bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Constitutional Justice by Using External References: The European Court of Human Rights’ Reasoning on the Protection against Expulsion
Authors: FARAHAT ANUSCHEH 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article argues that the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) uses external references as a tool to enhance ‘constitutional justice’. This technique is illustrated by the Court's contribution to an important shift in migration law beginning in the late 1980s and resulting in an enhanced scheme for protection against expulsion in Europe. This shift reflects the changing role of the ECtHR from a court primarily concerned with providing ‘individual justice’ to a court aiming at enabling ‘constitutional justice’. The aim of the article is to contextualize the aforementioned shift with a historical view and to understand it in methodological terms. It argues that the Court supports its dynamic interpretation of the right to privacy in Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights in crucial judgments by reference to often non-binding instruments issued by the Council of Europe and to other human rights treaties. In this regard, the case of protection against expulsion illustrates a particular feature of the Court's turn to ‘constitutional justice’, namely the increased application of the principle of systemic integration. This allowed the Court to develop a meaningful and comprehensive protection scheme in the first place. However, the article reveals that once the substantial standard developed by the ECtHR has been formally implemented in domestic law, domestic decisions are reviewed with significantly less scrutiny. This limitation may again be explained by the ‘constitutional turn’ which results in a pragmatic tendency to proceduralization in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR.
Preventing community-wide transmission ofCryptosporidium: a proactive public health response to a swimming pool-associated outbreak – Auglaize County, Ohio, USA
Authors: COPE J. R. , PROSSER A. , NOWICKI S. , ROBERTS M. W. , ROBERTS J. M. , SCHEER D. , ANDERSON C. , LONGSWORTH A. , PARSONS C. , GOLDSCHMIDT D. , JOHNSTON S. , BISHOP H. , XIAO L. , HILL V. , BEACH M. , HLAVSA M. C. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThe incidence of recreational water-associated outbreaks in the United States has significantly increased, driven, at least in part, by outbreaks both caused byCryptosporidiumand associated with treated recreational water venues. Because of the parasite's extreme chlorine tolerance, transmission can occur even in well-maintained treated recreational water venues (e.g. pools) and a focal cryptosporidiosis outbreak can evolve into a community-wide outbreak associated with multiple recreational water venues and settings (e.g. childcare facilities). In August 2004 in Auglaize County, Ohio, multiple cryptosporidiosis cases were identified and anecdotally linked to pool A. Within 5 days of the first case being reported, pool A was hyperchlorinated to achieve 99·9%Cryptosporidiuminactivition. A case-control study was launched to epidemiologically ascertain the outbreak source 11 days later. A total of 150 confirmed and probable cases were identified; the temporal distribution of illness onset was peaked, indicating a point-source exposure. Cryptosporidiosis was significantly associated with swimming in pool A (matched odds ratio 121·7, 95% confidence interval 27·4–∞) but not with another venue or setting. The findings of this investigation suggest that proactive implementation of control measures, when increasedCryptosporidiumtransmission is detected but before an outbreak source is epidemiologically ascertained, might prevent a focal cryptosporidiosis outbreak from evolving into a community-wide outbreak.
Role of Disgust Proneness in Parkinson’s Disease: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Authors: Ille Rottraut , Wabnegger Albert , Schwingenschuh Petra , Katschnig-Winter Petra , Kögl-Wallner Mariella , Wenzel Karoline , Schienle Anne 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe knowledge about personality traits in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still limited. In particular, disgust proneness has not been investigated as well as its neuronal correlates. Although several morphometric studies demonstrated that PD is associated with gray matter volume (GMV) reduction in olfactory and gustatory regions involved in disgust processing, a possible correlation with disgust proneness has not been investigated. We conducted a voxel-based morphometry analysis to compare GMV between 16 cognitively normal male PD patients with mild to moderate symptoms and 24 matched control subjects. All participants had answered questionnaires for the assessment of disgust proneness, trait anger and trait anxiety. We correlated questionnaire scores with GMV in both groups. The clinical group reported selectively reduced disgust proneness toward olfactory stimuli associated with spoilage. Moreover, they showed GMV reduction in the central olfactory system [orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and piriform cortex]. Disgust items referring to olfactory processing were positively correlated with OFC volume in PD patients. Our data suggest an association between PD-associated neurodegeneration and olfactory related facets of the personality trait disgust proneness. (JINS, 2015, 21, 314–317)
Enrichment of DNRA bacteria in a continuous culture
Authors: van den Berg Eveline M , van Dongen Udo , Abbas Ben , van Loosdrecht Mark C M 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are competing microbial nitrate-reduction processes. The occurrence of DNRA has been shown to be effected qualitatively by various parameters in the environment. A more quantitative understanding can be obtained using enrichment cultures in a laboratory reactor, yet no successful DNRA enrichment culture has been described. We showed that a stable DNRA-dominated enrichment culture can be obtained in a chemostat system. The enrichment was based on the hypothesis that nitrate limitation is the dominant factor in selecting for DNRA. First, a conventional denitrifying culture was enriched from activated sludge, with acetate and nitrate as substrates. Next, the acetate concentration in the medium was increased to obtain nitrate-limiting conditions. As a result, conversions shifted from denitrification to DNRA. In this selection of a DNRA culture, two important factors were the nitrate limitation and a relatively low dilution rate (0.026 h−1). The culture was a highly enriched population of Deltaproteobacteria most closely related to Geobacter lovleyi, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing (97% similarity). We established a stable and reproducible cultivation method for the enrichment of DNRA bacteria in a continuously operated reactor system. This enrichment method allows to further investigate the DNRA process and address the factors for competition between DNRA and denitrification, or other N-conversion pathways.
Dietary input of microbes and host genetic variation shape among-population differences in stickleback gut microbiota
Authors: Smith Chris C R , Snowberg Lisa K , Gregory Caporaso J , Knight Rob , Bolnick Daniel I 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
To explain differences in gut microbial communities we must determine how processes regulating microbial community assembly (colonization, persistence) differ among hosts and affect microbiota composition. We surveyed the gut microbiota of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from 10 geographically clustered populations and sequenced environmental samples to track potential colonizing microbes and quantify the effects of host environment and genotype. Gut microbiota composition and diversity varied among populations. These among-population differences were associated with multiple covarying ecological variables: habitat type (lake, stream, estuary), lake geomorphology and food- (but not water-) associated microbiota. Fish genotype also covaried with gut microbiota composition; more genetically divergent populations exhibited more divergent gut microbiota. Our results suggest that population level differences in stickleback gut microbiota may depend more on internal sorting processes (host genotype) than on colonization processes (transient environmental effects).
Nitrogenase diversity and activity in the gastrointestinal tract of the wood-eating catfish Panaque nigrolineatus
Authors: McDonald Ryan , Zhang Fan , Watts Joy E M , Schreier Harold J 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The Amazonian catfish, Panaque nigrolineatus, consume large amounts of wood in their diets. The nitrogen-fixing community within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of these catfish was found to include nifH phylotypes that are closely related to Clostridium sp., Alpha and Gammaproteobacteria, and sequences associated with GI tracts of lower termites. Fish fed a diet of sterilized palm wood were found to contain nifH messenger RNA within their GI tracts, displaying high sequence similarity to the nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium group. Nitrogenase activity, measured by acetylene reduction assays, could be detected in freshly dissected GI tract material and also from anaerobic enrichment cultures propagated in nitrogen-free enrichment media; nifH sequences retrieved from these cultures were dominated by Klebsiella- and Clostridium-like sequences. Microscopic examination using catalyzed reporter deposition-enhanced immunofluorescence revealed high densities of nitrogenase-containing cells colonizing the woody digesta within the GI tract, as well as cells residing within the intestinal mucous layer. Our findings suggest that the P. nigrolineatus GI tract provides a suitable environment for nitrogen fixation that may facilitate production of reduced nitrogen by the resident microbial population under nitrogen limiting conditions. Whether this community is providing reduced nitrogen to the host in an active or passive manner and whether it is present in a permanent or transient relationship remains to be determined. The intake of a cellulose rich diet and the presence of a suitable environment for nitrogen fixation suggest that the GI tract microbial community may allow a unique trophic niche for P. nigrolineatus among fish.
Cellulosome stoichiometry in Clostridium cellulolyticum is regulated by selective RNA processing and stabilization
Authors: Xu Chenggang , Huang Ranran , Teng Lin , Jing Xiaoyan , Hu Jianqiang , Cui Guzhen , Wang Yilin , Cui Qiu , Xu Jian 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe mechanism, physiological relevance and evolutionary implication of selective RNA processing and stabilization (SRPS) remain elusive. Here we report the genome-wide maps of transcriptional start sites (TSs) and post-transcriptional processed sites (PSs) for Clostridium cellulolyticum. The PS-associated genes are preferably associated with subunits of heteromultimeric protein complexes, and the intergenic PSs (iPSs) are enriched in operons exhibiting highly skewed transcript-abundance landscape. Stem-loop structures associated with those iPSs located at 3′ termini of highly transcribed genes exhibit folding free energy negatively correlated with transcript-abundance ratio of flanking genes. In the cellulosome-encoding cip-cel operon, iPSs and stem-loops precisely regulate structure and abundance of the subunit-encoding transcripts processed from a primary polycistronic RNA, quantitatively specifying cellulosome stoichiometry. Moreover, cellulosome evolution is shaped by the number, position and biophysical nature of TSs, iPSs and stem-loops. Our findings unveil a genome-wide RNA-encoded strategy controlling in vivo stoichiometry of protein complexes.
Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats
Authors: Lefcheck Jonathan S. , Byrnes Jarrett E. K. , Isbell Forest , Gamfeldt Lars , Griffin John N. , Eisenhauer Nico , Hensel Marc J. S. , Hector Andy , Cardinale Bradley J. , Duffy J. Emmett 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe importance of biodiversity for the integrated functioning of ecosystems remains unclear because most evidence comes from analyses of biodiversity’s effect on individual functions. Here we show that the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem function become more important as more functions are considered. We present the first systematic investigation of biodiversity’s effect on ecosystem multifunctionality across multiple taxa, trophic levels and habitats using a comprehensive database of 94 manipulations of species richness. We show that species-rich communities maintained multiple functions at higher levels than depauperate ones. These effects were stronger for herbivore biodiversity than for plant biodiversity, and were remarkably consistent across aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Despite observed tradeoffs, the overall effect of biodiversity on multifunctionality grew stronger as more functions were considered. These results indicate that prior research has underestimated the importance of biodiversity for ecosystem functioning by focusing on individual functions and taxonomic groups.
Single-band upconversion nanoprobes for multiplexed simultaneous in situ molecular mapping of cancer biomarkers
Authors: Zhou Lei , Wang Rui , Yao Chi , Li Xiaomin , Wang Chengli , Zhang Xiaoyan , Xu Congjian , Zeng Aijun , Zhao Dongyuan , Zhang Fan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe identification of potential diagnostic markers and target molecules among the plethora of tumour oncoproteins for cancer diagnosis requires facile technology that is capable of quantitatively analysing multiple biomarkers in tumour cells and tissues. Diagnostic and prognostic classifications of human tumours are currently based on the western blotting and single-colour immunohistochemical methods that are not suitable for multiplexed detection. Herein, we report a general and novel method to prepare single-band upconversion nanoparticles with different colours. The expression levels of three biomarkers in breast cancer cells were determined using single-band upconversion nanoparticles, western blotting and immunohistochemical technologies with excellent correlation. Significantly, the application of antibody-conjugated single-band upconversion nanoparticle molecular profiling technology can achieve the multiplexed simultaneousin situbiodetection of biomarkers in breast cancer cells and tissue specimens and produce more accurate results for the simultaneous quantification of proteins present at low levels compared with classical immunohistochemical technology.
Deoxynybomycins inhibit mutant DNA gyrase and rescue mice infected with fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria
Authors: Parkinson Elizabeth I. , Bair Joseph S. , Nakamura Bradley A. , Lee Hyang Y. , Kuttab Hani I. , Southgate Emma H. , Lezmi Stéphane , Lau Gee W. , Hergenrother Paul J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFluoroquinolones are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics, but fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR) is widespread and increasing. Deoxynybomycin (DNM) is a natural-product antibiotic with an unusual mechanism of action, inhibiting the mutant DNA gyrase that confers FQR. Unfortunately, isolation of DNM is difficult and DNM is insoluble in aqueous solutions, making it a poor candidate for development. Here we describe a facile chemical route to produce DNM and its derivatives. These compounds possess excellent activity against FQR methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci clinical isolates and inhibit mutant DNA gyrase in-vitro. Bacteria that develop resistance to DNM are re-sensitized to fluoroquinolones, suggesting that resistance that emerges to DNM would be treatable. Using a DNM derivative, the first in-vivo efficacy of the nybomycin class is demonstrated in a mouse infection model. Overall, the data presented suggest the promise of DNM derivatives for the treatment of FQR infections.
Both respiration and photosynthesis determine the scaling of plankton metabolism in the oligotrophic ocean
Authors: Serret Pablo , Robinson Carol , Aranguren-Gassis María , García-Martín Enma Elena , Gist Niki , Kitidis Vassilis , Lozano José , Stephens John , Harris Carolyn , Thomas Rob 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDespite its importance to ocean–climate interactions, the metabolic state of the oligotrophic ocean has remained controversial for >15 years. Positions in the debate are that it is either hetero- or autotrophic, which suggests either substantial unaccounted for organic matter inputs, or that all available photosynthesis (P) estimations (including 14C) are biased. Here we show the existence of systematic differences in the metabolic state of the North (heterotrophic) and South (autotrophic) Atlantic oligotrophic gyres, resulting from differences in both P and respiration (R). The oligotrophic ocean is neither auto- nor heterotrophic, but functionally diverse. Our results show that the scaling of plankton metabolism by generalized P:R relationships that has sustained the debate is biased, and indicate that the variability of R, and not only of P, needs to be considered in regional estimations of the ocean’s metabolic state.
Saccharina genomes provide novel insight into kelp biology
Authors: Ye Naihao , Zhang Xiaowen , Miao Miao , Fan Xiao , Zheng Yi , Xu Dong , Wang Jinfeng , Zhou Lin , Wang Dongsheng , Gao Yuan , Wang Yitao , Shi Wenyu , Ji Peifeng , Li Demao , Guan Zheng , Shao Changwei , Zhuang Zhimeng , Gao Zhengquan , Qi Ji , Zhao Fangqing 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSeaweeds are essential for marine ecosystems and have immense economic value. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the draft genome ofSaccharina japonica, one of the most economically important seaweeds. The 537-Mb assembled genomic sequence covered 98.5% of the estimated genome, and 18,733 protein-coding genes are predicted and annotated. Gene families related to cell wall synthesis, halogen concentration, development and defence systems were expanded. Functional diversification of the mannuronan C-5-epimerase and haloperoxidase gene families provides insight into the evolutionary adaptation of polysaccharide biosynthesis and iodine antioxidation. Additional sequencing of seven cultivars and nine wild individuals reveal that the genetic diversity within wild populations is greater than among cultivars. All of the cultivars are descendants of a wildS. japonicaaccession showing limited admixture withS. longissima. This study represents an important advance toward improving yields and economic traits inSaccharinaand provides an invaluable resource for plant genome studies.
Damage-tolerant nanotwinned metals with nanovoids under radiation environments
Authors: Chen Y. , Yu K Y. , Liu Y. , Shao S. , Wang H. , Kirk M. A. , Wang J. , Zhang X. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMaterial performance in extreme radiation environments is central to the design of future nuclear reactors. Radiation induces significant damage in the form of dislocation loops and voids in irradiated materials, and continuous radiation often leads to void growth and subsequent void swelling in metals with low stacking fault energy. Here we show that by using in situ heavy ion irradiation in a transmission electron microscope, pre-introduced nanovoids in nanotwinned Cu efficiently absorb radiation-induced defects accompanied by gradual elimination of nanovoids, enhancing radiation tolerance of Cu. In situ studies and atomistic simulations reveal that such remarkable self-healing capability stems from high density of coherent and incoherent twin boundaries that rapidly capture and transport point defects and dislocation loops to nanovoids, which act as storage bins for interstitial loops. This study describes a counterintuitive yet significant concept: deliberate introduction of nanovoids in conjunction with nanotwins enables unprecedented damage tolerance in metallic materials.
From 2D to 3D: novel nanostructured scaffolds to investigate signalling in reconstructed neuronal networks
Authors: Bosi Susanna , Rauti Rossana , Laishram Jummi , Turco Antonio , Lonardoni Davide , Nieus Thierry , Prato Maurizio , Scaini Denis , Ballerini Laura 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTo recreate in vitro 3D neuronal circuits will ultimately increase the relevance of results from cultured to whole-brain networks and will promote enabling technologies for neuro-engineering applications. Here we fabricate novel elastomeric scaffolds able to instruct 3D growth of living primary neurons. Such systems allow investigating the emerging activity, in terms of calcium signals, of small clusters of neurons as a function of the interplay between the 2D or 3D architectures and network dynamics. We report the ability of 3D geometry to improve functional organization and synchronization in small neuronal assemblies. We propose a mathematical modelling of network dynamics that supports such a result. Entrapping carbon nanotubes in the scaffolds remarkably boosted synaptic activity, thus allowing for the first time to exploit nanomaterial/cell interfacing in 3D growth support. Our 3D system represents a simple and reliable construct, able to improve the complexity of current tissue culture models.
Chemical proteomic identification of T-plastin as a novel host cell response factor inHCV infection
Authors: Yoo Young-Hwa , Yun JiHyeon , Yoon Chang No , Lee Jun-Seok 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease thatcurrently affects at least 170 million people worldwide. Although significantefforts have been focused on discovering inhibitors of a viral polymerase (NS5B) orprotease (NS3), strategies to cure HCV infection have been hampered by the limitedtherapeutic target proteins. Thus, discovery of a novel target remains a majorchallenge. Here, we report a method that combines transcriptome expression analysiswith unbiased proteome reactivity profiling to identify novel host cell responsefactors in HCV infection. A chemical probe for non-directed proteomic profiling wasselected based on genome-wide transcriptome expression analysis after HCV infection,which revealed noticeable alterations related to disulfide bond metabolism. On thebasis of this result, we screened the proteome reactivity using chemical probescontaining thiol-reactive functional groups and discovered a unique labeling profilein HCV-infected cells. A subsequent quantitative chemical proteomic mapping studyled to the identification of a target protein, T-plastin (PLST) and its regulationof HCV replication. Our approach demonstrates both a straightforward strategy forselecting chemical probes to discriminate disease states using a model system andits application for proteome reactivity profiling for novel biomarker discovery.
Unusual ferromagnetism enhancement in ferromagnetically optimal manganite La0.7−yCa0.3+yMn1−yRuyO3 (0≤y<0.3): the role of Mn-Ru t2g super-exchange
Authors: Liu M. F. , Du Z. Z. , Xie Y. L. , Li X. , Yan Z. B. , Liu J. –M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe eg-orbital double-exchange mechanism as the core of physics of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) manganites is well known, which usually covers up the role of super-exchange at the t2g-orbitals. The role of the double-exchange mechanism is maximized in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3, leading to the concurrent metal-insulator transition and ferromagnetic transition as well as CMR effect. In this work, by a set of synchronous Ru-substitution and Ca-substitution experiments on La0.7–yCa0.3+yMn1–yRuyO3, we demonstrate that the optimal ferromagnetism in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 can be further enhanced. It is also found that the metal-insulator transition and magnetic transition can be separately modulated. By well-designed experimental schemes with which the Mn3+-Mn4+ double-exchange is damaged as weakly as possible, it is revealed that this ferromagnetism enhancement is attributed to the Mn-Ru t2g ferromagnetic super-exchange. The present work allows a platform on which the electro-transport and magnetism of rare-earth manganites can be controlled by means of the t2g-orbital physics of strongly correlated transition metal oxides.