bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gaskets and Sealing
Authors: Silvian Lucian M. 
Published: April 2015

The performance, reliability, and environmentally friendly issues are some of the major considerations when designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of gaskets and seals.
The requirements of today's engine and transmission are higher temperature, higher cylinder and coolant pressures, higher fuel line pressure to improve emissions, lighter joints, synthetic fluids, and much longer service life. Each of those requirements needs to be addressed for a successful product.
In many applications, the load on the surface of the joint (such as a cylinder head and cylinder block) is not uniformly distributed. Careful evaluation of the load distribution must be considered. To complicate things, most materials used today for gaskets and seals are time‐dependent materials. That is, they change properties during service life. It is very important during the design to address these considerations.
Typically, the design of gaskets and seals are an afterthought. The joint manufacturer developed the joint already and then tries to design the seal. This may create unnecessary design iterations and may lengthen the development process rather than reduce it. Ideally, the joint manufacturer should invite the gasket and seal designer and address seal concerns early in the joint design process.
Some companies do not spent enough time upfront during the development of new technology. This disturbs the smooth production start ups, creating painful project overruns in time and money, and potentially high warranty claims.

Successful and timely “design to market strategy” would be accomplished, if the right set of skills and knowledge is incorporated into the design team: design analysis, materials, and manufacturing processes. In addition, bolted joint and assembly analysis, surface texture, and modern analytical tools such as finite element analysis (
FEA
) and computer simulation are employed.
Pressure and Heat Release Analysis
Authors: Ghandhi Jaal B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe fundamental aspects of engine heat release analysis are reviewed in a consistent thermodynamic framework. Multi‐ and single‐zone approaches based on the First Law of Thermodynamics are developed, and the latter is compared to approximate calculation methods based on the observed polytropic behavior. The cumulative heat release from the approximate methods agrees reasonably with that from the single‐zone method, but it is not an absolute measure of energy release and should be used with caution. The definition of thermodynamic properties that describe the aggregate of the cylinder contents is critical to the single‐zone approach, and the results are sensitive to the assignment of these properties. A two‐part model for the specific heat ratio is developed and shown to provide good results. Achieving good accuracy at the late stages of heat release is difficult for all approaches, giving rise to relatively high levels of uncertainty in the crank angle of 90% of the cumulative energy release. The sensitivity of the models to the fidelity of the pressure data is explored, and guidelines for the required accuracy of the pegging pressure, encoder phasing, trapped mass estimation, and clearance volume measurement are provided.
Zero‐ and One‐Dimensional Methodologies and Tools
Authors: Caton Jerald A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe use of zero‐ and quasi‐one‐dimensional thermodynamic engine cycle simulations has become well established over the last several decades. Such engine simulations provide valuable insight into the various aspects of engine operation, and are helpful for a number of reasons. For example, these types of simulations are useful for interpreting experimental results, completing detailed parametric evaluations, and evaluating engine concepts. For more efficient use of these simulations, the engineer needs to understand the fundamentals and the wide range of uses of these simulations. The engineer also needs to understand the limitations of these simulations, and to use the simulations in appropriate ways. This chapter will present some examples of the use of thermodynamic engine cycle simulations. Examples of basic cylinder parameters and overall engine performance parameters will be presented.
Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery
Authors: Wagner Robert M. , Briggs Thomas E. , Szybist Jim P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEngine waste heat recovery (WHR) systems have the potential to significantly improve vehicle fuel economy for conventional and hybrid electric power trains spanning passenger to heavy truck applications. This chapter discusses thermodynamic considerations and three classes of energy recovery technologies that are under development for vehicle applications. More specifically, this chapter describes the state of the art in exhaustWHRand challenges and opportunities for thermodynamic power cycles, thermoelectric devices, and turbocompounding systems.
Case cluster of pneumoconiosis at a coal slag processing facility
Authors: Fagan Kathleen M. , Cropsey Erin B. , Armstrong Jenna L. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundDuring an inspection by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of a small coal slag processing plant with 12 current workers, four cases of pneumoconiosis were identified among former workers.MethodsThe OSHA investigation consisted of industrial hygiene sampling, a review of medical records, and case interviews.ResultsSome personal sampling measurements exceeded the OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for total dust exposures of 15 mg/m3, and the measured respirable silica exposure of 0.043 mg/m3, although below OSHA's current PEL for respirable dust containing silica, was above the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' Threshold Limit Value (TLV). Chest x‐rays for all four workers identified small opacities consistent with pneumoconiosis.ConclusionThis is the first known report of lung disease in workers processing coal slag and raises concerns for workers exposed to coal slag dust. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:568–576, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Santalin Y
Authors: Strych Sebastian , Journot Guillaume , Pemberton Ryan P. , Wang Selina C. , Tantillo Dean J. , Trauner Dirk 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA biomimetic total synthesis of santalin Y, a structurally complex but racemic natural product, is described. The key step is proposed to be a (3+2) cycloaddition of a benzylstyrene to a “vinylogous oxidopyrylium”, which is followed by an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction. This cascade generates the unique oxafenestrane framework of the target molecule and sets its five stereocenters in one operation. Our work provides rapid access to santalin Y and clarifies its biosynthetic relationship with other colorants isolated from red sandalwood.
Influence of fly ash cenospheres on performance of coir fiber‐reinforced recycled high‐density polyethylene biocomposites
Authors: Satapathy Sukanya , Kothapalli Raju V. S. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTRecycled high‐density polyethylene (RHDPE)/coir fiber (CF)‐reinforced biocomposites were fabricated using melt blending technique in a twin‐screw extruder and the test specimens were prepared in an automatic injection molding machine. Variation in mechanical properties, crystallization behavior, water absorption, and thermal stability with the addition of fly ash cenospheres (FACS) in RHDPE/CF composites were investigated. It was observed that the tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness properties of RHDPE increase with an increase in fiber loading from 10 to 30 wt %. Composites prepared using 30 wt % CF and 1 wt % MA‐g‐HDPE exhibited optimum mechanical performance with an increase in tensile modulus to 217%, flexural strength to 30%, flexural modulus to 97%, and hardness to 27% when compared with the RHDPE matrix. Addition of FACS results in a significant increase in the flexural modulus and hardness of the RHDPE/CF composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis tests of the RHDPE/CF/FACS biocomposites in presence of MA‐g‐HDPE revealed an increase in storage (E′) and loss (E″) modulus with reduction in damping factor (tan δ), confirming a strong influence between the fiber/FACS and MA‐g‐HDPE in the RHDPE matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis thermograms also showed improved thermal properties in the composites when compared with RHDPE matrix. The main motivation of this study was to prepare a value added and low‐cost composite material with optimum properties from consumer and industrial wastes as matrix and filler. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42237.
Epoxy functionalized poly(lactide) reactive modifier for blown film applications
Authors: Schneider Jeff , Shi Xiangke , Manjure Shilpa , Gravier Daniel , Narayan Ramani 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTEpoxy functionalized poly(lactide) (EF‐PLA) was synthesized by reacting PLA with a multifunctional epoxy polymer (MEP) using reactive extrusion processing. These polymers can function as a rheology modifier for PLA and a compatibilizer for other biopolyesters in blown film and foam applications. Model compound studies show that the epoxy functional group on the MEP reacts selectively with the carboxylic acid chain‐ends of PLA at processing temperatures below 200°C. An EF‐PLA containing up to 10% MEP was prepared without gel formation and reactively extruded with neat PLA to obtain three different product formulations containing MEP (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0%). These products showed significantly enhanced rheological properties compared to what has been reported by other groups and is currently used in the PLA blown film industry, the blending of MEP with PLA in a single step. These benefits are a result of how the MEP gets distributed in the material, and can lead to improved properties even at lower MEP concentrations. Our new materials showed significant strain hardening rheological behavior demonstrating that they can be readily blown into films and foams. A statistical simulation was developed to provide a fundamental understanding of the reaction as well as provide information on the molecular weight characteristics and reactivity of the EF‐PLA. The EF‐PLA molecule shows good potential for use as a rheology modifier and compatibilizer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42243.
Control of swelling properties of polyvinyl alcohol/hyaluronic acid hydrogels for the encapsulation of chondrocyte cells
Authors: Pirinen Sami , Karvinen Jennika , Tiitu Virpi , Suvanto Mika , Pakkanen Tuula T. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTHydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering are important biomaterials. The target in this study was to prepare polyvinyl alcohol/hyaluronic acid hydrogels for the encapsulation of chondrocyte cells by a simple cross‐linking reaction. Control of the swelling properties and morphology of the hydrogels for cultivation of chondrocytes was studied. The hydrogels were prepared from polyvinyl alcohol and hyaluronic acid derivatives bearing primary amine and aldehyde functionalities, respectively. The formation of the hydrogel upon mixing the aqueous solutions of the polymer derivatives took place at room temperature in a few seconds. The swelling properties of the hydrogels were found to depend on the polymer concentration and degree of substitution of the modified polymers. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the hydrogels had a suitable porous morphology for cell encapsulation. Furthermore, in vitro cell viability tests with the hydrogels showed no cytotoxicity for chondrocytes and that the cells grew well in the hydrogel scaffolds. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42272.
A guide to the field of palaeo colour
Authors: Vinther Jakob 
Published: April 2015

Melanin, and other pigments have recently been shown to preserve over geologic time scales, and are found in several different organisms. This opens up the possibility of inferring colours and colour patterns ranging from invertebrates to feathered dinosaurs and mammals. An emerging discipline is palaeo colour: colour plays an important role in display and camouflage as well as in integumental strengthening and protection, which makes possible the hitherto difficult task of doing inferences about past ecologies, behaviours, and organismal appearance. Several studies and techniques have been presented in the last couple of years that have described ways to characterize pigment patterns. Here, I will review the available methods and the likely applications to understand past ecologies. A golden age of colourized dinosaurs and other animals is now dawning upon us, which may elucidate the nature of ancient predator prey interactions and display structures.Also watch the Video Abstract.
The role of electron donors generated from UV photolysis for accelerating pyridine biodegradation
Authors: Tang Yingxia , Zhang Yongming , Yan Ning , Liu Rui , Rittmann Bruce E. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTEmploying an internal circulation baffled biofilm reactor (ICBBR), we evaluated the mechanisms by which photolysis accelerated the biodegradation and mineralization of pyridine (C5H5N), a nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compound. We tested the hypothesis that pyridine oxidation is accelerated because a key photolysis intermediate, succinate, is as electron donor that promotes the initial mono‐oxygenation of pyridine. Experimentally, longer photolysis time generated more electron‐donor products (succinate), which stimulated faster pyridine biodegradation. This pattern was confirmed by directly adding succinate, and the stimulation effect occurred similarly with addition of the same equivalents of acetate and formate. Succinate, whether generated by UV photolysis or added directly, also accelerated mono‐oxygenation of the first biodegradation intermediate, 2‐hydroxyl pyridine (2HP). 2HP and pyridine were mutually inhibitory in that their mono‐oxygenations competed for internal electron donor; thus, the addition of any readily biodegradable donor accelerated both mono‐oxygenation steps, as well as mineralization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1792–1800. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression‐level dependent perturbation of cell proteostasis and nuclear morphology by aggregation‐prone polyglutamine proteins
Authors: Lu Meng , Williamson Neil , Boschetti Chiara , Ellis Tom , Yoshimi Tatsuya , Tunnacliffe Alan 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTWe describe a gene expression system for use in mammalian cells that yields reproducible, inducible gene expression that can be modulated within the physiological range. A synthetic promoter library was generated from which representatives were selected that gave weak, intermediate‐strength or strong promoter activity. Each promoter resulted in a tight expression range when used to drive single‐copy reporter genes integrated at the same genome location in stable cell lines, in contrast to the broad range of expression typical of transiently transfected cells. To test this new expression system in neurodegenerative disease models, we used each promoter type to generate cell lines carrying single‐copy genes encoding polyglutamine‐containing proteins. Expression over a period of up to three months resulted in a proportion of cells developing juxtanuclear aggresomes whose rate of formation, penetrance, and morphology were expression‐level dependent. At the highest expression levels, fibrillar aggregates deposit close to the nuclear envelope, indicating that cell proteostasis is overwhelmed by misfolded protein species. We also observed expression‐level dependent, abnormal nuclear morphology in cells containing aggresomes, with up to ∼80% of cells affected. This system constitutes a valuable tool in gene regulation at different levels and allows the quantitative assessment of gene expression effects when developing disease models or investigating cell function through the introduction of gene constructs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1883–1892. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing microbial competition in a hydrogen‐based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) using multidimensional modeling
Authors: Martin Kelly J. , Picioreanu Cristian , Nerenberg Robert 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) is a novel technology that safely delivers hydrogen to the base of a denitrifying biofilm via gas‐supplying membranes. While hydrogen is an effective electron donor for denitrifying bacteria (DNB), it also supports sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogens (MET), which consume hydrogen and create undesirable by‐products. SRB and MET are only competitive for hydrogen when local nitrate concentrations are low, therefore SRB and MET primarily grow near the base of the biofilm. In an MBfR, hydrogen concentrations are greatest at the base of the biofilm, making SRB and MET more likely to proliferate in an MBfR system than a conventional biofilm reactor. Modeling results showed that because of this, control of the hydrogen concentration via the intramembrane pressure was a key tool for limiting SRB and MET development. Another means is biofilm management, which supported both sloughing and erosive detachment. For the conditions simulated, maintaining thinner biofilms promoted higher denitrification fluxes and limited the presence of SRB and MET. The 2‐d modeling showed that periodic biofilm sloughing helped control slow‐growing SRB and MET. Moreover, the rough (non‐flat) membrane assembly in the 2‐d model provided a special niche for SRB and MET that was not represented in the 1‐d model. This study compared 1‐d and 2‐d biofilm model applicability for simulating competition in counter‐diffusional biofilms. Although more computationally expensive, the 2‐d model captured important mechanisms unseen in the 1‐d model. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1843–1853. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of green algal growth via dynamic model simulation and process optimization
Authors: Zhang Dongda , Chanona Ehecatl Antonio Del‐Rio , Vassiliadis Vassilios S , Tamburic Bojan 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTChlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green microalga with the potential to generate sustainable biofuels for the future. Process simulation models are required to predict the impact of laboratory‐scale growth experiments on future scaled‐up system operation. Two dynamic models were constructed to simulate C. reinhardtii photo‐autotrophic and photo‐mixotrophic growth. A novel parameter estimation methodology was applied to determine the values of key parameters in both models, which were then verified using experimental results. The photo‐mixotrophic model was used to accurately predict C. reinhardtii growth under different light intensities and in different photobioreactor configurations. The optimal dissolved CO2 concentration for C. reinhardtii photo‐autotrophic growth was determined to be 0.0643 g·L−1, and the optimal light intensity for algal growth was 47 W·m−2. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the primary factor limiting C. reinhardtii growth was its intrinsic cell decay rate rather than light attenuation, regardless of the growth mode. The photo‐mixotrophic growth model was also applied to predict the maximum biomass concentration at different flat‐plate photobioreactors scales. A double‐exposure‐surface photobioreactor with a lower light intensity (less than 50 W·m−2) was the best configuration for scaled‐up C. reinhardtii cultivation. Three different short‐term (30‐day) C. reinhardtii photo‐mixotrophic cultivation processes were simulated and optimised. The maximum biomass productivity was 0.053 g·L−1·hr−1, achieved under continuous photobioreactor operation. The continuous stirred‐tank reactor was the best operating mode, as it provides both the highest biomass productivity and lowest electricity cost of pump operation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2025–2039. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of computer programming attitude scale for university students
Authors: Cetin Ibrahim , Ozden M. Yasar 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAlthough the determination of university students' attitudes towards computer programming is a significant issue, the issue has been rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to develop an attitude scale assessing university students' attitudes towards computer programming. In the first phase, the scale was administered to 522 university students. Explanatory factor analysis yielded three dimensions: affection, cognition, and behavior. In the second phase, final version of the 18 item‐scale was administered to 553 university students. Results of confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the factorial structure of the scale. The Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from 0.80 to 0.90. Psychometric properties of Computer Programming Attitude Scale (CPAS) suggest that it is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring university students' attitudes towards computer programming. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:667–672, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21639
Ad hoc communication in teams of mobile robots using zigbee technology
Authors: Fernandes Amadeu , Couceiro Micael S. , Portugal David , Machado Santos João , Rocha Rui P. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTMobile robots developed at the Institute of Systems and Robotics (ISR) Coimbra feature ZigBee technology for inter‐robot communication. The main aim of this paper is to implement and validate ad hoc wireless communication functions between robotic teammates using the ZigBee technology, thus integrating and developing the features of the XBee Original Equipment Manufacturer Radio Frequency module via standard Arduino Serial Commands. This work provides a useful instructive tool for research, enabling the interaction and cooperation of a team of mobile robots in areas such as swarm robotics, multi‐robot patrolling, search and rescue, among others. In order to validate the functional requirements, several experiments were performed at the level of peer communication, namely: i) analysis of the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) of messages by peers to estimate inter‐robot distances for localization purposes; ii) analysis of the communication complexity in experiments with large groups of mobile robots using Zigbee communication modules and its application in a real world exploration scenario. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:733–745, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21646
Oxidative Addition of Haloheteroarenes to Palladium(0): Concerted versus SNAr‐Type Mechanism
Authors: Maes Bert U. W. , Verbeeck Stefan , Verhelst Tom , Ekomié Audrey , von Wolff Niklas , Lefèvre Guillaume , Mitchell Emily A. , Jutand Anny 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe kinetics of the oxidative additions of haloheteroarenes HetX (X=I, Br, Cl) to [Pd0(PPh3)2] (generated from [Pd0(PPh3)4]) have been investigated in THF and DMF and the rate constants have been determined. In contrast to the generally accepted concerted mechanism, Hammett plots obtained for substituted 2‐halopyridines and solvent effects reveal a reaction mechanism dependent on the halide X of HetX: an unprecedented SNAr‐type mechanism for X=Br or Cl and a classical concerted mechanism for X=I. These results are supported by DFT studies.