bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of County Disadvantage on Behavior Problems Among US Children With Cognitive Delay
Authors: Cheng Erika R. , Park Hyojun , Robert Stephanie A. , Palta Mari , Witt Whitney P. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We investigated relationships among cognitive delay, community factors, and behavior problems over 2 years in early childhood with a national sample of US families. Methods. Data were from 3 waves of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (2001–2005; n = 7650). We defined cognitive delay as the lowest 10% of mental scores from the Bayley Short Form–Research Edition, administered at 9 and 24 months. At 24 months, we classified children as typically developing or as having resolved, newly developed, or persistent cognitive delays. Behavior was measured at age 4 years with the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales (range = 0–36). Community factors included perceived neighborhood safety and an index of county disadvantage. Results. Behavior scores at age 4 years (mean = 12.4; SD = 4.9) were higher among children with resolved (Β = 0.70; SE = 0.20), newly developed (Β = 1.92; SE = 0.25), and persistent (Β = 2.96; SE = 0.41) cognitive delays than for typically developing children. The interaction between county disadvantage and cognitive delay status was statistically significant (P < .01), suggesting that county disadvantage was particularly detrimental for children with persistent delays. Conclusions. The community context may provide an opportunity for public health interventions to improve the behavioral health of children with cognitive delays.
Frequency and Characteristics Associated With Exposure to Tobacco Direct Mail Marketing and Its Prospective Effect on Smoking Behaviors Among Young Adults From the US Midwest
Authors: Choi Kelvin , Forster Jean L. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We examined the exposure to tobacco direct mail marketing and its effect on subsequent smoking behaviors in a US Midwest regional cohort of young adults. Methods. Data were collected from 2622 young adults (mean age = 24 years) in 2010 to 2011 (baseline) and 2011 to 2012 (follow-up). We collected information on demographics, tobacco use, and exposure to tobacco direct mail materials in the previous 6 months at baseline. Smoking behaviors were reassessed at follow-up. We investigated the characteristics associated with receiving these materials at baseline, and the associations between receiving cigarette coupons in the mail at baseline and smoking behaviors at follow-up. Results. Thirteen percent of participants reported receiving tobacco direct mail materials in the previous 6 months. Receipt of these materials was associated with age, education, and tobacco use (P < .05). Among those who received these materials, 77% and 56% reported receiving coupons for cigarettes and other tobacco products, respectively. Among baseline nonsmokers and ex-smokers, receiving coupons was associated with becoming current smokers at follow-up (P < .05). Among baseline current smokers, receiving coupons was associated with lower likelihood of smoking cessation at follow-up (P < .05). Conclusions. Tobacco direct mail marketing promoted and sustained smoking behaviors among US Midwest young adults. Regulating this marketing strategy might reduce the prevalence of smoking in this population.
Declining Trends in Local Health Department Preparedness Capacities
Authors: Davis Mary V. , Bevc Christine A. , Schenck Anna P. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We examined local health department (LHD) preparedness capacities in the context of participation in accreditation and other performance improvement efforts. Methods. We analyzed preparedness in 8 domains among LHDs responding to a preparedness capacity instrument from 2010 through 2012. Study groups included LHDs that (1) were exposed to a North Carolina state-based accreditation program, (2) participated in 1 or more performance improvement programs, and (3) had not participated in any performance improvement programs. We analyzed mean domain preparedness scores and applied a series of nonparametric Mann–Whitney Wilcoxon tests to determine whether preparedness domain scores differed significantly between study groups from 2010 to 2012. Results. Preparedness capacity scores fluctuated and decreased significantly for all study groups for 2 domains: surveillance and investigation and legal preparedness. Significant decreases also occurred among participants for plans and protocols, communication, and incident command. Declines in capacity scores were not as great and less likely to be significant among North Carolina LHDs. Conclusions. Decreases in preparedness capacities over the 3 survey years may reflect multiple years of funding cuts and job losses, specifically for preparedness. An accreditation program may have a protective effect against such contextual factors.
Recessions, Job Loss, and Mortality Among Older US Adults
Authors: Noelke Clemens , Beckfield Jason 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We analyzed how recessions and job loss jointly shape mortality risks among older US adults. Methods. We used data for 50 states from the Health and Retirement Study and selected individuals who were employed at ages 45 to 66 years during 1992 to 2011. We assessed whether job loss affects mortality risks, whether recessions moderate the effect of job loss on mortality, and whether individuals who do and do not experience job loss are differentially affected by recessions. Results. Compared with individuals not experiencing job loss, mortality risks among individuals losing their job in a recession were strongly elevated (hazard ratio = 1.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 2.3). Job loss during normal times or booms is not associated with mortality. For employed workers, we found a reduction in mortality risks if local labor market conditions were depressed, but this result was not consistent across different model specifications. Conclusions. Recessions increase mortality risks among older US adults who experience job loss. Health professionals and policymakers should target resources to this group during recessions. Future research should clarify which health conditions are affected by job loss during recessions and whether access to health care following job loss moderates this relation.
Remediation Technology Review and Selection Process for Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites
Authors: Al-Mebayedh Hamad 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper provides a reference and guide to distinguish between various treatment technologies for contaminated sites in project management and engineering, technology development manners and in a controlled method.
To understand the decision framework for technology selection, it is important to understand the general principles of applicable technologies for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. One of the distinctive attributes of environmental technology is that the state-of-the-art continually changes.
In this paper we are eliminating that (Site characterization and investigation) are the major elements in the technology selection process. The treatment technologies have been segregated into two major groups, which have also been sub-segregated in to three minor groups, and that of which have also have been segregated into various numbers of treatment technologies. This paper assists the remediation project panagers in the following;
To develop and support their remediation strategies decisions. To evaluate the technologies on the base of the contaminents and soil characterization Soil characterization and soil treatment technology screening processs To develop the functional contaminated site project management process and frame work. Screen for possible treatment technologies. Assign a relative probability of success based on available performance data, field use, and engineering judgment
The remediation technologies of soil contaminated by hydrocarbon and heavy metals, including physical remediation, chemical remediation and biological remediation were focused. Applicability based on contaminants and site characteristics, general limitations, of the technology's application discussed and presented.
Wireless Inflow Monitoring in a Subsea Field Development: A Case Study from the Hyme Field, Offshore Mid-Norway
Authors: Mjaaland Svein , Gudding Erlend , Andresen Christian A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Inflow distribution monitoring of long horizontal wells is a challenging issue. Input from such surveillance is needed to verify the clean-up of the well; to monitor the functionality of the completion solution; identify early water breakthrough; to calibrate the reservoir model, and to optimize the drainage strategy. These steps are crucial for increased oil recovery (IOR).
A dual lateral well equipped with unique chemical inflow tracers distributed across ten compartments has been installed in a marginal field development on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The Hyme oil field development utilizes a 20 km subsea tie back to a platform where the inflow tracers are sampled. The monitoring efforts assess well performance from the clean-up, cross flow and back pressure in each lateral. Traditional wire-line conveyed production logging was not an option in the field's monitoring strategy due to lack of wire-line access to the reservoir zones. The multi-year life length of the deployed chemical inflow tracers enables monitoring of the well for a substantial period of time.
Tracer samples are acquired on a regular basis depending on monitoring objectives. In addition, a large number of samples were acquired after a shut-in period to catch the flow-induced transient responses of the different tracers. Parameters such as clean-up quality, cross-flow during shut-in and back-pressure in the two branches were interpreted from tracer appearance, including peak arrival timing and overall shape of the different tracer transient responses. The tracer transient monitoring technology enabled quantification of oil contribution from each compartment in each lateral. A history matching process was used to match the observed tracer signatures after a shut-in period using a transient inflow tracer model that has been experimentally verified by flow-loop experiments. The estimated inflow profiles show good agreement with expected result, based on the reservoir properties, and what was acquired from individual testing of the two branches.
The initial information gained since first oil has been valuable in understanding early production performance and updating transient wellbore and reservoir models for assessing well performance in relation to increasing field recovery without the need for interventions.
A Parametric Study of Reservoir Cooling for Enhanced Recovery by CO2 Flooding
Authors: Wang Zhenzhen , Khanzode Amey , Johns Russell T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Slim-tube experiments and analytical calculations show that minimum miscible pressure (MMP) can significantly decrease with a relatively modest reduction in temperature. Compositional simulation, however, is often made under isothermal conditions even though a prior waterflood may have reduced reservoir temperature in the swept zones of the reservoir. This paper examines how cooling by a prior waterflood can impact recovery during a CO2 flood by lowering the MMP in the swept zones.
The results show that for the cases considered injection of cooler water can increase incremental oil recovery significantly owing to MMP reduction in the zones swept by the solvent. A parametric simulation study demonstrates how injection temperature, initial reservoir pressure, formation heterogeneity, formation thickness, heat transfer with the over and under burden formations, and WAG ratio affect the incremental oil recovery. The simulations are conducted by performing a long waterflood of up to 2.0 PVI prior to CO2 injection. The water during the secondary recovery is injected at two temperatures for the 1-D and 2-D flow models. CO2 solvent is then injected continuously or in WAG at the same waterflood injection temperature. The increase in incremental recoveries (above what would have been obtained by a standard CO2 flood at original reservoir temperature) varied greatly depending on the flow dimension, initial reservoir pressure, level of heterogeneity, formation thickness, the degree of energy gain from the surroundings, and the injection temperature. Increases in recovery by CO2 flooding varied from a few %OOIP to over 20% with the highest recoveries occurring in 1 -D flow. For the same flow dimension, the largest increase in recoveries is achieved when the MMP is sufficiently reduced by temperature so that an otherwise immiscible or near miscible flood becomes a multicontact-miscible (MCM) flood. The results demonstrate that including temperature variations in the simulations is important for floods that are near miscible as recoveries are most impacted in that region. Further, including temperature variations could be very important to improve the quality of history matches used to understand the reservoir. Lastly, we give a new MMP correlation for CO2 injection based on the most recent slim-tube data from the literature.
Intelligent Energy: A Strategic Inflection Point
Authors: Lochmann Mark , Brown Ian 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
As defined by Andrew Grove, strategic inflection points (SIPs) represent what happens to a business when a major change occurs in its competitive environment (Grove 1999) or when major market changes significantly impact business fundamentals. Oil and gas case studies have documented new ways of working and a more than tenfold improvement to individual productivity, demonstrating that new, more effective ways of operating oil and gas assets are both possible and practical.
This evidence suggests that oil and gas production has experienced an SIP. Throughout the last few years globally, nearly 400 workflows representing more than 50 digital oilfield automation projects have been implemented successfully. Many have focused on improving efficiency and all have gone far beyond SCADA implementation. These projects encompass nearly every asset type, demonstrating that intelligent or digital energy (I/DE) solutions are not restricted to a single operating environment. Many papers have been published on this topic at SPE conferences. Examples cited by Barbarino 2011, Dutra 2010, Moisés 2008, Sankaran 2011, Al-Jasmi 2013, Vignati 2013 and Van den Berg 2010 provide descriptions of representative projects. All of these projects experienced significant engineering capacity gains.
This implies that when companies respond to the SIP, engineers and operators no longer must devote the majority of their time to routine, low-value tasks. Instead, they can concentrate on activities that produce meaningful performance improvements and business value. In other words, the resulting expansion of effective engineering capacity, the maximum amount of high value work that an engineer is capable of completing in a given period, can change the way oil and gas companies operate (Holland and Crompton 2014).
Although specific work processes are prioritized differently amongst various companies and assets, the underlying I/DE principles of operational excellence, efficiency and automation on which solutions are based remain constant. The application of these principles is what makes business transformation possible (Lochmann 2012).
Presently, significantly higher levels of production performance are achievable within the oil and gas industry. Companies that choose to fully implement I/DE principles are likely to follow the steep upward performance trend predicted in the SIP model, where employees focus on such business imperatives as increasing production, reducing cost, and managing risk, rather than routine, mandatory, low-value assignments.
The consequences of a strategic inflection point within production are similar to those encountered in exploration 25 to 30 years ago when the introduction of information technology made the routine application of 3D seismic interpretation a reality and brought profound business changes to the upstream geoscience sector.
A 4-year Survey of the Application of an Environmentally Preferred Solid Inhibitor in North Dakota
Authors: Shen Dong , Szymczak Steve , Lind James , Galvan Dora , Steiner William H , Gupta D. V. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Desired production chemicals such as scale inhibitors, paraffin inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors can be adsorbed onto a proppant-sized solid particle for controlled release. This solid additive was first introduced for field application through a fracture stimulation operation in 2004. More than 25,000 (mostly in North America) wells have been treated with this solid inhibitor since then. In this strategy, the solid inhibitor additive is pumped with the proppant and distributed evenly throughout the created fracture. A prolonged protection for flow assurance problems can be achieved as the inhibitor slowly desorbs into the produced fluids. A conventional phosphonate-based liquid scale inhibitor treatment has been proven to be ineffective when deployed in North Dakota to prevent the formation of mineral scale in the downhole pump and production tubing. In 2010, a novel biodegradable scale inhibitor-based solid additive was developed, deployed successfully, and the application for one operator in this area was presented (Szymczak, et al., 2010). The present paper updates those results and discusses results from 14 additional operators with more than 500 treated wells. The discussion in this paper is mainly focused on the correlation between solid inhibitor loading, water/oil production and projected protection longevity based on the scale inhibitor residuals data monitored for more than 100 wells. The economic and environmental benefits of this new environmentally preferred product, and related lessons learned are also included.
Chemically Enhanced Proppant Transport
Authors: Boyer Jeff , Maley Darren , O'Neil Bill 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Slick water hydraulic fracturing treatments are the preferred method for tight shale plays as they enhance the complexity of fracture networks that are needed to produce economic wells in unconventional formations. At their most basic, these treatments use a polyacrylamide friction reducer to allow for higher pumping rates, but may also include additives such as clay controls, flowback enhancers, scale inhibitors and others. Although traditional slick water treatments are effective, they are limited on several factors that would improve production and - potentially - decrease the cost of a treatment. Such limitations include poor proppant carrying capacity, inconsistent proppant pack distribution, and excessive water volume requirements. Modifying the treatment design of a traditional slick water by adding a novel chemical to the proppant and 5-20% nitrogen, the limitations of this type of stimulation fluid can be reduced.
Improving the performance of the slick water treatment is completed by modifying the proppant's surface properties. A novel surfactant preferentially coats the surface of the proppant (including ceramics and resin-coated proppants), hydrophobically modifying the surface of the solids. The enhanced surface properties of the proppant creates an attraction between the proppant surface and nitrogen gas, in effect, surrounding the particle with a thin layer of gas and thus increasing the buoyancy of the proppant in water. These enhanced properties allow for improved proppant distribution, deeper proppant penetration within the complex fracture network, increased proppant pack volume, and increased maximum proppant concentration that can be placed. Improving proppant placement and increasing the volume that the proppant occupies within the fracture enhances the extent of the conductive fracture network, improving the productivity of the well.
Laboratory results of regain conductivity, flow model, and sand suspension testing will be presented. A field case study will be provided based on treatments that were pumped in the Cardium formation in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The case study will illustrate how operational efficiencies and cost savings are possible without affecting production. Advantages include using less water while minimizing the occurrence of screenouts. Data will show that by adding this new technology to treat the proppant, production was enhanced significantly, greater than 30% in the case study provided.
Systems Modeling and Design of Automated Directional Drilling Systems
Authors: Downton G C 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A simple technique has been devised for gaining insight into the directional performance of a wide range of drilling systems. The software for simulating the directional behavior of drilling tools has reached a high level of technical sophistication. However, this has not rendered the analytical path redundant. The role of the computer is vital to both approaches. In the former, it is the immense number-crunching power, and in the latter, it is an ability to search for an explanation of what the complex mathematical forms actually mean.
The technique employed will be accessible to engineers with a basic understanding of circuit analysis. The lateral borehole propagation response of a wide class of directional drilling is derived as a simple, first-order delay differential equation. The "delayed" part of the expression is determined by the contact points of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) with the borehole. With this insight, a succinct and intuitive method for constructing the transfer-function response of a drilling system's directional tendency consequent upon the influence of gravity, weight on bit (WOB), and active steering actuator influences will be explored. The analytical approach gives simple algebraic forms for a tool's dogleg capability and leads to simple graphical techniques for determining if the trajectory will be smooth or spiraled.
The directional capability of passive BHAs to build, drop, or hold is considered first as a springboard to analyze today's rotary steerable systems (RSS) wherein the strength of the steering actuation overshadows the BHA's inherent gravity-induced directional tendency. This leads to an understanding of how closing the loop around a directional drilling system will impact the performance of a wider automated steering system.
North Cross Devonian Unit - A Mature Continuous CO2 Flood Beyond 200% HCPV Injection
Authors: Aryana Saman A. , Barclay Curtis , Liu Shunhua 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The North Cross (Devonian) Unit, currently operated by Occidental Oil and Gas, was discovered in 1944. The field was developed using regular 40 acre spacing and produced under primary recovery until 1964. Subsequently, a partial pressure maintenance program was constituted to inject residue gas in an updip location in the field. Large-scale continuous CO2 injection began in April 1972 and was expanded over time to provide CO2 support throughout the field. The field has been under continuous CO2 flood for over four decades. Currently, over 200% hydrocarbon pore volume (HCPV) of CO2 has been injected, and over 60% of the latest estimate of its target original-oil-in-place (OOIP) has been recovered. The field continues to perform well with a gross utilization (MCF CO2 injected/bbl oil recovered) of approximately 30 MCF/BO (20 MCF/BOE). North Cross is an excellent example of a successful mature continuous CO2 flood.