bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human capital quality and the immigrant wage gap
Authors: Coulombe Serge , Grenier Gilles , Nadeau Serge 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We propose a new methodology for analyzing determinants of the wage gap between immigrants and natives. A Mincerian regression framework is extended to include GDP per capita in an immigrant’s country of birth as a proxy for the quality of schooling and work experience acquired in that country. We find that Canadian immigrants’ returns to schooling and work experience significantly increase with the GDP per capita of their country of birth. The contribution of quality of schooling and work experience to the immigrant wage gap is also examined. Lower human capital quality completely negates the endowment advantage that immigrants have in the areas of schooling and work experience. Since data on GDP per capita are available for most countries over long periods, the proposed methodology can be applied to analyze immigrant wage gaps for a large set of countries for which common statistics on natives and immigrants are available.

JEL codes

J20, J24, J15, J61
Dual HER2 blockade: preclinical and clinical data
Authors: Patel Tejal A , Dave Bhuvanesh , Rodriguez Angel A , Chang Jenny C , Perez Edith A , Colon-Otero Gerardo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) signaling pathways are the dominant drivers of cell proliferation and survival in the majority of human breast cancers. Not surprisingly, targeting these pathways provides the most effective therapies in appropriately selected patients. However, de novo and acquired resistance remain major obstacles to successful treatment. By increasing the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of combined HER2-targeted therapies, we aim to be better able to select patients who would respond to these treatments and understand some of the mechanisms of resistance to HER2-targeted treatments. Recent studies have demonstrated an increased effectiveness of dual targeted HER2 therapies against HER2-amplified breast cancer as compared with single blockade. These studies have resulted in the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of the combination of taxane chemotherapy with pertuzumab and trastuzumab in the first-line metastatic setting as well as an accelerated approval in the neoadjuvant setting. Another mechanism for overcoming resistance to HER2 targeted therapies is the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab-emtansine, which targets the HER2 receptor conjugated to the potent antimicrotubule agent mertansine, allowing for intracellular release of the cytotoxic drug. Studies evaluating the efficacy of dual blockade with antibody-drug conjugate are currently ongoing. This article reviews recent data on different combinations of anti-HER2 treatments as well as ongoing and future research in this area.
Biased estimates of clonal evolution and subclonal heterogeneity can arise from PCR duplicates in deep sequencing experiments
Authors: Smith Erin N , Jepsen Kristen , Khosroheidari Mahdieh , Rassenti Laura Z , D’Antonio Matteo , Ghia Emanuela M , Carson Dennis A , Jamieson Catriona HM , Kipps Thomas J , Frazer Kelly A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAccurate allele frequencies are important for measuring subclonal heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Deep-targeted sequencing data can contain PCR duplicates, inflating perceived read depth. Here we adapted the Illumina TruSeq Custom Amplicon kit to include single molecule tagging (SMT) and show that SMT-identified duplicates arise from PCR. We demonstrate that retention of PCR duplicate reads can imply clonal evolution when none exists, while their removal effectively controls the false positive rate. Additionally, PCR duplicates alter estimates of subclonal heterogeneity in tumor samples. Our method simplifies PCR duplicate identification and emphasizes their removal in studies of tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution.
Treatment effects of a fixed intermaxillary device to correct class II malocclusions in growing patients
Authors: Heinrichs Dean A , Shammaa Imad , Martin Chris , Razmus Thomas , Gunel Erdogan , Ngan Peter 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment effects of Forsus™ Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) in growing patients with Class II non-extraction malocclusions.

Methods
A retrospective sample of 24 class II patients treated consecutively with the FRD followed by comprehensive orthodontic treatment was compared to a sample of untreated control subjects from the Bolton Brush Study who was matched in age, sex, and craniofacial morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before treatment (T1) and after removal of fixed appliances (T2). Growth changes were subtracted from the treatment changes to obtain the treatment effects of the appliance. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and a match paired t test.

Results
Significant differences were found between the treated and control groups for 12 of the 29 measured variables (Co-Gn minus Co-Apt, Wits, Is-OLp, Ii-OLp, overjet, Mi-OLp, molar relationship, overbite, Mic-ML, SNA, ANB, and Ii-ML). With 27.8 months of treatment, all patients were corrected to a class I dental arch relationship. Overjet and molar relationships were improved by an average of 4.7 and 3.1 mm, respectively. This was contributed by a 1.2 mm of restraint in forward maxillary growth, 0.7 mm of forward movement of the mandible, 1.5 mm of backward movement of the maxillary incisors, 1.3 mm forward movement of the mandibular incisors, 0.5 mm backward movement of the maxillary molars, and 1.3 mm of forward movement of the mandibular molars. The overbite was decreased by 2 mm with no significant change in the occlusal, palatal, or mandibular plane. Individual variations in response to the FRD treatment were large for most of the parameters tested. Significant differences in treatment changes between male and female subjects were found only in a few parameters measured.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate that significant overjet and overbite corrections can be obtained with the Forsus FRD in conjunction with comprehensive orthodontic treatment.
A survey on motion prediction and risk assessment for intelligent vehicles
Authors: Lefèvre Stéphanie , Vasquez Dizan , Laugier Christian 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
With the objective to improve road safety, the automotive industry is moving toward more “intelligent” vehicles. One of the major challenges is to detect dangerous situations and react accordingly in order to avoid or mitigate accidents. This requires predicting the likely evolution of the current traffic situation, and assessing how dangerous that future situation might be. This paper is a survey of existing methods for motion prediction and risk assessment for intelligent vehicles. The proposed classification is based on the semantics used to define motion and risk. We point out the tradeoff between model completeness and real-time constraints, and the fact that the choice of a risk assessment method is influenced by the selected motion model.
Ciudadanos En La Calle. Violencia, Virilidad Y Civilidad Política En La Campaña Presidencial Porteña de 1928
Authors: Alemán Marianne González 
Published: July 2014

La campaña presidencial de 1928 constituyó un momento de particular intensidad, marcado por la figura central de Hipólito Yrigoyen. En un contexto de polarización alrededor de las dos facciones radicales, su candidatura se instaló en el centro de la competencia política. Más allá del mero antagonismo electoral, su figura sintetizó un conflicto fundamental del escenario político argentino en torno a los sentidos y modalidades adscriptos a la definición de la ciudadanía.
En Buenos Aires la campaña se caracterizó por un nivel de movilización hasta entonces inédito. Puso en juego una lucha simbólica que cada bando presentó como absoluta frente a un adversario construido como una amenaza a los valores y a las libertades republicanas. A su vez, esta intensa competencia se expresó a través de una serie de enfrentamientos violentos orientados hacia la anulación simbólica del rival en las calles de la ciudad.
Este artículo analiza los discursos y las prácticas que los dos radicalismos desplegaron en el espacio urbano de Buenos Aires. Por un lado, cada bando reactivó en sus discursos motivos caros a las tradiciones políticas decimonónicas, pero en una nueva configuración que modificaba sus sentidos. Por otro lado, las acciones violentas que enfrentaron a los radicales en las calles pusieron en evidencia la permanencia de una faceta de la ciudadanía asociada al modelo ofensivo heredado del siglo XIX. El ideal dominante de ciudadanía “civilizada” promovido desde la reforma electoral de 1912 pareció coexistir con otras formas de acción cívica asociadas con el derecho de expresar “virilmente” las convicciones políticas en el espacio público.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Bové Paul A. 
Published: July 2014

Nelson Mandela died on December 5, 2013. Tony Bogues, a member of the boundary 2 Collective, was in South Africa, watching the endless coverage of the news and of Mandela’s life. Bogues had met Mandela during his time with the Jamaican government of Michael Manley, and he has spent considerable time working in South Africa, especially in Cape Town, on questions of freedom, archives, African and African Diaspora intellectual history, and political thought.
At least one generation of intellectuals had stood against apartheid and reflected on Mandela as a political figure of freedom and liberation. Mandela never produced anything equivalent to the political writings of a Gramsci, Fanon, or Césaire. Because of the media and the global support for the struggles he led, Mandela acquired a resonance with effects across the globe. His career, with all its changes, posed challenges for thinking about politics.
It seemed right that boundary 2 should take notice of Mandela and his influence. We decided to gather responses to Mandela as a political figure. b2 issued a call for very brief papers from several spots on the globe and from different generations. Our contributors have given us reason to feel this attempt was a success.
A Silicon(IV) Phthalocyanine–Folate Conjugate as an Efficient Photosensitizer
Authors: Zheng Yi-Wen , Chen Shao-Fang , Zheng Bi-Yuan , Ke Mei-Rong , Huang Jian-Dong 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The novel silicon(IV) phthalocyanine axially conjugated with two molecules of folic acid has been prepared and characterized. Its photophysical and photochemical properties and photodynamic activities have also been evaluated. This conjugate shows high photodynamic activities toward HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells (IC50 = 0.071 µM); this activity is slightly higher than that of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IC50 = 0.118 µM).
Synthesis of Glycidamide from Acrylonitrile Using Basic Hydrotalcite Catalyst in the Presence of Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide and Unsaturated Amide
Authors: Fujiwara Shinpei , Nishimura Shun , Ebitani Kohki 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Glycidamide (GA) can be synthesized from acrylonitrile (AN) by using hydrotalcite as a solid base catalyst and 25% aqueous H2O2 as an oxidant, in the presence of acrylamide (AA) as a cocatalyst in methanol solvent at 313 K for 18 h. The GA yield and H2O2 utilization efficiency reached 74% and 60%, respectively. The hydrotalcite catalyst could be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused at least once.
Synthesis of 5,6,11-Trideoxytetrodotoxin
Authors: Adachi Masaatsu , Sakakibara Ryo , Satake Yoshiki , Isobe Minoru , Nishikawa Toshio 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
5,6,11-Trideoxytetrodotoxin, a naturally occurring analog of tetrodotoxin, was synthesized from a synthetic intermediate of 5-deoxytetrodotoxin by continuous radical deoxygenation of two hydroxy groups at the C-6 and C-11 positions.
Penetrating Nail-Gun Injury of the Heart Managed by Adenosine-Induced Asystole in the Absence of a Heart-Lung Machine
Authors: Rupprecht Holger , Ghidau Marius 
Published: July 2014

During his work, an 18-year-old carpenter-in-training overbalanced and shot himself in the left median thorax with a nail gun. The patient was delivered to our thoracic surgery unit with a tentative diagnosis of penetrating lung trauma. An emergent computed tomogram showed a heart-penetrating nail injury. The patient was taken to the operating room, where he underwent emergency surgery that included sternotomy, pericardiotomy, extraction of the nail, and trauma treatment of the heart injury. The surgery was performed in a unit without a heart-lung machine. For that reason, asystole was chemically induced by the intravenous administration of adenosine. The surgery was successful, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on the 10th postoperative day.
In cases of penetrating injuries of the heart, especially those with a foreign body retained in situ, we believe that the intravenous administration of adenosine is an elegant solution for the rapid provocation of asystole. In contrast to other methods, adenosine-induced asystole enables relatively safe myocardial manipulation in the absence of a cardiac surgical unit and a heart-lung machine.
Left Ventricular Remodeling after Late Revascularization Correlates with Baseline Viability
Authors: Goel Pravin K. , Bhatia Tanuj , Kapoor Aditya , Gambhir Sanjay , Pradhan Prasanta K. , Barai Sukanta , Tewari Satyendra , Garg Naveen , Kumar Sudeep , Jain Suruchi , Madhusudan Ponnusamy , Murthy Siddegowda 
Published: July 2014

The ideal management of stable patients who present late after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is still a matter of conjecture. We hypothesized that the extent of improvement in left ventricular function after successful revascularization in this subset was related to the magnitude of viability in the infarct-related artery territory. However, few studies correlate the improvement of left ventricular function with the magnitude of residual viability in patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention in this setting.
In 68 patients who presented later than 24 hours after a confirmed first STEMI, we performed resting, nitroglycerin-enhanced, technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography–myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT–MPI) before percutaneous coronary intervention, and again 6 months afterwards. Patients whose baseline viable myocardium in the infarct-related artery territory was more than 50%, 20% to 50%, and less than 20% were divided into Groups 1, 2, and 3 (mildly, moderately, and severely reduced viability, respectively). At follow-up, there was significant improvement in end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction in Groups 1 and 2, but not in Group 3.
We conclude that even late revascularization of the infarct-related artery yields significant improvement in left ventricular remodeling. In patients with more than 20% viable myocardium in the infarct-related artery territory, the extent of improvement in left ventricular function depends upon the amount of viable myocardium present. The SPECT–MPI can be used as a guide for choosing patients for revascularization.
Percutaneous Closure versus Medical Therapy Alone for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients with a Patent Foramen Ovale: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Pickett Christopher A. , Villines Todd C. , Ferguson Michael A. , Hulten Edward A. 
Published: July 2014

Of cryptogenic stroke patients younger than 55 years of age, up to 61% have had a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Observational studies have revealed reductions in recurrent neurologic events through PFO closure versus medical therapy, and randomized controlled trials have shown nonsignificant trends toward benefit. We systematically searched for randomized controlled trials of percutaneous PFO closure with medical therapy versus medical therapy alone in patients with cryptogenic stroke and performed a meta-analysis of treatment outcomes. The primary endpoint was combined death, stroke, and transient ischemic attack.
We included 3 trials. Of 2,303 total patients, 1,150 underwent PFO closure and 1,153 received medical therapy (median follow-up period, 2.6 yr). The pooled incidence of the primary endpoint was 1.2 events per 100 patient-years in the closure group (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2–2.3) and 1.8 in the therapy group (95% CI, 0.7–2.9) (P=0.32); the number needed to treat was 167 (range, 100–500). The corresponding pooled hazard ratio was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.44–1.01; P=0.054) in favor of closure. Closure was associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation: relative risk=3.51 (95% CI, 1.44–8.55; P=0.006). When stratified by device, use of the Amplatzer™ PFO Occluder resulted in significant stroke-prevention benefit over medical therapy alone: hazard ratio=0.44 (95% CI, 0.21–0.95; P=0.037).
When compared with medical therapy alone, PFO closure with medical therapy showed a trend toward a decreased hazard of combined events, although the absolute event reduction was small and the number needed to treat was high.
A ‘resource allocator’ for transcription based on a highly fragmented T7 RNA polymerase
Authors: Segall‐Shapiro Thomas H , Meyer Adam J , Ellington Andrew D , Sontag Eduardo D , Voigt Christopher A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSynthetic genetic systems share resources with the host, including machinery for transcription and translation. Phage RNA polymerases (RNAPs) decouple transcription from the host and generate high expression. However, they can exhibit toxicity and lack accessory proteins (σ factors and activators) that enable switching between different promoters and modulation of activity. Here, we show that T7 RNAP (883 amino acids) can be divided into four fragments that have to be co‐expressed to function. The DNA‐binding loop is encoded in a C‐terminal 285‐aa ‘σ fragment’, and fragments with different specificity can direct the remaining 601‐aa ‘core fragment’ to different promoters. Using these parts, we have built a resource allocator that sets the core fragment concentration, which is then shared by multiple σ fragments. Adjusting the concentration of the core fragment sets the maximum transcriptional capacity available to a synthetic system. Further, positive and negative regulation is implemented using a 67‐aa N‐terminal ‘α fragment’ and a null (inactivated) σ fragment, respectively. The α fragment can be fused to recombinant proteins to make promoters responsive to their levels. These parts provide a toolbox to allocate transcriptional resources via different schemes, which we demonstrate by building a system which adjusts promoter activity to compensate for the difference in copy number of two plasmids.
Common dysregulation network in the human prefrontal cortex underlies two neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Narayanan Manikandan , Huynh Jimmy L , Wang Kai , Yang Xia , Yoo Seungyeul , McElwee Joshua , Zhang Bin , Zhang Chunsheng , Lamb John R , Xie Tao , Suver Christine , Molony Cliona , Melquist Stacey , Johnson Andrew D , Fan Guoping , Stone David J , Schadt Eric E , Casaccia Patrizia , Emilsson Valur , Zhu Jun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUsing expression profiles from postmortem prefrontal cortex samples of 624 dementia patients and non‐demented controls, we investigated global disruptions in the co‐regulation of genes in two neurodegenerative diseases, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD). We identified networks of differentially co‐expressed (DC) gene pairs that either gained or lost correlation in disease cases relative to the control group, with the former dominant for both AD and HD and both patterns replicating in independent human cohorts of AD and aging. When aligning networks of DC patterns and physical interactions, we identified a 242‐gene subnetwork enriched for independent AD/HD signatures. This subnetwork revealed a surprising dichotomy of gained/lost correlations among two inter‐connected processes, chromatin organization and neural differentiation, and included DNA methyltransferases, DNMT1 and DNMT3A, of which we predicted the former but not latter as a key regulator. To validate the inter‐connection of these two processes and our key regulator prediction, we generated two brain‐specific knockout (KO) mice and show that Dnmt1 KO signature significantly overlaps with the subnetwork (P = 3.1 × 10−12), while Dnmt3a KO signature does not (P = 0.017).
A randomised controlled trial evaluating IGF1 titration in contrast to current GH dosing strategies in children born small for gestational age: the North European Small-for-Gestational-Age Study
Authors: Jensen Rikke Beck , Thankamony Ajay , O'Connell Susan M , Kirk Jeremy , Donaldson Malcolm , Ivarsson Sten-A , Söder Olle , Roche Edna , Hoey Hilary , Dunger David B , Juul Anders 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundShort children born small for gestational age (SGA) are treated with a GH dose based on body size, but treatment may lead to high levels of IGF1. The objective was to evaluate IGF1 titration of GH dose in contrast to current dosing strategies.MethodsIn the North European Small-for-Gestational-Age Study (NESGAS), 92 short pre-pubertal children born SGA were randomised after 1 year of high-dose GH treatment (67 μg/kg per day) to three different regimens: high dose (67 μg/kg per day), low dose (35 μg/kg per day) or IGF1 titration.ResultsThe average dose during the second year of the randomised trial did not differ between the IGF1 titration group (38 μg/kg per day,s.d.0.019) and the low-dose group (35 μg/kg per day,s.d.0.002;P=0.46), but there was a wide variation in the IGF1 titration group (range 10–80 μg/kg per day). The IGF1 titration group had significantly lower height gain (0.17 SDS,s.d.0.18) during the second year of the randomised trial compared with the high-dose group (0.46 SDS,s.d.0.25), but not significantly lower than the low-dose group (0.23 SDS,s.d.0.15;P=0.17). The IGF1 titration group had lower IGF1 levels after 2 years of the trial (mean 1.16,s.d.1.24) compared with both the low-dose (mean 1.76,s.d.1.48) and the high-dose (mean 2.97,s.d.1.63) groups.ConclusionIGF1 titration of GH dose in SGA children proved less effective than current dosing strategies. IGF1 titration resulted in physiological IGF1 levels with a wide range of GH dose and a poorer growth response, which indicates the role of IGF1 resistance and highlights the heterogeneity of short SGA children.
Achieving Improved Solar Absorbance of Small Organic Dyes Featuring Quinoidized Five-Membered Heterocycles
Authors: Tu Wei Han , Tan Yi Yin , Manzhos Sergei 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe present rational computational design of phenothiazine dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells containing different five-membered rings (thiophene, furan, and selenophene) by a combined strategy of modified conjugation order and functionalization leading to the quinoidization of the ring. We predict that it is possible to lower the excitation energy by 20% vs. the parent dye by the combination of: change in the conjugation order of the methine unit, its functionalization by the CN group, and replacement of the thiophene ring by furan.