bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Correction Equation for Jump Height Measured Using the Just Jump System
Authors: McMahon John J. , Jones Paul A. , Comfort Paul 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:To determine the concurrent validity and reliability of the popular Just Jump system (JJS) for determining jump height and, if necessary, provide a correction equation for future reference.Methods:Eighteen male college athletes performed 3 bilateral countermovement jumps (CMJs) on 2 JJSs (alternative method) that were placed on top of a force platform (criterion method). Two JJSs were used to establish consistency between systems. Jump height was calculated from flight time obtained from the JJS and force platform.Results:Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) demonstrated excellent within-session reliability of the CMJ height measurement derived from both the JJS (ICC = .96, P < .001) and the force platform (ICC = .96, P < .001). Dependent t tests revealed that the JJS yielded a significantly greater CMJ jump height (0.46 ± 0.09 m vs 0.33 ± 0.08 m) than the force platform (P < .001, Cohen d = 1.39, power = 1.00). There was, however, an excellent relationship between CMJ heights derived from the JJS and force platform (r = .998, P < .001, power = 1.00), with a coefficient of determination (R2) of .995. Therefore, the following correction equation was produced: Criterion jump height = (0.8747 × alternative jump height) – 0.0666.Conclusions:The JJS provides a reliable but overestimated measure of jump height. It is suggested, therefore, that practitioners who use the JJS as part of future work apply the correction equation presented in this study to resultant jump-height values.
Vacancy effects on the electronic structure of MgO compound
Authors: Merabet B. , Kacimi S. , Mir A. , Azzouz M. , Zaoui A. 
Published: September 2015

We have investigated the possibility to find [Formula: see text] ferromagnetism (FM) in the non-stoichiometric [Formula: see text] compound using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave [Formula: see text] method. We have examined the oxygen vacancy effect on the electronic structure of [Formula: see text] compound realizing the 128 atoms supercell. Our calculations predict that the cation vacancies cause the FM in [Formula: see text], where the magnetism is often created by the oxygen atoms nearest neighbors of the Mg vacant site, with a spin magnetic moment of 0.21 [Formula: see text]B/atom. We have reported a strong evidence of the existence of FM at room temperature, as we extended our studies to demonstrate the ability to induce intrinsic magnetic moments in MgO with cationic vacancies (Mg).
Simple Trapeziectomy for Arthrosis of the Basal Joint of the Thumb: 49 Thumbs Reviewed After Two Years
Authors: Elvebakk Kristine , Johnsen Ingrid Elisabeth , Wold Cecilie Bendiksen , Finsen Thomas , Russwurm Harald , Finsen Vilhjalmur 
Published: September 2015

Background: Many different surgical strategies for arthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb are described in the literature. In 2010 we changed our routine procedure from an interposition arthroplasty using the abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon to simple trapeziectomy without suspension or interposition. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical outcome after trapeziectomy and to compare it to those we had achieved with the APL procedure. Methods: We examined 49 hands operated with simple trapeziectomy during 2011-2012. Time between operation and review was 26 (15-26) months. Subjective estimation of pain before and after surgery and satisfaction with the general results were evaluated with visual analogue scales. The ability to participate in various activities of daily living before and after the operation were noted and patients completed the Quick-DASH and the PRWHE questionnaires. The mobility of the thumb and wrist were recorded and grip and key pinch strength were measured. The distance between the base of the first metacarpal and the scaphoid was noted on radiographs. Results: There were no significant differences between the present results and those we had achieved with the APL procedure regarding subjective estimation of pain and satisfaction, activities of daily living, mobility, strength and radiographic carpometacarpal distance. For many outcome parameters there was a non-significant trend for better results among the trapeziectomy patients, but increased clumsiness was reported by 20 of them. Conclusions: We conclude that our results with simple trapeziectomy are at least as good as with the APL procedure. However, the considerable number of patients complaining of clumsiness is worrying.
One-Per-Mil Tumescent Infiltration Technique for Vascular Malformation Surgery in Hand and Upper Extremity
Authors: Prasetyono Theddeus O.H. , Gustin Jesslyn 
Published: September 2015

Background: To present the efficacy of 1:1,000,000 tumescent solution for resection of vascular malformation in hand and upper extremity without tourniquet application.Methods: Four patients with five slow flow vascular malformations were retrospectively reviewed. Prior to incision, 1:1,000,000 tumescent solution was infiltrated subcutaneously surrounding the lesion until the skin turned pale. Amount of tumescent solution injected, the length of surgery, the clarity of the operative field, and the complications were recorded. Clarity of operative field was categorized as totally bloodless, minimum bleeding, acceptable bleeding, and bloody. In the surgeries under local anesthesia, we also recorded self-reported intra-operative pain using VAS score, onset of pain, and conversion of anesthesia.Results: The injected amount of the tumescent solution ranged from 4.5 to 200 mL, with the length of surgery ranged from 60 to 150 minutes. One out of 5 cases was totally bloodless, 3 cases were minimum bleeding and 1 case was acceptable bleeding. Minor skin necrosis was recorded in 1 patient. Neither intra-operative pain nor conversion from local to general anesthesia was reported.Conclusions: 1:1,000,000 tumescent solution is effective for resection of slow flow vascular malformation in hand and upper extremity without tourniquet application.
<strong>Bryohumbertia subcomosa (Dix.) J.-P. Frahm, a new name for Bryohumbertia walkeri (Mitt.) J.-P. Frahm</strong>
Authors: Frahm Jan-Peter 
Published: September 2015

The concept of Bryohumnertia walkeri (Mitt.) J.-P. Frahm was based on isotype specimens, which are, however, not identical with te holotype which consists of Campylopus comosus (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Bosch & Lac.. Therefore the next older epithet available must be chosen fro B. walkeri and the new combination B. subcomosa is introduced accordingly.
Dietary Supplements are Not all Safe and Not all Food: How the Low Cost of Dietary Supplements Preys on the Consumer
Authors: Sax Joanna K. 
Published: September 2015

Dietary supplements are regulated as food, even though the safety and efficacy of some supplements are unknown. These products are often promoted as ‘natural.’ This leads many consumers to fail to question the supplements' safety, and some consumers even equate ‘natural’ with safe. But, ‘natural’ does not mean safe. For example, many wild berries and mushrooms are dangerous although they are natural. Another example is tobacco—a key ingredient in cigarettes: it is natural, but overwhelming studies have established the harm of cigarette smoke. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires safety and efficacy testing prior to market entry for drugs. In contrast, the FDA only has limited ability to regulate the entry of new dietary supplements into the marketplace because supplements are treated as food.Two main arguments support the current regulatory structure of dietary supplements: (1) cost and (2) access. But lower cost and increased access to dietary supplements do not necessary have any relationship to safety and efficacy. Manufacturers' marketing techniques tout the health benefits of their supplements. Meanwhile, consumers are ingesting supplements without scientific studies indicating whether or not they are harmful.The FDA Food Safety and Modernization Act, signed into law on January 4, 2011, did not address the safety concerns regarding dietary supplements. This article discusses the regulatory deficiencies concerning dietary supplements and proposes novel solutions to address this specific sector of the food supply. This article advocates for the use of scientific data to support a multi-tiered classification system to ensure that dietary supplements on the market are safe.
A Coordinated Approach to Food Safety and Land Use Law at the Urban Fringe
Authors: Miller Stephen R. 
Published: September 2015

Much has been written about the rise of the local food movement in urban and suburban areas. This essay tackles an emerging outgrowth of that movement: the growing desire of urban and suburban dwellers to engage rural areas where food is produced not only to obtain food but also as a means of tourism and cultural activity. This represents a potentially much-needed means of economic development for rural areas and small farmers who are increasingly dependent on non-farm income for survival. The problem, however, is that food safety and land use laws struggle to keep up with these changes, waffling between over-regulation and de-regulation. This essay posits a legal path forward to steer clear of regulatory extremes and to help the local food movement grow and prosper at the urban fringe. We must cultivate our garden.— Candide, or Optimism
Risk given by AGT polymorphisms in inducing susceptibility to essential hypertension among isolated populations from a remote region of China: A case-control study among the isolated populations
Authors: Li Qian , Sun Lijuan , Du Jing , Ran Pengzhan , Gao Tangxin , Yuan Yuncang , Xiao Chunjie 
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Hypertension is a serious risk factor affecting up to 30% of the world’s population with a heritability of more than 30–50%. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of the polymorphisms localized in the angiotensinogen ( AGT) gene, a main component of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, in inducing the susceptibility to essential hypertension (EH) among isolated populations (Yi and Hani minorities) with low prevalence rate from the remote region of Yunnan in China. Methods: A case-control association study was performed, and all subjects were genotyped for the seven single nucleotide polymorphisms localized in the AGT region by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: Three polymorphisms, i.e. rs5046, rs5049, and rs2478544, were significantly associated with EH among the Hani minority. The associations, found in the Yi minority, did not reach a conclusive level of statistical significance. The polymorphisms of rs2478544 and rs5046 caused the transformations of exonic splicing enhancer sites and transcription factor binding sites, respectively, in the bioinformatic analyses. The haplotype-rs5046T, rs5049A, rs11568020G, rs3789679C, rs2478544C was susceptible for EH among the Hani minority. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the AGT polymorphisms have played a vital role in determining an individual’s susceptibility to EH among the isolated population, which would be helpful for EH management in the remote mountainous region of Yunnan in China.
The effects of natural selection across molecular pathways in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Vedanayagam Jeffrey P. , Garrigan Daniel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundWhole-genome RNA interference post-transcriptional silencing (RNAi) is a widely used method for studying the phenotypic effects of knocking down individual genes. In this study, we use a population genomic approach to characterize the rate of evolution for proteins affecting 26 RNAi knockdown phenotypes inDrosophila melanogaster.ResultsWe find that only two of the 26 RNAi knockdown phenotypes are enriched for rapidly evolving proteins: innate immunity and regulation of Hedgehog signaling. Among all genes associated with an RNAi knockdown phenotype, we note examples in which the adaptively evolving proteins play a well-defined role in a given molecular pathway. However, most adaptively evolving proteins are found to perform more general cellular functions. When RNAi phenotypes are grouped into categories according to cellular function, we find that genes involved in the greatest number of phenotypic categories are also significantly more likely to have a history of rapid protein evolution.ConclusionsWe show that genes that have been demonstrated to have a measurable effect on multiple molecular phenotypes show higher rates of protein evolution than genes having an effect on a single category of phenotype. Defining pleiotropy in this way yields very different results than previous studies that define pleiotropy by the number of physical interactions, which show highly connected proteins tend to evolve more slowly than lowly connected proteins. We suggest that a high degree of pleiotropy may increase the likelihood of compensatory substitution, consistent with modern theoretical work on adaptation.
Communication of medical images to diverse audiences using multimodal imaging
Authors: Cole Laura M. , Selvan Arul N. , Partridge Rebecca , Reed Heath , Wright Chris , Clench Malcolm R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA study has been completed examining design issues concerning the interpretation of and dissemination of multimodal medical imaging data sets to diverse audiences. To create a model data set mouse fibrosarcoma tissue was visualised via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MSI) and histology. MRI images were acquired using the 0.25T Esaote GScan; MALDI images were acquired using a Q-Star Pulsar I mass spectrometer. Histological staining of the same tissue sections used for MALDI-MSI was then carried out. Areas assigned to hemosiderin deposits due to haemorrhaging could be visualised via MRI. In the MALDI-MSI data obtained the distribution sphingomyelin species could be used to identify regions of viable tumour. Mathematical ‘up sampling’ using hierarchical clustering-based segmentation provided a sophisticated image enhancement tool for both MRI and MALDI-MS and assisted in the correlation of images.
Variable effects of nicotine and anabasine on parasitized bumble bees
Authors: Thorburn Lukas P. , Adler Lynn S. , Irwin Rebecca E. , Palmer-Young Evan C. 
Published: September 2015

Secondary metabolites in floral nectar have been shown to reduce parasite load in two common bumble bee species. Previous studies on the effects of nectar secondary metabolites on parasitized bees have focused on single compounds in isolation; however, in nature, bees are simultaneously exposed to multiple compounds. We tested for synergistic effects of two alkaloids found in the nectar ofNicotianaspp. plants, nicotine and anabasine, on parasite load and mortality in bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) infected with the intestinal parasiteCrithidia bombi. Adult worker bees inoculated withC. bombiwere fed nicotine and anabasine diet treatments in a factorial design, resulting in four nectar treatment combinations: 2 ppm nicotine, 5 ppm anabasine, 2ppm nicotine and 5 ppm anabasine together, or a control alkaloid-free solution. We conducted the experiment twice: first, with bees incubated under variable environmental conditions (‘Variable’; temperatures varied from 10-35°C); and second, under carefully controlled environmental conditions (‘Controlled’; 27°C incubator, constant darkness). In ‘Variable’, each alkaloid alone significantly decreased parasite loads, but this effect was not realized with the alkaloids in combination, suggesting an antagonistic interaction. Nicotine but not anabasine significantly increased mortality, and the two compounds had no interactive effects on mortality. In ‘Controlled’, nicotine significantly increased parasite loads, the opposite of its effect in ‘Variable’. While not significant, the relationship between anabasine and parasite loads was also positive. Interactive effects between the two alkaloids on parasite load were non-significant, but the pattern of antagonistic interaction was similar to that in the variable experiment. Neither alkaloid, nor their interaction, significantly affected mortality under controlled conditions. Our results do not indicate synergy betweenNicotiananectar alkaloids; however, they do suggest a complex interaction between secondary metabolites, parasites, and environmental variables, in which secondary metabolites can be either toxic or medicinal depending on context.
Hippocampal development and the dissociation of cognitive-spatial mapping from motor performance
Authors: Devan Bryan D. , Magalis Christopher , McDonald Robert J. 
Published: September 2015

The publication of a recent article inF1000Researchhas led to discussion of, and correspondence on a broader issue that has a long history in the fields of neuroscience and psychology. Namely, is it possible to separate the cognitive components of performance, in this case spatial behavior, from the motoric demands of a task? Early psychological experiments attempted such a dissociation by studying a form of spatial maze learning where initially rats were allowed to explore a complex maze, termed “latent learning,” before reinforcement was introduced. Those rats afforded the latent learning experience solved the task faster than those that were not, implying that cognitive map learning during exploration aided in the performance of the task once a motivational component was introduced. This form of latent learning was interpreted as successfully demonstrating that an exploratory cognitive map component was acquired irrespective of performing a learned spatial response under deprivation/motivational conditions. The neural substrate for cognitive learning was hypothesized to depend on place cells within the hippocampus. Subsequent behavioral studies attempted to directly eliminate the motor component of spatial learning by allowing rats to passively view the distal environment before performing any motor response using a task that is widely considered to be hippocampal-dependent. Latent learning in the water maze, using a passive placement procedure has met with mixed results. One constraint on viewing cues before performing a learned swimming response to a hidden goal has been the act of dynamically viewing distal cues while moving through a part of the environment where an optimal learned spatial escape response would be observed. We briefly review these past findings obtained with adult animals to the recent efforts of establishing a “behavioral topology” separating cognitive-spatial learning from tasks differing in motoric demands in an attempt to define when cognitive-spatial behavior emerges during development.
A Characterization of Ultrasonic Full Angle Spatial Compounding as a Possible Alternative for Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Medina Luis , Camacho Jorge , Fritsch Carlos 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBreast cancer screening is based on X-ray mammography, while ultrasound is considered a complementary technique with improved detection in dense tissue. However, breast cancer screening requires a technique that provides repeatable results at the inspection interval which cannot be achieved with manual breast exploration.During the last years there have appeared several approaches to overcome this limitation by means of automated ultrasonic tomography performed with motorized probes or with a large set of array transducers.This work addresses these problems by considering a quite simple and low-cost arrangement, formed with a ring of conventional medical-grade array probes which are multiplexed to the electronics to build Full Angle Spatially Compounded (FASC) images. The work analyzes the performance of such arrangement in terms of resolution and isotropy, showing by numerical modelling and experimentally that it provides high resolution and homogeneity in the whole imaged region.The implementation of this technique would provide more than one circular FASC per second and a whole breast volume image in 1–2 minutes with conventional technology, a process fast enough to be clinically useful. Moreover, the automated technique is repeatable and can be used by the clinician to perform immediately the diagnosis without requiring additional data processing.
Effects of Low- and High-Frequency Side Bands of Notched Noise on Masking and Auditory Filter Shape at Very High Frequencies
Authors: Kordus Monika , Kowalewski Borys 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the determination of the auditory filter shape using the notched noise method with noise bands symmetrically located above and below a probe frequency of 10 kHz. Unlike in the classical experiments conducted with the use of Patterson method the levels as well as power spectrum densities of the lower and upper component bands of the notched noise masker were not the same and were set such as to produce the same amount of masking at the 10-kHz frequency. The experiment consisted of three conditions in which the following values were determined: (I) the detection threshold for a 10-kHz probe tone in the presence of a noise masker presented below the tone’s frequency; (II) the level of a noise masker presented above the 10-kHz probe tone frequency, at which the masker just masked the probe tone, (III) the detection threshold for a probe tone in the presence of a notched-noise masker. The data show a considerable amount of variability across the subjects, however, the resulting frequency characteristics of the auditory filters are consistent with those presented in the literature so that the Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth is less than 11% of their centre frequency.
Impact of Microphytobenthos Photosynthesis on the Characteristics of the Echo Signal from Baltic Sandy Sediments
Authors: Gorska Natalia , Kowalska-Duda Ewa , Marszal Jacek , Schmidt Jan , Klusek Zygmunt 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The understanding the influence of biological processes on the characteristics of the signals backscattered by the sea floor is crucial in the development of the hydroacoustical benthic habitat classification techniques. The impact of the microphytobenthos photosynthesis on the acoustical backscattering properties of the Atlantic sandy sediments was previously demonstrated by Holliday et al. (2004) and Wildman and Huettel (2012).
To account for the sensitivity of the hydroacoustical classification techniques to the backscattering properties of local marine sediments, it is important to understand the microphytobenthos photosynthesis impact for the Baltic Sea where the techniques are being actively developed now. This is the main motivation of the paper.
In the paper the influence of the microphytobenthos photosynthesis on the characteristics of the echo signals reflected by sandy sediments in the typical Baltic temperature and the salinity conditions is discussed. The interdisciplinary multiday laboratory experiment was conducted to study the impact of benthic microalgal photosynthesis on the characteristics of the echo signal reflected by sandy sediments. Hydroacoustical data were collected under controlled constant light, temperature and salinity conditions. The oxygen content at different levels of the water column was simultaneously monitored.