bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Rewires the Molecular Path to PI3K-Dependent Proliferation
Authors: Salt Megan B. , Bandyopadhyay Sourav , McCormick Frank 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Tumors showing evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been associated with metastasis, drug resistance, and poor prognosis. Heterogeneity along the EMT spectrum is observed between and within tumors. To develop effective therapeutics, a mechanistic understanding of how EMT affects the molecular requirements for proliferation is needed. We found that although cells use phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) for proliferation in both the epithelial and mesenchymal states, EMT rewires the mechanism of PI3K pathway activation. In epithelial cells, autocrine ERBB3 activation maintains PI3K signaling, whereas after EMT, downregulation of ERBB3 disrupts autocrine signaling to PI3K. Loss of ERBB3 leads to reduced serum-independent proliferation after EMT that can be rescued through reactivation of PI3K by enhanced signaling from p110α, ERBB3 reexpression, or growth factor stimulation. In vivo, we demonstrate that PIK3CA expression is upregulated in mesenchymal tumors with low levels of ERBB3. This study defines how ERBB3 downregulation after EMT affects PI3K-dependent proliferation.
Significance: This study describes a mechanism through which EMT transition alters the proliferative potential of cells by modulating ERBB3 expression. Furthermore, it demonstrates the potential for multiple molecular routes to drive proliferation in different cell states, illustrating how changes in EMT status can rewire signaling upstream of cell proliferation. Cancer Discov; 4(2); 186–199. ©2013 AACR.
See related commentary by Niederst and Benes, p. 149
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 131
Arterial Spin Labeling Versus Bolus-Tracking Perfusion in Hyperacute Stroke
Authors: Bivard Andrew , Krishnamurthy Venkatesh , Stanwell Peter , Levi Christopher , Spratt Neil J. , Davis Stephen , Parsons Mark 
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose—
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that does not require contrast administration and thus may be more practical in hyperacute stroke than susceptibility-weighted bolus-tracking perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). However, a threshold for ASL measurement of the ischemic penumbra needs to be determined.

Methods—
A total of 58 patients with acute hemispheric ischemic stroke were imaged within 6 hours of symptom onset with MRI including ASL, diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), and PWI, after perfusion computed tomography (CTP). Patients had repeat MRI at 24 hours. On repeat imaging, 32 patients did not reperfuse and were used to determine the penumbra threshold. A receiver-operating curve and a volumetric analysis were undertaken to identify the ASL-cerebral blood flow (CBF) threshold for the acute penumbra compared with the 24-hour DWI lesion in patients without reperfusion and with the acute PWI and CTP-Tmax thresholds.

Results—
An ASL-CBF threshold of 40% showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) for detection of the acute penumbra, defined by 24-hour DWI in nonreperfused patients (AUC 0.76, 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.85), and was also accurate compared with the acute PWI-Tmax+6 seconds penumbral threshold (AUC 0.79, 95% confidence interval, 73–84) and acute CTP-Tmax 5.5 seconds penumbral threshold (AUC 0.77, 95% confidence interval, 72–84). Using a perfusion-to-diffusion mismatch ratio of 1.8:1, an ASL-CBF 40% mismatch compared with PWI-Tmax+ 6 seconds-DWI and CTP mismatch showed good sensitivity (0.81) and specificity (0.71).

Conclusions—
ASL-DWI mismatch shows potential to identify salvageable tissue in hyperacute stroke.
Complexio Oppositorum: Hugo Ball and Carl Schmitt
Authors: Stark Trevor 
Published: December 2013

On November 22, 1923, Emmy Hennings received an ecstatic letter from Hugo Ball, her husband and fellow founder of Zurich Dada, describing his “constant immersion in jurisprudence”: For months, I have studied the writings of Professor Schmitt, of Bonn. He is more important for Germany than the entirety of the Rhineland, with its carbon mines included. Rarely have I read a philosophy with as much passion as his, and a philosophy of law at that! A great triumph for the German language and for legality. He seems to me even more precise than Kant, and rigorous like a Great Spanish Inquisitor when it comes to ideas.
Measuring the needs of mental health patients in Greece: Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Camberwell Assessment of Need
Authors: Stefanatou Pentagiotissa , Giannouli Eleni , Konstantakopoulos George , Vitoratou Silia , Mavreas Venetsanos 
Published: December 2013

Background: Evaluation of mental health services based on patients’ needs assessments has never taken place in Greece, although it is a crucial factor for the efficient use of their limited resources. Aim: To examine the inter-rater and test–retest reliability and the concurrent/convergent validity of the Greek research version of the Camberwell Assessment of Need–Research (CAN-R). Method: A total of 53 schizophrenic patient–staff pairs were interviewed twice to test the inter-rater and test–retest reliability of the Greek version of the CAN-R. The World Health Organization Quality of Life–Brief Form (WHOQOL-BREF) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule–2.0 (WHODAS-2.0) were administered to the patients to examine concurrent validity. Results: The inter-rater and test–retest reliability of patient and staff interviews for the 22 individual items and the eight summary scores of the instrument’s four sections were good to excellent. Significant correlations emerged between CAN scores and the WHOQOL-BREF and WHODAS-2.0 domains for both patient and staff ratings, indicating good concurrent validity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the Greek version of the CAN-R is a reliable instrument for assessing mental health patients’ needs. Moreover, it is the first CAN-R validity study with satisfactory results using WHOQOL-BREF and WHODAS-2.0 as criterion variables.
Towards a theory of integrity systems: a configurational approach
Authors: Six Frédérique , Lawton Alan 
Published: December 2013

The integrity of public officials is considered a key determinant of public trust in government and a central concept in good governance. An integrity system consists of all components, such as policies, practices, institutions and integrity guardians meant to contribute to the integrity of the organization at the heart of the integrity system. In this article we propose a theoretical model for the effectiveness of integrity systems that can be tested empirically. Six conditions are proposed as important for delivering the outcome of high integrity performance. Different configurations are expected to deliver the same outcome, because of varying developmental trajectories. Implications for further research are discussed. Points for practitioners Many countries have in place measures for dealing with corruption and unethical behaviour on the part of public officials. Rarely are these measures considered as part of a whole system. At the same time, there is little research evidence for the effectiveness of individual measures or the system as a whole. This article addresses these issues and is, therefore, important for policy makers who are developing anti-corruption measures.
Determinants of functional decentralization and their relation to debt: empirical evidence based on the analysis of Spanish municipalities
Authors: Cuadrado-Ballesteros Beatriz , García-Sánchez Isabel-María , Prado-Lorenzo José-Manuel 
Published: December 2013

Functional decentralization is aimed at increasing the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of public services, among other advantages, by simplifying the organizational structure and by achieving greater proximity to the end user. Nonetheless, the creation of these entities has been criticized because of the potential to make political use of them to avoid the debt limits imposed on sub-national administrations, as debt would then be transferred to the accounting statements of these agencies. The empirical evidence found in the current study shows that the use of these companies as a mechanism for obtaining external financing is determined by the accounting regulations applicable in relation to the consolidation of accounts. Decentralization processes oriented toward increasing debt are more common among left-wing local governments and are strongly linked to fiscal pressure. Points for practitioners Our results show that foundations are now displacing public companies in decentralization processes in order to obtain external funds, since these agencies are not included in the consolidated accounts. Thus, more rigorous regulation should be established in Spain. This opportunistic use of decentralized agencies is developed on the whole by left-leaning political ideologies as a means of incurring more debt that they need. Thus, it is necessary that external auditing offices ( Cámaras de Cuentas) reinforce the monitoring process over local governments in order to circumvent their managerial discretion.
The determinants of public trust in English local government: how important is the ethical behaviour of elected councillors?
Authors: Downe James , Cowell Richard , Chen Alex , Morgan Karen 
Published: December 2013

One of the most difficult and under-examined issues in integrity research is understanding whether regulatory interventions designed to improve the ethical conduct of public bodies actually have any effect on public trust. In this article, we present the results of research which has sought to unpack this issue. Drawing on a large-scale public survey and case study analysis of nine local councils in England, the research examined the relative importance of ethical conduct (whether elected councillors displayed good behaviour) on public trust in local government. We found that contextual factors (such as the size of the population and its social and ethnic diversity) and the ethical standards and behaviour of councillors were among the more important determinants of public trust. The most important variable in explaining levels of public trust was how a council performed. Points for practitioners One of the aims of ethics regulation is to improve levels of trust by promoting changes in behaviour and providing some reassurance for the public. Our results show that councils with low levels of councillor misconduct and good performance generally enjoy higher levels of public trust. The behaviour of councillors and whether they told the truth were important determinants of public trust, but ‘good conduct’ is not always narrowly ‘caused’ by ethics regulation; rather, it may reflect the culture of an organization. Public trust is also determined by a range of contextual variables which are difficult for public institutions to steer.
Public administration and citizen satisfaction with democracy: cross-national evidence
Authors: Ariely Gal 
Published: December 2013

This article examines the democracy–bureaucracy nexus by addressing the role of public administration in sustaining citizen satisfaction with democracy. Employing cross-national data across 35 countries, the multi-level analysis enables investigation at both the individual and the country level. With respect to the former, the findings indicate that citizens’ evaluation of public administration is related more strongly to their satisfaction with democracy than other explanations – such as political trust, electoral fairness, and political efficacy. With respect to the latter, they demonstrate that public administration quality is related to satisfaction with democracy to a degree similar to other macro-level factors – such as the level of democracy, political trust, and human development in a country. The results are discussed in the framework of the debate regarding the democracy–bureaucracy nexus. Points for practitioners This article points to the central role of public administration in sustaining citizen support of democracy. The analysis demonstrates that the image of public service correlated strongly with satisfaction with democracy and that public administration quality appears to be correlated positively with satisfaction with democracy to a degree comparable with alternative explanations. The implications for professionals working in public management and administration is that despite the ongoing castigating of the public service by politicians and pundits, its relevance for the democratic satisfaction of citizens should not be overlooked.
Treatment of “Patellofemoral” Cartilage Lesions With Matrix-Assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation
Authors: Filardo Giuseppe , Kon Elizaveta , Andriolo Luca , Di Martino Alessandro , Zaffagnini Stefano , Marcacci Maurilio 
Published: December 2013

Background: Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) has been shown to offer good outcomes at midterm follow-up, but results are heterogeneous among different patients and lesion types. Being part of the same joint, both patellar and trochlear cartilage lesions are commonly considered to be affected by the same treatment issues, and therefore, it is common practice to report results obtained treating these lesions together. Purpose: To determine, in a large cohort of patients prospectively followed at midterm follow-up for patellofemoral chondral defects, if patellar and trochlear defects actually represent different clinical conditions with different healing potentials after cartilage treatment. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 49 consecutive patients with full-thickness patellofemoral chondral lesions of the knee were treated with MACT at the authors’ institute and followed prospectively for a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Among these 49 patients, 28 were affected by patellar lesions, 17 were affected by trochlear lesions, and 4 had both patellar and trochlear defects. The clinical outcome was analyzed with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective, EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS), Kujala, and Tegner scores. Results: A statistically significant improvement in all scores was observed after treatment. Patellar lesions required more realignment procedures and were more common in women. The comparative analysis showed better results for trochlear lesions compared with patellar lesions at all follow-ups, with mean IKDC scores at 5-year follow-up of 89.6 ± 12.7 and 69.7 ± 17.6, respectively ( P < .0005). Better results were also shown for the mean Kujala score (92.4 ± 14.7 vs 81.5 ± 12.7, respectively; P = .012) and mean EQ-VAS score (90.0 ± 10.8 vs 81.9 ± 11.7, respectively; P = .027). Finally, the sport activity level evaluated with the Tegner score confirmed the same trend; even though neither patellar nor trochlear lesion groups reached the preinjury level, both improved after treatment, with a significantly higher improvement in the trochlear lesion group (5.9 ± 1.8 vs 3.9 ± 1.7, respectively; P < .0005). Conclusion: Patient characteristics differ between patellar and trochlear cartilage defects, and moreover, the results obtained are significantly different, with a markedly good outcome in cases with trochlear lesions and less satisfactory results for patients affected by cartilage lesions of the patella. Thus, patellar and trochlear defects should be considered separately when evaluating the outcome of cartilage treatments in this anatomic region.
Prognosis of proliferative lupus nephritis subsets in the Louvain Lupus Nephritis inception Cohort
Authors: Vandepapelière J , Aydin S , Cosyns J-P , Depresseux G , Jadoul M , Houssiau FA 
Published: December 2013

Objective The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether the different International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classes of proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) have a distinct baseline presentation, short-term response to immunosuppression (IS) and long-term prognosis. Methods Ninety-eight patients with new onset (first renal biopsy) ISN/RPS proliferative LN (Class III: n = 24; IV-S: n = 23; IV-G: n = 51) were diagnosed at our institution between 1995 and 2012 (Louvain Lupus Nephritis inception Cohort). Their baseline renal parameters, primary response to IS at one year, survival and long-term renal outcome (mean follow-up: 77 months) were compared. Results At baseline, serum creatinine and 24-hour proteinuria were higher in Class IV-G, as was activity index on renal biopsy in Class IV-S and IV-G compared to III. Upon treatment, renal parameters improved with the same kinetics and to the same extent in the three pathological classes. On repeat renal biopsies ( n = 43), activity indices dropped similarly. Poor outcomes (death, end-stage renal disease, renal impairment defined by an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) did not statistically differ between groups, although there was a trend toward more renal impairment at follow-up in Class IV-G compared to IV-S and III. Finally, the presence of even mild chronic lesions on baseline biopsy was clearly predictive of late renal outcome. Conclusion Subsetting proliferative LN into Class III, IV-S and IV-G provides less clinically discriminant prognostic information than baseline chronicity index.
The inside story. Physicians’ views on digital ano-rectal examination for anal cancer screening of HIV positive men who have sex with men
Authors: Ong Jason , Chen Marcus , Temple-Smith Meredith , Walker Sandra , Hoy Jennifer , Woolley Ian , Grulich Andrew , Fairley Christopher 
Published: December 2013

Objective Anal cancer is relatively common amongst HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM), but little is known about the anal cancer screening practices of HIV physicians, and whether digital ano-rectal examination (DARE) is utilized for this. To determine the practice of anal cancer screening among HIV physicians, and to identify any barriers for implementing DARE as a method for anal cancer screening. Methods 36 physicians from a sexual health centre, 2 tertiary hospital infectious diseases outpatient clinics, and 2 general practices completed a questionnaire on their practice of anal cancer screening amongst HIV positive MSM. Physicians were asked about their confidence in using DARE for anal cancer screening, and whether they perceived barriers to implementing this in their clinic. Results Most physicians (86%, 95% CI: 71–95) thought that anal cancer screening was important, but only 22% (95% CI: 10–39) were currently screening. Reasons for not screening were the absence of guidelines (87%, 95% CI: 60–98), lack of time (47%, 95% CI: 30–65), and concern about patient acceptability of DARE (32%, 95% CI: 17–51). Whilst 67% (95% CI: 49–81) of physicians felt confident in performing a DARE, only 22% (95% CI: 10–39) were confident in recognizing anal cancer using DARE. Conclusion Although HIV physicians were aware of the need for anal cancer screening among the HIV + MSM population, few were routinely screening. If DARE were to be incorporated into routine HIV care, guidelines recommending screening and up-skilling of HIV physicians to recognize anal cancer are needed.
Keeping ahead of the game: Innovations and challenges in e-government in Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Nik Rosnah Wan , Mansor Norma Binti , Hamzah Azizah 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article examines the development and usage of e-government in Malaysia. The history of public administration reform in Malaysia demonstrates the government’s willingness to experiment with innovations seen as improving the efficiency, effectiveness and responsiveness of public services. Thus, e-government has been enthusiastically promoted by the Malaysian government and has spread across most government organisations at central and subnational levels. The article provides details of a range of services both within government and for society that are available in e-government modes. However, there are challenges to the development of e-government including adherence to traditional models of service delivery, resistance to organisational culture change by officials, preference for counter services by clients and constraints on the availability of information technology training. Mobile phones are now seen as a new way to encourage citizens to use e-government on a regular basis.
From censorship to active support: The Korean state and Korea’s cultural industries
Authors: Kwon Seung-Ho , Kim Joseph 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article examines the phenomenal growth of Korean cultural industries and their export to East Asia and other parts of the world. In the early years of industrialisation, culture was used by the authoritarian regime as a form of ideological support. Strict controls were exercised over cultural production and presentation. Controls were later relaxed as the regime used entertainment and sport as popular distractions. However, the increase in television ownership, the growth of domestic electronics and home appliance industries, and rising incomes (especially among the middle class) provided the material base for the growth of cultural industries following democratisation in the 1990s. Cultural industries became key drivers of economic growth, innovation and employment, and were strongly promoted and supported by government in the style of the developmental state. The result was burgeoning production and international trade across a wide spectrum of cultural industries – film, television drama, animation, video games and music. As a reflection of the increasing integration of Korea into world markets, the government also had to ensure compliance with international trade regulations and clamp down on piracy. Today, the Korean Wave of popular culture has reached consumers in all parts of the world and makes a significant contribution to Korean gross domestic product and exports.
Clonal B-cell lymphocytosis exhibiting immunophenotypic features consistent with a marginal-zone origin: is this a distinct entity?
Authors: Xochelli Aliki , Kalpadakis Christina , Gardiner Anne , Baliakas Panagiotis , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros P. , Mould Sarah , Davis Zadie , Stalika Evangelia , Kanellis George , Angelopoulou Maria K. , McIver-Brown Neil , Ibbotson Rachel , Sachanas Sotirios , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Athanasiadou Anastasia , Anagnostopoulos Achilles , Papadaki Helen A. , Papadaki Theodora , Stamatopoulos Kostas , Pangalis Gerassimos A. , Oscier David 
Published: December 2013

Key Points
Clonal B-cell lymphocytosis of potential marginal-zone origin (CBL-MZ) rarely progresses to a well-recognized lymphoma. CBL-MZ does not require treatment in the absence of progressive disease.