bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Postgraduate Medical Education “Boot Camps” on Clinical Skills, Knowledge, and Confidence: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Blackmore Christopher , Austin Janice , Lopushinsky Steven R , Donnon Tyrone 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background
Throughout their medical education, learners face multiple transition periods associated with increased demands, producing stress and concern about the adequacy of their skills for their new role.

Objective
We evaluated the effectiveness of boot camps in improving clinical skills, knowledge, and confidence during transitions into postgraduate or discipline-specific residency programs.

Methods
Boot camps are in-training courses combining simulation-based practice with other educational methods to enhance learning and preparation for individuals entering new clinical roles. We performed a search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and ERIC using boot camp and comparable search terms. Inclusion criteria included studies that reported on medical education boot camps, involved learners entering new clinical roles in North American programs, and reported empirical data on the effectiveness of boot camps to improve clinical skills, knowledge, and/or confidence. A random effects model meta-analysis was performed to combined mean effect size differences (Cohen's d) across studies based on pretest/posttest or comparison group analyses.

Results
The search returned 1096 articles, 15 of which met all inclusion criteria. Combined effect size estimates showed learners who completed boot camp courses had significantly “large” improvements in clinical skills (d  =  1.78; 95% CI 1.33–2.22; P &lt; .001), knowledge (d  =  2.08; 95% CI 1.20–2.96; P &lt; .001), and confidence (d  =  1.89; 95% CI 1.63–2.15; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Boot camps were shown as an effective educational strategy to improve learners' clinical skills, knowledge, and confidence. Focus on pretest/posttest research designs limits the strength of these findings.
Effects of Fatigue on Driving Safety: A Comparison of Brake Reaction Times in Night Float and Postcall Physicians in Training
Authors: Talusan Paul G. , Long Theodore , Halim Andrea , Guliani Laura , Carroll Nicole , Reach John 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background
Concerns about duty hour and resident safety have fostered discussion about postshift fatigue and driving impairment.

Objective
We assessed how converting to a night float schedule for overnight coverage affected driving safety for trainees.

Methods
Brake reaction times were measured for internal medicine and orthopaedic surgery resident volunteers after a traditional 28-hour call shift and after a night float shift. We conducted matched paired t tests of preshift and postshift reaction time means. Participants also completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale pre- and postshift.

Results
From June to July 2013, we enrolled 58 interns and residents (28 orthopaedic surgery, 30 internal medicine). We included 24 (41%) trainees on night float rotations and 34 (59%) trainees on traditional 28-hour call shifts. For all residents on night float rotations, there was no significant difference pre- and postshift. An increase in reaction times was noted among trainees on 28-hour call rotations. This included no effect on reaction times for internal medicine trainees pre- and postshift, and an increase in reaction times for orthopaedic trainees. For both night float and traditional call groups, there were significant increases in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

Conclusions
Trainees on traditional 28-hour call rotations had significantly worse postshift brake reaction times, whereas trainees on night float rotations had no difference. Orthopaedic trainees had significant differences in brake reaction times after a traditional call shift.
Het einde van de literatuur?
Authors: Dorleijn Gillis 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Rejecting internal analyses of the end of literature like the one by William Marx, the article argues that in order to assess the current position of literature an external scope is paramount. The book market seems to be the proper context to analyze the phenomenon literature. On the basis of recent research on literary institutions and using the latest data concerning trends in the book market, it is shown that the selling of books in the Netherlands has decreased significantly, and, moreover, that the function and use of literature in the age of new media has changed considerably. Yet, allegations vis-à-vis the market having marginalized literature and the predominance of a media-driven mass culture can easily lead to unfounded presentism. It is argued that the perspective might be reversed by looking at the literary past from the 19th century onwards as a period in which market, commercial drives and media culture came to the fore as well. This approach may result in a more encompassing attention to the societal embeddedness of literary culture, past and present.
Terug naar de tekst – maar waarom zouden we?
Authors: Grüttemeier Ralf 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Though claims of a crisis in Dutch literary studies are in the air, the diagnosis is far from clear. Against this background, the article argues that first of all, systematic research into the practices and dynamics of knowledge production and knowledge dissemination in literary studies from a historical perspective is needed. As a step into this direction the article undertakes a case study of the explicit motivations of research on textual transformations in the Netherlands of the last 40 years. The findings are placed into the context of what seem to be general tendencies of the discipline over the last decades, touching among other things upon general discussions of quality standards in the humanities.
‘De vraag is deze: waarom is een akademisch neerlandicus zulk een heel ander mens dan een nederlands letterkundige?’
Authors: Winkler Marieke 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The interrelation of public and academic literary criticism often leads to controversy within the literary field, especially when writers obtain an academic position. As Jo Tollebeek showed in Mannen van karakter (2011) and Nico Laan in Het belang van smaak (1996), the competition between the academic and public discourse on literature is inherent to the history of literary studies. What are the criteria for distinguishing public and academic criticism?
This question is examined for the period 1925-1935 by taking the professorship of the poet and critic Albert Verwey (1865-1937) as a case study. Verwey legitimated his academic position by referring to Shelley and the concept of ‘imagination’ as a special source of knowledge. By doing so he presented an artistic and philosophical argument for appointing a poet as a professor of literature. Additionally, ten years later, Verwey revealed that he accepted the position in order to change the way literature was represented by traditional historiography. How did the activities of the poet, critic and academic relate to each other? How did Verwey position himself within, or in between, the academic and the public discourse on literature? And why does Verweys positioning problematize the relation between academic and non-academic literary criticism?
Surrealism in André Breton’s Nadja
Authors: Kadiu Silvia 
Published: October 2014

This close reading of André Breton’s Nadja (1928) examines the role of the title character in the development and evolution of Breton’s surrealist aspirations. Drawing from the theories presented in The Manifestoes of Surrealism (1924), it shows that Nadja epitomizes both the aesthetic fulfillment and political limits of Breton’s surrealist ideas, thus prefiguring the author’s political detachment in the years following the writing of the novel.
Criminaliteit en traditionele Chinese medicijnen
Authors: van Uhm Daan 
Published: October 2014

Crime and traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is deeply rooted in the Chinese culture. Although thousands of animal and plant species are used for medicines legally, some medications contain more sinister elements; illegal animal or plant ingredients of protected species. What is the origin of this demand for rare species as medicine, who are involved in the trade and why is law enforcement complicated? This article will show that the illicit trade in TCM is a form of crime that transcends the borders of China and manifests itself in Western Europe. Various aspects of the trade are highlighted, including criminalization of the use of endangered species, western anthropocentrism and the cultural use of medicine, to understand this relatively invisible crime.
Het tijdelijk verlaten van de gevangenis in België
Authors: Robert Luc , Mine Benjamin 
Published: October 2014

Temporary leave from prison in Belgium. Prison furlough and home leave for convicted prisoners
In this article, the Belgian system of temporary leave from prison is presented. The main modalities of temporary leave in Belgium are the prison furlough and home leave. Recently, new legislation has brought about a new regulatory framework for the release system, including these modalities. The definition of these modalities and the decision making process are presented.
Ben ik van Mars? Evaluatie van het Halt-project ‘De ander en ik’ tegen radicalisering en polarisatie in Limburg
Authors: Quint Hani 
Published: October 2014

Qualitative evaluation of an education kit against radicalization for juveniles
Halt is a Dutch organization for enforcement of alternative punishment given tot juveniles and prevention activities, like for example advisory services and educational programmes. In the context of the Government action programme Polarization and Radicalization – a programme to reduce the chances of people to become a radical or even a terrorist − the Halt offices in Limburg in cooperation with the KPC Group developed an education kit of six lessons meant for juveniles (primary school and secondary education). The lessons are given by Halt fellow workers and the teacher of the class is there for give them support and to observe the lessons. This project is qualitatively evaluated and the conclusion is as follows. The reason for the project is not located in a problem of radicalization, the final target group is more restricted than intended and in the implementation the words radicalization and polarization may not be used. Is it then a good educational package? Yes, say different Halt employees, but not for the problem raised, because that problem is not identified by them.
Ethische rechtvaardigingen voor preventieve interventies bij radicalisering
Authors: van Gorp Anke , Roosendaal Arnold 
Published: October 2014

A moral justification of preventive interventions in radicalisation
Preventive interventions against terrorist attacks can be justified on legal and moral grounds. The Dutch broad-based approach against terrorism also addresses radicalizations processes. It is, however, hard to justify why a government in a liberal democracy should be allowed to intervene in processes of radicalization where danger to society is not obvious. A reason to justify intervention is when a (former) radical asks for help. Theories based on the ideas of Kant and Rawls also allow for intervention if an individual’s autonomy is diminished because he is member of a sect or under the spell of a charismatic leader. Other interventions with regard to (prevention of) radicalization cannot be justified by deontological theories such as Kant’s and Rawls’. Virtue ethics or teleology would, however, allow interventions but only if they are geared towards helping the individual in their quest to the good life. This justification allows for interventions that are, for example, focused on supporting individuals to critically reflect, reason and discuss about the good life and a just society. Based on the teleological justification constraints can be derived for preventive interventions with regard to radicalization or even deradicalisation. Notice that individuals cannot be forced to join these programs because there is no legal basis.
THEMIS measurements of quasi‐static electric fields in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Califf S. , Li X. , Blum L. , Jaynes A. , Schiller Q. , Zhao H. , Malaspina D. , Hartinger M. , Wolf R. A. , Rowland D. E. , Wygant J. R. , Bonnell J. W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe use 4 years of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) double‐probe measurements to offer, for the first time, a complete picture of the dawn‐dusk electric field covering all local times and radial distances in the inner magnetosphere based on in situ equatorial observations. This study is motivated by the results from the CRRES mission, which revealed a local maximum in the electric field developing near Earth during storm times, rather than the expected enhancement at higher L shells that is shielded near Earth as suggested by the Volland‐Stern model. The CRRES observations were limited to the duskside, while THEMIS provides complete local time coverage. We show strong agreement with the CRRES results on the duskside, with a local maximum near L = 4 for moderate levels of geomagnetic activity and evidence of strong electric fields inside L = 3 during the most active times. The extensive data set from THEMIS also confirms the day/night asymmetry on the duskside, where the enhancement is closest to Earth in the dusk‐midnight sector, and is farther away closer to noon. A similar, but smaller in magnitude, local maximum is observed on the dawnside near L = 4. The noon sector shows the smallest average electric fields, and for more active times, the enhancement develops near L = 7 rather than L = 4. We also investigate the impact of the uncertain boom‐shorting factor on the results and show that while the absolute magnitude of the electric field may be underestimated, the trends with geomagnetic activity remain intact.
On depressurization of volcanic magma reservoirs by passive degassing
Authors: Girona Társilo , Costa Fidel , Newhall Chris , Taisne Benoit 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMany active volcanoes around the world alternate episodes of unrest and mildly explosive eruptions with quiescent periods dominated by abundant but passive gas emissions. These are the so‐called persistently degassing volcanoes, and well‐known examples are Mayon (Philippines) and Etna (Italy). Here, we develop a new lumped‐parameter model to investigate by how much the gas released during quiescence can decrease the pressure within persistently degassing volcanoes. Our model is driven by the gas fluxes measured with monitoring systems and takes into account the size of the conduit and reservoir, the viscoelastic response of the crust, the magma density change, the bubble exsolution and expansion at depth, and the hydraulic connectivity between reservoirs and deeper magma sources. A key new finding is that, for a vast majority of scenarios, passive degassing reduces the pressure of shallow magma reservoirs by several MPa in only a few months or years, that is, within the intereruptive timescales of persistently degassing volcanoes. Degassing‐induced depressurization could be responsible for the subsidence observed at some volcanoes during quiescence (e.g., at Satsuma‐Iwojima and Asama, in Japan; Masaya, in Nicaragua; and Llaima, in Chile), and could play a crucial role in the onset and development of the physical processes which may in turn culminate in new unrest episodes and eruptions. For example, degassing‐induced depressurization could promote magma replenishment, induce massive and sudden gas exsolution at depth, and trigger the collapse of the crater floor and reservoir roof.
Initiation, maintenance, and properties of convection in an extreme rainfall event during SCMREX: Observational analysis
Authors: Wang Hui , Luo Yali , Jou Ben Jong‐Dao 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA long‐lived mesoscale convective system (MCS) with extreme rainfall over the western coastal region of Guangdong on 10 May 2013 during the Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SCMREX) is studied. The environmental conditions are characterized by little convective inhibition, low‐lifting condensation level, moderate convective available potential energy and precipitable water, and lack of low‐level jets from the tropical ocean. Repeated convective back building and subsequent northeastward “echo training” of convective cells are found during the MCS's development stages. However, the initiation/maintenance factors and organization of convection differ significantly during the earlier and later stages. From midnight to early morning, convection is continuously initiated as southeasterly flows near the surface impinge on the east side of mesoscale mountains near the coastal lines and then moves northeastward, leading to formation of two quasi‐stationary rainbands. From early morning to early afternoon, new convection is repeatedly triggered along a mesoscale boundary between precipitation‐induced cold outflows and warm air from South China Sea and Gulf of Tokin, resulting in the formation of “band training” of several parallel rainbands that move eastward in a later time, i.e., two scales of “training” of convective elements are found. As the MCS dissipates, a stronger squall line moves into the region from the west and passes over within about 3.5 h, contributing about 10%–15% to the total rainfall amount. It is concluded that terrain, near‐surface winds, warm advection from the upstream ocean in the boundary layer, and precipitation‐generated cold outflows play important roles in initiating and maintaining the extreme rain‐producing MCS.
Black carbon and other light‐absorbing particles in snow of central North America
Authors: Doherty Sarah J. , Dang Cheng , Hegg Dean A. , Zhang Rudong , Warren Stephen G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractVertical profiles of light‐absorbing particles in seasonal snow were sampled from 67 North American sites. Over 500 snow samples and 55 soil samples from these sites were optically analyzed for spectrally resolved visible light absorption. The optical measurements were used to estimate black carbon (BC) mixing ratios in snow (), contributions to absorption by BC and non‐BC particles, and the absorption Ångström exponent of particles in snow and local soil. Sites in Canada tended to have the lowest BC mixing ratios (typically ~5–35 ng g−1), with somewhat higher in the Pacific Northwest (typically ~5–40 ng g−1) and Intramountain Northwest (typically 10–50 ng g−1). The Northern U.S. Plains sites were the dirtiest, with typically ~15–70 ng g−1 and multiple sample layers with >100 ng g−1 BC in snow. Snow water samples were also chemically analyzed for standard anions, selected carbohydrates, and various elements. The chemical and optical data were input to a Positive Matrix Factorization analysis of the sources of particulate light absorption. These were soil, biomass/biofuel burning, and fossil fuel pollution. Comparable analyses have been conducted for the Arctic and North China, providing a broad, internally consistent data set. As in North China, soil is a significant contributor to snow particulate light absorption in the Great Plains. We also examine the concentrations and sources of snow particulate light absorption across a latitudinal transect from the northern U.S. Great Plains to Arctic Canada by combining the current data with our earlier Arctic survey.
A new synoptic scale resolving global climate simulation using the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Small R. Justin , Bacmeister Julio , Bailey David , Baker Allison , Bishop Stuart , Bryan Frank , Caron Julie , Dennis John , Gent Peter , Hsu Hsiao‐ming , Jochum Markus , Lawrence David , Muñoz Ernesto , diNezio Pedro , Scheitlin Tim , Tomas Robert , Tribbia Joseph , Tseng Yu‐heng , Vertenstein Mariana 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHigh‐resolution global climate modeling holds the promise of capturing planetary‐scale climate modes and small‐scale (regional and sometimes extreme) features simultaneously, including their mutual interaction. This paper discusses a new state‐of‐the‐art high‐resolution Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulation that was performed with these goals in mind. The atmospheric component was at 0.25° grid spacing, and ocean component at 0.1°. One hundred years of “present‐day” simulation were completed. Major results were that annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific and El‐Niño Southern Oscillation variability were well simulated compared to standard resolution models. Tropical and southern Atlantic SST also had much reduced bias compared to previous versions of the model. In addition, the high resolution of the model enabled small‐scale features of the climate system to be represented, such as air‐sea interaction over ocean frontal zones, mesoscale systems generated by the Rockies, and Tropical Cyclones. Associated single component runs and standard resolution coupled runs are used to help attribute the strengths and weaknesses of the fully coupled run. The high‐resolution run employed 23,404 cores, costing 250 thousand processor‐hours per simulated year and made about two simulated years per day on the NCAR‐Wyoming supercomputer “Yellowstone.”
Reagent Preparation: Theoretical and Practical Discussions
Authors: Chakravarti Deb N. , Chakravarti Bulbul , Mallik Buddhadeb 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOne of the most important requirements for success with any biochemical protocol is the accurate preparation of reagents. This unit provides general guidelines for the preparation of reagents, including use of clean glass‐ and plasticware, use of high‐purity reagents, safe handling of chemicals and biochemicals, use of high‐purity distilled or deionized water, and avoidance of chemical or microbial contamination. Different units of concentration used for preparation of reagents or buffer solutions are described. This unit also includes a section for the preparation of buffer solutions with a practical example. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Multifunctional 3‐Amino‐4‐phosphono‐2‐quinolinones via Regioselective Ring Enlargement of Imino Isatins
Authors: Wen Xiaojing , Chen Jing , Peng Yungui 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMultifunctional 3‐amino‐4‐dialkylphosphono‐2‐quinolinones have been prepared by “one‐pot” nucleophilic addition and regioselective ring enlargement of imino isatins. The addition reaction between imino isatins and dialkyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate proceeds smoothly using potassium carbonate as a catalyst, and a subsequent regioselective ring expansion promotes by salicylic acid to afford the desired products in high yields.magnified image
Life‐span carcinogenicity studies on Sprague–Dawley rats exposed to γ‐radiation: Design of the project and report on the tumor occurrence after post‐natal radiation exposure (6 weeks of age) delivered in a single acute exposure
Authors: Soffritti Morando , Tibaldi Eva , Bua Luciano , Padovani Michela , Falcioni Laura , Lauriola Michelina , Manservigi Marco , Manservisi Fabiana , Belpoggi Fiorella 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundExperimental long‐term carcinogenicity bioassays conducted on rats and mice proved that ionizing radiation can induce a variety of tumor types. However few studies have been conducted on rats.MethodsThis report deals with the effects of γ‐radiation in groups of 416–1,051 6‐weeks old Sprague–Dawley rats exposed to 0, 0.1, 1, or 3 Gy of γ‐radiation delivered in a single acute exposure. The experiment lasted for the animals' lifespan and all were necropsied and underwent full histopathological evaluation.ResultsThe results confirm the dose‐related carcinogenic effects of γ‐radiation for several organs and tissues. Moreover they indicate that exposure to 0.1 Gy induces a statistically significant increased incidence in Zymbal gland carcinomas and pancreas islet cell carcinomas in females.ConclusionsOur data show that exposure to γ‐radiation induces carcinogenic effects at all tested doses. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:46–60, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.