bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 24‐h a la carte food service as support for patients at nutritional risk: a pilot study
Authors: Munk T. , Seidelin W. , Rosenbom E. , Nielsen A. L. , Klausen T. W. , Nielsen M. A. , Thomsen T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundUndernutrition and insufficient energy and protein intake is a common problem in hospitalised patients. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether a novel hospital menu would be an effective strategy for increasing nutritional intake in patients at nutritional risk.MethodsA historically controlled intervention pilot study was conducted. Forty patients at nutritional risk were offered a novel hospital menu as a supplement to the ordinary hospital menu. The menu consisted of 36 naturally energy‐enriched small dishes served on demand 24 h a day. Energy and protein intake were calculated as the mean over a period of 3 days.ResultsNo significant difference in energy and protein intake was observed between the groups; however, a significant (P = 0.001) time gradient in total energy intake was observed in the intervention group. Moreover, a significant (P = 0.03) time gradient in energy intake received from the novel menu was observed. The dishes from the novel menu were mainly ordered from 11.00 h to 14.00 h and from 17.00 h to 18.00 h.ConclusionsNo overall significant differences in energy and protein intake between the groups were found. However, the present pilot study revealed a significant time gradient in total energy intake (P = 0.001) and in energy intake from the novel menu (P = 0.03). This indicates the need to include a run‐in period when investigating novel hospital menus as a support for patients at nutritional risk. Additionally, food service, available 24 h a day, appears to be unnecessary.
The Arabidopsis Anaphase‐Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Subunit 1 is Critical for Both Female Gametogenesis and EmbryogenesisF
Authors: Wang Yanbing , Hou Yingnan , Gu Hongya , Kang Dingming , Chen Zhang‐Liang , Liu Jingjing , Qu Li‐Jia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAnaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a multisubunit E3 ligase, plays a critical role in cell cycle control, but the functional characterization of each subunit has not yet been completed. To investigate the function of APC1 in Arabidopsis, we analyzed four mutant alleles of APC1, and found that mutation in APC1 resulted in significantly reduced plant fertility, accumulation of cyclin B, and disrupted auxin distribution in embryos. The three mutant alleles apc1–1, apc1–2 and apc1–3 shared variable defects in female gametogenesis including degradation, abnormal nuclear number, and disrupted polarity of nuclei in the embryo sac as well as in embryogenesis, in which embryos were arrested at multiple stages. All of these defects are similar to those previously identified in apc4. The mutant apc1–4, in which the T‐DNA was inserted after the transmembrane domain at the C‐terminus, showed much more severe phenotypes; that is, most of the ovules were arrested at the one‐nucleate female gametophyte stage (stage FG1). In the apc1 apc4 double mutants, the fertility was further reduced by one‐third in apc1–1/+ apc4–1/+, and in some cases no ovules even survived in siliques of apc1–4/+ apc4–1/+. Our data thus suggest that APC1, an essential component of APC/C, plays a synergistic role with APC4 both in female gametogenesis and in embryogenesis.
Cullin‐RING Ubiquitin Ligase Family in Plant Abiotic Stress PathwaysF
Authors: Guo Liquan , Nezames Cynthia D. , Sheng Lianxi , Deng Xingwang , Wei Ning 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe ubiquitin‐proteasome system is a key mechanism that plants use to generate adaptive responses in coping with various environmental stresses. Cullin‐RING (CRL) complexes represent a predominant group of ubiquitin E3 ligases in this system. In this review, we focus on the CRL E3s that have been implicated in abiotic stress signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. By comparing and analyzing these cases, we hope to gain a better understanding on how CRL complexes work under various settings in an attempt to decipher the clues about the regulatory mechanism of CRL E3s.
image

[ Ning Wei (Corresponding author)]
Risk assessment and management approaches on mental health units
Authors: Woods P. 
Published: December 2012

Accessible summary
The study aimed to understand risk assessment and management approaches on a number of mental health units.
Mental health professionals have a number of choices to make when considering risk assessment.
Participants were mainly using a clinical approach to risk assessment, which is affected by their own skill level.
It is important to consider including more structured approaches to risk assessment, as well as education and training, and client participation.
AbstractThis exploratory and descriptive study took place in one Canadian province. The study aimed to: (1) to identify and describe the nature and extent of current risk assessment and management approaches used in the adult inpatient mental health and forensic units; and (2) to identify good practice and shortfalls in the nature and extent of the approaches currently utilized. Data were collected from 48 participants through nine focus groups. Participants reported that they used a clinical approach to risk assessment. They had also not considered risk assessment and management as a proactive structured process. Education and training was also limited and skills were developed over time through practice. Five keys issues are discussed as important: reliance on clinical judgement alone is not the best choice to make; the need to consider risk as a whole concept; risk management being more reactive than proactive; education and training; and client involvement in risk assessment.
Ethical Aspects of Sexual Medicine. Internet, Vibrators, and Other Sex Aids: Toys or Therapeutic Instruments?
Authors: Jannini Emmanuele A. , Limoncin Erika , Ciocca Giacomo , Buehler Stephanie , Krychman Michael 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Sexual health is the result of a complex interplay between social, relational, intrapsychic, and medical aspects. Sexual health care professionals (SHCP) may face several ethical issues. Some SHCP prescribe Internet pornography for both diagnosis and therapy and some others directly sell vibrators and sex aids in their offices.

Methods
Five scientists, with different perspectives, debate the ethical aspects in the clinical practice of the SHCP.

Main Outcome Measure
To give to the Journal of Sexual Medicine’s reader enough data to form her/his own opinion on an important ethical topic.

Results
Expert #1, who is Controversy’s Section Editor, together with two coworkers, expert psycho-sexologists, reviews data from literature regarding the use of the Internet in the SHCP. Expert #2 argues that licensed professionals, who treat sexual problems, should not sell sexual aids such as vibrators, lubricants, erotica, and instructional DVDs to their clients. On the other hand, Expert #3 is in favor of the possibility, for the patient, to directly purchase sexual aids from the SHCP in order to avoid embarrassment, confusion, and non-adherence to treatment.

Conclusion
Evidence and intelligence would suggest that both the Internet (in selected subjects) and the vibrators (in the correct clinical setting), with the due efforts in counseling the patients and tailoring their therapy, are not-harmful, excellent tools in promoting sexual health.
Use of Epothilone B (Patupilone) in Refractory Lymphoma and Advanced Solid Tumors in Dogs
Authors: Meier V. , Geigy C. , Grosse N. , McSheehy P. , Rohrer Bley C. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundThe epothilones are microtubule‐stabilizing agents with promising antitumor effect in refractory and metastatic tumors in humans. The toxicity profile is considered more favorable than in taxanes. The safety of epothilone B (patupilone) has not been evaluated in tumor‐bearing dogs.ObjectivesTo evaluate the inhibition of proliferation in canine tumor cells after patupilone treatment. To assess toxicity profile and maximally tolerated dose of patupilone in dogs with refractory tumors.AnimalsTwenty client‐owned dogs with various malignancies.MethodsProspective clinical study. The inhibition of proliferation was assessed with a proliferation assay in vitro in canine hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma cell lines. Dogs received patupilone IV once a week for 2 treatments (= 1 treatment cycle). Dose was escalated with 3 dogs per cohort and 20% increments. Adverse effects were graded accor‐ding to the VCOG‐CTCAE v1.0.ResultsBoth canine cell lines were sensitive to patupilone with approximately 50% decrease in proliferative activity at 0.2–1 nM. In vivo, dose‐limiting adverse effects occurred at 3.3 mg/m2; main adverse effects were diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, and nausea. Neither neutropenia nor peripheral neuropathy was observed. Maximally tolerated dose for 2 patupilone administrations once weekly IV is 2.76 mg/m2. Three per 11 dogs receiving more than 1 treatment cycle showed partial remission in the short period of observation.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCanine tumor cells show inhibition of proliferation to patupilone in vitro. Clinically, a dose of 2.76 mg/m2 IV is well tolerated in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors.
Invasion genetics of the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) in Senegal, West Africa
Authors: Konečný Adam , Estoup Arnaud , Duplantier Jean‐Marc , Bryja Josef , Bâ Khalilou , Galan Maxime , Tatard Caroline , Cosson Jean‐Francois 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn understanding of the evolutionary history and dynamics of invasive species is required for the construction of predictive models of future spread and the design of biological management measures. The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a major vertebrate invader with a worldwide distribution. Despite the severe ecological, economic and health impacts of this species, its evolutionary history has been little studied. We carried out extensive specimen sampling in Senegal, West Africa, and used microsatellite markers to describe the pattern and processes of invasion in this large continental area. The genetic data obtained were combined with historical knowledge concerning the presence of this species in Senegal. Data were analysed by a combination of Bayesian clustering and approximate Bayesian computation methods. The invasion pathways closely paralleled the history of human trade routes in Senegal. In several places, we detected the occurrence of multiple introductions from genetically different sources. Long‐distance migration between towns and villages was also observed. Our findings suggest that genetic bottlenecks and admixture have played a major role in shaping the genetics of invasive black rats. These two processes may generate genetic novelty and favour rapid evolution along the invasion pathways.
Historical introgression and the persistence of ghost alleles in the intermediate horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis)
Authors: Mao Xiuguang , He Guimei , Hua Panyu , Jones Gareth , Zhang Shuyi , Rossiter Stephen J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPhylogenetic conflicts between genetic markers can help to disentangle complex histories of phylogeography and introgression among taxa. We previously proposed that the Chinese mainland subspecies of the intermediate horseshoe bat Rhinolophus affinis himalayanus colonized Hainan Island to form the subspecies R. a. hainanus. Subsequent recolonization of the mainland formed a third taxon, R. a macrurus, and a secondary contact zone with the ancestral himalayanus. To test for historical and recurrent genetic exchange between these mainland subspecies, we sampled populations of each from two parapatric zones and undertook analyses using one mtDNA marker, three nuclear genes and 14 microsatellites. Nuclear DNA, echolocation call frequencies and morphological data all recovered two taxa; however, a mtDNA phylogeny revealed two himalayanus clades, of which one clustered with macrurus, as well as some shared or related mtDNA haplotypes in eastern populations. Isolation‐with‐migration (IM) models suggested some mtDNA gene flow from macrurus to himalayanus. However, strong population structure in himalayanus raises the possibility that macrurus captured mtDNA from a coastal population of himalayanus that has since become rare or extinct. To reconcile these two sets of results, we suggest that the IM estimates might reflect historical mtDNA gene flow among populations of himalayanus, before mtDNA was subsequently captured by macrurus. Finally, microsatellite‐based ABC analyses supported the island origin of macrurus; however, mtDNA‐based ABC analyses suggest this taxon might have evolved on the mainland. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding population history and structure for interpreting hybridization and introgression events.
Reduction maps and minimal model theory
Authors: Gongyo Yoshinori , Lehmann Brian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe use reduction maps to study the minimal model program. Our main result is that the existence of a good minimal model for a Kawamata log terminal pair (X,Δ) can be detected on a birational model of the base of the (KX+Δ)-trivial reduction map. We then interpret the main conjectures of the minimal model program as a natural statement about the existence of curves on X.
A fiber dimension theorem for essential and canonical dimension
Authors: Lötscher Roland 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe well-known fiber dimension theorem in algebraic geometry says that for every morphismf:X→Yof integral schemes of finite type the dimension of every fiber offis at least dimX−dimY. This has recently been generalized by Brosnan, Reichstein and Vistoli to certain morphisms of algebraic stacksf:𝒳→𝒴, where the usual dimension is replaced by essential dimension. We will prove a general version for morphisms of categories fibered in groupoids. Moreover, we will prove a variant of this theorem, where essential dimension and canonical dimension are linked. These results let us relate essential dimension to canonical dimension of algebraic groups. In particular, using the recent computation of the essential dimension of algebraic tori by MacDonald, Meyer, Reichstein and the author, we establish a lower bound on the canonical dimension of algebraic tori.
In Vivo
Bioluminescence Imaging To Evaluate Systemic and Topical Antibiotics against Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Skin Wounds in Mice
Authors: Guo Yi , Ramos Romela Irene , Cho John S. , Donegan Niles P. , Cheung Ambrose L. , Miller Lloyd S. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA) frequently causes skin and soft tissue infections, including impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, and infected wounds and ulcers. Uncomplicated CA-MRSA skin infections are typically managed in an outpatient setting with oral and topical antibiotics and/or incision and drainage, whereas complicated skin infections often require hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and sometimes surgery. The aim of this study was to develop a mouse model of CA-MRSA wound infection to compare the efficacy of commonly used systemic and topical antibiotics. A bioluminescent USA300 CA-MRSA strain was inoculated into full-thickness scalpel wounds on the backs of mice and digital photography/image analysis and
in vivo
bioluminescence imaging were used to measure wound healing and the bacterial burden. Subcutaneous vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid similarly reduced the lesion sizes and bacterial burden. Oral linezolid, clindamycin, and doxycycline all decreased the lesion sizes and bacterial burden. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole decreased the bacterial burden but did not decrease the lesion size. Topical mupirocin and retapamulin ointments both reduced the bacterial burden. However, the petrolatum vehicle ointment for retapamulin, but not the polyethylene glycol vehicle ointment for mupirocin, promoted wound healing and initially increased the bacterial burden. Finally, in type 2 diabetic mice, subcutaneous linezolid and daptomycin had the most rapid therapeutic effect compared with vancomycin. Taken together, this mouse model of CA-MRSA wound infection, which utilizes
in vivo
bioluminescence imaging to monitor the bacterial burden, represents an alternative method to evaluate the preclinical
in vivo
efficacy of systemic and topical antimicrobial agents.
Putative Compensatory Mutations in the
rpoC
Gene of Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Are Associated with Ongoing Transmission
Authors: de Vos M. , Müller B. , Borrell S. , Black P. A. , van Helden P. D. , Warren R. M. , Gagneux S. , Victor T. C. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Rifampin resistance in clinical isolates of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
arises primarily through the selection of bacterial variants harboring mutations in the 81-bp rifampin resistance-determining region of the
rpoB
gene. While these mutations were shown to infer a fitness cost in the absence of antibiotic pressure, compensatory mutations in
rpoA
and
rpoC
were identified which restore the fitness of rifampin-resistant bacteria carrying mutations in
rpoB
. To investigate the epidemiological relevance of these compensatory mutations, we analyzed 286 drug-resistant and 54 drug-susceptible clinical
M. tuberculosis
isolates from the Western Cape, South Africa, a high-incidence setting of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Sequencing of a portion of the RpoA-RpoC interaction region of the
rpoC
gene revealed that 23.5% of all rifampin-resistant isolates tested carried a nonsynonymous mutation in this region. These putative compensatory mutations in
rpoC
were associated with transmission, as 30.8% of all rifampin-resistant isolates with an IS
6110
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern belonging to a recognized RFLP cluster harbored putative
rpoC
mutations. Such mutations were present in only 9.4% of rifampin-resistant isolates with unique RFLP patterns (
P
< 0.01). Moreover, these putative compensatory mutations were associated with specific strain genotypes and the
rpoB
S531L rifampin resistance mutation. Among isolates harboring this
rpoB
mutation, 44.1% also harbored
rpoC
mutations, while only 4.1% of the isolates with other
rpoB
mutations exhibited mutations in
rpoC
(
P
< 0.001). Our study supports a role for
rpoC
mutations in the transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and illustrates how epistatic interactions between drug resistance-conferring mutations, compensatory mutations, and different strain genetic backgrounds might influence compensatory evolution in drug-resistant
M. tuberculosis
.
Reduced Artemisinin Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Ring Stages in Western Cambodia
Authors: Witkowski Benoit , Khim Nimol , Chim Pheaktra , Kim Saorin , Ke Sopheakvatey , Kloeung Nimol , Chy Sophy , Duong Socheat , Leang Rithea , Ringwald Pascal , Dondorp Arjen M. , Tripura Rupam , Benoit-Vical Françoise , Berry Antoine , Gorgette Olivier , Ariey Frédéric , Barale Jean-Christophe , Mercereau-Puijalon Odile , Menard Didier 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

The declining efficacy of artemisinin derivatives against
Plasmodium falciparum
in western Cambodia is a major concern. The knowledge gap in the understanding of the mechanisms involved hampers designing monitoring tools. Here, we culture-adapted 20 isolates from Pailin and Ratanakiri (areas of artemisinin resistance and susceptibility in western and eastern Cambodia, respectively) and studied their
in vitro
response to dihydroartemisinin. No significant difference between the two sets of isolates was observed in the classical isotopic test. However, a 6-h pulse exposure to 700 nM dihydroartemisinin (ring-stage survival assay -RSA]) revealed a clear-cut geographic dichotomy. The survival rate of exposed ring-stage parasites (ring stages) was 17-fold higher in isolates from Pailin (median, 13.5%) than in those from Ratanakiri (median, 0.8%), while exposed mature stages were equally and highly susceptible (0.6% and 0.7%, respectively). Ring stages survived drug exposure by cell cycle arrest and resumed growth upon drug withdrawal. The reduced susceptibility to artemisinin in Pailin appears to be associated with an altered
in vitro
phenotype of ring stages from Pailin in the RSA.
Daptomycin Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in a Pooled Sample of Patients Receiving Thrice-Weekly Hemodialysis
Authors: Butterfield Jill M. , Mueller Bruce A. , Patel Nimish , Cardone Katie E. , Grabe Darren W. , Salama Noha N. , Lodise Thomas P. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

While the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of daptomycin in hemodialysis (HD) patients have been evaluated previously by three groups, resultant dosing recommendations have varied. To address this clinical conundrum, this study combined concentration-time data from these PK evaluations and derived uniform dosing recommendations among patients on HD receiving daptomycin. A two-compartment model with separate HD and non-HD clearance terms was fit to the PK data from these studies by using BigNPAG. Embedded with PK parameters from the population PK analysis, 5,000-subject Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) were performed to identify HD dosing schemes that provided efficacy (cumulative and daily area under the concentration-time curve [AUC] values) and toxicity (trough concentrations of ≥24.3 mg/liter) profiles comparable to those from simulations employing the daptomycin PK model derived from the
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia–infective endocarditis (SAB-IE) study. Separate HD dosing schemes were sought for the two weekly interdialytic periods (48 and 72 h). For the 48-h interdialytic period, intra- and post-HD dosing provided the most isometric cumulative and daily AUCs. For the 72-h interdialytic period, all HD dosing schemes provided noncumulative AUC values from 48 to 72 h (AUC
48–72
) that were <50% of the SAB-IE AUC
48–72
values. Increasing the parent dose by 50% intra- or post-HD provided comparable AUC
48–72
values, while maintaining acceptable trough concentration (
C
min
) values. When efficacy and toxicity profiles were evaluated for each individual study, higher probabilities for
C
min
reaching ≥24.3 mg/liter were observed in one of the three studies. Given the high probability of
C
min
being ≥24.3 mg/liter in one of the three studies, more intensive creatine phosphokinase (CPK) monitoring may be warranted in HD patients receiving daptomycin.
Crystal Structures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa GIM-1: Active-Site Plasticity in Metallo-β-Lactamases
Authors: Borra Pardha Saradhi , Samuelsen Ørjan , Spencer James , Walsh Timothy R. , Lorentzen Marit Sjo , Leiros Hanna-Kirsti S. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) have rapidly disseminated worldwide among clinically important Gram-negative bacteria and have challenged the therapeutic use of β-lactam antibiotics, particularly carbapenems. The
bla
GIM-1
gene, encoding one such enzyme, was first discovered in a
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolate from 2002 and has more recently been reported in
Enterobacteriaceae
. Here, we present crystal structures of GIM-1 in the apo-zinc (metal-free), mono-zinc (where Cys221 was found to be oxidized), and di-zinc forms, providing nine independently refined views of the enzyme. GIM-1 is distinguished from related MBLs in possessing a narrower active-site groove defined by aromatic side chains (Trp228 and Tyr233) at positions normally occupied by hydrophilic residues in other MBLs. Our structures reveal considerable flexibility in two loops (loop 1, residues 60 to 66; loop 2, residues 223 to 242) adjacent to the active site, with open and closed conformations defined by alternative hydrogen-bonding patterns involving Trp228. We suggest that this capacity for rearrangement permits GIM-1 to hydrolyze a wide range of β-lactams in spite of possessing a more constrained active site. Our results highlight the structural diversity within the MBL enzyme family.