bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ondoordacht sleutelen
Authors: Karré Philip , Paardekooper Cees 
Published: March 2015

Reforming without a clue: reflections on political eagerness and the complexity of social systems
This text provides a summary of an interview we conducted with Roel in ’t Veld, who (as an academic, advisor and civil servant) is a veteran of public management reform in the Netherlands. In ’t Veld criticizes the approach often taken by these reforms, as they are often not based on an in-depth study of the problem in question and its historic background. Scholars in public administration should not only provide critical assessments of reforms from the side-lines but should also get their hands dirty and participate in them.
Vastgeklonken aan de Fyra
Authors: Gerrits Lasse , Marks Peter 
Published: March 2015

Stuck with Fyra – A study on the path-dependency that led to the Netherlands’ decision to buy Fyra trains
In the spring of 2013, the Dutch railway operator, High Speed Alliance, cancelled the acceptance procedures for V250 high-speed train sets they ordered from Italian manufacturer AnsaldoBreda after numerous problems with the build quality and safety systems. It is the latest chapter in a series of failed attempts to build and run a high-speed railway link between Amsterdam and Paris. Inevitably, the question of who was responsible for the decision to order the V250 has become prominent. We study 20 years of public decision-making by analysing the content of over 1,200 documents. Using David’s and Arthur’s theory of path-dependency, we conclude that all the decisions that were taken during those two decades created a situation in which the choice for the V250 was nothing more than an inevitable gamble. It can therefore be concluded that all parties involved, from the railway operator to Parliament, have contributed to the current failure.
Reflecting on CLIL innovation. An interview with Do Coyle and Elisabet Pladevall
Authors: Piquer Inma , Lorenzo Neus 
Published: March 2015

The authors reflect on the role of CLIL in experimental teaching, teacher education and university research, from discussions with Prof. Do Coyle (University of Aberdeen, Scotland) and Dr. Elisabet Pladevall (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia), in the framework of the Masters in Advanced English Studies at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (January 2014). They give a brief but significant outlook on needs in the context of university studies and highlight the urgency of conducting a review of CLIL for the plurilingual Digital Age, as well of focusing on cross-curricular and transmedia exchanges in the multiple scenarios of university education.
Materials Properties: Heterogeneity and Appropriate Sampling Modes
Authors: Esbensen Kim H 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The target audience for this Special Section comprises parties related to the food and feed sectors, e.g., field samplers, academic and industrial scientists, laboratory personnel, companies, organizations, regulatory bodies, and agencies who are responsible for sampling, as well as project leaders, project managers, quality managers, supervisors, and directors. All these entities face heterogeneous materials,and the characteristics of heterogeneous materials needs to be competently understood by all of them. Before delivering analytical results for decision-making, one form or other of primary sampling is always necessary, which must counteract the effects of the sampling target heterogeneity. Up to five types of sampling error may arise as a specific sampling process interacts with a heterogeneous material; two sampling errors arise because of the heterogeneity of the sampling target, and three additional sampling errors are produced by the sampling process itself—if not properly understood, reduced, and/or eliminated, which is the role of Theory of Sampling. Thispaper discusses the phenomenon and concepts involvedin understanding, describing, and managing the adverse effects of heterogeneity in sampling.
Critical Practicalities in Sampling for Mycotoxins in Feed
Authors: Wagner Claas 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins, in particular aflatoxin B1, can cause significant health problems as wellas severe economic loss, and are therefore regulatedwith respect to maximum acceptable concentration forvarious feed- and foodstuffs. International regulatory authorities have recognized the importance of representative sampling, and sampling guidelines that only partly comply with the Theory of Sampling have been formulated. Practical guidance regarding sampling, including correct design and operation of sampling devices and explanations on how to develop sufficient sampling protocols are lacking in current guidelines. These are critical practicalities of main importance, especially when dealing with trace concentrations and/or concentrations that are irregularly distributed, as for mycotoxins. Heterogeneity characterization, which is necessary to be able develop validsampling protocols or validation assessments of existing sampling operations, is currently not mentionedin the existing guidelines. This paper explains all critical practicalities with respect to sampling of mycotoxins for 1-D and 3-D feed decision units. Correct design and use of sampling and mass reduction devices, as well as structural guidelines for correctly designing experimental heterogeneity characterizations are presented, allowing evaluation of sampling representativeness and determination of optimal number of increments per composite sample. Practical examples are given on how to extract information from variographic analysis and replication experiments, based on an extensive field trials performed to determine aflatoxin levels in various feed components.
Sample Quality Criteria
Authors: Ramsey Charles A , Wagner Claas 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The concept of Sample Quality Criteria (SQC) is the initial step in the scientific approach to representative sampling. It includes the establishment of sampling objectives, Decision Unit (DU), and confidence. Once fully defined, these criteria serve as input, in addition to material properties, to the Theory of Sampling for developing a representative sampling protocol. The first component of the SQC establishes these questions: What is the analyte(s) of concern? What is the concentration level of interest of the analyte(s)? How will inference(s) be made from the analytical data to the DU? The second component ofthe SQC establishes the DU, i.e., the scale at whichdecisions are to be made. On a large scale, a DU could be a ship or rail car; examples for small-scale DUs are individual beans, seeds, or kernels. A well-defined DU is critical because it defines the spatialand temporal boundaries of sample collection. SQC are not limited to a single DU; they can also include multiple DUs. The third SQC component, the confidence, establishes the desired probability that a correct inference (decision) can be made. The confidence level should typically correlate to the potential consequences of an incorrect decision (e.g., health or economic). The magnitude of combined errors in the sampling, sample processing and analytical protocols determines the likelihood of an incorrect decision. Thus, controlling error to a greater extent increases the probability of a correct decision. The required confidence level directly affects the sampling effort and QC measures.
Considerations in Sampling of Water
Authors: Ramsey Charles A 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Sampling water is no different than sampling any other media. It starts with the development of Sample Quality Criteria, understanding of material properties, then application of the Theory of Sampling. The main difference with sampling water as opposed to solids is the material properties. This paper addresses some of the material properties and consequences of those properties for the development of the sampling protocols. Two properties that must be addressed for water are the temporal nature and the inclusion of suspended solids. Examples are provided for three specific water sampling scenarios which may have application to other water sampling scenarios.
Considerations for Sampling Contaminants in Agricultural Soils
Authors: Ramsey Charles A 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Sampling agricultural soils for contaminants is relatively new. Existing standard sampling protocols used for the evaluation of soil nutrients are likelyinsufficient for contaminants. The main reasons are the very low analyte levels and differences in heterogeneity between nutrients and contaminants. To evaluate the adequacy of existing sampling protocols or to develop new protocols, a systematic scientific approach is needed. This approach begins with the development of the Sample Quality Criteria followed by arealistic understanding of the properties of the material to be sampled, most notably its heterogeneity.The Sample Quality Criteria and material properties are inputs into the Theory of Sampling. With these inputs, the Theory of Sampling can be used to determine the specifics of the sampling protocol (e.g., mass, number of increments, tool selection) that must be implemented to control error to reliably estimate the concentration of the analyte(s) of interest. Development of sampling protocols in this manner will ensure sample representativeness and therefore improve data equivalency among various parties involved. This is the only way to provide a sound technical basis for defensible decision making to ensure increased safety of food andfeed, specifically with respect to contaminants in agricultural soils.
QC of Sampling Processes—A First Overview: From Field to Test Portion
Authors: Esbensen Kim H , Ramsey Charles A 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Quality control (QC) is a systematic approach forestimating and minimizing significant error contributions to the measurement uncertainty from the full sampling and analysis process. Many types of QC measures can be implemented; the three dealt with here are primary sampling reproducibility, sample processing reproducibility, and contamination. Sampling processes can be subject to QC by applying a replication experiment, used either from the top by replication of the entire sampling/preparation/analysis process,or in a hierarchical fashion successively at each subsequent sampling stage. The analytical repeatability is necessarily always included in either alternative. The replication experiment results in a quality index, the Relative Sampling Variability, which is used to assess the total error associated with the full field-to-analysis pathway. Contamination can occur at essentially all locations in the sampling regimen in the food/feed realm, affecting sample containers, sampling tools, sample processing equipment, environmental conditions, and sampling personnel. QC events to determine contamination should always be included where appropriate, but is of most concern for low concentration and/or volatile analytes. It is also of key importance in the development of new sampling protocols or carried-over protocols intended foruse on new types of materials/lots than the ones forwhich they were originally developed. We here establish a first practical framework for QC as applied tothe sampling context.
Towards a Unified Sampling Terminology: Clarifying Misperceptions
Authors: Thiex Nancy , Paoletti Claudia , Esbensen Kim H 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
International acceptance of data is a much-desired wish in many sectors to ensure equal standards forvalid information and data exchange, facilitate trade, support food safety regulation, and promote reliable communication among all parties involved. However, this cannot be accomplished without a harmonized approach to sampling and a joint approach to assess the practical sampling protocols used. Harmonizationbased on a nonrepresentative protocol, or on a restricted terminology tradition forced upon other sectors would negate any constructive outcome. An international discussion on a harmonized approach to sampling is severely hampered by a plethora of divergent sampling definitions and terms. Different meanings forthe same term are frequently used by the different sectors, and even within one specific sector. In other cases, different terms are used for the same concept. Before efforts to harmonize can be attempted, itis essential that all stakeholders can at least communicate effectively in this context. Therefore, a clear understanding of the main vocabularies becomes an essential prerequisite. As a first step, commonalities and dichotomies in terminology are here broughtto attention by providing a comparative summary of the terminology as defined by the Theory of Sampling(TOS) and those in current use by the International Organization for Standardization, the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization Codex Alimentarius, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Terms having contradictory meaning to the TOS are emphasized. To the degree possible, we present a successful resolution of some of the most important issues outlined, sufficient to support the objectives of the present Special Section.
Considerations for Inference to Decision Units
Authors: Ramsey Charles A 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The goal of sampling is to take a small portion of a target material for analysis instead of collecting all the material. If sampling is done following certain principles, then inference can be made from analytical results of the portion taken back to the entire target material (Decision Unit). There are different sampling strategies that are dependent on theproperties of the material being sampled as well as different methods for making inferences from analytical results to the Decision Unit (DU). A thorough understanding of material properties and methods for inference is therefore critical for the development of proper sampling protocols. This paper addresses inferences from analytical test results to DUs and theimplications to the development of a sampling protocol.
Food and Feed Safety Assessment: The Importance of Proper Sampling
Authors: Kuiper Harry A , Paoletti Claudia 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The general principles for safety and nutritional evaluation of foods and feed and the potential health risks associated with hazardous compounds are described as developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and further elaborated in the European Union-funded project Safe Foods. We underline the crucial roleof sampling in foods/feed safety assessment. High quality sampling should always be applied to ensure the use of adequate and representative samples as testmaterials for hazard identification, toxicologicaland nutritional characterization of identified hazards, as well as for estimating quantitative and reliable exposure levels of foods/feed or related compoundsof concern for humans and animals. The importance ofrepresentative sampling is emphasized through examples of risk analyses in different areas of foods/feedproduction. The Theory of Sampling (TOS) is recognized as the only framework within which to ensure accuracy and precision of all sampling steps involved inthe field-to-fork continuum, which is crucial to monitor foods and feed safety. Therefore, TOS mustbe integrated in the well-established FAO/WHO risk assessment approach in order to guarantee a transparent and correct frame for the risk assessment and decisionmaking process.
Co-constructing early childhood programs nourished by Inuit worldviews
Authors: Rowan Mary Caroline 
Published: March 2015

Saimaqatigiingniqis defined as the place where Inuit and Qallunaat meet in the middle and are reconciled (Qikiqtani Inuit Association 2010). In this paper, the researcher, a middle-aged white woman with more than 30 years of experience living, visiting, and working with Inuit in the Arctic, employs a series of questions to examine the challenge of the Qikiqtani Truth Commission, which invites Inuit and Qallunaat to do things in new ways. These questions include: What is the potential ofsaimaqatigiingniqand in what context? How cansaimaqatigiingniqfacilitate the organization of early childhood programs and services that are meaningfully structured with Inuit worldviews? What is to be considered when seeking to think with Inuit perspectives in research? What are examples of Inuit approaches to child rearing? What is the rationale and what are the dimensions for reconceptualizing early childhood education from Inuit perspectives?
Azimuthal anisotropy beneath north central Africa from shear wave splitting analyses
Authors: Lemnifi Awad A. , Liu Kelly H. , Gao Stephen S. , Reed Cory A. , Elsheikh Ahmed A. , Yu Youqiang , Elmelade Abdala A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study represents the first multistation investigation of azimuthal anisotropy beneath the interior of north central Africa, including Libya and adjacent regions, using shear wave splitting (SWS) analysis. Data used in the study include recently available broadband seismic data obtained from 15 stations managed by the Libyan Center for Remote Sensing and Space Science, and those from five other stations at which data are publicly accessible. A total of 583 pairs of high‐quality SWS measurements utilizing the PKS, SKKS, and SKS phases demonstrate primarily N‐S fast orientations with an average splitting delay time of approximately 1.2 s. An absence of periodic azimuthal variation of the observed splitting parameters indicates the presence of simple anisotropy, and lack of correlation between surficial features and the splitting parameters suggests that the origin of the observed anisotropy is primarily asthenospheric. This conclusion is enhanced by nonperiodic azimuthal variation of the splitting parameters observed at one of the stations located near the boundary of areas with different anisotropic properties. We interpret the observed anisotropy to be the consequence of northward movement of the African plate relative to the asthenosphere toward the Hellenic and Calabrian subduction zones. Local variance in fast orientations may be attributable to flow deflection by the northern edge of the African continental root. The observations provide critical and previously lacking constraints on mantle dynamic models in the vicinity of the convergent boundary between the African and Eurasian plates.
Multiscale influences on extreme winter rainfall in the Philippines
Authors: Pullen Julie , Gordon Arnold L. , Flatau Maria , Doyle James D. , Villanoy Cesar , Cabrera Olivia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDuring 2007–2008, the Philippines experienced the greatest rainfall in 40 winters. We use a combination of observations (including 48 meteorological stations distributed throughout the islands, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite‐sensed precipitation, and shipboard measurements) along with a high‐resolution two‐way coupled ocean/atmosphere model (3 km Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)®) to examine this anomalous season. As expected from climatology, rainfall was greatest on the eastern side of the archipelago, with seasonal totals exceeding 4000 mm in some locations. A moderate to strong La Niña increased the rainfall across the region. But discrete precipitation events delivered the bulk of the rain to the area and coincided with intense Madden‐Julian oscillation activity over the archipelago and a late February cold surge. General patterns and magnitudes of rainfall produced by the two‐way coupled model agreed with observations from land and from space. During the discrete events, the 3 km COAMPS also produced high amounts of precipitation in the mountainous parts of central Philippines. Direct observations were limited in this region. However, the government reported river flooding and evacuations in Mindoro during February 2008 as a result of significant rainfall. In addition, shipboard measurements from late January 2008 (collected by the Philippines Straits Dynamics Experiment) reveal a fresh lens of water to the west of the island of Mindoro, consistent with high freshwater discharge (river runoff) into the coastal area.
Investigation of ice cloud microphysical properties of DCSs using aircraft in situ measurements during MC3E over the ARM SGP site
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSix deep convective systems (DCSs) with a total of 5589 five‐second samples and a range of temperatures from −41°C to 0°C during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) were selected to investigate the ice cloud microphysical properties of DCSs over the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The ice cloud measurements of the DCS cases were made by the University of North Dakota Citation II research aircraft, and the ice cloud properties were derived through the following processes. First, the instances of supercooled liquid water in the ice‐dominated cloud layers of DCSs have been eliminated using multisensor detection, including the Rosemount Icing Detector, King and Cloud Droplet Probes, as well as 2DC and Cloud Imaging Probe images. Then the Nevzorov‐measured ice water contents (IWCs) at maximum diameter Dmax < 4000 µm are used as the best estimation to determine a new mass‐dimensional relationship. Finally, the newly derived mass‐dimensional relationship (a = 0.00365, b = 2.1) has been applied to a full spectrum of particle size distributions (PSDs, 120–30,000 µm) constructed from both 2DC and High‐Volume Precipitation Spectrometer measurements to calculate the best‐estimated IWCs of DCSs during MC3E. The averages of the total number concentrations (Nt), median mass diameter (Dm), maximum diameter (Dmax), and IWC from six selected cases are 0.035 cm−3, 1666 µm, 8841 µm, and 0.45 g m−3, respectively. The gamma‐type‐size distributions are then generated matching the observed PSDs (120–30,000 µm), and the fitted gamma parameters are compared with the observed PSDs through multimoment assessments including first moment (Dm), third moment (IWC), and sixth moment (equivalent radar reflectivity, Ze). For application of observed PSDs to the remote sensing community, a series of empirical relationships between fitted parameters and Ze values has been derived, and the bullet rosette ice crystal backscattering relationship has been suggested for ground‐based remote sensing.