bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geography and Global Change Science: Relationships Necessary, Absent, and Possible
Authors: CASTREE NOEL 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInitiated by geoscientists, the growing debate about the Anthropocene, ‘planetary boundaries’ and global ‘tipping points’ is a significant opportunity for geographers to reconfigure two things: one is the internal relationships among their discipline's many and varied perspectives (topical, philosophical, and methodological) on the real; the other the discipline's actual and perceived contributions to important issues in the wider society. Yet, without concerted effort and struggle, the opportunity is likely to be used in a ‘safe’ and rather predictable way by only a sub‐set of human‐environment geographers. The socio‐environmental challenges of a post‐Holocene world invite old narratives about Geography's holistic intellectual contributions to be reprised in the present. These narratives speak well to many geoscientists, social scientists, and decision‐makers outside Geography. However, they risk perpetuating an emaciated conception of reality wherein Earth systems and social systems are seen as knowable and manageable if the ‘right’ ensemble of expertise is achieved. I argue that we need to get out from under the shadow of these long‐standing narratives. Using suggestive examples, I make the case for forms of inquiry across the human‐physical ‘divide’ that eschew ontological monism and that serve to reveal the many legitimate cognitive, moral, and aesthetic framings of Earth present and future. Geography is unusual in that the potential for these forms of inquiry to become normalised is high compared with other subjects. This potential will only be taken advantage of if certain human‐environment geographers unaccustomed to engaging the world of geoscience and environmental policy change their modus operandi.
Mobile Adaptation and Sticky Experiments: Circulating Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: WEBBER SOPHIE 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article engages with the recent geographical literature on policy mobilities in order to examine how the World Bank mobilizes climate change adaptation 'best practices'. Drawing from the relational case study of the Kiribati Adaptation Project and the Community Resilience to Climate Change and Disaster Risk in Solomon Islands Project, the article explores the complex and intensive work required for mobilizing lessons and practices. The analytical work required in building the Kiribati Adaptation Project as a World Bank success story and policy model worthy of replication in new sites is demonstrated. However, heeding calls within the policy mobilities literature to avoid fetishizing mobility and attending to the contradictions between global flows and local institutional specificity, the article finds limited evidence of replication in noted sites of emulation. Instead, there is compulsive citation, publication, and circulation of experiences and successes within the World Bank, which operates to build internal and external legitimacy.
Two new species of horse flies in the genera Caenoprosopon and Pseudotabanus (Diptera: Tabanidae) from a remnant coastal rainforest in southern New South Wales
Authors: Ferguson David J , Yeates David K 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTwo new species of horse flies, one in the genus Caenoprosopon Ricardo and one in the genus Pseudotabanus Ricardo, are described from a temperate rainforest on the far south coast of New South Wales. Caenoprosopon niger sp. nov. and P. mackerrasi sp. nov. are diagnosed and illustrated. Revised keys to the species of Caenoprosopon, and the species of the P. distincta species‐group, are provided.
Using morphometrics to quantitatively differentiate African wild dog footprints from domestic dog footprints – a pilot study
Authors: Scharis Inger , Rasmussen Gregory S. A. , Laska Matthias 
Published: February 2015

AbstractReliable population estimation and species inventories are important for wildlife conservation, but such estimations are often difficult due to unreliable identification of the species in question. Furthermore, for predator conflict resolution, it is essential to be able to reliably identify the predator. This study presents a new method to quantitatively distinguish African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) footprints from feral domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) footprints. Footprint photographs were digitally processed using Photoshop and the NIH image processing software ImageJ, and total pad area and angles between the centroids of the backpad and the digits of the paw were measured. Pad angles showed statistically significant differences between the two species and, with the exception that there was no significant difference in pad area between African wild dog females and domestic dog males, total pad areas were also diagnostic. Consequently, the combination of total pad area and the angle between backpad and digits are useful discriminators to reliably identify the species from an unknown footprint.
Review article: cytomegalovirus and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Sager K. , Alam S. , Bond A. , Chinnappan L. , Probert C. S. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe association between ulcerative colitis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been recognised for over 50 years; and the role of CMV in ulcerative colitis in general, and steroid resistance in particular, remains a topic of ongoing controversy. The outcome for patients with CMV reactivation appears worse than that for patients without reactivation, but it is not entirely clear whether CMV is a contributor or a bystander and if treatment with anti‐virals alters the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).AimTo review the role of CMV associated with IBD, including epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management strategies.MethodsBy reviewing literature available on CMV associated with IBD in adult patients. A PubMed literature search was performed using the following terms individually or in combination: CMV colitis, cytomegalovirus colitis, IBD and CMV, CMV treatment.ResultsCytomegalovirus reactivation is common in patients with severe colitis, with a reported prevalence of 4.5–16.6%, and as high as 25% in patients requiring colectomy for severe colitis. The outcome for this group of patients appears worse than that for patients without reactivation; however, reported remission rates following treatment with anti‐viral therapy are as high as 71–86%.ConclusionsEvidence, although not conclusive, supports testing for CMV colonic disease in cases of moderate to severe colitis, by processing biopsies for haematoxylin and eosin staining with immunohistochemistry and/or, CMV DNA real‐time polymerase chain reaction; and if present treating with ganciclovir.
Ontogenetic integration between force production and force reception: a case study inCtenomys(Rodentia: Caviomorpha)
Authors: Vassallo Aldo I. , Becerra Federico , Echeverría Alejandra I. , Casinos Adriá 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDuring ontogeny, complex adaptations undergo changes that sometimes entail different functional capabilities. This fact constrains the behaviour of organisms at each developmental stage. Rodents have ever‐growing incisors for gnawing, and a powerful jaw musculature. The incisors are long enough, relative to their diameter, to be affected by bending stresses. This is particularly true in the subterraneanCtenomysthat uses its incisors for digging. We measured bite force (BF) in individuals of different ages using a force transducer. We estimated incisor section modulusZ, a geometrical parameter proportional to bending strength. A relative strength indicator was calculated asS = Z/BFincisor length. We found that ontogeneticBFscales to body mass with positive allometry. However, ananovashowed non‐significant differences inS, neither between sexes nor among age classes. This result implies that during growth, incisors might have a rather similar ability to withstand bending stresses from increasing masticatory forces, what may be considered evidence of ontogenetic integration of force production (by muscles) and force reception (by the incisors). This fact well correlates with the observation that pups and juveniles ofC. talarumincorporate solid foods shortly after birth, and they are able to dig burrows early in life.
Transcrestal maxillary sinus augmentation: Summers' versus a piezoelectric technique – an experimental cadaver study
Authors: Kühl S. , Kirmeier R. , Platzer S. , Bianco N. , Jakse N. , Payer M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesSinus floor augmentation using transalveolar techniques is a successful and predictable procedure. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of conventional hand instruments using mallets and osteotomes with that of piezoelectric–hydrodynamic devices for maxillary sinus floor elevation.Material and methodsIn 17 undamaged cadaver heads on randomly allocated sites, Schneiderian membrane elevation was carried out transcrestally using piezosurgery and a hydrodynamic device or by conventional hand instrumentation. After simulation of sinus augmentation by the use of a radiopaque impression material, a post‐operative CT scan was carried out and volumes were determined. Statistic significant differences between the two methods were evaluated by nonparametric Mann–Whitney U‐test with P < 0.05.ResultsA mean graft volume of 0.29 ± 0.18 cm3 (0.07–0.60 cm3) was measured for the Summers' technique compared to 0.39 ± 0.32 cm3 (0.05–1.04 cm3) for the Sinus Physiolift® technique. There is no statistically significant difference with regard to trauma to the Schneiderian membrane or augmented volume.ConclusionsBoth techniques generate expedient augmentation volume in the posterior atrophic maxilla. The piezoelectric technique can be recommended as an alternative tool to graft the floor of human maxillary sinuses.
Postoperative changes in telemetry measurements after cochlear implantation and its impact on early activation
Authors: Wolf‐Magele A. , Schnabl J. , Edlinger S. , Pok S.M. , Schoerg P. , Sprinzl G.M. 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionCochlear implantation is a clinically routine treatment for patients with severe sensorineural hearing loss for over 20 years. Up to now, the general recommendation for speech processor activation was 4 weeks after cochlear implantation. The aim of this study was to determine whether activation is possible at <4 weeks postop and to show the postoperative change in telemetry over time.Material and methodsThe study was retrospectively carried out at the Karl Landsteiner University Hospital St. Pölten, Austria. Patients who routinely received a CI between January and August 2013 were included in this study. Two weeks after the surgery clinical complications, the ability to wear the audio processor and the impedance values were analysed.ResultsForty‐five patients were included in this study. Forty patients were examined at the first postoperative visit, scheduled 2 weeks after the surgery. In nine cases, a mild wound‐healing complication occurred; just in one patient, the activation could not carry out immediately. There were no statistically significant differences between the intraoperative, the 2‐ and 6‐week postop impedance measurements for each channel.DiscussionWe used the minimally invasive approach and soft implantation technique in all of our patients and believe this to have been a major reason that earlier activation was possible. With this technique, you can reduce the wound‐healing process, which makes it possible for the wound to heal fully and for the patient to wear the sound processor over the wound without problems. We found out that telemetry is not a predictor for the time of activation.ConclusionBased on the results in this study, an earlier activation can be recommended. This will shorten the time the patient needs to wait following cochlear implantation, and rehabilitation can begin sooner.
Progression of diabetic retinopathy after bariatric surgery
Authors: Murphy R. , Jiang Y. , Booth M. , Babor R. , MacCormick A. , Hammodat H. , Beban G. , Barnes R. M. , Vincent A. L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo assess the impact of bariatric surgery on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes.MethodWe conducted a retrospective, observational study of patients with Type 2 diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2012 and had hospital‐based retinal screening records. Data were collected from four surgical centres. Those who had pre‐operative retinal screening and at least one post‐operative retinal screen were eligible for analysis. A generalized linear mixed model was used to explore significant clinical predictors on the post‐operative grade severity over time, controlling for important baseline characteristics.ResultsThree hundred and eighteen patients were eligible for analysis. Of these, 68.6% had no diabetic retinopathy pre‐operatively compared with 18.9%, 8.5% and 4% with a diabetic retinopathy grade of minimal, mild or moderate and higher, respectively. First post‐operative retinal screening results showed that after surgery 73% had no change in their diabetic retinopathy grade, 11% regressed and 16% progressed. The probability of having a diabetic retinopathy grade of moderate or higher over time post surgery was significantly associated with the magnitude of HbA1c reduction from pre‐surgery HbA1c levels, a shorter post‐operative retinal screening duration, more severe pre‐operative retinal screening grade, male gender and non‐Maori/Pacific ethnicity.ConclusionsA higher pre‐operative diabetic retinopathy grade, and a large decrease in HbA1c post surgery warrant closer monitoring of diabetic retinopathy after bariatric surgery. Further prospective, randomized studies are required to investigate the gender and ethnic differences found.
Exploring the predictability of soil texture and organic matter content with a commercial integrated soil profiling tool
Authors: Wetterlind J. , Piikki K. , Stenberg B. , Söderström M. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIn soil mapping, combining information from conceptually different proximal soil sensors can increase the accuracy of prediction and robustness of the model when compared with using individual sensors. In this study the predictability of soil texture (clay, silt and sand fractions) and soil organic matter (SOM) content was tested with a commercial integrated soil profiling tool that included sensors for measuring apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), reflectance in the visible and near‐infrared (vis‐NIR) parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and insertion force (IF). The measurements were made at 20 locations on each of two Swedish farms. At every location, sensor measurements were made at 1.5‐cm intervals from the soil surface to a depth of 0.8 m. Soil samples were collected close to the sensor measurement points and analysed for texture and SOM content. Farm‐specific calibrations were developed for texture and SOM with each sensor separately and with combinations of all three sensors. The calibrations were made using both partial least squares regression (PLSR) and simple linear regression. The results for the two farms were quite consistent in terms of rank in prediction performance between the individual sensors and the sensor combinations. The vis‐NIR spectrometer was the best individual sensor for predicting the soil properties tested on both farms, with root mean square error of cross‐validation (RMSECV) of 0.3–0.5% for SOM, about 6% for clay and silt and 10–11% for sand. The inclusion of IF reduced the RMSECV for predictions of SOM content by about 10%. For soil texture, including ECa reduced the RMSECV on average for all particle size fractions by 5–10%. However, the small improvements obtained by combining sensors do not provide strong support for combining vis‐NIR sensor measurements with measurements of ECa and or IF.
Short‐term effect of strontium‐ and zinc‐containing toothpastes and mouthrinses on volatile sulphur compounds in morning breath: a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over clinical study
Authors: Soares Léo G. , Jonski Grazyna , Tinoco Eduardo M. B. , Young Alix 
Published: February 2015

Zinc (Zn) reduces the formation of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) associated with oral malodour. Although strontium (Sr) is included in some products for reducing dental hypersensitivity, it may also have anti‐halitosis properties. This randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over clinical study compared the anti‐VSC effect of brushing with commercial toothpastes and rinses containing Zn and Sr. The volunteers (n = 30) either brushed/rinsed with/without tongue brushing using Zn‐containing toothpaste/rinse, Sr‐containing toothpaste/rinse, or placebo (control). Volatile sulphur compounds [hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH)] were measured, in morning breath, using gas chromatography. The anti‐VSC effects of the test toothpastes and test rinses were significantly better than the anti‐VSC effects of the respective controls. Toothbrushing with test toothpastes gave median reductions, compared with the control, of 70% for H2S and 55–57% for CH3SH. Rinsing with the Sr‐ and Zn‐containing solutions had the same anti‐VSC effect as toothbrushing and tooth‐ and tongue brushing with the Sr‐ and Zn‐containing toothpastes. Zinc‐containing rinse resulted in a significantly higher median salivary level of Zn compared with brushing with Zn‐containing toothpaste, although this effect did not correlate with the anti‐VSC effect. It can be concluded that the Sr‐ and Zn‐containing toothpastes and the Zn‐ and Sr‐containing rinses, when used in the evening, are equally effective in reducing morning‐breath VSCs the following day.
Fracture resistance of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing‐generated composite resin‐based molar crowns
Authors: Harada Akio , Nakamura Keisuke , Kanno Taro , Inagaki Ryoichi , Örtengren Ulf , Niwano Yoshimi , Sasaki Keiichi , Egusa Hiroshi 
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate whether different fabrication processes, such as the computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system or the manual build‐up technique, affect the fracture resistance of composite resin‐based crowns. Lava Ultimate (LU), Estenia C&B (EC&B), and lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic IPS e.max press (EMP) were used. Four types of molar crowns were fabricated: CAD/CAM‐generated composite resin‐based crowns (LU crowns); manually built‐up monolayer composite resin‐based crowns (EC&B‐monolayer crowns); manually built‐up layered composite resin‐based crowns (EC&B‐layered crowns); and EMP crowns. Each type of crown was cemented to dies and the fracture resistance was tested. EC&B‐layered crowns showed significantly lower fracture resistance compared with LU and EMP crowns, although there was no significant difference in flexural strength or fracture toughness between LU and EC&B materials. Micro‐computed tomography and fractographic analysis showed that decreased strength probably resulted from internal voids in the EC&B‐layered crowns introduced by the layering process. There was no significant difference in fracture resistance among LU, EC&B‐monolayer, and EMP crowns. Both types of composite resin‐based crowns showed fracture loads of >2000 N, which is higher than the molar bite force. Therefore, CAD/CAM‐generated crowns, without internal defects, may be applied to molar regions with sufficient fracture resistance.
Experimental evolution reveals high insecticide tolerance in Daphnia inhabiting farmland ponds
Authors: Jansen Mieke , Coors Anja , Vanoverbeke Joost , Schepens Melissa , De Voogt Pim , De Schamphelaere Karel A. C. , De Meester Luc 
Published: February 2015

AbstractExposure of nontarget populations to agricultural chemicals is an important aspect of global change. We quantified the capacity of natural Daphnia magna populations to locally adapt to insecticide exposure through a selection experiment involving carbaryl exposure and a control. Carbaryl tolerance after selection under carbaryl exposure did not increase significantly compared to the tolerance of the original field populations. However, there was evolution of a decreased tolerance in the control experimental populations compared to the original field populations. The magnitude of this decrease was positively correlated with land use intensity in the neighbourhood of the ponds from which the original populations were sampled. The genetic change in carbaryl tolerance in the control rather than in the carbaryl treatment suggests widespread selection for insecticide tolerance in the field associated with land use intensity and suggests that this evolution comes at a cost. Our data suggest a strong impact of current agricultural land use on nontarget natural Daphnia populations.
Fifty years of the asebia mouse: origins, insights and contemporary developments
Authors: Schneider Marlon R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFirst described as an alopecic spontaneous mutant mouse line lacking sebaceous glands in a publication in Science in 1965 by Allen H. Gates and Marvin Karasek, asebia mice soon became a popular tool for rodent sebaceous gland research. In addition to the study of sebaceous lipids, the original asebia mice and subsequent allelic mutations were widely employed to examine the influence of the sebaceous gland on hair growth, epidermal proliferation, dermal inflammation and skin carcinogenesis, among other aspects. With the identification of Scd1 gene mutations as the genetic basis of the asebia phenotype and with the advent of more refined methods for manipulating the mouse genome, asebia mice progressively lost importance. However, they contributed to, or even provided the initial spark for, several current research topics. These include the role of the sebaceous gland in hair shaft–sheath interaction and its significance for cicatricial alopecia, and the antimicrobial activity of sebum. Furthermore, mice with skin‐specific deletion of SCD1, which have increased energy expenditure and are protected from high fat diet‐induced obesity, provided novel insights into the crosstalk between the skin and peripheral tissues in maintaining energy homeostasis. In briefly reviewing its story, this commentary pays tribute to asebia mice and to the original publication in its golden anniversary year.
Sex differentiation and sex determination in eels: consequences for management
Authors: Geffroy Benjamin , Bardonnet Agnès 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe aim of this review is to present an overview of the sex differentiation and sex determination processes in eels in relation to the urgent need to provide scientific knowledge to better protect and manage the Anguilla genus. Indeed, the global decline of the three main temperate eel stocks, Anguilla anguilla, Anguillidae (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2003, 10, 365); Anguilla japonica, Anguillidae (Casselman, Eel Biology, Springer Japan, 2003, 293) and Anguilla rostrata, Anguillidae (Tatsukawa, Eel Biology, Springer, Japan, 2003, 255), raises concerns about the necessity to better understand all stages of the life cycle of eels (Righton and Walker, Journal of Fish Biology, 2013, 83, 754). Little is known about the mechanisms involved in the production of males and females in this species with environmental sex determination. Previous reviews identifying the density of individuals as the major factor influencing sex determination were undertaken (Krueger and Oliveira, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 1999, 55, 381; Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2005, 15, 37). Here, we review the current advances on the subject, focusing on the roles of early growth rate and interindividual relationships, which are mechanisms underpinned by density, as well as the sex differentiation process, and we question how this knowledge might influence global conservation measures.