bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Social Network Comparison of Low‐Income Black and White Newlywed Couples
Authors: Jackson Grace L. , Kennedy David , Bradbury Thomas N. , Karney Benjamin R. 
Published: September 2014

Relative to White families, Black families have been described as relying on extended social networks to compensate for other social and economic disadvantages. The presence or absence of supportive social networks should be especially relevant to young couples entering marriage, but to date there has been little effort to describe the social networks of comparable Black and White newlyweds. The current study addressed this gap by drawing on interviews with 57 first‐married newlyweds from low‐income communities to compare the composition and structure of Black and White couples' duocentric social networks. The results indicated that low‐income Black couples entered marriage at a social disadvantage relative to White couples, with more family relationships but fewer positive relationships and fewer sources of emotional support (for wives), fewer connections to married individuals, and fewer shared relationships between spouses. Black couples' relative social disadvantages persisted even when various economic and demographic variables were controlled.
Assessment of masticatory function in patients with non‐sagittal occlusal discrepancies
Authors: Choi T.‐H. , Kim B.‐I. , Chung C. J. , Kim H.‐J. , Baik H.‐S. , Park Y.‐C. , Lee K.‐J. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryNon‐sagittal occlusal discrepancies such as posterior cross‐bite and anterior openbite are common types of malocclusion, but studies on masticatory function related to those malocclusions have been scarce. The aim of this study was to quantify the masticatory performance in patients with non‐sagittal discrepancies compared to those with normal occlusion, using both objective and subjective measures. Maximum bite force and contact area using Dental Prescale® system as a static objective assessment, Mixing Ability Index (MAI) as a dynamic objective evaluation and food intake ability (FIA) as a subjective assessment were analysed from 21 people in normal occlusion (Group N) and 64 patients with posterior cross‐bite (Group C), anterior openbite (Group O) or both (Group B). The differences of the maximum bite force, the contact area, the MAI and the FIA were compared, and their correlations were figured out. The non‐sagittal malocclusion groups showed lower values in the maximum bite force, the contact area, the MAI and the FIA compared to those in the normal group (P < 0·0001). Compared to Group N, Groups C, O and B showed 61·5%, 42·1% and 40·1% of the maximum bite force, and 84%, 84% and 76% of hard food FIA, respectively. However, there were no significant differences among Groups C, O and B. The MAI showed higher correlation with the FIA (r = 0·38, P < 0·01), than with the maximum bite force and the contact area (both r = 0·24, P < 0·5). These results revealed that masticatory function in patients with non‐sagittal discrepancies is significantly reduced both objectively and subjectively.
INCREASING BLACK, ASIAN AND MINORITY ETHNIC (BAME) PATIENT & COMMUNITY AWARENESS – USING THE PEER EDUCATOR MODEL
Authors: Jain Neerja 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundKidney Research UK, have been working since 2001 to raise health awareness, fund and oversee research into kidney related issues disproportionately affecting the BAME communities in the UK. Almost 10 years ago, the charity initiated its Peer Educator model which uses the natural skills of lay people and patients to raise awareness in these communities.AimsThis article will describe the work of the Charity in relation to patient and public engagement, describing the Peer Educator model and providing examples of how it has been used. It will then focus on the deployment and impact of Peer Educators in an end of life project that the charity was involved in.Materials & MethodsPeer Educators (PEs) are ordinary people from the targeted community. In the case of our health improvement work, this has largely been the BAME communities. These people do not need any prior knowledge, training or experience in the subject matter. However, they do need to have a desire to give something back to their community in terms of health messages and also be passionate about the subject matter. They tend to have a natural empathy with the target groups in terms of culture, religion and language.ResultsThe Peer Educator model, is it has been found, to be a flexible and highly adaptable approach to addressing health issues in the BAME communities. It has been utilised by the charity to address everything from early disease detection, prevention, management, organ donation awareness, right through to end of life issues. The model has been well evaluated in the area of organ donation whereby its effectiveness has been proven. Moreover, there have been several notable outcomes from the end of life work including training and deployment of 10 Peer Educators who reached over 2,700 people from diverse South Asian communities, providing important information on who does what, when, and how to access it – in a culturally competent manner.Discussion & ConclusionKidney Research UK's Peer Educator initiative has been well established as an effective and flexible way to raise awareness and reach out to BAME patients and the communities at risk. The model has been deployed across the kidney disease spectrum including from early detection to diabetes management, right through to addressing organ donation and end of life issues.
Viability of a Dementia Advocacy Effort for Adults with Intellectual Disability: Using a National Task Group Approach
Authors: Janicki Matthew P. , Keller Seth M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe World Health Organization's report, Dementia: A Public Health Priority, noted that the number of people worldwide affected by dementia is significant and will continue to increase. The report called on nations to address dementia by developing national plans and undertaking public health initiatives. Special mention was made of the situation of people with intellectual disability, some of who manifest high risk for dementias. In the United States, the National Task Group on Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia Practices (the “NTG”) was created to ensure that the needs and interests of adults with intellectual and developmental disability who are affected by Alzheimer's disease and related dementias—as well as their families and friends—are taken into account as part of general‐population dementia health and public policy efforts, particularly as noted in the U.S. National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease. To this end, the NTG's multifaceted advocacy efforts have included (1) identifying best practices for providing care and services to affected adults with intellectual disability; (2) developing and identifying a functional workable administrative dementia early detection and screening instrument; (3) producing educational materials useful to families, adults with intellectual disability, and nongovernmental organizations; and (4) furthering public policy initiatives on dementia as they affect adults with intellectual disability. This article describes the origins of this group, its functions and accomplishments, as well its role with respect to national dementia advocacy, as a prototype for other national efforts that can be used to promote the interests of adults with intellectual disability affected by dementia and improve the quality of their lives. Suggested are means for replication of such an effort in other national environments.
Childhood sleeping difficulties and depression in adulthood: the 1970 British Cohort Study
Authors: Greene Giles , Gregory Alice M. , Fone David , White James 
Published: September 2014

SummarySleeping difficulties in childhood have been associated with an increased risk of depression in adult life, but existing studies have not accounted for comorbid maternal sleeping difficulties and depression. This study aimed to determine the association between childhood sleeping difficulties and depression in adulthood after adjusting for the potential confounding influences of maternal depression and sleeping difficulties. Data from the British Cohort Study 1970, a prospective birth cohort with 30 years of follow‐up (1975–2005) were used. At 5 years of age, 7437 parents of participants recorded information on whether their child had sleeping difficulties, the frequency of bed‐wetting, nightmares, maternal depression and sleep difficulties. At 34 years of age, participants reported whether or not they had received medical treatment for depression in the past year. Parental reports of severe sleeping difficulties at 5 years were associated with an increased risk of depression at age 34 years [odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2, 3.2] whereas moderate sleeping difficulties were not (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9, 1.3). In conclusion, severe sleeping problems in childhood may be associated with increased susceptibility to depression in adult life.
Development and application of dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) model for Panshet and Ujjani Reservoirs, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Manivanan Ramasamy P. , Sinha Jeswar S. , Kanetkar Chandrakant N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA model of dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) was developed to assess the water quality of Panshet and Ujjani Reservoir in Maharashtra, India, to ascertain if their water was suitable for various beneficial and designated uses. The model was calibrated with observed data from these two reservoirs. Seasonal water quality variations were studied during 2010–2011 The pH of Panshet Reservoir water is almost neutral, whereas Ujjani Reservoir is marginally alkaline. A rapid decrease in DO with depth during the summer appeared to be a common phenomenon for both reservoirs. Although the mean phosphate concentrations of both reservoirs were comparable, biological growth was much higher in Ujjani Reservoir, being attributed to a higher dissolved salt concentration in Ujjani Reservoir. The nitrate (NO3−) concentrations in both reservoirs remained within a range close to the global average for unpolluted freshwater. Sewage contamination appears to be a major problem for Ujjani Reservoir, especially as it relates to domestic water uses. A two‐layer, two‐dimensional mathematical model also was developed to assess reservoir water quality. An explicit, second‐order‐accuracy finite‐volume technique was used to solve two‐dimensional shallow water equations. The governing equations were solved with a Mac Cormack predictor–corrector scheme. The Reynolds turbulence terms were modelled with a sub‐grid‐scale (SGS) model, using a large eddy simulation (LES) approach. An empirical relationship developed by Street and Phelps describing liquid–air phase demand and natural re‐aeration was used to determine water quality parameters. The model was validated with numerical results from the literature. The field investigations were satisfactorily applied for the simulation of hydrodynamics and the prediction of DO and BOD in Panshet and Ujjani Reservoir.
Long‐term irreversible changes in a lake ecosystem affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Satpathy Kamala K. , Panigrahi Satya , Mohanty Ajit K. , Samantara Manoj K. , Bramha Satyanarayan , Selvanayagam M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study focused on ecosystem responses to the environmental perturbations caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in a small lake that was a freshwater body in 1996, prior to the tsunami. The physicochemical and biological characteristics of Kokilamedu Lake (KKM) revealed drastic changes, compared with pretsunami conditions. Monthly average observations on water quality indicated the electrical conductivity of the water increased steeply to 17.41 mS cm−1 in 2009, from the lowest pretsunami value of 1.83 mS cm−1 (range of 1.83–5.25 mS cm−1). Simultaneously, the nitrate + nitrite (NO3 + NO2) values increased significantly from 0.49 μmol L−1 in 1996 to 74.47 μmol L−1 in 2006. Silicate (SiO4‐Si) exhibited a dramatic increase in concentration, from an average of 64.87 μmol L−1 in the pretsunami period to 309.71 μmol L−1 the post‐tsunami period (2009–2010). Inorganic phosphate had increased to a maximum of 9.59 μmol L−1 from a pretsunami maximum of 1.09 μmol L−1. The chlorophyll‐α concentrations did not respond to the increased nutrient stoichiometry of the lake. There was a decreased chlorophyll‐α concentration under post‐tsunami conditions. The recent infilling of the lake with sediment during the tsunami, associated with wind‐driven resuspension reduced the light penetration. There was a significant improvement in dissolved oxygen concentrations (2006–2010 average of 8.27 mg L−1) in the lake, however, compared with the pretsunami values (1994–1995 average of 5.94 mg L−1). The algal component is now dominated by blue‐green algae, while green algae had dominated in the pretsunami period. Pre‐ and post‐tsunami observations from a control site did not exhibit such dramatic shifts from the 1995 and 1996 conditions, whereas a shift was apparent in the case of KKM. Certain marine fishes have adapted to this altered ecosystem. These marine species encountered (Elops machnata, Cociella punctata, Sphyraena jello, Platycephalus indicus, Glossogobius giuris) might have been recruited during the intrusion of the tsunami waves.
Two essential FtsH proteases control the level of the Fur repressor during iron deficiency in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Krynická Vendula , Tichý Martin , Krafl Jaroslav , Yu Jianfeng , Kaňa Radek , Boehm Marko , Nixon Peter J. , Komenda Josef 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 expresses four different FtsH protease subunits (FtsH1‐4) that assemble into specific homo‐ and heterocomplexes. The FtsH2/FtsH3 complex is involved in photoprotection but the physiological roles of the other complexes, notably the essential FtsH1/FtsH3 complex, remain unclear. Here we show that the FtsH1 and FtsH3 proteases are involved in the acclimation of cells to iron deficiency. A mutant conditionally depleted in FtsH3 was unable to induce normal expression of the IsiA chlorophyll‐protein and FutA1 iron transporter upon iron deficiency due to a block in transcription, which is regulated by the Fur transcriptional repressor. Levels of Fur declined in the WT and the FtsH2 null mutant upon iron depletion but not in the FtsH3 downregulated strain. A similar stabilizing effect on Fur was also observed in a mutant conditionally depleted in the FtsH1 subunit. Moreover, a mutant overexpressing FtsH1 showed reduced levels of Fur and enhanced accumulation of both IsiA and FutA1 even under iron sufficiency. Analysis of GFP‐tagged derivatives and biochemical fractionation supported a common location for FtsH1 and FtsH3 in the cytoplasmic membrane. Overall we propose that degradation of the Fur repressor mediated by the FtsH1/FtsH3 heterocomplex is critical for acclimation to iron depletion.
Rights and responsibilities in research supervision
Authors: Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDoctoral education in nursing and midwifery is expanding, placing higher demands on research supervision (RS). In this study, rights and responsibilities are examined, as well as academic supervisors' and postgraduate students' perceptions of important aspects of the RS process. A qualitative approach comprising 15 interviews and interpretative content analysis was employed. An overarching theme emerged: “the nature of the research supervisory relationship”, describing the creation of a caring, constructive, supportive, and empowering relationship. In addition, two categories were identified: “taking responsibility for engaging in transformational learning, creating a research culture, and contributing to knowledge development” and “taking responsibility for safeguarding rights, as well as for enhancing awareness of research ethics and codes of practice”. The findings suggest that a dynamic trusting supervisory relationship is a prerequisite for excellence in the RS process. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the need for conceptualization of the RS process, and that it can be facilitated by a better understanding of how various ethical issues impact on research development.
Characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cell populations from non‐epithelial oral mucosa
Authors: Matsumura S , Higa K , Igarashi T , Takaichi S , Tonogi M , Shinozaki N , Shimazaki J , Yamane G‐y 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesThe characteristics of cell populations extracted from oral mucosal non‐epithelial tissues and their ability to differentiate were evaluated in vitro as a potential source of cells for mandibular and corneal regeneration.Materials and methodsOral mucosal non‐epithelial cells (OMNECs) were extracted from tissue samples and were studied by flow cytometry and RT‐PCR. Cells differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, neurocytes, or keratocytes were characterized by RT‐PCR and cell staining.ResultsOMNECs expressed CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, and STRO‐1 antigens, which are markers for mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, Oct3/4, c‐Myc, Nanog, KLF4, and Rex, which are expressed by embryonic or pluripotent stem cells, were detected by RT‐PCR. Expression of CD49d, CD56, and PDGFRα, proteins closely associated with the neural crest, was observed in OMNECs, as was expression of Twist1, Sox9, Snail1 and Snail2, which are early neural crest and neural markers. Specific differentiation markers were expressed in OMNECs after differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, or keratocytes.ConclusionsPopulations of OMNECs may contain both mesenchymal stem cells and neural crest origin cells and are a potential cell source for autologous regeneration of mandibular or corneal stroma.
Views of Luba‐Kasai Men, Zambia, about Prevention of HIV Transmission to Babies
Authors: Auvinen Jaana , Kylmä Jari , Välimäki Maritta , Bweupe Max , Suominen Tarja 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveThis study describes the views of Luba‐Kasai men (a Congolese tribe living in Lusaka Province, Zambia) about different methods through which they can prevent their babies from being exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection during pregnancy, delivery and feeding.Design and SampleIndividual semi‐structured interview study with a sample of Luba‐Kasai refugee men (n = 21).MeasuresData were translated into English and analyzed using content analysis.ResultsTwo methods of prevention emerged: (1) Outside support (pastoral support, e.g., maintaining a spiritual outlook on life, and support from the public health service); and (2) Adopting safe practices around their own and their families' lifestyle.ConclusionAdditional attention to male participation in antenatal clinics may strengthen prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV.
Immune responses to ectoparasites of horses, with a focus on insect bite hypersensitivity
Authors: Wilson A. D. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryHorses are affected by a wide variety of arthropod ectoparasites, ranging from lice which spend their entire life on the host, through ticks which feed over a period of days, to numerous biting insects that only transiently visit the host to feed. The presence of ectoparasites elicits a number of host responses including innate inflammatory responses, adaptive immune reactions and altered behaviour; all of which can reduce the severity of the parasite burden. All of these different responses are linked through immune mechanisms mediated by mast cells and IgE antibodies which have an important role in host resistance to ectoparasites, yet immune responses also cause severe pathological reactions. One of the best described examples of such pathological sequelae is insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) of horses; an IgE‐mediated type 1 hypersensitivity to the salivary proteins of Culicoides spp. associated with T‐helper‐2 production of IL4 and IL13. Importantly, all horses exposed to Culicoides have an expanded population of Culicoides antigen‐specific T cells with this pattern of cytokine production, but in those which remain healthy, the inflammatory reaction is tempered by the presence of FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells that express IL10 and TGF‐beta, which suppresses the IL4 production by Culicoides antigen‐activated T cells.
WhichKantian Conceptualism (or Nonconceptualism)?
Authors: Connolly Kevin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA recent debate inKant scholarship concerns the role of concepts inKant's theory of perception. Roughly, proponents of aconceptualistinterpretation argue that forKant, the possession of concepts is a prior condition for perception, whilenonconceptualistinterpreters deny this. The debate has two parts. One part concerns whether possessing empirical concepts is a prior condition for having empirical intuitions. A second part concerns whetherKant allows empirical intuitions withouta prioriconcepts. Outside ofKant interpretation, the contemporary debate about conceptualism concerns whether perception requires empirical concepts. But, as I argue, the debate about whetherKant allows intuitions without empirical concepts does not show whetherKant is a conceptualist. Even ifKant allows intuitions without empirical concepts, it could still be thata prioriconcepts are required. While the debatecouldshow thatKant is a conceptualist, I argue it does not. Finally, I sketch a novel way that the conceptualist interpreter might win the debate—roughly, by arguing that possessinga prioriconcepts is a prior condition for having appearances.
A Direct Kantian Duty to Animals
Authors: Cholbi Michael 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKant's view that we have only indirect duties to animals fails to capture the intuitive notion that wronging animals transgresses duties we owe to those animals. Here I argue that a suitably modified Kantianism can allow for direct duties to animals and, in particular, an imperfect duty to promote animal welfare without unduly compromising its core theoretical commitments, especially its commitments concerning the source and nature of our duties toward rational beings. The basis for such duties is that animal welfare, on my revised Kantian view, is neither a conditioned nor unconditioned good, but a final and nonderivative good that ought to be treated as an end‐in‐itself. However, this duty to promote animal welfare operates according to a broadly consequentialist logic that both accords well with our considered judgments about our duties to animals and explains differences between these duties and duties owed to rational agents.
Is There a Claim to Deserved Punishment?
Authors: Alm David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper I defend the view that persons have a claim to deserved treatment, including many forms of punishment, against an objection resting on the principle that it is not possible to have a claim to harmful treatment. I do not challenge this principle, but argue, rather, that the harms wrongdoers typically deserve either (a) are not genuine harms at all (for reasons relevant to their being deserved) or (b) are not relevant to the content of these wrongdoers' claims.