bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mistrust of mental health services: ethnicity, hospital admission and unfair treatment
Authors: Henderson R. C. , Williams P. , Gabbidon J. , Farrelly S. , Schauman O. , Hatch S. , Thornicroft G. , Bhugra D. , Clement S. ,   the MIRIAD study group
Published: March 2014

Aims.To explore the role of psychiatric admission, diagnosis and reported unfair treatment in the relationship between ethnicity and mistrust of mental health services.Methods.The Mental Illness-Related Investigations on Discrimination (MIRIAD) study was a cross-sectional study of 202 individuals using secondary mental health services in South London. Two structural equation models were estimated, one using Admission (whether admitted to hospital for psychiatric treatment in the past 5 years) and one using involuntary admission to hospital in the past 5 years.Results.Increased mistrust was directly associated with the latent variable ‘unfair treatment by mental health services and staff’ and with Black or mixed ethnicity in both models. Those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum (as compared to depression and bipolar disorder) had a lower average score on the latent variable, suggesting that on average they reported less unfair treatment. We found evidence of increased reporting of unfair treatment by those who had an admission in the past 5 years, had experienced involuntary admission, and for people of Black of mixed Black and White ethnicity.Conclusions.Neither prevalence of schizophrenia spectrum nor rates of hospital admission explained the greater mistrust of mental health services found among people of Black and mixed Black and White ethnicity compared with White ethnicity. Rather, people of Black and mixed Black and white ethnicity may be more likely to experience unfair treatment, generating mistrust; furthermore, this group is more likely to express mistrust even after accounting for reporting of unfair treatment by mental health services and staff.
Polyglycine hydrolases secreted by Pleosporineae fungi that target the linker region of plant class IV chitinases
Authors: Naumann Todd A. , Wicklow Donald T. , Price Neil P. J. 
Published: March 2014

Cmps (chitinase-modifying proteins) are fungal proteases that truncate plant class IV chitinases by cleaving near their N-termini. We previously described Fv-cmp, a fungalysin protease that cleaves a conserved glycine–cysteine bond within the hevein domain. In the present paper we describe a new type of cmp, polyglycine hydrolases, as proteases that selectively cleave glycine–glycine peptide bonds within the polyglycine linker of plant class IV chitinases. Polyglycine hydrolases were purified from Cochliobolus carbonum (syn. Bipolaris zeicola; Bz-cmp) and Epicoccum sorghi (syn. Phoma sorghina; Es-cmp) and were shown to cleave three different maize class IV chitinase substrates. The proteolytic cleavage sites were assessed by SDS/PAGE and MALDI–TOF-MS and indicated the cleavage of multiple peptide bonds within the polyglycine linker regions. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to produce mutants of maize ChitB chitinase in which two serine residues in its linker were systematically modified to glycine. Serine to glycine changes in the ChitB linker resulted in higher susceptibility to truncation by Bz-cmp and altered substrate specificity for Bz-cmp and Es-cmp, such that different glycine–glycine peptide bonds were cleaved. Removal of the hevein domain led to loss of Es-cmp activity, indicating that interactions outside of the active site are important for recognition. Our findings demonstrate that plant class IV chitinases with polyglycine linkers are targeted for truncation by selective polyglycine hydrolases that are secreted by plant pathogenic fungi. This novel proteolysis of polyglycine motifs is previously unreported, but the specificity is similar to that of bacterial lysostaphin proteases, which cleave pentaglycine cross-links from peptidoglycan.
Using Informative Verbal Exchanges to Promote Verb Retrieval in Nonfluent Aphasia
Authors: Maul Kristen K. , Conner Peggy S. , Kempler Daniel , Radvanski Christina , Goral Mira 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
The goal of this study was to determine whether positive treatment effects of a modified constraint-induced language therapy focused on verb production would generalize to unpracticed items and tasks.

Method
Four individuals participated in a single-subject treatment design protocol. The treatment involved intensive practice producing verbs in sentences in an informative communicative exchange. Direct treatment outcome was examined by measuring the accuracy of producing practiced verbs in an action description task, a task similar to those used in treatment. Generalization was assessed by measuring production of unpracticed verbs and sentence grammaticality in the action description task and by measuring verb production and sentence grammaticality in 2 relatively unstructured (unpracticed) language tasks.

Results
Two of the 4 participants showed a direct treatment effect, producing a greater number of practiced verbs in the action description task following treatment compared with before treatment. All participants improved sentence grammaticality following treatment, although grammaticality was not explicitly targeted in therapy. Generalization to unpracticed, less-structured tasks was variable across the participants.

Conclusion
Patterns of generalization may depend on participants' specific language deficits and production characteristics, on the language tasks used, and on the measures used to detect change and assess generalization.
Examining the Use of Spoken Dialect Indices With African American Children in the Southern United States
Authors: Horton RaMonda , Apel Kenn 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
To examine the utility of different dialect indices that have been used to characterize the Non-Mainstream American English (NMAE) dialect of African American children. The relationships among 4 popular dialect indices were examined and compared with the results of a standardized tool used to classify the language variation of child speakers at 3 different grade levels.

Method
The authors used listener judgment ratings, 2 dialect density measures obtained from a narrative sample, a standardized tool (Part 1 of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation—Screener Test [DELV–ST; Seymour, Roper, & deVilliers, 2003]), and dialect variation scores (DVAR) obtained from the DELV–ST to characterize 113 African American children's spoken production of NMAE.

Results
Grade-level effects on NMAE varied depending on the index used to measure dialect production. All of the dialect indices under investigation were related to one another. DELV–ST classification group effects were present on all but 1 of the indices used to capture NMAE.

Conclusions
Newer measures of NMAE, such as the DELV–ST and DVAR scores, are comparable to older measures such as dialect density measures and listener judgment ratings. Like listener judgment ratings, the DELV–ST and DVAR scores offer clinicians and researchers alike a quicker alternative to dialect density measures for confirming and quantifying the spoken production of NMAE dialect. The present findings confirm that, depending on the type of data collected and questions posed, researchers and clinicians alike are able to choose from multiple, valid, and reliable measures of non-mainstream dialect use.
Can Human Mannequin-Based Simulation Provide a Feasible and Clinically Acceptable Method for Training Tracheostomy Management Skills for Speech-Language Pathologists?
Authors: Ward Elizabeth C. , Baker Sonia C. , Wall Laurelie R. , Duggan Brooke L. J. , Hancock Kelli L. , Bassett Lynell V. , Hyde Trent J. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
Workplace training for tracheostomy management is currently recognized to be inconsistent and insufficient. A novel approach, using technology-enhanced simulation, may provide a solution to training tracheostomy management skills by providing a consistent, time-efficient, and risk-free learning environment. The current research evaluated clinicians' tracheostomy skills acquisition after training in a simulated learning environment and explored changes in clinicians' confidence and perceptions after the experience.

Method
Forty-two clinicians with no or low levels of tracheostomy skill attended one of six, 1-day simulation courses. The training involved both part–task skill learning and immersive simulated scenarios. To evaluate clinicians' acquisition of manual skills, performance of core tasks during the scenarios was assessed by independent observers. Questionnaires were used to examine perceived outcomes, benefits, and perceptions of the learning environment at pre-, post-, and 4 months post-training.

Results

Only 1 clinician failed to successfully execute all core practical tasks. Clinicians' confidence increased significantly (
p
< .05) from pre- to post-workshop and was maintained to 4 months post-workshop across most parameters. All clinicians reported positive perceptions regarding their learning outcomes and learning in a simulated environment.

Conclusion
These findings validate the use of simulation as a clinical training medium and support its future use in tracheostomy competency-training pathways.
Quantifying the Effort Individuals With Aphasia Invest in Working Memory Tasks Through Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Christensen Stephanie C. , Wright Heather Harris 
Published: March 2014

PurposeThe objective of this study was to quantify cognitive effort that individuals with aphasia and neurologically intact participants dedicate to verbal compared with spatial working memory tasks by using a physiological measure of effort: heart rate variability (HRV).MethodParticipants included 8 individuals with aphasia and 19 neurologically intact adults. Participants completed 3 verbal and 3 spatial working memory tasks that varied in difficulty. Performance accuracy and effort allocated to tasks was recorded. Effort was quantified as the change in the 0.07–0.14 Hz band of HRV from baseline to task conditions.ResultsResults indicated that individuals with aphasia and control participants allocated effort to verbal and spatial working memory tasks. Unlike the control participants, participants with aphasia did not differentially invest effort based on task difficulty. Neither group allocated effort differentially based on task type.ConclusionsResults of the physiological data provide preliminary support for accounts indicating that individuals with aphasia do not properly allocate effort to cognitive–linguistic tasks. Analysis of the Group × Difficulty interaction indicated that the aphasia group did not allocate extra effort when it was required. The lack of a difference in HRV for spatial and verbal tasks suggests that this difference is not specific to verbal stimuli.
Beyond Picture Naming: Norms and Patient Data for a Verb-Generation Task
Authors: Kurland Jacquie , Reber Alisson , Stokes Polly 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
In the current study, the authors aimed to (a) acquire a set of verb generation to picture norms; and (b) probe its utility as an outcomes measure in aphasia treatment.

Method

In Phase I, the verb-generation normative sample, 50 healthy volunteers generated verbs for 218 pictures of common objects (interstimulus interval = 5 s). In Phase II, 4 persons with aphasia (PWAs) generated verbs for 60 objects (interstimulus interval = 10 s). Their stimuli consisted of objects that were (a) recently trained (for object naming;
n
= 20), (b) untrained (a control set;
n
= 20), or (c) from a set of pictures named correctly at baseline (
n
= 20). Verb generation was acquired twice: once 2 months into and once following a 6-month home practice program.

Results
No objects elicited perfect verb agreement in the normed sample. Stimuli with the highest percent agreement were mostly artifacts and dominant verbs primary functional associates. Although not targeted in treatment or home practice, PWAs mostly improved performance in verb generation postpractice.

Conclusions
A set of clinically and experimentally useful verb-generation norms was acquired for a subset of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) picture set. More cognitively demanding than confrontation naming, this task may help to fill the sizeable gap between object picture naming and propositional speech.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170216
Does Brain Volume Loss Predict Cognitive and Narrative Discourse Performance Following Traumatic Brain Injury?
Authors: Lê Karen , Coelho Carl , Mozeiko Jennifer , Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between brain volume loss and performance on cognitive measures, including working memory, immediate memory, executive functions, and intelligence, and a narrative discourse production task. An underlying goal was to examine the prognostic potential of a brain lesion metric for discourse outcomes. It was hypothesized that brain volume loss would correlate with and predict cognitive and narrative discourse measures and have prognostic value for discourse outcomes.

Method
One hundred sixty-seven individuals with penetrating head injury participated. Correlational and regression analyses were performed for the percentages of total brain and hemispheric volume loss and scores on 4 cognitive measures (WMS–III Working Memory and Immediate Memory primary indexes, D-KEFS Sorting Test, and WAIS–III Full Scale IQ) and 7 narrative discourse measures (T-units, grammatical complexity, cohesion, local and global coherence, story completeness, and story grammar).

Results
The volumetric measures had significant small-to-moderate correlations with all cognitive measures but only one significant correlation with the discourse measures. Findings from regression analyses were analogous but revealed several models that approached significance.

Conclusion
Findings suggest that an overall measure of brain damage may be more predictive of general cognitive status than of narrative discourse ability. Atrophy measures in specific brain regions may be more informative.
Acquisition and Maintenance of Scripts in Aphasia: A Comparison of Two Cuing Conditions
Authors: Cherney Leora R. , Kaye Rosalind C. , van Vuuren Sarel 
Published: March 2014

Purpose

This study was designed to compare acquisition and maintenance of scripts under two conditions:
high cue,
which provided numerous multimodality cues designed to minimize errors, and
low cue,
which provided minimal cues.

Method
In a randomized controlled crossover study, eight individuals with chronic aphasia received intensive computer-based script training under two cuing conditions. Each condition lasted 3 weeks, with a 3-week washout period. Trained and untrained scripts were probed for accuracy and rate at baseline, during treatment, immediately posttreatment, and at 3 and 6 weeks posttreatment. Significance testing was conducted on gain scores, and effect sizes were calculated.

Results
Training resulted in significant gains in script acquisition with maintenance of skills at 3 and 6 weeks posttreatment. Differences between cuing conditions were not significant. When severity of aphasia was considered, there also were no significant differences between conditions, although magnitude of change was greater in the high-cue condition versus the low-cue condition for those with more severe aphasia.

Conclusions
Both cuing conditions were effective in acquisition and maintenance of scripts. The high-cue condition may be advantageous for those with more severe aphasia. Findings support the clinical use of script training and the importance of considering aphasia severity.
Modelling of quantum dot intermediate band solar cells: effect of intermediate band linewidth broadening
Authors: Wang Qiao‐Yi , Rorison Judy 
Published: March 2014

A detailed balanced approach is used to model a quantum‐dot intermediate band solar cell (QD‐IBSC). A model assuming identical QDs with no carrier losses has peak efficiency of 63.24% for a bandgap of 1.95 eV with the intermediate band (IB) positioned either 1.24 eV above the valence band or below the conduction band. The effect of inhomogeneities in the QDs is introduced by incorporating an inhomogeneous broadening of the IB, and the homogeneous broadening describing life‐time broadening effects is also introduced. A Gaussian inhomogeneous broadening of the ground state is considered initially and then other inhomogeneous broadenings are considered, including a ground plus excited state distribution. The inhomogeneous broadening removes state density from the ideal IB energy position and thereby reduces efficiency. However, the homogeneous broadening of the QD‐IB levels allows more off‐resonance QD states to be able to contribute to absorption of the optimum IB photon. This broadening also allows photons near the optimum IB photon energy to be absorbed as well. Both these effects lead to an increase in efficiency. The inter‐play between these inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadening allows the efficiency in realistic inhomogeneous arrays of QDs to remain close to the ideal values.
Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) in Alcohol-Dependent Patients
Authors: Winters Laura E. , Karow Anne , Reimer Jens , Fricke Susanne , Kuhnigk Olaf , Schäfer Ingo 
Published: March 2014

Background A high prevalence of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is found in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). In the few existing studies, mixed results regarding the psychometric properties of common screening instruments for PTSD have been reported for patients with SUDs. No results are available for the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), an established self-report measure for PTSD. Methods The authors assessed 105 patients with alcohol dependence according to DSM-IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) (70% male) 2 weeks after their admission to an inpatient detoxification unit. Participants were administered the PDS, the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), as well as measures of depression and anxiety. Patients with other substance use disorders were excluded as were patients reporting no traumatic event. Results Internal consistencies were good to very good for the total scale (.93) and the subscales of the PDS (.82–.91). In our sample, the PDS had a high specificity (.89) but only moderate sensitivity (.57). Diagnostic agreement with the SCID was 83% (.46). The results of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis suggested that a PDS score of 8 was the optimal cutoff to screen for PTSD. The highest diagnostic agreement between PDS and SCID (89%; .60) was achieved using a cutoff score of 24. Conclusions These findings confirm previous results suggesting that the psychometric properties of self-report measures of PTSD in patients with SUDs might differ from those in the general population. When the PDS is used in recently detoxified patients with alcohol dependence, it seems advisable to modify the cutoff score of this instrument to improve its sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy.
Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit over a 20-Year Period (1992–2011): Trends in Incidence, Pathogens, and Mortality
Authors: Verstraete Evelien , Boelens Jerina , Coen Kris De , Claeys Geert , Vogelaers Dirk , Vanhaesebrouck Piet , Blot Stijn 
Published: March 2014

Objective.To analyze trends in the incidence and pathogen distribution of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections (HABSIs) over a 20-year period (1992–2011).Design.Historical cohort study.Setting.Thirty-two-bed neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a tertiary referral hospital.Patients.Neonates with HABSIs defined according to the criteria of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD).Methods.A hospital-based ongoing surveillance program was used to identify HABSI cases in neonates. A distinction between definite or possible HABSI was made according to the NICHD criteria. Incidence, incidence densities (HABSIs per 1,000 hospital-days and HABSIs per 1,000 total parenteral nutrition–days), and case fatality rate were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to find time trends. Four periods of 5 years were considered when executing variance analysis.Results.In total, 682 episodes of HABSIs occurred on 9,934 admissions (6.9%). The median total incidence density rate was 3.1 (interquartile range, 2.2–3.9). A significant increasing time trend in incidence density was observed for the period 1995–2011 (P < .003). A significant decrease in the case fatality rate was found in the last 5-year period (P < .001). No neonate died following possible HABSIs, whereas the case fatality rate among neonates with definite HABSIs was 9.7%. Most HABSIs were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 414 [60.7%]). A significant increase in Staphylococcus aureus HABSI was observed in the last 10-year period (P < .001).Conclusions.An increase in incidence density rate occurred, while the case fatality rate dropped. Better perinatal care could be responsible for the latter. A decrease in days before infection and a high incidence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus HABSIs indicate the need for vigorous application of evidence-based prevention initiatives, in particular for catheter care.
A unified perspective on the factors influencing consumer acceptance of internet of things technology
Authors: Gao Lingling , Bai Xuesong 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– With recent advances in internet technologies, internet of things (IoT) technology is having an increasing impact on our daily lives, and beginning to offer interesting and advantageous new services. The current research aims to develop and test an integrative model of factors determining consumers' acceptance of IoT technology.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on technology acceptance model (TAM), the authors proposed an IoT acceptance model that consists of three technology factors (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and trust); one social context factor (social influence); and two individual user characteristics (perceived enjoyment and perceived behavioral control). Data from 368 Chinese consumers were used to test the research model through the use of structural equation modeling.

Findings
– The results showed particularly strong support for the effects of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence, perceived enjoyment, and perceived behavioral control. However, trust played an insignificant role in predicting the intention. In addition, perceived ease of use and trust were found to affect perceived usefulness. Compared with the individual TAM model, the integrated model provides more explanation on user behavioral intention toward IoT usage.

Originality/value
– The integrated model explores the driving factors of individuals' willingness to use IoT technology from the perspectives of the technology itself, social context and individual user characteristic. It links the constructs of social influence, enjoyment, and perceived behavioral control to the TAM and successfully extends TAM in the IoT technology context.