bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Galactic Centre - a laboratory for starburst galaxies (?)
Authors: Crocker Roland M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Galactic centre – as the closest galactic nucleus – holds both intrinsic interest and possibly represents a useful analogue to starburst nuclei which we can observe with orders of magnitude finer detail than these external systems. The environmental conditions in the GC – here taken to mean the inner 200 pc in diameter of the Milky Way – are extreme with respect to those typically encountered in the Galactic disk. The energy densities of the various GC ISM components are typically ~two orders of magnitude larger than those found locally and the star-formation rate density ~three orders of magnitude larger. Unusually within the Galaxy, the Galactic centre exhibits hard-spectrum, diffuse TeV (=1012 eV) gamma-ray emission spatially coincident with the region's molecular gas. Recently the nuclei of local starburst galaxies NGC 253 and M82 have also been detected in gamma-rays of such energies. We have embarked on an extended campaign of modelling the broadband (radio continuum to TeV gamma-ray), non- thermal signals received from the inner 200 pc of the Galaxy. On the basis of this modelling we find that star-formation and associated supernova activity is the ultimate driver of the region's non-thermal activity. This activity drives a large-scale wind of hot plasma and cosmic rays out of the GC. The wind advects the locally-accelerated cosmic rays quickly, before they can lose much energy in situ or penetrate into the densest molecular gas cores where star-formation occurs. The cosmic rays can, however, heat/ionize the lower density/warm H2 phase enveloping the cores. On very large scales (~10 kpc) the non-thermal signature of the escaping GC cosmic rays has probably been detected recently as the spectacular ‘Fermi bubbles’ and corresponding ‘YWMAP haze’.
Constraints on the optical-IR extragalactic background from γ-ray absorption studies
Authors: Costamante Luigi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractVery high energy (VHE ≳0.1 TeV) gamma-rays from extragalactic sources, interacting by γ-γ collisions with diffuse intergalactic radiation fields, provide an alternative way to constrain the diffuse background light, completely independent of direct measurements. The limits depend however on our knowledge of the physics of the gamma-ray sources. After clarifying the interplay between background light and VHE spectra, I summarize the extent and validity of the obtainable limits, and where future improvements can be expected.
Cosmic Optical Background: the view from Pioneer 10/11
Authors: Matsuoka Y. , Ienaka N. , Kawara K. , Oyabu S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe present the new constraints on the cosmic optical background (COB) obtained from an analysis of the Pioneer 10/11 Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP) data. After careful examination of data quality, the usable measurements free from the zodiacal light are integrated into sky maps at the blue (~0.44 μm) and red (~0.64 μm) bands. Accurate starlight subtraction is achieved by referring to all-sky star catalogs and a Galactic stellar population synthesis model down to 32.0 mag. We find that the residual light is separated into two components: one component shows a clear correlation with thermal 100 μm brightness, while another betrays a constant level in the lowest 100 μm brightness region. Presence of the second component is significant after all the uncertainties and possible residual light in the Galaxy are taken into account, thus it most likely has the extragalactic origin (i.e., the COB). The derived COB brightness is (1.8 ± 0.9) × 10−9 and (1.2 ± 0.9) × 10−9 erg s−1 cm−2 sr−1 Å−1 at the blue and red band, respectively, or 7.9 ± 4.0 and 7.7 ± 5.8 nW m−2 sr−1. Based on a comparison with the integrated brightness of galaxies, we conclude that the bulk of the COB is comprised of normal galaxies which have already been resolved by the current deepest observations. There seems to be little room for contributions of other populations including “first stars” at these wavelengths. On the other hand, the first component of the IPP residual light represents the diffuse Galactic light (DGL)---scattered starlight by the interstellar dust. We derive the mean DGL-to-100 μm brightness ratios of 2.1 × 10−3 and 4.6 × 10−3 at the two bands, which are roughly consistent with the previous observations toward denser dust regions. Extended red emission in the diffuse interstellar medium is also confirmed.
Evolutionary Map of the Universe
Authors: Norris Ray P. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEMU is a wide-field radio continuum survey planned for the new Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope, due to be completed in 2012. The primary goal of EMU is to make a deep (~10μJy/bm rms) radio continuum survey of the entire Southern Sky at 1.4 GHz, extending as far North as +30° declination, with a 10 arcsec resolution. EMU is expected to detect and catalog about 70 million galaxies, including typical star-forming galaxies up to z = 1, powerful starbursts to even greater redshifts, and AGNs to the edge of the Universe. EMU will undoubtedly discover new classes of object. Here I present the science goals and survey parameters.
Biological productivity along Line P in the subarctic northeast Pacific: In situ versus incubation‐based methods
Authors: Giesbrecht Karina E. , Hamme Roberta C. , Emerson Steven R. 
Published: August 2012

We compared net community production determined from an in situ O2/Ar mass balance (O2/Ar‐NCP) with incubation measurements of new and primary production in the subarctic northeast Pacific. In situ O2/Ar‐NCP was strongly correlated to new production from 24‐h15NO3− uptake integrated over the mixed layer (15N‐NewP), if measurements were separated into high and low‐productivity conditions. Under high‐productivity conditions, O2/Ar‐NCP estimates were similar to15N‐NewP, whereas under low productivity conditions O2/Ar‐NCP was up to two times higher than15N‐NewP. The relationship between O2/Ar‐NCP and 24‐h13C primary production (13C‐PP) was more variable, but with a consistent mean O2/Ar‐NCP:13C‐PP ratio of 0.52 ± 0.17 when only low‐productivity, summer measurements were considered. This relationship with primary production is perturbed by high productivity events such as a late‐summer, iron‐stimulated bloom observed at the offshore stations. Finally, we show that diapycnal mixing usually dominates the O2/Ar mass balance in winter in the subarctic Pacific, preventing the determination of NCP by the O2/Ar method at that time, except for one unusual stratification event in February 2007.
Quantifying the impact of dust on heterogeneous ice generation in midlevel supercooled stratiform clouds
Authors: Zhang Damao , Wang Zhien , Heymsfield Andrew , Fan Jiwen , Liu Dong , Zhao Ming 
Published: August 2012

Dust aerosols have been regarded as effective ice nuclei (IN), but large uncertainties regarding their efficiencies remain. Here, four years of collocated CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements are used to quantify the impact of dust on heterogeneous ice generation in midlevel supercooled stratiform clouds (MSSCs) over the ‘dust belt’. The results show that the dusty MSSCs have an up to 20% higher mixed‐phase cloud occurrence, up to 8 dBZ higher mean maximum Ze (Ze_max), and up to 11.5 g/m2 higher ice water path (IWP) than similar MSSCs under background aerosol conditions. Assuming similar ice growth and fallout history in similar MSSCs, the significant differences in Ze_max between dusty and non‐dusty MSSCs reflect ice particle number concentration differences. Therefore, observed Ze_max differences indicate that dust could enhance ice particle concentration in MSSCs by a factor of 2 to 6 at temperatures colder than −12°C. The enhancements are strongly dependent on the cloud top temperature, large dust particle concentration and chemical compositions. These results imply an important role of dust particles in modifying mixed‐phase cloud properties globally.
Evaluation and optimization of mass transport of redox species in silicon microwire-array photoelectrodes
Authors: Xiang Chengxiang , Meng Andrew C. , Lewis Nathan S. 
Published: August 2012

Physical integration of a Ag electrical contact internally into a metal/substrate/microstructured Si wire array/oxide/Ag/electrolyte photoelectrochemical solar cell has produced structures that display relatively low ohmic resistance losses, as well as highly efficient mass transport of redox species in the absence of forced convection. Even with front-side illumination, such wire-array based photoelectrochemical solar cells do not require a transparent conducting oxide top contact. In contact with a test electrolyte that contained 50 mM/5.0 mM of the cobaltocenium
+/0
redox species in CH
3
CN–1.0 M LiClO
4
, when the counterelectrode was placed in the solution and separated from the photoelectrode, mass transport restrictions of redox species in the internal volume of the Si wire array photoelectrode produced low fill factors and limited the obtainable current densities to 17.6 mA cm
-2
even under high illumination. In contrast, when the physically integrated internal Ag film served as the counter electrode, the redox couple species were regenerated inside the internal volume of the photoelectrode, especially in regions where depletion of the redox species due to mass transport limitations would have otherwise occurred. This behavior allowed the integrated assembly to operate as a two-terminal, stand-alone, photoelectrochemical solar cell. The current density vs. voltage behavior of the integrated photoelectrochemical solar cell produced short-circuit current densities in excess of 80 mA cm
-2
at high light intensities, and resulted in relatively low losses due to concentration overpotentials at 1 Sun illumination. The integrated wire array-based device architecture also provides design guidance for tandem photoelectrochemical cells for solar-driven water splitting.
Sequence-based prediction of single nucleosome positioning and genome-wide nucleosome occupancy
Authors: van der Heijden Thijn , van Vugt Joke J.F.A. , Logie Colin , van Noort John 
Published: August 2012

Nucleosome positioning dictates eukaryotic DNA compaction and access. To predict nucleosome positions in a statistical mechanics model, we exploited the knowledge that nucleosomes favor DNA sequences with specific periodically occurring dinucleotides. Our model is the first to capture both dyad position within a few base pairs, and free binding energy within 2
k
B
T
, for all the known nucleosome positioning sequences. By applying Percus’s equation to the derived energy landscape, we isolate sequence effects on genome-wide nucleosome occupancy from other factors that may influence nucleosome positioning. For both in vitro and in vivo systems, three parameters suffice to predict nucleosome occupancy with correlation coefficients of respectively 0.74 and 0.66. As predicted, we find the largest deviations in vivo around transcription start sites. This relatively simple algorithm can be used to guide future studies on the influence of DNA sequence on chromatin organization.
Translocating Adult Pacific Lamprey within the Columbia River Basin: State of the Science
Authors: Ward David L , Clemens Benjamin J , Clugston David , Jackson Aaron D , Moser Mary L , Peery Chris , Statler David P 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
The Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) is in decline in the Columbia River Basin, and translocating adult lamprey to bypass difficult migration corridors has been implemented since 2000. We describe and report results from two current translocation programs, provide context for use of translocation, and discuss potential benefits, risks, and uncertainties. Both translocation programs appear to have increased the number of spawning adults and the presence of larvae and juveniles; however, any subsequent increase in naturally spawning adults will require at least one, and likely more, generations to be realized. It was seen that the number of adults entering the Umatilla River increased beginning four years after the first translocations. Potential benefits of translocation programs are increased pheromone production by ammocoetes to attract adults, increased lamprey distribution and abundance in target areas, increased marine-derived nutrients, and promotion of tribal culture. Potential risks include disruption of population structure and associated genetic adaptations, disease transmission, and depletion of donor stocks.
RESUMEN
Las poblaciones de la lamprea del Pacífico (Entosphenus tridentatus) están declinando en la cuenca del Río Columbia, y desde el año 2000 se ha implementado la translocación de individuos adultos para restablecer los corredores migratorios de esta especie. Se describen y reportan los resultados de dos programas recientes de translocación, se contextualiza el uso de la translocación y se discuten sus beneficios potenciales, riesgos e incertidumbre. Ambos programas de translocación parecen haber incrementado el número de adultos desovantes y la presencia tanto de larvas como de juveniles; sin embargo, para que sea posible cualquier incremento ulterior en el stock natural de reproductores se requerirá de al menos una, aunque muy probablemente de más, generaciones. Se observó que el número de adultos que ingresó al Río Umatilla aumentó en los primeros cuatro años después de la primera translocación. Los beneficios potenciales de los programas de translocación son un aumento en la producción de feromonas por parte de larvas ammocoetes para atraer adultos, incremento en la distribución y abundancia de lampreas en áreas objetivas, incremento en la cantidad de nutrientes derivados del medio marino y la promoción de culturas tribales. Los riesgos potenciales incluyen modificación de la estructura poblacional y las adaptaciones genéticas asociadas, transmisión de enfermedades y agotamiento de los stocks donadores.
Physiological characteristics of elite dancers of different dance styles
Authors: Liiv Helena , Jürimäe Toivo , Mäestu Jarek , Purge Priit , Hannus Aave , Jürimäe Jaak 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe present investigation was aimed to study international level dancesport dancer's aerobic capacity during incremental test and competition simulation in relation to the gender, dance style and international ranking. A total of 30 couples (12 Standard, 7 Latin American and 11 Ten Dance; aged 22.8±6.6 years male and 22.0±6.4 years female) performed an incremental treadmill test and competition simulation. In this study for the first time we carried out longer than one round competition simulation and compared three different dancesport styles (Standard, Latin American and Ten Dance). The results showed that dancers of these three dance styles had similar aerobic capacity values. The average maximal oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O2max) values were 59.6±5.1 and 51.2±6.2 ml·min−1·kg−1 for male and female dancers, respectively. Competition simulation showed that Latin American Dance discipline is physiologically more intensive compared to Standard and Ten Dance styles especially for the female dancers. It appeared that male and female Standard dancers tended to perform at lower intensity than anaerobic threshold (AT) during competition simulation (male 97.3±2.9%; female 97.9±3.6%), while Latin (male 101.4±2.9%; female 106.7±5.9%) and Ten Dance (male 100.7±6.4%; female 99.2±5.6%) competition intensity was higher compared to AT level of athletes. The highest heart rate during competition simulation was always found during the last dances (Paso Double, Jive or Quickstep) and in the last round of each dance style. No significant relationship between [Vdot]O2max values and international rankings was registered.
Theoretical modelling of magnetoelectric effects in multi-push–pull mode Metglas/piezo-fibre laminates
Authors: Li M , Hasanyan D , Wang Y , Gao J , Li J , Viehland D 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A theoretical model is presented for magnetoelectric (ME) effects in multi-push–pull mode magnetostrictive/piezo-fibre laminate composites. Analytical solutions for the ME coefficient (α
ME) were derived. The effects of thickness ratio of the magnetostrictive phase, Kapton and multiple layers of epoxy on the value of α
ME were discussed. Experimental results agreed well with the theoretical analysis. When the thickness ratio of the magnetostrictive phase was v = 0.63, α
ME was found to have a maximum value of 25.6 V cm−1 Oe−1. For thinner Kapton and epoxy layers, the values of α
ME became higher. This model presents theoretical guidelines by which one can achieve higher values of α
ME.
Experimental estimation of the surface charge density in micro dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Meyer C , Franzke J , Gurevich E L 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Here we report on the experimental studies of discharge processes in micro dielectric barrier gas discharge cells (μ-DBD). We propose a method, which allows us to measure the average surface charge density on the dielectric barriers of the discharge cell. The method is based on the measurement of the delay time between the polarity change of the applied voltage and the peak of the active discharge current. This procedure is applicable for cells of different sizes and geometries. It is especially advantageous for micro discharge cells, in which direct measurements are not applicable.
Luminescence of lead-related centres in single crystalline films of Lu2SiO5
Authors: Gorbenko V , Krasnikov A , Mihokova E , Nikl M , Zazubovich S , Zorenko Yu 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The steady-state and time-resolved emission and excitation spectra and luminescence decay kinetics of nominally undoped Lu2SiO5 single crystalline films (SCFs) grown by the liquid phase epitaxy method from the PbO-based flux are studied in the range 4.2–300 K. Due to the preparation method, the films contain lead ions. Luminescence characteristics of Pb-related centres of different types are identified. A weak 3.65 eV emission is ascribed to the radiative decay of the triplet relaxed excited state (RES) of Pb2+ ions substituting for Lu3+ ions in the Lu1 lattice sites of the X2 structure. Possible origins of the intense complex lead-related ≈2.8 eV emission are discussed. We propose phenomenological models describing the excited-state dynamics of the studied luminescence centres. We also determine the characteristic parameters of the corresponding RESs, in particular, the energy separations between the excited states and the rates of the radiative and non-radiative transitions from these states.
Controlled functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for enhanced ammonia sensing: a comparative study
Authors: Datta K , Ghosh P , More M A , Shirsat M D , Mulchandani A 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Electrochemically controllable functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with poly(N-methyl pyrrole) (P[NMP]) is demonstrated for room temperature gas sensing applications. Comparative investigations reveal that the loading content of the functionalization entity has prominent effects on the sensing characteristics of SWNTs. The optimized sensing backbone (P[NMP]-functionalized SWNTs with 5 µC deposited charge) exhibited a lower detection limit of 10 ppb and excellent linearity for a detection window of 10 ppb–01 ppm concentration of NH3. The typical response and recovery time of the optimized sensor is on the order of minutes. Finally, a performance comparison of the P[NMP]-functionalized SWNT sensing backbones with the pristine P[NMP] nanowire sensor ensured the well-defined role of SWNTs in the functionalized structure. The proposed sensing mechanism suggests that the synthesis parameters can be manoeuvered for the highest operational efficiency of the sensors.
Does Adoption of Pharmaceutical Innovation Respond to Changes in the Regulatory Environment?
Authors: Varol Nebibe , Costa‐Font Joan , McGuire Alistair 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates how regulation impinged on the launch strategies of international pharmaceutical corporations for new molecules across the main OECD markets between 1960–2008. Comprehensive IMS data is used to analyze the international diffusion of 845 molecules from 14 different anatomic therapeutic categories using non‐parametric survival analysis. The paper focuses on two main regulatory changes that substantially reshaped the barriers to entry: the U.S. Hatch‐Waxman Act in 1984, and the establishment of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 1995. We find that legal transaction costs have a significant impact on timing of launch. Stringent market authorization requirements for new pharmaceutical products in the United States after 1962 resulted in a significant U.S. drug lag in the introduction of pharmaceutical innovation vis‐à‐vis Europe from 1960–1984. However, financial incentives stemming from the 1984 Hatch‐Waxman Act proved effective in closing this lag. A more streamlined EMA regulatory approval process has reduced barriers to entry in Europe, thereby enabling quicker diffusion of pharmaceutical products, yet a marked pattern of delay in the adoption of innovation is still evident due to local differences in pricing regulations. Any new molecule launch strategically takes place first in higher‐priced European Union (EU) markets as a result of the threat of arbitrage and price dependency across EU Member States.
Effects of preconceptional paternal drug exposure on birth outcomes: cohort study of 340 000 pregnancies using Norwegian population‐based databases
Authors: Engeland Anders , Bjørge Tone , Daltveit Anne Kjersti , Skurtveit Svetlana , Vangen Siri , Vollset Stein Emil , Furu Kari 
Published: August 2012

AimsWe aimed to explore associations between drugs dispensed to the father prior to conception and pregnancy outcomes, such as pre‐term birth, perinatal mortality, foetal growth retardation and birth defects.MethodsIn this cohort study, two population‐based registries, the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Prescription Database, were linked. The study cohort consisted of 340 000 pregnancies in 2004–10. The association between specific drugs dispensed to the fathers during the last 3 months prior to conception and pregnancy outcomes was explored by estimating odds ratios (ORs) using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsAbout one quarter (26%) of the fathers were dispensed at least one drug during the last 3 months prior to conception and 1.3% were dispensed at least one drug requiring special attention. Overall, the odds of different adverse pregnancy outcomes were not increased when the father had been dispensed drugs, i.e. the OR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for any birth defect when the fathers had been dispensed any drug were 0.99 (0.94, 1.0). When the fathers had been dispensed diazepam we found increased risk of perinatal mortality and growth retardation, with OR and 95% CIs of 2.2 (1.2, 3.9) and 1.4 (1.2, 1.6), respectively.ConclusionsLarge studies are necessary to reveal increased risk of rare outcomes as specific birth defects. Our study did not indicate that paternal drug exposure is an important risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Fire as a dimension of historical ecology: a response to Bowman et al. (2011)
Authors: Coughlan Michael R. , Petty Aaron M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBowman et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2011, 38, 2223–2236) attempt a synthesis of the current status of study into human use of fire as an ecosystem management tool and provide a framework for guiding research on the human dimensions of global fire. While we applaud this ambitious effort, we believe the proposed ‘pyric phase and transition’ model to be too deterministic and simplistic to account for the complexity and diversity in human–fire relationships. After reviewing theoretical problems with the proposed framework, we question policy implications of their conclusions concerning tropical forest systems. We suggest that a theoretically informed perspective should build on an historical fire ecology framework for investigating social and ecological aspects of human–environment interactions.