bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal preening and food sharing in colour‐polymorphic nestling barn owls
Authors: Roulin A. , Des Monstiers B. , Ifrid E. , Da Silva A. , Genzoni E. , Dreiss A. N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBarn owl (Tyto alba) siblings preen and offer food items to one another, behaviours that can be considered prosocial because they benefit a conspecific by relieving distress or need. In experimental broods, we analysed whether such behaviours were reciprocated, preferentially exchanged between specific phenotypes, performed to avoid harassment and food theft or signals of hierarchy status. Three of the results are consistent with the hypothesis of direct reciprocity. First, food sharing was reciprocated in three‐chick broods but not in pairs of siblings, that is when nestlings could choose a partner with whom to develop a reciprocating interaction. Second, a nestling was more likely to give a prey item to its sibling if the latter individual had preened the former. Third, siblings matched their investment in preening each other. Manipulation of age hierarchy showed that food stealing was directed towards older siblings but was not performed to compensate for a low level of cooperation received. Social behaviours were related to melanin‐based coloration, suggesting that animals may signal their propensity to interact socially. The most prosocial phenotype (darker reddish) was also the phenotype that stole more food, and the effect of coloration on prosocial behaviour depended upon rank and sex, suggesting that colour‐related prosociality is state dependent.
Evaluating factors associated with implementing evidence‐based practice in nursing
Authors: Farokhzadian Jamileh , Khajouei Reza , Ahmadian Leila 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesEvidence‐based practice (EBP) has emerged as an innovation for quality improvement in health care. Nurses have important role in implementing EBP but they face many challenges in this context. Evaluation of factors influencing implementation of EBP seems necessary. The aims of this study were to examine nurses' attitude towards EBP, their self‐efficacy and training needs, as well as supporting factors and barriers for implementing EBP.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted on 182 nurses from four teaching hospitals in Kerman, Iran. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of two main sections; a section to collect socio‐demographic information of participants and a section collecting information on five topics (staff's attitude, self‐efficacy skills of EBP, supporting factors, barriers and training needs for implementing EBP).ResultsThe majority (87.4%) of the nurses had not attended any formal training on EBP and 60% of them were not familiar with the concept of EBP. Nurses' attitude towards EBP was unfavourable (2.57 ± 0.99) and their self‐efficacy skills of EBP were poor (2.93 ± 1.06). The most important supporting factor was mentoring by nurses who have adequate EBP experience (3.65 ± 1.17) and the biggest barrier was difficulty judging the quality of research papers and reports (2.46 ± 0.95). There was a moderate demand for training in all areas of EBP (3.62 ± 1.12).ConclusionsNursing care needs to move towards quality improvement using EBP. It is necessary to equip nurses with knowledge and skills required for EBP. Managers should design an appropriate strategic plan by considering supporting factors and barriers for integrating EBP into clinical setting.
Delivering Green Streets: an exploration of changing perceptions and behaviours over time around bioswales in Portland, Oregon
Authors: Everett G. , Lamond J.E. , Morzillo A.T. , Matsler A.M. , Chan F.K.S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGreen Infrastructure (GI) is an increasingly popular means of dealing with flooding and water quality issues worldwide. This study examines public perceptions of, and behaviour around, bioswales, which are a popular GI facility in the United States. Bioswales are highly visible interventions requiring support from residents and policy‐makers to be implemented and maintained appropriately. To understand how the residents' perceptions and attitudes might develop over time, we interviewed residents of Portland, Oregon, living near bioswales installed 1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 years ago, to determine awareness, understanding, and opinions about the devices. We found no consistent patterns across time periods, but did find common issues affecting residents' appreciation and acceptance: environmental attitudes, awareness and understanding of purpose and function, plant choice and maintenance, and mess and littering. It was apparent that increased public engagement, localised maintenance strategies, and possibly even customising facilities to meet residents' needs where feasible, might improve acceptance.
Adoption, Foreign‐Born Status, and Children's Progress in School
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUsing recent data from the American Community Survey, the author investigated how the dynamics of immigration influence our understanding of the adoption–schooling relationship. The results suggest that implications of immigrant and adoption statuses could be understood within specific familial contexts. Thus, no statistical differences were found in the outcomes of foreign‐born adoptees in U.S. native families and their peers with immigrant parents. Instead, the most favorable patterns of schooling progress were found among U.S.‐born adoptees living in immigrant families. Among immigrants, the analysis indicated similar patterns of achievement among Hispanic and White adoptees that are inconsistent with the predictions of segmented assimilation theory. However, there was a Hispanic disadvantage relative to Whites among immigrant children living with biological and stepparents. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for kinship selection and assimilation processes and the contention that alternative theoretical frameworks should be used to understand the implications of adoption status.
Morphometric approach to address taxonomic problems: The case of Utricularia sect. Foliosa (Lentibulariaceae)
Authors: Baleeiro Paulo C. , Jobson Richard W. , Sano Paulo T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUtricularia sect. Foliosa Kamiénski comprises three recognized species, U. amethystina Salzm. ex A.St.‐Hil. & Girard, U. tricolor A.St.‐Hil., and U. tridentata Sylvén, delimited based mainly on shape and structure of the corolla. In comparison with the two latter members of the section, U. amethystina forms a complex of morphological variants, reflected taxonomically by the previous recognition of 31 synonyms. In his monograph of the genus, Taylor synonymized these taxa based primarily on his observation of continuous morphological variation of the flowers. In the same treatment he also suggested a future taxonomic re‐evaluation could re‐establish two, three or more taxa. Here we examine this question utilizing morphometric analyses of floral variation across most of the synonyms mentioned above, within populations from across their Neotropical distribution. Based on both morphological and geographic characters we identify strongly differentiated morphotypes. Our data provide support for both the maintenance of taxa previously recognised as synonyms under U. amethystina, and the resurrection of taxa to species status, namely U. bicolor, U. damazioi, U. lindmanii and U. hirtella, and four other putative new taxa.
The Mulcahy Salvage: Past and Present Innovations
Authors: Mellon Matthew J. , Broghammer Joshua R. , Henry Gerard D. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Inflatable penile implants are a mainstay for the surgical correction of erectile dysfunction. For the last 40 years they have provided reliable outcomes with durable patient satisfaction. Infection of the implant continues to remain the primary surgical concern, despite the advent of antibiotic-coated devices and improved skin preparation solutions.

Methods
In this article, we review and evaluate the published literature for important contributions surrounding the various salvage techniques and washout strategies. In addition, the role of biofilm in prosthetic infection will be discussed.

Results
First described by Mulcahy for instances of device infection, the salvage or rescue procedure was established to avoid complete removal and staged replacement. This approach, with its avoidance of difficult revision surgery, penile shortening and patient discomfort, has produced success as high as 84%.

Conclusion
Mulcahy’s innovative approach at salvage or rescue reimplantation has proven to be a highly successful approach to this difficult surgical problem. Without question, the report of the long-term results of his salvage patients has directly influenced a generation of prosthetic surgeons.
The Evolution and Utility of the Small-Carrion Prosthesis, Its Impact, and Progression to the Modern-Day Malleable Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Martinez Daniel R. , Terlecki Ryan , Brant William O. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction has plagued humanity for millennia. For years, treatment had been in the hands of mental health professionals. It was not until the 1970s that urologists created a modality that was marketable, reproducible, and consistently successful at treating impotence, the Small-Carrion Penile Prosthesis.

Aim
We present the evolution of the malleable/semi-rigid penile prosthesis, concentrating our efforts reviewing and critiquing the pivotal article published by Drs. Michael P. Small, Hernan M. Carrion, and Julian A. Gordon. We then discuss its continued advancement, current-day utilization, and the future of the malleable prosthesis.

Methods
From the early 1900s, surgeons have been toying with the idea of creating a penile implant. These initial attempts utilized rib cartilage, and eventually synthetic materials, including acrylic, silicone, and polyethylene.

Results
In 1975, Drs. Carrion and Small presented their initial experience of 31 patients utilizing their silicone implant. In their manuscript titled, “The Small-Carrion Penile Prosthesis: New Implant for the Management of Impotence,” they discuss their technique, perioperative management of complications, and results.

Conclusions
The malleable penile prosthesis continued to evolve throughout the years to the current day Genesis and Spectra. Although the current market is dominated by the inflatable penile prosthesis, there are specific situations where the malleable is ideally utilized. The pivotal article by Drs. Carrion and Small helped pave the way for the “New Era” of penile prosthetics and still remains one of the most impactful contributions to the management of erectile dysfunction.
Petrography and geochemistry of the enriched basaltic shergottite Northwest Africa 2975
Authors: He Qi , Xiao Long , Balta J. Brian , Baziotis Ioannis P. , Hsu Weibiao , Guan Yunbin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present a study of the petrology and geochemistry of basaltic shergottite Northwest Africa 2975 (NWA 2975). NWA 2975 is a medium‐grained basalt with subophitic to granular texture. Electron microprobe (EMP) analyses show two distinct pyroxene compositional trends and patchy compositional zoning patterns distinct from those observed in other meteorites such as Shergotty or QUE 94201. As no bulk sample was available to us for whole rock measurements, we characterized the fusion crust and its variability by secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) measurements and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses as a best‐available proxy for the bulk rock composition. The fusion crust major element composition is comparable to the bulk composition of other enriched basaltic shergottites, placing NWA 2975 within that sample group. The CI‐normalized REE (rare earth element) patterns are flat and also parallel to those of other enriched basaltic shergottites. Merrillite is the major REE carrier and has a flat REE pattern with slight depletion of Eu, parallel to REE patterns of merrillites from other basaltic shergottites. The oxidation state of NWA 2975 calculated from Fe‐Ti oxide pairs is NNO‐1.86, close to the QFM buffer. NWA 2975 represents a sample from the oxidized and enriched shergottite group, and our measurements and constraints on its origin are consistent with the hypothesis of two distinct Martian mantle reservoirs: a reduced, LREE‐depleted reservoir and an oxidized, LREE‐enriched reservoir. Stishovite, possibly seifertite, and dense SiO2 glass were also identified in the meteorite, allowing us to infer that NWA 2975 experienced a realistic shock pressure of ~30 GPa.
Miller Fisher syndrome associated with polymyoclonus
Authors: Inoue Manabu , Yamamoto Masayoshi , Tsuzaki Koji , Murakata Kenji , Hamano Toshiaki , Shibasaki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe described a 35‐year‐old man who presented with diplopia, dysarthria, loss of deep tendon reflexes, and rapidly progressive unsteadiness in standing and walking. Two days after admission, frequent, irregular, and shock‐like movements appeared in the hands and abdomen. On laboratory examination, serum immunoglobulin G antibodies against GQ1b, GT1a and GD1b were all positive. Electrophysiologically, recording of the involuntary movements with surface electromyography showed irregular sharp discharges especially during weak muscle contraction. The clinical diagnosis of Miller Fisher syndrome associated with polymyoclonus was made, and all neurological symptoms including myoclonus improved after intravenous injection of immunoglobulin. The distribution of myoclonus and electrophysiological data suggested that the myoclonus, though different from propriospinal or spinal segmental myoclonus in the distribution and propagation, might still be of spinal cord origin.
Quantitative relationships of graded motor symptoms with thalamic activities monitored during thalamotomy for a population of patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Narabayashi Yohsuke , Oshima Tomokazu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundOn the basis of analytical monitoring in thalamotomy for Parkinson's disease, we hypothesize that thalamic 13–27‐Hz (β‐band) and the 3–7‐Hz (τ‐range) hyperactivities drive rigidity and tremor, respectively.AimTo test the causality from these thalamic activities to symptoms, we examined quantitative relationships of rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia with the thalamic activities in 170 patients with Parkinson's disease.MethodsWe classified the patients by the maximum preoperative points of unified Parkinson's disease rating scale in each of rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia; estimated their postoperative points and reductions; and measured the case‐representative β‐band and τ‐range activities (Vβ, Vτ) by their time integrals of thalamic local field potentials.ResultsCase‐by‐case variability was eminent in the ages at onset and on surgery, disease duration, scores of symptoms, Vβ and Vτ, and their mutual relations. Yet, the relationships between the point reductions and preoperative points of rigidity and tremor were respectively positive, but non‐linear because of the postoperatively spared severest part of symptoms. The preoperative points of rigidity with Vβ and the preoperative points of tremor with Vτ were positively related, but non‐linearly, because of decreasing Vβ and Vτ for the highest preoperative points of rigidity and tremor, respectively.ConclusionRiding on the case variability, Vβ and Vτ represented the grades of rigidity and tremor, respectively, but with non‐linear parts for the severe symptoms. Pathophysiology relevant to non‐linearity was at least partly attributed to other brain regions beyond the thalamus in the advanced stage of the disease.
Has photosynthetic capacity increased with 80 years of soybean breeding? An examination of historical soybean cultivars
Authors: Koester Robert P. , Nohl Brittany M. , Diers Brian W. , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCrop biomass production is a function of the efficiencies with which sunlight can be intercepted by the canopy and then converted into biomass. Conversion efficiency has been identified as a target for improvement to enhance crop biomass and yield. Greater conversion efficiency in modern soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars was documented in recent field trials, and this study explored the physiological basis for this observation. In replicated field trials conducted over three successive years, diurnal leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic CO2 response curves were measured in 24 soybean cultivars with year of release dates (YOR) from 1923 to 2007. Maximum photosynthetic capacity, mesophyll conductance and nighttime respiration have not changed consistently with cultivar release date. However, daily carbon gain was periodically greater in more recently released cultivars compared with older cultivars. Our analysis suggests that this difference in daily carbon gain primarily occurred when stomatal conductance and soil water content were high. There was also evidence for greater chlorophyll content and greater sink capacity late in the growing season in more recently released soybean varieties. Better understanding of the mechanisms that have improved conversion efficiency in the past may help identify new, promising targets for the future.
The effects of adult attachment style on post‐transgression response
Authors: VAN MONSJOU ELIZABETH , STRUTHERS C. WARD , KHOURY CAREEN , GUILFOYLE JOSHUA R. , YOUNG REBECCA , HODARA OSHRAT , MULLER ROBERT T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTwo studies examined the relation between adult attachment styles and post‐transgression responses. Secure participants were predicted to be forgiving, preoccupied participants to be grudge oriented, fearful participants to be avoidant, and dismissing participants to be vengeful. Study 1 was nonexperimental, using a community sample of adults (N = 565). Participants wrote about a moderately severe past transgression. Results supported the predictions. In Study 2, undergraduates' (N = 134) attachment styles were manipulated by varying working models of self and other. Model of self was manipulated with false performance feedback. Model of other was manipulated by altering a confederate's availability and responsiveness during a bonding exercise. Response trends replicated Study 1 with the exception of avoidance. Dismissing individuals were the most avoidant.
“I Won't Back Down?” Complexity and Courage in Government Executive Decision Making
Authors: Kelman Steven , Sanders Ronald , Pandit Gayatri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSenior government executives make many difficult decisions, but research suggests that individual cognitive limitations and the pathologies of “groupthink” impede their ability to make value‐maximizing choices. From this literature has emerged a normative model that Irving Janis calls “vigilant problem solving,” a process intended for the most complex decisions. To explore its use by senior public officials, the authors interviewed 20 heads of subcabinet‐level organizations in the U.S. federal government, asking how they made their most difficult decisions. The initial focus was on whether they employed a vigilant approach to making decisions that were informationally, technically, or politically complex. Most executives identified their single most‐difficult decision as one that required courage; they often made such courageous decisions after personal reflection and/or consultation with a small number of trusted advisors rather in ways that could be described as vigilant. The different approaches for making complex decisions, compared with those involving courage, are discussed and a contingency model of effective executive decision making is proposed that requires leaders (and their advisors) to be “ambidextrous” in their approach.
Gay‐related name‐calling among Norwegian adolescents – harmful and harmless
Authors: Slaatten Hilde , Anderssen Norman , Hetland Jørn 
Published: November 2015

Being called names such as “gay,” “faggot,” “lezzie” may be experienced as both harmful or harmless by adolescents, depending on the situation in which the name‐calling occurs. The aim of this study was to explore how being called gay‐related names by agents with whom the relationship is differentiated by friendship, acquaintance status and perceived likeability is associated with depressive symptoms, and to explore associations between gay‐related name‐calling, bullying and depressive symptoms. The participants were 921 ninth grade pupils (450 boys) with an age range from 14 to 15 years from 15 schools. The study reveals that the participants' depressive symptoms were more associated with being called gay‐related names by someone who did not like them or someone they did not know, than with being called gay‐related names by a friend. Being called gay‐related names was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, even when controlling for bullying. Boys who were bullied and called gay‐related names had even higher levels of depressive symptoms, as indicated by an interaction effect found between being called gay‐related names and bullying. Because of the potential harmfulness of gay‐related name‐calling, anti‐bullying programmes should address this topic as a part of their regular anti‐bullying strategy.
Using Spanish Surname Ratios to Estimate Proportion Hispanic in California Cities via Bayes Theorem*
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Garcia Jennifer 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo generate, via application of Bayes Theorem, accurate estimates about the size of Hispanic populations in California cities from very limited data on the surnames of those living in the cities.MethodsWe make use here of the ratio of those with the name “GARCIA” to those with the name “ANDERSON” in those cities, one of which is far more likely to be Hispanic and one of which is far more likely to be non‐Hispanic.ResultsFor four cities that vary dramatically in their Hispanic populations, using only two common names we are able to estimate the Hispanic population in the cities.ConclusionsWe lay the background for our surprising results by underscoring common fallacies in using surnames for purposes of ethnic identification, such as the belief that the proportion of bearers of a given name who are Hispanic can be specified as a unique percentage. We show that how “Hispanic” any given name will turn out to be is a function of the overall demography of the subpopulation being analyzed, which will also affect the distribution of names within that subpopulation.
Government Performance, Corruption, and Political Trust in East Asia*
Authors: Wang Ching‐Hsing 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveThis study examines the effects of government performance and corruption on political trust in three East Asian democracies—Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan—using the empirical implications of theoretical models (EITM) framework.MethodsI argue that political trust is a function of evaluation of government performance, perception of corruption, and their interaction, and provide an empirical test using the data from the Asian Barometer.ResultsEmpirically, I find that assessment of government performance is positively associated with political trust, whereas perception of corruption is negatively related to political trust. Furthermore, evaluation of government performance interacts with perception of corruption to negatively influence political trust.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that the effects of evaluation of government performance and perception of corruption on political trust depend on the level of each other. Specifically, corruption can exacerbate the positive effect of government performance on political trust, but government performance cannot ameliorate the negative association between corruption and political trust. This study implies that in a democracy, the public expects its government to be not only competent but also ethical, and put more weight on ethics than on competence.