bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of fluid flow, cooling and deformation as recorded by40Ar/39Ar, Rb–Sr and zircon fission track ages in very low- to low-grade metamorphic rocks in Avalonian SE Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia, Canada)
Authors: WILLNER ARNE P. , BARR SANDRA M. , GLODNY JOHANNES , MASSONNE HANS-JOACHIM , SUDO MASAFUMI , THOMSON STUART N. , VAN STAAL CEES R. , WHITE CHRIS E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract40Ar/39Arin situUV laser ablation of white mica, Rb–Sr mineral isochrons and zircon fission track dating were applied to determine ages of very low- to low-grade metamorphic processes at 3.5±0.4 kbar, 280±30°C in the Avalonian Mira terrane of SE Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia). The Mira terrane comprises Neoproterozoic volcanic-arc rocks overlain by Cambrian sedimentary rocks. Crystallization of metamorphic white mica was dated in six metavolcanic samples by40Ar/39Ar spot age peaks between 396±3 and 363±14 Ma. Rb–Sr systematics of minerals and mineral aggregates yielded two isochrons at 389±7 Ma and 365±8 Ma, corroborating equilibrium conditions during very low- to low-grade metamorphism. The dated white mica is oriented parallel to foliations produced by sinistral strike-slip faulting and/or folding related to the Middle–Late Devonian transpressive assembly of Avalonian terranes during convergence and emplacement of the neighbouring Meguma terrane. Exhumation occurred earlier in the NW Mira terrane than in the SE. Transpression was related to the closure of the Rheic Ocean between Gondwana and Laurussia by NW-directed convergence. The40Ar/39Ar spot age spectra also display relict age peaks at 477–465 Ma, 439 Ma and 420–428 Ma attributed to deformation and fluid access, possibly related to the collision of Avalonia with composite Laurentia or to earlier Ordovician–Silurian rifting. Fission track ages of zircon from Mira terrane samples range between 242±18 and 225±21 Ma and reflect late Palaeozoic reburial and reheating close to previous peak metamorphic temperatures under fluid-absent conditions during rifting prior to opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean.
Diversity of thraustochytrid protists isolated from brown alga,Sargassum cinereumusing 18S rDNA sequencing and their morphological response to heavy metals
Authors: Damare Varada S. 
Published: November 2014

Thraustochytrids, the exclusively marine organisms of kingdom Stramenopila and a source of essential fatty acids in the marine milieu, possess an osmoheterotrophic mode of nutrition and are therefore affected by type and source of available organic matter and pollution. To study their response to heavy metal pollution, they were isolated from the brown algaSargassum cinereumfrom the coastal waters of Dona Paula, Goa, India. A total of 22 isolates were obtained from two samples collected during February and March 2012. Based on their 18S rRNA gene sequencing, the majority of the isolates were identified asThraustochytrium kinnei. The rest were identified to beSicyoidochytrium minutum,Ulkenia visurgensisand species ofThraustochytriumandAurantiochytrium. Six isolates were screened for various enzymatic activities. Characteristic and distinctive enzyme profile was obtained from isolates of different genera. All isolates were also screened for their tolerance to heavy metals. They showed good growth in the presence of Mn2+. The other metals that were tolerated by most of the isolates were in the order Ni2+ > Cr6+ > Zn2+. Seven isolates grew in the presence of Cu2+, and six in the presence of Cd2+. The isolates growing on metals showed vast differences from their normal morphology such as small colony size, shrunken cells etc. Scanning electron micrographs revealed holes or depressions in the cell wall in the presence of metals. On the whole, the isolates belonging toUlkenia visurgensisandAurantiochytriumsp. showed tolerance to more metals thanThraustochytrium kinnei. Cluster analysis showed no peculiar trend of metal tolerance to any particular genus as the characters were scattered in the clusters.
Cumulative (Dis)advantage? The Impact of Labour Market Policies on Late Career Employment from a Life Course Perspective
Authors: BENNETT JENNY , MÖHRING KATJA 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe investigate the labour market situation of older individuals in Europe in relation to their previous employment history as well as the regulations relating to employment protection legislation and early retirement. Specifically, we look at the competing risks of early retirement and late career unemployment. The central research question is whether policy effects differ according to the characteristics of an individual's previous work history. We employ data for twelve European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) and estimate multilevel regression models. The results show different mechanisms for the risks of unemployment and early retirement. Late career unemployment results from individual factors related to fragmented careers, marginal employment and short tenures. In the case of early retirement, we find the interplay of individual and policy factors to be crucial. Persons with consistent careers have an increased probability of early retirement, but only in countries with generous early retirement benefits. However, employment protection legislation appears to counteract early retirement for this group of individuals. We conclude that policy factors do not have uniform effects for older individuals, but should rather be viewed against the background of previous developments in individual career paths.
Expression and localization of Nlrp4g in mouse preimplantation embryo
Authors: Peng Hui , Lin Xiujiao , Li Wenhao , Zhang Wenchang 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe Nlrp gene family contains 20 members and plays a pivotal role in the innate immune and reproductive systems in the mouse. During evolution, seven Nlrp4 gene copies (named from Nlrp4a to Nlrp4g). Nlrp4a–Nlrp4g have arisen that display specific or preferential ovarian expression patterns. However, the expression pattern and localization of Nlrp4g in mouse preimplantation embryo development are unknown. Here we report that Nlrp4g was highly expressed in mature oocytes and zygotes, then downregulated and not detected after the 2-cell embryo stage. NLRP4G protein remained present through the blastocyst stage and was mainly localized in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, overexpression of Nlrp4g in zygotes did not affect normal development in terms of the rate of blastocyst formation. These results provide the first evidence that NLRP4G is a maternal factor that may play essential role during zygotic genome activation in the mouse.
Factors Associated with the Intention of Health Care Personnel to Respond to a Disaster
Authors: Connor Susan B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroductionOver the past decade, numerous groups of researchers have studied the willingness of health care personnel (HCP) to respond when a disaster threatens the health of a community. Not one of those studies reported that 100% of HCP were willing to work during a public-health event (PHE).ProblemThe objective of this study was to explore factors associated with the intent of HCP to respond to a future PHE.MethodsThe theory of planned behavior (TPB) framed this cross-sectional study. Data were obtained via a web-based survey from 305 HCP. Linear associations between the TPB-based predictor and outcome variables were examined using Pearson's correlations. Differences between two groups of HCP were calculated using independentttests. A model-generating approach was used to develop and assess a series of TBP-based observed variable structural equation models for prediction of intent to respond to a future PHE and to explore moderating and mediating effects.ResultsThe beginning patterns of relationships identified by the correlation matrix andttests were evident in the final structural equation model, even though the patterns of prediction differed from those posited by the theory. Outcome beliefs had both a significant, direct effect on intention and an indirect effect on intention that was mediated by perceived behavioral control. Control beliefs appeared to influence intention through perceived behavioral control, as posited by the TPB, and unexpectedly through subjective norm. Subjective norm not only mediated the relationship between control beliefs and intention, but also the relationship between referent beliefs and intention. Additionally, professional affiliation seemed to have a moderating effect on intention.ConclusionThe intention to respond was influenced primarily by normative and control factors. The intent of nurses to respond to a future PHE was influenced most by the control factors, whereas the intent of other HCP was shaped more by the normative factors. Health care educators can bolster the normative and control factors through education by focusing on team building and knowledge related to accessing supplies and support needed to respond when a disaster occurs.ConnorSB.Factors associated with the intention of health care personnel to respond to a disaster.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(6):1-6.
Meal types as sources for intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains among Norwegian adults
Authors: Myhre Jannicke B , Løken Elin B , Wandel Margareta , Andersen Lene F 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo study how different meals contribute to intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains in a group of Norwegian adults and in subgroups of this population. Moreover, to investigate the consequences of skipping the meal contributing most to the intake of each food group (main contributing meal).DesignCross-sectional dietary survey in Norwegian adults. Dietary data were collected using two non-consecutive telephone-administered 24 h recalls. The recorded meal types were breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper/evening meal and snacks.SettingNationwide, Norway (2010–2011).SubjectsAdults aged 18–70 years (n 1787).ResultsDinner was the main contributing meal for fish and vegetables, while snacks were the main contributing meal for fruit intake. For whole grains, breakfast was the main contributing meal. The main contributing meal did not change for any of the food groups when studying subgroups of the participants according to intake of each food group, educational level or age. A substantially lower intake of the food groups in question was found on days when the main contributing meal was skipped.ConclusionsIntakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains largely depend on one meal type. Inclusion of these foods in other meals in addition to the main contributing meal, preferably replacing energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, should be promoted.
CONVOLUTION OF ORBITAL MEASURES ON SYMMETRIC SPACES OF TYPE AND
Authors: GRACZYK P. , SAWYER P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe study the absolute continuity of the convolution ${\it\delta}_{e^{X}}^{\natural }\star {\it\delta}_{e^{Y}}^{\natural }$ of two orbital measures on the symmetric spaces $\mathbf{SO}_{0}(p,p)/\mathbf{SO}(p)\times \mathbf{SO}(p)$, $\mathbf{SU}(p,p)/\mathbf{S}(\mathbf{U}(p)\times \mathbf{U}(p))$ and $\mathbf{Sp}(p,p)/\mathbf{Sp}(p)\times \mathbf{Sp}(p)$. We prove sharp conditions on $X$, $Y\in \mathfrak{a}$ for the existence of the density of the convolution measure. This measure intervenes in the product formula for the spherical functions.
CHEBYSHEV SETS
Authors: FLETCHER JAMES , MOORS WARREN B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA Chebyshev set is a subset of a normed linear space that admits unique best approximations. In the first part of this paper we present some basic results concerning Chebyshev sets. In particular, we investigate properties of the metric projection map, sufficient conditions for a subset of a normed linear space to be a Chebyshev set, and sufficient conditions for a Chebyshev set to be convex. In the second half of the paper we present a construction of a nonconvex Chebyshev subset of an inner product space.
Extending medium-range predictability of extreme hydrological events in Europe
Authors: Lavers David A. , Pappenberger Florian , Zsoter Ervin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWidespread flooding occurred across northwest Europe during the winter of 2013/14, resulting in large socioeconomic damages. In the historical record, extreme hydrological events have been connected with intense water vapour transport. Here we show that water vapour transport has higher medium-range predictability compared with precipitation in the winter 2013/14 forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Applying the concept of potential predictability, the transport is found to extend the forecast horizon by 3 days in some European regions. Our results suggest that the breakdown in precipitation predictability is due to uncertainty in the horizontal mass convergence location, an essential mechanism for precipitation generation. Furthermore, the predictability increases with larger spatial averages. Given the strong association between precipitation and water vapour transport, especially for extreme events, we conclude that the higher transport predictability could be used as a model diagnostic to increase preparedness for extreme hydrological events.
Maxwell's Daemon: Information versus Particle Statistics
Authors: Plesch Martin , Dahlsten Oscar , Goold John , Vedral Vlatko 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMaxwell's daemon is a popular personification of a principle connecting information gain and extractable work in thermodynamics. A Szilard Engine is a particular hypothetical realization of Maxwell's daemon, which is able to extract work from a single thermal reservoir by measuring the position of particle(s) within the system. Here we investigate the role of particle statistics in the whole process; namely, how the extractable work changes if instead of classical particles fermions or bosons are used as the working medium. We give a unifying argument for the optimal work in the different cases: the extractable work is determined solely by the information gain of the initial measurement, as measured by the mutual information, regardless of the number and type of particles which constitute the working substance.
Neuroprotection by Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid, in Ischemic Brain Injury Involves the Nrf2/HO-1 defense Pathway
Authors: Ding Yi , Chen MinChun , Wang Min , Wang MingMing , Zhang Tiejun , Park Jongsun , Zhu YanRong , Guo Chao , Jia YanYan , Li YuWen , Wen AiDong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractStroke is a complex disease involved oxidative stress-related pathways in its pathogenesis. The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway has been considered a potential target for neuroprotection in stroke. Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid (AKBA) is an active triterpenoid compound from the extract of Boswellia serrate. The present study was to determine whether AKBA, a novel Nrf2 activator, can protect against cerebral ischemic injury. The stroke model was produced in Sprague–Dawley rats via middle cerebral artery occlusion. To model ischemia-like conditions in vitro, primary cultured cortical neurons were exposed to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Treatment of AKBA significantly reduced infarct volumes and apoptotic cells and also increased neurologic scores by elevating the Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in brain tissues in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats at 48 hours post reperfusion. In primary cultured neurons, AKBA increased the Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, which provided protection against OGD-induced oxidative insult. Additionally, AKBA treatment increased Nrf2 binding activity to antioxidant-response elements (ARE). The protective effect of AKBA was attenuated by knockdown of Nrf2 or HO-1. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that AKBA protects neurons against ischemic injury and this neuroprotective effect involves the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
Application of a novel regulatable Cre recombinase system to define the role of liver and gut metabolism in drug oral bioavailability
Authors: Henderson Colin J. , McLaughlin Lesley A. , Osuna-Cabello Maria , Taylor Malcolm , Gilbert Ian , McLaren Aileen W. , Wolf C. Roland 
Published: November 2014

The relative contribution of hepatic compared with intestinal oxidative metabolism is a crucial factor in drug oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Oxidative metabolism is mediated by the cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase system to which cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) is the essential electron donor. In order to study the relative importance of these pathways in drug disposition, we have generated a novel mouse line where Cre recombinase is driven off the endogenous Cyp1a1 gene promoter; this line was then crossed on to a floxed POR mouse. A 40 mg/kg dose of the Cyp1a1 inducer 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) eliminated POR expression in both liver and small intestine, whereas treatment at 4 mg/kg led to a more targeted deletion in the liver. Using this approach, we have studied the pharmacokinetics of three probe drugs–paroxetine, midazolam, nelfinavir–and show that intestinal metabolism is a determinant of oral bioavailability for the two latter compounds. The Endogenous Reductase Locus (ERL) mouse represents a significant advance on previous POR deletion models as it allows direct comparison of hepatic and intestinal effects on drug and xenobiotic clearance using lower doses of a single Cre inducing agent, and in addition minimizes any cytotoxic effects, which may compromise interpretation of the experimental data.
Input-specific maturation of synaptic dynamics of parvalbumin interneurons in primary visual cortex
Authors: Lu Jiangteng , Tucciarone Jason , Lin Ying , Huang Z. Josh 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Proper recruitment of inhibitory interneurons is crucial to configuring cortical neural circuits for information processing and propagation, but the development of synaptic inputs to these interneurons is not well-understood. We traced the sources of long-range and local inputs to a major interneuron subtype, the parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVNs), in mouse visual cortex. Whereas the long-range inputs show strong short-term synaptic depression, local recurrent inputs gradually lose such depression during postnatal maturation. We further uncovered the circuitry and molecular mechanisms that contribute to this source-dependent maturation in synaptic inputs. Although short-term depression of long-range inputs is well-suited for afferent signal detection, the robust synaptic dynamics of local inputs may facilitate rapid and proportional PVN recruitment for regulating network operations.
Hard sphere-like glass transition in eye lens α-crystallin solutions
Authors: Foffi Giuseppe , Savin Gabriela , Bucciarelli Saskia , Dorsaz Nicolas , Thurston George M. , Stradner Anna , Schurtenberger Peter 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Normal vision and accommodation rely on the clarity and softness of the eye lens. Hardening of the lens has been linked with presbyopia, the loss of accommodative capability with age, and lens clarity is disrupted in cataract, a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Here, realistically concentrated solutions of a prevalent eye lens structural protein, α-crystallin, which exhibits short-range order needed for lens transparency, are found in addition to show high-concentration dynamical slowing down similar to that of hard-sphere glass transitions. This suggests that analogous investigation of concentrated crystallin mixtures, like those in the living lens, may help to advance understanding of the molecular basis of both presbyopia and cataract.
mTOR kinase inhibitors promote antibody class switching via mTORC2 inhibition
Authors: Limon Jose J. , So Lomon , Jellbauer Stefan , Chiu Honyin , Corado Juana , Sykes Stephen M. , Raffatellu Manuela , Fruman David A. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug that partially inhibits the cellular kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This study uncovers previously unidentified mechanisms of mTOR signaling in B cells. Antigen recognition and other signals activate mTOR, a central driver of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, mTOR forms two protein complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) whose roles in B-cell differentiation are poorly defined. We found that a new class of ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs) can augment antibody class switching at concentrations that partially inhibit mTOR activity. Mechanistic studies indicate that mTORC1 loss suppresses, whereas mTORC2 loss promotes, class switching. The dominant effect of TOR-KIs is to promote switching through mTORC2 inhibition. These findings establish distinct immunomodulatory activity of TOR-KIs compared with the canonical mTOR inhibitor rapamycin.
Bispecific antibody generated with sortase and click chemistry has broad antiinfluenza virus activity
Authors: Wagner Koen , Kwakkenbos Mark J. , Claassen Yvonne B. , Maijoor Kelly , Böhne Martino , van der Sluijs Koenraad F. , Witte Martin D. , van Zoelen Diana J. , Cornelissen Lisette A. , Beaumont Tim , Bakker Arjen Q. , Ploegh Hidde L. , Spits Hergen 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Bispecific antibodies expand the function of conventional antibodies. However, therapeutic application of bispecifics is hampered by the reduced physiochemical stability of such molecules. We present a format for bispecific antibodies, fusing two full-sized antibodies via their C termini. This format does not require mutations in the antibody constant domains beyond installation of a five-residue tag, ensuring that the native antibody structure is fully retained in the bispecific product. We have validated the approach by linking two anti-influenza A antibodies, each active against a different subgroup of the virus. The bispecific antibody dimer retains the activity and the stability of the two original antibodies.
Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on the risk of violence in sub-Saharan Africa, 1980–2012
Authors: O’Loughlin John , Linke Andrew M. , Witmer Frank D. W. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
A robust debate about the effects of climate change on conflict occurrences has attained wide public and policy attention, with sub-Saharan Africa generally viewed as most susceptible to increased conflict risk. Using a new disaggregated dataset of violence and climate anomaly measures (temperature and precipitation variations from normal) for sub-Saharan Africa 1980–2012, we consider political, economic, and geographic factors, not only climate metrics, in assessing the chances of increased violence. The location and timing of violence are influenced less by climate anomalies than by key political, economic, and geographic factors. Overall, the temperature effect is statistically significant, but important inconsistencies in the relationship between temperature extremes and conflict are evident in more nuanced relationships than have been previously identified.
Ocean surface temperature variability: Large model–data differences at decadal and longer periods
Authors: Laepple Thomas , Huybers Peter 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Determining magnitudes of sea surface temperature variability is important for attributing past and predicting future changes in climate, and generally requires the use of proxies to constrain multidecadal and longer timescales of variability. We report a multiproxy estimate of sea surface temperature variability that is consistent between proxy types and with instrumental estimates but strongly diverges from climate model simulations toward longer timescales. At millennial timescales, model−data discrepancies reach two orders of magnitude in the tropics, indicating substantial problems with models or proxies, or both, and highlighting a need to better determine the variability of sea surface temperatures.