bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Materials from Cellulose‐Derived Liquid‐Crystal Templates
Authors: Giese Michael , Blusch Lina K. , Khan Mostofa K. , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), known for more than 50 years, have attracted attention because of their unique properties such as high specific strength and modulus, high surface area, and fascinating optical properties. Just recently, however, their potential in supramolecular templating was identified by making use of their self‐assembly behavior in aqueous dispersions in the presence of compatible precursors. The combination of the mesoporosity, photonic properties, and chiral nematic order of the materials, which are available as freestanding films, has led to a significant number of interesting and promising discoveries towards new functional materials. This Review summarizes the use of cellulose derivatives, especially CNCs, as novel templates and gives an overview of the recent developments toward new functional materials.
Supportive Social Contexts and Intentions for Civic and Political Participation: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Pavlova Maria K. , Silbereisen Rainer K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe investigated how general social support from family, friends and acquaintances, and community predicted intentions for civic (e.g. volunteering) and political (e.g. petitioning) participation via the constructs specified in the theory of planned behaviour. Participants were young adults living in the former East Germany, a post‐communist region, who were surveyed by telephone in 2010 (Ncivic = 695, Npolitical = 694). Civic participation was perceived more favourably than political participation. Supportive family predicted intentions for civic participation; supportive community services predicted both types of intentions; and supportive friends and acquaintances had no significant effects. The mediating variables were subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, but not attitudes. All effects were controlled for sociodemographic variables, richness of the social network, and past experience of civic and political participation. Findings underscore the role of supportive community in fostering both civic and political participation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cone bipolar cells in the retina of the microbat Carollia perspicillata
Authors: Butz Elisabeth , Peichl Leo , Müller Brigitte 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTWe studied the retinal cone bipolar cells of Carollia perspicillata, a microchiropteran bat of the phyllostomid family. Microchiroptera are strongly nocturnal, with small eyes and rod‐dominated retinae. However, they also possess a significant cone population (2–4%) comprising two spectral types, which are hence the basis for daylight and color vision. We used antibodies against the calcium‐binding protein recoverin and the carbohydrate epitope 15 (CD15) as reliable markers for certain cone bipolar cells. Dye injections of recoverin‐ or CD15‐prelabeled cone bipolar cells in vertical slices revealed the morphology of the axon terminal system of individual bipolar cells. Seven distinct cone bipolar cell types were identified. They differed in the morphology and stratification level of their axon terminal system in the inner plexiform layer and in immunoreactivity for recoverin and/or CD15. Additional immunocytochemical markers were used to assess the functional ON/OFF subdivision of the inner plexiform layer. In line with the extended thickness of the ON sublayer of the inner plexiform layer in the microbat retina, more ON than OFF cone bipolar cell types were found, namely, four versus three. Most likely, in the bats' predominantly dark environment, ON signals have greater importance for contrast perception. We conclude that the microbat retina conforms to the general mammalian blueprint, in which light signals of intensities above rod sensitivity are detected by cones and transmitted to various types of ON and OFF cone bipolar cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:963–981, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silver‐Assisted Chemical Etching on Silicon with Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐Mediated Formation of Silver Dendrites
Authors: Chen Chia‐Yun , Hsiao Po‐Hsuan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMetal‐assisted chemical etching (MaCE) on silicon (Si)—mediated by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)—is systematically investigated herein. It is found that the morphologies and crystallographic natures of the grown silver (Ag) dendrites can be significantly modulated, with the presence of PVP in the MaCE process leading to the formation of faceted Ag dendrites preferentially along the (111) crystallographic phase, rather than along the (200) phase. Further explorations of the PVP‐mediated effect on Si etching are also revealed. In contrast to the aligned Si nanowires formed by MaCE without PVP addition, only distributed nanopores with sizes of 200 to 400 nm appear on the Si surfaces in the presence of PVP. The origin of surface polishing on Si in the PVP‐mediated MaCE process can be attributed to the distinct transport pathway of holes supplied by the Ag+ ions, where the holes are injected directly into the primary Ag seeds, rather than through Ag dendrites, thus leading to the isotropic etching of the Si surface.
Environmental Impacts of Contrasted Groundwater Pumping Systems Assessed by Life Cycle Assessment Methodology: Contribution to the Water–Energy Nexus Study
Authors: Pradeleix Ludivine , Roux Philippe , Bouarfa Sami , Jaouani Bochra , Lili‐Chabaane Zohra , Bellon‐Maurel Veronique 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMost studies on the environmental performance of irrigation have focused on the water–food–energy nexus, i.e. relationships between food production, water consumption and energy. However, water and energy are not the only relevant indicators of the environmental performance of irrigation systems. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic method that is well suited to comprehensive assessment. This paper aims at using LCA to assess the environmental impacts of contrasted groundwater pumping systems in semi‐arid central Tunisia.In line with previous studies, our results confirm that for groundwater pumping, energy has the highest environmental impacts on human health, the ecosystem and resource depletion. Our work also highlights that along with pump efficiency, the type of power source must be considered when ranking pumping systems based on environmental performance.Indeed, diesel‐powered pumping systems are more harmful than electric pumps when electricity is generated from natural gas and diesel‐powered pump efficiency is low. However, the diesel pumping system becomes the best option when electricity is derived from coal and diesel‐powered pump efficiency exceeds 12%.Finally, water depletion has been shown of great importance in this study, and ongoing LCA improvements should facilitate a more comprehensive picture of these site‐specific impacts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape‐Memory Polymer Networks Prepared from Star‐Shaped Poly[(L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] Precursors
Authors: Kusmierczuk Maciej , Nöchel Ulrich , Baudis Stefan , Behl Marc , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAmorphous degradable copolymer networks such as poly[(L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] (PLGA) are promising multifunctional polymers with tailorable degradation profiles and capable of a thermally‐induced shape‐memory effect. Currently, the shape‐memory performance for covalently crosslinked networks based on linear PLGA dimethacrylate precursors (cPLGA) is limited. In this study we explored the shape‐memory properties of cPLGA networks prepared from three‐armed 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate functionalized precursors via photopolymerization. cPLGA exhibited excellent dual‐shape properties characterized by an almost complete fixation of the temporary shape as well as an almost perfect recovery of the original shape. In the dry state cPLGA exhibited a switching temperature (Tsw) of 60 °C with a narrow recovery temperature interval of ΔTrec = 5 °C, while a significant lower Tsw of 40 °C with a ΔTrec = 15 °C was obtained when the polymer network was investigated in an aqueous environment. A concomitant decrease in the glass transition temperature could be observed in differential scanning calorimetry heating curves for copolymer networks after storage in aqueous buffer solution at 37 °C for 7 days, which can be attributed to the up‐take of water molecules (1.5 wt%). The shape‐memory properties achieved for cPLGA, in particular the shape recovery ratio and ΔTrec were superior to those of analogous polymer networks based on linear PLGA dimethacrylates.
Ageing at home, co-residence or institutionalisation? Preferred care and residential arrangements of older adults in Spain
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-CARRO CELIA 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the opinions of Spanish older people regarding the ideal living situation in later life – living in their own home, co-residing in a relative's home or institutionalisation – differentiating between two hypothetical situations: healthy ageing and frailty. Data are drawn from the Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (Institute of Older People and Social Services; IMSERSO) survey Encuesta de Mayores 2010 (Older People Survey 2010), comprising 2,535 individuals aged 65 and over living in private dwellings. The results confirm that residential preferences vary depending on expected health conditions. Remaining in one's own home is preferred when older people foresee a healthy old age, whilst co-residence at a relative's home turns into the favoured solution if older people have to face some physical or cognitive limitation. The particularities of the Spanish context regarding family-oriented values about care responsibilities and the structural deficiency in the provision of formal support, in addition to other socio-demographic, psychological and attitudinal aspects, were explanatory factors of the lower desirability for ageing at home in the case of frailty. The findings question the uniform image of ‘ageing in place’ as a preference, inviting reflections on the need to distinguish between later-life stages and national contexts.
Extracting Information from Qubit-Environment Correlations
Authors: Reina John H. , Susa Cristian E. , Fanchini Felipe F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMost works on open quantum systems generally focus on the reduced physical system by tracing out the environment degrees of freedom. Here we show that the qubit distributions with the environment are essential for a thorough analysis and demonstrate that the way that quantum correlations are distributed in a quantum register is constrained by the way in which each subsystem gets correlated with the environment. For a two-qubit system coupled to a common dissipative environment "Equation missing", we show how to optimise interqubit correlations and entanglement via a quantification of the qubit-environment information flow, in a process that, perhaps surprisingly, does not rely on the knowledge of the state of the environment. To illustrate our findings, we consider an optically-driven bipartite interacting qubit AB system under the action of "Equation missing". By tailoring the light-matter interaction, a relationship between the qubits early stage disentanglement and the qubit-environment entanglement distribution is found. We also show that, under suitable initial conditions, the qubits energy asymmetry allows the identification of physical scenarios whereby qubit-qubit entanglement minima coincide with the extrema of the "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" entanglement oscillations.
WP1066 Sensitizes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells to Cisplatin by Targeting STAT3/miR-21 axis
Authors: Zhou Xuan , Ren Yu , Liu Aiqin , Jin Rui , Jiang Qingping , Huang Yuanyuan , Kong Lingping , Wang Xudong , Zhang Lun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAccumulating evidence reveals that activation of STAT3 and miR-21 contributes to chemoresistance in multiple tumors. We examined the expression of STAT3 and miR-21 in 43 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumors and classified them into cisplatin sensitive or resistant group. Tca8113 and Tca8113/DDP cells were treated with cisplatin (DDP), WP1066 (STAT3 inhibitor) or in combination. MTT, colony formation, wound healing, 3-D culture and transwell chamber assays were used to evaluate the malignant phenotype of OSCC cells. We evaluated the effect of WP1066 on the expression of STAT3 and miR-21. A Tca8113/DDP OSCC xenograft tumor model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of WP1066 in combination with DDP. The expression of STAT3/miR-21 was significantly increased in DDP-resistant OSCC samples and Tca8113/DDP cells compared to its parental cell. Treatment of DDP combined with WP1066 efficiently inhibited Tca8113 and Tca8113/DDP cell proliferation, migration and invasion. STAT3 mediated OSCC cell survival and DDP resistance through upregulating the expression of miR-21 and downregulating miR-21 downstream targets, including PTEN, TIMP3 and PDCD4. WP1066 plus DDP treatment could inhibit Tca8113 and Tca8113/DDP cell growth by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation and miR-21 expression. These results indicated that STAT3/miR-21 axis could be a candidate therapeutic target for OSCC chemoresistance.
Paleoclimate Shaped Bluefish Structure in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Miralles Laura , Juanes Francis , Pardiñas Antonio F , Garcia-Vazquez Eva 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), a highly migratory cosmopolitan predator, is the only extant representative of the family Pomatomidae. It has been the subject of many studies due to its commercial and recreational value, but much less research has been conducted on its global population structure. Here we investigate the population structure of this species and the effects of present and past oceanographic barriers to dispersal in its North Atlantic, Mediterranean, Marmara, and Black sea populations. We employed mitochondrial (cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes) and nuclear (eight microsatellite loci) DNA as molecular markers. Three main genetic units of Bluefish were identified: American (West Atlantic waters), Spanish (East Atlantic–Western Mediterranean regions), and Turkish (Eastern Mediterranean, Marmara, and Black seas). Our results suggested that Bluefish is panmictic in the northwest Atlantic Ocean but not in the Mediterranean Sea. The common ancestor of the studied populations was traced back to the interglacial cycle Aftonian II, and the separation between clades was estimated to have occurred during glacial periods, likely due to migrations to refuges and the closure of the Mediterranean Sea. In conclusion, paleoclimate seems to have been fundamental for shaping the present genetic lineages of Pomatomus saltatrix.
RESUMEN
la anjova (Pomatomus saltatrix), un depredador cosmopolita y altamente migratorio, es el único representante vivo de la familia Pomatomidae. Ha sido sujeto de numerosos estudios dado su valor comercial y recreativo, pero poco se sabe acerca de su estructura poblacional a nivel mundial. En este trabajo se investiga la estructura poblacional de esta especie y los efectos que tienen las barreras oceanográficas pasadas y presentes en la dispersión de sus poblaciones hacia el Atlántico Norte, Mediterráneo, Mármara y Mar Negro. Se utilizó ADN mitocondrial (citocromo b y gen citocromo oxidasa subunidad I) y nuclear (ocho loci microsatélites) como marcadores moleculares. Se identificaron tres unidades genéticas principales en la anjova: americana (aguas del Atlántico oeste), española (regiones Atlántico este y Mediterráneo oeste) y turca (Mediterráneo este, Mármara y Mar Negro). Los resultados sugieren que la anjova es panmíctica en el noroeste del Atlántico pero no en el Mar Mediterráneo. El ancestro común de las poblaciones estudiadas se remonta al ciclo interglacial durante el Aftoniano II, y la separación entre clados se estima que ocurrió en periodos glaciales, muy posiblemente debido a las migraciones hacia refugios y al cierre del Mar Mediterráneo. En conclusión, el paleoclima parece haber sido un factor fundamental en cuanto a la determinación de las líneas genéticas actuales de Pomatomus saltatrix.
Legal Basis for the Use of Armed Force
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter addresses how the international legal authority for nations to resort to military force to protect their security interests—generally known as the jus ad bellum—impacts use of force against al-Qaeda and associated forces. The chapter explains how traditional notions of national and collective self-defense focused on threats posed by other States evolved to address the threat posed by transnational nonstate groups. The chapter reviews U.S. interpretations of this law and explains how these interpretations frame the legal authority for contemporary counter-terror military operations in various locations around the world. It also discusses the role of the United Nations, specifically its Charter prohibiting the use of force by States and the exceptions to that prohibition.
Trial and Punishment for Battlefield Misconduct
Authors: Brenner-Beck Dru 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses trial and punishment for battlefield misconduct in the context of the United States “war on terror” since 2001, examining the basis for the use of military commissions to try violations of the law of war, as well as recent commission trials. It traces the development of the U.S. military commissions at Guantanamo, and the two Military Commissions Acts ultimately enacted to authorize them in the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s Hamdan v. Rumsfeld decision. Although there is nothing controversial in the use of military courts to compel compliance with the laws and customs of war, their use to try operatives captured in the course of the armed struggle against transnational terrorism is subject to considerable controversy. This chapter examines why such use can and should be considered legitimate, but also how this legitimacy is contingent on respecting substantive and procedural limitations that are inherent in the LOAC.
Characterization of the autoimmune response against the nerve tissue S100β in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Gómez-Touriño I , Simón-Vázquez R , Alonso-Lorenzo J , Arif S , Calviño-Sampedro C , González-Fernández Á , Pena-González E , Rodríguez J , Viñuela-Roldán J , Verdaguer J , Cordero O J , Peakman M , Varela-Calvino R 
Published: December 2014

Summary
Type 1 diabetes results from destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in pancreatic islets and is characterized by islet cell autoimmunity. Autoreactivity against non-beta cell-specific antigens has also been reported, including targeting of the calcium-binding protein S100β. In preclinical models, reactivity of this type is a key component of the early development of insulitis. To examine the nature of this response in type 1 diabetes, we identified naturally processed and presented peptide epitopes derived from S100β, determined their affinity for the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04:01 molecule and studied T cell responses in patients, together with healthy donors. We found that S100β reactivity, characterized by interferon (IFN)-γ secretion, is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes of varying duration. Our results confirm S100β as a target of the cellular autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes with the identification of new peptide epitopes targeted during the development of the disease, and support the preclinical findings that autoreactivity against non-beta cell-specific autoantigens may have a role in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
Controversies in the management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: an evidence‐based review
Authors: Lawrence R. , Thevasagayam R. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundSudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is considered an otological emergency. It may present as an isolated condition or be the presenting feature of a systemic disease process. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) is diagnosed when an underlying cause or condition cannot be identified.Objective of reviewTo review the current literature on SSNHL and propose a treatment algorithm based on the highest quality evidence.Search strategy and type of reviewAn evidence‐based literature review using medline (search terms ‘sudden sensorineural hearing loss’ and ‘acute sensorineural hearing loss’).Results(i) Baseline Investigations: All patients should be assessed with a thorough history and examination. This should include a pure tone audiogram (PTA) where possible. Baseline and targeted laboratory tests should be carried out to diagnose specific conditions. (ii) Imaging: MRI should be carried out in all cases of ISSNHL. If MRI imaging is contraindicated either CT or auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing should be performed. (iii) Medical Management: If a specific cause for a SSNHL is found, the patient should be managed accordingly. If idiopathic in nature, patients may be offered a course of oral steroid. If systemic steroids are contraindicated and/or there is no improvement with initial oral therapy, intratympanic steroids (IT) as either primary or salvage therapy may be considered. (iv) Further Management: There is no evidence to support the routine use of antiviral therapy. The cost, limited availability and lack of strong evidence for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) make it impractical at present. Due to the variability in the vasodilator and vasoactive agents used, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of these agents. Consideration should be given to both temporary and permanent hearing amplification when required.ConclusionsSSNHL is an important condition that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Some patients respond spontaneously without intervention; however, evidence tells us that certain interventions such as corticosteroid treatment may improve outcomes. Further high‐quality research is required. Meanwhile, an interim indicative treatment algorithm for SSNHL based on the current best evidence available is outlined.
Difference in factors explaining growth rate variability inEuropean eel subpopulations: the possible role of habitat carrying capacity
Authors: Boulenger Clarisse , Crivelli Alain J. , Charrier Fabien , Roussel Jean‐Marc , Feunteun Eric , Acou Anthony 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAs a key parameter in the management of fish populations, individual growth rate (GR) variations were examined in theEuropean eel (Anguilla anguilla; > 150 mm) using extensive mark–recapture surveys in the lotic habitats of two small rivers of westernFrance: theFrémur, supposed to be saturated, and at the same latitude, theOir with densities fivefold lower than those of theFrémur. In both systems, generalised linear models were used to test whether spatiotemporal factors such as dominant habitat type or local density affectGRvariability. In the presumed unsaturated system, theOir,GRvariability is mainly explained by a set of habitat suitability drivers (density, dominant habitat type). In theFrémur,GRs appear independent of differences in habitat density or productivity. Below saturation, an increase in density will decrease theGRthrough intraspecific competition. At saturation, intraspecific competition reaches such high levels that regardless of eel density and productivity, the resources available by individual are similar throughout the system. In these circumstances, the effect of density on growth was presumed undetectable. Despite these contrasted results, meanGRs observed in both catchments were closed (~20 mm·year−1). This is an unexpected result asGRis expected to be higher in unsaturated systems. This similarity could be explained by the difference between the two systems in terms of: (i) sex ratio (the Frémur is dominated by male, whereas the female is dominant in theOir), (ii) habitat type distribution or (iii) possible interspecific competition (important salmonid populations in theOir).