bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking actions: implementation and association
Authors: Quandt Lorna C. , Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: September 2015

Action processing allows us to move through and interact with the world, as well as understand the movements performed by other people. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the semantics of actions as differentiated from the semantics of objects. However, as the understanding of action semantics has evolved, it is evident that the existing literature conflates two senses of the word ‘action’—one that stems from studies of tool use and the other from event representation. In this paper, we suggest that this issue can be clarified by closely examining differences in how the human parietal and temporal cortices of the brain process action‐related stimuli. By contrasting the posterior parietal cortex to the posterolateral temporal cortex, we characterize two complementary action systems in the human brain, each with its own specialization of function. We suggest that these two systems be referred to as the parietal Action Implementation System, and the posterolateral temporal Action Association System. While the frontoparietal system is concerned primarily with how we perform actions, and simulate others’ actions, the temporal action system is more involved with processing actions from a third‐person, conceptual standpoint. Recent work in cognitive neuroscience of perception and language, as well as the neuroanatomical organization of these brain regions support this distinction. We will discuss the implications of this work for cognition‐, language‐, and neuroscience‐based action research. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:483–490. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1367This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Language
Neuroscience > Cognition
Systems biology and mechanics of growth
Authors: Eskandari Mona , Kuhl Ellen 
Published: September 2015

In contrast to inert systems, living biological systems have the advantage to adapt to their environment through growth and evolution. This transfiguration is evident during embryonic development, when the predisposed need to grow allows form to follow function. Alterations in the equilibrium state of biological systems breed disease and mutation in response to environmental triggers. The need to characterize the growth of biological systems to better understand these phenomena has motivated the continuum theory of growth and stimulated the development of computational tools in systems biology. Biological growth in development and disease is increasingly studied using the framework of morphoelasticity. Here, we demonstrate the potential for morphoelastic simulations through examples of volume, area, and length growth, inspired by tumor expansion, chronic bronchitis, brain development, intestine formation, plant shape, and myopia. We review the systems biology of living systems in light of biochemical and optical stimuli and classify different types of growth to facilitate the design of growth models for various biological systems within this generic framework. Exploring the systems biology of growth introduces a new venue to control and manipulate embryonic development, disease progression, and clinical intervention. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:401–412. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1312This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Analytical and Computational Methods > Dynamical Methods
A Comparison of Homeless Male Veterans in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Areas in Nebraska: A Methodological Caveat
Authors: Tsai Jack , Ramaswamy Sriram , Bhatia Subhash C. , Rosenheck Robert A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study explored differences between homeless male veterans in metropolitan and micropolitan cities in Nebraska on sociodemographic, housing, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics as well as health service use. A convenience sample of 151 homeless male veterans (112 metropolitan, 39 micropolitan) were recruited from Veterans Affairs facilities and area shelters in Omaha, Lincoln, Grand Island, and Hastings in Nebraska. Research staff conducted structured interviews with homeless veterans. Results showed that compared to homeless veterans in metropolitans, those in micropolitans were more likely to be White, unmarried, living in transitional settings, and were far more transient but reported greater social support and housing satisfaction. Veterans in micropolitans also reported more medical problems, diagnoses of anxiety and personality disorders, and unexpectedly, were more likely to report using various health services and less travel time for services. Together, these findings suggest access to homeless and health services for veterans in micropolitan areas may be facilitated through Veterans Affairs facilities and community providers that work in close proximity to one another. Many homeless veterans in these areas are transient, making them a difficult population to study and serve. Innovative ways to provide outreach to homeless veterans in micropolitan and more rural areas are needed.
Insights into the Optimization of Alkyl Phenol/Alkyl Halide Ratio in Gemini Surfactant Synthesis
Authors: Guo LiJuan , Guo YongJun , Feng RuSen , Liu JianXin 
Published: September 2015

Abstract1H NMR and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were applied to analyze the component of two series of synthesized sulfonated Gemini surfactants with different spacer lengths (2, 4, and 6 carbons) and hydrophobic chain lengths (9, 12 carbons). Gemini surfactants were prepared by reacting alkylphenol with alkyl halide followed by sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid. The influence of the molar ratio of alkyphenol to alkyl halide on the mono‐ to diether ratio was investigated and the results indicated that the molar ratio is a key factor to minimize impurities in the target material, due to the high reactivity of alkyl halide. In addition, the results showed that alkyl halide with a shorter spacer group length required a higher molar ratio of alkyl halide to alkylphenol. To synthesize the intermediate Gemini product with 80 % diether content, the molar ratios were optimized using n(alkylphenol):n(1,6‐dibromohexane) = 1:0.55, n(alkylphenol):n(1,4‐dibromobutane) = 1:0.7, and n(alkylphenol):n(1,2‐dibromoethane) = 1:2.5, respectively.
Comparative Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury from Biking Accidents With or Without Helmet Use
Authors: Dagher Jehane H. , Costa Camille , Lamoureux Julie , de Guise Elaine , Feyz Mitra 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjective: To determine if health outcomes and demographics differ according to helmet status between persons with cycling-related traumatic brain injuries (TBI).Methods: This is a retrospective study of 128 patients admitted to the Montreal General Hospital following a TBI that occurred while cycling from 2007-2011. Information was collected from the Quebec trauma registry and the coroner’s office in cases of death from cycling accidents. The independent variables collected were socio-demographic, helmet status, clinical and neurological patient information. The dependent variables evaluated were length of stay (LOS), extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOS-E), injury severity scale (ISS), discharge destination and death.Results:25% of cyclists wore a helmet. The helmet group was older, more likely to be university educated, married and retired. Unemployment, longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay, severe intracranial bleeding and neurosurgical interventions were more common in the no helmet group. There was no significant association between the severity of the TBI, ISS scores, GOS-E or death and helmet wearing. The median age of the subjects who died was higher than those who survived.Conclusion: Cyclists without helmets were younger, less educated, single and unemployed. They had more severe TBIs on imaging, longer LOS in ICU and more neurosurgical interventions. Elderly cyclists admitted to the hospital appear to be at higher risk of dying in the event of a TBI.
FERTILITY AND SOCIAL SECURITY
Authors: Boldrin Michele , De Nardi Mariacristina , Jones Larry E. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:The data show that an increase in government provided old-age pensions is strongly correlated with a reduction in fertility. What type of model is consistent with this finding? We explore this question using two models of fertility, the one by Barro and Becker (1989), and the one inspired by Caldwell and developed by Boldrin and Jones (2002). In the Barro and Becker model parents have children because they perceive their children’s lives as a continuation of their own. In the Boldrin and Jones’ framework parents procreate because the children care about their old parents’ utility, and thus provide them with old age transfers. The effect of increases in government provided pensions on fertility in the Barro and Becker model is very small, and inconsistent with the empirical findings. The effect on fertility in the Boldrin and Jones model is sizeable and accounts for between 55 and 65% of the observed Europe–US fertility differences both across countries and across time and over 80% of the observed variation seen in a broad cross section of countries. Another key factor affecting fertility the Boldrin and Jones model is the access to capital markets, which can account for the other half of the observed change in fertility in developed countries over the last 70 years.
Living in Contaminated Radioactive Areas Is Not an Acute Risk Factor for Noncommunicable Disease Development: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Ishii Takeaki , Tsubokura Masaharu , Ochi Sae , Kato Shigeaki , Sugimoto Amina , Nomura Shuhei , Nishikawa Yoshitaka , Kami Masahiro , Shibuya Kenji , Saito Yasutoshi , Iwamoto Yukihide , Tachiya Hidekiyo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveAlthough much attention is now being paid to the health risks associated with nuclear disasters, reliable information is lacking. We retrospectively evaluated the health effects of living in highly contaminated radioactive areas in Japan.MethodsThe health evaluation was conducted in Tamano district, Fukushima prefecture, in 2011 and 2012. The surface deposition density of cesium in Tamano was 600 to 1000 kBq/m2 shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident. Clinical parameters included body mass index, blood pressure, and laboratory examinations for blood cell counts, glucose levels, and lipid profiles. A screening program for internal and external exposure was also implemented.ResultsOne hundred fifty-five residents participated in the health evaluation. Significant decreases in average body mass index and blood pressure were observed from 2011 to 2012. Annual internal exposure levels did not exceeded 1 mSv in any participants. The levels of external exposure ranged from 1.3 to 4.3 mSv/y measured in the first test period but decreased to 0.8 to 3.6 mSv/y in the second test period.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that inhabiting nuclear contaminated areas is not always associated with short-term health deterioration and that radiation exposure can be controlled within safety limitations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:34–37)
Decaying capillary wave turbulence under broad-scale dissipation
Authors: Pan Yulin , Yue Dick K. P. 
Published: September 2015

We study the freely decaying weak turbulence of capillary waves by direct numerical solution of the primitive Euler equations. By introducing a small amount of wave dissipation, measured by the viscosity magnitude${\it\gamma}_{0}$, we are able to recover phenomena observed in experiments that are not described by weak-turbulence theory (WTT), including the exponential modal decay and time variation of the width and power-law spectral slope${\it\alpha}$of the inertial range. In contrast to WTT, this problem also involves non-constant inter-modal energy transfer across the inertial range, which imposes a difficulty in quantifying and measuring the energy flux$P$associated with a certain power-law spectrum. We propose an effective and novel way to evaluate$P$in such cases by physically considering the unsteady effects of the spectrum and variation of the inter-modal energy transfer. Our results show the fundamental difference between the energy flux$P$and the total energy dissipation rate${\it\Gamma}$, which is due to significant energy dissipation within the inertial range. This settles the previous debate on the measurement of$P$which assumes the equivalence of the two. Based on our numerical data, we obtain a general form of the time-evolving inertial-range spectrum, where the parameters involved are functions of${\it\gamma}_{0}$only. The value of the spectral slope${\it\alpha}$at each time moment in the decay, however, is found to be uniquely related to the spectral magnitude at that time and irrespective of${\it\gamma}_{0}$, in the range we consider. This physically reveals the dominant effect of nonlinear wave interaction in forming the power-law spectrum within the inertial range. The evolutions of the inertial-range energy are shown to be predicted by analytical integration of the evolving spectra for different values of${\it\gamma}_{0}$.
The lichen genus Psoromidium (Pannariaceae) re-evaluated, with nomenclatural notes on Degeliella and Psoromaria
Authors: Jørgensen Per M. , Andersen Heidi Lie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMolecular studies have shown that Psoromidium is well separated from Psoromaria and Degeliella, when including the type species only. The latter generic name is illegitimate and the correct name for the other species sometimes included in Psoromidium is shown to be Psoromaria versicolor (Müll. Arg.) P. M. Jørg. & H. L. Andersen, comb. nov. It is the type species of the genus Psoromaria Nyl. ex Hue. The inclusion of Degeliella rosulata in Psoromaria is unresolved, according to the molecular evidence. However, its characters (except the photobiont) match those of Psoromaria, rather than those of the other species with which it groups. So for nomenclature reasons it is transferred to this genus, as Psoromaria rosulata (P. M. Jørg. & D. J. Galloway) P. M. Jørg. & H. L. Andersen comb. nov.
New species and records of the lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae, Ascomycota) from Thailand
Authors: Pitakpong Arunpak , Kraichak Ekaphan , Papong Khwanruan Butsathorn , Muangsan Nooduan , Suwanwaree Pongthep , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Lücking Robert 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOne new species and six new records of the crustose lichenized genus Graphis are reported from Thailand. Graphis koratensis Pitakpong, Kraichak & Lücking sp. nov. is characterized by lirelline ascocarps with whitish grey or grey-green pruina along the slit, transversely septate ascospores, and the presence of norstictic acid. Phylogenetic analyses with two loci (mtSSU and nuLSU) show the distinct position of this new species within the genus. Six new records for Thailand are reported, including G. cincta (Pers.) Aptroot, G. jejuensis K. H. Moon et al., G. nigrocarpa Adaw. & Makhija, G. renschiana (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., G. seminuda Müll. Arg., and G. subserpentina Nyl.
The description of a new species reveals underestimated diversity in the lichen genusBulbothrix(Parmeliaceae) in Africa
Authors: Masson Didier , Benatti Michel N. , Sérusiaux Emmanuël 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBulbothrix johannisis described as new to science. The species is morphologically similar to the South AmericanBulbothrix pseudofungicolaBenatti & Marcelli but has wider lobes, laminal ciliate isidia which frequently develop into phyllidia, larger cilia and rhizines, and longer ascospores. This epiphytic species occurs fairly frequently in the cloud forests and montane thickets on Réunion Island (Mascarene archipelago). The comparison ofB. johanniswith morphologically and chemically similar species shows that several different African taxa are currently grouped under the widely used but problematic nameB. suffixa(Stirt.) Hale.
Increased rare duplication burden genomewide in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Martin A. K. , Mowry B. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundA significant number of patients with schizophrenia fail to respond to antipsychotic medication. Although several studies have investigated associated patient characteristics, the emerging findings from genetic studies offer further scope for study.MethodIn 612 schizophrenia patients with detailed clinical information, common genetic variants indexed by polygenic risk scores, and rare variants indexed by deletion and duplication burden genomewide, we explored potential genetic predictors alongside other established risk factors for treatment resistance. Clinical outcomes of treatment resistance were also calculated using lifetime measures of positive, negative/disorganized and mood symptoms as well as number of hospitalizations and suicide attempts.ResultsLogistic regression models identified a significant relationship between treatment resistance and total duplication burden genomewide, years of formal schooling and age at onset. Clinically, treatment-resistant patients were characterized by greater negative/disorganized and positive symptoms and greater number of hospitalizations.ConclusionsTaken together, these findings suggest genetic information, specifically the genomewide burden of rare copy number variants, may increase our understanding and clinical management of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Political bias is tenacious
Authors: Ditto Peter H. , Wojcik Sean P. , Chen Eric Evan , Grady Rebecca Hofstein , Ringel Megan M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuarte et al. are right to worry about political bias in social psychology but they underestimate the ease of correcting it. Both liberals and conservatives show partisan bias that often worsens with cognitive sophistication. More non-liberals in social psychology is unlikely to speed our convergence upon the truth, although it may broaden the questions we ask and the data we collect.
Too paranoid to see progress: Social psychology is probably liberal, but it doesn't believe in progress
Authors: Winegard Bo , Winegard Benjamin , Geary David C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe agree with Duarte et al. that bias in social psychology is a serious problem that researchers should confront. However, we are skeptical that most social psychologists adhere to a liberal progress narrative. We suggest, instead, that most social psychologists are paranoid egalitarian meliorists (PEMs). We explain the term and suggest possible remedies to bias in social psychology.
What kinds of conservatives does social psychology lack, and why?
Authors: Ross Lee 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAlthough Duarte et al.'s claims about the potential benefits of greater political diversity in the ranks of social psychology are apt, their discussion of the decline in such diversity, the role played by self-selection, and the specific domains they cite in discussing an anti-conservative bias raise issues that merit closer examination. The claim that sound research and analysis challenging liberal orthodoxies fails to receive a fair hearing in our journals and professional discourse is also disputed.
A checklist to facilitate objective hypothesis testing in social psychology research
Authors: Washburn Anthony N. , Morgan G. Scott , Skitka Linda J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSocial psychology is not a very politically diverse area of inquiry, something that could negatively affect the objectivity of social psychological theory and research, as Duarte et al. argue in the target article. This commentary offers a number of checks to help researchers uncover possible biases and identify when they are engaging in hypothesis confirmation and advocacy instead of hypothesis testing.
Morphological assessment on day 4 and its prognostic power in selecting viable embryos for transfer
Authors: Fabozzi Gemma , Alteri Alessandra , Rega Emilia , Starita Maria Flavia , Piscitelli Claudio , Giannini Pierluigi , Colicchia Antonio 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe a system for embryo morphology scoring at the morula stage and to determine the efficiency of this model in selecting viable embryos for transfer. In total, 519 embryos from 122 patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were scored retrospectively on day 4 according to the grading system proposed in this article. Two separate quality scores were assigned to each embryo in relation to the grade of compaction and fragmentation and their developmental fate was then observed on days 5 and 6. Secondly, the prediction value of this scoring system was compared with the prediction value of the traditional scoring system adopted on day 3. Morulas classified as grade A showed a significant higher blastocyst formation rate (87.2%) compared with grades B, C and D (63.8, 41.3 and 15.0%, respectively), (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the ability to form top quality blastocysts was significantly higher for grade A morulas with respect to grades B, and C and D (37.8% vs. 22.4% vs. 11.1%), (P < 0.001). Finally, the morula scoring system showed more prediction power with respect to the embryo scoring a value of 1 [Akaike information criterion (AIC) index 16.4 vs. 635.3 and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) index −68.8 vs. −30.0 for morulas and embryos respectively]. In conclusion, results demonstrated that the presented scoring system allows for the evaluation of eligible embryos for transfer as a significant correlation between the grade of morula, blastulation rate and blastocyst quality was observed. Furthermore, the morula scoring system was shown to be the best predictive model when compared with the traditional scoring system performed on day 3.
Participation of PLA2 and PLC in DhL-induced activation ofRhinella arenarumoocytes
Authors: Zapata-Martínez J. , Medina M.F. , Gramajo-Bühler M.C. , Sánchez-Toranzo G. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryRhinella arenarumoocytes can be artificially activated, a process known as parthenogenesis, by a sesquiterpenic lactone of the guaianolide group, dehydroleucodine (DhL). Transient increases in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+are essential to trigger egg activation events. In this sense, the 1-4-5 inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R) seem to be involved in the Ca2+transient release induced by DhL in this species. We analyzed the involvement of phosphoinositide metabolism, especially the participation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC) in DhL-induced activation. Different doses of quinacrine, aristolochic acid (ATA) (PLA2 inhibitors) or neomycin, an antibiotic that binds to PIP2, thus preventing its hydrolysis, were used in matureRhinella arenarumoocytes. In order to assay the participation of PI-PLC and PC- PLC we used U73122, a competitive inhibitor of PI-PLC dependent events and D609, an inhibitor of PC-PLC. We found that PLA2 inhibits quinacrine more effectively than ATA. This difference could be explained by the fact that quinacrine is not a specific inhibitor for PLA2 while ATA is specific for this enzyme. With respect to the participation of PLC, a higher decrease in oocyte activation was detected when cells were exposed to neomycin. Inhibition of PC-PLC with D609 and IP-PLC with U73122 indicated that the last PLC has a significant participation in the effect of DhL-induced activation. Results would indicate that DhL induces activation ofin vitromatured oocytes ofRhinella arenarumby activation of IP-PLC, which in turn may induce IP3 formation which produces Ca2+release.