bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Wet Nurse Debate: Jews, Christians, and Later Medieval “Racism”
Authors: Resnick Irven M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It is clear that medieval Jews employed Christian wet nurses, as well as other Christian domestic servants, and that ecclesiastical condemnations did not prevail against social and economic interests. In Etsi Judeos Pope Innocent III, who had earlier complained loudly that Jews across France are unscrupulous usurers, thieves, blasphemers, and secret murderers of Christians, added the unsubstantiated complaint that “on the day of the Lord’s Resurrection,” i.e., Easter, after they have received the Eucharist, “the Jews make these women,” that is, Christian wet nurses, “pour their milk into the latrine for three days before they again give suck to the children.”
This paper surveys both the ecclesiastical and medical or natural-philosophical sources that contributed to a protracted medieval debate over maternal nursing versus the employment of wet nurses; examines Innocent III’s allegation that Jews force their Christian wet nurses to pour out their milk for three days after having received communion, and its novel implications; investigates complaints of cross-confessional nursing (whether of Christians nursing Jewish infants, or Jewish or Muslim wet nurses in Christian households); and explores a shift in later medieval and early modern Christian texts away from concerns over Christian wet nurses caring for Jewish infants toward racialized fears of Jewish women nursing Christian children.
The Effect of the Members’ Religious Activity and the Church’s Clergy on Church Growth by the Example of Estonian Protestant Churches
Authors: Lilleorg Ago , Murakas Rein 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The article aims to examine religious activity in Christian churches. In order to achieve this goal, religious activity is defined through religious practices such as church attendance, prayer, and Bible reading. The data used in the article are taken from a survey of growing churches (hereafter referred to as KK2020, n=350), in which nine Estonian growing churches participated. The main comparative base is the sociological survey on religion “On Life, Faith and Religious Life” (EUU2020, n=1000), conducted in Estonia. As a result of the analysis, the article presents an overview of religious activity indicators for growing churches, ordinary churches, and the adult Estonian population and compares growing churches of different denominations. Based on the results, it can be hypothesized that religious activity of church members and minister has positive influence on church growth.
Uterus Transplantation: A Future Issue for the French Legislator?
Authors: Bérar Antoine , Marcucci Laetitia , Bouvet Renaud 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Uterus transplantation (UT) is a surgical procedure that seeks to correct absolute uterine infertility. As such, it is coupled with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Currently performed as an investigational procedure in France, this technique could be subject to a legal framework in the future. Given its specificities, the French legislator will need to state their position on several matters. Regarding the donor, they will need to determine whether the benefits for the infertile woman justify exposure of a living person to the risks of the removal procedure. If necessary, they will have full freedom to set the criteria for selecting the living donor based on age, the existence or not of past pregnancies or the nature of the donor-recipient relationship. On the other side, the conditions for becoming a recipient should be consistent with the existing rules for ART. Other considerations could include age and past pregnancies again. Lastly, the legislator will also need to address the possible desire for UT without the endpoint of pregnancy.
Statelessness of Rohingyas and their Right to Bangladeshi Citizenship
Authors: Sabuj Mohammad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Since the outbreak of violence and persecution against Rohingyas in 2017 they have been fleeing Myanmar and taking refuge in Bangladesh. A significant number of them are married to a Bangladeshi citizen and their children are entitled to Bangladeshi citizenship by descent. However, these Rohingyas are not registered as Bangladeshi citizens. As a result, a significant number of Rohingyas and their children have become stateless. As Bangladesh is not a party to the statelessness conventions, the issues surrounding the statelessness of these Rohingyas can hardly be addressed under these conventions. This article explores the citizenship rights of these Rohingyas outside of these conventions. It argues that, although Bangladesh is not a party to the statelessness conventions it is a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international human rights treaties under which it is obliged to grant citizenship status to the Rohingyas who are married to a Bangladeshi citizen or born to a Bangladeshi parent.
Pentecost Mission, Eschatology, and the Embodiment of the Full Gospel in a Wounded World
Authors: Laughlin Peter 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Pentecostal mission activity was initially motivated by a commitment to the premillennial return of Christ. This eschatological basis for mission was driven by a number of factors, not least being interpretations of Matthew 24:14, in which the gospel needed to reach every nation before the end would come. But a focus on the next world also led Pentecostal mission strategy away from this world concerns, and Pentecostals have long been criticized for a history of mission that involved proclamation of a future hope without any form of present-day relief. In an increasingly wounded world, such an approach becomes less and less palatable, which is why there has now been a significant shift towards social justice and welfare aspects of mission within Pentecostal efforts. However, it has been argued that the relegation of eschatological motivation to the periphery of mission has detrimental consequences for Pentecostal mission as a whole and therefore needs to be rethought (Ma and Ma 2010:280). This article endeavors to contribute to this discussion by drawing together theological and missiological reflections on the Pentecostal full gospel to reflect on whether such relegation is inevitable, or whether an amended eschatological vision is still helpful for mission efforts in a wounded world.
Structures of Trust and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: West Catherine , Godage Kanchana Dodan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sinhala Buddhists in inner-city Colombo, Sri Lanka, turned to local- and national-level structures of trust in their quest to stay safe and mitigate suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore this through an ethnographic case study of the Sri Narada temple in Narahenpita and a textual analysis of the national government’s response to the pandemic. Our research shows that both the temple and national government advocated similar pathways to immunity, including vaccination, Ayurveda, and Buddhism. We argue that in both instances, conceptions of health are plural and relational and embedded in the broader social context, as opposed to individualist notions of health. They also encompass moral issues around social service, merit, and what it means to be a “good” Buddhist. However, these common pathways led to dissimilar outcomes, mediated by qualitatively different relations of trust.
The Oldest Past of Christianity
Authors: Braun Willi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The article argues that just as religion is manufactured or invented, so is tradition and history. This starting point is worked out with reference to history as a discursive construction, the past as fictioned in the present. The past does not exist independently of historical practice. History is a tool for ideological persuasion and ideological criticism in the chaotic, disputed and contested present. This understanding of historiography is brought to bear on the scholarly discourse on Christian origins, highlighting the performativity or mythic character of conventional reconstructions of the historical Jesus and the formation of early Christianity, in which sacred apologetic texts are employed as ethnographic sources. What is called for is to take leave of the “stance of the faithful,” and to reorient the study of the history of Christian origins away from a “protectionist doxa” towards a critical historiography that understands early Christian history as invented or manufactured.
Manuscript Mystique
Authors: Oliveira Nycholas L.D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The following study takes its cue from a body of literature that seeks to challenge the academic discourse on “religion” as transcendent, irreducible, and unique – sui generis. Naturally, a sui generis conception of religion also views religion’s objects through a lens of transcendence and divine authority. These objects possess immense meaning potential and act as social mediators in particular social contexts. In both ancient and modern times, early Christian manuscripts are examples of such religious objects. They are evidence of the literary practices of early Christians and are windows into their social contexts, reflecting how these believers navigated their socio-cultural realities. Modern scholars often use these manuscripts as evidence to postulate the existence of homogeneous Christian communities who created these texts for their theological upliftment. However, are such postulations supported by the material evidence? This paper examines one case study where 𝔓72 has been propped up as a witness to the presence of a coherent unified proto-orthodox Christian community in the fourth century CE in Egypt. The following research concludes that extant evidence points to a socio-religious context in Egypt during this period that was remarkably complex; as such, the existence of such a community cannot be supported.
Oliveira Martins’s Alexander the Great in O Helenismo e a civilização cristã
Authors: Modanez de Sant’Anna Henrique 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article analyzes Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins’s view of Alexander the Great as described in O helenismo e a civilização cristã (1878). I argue, first, that Oliveira Martins’s increasing interest in Hellenism’s contribution to the rise of Christianity is part of his attempt to make sense of his own time, and a consequence of his early revolutionary ideals. Second, I advance the debate about Oliveira Martins’s ancient sources, arguing that his use of Plutarch’s account alone in Chapter 6 (“Alexander’s empire”) is not arbitrary. In fact, it both reflects and supports his view on the Macedonian king as a revolutionary historical figure, whom he calls “Alexander the Messiah.”
Revolution, Morality, and Heroism in Angola
Authors: Martins Vasco 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article explores the political uses of frameworks of heroism in Angola. It argues that after independence and governing a country it had to decolonize, the MPLA promoted a specific political morality and civic virtue by referencing its own heroes and heroines. It used its youth, women, and children’s party organizations as vehicles to indoctrinate society in the new revolutionary values and behaviours. Yet, after an immense work of signification, the archive on heroism and morality, specific to a political period, was made obsolete due to the political changes after the turn to democracy and end of the civil war.
The Independence of Cabo Verde: from the Diaspora to the Archipelago
Authors: Almada e Santos Aurora 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The independence of Cabo Verde achieved on 5 July 1975 was not a straightforward process. From 1950s onwards, multiple anticolonial organizations having different ideas and interests challenged Portuguese colonial rule in the archipelago. Nonetheless, only the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde (PAIGC: Partido Africano para a Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde) was recognized as the representative of the populations and gained access to the negotiations with Portugal in 1974. This paper aims to contribute to a greater understanding of how the PAIGC became a leading organization in the negotiations for the independence of Cabo Verde, sidelining other actors with alternative views for the territory.
Separate Peaks: Reasons to Reject Derek Parfit’s Views about Theoretical Moral Convergence
Authors: Walen Alec 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Derek Parfit argued that “Kantians, Contractualists, and Consequentialists … are climbing the same mountain on different sides.” By that he meant that when their views are properly developed, they will converge. One reason to reject his substantive view, however, is that he could not see how to account for the deontological intuition that it is very hard to justify using people as a means. Matthew Oliver offers a clever way for evaluator-neutral consequentialists like Parfit to account for that intuition. But Oliver’s account runs into two problems: the axiology itself is problematic, and it seems inconsistent with other deep deontological intuitions. I offer a different development of contractualism that accounts for the relevant deontological intuitions, but it’s a fundamentally different “mountain.” Convergence is not in sight, but one can still hope that all climbers will eventually migrate to the better mountain.
UK saddle survey part 1 – saddle use & preferences in horses and riders
Authors: Marlin D.J. , Williams J.M. , Tabor G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Saddles are almost certainly one of the most commonly used pieces of equipment and are used by the majority of riders in many equestrian disciplines. Despite a large number of studies relating to saddle fit and function, there appear to be no published data describing the basic demographics of saddle use, rider preferences or discipline differences. This study was designed as an online survey consisting of 20 closed questions and 4 open free text questions split into three sections: (1) participant demographics; (2) saddle use; and (3) impact of saddle use on the horse and rider. The survey was live for 20 days and 65% of the responses were obtained within the first 8 days. A total of 4,527 horse owners/keepers undertook the survey with 3,624 complete responses (80.1% completion rate). The majority of respondents were female (98.1%, n = 3,555). The four most popular disciplines respondents participated in were pleasure riding/hacking (82.6%, n = 2,994), dressage (71.6%, n = 2,595), show jumping (48.2%, n = 1,747) and eventing (33.3%, n = 1,205). Most horse owners and keepers engaged in non-competitive or local/unaffiliated level competition (59.0%, n = 2,136). The majority of respondents (59.2%, n = 2,145) did not use saddles on more than one horse. When selecting a saddle, respondents valued comfort for the horse as essential (92.6%, n = 4,073), followed by injury prevention (essential; 66.5%, n = 2,838) and then performance related attributes (essential; 56.9%, n = 2,459). When selecting a saddle to buy, durability was the most important feature for respondents (92.5%), who also rated weight, price, and leather (63.0%, 66.5% and 67.7%, respectively) as key attributes they would require.
Transcending the Conventional Development Paradigm in Africa: What about the Afro-modernism Way?
Authors: Ishengoma Nelson M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
While empirical evidence evinces that the conventional development model has significantly yielded desired socioeconomic impacts in the North, the same has virtually failed to demonstrate similar scores in Africa. Today, poverty, in its dimensionality, constitutes the lives of many people on the continent. According to this paper, this situation calls for a new philosophical and pragmatic shift – the Afro-modernism model. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the potential and relevance of this theory insofar as Africa’s development impasse is concerned. This analytical paper has benefited from a systematic review of empirical and theoretical literature. It argues that despite inherent intricacies, the theory presents the continent with a unique opportunity to genuinely engage with and draw from a communally-informed framework – “ubuntu” in the process of reimagining and reinventing the community’s aspirations and goals, but at the same time, making use of the most relevant attributes present in the prevailing dominant conventional model for a comprehensively desired outcome.
An Indigenous Cosmovision for Earth-Centric Governance
Authors: Hossain Kamrul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The following article critically examines how the structure of international law falls short of embracing common global problems. In this context, the article focuses on the ecological aspects of governance that tend to go beyond state-centric interests. Putting forward an overview of how issues beyond the states’ national jurisdiction are addressed in the present structure of international law, the article examines the challenges of incorporating the Earth-centric approach reflected in the Indigenous cosmovision into that body of law. While the analysis does not attempt to provide any conclusive solutions, it argues that the Earth-centric approach cannot be incorporated into the current international legal framework. Although absolutely indispensable for a sustainable planetary process, the approach would require a complete deconstruction of the global legal order or a radical re-organization of the current structure of international law.
Orthodox Christians in Lithuania
Authors: Frėjutė-Rakauskienė Monika , Marcinkevičius Andrius 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this article we will examine how ethnicity (Russians and Russian speakers of mixed ethnic identities) and religion (Orthodoxy) interact and construct ethnoreligious identity in the case of Orthodox Christians in Lithuania. To investigate these aspects, the article will draw on data from qualitative fieldwork (2019–2021) and the analysis of articles from the official journal of the archdiocese of Vilnius and Lithuania. We argue that for the Orthodox community in Lithuania, the historically established close links of Orthodoxy with Russian Orthodox tradition and Russian identity are important today. However, a significant part of the Lithuanian Orthodox community identifies with the global (Byzantium) and/or local (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) Orthodox tradition and faces the challenge of including the Lithuanian language in religious education and practices.
Between the Church and the State
Authors: Pullan Danielle , Gannon Payton 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Supranational cultural institutions and communities play an interesting role in the development of abortion policy both historically and today. In this article we consider two such institutions: the Catholic Church and the European community. The church is famously antiabortion, and we describe the ways in which the Catholic position manifests itself in different countries. Conversely, almost all European countries have liberal laws that allow abortion on demand for twelve weeks of pregnancy. Italy sits at the intersection of European and Catholic identities. Italy adopted European-style liberal abortion laws early, but Italians continue to identify with the church in surveys, which is one of the causes of high levels of conscientious objection by medical professionals. Italy’s abortion policy pleases neither Catholics nor secularists. We explain this by understanding Italy’s abortion law as liberal de jure, but its culture is still heavily influenced by Catholicism, resulting in limited abortion access de facto.
China’s Approach to Human Security within and outside UN Peacekeeping: Drawing Lessons from South Sudan
Authors: Peter Mateja , Wang Ruoxi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
China’s relationship with human security has been ambiguous. It has acted as the most visible objector of the concept, while simultaneously contributing the most troops of all UN Security Council permanent members to UN protection of civilians (poc) peacekeeping missions. To analyse this ambiguity, we develop a typology of activities used by external actors to address human security concerns: mediation, physical protection including the use of force, and capacity building. The typology draws on the three constituent responsibilities in Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and closely aligns with the three tiers of the UN peacekeeping poc policy. We apply our typology on China’s engagement with the South Sudan civil war. We posit two interlinked arguments. First, we argue that China pursues a dual-track approach to human security, within and outside multilateral deployments, and these need to be read simultaneously to appreciate its understanding of the concept. Second, we argue for a refocus on all three types of activities. While most research has focused on the Chinese approach to the use of force, we show that the two other types of activities—mediation and capacity building —present highly productive sites of contestation. Given the current global fragmentation, where any authorisation of the use of force in the unsc and robust peacekeeping deployments are increasingly improbable, understanding Chinese understandings of human security within mediation and capacity building is of paramount importance.
A Case for Old Frisian Vowel Balance as Prosodically-driven Vowel Reduction
Authors: Smith Laura Catharine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Drawing on data from the Old Frisian Riustring manuscripts, modern Frisian dialects, as well as older and more modern Scandinavian dialects and languages, this article argues for two points: first, that Vowel Balance is ultimately a reduction process, and second, that a foot-based analysis can account for Vowel Balance. In Old Frisian, i and u appear after light stems while e and o are found after heavy and polysyllabic stems; in some other languages and dialects, vowels after heavy and polysyllabic stems are reduced supporting an interpretation of e and o as reduced allophonic variants of i and u respectively. Two caveats can be made for arguments in favour of interpreting Vowel Balance as a reduction process, namely the case of trimoraic Vowel Balance in disyllabic words, and the reinterpretation of the contrast between i~e in Old Frisian as a means of marking the prosodic contrast between stem size. These caveats help clarify how prosody can shape stems both in terms of additional manifestations of Vowel Balance, and extending the vowel alternations based on light-heavy stem contrast to words which would not have otherwise undergone Vowel Balance.
Frisian and Norse Sidelights on the Form and Meaning of Proto-Germanic *hlaþanan
Authors: Stiles Patrick V. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Germanic verb hlaþanan, usually glossed ‘to load’, has been wrongly evaluated because of a failure to examine the material in sufficient depth as regards both phonology and semantics. The Old High German evidence indicating a regular Verner’s Law alternation in the paradigm is supplemented not only by the Gothic past participle -hlaþans* with analogical voiceless spirant but also by modern East and North Frisian data. This points to a pre-Germanic proto-form with root-final *-t (Part 1). As emerges from a study of the situation in North Germanic, a core meaning for the Germanic verb appears to have been ‘to lay something down (flat)’, from which development to ‘to stack’ and ‘to load’ is straightforward (Part 2). Potential cognates exist in Balto-Slavic, but the exact formal relationships are unclear (Part 3).