bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intangibles as Property
Authors: Bamford Colin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the legal nature of intangible property and the distinction between choses in action and choses in possession. It discusses the characteristics of choses in action, particularly the quality of assignability. It then looks at the ways in which intangibles can be dealt with and transferred, legal and equitable assignment, sub-participation, novation, the mechanism of attaching the intangible to a physical item, and transfer by means of a declaration of trust. Finally it discusses the idea adopted by the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States, of creating ‘hybrid rights’.
Historical Foundations
Authors: O’Sullivan Dominic 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the historical foundations of the doctrines explaining the great divide between the shape of rescission at common law and in equity. The distinctive feature of rescission at law correlates with the groups of rules concerned with the title and the right to personal claims to restitution. The principles of rescission applicable to common law were shaped by the rules regulating the forms of actions available when a contract had been achieved through fraud. Thus, the rules help simultaneously explain the structure and limitations of rescission at law. The chapter then expounds on the effects of fraud on contracts and title. It also looks at the special case of insurance wherein the relationship between law and equity was considered.
All Roads Lead to Rome
Authors: McParland Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the road from, and back to, Rome that produced both the Rome Convention and the Rome I Regulation. It marks out the major steps in the development of both, setting them in context with wider developments in EU private international law. It asks the essential questions of how, and why, did we get where we are? It is a story rich in topics for discussion that cover the whole spectrum of attitudes to the EU, its legislative powers, and the nature of private international law within the internal market. At one end of the opinion spectrum are those who believe that Rome I, like the Rome Convention before it, is an example of cooperation between Member States that works to the good of all. At the other end are those who see it as the product of law-making by small committees, imposed by Brussels with no little regard for its actual or potential impact on national legal systems.
Material Scope
Authors: McParland Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains Article 1(1) of the Rome I Regulation. The article states that Rome I shall apply in situations involving a conflict of laws, to contractual obligations in civil and commercial matters. Rome I only applies to contractual obligations; all non-contractual obligations, not otherwise excluded, are allocated to the rules the Rome II Regulation. The sole purpose of Articles 1(1) in both Rome I and Rome II is to direct the forum court to one or other Regulation to determine the applicable law of the obligations in question. The concept of ‘contractual obligations’ operates as a mere sign-post for choice of law purposes only. If it results in an obligation being classified in a way that differs from a national court's traditional characterisation for either domestic or choice of law purposes, then so be it.
Regulation and Competition
Authors: Rusche Tim Maxian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores what is actually meant by ‘regulation’ in the transport sector. Whereas competition law is applied by the Commission and national competition authorities, regulation involves a much broader set of actors. In particular, the Union legislator has created a number of agencies in this field, and the applicable legislation often entrusts national regulators with certain tasks. The chapter describes the respective roles of EU institutions, agencies, and national regulators in applying the EU regulatory framework in the transport sector. The precise extent of tasks that has been attributed to them varies; whether the decisions are limited to clearly defined executive powers, as required by Meroni, is explored.
Competition (II) Merger Control and State Aid
Authors: Blanco Luis Ortiz , Rodríguez Elvira Aliende , Vandenbussche Julie , Rusche Tim Maxian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cooperation among competitors in the shipping industry has historically led to the establishment of conferences, consortia, and alliances, but the effects of the global financial crisis may have stimulated competitors to consolidate further merger as shown by the increasing number of cases during the last few years. When assessing the compatibility of shipping mergers with the Internal Market, the Commission has considered not only the parties’ market shares but also the cumulative effect and the market positions of the consortia and the (no longer permitted) conferences in which the parties to the concentration are involved. In this sense, the remedies offered by the merging parties at hand have varied from post-completion capacity agreements to divestitures or withdrawal from consortia or conferences. Chapter 14 continues the discussion of the application of the competition rules to the shipping industry, focusing on merger control and the practice in connection with State aid.
Mental Health Evacuation Rate in USCENTCOM
Authors: Hall Andrew , Leech Jack , Schmeider Lauren , Swayze Michael , Saenz Jennifer , Currier Glenn 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Mental health diagnosis requiring further treatment is one of the top reasons for medical evacuation in the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) area of responsibility (AOR) as of 2022. This study establishes a baseline in which the effectiveness of medical interventions can be measured to determine if they have an impact on the rate of evacuation out of USCENTCOM.

Materials and Methods
The study period was January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021. Individual evacuation data including date of initial movement and necessary specialty care requirements originating from the USCENTCOM AOR were acquired via U.S. Transportation Command’s Regulating and Command & Control Evacuation System. The base evacuation rate was calculated for each month, and evacuation rates were analyzed for variations.

Results
For the entire study period, the mean monthly evacuation rate was 0.44 evacuations per 1,000 people in the AOR (95% CI, 0.41-0.47). There was no statistically significant difference between any monthly evacuation rate (P = .505). There is a statistically significant difference in the mean evacuation rates for calendar years (P = .003). The highest evacuation rate occurred in 2021.

Conclusions
The study establishes a benchmark mental health evacuation rate. This rate will be useful for assessing mental health evacuation reduction initiatives in the USCENTCOM AOR.
A Virtual Functional Medicine-Based Interdisciplinary and Integrative Intervention for Gulf War Illness
Authors: Haws Kari , Mak Selene , Greer Steven , Kussin Clarissa A , Sacra Elijah , Carlson Carrie J , McManus Pauline , Varon Samantha , Chandler Helena , Osinubi Omowunmi 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The War-Related Illness and Injury Study Center at the VA New Jersey Health Care System (WRIISC-VANJ) serves as one of the three tertiary referral centers for combat deployed Veterans of all eras with medically unexplained or difficult-to-diagnose conditions that may be related to deployment-related exposures. Many of the Veterans seen at the WRIISC experience chronic multisymptom illness (CMI), also known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). Given the complexity and interconnectedness of symptoms, Veterans with GWI are often unlikely to produce meaningful results when addressing single symptoms. Further, Veterans with GWI often have co-morbid cognitive and behavioral health conditions (e.g., TBI, PTSD, Depression), which further compromise their self-efficacy in following treatment recommendations. Thus, the WRIISC-NJ, in collaboration with Wellness Solutions Group, developed a virtual Functional Medicine-based Interdisciplinary and Integrative Intervention to improve the health of Veterans by assisting them in implementing lifestyle changes.

Methods
The 6-month telehealth program included functional medicine assessments, nutrition and adaptive exercise coaching, mindfulness meditation and yoga, guest health lectures, character strength coaching, and targeted nutritional supplements. Aspects of the program were tailored to the unique clinical needs of each Veteran. Participants completed baseline and 6 month follow-up assessments of physical and emotional symptoms and overall functioning. Follow-up scores were compared with baseline data.

Results
The program was well received by Veterans with attendance across all offered sessions ranging from 70 to 100%. Further, at the end of the clinical pilot program, improvements were demonstrated in physical and mental health symptoms, intentional weight loss/gain, functional movement, and sleep quality.

Conclusions
These preliminary results demonstrate the possibility of creating positive health outcomes across multiple health indicators in medically complex combat-deployed Veterans. Our early success and participant enthusiasm for this clinical pilot program also illustrate an opportunity to provide individualized, innovative solutions for the evaluation and treatment of Veterans with GWI.
Selenium Bandages and Cotton Cloth That Kill Microorganisms in Wounds
Authors: Tran Phat , Abidi Noureddine , Bergfeld Nicholas , Shashtri Mayank , Reid Ted W 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The material of a bandage plays an important role in wound management. Microorganisms can colonize the dressing and release toxins, which create dead cells in the wound. This allows the microorganisms to bind the dead cells and infect the wound. Thus, a dressing is needed that kills bacteria in the bandage. To combat health care–associated infections, antimicrobial treatment of medical textiles, such as gauze, uniforms, curtains, bed sheets, gowns, and masks, is required. Besides, antimicrobial resistance is another major problem of this century. Antibacterial overuse has contributed to drug-resistant bacteria. To combat these two problems, we synthesized new organo-selenium compounds that can be attached to the cotton of the dressing. We then used an in vivo wound model, which allowed us to measure the effectiveness of selenium attached to a cotton dressing, to prevent bacteria from infecting a wound.

Materials and Methods
Organo-selenium was attached to cotton fabric, resulting in a fabric with 0.1% selenium covalently attached to it. Staphylococcus aureus (as well as methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were chosen for the wound infection study. All the bacteria were enumerated in the wound dressing and in the wound tissue under the dressing. Wounds were made on the backs of mice. The material was used as a bandage over the wound. Bacteria were injected into the wound under the bandage. The amount of bacteria in the wound after 5 days was determined. A similar study was performed using dressing material that was soaked in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C for 3 months before use.

Results
Cotton dressing with selenium attached showed complete inhibition (7 logs, as compared with control dressing) of different bacterial strains, in both the dressing and “the tissue” of the wound. Similar results were obtained using selenium cotton dressing that was soaked for 3 months before use. Control cotton with no selenium showed complete infiltration of bacteria into the wound and the dressing. In addition, a study was performed under Food and Drug Administration standard methods to show the ability of the selenium to kill bacteria in the fabric, using material that was washed 5 times in detergent. This also showed complete killing of bacteria in the fabric.

Conclusions
The results show that the selenium remains in the dressing after washing and is able to completely protect the wound from bacterial infection. In the selenium bandage, no bacteria were found in the bandage or the wound after 5 days.
Therapeutic Function of Liraglutide for Mitigation of Blast-Induced Hearing Damage: An Initial Investigation in Animal Model of Chinchilla
Authors: Jiang Shangyuan , Sanders Sarah , Welch Paige , Gan Rong Z 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Auditory injuries induced by repeated exposures to blasts reduce the operational performance capability and the life quality of military personnel. The treatment for blast-induced progressive hearing damage is lacking. We have recently investigated the therapeutic function of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, to mitigate blast-induced hearing damage in the animal model of chinchilla, under different blast intensities, wearing earplugs (EPs) or not during blasts, and drug-treatment plan. The goal of this study was to investigate the therapeutical function of liraglutide by comparing the results obtained under different conditions.

Materials and Methods
Previous studies on chinchillas from two under-blast ear conditions (EP/open), two blast plans (G1: 6 blasts at 3–5 psi or G2:3 blasts at 15–25 psi), and three treatment plans (blast control, pre-blast drug treatment, and post-blast drug treatment) were summarized. The auditory brainstem response (ABR), distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), and middle latency response (MLR) recorded within 14 days after the blasts were used. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of liraglutide under different conditions

Results
ABR threshold shifts indicated that the conditions of the EP and open ears were substantially different. Results from EP chinchillas indicated that the pre-blast treatment reduced the acute ABR threshold elevation on the day of blasts, and the significance of such an effect increased with the blast level. Liraglutide-treated open chinchillas showed lower ABR threshold shifts at the later stage of the experiment regardless of the blast levels. The DPOAE was less damaged after G2 blasts compared to G1 when pre-blast liraglutide was administrated. Lower post-blast MLR amplitudes were observed in the pre-blast treatment groups.

Conclusions
This study indicated that the liraglutide mitigated the blast-induced auditory injuries. In EP ears, the pre-blast administration of liraglutide reduced the severity of blast-induced acute damage in ears with EP protection, especially under G2. In animals with open ears, the effect of liraglutide on the restoration of hearing increased with time. The liraglutide potentially benefits post-blast hearing through multiple approaches with different mechanics.
BIO 300: A Prophylactic Radiation Countermeasure for Acute Radiation Syndrome
Authors: Singh Vijay K , Serebrenik Artur A , Wise Stephen Y , Petrus Sarah A , Fatanmi Oluseyi O , Kaytor Michael D 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation can result in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. Currently, there is no radiation medical countermeasure approved by the U.S. FDA which can be used before radiation exposure to protect exposed individuals. Here we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of an aqueous suspension of synthetic genistein nanoparticles (BIO 300) as a radioprotectant in a pilot efficacy study using a nonhuman primate model of total body irradiation.

Materials and Methods
Eight rhesus macaques were divided into two groups; four received vehicle and four received BIO 300 Injectable Suspension 24 h before 5.8 Gy total-body irradiation. Survival, blood cell counts, blood chemistry, and clinical parameters were monitored over the 60 days of the study. Tissues were collected at necropsy 60 days post-irradiation or from animals that met unscheduled euthanasia criteria and subjected to histopathological analysis. Tissues analyzed included the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, sternum, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and urinary bladder.

Results
In this pilot study, all BIO 300 Injectable Suspension treated animals survived to day 60, while only 50% of the vehicle-treated animals survived. We found that BIO 300 Injectable Suspension did not mediate an improvement in blood cell counts (e.g., neutrophils, platelets, white blood cells). However, BIO 300 Injectable Suspension treated animals had a lower incidence of fever and febrile neutropenia, were able to better maintain their body weight post radiation exposure, and exhibited less anemia and faster recovery from anemia. Histopathological analysis revealed that BIO 300-treated animals had less irradiation-induced damage to the sternum and other tissues compared to vehicle controls.

Conclusions
BIO 300’s mechanism of action is complex and protection against irradiation is attainable without much improvement in the complete blood count (CBC) profile. BIO 300’s mechanism for radioprotection involves multiple biological pathways and systems.
Standardizing Attention Process Training-III for a Multisite Clinical Trial of Neuromodulation
Authors: Richardson Jessica D , Hubbard Honey I , Dalton Sarah Grace , Davidson Sloan , Maple Tiana , Smith Tyler B , Chen Mo , Hiltner Rebecca , Jones Thomas , Mayer Andrew R , Myers Orrin , Nelson Cassandra , Pirio-Richardson Sarah , Robertson-Benta Cidney , Sponheim Scott , Upston Joel , Worth Lindsay , Davenport Nicholas , Quinn Davin K 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Control Network Neuromodulation to Enhance Cognitive Training in Complex Traumatic Brain Injury (CONNECT-TBI) study is an ongoing randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled multisite clinical trial to determine the enhancing effects of noninvasive neuromodulation when paired with cognitive training in military participants (Veterans and active duty) with mild TBI. Attention Process Training-III (APT-III) was selected for its strong evidence base, manualized procedures, and computerized program. However, many aspects of APT-III that make it ideal for personalization make it less ideal for reliable implementation across participants, clinicians/technicians, and sites. The purpose of this feature article is to highlight APT-III procedures that require additional standardization for reliable administration across participants and sites.

Materials and Methods
Ten studies using APT-III were reviewed for methodology of APT-III administration. The manual was also scrutinized; aspects of administration that involved clinical decision-making, subjectivity, flexibility, and/or that were identified by the APT-III developers as areas in need of “empirical evaluation” were flagged by clinicians. Literature and manual review findings were presented to the team for discussion and solution-finding. The authors created and refined a standardized process that would allow participants to move through APT-III training, including task movement algorithms and new materials drafts. Refining of algorithms and drafts continued until there was a consensus from team members.

Results
Many gray areas were identified, but we will limit our reporting to focus on (1) dosage, (2) adaptation, (3) metacognitive strategy instruction, and (4) goal attainment scaling. We present APT-III manual details, literature review findings, and CONNECT-TBI decisions and materials for each of these areas of focus.

Conclusions
We have highlighted some of the major gray areas of APT-III administration so that fellow researchers can understand the need to take similar steps in clinical trials using APT-III. We provide examples of our standardization process and resultant rules and materials. Our algorithm, based on prior studies using the APT-III and our own iterative adjustments, allows for adjustment of the difficulty and speed of the training tasks (but within certain parameters) in order to achieve the best balance between individualization and consistency across participants and sites. We provide an example of a workflow and reporting process for future studies.
Behind Armor Blunt Trauma: Liver Injuries Using a Live Animal Model
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , Shah Alok , Koser Jared , Stemper Brian D , Somberg Lewis , Chancey Valeta Carol , McEntire Joseph 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
While the 44-mm clay penetration criterion was developed in the 1970s for soft body armor applications, and the researchers acknowledged the need to conduct additional tests, the same behind the armor blunt trauma displacement limit is used for both soft and hard body armor evaluations and design considerations. Because the human thoraco-abdominal contents are heterogeneous, have different skeletal coverage, and have different functional requirements, the same level of penetration limit does not imply the same level of protection. It is important to determine the regional responses of different thoraco-abdominal organs to better describe human tolerance and improve the current behind armor blunt trauma standard. The purpose of this study was to report on the methods, procedures, and data collected from swine.

Materials and Methods
Live swine tests were conducted after obtaining approvals from the local institution and the Army Care and Use Review Office of the U.S. Department of Defense. Trachea tubes and an intravenous line were introduced before administering anesthesia. Pressure transducers were inserted into the lungs and aorta. An indenter simulating the backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics to human cadavers was used to deliver impact loading to the liver region. A triaxial accelerometer was included in the indenter design. The animals were monitored for 6 hours, necropsies were performed, and injuries were identified. Biomechanical data of the energy, velocity, deflection, viscous criterion, force, and impulse variables were obtained for each test.

Results
Peak accelerations, velocities, deflections, forces, impulse, and energies ranged from 897 to 5,808 g, 21 to 59 m/s, 1.96 to 8.87 cm, 2.3 to 13.1 kN, 1.1 to 7.1 Ns, and 58 to 387 J, respectively. The peak viscous criterion ranged from 0.8 to 5.8 m/s. All animals survived the 6-hour survival period. Three animals responded with liver lacerations while the remaining 4 did not have any injuries.

Conclusion
The experimental design based on parallel tests with whole body human cadavers and cadaver swine was found to be successful in delivering controlled impacts to the liver region of live swine and reproducing liver injuries. Previously used biomechanical measures as potential candidates for injury criteria development were obtained. Using this proven model, tests with additional samples are needed to develop injury risk curves for liver impacts and obtain regional (liver) injury criteria.