bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary environmental variation determines microbial diversity patterns in acid mine drainage
Authors: Kuang Jia-Liang , Huang Li-Nan , Chen Lin-Xing , Hua Zheng-Shuang , Li Sheng-Jin , Hu Min , Li Jin-Tian , Shu Wen-Sheng 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A wide array of microorganisms survive and thrive in extreme environments. However, we know little about the patterns of, and controls over, their large-scale ecological distribution. To this end, we have applied a bar-coded 16S rRNA pyrosequencing technology to explore the phylogenetic differentiation among 59 microbial communities from physically and geochemically diverse acid mine drainage (AMD) sites across Southeast China, revealing for the first time environmental variation as the major factor explaining community differences in these harsh environments. Our data showed that overall microbial diversity estimates, including phylogenetic diversity, phylotype richness and pairwise UniFrac distance, were largely correlated with pH conditions. Furthermore, multivariate regression tree analysis also identified solution pH as a strong predictor of relative lineage abundance. Betaproteobacteria, mostly affiliated with the ‘Ferrovum’ genus, were explicitly predominant in assemblages under moderate pH conditions, whereas Alphaproteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Gammaproteobacteria and Nitrospira exhibited a strong adaptation to more acidic environments. Strikingly, such pH-dependent patterns could also be observed in a subsequent comprehensive analysis of the environmental distribution of acidophilic microorganisms based on 16S rRNA gene sequences previously retrieved from globally distributed AMD and associated environments, regardless of the long-distance isolation and the distinct substrate types. Collectively, our results suggest that microbial diversity patterns are better predicted by contemporary environmental variation rather than geographical distance in extreme AMD systems.
On extremes in linguistic complexity
Authors: Kilarski Marcin , Dziubalska-Kołaczyk Katarzyna 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThis article examines common motifs in the accounts of the sound systems of Iroquoian, Polynesian and Khoesan languages as the most well-known cases of extremes in phonetic complexity. On the basis of examples from European and American scholarship between the 17th and early 20th century, we investigate continuities in the description of their seemingly ‘exotic’ inventories and phonotactic structures when viewed from the perspective of European languages. We also demonstrate the influence of phonetic accounts on the interpretation of other components of language and their role in the construction of biased images of the languages and their speakers. Finally, we show that controversies in descriptions of ‘exotic’ languages concern issues that remain relevant in modern phonetic research, in particular complexity of phonological systems, while notions which were conceived as ‘misconceptions’ have re-emerged as unresolved research questions, e.g., the status of clicks and small and large consonant inventories.
Contextualising Baxtin’s Linguistic Ideas
Authors: Lähteenmäki Mika 
Published: November 2012

Summary
This article discusses the origins and formation of the notion of ‘metalinguistics’ in Mixail Mixajlovič Baxtin’s (1895–1975) writings. It is argued that the discussion of metalinguistics and the division of labour within the study of language in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s may have exerted a more profound influence on the formation of Baxtin’s linguistic views than was previously thought. The article investigates the nature and extent of this interaction and shows that there are interesting parallels between Baxtin’s conception of metalinguistics and the metalinguistics writings of George L. Trager (1906–1992). This suggests that, apart from any purely terminological influence, the way in which Baxtin defined the scope of his metalinguistics as a specific discipline separate from linguistics may have been inspired by the writings of the American structuralists.
‘All Languages Are Equally Complex’
Authors: Joseph John E. , Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThroughout most of the history of the discipline, linguists have had little hesitation in comparing languages in terms of their relative complexity, whether or not they extrapolated judgements of superiority or inferiority from such comparisons. By the mid 20th century, however, a consensus had arisen that all languages were of equal complexity. This paper documents and explains the rise of this consensus, as well as the reasons that have led to it being challenged in recent years, from various directions, including language diversity, as analysed by Daniel Everett; arguments about Creoles and Creoloids, as put forward by Peter Trudgill, and others; and views from generative linguistics and evolutionary anthropology.
The Orator as Propagandist: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and “The Truth About the Paterson Strike”
Authors: Trasciatti Mary Anne 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This essay offers an analysis of “The Truth about the Paterson Strike,” Elizabeth Gurley Flynn's 1914 speech containing her ideas about the nature of propaganda in radical working-class movements. Flynn defines propaganda as ideological education, and her speech highlights the importance of oratory to early twentieth century radical propaganda campaigns. These ideas belie fundamental principles of contemporary propaganda studies, which define propaganda as manipulative, mass mediated persuasion to advance the interests of powerful elites and institutions, and contain oratory within the ethical art of rhetoric. The study concludes by recommending that the purview of propaganda studies be expanded to include Flynn's activities and those of other radical propagandists.
“I Leapt over the Wall and They Made Me President”: Historical Context, Rhetorical Agency and the Amazing Career Of Lech Walesa
Authors: Omatowski Cezar M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe rise of Lech Walesa from shipyard electrician to leader of “Solidarity,” international icon of freedom, and first president of democratic Poland was closely bound up with rhetoric. Walesa's idiosyncratic verbal style galvanized the masses and successfully confronted communist propaganda. The revolution of the workers on the Baltic coast was to a large extent a revolution in language. Walesa was also a skilled negotiator. As president, however, he was a controversial figure; his conception of democracy as a continuing war of words is widely credited with spelling the end of the idealistic “Solidarity” era. Today, allegations remain that Walesa was an agent provocateur and that the Polish revolution may have been a provocation that got out of hand. Some allege that Walesa's myth was a creation of Western media, a function of people's desires, and an accident of the historical moment. While there is no proof that any of these allegations are true and the documentary record reveals Walesa's undeniable rhetorical prowess and political talent, his case provides material for reflection on the relationship between history, rhetoric, and political agency.
Structural Logos in Heraclitus and the Sophists
Authors: Hoffman David C. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This essay is an inquiry into Heraclitus' conception of logos and its importance for sophistic thought. Following G. S. Kirk, I argue that Heraclitus used logos to designate structure or ordered composition, both in language and in the physical world. Further, I propose that early sophists like Gorgias and Protagoras shared with Heraclitus a structural conception of logos. The essay proceeds by reviewing various understandings of Heraclitus and his philosophy, making the case that Heraclitus did use logos to signify structure or “ordered composition,” and by exploring the relationship between Heraclitus, read in this way, and the sophists.
External Threats and Consequences: John Bull Rhetoric in Northern Political Culture during the United States Civil War
Authors: Klees June 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThroughout the Civil War, editor-politicians fashioned Britain as a threat to the Union via the use of “John Bull rhetoric.” As purveyors of partisan expression, leading editors exploited precedents, historic memories and popular symbols, contemporary relations, and conspiracy theories related to Britain and its governing classes as a condensation symbol in the rhetoric of intra/inter-party politics. The direct effect on voters is impossible to quantify, but the editors' persistent and deliberative use of John Bull rhetoric to create a dangerous, external consequence to opponents' positions reveals that it was important in the wartime power struggle to control the country's ideological destiny.
Blood Culture Contamination A Randomized Trial Evaluating the Comparative Effectiveness of 3 Skin Antiseptic Interventions
Authors: Washer Laraine L. , Chenoweth Carol , Kim Hae-Won , Rogers Mary A. M. , Malani Anurag N. , Riddell James , Kuhn Latoya , Noeyack Bernard , Neusius Harry , Newton Duane W. , Saint Sanjay , Flanders Scott A. 
Published: November 2012

Objective.To determine relative rates of blood culture contamination for 3 skin antisepsis interventions—10% povidone iodine aqueous solution (PI), 2% iodine tincture (IT), and 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol (CHG)—when used by dedicated phlebotomy teams to obtain peripheral blood cultures.Design.Randomized crossover trial with hospital floor as the unit of randomization.Setting.Teaching hospital with 885 beds.Patients.All adult patients undergoing peripheral blood culture collection on 3 medical-surgical floors from May 2009 through September 2009.Intervention.Each antisepsis intervention was used for 5 months on each study floor, with random crossover after a 1-month washout period. Phlebotomy teams collected all peripheral blood cultures. Each positive blood culture was adjudicated by physicians blinded to the intervention and scored as a true positive or contaminated blood culture. The primary outcome was the rate of blood culture contamination for each antisepsis agent.Results.In total, 12,904 peripheral blood culture sets were evaluated, of which 735 (5.7%) were positive. There were 98 contaminated cultures, representing 13.3% of all positive cultures. The overall blood culture contamination rate for the study population was 0.76%. Intent-to-treat rates of contaminated blood cultures were not significantly different among the 3 antiseptics (P= .18), yielding 0.58% with PI (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38%-0.86%), 0.76% with IT (95% CI, 0.52%-1.07%), and 0.93% with CHG (95% CI, 0.67%-1.27%).Conclusion.Choice of antiseptic agent does not impact contamination rates when blood cultures are obtained by a phlebotomy team and should, therefore, be based on costs or preference.Trial Registration.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01216761.
Toroidal current profile control during low confinement mode plasma discharges in DIII-D via first-principles-driven model-based robust control synthesis
Authors: Barton Justin E. , Boyer Mark D. , Shi Wenyu , Schuster Eugenio , Luce Tim C. , Ferron John R. , Walker Michael L. , Humphreys David A. , Penaflor Ben G. , Johnson Robert D. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In order for ITER to be capable of operating in advanced tokamak operating regimes, characterized by a high fusion gain, good plasma confinement, magnetohydrodynamic stability and a non-inductively driven plasma current, for extended periods of time, several challenging plasma control problems still need to be solved. Setting up a suitable toroidal current density profile in the tokamak is key for one possible advanced operating scenario characterized by non-inductive sustainment of the plasma current. At the DIII-D tokamak, the goal is to create the desired current profile during the ramp-up and early flat-top phases of the plasma discharge and then actively maintain this target profile for the remainder of the discharge. The evolution in time of the toroidal current profile in tokamaks is related to the evolution of the poloidal magnetic flux profile, which is modelled in normalized cylindrical coordinates using a first-principles, nonlinear, dynamic partial differential equation (PDE) referred to as the magnetic diffusion equation. The magnetic diffusion equation is combined with empirical correlations developed from physical observations and experimental data from DIII-D for the electron temperature, the plasma resistivity and the non-inductive current drive to develop a simplified, control-oriented, nonlinear, dynamic PDE model of the poloidal flux profile evolution valid for low confinement mode discharges. In this work, we synthesize a robust feedback controller to reject disturbances and track a desired reference trajectory of the poloidal magnetic flux gradient profile by employing the control-oriented model of the system. A singular value decomposition of the static gain matrix of the plant model is utilized to identify the most relevant control channels and is combined with the dynamic response of system around a given operating trajectory to design the feedback controller. A general framework for real-time feedforward + feedback control of magnetic and kinetic plasma profiles was implemented in the DIII-D Plasma Control System and was used to demonstrate the ability of the feedback controller to control the toroidal current profile evolution in the DIII-D tokamak. These experiments constitute the first time ever a first-principles-driven, model-based, closed-loop magnetic profile controller was successfully implemented and tested in a tokamak device.
Measurement of plasma boundary displacement by n = 2 magnetic perturbations using imaging beam emission spectroscopy
Authors: Moyer R.A. , Van Zeeland M.A. , Orlov D.M. , Wingen A. , Evans T.E. , Ferraro N.M. , Hanson J.M. , Nazikian R. , Wade M.R. , Zeng L. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Imaging beam emission spectroscopy has been used to study the displacement of the plasma boundary in ELMing H-mode discharges with a 10 Hz rotating n = 2 external magnetic field perturbation in DIII-D. The rotating magnetic field creates a helical displacement of the beam emission profile of ∼2 cm on the low-field-side (LFS) midplane which rotates with the applied resonant magnetic perturbation. This shift in the beam emission profile is due primarily to a shift in the electron density profile, which is independently measured to be 1.9 cm on the LFS midplane. These boundary displacements exceed calculations for the displacement of the stable and unstable manifolds formed by the interaction of the magnetic perturbation with the divertor separatrix by a factor of 4–5, suggesting that the vacuum field model does not correctly model the effect of the magnetic perturbations even near the separatrix. The measured displacements are suggestive of a non-resonant kink response.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition increases glucose‐induced insulin secretion in response to acute restraint
Authors: Schweizer Júnia ROL , Miranda Paulo AC , Fóscolo Rodrigo B , Lemos Joao PM , Paula Luciano F , Silveira Warley C , Santos Robson AS , Pinheiro Sérgio VB , Coimbra Candido C , Ribeiro‐Oliveira Antônio 
Published: November 2012

Summary

There is increasing evidence suggesting involvement of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in carbohydrate metabolism and its response to stress. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic inhibition of the RAS on glucose and insulin levels during acute restraint stress.

Male Holtzman rats were treated with 10 mg/kg per day enalapril solution or vehicle for 14 days. After 14 days, rats were divided into three experimental groups: enalapril + restraint (ER), vehicle + restraint (VR) and enalapril + saline (ES). Rats in the restraint groups were subjected to 30 min restraint stress, whereas rats in the ES groups were given saline infusion instead. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 5, 10, 20 and 30 min restraint stress or saline infusion.

After restraint, a hyperglycaemic response was observed in the ER and VR groups that peaked at 20 and 10 min, respectively (P < 0.05 compared with baseline). The area under the glucose curve was markedly increased in the ER and VR groups compared with that in the ES group (P < 0.05 for both). Importantly, restraint induced a marked increase in insulin secretion in the ER group compared with only a mild elevation in the VR group; insulin secretion in both groups peaked at 20 min (P < 0.05 compared with baseline). Analysis of the area under the insulin curve confirmed an increase in insulin secretion in the ER compared with the VR and ES groups (P < 0.05 for both).

The results of the present study reinforce that the RAS is involved in modulating responses to stress and suggest that RAS inhibition with enalapril may increase glucose‐induced insulin secretion in response to acute restraint.
Modelling the effects of dispersal mechanisms and hydrodynamic regimes upon the structure of microbial communities within fluvial biofilms
Authors: Woodcock Stephen , Besemer Katharina , Battin Tom J. , Curtis Thomas P. , Sloan William T. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe spatial distribution of microbial taxa is determined primarily by physical and chemical environments and by dispersal. In a homogeneous landscape with limited dispersal, the similarity in abundance of taxa in samples declines with separation distance. We present a one‐dimensional model for the spatial autocorrelation in abundances arising from immigration from some remote community and dispersal between environmentally similar landscape patches. Spatial correlation in taxa abundances were calculated from biofilms from the beds of two flumes which differed only in their bedform profiles; one flat and the other a periodic sawtooth shape. The hydraulic regime is approximately uniform over the flat bed, whereas the sawtooth induces fast flow over the peaks and recirculation in the troughs. On the flat bed, the correlation decline between samples was reproduced by a model using one biologically reasonable parameter. A decline was apparent in the other flume; however, a better fit was achieved when dispersal was not assumed constant everywhere. However, analysis of finer‐resolution data for the heterogeneous flume suggested even this model did not adequately capture the community's complexity. We conclude that hydrodynamics are a strong driver of taxa‐abundance patterns in stream biofilms. However, local adaptability must also be considered to build up a complete mechanistic model.
Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 August 2012 – 30 September 2012
Authors:   Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium, Ahanchédé Adam , Alfaya José E. F. , Andersen L. W. , Azam Didier , Bautista Ma. Anita M. , Besnard Anne‐Laure , Bigatti Gregorio , Bouétard Anthony , Coutellec Marie‐Agnès , Ewédjè Eben‐Ezer B. K. , Fuseya Reiko , GarcÍa‐Jiménez Ricardo , Haratian M. , Hardy Olivier J. , Holm L.‐E. , Hoy Casey W. , Koshimizu Eriko , Loeschcke V. , López‐Márquez Violeta , Machado Carlos A. , Machordom Annie , Marchi C. , Michel Andrew P. , Micheneau Claire , Mittapalli Omprakash , Nagai Takahiro , Okamoto Nobuaki , Pan Ying , Panitz F. , Safaie N. , Sakamoto Takashi , Sharifnabi B. , Tian En‐Wei , Yu Hui 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article documents the addition of 83 microsatellite marker loci and 96 pairs of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Bembidion lampros, Inimicus japonicus, Lymnaea stagnalis, Panopea abbreviata, Pentadesma butyracea, Sycoscapter hirticola and Thanatephorus cucumeris (anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani). These loci were cross‐tested on the following species: Pentadesma grandifolia and Pentadesma reyndersii. This article also documents the addition of 96 sequencing primer pairs and 88 allele‐specific primers or probes for Plutella xylostella.
Schizophrenia patients with and without Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have different mood symptom levels but same cognitive functioning
Authors: Peleikis D. E. , Varga M. , Sundet K. , Lorentzen S. , Agartz I. , Andreassen O. A. 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate differences in cognitive function and level of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) with or without psychological traumatization/post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that traumatized patients with or without PTSD would have more severe cognitive impairments because of the neuropathological changes associated with PTSD, and more severe psychopathology compared with non‐traumatized SZ patients.MethodSeventy‐five SZ patients with traumatization and 217 SZ patients without traumatization were evaluated regarding the symptoms and cognitive functioning, using standard symptom scales (PANSS; CDSS) and a neuropsychological test battery (IQ, verbal memory, attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning).ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the groups in cognitive test performance. The patients in the traumatized group with PTSD showed significantly more current depression than the non‐traumatized group (P = 0.012).ConclusionThe findings did not support the hypothesis that the presence of comorbid PTSD/traumatization in SZ is associated with increased cognitive impairment. The increase in current depression in SZ with comorbid traumatization suggests that more severe psychopathology is associated with traumatization.
Cyclophosphamide‐hydroxycamptothecin as second‐line chemotherapy for advanced Ewing's sarcoma: Experience of a single institution
Authors: Han Kun , Sun Yuanjue , Zhang Jianjun , He Aina , Zheng Shui'er , Shen Zan , Yao Yang 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimTo investigate the feasibility and efficacy of cyclophosphamide (CTX)‐hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) as second‐line chemotherapy on advanced Ewing's sarcoma.MethodsFrom April 2009 to November 2010, 27 patients with advanced Ewing's sarcoma who had progressive disease after the first‐line chemotherapy regimen of vincristine, dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide and etoposide were retrospectively reviewed in this analysis. CTX was given (0.6 g/m2, i.v. push day 1) and HCPT (6 mg/m2, i.v. drip days 1–5) as second‐line chemotherapy every 3 weeks. The primary end‐point was overall response rate, the secondary end‐point included progression‐free, overall survival, disease control rate and toxicities.ResultsA total of 134 cycles were given, median four cycles per patient (range 2–6). Overall response rate was 30% and disease control rate was 82%, with two complete response (8%), six partial remission (22%) and 14 stable disease (52%). The median time to progression and overall survival time were 7 months (95% CI 3–10) and 11 months (95% CI 5–18), respectively. Major severe toxicities (grade 3 and 4) were: nausea/vomiting (17%), alopecia (17%); leukopenia (27%) in total cycles. Mild toxicities (grade 1 or 2) were leukopenia (73%), nausea/vomiting (83%), hepatic lesion (14%) and anemia (44%).ConclusionA CTX‐HCPT regimen can control disease progression effectively and the side effects can be tolerable for Chinese advanced Ewing's sarcoma patients. Further assessment is necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of this treatment.