bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endovascular neurointervention success and complication rates in the first year of independent practice in a suburban hospital setup
Authors: Kumar Subhash 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Context: Endovascular neurointervention (interventional neuroradiology) is a highly demanding science requiring deep understanding of disease, anatomy, clinical skills and manual dexterity, consequently with a long learning curve and thus posing significant challenges to a physician entering new into the competitive arena. Aim: To evaluate the procedural success, complications and outcome in the first year of independent endovascular neurointervention practice in a suburban hospital. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained data of all diagnostic and therapeutic neurointerventional cases performed by the author between the period of January 02, 2012 and December 31, 2012. Results: A total of 61 procedures were performed. The performance success rate of the diagnostic procedures was 100% (38/38) and that of therapeutic procedures was 82.6% (19/23). The periprocedural complication rates were nil and 13%, respectively, for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The 3-month patient outcome for therapeutic procedures was good outcome (Modified Rankin Scale <2) in 87% cases (20/23), and poor outcome in 13% (2 dead and 1 debilitated with Modified Rankin Scale of 3). Conclusion: For a well-trained endovascular neurointerventionalist, the first year of practice had high procedural success rate and acceptable complication with patient outcome rates comparable to the existing literature.
Role of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in ischemic stroke as an inflammatory marker of carotid atherosclerosis
Authors: Singh Amit Shankar , Atam Virendra , Yathish Besthenahalli Erappa , Das Liza , Koonwar Seiddhartha 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Background: Inflammation mediates a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which is an important cause of ischemic stroke. An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may, therefore, be a marker of the extent andor intensity of a general atherosclerotic process and thus a marker for advanced atherosclerosis heralding increased risk of arterial thrombosis leading to ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: ESR was calculated in ischemic stroke patients by Westergren′s method along with carotid sonography using high resolution 7.5 MHz techniques to find the prevalence of increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and presence of plaque according to Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Consensus. Results: Average value of ESR in all patients was 27.89 ± 9.73 mm/h. A significant association was found between ESR and markers of carotid atherosclerosis, that is, high CIMT of more than 0.8 mm (P < 0.0001) and presence of plaque (P-0.026) in univariate analysis. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between ESR and serum fibrinogen, another inflammatory marker. (r = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The extent of inflammation may reflect in part the propensity of atherosclerotic lesions to lead to clinical disease. Study shows the association of ESR with markers of atherosclerosis confirming the strength of the inflammatory response associated with carotid atherosclerosis and might conceivably carry important prognostic information regarding occurrence of such catastrophic events in future.
Perihematomal edema as predictor of outcome in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Gupta Mani , Verma Rajesh , Parihar Anit , Garg Ravindra K. , Singh Maneesh K. , Malhotra Hardeep S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is a form of cerebrovascular accident with a very high rate of morbidity and mortality. The determinants of prognosis include the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic factors. It is long known that the hematoma size has a negative impact on the outcome in SICH. The influence of perihematomal edema (PHE) is not established to the extent same as that of hematoma volume. Hence, we planned this study to determine as to what role does PHE plays in the outcome in SICH. Aim of the Study: To evaluate the prognostic influence of absolute and relative edema (ratio of absolute edema to hematoma volume) in the patients of SICH. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective case-controlled study. A total of 44 patients were enrolled after excluding the confounding factors. The patients were evaluated and their disability was assessed using modified Rankin scale (MRS). The imaging was done in the interval between 24 and 72 h and the hematoma volume, absolute edema volume, and the relative edema were calculated. The outcome was reassessed at 12 weeks and defined as favorable if MRS < 3. Results: A total of 69 patients were found to be having SICH on imaging; however, 25 patients were excluded as they had one of the criterion for exclusion. Hence, only 44 patients were included in the study. On univariate analysis, none of the demographic characteristics of the patients, vascular risk factors, presenting complaints, blood pressure, Glasgow coma scale, and MRS at admission, laboratory parameters were not significantly different in the two outcome groups. The hematoma volume was significantly higher in the poor outcome group (P < 0.0001) and the relative edema was associated with a favorable outcome at 12 weeks (P < 0.0001). On multivariate logistic regression, the hematoma volume and relative edema were found to have effect on the outcome similar to that seen on univariate analysis. Conclusion: In SICH, a larger hematoma volume is a predictor of poor outcome and a relative edema is associated with a better functional status.
Combined central and peripheral demyelination
Authors: Menon Bindu , Bedi Saranjeet Singh , Rao G. Uma Maheshwar 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAcquired central and peripheral demyelination in the same patient is a very rare feature. We report a 52-year-male patient with the chronic autoimmune hepatitis (CAH) presenting with pure motor areflexic quadriparesis from 4 months and recent onset of drowsiness of 4 days duration. Studies of imaging and electrophysiology suggested central pontine myelinolysis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Patient was effectively treated with high dose steroids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of central and peripheral demyelination in a patient with CAH.
An Algorithm for the Proximity Operator in Hybrid TV-Wavelet Regularization, with Application to MR Image Reconstruction
Authors: Fang Yu-Wen , Huo Xiao-Mei , Wen You-Wei 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTotal variation (TV) and waveletL1norms have often been used as regularization terms in image restoration and reconstruction problems. However, TV regularization can introduce staircase effects and wavelet regularization some ringing artifacts, but hybrid TV and wavelet regularization can reduce or remove these drawbacks in the reconstructed images. We need to compute the proximal operator of hybrid regularizations, which is generally a sub-problem in the optimization procedure. Both TV and waveletL1regularisers are nonlinear and non-smooth, causing numerical difficulty. We propose a dual iterative approach to solve the minimization problem for hybrid regularizations and also prove the convergence of our proposed method, which we then apply to the problem of MR image reconstruction from highly random under-sampled k-space data. Numerical results show the efficiency and effectiveness of this proposed method.
Une temporalité qui va d’un écrit de 1920 à sa publication en 2009
Authors: Altounian Janine 
Published: February 2014

L’article se propose d’illustrer, par un exemple personnel, la pertinence d’une gestation tributaire du temps — temps psychique, temps généalogique, temps historique des événements sociopolitiques — grâce auquel un écrit testamentaire de 1920 finit par trouver sa véritable destination dans une publication de 2009. Pour montrer comment exhumer une trace, faire entendre une voix, requiert plusieurs générations, il présente les différentes étapes que dut franchir le témoignage de déportation de Vahram Altounian, survivant du génocide arménien de 1915, jusqu’à sa parution en fac similé dans une édition universitaire au sein d’un ensemble d’élaborations dont il fut le référent pour sept récipiendaires : son traducteur, sa fille et cinq psychanalystes à l’écoute des traumas de l’Histoire.
Caregiving and Race
Authors: Cox Carole 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Caregiving is a rapidly increasing experience in society. The aging of the population and the significant increase in the numbers of persons requiring assistance in the community has had a dramatic impact on families that provide the majority of all assistance. As the older population becomes increasingly diverse, ethnicity and race have been found to be factors that can have a major impact on the caregiving experience. As dementia, and particularly Alzheimer's disease, has become a major health issue among the older population, much of the research on race and caregiving focuses on these family caregivers, whose involvement, stress, and demands increase with the progression of the disease.
Sex
Authors: Moore Lisa Jean 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Sex is a term with multiple meanings depending on the contexts of its use. There are two primary definitions of sex, one referring to social identity grounded in biology and the other to what people do with themselves or each other. These definitions are considered to be related, but it is important to note that sex as both social marker and erotic behavior is a highly contested term. Depending on who is defining sex and for what purposes, explanations can be value‐laden to indicate that a behavior or body is “normal” or “abnormal.” Therefore, it is necessary to understand how sex is always and everywhere a socially constructed category.
Mental Health and Social Networks
Authors: Perry Brea L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
According to the social network perspective, the behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, and values of individuals are shaped through contact and communication with others. The structure of linkages between people in a network, the resources shared by network members, and the ideas and information flowing through networks are critical determinants of mental health. This entry describes social network theory and methodology and reviews major findings linking these to mental health and illness. Mechanisms underlying the effects of social networks and social ties on mental health outcomes are discussed, including social psychological and biological benefits of connectedness, social contagion and influence, as well as access to resources through social networks. In addition, the influence of mental illness on social networks is reviewed, citing the psychiatric perspective, social support processes, stigma and labeling, and caregiver burden.
Health Care Services, Cross‐Border
Authors: Lim Jeremy , Umareddy Indira 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Cross‐border health care services comprise consumption of health services in a foreign country and provision of services across borders. While cross‐border health care services are strategically important, with both trade and social policy implications, data are sparse and much of the scientific literature remains anecdotal and opinion‐based. Benefits and costs exist for both receiving and delivering countries in terms of economic impact, human capital flows between public and private sectors and equity concerns. Policymakers need to attain a sophisticated appreciation of the complex interface between politics, economics, and health to enable prudent management of cross‐border health care services.
Transcultural Psychiatry
Authors: Johansen Katrine Schepelern 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Transcultural psychiatry means psychiatry across cultures. It can refer to one of two situations: either the migration of the Western psychiatric system to other areas of the world and its encounter with foreign cultures, people, and perceptions of illness and healing; or the growing presence of immigrants in Western countries, where the psychiatric system on its own territory meets patients with different perceptions of illness, healing, and the professional relationship between patient and doctor. The two dominant professions with an interest in transcultural psychiatry are psychiatry and anthropology and their interests in the field are very different from each other. Where psychiatry's primary interest has been in the universality of psychiatric disorders, anthropology's has been in the cultural particularity of deviance. Other areas of interest include the relationship between culture and psychiatric disorders, the possible existents of culture‐bound syndromes, and how culture can come to play a meaningful role in modern psychiatry.
Obesity and Gender
Authors: Dulin Keita Akilah 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
While obesity prevalence has increased worldwide, research shows that more women than men are obese. This gender difference suggests the need to examine obesity from a social science perspective. The specific objectives of this entry are: (1) to introduce social scientists to the definition of obesity and its measurement; (2) to determine gender patterns of obesity; and (3) to identify social science perspectives To accomplish the stated objectives, I conducted in‐depth literature reviews (search terms: gender, obesity, measurement, World Health Organization, International Obesity Task Force, children and obesity, adults and obesity) in PubMed and social science databases. Based on the international body mass index (BMI) criteria established by the World Health Organization, gendered patterns of obesity are evident among adults such that women are more likely to be obese. Among children and adolescents, there are few discernable or statistically significant differences in obesity prevalence. Public health perspectives often rely on individual health behaviors to explain gender differences which leave the macrolevel structures that contribute to gender differences in obesity understudied. In contrast, social science approaches examine gender socialization and social psychological theories to examine gender differences in obesity.
Epigenetics
Authors: Balmer Andrew S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Epigenetics refers to the inheritance of changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the sequence of DNA bases. One such explanation is through appeal to the methylation of bases in the DNA sequence, which appears to alter gene expression and thus phenotype. These kinds of non‐sequence changes to phenotype make up the “epigenome.” The epigenome is understood to be the moderating factor in gene–environment interactions. As such, it is of interest to a number of social sciences since it offers promise for interdisciplinary work on complex illness and behavior, but also represents a potential challenge to other explanatory frameworks. Arguments about the reductive nature of the epigenome and its contribution to the geneticization of health and illness are important to consider.
Professions and Professionalism
Authors: Saks Mike 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This entry outlines the development of professions and professionalism in modern society. It then considers and evaluates the various theories of the professions which frame their interpretation – most notably, the trait and functionalist approach, symbolic interactionism, Marxism, Foucauldianism, neo‐Weberianism, and discourse analysis. The discussion concludes by examining a number of recent topical issues in the study of professions – including interprofessional interaction and the differential form that professions and professionalism can take at a societal level.
British National Health Service
Authors: Gabe Jonathan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The British National Health Service was the first health service in the world to offer health care free at the point of use. While this remains the case today, it has been changed dramatically in recent years as governments of different political persuasions have embraced neoliberal policies. Key changes have involved introducing “new public management,” marketizing the service, and altering the boundary between public and private health care. It is argued that while some of these changes have been beneficial, the decision to open up the NHS in England to corporate interests and rely on the market increases the chances that it will eventually be privatized, at the cost of providing care free at the point of need.
Whitehall Studies
Authors: Britton Annie 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Whitehall Studies are associated with the investigation of socioeconomic differences in health. The first study, set up in 1967, included 19,000 British Civil Service men. It showed that men in the lowest employment grades were more than twice as likely to die prematurely as men in the highest grades. Furthermore, these socioeconomic inequalities were not accounted for by differences in risk factors, such as smoking. The second Whitehall study was set up in 1985 with the explicit intention of examining reasons for the social gradient in health and disease in men and extending the research to include women. At baseline there were 10,308 civil servants aged 35–55 years. During more than 25 years follow‐up there have been repeated data collection phases including medical examinations and self‐completed questionnaires. The study has played a key role in advancing knowledge regarding the effects of social circumstances on health and the biological pathways by which they operate. Findings have had a major impact internationally on the understanding of, and on policies to address, social inequalities in health. The study now seeks to examine how previous and current circumstances affect health, physical and cognitive functioning, and quality of life in an aging cohort.
Palliative Care
Authors: Castra Michel 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Palliative medicine was born out of a desire to rethink the circumstances around death and the care of patients dying in hospital. This new medical specialty has created a new medicalization of dying that reflects a real change of perspective in the relationship between medicine and end of life. It has established a new concept of dying and of the “good death” in which professionals play a central role.
Landscapes of Despair
Authors: Evans Joshua 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
“Landscapes of despair” is a metaphor coined by two geographers, Michael Dear and Jennifer Wolch, to describe the fate of formerly institutionalized populations living with serious mental illness as well as physical and intellectual disability in the community. “Landscapes of despair” are generally interpreted as the everyday worlds of homeless and precariously housed people living with serious mental and/or physical disability in conditions of extreme material deprivation who must navigate a fragmented landscape of threadbare community supports and negotiate increasingly punitive and paternalistic welfare policies in order to survive from one day to the next.
Stress and Acculturation
Authors: López‐Rocha Sandra Y. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Acculturative stress is part of a process leading to a psychological and sociocultural adaptation into a culture different from the one in which an individual was first socialized. Thus, from this perspective acculturative stress may indeed have a positive effect on individuals as it represents a source of constant learning and exposure to intercultural experiences. Nonetheless, it has been widely demonstrated that acculturative stress may negatively influence the individual's acculturation when it acts as an obstacle, representing a source of constant conflict and consequently diminishing the person's ability to adapt to the new culture. Acculturative stress as a concept has been associated with that of culture shock, although the former is often preferred. The study of acculturative stress encompasses factors such as migration motivation, individual attributes, sources of stress, and coping strategies. Further studies in this field focus on the description of the individual experience of adapting to living in a different culture and the adaptive strategies adopted by ethnocultural groups.
Family Caregivers: Drug Rehabilitation
Authors: Smith Jane Ellen , Campos‐Melady Marita , Crotwell Shirley M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Substance abuse creates a host of psychological and social problems for the family members and friends of individuals with alcohol and drug problems. To further complicate the issue, substance‐abusing individuals are notoriously resistant to seeking treatment. The concerned significant others (CSOs) of these individuals have not had many resources to address their concerns over the years. Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) is a research‐based behavioral program that works through the CSOs of treatment‐refusing substance abusers to get those individuals to enter treatment. CRAFT also helps CSOs improve their own functioning. This entry provides an overview of the CRAFT program and presents its solid scientific support.
Domestic Violence
Authors: Bell Kathryn M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Domestic violence, often referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV), is characterized by aggression perpetrated against an intimate partner. IPV rates against female victims vary worldwide. Meta‐analyses from studies primarily conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom note few gender differences in rates of IPV perpetration and victimization. A cross‐cultural analysis of gender differences in rates of physical IPV perpetration, however, suggests that rates of female IPV perpetration vary depending on ethnicity and certain cultural characteristics. The physical and psychological effects of IPV are numerous. Individuals physically assaulted by an intimate partner are at significant risk of being injured or killed as a result of the violence. Early theories on the causes of IPV often emphasized single causal mechanisms, such as intergenerational transmission of violence or traditional sex‐role attitudes condoning or normalizing violence against women. More contemporary theories propose that the causes of IPV are multifaceted and are influenced by a combination of historical, societal, dynamic, relational, and environmental factors. Continued research targeted at better understanding of how IPV develops is needed in order to refine existing IPV prevention and treatment programs, improve screening efforts, and enhance responsiveness to IPV cases worldwide.
Mental Illness, Geneticization of
Authors: Perry Brea L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Geneticization has roots in broader theories of medicalization, and is an ongoing process characterized by three increasingly prevalent trends: (1) individual variation is reduced to genotype differences; (2) physical, emotional, and behavioral differences are seen as having genetic causes; and (3) genetic tests and technologies are employed to manage problems. This entry describes key theoretical arguments of this perspective and reviews empirical findings from media studies and public opinion research that provide evidence for geneticization. In addition, the consequences of geneticization for public attitudes toward mental illness are examined, highlighting the apparently misguided hope that advocating genetic causal attributions would increase treatment seeking and reduce stigma and desire for social distance. Finally, this entry considers implications of geneticization for social science perspectives and for resource allocation in mental health research and practice.