bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Conductivity in Sodium Clays
Authors: Cremers A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe formalism for describing the electrical conductivity of clay‐water systems in terms of a Formation Factor and a surface conductivity is reexamined. Surface conductivity values obtained on this basis, are tabulated for five Na‐clays: two montmorillonites, two kaolinites and an illite. They vary from about 4 · 10−9Mhos for kaolinite to 2 · 10−9for montmorillonite. Using the double layer approach to surface conductivity, it is shown that these values are very useful for estimating the potential at the slipping plane. Except for montmorillonite at low salt concentration ( < 0.01 N), the zeta potentials obtained from surface conductivity are consistent with a slipping plane at 4–7 Å from the clay surface.
Dissolution of Palygorskite by Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Nathan Y. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe dissolution of palygorskite by hydrochloric acid was studied by X‐ray, thermal, chemical and electron microscopy methods. The course of the dissolution process depends on the conditions of attack and the nature of the sample. Mild treatment results in preferential removal of Mg. Stronger attack dissolves the whole octahedral layer leaving a silicate gel which maintains most of the original external morphology. Palygorskite from Quincey with a higher Mg content is more susceptible to acid attack than Palygorskite from Amram which has a higher Al content.
Flocculation of Clay Suspensions in the Presence of Humic and Fulvic Acids
Authors: Narkis Nava , Rebhun M. , Sperber H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSurface waters which contain suspended clay and organic matter, differ strongly in response to flocculation from suspensions of “pure” reference clays in controlled systems. The mechanism of interference was investigated by means of a synthetic system, consisting of suspensions of reference clay with humic and fulvic acid added. These organic soil acids increase the colloidal stability of the suspension. Due to chemical reaction taking place between the organic acids and the cationic flocculant, higher flocculant doses were required in systems where interaction of clay and organic matter occurred.
Study of Water Layers Adsorbed on Na‐ and Ca‐Montmorillonite by the Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique
Authors: Touillaux R. , Salvador P. , Vandermeersche C. , Fripiat J. J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe pulsed magnetic resonance technique was applied to the measurement of the longitudinal (T1) and transversal (T2) relaxation time of water molecules adsorbed by Na‐ and Ca‐Montmorillonite, In the Na‐clay the water was adsorbed as a monomolecular layer whilst in the Ca‐clay, the bimolecular layer was formed under specified water vapor pressures. The effect of paramagnetic centers (Fe3+) was corrected and the samples were studied between + 30°C and −80°C. The main contribution to T1 was the “inter” contribution of protons diffusing from one water molecule to another whilst T2 results from simultaneous rotational (intramolecular) and diffusional (intermolecular) contributions. The proton diffusion coefficient and the life‐time of a proton on one specified water molecule is derived from T1 inter. The calculated value at 298°C is equal to 10−7 times the life‐time in liquid water, suggesting a dissociation degree 107 times higher in the adsorbed state than in liquid water. This increase in the dissociation degree as well as the reported activation energies are in good agreement with experimental data obtained from conductimetric and dielectric measurements performed previously.
On the pH‐Dependence of Greducing in the Radiation Chemistry of Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Czapski G. , Peled E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlkaline N2O‐saturated solutions of 2‐D‐2‐propanol and ferri‐ferrocyanide mixtures were irradiated. The results indicate that Gred, which is the sum of Geaq + GH = 3.3, is pH‐independent in the range 11 – 14. The results do not indicate that Geaq and GH are pH‐dependent.
Hot H Atoms in Gas Phase Photochemistry
Authors: Vermeil C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBy photolyzing hydrogenated molecules, H or D atoms with kinetic energies in the range of about 0.5 to 5 eV are produced. The special features of their chemical properties are reviewed and compared with recoil tritium atom reactions on the one hand and with systems in thermal equilibrium on the other. Although the mechanism of reactive and non‐reactive collisions are by no means well known, hot hydrogen atom chemistry is, in first approximation, rather similar to high temperature chemistry. However, energy losses by energy transfer to molecules and even to rare gases are much smaller than expected from classical hard‐sphere models. For the sake of clearness, this article is rather arbitrarily, divided into three parts: physical aspects, various modes of formation and chemical properties.
The Charge Transfer Photochemistry of Coordination Complexes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Endicott John F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIrradiation of charge transfer absorption bands of coordination complexes can result in net oxidation reduction or ligand exchange reactions. The photoredox processes generally involve the formation of reactive radicals in the primary photochemical act. The identification of these primary radicals is essential to the specification of the primary photochemical act since radical reactions with substrate, other radicals, etc. can make the net products and yields appear vastly different from the nature of the primary act. For example, in a few documented cases, the metal ion fragment formed in a photoredox process has characteristics of a radical and can couple with ligand radicals giving rise to a net photochemical process which appears to be ligand exchange rather than photoredox. A variety of radicals, organic as well as inorganic, can be generated and studied in aqueous solution. Some information has also been obtained concerning the nature of the photochemical precursors to the radicals formed in photoredox processes.
THE LONG‐RUN MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF AID AND DISAGGREGATED AID IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Gebregziabher Fiseha 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the long‐run macroeconomic effects of aid and disaggregated aid flows in Ethiopia, currently the world's largest recipient of official development assistance, for the period 1960‐2009. The results show that aid affects gross domestic product (GDP), investment and imports positively, whereas it is negatively associated with government consumption. Our results concerning the impacts of disaggregated aid stand in stark contrast to earlier work. Bilateral aid increases investment and GDP and is negatively associated with government consumption, whereas multilateral aid is only positively associated with imports. Grants contribute to GDP, investment and imports, whereas loans affect none of the variables. Finally, there is evidence to suggest that multilateral aid and loans have been disbursed in a procyclical fashion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing non‐gaussian, high b‐value diffusion in liver fibrosis: Stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis modeling
Authors: Anderson Stephan W. , Barry Brian , Soto Jorge , Ozonoff Al , O'Brien Michael , Jara Hernan 
Published: November 2013

PurposeTo employ the stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis models to study the non‐Gaussian behavior of diffusion‐related signal decay of the liver in an animal model of hepatic fibrosis.Materials and MethodsHigh b‐value diffusion imaging data (up to 3500 s/mm2) of ex vivo murine liver specimens was acquired using a 9.4 T MRI scanner. A simple monoexponential model as well as the stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis models were employed to analyze the diffusion data, the results of which were correlated with liver histopathology.ResultsStrong correlations between histopathological assessments of hepatic fibrosis and parameters derived from the stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis models were found. Using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) analyses, the kurtosis model was found to result in an improved fit of the high b‐value diffusion data when compared to both the monoexponential and stretched exponential models.ConclusionThe use of diffusional kurtosis or stretched exponential models, applied to the characterization of the non‐Gaussian behavior of the molecular diffusion of liver exhibited over an extended b‐factor range, affords the potential for an increased capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the characterization of chronic liver disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:827–834. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐resolution MRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging of the human habenula at 7 tesla
Authors: Strotmann Barbara , Heidemann Robin M. , Anwander Alfred , Weiss Marcel , Trampel Robert , Villringer Arno , Turner Robert 
Published: November 2013

PurposeTo investigate the feasibility of discriminating the habenula in human brain using high‐resolution structural MRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging at 7 Tesla (T).Materials and MethodsMRI experiments included a MP2RAGE and GRE sequence to acquire quantitative parameter maps of T1, T2*, and a calculated proton density map and the combined approach of zoomed and parallel imaging (ZOOPPA) to obtain dw images. Probabilistic tractography algorithms were used to identify multiple fiber orientations in submillimetre voxels, and constrained spherical deconvolution to resolve orientations in regions where fibers cross.ResultsMaps of T1, T2*, and proton density showed high contrast of the human habenula. The lateral habenula and its commissure can be distinguished from medial habenula and adjacent tissue. DWI data with 0.7 mm isotropic resolution revealed that fiber populations differ in medial and lateral habenula and two major fiber bundles that connect habenular nuclei with forebrain structures and brainstem.ConclusionHigh resolution 7T MR imaging of the human habenula provides sufficient signal‐to‐noise and contrast to enable identification of the lateral and medial nuclei. In vivo high resolution DWI at 7T is able to distinguish between lateral and medial habenula, and to detect major fiber tracts that connect the habenula with other brain areas. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:1018–1026. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capitellum excision: Mechanical implications and clinical consequences
Authors: Root Cassie Gyuricza , Meyers Kathleen , Wright Timothy , Hotchkiss Robert 
Published: November 2013

AbstractControversy exists regarding the optimal treatment of isolated fractures of the capitellum that are not amenable to open reduction and internal fixation. Excision of the capitellum could result in instability of the elbow, though only limited the clinical or laboratory evidence exists to support this outcome. The aim of our study was to determine if capitellum excision leads to significant instability by measuring the relative change in varus–valgus displacement of the elbow. The varus–valgus displacement was recorded in 11 cadaveric elbows before and after isolated excision of the capitellum. Specimens were testing in varus‐loaded and valgus‐loaded positions with and without a 1 kg weight on the forearm. The varus–valgus displacement at the elbow was measured using a 3D motion capture system. Capitellum excision did not significantly change varus–valgus displacements in either the adducted, varus, or valgus position of the elbow (p = 0.80, p = 0.28, p = 0.51). Furthermore, the addition of the 1 kg external functional load to the forearm did not produce a significant change in the varus and valgus loaded positions (p = 0.16, p = 0.36). Our results demonstrate that excision of the capitellum in the setting of intact ligamentous structures does not result in significant instability in either the adducted varus loaded or valgus loaded positions of the elbow. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:346–350, 2014.
Visitor Emotions and Behavioral Intentions: The Case of Concentration Camp Memorial Neuengamme
Authors: Nawijn Jeroen , Fricke Marie‐Christin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVisits to sites associated with death and suffering are considered emotionally laden. Few studies empirically investigated visitor emotions at such sites. This study examines emotional responses of 241 visitors to concentration camp memorial Neuengamme and assesses how emotions are associated with long‐term consequences of revisit intentions and positive word of mouth. Tourists experience negative emotions more intensely compared with positive emotions. Negative emotions predict long‐term behavioral intentions more than positive emotions do. Shock and sadness are of particular importance. This study suggests that certain negative emotions also have the power to broaden‐and‐build and may have long‐term behavioral consequences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supraclavicular flap reconstruction following total laryngectomy
Authors: Emerick Kevin S. , Herr Marc A. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: November 2013

Objectives/HypothesisReport on the successful use of the supraclavicular flap for reconstruction following total laryngectomy and highlight the utility and versatility of the supraclavicular flap for reconstruction after total laryngectomy.Study DesignRetrospective review of a single institution experience.MethodsA single institution database was reviewed to identify patients undergoing total laryngectomy and supraclavicular flap reconstruction. The following data were collected: indication for reconstruction, flap viability, flap size, reconstruction site complication, and donor site complication.ResultsForty‐six supraclavicular flaps were identified in the database from July 2011 to September 2013. Fifteen of these were used following total laryngectomy. Ten flaps were used for patch graft pharyngeal reconstruction, three flaps for cutaneous defects related to previous tracheotomy, one flap for cutaneous and tracheal reconstruction following resection of a recurrence in the stoma, and one flap as a pharyngeal interposition graft. Twelve of these cases were performed in the salvage setting after previous radiation. Three cases had significant oropharyngeal resection that required reconstruction. There was one near complete flap loss. Three patients developed pharyngocutaneous fistula. One patient required an additional surgical procedure to address a complication. Three patients had minor incisional dehiscence. All minor complications resolved with basic wound care. No significant donor site morbidity was identified.ConclusionsThe supraclavicular flap can be successfully used for multiple purposes following total laryngectomy. This has been successfully used for reconstruction of limited pharyngeal defects, extensive pharyngeal resection, and skin reconstruction following previous tracheotomy. This flap can be successfully used following previous radiation and with limited morbidity.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 124:1777–1782, 2014
Electroless Ni‐P coating on Cu substrate with strike nickel activation and its corrosion resistance
Authors: Dai K. J. , Xiong Y. , Yin J. H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractElectroless Ni‐P coating was successfully deposited on Cu substrate by strike nickel activation process. The specific pretreatment steps were discussed. The surface and cross‐section morphologies, phosphorus content, adhesive force, and corrosion resistance were characterized for electroless Ni‐P coating. Scanning electron microscopy shows the compact surface. Energy dispersed X‐ray shows the 11.4% phosphorus content. Adhesive test shows the qualified adhesion of electroless Ni‐P coating to substrate. Porosity test shows pores free of the coating, and immersion test in 10% HCl solution indicates the better corrosion resistance of electroless Ni‐P coating in protecting Cu substrate from the corrosion of Cl ions. Thus, strike nickel activation pretreatment is suitable for electroless Ni‐P coating on Cu substrate.
Treatment of proximal upper limb tremor with botulinum toxin therapy
Authors: Kim Samuel D. , Yiannikas Con , Mahant Neil , Vucic Steve , Fung Victor S.C. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundProximal‐dominant upper limb tremor is highly disabling, and there is no effective medical therapy. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of botulinum toxin (BTX) injections for the treatment of proximal tremor.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of open‐label treatment with BTX in 19 patients with proximal tremor. The response to therapy was graded into four categories according to self‐reported improvements in tremor and function.ResultsIn total, 63% of patients reported moderate or marked benefit, defined as functional improvements sufficient enough to allow feeding or drinking from a cup; whereas 21% of patients reported mild benefit; and 15% of patients reported no benefit. One patient developed severe weakness of shoulder abduction and withdrew from the treatment; otherwise, the therapy was free of side effects.ConclusionsThe current findings support the efficacy of BTX therapy in the treatment of proximal upper limb tremor with minimal side effects. © International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Existence and concentration of positive solutions for a coupled nonlinear Schrödinger systems in
Authors: Zhang Huixing , Liu Jiaying , Liu Wenbin , Jiang Juan , Wu Yanqiang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe study the existence and concentration of positive solutions for the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system
urn:x-wiley:01704214:media:mma3036:mma3036-math-0001 under very weak assumptions on the two nonlinearities f and g by using the variational approach. In particular, no ‘Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz’ condition is required. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meprin β, a novel mediator of vascular remodelling underlying pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Biasin Valentina , Marsh Leigh M , Egemnazarov Bakytbek , Wilhelm Jochen , Ghanim Bahil , Klepetko Walter , Wygrecka Malgorzata , Olschewski Horst , Eferl Robert , Olschewski Andrea , Kwapiszewska Grazyna 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVascular remodelling is a hallmark of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and is characterized by enhanced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role of transcription factors in the vascular remodelling processes. Here, we characterize the involvement of meprin β, a novel activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) effector molecule, in PH. Fra‐2 transgenic (TG) mice exhibited increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), accompanied by vascular remodelling and activation of the pro‐proliferative and pro‐fibrotic AKT pathway. Microarray studies revealed the collagen‐processing metalloprotease meprin β as the most up‐regulated gene in Fra‐2 TG mice. Its expression, increased at all investigated time points, preceded the decreased expression of MMPs and increased TGFβ, followed by collagen deposition. Correspondingly, remodelled pulmonary arteries from explanted idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients' lungs exhibited pronounced expression of meprin β. Fra‐2 and meprin β expression in human PASMCs was regulated by PDGF‐BB and TGFβ in a complementary fashion. Importantly, PDGF‐BB‐dependent proliferation was attenuated by silencing AP‐1 expression or by meprin β inhibition. This study delineates a novel molecular mechanism underlying PASMCs proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by identifying meprin β as an important mediator in regulating vascular remodelling processes. Thus, meprin β may represent a new molecule that can be targeted in pulmonary hypertension. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiconductive bionanocomposites of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) and MWCNTs for neural growth applications
Authors: García‐García José M. , Bernal M. Mar , Verdejo Raquel , López‐Manchado Miguel A. , Doncel‐Pérez Ernesto , Garrido Leoncio , Quijada‐Garrido Isabel 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBionanocomposites of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (P3HB3HHx) (13 % by mol of HHx) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared to obtain semiconductive nanocomposites for potential applications as scaffolds for nerve repair. The effect of the polymer/nanotube interface on the composite properties was studied using oxidized (oxi‐MWCNTs) and surface modified MWCNTs with low‐molecular weight P3HB3HHx (pol‐MWCNTs), in a ratio from 0.3 to 1.2 wt % for each type of MWCNTs employed. Morphology and conductive properties of the composites indicated a good interaction between pol‐MWCNTs and the polymer matrix. Composites with improved conductivity were obtained with only 0.3 wt % of pol‐MWCNTs added. However, agglomeration and lower conductivity was observed for samples with oxi‐MWCNTs. Cell viability studies carried out with neurospheres showed that samples with 1.2 wt % of pol‐MWCNTs are not cytotoxic and, in addition favors the neurospheres growth on the composite surface. Considering the electrical properties and biological behavior, nanocomposites of P3HB3HHx and pol‐MWCNTs are promising substrates for the regeneration of nerve tissue. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 349–360
Vertically‐aligned Mesoporous Silica Films
Authors: Urbanova Veronika , Walcarius Alain 
Published: November 2013

Abstract Mesoporous silica thin films with mesochannels oriented perpendicularly to the underlying support have attracted a great deal of attention over past years because of their potential applications as novel functional materials and hosts to confine guest molecules or catalysts, with advantageous features (such as favorable mass transport issues) with respect to other silica films exhibiting large surface area and uniform pore size, due to the vertical alignment of mesopore channels. However, the preparation of such vertically‐aligned mesoporous silica films still remains extremely challenging. Here, we give an overview of the various synthetic approaches that have been proposed to date for the generation of vertically‐aligned mesoporous silica films. We also present briefly the methods used for their characterization and some of their applications, especially their use as hard templates for getting other nanostructures.
ASR FORUM: ENGAGING WITH AFRICAN INFORMAL ECONOMIES
Authors: Lyons Michal , Brown Alison , Li Zhigang 
Published: November 2013

Abstract:This article analyzes the value chain for Chinese manufactured goods such as garments and textiles sold in sub-Saharan Africa. It explores the opportunities for Africans with small, private businesses in the export trade from China, the potential for long-term business development, and how strategies of engagement have changed over time. It finds that the value chains for low-cost goods vary. There is great diversity of entry levels and opportunities for socioeconomic mobility, and traders evolve diverse strategies to obtain and defend their position in the chain. These findings are discussed in terms of understandings of international value chains, the informal economy, and African economic development strategies.