bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asset Allocation Models
Authors: Singleton J. Clay 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Actively managing a portfolio involves three main activities: asset allocation (designing and maintaining the relative asset class weights), asset selection (selecting assets to match the allocation), and market timing (deciding when and how much to invest). This chapter looks at asset allocation models—theoretical and practical templates that active asset managers use to make the asset allocation decision. Asset allocation models examined include the Markowitz model and alternative (skewness, stochastic dominance, and ad hoc) models. The chapter also discusses the models actually used in practice and portfolio rebalancing. Many observers, influenced by a continuum of research, believe that asset allocation is by far the most influential factor explaining the variability in portfolio performance. Only recently does research support the roughly equal importance of asset selection and asset allocation with market timing a distant third. Regardless of the precise influence accorded to any of three activities of active management, asset allocation is sensibly an essential ingredient in portfolio design and performance.
Preference Models in Portfolio Construction and Evaluation
Authors: Guidolin Massimo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the role of preference- (utility-) based asset allocation models in normative portfolio theory. After presenting relevant definitions and tools from the theory of decisions under uncertainty, the chapter surveys moment-based preference functionals and introduces concepts from the literature on portfolio decisions by ambiguity-averse, robust optimizers. Other topics discussed include utility functions, portfolio optimization, Markov switching, and higher-order moments. An illustrative back-testing exercise reveals that preference-based models may fail to deliver ex-post realized performance that outperforms typical benchmarks. However, this is unlikely for medium-term (6- and 12-month) risk-averse investors who are characterized by preferences such as power utility of smooth ambiguity-averse preferences that overweight higher-order moments and tail dynamics of the distribution of terminal wealth when compared to standard mean-variance preferences.
Measuring and Managing Credit and Other Risks
Authors: Sabato Gabriele 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDuring the last 40 years, risk management has evolved tremendously. The technologies and methodologies to measure risks have reached impressive levels of sophistication and complexity. However, the 2007 to 2008 financial crisis clearly demonstrates that substantial improvements in the way financial institutions measure and manage risks are still urgently needed. This chapter provides an analysis and discussion of risk management as well as several proposals on how the financial industry should evolve. In particular, financial institutions need to improve their capital allocation strategies defining a clear risk-appetite framework by taking the following actions: (1) implementing true enterprise risk management programs, which measure and aggregate all risk types, and (2) redefining the role of the risk function within the governance of financial organizations. The chapter focuses on credit risk but also discusses other types of risk including market risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk. Improving methods used to measure risks and implementing the proposed changes in risk management would allow financial institutions to restore the trust of markets and customers and to move forward into a new risk management era.
Effective Trade Execution
Authors: Cesari Riccardo , Marzo Massimiliano , Zagaglia Paolo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of algorithmic trading in modern financial markets. Additionally, order types, characteristics, and special features of algorithmic trading are described under the lens provided by the large development of high frequency trading technology. Special order types are examined together with an intuitive description of the implied dynamics of the order book conditional to special orders (iceberg and hidden). The chapter provides an analysis of the transaction costs associated with trading activity and examines the most common trading strategies employed in the market. It also examines optimal execution strategy with the description of the efficient trading frontier. These concepts represent the tools needed to understand the most recent innovations in financial markets and the most recent advances in microstructures research.
Market Timing Methods and Results
Authors: Schizas Panagiotis 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMarket timing is the investment strategy occurring when investors increase their allocation in risky assets in periods of bull markets. This chapter provides an overview of market timing methods and explains the concepts that modelers and finance practitioners use professionally in the world of investments. The beauty of trading is the ease of applying a predefined set of trading rules in order to identify market trends. The chapter also describes the set of indicators and the conditions needed for each strategy to be profitable and the outcome of each of strategy. In recent years, quantitative trading has been one of the most applicable ways of investing. Recent evidence shows that a successful quantitative strategy is linked to relative pricing. Thus, this chapter focuses on several mean-reversion strategies that depend on time-varying relative returns and volatilities.
Attribution Analysis
Authors: Brunia Nanne , Plantinga Auke 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses performance attribution models allowing the observer to identify market timing and security selection skills of portfolio managers. The focus is on holdings-based models because they generate more precise measurements of managers' skills than return-based models. The discussion starts with the basic attribution model and how to extend this model to accommodate internationally diversified portfolios. The basic model can also be extended to improve the precision of the measurements by allowing the user to create a risk-adjusted performance attribution without the need to run a time-series regression model. In order to capture the impact of investor timing, performance attribution models can be extended further by including a component based on the internal rate of return.
Equity Investment Styles
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEstablishing a meaningful peer group or benchmark is crucial to those involved in selecting and evaluating investment funds and for those studying the risk-return profiles of those funds. This chapter outlines the developments in theoretical and empirical studies of equity investment styles. This review considers equity investment styles, the classification of stocks, multidimensional classification, growth-value orientation, funds styles, and the performance of investment funds. Investment styles are groups of portfolios sharing common characteristics that behave similarly under varying conditions. Style analysis focuses on two key areas: portfolio holdings and portfolio returns. Analysis has evolved toward more sophisticated growth-value orientation methods although there is no universally accepted approach. Such developments allow more differentiated analysis of investment fund styles and improve the identification of peer groups and appropriate benchmarks. The recent developments in performance analysis underline the importance of establishing the appropriate benchmark or peer group and that is the role of style analysis.
Socially Responsible Investing
Authors: Holzhauer Hunter M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the growing field of socially responsible investing (SRI), which has emerged over the last few decades from a fringe investment activity into the mainstream. With the amount of attention and investment SRI funds have begun to receive, navigating these waters has become extremely important for portfolio managers, pension advisers, charity trustees, corporate executives, and even individual investors. The first half of the chapter analyzes the changing tides of SRI by providing a concise portrayal of the progression of the SRI market, with special attention given to the South African apartheid and subsequent divestment. The second half of the chapter includes a literature review of empirical findings of SRI performance compared to conventional benchmarks. The review focuses on evidence from equity funds, fixed-income funds, international funds, indices, and “sin” stocks. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the SRI literature including critiques.
Conflict and Restraint in Animal Species
Authors: Kokko Hanna 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Any casual observer of nature documentaries will notice an emphasis on “nature, red in tooth and claw,” where one either eats or gets eaten. Biologists tend to accept that much of life behaves in a fairly nasty way toward all other life, while simultaneously marveling at the fantastic adaptations that life's challenges help evolution to produce. But is life all about causing damage to other organisms? Asking the same question in a narrower context: how much do aggression and selfish behavior dominate interactions among individuals of the same species? This chapter demonstrates that much of life is not simply “red in tooth and claw” but consists of a much more intricate web of interactions: the key is balancing what can be gained with aggression against the associated costs.
Cooperation, Conflict, and Niche Construction in the Genus Homo
Authors: Fuentes Agustín 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
There is more to evolution than selection and extant Neo-Darwinian theory. We are in the midst of significant enhancements in complexity and diversity in evolutionary theory, with the role for behavioral modification of social and ecological spaces, and their inheritance, becoming a key factor. Our grasp of patterns and contexts of selection and the ways in which social, epigenetic, and developmental interactors affect outcomes is growing by leaps and bounds. We also are increasingly realizing that social and experiential contexts shape bodies and behavior, affecting trajectories in more substantial manners than previously envisioned. This chapter reviews current proposals for integrating perspectives from niche construction and multi-inheritance into investigations, models, and explanations for the evolution of human behavior.
Pinker’s List
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter challenges the idea that deadly intergroup violence has been common enough in our species evolutionary history to act as a selection force shaping human psychological tendencies, toward either external violence or internal cooperation. Broken down, there are three related propositions: (a) war was ubiquitous throughout our species evolutionary history; (b) war is a natural expression of evolved tendencies toward deadly violence against individuals outside the social group; (c) war casualties were sufficiently high to select for behavioral tendencies conferring reproductive advantage in intergroup competition. For either (b) or (c) to be true, (a) must be true. However, archaeological evidence shows (a) to be false.
The Prehistory of Warfare
Authors: Haas Jonathan , Piscitelli Matthew 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Since the 1970s, most archaeologists working on hunters and gatherers have moved beyond ethnographic analogies for making inferential statements about the nature of hunting and gathering societies. However, the realm of warfare is the one glaring exception to this understanding of a major disconnect between past and present hunters and gatherers. Archaeologists, anthropologists, and other social scientists studying the origins of warfare have found the archaeological record somehow lacking in their efforts to understand the beginnings of warfare in the ancient past. To fill in the perceived gaps, they have turned to the historic record of hunters and gatherers, and in doing so have fallen into the trap of ethnographic tyranny. This chapter argues that the biggest problem with using historical ethnographies to make inferences about patterns of past human behavior is that they burden us with pictures only painted in the light of the modern, dense, colonial world of nation states. Another problem with the major studies based on ethnographies is that lots of other scholars take them as gospel. Declaring that warfare is rampant amongst almost all hunters and gatherers fits well with a common public perception of the deep historical and biological roots of warfare. The fact that there is extremely limited empirical evidence of any warfare among past hunters and gatherers is pushed to the wayside as an intellectual inconvenience.
The Prehistory of War and Peace in Europe and the Near East
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that prehistoric war was not ubiquitous, that it is in fact rare in very early archaeological records, and becomes common only over time. It makes that claim based on a proper method, of compiling and comparing the total record regarding war and peace, from across regions of Europe and the Near East. Starting with Europe and then moving on to the Near East, all available evidence of war and/or interpersonal violence are considered, contextualized, and evaluated as to the presence or absence of war. The discussion of Europe begins with the Paleolithic, then the Mesolithic; and for Neolithic times, becomes regionally specific, moving around the continental regions in a big circle: Greece, Italy, France, Iberia, England, Northern Europe, and Eastern Europe. With each region, the discussion begins with evidence from the earliest Neolithic, and moves forward through the end of the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic and, sometimes, Early Bronze Age. The Near Eastern section, after a brief encounter with Neanderthals, starts with the Epipaleolithic Natufians. Three regions emerge as significant in the Near East—the Southern Levant, the Anatolian highlands, and an area called the northern Tigris. Each are considered and compared following standard periodization: the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, Pottery Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age. In both Europe and the Near East, the literature reviews begin without signs of war, and end in periods when war is unambiguously established and often a dominant factor in social life.
Peaceful Foragers
Authors: Endicott Kirk 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines two hunting and gathering societies—the Batek of Malaysia and the Moriori of the Chatham Islands—which actively suppress all violence inside and between groups. It attempts to determine the specific conditions that cause their deliberate pursuit of peace and the means by which they achieve it. It concludes by addressing the question of whether Batek and Moriori practices and beliefs shed any light on social relations in early human and protohuman societies.
South Indian Foragers’ Conflict Management in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Gardner Peter M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Eighteen different foraging peoples were among the so-called “hill tribes” that once inhabited the scattered, forested ranges in India's four southernmost states. Although a few are near neighbors to one another, the overall picture is one of dispersal across a region that is both extensive and diverse. The cultures of six out of the eighteen cultures have been described sufficiently well to be included in this comparison. Starting with the less-acculturated southernmost foragers and moving north, the respectful, plural forms of terms they use for themselves are Malapandaram, Paliyar, Kadar, Kattunayaka/Jenu Kurumba/Jenu Kuruba (treated by those who study them as one and the same peoples), Yanadi, and Chenchu.
Conflicts in Cooperative Social Interactions in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Brosnan Sarah F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAll things considered, social interactions in animals are remarkably peaceful. At the most basic level, individuals of all species are in competition for mates and food sources. For social species, this list expands to include, at minimum, social partners and rank, and in most species, there are far more things over which conflicts may emerge. In particular, individuals who cooperate have to navigate a minefield of potential problems in order successfully to achieve mutual ends. Given the ubiquity of both social interactions and cooperation, it is clear that the selective benefits of such interactions outweigh the costs, and further that individuals are likely to have evolved specific mechanisms to handle the conflicts that are inherent in both. How, then, does cooperation succeed despite this conflict? This chapter looks at the patterns of behavior across the primates to understand which factors were important in the evolution of successful cooperation, even in situations that include conflicting interests.
Rousseau with a Tail
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the study of one particular baboon troop (Forest Troop) that demonstrates that the social world of these primates can be unexpectedly malleable. It discusses sociality in the typical baboon troop; the prosocial features of life in a typical baboon troop; and the mechanism of cultural transmission of Forest Troop sociality. The chapter concludes by addressing the question of whether the Forest Troop culture is stable and transmissible.
The Challenge of Getting Men to Kill
Authors: Hughbank Richard J. , Grossman Dave 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter argues that soldiers have a natural reluctance to take human life, even on the battlefield, where it is their obligation to do so, and this resistance to killing must be overcome by extensive training and even then often breaks down. To understand the nature of this resistance, it must first be recognized that most participants in close combat are literally “frightened out of their wits,” as the saying goes. Once the arrows or bullets start flying, combatants stop thinking with the forebrain (that part of the brain which makes us human). Instead, their thought processes localize in the midbrain, or mammalian brain, that primitive part of the brain generally indistinguishable from that of an animal. At this point, the trust in one's training, equipment, and fellow warrior become the essence of how a person acts in the chaos known a combat.
Man the Singer
Authors: Pim Joám Evans 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores a particular example of human restraint against physical aggression: the song duel. It begins by considering Galizan song duels in some detail and then branches out from there to other cultures. The context and rules of song duels allow potentially dangerous conflicts to be dealt with in a playful way that helps to prevent physical aggression including, at an extreme, lethal aggression.
First Report of Pepper chat fruit viroid in Traded Tomato Seed, an Interception by Australian Biosecurity
Authors: Chambers G. A. , Seyb A. M. , Mackie J. , Constable F. E. , Rodoni B. C. , Letham D. , Davis K. , Gibbs M. J. 
Published: May 2013

Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd), a species of Pospiviroid, was first discovered in a capsicum crop in the Netherlands in 2006 (4) and was then reported only in Thailand (2) and Canada. The mechanism of international spread was not known, but movement with traded seed was suspected. PCFVd is transmissible through capsicum seed (4) and very probably through tomato seed, like other pospiviroids. The viroid causes disease in capsicum and tomato and experiments by others indicate a capacity to cause disease in potato. It poses a biosecurity threat to crops internationally. PCFVd was intercepted by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry (DAFF) in five shipments of tomato seed (Solanum lycopersicum) exported from Israel and Thailand in September and October 2012. Batches of up to 20,000 seeds were sampled from each seed lot in a shipment and total nucleic acids were extracted from sub-samples, each of about 400 seeds, following a method similar to Hoshino et al. (1). PCFVd was initially detected when reverse transcription PCR using the generic pospiviroid primers Pospi1-FW and Pospi1-RE (3) produced amplicons of 189 bp, which were then sequenced. The PCFVd specific primers AP FW1 and AP RE2 (4) were used to amplify the remainder of the viroid genome, which was directly sequenced. Overlapping sequences were aligned to produce complete sequences of 349 bases, one from seed from Thailand and two from seed from Israel (GenBank: KC762952, KC762953, KC762954). Searches of the GenBank nucleotide non-redundant database indicated close matches with sequences from PCFVd isolates from tomato in Thailand (2); alignments generated by BLAST showed the sequences differed from those from Thailand at only 2 to 18 nucleotide positions, equating to 95 to 99% identity. PCFVd sequences from seed from Thailand were almost identical (>99%) to the sequences from seed from Israel. Many sub-samples were negative, indicating that the number of contaminated seeds was very small in some shipments. The positive sub-samples as a proportion of the total number of sub-samples tested from the five shipments was 1/1, 1/5, 1/1, 12/50, and 7/50. Tomato and capsicum seed are produced in many countries and often traded through second countries. The infected tomato seed shipments intercepted by DAFF were destroyed or re-exported following Australian regulations. Other countries were informed through the International Plant Protection Convention. This pest viroid has not been intercepted by Australian authorities before and has not been detected in recent Australian survey work (data not shown). References: (1) S. Hoshino et al. Res. Bull. Plant Prot. Japan 42:75, 2006. (2) K. Reanwarakorn et al. New Dis. Rep. 24:6, 2011 (3) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. EJPP 110:823, 2004. (4) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. Virus Res. 144:209, 2009.
Isoflurane in Contrast to Propofol Promotes Fluid Extravasation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pigs
Authors: Brekke Hege Kristin , Hammersborg Stig Morten , Lundemoen Steinar , Mongstad Arve , Kvalheim Venny Lise , Haugen Oddbjørn , Husby Paul 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background:
A highly positive intraoperative fluid balance should be prevented as it negatively impacts patient outcome. Analysis of volume-kinetics has identified an increase in interstitial fluid volume after crystalloid fluid loading during isoflurane anesthesia. Isoflurane has also been associated with postoperative hypoxemia and may be associated with an increase in alveolar epithelial permeability, edema formation, and hindered oxygen exchange. In this article, the authors compare fluid extravasation rates before and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with isoflurane- versus propofol-based anesthesia.

Methods:
Fourteen pigs underwent 2 h of tepid CPB with propofol (P-group; n = 7) or isoflurane anesthesia (I-group; n = 7). Fluid requirements, plasma volume, colloid osmotic pressures in plasma and interstitial fluid, hematocrit levels, and total tissue water content were recorded, and fluid extravasation rates calculated.

Results:
Fluid extravasation rates increased in the I-group from the pre-CPB level of 0.27 (0.13) to 0.92 (0.36) ml·kg−1·min−1, but remained essentially unchanged in the P-group with significant between-group differences during CPB (pb = 0.002). The results are supported by corresponding changes in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure and total tissue water content.

Conclusions:
During CPB, isoflurane, in contrast to propofol, significantly contributes to a general increase in fluid shifts from the intravascular to the interstitial space with edema formation and a possible negative impact on postoperative organ function.