bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing frequency of gram‐positive cocci and gram‐negative multidrug‐resistant bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Alexopoulou Alexandra , Papadopoulos Nikolaos , Eliopoulos Dimitrios G. , Alexaki Apostolia , Tsiriga Athanasia , Toutouza Marina , Pectasides Dimitrios 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is historically caused by Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB) almost exclusively Enterobacteriaceae. Recently, an increasing rate of infections with Gram‐positive cocci (GPC) and multidrug‐resistant (MDR) microorganisms was demonstrated.AimsTo assess possible recent changes of the bacteria causing SBP in cirrhotic patients.MethodsWe retrospectively recorded 47 cases (66% males) during a 4‐year‐period (2008–2011).ResultsTwenty‐eight (60%) patients had healthcare‐associated infections while 15 (32%) received prophylactic quinolone treatment. GPC were found to be the most frequent cause (55%). The most prevalent organisms in a descending order were Streptococcus spp (n = 10), Enterococcus spp (n = 9), Escherichia coli (n = 8), Klebsiella pneumonia (n = 5), methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4) and coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus spp (n = 3). Nine of the isolated bacteria (19%) were MDR, including carbapenemase‐producing K. pneumonia (n = 4), followed by extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐producing E. coli (n = 3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2). MDR bacteria were more frequently isolated in healthcare‐associated than in community‐acquired infections (100% vs 50%, P = 0.006), in patients receiving long‐term quinolone prophylaxis (67% vs 24%, P = 0.013) and in those with advanced liver disease as suggested by higher MELD score (28 vs 19, P = 0.012). More infections with GNB than GPC were healthcare‐associated (81% vs 42%, P = 0.007). Third‐generation cephalosporin resistance was observed in 49% and quinolone resistance in 47%.ConclusionsGPC were the most frequent bacteria in culture‐positive SBP and a variety of drug‐resistant microorganisms have emerged. As a result of high rates of resistance in currently recommended therapy and prophylaxis, the choice of optimal antibiotic therapy is vital in the individual patient.
TAM Split Ergativity, Part II
Authors: Coon Jessica 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article surveys empirical and theoretical work on Tense‐Aspect‐Mood (‘‘TAM’’) based split ergativity, and offers an account for how it arises. While these splits are typically assumed to represent a unified phenomenon, I demonstrate that non‐ergative portions of split systems exhibit different patterns. I argue that these patterns reflect at least two different triggers of split ergativity: (i) non‐perfective aspects are more likely to be built on complex auxiliary constructions, and (ii) imperfectivity is associated with demoted objects or lower transitivity. Both causes trigger the same result: in the ‘‘split’’ portions of the grammar the transitive subject is not marked with ergative case because it is not a transitive subject. This structural account of split ergativity allows us to avoid positing variable feature inventories on the same functional head (cf. Ura 2006), and also provides a straight‐forward account of the so‐called ‘‘counter‐universal’’ splits (Gildea and de Castro Alves 2010), which cause problems for purely functionalist accounts (e.g. DeLancey 1981). Furthermore, it is shown that the factors which trigger these splits are not limited to ergative languages, but are present cross‐linguistically—they are not visible in nominative‐accusative systems because (by definition) there is no visible difference between transitive and intransitive subjects. The prevalence of splits in ergative systems is thus not taken to reflect any deep instability of ergativity.
Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, involves camalexin and is regulated by microRNAs
Authors: Kettles Graeme J. , Drurey Claire , Schoonbeek Henk‐jan , Maule Andy J. , Hogenhout Saskia A. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Small RNAs play important roles in resistance to plant viruses and the complex responses against pathogens and leaf‐chewing insects. We investigated whether small RNA pathways are involved in Arabidopsis resistance against a phloem‐feeding insect, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae).

We used a 2‐wk fecundity assay to assess aphid performance on Arabidopsis RNA silencing and defence pathway mutants. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to monitor the transcriptional activity of defence‐related genes in plants of varying aphid susceptibility. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry was employed to measure the accumulation of the antimicrobial compound camalexin. Artificial diet assays allowed the assessment of the effect of camalexin on aphid performance.

Myzus persicae produces significantly less progeny on Arabidopsis microRNA (miRNA) pathway mutants. Plants unable to process miRNAs respond to aphid infestation with increased induction of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 (PAD3) and production of camalexin. Aphids ingest camalexin when feeding on Arabidopsis and are more successful on pad3 and cyp79b2/cyp79b3 mutants defective in camalexin production. Aphids produce less progeny on artificial diets containing camalexin.

Our data indicate that camalexin functions beyond antimicrobial defence to also include hemipteran insects. This work also highlights the extensive role of the miRNA‐mediated regulation of secondary metabolic defence pathways with relevance to resistance against a hemipteran pest.
Protein C deficiency as the major cause of thrombophilias in childhood
Authors: Ohga Shouichi , Ishiguro Akira , Takahashi Yukihiro , Shima Midori , Taki Masashi , Kaneko Masatoki , Fukushima Kotaro , Kang Dongchon , Hara Toshiro ,   Japan Childhood Thrombophilia Study Group
Published: March 2013

AbstractGenetic predisposition of thromboembolism depends on the racial background. Factor V Leiden (G1691A) and factor II mutation (G20210A) are the leading causes of inherited thrombophilias in Caucasians, but are not found in Asian ancestries. Protein S (PS), protein C (PC) and antithrombin (AT) activity are reportedly low in 65% of adult Japanese patients with deep vein thrombosis. Approximately half of the patients with each deficiency carry the heterozygous mutation of PS (PROS1; 20%), PC (PROC; 10%), and AT genes (SERPINC1: 5%). Recently, several studies have revealed an outline of inherited thrombophilias in Japanese children. Congenital thrombophilias in 48 patients less than age 20 years consisted of 45% PC deficiency, 15% PS deficiency and 10% AT deficiency, along with other causes. All PS‐ and AT‐deficient patients had a heterozygous mutation of the respective gene. On the other hand, PC‐deficient patients were considered to carry the homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in 50%, the heterozygous mutation in 25%, and unknown causes in the remaining 25% of patients. Half of unrelated patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous PROC mutations carried PC‐nagoya (1362delG), while their parents with its heterozygous mutation were asymptomatic. Most of the PC‐deficient patients developed intracranial lesion and/or purpura fulminans within 2 weeks after birth. Non‐inherited PC deficiency also conveyed thromboembolic events in early infancy. The molecular epidemiology of thrombosis in Asian children would provide a clue to establish the early intervention and optimal anticoagulant therapy in pediatric PC deficiency.
Genes and growth performance in crustacean species: a review of relevant genomic studies in crustaceans and other taxa
Authors: Jung Hyungtaek , Lyons Russell E. , Hurwood David A. , Mather Peter B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractGlobal aquaculture has expanded rapidly to address the increasing demand for aquatic protein needs and an uncertain future for wild fisheries. To date, however, most farmed aquatic stocks are essentially wild and little is known about their genomes or the genes that affect important economic traits in culture. Biologists have recognized that recent technological advances including next generation sequencing (NGS) have opened up the possibility of generating genome wide sequence data sets rapidly from non‐model organisms at a reasonable cost. In an era when virtually any study organism can ‘go genomic’, understanding gene function and genetic effects on expressed quantitative trait locus phenotypes will be fundamental to future knowledge development. Many factors can influence the individual growth rate in target species but of particular importance in agriculture and aquaculture will be the identification and characterization of the specific gene loci that contribute important phenotypic variation to growth because the information can be applied to speed up genetic improvement programmes and to increase productivity via marker‐assisted selection (MAS). While currently there is only limited genomic information available for any crustacean species, a number of putative candidate genes have been identified or implicated in growth and muscle development in some species. In an effort to stimulate increased research on the identification of growth‐related genes in crustacean species, here we review the available information on: (i) associations between genes and growth reported in crustaceans, (ii) growth‐related genes involved with moulting, (iii) muscle development and degradation genes involved in moulting and (iv) correlations between DNA sequences that have confirmed growth trait effects in farmed animal species used in terrestrial agriculture and related sequences in crustacean species. The information in concert can provide a foundation for increasing the rate at which knowledge about key genes affecting growth traits in crustacean species is gained.
Sustainability issues related to feeding salmonids: a Canadian perspective
Authors: Sarker Pallab Kumer , Bureau Dominique P. , Hua Katheline , Drew Murray D. , Forster Ian , Were Keith , Hicks Brad , Vandenberg Grant W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe issue of sustainability of salmonid culture has been the focus of considerable media coverage and debate between environmental activists and aquaculture industry stakeholders, particularly regarding the use of ingredients derived from wild fisheries (fishmeal and fish oil) in salmonid feeds. This study attempts to summarize recent data and to calculate the conversion efficiency of feed resources by Canadian farmed salmon in order objectively to assess the sustainability of this industry in this regard. Using updated information regarding domestic aquafeeds this review reports advances that have been made in diet formulation, fish in–fish out (FIFO) and feed conversion ratios (FCR) and demonstrates that production efficiency of farmed salmonids has significantly improved over time due to continued innovations in the aquafeed sector. The results suggest that the Canadian salmon aquaculture industry efficiently converts wild fish resources into high‐value fish products.
A review of the nutrition and feeding management of farmed tilapia throughout the culture cycle
Authors: Ng Wing‐Keong , Romano Nicholas 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTilapia is the second most farmed fish group worldwide and over the past decade has quadrupled in production, largely due to their many characteristics conducive to aquaculture conditions as well as to the high marketability and relatively stable market prices. To keep pace with this rapid expansion, tilapia aquaculture will rely increasingly on more sustainable practices, but this must not be at the expense of decreased productivity, increased cost or compromised product quality. Since feed constitutes the major operating cost of tilapia farming, understanding their nutritional requirements, factors that may influence these requirements and implementing the most appropriate feeding management strategy is essential for the continued sustainability and scalability of the global tilapia industry. This review addressed these concerns by providing an overview of published nutrient requirement data and offered practical recommendations to the nutrition and feeding management of farmed tilapia, from broodstock to finishing feeds. The first section of this review extensively discusses the dietary protein/amino acids, lipids/fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamin and mineral requirements of tilapia. Alternatives to marine‐based ingredients, which are used increasingly in tilapia feeds, are also discussed. This is followed by discussing practical feed management aspects at the commercial farm level including feed formulations, feed types and feeding rates/frequency throughout the culture cycle. Recent research indicating significant differences in nutrient requirements and utilization efficiencies of improved tilapia strains versus non‐improved strains are highlighted. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of tilapia nutrition and thus contributes to the continued global expansion of tilapia farming and the demand for their products.
Physician‐performed ultrasound can accurately screen for a vulnerable intercostal artery prior to chest drainage procedures
Authors: Salamonsen Matthew , Dobeli Karen , McGrath David , Readdy Craig , Ware Robert , Steinke Karin , Fielding David 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveLaceration of the intercostal artery during pleural procedures is a rare but serious complication. This study evaluates the utility of thoracic ultrasound (US) to screen for a vulnerable vessel compared with the gold standard computed tomography (CT).MethodsBefore undergoing contrast‐enhanced CT chest, thoracic US was performed on 50 patients with a high‐end and portable machine, and an attempt made to visualize the vessel at three positions across the back to the axilla. These positions were labelled with radio‐opaque fiducial markers. On both US and CT images, the location of the vessel at each position, relative to the overlying rib, was calculated and compared.ResultsThe vessel was unshielded by a rib according to CT in 114 of the 133 positions. The sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value of portable US to image the vessel, when it was within the intercostal space on CT, was 0.86, 0.30 and 0.27 respectively. The performance of a high‐end machine was not significantly different. The median time required for a pulmonologist to locate the vessel was 42 s and 18 s for the portable and high‐end US respectively.ConclusionsUS can be used to screen for a vulnerable vessel prior to pleural procedures, in a time amenable to use in clinical practice. Further, it is achievable by a pulmonologist using a portable US machine. If thoracentesis or chest tube insertion is being performed on a patient at increased risk of bleeding, screening for a vulnerable vessel with US prior to beginning the procedure is recommended.
Climate and Skin Function: An Overview
Authors: Singh Babu , Maibach Howard 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundClimates of the world are diverse and produce changes in skin integrity and functioning. Evidence on skin and its response to severe climates is limited, but information can be inferred from data characterizing skin under controlled climate conditions using noninvasive bioengineering techniques.MethodsA literature search was conducted on the effects on major climate conditions on skin integrity and function.ResultsExposure of murine skin to low humidity promotes a hyperproliferative and proinflammatory response, which can be prevented with topical agents or occlusion. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and average skin temperature (Tsk) is highly sensitive to climate or ambient temperature (Tambient). High altitudes leave skin more susceptible to UV radiation and even brief exposures cause surface changes. Pollution can result external skin aging and may be a risk factor for exacerbation of dermatoses.ConclusionFurther research is needed to understand skin properties and functioning in harsh climates to provide insight into optimal skin care for individuals living in such conditions.
Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis: Is there any difference between videocapillaroscopy and dermatoscopy?
Authors: Dogan Sibel , Akdogan Ali , Atakan Nilgün 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundVasculopathy is known to destroy nailfold capillary pattern (NCP) in systemic sclerosis (SSc). There are several methods for the evaluation of NCP of which the most common are dermatoscopy and videocapillaroscopy (VCAP). No study has been reported in the literature comparing these two techniques for their diagnostic value.ObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic value of dermatoscopy and VCAP which are widely used to determine changes in the NCP in SSc patients.MethodsA total of 382 nailfolds were visualized. NCP was evaluated in 39 SSc patients using dermatoscopy and VCAP. Defined dermatoscopic groups were matched with early, active and late phase NCP groups determined by VCAP for comparisons.ResultsBoth dermatoscopy and VCAP demonstrated distinct NCP of SSc efficiently. According to dermatoscopic NCP, capillary dilatation, giant capillaries and disrupted vascular configuration were able to be visualized. VCAP revealed early phase NCP in N = 8 (20,5%), active phase in N = 18 (46,2%) and late phase NCP in N = 13 (33.3%) of the patients. Statistical evaluation of grouped data resulted a Cohen kappa value (K) = 0,527. Although VCAP was able to facilitate a more detailed evaluation of NCP, there was no difference between dermatoscopy and VCAP for the identification of distinct NCP in SSc.ConclusionWe suggest that dermatoscopy is efficient enough to identify pathognomonic changes in NCP in SSc as well as VCAP and find dermatoscopy as a very easy applicable and convenient method than VCAP although VCAP facilitates a more detailed evaluation of NCP.
Magnetostratigraphic results from sedimentary rocks of IODP’s Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) Expedition 322
Authors: Zhao Xixi , Oda Hirokuni , Wu Huaichun , Yamamoto Tomohiro , Yamamoto Yuhji , Yamamoto Yuzuru , Nakajima Takeshi , Kitamura Yujin , Kanamatsu Toshiya 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
We conducted a palaeomagnetic study on the Cenozoic sedimentary sequences of the Nankai Trough, recovered by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 322 in SE Japan. Sedimentary sections of Late Miocene age from the two subduction input sites (sites C0011 and C0012) recorded a pattern of magnetic polarity reversals that correlates well with the known magnetic polarity time scale. The polarity of characteristic remanent magnetization could be identified throughout the majority of the recovered cores of the two sites, following removal of a low-stability drilling-induced remanence. Most of the observed magnetostratigraphy from the characteristic directions is in good agreement with that to be expected from the stratigraphic position of the sequence deduced from the biostratigraphic data. Palaeomagnetic data from both shipboard and shore-based studies indicate changes in the rate of sedimentation from 9.5 to 2.7 cm/kyr at about 11 Ma, suggesting that some fundamental palaeoenvironmental change in the Shikoku Basin and/or significant tectonic event may have occurred in Late Miocene.
Characteristic wavelengths in VGP trajectories from magnetostratigraphic data of the Early Cretaceous Serra Geral lava piles, southern Brazil
Authors: Caminha-Maciel George , Ernesto Marcia 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) trajectories during some geomagnetic polarity reversals of different ages are marked by anisotropic behaviour. This recurrent phenomenon may be reflected in the paleomagnetic data, even if the transitional field was not completely recorded. As the long-scale geomagnetic variations have a confined oscillatory character, the VGP paths from stratigraphically controlled sequences may be described on the basis of sine and cosine functions, even if time is not the independent variable. Here we considered longitude (or space) as the independent variable which had to be ‘unrolled’ to overcome the 360° repetitions as the VGPs moved around the geographic pole.
Sixteen VGP series from the Early Cretaceous Serra Geral lava flows of southern Brazil were analysed using a modified version of the periodogram for uneven data series, and a combination of information approach. The combination of all the spectra, as in a stacking procedure, reduces noise and results in a smooth curve highlighting features of interest. We found a set of highest correlation wavelengths of approximately 167, 190, 209, 257, 277 and 368°. Phase analyses using two different methods revealed strikingly good coherence for some of these wavelengths, indicating that they are not only artefacts of the spectral analysis. Similar analysis of magnetostratigraphic data from the Icelandic Magmatic Province indicated that the two datasets may have wavelengths of approximately 165 and 270° in common. These results suggest quasi-periodic behaviour, possibly with sub-harmonic instabilities owing to the modulating effect of inner Earth's anisotropies influencing the pole trajectory.
Association of Lipids With Incident Heart Failure Among Adults With and Without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ebong Imo A. , Goff David C. , Rodriguez Carlos J. , Chen Haiying , Sibley Christopher T. , Bertoni Alain G. 
Published: March 2013

Background—
Dyslipidemia is a known risk factor for coronary disease, but its role in heart failure (HF) development is less well-defined.

Methods and Results—

We included 5688 participants, aged 45 to 84 years, without clinical cardiovascular disease, and not receiving lipid-lowering medications at baseline, from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Cox-proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations of triglyceride, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, HDL-C, and non HDL-C with incident HF. We investigated for effect-modification by diabetes mellitus status and sex. During a median follow-up of 8.5 years, there were 152 incident HF cases. There were no interactions by sex. We observed significant interactions between triglyceride and diabetes mellitus (
P
interaction
<0.05). We stratified our analyses by diabetes mellitus status. In participants with diabetes, the hazard ratios were 2.03 (0.97–4.27) and 1.68 (1.18–2.38) for high triglyceride and log of triglyceride, respectively, after adjusting for confounders, comorbidities, and diabetes mellitus severity/treatment. The association of high triglyceride with incident HF was attenuated by interim myocardial infarction. The hazard ratios were greatest in participants with diabetes who also had high triglyceride, low HDL-C, or high total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (3.59 [2.03–6.33], 3.62 [2.06–6.36], and 3.54 [1.87–6.70], respectively). Lipid measures were not associated with incident HF in individuals without diabetes.

Conclusions—
The risk of incident HF is greater in individuals with diabetes mellitus who also have high triglyceride, low HDL-C, or high total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio. The association of high triglyceride with incident HF is partly mediated by myocardial infarction.