bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Downshifting
Authors: Larsson Jörgen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Downshifting can be defined as a long‐term strategy to improve one's quality of life, involving significantly less income or consumption in relation to one's potential level. The concept of downshifting spread in the United States during the 1990s, starting with Amy Saltzman's book
Down‐Shifting: Reinventing Success on a Slower Track
. The main idea is to focus less on paid work and to cut out unnecessary expenditures, in order to have time to do more of the things one wants to do. Ideas about an ascetic or simple life are well known in most major religions, as well as in literature. One example is Henry David Thoreau's
Walden
, which describes a simple life in the forest far removed from urban stress, and which is still popular today. Downshifting is a form of voluntary simplicity – a term which was introduced in the 1930s by one of Mahatma Gandhi's followers and which became widespread after Duane Elgin used it in the title of his 1981 book.
Marketing/Marketing Science
Authors: Ribeiro Raquel Barbosa , Soares Isabel 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Marketing is the scientific knowledge and procedures used to persuade consumers to behave according to the objectives set by organizations and individuals. To attain these goals, organizations and individuals offer value to consumers, that is, ways of satisfying their needs and desires, in a relational process of intended reciprocal benefit. Such objectives can encompass selling products, changing attitudes and behaviors, ensuring satisfaction, and motivating adherence to causes. After World War
II
, marketing became a consistent managerial practice and a recognized academic subject. As well as businesses, marketing is now used by nonprofit organizations. Important marketing concepts are: marketing plan, marketing network, product, service, product life cycle, marketing environment, competition, targeting, segmentation, niche, relationship marketing,
CRM
, customization, personalization, co‐creation, collaborative marketing, social marketing, green marketing, and online marketing.
Peer‐to‐Peer File Sharing
Authors: Esposti Piergiorgio Degli 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Technically, the term “peer to peer” (
P2P
) refers to the architecture of a network in which each node is not hierarchically connoted as simply a client or a server, but categorized according to its capabilities of hosting or receiving data. The fact that any node can be a peer means that it is both a client and a server at the same time. The only distinction is in the terminal nodes defined as host, which is essentially an exception or a new paradigm in the logic architecture of a network.

These systems have become quite popular, beginning in 1999 with Napster, a software that allowed the exchange and downloading of music (especially of .mp3) without paying royalties. Napster struggled with music's major labels and copyright laws, which led to the evolution of a
P2P
‐based system for illegally sharing and downloading digital content such as audio/video and software.
Social Media
Authors: Kaplan Andreas M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Social media are a group of mobile and web applications which enable the creation and exchange of user‐generated content. In the following entry, the term
social media
is defined and differentiated from similar terms often incorrectly used as synonyms. A classification scheme for social media is presented by classifying them into six different groups: collaborative projects, blogs and microblogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual games (
MMORPGs
), and social worlds. Furthermore, in the overview of the history of social media provided, it explains that their recent rise is nothing else than the internet going back to its roots. Finally, a particular focus is put on mobile social media, that is, social media running on mobile devices (smartphones, tablets), offering the possibility of location and time‐sensitive services.
Tourism
Authors: Gotham Kevin Fox 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Tourism is a unique commodity that is spatially fixed and consumed at the point of production. Unlike other commodities that people buy and sell in markets, tourism is immobile and nontransportable. To participate as a consumer in the consumption of tourism, one has to travel to the actual place. At the same time, tourism is not just a singular commodity that people buy and sell in markets. Rather, tourism refers to a variety of social practices and institutional forms that involve the production, representation, and consumption of culture, history, and environment. In conventional accounts, tourism is a set of discrete economic activities, a mode of consumption, or a spatially bounded locality or destination that is subject to external forces producing impacts. Other research, in contrast, conceptualizes tourism as a highly complex set of institutions and social relations that involve capitalist markets, state policy, and flows of commodities, technology, cultural forms, and people.
Death and Consumption
Authors: Gottfried Maaike 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Death and consumption intersect at the practical need to dispose of a human corpse and the oft‐accompanying ritual. In the modern capitalist West this universal and basic human responsibility has become a multibillion‐dollar industry whose main actors and transactions are sanctioned and regulated by state governments and federal agencies. For many in the United States, the death ritual is located within the purview of the funeral home, a commercial establishment offering services and merchandise related to the legal, practical, religious, and cultural requirements of corpse disposal and bereavement. Guided by religious and cultural standards, many survivors use the presentation of the death ritual as a way to honor the dead, retain social status for the deceased and surviving family, assuage unpleasant emotions about the death, reconcile changing relationships and social roles, and provide comfort and solace to mourners.
Strengthening Health Systems of Developing Countries: Inclusion of Surgery in Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Okoroh Juliet S. , Chia Victoria , Oliver Emily A. , Dharmawardene Marisa , Riviello Robert 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionUniversal health coverage (UHC) has its roots in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and has recently gained momentum. Out‐of‐pocket payments (OPP) remain a significant barrier to care. There is an increasing global prevalence of non‐communicable diseases, many of which are surgically treatable. We sought to provide a comparative analysis of the inclusion of surgical care in operating plans for UHC in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed and Google Scholar using pre‐defined criteria for articles published in English, Spanish, or French between January 1991 and November 2013. Keywords included “insurance,” “OPP,” “surgery,” “trauma,” “cancer,” and “congenital anomalies.” World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, and Joint Learning Network for UHC websites were searched for supporting documents. Ministries of Health were contacted to provide further information on the inclusion of surgery.ResultsWe found 696 articles and selected 265 for full‐text review based on our criteria. Some countries enumerated surgical conditions in detail (India, 947 conditions). Other countries mentioned surgery broadly. Obstetric care was most commonly covered (19 countries). Solid organ transplantation was least covered. Cancer care was mentioned broadly, often without specifying the therapeutic modality. No countries were identified where hospitals are required to provide emergency care regardless of insurance coverage. OPP varied greatly between countries. Eighty percent of countries had OPP of 60 % or more, making these services, even if partially covered, largely inaccessible.ConclusionWhile OPP, delivery, and utilization continue to represent challenges to health care access in many LMICs, the inclusion of surgery in many UHC policies sets an important precedent in addressing a growing global prevalence of surgically treatable conditions. Barriers to access, including inequalities in financial protection in the form of high OPP, remain a fundamental challenge to providing surgical care in LMICs.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Children and Adolescents: Long‐Term Follow‐Up and Clinical Characteristics
Authors: Sugino Kiminori , Nagahama Mitsuji , Kitagawa Wataru , Shibuya Hiroshi , Ohkuwa Keiko , Uruno Takashi , Suzuki Akifumi , Akaishi Junko , Masaki Chie , Matsuzu Ken‐ichi , Ito Koichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and clinical outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the pediatric and adolescent population treated in our institution.MethodsThe subjects were 227 PTC patients 20 years of age or under treated initially between 1979 and 2012. Their mean age at diagnosis was 18‐year old (range 7–20 years). Patient characteristics and outcomes in the period before 1999 and the period after 2000 were compared. Cause‐specific survival (CSS) rates and disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsTwo patients died of their disease and 45 patients had recurrent disease (36 in lymph node, seven in a remnant thyroid, and 11 in the form of distant metastasis). The 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐CSS rates were 99.3, 99.3, and 96.5 %, respectively, and the 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐DFS were 83.6, 70.7, and 64.0 %, respectively. Gender and preoperative lymph node metastasis were identified as significant factors related to DFS in the multivariate analysis. After the year 2000, there were significantly more patients with a small primary tumor size, significantly more patients without distant metastasis at presentation and significantly more patients without extrathyroidal invasion.ConclusionThe number of patients with advanced cancer has been declining in recent years. Lobectomy with prophylactic unilateral central neck dissection is considered acceptable for patients without the risk factors for recurrence.
From Parent to Child? Transmission of Educational Attainment Within Immigrant Families: Methodological Considerations
Authors: Luthra Renee Reichl , Soehl Thomas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOne in five U.S. residents under the age of 18 has at least one foreign-born parent. Given the large proportion of immigrants with very low levels of schooling, the strength of the intergenerational transmission of education between immigrant parent and child has important repercussions for the future of social stratification in the United States. We find that the educational transmission process between parent and child is much weaker in immigrant families than in native families and, among immigrants, differs significantly across national origins. We demonstrate how this variation causes a substantial overestimation of the importance of parental education in immigrant families in studies that use aggregate data. We also show that the common practice of “controlling” for family human capital using parental years of schooling is problematic when comparing families from different origin countries and especially when comparing native and immigrant families. We link these findings to analytical and empirical distinctions between group- and individual-level processes in intergenerational transmission.
Healthcare-Associated Pathogens and Nursing Home Policies and Practices: Results From a National Survey
Authors: Ye Zhiqiu , Mukamel Dana B. , Huang Susan S. , Li Yue , Temkin-Greener Helena 
Published: March 2015

OBJECTIVETo examine the prevalence of healthcare-associated pathogens and the infection control policies and practices in a national sample of nursing homes (NHs).METHODSIn 2012, we conducted a national survey about the extent to which NHs follow suggested infection control practices with regard to 3 common healthcare-associated pathogens: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers, and their prevalence in NHs. We adapted a previously used and validated NH infection control survey, including questions on prevalence, admission and screening policies, contact precautions, decolonization, and cleaning practices.RESULTSA total of 1,002 surveys were returned. Of the responding NHs, 14.2% were less likely to accept residents with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with the principal reason being lack of single or cohort rooms. NHs do not routinely perform admission screening (96.4%) because it is not required by regulation (56.2%) and would not change care provision (30.7%). Isolation strategies vary substantially, with gloves being most commonly used. Most NHs (75.1%) do not decolonize carriers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but some (10.6%) decolonize more than 90% of residents. Despite no guidance on how resident rooms on contact precautions should be cleaned, 59.3% of NHs report enhanced cleaning for such rooms.CONCLUSIONOverall, NHs tend to follow voluntary infection control guidelines only if doing so does not require substantial financial investment in new or dedicated staff or infrastructure.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(7):759–766
Wine Tasters, Ratings, and En Primeur Prices
Authors: Masset Philippe , Weisskopf Jean-Philippe , Cossutta Mathieu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the ratings of 12 influential wine critics on the Bordeaux en primeur market over the vintages 2003–2012. We hypothesize that wine experts differ significantly in their rating approach and influence on prices. We find that European critics are less transparent and in general more severe in their scoring than their American counterparts. Experts also appear to reach a relatively strong consensus on overall wine quality but have more diverse opinions on wines that achieve a surprising level of quality given the vintage, the ranking, or the appellation from which they originate. Our evidence also suggests that Robert Parker and Jean-Marc Quarin are the most influential critics, as a 10% surprise in their scores leads to a price increase of around 7%. We further find that their impact is higher for appellations and estates that are not covered by the official 1855 classification and for the best vintages. (JEL Classifications: C60, G11, Q11)
Recurrent epistaxis in a nine-year-old boy: benign or malignant?
Authors: Dean H F , Hadjisymeou S , Morrison G , Hore I 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjective:We present the case of a rare cause of epistaxis in a paediatric patient, together with the diagnostic and management challenges associated with this condition.Case report:A previously well nine-year-old boy presented with a six-month history of intermittent unilateral epistaxis. Radiological investigation and endoscopic biopsy confirmed a highly malignant nasopharyngeal mass consistent with carcinoma. The tumour continued to grow rapidly. Whilst awaiting intervention, the patient experienced a further significant haemorrhage requiring surgical intervention.Conclusion:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare cause of epistaxis amongst children in the UK. Early flexible nasendoscopy can help delineate both benign and sinister causes of symptoms in this region.
Rare giant frontal sinus osteoma mimicking fibrous dysplasia
Authors: Exley R P , Markey A , Rutherford S , Bhalla R K 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjective:To present the first report of a giant frontal sinus osteoma treated by excision and single-stage reconstruction with custom-made titanium cranioplasty and left orbital roof prostheses.Case report:A 31-year-old man with a history of chronic frontal sinusitis presented with a deforming, painless, midline forehead swelling of 11 years' duration, which had been treated unsuccessfully in Nigeria. Differential diagnosis included both benign and malignant bony tumours. Computerised tomography revealed a giant bony frontal sinus tumour extending beyond the sinus roof and breaching the left orbit, consistent with fibrous dysplasia. Given the extent of the tumour, open craniectomy was performed for surgical extirpation. Histological analysis identified multiple osteomas. This surgical approach achieved excellent cosmesis, with no evidence of recurrence at 12-month follow up.Conclusion:Forehead swelling may pose diagnostic and management dilemmas for the ENT surgeon; however, effective management is facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach.
Direct participation: Law school clinics and international humanitarian law
Authors: Blank Laurie R. , Kaye David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLaw school clinics focused on international humanitarian law (IHL) enable students to participate directly in the development and application of IHL through concrete “real world” work – from training to research and fact-finding, litigation to high-level advocacy, and many spaces in between. These opportunities do far more than just contribute to these students' development as effective, reflective lawyers, certainly a key goal of any clinical environment. Clinical IHL work also matches clinical pedagogy with cutting-edge issues in armed conflict to deepen students' law school experiences and enables them to engage in the IHL goals of promotion, implementation and enforcement.
Supramolecular gels with high strength by tuning of calix[4]arene-derived networks
Authors: Lee Ji Ha , Park Jaehyeon , Park Jin-Woo , Ahn Hyo-Jun , Jaworski Justyn , Jung Jong Hwa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSupramolecular gels comprised of low-molecular-weight gelators are generally regarded as mechanically weak and unable to support formation of free-standing structures, hence, their practical use with applied loads has been limited. Here, we reveal a technique for in situ generation of high tensile strength supramolecular hydrogels derived from low-molecular-weight gelators. By controlling the concentration of hydrochloric acid during hydrazone formation between calix-[4]arene-based gelator precursors, we tune the mechanical and ductile properties of the resulting gel. Organogels formed without hydrochloric acid exhibit impressive tensile strengths, higher than 40 MPa, which is the strongest among self-assembled gels. Hydrogels, prepared by solvent exchange of organogels in water, show 7,000- to 10,000-fold enhanced mechanical properties because of further hydrazone formation. This method of molding also allows the gels to retain shape after processing, and furthermore, we find organogels when prepared as gel electrolytes for lithium battery applications to have good ionic conductivity.
Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds
Authors: de Jong Maarten , Chen Wei , Angsten Thomas , Jain Anubhav , Notestine Randy , Gamst Anthony , Sluiter Marcel , Krishna Ande Chaitanya , van der Zwaag Sybrand , Plata Jose J , Toher Cormac , Curtarolo Stefano , Ceder Gerbrand , Persson Kristin A. , Asta Mark 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe elastic constant tensor of an inorganic compound provides a complete description of the response of the material to external stresses in the elastic limit. It thus provides fundamental insight into the nature of the bonding in the material, and it is known to correlate with many mechanical properties. Despite the importance of the elastic constant tensor, it has been measured for a very small fraction of all known inorganic compounds, a situation that limits the ability of materials scientists to develop new materials with targeted mechanical responses. To address this deficiency, we present here the largest database of calculated elastic properties for inorganic compounds to date. The database currently contains full elastic information for 1,181 inorganic compounds, and this number is growing steadily. The methods used to develop the database are described, as are results of tests that establish the accuracy of the data. In addition, we document the database format and describe the different ways it can be accessed and analyzed in efforts related to materials discovery and design.
Permeability-controlled optical modulator with Tri-gate metamaterial: control of permeability on InP-based photonic integration platform
Authors: Amemiya Tomohiro , Ishikawa Atsushi , Kanazawa Toru , Kang JoonHyung , Nishiyama Nobuhiko , Miyamoto Yasuyuki , Tanaka Takuo , Arai Shigehisa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMetamaterials are artificially structured materials that can produce innovative optical functionalities such as negative refractive index, invisibility cloaking and super-resolution imaging. Combining metamaterials with semiconductors enables us to develop novel optoelectronic devices based on the new concept of operation. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of a permeability-controlled waveguide optical modulator consisting of an InGaAsP/InP Mach-Zehnder interferometer with ‘tri-gate’ metamaterial attached on its arms. The tri-gate metamaterial consists of metal resonator arrays and triple-gate field effect elements. It changes its permeability with a change in the controlling gate voltage, thereby changing the refractive index of the interferometer arm to switch the modulator with an extinction ratio of 6.9 dB at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. The result shows the feasibility of InP-based photonic integrated devices that can produce new functions by controlling their permeability as well as their permittivity.
Assembly of forest communities across East Asia – insights from phylogenetic community structure and species pool scaling
Authors: Feng Gang , Mi Xiangcheng , Eiserhardt Wolf L. , Jin Guangze , Sang Weiguo , Lu Zhijun , Wang Xihua , Li Xiankun , Li Buhang , Sun Ifang , Ma Keping , Svenning Jens-Christian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLocal communities are assembled from larger-scale species pools via dispersal, environmental filtering, biotic interactions and local stochastic demographic processes. The relative importance, scaling and interplay of these assembly processes can be elucidated by comparing local communities to variously circumscribed species pools. Here we present the first study applying this approach to forest tree communities across East Asia, focusing on community phylogenetic structure and using data from a global network of tropical, subtropical and temperate forest plots. We found that Net Relatedness Index (NRI) and Nearest Taxon Index (NTI) values were generally lower with geographically broad species pools (global and Asian species pools) than with an East Asian species pool, except that global species pool produced higher NTI than the East Asian species pool. The lower NRI for the global relative to the East Asian species pool may indicate an important role of intercontinental migration during the Neogene and Quaternary and climatic conservatism in shaping the deeper phylogenetic structure of tree communities in East Asia. In contrast, higher NTI for the global relative to the East Asian species pool is consistent with recent localized diversification determining the shallow phylogenetic structure.