bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher‐Dimensional Coulomb Gases and Renormalized Energy Functionals
Authors: Rougerie Nicolas , Serfaty Sylvia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe consider a classical system of n charged particles in an external confining potential in any dimension d ≥ 2. The particles interact via pairwise repulsive Coulomb forces and the coupling parameter is of order n−1 (mean‐field scaling). By a suitable splitting of the Hamiltonian, we extract the next‐to‐leading‐order term in the ground state energy beyond the mean‐field limit. We show that this next order term, which characterizes the fluctuations of the system, is governed by a new “renormalized energy” functional providing a way to compute the total Coulomb energy of a jellium (i.e., an infinite set of point charges screened by a uniform neutralizing background) in any dimension. The renormalization that cuts out the infinite part of the energy is achieved by smearing out the point charges at a small scale, as in Onsager's lemma. We obtain consequences for the statistical mechanics of the Coulomb gas: next‐to‐leading‐order asymptotic expansion of the free energy or partition function, characterizations of the Gibbs measures, estimates on the local charge fluctuations, and factorization estimates for reduced densities. This extends results of Sandier and Serfaty to dimension higher than 2 by an alternative approach. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrated service discovery architecture for heterogeneous networks
Authors: Chen Min‐Xiou , Sung Fu‐Hsing 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe discovery and management of desired network services present significant challenges for mobile networks. Based on the Service Location Protocol, this paper proposes an integrated service discovery architecture for vehicular ad hoc networks. The proposed approach divides the network into several logical zones. The zone structure is formed virtually based on position information. Each logical zone may have a zone directory agent to manage registered services from service providers. The proposed architecture considers both vehicle‐to‐infrastructure and vehicle‐to‐vehicle communication modes and introduces roadside directory agents and vehicle directory agents to reduce deployment costs. We also introduce a substitute query technique, cache mechanism, and backup mechanism to improve the request hit ratio and reduce the message overhead of the substitute query. Finally, we implement the proposed mechanisms in Network Simulator version 2, with simulation results showing that the proposed architecture can provide a high average data hit ratio and low message overhead. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mildronate (Meldonium) in professional sports – monitoring doping control urine samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography – high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry
Authors: Görgens Christian , Guddat Sven , Dib Josef , Geyer Hans , Schänzer Wilhelm , Thevis Mario 
Published: April 2015

To date, substances such as Mildronate (Meldonium) are not on the radar of anti‐doping laboratories as the compound is not explicitly classified as prohibited. However, the anti‐ischemic drug Mildronate demonstrates an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activations of central nervous system (CNS) functions.In the present study, the existing evidence of Mildronate's usage in sport, which is arguably not (exclusively) based on medicinal reasons, is corroborated by unequivocal analytical data allowing the estimation of the prevalence and extent of misuse in professional sports. Such data are vital to support decision‐making processes, particularly regarding the ban on drugs in sport. Due to the growing body of evidence (black market products and athlete statements) concerning its misuse in sport, adequate test methods for the reliable identification of Mildronate are required, especially since the substance has been added to the 2015 World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) monitoring program.In the present study, two approaches were established using an in‐house synthesized labelled internal standard (Mildronate‐D3). One aimed at the implementation of the analyte into routine doping control screening methods to enable its monitoring at the lowest possible additional workload for the laboratory, and another that is appropriate for the peculiar specifics of the analyte, allowing the unequivocal confirmation of findings using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography‐high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry (HILIC‐HRMS). Here, according to applicable regulations in sports drug testing, a full qualitative validation was conducted. The assay demonstrated good specificity, robustness (rRT=0.3%), precision (intra‐day: 7.0–8.4%; inter‐day: 9.9–12.9%), excellent linearity (R>0.99) and an adequate lower limit of detection (<10 ng/mL). © 2015 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free fatty acids increase gossypol losses in soybean oil during heating
Authors: Chai Xiuhang , Bi Yanlan , Sun Shangde 
Published: April 2015

Gossypol is a highly reactive compound present in cotton plant (Gossypium spp.). With the increase of heating temperature and time, gossypol losses increased significantly. In this work, the effect of free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value (PV) of soybean oil (SBO) on gossypol losses during heating was systematically studied. Results showed that the higher the content of FFAs of SBO at 120 or 180°C, the greater the gossypol losses. The HPLC and LC/MS analysis suggested that the increase of gossypol losses in SBO was due to the transformation of gossypol in the presence of FFAs at 120 or 180°C. The PV also had an observable effect on gossypol losses at 120 or 180°C, which was ascribed to be the transformation or oxidation of gossypol with hydroperoxides.Practical applications: Due to the toxicity of gossypol, the use of cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal is restricted. It is significantly meaningful to remove gossypol. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heating temperature and oil quality (AV and PV of oil) on gossypol losses in SBO during heating. More information about the changes of gossypol in oil was achieved, which could be used to guide the processing of cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal. At the same time, the mechanism of gossypol changes could be used to get high quality gossypol.The losses of gossypol in SBO were primarily due to the increasing transformation of gossypol under heating system. Gossypol was non‐volatile and the higher the AV and PV of SBO, the more loss of the gossypol.
The quality and volatile‐profile changes of Longwangmo apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel oil prepared by different oil‐producing processes
Authors: Zhou Bo , Wang Yan , Kang Jingjing , Zhong Haiyan , Prenzler Paul D. 
Published: April 2015

Quality parameters and volatile profiles were determined for Longwangmo apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel oil prepared by cold pressing, heat pressing, and refining of sun‐dried and baked apricot kernels. Quality parameters determined included peroxide value, acid value, fatty acids, and UV absorbance. The tested oils showed absorbance values at 232 and 268 nm of 0.70–0.85 and 0.20–0.38, respectively; peroxide values were 2.09–5.62 mmol O2/kg and acid values were 0.36–1.40 mg KOH/g. The major fatty acid composition found in the oils was oleic acid (70.29–71.25%) followed by linoleic (22.31–23.00%), palmitic (4.57–4.87%), stearic acids (4.57–4.87%), palmitoleic acid (0.62–0.71%), and α‐linolenic acid (0.15–0.18%). The numbers and concentrations of volatile compounds in the oils ranged from 19–52 to 6172–23871 μg/g, respectively. Nine compounds were present, in different amounts, in all apricot kernel oils studied: benzaldehyde, 2‐methyl‐propanal, 2‐methyl‐butyl aldehyde, furfural, nonanal, methylpyrazine, 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine, methoxy pyrazine, and 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine. The results of our present investigation revealed that the oil‐producing process had significant influence on the volatile profiles of apricot kernel oil. In particular, the baked–pretreatment process may enhance the aroma of apricot kernel oil by increasing the number and quantity of volatile compounds.Practical applications: Apricot kernel oil has recently received attention because of its health and nutritional properties, with favorable fatty acid composition and biologically active compounds. The results showed that Longwangmo apricot kernel oil is suitable as an edible food oil and the baked–pretreatment process with cold pressing may lead to an oil with enhanced flavor.The baked (80°C)–pretreatment process with cold pressing is good oil‐producing process for apricot kernel oil by increasing flavor.
Conflicts of Interest in Medical Technology Markets: Evidence from Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Smieliauskas Fabrice 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFinancial relationships between physicians and industry are vital to biomedical innovation yet create the potential for conflicts of interest in medical practice. I consider an inducement model of the role of financial relationships in health care markets, where consulting payments induce physicians to use more devices of the firms that sponsor them. To test the model, I exploit a policy shock, whereby government monitoring of payments to joint replacement surgeons resulted in declines of over 60% in both total payments and in the number of physicians receiving payments from 2007 to 2008. Using hospital discharge data from three states, I find that the loss of payments leads physicians to switch 7 percentage points of their device utilization from their sponsoring firms' devices to other firms' devices, an effect which is concentrated among surgeons with low switching costs. These results offer support for the inducement model. I also find evidence of an increase in medical productivity following the policy intervention, which suggests conditions under which regulation of financial relationships would be socially beneficial. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance Assessment Of Collective Irrigation In Water Users’ Associations Of Calabria (Southern Italy)
Authors: Zema Demetrio Antonio , Nicotra Angelo , Tamburino Vincenzo , Zimbone Santo Marcello 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn order to identify the weakness factors of the collective irrigation service, the system operation and financial performance of seven Water Users' Associations (WUAs) in Calabria was quantitatively evaluated by a limited set of indicators and compared by common benchmarking techniques.In relation to the surveyed system operation indicators, the investigation highlighted a satisfactory fulfilment of crop water demand, but a very low efficiency in exploiting the available irrigation water in all the investigated WUAs. Concerning the financial aspects of the irrigation service, the results indicated a very low degree of financial self‐sufficiency of the WUAs, a high variability of management, operation and maintenance costs and personnel requirements referred to the irrigated area unit and a very wide range of average water price per hectare.The application of principal component analysis provided three derivative indicators, measuring the operative and economic performance of the WUAs. The clustering algorithms and calculation of the quality index showed respectively similarities among the irrigation service performance of the investigated WUAs and allowed the ranking of these collective agencies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of slope and branch structure on the locomotion of a specialized arboreal colubrid snake (Boiga irregularis)
Authors: Jayne Bruce C. , Byrnes Greg 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe surfaces in arboreal habitats have variable diameters, slopes, and branching structure that pose functional challenges for animal locomotion. Nevertheless, many lineages of snakes have independently evolved arboreality. We tested the effects of arboreal habitat structure on the locomotion of a highly arboreal species, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), moving on seven diameters (0.6–21 cm) of cylinders oriented at three slopes (0°, 45°, 90°) and with or without pegs. Intermediate diameters of horizontal cylinders maximized speed, and some of the large‐diameter cylinders without pegs were impassable when they were inclined. With increased slope the snakes were slower, and they changed from using lateral undulation with sliding contact and balancing to concertina locomotion with periodic static gripping. The presence of pegs increased the speeds of the brown tree snakes and resulted in them only using lateral undulation. Surface diameter, slope, and the occurrence of pegs also had widespread significant effects on the kinematics of the brown tree snakes. Overall, compared to anatomically less specialized corn snakes, brown tree snakes use more lateral undulation, are usually much faster, and are able to move on a wider variety of surfaces. Unlike some of the trade‐offs found previously between two less specialized species of snakes with different stoutness when they used modes of arboreal locomotion that involved either balancing or gripping, the slender‐bodied brown tree snakes excel at both. Hence, this species may not only be a “jack of all trades” but also a master of many. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 309–321, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guanine‐based structural coloration as an indicator of oxidative stress in a cichlid fish
Authors: Cahn Matthew D. , Brown Alexandria C. , Clotfelter Ethan D. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTVertebrate pigmentation is known to be influenced by oxidative stress, but few studies have tested the hypothesis that structural coloration can be similarly affected. We tested whether fish iridophores, which produce structural color using guanine stacks, might be affected by the prooxidant–antioxidant balance of the animal. Specifically, we hypothesized that convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) metabolize guanine present in iridophores to uric acid, an antioxidant, in response to oxidative damage. We used Hunter's contrast gloss and high performance liquid chromatography to determine whether dietary guanine supplementation allows fish to maintain their structural coloration despite oxidative stress induced via ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation. We found that dietary guanine was associated with greater skin gloss, and that exposure to UV‐B light reduced glossiness. UV‐B exposure did not increase oxidative damage (acrolein) or total antioxidant capacity in the skin or liver. Our experiment did not detect effects of dietary guanine or UV‐B light on uric acid, but uric acid was positively related to antioxidant capacity. Our results support the hypothesis that structural color in fish may be altered by environmental stressors such as exposure to UV light, and highlight the need for future studies to consider the role of iridophores in condition‐dependent visual signaling. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 359–367, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defining and Measuring Poverty and Inequality Post‐2015
Authors: Lang Valentin F. , Lingnau Hildegard 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe post‐2015 development agenda requires improved concepts to define and measure different forms of poverty and inequality. Building on the experiences made with the Millennium Development Goals, this paper gives an overview of several possible approaches by discussing their strengths and weaknesses. National, international, relative and multidimensional concepts are considered. Arguing that the discussions on the post‐2015 agenda offer an opportunity to introduce new global measurements of progress that complement gross domestic product‐based approaches, the authors make the case for a simple yet comprehensive index as a headline indicator that could help to better inform poverty and inequality reduction policies in the post‐2015 world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Income Poverty, MDG1 and the Post‐2015 Agenda: Goals and Targets that Work
Authors: Melamed Claire 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper reviews the evidence on income and consumption poverty trends since the 1990s at the level of first countries and then individuals and considers how well the current Millennium Development Goals offer the right incentives and monitoring framework to reflect the trajectories and drivers of progress. It then discusses different proposals for the post‐2015 agenda in the light of recent trends and current thinking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of 3D dual echo steady state (DESS) MR arthrography to quantify acetabular cartilage thickness
Authors: Abraham Christine L. , Bangerter Neal K. , McGavin Lance S. , Peters Christopher L. , Drew Alex J. , Hanrahan Christopher J. , Anderson Andrew E. 
Published: April 2015

PurposeTo deploy and quantify the accuracy of 3D dual echo steady state (DESS) MR arthrography with hip traction to image acetabular cartilage. Clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences used to image hip cartilage often have reduced out‐of‐plane resolution and may lack adequate signal‐to‐noise to image cartilage.Materials and MethodsSaline was injected into four cadaver hips placed under traction. 3D DESS MRI scans were obtained before and after cores of cartilage were harvested from the acetabulum; the two MRIs were spatially aligned to reference core positions. The thickness of cartilage cores was measured under microscopy to serve as the reference standard. 3D reconstructions of cartilage and subchondral bone were generated using automatic and semiautomatic image segmentation. Cartilage thickness estimated from the 3D reconstructions was compared to physical measurements using Bland–Altman plots.ResultsAs revealed by the automatic segmentation mask, saline imbibed the joint space throughout the articulating surface, with the exception of the posteroinferior region in two hips. Locations where air bubbles were introduced and regions of suspected low density bone disrupted an otherwise smooth automatic segmentation mask. Automatic and semiautomatic segmentation yielded a bias ± repeatability coefficient (95% limits of agreement) of 0.10 ± 0.51 mm (−0.41 to 0.61 mm) and 0.06 ± 0.43 mm (−0.37 to 0.49 mm), respectively.ConclusionCartilage thickness can be estimated to within ∼0.5 mm of the physical value with 95% confidence using 3D reconstructions of 3D DESS MR arthrography images. Manual correction of the automatic segmentation mask may improve reconstruction accuracy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1329–1338.
Who made the world's largest green tide in China?—an integrated study on the initiation and early development of the green tide in Yellow Sea
Authors: Wang Zongling , Xiao Jie , Fan Shiliang , Li Yan , Liu Xiangqing , Liu Dongyan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTo discover the original source and clarify development of the world's largest transregional green tides in the Yellow Sea, an integrated investigation covering the Subei Shoal coastal waters and the adjacent regions was carried out during March to June of 2012. The results showed that macroalgal wastes from the connecting ropes of Porphyra aquaculture rafts contributed significantly to the original biomass of free‐floating green algae. Approximately 6500 t of Ulva prolifera were released into the coastal waters from mid‐April to late‐May when farmers were cleaning aquaculture facilities. Among the total biomass disposed, about 62.3% floated up to the sea surface, which turned into the original floating patches. The floating U. prolifera, with a high growth rate of 26.3% per day, dominated in the floating algal patches rapidly, moved northward under the hydrodynamic action, and formed a massive free‐floating green tide near the south of Shandong peninsula in early June. The optimal sea temperature and sufficient nutrients in the Yellow Sea facilitated the formation of the green tide. No other source contributing substantially to the initial floating biomass was detected in the survey except those from the connecting ropes of rafts. Based on our field data, we concluded that the green tide in Yellow Sea is a transregional disaster stimulated directly by the unhygienic husbandry and maintenance practices of coastal aquaculture.
The significance of communities of practice: Norwegian nursing students' experience of clinical placement in Bangladesh
Authors: Jørgensen Wanja , Hadders Hans 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to gain understanding of Norwegian students' experience of learning in clinical placement in Bangladesh without formal one‐to‐one supervision, by a personal mentor in the ward.DesignUsing focus group interviews with bachelor nursing students we explored the significance of ‘communities of practice’ in nursing practicum abroad, socialization and knowledge transfer.MethodSeven third year bachelor nursing students enrolled in a clinical placement programme in Bangladesh participated in focus group interviews prior to their departure to Bangladesh, during their stay in Bangladesh and after their return to Norway.ResultsThe Students’ marginality and ‘peripheral participation’ triggered insight and reflection. The challenging but advantageous position of the peripheral students was heightened further due to the lack of one‐to‐one supervision in the clinic. Their previous experience with problem based learning and group learning was an asset that made them more resilient and helped them to cope.
BASE: an assistant tool to precisely simulate energy consumption and reliability of energy‐efficient storage systems
Authors: Wei Hsin‐Wen , Chen Tseng‐Yi , Hsu Tsan‐sheng 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe concept of green storage in cluster computing has recently attracted enormous interest among researchers. Consequently, several energy‐efficient solutions, such as multi‐speed disks and disk spin down methods, have been proposed to conserve power in storage systems and improve disk access. Some researchers have assessed their proposed solutions via simulations, while others have used real‐world experiments. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Simulations can more swiftly assess the benefits of energy‐efficient solutions, but various measurement errors can arise from procedural shortcomings. For instance, many power simulation tools fail to consider how heat increases the power overhead of disk operations. Some researchers claim that their modeling methods reduce the measurement error to 5% in the single disk model. However, the demand for large‐scale storage systems is growing rapidly. Traditional power measurement using a single disk model is unsuited to such systems because of their complex storage architecture and the unpredictability of numerous disks. Consequently, a number of studies have conducted real machine experiments to assess the performance of their solutions in terms of power conservation, but such experiments are time consuming. To address this problem, this study proposes an efficient simulation tool called Benchmark Analysis Software for Energy‐efficient Solution (BASE), which can accurately estimate disks' power consumption in large‐scale storage systems. We evaluate the performance of BASE on real‐world traces of Academia Sinica (Taiwan) and Florida International University. BASE incorporates an analytical method for assessing the reliability of energy‐efficient solutions. The analytical results demonstrate that the measurement error of BASE is 2.5% lower than that achieved in real‐world experiments involving energy‐estimation experiments. Moreover, the results of simulations to assess solution reliability are identical to those obtained through real‐world experiments. Copyright © 2015 Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.