bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody conjugated to ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in an application of MR molecular imaging of pancreatic cancer cell lines
Authors: He Yonglan , Song Wei , Lei Jing , Li Zhuo , Cao Jian , Huang Shuai , Meng Jie , Xu Haiyan , Jin Zhengyu , Xue Huadan 
Published: September 2012

Background Chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) plays an important role in the potential growth of pancreatic tumor and its ability to develop metastasis. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles offer strong contrast-enhancing effect for MR imaging of pancreatic tissue. Purpose To establish a biomarker-targeted nanoparticulate contrast agent CXCR4-USPIO for pancreatic cancer cell MR imaging and to investigate the relationship between in vitro MR T2 enhancement ratio, ΔR2 values, and the cellular CXCR4 expression levels. Material and Methods The CXCR4 monoclonal antibody and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were bioconjugated with USPIO using carbodiimide. The T2 and T2* values of CXCR4-USPIO, BSA-USPIO, and USPIO were evaluated at the same iron concentration levels. After incubating four pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, PANC-1) with CXCR4-USPIO and BSA-USPIO, respectively, changes of T2 values were measured with a clinical 1.5-T MRI scanner. Western blot and immunofluorescence tests were applied to semi-quantitatively analyze the expression levels of CXCR4 in the four cell lines. Results MR imaging revealed a linear correlation between ΔR2 and ΔR2* values of CXCR4-USPIO nanoparticles and the iron concentrations. The T2 enhancement ratio and ΔR2 values of AsPC-1, BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, PANC-1 cell lines in the CXCR4-USPIO group exhibited strong correlation with the CXCR4 peptide relative grey values measured by western blot (r = 0.976, P = 0.024; r = 0.959, P = 0.041, respectively) and the mean fluorescence signal intensity detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy (r = 0.996, P = 0.004; r = 0.962, P = 0.038, respectively). Conclusion The targeted probe CXCR4-USPIO was created for MR molecular imaging of pancreatic cancer cell lines. The T2 enhancement ratio and ΔR2 values of CXCR4-USPIO nanoparticles could semi-quantitatively assess the cellular CXCR4 expression levels.
Intranasal Fentanyl Spray: A Novel Dosage Form for the Treatment of Breakthrough Cancer Pain
Authors: Dietrich Eric , Gums John G 
Published: September 2012

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse events, dosing, and administration of intranasal fentanyl spray in the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) in adults. Data Sources: Relevant published data were identified using PubMed from inception to April 2012 using the search terms fentanyl nasal spray, intranasal fentanyl, intranasal fentanyl cancer pain, and fentanyl pectin cancer pain. Only articles evaluating the use of intranasal fentanyl spray for cancer pain were selected. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles evaluating the pharmacokinetics of intranasal fentanyl or the clinical efficacy of intranasal fentanyl spray for the treatment of BTCP were considered; references of selected articles were manually reviewed to identify further articles. The manufacturer of intranasal fentanyl spray was also contacted to obtain information. Data Synthesis: Intranasal fentanyl spray gained Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of BTCP in adults with cancer receiving stable BACKGROUND opioid therapy for chronic pain. In doses ranging from 100 to 800 μg/spray, intranasal fentanyl spray was found to be more effective than placebo and more effective than oral morphine or oral fentanyl formulations in reducing pain for up to 15–45 minutes; onset of analgesia was also improved with intranasal fentanyl spray. The most commonly observed adverse events included nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and dizziness. Conclusions: For the treatment of BTCP, intranasal fentanyl spray offers improved onset of analgesia compared to other oral therapies; this improved onset of analgesia may closely mimic the typical time course of a BTCP episode. Nasal administration may overcome problems such as nausea, vomiting, or xerostomia that may complicate oral administration of analgesics. Potential disadvantages include uncertainty in treating more than 4 BTCP episodes per 24 hours and a higher cost compared to generically available oral opioid analgesics.
Pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo Simulations of Doripenem in Patients with Febrile Neutropenia
Authors: Stein Gary E , Kulhanek Grace , Smith Curtis L , Kuti Joseph L , Nicolau David P , Scharmen Amy , Farnum Chris , Tran MaryAnn , Kalra Apoorv , Havlichek Daniel H 
Published: September 2012

Background: Doripenem is a group 2 carbapenem with enhanced in vitro activity against gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There is a paucity of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data on doripenem in patients with febrile neutropenia. Objective: To conduct a pharmacokinetic evaluation of 2 doses of doripenem in patients with febrile neutropenia and provide probability estimates of attaining effective drug exposure against common gram-negative pathogens. Methods: We obtained multiple blood samples from 12 adults with febrile neutropenia who were receiving either 500 mg or 1000 mg of intravenous doripenem over 4 hours every B hours. Following at least 2 doses, serum concentrations were measured in each subject at 1, 4, 6, and 8 hours after initiation of a dose by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The derived pharmacokinetic parameters from these serum levels were used to perform a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation against bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.008-64 mg/L to determine probability estimates of the time in which unbound drug concentrations remain above the MIC (fT>MIC). Results: The mean pharmacokinetic parameters in these patients were a volume of distribution of 43.9 L, an elimination rate constant of 0.37 h-1, a total clearance of 14.4 L/h, and an area under the concentration-time curve of 57.6 mg·h/L. An optimal probability of target attainment (40% fT>MIC) of 90% was obtained against bacteria with MICs ≤2 mg/L and ≤4 mg/L with 500-mg and 1000-mg doses, respectively. Adverse events associated with doripenem were not observed. Conclusions: The findings from this analysis of doripenem suggest that higher doses, as well as prolonged infusions, may be necessary to optimally treat selected gram-negative bacteria (eg, P. aeruginosa) in patients with febrile neutropenia.
Sphaeranthus indicus Flower Derived Constituents Exhibits Synergistic Effect against Acetylcholinesterase and Possess Potential Antiamnestic Activity
Authors: Patel Mayurkumar B. , Amin Dipa 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective: The present investigation was aimed at discovery of novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors.Methods: In vitro AchE inhibitory activity of various extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus flower heads was carried out. The petroleum ether fraction of S. indicus flowers (SIPE) exhibited significant activity. The fraction was found to be rich in sesquiterpene lactone content possibly responsible for in vitro AChE inhibition. In further study, the antiamnesic activities of SIPE in mice on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) were examined.Results: SIPE (10 mg/kg, p.o.) administration significantly reversed cognitive impairments in mice by passive avoidance test (P < 0.05). It also reduced escape latencies in training trials and prolonged swimming times in the target quadrant during the probe trial in the water maze task (P < 0.05). These results indicated that S. indicus due to its sesquiterpene lactones have anti-cholinesterase activity. A major sesquiterpene lactone, 7-hydroxy frullanolide along with other constituents were isolated from SIPE and evaluated for AchE inhibitory activity. Negative results were obtained in case of isolated compounds.Conclusion: Synergistic effect between constituents of SIPE was confirmed to have anti-amnesic activities that may be useful for cognitive impairment treatment.
A corpus study of variation in written Chinese
Authors: Zhang, Zheng-sheng 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe present paper reports on the findings of a preliminary study of written Chinese, using the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese (LCMC, McEnery & Xiao 2004). The first part of the paper introduces the stylistic features, and briefly describes the distributional patterns of these features across the selected written registers. Then, using a multi-feature, multi-dimensional framework (Biber 1988) and the data reduction method of correspondence analysis, three dimensions are identified and interpreted. The study reveals extensive linguistic variation across written Chinese registers, thus complementing previous observations about stylistic differences between spoken and written Chinese. Finally, issues concerning feature selection and dimension interpretation are discussed.
Extended Cyclostationary Signatures for OFDM in the Presence of Hardware Imperfections
Authors: Schmitz Johannes , Zivkovic Milan , Mathar Rudolf 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCyclostationary signatures have been shown to be an effective method for OFDM network synchronization and Cognitive Radio coordination. In this article, an extended method that utilizes cyclostationary signatures for signal parameter identification of OFDM-based Cognitive Radio nodes is presented. The scenario, implemented on a GNU Radio based evaluation platform, shows how different signal parameters, e.g. carrier frequency, occupied bandwidth and the used modulation scheme can be identified at the receiver side using the described approach. A major drawback of cyclostationary detection in OFDM systems is its sensitivity to frequency offset and sampling rate mismatches between oscillators at the transmitter and the receiver. An analytical model that characterizes this impairments is derived, followed by a discussion of implementation issues and the performance evaluation of proposed cyclostationary signature detection, both in a simulation environment and through RF experiments.
Efficient one pot synthesis of triazolotriazine, pyrazolotriazine, triazole, isoxazole and pyrazole derivatives
Authors: El Rady Eman A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
3-(3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile (1) was used as a starting material for synthesis of functionalized heterocyclic derivatives mentioned in the title.
Chemotaxonomical identification of Holocenic bogwood recovered after 2007 Niigataken Chuestsu-oki Earthquake
Authors: Narita Hiroe , Sugiyama Junji , Kuga Shigenori 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A Holocenic coniferous bogwood salvaged from the 70 to 100 m-deep seabed after the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake was analyzed anatomically and chemically. The main anatomical features of the wood were the presence of (i) large window-like pits in cross field and (ii) smooth-walled cells of ray tracheid. Feature (i) allowed identification of the wood as genus Pinus. Feature (ii) is characteristic of section Quinquefoliae, but possible decay by the long burial (3400–3210 cal BP) left the identification inconclusive. Chemical analysis showed that the major volatile components of the bogwood were cadinane-type sesquiterpenes. In contrast, those of modern pine samples were longifolene and monoterpenes from Pinus
densiflora and Pinus
thunbergii, nerolidol from Pinus
parviflora and P. parviflora var. pentaphylla, and monoterpenes from Pinus
koraiensis. Thus, none of the modern pines contained cadinane-type sesquiterpenes as major components. As organic components of wood are known to undergo diagenetic transformation under geological conditions, recent samples were subjected to heat treatment at 180°C for 24 h to simulate the long burial time. As a result, nerolidol, the main component of P. parviflora and P. parviflora var. pentaphylla was converted to cadinane-type sesquiterpenes. Therefore, it is highly likely that the bogwood sample was P. parviflora or P. parviflora var. pentaphylla, section Quinquefoliae subsection Strobus, agreeing with the anatomical feature of section Quinquefoliae.
Modification of Steelmaking Slag by Additions of Salts from Aluminum Production
Authors: Walker D.C. , Caley W.F. , Ferenczy S. , Kipouros G.J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe most common slag fluidiser in steelmaking is fluorspar, a mineral primarily composed of CaF2. Because of increasing consumption and decreasing availability of inexpensive fluorspar, steelmakers are seeking alternative means of achieving slag fluidity. One possible alternative to fluorspar is salt cake from secondary aluminium production. This salt is obtained from the used flux in remelting aluminium scrap and dross. This material is widely available and considered toxic (meaning that use in steelmaking helps to reduce environmental impacts from disposal). This project is an investigation of salt cake as a replacement for fluorspar in slag-fluidising applications by viscosity measurements and mass loss measurements at high temperatures (to evaluate the amounts of gases formed). In addition, characterisation of raw materials and melted slags by XRD, chemical analysis, and EPMA have been undertaken. The salt cake addition has a positive effect on slag fluidity, and shows promise for use in steelmaking slags.
Current intellectual property issues in nanotechnology
Authors: Tullis Terry K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo the extent that the USPTO issues a proliferation of broad and potentially overlapping nanotechnology patents, the development of a nanotechnology patent thicket could impede the licensing process required for further innovation. If the contractor refuses the federal agency’s request, the agency can grant a license to the applicant itself if “the contractor or assignee has not taken, or is not expected to take within a reasonable time, effective steps to achieve practical application of the subject invention in such field of use” or if “action is necessary to meet requirements for public use specified by Federal regulations and such requirements are not reasonably satisfied by the contractor, assignee, or licensees.” Theoretically, the march-in right demonstrates the power of the government to prevent the nonuse of patents in the context of patent hoarding or blocking patents used to stifle competition. These university-based nanotechnology research centers are in a prime position to secure bids for significant shares of the new funding from the Nanotechnology Act; ultimately, they should have an augmented government license defense in order to carry out incremental and innovative research effectively without becoming unduly encumbered by a nanotechnology patent thicket.
Atomistic and Kinetic Simulations of Radiation Damage in Molybdenum
Authors: Insepov Zeke , Rest Jeffrey , Yacout Abdellatif M. , Ye Bei , Yun Di , Kuksin Alexey Y , Norman Genri E , Stegailov Vladimir V , Yanilkin Alexey V 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTA new Mo potential, developed recently by using an ab initio quantum mechanics theory, was used to study formation and time evolution of radiation defects, such as self-interstitial atoms (SIAs), vacancies, and small clusters of SIAs, using molecular dynamics (MD). MD models were developed for calculation of the diffusion coefficients of vacancies, self-interstitials, and small dislocation loops containing 2 to 37 SIAs; and the rate constants were calculated. Interactions of small SIA loops with SIAs were simulated. The results show that rotation of SIA from one <111> to another equivalent direction is an important mechanism that significantly contributes to kinetic coefficients.
Minimally invasive treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs by thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation and subphrenic pericardiectomy: 6 cases (2007–2010)
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Culp William T. N. , Mayhew Kelli N. , Morgan Oliver D. E. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective—To describe a technique and evaluate the outcome of thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation (TDL) and subphrenic pericardiectomy (SPP) for treatment of idiopathic chylothorax (IC) in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—6 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs with a diagnosis of IC that were subsequently treated by thoracoscopic TDL and SPP and that had not undergone previous surgical treatment were reviewed. Thoracoscopic TDL was performed via a 3-portal technique with the patient in lateral recumbency. Subphrenic pericardiectomy was subsequently performed via a 3-portal technique with the patient in dorsal recumbency. If visualization during SPP was suboptimal, 1-lung ventilation was used to ensure that pericardial resection was close to the phrenic nerves bilaterally but without risk of iatrogenic nerve injury.
Results—All TDL and SPP procedures were completed successfully in a median surgical time of 177 minutes (range, 135 to 210 minutes). All 6 dogs showed resolution of clinical signs of chylothorax with no recurrence during a median follow-up period of 39 months (range, 19 to 60 months). Final postoperative thoracic radiographic evaluation was performed at a median of 14.5 months (range, 7 to 25 months). Complete resolution of pleural effusion occurred in all but 1 dog. In 1 dog, a small volume of pleural effusion was persistent at a 7-month postoperative radiographic follow-up but was not associated with clinical signs and did not require thoracocentesis at any time during the dog's 25-month follow-up period.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—From this limited series of patients, results suggested that a minimally invasive TDL-SPP combined surgical technique for management of IC in dogs may be associated with a similarly successful outcome as has been reported for open surgical TDL-SPP.
Effect of the size of evacuated blood collection tubes on total carbon dioxide concentration in equine plasma
Authors: Tinkler Stacy H. , Couëtil Laurent L. , Kennedy Sarah A. , Constable Peter D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether plasma total CO2 concentrations would vary with the size of the evacuated tube used to collect blood samples.
Design—Randomized crossover study.
Animals—Convenience sample of 20 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—Jugular venous blood was collected from horses in random order into 8 types of evacuated tubes: 2-mL glass, 2- or 3-mL plastic or plastic plasma separator, 4- or 6-mL plastic, and 10-mL glass or plastic. Total CO2 concentrations in plasma were measured with a biochemistry analyzer. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA and multivariate regression.
Results—The air volume-to-blood volume ratio was significantly higher and consequently, plasma total CO2 concentration was significantly lower when blood was collected into 2-mL glass tubes and 2- or 3-mL plastic tubes than when the other 5 types of evacuated tubes were used. Concentrations in the other tube types were statistically equivalent. A linear relationship was detected between total CO2 concentration and air volume–to–blood volume ratio.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blood samples should be collected into evacuated tubes with a small air volume–to–blood volume ratio whenever an accurate estimate of plasma total CO2 concentration is required.
Inhibition of the receptor-mediated virion attachment to a lipid membrane
Authors: Zhdanov Vladimir 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The forefront of the anti-viral defence is sometimes aimed at virion attachment to a host membrane. This step or, more specifically, virion contacts with cellular membrane receptors (or, e.g., glycolipids) can be inhibited by antibodies (or specially chosen or designed compounds) via their association with virions. In this case, the full-scale attachment of virions to a host membrane occurs via a subtle interplay of the formation and rupture of multiple virion-inhibitor and virion-receptor bonds. We present a kinetic model describing this interplay and illustrating general trends in the process under consideration.
Collective flow and correlation with higher harmonic event planes
Authors: Esumi ShinIchi 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Azimuthal event anisotropy and particle correlation have been used to analyze the collectivity of the system created in the high-energy heavy-ion collisions in order to study the properties of Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). Higher harmonic event anisotropy is recently recognized to carry the information of initial participant geometrical fluctuation because of the finite number of participating nucleons in heavy-ion collisions. The system response after the collective expansion can be observed as higher harmonic event anisotropy, the n-th harmonic order dependence can be used to further constrain the hydro-dynamical properties of the system. The multi-particle azimuthal correlation with respect to the higher harmonic event plane can be used as a tool to understand the origin of the higher harmonic event anisotropy and its relation to the medium response from the jet-quenching as soft-hard interplay. Recent results on the higher harmonic event anisotropy measurements and an attempt of two-particle correlation analysis with respect to the higher harmonic event planes are discussed.
Combustion-derived CdO nanopowder as a heterogeneous basic catalyst for efficient synthesis of sulfonamides from aromatic amines using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride
Authors: Anandakumar Belladamadu , Madhusudana Reddy Muthukur , Thipperudraiah Kumarappa , Pasha Mohamed , Chandrappa Gujjarahalli 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA simple and rapid synthesis of CdO nanopowder via the solution combustion route employing l-(+)-tartaric acid as a fuel is reported for the first time. The catalyst was characterized by PXRD, SEM, TEM, BET surface area measurement, basic site measurement from back titration and FTIR. Combustion derived CdO nanopowder acts as a catalyst in the sulfonylation of amines with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride to obtain sulfonamides in excellent yield (85–95 %) and high purity under mild reaction conditions. CdO nanopowder has been found to be an efficient catalyst requiring a shorter reaction time (10–30 min) to obtain sulfonamide when compared with the commercial CdO powder requiring 2 h under similar conditions. The catalyst can be recovered and reused four times without any significant loss of catalytic activity. Potential role of CdO nanopowder in the synthesis of sulfonamides and its mechanism is proposed.
Locally adaptive bilateral clustering for universal image denoising
Authors: Toh K. , Mat Isa N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a novel and efficient locally adaptive denoising method based on clustering of pixels into regions of similar geometric and radiometric structures. Clustering is performed by adaptively segmenting pixels in the local kernel based on their augmented variational series. Then, noise pixels are restored by selectively considering the radiometric and spatial properties of every pixel in the formed clusters. The proposed method is exceedingly robust in conveying reliable local structural information even in the presence of noise. As a result, the proposed method substantially outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in terms of image restoration and computational cost. We support our claims with ample simulated and real data experiments. The relatively fast runtime from extensive simulations also suggests that the proposed method is suitable for a variety of image-based products — either embedded in image capturing devices or applied as image enhancement software.