bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Major aspects of photo tourism in the yamal-nenets autonomous district
Authors: Киносян Мария , Kinosyan Mariya , Иошина Екатерина , Ioshina Ekaterina , Корнеев Алексей , Korneev Aleksey 
Published: January 2015

The article describes the main aspects of the development of photo-tourism in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. It is shown that this type of tourism is new, so it does not appear in any of existing regulations. The authors have attempted to give a definition of this type of tourism; show its main consumers. Presented are the factors that affect the emergence and development of photo-tourism. As part of this work the classification of photo tours is suggested, which provides information on the basic criteria required for forming such tours. These criteria include: the age of tourists, comfort level, duration of the tour, the form of the tour, as well as the objects for making photos. The optimal number of participants in the photo tour is determined as 1-3 people for individual tours and 3-8 for group tours). The authors prove the possibility of the development of photo-tourism in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. To do this, an analysis of the main indicators of tourism development in the region is conducted and identified are tourist resources necessary for the development of photo-tourism. The main problems hindering the development of photo-tourism in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, and their solutions are also suggested.
In conclusion, it is concluded that the photo-tourism, of course, is not a mass form of tourism, so tourist traffic statistics are not kept, since the number of arrivals with objectives of photo-tourism is insignificant. Currently, however, for most tourists mass tourism programs and direction are becoming unpopular, and in this regard popularization of unusual and unfamiliar forms of recreation, including photo-tourism, is increasing. Thanks to advances in technologies, promotion of social networks and advances in Internet photo art is now considered &#34;fashionable&#34;. All this must surely affect the development of photo-tourism, in particular in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.
Improving the quality of services for autotourists at companies providing roadside services
Authors: Голина Светлана , Golina Svetlana , Голубев Андрей , Golubev Andrey , Голубев Олег , Golubev Oleg 
Published: January 2015

Further improvement of the quality of life is closely connected with the development of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation. To provide autotourists and road users with civilized conditions tourism and recreation and autoturist clusters are developing, as well as elements of their networks and diverse areas of road and roadside services. According to their functional purpose, the latter are divided into enterprises servicing car tourists and road users and those which function is the maintenance of rolling stock.
Development of infrastructure for technical services for wheeled vehicles of autotourists and road users and providing them with a single high standard of quality of specialized and related services must meet certain requirements, including the scope and structure of the fleet of wheeled vehicles and their lineup; growth of domestic and inbound tourism flows; increase in the range and volume of services provided; geographical expansion, regions and types of autotravel; individualization of services; road safety and compliance with environmental safety.
Until recently, the existing enterprises specializing in services for wheeled vehicles of autoturists and road users have had a low level of technical equipment and workload for productive employees. Formation of infrastructure maintenance and repair of rolling stock is advisable to be developed by types of services based on the block principle. A strategic step in improving the quality of services and efficiency of enterprises is the introduction of interactive elements of acceptance: focus primarily on the client, efficient organization of services, the use of modern information technology, competent staff, additional services and sales of related products and accessories.
Application of optimization tasks in cluster analysis
Authors: Сдвижков Олег , Sdvizhkov Oleg 
Published: January 2015

Cluster analysis [3] is a relatively new branch of mathematics that studies the methods partitioning a set of objects, given a finite set of attributes into homogeneous groups (clusters). Cluster analysis is widely used in psychology, sociology, economics (market segmentation), and many other areas in which there is a problem of classification of objects according to their characteristics. Clustering methods implemented in a package STATISTICA [1] and SPSS [2], they return the partitioning into clusters, clustering and dispersion statistics dendrogram of hierarchical clustering algorithms. MS Excel Macros for main clustering methods and application examples are given in the monograph [5].
One of the central problems of cluster analysis is to define some criteria for the number of clusters, we denote this number by K, into which separated are a given set of objects. There are several dozen approaches [4] to determine the number K. In particular, according to [6], the number of clusters K - minimum number which satisfies where - the minimum value of total dispersion for partitioning into K clusters, N - number of objects. Among the clusters automatically causes the consistent application of abnormal clusters [4]. In 2010, proposed and experimentally validated was a method for obtaining the number of K by applying the density function [4].
The article offers two simple approaches to determining K, where each cluster has at least two objects. In the first number K is determined by the shortest Hamiltonian cycles in the second - through the minimum spanning tree. The examples of clustering with detailed step by step solutions and graphic illustrations are suggested. Shown is the use of macro VBA Excel, which returns the minimum spanning tree to the problems of clustering. The article contains a macro code, with commentaries to the main unit.
Mold and Decay Resistance of Thermally Modified Douglas-Fir Heartwood
Authors: Yan Li , Morrell Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Most thermal modification studies have attempted to improve the durability of sapwood; however, it may be more fruitful to improve the durability of heartwood that already has some inherent durability. The effects of pretreatments with boron or glycerol coupled with thermal modification on resistance to mold growth and fungal degradation were examined for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) heartwood, which is classified as moderately durable. Pretreatment with boron had marked effects on resistance to both mold and decay fungi, but the results were consistent with the well-known effects of this fungicide. Pretreatment with glycerol appeared to reduce mold resistance and had no effect on degradation by decay fungi. Thermal modification enhanced mold resistance with increasing temperature but had only a slight effect on decay resistance. These results suggest that thermal modification does not enhance performance to levels that meet North American durability requirements for aboveground, exterior exposures.
Using Phenomenology To Understand Hallucinatory Experiences
Authors: Pienkos Elizabeth S. 
Published: January 2015

This commentary responds to Shapiro, Bussing, and Nguyen’s (2014) case study of "Kate," a 16-year-old adolescent female who required psychiatric hospitalization for auditory hallucinations with secondary delusional thinking. I continue their discussion about the conceptualization of hallucinatory experiences in the context of an individual case, and the significance of this conceptualization for diagnosis and treatment. In particular, this commentary summarizes contemporary research on the diverse manifestations of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and the difficulties with developing a meaningful classification system for these phenomena. It then investigates one approach to understanding AVHs, philosophical phenomenology, and argues for the relevance of this approach in clarifying the formal features of a symptom and relating these in a meaningful way to the overall structure of the underlying pathology. Finally, this commentary applies a phenomenological perspective to Kate’s particular symptomatology, and discusses the implications of its findings for treatment approaches with Kate and others who experience various forms of AVHs.
Free-living marine planktonic unarmoured dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Pacific
Authors: Escobar-Morales Sergio , Hernández-Becerril David U. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The so-called unarmoured dinoflagellates are not a “natural” (phylogenetic) group but they lack thecal plates, share fragility and possess relatively few morphological characters that can be positively identified. This study depicts the species composition of unarmoured dinoflagellates collected from sites along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Pacific and includes their descriptions and illustrations. We identified a total of 25 species belonging to 13 genera and six families that were studied through various techniques using light and scanning electron microscopy. Seven new records for the Mexican Pacific are annotated here that include Amphidinium flagelans Schiller, Gyrodinium cochlea Lebour, G. glaebum Hulburt, G. metum Hulburt, Karenia selliformis Haywood, Steidinger et MacKenzie, Karlodinium ballantinum de Salas, and K. veneficum (Ballantine) Larsen. The genera Karenia and Karlodinium belong to the family Kareniaceae, characterised for encompassing the largest number of toxic species among the unarmoured dinoflagellates, and many species produce algal blooms around the world. Ceratoperidinium falcatum and Levanderina fissa are names recently proposed elsewhere as new taxonomic combinations and are also included here. The diversity of unarmoured dinoflagellates has been strongly underestimated in the past and the new records reported here confirm this. Further studies, including traditional and modern concepts and protocols (including molecular tools), should be undertaken in the near future to understand their real diversity.
The Limits of Probabilistic Causality in Law
Authors: Cofone Ignacio N. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThere is still controversy regarding what criterion to use to evaluate causality. The law & economics literature proposes the use of probabilistic causality as a superior criterion, suggesting the elimination of binary causality criteria. This led to explanations that violate our intuitions, fail to explain judicial decision-making, and are considered unjust. This paper proposes that neither binary nor probabilistic causality can provide a satisfactory answer for all scenarios. Probabilistic causality works well for general causal claims (types of claims centrally involved in rulemaking) while binary criteria perform better for single causal claims (types of claims commonly addressed by courts).
An introduction: Language Management Theory in Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Nekvapil Jiří , Sherman Tamah 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn these introductory remarks, the authors deal with the metaphors “top-down”, “bottom-up” and related concepts in the Language Policy and Planning research. Furthermore, they sketch out the position of Language Management Theory in this field of study and characterize “language management” in various research traditions. Afterward, the main features of Language Management Theory are presented with emphasis placed on the relationship between “simple” and “organized” language management. Finally, these features are illustrated on the individual contributions to this special issue.
Spracherhalt als Prozess: Elemente des kirchlichen Sprachmanagements bei den katholischen Sorben
Authors: Kimura Goro Christoph 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn contrast to language shift, language maintenance appears to be a static phenomenon. Yet this article displays language maintenance as a process, applying the Language Management Theory. On the ground of a case study at a Catholic Sorbian parish in eastern Germany, the study shows that the Sorbian language is maintained in the church through numerous minute interventions at different levels. The findings suggest that the actual process of language maintenance and shift is much more complex than the conventional dualism of “top-down” vs. “bottom-up” assumes. It is argued that in order to get a more reliable understanding of how language maintenance and shift is attained, it is necessary to pay due attention to the interplay of various processes between and within simple and organized management.
The management of language and power in intercultural contact situations in Japan
Authors: Fairbrother Lisa 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article examines how participants in intercultural contact situations in Japan manage deviations relating to language and power in their daily life interactions. Based on the management summaries of eight plurilingual residents of Japan, this study investigates how deviations relating to language and power are noted and evaluated and what adjustment strategies are implemented in such cases. The results suggest that the management of language and power is complex and a number of interests may be in conflict. Deviations relating to power may be evaluated both positively and negatively and a lack of language proficiency can actually be used as a powerful tool. It is argued that speaker identity is a crucial issue that influences how interactional problems will be managed.
Excuse my poor English: language management in English-language online discussion forums
Authors: Švelch Jaroslav 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUsing the framework of Language Management Theory (LMT), this article seeks to analyze the ways in which non-native speakers negotiate their position in English-language online discussion forums. Based on the material collected from four discussion forums, competing opinions have been identified regarding the acceptability of “bad English” and the need for language management, i.e. acting upon a perceived lack of compliance to linguistic norms. Some users propose that compliance to communication norms should be enforced in a top-down manner or based on an explicit set of rules, whereas others hold that the community of users can deal with potential communication problems individually in an emergent manner. While the applicability of native speaker norms to the discussion forums is being questioned, non-native speakers, especially in practically oriented forums, tend to perform pre-interaction language management, using disclaimers in their posts, such as “Excuse my poor English”, to avoid potential misunderstandings and to prevent native speaker norms from being applied to them. The article argues for the use of LMT in computer mediated communication research, as it offers a dynamic view of the process in which rules, conventions and norms of online communication are being continuously discussed, negotiated and applied.
Network-based interactive navigation and analysis of large biological datasets
Authors: Gerasch Andreas , Küntzer Jan , Niermann Peter , Stöckel Daniel , Kaufmann Michael , Kohlbacher Oliver , Lenhof Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Over the last decade, advances in high-throughput technologies
have resulted in a flood of new biological data. Here, individual
samples can extend up into terabyte size. While potential applications
are broad, ranging from biotechnology to medical applications, the
analysis of these datasets poses massive challenges.
In order to make use of the produced terabytes of data, these datasets need to
be integrated, need to be mapped onto existing biological knowledge,
and need to be explored by experts.
We present UniPAX and BiNA, a scalable system for the integration and analysis
of high-throughput data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and
metabolomics) in a network context. A central data warehouse holds the core
dataset. A flexible middleware can execute custom queries on this dataset and
communicate with our visual analytics tool BiNA, the Biological Network
Analyzer. We demonstrate how the combination of these tools permits an efficient
analysis of large-scale datasets for medical applications.
Developing Empirical Relationships to Predict Porosity and Microhardness of Atmospheric Plasma-Sprayed Alumina Coatings on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Thirumalaikumarasamy D. , Shanmugam K. , Balasubramanian V. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPlasma-sprayed alumina coatings find wide-ranging applications by virtue of their inherent wear and corrosion resistance and attractive dielectric and diffusion barrier properties. In this work, empirical relationships were developed to predict the porosity and microhardness of alumina coatings by incorporating independently controllable atmospheric plasma-sprayed operational parameters (input power, stand-off distance and powder feed rate) using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite rotatable design with three factors and five levels was chosen to minimize the number of experimental conditions. Within the scope of the design space, the input power and the stand-off distance appeared to be the most significant two parameters affecting the responses among the three investigated process parameters. A linear regression relationship was also established between porosity and microhardness of the alumina coatings.
Challenges in describing vitamin D status and activity / Herausforderungen bei der Bestimmung des Vitamin D-Status
Authors: Vogeser Michael , Bächer Silvia , Seger Christoph 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Within a few years, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD)1 has emerged as a high volume test in many regions. Several analytical issues have been recognized regarding this analyte, in particular variable co-detection of metabolites (25-hydroxyvitamin D2; 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D; 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), variable release of the analyte from its protein bonds and matrix effects in automated ligand binding tests, contributing to an often unsatisfactory correlation of high-throughput assays with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Reference methods based on LC-MS/MS as well as reference materials have been introduced only very recently, achieving a truly significant improvement in the standardization of serum 25-OHD measurement. However, beyond these analytical issues in relation to 25-OHD, it should be scrutinized how biologically appropriate this inactive intermediate metabolite can actually describe vitamin D status as a surrogate marker – individually and at a population level. There is, for example, at present little knowledge regarding individual vitamin D requirement in relation to dietary calcium supply; the impact of genetic variation of vitamin D binding protein on serum concentrations; the impact of genetic variation in downstream metabolism and signaling of vitamin D on individual vitamin demand. Furthermore, there is no accepted approach to assess functional whole year vitamin D status, addressing the fundamental seasonal variation of endogenous generation of vitamin D in many regions. Consequently, additional functional markers should be considered when describing vitamin D status (parathyroid hormone, corrected serum calcium and phosphate, urinary calcium, well selected bone markers, etc.), with season-adapted sampling strategies. In conclusion, it should be recognized that there is substantial uncertainty in the currently used approach to characterize vitamin D status by singular measurement of 25-OHD using mainstream assays. It seems questionable to focus the worldwide debate on a widespread vitamin supplementation merely on cut-off results of this marker.
Neues aus der Hämatologischen Diagnostik1)
Authors: Haferlach Torsten 
Published: January 2015

Zusammenfassung
Die Entwicklungen im Bereich der hämatologischen Diagnostik sind in den letzten Jahren beeindruckend. Dies wird durch die Einführung neuer Techniken wie z.B. das sogenannte next generation sequencing (NGS) möglich und beschleunigt. Diese Technologien führen zu neuen Erkenntnissen, welche molekulargenetischen Veränderungen vielen benignen oder malignen hämatologischen Erkrankungen zu Grunde liegen. Dies gilt insbesondere für tiefgreifende molekulare Analysen von akuten Leukämien und ebenfalls bei den Myelodysplastischen Syndromen. Auch in der Charakterisierung der Lymphome wird die Klassifikation zunehmend molekular möglich. Ebenso ist bei der häufig notwendigen Abklärung von Anämien das Methodenspektrum erweitert und verbessert worden.
Update zum Therapeutic Drug Monitoring und zu pharmakogenetischen Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der Therapie mit Psychopharmaka
Authors: Rentsch Katharina M. 
Published: January 2015

Zusammenfassung
Das Therapeutic Drug Monitoring von Psychopharmaka wird in zahlreichen Laboratorien immer häufiger durchgeführt, ebenso wie pharmakogenetische Untersuchungen. In diesem Übersichtsartikel wurde die dazugehörige Literatur aus den Jahren 2011 und 2012 zusammengefasst. Die Guidelines der AGNP enthalten alle wichtigen Informationen, die notwendig sind, um Konzentrationen von Psychopharmaka richtig zu interpretieren. Die Bestimmung von Serotonin im Urin könnte ein Marker zur Beurteilung des Therapieerfolgs von Antidepressiva darstellen. Mit Hilfe der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie konnten Korrelationen zwischen der Belegung der Zielrezeptoren im Gehirn und der Medikamentenkonzentration ermittelt werden. Der Einfluss des Alters auf die Medikamentenkonzentrationen wurde kontrovers beschrieben, wohingegen Frauen in allen Arbeiten bei einigen Antidepressiva einen verlangsamten Metabolismus und erhöhte Serumkonzentrationen aufwiesen. In mehreren Publikationen wurden Multianalytenverfahren für die Bestimmung von Psychopharmaka beschrieben, die trotz unterschiedlicher Methoden sehr gute Validierungsresultate aufwiesen. Bei allen Methoden gibt es einige Substanzen, deren Validationsresultate nur knapp genügten, was auf die Tatsache zurückgeführt werden muss, dass bei Multianalytenverfahren nicht alle Analyten optimal nachgewiesen werden können. Pharmakogenetische Untersuchungen haben noch keinen festen Platz bei der Verordnung von Psychopharmaka. Dies beruht unter anderem auf dem Fehlen von Evidenz-basierten Daten aus großen randomisierten Studien und dem Fehlen von entsprechend standardisierten analytischen Methoden, die die gesamte genetische Variabilität nachweisen können.