bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De zaak Fernández Martínez tegen Spanje
Authors: van Bijsterveld Sophie 
Published: August 2014

The Case Fernández Martínez vs Spain
In its ruling of June 12, 2014, the European Court on Human Rights (Grand Chamber) concluded that no violation of the right to private life and family life under the European Convention of Human Rights had taken place in the case of the non-renewal of an employment contract of a Roman Catholic teacher of religion and ethics. The reason for this non-renewal was the withdrawal of the required ecclesiastical approval of the teacher. According to the European Court, church autonomy prevailed in this case over the right to private life and family life of the teacher, a married priest with five children and an active member of an organization promoting voluntary celibacy. This contribution analyses and discusses the ruling of the ECHR, also in the light of the main dissenting opinion. It supports the Court’s conclusion, but criticizes some of its reasoning. It also states that regardless of the extent of church autonomy, a clear and correct procedural approach to employment issues also does honour ecclesiastical authorities.
Does the Ulnar Nerve Enlarge After Surgical Transposition?
Authors: Vosbikian Michael M. , Tarity T. David , Nazarian Levon N. , Ilyas Asif M. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that symptomatic transposed ulnar nerves have a larger average cross‐sectional area (CSA) than symptomatic in situ ulnar nerves.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of the charts and sonograms of 68 patients who had failed ulnar nerve transposition compared to 48 patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who had not undergone surgical management. In addition, postoperative sonograms were compared with preoperative studies when available. Failure was defined as persistence or recurrence of symptoms of ulnar neuropathy postoperatively. The cross‐sectional area of the nerve, subjective echogenicity, and residual sites of compression were recorded. Groups were subsequently compared by t tests.ResultsThe failed ulnar nerve transposition group showed a mean cross‐sectional area ± SD of 17.26 ± 9.93 mm2, whereas the control group showed a mean cross‐sectional area of 13.45 ± 7.33 mm2. This difference was statistically significant (P= .018). Nontransposed nerves were more likely to have identifiable sites of compression (P< .05). There was a trend toward postoperative enlargement in the 6 patients with available preoperative imaging (P = .17). No difference in subjective echogenicity was found in this analysis.ConclusionsPatients with failed ulnar nerve transposition show a significantly enlarged cross‐sectional area when compared to symptomatic nerves in situ. Although a specific etiology for this difference cannot be determined, the data suggest that the reference ranges for the cross‐sectional area of the ulnar nerve may need to be revised for those who have undergone surgery.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by Ultrasound
Authors: Sesal Nüzhet Cenk , Kekeç Özge 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to obtain valuable information about the effect of ultrasonic irradiation with a frequency of 30 kHz frequency and power of 100 W on the inactivation capability of two bacterial groups, namely, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, in physiologic water samples.MethodsUltrasonic irradiation of bacterial samples with different populations of 5 × 103, 1.5 × 104, and 3 × 104 colony‐forming units/mL was performed at a constant frequency with various treatment times. The specific energy (γ) values were calculated for these different concentrations of E coli and S aureus. The rate constant for ultrasonic inactivation was estimated in the linear region of a plot representing a survival ratio logarithm versus sonication time.ResultsAlthough a significant death rate for E coli was observed with ultrasound treatment, in contrary to expectations, an increase in S aureus populations was observed.ConclusionsConsidering the widespread use of ultrasound for sterilization of tools and equipment used in hospitals, the results obtained in this study indicate that ultrasonic irradiation is not a suitable method for the elimination of the major hospital pathogen S aureus.
Close coupling of N‐cycling processes expressed in stable isotope data at the redoxcline of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Frey Claudia , Dippner Joachim W. , Voss Maren 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOver the past decades, the hypoxic state of the central Baltic Sea has deteriorated because of eutrophication, but little is known about the extent to which related factors such as nitrogen removal have been altered. The Baltic Sea is a stratified semi‐enclosed basin with a large, anoxic bottom water mass in its central Gotland Basin and highly active microbial nitrogen transformation processes at the redoxcline, the interface between oxic and anoxic waters. In this study, we identified and quantified the dominant transformation processes of reactive nitrogen by exploiting fine resolution profiles of δ15NNO3, δ18ONO3, and δ15NNH4 through the pelagic redoxcline between 60 and 140 m. Our results showed increasing δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 values with decreasing nitrate concentrations, but the associated low apparent isotope effect (ε = ~5‰), as inferred from a closed system Rayleigh model, was not consistent with the high ε (~25‰) characteristic of denitrification in the water column. These findings could be explained by substrate limitation. The observed δ18ONO3:δ15NNO3 ratio of 1.38:1 rather than the usual 1:1 ratio typical for denitrification‐dominated systems could be explained by the occurrence of both nitrification and denitrification. We then developed a numeric reaction‐diffusion model, according to which a realistic denitrification rate of 14 nmol N L−1 d−1 was estimated, and a nitrification rate of 6.6 nmol N L−1 d−1 confirmed. Our study not only demonstrates the value of stable isotope data for investigating nitrogen transformation processes but also highlights that care is needed in interpreting systems with closely coupled processes such as those at ocean redoxclines.
Evidence for lunar true polar wander and a past low‐eccentricity, synchronous lunar orbit
Authors: Keane James Tuttle , Matsuyama Isamu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAs first noted 200 years ago by Laplace, the Moon's rotational and tidal bulges are significantly larger than expected, given the Moon's present orbital and rotational state. This excess deformation has been ascribed to a fossil figure, frozen in when the Moon was closer to the Earth. However, the observed figure is only consistent with an eccentric and non‐synchronous orbit, contrary to our understanding of the Moon's formation and evolution. Here, we show that lunar mascons and impact basins have a significant contribution to the observed lunar figure. Removing their contribution reveals a misaligned fossil figure consistent with an early epoch of true polar wander (driven by the formation of the South Pole‐Aitken Basin) and an early low‐eccentricity, synchronous lunar orbit. This new self‐consistent model solves a long‐standing problem in planetary science and will inform future studies of the Moon's dynamical evolution and early dynamo.
Further evidence for superterminal raindrops
Authors: Larsen M. L. , Kostinski A. B. , Jameson A. R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA network of optical disdrometers (including laser precipitation monitors and a two‐dimensional video disdrometer) was utilized to determine whether the recent reports of “superterminal” raindrops were spurious results of drop breakup occurring on instrumentation. Results unequivocally show that superterminal raindrops at small (less than 1 mm) sizes are ubiquitous, are measurable over an extended area, and appear in every rain event investigated. No evidence was found to suggest that superterminal drops are the result of drop breakup due to impact with the measurement instrument; thus, if the superterminal drops are the result of drop fragmentation, this fragmentation happens in the ambient atmosphere during all rain events measured in this study. The ubiquity of superterminal drops at small drop sizes raises natural questions regarding rain accumulation estimations, estimates of drop size distributions, and erosion characterization.
MESSENGER observations of Mercury's dayside magnetosphere under extreme solar wind conditions
Authors: Slavin James A. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Gershman Daniel J. , Imber Suzanne M. , Poh Gang Kai , Raines Jim M. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Jia Xianzhe , Baker Daniel N. , Glassmeier Karl‐Heinz , Livi Stefano A. , Boardsen Scott A. , Cassidy Timothy A. , Sarantos Menelaos , Sundberg Torbjorn , Masters Adam , Johnson Catherine L. , Winslow Reka M. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , McNutt Ralph L. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe structure of Mercury's dayside magnetosphere is investigated during three extreme solar wind dynamic pressure events. Two were the result of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and one was from a high‐speed stream (HSS). The inferred pressures for these events are ~ 45 to 65 nPa. The CME events produced thick, low‐β (where β is the ratio of plasma thermal to magnetic pressure) plasma depletion layers and high reconnection rates of 0.1–0.2, despite small magnetic shear angles across the magnetopause of only 27 to 60°. For one of the CME events, brief, ~ 1–2 s long diamagnetic decreases, which we term cusp plasma filaments, were observed within and adjacent to the cusp. These filaments may map magnetically to flux transfer events at the magnetopause. The HSS event produced a high‐β magnetosheath with no plasma depletion layer and large magnetic shear angles of 148 to 166°, but low reconnection rates of 0.03 to 0.1. These results confirm that magnetic reconnection at Mercury is very intense, and its rate is primarily controlled by plasma β in the adjacent magnetosheath. The distance to the subsolar magnetopause is reduced during these events from its mean of 1.45 Mercury radii (RM) from the planetary magnetic dipole to between 1.03 and 1.12 RM. The shielding provided by induction currents in Mercury's interior, which temporarily increase Mercury's magnetic moment, was negated by reconnection‐driven magnetic flux erosion.
Spatial and temporal variations of diffuse CO2 degassing at El Hierro volcanic system: Relation to the 2011–2012 submarine eruption
Authors: Melián Gladys , Hernández Pedro A. , Padrón Eleazar , Pérez Nemesio M. , Barrancos José , Padilla Germán , Dionis Samara , Rodríguez Fátima , Calvo David , Nolasco Dacil 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report herein the results of extensive diffuse CO2 emission surveys performed on El Hierro Island in the period 1998–2012. More than 17,000 measurements of the diffuse CO2 efflux were carried out, most of them during the volcanic unrest period that started in July 2011. Two significant precursory signals based on geochemical and geodetical studies suggest that a magma intrusion processes might have started before 2011 in El Hierro Island. During the preeruptive and eruptive periods, the time series of the diffuse CO2 emission released by the whole island experienced two significant increases. The first started almost 2 weeks before the onset of the submarine eruption, reflecting a clear geochemical anomaly in CO2 emission, most likely due to increasing release of deep‐seated magmatic gases to the surface. The second one, between 24 October and 27 November 2011, started before the most energetic seismic events of the volcanic‐seismic unrest. The data presented here demonstrate that combined continuous monitoring studies and discrete surveys of diffuse CO2 emission provide important information to optimize the early warning system in volcano monitoring programs and to monitor the evolution of an ongoing volcanic eruption, even though it is a submarine eruption.
Imaging along‐strike variations in mechanical properties of the Gofar transform fault, East Pacific Rise
Authors: Froment B. , McGuire J. J. , van der Hilst R. D. , Gouédard P. , Roland E. C. , Zhang H. , Collins J. A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA large part of global plate motion on mid‐ocean ridge transform faults (RTFs) is not accommodated as major earthquakes. When large earthquakes do occur, they often repeat quasiperiodically. We focus here on the high slip rate (∼14 cm/yr) Gofar transform fault on the equatorial East Pacific Rise. This fault is subdivided into patches that slip during Mw 5.5–6 earthquakes every 5 to 6 years. These patches are separated by rupture barriers that accommodate slip through swarms of smaller events and/or aseismic creep. We performed an imaging study to investigate which spatiotemporal variations of the fault zone properties control this segmentation in mechanical behavior and could explain the specific behavior of RTFs at the global scale. We adopt a double‐difference approach in a joint inversion of active air gun shots and microseismicity recorded for 1 year. This data set includes the 2008 Mw 6 Gofar earthquake. The along‐strike P wave velocity structure reveals an abrupt transition between the barrier area, characterized by a damaged fault zone of 10–20% reduced Vp and a nearly intact fault zone in the asperity area. The importance of the strength of the damage zone on the mechanical behavior is supported by the temporal S wave velocity changes which suggest increased damage within the barrier area, during the week preceding the Mw 6 earthquake. Our results support the conclusion that extended highly damaged zones are the key factor in limiting the role of major earthquakes to accommodate plate motion along RTFs.
Rankine models for time‐dependent gravity spreading of terrestrial source flows over subplanar slopes
Authors: Weijermars R. , Dooley T. P. , Jackson M. P. A. , Hudec M. R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGeological mass flows extruding from a point source include mud, lava, and salt issued from subsurface reservoirs and ice from surface feeders. The delivery of the material may occur via a salt stock, a volcanic pipe (for magma and mud flows), or a valley glacier (for ice). All these source flows are commonly skewed by a superposed far‐field velocity vector imposed by the topographic slope and thus develop plumes having a wide range of shapes. The morphological evolution of the perimeter of the plumes (in plan view) can be simulated by varying the key parameters in a simple analytical flow description on the basis of Rankine equations. Our model systematically varies the strength of the point source relative to the downslope far‐field velocity of its expelled mass. The flow lines are critically controlled by the relative speed of the two rates, which can be concisely expressed by the dimensionless Rankine number (Rk, introduced in this study). For steady flows, plume widths can be expressed as a function ofRk. The viscosity of the rock, mud, or lava mass involved in the gravity flow affectsRkand thus the appearance of the plumes. For unsteady source strength,Rkbecomes time dependent and the plume width varies over time. The model flow shapes suggest that the plume shapes of natural gravity flows of terrestrial surface materials (mud, lava, salt, and ice) commonly express fast initial flux of the source, followed by an exponential decline of the source strength. Flows having initially higherRkbut otherwise equal life cycles create broader plumes. Peaks in the source flux due to magmatic pulsing during the eruption cycle can explain the formation of pillow lavas. Rather than instantaneously reaching full strength before declining, some natural source flows start by swelling slowly, leading to the creation of unique plume shapes like a flying saucer.
The emission and scattering of L‐band microwave radiation from rough ocean surfaces and wind speed measurements from the Aquarius sensor
Authors: Meissner Thomas , Wentz Frank J. , Ricciardulli Lucrezia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn order to achieve the required accuracy in sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from L‐band radiometers such as the Aquarius/SAC‐D or SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission, it is crucial to accurately correct the radiation that is emitted from the ocean surface for roughness effects. We derive a geophysical model function (GMF) for the emission and backscatter of L‐band microwave radiation from rough ocean surfaces. The analysis is based on radiometer brightness temperature and scatterometer backscatter observations both taken on board Aquarius. The data are temporally and spatially collocated with wind speeds from WindSat and F17 SSMIS (Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder) and wind directions from NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction) GDAS (Global Data Assimilation System). This GMF is the basis for retrieval of ocean surface wind speed combining L‐band H‐pol radiometer and HH‐pol scatterometer observations. The accuracy of theses combined passive/active L‐band wind speeds matches those of many other satellite microwave sensors. The L‐band GMF together with the combined passive/active L‐band wind speeds is utilized in the Aquarius SSS retrieval algorithm for the surface roughness correction. We demonstrate that using these L‐band wind speeds instead of NCEP wind speeds leads to a significant improvement in the SSS accuracy. Further improvements in the roughness correction algorithm can be obtained by adding VV‐pol scatterometer measurements and wave height (WH) data into the GMF.
The diurnal salinity cycle in the tropics
Authors: Drushka Kyla , Gille Sarah T. , Sprintall Janet 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObservations from 35 tropical moorings are used to characterize the diurnal cycle in salinity at 1 m depth. The amplitude of diurnal salinity anomalies is up to 0.01 psu and more typically ∼0.005 psu. Diurnal variations in precipitation and vertical entrainment appear to be the dominant drivers of diurnal salinity variability, with evaporation also contributing. Areas where these processes are strong are expected to have relatively strong salinity cycles: the eastern Atlantic and Pacific equatorial regions, the southwestern Bay of Bengal, the Amazon outflow region, and the Indo‐Pacific warm pool. We hypothesize that salinity anomalies resulting from precipitation and evaporation are initially trapped very near the surface and may not be observed at the 1 m instrument depths until they are mixed downward. As a result, the pattern of diurnal salinity variations is not only dependent on the strength of the forcing terms, but also on the phasing of winds and convective overturning. A comparison of mixed‐layer depth computed with hourly and with daily averaged salinity reveals that diurnal salinity variability can have a significant effect on upper ocean stratification, suggesting that representing diurnal salinity variability could potentially improve air‐sea interaction in climate models. Comparisons between salinity observations from moorings and from the Aquarius satellite (level 2 version 3.0 data) reveal that the typical difference between ascending‐node and descending‐node Aquarius salinity is an order of magnitude greater than the observed diurnal salinity anomalies at 1 m depth.
Storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical oceans
Authors: O'Kane T. J. , Matear R. J. , Chamberlain M. A. , Oliver E. C. J. , Holbrook N. J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOcean storm tracks have previously been associated with the midlatitude western boundary currents (WBCs) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Here we identify and examine large‐scale baroclinically unstable waves occurring within waveguides associated with potential density gradients in the subtropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) oceans where the trade winds and westerlies meet and at depths associated with mode water formation. In contrast to the Northern Hemisphere subtropics, the SH pathways are more extensive allowing large‐scale coherent disturbances to communicate information westward from the midlatitudes to the subtropics (South Pacific Ocean) and from the subtropics to the tropics (Indian Ocean). Particular consideration is given to the subtropical South Pacific Ocean as this is a region where resonant interactions between large‐scale Rossby waves and significant topographic features have been reported to occur. Using an ocean general circulation model and a simple potential energy transfer diagnostic, we identify the relevant nonlinearly modified structures comparing their propagation characteristics to planetary Rossby waves calculated using a shallow water model. Although at first appearance baroclinic disturbances resemble planetary Rossby waves, we show they are inherently nonlinear, multiscale and are amplified where topography occurs. The location of the disturbances coincides with regions of high variability in sea surface height observed in satellite altimetry and their speeds closely match the large‐scale coherent westward propagating structures described in the observational literature. Our study provides evidence that, in addition to the midlatitude WBCs and the ACC, significant ocean storm tracks are also manifest in the SH subtropics.
Interannual variability of the eastward current in the western South China Sea associated with the summer Asian monsoon
Authors: Chen Changlin , Wang Guihua 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe interannual variability of the eastward current in the western South China Sea (SCS) during the summer of 1993–2012 is examined with satellite altimeter data and Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model output. It is found that the meridional location of the eastward current displays apparent interannual variability. The core of the eastward current shifts between 10.7°N and 17.6°N with a standard deviation of 1.6°. Results from Sverdrup theory and ROMS experiments demonstrate a close dynamic linkage between the north‐south migration of the eastward current and the SCS summer monsoon anomaly on the interannual time scale. When the summer monsoon has southwesterly (northeasterly) anomaly, the eastward current moves southward (northward). With the southward (northward) shift of the eastward current, the summer cold filament in the SCS moves southward (northward) as well.
Precipitation variability over UAE and global SST teleconnections
Authors: Niranjan Kumar K. , Ouarda T. B. M. J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe present study investigates the role of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the precipitation variability over the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and adjoining Middle East regions. Monthly precipitation data (1981–2011) assembled from rain gauge stations located in the UAE along with other global reanalysis data sets are used to explore the teleconnections. It is observed that statistically significant correlations exist between precipitation over the UAE and the equatorial Pacific and North Atlantic SSTs. Canonical correlation analysis between the monthly winter precipitation and the global SSTs (60°S to 60°N) reveals that the major portion of the precipitation variability is influenced by equatorial Pacific SSTs associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The moisture budget analysis reveals the distinct change in the anomalous circulation (cyclonic and anticyclonic) associated with strong convergence and divergence of the moisture flux during the warm and cold phases of ENSO, respectively. Further, the composite analysis of upper troposheric zonal wind shows the equatorward shift (~2° latitude) of subtropical jet stream (STJ) over the Middle East during the warm phase of ENSO affecting the weather in the UAE. The findings suggest that the teleconnection linking ENSO and the precipitation over UAE and adjoining regions is mediated by the response of STJ to Rossby waves.