bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The advent of animals: The view from the Ediacaran
Authors: Droser Mary L. , Gehling James G. 
Published: April 2015

SignificancePatterns of evolution, origination, and extinction of early animal life on this planet are largely interpreted from fossils of the soft-bodied Ediacara Biota, Earth’s earliest multicellular communities preserved globally. The record of these organisms predates the well-known Cambrian Explosion by nearly 40 million years and provides critical information concerning early experimentation with complex life-forms on Earth. Here we show that, although in appearance, these organisms look very strange and unfamiliar, many of them may have had a biology and/or ecology similar to animals today, and some were most certainly bilaterians, cnidarians, and poriferans.
Fossils, phylogenies, and the challenge of preserving evolutionary history in the face of anthropogenic extinctions
Authors: Huang Danwei , Goldberg Emma E. , Roy Kaustuv 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceAnthropogenic impacts are endangering many species, potentially leading to a disproportionate loss of evolutionary history (EH) in the future. However, surprisingly little is known about the loss of EH during extinctions in the geological past, and thus we do not know whether anthropogenic extinctions are pruning the tree of life in a manner that is unique in Earth's history. Comparisons of EH loss during past and ongoing extinctions is difficult because of conceptual differences in how ages are estimated from paleontological data versus molecular phylogenies. We used simulations and empirical analyses to show that the differences between the two data types do not preclude such comparisons, which are essential for improving evolutionarily informed models of conservation prioritization.
Covariation between human pelvis shape, stature, and head size alleviates the obstetric dilemma
Authors: Fischer Barbara , Mitteroecker Philipp 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceBecause of the tight fit of the large human neonate through the narrow maternal birth canal, childbirth is remarkably difficult. In this study we show that the dimensions of head, stature, and pelvis in a human body are linked in a complex way that was not recognized before and that contributes to ameliorate this tight fit. We show that females with a large head possess a birth canal that can better accommodate large-headed neonates. Because mothers with large heads usually give birth to neonates with large heads, the detected pattern of covariation contributes to ease childbirth and has likely evolved in response to strong selection.
Identification of DNA cleavage- and recombination-specific hnRNP cofactors for activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Authors: Hu Wenjun , Begum Nasim A. , Mondal Samiran , Stanlie Andre , Honjo Tasuku 
Published: April 2015

Significance
The B-cell–specific antibody gene-diversifying enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) shows high homology with apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1 (APOBEC1), which edits apolipoprotein B-100 mRNA in the presence of cofactor APOBEC1 complementation factor/APOBEC complementation factor (A1CF/ACF). Here we show that the DNA cleavage and recombination functions of AID depend critically on its RNA-dependent interaction with distinct heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) cofactors. Depletion of hnRNP K inhibited DNA cleavage essential to both class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation, but depletion of hnRNP L blocked the CSR-associated recombination. Thus this is the first report, to our knowledge, identifying A1CF-like hnRNP-family editing cofactors for AID.
Acquired macrolide resistance genes in Haemophilus influenzae?
Authors: Atkinson Christopher T. , Kunde Dale A. , Tristram Stephen G. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of specific acquired macrolide resistance genes previously reported as present in clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae.

Methods
A collection of 172 clinical respiratory isolates of H. influenzae, including 59 isolates from cystic fibrosis patients and 27 from non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis patients with significant prior macrolide use, was established. This collection was tested for azithromycin susceptibility using Etest and screened for the presence of erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), mef(A) and mef(E) using locked nucleic acid dual-labelled hydrolysis probes.

Results
The azithromycin MICs ranged from 0.09 to &gt;256 mg/L, with 2 (1.2%) isolates susceptible, 163 (94.8%) intermediate and 7 (4%) resistant according to EUCAST breakpoints (susceptible, ≤0.12 mg/L; resistant, &gt;4 mg/L). None of the acquired macrolide resistance genes erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), mef(A) or mef(E) was detected in any of the isolates.

Conclusions
The specific acquired macrolide resistance genes are not widespread in H. influenzae and the high prevalence of these genes previously reported might be unique to the specific circumstances of that study.
Analysis of cyberbullying sensitivity levels of high school students and their perceived social support levels
Authors: Akturk Ahmet Oguz 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to determine the cyberbullying sensitivity levels of high school students and their perceived social supports levels, and analyze the variables that predict cyberbullying sensitivity. In addition, whether cyberbullying sensitivity levels and social support levels differed according to gender was also investigated. While current communication technologies such as mobile phones, the Internet and social network sites provide new opportunities for learning and interaction, they may also pose a threat to personal security. The rapid increase in access to information and communication technologies by young people can also cause those technologies to be used for bullying their peers – called cyberbullying.Design/methodology/approach– In this study, the cyberbullying sensitivity levels of high school students and their perceived social support levels were determined, and some variables (perceived social support, gender and academic success) which predicted sensitivity related to cyberbullying were analyzed. A total of 433 students studying in a large public high school located at the middle part of Turkey voluntarily participated in this study.Findings– The findings of this research show that both the cyberbullying sensitivities of the students and their levels of the perceived social support were high and that both the cyberbullying sensitivities of the female students and their perceived social support levels were higher than the ones of the male students. Based on the result of stepwise regression analysis that investigate the predicting factors related to cyberbullying sensitivities of the students, perceived social support was found to be the strongest predicting factor.Originality/value– It can be seen that most young people have little information about cyberbullying and they lack information about basic e-security applications. Accordingly, most young people are victims or potential victims of cyberbullying. In conclusion, to remove victimhood due to cyberbullying or reduce it to a minimum from an optimistic point of view, not only risky processes but also how the environment should protect young people from developing incompatible behaviors and how to increase their sensitivity should be taken into consideration. It may be said that the findings that we obtained in our research may contribute to relevant studies from the point of developing preventive programs against cyberbullying.
An educational system to help students assess website features and identify high-risk websites
Authors: Kajiyama Tomoko , Echizen Isao 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective educational system to help students assess Web site risk by providing an environment in which students can better understand a Web site’s features and determine the risks of accessing the Web site for themselves.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors have enhanced a prototype visualization system for helping students assess Web site features and use them to identify risky Web sites. The system was implemented with our graphical search interface for multi-attribute metadata called “Concentric Ring View” and was tested using 13,386 actual and dummy Web sites and 11 Web site attributes.

Findings
– The testing revealed several distinguishing attributes of risky Web sites, including being related to “play”, having monotone colors, having many images, having many links and having many pages with much text in smaller font size. A usability test with 12 teenaged female students demonstrated that they could learn to identify some features of risky Web sites.

Originality/value
– As students cannot live in a safe cyberspace environment forever, they should be taught how to identify risky Web sites. We proposed an educational system to help students assess Web site features and identify high-risk Web site and verified the effectiveness of this system.
Keyword extraction from Arabic legal texts
Authors: Rammal Mahmoud , Bahsoun Zeinab , Al Achkar Jabbour Mona 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to apply local grammar (LG) to develop an indexing system which automatically extracts keywords from titles of Lebanese official journals.Design/methodology/approach– To build LG for our system, the first word that plays the determinant role in understanding the meaning of a title is analyzed and grouped as the initial state. These steps are repeated recursively for the whole words. As a new title is introduced, the first word determines which LG should be applied to suggest or generate further potential keywords based on a set of features calculated for each node of a title.Findings– The overall performance of our system is 67 per cent, which means that 67 per cent of the keywords extracted manually have been extracted by our system. This empirical result shows the validity of this study’s approach after taking into consideration the below-mentioned limitations.Research limitations/implications– The system has two limitations. First, it is applied to a sample of 5,747 titles and it can be developed to generate all finite state automata for all titles. The other limitation is that named entities are not processed due to their varieties that require specific ontology.Originality/value– Almost all keyword extraction systems apply statistical, linguistic or hybrid approaches to extract keywords from texts. This paper contributes to the development of an automatic indexing system to replace the expensive human indexing by taking advantages of LG, which is mainly applied to extract time, date and proper names from texts.
Operations strategy development in project based production – a political process perspective
Authors: Koch Christian , Friis Ole 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study how operations strategy (OS) innovation occurs in a project-centred production and organisation.Design/methodology/approach– A longitudinal case study encompassing the processes at the headquarters of the company and in two projects using lean.Findings– The operation strategy development commences at a middle level in the organisation, is underpinned and embedded in production projects and only after several years becomes embedded in the corporate operation strategy. Projects use lean principles in a differentiated manner.Research limitations/implications– A qualitative case study provides insight into only a single occasion of change in OS. More case studies would probably reveal several paths of OS development. OS development need to be handled as emergent, political and with contributions from several managers and management levels, bridging the vertical divides between projects and headquarter.Practical implications– A conscious and systematic vertical integration and interaction is crucial in project-based companies doing operation strategy development, something critically difficult at building contractors.Originality/value– The present study contributes to the small body of studies of OS development processes, by providing insight in how project-based companies renew their operation strategy.
Retrieval time performance in puzzle-based storage systems
Authors: Kota Venkat R. , Taylor Don , Gue Kevin R. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– Puzzle-based storage is a novel approach enabling very dense storage. Previous analytical studies have focussed on retrieval time when one or more usable escort locations (empty slots) are located near the system input/output location, and on simulation results for more complex situations. The purpose of this paper is to extend analytical results to determine retrieval time performance when multiple escorts are randomly located within the system.

Design/methodology/approach
– Closed-form expressions for retrieval time are developed and proven for cases in which the number of free, randomly placed escorts is equal to one or two. Heuristics with associated worst case bounds are proposed for larger numbers of free escorts.

Findings
– Puzzle-based storage systems are practical and viable ways to achieve storage density, but retrieval time is heavily dependent upon suitable use of escort locations. Analytical and heuristic methods developed within the paper provide worst-case retrieval time performance in a variety of settings.

Research limitations/implications
– As the number of free, randomly located escorts increases, optimal analytical solutions are difficult to obtain. Heuristics provide viable retrieval strategies in these situations, and worst-case bounds are relatively easily developed.

Originality/value
– The primarily contribution of this paper is to make theoretical extensions of optimal methods for puzzle-based storage systems. It motivates additional research in multiple-escort systems and provides insights that should prove useful for the development of 3-dimensional puzzle-based systems and for systems in which concurrent item movement is permitted.
Consumer ethnocentrism vs. intercultural competence as moderators in intercultural service encounters
Authors: Sharma Piyush , Wu Zhan 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to explore the moderating effects of consumer ethnocentrism and intercultural competence on the impact of service outcome and perceived cultural distance, respectively, on interaction comfort and perceived service quality in intercultural service encounters.Design/methodology/approach– A 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design with university students was used, using service encounter scenarios to manipulate service outcome (failure or success) and photos of service employees to manipulate perceived cultural distance (low vs high).Findings– As hypothesized, the impact of service outcome on interaction comfort and perceived service quality is moderated negatively by consumer ethnocentrism, whereas the impact of perceived cultural distance is moderated positively by intercultural competence.Research limitations/implications– An experimental design using imaginary service scenarios was used in a single service context (i.e. restaurant) with university students as participants, which may restrict the generalizability of our findings.Practical implications– Managers in service firms with multicultural customers should try to recruit service employees with high intercultural competence and low consumer ethnocentrism. They should also develop employee training programs that help minimize the adverse impact of these variables on interaction comfort and service quality in intercultural service encounters.Originality/value– This paper extends prior research by exploring the moderating effects of consumer ethnocentrism and intercultural competence on the direct and indirect effects of service outcome and perceived cultural distance on interaction comfort, service quality and satisfaction.
Enhancing the transparency of accounting research: the case of narrative analysis
Authors: De Loo Ivo , Cooper Stuart , Manochin Melina 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to clarify what ‘narrative analysis’ may entail when it is assumed that interview accounts can be treated as (collections of) narratives. What is considered a narrative and how these may be analyzed is open to debate. After suggesting an approach of how to deal with narrative analysis, the authors critically discuss how far it might offer insights into a particular accounting case.Design/methodology/approach– After having explained what the authors’ view on narrative analysis is, and how this is linked with the extant literature, the authors examine the socialisation processes of two early career accountants that have been articulated in an interview context.Findings– The approach to narrative analysis set out in this paper could help to clarify how and why certain interpretations from an interview are generated by a researcher. The authors emphasise the importance of discussing a researcher’s process of discovery when an interpretive approach to research is adopted.Research limitations/implications– The application of any method, and what a researcher thinks can be distilled from this, depends on the research outlook he/she has. As the authors adopt an interpretive approach to research in this paper, they acknowledge that the interpretations of narratives, and what they deem to be narratives, will be infused by their own perceptions.Practical implications– The authors believe that the writing-up of qualitative research from an interpretive stance would benefit from an explicit acceptance of the equivocal nature of interpretation. The way in which they present and discuss the narrative analyses in this paper intends to bring this to the fore.Originality/value– Whenever someone says he/she engages in narrative analysis, both the “narrative” and “analysis” part of “narrative analysis” need to be explicated. The authors believe that this only happens every so often. This paper puts forward an approach of how more clarity on this might be achieved by combining two frameworks in the extant literature, so that the transparency of the research is enhanced.
Cost consciousness: conceptual development from a management accounting perspective
Authors: Velasquez Santiago , Suomala Petri , Järvenpää Marko 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to take note of the need to better understand cost consciousness from a management accounting perspective and serves as an exploratory study striving to analyze how the notion has been addressed by management accounting scholars.Design/methodology/approach– This paper presents the findings of a thorough literature review identifying the drivers, interpretations, definitions and results which management accounting scholars have associated with cost consciousness.Findings– This paper has synthesized the definitions and interpretations by considering their conceptual broadness and the subjects that cost consciousness characterizes. In addition, various potential drivers of cost consciousness have been identified where management control systems play a major role. Also, this paper summarizes both the positive and negative outcomes which scholars seem to expect from an increase of cost consciousness.Research limitations/implications– Given that no prior work has focused on the conceptual development of cost consciousness, it was necessary to infer most of the interpretations, drivers and results which management accounting scholars have associated to the cost consciousness notion.Originality/value– Cost consciousness is a concept that appears in hundreds of peer-reviewed articles on management accounting. However, only a handful of management accounting scholars have defined or evaluated this concept to a certain degree. As a result, what management accountants believe cost consciousness to be, how it is driven and what result may be expected from it, is nowhere to be found in any synthesized manner. The findings of this paper develop the concept of cost consciousness by illuminating the common use of the construct across various disciplines.
A hybrid approach to innovation by social enterprises: lessons from Africa
Authors: Gupta Sudheer , Beninger Stefanie , Ganesh Jai 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the key capabilities needed for social enterprises to succeed in the context of extreme poverty. Facilitating growth and alleviating poverty in the world’s most impoverished regions requires introducing innovative solutions to achieve social impact while generating financial returns.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper studies two social enterprises operating in Africa. Semi-structured interviewers were conducted with co-founders of the organizations. The transcribed interviews were analyzed through an open coding process, iterated to overarching categories, and compared between the organizations using a grounded theory approach. Secondary archival data and respondent validation were used to triangulate these findings.

Findings
– This paper proposes a model that highlights five key capabilities social enterprises need to tackle complex societal challenges while overcoming resource constraints and institutional voids. The processes followed to develop and deploy these capabilities are delineated, and the necessity of hybrid mechanisms that blend non-profit and private-sector approaches is shown as a key enabler for social enterprises to meet their dual objectives.

Research limitations/implications
– This research is limited to two cases studies from two different industries in Africa. Future research would refine and extend the proposed model to increase generalizability.

Originality/value
– This paper addresses a gap in the literature on understanding innovation and entrepreneurship in Africa, and it proposes a model for innovation derived from data. This paper also offers insights to the growing community of social entrepreneurs looking to develop sustainable solutions to societal challenges.
Social support for improved work integration
Authors: Chan Andrea Nga Wai 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the ways in which social supports can promote enduring attachments to work and improve overall well-being of disadvantaged workers, within the context of social purpose enterprises.

Design/methodology/approach
– With coordinators, managers and directors as informants, this mixed-methods study uses a survey and interviews to establish the availability and importance of different social supports found in social purpose enterprises across Canada, and to explore the reasons for such support mobilization and the influences that determine whether social supports are sought or accepted.

Findings
– Findings substantiate the prevalence and importance of work-centred social supports. Social supports can promote more sustainable attachment to work by addressing work process challenges, ameliorating workplace conflict, attending to non-vocational work barriers and building workers’ self-confidence and self-belief. The source of a support, as well as the relationship between support providers and recipients, contributes to whether supports will be beneficial to recipients.

Research limitations/implications
– Future studies require corroboration directly from the employees and training participants of social purpose enterprises. The limitations on the sampling and the survey response rate may limit generalizability of findings.

Practical implications
– Findings contribute to knowledge on more effective social support provision for improved work outcomes and overall well-being of employees and training participants.

Originality/value
– Applying theory from social support research brings greater clarity to the potential of work-centred supports for addressing both vocational and non-vocational barriers to employment and job training for disadvantaged workers.