bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of carbon nanotubes coated with orthogonal dipole switches
Authors: Setaro Antonio , Kreft Stefanie K. , Petersen Michael Åxman , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted , Reich Stephanie 
Published: August 2014

To disentangle the process of direct optical excitation of carbon nanotubes coated with photochromic switches from the isomerization of the latters, we functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes with the orthogonal dipole switching moiety dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF). The orthogonality of the switch decouples the kinetics of the dipole change from the optical excitation of the nanotubes, allowing the independent investigations of the excitation of tubes and switch.DHA to VHF conversion triggered by exposures to UV photons. The back isomerization is thermally activated and cannot be driven optically.
Transactions based secure routing in wireless networks: a cognitive science approach
Authors: Kumar R. , Kousalya G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSecure routing is the process of selecting safe and unthreatened paths in a network along which to send network traffic. There is a strong need for routing security in wireless networks, because there is a dramatic increase in routing attacks in recent years and directly affects the performance of the network. In this paper we present a Transactions Based Secure Routing (TBSR) protocol for data transmission. Here Cognitive Agents (CAs) with Behaviors‐Beliefs (BB) model are placed on routers to generate beliefs over the routers functionalities w.r.t. genuinity and various transactions are classified based on the Transaction Subtlety Levels (TSL). These two factors are used in determining secure paths for data transmission of varied security levels and there by enhancing the network performance. The results are presented to demonstrate the routing delay, latency, Quality of Service(QoS), and throughput. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequence‐based masquerade detection for different user groups
Authors: Sen S. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTInsider threats are one of the biggest threats that organizations are confronted with today. A masquerader who impersonates another user for his malicious activities has been studied extensively in the literature. The approaches proposed on masquerade detection mainly assume that masquerader behavior will deviate from the typical behavior of the victim. This research presents a rigorous evaluation of sequence‐based approaches based on this assumption. The main idea underlying sequence‐based approaches is that users type similar commands, in a similar order, every time to do a specific job and, these similarities could distinguish users from others. Sequence‐based approaches in the literature only consider commands typed in a specific order, at all times. In this research, we also take into account typing similar commands in a command sequence, but in an unordered way, in the newly proposed method, Matching of Unordered Command Sequences. We compare this new technique with another sequence‐based approach called Matching of Ordered Command Sequences, and a command‐based approach called Matching of Commands. These techniques are evaluated with varying parameters in order to explore how the order of commands, the variations in a command sequence, and the variety of commands affect masquerade detection. Furthermore, the performance of these methods on different types of users and masqueraders is analyzed. We explore what kind of users are easily distinguishable from others, and what kind of masqueraders are difficult to detect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pREset Stent Retriever for Endovascular Treatment of Stroke Caused by MCA Occlusion: Safety and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Schwaiger B. J. , Kober F. , Gersing A. S. , Kleine J. F. , Wunderlich S. , Zimmer C. , Poppert H. , Prothmann S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to analyze the safety and efficacy of the pREset device, a stent retriever system, for endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion.

Methods
Retrospectively, 48 consecutive patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 71.0 ± 11.9 years; 24 women) treated for acute MCA occlusion using pREset solely or in combination with other MT devices were identified. Recanalization success was evaluated using the modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score (TICI), and complications were detected by 24-h follow-up computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. MCA anatomy was assessed in angiograms. Clinical outcome was evaluated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission and discharge, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at discharge and follow-up.

Results
Successful recanalization (TICI 2b/3) was achieved in 39 patients (81.3 %). Rate of procedure-related complications was 8.3 %. In four patients, a subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred (8.3 %), and parenchymal hematoma was detected in four patients (8.3 %). None of those events was associated with clinical deterioration. MCA curvature significantly influenced recanalization success (P < 0.005).
Successful recanalization correlated significantly with lower NIHSS scores and favorable clinical outcome (mRS score 0–2) at discharge (P < 0.05). Mortality within 90 days was significantly lower in patients with TICI 2b/3 (P < 0.005).

Conclusions
High recanalization rates, low complication rates, and a significantly improved outcome after successful recanalization strongly suggest that MT with pREset is an adequate therapy for AIS after MCA occlusion. Vessel curvature is a significant determining factor for recanalization success.
Chemistry of Color Fixation in Crude, Physically Refined and Chemically Refined Rice Bran Oils upon Heating
Authors: Rekha Basavalingappa , Lokesh Belur Rangaswamy , Gopala Krishna Ambale Gundappa 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCompared to other vegetable oils, rice bran oil (RBO) has a characteristic dark color which further deepens upon heating or frying of foods in the oil. Darkening of the oil during heating has been studied. The dark color‐causing material in crude, chemically refined and physically refined rice bran oils was separated using a silica gel column for a hexane‐eluted oil fraction and a methanol eluted fraction. The methanol eluted fraction for all the above three types of RBO produced a dark color upon heating, hence the physically refined RBO methanol fraction was investigated further and contained monoglycerides (23.4 %) and diglycerides (67.4 %) of linoleic + linolenic acids in its methanol fraction as analyzed by column chromatography and HPLC which decreased in concentration after heating. The linoleic acid level of 37.7 % in the methanol fraction was reduced significantly to 18 % after heating (52.3 % reduction). The IR and NMR spectra were similar to those of a monoglyceride/diglyceride with NMR spectra indicating a lower amount of olefinic protons for the heated sample. These results showed that the darkening of RBO was due to the oxidation and polymerization of monoglycerides/diglycerides containing linoleic acid/linolenic acid.
Progress of the technique of coal microwave desulfurization
Authors: Tao Xiuxiang , Xu Ning , Xie Maohua , Tang Longfei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWith the advantages of its fast speed, effective and moderate controllable conditions, desulfurization of coal by microwave has become research focus in the field of clean coal technology. Coal is a homogeneous mixture which consists of various components with different dielectric properties, so their abilities to absorb microwaves are different, and the sulfur-containing components are better absorbers of microwave, which makes them can be selectively heated and reacted under microwave irradiation. There still remain controversies on the principle of microwave desulfurization at present, thermal effects or non-thermal effects. The point of thermal effects of microwave is mainly base on its characters of rapidly and selectly heating. While, in view of non-thermal effect, direct interactions between the microwave electromagnetic field and sulfur containing components are proposed. It is a fundamental problem to determine the dielectric properties of coal and the sulfur-containing components to reveal the interaction of microwave and sulfur-containing compounds. However, the test of dielectric property of coal is affected by many factors, which makes it difficult to measure dielectric properties accurately. In order to achieve better desulfurization effect, the researchers employ methods of adding chemical additives such as acid, alkali, oxidant, reductant, or changing the reaction atmosphere, or combining with other methods such as magnetic separation, ultrasonic and microorganism. Researchers in this field have also put forward several processes, and have obtained a number of patents. Obscurity of microwave desulfurization mechanism, uncertainties in qualitative and quantitative analysis of sulfur-containing functional groups in coal, and the lack of special microwave equipment have limited further development of microwave desulfurization technology.
IUGR disrupts the PPARγ‐Setd8‐H4K20me1 and Wnt signaling pathways in the juvenile rat hippocampus
Authors: Ke Xingrao , Xing Bohan , Yu Baifeng , Yu Xing , Majnik Amber , Cohen Susan , Lane Robert , Joss‐Moore Lisa 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) programs neurodevelopmental impairment and long‐term neurological morbidities. Neurological morbidities in IUGR infants are correlated with changes hippocampal volume. We previously demonstrated that IUGR alters hippocampal cellular composition in both neonatal and juvenile rat pups in association with altered hippocampal gene expression and epigenetic determinants. PPARγ signaling is important for neurodevelopment as well as epigenetic integrity in the brain via the PPARγ‐Setd8‐H4K20me1 axis and Wnt signaling. We hypothesized that IUGR would decrease expression of PPARγ, Setd8, and H4K20me1 in juvenile rat hippocampus. We further hypothesized that reduced PPARγ‐Setd8‐H4K20me1 would be associated with reduced Wnt signaling genes Wnt3a and β‐catenin, and wnt target gene Axin2. To test our hypothesis we used a rat model of uteroplacental insufficiency‐induced IUGR. We demonstrated that PPARγ localizes to oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes within the juvenile rat hippocampus. We also demonstrated that IUGR reduces levels of PPARγ, Setd8 and H4K20me1 in male and female juvenile rat hippocampus in conjunction with reduced Wnt signaling components in only male rats. We speculate that reduced PPARγ and Wnt signaling may contribute to altered hippocampal cellular composition which, in turn, may contribute to impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent neurocognitive impairment in IUGR offspring.
Developmental and degenerative modulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transcript variants in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Kim Jinwook , Yang Miyoung , Kim Juhwan , Song Lina , Lee Sueun , Son Yeonghoon , Kang Sohi , Bae Chun‐Sik , Kim Jong‐Choon , Kim Sung‐Ho , Shin Taekyun , Wang Hongbing , Moon Changjong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is regarded as an important factor for neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal network organization in brain circuits. However, little is known about the regulation of BDNF transcript variants in the hippocampus during postnatal development and following chemically induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we examined the expression of individual BDNF transcript variants in the mouse hippocampus on postnatal day (PD) 3, 7, 14, 21, and 56, as well as in the adult hippocampus 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after trimethyltin (TMT) treatment. During postnatal development, the expression levels of common BDNF‐coding transcripts and BDNF transcript variants increased gradually in the hippocampus, but the temporal patterns of each exon transcript showed significant differences. In the TMT‐treated hippocampus, the levels of common BDNF‐coding transcripts and exon I, IIC, III, VII, VIII, and IXA transcripts were significantly increased 1 day post‐treatment. These observations suggest that the differential regulation of BDNF exon transcripts may be associated with neuronal and synaptic maturation during postnatal development, and neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity in chemically induced neurodegeneration.
Combined use of NGF/BDNF/bFGF promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro
Authors: Chen Shuang‐Qing , Cai Qing , Shen Yu‐Ying , Cai Xiu‐Ying , Lei Hai‐Ying 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNeurotrophic factors can promote the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Here we report that the possibility of using bFGF in combination with BDNF and NGF to promote proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in vitro. C57BL/6 mouse NSCs were cultured, passaged and stained by immunofluorescence for nestin and GFP. According to different neurotrophic factors added to NSCs, seven experiment groups (NGF, BDNF, bFGF, bFGF + NGF, bFGF + BDNF, NGF + BDNF and NGF + BDNF + bFGF) and a blank control group were established. One week after induction and differentiation, results showed that there was significant difference in the percentage of NSCs differentiating into neurons among the experiment groups. The percentage in the multi‐factor groups was significantly higher than that in the single‐factor groups (p < 0.05), among which the percentage was the highest in NGF + BDNF + bFGF group. In the two‐factor groups, the percentage in bFGF + NGF and bFGF + BDNF groups was significantly higher than that in NGF + BDNF group (p < 0.05). The NSCs growth curves showed that cells proliferated continuously with the time of culture prolonging, but there was significant difference between the group containing bFGF and that without bFGF. Our results demonstrate that combined use of NGF/BDNF/bFGF significantly improved the ability of NSCs proliferation and differentiation.
Estimation of sodium and potassium intakes assessed by two 24 h urine collections in healthy Japanese adults: a nationwide study
Authors: Asakura Keiko , Uechi Ken , Sasaki Yuki , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi 
Published: August 2014

Excess Na intake and insufficient K intake are well-known risk factors for CVD. International comparative studies have reported that Japan has the highest intake of Na and the lowest intake of K in the world. However, no recent study has precisely assessed Na and K intakes in Japanese adults. In the present study, Na and K intakes were estimated from two 24 h urine collections implemented in twenty-three out of forty-seven prefectures in Japan. Apparently healthy men (n 384) and women (n 376), aged 20 to 69 years, who had been working in welfare facilities were recruited, with data collection conducted in February and March 2013. The mean Na excretion was 206·0 mmol/d in men and 173·9 mmol/d in women. The respective values of K excretion were 51·6 and 47·2 mmol/d. The excretion of both Na and K varied considerably among the prefectures, and was higher in subjects with a higher BMI. In contrast, only K excretion was associated with age. After estimating the usual intakes of Na and K, it was found that none of the male subjects met the recommended Na intake values of the WHO, and that only 3·2 % met those of the Japanese government. The respective values for females were 0·1 and 5·0 %. For K intake, 7·5 % of the total subjects met the recommended values of the WHO and 21·7 % met those of the Japanese government. These findings suggest that there is an urgent need for the development of an effective intervention programme to reduce Na intake and promote K intake in the Japanese population.
Recovering Delisting Returns of Hedge Funds
Authors: Hodder James E. , Jackwerth Jens Carsten , Kolokolova Olga 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNumerous hedge funds stop reporting each year to commercial databases, wreaking havoc with analyzing investment strategies that incur the unobserved delisting return. We use estimated portfolio holdings for funds-of-funds to back out estimated hedge-fund delisting returns. For all exiting funds, the estimated mean delisting return is insignificantly different from the average monthly return for live hedge funds. However, funds with poor prior performance and no clearly stated delisting reason had a significantly negative estimated mean delisting return of -5.97%, suggesting that a shock to their returns “tips them over the edge” and leads to delisting.
Negative effects of mass tourism on high mountain fauna: the case of the Tatra chamoisRupicapra rupicapra tatrica
Authors: Pęksa Łukasz , Ciach Michał 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUntil recently animals inhabiting mountain areas were relatively free from disturbance by people but they are now coming under increasing pressure. Tourism, especially that involving large numbers of people, is having an ever more detrimental effect on the natural resources of high mountains, even in protected areas. We analyse the effect of tourist pressure on the population of the Tatra chamoisRupicapra rupicapra tatrica, which inhabits the strictly protected high-altitude habitats of the Tatra mountains (Carpathians, Poland). The Kasprowy Wierch cable car system, in operation since 1936, was modernized in 2007; as a consequence 50% more people can now be carried into the chamois’ habitat. The effect of this sudden increase in tourist pressure has been to reduce the size of herds (3.9 vs 5.3 individuals) and to increase the distance between the animals and the cable car station (1,664.0 vs 693.0 m), the cable car infrastructure (1,415.0 vs 467.8 m) and adjacent ski-lifts and ski pistes (1,214.2 vs 494.3 m). The distance to the marked hiking trails has not changed, however. Following the modernization of the cable cars, larger herds of chamois have been seen at greater distances from the tourist infrastructure. Our results indicate the adverse impact of this mass tourism. Human activities in high-mountain ecosystems need to have due consideration for the requirements of wild species, and the number of visitors needs to be controlled.
What we (don't) know about the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on felids
Authors: Zanin Marina , Palomares Francisco , Brito Daniel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFelid species have intrinsic ecological traits that make them particularly susceptible to the threats of habitat loss and fragmentation. We collate current knowledge of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on felids, describing trends, investigating the allocation of research effort and identifying knowledge gaps. We searched the scientific literature and categorized articles according to conceptual and methodological approaches. We reviewed 162 articles and observed that scientific knowledge is unevenly distributed among topics and species. Habitat suitability and patch–landscape configuration are the most studied topics. The allocation of research effort is unrelated to variables that describe conservation priorities, such as threat status and habitat availability within a species’ range, but it is related to body size, suggesting that charismatic attributes influence the choice of target species. Countries with less research effort are also those with less economic development, and thus North America and Europe are the centres of knowledge generation of reviewed studies. The responses of sixteen felid species to habitat loss and fragmentation remain unknown. Of these the Andean mountain catLeopardus jacobita, the Bornean bay catPardofelis badia, the flat-headed catPrionailurus planicepsand the fishing catPrionailurus viverrinusmost urgently require research because they are threatened with extinction. We recommend the use of theoretical approaches, through modelling exercises, as a first step to address the lack of information about the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on felids, especially for those species for which there are large knowledge gaps.
Diphenyl diselenide and sodium selenite associated with chemotherapy in experimental toxoplasmosis: influence on oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers and cytokine modulation
Authors: BARBOSA CLEBER F. , TONIN ALEXANDRE A. , DA SILVA ALEKSANDRO S. , DE AZEVEDO MARIA I. , MONTEIRO DANIELI U. , WACZUK EMILY P. , DUARTE THIAGO , HERMES CARINE , CAMILLO GIOVANA , VOGEL FERNANDA F. , FACCIO LUCIANA , TONIN PAULA T. , WOLKMER PATRICIA , LEAL MARTA R. , DUARTE MARTA M. M. F. , MORESCO RAFAEL N. , LOPES SONIA T. A. , DE LA RUE MARIO L. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (ST) supplemented with diphenyl diselenide and sodium selenite in experimental toxoplasmosis, on oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers and cytokine levels. Eighty-four BALB/c mice were divided in seven groups: group A (negative control), and groups B to G (infected). Blood and liver samples were collected on days 4 and 20 post infection (p.i.). Levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were assessed in liver samples. Both biomarkers were significantly increased in infected groups on day 4 p.i., while they were reduced on day 20 p.i., compared with group A. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity significantly (P<0·01) increased on day 4 p.i., in group G, compared with group A. INF-γwas significantly increased (P<0·001) in both periods, day 4 (groups B, C, F and G) and 20 p.i. (groups C, F and G). IL-10 significantly reduced (P<0·001) on day 4 p.i. in group B; however, in the same period, it was increased (P<0·001) in groups C and G, compared with group A. On day 20 p.i., IL-10 increased (P<0·001) in groups F and G. Therefore, our results highlighted that these forms of selenium, associated with the chemotherapy, were able to reduce lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, providing a beneficial immunological balance between the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Expression of heat shock protein 47, transforming growth factor-beta 1, and connective tissue growth factor in liver tissue of patients with Schistosoma japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis
Authors: LI LAN , WU TING , HUANG JIAQUAN , MA KE , XU LEI , WANG HONGWU , FAN XIANGXUE , TAO RAN , AI GUO , NING QIN 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYTo detect the expression of pro-fibrotic molecules, such as heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in liver specimens, and analyse their correlations with the progression of schistosomal hepatic fibrosis, liver biopsy was performed in 42 chronic schistosomiasis (CS) patients, 16 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and five healthy individuals (HI). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses displayed that the expression of Hsp47, TGF-β1 and CTGF was increased in CS and CHB patients compared with HI. Using real-time PCR, the mRNA levels of Hsp47, TGF-β1 and CTGF were higher in CS patients compared with HI. In CS patients, the mRNA levels of these genes were correlated with the stage of fibrosis, and TGF-β1 mRNA expression was associated with the grade of inflammation. Additional analyses indicated that the mRNA levels of Hsp47 and CTGF were highly correlated with liver stiffness value and spleen thickness diameter, both of which represented the severity of fibrosis. In conclusion, the three molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis infected by Schistosoma japonicum. TGF-β1 participates not only in the inflammatory process, but also in the fibrotic process in which Hsp47 and CTGF probably play a key role.