bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokines and Neurotrophic Factors in Human Chronic Pain Populations: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Bjurstrom Martin F. , Giron Sarah E. , Griffis Charles A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChronic pain is a prevalent and debilitating condition, conveying immense human burden. Suffering is caused not only by painful symptoms, but also through psychopathological and detrimental physical consequences, generating enormous societal costs. The current treatment armamentarium often fails to achieve satisfying pain relief; thus, research directed toward elucidating the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic pain syndromes is imperative. Central neuroimmune activation and neuroinflammation have emerged as driving forces in the transition from acute to chronic pain, leading to central sensitization and decreased opioid efficacy, through processes in which glia have been highlighted as key contributors. Under normal conditions, glia exert a protective role, but in different pathological states, a deleterious role is evident—directly and indirectly modulating and enhancing pain transmission properties of neurons, and shaping synaptic plasticity in a dysfunctional manner. Cytokines and neurotrophic factors have been identified as pivotal mediators involved in neuroimmune activation pathways and cascades in various preclinical chronic pain models. Research confirming these findings in humans has so far been scarce, but this comprehensive review provides coherent data supporting the clear association of a mechanistic role of altered central cytokines and neurotrophic factors in a number of chronic pain states despite varying etiologies. Given the importance of these factors in neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain states, prospective therapeutic strategies, and directions for future research in this emerging field, are outlined.
Carbohydrate metabolism before and after dehiscence in the recalcitrant pollen of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Authors: Carrizo García C. , Guarnieri M. , Pacini E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) pollen is starchy, sucrose‐poor and recalcitrant, features opposite to those of several model species; therefore, some differences in carbohydrate metabolism could be expected in this species. By studying pumpkin recalcitrant pollen, the objective was to provide new biochemical evidence to improve understanding of how carbohydrate metabolism might be involved in pollen functioning in advanced stages. Four stages were analysed: immature pollen from 1 day before anthesis, mature pollen, mature pollen exposed to the environment for 7 h, and pollen rehydrated in a culture medium. Pollen viability, water and carbohydrate content and activity of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were quantified in each stage. Pollen viability and water content dropped quickly after dehiscence, as expected. The slight changes in carbohydrate concentration and enzyme activity during pollen maturation contrast with major changes recorded with ageing and rehydration. Pumpkin pollen seems highly active and closely related to its surrounding environment in all the stages analysed; the latter is particularly evident among insoluble sucrolytic enzymes, mainly wall‐bound acid invertase, which would be the most relevant for sucrose cleavage. Each stage was characterised by a particular metabolic/enzymatic profile; some particular features, such as the minor changes during maturation, fast sucrolysis upon rehydration or sharp decrease in insoluble sucrolytic activity with ageing seem to be related to the lack of dormancy and recalcitrant nature of pumpkin pollen.
Incidence and aetiologies of pulmonary granulomatous inflammation: A decade of experience
Authors: Nazarullah Alia , Nilson Robert , Maselli Diego Jose , Jagirdar Jaishree 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveGranulomatous lung disease (GLD) is caused by a wide range of conditions. Often there is a need to correlate pathological findings with clinical, microbiological or radiological data to determine an aetiology. The aim of this study was to determine the different aetiologies of GLD over the past decade.MethodsAmong 2228 consecutive lung specimens from 1999 to 2011, 226 cases (10.1%) were positive for GLD. One hundred ninety patients were retrospectively reviewed and diagnoses were assigned based on availability of histological/clinical/microbiological correlation.ResultsA confident, probable and uncertain diagnosis was made in 68.4%, 13.2% and 18.4% patients. The aetiologies comprised infectious, non‐infectious and uncertain in 54.7%, 26.8% and 18.4% patients. Mycobacterial infections constituted 27% of all patients, and included atypical, tuberculous and unclassified mycobacteria in order of frequency. Acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) were visualized in tissue sections in 29% cases and cultured in 73% cases. Fungal infections comprised 27% of all cases, which included Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus and Histoplasma in order of frequency. Fungi were visualized in tissue sections with Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain in 83% patients and cultured in 52% cases. Sarcoidosis was the major non‐infectious aetiology, constituting 21% of all patients. Necrosis in granulomas was associated with the presence of infection (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe aetiology in necrotizing GLD with negative AFB and GMS stains is most likely infectious due to atypical mycobacteria. Coccidioidomycosis was the most common fungal infection. The aetiology in non‐necrotizing GLD is most likely non‐infectious, probably sarcoidosis.
Is Kurdish Endangered in Turkey? A Comparison between the Politics of Linguicide in Ireland and Turkey
Authors: O'Driscoll Dylan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article examines the historical process of the demise of Gaelic in Ireland due to the policies developed by England, and compares this to the process Kurdish is currently undergoing in Turkey. This comparison accentuates the threat that Kurdish is facing and demonstrates that the language is in danger of being eradicated. Through highlighting the similarities in the policies used by both England and Turkey to eradicate ethnic threats through assimilation, and the speed in which this process is happening in Turkey, this article determines that Kurdish has reached an important stage and that the actions over the next few decades will decide its future.
Measuring Drug and Alcohol Use Among College Student‐Athletes*
Authors: Druckman James N. , Gilli Mauro , Klar Samara , Robison Joshua 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveFew issues in athletics today receive more attention than drug and alcohol usage, especially when it comes to college athletics. We seek to address self‐report biases related to drug usage and heavy drinking.MethodsWe employ an experimental measurement technique.ResultsOur results suggest that a greater percentage of student‐athletes from a major conference knowingly engage in these two behaviors than self‐reports indicate. Specifically, we find 37 percent of respondents seem to have taken banned performance‐enhancing drugs (compared to 4.9 percent who directly admit to doing so when asked), and 46 percent seem to have consumed more than five drinks in a week (compared to about 3 percent who openly admit to doing so).ConclusionsWe provide evidence for the extent of self‐underreporting when it comes to drug and alcohol usage among college athletes. That said, future work is needed to accurately pinpoint specific substances and the frequency with which they are taken; for example, it could be the percentage of individuals using banned substances stems from consuming significant concentrations of caffeine (e.g., multiple cups of coffee).
The HLA‐A*68:23 allele in the Chilean population
Authors: Turner E. V. , Dilioglou S. , Arnold P. Y. , Palma J. , Rivera G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHLA‐A*68:23, first described in 2002, has not been widely reported. The studies reported here were performed for support of a collaborative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation program at Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital for which St. Jude Children's Research Hospital provided human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. Family studies performed between 2000 and 2011 included 197 patients and their immediate family members. In a total of 559 individuals, A*68:23 was confirmed by DNA sequencing in eight individuals with no known relationship to each other. A*68:23 positive individuals included six patients, along with one of their parents, and two parents whose children did not inherit A*68:23. The frequency of A*68:23 in this Chilean population is >0.0125. This HLA‐A allele appears to fit the description of a well‐documented allele in this population studied in Santiago, Chile.
Age Differences in Change-of-Direction Performance and Its Subelements in Female Football Players
Authors: Hirose Norikazu , Nakahori Chikako 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:To describe cross-sectional age differences in change-of-direction performance (CODp) in female football players and investigate the relationship between CODp and linear-sprint speed, muscle power, and body size.Methods:A sample of 135 well-trained female football players was divided into 8 age groups. Anthropometry (height, body mass, and lean body mass) and athletic performance (10-m sprint speed, 10-m × 5-CODp, and 5-step bounding distance) were compared to determine interage differences using ANOVA. Then, the participants were divided into 3 age groups: 12- to 14-y-olds, 15- to 17-y-olds, and ≥ 18 y-olds. Simple- and multiple-regression analyses were conducted to determine the correlation between CODp and the other measurement variables in each age group.Results:Age-related differences were found for CODp (F = 10.41, P < .01), sprint speed (F = 3.27, P < .01), and bounding distance (F = 4.20, P < .01). Post hoc analysis revealed that the CODp of 17-y-old players was faster than that of 16-y-old players (P < .01), with no interage differences in sprint speed and bounding distance. Sprint speed and bounding distance were weakly correlated with CODp in 15- to ≥18-y-old players, but only sprint speed was correlated with CODp in 12- to 14-y-old players.Conclusions:CODp improves from 16 to 17 y of age in female players. Linear-sprint speed, muscle power, and body size were weakly correlated with the age differences in CODp.
Foundations of Typestate-Oriented Programming
Authors: Garcia Ronald , Tanter Éric , Wolff Roger , Aldrich Jonathan 
Published: October 2014

Typestate reflects how the legal operations on imperative objects can change at runtime as their internal state changes. A typestate checker can statically ensure, for instance, that an object method is only called when the object is in a state for which the operation is well defined. Prior work has shown how modular typestate checking can be achieved thanks to access permissions and state guarantees. However, typestate was not treated as a primitive language concept: typestate checkers are an additional verification layer on top of an existing language. In contrast, a typestate-oriented programming (TSOP) language directly supports expressing typestates. For example, in the Plaid programming language, the typestate of an object directly corresponds to its class, and that class can change dynamically. Plaid objects have not only typestate-dependent interfaces but also typestate-dependent behaviors and runtime representations.
This article lays foundations for TSOP by formalizing a nominal object-oriented language with mutable state that integrates typestate change and typestate checking as primitive concepts. We first describe a statically typed language—Featherweight Typestate (FT)—where the types of object references are augmented with access permissions and state guarantees. We describe a novel flow-sensitive permission-based type system for FT. Because static typestate checking is still too rigid for some applications, we then extend this language into a gradually typed language—Gradual Featherweight Typestate (GFT). This language extends the notion of gradual typing to account for typestate: gradual typestate checking seamlessly combines static and dynamic checking by automatically inserting runtime checks into programs. The gradual type system of GFT allows programmers to write dynamically safe code even when the static type checker can only partly verify it.
Natural Killer Cells Are Essential for the Ability of BRAF Inhibitors to Control BRAFV600E-Mutant Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Ferrari de Andrade Lucas , Ngiow Shin F. , Stannard Kimberley , Rusakiewicz Sylvie , Kalimutho Murugan , Khanna Kum Kum , Tey Siok-Keen , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Zitvogel Laurence , Martinet Ludovic , Smyth Mark J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
BRAF V600E is a major oncogenic mutation found in approximately 50% of human melanoma that confers constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway and increased melanoma growth. Inhibition of BRAFV600E by oncogene targeting therapy increases overall survival of patients with melanoma, but is unable to produce many durable responses. Adaptive drug resistance remains the main limitation to BRAFV600E inhibitor clinical efficacy and immune-based strategies could be useful to overcome disease relapse. Tumor microenvironment greatly differs between visceral metastasis and primary cutaneous melanoma, and the mechanisms involved in the antimetastatic efficacy of BRAFV600E inhibitors remain to be determined. To address this question, we developed a metastatic BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma cell line and demonstrated that the antimetastatic properties of BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 (a research analogue of vemurafenib) require host natural killer (NK) cells and perforin. Indeed, PLX4720 not only directly limited BRAFV600E-induced tumor cell proliferation, but also affected NK cell functions. We showed that PLX4720 increases the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, CD69 expression, and proliferation of mouse NK cells in vitro. NK cell frequencies were significantly enhanced by PLX4720 specifically in the lungs of mice with BRAFV600E lung metastases. Furthermore, PLX4720 also increased human NK cell pERK1/2, CD69 expression, and IFNγ release in the context of anti-NKp30 and IL2 stimulation. Overall, this study supports the idea that additional NK cell-based immunotherapy (by checkpoint blockade or agonists or cytokines) may combine well with BRAFV600E inhibitor therapy to promote more durable responses in melanoma. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7298–308. ©2014 AACR.
Influences of the Choice of Climatology on Ocean Heat Content Estimation
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Zhu Jiang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe choice of climatology is an essential step in calculating the key climate indicators, such as historical ocean heat content (OHC) change. The anomaly field is required during the calculation and is obtained by subtracting the climatology from the absolute field. The climatology represents the ocean spatial variability and seasonal circle. This study found a considerable weaker long-term trend when historical climatologies (constructed by using historical observations within a long time period, i.e., 45 yr) were used rather than Argo-period climatologies (i.e., constructed by using observations during the Argo period, i.e., since 2004). The change of the locations of the observations (horizontal sampling) during the past 50 yr is responsible for this divergence, because the ship-based system pre-2000 has insufficient sampling of the global ocean, for instance, in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas this area began to achieve full sampling in this century by the Argo system. The horizontal sampling change leads to the change of the reference time (and reference OHC) when the historical-period climatology is used, which weakens the long-term OHC trend. Therefore, Argo-period climatologies should be used to accurately assess the long-term trend of the climate indicators, such as OHC.
Spatial Postprocessing of Ensemble Forecasts for Temperature Using Nonhomogeneous Gaussian Regression
Authors: Feldmann Kira , Scheuerer Michael , Thorarinsdottir Thordis L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Statistical postprocessing techniques are commonly used to improve the skill of ensembles from numerical weather forecasts. This paper considers spatial extensions of the well-established nonhomogeneous Gaussian regression (NGR) postprocessing technique for surface temperature and a recent modification thereof in which the local climatology is included in the regression model to permit locally adaptive postprocessing. In a comparative study employing 21-h forecasts from the Consortium for Small Scale Modelling ensemble predictive system over Germany (COSMO-DE), two approaches for modeling spatial forecast error correlations are considered: a parametric Gaussian random field model and the ensemble copula coupling (ECC) approach, which utilizes the spatial rank correlation structure of the raw ensemble. Additionally, the NGR methods are compared to both univariate and spatial versions of the ensemble Bayesian model averaging (BMA) postprocessing technique.
Government Ideology and Unemployment in the U.S. States
Authors: Kelly Nathan J. , Witko Christopher 
Published: October 2014

AbstractResearch shows that when the more liberal Democratic Party controls the national government, unemployment is lower, but whether liberal state governments are associated with lower unemployment has not been examined. We argue that more left-leaning governments in the U.S. states have the same preference for and willingness to use government to reduce unemployment, but that the greater resource and policymaking constraints that the states face during economic downturns limit their ability to shape unemployment to economic growth periods. We find evidence for these arguments in an analysis of the U.S. states for the period of 1975–2010. Specifically, when economic growth is low, liberal state governments are associated with increases in unemployment rates similar to or even somewhat higher than conservative governments, but when growth is moderate to high, liberal state governments are associated with greater-than-expected reductions in unemployment. We also provide some evidence that different state spending decisions between liberal and conservative state governments may explain these patterns.
Cooperating JAK1 and JAK3 mutants increase resistance to JAK inhibitors
Authors: Springuel Lorraine , Hornakova Tekla , Losdyck Elisabeth , Lambert Fanny , Leroy Emilie , Constantinescu Stefan N. , Flex Elisabetta , Tartaglia Marco , Knoops Laurent , Renauld Jean-Christophe 
Published: October 2014

Key PointsCells transformed by activating JAK1 mutations become resistant to JAK inhibitor by acquiring activating mutations in JAK3 and vice versa. JAK1 and JAK3 mutants cooperatively activate STAT transcription factors.
Insulin resistance in hypothyroid patients under Levothyroxine therapy: a comparison between those with and without thyroid autoimmunity
Authors: Mazaheri Tina , Sharifi Faranak , Kamali Koorosh 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Background
A chronic inflammation resulting from an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) might be responsible for IR in hypothyroidism. This study was performed to investigate a probable association between autoimmune background of hypothyroidism and IR.

Methods
In this clinical study, 63 subjects with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 49 subjects with post-ablation hypothyroidism were enrolled. All the participants were euthyroid for more than one year through Levothyroxine therapy. Serum concentrations of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxin (FT4, FT3), Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO Abs), Total Cholesterol (TC), HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglyceride (TG), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), and insulin levels were measured and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed for all of the subjects. Participants with anti TPO levels more than 1000 IU /ml were classified as having highly positive antibodies.

Results
No significant differences regarding to plasma insulin, glucose and lipid concentration, were detected between subjects with and without Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. However, subjects with highly positive Anti TPO Abs had higher prevalence of elevated fasting insulin level than those with lower titers of Anti TPO Abs and subjects without autoimmune background (94.1% vs. 62.8% and 71.4% respectively, P = 0.05). Subjects with highly positive titers of Abs also had a lower serum HDL-c levels than the rest of the subjects (40.6 ± 2.1 vs. 47.2 ± 1.7 and 47.4 ± 1.4, P = 0.04).

Conclusions
There is no obvious association between thyroid autoimmunity and metabolic indexes of hypothyroid patients. Only patients with Ani TPO antibody levels more than 1000 IU/ml may experience higher insulin level and less HDL-c with the same BMI.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Fluorescently Labeled Oligonucleotides Possessing Silylated Pyrene at the 5′-Terminus
Authors: Moriguchi Tomohisa , Moki Daisuke , Sekiguchi Tohru , Kato Takahiko , Shinozuka Kazuo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Previously, we reported a novel fluorescence dye, a silylated pyrene derivative, as a DNA labeling agent. In this study, new silylated pyrene derivatives with different linker lengths and different substituents on the silicon atom have been prepared and introduced into oligonucleotides. In particular, when the diphenylsilylpyrene derivative was introduced as a fluorescence dye, the fluorescence intensity of the duplex was enhanced about 20 times compared to the signal in the absence of the target DNA.
Electron-rich Five-membered Ring of Azulene as a Donor Unit in Donor–Acceptor Alternating Copolymers for Polymer Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Umeyama Tomokazu , Watanabe Yusuke , Miyata Tetsushi , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Novel donor–acceptor alternating polymers containing an electron-rich five-membered ring in azulene as a donor unit and diketopyrrolopyrrole or 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole unit as an acceptor unit were synthesized. The azulene-based copolymers displayed broad absorption bands in the visible region. The photovoltaic devices consisting of the polymer and a fullerene derivative ([70]PCBM) showed power conversion efficiencies up to 0.39% under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation of 100 mW cm−2.