bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young Children’s After-School Activities—There’s More to It Than Screen Time: A Cross-Sectional Study of Young Primary School Children
Authors: Engelen Lina , Bundy Anita C , Bauman Adrian , Naughton Geraldine , Wyver Shirley , Baur Louise 
Published: February 2014

Background:Children can spend substantial amounts of leisure time in sedentary activities, dominated by TV/screen time. However, objective real-time measurement of activities after school among young school children is seldom described.Methods:School children (n = 246, 5−7 years old, mean 6.0) and their parents were recruited by random selection from 14 schools across Sydney, Australia. Parents used a real-time objective measure (Experience Sampling Method, ESM) to record children’s activities and whether they were indoors or outdoors at 3 random times each day after school. Data were collected across 4 weekdays in 1 week and then, 13 weeks later, another 4 weekdays in 1 week.Results:Results were based on 2940 responses from 214 childparent dyads showed that 25% of behavior involved physical activity, 51% was spent in sedentary activities, and 22% was TV/ screen time. Most instances (81%) occurred indoors.Conclusion:Despite a high proportion of TV/screen time, children were also engaged in a range of other sedentary and physically active pursuits after school. Hence TV/screen time is not a suitable proxy for all sedentary behavior, and it is important to gather information on other non–screen-based sedentary and physically active behaviors. Future research is warranted to further investigate after-school activities in young primary school children.
Independence from Kinetoplast DNA Maintenance and Expression Is Associated with Multidrug Resistance in Trypanosoma brucei
In Vitro
Authors: Gould Matthew K. , Schnaufer Achim 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

It is well known that several antitrypanosomatid drugs accumulate in the parasite's mitochondrion, where they often bind to the organellar DNA, the kinetoplast. To what extent this property relates to the mode of action of these compounds has remained largely unquantified. Here we show that single point mutations that remove the dependence of laboratory strains of the sleeping sickness parasite
Trypanosoma brucei
on a functional kinetoplast result in significant resistance to the diamidine and phenanthridine drug classes.
Pulmonary and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled and Intravenous Colistin Methanesulfonate in Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Targeting Advantage of Inhalational Administration
Authors: W. S. Yapa Shalini , Li Jian , Patel Kashyap , Wilson John W. , Dooley Michael J. , George Johnson , Clark Denise , Poole Susan , Williams Elyssa , Porter Christopher J. H. , Nation Roger L. , McIntosh Michelle P. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to define the pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and formed colistin following intravenous (i.v.) and inhaled administration in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Six CF subjects were administered nebulized CMS doses of 2 and 4 million IU and an i.v. CMS infusion of 150 mg of colistin base activity. Blood plasma, sputum, and urine samples were collected for 12 to 24 h postdose. To assess the tolerability of the drug, lung function tests, blood serum creatinine concentrations, and adverse effect reports were recorded. All doses were well tolerated in the subjects. The pharmacokinetic parameters for CMS following i.v. delivery were consistent with previously reported values. Sputum concentrations of formed colistin were maintained at <1.0 mg/liter for 12 h postdose. Nebulization of CMS resulted in relatively high sputum concentrations of CMS and formed colistin compared to those resulting from i.v. administration. The systemic availability of CMS was low following nebulization of 2 and 4 million IU (7.93% ± 4.26% and 5.37% ± 1.36%, respectively), and the plasma colistin concentrations were below the limit of quantification. Less than 2 to 3% of the nebulized CMS dose was recovered in the urine samples in 24 h. The therapeutic availability and drug targeting index for CMS and colistin following inhalation compared to i.v. delivery were significantly greater than 1. Inhalation of CMS is an effective means of targeting CMS and formed colistin for delivery to the lungs, as high lung exposure and minimal systemic exposure were achieved in CF subjects.
Associations between Cancer-Related Information Seeking and Receiving PET Imaging for Routine Cancer Surveillance—An Analysis of Longitudinal Survey Data
Authors: Tan Andy S.L. , Gibson Laura , Zafar Hanna M. , Gray Stacy W. , Hornik Robert C. , Armstrong Katrina 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Background: Routine cancer surveillance with positron emission tomography (PET) is not recommended for most patients who have completed curative treatment for cancer. Yet, recent trends suggest that PET is increasingly used for follow-up among patients with cancer. This study investigates whether information-seeking behaviors predicted self-reported utilization of PET for routine surveillance in patients with colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer.
Methods: We conducted annual surveys for 3 years in a cohort of Pennsylvania cancer survivors diagnosed with colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer in 2005. The outcome was self-reported PET receipt for routine surveillance among 944 patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic disease (stages 0–III). Predictors included cancer-related information seeking from nonmedical sources and providers. Weighted multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.
Results: In this population, 11% of patients reported receiving at least one PET scan for routine follow-up in a 12-month period several years after diagnosis. Seeking cancer-related information from nonmedical sources was associated with higher odds of subsequent reported PET use [OR, 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–12.1; P = 0.032], after adjusting for potential confounders. Patient engagement with physicians about cancer-related information was not a significant predictor.
Conclusions: Overall reported PET utilization for routine surveillance of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer is low. However, we found a significant association with information seeking from nonmedical sources but not from providers.
Impact: Exposure to cancer-related information through mass media and lay interpersonal sources may be driving inappropriate utilization of high-cost advanced imaging procedures. These findings have important implications for cancer survivors, healthcare providers, and health policy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(3); 481–9. ©2014 AACR.
“Israel” and “Jew” as Markers of Jewish Identity in Antiquity: The Problems of Insider/Outsider Classification
Authors: Thiel Nathan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Building on K. G. Kuhn’s TWNT entry on the names “Israel” and “Jew” in post-Hebrew Bible Jewish literature, many scholars have claimed that the two ethnonyms can be classified as insider and outsider designations respectively. This essay nuances that categorization. While Kuhn and subsequent scholars have rightly noted the uneven distribution of the names, the exceptions to an insider/outsider model are too numerous to maintain it without modification. Both “Israel” and “Jew” were insider names whose usage in Jewish literature was influenced by the speech situation of the author as well as by consciousness of the biblical narrative.
Falling through the cracks? Missed opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis in a New York City Hospital
Authors: Nakao Jolene H , Wiener Dan E , Newman David H , Sharp Victoria L , Egan Daniel J 
Published: February 2014

Summary Newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients have frequent health care encounters prior to diagnosis representing missed opportunities for diagnosis. This study determines the proportion of patients with new HIV diagnoses with encounters in the 3 years prior to diagnosis. We describe the characteristics of newly diagnosed patients and of “late testers” (CD4 <200 cells/mm3 at the time of diagnosis). We identified all newly diagnosed with HIV in emergency department, inpatient, and outpatient settings between May 1, 2006, and December 31, 2009. Data abstractors searched hospital records to identify all emergency department, inpatient, and outpatient visits for the 3 years prior to diagnosis. In all, 23,271 HIV tests were performed and 253 persons were newly diagnosed (1.1%); 152 new positives (60.1%) made at least one prior visit. Of patients with CD4 counts available, 104/175 (59.4%) had CD4 <200 cells/mm3. Patients with at least one prior visit had a median of three. There was no difference in numbers of visits between late testers and non-late testers, although late testers were more likely to have ED visits. Most newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients had multiple encounters prior to diagnosis. Many of these patients presented with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3, indicating true missed opportunities for earlier diagnosis.
Fixed, low-dose rasburicase for the treatment or prevention of hyperuricemia in adult oncology patients
Authors: Herrington Jon D , Dinh Brian C 
Published: February 2014

Purpose Rasburicase is a recombinant urate oxidase enzyme administered to high risk patients or to those with preexisting hyperuricemia from tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). The objective of this retrospective review is to evaluate and characterize the use of fixed, low-dose rasburicase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in adult patients. Patients/Methods A retrospective chart review from 1 October 2005 to 31 December 2011 was conducted in adult oncology patients who received fixed, low-dose rasburicase. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated for the uric acid level change from baseline and the achievement of uric acid level less than 8 mg/dL. Results Forty-five patients were included in the analysis in which 26 (58%) patients received 3 mg rasburicase. For the 39 patients with baseline uric acid levels 8 mg/dL or higher, 80% achieved a uric acid level lower than 8 mg/dL with a single rasburicase dose. Six patients (13%) required renal replacement therapy despite rasburicase. The median uric acid level reduction 24 h post rasburicase dose 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 4.5 mg, and 6 mg were 5.5, 5.8, 3.8, and 10.05 mg/dL, respectively. There was no clinical difference between obese and non-obese patients in terms of their median uric acid reduction, 5.5 vs. 7 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusion Fixed, low dose rasburicase produced a consistent lowering of uric acid levels and may be utilized in the management of hyperuricemia in TLS. Further study is necessary to determine if a larger fixed dose would be required in those patients with a higher baseline uric acid level.
Expressional difference, distributions of TGF-β1 in TGF-β1 knock down transgenic mouse, and its possible roles in injured spinal cord
Authors: XiYang Yan-Bin , Lu Bing-Tuan , Ya-Zhao  , Yuan-Zhang  , Xia Qin-Jie , Zou Yu , Zhang Wei , Quan Xiong-Zhi , Liu Su , McDonald John W , Zhang Lian-Feng , Wang Ting-Hua 
Published: February 2014

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a multi-functional cytokine implicated in many aspects of mammalian wound healing and scar tissue formation. However, few experiments have so far addressed the potential biological effects of TGF-β1 in the nervous system after injury, in addition to the immune system. In the present study, expressional silencing TGF-β1 was achieved by selecting predesigning hairpins targeting mouse TGF-β1 genes. Four homozygous transgenic offspring were generated and designed as Founder 90, Founder 12, Founder 41 and Founder 46. The down-regulated rates of TGF-β1 in different transgenic mice were also determined. To investigate the potential roles of TGF-β1, we observed changes in the neurological behavior of TGF-β1-knockdown (TGF-β1-kd) mice after spinal cord transection (SCT). Moreover, mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, NF-κB and TNF, were also detected in nucleate cells from blood by real-time PCR. Consequently, different TGF-β1 expressions were detected in multiple tissues, and protein levels of TGF-β1 decreased at different rates relative to that of wild type (WT) ones. The levels of TGF-β1 proteins in TGF-β1-kd mice decreased at most by 57% in Founder 90, which showed a significant recovery in Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores after SCT compared with that of WT. However, expressions of immune relative genes showed no dramatic difference compared with WT ones. This study is the first to generate TGF-β1 down regulated mice and determine the possible roles of TGF-β1 in vivo in different conditions.
Chamber dimensions and functional assessment with coronary computed tomographic angiography as compared to echocardiography using American Society of Echocardiography guidelines
Authors: Rose Michael , Rubal Bernard , Hulten Edward , Slim Jennifer N , Steel Kevin , Furgerson James L , Villines Todd C , Slim Ahmad M 
Published: February 2014

Background: The correlation between normal cardiac chamber linear dimensions measured during retrospective coronary computed tomographic angiography as compared to transthoracic echocardiography using the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines is not well established. Methods: We performed a review from January 2005 to July 2011 to identify subjects with retrospective electrocardiogram-gated coronary computed tomographic angiography scans for chest pain and transthoracic echocardiography with normal cardiac structures performed within 90 days. Dimensions were manually calculated in both imaging modalities in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography published guidelines. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated on echocardiography manually using the Simpson’s formula and by coronary computed tomographic angiography using the end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes. Results: We reviewed 532 studies, rejected 412 and had 120 cases for review with a median time between studies of 7 days (interquartile range (IQR25,75) = 0–22 days) with no correlation between the measurements made by coronary computed tomographic angiography and transthoracic echocardiography using Bland–Altman analysis. We generated coronary computed tomographic angiography cardiac dimension reference ranges for both genders for our population. Conclusion: Our findings represent a step towards generating cardiac chamber dimensions’ reference ranges for coronary computed tomographic angiography as compared to transthoracic echocardiography in patients with normal cardiac morphology and function using the American Society of Echocardiography guideline measurements that are commonly used by cardiologists.
Measuring Rural Development
Authors: Buragohain Tarujyoti , Landge R.S. 
Published: February 2014

This article is an attempt to assess the impact of the solar home lighting systems in the socio-economic development of rural areas and to measure the extent of welfare and level of satisfaction among the beneficiaries of solar home lighting systems in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Focus group discussions techniques were used to gather the information from the selected villages. The solar home lighting systems have improved the standard of living of the beneficiaries. They now watch TV and listen to the radio for entertainment and news. School-going children can study in the evenings for longer time and score more marks in the examinations. Girls among the Adivasis are encouraged to go to school. Drop-out rate has been reduced. Women find it more comfortable to do household chores. Working hours have been increased in the evening. Income generation activities are also being initiated, but at a slower pace. Expenditure on kerosene has been reduced significantly. Solar home lighting systems thus bring socio-economic changes in remote villages for the better.
Pulmonary surfactant in newborn infants and children
Authors: Chakraborty Mallinath , Kotecha Sailesh 
Published: February 2014

Educational aimsTo understand the composition, secretory pathways and functions of pulmonary surfactant.To review the clinical evidence regarding the use of surfactants in newborn infants and children.To develop an understanding of rarer disorders of surfactant metabolism.To understand recent developments and future prospects in the field of surfactants.SummaryPulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of specific lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, which is produced in the lungs by type II alveolar epithelial cells. The mixture is surface active and acts to decrease surface tension at the air–liquid interface of the alveoli. The presence of such molecules with surface activity had been suspected since the early 1900s and was finally confirmed in the mid-1900s. Since then, the chemical, physical and biological properties of the surfactant mixture have been revealed due to the work of several groups of investigators.The surfactant mixture is an essential group of molecules to support air breathing. Thus, preterm infants, who are born with immature lungs and are surfactant deficient, develop respiratory distress syndrome after being born. Replacement of natural surfactant therapy with purified surfactant from lungs of nonhuman species is one of the most significant advances in neonatology and has resulted in improved limits of viability of preterm infants. Although preterm infants are the primary population, exogenous surfactant treatment may also have a role to play in other respiratory diseases of term-born infants and older children.
Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of photocurrent oscillations in lattice matched Ga1−xIn
x
N
y
As1−y/GaAs quantum well p-i-n photodiodes
Authors: Royall Ben , Khalil Hagir , Mazzucato Simone , Erol Ayse , Balkan Naci 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Photocurrent oscillations, observed at low temperatures in lattice-matched Ga1−x
In
x
N
y
As1−y
/GaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) p-i-n samples, are investigated as a function of applied bias and excitation wavelength and are modelled with the aid of semiconductor simulation software. The oscillations appear only at low temperatures and have the highest amplitude when the optical excitation energy is in resonance with the GaInNAs bandgap. They are explained in terms of electron accumulation and the formation of high-field domains in the GaInNAs QWs as a result of the disparity between the photoexcited electron and hole escape rates from the QWs. The application of the external bias results in the motion of the high-field domain towards the anode where the excess charge dissipates from the well adjacent to anode via tunnelling.
Human Resources in the Context of Epidemic Social Processes
Authors: Василенко  , Vasilenko L. , Губернова  , Gubernova M. 
Published: February 2014

Issues of social epidemics and social diseases emergence in the context of new communications and contemporary global social-informational medium development
are discussed. serves as a basics for the analysis of new communications impact on human condition and social sphere is analyzed based on the
social self-organization, or social synergetics, theory as a methodological foundation. The global informational environment has accumulated enormous
collective intellect.
Ever-growing intellectual resources create principally new non-equilibrium environment for social communications. Non-equilibrium itself brings about and
prompts risks of mass natural phenomena and epidemic processes in the social medium. Self-organization is a spontaneous process going on without any
outer managerial efforts. Self-organization facilitates spontaneous growth of individuals’ mobility and creates potential for counteraction to public administration.
Mass diffusion of ideological or religious cults, movements, ideas, technological innovations, fashions, games of luck, alcohol and drug abuse — all
these have epidemic character. Specifics of social epidemic processes are highlighted: multivariability of destructive impact on the social and economic fabric
of society, relationship of social epidemics to economic crises, etc. Destructive epidemic processes can be stopped with social therapy methods and “vaccination”
against information viruses, including techniques fo nurturing moral and intellectual foundation of personality. M. Gladwell’s approach to counter social epidemics
is shown as promising (stickiness factor, the law of the few, force of circumstances).
Ten-year anniversary of the congresses of ELPIT: experience, results, prospects
Authors: Васильев  , Vasilyev Andrey 
Published: February 2014

Experience and results related to carrying out of international ecological ELPIT congresses &#34;Ecology and health and safety of
industrial and transport complexes&#34; which have become one of the largest scientific actions in scale in the Russia’s territory have
been described. The ELPIT congresses’ further development prospects have been considered.
Supporting Inclusion and Flourishing in the Religious and Spiritual Lives of People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Carter Erik W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn important aspect of supporting many people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to flourish involves providing meaningful opportunities to participate in the spiritual and religious life of their community. Yet, a review of prevailing practices suggests the spirituality and faith community connections of individuals with intellectual disability, autism, and other developmental disabilities may be inconsistently supported or entirely overlooked. This article suggests an initial framework for research, policy, and practice aimed at fostering inclusion at the intersection of disability, religion, and spirituality. Recommendations are offered for designing services and supports that ensure that (a) people with disabilities can participate fully in inclusive spiritual and religious activities, (b) congregations develop the commitment and capacity to welcome people with disabilities and their families, (c) families receive support in ways that honor their faith commitments and connections, and (d) service systems support people with disabilities and their families in comprehensive and culturally competent ways.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Lasikova Galina , Vazquez Jose R. , Özkaya Belgin Turan , Ergut Elvan Altan , Sears Tamara I. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
‘Classical Art of the Islamic World from the IX to the XIX Centuries: Ninety-Nine Names of God’, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Department of Private Collections, Moscow, RUSSIA, February 20–June 16, 2013
‘Opa-Locka: Mirage City’, History Miami, MIAMI, FLORIDA, June 28–September 8, 2013
‘Narratives of Travel Writing and Architectural History’, Third Nomad Seminar in Historiography, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, November 8–9, 2012
‘Asia and the Middle East’, the Society of Architectural Historians Annual Conference, Buffalo, NY, April 10–14, 2013
The ‘Inventive Jump’: Curiosity, Culture and Islamicate Form in the Works of Peter and Alison Smithson
Authors: Christensen Peter 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Using materials from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design’s Special Collections, this article explores scantly documented master plans and architectural designs for cities and projects in or relating to the Islamic world, located in Kuwait, Tehran, Alexandria, Khartoum and London and designed by British architects Peter and Alison Smithson from the 1950s through to the 1980s. These projects illustrate the architects’ generative approach towards Islamicate building contexts and the ways in which it at once is in sync and divergent from orientalist, colonial and developmental legacies. Examining aspects of an array of projects – from a chair to a master plan – this article illuminates the pitfalls and promise of the qualities of ‘sympathy’ and ‘empathy’ in the Smithsons’ architectural projects for the Islamic world in the latter half of the twentieth century.