bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Isoelectric Focusing to Identify Rhinoceros Keratins
Authors: Butler DJ , De Forest PR , Kobilinsky L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Keratins represent the principal structural proteins of hair. They are also found in horn, nail, claw, hoof, and feather. Hair and nail samples from human and canine sources and hair samples from mule deer, white tail deer, cat, moose, elk, antelope, caribou, raccoon, and goat were studied. Parrot and goose feathers were also analyzed. Keratins are polymorphic, and species differences are known to exist. Proteinaceous extracts of deer and antelope antlers and bovine and rhinoceros horn were prepared by solubilizing 10 mg of horn sample in 200 µL of a solution containing 12M urea, 74mM Trizma base, and 78mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Extraction took place over a 48-h period. A 25-µL aliquot of extract was removed and incubated with 5 µL of 0.1M DTT for 10 min at 25°C. Keratins were then separated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) on 5.2% polyacrylamide gels for 3 h and visualized using silver staining. At least 20 bands could be observed for each species studied. However, band patterns differed in the position of each band, in the number of bands, and in band coloration resulting from the silver staining process. Horn from two species of rhinoceros was examined. For both specimens, most bands occurred in the pH range of 4 to 5. Although similar patterns for both species were observed, they differed sufficiently to differentiate one from the other. As might be expected, the closer two species are related phylogenetically, the greater the similarity in the IEF pattern produced from their solubilized keratin. Ten samples were removed from each species item under study and every sample was extracted and run on an IEF gel. Approximately 50 keratin extracts from each species were analyzed by IEF.
A Review of Explaining Criminal Behavior
Authors: Travin S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Explaining Criminal Behavior grew out of a symposium of “Explaining Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches” that took place at the Criminological Institute of Leiden (The Netherlands) in 1986. The chapters that make up this book are organized into four general sections: “Theories of Delinquency,” “Precursors of Delinquency and Crime,” “Mental Illness and Crime,” and “Studies of Deterrence.” The authors and editors bring to this subject a common interest in and emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches to the study of antisocial behavior and criminality.
Limitations of ZAF Correction Factors in the Determination of Calcium/Phosphorus Ratios: Important Forensic Science Considerations Relevant to the Analysis of Bone Fragments Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Payne CM , Cromey DW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A series of calcium phosphate standards having calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) molar ratios of 0.50, 1.00, 1.34, 1.50, and 1.67, respectively, was prepared for bulk specimen analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXA). The standards were mounted on carbon planchettes as either pure crystals or crystals embedded in epoxy resin. Ten different samples of each embedded and non-embedded standard were analyzed in a JEOL 100 CX electron microscope interfaced with a Kevex 8000 EDXA system using a lithium-drifted silicon detector and a multichannel analyzer. The Ca/P ratios were determined by calculating both net peak intensities without matrix corrections and atomic k-ratios using the MAGIC V computer program with ZAF correction factors for quantitative analysis. There was such extensive absorption of phosphorus X-rays in standards embedded in an epoxy matrix that the observed Ca/P ratios were statistically compatible with four different standards ranging in theoretical Ca/P ratios from 1.0 to 1.67. Although the non-embedded crystals showed a greater separation in the Ca/P ratios, both methods of preparation produced serious flaws in analysis. Direct application of the discovery of this caveat to the identification of suspected bone fragments for forensic science purposes is discussed.
Some Effects of Mechanical Trauma on the Development of Primary Cancers and Their Metastases
Authors: Weiss L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Posttraumatic inflammation and, much less commonly, mechanical trauma itself may affect the clinical course of cancer. There is no evidence that a single incident of trauma can cause cancer, although posttraumatic chronic inflammation may be associated with carcinogenesis. In patients with cancer at the time of trauma, inflammation and repair processes may inhibit or enhance cancer growth, and trauma and its sequelae may increase the rates of invasion and dissemination.
Sampling of Multi-Unit Drug Exhibits
Authors: Clark AB , Clark CC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The total number of drug exhibits submitted to forensic science laboratories continues to grow markedly, and increasingly, these exhibits are composed of ever larger numbers of units. These facts make the use of a sampling plan, which applies some limitations to the number of units sampled, highly desirable. A sampling plan assumes that the characteristics of the nonexamined units are the same as those in all of the examined units. This paper examines the validity of this assumption by the use of mathematical concepts. Various sampling plans, exhibit sizes, and sample sizes are used as examples. The effect of sample size on quantitative accuracy is also discussed.
Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Retention Indices in Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Franke J-P , Wijsbeek J , de Zeeuw RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Because of the temperature-dependent behavior of Kovat's retention indices (RI), based on straight-chain alkane homologues and a liquid phase such as SE-30. OV-1. or methyl silicone, the interlaboratory reproducibility of these RIs determined on capillary columns is comparable to those determined on packed columns. Other homologue series investigated—including diisopropyl-n-alkylamines (DIPA), tri-n-alkylamines (TAA), and 1-nitro-n-alkanes (NIA)—showed the same phenomenon. However, by using a carefully selected reference drug mixture, a dramatic gain in the interlaboratory reproducibility of RI values can be obtained, even under vastly different operational conditions. This allows a search window of ±25 RI units for capillary methyl silicone columns, which is much better than the ±60 RI units that must be applied when using alkane or substituted alkane homologues.
Inconclusive Opinions: Refuge of the Questioned Document Examiner
Authors: Whiting FI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Document examiners are frequently accused of abdicating their responsibility by too often declaring that they can neither identify nor eliminate an individual as the author of the questioned handwriting. It is the author's contention that characteristics of handwriting comparisons often thwart one's ability to form specific conclusions for the following reasons: 1. Handwriting comparisons usually consist of open sets rather than closed sets. In closed sets, it is known that a match exists and the only requirement is to select the proper one. In open sets, it is not known if a match exists and a more stringent standard of accountability is required. 2. The quality and quantity of the evidence may be inadequate. 3. The process of elimination of possible writers frequently is not amenable to definitive conclusions. The lack of similarity between the questioned and known samples is not a sufficient basis for concluding that they came from different sources.
Methods for Physical Stabilization of Ashed Teeth in Incinerated Remains
Authors: Mincer HH , Berryman HE , Murray GA , Dickens RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methods for physically stabilizing the extremely fragile ashed teeth that are often encountered in incinerated human remains were investigated.
Results of a questionnaire sent to forensic anthropologists and forensic odontologists disclosed that, for these two groups, the most popular methods currently used are impregnation with a solution of polyvinyl acetate or application of cyanoacrylate cement, respectively.
In addition, extracted human teeth were incinerated in the laboratory and impregnated with commercially available preparations of either cyanoacrylate cement, clear acrylic spray paint, hair spray, spray furniture varnish, clear fingernail polish, quick-setting epoxy cement. Duco® household cement, polyvinyl acetate polymer in acetone, or self-curing clear dental acrylic resin. Every substance tested successfully stabilized the incinerated teeth. Clear acrylic spray paint was judged the most efficacious overall because of its ease of application, availability, inexpensiveness, and rapidity of setting.
Pete Maravich's Incredible Heart
Authors: Choi JH , Kornblum RN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Postmortem examination of a former professional basketball player revealed an abnormal heart, most notably a single coronary artery. The literature on single coronary arteries is briefly reviewed, and the possible mechanism which caused the patient's condition is considered. This case is particularly unusual because of the patient's profession, which is so physically demanding.
A Review of Unnatural Death—Confessions of a Medical Examiner
Authors: Mittleman RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Unnatural Death is a mini-primer on forensic pathology for the general public. All kinds of death and medicolegal investigation are presented, chiefly from Dr. Baden's personal experience and consultative work, which includes the deaths of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr.. and John Belushi; the trials of Claus Von Bulow and Dr. Carl Coppolino; and the Attica, New York, prison riot of 1971. Appropriate emphasis is placed on the terminal circumstances, the scene, the toxicology, and the autopsy so that the reader will appreciate that the medical examiner does not work in a vacuum and that the autopsy findings are often consistent with the various manners of death. A drug-dump death looking like a homicide, an alcohol overdose simulating a strangulation, and certified crib deaths that are actually murders give the reader a true sense of the problems associated with such investigations. Dr. Baden also criticizes forensic and medical experts for inappropriate conclusions based upon incomplete consideration of the preponderance of the evidence as well as for basic misinterpretations of the facts.
The Archaeological Water Separation Machine in Fire Investigation
Authors: Bailey JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Archaeologists use water separation to improve the recovery of small items from prehistoric sites. These small items have proven to be an important part of the archaeological record. A simple experiment shows that the water separation machine might also be used to improve the recovery of small evidence at the fire scene. Four samples from three residential structure fires have been cycled through a modified Shell Mound Archaeological Project (SMAP) water separation machine and a variety of small items have been recovered.
Effects of Cytosine Methylation at Restriction Sites on Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Typing
Authors: Washio K , Ueda S , Misawa S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The effects of endogenous 5-methylcytosines on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprints were studied. Analysis with methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease Sau3AI and its methylation-insensitive isoschizomer MboI showed some differences in the patterns generated as a result of 5-methylcytosines at the recognition sites. Moreover, a few bands of sperm DNA did not match those of blood DNA from the same individual, a phenomenon only observed in the digests of methylation-sensitive endonucleases. These findings indicate the unsuitability of methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases for DNA fingerprinting and other forms of DNA typing, because of the tissue-specific status of the methylation.
Capillary Gas-Liquid Chromatography Separation of Phenethylamines in Amphetamine-Positive Urine Samples
Authors: DePace A , Verebey K , ElSohly M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Good gas chromatography (GC) separation of molecules is essential for clean gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation of compounds. The trifluoro derivatives of ephedrine (E) and methamphetamine (MA) coelute on dimethyl silicone capillary columns, such as DB-1, which are most commonly used by chromatographers. Methods are described to separate E and MA to aid GC/MS confirmations of methamphetamine, ephedrine, or both E and MA together, whichever may be present in Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)-analyzed amphetamine-positive urine samples. The use of the heptafluoro derivatives of E and MA on a DB-1 column, or the trifluoro derivatives of E and MA on a DB-17 column, is suggested for good gas chromatographic separation.
A Review of Strategic Use of Scientific Evidence
Authors: Starrs JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a bad book, a book which I nevertheless review with much hesitancy and considerable trepidation. In this hesitance, there is only a seeming paradox. Reviewing a bad book can be akin to picketing an objectionable movie. It can give currency, notoriety, and a false prominence to a book that should, by all rights, be consigned to the abyss.
A Review of Sex Murder and Sex Aggression: Phenomenology, Psychopathology, Psychodynamics and Prognosis
Authors: Kaye NS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Revitch and Schlesinger have set out to cover a broad topic, as the title alone suggests. They begin in Chapter 1 by defining gynocide as anger directed toward the mother but displaced onto another female, resulting in sexual homicide in the continuum of sexual aggression. They then develop the classification of catathymic and compulsive gynocide, each in its own chapter. Chapter 4 is devoted to psychodynamics, psychopathology, and differential diagnosis, while Chapter 5 is entitled Prognostic Considerations.
Coordination of Resources in Officer-Involved Shootings
Authors: Stone IC , Holt J , Gillett M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of deadly force by police officers has come under critical review by law enforcement agencies, the media, and the legal profession. The authors describe procedures that have evolved and that serve to preserve the scene and witnesses' accounts, while marshaling the resources to document the circumstances. Evidence obtained through early response by specially trained homicide and physical evidence investigators is supported by a non-sworn scientist at the shooting scene. There is separate responsibility, as well as an overlap of responsibility, which must proceed concomitantly, as there are potentially both criminal and civil issues involved. Expeditious handling of the investigation tends to result in all fatal shootings being referred to a grand jury for review.
Skeletal Muscle as an Alternative Specimen for Alcohol and Drug Analysis
Authors: Garriott JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a random group of medical examiner cases, muscle tissue, as well as blood and vitreous humor, was analyzed for ethyl alcohol, and the results were compared. When the blood concentration was greater than 0.10 g/dL, the muscle to blood ratio was 1.00 or less (average 0.94), and when the blood concentration was less than 0.10 g/dL, this ratio was greater than 1.00 (average 1.48). The author proposes that this ratio is dependent upon the time course of absorption and distribution, as has been observed for vitreous humor, but with a more rapid equilibration.
Muscle tissue was also analyzed in another group of cases found to be positive for one or more drugs in blood. The concentrations of the drugs in muscle varied from none detected to 6.5 times those in blood and seemed to be dependent on the time course between ingestion and death, as well as on the nature of the drug. For most common basic drugs, the ratios were often near unity. Muscle is proposed as a useful alternative specimen to postmortem blood.
Hair Analysis for Drug Abuse: I. Determination of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Hair by Stable Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method
Authors: Nakahara Y , Takahashi K , Shimamine M , Takeda Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in hair was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using stable isotope-labeled internal standards, 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropane-2,3,3,3-d4 and 2-amino-1-phenylpropane-2,3,3,3-d4. Extraction of hair with methanol/5M hydrochloric acid (20:1) using ultrasonication was chosen as the standard method. The calibration curves for amphetamines in the hair were linear from 1 to 100 ng/mg (r &gt; 0.99). The detection limit was 0.5 ng/mg at the 95% confidence level. The coefficients of variation (CV) (n = 8) of analysis using the spiked hair with methamphetamine were from 0.7 to 6%. The CV (n = 8) of analysis of the methamphetamine abuser's hair was 17.5%. Sectional analysis of monkey and human hair after methamphetamine ingestion suggested a good correlation between the duration of drug use and drug distribution in the hair.
The Relationship Between the Court and the Doctor on the Issue of an Inpatient's Refusal of Psychotropic Medication
Authors: Sauvayre P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
New procedures, tailored after such court decisions as Rogers v. Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health, have restricted the doctor's ability to treat psychiatric inpatients with psychotropic medication and have increased the protection of a competent patient's right to refuse. This study investigates how the relationship between the doctor and the court has adapted to these new procedures. All 40 court cases of a maximum security forensic hospital over a two-year period were reviewed. Results suggest that the new procedures have had no dramatic effect upon either the treatment patients receive or the doctor court relationship. While abstract arguments both in favor of and against these new procedures can be drawn from the same data, the concrete relationship still remains poorly understood.
Analysis of Six Vietnamese Trophy Skulls
Authors: Sledzik PS , Ousley S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report presents morphologic, metric, and contextual information on six documented trophy skull specimens confiscated from U.S. servicemen during the Victnam War. Additional information on the history and occurrence of trophy skull collecting is provided. This sample, consisting mostly of young Vietnamese males, exhibits graffiti, painting, and other evidence of postmortem decorative modification. Identification of trophy skulls is important to medicolegal and anthropological researchers in distinguishing trophy remains from archacological and forensic specimens.
A Review of Law Enforcement: A Human Relations Approach
Authors: Labowitz DI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author fails to set forth in the Preface to this book who the target audience is. After a review of the material, I was unable to determine what types of individuals such an audience should consist of. The topics are too general for its utilization as a text for a police course and too specific in some areas for a survey work. Perhaps that is the reason for my disappointment with an author who is an expert in this field yet appears to have let my expectations down.
Misdentified Political Figures: An Underappreciated Danger
Authors: Silva JA , Leong GB , Weinstock R , Ferrari MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A series of twelve patients is presented in which each patient suffered from one or more misidentification syndromes and also misidentified one or more political figures. The fact that misidentification syndromes have been associated with physical violence and that the majority of the patients studied had a history of physical violence suggests that these individuals could pose a significant danger of physical harm to others, including political figures. Persons who threaten political figures should be evaluated for misidentification syndromes.
Incidental Cardiac Rhabdomyomas: A Significant Finding Necessitating Additional Investigation at the Time of Autopsy
Authors: Byard RW , Smith NM , Bourne AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cardiac rhabdomyomas are rare lesions forming part of the tuberous sclerosis complex that may be responsible for sudden death. As well as remaining clinically occult for variable periods of time, they may, along with other manifestations of tuberous sclerosis, be quite difficult to detect clinically and pathologically. A patient is described in whom multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas were an incidental finding at autopsy following fatal potassium fluoride poisoning. Other gross pathological lesions typical of tuberous sclerosis were present but were quite subtle in appearance. Awareness of the association of cardiac rhabdomyomas with tuberous sclerosis is important so that full examination of organ systems for characteristic lesions can be undertaken during the autopsy, and so that fresh and frozen tissue can be obtained at the time of dissection for further investigation.
A Bizarre Death Caused by a Model Airplane
Authors: Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes examinations conducted on fracture surfaces on the horizontal stabilizer of a large radio-controlled model airplane. This stabilizer separated from the aircraft in flight, causing it to go out of control and crash into a bystander who was casually observing the flight. The bystander suffered a ruptured liver and bled to death internally within a short time. In the course of a subsequent lawsuit, it was revealed that the horizontal stabilizer had broken off the plane in a previous flight and had been repaired. Infrared analysis was used to identify the glues used to effect the repair. Microscopic examinations provided evidence of multiple repairs and demonstrated the poor quality of the repairs. This case emphasizes the importance of a careful visual examination of items of evidence as an adjunct to chemical and instrumental analyses.
Analysis of Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): Case Studies
Authors: Nowicki J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful tool for analyzing fire debris samples for the presence of accelerants. By generating ion profiles for specific chemical classes, GC-MS allows conclusive determinations to be made in some situations where GC-FID is insufficient. Three case examples that illustrate the use of GC-MS and ion profile techniques are presented here.
Endotracheal Tube Ignition by Electrocautery During Tracheostomy: Case Report with Autopsy Findings
Authors: Lew EO , Mittleman RE , Murray D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This case of upper airway tract fire resulting from the use of electrocautery during elective tracheostomy has significance for surgeons, anesthetists, and forensic pathologists alike. The major autopsy findings are described and illustrated. Suggestions that may help to prevent or minimize the risk of fire in this context are reviewed.