bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of the 96-hour LC50 Protocol to Address Site Specific Concerns in Africa
Authors: Tyczynski Patrick , Dimitriadis Klisthenis , Leuterman Arthur J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In order to avoid increasing the total environmental footprint of an operation while trying to decrease one of its component parts, a modification for use in a freshwater environment of the traditional 96-hr LC50 toxicity test for drilling fluids and a screening tool for using an appropriate site-specific species has been developed as a joint project between an operator and a service company. The modified protocol was designed to meet the requirements by the International Finance Corporation for an alternative test based on site-specific species for a project in Africa. The screening tool and techniques used can be applied to develop appropriate toxicity screening tools in other locations.
For the freshwater modification protocol, this paper will review the development of the modifications and the round robin testing results from four laboratories using Generic Mud #1 and Generic Mud #7 formulations. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the identification of an appropriate indicator species and the results regarding the designed protocols for toxicity testing, including discriminatory power, repeatability, practicality, and ecological relevance.
For the screening tool that uses site specific species, the protocol development, identification of an appropriate species, and techniques to manage the practical implementation of the test procedures are reviewed for continued development and application. The results provided by the testing and the lessons learned from the process are applicable globally to areas that require new developments in toxicity testing.
Industry Input to the UN Global Mercury Treaty Negotiations Focus on Oil and Gas
Authors: Doll Brian E , Knickerbocker Bryan M , Nucci Estella 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Mercury occurs naturally in oil and gas deposits at varying trace levels, depending on geographic location and geologic factors. Mercury has long been known to potentially cause operational issues in oil and gas processing facilities and the industry has developed a range of technologies and solutions to effectively manage this challenge. Despite being a minor contributor to global mercury emissions the industry has become a focus of global scrutiny with the advent of formal United Nations negotiations to develop a legally binding global treaty on the control of mercury in emissions, water, land, and in products, scheduled for completion in 2013.
This paper presents the most comprehensive database of mercury contents of crude oils assembled to date, summarizes the fate of mercury in refineries, and proposes a set of mercury good management practices for the oil and gas industry. This information was developed by IPIECA to provide accurate technical input to the ongoing United Nations process described above. The potential impact of this evolving treaty on the oil and gas sector will be discussed.
The IPIECA database shows that the range of mercury content in over 400 crude oils is 0.1–1000 parts per billion (ppb) with a median of 1.3 ppb, rather than the 10–30,000 ppb range often quoted in summaries of older literature articles. More recent published studies show that hydrocarbon products contain only low levels of mercury, and that most mercury entering refineries is removed as solid waste. IPIECA and its members plan to continue work in this area. One part of that effort involves assembling a Good Practices document dealing with mercury in refineries.
Development and Maintenance of a Sediment Toxicity Test for Monitoring Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Candler John , Rabke Stephen , Nguyen Khai , Tyczynski Patrick , Brunner Sara , Leuterman Arthur J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In 1996, during the development of synthetic-based drilling fluids as a pollution prevention technology, the need for an accurate and reliable sediment toxicity test was identified as a critical regulatory requirement. Using industry and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) resources, a sediment toxicity test was rapidly developed and deployed to meet the regulatory requirements for end-of-pipe testing. In 2002, the implementation of the test as a routine requirement highlighted the need to understand and manage the issue of biological test variability within the context of a regulatory limit. This paper reviews over 100 split sample events that were conducted from 2005 to 2010 in order to develop information concerning the recognition and management of test variability. The experience developing and implementing a biological test over a 15-year period is also reviewed so that other areas of the world developing new tests and investigating potential laboratory capabilities can more fully appreciate the challenges of using biological tests for regulatory compliance.
Complete Diverless Solutions for Marine Monitoring
Authors: Mellor Peter 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The oil and gas industry and the communities we work in continue to demand improvements in our work practices – leading us to our goal of zero harm to the environment and our people. As part of this drive for continuous improvement, we have been wrestling with the challenge of balancing the requirements for accurate marine ecological environment monitoring with our desire to protect the health and safety of field personnel.
In 2010 we made a strategic decision to develop or adopt a Complete Diverless Solution for each of our marine monitoring programs. Our marine science team investigated current data-gathering methods that involved divers, with the ultimate aim to develop and implement substitute diverless solutions.
The value of these solutions was demonstrated in the most obvious fashion in 2010 when crocodiles moved in and inhabited the Port Hedland Inner Harbour (first sighting in 30 years). At the time we were responsible for monitoring 35 million cubic metres of dredging for three dredge programs and had a continuous presence in the Inner Harbour. Using the diverless tools, we could continue to monitor the ecosystem's health without exposing people to the additional risk of being eaten. It was a great outcome for everyone except the crocodiles.
The solutions offered radiate around the following marine science monitoring activities (Figure 1): SedimentationBenthic primary producer healthWater qualityUnderwater noiseMarine pests
We belive the adopted approaches are at the forefront of the most significant advances in the marine monitoring industry in recent times. Our approach revolves around remotely optimising monitoring activities using innovative techniques, obtaining more accurate data at an increased frequency with reduced risk. Complete Diverless Solutions have transformed marine monitoring from a lagging indicator of environmental impact to a practical real-time tool for optimising project activities through increased data capture.
Closing the Gap The Interpretation of Risk: A Regulator's View
Authors: Heiden Karl , Gosselink Craig , Grebe Cameron 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The International Standard ISO 31000:2009 Risk management – Principles and guidelines describes the process for risk the assessment and the requirements for establishing the context and incorporation of external influences as a basis for the assessment. However, the understanding and interpretation of risk differs depending on the groups undertaking the assessment – an Operator, the Regulator or the general public. An Operator proposing an activity with environmental impacts and risks needs to recognise and understand that the different groups with whom they interact view and interpret risk from differing perspectives.
The understanding and interpretation of risk differs depending on the stakeholder or individual undertaking the assessment primarily based on knowledge and perception. This paper explores areas of misalignment between risk levels between Operators, the Regulator conservation advocates and the general public. It identifies motivating factors and presents opportunities for Operators to bridge perceptions on acceptable management of identified risks, manage and constructively address Regulator and stakeholder expectations.
It can be suggested that the cause of the misalignment may be the result of a number of factors, including: The Operator is likely to have a more detailed understanding and therefore reduced uncertainty about the measures in place to reduce consequence or the likelihood of an event occurring;Operators and Regulators will have differing levels of risk acceptance criteria, particularly in areas of heightened community interest and concern;Operators generate the greatest benefit from the activity and generally accept a higher level of potential risk to derive the benefit compared to other stakeholders;Differing levels of understanding as to what contributes to an acceptable level of impact or risk;A greater emphasis on consequences rather than likelihood or exposure.
Social Risk Management for Large-Footprint Service Company Projects
Authors: Dunlop Johana , Abrahams Nicholas , Villegas Mauricio 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper is a review of a social risks management (SRM) process developed by an international oil and gas services provider to identify social risks that have the potential to affect communities on and around the oilfield. The paper uses case studies to identify social risks management factors key to the successful implementation of operations.
The SRM process is intended to enhance the service provider's ability to anticipate and manage the impacts arising from its operations. The proprietary process has three integrated phases—planning; implementation; and monitoring and evaluation—and is governed by its own risk management guideline. Since 2010, the process has been used to complete field assessments and planning exercises for operations in the Africa, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East regions. In those regions the SRM process has enhanced the service provider's ability to identify and analyze social hazards and to understand how related prevention and mitigation measures can help in managing its operational presence.
An important factor in the successful execution of operations with unusually hazardous risk profiles, or operations in areas with significant social footprints, is proactive assessment. Close observation of the community has enabled the oilfield services provider to identify social hazards that might affect communities, and to develop social management plans and portfolios of measures to prevent or mitigate those hazards. Typically, prevention and mitigation measures can range from codes of conduct to community outreach programs designed to improve community acceptance of company activities and to maintain long-term support for operations. For example, in one country the social risks plan included procurement of local produce and water, employment of local labor, infrastructure and furniture donations to local schools and, in collaboration with the oilfield operator, deployment of medical camps run by a respected national non-governmental organization (NGO). More than 500 patients were screened during eye clinics—225 of them received medication, 300 were given eyeglasses, and 30 patients underwent surgery to correct vision.
This paper describes the key features of the SRM process along with a range of measures adopted by the service provider to address social risks. Developed and implemented by the service provider, as opposed to an oilfield operator, the SRM process is providing the E&P sector with new perspectives and lessons learned for managing social risks in oil and gas projects. The lessons learned can be used to evolve the SRM process and for future projects in sensitive areas.
The Interaction of Social Responsibility with Water Access and Resource Utilizations in Drilling Operations
Authors: Wagner N. , Brantley L. , Grosvenor C. , Florence F. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The drilling and completion of unconventional oil and gas wells requires more water than traditional wells, which makes water management critical. An emerging theme with unconventional resource development is the extent to which increased water needs for drilling and completion stress local water supplies. We will explore how drilling could potentially improve a community's access to water. In areas with limited water access, the benefits of necessary drilling infrastructure, like water wells, may extend beyond E&P operations to local communities and/or landowners.
This paper highlights improved standards of living for local communities through access to fresh water. The case studies reviewed include improved water access for agriculture in California, beneficial produced water use in Australia, and shared water access near a drill site in Central America with neighborly behavior. The unintended importance of providing water and acting as good neighbors was that villagers chose to not engage with local guerrillas in a conflict to undermine drilling operations, and rather convinced the guerrillas to avoid the conflict altogether. The topics covered by this case study and others reveal the relationship between social responsibility issues; aspects of Safety, Security, Environment, and Health (SSEH); fresh water access and major resource utilizations in heavy security areas or developing countries.
A Novel Technique for Monitoring Light Emissions
Authors: Pendoley Kellie , Kahlon Arwin , Ryan Robert , Savage Jeremy 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper describes a novel instrumental technique using astronomical cameras modified to monitor the whole-of-sky light emissions visible to marine turtles nesting near industrial developments in Western Australia. The results provide quantitative and qualitative data on specific light sources including sky glow which cannot be otherwise be measured in a field setting. The quantitative and qualitative results provide environmental practitioners and managers with the first reliable tool with which to monitor light emissions. This instrumental method has application well beyond marine turtles and can be used to measure and monitor light in any setting and for any receptor (wildlife or human) exposed to light, either astral or artificial.
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 2 and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a General Japanese Population
Authors: Doi Yasufumi , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Hirakawa Yoichiro , Takahashi Otowa , Mukai Naoko , Hata Jun , Iwase Masanori , Kitazono Takanari , Oike Yuichi , Kiyohara Yutaka 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
To examine, for the first time, the association between a novel inflammatory cytokine, angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) 2, and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 2,164 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged 40 to 79 years without diabetes were followed up for 7 years. Serum ANGPTL2 levels were divided into quartile categories at baseline: &lt;2.15, 2.16–2.71, 2.72–3.40, and ≥3.41 ng/mL. During follow-up, 221 participants developed T2DM.

RESULTS
In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for comprehensive risk factors and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, the risk of developing T2DM was significantly higher in the highest ANGPTL2 quartile than in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.14–2.85; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Elevated serum ANGPTL2 levels were positively associated with the development of T2DM in a general population, independent of other risk factors including hs-CRP levels.
A Population-Based Study of the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease
Authors: Mollazadegan Kaziwe , Kugelberg Maria , Montgomery Scott M. , Sanders David S. , Ludvigsson Johnny , Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
Celiac disease (CD) is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the current study, we examined whether CD affects the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DRP) in patients with T1D.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a population-based cohort study. Through the Swedish National Patient Register, we identified 41,566 patients diagnosed with diabetes in 1964–2009 and who were ≤30 years of age at diagnosis. CD was defined as having villous atrophy (Marsh stage 3) according to small intestinal biopsies performed between 1969 and 2008, with biopsy reports obtained from Sweden’s 28 pathology departments. During follow-up, 947 T1D patients had a diagnosis of CD. We used Cox regression analysis with CD as a time-dependent covariate to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for DRP in patients with T1D and CD and compared them with patients with T1D but no CD.

RESULTS
Duration of CD correlated with the risk of DRP. When results were stratified by time since CD diagnosis, individuals with T1D and CD were at a lower risk of DRP in the first 5 years after CD diagnosis (aHR 0.57 [95% CI 0.36–0.91]), followed by a neutral risk in years 5 to &lt;10 (1.03 [0.68–1.57]). With longer follow-up, coexisting CD was a risk factor for DRP (10 to &lt;15 years of follow-up, aHR 2.83 [95% CI 1.95–4.11]; ≥15 years of follow-up, 3.01 [1.43–6.32]).

CONCLUSIONS
Having a diagnosis of CD for &gt;10 years is a risk factor for the development of DRP in T1D. Long-standing CD in patients with T1D merits intense monitoring of DRP.
Granulation Response and Partial Wound Closure Predict Healing in Clinical Trials on Advanced Diabetes Foot Ulcers Treated With Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor
Authors: Valenzuela-Silva Carmen M. , Tuero-Iglesias Ángela D. , García-Iglesias Elizeth , González-Díaz Odalys , del Río-Martín Amaurys , Yera Alos Isis Belkis , Fernández-Montequín José I. , López-Saura Pedro A. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVETo determine if partial wound closure surrogate markers proposed for neuropathic, small diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) can be extended to advanced lesions and if the development of granulation tissue can be used to predict complete healing.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSData from two multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trials (one of them placebo controlled) that used intralesional recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) to promote granulation and healing were used. For confirmation in a larger sample from common clinical practice, the results of an active postmarketing surveillance of rhEGF treatment of DFUs in 60 healthcare units was included. The surrogates evaluated were percent area change, log healing rate, ratio of log areas, and percent of granulation tissue covering the wound area. The tests used were surrogate final end point correlation, receiver operating characteristic curves to discriminate healers from nonhealers, validation tests using logistic regression models, and the proportion-mediated estimation.RESULTSTwo weeks &gt;50% granulation, end of treatment &gt;75% granulation, and 16.1% area change showed significant predictive value (&gt;70% correct classification) for final wound closure. The granulation-based variables fulfilled the criterion that the effect of rhEGF treatment on wound closure was mediated by the surrogate.CONCLUSIONSThis work provides the first evidence for the use of granulation tissue development as a predictor of wound healing in advanced DFUs. These results can be useful for clinical trial design, particularly during the exploratory phase of new products.
Synthesis and characterization of new Bi2FeNiO6 material using a citric acid assisted gel combustion technique
Authors: Ravi Sridharan , Ponraj Caroline 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Multiferroic materials, which show simultaneous ferroelectric and magnetic ordering, exhibit unusual physical properties–and in turn promise new device applications–as a result of the coupling between their dual order parameters. BiFeO3 is currently considered the most promising candidate material for device applications of room temperature multiferroics. However, its G-type antiferromagnetic behavior and high Néel temperature restrict the use of this material in potential applications. We report the synthesis and characterization of a novel Bi2FeNiO6 material for the first time using a citric acid assisted gel combustion technique. Magnetization studies reveal that it exhibits ferrimagnetism with Néel temperature around 500 K. Differential scanning calorimetry study also reveals a sharp phase transition at 500 K. These materials also exhibit good ferroelectric behavior with square type hysteresis with a remanent polarization (P
r) of 1.28 μC cm−2, saturation polarization (P
s) of 18 μC cm−2 and coercive fields 20 kV and–40 kV respectively. The results are convincing to make a big step towards developing devices that run on spin.
Reconstructing the origin and elaboration of insect‐trapping inflorescences in the Araceae
Authors: Bröderbauer David , Diaz Anita , Weber Anton 
Published: September 2012

• Premise of the study: Floral traps are among the most sophisticated devices that have evolved in angiosperms in the context of pollination, but the evolution of trap pollination has not yet been studied in a phylogenetic context. We aim to determine the evolutionary history of morphological traits that facilitate trap pollination and to elucidate the impact of pollinators on the evolution of inflorescence traps in the family Araceae.• Methods: Inflorescence morphology was investigated to determine the presence of trapping devices and to classify functional types of traps. We inferred phylogenetic relationships in the family using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Character evolution of trapping devices, trap types, and pollinator types was then assessed with maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. We also tested for an association of trap pollination with specific pollinator types.• Key results: Inflorescence traps have evolved independently at least 10 times within the Araceae. Trapping devices were found in 27 genera. On the basis of different combinations of trapping devices, six functional types of traps were identified. Trap pollination in Araceae is correlated with pollination by flies.• Conclusions: Trap pollination in the Araceae is more common than was previously thought. Preadaptations such as papillate cells or elongated sterile flowers facilitated the evolution of inflorescence traps. In some clades, imperfect traps served as a precursor for the evolution of more elaborate traps. Traps that evolved in association with fly pollination were most probably derived from mutualistic ancestors, offering a brood‐site to their pollinators.
Probing three-dimensional surface force fields with atomic resolution: Measurement strategies, limitations, and artifact reduction
Authors: Baykara Mehmet Z , Dagdeviren Omur E , Schwendemann Todd C , Mönig Harry , Altman Eric I , Schwarz Udo D 
Published: September 2012

Noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) is being increasingly used to measure the interaction force between an atomically sharp probe tip and surfaces of interest, as a function of the three spatial dimensions, with picometer and piconewton accuracy. Since the results of such measurements may be affected by piezo nonlinearities, thermal and electronic drift, tip asymmetries, and elastic deformation of the tip apex, these effects need to be considered during image interpretation.In this paper, we analyze their impact on the acquired data, compare different methods to record atomic-resolution surface force fields, and determine the approaches that suffer the least from the associated artifacts. The related discussion underscores the idea that since force fields recorded by using NC-AFM always reflect the properties of both the sample and the probe tip, efforts to reduce unwanted effects of the tip on recorded data are indispensable for the extraction of detailed information about the atomic-scale properties of the surface.