bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitudes and practice toward cervical cancer screening among Sikkimese nursing staff in India
Authors: Rahman Hafizur , Kar Sumit 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Objectives: To assess baseline knowledge of cancer cervix, screening and practice of Pap smear screening among Sikkimese staff nurses in India. Materials and Methods: Between April 2012 and February 2013, a predesigned, pretested, self -administered multiple responses questionnaire survey was conducted among staff nurses′ working in various hospitals of Sikkim. Questionnaire contained information about their demographics, knowledge of cervical cancer, its risk factors, screening methods, attitudes toward cervical cancer screening and practice of Pap smear amongst themselves. Results: Overall, 90.4% nurses responded that they were aware of cancer cervix. Three quarter of the staff nurses were not aware of commonest site being cancer cervix in women. Of the 320 participants, who had heard of cancer cervix, 253 (79.1%) were aware of cancer cervix screening. Pap smear screening should start at 21 years or 3 years after sexual debut was known to only one-third of the nursing staff. Age was found to be a significant predictor of awareness of Pap smear screening among nursing staff. Awareness was significantly more prevalent among older staff (P < 0.007). Married nursing staffs were significantly more likely to be aware of screening methods, and nursing staff of Christian and Buddhist religion were 1.25 times and 2.03 times more likely to aware of screening methods than Hindu religion respectively. Only 16.6% nurses, who were aware of a Pap smear (11.9% of the total sample), had ever undergone a Pap smear test. Most common reason offered for not undergoing Pap smear test were, they felt they were not at risk (41%), uncomfortable pelvic examination (25%) and fear of a bad result (16.6%). Conclusion: Knowledge of cancer cervix, screening and practice of Pap smear was low among Sikkimese nursing staff in India. There is an urgent need for re-orientation course for working nurses and integration of cervical cancer prevention issues in the nurses′ existing curriculum in India and other developing countries.
Terug naar het begin: Een onderzoek naar het principe van constituerende macht
Authors: Timmermans Nora 
Published: June 2015

Terug naar het begin: Een onderzoek naar het principe van constituerende macht
In dit artikel argumenteer ik dat er twee mogelijke invullingen zijn voor het principe van constituerende macht. De eerste mogelijkheid is deze van de klassieke basisveronderstelling van de constitutionele democratie, namelijk dat de gemeenschap zelf vorm kan en moet geven aan de fundamentele regels die die gemeenschap beheersen. Hans Lindahl maakt een interessante analyse van deze traditionele invulling, die ik kritisch zal benaderen. Lindahl heeft immers zelf scherpe kritiek op de invulling die Antonio Negri aan het concept constituerende macht geeft. Mijn interpretatie gaat er echter van uit dat Negri een fundamenteel andere inhoud geeft aan het principe van constituerende macht, waarbij constituerende macht niet alleen wordt losgemaakt van het constitutionalisme, maar meer algemeen van elk rechtssysteem en zelfs van elke vorm van finaliteit. Deze argumentatie werpt een nieuw licht op het debat rond Negri’s theorie van constituerende macht, waarin diens meest fundamentele uitgangspunt vaak over het hoofd wordt gezien.
<b> Jovens e juventudes: consensos e desafios</b>
Authors: Gil Carmem Zeli De Vargas 
Published: June 2015

Este artigo retrata parte das reflexões empreendidas na pesquisa de doutorado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da UFRGS. Examina os consensos que os estudos, a partir da década de 1990, produziram sobre os jovens, evidenciando a diversidade e as desigualdades que envolvem os jovens de nosso tempo. Do ponto de vista teórico, as análises tiveram sustentação nos estudos de Melucci, Sposito, Pais, Serna, Reguillo, Abad, Feixa entre outros. Percebe-se que após as atenções terem se dirigido às crianças e aos adolescentes nos anos 80 com a elaboração e a aprovação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, na década seguinte é a categoria juventude que ganha visibilidade. Diversos fatores pesam nesse sentido, como o grande contingente populacional jovem, o índice de desemprego e desocupação juvenil, a disseminação da AIDS entre os jovens e os indicadores sociais que colocam a juventude como “problema social”. Nesse contexto, alguns consensos começam a se firmar: o entendimento dos jovens como sujeitos de direitos, a diversidade da realidade juvenil, a juventude como uma condição singular e a necessidade de respostas diferentes para situações diversas. Permanecem, entretanto, os desafios colocados pelos dados que indicam a situação dos jovens brasileiros.Palavras-chave: Jovens; Juventudes; Desigualdades; Educação.
<b>A Docência na Educação superior e as didáticas especiais: campos em construção</b>
Authors: Veiga Ilma Passos Alencastro 
Published: June 2015

O presente estudo visa discutir a docência na Educação Superior sob duas óticas. A primeira apresenta uma perspectiva com produções diversas, relativas aos processos de mudanças legais e de reforma educacional, bem como o exame dessas interferências na constituição da docência na Educação Supe-rior, sob a ótica da racionalidade técnica . A segunda perspectiva refere-se à caracterização da docência e à constituição das didáticas específicas, abrangendo o estudo da aula e a problemática das disciplinas acadêmicas que supõem uma configuração conceitual e metodológica, com ênfase na natureza e especificidade do campo científico, nas orientações da didática geral, nas experiências acumuladas e suas relações com o contexto social. Discutir a docência na Educação Superior na contemporaneidade, com as transformações políticas e educacionais, implica repensar alguns fundamentos sob os quais ela se organiza. Trata-se de um campo que se está configurando a partir dos estudos e pesquisa sobre a docência e as aulas na Educação Superior.Palavras-chave: Educação Superior, docência, didáticas especiais.
<b>Pedagogia Universitária: Desafio da Entrada na Carreira Docente</b>
Authors: Isaia Silvia Maria De Aguiar , Maciel Adriana Moreira da Rocha , Bolzan Doris Pires Vargas 
Published: June 2015

O texto decorre de pesquisa sobre movimentos construtivos da docência superior, com quarenta professores de duas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), pública e privada. Neste recorte, o objetivo é compreender quais marcadores definem a entrada na carreira docente, apreendidos em investigação narrativa, a partir de autorreconstruções biográficas e entrevistas, analisadas em uma perspectiva textual discursiva. Na compreensão deste movimento consideramos alguns fatores: a inserção na docência superior demarca a transição de profissionais em formação para professores autônomos – condição a ser construída no enfrentamento das condições sociais e institucionais; os sentimentos docentes são dinamizadores da atividade educativa e condicionam a atitude valorativa perante o mundo pessoal e profissional e a configuração de uma ambiência docente positiva; a resiliência perante as exigências da nova profissão, as condições oferecidas pelo ambiente universitário e ao modo de enfrentamento das dificuldades enfrentadas pelo professor ingressante. Esses fatores se intensificam, principalmente, quando não existe uma acolhida e um programa de inserção de novos docentes, capaz de fortalecê-los diante de situações inéditas que estão enfrentando, propiciando a superação de aspectos limitadores em si mesmo e no ambiente universitário.Palavras-chave: movimentos construtivos da docência universitária, entrada na carreira docente, professores ingressantes, inserção na profissão docente, Educação Superior.
An ionized layer in the upper atmosphere of Mars caused by dust impacts from comet Siding Spring
Authors: Gurnett D. A. , Morgan D. D. , Persoon A. M. , Granroth L. J. , Kopf A. J. , Plaut J. J. , Green J. L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe report the detection of a dense ionized layer in the upper atmosphere of Mars caused by the impact of dust from comet Siding Spring. The observations were made by the ionospheric radar sounder on the Mars Express spacecraft during two low‐altitude passes approximately 7 h and 14 h after closest approach of the comet to Mars. During these passes an unusual transient layer of ionization was detected at altitudes of about 80 to 100 km with peak electron densities of (1.5 to 2.5) × 105 cm−3, much higher than normally observed in the Martian ionosphere. From comparisons to previously observed ionization produced by meteors at Earth and Mars, we conclude that the layer was produced by dust from the comet impacting and ionizing the upper atmosphere of Mars.
Metallic ions in the upper atmosphere of Mars from the passage of comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
Authors: Benna M. , Mahaffy P. R. , Grebowsky J. M. , Plane J. M. C. , Yelle R. V. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe report the first in situ detection of metal ions in the upper atmosphere of Mars resulting from the ablation of dust particles from comet Siding Spring. This detection was carried out by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission. Metal ions of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, and possibly of Si, and Ca, were identified in the ion spectra collected at altitudes of ~185 km. The measurements revealed that Na+ was the most abundant species, and that the remaining metals were depleted with respect to the CI (type 1 carbonaceous Chondrites) abundance of Na+. The temporal profile and abundance ratios of these metal ions suggest that the combined effects of dust composition, partial ablation, differential upward transport, and differences in the rates of formation and removal of these metal ions are responsible for the observed depletion.
Using patchy pulsating aurora to remote sense magnetospheric convection
Authors: Yang Bing , Donovan E. , Liang J. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Spanswick E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFive patchy pulsating aurora (PPA) patches have been identified in data obtained from the Gillam Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager (ASI). We found that azimuthal velocities of five patches derived from THEMIS ASI data were close to the same value as the local convection velocities as obtained from analysis of Super Dual Auroral Radar Network data, consistent with the idea that the patch motion is primarily due to E × B convection. We argue that this means that we can infer 2‐D maps of the time‐evolving convection from time sequences of PPA. Further, given that the E × B convection is understood to be a projection of magnetospheric convection, this means that, provided auroral and viewing conditions cooperate, patch motion can be used for remote sensing magnetospheric convection over across‐extended regions with fairly high time resolution. This is the first detailed demonstration of the equivalence of patch velocities and E × B convection.
High‐velocity cometary dust enters the atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Tricarico P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWhen comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) passed nearby Mars in 2014, it offered an unprecedented opportunity to observe the interaction between the dust tail of the comet and the atmosphere of Mars. Here I provide an overview of a recent series of four articles reporting observations from three satellites fortuitously orbiting Mars at the appropriate time (MAVEN, MEX, and MRO). These observations reveal high‐velocity ablation and ionization of metals from the comet, the diffusion and transport processes that operated in Mars' atmosphere, and the abundance of these metals in the comet.
Determination of equilibrium electron temperature and times using an electron swarm model with BOLSIG+ calculated collision frequencies and rate coefficients
Authors: Pusateri Elise N. , Morris Heidi E. , Nelson Eric M. , Ji Wei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractElectromagnetic pulse (EMP) events produce low‐energy conduction electrons from Compton electron or photoelectron ionizations with air. It is important to understand how conduction electrons interact with air in order to accurately predict EMP evolution and propagation. An electron swarm model can be used to monitor the time evolution of conduction electrons in an environment characterized by electric field and pressure. Here a swarm model is developed that is based on the coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) described by Higgins et al. (1973), hereinafter HLO. The ODEs characterize the swarm electric field, electron temperature, electron number density, and drift velocity. Important swarm parameters, the momentum transfer collision frequency, energy transfer collision frequency, and ionization rate, are calculated and compared to the previously reported fitted functions given in HLO. These swarm parameters are found using BOLSIG+, a two term Boltzmann solver developed by Hagelaar and Pitchford (2005), which utilizes updated cross sections from the LXcat website created by Pancheshnyi et al. (2012). We validate the swarm model by comparing to experimental effective ionization coefficient data in Dutton (1975) and drift velocity data in Ruiz‐Vargas et al. (2010). In addition, we report on electron equilibrium temperatures and times for a uniform electric field of 1 StatV/cm for atmospheric heights from 0 to 40 km. It is shown that the equilibrium temperature and time are sensitive to the modifications in the collision frequencies and ionization rate based on the updated electron interaction cross sections.
Footprint characteristics revised for field‐scale soil moisture monitoring with cosmic‐ray neutrons
Authors: Köhli M. , Schrön M. , Zreda M. , Schmidt U. , Dietrich P. , Zacharias S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCosmic‐ray neutron probes are widely used to monitor environmental water content near the surface. The method averages over tens of hectares and is unrivaled in serving representative data for agriculture and hydrological models at the hectometer scale. Recent experiments, however, indicate that the sensor response to environmental heterogeneity is not fully understood. Knowledge of the support volume is a prerequisite for the proper interpretation and validation of hydrogeophysical data. In a previous study, several physical simplifications have been introduced into a neutron transport model in order to derive the characteristics of the cosmic‐ray probe's footprint. We utilize a refined source and energy spectrum for cosmic‐ray neutrons and simulate their response to a variety of environmental conditions. Results indicate that the method is particularly sensitive to soil moisture in the first tens of meters around the probe, whereas the radial weights are changing dynamically with ambient water. The footprint radius ranges from 130 to 240 m depending on air humidity, soil moisture, and vegetation. The moisture‐dependent penetration depth of 15 to 83 cm decreases exponentially with distance to the sensor. However, the footprint circle remains almost isotropic in complex terrain with nearby rivers, roads or hill slopes. Our findings suggest that a dynamically weighted average of point measurements is essential for accurate calibration and validation. The new insights will have important impact on signal interpretation, sensor installation, data interpolation from mobile surveys, and the choice of appropriate resolutions for data assimilation into hydrological models.
Human papillomavirus infection and biomarkers in sinonasal inverted papillomas: clinical significance and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Scheel Adam , Lin Giant C. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Komarck Christine M. , Walline Heather M. , Prince Mark E. , Zacharek Mark A. , Carey Thomas E. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThe role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal inverted papillomas (IPs) is controversial. Determining the prevalence of HPV infection and its impact on the molecular biology of these tumors is critical to characterizing its role in the pathogenesis of IPs.MethodsA total of 112 paraffin‐embedded IPs from 90 patients were studied. A tissue microarray was constructed and stained for p16, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and cyclin D1. HPV presence and types were determined using PGMY 09/11 primers and integration using HPV 11 detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences by ligation‐mediated polymerase chain reaction (DIPS‐PCR).ResultsHPV was detected in 11 of 90 (12%) patients. HPV 11 was found in 9 samples. HPV 6 and HPV 27 were found in 1 sample each. EGFR staining proportion was higher in HPV‐positive IPs vs HPV‐negative specimens (56.2% vs 23.6%; p = 0.009). Differences in p16, p53, and cyclin D1 staining were not significant. HPV‐positive lesions tend to progress to malignancy (p = 0.064). Three samples were analyzed for integration. Viral integration was found in both malignant tumors but not in the precursor IP.ConclusionDegradation of p53 and p16/cyclin D1 dysregulation are not important mechanisms in low‐risk HPV‐related IP. The low prevalence of HPV in this series indicates it is not a main etiological factor for IPs; however, when present, low‐risk HPV may contribute to the biology of IPs through an increase of EGFR expression and a predisposition for malignant progression by integration into the cellular genome.
Special considerations—asthma in children
Authors: Jassal Mandeep S. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundAsthma is among the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Management of pediatric asthma requires an understanding of the issues that uniquely effect children. This review provides the reader with the current state and future directions of pediatric asthma.MethodsReview of the pediatric asthma literature was undertaken with emphasis on randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews.ResultsThe prevalence of pediatric asthma remains elevated and is increasingly being appreciated in select global regions. Effective treatment in any setting begins with a focused medical history that queries key asthma features that inform both diagnostic and monitoring strategies. A thorough medical history may yield comorbid upper airway disorders and allergic triggers that could potentially exacerbate airway inflammation. Pre‐bronchodilator and post‐bronchodilator lung function testing is a preferable diagnostic strategy to quantitatively assess obstructive pulmonary disease among children capable of performing the testing maneuvers. Pediatric asthmatics who continue to have poor disease control require monitoring of medication adherence and drug delivery techniques, because both are often linked with disease outcomes. Therapeutic strategies in children are notably distinct from adults due to the possible effects of inhaled corticosteroids on reduced bone mineral density and growth. Adolescents may also require more time to address the psychosocial complexities that may complicate the required daily usage of asthma medicines.ConclusionAsthmatic children are distinct from their adult counterparts due to limitations inherent in the pediatric age group. A unified and evidence‐based approach to pediatric asthma may improve clinical outcomes.
State complexity and quantum computation
Authors: Cai Yu , Le Huy Nguyen , Scarani Valerio 
Published: June 2015

The complexity of a quantum state may be closely related to the usefulness of the state for quantum computation. We discuss this link using the tree size of a multiqubit state, a complexity measure that has two noticeable (and, so far, unique) features: it is in principle computable, and non‐trivial lower bounds can be obtained, hence identifying truly complex states. In this paper, we first review the definition of tree size, together with known results on the most complex three and four qubits states. Moving to the multiqubit case, we revisit a mathematical theorem for proving a lower bound on tree size that scales superpolynomially in the number of qubits. Next, states with superpolynomial tree size, the Immanant states, the Deutsch‐Jozsa states, the Shor's states and the subgroup states, are described. We showed that the universal resource state for measurement based quantum computation, the 2D cluster state, has superpolynomial tree size. Moreover, we showed how the complexity of subgroup states and the 2D cluster state can be verified efficiently. The question of how tree size is related to the speed up achieved in quantum computation is also addressed. We show that superpolynomial tree size of the resource state is essential for measurement based quantum computation. The necessary role of large tree size in the circuit model of quantum computation is still a conjecture; and we prove a weaker version of the conjecture.
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Impact of preoperative evaluation of tumour grade by core needle biopsy on clinical risk assessment and patient selection for adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer
Authors: Waaijer L , Willems S M , Verkooijen H M , Buck D B , van der Pol C C , van Diest P J , Witkamp A J 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Background
Histological characteristics are important when making a decision on adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer. Preoperative assessments of core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens are becoming increasingly relevant as novel minimally invasive ablative techniques are introduced, because a surgical specimen is no longer obtained with these methods. The clinical impact of potential underestimation of tumour grade on preoperative CNB on clinical decision-making was evaluated.

Methods
Histological tumour grade was reassessed on CNB and resection specimens from consecutive invasive ductal carcinomas diagnosed between 2010 and 2013. For each patient, the indication for systemic therapy was assessed, based on either CNB or surgical excision, in combination with clinical characteristics and imaging findings. The clinical impact of discordance between tumour grade on CNBversus the resection specimen was assessed.

Results
The analysis included 213 invasive ductal carcinomas in 199 patients. Discordance in tumour grade between CNB and the resection specimen was observed in 64 (30·0 per cent) of 213 tumours (κ = 0·53, 95 per cent c.i. 0·43 to 0·63). A decision on adjuvant treatment based on CNB would have resulted in overtreatment in seven (3·5 per cent) and undertreatment in three (1·5 per cent) of 199 patients. In the undertreated patients, incorrect omission of adjuvant systemic treatment would have increased the predicted 10-year mortality rate by 2·6–5·2 per cent and 10-year recurrence rate by 8·2–15·3 per cent based on the online risk assessment tool Adjuvant!

Conclusion
The substantial discordance in tumour grading between CNB and resection specimens from breast cancer affects the indication for adjuvant therapy in only a small minority of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. Assessment of tumour grade by CNB is feasible and accurate for the planning of postoperative treatment.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Allylic Sulfones, Ketosulfones, and Trifylallylic Alcohols from Domino Reactions of Allylic Alcohols with Sulfinic Acid under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Chu Xue‐Qiang , Meng Hua , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Ji Shun‐Jun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Shun‐Jun Ji and co‐workers at Soochow University, (China). The image depicts a cheaper, low‐toxic, eco‐friendly benign and metal‐free methodology incorporating the both aryl and trifyl sulfonyl functionality from allylic alcohols. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201500469.