bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase Levels and Coronary Plaque Burdens and Plaque Structures in Young Adults With Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Celik Omer , Cakmak Huseyin Altug , Satilmis Seckin , Gungor Baris , Akin Fatih , Ozturk Derya , Yalcin Ahmet Arif , Ayca Burak , Erturk Mehmet , Atasoy Mehmet Mahir , Uslu Nevzat 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundElevated gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels have been demonstrated to be associated with poor prognoses in patients with coronary artery disease. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a noninvasive imaging modality that may differentiate the structure of coronary plaques. Elevated plaque burdens and noncalcified plaques, detected byCCTA, are important predictors of atherosclerosis in young adults.HypothesisThe present study investigated the possible relationship betweenGGTlevels and coronary plaque burdens/structures in young adults with coronary atherosclerosis.MethodsCCTAimages of 259 subjects were retrospectively examined, andGGTlevels were compared between patients with coronary plaques and individuals with normal coronary arteries. Coronary plaques, detected byCCTA, were categorized as noncalcified, calcified, and mixed, according to their structures. The significant independent predictors of coronary atherosclerosis were also analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsGGTlevels were significantly higher in patients with coronary plaque formation than in controls (35.7 ± 14.7 vs 19.6 ± 10.0 U/L;P< 0.001).GGTlevels were also positively correlated with the number of plaques; presence of noncalcified plaques; and levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), hemoglobin A1c, uric acid, and triglycerides. Moreover, smoking and levels ofGGT, hs‐CRP, uric acid, and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were independent predictors of coronary atherosclerosis.ConclusionsGGTis an inexpensive and readily available marker that provides additional risk stratification beyond that provided by conventional risk factors for predicting coronary plaque burdens and plaque structures in young adults.
Fractal Dimension of Microbead Assemblies Used for Protein Detection
Authors: Hecht Ariel , Commiskey Patrick , Lazaridis Filippos , Argyrakis Panos , Kopelman Raoul 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe use fractal analysis to calculate the protein concentration in a rotating magnetic assembly of microbeads of size 1 μm, which has optimized parameters of sedimentation, binding sites and magnetic volume. We utilize the original Forrest–Witten method, but due to the relatively small number of bead particles, which is of the order of 500, we use a large number of origins and also a large number of algorithm iterations. We find a value of the fractal dimension in the range 1.70–1.90, as a function of the thrombin concentration, which plays the role of binding the microbeads together. This is in good agreement with previous results from magnetorotation studies. The calculation of the fractal dimension using multiple points of reference can be used for any assembly with a relatively small number of particles.
Averaging Techniques for Reaction Barriers in QM/MM Simulations
Authors: Cooper April M. , Kästner Johannes 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHerein, we test and compare different techniques to obtain averaged reaction barriers from quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations based on snapshots taken from molecular dynamics. Reasonable values can be obtained from a fairly small sample of well‐chosen snapshots if an exponential averaging, also called Boltzmann averaging, is used. Snapshots with geometries close to the expected transition state are to be picked preferentially. Exponential averaging, arithmetic averaging, and simply taking the minimum barrier are compared to free‐energy calculations from umbrella sampling. Three reactions within a protein in a water environment are used as test cases.
Low temperature Hydrogen Reduction of High Surface Area Anatase and Anatase/β‐TiO2 for High‐Charging‐Rate Batteries
Authors: Ventosa Edgar , Tymoczko Anna , Xie Kunpeng , Xia Wei , Muhler Martin , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThere are several strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of TiO2 as negative electrode material for Li‐ion batteries. Introducing oxygen vacancies through hydrogen reduction leads to an enhancement in electrical conductivity. However, this strategy does not improve the low lithium‐ion mobility. Herein, we show that by decreasing the temperature of hydrogen annealing the improved lithium‐ion mobility of high‐surface‐area TiO2 and β‐TiO2 can be combined with the enhanced electrical conductivity of oxygen deficiencies. Annealing at only 275–300 °C in pure hydrogen atmosphere successfully creates oxygen vacancies in TiO2, as confirmed by UV/Vis spectroscopy, whereas the temperature is low enough to maintain a high specific surface area and prevent β‐to‐anatase phase transformation. The hydrogen reduction of high‐surface‐area anatase or anatase/β‐TiO2 at these temperatures leads to improvements in the performance, achieving charge capacities of 142 or 152 mAh g−1 at 10C, respectively.
Homologous recombination efficiency enhanced by inhibition of MEK and GSK3β
Authors: Lin Zhaoyu , Zhang Yanli , Gao Tianyun , Wang Liudi , Zhang Qing , Zhou Juan , Zhao Jing 
Published: September 2014

SummaryHomologous recombination in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is widely utilized in genome engineering, particularly in the generation of gene targeted mice. However, genome engineering is often plagued by the problem of low homologous recombination efficiency. In this study, we developed a novel method to increase the efficiency of homologous recombination in ESCs by changing its culture conditions. By comparing the efficiency of different ESCs in various culture conditions, we determined that chemicals that inhibit the MEK and GSK3β pathways (2i condition) enhance homologous recombination and eliminate differences in efficiencies among cell lines. Analysis of gene expression patterns in ESCs maintained in different culture conditions has identified several homologous recombination‐related candidates, including the pluripotent markers Eras and Tbx3. The results of this study suggest that homologous recombination is associated with ESC pluripotency. genesis 52:889–896, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population structure and diversity of an invasive pine needle pathogen reflects anthropogenic activity
Authors: Barnes Irene , Wingfield Michael J. , Carbone Ignazio , Kirisits Thomas , Wingfield Brenda D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDothistroma septosporum is a haploid fungal pathogen that causes a serious needle blight disease of pines, particularly as an invasive alien species on Pinus radiata in the Southern Hemisphere. During the course of the last two decades, the pathogen has also incited unexpected epidemics on native and non‐native pine hosts in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the biology and ecology of the pathogen has been well documented, there is a distinct lack of knowledge regarding its movement or genetic diversity in many of the countries where it is found. In this study we determined the global population diversity and structure of 458 isolates of D. septosporum from 14 countries on six continents using microsatellite markers. Populations of the pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere, where pines are native, displayed high genetic diversities and included both mating types. Most of the populations from Europe showed evidence for random mating, little population differentiation and gene flow between countries. Populations in North America (USA) and Asia (Bhutan) were genetically distinct but migration between these continents and Europe was evident. In the Southern Hemisphere, the population structure and diversity of D. septosporum reflected the anthropogenic history of the introduction and establishment of plantation forestry, particularly with Pinus radiata. Three introductory lineages in the Southern Hemisphere were observed. Countries in Africa, that have had the longest history of pine introductions, displayed the greatest diversity in the pathogen population, indicating multiple introductions. More recent introductions have occurred separately in South America and Australasia where the pathogen population is currently reproducing clonally due to the presence of only one mating type.
Synthesis and Structure of [Et3NH][Fe(HL)2] [H3L =L‐2‐(3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylamino)succinic Acid] and Its Catalytic Activity towards Efficient Photodegradation of Dyes in the Presence of H2O2
Authors: Dasgupta Sohaham , Atta Sanghamitra , Singh N. D. Pradeep , Deb Dibakar , Kassel W. Scott , Bhattacharjee Manish 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA new biogenic potentially tetradentate ligand,L‐2‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylamino)succinic acid, has been synthesized. Upon reaction with FeCl3in the presence of triethylamine, it afforded the complex [Et3NH][Fe(HL)2] (1). The complex was structurally characterized and was used for homogeneous photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), crystal violet (CV) and rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation in aqueous solution in the presence of H2O2.
Reactivity of Bis(organoamino)phosphanes with Aluminum(III) Compounds: Straightforward Access to Diiminophosphinates by Means of Hydrogen‐Atom Migration – An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Vrána Jan , Jambor Roman , Růžička Aleš , Alonso Mercedes , De Proft Frank , Dostál Libor 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe reactivity of bis(organoamino)phosphanes PhP(NHR)(NHR′) (1a–1c, in which R, R′ = tBu for 1a; tBu, Dip for 1b; and Ph for 1c; Dip = C6H3–2,6‐iPr2) and tBuP(NHDip)2 (1d) with Me3Al was investigated. The reaction of 1a or 1b gave in the first step compounds [PhP(NHR)(NR′)]AlMe2 (in which R, R′ = tBu for 2a; tBu, Dip for 2b) as a result of methane elimination that upon heating underwent nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus hydrogen‐atom migration under the formation of diiminophosphinates [Ph(H)P(NR)(NR′)]AlMe2 (in which R, R′ = tBu for 3a; tBu, Dip for 3b). In contrast, phosphane 1c showed a reversed reaction sequence that yielded an intermediate [Ph(H)P(NHPh)(=NPh)]AlMe3 (2c) first as a consequence of hydrogen‐atom migration followed by the methane elimination and formation of diiminophosphinate [Ph(H)P(NPh)2]AlMe2 (3c). The partial deprotonation of 1a,b,d using one molar equivalent of nBuLi followed by the treatment with AlCl3 smoothly produced compounds [Ph(H)P(NR)(NR′)]AlCl2 (in which R, R′ = tBu for 4a; tBu, Dip for 4b) and [tBu(H)P(NDip)2]AlCl2 (4d), in which the hydrogen atom was again shifted from the nitrogen to the phosphorus atom. All studied compounds were characterized with the help of elemental analysis; 1H, 13C{1H}, 31P, and 31P{1H} NMR spectra; and in the case of 3c, 4a, 4b, and 4d by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The phenomenon of the hydrogen‐atom migration was subjected also to a theoretical survey with particular emphasis on the influence of the phosphane used.
Monomeric Germanium(II) Amides Bearing β‐Diketiminato Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Thermal Properties
Authors: Ballestero‐Martínez Ernesto , Klosin Jerzy , Fahlman Bradley D. , Pineda Leslie W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGermanium(II) compounds featuring β‐diketiminate‐type ligands are attractive for applications as nanoparticle precursors, imaging agents, and components of electronic devices. In this work, we report the synthesis of β‐diketiminatogermanium(II) amides L′Ge(NHPh) [1, L′ = {HC(CMeN–2,4,6‐Me3C6H2)2}–], L′Ge(4‐NHPy) (2), L′Ge(2‐NHPy) (3), and LGe(2‐NHPy) (4), L = {HC(CMeN–2,6‐iPr2C6H3)2}–], which were obtained by the reaction of a low‐valent organogermanium halide (L′GeCl or LGeCl) with a lithium salt of the respective aromatic amine (LiNHPh) or aminopyridine [Li(4‐NHPy) and Li(2‐NHPy)]. Compounds 1–4 were characterized with several techniques such as melting point, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Compounds 1–3 and 4 crystallized in the orthorhombic (space group Pnma) and monoclinic (space group P21/c) crystal systems, respectively. In all cases, the geometry around the central germanium atom was highly tetrahedrally distorted. According to TGA data, 1–4 do not sublime intact but rather exhibit thermal decomposition.
Core‐shell structure microcapsules with dual pH‐responsive drug release function
Authors: Yang Chih‐Hui , Wang Chih‐Yu , Grumezescu Alexandru Mihai , Wang Andrew H.‐J. , Hsiao Ching‐Ju , Chen Zu‐Yu , Huang Keng‐Shiang 
Published: September 2014

Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 2673–2680. DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400210pH‐responsive microcapsules manufactured by combining electrostatic droplets (ESD) and microfluidic droplets (MFD) techniques to produce mono‐disperse core (alginate) ‐ shell (chitosan) structure with controlled drug release behavior. The fabricated core‐shell microcapsules have a pH‐controlled drug delivery function according to acidic and alkaline environment, and present positive biocompatibility, indicating their potential use in biological and biomedical applications, such as pH‐responsive drug‐delivery systems, scaffolding for bone tissues, and as an oral drug‐delivery vehicle.image
Influence of EC7 design approaches on the design of deep excavations with FEM
Authors: Schweiger Helmut F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn the current version of EC7, three different design approaches are defined, which differ in their application of partial factors on actions, soil strength and resistance. When analysing deep excavations two problems arise, first the fact that soil can act as both load and resistance, and second that, when employing numerical methods, earth pressures are not an input into the analysis, which can be factored accordingly, but are a result of the analysis. By comparing the results obtained from simple examples it will be shown that different design approaches can be readily employed in combination with numerical methods although some differences in the results may be expected. From the studies performed, another preliminary conclusion can be drawn, namely that the influence of the design approach seems to be less significant when employing advanced elasto‐plastic constitutive models incorporating strain hardening behaviour as compared to elastic‐perfectly plastic failure criteria. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.Einfluss des Nachweisverfahrens auf die Bemessung von Baugruben mit FEM. In der derzeit gültigen Fassung des EC7 sind drei Nachweisverfahren definiert, die sich in der Anwendung der Teilsicherheitsfaktoren auf Einwirkungen, Widerstände und Bodenkennwerte unterscheiden. Wesentliche Aspekte bei der Berechnung von Baugruben sind einerseits, dass der Baugrund sowohl Einwirkung als auch Widerstand sein kann und andererseits, dass sich bei Anwendung numerischer Methoden die Größe des Erddruckes aus der Berechnung ergibt und somit keine Eingabegröße darstellt, die mit einem entsprechenden Teilsicherheitsbeiwert beaufschlagt werden kann. In dem Beitrag wird an Hand von einfachen Beispielen gezeigt, dass die unterschiedlichen Nachweisverfahren auch mit numerischen Verfahren angewendet werden können, wobei die sich ergebenden Unterschiede in den Ergebnissen aufgezeigt werden. Bei den durchgeführten Studien zeigte sich auch, dass die Unterschiede aus den Nachweisverfahren bei Anwendung hochwertiger elasto‐plastischer Stoffgesetze mit Verfestigung im Vergleich zu elastisch‐ideal plastischen Bruchkriterien geringer ausfallen; jedoch sind weitere Studien zur Bestätigung dieser Erkenntnisse erforderlich.
Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit der DIN 4019 für geschichtete Böden
Authors: Vrettos Christos , Merz Kai 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKonventionelle Berechnungen von Setzungen und Verdrehungen von Fundamentkörpern erfolgen auf der Basis von Lösungen der Elastizitätstheorie. Das Verfahren der DIN 4019 basiert auf der Annahme, dass die Verteilung der vertikalen Spannungen im Boden unabhängig vom Steifemodul und der Poissonzahl ist. Bei Böden mit unregelmäßiger Schichtung und einer steiferen oberen Schicht, wie diese bei Baugrundverbesserungsmaßnahmen auftreten kann, führen die Lösungsalgorithmen zu ungenauen Ergebnissen, die zu einer unwirtschaftlichen Bemessung führen. Der Beitrag erläutert die Hintergründe anhand eines Rechenbeispiels.Limits of the applicability of DIN 4019 for layered soils. Conventional calculations of settlement and rotation of foundations are based on solution of linear elasticity. It is assumed that the distribution of vertical stresses in the soil is independent of the constrained modulus and the Poisson's ratio. For soils with irregular stratigraphy and a stiffer upper layer, as this may occur after ground improvement, these solution algorithms yield inaccurate results leading to uneconomical design. The paper elucidates the background by means of a calculation example.
Pan evaporation modelling and changing attribution analysis on the Tibetan Plateau (1970–2012)
Authors: Xie Hong , Zhu Xuan , Yuan Dao‐Yang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPan evaporation (Ep) is an important indicator of water and energy and the decline of Ep has been reported in many regions over the last decades. The climate and Ep are dependent on each other. In this study, the temporal trends of Ep and main Ep drivers, namely mean air temperature (Ta), wind speed (u), global solar radiation (Rs), net long‐wave radiation(Rnl) and vapour pressure deficit (D) from 1970 to 2012, were calculated on the basis of 26 meteorological stations on the Tibetan Plateau. The arithmetic average of Ep from 26 stations decreased with the rate of −11.91 mm a−2; the trends of Rs, Rnl, Ta, u and D were −1.434 w m−2 decade−1, 0.2511 w m−2 decade−1, 0.3590°C decade−1, −0.2376 m s−1 decade−1 and 9.523 Pa decade−1, respectively. The diffuse irradiance is an essential parameter to model Ep and quantify the contribution of climatic factors to changing Ep. 60 724 observations of Rs and diffuse solar irradiance (Rd) from seven of the 26 stations were used to develop the correlation between the diffuse fraction (Rd/Rs), and the clearness index (Rs/Ro). On the basis of the estimation of the diffuse component of Rs and climatic data, we modified the PenPan model to estimate Chinese micro‐pan evaporation (Ep) and assess the attribution of Ep dynamics using partial derivatives. The results showed that there was a good agreement between the observed and calculated daily Ep values. The observed decrease in Ep was mostly due to declining wind speed (−13.7 mm a−2) with some contributions from decreasing solar irradiance (−3.1 mm a−2); and the increase of temperature had a large positive effect (4.55 mm a−2) in total whilst the increase of Rnl had insignificant effect (0.35 mm a−2) on Ep rates. The change of Ep is the net result of all the climatic variables. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The strength of aversive and appetitive associations and maladaptive behaviors
Authors: Itzhak Yossef , Perez‐Lanza Daniel , Liddie Shervin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCertain maladaptive behaviors are thought to be acquired through classical Pavlovian conditioning. Exaggerated fear response, which can develop through Pavlovian conditioning, is associated with acquired anxiety disorders such as post‐traumatic stress disorders (PTSDs). Inflated reward‐seeking behavior, which develops through Pavlovian conditioning, underlies some types of addictive behavior (e.g., addiction to drugs, food, and gambling). These maladaptive behaviors are dependent on associative learning and the development of long‐term memory (LTM). In animal models, an aversive reinforcer (fear conditioning) encodes an aversive contextual and cued LTM. On the other hand, an appetitive reinforcer results in conditioned place preference (CPP) that encodes an appetitive contextual LTM. The literature on weak and strong associative learning pertaining to the development of aversive and appetitive LTM is relatively scarce; thus, this review is particularly focused on the strength of associative learning. The strength of associative learning is dependent on the valence of the reinforcer and the salience of the conditioned stimulus that ultimately sways the strength of the memory trace. Our studies suggest that labile (weak) aversive and appetitive LTM may share similar signaling pathways, whereas stable (strong) aversive and appetitive LTM is mediated through different pathways. In addition, we provide some evidence suggesting that extinction of aversive fear memory and appetitive drug memory is likely to be mediated through different signaling molecules. We put forward the importance of studies aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of weak and strong memories (aversive and appetitive), which would ultimately help in the development of targeted pharmacotherapies for the management of maladaptive behaviors that arise from classical Pavlovian conditioning. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(8):559–571, 2014
Photocatalytic ozonation of clopyralid, picloram and triclopyr. Kinetics, toxicity and influence of operational parameters
Authors: Solís Rafael R , Rivas F Javier , Gimeno Olga , Pérez‐Bote José Luis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhotolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation and photocatalytic ozonation in the presence of titania have been applied to the elimination of three pyridine carboxylic acids herbicides (clopyralid, picloram and triclopyr) in water.RESULTSPhotocatalytic ozonation led to the best results in terms of herbicide elimination rate and mineralization. The herbicides were relatively recalcitrant to direct ozonation (rate constants: 20 M−1 min−1 for clopyralid and triclopyr, and 105 M−1 min−1 in the case of picloram). Herbicides degradation proceeds by hydroxyl radicals attack (rate constants: 0.73, 3.80 and 1.73 × 109 M−1 s−1 for clopyralid, picloram and triclopyr, respectively). Monitoring of chloride and nitrates suggests dechlorination as the primary stage in the process. Further ring opening led to the accumulation of nitrates and the appearance of some low weight carboxylic acids. Toxicity decreased at the end of the process.CONCLUSIONTested herbicides slowly react with ozone. Photocatalytic ozonation shows different degrees of synergism, leading to 80% mineralization in less than 1 h. Small amounts of TiO2 (i.e. 0.005 g L−1) maintains the efficiency of the photocatalytic ozonation. Quantitative free chloride and nitrates rapidly appear in the O3/UVA/TiO2 system. First intermediates in the photocatalytic ozonation of clopyralid show higher toxicity than the parent compound. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic evaluation of the medial aspect of the knee in a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Yanagisawa Shinya , Kobayashi Tsutomu , Ohsawa Takashi , Saito Kenichi , Yamamoto Atsushi , Tajika Tsuyoshi , Takagishi Kenji 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the medial aspect of the knee with ultrasound (US).MethodsThis study included 71 men and 154 women (450 knees) with a mean age of 65 years. US was used to evaluate the medial joint space of both knees with and without weight‐bearing. In each subject, the medial radial displacement of the medial meniscus, the peripheral joint space, and the number of osteophytes were evaluated. The subjects were stratified by age into five groups: 40–49 years, 50–59 years, 60–69 years, 70–79 years, and 80 years and older, and the US findings in each group were compared.ResultsStatistically significant differences were noted between the 60–69 and over‐80 age groups in medial radial displacements and peripheral joint spaces (p < 0.01 for both). The number of osteophytes significantly increased after 60 years of age (p < 0.01).ConclusionsWe believe that US is a useful tool for making a simple evaluation of the intra‐articular components in population‐based studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:318–321, 2015