bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do cephalopods become available to seabirds: can fish gut contents from tuna fishing vessels be a major food source of deep-dwelling cephalopods?
Authors: Xavier José C. , Cherel Yves , Roberts Jim , Piatkowski Uwe 
Published: October 2012

AbstractXavier, J. C., Cherel, Y., Roberts, J., and Piatkowski, U. 2013. How do cephalopods become available to seabirds: can fish gut contents from tuna fishing vessels be a major food source of deep-dwelling cephalopods? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:46–49. Cephalopods are important prey for numerous seabird species. However, the physical mechanisms by which cephalopods (particularly species considered as deep-dwelling) become available to seabirds are poorly understood, and it has recently been suggested that the discarded stomachs of gutted fish captured by tuna longliners can be a major source of deep-dwelling species. Here, we identify some deep-dwelling cephalopods that appear in the diet of seabirds, review the current knowledge of their vertical distribution, and compare the stomach contents of commercially captured tuna with those of seabirds foraging in the same area. The limited available information leads us to conclude that tuna longliners are unlikely to be a major source of deep-dwelling cephalopods for seabirds. However, much more information is required on the ecology of seabird prey, particularly commercially unexploited cephalopod species, which may be obtained from scientific cruises devoted to cephalopod biological research. In addition multispecies/foodweb modelling studies may be required to explore potential interactions between seabirds, their predators and prey, and commercial fishing operations.
EMBYRONAL CARCINOMA OF TESTIS METASTATIC TO CILIARY BODY PRESENTING AS SPONTANEOUS HYPHEMA AND PAINFUL SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
Authors: Valent David J. , Augsburger James J. , Corrêa Zélia M. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose:
To report a rare presentation of metastatic testicular cancer to the uvea.

Methods:
Observational case report.

Results:
A 24-year-old man without known systemic illness presented with acute total loss of vision and severe pain in his left eye and associated nausea, anorexia, and dehydration. He was found to have a total hyphema, high intraocular pressure, and a ciliary body mass (by computed tomography scan and ultrasound biomicroscopy). The affected eye was enucleated, and pathologic study showed a hemorrhagic poorly differentiated neoplasm of the ciliary body. Subsequent patient evaluation revealed a primary testicular embryonal carcinoma with widespread metastasis.

Conclusion:
This case represents the first report of a metastasis from a testicular carcinoma to the ciliary body and the first tumor of this type to be associated with spontaneous hyphema.
[Nle3,d‐Phe6]‐γ2‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone possesses the renal excretory but not the cardiovascular actions of the native γ2‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Cope Georgina , Flanagan Evelyn T , Houghton Belinda L , Walsh Sarah A , Johns Edward J , Healy Vincent 
Published: October 2012

Summary

The present study compared the cardiovascular and renal actions of γ2‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (γ2MSH) with those of the synthetic analogue [Nle3,d‐Phe6]‐γ2MSH (NDP‐γ2MSH) and explored the effects of high dietary salt intake on the renal actions of NDP‐γ2MSH.

Both peptides were infused systemically (3–1000 nmol/kg) and intrarenally (500 fmol/min) into innervated and renally denervated rats fed either a normal (0.4% NaCl) or high‐salt (4% NaCl; HS) diet. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary sodium excretion (UNaV), urinary output (UV) and fractional sodium excretion were determined, as was expression of the melanocortin MC3 receptor in inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) epithelial cells.

Both renal and systemic infusion of γ2MSH increased MAP by 23 ± 2% and 54 ± 4%, respectively, but equivalent doses of NDP‐γ2MSH had no significant pressor effects. Both peptides had similar natriuretic and diuretic effects in rats fed a normal salt diet. However, NDP‐γ2MSH increased UNaV and UV by two‐ to threefold in rats fed the normal salt diet and by six‐ to sevenfold in rats fed the HS diet. Furthermore, NDP‐γ2MSH induced a 3.5‐fold increase in GFR only in rats fed the HS diet. These renal effects of NDP‐γ2MSH were not abolished by prior renal denervation. Rats fed the HS diet also exhibited a 4.5‐fold increase in MC3 receptor expression in IMCD epithelial cells.

Intrarenal infusion of NDP‐γ2MSH induced the natriuretic but not the cardiovascular effects exhibited by γ2MSH. The renal activities may be attributed to a direct binding of NDP‐γ2MSH to MC3 receptors expressed in IMCD cells, leading to a potent natriuretic effect that is independent of renal innervation.
Modified coat protein forms the flexible spindle‐shaped virion of haloarchaeal virus His1
Authors: Pietilä Maija K. , Atanasova Nina S. , Oksanen Hanna M. , Bamford Dennis H. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryExtremophiles are found in all three domains of cellular life. However, hyperthermic and hypersaline environments are typically dominated by archaeal cells which also hold the records for the highest growth temperature and are able to grow even at saturated salinity. Hypersaline environments are rich of virus‐like particles, and spindle‐shaped virions resembling lemons are one of the most abundant virus morphotypes. Spindle‐shaped viruses are archaea‐specific as all the about 15 such virus isolates infect either hyperthermophilic or halophilic archaea. In the present work, we studied spindle‐shaped virus His1 infecting an extremely halophilic euryarchaeon, Haloarcula hispanica. We demonstrate that His1 tolerates a variety of salinities, even lower than that of seawater. The detailed analysis of the structural constituents showed that the His1 virion is composed of only one major and a few minor structural proteins. There is no lipid bilayer in the His1 virion but the major structural protein VP21 is most likely lipid modified. VP21 forms the virion capsid, and the lipid modification probably enables hydrophobic interactions leading to the flexible nature of the virion. Furthermore, we propose that euryarchaeal virus His1 may be related to crenarchaeal fuselloviruses, and that the short‐tailed spindle‐shaped viruses could form a structure‐based viral lineage.
PillCam colon capsule endoscopy versus conventional colonoscopy for the detection of severity and extent of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Ye Chen An , Gao Yun Jie , Ge Zhi Zheng , Dai Jun , Li Xiao Bo , Xue Han Bing , Ran Zhi Hua , Zhao Yun Jia 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate PillCam colon capsule endoscopy (PCCE) in detecting the severity and extent of active ulcerative colitis (UC), in comparison with conventional endoscopy.MethodsFrom July 2009 to June 2012, patients with confirmed UC were enrolled in this prospective single‐center study. After they had undergone the PCCE, they received a conventional colonoscopy. The extent of mucosal damage and inflammatory lesions during both procedures was recorded for comparison. In addition, the regimen of bowel preparation, completion rate, colonic cleansing, compliance or adverse events were analyzed.ResultsA total of 26 patients was consecutively included, among whom one was withdrawn. The remaining 25 (nine females and 16 males with a mean age of 44.2 years) completed the study. There was significant correlation in the severity (κ = 0.751, P < 0.001) and extent (κ = 0.522, P < 0.001) of UC between the PCCE and conventional colonoscopy. In addition, the excellent to good rate of colonic cleanliness in PCCE was 80%. There were no remarkable adverse events during the study.ConclusionPCCE provides an outstanding performance in the detection of the severity and extent of active UC.
The anti‐viral effect of sorafenib in hepatitis C‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cabrera R. , Limaye A. R. , Horne P. , Mills R. , Soldevila‐Pico C. , Clark V. , Morelli G. , Firpi R. , Nelson D. R. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBackgroundSorafenib is currently the only approved systemic therapy shown to have efficacy in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent studies suggest that hepatitis C (HCV)‐related HCC patients derive more clinical benefit from sorafenib than other subgroups, but the mechanism for this effect is unknown. In vitro data suggest that sorafenib may exert anti‐viral properties, and thus our aim in this study was to evaluate potential anti‐viral activity of sorafenib in patients with HCV‐related HCC.AimTo evaluate potential anti‐viral activity of sorafenib in patients with HCV‐related HCC.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled patients with HCV‐related HCC treated with sorafenib for up to 6 months. Baseline clinical, viral and oncologic data were collected. Patients' HCV viral loads were obtained at various time points, and compared with their baseline viral levels. No patients received any known anti‐viral therapy during this time.ResultsThirty‐three patients were identified with baseline and subsequent HCV levels available for analysis. Six patients completed 6 months of full dose sorafenib, and comparisons of their HCV viral loads showed no significant change at week 24 (difference of means = 0.3500, CI: −0.1799–0.8799, P = 0.150), or the interim time points. Similarly, the HCV viral loads of all patients who received sorafenib and the viral loads of those patients who had tumour response to sorafenib showed no significant changes at any time point.ConclusionDespite preclinical data and previous subgroup analyses suggesting that sorafenib has an anti‐viral effect against HCV, this study suggests that sorafenib lacks significant anti‐viral activity in HCV patients with HCC.
Rifaximin in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Mattila E. , Arkkila P. , Mattila P. S. , Tarkka E. , Tissari P. , Anttila V.‐J. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBackgroundClostridium difficile can cause severe antibiotic‐associated colitis. Conventional treatments with metronidazole and vancomycin improve symptoms, but after discontinuation of treatment, C. difficile infection (CDI) recurs in a number of patients. Rifaximin is a rifamycin‐based non‐systemic antibiotic that has effect against C. difficile.AimTo assess the effectiveness of rifaximin in recurrent C. difficile infection.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the records of 32 patients who were treated with rifaximin for recurrent C. difficile infection. The symptoms were evaluated 12 weeks after the start of treatment and patient records were followed up until 1 year after treatment.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 55 years (median 64, range: 19–84 years). Before the initiation of rifaximin therapy, the patients had undergone, on the average, 4.4 (range: 2–12) antimicrobial courses for C. difficile infection. C. difficile strain typing was performed in 27 patients. Eight (30%) patients had a strain with a DNA profile compatible with the BI/NAP1/027 ribotype. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined of isolates from 22 patients. Most isolates (68%) had very low MIC‐values for rifampin (<0.002 μg/mL) and the highest MIC value was 3.0 μg/mL. Isolates with a DNA profile compatible with the BI/NAP1/027 ribotype had, on the average, higher MICs of rifampin. After 12 weeks 17 (53%) patients had no relapse. The MIC value of rifampin seemed to predict the response to rifaximin treatment.ConclusionsRifaximin is a safe treatment for C. difficile infection. It has a reasonable effect in C. difficile infection and it can be considered as an optional treatment for recurrent C. difficile infection.
An Event‐Related Potential Study of Adolescents' and Young Adults' Judgments of Moral and Social Conventional Violations
Authors: Lahat Ayelet , Helwig Charles C. , Zelazo Philip David 
Published: October 2012

The neurocognitive development of moral and conventional judgments was examined. Event‐related potentials were recorded while 24 adolescents (13 years) and 30 young adults (20 years) read scenarios with 1 of 3 endings: moral violations, conventional violations, or neutral acts. Participants judged whether the act was acceptable or unacceptable when a rule was assumed or removed. Across age, reaction times were faster for moral than conventional violations when a rule was assumed. Adolescents had larger N2 amplitudes than adults for moral and neutral, but not conventional, acts. N2 amplitudes were larger when a rule was removed than assumed for moral, but not conventional, violations. These findings suggest that the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying moral and conventional judgments continue to develop beyond early adolescence.
Increased urinary aldosterone excretion is associated with subcutaneous not visceral, adipose tissue area in obese individuals: a possible manifestation of dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue
Authors: Harada Eisaku , Mizuno Yuji , Katoh Daisuke , Kashiwagi Yusuke , Morita Sumio , Nakayama Yoshiharu , Yoshimura Michihiro , Masuzaki Hiroaki , Saito Yoshihiko , Yasue Hirofumi 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBackgroundAldosterone is reported to be associated with obesity and is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Metabolic abnormalities are more strongly associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) than with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).ObjectiveWe examined whether aldosterone is more closely associated with VAT area than with SAT area in obese individuals.MethodsWe enrolled 81 Japanese patients (46 men, mean age 43 ± 13 years and 35 women, mean age 53 ± 10 years) suspected of metabolic disorders and measured plasma and 24‐h urinary aldosterone, as well as SAT and VAT areas. SAT and VAT areas were measured at the umbilical level by computed tomography.ResultsSpearman's rank correlation analysis showed that urinary aldosterone was significantly and positively correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, SAT area, alanine aminotransferase, C‐reactive protein, plasma immune‐reactive insulin, plasma renin activity and estimated glomerular filtration rate, and negatively correlated with age and blood glucose. Urinary aldosterone was not correlated with VAT area (r = 0·013, P = 0·906). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that log SAT area, age and diastolic blood pressure were significant (P = 0·001, 0·001 and 0·032, respectively) predictors of log urinary aldosterone excretion rate.ConclusionOur results indicate that urinary aldosterone excretion is positively associated with SAT but not with VAT area in the middle‐aged obese individuals.Urinary aldosterone is also negatively correlated with age.
Postprandial cardiac autonomic function in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Purtell Louise , Jenkins Arthur , Viardot Alexander , Herzog Herbert , Sainsbury Amanda , Smith Arabella , Loughnan Georgina , Steinbeck Katharine , Campbell Lesley V , Sze Lisa 
Published: October 2012

SummaryContextIndividuals with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) have a high cardiovascular risk, the mechanism of which is unclear. There may be dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in PWS.ObjectiveTo measure, as indicators of cardiac autonomic function, postprandial heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial stiffness in adults with PWS.MethodsTen adults with PWS were compared with 11 matched healthy obese subjects and 9 healthy lean subjects. Electrocardiographic traces and arterial stiffness were recorded over a period of 10 minutes at −60, 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes after consumption of a standardized 600‐kCal breakfast. Frequency domain analysis was performed using fast Fourier transform to estimate power spectral density in the full spectrum and in low‐frequency (LF 0·04–0·15 Hz) and high‐frequency (HF 0·15–0·40 Hz) bands.ResultsANCOVA revealed a reduced LF HRV meal response in adults with PWS compared with obese controls, with no differences in HF HRV, LF/HF ratio, heart rate, total power or arterial stiffness meal responses.ConclusionsThis study assessed cardiac autonomic function in adults with PWS compared with matched obese and lean subjects in response to a meal. Results suggest impaired postprandial ANS responsiveness in PWS, which could contribute to both the known increased cardiovascular risk and obesity.
Responding to the call: a conceptual model for kinship care assessment
Authors: O'Brien Valerie 
Published: October 2012

AbstractKinship care has become an important care option worldwide. However, in many jurisdictions, child welfare services use traditional foster care assessment systems. The assessment of the kinship home poses particular challenges. The initial assessment of the kinship home, enabling emergency placements, provides a child‐centred perspective. However, agencies frequently fail to meet the designated time frame for completion of the assessment/approval process. Such failures require the development of different conceptual models for kinship care service delivery, especially for assessments. This paper builds on earlier work on assessment models, drawing on the international literature and the author's involvement and research on kinship care in Ireland. The usability of the proposed model needs to be evaluated across different legislative, policy and practice contexts internationally.
Defining the purpose of phantom head
Authors: Fugill M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSimulation is a vital part of the learning of restorative dentistry. It provides the student with motor and procedural skills that would be impossible to learning in any other way. However, in order to use preclinical simulation most effectively, its limits need to be understood. Discussion of these rarely appears in the literature. This article identifies some of the purposes of simulation found in more general literature on the subject, and applies these to preclinical dentistry. It also describes some of the limits to simulation in the teaching of restorative dentistry.
Mortality by clinical characteristics in a tertiary care cohort of adult patients with chronic epilepsy
Authors: Nevalainen Olli , Auvinen Anssi , Ansakorpi Hanna , Artama Miia , Raitanen Jani , Isojärvi Jouko 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe authors evaluated the contribution of various clinical characteristics to mortality risk and underlying causes of death among all adult patients with epilepsy seen at the Department of Neurology, Oulu University Hospital in Finland during 1996 and 1997. Hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality in 1998–2006 relative to a population‐based reference cohort were estimated using Cox modeling, with adjustment for age and gender. The HR for total mortality was 2.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.09–3.39). Infectious etiology of epilepsy (HR 5.77, 95% CI 2.52–13.2) and a seizure frequency of ≥1 per month (HR 4.42, 95% CI 3.00–6.52) related to high risks of death. Cancer (21%), ischemic heart disease (15%), and accidents (12%) caused most of the potential years of life lost. Despite recent advances in treatment of epilepsy and improved seizure control, chronic epilepsy still carries a substantially increased risk of death.
Retrospective evaluation of facilitated pastern ankylosis using intra‐articular ethanol injections: 34 cases (2006–2012)
Authors: Caston S. , McClure S. , Beug J. , Kersh K. , Reinertson E. , Wang C. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyWhile surgical arthrodesis is the treatment of choice for osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint, some clients are unable to pursue surgery due to costs. A more economical technique was sought using intra‐articular ethyl alcohol injections to facilitate ankylosis.ObjectivesTo describe the technique and outcome of intra‐articular ethyl alcohol injections for facilitated ankylosis of proximal interphalangeal joints with osteoarthritis.MethodsAs a retrospective case series, the medical records (2006–2012) of clinical cases diagnosed with proximal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis treated with intra‐articular ethyl alcohol injections were reviewed. Cases with follow‐up of at least 6 months were included. Technique and outcome were determined. Evaluation of outcome was assessed using return to previous performance or intended use and owner satisfaction as the indicators of success. Soundness and level of work are also reported.ResultsThirty‐four horses were included in the study. At the time of follow‐up, 17 horses (50%) were sound, while 13 horses (38%) were improved but not sound. One horse's lameness was unchanged, and 3 horses were lost to follow‐up. The median time until horses became sound or returned to work was 8 months. Six horses had complications, 4 of which were mild and transient.Conclusions and potential relevanceThe use of intra‐articular ethyl alcohol in the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses affected by osteoarthritis appears to be a viable method for facilitated ankylosis if surgical management is not an option.
Protein arginine methylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Low Jason K. K. , Wilkins Marc R. 
Published: October 2012

Recent research has implicated arginine methylation as a major regulator of cellular processes, including transcription, translation, nucleocytoplasmic transport, signalling, DNA repair, RNA processing and splicing. Arginine methylation is evolutionarily conserved, and it is now thought that it may rival other post‐translational modifications such as phosphorylation in terms of its occurrence in the proteome. In addition, multiple recent examples demonstrate an exciting new theme: the interplay between methylation and other post‐translational modifications such as phosphorylation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of arginine methylation and the recent advances made, with a focus on the lower eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We cover the types of methylated proteins, their responsible methyltransferases, where and how the effects of arginine methylation are seen in the cell, and, finally, discuss the conservation of the biological function of methylarginines between S. cerevisiae and mammals.
Lipoproteins in bacteria: structures and biosynthetic pathways
Authors: Nakayama Hiroshi , Kurokawa Kenji , Lee Bok Luel 
Published: October 2012

Bacterial lipoproteins are characterized by the presence of a conserved N‐terminal lipid‐modified cysteine residue that allows the hydrophilic protein to anchor onto bacterial cell membranes. These proteins play important roles in a wide variety of bacterial physiological processes, including virulence, and induce innate immune reactions by functioning as ligands of the mammalian Toll‐like receptor 2. We review recent advances in our understanding of bacterial lipoprotein structure, biosynthesis and structure–function relationships between bacterial lipoproteins and Toll‐like receptor 2. Notably, 40 years after the first report of the triacyl structure of Braun's lipoprotein in Escherichia coli, recent intensive MS‐based analyses have led to the discovery of three new lipidated structures of lipoproteins in monoderm bacteria: the lyso, N‐acetyl and peptidyl forms. Moreover, the bacterial lipoprotein structure is considered to be constant in each bacterium; however, lipoprotein structures in Staphylococcus aureus vary between the diacyl and triacyl forms depending on the environmental conditions. Thus, the lipidation state of bacterial lipoproteins, particularly in monoderm bacteria, is more complex than previously assumed.