bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo assessment of number of milk duct orifices in lactating women and association with parameters in the mother and the infant
Authors: Jütte Julia , Hohoff Ariane , Sauerland Cristina , Wiechmann Dirk , Stamm Thomas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn vitro and in vivo analyses differ between the number of milk ducts found in the lactating breast, and there is a lack of knowledge as to whether or not external factors in the mother or the child affect the number of ductal orifices. The aim of this study was to determine the number of milk duct orifices in vivo and to investigate the possible influence of variable parameters in mother and infant.MethodsStudy design: Prospective clinical trial. In 98 breastfeeding women we investigated the nipple surface in order to identify the number of milk duct orifices using Marmet’s manual milk expression technique. In addition mothers were interviewed on different parameters of birth and breastfeeding.ResultsEvery nipple had 3.90 ± 1.48 milk duct orifices on average. There was no significant difference between left and right breasts. The use of a breast pump in addition to breastfeeding did not have any effect on the number of ductal orifices. Multiparous women exhibited more ductal orifices (8.5 ± 3.0) as compared to primipara (7.1 ± 2.7). Boys were associated with significantly more ductal orifices in their mother’s right breast (4.2 ± 1.7) than girls (3.5 ± 1.4). Furthermore boys were breastfed for longer per session. A shorter birth height of males correlated with more ductal orifices in left nipples. Fluid intake of mothers was associated with a higher number of ductal orifices. Restless infant behavior could not be explained by less milk duct orifices. Pain in the breast during breastfeeding did not have an influence on ductal orifices either. Psychological criteria, such as duration of maternity leave and total intended breastfeeding period, did not affect the number of orifices in the papilla mammaria of breasts during lactation.ConclusionFor the first time an in vivo investigation of the number of ductal orifices in lactating women was conducted non-invasively and associations with variables in the mother and the child, birth parameters in infants, and breastfeeding parameters in mothers and children were assessed. We conclude that the number of activated ductal orifices on the surface of the nipple is primarily associated with functional aspects.
Common strength and localization of spontaneous and evoked synaptic vesicle release sites
Authors: Loy Kristina , Welzel Oliver , Kornhuber Johannes , Groemer Teja W 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Different pools and functions have recently been attributed to spontaneous and evoked vesicle release. Despite the well-established function of evoked release, the neuronal information transmission, the origin as well as the function of spontaneously fusing synaptic vesicles have remained elusive. Recently spontaneous release was found to e.g. regulate postsynaptic protein synthesis or has been linked to depressive disorder. Nevertheless the strength and cellular localization of this release form was neglected so far, which are both essential parameters in neuronal information processing.

Findings
Here we show that the complete recycling pool can be turned over by spontaneous trafficking and that spontaneous fusion rates critically depend on the neuronal localization of the releasing synapse. Thereby, the distribution equals that of evoked release so that both findings demonstrate a uniform regulation of these fusion modes.

Conclusions
In contrast to recent works, our results strengthen the assumption that identical vesicles are used for evoked and spontaneous release and extended the knowledge about spontaneous fusion with respect to its amount and cellular localization. Therefore our data supported the hypothesis of a regulatory role of spontaneous release in neuronal outgrowth and plasticity as neurites secrete neurotransmitters to initiate process outgrowth of a possible postsynaptic neuron to form a new synaptic connection.
The Use of Clay as an Engineered Barrier in Radioactive-Waste Management — A Review
Authors: Sellin Patrik , Leupin Olivier X. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGeological disposal is the preferred option for the final storage of high-level nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel in most countries. The selected host rock may be different in individual national programs for radioactive-waste management and the engineered barrier systems that protect and isolate the waste may also differ, but almost all programs are considering an engineered barrier. Clay is used as a buffer that surrounds and protects the individual waste packages and/or as tunnel seal that seals off the disposal galleries from the shafts leading to the surface.Bentonite and bentonite/sand mixtures are selected primarily because of their low hydraulic permeability in a saturated state. This ensures that diffusion will be the dominant transport mechanism in the barrier. Another key advantage is the swelling pressure, which ensures a self-sealing ability and closes gaps in the installed barrier and the excavation-damaged zone around the emplacement tunnels. Bentonite is a natural geological material that has been stable over timescales of millions of years and this is important as the barriers need to retain their properties for up to 106 y.In order to be able to license a final repository for high-level radioactive waste, a solid understanding of how the barriers evolve with time is needed. This understanding is based on scientific knowledge about the processes and boundary conditions acting on the barriers in the repository. These are often divided into thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and (bio)chemical processes. Examples of areas that need to be evaluated are the evolution of temperature in the repository during the early stage due to the decay heat in the waste, re-saturation of the bentonite blocks installed, build-up of swelling pressure on the containers and the surrounding rock, and degradation of the montmorillonite component in the bentonite. Another important area of development is the engineering aspects: how can the barriers be manufactured, subjected to quality control, and installed?Geological disposal programs for radioactive waste have generated a large body of information on the safety-relevant properties of clays used as engineered barriers. The major relevant findings of the past 35 y are reviewed here.
Culture as Method: A Review Essay of James W. Carey‘s Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society
Authors: Kim Joseph A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Communication as Culture makes important methodological contributions to media ecology. Carey integrated the insights of Innis and McLuhan with Geertz’s approach to cultural studies, taking into account criticisms of Foundationalism while avoiding postmodern triumphalism. Carey critiqued a transmission view of communication and proposes a “ritual” view, which considers the role of communication in the formation of societies. This view makes a hermeneutical approach appropriate for communication studies, and recognizes the importance of understanding communication technologies as cultural artifacts. Carey’s approach is in line with Postman’s call for media ecology to contribute to the maintenance of society.
James W. Carey‘s Cultural Approach to the Communion of Students
Authors: Steiner Linda 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
James W. Carey nurtured a community of educators and students. Students came together to participate in learning, first with Jim Carey, but then with fellow students and later generations of students. Just as Carey (1988) noted in “A Cultural Approach to Communication” that the archetype for the ritual view of communication was a sacred ceremony drawing persons together in communality, his teaching inspired a form of fellowship.
Postcyborg Ethics: A New Way to Speak of Technology
Authors: Campbell Heidi A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The cyborg has moved from a science fiction icon to a tool for discussing the emerging posthuman, the proclaimed next stage of human evolution. The claim that cyborgs now live among us is based on our unquestioning appropriation of technologies into the human life sphere. This raises questions about the role of technology and what it means to be human. This article outlines current posthuman discussions of technology through exploring Steve Mann’s discussion of postcyborg ethics. Mann describes different ages of human interaction with technology to highlight issues of how technology affects personhood and privacy. Through reflecting on his ideas about technology, a call is made for “prophetic technorealism,” a critical approach to framing humanity and technological culture.
Canais de distribuição do turismo e as tecnologias de informação: um panorama da realidade nacional
Authors: Zagheni Elisete Santos da Silva , Luna Monica Maria Mendes 
Published: April 2014

A evolução tecnológica tem possibilitado que um mesmo serviço seja entregue por meio de múltiplos canais de atendimento, inclusive no setor do turismo. O presente estudo se propõe a apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os canais de distribuição em turismo e o impacto das tecnologias de informação. Com base em uma pesquisa exploratória, foram analisados 24 trabalhos científicos, com o intuito de identificar uma estrutura da pesquisa sobre canais de turismo e TI em âmbito nacional. Observou-se que no Brasil, há uma carência de trabalhos sobre canais de distribuição no turismo, com destaque para a gestão destes canais com uma visão de cadeia de suprimentos. Além disso, os trabalhos concentram-se em dois elementos dos canais: meios de hospedagem e agências de viagens. Estes elementos têm usado canais diretos, baseados na TI¸ para apoiar as atividades de atendimento e comercialização do produto turístico.
Operação de serviços de TI: uma abordagem do dimensionamento de recursos e dos incentivos financeiros
Authors: Santos Gilmar Souza , De Campos Fernando Celso 
Published: April 2014

O dimensionamento de recursos e os incentivos para uma eficiente operação de serviços de TI (tecnologia da informação) devem ser planejados de acordo com as necessidades dos níveis de serviços e objetivos do provedor de TI e do cliente. A análise de estudos de dimensionamento pode ser utilizada como informação estratégica, visando adequar o tamanho da equipe e dos ativos de TI e facilitar o planejamento de capacidade. De forma complementar, as melhores práticas apontam para o uso de regras claras de penalidades e bonificações ao longo do relacionamento entre cliente e provedor. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho busca contribuir com uma abordagem que possibilite realizar acordos de níveis de serviço flexíveis, possibilitando um outsourcing de menor risco. São destacados métodos e simulações para movimentação de baseline de serviço e que buscam proporcionar vantagens para os provedores e clientes, evitando conflitos ao longo da operação dos serviços. A pesquisa utiliza uma revisão bibliográfica e uma aplicação em assuntos relacionados com a área estudada. Os resultados obtidos com a análise buscam possíveis contribuições em dimensionamento, flexibilidade em SLA e incentivos para provedores externos de TI na operação de seus serviços.
A COMPETIÇÃO BASEADA NO TEMPO: UM ESTUDO DE CASO NA INDÚSTRIA MOVELEIRA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Tammela Iara , Canen Alberto 
Published: April 2014

A abertura comercial e a globalização das atividades econômicas têm introduzido novas formas de estratégias competitivas entre as empresas. A indústria brasileira de móveis não está imune em relação a esse novo contexto mundial. As mudanças de mercado afetam todo o setor e a busca pela qualidade com o fim de satisfazer às necessidades do cliente torna as empresas cada vez mais competitivas. Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar como a Competição Baseada no Tempo (TBC) pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para as indústrias moveleiras brasileiras obterem uma vantagem competitiva sustentável, no que concerne à introdução rápida de novos produtos, a satisfação dos clientes aliados à qualidade e custos competitivos. Será mostrado, também, um estudo de caso numa indústria moveleira, no Rio de Janeiro, onde a aplicação da TBC e suas perspectivas são discutidas “in loco”.
DEGRADAÇÃO SÓCIO-AMBIENTAL: A CRISE DA ATIVIDADE PESQUEIRA EM JURUJUBA NITERÓI/RJ
Authors: Soares Maria Teresa , Lima Gilson , Brandão André Augusto 
Published: April 2014

Este artigo resulta de uma pesquisa realizada na comunidade pesqueira de Jurujuba. Neste locus, a pesca era desenvolvida pelos pequenos pescadores locais através de know-how tradicional passado de pai para filho, conhecimento este importante para a coleta de forma sustentável dos recursos naturais. Hoje, frente às mudanças ocorridas na pesca, esses pescadores buscam outras ocupações visando a sua subsistência. Através dos dados quantitativos resultantes da aplicação de questionários sócio-econômicos e da análise das entrevistas realizadas, mapeou-se as características relacionadas aos aspectos econômicos de trabalho e renda da população, e as formas subjetivas pelas quais o grupo percebe a crise na pesca e o processo de dissolução identitária do grupo. Tais resultados apontam para um reduzido número de moradores que ainda trabalham na pesca em Jurujuba e o reduzido peso da atividade pesqueira na reprodução sócio-econômica do grupo. Verifica-se que o grupo identifica na poluição e na sobrepesca os determinantes da crise da atividade e recomenda-se que atuais ou futuros projetos para a recuperação da Baía de Guanabara, ou da atividade pesqueira, levem em consideração o "saber local", construído pelos agentes sociais que se reproduzem naquele ecossistema.
O NÍVEL DE SERVIÇO DE UM CONSOLIDADOR DE CARGAS MARÍTIMAS SOB A ÓTICA DOS USUÁRIOS
Authors: Vieira Guilherme , Rodrigues Sergio Luis 
Published: April 2014

A concorrência acirrada tem forçado as empresas a adequarem-se às mutantes demandas dos consumidores, visando criar posições vantajosas no mercado. Os serviços, intangíveis e de difícil mensuração, possuem diversos atributos competitivos que não são uniformemente importantes para os usuários. Portanto, identificar os atributos ma is importantes e avaliar o desempenho de uma organização em relação aos mesmos é fundamental para a proposta consistente de valor ao mercado. Este estudo procurou identificar e avaliar os atributos competitivos de um consolidador de cargas marítimas atuante no mercado gaúcho. Os atributos que formaram o questionário de avaliação da satisfação, submetido ao universo de clientes da empresa, foram identificados em pesquisas anteriores feitas pela organização, complementados por revisão bibliográfica e validados por pré-teste. Os níveis de satisfação em relação a cada atributo foram atribuídos pelos próprios respondentes e os graus importância foram obtidos de forma indireta, por meio de regressão múltipla. Os resultados destacaram um elevado desempenho da empresa nos aspectos referentes a preparo técnico de sua equipe e atendimento aos clientes. O estudo gerou subsídios consistentes para a melhoria contínua dos serviços e identificou fatores importantes na escolha de empresas desse tipo.
Farmland-based Reverse Mortgages for Aged Farmers
Authors: Kim Changki , Jung Seungyoung , Kim Eyunghee 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
An ageing population and the resulting income shortage of the aged are pressing problems in many countries across the world. In response, the Korean government set up the Farmland Bank to issue a new reverse mortgage, called farmland-backed annuity (FBA), to liquidize farmland assets and provide living expenses to aged farmers. In this study, we construct a suitable farmland price model for FBA. We also make a few proposals on designing FBA so that it meets the various needs of aged farmers. The results of this research would help the organization in charge of FBA to not only resolve the rural ageing problems but also contribute to strengthening the agricultural economy.
X-band microwave absorption and dielectric properties of polyaniline-yttrium oxide composites
Authors: Faisal Muhammad , Khasim Syed 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article highlights the microwave absorption and dielectric attributes of synthesized polyaniline (PAni)-yttrium trioxide (Y2O3) composites. Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 300–473 K, which indicates the presence of hopping conduction. The PAni-Y2O3 composites showed semiconductor behavior with the exponential variation of inverse temperature dependence of electrical conductivity. Microwave measurements were carried out in the X-band (8–12 GHz) frequency; the composites exhibit absorption-dominated shielding effectiveness (SEA) in the range -33 to -35 dB (>99% microwave attenuation) and minimum electromagnetic reflection. The ε′ and ε″ values of the composites are in the range of 81.5–97.5 and 80–118.5, respectively. The PAni-Y2O3 composites showed significant improvement in microwave SE and complex permittivity of the composites, indicating the influence of Y2O3 in PAni.
Targeted Trade-Related Policies and Manufacturing Firm Productivity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Effect of Corruption
Authors: Dairabayeva Karlygash , Carayannis Elias 
Published: April 2014

In recent years, there have been several successful examples of government-initiated trade-related policies aimed at developing industries that constitute a country’s comparative advantage. By implementing industry-specific, trade-related targeted reforms (i.e. reducing tariffs for imported equipment, thereby facilitating technology adaptation, providing access to expert consultants to help firms adhere to global standards, and simplifying customs procedures), the respective governments helped firms in nascent industries grow and become more productive. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing debate on government intervention ( Lin and Chang 2009 ) and whether such intervention should be targeted to certain industries or not. Using a sample of 588 manufacturing firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA), we find that targeted, trade-related, government policies have a limited impact on the firm total factor productivity. Contrary to the views of proponents of targeted policies, there is a “threshold of economic, legal, and political development,” below which targeted policies do not work in the ECA region and are impacted by existence and effectiveness of corruption.
The role of cognitive coherence in non-expert processes of literary discourse reception
Authors: Alonso Pilar 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study focuses on the role played by cognitive coherence in non-expert readers' comprehension of structurally complex cases of literary discourse, both poetry and prose. Based on evidence from classroom-acquired data, it supports the claim made by mainstream sources that, in authorial creative uses of structural coherence, non-expert readers may invoke alternative mental patterns of coherence from non-specific cognitive domains to fill up difficult portions of text (cf. Grabe 2009). The search for cognitive coherence is thus used as a default comprehension strategy to satisfy non-experts' needs for mental model construction, especially when there are failures in the implementation of other linearity-based coherence-related comprehension strategies, such as early topic establishment (Giora 1997), reference based on proximity as a builder of discourse coherence (Hobbs 1996), and comprehension based on relevance and the achievement of cognitive effects at low processing cost (Wilson and Matsui 2000).
On the very idea of the telling vs. showing distinction
Authors: Klauk Tobias , Köppe Tilmann 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Current theoretical accounts of the telling vs. showing distinction suffer from the incompatibility of several very plausible intuitions. This leads to accounts which seem not even to be addressing the same phenomena. Going back to Lubbock and Genette, we uncover the intuitions in question, show that they are incompatible and propose a unificatory account, which takes a particular type of imagining on the part of reader to lie at the heart of the telling vs. showing distinction.
Punctuating minds: Non-verbal cues for consciousness representation in literary narrative
Authors: Caracciolo Marco 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article explores the role of punctuation and typography in readers' engagement with literary narrative, and with fictional characters in particular. I argue that unconventional typography and punctuation marks can be used to convey the phenomenological ``feel'' of characters' (and narrators') experiences, thereby becoming a vehicle for consciousness representation in narrative. Aiming to contribute to the discussion on readers' responses to characters within cognitive narratology, I hypothesize that such responses can be guided by non-verbal cues as well as by the verbal strategies traditionally examined by narrative theorists. I explore two different dimensions of the nexus between punctuation, typography, and consciousness representation: firstly, because of their ``separating'' function graphic markers can render the temporal structuring of consciousness itself; secondly, unconventional graphic cues can exploit the ``evaluative'' function of punctuation and typography in order to convey altered states of consciousness such as dream experience, extreme emotions, and cognitive disorientation.
Biorefineries – their scenarios and challenges
Authors: Kamm Birgit 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSince crude oil and biomass differ in various properties, new primary fractionation methods of biomass, secondary conversion pathways and processes have to be developed. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biogenic raw materials with those of intermediates and final products. The chemical industry is experiencing a fundamental shift as cost competitive biobased platform chemicals become a commercial reality. The paper is focused on lignocellulosic feedstock and green biomass biorefinery concepts, which are favored in research, development and industrial implementation. The production of aromatic platform chemicals, such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and derivatives as well as aliphatic platform chemicals, such as levulinic acid and formic acid is described. Futhermore, functional products, such as proteins and biotechnological produced platform chemicals are considered.
Access to pyrrole-based heterocyclic compounds via addition of pyrrole to C=C and C=N bonds
Authors: Unaleroglu Canan , Temelli Baris , Tasgin Dilek Isik 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A series of metal triflate-catalyzed addition reactions of pyrrole to C=C and C=N bonds have been investigated to access pyrrole-based heterocyclic compounds. The addition of pyrrole to different α,β-unsaturated compounds or N-tosyl imines afforded suitable structures for the construction of [5-5] bicyclic systems or porphyrins, respectively. Intramolecular cyclization reactions were applied for the synthesis of pyrrolizine derivatives. In the other reaction mode, intermolecular cyclization reactions gave A4- and trans-A2B2-meso-substituted porphyrins under mild reaction conditions with low scrambling.
A safe and superior propylene carbonate-based electrolyte with high-concentration Li salt
Authors: Ding Yuanlei , Yun Jiaojiao , Liu Hongmei , Wan Zhongming , Shen Ming , Zhang Li , Qu Qunting , Zheng Honghe 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Electrolytes play an essential role in determining the safety and electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries. This work reported a propylene carbonate-based electrolyte with high-concentration Li salt. The fire-retardancy test and thermogravimetric analysis showed that this electrolyte is of high safety. In addition, this electrolyte exhibited superior electrochemical performance as compared with the commercial electrolyte in case of reversible capacity, rate behavior, and cycling stability.