bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation and Enhancement of the Stability and Performance of Water Reduction Systems based on Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Hansen Sven , Pohl Marga‐Martina , Klahn Marcus , Spannenberg Anke , Beweries Torsten 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWater reduction systems that use a bis‐cyclometalated IrIII photosensitiser (PS) along with homogeneous Pd complexes as a source of in‐situ‐formed colloidal Pd as the water reducing complex (WRC) and triethylamine (TEA) as the sacrificial electron donor were tested and characterised with respect to their photocatalytic H2 production performance. It was confirmed that substitution of the 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)benzen‐1‐ide (pyb) ligand in the well‐known system [Ir(pyb)2(bpy)]+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) by the fluorinated cyclometalating ligand 5‐fluoro‐2‐(5‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzen‐1‐ide (Fmpyb) tremendously enhanced the H2 production rate. Moreover, variation of the bidentate N^N ligand bpy by alkyl substitution in the 4,4′‐position resulted in an increase in the H2 production yield by a factor of three. The incident‐photon‐to‐hydrogen‐efficiency could be enhanced from 2.6 to 12.3 %. Furthermore, a new dinuclear Co complex was used as a reduction catalyst and showed up to 760 turnovers after 20 h. A detailed study of the concentration impact of all components in the photoredox system was performed. DFT calculations were used to aid the explanation of the findings.
Single immunization with a suboptimal antigen dose encapsulated into polyanhydride microparticles promotes high titer and avid antibody responses
Authors: Huntimer Lucas , Wilson Welder Jennifer H. , Ross Kathleen , Carrillo‐Conde Brenda , Pruisner Lynn , Wang Chong , Narasimhan Balaji , Wannemuehler Michael J. , Ramer‐Tait Amanda E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMicroparticle adjuvants based on biodegradable polyanhydrides were used to provide controlled delivery of a model antigen, ovalbumin (Ova), to mice. Ova was encapsulated into two different polyanhydride microparticle formulations to evaluate the influence of polymer chemistry on the nature and magnitude of the humoral immune response after administration of a suboptimal dose. Subcutaneous administration of a single dose of polyanhydride microparticles containing 25 μg of Ova elicited humoral immune responses that were comparable in magnitude to that induced by soluble doses of 400–1600 μg Ova. In contrast, the avidity of the Ova‐specific antibodies was greater in mice administered the microparticle formulations in comparison to the higher soluble doses. Finally, the microparticle delivery system primed an anamnestic immune response as evidenced by the significant increases in Ova‐specific antibody when mice were administered an antigenic challenge of 25 μg of Ova at 12 weeks post‐vaccination. Together, these results indicate that encapsulation of antigens into polyanhydride microparticles facilitates isotype switching, establishes immunologic memory, and the humoral response was characterized by a higher quality antibody response. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 91–98, 2013.
Porous calcium polyphosphate as load‐bearing bone substitutes: In vivo study
Authors: Pilliar Robert M. , Kandel Rita A. , Grynpas Marc D. , Hu Youxin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPorous calcium polyphosphate (CPP) is being investigated for fabrication of novel biodegradable bone substitutes. In this study, porous CPP implants formed by conventional CPP powder packing and using a two‐step sinter/anneal process was used to form 20 and 30 vol % porous samples displaying relatively high strength. These were implanted in rabbit femoral condyle sites to study their ability for secure fixation in prepared sites through bone ingrowth. Porous implants of 20 and 30 vol % porosity and displaying compressive strengths ∼80 and 35 MPa, respectively, were used. Bone ingrowth sufficient to allow secure implant fixation was observed by 6 weeks (∼19% bone ingrowth per available pore space for the 30 vol % and 13% for the 20 vol % porous implants). The results of the in vivo study suggest the potential usefulness of porous CPP as biodegradable bone substitutes/augments in high load‐bearing skeletal regions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 1–8, 2013.
Microstructure, mechanical property, corrosion behavior, and in vitro biocompatibility of Zr–Mo alloys
Authors: Zhou F. Y. , Wang B. L. , Qiu K. J. , Li L. , Lin J. P. , Li H. F. , Zheng Y. F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this study, the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behaviors, and in vitro biocompatibility of Zr–Mo alloys as a function of Mo content after solution treatment were systemically investigated to assess their potential use in biomedical application. The experimental results indicated that Zr–1Mo alloy mainly consisted of an acicular structure of α′ phase, while ω phase formed in Zr–3Mo alloy. In Zr–5Mo alloy, retained β phase and a small amount of precipitated α phase were observed. Only the retained β phase was obtained in Zr–10Mo alloy. Zr–1Mo alloy exhibited the greatest hardness, bending strength, and modulus among all experimental Zr–Mo alloys, while β phase Zr–10Mo alloy had a low modulus. The results of electrochemical corrosion indicated that adding Mo into Zr improved its corrosion resistance which resulted in increasing the thermodynamic stability and passivity of zirconium. The cytotoxicity test suggested that the extracts of the studied Zr–Mo alloys produced no significant deleterious effect to fibroblast cells (L‐929) and osteoblast cells (MG 63), indicating an excellent in vitro biocompatibility. Based on these facts, certain Zr–Mo alloys potentially suitable for different biomedical applications were proposed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2013.
In vivo validation of 4D flow MRI for assessing the hemodynamics of portal hypertension
Authors: Roldán‐Alzate Alejandro , Frydrychowicz Alex , Niespodzany Eric , Landgraf Ben R. , Johnson Kevin M. , Wieben Oliver , Reeder Scott B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPurpose:To implement and validate in vivo radial 4D flow MRI for quantification of blood flow in the hepatic arterial, portal venous, and splanchnic vasculature of healthy volunteers and patients with portal hypertension.Materials and Methods:Seventeen patients with portal hypertension and seven subjects with no liver disease were included in this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant and Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved study. Exams were conducted at 3T using a 32‐channel body coil with large volumetric coverage and 1.4 mm isotropic true spatial resolution. Using postprocessing software, cut‐planes orthogonal to vessels were used to quantify flow (L/min) in the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature.Results:Flow quantification was successful in all cases. Portal vein and supraceliac aorta flow demonstrated high variability among patients. Measurements were validated indirectly using internal consistency at three different locations within the portal vein (error = 4.2 ± 3.9%) and conservation of mass at the portal confluence (error = 5.9 ± 2.5%) and portal bifurcation (error = 5.8 ± 3.1%).Conclusion:This work demonstrates the feasibility of radial 4D flow MRI to quantify flow in the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature. Flow results agreed well with data reported in the literature, and conservation of mass provided indirect validation of flow quantification. Flow in patients with portal hypertensions demonstrated high variability, with patterns and magnitude consistent with the hyperdynamic state that commonly occurs in portal hypertension. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:1100–1108. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simple Method for evaluating the degree of liver parenchymal enhancement in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tamada Tsutomu , Ito Katsuyoshi , Yamamoto Akira , Yasokawa Kazuya , Higaki Atsushi , Kanki Akihiko , Sato Tomohiro , Taniomoto Daigo , Higashi Hiroki 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPurpose:To establish a simple method to evaluate the degree of liver parenchymal enhancement in the hepatobiliary phase (HP) of gadoxetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and Methods:Subjects comprised 75 patients with or without chronic liver disease who underwent gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI and indocyanine green retention at 15 minutes (ICG‐R15). HP images were used for data analysis. In the quantitative evaluation, liver‐to‐phantom signal intensity (SI) ratio (LPR), liver‐to‐portal vein SI ratio (LPVR), and liver‐to‐kidney SI ratio (LKR) were calculated. In qualitative visual assessment, liver‐to‐portal vein contrast (LPVC) and liver‐to‐kidney contrast (LKC) were assessed using a 5‐point scale (1, hyperintense; 2, slightly hyperintense; 3, isointense; 4, slightly hypointense; 5, hypointense). Statistical evaluations included the Spearman's rank correlation test.Results:LPVC and LKC correlated significantly with LPR (ρ = −0.445, P < 0.001; ρ = −0.576, P < 0.001, respectively). LPVC and LKC showed significant correlations with LPVR and LKR (ρ = −0.659, P < 0.001; ρ = −0.674, P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, LPVC and LKC correlated significantly with ICG‐R15 (ρ = 0.696, P < 0.001; ρ = 0.795, P < 0.001, respectively).Conclusion:LPVC and LKC can be used as simple visual indicators to objectively assess the degree of liver parenchymal enhancement on HP of gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:1115–1121. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dimensional approach to measuring anxiety for DSM‐5
Authors: Lebeau Richard T. , Glenn Daniel E. , Hanover Lauren N. , Beesdo‐Baum Katja , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn preparation for DSM‐5's planned inclusion of dimensional assessments of psychopathology as a complement to traditional categorical diagnoses, we developed brief self‐rated scales for anxiety disorders that are consistent in content and structure. In the present paper, we discuss the creation of the scales and examine their psychometric properties and clinical sensitivity. Phase One assessed psychometric properties of the initial versions of the scales in a large non‐clinical sample (n = 702). Phase Two assessed the psychometric properties of revised versions of the scales, including test–retest reliability, in a non‐clinical sample (n = 57). Phase Three examined the scales' psychometric properties and relationship with clinician ratings of disorder severity in a clinical sample (n = 48). The scales demonstrated internal consistency (α = 0.85–0.92), convergent validity (rs = 0.39–0.69), and test–retest reliability in the non‐clinical samples (ICC = 0.51–0.81). In the clinical sample, the scales demonstrated significantly higher total scores than in the non‐clinical sample (Cohen's d = 0.72–1.50) and moderate to high correlations with clinician ratings of disorder severity (r = 0.43–0.82) Although further evaluation and refinement of the scales (particularly the specific phobia and agoraphobia scales) is needed, the results provide preliminary support for the use of these scales in DSM‐5 and thus take an important step toward the integration of standardized dimensional measurement into the diagnosis of anxiety disorders. Copyright © 2012 American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.
50 Jahre “Organikum”
Authors: Fanghänel Egon 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIm Dezember 1962 erschien die erste Auflage des “Organikum — Organisch‐chemisches Grundpraktikum”. Mit über 400 000 Exemplaren in 23 deutschsprachigen und 19 fremdsprachigen Auflagen hat das Buch die universitäre Grundausbildung in organischer Chemie in Deutschland und weit darüber hinaus beeinflusst.
Temperatureinfluss auf Immunoassays
Authors: Schneider Rudolf J. , Grandke Julia 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFür Immunoassays ist die Temperatur ein wichtiger Parameter, denn sie beeinflusst Empfindlichkeit und Präzision des Tests. Niedrigere Temperaturen erhöhen die Nachweisempfindlichkeit, während bei Raumtemperatur das Messsignal am wenigsten schwankt.
Microstructure, crystallization and dynamic mechanical properties of polyamide/clay nanocomposites after melt‐state annealing
Authors: Wan Tong , Du Tao , Wang Biao , Zeng Wei , Clifford Mike 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPolyamide 6/clay (PA/clay) nanocomposites produced by melt‐compounding were treated under various melt‐state annealing processes. The effect of melt‐state annealing on the microstructure, crystallization, and dynamic mechanical properties was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Clay layers were exfoliated in PA matrix. The crystalline transformation between α and γ‐crystalline phase was virtually dependent on the annealing process and clay loading. After melt‐state annealing between 230 and 250°C, clay induced the appearance of a new endothermic peak in PA/clay. PA/clay after melt‐state annealing exhibited a higher elastic modulus above Tg and a lower β relaxation below Tg as compared with the non‐annealed sample. FTIR analysis demonstrated that the melt‐state annealing caused strong hydrogen bonding interaction of amide groups with clay layers. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Diabatic processes modifying potential vorticity in a North Atlantic cyclone
Authors: Chagnon J. M. , Gray S. L. , Methven J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPotential vorticity (PV) succinctly describes the evolution of large‐scale atmospheric flow because of its material conservation and invertibility properties. However, diabatic processes in extratropical cyclones can modify PV and influence both mesoscale weather and the evolution of the synoptic‐scale wave pattern. In this investigation, modification of PV by diabatic processes is diagnosed in a Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) simulation of a North Atlantic cyclone using a set of PV tracers. The structure of diabatic PV within the extratropical cyclone is investigated and linked to the processes responsible for it. On the mesoscale, a tripole of diabatic PV is generated across the tropopause fold extending down to the cold front. The structure results from a dipole in heating across the frontal interface due to condensation in the warm conveyor belt flanking the upper side of the fold and evaporation of precipitation in the dry intrusion and below. On isentropic surfaces intersecting the tropopause, positive diabatic PV is generated on the stratospheric side, while negative diabatic PV is generated on the tropospheric side. The stratospheric diabatic PV is generated primarily by long‐wave cooling which peaks at the tropopause itself due to the sharp gradient in humidity there. The tropospheric diabatic PV originates locally from the long‐wave radiation and non‐locally by advection out of the top of heating associated with the large‐scale cloud, convection and boundary layer schemes. In most locations there is no diabatic modification of PV at the tropopause itself but diabatic PV anomalies would influence the tropopause indirectly through the winds they induce and subsequent advection. The consequences of this diabatic PV dipole for the evolution of synoptic‐scale wave patterns are discussed.
The adaptor protein LAT serves as an integration node for signaling pathways that drive T cell activation
Authors: Bartelt Rebekah R. , Houtman Jon C. D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractT cells are essential for the adaptive immune response to pathogens. However, dysfunctional T cell activity has been implicated in numerous diseases, including the failure of organ transplants, allergic reactions, asthma, autoimmune disorders, and coronary artery disease. T cell responses to pathogens require the induction of the primary activating receptor, the T cell receptor (TCR), along with other costimulatory and adhesion receptors. Signal transduction pathways activated downstream of these receptors drive T cell responses required for the immune response and disease progression. A key question in our understanding of the mechanism of T cell activation is how signaling pathways emanating from multiple receptors integrate together to alter T cell effector functions. One integration node for intracellular signaling is the membrane‐associated adaptor protein linker for the activation of T cells or LAT. Upon stimulation of the TCR and other receptors, LAT is phosphorylated at several tyrosines residues on its cytoplasmic tail. This leads to the binding of SH2 domain‐containing proteins and their associated molecules and the formation of large multiprotein complexes. These dynamic and highly regulated signaling complexes facilitate the production of second messengers, activate downstream pathways, induce actin cytoskeleton polymerization, and stimulate the activity of multiple transcription factors. Thus, signaling pathways from several receptors feed into LAT, which then integrates this information and selectively induces pathways critical for T cell activation and the adaptive immune response. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2013, 5:101–110. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1194This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
A Formal Semantics of Data Flow Diagrams
Authors: Larsen Peter Gorm , Plat Nico , Toetenel Hans 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a formal semantics of data flow diagrams as used in Structured Analysis, based on an abstract model for data flow transformations. The semantics consists of a collection of VDM functions, transforming an abstract syntax representation of a data flow diagram into an abstract syntax representation of a VDM specification. Since this transformation is executable, it becomes possible to provide a software analyst/designer with two ‘views’ of the system being modelled: a graphical view in terms of a data flow diagram, and a textual view in terms of a VDM specification. In this paper emphasis is on the motivation for the choices made in the transformation. The main aspects of the transformation itself are described using annotated VDM functions with some examples.
Properties of Concurrent Programs
Authors: Chandy K. Mani 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

A program property is a predicate on programs. In this paper we explore program properties for safety, progress and parallel composition, of the form
U
⇀
V
where
U
and
V
are either predicates on states of a program or program properties, and ⇀ satisfies three rules that are also enjoyed by implication. We show how such properties can be used to reason about concurrent programs. Our motivation is to explore methods of reasoning based on a very small number of widely-known rules.
Stability, Sequentiality and Demand Driven Evaluation in Dataflow
Authors: Avron Arnon , Sasson Nada 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

We show that a given dataflow language
l
has the property that for any program
P
and any demand for outputs
D
(which can be satisfied) there exists a least partial computation of
P
which satisfies
D
, iff all the operators of
l
are stable. This minimal computation is the demand-driven evaluation of
P
. We also argue that in order to actually implement this mode of evaluation, the operators of
l
should be further restricted to be effectively sequential ones.
Specification, Verification and Prototyping of an Optimized Compiler
Authors: Jifeng He , Bowen Jonathan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper generalizes an algebraic method for the design of a correct compiler to tackle specification and verification of an optimized compiler. The main optimization issues of concern here include the use of existing contents of registers where possible and the identification of common expressions. A register table is introduced in the compiling specification predicates to map each register to an expression whose value is held by it. We define different kinds of predicates to specify compilation of programs, expressions and Boolean tests. A set of theorems relating to these predicates, acting as a correct compiling specification, are presented and an example proof within the refinement algebra of the programming language is given. Based on these theorems, a prototype compiler in Prolog is produced.
Sharing Analysis Based on Type Inference
Authors: Minamide Yasuhiko 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a framework for sharing analysis based on type inference. The type system used in this paper is a modified version of Milner’s type system. The soundness of the analysis is defined by the semantics of types extended for sharing information and proved with respect to an operational semantics for a strict language. It is also shown that the information obtained by the analysis can be applied to compile-time garbage collection.
Automatizing Parametric Reasoning on Distributed Concurrent Systems
Authors: Inverardi Paola , Priami Corrado , Yankelevich Daniel 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
There can be different views of a concurrent distributed system, depending on who observes it. The final user may just want to know how the system behaves in terms of its possible sequences of actions, while the designer may want to know what are the sequential components of a system or how are they distributed in space. In other words, there is not a widely accepted single semantic model for concurrent systems. This paper describes a parametric verification tool for process description languages. It performs a symbolic execution of processes at different levels of abstraction and verifies deadlock and reachability properties. The tool also provides facilities to check behavioural equivalences. In addition to the classical interleaving semantics, truly concurrent approaches based on the notion of causality and locality are considered. This allows us to compare the expressive power of different models within the same environment. In this respect, we have verified many of the examples given in the literature using our tool.