bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Electrochemical-Statistical Study of Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibition in Oxygen Containing Environments
Authors: LEGAULT R. A. , MORI S. , LECKIE H. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The dissolution behavior of mild steel in a given environment is related to the competitive adsorption of available species onto the metal surface. The nature of the adsorbed species determines the direction in which the dissolution behavior is altered. An earlier study described the effect of chemical inhibitors in oxygen-free environments; this study examines the role of oxygen in these processes. Two anions, chloride and sulfate, were selected as aggressive adsorption species and two, nitrite and chromate, as passivating species. All four anions, in the presence of dissolved oxygen, were evaluated singly over a concentration range of five orders of magnitude in order to obtain the effect of concentration in each case. These four anions were then studied in groupings of two and three to ascertain the relative proportions of inhibiting and noninhibiting ions necessary to ensure passivity. Instantaneous corrosion rates measured by the linear polarization method were used as the criteria in comparing the effect of environmental changes. Multiple regression analysis techniques were utilized to obtain quantitative relationships between the concentrations of the four anions studied and the corrosion rates observed. The results are compared to those obtained in oxygen-free systems and are applied to a consideration of the mechanism of formation and maintenance of a passive film. This is discussed in terms of electrochemical polarization, competitive adsorption and passive film stability.
Effect of Various Modes of Loading on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Maraging Steel
Authors: HAYDEN H. W. , FLOREEN S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An 18Ni (280) maraging steel has been tested in 3.5% NaCl solution under various modes of loading. The most severe condition was plane strain loading of fatigue precracked samples. The severity of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of unnotched samples decreased in the sequence: plane strain bending, tension, plane stress bending, and torsion. The most consistent explanation for the various observations is that SCC results from hydrogen embrittlement. Under certain circumstances anodic dissolution processes can result in beneficial crack blunting effects rather than SCC failure.
Observations on the Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation Characteristics of High Strength Steels
Authors: CARTER C. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The relationship between stress corrosion crack velocity and crack-tip stress intensity is discussed. In most high strength steels, there is a wide range of stress intensity over which crack velocity is essentially constant. Methods of estimating this velocity are described. Values for a variety of high strength steels are presented and the effects of metallurgical variables are indicated. Implications with regard to testing procedure, crack morphology, and service performance are outlined.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ti-8Al-lMo-1V Alloy: Aqueous and Methanol Environments
Authors: CHEN C. M. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking of Ti-8-1-1 alloy was studied using controlled potential techniques in aqueous and methanol environments with and without halogen ions. The alloy was observed to display susceptible zones in aqueous solutions containing halogen ions—susceptible zones are in the corrosion potential and pitting potential regions. Also, potential zones of anodic and cathodic protection exist. In methanol environments, the alloy displays both potential regions of cathodic protection and anodic susceptibility—the anodic susceptible region is aggravated by the presence of halogen ions. The dependence of cracking susceptibility and immunity to cracking on potential suggests that anodic dissolution, catalytic action of halogen ions, and hydride formation may be important in aqueous solutions; whereas, in methanol solutions, anodic dissolution and halogen ion attack are of primary importance.
Interpretation of the Second Anodic Current Maximum on Polarization Curves of Sensitized Chromium Steels in 1N H2 SO4
Authors: ROCKEL M. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Some data on the occurrence of the second anodic current maximum observed on polarization curves of chromium steels in 1N H2SO4 are presented and used in a critical interpretation of the results of other investigators. It is shown that the second anodic current maximum observed on specimens with special prepolarization treatments, i.e., holding the specimen for a long time either at the open circuit potential or at a cathodic potential, results from artificially imposed surface effects and does not represent the bulk material. Recent investigations on iron-chromium electrodes which did not have a prepolarization treatment correlate the second anodic current maximum to preferential attack along α-γ phase boundaries. In the latter experiments, the second anodic current maximum is sensitive to heat treatment (degree of sensitization) and the effect is explained entirely on the chromium impoverishment theory. Supporting evidence is provided by microprobe analyses and critical model experiments.
Effect of Complex Cupric Ions on the Stress Corrosion Behavior of Copper-Germanium Solid Solutions
Authors: BHIDE G. , DODD R. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Cu2 At. % Ge and Cu8 At. % Ge alloys are susceptible to intergranular and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC), respectively in 15N (NH3)aq preconcentrated with cupric complex ions. Cu2 At. % Ge cracks readily in electrolytes having high complex ion concentrations, which result in strongly adherent black tarnish films. Such films do not form on Cu8 At. % Ge. To a large extent, Cu-Ge behaves analogously to Cu-Zn, although a few significant points of difference exist.
Polarization of Copper in Acidic and Alkaline Solutions
Authors: KIM C P. , NOBE KEN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The polarization behavior of copper in acidic and alkaline solutions has been investigated. The cathodic Tafel slopes of copper in acidic solutions for hydrogen evolution by discharge of hydrogen ions were approximately 112 mv. The electrochemical reaction order for this reaction with respect to the concentration of hydrogen ions was one-half. For alkaline solutions, the Tafel slopes of the hydrogen evolution reaction were 180 mv and the rates of this reaction were independent of pH. The anodic Tafel slopes for copper dissolution in acidic solutions were 30 mv. The rate of anodic dissolution was increased by increasing the concentration of hydroxyl ions and the reaction order was about one-half. The pH dependence of the corrosion rate of copper in solutions of pH 0.35 to 5.8 was d log icorr/d PH = −0.4.
The Dezincification of Alpha and Beta Brasses
Authors: HEIDERSBACH ROBERT H. , VERINK ELLIS D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The mechanisms of dezincification of single phase alpha and beta brasses were studied using X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, metallographic, atomic absorption, and electrochemical techniques. The two mechanisms of dezincification which had been previously reported, (1) dissolution of both alloy constituents followed by redeposition of the more noble species, and (2) the selective removal of the less noble constituent, were found to be operative under certain conditions of potential and pH for both alpha and beta brasses. An electrochemical explanation of the circumstances under which dealloying can be expected to occur was developed based on the use of Pourbaix Diagrams.
Analysis of Cathodic Protection Criteria
Authors: JONES D. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The criterion of cathodic protection is that level of cathodic potential change (polarization) which is sufficient to give adequate protection for a given application. Ideally, it is preferred to polarize to the reversible potential of the anodic reaction, but this potential is often impossible to determine by experiment or to calculate from theory for complex corrosive electrolytes. Polarization to a specific potential (e.g., −0.85 volts) or to various potential changes (e.g., 100 to 300 mv) have also been proposed, but none have been universally accepted. Electrochemical kinetic theory has been very successful in predicting and correlating the corrosion behavior of metals. However, the theory has not been applied to cathodic protection until recently. It has been shown that the anodic Tafel constant determines the cathodic polarization necessary to effect a given reduction in corrosion rate. Thus, polarization required to obtain a given degree of protection can be predicted if the anodic Tafel constant is known. Determining the anodic Tafel constant may be difficult for complex structures in service. However, even an estimate from a small sample in the required corrosive would be very helpful in making the criterion of cathodic protection more quantitative.
A Correlation of Phase Change with Stress Corrosion Fracture in Alpha-Brass
Authors: SYLWESTROWICZ W. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Prestrained α-brass specimens, containing 1.9% lead, were exposed to stress corrosion at 30 and 90 C (86 and 194 F). It was found that at least 10% of prestraining was needed to fracture specimens in stress corrosion tests. It was also observed that in specimens strained more than 10% the face centered cubic (fee) structure of α-brass was transformed, inside of the specimen, to the hexagonal structure. It is postulated, that transformation of the fee structure to the hexagonal structural causes susceptibility of α-brass to the stress corrosion fracture.
Effect of Temperature and Some Inhibitors on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steels in Nitrate and Alkaline Solutions
Authors: MAZILLE HENRY , UHLIG HERBERT H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of temperature is reported on failure times and critical potentials of mild steel and 0.24% C low alloy steel in a nitrate test solution, and in concentrated NaOH solution. The inhibiting behavior of small additions of acetates or chlorides to the nitrate solution, and Quebracho extract to NaOH solutions are studied. Mechanism of failure appears to depend on adsorption of damaging ions on appropriate defect sites of the plastically deforming metal, followed by weakening of adjacent metal bonds.
Hydrogen Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking of High Strength Steel Wire
Authors: TOWNSEND H. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
High strength (244,000 psi ultimate tensile strength) cold drawn carbon steel wire is susceptible to cracking in hydrogen sulfide solutions at room temperature at stress levels less than 15% of the ultimate strength. Failure occurs with an unusual tendency for cracks to form at 45 degrees to the direction of tensile stress. Time to failure is decreased by cathodic polarization and is increased by anodic polarization. Susceptibility reaches a maximum at near room temperature and decreases at both lower and higher temperature. These facts are consistent with a hydrogen embrittlement mechanism of failure. The buildup of large pressures of molecular hydrogen within hollow steel cylinders exposed to H2S solutions is found to be much greater at the higher temperatures at which cracking susceptibility abates. The latter observation is contrary to the predictions of a mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement based on molecular hydrogen pressure but it is shown to be consistent with those of an internal adsorption mechanism.
Effect of Chloride Ion Concentration on the Polarization Behavior of an Fe-25Ni Alloy
Authors: CONDIT DALE O. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The polarization behavior of a high purity Fe-25Ni was determined as a function of the chloride ion (Cl−) concentration in a 1N H2SO4 solution. The anodic Tafel slopes were increased while the cathodic Tafel slopes were unchanged by increases in the (Cl−) concentration. However, a parallel shift in the cathodic curve in the noble potential direction was noted. Except for the increase in the anodic Tafel slopes, the active portion of the polarization curves were unaffected by the presence of (Cl−). The passive state of the alloy was greatly affected by increases in the (Cl−) concentration. At concentrations between 300 and 400 ppm rapid changes in the passive current density were observed. At concentrations greater than about 400 ppm, the passive state was no longer exhibited; and dissolution of the alloy occurred continuously throughout the anodic polarization test.
A Critical Appraisal of Some Popular Laboratory Electrochemical Tests for Predicting the Localized Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys in Sea Water
Authors: WILDE B. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Evidence is presented to demonstrate that although the critical pitting potential is qualitatively related to the resistance of a material to passivity breakdown by pit initiation, it is of questionable value in predicting the corrosion performance off a structure containing crevices. Experiments conducted on a 30Cr-3Mo-Fe alloy indicated total immunity to passivity breakdown by pit initiation during anodic polarization in 1M NaCl and under freely corroding conditions in acidified 10% FeCl3. However, on specimens containing an artificial crevice, passivity breakdown by crevice corrosion initiation was observed in the same two media. The long term implications of these data were confirmed by 16 month immersion tests in sea water, where severe crevice attack was noted equal in extent to that observed on A9SS Types 304 and 316 stainless steels whose pit initiation properties were considerably inferior to those of the 30Cr-3Mo-Fe alloy. The results of cyclic potentiodynamic anodic polarization experiments conducted on A8S1 Type 430 stainless steel are presented to demonstrate that the so called protection potential, Ep, is not a unique material parameter. It is shown that Ep varies in a semi logarithmic manner with the amount of localized attack induced by polarization; that is, with the chemistry changes in the growing pit caused by hydrolysis of corrosion products and chloride ion buildup in the pit cavities. On this basis, it is concluded that Ep data (however determined) cannot be used alone as a criteria for protection against the propagation of pre-existing pits or crevices in an engineering structure. Based on cyclic polarization procedures, a method of assessing the susceptibility and resistance of an alloy to crevice corrosion is suggested. It is shown that, for alloys which initiate pits during anodic polarization, the magnitude of the “difference potential” (Ec-Ep) is related to the crevice corrosion weight loss. For alloys that have no critical pitting potential, the presence of hysteresis during cyclic polarization with an artificial crevice indicates susceptibility to crevice corrosion.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Carbonate Solutions
Authors: SUTCLIFFE J. M. , FESSLER R. R. , BOYD W. K. , PARKINS R. N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
From observations of the characteristics of nitrate and hydroxide solutions, known to promote stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in carbon steels, and from the form of potentiodynamic polarization curves and the structural dependence of the corrosive attack, it was predicted that carbonate solutions would also produce intergranular stress corrosion in carbon steels. Constant strain rate stress corrosion tests, with some supplementary constant strain and constant load tests, have shown that intergranular cracking can be made to occur in certain ranges of electrode potential in carbonate solutions over a wide range of concentrations and temperatures with NH4, Na, or K as the cation. The range of potentials for cracking, which varies with solution composition and temperature, is shown to coincide with that range in which polarization curves obtained at different sweep rates indicated marked anodic activity and strong passivating tendencies. At more negative potentials than those that promote intergranular cracking, superficial transgranular fissuring is first detected and then, as the potential is moved toward even more negative values, a progressive loss in ductility is observed due to hydrogen entry into the steel.
Hydrogen Evolution on Copper in H2 SO4 Containing Benzotriazole
Authors: ALTURA DAN , NOBE KEN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The rate of hydrogen evolution on copper in acidic solutions containing benzotriazole has been investigated. The rate of hydrogen evolution decreased with an increase in concentration of benzotriazole up to about 7 mM. The reaction orders and the Tafel slopes were approximately the same for uninhibited and inhibited copper, indicating that the mechanism of hydrogen evolution was not changed by the presence of benzotriazole. Differential capacitances of uninhibited copper were about 28 μf/cm2, but capacitances of inhibited copper decreased with increasing inhibitor concentration approaching a limiting value of 1 μf/cm2. The adsorption of the organic inhibitor follows Langmuir adsorption behavior with an adsorption constant of 7.2 mM−1.
Effect of Ni Additions Upon the Stress Corrosion of Ferritic Steels in a Chloride Environment
Authors: POULSON B. S. , PARKINS R. N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although mild steels will not fail by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in a boiling MgCl2 solution, the addition of only 1% Ni to such steels will promote a susceptibility that becomes more marked at higher Ni contents. Constant strain rate stress corrosion tests, together with fractographic examination of failed specimens and the determination of relevant polarization curves, have been employed in order to ascertain the roles of both Ni and Cl− in the cracking mechanism. It seems that failures of Ni containing “mild steels” in concentrated chloride solutions are most readily explicable in terms of Ni promoting Cl adsorption which subsequently inhibits anodic dissolution. The mechanism of crack propagation is thought to be dependent on dissolution processes, possibly aided by mechanical tearing.
Passivity of Zirconium In Sulfuric Acid Solutions–Effect of Cathodic Pretreatment
Authors: ELAYAPERUMAL K. , CHOUTHAI S. S. , BALACHANDRA J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of cathodic pretreatment at −1.3 V vs a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) on the passivity of Kroll zirconium in 5, 10, and 20 vol % H2SO4 solution at room temperature was determined through potentiostatic anodic polarization studies. The cathodic treatment made the attainment of passivity easier and reduced the passive currents considerably. Studies on potential vs time and active and passive currents vs time indicated a protective film formation during the cathodic treatment. The possibility of a zirconium oxide film formation due to cathodic polarization induced alkalinity at −1.3 V (SCE) is discussed.
Corrosion of Metals by Liquid Bismuth-Tellurium Solutions
Authors: KANNE W. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion of candidate materials of construction for stills to extract radioactive polonium-210 from bismuth by distillation at temperatures of 450 to 950 C (842 to 1742 F) was evaluated. Tellurium, being chemically similar to polonium, was used as a nonradioactive stand-in for polonium. Tantalum appears to be the most satisfactory material from the standpoint of long term corrosion and fabricability. Tantalum was corroded at rates up to 2 × 10−5 in/hr during the initial 100 to 200 hours exposure; the rate decreased to below 2 × 10−6 in/hr after 400 hours for concentrations of tellurium in bismuth of less than 30%. Graphite was not attacked chemically, but was penetrated through pores. TZM alloy exhibited average corrosion rates of less than 6 × 10−6 in/hr during 500 hours exposure in less than 20% tellurium in bismuth, but corroded rapidly (7.2 × 10−5 in/hr) in 50% tellurium. The stainless steels, particularly Type 430, might be used to approximately 550 K (276.85 C); but corrosion rates increased above 3 × 10−5 in/hr for a 15% solution of tellurium in bismuth at higher temperatures.
Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Processes in a Boiling Water Nuclear Reactor
Authors: COWAN R. L. , KAZNOFF A. I. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The results of an electrochemical investigation of the corrosion behavior of reactor structural materials determined both in and out of reactor are presented. Electrochemical kinetic measurements in and out of reactor were fairly difficult to obtain because of the high purity (and associated poor conductivity) of the electrolyte. Three methods were used to account for the high values of overpotential cause by IR effects. All three methods gave similar results. The kinetic data showed large regions of linear behavior (500 mV overpotential cathodic and 200 mV overpotential anodic) on the materials studied. No correlation was found between electrochemically calculated corrosion rates and descaled weight loss measurements on identical material. It was concluded that electrochemical reactions involving dissolved O2 and H2 were playing a dominant role and obscuring the contribution from metal oxidation. Selected potential measurements were made with a specially designed 0.01 N Ag/AgCI electrode which allowed determination of electrode potentials on the standard hydrogen scale at 266 and 288 C (510 and 550 F). A system designed to allow electrochemically controlled sustained load stress corrosion tests in high temperature electrolytes is described. The results from these tests agree with results from more conventional tests.
Temperature as a Crevice Corrosion Criterion
Authors: BRIGHAM R. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Using temperature as a crevice corrosion criterion, a number of commercial and experimental Mo-bearing 18% Cr austenitic stainless steels have been evaluated for crevice corrosion resistance. These data have been correlated with the effect of Mo content on the rate of active corrosion in the very aggressive acid solution expected in the crevice itself. Alloyed Mo has been found to play the dominant role in reducing the relative rate of crevice corrosion and in defining the go/no-go crevice corrosion behavior in terms of the crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) in oxidizing acid chloride solutions. For 18% Cr austenitic stainless steels the empirical relationship has been found.
Use of Galvanokinetic Methods for the Determination of Characteristic Potentials for Pitting Corrosion on Aluminum
Authors: BROLI AASMUND , HOLTAN HANS , PRESTRUD KRISTOFER L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Three different galvanokinetic methods have been used to determine the pitting potential (Ep) and the protection potential against pitting (Epp) for unalloyed aluminum in a deareated solution of 3% NaCI at 0 and 30 C (32 and 86 F). These three methods are (1) the continuous galvanokinetic, (2) the quasistationary galvanokinetic, and (3) the stationary galvanokinetic. From results of these investigations, determination of the potentials appears dependent on which of these three methods is used. It seems the quasistationary method gives the results with the best reproducibility. The results also supports the theory that aluminium does not have more than one characteristic potential for pitting corrosion under these special conditions. This theory was previously published by Broli and Holtan.1 The stationary method provides the possiblity for an approximation of the critical current density for aluminium dissolution.
Naval Brass Condenser Tube Corrosion
Authors: ALBAYA H. C. , BESSONE J. B. , TABERNER P. M. , COBO O. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Results of corrosion rates in brass tubes calculated from weight loss data obtained on equipment which simulates the operating conditions of a condenser are presented. These values are compared with electrochemical polarization measurements, and the applicability of the Stern and Geary equation is discussed.