bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytologic features of parathyroid fine‐needle aspiration on ThinPrep preparations
Authors: Odronic Shelley I. , Reynolds Jordan P. , Chute Deborah J. 
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUNDPrevious studies have provided cytologic criteria that aid in the recognition of parathyroid tissue on aspirate smears, including high cellularity, the presence of naked nuclei, loose 2‐dimensional clusters, and papillary architecture. However, to the authors knowledge, the cytomorphologic features of parathyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) on liquid‐based preparations have not been previously described.METHODSThe authors retrospectively reviewed all parathyroid FNAs that had aspirate smears and a ThinPrep preparation performed over 10 years at 1 institution. The FNA smears and ThinPrep preparations from each case were deidentified and independently reviewed for cellularity, naked nuclei, architecture, and colloid‐like material.RESULTSForty patients were included in the current study. When individual cases were compared, the ThinPrep preparation was more likely to have lower cellularity, lack papillary architecture, lack naked nuclei, and have areas with a microfollicular pattern compared with the FNA smear.CONCLUSIONSThe cytologic features of parathyroid tissue vary depending on preparation. Many of the common features of parathyroid aspirates are lost on ThinPrep preparations, and an increased percentage of parathyroid FNA specimens have a microfollicular pattern on ThinPrep. This may lead to difficulty in recognizing parathyroid origin on FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:678–684. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Established monolayer differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells generates heterogeneous neocortical‐like neurons stalled at a stage equivalent to midcorticogenesis
Authors: Sadegh Cameron , Macklis Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTwo existing and widely applied protocols of embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation have been developed to enable in vitro generation of neurons resembling neocortical projection neurons in monolayer culture and from embryoid bodies. The monolayer approach offers advantages for detailed in vitro characterizations and potential mechanistic and therapeutic screening. We investigated whether mouse ES cells undergoing largely undirected neocortical differentiation in monolayer culture recapitulate progressive developmental programs of in vivo progenitor and postmitotic differentiation and whether they develop into specific neocortical subtypes. We find that ES‐derived mitotic cells that have been dorsalized by the sonic hedgehog antagonist cyclopamine, and that express, as a total population, cardinal markers of telencephalic progenitors, are, in fact, molecularly heterogeneous. We next show that these progenitors subsequently generate small numbers of heterogeneous neocortical‐like neurons that are “stalled” at an immature stage of differentiation, based on multiple developmental criteria. Although some aspects of neocortical development are recapitulated by existing protocols of ES cell differentiation, these data indicate that mouse ES‐derived neocortical progenitors both are more heterogeneous than their in vivo counterparts and seemingly include many incorrectly specified progenitors. Furthermore, these ES‐derived progenitors spontaneously differentiate into sparse, and incompletely and largely imprecisely differentiated, neocortical‐like neurons that fail to adopt specific neuronal identities in vitro. These results provide both foundation and motivation for refining and enhancing directed differentiation of clinically important neocortical projection neuron subtypes. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2691–2706, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design tables for URM / Hilfsmittel für die praxisnahe Bemessung von unbewehrtem Mauerwerk
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Schmitt Michael , Förster Valentin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDue to the coming introduction of Eurocode 6 (DIN EN 1996) in Germany many structural engineers ask for design assistances in order to apply the regulations and to accomplish the calculations in a cost‐effective manner. At the same time however, such design tables must result in efficient solutions with respect to the materials used because masonry has to compete with other building materials. This article adresses this issue. Design tables to determine the load bearing capacity using the very simplified and simplified calculation methods in accordance with DIN EN 1996‐3/NA are presented. Additionally diagrams for assessing the required minimum load on external walls exposed to wind loads and for determining the size of basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure are given. This leads to the conclusion that, in almost all practical cases, it is possible to determine the cross‐section resistance of unreinforced masonry in accordance with Eurocode 6 quickly and effectively while still making the best possible use of the materials employed.
Fibre reinforcement material in solid construction / Faserverbundbewehrung im Massivbau
Authors: Venter Werner 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGlass‐fibre reinforcement is enjoying increasing popularity in solid construction and masonry buildings. The first approvals for the material have been obtained in Europe. It is possible to carry out the structural design of components with glass‐fibre reinforcement based on EC 2 and EC 6 in combination with the fib Technical Bulletin.The rapid development of fibre‐reinforced plastics (FRPs) offers completely new alternatives to conventional reinforcement steel which are significantly more durable, do not have any metal properties and feature a significantly better energy footprint.
Assessment of Dryfix masonry adhesive in terms of building physics compared to conventional bonding / Betrachtung der bauphysikalischen Gleichwertigkeit des Dryfix‐Planziegel‐Klebers
Authors: Lehmden Alexander 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDryfix masonry adhesive is celebrating its 10‐year anniversary in 2014. The Dryfix system has been introduced to and approved in ten European countries: Austria, Germany, France, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Every year, 25.000 housing units throughout Europe are built with Dryfix.In addition to the mechanical properties of the polyurethane adhesive, the properties of building physics such as thermal insulation, fire resistance and sound insulation were investigated in connection with brick masonry. On the basis of sound and fire tests with brick masonry walls, it was possible to demonstrate that the material is equivalent to conventional materials. In addition, the thermal insulation of brick masonry is improved because of the joint‐less bond of the blocks and the omission of the mortar joint which acts as a thermal bridge. This report is intended to summarise the status of the building physics assessment and optimisation achieved in order to provide secure data for the practical application of Dryfix masonry adhesive.
Hybrid testing of masonry structures subjected to seismic loading / Hybride Versuche an Mauerwerkskonstruktionen unter Erdbebenbeanspruchung
Authors: Schermer Detleff 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe combination of experiments and numeric description in a test makes it possible to realistically investigate almost any type of system subjected to dynamic loading without requiring the extremely expensive device of a shaking table. With the numeric approach it is possible to examine the behaviour of even very large and complex structures, thus reducing the experimental investigations to the essential part of the system – for example, bracing masonry walls. This test method has proved to be very helpful, particularly for the investigation of seismic loading, and it allows the synchronous examination of several force and displacement variables (horizontal, vertical, rotational). A new laboratory is presented for the investigation of full‐scale building structures up to three storeys high.
Background of the values for compressive strength of masonry acc. to EC 6 – evaluation of data / Hintergrund der Druckfestigkeitswerte für Mauerwerk im Eurocode 6 – Datenauswertung
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Pech Anton 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn accordance with EN 1996‐1‐1 [1] the compressive strength of masonry is determined with the help of power functions. For this purpose, the standard includes values in Table 3.3 which were established by evaluating available test values in 2001/2002. In this article the theoretical background for the evaluation of the database is explained and a practical procedure is introduced which was applied at the time in order to be able to list values in EN 1996‐1‐1.This article does not discuss individual combinations of masonry units and mortar. It only presents in summary the methodology and the underlying mathematical basis. The purpose of this contribution is to provide the countries in need of specific evaluations support for the anticipated update and adaptation of EC 6.
A Single‐Phase Emission‐Tunable Ca5(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Mn2+ Phosphor with Efficient Energy Transfer for White LEDs
Authors: Wanjun Tang , Fen Zhang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEu2+/Mn2+‐co‐doped white‐emitting Ca5(PO4)3F phosphors have been synthesized by a combustion‐assisted synthesis method. The PXRD patterns confirmed the single‐phase fluorapatite crystal structure for all the samples independently of their substitution level. Their luminescence properties reveal that the developed phosphors can efficiently convert UV light in a broad range from 250 to 420 nm into tunable white emission. Based on the luminescence spectra and fluorescence decay curves, we can confirm that energy transfer from the Eu2+ to Mn2+ ions takes place in the Ca5(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphors, and that the energy‐transfer efficiency increases with increasing Mn2+ content. The emission colors of the obtained phosphors can be tuned from blue to white and eventually to yellow by controlling the doping content of the Eu2+ and Mn2+ ions. These results suggest that these phosphors are potential single‐component white‐light phosphors for n‐UV‐pumped white LEDs.
Self‐Organization of Anderson‐Based Amphiphiles
Authors: Lin Chang‐Gen , Chen Wei , Song Yu‐Fei 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAmphiphilic molecules with polyoxometalate head groups have attracted much attention in the last decade. In this paper, we report the successful synthesis and full characterization of three new Anderson‐based amphiphiles, 3a, 3b, and 3c, which were formed by covalently attaching different numbers of hydrophobic alkyl chains onto both sides of Anderson clusters. The self‐organization process has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in a series of acetonitrile/water mixtures. The experimental results have shown intriguing morphologies along with the change of solvent polarity and structural conformation, which provides us with a better understanding of the mechanism of self‐organization and the relationship between the self‐organization morphology and the molecular structures.
Facile in situ Syntheses of Highly Water‐Stable Acidic Sulfonated Mesoporous Silica without Surfactant or Template
Authors: Hasan Zubair , Jhung Sung Hwa 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new simple method to prepare acidic mesoporous sulfonated silica in situ without any surfactant is reported. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. The concentration of –SO3H groups was measured by titration, and FTIR was applied to confirm the successful incorporation of the strong acid sites. The in situ sulfonated silica (ISS) has a large surface area with a narrow range of mesoporosity and good thermal stability. Moreover, the preparation method has the advantage of easy control of the acid concentration and versatile synthesis. The ISS was used in catalytic hydrolysis and showed remarkable reusability even under very harsh conditions. The butylation of phenol was conducted over ISS to utilize the mesoporosity of the catalysts. Finally, the ISS catalysts might be used in various acid catalyses owing to the advantages of their simple/inexpensive preparation, reusability, and mesoporosity.
Hydrodynamic constraints and storm wave characteristics on a sub‐horizontal shore platform
Authors: Ogawa Hiroki , Dickson Mark E. , Kench Paul S. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFew studies of wave processes on shore platforms have addressed the hydrodynamic thresholds that control wave transformation and energy dissipation, especially under storm conditions. We present results of a field experiment conducted during a storm on a sub‐horizontal shore platform on the east coast of Auckland, New Zealand. Small (<0.5 m) locally generated waves typically occur at the field site, whereas during the experiment the offshore wave height reached 2.3 m. Our results illustrate the important control that platform morphology has on wave characteristics. At the seaward edge of the platform a scarp abruptly descends beneath low tide level. Wave height immediately seaward of the platform was controlled by the incident conditions, but near the cliff toe wave height on the platform was independent of incident conditions. Results show that a depth threshold at the seaward platform edge > 2.5 times the gravity wave height (0.05–0.33 Hz) is necessary for waves to propagate onto the platform without breaking. On the platform surface the wave height is a direct function of water depth, with limiting maximum wave height to water depth ratios of 0.55 and 0.78 at the centre of the platform and cliff toe, respectively. A relative ‘platform edge submergence’ (water depth/water height ratio) threshold of 1.1 is identified, below which infragravity (<0.05 Hz) wave energy dominates the platform energy spectra, and above which gravity waves are dominant. Infragravity wave height transformation across the platform is governed by the relative platform edge submergence. Finally, the paper describes the first observations of wave setup on a shore platform. During the peak of the storm, wave setup on the platform at low tide (0.21 m) is consistent with measurements from planar sandy beaches, but at higher tidal stages the ratio between incident wave height and maximum setup was lower than expected. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress response of Pseudomonas species to silver nanoparticles at the molecular level
Authors: Soni Deepika , Bafana Amit , Gandhi Deepa , Sivanesan Saravanadevi , Pandey Ram Avatar 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to possess broad antibacterial activity. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of AgNPs to a common soil bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. The molecular mechanism involved in its stress response to AgNPs was also studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs was found to be 0.2 mg/L. At a sublethal concentration of 0.1 mg/L AgNPs, the protein expression profile of Pseudomonas showed overexpression of stress proteins such as ribosomal proteins S2 and L9, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase/thiol-specific antioxidant (AhpC/TSA) family protein, and keto-hydroxyglutarate aldolase (KHGA). The upregulation of these proteins was further confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed increased expression of ribosomal protein S2, KHGA, AhpC/TSA, and ribosomal protein L9 by 1.09-, 3.41-, 1.52-, and 1.56-fold, respectively (p &lt; 0.05), after AgNP exposure compared with control. The present study clearly demonstrates that AgNPs are toxic to soil bacteria and induce oxidative and metabolic stress. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:2126–2132. © 2014 SETAC
Impact of particle size and light exposure on the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Angelstorf Judith S. , Ahlf Wolfgang , von der Kammer Frank , Heise Susanne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles in industrial and consumer products leads to a release of the anthropogenic contaminants to the aquatic environment. To obtain a better understanding of the environmental effects of these particles, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used to investigate the organism-level effects and in vivo molecular responses. Toxicity of bulk-scale (∼160 nm) and nanoscale (21 nm) titanium dioxide (TiO2) was tested under dark and light conditions, following ISO 10872. The expression of sod-3, a mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, was quantified as an indicator for oxidative stress induced by the photocatalytically active material. Particle sizes were estimated using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Although both materials agglomerated to a comparable secondary particle size of 300 nm to 1500 nm and were ingested into the intestine, only nanoscale-TiO2 significantly inhibited reproduction (lowest-observed-effect-concentration [LOEC]: 10 mg/L). Light exposure induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by nanoscale-TiO2 and increased toxicity of the nanomaterial from a median effect concentration of more than 100 mg/L to 53 mg/L. No evidence was found for inner cellular photocatalytic activity of nanoscale-TiO2. Therefore, oxidative damage of the membranes of intestinal cells is suggested as a potential mode of action. Results highlight the importance of primary particle size and environmental parameters on the toxicity of TiO2. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2288–2296. © 2014 SETAC
Determination of Oxygen‐Reduction‐Reaction Active Sites of Tantalum Oxide‐based Cathodes Used for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Asada T. , Arao M. , Kubobuchi K. , Mogi M. , Takahashi Y. , Matsumoto M. , Ishihara A. , Ota K. , Imai H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe report the results of high‐resolution transmission electron‐micrograph (TEM) observation, electron diffraction, and neutron diffraction (ND) measurements, which are sensitive to oxygen‐vacancies, for Ta‐oxide‐based oxygen‐reduction electrocatalysts used for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Both TEM and ND results indicate that highly active tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) phase have an incommensurate long‐period structure with oxygen vacancies in the oxides, forming three‐dimensionally ordered region in the crystal. Such corrective oxygen‐vacancies might be effective to create better electronic or surface structural features for oxygen reduction reaction.
Electrochemical Impedance Modeling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode
Authors: Mohammadi R. , Søgaard M. , Ramos T. , Ghassemi M. , Mogensen M. B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA simulation package for the impedance response of SOFC anodes is presented here. The model couples the gas transport in gas channels and within a porous electrode with the electrochemical kinetics. The gas phase mass transport is modeled using mass conservation equations. A transmission line model (TLM), which is suitably modified to account for the electrode microstructural details, is used for modeling the impedance arising from the electrochemical reactions. In order to solve the system of nonlinear equations, an in‐house code based on the finite difference method was developed. Some of the model constants have been calibrated against experimental data. It is demonstrated that the simulation tool is capable of predicting the impedance response of an experimental data set obtained on symmetrical cells with Ni/ScYSZ SOFC anodes. A parametric study is also carried out using the developed simulation tool and the results are further discussed.
ESTIMATING HEALTH STATE UTILITY VALUES FROM DISCRETE CHOICE EXPERIMENTS—A QALY SPACE MODEL APPROACH
Authors: Gu Yuanyuan , Norman Richard , Viney Rosalie 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTUsing discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to estimate health state utility values has become an important alternative to the conventional methods of Time Trade‐Off and Standard Gamble. Studies using DCEs have typically used the conditional logit to estimate the underlying utility function. The conditional logit is known for several limitations. In this paper, we propose two types of models based on the mixed logit: one using preference space and the other using quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) space, a concept adapted from the willingness‐to‐pay literature. These methods are applied to a dataset collected using the EQ‐5D. The results showcase the advantages of using QALY space and demonstrate that the preferred QALY space model provides lower estimates of the utility values than the conditional logit, with the divergence increasing with worsening health states. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New insight into the enhanced effect of pegylated interferon-α
Authors: Abe Hiromi , Hayes Nelson C. , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The use of pegylated interferon-α (pegIFN-α) has replaced unmodified recombinant IFN-α for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. While the superior antiviral efficacy of pegIFN-α is generally attributed to improved pharmacokinetic properties, the pharmacodynamic effects of pegIFN-α in the liver have not been studied. Here, we analyzed pegIFN-α-induced signaling and gene regulation in paired liver biopsies obtained prior to treatment and during the first week following pegIFN-α injection in 18 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Despite sustained high concentrations of pegIFN-α in serum, the Jak/STAT pathway was activated in hepatocytes only on the first day after pegIFN-α administration. Evaluation of liver biopsies revealed that pegIFN-α induces hundreds of genes that can be classified into four clusters based on different temporal expression profiles. In all clusters, gene transcription was mainly driven by IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3). Compared with conventional IFN-α therapy, pegIFN-α induced a broader spectrum of gene expression, including many genes involved in cellular immunity. IFN-induced secondary transcription factors did not result in additional waves of gene expression. Our data indicate that the superior antiviral efficacy of pegIFN-α is not the result of prolonged Jak/STAT pathway activation in hepatocytes, but rather is due to induction of additional genes that are involved in cellular immune responses.
Toward the Rational Design of Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers: Systematic Study of the Substituent Effect in Oligothiophenes
Authors: Zamoshchik Natalia , Sheynin Yana , Bendikov Michael 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA systematic study of substituent electronic effects on a number of oligothiophene properties was performed using well‐defined oligothiophenes of various chain lengths that were monosubstituted with classical electron‐withdrawing or ‐donating groups. The main focus was to understand how the effect of a substituent on one thiophene ring was transmitted through the other thiophene rings in the oligomer. The physical and electrochemical properties were studied by optical absorption and emission spectroscopy and by cyclic voltammetry. The experimental data were complemented with theoretical calculations of HOMOLUMO gaps, charge distribution, bond length alternations, and 13C NMR spectra. We show that substitution has a significant electronic effect on the substituted ring; however, the effect decreases strongly over conjugation. A semiquantitative evaluation of the substituent effect in a well‐defined long conjugated system was obtained for the first time using the Hammett equation.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐CouplingLigand‐Free Conditions Reaction of Thiols with Aryl Iodides under
Authors: Huang Yu‐Ting , Tsai Wan‐Ting , Badsara Satpal Singh , Chan Chien‐Ching , Lee Chin‐Fa 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCommercially available CuO powder is found to be a suitable catalyst for C‐S coupling reaction between aryl‐ and alkyl thiols and aryl iodides. Functional groups including halides, ketone, unprotected amine and heterocycles were tolerated by the reaction conditions employed.