bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomedical Engineering Principles of Modern Cochlear Implants and Recent Surgical Innovations
Authors: Eshraghi Adrien A. , Gupta Chhavi , Ozdamar Ozcan , Balkany Thomas J. , Truy Eric , Nazarian Ronen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis review covers the most recent clinical and surgical advances made in the development and application of cochlear implants (CIs). In recent years, dramatic progress has been made in both clinical and basic science aspect of cochlear implantation. Today's modern CI uses multi‐channel electrodes with highly miniaturized powerful digital processing chips. This review article describes the function of various components of the modern multi‐channel CIs. A selection of the most recent clinical and surgical innovations is presented. This includes the preliminary results with electro‐acoustic stimulation or hybrid devices and ongoing basic science research that is focused on the preservation of residual hearing post‐implantation. The result of an original device that uses a binaural stimulation mode with a single implanted receiver/stimulator is also presented. The benefit and surgical design of a temporalis pocket technique for the implant's receiver stimulator is discussed. Advances in biomedical engineering and surgical innovations that lead to an increasingly favorable clinical outcome and to an expansion of the indication of CI surgery are presented and discussed. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human Cochlea: Anatomical Characteristics and their Relevance for Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Rask‐Andersen Helge , Liu Wei , Erixon Elsa , Kinnefors Anders , Pfaller Kristian , Schrott‐Fischer Annelies , Glueckert Rudolf 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis is a review of the anatomical characteristics of human cochlea and the importance of variations in this anatomy to the process of cochlear implantation (CI). Studies of the human cochlea are essential to better comprehend the physiology and pathology of man's hearing. The human cochlea is difficult to explore due to its vulnerability and bordering capsule. Inner ear tissue undergoes quick autolytic changes making investigations of autopsy material difficult, even though excellent results have been presented over time. Important issues today are novel inner ear therapies including CI and new approaches for inner ear pharmacological treatments. Inner ear surgery is now a reality, and technical advancements in the design of electrode arrays and surgical approaches allow preservation of remaining structure/function in most cases. Surgeons should aim to conserve cochlear structures for future potential stem cell and gene therapies. Renewal interest of round window approaches necessitates further acquaintance of this complex anatomy and its variations. Rough cochleostomy drilling at the intricate “hook” region can generate intracochlear bone‐dust‐inducing fibrosis and new bone formation, which could negatively influence auditory nerve responses at a later time point. Here, we present macro‐ and microanatomic investigations of the human cochlea viewing the extensive anatomic variations that influence electrode insertion. In addition, electron microscopic (TEM and SEM) and immunohistochemical results, based on specimens removed at surgeries for life‐threatening petroclival meningioma and some well‐preserved postmortal tissues, are displayed. These give us new information about structure as well as protein and molecular expression in man. Our aim was not to formulate a complete description of the complex human anatomy but to focus on aspects clinically relevant for electric stimulation, predominantly, the sensory targets, and how surgical atraumaticity best could be reached. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor therapy and cancer risk in chronic immune‐mediated diseases
Authors: Haynes Kevin , Beukelman Timothy , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Newcomb Craig , Herrinton Lisa J. , Graham David J. , Solomon Daniel H. , Griffin Marie R. , Chen Lang , Liu Liyan , Saag Kenneth G. , Lewis James D. ,   on behalf of the SABER Collaboration
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the incidence of cancer following tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor therapy to that with commonly used alternative therapies across multiple immune‐mediated diseases.MethodsThe Safety Assessment of Biological Therapeutics study used data from 4 sources: national Medicaid and Medicare databases, Tennessee Medicaid, pharmacy benefits plans for Medicare beneficiaries in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Propensity score–adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed to estimate the relative rates of cancer, comparing those treated with TNFα inhibitors to those treated with alternative disease‐modifying therapies. The cancer‐finding algorithm had a positive predictive value ranging from 31% for any leukemia to 89% for female breast cancer.ResultsWe included 29,555 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (13,102 person‐years), 6,357 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (1,508 person‐years), 1,298 patients with psoriasis (371 person‐years), and 2,498 patients with psoriatic arthritis (618 person‐years). The incidence of any solid cancer was not elevated in RA (HR 0.80 [95% CI 0.59–1.08]), inflammatory bowel disease (HR 1.42 [95% CI 0.47–4.26]), psoriasis (HR 0.58 [95% CI 0.10–3.31]), or psoriatic arthritis (HR 0.74 [95% CI 0.20–2.76]) during TNFα inhibitor therapy compared to disease‐specific alternative therapy. Among RA patients, the incidence of any of the 10 most common cancers in the US and of nonmelanoma skin cancer was not increased with TNFα inhibitor therapy compared to treatment with comparator drugs.ConclusionShort‐term cancer risk was not elevated among patients treated with TNFα inhibitor therapy relative to commonly used therapies for immune‐ mediated chronic inflammatory diseases in this study.
Activation of human synovial mast cells from rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis patients in response to aggregated IgG through Fcγ receptor I and Fcγ receptor II
Authors: Lee Hyunho , Kashiwakura Jun‐Ichi , Matsuda Akira , Watanabe Yasuo , Sakamoto‐Sasaki Tomomi , Matsumoto Kenji , Hashimoto Noriko , Saito Shu , Ohmori Kazumitsu , Nagaoka Masahiro , Tokuhashi Yasuaki , Ra Chisei , Okayama Yoshimichi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveSubstantial evidence suggests that human synovial mast cells (MCs) are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A plausible pathway for the activation of synovial MCs is through IgG receptors, given the prevalence of circulating IgG isotype autoantibodies and synovial immune complexes in patients with RA. However, IgG receptor expression on human synovial MCs remains uncharacterized. The aim of this study was to identify which IgG receptor(s) on synovial MCs are responsible for MC activation in immune complexes.MethodsSynovial tissue specimens were obtained from patients with RA or patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who were undergoing joint replacement surgery, and synovial MCs were enzymatically dispersed. Cultured synovium‐derived MCs were generated by culturing synovial cells with stem cell factor, and receptor expression was analyzed using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Mediators released from MCs were measured using enzyme immunoassays or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsPrimary synovial MCs and cultured synovium‐derived MCs obtained from both patients with RA and patients with OA expressed Fcε receptor I (FcεRI), FcγRI, and FcγRII but not FcγRIII. Cultured synovium‐derived MCs induced degranulation and the production of prostaglandin D2 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) through FcγRI. The aggregation of FcγRII caused histamine release from cultured MCs but not from primary MCs. Histamine release induced by aggregated IgG was significantly inhibited by neutralizing anti‐FcγRI monoclonal antibody and anti‐FcγRII monoclonal antibody.ConclusionWith regard to the FcR expression profile, synovial MCs from patients with RA and patients with OA were similar. FcγRI was responsible for producing abundant TNFα from synovial MCs in response to aggregated IgG. Immune complexes may activate synovial MCs through FcγRI and FcγRII.
Tunable Catalytic Performance and Selectivity of a Nanoparticle–Graphene Composite through Finely Controlled Nanoparticle Loading
Authors: Mondal Avijit , Sinha Arjyabaran , Saha Arindam , Jana Nikhil R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGraphene‐based composites offer enhanced catalytic performance of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles, but their development is challenging because catalytic performance strongly depends on the structure and composition of the composite. Herein we show that the catalytic performance of a nanoparticle–graphene composite is very dependent on catalyst loading, which can be optimized for simultaneous enhancement of activity and selectivity. A glassy carbon working electrode has been modified with a gold nanoparticle–graphene (Au–G) composite with a varied number of gold nanoparticles per graphene, so that the conducting property of graphene and the electrocatalytic property of the metal were effectively coupled to give the best catalytic activity and selectivity. The modified electrode was used for simultaneous electrochemical detection of a mixture of electroactive species with high sensitivity. This result shows that the catalytic performance of a graphene‐based composite is sensitive to the catalyst loading and should be optimized for the best performance.
α‐tocopheryl‐phosphate regulation of gene expression in preadipocytes and adipocytes
Authors: Lirangi Melania , Meydani Mohsen , Zingg Jean Marc , Azzi Angelo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA correct function of adipocytes in connection with cellular fatty acid loading and release is a vital aspect of energy homeostasis; dysregulation of these reactions can result in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, adipocytes have been proposed to play a major role in preventing lipotoxicity by removing excess fatty acids from the circulation and converting them into triglycerides and thus decreasing the exposure of other cells to their potentially harmful effects. We report here that the addition of α‐tocopheryl phosphate (but not α‐tocopherol) to NIH3T3‐L1 preadipocytes transcriptionally activates a set of genes TRB3 (Tribbles Homolog 3), Sestrin‐2 (SESN2), and Insulin‐Induced Gene 1 (INSIG1)] potentially preventing fat accumulation in these cells. In contrast, in differentiated adipocytes, α‐tocopheryl phosphate is responsible for the transcriptional inhibition of the same genes, possibly facilitating fat uptake and storage. In conclusion, it appears that in proliferating preadipocytes α‐tocopheryl phosphate foils fat accumulation, whereas in adipocytes it enhances it. These processes may be relevant in the regulation of excess fat accumulation and in prevention of lipotoxicity. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Assessing protein oxidation by inorganic nanoparticles with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Luna‐Velasco Antonia , Sierra‐Alvarez Reyes , Field Jim A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGrowth in the nanotechnology industry is leading to increased production of engineered nanoparticles (NPs). This has given rise to concerns about the potential adverse and toxic effects to biological system and the environment. An important mechanism of NP toxicity is oxidative stress caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or via direct oxidation of biomolecules. In this study, a protein oxidation assay was developed as an indicator of biomolecule oxidation by NPs. The oxidation of the protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was evaluated with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the protein carbonyl derivatives formed from protein oxidation. The results showed that some NPs such as Cu(0), CuO, Mn2O3, and Fe(0) caused oxidation of BSA; whereas, many of the other NPs tested were not reactive or very slowly reactive with BSA. The mechanisms involved in the oxidation of BSA protein by the reactive NPs could be attributed to the combined effects of ROS‐dependent and direct protein oxidation mechanisms. The ELISA assay is a promising method for the assessment of protein oxidation by NPs, which can provide insights on NP toxicity mechanisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 694–701. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Palladium Bipyridyl Complex Grafted onto Nanosized MCM‐41 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Negishi Coupling
Authors: Wu Wei‐Yi , Lin Tze‐Chiao , Takahashi Tamotsu , Tsai Fu‐Yu , Mou Chung‐Yuan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Negishi coupling of aryl bromides or acyl chlorides with organozinc chlorides catalyzed by a palladium bipyridyl complex anchored on nanosized mobile crystalline material 41 (MCM‐41) were investigated. The reactions proceeded smoothly with a very low catalyst loading in THF at 70 °C for electron‐deficient aryl bromides, which gave good to high yields of the Negishi coupling products. However, reactions in toluene at 110 °C were required if electron‐rich aryl bromides were employed. For acyl chlorides, the reactions could be performed in THF at 50 °C and the corresponding ketones and ynones were obtained in high yields. After centrifugation, it was possible to easily recover the supported catalyst from the reaction mixture, and this could be reused several times without any retreatment or regeneration with only a slight decrease in activity.
Kinetics of the Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulfide in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor
Authors: Linga Reddy E. , Karuppiah J. , Renken A. , Kiwi‐Minsker L. , Subrahmanyam C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractKinetics of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) decomposition to hydrogen and sulfur was investigated in a nonthermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge (NTP‐DBD) reactor operated under ambient conditions. The reactions were carried out with a fixed flow rate and varying inlet concentration. The results indicated that the dissociation of H2S into H2 and S may be initiated by excitation of the carrier gas argon. A reaction rate model based on a Langmuir Hinshelwood/Michaelis‐Menten model was proposed. The formal reaction order approaches zero at high H2S concentrations. The parameters of the kinetic model were found to be dependent on the power input.
Theoretical Elucidation of the Mechanism of Cleavage of the Aromatic CC Bond in Quinoxaline by a Tungsten‐Based Complex [W(PMe3)4(η2‐CH2PMe2)H]
Authors: Liu Yuxia , Zhang Dongju , Gao Jun , Liu Chengbu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe aromatic CC bond cleavage by a tungsten complex reported recently by Sattler and Parkin15 offers fresh opportunities for the functionalization of organic molecules. The mechanism of such a process has not yet been determined, which appeals to computational assistance to understand how the unstrained CC bond is activated at the molecular level.16, 17 In this work, by performing density functional theory calculations, we studied various possible mechanisms of cleavage of the aromatic CC bond in quinoxaline (QoxH) by the W‐based complex [W(PMe3)4(η2‐CH2PMe2)H]. The calculated results show that the mechanism proposed by Sattler and Parkin involves an overall barrier of as high as 42.0 kcal mol−1 and thus does not seem to be consistent with the experimental observation. Alternatively, an improved mechanism has been presented in detail, which involves the removal and recoordination of a second PMe3 ligand on the tungsten center. In our new mechanism, it is proposed that the CC cleavage occurs prior to the second CH bond addition, in contrast to Sattler and Parkin’s mechanism in which the CC bond is broken after the second CH bond addition. We find that the rate‐determining step of the reaction is the ring‐opening process of the tungsten complex with an activation barrier of 28.5 kcal mol−1 after the first PMe3 ligand dissociation from the metal center. The mono‐hydrido species is located as the global minimum on the potential‐energy surface, which is in agreement with the experimental observation for this species. The present theoretical results provide new insight into the mechanism of the remarkable CC bond cleavage.
Subcortical auditory structures in the mongolian gerbil: I. Golgi architecture
Authors: Mylius Judith , Brosch Michael , Scheich Henning , Budinger Eike 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBy means of the Golgi–Cox and Nissl methods we investigated the cyto‐ and fiberarchitecture as well as the morphology of neurons in the subcortical auditory structures of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), a frequently used animal model in auditory neuroscience. We describe the divisions and subdivisions of the auditory thalamus including the medial geniculate body, suprageniculate nucleus, and reticular thalamic nucleus, as well as of the inferior colliculi, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, superior olivary complex, and cochlear nuclear complex. In this study, we 1) confirm previous results about the organization of the gerbil's subcortical auditory pathway using other anatomical staining methods (e.g., Budinger et al. [2000] Eur J Neurosci 12:2452–2474); 2) add substantially to the knowledge about the laminar and cellular organization of the gerbil's subcortical auditory structures, in particular about the orientation of their fibrodendritic laminae and about the morphology of their most distinctive neuron types; and 3) demonstrate that the cellular organization of these structures, as seen by the Golgi technique, corresponds generally to that of other mammalian species, in particular to that of rodents. J. Comp. Neurol., 521:1289–1321, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary divergence of trigeminal nerve somatotopy in amniotes
Authors: Rhinn Muriel , Miyoshi Kanako , Watanabe Aki , Kawaguchi Masahumi , Ito Fumihiro , Kuratani Shigeru , Baker Clare V.H. , Murakami Yasunori , Rijli Filippo M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe trigeminal circuit relays somatosensory input from the face into the central nervous system. In central nuclei, the spatial arrangement of neurons reproduces the physical distribution of peripheral receptors, thus generating a somatotopic facial map during development. In mice, the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular trigeminal nerve branches maintain a somatotopic segregation and generate spatially organized patterns of connectivity within hindbrain target nuclei. To investigate conservation of somatotopic organization, we compared trigeminal nerve organization in turtle, chick, and mouse embryos. We found that, in the turtle, mandibular and maxillary ganglion neuron rostrocaudal segregation and trigeminal tract somatotopy are similar to mouse. In contrast, chick mandibular ganglion neurons are located rostrally to maxillary neurons, with some intermingling, supporting previous observations (Noden [1980], J Comp Neurol 190:429–444). This organization results in an inversion of the relative positions and less precise axonal sorting of the maxillary and mandibular branches within the trigeminal tract, as compared to mouse and turtle. Moreover, using the turtle and chick orthologs of Drg11 in combination with Hoxa2 expression and axonal tracings from the periphery, we mapped the chick PrV nucleus position to rhombomere 1, confirming previous studies (Marin and Puelles [1995], Eur J Neurosci 7:1714–1738) and in contrast to mouse PrV, which mainly maps to rhombomere 2–3 (Oury et al. [2006], Science 313:1408–1413). Thus, somatotopy of trigeminal ganglion and nerve organization is only partially conserved through amniote evolution, possibly in relation to the modification of facial somatosensory structures and morphologies. J. Comp. Neurol. 1378–1394, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The unifying negotiation framework: A model of policy discourse
Authors: Daniels Steven E. , Walker Gregg B. , Emborg Jens 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Unifying Negotiation Framework is an integrative model of policy negotiation. It flows out of the discourse tradition in public policy and political theory. It conceptualizes decision processes as discourses that occur at three levels (micro, meso, and macro), and are affected by six different factors (culture, institutions, agency, incentives, cognition, and actor orientation and experience). Initial applications of the Framework show that it has value in training, ex ante evaluation and design, and ex post evaluation and analysis. It has the additional benefit of synthesizing the disparate literatures on participatory processes. Because the Framework does not lead to specific predictions, it is more accurately referred to as an organizing meta‐narrative than a theory.
Reflection for connection: Deepening dialogue through reflective processes
Authors: Stains Robert R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe level of exchange in dialogue can vary from polite discussion of a topic to deep engagement with a defined “other” characterized by exquisite listening, honest speaking, and empathic connection. This article describes processes for self‐reflection that can help dialogue participants resist social and cultural pressures to polarize, step back from damaging communication patterns, develop greater insight, and expand their capacity for constructive communication.
Assessing the collaborative capacity of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Relevant literature, a practical assessment tool, and reflections on third‐party roles
Authors: DuPraw Marcelle E. , Cardwell Hal E. , Placht Maria T. , McGonigle Tim 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article focuses on the third‐party roles in a 2008 to 2010 assessment of the collaborative capacity of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Within USACE, the effort was led by the Institute for Water Resources' Conflict Resolution & Public Participation Center. Third‐party assistance was provided by a professional environmental facilitator under contract to USACE. Data were obtained through an online assessment tool (n = 230) and nine workshops. A national stakeholder Review Group and a cadre of internal liaisons to field personnel provided input at strategic milestones. The resulting collaborative capacity development recommendations are now being implemented.
Critical Parameters of the Pumping Scheme of Ar+8 Lasers Excited by Z Pinches in Long Capilaries
Authors: Szasz J. , Kiss M. , Santa I. , Szatmari S. , Kukhlevsky S. V. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe present study is focused on the demonstration of the most critical parameters of the pumping scheme of a table‐top Ar+8‐laser excited by discharges with relatively low current and voltage (I ≤ 20 kA, U ≤ 200 kV) in long (L ∼ 0.5 m) capillaries. The most critical parameters of the pumping scheme were analyzed and then adjusted experimentally. The table‐top size is attributed to the use of a low‐inductance co‐axial discharge configuration that decreases the voltage and current necessary for laser excitation. Low inductance is achieved by using a capillary, water‐capacitor and water spark‐gap placed into a chamber filled with deionized water. The capillary z‐pinch is produced by the water capacitor, which is pulse‐charged by a six‐stage Marx generator, optimized for the low‐inductance discharge configuration. Optimization is performed by adjusting the value of the charging inductance and the peak charging voltage with a water spark‐gap. At the optimal conditions laser pulses with a Gaussian‐like intensity distribution and divergence angle ∼ 1 mrad and energy ∼ 10 μJ are generated. The physical method for generation of a laser beam with such parameters is based on the use of a long (L = 0.45 m) capillary plasma (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)