bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellulose Conversion to Sugar Alcohol by Solution Plasma Processing
Authors: Watthanaphanit Anyarat , Lee Hoonseung , Saito Nagahiro 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTCellulose was selectively converted to sugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol) over a supported-metal catalyst ruthenium on carbon (Ru/C) by the application of plasma in cellulose aqueous suspension. Generally, conversion of cellulose to sugar alcohol should be done under H2 pressure and high temperature. The goal of using solution plasma process (SPP) in this study is to initiate “self-hydrogenation” by reactive hydrogen species generated from the plasma due to dissociation of water medium. The sugar alcohols were produced at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis indicates that the SPP is a potent tool to promote the conversion of cellulose to sugar alcohols.
Student Perceptions of Effectiveness of Case-Based Learning in Orthodontic Education
Authors: Yang Zhenhua , Ding Yin , Jin Zuolin , Jin Fang 
Published: September 2015

Background :Teacher-centered education dominates dental education in China. This report introduced the redesign of an orthodontic course previously delivered in a traditional lecture format into a case-based and student-centered learning format that focuses on improving students’ ability in clinical problem-solving and decision making skills.Methods :Thirty five dental students at the fourth year of a five-year B.D.S. program met in a ten-period series of seminars. Case details with relevant diagnostic records were provided to each student ahead of time. A diagnostic worksheet was used to guide students through the analytical process to develop the diagnosis and treatment plan. Students took turns leading the discussion at each seminar. Instructors served as facilitators and evaluators. Following the last session, a questionnaire was distributed to each student to evaluate the case-based learning program.Results :Responses from students revealed that the case-based orthodontic course was well received. Students commented favorably upon improvement in the aspects of problem lists, diagnosis and treatment planning.Conclusion :It was our initial attempt of using case-based learning format often used in postdoctoral dental education as a curriculum innovation in undergraduate orthodontic education. Our pilot investigation indicated that CBL is worthy of wide use and could be applied in multilevel dental education to develop the dental student's knowledge and skill in comprehensive patient evaluation and diagnosis in preparation for treatment planning.
Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal and First Carpometacarpal Joints is Associated with High Bone Mass in Women and Small Bone Size and Low Lean Mass in Men
Authors: Schewelov Thord von , Magnusson Håkan , Cöster Maria , Karlsson Caroline , Rosengren Björn E 
Published: September 2015

Objective:
To determine if primary hand osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with abnormal bone and anthropometric traits.

Methods:
We used DXA to measure total body bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck width (bone size) and total body lean and fat mass in 39 subjects with hand OA (primary DIP and/or CMC I) and 164 controls. Data are presented as mean Z-scores or Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.

Results:
Women with hand OA had (compared to controls) higher BMD (0.5(0.1,0.9)) but similar bone size (-0.3(-0.8,0.2)), lean mass (0.3(-0.3,0.9)), fat mass (-0.1(-0.6,0.5)) and BMI (0.0(-0.6,0.6)). Men with hand OA had (compared to controls) similar BMD (-0.1(-0.7,0.6)), smaller bone size (-0.5(-1.1,-0.01)), lower lean mass (-0.6(-1.1,-0.04)), and similar fat mass (-0.2(-0.7,0.4)) and BMI -0.1(-0.6,0.6). In women, each SD higher BMD was associated with an OR of 1.8 (1.03, 3.3) for having hand OA. In men each SD smaller bone size was associated with an OR of 1.8 (1.02, 3.1) and each SD lower proportion of lean body mass with an OR of 1.9 (1.1, 3.3) for having hand OA.

Conclusion:
Women with primary DIP finger joint and/or CMC I joint OA have a phenotype with higher BMD while men with the disease have a smaller bone size and lower lean body mass.
Le Beau Footwear: A Business Valuation Case for a Privately Held Firm
Authors: Jalilvand Abol , Kostolansky John W. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
The case for Le Beau Footwear, which is based on actual events, examines the financial and legal decisions concerning a privately held Canadian retailer whose leased premises and entire inventory were destroyed by a suspicious fire in 1990. The focus of the case is on determining the monetary value of the lost profits that resulted from the insurer's delays in paying the indemnified amount. Within this context, this case provides a rich and comprehensive example of the application of the accounting return on investment (ROI) and the market-based opportunity cost of capital (OCC) techniques for valuation of a privately held firm. Further, the case demonstrates a sharp example of applying the results from previous studies of initial public offering (IPO) and small firm effect to make valuation adjustments that reflect the retailer's private ownership status and its small size. This case is intended for use in advanced accounting and finance courses in M.B.A., M.S. in Accountancy, and M.S. in Finance programs.
Implementing a “Real-World” Fraud Investigation Class: The Justice for Fraud Victims Project
Authors: Kern Sara M. , Weber Gary J 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
The Justice for Fraud Victims Project class is an innovative program developed at Gonzaga University as a partnership between the university, local law enforcement, local and federal prosecutors, and the local chapter of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). The class provides an opportunity for students to utilize their accounting expertise for the benefit of the community while developing an understanding of forensic accounting. At the same time, the course addresses, in some small measure, the injustice arising from the inability of victims to pursue fraudsters due to lack of resources to pay for an examination. We describe the structure and organization of the course, provide statistics from investigated cases (both at Gonzaga and at other universities that have adopted the approach), and share results of participant surveys regarding their experiences. We also describe the many benefits of the class, such as student learning through hands-on experience, positive publicity for the school, and the potential for justice and possible restitution for victims of fraud who cannot afford to pay for a forensic accounting examination. Last, we share advice on how to implement the class, including suggesting potential solutions for some of the unique challenges that may arise.
Clinical profile and outcome of neonates admitted to the Neonatal Care Unit at a teaching hospital in Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Shakya Arati , Shrestha Devendra , Shakya Henish , Shah Subhash Chandra , Dhakal Ajaya Kumar 
Published: September 2015

Background: Neonatal period is a vulnerable time in which the newborn has to adapt to a totally new environment and is susceptible to many problems, which may even be life threatening. It is found that neonatal mortality rate is decreasing in Nepal but at a slower pace than infant and child mortality. In order to improve neonatal outcome, it is crucial to identify the areas where health care can be improved.Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the spectrum of diseases and outcomes at a level two NICU at a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A descriptive observational study conducted at the neonatal care unit in the Department of Paediatrics at KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal over one year from 14th of April 2013 to 13th April 2014. Data on age at admission, gender, gestational age, birth weight, initial presenting symptoms at admission, fi nal diagnosis and outcome were collected from in patient records at the hospital record section and analyzed using SPSS 17.0.Results: A total of 279 neonates were studied. The commonest causes of admission were infection (45.9%), followed by respiratory conditions (14.7%), neonatal jaundice (12.5%), perinatal asphyxia (9.3%) and prematurity/ small for gestational age (SGA) (6.5 %). Most of the admissions (62%) were during the fi rst 24 hours of life. The majorities, 89.2%, were term gestation and 10.8% were preterm. Most of the preterm babies were late preterms with gestational ages between 35- 36 weeks (73% of preterms were late preterms). Total of four mortalities (1.4%) occurred, three of which were due to perinatal asphyxia and one was a Down’s syndrome with overwhelming sepsis.Conclusion: In this study, infections followed by respiratory conditions were the leading causes of admission. Most of the admissions occurred during the fi rst 24 hours of life. This emphasizes the fact that attentiveness during the fi rst day of life, simple measure to prevent infection and early detection and treatment may go a long way in improving neonatal outcome.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, 2014Page: 144-148
Making the most of mobility: virtual mentoring and education practitioner professional development
Authors: Owen Hazel D. 
Published: September 2015

Learning provision, including professional learning, needs to embrace mobility (of knowledge, cultures and contexts – physical and cerebral) to enable education practitioners to interact locally and globally, engage with new literacies, access rich contexts, and to question, co-construct and collaborate. Virtual mentoring, also known as distance, remote, tele-, cyber- and eMentoring, offers a level of flexibility that enables mentors and mentees to maximise these concepts of mobility. There are Professional Learning and Development (PLD) initiatives that offer contextualised, individualised learning experiences via mentoring partnerships and Communities of Practice (CoPs), but not so many that have focussed on virtual mentoring and online CoPs. This article describes a Virtual PLD programme that has been offered in Aotearoa New Zealand from 2009 to date and discusses findings from the associated research study, including benefits that can be specifically equated to the virtual nature of the mentoring and access to the online CoP. Also reported are shifts in mentees’ self-efficacy and perceptions of changes in professional practice.Keywords: online communities; professional development; coaching(Published: 16 September 2015)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2015, 23: 25566 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.25566
Bud‐bank and tiller dynamics of co‐occurring C3 caespitose grasses in mixed‐grass prairie
Authors: Ott Jacqueline P. , Hartnett David C. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Tiller recruitment from the belowground bud bank of caespitose grasses influences their ability to monopolize local resources and, hence, their genet fitness. Differences in bud production and outgrowth among tiller types within a genet and among species may explain co‐occurrence of caespitose grasses. This study aimed to characterize genet bud‐bank and tiller production and dynamics in two co‐occurring species and compare their vegetative reproductive strategies.METHODS:Bud‐bank and tiller dynamics of Hesperostipa comata and Nassella viridula, dominant C3 caespitose grasses in the northern mixed‐grass prairie of North America, were assessed throughout an annual cycle.KEY RESULTS:The two species showed similar strategies, maintaining polycyclic tillers and thus creating mixed‐age genet bud banks comprising multiple bud cohorts produced in different years. Vegetative tillers produced the majority of buds, whereas flowering tillers contributed little to the bud bank. Buds lived for at least 2 yr and were maintained in multiple developmental stages throughout the year. Because bud longevity rarely exceeded tiller longevity, tiller longevity drove turnover within the bud bank. Tiller population dynamics, more than bud production per tiller, determined the differential contribution of tiller types to the bud bank. Nassella viridula had higher bud production per tiller, a consistent annual tiller recruitment density, and greater longevity of buds on senesced and flowering tillers than H. comata.CONCLUSIONS:Co‐occurring C3 caespitose grasses had similar bud‐bank and tiller dynamics contributing to genet persistence but differed in bud characteristics that could affect genet longevity and species coexistence.
Contrasting responses to water‐deficit among Encelia canescens populations distributed along an aridity gradient
Authors: Carvajal Danny E. , Loayza Andrea P. , Squeo Francisco A. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Drought is the most limiting factor for plant growth and recruitment in arid environments. For widespread species, however, plant responses to drought can vary across populations because environmental conditions can vary along the range of the species. Here, we assessed whether plants of Encelia canescens from different populations along an aridity gradient in the Atacama Desert respond differently to water‐deficit conditions.METHODS:We conducted a common‐garden experiment using plants grown from seeds from three populations distributed along an aridity gradient to test for differences in relative growth rate (RGR), biomass, root to shoot ratios, and photosynthesis between watered and water‐deficit plants. Additionally, we examined the relationship between root to shoot ratios with RGR and total plant biomass along the gradient.KEY RESULTS:Water deficit affected root to shoot ratios, biomass, and RGR, but not photosynthesis. Populations varied in RGR and biomass; plants from the most arid population had higher RGRs, but lower biomass than those from the least arid population. In watered conditions, root to shoot ratios did not vary with RGR or biomass. Conversely, with the water deficit, root to shoot ratios were negatively and positively related to biomass and RGR, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Response to water deficit differed among E. canescens populations; plants from the lowest rainfall environment adjusted root to shoot ratios, which may have allowed for equal biomass production across treatments. In contrast, plants from the wettest population did not adjust root to shoot ratios, but were reduced in biomass. These morphological and physiological changes to water availability showed that populations can use different strategies to cope with water deficit.
Phylogeny and photosynthesis of the grass tribe Paniceae
Authors: Washburn Jacob D. , Schnable James C. , Davidse Gerrit , Pires J. Chris 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The grass tribe Paniceae includes important food, forage, and bioenergy crops such as switchgrass, napiergrass, various millet species, and economically important weeds. Paniceae are also valuable for answering scientific and evolutionary questions about C4 photosynthetic evolution, drought tolerance, and spikelet variation. However, the phylogeny of the tribe remains incompletely resolved.METHODS:Forty‐five taxa were selected from across the tribe Paniceae and outgroups for genome survey sequencing (GSS). These data were used to build a phylogenetic tree of the Paniceae based on 102 markers (78 chloroplast, 22 mitochondrial, 2 nrDNA). Ancestral state reconstruction analyses were also performed within the Paniceae using both the traditional and two subtype classification systems to test hypotheses of C4 subtype evolution.KEY RESULTS:The phylogenetic tree resolves many areas of the Paniceae with high support and provides insight into the origin and number of C4 evolution events within the tribe. The recovered phylogeny and ancestral state reconstructions support between four and seven independent origins of C4 photosynthesis within the tribe and indicate which species are potentially the closest C3 sister taxa of each of these events.CONCLUSIONS:Although the sequence of evolutionary events that produced multiple C4 subtypes within the Paniceae remains undetermined, the results presented here are consistent with only a subset of currently proposed models. The species used in this study constitute a panel of C3 and C4 grasses that are suitable for further studies on C4 photosynthesis, bioenergy, food and forage crops, and various developmental features of the Paniceae.
Sensitivity of three tree ferns during their first phase of life to the variation of solar radiation and water availability in a Mexican cloud forest
Authors: Riaño Karolina , Briones Oscar 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Regeneration niche differentiation promotes species coexistence and diversity; however, the ecological implications for the initial life phases of the majority of pteridophytes are unknown. We analyzed the sensitivity of gametophytes and juvenile sporophytes of the tree ferns Alsophila firma, Cyathea divergens, and Lophosoria quadripinnata to variation in light and water availability.METHODS:We evaluated gametophyte desiccation tolerance using saturated salt solutions and gametophyte solar radiation tolerance by direct exposure. We also transplanted juvenile sporophytes in environments with 7% and 23% canopy openness and two watering levels.KEY RESULTS:The response of photosynthetic efficiency and water content suggest that the gametophytes of the three species require high relative humidity, tolerate direct solar radiation for up to 30 min and that the response is not species‐dependent. Sporophyte size and gas exchange were greater in the more open site, but decreased watering had a lesser effect on these variables in the more closed site. Relative growth rate correlated with the net assimilation rate and leaf weight ratio. Juvenile sporophytes of A. firma were more shade tolerant, while those of C. divergens and L. quadripinnata acclimatized to both environments.CONCLUSIONS:Specialization to humid habitats in the tree fern gametophyte restricts the species to humid forests, while differences in the plasticity of the sporophyte facilitate coexistence of the species.
Development and characterization of 11 microsatellite primers for the sedgeTrichophorum planifolium(Cyperaceae)
Authors: Nowell Victoria J. , Wang Song , Smith Tyler W. 
Published: September 2015

Premise of the study:Microsatellite loci were developed forTrichophorum planifolium(Cyperaceae), an endangered woodland sedge protected under federal and provincial legislation in Canada, to explore patterns of population genetic diversity and differentiation in the species.Methods and Results:Sixty‐three primer pairs were evaluated for amplification consistency and screened for polymorphisms in 96 samples collected from 12 populations ofT. planifoliumdistributed through the range of the species. Of these, 11 loci were shown to be polymorphic, displaying two to six alleles. Mean observed heterozygosity across loci ranged from 0.00 to 0.06 among populations tested.Conclusions:The results suggest that the 11 primer pairs developed in this study will be useful for future studies of broad‐scale genetic variation inT. planifoliumand in guiding management protocols for the species in Canada.
Success of Urgent-Start Peritoneal Dialysis in a Large Canadian Renal Program
Authors: Alkatheeri Ali M.A. , Blake Peter G. , Gray Daryl , Jain Arsh K. 
Published: September 2015

Background Many patients start renal replacement therapy urgently on in-center hemodialysis via a central venous catheter, which is considered suboptimal. An alternative approach to manage these patients is to start them on peritoneal dialysis (PD). In this report, we describe the first reported Canadian experience with an urgent-start PD program. Additionally we reviewed the literature in this area. Methods In this prospective observational study, we report on our experience in a single academic center. This program started in July 2010. We included patients who initiated PD urgently, that is within 2 weeks of catheter insertion. We followed all incident PD patients until October 2013 for mechanical and infectious complications. Peritoneal dialysis catheters were inserted either percutaneously or laparoscopically and dialysis was initiated in either an inpatient or outpatient setting. Results Thirty patients were started on urgent PD during our study period. Follow-up ranged from 28 to 1,050 days. Twenty insertions (66.7 %) were done percutaneously and 10 (33.3%) were laparoscopic. Dialysis was initiated within 2 weeks (range: 0 – 13 days, median = 6 days). Twenty-four patients (80%) started PD in an outpatient setting and 6 patients (20%) required immediate inpatient PD start. Three patients (10%) developed a minor peri-catheter leak during the first week of training that was managed conservatively. There were no episodes of peritonitis or exit-site/tunnel infection during the first 4 weeks post-insertion. Four patients (13.3 %) from the percutaneous insertion group and 2 patients (6.7%) from laparoscopic insertions developed catheter dysfunction due to migration, which was managed by repositioning, without need for catheter replacement or modality switch. Conclusions Our results are consistent with other studies in this area and demonstrate that urgent-start PD is an acceptable and safe alternative to hemodialysis in patients who need to start dialysis urgently without established dialysis access.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients Treated with Biologics
Authors: Barthel Deborah , Ganser Gerd , Kuester Rolf-Michael , Onken Nils , Minden Kirsten , Girschick Hermann Josef , Hospach Anton , Horneff Gerd 
Published: September 2015

Objective.Evolving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a matter of interest in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and might be associated with JIA therapy.Methods.Data from the German biologics registry (Biologika in der Kinderrheumatologie; BiKeR) from 2001 to 2013 were analyzed.Results.There were 3071 patients with 8389 patient-years (PY) of observation followed. IBD was diagnosed in 11 patients, 8 with Crohn disease and 3 with ulcerative colitis. IBD incidence in patients with JIA was 1.31/1000 PY and higher than published IBD incidences in pediatric populations. Compared with the total BiKeR cohort, patients with IBD more commonly had enthesitis-related arthritis, extended oligoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and also rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative polyarthritis. No IBD occurred in patients with systemic JIA or RF-positive polyarthritis. In patients treated with methotrexate (MTX), the IBD incidence was significantly lower compared with patients not treated with MTX. Etanercept (ETN) monotherapy, but not the combination of ETN and MTX, was associated with an increased incidence of IBD.Conclusion.Incidence of IBD in patients with JIA is higher than in the population. MTX turned out to be protective, even in combination with ETN.