bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Wheat (Triticum spp.) Genotypes for Root Length under Contrasting Water Regimes: Potential Sources of Variability for Drought Resistance Breeding
Authors: Ayalew H. , Ma X. , Yan G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractScreening for root traits has been one of the most difficult areas to practise over large number of genotypes. Hydroponic systems enable easy access to roots while high‐molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used to induce water stress. A total of 838 genotypes were evaluated for root length in a hydroponic trial under PEG‐induced stress and non‐stress growing conditions. Augmented complete block design with seven blocks and six standard control varieties was used. Root length differences were highly significant (P < 0.01) under both stress and non‐stress growing conditions among genotypes. Osmotic stress has caused an average reduction of 54 % in root length. Among the genotypes, root length ranged from 1.4 to 13.3 cm under stress, and 4.4 to 23.3 cm under non‐stress conditions, respectively. The best control variety for drought resistance was significantly (P < 0.05) outperformed by four new entries namely Colotana 296‐52, Compare, Santa Elena and Tammarin Rock, while the shortest roots were measured on genotypes Aus 16356, Elia, Camm, Portugal 3, and Sentinel. Differences among ploidy levels, domesticated and wild forms were also significant (P < 0.05). Hexaploid wheat showed significantly longer roots in both growing conditions while wild tetraploids showed the shortest roots under stress. There was a change in the ranking of genotypes under the two water regimes, which indicates the difficulty of selecting drought resistant varieties under optimum environments.
An eukaryotic translation initiation factor, AteIF5A‐2, affects cadmium accumulation and sensitivity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Yan , Ding Zhong‐Jie , Chen Lei , Yan Jin‐Ying , Li Gui‐Xin , Zheng Shao‐Jian 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements and can be accumulated in plants easily; meanwhile, eIF5A is a highly conserved protein in all eukaryotic organisms. The present work tried to investigate whether eIF5A is involved in Cd accumulation and sensitivity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) by comparing the wild‐type Columbia‐0 (Col‐0) with a knockdown mutant of AteIF5A‐2, fbr12‐3 under Cd stress conditions. The results showed that the mutant fbr12‐3 accumulated more Cd in roots and shoots and had significantly lower chlorophyll content, shorter root length, and smaller biomass, suggesting that downregulation of AteIF5A‐2 makes the mutant more Cd sensitive. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expressions of metal transporters involved in Cd uptake and translocation including IRT1, ZIP1, AtNramp3, and AtHMA4 were significantly increased but the expressions of PCS1 and PCS2 related to Cd detoxification were decreased notably in fbr12‐3 compared with Col‐0. As a result, an increase in MDA and H2O2 content but decrease in root trolox, glutathione and proline content under Cd stress was observed, indicating that a severer oxidative stress occurs in the mutant. All these results demonstrated for the first time that AteIF5A influences Cd sensitivity by affecting Cd uptake, accumulation, and detoxification in Arabidopsis.
Position of Occlusal Plane in Dentate Patients with Reference to the Ala‐Tragal Line Using a Custom‐Made Occlusal Plane Analyzer
Authors: Shetty Sanath , Zargar Nazia Majeed , Shenoy Kamalakanth , D'Souza Neevan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine which of the three positions on the tragus, (superior, middle, inferior) when joined with the ala of the nose for the ala‐tragal line was most parallel to the natural occlusal plane in dentate patients.Material and MethodsThis study was carried out on 500 individuals, selected randomly and who agreed to participate in the study. A custom‐made occlusal plane analyzer was used to check the parallelism between the ala‐tragal line and the occlusal plane. The tragus was divided into three parts: superior, middle, and inferior. The instrument was placed in the participant's mouth, and the posterior points on the tragus were determined.ResultsFor the 500 dentate participants in this study, the most common location of the posterior point on the tragus was the inferior part of the tragus (50.8%). The second most common location of the tragus was the middle part (24.7%), followed by the superior location (12.1%).ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that the occlusal plane was found parallel to a line joining the ala of the nose and the inferior part of the tragus in a slight majority of the participants.
Micro‐CT Detection and Characterization of Porosity in Luting Cements
Authors: Malkoç Meral Arslan , Sevimay Müjde , Tatar İlkan , Çelik Hakan Hamdi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate porosity volume and localization in luting cements under fixed dental prostheses after cementation using micro‐computed tomography (CT).Materials and MethodsSeventy‐seven sound molars were circumferentially prepared to receive all‐ceramic crowns, and IPS e.max ceramic copings were fabricated according to the manufacturer's instructions. For this study, different dental luting cements were used: eight resin‐based cements (Variolink II, RelyX ARC, Clearfil Esthetic, BisCem, RelyX U100, Panavia EX, Super Bond C&B, and Multilink Automix), one resin‐modified glass ionomer (Ketac Cem Plus), one glass ionomer (Ketac Cem), and one polycarboxylate (Durelon). Specimens were scanned with a micro‐CT (SkyScan) for detection and comparison of the cements’ porosities. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni's adjusted Mann‐Whitney U tests.ResultsMultilink Automix (Volume = 0.11 ± 0.08 mm3; Surface Area = 1.63 ± 1.31 mm2), Ketac Cem Plus (Volume = 0.22 ± 0.21 mm3; Surface Area = 4.32 ± 3.71 mm2), and Variolink II (Volume = 0.34 ± 0.38 mm3; Surface Area = 6.47 ± 5.10 mm2) contained less porosity (p < 0.001) than all other cements. All other cements were not significantly different from one another (p > 0.05); however, the volume and surface area of the porosity found in the other tested luting cements were significantly greater than those of the Multilink Automix, Ketac Cem Plus, and Variolink II (p < 0.001), all of which demonstrated no significant differences (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe liquid and powder forms prepared by manually mixing the cements were found to cause greater porosity.
A Survey of the Management of Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders by General Dental Practitioners in Southern Brazil
Authors: Aldrigue Raquel H. S. , Sánchez‐Ayala Alfonso , Urban Vanessa M. , Pavarina Ana C. , Jorge Janaina H. , Campanha Nara H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) are recognized as one of the most controversial topics in dentistry, despite the fact that both basic science and clinical researchers have currently reached some degree of consensus. This study aimed to conduct a questionnaire‐based survey about the management of TMD patients by general dental practitioners (GDPs).Materials and MethodsOne hundred fifty‐one GDPs with a private practice in a city of southern Brazil were included, independent of school of origin, gender, graduation year, and curriculum content. All participants were administered a questionnaire about the management of patients with TMD, and the responses were analyzed by binomial and chi‐square tests (α = 0.05).ResultsOf the GDPs, 88.7% received TMD patients, who were primarily diagnosed on the basis of medical history (36.6%) or physical examination (30.4%). Of these, 65.4% referred the patients elsewhere, primarily to specialists in occlusion (36.1%) or orthodontics (29.7%). Occlusal splinting was the most commonly used management modality (20.8%), followed by occlusal adjustment (18.1%) and pharmacotherapy (16.6%). Splints were fabricated in maximum habitual intercuspation or centric relation depending on individual patient (54.8%). The hard stabilization form was the most common type of appliance used (35.0%). Moreover, 73.8% of the GDPs did not employ semi‐adjustable articulators, and 69.5% adjusted the appliances at the time of fixing. The duration of splint use and the frequency of follow‐up were considered patient dependent by 62.1% and 72.8%, respectively. GDPs considered the two major TMD etiologic categories as multifactorial (20.8%) and occlusion (19.9%). Multidisciplinary medical and dental treatment was considered necessary by 97.9%.ConclusionsThe evaluated general dental practitioners manage TMD patients according to international guidelines.
Paediatric infectious diseases: The last 50 years
Authors: Starr Mike 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMany advances and challenges have occurred in the field of paediatric infectious diseases during the past 50 years. It is impossible to cover all of these in a short review, but a few highlights and lowlights will be covered. These include virtual disappearance of some infectious diseases, emergence of new ones, infections in the immunocompromised, antimicrobial resistance, development of new and improved antimicrobials, improved diagnostic tests and the Human Microbiome Project.
Distribution of Leguminosae tree species in different altitudinal levels along the Atlantic Rain Forest in the Brazilian coast
Authors: da Silva Edson D. , de A. Tozzi Ana M. G. , Meireles Leonardo D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world. Leguminosae, by its great richness and dominance among arboreal stratum elements, is of major importance in the floristic composition and structure of this forest. We investigated the distribution of legume species on an altitudinal gradient to find out the altitudinal zones with higher richness of species; the altitudinal zones with greater floristic similarity; the possible presence of species that may be exclusive to certain vegetation types and the altitudinal amplitudes of those species, as well as the occurrence of species substitution along the altitudinal gradient. Therefore, thirty one studies conducted in different altitudinal levels between 5° S and 29° S were analyzed. A matrix with 142 tree species distributed in altitudinal zones (every 100 m) from sea level to 2100 m was built. The greatest species richness was observed in the Submontane Forest (50–500 m) with 92 species. The cluster analysis revealed a strong dissimilarity of the 1400–2100 m (Upper Montane) and 0–10 m zones (Restinga Forest). The Submontane and the Montane Forest share the highest number of species (38 ssp.). Forty species are unique to Submontane. Substitution of species was verified. Some species have their preferred habitat located at a specific altitudinal amplitude, as is the case of Inga laurina and I. subnuda (0–10 m), I. lanceifolia and Machaerium scleroxylon (800–1200 m). The Leguminosae, although well adapted to the first colonization and establishment of diverse environment, was poorly represented above 1500 m altitude.
What evolves in the evolution of social learning?
Authors: Leadbeater E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSocial learning is fundamental to social life across the animal kingdom, but we still know little about how natural selection has shaped social learning abilities on a proximate level. Sometimes, complex social learning phenomena can be entirely explained by Pavlovian processes that have little to do with the evolution of sociality. This implies that the ability to learn socially could be an exaptation, not an adaptation, to social life but not that social learning abilities have been left untouched by natural selection. I discuss new empirical evidence for associative learning in social information use, explain how natural selection might facilitate the associative learning process and discuss why such studies are changing the way that we think about social learning.
Cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding? A critical appraisal
Authors: Thornton A. , McAuliffe K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe social intelligence hypothesis, which posits that the challenges of life in complex social environments drive cognitive evolution, enjoys widespread theoretical and empirical support. Recent years have seen the emergence of a novel variant of this hypothesis, suggesting that cooperative breeding is associated with the elaboration of socio‐cognitive abilities. With this cooperative breeding hypothesis (CBH) rapidly gaining currency, the time is ripe for a critical appraisal. Proponents of the CBH argue that cooperative breeding leads to increased cognitive performance, calling upon cognitive and motivational processes including spontaneous prosocial tendencies, attending to and learning from conspecifics, teaching and coordinating activities. We review the literature on the natural history and cognitive abilities of cooperative breeders and other social animals and conclude that there is no compelling evidence that these processes are either unique to cooperative breeders or particularly cognitively demanding. Thus, there is currently no reason to suppose that cooperative breeding has major cognitive consequences.
Expression of pERK and VEGFR‐2 in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and resistance to sorafenib treatment
Authors: Negri Francesca V. , Dal Bello Barbara , Porta Camillo , Campanini Nicoletta , Rossi Sandro , Tinelli Carmine , Poggi Guido , Missale Gabriele , Fanello Silvia , Salvagni Stefania , Ardizzoni Andrea , Maria Silini Enrico 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsThe study aimed to evaluate the tissue expression of molecules involved in intracellular signalling pathways as predictors of response to sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsWe considered 77 patients enrolled into three prospective trials of sorafenib treatment for whom pretreatment tumour tissue was available. The tissue expression of β‐catenin, glutamine synthetase (GS), phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK), phosphorylated v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (pAKT) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) was analysed by immunostaining. Stains were scored semiquantitatively and compared with a reference group of 56 untreated HCCs.ResultsOverall, the expression of antigens was comparable between treated and untreated patients. Shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were associated with increased pERK staining (≥ 2+ scores) (PFS: 75th percentile 4.4 vs 8.4 months; P = 0.01; OS: 75th percentile 7.0 vs 15.0 months; P = 0.005) and VEGFR‐2 staining (≥ 2+ scores) (PFS: 75th percentile 3.8 vs 7.0 months; P = 0.039; OS: 75th percentile 6.3 vs 15.0 months; P = 0.004). At multivariate analysis, both pERK and VEGFR‐2 staining maintained an independent effect on OS (HR 2.09; 95% CI, 1.13–3.86, P = 0.019 and HR 2.28; 95% CI, 1.13–4.61, P = 0.021 respectively). No effect was observed for the other tested biomarkers.ConclusionsElevated tissue expression of pERK and VEGFR‐2 was predictive of poor outcome in advanced HCC treated with sorafenib.
Inferring trackline detection probabilities, g(0), for cetaceans from apparent densities in different survey conditions
Authors: Barlow Jay 
Published: January 2015

AbstractVisual line‐transect surveys are commonly used to estimate cetacean abundance. A key parameter in such studies isg(0), the probability of detecting an animal that is directly on the transect line. This is typically considered to be constant for a species across survey conditions. A method is developed to estimate the relative values ofg(0) in different survey conditions (Beaufort state) by comparing Beaufort‐specific density estimates. The approach is based on fitting generalized additive models, with the presence of a sighting on a survey segment as the dependent variable, Beaufort state as the key explanatory variable, and year, latitude, and longitude as nuisance variables to control for real differences in density over time and space. Values of relativeg(0) are estimated for 20 cetacean taxa using 175,000 km of line‐transect survey data from the eastern and central Pacific Ocean from 1986 to 2010. Results show thatg(0) decreases as Beaufort state increases, even for visually conspicuous species. This effect is greatest for the least conspicuous species (rough‐toothed dolphins, beaked whales, minke whales, and dwarf and pygmy sperm whales). Ignoring these large effects results in a nontrivial bias in cetacean abundance estimates.
Synaptic protein levels altered in vascular dementia
Authors: Sinclair Lindsey I. , Tayler Hannah M. , Love Seth 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionCerebral ischaemia is the defining pathophysiological abnormality in most forms of vascular dementia (VAD), but the pathogenesis of the dementia remains poorly understood. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is early loss of synaptic proteins, but these have been little studied in VAD.Materials and MethodsWe measured synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD‐95), drebrin, synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 (SNAP‐25) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in superior temporal cortex from 11 patients with VAD and, initially, 11 non‐dementia controls. We corrected for neuronal content by measurement of neuron‐specific enolase. A further 11 controls were subsequently used in a validation study. Simulation of post‐mortem delay found that PSD‐95 was stable at 4°C but declined slightly at RT. SNAP‐25 and drebrin showed good post‐mortem stability. Previous studies had shown good post‐mortem preservation of synaptophysin and VEGF.ResultsThe VAD cases had lower synaptophysin (but P > 0.05 in initial study), significantly lower SNAP‐25 (P = 0.024) and significantly higher drebrin (P = 0.020). On comparison with the second control group, the reduction in synaptophysin was significant (P = 0.008), and the other results were confirmed.ConclusionThere is probably a reduction in presynaptic proteins in the temporal cortex in VAD, although not as marked as in AD. In VAD, there is also an increase in drebrin, which may be a response to reduced synaptic input.
Fabry disease associated with chronic meningitis and cerebral infarction
Authors: Yanagimura Fumihiro , Fukushima Takao , Sakamaki Yuichi , Nakamura Gen , Maruyama Hiroki , Makino Kunihiko 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA 48‐year‐old man receiving enzyme replacement therapy for Fabry disease was admitted to Niigata Prefectural Shibata Hospital, Shibata, Japan, for a fever, headache, dysarthria and right hemiparesis. Aseptic meningitis and lacunar infarction were diagnosed, and symptomatic therapy and antiplatelet therapy improved the symptoms. As he had had a sub‐ever and headache once a month for 1 year, and developed a fever and headache again 2 months after discharge from our hospital, chronic meningitis was diagnosed. Prednisolone was introduced, and there was no relapse of meningitis thereafter. It is hypothesized that glycosphingolipids accumulated at the leptomeninges could induce aseptic meningitis and result in a shift to chronic meningitis. Chronic meningitis is implicated as the cause of a chronic headache in Fabry disease, and steroids could be a potential effective therapy.
Intestinal gas homeostasis: disposal pathways
Authors: Mego M. , Bendezú A. , Accarino A. , Malagelada J.‐R. , Azpiroz F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundPatients with functional gut disorders frequently complain of gas‐related symptoms, but the role of intestinal gas in this context is not clear, because intestinal gas homeostasis is incompletely understood. Our aim was to compare the proportion of the gas produced by colonic fermentation that is evacuated per anus and that eliminated via alternative pathways.MethodsIn 20 healthy subjects, gas evacuated per anus was collected for 4 h after a standard flatulogenic test meal. Paired studies were performed without and with high‐rate infusion of exogenous gas (24 mL/min) into the jejunum to wash‐out of the gut the endogenous gas produced by bacterial fermentation. The exogenous gas infused was labeled (5% SF6) to calculate the proportion of endogenous gas evacuated.Key ResultsIn the experiments with gaseous wash‐out, 1817 ± 139 mL of endogenous gas was produced over the 4‐h study period. However, in the experiments without wash‐out (basal conditions), 376 ± 43 mL were evacuated, indicating that only 23 ± 3% of the gas produced was finally eliminated per anus, while the rest (77 ± 3%) had been previously eliminated via alternative pathways.Conclusions & InferencesIntestinal gas homeostasis is a highly dynamic process by which a large proportion of the gas produced by bacterial fermentation of meal residues is rapidly absorbed into the blood and/or metabolized by gas‐consuming microorganisms, and only a relatively modest proportion is eliminated per anus. These data contribute to clarify the complex dynamics of intestinal gas and may help interpret the pathophysiology of gas‐related symptoms.
Gastric emptying scintigraphy results in children are affected by age, anthropometric factors, and study duration
Authors: Wong G. K. , Shulman R. J. , Chumpitazi B. P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundA standardized 4‐h adult‐based gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) protocol is increasingly being used in children to evaluate for gastroparesis. We sought to determine the effect of age, anthropometrics, and study duration on GES results using this protocol in children.MethodsRetrospective review of children who underwent a 4‐h solid‐meal GES study at a tertiary care center. GES results and anthropometric data (e.g., weight, stature, body surface area [BSA]) were systematically captured.Key ResultsOf 216 children, 188 (87%) were able to complete the study meal. Children unable to complete the meal were younger and smaller. In multivariate analysis, only increasing BSA was identified as being positively associated with ability to complete the meal (odds ratio: 19.7; p < 0.001). Of those completing the meal, 48 (26%) had delayed emptying (4‐h retention value >10%). These children were significantly younger and smaller than those with normal emptying. In multivariate analysis of those completing the meal, only increasing BSA (odds ratio: 0.26; p = 0.006) was identified as being negatively associated with delayed emptying. There was a progressive increase in the positive predictive value for identification of delayed gastric emptying as the duration of the study increased (0.25, 0.60, and 0.71 at 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively) using the 4‐hr value as a comparator.Conclusions & InferencesYoung children have more difficulty completing the GES meal. Childhood gastric retention is affected by age and anthropometric factors, primarily BSA. The standardized 4‐h GES protocol may need to take these factors into account in children.