bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mini-Split
Authors: Arvanitaki Asimina , Craig Nathaniel , Dimopoulos Savas , Villadoro Giovanni 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe lack of evidence for new physics beyond the standard model at the LHC points to a paucity of new particles near the weak scale. This suggests that the weak scale is tuned and that supersymmetry, if present at all, is realized at higher energies. The measured Higgs mass constrains the scalar sparticles to be below 105TeV, while gauge coupling unification favors Higgsinos below 100 TeV. Nevertheless, in many models gaugino masses are suppressed and remain within reach of the LHC. Tuning the weak scale and the renormalization group evolution of the scalar masses constrain Split model building. Due to the small gaugino masses, either the squarks or the up-higgs often run tachyonic; in the latter case, successful electroweak breaking requires heavy higgsinos near the scalar sparticles. We discuss the consequences of tuning the weak scale and the phenomenology of several models of Split supersymmetry including anomaly mediation, U(1)B−Lmediation, and Split gauge mediation.
Blood pressure‐lowering effects of GLP‐1 receptor agonists exenatide and liraglutide: a meta‐analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Wang B. , Zhong J. , Lin H. , Zhao Z. , Yan Z. , He H. , Ni Y. , Liu D. , Zhu Z. 
Published: February 2013

AimsAside from lowering blood glucose, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) attract much attention because of their cardioprotective effects. The aim of this study was to assess the blood pressure‐lowering effects of the GLP‐1 RAs exenatide and liraglutide compared with other common drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including data describing complete blood pressure (BP) changes from baseline.MethodsWe searched the major databases for published or unpublished RCTs that had been performed in patients with T2DM and compared the effects of exenatide and liraglutide to those of other common drugs used to treat T2DM. The RCTs that included data describing BP changes between the baseline and the end of the study were selected for further analysis.ResultsA total of 16 RCTs that enrolled 3443 patients in the GLP‐1 RA treatment group and 2417 subjects in the control group were included in this meta‐analysis. The GLP‐1 RA exenatide reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) when compared with both placebo and insulin glargine, with mean differences of −5.24 and −3.46 mmHg, respectively, and with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of −6.88 to −3.59, p < 0.00001 and −3.63 to −3.29, p < 0.00001, respectively. Meanwhile, in the exenatide‐treated group, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was reduced by −5.91 mmHg, with a 95% CI of −7.53 to −4.28, p < 0.00001 compared with the placebo group, and −0.99 mmHg with a 95% CI of −1.12 to −0.87, p < 0.00001 compared with the sitagliptin group. SBP changes in this meta‐analysis were assessed in the groups treated with 1.2 or 1.8 mg liraglutide per day. In the 1.2 mg‐treated group, liraglutide treatment reduced SBP compared with placebo and glimepiride treatment, with mean differences of −5.60 and −2.38 mmHg, and 95% CIs of −5.84 to −5.36, p < 0.00001 and −4.75 to −0.01, p = 0.05, respectively. In the 1.8‐mg‐treated group, liraglutide also reduced SBP compared with placebo and glimepiride treatment with mean differences of −4.49 and −2.62 mmHg, and a 95% CI of −4.73 to −4.26, p < 0.00001, and −2.91 to −2.33, p < 0.00001, respectively.ConclusionTreatment with the GLP‐1 RAs exenatide and liraglutide reduced SBP and DBP by 1 to 5 mmHg compared with some other anti‐diabetic drugs including insulin, glimepiride and placebo for patients with T2DM. GLP‐1 RAs may offer an alternative therapy for these patients and will help provide extra cardiovascular benefits.
Phenotypic and functional traits of peripheral blood mononuclear cells retained by controlled cryopreservation: implications for reliable sequential studies of dynamic interactions with endothelial cells
Authors: Lockmann Anike , Schön Michael P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany immunological experiments would be greatly facilitated if peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) preserved important functional properties over longer periods of time. Regarding adhesive interactions with endothelial cells, a crucial step of inflammatory processes, this had not been investigated yet. We demonstrate that PBMC subsets subjected to controlled cryopreservation retain their phenotypic traits inasmuch as the proportion of viable T cells, monocytes/macrophages and B cells was comparable with their freshly isolated counterparts. More importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that the procedure does not impede crucial adhesion‐mediated dynamic interactions with endothelial cells. Using a flow chamber system, freshly isolated and cryopreserved PBMC showed similar rolling and firm adhesion on TNF‐α‐activated endothelial cells under shear flow as compared to freshly isolated PBMC from the same donors. Thus, our observation is an important prerequisite for functional studies of leucocyte recruitment when sequential investigations with material from the same patients are required.
Effect of solvent evaporation strategies on regional bond strength of one‐step self‐etch adhesives to root canal dentine
Authors: Thitthaweerat S. , Nakajima M. , Foxton R. M. , Tagami J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy of different solvent evaporation strategies on bonding of one‐step self‐etch adhesives to root canal dentine.MethodologyTwo dual‐cure resin core systems (Clearfil DC Bond/Clearfil DC Core Automix and Clearfil Tri‐S Bond Plus/Clearfil DC Core Plus; Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) were equally applied in 24 post spaces from extracted human mandibular premolars. After the adhesive application, specimens were randomly assigned into four water/solvent evaporation strategies as follows (I) insertion of absorbent paper point for 10 s: P, (II) 10 s air‐blowing: A, (III) as (II) followed by insertion of absorbent paper point: AP, (IV) as (III) followed by 10 s additional air‐blowing: APA. Then, the adhesives were light cured, and resin core materials were placed into the post space, followed by light curing for 60 s. After water storage for 24 h, 0.6 × 0.6 mm‐thick beams were prepared to measure the regional μTBS. The mode of failure was also observed. The μTBS values were statistically analysed using three‐way anova and Duncan HSD test (α = 0.05).ResultsIn the coronal region, there were no significant differences in μTBS between each evaporation strategy (P > 0.05), except P group. However, in the apical region, APA and AP groups significantly increased in μTBS compared with A and P groups (P < 0.05). Only in the APA group of Clearfil Tri‐S Bond Plus/Clearfil DC Core Plus, was there no significant difference in μTBS between the coronal and apical regions (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe use of paper points with additional air‐blowing for removing excessive adhesive and evaporating residual water/solvent would be effective in producing higher bond strength for the tested one‐step self‐etch adhesives and fewer blister formations in deeper regions of the post space.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, corticotropin‐releasing factor, and hypothalamic neuronal histamine interact to regulate feeding behavior
Authors: Gotoh Koro , Masaki Takayuki , Chiba Seiichi , Ando Hisae , Fujiwara Kansuke , Shimasaki Takanobu , Mitsutomi Kimihiko , Katsuragi Isao , Kakuma Tetsuya , Sakata Toshiie , Yoshimatsu Hironobu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), and hypothalamic neuronal histamine are anorexigenic substances within the hypothalamus. This study examined the interactions among BDNF, CRF, and histamine during the regulation of feeding behavior in rodents. Food intake was measured after treatment with BDNF, α‐fluoromethyl histidine (FMH; a specific suicide inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase that depletes hypothalamic neuronal histamine), or CRF antagonist. We measured food intake in wild‐type mice and mice with targeted disruption of the histamine H1 receptor (H1KO mice) after central BDNF infusion. Furthermore, we investigated CRF content and histamine turnover in the hypothalamus after BDNF treatment, and conversely, BDNF content in the hypothalamus after histamine treatment. We used immunohistochemical staining for histamine H1 receptors (H1‐R) in BDNF neurons. BDNF‐induced feeding suppression was partially attenuated in rats pre‐treated with FMH or a CRF antagonist, and in H1KO mice. BDNF treatment increased CRF content and histamine turnover in the hypothalamus. Histamine increased BDNF content in the hypothalamus. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that H1‐Rs were expressed on BDNF neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results indicate that CRF and hypothalamic neuronal histamine mediate the suppressive effects of BDNF on feeding behavior and body weight.
Assessing the Impact of Indian Gaming on American Indian Nations: Is the House Winning?
Authors: Conner Thaddieus W. , Taggart William A. 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to examine the impact of Indian gaming on reservation conditions in the contiguous American states following passage of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988.MethodsUtilizing 1990 and 2000 Census data for 330 Indian nations, a pretest/posttest design permits a comparison of nongaming nations to three different types of gaming nations on eight economic measures, while controlling for multiple tribal characteristics and considering the effects of certain state contextual factors confronting nations due to location.ResultsThe analysis reveals (1) that the overall impact of gaming, while generally positive, is not as extensive after controlling for certain tribal features, (2) that there are differential effects evident across the three types of gaming nations, and (3) that the state context makes a difference in influencing the relationship between gaming and reservation conditions. The most substantial impacts are for a small subset of nations with Class III gaming and making per capita payments to their members in larger, wealthier states prohibiting non‐Indian casinos.ConclusionThese results challenge some of the core assumptions about Indian gaming radically changing the poor economic conditions endemic to Indian country.
Twenty‐First‐Century Trends in Black Migration to the U.S. South: Demographic and Subjective Predictors
Authors: Hunt Matthew O. , Hunt Larry L. , Falk William W. 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveWe examine (1) whether black migration trends from the final few decades of the 20th century continued during the first decade of the 21st century, (2) whether the black southern migration stream continues to be demographically distinctive, and (3) whether incorporating subjective/motivational factors into our models advances our understanding of race and interregional migration.MethodsUsing data from the 2000 to 2010 Current Population Surveys, we employ descriptive and inferential statistics to (1) map recent patterns of interregional migration in the United States by race and (2) estimate the effects of race, other sociodemographics, and subjective/motivational factors on people's propensity to migrate to the United States South.ResultsWe find that the rate of black migration to the South continues to exceed that of whites, and that black migrants differ from their white counterparts both demographically and motivationally. We also observe selected gender differences within the black southern migration stream.ConclusionsOur results underscore the need for more research on race, gender, and interregional migration in the United States. We suggest directions for such work, with particular focus on possibilities for further inquiry when 2010 census materials become more widely available.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Phylogenetically Closely Related Hydrogenobaculum sp. Isolates from Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Romano Christine , D'Imperio Seth , Woyke Tanja , Mavromatis Konstantinos , Lasken Roger , Shock Everett L. , McDermott Timothy R. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTWe describe the complete genome sequences of four closely relatedHydrogenobaculumsp. isolates (≥99.7% 16S rRNA gene identity) that were isolated from the outflow channel of Dragon Spring (DS), Norris Geyser Basin, in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), WY. The genomes range in size from 1,552,607 to 1,552,931 bp, contain 1,667 to 1,676 predicted genes, and are highly syntenic. There are subtle differences among the DS isolates, which as a group are different fromHydrogenobaculumsp. strain Y04AAS1 that was previously isolated from a geographically distinct YNP geothermal feature. Genes unique to the DS genomes encode arsenite [As(III)] oxidation, NADH-ubiquinone-plastoquinone (complex I), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain, a DNA photolyase, and elements of a type II secretion system. Functions unique to strain Y04AAS1 include thiosulfate metabolism, nitrate respiration, and mercury resistance determinants. DS genomes contain seven CRISPR loci that are almost identical but are different from the single CRISPR locus in strain Y04AAS1. Other differences between the DS and Y04AAS1 genomes include average nucleotide identity (94.764%) and percentage conserved DNA (80.552%). Approximately half of the genes unique to Y04AAS1 are predicted to have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer. Fragment recruitment analysis and marker gene searches demonstrated that the DS metagenome was more similar to the DS genomes than to the Y04AAS1 genome, but that the DS community is likely comprised of a continuum ofHydrogenobaculumgenotypes that span from the DS genomes described here to an Y04AAS1-like organism, which appears to represent a distinct ecotype relative to the DS genomes characterized.
Multiple Propionyl Coenzyme A-Supplying Pathways for Production of the Bioplastic Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-
co
-3-Hydroxyvalerate) in Haloferax mediterranei
Authors: Han Jing , Hou Jing , Zhang Fan , Ai Guomin , Li Ming , Cai Shuangfeng , Liu Hailong , Wang Lei , Wang Zejian , Zhang Siliang , Cai Lei , Zhao Dahe , Zhou Jian , Xiang Hua 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Haloferax mediterranei
is able to accumulate the bioplastic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-
co
-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with more than 10 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) from unrelated carbon sources. However, the pathways that produce propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA), an important precursor of 3HV monomer, have not yet been determined. Bioinformatic analysis of
H. mediterranei
genome indicated that this strain uses multiple pathways for propionyl-CoA biosynthesis, including the citramalate/2-oxobutyrate pathway, the aspartate/2-oxobutyrate pathway, the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway, and a novel 3-hydroxypropionate pathway. Cofeeding of pathway intermediates and inactivating pathway-specific genes supported that these four pathways were indeed involved in the biosynthesis of 3HV monomer. The novel 3-hydroxypropionate pathway that couples CO
2
assimilation with PHBV biosynthesis was further confirmed by analysis of
13
C positional enrichment in 3HV. Notably,
13
C metabolic flux analysis showed that the citramalate/2-oxobutyrate pathway (53.0% flux) and the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway (30.6% flux) were the two main generators of propionyl-CoA from glucose. In addition, genetic perturbation on the transcriptome of the Δ
phaEC
mutant (deficient in PHBV accumulation) revealed that a considerable number of genes in the four propionyl-CoA synthetic pathways were significantly downregulated. We determined for the first time four propionyl-CoA-supplying pathways for PHBV production in haloarchaea, particularly including a new 3-hydroxypropionate pathway. These results would provide novel strategies for the production of PHBV with controllable 3HV molar fraction.
Atypical Glycolysis in Clostridium thermocellum
Authors: Zhou Jilai , Olson Daniel G. , Argyros D. Aaron , Deng Yu , van Gulik Walter M. , van Dijken Johannes P. , Lynd Lee R. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Cofactor specificities of glycolytic enzymes in
Clostridium thermocellum
were studied with cellobiose-grown cells from batch cultures. Intracellular glucose was phosphorylated by glucokinase using GTP rather than ATP. Although phosphofructokinase typically uses ATP as a phosphoryl donor, we found only pyrophosphate (PP
i
)-linked activity. Phosphoglycerate kinase used both GDP and ADP as phosphoryl acceptors. In agreement with the absence of a pyruvate kinase sequence in the
C. thermocellum
genome, no activity of this enzyme could be detected. Also, the annotated pyruvate phosphate dikinase (
ppdk
) is not crucial for the generation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), as deletion of the
ppdk
gene did not substantially change cellobiose fermentation. Instead pyruvate formation is likely to proceed via a malate shunt with GDP-linked PEP carboxykinase, NADH-linked malate dehydrogenase, and NADP-linked malic enzyme. High activities of these enzymes were detected in extracts of cellobiose-grown cells. Our results thus show that GTP is consumed while both GTP and ATP are produced in glycolysis of
C. thermocellum
. The requirement for PP
i
in this pathway can be satisfied only to a small extent by biosynthetic reactions, in contrast to what is generally assumed for a PP
i
-dependent glycolysis in anaerobic heterotrophs. Metabolic network analysis showed that most of the required PP
i
must be generated via ATP or GTP hydrolysis exclusive of that which happens during biosynthesis. Experimental proof for the necessity of an alternative mechanism of PP
i
generation was obtained by studying the glycolysis in washed-cell suspensions in which biosynthesis was absent. Under these conditions, cells still fermented cellobiose to ethanol.
Modular Evolution of Tn
GBS
s, a New Family of Integrative and Conjugative Elements Associating Insertion Sequence Transposition, Plasmid Replication, and Conjugation for Their Spreading
Authors: Guérillot Romain , Da Cunha Violette , Sauvage Elisabeth , Bouchier Christiane , Glaser Philippe 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) have a major impact on gene flow and genome dynamics in bacteria. The ICEs Tn
GBS1
and Tn
GBS2
, first identified in
Streptococcus agalactiae
, use a DDE transposase, unlike most characterized ICEs, which depend on a phage-like integrase for their mobility. Here we identified 56 additional Tn
GBS
-related ICEs by systematic genome analysis. Interestingly, all except one are inserted in streptococcal genomes. Sequence comparison of the proteins conserved among these ICEs defined two subtypes related to Tn
GBS1
or Tn
GBS2
. We showed that both types encode different conjugation modules: a type IV secretion system, a VirD4 coupling protein, and a relaxase and its cognate
oriT
site, shared with distinct lineages of conjugative elements of
Firmicutes
. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Tn
GBS
s evolved from two conjugative elements of different origins by the successive recruitment of a transposition module derived from insertion sequences (ISs). Furthermore, Tn
GBS
s share replication modules with different plasmids. Mutational analyses and conjugation experiments showed that Tn
GBS1
and Tn
GBS2
combine replication and transposition upstream promoters for their transfer and stabilization. Despite an evolutionarily successful horizontal dissemination within the genus
Streptococcus
, these ICEs have a restricted host range. However, we reveal that for Tn
GBS1
and Tn
GBS2
, this host restriction is not due to a transfer incompatibility linked to the conjugation machineries but most likely to their ability for transient maintenance through replication after their transfer.
John Whitaker Hulke, surgeon and palaeontologist
Authors: Wills Simon 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

John Whitaker Hulke was one of the early pioneers of vertebrate palaeontology whose work is now somewhat forgotten. At various times he was President of the Geological Society, President of the Royal College of Surgeons, President of the Clinical Society and President of the Pathological Society. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society and Consulting Surgeon at Moorfields Eye Hospital. His initial research into dinosaurs was based around specimens collected by Mr Mansel Pleydell of Blandford in Dorset. He also developed a close friendship with the Reverend William Fox on the Isle of Wight and for a time Hulke had almost exclusive access to this collection. The sauropod
Ornithopsis hulkei
was named in his honour by his friend Harry Govier
Seeley in 1870
. Hulke described and named a number of dinosaurs including
Eucamerotus
,
Cumnoria
(=
Iguanodon
)
prestwichii
and
Lexovisaurus
(=
Omosaurus
)
durobrivensis
, amongst others. Hulke attempted the first complete skeletal reconstruction of the small ornithopod dinosaur
Hypsilophodon foxii
. He is also credited with the first detailed description of
Polacanthus foxii
. His personal collection was donated to the British Museum by his widow Julia and is now stored in the Natural History Museum, London.
Chemotherapy Alters Monocyte Differentiation to Favor Generation of Cancer-Supporting M2 Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Dijkgraaf Eveline M. , Heusinkveld Moniek , Tummers Bart , Vogelpoel Lisa T.C. , Goedemans Renske , Jha Veena , Nortier Johan W.R. , Welters Marij J.P. , Kroep Judith R. , van der Burg Sjoerd H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Current therapy of gynecologic malignancies consists of platinum-containing chemotherapy. Resistance to therapy is associated with increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 2 inflammatory mediators known to skew differentiation of monocytes to tumor-promoting M2 macrophages. We investigated the impact of cisplatin and carboplatin on 10 different cervical and ovarian cancer cell lines as well as on the ability of the tumor cells to affect the differentiation and function of cocultured monocytes in vitro. Treatment with cisplatin or carboplatin increased the potency of tumor cell lines to induce IL-10–producing M2 macrophages, which displayed increased levels of activated STAT3 due to tumor-produced IL-6 as well as decreased levels of activated STAT1 and STAT6 related to the PGE2 production of tumor cells. Blockade of canonical NF-κB signaling showed that the effect of the chemotherapy was abrogated, preventing the subsequent increased production of PGE2 and/or IL-6 by the tumor cell lines. Treatment with the COX-inhibitor indomethacin and/or the clinical monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), tocilizumab, prevented M2-differentiation. Importantly, no correlation existed between the production of PGE2 or IL-6 by cancer cells and their resistance to chemotherapy-induced cell death, indicating that other mechanisms underlie the reported chemoresistance of tumors producing these factors. Our data suggest that a chemotherapy-mediated increase in tumor-promoting M2 macrophages may form an indirect mechanism for chemoresistance. Hence, concomitant therapy with COX inhibitors and/or IL-6R antibodies might increase the clinical effect of platinum-based chemotherapy in otherwise resistant tumors. Cancer Res; 73(8); 2480–92. ©2013 AACR.