bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-Minute Preceptor
Authors: Timme Kathleen , Good Brian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As learners progress from early health professions education to the clinical learning environment, there is a need for high-quality instruction from their clinical preceptors to foster the application of knowledge to patient care. The busy clinical environment poses challenges to both learners and educators because of time constraints to meet both the learner’s and patient’s needs. The One-Minute Preceptor is an easily learned clinical teaching tool that features five microskills initiated by the educator: getting a commitment from the learner, probing for supporting evidence, teaching a general rule, reinforcing what was done right, and correcting mistakes. This model has been well-studied. It effectively and efficiently imparts high-quality education to the learner without compromising patient care. It is a preferred modality by learners and preceptors alike. Although the original intent was for use in the ambulatory care setting while working with a learner one-on-one, it can be adapted in a variety of settings. Several factors can facilitate the model’s success, including educator adaptability and focusing on the principles of effective feedback.
How to Design an Engaging Workshop
Authors: Nyquist Julie G. , Cohen Ira Todd 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on developing workshops that are impactful, engaging, and scholarly. To be impactful a workshop must meet a need for the participants. To be engaging the workshop must be interactive. In addition, to submit a workshop for presentation at a professional meeting or to be able to award continuing medical education (CME) units, it must be scholarly. This requires a rationale, a formal plan, learner outcome objectives, and interactive methods that must meet the requirements of the professional association or organization awarding the CME units. This chapters walk the reader through development of a workshop plan using. a Five-Step Workshop Planning Worksheet.
Telehealth in the 21st Century
Authors: Guzman Cirila Estela Vasquez , Ellenby Miles S. , Cheng Anthony 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Telehealth is an essential tool to ensure that patients can safely access the healthcare services they need when they need them. The telehealth landscape rapidly evolved as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The nation has adopted telehealth rapidly as a result of COVID-19, requiring careful and ongoing reflection in order to transform—rather than build on—the current healthcare system to better meet not only patients’ needs but also gives providers the ability to provide holistic contextual care to all patients. Discussions centered on the digital divide have shifted to not only concerns about adoption, but also to implementation. This chapter presents two cases that explore nuances of telehealth services. The first case study introduces the possibilities of telehealth with an example of remote assessment of an acute complaint through a video visit, touching on medico-legal considerations of care across state lines and the benefits of continuity of care. The second case study explores some risks introduced by telehealth, such as the digital divide and structural determinants of health, providing care in the absence of vital signs, interprofessional care, and design justice. Through these two in-depth case studies, topics around implementation, stakeholders, policy, and equity are addressed.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Diederich Nico J. , Arnulf Isabelle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is an abnormal behavior of the REM sleep, characterized by loss of muscle atonia and various motor behaviors with concordant dream content. This “acting out of dreams” is frequently violent, but soft movements, reminiscent of daily life activities, may also occur. RBD is seen in synucleinopathies, even as a harbinger syndrome. Animal models based on pontine lesions or on pharmacological induction of RBD replicate aggressive/defeating movements. The dysfunctional locus subcoeruleus is responsible for the loss of muscle atonia. Interaction with brainstem nuclei such as the pedunculopontine nucleus and the superior colliculi may contribute to the syndrome. These nuclei are evolutionarily old, often staying behind the exponential telencephalization. Their dysfunction is evidenced by neuropathology and neuroimaging studies. Nuclear dysfunction may also induce disinhibition of central pattern generators, responsible for automatized basic behaviors. The threat simulation theory suggests that, similarly to evolutionarily purposeful mental rehearsal of threatening life events during REM sleep, there may be motor rehearsal of such events during RBD. This could explain why RBD movements are often violent, jerky, and faster, as being driven by a direct pathway from the motor cortex to the spinal cord, circumventing the basal ganglia. Future research should focus on why there are variable trajectories of RBD syndromes, if there are triggering life events, and what may be better targeted treatments. Beyond RBD, these “solid mental images” should advance our general understanding of dream functions.
Ongoing Human Evolution?
Authors: Bender Nicole , Rühli Frank , Henneberg Maciej 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cultural evolution and human niche construction led to relaxed natural selection in several traits, including those of the brain. These processes and the environment of the Anthropocene contribute to an increasing mismatch between the human genome and the modern physical and social environment, increasing the risk for several diseases. These include non-communicable diseases such as the metabolic syndrome, certain cancers, musculoskeletal diseases, and mental health. Other disease risks derive from our ancient legacy and can be explained by pleiotropic gene effects, such as Tay-Sachs disease, or certain risk gene variants for Huntington’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease, among others. The study not only of evolutionary processes but also of non-evolutionary adaptive mechanisms, such as epigenetics, secular trends of changes in traits, and ontogenetic plasticity, might lead to novel insights into therapeutic or preventive strategies for human diseases.
Epilepsy and cognition
Authors: Baker John , Butler Chris 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common among people with epilepsy. Almost 50% of people with epilepsy describe difficulties with memory, concentration, or thinking. For many, these symptoms are more problematic than the seizures themselves, and are associated with marked disability and socioeconomic cost. For some, cognitive problems persist after adequate seizure control has been established with antiseizure medications. In some cases, these medications themselves cause additional cognitive side effects. The relationship between epilepsy and cognition is bidirectional: many conditions causing cognitive impairment also increase the risk of epilepsy and epilepsy can lead to cognitive impairment itself, a fact which is especially pertinent in conditions where cognitive impairment predates epilepsy onset and where seizures can lead to further decline. Despite this intimate relationship between epilepsy and cognition, the neuropsychological assessment of individuals diagnosed with epilepsy is still not standard practice, particularly in adult populations.
Epilepsy and mortality
Authors: Shankar Rohit , Watkins Lance , Ashby Samantha , Hanna Jane 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In contrast to other causes of mortality, epilepsy-related deaths are rising. The risk of epilepsy-related mortality might be reduced by considering a number of modifiable risk factors and there are evidence-based risk assessment tools available that can help guide risk discussion. National and international guidelines advocate early discussion of risk following epilepsy diagnosis, specifically discussion around the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. A lack of communication between clinicians and patients, families, and carers has repeatedly been highlighted as a cause for exacerbating trauma. In order to reduce risk, it is advocated that all people with epilepsy should have a robust individualized care plan that can be communicated easily between professionals. Reducing seizure frequency should be a main goal of treatment. Each person should also have equitable access to appropriate specialist care and a systematic review of any physical and psychological comorbidity. This chapter also considers other key mortality risk factors in people with epilepsy including pregnancy, status epilepticus, accidental injury, and suicide.
Epilepsy in older people
Authors: Torzillo Emma , Sen Arjune , Schachter Steven C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide and the lifetime risk of epilepsy increases dramatically from later adulthood to older age, doubling from age 50 to age 80 years. Globally, the population is ageing in almost all countries, with up to one in six people expected to be aged over 65 years in 2050, with the rate of increase three times higher in lower- and middle-income countries compared to higher-income countries. The number of people aged over 80 years is growing fastest and the number of cases of epilepsy will rise sharply as populations age. Older people with epilepsy comprise both those with earlier-onset epilepsy, living into older age, and those with late-onset epilepsy (increasingly defined as onset after the age of 50 years). Older people with epilepsy experience unique physical, social, and economic challenges, and require specific approaches to their treatment.
Teratogenic risk and aspects of epilepsy relating to women’s health
Authors: Craig John , Kinney Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Teratogenesis, the set of processes by which congenital malformations and other adverse developmental outcomes occur in a developing embryo or fetus, is a major concern for women with epilepsy of childbearing years, as well those treating them. This is particularly the case for women using valproate, which consistently has been shown to be the antiseizure medication (ASM) conferring the greatest risks to the unborn child. Aspects of epilepsy relating to women’s health extend beyond pregnancy and influence treatment choices. This chapter provides details on the risks to the fetus from ASMs and seizures and considers issues relevant to women’s health during pregnancy, taking particular account of the threat to seizure control and the risks thereof. It details other areas of relevance, including the impact of female hormones and seizure control, the effects of epilepsy and ASMs on fertility, the interactions between ASMs and hormonal methods of contraception, and epilepsy, menopause, and bone health.
Epilepsy and the impact on study, learning, and memory
Authors: Brown Ian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The consequences of epilepsy may be far more than the seizure events and a fuller understanding of the disorder and its effect on study, learning, and memory is now being unravelled. Disturbances of the neural network will always have consequences on the storage and recall of memories and this can adversely affect study and learning. Cognition is also discussed here and in Chapter 5, ‘Epilepsy and cognition’ and this chapter should be cross-referenced to Chapter 5 where greater depth is required. The use of antiseizure medications adds further complexity, although the lowest effective dose and avoidance of polytherapy is likely to offer the least adverse effect profile. The choice of antiseizure medication, the consideration of pharmacoresistance, and the imperative of seizure control remain paramount. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential in monitoring the patient’s intellectual development, ensuring that poor or deteriorating progress is picked up as early as possible and remedial treatment instigated to ensure the best possible outcomes.
cIMPACT-NOW update 8: Clarifications on molecular risk parameters and recommendations for WHO grading of meningiomas
Authors: Sahm Felix , Aldape Kenneth D , Brastianos Priscilla K , Brat Daniel J , Dahiya Sonika , von Deimling Andreas , Giannini Caterina , Gilbert Mark R , Louis David N , Raleigh David R , Reifenberger Guido , Santagata Sandro , Sarkar Chitra , Zadeh Gelareh , Wesseling Pieter , Perry Arie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Meningiomas are the most frequent primary intracranial tumors. Hence, they constitute a major share of diagnostic specimens in neuropathology practice. The 2021 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors (“CNS5”) has introduced the first molecular grading parameters for meningioma with oncogenic variants in the TERT promoter and homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/B as markers for CNS WHO grade 3. However, after the publication of the new classification volume, clarifications were requested, not only on novel but also on long-standing questions in meningioma grading that were beyond the scope of the WHO “blue book.” In addition, more recent research into possible new molecular grading parameters could not yet be implemented in the 2021 classification but constitutes a compelling body of literature. Hence, the consortium to inform molecular and practical approaches to CNS tumor taxonomy-not official WHO (cIMPACT-NOW) Steering Committee convened a working group to provide such clarification and assess the evidence of possible novel molecular criteria. As a result, this cIMPACT-NOW update provides guidance for more standardized morphological evaluation and interpretation, most prominently pertaining to brain invasion, identifies scenarios in which advanced molecular testing is recommended, proposes to assign CNS WHO grade 2 for cases with CNS WHO grade 1 morphology but chromosomal arm 1p deletion in combination with 22q deletion and/or NF2 oncogenic variants, and discusses areas in which the current evidence is not yet sufficient to result in new recommendations.
Meningeal solitary fibrous tumor cell states phenocopy cerebral vascular development and homeostasis
Authors: Mirchia Kanish , Choudhury Abrar , Joseph Tara , Birrueta Janeth Ochoa , Phillips Joanna J , Bhaduri Aparna , Crouch Elizabeth E , Perry Arie , Raleigh David R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Meningeal solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that are associated with local recurrence and hematogenous metastasis. The cell states and spatial transcriptomic architecture underlying the unique clinical behavior of meningeal SFTs are unknown.

Methods
Single-cell (n = 4), spatial (n = 8), and bulk RNA sequencing (n = 22) were used to define the cell states and spatial transcriptomic architecture of meningeal SFTs across histological grades and in patient-matched pairs of primary/recurrent or intracranial/metastatic samples. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and comparison of single-cell types to meningiomas, or to cerebral vascular development or homeostasis, were used for validation.

Results
Here we show meningeal SFTs are comprised of regionally distinct gene expression programs that resemble cerebral vascular development or homeostasis. Single-cell trajectory analysis and pseudotemporal ordering of single cells suggest that meningeal SFT cell fate decisions are dynamic and interchangeable. Cell–cell communication analyses demonstrate receptor-ligand interactions throughout the meningeal SFT microenvironment, particularly between SFT cells, endothelia, and immature neurons. A direct comparison of single-cell transcriptomes from meningeal SFTs versus meningiomas shows that SFT cells are enriched in the expression of endothelial markers while meningioma cells are enriched in the expression of mural cell markers. Meningeal SFT spatial transcriptomes show regionally distinct intratumor heterogeneity in cell states, gene expression programs, and cell–cell interactions across World Health Organization histological grades and in patient-matched pairs of primary/recurrent or intracranial/metastatic samples.

Conclusions
These results shed light on pathways underlying meningeal SFT biology in comparison to other central nervous system tumors and provide a framework for integrating single-cell, spatial, and bulk RNA sequencing data across human cancers and normal tissues.
Short Versus Long Antibiotic Duration in Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteremia
Authors: Crotty Matthew , Devall Hadley , Cook Natalie , Fischer Francis , Alexander Julie , Hunter Leigh , Dominguez Edward 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen associated with bloodstream infections, respiratory infections, peritonitis, infective endocarditis, and meningitis. Literature assessing duration of antibiotic therapy for a S pneumoniae bacteremia secondary to common infection is scarce, leading to variability in practice. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of short (5–10 days) versus long (11–16 days) antibiotic durations for S pneumoniae bacteremia.

Methods
This retrospective, single-center cohort study assessed hospitalized patients with S pneumoniae–positive blood cultures, who received active antibiotics within 48 hours of first positive blood culture collection and achieved clinical stability by day 10 of the first positive blood culture collection. Exclusion criteria included treatment duration &lt;5 or &gt;16 days, death before completion of 10 days of therapy, polymicrobial bloodstream infection, and invasive infection. Rates of clinical failure (composite of 30-day hospital readmission, bacteremia recurrence, and mortality) were compared between the groups.

Results
A total of 162 patients were included, with 51 patients in the short- and 111 patients in the long-duration group. Pneumonia was the suspected source of bacteremia in 90.1% of patients. Rates of clinical failure were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Patients received a median antibiotic course of 7 days in the short group compared to 14 days in the long group; however, there was no significant difference observed in the median hospital length of stay, median intensive care unit length of stay, or rate of Clostridioides difficile infection.

Conclusions
Shorter antibiotic courses may be appropriate in patients with S pneumoniae bacteremia secondary to community-acquired pneumonia.
Immunomodulatory potential of cytokine-licensed human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells correlates with potency marker expression profile
Authors: Wang Jiemin , Zhou Yingying , Donohoe Ellen , Canning Aoife , Moosavizadeh Seyedmohammad , Ryan Aideen E , Ritter Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cytokine(s) pre-activation/licensing is an effective way to enhance the immunomodulatory potency of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Currently, IFN-γ licensing received the most attention in comparison with other cytokines.
After licensing human bone marrow-derived MSCs with pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β1 alone or in combination, the in vitro immunomodulatory potency of these MSCs was studied by incubating with allogeneic T cells and macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In addition, immunomodulation-related molecules filtered by bioinformatics, complement 1 subcomponent (C1s), and interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 (MX2), were studied to verify whether to reflect the immunomodulatory potency.
Herein, we reported that different cytokines cause different effects on the function of MSC. While TGF-β1 licensing enhances the capacity of MSCs to induce T cells with an immunosuppressive phenotype, IFN-γ-licensing strengthens the inhibitory effect of MSC on T cell proliferation. Both TGF-β1 and IFN-γ licensing can enhance the effect of MSC on reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by M1 macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Interestingly, IFN-γ upregulates potential potency markers extracellular C1s and kynurenine (KYN) and intracellular MX2. These 3 molecules have the potential to reflect mesenchymal stromal cell immunomodulatory potency. In addition, we reported that there is a synergistic effect of TGF-β1 and IFN-γ in immunomodulation.
An in situ 15N labeling experiment unveils distinct responses to N application approaches in a mountain beech forest
Authors: Da Ros Luca , Rodeghiero Mirco , Ventura Maurizio , Tognetti Roberto , Tonon Giustino , Gianelle Damiano 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has notably increased since the industrial revolution, doubling N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems. This could mitigate N limitations in forests, potentially enhancing productivity and carbon sequestration. However, excessive N can lead to forest N saturation, causing issues like soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, biodiversity loss, increased tree mortality and a potential net greenhouse gas emission. Traditional experiments often overlook the canopy’s role in N fate, focusing instead on direct N addition to the forest floor. In our study, we applied 20 kg N ha y−1 of labeled 15NH415NO3 solution (δ15N = 30‰) both above and below the canopy, maintaining also control plots. We assessed ecosystem components before and after treatment, calculated N stocks, and used mass balance for fertilizer recovery analysis. Findings revealed that the above-canopy N addition intercepted up to 31 ± 4% of added N in foliage, a significant contrast to the negligible recovery in leaves with below-canopy treatment. Overall plant recovery was higher in the above-canopy treatment (43 ± 11%) compared with below (9 ± 24%). Post-vegetative season, about 15 ± 1% of above-canopy added N was transferred to soil via litterfall, indicating substantial N reabsorption or loss through volatilization, stemflow or throughfall. In contrast, the below-canopy approach resulted in just 4.0 ± 0.6% recovery via litterfall. These results highlight a significant difference in N fate based on the application method. Nitrogen applied to the canopy showed distinct recovery in transient compartments like foliage. However, over a few months, there was no noticeable change in N recovery in long-lived tissues across treatments. This implies that N application strategy does not significantly alter the distribution of simulated wet N deposition in high Carbon/N tissues, underscoring the complex dynamics of forest N cycling.