bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging leadership lecture: Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: Emergence of a “Western” disease
Authors: Ng Siew C 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMore than a decade ago, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rare in Asia. Today, the importance of IBD in Asia is exemplified by its rapidly increasing incidence, complicated disease behavior, and substantial morbidity. In the first large‐scale population‐based epidemiologic study in Asia, the incidence of IBD varied from 0.60 to 3.44 per 100 000. There has been a twofold to threefold increase in the incidence of IBD in several countries in Asia. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is more prevalent than Crohn's disease (CD), although CD incidence is rapidly increasing. A positive family history is much less common than in the West, as are extra‐intestinal disease manifestations. Complicated and penetrating CD are common in Asia. These epidemiologic changes may relate to increased contact with the West, westernization of diet, improved hygiene, increasing antibiotics use, or changes in the gut microbiota. Asian patients with CD have altered gut microbiota compared with their healthy counterparts and Caucasian CD subjects. Mucosa‐associated microbiota in IBD may differ geographically. In a population‐based case–control study, breast‐feeding, having pets, and better sanitary conditions were protective of IBD, suggesting that childhood environment plays an important role in modulating disease development. Genetic factors also differ between Asians and Caucasians. Nucleotide oligomerization domain‐2 (NOD2) and autophagy variants were not associated with CD, but tumor necrosis factor superfamily gene‐15 polymorphisms were strongly associated with CD in East Asians. Research in Asia, an area of rapidly changing IBD epidemiology, may lead to the discovery of critical etiologic factors that lead to the development of IBD.
Identification of NADPH oxidase as a key mediator in the post‐ischemia‐induced sequestration and degradation of the GluA2 AMPA receptor subunit
Authors: Beske Phillip H. , Byrnes Nicole M. , Astruc‐Diaz Fanny , Jackson Darrell A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA hallmark of ischemic/reperfusion injury is a change in subunit composition of synaptic 2‐amino‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoazol‐4‐yl)propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). This change in AMPAR subunit composition leads to an increase in surface expression of GluA2‐lacking Ca2+/Zn2+ permeable AMPARs. These GluA2‐lacking AMPARs play a key role in promoting delayed neuronal death following ischemic injury. At present, the mechanism(s) responsible for the ischemia/reperfusion‐induced subunit composition switch and degradation of the GluA2 subunit remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of NADPH oxidase, and its importance in mediating endocytosis and subsequent degradation of the GluA2 AMPAR subunit in adult rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. In hippocampal slices pre‐treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin attenuated OGD/R‐mediated sequestration of GluA2 and GluA1 as well as prevent the degradation of GluA2. We provide compelling evidence that NADPH oxidase mediated sequestration of GluA1‐ and GluA2‐ involved activation of p38 MAPK. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of NADPH oxidase blunts the OGD/R‐induced association of GluA2 with protein interacting with C kinase‐1. In summary, this study identifies a novel mechanism that may underlie the ischemia/reperfusion‐induced AMPAR subunit composition switch and a potential therapeutic target.
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A hallmark of post‐ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury is a change in subunit composition of synaptic AMPARs. This change in AMPAR subunit composition leads to an increase in surface expression of Ca2+/Zn2+‐permeable AMPARs. We propose a novel mechanistic concept in which increased NADPH oxidase activity during reperfusion is the trigger that underlies the change in subunit composition of synaptic AMPARs; changing from Ca2+/Zn2+‐impermeable to Ca2+/Zn2+‐permeable. We think that these findings should provide valuable strategy for treatment of ischemic/reperfusion brain injury. AMPAR, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor; GDI, guanyl nucleotide dissociation inhibitor; GDP, guanosine diphosphate; 3/6, MKK 3/6, MAPKK; GRIP, glutamate receptor interacting protein; GTP, guanosine‐5′‐triphosphate; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases; PICK1, PRKCA‐binding protein; PKCα, protein kinase C alpha; PSD, post‐synaptic density.
Australia Loves Language Puzzles: The Australian Computational and Linguistics Olympiad (OzCLO)
Authors: Estival Dominique , Bow Cathy , Henderson John , Kelly Barbara , Laughren Mary , Mayer Elisabeth , Mollá Diego , Mrowa‐Hopkins Colette , Nordlinger Rachel , Rieschild Verna , Schalley Andrea C. , Stanley Alexander W. , Vaughan Jill 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Australian Computational and Linguistics Olympiad (OzCLO) started in 2008 in only two locations and has since grown to a nationwide competition with almost 1500 high school students participating in 2013. An Australian team has participated in the International Linguistics Olympiad (IOL) every year since 2009. This paper describes how the competition is run (with a regional first round and a final national round) and the organisation of the competition (a National Steering Committee and Local Organising Committees for each region) and discusses the particular challenges faced by Australia (timing of the competition and distance between the major population centres). One major factor in the growth and success of OzCLO has been the introduction of the online competition, allowing participation of students from rural and remote country areas. The organisation relies on the goodwill and volunteer work of university and school staff but the strong interest amongst students and teachers shows that OzCLO is responding to a demand for linguistic challenges.
Putting the Listening Brain in Context
Authors: Obleser Jonas 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSpeech provides a fleeting signal to the human brain. However, we rarely encounter speech without being provided some form of context. This article is conceived as a primer on forms and levels of context that can benefit the listener in comprehending speech. In an attempt to integrate psychological, audiological, and neuroscientific knowledge with more linguistic views, the neural functional organisation of facilitated speech comprehension particularly from semantic context is reviewed. The limits of contextual benefit as well as its (mal‐)adaptive implications for ageing or hearing‐impaired listeners are discussed.
Identifying a reliable blubber measurement site to assess body condition in a marine mammal with topographically variable blubber, the Pacific walrus
Authors: Noren Shawn R. , Udevitz Mark S. , Triggs Lisa , Paschke Jessa , Oland Lisa , Jay Chadwick V. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPacific walruses may be unable to meet caloric requirements in the changing Arctic ecosystem, which could affect body condition and have population‐level consequences. Body condition has historically been monitored by measuring blubber thickness over the xiphoid process (sternum). This may be an unreliable condition index because blubber at other sites along the body may be preferentially targeted to balance energetic demands. Animals in aquaria provided an opportunity for controlled study of how blubber topography is altered by caloric intake. Morphology, body mass, blubber thickness (21 sites), and caloric intake of five mature, nonpregnant, nonlactating female walruses were measured monthly (12 month minimum). Body condition (mass × standard length−1) was described by a model that included caloric intake and a seasonal effect, and scaled positively with estimates of total blubber mass. Blubber thicknesses (1.91–10.69 cm) varied topographically and were similar to values reported for free‐ranging female walruses. Body condition was most closely related to blubber thickness measured dorsomedially in the region of the anterior insertion of the pectoral flippers (shoulders); sternum blubber thickness was a relatively poor indicator of condition. This study demonstrates the importance of validating condition metrics before using them to monitor free‐ranging populations.
Iris yellow spot virus (Tospovirus: Bunyaviridae): from obscurity to research priority
Authors: Bag Sudeep , Schwartz Howard F. , Cramer Christopher S. , Havey Michael J. , Pappu Hanu R. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryTaxonomyIris yellow spot virus (IYSV) is in the genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, with a single‐stranded, tri‐segmented RNA genome with an ambisense genome organization. Members of the other genera in the family infect predominantly vertebrates and insects.Geographical distributionIYSV is present in most Allium‐growing regions of the world.Physical propertiesVirions are pleomorphic particles of 80–120 nm in size. The particle consists of RNA, protein, glycoprotein and lipids.GenomeIYSV shares the genomic features of other tospoviruses: a segmented RNA genome of three RNAs, referred to as large (L), medium (M) and small (S). The L RNA codes for the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in negative sense. The M RNA uses an ambisense coding strategy and codes for the precursor for the GN/GC glycoprotein in the viral complementary (vc) sense and a non‐structural protein (NSm) in the viral (v) sense. The S RNA also uses an ambisense coding strategy with the coat protein (N) in vc sense and a non‐structural protein (NSs) in the v sense.TransmissionThe virus is transmitted by Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Order: Thysanoptera; Family: Thripidae; onion thrips) and with less efficiency by Frankliniella fusca Hinds (tobacco thrips).HostIYSV has a relatively broad host range, including cultivated and wild onions, garlic, chives, leeks and several ornamentals. Some weeds are naturally infected by IYSV and may serve as alternative hosts for the virus.SymptomsIYSV symptoms in Allium spp. are yellow‐ to straw‐coloured, diamond‐shaped lesions on leaves and flowering scapes. Diamond‐shaped lesions are particularly pronounced on scapes. As the disease progresses, the lesions coalesce, leading to lodging of the scapes. In seed crops, this could lead to a reduction in yield and quality. Early to mid‐season infection in bulb crops results in reduced vigour and bulb size.ControlResistant varieties are not available, but a limited number of accessions with field tolerance have been identified. Integrated disease management tactics, including sanitation, crop rotation, thrips management, maintenance of optimal plant vigour, soil fertility, irrigation and physical separation of bulb and seed crops, can mitigate the effect of the disease.Virus code: 00.011.0.85.009Useful link: http://www.alliumnet.com/
Aortic dissection in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: A series of two cases and a review of the Literature
Authors: Silverio Angelo , Prota Costantina , Di Maio Marco , Polito Maria Vincenza , Cogliani Francesco Maria , Citro Rodolfo , Gigantino Alberto , Iesu Severino , Piscione Federico 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAortic dissection (AD) is the most common life‐threatening disease involving the aorta. It is rarely associated with systemic disorders such as Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic syndrome characterized by cystic degeneration of kidneys, possible presence of cysts in other organs and extra‐renal manifestations, including cardiovascular disorders. We performed a systematic literature search focused on the occurrence of AD associated with ADPKD (25 cases identified), and reported two cases from our experience. We selected data on sex, age, family history of ADPKD and/or AD, habitus, hypertension, renal function, presence of hepatic/pancreatic/splenic cysts, clinical presentation of AD, AD type according to the Stanford classification, treatment and outcome. Furthermore we compared this dataset with the data of the overall population with AD from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). Stanford A type AD was documented in 62% of patients. As expected, the initial manifestation of AD was most commonly chest and back pain (80%). The mean age of AD occurrence appears significantly reduced in ADPKD patients compared to the general population with AD (49 ± 12 vs 62 ± 14, P < 0.001). Of note, our analysis shows a remarkably higher frequency of hypertension (90%) compared to the overall AD population (75%), although not significantly (P = 0.133). AD should be always ruled out in ADPKD subjects with chest and back pain symptoms, despite them being young and at lower risk. A careful preventive monitoring as well as an optimal blood pressure control may reduce the risk of AD and improve the outcome of these patients.
The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders, v3.0
Authors: Kahrilas P. J. , Bredenoord A. J. , Fox M. , Gyawali C. P. , Roman S. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Pandolfino J. E. ,   International High Resolution Manometry Working Group
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe Chicago Classification (CC) of esophageal motility disorders, utilizing an algorithmic scheme to analyze clinical high‐resolution manometry (HRM) studies, has gained acceptance worldwide.MethodsThis 2014 update, CC v3.0, developed by the International HRM Working Group, incorporated the extensive clinical experience and interval publications since the prior (2011) version.Key ResultsChicago Classification v3.0 utilizes a hierarchical approach, sequentially prioritizing: (i) disorders of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow (achalasia subtypes I‐III and EGJ outflow obstruction), (ii) major disorders of peristalsis (absent contractility, distal esophageal spasm, hypercontractile esophagus), and (iii) minor disorders of peristalsis characterized by impaired bolus transit. EGJ morphology, characterized by the degree of overlap between the lower esophageal sphincter and the crural diaphragm and baseline EGJ contractility are also part of CC v3.0. Compared to the previous CC version, the key metrics of interpretation, the integrated relaxation pressure (IRP), the distal contractile integral (DCI), and the distal latency (DL) remain unchanged, albeit with much more emphasis on DCI for defining both hypo‐ and hypercontractility. New in CC v3.0 are: (i) the evaluation of the EGJ at rest defined in terms of morphology and contractility, (ii) ‘fragmented’ contractions (large breaks in the 20‐mmHg isobaric contour), (iii) ineffective esophageal motility (IEM), and (iv) several minor adjustments in nomenclature and defining criteria. Absent in CC v3.0 are contractile front velocity and small breaks in the 20‐mmHg isobaric contour as defining characteristics.Conclusions & InferencesChicago Classification v3.0 is an updated analysis scheme for clinical esophageal HRM recordings developed by the International HRM Working Group.
Chronic Widespread Pain Drawn on a Body Diagram is a Screening Tool for Increased Pain Sensitization, Psycho‐Social Load, and Utilization of Pain Management Strategies
Authors: Visser Eric J. , Ramachenderan Jonathan , Davies Stephanie J. , Parsons Richard 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that chronic widespread pain, (CWP) drawn by patients on a body diagram, could be used as a screening tool for increased pain sensitization, psycho‐social load, and utilization of pain management strategies. The triage questionnaires of 144 adults attending a chronic pain outpatients' clinic were audited and the percentage pain surface area (PPSA) drawn on their body diagrams was calculated using the “rule of nines” (RON) method for burns area assessment. Outcomes were measured using the painDETECT Questionnaire (PD‐Q) and other indices and compared using a nonrandomized, case–control method. It was found that significantly more subjects with CWP (defined as a PPSA ≥ 20%) reported high (≥ 19) PD‐Q scores (suggesting pain “sensitization” or neuropathic pain) (P = 0.0002), “severe” or “extremely severe” anxiety scores on the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 Items Questionnaire (P = 0.0270), ≥ 5 psycho‐social stressors (P = 0.0022), ≥ 5 significant life events (P = 0.0098), and used ≥ 7 pain management strategies (PMS) (P < 00001), compared to control subjects with a lower PPSA. A Widespread Pain Index score ≥ 7 (OR = 11.36), PD‐Q score ≥ 19 (OR = 4.46) and use of ≥ 7 PMS (OR = 5.49) were independently associated with CWP. This study demonstrates that calculating PPSA on a body diagram (using the RON method) is a valid and convenient “snapshot” screening tool to identify patients with an increased likelihood of pain sensitization, psycho‐social load, and utilizing pain management resources.
Do parties matter in delegation? Partisan preferences and the creation of regulatory agencies inEurope
Authors: Ennser‐Jedenastik Laurenz 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe ideological orientation of parties in government has not been prominently featured in explaining the rise of regulatory agencies. This paper argues that theories based on political uncertainty and credible commitment can yield meaningful predictions regarding the relationship between government preferences and the establishment of regulatory agencies, when ideological orientation is linked with notions of party competence and issue ownership. The empirical section tests three such hypotheses with data on the establishment of 110 regulatory agencies in 20European democracies between 1980 and 2009, thus providing one of the most comprehensive cross‐national analyses of agency creation to date. The results show that ideologically extreme cabinets are more likely to establish regulatory agencies and that right‐wing governments create more agencies in the economic than in the social domain. These findings partly qualify the view on the scarce relevance of government preferences in explaining the rise of the agency model in regulation and that the emulation mechanism of the diffusion process is the dominant force behind agencification.
The Subjective Interpretation of Inequality: A Model of the Relative Deprivation Experience
Authors: Smith Heather J. , Pettigrew Thomas F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRelative deprivation (RD) is the product of an upward comparison that indicates that one's disadvantaged situation is undeserved coupled with anger and resentment. RD is associated with reduced psychological and physical health, individual deviance, and collective action, but empirical tests of RD are inconsistent. Closer attention to three central features of the RD experience – comparisons, discrete emotions, and the type of outcome – will improve the predictive value of RD. If social scientists measure RD correctly, they can answer the questions about people's surprising tolerance of large inequities in some contexts and unexpected sensitivity to small inequities in other contexts that first motivated RD research.
Axillary artery tumor embolism secondary to mitral valve myxosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Beal Matthew W. , McGuire Lindsey D. , Langohr Ingeborg M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of a dog with an arterial tumor embolism.Case SummaryAn 11‐year‐old, neutered male Irish Setter presented with acute right forelimb lameness. The dog was unable to bear weight on the right forelimb, which was cool to the touch with no palpable pulses. Diagnosis of thromboembolism was confirmed using angiography, revealing a lack of blood flow to the right axillary artery. Balloon angioplasty, thrombosuction, and infusion of the thromboembolism with tissue plasminogen activator were used to achieve increased, but not complete, blood flow through the vasculature. Echocardiogram revealed vegetative mitral valve lesions consistent with endocarditis, thrombus, neoplasia, or a combination thereof. At the time of discharge, there was improvement in the temperature and motor function of the proximal limb but no conscious proprioception or deep pain sensation in the distal limb. Histopathologic analysis of the sample retrieved with thrombosuction was consistent with a diagnosis of myxosarcoma. A series of 3 rechecks showed continued improvement in neuromuscular function. Treatment for suspected mitral valve myxosarcoma was declined. The patient was lost to follow up until being presented for necropsy 16 months later. Necropsy confirmed myxosarcoma of the mitral valve with tumor emboli to the coronary arteries, lungs, and the right axillary artery.Unique Information ProvidedTo the authors’ knowledge, there is no report of myxosarcoma originating on the mitral valve in dogs, although it has been reported in the human literature. To the authors’ knowledge, there are also no reports of tumor embolism of the axillary artery in a dog. This case demonstrates a unique presentation of a dog that had a myxosarcoma tumor embolism. It also describes the use of angiography for diagnosis and localization of the vascular obstruction and a variety of interventional techniques for the treatment of thromboembolism.
Comparative Integrity Evaluation of Counterbore-Tapered and Back-Beveled Weld Joints
Authors: Martens Michael , Chen Yaoshan , Liu Ming 
Published: December 2014

Back-beveled transition welds for joining unequal wall thickness are often used in gas and oil transmission pipelines, as recommended in the pipeline codes and standards, such as CSA Z662, ASME B31.8, and ASME 31.4. However, one North American pipeline operator has successively utilized a counterbore-tapered design for transition of unequal wall thicknesses for over 30 years. The design philosophy of the counterbore-tapered joint is to reduce the stress concentrations in the heat affected zone, facilitate the welding of unequal wall thickness and NDT while achieving better quality, reliability, and productivity.
By conducting a comparative finite element analysis of the two joint designs, the present study evaluated the pressure containment capacities, the stress concentration factors, the stress intensity factors, and the limit loads of plastic collapses for both the counterbore-tapered and the back-beveled designs. The effect of a key design parameter, the counterbore length, on the integrity of the counterbore design was also examined.
The results of the comparative analysis showed that compared to the back-beveled joint, when the pipe materials of unequal wall thickness have the same strength, the counterbore-tapered joint has the same pressure containment capacity as the back-beveled joint. The back-bevel design offers lower stress concentration factor, lower stress intensity factor, and higher limit load of plastic collapse than the back-beveled design.
Pipeline Repair of Corrosion and Dents: A Comparison of Composite Repairs and Steel Sleeves
Authors: Alexander Chris , Vyvial Brent , Wilson Fred 
Published: December 2014

When pipeline repairs are made on high pressure onshore transmission pipelines, in modern times repairs typically involve steel sleeves or composite repair systems. A comprehensive testing program was conducted to evaluate the repair of severe corrosion and dents using composite materials, as well as Type A and B steel sleeves. Full-scale destructive testing was performed including cyclic pressure loading and burst testing. Along with testing to failure, strain gages installed beneath the repairs were used to quantify the level of reinforcement provided by the respective repair systems.
In this seminal body of work, operators are given information that provides a direct comparison between these competing repair technologies. The fundamental objective in testing was to determine the service life of the competing repair technologies, although of specific interest in this study was an effort to qualify the relative performance of the composite repairs and steel sleeves. The authors also utilized the test results to quantify the service lives of the repaired anomalies based on the operating conditions of actual pipeline systems.