bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of superamphiphobic layers based on candle soot
Authors: Paven Maxime , Papadopoulos Periklis , Mammen Lena , Deng Xu , Sachdev Hermann , Vollmer Doris , Butt Hans-Jürgen 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Liquid repellent layers can be fabricated by coating a fractal-like layer of candle soot particles with a silicon oxide layer, combusting the soot at 600 °C and subsequently silanizing with perfluoroalkylsilanes. Drops of different liquids deposited on these so called “superamphiphobic” layers easily roll off thanks to the low liquid-solid adhesion. The lower value of the surface tension of liquids that can be repelled depends on details of the processing. Here, we analyze the influence of the soot deposition duration and height with respect to the flame on the structure and wetting properties of the superamphiphobic layer. The mean diameter of the soot particles depends on the distance from the wick. Close to the wick, the average diameter of the particles varies between 30 and 50 nm as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Close to the top of the flame, the particles size decreases to 10–20 nm. By measuring the mass of superamphiphobic layers and their thickness by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in reflection mode, we could determine that the average porosity is 0.91. The height-dependent structural differences affect the apparent contact and roll-off angles. Lowest contact angles are measured when soot is deposited close to the wick due to wax that is not completely burnt, smearing out the required overhanging structures. The small particle size close to the top of the flame also reduces contact angles, again due to decreasing size of overhangs. Sooting in the middle of the flame led to optimal liquid repellency. Furthermore, for sooting times longer than 45 s the properties of the layer did not change with sooting time, verifying the self-similarity of the layer.
Kinetic studies on cyclopalladation in palladium(II) complexes containing an indole moiety
Authors: Iwatsuki Satoshi , Suzuki Takuya , Tanooka Syogo , Yajima Tatsuo , Shimazaki Yuichi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Various Pd–C complexes have been developed to date, affording deep insights into the reaction intermediates in useful catalytic reactions in organic syntheses. Cyclopalladation is one of the most famous Pd–C bond formation reactions to generate the palladacycles. Indole is an electron-rich aromatic ring involved in the side chain of an essential amino acid, tryptophan (Trp), and Trp and its derivatives are important in biological systems, such as electron transfer in protein, cofactors for conversion of biological molecules and so on. Pd catalysts are also useful for syntheses of such indole derivatives, and the mechanisms are considered to be through the Pd–C intermediates. However, the detailed properties and formation mechanisms of Pd–indole species are still unclear. With these points in mind, we focus on Pd(II)–indole-C2 carbon bond formations using various Pd(II) complexes having an indole moiety, especially on the recent studies on the kinetic analyses for these cyclopalladation reactions and their detailed mechanisms.
Properties of the one-electron oxidized copper(II) salen-type complexes: relationship between electronic structures and reactivities
Authors: Shimazaki Yuichi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The Cu(II)-phenoxyl radical formed during the catalytic cycle of galactose oxidase (GO) attracted much attention, and the structures and properties of a number of metal-phenoxyl radical complexes have been studied. Some of the functional model systems of GO reported previously have shown that the Cu complexes oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and that the Cu(II)-phenoxyl radical species is formed in the catalytic cycle. Many Cu(II)-phenoxyl radical species have been produced by one-electron oxidation of the Cu(II)-phenolate complexes. On the other hand, one-electron oxidation of a Cu(II)-phenolate complex has the possibility to give different electronic structures, one of which is the Cu(III)-phenolate. From these points of view, this micro review is focused on the one-electron oxidized square-planar Cu(II) complexes of the salen-type ligands. Introduction of substituents into the phenolate moieties and conversion from a 5- to a 6-membered chelate backbone alter the electronic structure of the one-electron oxidized Cu(II) complexes and give rise to a different reactivity of benzyl alcohol oxidation. The relationship between the electronic structure and the reactivity is herein discussed.
Effective interaction between small unilamellar vesicles as probed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Shinoda Wataru , Klein Michael L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations has been undertaken to investigate the effective interaction between vesicles including PC (phosphatidylcholine) and PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) lipids using the Shinoda–DeVane–Klein coarse-grained force field. No signatures of fusion were detected during MD simulations employing two apposed unilamellar vesicles, each composed of 1512 lipid molecules. Association free energy of the two stable vesicles depends on the lipid composition. The two PC vesicles exhibit a purely repulsive interaction with each other, whereas two PE vesicles show a free energy gain at the contact. A mixed PC/PE (1:1) vesicle shows a higher flexibility having a lower energy barrier on the deformation, which is caused by lipid sorting within each leaflet of the membranes. With a preformed channel or stalk between proximal membranes, PE molecules contribute to stabilize the stalk. The results suggest that the lipid components forming the membrane with a negative spontaneous curvature contribute to stabilize the stalk between two vesicles in contact.
Definition of the transfer coefficient in electrochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)
Authors: Guidelli Rolando , Compton Richard G. , Feliu Juan M. , Gileadi Eliezer , Lipkowski Jacek , Schmickler Wolfgang , Trasatti Sergio 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The transfer coefficient α is a quantity that is commonly employed in the kinetic investigation of electrode processes. An unambiguous definition of the transfer coefficient, independent of any mechanistic consideration and exclusively based on experimental data, is proposed. The cathodic transfer coefficient α
c is defined as –(RT/F)(dln|j
c|/dE), where j
c is the cathodic current density corrected for any changes in the reactant concentration on the electrode surface with respect to its bulk value, E is the applied electric potential, and R, T, and F have their usual significance. The anodic transfer coefficient α
a is defined similarly, by simply replacing j
c with the anodic current density and the minus sign with the plus sign. This recommendation aims at clarifying and improving the definition of the transfer coefficient reported in the 3rd edition of the IUPAC Green Book.
Solvation of a sponge-like geometry
Authors: Evans Myfanwy E. , Roth Roland 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Periodic entanglements of filaments and networks, which resemble sponge-like materials, are often found as self-assembled materials. The interaction between the geometry of the assembly and a solvent in its interstices can dictate the geometric configuration of the structure as well as influence macroscopic properties such as swelling and mechanics. In this paper, we show the calculation of the solvation free energy as a function of the solute–solvent interaction from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, for a candidate entanglement of filaments. We do this using the morphometric approach to solvation free energy, a method that disentangles geometric properties from thermodynamic coefficients, which we compute via density functional theory.
Organometallic catalysis for applications in radical chemistry and asymmetric synthesis
Authors: Aubert Corinne , Barbazanges Marion , Jutand Anny , Kyne Sara H. , Ollivier Cyril , Fensterbank Louis 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Two organometallic catalysis studies are presented. The first one deals with the development of a new catalytic agent based on the mixture of a hydride and an iron salt to trigger efficient radical cyclization processes. In a second line of research, we have shown that the use of chiral anions can outperform chiral ligands in a carbocyclization reaction and a [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition.
Activation of stable σ-bonds for organic synthesis
Authors: Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Since the conference on Organometallic Chemisrty Directed Towards Organic Synthesis (OMCOS) started in 1981, the author has been involved in the invention of novel synthetic reactions for C–C bond formation, taking advantage of organometallic reagents and catalysis. Herein is described a guideline story of how it is done.
Pd-catalyzed reactions of unactivated Csp3−I bonds
Authors: Liu Hui , Jiang Xuefeng 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Csp3–I bonds, especially those with β-hydrogen atoms, are a class of challenging substrates for the Pd-catalyzed transformations. The challenges mainly stem from the reluctant oxidative addition of Csp3−I bond with Pd(0) species and the facile β-H elimination for alkylpalladium intermediate. Herein, Pd-catalyzed reactions from unactivated Csp3−I bond were discussed.
Chemoselective silver-catalyzed nitrene insertion reactions
Authors: Scamp Ryan J. , Rigoli Jared W. , Schomaker Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A review of recent developments in silver(I)-catalyzed nitrene insertions into olefin and C–H bonds is presented, with a particular emphasis on reactions where the chemoselectivity can be tuned to promote either aziridination or C–H amination. The scope and synthetic utility of various silver catalysts are described, as well as preliminary investigations into the mechanisms of silver-catalyzed aminations.
The strategic generation and interception of palladium-hydrides for use in alkene functionalization reactions
Authors: DeLuca Ryan J. , Stokes Benjamin J. , Sigman Matthew S. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We review methods that our lab has developed for the generation of Pd-hydrides and the manipulation of these useful intermediates via β-hydride elimination and migratory insertion steps. For a given alkene functionalization reaction, careful understanding of the dynamics of β-hydride elimination, migratory insertion, and transmetallation have allowed for the selective functionalization of Pd-alkyl intermediates. This has afforded us a means by which to transpose palladium to a desired position on a substrate for subsequent functionalization, empowering a number of useful C–H, C–O, and C–C bond-forming reactions.
AFM Induced Local Oxidation of HOPG
Authors: Uki Kenichi , Kato Mikihiro , Harako Susumu , Zhao Xinwei 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTAFM induced local anodic oxidation of HOPG was carried out in various conditions such as humidity, applied voltage and scan speed. A clear evidence of different oxidation features between HOPG and graphene has been confirmed and discussed.These results should contribute to the progress of the micro/nano fabrication of graphene by the local anodic oxidation.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Platform Switching: Different Mismatch Sizes, Connection Types, and Implant Protocols
Authors: Pessoa Roberto S. , Bezerra Fábio J.B. , Sousa Ravel M. , Vander Sloten Jos , Casati Marcio Zaffalon , Jaecques Siegfried V.N. 
Published: March 2014

Background: It is not yet well understood to what extent different implant–abutment mismatch sizes and implant–abutment connection types may influence the peri‐implant biomechanical environment of implants in different clinical situations.Methods: Computed tomography–based finite element models comprising a maxillary central incisor socket and 4.5 × 13 mm outer‐diameter implants with external and internal hex connection types were constructed. The abutments were designed with diameters of 3.5 mm (platform switching [PS] with 1 mm of diametral mismatch [PS − 1]), 4.0 mm (PS with 0.5 mm of diametral mismatch [PS − 0.5]), and 4.5 mm (conventional matching implant–abutment design [CD]). Analysis of variance at the 95% confidence interval was used to evaluate peak equivalent strain (EQV strain) in the bone, bone volume affected by a strain >4,000 με (EQV strain >4,000 με), the peak von Mises stress (EQV stress) in abutment screw, and the bone–implant relative displacement.Results: Similar bone strain levels (EQV strain and EQV strain >4,000 με) were encountered in PS − 1, PS − 0.5, and CD models for immediately placed implants, independent of the connection type. For immediately loaded implants, slightly smaller peak EQV strain and EQV strain >4,000 με were found for PS − 1. However, for both connection types in osseointegrated models, the higher the mismatch size, the lesser the amount of strain found.Conclusions: The increase in mismatch size of PS configuration results in a significant decrease of strain levels in bone for osseointegrated implants, principally for external hex connections. No significant effect of PS could be noted in immediately placed implants.
Death by self-inflicted asphyxia with helium – First case reports from Norway and review of the literature
Authors: Frost Joachim 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
An increasing number of asphyxia suicides by inhalation of inert gases have been reported from different parts of the world over
the last decade. So far this phenomenon has not been described in our country. This article presents the first two case reports from
Norway of presumed suicide by asphyxiation due to helium inhalation from a closed plastic bag over the head. In both cases a forensic
autopsy, which included comprehensive toxicological analysis, was requested and performed. In the two cases death was attributed to
asphyxia due to helium inhalation, and suffocation due to a plastic bag over the head and aspiration of gastric contents, respectively.
Toxicological analysis revealed no findings contributing to the deaths. The absence of toxicological and autopsy findings to determine
the cause of death in such cases may represent challenges of clinical and forensic significance. In contrast to the promotion of this
method by euthanasia interest groups for the terminally ill reported suicides by helium asphyxiation primarily involve relatively young
individuals suffering from psychiatric and/or substance use disorders, and not from terminal illness.
Disruption of silicone valve housing in a Codman Hakim Precision valve with integrated Siphonguard
Authors: Woerdeman Peter A. , Cochrane David D. 
Published: March 2014

Authors of this report describe 2 patients who had undergone shunt insertion for hydrocephalus and who, at 6 weeks or 9 months after their last revision, presented with symptoms of shunt dysfunction and CSF collections at the valve site. At the ensuing shunt revision in both patients, the silicone housing was fractured and the Siphonguard was disconnected from the Codman Hakim Precision flat-bottom valve. The cause of these failures was not clear since manipulation, bending, and twisting of the valves were not thought to have occurred during implantation.
A review of the FDA's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database revealed 58 cases of silicone housing failure in the Codman Hakim Precision valve with integrated Siphonguard since the year 2000. A single report was found in the databases administered by the Canadian Medical Devices Sentinel Network (CMDSNet).
The Codman Hakim Precision valves with integrated Siphonguard are delicate devices that do not withstand the intraoperative handling tolerated by other valves. When these valves are implanted, gentle handling and wide exposures are needed to minimize the risk of valve damage. Valves should be handled according to the manufacturer's instructions.
However, in light of this particular pattern of failure, it is recommended that the manufacturer redesign this valve to provide handling tolerance that is characteristic of other valves on the market. The featured cases illustrate the importance of the surgeon's role in postmarket surveillance of medical devices and reporting device failures to the responsible agencies and manufacturers.
Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014
Authors: Siegel Rebecca , DeSantis Carol , Jemal Ahmedin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractColorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. This article provides an overview of colorectal cancer statistics, including the most current data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates and trends. Incidence data were provided by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2014, an estimated 71,830 men and 65,000 women will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 26,270 men and 24,040 women will die of the disease. Greater than one‐third of all deaths (29% in men and 43% in women) will occur in individuals aged 80 years and older. There is substantial variation in tumor location by age. For example, 26% of colorectal cancers in women aged younger than 50 years occur in the proximal colon, compared with 56% of cases in women aged 80 years and older. Incidence and death rates are highest in blacks and lowest in Asians/Pacific Islanders; among males during 2006 through 2010, death rates in blacks (29.4 per 100,000 population) were more than double those in Asians/Pacific Islanders (13.1) and 50% higher than those in non‐Hispanic whites (19.2). Overall, incidence rates decreased by approximately 3% per year during the past decade (2001–2010). Notably, the largest drops occurred in adults aged 65 and older. For instance, rates for tumors located in the distal colon decreased by more than 5% per year. In contrast, rates increased during this time period among adults younger than 50 years. Colorectal cancer death rates declined by approximately 2% per year during the 1990s and by approximately 3% per year during the past decade. Progress in reducing colorectal cancer death rates can be accelerated by improving access to and use of screening and standard treatment in all populations. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:104–117. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
La Fusariose du Palmier à huile en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Bachy André , Fehling C. 
Published: March 2014

Le « Wilt » du Palmier à Huile existe en Afrique occidentale. Il est provoqué par Fusarium oxysporum f. elaeidis.
Cette « Fusariose » est comparable à celle décrite au Nigeria et au Congo Belge par Wardlaw et Prendergast.
Elle existe sur palmiers adultes, sur palmiers de replantation et même, mais rarement, sur jeunes palmiers dans les extensions en savane.
Il s'écoule environ 5 mois entre l'apparition des symptômes et la mort.
Des applications de potasse réduisent considérablement l'importance des dégâts en Nigeria. Elles semblent moins efficaces en Côte d'Ivoire.
Il existe dans les zones atteintes une déficience très nette en manganèse.
La relation entre taches de Fusariose et bas-fonds est suffisamment nette pour nécessiter un complément d'information.
Are Serum to Dialysate Sodium Gradient and Segmental Bioimpedance Volumes associated with the Fall in Blood Pressure with Hemodialysis?
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Khosravi Maryam , Massart Annick , Potluri Madhu , Davenport Andrew 
Published: March 2014

Introduction A fall in blood pressure is the most common complication of outpatient hemodialysis. Several factors have been implicated, including serum sodium to dialysate gradient, ultrafiltration rate, and the amount of fluid to be removed during dialysis. Methods We prospectively audited 400 adult patients attending for their routine midweek hemodialysis session, and recorded changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Results Mean age 58.4 ± 16.6 years, 60.9% male, 30.7% diabetic, 36.8% Caucasoid, single pool Kt/V 1.57 ± 0.4, and median percentage change in MAP −6.7% (-14.1 to + 2.8). The percentage fall in MAP was greatest for those starting with higher MAPs (β 0.448, F 67.5, p<0.001), greater serum sodium to dialysate sodium gradient (β 0.676, F 5.59, p = 0.019), and age (β 0.163, F 5.15, p = 0.024). In addition, the percentage fall in MAP was greater in those with the lowest segmental extracellular water/total body water (ECW/TBW) ratios in the right arm prior to dialysis (β −477.5, F 7.11, p = 0.008). Conclusions Falls in blood pressure are common during dialysis, and greater for those starting dialysis with the highest systolic pressures, greater dialysate to serum sodium concentration gradient, and also those with the least ECW in the arm. As such, segmental bioimpedance may be useful in highlighting patients at greatest risk for a fall in blood pressure with dialysis.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not Adversely Affect Kidney Function Recovery after Congenital Heart Surgery
Authors: Riley Alyssa A. , Jefferies John L. , Nelson David P. , Bennett Michael R. , Blinder Joshua J. , Ma Qing , Devarajan Prasad , Goldstein Stuart L. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery to correct congenital heart disease is common. We prevent fluid overload and further cardiac compromise in oliguric infants with continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD). The effect of CPD on kidney recovery is unknown, thus indications to discontinue CPD are unclear. We aimed to determine if CPD affects kidney recovery, measured by urine output and novel urinary AKI biomarker concentrations. Methods Twenty infants <90 days old with congenital heart disease who underwent bypass surgery and were post-operatively treated with CPD were randomized at the time of clinical readiness for CPD discontinuation to 1) discontinue CPD (control) or 2) continue 24 h more CPD (experimental). Urine output (ml/kg per h), total output (ml/kg per h) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, interleukin-18, liver-type fatty acid binding protein, and kidney injury molecule-1 were assessed post-surgery until CPD catheter removal. Results 24 hours preceding randomization, there were no differences in mean urine output or total output; 24 hours post-randomization, the control group had higher mean urine output (4.2 ± 2.6 ml/kg per h vs. 2.8 ± 2.0 ml/kg per h, p = 0.02) but lower total output (6.3 ± 2.1 ml/kg per h vs. 4.7 ± 2.7 ml/kg per h, p = 0.01). Median biomarker concentrations did not differ significantly between groups at any time point. Conclusions Our results suggest renal replacement therapy does not change the time course of kidney function recovery.