bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sense of self and anorexia nervosa: A grounded theory
Authors: Williams Karen , King Jane , Fox John R. E. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the nature of the relationship between the self and the eating disorder in individuals with a lifetime history of anorexia nervosa (AN).DesignA qualitative design was used, given the exploratory nature of the study and the need to gain rich and in‐depth data regarding the topic under investigation.MethodSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 11 women with a lifetime history ofAN. Interview transcripts were analysed using constructivist grounded theory methodology.ResultsA theoretical framework of the nature of the relationship between the self andANwas developed, which included five related categories:ANtaking over the self,ANprotecting the self, sharing the self withAN, being no one withoutAN, and discovering the real me (accepting the fear).ConclusionParticipants described a process of the self being taken over byANto the point where it was shared with the eating disorder. This led participants to fear being no one withoutANand to be unable to let go of the disorder, appreciatingAN's ability to protect the self. To recover fromAN, participants had to discover the real self, by accepting the fear of the unknown and separating the self fromAN. The findings have important implications for the target of therapeutic interventions to improve recovery rates.Practitioner pointsThe self is shared with the eating disorder inAN, and separating the self fromANis crucial to recover from the disorder.Therapeutic interventions forANneed to target the enmeshed relationship between the self and the eating disorder, as opposed to focusing exclusively on weight and shape concerns.
Bulk production of the antiviral lectin griffithsin
Authors: Fuqua Joshua L. , Hamorsky Krystal , Khalsa Guruatma , Matoba Nobuyuki , Palmer Kenneth E. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryApplication of plant‐based protein expression systems for bulk production of recombinant protein pharmaceuticals is building momentum. There are considerable regulatory challenges to consider in commercialization of plant‐made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), some of which are inherent to plant‐production systems and others that are common with other production systems, but are new to PMPs because of the youth of the industry. In this review, we discuss our recent and ongoing experience with bulk production of the HIV microbicide candidate, griffithsin (GRFT), utilizing plant‐based transient protein expression, with specific focus on areas relevant to commercial manufacturing of bulk GRFT active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Analytical programs have been developed for the qualification and monitoring of both the expression vector system and the API detailing our experience and plans for each. Monitoring postpurification protein modifications are discussed in relation to stability and safety programs. Expression, processing and analytics programs are associated with increased manufacturing costs in current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) production because of the required qualification testing. The impact of these costs on the overall cost of goods is particularly relevant to GRFT manufacturing because GRFT, as an HIV microbicide, is most needed in populations at high risk for HIV exposure in resource‐poor countries. Consequently, GRFT for microbicide applications is a very cost‐sensitive recombinant PMP. We have therefore emphasized maintaining a low cost of goods. We provide a review of the literature on the economics of PMPs with various expression systems and how they may impact production costs and complexity.
Mass–size relationships, starvation and recovery in an engorging feeder
Authors: Trumbo Stephen T. , Xhihani Ervis 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe relationships of larval nutritional resources with adult body size, starvation resistance and reproductive decisions are not always clear. Burying beetle larvae with inadequate nutrition are hypothesized to develop into relatively large adults that are able to contest for breeding resources. The trade‐off is that the emerging adult has minimal energy reserves and is more susceptible to starvation, and must gain proportionately more weight after emerging. These hypotheses are investigated in Nicrophorus orbicollis Say. In addition, sex differences in size–mass ratios as well as starvation and recovery in reproductively mature females are examined. The larval mass to adult size ratio is similar in male and female N. Orbicollis and, contrary to prediction, small larvae do not result in adults that are relatively large in size for their mass. Emerging adults of lesser mass resist starvation less well, as expected. Emerging adults of smaller pronotal size gain more relative mass but less absolute mass than larger adults. In reproductively mature adult females, recovery from food deprivation is rapid, with most if not all the weight that is lost during a 9–10‐day starvation period being re‐gained within 1 day of engorging. The ability to gain weight rapidly and regulate body mass provides a nutritional framework for understanding the larva to adult transition and the reproductive and parenting decisions of burying beetles that otherwise would appear to be of too high risk.
Nonvisual Opsins and the Regulation of Peripheral Clocks by Light and Hormones
Authors: Poletini Maristela O. , Ramos Bruno C. , Moraes Maria Nathalia , Castrucci Ana Maria L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe molecular clock machinery is conserved throughout evolution. However, how environmental cues are perceived has evolved in such a way that peripheral clocks in mammals require a variety of signals, including hormones. On the other hand, in nonmammalian cells able to directly detect light, light seems to play a major role in the synchronization of the clock. The interaction between perception of circadian light by nonvisual opsins and hormones will be discussed under the perspective of clock synchronization at the molecular level.
Accumulation pattern of endogenous cytokinins and phenolics in different organs of 1‐year‐old cytokinin pre‐incubated plants: implications for conservation
Authors: Aremu A. O. , Plačková L. , Gruz J. , Bíba O. , Šubrtová M. , Novák O. , Doležal K. , Van Staden J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA better understanding of phytohormone physiology can provide an essential basis to coherently achieve a conservation drive/strategy for valuable plant species. We evaluated the distribution pattern of cytokinins (CKs) and phenolic compounds in different organs of 1‐year‐old greenhouse‐grown Tulbaghia simmleri pre‐treated (during micropropagation) with three aromatic CKs (benzyladenine = BA, meta‐topolin = mT, meta‐topolin riboside = mTR). The test species is highly valuable due to its medicinal and ornamental uses. Based on UHPLC‐MS/MS quantification, mT and mTR pre‐treated plants had the highest total CK, mostly resulting from the isoprenoid CK‐type, which occurred at highest concentrations in the roots. Although occurring in much lower concentrations when compared to isoprenoid CKs, aromatic CKs were several‐fold more abundant in the root of mT pre‐treated plants than with other treatments. Possibly related to the enhanced aromatic CKs, free bases and ribonucleotides, plants pre‐treated with mT generally displayed better morphology than the other treatments. A total of 12 bioactive phenolic compounds, including four hydroxybenzoic acids, five hydroxycinnamic acids and three flavonoids at varying concentrations, were quantified in T. simmleri. The occurrence, distribution and levels of these phenolic compounds were strongly influenced by the CK pre‐treatments, thereby confirming the importance of CKs in phenolic biosynthesis pathways.
The role of hand of error and stimulus orientation in the relationship between worry and error‐related brain activity: Implications for theory and practice
Authors: Lin Yanli , Moran Tim P. , Schroder Hans S. , Moser Jason S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAnxious apprehension/worry is associated with exaggerated error monitoring; however, the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. The current study tested the hypothesis that the worry‐error monitoring relationship involves left‐lateralized linguistic brain activity by examining the relationship between worry and error monitoring, indexed by the error‐related negativity (ERN), as a function of hand of error (Experiment 1) and stimulus orientation (Experiment 2). Results revealed that worry was exclusively related to the ERN on right‐handed errors committed by the linguistically dominant left hemisphere. Moreover, the right‐hand ERN‐worry relationship emerged only when stimuli were presented horizontally (known to activate verbal processes) but not vertically. Together, these findings suggest that the worry‐ERN relationship involves left hemisphere verbal processing, elucidating a potential mechanism to explain error monitoring abnormalities in anxiety. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Biodiesel exhaust: The need for a systematic approach to health effects research
Authors: Larcombe Alexander N. , Kicic Anthony , Mullins Benjamin J. , Knothe Gerhard 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBiodiesel is a generic term for fuel that can be made from virtually any plant or animal oil via transesterification of triglycerides with an alcohol (and usually a catalyst). Biodiesel has received considerable scientific attention in recent years, as it is a renewable resource that is directly able to replace mineral diesel in many engines. Additionally, some countries have mandated a minimum biodiesel content in all diesel fuel sold on environmental grounds. When combusted, biodiesel produces exhaust emissions containing particulate matter, adsorbed chemicals and a range of gases. In many cases, absolute amounts of these pollutants are lower in biodiesel exhaust compared with mineral diesel exhaust, leading to speculation that biodiesel exhaust may be less harmful to health. Additionally, engine performance studies show that the concentrations of these pollutants vary significantly depending on the renewable oil used to make the biodiesel and the ratio of biodiesel to mineral diesel in the fuel mix. Given the strategic and legislative push towards the use of biodiesel in many countries, a concerning possibility is that certain biodiesels may produce exhaust emissions that are more harmful to health than others. This variation suggests that a comprehensive, systematic and comparative approach to assessing the potential for a range of different biodiesel exhausts to affect health is urgently required. Such an assessment could inform biodiesel production priorities, drive research and development into new exhaust treatment technologies, and ultimately minimize the health impacts of biodiesel exhaust exposure.
Effect of N‐acetylcysteine supplementation on oxidative stress status and alveolar inflammation in people exposed to asbestos: A double‐blind, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Alfonso Helman , Franklin Peter , Ching Simon , Croft Kevin , Burcham Phil , Olsen Nola , Reid Alison , Joyce David , de Klerk Nick , Musk AW (Bill) 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveMany of the pathological consequences in the lung following inhalation of asbestos fibres arise as a consequence of persistent oxidative stress and inflammation. Inflammatory responses can be observed in asymptomatic asbestos‐exposed individuals. There are currently no interventions to reduce inflammatory or oxidative responses to asbestos before disease develops. We investigated the effects of oral N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on indicators of inflammation or oxidative stress in asymptomatic people previously exposed to asbestos.MethodsA double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of 1800 mg of NAC given orally over a period of 4 months. This was a proof of principle study. Effectiveness was assessed using indicators of inflammation or oxidation as primary end–points. Serum levels of total combined thiols (cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione and homocysteine) were used to monitor the NAC supplementation.ResultsThirty‐four subjects were randomly allocated to NAC and 32 to placebo. Serum levels of total combined thiols were similar between the groups after intervention. There were no differences in levels of inflammatory or oxidative stress end–points between the groups. No adverse effects were identified.ConclusionsNo evidence was found that NAC supplementation replenishes total combined thiols in the blood of healthy subjects with a history of asbestos exposure. There was also no evidence of reduced indicators of inflammation or oxidative stress. Further studies should determine the conditions required to increase levels of total anti‐oxidant capacity in the blood and in the lungs of subjects with either asbestos‐related diseases or subclinical lung inflammation.
What Matters in Differences Between Life Trajectories: A Comparative Review of Sequence Dissimilarity Measures
Authors: Studer Matthias , Ritschard Gilbert 
Published: July 2015

Summary
This is a comparative study of the multiple ways of measuring dissimilarities between state sequences. The originality of the study is the focus put on the differences between sequences that are sociologically important when studying life courses such as family life trajectories or professional careers. These differences essentially concern the sequencing (the order in which successive states appear), the timing and the duration of the spells in successive states. The study examines the sensitivity of the measures to these three aspects analytically and empirically by means of simulations. Even if some distance measures underperform, the study shows that there is no universally optimal distance index, and that the choice of a measure depends on which aspect we want to focus on. From the review and simulation results, the paper derives guidelines to help the end user to choose the right dissimilarity measure for her or his research objectives. This study also introduces novel ways of measuring dissimilarities that overcome some flaws in existing measures.
Development of tools for the oral health and panoramic radiograph evaluation of head and neck cancer patients: a methodological study
Authors: Jackson Leanne K. , Epstein Joel B. , Migliorati Cesar A. , Rezk Julie , Shintaku Werner H. , Noujeim Marcel E. , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Dietrich Mary S. , Murphy Barbara A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeDescribe the methodology used to construct tools for standardized data collection of head and neck cancer patients (HNCP).MethodsWe constructed the Oral Health Evaluation Tool (OHET) and Panoramic Radiograph Evaluation Tool (PRET) for systematic collection of long‐term oral clinical/radiographical complications, prevalence, and severity. Tools were pilot‐tested in 50 chemoradiation‐treated HNCP >6 months post‐therapy.ResultsTools allowed for collection of extensive clinical and radiographical data. A medium of 1.9 years had elapsed since chemoradiation completion. Patients had a median of 6 missing teeth, 32.7% had no decay and a medium of 30% had filled surfaces; 42.9% had moderate‐to‐severe decay. Reduced/thickened saliva was noted in 85.4% and dry mucosa in 93.9%. Gingival bleeding was present in 75.5% HNCP and attachment loss in 86%. Four patients had trismus.ConclusionsTools were user friendly and provided comprehensive, reproducible, and inexpensive means to evaluate post‐therapy oral health of HNCP. Validation testing is ongoing.
Women's experiences of social support during the first year following primary breast cancer surgery
Authors: Drageset Sigrunn , Lindstrøm Torill Christine , Giske Tove , Underlid Kjell 
Published: July 2015

AimThe aim of this qualitative follow‐up study was to describe women's individual experiences of social support during their first year after primary breast cancer surgery.MethodIndividual semi‐structured interviews with 10 women 1 year after surgery analysed by Kvales' meaning condensation method.FindingsSharing experiences, being understood as an individual, continuity, and information and explanations were themes identified. Sharing mutual experiences increased the women's knowledge regarding cancer, increased experience of support and minimised rumination. After 1 year, the women felt that the network around them had ‘normalised’ and was less supportive. Being seen as a person, not as ‘a diagnosis being treated’, and continuity of professional support were important, giving feelings of security and trust. The women felt uncertainty after loss of professional support post‐treatment. Information and explanations regarding treatment and treatment‐related problems were essential.ConclusionsMutual sharing of experiences is an important part of social support. Continuity, availability, information and respect were essential aspects of experienced professional support.
Chimeric Epitope Vaccine from Multistage Antigens for Lymphatic Filariasis
Authors: Anugraha G. , Madhumathi J. , Prince P. R. , Jeya Prita P. J. , Khatri V. K. , Amdare N. P. , Reddy M. V. R. , Kaliraj P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLymphatic filariasis, a mosquito‐borne parasitic disease, affects more than 120 million people worldwide. Vaccination for filariasis by targeting different stages of the parasite will be a boon to the existing MDA efforts of WHO which required repeated administration of the drug to reduce the infection level and sustained transmission. Onset of a filaria‐specific immune response achieved through antigen vaccines can act synergistically with these drugs to enhance the parasite killing. Multi‐epitope vaccine approach has been proved to be successful against several parasitic diseases as it overcomes the limitations associated with the whole antigen vaccines. Earlier results from our group suggested the protective efficacy of multi‐epitope vaccine comprising two immunodominant epitopes from Brugia malayi antioxidant thioredoxin (TRX), several epitopes from transglutaminase (TGA) and abundant larval transcript‐2 (ALT‐2). In this study, the prophylactic efficacy of the filarial epitope protein (FEP), a chimera of selective epitopes identified from our earlier study, was tested in a murine model (jird) of filariasis with L3 larvae. FEP conferred a significantly (P < 0.0001) high protection (69.5%) over the control in jirds. We also observed that the multi‐epitope recombinant construct (FEP) induces multiple types of protective immune responses, thus ensuring the successful elimination of the parasite; this poses FEP as a potential vaccine candidate.
Genomewide Histone H3 Lysine 9 Acetylation Profiling in CD4+ T Cells Revealed Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Deficiency in Patients with Acute‐on‐chronic Liver Failure
Authors: Jin L. , Wang K. , Liu H. , Chen T. , Yang Y. , Ma X. , Wang J. , Li Y. , Du D. , Zhao Y. , He Y. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAcute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) displayed ‘sepsis‐like’ immune paralysis. Little is known about the role of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the primary regulator of innate and adopted immune system, played in ACLF. Acetylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac), a key epigenetic modification, tightly controls gene transcription. Whether and how does H3K9ac modification regulate CD4+ T cells in ACLF remains unclear. PBMCs were isolated from patients with ACLF, immune tolerance of chronic hepatitis B (CHB‐T) and immune active of chronic hepatitis B (CHB‐A). Then, CD4+ T lymphocytes were purified by magnetic microbeads, and the purity was confirmed by flow cytometry. H3K9ac variations were analysed in CD4+ T cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation microarray and then confirmed by quantitative PCR. Whole‐genome H3K9 acetylation analyses were conducted by bioinformatics. A total of 70 genes were differently modified in H3K9ac between CHB‐A and ACLF groups, while 44 genes were differently modified in H3K9ac between CHB‐T and ACLF groups. Clustering algorithm analysis showed patients with ACLF displayed ‘sepsis‐like’ immune paralysis. Functional analysis showed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, or downstream pathway‐related genes, such as BIP, ATF4, PER1, CSNK1D, IRF3, BNIP1, AKT1 and UBC, were differentially modified in ACLF. We profiled H3K9 acetyl modification in CD4+ T lymphocytes from HBV‐infected patients with three different immune states, that is ACLF, immune tolerance and immune active phases. ACLF displayed ‘sepsis‐like’ immune paralysis. ER stress in CD4+ T lymphocytes attributed to ACLF. This study provides some useful clues for revealing the mechanisms underlying ACLF.
Raman spectroscopy analysis of the skin of patients with melasma before standard treatment with topical corticosteroids, retinoic acid, and hydroquinone mixture
Authors: Moncada B. , Castillo‐Martínez C. , Arenas E. , León‐Bejarano F. , Ramírez‐Elías M. G. , González F. J. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundMelasma is an abnormal acquired hyperpigmentation of the face of unknown origin, it is considered a single disease and very little has been found regarding its pathogenesis. It is usually assumed that melasma is due to excessive melanin production, but previous work using Raman spectroscopy showed degraded molecules of melanin in some melasma subjects, which may help to explain the success or failure of the standard therapy.MethodsWe perform Raman spectroscopy measurements on in vivo skin from melasma patients before treatment to identify the molecular structure of melanin within every melasma lesion. The Raman spectra were grouped according to the treatment response from patient, and the Raman spectra were analyzed.ResultsRaman spectroscopy measurements showed a different molecular structure of the patients who did not respond to treatment, those patients shows atypical Raman skin spectrum with peaks associated with melanin not well defined, which is consistent with molecular degradation and protein breakdown.ConclusionOur results are consistent with our previous work in the sense that melasma patients who do not respond to treatment have an abnormal melanin. We believe it will eventually help to decide the treatment of melasma in clinical dermatology.
The effect of precipitation and application rate on dicyandiamide persistence and efficiency in two Irish grassland soils
Authors: Cahalan E. , Minet E. , Ernfors M. , Müller C. , Devaney D. , Forrestal P. J. , Richards K. G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) has had variable success in reducing nitrate () leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils receiving nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Factors such as soil type, temperature and moisture have been linked to the variable efficacy of DCD. As DCD is water soluble, it can be leached from the rooting zone where it is intended to inhibit nitrification. Intact soil columns (15 cm diameter by 35 cm long) were taken from luvic gleysol and haplic cambisol grassland sites and placed in growth chambers. DCD was applied at 15 or 30 kg DCD/ha, with high or low precipitation. Leaching of DCD, mineral N and the residual soil DCD concentrations were determined over 8 weeks high precipitation increased DCD in leachate and decreased recovery in soil. A soil × DCD rate interaction was detected for the DCD unaccounted (proxy for degraded DCD). In the cambisol, degradation of DCD was high (circa 81%) and unaffected by DCD rate. In contrast, DCD degradation in the gleysol was lower and differentially affected by rate, 67 and 46% for the 15 and 30 kg/ha treatments, respectively. Variation in DCD degradation rates between soils may be related to differences in organic matter content and associated microbiological activity. Variable degradation rates of DCD in soil, unrelated to temperature or moisture, may contribute to changing DCD efficacy. Soil properties should be considered when tailoring DCD strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency and crop yields, through the reduction of reactive nitrogen loss.