bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution, characteristics and condition of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) spawning grounds in a differentially eutrophicated twin‐basin lake
Authors: Miller Helen , Winfield Ian J. , Fletcher Janice M. , Ben James J. , van Rijn Joey , Bull Jonathan M. , Cotterill Carol J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSpawning is a key but often fragile event in the life cycles of fish populations. Nevertheless, it has been relatively little studied for lithophilic lacustrine species requiring hard spawning substrates, such as gravels or stones, largely devoid of fine sediments. Twelve demonstrated or putative spawning grounds of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in shallow and deep areas of the north and south basins of the eutrophicated lake of Windermere, UK, were described by hydroacoustic, physical and visual surveys. In addition, their current conditions were compared with their original qualitative descriptions made over 50 years ago. Spawning ground characteristics were found to be more complex than originally described, with considerable overlaps in depth ranges and only limited areas of appropriate hard substrates. Moreover, extensive gill netting surveys in recent years have found spawning Arctic charr at only seven of the original 12 demonstrated or putative spawning grounds, although several new spawning areas have also been found. The distribution of unsuitable fine sediments is widespread in the lake, particularly in the more eutrophicated south basin where suitable spawning habitat within the putative spawning areas is limited. Windermere faces a number of environmental problems including climate change and species introductions. However, the temporal and spatial patterns of the lake's eutrophication suggest that associated increases in fine sediments have been a major driver of the observed deterioration of Arctic charr spawning grounds and so may have also contributed to a marked decline recently observed in the local abundance of this species.
Mammalian SIRT2 inhibits keratin 19 expression and is a tumor suppressor in skin
Authors: Ming Mei , Qiang Lei , Zhao Baozhong , He Yu‐Ying 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSIRT2 is a member of the mammalian sirtuin family (SIRT1‐7). As compared with other sirtuins, SIRT2 is found primarily in the cytoplasm. It regulates multiple physiological processes. However, the precise role of SIRT2 in skin cancer remains unclear. Here, we show that SIRT2 is downregulated in human skin cancer as compared with normal skin. SIRT2 deletion increases tumor growth in mice. SIRT2 knockdown upregulates the stem cell marker Keratin 19 (K19) in keratinocytes. In mice, SIRT2 deletion up‐regulates K19 and K15 while it down‐regulates the differentiation marker Loricrin in both normal skin and tumors. In skin tumors but not normal skin, SIRT2 deletion up‐regulates the stem cell marker CD34 and increases the number of Ki67‐positive cells. These findings indicate that SIRT2 is a tumor suppressor in the skin. Our findings add new insights into the role of SIRT2 in the molecular pathogenesis of skin cancer.
Comparing the potential production and value of high‐energy liquid fuels and protein from marine and freshwater macroalgae
Authors: Neveux Nicolas , Magnusson Marie , Maschmeyer Thomas , de Nys Rocky , Paul Nicholas A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe biomass production and biochemical properties of marine and freshwater species of green macroalgae (multicellular algae), cultivated in outdoor conditions, were evaluated to assess the potential conversion into high‐energy liquid biofuels, specifically biocrude and biodiesel and the value of these products. Biomass productivities were typically two times higher for marine macroalgae (8.5–11.9 g m−2 d−1, dry weight) than for freshwater macroalgae (3.4–5.1 g m−2 d−1, dry weight). The biochemical compositions of the species were also distinct, with higher ash content (25.5–36.6%) in marine macroalgae and higher calorific value (15.8–16.4 MJ kg−1) in freshwater macroalgae. Lipid content was highest for freshwaterOedogoniumand marineDerbesia. Lipids are a critical organic component for biocrude production by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and the theoretical biocrude yield was therefore highest forOedogonium(17.7%, dry weight) andDerbesia(16.2%, dry weight). Theoretical biocrude yields were also higher than biodiesel yields for all species due to the conversion of the whole organic component of biomass, including the predominant carbohydrate fraction. However, all marine species had higher biomass productivities and therefore had higher projected biocrude productivities than freshwater species, up to 7.1 t of biocrude ha−1 yr−1forDerbesia. The projected value of the six macroalgae was increased by 45–77% (up toUS$7700 ha−1 yr−1) through the extraction of protein prior to the conversion of the residual biomass to biocrude. This study highlights the importance of optimizing biomass productivities for high‐energy fuels and targeting additional coproducts to increase value.
Confronting dental uncertainty in old age
Authors: MacEntee Michael I. , Mathu‐Muju Kavita R. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo provide an overview of the literature about uncertainty in health care and how it relates to the oral health care of older people.BackgroundThe medical literature describes uncertainty in health care from the initial informed‐consent to its impact on a patient's ability to cope with undesirable outcomes.MethodsA narrative review of the medical, dental and psychological literature was conducted to identify pertinent information on the theory and implications of uncertainty in healthcare. The findings are infused into a case‐report illustrating the recurrence of uncertainty experienced by an older woman who had multiple treatments over several years to restore her dentition damaged severely by dental caries.ResultsUncertainty originates from inadequate understanding, incomplete information and undifferentiated alternatives leading to unnecessary diagnostic tests and healthcare costs. A conceptual taxonomy clarifies the characteristics of uncertainty in the context of scientific, practical or personal sources and offers management possibilities through effective communications to identify choices and probabilities that help patients to adapt and cope with adverse events.ConclusionsUncertainty pervades healthcare. It can lead patients to self‐blame, anger and withdrawal from care unless it is communicated effectively so that they can adapt and cope with the disappointment of adversity and continue with alternative approaches to care.
Modified Angell Plot of Viscous Flow with Application to Silicate and Metallic Glass‐Forming Liquids
Authors: Kozmidis‐Petrović Ana F. 
Published: January 2014

The behavior of the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT), Avramov and Milchev (AM) and Mauro, Yue, Ellison, Gupta and Allan (MYEGA) functions of viscous flow in relation to t = Tg/(T−To) is analyzed, where Tg is glass transition temperature and To is the temperature in the VFT equation at which the configurational entropy becomes zero. The Tg‐scaled Arrhenius plot (the Angell plot) has been modified. The log η−(Tg/T) relationships in the Angell plot were modified as log η–(Tg)/(T−To) relationships (Tg‐scaled VFT plot). The values of parameter m1 = d(log η)/dt│T=Tg for some silicate and metallic glass‐forming liquids are presented too. The parameter m1 still exhibits “fragility” effect as does the kinetic fragility parameter m = d(log η)/d (Tg/T)│T=Tg in the Angell plot. The plot of log ηVFT in relation to t = Tg/(T−To) is the linear function unlike the Angell plot. The dependences of log ηMYEGA and log ηAM on t are not linear. It is possible to present the dependences of log η as functions of m1 and t in the form of 3D graphs.
Human blood dendritic cell subsets exhibit discriminative pattern recognition receptor profiles
Authors: Lundberg Kristina , Rydnert Frida , Greiff Lennart , Lindstedt Malin 
Published: January 2014

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) operate as the link between innate and adaptive immunity. Their expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and C‐type lectin receptors (CLRs), enables antigen recognition and mediates appropriate immune responses. Distinct subsets of human DCs have been identified; however their expression of PRRs is not fully clarified. Expressions of CLRs by DC subpopulations, in particular, remain elusive. This study aimed to identify and compare PRR expressions on human blood DC subsets, including CD1c+, CD141+ and CD16+ myeloid DCs and CD123+ plasmacytoid DCs, in order to understand their capacity to recognize different antigens as well as their responsiveness to PRR‐directed targeting. Whole blood was obtained from 13 allergic and six non‐allergic individuals. Mononuclear cells were purified and multi‐colour flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of 10 CLRs and two TLRs on distinct DC subsets. PRR expression levels were shown to differ between DC subsets for each PRR assessed. Furthermore, principal component analysis and random forest test demonstrated that the PRR profiles were discriminative between DC subsets. Interestingly, CLEC9A was expressed at lower levels by CD141+ DCs from allergic compared with non‐allergic donors. The subset‐specific PRR expression profiles suggests individual responsiveness to PRR‐targeting and supports functional specialization.
Are resilience and maternal sense of coherence associated with gingival status in adolescents from low‐income families?
Authors: da Silva Andréa Neiva , da Silva Cosme Marcelo Furtado Passos , Vettore Mario Vianna 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe capacity to overcome social disadvantages and maintain oral health through psychosocial processes remains poorly understood in children.AimThis study assessed the relationship of children's resilience and maternal sense of coherence (SOC) with gingival status in children from low‐income families.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted on 190 schoolchildren aged 11–12 years and their mothers. Family socioeconomic characteristics and housing conditions, maternal and children's oral cleanliness behaviours (tooth brushing and dental floss use), maternal SOC, children's resilience, and demographic data were collected through interviews with children and their mothers. Validated versions of Antonovsky's scale and the resilience scale were used to assess mother's SOC and children's resilience. Gingival status and dental plaque of children were evaluated through clinical examinations using bleeding on probing index and plaque index. Statistical analysis included Pearson's correlation and hierarchical multinomial ordinal logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe mean frequency of gingival bleeding in the sample was 8.4% (SD: 8.5). Children with higher levels of resilience showed 31% lower odds of gingival bleeding (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.4–0.9) after adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics, children's and mothers' use of dental floss.ConclusionsChildren's resilience was a psychosocial factor associated with gingival conditions.
Electrical stimulation for difficult wounds: only an alternative procedure?
Authors: Fraccalvieri Marco , Salomone Marco , Zingarelli Enrico M , Rivarossa Filippo , Bruschi Stefano 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the wound healing research, the exact mechanism of action of different modalities of electrical stimulation (ES) remains controversial and unresolved. In this study we discuss a particular ES, with a different type of waveform, corresponding to the principle of stochastic resonance. Between July 2008 and May 2010, 32 patients were enrolled and ES was applied to wounds using the bioelectrical signal therapy (BST) device (LifeWave, Petach Tiqwa, Israel). The outcome evaluated in group 1 (n = 21) was wound healing, while group 2 (n = 11) was evaluated for wound‐related pain [Visual Number Scale (VNS) pain scale] during treatment. In group 1, 87% of the wounds closed in an average time of 97 days (range 10–150 days); three patients were lost to follow‐up. In group 2, 45% of the patients experienced a complete pain disappearance after 7 days of treatment; 36% reported a reduction in VNS from 9·3 to 3·2 in 7 days; 19% stopped morphine‐like painkillers after 2 weeks. The clinical application of the stochastic resonance enables the usage of easy‐to‐use, non‐invasive, painless and pain‐relief treatment. Our experience with ES has demonstrated the BST device to be a very good alternative in cases of small size defects, compared with other therapies such as surgery, dressing and negative pressure devices.
Physical fitness, overweight and the risk of eating disorders in adolescents. The AVENA and AFINOS studies
Authors: Veses A. M. , Martínez‐Gómez D. , Gómez‐Martínez S. , Vicente‐Rodriguez G. , Castillo R. , Ortega F. B. , González‐Gross M. , Calle M. E. , Veiga O. L. , Marcos A. ,   AVENA,   AFINOS Study Groups
Published: January 2014

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Eating disorders are among the public health issues facing adolescents. An excess of body fat has been associated with an increased risk of these disorders.
The association of physical fitness with eating disorders has not yet been analysed in adolescents.

What this study adds
This study confirms that the overweight and obesity increase the risk of developing eating disorders.
The present study shows that there is an inverse association between physical fitness levels and the risk of eating disorders.
This study suggests that physical fitness might attenuate the influence of overweight on the development of eating disorders in adolescents.
BackgroundEating disorders together with the overweight and obesity are important health concerns in adolescents.ObjectiveTo analyse the individual and combined influence of overweight and physical fitness on the risk of developing eating disorders in Spanish adolescents.MethodsThe sample consisted of 3571 adolescents (1864 females), aged 13 to 18.5 years, from Spain who participated in the AVENA and AFINOS studies. The risk of eating disorders was evaluated using the SCOFF questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated and the adolescents were classified into two groups: overweight (including obesity) and non‐overweight according to Cole's cut‐off points. Cardiorespiratory fitness in the AVENA Study was assessed by the 20‐m shuttle‐run test and the overall physical fitness level was self‐reported in the AFINOS Study.ResultsOverweight adolescents had a higher risk of developing eating disorders than non‐overweight adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 4.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.63–6.61 in the AVENA Study and OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.83–3.22 in the AFINOS Study). Also, adolescents with medium and low levels of physical fitness had a higher risk of developing eating disorders (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.05–2.16, and OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.60–3.19, respectively, in the AVENA Study, and OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.37–2.17, and OR = 4.11 95% CI: 2.98–5.65, respectively, in the AFINOS Study) than adolescents with high levels of physical fitness. In both studies, the combined influence of overweight and physical fitness showed that adolescents with lower levels of physical fitness had an increased risk of developing eating disorders in both non‐overweight and overweight groups.ConclusionsPhysical fitness might attenuate the influence of overweight on the development of eating disorders in adolescents.
The need for richness‐independent measures of turnover when delineating biogeographical regions
Authors: Leprieur Fabien , Oikonomou Anthi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDelineating biogeographical regions is one of the primary steps when analysing biogeographical patterns. In their proposed quantitative framework, Kreft & Jetz (2010, Journal of Biogeography, 37, 2029–2053) recommended the use of the βsim index to delineate biogeographical regions because this turnover measure is weakly affected by differences in species richness between localities. A recent study by Carvalho et al. (2012, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 760–771) critiziced the use of βsim in ecological and biogeographical studies, and proposed the β‐3 index. Here we used simple numerical examples and an empirical case study (European freshwater fishes) to highlight potential pitfalls associated with the use of β‐3 for bioregionalization. We show that β‐3 is not a richness‐independent measure of species turnover. We also show that this index violates the ‘complementarity’ property, namely that localities without species in common have the largest dissimilarity, which is an essential prerequisite for beta diversity studies.
Crosstalk between AMPK activation and angiotensin II‐induced hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes: the role of mitochondria
Authors: Hernández Jessica Soto , Barreto‐Torres Giselle , Kuznetsov Andrey V. , Khuchua Zaza , Javadov Sabzali 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAMP‐kinase (AMPK) activation reduces cardiac hypertrophy, although underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we elucidated the anti‐hypertrophic action of metformin, specifically, the role of the AMPK/eNOS/p53 pathway. H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes were treated with angiotensin II (AngII) for 24 hrs in the presence or absence of metformin (AMPK agonist), losartan [AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker], Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, pan‐NOS inhibitor), splitomicin (SIRT1 inhibitor) or pifithrin‐α (p53 inhibitor). Results showed that treatment with metformin significantly attenuated AngII‐induced cell hypertrophy and death. Metformin attenuated AngII‐induced activation (cleavage) of caspase 3, Bcl‐2 down‐regulation and p53 up‐regulation. It also reduced AngII‐induced AT1R up‐regulation by 30% (P < 0.05) and enhanced AMPK phosphorylation by 99% (P < 0.01) and P‐eNOS levels by 3.3‐fold (P < 0.01). Likewise, losartan reduced AT1R up‐regulation and enhanced AMPK phosphorylation by 54% (P < 0.05). The AMPK inhibitor, compound C, prevented AT1R down‐regulation, indicating that metformin mediated its effects via AMPK activation. Beneficial effects of metformin and losartan converged on mitochondria that demonstrated high membrane potential (Δψm) and low permeability transition pore opening. Thus, this study demonstrates that the anti‐hypertrophic effects of metformin are associated with AMPK‐induced AT1R down‐regulation and prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction through the SIRT1/eNOS/p53 pathway.
Nonlinear effects of temperature on body form and developmental canalization in the threespine stickleback
Authors: Ramler D. , Mitteroecker P. , Shama L. N. S. , Wegner K. M. , Ahnelt H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTheoretical models predict that nonlinear environmental effects on the phenotype also affect developmental canalization, which in turn can influence the tempo and course of organismal evolution. Here, we used an oceanic population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to investigate temperature‐induced phenotypic plasticity of body size and shape using a paternal half‐sibling, split‐clutch experimental design and rearing offspring under three different temperature regimes (13, 17 and 21 °C). Body size and shape of 466 stickleback individuals were assessed by a set of 53 landmarks and analysed using geometric morphometric methods. At approximately 100 days, individuals differed significantly in both size and shape across the temperature groups. However, the temperature‐induced differences between 13 and 17 °C (mainly comprising relative head and eye size) deviated considerably from those between 17 and 21 °C (involving the relative size of the ectocoracoid, the operculum and the ventral process of the pelvic girdle). Body size was largest at 17 °C. For both size and shape, phenotypic variance was significantly smaller at 17 °C than at 13 and 21 °C, indicating that development is most stable at the intermediate temperature matching the conditions encountered in the wild. Higher additive genetic variance at 13 and 21 °C indicates that the plastic response to temperature had a heritable basis. Understanding nonlinear effects of temperature on development and the underlying genetics are important for modelling evolution and for predicting outcomes of global warming, which can lead not only to shifts in average morphology but also to destabilization of development.
Validation of the Charlson Comorbidity Index in Acutely Hospitalized Elderly Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Frenkel Wijnanda J. , Jongerius Erika J. , Mandjes‐van Uitert Miranda J. , van Munster Barbara C. , de Rooij Sophia E. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) predicts short‐ and long‐term mortality.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe medical department of two university hospitals and one community‐based hospital.ParticipantsAcutely hospitalized individuals aged 65 and older with a mean age of 77.8 ± 7.9, 45.8% male (n = 1,313).MeasurementsIn eligible persons, information on demographic characteristics, activities of daily living (modified Katz ADL Index score), and disease‐related measures was collected within 48 hours after admission. Follow‐up using self‐reporting questionnaires was performed at 3 months and 1 year. Functional decline was defined as a decline of at least 1 point on the modified Katz ADL Index score at 12 months from baseline. Mortality data at 3 months and 1 and 5 years were collected from the municipal database.ResultsLogistic regression analysis, adjusted for age and sex, showed that participants with a CCI of 5 or more had higher 3‐month (odds ratio (OR) = 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.1–6.4), 1‐year (OR = 7.1, 95% CI = 4.2–11.9), and 5‐year (OR = 52.4, 95% CI = 13.3–206.4) mortality than those with a CCI of 0. Participants with CCI scores between 1 and 4 also had greater mortality risk at 3 months and 1 and 5 years.ConclusionThe CCI independently predicts short‐ and long‐term mortality in acutely ill hospitalized elderly adults.
Executive Function Processes Predict Mobility Outcomes in Older Adults
Authors: Gothe Neha P. , Fanning Jason , Awick Elizabeth , Chung David , Wójcicki Thomas R. , Olson Erin A. , Mullen Sean P. , Voss Michelle , Erickson Kirk I. , Kramer Arthur F. , McAuley Edward 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between performance on executive function measures and subsequent mobility outcomes in community‐dwelling older adults.DesignRandomized controlled clinical trial.SettingChampaign‐Urbana, Illinois.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling older adults (N = 179; mean age 66.4).InterventionA 12‐month exercise trial with two arms: an aerobic exercise group and a stretching and strengthening group.MeasurementsEstablished cognitive tests of executive function (flanker task, task switching, and a dual‐task paradigm) and the Wisconsin card sort test. Mobility was assessed using the timed 8‐foot up and go test and times to climb up and down a flight of stairs.MethodsParticipants completed the cognitive tests at baseline and the mobility measures at baseline and after 12 months of the intervention. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether baseline executive function predicted postintervention functional performance after controlling for age, sex, education, cardiorespiratory fitness, and baseline mobility levels.ResultsSelective baseline executive function measurements, particularly performance on the flanker task (β = 0.15–0.17) and the Wisconsin card sort test (β = 0.11–0.16) consistently predicted mobility outcomes at 12 months. The estimates were in the expected direction, such that better baseline performance on the executive function measures predicted better performance on the timed mobility tests independent of intervention.ConclusionExecutive functions of inhibitory control, mental set shifting, and attentional flexibility were predictive of functional mobility. Given the literature associating mobility limitations with disability, morbidity, and mortality, these results are important for understanding the antecedents to poor mobility function that well‐designed interventions to improve cognitive performance can attenuate.