bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Families referred to a Child Assessment Team: The Campbelltown experience
Authors: Kayrouz Norma , Milne Susan , Cottier Carolyn , McDonald Jenny 
Published: June 2014

AimTo study the socio‐demographic and psychosocial risk factors of families presenting with their children for a diagnostic developmental assessment.MethodsSocio‐demographic details of children who had a multidisciplinary developmental assessment with the Child Assessment Team at Campbelltown Hospital between January 2009 and December 2010 were collated and compared with census data.ResultsIn 2009 and 2010, 277 families were seen by the Child Assessment Team. A detailed socio‐demographic profile was available for 251 (91%) families. Parents seen in the clinic were more likely to be younger, single, born overseas, have less post‐school education, identify as Aboriginal and/or live in public housing compared with the district rates.ConclusionsFamilies presenting to the developmental clinic have more socio‐economic disadvantage compared with the referring district. This has implications for service delivery and clinical presentation, and highlights the importance of the social worker's role in a developmental diagnostic team.
Les Lanternes Rouges: The Race for Information About Cycling-Related Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Partin Sarah N. , Connell Kathleen A. , Schrader Steven M. , Guess Marsha K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Cycling is growing in popularity among women. As in men, it is associated with genital neuropathies and decreased sensation in female riders. However, there is a gap in research and information addressing the relationship between cycling and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in women.

Aims
To review the literature investigating pelvic floor injuries and sexual dysfunction in female cyclists.

Methods
Searches in several electronic databases were conducted, and relevant articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified for critical review.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measure to be determined was the strength of the current body of evidence in published literature of a correlation between cycling-related pelvic floor injuries and FSD.

Results
Data on FSD from cycling-related injuries in women are limited. Research indicates that bicycle setup and riding equipment may be contributing factors. Women's ergonomics and physiology interact differently with the bicycle than men's. Current evidence offers insufficient foundation to recommend various effect-mitigating equipment and products.

Conclusions
While gender-specific cycling products offer a promising direction for protecting women riders, studies addressing FSD and pelvic floor injuries in women cyclists are inadequate to indicate clear etiology or provide treatment recommendations. Current evidence is also insufficient to recommend effect-mitigating equipment and products.
Correlates of Sexual Function in Male and Female Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Lew-Starowicz Michal , Rola Rafal 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Many factors have been suggested to contribute to sexual dysfunction (SD) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but the research on their impact on sexual functioning (SF) and sexual quality of life (SQoL) remains scant.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate correlates of SF and SQoL in MS patients, as well as possible gender differences.

Methods
204 MS patients were interviewed, completed the questionnaires, and underwent neurological assessment.

Main Outcome Measure
Primary outcome measures included the International Index of Erectile Function, the Female Sexual Function Questionnaire, the Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale.

Results
The course and duration of the disease did not predict patients' SF. Negative correlations were found for brainstem symptoms with orgasmic function and overall satisfaction in men and between cognitive functioning and the partner domain in women. Interestingly, brainstem symptoms correlated positively with the arousal domain in women. More than half (52.1%) of patients fulfilled Beck Depression Inventory criteria for depression, and these patients showed more SD than nondepressive individuals. The strongest negative correlations with depressive symptoms were found for desire, erectile function, and overall satisfaction with sexual life in men and for orgasm and sexual enjoyment in women. Deterioration in particular domains of SF was clearly related with diminished SQoL. The main gender difference was a strong influence of decreased desire on SQoL in women and no such correlation in men. Negative assessment of the relationship with partner significantly affected all domains of SF and SQoL in MS women and the desire domain in MS men.

Conclusions
Several correlates of SF in MS patients were found. The role of brainstem symptoms needs further investigation. Clinicians should pay close attention to depressive symptoms and relationship factors in MS patients who suffer from SD.
Evaluation of Glucose Response to 3 Types of Insulin Using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Healthy Alpacas
Authors: Byers S.R. , Beemer O.M. , Lear A.S. , Callan R.J. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundPersistent hyperglycemia is common in alpacas and typically requires insulin administration for resolution; however, little is known about alpacas’ response to different insulin formulations.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of 3 insulin formulations on blood glucose concentrations and the use of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system in alpacas.AnimalsSix healthy alpacas.MethodsThe CGM was installed in the left paralumbar fossa at the start of this crossover study and recorded data every 5 minutes. Regular insulin, NPH insulin, insulin glargine, and dextrose were administered to each alpaca over a 2‐week period. Blood samples were collected for glucose testing at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours, and then every 6 hours after each administration of insulin or dextrose. Data were compared by using method comparison techniques, error grid plots, and ANOVA.ResultsBlood glucose concentrations decreased most rapidly after regular insulin administration when administered IV or SC as compared to the other formulations. The NPH insulin produced the longest suppression of blood glucose. The mean CGM interstitial compartment glucose concentrations were typically lower than the intravascular compartment glucose concentrations. The alpacas had no adverse reactions to the different insulin formulations.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe NPH insulin might be more appropriate for long‐term use in hyperglycemic alpacas because of its extended duration of action. A CGM is useful in monitoring glucose trends and reducing blood collection events, but it should not be the sole method for determining treatment protocols.
Waves Across the Himalayas: On the Typological Characteristics and History of the Bodic Subfamily of Tibeto‐Burman
Authors: Hyslop Gwendolyn 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Bodic group of Tibeto‐Burman consists of close to 100 languages, fanned across the Himalayas, Tibet, and China. The existence of a ‘Bodic’ branch is somewhat contentious within Tibeto‐Burman, though scholars do tend to agree that Tibetan and its closest relatives belong within this branch. This article assumes that the Bodic languages discussed in this article may eventually prove to be genetically related, but at present, this has not been proven. These languages show considerable diversity with regard to phonology and morphosyntax. The aim of this article is to provide a typological overview of these languages. Some of the more salient issues addressed include tonogenesis, ergativity, and evidential‐like systems.
Immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G antibodies against β‐lactoglobulin and gliadin at age 1 associate with immunoglobulin E sensitization at age 6
Authors: Orivuori Laura , Mustonen Kirsi , Roduit Caroline , Braun‐Fahrländer Charlotte , Dalphin Jean‐Charles , Genuneit Jon , Lauener Roger , Pfefferle Petra , Riedler Josef , Weber Juliane , von Mutius Erika , Pekkanen Juha , Vaarala Outi ,   the PASTURE Study Group
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundSerum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against wheat gliadin and cow's milk β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) are considered markers of gut permeability and inflammation which modulate the development of mucosal tolerance. Living on a farm has been shown to decrease allergies in children. Our aim was to study whether farm environment affected mucosal tolerance, immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization, or allergic diseases.MethodsThe PASTURE birth cohort study was conducted in Finland, France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. At age 1, we measured serum IgA and IgG against wheat gliadin (N = 636) and cow's milk BLG (N = 639) using ELISA. Serum‐specific IgE was measured at ages 1 and 6 (N = 459). Data on environmental factors and allergic diseases were collected by questionnaires. Discrete time hazard and multivariate logistic regression models were used for analyses.ResultsIncreased IgA or IgG antibodies against BLG at age 1 increased the risk of sensitization to at least one of the measured allergens or food allergens at age 6. Increased IgG against gliadin at age 1 increased the risk of sensitization to any, at least one inhalant, or at least one food allergen at age 6. Early exposure to cow's milk formula associated with increased IgA or IgG against BLG. No association with farming or clinical allergy was found.ConclusionsIncreased IgA or IgG against BLG or gliadin at age 1 was associated with IgE sensitization at age 6. We suggest that an enhanced antibody response to food antigens reflects mucosal tolerance aberrancies, e.g., altered microbiota and/or increased gut permeability, which is later seen as sensitization to allergens.
Impact of catecholamines in cardiac arrest due to acute asphyxia—a study in piglets
Authors: Mauch Jacqueline , Ringer Simone , Spielmann Nelly , Weiss Markus 
Published: June 2014

SummaryBackgroundEarly intravenous epinephrine administration may help to achieve return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest (CA). However, venous access can be challenging in small children. This study investigates the effect of intravenous and intramuscular epinephrine in treatment of asphyxial CA.MethodsTwenty‐eight, 2–5‐weeks‐old, anesthetized piglets were asphyxiated by ventilation withdrawal. CA was untreated for 8 min, followed by 2 min of basic life support. Following this, epinephrine iv (10 μg·kg−1, group IV), epinephrine im (100 μg·kg−1, group IM), or normal saline (group NS) were administered. Further doses of epinephrine were given in group IV every 4 min, in group IM after 10 min if required. After twenty‐two minutes of CA, iv epinephrine was given to all animals still in CA. Outcome measures were survival and epinephrine plasma concentrations.ResultsTen animals regained spontaneous circulation after 2 min of basic life support. Therefore, no drug treatment was administered (drop out). Resuscitation was effective in 2 pigs of group IM (n = 6), in 6 of group NS (n = 8) and in all of group IV (n = 4). Nonsurvivors had higher epinephrine (P < 0.01) and norepinephrine (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations prior to start of resuscitation. Median increase in epinephrine plasma concentration from T0 to T5 was 138, 134, and 29 nm in group IV, IM, and NS, respectively.ConclusionsIntravenous and intramuscular administered epinephrine led to similar increase in plasma concentrations during resuscitation of asphyxial CA without hemodynamic or survival benefit. High endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine plasma concentrations were negative predictors for survival.
A study of the association of childhood asthma with HLA alleles in the population of Siliguri, West Bengal, India
Authors: Lama M. , Chatterjee M. , Chaudhuri T. K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAsthma is a heterogeneous disease for which a strong genetic basis is firmly established. It is a complex disorder influenced by gene–environment interaction. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been shown to be consistently associated with asthma and its related phenotypes in various populations. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the selected HLA classes I and II allelic groups in asthmatic and control groups. HLA typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific typing (PCR‐SSP) method. The allele frequency was estimated by direct counting. Frequency of each HLA allelic group was compared between asthmatic group and control group using χ2 test. P‐value was corrected by multiplying with the number of the allelic groups studied. Odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for each allelic group were calculated using graphpad instat 3.10. The results of this study showed a significantly higher frequency of HLA‐DRB1*03 in asthmatics than in controls (11.43% vs 3.64%, OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 1.61−8.85, P = 0.0025, Pcorr < 0.05). Analysis of HLA alleles in low and high total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in asthmatics revealed no significant association. HLA‐DRB1*03 may be implicated in the susceptibility to asthma in the pediatric population.
Effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine during pregnancy on placental malaria, maternal anaemia and birthweight in areas with high and low malaria transmission intensity in Tanzania
Authors: Mosha Dominic , Chilongola Jaffu , Ndeserua Rabi , Mwingira Felista , Genton Blaise 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of IPTp in two areas with different malaria transmission intensities.MethodsProspective observational study recruiting pregnant women in two health facilities in areas with high and low malaria transmission intensities. A structured questionnaire was used for interview. Maternal clinic cards and medical logs were assessed to determine drug intake. Placental parasitaemia was screened using both light microscopy and real‐time quantitative PCR.ResultsOf 350 pregnant women were recruited and screened for placental parasitaemia, 175 from each area. Prevalence of placental parasitaemia was 16.6% (CI 11.4–22.9) in the high transmission area and 2.3% (CI 0.6–5.7) in the low transmission area. Being primigravida and residing in a high transmission area were significant risk factors for placental malaria (OR 2.4; CI 1.1–5.0; P = 0.025) and (OR 9.4; CI 3.2–27.7; P < 0.001), respectively. IPTp was associated with a lower risk of placental malaria (OR 0.3; CI 0.1–1.0; P = 0.044); the effect was more pronounced in the high transmission area (OR 0.2; CI 0.06–0.7; P = 0.015) than in the low transmission area (OR 0.4; CI 0.04–4.5; P = 0.478). IPTp use was not associated with reduced risk of maternal anaemia or low birthweight, regardless of transmission intensity. The number needed to treat (NNT) was four (CI 2–6) women in the high transmission area and 33 (20–50) in the low transmission area to prevent one case of placental malaria.ConclusionIPTp may have an effect on lowering the risk of placental malaria in areas of high transmission, but this effect did not translate into a benefit on risks of maternal anaemia or low birthweight. The NNT needs to be considered, and weighted against that of other protective measures, eventually targeting areas which are above a certain threshold of malaria transmission to maximise the benefit.
Dermatological and morphological findings in quarter horses with hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia
Authors: Badial Peres R. , Oliveira‐Filho José P. , Pantoja José Carlos F. , Moreira José C. L. , Conceição Lissandro G. , Borges Alexandre S. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundHereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting quarter horses (QHs); affected horses exhibit characteristic skin abnormalities related to abnormal collagen biosynthesis.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo characterize the thickness and morphological abnormalities of the skin of HERDA‐affected horses and to determine the interobserver agreement and the diagnostic accuracy of histopathological examination of skin biopsies from horses with HERDA.AnimalsSix affected QHs, confirmed by DNA testing, from a research herd and five unaffected QHs from a stud farm.MethodsThe skin thickness in 25 distinct body regions was measured on both sides in all affected and unaffected horses. Histopathological and ultrastructural evaluation of skin biopsies was performed.ResultsThe average skin thickness in all of the evaluated regions was thinner in the affected horses. A statistically significant difference between skin thickness of the affected and unaffected animals was observed only when the average magnitude of difference was ≥38.7% (P = 0.038). The interobserver agreement for the histopathological evaluation was fair to substantial. The histopathological sensitivity for the diagnosis of HERDA was dependent on the evaluator and ranged from 73 to 88%, whereas the specificity was affected by the region sampled and ranged from 35 to 75%.Conclusions and clinical importanceDespite the regional pattern of the cutaneous signs, skin with decreased thickness was not regionally distributed in the HERDA‐affected horses. Histopathological evaluation is informative but not conclusive for establishing the diagnosis. Samples of skin from the neck, croup or back are useful for diagnosis of HERDA. However, the final diagnosis must be confirmed using molecular testing.
Randomized Clinical Trial To Evaluate the Immunogenicity of Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines in Adults in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ramasamy Maheshi N. , Clutterbuck Elizabeth A. , Haworth Kathryn , Bowman Jaclyn , Omar Omar , Thompson Amber J. , Blanchard-Rohner Geraldine , Yu Ly-Mee , Snape Matthew D. , Pollard Andrew J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMeningococcal conjugate vaccines are today successfully deployed in universal programs for children and adolescents in different geographic regions to control meningitis and septicemia. However, in adults, the advantages of these conjugates over the older polysaccharide vaccines are less clear. In this randomized clinical trial, we demonstrated that both conjugate and polysaccharide quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines elicit protective antibody responses in adults aged 18 to 70. (This study has been registered atwww.clinicaltrials.govunder registration no. NCT00901940.)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Mutually Accelerate Their Apical Targeting through Clustering of Lipid Rafts
Authors: Ohkura Takashi , Momose Fumitaka , Ichikawa Reiko , Takeuchi Kaoru , Morikawa Yuko 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

In polarized epithelial cells, influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are intrinsically associated with lipid rafts and target the apical plasma membrane for viral assembly and budding. Previous studies have indicated that the transmembrane domain (TMD) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) of HA and NA are required for association with lipid rafts, but the raft dependencies of their apical targeting are controversial. Here, we show that coexpression of HA with NA accelerated their apical targeting through accumulation in lipid rafts. HA was targeted to the apical plasma membrane even when expressed alone, but the kinetics was much slower than that of HA in infected cells. Coexpression experiments revealed that apical targeting of HA and NA was accelerated by their coexpression. The apical targeting of HA was also accelerated by coexpression with M1 but not M2. The mutations in the outer leaflet of the TMD and the deletion of the CT in HA and NA that reduced their association with lipid rafts abolished the acceleration of their apical transport, indicating that the lipid raft association is essential for efficient apical trafficking of HA and NA. An
in situ
proximity ligation assay (PLA) revealed that HA and NA were accumulated and clustered in the cytoplasmic compartments only when both were associated with lipid rafts. Analysis with mutant viruses containing nonraft HA/NA confirmed these findings. We further analyzed lipid raft markers by
in situ
PLA and suggest a possible mechanism of the accelerated apical transport of HA and NA via clustering of lipid rafts.

IMPORTANCE
Lipid rafts serve as sites for viral entry, particle assembly, and budding, leading to efficient viral replication. The influenza A virus utilizes lipid rafts for apical plasma membrane targeting and particle budding. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus, key players for particle assembly, contain determinants for apical sorting and lipid raft association. However, it remains to be elucidated how lipid rafts contribute to the apical trafficking and budding. We investigated the relation of lipid raft association of HA and NA to the efficiency of apical trafficking. We show that coexpression of HA and NA induces their accumulation in lipid rafts and accelerates their apical targeting, and we suggest that the accelerated apical transport likely occurs by clustering of lipid rafts at the TGN. This finding provides the first evidence that two different raft-associated viral proteins induce lipid raft clustering, thereby accelerating apical trafficking of the viral proteins.
Changes in Protein Domains outside the Catalytic Site of the Bacteriophage Qβ Replicase Reduce the Mutagenic Effect of 5-Azacytidine
Authors: Cabanillas Laura , Sanjuán Rafael , Lázaro Ester 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
The high genetic heterogeneity and great adaptability of RNA viruses are ultimately caused by the low replication fidelity of their polymerases. However, single amino acid substitutions that modify replication fidelity can evolve in response to mutagenic treatments with nucleoside analogues. Here, we investigated how two independent mutants of the bacteriophage Qβ replicase (Thr210Ala and Tyr410His) reduce sensitivity to the nucleoside analogue 5-azacytidine (AZC). Despite being located outside the catalytic site, both mutants reduced the mutation frequency in the presence of the drug. However, they did not modify the type of AZC-induced substitutions, which was mediated mainly by ambiguous base pairing of the analogue with purines. Furthermore, the Thr210Ala and Tyr410His substitutions had little or no effect on replication fidelity in untreated viruses. Also, both substitutions were costly in the absence of AZC or when the action of the drug was suppressed by adding an excess of natural pyrimidines (uridine or cytosine). Overall, the phenotypic properties of these two mutants were highly convergent, despite the mutations being located in different domains of the Qβ replicase. This suggests that treatment with a given nucleoside analogue tends to select for a unique functional response in the viral replicase.

IMPORTANCE
In the last years, artificial increase of the replication error rate has been proposed as an antiviral therapy. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which two substitutions in the Qβ replicase confer partial resistance to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue AZC. As opposed to previous work with animal viruses, where different mutations selected sequentially conferred nucleoside analogue resistance through different mechanisms, our results suggest that there are few or no alternative AZC resistance phenotypes in Qβ. Also, despite resistance mutations being highly costly in the absence of the drug, there was no sequential fixation of secondary mutations. Bacteriophage Qβ is the virus with the highest reported mutation rate, which should make it particularly sensitive to nucleoside analogue treatments, probably favoring resistance mutations even if they incur high costs. The results are also relevant for understanding the possible pathways by which fidelity of the replication machinery can be modified.