bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die neue DAfStb‐Richtlinie “Verstärken von Betonbauteilen mit geklebter Bewehrung”
Authors: Finckh Wolfgang , Ignatiadis Anett , Niedermeier Roland , Wiens Udo , Zilch Konrad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDie Verstärkung von Betonbauteilen mit geklebter Bewehrung wurde in Deutschland bisher alleinig durch allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassungen und Zustimmungen im Einzelfall geregelt. Da sich das Verstärken von Betonbauteilen mit geklebter Bewehrung immer mehr zur Regelbauweise entwickelt und die europäische Harmonisierung auf diesem Gebiet voranschreitet, wurde ein neues Regelwerk für die Verstärkung von Betonbauteilen mit geklebter Bewehrung geschaffen. Dazu haben sich alle von der Themenstellung betroffenen Parteien in einem Unterausschuss des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton zusammengefunden und sich in die Formulierung der DAfStb‐Richtlinie “Verstärken von Betonbauteilen mit geklebter Bewehrung” eingebracht. Nach Abschluss des Einspruchsverfahrens und anschließender Notifizierung erscheint die Richtlinie voraussichtlich im September oder Oktober 2012.The new DAfStb‐Guideline “Strengthening of concrete structures with adhesive bonded reinforcement”The strengthening of concrete structures with adhesive bonded reinforcement has in Germany only been governed so far through national technical approvals and approvals in individual cases. Since the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures with adhesive bonded reinforcement has become a standard construction method and due to the starting of a harmonisation process in European standardisation committees a new guideline in this area of interest was created. For that purpose all groups, which are concerned about this topic were assembled in a committee under the responsibility of the German Committee for Structural Concrete and created the DAfStb‐guideline “strengthening of concrete structures with adhesive bonded reinforcement”. The guideline will be published in September or October 2012.
Light emission from tryptophan oxidation by hypobromous acid
Authors: Petrônio Maicon Segalla , Ximenes Valdecir Farias 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe emission of ultraweak light from cells is a phenomenon associated with the oxidation of biomolecules by reactive oxygen species. The indole moiety present in tryptophan, serotonin and melatonin is frequently associated with the emission of light during the oxidation of these metabolites. This study presents results for hypobromous acid (HOBr) oxidation of tryptophan as a putative endogenous source of ultraweak light emission. We found that chemiluminescence elicited by the oxidation of tryptophan by HOBr was significantly higher than by hypochlorous acid (HOCl). This difference was related to secondary oxidation reactions, which were more intense using HOBr. The products identified during oxidation by HOCl, but depleted by using HOBr, were N‐formylkynurenine, kynurenine, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a‐hexahydro‐3a‐hydroxypyrrolo[2,3‐b]‐indole‐2‐carboxylic acid, oxindolylalanine and dioxindolylalanine. The emission of light is dependent on the free α‐amino group of tryptophan, and hence, the indole of serotonin and melatonin, although efficiently oxidized, did not produce chemiluminescence. The emission of light was even greater using taurine monobromamine and dibromamine as the oxidant compared to HOBr. A mechanism based on bromine radical intermediates is suggested for the higher efficiency in light emission. Altogether, the experimental evidence described in the present study indicates that the oxidation of free tryptophan or tryptophan residues in proteins is an important source of ultraweak cellular emission of light. This light emission is increased in the presence of taurine, an amino acid present in large amounts in leukocytes, where this putative source of ultraweak light emission is even more relevant. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor‐based peptides on elastase activity and their incorporation in hyaluronic acid hydrogels for chronic wound therapy
Authors: Barros Sandra Cerqueira , Martins José Alberto , Marcos João Carlos , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur 
Published: October 2012

AbstractChronic nonhealing skin wounds, such as leg ulcers and pressure sores, represent a major clinical problem and a financial burden for the health care systems. Chronic wounds are characterized by prolonged inflammatory phase that results in high levels of elastase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diminished growth factor activity. Under normal physiological conditions, elastase is a powerful host defence and its activity is regulated by endogenous inhibitors. The unrestrained elastase activity in chronic wounds may be tuned by exogenous active materials that inhibit elastase. Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor, SLPI, is a potent endogenous inhibitor of elastase. Peptide fragments, KRCCPDTCGIKCL (Pep4) and KRMMPDTMGIKML (Pep4M), selected from SLPI primary structure were studied as potential elastase inhibitors. Kinetic studies performed for human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) in presence of these peptides revealed that both behave as uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibitors of HNE and PPE, respectively. The influence of ROS and albumin on Pep4 and Pep4M inhibitory activity toward elastase reveals that this mixture increases the inhibitory activity of both peptides. These peptides were incorporated in hyaluronic acid hydrogels to evaluate the possibility of being used as active compounds in a drug delivery system. Assessment of HNE and PPE activity in the presence of these hydrogels formulations revealed a considerable decrease in enzyme activity. Although, only moderated elastase inhibition was observed, these peptides represent potential candidates for chronic wound applications, as there is no need for complete elastase inhibition in the normal wound healing process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 576–590, 2012.
A laboratory course for teaching laboratory techniques, experimental design, statistical analysis, and peer review process to undergraduate science students
Authors: Gliddon C. M. , J. Rosengren R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article describes a 13‐week laboratory course called Human Toxicology taught at the University of Otago, New Zealand. This course used a guided inquiry based laboratory coupled with formative assessment and collaborative learning to develop in undergraduate students the skills of problem solving/critical thinking, data interpretation and written discussion of results. The laboratory practices were a guided inquiry based around retinol's ability to potentiate acetaminophen‐mediated hepatotoxicity. To induce critical thinking, students were given a choice as to which assay they could use to determine how retinol affected acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Short summaries were handed in following each assay and formed the bases of the formative assessment. To complete the feedback loop, a summative assessment that consisted of all the graphs and concepts from the short summaries were combined into a manuscript. To give the students exposure to science communication, the manuscript had to be written in accordance to the submission guidelines for Toxicological Sciences. Evaluation of this course was determined by a student questionnaire using a Likert scale and students' responses were very favorable. While the subject matter was toxicological centric, the content could be easily modified to suit another subject matter in biochemistry and molecular biology. © 2012 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Surgical anatomy of the radial nerve branches to triceps muscle
Authors: Uerpairojkit Chairoj , Ketwongwiriya Sittipong , Leechavengvongs Somsak , Malungpaishrope Kanchai , Witoonchart Kiat , Mekrungcharas Natdhadej , Chareonwat Boonsong , Ongsiriporn Mathee 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe objectives of the study are to demonstrate the innervation patterns of the triceps muscles and the most suitable branch of the radial nerve for nerve transfer to restore the motor function of the deltoid muscle in patients with complete C5–C6 root injury. Seventy‐nine arms (40 left arms and 39 right arms) from 46 embalmed cadavers (24 male and 22 female) were included in the study. The nerves to the triceps were dissected from the triceps muscles (long head, lateral head, and medial head). The lengths of the branches were measured from the main trunk. The distance from the inferior margin of the teres major muscle to the origin of the nerve to the long head, lateral head, and medial head of the triceps were recorded as well. The first branch was the nerve to the long head of the triceps in 79 arms (100%). The second branch was the nerve to the upper medial head in 30 arms (38%), nerve to the medial head in 8 arms (10.1%), nerve to the upper lateral head in 35 arms (44.3%) and nerve to the lateral head in 6 arms (7.6%). The patterns of branches to the triceps were classified according to our dissections. The nerve to the long head of the triceps was constant as the first branch of the nerve to the triceps branch of the radial nerve in the vicinity of the inferior margin of the teres major muscle. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulation of CXCL‐8 expression in human melanoma cells regulates tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis
Authors: Wu Sheng , Singh Seema , Varney Michelle L. , Kindle Scott , Singh Rakesh K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCXCL‐8, a chemokine secreted by melanoma and stromal cells, serves as a growth and angiogenic factor for melanoma progression. This study evaluated how modulation of CXCL‐8 levels in melanoma cell lines with different tumorigenic and metastatic potentials affected multiple tumor phenotypes. A375P cells (CXCL‐8 low expressor) were stably transfected with a CXCL‐8 mammalian expression vector to overexpress CXCL‐8, whereas A375SM cells (CXCL‐8 high expressor) were transfected with a CXCL‐8 antisense expression vector to suppress CXCL‐8 expression. Subsequent cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and soft‐agar colony formation were analyzed, and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated using mouse xenograft models. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of CXCL‐8 significantly enhanced primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, accompanied by increased microvessel density in vivo, as compared with vector control‐transfected cells. We also observed increased clonogenic ability, growth, and invasive potential of CXCL‐8 overexpressing cells in vitro. Knockdown of CXCL‐8 using an antisense vector resulted in increased cell death and reduced tumor growth relative to control. Taken together, these data confirm that CXCL‐8 expression plays a critical role in regulating multiple cellular phenotypes associated with melanoma growth and metastasis.
C3i‐Symmetric Octanuclear Cadmium Cages: Double‐Anion‐Templated Synthesis, Formation Mechanism, and Properties
Authors: Sun Jie , Sun Di , Yuan Shuai , Tian Dongxu , Zhang Liangliang , Wang Xingpo , Sun Daofeng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA series of C3i‐symmetric bicapped trigonal antiprismatic Cd8 cages [2X@Cd8L6(H2O)6]⋅n Y⋅solvents (X=Cl−, Y=NO3−, n=2: MOCC‐4; X=Br−, Y=NO3−, n=2: MOCC‐5; X=NO3−, Y=NO3−, n=2: MOCC‐6; X=NO3−, Y=BF4−, n=2: MOCC‐7; X=NO3−, Y=ClO4−, n=2: MOCC‐8; X=CO32−, n=0: MOCC‐9), doubly anion templated by different anions, were solvothermally synthesized by means of a flexible ligand. Interestingly, the CO32− template for MOCC‐9 was generated in situ by two‐step decomposition of DMF solvent. For other MOCCs, spherical or trigonal monovalent anions could also play the role of template in their formation. The template abilities of these anions in the formation of the cages were experimentally studied and are discussed for the first time. Anion exchange of MOCC‐8 was carried out and showed anion‐size selectivity. All of the cage‐like compounds emit strong luminescence at room temperature.
Can an Amine Be a Stronger Acid than a Carboxylic Acid? The Surprisingly High Acidity of Amine–Borane Complexes
Authors: Martín‐Sómer Ana , Lamsabhi Al Mokhtar , Yáñez Manuel , Dávalos Juan Z. , González Javier , Ramos Rocío , Guillemin Jean‐Claude 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe gas‐phase acidity of a series of amine–borane complexes has been investigated through the use of electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), with the application of the extended Cooks kinetic method, and high‐level G4 ab initio calculations. The most significant finding is that typical nitrogen bases, such as aniline, react with BH3to give amine–borane complexes, which, in the gas phase, have acidities as high as those of either phosphoric, oxalic, or salicylic acid; their acidity is higher than many carboxylic acids, such as formic, acetic, and propanoic acid. Indeed the complexation of different amines with BH3leads to a substantial increase (from 167 to 195 kJ mol−1) in the intrinsic acidity of the system; in terms of ionization constants, this increase implies an increase as large as fifteen orders of magnitude. Interestingly, this increase in acidity is almost twice as large as that observed for the corresponding phosphine–borane analogues. The agreement between the experimental and the G4‐based calculated values is excellent. The analysis of the electron‐density rearrangements of the amine and the borane moieties indicates that the dative bond is significantly stronger in theN‐deprotonated anion than in the corresponding neutral amine–borane complex, because the deprotonated amine is a much better electron donor than the neutral amine. On the top of that, the newly created lone pair on the nitrogen atom in the deprotonated species, conjugates with the BN bonding pair. The dispersion of the extra electron density into the BH3group also contributes to the increased stability of the deprotonated species.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparative Study on Luminescent Properties of LiLa2BO5:Eu3+ Phosphors Synthesized with Different Methods.
Authors: Haque Md. Masuqul , Asraf Md. Ali , Hossen Md. Faruk , Hossan Md. Shamim , Kim Dong‐Kuk , Lee Hong‐In 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe deep‐red emitting title phosphor is synthesized by a sol—gel method and by conventional solid state reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: High Thermoelectric Performance of In, Yb, Ce Multiple Filled CoSb3 Based Skutterudite Compounds.
Authors: Ballikaya Sedat , Uzar Neslihan , Yildirim Saffettin , Salvador James R. , Uher Ctirad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe thermoelectric properties of Yb0.2In0.2Co4Sb12, Yb0.2Ce0.15Co4Sb12, Yb0.2Ce0.15In0.2Co4 Sb12, and Yb0.3Ce0.15In0.2Co4 Sb12 (obtained from the elements by melting—annealing followed by spark plasma sintering) are examined by electrical and thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and Hall coefficient measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Physical Properties of the Skutterudites YbxFe2Ni2Sb12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4).
Authors: Kaltzoglou Andreas , Vaqueiro Paz , Knight Kevin S. , Powell Anthony V. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe title compounds are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (1173 K, 12 h followed by annealing at 873 K for 6 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A High Nuclear Lanthanide‐Containing Polyoxometalate Aggregate Synthesis in Choline Chloride/Urea Eutectic Mixture.
Authors: Liu Lin , Wang Shi‐Ming , Chen Wei‐Lin , Lu Ying , Li Yang‐Guang , Wang En‐Bo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe anti‐HIV active compound {[Me3N(CH2)2OH] 2(NH4)12} [Ce4(Mo4)(H2O)16 (Mo7O24) 4]·8H2O is synthesized in a choline chloride/urea eutectic mixture containing (NH4)6Mo7O24 and Ce(NO3)3 (pH 4—5, 20 °C, air, 3 h, 82% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Extended Architectures Built upon 3d‐4f Heterometals‐Containing Silicotungstate Clusters.
Authors: Yao Shuang , Yan Jinghui , Yu Yanchun , Wang Enbo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe isotypic compounds (IV) crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z = 2 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Bis(oxazoline)‐Based Coordination Polymers: A Recoverable System for Enantioselective Henry Reactions.
Authors: Angulo Beatriz , Garcia Jose I. , Herrerias Clara I. , Mayoral Jose A. , Minana Ana C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe combination of Cu(OAc)2 and ditopic ligand TOX is examined as catalyst for the Henry reaction of ortho‐anisaldehyde with nitroalkanes (II) or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure N‐(tert‐Butylsulfinyl)imines.
Authors: Collados Juan F. , Toledano Estefania , Guijarro David , Yus Miguel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBoth aldehydes and ketones can be transformed to the corresponding sulfinyl imines.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Ketones Catalyzed by Complexes Formed from trans‐Diaminocyclohexane‐Based Diamines and Diethylzinc.
Authors: Gajewy Jadwiga , Gawronski Jacek , Kwit Marcin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractZnEt2 in combination with chiral acyclic amine or macrocyclic triangle amine ligands derived from trans‐diaminocyclohexane efficiently catalyzes the asymmetric hydrosilylation of aryl ketones (up to 86% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: [Cu(dap)2Cl] as an Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photoredox Catalyst in Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions.
Authors: Pirtsch Michael , Paria Suva , Matsuno Taisuke , Isobe Hiroyuki , Reiser Oliver 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTitle catalyst is successfully applied in atom‐transfer radical additions of alkyl halides towards olefins and allylation reactions of various nucleophiles, e.g. α‐haloketones and amines.
ChemInform Abstract: An Easy Route Toward Enantio‐Enriched Polycyclic Derivatives via an Asymmetric Domino Conjugate Reduction—Aldol Cyclization Catalyzed by a Chiral Cu(I) Complex.
Authors: Deschamp Julia , Hermant Thomas , Riant Olivier 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe intramolecular reductive aldol cyclization of diketo esters in the presence of a silane as reducing agent and a copper/chiral diphosphane complex allows the synthesis of manifold bi‐ and tricyclic adducts with high levels of diastereo‐ and enantiocontrol.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dibenzothiophenes and Carbazoles by Sequential “Tetra‐Fold Heck/6π‐Electrocyclization/Dehydrogenation” Reactions of Tetrabromothiophene and Tetrabromo‐N‐methylpyrrole.
Authors: Toguem Serge‐Mitherand Tengho , Knepper Ingo , Ehlers Peter , Dang Tung T. , Patonay Tamas , Langer Peter 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDibenzothiophenes (III) and carbazoles (VI) are prepared in two steps: tetra(alkenyl)thiophenes and tetra(alkenyl)pyrroles are formed by Heck coupling of tetrabromothiophene (I) and tetrabromopyrrole (IV) followed by cyclization and dehydrogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement of Aromatic Heterocycles.
Authors: Yang Jingyue , Wangweerawong Apiwat , Dudley Gregory B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA variety of secondary and tertiary alcohols (II) is readily prepared by LDA‐mediated [1,2]‐Wittig rearrangement of ethers (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Mediated Addition of α‐Aminoalkyl Radicals Generated from α‐Silylamines to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Miyake Yoshihiro , Ashida Yuya , Nakajima Kazunari , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2012

Abstract14 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation of Multisubstituted Enones Catalyzed by Non‐Heme Iron Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Bin , Wang Shoufeng , Xia Chungu , Sun Wei 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA novel series of tetradentate N4 ligands is prepared and successfully applied in the Fe‐catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of a diversity of di‐ and trisubstituted enones.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu—Mn Spinel Oxide Catalyzed Regioselective Halogenation of Phenols and N‐Heteroarenes.
Authors: Singh Parvinder Pal , Thatikonda Thanusha , Kumar K. A. Aravinda , Sawant Sanghapal D. , Singh Baldev , Sharma Amit Kumar , Sharma P. R. , Singh Deepika , Vishwakarma Ram A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn the presence of Cu—Mn spinel oxide B and the appropriate N‐halosuccinimides, both phenols bearing electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating groups, as well as N‐heteroarenes give monochlorinated or monobrominated products with excellent regioselectivities (74‐90%).
ChemInform Abstract: Friedel—Crafts Acylation with Amides.
Authors: Raja Erum K. , DeSchepper Daniel J. , Lill Sten O. Nilsson , Klumpp Douglas A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn the presence of triflic acid, a series of N‐(p‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐arylpropanamides are transformed into indanone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Aryl Halides with Secondary Alkyl Bromides and Allylic Acetate.
Authors: Wang Shulin , Qian Qun , Gong Hegui 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEfficient methods for the condensation of aryl halides with secondary alkyl bromides and allylic acetate are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Complex of [BMIm] PF6 with PEG1000: A High Efficient and Recycle System for Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling and Heck Reaction.
Authors: Liu Xiang , Mao Yang , Lu Ming 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAn active and air‐stable approach for ligand‐free Suzuki and Heck coupling reaction is developed by using an inexpensive catalyst under air atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Boration of Activated Alkynes. Chiral Boranes via a One‐Pot Copper‐Catalyzed Boration and Reduction Protocol.
Authors: Jung Ho‐Young , Feng Xinhui , Kim Hyohyun , Yun Jaesook 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPhosphine—copper(I) complexes are shown to catalyze the mono‐boration of electron‐deficient alkynes in the presence of MeOH to give vinylboronates (III) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Covalently Bound Benzyl Ligand Promotes Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes with Alcohols.
Authors: Liu Chao , Tang Shan , Zheng Liwei , Liu Dong , Zhang Heng , Lei Aiwen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Pd‐catalyzed oxidative esterification of a wide range of aromatic (I) and aliphatic aldehydes (IV) with aliphatic and benzylic alcohols (II) and (V) proceeds efficiently using benzyl chloride as oxidant and as C‐bound ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Amide‐Forming Ligation of Acyltrifluoroborates and Hydroxylamines in Water.
Authors: Dumas Aaron M. , Molander Gary A. , Bode Jeffrey W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAcyltrifluoroborates (I), (IV) are extremely reactive acyl donors in the amidation reaction with O‐benzoyl hydroxylamines (II), (VI) and isoxazolidines, e.g. (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled Reversal of Chemoselectivity in Acylation of 2‐Aminopentane‐1,5‐diol Derivatives.
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke , Shigeta Takashi , Furuta Takumi , Kawabata Takeo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe regioselectivity of the acetylation reaction of title diols such as (I) and (VI) depends strongly on the catalyst used.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Disulfides Using Tetrathiomolybdate: A Step Toward Greener Synthesis.
Authors: Sidiq Naheed , Bhat Mohsin Ahmad , Khan Khaliquz Zaman , Khuroo Mohammad Akbar 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSilica‐supported benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate is used as an eco‐friendly reagent for the microwave‐assisted preparation of disulfides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Electromediated ipso‐Hydroxylation of Aryl and Alkyl Boronic Acids under an Air Atmosphere.
Authors: Jiang Hao , Lykke Lennart , Pedersen Steen Uttrup , Xiao Wen‐Jing , Joergensen Karl Anker 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPotassium trifluoroborates are inapplicable as starting material.
ChemInform Abstract: The Catalytic Activity of Titania Nanostructures in the Synthesis of Amides under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Nagarajan Sangaraiah , Ran Park , Shanmugavelan Poovan , Sathishkumar Murugan , Ponnuswamy Alagusundaram , Nahm Kee Suk , Kumar G. Gnana 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAmong a variety of titania nanostructures, sulfated TiO2 nanotubes possess the highest catalytic activity in the amidation of carboxylic acids with aniline.