bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressure Cycling Process Mapping
Authors: Harron Lorna 
Published: July 2013

Pressure cycling can result in integrity concerns for pipeline operators. Pressure monitoring is commonly used by pipeline operators to assess the effect of pressure cycling on existing assets. For new pipeline assets, however, the evaluation process for potential cycling is less mature. Enbridge Pipelines employs a pressure cycling evaluation process for new pipelines.
A process mapping professional was engaged by Enbridge Pipelines to perform a mapping exercise on the existing pressure cycling process. A process flow chart was developed which identified key decision points during the development of a new pipeline. A gap analysis identified areas where process definition or enhancement was required. The newly created process flow was piloted on two development projects for new pipeline assets. After completing the process mapping exercise, a design standard was created.
The design standard provides assessment procedures for pressure cycling on a new pipeline design. The timing for executing the process housed in the design standard is critical to ensuring that correct information is available early enough in the process to facilitate key design-related decisions. The process flow in the design standard illustrates the process used to determine and evaluate the anticipated fatigue life of a new development pipeline. In addition, this process flow illustrates the evaluation of mitigation strategies to improve anticipated fatigue life of a new development pipeline.
Additionally, key learnings will be highlighted from the development and execution of the pressure cycling process on new development pipeline assets. The paper will address the future implication of the mapping exercise and the relevance of application of process mapping to other areas of Enbridge operations.
Development of API Grade Pipeline Steels by Reduced Scale Trials
Authors: Wallwaey Karina , Langenbach Hendrik , Stenico Alessandro 
Published: July 2013

Trials at a pilot plant were performed in order to develop new chemical compositions for the production of API grade X70 and X80 pipeline steels. The pilot hot rolling mill allows trials in a limited scale with the target strip thickness and strip widths between 100 mm and 500 mm. The mechanical properties of the X70 and X80 pipeline steels with thicknesses of 23 mm and 12.7 mm respectively were examined by tensile tests and charpy impact tests. In addition DWT tests were conducted for material with a thickness of 23 mm.
Some of the trials were arranged to estimate the influence of 0.3% nickel and of 0.03% vanadium with and without the addition of titanium stoichiometrical to nitrogen on the basis of a chemical composition with a niobium content above 0.06%. For a selected composition submerged arc welding trials were performed in a welding laboratory.
The results obtained in the small scale trials were used to derive chemical compositions for industrial scale trials including hot strip rolling and the production of helically welded pipes.
This paper will deal with the pilot plant trials, the welding trials and the industrial scale trials. The attained mechanical properties will be presented and compared. Furthermore future trials to develop optimized chemical compositions for pipeline steels and the challenge to transfer results from limited to industrial scale will be discussed.
The Evolution of Facilities Integrity Management at Enbridge Pipelines Inc.
Authors: Berg Monique , Radmard Shadie S. 
Published: July 2013

Public and employee safety, environmental stewardship, increased focus by the regulators, public awareness are some of the reasons why operators need to focus on the integrity of their operations and create solutions to reduce common types of releases. In the past, the focus has been on mainline piping integrity due to the greater consequence of mainline releases but increasing importance is being placed on facilities, such as tank terminals and pump stations.
Facilities Integrity Management of a pipeline system is a relatively new concept for many companies; however, it is gaining momentum, particularly with regulators and the public. Prior to 2004, various Enbridge departments were responsible for ensuring integrity was maintained within facilities. There was a renewed emphasis and on Enbridge’s Facilities Integrity Programs in 2004 with a mandate of reducing facility releases across the Enbridge Pipeline system. In 2005, a small team of engineers drafted a six-page Facilities Integrity Management System document and program documentation to address facilities integrity issues.
Today, Facilities Integrity is responsible for more facilities and programs than originally envisioned. The Integrity Management System documentation has since been amended several times and reviewed through internal and external audits. The Facilities Integrity Management System is vital to the success of the various facilities integrity programs as it identifies responsibilities and associated overlaps and gaps as well as the need for documentation and tracking. As there are no set regulations specific to Facilities Integrity, Enbridge has taken the initiative to be at the forefront of industry practice.
This paper will describe Enbridge’s Facilities Integrity Management System: past and present Facilities Integrity programs, current scope of work, the role of Facilities Integrity, the importance of historical release information and program trending, and future initiatives.
Powering the Trains
Authors: Thomet Michel A. 
Published: July 2013

Electric trains exhibit some of the highest performance among all surface modes of transportation in terms of speed, acceleration, control precision and reliability. This is so because of the very large amount of power that can be delivered to each train by means of a third rail or an overhead wire. Also, like all rail vehicles, trains have a very small friction/drag to overcome, even at high speed.
To make this high performance possible, the train power distribution system has to be designed so that it can be highly reliable and deliver the power to the trains even when some of the systems components are out or are degraded. Because of the complexity of the power distribution system, a simulation approach is generally followed to model the trains operating in different modes and headways under different component failure scenarios.
This process is illustrated using a real life project, namely the Dulles Corridor Metrorail project. A Bechtel proprietary simulation program is used to model the new rail line. A series of failure scenarios is investigated and the impact on train operations is evaluated. The purpose of this exercise was to verify that the systems components have been properly sized and specified.
Lading Effects on Tank Car Impact Response
Authors: Kirkpatrick Steven W. , Phan Virginia 
Published: July 2013

Tank car design requirements and tank car safety research both evaluate impact conditions for a fluid filled tank. For the test conditions, the fluid is typically water or water based slurry that has an appropriate density to represent a specific lading. The pressure is commonly applied to the tank using compressed air. In analyses, the effects of the fluid are often included using computational simplifications such as adding the weight of the fluid lading to the tank mass and adding a constant internal pressure to the tank. For specific impact scenarios the effects of these modeling approximations have been analyzed to assess the magnitude of the effects on impact and puncture behavior.
This paper describes analyses performed to evaluate the effects of the lading on the impact and puncture behavior of tank cars. The lading is explicitly modeled in various impact conditions to assess the behavior of the lading and the effect of modeling approximations on the dynamic response. In addition, the effects of the internal pressure and outage volume of various commodities on the puncture behavior are also analyzed.
Service Life Evaluation of Fleet of Municipal Trains
Authors: Rakoczy Przemyslaw , Hogan Cory J. 
Published: July 2013

When a fleet of trains is nearing the end of its service life, the city transit authorities have to decide whether to replace the aging train inventory or apply life extension remediation to the existing fleet. Replacement of the entire inventory comes at a significant cost. Therefore, evaluation of the remaining service life and possible life extension methods for the current fleet is worth investigating.
The objective of this study is the evaluation of remaining service life of existing municipal trains and assessment of risk associated with life extension in order to help authorities in the decision making process of applying life extension measures or purchasing new equipment.
The main factors limiting service life is exceedance of material fatigue resistance and fracture. To this end, finite element models (FEM) of the train cars in question were created in ABAQUS® modeling software to find locations of stress concentration under prescribed service loads. Locations of concern from the FEM were then used as the basis for instrumentation planning for on-site testing. A single train unit was instrumented with strain gages and accelerometers and then loaded and tested under regular operating conditions. Collected data from the on-site test was then used for calibration and validation of the FEM. Load-time history was constructed based on the calibrated FEM and the data from testing. Calculation of fatigue damage accumulation was done in accordance to the Rain-flow counting algorithm and Palmgren-Miner rule. The remaining fatigue life was evaluated based on available S-N curves from test data.
Loads, as well as material resistance are random variables; therefore a reliability approach has to be applied in the calculation of risk associated with service life extension in order to make a sound recommendation as to the risk of continued service beyond the prescribed service life. Statistical parameters of load and resistance where gathered and used in calculations for this recommendation.
This paper presents the approach for service life evaluation/extension, reliability and stochastic methods for risk assessment in a real world example.
Challenges of Integrating Multidisciplinary Wayside Databases
Authors: Southern Carolyne , Wong Joseph , Bladon Keith 
Published: July 2013

A single, integrated database to store inputs from multiple, and multidisciplinary wayside systems is a pre-requisite for cross-correlation of data, and the development of intelligent algorithms to determine alarm levels and automate decision making. Australian rail operators run on three track gauges, operate a mix of American, European and uniquely Australian rolling stock, and lack a unified set of interchange standards, making the development of operational and condition monitoring rules a complex task.
Over the years, Wayside Equipment vendors have adopted different database architectures and data structures for their proprietary systems. Recognizing the need for an industry-wide standard, Pacific National and Track Owners in Australia have initiated a project to develop the architecture for an integrated, open database to capture and store data feeds from multiple wayside systems, from different suppliers. This paper describes the objectives, constraints, challenges and projected benefits of the project for the track owner and the rail operator, and the planned implementation of an integrated condition monitoring database in the Australian rail environment.
A Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Antagonist Enhances Antigen-Presenting Capacity and Tumor Cell Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses by Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
Authors: Wang Yongjun , Wang Shengyu , Ding Yuan , Ye Yanhua , Xu Yingyi , He Huixiang , Li Qiaozhen , Mi Yanjun , Guo Chunhua , Lin Zhicai , Liu Tao , Zhang Yaya , Chen Yuqiang , Yan Jianghua 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) has emerged as a critical inhibitory molecule for controlling the cytokine response and antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs), thereby regulating the magnitude of both innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the SOCS1 antagonist pJAK2(1001-1013) peptide can weaken or block the inhibition function of SOCS1 in DCs by evaluating the phenotype and cytokine production, antigen-presenting, and specific T-cell-activating capacities of DCs electroporated with human gastric cancer cell total RNA. Furthermore, STAT1 activation of the JAK/STAT signal pathway mediated by SOCS1 was analyzed by Western blotting. The results demonstrate that the SOCS1 antagonist pJAK2(1001-1013) peptide upregulated the expression of the maturation marker (CD83) and costimulatory molecule (CD86) of RNA-electroporated human monocyte-derived mature DCs (mDCs), potentiated the capacity of mDCs to induce T-cell proliferation, stimulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of tumor cell antigen-specific CTLs activated by human gastric cancer cell total RNA-electroporated mDCs. Data from Western blot analysis indicate that STAT1 was further activated in pJAK2(1001-1013) peptide-loaded mDCs. These results imply that the SOCS1 antagonist pJAK2(1001-1013) peptide is an effective reagent for the enhancement of antigen-specific antitumor immunity by DCs.
Rapid Visual Detection of Highly Pathogenic Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Isolates by Use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Zhang Jinhai , Zhu Jing , Ren Hao , Zhu Shiying , Zhao Ping , Zhang Fengyu , Lv Heng , Hu Dan , Hao Lina , Geng Meiling , Gong Xiufang , Pan Xiuzhen , Wang Changjun , Qi Zhongtian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus suis
serotype 2 (
S. suis
2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes considerable economic losses to the pig industry and significantly threatens public health worldwide. The highly pathogenic
S. suis
2, which contains the 89K pathogenicity island (PAI), has caused large-scale outbreaks of infections in humans, resulting in high mortality rates. In this study, we established two loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based assays that can rapidly detect
S. suis
2 and the 89K PAI and can be performed simultaneously under the same conditions. Further, based on the findings of these two LAMP assays and using the same set of serially diluted DNA samples, we compared the sensitivities of different LAMP product detection methods, including SYBR green detection, gel electrophoresis, turbidimetry, calcein assays, and hydroxynaphthol blue detection. The results suggest that target genes can be amplified and detected within 48 min under 63°C isothermal conditions. The sensitivity of tests for
S. suis
2 detection varies between detection methods and reaction systems, indicating that for each LAMP reaction system, multiple detection methods should be performed to select the optimal one. The sensitivities of the optimized methods (7.16 copies/reaction) in the present study were identical to those of the real-time PCR assay, and the test results for reference strains and clinical samples showed that these LAMP systems have high specificities. Thus, since the LAMP systems established in this study are simple, fast, and sensitive, they may have good clinical potential for detecting the highly pathogenic
S. suis
2.
High-Resolution Melting Curve Analysis for Rapid Detection of Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yin Xiaomao , Zheng Lei , Liu Qinlan , Lin Li , Hu Xiumei , Hu Yanwei , Wang Qian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA rapid, simple, accurate, and affordable method for the detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis is very critical for the selection of antimicrobial therapy and management of patient treatment. High-resolution melting curve analysis has been used for the detection of rifampin resistance inMycobacterium tuberculosisand has shown promise. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to evaluate the accuracy of high-resolution melting curve analysis for the detection of rifampin resistance in clinicalM. tuberculosisisolates. We searched the PubMed, BIOSIS Previews, and Web of Science databases to identify studies and included them according to predetermined criteria. We used the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model to calculate pooled measures and applied Moses' constant for linear models to fit the summary receiver operating characteristic curve. According to the selection criteria, most of the identified studies were excluded, and only seven studies were included in the final analysis. The overall sensitivity of the high-resolution melting curve analysis was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92% to 96%), and the overall specificity was very high at 99% (95% CI, 98% to 100%). The values for the pooled positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio were 63.39 (95% CI, 30.21 to 133.00), 0.06 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.09), and 892.70 (95% CI, 385.50 to 2,067.24), respectively. There was no significant heterogeneity across all included studies for the measurements we evaluated. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve for the same data shows an area of 0.99 and aQ* value of 0.97. High-resolution melting curve analysis has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of rifampin resistance in clinicalM. tuberculosisisolates. This method might be a good alternative to conventional drug susceptibility tests in clinical practice.
A Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Anti-G Protein F(ab′)2Monoclonal Antibody Suppresses Mucous Production and Breathing Effort in RSV rA2-line19F-Infected BALB/c Mice
Authors: Boyoglu-Barnum Seyhan , Gaston Kelsey A. , Todd Sean O. , Boyoglu Cemil , Chirkova Tatiana , Barnum Thomas R. , Jorquera Patricia , Haynes Lia M. , Tripp Ralph A. , Moore Martin L. , Anderson Larry J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the familyParamyxoviridaeand is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. Increased airway resistance and increased airway mucin production are two manifestations of RSV infection in children. RSV rA2-line19F infection induces pulmonary mucous production and increased breathing effort in BALB/c mice and provides a way to assess these manifestations of RSV disease in an animal model. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prophylactic treatment with the F(ab′)2form of the anti-G protein monoclonal antibody (MAb) 131-2G on disease in RSV rA2-line19F-challenged mice. F(ab′)2131-2G does not affect virus replication. It and the intact form that does decrease virus replication prevented increased breathing effort and airway mucin production, as well as weight loss, pulmonary inflammatory-cell infiltration, and the pulmonary substance P and pulmonary Th2 cytokine levels that occur in mice challenged with this virus. These data suggest that the RSV G protein contributes to prominent manifestations of RSV disease and that MAb 131-2G can prevent these manifestations of RSV disease without inhibiting virus infection.
GRANITES AND GRANITES
Authors: READ H. H. 
Published: July 2013

There can have been few occasions in the past when the President of the Geological Society of London—the mother of all geological societies—has been able to accept the hospitality of that most splendid of daughters, The Geological Society of America. I come bearing most hearty greetings and good wishes from my Society to yours.
This meeting celebrates, I believe, the Centenary of the Geological Survey of Canada, and I am honoured to be present at the inauguration of a second century of fruitful geological investigation. Our countries are bound together by the cords— gossamer yet stronger than steel—of a common blood, a common creed, and a common history—we spring from the same roots. But we geologists are bound still closer to one another by devotion to our common science—nothing can unloose that tie. As these proceedings continue, we shall find maybe that we differ on a great many aspects of geological interpretation, but this is a sign of vitality and can in no way affect our regard for one another as fellow-seekers after the truth concerning the crust of Mother Earth.
As President of the Geological Society of London, I salute The Geological Society of America and, contemplating your glorious past, I look forward to your yet more glorious future.
In the foregoing paragraphs I have spoken in my official presidential capacity; from now on, I speak as a private individual—the personal pronoun will occur, I expect, with astounding frequency. I am not certain...
Gynaecological cancer follow-up: national survey of current practice in the UK
Authors: Leeson Simon , Stuart Nick , Sylvestre Yvonne , Hall Liz , Whitaker Rhiannon 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo establish a baseline of national practice for follow-up after treatment for gynaecological cancer.DesignQuestionnaire survey.SettingGynaecological cancer centres and units.Geographical locationUK.ParticipantsMembers of the British Gynaecological Cancer Society and the National Forum of Gynaecological Oncology Nurses.InterventionsA questionnaire survey.Outcome measuresTo determine schedules of follow-up, who provides it and what routine testing is used for patients who have had previous gynaecological cancer.ResultsA total of 117 responses were obtained; 115 (98%) reported hospital scheduled regular follow-up appointments. Two involved general practitioners. Follow-up was augmented or replaced by telephone follow-up in 29 responses (25%) and patient-initiated appointments in 38 responses (32%). A total of 80 (68%) cancer specialists also offered combined follow-up clinics with other specialties. Clinical examinations for hospital-based follow-up were mainly performed by doctors (67% for scheduled regular appointments and 63% for patient-initiated appointments) while telephone follow-up was provided in the majority by nurses (76%). Most respondents (76/117 (65%)) provided routine tests, of which 66/76 (87%) reported carrying out surveillance tests for ovarian cancer, 35/76 (46%) for cervical cancer, 8/76 (11%) for vulval cancer and 7/76 (9%) for endometrial cancer. Patients were usually discharged after 5 years (82/117 (70%)), whereas three (3%) were discharged after 4 years, nine (8%) after three years and one (1%) after 2 years.ConclusionsPractice varied but most used a standard hospital-based protocol of appointments for 5 years and routine tests were performed usually for women with ovarian cancer. A minority utilised nurse-led or telephone follow-up. General practitioners were rarely involved in routine care. A randomised study comparing various models of follow-up could be considered.