bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiative Transfer Model parametrization for simulating the reflectance of meadow vegetation
Authors: Jarocińska Anna M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Natural vegetation is complex and its reflectance is not easy to model. The aim of this study was to adjust the Radiative Transfer Model parameters for modelling the reflectance of heterogeneous meadows and evaluate its accuracy dependent on the vegetation characteristics. PROSAIL input parameters and reference spectra were collected during field measurements. Two different datasets were created: in the first, the input parameters were modelled using only field measurements; in the second, three input parameters were adjusted to minimize the differences between modelled and measured spectra. Reflectance was modelled using two datasets and then verified based on field reflectance using the RMSE. The average RMSE for the first dataset was equal to 0.1058, the second was 0.0362. The accuracy of the simulated spectra was analysed dependent on the value of the biophysical parameters. Better results were obtained for meadows with higher biomass value, greater LAI and lower water content.
The Digital Transformation of Information, Education, and Scholarship
Authors: Marcum Deanna 
Published: February 2014

Digital technology has profoundly altered nearly every aspect of our lives. The little iPhone we carry in our pocket or purse connects us with those we know and love, while also connecting us to news channels, daily newspapers, music, television, movies, this afternoon's weather, and much more. We should expect that same digital technology that is now nearly ubiquitous to have similarly dramatic effects on information, education,and scholarship. This paper explores the changes in expectations that faculty and students have for gaining access to digital information, and how librarians are responding to those expectations. The online learning landscape is changing rapidly, and and institutions of higher education are responding to a system that was designed to be delivered directly to students. Although online learning systems are regularly discussed in the media, there continues to be a dearth of hard evidence about the efficacy of these sytems. Finally, the paper takes a look at the scholarly enterprise, ietsef. After a century or more of the ‘sage on stage’ teaching model and the lone scholar alone in his office or laboratory doing research, these methods have been dramatically influenced by digital technology. These changes wrought by digital technology compel libraries, faculty, and universities to consider collaborative and consortial approaches to providing services and improving the scholarly enterprise.
Mapping Austronesian Legends and Trails of Central Taiwan at Sun Moon Lake
Authors: Mitsuda Yayoi 
Published: February 2014

The ‘group relocation’ policy imposed during the Japanese colonial period in Taiwan is arguably one of the most notorious policies to be imposed upon indigenes. As a result of this project, almost half of Taiwanese indigenes were resettled from the high mountain areas to the lowlands. Relocated populations needed to adjust themselves to new circumstances, and relocation became a traumatic memory for many. What is interesting is that relocating villages is not, historically, an uncommon occurrence for most Taiwanese indigenous groups. This suggests that ‘relocating villages’, in and of itself, might not be overly problematic for indigenous populations. Why then did the Japanese relocation policy come to be regarded as such a traumatic event? In this paper, I will present a sketch of how the Japanese relocation policy became regarded as such a traumatic event for many indigenous groups, and explore the reason the Thao people, living by Sun Moon Lake of central Taiwan, had a very different experience of relocation. Moreover, I also describe the relationship between the mapping project of Traditional Territories of Indigenous Peoples that began in 2002 and the collection of oral histories of indigenous relocation.
Health Data Cooperatives – Citizen Empowerment
Authors: Kossmann D. , Brand A. , Hafen E. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of a Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on Health Record Banking.Background: Healthcare is often ineffective and costs are steadily rising. This is in a large part due to the inaccessibility of medical and health data stored in multiple silos. Further -more, in most cases molecular differences between individuals that result in different susceptibilities to drugs and diseases as well as targeted interventions cannot be taken into account. Technological advances in genome sequencing and the interaction of ’omics’ data with environmental data on one hand and mobile health on the other, promise to generate the longitudinal health data that will form the basis for a more personalized, precision medicine.Objectives: For this new medicine to become a reality, however, millions of personal health data sets have to be aggregated. The value of such aggregated personal data has been recognized as a new asset class and many commercial entities are competing for this new asset (e.g. Google, Facebook, 23andMe, PatientsLikeMe). The primary source and beneficiary of personal health data is the individual. As a collective, society should be the beneficiary of both the eco -nomic and health value of these aggregated data and (health) information.Methods: We posit that empowering citi -zens by providing them with a platform to safely store, manage and share their health-related data will be a necessary element in the transformation towards a more effective and efficient precision medicine. Such health data platforms should be organized as co -operatives that are solely owned and controlled by their members and not by shareholders. Members determine which data they want to share for example with doctors or to contribute to research for the benefit of their health and that of society. Members will also decide how the revenues generated by granting third parties access to the anonymized data that they agreed to share, should be invested in research, information or education.Results: Currently no functional Health Data Cooperatives exist yet. The relative success of health data repositories such as 23andme and PatientsLikeMe indicates that citizens are willing to participate in research even if – and in contrast to the cooperative model – the commercial value of these data does not go back to the collective of users.Conclusions: In the Health Data Cooperative model, the citizens with their data would take the center stage in the healthcare system and society would benefit from the health-related and financial benefits that aggregation of these data brings.
Biomechanical and leaf–climate relationships: A comparison of ferns and seed plants
Authors: Peppe Daniel J. , Lemons Casee R. , Royer Dana L. , Wing Scott L. , Wright Ian J. , Lusk Christopher H. , Rhoden Chazelle H. 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: Relationships of leaf size and shape (physiognomy) with climate have been well characterized for woody non‐monocotyledonous angiosperms (dicots), allowing the development of models for estimating paleoclimate from fossil leaves. More recently, petiole width of seed plants has been shown to scale closely with leaf mass. By measuring petiole width and leaf area in fossils, leaf mass per area (MA) can be estimated and an approximate leaf life span inferred. However, little is known about these relationships in ferns, a clade with a deep fossil record and with the potential to greatly expand the applicability of these proxies.• Methods: We measured the petiole width, MA, and leaf physiognomic characters of 179 fern species from 188 locations across six continents. We applied biomechanical models and assessed the relationship between leaf physiognomy and climate using correlational approaches.• Key results: The scaling relationship between area‐normalized petiole width and MA differs between fern fronds and pinnae. The scaling relationship is best modeled as an end‐loaded cantilevered beam, which is different from the best‐fit biomechanical model for seed plants. Fern leaf physiognomy is not influenced by climatic conditions.• Conclusions: The cantilever beam model can be applied to fossil ferns. The lack of sensitivity of leaf physiognomy to climate in ferns argues against their use to reconstruct paleoclimate. Differences in climate sensitivity and biomechanical relationships between ferns and seed plants may be driven by differences in their hydraulic conductivity and/or their differing evolutionary histories of vein architecture and leaf morphology.
Plant inbreeding and prior herbivory influence the attraction of caterpillars (Manduca sexta) to odors of the host plant Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae)
Authors: Kariyat Rupesh R. , Scanlon Sarah R. , Moraski Ryan P. , Stephenson Andrew G. , Mescher Mark C. , De Moraes Consuelo M. 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of this study: The mediation of plant–insect interactions by plant odors has been studied extensively, but most previous work has focused on documenting the role of constitutive and herbivore‐ or pathogen‐induced plant volatiles as foraging cues for insect herbivores and their natural enemies. Relatively little work has explored genotypic variation in plant‐odor profiles within species, and few studies have addressed the perception and use of olfactory cues by lepidopteran larvae or other herbivores during feeding.• Methods: We examined the effects of plant breeding (inbred vs. outbred individuals) and plant exposure to prior herbivory on the preferences of caterpillars (Manduca sexta) for odors of Solanum carolinense in leaf‐disc and whole‐plant choice assays.• Key results: Second‐ and third‐instar larvae of M. sexta clearly and consistently preferred undamaged over herbivore‐damaged plants of both breeding types and also consistently preferred inbred over outbred plants that had the same damage status. Similar preferences were observed even when plants were covered with bridal‐veil cloth to mask visual cues, demonstrating that olfactory cues influence larval preferences.• Conclusions: The observed preferences are consistent with our previous findings regarding the constitutive and induced volatile profiles of inbred and outbred horsenettle plants and their effects on plant–herbivore interactions. They furthermore correspond to differences in host‐plant quality predicted by previous work and, thus, suggest that naive larvae of M. sexta can accurately assess aspects of host‐plant quality via olfactory cues perceived at a distance.
Phylogeny of Lamiidae
Authors: Refulio‐Rodriguez Nancy F. , Olmstead Richard G. 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: The Lamiidae, a clade composed of approximately 15% of all flowering plants, consists of five orders: Boraginales, Gentianales, Garryales, Lamiales, and Solanales; and four families unplaced in an order: Icacinaceae, Metteniusiaceae, Oncothecaceae, and Vahliaceae. Our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Lamiidae has improved significantly in recent years, however, relationships among the orders and unplaced families of the clade remain partly unresolved. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the Lamiidae based on an expanded sampling, including all families together, for the first time, in a single phylogenetic analyses.• Methods: Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Analyses included nine plastid regions (atpB, matK, ndhF, psbBTNH, rbcL, rps4, rps16, trnL‐F, and trnV‐atpE) and the mitochondrial rps3 region, and 129 samples representing all orders and unplaced families of Lamiidae.• Key results: Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian trees provide good support for Boraginales sister to Lamiales, with successive outgroups (Solanales + Vahlia) and Gentianales, together comprising the core Lamiidae. Early branching patterns are less well supported, with Garryales only poorly supported as sister to the above ‘core’ and a weakly supported clade composed of Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, and Oncothecaceae sister to all other Lamiidae.• Conclusions: Our phylogeny of Lamiidae reveals increased resolution and support for internal relationships that have remained elusive. Within Lamiales, greater resolution also is obtained, but some family interrelationships remain a challenge.
Desert Bighorn Sheep: Changes in Genetic Variation Over Time and the Impact of Merging Populations
Authors: Hedrick Philip W. , Wehausen John D. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Founder effects, genetic bottlenecks, and genetic drift in general can lead to low levels of genetic diversity, which can influence the persistence of populations. We examine genetic variation in two populations of desert bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis from New Mexico and Mexico to measure change over time and evaluate the impact of introducing individuals from one population into the other. Over about three generations, the amount of genetic variation in the New Mexico population increased. In contrast, over about two generations the amount of genetic variation in the Mexican population decreased by a great extent compared with an estimate from another Mexican population from which it is primarily descended. The potential reasons for these changes are discussed. In addition, although both populations have low genetic variation, introduction of Mexican rams into the New Mexico population might increase the amount of genetic variation in the New Mexico population. Overall, it appears that management to increase genetic variation might require substantial detailed monitoring and evaluation of ancestry from the different sources and fitness components.
Stem Cells: The Future of Personalised Medicine?
Authors: Irfan Ahmer , Ahmed Irfan 
Published: February 2014

After hitting the headlines in the 1960s, stem cell therapy has been the subject of great optimism in the treatment of many conditions. Discoveries of new procurement methods for various stem cells has allowed the technology and research to progress to a stage where real therapeutic alternatives are potentially viable. In order to determine the direction to move forward, it is first important to analyse the data that has been collected across well researched stem cell types (Embryonic Stem cells, Induced pluripotent stem cells, Haematopoetic stem cells and Mesenchymal stem cells) as well as emerging stem cell types (Very-small-embryonic-like stem cells, Spermatogonial stem cells and Parthenogenetic stem cells). Whilst by no means conclusive, the data does support the optimism surrounding these cells. Whilst stem cells may be embraced as the future of personalised medicine, following these pilot trials, research needs to become more focussed to allow advancement.
Compensation Ethics and Organizational Commitment
Authors: Moriarty Jeffrey 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT:If an employee is committed to his firm—if he is “attached” or “bound” to it—then his firm may be able to obtain a discount on his labor. This paper asks: Is it wrong for firms to do so? If we understand just or fair pay solely in terms of voluntary agreements between employers and employees, the answer seems to be ‘no.’ Against this, I argue that, in some cases, it is ‘yes.’ In particular, it is wrong for firms to try to obtain discounts on their committed employees’ labor when their employees reasonably expect that they will not try to obtain them. In the process, I probe the limits of exploitation and question the relevance of contribution to fairness in compensation.
Chocs de prix internationaux et transmission : cas du marché du riz au Burkina Faso
Authors: Badolo Félix 
Published: February 2014

Comment les marchés des produits agricoles dans les pays en développement répondent-ils aux chocs de prix sur les marchés internationaux est une question cruciale en économie agricole qui n’est pas totalement résolue. La hausse des prix des produits agricoles sur les marchés internationaux durant la période 2006-2008 a entraîné une flambée des prix intérieurs dans certains pays en développement, mais cela n’a pas été le cas dans d’autres pays. La littérature empirique sur l’analyse de l’ampleur de la transmission des chocs des prix internationaux aux prix intérieurs dans les pays en développement reste très mitigée. L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer la relation entre le prix du riz importé au Burkina Faso et le prix international, à partir des tests de coïntégration linéaires et non linéaires (modèle autorégressif à seuil ou modèle TAR). L’analyse empirique se base sur des séries mensuelles de prix pour deux marchés du Burkina Faso : le marché de Sankaryaré à Ouagadougou et le marché de Dori au nord du pays. Les résultats montrent que les prix du riz importé sur ces deux marchés sont intégrés au prix international. L’élasticité de transmission de long terme apparaît être importante. Le modèle TAR révèle une transmission asymétrique dont l’ampleur diffère en fonction de la nature des chocs. Les hausses du prix international se transmettent plus rapidement aux prix intérieurs par rapport aux baisses. Ces résultats s’expliquent par le pouvoir de marché des intermédiaires commerciaux, les coûts de transport et les mécanismes d’intervention du gouvernement.
Real‐Time PCR
Authors: Fraga Dean , Meulia Tea , Fenster Steven 
Published: February 2014

AbstractReal‐time PCR is a recent modification to the polymerase chain reaction that allows precise quantification of specific nucleic acids in a complex mixture by fluorescent detection of labeled PCR products. Detection can be accomplished using specific as well as nonspecific fluorescent probes. Real‐time PCR is often used in the quantification of gene expression levels. Prior to using real‐time PCR to quantify a target message, care must be taken to optimize the RNA isolation, primer design, and PCR reaction conditions so that accurate and reliable measurements can be made. This short overview of real‐time PCR discusses basic principles behind real‐time PCR, some optimization and experimental design considerations, and how to quantify the data generated using both relative and absolute quantification approaches. Useful Web sites and texts that expand upon topics discussed are also listed. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 8:10.3.1‐10.3.40. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Early Systemic Sclerosis: Analysis of the Disease Course in Patients With Marker Autoantibody and/or Capillaroscopic Positivity
Authors: Valentini Gabriele , Marcoccia Antonella , Cuomo Giovanna , Vettori Serena , Iudici Michele , Bondanini Francesco , Santoriello Carlo , Ciani Aldo , Cozzolino Domenico , De Matteis Giovanni Maria , Cappabianca Salvatore , Vitelli Filiberto , Spanò Alberto 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate whether patients affected by 1 of the 3 subsets of early systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), i.e., subset I, Raynaud's phenomenon with SSc marker autoantibodies and typical capillaroscopic findings; subset II, autoantibody positive only; and subset III, capillaroscopy positive only and not satisfying the 2013 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria for SSc at admission, differ from each other in the time to satisfy the criteria.MethodsEarly SSc patients subdivided into the 3 subsets indicated above consecutively admitted to a rheumatology/angiology center were monitored for 12–102 months (median 36 months). Patients were reevaluated twice yearly to assess whether and when each patient satisfied the new ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc. Patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) served as the comparator group.ResultsDuring followup, 11 (52.3%) of 21 subset I, 10 (66.6%) of 15 subset II, 0 of 24 subset III, and 0 of 44 UCTD patients satisfied the criteria (P = 0.0001). The difference was significant between early SSc and UCTD patients (P = 0.0001) and, within the group of early SSc patients, between each of the 2 autoantibody‐positive subsets (subsets I and II) and the capillaroscopic‐positive/autoantibody‐negative subset (subset I versus III: P = 0.0001; subset II versus III: P = 0.0009). There was no difference between the 2 autoantibody‐positive subsets (P = 0.454). In addition to marker autoantibody positivity, preclinical lung or heart involvement was associated with an increased risk to satisfy the criteria during followup.ConclusionOur data demonstrated faster progression of SSc in autoantibody‐positive patients, particularly in those with preclinical internal organ involvement at baseline, than in autoantibody‐negative patients.
Social Security Work Disability and Its Predictors in Patients With Fibromyalgia
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Walitt Brian T. , Katz Robert S. , Häuser Winfried 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo determine prevalence and incidence of US Social Security Disability and Supplemental Security Income (SSD) in patients with fibromyalgia and to investigate prediction of SSD.MethodsOver a mean of 4 years (range 1–13 years), we studied 2,321 patients with physician‐diagnosed fibromyalgia (prevalent cases) and applied modified American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2010 research criteria to identify criteria‐positive patients.ResultsDuring the study, 34.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 32.9–36.8%) of fibromyalgia patients received SSD. The annual incidence of SSD among patients not receiving SSD at study enrollment was 3.4% (95% CI 3.0–3.9%), and 25% were estimated to be work disabled at 9.0 years of followup. By comparison, the prevalence of SSD in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with concomitant fibromyalgia was 55.6% (95% CI 54.3–57.0%) and was 42.4% in osteoarthritis (OA). By study conclusion, 31.4% of SSD awardees were no longer receiving SSD. In univariate models, incident SSD in patients with fibromyalgia was predicted by sociodemographic measures and by symptom burden; but the strongest predictor was functional status (Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index [HAQ DI]). In multivariable models, the HAQ DI and the Short Form 36‐item health survey physical and mental component summary scores, but no other variables, predicted SSD. Fibromyalgia criteria–positive patients had more SSD, but the continuous scale, polysymptomatic distress index derived from the ACR criteria was a substantially better predictor of SSD than a criteria‐positive diagnosis.ConclusionThe prevalence of SSD is high in fibromyalgia, but not higher than in RA and OA patients who satisfy fibromyalgia criteria. The best predictors of work disability are functional status variables.