bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transgenerational epigenetic programming via sperm microRNA recapitulates effects of paternal stress
Authors: Rodgers Ali B. , Morgan Christopher P. , Leu N. Adrian , Bale Tracy L. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Studies examining paternal exposure to diverse environmental stimuli propose that epigenetic marks in germ cells, including small noncoding RNAs such as microRNA (miR), transmit experience-dependent information from parent to offspring. However, these nongenetic mechanisms of transgenerational inheritance are poorly understood, specifically how these germ-cell marks may act postfertilization to enact long-term changes in offspring behavior or physiology. In this study, through zygote microinjection of nine specific sperm miRs previously identified in our paternal stress mouse model, we demonstrate that sperm miRs function to reduce maternal mRNA stores in early zygotes, ultimately reprogramming gene expression in the offspring hypothalamus and recapitulating the offspring stress dysregulation phenotype.
El Niño−Southern Oscillation frequency cascade
Authors: Stuecker Malte F. , Jin Fei-Fei , Timmermann Axel 
Published: October 2015

Significance
This study identifies a mechanism to generate atmospheric variability on near-annual and subannual timescales. Responding nonlinearly to both the El Niño−Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the annual cycle in sea surface temperatures, the atmosphere develops a wide range of deterministic spectral peaks and corresponding spatial patterns. It is demonstrated that the resulting deterministic variability, which projects onto one of the major modes of East Asian Monsoon variability, exhibits similar predictability as ENSO.
Antipredator defenses predict diversification rates
Authors: Arbuckle Kevin , Speed Michael P. 
Published: October 2015

SignificancePrey use a variety of mechanisms to avoid the risk of predation, including chemical defense, camouflage, and conspicuous coloration. Here we show that variation in these forms of protection can have profound effects on macroevolutionary patterns in amphibians. Chemical defense and conspicuous coloration both increase speciation rates, in line with the “escape-and-radiate” hypothesis. However, chemical defense also increases extinction rates, lowering net diversification. We therefore show that alternative defensive strategies have important macroevolutionary consequences but that these are only partially consistent with standard escape-and-radiate interpretations. Hence, we suggest a conceptual expansion of this highly influential evolutionary hypothesis. In addition, our findings may have implications for endangered species conservation by allowing some predictability of extinction risk from knowledge of antipredator defenses.
Deciduous forest responses to temperature, precipitation, and drought imply complex climate change impacts
Authors: Xie Yingying , Wang Xiaojing , Silander John A. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Autumnal phenological shifts (leaf senescence and dormancy) because of climate change bring substantial impacts on community and ecosystem processes (e.g. altered C and N cycling and phenological mismatches) and the fall foliage ecotourism industry. However, the understanding of the environmental control of autumn phenology has changed little over the past 60 y. We found that cold, frost, wet, and high heat-stress lead to earlier dormancy dates across temperate deciduous forest communities, whereas moderate heat- and drought-stress delayed dormancy. Divergent future responses of fall dormancy timing were predicted: later for northern regions and earlier for southern areas. Our findings improve understanding of autumn phenology mechanisms and suggests complex interactions among environmental conditions affecting autumn phenology now and in the future.
Targeted binding of nucleocapsid protein transforms the folding landscape of HIV-1 TAR RNA
Authors: McCauley Micah J. , Rouzina Ioulia , Manthei Kelly A. , Gorelick Robert J. , Musier-Forsyth Karin , Williams Mark C. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
The nucleocapsid protein (NC) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is critical for HIV-1 replication. NC is required for reverse transcription, in which the viral single-stranded RNA genome is converted into double-stranded DNA for replication in the cell. One critical step of reverse transcription that requires NC involves transient destabilization of the transactivation response (TAR) RNA hairpin into a stable double-stranded RNA–DNA hybrid structure. It is not clear how NC is able to destabilize TAR RNA without destabilizing the resulting double-stranded structure. This work shows for the first time to our knowledge that NC binding to specific defects and sequence contexts in TAR RNA dramatically alters the unfolding landscape, preferentially destabilizing TAR RNA relative to other structures to facilitate reverse transcription.
Dystrophin–glycoprotein complex regulates muscle nitric oxide production through mechanoregulation of AMPK signaling
Authors: Garbincius Joanne F. , Michele Daniel E. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Loss of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy results in a secondary disruption of muscle nitric oxide (NO) signaling thought to contribute to exaggerated muscle fatigue and cardiac dysfunction in this disease. How muscle NO synthesis is regulated, and how dystrophin and the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex participate, are poorly understood. Using isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes as a model of striated muscle, we provide evidence for a mechanism in which the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex functions as a mechanosensor to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which then phosphorylates NOS to increase NO production in response to direct mechanical stimulation. This paper also provides proof-of-concept evidence for acute pharmacologic AMPK activation as a therapy to restore NO synthesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Coevolutionary patterning of teeth and taste buds
Authors: Bloomquist Ryan F. , Parnell Nicholas F. , Phillips Kristine A. , Fowler Teresa E. , Yu Tian Y. , Sharpe Paul T. , Streelman J. Todd 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Teeth and taste buds are placode-derived organs studied in isolation because of their separate anatomical locations in mammals. Yet, the mouth and pharynx of many aquatic vertebrates, including bony fishes, are lined with teeth and taste buds, one next to the other. Using a combination of genome mapping, synexpression analysis, and small-molecule manipulation, we identify factors that couple tooth and taste bud density (Wingless signals) and those that differentiate the identity of each organ from a common epithelial lamina (BMP, Hedgehog). Integrating results from fishes and mouse suggests a model wherein the regulatory hierarchies that configure teeth and taste buds on mammalian jaws and tongues may be evolutionary remnants inherited from ancestors whose oral organs were copatterned from common epithelium.
Structure of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex
Authors: Murakami Kenji , Tsai Kuang-Lei , Kalisman Nir , Bushnell David A. , Asturias Francisco J. , Kornberg Roger D. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
RNA polymerase II, the enzyme responsible for all mRNA synthesis in eukaryotes, requires a set of general transcription factors (GTFs) for the initiation of transcription. A complex of the polymerase and GTFs, with a mass of 1.5 MDa, was previously isolated and shown to be stable, homogeneous, and active in transcription. A cryo-electron microscope structure of the complex at a resolution of 6–11 Å reported here explains the requirement for the GTFs and elucidates their roles. The GTFs recognize the region of the gene responsible for initiation and deliver it to the polymerase active center in a form amenable to transcription.
Expression of Mutant Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II Worsens Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Bryant Andrew J. , Robinson Linda J. , Moore Christy S. , Blackwell Thomas R. , Gladson Santhi , Penner Niki L. , Burman Ankita , McClellan Lucas J. , Polosukhin Vasiliy V. , Tanjore Harikrishna , McConaha Melinda E. , Gleaves Linda A. , Talati Megha A. , Hemnes Anna R. , Fessel Joshua P. , Lawson William E. , Blackwell Timothy S. , West James D. 
Published: October 2015

Pulmonary fibrosis is often complicated by pulmonary hypertension (PH), and previous studies have shown a potential link between bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPR2) and PH secondary to pulmonary fibrosis. We exposed transgenic mice expressing mutant BMPR2 and control mice to repetitive intraperitoneal injections of bleomycin for 4 weeks. The duration of transgene activation was too short for mutant BMPR2 mice to develop spontaneous PH. Mutant BMPR2 mice had increased right ventricular systolic pressure compared to control mice, without differences in pulmonary fibrosis. We found increased hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) 1‐α stabilization in lungs of mutant‐BMPR2‐expressing mice compared to controls following bleomycin treatment. In addition, expression of the hypoxia response element protein connective tissue growth factor was increased in transgenic mice as well as in a human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell line expressing mutant BMPR2. In mouse pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, mutant BMPR2 expression resulted in increased HIF1‐α and reactive oxygen species production following exposure to hypoxia, both of which were attenuated with the antioxidant TEMPOL. These data suggest that expression of mutant BMPR2 worsens secondary PH through increased HIF activity in vascular endothelium. This pathway could be therapeutically targeted in patients with PH secondary to pulmonary fibrosis.
Self-Collected Nasal Swabs for Respiratory Virus Surveillance
Authors: Jackson Michael L. , Nguyen Matthew , Kirlin Beth , Madziwa Lawrence 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
We tested whether 135 patients reporting acute respiratory illness (ARI) could self-collect nasal swab specimens and ship them for laboratory testing. Most subjects (78.2%) collected and shipped their specimens without errors; 10.5% excluded ≥1 packing components; 12.9% made ≥1 packing errors. Self-swabbing at home is feasible for confirming ARI etiology.
Model Followers
Authors: Connolly Ruth 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This chapter argues that the literary practice of imitatio served as a means of articulating the ideal relationship that should exist between ‘Father Ben’ and his ‘Sons’. That practice’s requirements of right judgement, right reading, and the careful absorption and critique of the model chosen for imitation are all used figuratively in the poems written by Jonson to ‘Sons’, and in those written by acknowledged ‘Sons’to or about him. Consequently, it is the rising value of proprietary authorship (something Jonson himself did so much to usher in) and the related emphasis on spontaneous literary generation that is used by Thomas Randolph, the poet most often designated by his contemporaries as Jonson’s ‘heir’, to represent his rejection of ‘Father Ben’ as an ethical and literary model.
Georgian
Authors: Rayfield Donald 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This chapter traces from c.400 to 1000 CE the evolution of early Georgian literature from translation of Byzantine scriptural and liturgical texts to original composition, exploring and expanding the genres of hymnography and hagiography, and then the development of prose narrative first into patristics and chronicles and finally, as native Caucasian and oriental influences begin to overlay Byzantine ones, into prose fiction. The literary process mirrors a political one, beginning with the invasion by Roman legions in the first century CE, followed by Byzantine Christianity competing for dominance with Iranian influences, first Zoroastrian, then Islamic, as Georgia shifts spheres, from the former Roman to the future Iranian.
Diaspora: Marwari
Authors: Roy Tirthankar 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
“Marwari” stands for people hailing from a region in western India known as Marwar. In common parlance, the term refers to merchants and bankers from this region speaking the language spoken there and living elsewhere. Marwaris left this region and resettled in other parts of India and abroad from at least the eighteenth century. The article explores the Marwari diaspora. Although many Marwaris engaged in trade, banking, and occasionally manufacture, the group was socially and occupationally diverse. After liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s, some Marwari individuals have made successful use of new investment opportunities from a business base that had been created before the economy opened up, but, overall, the group has experienced the same pattern of “creative destruction” as have other business communities. In small towns, Marwaris have almost seamlessly assimilated with local society. In big business, the companies they own define the character of the business more than ethnic identity.
Reconciliation and Reparations
Authors: Lu Catherine 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between two concepts of reconciliation that address two kinds of alienation endemic to contexts of civil, interstate, and transnational wars: relational reconciliation, which responds to alienating interactions between agents, and structural reconciliation, which responds to alienating social and political practices and structures that mediate agents’ activities and relations. These two concepts of reconciliation generate different accounts of the purposes of reparations, the agents responsible for reparations, and the forms that reparative measures should take. Reparations schemes in postwar peace settlements should aim not only to reconcile belligerents relationally to each other but also, more fundamentally, to construct a mutually affirmable and affirmed postconflict social/political order. To the extent that contemporary international law limits the duty of reparations to states that are directly responsible for wrongful conduct and excludes disgorgement as an obligation of structural reparation, it remains too focused on the relational versus structural aspects of political reconciliation.
The Ethics of War up to Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Cox Rory 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores major developments in concepts of justified warfare and norms of military conduct over nearly 2,000 years. From at least the first millennium BC, ideas about the justice of war and customary norms regulating combat were developed by Western societies. Throughout the ancient and medieval worlds, war was subjected to varying degrees of ethical analysis, as well as being influenced by social pragmatism. Examining a variety of evidence, this chapter argues that the two branches of just war doctrine, jus ad bellum and jus in bello, developed hand-in-hand and should be seen as an integrated whole. This intermingling of jus ad bellum and jus in bello concerns produced a sophisticated and complex body of ethical thought about war—embodied in the systematic analysis of medieval canon lawyers and theologians—and ultimately provided the essential building blocks for modern just war doctrine.
Civil War and Revolution
Authors: Parry Jonathan 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The vast majority of work on the ethics of war focuses on traditional wars between states. This chapter aims to show that this is an oversight worth rectifying. The strategy is largely comparative, assessing whether certain claims often defended in discussions of interstate wars stand up in the context of civil conflicts and whether there are principled moral differences between the two types of case. Firstly, the chapter argues that thinking about intrastate wars may help us make progress on important theoretical debates in recent just war theory. Secondly, it considers whether certain kinds of civil wars are subject to a more demanding standard of just cause, compared to interstate wars of national defence. Finally, it assesses the extent to which having popular support is an independent requirement of permissible war and whether this renders insurgencies harder to justify than wars fought by functioning states.
Clinical Characteristics of Multiple Colorectal Adenoma Patients Without Germline APC or MYH Mutations
Authors: Tieu Alan H. , Edelstein Daniel , Axilbund Jennifer , Romans Katharine E. , Brosens Lodewijk A. , Wiley Elizabeth , Hylind Linda , Giardiello Francis M. 
Published: October 2015

Background:
Patients with multiple colorectal adenomas (MCRA) without genetic cause are increasingly being diagnosed. The characteristics and natural history of this condition are not well studied.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-seven patients with MCRA, with cumulatively 10 to 99 colorectal adenomas and without deleterious mutations of APC or MYH genes, were investigated. Results of colonoscopies with a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range, 0 to 27 y) were evaluated. Findings from esophagogastroduodenoscopy and extracolonic manifestations were assessed.

Results:
The mean age at polyp diagnosis and MCRA diagnosis was 47.8±13.1 years (range, 21 to 72 y) and 50.4±14.6 years (range, 21 to 72 y), respectively. In 22% of patients another family member had MCRA. At first colonoscopy, the mean number of adenomas was 35.0±35.9 (range, 0 to 99). Serrated polyps were rare. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed 47% of patients had upper tract neoplasia. Patients with upper tract findings were diagnosed with MCRA at significantly younger mean age than those without findings, P<0.05. Eighteen patients (67%) underwent colectomy with a mean time from diagnosis of MCRA of 3.1±1.3 years. After surgery, surveyed patients developed recurrent adenomas in retained colorectum. Nine patients (33%) had extracolonic cancers.

Conclusions:
MCRA patients have a similar clinicopathologic phenotype to known syndromes of attenuated adenomatous polyposis and the majority have need for colectomy. The management of MCRA patients and families should parallel that of attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis and MUTYH-associated polyposis including surveillance of the upper tract.
Interactive videoconferencing versus audio telephone calls for dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the ALERT algorithm: a randomized trial
Authors: Stipulante Samuel , Delfosse Anne-Sophie , Donneau Anne-Françoise , Hartsein Gary , Haus Sophie , D’Orio Vincent , Ghuysen Alexandre 
Published: October 2015

Objectives
The ALERT algorithm, a telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocol, has been shown to help bystanders initiate CPR. Mobile phone communications may play a role in emergency calls and improve dispatchers’ understanding of the rescuer’s situation. However, there is currently no validated protocol for videoconference-assisted CPR (v-CPR). We initiated this study to validate an original protocol of v-CPR and to evaluate the potential benefit in comparison with classical telephone-CPR (t-CPR).

Materials and methods
We developed an algorithm for v-CPR, adapted from the ALERT t-CPR protocol. A total of 180 students were recruited from secondary school and assigned randomly either to t-CPR or to v-CPR. A manikin was used to evaluate CPR performance.

Results
The mean chest compression rate was higher in the v-CPR group (v-CPR: 110±16 vs. t-CPR: 86±28; P<0.0001), whereas depth was comparable between both groups (v-CPR: 48±13 vs. t-CPR: 47±16 mm; P=0.64). Hand positioning was correct in 91.7% with v-CPR, but only 68% with t-CPR (P=0.001). There was almost no ‘hands-off’ period in the v-CPR group [v-CPR: 0 (0–0.4) vs. t-CPR: 7 (0–25.5) s; P<0.0001], but the median no-flow time was increased in the v-CPR group [v-CPR: 146 (128–173.5) vs. t-CPR: 122 (105–143.5) s, P<0.0001]. The overall score of CPR performance was improved in the v-CPR group (P<0.001).

Conclusion
The v-CPR protocol allows bystanders to reach compression rates and depths close to guidelines and to reduce ‘hands-off’ events during CPR.
Prevalence and Natural History of Celiac Disease in a Cohort of At‐risk Children
Authors: Cilleruelo María Luz , Fernández‐Fernández Sonia , Jiménez‐Jiménez Juana , Rayo Ana Isabel , de Larramendi Carmen Hernando 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:To assess the prevalence and clinical presentation of celiac disease (CD) in a cohort of children with HLA‐DQ2 positive and evaluate the risk factors in the development of CD.Methods:Between July 2004 and July 2005, parents of all healthy full‐term newborns in our hospital were invited to participate. HLA‐DQ2 was tested in blood sample of the umbilical cord. A point of contact serological test was performed on children between 2 and 3 years of age. Positive results were confirmed by serum anti‐transglutaminase 2 and endomysial antibodies. Children with high autoantibody titers underwent an intestinal biopsy. Children of the cohort diagnosed with CD before the screening study were included. Sex, mode of delivery, breast‐feeding duration, and age of gluten introduction were studied.Results:Of 1291 children, 362 were HLA‐DQ2 positive and 262 participated in the study. CD was diagnosed in 4.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–6.3). In the whole cohort, 60% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 7% poor weight gain, and 33% were asymptomatic. Five children with potential CD and 6 with CD autoimmunity became negative (42.3%) and are still negative after 5 to 7 years. Female sex was at‐risk factor odds ratio 5.7 (95% CI 1.5–20.9), whereas breast‐feeding during gluten introduction had a protective effect odds ratio 0.1 (95% CI 0.01–0.8).Conclusions:Prevalence of CD in this cohort was 4%, half of whom had digestive symptoms. Because a high proportion of children showed a spontaneous disappearance of antibodies, prevalence studies of CD in young children should be based on intestinal damage so as not to overestimate results.
Contrast‐Based Real‐Time Assessment of Microcirculatory Changes in a Fatty Liver After Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Kolachala Vasantha L. , Jiang Rong , Abramowsky Carlos R. , Gupta Nitika A. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:A fatty liver is known to have impairment of microcirculation, which is worsened after ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). This makes most fatty grafts unsuitable for transplantation, and in the absence of real time assessment of microcirculation this selection has been at best, random. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of a contrast enhanced ultrasound model in quantitative assessment of the microcirculation of a fatty liver.Methods:We subjected fatty mice to IRI, and blood flow dynamics were assessed before and after the injury.Results:There was a significant increase in the resistive and pulsatility index of the extrahepatic artery and a significant decrease in velocity of the portal vein. There was also a quantifiable decrease in the intrahepatic blood volume, blood flow, time to peak flow, and perfusion index of mice with fatty liver, suggesting that a fatty liver develops hemodynamic abnormalities after IRI, leading to increased hepatocellular injury.Conclusions:Hemodynamic abnormalities in liver can be reliably quantified using a contrast, enhanced Doppler ultrasound, which is an inexpensive technique with multiple clinical applications. It can be used to assess the quality of the fatty liver donor graft before organ retrieval; for determining live donor candidacy, for making post‐IRI recovery prognosis, and for assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.