bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sedentary Behaviors, Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity, and Chronic Diseases in Brazilian Workers: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Totaro Garcia Leandro Martin , da Silva Kelly Samara , Duca Giovâni F. Del , da Costa Filipe Ferreira , Nahas Markus Vinicius 
Published: April 2014

Background:Our purpose was to examine the association of television viewing (hours/day), sedentary work (predominantly sitting at work), passive transportation to work (car or motorcycle), and the clustering of these behaviors (“sedentary lifestyle”), as well as leisure-time physical inactivity (LTPI), with chronic diseases (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and clustering of chronic diseases) in Brazilian workers.Methods:Cross-sectional study conducted from 2006 to 2008 in 24 Brazilian federal units (n = 47,477). A questionnaire was applied. Descriptive statistics, binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used.Results:Magnitude of association with chronic diseases varied greatly across domains and gender. Sedentariness at work was the most consistent behavior associated with chronic diseases, especially in men (ORhypertension = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.20; ORhypercholesterolemia = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.21–1.48; ORobesity = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.15–1.41; OR1chronic disease = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09–1.26; OR≥2chronic diseases = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.46–1.78) compared with women (ORhypercholesterolemia = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01–1.31; ORobesity = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04–1.48). LTPI was associated with all diseases in men (except type 2 diabetes), but only with obesity in women.Conclusion:Adverse health consequences may be differently associated according to behavior domain and gender. Sedentary work and LTPI were consistently associated with chronic disease in Brazilian workers, especially in men.
Independent Mobility and its Relationship With Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Middle-School Portuguese Boys and Girls
Authors: Marques Elisa A. , Pizarro Andreia Isabel , Mota Jorge , Santos Maria Paula 
Published: April 2014

Background:The exact relation between objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and independent mobility in children has yet to be fully defined. The objective of this study was to determine whether independent mobility is associated with level of MVPA.Methods:Data were collected from 9 middle schools in Porto (Portugal) area. A total of 636 children in the 6th grade (340 girls and 296 boys) with a mean age of 11.64 years old participated in the study. PA was measured in 636 participants using an accelerometer. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess the odds for belonging to quartiles of MVPA.Results:After controlling for age, gender, body mass index, meeting PA recommendations, and participation in structured exercise, the odds of having a higher level of MVPA when children have higher independent mobility increase through the MVPA quartiles.Conclusions:A positive associations were found between independent mobility and quartiles of physical activity.
Odds of Getting Adequate Physical Activity by Dog Walking
Authors: Soares Jesus , Epping Jacqueline N. , Owens Chantelle J. , Brown David R. , Lankford Tina J. , Simoes Eduardo J. , Caspersen Carl J. 
Published: April 2014

Background:We aimed to determine the likelihood that adult dog owners who walk their dogs will achieve a healthy level of moderate-intensity (MI) physical activity (PA), defined as at least 150 mins/wk.Methods:We conducted a systematic search of 6 databases with data from 1990–2012 on dog owners’ PA, to identify those who achieved MIPA. To compare dog-walkers’ performance with non-dog walkers, we used a random effects model to estimate the unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).Results:We retrieved 9 studies that met our inclusion criterion and allowed OR calculations. These yielded data on 6980 dog owners aged 18 to 81 years (41% men). Among them, 4463 (63.9%) walked their dogs. Based on total weekly PA, 2710 (60.7%) dog walkers, and 950 (37.7%) non-dog walkers achieved at least MIPA. The estimated OR was 2.74 (95% CI 2.09–3.60).Conclusion:Across 9 published studies, almost 2 in 3 dog owners reported walking their dogs, and the walkers are more than 2.5 times more likely to achieve at least MIPA. These findings suggest that dog walking may be a viable strategy for dog owners to help achieve levels of PA that may enhance their health.
Forecasting of Surface Winds over Eastern Canada Using the Canadian Offline Land Surface Modeling System
Authors: Ioannidou Lily , Yu Wei , Bélair Stéphane 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe capability of the Canadian land surface external modeling system known as the Global Environmental Multiscale Surface (GEM-SURF) system with respect to surface wind predictions is evaluated. Based on the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface scheme, and an exponential power law adjusted to the local stability conditions for the prediction of surface winds, the system allows decoupling of surface processes from those of the free atmosphere and enables high resolutions at the surface as dictated by the small-scale heterogeneities of the surface boundary. The simulations are driven by downscaled forecasts from the Regional Deterministic Prediction System, the 15-km Canadian regional operational modeling system. High-resolution, satellite-derived datasets of orography, vegetation, and soil cover are used to depict the surface boundary. The integration domains cover Canada’s eastern provinces at resolutions ranging from that of the driving model to resolutions similar to those of the geophysical datasets. The GEM-SURF predictions outperform those of the driving operational model. Reduction of the standard error and improvement of the model skill is seen as resolution increases, for all wind speeds. Further, the bias error is reduced in association with a rise in the corresponding value of the roughness length. For all examined resolutions GEM-SURF’s predictions are shown to be superior to those obtained through a simple statistical downscaling. In the prospect of the future development of a multicomponent system that provides wind forecasts at levels of wind energy generation, GEM-SURF’s potential for improved scores at the surface and its limited requirements in computer resources make it a suitable surface component of such a system.
On the Spatial Gradient of Soil Moisture–Precipitation Feedback Strength in the April 2011 Drought in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Su Hua , Dickinson Robert E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe southern Great Plains (SGP) experienced a record-breaking drought in 2011, in which the excessively dry conditions established quickly in spring (i.e., April) and extended into summer. A regional climate model is used (after its evaluation) to simulate this April drought and investigate how a soil moisture anomaly could affect the development of its precipitation deficit. The authors examine how the local thermodynamic structure of the overlying atmosphere contributes to soil moisture feedbacks and how these feedbacks are connected to nonlocal mechanisms. The simulations establish a zonal gradient in the (generally positive) feedback strength [i.e., a significant (negligible) precipitation increase over the eastern (western) SGP] under an SGP-wide wet soil moisture anomaly and spatially similar evapotranspiration (ET) increments. This pattern is dominated by convective precipitation and consistent with spatial gradients in parameters relevant to moist convection, including the precipitable water, the low-level instability and humidity, and the local cloud water content. All these variables are sensitive to a wet soil moisture anomaly, but precipitation responds differently to their changes in different locations. Furthermore, the impacts of the soil moisture anomaly on various large-scale atmospheric fields are related to the spatial structure of feedback strength. Additionally, the weaker feedback over the western SGP occurs in a region of relatively strong subsidence and changes little with a westward expansion of the anomaly area, whereas nonlocal soil moisture impacts—in particular, moisture advection from the west—are important for the stronger feedback over the eastern SGP.
Dependence of Climate Response on Meridional Structure of External Thermal Forcing
Authors: Kang Sarah M. , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study shows that the magnitude of global surface warming greatly depends on the meridional distribution of surface thermal forcing. An atmospheric model coupled to an aquaplanet slab mixed layer ocean is perturbed by prescribing heating to the ocean mixed layer. The heating is distributed uniformly globally or confined to narrow tropical or polar bands, and the amplitude is adjusted to ensure that the global mean remains the same for all cases. Since the tropical temperature is close to a moist adiabat, the prescribed heating leads to a maximized warming near the tropopause, whereas the polar warming is trapped near the surface because of strong atmospheric stability. Hence, the surface warming is more effectively damped by radiation in the tropics than in the polar region. As a result, the global surface temperature increase is weak (strong) when the given amount of heating is confined to the tropical (polar) band. The degree of this contrast is shown to depend on water vapor– and cloud–radiative feedbacks that alter the effective strength of prescribed thermal forcing.
The Impact of Targeted Dropwindsonde Observations on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts of Four Weak Systems during PREDICT
Authors: Torn Ryan D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The value of assimilating targeted dropwindsonde observations meant to improve tropical cyclone intensity forecasts is evaluated using data collected during the Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field project and a cycling ensemble Kalman filter. For each of the four initialization times studied, four different sets of Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) ensemble forecasts are produced: one without any dropwindsonde data, one with all dropwindsonde data assimilated, one where a small subset of “targeted” dropwindsondes are identified using the ensemble-based sensitivity method, and a set of randomly selected dropwindsondes. For all four cases, the assimilation of dropwindsondes leads to an improved intensity forecast, with the targeted dropwindsonde experiment recovering at least 80% of the difference between the experiment where all dropwindsondes and no dropwindsondes are assimilated. By contrast, assimilating randomly selected dropwindsondes leads to a smaller impact in three of the four cases. In general, zonal and meridional wind observations at or below 700 hPa have the largest impact on the forecast due to the large sensitivity of the intensity forecast to the horizontal wind components at these levels and relatively large ensemble standard deviation relative to the assumed observation errors.
Effects of an exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating intervention on indices of psychological health status, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and immune function after early-stage breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Saxton John M , Scott Emma J , Daley Amanda J , Woodroofe M Nicola , Mutrie Nanette , Crank Helen , Powers Hilary J , Coleman Robert E 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Many women experience emotional distress, depression and anxiety after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Psychological stress and depression have been associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation that may adversely affect immune system functioning and impact upon survival. This study investigated the effects of a lifestyle intervention on indices of psychological health status, HPA axis regulation and immune function in overweight women recovering from early-stage breast cancer treatment.

Methods
A total of 85 women treated for breast cancer 3 to 18 months previously were randomly allocated to a 6-month exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating program plus usual care or usual care alone (control group). Women in the intervention group received three supervised exercise sessions per week and individualized dietary advice, supplemented by weekly nutrition seminars. Depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory version II: BDI-II), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale: PSS), salivary diurnal cortisol rhythms; inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α), leukocyte phenotype counts, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and lymphocyte proliferation following mitogenic stimulation were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow up.

Results
Compared with the control group, the intervention group exhibited a reduction in depressive symptoms (adjusted mean difference, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): −3.12, −1.03 to −5.26; P = 0.004) at the 6-month follow-up but no significant decrease in PSS scores (−2.07, −4.96 to 0.82; P = 0.16). The lifestyle intervention also had a significant impact on diurnal salivary cortisol rhythm compared with usual care alone, as evidenced by an increase in morning salivary cortisol at the 6-month follow-up (P <0.04), indicating a change in HPA axis regulation. Women in the control group had higher total leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in comparison to the intervention group at the 6-month follow-up (P ≤0.05), whereas there was no difference in NK cell counts (P = 0.46), NK cell cytotoxicity (P = 0.85) or lymphocyte proliferation responses (P = 0.11) between the two groups.

Conclusion
Our results show that the lifestyle intervention resulted in a reduction in depressive symptoms and a normalisation of HPA axis regulation. Such changes could have important implications for long-term survival in women recovering from early-breast cancer treatment.

Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN08045231
Mechanical ventilation drives pneumococcal pneumonia into lung injury and sepsis in mice: protection by adrenomedullin
Authors: Müller-Redetzky Holger C , Will Daniel , Hellwig Katharina , Kummer Wolfgang , Tschernig Thomas , Pfeil Uwe , Paddenberg Renate , Menger Michael D , Kershaw Olivia , Gruber Achim D , Weissmann Norbert , Hippenstiel Stefan , Suttorp Norbert , Witzenrath Martin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) contributes to morbidity and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Particularly pre-injured lungs are susceptible to VILI despite protective ventilation. In a previous study, the endogenous peptide adrenomedullin (AM) protected murine lungs from VILI. We hypothesized that mechanical ventilation (MV) contributes to lung injury and sepsis in pneumonia, and that AM may reduce lung injury and multiple organ failure in ventilated mice with pneumococcal pneumonia.

Methods
We analyzed in mice the impact of MV in established pneumonia on lung injury, inflammation, bacterial burden, hemodynamics and extrapulmonary organ injury, and assessed the therapeutic potential of AM by starting treatment at intubation.

Results
In pneumococcal pneumonia, MV increased lung permeability, and worsened lung mechanics and oxygenation failure. MV dramatically increased lung and blood cytokines but not lung leukocyte counts in pneumonia. MV induced systemic leukocytopenia and liver, gut and kidney injury in mice with pneumonia. Lung and blood bacterial burden was not affected by MV pneumonia and MV increased lung AM expression, whereas receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) 1–3 expression was increased in pneumonia and reduced by MV. Infusion of AM protected against MV-induced lung injury (66% reduction of pulmonary permeability p < 0.01; prevention of pulmonary restriction) and against VILI-induced liver and gut injury in pneumonia (91% reduction of AST levels p < 0.05, 96% reduction of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) levels p < 0.05, abrogation of histopathological changes and parenchymal apoptosis in liver and gut).

Conclusions
MV paved the way for the progression of pneumonia towards ARDS and sepsis by aggravating lung injury and systemic hyperinflammation leading to liver, kidney and gut injury. AM may be a promising therapeutic option to protect against development of lung injury, sepsis and extrapulmonary organ injury in mechanically ventilated individuals with severe pneumonia.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Incidence of Diabetes in Elderly People: The PRO.V.A. Study
Authors: Veronese Nicola , Sergi Giuseppe , De Rui Marina , Bolzetta Francesco , Toffanello Elena Debora , Zambon Sabina , Corti Maria-Chiara , Sartori Leonardo , Musacchio Estella , Baggio Giovannella , Crepaldi Gaetano , Perissinotto Egle , Manzato Enzo 
Published: April 2014

Context:
Increasing research has shown that low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (25OHD) predict the onset of diabetes, but no research is available on this issue in elderly people.

Objective:
Our objective was to examine whether low serum levels of 25OHD are associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes over a lengthy follow-up in a representative group of elderly people.

Design and Setting:
This was a population-based cohort study as part of the Progetto Veneto Anziani (Pro.V.A.) Study over a follow-up of 4.4 years in the general community.

Participants:
Participants included 2227 participants (1728 with follow-up visits and 499 died during the follow-up) over 65 years of age without diabetes at baseline, of 2352 initially included.

Main Outcome Measure:
The main outcome measure was incident diabetes.

Results:
There were no baseline differences in known factors for the onset of diabetes (body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, renal function, and hemoglobin A1c levels) between the groups with different serum 25OHD levels (≤25, 25–50, 50–75, and ≥75 nmol/L). Over a 4.4-year follow-up, 291 individuals developed diabetes, with an incidence of 28 events per 1000 person-years. No significant difference in the incidence of diabetes emerged between the baseline 25OHD groups. Cox's regression analysis, adjusted for potential confounders, revealed no relationship between low vitamin D levels and incident diabetes during the follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76–1.45, P = .77; HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 0.95–1.98, P = .12; and HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.87–2.16, P = .17 for those with 25OHD ≤25, 25–50, and 50–75 nmol/L, respectively).

Conclusion:
Baseline serum concentrations of 25OHD were not associated with the incidence of diabetes in community-dwelling elderly people over a follow-up of 4.4 years.
Fluorescent Dimer and Fiber of meso-Tetrakis{o-(isonicotinoylamino)phenyl}porphyrin Connected by Pd(II) Coordinations
Authors: Kasuya Sakiko , Yamazawa Yukika , Sugimura Natsuhiko , Shibue Toshimichi , Komatsu Teruyuki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A pair of meso-tetrakis{α,α,α,α-o-(isonicotinoylamino)phenyl}porphyrins (P1) was coupled by quadruple Pd(II) coordinations, generating a cofacial and fluorescent porphyrin dimer. Photoinduced electron transfers from the dimer to benzoquinones were investigated. Furthermore, Pd(II) coordinations to the α,β,α,β-atropisomer P2 yielded fluorescent porphyrin fiber with a monomolecular width.
Boundedness of intrinsic square functions on generalized Morrey spaces
Authors: Wang Hua 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We study the strong type and weak type estimates of intrinsic square functions including the Lusin area integral, Littlewood–Paley g-function and

g
λ
*

$g^*_\lambda $

-function on the generalized Morrey spaces

L

p
,
Φ

$L^{p,\Phi }$

for

1
≤
p
<
∞

$1\le p&lt;\infty $

, where Φ is a growth function on

(
0
,
∞
)

$(0,\infty )$

satisfying the doubling condition. The boundedness of commutators generated by

BMO
(

ℝ
n

)

$\operatorname{BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)$

functions and intrinsic square functions is also obtained.
Thesauri, Terminologien, Lexika, Fachsprachen
Authors: Engerer Volkmar 
Published: April 2014

ZusammenfassungIch unternehme in diesem Beitrag den Versuch, die Informationswissenschaft - hier gedeutet als ‚Information Retrieval‘- Disziplin - einer synchronen Querschnittsanalyse zu unterziehen, welche die aktuelle Position dieser Disziplin im Feld anderer zeichen- und wortschatzorientierter Disziplinen (neben der Linguistik die Terminologielehre und die Fachsprachenforschung) näher bestimmen soll. Im Rahmen der Analyse wird von einem Information Retrieval-Kern der Informationswissenschaft ausgegangen, welcher den Informationssuchkontext sowie die Konzepte des Informationsbedarfs und der Relevanz als für diese Disziplin zentrale Komponenten ansieht. Synchron wird das Verhältnis der Informationswissenschaft zu benachbarten Disziplinen durch eine Reihe disziplinspezifischer Zeichenanforderungen erklärt, wodurch ein systemischer Zusammenhang entsteht, der die Informationswissenschaft mit den drei anderen zeichenbezogenen und vokabularorientierten Disziplinen in Beziehung setzt. Das Verhältnis zwischen diesen Disziplinen wird anhand der Dimensionen Kontrolle/Verbindlichkeit sowie Verortung des Vokabulars („im Kopf“ vs. in externen Dokumenten) aufgezeigt, und es wird ein übergeordnetes Prinzip der Syntagmatisierung, welches die beiden Dimensionen vereint, vorgeschlagen.
Genetics and Evolution: An iOS Application to Supplement Introductory Courses in Transmission and Evolutionary Genetics
Authors: Myers Russell B , Millman Brandon , Noor Mohamed A F 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Students in college courses struggle to understand many concepts fundamental to transmission and evolutionary genetics, including multilocus inheritance, recombination, Hardy-Weinberg, and genetic drift. These students consistently ask for more demonstrations and more practice problems. With this demand in mind, the “Genetics and Evolution” app was designed to help students (and their instructors) by providing a suite of tools granting them the ability to: (1) simulate genetic crosses with varying numbers of genes and patterns of inheritance, (2) simulate allele frequency changes under natural selection and/ or genetic drift, (3) quiz themselves to reinforce terminology (customizable by any instructor for their whole classroom), *4) solve various problems (recombination fractions, Hardy-Weinberg, heritability, population growth), and (5) generate literally an infinite number of practice problems in all of these areas to try on their own. Although some of these functions are available elsewhere, the alternatives do not have the ability to instantly generate new practice problems or achieve these diverse functions in devices that students carry in their pockets every day.