bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical modelling of sawteeth and sawtooth-free regime
Authors: Yu Q. , Günter S. , Lackner K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
To better understand the sawteeth physics and the sawtooth-free regime associated with the hybrid scenario in tokamak experiments, numerical calculations up to quasi-steady state have been carried out for realistic middle-size tokamak plasma parameters, including the bootstrap current perturbation and basing on both the single- and two-fluid equations with the large aspect ratio approximation. Two types of the sawtooth crash are found in multiple sawteeth simulations: (1) For a low equilibrium bootstrap current fraction, the crash is caused by the internal kink mode, as expected; (2) When the bootstrap current density fraction is larger than 10% in the core region, however, the crash is caused by the non-ideal double kink mode, in contrary to the conventional understanding. In this case, a non-monotonic radial profile of the safety factor

q

with two

q
=
1

surfaces emerges before the crash, caused by the bootstrap current density and plasma resistivity perturbations, although the original equilibrium has only single q = 1 surface. In both types of sawtooth crashes, the crash time in two-fluid simulations is tens of microseconds, as observed in experiments. Furthermore, for a relatively low ion density and finite bootstrap current density fraction, a transition from the sawtooth to the sawtooth-free regime is found, in which flat

q

profiles with the

q

value being about unity in the central region, similar to that observed in hybrid scenario experiments, are maintained by the dynamo effect. To enter into the sawtooth-free regime in two-fluid simulations, a much larger Alfvén velocity than that in single-fluid simulations is required due to the diamagnetic drift.
Evaluation of Seismic Response on Small-Scale Reinforced Concrete Frame Using Small-Scale Low-Cost Equipment’s
Authors: Senthil K , Yadav Manav , Singh Talwinder , Sharma Rachit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The security of the infrastructures is an important part and the responsibility of the nation. Therefore, the study is focused on investigating the seismic response of small-scale buildings through the shake table test. The small scale reinforced concrete building of two storey was modelled through the experiment as well as numerical simulations considering 40 MPa concrete strength. The size of the slab was 600 × 600 mm and thickness were 40 mm. The cross section of the column was 50 × 50 mm whereas the height was 300 mm. The galvanized wire was used as main reinforcement and stirrups bar having tensile strength 875 MPa and yield strength 636 MPa. The small-scale building frame was tested under the small-scale shake table which is working with adjustable speed by varying the voltage. The seismic waves were varied by considering different voltages such as 20, 40, 60 and 80V using the shake table. In order to minimize the percentage of error, more than 20 sets of observations were made at each of the voltage levels. The frequency of seismic waves such as 0.175, 0.348, 0.511 and 0.692/s was produced corresponding 20, 40, 60 and 80V, respectively. The displacement of slabs on the ground floor, first, second and third floor was recorded using the LVDT for the duration of 50 sec. The maximum top storey displacement was 50.45, 51.70, 55.31 and 61.04 against the frequency of 20, 40, 60 and 80V respectively. It was observed that the storey drift was ground, first and second floor was 0.42, 0.47 and 0.85, respectively at 60V. The numerical analysis was performed using ABAQUS finite element software incorporating concrete damage plasticity model and elasto-plastic model for concrete and reinforcement bar, respectively. The predicted storey drifts were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results corresponding to 60V. Further, the maximum peak positive acceleration predicted from the simulation was 4.72, 3.03 and 1.93g, respectively at the third (top), second (middle) and first slab (bottom), respectively.
Seismic Crack Analysis in Bridge
Authors: Sahu Lokesh , Mishra Abhishek 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In 2008 Nepal earthquake, in a bridge was developed crack in girder. Displacement of the girder was also cause of earthquake. In bridge study earthquake motions records from close to the bridge site and motions inputs for the bridge’s time history analysis. Stresses of the girder are taken into account in the bridge model. Crack process and affects of crack held in discussion. For high stress zone different seismic inputs are taken. The result show that fracture develop when the girder’s tensile stress surpasses concrete tensile strength during earthquake excitations.
Seismic performance enhancement of base isolated RC building incorporating Cu-Al-Be and FNCATB based SMA
Authors: Baidya S , Roy B K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The introduction of smart materials used for enhancing the seismic performance of buildings has gained popularity in recent times. Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a classic example of smart material which is used to enhance performance and overcome various drawbacks of traditional base isolation systems such as the lack of recentering ability and very high isolator displacement which causes the pounding effect. SMA possesses a distinctive characteristic to endure exceptionally high levels of strain during the loading phase, and upon unloading the strain, no permanent deformation is perceived. In most of the studies and applications, nitinol (Ni-Ti) is used as SMA material. However, it has a higher manufacturing cost and is unable to retain its superelastic property in extremely low temperatures. Due to such limitations, different combinations of materials are studied and tested to be used as a replacement for Ni-Ti SMA and out of which copper-aluminium-beryllium (Cu-Al-Be) and a ferrous-based alloy (FNCATB) materials are significant as these SMAs are relatively less expensive to produce and also their superelasticity property is shown in a wide range of temperatures. So, in this study, the optimal seismic performance of a multi-storeyed base isolated RC building is evaluated under a set of real earthquake loads with these two SMAs. The base isolation is modelled in combination with rubber bearing and SMA (Cu-Al-Be and FNCATB), known as shape memory alloy rubber bearing (SMARB). The top floor acceleration and the isolator displacement are evaluated using these two types of SMAs and the responses are compared. The optimal values of normalized forward transformation strength of SMA materials (FS0
) are evaluated through a bi-objective optimization study to minimize the top floor acceleration as well as the isolator displacement of the isolated building. An evolutionary optimization algorithm, particle swarm optimization is used to solve the optimization problem. The results obtained in this study indicate that the Cu-Al-Be SMA is marginally more effective in reducing the isolator displacement and the FNCATB SMA performs more efficiently in controlling the top floor acceleration of the isolated building. The optimal value of FS0
is also higher for the Cu-Al-Be based SMARB isolation system.
Yield Line Analysis of Two Way Reinforced Concrete Slab of Three-Sides Supported with Various Loading Conditions
Authors: Kumar Shobhit , Rai Anjali , Jain Nitin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Yield line analysis is a powerful method used in structural engineering to evaluate the ultimate load-carrying capacity and failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete slabs. in this study finite element method is used to analyze three side supported(fixed) slab with concentrated loading on different location to find yield line pattern of slab. The finite element software Ansys is used to analysis the slab. this study performed on total five model or specimens. concentrated loading is positioned as-in centre of slab, shifted along central-line along the length, shifted along central-line transverse to the length.
ANSYS R2 is used to simulate and analyse the structural behaviour of different models. The analysis aimed to define the yield line pattern and compare the behavior of slab for different loading condition. Overall the objective of study structural behaviour and to find the yield line pattern of slab subjected to concentrated loading at different locations.
Treatment of Bamboo for Sustainable Construction Practise: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Sain Amit , Gaur Arun , Khichad Jeetendra Singh , Somani Prakash 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Bamboo is a versatile and sustainable natural resource that has been used for centuries by numerous cultures. Untreated bamboo, on the other hand, has limitations in terms of durability, strength, and decay resistance, which limit its usage in specific conditions. To overcome these restrictions and realise its full potential, researchers have investigated various bamboo treatment methods. This research presents an overview of bamboo treatment methods, effects on their performance, and emphasises possible uses in a variety of construction practises. The study looks into the usage of synthetic resin and synthetic rubber as bamboo protective coatings. These coatings improve durability, water repellence, dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and fungal growth resistance. They are also simple to use and contribute to environmentally friendly practises. To protect bamboo from fungal deterioration and insect infestation, chemical substances such as boron-based additions, zinc chloride, sodium pentachloro-phenate, and copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA) are employed as preservatives. These chemicals increase the longevity of bamboo while also ensuring its structural integrity. The use of epoxy resins to improve the tensile strength of bamboo composites is also being observed. It increases flexural and compressive strength by improving adhesion between bamboo fibres and the matrix. The use of epoxy glue also retains the natural strength and durability of bamboo. Heat treatment of bamboo entails treating it to high temperatures in order to enhance its qualities such as dimensional stability, hardness, and resistance to decay and insect assault. Heat-treated bamboo is used in building, furniture, flooring, and composite materials. Understanding and implementing these treatment procedures can help to encourage the wider use of bamboo as a sustainable and environmentally friendly construction material. The findings of this study have the potential to drive decision-making, encourage innovation, and have a positive impact on the environment, society, and economy. Bamboo may be used as a viable alternative to traditional materials in a variety of sectors by exploiting its unique qualities and improving its durability and strength.
Experimental study on mechanical characteristics of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) using bacillus pumilus
Authors: Solanki V P , Priyan K , Patel N A , Bhatt P M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Cementitious materials are the most common construction material globally. Even though deterioration cannot be prevented once the service life has begun, it still calls for maintenance and repair work, which is frequently labor and resource-intensive. Bacteria and fibres can be used to fix these issues. In this study, Bacillus pumilus bacteria is impregnated in concrete with 107 Cfu/g concentration. Glass fibres are used with 1% in ECC. To find mechanical characteristics like compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, tests were run at 7 and 28 days curing time intervals. The mechanical strengths of ECC are enhanced by the combination of fibres and bacteria due the high bridging ability, increase the bonding performance linking fibres, fill voids, enhances compactness.
Application of Waste Cooking Oil as a Rejuvenator for Aged Bitumen
Authors: Singhal Prachi , Gupta Archana Bohra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Bitumen/asphalt is used as a binder in flexible pavements. It is obtained from petroleum which is a non-renewable source of energy. Therefore, use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is sustainable and economical as it replaces the fresh bitumen in the mix design. Stiffness of bitumen increases after aging due to environmental effects. Therefore, use of aged bitumen in construction of RAP causes increase in thermal crackling. To overcome this stiffening effect and to increase the self-healing properties of bitumen, certain materials in the form of rejuvenators can be added. Organic oils such as waste cooking oil (WCO) can be added to recycled bitumen to soften it by replacing lost maltenes and saturates. In this study, varying percentages of WCO are added to the RAP mix and its physical and rheological properties are evaluated by various tests. The results of the study indicate that properties of naturally aged bitumen and artificially aged bitumen improvise when waste cooking oil is added to them in a limited quantity. The addition of waste cooking oil as a rejuvenator improves properties of aged bitumen such as viscosity, softening point, penetration and ductility, but can decrease the Marshall stability of the mixture if too much WCO is added. The optimum range for adding WCO was found to be around 4% for thin film oven aged bitumen and around 6% for naturally aged bitumen. The rejuvenated material can be used in the construction of low-cost roads. Treatment of waste oils can also be done to remove the Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) from the waste oil. One such process applied in this study is the process of Transesterification. After testing, it was found that the properties didn’t vary substantially upon treatment of waste cooking oil. So, it is not recommended as it also increases the cost of the project.
Utilization of construction demolition waste as partial replacement in concrete: An experimental study
Authors: Semwal Ashish , Yadav Prince , Bano Samreen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The construction industry generates a significant amount of waste, which presents a significant challenge for waste management. This waste includes construction and demolition waste (CDW), crushed aggregate, mortar, crushed brick, stones, etc. Reusing and recycling these wastes can reduce waste disposal and save natural resources. This research paper explores the study of the combined replacement of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and recycled fine aggregate (RFA) with varying proportions and evaluates the feasibility and optimum proportion of waste material as a partial replacement. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength the of all specimens were tested as a combined replacement of RCA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) and RFA (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) for M30 grade concrete. Furthermore, SEM, EDX, of mortar were analysed to determine the microstructure characteristics of the materials.
Comparative Study of PPC M40 Grade Bacterial Concrete (Bacillus Subtilis) & Conventional Concrete
Authors: Singh Himanshu Kumar , Rai Anjali , Jain Nitin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Concrete’s activity lifespan begins to decrease as soon as cracks begin to form, which are unavoidable regardless of mix design or formulation. Self-healing concrete by microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation is one such method to prevent cracks from causing structural degradation because they gradually allow water and other materials to pass through. Numerous technologies and studies are being developed to address this issue. Concrete of this kind is capable of initiating biological activity autogenously and repairing itself. Experimental testing is done in this study to demonstrate how the Bacillus Subtilis bacteria affect the properties of PPC M40 grade concrete. The experiment consisted of comparing OPC (ordinary Portland cement), PPC (Portland pozzolana cement), and BACTERIA STIMULATED PPC CONCRETE of the same grade (M40). Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) were used in PPC concrete in volumes of 10 ml, 20 ml, and 30 ml, with concentrations of 10^8 cells per ml, in order to determine the optimal dose for maximum strength. At 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days, samples of concrete were subjected to compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength tests. The experimental outcomes show that PPC-based bacteria(30ml) actuated substantially shows a limit of 30% increment in compressive strength, 29.88% increment in flexural strength and an 11.9% increment in split tensile strength than conventional concrete. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique demonstrated the growth of nanoparticles of filler material that are calcite precipitates, which densifies the concrete and increases its strength. This confirmed the presence of calcite deposition.
Phase Changing Material (PCM) based envelope materials for energy efficient buildings
Authors: Yamini Sloka P , Amalan Sigmund Kaushik S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Phase Changing Materials (PCM) are innovative solutions in building design to regulate temperatures and reduce energy consumption. They offer diverse properties and can be incorporated through methods like direct incorporation, encapsulation, and more. Macro encapsulation is the prevailing trend due to its practicality and availability. This research undertakes a systematic literature review to examine the integration of PCMs with building envelopes, specifically focusing on various aspects across different climate zones in India. The primary objective is to investigate the macro encapsulation of PCMs and utilization in facades, analysing their performance in diverse Indian climate zones. The research compares incorporation methods, efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages, highlighting the relationship between PCMs and climate. Indian cities such as Delhi, Mathura, Ahmedabad, and Gurgaon are compared based on PCM selection, thermophysical properties, and incorporation techniques. The study emphasises the importance of proper macro encapsulation placement in building facades, considering weather conditions and direct sunlight. Lastly, the study provides a comprehensive overview of the limitations associated with different types of PCMs for building envelopes, drawing insights from specific examples in the Indian context. This research contributes to informed decision-making for architects, engineers, and policymakers seeking to enhance buildings’ thermal comfort and energy efficiency.
Development of sustainable pavement: an experimental study of stone mastic asphalt prepared with warm mix additives and reclaimed asphalt pavement
Authors: Kranthi Kiran Raj N , Ramesh A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Premature failures in flexible pavements, such as low-temperature stripping, medium-temperature fatigue cracking, and high-temperature rutting, pose significant challenges. In order to address these issues and environmental challenges, the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixtures surface layers is being encouraged. However, the utilization of RAP in surface layer as Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) SMA mixtures results into higher stiffness and fracture failure. In this context, experimental studies were conducted on SMA mixes with varying percentages of RAP (0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) and cellulose fibers. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies are also explored as an alternative to conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) to reduce energy consumption, carbon emissions, and ensure long-term sustainability.
The experimental approach involves the use of Polymer-Modified Binder (PMB 70) modified with warm mix additive and inclusion of cellulose fibers in SMA mixes so as to prevent asphalt drain down. The mixes were prepared using Marshall Mix design, and various techniques, including moisture susceptibility, rutting resistance and resilient modulus (RM) and were employed for comparison with control mixes.
The findings reveal that the SMA Mix containing 30% RAP exhibits superior resistance to moisture sensitivity and rut depth. Furthermore, the same mix displays significantly elevated resilient modulus values. Thus, the mix is showing promising results in mitigating premature failures and promoting more sustainable pavement solutions.
Behaviour of Masonry with Flyash Bricks
Authors: Mishra Renu , Kumar Praveen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Bricks will always be needed for construction, but as land use intensifies, soil for making bricks will become scarcer. Though fly ash bricks are available from last few years, but the experimental data regarding behaviour of masonry made with such bricks are limited. In the realm of structural design, the compressive strength of masonry stands as a crucial property, while the modulus of elasticity under uniaxial compression assumes equal importance, particularly when addressing concerns related to the deformation of masonry structures. The aim of the experimental investigation reported in this paper is to determine modulus of Elasticity (E) for fly ash brick masonry under axial compression through testing prisms with height to the least lateral dimension ratio of prisms between 2 to 4. Comparison of the same is reported with that of the masonry with conventional burnt clay bricks. The test results revealed that the strength and E of masonry with the alternative bricks (flyash) are in almost similar range to those with burnt clay bricks.
Characterisation of red mud as an embankment material for high-volume utilisations
Authors: Yashmin S S , Sinha A K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Red mud is an industrial by-product generated from the aluminium production industries while processing the bauxite ores to produce hydrated alumina. The global production of aluminium was approximately 140 million tonnes in 2022, generating almost 206 million tonnes of red mud (roughly 1.5 times), while 6.5 million tonnes of alumina and 9.1 million tonnes of red mud in India. Its utilisation in the field is eminently less than its humongous generation, leading to increased dumping on natural grounds. Hence, an attempt has been made to explore the feasibility of red mud for embankment construction, which is a high-volume utilisation. A comprehensive literature review has been carried out regarding the application of red mud in embankment construction. Physical and geotechnical properties were reported pertaining to embankment construction. The physical properties presented in the paper include viz. scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and Raman spectroscopy. Geotechnical properties included in the paper are specific gravity, gradation, consistency limits, compaction, shear strength, permeability, and consolidation. The results obtained from the researchers have been compared among the different red mud obtained worldwide, including India. The geotechnical properties of different red mud were compared with the IRC/MoRTH/MoRD specifications. It was observed that it is an alternative to natural soil for embankment construction. It provides ample room for its utilisation in embankment construction, saving the natural soil and the landscapes that otherwise would turn into dumping grounds of red mud. This study aims to solve the dual challenges of waste management and sustainable development while exploring new possible utilisation of the material in the infrastructural development of the country.