bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Hydroxytyrosol Rich Extract from Two‐Phase Chemlali Olive Pomace by Chemical Treatment
Authors: Rigane Ghayth , Bouaziz Mohamed , Baccar Nidhal , Abidi Samira , Sayadi Sami , Salem Ridha Ben 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  A very simple method is proposed to produce hydroxytyrosol, a commercially unavailable compound with well‐known biological properties which justify a potential commercial application. The 2‐phase Chemlali olive pomace is selected as substrate for chemical treatment. Different conditions of chemical treatment, including concentration of acid and alkaline solutions, time and temperature, were assayed. A high amount of hydroxytyrosol (1360 mg/kg of fresh 2‐phase olive pomace) was obtained using water bath after treatment at 80 °C for 90 min with 1 M of H3PO4. However, treatment of 2‐phase Chemlali olive pomace using autoclave apparatus could produce a large amount of hydroxytyrosol (1993.60 and 1515.88 mg/kg of fresh alperujo, 1 M acid and basic catalyst, respectively). By taking into consideration practical and economic aspects, acid‐catalyzed treatment was more effective using autoclave conditions, whereas the alkali catalyzed conditions were not very suitable. This study could provide useful information for industry to produce the potentially bioactive compound.Practical Application:  The 2‐phase Chemlali olive pomace is selected as substrate for chemical treatment. Treatment of “alperujo” using water bath or autoclave apparatus was carried out. A high amount of hydroxytyrosol was obtained using autoclave apparatus.
The Effectiveness of Antibrowning Dip Treatments to Reduce After‐Cooking Darkening in Potatoes
Authors: Calder Beth L. , Cowles Emily A. , Davis‐Dentici Katherine , Bushway Alfred A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  After‐cooking darkening (ACD) is an inherent and undesirable trait that develops in cooked potatoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sodium acid sulfate (SAS) dip treatments compared to other antigraying treatments and a control to reduce ACD in boiled, Katahdin potatoes. Dip treatments were applied for 3 min prior to boiling and included: 3% SAS, 3% citric acid (CA), 3% sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), along with a distilled water control. SAS‐ and CA‐treated potatoes had slightly, but significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher b* and chroma values, which indicates a more intense yellow potato color, with less graying, compared to the control. SAS‐ and CA‐treated potatoes also had significantly (P≤ 0.001) lower pH values for inner and outer potato surfaces than the control. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were detected for total phenolic or mineral contents among treatments. CA and SAPP samples had slightly, but significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher moisture contents than the control. Sensory test results showed no significant differences for color, aftertaste, or overall acceptability. However, CA‐treated samples were rated significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower for flavor than all other treatments and panelists commented on sour notes. CA‐ and SAS‐treated potatoes were scored slightly, but significantly lower for texture than other treatments due to a waxy outer layer. However, SAS was the most acidic dip treatment, but did not significantly affect flavor. Overall, results suggest that SAS was similarly accepted by consumers in comparison to CA and SAPP, which is the industry standard to reduce ACD.Practical Application:  After‐cooking darkening (ACD) is an undesirable potato trait that occurs after potatoes have been processed. Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) has been used as the industry standard to reduce ACD. Sodium acid sulfate (SAS) treatments prior to boiling appeared to be comparable to SAPP and citric acid in effectiveness to reduce ACD. SAS did not negatively affect the flavor of boiled potato samples according to sensory results. The SAS treatment may be more beneficial for potatoes intended for potato salad products.
Evaluation of a Modified pH‐Shift Process to Reduce 2‐Methylisoborneol and Geosmin in Spiked Catfish and Produce a Consumer Acceptable Fried Catfish Nugget‐Like Product
Authors: Brown T.M. , Cerruto‐Noya C.A. , Schrader K.K. , Kleinholz C.W. , Mireles DeWitt C.A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Muddy and/or musty off‐flavors in farmed‐raised catfish occur as a result of the absorption of geosmin (GEO) and 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB), compounds produced by algae. Previous research suggests the acid pH‐shift method may be able to reduce off‐flavors to produce a consumer acceptable product. The objective of this research was to evaluate application of the acid pH‐shift method using a shaker sieve for protein recovery and to evaluate consumer acceptability of a resultant batter‐coated fried nugget‐like catfish product. Farm‐raised catfish were either allowed to depurate (control) or treated with 1 ppb GEO or MIB. Fillets from each replicate were collected and ground and treated by the acid pH‐shift process. Samples from all treatments and replicates were evaluated for residual GEO and MIB. In addition, batter‐coated fried catfish samples were prepared for a consumer sensory evaluation. Results demonstrated that the pH‐shift process decreased moisture, ash, and collagen content of catfish fillet tissue (P < 0.05). Flavor of control samples was preferred (P < 0.05). Texture of catfish samples treated by the pH‐shift process was preferred (P < 0.05). Results demonstrate the pH‐shift process can be utilized to reduce off‐flavors and increase the acceptability of a processed catfish product.Practical Application:  Use of a sieve as an economic alternative for the pH‐shift process was evaluated for removing off‐flavors from catfish. Difficulties were encountered with regard to protein recovery using the sieve and suggestions are made to, perhaps, make the process more applicable for a sieve‐based recovery step. The process as described reduced off‐flavors, but only 2‐fold suggesting the process would work best on catfish near or just over off‐flavor thresholds. Results also indicated the pH‐shift process could be used to improve texture of a fried catfish product designed to be similar to chicken nuggets.
Variation in corneal hysteresis and central corneal thickness among black, hispanic and white subjects
Authors: Haseltine Sarah J. , Pae Jennis , Ehrlich Joshua R. , Shammas Maya , Radcliffe Nathan M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine whether differences in corneal hysteresis (CH) and central corneal thickness (CCT) between black, Hispanic and white subjects exist independently of one another.Methods:  Retrospective, cross‐sectional data were reviewed for 807 eyes of 410 patients consecutively evaluated for glaucoma. Included patients had open angles, at least one reliable 24‐2 perimetric examination and no evidence of nonglaucomatous vision loss. Patients underwent CH measurement with the ocular response analyzer followed by CCT measurement and full ocular examination. Patients were asked to self‐classify their race or ethnicity. Statistical analyses were performed to identify characteristics that varied between black, Hispanic and white subjects and to explain this variation.Results:  Of the 270 patients (511 eyes) included, 84 were black, 96 Hispanic and 90 white. There were no significant differences in diagnosis, sex, age, intraocular pressure or glaucoma severity between races/ethnicities (p ≥ 0.16). Blacks were found to have lower CCT (529.3 μm) and CH (8.7 mmHg) compared to Hispanics (544.7 μm, p = 0.008; 9.4 mmHg, p = 0.007) and whites (549.9 μm, p < 0.001; 9.8 mmHg, p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, inter‐racial/ethnic differences in CCT were not found to exist independent of CH (p ≥ 0.10), whereas the significant intergroup variation in CH remained after adjustment for CCT and other covariates (p ≤ 0.005).Conclusions:  Variation in CCT between races/ethnicities does not exist independent of CH. However, significant intergroup variation in CH is present independent of CCT. This finding suggests that CH may be a preferable measurement to evaluate intergroup differences in corneal properties and their relationship to open‐angle glaucoma.
Activation of retinal microglial cells is not associated with Müller cell reactivity in vitrectomized rabbit eyes
Authors: Ulbricht Elke , Pannicke Thomas , Uhlmann Susann , Wiedemann Peter , Reichenbach Andreas , Francke Mike 
Published: September 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  Vitrectomy is a frequently performed surgical intervention in ophthalmology to remove vitreous traction and opacities or to treat complicated retinal detachments and diabetic changes. However, there is lack of information about cellular responses in retinal tissue after a surgical intervention such as vitrectomy. Microglia cells, the immune competent cells of neuronal tissue, are involved in nearly all neuropathological changes and are additionally activated by neurosurgical interventions. For most neurodegenerative changes, it is described that microglia activation is generally accompanied by a reactive gliosis of macroglial cells. However, it is not known whether microglial cell activation is necessarily associated with macroglial cell gliosis or whether these processes are regulated separately. Furthermore, there is an ongoing debate about possible detrimental consequences of microglial cell activation for neurons in central neural and retinal tissue.Methods:  Using immunohistochemistry and whole‐cell patch clamp experiments in a rabbit model of partial pars plana vitrectomy, we investigated micro‐ and macroglial cell reactivity after this intervention.Results:  Partial vitrectomy induced a massive microglia response characterized by morphological changes, intraretinal migration and proliferation of retinal microglial cells, respectively. Microglial cell reactivity was observed 2 days after the operation and was down‐regulated after 7 days. Microglia reactivity was associated with neither a general Müller cell gliosis nor an obvious neuronal cell loss. Electrophysiological examinations revealed no significant changes of whole‐cell currents and membrane potentials of Müller cells from healthy and vitrectomized eyes up to 3 weeks after operation. Only a small number of individual Müller glial cells expressed GFAP or reduced their inward currents as a sign of Müller cell gliosis.Conclusion:  Vitrectomy induced a massive response of microglial cells. However, microglia activation and deactivation are effectively regulated and are not necessarily associated with macroglial (Müller) cell reactivity and with obvious detrimental effects to neurons.
Association of salivary levels of the bone remodelling regulators sRANKL and OPG with periodontal clinical status
Authors: Tobón‐Arroyave Sergio I. , Isaza‐Guzmán Diana M. , Restrepo‐Cadavid Eliana M. , Zapata‐Molina Sandra M. , Martínez‐Pabón María C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimTo determine the variations in salivary concentrations of sRANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ratio, regarding the periodontal status.Materials and MethodsNinety‐seven chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects and 43 healthy controls were selected. Periodontal status was assessed based on full‐mouth clinical periodontal measurements. sRANKL and OPG salivary levels were analysed by ELISA. The association between these analytes and its ratio with CP was analysed individually and adjusted for confounding using a binary logistic regression model.ResultssRANKL and sRANKL/OPG ratio were increased, whereas OPG was decreased in CP compared with healthy controls subjects. Although univariate analysis revealed a positive association of sRANKL salivary levels ≥6 pg/ml, OPG salivary levels ≤131 pg/ml and sRANKL/OPG ratio ≥0.062 with CP, after logistic regression analysis only the latter parameter was strongly and independently associated with disease status. Confounding and interaction effects of ageing and smoking habit on sRANKL and OPG levels could be noted.ConclusionAlthough salivary concentrations of sRANKL, OPG and its ratio may act as indicators of the amount/extent of periodontal breakdown, the mutual confounding and synergistic biological interactive effects related to ageing and smoking habit of the susceptible host may also promote the tissue destruction in CP.
Efficient gene expression profiling of laser‐microdissected melanoma metastases
Authors: Makhzami Samira , Rambow Florian , Delmas Veronique , Larue Lionel 
Published: September 2012

SummaryComparing the transcriptomes of primary and metastatic tumour tissues is a useful strategy for studying tumour progression. One factor limiting the interpretation of tissue‐based transcriptomic data is the lack of cell‐type purity. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) has been shown to be useful for overcoming this limitation. We established an efficient protocol for gene expression profiling of LCM and matched metastatic melanomas using a transgenic mouse model. This optimized workflow combines microsurgical recovery of mouse lungs, appropriate tissue freezing, laser microdissection of homogeneous tumour cell populations from cryosections, isolation of high‐quality RNA and gene expression analysis. The RNA isolated from laser‐microdissected material was not contaminated by stroma cells, was of excellent quality, and the synthesis of cDNAs was homogeneous and highly reproducible. Subsequent custom‐based Taqman‐low‐density‐array (TLDA)‐based gene expression profiling identified stronger expression of five genes (M‐MITF, TYR, STAT3, CCND1 and PAX3) in primary than metastatic melanoma. We detected only minor transcriptomic differences between primary and metastatic melanoma tissue. This optimized workflow could be very valuable for various studies requiring cell type–specific transcriptomic analysis.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacillus Strains Isolated from Primary Starters for African Traditional Bread Production and Characterization of the Bacitracin Operon and Bacitracin Biosynthesis
Authors: Adimpong David B. , Sørensen Kim I. , Thorsen Line , Stuer-Lauridsen Birgitte , Abdelgadir Warda S. , Nielsen Dennis S. , Derkx Patrick M. F. , Jespersen Lene 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Bacillus
spp. are widely used as feed additives and probiotics. However, there is limited information on their resistance to various antibiotics, and there is a growing concern over the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. The MIC for 8 antibiotics was determined for 85
Bacillus
species strains,
Bacillus subtilis
subsp.
subtilis
(
n
= 29),
Bacillus licheniformis
(
n
= 38), and
Bacillus sonorensis
(
n
= 18), all of which were isolated from starters for Sudanese bread production. All the strains were sensitive to tetracycline (8.0 mg/liter), vancomycin (4.0 mg/liter), and gentamicin (4.0 mg/liter) but resistant to streptomycin. Sensitivity to clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin was species specific. The erythromycin resistance genes
ermD
and
ermK
were detected by PCR in all of the erythromycin-resistant (MIC, ≥16.0 mg/liter)
B. licheniformis
strains and one erythromycin-sensitive (MIC, 4.0 mg/liter)
B. licheniformis
strain. Several amino acid changes were present in the translated
ermD
and
ermK
nucleotide sequences of the erythromycin-sensitive strain, which could indicate ErmD and ErmK protein functionalities different from those of the resistance strains. The
ermD
and
ermK
genes were localized on an 11.4-kbp plasmid. All of the
B. sonorensis
strains harbored the bacitracin synthetase gene,
bacA
, and the transporter gene
bcrA
, which correlated with their observed resistance to bacitracin. Bacitracin was produced by all the investigated species strains (28%), as determined by ultra-high-definition quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHD-QTOF LC/MS). The present study has revealed species-specific variations in the antimicrobial susceptibilities of
Bacillus
spp. and provides new information on MIC values, as well as the occurrence of resistance genes in
Bacillus
spp., including the newly described species
B. sonorensis
.
Evaluation of Sample Recovery Efficiency for Bacteriophage P22 on Fomites
Authors: Herzog Amanda B. , Pandey Alok K. , Reyes-Gastelum David , Gerba Charles P. , Rose Joan B. , Hashsham Syed A. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Fomites are known to play a role in the transmission of pathogens. Quantitative analysis of the parameters that affect sample recovery efficiency (SRE) at the limit of detection of viruses on fomites will aid in improving quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and infection control. The variability in SRE as a function of fomite type, fomite surface area, sampling time, application media, relative humidity (rH), and wetting agent was evaluated. To quantify the SRE, bacteriophage P22 was applied onto fomites at average surface densities of 0.4 ± 0.2 and 4 ± 2 PFU/cm
2
. Surface areas of 100 and 1,000 cm
2
of nonporous fomites found in indoor environments (acrylic, galvanized steel, and laminate) were evaluated with premoistened antistatic wipes. The parameters with the most effects on the SRE were sampling time, fomite surface area, wetting agent, and rH. At time zero (the initial application of bacteriophage P22), the SRE for the 1,000-cm
2
fomite surface area was, on average, 40% lower than that for the 100-cm
2
fomite surface area. For both fomite surface areas, the application medium Trypticase soy broth (TSB) and/or the laminate fomite predominantly resulted in a higher SRE. After the applied samples dried on the fomites (20 min), the average SRE was less than 3%. A TSB wetting agent applied on the fomite improved the SRE for all samples at 20 min. In addition, an rH greater than 28% generally resulted in a higher SRE than an rH less than 28%. The parameters impacting SRE at the limit of detection have the potential to enhance sampling strategies and data collection for QMRA models.
Carbohydrate Hydrolysis and Transport in the Extreme Thermoacidophile Sulfolobus solfataricus
Authors: Lalithambika Sreedevi , Peterson Landon , Dana Karl , Blum Paul 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTExtremely thermoacidophilic microbes, such asSulfolobus solfataricus, are strict chemoheterotrophs despite their geologic niche. To clarify their ecophysiology, the overlapping roles of endoglucanases and carbohydrate transporters were examined during growth on soluble cellodextrins as the sole carbon and energy source. Strain-specific differences in genome structure implied a unique role for one of three endogenous endoglucanases. Plasmid-based endoglucanase expression promoted the consumption of oligosaccharides, including cellohexaose (G6) through cellonanaose (G9). Protein transporters required for cellodextrin uptake were identified through mutagenesis and complementation of an ABC transporter cassette, including a putative oligosaccharide binding protein. In addition, ablation of the binding protein compromised growth on glucose and alpha-linked oligosaccharides while inactivation of a previously described glucose transporter had no apparent impact. These data demonstrate thatS. solfataricusemploys a redundant mechanism for soluble cellodextrin catabolism having both substrate uptake and extracytoplasmic hydrolytic components.
Characterization of an Endo-Processive-Type Xyloglucanase Having a β-1,4-Glucan-Binding Module and an Endo-Type Xyloglucanase from Streptomyces avermitilis
Authors: Ichinose Hitomi , Araki Yuko , Michikawa Mari , Harazono Koichi , Yaoi Katsuro , Karita Shuichi , Kaneko Satoshi 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

We cloned two glycoside hydrolase family 74 genes, the
sav_1856
gene and the
sav_2574
gene, from
Streptomyces avermitilis
NBRC14893 and characterized the resultant recombinant proteins. The
sav_1856
gene product (SaGH74A) consisted of a catalytic domain and a family 2 carbohydrate-binding module at the C terminus, while the
sav_2574
gene product (SaGH74B) consisted of only a catalytic domain. SaGH74A and SaGH74B were expressed successfully and had molecular masses of 92 and 78 kDa, respectively. Both recombinant proteins were xyloglucanases. SaGH74A had optimal activity at 60°C and pH 5.5, while SaGH74B had optimal activity at 55°C and pH 6.0. SaGH74A was stable over a broad pH range (pH 4.5 to 9.0), whereas SaGH74B was stable over a relatively narrow pH range (pH 6.0 to 6.5). Analysis of the hydrolysis products of tamarind xyloglucan and xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides indicated that SaGH74A was endo-processive, while SaGH74B was a typical endo-enzyme. The C terminus of SaGH74A, which was annotated as a carbohydrate-binding module, bound to β-1,4-linked glucan-containing soluble polysaccharides such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, barley glucan, and xyloglucan.
Microbial Community Dynamics of an Urban Drinking Water Distribution System Subjected to Phases of Chloramination and Chlorination Treatments
Authors: Hwang Chiachi , Ling Fangqiong , Andersen Gary L. , LeChevallier Mark W. , Liu Wen-Tso 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Water utilities in parts of the U.S. control microbial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) by alternating postdisinfection methods between chlorination and chloramination. To examine how this strategy influences drinking water microbial communities, an urban DWDS (population ≅ 40,000) with groundwater as the source water was studied for approximately 2 years. Water samples were collected at five locations in the network at different seasons and analyzed for their chemical and physical characteristics and for their microbial community composition and structure by examining the 16S rRNA gene via terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA pyrosequencing technology. Nonmetric multidimension scaling and canonical correspondence analysis of microbial community profiles could explain >57% of the variation. Clustering of samples based on disinfection types (free chlorine versus combined chlorine) and sampling time was observed to correlate to the shifts in microbial communities. Sampling location and water age (<21.2 h) had no apparent effects on the microbial compositions of samples from most time points. Microbial community analysis revealed that among major core populations,
Cyanobacteria
,
Methylobacteriaceae
,
Sphingomonadaceae
, and
Xanthomonadaceae
were more abundant in chlorinated water, and
Methylophilaceae
,
Methylococcaceae
, and
Pseudomonadaceae
were more abundant in chloraminated water. No correlation was observed with minor populations that were detected frequently (<0.1% of total pyrosequences), which were likely present in source water and survived through the treatment process. Transient microbial populations including
Flavobacteriaceae
and
Clostridiaceae
were also observed. Overall, reversible shifts in microbial communities were especially pronounced with chloramination, suggesting stronger selection of microbial populations from chloramines than chlorine.