bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Stress Disorder
Authors: Malaktaris Anne , McNally Richard J. , Bryant Richard , Lynn Steven Jay 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAcute stress disorder (ASD) first appeared in theDSM‐IVas a diagnosis describing acute stress reactions occurring within a month following exposure to trauma. In response to accumulating evidence,DSM‐5no longer places the same emphasis on dissociative symptoms, and does not require a specific number of any cluster of symptoms for a diagnosis ofASD. Instead, it requires the presence of 9 of any of 14 potential symptoms ofASD, and prohibits the diagnosis until 3 days have elapsed post trauma. AlthoughASDpredicts the onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relative to trauma‐exposed people who do not developASD, most individuals withPTSDdo not meetASDdiagnostic criteria prior to the diagnosis ofPTSD. Accordingly, theDSM‐5diagnosis ofASDintends to describe severe acute reactions rather than predict subsequentPTSD. Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces the rate of subsequentPTSDin individuals withASD.
Controversial Therapies
Authors: Mercer Jean 
Published: January 2015

AbstractControversial therapies (CTs) are psychotherapies that lack an evidence basis, are implausible with respect to current psychological science, and may be associated with adverse events. CTs are rarely independently evaluated or transparently reported, and are often commercialized. Among CTs are Dianetics, primal therapy, transactional analysis, neuro‐linguistic programming, thought field therapy, recovered memory therapy, and attachment therapy. CTs have historical commonalities and share emphases on unconscious motivation, mind–body interactions, and views of memory that contradict established evidence.
Designs for Studying Mediation
Authors: David Daniel , Sava Florin A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Once we find a cause‐effect relationship, the next question is related to the mechanisms of change. Mediators play a prominent role in establishing these mechanisms because they are variables that intervene between the cause (i.e., predictor/independent variable) and its effect (i.e., outcome/criterion/dependent variable). A wide range of designs can focus on mediators. These include both nonexperimental designs (i.e., cross‐sectional or longitudinal) and experimental designs. Experimental designs are more appropriate designs for studying mediation but no single study can meet all prescriptive requirements for considering a specific mediator as a causal mechanism. A strong recommendation is that any endeavor to establish mediation should be complemented by a conceptual analysis through the lens of a well‐supported and/or well‐specified theory.
Self, Philosophical Considerations
Authors: Tekin Şerife 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The debate between the proponents of realism and antirealism about the self has played an important role in philosophy, and, though less directly, in clinical psychology. Realism has two fundamental commitments about the world posited by scientific theories: existence and evaluation‐independence. According to the existence claim, both the everyday world of objects and their properties—the subject of scientific theorizing—do exist. According to the evaluation‐ independence claim, the objects and properties posited by a scientific theory exist independent from what human beings think about them or how they are linguistically articulated. Realists argue that the self exists as an evaluation‐independent phenomenon. Antirealists, on the other hand, argue that there is no such thing as the self. What is conventionally conceived of as the self is contingent on our evaluations; that is, it is a mere artifact of cultural, social, and linguistic conventions.
Behaviorism and Eliminativism
Authors: Kostko Aaron 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Behaviorism and eliminativism represent significant challenges to the scientific legitimacy of folk psychological concepts and explanations. Both views emphasize the explanatory inadequacies of folk psychological explanations of human behavior, but they differ with respect to the theoretical framework that they hypothesize will take its place. B. F. Skinner's radical behaviorism maintained that folk psychological explanations would eventually be replaced by explanations in terms of reinforcement contingencies. In contrast, the eliminativism of Paul and Patricia Churchland contends that folk psychological explanations will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific explanations. The motivations and implications of each of these views are discussed.
Academy of Psychological Clinical Science (
APCS
)
Authors: Fowles Don C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Academy of Psychological Clinical Science (
APCS
;
http://acadpsychclinicalscience.org
) is an organization whose members are
PhD
programs in clinical psychology and clinical psychology internships that strongly value psychological clinical science. Richard
McFall
organized a “Clinical Science in the 21st Century” conference in April 1994. The attendees voted to create
APCS
.
APCS
held its first meeting in July 1995 with 26 member programs. By 1998, eight internships were members of
APCS
. Since then,
APCS
has supported clinical science in many domains. In 2006–2009,
APCS
created the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (
PCSAS
).
PCSAS
was recognized in September 2012 as an accrediting body by the Council of Higher Education Accreditation (
CHEA
). As of May 2013,
APCS
had 55 graduate programs and 11 internships as members, and
PCSAS
had accredited 21 programs.
Debriefing
Authors: Sharf Allyson , Kimonis Eva R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Debriefing is the process of discussing the general purpose of the psychological study and its implications with a participant at the conclusion of the study. Historically, debriefing is most notably discussed in the psychological empirical literature as the ethical solution to the use of deception. Debriefing serves to educate the participant as to the logic and importance of the overall study, explain the reason for any deception, attempt to ameliorate any damage caused by the deception, and investigate potentially negative reactions to the study, among other goals. Formal ethical codes discuss debriefing but potential problems arise in the variation enacted by researchers, potential harmful consequences to complete disclosure, and the growing use of the internet to carry out studies.
J
öreskog,
K
arl
G
ustav (b. 1935)
Authors: McArdle John J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Karl G. Jöreskog (b. 1935) has enjoyed a long and distinguished career as a behavioral science statistician. He is best known for his creation (along with Dag Sörbom) of the
LISREL
computer program for data analysis for linear structural equation models (
SEM
). He has done much more. He has taught generations of social and behavioral scientists how to apply this approach to their own
SEM
problems, and this has changed the way many of us think about multivariate analysis.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (
DBT
)
Authors: Cameron Amy Yule 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Dialectical behavior therapy (
DBT
) is an empirically supported psychotherapy with mounting evidence for its efficacy in treating borderline personality disorder, nonsuicidal self‐injury, and suicidal behaviors. Based on psychologist Marsha Linehan's (b. 1943) biosocial theory of the development and maintenance of borderline personality disorder, behavior theory, and dialectics. Dialectical behavior therapy is a multimodal treatment with specific treatment stages and targets. Since its early beginnings,
DBT
has also demonstrated efficacy at reducing hostility, impulsivity, anger, depression, substance use, anxiety, eating‐disordered behaviors, and attention‐deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Dialectical behavior therapy has demonstrated efficacy in adults and adolescents, as well as elderly and forensic populations. Dismantling studies to date have been few, and further work needs to be done to understand the specific mechanisms underlying the efficacy of
DBT
in these populations, as well as to determine a necessary length of treatment.
Clinical Psychology versus Allied Disciplines
Authors: Mihura Joni L. , Reed Joseph A. , Kiss Andrea B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractClinical psychology shares similarities with several other disciplines, especially in regard to providing psychotherapy or counseling services, such as counseling psychology, psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, social work, marriage and family therapy, psychoanalysis, and various counseling subspecialties (e.g., substance abuse counselors). Although the term “psychologist” is often equated with “therapist,” there are many types of psychologists, including developmental, social, and cognitive psychologists who are not trained in applied (clinical) practice. Within the practice of psychology there are many specialties (e.g., clinical neuropsychology, forensic psychology, clinical health psychology); however, currently, the American Psychological Association accredits only the clinical, counseling, and school training programs. Compared to the other disciplines, clinical and counseling psychology are unique in their training to conduct comprehensive psychological assessments and are more likely to conduct scientific research. On the other hand, the vast majority of clinical psychologists do not prescribe psychiatric medication—a purview of professionals in the medical field.
Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Thomas Naveen , Pantelis Christos 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Psychosis is a severe, acute or chronic mental illness that is characterized by reality distortion, delusions, hallucinations, disorganization, catatonia, and impaired insight. Psychosis can be primary (functional/nonorganic) or secondary (organic), which may differ in their symptoms or presentation. The neurobiology of psychoses is complex, involving many neurotransmitters, particularly the dopaminergic system. Thorough cognitive and physical examinations, as well as laboratory testing, are necessary for the diagnosis and management of psychosis. Antipsychotic medications are the cornerstone in the management of primary psychosis (such as schizophrenia), in combination with various psychosocial strategies. Treatment of primary neurological or medical illness is more important in the management of secondary psychoses. Antipsychotic medications have different side‐effect profiles but similar efficacies, with clozapine being an exception in its superior efficacy in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. The common adverse effects include metabolic side effects with atypical antipsychotics and neurologic (extrapyramidal) side effects with typical antipsychotics.
Fisher,RonaldA. (1890–1962)
Authors: LoBello Steven G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRonald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962) was a mathematician and geneticist. He is primarily known for his singular contributions to the statistical and genetics revolutions of the twentieth century. There are no single adjectives to describe the magnitude of his contributions to statistical science and experimental methodology. His contributions to evolutionary theory and genetics were similarly extensive.
Measurement Invariance
Authors: McArdle John J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The concept of having multiple factors that are invariant over groups seems to be a contemporary prerequisite for any other analysis of mean differences over groups. It is often used nowadays, usually with psychometric studies of confirmatory factor analysis computer programs. The main requirement is the need for a latent structure model. This entry provides an overview of the steps involved in doing rigorous comparisons with a numerical example from selected Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (
WISC
) data on multiple ethnic groups.
Survival Analysis
Authors: Strube Michael J 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Survival analysis is used to understand the
timing
of an event—its nature and predictors. Its name derives from common applications related to medical survival that occurs over a period of years (e.g., survival time following cancer diagnosis), but the procedure is easily applied to any categorical outcome (e.g., correct solution of a challenging problem, lapse of attention, missed therapy appointment, mechanical part failure, etc.) that might occur over time measured in units of any precision (e.g., milliseconds, minutes, decades, centuries). Extensions of the procedure allow comparing the survival functions of multiple groups and the inclusion of continuous and categorical predictors of survival.
Definitions of Abnormality
Authors: Miles Shannon Reynolds , Averill Lynnette A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Abnormality refers to something being atypical or differing from the norm. Reaching consensus on a universal definition of abnormality is an unsolved challenge due to the cultural and professional subjectivity of the term and the dearth of definitive cut‐offs, biomarkers, or other objective lines of demarcation that delineate the psychologically normal from the abnormal. Common definitions of psychological abnormality include dysfunction, distress, disability, and disorder. The historical, intellectual, and social contexts within which the definition of abnormality has been developed are discussed, along with etiological perspectives on psychological abnormality.
False Confessions
Authors: Daniel Lassiter G. , Pinegar Shannon K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Aided by advances in
DNA
testing that occurred in the late 1980s, organizations such as the Innocence Project have been able to establish conclusively that people sometimes confess to crimes they did not commit. Many of these false confessions occur during police interrogations. This has led legal and psychological researchers to critically examine prevailing interrogation practices. Guided primarily by psychological science, investigations are beginning to identify the particular aspects of an interrogation that tend to increase the risk of innocent persons incriminating themselves. Drawing on this research, public policy papers have begun to recommend reforms designed to reduce the likelihood that interrogation will induce the innocent to falsely confess while still motivating the guilty to take responsibility for their crimes.
Parity Laws
Authors: Piotrowski Nancy A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Public health goals in the United States support the conceptualization of the healthcare system as an integrated system. Parity laws, relevant to clinical psychology and healthcare, refer to insurance‐related laws holding health conditions as having equal stature. Prior to 2008, the disposition of parity laws was that they were inadequate in relation to physical health, mental health, and substance use. As such, legislative action was required to address legal inadequacies related to health insurance and consequent barriers to reasonable and necessary integrated health services allowing. Legislative efforts to right these problems progressed incrementally over decades through advocacy and collaboration by diverse stakeholders, including psychologists. The culmination of these efforts is the 2008 Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity Addiction Equity Act, which establishes parity among these diverse aspects of health. Additionally, provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 further support parity.
Values and Diagnosis
Authors: Flanagan Elizabeth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Although some mental disorders have been shown to have a genetic component (e.g., dementia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), the categories that we understand as mental disorders are socially constructed constructs and are not categories with a purely biological essence. Instead, values affect what is considered to be a disorder; how decisions are made about what is a mental disorder and how to define it; how a clinician decides on a diagnosis and treatment; and how people with mental disorders are treated by society.
Specificity Designs
Authors: Garber Judy , Hollon Steven D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Specificity designs are used in psychopathology research to determine whether a variable uniquely characterizes one disorder as compared to another, and, thus, may be causal. In contrast, when a variable is found to be nonspecific, some researchers have assumed (albeit mistakenly) that the nonspecific variable cannot be a cause of the disorder, but instead is a shared consequence of psychopathology in general. The error in this reasoning, however, is the failure to recognize the distinction between testing the causal role of an individual variable versus testing a multivariate causal model of which that variable is a part. Thus, a variable
can
be nonspecific, but still can be one of several interacting factors within a larger etiological model. Recommendations for selecting heterogeneous versus homogeneous control groups to address questions related to broad versus narrow specificity are presented.
Civil Commitment
Authors: Pinals Debra A. , Mossman Douglas 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCivil commitment is the mechanism used by courts to order individuals to receive psychiatric treatment, usually within a hospital. Although jurisdictions vary, the legal criteria for commitment generally include the presence of mental illness and a resulting risk of harm to oneself or others if not hospitalized. Civil commitment may be authorized only after less restrictive alternative treatments are considered. This entry summarizes the history of civil commitment along with related case law and clinical principles. The entry also reviews clinical assessment procedures and how they align with statutory provisions. In addition, a discussion of outpatient civil commitment explains how legally compelled treatment in the community follows many of the same principles as involuntary hospitalization.
Secondary Prevention
Authors: Beth‐Halachmy Shani 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Secondary prevention refers to interventions targeting individuals and groups who, because of known risk factors, are vulnerable to developing social, behavioral, emotional, or physical disorders. Secondary prevention seeks to lower the prevalence, ameliorate, or reduce the duration of disorders of those identified as being at risk through early identification and evidence‐based interventions. Secondary prevention also seeks to increase protective factors that enhance resiliency in individuals when they are exposed to risk conditions and factors.
Communication Disorders
Authors: Gillam Ronald B. , Gillam Sandra L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The term
communication disorder
refers to communication structures or functions that are impaired to the extent that they interfere with the ability to exchange meaning through speaking or listening. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, approximately 46 million Americans have some type of a communication disorder. The discipline of communication sciences and disorders encompasses the study of human communication processes, breakdowns in those processes, and the efficacy of practices involved in assessing and assisting individuals with communication differences and disorders. The major components of the discipline are speech, language, and hearing sciences, audiology, and speech–language pathology.
Motor Disorders
Authors: Dewey Deborah 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Motor disorders are a group of diseases and syndromes that affect the ability to produce and control movement. They can emerge due to genetic factors or abnormalities in the brain or body acquired after birth, or because of faulty or incomplete physical experiences when learning more complex behavior. Many are first identified in infancy, but onset can occur over the lifespan. Some of these disorders are progressive in nature, whereas others are nonprogressive or static. Individuals diagnosed with these disorders display various motor, perceptual, intellectual, neuropsychological, and psychosocial impairments. The general intellectual functioning level of individuals with motor disorders is variable, with some functioning in the average range and others experiencing significant impairment. Psychological outcomes are also variable. Individuals diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders frequently experience significant mental deterioration.
Substance‐Related Disorders
Authors: Ozer Bilge Uzun , LeBlanc Sara , Essau Cecilia A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThesubstance‐related disorderscategory encompasses a wide range of conditions associated with legal and/or illegal substance use. Substance‐related disorders fall broadly into two categories:substance use disorders, characterized by dependence and/or abuse, andsubstance‐induced disorders, which involve intoxication or withdrawal. This entry begins with a brief overview of the clinical features of substance use and substance‐induced disorders in both adolescents and adult populations. Epidemiological data on the prevalence of substance‐related conditions are then summarized and the literature regarding both the development and clinical course of treatment is reviewed. Subsequently, risk factors for substance use and abuse are outlined, along with protective factors that attenuate risk for substance‐related disorders. The final section describes evidence‐based treatment approaches for substance‐related conditions.
Miranda
Authors: Cruise Keith 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Miranda v. Arizona
, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) established the legal obligation for police officers to disclose a set of procedural safeguards to suspects in custodial interrogations. The decision to invoke or waive
Miranda
rights has been a focus of social science research. Age, intellectual deficits, listening and reading comprehension, as well as severe psychopathology have all been identified as factors contributing to poor comprehension and understanding of the
Miranda
warnings. Forensic mental health professionals also conduct evaluations and present expert testimony to assist courts in determining whether a
Miranda
waiver made by a defendant was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.
Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (
PCSAS
)
Authors: Bootzin Richard R. , Treat Teresa A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (
PCSAS
) was established in 2007 to promote public health by accrediting clinical science Ph.D. programs in university departments of psychology in the United States and Canada.
PCSAS
‐accredited training programs are expected to benefit the public by increasing the number of integrative and transdisciplinary clinical scientists who develop and apply new knowledge bearing on the etiology, assessment, and treatment of psychopathology. The history and structure of
PCSAS
are described, as is its relationship with the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science (the Academy).
PCSAS
was recognized as an accrediting agency by the Council of Higher Education Accreditation (
CHEA
) in 2012. Through the end of 2013, 21 programs have been accredited. Moving forward, those involved with
PCSAS
are committed to improving the quality of mental health services by infusing science into all aspects of research, education, and practice activities.
Science Versus Pseudoscience
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O. , Lynn Steven Jay , Ammirati Rachel J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Pseudosciences are “fake” sciences: they are disciplines that superficially appear to be scientific but largely lack the substance of science. Although there is probably no “bright line” of demarcation separating science from pseudoscience in clinical psychology or similar disciplines, pseudoscientific assertions in these domains are characterized by a fallible but useful set of warning signs.