bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the birth and death of ideas in marine science†
Authors: Rothschild Brian J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In this essay, I review six decades of my career in marine science and fisheries, considering the ideas that came and went in the period as “food for thought”. I describe my inspirations and successes, and my disappointments and failures. My activities were both administrative and research-oriented. As regards the former, I was part of major changes in ocean policy and new ocean research programmes that gave me a unique perspective. For example, I was responsible for the implementation of the US extended jurisdiction in fisheries under National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Also I conceived and led the creation of the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Programme (GLOBEC) and guided it in many international contexts, including its integration with the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP). From a research standpoint, my efforts leading up to GLOBEC strongly influenced the introduction of ocean physics into biological oceanography. This led me into plankton dynamics, food signals, small-scale turbulence and physical forcing, even into the stochastic geometry of the plankton. My life-long interest in the dynamics of marine fish populations was strongly influenced by the seminal thinkers in fisheries and my research explored population regulation processes as well as practical applications of statistics and operations research to fisheries management. In my last academic post, I became founding Dean of the School for Marine Science and Technology (SMAST) at the University of Massachusetts. This position required integrating administrative and research (both pure and applied) perspectives to create an institution of academic excellence which was at the same time actively responsive to issues arising in our local, nationally prominent fisheries. I end the essay with a consideration of “what has changed”.
Practice Improvements Based on Participation in Simulation for the Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology Program
Authors: Steadman Randolph H. , Burden Amanda R. , Huang Yue Ming , Gaba David M. , Cooper Jeffrey B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAbstract
In a review of 634 Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology Program simulation course participants, 94% successfully implemented some or all of their planned practice improvements, which focused mostly around environment or systems changes, teamwork skills, and personal knowledge.

Background:
This study describes anesthesiologists’ practice improvements undertaken during the first 3 yr of simulation activities for the Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology Program.

Methods:
A stratified sampling of 3 yr (2010–2012) of participants’ practice improvement plans was coded, categorized, and analyzed.

Results:
Using the sampling scheme, 634 of 1,275 participants in Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology Program simulation courses were evaluated from the following practice settings: 41% (262) academic, 54% (339) community, and 5% (33) military/other. A total of 1,982 plans were analyzed for completion, target audience, and topic. On follow-up, 79% (1,558) were fully completed, 16% (310) were partially completed, and 6% (114) were not completed within the 90-day reporting period. Plans targeted the reporting individual (89% of plans) and others (78% of plans): anesthesia providers (50%), non-anesthesia physicians (16%), and non-anesthesia non-physician providers (26%). From the plans, 2,453 improvements were categorized as work environment or systems changes (33% of improvements), teamwork skills (30%), personal knowledge (29%), handoff (4%), procedural skills (3%), or patient communication (1%). The median word count was 63 (interquartile range, 30 to 126) for each participant’s combined plans and 147 (interquartile range, 52 to 257) for improvement follow-up reports.

Conclusions:
After making a commitment to change, 94% of anesthesiologists participating in a Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology Program simulation course successfully implemented some or all of their planned practice improvements. This compares favorably to rates in other studies. Simulation experiences stimulate active learning and motivate personal and collaborative practice improvement changes. Further evaluation will assess the impact of the improvements and further refine the program.
Hippocampal Spine Head Sizes Are Highly Precise
Authors: Bartol Thomas M , Bromer Cailey , Kinney Justin , Chirillo Michael A. , Bourne Jennifer N. , Harris Kristen M. , Sejnowski Terrence J 
Published: March 2015

Hippocampal synaptic activity is probabilistic and because synaptic plasticity depends on its history, the amount of information that can be stored at a synapse is limited. The strong correlation between the size and efficacy of a synapse allowed us to estimate the precision of synaptic plasticity. In an electron microscopic reconstruction of hippocampal neuropil we found single axons making two or more synaptic contacts onto the same dendrites which would have shared histories of presynaptic and postsynaptic activity. The postsynaptic spine heads, but not the spine necks, of these pairs were nearly identical in size. The precision is much greater than previous estimates and requires postsynaptic averaging over a time window many seconds to minutes in duration depending on the rate of input spikes and probability of release.One Sentence SummarySpine heads on the same dendrite that receive input from the same axon are the same size.
First report of L1014F kdr mutation in Culex quinquefasciatus in Mexico
Authors: Ponce Gustavo , Sanchez Iram P. , García Selene M. , Torrado Jose M. , Lozano‐Fuentes Saúl , Lopez‐Monroy Beatriz , Flores Adriana E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe L1014F mutation in the voltage‐sodium channel gene has been associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in various arthropod species including mosquitoes. We determined the frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation in 16 field populations of Culex quinquefasciatus from Northeastern Mexico collected between 2008 and 2013. The L1014F was present in all populations analyzed with the lowest frequency (3.33%) corresponding to the population from Monclova collected in 2012, and the highest frequency (63.63%) from the Monterrey population collected in 2012. The presence of a kdr mutation in populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus from northeastern Mexico provides evidence of pyrethroid resistance. This requires a special attention, considering that pyrethroid‐based insecticides are commonly used in vector‐control campaigns, especially against Aedes aegypti (L.).
Comparison of endoscopic balloon dilation with metal stent placement in the treatment of achalasia
Authors: Zhao Hang , Wan Xin Jian , Yang Chang Qing 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of endoscopic balloon dilation and metal stent placement in patients with achalasia.MethodsThe patients with newly diagnosed achalasia between July 2001 and December 2011 were retrospectively studied. A total of 88 patients underwent either balloon dilation (n = 41) or metal stent placement (n = 47), their global symptom score and esophageal kinetics index were determined before, one week after and one month after the treatment. All the patients were followed up in the Outpatient Clinics or with a telephone interview every 6 months.ResultsThere were significant improvements in the global symptom scores and esophageal kinetics indices in all patients. No major complications were encountered in either group. There were no significant differences with regard to overall treatment failure or long‐term outcome.ConclusionBalloon dilation and removable stents can effectively relieve clinical manifestations in patients with achalasia.
Gut symptoms in diabetics correlate with components of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, but not with pudendal nerve motor latencies or systemic autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Thiruppathy Kumaran , Bajwa Adeel , Kuan Kean Guan , Murray Charles , Cohen Richard , Emmanuel Anton 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveFecal incontinence (FI) occurs in up to 20% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) is an enteric anorectal reflex that reflects the integrity of mechanisms in the physiology of FI. We aimed to investigate whether diabetic patients with FI, not constipation, had prolongation of RAIR and altered gut‐specific autonomic tone.MethodsIn this prospective case‐matched study 31 type I DM (19 FI and 12 constipation) and 42 type II DM (26 FI and 16 constipation). Another 21 participants were included as controls. Patients underwent the following assessments: cardiovagal autonomic tone (Modified Mayo Clinic composite autonomic severity score), rectal mucosal blood flow (RMBF) (assessment of gut‐specific autonomic tone) and RAIR. Three phases of RAIR and the amplitude of maximal reflex relaxation were compared between groups. All participants completed symptom scores for FI and constipation.ResultsRAIR recovery time back to resting pressure was slower in diabetic patients with FI than controls (8.7 s vs 3.6 s, P < 0.05) and was an independent variable correlating with symptoms of FI (P < 0.05). RAIR recovery time was correlated with RMBF (r = 0.58, P = 0.04).ConclusionRAIR is correlated with anorectal symptoms of FI and was associated with gut‐specific autonomic neuropathy.
Comparison between two types of confocal laser endomicroscopy in gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Li Chang Qing , Zuo Xiu Li , Guo Jing , Zhang Jing Yuan , Liu Jian Wei , Li Yan Qing 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesConfocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) consists of endoscope‐based CLE (eCLE) and probe‐based CLE (pCLE). This study aimed to compare eCLE and pCLE in their diagnostic yield in different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.MethodsConsecutive patients were scheduled for CLE examination due to GI symptoms. All patients were randomly assigned to eCLE or pCLE group and underwent a programmed procedure using one type of CLE. Differences in procedure time, complication rate, CLE image quality and image acquisition feasibility between these two types of CLE for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy were calculated.ResultsAltogether 513 CLE procedures were performed, including 324 EGD and 189 colonoscopy. The procedure time of pCLE was significantly shorter than that of eCLE both in EGD and colonoscopy (16.78 min vs 18.13 min for EGD, P = 0.027; 32.48 min vs 39.89 min for colonoscopy, P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between these two types of CLE in diagnostic utility, including the detection and prediction of histopathological results of the lesions. The CLE image quality of both eCLE and pCLE were comparable in the stomach and colon, but eCLE seemed to be superior to pCLE in examining the esophagus. Colonoscopy using pCLE had a higher complete rate than that of eCLE, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.065).ConclusionspCLE is more flexible in diagnosing GI diseases with a shorter procedure time than eCLE regardless of comparable diagnostic yields, except the diagnosis of esophageal diseases in which eCLE provides better image quality.
Paediatric ventilation treatment of acute lung injury in Nordic intensive care units
Authors: JENSEN L. L. , BARATT‐DUE A. , ENGLUND P. N. , HARJU J. A. , SIGURÐSSON T. S. , LIBERG J.‐P. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundTreatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children is largely based on extrapolated knowledge obtained from adults and which varies between different hospitals. This study explores ventilation treatment strategies for children with ARDS in the Nordic countries, and compares these with international practice.MethodsIn October 2012, a questionnaire covering ventilation treatment strategies for children aged 1 month to 6 years of age with ARDS was sent to 21 large Nordic intensive care units that treat children with ARDS. Pre‐terms and children with congenital conditions were excluded.ResultsEighteen of the 21 (86%) targeted intensive care units responded to the questionnaire. Fifty per cent of these facilities were paediatric intensive care units. Written guidelines existed in 44% of the units. Fifty per cent of the units frequently used cuffed endotracheal tubes. Ventilation was achieved by pressure control for 89% vs. volume control for 11% of units. Bronchodilators were used by all units, whereas steroids usage was 83% and surfactant 39%. Inhaled nitric oxide and high frequency oscillation were available in 94% of the units. Neurally adjusted ventilator assist was used by 44% of the units. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation could be started in 44% of the units.ConclusionVentilation treatment strategies for paediatric ARDS in the Nordic countries are relatively uniform and largely in accordance with international practice. The use of steroids and surfactant is more frequent than shown in other studies.
Genetic variation influences the risk of bleeding after cardiac surgery: novel associations and validation of previous findings
Authors: GREIFF G. , PLEYM H. , STENSETH R. , WAHBA A. , VIDEM V. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundSevere post‐operative bleeding in cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that variation in genetic susceptibility contributes to post‐operative bleeding in addition to clinical factors.MethodsWe included 1036 adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Two different endpoints for excessive post‐operative bleeding were used, either defined as blood loss exceeding 2 ml/kg/h the first 4 h post‐operatively or a composite including bleeding, transfusions, and reoperations. Twenty‐two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) central in the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems or in platelet membrane receptors were genotyped, focusing on replication of earlier non‐replicated findings and exploration of potential novel associations. Using logistic regression, significant SNPs were added to a model with only clinical variables to evaluate whether the genetic variables provided additional information.ResultsUnivariate tests identified rs1799809 (located in the promoter region of the PROC gene), rs27646 and rs1062535 (in the ITGA2 gene), rs630014 (in the ABO gene), and rs6048 (in the F9 gene) as significantly associated with excessive post‐operative bleeding (P < 0.05, P‐values confirmed by permutation). The SNPs were significant also after adjustment with clinical variables, showing almost unchanged odds ratios except for rs1799809 (P = 0.06). Addition of the genetic covariates to a logistic regression model with clinical variables significantly improved the model (P < 0.01).ConclusionWe identified five SNPs associated with post‐operative bleeding after cardiac surgery, of which two validated previously published associations. Addition of genetic information to models with only clinical variables improved the models. Our results indicate that common genetic variations significantly influence post‐operative bleeding after cardiac surgery.
Dry mouth and older people
Authors: Thomson WM 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDry mouth is more common among older people than in any other age group. Appropriate definition and accurate measurement of dry mouth is critical for better understanding, monitoring and treatment of the condition. Xerostomia is the symptom(s) of dry mouth; it can be measured using methods ranging from single questions to multi‐item summated rating scales. Low salivary flow (known as salivary gland hypofunction, or SGH) must be determined by measuring that flow. The relationship between SGH and xerostomia is not straightforward, but both conditions are common among older people, and they affect sufferers’ day‐to‐day lives in important ways. The major risk factor for dry mouth is the taking of particular medications, and older people take more of those than any other age group, not only for symptomatic relief of various age‐associated chronic diseases, but also in order to reduce the likelihood of complications which may arise from those conditions. The greater the number taken, the greater the associated anticholinergic burden, and the more likely it is that the individual will suffer from dry mouth. Since treating dry mouth is such a challenge for clinicians, there is a need for dentists, doctors and pharmacists to work together to prevent it occurring.
Improving the oral health of frail and functionally dependent elderly
Authors: Lewis A , Wallace J , Deutsch A , King P 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Australian Government endorsed a national evidence based oral health model when it introduced the first Nursing Home Oral and Dental Health Plan in 2010. Called Better Oral Health in Residential Care, it promotes a multidisciplinary approach with doctors, nurses, care workers and dental professionals sharing responsibility for the four key processes of oral health screening, oral health care planning, daily oral hygiene and access to dental treatment. Frail and dependent residents are most conveniently treated on‐site, hence an aged care/dental partnership is encouraged to facilitate the use of portable dental equipment in the delivery of dental care.Currently, few dentists provide services to residential aged care facilities (RACFs), with loss of clinical time in practice, difficulty in providing clinical care in a non‐dental environment and lack of referral pathways from the RACFs to the dentists contributing to the problem. The need to establish a model of care involving dental hygienists/oral health therapists in RACFs has merit.Minimal intervention treatment using glass ionomer cement (GIC) and silver fluoride is ideal in aged care. However, GIC has limitation in dry mouths with low pH caused by polypharmacy or disease. Palliative and definitive treatment techniques need to be individualized with consideration of a patient's ability to maintain their own mouths as well as their mental and physical competence.The range of products available to address the oral diseases common to the frail elderly is growing. The oral health care provider is required to establish a preventive regime that is tailored to the patient's needs, is realistic and under revision as the patient's needs change.
The XX Sex Chromosome Complement is Required in Male and Female Mice for Enhancement of Immunity Induced by Exposure to 3,4‐Dichloropropionanilide
Authors: Holásková Ida , Franko Jennifer , Goodman Robert L. , Arnold Arthur P. , Schafer Rosana 
Published: March 2015

ProblemThe chemical propanil enhances antibody responses to a heat‐killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) vaccine. The enhanced response is dependent on gonads in females, but independent of gonads in males. The sex differences in the immune response may be due to sexual differentiation of the immune system or sex chromosome complement.Method of studyTo test the hypothesis that the immune system is sexually differentiated, newborn C57BL/6 pups were treated with testosterone propionate (TP) or placebo. The role of sex chromosome complement was investigated using the 4‐core genotypes (FCG) model of XXF and XYF gonadal females (ovaries), and XXM and XYM gonadal males (testes). For some experiments, mice were gonadectomized or sham gonadectomized. All mice were vaccinated with HKSP, treated with propanil, and the antibody response determined at day seven.ResultsNeonatal TP did not alter the response to HKSP. In FCG mice, propanil significantly enhanced the immune response in XXF females and XXM males, but not in XYF females or XYM males.ConclusionThe immune system of females was not masculinized by neonatal TP treatment. Sex chromosome complement significantly contributes to the sexually dimorphic immune response after propanil exposure.
Low birthweight, gestational age, need for surgical intervention and gram‐negative bacteraemia predict intestinal failure following necrotising enterocolitis
Authors: Elfvin Anders , Dinsdale Elsa , Wales Paul W. , Moore Aideen M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimNecrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of intestinal failure (IF), morbidity and mortality following NEC.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of all neonates treated for NEC stage II or greater at a tertiary referral NICU between 2000 and 2009. Demographic data, need for surgery, residual bowel length and rates of bacteraemia, cholestasis, IF and mortality were analysed.ResultsDuring the 10‐year period, 301 patients were referred with NEC and 152 had surgical intervention. Overall mortality was 32%. Of the 230 infants who survived >42 days, 97 (42%) had IF at 42 days, decreasing to 15% at >90 days. The rate of IF was significantly higher in the surgical group than the medical group (OR 2.04, 95% CI, 1.25–3.35, p < 0.004), but 23% of the medically treated infants with NEC also developed IF. There was a significant relationship between IF and gram‐negative bacteraemia, the need for surgery, cholestasis, liver failure and mortality.ConclusionIntestinal failure occurred in a significant proportion of infants with NEC. Predictors for IF among infants with NEC were low birthweight, low gestational age, need for surgical intervention and gram‐negative bacteraemia.
Habitat restoration requires landscape‐scale planning
Authors: Helm Aveliina 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHabitat restoration cannot be considered simply as an act of re‐creating the original environmental conditions and biota, neglecting the significance of the context of the surrounding landscape and overlooking the need to recreate metapopulation dynamics for target species. In this issue, Prach et al. show the importance of the availability of target species in the surrounding landscape to achieve successful restoration.