bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paired box gene 8 (PAX8) expression is associated with sonic hedgehog (SHH)/wingless int (WNT) subtypes, desmoplastic histology and patient survival in human medulloblastomas
Authors: Harter Patrick N. , Baumgarten Peter , Zinke Jenny , Schilling Karl , Baader Stefan , Hartmetz Ann‐Kathrin , Schittenhelm Jens , Beschorner Rudi , Liebner Stefan , Schulte Dorothea , Plate Karl‐Heinz , Gutwein Paul , Korshunov Andrey , Pfister Stefan M. , Jones David T. W. , Doberstein Kai , Mittelbronn Michel 
Published: October 2014

AimsThe paired box gene 8 (PAX8) plays crucial roles in organ patterning and cellular differentiation during development and tumorigenesis. Although its function is partly understood in vertebrate development, there is poor data concerning human central nervous system (CNS) development and brain tumours.MethodsWe investigated developing human (n = 19) and mouse (n = 3) brains as well as medulloblastomas (MBs) (n = 113) for PAX8 expression by immunohistochemistry. Human MB cell lines were assessed for PAX8 expression using polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting and analysed for growth and migration following PAX8 knock‐down by small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA).ResultsPAX8 protein expression was associated with germinal layers in human and murine forebrain and hindbrain development. PAX8 expression significantly decreased over time in the external granule cell layer but increased in the internal granule cell layer. In MB subtypes, we observed an association of PAX8 expression with sonic hedgehog (SHH) and wingless int subtypes but not with group 3 and 4 MBs. Beyond that, we detected high PAX8 levels in desmoplastic MB subtypes. Univariate analyses revealed high PAX8 levels as a prognostic factor associated with a significantly better patient prognosis in human MB (overall survival: Log‐Rank P = 0.0404, Wilcoxon P = 0.0280; progression‐free survival: Log‐Rank P = 0.0225; Wilcoxon P = 0.0136). In vitro assays revealed increased proliferation and migration of MB cell lines after PAX8 siRNA knock‐down.ConclusionIn summary, high PAX8 expression is linked to better prognosis in MBs potentially by suppressing both proliferative and migratory properties of MB cells. The distinct spatio‐temporal expression pattern of PAX8 during brain development might contribute to the understanding of distinct MB subtype histogenesis.
Case of subacute cerebellar ataxia with anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid, but not in serum
Authors: Takino Toru , Fukushima Takao , Yanagimura Fumihiro , Makino Kunihiko 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA 67‐year‐old woman presented with dysarthria and trunk and limb ataxia, which progressed in a subacute manner. Anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were negative in the serum, but were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. Steroid pulse therapy was administered on the suspicion that the presence of anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid might be associated with cerebellar ataxia. Treatment resulted in a marked improvement in clinical symptoms, leading to a diagnosis of anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody‐positive cerebellar ataxia. The outcome showed that measuring anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies levels in the cerebrospinal fluid is important, even when levels are negative in the serum.
Is Bigger Better? Activity and Success in Negotiations in the United Nations General Assembly
Authors: Panke Diana 
Published: October 2014

Theorists often claim that being bigger than one's counterparts offers advantages in multilateral negotiations. In this article, I examine that argument using data from negotiations in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). The article analyzes and compares the activity levels of smaller and larger states in international negotiations, and sheds light on the conditions under which the latter “punch below their weight.”My analysis indicates that size directly affects participation, but not success rates. Bigger states can better formulate national positions on a broad range of issues, enabling their diplomats to more actively participate in negotiations, while smaller states are absent more often. Activity is conducive to success, which helps bigger states. But not every negotiation strategy is equally effective. In the UNGA's one‐state, one‐vote context, bigger states are not able to systematically exert disproportionate influence despite their often superior financial resources and bargaining strategies.
Creativity in Court‐Connected Mediation: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Adrian Lin , Mykland Solfrid 
Published: October 2014

In this study, we examined creativity in court‐connected mediation. We analyzed 129 mediated agreements from civil cases in Norway and Denmark and compared the outcomes with the parties' original claims to determine whether the agreement addressed only the disputants' demands or contained other elements. If the mediated agreements contained elements in addition to the original claims, we considered them to be “creative.” We devised a creativity scale and found that approximately two thirds of the cases contained creative elements and one quarter of them contained more than five creative elements.We then sought to determine which aspects of the mediation promoted creativity by looking at a variety of mediation characteristics (length of mediation, characteristics of the parties, etc.). We found that lengthier mediations tended to feature more creativity as did cases that involved two private individuals rather than businesses. Cases whose issues involved inheritance as well as the division of property following divorce seemed to foster the highest levels of creativity. Finally, we found that the amount of money at issue also seemed to be relevant: the highest levels of creativity were found in cases in which more money was at stake. In this article, we also discuss the implications of our findings for future research, practice, and training.
Calcium concentration in hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy during hypothermia
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaka , Ibara Satoshi , Tokuhisa Takuya , Hirakawa Eiji , Yoneda Satoshi , Kobayashi Kosuke , Kato Eiji , Maruyama Yuko , Maede Yoshinobu , Kuwabara Takako 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prognosis and the changes in serum‐ionized calcium concentration in neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) before and during brain hypothermia (BHT).MethodsSerum samples were obtained from 16 HIE neonates who underwent BHT. All patients underwent developmental testing at 18 months of age.ResultsMean serum‐ionized calcium concentration in the poor outcome group (developmental quotient [DQ], <80; nine infants) was significantly lower than in the good outcome group (DQ >80; seven infants), both immediately before and after 6 h of BHT. Mean serum‐ionized calcium concentration significantly decreased in both groups for 6 h, and the lowest adjusted serum‐ionized calcium during 6 h of BHT was <1.05 mmol/L, known as the cut‐off value for poor outcome, in 57.1% of the good outcome group.ConclusionThe influx of calcium into cells continues regardless of neurological prognosis during the early phase of BHT, but BHT might protect some high‐risk patients against neurological damage at low adjusted serum‐ionized calcium concentration.
Reproducing under a warming climate: long winter flowering and extended flower longevity in the only Mediterranean and maritime Primula
Authors: Aronne G. , Buonanno M. , De Micco V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUnder the pressure of global warming, general expectations of species migration and evolution of adaptive traits should always be confirmed with species‐specific studies. Within this framework, some species can be used as study systems to predict possible consequences of global warming also on other relatives. Unlike its mountain congeneric, Primula palinuri Petagn. has endured all the climatic fluctuations since the Pleistocene, while surviving on Mediterranean coastal cliffs. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible evolution of reproductive biological and ecological traits in P. palinuri adaptation to a warmer environment. Data showed that flowering starts in mid‐winter; single flowers remain open for over a month, changing from pendulous to erect. The number of insects visiting flowers of P. palinuri increases during the flowering season, and pollination reduces flower longevity. Overall, the best pollen performances, in terms of viability and germinability, occur at winter temperatures, while pollinator activity prolongs flowering until spring. Moreover, extended longevity of single flowers optimises reproductive success. Both phenotypic plasticity and selective processes might have occurred in P. palinuri. However, we found that reproductive traits of the only Mediterranean Primula remain more associated with cold mountain habitats than warm coastal cliffs. Given the rapid trend of climate warming, migration and new adaptive processes in P. palinuri are unlikely. Response to past climate warming of P. palinuri provides useful indications for future scenarios in other Primula species.
Proteomic analysis of residual proteins in blades and petioles of fallen leaves of Brassica napus
Authors: Desclos‐Théveniau M. , Coquet L. , Jouenne T. , Etienne P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBrassica napus L. is an important crop plant, characterised by high nitrogen (N) levels in fallen leaves, leading to a significant restitution of this element to the soil, with important consequences at the economic and environmental levels. It is now well established that the N in fallen leaves is due to weak N remobilisation that is especially related to incomplete degradation of foliar proteins during leaf senescence. Identification of residual proteins in a fallen leaf (i.e. incompletely degraded in the last step of the N remobilisation process) constitutes important information for improving nutrient use efficiency. Proteome analysis of the vascular system (petioles) and blades from fallen leaves of Brassica napus was performed, and the 30 most abundant residual proteins in each tissue were identified. Among them, several proteins involved in N recycling remain in the leaf after abscission. Moreover, this study reveals that some residual proteins are associated with energy metabolism, protection against oxidative stress, and more surprisingly, photosynthesis. Finally, comparison of blade and petiole proteomes show that, despite their different physiological roles in the non‐senescing leaf, both organs redirect their metabolism in order to ensure catabolic reactions. Taken together, the results suggest that a better degradation of these leaf proteins during the senescence process could enable improvements in the N use efficiency of Brassica napus.
Are tyrosine residues involved in the photoconversion of the water‐soluble chlorophyll‐binding protein ofChenopodium album?
Authors: Takahashi S. , Seki Y. , Uchida A. , Nakayama K. , Satoh H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNon‐photosynthetic and hydrophilic chlorophyll (Chl) proteins, called water‐solubleChl‐binding proteins (WSCPs), are distributed in various species ofChenopodiaceae,Amaranthaceae,Polygonaceae andBrassicaceae. Based on their photoconvertibility,WSCPs are categorised into two classes: Class I (photoconvertible) and Class II (non‐photoconvertible).Chenopodium albumWSCP(CaWSCP; Class I) is able to convert the chlorin skeleton ofChlainto a bacteriochlorin‐like skeleton under light in the presence of molecular oxygen. Potassium iodide (KI) is a strong inhibitor of the photoconversion. BecauseKIattacks tyrosine residues in proteins, tyrosine residues inCaWSCPare considered to be important amino acid residues for the photoconversion. Recently, we identified the gene encodingCaWSCPand found that the mature region ofCaWSCPcontained four tyrosine residues:Tyr13,Tyr14,Tyr87 andTyr134. To gain insight into the effect of the tyrosine residues on the photoconversion, we constructed 15 mutant proteins (Y13A, Y14A, Y87A, Y134A, Y13‐14A, Y13‐87A, Y13‐134A, Y14‐87A, Y14‐134A, Y87‐134A, Y13‐14‐87A, Y13‐14‐134A, Y13‐87‐134A, Y14‐87‐134A and Y13‐14‐87‐134A) using site‐directed mutagenesis. Amazingly, all the mutant proteins retained not only chlorophyll‐binding activity, but also photoconvertibility. Furthermore, we found thatKIstrongly inhibited the photoconversion of Y13‐14‐87‐134A. These findings indicated that the four tyrosine residues are not essential for the photoconversion.
Clinical characteristics of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in Koreans
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Jung , Lee Jae‐Seung , Oh Yeon‐Mok , Shim Tae‐Sun , Lim Chae‐Man , Koh Youn‐Suck , Kim Woo‐Sung , Lee Sang‐Do 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveAlthough pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are rare, they are important in clinical practice because they are associated with life‐threatening complications such as brain abscess, stroke and lung haemorrhage. The aims of the present study were to characterize PAVMs in a Korean population and to examine the incidence and factors associated with cerebral complications, which are a major cause of mortality.MethodsThe medical records of patients with PAVMs between 2000 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. PAVMs were confirmed by enhanced chest computed tomography or by pulmonary angiography.ResultsNinety patients (median age, 47.5 years; 81.8% female) with PAVMs were included. Twelve patients (13.3%) were clinically diagnosed with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) according to the Curacao criteria. Sixty‐three patients underwent transcatheter embolization with no severe adverse events. Three patients required retreatment during a mean follow‐up period of 3.3 years. Six and 14 patients suffered brain abscess or stroke, respectively, as a complication of PAVMs. These complications were not associated with the diameter of the arteries feeding the PAVMs (odds ratio, 1.106; 95% confidence interval, 0.895–1.366; P = 0.352)ConclusionsPAVMs are less associated with HHT in Koreans than in Western populations. Transcatheter embolization of PAVMs is safe and effective, and physicians need to consider treating the small arteries feeding PAVMs to prevent cerebral complications.
Effects of short flexible seagrass Zostera noltei on flow, erosion and deposition processes determined using flume experiments
Authors: Ganthy Florian , Soissons Laura , Sauriau Pierre‐Guy , Verney Romaric , Sottolichio Aldo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInnovative flume experiments were conducted in a recirculating straight flume. Zostera noltei meadows were sampled in their natural bed sediments in the field at contrasting stages of their seasonal growth. The aims of this study were: (i) to quantify the combined effects of leaf flexibility and development characteristics of Zostera noltei canopies on their interaction with hydrodynamics; and (ii) to quantify the role of Zostera noltei meadows in suspended sediment trapping and bed sediment resuspension related with changes in hydrodynamic forcing caused by the seasonal development of seagrasses. Velocity within the canopy was significantly damped. The attenuation in velocity ranged from 34 to 87% compared with bare sediments and was associated with a density threshold resulting from the flow‐induced canopy reconfiguration. The reduction in flow was higher in dense canopies at higher velocities than in less dense canopies, in which the reduction in flow was greater at low velocities. These contrasted results can be explained by competition between a rough‐wall boundary layer caused by the bed and a shear layer caused by the canopy. The velocity attenuation was associated with a two to three‐fold increase in bottom shear stress compared with unvegetated sediment. Despite the increase in near‐bed turbulence, protection of the sediment against erosion increased under a fully developed meadow, while sediment properties were found to be the main factor controlling erosion in a less developed meadow. Deposition fluxes were higher on the vegetated bed than on bare sediments, and these fluxes increased with leaf density. Fewer freshly deposited sediments were resuspended in vegetated beds, resulting in an increase in net sediment deposition with meadow growth. However, in the case of a very high leaf area index, sediment was mostly deposited on leaves, which facilitated subsequent resuspension and resulted in less efficient sediment trapping than in the less developed meadow.
On False Discovery and Non‐discovery Proportions of the Dynamic Adaptive Procedure
Authors: Xin‐Bing Kong , Qin‐Feng Xu 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the asymptotic behaviour of the false discovery and non‐discovery proportions of the dynamic adaptive procedure under some dependence structure. A Bahadur‐type representation of the cut point in simultaneously performing a large scale of tests is presented. The asymptotic bias decompositions of the false discovery and non‐discovery proportions are given under some dependence structure. In addition to existing literatures, we find that the randomness due to the dynamic selection of the tuning parameter in estimating the true null rate serves as a source of the approximation error in the Bahadur representation and enters into the asymptotic bias term of the false discovery proportion and those of the false non‐discovery proportion. The theory explains to some extent why some seemingly attractive dynamic adaptive procedures do not outperform the competing fixed adaptive procedures substantially in some situations. Simulations justify our theory and findings.
Management by Knowledge in Practice – Implementation of National Healthcare Guidelines in Sweden
Authors: Kalkan Almina , Sandberg Johanna , Garpenby Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the last ten years, the concept of management by knowledge has gained growing attention in Swedish healthcare, as well as internationally. In Sweden, the most prominent example of management by knowledge is the National Guidelines, aimed at influencing both clinical and political decision‐making in the health sector. The objective of this article is to explore the response among four Swedish county councils to the National Guidelines for Cardiac Care (NGCC). Empirical material was collected through 155 expert interviews with the target groups of the NGCC, politicians, administrators and clinical managers. Analysis of the responses to this multifaceted policy instrument was addressed by drawing on implementation theory (Matland 1995) and institutional theory (Oliver 1991). The NGCC are primarily based on the voluntary diffusion of norms. The county councils are a long way from having adapted all the means suggested by the National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW): explicit prioritization, healthcare programmes and dialogue between the various actor groups. The high degree of ambiguity in the content of the NGCC, the inherent conflict and the multiplicity and uncertainty in the context of the county councils, have often resulted in avoidance and compromise. The strategic responses we observe can be viewed as an attempt to balance multiple constituents and achieve the various internal organizational goals. The ambiguity and conflict inherent in the policy of the NGCC influence the strategic responses made by the organization. The question remains how far management by knowledge can be applied in a political context.
Does Baumol's Cost Disease Account for Nonfederal Public‐Sector Cost Growth in the United States? A New Test of an Old Idea*
Authors: Bates Laurie J. , Santerre Rexford E. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesTo examine if Baumol's cost disease of the service sector offers an explanation for the growth of state and local government costs in the United States.MethodsThe study tests whether state‐wide increases in wage rates relative to productivity influence the growth of state and local government spending using a relatively new econometric test along with a panel data set of the 50 states over the period from 1980 to 2009.ResultsFindings are robust to various multiple regression specifications and show that Baumol's cost disease does account for some of the growth of state and local government costs over time.ConclusionUnless the delivery of public services takes on a more capital‐intensive process or is absorbed by the private sector, the implication is that consumer‐voters should become better accustomed to the government sector comprising an increasingly larger proportion of their state and local economies over time.
Character state‐based taxa erected to accommodate fossil and extant needle stoneflies (Leuctridae – Leuctrida tax.n.) and close relatives
Authors: BÉTHOUX OLIVIER , KONDRATIEFF BORIS , GRÍMSSON FRIÐGEIR , ÓLAFSSON ERLING , WAPPLER TORSTEN 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn order to accommodate a newly discovered fossil specimen related to a subset of extant needle stoneflies (Leuctridae sensu Zwick, 2000), we provide a comparative analysis of the wing venation of these insects, and of their close relatives, primarily based on extant material. A number of character states potentially supporting monophyletic taxa are identified, and are used to erect taxon names under the cladotypic nomenclatural procedure. We introduce a new standard definition in which the mention of the antonym of the defining character state is applied. The proposed taxa, and taxa inclusiveness, are as follows: Nemouromorpha > Capniida/Leuctrida/‘Nemouridae s.l.’, and Leuctrida > Exeleuctrida > Mioleuctrida & Eleuctrida > Collaleuctrida. This scheme allowed us to tentatively accommodate several fossil species described earlier and the new specimen, left undetermined at the genus and species levels, but assigned to Collaleuctrida. To optimize retrieval of hierarchical information, we introduce the use of ‘nec’ (Latin for ‘but not’) into the taxonomic address to indicate exclusion from a taxon. For example, Mioleuctrida nec Collaleuctrida †yehae indicates that †yehae can be assigned to Mioleuctrida but can also be conclusively excluded from Collaleuctrida. Based on the investigated case, it is finally argued that the cladotypic nomenclatural procedure is optimal regarding name use and numbers, and allows adequate treatment of homoplasy.
On families of 7- and 11-congruent elliptic curves
Authors: Fisher Tom 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe use an invariant-theoretic method to compute certain twists of the modular curves $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}X(n)$ for $n=7,11$. Searching for rational points on these twists enables us to find non-trivial pairs of $n$-congruent elliptic curves over ${\mathbb{Q}}$, that is, pairs of non-isogenous elliptic curves over ${\mathbb{Q}}$ whose $n$-torsion subgroups are isomorphic as Galois modules. We also find a non-trivial pair of 11-congruent elliptic curves over ${\mathbb{Q}}(T)$, and hence give an explicit infinite family of non-trivial pairs of 11-congruent elliptic curves over ${\mathbb{Q}}$.Supplementary materials are available with this article.