bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Tuberculosis Mortality among the Elderly in China, 2004-2021: A Jointpoint Regression and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
Authors: Zhang Meng-di , Wang Xin , Xiao Yi-ran , Wang Qi-qi , Huang Fei , Ren Xiang , Guo Xiao-min , Sun Wen-shan , Deng Jin-qi , Jiang Qi , Liu Jian-jun , Zheng Wen-jing , Yao Hong-yan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) has long placed a heavy burden on society and healthcare systems in China and worldwide. With the aging of population, TB in the elderly is becoming a significant public health concern. This study examined secular trends in TB mortality among the elderly in China and the net effects of age, period, and cohort.
Methods
The data were obtained from the National Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) system. The joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the annual percentage change in TB mortality among people aged 60 years and over in China from 2004 to 2021. The age-period-cohort (APC) analysis based on the intrinsic estimator (IE) method was utilized to estimate the independent effects of age, period and cohort.
Results
The age-standardized mortality rate of TB was 5.68 per 100,000, with higher rates for males than for females, in rural areas than in urban areas, and in western than in central and eastern regions. TB mortality among the elderly in China showed a continuous downward trend in different demographic groups from 2004 to 2021, with a slower rate of decline in recent years. The APC analysis model showed that TB mortality among the elderly in China increased with age, with the RR increasing from 0.57 in the 60–64 age group to 1.53 in the 80–84 age group. The period effect on TB mortality among the elderly in China continuously decreased from 2007 to 2021. Stratified results showed that the risk effect was higher in rural areas (RR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.47–1.54) than in urban areas (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08–1.25) for the period 2007–2011 and higher in urban areas (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.75–0.88) than in rural areas (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.71–0.75) for the period 2017–2021. The cohort effect on TB mortality presented a continuously decreasing trend, with the exception of certain demographic groups that tended to increase in the 1952–1956 and 1957–1961 birth cohorts.
Conclusions
TB mortality among the elderly continued to decline in China from 2004 to 2021, although the rate of decline had slowed in recent years. There were differences in age, period and cohort effects on TB mortality among gender, urban and rural areas and regions. This study revealed the temporal trend of TB mortality among the elderly in China and provided clues for etiologic studies, which in turn can help develop effective intervention strategies.
Anisotropy of radiation-induced defects in Yb-implanted β-Ga2O3
Authors: Ratajczak Renata , Sarwar Mahwish , Kalita Damian , Jozwik Przemysław , Mieszczynski Cyprian , Matulewicz Joanna , Wilczopolska Magdalena , Wozniak Wojciech , Kentsch Ulrich , Heller Rene , Guziewicz Elzbieta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

RE-doped β-Ga2O3 seems attractive for future high-power LEDs operating in high irradiation environments. In this work, we pay special attention to the issue of radiation-induced defect anisotropy in β-Ga2O3, which is crucial for device manufacturing. Using the RBS/c technique, we have carefully studied the structural changes caused by implantation and post-implantation annealing in two of the most commonly used crystallographic orientations of β-Ga2O3, namely the (-201) and (010). The analysis was supported by advanced computer simulations using the McChasy code. Our studies reveal a strong dependence of the structural damage induced by Yb-ion implantation on the crystal orientation, with a significantly higher level of extended defects observed in the (-201) direction than for the (010). In contrast, the concentration and behavior of simple defects seem similar for both oriented crystals, although their evolution suggests the coexistence of two different types of defects in the implanted zone with their different sensitivity to both, radiation and annealing. It has also been found that Yb ions mostly occupy the interstitial positions in β-Ga2O3 crystals that remain unchanged after annealing. The location is independent of the crystal orientations. We believe that these studies noticeably extend the knowledge of the radiation-induced defect structure, because they dispel doubts about the differences in the damage level depending on crystal orientation, and are important for further practical applications.
Development of Anti-Malware System for Android Applications
Authors: Saeed Ahmed M. , Salem Sameh A. , Habashy Shahira M. , Hassan Hadeer A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The huge popularity of mobile applications based on Android has led to a rise in malicious software development and distribution which is intended to target and compromise the android mobile devices. Consequently, this paper introduces a new detection system for identifying malicious behavior in Android applications, which consists of three main phases. The first phase employs mRMR (Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance) methods for feature selection, aiming to seek and determine the most efficient and effective subset of features from the overall feature space. This process involves utilizing multiple mRMR algorithms to recognize the most relevant features related to the target class while addressing any redundancy among the selected features. In the second phase, vector quantization is utilized to create a codebook vector. This codebook vector compresses the training subset samples from the dataset by incorporating the most effective features identified in phase one. Two codebook vectors are used in this phase: one representing the benign samples and the other representing the malware samples. Finally, in the third phase, the Attribute-Biased Classifier (ABC) is utilized for the classification task. This classifier takes the codebook vectors generated in the previous phases as input and accurately identifies the Android applications under test. Furthermore, a real-world dataset including both malicious and benign (non-malicious) Android applications is used to train and test the proposed system. The results show that the system is highly effective, robust, and efficient in distinguishing between malicious and benign applications, achieving an impressive accuracy of 98.8%. Additionally, it attained an AUC of 98.8% and F1-score of 98.8% and required only 𝟑×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 seconds per Android sample for testing. Additionally, the new detection system is compared with existing algorithms, demonstrating superior results in both accuracy and F1-score.
Garbage FusionNet: A deep learning framework combining ResNet and Vision Transformer for waste classification
Authors: Wang Zhaoqi , Zhou Wenxue , Li Yanmei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

As global attention to environmental protection and sustainable resource utilization continues to rise, waste classification has emerged as a crucial issue that urgently needs to be addressed in the context of social development. Proper waste sorting not only helps reduce environmental pollution but also significantly enhances resource recycling rates, playing a vital role in promoting green and sustainable development. Compared to traditional manual waste sorting methods, deep learning-based waste classification systems offer remarkable advantages. This paper proposes an innovative deep learning framework named Garbage FusionNet (GFN) to tackle the waste classification problem. GFN significantly improves the classification performance by combining the local feature extraction capabilities of ResNet with the global information capturing abilities of Vision Transformer (ViT). GFN outperforms existing benchmark models on a ten-category waste classification dataset comprising 23,642 images. Experimental results demonstrate that GFN achieves superior performance on key metrics such as accuracy, weighted precision, weighted recall, and weighted F1-score. Specifically, GFN achieves an accuracy of 96.54%, surpassing standalone ResNet50 and ViT models by 1.09 and 4.18 percentage points, respectively. GFN offers an efficient and reliable solution for waste classification, highlighting the potential of deep learning in environmental protection.
Enhancing Multi-View Stereo Reconstruction with High Receptive Field Convolution
Authors: Eum Seungho , Park Unsang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Recently, the 3D reconstruction problem based on deep learning is one of the most important topics in computer vision. Most models use CNN-based filters to extract features utilizing local contextual information. In this paper, to improve the performance of Probability Volume, we propose to add global contextual information by Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling Block to the 2D Feature Extractor and 3D-ASPP Block after 3D-Regression of Cost Volume. Experimental results on DTU benchmark dataset shows performance improvement of the proposed method without increased overhead in memory usage. In addition, the proposed model shows a faster training convergence speed.
Milli-spinner thrombectomy
Authors: Zhao Ruike Renee , Chang Yilong , Li Qi , Wu Shuai , Pulli Benjamin , Salmi Darren , Yock Paul , Heit Jeremy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Blockage of blood flow in arteries or veins by blood clots can lead to serious medical conditions. Mechanical thrombectomy (MT), minimally invasive endovascular procedures that utilize aspiration, stent retriever, or cutting mechanisms for clot removal have emerged as an effective treatment modality for ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and peripheral vascular disease. However, state-of-the-art MT technologies still fail to remove clots in approximately 10% to 30% of patients, especially when treating large-size clots with high fibrin content. In addition, the working mechanism of most current MT techniques results in rupturing or cutting of clots which could lead to clot fragmentation and distal emboli. Here, we report a new MT technology based on an unprecedented mechanism, in which a milli-spinner mechanically debulks the clot by densifying its fibrin fiber network and discharging red blood cells (RBCs) to significantly reduce the clot volume and facilitate complete clot removal. This mechanism is achieved by the spin-induced compression and shearing of the clot. With the computational fluid dynamics guided structural design of the milli-spinner, we demonstrate its effective clot-debulking performance with clot volumetric reduction of up to 90% on various sizes of clots and on diverse clot compositions ranging from RBC-rich soft clots to fibrin-rich tough clots. Milli-spinner MT in both in-vitro pulmonary and cerebral artery flow models and in-vivo swine models demonstrate high-fidelity revascularization. The milli-spinner MT is the first reported mechanism that directly modifies the clot microstructure to facilitate clot removal, which also results in markedly improved MT efficacy compared to the existing MT mechanisms that are based on clot rupturing and cutting. This technology introduces a unique mechanical way of debulking and removing clots for future MT device development, especially for treatment of ischemic stroke, pulmonary emboli, and peripheral thrombosis.
Measuring acoustic velocity map in turbulent flow using sub-Nyquist-rate PIV system
Authors: Rampnoux Simon , Ramadan Islam , Moreau Solène , Tahar Mabrouk Ben 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The present study provides an experimental method for measuring acoustic velocity components (amplitude and spatial phase shift) in the presence of turbulent flows using either low-frequency Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) or Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). The approach leverages Compressed Sensing (CS) principles to overcome the limitations of classical PIV techniques, such as the need for a reference signal for synchronization, large data size, and long measurement duration. Theoretical aspects of CS for extracting acoustic components from PIV and LDV measurements are discussed. The proposed method is applied to both PIV and LDV systems, and the results are compared with microphone measurements. The results show the ability of the proposed experimental method to accurately measure acoustic velocity components at different frequencies and sound pressure levels in the presence of turbulent flow. The presented experimental method offers several advantages, including reduced data size, no need for phase-locking measurements, and reduced measurement duration. The actual limitation is the need for a low noise-to-signal ratio (NSR). The effects of high NSR can be mitigated by increasing acquisition time in some cases. The non-intrusive nature of the method makes it valuable for aeroacoustic research. Ongoing research focuses on applying the method to higher-order duct modes and investigating its potential for modal decomposition using optical techniques.
More extreme summertime North Atlantic Oscillation under climate change
Authors: Liu Quan , Bader Jürgen , Jungclaus Johann , Matei Daniela 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Extreme states of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in summer can lead to severe weather events such as heatwaves and floods in Europe. But how the summer NAO extremes evolve in response to climate change remains unexplored. Here we show that the statistical distribution of summer NAO index grows wider with increasing global warming in large ensembles of climate change simulations as well as reanalysis data. The amplified internal variability by global warming leads to a higher probability of internally generated summer NAO extremes --- for both positive and negative phases --- accompanied by an amplification of their impacts on surface temperature over northwestern Europe. This study highlights that global warming may counteract our predictive skill for the summer NAO by amplifying its internal variability, and thus exacerbate risks of the associated severe weather events in Europe.
Implementation and preliminary results of the first vertical stabilization control system for HL-2M
Authors: Liu Panle , Li Bo , Zheng Xue , Chen Xiang , Li Qiang , Ji Xiaoquan , Zhang Junzhao , Chen Yihang , Zhou Jian , Ma Rui , Huang Zhongmin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Achieving advanced divertor configurations and high-confinement operating regimes is crucial for mitigating divertor heat loads and exploring enhanced confinement physics in the HL-2M tokamak. However, these scenarios with highly elongated plasmas face severe Vertical Displacement Events (VDEs) that can lead to rapid plasma termination and potential device damage. Robust active control of vertical instability is therefore essential. As HL-2M lacks internal control coils, we developed two sets of vertical stabilization (VS) control systems, each employing a pair of external poloidal field (PF) coils, PF main power supplies, and VS power supplies. This paper details the first vertical stabilization (VS1) control system's circuit diagram, hardware architecture, and software implementation, and discusses issues encountered during commissioning and their solutions. By improving the internal hardware of the VS power supply, the voltage rise time was reduced to approximately 30 microseconds, resolving branch current imbalances. The transmission delay of the control signals is approximately 38 µs. Preliminary plasma experiments demonstrated effective vertical displacement control with the VS1 control system, achieving a maximum plasma elongation of 1.73 and typical control accuracy of ~ 20 mm. This work lays the foundation for robust control under high-parameter operational scenarios and the design and implementation of the higher-power VS2 control system.
Pathway-specific emissions and dissolved CH­4 pool in the soil across 22 rice varieties
Authors: Kajiura Masako , Saito Takeru , Ma Xuping , Nishiwaki Junko , Tokida Takeshi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Methane (CH4) produced in rice paddy soil is transported to the atmosphere mostly via the rice plants or by bubbling events (ebullition) with the former believed to be the dominant pathway. However, recent studies have shown that ebullitions occurred more significantly than previously thought in a rice field planted with the popular Japanese inbred variety ‘Koshihikari’. It remains unclear if the substantial contribution of ebullition is unique to this specific variety, as no previous reports have compared plant-derived and bubbling flux separately among various varieties. Therefore, we planted 22 genetically diverse rice varieties and measured plant-mediated and bubbling fluxes at three different growth stages. The results showed that plant-mediated and bubbling fluxes, as well as the bubbling contribution to total flux, differed among the varieties. Koshihikari ehxibited plant-mediated flux similar to or less than the other varieties at all measurement stages, whereas the bubbling flux and its contribution to total flux were larger, especially at the later stage. Plant-mediated flux showed no correlation to the dissolved CH4 concentration in soil water at the later stage, suggesting that factors controlling CH4 transport, rather than the pool size of CH4 in the soil, control this pathway. On the other hand, the increase in bubbling flux associated with plant maturity and its close correspondence with dissolved CH4 concentration indicated that bubbling flux was controlled by the size of CH4 pool in the soil, which likely increased with senescence and decay of rice roots. A low correspondence between panicle weight and CH4 emissions points to the potential for breeding ideal rice varieties that are high- yielding with low CH4 emissions.
Pyramidal neurons proportionately alter the identity and survival of specific cortical interneuron subtypes
Authors: Fishell Gord , Wu Sherry , Dai Min , Yang Shang-Po , McCann Cai , Qiu Yanjie , Marrero Giovanni , Stogsdill Jeffrey , Bella Daniela Di , Xu Qing , Farhi Samouil , Macosko Evan , Chen Fei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The mammalian cerebral cortex comprises a complex neuronal network that maintains a delicate balance between excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Previous studies, including our own research, have shown that specific interneuron subtypes are closely associated with particular pyramidal neuron types, forming stereotyped local inhibitory microcircuits. However, the developmental processes that establish these precise networks are not well understood. Here we show that pyramidal neuron types are instrumental in driving the terminal differentiation and maintaining the survival of specific associated interneuron subtypes. In a wild-type cortex, the relative abundance of different interneuron subtypes aligns precisely with the pyramidal neuron types to which they synaptically target. In Fezf2 mutant cortex, characterized by the absence of layer 5 pyramidal tract neurons and an expansion of layer 6 intratelencephalic neurons, we observed a corresponding decrease in associated layer 5b interneurons and an increase in layer 6 subtypes. Interestingly, these shifts in composition are achieved through mechanisms specific to different interneuron types. While SST interneurons adjust their abundance to the change in pyramidal neuron prevalence through the regulation of programmed cell death, parvalbumin interneurons alter their identity. These findings illustrate two key strategies by which the dynamic interplay between pyramidal neurons and interneurons allows local microcircuits to be sculpted precisely. These insights underscore the precise roles of extrinsic signals from pyramidal cells in the establishment of interneuron diversity and their subsequent integration into local cortical microcircuits.
Hydration of the lithospheric mantle above big mantle wedges indicated by sapphire deposits
Authors: Sun Wei-Dong 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The deep water cycle is pivotal in shaping Earth’s habitable environments. A fundamental process of this cycle is upward migration of water from Earth’s deep interior. A significant inquiry concerns how water released from the deep mantle hydrates the lithosphere. Here we report hydrothermal experiments of the “phlogopite + H2O” system, showing that the incongruent dissolution of phlogopite in water produces sapphire (Al2O3) under lithospheric mantle P-T conditions. Our results suggest that sapphire can be leached from phlogopite in the lithospheric mantle by excess water, and subsequently transported to the surface by basaltic magmas. We propose that the magmatic sapphire deposits in eastern China, Southeastern Asia, and eastern Australia provide evidence of lithospheric mantle hydration. The water that leached the lithospheric mantle mainly originated from the mantle transition zone or subducted slabs, while in eastern Australia and Hainan Island, mantle plumes may also contribute. The occurrence of sapphire deposits indicates extensive hydration of lithospheric mantle in big mantle wedges.
A motivational account of achievement differences in mathematics using TIMSS data: an African focus
Authors: Olaguro Modiu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The article accounts for achievement differences of eighth graders in three African countries, Egypt, Morocco, and South Africa. Using data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 2015), I found that African students struggle to attain the lowest international benchmark across the three countries. Consequently, efforts were made to explain this phenomenon primarily through the motivational factors of self-concept, interest, and usefulness of mathematics. Findings from single-level and multi-level analyses extended common findings especially the synergy between self-concept and achievement and the eroding gender gap. Interesting findings emanated from the multi-level analyses, especially the inverse relationship between achievement and interest of mathematics at the student and school levels respectively. Amidst the poor achievement of students on the continent, the article extends previous findings on the need for African countries to be more attentive to educating its young ones if it is to develop their untapped potential.
Makar Kenabian Dalam Al-Qur’an: Telaah Surat Al-Anbiya’ Ayat 57 Menurut Ibnu ‘Ashur
Authors: Ramadhan Ahnaf Gilang 
Published: August 2024

Makar merupakan salah satu perbuatan yang berusaha dan merencakan sesuatu guna berbuat kerusakan atau kejahatan secara sembunyi sembunyi. Jika dilihat sekilas dari pengertian secara etimologi makar ini hanya berkonotasi pada hal negatif, namun pada hakikatnya jga mengandung makna yang positif, hal ini terlihat Ketika lafaz makar ini disandingkan dengan Allah sebagai subjeknya. Dan juga terjadi pada kisah Nabi Ibrahim dengan umatnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dan termasuk ke dalam penelitian (library research). kepustakaan yaitu pengambilan data dari buku buku yang sesuai. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa dalam tafsir tahrir wa tanwi>r kata makar yang memiliki makna mirip dengan kata Kayd dalam kisah nabi Ibrahim memiliki makna yang positif, yakni berusaha memperdayai umatnya dengan tujuan membuktikan kebenaran allah terhadap berhala yang selama ini mereka sembah tidak bisa berkendak apa apa.