bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telephones, Cameras and Technology in West New Britain Cargo Cults
Authors: Lattas Andrew 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I explore the creative practices of cargo cult followers in the Kaliai bush of West New Britain. I focus on how rural villagers reworked their experiences of meaning and sociality through their appropriations of western technology. In particular, bush Kaliai cult followers frequently used telephones and cameras in idiosyncratic ways that mapped out anew and redisclosed the spaces occupied by a racialised human existence. Through their novel use of western technology, cult followers struggled to resituate and overcome the new distances and cleavages of modernity by unearthing other ways of being white that came from their customary past and ancestral homelands.
Cargo Cults and Discursive Madness
Authors: Dalton Doug 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTUnderstood as mimetic portrayals of the image of unlimited good projected by European colonial culture, Melanesian ‘cargo cults’ are therefore viewed as ‘irrational’ within indigenous understandings. Consequently, Western anthropological discourse has sought to functionally normalize and nativize ‘cargo cult’ behaviors at the expense of denying their non‐rational character. The result has been a lexical and semantic uncertainty and explanatory instability in ‘cargo cult’ discourse that can be analyzed as a type of discursive ‘madness.’ A strategy of reading the ‘madness’ of ‘cargo cult’ discourse is outlined and applied to key anthropological texts, in particular Peter Worsley's The Trumpet Shall Sound.
Introduction
Authors: Cowlishaw Gillian 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis introduction will consider how these four papers mark new boundaries of an expanding anthropological project both in their theoretical aspirations and their empirical reach. While the papers address quite different questions, each is relevant to the contemporary relationship between anthropology, indigenous people and the Australian nation. To highlight that relevance I will draw on elements of anthropology's history using some of Stanner's observations in the 1950s. In the last section I discuss some contemporary conditions and criticisms of anthropology.
Irruptions of the Dreamings in Post‐Colonial Australia
Authors: Sansom Basil 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis essay is written round four ‘funny stories’ from Northern Australia. Metamorphosis instigated by a Dreaming is central to all four stories and this is why the stories are counted as ‘funny,’ and received with glee. The analysis illuminates a topic that has been attracting attention in recent contributions to Aboriginal ethnography: how Dreamings irrupt into contemporary histories and act in ways that have political significance, contesting whitefella paradigms and re‐asserting the world‐view of the original Australians.
Sacred Soil in Kadavu, Fiji
Authors: Tomlinson Matt 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I consider historical and ethnographic evidence to explain how ‘sacred soil’ becomes an intelligible and palpable reality in Kadavu, Fiji. I begin by describing the fundamental Fijian cultural division between lotu (Methodism, or Christianity more broadly) and vanua (people and land), and argue that these entities are fruitfully considered as Bourdieuan fields whose competition is culturally generative. Examining historians' well‐known work on precolonial land alienation and colonial land tenure codification in Fiji, I note that Methodist missionaries helped add to indigenous Fijians' senses that their land was diminishing or even disappearing. In addition, I examine data from recent fieldwork in Kadavu, particularly discourse about soil's and land's importance and descriptions of a Methodist ritual called the masu sema (‘chain prayer’) in which soil's investiture with mana (efficaciousness) is particularly apparent. Having shown how ‘sacred soil’ becomes both an intelligible and palpable reality, I then argue that we should consider the creative force of friction between lotu and vanua in indigenous Fijian social life generally.
‘Everyone Searches, Everyone Finds’: Moral Discourse and Resource Use in an Indonesian Muslim Community
Authors: Winn Phillip 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn the Banda Islands, understandings of tanah (land/earth) draw on a vision of emplaced moral order linked to idealised forms of sociality. Islam provides a fundamental idiom through which these are envisaged by local Muslims. The everyday rigours seen as a concomitant with being Muslim provide a means through which a population of in‐migrants is able to actively engage the spirits of autochthonous founder‐figures as the ontological ‘source’ of locality. This has implications for conceiving the legitimate terms of sovereignty which may compete, but are not necessarily always at odds, with those disseminated by government authorities. Though examining the activities of residents in respect to key resources, particularly ideas if theft, generosity and equality of access, local conceptions of moral community and its relation to diverse sources of governmentality are explored. A critical aspect of local subjectivity emerges as the operation of moral governmentality which involves the management of the subject through its constitution as an agent in relation to others (Foucault 1997:300).
Daily, Immediate Conflicts: an Analysis of Villagers' Arguments about a Multinational Nickel Mining Project in New Caledonia1
Authors: Horowitz Leah 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTLocal communities are not the homogenous entities, unanimously opposed to industrial development, that academic and popular literature often portray them to be. In this paper, I discuss my research in New Caledonian villages near a potential mining project. I analyse the diversity of individuals' responses to industrial activities, the intra‐community conflicts that this development triggered or exacerbated, and the discourses that people implemented to support their positions. Specifically, people's statements — and, presumably, beliefs — about dangers from ecological damage and ancestral anger reflected their expectations of the project's consequences for their sub‐group's social status. I argue that, through their interactions with the mining company, what many if not most of these villagers primarily sought was respect of their social positions and control of their own destinies. They especially aspired to determine what happened to their land, the source of their identity and dignity.
The Story of Jimmy: the Practice of History on North Pentecost, Vanuatu1
Authors: Taylor John P. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe Story of Jimmy is a frequently told oral‐historical account of ‘first contact’ from North Pentecost, Vanuatu. It describes the adventures of a group of ni‐Vanuatu plantation labourers who escape from Fiji by hijacking a ship and navigate a return to their home islands in Vanuatu. Central to the story is a young white man, known simply as Jimmy. Unwittingly forced to make the journey with them, and before they are all finally shipwrecked on the east coast of North Pentecost, Jimmy witnesses the murder and cannibalisation of his father by the starving hijackers. Yet upon departing for home some four years later he bestows a new name upon the Island: Uretabe, the ‘world of love/gifts’. This story, with its dual‐inverted narrative of abduction, transformation, escape and return, presents a remarkable account at a unique moment of historical rupture and cross‐cultural exchange. In doing so it also expresses idiomatic themes of mobility, place and identity as they relate to the politics of both the colonial past and postcolonial present in North Pentecost. This paper explores those themes and narratives while considering their relevance to my own experiences as a researcher in the area.
The Bugiau Community at Eight‐Mile: An Urban Settlement in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Barber Keith 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTContrary to the popular tendency to scapegoat and demonize urban settlements in Papua New Guinea the trend among academics has been to normalize their existence. There is however little detailed information upon which to base either view. This paper reviews existing studies of urban settlements in Papua New Guinea and finds a lacuna of information on basic livelihood functions. On the basis of a household survey and general observations made during a four‐week period of residence in an urban settlement in Port Moresby, it presents data on household composition, employment, income, expenditure and social identity for one urban settlement. The picture presented describes a way of life that does not support popular stereotypes.
Christianity, Tradition, and Everyday Modernity: Towards an Anatomy of Women's Groupings in Melanesia
Authors: Douglas Bronwen 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper approaches its central theme of women's groupings in Melanesia via critique of several longstanding shibboleths, including examples of their strategic appropriation by indigenous people. These stereotypes include the romantic image of rural dwellers as pre‐modern traditionalists on whom Christianity is an imposed foreign veneer; the hoary rhetorical opposition of ‘West’ and ‘non‐West’/modernity and tradition/individual and community; and the pervasive essentialization of Melanesian women as ‘naturally’ family‐oriented, communitarian, and less individualistic and competitive than men. Seeking patterns in regional diversity and fragmentation, the paper examines cultural, historical, and structural correlates of a wide range of women's groupings, including National Councils of Women, church women's organizations, and the largely self‐financed local church fellowship groups which are growing steadily in number and significance in the virtual absence of effective state institutions. Increasingly, women's groupings are complementing their traditional Christian spiritual, domestic, and welfare concerns with attention to global feminist, human rights, and ecological issues which are often reworked locally into scarcely recognizable shapes. Eschewing romanticization, the paper considers the potential and the problems of women's groupings in male‐dominated Melanesia, including women's own divisions and their typical aversion to assuming public responsibilities.
Egos and Ogres: Aspects of Psychosexual Development and Cannibalistic Demons in Central Australia
Authors: Eickelkamp Ute 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe paper explores from a psychoanalytic point of view some of the many ethnographic references to cannibalistic figures in Aboriginal societies of the Central and Western parts of Australia. The purpose is to show how dynamics of splitting originating in early infancy (love‐aggression, incorporation‐expulsion, inside‐outside, self‐other) continue to exist in culture‐specific expressions of cannibalistic fantasies and incestuous desires.
Turning the Spirits into Witchcraft: Pentecostalism in Fijian Villages1
Authors: Newland Lynda 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTSince Independence in 1970, Pentecostal churches have undergone unprecedented growth in Fiji. They claim to revive and purify Christianity and openly demonise many traditional ideas and practices that have been incorporated into the teachings and practices of the indigenous orthodox church of Methodism. The repercussions are that families with pre‐Christian esoteric knowledges are now perceived as cursed and therefore more likely to suffer illness and early death. Moreover, according to the Pentecostal churches, these conditions can only be healed by converting to Pentecostalism. However, in the villages, this conversion also brings conflict and sometimes splits villages completely, as in the case with a village on Beqa Island, or results in violence, as in the case of a village in Naitasiri. Both cases are discussed in this paper.
Traditional Fijian Apology as a Political Strategy
Authors: Cretton Viviane 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper is a reflection upon tradition in Fiji, taking up the question of a controversial ceremony of apology during the 2000 Fijian crisis. A subject of dispute, as much for the social actors as for anthropologists, the notion of tradition that I piece together appears as just such an object of negotiation — between interlocutors but equally between they and the anthropologist. While stressing articulations between customary and constitutional rights, it also highlights the personal and collective strategies that are hidden behind a conflict said to be ethnic, and in the construction of Fijian nationalism.
‘Smoke in the Hills, Gunfire in the Valley’: War and Peace in Western Highlands, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Henry Rosita 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe paper discusses accounts of recent tribal fighting and peacemaking processes in the Nebilyer Valley, Western Highlands, Papua New Guinea. My analysis is based on interviews conducted in January 2000 with Ganiga, and other peoples, who featured in Connolly and Anderson's film ‘Black Harvest’. I examine different strategies of peacemaking and peacekeeping employed in relation to the Nebilyer war, particularly the efforts of local Christian church representatives. I also explore how people in the Nebilyer Valley, construct particular events as significant, and the relevance of these constructions in processes of peace making.
Women's Gift‐Fish and Sociality in the Torres Strait, Australia
Authors: Lahn Julie 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that women's everyday practice of sharing fish at Warraber Island (Torres Strait) can be understood as a form of moral transaction. Gift‐fish are shown to be ‘socially entangled’, a fundamental mode of expressing kin relatedness as well as providing an indication of the current state of such relations. Fish distribution is portrayed locally as both an instance of generosity and of obligation, demonstrating a person's desire to engage in socially valued behaviour or correct their past failings. Importantly, I suggest that fish‐giving (and receiving) has a distinctly generational character, carrying different emphases across one's life‐span. The paper reflects on the tensions involved in strategic efforts by women to reconcile their limited capacity to meet expectations from a wide range of kin and neighbours, while affirming idealised visions of communally shared moral values.
Repeated Reading as a Method to Improve Reading Fluency for Struggling Adolescent Readers
Authors: Guerin Anne , Murphy Brian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the implications of a seven‐week programme of repeated readings on the fluency levels of three struggling adolescent readers. The study focused from a broad conceptualization of fluency which recognizes that practice and assessment should address all components of fluency, i.e., prosody and comprehension, as well as rate and accuracy. In keeping with this broad understanding of fluency, the methodology used included multiple assessment measures and a range of qualitative data gathered from the three adolescent participants throughout the seven‐week programme. The limitations of fluency practice which fails to address a complex definition of fluency emerge as significant. The findings indicate that success also lies in the potential of instructional programmes to enable students to uncover meaning in text by becoming more strategic when reading, both orally and silently, through increased levels of self‐directed learning.
Identifying the Independent Sources of Consumption Variation
Authors: Barigozzi Matteo , Moneta Alessio 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBy representing a system of budget shares as an approximate factor model we determine its rank, i.e. the number of common functional forms or factors, and we estimate a base of the factor space by means of approximate principal components. We assume that the extracted factors span the same space of basic Engel curves representing the fundamental forces driving consumers' behaviour. We identify these curves by imposing statistical independence and by studying their dependence on total expenditure using local linear regressions. We prove consistency of the estimates. Using data from the UK Family Expenditure Survey from 1977 to 2006, we find strong evidence of two common factors and mixed evidence of a third factor. These are identified as decreasing, increasing, and almost constant Engel curves. The household consumption behaviour is therefore driven by two factors respectively related to necessities (e.g. food), luxuries (e.g. vehicles), and in some cases by a third factor related to goods to which is allocated the same percentage of total budget both by rich and poor households (e.g. housing). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintaining polarization in polarimetric multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Bélanger Erik , Turcotte Raphaël , Daradich Amy , Sadetsky Grégory , Gravel Pierre , Bachand Karine , De Koninck Yves , Côté Daniel C. 
Published: February 2015

Polarimetric measurements in multiphoton microscopy can reveal information about the local molecular order of a sample. However, the presence of a dichroic through which the excitation beam propagates will generally scramble its polarization. We propose a simple scheme whereby a second properly‐oriented compensation dichroic is used to negate any alteration regardless of the wavelength and the initial polarization. We demonstrate how this robust and rapid approach simplifies polarimetric measurements in second‐harmonic generation, two‐photon excited fluorescence and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering.
Illustration of the polarization maintaining strategy with the compensating dichroic oriented such that its s‐ and p‐axes are interchanged with these of the primary dichroic.magnified imageIllustration of the polarization maintaining strategy with the compensating dichroic oriented such that its s‐ and p‐axes are interchanged with these of the primary dichroic.
Mechanism of intracellular detection of glucose through nonenzymatic and boronic acid functionalized carbon dots
Authors: Kiran S. , Misra R. D. K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe objective of the research described here is to elucidate the fundamental mechanism by which the new class of “inert” non‐enzymatic and boronic acid functionalized carbon dots‐based sensors facilitate intracellular detection of glucose. The study suggests that the mechanism of detection of glucose involved selective assembly and fluorescence quenching of the carbon dots with excellent dynamic response to varying concentration of glucose within the biological range (1–100 mM). The strong dynamic response was related to high selectivity to biomolecules and inertness of carbon dots. Furthermore, the functionalization of carbon dots with boronic acid was the governing factor response for the passive character of the carbon dots. The study lays the foundation for the new field of carbon‐based nanochemosensors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2888–2897, 2015.
Individual inconsistencies in basal and summit metabolic rate highlight flexibility of metabolic performance in a wintering passerine
Authors: Cortés Pablo Andrés , Petit Magali , Lewden Agnès , Milbergue Myriam , Vézina François 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTResident passerines inhabiting high latitude environments are faced with strong seasonal changes in thermal conditions and energy availability. Summit metabolic rate (maximal metabolic rate elicited by shivering during cold exposure: Msum) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) vary in parallel among seasons and increase in winter due to cold acclimatization, and these adjustments are thought to be critical for survival. Wintering individuals expressing consistently higher Msum and BMR could therefore be seen as better performers with higher chances of winter survival than those exhibiting lower metabolic performance. In this study, we calculated repeatability to evaluate temporal consistency of body mass, BMR and Msum within and across three consecutives winters in black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). We found that body mass was significantly repeatable both within and across winters (R 0.51–0.90). BMR (R 0.29–0.47) was only repeatable within winter while Msum was repeatable both among (R 0.33–0.49) and within winters (R 0.33–0.49) with the magnitude and significance of repeatability in both variables depending on the year and whether they were corrected for body mass or body size. The patterns of repeatability observed among years also differed between the two variables. Our findings suggest that the relative ranking of individuals in winter metabolic performance is affected by local ecological conditions and can change within relatively short periods of time. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 179–190, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can climate change cause groundwater scarcity? An estimate for Bihar
Authors: Sharma Bhawna , Jangle Nihar , Bhatt Nidhi , Dror David M. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTGroundwater is the source of almost 85% of freshwater requirement in rural India and 50% in urban India. Bihar is particularly reliant on groundwater, as it has the lowest supply of piped drinking water among Indian states. We examine the exposure of this resource to stress due to climate change; specifically, we estimate the influence of climate parameters on availability of groundwater in Bihar in about 10 years (2021) and 40 years (2051) from the most recent reference‐point of 2011 for which data are available. Considering the estimated increase in temperature in Bihar of 0.32 °C and 1.28 °C from the reference period under high‐end scenario, annual replenishable groundwater would decrease by 4.6 and 17.8%, respectively, for 2021 and 2051. An estimated increase in annual average precipitation by 1.6 and 6.4% from the reference period under low‐end scenario would increase estimated recharge levels by only 0.6 and 2.4%, respectively, in 2021 and 2051. The combined impact of estimated change in climate parameters (temperature and precipitation) would bring groundwater availability from 24 litres per capita per day (lpcd) now to 23 lpcd by 2021 and 20 lpcd by 2051 under worst‐climate scenario (high‐end temperature and low‐end precipitation). Projections of population growth for the years examined compared to the Indian population in 2011 revealed the reduction in water availability further to an estimated 20 lpcd by 2021 and to 13 lpcd by 2051 under ‘pessimistic scenario’ (worst‐climate and high‐end population). Planned artificial replenishment can fill the gap neither in the shorter nor in the longer term. We therefore conclude that due to the cumulative effects of climate and population, groundwater scarcity in Bihar could reach a level well below the minimum lpcd set by the Government of India and by WHO, unless effective corrective interventions will occur.