bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of reactive nitrogen in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Benedict Katherine B. , Chen Xi , Sullivan Amy P. , Li Yi , Day Derek , Prenni Anthony J. , Levin E. J. T. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Malm William C. , Schichtel Bret A. , Collett Jeffrey L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Grand Teton Reactive Nitrogen Deposition Study (GrandTReNDS) was conducted to provide a more complete look at atmospheric concentrations and deposition fluxes of various reactive nitrogen species in and around Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). Daily measurements of wet deposition, PM2.5 composition, and gaseous ammonia and nitric acid concentrations were made at three locations. Weekly measurements of gaseous ammonia were made at eight additional sites. Ammonia concentrations were higher at the western sites; the study average ammonia concentration west of GTNP was 35 nmol m−3 and on the east side of the park it was 18 nmol m−3. Concentrations of other measured reactive nitrogen species were lower than NH3 and fairly similar at all sites, with averages of approximately 9, 1, and 3 nmol m−3 for ammonium, nitrate, and nitric acid, respectively. Wet deposition of ammonium and dry deposition of ammonia were the largest reactive nitrogen deposition pathways, together accounting for 56% and 62% of the nitrogen deposition on the east and west sides of GTNP, respectively. Nitrogen deposition of measured species totaled 2.38 kg N ha−1 west of GTNP at Driggs, ID (6 April to 21 September 2011), 0.85 kg N ha−1 west of GTNP at a high‐elevation site (28 July to 21 September 2011) and 1.23 kg N · ha−1 at a location on the east side of GTNP (15 May to 21 September 2011). These measurements highlight the significant inputs of reactive nitrogen to regional ecosystems over the few months studied, the importance of including NH3 dry deposition in nitrogen deposition budgets, and the need to conduct further research to capture sources and the annual cycle of deposition.
Determination of rhynchophylline and hirsutine in rat plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS after oral administration of Uncaria rhynchophylla extract
Authors: Wu Yu‐Tse , Lin Lie‐Chwen , Tsai Tung‐Hu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn ultra‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated to concurrently determine rhynchophylline and hirsutine in rat plasma. The sample preparation of rat plasma was achieved by alkalization and liquid–liquid extraction. The mass transition of precursor ion → product ion pairs were monitored at m/z 385.2 → 160.0 for rhynchophylline, m/z 369.3 → 144.0 for hirsutine and m/z 414.0 → 220.0 for noscapine (internal standard). This method revealed linear relationships from 2.5 to 50 ng/mL (r2 > 0.997) for rhynchophylline and from 2.5 to 50 ng/mL (r2 > 0.998) for hirsutine. The limit of quantification values for rhynchophylline and hirsutine in rat plasma were both 2.5 ng/mL. Intra‐day and inter‐day precisions were within 10.6% and 12.5%, respectively, for rhynchophylline and hirsutine, and the accuracy (bias) was <10%. Liquid–liquid extraction of rat plasma samples resulted in insignificant matrix effect, and the extraction recoveries were >83.6% for rhynchophylline, 73.4% for hirsutine and 90.7% for the internal standard. This method was applied successfully to a pharmacokinetic study of rhynchophylline and hirsutine in rats after oral administration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioavailability of valsartan oral dosage forms
Authors: Sunkara Gangadhar , Bende Girish , Mendonza Anisha E. , Solar‐Yohay Susan , Biswal Shibadas , Neelakantham Srikanth , Wagner Robert , Flarakos Jimmy , Zhang Yiming , Jarugula Venkateswar 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe oral bioavailability of valsartan from extemporaneous suspension and solution formulations were evaluated relative to tablet formulation in two separate open‐label, randomized crossover studies in healthy adults. In both studies, the plasma concentrations of valsartan after oral administration were analyzed using validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) methods, and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration time‐curves (AUC(0–∞)) of valsartan from the extemporaneous suspension were higher by 1.93‐ and 1.56‐fold, respectively, relative to the tablet formulation (P < .001). The Cmax and AUC(0–∞) of valsartan from the oral solution were higher by 2.21‐ and 1.74‐fold, respectively, relative to the tablet formulation (P < .001). These results indicate that both rate and extent of absorption of valsartan are higher in the two liquid dosage forms (extemporaneous suspension and solution formulations) relative to the solid oral dosage form (tablet formulation).
Initial breakdown pulses in intracloud lightning flashes and their relation to terrestrial gamma ray flashes
Authors: Marshall Thomas , Stolzenburg Maribeth , Karunarathne Sumedhe , Cummer Steve , Lu Gaopeng , Betz Hans‐Dieter , Briggs Michael , Connaughton Valerie , Xiong Shaolin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe initial breakdown stage of 10 intracloud lightning flashes that may have produced terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) is studied with wideband E‐change, multiband B‐change, and VHF lightning mapping data; these flashes fit published criteria known to be associated with TGFs. The (x, y, z, t) locations of fast initial breakdown pulses (IBPs) were determined with E‐change data using a time‐of‐arrival (TOA) technique. Each IBP includes one or more fast‐rising subpulses. Previous research has shown that a typical intracloud flash initiates just above the main negative cloud charge (MNCC), then an initial negative leader propagates upward in 1–20 ms to the bottom of the upper positive cloud charge (UPCC), thereby establishing a conducting path between the MNCC and UPCC. TOA locations indicate that IBPs are directly related to the initial negative leader. The IBPs primarily occur in short (<750 µs) bursts of two to five pulses, and each burst produces a slow, monotonic E‐change. Typically, one to three IBP bursts are needed to span the vertical gap from the MNCC to the UPCC, with successive bursts separated by 1–5 ms. In the B‐change data, each IBP burst has an associated ULF pulse and several LF pulses, and these are caused by the same physical events that produce the slow, monotonic E‐change and fast‐rising IBP subpulses, respectively. Based on similarities with known TGF‐associated signals, we speculate that a relativistic electron avalanche causes each LF pulse/IBP subpulse pair; thus, each pair has the potential to cause a TGF.
A stochastic inventory routing problem for infectious medical waste collection
Authors: Nolz Pamela C. , Absi Nabil , Feillet Dominique 
Published: October 2013

Abstract–We consider the problem of designing a logistic system to organize adequate collection of infectious medical waste. Waste materials are produced by patients in self‐treatment, stored at pharmacies and picked up by local authorities for disposal. The problem is formulated as a collector‐managed inventory routing problem, encompassing stochastic aspects, which are common in such problems. Social objectives, specifically the satisfaction of pharmacists and local authorities, as well as the minimization of public health risks, are considered for the real‐world‐motivated inventory routing problem. To optimize the planning process for a predefined time horizon, we take advantage of radio frequency identification technology, which allows an improvement of the planning process for pharmacists as well as local authorities. We develop two solution approaches to optimize the determination of visit dates and corresponding vehicle routes. We design a sampling method and an approach based on an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm to treat the stochastic problem. The suggested approaches are tested on real‐world data from the region of Provence‐Alpes‐Côte d'Azur, in France. To evaluate the performance of the proposed solution methods, the results for different waste collection scenarios are analyzed and compared. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 63(1), 82–95 2014
Negative electron affinity of diamond and its application to high voltage vacuum power switches
Authors: Takeuchi D. , Koizumi S. , Makino T. , Kato H. , Ogura M. , Ohashi H. , Okushi H. , Yamasaki S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper reviews the electron emission properties of hydrogen terminated diamond surfaces with a negative electron affinity (NEA), and presents the recent development of 10 kV vacuum switches based on diamond PIN junction electron emitters that utilize such NEA surfaces. The background to this topic, including the electron emission mechanism through NEA, the electronic states of diamond with free excitons, and free carrier injection from a heavily doped layer with hopping conduction into a high purity intrinsic layer with band conduction, is also discussed. Our 10 kV vacuum power switch featuring an NEA diamond PIN junction electron emitter exhibited a breakthrough power transmission efficiency of 73% at 9.8 kV. This result validates the principle of such vacuum power switches, which have the potential to operate at 100 kV with an efficiency beyond 99.9%.
Investigation of NV centers in nano‐ and ultrananocrystalline diamond pillars
Authors: Petkov E. , Rendler T. , Petkov C. , Schnabel F. , Reithmaier J. P. , Wrachtrup J. , Popov C. , Kulisch W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDiamond nanopillars with diameters of 1 μm down to 50 nm have been fabricated from two types of diamond thin films, namely nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) using electron beam lithography (EBL) and reactive ion etching (RIE) in an inductively coupled oxygen plasma (ICP). Aim of the study was to investigate the suitability of these pillars to incorporate nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) color centers for applications in quantum information technology (QIT). The first part of the investigation is devoted to a characterization of the pillars, their shape, size, and properties. The second part of this investigation concerns the optical properties of NCD and UNCD nanopillars and the incorporation of NV centers within them. Among others, fluorescence mapping and photoluminescence measurements have been employed for this purpose. It turned out that NCD pillars are quite promising for the applications in QIT envisioned. At the present time, the opposite is the case for UNCD pillars. The reasons for these differences will be discussed on the basis of the differences of the two materials NCD and UNCD.
Synthesis of silicon nanopowder from silane gas by RF thermal plasma
Authors: So Keun‐Soo , Lee Hyunjun , Kim Tae‐Hee , Choi Sooseok , Park Dong‐Wha 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSilicon nanopowder that can be applied as a selective emitter in solar cells was prepared from the decomposition of silane (SiH4) gas by a radio‐frequency (RF) thermal plasma. The RF thermal plasma offers a high‐temperature and contamination‐free environment to produce pure silicon material from SiH4. A steep temperature gradient in the thermal plasma enables the rapid quenching of decomposed material to synthesize nanosized particles. In this experiment, the input power of RF thermal plasma was controlled from 8 to 12 kW. The raw material of SiH4 gas was injected into an argon thermal plasma plume with argon carrier gas. Argon was also used as quenching gas to suppress the growth of silicon nanoparticles. In addition to the input power, the flow rates of carrier and quenching gases were employed as operating variables. The flow rates of carrier and quenching gases were controlled from 15 to 45 L min−1 and from 50 to 250 L min−1, respectively. Polycrystalline spherical silicon nanoparticles that were less than 100 nm in diameter were observed by transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement, X‐ray diffractometry, and Raman spectrometry. Among the operating variables, the flow rate of carrier gas showed the most significant effect on the size of the nanopowder. The smallest mean particle size of 36 nm was obtained from the highest carrier gas flow rate of 45 L min−1, because the growth of nanopowder was limited by the enhanced axial velocity and quenching rate of in‐flight silicon nanopowder.
CVD precursors for transition metal oxide nanostructures: molecular properties, surface behavior and temperature effects
Authors: Tabacchi Gloria , Fois Ettore , Barreca Davide , Gasparotto Alberto 
Published: October 2013

Integrated analyses on a series of β‐diketonate‐diamine transition metal complexes (M = Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) highlight the metal center influence on molecular physico‐chemical properties and provide understanding of the favorable behavior of these compounds as precursors in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of metal/metal oxide nanomaterials. The Zn complex, which shows the most symmetric coordination environment in the gas phase, is activated in contact with the heated CVD growth surface model. First‐principles simulations evidenced surface‐induced rolling motion of the Zn precursor in the 363–750 K range, suggesting the relevance of vibrationally excited molecular rolling as activation pathway in high temperature surface chemistry.Molecular properties (left) and hot‐surface behavior (right) of the Zn(hfa)2TMEDA CVD precursor.
Magnetic force microscopy study of shape engineered FEBID iron nanostructures
Authors: Gavagnin Marco , Wanzenboeck Heinz D. , Belic Domagoj , Shawrav Mostafa M. , Persson Anders , Gunnarsson Klas , Svedlindh Peter , Bertagnolli Emmerich 
Published: October 2013

The capability to control matter down to the nanoscale level in combination with the novel magnetic properties of nanomaterials have attracted increasing attention in the last few decades due to their applications in magnetic sensing, hard disc data storage and logic devices. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to the implementation of both nanofabrication methods as well as characterization of magnetic nanoelements. In this study, Fe‐based nanostructures have been synthesized on Si(100) by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) utilizing iron pentacarbonyl as precursor. The so obtained nanostructures exhibit a remarkably high iron content (Fe > 80 at.%), expected to give rise to a ferromagnetic behaviour. For that reason, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) analyses were performed on the obtained FEBID Fe nanostructures. Moreover, object oriented micromagnetic framework (OOMMF) magnetic simulations have been executed to study the influence of the geometry on the magnetic properties of iron single‐domain nanowires. FEBID is a mask‐less nanofabrication method based on the injection of precursor gas molecules in proximity of the deposition area where their decomposition is locally induced by a focused electron beam.
Identification of a vitamin D3-specific hydroxylase genes through actinomycetes genome mining
Authors: Ban Jun-Gyu , Kim Hyun-Bum , Lee Mi-Jin , Anbu Periasamy , Kim Eung-Soo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We previously completed whole-genome sequencing of a rare actinomycete named Sebekia benihana, and identified the complete S. benihana cytochrome P450 complement (CYPome), including 21 cytochrome P450 hydroxylase (CYP), seven ferredoxin (FD), and four ferredoxin reductase (FDR) genes. Through targeted CYPome disruption, a total of 32 S. benihana CYPome mutants were obtained. Subsequently, a novel cyclosporine A region-specific hydroxylase was successfully determined to be encoded by a CYP-sb21 gene by screening the S. benihana CYPome mutants. Here, we report that S. benihana is also able to mediate vitamin D3 (VD3) hydroxylation. Among the 32 S. benihana CYPome mutants tested, only a single S. benihana CYP mutant, ΔCYP-sb3a, failed to show regio-specific hydroxylation of VD3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Moreover, the VD3 hydroxylation activity in the ΔCYP-sb3a mutant was restored by CYP-sb3a gene complementation. Since all S. benihana FD and FDR disruption mutants maintained VD3 hydroxylation activity, we conclude that CYP-sb3a, a member of the bacterial CYP107 family, is the only essential component of the in vivo regio-specific VD3 hydroxylation process in S. benihana. Expression of the CYP-sb3a gene exhibited VD3 hydroxylation in the VD3 non-hydroxylating Streptomyces coelicolor, implying that the regio-specific hydroxylation of VD3 is carried out by a specific P450 hydroxylase in S. benihana.
Galsulfase (Naglazyme®) therapy in infants with mucopolysaccharidosis VI
Authors: Harmatz Paul R. , Garcia Paula , Guffon Nathalie , Randolph Linda M. , Shediac Renée , Braunlin Elizabeth , Lachman Ralph S. , Decker Celeste 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dose levels of galsulfase (Naglazyme®) in infants with MPS VI.Study designThis was a phase 4, multicenter, multinational, open‐label, two‐dose level study. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive weekly infusions of 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg of galsulfase for a minimum of 52 weeks. Progression of skeletal dysplasia was determined by monitoring physical appearance, radiographic changes, and growth. Urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels, gross and fine motor function, cardiac function, vision, hearing, and health resource utilization were evaluated. Safety assessments were performed.ResultsFour infants (aged 3.3–12.7 months) participated in the study. Galsulfase was well tolerated at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg/week dose levels with no drug‐related serious adverse events. Two subjects experienced a total of four possible treatment‐related adverse events which were all considered mild. Length and weight remained within age‐expected norms. Skeletal abnormalities continued to progress in all subjects. High baseline urinary GAG levels (mean: 870 μg/mg creatinine) decreased by approximately 70 %; these reduced levels were maintained (mean: 220 μg/mg creatinine at week 52) despite the development of anti‐galsulfase antibodies. Hearing, cardiac function, hepatosplenomegaly, and facial dysmorphism stabilized or improved, but corneal clouding progressed. There was no clear difference in safety or efficacy between the two doses.ConclusionsGalsulfase at two dose levels was safe and well tolerated in infants. Normal growth was maintained but skeletal abnormalities continued to progress. Urinary GAG levels decreased with treatment. Early initiation of galsulfase may prevent or slow progression of some disease manifestations.
Selective Ethanolysis of Fish Oil Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipases
Authors: Moreno‐Pérez Sonia , Guisan Jose M. , Fernandez‐Lorente Gloria 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSelective ethanolysis of fish oil was catalyzed by immobilized lipases and their derivatives in organic media. Lipases from Candida antarctica B (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosa (TLL) and Rhizomucor miehei (RML) were studied. The three lipases were immobilized by anion exchange and hydrophobic adsorption. The discrimination between the ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EE‐EPA) and the ethyl ester of docosahexaenoic acid (EE‐DHA) depends on the lipase, the immobilization support, the physico‐chemical modifications of the immobilized lipase derivatives and on the solvents used. TLL and RML were much more selective than CALB. EE‐EPA is released 20‐fold faster than EE‐DHA when ethanolysis was catalyzed, in cyclohexane, by TLL hydrophobically adsorbed on Sepabeads C18. The selectivity and stability of the different derivatives in these polar organic solvents were further improved after physico‐chemical modification. The best results for activity‐selectivity‐stability were obtained in cyclohexane for TLL adsorbed on Sepabeads C18 and further modified via solid‐phase physical modification with a polyethylenimine polymer. In this case, the initial selectivity was higher than 20, and a 80 % of EPA was released as ethyl ester after 3 h at 25 °C. At this conversion, mixtures of ethyl esters highly enriched in the ethyl ester of EPA with less than 5 % of the EE‐DHA were obtained. TLL derivatives remained fully active after incubation for 24 h in anhydrous solvents.
Model-based scaling of the streamwise energy density in high-Reynolds-number turbulent channels
Authors: Moarref Rashad , Sharma Ati S. , Tropp Joel A. , McKeon Beverley J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe study the Reynolds-number scaling and the geometric self-similarity of a gain-based, low-rank approximation to turbulent channel flows, determined by the resolvent formulation of McKeon & Sharma (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 658, 2010, pp. 336–382), in order to obtain a description of the streamwise turbulence intensity from direct consideration of the Navier–Stokes equations. Under this formulation, the velocity field is decomposed into propagating waves (with single streamwise and spanwise wavelengths and wave speed) whose wall-normal shapes are determined from the principal singular function of the corresponding resolvent operator. Using the accepted scalings of the mean velocity in wall-bounded turbulent flows, we establish that the resolvent operator admits three classes of wave parameters that induce universal behaviour with Reynolds number in the low-rank model, and which are consistent with scalings proposed throughout the wall turbulence literature. In addition, it is shown that a necessary condition for geometrically self-similar resolvent modes is the presence of a logarithmic turbulent mean velocity. Under the practical assumption that the mean velocity consists of a logarithmic region, we identify the scalings that constitute hierarchies of self-similar modes that are parameterized by the critical wall-normal location where the speed of the mode equals the local turbulent mean velocity. For the rank-1 model subject to broadband forcing, the integrated streamwise energy density takes a universal form which is consistent with the dominant near-wall turbulent motions. When the shape of the forcing is optimized to enforce matching with results from direct numerical simulations at low turbulent Reynolds numbers, further similarity appears. Representation of these weight functions using similarity laws enables prediction of the Reynolds number and wall-normal variations of the streamwise energy intensity at high Reynolds numbers (${Re}_{\tau } \approx 1{0}^{3} {\unicode{x2013}} 1{0}^{10} $). Results from this low-rank model of the Navier–Stokes equations compare favourably with experimental results in the literature.
The Force of Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Mirror Neurons and the Problem of Intentions
Authors: Holmes Marcus 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFace-to-face diplomacy has long been the lynchpin of international politics, yet it has largely been dismissed as irrelevant in theories of cooperation and conflict—as “cheap talk” because leaders have incentives to dissemble. However, diplomats and leaders have argued for years that there is often no substitute for personally meeting a counterpart to hash out an agreement. This article argues that face-to-face diplomacy provides a signaling mechanism that increases the likelihood of cooperation. Face-to-face meetings allow individuals to transmit information and empathize with each other, thereby reducing uncertainty, even when they have strong incentives to distrust the other. The human brain has discrete architecture and processes devoted to parsing others' intentions via cues in face-to-face interaction. These processes enable actors to directly access the intentions of others with a higher degree of certainty than economic and game-theoretic models of bargaining predict.