bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Report of the Blind Trial of the Cetus AmpliType HLA DQα Forensic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Amplification and Typing Kit
Authors: Walsh PS , Fildes N , Louie AS , Higuchi R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The AmpliType HLA DQα forensic DNA amplification and typing kit is designed for the qualitative analysis of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQα alleles present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from forensic samples. The AmpliType kit is the first forensic DNA typing product based on the GeneAmp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process [2-3]. The kit was evaluated by five forensic science laboratories (test sites) to assess their ability to perform DNA typing using PCR on sample types typically encountered by forensic laboratories. None of the DNA-containing samples was mistyped. Of the 180 DNA-containing samples analyzed, results were reported for 178 (98.9%). Of the 178 samples with results, all were correctly typed. Two sites did not report a result for one sample each. Four of the five laboratories experienced no significant levels of contamination in the DNA-containing samples. At the one site with the highest number of DNA-containing samples with contamination, the typing results were not compromised. This site was able to correct the contamination problem through simple procedural changes and stricter attention to sterile technique. Blank controls were important to monitor contamination. In conclusion, the trial demonstrated that forensic science laboratories are capable of setting up a PCR-based DNA typing laboratory and successfully using the AmpliType HLA DQα forensic DNA amplification and typing kit to analyze forensic samples.
Presence of Fecal Material in Diapers as a Potential Source of Error in Estimations of Postmortem Interval Using Arthropod Development Rates
Authors: Goff ML , Charbonneau S , Sullivan W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Second instar larvae of the fly Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae) were recovered from the diapers of a 16-month-old child abandoned by her mother on Oahu, Hawaii. The development of these larvae indicated a minimum period of 23.5 h of exposure prior to discovery of the child. Larvae of this species of fly are not normally associated with living tissues in Hawaii, but rather with feces and remains during the early stages of decomposition. Had the child in this case died and data not been provided detailing the site of infestation, the postmortem interval estimated would have been significantly longer than was actually the case, because of the development of the larvae inside the diapers of the living child. The need for caution in cases involving deaths of infants, the elderly, and individuals not capable of caring for themselves is stressed.
Validation Studies on the Analysis of the HLA DQα Locus Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Comey CT , Budowle B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A series of experiments has been performed to evaluate typing of the HLA DQα gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the gene and subsequent hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. These experiments were designed to evaluate DQα typing for analysis of evidentiary specimens. Bloodstains were exposed to a variety of conditions and environmental insults. These conditions included exposure to many different types of substrates, various microorganisms that could be encountered in evidentiary stains, sunlight, and a variety of chemical contaminants. Varying amounts of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were amplified to test the sensitivity of DQα typing. The sensitivity of the PCR technique raises the concern that DNA from sources other than the evidentiary material could be detected. A series of experiments was done to evaluate the question of DNA contamination. Purified DNA samples with different DQα types were mixed in different ratios to determine the ratio at which it could not be determined whether an allele was from the sample or the contaminant. Samples were exposed to a variety of situations that could lead to contamination, such as extensive handling and exposure to coughing or sweaty clothing, to other wet bloodstains, and to saliva. The DQα types were determined from 469 individuals from three sample populations (Caucasian, black, and Hispanic), and the genotype frequencies were compared with frequencies previously reported by others. DNA samples from old cases [which had previously been analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing of variable number of tandem repeat sequences] were typed. All samples that were excluded by DQα typing were also excluded by RFLP analysis, and all samples that were included by RFLP analysis were included by DQα typing. Finally, the problem of allele dropout, or the failure to detect particular alleles, was noted and alleviated by performing the typing under appropriate conditions. The results of these validation experiments indicate that typing of the DQα gene by PCR and detection of specific alleles can be accomplished, when the typing is done using proper protocols, without producing false positive or false negative results.
Fiber Transfer and the Influence of Fabric Softener
Authors: Bresee RR , Annis PA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reports an investigation of the influence of fabric softener on fiber transfer, using a relatively new fiber transfer abrasion tester. Nine medium-weight apparel fabrics were evaluated with and without fabric softener. Fiber transfer from these fabrics was evaluated in terms of the total number of fibers transferred, as well as the number, mean length, and length distribution of transferred fibers ≥2 mm long. Conclusions were obtained regarding the direct effect of fabric softener on fiber transfer, as well as its interactive effects with fiber denier, fabric weave, knit type, and fabric thread count. In addition, conclusions were obtained regarding mechanisms of transfer from the fabrics.
Evaluation of Nicotine and Cotinine in Human Hair
Authors: Kintz P , Ludes B , Mangin P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To validate data on tobacco use, the authors investigated the use of hair samples for quantifying nicotine and cotinine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hair was taken from 22 nonsmokers and 42 smokers, cut close to the scalp at the back of the head.
The hair (about 100 mg from each subject) was incubated in 3 mL of 1N NaOH at 100°C for 1 h. After this, the samples were extracted by diethyl ether. The drugs were separated on a 12-m BP-5 capillary column and detected using selected ion monitoring (nicotine, m/z 84; cotinine, m/z 98).
Hair from nonsmokers and smokers contains nicotine and cotinine. Although it is difficult to determine an absolute cutoff level, an amount greater than 2 ng of nicotine per milligram of hair can be used to differentiate smokers from nonsmokers. In the population of nonsmokers, the influence of environmental smoke exposure was noted.
Analysis of Buprenorphine in Urine Specimens
Authors: Debrabandere L , Van Boven M , Daenens P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The simultaneous determination of buprenorphine (Temgesic®) and its major metabolite, N-desalkylbuprenorphine, in urine samples has been studied. By using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection, therapeutic concentrations of unconjugated buprenorphine down to 0.2 ng/mL, and 0.15 ng/mL for the metabolite, can be detected in urine samples. This method has been applied to a variety of urine samples from drug users. The possible analytical interference from several other regulated drugs has been studied. The results were also compared with those obtained from a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) test. This test is only capable of detecting buprenorphine concentrations higher than 1 ng/mL.
Contrast Enhancement of Cyanoacrylate-Developed Latent Fingerprints Using Biological Stains and Commercial Fabric Dyes
Authors: Kempton JB , Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingerprints may be difficult to see or photograph if they are on light-colored surfaces. Biological stains and Rit® fabric dyes were tested for their ability to stain cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingerprints. Methanolic solutions of gentian violet, safranin bluish stain, diamond fuchsin, methyl green, iodine green, and Janus green B were found to stain cyanoacrylate-developed fingerprints on polyethylene, porcelain, and aluminum beverage cans. Hot (60°C) aqueous solutions of seven different shades of Rit® fabric dyes were found to stain cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingerprints on polyethylene, porcelain, aluminum beverage cans, and Styrofoam cups. The latent fingerprints stained with safranin bluish stain were strongly fluorescent under 312 nm ultraviolet light; latent fingerprints stained with gentian violet and diamond fuchsin were weakly fluorescent.
Collection of Fiber Evidence Using a Roller Device and Adhesive Lifts
Authors: Flinn LL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The potential for transfer of fiber evidence during the commission of a crime and the use of such evidence in criminal investigations have been well established. One of the accepted methods for collection of fiber evidence is the use of adhesive lifts, generally adhesive tape. A procedure is described for the preparation of adhesive lifts and for a roller device with which these lifts are employed. Use of the roller and lifts can substantially reduce the time associated with the collection of fiber evidence from clothing, bedding, and other items in the laboratory and at crime scenes.
Estimation of Stature from Metacarpal Lengths
Authors: Meadows L , Jantz RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Formulae for the estimation of stature from metacarpal lengths are presented. Two samples of metacarpal specimens were employed in the analysis: one of 212 individuals from the Terry Collection, and one of 55 modern males, all of whom had measured statures. One measurement, the midline length, was taken on each metacarpal. Stature was regressed on the basis of the metacarpal length to derive equations for the Terry Collection individuals. Comparisons between the Terry Collection males and the modern sample showed the latter to have longer metacarpals and greater statures. The Terry equations were tested using the modern male sample. In spite of the differences noted, the Terry equations perform acceptably on modern individuals. The performance was slightly better for whites than for blacks. Since the female equations were not tested, they should be employed with greater caution.
Field Recovery and Analysis of Horse Skeletal Remains
Authors: Owsley DW , Roberts ED , Manning EM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In response to a request from an insurance company investigating a claim relative to the death of four race and show horses, allegedly as a result of deliberate starvation, physical anthropologists of the Louisiana State University (LSU) Department of Geography and Anthropology undertook the recovery and analysis of skeletal remains said to be those of the animals. The objectives were to determine the number and kinds of animals represented, their ages, and sexes, and, through morphometric evaluation of bone density at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, whether there was evidence of nutritional osteodystrophy. The skeletons were the remains of four horses. In comparisons of data derived from these skeletons with breeding records for the horses described in the insurance claim, it was established that the skeletons were those of mares, as were the insured animals, and that the relative ages of the four approximated those of the insured horses. The skeletal samples submitted for morphometric evaluation showed no evidence of nutritional osteodystrophy and, thus, provided no support for the contention that death had resulted from starvation. In one horse, the superior aspect of the right ascending ramus of the lower jaw below the coronoid process revealed a gunshot wound; the other skeletons showed no evidence of trauma.
Neural Networks in Forensic Science
Authors: Kingston C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Neural networks were developed to study and mimic the functioning of the human brain. Humans are good at pattern recognition; the question is how good neural networks are at it, particularly with problems of forensic science interest. Simulation experiments with a type of neural network known as a Hopfield net indicate that it may have value for the storage of toolmark patterns (including bullet striation patterns) and for the subsequent retrieval of the matching pattern using another mark by the same tool for input. Another type of neural network, the back-propagation network (BPN), is useful for applications similar to those for which standard statistical methods of pattern classification can be used. This would be an appropriate approach to the matching of general component patterns, such as gas chromatograms of gasoline, or pyrolysis patterns from materials of forensic science interest, such as paint. The BPN may provide better results than statistical methods, but it is currently necessary to try both to determine which would be best for any given situation.
A Comparison of Three Techniques Developed for Sampling and Analysis of Gunshot Residue by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX)
Authors: DeGaetano D , Siegel JA , Klomparens KL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three gunshot residue (GSR) collection methods from hand samples by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) were compared: the tape lift, glue lift, and concentration techniques. Efficiency of particle collection was examined based on the number of rounds fired, the temperature, and the shelf life. The tape lift surface demonstrated excellent particle collection ability, and it remained stable for all conditions tested. Glue lift was less efficient under all conditions tested. Collection followed by concentration gave highly variable results. A table of advantages and disadvantages of each technique was developed.
An Improved Method for Subtyping Pi in Old Bloodstains
Authors: López-Abadía I , Arroyo E , Gremo A , Ruiz de la Cuesta JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Immunofixation procedures were used for detecting alpha-1 antitrypsin protease inhibitor (Pi) phenotypes in bloodstains. Neuraminidase elution of bloodstains, together with isoelectric focusing, immunofixation, and silver staining techniques, makes possible Pi subtyping in old bloodstains. No extra bands appear when the storage time is no longer than three months.
Detection of Drugs in Human Hair Using Abbott ADx, with Confirmation by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Authors: Kintz P , Ludes B , Mangin P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors suggest use of the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) technique in evaluation of chronic drug abuse using human hair.
Hair was decontaminated in 5 mL of ethanol for 15 min at 37°C and then incubated in 3 mL of 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 1 h at 100°C. Afterwards, the aliquots were neutralized and analyzed using Abbott ADx for a negative or positive response for the following drugs: benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, opiates, cocaine, amphetamine, and cannabis.
All the positive samples were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Only one false positive was detected (caused by interference of a phenothiazine with the antidepressants kit), clearly demonstrating the capability of ADx for toxicological screening of human hair.
Positive Personal Identity of Skeletonized Remains Using Abdominal and Pelvic Radiographs
Authors: Owsley DW , Mann RW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Premortem and postmortem radiographs of the chest and abdomen are often available for comparison and provide a basis for making or rejecting an identification. The case reported here exemplifies the way that individualizing features, such as contours of bony elements, skeletal anomalies, and radiodensities and radiolucencies, are used in establishing personal identity.
A Review of Ethical Practice in Psychiatry and the Law
Authors: Berger SH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ethics cannot be learned the way anatomy is learned, but ethical thinking can be developed. The objective of this book is to provide a framework for further development of the reader's ethical views, both in general and with regard to specific issues. The book's intent is to present diverse views on diverse issues in order to increase awareness and to challenge the reader's thinking. The book does that very well.
Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) Gene Typing for Species Identification
Authors: Naito E , Dewa K , Ymanouchi H , Kominami R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes was performed with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for species identification. A variable region of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified with primers complementary to flanking sequences phylogenetically well conserved. The products of twelve animal DNAs (human, Japanese monkey, dog, cattle, pig, cat, rabbit, mouse, rat, chicken, frog, and fish) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, each revealing a few bands ranging from 150 to 100 base pairs. The band patterns obtained from each DNA sample differed in number and size, which indicates the applicability of the method to species identification. Samples containing either as little as 1 pg of DNA or degraded DNA of 0.2 to 0.5 kb in length were able to give detectable bands. Postmorten human tissue DNAs were tested as an example. They showed a pattern identicial to the human control one, which was distinct from those of the other animals examined.
Comparison Analysis of Illicit Cocaine Samples
Authors: Janzen KE , Walter L , Fernando AR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid method for comparison analysis of illicit cocaine samples has been developed. The raw data are obtained by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogenphosphorus detector. The area ratios of four alkaloids (tropacocaine, norcocaine, cis-cinnamoylcocaine, and trans-cinnamoylcocaine) to cocaine are calculated for each sample. These ratios are compiled in a computer database which allows easy comparison of samples and makes possible reliable conclusions regarding their commonality of origin.
Religion, Political Leadership, Charisma, and Mental Illness: The Strange Story of Louis Riel
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Louis Riel, a French Canadian half-breed, was hanged for high treason in 1885 in perhaps the most famous criminal case in Canadian history, with ramifications still felt today. Depending on one's ethnic orientation, he has been viewed as a madman, a saint, or a martyr. Despite evidence of mental illness, a defense of insanity was rejected. The Riel phenomenon illustrates the interaction of charisma, religiosity, political leadership, and mental illness and exemplifies a circumstance under which a mentally ill individual can be accepted as a political leader and prophet. This paper (1) reviews the history of the case (excluding the trial itself), analyses from psychiatrists published as early as 1887, and succeeding historical commentary; (2) documents the nature of Riel's mental illness; and (3) discusses the issue of the charismatic mentally ill leader.
Big Game Species Identification by Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Probes
Authors: Blackett RS , Keim P 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSpecies identification is important in many big game forensic science cases but cannot always be accomplished because of the lack of adequate techniques. The authors have developed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes for elk, deer, and antelope by isolating highly repeated satellite sequences. These DNA probes distinguish among deer, elk, and antelope, although not between different species of deer. Because of the high number of sequence copies per genome, these probes are extremely sensitive, requiring less than 10 ng of total genomic DNA. The developmental protocol for these probes is relatively simple and is applicable to many other species.
A Simple High-Pressure Anvil and Template Device for the Production of Infrared Spectra from Microfiber Samples
Authors: White GW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Infrared spectra were obtained from single microfibers using a specifically designed anvil and template to preflatten the fiber perpendicular to the infrared (IR) path. A series of IR spectra of fibers from the Collaborative Testing Service (CTS) reference Collection of Synthetic Fibers has been produced to demonstrate the technique and provide a basis for others in possession of CTS fibers to compare techniques.
Fatal Dissecting Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery with Delayed Symptoms Following Facial Impact
Authors: An TL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fatal dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery occurred in a 16-year-old male following facial impact in an automobile accident.
The patient showed no neurologic deficit until two days after the automobile accident, when he suddenly started having seizures and developed right-sided hemiparesis. There was no evidence of direct trauma to the neck externally or internally. The only injuries observed in the head and face were two skin lacerations in the chin area. His condition rapidly deteriorated, and he expired on the fourth hospital day. The gross and microscopic findings for the internal carotid artery are presented. The possible mechanisms for the vascular lesion and a review of the literature are discussed.
An Explosive Drug Case
Authors: White GM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As part of an investigation into a homicide, a white crystalline substance was found in a safe. The substance was submitted to the laboratory as a drug sample. Subsequent analysis proved the material to be triacetonetriperoxide (TATP), which is highly explosive. The results of analyses utilizing mass spectrometry, infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXA), and gas chromatography are given, along with the circumstances leading to the discovery that the material was explosive.
Occupational Exposure to Cocaine Involving Crime Lab Personnel
Authors: Le SD , Taylor RW , Vidal D , Lovas JJ , Ting E , Le SD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The possibility of exposure to cocaine as a result of analyzing it or handling material contaminated by it has been a major concern of laboratory personnel. Several different work environments and simulated situations were examined to assess the likelihood of this type of exposure occurring. Urine specimens were collected and evaluated for cocaine and benzoylecgonine using the Syva ETS System (EMIT). Each specimen was analyzed for the two substances using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Urine specimens of laboratory-management personnel not working with drug samples showed no trace of cocaine or benzoylecgonine. A urinary benzoylecgonine level of 227 ng/mL was found in the specimen from one narcotics criminalist who was working on a routine case of 2 kilos of cocaine hydrochloride in the Narcotics Laboratory. A maximal urinary benzoylecgonine concentration of 1570 ng/mL was determined in the urine specimen from one narcotics criminalist who was sampling a case containing 50 kilos of cocaine hydrochloride over a period of 3 h. Decreasing the levels of airborne cocaine dust appears to minimize the amount of cocaine absorbed by the criminalists. Gloves, face masks, and goggles prove to be effective in minimizing exposure.