bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hendrick Goltzius: somlyói Báthory Boldizsár képmása, 1583
Authors: Horn Ildikó 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This standing, full length portrait of Balthasar Bathory was produced in 1583 in Haarlem by Hendrik Goltzius, who was at the beginning of his career at the time. On the engraving Bathory is depicted in a French dress, with his initials and age above his head, his coat of arms in the top right corner lettered around with his motto and an inscription in the lower left corner, identifying the author of the engraving with the text “H. Goltzius fecit”. In the background we can see a scene that relates to hunting and war at the same time — referring to the well known passion Bathorys had for hunting, as well as Balthasar's successes in the Livonian war over the Russians.
We can reconstruct the story of the creation of the engraving from the work of Goltzius' friend and colleague, Karel van Mander. During the creation of this engraving another one was also produced, showing Balthasar's companion and fellow officer, the polish noble Stanisŀaw Sobocki. We also know that between 1582 and 1583, Goltzius produced a series of full length engravings featuring officers of the Army of the Lower Countries.
The significance of this picture transcends the fact that it is the only known portrait of Balthasar Bathory and that it is most likely an authentic likeness of his. The history of its creation sheds light on several unknown details of his career, opening new doors for historical research. As such, it allows us to determine his date of birth (1561), previously unknown, and also to fill his life between 1582 and 1586 with details, of which next to nothing was known until now. The most important new information is that during this period he led several embassies with the above mentioned Sobocki to Spain, France and the Lower Countries, in the service of Stefan Bathory, his uncle and the king of Poland.
Novel Hyperbranched Molecules Containing Pyrrole Units from Diacetylene Compounds and their Electronic Properties
Authors: Fomina Lioudmila , Sánchez Jorge Godínez , Olivares José A. , CuppoSant´Anna Fabio L. , Sansores Luis E. , Salcedo Roberto 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTNovel hyperbranched molecules containing pyrrole units were obtained from ortho-, meta- and para-diaminodiphenyldiacetylenes, as AB2 type monomers by one-step polymerization. Diacetylenic fragments reacted with terminal amino groups in the presence of copper chloride to give pyrrole units. Diaminodiphenyldiacetylene monomers have been synthesized from ethynilanilines in three steps. The novel monomers and hyperbranched molecules were characterized by NMR, IR and thermal analysis. Some conductivity proofs were also carried out and this behavior was assessed.The electronic behavior of some of these molecules was studied by means of theoretical methods. DFT optimization processes were carried out for three structures derived from the generation growing. There are at least two conformational isomers of the structure (meta- and para-) which show conductivity properties, the meta-isomer shows semiconductor nature but this species is hard to modeling because the steric hindrances cause optimization problems and indeed the third generation species was not achieved. In other context, the para-isomer allows the calculation of three generations and shows clearly a tendency to narrow the energy gap between the frontier orbitals but besides the behavior of the HOMO-1 seems reinforce the conductivity phenomenon.
Copolymers based on 3-alkylthiophene and Thiophene Functionalized with Pyrene Chromophore
Authors: González-Juárez Edgar , Güizado-Rodríguez Marisol , Barba-López Víctor , Rodríguez Mario , Ramos-Ortíz Gabriel , Maldonado José Luis 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAs a preliminary study aiming to possible applications, novel polythiophenes (PTs) derivatives of 3-hexylthiophene and a thiophene functionalized with pyrene chromophore were synthesized. Homopolymer and copolymers of these monomers were obtained in different stoichiometric ratios which allow obtaining structure-property relation of each of the polymers. PTs were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-vis, DSC-TGA, GPC and fluorescence experiments. Polymers have λmax between 345 to 450 nm and an emission band at 485 and 542 nm. Low molecular weights distribution (Mn = 875 to 1600 g/mol) and thermostable products (Td = 336 to 474°C) were obtained. These PTs functionalized with aromatic molecules and π-conjugated systems could offer interesting applications such as optical sensors, nonlinear optics and photovoltaic cells.
Genotoxicity is Unrelated to Total Concentration of Priority Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils Undergoing Biological Treatment
Authors: Alexander Renee R. , Tang Jixin , Alexander Martin 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA solid‐phase microbiological assay was used to determine the changes in genotoxicity associated with sequestration or biodegradation of carcinogenic compounds in contaminated soils. The concentration of six carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) did not change in 59 d in sterile soil, but the genotoxicity declined markedly. In a soil undergoing bioremediation in the field for 147 d or biodegradation in the laboratory for 180 d, the concentrations either changed little or declined at different rates, but the genotoxicity increased followed by a decline. The genotoxicity of a second soil declined as a result of biological treatment. The data show that genotoxicity of contaminated soils may be unrelated to the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs because of aging or new mutagens formed during biological treatment.
Soil Solid‐Phase Controls Lead Activity in Soil Solution
Authors: Badawy S. H. , Helal M. I. D. , Chaudri A. M. , Lawlor K. , McGrath S. P. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTLead pollution of the environment is synonymous with civilization. It has no known biological function, and is naturally present in soil, but its presence in food crops is deemed undesirable. The concern regarding Pb is mostly due to chronic human and animal health effects, rather then phytotoxicity. However, not much is known about the chemistry and speciation of Pb in soils. We determined the activity of Pb2+, in near neutral and alkaline soils, representative of alluvial, desertic and calcareous soils of Egypt, using the competitive chelation method. Lead activity ranged from 10−6.73 to 10−4.83 M, and was negatively correlated with soil and soil solution pH (R2 = −0.92, P < 0.01 and R2 = −0.89, P < 0.01, respectively). It could be predicted in soil solution from the equation: A solubility diagram for the various Pb minerals found in soil was constructed using published thermodynamic data obtained from the literature, and our measured Pb2+ activities compared with this information. The measured Pb2+ activities were undersaturated with regard to the solubility of PbSiO3 in equilibrium with SiO2 (soil). However, they were supersaturated with regard to the solubilities of the Pb carbonate minerals PbCO3 (cerussite) and Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 and hydroxide Pb(OH)2 They were also supersaturated with regard to the solubilities of the Pb phosphate minerals Pb3(PO4)2, Pb5(PO4)3OH, and Pb4O(PO4)2 in equilibrium with tri‐calcium phosphate and CaCO3 The activity of Pb2+ was not regulated by any mineral of known solubility in our soils, but possibly by a mixture of Pb carbonate and phosphate minerals.
Combined Effect of Natural Organic Matter and Surfactants on the Apparent Solubility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Cho Hyun‐Hee , Choi Jaeyoung , Goltz Mark N. , Park Jae‐Woo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBoth natural organic matter (NOM) and surfactants are known to enhance the apparent aqueous solubility of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aqueous systems. In this study, the combined effect of NOM and surfactants on enhancing the solubility of HOCs was investigated, since both may occur and affect the fate and transport of HOCs in natural aqueous environments. Experimental results indicated that the apparent solubility of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene in NOM and anionic surfactant solution was lower than their solubility in NOM solution alone. However, the apparent solubility of an HOC in NOM and nonionic surfactant solution is almost the same as the sum of the HOC's solubility in NOM solution plus its solubility in nonionic surfactant solution. The observation that apparent aqueous solubility of HOCs in NOM and anionic surfactant solution is decreased is probably due to the fact that the cations that are released when the anionic surfactant dissociates may form ion pairs with acidic or phenolic groups associated with the NOM. This serves to increase the size of hydration of these groups, thereby decreasing the effective size of the nonpolar moieties associated with the NOM, and thus decreasing hydrophobic partitioning of the HOCs into the NOM. The results presented here will help us to understand the effect of NOM and surfactants on the fate and transport of HOCs in aquatic systems.
Relationships among Plant Available Phosphorus, Fertilizer Sales, and Water Quality in Northwestern Ohio
Authors: Calhoun Frank G. , Bigham Jerry M. , Slater Brian K. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSoluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in northwestern Ohio river water has declined over the past 20 yr in response to decreased applications of fertilizer P. Our objective was to evaluate changes in soluble P (Bray‐1 P) levels in the soil over time as influenced by fertilizer P management, cultivation practice, soil properties, and landscape factors. Because soil is the intermediary between added P and SRP measured in river water, we examined the relationship between fertilizer P, soluble soil P, and SRP. Using historical soil survey sample sites as a baseline for original soluble P concentrations (Por), we resampled Ap horizons to establish current levels of soluble P (Pcu). The Por baseline extended from 1953–1982 and Pcu from 1996–1998. Thirty percent of the Pcu values and 17% of the Por values were ≥40 mg kg−1 Log‐transformed means for Pcu were significantly higher than for Por The principal determining factors for Por were physiography, soil texture, and soil series. Current P is affected by present tillage practice and drainage class. Change in soluble P in the soil is not as responsive to fertilizer P sales as is SRP in river water. This suggests that as fertilizer P sales decline, a declining percentage of P added as fertilizer is annually dissolved and transported into the drainage system. Soluble P in soil is governed by a combination of fertilizer and tillage management, soil properties, and landscape factors interacting over time.
Trends in Water Quality in LEASEQ Rivers and Streams (Northwestern Ohio), 1975–1995
Authors: Richards R. Peter , Baker David B. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTrends in water quality in four northwest Ohio rivers over the period 1975–1995 were identified using datasets of daily concentrations containing 4500 to 6800 observations per river during the study period. Concentrations were log‐transformed prior to analysis, and adjusted for flow using a locally weighted scatterplot smoother (LOWESS) fit between log(concentration) and log(flow). Seasonality was modeled using one‐ and two‐cycle sinusoidal oscillations and monthly additive constants. Substantial decreases in total and soluble reactive phosphorus were documented at all stations. Smaller but highly significant decreases in total Kjeldahl nitrogen were documented at all stations, and significant decreases in total suspended solids were documented at three of the four stations. Nitrate did not show significant trends at the two stations draining major watersheds, and showed significant trends in opposite directions at the two stations on smaller watersheds. Comparisons using nonparametric, nonlinear trend fits (LOWESS) suggest that changes in fertilizer and manure application rates are the most important cause of trends in phosphorus and total Kjeldahl nitrogen; point sources are insufficient to account for the phosphorus trends. The conflicting trends for nitrate are enigmatic, but may reflect diverging land use in the two smaller watersheds.
Investigation of an Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Patients With Skin Disease Using DNA Restriction Patterns
Authors: Venezia Richard A. , Harris Valerie , Miller Cynthia , Peck Hilary , Antonio Mara San 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjective:To investigate an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among patients using chromosomal typing of the isolates.Design:Comparison of epidemiological and clinical data to endonuclease restriction fragmentation analysis (RFA) of the MRSA isolates associated with an outbreak. Total DNA from the MRSA isolates was restricted with HINDIII and HAEIII for typing.Setting:Tertiary care academic medical center.Methods:An epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of MRSA among patients in private rooms was evaluated by routine infection control methods. The MRSA isolates from blood cultures of 7 patients and the nares of a nurse were collected during the outbreak. MRSA isolates from 23 patients not associated with the outbreak also were collected. The total DNA of the MRSA isolates were restricted with HINDIII and HAEIII and electrophoresed on 0.6% agarose gels.Results:MRSA from 4 of the 7 bacteremic patients and the nurse on the outbreak unit had the same endonuclease restriction pattern. The patients were linked in that they were compromised by severe psoriasis or skin ulcers, were on the unit during the same period, and had oatmeal baths in a common bathtub. Of 50 staff members screened, the nurse was the only person detected as colonized by the strain. The other 3 patients on the unit as well as the 23 patients in other locations not associated with the outbreak had MRSA isolates with different RFA patterns. The use of the bathtub was discontinued and further transmission of MRSA was stopped.Conclusions:A comparison of the relatedness of MRSA by RFA demonstrated the uniqueness of the epidemiologically linked isolates and the utility of the RFA technique in the performance of routine infection control investigations.
Cochlear implantation outcome for deaf children with additional disabilities
Authors: Palmieri Maria , Forli Francesca , Berrettini Stefano 
Published: February 2014

Objective:
To investigate the improvement in different skills following cochlear implantation (CI) in deaf children with additional disabilities (AD), and present an overview of the different outcome measures and the corresponding tests used.

Methods:
The MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched for studies published in English, Italian, French, German, Spanish or Dutch, up to 4 December 2013, including studies published ahead of print. The search was directed toward studies with a clear diagnosis of additional disability. Only studies including a comparison with pre-CI data of the same group or with post-CI performance of a control group were retained. Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality and extracted data from the studies by means of forms. Because of the heterogeneity of the study groups and the reported outcome measures, meta-analysis was not possible. Data were collected in tables and described by means of a structured review.

Results:
The initial search yielded 464 unique studies, of which 41 met the inclusion criteria. These studies show that children with AD improve on average in most of the outcome measures, although often to a lesser degree and more slowly than their peers with cochlear implants and no AD. However, in cases of mild AD, they may reach similar skills to normally developing peers. Many receive measurable benefit from CI that adds to their quality of life.

Conclusions:
There is a need for alternative tools for measuring those outcomes that are difficult to quantify. Early implantation appears to be beneficial and, over the last 13 years, the mean average age of CI in children with AD decreased from 45 to 30 months. There is ample consensus that cognitive and global developmental levels have significant implications for expectation of benefit and are accurate predictors of certain outcomes.
Patients with brain contusions: predictors of outcome and relationship between radiological and clinical evolution
Authors: Iaccarino Corrado , Schiavi Paolo , Picetti Edoardo , Goldoni Matteo , Cerasti Davide , Caspani Marialuisa , Servadei Franco 
Published: February 2014

Object
Traumatic parenchymal mass lesions are common sequelae of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). They occur in up to 8.2% of all TBI cases and 13%–35% of severe TBI cases, and they account for up to 20% of surgical intracranial lesions. Controversy exists concerning the association between radiological and clinical evolution of brain contusions. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of unfavorable outcome, analyze the evolution of brain contusions, and evaluate specific indications for surgery.

Methods
In a retrospective, multicenter study, patients with brain contusions were identified in separate patient cohorts from 11 hospitals over a 4-year period (2008–2011). Data on clinical parameters and course of the contusion were collected. Radiological parameters were registered by using CT images taken at the time of hospital admission and at subsequent follow-up times. Patients who underwent surgical procedures were identified. Outcomes were evaluated 6 months after trauma by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended.

Results
Multivariate analysis revealed the following reliable predictors of unfavorable outcome: 1) increased patient age, 2) lower Glasgow Coma Scale score at first evaluation, 3) clinical deterioration in the first hours after trauma, and 4) onset or increase of midline shift on follow-up CT images. Further multivariate analysis identified the following as statistically significant predictors of clinical deterioration during the first hours after trauma: 1) onset of or increase in midline shift on follow-up CT images (p < 0.001) and 2) increased effacement of basal cisterns on follow-up CT images (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
In TBI patients with cerebral contusion, the onset of clinical deterioration is predictably associated with the onset or increase of midline shift and worsened status of basal cisterns but not with hematoma or edema volume increase. A combination of clinical deterioration and increased midline shift/basal cistern compression is the most reasonable indicator for surgery.
In vivo 3D kinematics of the upper cervical spine during head rotation in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sugiura Tsuyoshi , Nagamoto Yukitaka , Iwasaki Motoki , Kashii Masafumi , Kaito Takashi , Murase Tsuyoshi , Tomita Tetsuya , Yoshikawa Hideki , Sugamoto Kazuomi 
Published: February 2014

Object
The upper cervical spine is commonly involved in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although 2D measurements have long been used in the evaluation of cervical lesions caused by RA, 2D measurements are limited in their effectiveness for detecting subtle and complex morphological and kinematic changes. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the 3D kinematics of the upper cervical spine in RA and the relationship between 3D morphological changes and decreased segmental rotational motion.

Methods
Twenty-five consecutive patients (2 men and 23 women, mean age 63.5 years, range 42–77 years) with RA (the RA group) and 10 patients (5 men and 5 women, mean age 69.9 years, range 57–82 years) with cervical spondylosis and no involvement of the upper cervical spine (the control group) underwent 3D CT of the cervical spine in 3 positions (neutral, 45° head rotation to the left, and 45° head rotation to the right). The segmental rotation angle from the occiput (Oc) to C-2 was calculated for each participant using a voxel-based registration method, and the 3D destruction of articular facets was quantified using the authors' own parameter, the articular facet index.

Results
The segmental rotation angle was significantly smaller at C1–2 and larger at Oc–C1 in the RA group compared with the control group. The degree of the destruction of the articular facet at C-1 and C-2 correlated with the segmental rotation angle.

Conclusions
In vivo 3D kinematics of the upper cervical spine during head rotation in patients with RA were accurately measured, allowing quantification of the degree of joint destruction for the first time. Joint destruction may play an important role in decreasing segmental motion of the upper cervical spine in RA.
Extraction, separation and identification of compounds from leaves of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae)
Authors: Elabbar Fakhri A. , Bozkeha Nawil M.A. , El-Tuonsia Ashraf T.M. 
Published: February 2014

Aim of the present study was to identify some phenolic compounds isolated from the dried powder leaves of Solanum Elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae family) collected from Benghazi area, Libya originally native in the Americas. The extraction was carried out with methanol at room temperature and treated by acidification (H2SO4, pH = 4) & basification (NH4OH, pH = 10). The compounds were separated by chromatographic method through a wet glass silica gel column and purification by medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). The experiment yielded one novel compound named 2-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,6,8-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one [A3] and three previously known phenolic which were isolated for the first time from this plant under study (Quercetin [A1], Rutin [A2] & Mangiferin [A4]). The structures were determined using modern spectroscopic techniques (IR, EI-mass, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, APT, HMQC & COSY) using DMSO-d6 solvent in magnetic resonance application.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i3.17890 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2014, 3(3): 234-239
Effect of synthetic super disintegrants and natural polymers in the preparation of donepezil hydrochloride fast disintegration films
Authors: Lakshmi P.K. , Lavanya D. , Ali M.M. Husnien 
Published: February 2014

The main aim of the present research was to develop a fast dissolving oral polymeric film with good mechanical properties, faster disintegration and dissolution when placed on tongue. Donepezil hydrochloride (DPH) is prescribed in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimers disease (AD). The polymers selected for preparing films were sodium alginate (SA), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and guar gum (GG). Three batches of films were prepared by solvent casting method with sodium alginate, sodium alginate & PVA and with the combination of sodium alginate & guar gum. From these three batches, three optimized film formulations S3, SP7 and SG8 were selected based on disintegration time. To these three selected film formulations, superdisintegrants sodium starch glycolate (SSG), cross carmellose sodium (CCS) and cross povidone (CP) were added at a concentration of 4% w/w of polymer to improve the disintegration time. The films prepared with or without superdisintegrants were compared for fast releasing properties. Based on DT and in vitro dissolution data, S3CP was selected as the best formulation among the all formulations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i3.17892 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2014, 3(3): 243-246