bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grammaticalization of Cases
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article deals with the fate of individual case markers and argues that case markers are grammatical forms, typically nominal suffixes (or clitics), whose main function is to assign a case property to the noun or noun phrase they govern. The focus is on core case functions A (subject of transitive clauses), O (object of transitive clauses), and S (subject of intransitive clauses), as well as peripheral case functions. While the article considers inflectional case expressions, which in the majority of instances are suffixes, it does not trace any rigid boundary between affixes and adpositions (prepositions or postpositions). In many, though not all, Indo-European languages, case affixes are old, they can be traced back to the earliest phases of development within this family and remain etymologically opaque. But there are other languages where their development can be reconstructed. This development is — with very few exceptions — unidirectional, being in accordance with the following principles of grammaticalisation: extension, desemanticisation, decategorialisation, and erosion. This article also discusses the behaviour of case categories in language contact.
Varieties of Accusative
Authors: Kittilä Seppo , Malchukov Andrej L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe core function of the accusative case is to encode the affected participant in a transitive clause. Finnish is representative of a nominative-accusative language because it shows that Patient objects of canonical transitive clauses will be eligible for acc case marking. In many languages, acc marking extends beyond semantically transitive clauses taking Agent and Patient arguments (such as ‘kill’ or ‘break’). Affectedness, a defining property of a patient, is not the only feature that determines (acc) marking of Os. Given that pronominals frequently display idiosyncratic behaviour as compared to nouns, differential marking of pronominal and nominal Os may seem a merely morphological matter. Accusative markers may attach either to a direct object or to other elements of clauses. This article discusses the formal varieties of the accusative case and examines the role of other features such as animacy for object marking. It uses the term acc (case) in a broad sense which will include, apart from case proper, also other forms of ‘dependent-marking’ including clitics, particles, and adpositions. Finally, the article considers functional varieties and polysemy patterns.
Varieties of Dative
Authors: Næss Åshild 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOf the commonly recognised case categories, the dative is perhaps the most difficult to define in a consistent, cross-linguistically valid way. In Greek and Latin, where the term originates, the dative case was used both for the goal/recipient argument of ditransitive verbs, and for the complements of certain intransitive verbs such as ‘help’, ‘obey’, or ‘trust’. These two types of argument are commonly taken to share the property of being ‘indirectly affected’ by the verbal event, and so given the label ‘indirect objects’. Case markers labelled ‘dative’ vary greatly in the range of functions they cover, although they must be assumed to share some common semantic core. It is fairly common for dative functions to be indicated by adpositions, as in English and many other languages of Europe. This article looks at the functional varieties of dative and its overlap with other cases such as dative-accusative syncretism, dative-allative syncretism, and dative-genitive syncretism.
Rare and ‘Exotic’ Cases
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses rare phenomena in case marking, focusing on those which are exceptional in terms of distribution or function. First, it deals with cases deviant in distribution, then explores functionally unusual cases. It shows that in most cases, the rise of cross-linguistically unusual patterns can be straightforwardly explained in terms of functional and/or diachronic factors. Probably the best studied case of deviant distribution is the phenomenon of double case marking or Suffixaufnahme. Some of the most spectacular instances of multiple case marking come from Australian languages such as Kayardild and Nyamal. Multiple case marking may also arise in languages with so-called ‘templatic’ morphology, if case markers are distributed across several slots in the template. A pattern reminiscent of double marking is case layering as familiar from Indo-Aryan languages where case markers of postpositional origin attach to the oblique form of the noun. This article also discusses head-marking and displaced case markers in Tsimshian and Iraqw.
Case Marking in Daghestanian
Authors: Daniel Michael , Ganenkov Dmitry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of case systems in Daghestanian languages. First, it describes classification of the Nakh-Daghestanian, of which Daghestanian is a regional subset (rather than a genetic subgroup). In most Nakh-Daghestanian languages, declension mostly follows a two-stem pattern: all cases except nominative are derived from a common stem called oblique, while the nominative case is derived from a direct stem and is most often formally identical to it (thus being zero marked). The oblique stem is derived from the direct stem by adding various morphemes called oblique stem markers. A rare typological feature of the Daghestanian languages is the presence of an agreement position in some case markers, including genitives in human noun declension in Bagvalal (controlled by the class of the head) or affective in Andi and Tukita Karata and some locative forms in Dargwa and Lak. This article also describes case marking in Daghestanian languages as well as non-local cases, spatial forms, place names and natural locations, adnominal and predicative possession, and instrumental case.
Case in an Austronesian Language
Authors: Donohue Mark 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe ‘classic’ paradigm of case marking assumes a unique and (pragmatically, semantically, or syntactically) coherent meaning for each phonologically distinct case. A different set of organisational principles govern case in Tukang Besi, an Austronesian language of central Indonesia. There is an unproblematic genitive case, an oblique case that marks modality, and two cases that mark core arguments (‘terms’), na and te. These case markers may not be reversed and the position of the two arguments is fixed. Although the clauses with P-agreement present a clear increase in the amount of morphology in the clause, they are more frequent in natural speech, and P-agreement markers are acquired earlier than the nominative agreement prefixes. Rather than being characterised as showing nominative-accusative or ergative-absolutive or semantic alignment, the case systems of the western and northern Austronesian languages directly mark grammatical functions, bypassing the standard notions of ‘alignment’ entirely.
Anglo‐Scandinavian Identity
Authors: Richards Julian D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the circumstances that led to Scandinavian invaders being assimilated into Anglo-Saxon England and ensured that it was the Anglo-Saxons, not the Vikings, who came to be regarded as the ancestral English. The Scandinavian settlers who arrived in England did not have a common identity. The Scandinavian elite were quick to form local alliances which cross-cut ethnic divides and did not promote any sense of Scandinavian unity. There was no single hybrid Anglo-Scandinavian identity, but a range of strategies, dependent upon context. It is clear that Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons actively used material culture in the process of cultural assimilation, with rapid integration. It is also shown that there was no single experience of settlement or interaction, and whilst it is helpful to talk about an ‘Anglo-Scandinavian identity’ this was not derived from a simple combination of Anglo-Saxon culture on the one hand and Scandinavian on the other.
Overview: Rural Settlement
Authors: Hamerow Helena 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Anglo-Saxon rural settlement is a picture of far greater complexity and diversity than could have been imagined at the time that Philip Rahtz's pioneering survey was published. Factors affecting the recognition of settlements clearly come into play when considering their geographical distribution. Serendipity will always have a role to play in the discovery of Anglo-Saxon settlements: the impressive, high-status settlement at Cowdery's Down, Hampshire, came to light during the investigation of a complex of cropmarks dating to the Bronze Age and Civil War era. The detailed stratigraphic sequences allowed changes in the configuration of the settlement to be traced in some detail. Explaining the unfeasibly high proportion of excavated settlements of the mid to late Saxon periods that display at least some of the trappings of high status in terms of their layout and buildings and/or their material culture will require further research.
Food Plants on Archaeological Sites
Authors: Moffett Lisa 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reviews the current state of archaeobotanical knowledge of food plants from English archaeological sites from the fifth to the eleventh century. It explores the species that have been recovered and at the biases introduced by different types of preservation, and briefly considers whether the archaeobotanical evidence can be used to look beyond the basic ‘shopping list’ of plants to activities related to production and consumption. It addresses some of the strengths and limitations of the archaeobotanical evidence. Cereals, legumes, fruits, nuts, vegetable, and flavourings are the food plants found in Anglo-Saxon sites. It is clearly shown that the taphonomy of botanical assemblages produces an apparent dichotomy between the waterlogged urban deposits which have produced most of the evidence for fruit, nuts, vegetables, and herbs, and the non-waterlogged rural sites where the evidence is mainly charred, and biased towards cereals.
Animal Husbandry
Authors: O'Connor Terry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article outlines the source material for an archaeological study of Anglo-Saxon animal husbandry, namely the excavated remains of the livestock themselves. Furthermore, the regional and diachronic variation in relative abundance is reviewed, and then addresses what is known regarding the morphology and appearance of Anglo-Saxon livestock. The three main livestock taxa (cattle, sheep, pigs) dominate the zooarchaeological assemblages. Mortality profiles are proxy evidence of husbandry regimes, reflecting the need for, and value placed upon, the diverse resources yielded by farm livestock. The impression that is acquired of animal husbandry through the Anglo-Saxon centuries is that mixed farming was carried on throughout eastern England, generally quite successfully, with minor local adaptations. There is little indication that pastoral systems were under particular stress, and clear evidence that cattle and sheep, though certainly slaughtered for meat, were not primarily raised for that purpose.
Anglo‐Saxon Crafts
Authors: Leahy Kevin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides an overview of Anglo-Saxon crafts and refers to some of the issues involved. Lacking the screw thread, the Anglo-Saxon craftsmen would have made extensive use of wedges to secure clamps and vices while working. An important and widely traded product of the Stamford kilns were crucibles made of clean, white-firing clay that was heat-resistant. The basic methods used to work non-ferrous metals differ from those used to work iron. Amongst the finds from Tattershall Thorpe was a mass of copper-alloy off-cuts, probably intended for the melting pot, and six garnets: two cut to shape, three irregular, and a chip. The making of glass from the raw materials, suitable sand, lime, and soda or potash, requires a lot of heat and it is necessary to reach a temperature of around 1,700°C. The pottery industry does not seem to have benefited from the Anglo-Saxon take-over.
Overview: The Body and Life Course
Authors: Crawford Sally 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe focus of Part VII of this book is on the relationship between the lived experience of the individual explored through the study of the biological body, and the material culture framework within which the body exists. It also investigates the links between the scientific analysis of skeletal material, how that analysis provides readings for social interpretation, and the tensions inherent in drawing together scientific and social approaches to the body. Burial practices, bodies, and associated objects are linked to the lived experience of people within society, and the relationship between the physical and social body as it is manifested both in the physical body itself, and in the objects which mediate the constantly negotiated social identity of the individual. The description of inert (often literally dead) bodies is being replaced by analyses of the production and experience of lived bodies, in which surface and interior are no longer separated.
Childhood to Old Age
Authors: Stoodley Nick 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article outlines the current approaches to age in early Anglo-Saxon archaeology, before presenting several case studies that demonstrate the complexity of this identity, and the value of it to the understanding of social organization during the later fifth and sixth centuries. An analysis of three cemeteries from Kent, Saxon Wiltshire, and Anglian Northumbria is presented to test whether a community's cultural identity had a bearing on age structure. It has shown that the burial rite is linked to an individual's age and that grave goods are the most visible aspect in the articulation of this social identity. In each cemetery, gender becomes a feature of the life course for certain individuals, especially the expression of a feminine identity. The study has shown that one should always be aware of the context-specific nature of age organization.
Overview: The Archaeology of Religion
Authors: Blair John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The next part of this book touches either explicitly or implicitly, on ritual continuities across the sixth to eighth centuries, and it is clear that even as late as the eleventh century, important aspects of lay Christianity were still influenced by traditional indigenous practices. The book here also explores ways in which the worlds of secular life and of religious belief and organization influenced each other: perhaps most of all in the seventh and eighth centuries, when a Continental religious culture became so enmeshed in the priorities and strategies of the warrior aristocracy which it was simultaneously transforming. It reflects an increased knowledge of the material culture associated with Anglo-Saxon religion, and a greater awareness of its range. This overview has mentioned continuities, but the afterlife of early Anglo-Saxon belief patterns includes some striking areas of non-survival.
The Archaeology of the Anglo‐Saxon Book
Authors: Gameson Richard 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the range of different skills and techniques needed to produce Anglo-Saxon books. It also stresses the ways in which the processes of book-making, along with the resources and implements that were required, fitted into the material culture of an early medieval society. The basic material from which the pages of Anglo-Saxon books were made was animal skin. Late Anglo-Saxon images of evangelists and authors often show them working at what looks more like a lectern than a board or desk. Specific information on the storage of Anglo-Saxon books is predictably exiguous. Book production presupposed long-distance contacts. There is the methodological point that reconstructing the elusive realities of Anglo-Saxon book production requires a holistic approach to the available evidence, such as it is. It is essential to take codicological, documentary, art-historical, and archaeological evidence together, along with the experience of modern scribes, testing each against the others.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article demonstrates how landscapes carry the imprint of power and focuses on one of its most severe manifestations — capital punishment. A brief sketch is provided of judicial behaviour. The evidence from execution cemeteries is then given, exploring aspects such as their location and relationship to existing landscape features, and the range of burial types encountered within them. Further evidence for non-churchyard burial, such as isolated burials including those at crossroads, is also addressed and related to the central theme. Execution cemeteries often contain multiple burials. This article generally shows how archaeological evidence can make a substantial contribution to debates about aspects of society only usually approached using written evidence. It also illustrates that rather than highlighting divisions between the disciplines of archaeology and history, much can be gained by focusing on points of contact in a positive way.
Ancient Greek Elegy
Authors: Nagy Gregory 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article fully considers the tradition and function of ancient Greek elegy. It is shown that the elegy uses its own peculiar hexameters existing in a codependent relationship with the elegiac pentameter. The article then addresses ‘the delights of elegy’. It concentrates on the hexameter as combined with the pentameter in the elegiac couplet. Additionally, the formal characteristics of elegy as a genre in the attested phases of Greek literature are explained. The article considers how the genre of elegy shows its capacity for performing the functions of forms that belong to the genres of epic and oracular poetry. There is a remarkably wide range of possibilities for the self-expression of a woman who is singing a lament. The lament of men in their sympotic singing of elegy may be a stylized and representational form of lament. There is a pleasure to be had in the sensuality of lament.
Speaking of the Medieval
Authors: Treharne Elaine 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explains the coverage of this book, which is about medieval literature in England. This book covers by far the longest single literary period in English: from Old to Early Modern English, a thousand years of textual production from the seventh to the sixteenth centuries, from the Classical era to the Renaissance. It seeks to highlight major new trends in scholarship, and to confirm positions of pre-eminence for the startlingly brilliant work of so many early English authors.
The Profession-alization of Writing
Authors: Horobin Simon 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the professionalization of the book trade in medieval England. It describes the nature of book production in the fifteenth century and suggests that the evidence for the professionalization of the copying of literary texts in the medieval period is complex and contradictory. This is because scribes gained employment in a variety of institutions, secular and monastic, and copied a wide range of texts for a diversity of patrons. This article argues that the fifteenth century appears to have seen a considerable increase in the number of books being produced, although it is not until the period after 1450 that we see the establishment of bookshops employing groups of scribes collaborating on the production of copies of literary texts.
Insular Romance
Authors: Echard Siân 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines so-called insular romance in England during the medieval period. It explains that the term romance is of non-English origins and that many English romances are adaptations or translations from French originals. Insular romances often begin and/or end with an appeal to God, and while such formulae certainly speak to the world beyond the romance, the lives and deaths of many romance heroes suggest such appeals are more than merely rote.
Authorizing Female Piety
Authors: Watt Diane 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article offers a broad overview of English women's authority and piety from the Anglo-Saxon period to the fifteenth century that looks at accounts of women's visions either written down by the women themselves or recorded by others. It focuses on women's visions of the dead and the dying and considers representative selection of texts and writers including Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Julian of Norwich's The Book of Margery Kempe, and an anonymous female-authored fifteenth-century text known as A Revelation of Purgatory. It suggests that most of the relatively small corpus of writing by women in the European Middle Ages was religious in content.
Writing, Heresy, and the Anticlerical Muse
Authors: Bose Mishtooni 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on Omnis plantacio, an English sermon that shows how a series of complex relationships were evolving between writing, heresy, and anticlericalism in late medieval England. It discusses the intraclerical critiques contained in the sermon and its relentless castigation of failing clerical ranks. It compares and contrasts the works of several authors including Piers Plowman and some Wycliffite texts, and Thomas Netter and John Audelay.
Acquiring Wisdom
Authors: Anlezark Daniel 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the acquisition of wisdom through literary text in medieval England. The most famous collections of wisdom in the Middle Ages were found in two Old Testament books attributed to King Solomon, Proverbs and Ecclesiastes which contains aphorisms, often arranged around themes and at times profoundly enigmatic in style. Old English epic poems, including Beowulf to Geoffrey Chaucer's Miller's Tale, also offered the medieval reader a measure of common sense with which to understand the chaos of human existence. This article suggests that the unlettered were not ignorant of the traditional knowledge of their society because a store of wisdom was preserved and transmitted in memorable sayings, proverbs, and maxims.
Individuality
Authors: Blamires Alcuin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the category of individuality in English literature during the medieval period. It examines how far the period's pervasively Christian culture in the West suppressed individuality in favour of personal obedience to the institution of the Church and investigates whether individuality was anathema to the Middle Ages. It discusses Lee Patterson's suggestion that the medieval idea of selfhood emerges from the dialectic between an inward subjectivity and an external world that alienates it from itself and comments on the fourteenth-century English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
Scottish Writing
Authors: Elliott Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines Scottish writing during the medieval period. It explores the tensions at issue in the development of particular models of a Scottish national tradition and their implications for our reading practice. It traces the influence of the history of Scottish literary studies on the modern reception of early literature and examines the ways in which the extended model of the Scottish canon developed in recent criticism troubles received ideas of a national tradition. It also discusses the role of Scottish Chaucerians as makers of the received canon of Scottish literature.