bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular donor–acceptor copolymers containing side‐chain‐tethered perylenebis(dicarboximide) moieties for panchromatic solar cells
Authors: Wang Tzong‐Liu , Chuang Yao‐Yuan , Shieh Yeong‐Tarng , Yang Chien‐Hsin , Chen Chin‐Hsiang , Ho Tsung‐Han 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA series of side‐chain‐tethered copolymers containing the N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐N′‐(thiophene‐3‐yl)‐3,4:9,10‐perylenebis(dicarboximide) (thiophene‐PDI) moieties and 4,4‐diethylhexyl‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene unit were synthesized via Grignard metathesis polymerizations. With the incorporation of pendent perylenebis(dicarboximide) (PDI) moieties as acceptor side chains and thiophene as the donor backbone, the copolymers exhibited the intramolecular donor–acceptor characteristic and displayed a panchromatic absorption ranging from 290 to 1100 nm and ideal bandgaps of 1.49 to 1.52 eV. Due to the coplanarity of PDI moieties, the charge separation and transfer process were more effective and enhanced after photoexcitation. When increased the weight ratio of PC61BM:polymer to 3, the Jsc could be raised significantly. The value of bandgap decreased slightly, and both Voc and Jsc showed an upward trend with the increase of molar ratio of thiophene‐PDI unit from 50% (the copolymer P11) to 75% (the copolymer P13). The polymer/PC61BM devices have shown a significant improvement from 0.45 to 1.66% with a judicious modulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1978–1988
The effect of film thickness on the depth‐wise chain orientation of rod‐shaped polyimide
Authors: Jo Byoung Wook , Ahn Kyung Hyun 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTControlling the chain orientation of polyimide is important because it affects the physical and electrical properties of the film. When a polyimide film is thick, the chain orientation has an inhomogeneous distribution along the thickness direction. In this study, poly(amic acids), the precursor of polyimide, with different coating thicknesses are dried, and the distribution of chain orientation in the thickness direction is investigated by measuring the residual solvent content with Raman spectroscopy. The effect of film thickness on the imidization rate is also studied by measuring the depth‐wise degree of imidization at the curing step. With the final cured polyimide film, the depth‐wise chain orientation is quantified by introducing the Fraser distribution function using polarized Raman spectroscopy. The thicker film has a lower degree of in‐plane orientation of polyimide chains, particularly near the substrate. This distribution of polyimide chain orientation in the thickness direction is similar to that of poly(amic acid) after drying. Fast imidization with higher solvent content for thick polyimide retards the formation of a well‐ordered structure with a high degree of in‐plane orientation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 848–857
A novel approach: Beauveria bassiana granules applied to nursery soil for management of rice water weevils in paddy fields
Authors: Kim Jae Su , Lee Se Jin , Skinner Margaret , Parker Bruce L 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSpraying of entomopathogenic fungi formulated as wettable powders and suspension concentrates based on oils or water has been used for the management of crop pests. However, the use of fungal granules to control paddy field pests has not been fully explored. Herein, several Beauveria bassiana isolates (ERL1170, ERL1578 and ERL836) were produced as granules using a millet‐based solid culture. The granules were applied to the rice nursery 3 days before transplanting, and their control efficacy against rice water weevils was determined in paddy fields.RESULTSThe solid cultures produced ∼1 × 108 conidia g−1 of millet grains 10 days after the inoculation. The granules were applied to the soil in the rice nursery 3 days before the rice seedlings were transplanted in the paddy fields. Rice in plots with granules of ERL1578 had 17.3% leaf damage (74% control efficacy) 14 days post‐application, whereas rice plants in the untreated control had 66.5% damage. Rice plants treated in the nursery with ERL1170 and ERL836 had 52–54% damage. In the rice plots previously treated with ERL1578, the smallest numbers of larvae and adults were observed 38 days post‐application. In laboratory conditions, ERL1578‐treated larvae turned pink and were covered with mycelial mass.CONCLUSIONApplications of millet‐based B. bassiana granules on rice nursery soil can be an effective and efficient biological control strategy for the management of rice water weevils. This method can be relatively inexpensive and requires less labor than practices involving the spraying of fungi directly on rice in paddy fields. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Theoretical study of plasmon losses from Li 1s level in core‐level photoemission spectra
Authors: Niki K. , Yamamura N. , Ohori Y. , Kazama M. , Fujikawa T. , Kövér L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe have studied the surface and bulk plasmon losses associated with Li 1s photoemission. Here, full multiple scatterings of photoelectrons are taken into account before and after the plasmon losses within the quantum Landau formula that can describe overall features of the photoemission bands. We compared the depth profiles of the Li 1s single‐loss spectra with full multiple scatterings and without elastic scatterings. They are strongly influenced by the elastic scatterings. The model accounting for the full multiple scatterings gives a rapidly decaying function of the depth because of the defocusing effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support vector machines in engineering: an overview
Authors: Salcedo‐Sanz S. , Rojo‐Álvarez J. L. , Martínez‐Ramón M. , Camps‐Valls G. 
Published: April 2014

This paper provides an overview of the support vector machine (SVM) methodology and its applicability to real‐world engineering problems. Specifically, the aim of this study is to review the current state of the SVM technique, and to show some of its latest successful results in real‐world problems present in different engineering fields. The paper starts by reviewing the main basic concepts of SVMs and kernel methods. Kernel theory, SVMs, support vector regression (SVR), and SVM in signal processing and hybridization of SVMs with meta‐heuristics are fully described in the first part of this paper. The adoption of SVMs in engineering is nowadays a fact. As we illustrate in this paper, SVMs can handle high‐dimensional, heterogeneous and scarcely labeled datasets very efficiently, and it can be also successfully tailored to particular applications. The second part of this review is devoted to different case studies in engineering problems, where the application of the SVM methodology has led to excellent results. First, we discuss the application of SVR algorithms in two renewable energy problems: the wind speed prediction from measurements in neighbor stations and the wind speed reconstruction using synoptic‐pressure data. The application of SVMs in noninvasive cardiac indices estimation is described next, and results obtained there are presented. The application of SVMs in problems of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data processing is further discussed in the paper: brain decoding and mental disorder characterization. The following application deals with antenna array processing, namely SVMs for spatial nonlinear beamforming, and the SVM application in a problem of arrival angle detection. Finally, the application of SVMs to remote sensing image classification and target detection problems closes this review. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2014, 4:234–267. doi: 10.1002/widm.1125This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Technologies > Machine Learning
Clustering on heterogeneous networks
Authors: Huang Yue , Gao Xuedong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjects that are interrelated with each other are often represented as homogeneous networks, in which objects are of the same entity type and relationships between objects are of the same relationship type. However, heterogeneous information networks, composed of multiple types of objects and/or relationships, are ubiquitous in real life. Mining heterogeneous information networks is a new and promising field of research in data mining, and clustering is an important way to identify underlying patterns in data. Although clustering on homogeneous networks has been studied for several decades, clustering on heterogeneous networks has been explored only recently. However, some progress has already been made with respect to this theme, ranging from algorithms to various related applications. This paper presents a brief summary of current research regarding heterogeneous network clustering and addresses some promising research directions. First, it presents a formalized definition and two important aspects of heterogeneous information networks to elaborate why clustering on heterogeneous networks is of significance. Then, this review provides a concise classification of existing heterogeneous network clustering algorithms based on their methodological principles. In addition, it discusses experimental developments and applications of heterogeneous network clustering. The paper addresses several open problems and critical issues for future research. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2014, 4:213–233. doi: 10.1002/widm.1126This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery
Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Open issues for partitioning clustering methods: an overview
Authors: Barioni Maria Camila N. , Razente Humberto , Marcelino Alessandra M. R. , Traina Agma J. M. , Traina Caetano 
Published: April 2014

Over the last decades, a great variety of data mining techniques have been developed to reach goals concerning Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Among them, cluster detection techniques are of major importance. Although these techniques have already been largely explored in the scientific literature, there are at least two important open issues: the existent algorithms are not scalable for large high‐dimensional datasets, and the unsupervised nature of traditional data clustering makes it very difficult to generate meaningful clusters. This article presents an overview of the strategies being explored in order to deal more deeply with these issues. Moreover, it describes a new semi‐supervised clustering strategy that exemplifies the integration of several approaches and that can be employed with partitioning algorithms, such as PAM and Clarans. The technique addresses an improvement to these types of algorithms, which is obtained by using must‐link feedback information provided by the users in an interactive and visual environment. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2014, 4:161–177. doi: 10.1002/widm.1127This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Vascular distribution of nanomaterials
Authors: Stapleton Phoebe A. , Nurkiewicz Timothy R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOnce considered primarily occupational, novel nanotechnology innovations, and applications have led to widespread domestic use and intentional biomedical exposures. With these exciting advances, the breadth and depth of toxicological considerations must also be expanded. The vascular system interacts with every tissue in the body, striving to maintain homeostasis. Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) have been reported to distribute in many different tissues and organs. However, these observations have tended to use approaches requiring tissue homogenization and/or gross organ analyses. These techniques, while effective in establishing presence, preclude an exact determination of where ENM are deposited within a tissue. If nanotechnology is to achieve its full potential, it is necessary to identify this exact distribution and deposition of ENM throughout the cardiovascular system, with respect to vascular hemodynamics and in vivo ENM modifications taken into account. Distinct levels of the vasculature will first be described as individual compartments. Then the vasculature will be considered as a whole. These unique compartments and biophysical conditions will be discussed in terms of their propensity to favor ENM deposition. Understanding levels of the vasculature will also be discussed. Ultimately, future studies must verify the mechanisms speculated on and presented herein.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
A Comparison of Complications in 400 Patients After Native Nail Versus Silicone Nail Splints for Fingernail Splinting After Injuries
Authors: Weinand Christian , Demir Erhan , Lefering Rolf , Juon Bettina , Voegelin Esther 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground
The fingertip is the most commonly injured part of the hand and is an important aesthetic part of the hand.MethodsIn this retrospective study we analyzed data from 700 patients operated on between 1997 and 2008 for complications after nail splinting with native nail or silicone nail. Inclusion criteria were patients living in Bern/Berner Land, complete documentation, same surgical team, standard antibiotics, acute trauma, no nail bed transplantation, and no systemic diseases. Groups were analyzed for differences in age, gender, cause and extension of trauma, bony injury and extent, infection, infectious agent, and nail deformities. Statistical analysis was done using the χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test, and Pearson correlation coefficients.ResultsA total of 401 patients, with a median age of 39.5 years, were included. There were more men with injured nails. Two hundred forty native nails and 161 silicone splints were used. There were 344 compression injuries, 44 amputations, and 13 avulsion injuries. Forty‐three patients had an infection, with gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) causing most infections. A total of 157 nail dystrophies were observed, split nails most often. The native nail splint group showed significantly (p < 0.015) fewer nail deformities than the silicone nail splint group; otherwise, there were no statistical differences. However, there were twice as many infections in the silicone nail group.ConclusionIt seems to be advantageous to use the native nail for splinting after trauma, when possible. In case of a destroyed and unusable nail plate, a nail substitute has to be used.
Impact of ATLS Training on Preventable and Potentially Preventable Deaths
Authors: Navarro Salvador , Montmany Sandra , Rebasa Pere , Colilles Carme , Pallisera Anna 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundMultiple trauma continues to have a high incidence worldwide. Trauma is the leading cause of death among people between the ages of 10 and 40. The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) is the most widely accepted method for the initial control and treatment of multiple trauma patients. It is based on the following hypothesis: The application of the ATLS program may reduce preventable or potentially preventable deaths in trauma patients.Materials and methodsThe present article reports a retrospective study based on the records of prospectively evaluated trauma patients between January 2007 and December 2012. Trauma patients over the age of 18 admitted to the critical care unit or patients who died before hospital admission were included. A multidisciplinary committee looked for errors in the management of each patient and classified deaths into preventable, potentially preventable, or nonpreventable. We recorded the number of specialists at our center who had received training in the ATLS program.ResultsA total of 898 trauma patients were registered. The mean injury severity score was 21 (SD 15), and the mortality rate was 10.7 % (96 cases). There were 14 cases (14.6 %) of preventable or potentially preventable death. The main errors were delay in initiating suitable treatment and performing a computed tomography scan in cases of hemodynamic instability, followed by initiation of incorrect treatment or omission of an essential procedure. As the number of ATLS‐trained professionals increases, the rates of potentially preventable or preventable death fall.ConclusionsWell‐founded protocols such as the ATLS can help provide the preparation health professionals need. In our hospital environment, ATLS training has helped to reduce preventable or potentially preventable mortality among trauma patients.
Soil acidification and adaptations of plants and microorganisms in Bornean tropical forests
Authors: Fujii Kazumichi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn tropical forest ecosystems, a paradoxical relationship is commonly observed between massive biomass production and low soil fertility (low pH). The loss and deficiency of soil phosphorus (P) and bases generally constrain biomass production; however, high productivity on nutrient‐deficient soils of Bornean tropical forests is hypothesized to be maintained by plant and microorganism adaptation to an acidic soil environment. Proton budgets in the plant–soil system indicated that plants and microorganisms promote acidification to acquire bases, even in highly acidic tropical soils. The nitric and organic acids they produce contribute to the mobilization of basic cations and their uptake by plants. In response to soil P deficiency and the recalcitrance of lignin‐rich organic matter, specific trees and fungi can release organic acids and enzymes for nutrient acquisition. Organic acids exuded by roots and rhizosphere microorganisms can promote the solubilization of P bonded to aluminum and iron oxides and its uptake by plants from P‐poor soils. Lignin degradation, a rate‐limiting step in organic matter decomposition, is specifically enhanced in acidic organic layers by lignin peroxidase, produced by white‐rot fungi, which may solubilize recalcitrant lignin and release soluble aromatic substances into the soil solution. This dissolved organic matter functions in the transport of nitrogen, P, and basic cations in acidic soils without increasing leaching loss. In Bornean tropical forests, soil acidification is promoted by plants and microorganisms as a nutrient acquisition strategy, while plant roots and fungi can develop rhizosphere and enzymatic processes that promote tolerance of low pH.
Development of the Analysis of Fecal Stanols in the Oyster Crassostrea gigas and Identification of Fecal Contamination in Shellfish Harvesting Areas
Authors: Harrault Loïc , Jardé Emilie , Jeanneau Laurent , Petitjean Patrice 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe objective of this work was to study the effects of washing and purification steps on qualitative and quantitative analysis of fecal stanols in the oyster Crassostrea gigas using either single or a combination of lipid purification steps on silica gel or aminopropyl bonded silica gel (NH2) or a washing step. Among the three analytical pathways compared, the two including water extraction or NH2 purification did not lead to higher recoveries and decreased repeatabilities of extractions compared to the single purification on silica gel. This latter led to similar recoveries (ca. 80 %) and repeatabilities (ca. 10 %) for both spiked standards (coprostanol and sitostanol). This analytical pathway has been applied to oysters collected in a harvesting area in Brittany (France) where fecal contaminations are important and allowed to quantify eight stanols in oysters. The relative proportions of fecal stanols of these oysters were combined with principal component analysis in order to investigate the usefulness of their stanol fingerprints to record a fecal contamination and to distinguish its source between human, porcine and bovine contaminations. Oysters non‐fecally contaminated by Escherichia coli did not present specific stanol fingerprints while oysters fecally contaminated had a bovine fingerprint, suggesting a contamination of these samples by bovine sources. As a consequence, the method developed here allows the use of stanol fingerprints of oysters as a microbial source tracking tool that can be applied to shellfish harvesting areas subjected to fecal contaminations in order to identify the different sources of contamination and improve watershed management.
Degumming, Dewaxing and Deacidification of Rice Bran Oil‐Hexane Miscella Using Ceramic Membrane: Pilot Plant Study
Authors: Roy Biswajit , Dey Surajit , Sahoo Ganesh C. , Roy Somendra N. , Bandyopadhyay Sibdas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn indigenously developed low‐cost clay‐alumina‐based ceramic microfiltration membrane of 19‐channel configuration has been evaluated for degumming, dewaxing and deacidification of rice bran oil (RBO) miscella having different oil contents at pilot scale. Rice bran wax and soap particles in miscella will aggregate with changes in temperature. This suggests a technique for their effective separation. Low‐temperature cross‐flow membrane filtration was used for single‐stage degumming‐dewaxing and showed 70 % and 80 % removal of acetone insoluble residue from two RBO miscella samples, respectively. Color reduction was 50 %, and oryzanol retention was 70 %. NaOH was used for deacidification in a 10 % excess of that required based on the free fatty acid content in oil. This reduced free fatty acids to 0.2 %. Operating for 10 h with a 0.7 bar trans‐membrane pressure, permeate fluxes of 15 and 8 L/m2 hr were obtained for the degumming‐dewaxing and deacidification operations, respectively. The process has advantages, such as high micronutrient content (1.56 % oryzanol) and negligible oil loss (2.6 %). Moreover, ceramic membrane processing of RBO miscella could be an effective pre‐treatment step with respect to micronutrient enrichment, elimination of heating, neutral oil recovery and a viable option for solvent separation.
Clinical and economic implications of early discharge following posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Fletcher Nicholas D. , Shourbaji Nader , Mitchell Phillip M. , Oswald Timothy S. , Devito Dennis P. , Bruce Robert W. 
Published: April 2014

Objective To evaluate the clinical and economic impact of a novel postoperative pathway following posterior spinal fusion (PSF) in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods Patient charts were reviewed for demographic data and to determine length of surgery, implant density, use of osteotomies, estimated blood loss, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, length of hospital stay, and any subsequent complications. Hospital charges were divided by charge code to evaluate potential savings. Results Two hundred and seventy-nine of 365 patients (76.4 %) treated with PSF carried a diagnosis of AIS and had completed 6 months of clinical and radiologic follow-up, a period of time deemed adequate to assess early complications. There was no difference between groups in age at surgery, sex, number of levels fused, or length of follow-up. Patients managed under the accelerated discharge (AD) pathway averaged 1.36 (31.7 %) fewer days of inpatient stay. Operative time was associated with a shorter length of stay. There was no difference in complications between groups. Hospital charges for room and board were significantly less in the AD group ($1.885 vs. $2,779, p < 0.001). Conclusions A pathway aimed to expedite discharge following PSF for AIS decreased hospital stay by nearly one-third without any increase in early complication rate. A small but significant decrease in hospital charges was seen following early discharge. Early discharge following PSF for AIS may be achieved without increased risk of complications, while providing a small cost savings.