Golay (SG‐1). Calibrated models were developed by partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. Martens' uncertainty test was used to determine the most effective spectral region. The PLSR model for stalk sucrose content was built on 380 significant wavenumbers in the 4000–6999 cm−1 range. The model was based on four factors and had RPD = 2.40, RMSEP = 1.77 and R2 = 0.81. Similarly, the model for stalk glucose was built using 4000–9000 cm−1 and six factors, with RPD = 2.45, RMSEP = 0.73 and R2 = 0.81.CONCLUSIONPLSR models were developed based on FT‐NIR spectra coupled with multivariate data analysis to provide a quick and low‐cost estimate of specific sugar contents in grain sorghum stalks. This sugar information helps decision making for sorghum‐based biomass processing and storage strategies. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Post‐fledging survival in passerine birds and the value of post‐fledging studies to conservation
Authors: Cox W. Andrew , Thompson Frank R. , Cox Allison S. , Faaborg John 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTConservation efforts are most effective when we have complete demographic information for a species of concern. Nevertheless, fundamental gaps in our knowledge of demography still exist for many taxa. For passerine birds, the period of time directly after young birds leave the nest and before they disperse and/or migrate (i.e., the post‐fledging period) remains an understudied life stage. We reviewed the literature on survival of passerine birds during the post‐fledging period to synthesize current knowledge on survival rates and the factors affecting these rates, and conducted a sensitivity analysis to explore the relationship between population growth and post‐fledging survival across the range of rates reported in the literature. Fledgling age was a strong predictor of survival, with the highest mortality occurring during the first 3 weeks after birds fledged. Among species, survival ranged from 0.23 to 0.87 during the first 3 weeks post‐fledging and increased with adult body mass and nestling period duration. The relatively high proportion (12 of 19; 63%) of studies that detected at least 1 habitat effect on survival indicates that management focused on post‐fledging habitat can improve survival. Sensitivity analyses indicated that post‐fledging survival rates less than approximately 0.4 require unrealistic overwinter survival rates of juveniles to prevent population decline, unless adult survival rates and seasonal fecundity are high. Post‐fledging survival is a useful metric for monitoring passerine populations because it sets the ceiling on first‐year survival, responds to habitat management, and leads to more comprehensive demographic models for songbirds. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Development of Monopole Interaction Models for Ionic Compounds. Part I: Estimation of Aqueous Henry’s Law Constants for Ions and Gas Phase pKa Values for Acidic Compounds
Authors: Hilal S. H. , Saravanaraj A. N. , Carreira L. A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry) physicochemical mechanistic models for neutral compounds have been extended to estimate Henry’s Law Constant (HLC) for charged species by incorporating ionic electrostatic interaction models. Combinations of absolute aqueous pKa values, relative pKa values in the gas phase, and aqueous HLC for neutral compounds have been used to develop monopole interaction models that quantify the energy differences upon moving an ionic solute molecule from the gas phase to the liquid phase. Inter‐molecular interaction energies were factored into mechanistic contributions of monopoles with polarizability, dipole, H‐bonding, and resonance. The monopole ionic models were validated by a wide range of measured gas phase pKa data for 450 acidic compounds. The RMS deviation error and R2 for the OH, SH, CO2H, CH3 and NR2 acidic reaction centers (C) were 16.9 kcal/mol and 0.87, respectively. The calculated HLCs of ions were compared to the HLCs of 142 ions calculated by quantum mechanics. Effects of inter‐molecular interaction of the monopoles with polarizability, dipole, H‐bonding, and resonance on acidity of the solutes in the gas phase are discussed.
Novel effects of rosiglitazone on SMAD2 and SMAD3 signaling in white adipose tissue of diabetic rats
Authors: Beaudoin Marie‐Soleil , Snook Laelie A. , Arkell Alicia M. , Stefanson Amanda , Wan Zhongxiao , Simpson Jeremy A. , Holloway Graham P. , Wright David C. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveThe effects of the proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist rosiglitazone (ROSI) on the transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β/SMAD signaling pathway in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diabetic rats were assessed.MethodsSix‐week‐old, male ZDF rats were fed a chow diet with (ZDF ROSI) or without (ZDF chow) ROSI (diet, 100 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Subcutaneous (scWAT) and retroperitoneal (rpWAT) adipose tissues were excised to quantify the protein content/phosphorylation.ResultsZDF ROSI animals showed enhanced glucose tolerance and mitochondrial protein content in both depots. The protein content of enzymes involved in fatty acid handling was increased in scWAT of ZDF ROSI animals. ZDF ROSI exhibited decreased phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 exclusively in scWAT, along with increases in inhibitory SMAD7 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2. In contrast, ROSI increased the protein content of SMAD4, TGF‐β receptor I and II, and SMAD Anchor for Receptor Activation in scWAT.ConclusionsFor the first time, the fact that ROSI inhibits SMAD2 and SMAD3 signaling in a depot‐specific manner in diabetic rats was demonstrated. In scWAT, ROSI reduced SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation, likely through the inhibitory actions of SMAD7 and SMURF2. Induction of proximal components of the SMAD pathway may constitute a feedback mechanism to counteract ROSI‐induced lipid synthesis in scWAT.
Polymer end group modifications and polymer conjugations via “click” chemistry employing microreactor technology
Authors: Vandenbergh Joke , Tura Tiago , Baeten Evelien , Junkers Tanja 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study presents the development of microreactor protocols for the successful continuous flow end group modification of atom transfer radical polymerization precursor polymers into azide end‐capped materials and the subsequent copper‐catalyzed azide alkyne click reactions with alkyne polymers, in flow. By using a microreactor, the reaction speed of the azidation of poly(butyl acrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), and polystyrene can be accelerated from hours to seconds and full end group conversion is obtained. Subsequently, copper‐catalyzed click reactions are executed in a flow reactor at 80 °C. Good coupling efficiencies are observed and various block copolymer combinations are prepared. Furthermore, the flow reaction can be carried out in only 40 min, while a batch procedure takes several hours to reach completion. The results indicate that the use of a continuous flow reactor for end group modifications as well as click reactions has clear benefits towards the development and improvement of well‐defined polymer materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1263–1274
Growth of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) films prepared by base‐inhibited vapor phase polymerization
Authors: Metsik Jörgen , Saal Kristjan , Mäeorg Uno , Lõhmus Rünno , Leinberg Silver , Mändar Hugo , Kodu Margus , Timusk Martin 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTransparent [90% transmittance at 550 nm at a sheet resistance (Rs) of 279 Ω sq−1] poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films with electrical conductivities up to 1354 S cm−1 are prepared using base‐inhibited vapor phase polymerization at atmospheric pressure. The influence of reaction conditions, such as temperature and growth time, on the film formation is investigated. A simple and convenient two‐electrode method is used for the in situ measurement of resistance, enabling to investigate the growth mechanism of polymer films and the influence of different parameters (relative humidity and the amount of oxidant) on the film growth. Low humidity exerts a detrimental effect on film growth and conductivity. In situ Rs measurements suggest that a large structural change occurs upon washing the PEDOT‐oxidant film. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 561–571
Benchmark study on glyphosate‐resistant crop systems in the United States. Economics of herbicide resistance management practices in a 5 year field‐scale study
Authors: Edwards C Blake , Jordan David L , Owen Michael DK , Dixon Philip M , Young Bryan G , Wilson Robert G , Weller Steven C , Shaw David R 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSince the introduction of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) crops, growers have often relied on glyphosate‐only weed control programs. As a result, multiple weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. A 5 year study including 156 growers from Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, North Carolina and Mississippi in the United States was conducted to compare crop yields and net returns between grower standard weed management programs (SPs) and programs containing best management practices (BMPs) recommended by university weed scientists. The BMPs were designed to prevent or mitigate/manage evolved herbicide resistance.RESULTSWeed management costs were greater for the BMP approach in most situations, but crop yields often increased sufficiently for net returns similar to those of the less expensive SPs. This response was similar across all years, geographical regions, states, crops and tillage systems.CONCLUSIONSHerbicide use strategies that include a diversity of herbicide mechanisms of action will increase the long‐term sustainability of glyphosate‐based weed management strategies. Growers can adopt herbicide resistance BMPs with confidence that net returns will not be negatively affected in the short term and contribute to resistance management in the long term. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Template‐assisted Co–Ni alloys and multisegmented nanowires with tuned magnetic anisotropy
Authors: García Javier , Vega Victor , Iglesias Lucia , Prida Victor M. , Hernando Blanca , Barriga‐Castro Enrique D. , Mendoza‐Reséndez Raquel , Luna Carlos , Görlitz Detlef , Nielsch Kornelius 
Published: February 2014

Homogeneous Co85Ni15 and Co54Ni46 alloys, together multisegmented Co85Ni15/Co54Ni46 magnetic nanowire arrays have been synthesized by means of potentiostatic and pulsed potentiostatic electrodeposition techniques, respectively, into the pores of hard‐anodic alumina templates. Morphological, compositional and structural characterization indicate that the composition of Co–Ni alloy segments and nanowires can be properly adjusted by varying the electrochemical deposition potential, leading to different crystalline structures (fcc or hcp) depending on the Co–Ni alloy composition. The magnetic properties of homogeneous and multisegmented Co–Ni alloy nanowire arrays, obtained from hysteresis loops and switching field distribution calculations, are correlated with their crystalline structure and effective magnetic anisotropy, to shed light on the magnetization processes that determine the magnetic behaviour of the nanowire arrays. Part (a) shows a schematic drawing of freestanding multisegmented Co85Ni15/Co54Ni46 nanowires. Part (b) displays the magnetic hysteresis loops of multisegmented nanowire arrays measured along the parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the nanowires long axis.
Neuartige Sanierung der Tragkabel einer Hängebrücke in Norwegen
Authors: Saul Reiner , Nützel Oswald 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAls Alternative zum herkömmlichen Beschichten von vollverschlossenen Brückenseilen wurde in den letzten Jahren das automatische Umwickeln mit Butylkautschukbändern entwickelt [1]. Dieses Verfahren hat vor allem den Vorteil, dass an die Untergrundvorbereitung weniger strenge Anforderungen gestellt werden müssen als beim Beschichten und der Verkehr weitgehend ungestört bleibt. Bisher wurden hiermit die Einzelseile von drei deutschen Schrägseilbrücken geschützt.Erstmals wurde das Verfahren jetzt auch zur Sanierung der Tragkabel einer Hängebrücke in Norwegen angewendet. Dabei mussten Lösungen für die spezifischen Gegebenheiten von Hängebrücken – in engem Abstand verlaufende Seile der Tragkabel sowie Anschluss der Hänger und Kabelsattellager – gefunden werden. Als wesentlicher Vorteil erwies sich die Schnelligkeit des Wickelverfahrens: In nur 25 Tagen konnten, trotz einer witterungsbedingten Ausfallzeit von 6 Tagen, 70 % des Gesamtauftrags fertiggestellt werden. Eine Beschichtung wäre bei den klimatischen Verhältnisse nicht – oder nur mit einer sehr aufwendigen Einhausung – möglich gewesen.Innovative rehabilitation of the main cables of a suspension bridge in Norway. As alternative to the traditional painting of locked coil bridge cables, during the last years the automatic wrapping with butyl rubber tapes has been developed [2]. This procedure has the main advantage, that the preparation of the rope surface needs not to be as accurate as for painting and that the traffic on the bridge remains widely undisturbed. So far it has been applied for the individual cables of three cable stayed bridges in Germany.Recently, the procedure has been applied for the rehabilitation of the main cables of a suspension bridge in Norway. For this, solutions had to be developed for the specific conditions of a suspension bridge like small distance between the ropes of the main cables and the connection of the hangers and cable saddles. The main advantage of the procedure was its speed: in only 25 days 70 % of the total works were finished – in spite of losing six days by adverse climatic conditions. Under these circumstances, a painting of the cables would have been impossible or would have required expensive, water and air tight protective devices.
Heritability of clubfoot: A twin study
Authors: Engell Vilhelm , Nielsen Jan , Damborg Frank , Kyvik Kirsten Ohm , Thomsen Karsten , Pedersen Niels Wisbech , Andersen Mikkel , Overgaard Søren 
Published: February 2014

Introduction The aetiology of congenital clubfoot is unclear. Although studies on populations, families, and twins suggest a genetic component to the aetiology, other studies have identified environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to calculate heritability in order to determine to what extent genetic and/or environmental factors contribute to the aetiology of congenital clubfoot and to asses whether there was a change in the prevalence over time. Materials and Methods The Odense based Danish Twin Registry is unique as it contains data on all the approximately 85,000 twin pairs born in Denmark over the last 140 years. All 46,418 twin individuals born from 1931 through 1982, who had earlier consented to contact, received a 17-page Omnibus questionnaire in the spring of 2002. Data were analysed with structural equation models to identify the best fitting aetiological model based on a balance of goodness-of-fit and parsimony and to estimate heritability. Results We found an overall self-reported prevalence of congenital clubfoot of 0.0027 (95 % confidence interval 0.0022–0.0034). Fifty-five complete (both twins answered the question) twin pairs were identified representing 12 monozygotic, 22 same-sex dizygotic, 18 opposite-sex dizygotic, and 3 with unclassified zygosity. The model with only environmental factors (CE) was best fitting based on AIC, and the model with an additive genetic factor (ACE) came in second. Due to the small statistical power, we hypothesise that the model with both genetic and environmental effects (ACE) was the better model. Choosing the ACE-model we found a heritability of clubfoot of 30 %. Regression coefficient for age was −0.002 (−0.011 to 0.005), indicating that there has been no change in prevalence of clubfoot over the 50-year age span we examined. Discussion We conclude that non-genetic factors must play a role, and a genetic factor might contribute, in the aetiology of congenital clubfoot.
Insights from the animal kingdom
Authors: Morwitz Vicki G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractJust as we have learned a great deal in consumer psychology by focusing on understanding how different sub‐groups of humans think, this paper suggests that we can also learn from examining how different types of animals think. To that end, this manuscript offers a review of literature on topics in animal cognition that have also been investigated by consumer researchers. It first reviews research that has identified ways in which animals and humans are similar and then reviews research that has identified ways in which animals differ from humans, with a focus on ways in which some animals have been shown to outperform humans. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of opportunities for future research.
Dynamics of large-scale circulation of turbulent thermal convection in a horizontal cylinder
Authors: Song Hao , Brown Eric , Hawkins Russell , Tong Penger 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA systematic study of the effects of cell geometry on the dynamics of large-scale flows in turbulent thermal convection is carried out in horizontal cylindrical cells of different lengths filled with water. Four different flow modes are identified with increasing aspect ratio$\Gamma $. For small aspect ratios ($\Gamma \leq 0.16$), the flow is highly confined in a thin disc-like cell with a quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) large-scale circulation (LSC) in the circular plane of the cell. For larger aspect ratios ($\Gamma >0.16$), we observe periodic switching of the angular orientation$\theta $of the rotation plane of LSC between the two longest diagonals of the cell. The sides of the container along which the LSC oscillates changes at a critical aspect ratio$\Gamma _{c}\simeq 0.82$. The measured switching period is equal to the LSC turnover time for$\Gamma \leq \Gamma _c$, shows a sharp increase at$\Gamma _{c}$and decays exponentially to the LSC turnover time with increasing$\Gamma $. For$\Gamma \geq 1.3$, a periodic rocking of LSC along the long axis of the cylinder is also observed. The measured probability density function$P(\theta )$of the LSC orientation$\theta $peaks at the two diagonal positions, and its shape is described by a phenomenological model proposed by Brown & Ahlers (Phys. Fluids, vol. 20, 2008b, 075101; J. Fluid Mech., vol. 638, 2009, pp. 383–400). Using this model, we describe the dynamics of the LSC orientation$\theta $by stochastic motion in a double-well potential. The potential is predicted from a model in which the sidewall shape produces an orientation-dependent pressure on the LSC. This model also captures key features of the four flow modes. The experiment reveals an interesting array of rich dynamics of LSC in the horizontal cylinders, which are very different from those observed in the upright cylindrical convection cells. The success of the model for both upright and horizontal cylinders suggests that it can be applied to different geometries.
Development and validation of a Food Choices Score for use in weight-loss interventions
Authors: Grafenauer Sara J. , Tapsell Linda C. , Beck Eleanor J. , Batterham Marijka J. 
Published: February 2014

Weight loss results from an energy deficit, although the quality of food choices making up the diet may also be important. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a diet quality tool based on food categories to monitor dietary change in clinical weight-loss settings. The Food Choices Score (FCS) was based on seventeen food categories, each scoring up to five points, totalling 85. In addition to content validity, the tool was validated using (1) two energy-deficit diet models (6500 and 7400 kJ) assuring nutrient and food-group targets and (2) dietary data from two weight-loss trials (n 189). First, the diet models confirmed that an optimal score of 85 was achievable. Second, change in scores was compared with weight loss achieved at 3 months. The trial data produced a mean FCS of 42·6 (sd 8·6), increasing to 49·1 (sd 7·6) by 3 months. Participants who lost weight achieved a higher FCS at 3 months than those who did not (P= 0·027), and there was an even greater improvement in the FCS (P= 0·024) in participants losing ≥ 5 % body weight than in those losing < 5 %. A greater change in the FCS (Δ ≥ 7) resulted in a greater change in BMI (P =0·044), and score change was correlated with weight change (P= 0·023). Participants with the highest scores ( ≥ 56 v. ≤ 44/85) consumed more fruit (P< 0·001) and low-fat dairy foods (P =0·004), less fatty meat (P< 0·001), non-whole-grain cereals (P< 0·001), non-core foods and drinks (NCFD) (P< 0·001), less energy (P =0·018), less dietary fat (P< 0·001) and more dietary fibre (P= 0·013). Weight loss was 35·5 % less likely to be achieved with every increase in the serves of NCFD (P =0·004) in the study sample. The FCS is a valid tool for assessing diet quality in clinical weight-loss settings.
Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high risk
Authors: Valmaggia L. R. , Day F. L. , Jones C. , Bissoli S. , Pugh C. , Hall D. , Bhattacharyya S. , Howes O. , Stone J. , Fusar-Poli P. , Byrne M. , McGuire P. K. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundCannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder but the temporal relationship between cannabis use and onset of illness is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess prospectively the influence of cannabis use on transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for the disorder.MethodLifetime and continued cannabis use was assessed in a consecutively ascertained sample of 182 people (104 male, 78 female) at UHR for psychosis. Individuals were then followed clinically for 2 years to determine their clinical outcomes.ResultsLifetime cannabis use was reported by 134 individuals (73.6%). However, most of these individuals had stopped using cannabis before clinical presentation (n = 98, 73.1%), usually because of adverse effects. Among lifetime users, frequent use, early-onset use and continued use after presentation were all associated with an increase in transition to psychosis. Transition to psychosis was highest among those who started using cannabis before the age of 15 years and went on to use frequently (frequent early-onset use: 25%; infrequent or late-onset use: 5%; χ21 = 10.971, p = 0.001). However, within the whole sample, cannabis users were no more likely to develop psychosis than those who had never used cannabis (cannabis use: 12.7%; no use: 18.8%; χ21 = 1.061, p = 0.303).ConclusionsIn people at UHR for psychosis, lifetime cannabis use was common but not related to outcome. Among cannabis users, frequent use, early-onset use and continued use after clinical presentation were associated with transition to psychosis.