bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation of Deficient Alveolar Ridges Using Titanium Grids Before and Simultaneously With Implant Placement: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ricci Laura , Perrotti Vittoria , Ravera Lorenzo , Scarano Antonio , Piattelli Adriano , Iezzi Giovanna 
Published: December 2012

Background: The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of titanium grids for implant surgery before and simultaneously with implant placement and to assess the success rate of the procedure, as well as survival and success rates of implants placed in the regenerated areas.Methods: Medline was used to identify studies in English published from 1996 to 2011. An additional hand search was performed of the relevant journals and of the bibliographies of the papers identified. Articles retrieved by two independent authors were screened using specific inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, and prospective clinical studies regarding vertical and/or horizontal regeneration of the alveolar ridge using titanium grids, in association or not with biomaterials, before and simultaneously with implant placement.Results: Six articles were selected, including a total of 79 patients, 87 titanium grids, and 141 implants. Twenty‐four implants were placed simultaneously with titanium grids, and 117 implants were inserted after a period of 4 to 9 months. Titanium grids in combination with autogenous bone were used in 43 cases, 25 in combination with a mixture of autogenous bone and bone substitutes, 14 in association with bone substitutes, five using only titanium grids. The overall success rate of the regenerative procedures was 98.86%; the overall survival and success rates of implants were 100% and 93.2%, respectively.Conclusions: The main limit of the present systematic review is the scarcity of papers with an adequate and consistent methodology regarding the data collection and analysis and the lack of RCTs and large well‐designed long‐term trials. Survival and success rates of implants placed in the areas treated with titanium grids were comparable to those of implants placed in native, non‐regenerated bone and of implants placed in bone regenerated with resorbable and non‐resorbable membranes.
Orthodontic Force Increases Interleukin‐1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Expression and Alveolar Bone Loss in Periodontitis
Authors: Boas Nogueira Andressa Vilas , Chaves de Souza João Antonio , Kim Yeon Jung , Damião de Sousa‐Neto Manoel , Chan Cirelli Carolina , Cirelli Joni Augusto 
Published: December 2012

Background: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of orthodontic movement (OM) on the periodontal tissues of rats with ligature‐induced periodontal disease.Methods: Eighty‐eight rats were divided into four groups: 1) negative control (sham operated); 2) periodontal disease; 3) OM; and 4) periodontal disease followed by OM (OMP). Rats were sacrificed 3 hours or 1, 3, or 7 days after OM commencement. Bone volume fraction (BVF) and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed in hemimaxillae by microcomputed tomography analysis. Expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were evaluated in gingival samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and in the furcation region by immunohistochemistry analysis (IHC).Results: The OMP group had lower BVF and BMD levels compared to the other groups at day 7 (P <0.05). Maximum messenger ribonucleic acid expression of both cytokines was observed in the OMP group at day 1 (P <0.05). In the same period, all proteins were expressed in high levels for all test groups compared to the control group. The number of cells positive for IL‐1β and TNF‐α by IHC was highest in the OMP group at day 1, with progressive reduction thereafter.Conclusion: The results suggest that OM acts synergistically with periodontal disease in periodontal breakdown through upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
Effect of Timing of Dialysis Commencement on Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Planned Initiation of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Ideal Trial
Authors: Johnson David W. , Wong Muh Geot , Cooper Bruce A. , Branley Pauline , Bulfone Liliana , Collins John F. , Craig Jonathan C. , Fraenkel Margaret B. , Harris Anthony , Kesselhut Joan , Li Jing Jing , Luxton Grant , Pilmore Andrew , Tiller David J. , Harris David C. , Pollock Carol A. 
Published: December 2012

♦ Background Since the mid-1990s, early dialysis initiation has dramatically increased in many countries. The Initiating Dialysis Early and Late (IDEAL) study demonstrated that, compared with late initiation, planned early initiation of dialysis was associated with comparable clinical outcomes and increased health care costs. Because residual renal function is a key determinant of outcome and is better preserved with peritoneal dialysis (PD), the present pre-specified subgroup analysis of the IDEAL trial examined the effects of early- compared with late-start dialysis on clinical outcomes in patients whose planned therapy at the time of randomization was PD. ♦ Methods Adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 10 – 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 who planned to be treated with PD were randomly allocated to commence dialysis at an eGFR of 10 – 14 mL/min/1.73 m2 (early start) or 5 – 7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (late start). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. ♦ Results Of the 828 IDEAL trial participants, 466 (56%) planned to commence PD and were randomized to early start ( n = 233) or late start ( n = 233). The median times from randomization to dialysis initiation were, respectively, 2.03 months [interquartile range (IQR):1.67 – 2.30 months] and 7.83 months (IQR: 5.83 – 8.83 months). Death occurred in 102 early-start patients and 96 late-start patients [hazard ratio: 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79 – 1.37]. No differences in composite cardiovascular events, composite infectious deaths, or dialysis-associated complications were observed between the groups. Peritonitis rates were 0.73 episodes (95% CI: 0.65 – 0.82 episodes) per patient–year in the early-start group and 0.69 episodes (95% CI: 0.61 – 0.78 episodes) per patient–year in the late-start group (incidence rate ratio: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.86 – 1.65; p = 0.29). The proportion of patients planning to commence PD who actually initiated dialysis with PD was higher in the early-start group (80% vs 70%, p = 0.01). ♦ Conclusion Early initiation of dialysis in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who planned to be treated with PD was associated with clinical outcomes comparable to those seen with late dialysis initiation. Compared with early-start patients, late-start patients who had chosen PD as their planned dialysis modality were less likely to commence on PD.
Lanthanum Carbonate for Hyperphosphatemia in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Ohno Michiya , Ohashi Hiroshige , Oda Hiroshi , Yokoyama Haruko , Okada Miho , Nagaya Mayu , Izumi Kumiko , Ito Hitomi , Katoh Shuji 
Published: December 2012

Background The efficacy of the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate has been demonstrated for hemodialysis patients, but no studies have focused on patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). We evaluated whether lanthanum carbonate could control phosphate levels in patients on CAPD. Methods In this 48-week open-label prospective study, 28 patients on CAPD with a phosphate level of 6 mg/dL or greater were given lanthanum carbonate titrated from 750 mg to 2250 mg daily to achieve a target serum phosphate level of less than 6 mg/dL. The primary efficacy endpoint was reduction of serum phosphate to less than 6 mg/dL. Serum levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone were also evaluated, as were the CaxP product and adverse effects. Results From week 4 to the end of the study at week 48, we observed a significant reduction of serum phosphate to 5.25 ± 0.97 mg/dL from 6.88 ± 1.06 mg/dL at study start ( p < 0.01). At the end of the study, 78.6% of participants had achieved the target of less than 6 mg/dL. Because no change of serum calcium occurred, the CaxP product declined significantly during the study. Intact parathyroid hormone declined gradually over the study period, but the change had not reached significance at the end of the study ( p = 0.11). The mean final dose of lanthanum carbonate was 946 mg daily. The only adverse effect reported was mild nausea in 1 patient. Conclusions Lanthanum carbonate is an effective phosphate binder that can control serum phosphate and CaxP product in CAPD patients with hyperphosphatemia. Lanthanum carbonate was well tolerated in our population.
Analyzing Thiol-Dependent Redox Networks in the Presence of Methylene Blue and Other Antimalarial Agents with RT-PCR-Supported in silico Modeling
Authors: Zirkel J. , Cecil A. , Schäfer F. , Rahlfs S. , Ouedraogo A. , Xiao K. , Sawadogo S. , Coulibaly B. , Becker K. , Dandekar T. 
Published: December 2012

Background In the face of growing resistance in malaria parasites to drugs, pharmacological combination therapies are important. There is accumulating evidence that methylene blue (MB) is an effective drug against malaria. Here we explore the biological effects of both MB alone and in combination therapy using modeling and experimental data. Results We built a model of the central metabolic pathways in P. falciparum. Metabolic flux modes and their changes under MB were calculated by integrating experimental data (RT-PCR data on mRNAs for redox enzymes) as constraints and results from the YANA software package for metabolic pathway calculations. Several different lines of MB attack on Plasmodium redox defense were identified by analysis of the network effects. Next, chloroquine resistance based on pfmdr/ and pfcrt transporters, as well as pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine resistance (by mutations in DHF/DHPS), were modeled in silico. Further modeling shows that MB has a favorable synergism on antimalarial network effects with these commonly used antimalarial drugs. Conclusions Theoretical and experimental results support that methylene blue should, because of its resistance-breaking potential, be further tested as a key component in drug combination therapy efforts in holoendemic areas.
Aplicación de diferentes grosores de mulch para el control del coyolillo (Cyperus rotundus L.) en el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Acevedo Ampié Guillermo , Izabá Ruiz Raquel 
Published: December 2012

El control de malezas en los cultivos puede llegar a ser un problema dependiendo del cultivo, forma de control y resistencia de éste a determinados productos o formas de manejo. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes grosores de mulch menores o iguales a 10 cm en el control del crecimiento del coyolillo (Cyperus Rotundus) en el cultivo de maíz. Se usó un diseño de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos y tres repeticiones; las variables evaluadas fueron: número de plantas de coyolillo en 1 m2, altura de la planta de coyolillo, diámetro de la mazorca de maíz, longitud de la mazorca, número de granos por hilera, número de hileras por mazorca y rendimiento. Los resultados muestran que con los tratamientos de mulch de 8 y 10 cm. se da un control efectivo del coyolillo (Cyperus Rotondus). Se puede concluir que el control del coyolillo con mulch debería practicarse por los productores las veces que se pueda porque es una práctica de control efectiva, ayuda a la conservación del medio ambiente, utiliza residuos de cultivos y mano de obra familiar. Palabras clave: malezas, control de crecimiento, diseño de bloques al azar.
Administration, ancient Near East
Authors: Jursa Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The invention of writing, mathematics, and metrology in the ancient Near East at the end of the fourth millennium
bce
is owed to the exigencies of (public) administration and control under conditions of increasing social and economic complexity. The precursors of writing (systems of accounting based on the use of “tokens” and seals) that are attested in the region document the need for complex administrative practices already at a much earlier period (Nissen, Damerow, and Englund 1991).
Agriculture, ancient Near East
Authors: Jursa Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTwo fundamentally different regimes characterized ancient Near Eastern agriculture: a dry‐farming regime based on the cultivation of cereals, and irrigation agriculture with cereals and dates as two leading crops. Dry farming was restricted mostly to Upper Mesopotamia, parts of the Jazirah and adjacent areas of northern Syria, as well as to the mountainous fringes of Mesopotamia in the northeast. Irrigation was (and is) indispensable in southern Mesopotamia and the lowlands of Iraq, but it is also attested in parts of northern Mesopotamia. The minimal requirement for successful barley cultivation is 200 mm of winter rainfall, but in practice larger settlements depending on dry farming are not found south of the 300 mm isohyet (e.g.,Wirth 1962; Adams 1981; Postgate 1994: 3–21; Wilkinson 2003).
Astrology, ancient Near East
Authors: Misiewicz Zoë 
Published: December 2012

AbstractStudying the heavens in order to gain information about human affairs was an important practice in the ancient Near East and was often a matter of great concern even to kings. Astrology was not isolated from other intellectual pursuits but played a central role in ancient Near Eastern intellectual life, with close connections both to other forms of divination and to astronomy. In fact, astrology was not expressly distinguished from astronomy in the cuneiform sources (Rochberg 1993: 11), and the same scholar might both observe the heavens and interpret the signs he saw there.
Euphrates and Tigris
Authors: Warburton David A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlthough the designation “Mesopotamia” refers to the land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, implying an equality of the two, the Euphrates was the principal frontier, waterway, and water‐source, and the Tigris did not really play a similar role on any level. Both rivers flow out of the mountains of Anatolia, but the broad lazy sheet of the Euphrates was the source of life and central means of communication for northeastern Syria and Iraq, whereas the turbulent Tigris is hardly navigable and does not offer a similar floodplain. Whereas the Euphrates marks the western frontier of Mesopotamia, tributaries such as the Diyala and Zabs diminish the geographical importance of the Tigris, since life – in northern Mesopotamia – to the east of the Tigris did not differ distinctly from that to the west of it.
Scythians
Authors: Raulwing Peter , Burmeister Stefan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The terms “Scythians” or “Scyths” (Greek Σκúθης, Σκúθoι ; Latin
Scythae
) do not describe peoples or tribes within an ethnic definition, but a cultural phenomenon, which manifests itself in the dispersal of horse‐riding nomads and their culture in the Eurasian steppes from the eighth century
BCE
, where they are mentioned for the first time during the reign of Sargon II (721–705
BCE
).
Bacchiadai
Authors: Haarer Peter 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Bacchaidai (trad. 747–657
BCE
) were remembered in antiquity as an endogamous ruling aristocratic group at Corinth of two hundred individual who deposed the last king Bacchis, and were themselves overthrown ninety years later by the half‐Bacchiad Kypselos (Diod. Sic. 7.9.6; Hdt. 5.92.b).
Chilon
Authors: Davies Philip 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Chilon of Sparta, son of Damagetos (Diog. Laert. 1.68), was counted among the Seven Sages (Diog. Laert. 1.68–73; Pl.
Prt
. 343a) and credited with numerous aphorisms and anecdotes (e.g., Diog. Laert. 1.68–73; Hdt. 1.59; 7.235; Stobaeus
passim
).
Kypselos
Authors: Haarer Peter 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Kypselos was remembered as the first
tyrannos
of the archaic Greek world. He reigned in Corinth for thirty years (trad. 657/6–627/6
BCE
) and was succeeded by his son Periander in trad. 627/6, followed in trad. 585/4 by his grandson Psammetichus/Kypselos (Periander's nephew).
Eugammon of Cyrene
Authors: Karambelas Dimitris 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEugammon of Cyrene, an early Greek poet of the Trojan Cycle (Davies 1989; Burgess 2001), was the author ofTelegonia, an epic in two volumes in dactylic hexameter, already lost by the beginning of the sixth centuryCE(a quest for possible fragments: Bernabe 1987; Davies 1988; Livrea 1998) –to us, a real “poet without poetry” (Huxley 1960).
Administration, Byzantine
Authors: Riedel Meredith L. D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGovernment administration in the Byzantine world was large, competent, and highly centralized. It was engaged in adjudicating disputes, performing public works, building roads, minting coinage, regulating trade, and maintaining a postal service, transport system, tax regime, and standing army. Fiscal, judicial, ecclesiastical, and military offices were assigned to perform the various administrative duties; curiously, there was no dedicated diplomatic or foreign service to maintain relations with neighboring states. Ambassadors were usually high‐ranking civil servants or clerics, temporarily seconded for specific journeys to foreign courts. From the beginning, the Byzantine state held a monopoly on the production of coinage through the output of a dozen imperial mints and oversaw a highly monetized economy for most of its history.
Jurisprudence, Byzantine
Authors: Sarris Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLegal science in the early Byzantine period of the fourth to the sixth centuries remained one of the great intellectual glories of the Roman world, but was also a cause of perennial headaches to emperors and administrators in that, in accordance with the long‐standing principles of the civil law, the opinions and writings of legal scholars such as Paulus, Gaius, and their less famous contemporaries and successors had legal standing and could be cited as authority in court.
Roads, Byzantine
Authors: Riedel Meredith L. D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Byzantines inherited the all‐weather road system built by the Roman legions in the eastern provinces and elsewhere (
see
Roads, Roman Empire). It was this extensive road system that enabled Roman armies to move rapidly, respond efficiently to external threats, and enjoy access to sources of supply. Their secondary use was for transport of commercial goods, although shipping by sea was easier, faster, and less expensive. Byzantium also maintained the Roman postal system on major roads, most of which had way stations at regular intervals for this purpose. Most roads were built and maintained by the army for military purposes, and road administration in the Byzantine empire was thus more or less centralized through the sixth century. From the seventh century onward, there is no evidence to support centralized management of road building or maintenance in the provinces. Byzantine sources differentiate between wide and narrow roads, or paved and unpaved roads, and between roads suitable for wheeled vehicles and those that were not.
Stylite (pillar saint)
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Stylites are holy men who effected their separation from the world by living on a platform on the top of a pillar. The most famous, and first, of the Stylites was Symeon Stylites (ca. 389–459
CE
), a Syrian holy man who lived for many years on top of a pillar in an enclosure that later became a monastery named for him (now known as Qa'lat Sem'an). Other notable stylites include Daniel Stylites, who lived in Constantinople (409–493), and Symeon the Younger, of the Wonderful Mountain (521–592).
Symeon the Stylite the Elder
Authors: Hatlie Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSymeon the Stylite the Elder (ca. 390–459CE) was the first known “pillar dweller” (stylítes) of the Early Byzantine world. His severe, prolonged corporeal asceticism atop a column in Qal'at Sem'an in Syria earned him a special standing within the history of eastern Christian monasticism.
Umayyads
Authors: Decker Michael J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Founded by Muawiya b. Abi Sufyan, caliph 661–680
CE
, the Umayyads were the first dynasty to rule the Islamic world. They inherited an expansionist imperialist project with a new religion still in its formative phase and Arab backers whose loyalties were often in conflict with the caliphs. There is a particular dearth of sources from the Syrian Umayyad powerbase to counter the prevailing negative image crafted later under the Abbasids.
Yarmuk, battle of
Authors: Decker Michael J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Battle of Yarmuk, or Jabiya‐Yarmuk – Jabiya being an encampment where some sources place some phases of the battle – is widely considered the decisive encounter between the Byzantine and Arab armies of Islam for dominance over Syria–Palestine. Full reconstruction is impossible due to source problems. There is no contemporary Greek account of the battle and only cursory references in Syriac and Armenian histories. No contemporary Muslim accounts survive, and modern historiography cannot untangle the complexities of traditions embedded within later authors (thefutuhliterature, Baladhuri, Tabari).
Amnesty
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAmnesty is an act aimed at avoiding the proliferation of legal accusations in critical civic times. An amnesty that excluded blood offenses and aspiring tyrants was granted in Solon's time (Plut.Sol. 19). The most famous case, however, is the 403bceAthenian amnesty. The termamnestiais relatively recent; in 403 the notion was originally expressed asme mnesikakein(= “I do not recall the offense,” thus “I do not take vengeance”).
Chalcidice, Chalcidian League
Authors: Psoma Selene 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In antiquity, the term Chalcidice meant “the territory of the Chalcidians” (Zahrnt 1971: 30–1). Today it refers to the peninsula that lies between the Axios and Strymon rivers; the lakes Pyrrholia and Bolbe form the northern boundary. Three peninsulas (Pallene, Sithonia, and Athos or Akte) are the southernmost points of the region. Inscriptions connect this area with Thrace (Flensted Jensen 2004: 810–11).
Delphi
Authors: Rousset Denis 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Delphi, the best known sanctuary of the Greek world, is located in Phokis, roughly 600 m up the side of Mount Parnassos. The abundance of water may account for human habitation from the Mycenaean period, which continued during the Dark Ages and up to the early Archaic period, through to the end of antiquity.
Five Thousand, at Athens
Authors: Shear Julia L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAfter the fleet of the Four Hundred oligarchs was defeated by the Peloponnesians off Eretria and most of Euboea revolted in 411bce, the Athenians held an assembly and voted to depose the Four Hundred and replace them with the Five Thousand (Thuc. 8.97.1).
Iphikrates
Authors: Almagor Eran 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA celebrated Athenian general and military reformer (d. ca. 353BCE), the son of a cobbler (Plut.Mor. 187a) of the deme Rhamnous (Aeschin. 1.157), first mentioned commanding Peltasts in the Peloponnese during the Corinthian War (393–390), where he annihilated a Spartan unit of 600 men near Corinth (Xen.Hell. 4.5.11–18; Diod. Sic. 14.91.2).
Phrynichos
Authors: Tuci Paolo A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Phrynichos was an Athenian general and politician (d. 411
bce
), son of Stratonides of the deme of Deiradiotai. His origins may have been humble, as
lysias
refers to him as a poor shepherd who came to ATHENS from the countryside to earn money as a sycophant (Lys. 20.11–12). He is first mentioned in the ancient sources in relation to 422, when he appears to have been well known enough to have a group around him (Ar.
Vesp
. 1302).