bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of residual viraemia during combination HIV treatment: Impacts of baseline HIV RNA levels and treatment choice
Authors: McKinnon E , Castley A , Payne L , Pummer S , Nolan D 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesEffective HIV therapy reflects suppression of plasma HIV RNA levels below assay detection thresholds, although lower levels of “residual viraemia” have also been demonstrated over extended periods of effective antiretroviral treatment. Here we examine the determinants of HIV RNA suppression below the standard assay threshold (40 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) as well as factors associated with detectable HIV RNA below this reported detection limit.MethodsBetween 2007 and 2010, 11 575 consecutive viral load (VL) tests were obtained from 1540 patients, including 356 on effective antiretroviral therapy followed since initiation (1996–2001: n = 165; 2002–2009: n = 191). Analyses modelled the probability of an undetectable VL given successful suppression to < 200 copies/mL, and the probability of residual viraemia given an undetectable result.ResultsDetectable HIV RNA amplification was demonstrated in 20% of samples with a VL result < 40 copies/mL. Longitudinal analyses from 356 patients revealed that the likelihood of achieving results < 40 copies/mL was increased with current nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) therapy [odds ratio (OR) 2.0; P < 0.05] and reduced with prior virological rebound (OR 0.5; P < 0.05). In contrast, the presence of detectable HIV RNA < 40 copies/mL was strongly associated with pretreatment HIV RNA levels among those on current protease inhibitor (PI) treatment (OR 1.5 per log10 copies/mL increase; P = 0.02) as well as those on NNRTIs (OR 1.7; P = 0.002).ConclusionsWhile HIV treatment history was associated with plasma HIV RNA levels below the detection limit, residual viraemia results were dominantly determined by pretreatment VL. These findings support the concept of a stable, long‐lived reservoir of latently infected cells as a source of residual viraemia despite effective HIV treatment.
The relationship between insomnia with short sleep duration is associated with hypercholesterolemia: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lin Chia‐Ling , Tsai Yu‐Hsia , Yeh Mei Chang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the association between insomnia with short sleep duration and hypercholesterolemia in Taiwanese adults.BackgroundPrevious studies mostly focused on the association between sleep duration and hyperlipidemia, but the results were not consistent. Besides, very few studies extensively examined the association between insomnia and hypercholesterolemia. This study hypothesized that insomnia with short sleep duration is associated with hypercholesterolemia.DesignSecondary data analysis. This study analysed the latest database of the cross‐sectional Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan which was released on 2011 (data collected between 2005–2008) and collected data using stratified three‐staged probability sampling design.MethodsThis study analysed 1533 participants aged between 19–64 (733 males and 800 females) and used logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval of insomnia with short sleep duration to hypercholesterolemia. Controlled confounders included age, gender, sample weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, hypertension and diabetes.ResultsInsomnia with 5‐6 hours of sleep duration was significantly associated with hypercholesterolemia. The odds ratio of mild insomnia or moderate/severe insomnia with 5‐6 hours of sleep duration to hypercholesterolemia was higher, compared with the reference group (without insomnia and >6 hours of sleep duration).ConclusionInsomnia with short sleep duration was associated with increased odds of hypercholesterolemia. Caregivers in clinical practice should watch out for the effect brought by this novel factor.
Building research capacity and productivity among advanced practice nurses: an evaluation of the Community of Practice model
Authors: Gullick Janice G. , West Sandra H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate Wenger's Community of Practice as a framework for building research capacity and productivity.BackgroundWhile research productivity is an expected domain in influential models of advanced nursing practice, internationally it remains largely unmet. Establishment of nursing research capacity precedes productivity and consequently, there is a strong imperative to identify successful capacity‐building models for nursing‐focussed research in busy clinical environments.DesignProspective, longitudinal, qualitative descriptive design was used in this study.MethodsBruyn's participant observation framed evaluation of a Community of Practice comprising 25 advanced practice nurses. Data from focus groups, education evaluations, blog/email transcripts and field observations, collected between 2007 and 2014, were analysed using a qualitative descriptive method.FindingsThe Community of Practice model invited differing levels of participation, allowed for evolution of the research community and created a rhythm of research‐related interactions and enduring research relationships. Participants described the value of research for their patients and families and the significance of the developing research culture in providing richness to their practice and visibility of their work to multidisciplinary colleagues. Extensive examples of research dissemination and enrolment in doctoral programmes further confirmed this value.ConclusionA Community of Practice framework is a powerful model enabling research capacity and productivity evidenced by publication. In developing a solid foundation for a nursing research culture, it should be recognized that research skills, confidence and growth develop over an extended period of time and success depends on skilled coordination and leadership.
Characteristics of Clinical and Induced Ventricular Tachycardia Throughout Multiple Ablation Procedures
Authors: TOKUDA MICHIFUMI , KOJODJOJO PIPIN , TUNG STANLEY , INADA KEIICHI , MATSUO SEIICHIRO , YAMANE TEIICHI , YOSHIMURA MICHIHIRO , TEDROW USHA B. , STEVENSON WILLIAM G. 
Published: October 2015

Induced VTs Over Multiple Ablation ProceduresBackgroundOptimal procedure endpoints of catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) are not defined and multiple repeat procedures are sometimes required. However, there are few studies to compare the details of repeat procedures to the initial procedure. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of clinical and induced VT throughout multiple procedures and clarify their relations.Methods and ResultsOf 425 consecutive patients with structural heart disease who underwent catheter VT ablation, second, third and fourth procedures were performed in 101, 23, and 5 patients, respectively. Of 227 VTs that were induced during the second procedure, 68 (30%) VTs had previously been induced at the first procedure. In multivariable analysis, identification of an exit/isthmus site (HR = 0.29, P = 0.047), early termination of VT during radiofrequency application (HR 0.11, P = 0.037) and elimination of target VT at the end of first procedure (HR = 0.43, P = 0.036) were independently associated with noninducibility of the same VT at the second procedure. Over the course of multiple procedures the mean VT cycle length gradually lengthened (381 ± 107, 413 ± 111, 460 ± 124, 507 ± 99 milliseconds in first, second, third, and fourth procedure, respectively, P < 0.001) and more induced VTs became mappable (32%, 40%, 62%, and 70% in first, second, third, and fourth procedure, respectively, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIdentification and ablation of VT exit/isthmus, early termination of VT during radiofrequency application and elimination of targeted VT are associated with absence of that VT during a repeat procedure, and recurrences are then mostly due to new VTs or other VTs that were not induced at the first procedure.
Welfare‐theoretic Optimal Policies in a New‐Keynesian Economy with Heterogeneous Regions: Any Role for Financial Integration?
Authors: Wolski Marcin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper provides a welfare‐theoretic explanation of the inferiority of area‐wide policies, com‐ pared to their country‐specific equivalents, in the case when shocks spread unevenly across regions. Our analysis points out that under union‐wide policies, regions which suffer relatively more from shocks will benefit from policy interventions at the expense of others. Using the new‐Keynesian framework we propose a new area‐wide welfare‐theoretic loss function which is heterogeneity‐consistent, i.e. it guarantees the same outcomes as if a policy maker was targeting each of the regions individually. We study the dynamics of the theoretically‐induced losses resulting from the area‐wide policies using the example of the euro zone in the years 1999–2013 and compare it with the level of money market integration. Our study suggests that more intense financial integration was associated with smaller long‐run average losses from heterogeneity‐inconsistent aggregate policies. We find no similar effects for short‐run dynamics.
Qualitative vs. quantitative atopic dermatitis criteria – in historical and present perspectives
Authors: Andersen R.M. , Thyssen J.P. , Maibach H.I. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis review summarizes historical aspects, clinical expression and pathophysiology leading to coining of the terms atopy and atopic dermatitis, current diagnostic criteria and further explore the possibility of developing quantitative diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis (AD) based on the importance of atopic features – subjective, objective, and those derived from laboratory tests – the new partly promising AD biomarkers. ‘Atopy’, introduced in 1923, denoted ‘the sense of a strange disease without a precise place in the body’. A decade later, Sulzberger and Hill, first defined ‘atopic dermatitis’. The pioneering well‐recognized criteria, ‘Hanifin & Rajka’ (Acta Derm Venereol, 92, 1980, 44), were developed empirically on ‘clinical experience’ and expert consensus. As opposed to the widely used, rather anamnestic ‘UK Criteria’ (1994), they have few formal validation studies, but appear to well embrace various atopic phenotypes. Pruritus, xerosis, typical morphology/distribution of dermatitis and tendency to a relapsing/chronic course are common basic features in AD criteria, whereas skin sensitivity, heredity and various ill‐defined atopic stigmata also seem to comprise the atopic phenomenon. Specific pheno‐ and endotypes are now emerging potentially enabling us to better classify patients with AD, but the influence of these on the diagnosis of AD is so far unclear. Few diagnostic models use quantitative scoring systems to establish AD cases from normal population, which, however, may be useful to better study and manage this disease. Long‐term prospective observational studies, from which few are available at this point, along with interventional studies, are a perquisite and will provide the best option to improve our understanding of its complex characteristics and etiology.
Sensitivity of flood damage estimation to spatial resolution
Authors: Komolafe A.A. , Herath S. , Avtar R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFlood damage estimation is an important element in flood risk assessment; it is useful for mobilizing investment and developing policies for flood loss prevention since most flood risk reduction measures are based on cost benefit analysis. From a global or regional view‐point, it is necessary to understand relative impacts on economies of countries to mobilize international support and develop response strategies. This requires a unified approach to flood damage estimation across countries and over large spatial extents. Spatial resolutions used in the assessment have a direct impact on the estimation of potential flood heights as well as representation of property exposure and, consequently, the flood damage estimates. Using Ichinomiya river basin, Japan, as a case study, the sensitivity of spatial scale in estimating potential flood economic damages is investigated and approaches are delineated to reduce errors arising from coarse spatial resolutions. [Correction added on 5 May 2016, after first online publication: in the first sentence of the abstract the word “is” has been inserted between “it” and “useful”.]
Acute on chronic liver failure because of acute hepatic insults: Etiologies, course, extrahepatic organ failure and predictors of mortality
Authors: Shalimar  , Kumar Dharmendra , Vadiraja Padmaprakash Kadavoor , Nayak Baibaswata , Thakur Bhaskar , Das Prasenjit , Datta Gupta Siddhartha , Panda Subrat Kumar , Acharya Subrat Kumar 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) because of precipitating factors (variceal bleed/infections) identifies cirrhotics at risk for high short‐term mortality. Information on ACLF because of acute hepatic insults is lacking. The aim of the study was to evaluate acute hepatic insults in ACLF and their effect on the course and outcome.Methods:In a prospective study, 213 consecutive patients of ACLF because of acute hepatic insults were included. Etiology of acute hepatic insult, frequency of silent, and overt chronic liver disease (CLD), organ failure (OF), and outcomes were assessed. Prognostic models such as model for endstage liver disease (MELD), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II), and chronic liver failure‐sequential organ failure (CLIF‐SOFA) were evaluated.Results:Etiologies of acute hepatic insult were hepatitis virus(es)‐ 81 (38%; HBV‐42, HEV‐39), continuous alcohol consumption‐77 (33.3%), antituberculosis drugs‐11 (5.2%), autoimmune hepatitis flare‐5(2.3%), cryptogenic‐44 (20.7%). The common causes of CLD were alcohol (n = 85/40%), HBV(n = 52/24%), and cryptogenic(n = 50/20%). The MELD, APACHE II, and CLIF‐SOFA scores were similar among silent and overt CLD and did not influence outcome. Predominant etiologies of ACLF were hepatitis virus(es) reactivation or superinfection in silent CLD(52/112, 46.4%) and alcohol among overt CLD(43/101, 43%). Independent predictors of mortality included hepatic‐encephalopathy (early, HR: 4.01; advanced, HR: 6.10), serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dl (HR: 4.53), CLIF‐SOFA ≥8(HR: 1.69), and etiology of acute hepatic insult (alcohol, HR: 4.08; cryptogenic, HR: 3.18). HEV‐ACLF had lower mortality (12.8% vs. 33–54% in other etiologies;P < 0.001). OF was major determinant of mortality. With increasing number of OF, mortality increased linearly(P = 0.001).Conclusions:Hepatitis virus(es) and continuous alcohol consumption are important causes of ACLF caused by acute hepatic insults. HEV‐ACLF has lower mortality. OF is an important prognostic predictor.
Granulite facies xenoliths from the Yuhuashan complex, central Jiangxi, South China: constraints on Late Palaeozoic orogeny and middle‐lower crust components
Authors: Zhang C. , Yu J. , O'Reilly S. Y. , Griffin W. L. , Qian J. , Liu Q. , Lou F. , Zhou X. , Shen L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Cretaceous Yuhuashan igneous complex contains abundant xenoliths of high‐grade metamorphic rocks, with the assemblage garnet ± hypersthene + biotite + plagioclase + K‐feldspar + quartz. The biotite in these samples has high TiO2 (>3.5%), indicating high‐T metamorphism (623–778 °C). P–T calculations for two felsic granulites indicate that the peak metamorphism took place at 880–887 °C and 0.64–0.70 GPa, in the low pressure/high temperature (LP‐HT) granulite facies. Phase equilibrium modelling gives equilibrium conditions for the peak assemblage of a felsic granulite of >0.6 GPa and >840 °C, consistent with the P–T calculations, and identifies an anticlockwise P–T–t path. LA‐ICPMS U–Pb dating of metamorphic and detrital zircon from one xenolith reveals that the granulite facies metamorphism took place at 273.6 ± 2.2 Ma, and the protolith was a sedimentary rock deposited later than 683 Ma. This represents the first Late Palaeozoic (Variscan) granulite facies event identified in the South China Block (SCB). Coupled with other geological observations, the LP‐HT metamorphic conditions and anticlockwise P–T–t path suggest that Variscan metamorphism probably occurred in a post‐orogenic or intraplate extensional tectonic setting associated with the input of external heat, related to the underplating of mantle‐derived magma. Based on P–T estimates and the comparison of the protolith composition with mid‐ to low‐grade metamorphic rocks in the area, it is suggested that the mid‐lower crust under the Xiangshan–Yuhuashan area consists mainly of these felsic granulites and gneisses, whose protoliths were probably subducted to these depths during the Early Palaeozoic orogeny in the SCB, and underwent two episodes of metamorphism during Early Palaeozoic and Late Palaeozoic time.
Patient activation with knowledge, self‐management and confidence in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Johnson Michelle L. , Zimmerman Lani , Welch Janet L. , Hertzog Melody , Pozehl Bunny , Plumb Troy 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundChronic kidney disease is a growing health problem on a global scale. The increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease presents an urgent need to better understand the knowledge, confidence and engagement in self‐managing the disease.ObjectivesThis study examined group differences in patient activation and health‐related quality of life, knowledge, self‐management and confidence with managing chronic disease across all five stages of chronic kidney disease.DesignThe study employed a descriptive correlational design.SettingsParticipants were recruited from five primary care, three nephrology clinics and one dialysis centre in two Midwestern cities in the United States.ParticipantsThe convenience sample included 85 adults with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including kidney failure, who spoke English.MeasurementsSeven measurements were used to collect data via telephone interviews with participants not receiving haemodialysis, and face‐to‐face interviews with those receiving haemodialysis at the beginning of their treatment session.ResultsAnalyses indicated that half the participants were female (50.58%), the mean age was 63.21 years (SD = 13.11), and participants with chronic kidney disease stage 3 were the most activated. Post hoc differences were significant in patient activation and blood pressure self‐management and anxiety across chronic kidney disease stages, excluding stage 5.ConclusionEngaging patients in the self‐management of their health care and enhancing patients’ ability to self‐manage their blood pressure may work to preserve kidney health. Healthcare providers should collaborate with patients to develop strategies that will maintain patients’ health‐related quality of life, like reducing anxiety as kidney disease progress.
Impact of Prostate Cancer Treatment on the Sexual Quality of Life for Men-Who-Have-Sex-with-Men
Authors: Lee Tsz Kin , Handy Ariel Baker , Kwan Winkle , Oliffe John Lindsay , Brotto Lori Anne , Wassersug Richard Joel , Dowsett Gary Wayne 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
With earlier prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and an increased focus on survivorship, post-treatment sexual quality of life (QoL) has become increasingly important. Research and validated instruments for sexual QoL assessment based on heterosexual samples have limited applicability for men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM).

Aim
We aimed to create a validated instrument for assessing sexual needs and concerns of MSM post-PCa treatment. Here we explore post-PCa treatment sexual concerns for a sample of MSM, as the first part of this multi-phase project.

Methods
Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 MSM face-to-face or via Internet-based video conferencing. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their experiences of sexual QoL following PCa. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, uploaded to NVivo 8TM, and analyzed using qualitative methodology.

Main Outcome Measure
We have conducted semi-structure qualitative interviews on 16 MSM who were treated for PCa. Focus was on post-treatment sexual concerns.

Results
The following themes were inductively derived: (i) erectile, urinary, ejaculation, and orgasmic dysfunctions; (ii) challenges to intimate relationships; and (iii) lack of MSM-specific oncological and psychosocial support for PCa survivorship. Sexual practices pre-treatment ranked in order of frequency were masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex, an ordering that prevailed post-treatment. Sexual QoL decreased with erectile, urinary, and ejaculation dysfunctions. Post-treatment orgasms were compromised. Some single men and men in non-monogamous relationships reported a loss of confidence or difficulty meeting other men post-treatment. Limited access to targeted oncological and psychosocial supports posed difficulties in coping with PCa for MSM.

Conclusions
The negative impact on sexual QoL can be severe for MSM and requires targeted attention. Penile–vaginal intercourse and erectile function have been the primary focus of sexual research and rehabilitation for men with PCa, and do not adequately reflect the sexual practices of MSM. Our findings suggest that future research dedicated to MSM with PCa is needed to incorporate their sexual practices and preferences specifically into treatment decisions, and that targeted oncological and psychosocial support services are also warranted.
Interferon‐free regimens containing setrobuvir for patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, multicenter study
Authors: Jensen Donald M. , Brunda Michael , Elston Robert , Gane Edward J. , George Jacob , Glavini Katerina , Hammond Janet M. , Le Pogam Sophie , Nájera Isabel , Passe Sharon , Piekarska Anna , Rodriguez Ignacio , Zeuzem Stefan , Chu Tom ,   the ANNAPURNA study investigators
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsSetrobuvir is a direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) non‐nucleoside inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase. This study examined interferon‐free combinations containing setrobuvir, a ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitor (danoprevir/r) and ribavirin, with/without the nucleoside inhibitor mericitabine in HCV genotype (G)1 patients.MethodsNon‐cirrhotic treatment‐naïve patients (N = 110) were randomized to five groups. Three groups received a 14‐day mericitabine/ribavirin lead‐in followed by treatment with 3 DAAs (setrobuvir, danoprevir/r, mericitabine) plus ribavirin for 12 weeks (Group A: G1a; D: G1b) or 24 weeks (B: G1a), and two groups received 2 DAAs (setrobuvir, danoprevir/r) plus ribavirin for 12 weeks (E: G1b) or 24 weeks (C: G1a). Efficacy was defined as sustained virological response (HCV RNA <25 IU/ml after 12 weeks' follow‐up, SVR12).ResultsTwo groups met predefined futility criteria for breakthrough (C) or relapse (A) and were discontinued. SVR12 rates were 42.9% (3/7) and 74.1% (20/27) in G1a patients in Groups A and B, respectively, and 95.7% (22/23) and 68.2% (15/22) in G1b patients in Groups D and E respectively. All G1a patients assigned to 24 weeks of treatment who experienced a decrease in HCV RNA of ≥2.3 log10 IU by the end of the lead‐in period (n = 28) achieved SVR12. Overall, treatment was well tolerated and most adverse events were mild to moderate. No major safety signals were identified.ConclusionsAn interferon‐free setrobuvir‐based regimen (3 DAAs plus ribavirin) is safe and effective in treatment‐naïve G1 patients.