bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AIR CURTAIN INCINERATION FOR EMERGENCY DISPOSAL OF OIL SPILL DEBRIS
Authors: Kennedy Alan J. , Dallas Robert J. , Wotherspoon Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Disposal of oiled waste materials following a spill provides a significant challenge in Canada's northern boreal forests. Voluminous amounts of waste, composed of a mixture of oil and water as well as organic and mineral matter, must be dealt with following cleanup in muskeg or bog ecosystems. The Prairie Oil Spill Containment and Recovery Advisory Committee (PROSCARAC) has developed a portable air curtain incinerator to provide an acceptable waste disposal method. The environmental acceptability of the incinerator is shown by the results of a test burn.
U.S. COAST GUARD SPILL PLANNING, EXERCISE, AND RESPONSE SYSTEM (SPEARS)
Authors: Ishiki Shane , Chan Dexter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The confluence of managing risk, achieving preparedness, partnership, and effective pollution response actions is a “sine qua non” for minimizing water pollution and damage to the environment and natural resources. To succeed, the U.S. Coast Guard is implementing a new computer-based tool called SPEARS for use by Coast Guard on scene coordinators for incidents involving hazardous chemical or oil pollution. Highly capable, versatile, and user friendly, SPEARS uses state of the art technology, databases, mathematical models, and digital maps to manage information and support decision making for risk management, planning, exercises, and pollution response.
FAST SOURCE-FINGERPRINTING ANALYSIS FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Roberts Paulene O. , Henry Charles B. , Ehrmann Ursula , Overton Edward B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Source identification of spilled petroleum during incidents is a crucial piece of information required for response activities. The need for rapid, accurate assessment is essential at the onset of a spill to determine the extent and impacts of the incident. This necessity for speed becomes less important as cleanup progresses. Current fingerprinting methods utilize gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and have become an important analytical tool because of high selectivity and compound specificity. Disadvantages include time requirements for sample preparation and analysis in addition to the use of soon-to-be-banned chlorinated solvents. Sample analyses may require up to eight hours a sample when using standard techniques. We are currently developing methods to reduce the turnaround time by alternate sample preparation and rapid analysis; primarily through use of thermal extraction and short, narrow-bore capillary columns. This technique can greatly reduce analysis time without sacrificing important chromatographic information. Samples from recent oil spills were compared by standard GC/MS fingerprinting to the fast chromatographic method developed in our laboratory. The identification clarity capability of the faster method is shown by the inclusion of various characteristic biomarkers—such as the more resistant, yet toxic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, geological biomarker triterpanes and steranes, as well as compounds indicative of weathering and degradation stages.
REMOVING OIL AND SAVING OILED MARSH GRASS USING A SHORELINE CLEANER
Authors: Pezeshki S. R. , DeLaune R. D. , Nyman J. A. , Lessard R. R. , Canevari G. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new shoreline cleaner, which was specially developed during the cleanup of the Valdez spill in Alaska, was tested to determine its effectiveness in removing oil from Louisiana Gulf Coast marsh grass thus minimizing the oil impact. Intact plugs of Spartina alterniflora containing living plants, roots, and soil microbial communities were collected from salt marshes and transferred to a greenhouse. Plant photosynthesis, respiration, and stomatal conductance were monitored following various oiling and cleaning scenarios. The treatments included: oiled, oiled and cleaned after one day, oiled and cleaned after two days, cleaner only, and control. Plant recovery depended upon the degree of oiling and the type of oil used. Fouling with bunker C oil caused almost total plant mortality unless the plants were cleaned with the shoreline cleaner. South Louisiana crude oil was less toxic but cleaning accelerated recovery as was evident by photosynthetic activity and other plant functions such as regeneration of new shoots. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the potential for saving an oiled Spartina alterniflora marsh by use of this shoreline cleaner in a real oil spill.
LIGHTERING AND SALVAGE OF THE TANK BARGE OCEAN 255 IN AFTERMATH OF A COLLISION, EXPLOSION, AND FIRE IN TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA, AUGUST 1993
Authors: Kichner Jerzy J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the early morning hours of August 10, 1993, the 14,000 gross ton tank barge Ocean 255, loaded with over 200,000 barrels of aviation fuel, premium and regular gasolines, and diesel fuel collided with the M/V Balsa 37 west of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Tampa Bay, Florida. The energy of the collision resulted in an explosion and fire that completely enveloped the 546 foot barge. The fire burned intensely for over 18 hours while the barge lay grounded north of the main ship channel leading into the Port of Tampa. After the fire was extinguished, the transfer of the remaining cargo, to remove the very prominent threat from explosion and pollution, fell to the U.S. Coast Guard's National Strike Force. The Ocean 255's cargo containment, transfer, venting, and safety systems were completely destroyed, and its stability and hull integrity were in question. The operation was faced with uncertain weather including the possibility of a hurricane developing, frequent strong afternoon thunderstorms and squalls, strong currents, and a vessel that was a virtual time bomb. The entire amount of remaining cargo was transferred in eight days of around-the-clock pumping operations. The damage assessment after the explosion complicated the plans for lightering and salvage operations. However, action and site safety plans, and the formation of integrated teams developed by Maritrans LP (owners of the barge and the responsible party) and the National Strike Force, resulted in a successful and safe removal of the remaining 180,000 barrels of highly flammable cargo without further pollution of the waters of Tampa Bay and the State of Florida.
RESPONDER IMMUNITY AND SALVAGE1
Authors: Peck William L. , Elmore Allan F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Marine salvage protects not only vessel and cargo, but also the marine environment. International conventions and federal and some state oil pollution legislation provide legal protection for responders to actual or threatened pollution events. Many of these responder immunity provisions, however, fall short in protecting salvors. As a result, salvors risk incurring liability in their operations. This paper examines responder immunity provisions in the context of the protection they afford the salvor. The paper offers a model responder immunity provision for persons engaged in salvage of a casualty threatening pollution.
APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL SIMULATIONS TO TANKER ROUTING OFF THE U.S. COAST
Authors: LaBelle Robert P. , Marshall Charles M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 has resulted in increased efforts by the U.S. Coast Guard to identify and evaluate existing tanker routing schemes that may pose a threat to sensitive marine resources. The Minerals Management Service is assisting in these efforts through stochastic applications of its oil spill trajectory models. Restricting tanker routes or establishing tanker-free zones would constrain the potential sites of future tanker spills. This restriction would maximize the available response time for containment, recovery, or natural dispersion of tanker spills. Two analyses are described.
In the first analysis, multiple trajectories were simulated from tanker routes off the U.S. west coast. (Similar analyses are planned for the east coast and the Gulf of Mexico.) Contacts with environmental resources, which were assigned sensitivity index values, were plotted as seasonal oil spill contact risk contours. The contours were used to define alternative boundaries of potential tanker-free zones. These alternative boundaries, in turn, may provide specified levels of protection for sensitive marine areas.
The second application of oil spill simulations is in the Gulf of Mexico, where the U.S. Coast Guard is evaluating the potential impact of establishing tanker lightering zones. These lightering zones would concentrate traffic in certain areas where large vessels would offload petroleum cargo into smaller tankers for transport ashore. Results of the oil spill trajectory model characterize the risks from these zones.
BURIAL AND BREAKDOWN OF OIL IN COASTAL DUNE SYSTEMS
Authors: Daniels Roger E. , Harrison Anthony F. , Parkinson John A. , Hall Graham 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1992 and 1994, sites where oiled beach material, resulting from tanker spills at sea, had been buried in sand dunes in 1978 were located. Analysis of samples from one site (Hemsby, Norfolk) was inconclusive but samples from Pendine in south Wales contained small quantities of hydrocarbon residues and bacterial populations capable of metabolizing catechol. Gas sampling also showed elevated concentrations of volatile hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide within the deposit compared with controls in adjacent sand dunes. Following the beaching of heavy fuel oil at Pendine in January 1994, oiled sand from the beach was deposited in the nearby dune system and a monitoring experiment was set up. Evidence of hydrocarbon degradation was found soon after deposition and was especially rapid close to the previous deposit. Progress of the oil decomposition is being monitored by collection and analysis (chemical and microbiological) of core samples and in-situ measurements of gaseous emissions. Because of problems of sand being moved by the wind and consequent concentration of oil residues on the surface, alternative methods of surface stabilization by vegetation are also being tested.
TRANSBOUNDARY RESPONSE OPERATIONS: A LOOK TO THE NORTH
Authors: Crick Laurie L. , Wallace R. Adm. Sidney A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The prospect of conducting pollution response operations in the waters of another country is or should be daunting to American oil spill response organizations (OSROs), especially those capable of large-scale deployment of forces across national borders. Problems raised by transboundary operations are very complex, require solutions to be developed by governments, but with OSROs at the negotiating table, and should be addressed well before the pollution incident occurs. One of the most difficult impediments is a legal one, the OSRO's liability when operating in a foreign jurisdiction, but other barriers exist as well, such as customs and immigration requirements, labor laws, tax and insurance issues, and disposal of waste.
This paper addresses these problems, focusing chiefly on the liability question, using Canada and existing Canadian law to illustrate the difficulties faced by transboundary response operations. It cannot be taken for granted that close cooperation in responding to a transboundary spill will automatically occur, even where adjoining nations are good friends and have similar legal systems. The paper explains why this is so, and illustrates the kinds of impediments that should be removed in advance, if an effective response is to be launched when a spill happens in a transboundary setting.
INFORMATION TO MINIMIZE IMPACTS FROM FRESHWATER OIL SPILLS
Authors: Fritz David E. , Steen Alexis E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The American Petroleum Institute (API) has the only program in the United States dedicated to freshwater oil spill research. In existence since 1990, the API Inland Spills Work Group consists of representatives from industry and government. Projects have included a manual prepared with NOAA that evaluates cleanup techniques in order to minimize environmental impacts of spills in freshwater habitats, a literature review and annotated bibliography of environmental and human health effects of freshwater oil spills, a study of chemical treating agents for use in freshwater applications, and an evaluation of in situ burning of oil spilled in marshes.
THE VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS: EVALUATING EFFECTS OF OIL DISCHARGES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Lively-Diebold Bobbie , Davis Susan M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Various components make up a vulnerability analysis of the potential effects of an oil discharge or a release of a hazardous substance on the environment. Although the process used in the oil spill vulnerability analysis would be appropriate for other planning purposes, this particular analysis is an element of the OPA 90 response plan that the owner or operator of a “substantial harm” facility must prepare and submit to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
OIL BOOM LINEAR HAULER LAUNCH AND RECOVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Koepenick Steve , Maples LeRoy , Molsberry David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil boom linear hauler launch and recovery system promotes technical advances in launching, recovering and storing large lengths of oil boom. This launch and recovery system is capable of handling differing types and varying lengths of boom from ships of opportunity while deploying or storing to and from pallets or ISO open top containers versus multiple storage reels.
SMOKE PLUMES FROM IN-SITU BURNING OF CRUDE OIL
Authors: McGrattan Kevin B. , Walton William D. , Evans David D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several regions in the United States have begun the process of obtaining preapproval to use in-situ burning as a remediation method for oil spills. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the sponsorship of the Minerals Management Service has conducted a research program to study various aspects of this problem. One result of this program has been the development of a numerical model to predict the downwind concentration of smoke particulate and other combustion products from a large oil fire. To assess the accuracy of this model, data from three sets of experimental burns have been compared to model simulations run under similar meteorological conditions. The tests are (1) the Newfoundland Offshore Burn Experiment (NOBE), August 1993; (2) the Alaska Clean Seas Burning of Emulsions, September 1994; and (3) the U.S. Coast Guard/NIST Meso-scale Burn Series, October 1994. The model compared favorably with the experiments, increasing the confidence in numerical modeling as a tool to develop guidelines on safe distances from in-situ burns.
RECENT RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION AND PRACTICAL EFFECTS OF SOLIDIFIERS
Authors: Dahl William A. , Lessard Richard R. , Cardello Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF) project, entitled Solidifiers for Oil Spill Response, was conducted by Exxon between 1993 and 1995 (Cardello et al., 1994). This paper highlights the results of the recent project. The main focus was on evaluating existing application equipment for potential use in applying solidifiers and subsequently solidifying the oil. The study also identified options for recovery, removal, and disposal.
REAL-TIME FORECASTING MODEL OF OIL SPILL SPREADING
Authors: Morita Ichiro , Sugioka Shin-ichi , Kojima Takashi 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A 3-D model for real-time forecasting of oil spills was developed as part of a project for minimizing damage by oil spills in the sea. Various spreading processes are imbedded: current advection, horizontal diffusion, mechanical spreading, evaporation, entrainment into the underlying water, sinking, and dissolution and sedimentation, with emphasis on the processes of oil spills in subsurface layers down to the bottom of the sea. Because the wind force, which is of primary importance, is quite variable with time, the model was designed so as to use on-line, real-time gridded wind data. Except for the real-time procedure, the model was validated with hindcasting using field trial data at Frigg, Norway, in 1995: these data included data from drifting buoys, airborne remote sensing, an ROV (remotely operated vehicle), and water sampling. The simulated distribution of oil spreading agreed well with observations.
TURNING OVER A NEW LEAF: THE NEXT GENERATION OF LASER FLUOROSENSORS
Authors: Brown Carl E. , Fingas Mervin F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Detecting oil in the marine environment with remote sensing is difficult at the best of times. When that environment includes ice, kelp or seaweed, and the myriad substrates found on beaches and shorelines, the detection becomes increasingly difficult. The laser fluorosensor is the only sensor that detects a primary characteristic of petroleum products, namely, their unique fluorescence spectral signatures. A laser fluorosensor reliably detects oil on ice in ice-infested waters, among floating kelp and seaweed beds, and on complex beach and land environments. This paper will provide details of the Scanning Laser Environmental Airborne Fluorosensor (SLEAF) and the anticipated benefits of the SLEAF system to the oil spill response community.
INCREASING AWARENESS AND ACCURACY IN IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS WITHIN COOK INLET, ALASKA
Authors: Manka-White Linda 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The continual development and refinement of systems that identify environmentally sensitive areas using the best available technology facilitates informed decision-making processes during emergency responses. Cook Inlet Spill Prevention & Response Inc. (CISPRI) is a nonprofit oil spill cooperative serving 11 “member” companies. CISPRI combines Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps with new technology, the Visual Information Response System (VIRS), to increase awareness and accuracy in identifying sensitive areas and in tailoring associated response efforts within Cook Inlet, Alaska.
THE EFFECT OF CLAY-OIL FLOCCULATION ON NATURAL OIL DEGRADATION
Authors: Weise Andrea Marga , Lee Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Small-scale shaker flask experiments were conducted over 56 days with a weathered crude oil to investigate the significance of clay-oil flocculation processes on natural oil degradation rates. Clay-oil flocculation processes mediated the transfer of oil from solid surfaces into the aqueous phase where oil biodegradation rates are higher. As a result, within 7 days, 34% of the total n-alkanes (n-C12 to n-C35) were degraded in the oiled flasks containing mineral fines whereas no significant degradation was observed in flasks without mineral fines. After 56 days, only 25% and 48% of the n-alkane fraction remained in the flasks treated with and without mineral fines, respectively. No significant difference was observed between treatments for a selected number of 2-4 ring aromatic compounds. Microbiological results that showed an increase in the numbers of oil-degrading bacteria supported the results and conclusions derived from the chemical data.
THE DECISION PROCESS TO SUPPORT SHORELINE CLEANING AGENTS IN THE FIELD
Authors: Clayton John R. , Stransky Brian C. , Lees Dennis C. , Schwartz Marilyn J. , Snyder Barry J. , Adkins Anthony C. , Michel Jacqueline , Reilly Timothy J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical shoreline cleaning agents (SCAs) are one option for cleanup of stranded oil on shorelines. However, site-specific variables, the properties of stranded oil, variations in the nature of oiled substrates, and the types of organisms present at a spill site can influence decisions to use SCAs. Combining results of on-site testing for cleaning effectiveness and toxicity with an appropriate stepwise decision process can assist “use/no-use” decisions for SCAs in the field.
USE OF CHEMICAL COUNTERMEASURES ON ROADSIDE FUEL SPILLS
Authors: Bragan Mary Jo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As the first and sometimes only line of defense for roadway fuel spills, local responders find themselves in a paradoxical position of having to quickly remove the material while minimizing impacts to the environment. In the past, to facilitate a quick reopening of the roadway, local responders hosed the spilled fuel into a nearby creek or storm drain. Today, in response to the local responders’ need for tools to mitigate these spills without damaging the environment, many products, called chemical countermeasures, were developed. Unfortunately, without the technical expertise to adequately evaluate each product, local responders are misled into using countermeasures that when released into the environment actually increase the toxicity, mobility, and volatility of the material originally spilled. This paper describes an outreach and training program developed to address this problem by EPA Region IVs Emergency Response and Removal Branch (ERRB) in response to a request by several local fire-fighting agencies
Lessons from 10 Years of Post-Exxon Valdez Monitoring on Intertidal Shorelines
Authors: Hoff Rebecca Z. , Shigenaka Gary 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Intertidal shorelines impacted by the Exxon Valdez oil spill have been monitored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) since late 1989. Originally intended to document oil fate and impacts of hot-water high-pressure washing, the program evolved into a comprehensive examination of long-term recovery processes in these environments. Annual field sampling and laboratory and statistical analyses are combined to document trends in biology, chemistry, and geomorphology of 26 sites in Prince William Sound.
Recovery processes in shoreline ecosystems occur over different time frames, depending on the particular measure and scale used. Using a geomorphological measure, most boulder/cobble sites where berm relocation was carried out to remove subsurface oil took 1–2 years to return to pre-treatment configurations. Mean levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in mussels from oiled sites remained elevated for approximately 3–4 years after the spill. Abundance trends for most epibiota species at mid intertidal zones from oiled sites were parallel to those from unoiled sites after 1–2 years. Longer lasting impacts were found for infaunal species at low elevations, perhaps related to changes in grain size composition at washed sites. Some impacts from oiling remained at sensitive sites through at least 1997, including subsurface oiling, species abundance differences, and patchy areas of sediment and bivalve contamination from polyaromatic hydrocarbons.