bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Instructional Design on College Students’ Cognitive Load and Learning Outcomes in a Large Food Science and Human Nutrition Course
Authors: Andrade Jeanette , Huang Wen‐Hao David , Bohn Dawn M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe effective design of course materials is critical for student learning, especially for large lecture introductory courses. This quantitative study was designed to explore the effect multimedia and content difficulty has on students’ cognitive load and learning outcomes. College students (n = 268) were randomized into 1 of 3 multimedia groups: text + graphics (Group 1–TG); audio + text + graphics (Group 2–ATG); or video + audio + text + graphics (Group 3–VATG). Participants answered a demographic survey and pretests before viewing 2 food science supplemental lecture materials (i.e., water mobility and amino acid structures) and completing the cognitive load instrument and post‐tests within a noncontrolled setting. Cognitive load scores were tabulated and compared using a 3 × 3 ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis across multimedia groups and food science supplemental lecture materials. Based on the post hoc, students in Group 1–TG had higher intrinsic cognitive load scores than Group 2–ATG (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Cognitive load and post‐test scores were tabulated and compared using a spearman correlation across groups. In Group 1–TG, students that reported less intrinsic cognitive load had higher post‐test scores. Also, students that reported more germane cognitive load had higher post‐test scores. In Groups 2–ATG and 3–VATG, students that reported less extraneous cognitive load had higher post‐test scores (ANOVA, P < 0.05).
Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus on Various Surfaces and Their Resistance to Chlorine Sanitizer
Authors: Lee Jung‐Su , Bae Young‐Min , Lee Sook‐Young , Lee Sun‐Young 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of material types (polystyrene, polypropylene, glass, and stainless steel) and glucose addition on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, and the relationship between biofilm formation measured by crystal violet (CV) staining and the number of biofilm cells determined by cell counts was studied. We also evaluated the efficacy of chlorine sanitizer on inhibiting various different types of S. aureus biofilms on the surface of stainless steel. Levels of biofilm formation of S. aureus were higher on hydrophilic surfaces (glass and stainless steel) than on hydrophobic surfaces (polypropylene and polystyrene). With the exception of biofilm formed on glass, the addition of glucose in broth significantly increased the biofilm formation of S. aureus on all surfaces and for all tested strains (P ≤ 0.05). The number of biofilm cells was not correlated with the biomass of the biofilms determined using the CV staining method. The efficacy of chlorine sanitizer against biofilm of S. aureus was not significantly different depending on types of biofilm (P > 0.05). Therefore, further studies are needed in order to determine an accurate method quantifying levels of bacterial biofilm and to evaluate the resistance of bacterial biofilm on the material surface.
TESS3: fast inference of spatial population structure and genome scans for selection
Authors: Caye Kevin , Deist Timo M. , Martins Helena , Michel Olivier , François Olivier 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGeography and landscape are important determinants of genetic variation in natural populations, and several ancestry estimation methods have been proposed to investigate population structure using genetic and geographic data simultaneously. Those approaches are often based on computer‐intensive stochastic simulations and do not scale with the dimensions of the data sets generated by high‐throughput sequencing technologies. There is a growing demand for faster algorithms able to analyse genomewide patterns of population genetic variation in their geographic context. In this study, we presentTESS3, a major update of the spatial ancestry estimation programTESS. By combining matrix factorization and spatial statistical methods,TESS3provides estimates of ancestry coefficients with accuracy comparable toTESSand with run‐times much faster than the Bayesian version. In addition, theTESS3program can be used to perform genome scans for selection, and separate adaptive from nonadaptive genetic variation using ancestral allele frequency differentiation tests. The main features ofTESS3are illustrated using simulated data and analysing genomic data from European lines of the plant speciesArabidopsis thaliana.
3 English Houses, Materiality, and Everyday Life
Authors: Johnson Matthew H. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTMy previous work developed a structural model for understanding English vernacular houses, stressing the way the house reflected wider household values. In this paper, I balance this account by starting with everyday life rather than formal structure. I examine material traces of dwelling within and around the house, rather than the presumed mental template that conditioned its building. I discuss material items that flowed through the house in sometimes unpredictable and alarming ways (for example through witchcraft). These artifacts reflect gendered tensions and anxieties that ran through the rhythms of everyday life, rather than a patriarchal structure that governed them. A focus on dwelling brings into focus how the material form of the house and the social form of the household mutually created each other.
5 Metalworking and Ritualization: Negotiating Change through Improvisational Practice in Banda, Ghana
Authors: Stahl Ann B. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTVillagers of the 15th through mid–16th centuries C.E. in the Banda area of west central Ghana were living in times of change. The Saharan exchange networks that for several centuries had shaped the lives of earlier villagers were to give way by the late 17th century to Atlantic ones. Both offered opportunities (of access to desired goods) and perils (of enslavement). This paper focuses on a metallurgical workshop and the varied ritual practice associated with metalworking as gleaned from residues of stratified depositional practice. A variety of ritualized contexts and object configurations created a scaffolding “meshwork” that animated metallurgical practice, one that was improvised in relation to the broader context of opportunities and perils within which skilled artisans worked. These ritualized configurations were central to how craftsmen calibrated their practice in relation to the shifting global connections and moral terrains of their times.
13 Transforming Archaeology, Transforming Materiality
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe archaeological contribution to materiality has to date been less widely appreciated by practitioners outside the subdiscipline. This chapter argues that this is in part due to the identification of archaeological materiality with things, objects, or material culture, deriving from the twentieth‐century history of Americanist archaeology in particular. While archaeologists have made important contributions to debates about the agency of objects, object biographies, and critiques of object/subject dichotomies, there are specific perspectives that archaeology could contribute that derive from the nature of archaeological sites as places consisting of material traces. This article examines in depth the concept oftraceas it is used in broader social theory, and as it is instantiated in archaeological materialities. It is argued that for materialities of everyday life, in particular, traces have been the most effective kinds of materialities explored by archaeologists.
10 Bioarchaeological Perspectives on the Materiality of Everyday Life Activities
Authors: Wesp Julie K. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe activities of everyday life influence not only the extrasomatic material world, but also the material properties of our own bodies. Living bone tissue is a dynamic material that responds to external and internal stimuli to alter its size, shape, and structure, and the repetitive actions from daily life performances leave traces that can be interpreted from archaeological skeletal remains. This chapter examines how the human body can be interpreted as a type of material object that both shapes and is shaped by our behavior. These changes are highlighted through the examination of a small skeletal population from the Postclassic site of Xaltocan in Central Mexico. Bioarchaeological analyses of these material changes add a unique perspective to the discussion of the materiality of everyday life in the past.
12 What Do Things Want? Object Design as a Middle Range Theory of Material Culture
Authors: Robb John 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTMaterial culture theorists in archaeology often argue directly from abstract philosophical models to the interpretation of specific examples which exemplify a particular paradigm well; there has been little attempt to develop methods which work across the entire range of material things we make and which relate the social projects they form part of to the actual material characteristics of things. This paper attempts to refocus attention upon objects by asking the design question: what social task are they intended to accomplish, and what characteristics (material and otherwise) enable them to do it? It develops a general model in which objects incorporate knowledge of the responses they are intended to provoke; this incorporated knowledge gives archaeologists analytical purchase for understanding ancient things. This thesis is illustrated both by a survey of some common strategies of material efficacy and by two capsule examples of how aesthetic style as a design feature provokes specific reactions on the part of people using objects, linking them into particular kinds of social relationships.
Suicide attempts in major depressive episode: evidence from the BRIDGE‐II‐Mix study
Authors: Popovic Dina , Vieta Eduard , Azorin Jean‐Michel , Angst Jules , Bowden Charles L , Mosolov Sergey , Young Allan H , Perugi Giulio 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesThe Bipolar Disorders: Improving Diagnosis, Guidance, and Education (BRIDGE‐II‐Mix) study aimed to estimate the frequency of mixed states in patients with a major depressive episode (MDE) according to different definitions and to compare their clinical validity, looking into specific features such as suicidality.MethodsA total of 2,811 subjects were enrolled in this multicenter cross‐sectional study. Psychiatric symptoms, and sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected. The analysis compared the characteristics of patients with MDE with (MDE‐SA group) and without (MDE‐NSA) a history of suicide attempts.ResultsThe history of suicide attempts was registered in 628 patients (22.34%). In the MDE‐SA group, women (72.5%, p = 0.028), (hypo)mania in first‐degree relatives (20.5%, p < 0.0001), psychotic features (15.1%, p < 0.0001), and atypical features (9.2%, p = 0.009) were more prevalent. MDE‐SA patients’ previous responses to treatment with antidepressants included more (hypo)manic switches [odds ratio (OR) = 1.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.58–2.44, p < 0.0001], treatment resistance (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.72–2.49, p < 0.0001), mood lability (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.65–2.39, p < 0.0001), and irritability (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.48–2.17, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis evidenced that risky behavior, psychomotor agitation and impulsivity, and borderline personality and substance use disorders were the variables most frequently associated with previous suicide attempts. In the MDE‐SA group, 75 patients (11.9%) fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)‐5 criteria for MDE with mixed features, and 250 patients (39.8%) fulfilled research‐based diagnostic criteria for a mixed depressive episode.ConclusionsImportant differences between MDE‐SA and MDE‐NSA patients have emerged. Early identification of symptoms such as risky behavior, psychomotor agitation, and impulsivity in patients with MDE, and treatment of mixed depressive states could represent a major step in suicide prevention.
Pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with high-level inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) expression on lung regulatory T cells – possible implications for the ICOS/ICOS-ligand axis in disease course and resolution
Authors: Sakthivel P , Grunewald J , Eklund A , Bruder D , Wahlström J 
Published: September 2015

SummarySarcoidosis is a granulomatous inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. The increased frequency of activated lung CD4+ T cells with a T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine profile in sarcoidosis patients is accompanied by a reduced proportion and/or impaired function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we evaluated the expression of the inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) on lung and blood CD4+ T cell subsets in sarcoidosis patients with different prognosis, by flow cytometry. Samples from the deep airways were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). We show that Tregs from the inflamed lung of sarcoidosis patients were characterized by a unique ICOShigh phenotype. High-level ICOS expression was restricted to Tregs from the inflamed lung and was absent in blood Tregs of sarcoidosis patients as well as in lung and blood Tregs of healthy volunteers. In addition, lung Tregs exhibited increased ICOS expression compared to sarcoid-specific lung effector T cells. Strikingly, ICOS expression on Tregs was in particularly high in the lungs of Löfgren’s syndrome (LS) patients who present with acute disease which often resolves spontaneously. Moreover, blood monocytes from LS patients revealed increased ICOS-L levels compared to healthy donors. Sarcoidosis was associated with a shift towards a non-classical monocyte phenotype and the ICOS-Lhigh phenotype was restricted to this particular monocyte subset. We propose a potential implication of the ICOS/ICOS-L immune-regulatory axis in disease activity and resolution and suggest to evaluate further the suitability of ICOS as biomarker for the prognosis of sarcoidosis.
Signal peptide‐CUB‐EGF domain‐containing protein 1 (SCUBE1) levels in patients with overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism: effects of treatment
Authors: Erem Cihangir , Civan Nadim , Coskun Hulya , Mentese Ahmet , Suleyman Akile Karacin , Altay Diler Us , Akgul Zeynep , Deger Orhan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackground and ObjectivesSignal peptide‐CUB‐EGF domain‐containing protein 1 (SCUBE1) has been shown to increase in parallel with platelet activation in acute ischaemic and thrombotic diseases. There has been no study evaluating SCUBE1 levels in patients with overt hyperthyroidism (OHyper) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (SHyper), conditions which are known to show impairment of both endothelial and platelet function. This study sought to evaluate SCUBE1 concentrations in patients with SHyper and OHyper, and assessed the effects of antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy on circulating SCUBE1 levels.Design and MethodsForty‐five untreated patients with OHyper, 20 untreated patients with SHyper and 30 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were prospectively included in the study. Biochemical and hormonal parameters were evaluated in all patients before and after treatment.ResultsCompared with the control subjects, SCUBE1 levels were significantly increased in patients with SHyper and OHyper (P < 0·0001 and P = 0·002, respectively). SCUBE1 levels were not significantly different in patients with OHyper compared with patients with SHyper. There was no significant correlation between serum thyroid hormones and SCUBE1 levels. Plasma SCUBE1 levels decreased significantly in both OHyper and SHyper after ATD treatment (P < 0·05).ConclusionsIncreased SCUBE1 levels in both SHyper and OHyper patients may reflect increased platelet activation and possible endothelial dysfunction, which might augment the risk for atherosclerotic and atherothrombotic complications. SCUBE1 may be used as a reliable marker of endothelial damage in hyperthyroidism, especially in the subclinical period.
An aphid lineage maintains a bark‐feeding niche while switching to and diversifying on conifers
Authors: Chen Rui , Favret Colin , Jiang Liyun , Wang Zhe , Qiao Gexia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLachnine aphids are unusual among phytophagous insects because they feed on both leafy and woody parts of both angiosperm and conifer hosts. Despite being piercing‐sucking phloem‐feeders, these aphids are most speciose on woody parts of coniferous hosts. To evaluate the significance of this unusual biology on their evolution, we reconstructed the ancestral host and feeding site of the lachnine aphids and estimated important host shifts during their evolution. We sampled 78 species representing 14 of the 18 genera of Lachninae from Asia and North America. We performed parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood phylogenetic analyses of combined mitochondrialCox1,Cox2,CytBand nuclearEF1a1DNAsequences. We dated the resulting phylogram's important nodes using Bayesian methods and multiple fossil and secondary calibrations. Finally, we used parsimony and Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction to evaluate ancestral feeding ecology. Our results suggest the lachnine common ancestor fed on a woody part of an angiosperm host in the mid‐Cretaceous. A shift to conifer hosts in the Late Cretaceous is correlated with a subsequent increased diversification in the Palaeogene, but a switch to leafy host tissues did not engender a similar burst of diversification. Extant lachnine lineages exhibit the full range of historical association with their hosts: some appeared before, some concomitant with and some after the appearance of their hosts. We conclude our study by placing all the lachnine genera in five tribes.
Clinical value of capsule endoscopy for detecting small bowel lesions in patients with intestinal Behçet's disease
Authors: Arimoto Jun , Endo Hiroki , Kato Takayuki , Umezawa Shotaro , Fuyuki Akiko , Uchiyama Shiori , Higurashi Takuma , Ohkubo Hidenori , Nonaka Takashi , Takeno Mitsuhiro , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki , Sakai Eiji , Matsuhashi Nobuyuki , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: September 2015

Background and AimTo evaluate the clinical value of capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with intestinal Behçet's disease (BD).MethodsThe present study was a case–control pilot study conducted in intestinal BD patients and healthy volunteers. A total of 19 patients with intestinal BD (intestinal BD group) and 19 healthy volunteers (control group) matched for age and sex were enrolled. Frequency, number of small bowel lesions per subject, and Lewis score were comparatively evaluated between the two groups.ResultsOf the 19 patients with intestinal BD, 18 (94.7%) had reddened lesions, 15 (78.9%) had erosions, and nine (47.4%) had ulcers. There were significant differences in the frequency of reddened lesions (P < 0.0001), erosions (P < 0.0001) and ulcers (P = 0.0011) between the two groups. The difference in the number of small bowel lesions between the two groups was also statistically significant. The median Lewis score in the intestinal BD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (intestinal BD group 237 (0–768) vs control group 8 (0–135); P < 0.0001). Analysis according to the location in the small bowel revealed that the frequency of ulcers tended to increase towards the distal intestine.ConclusionThis is the first CE study conducted to examine small bowel involvement in intestinal BD patients. Our results suggest that CE evaluation is necessary, in addition to colonoscopy, in all intestinal BD patients.
Smoking affects the oral glucose tolerance test profile and the relationship between glucose and HbA1c in gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Aulinas A. , Colom C. , García Patterson A. , Ubeda J. , María M. A. , Orellana I. , Adelantado J. M. , de Leiva A. , Corcoy R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimsCurrent smokers in the general population have a lower 2 h plasma glucose after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a higher HbA1c than non‐smokers, but the relationships between OGTT/HbA1c and smoking status have not been addressed in pregnancy. We analysed glycaemic measurements in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to smoking status.MethodsWe performed a review of the prospectively collected database of the diabetes and pregnancy clinic. We included women with gestational diabetes mellitus and a singleton pregnancy who delivered between 1986 and 2006. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate patient characteristics in relation to smoking status.ResultsA total of 2361 women met the inclusion criteria: 556 (23.5%) were active smokers, 266 (11.3%) quit during pregnancy and 1539 (65.2%) were non‐smokers. Most baseline characteristics were similar across groups. Diagnostic OGTT was performed at a gestational age of [median (25th, 75th centiles)] 29 weeks (26, 33). Women who smoked at the beginning of pregnancy had a higher 1‐h plasma glucose than non‐smokers [11.8 (11, 12.7), 11.6 (11, 12.6) and 11.5 (10.8, 12.5) mmol/l, for active smokers, those who quit during pregnancy and non‐smokers, respectively, P < 0.001] and a lower 3‐h plasma glucose [7.3 (5.9, 8.4), 7.6 (6.4, 8.7) and 8.0 (6.8, 9.0) mmol/l, respectively, P < 0.001]. HbA1c was higher in women who smoked at the beginning of pregnancy. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the independent association of smoking status with HbA1c and OGTT plasma glucose.ConclusionsIn women with gestational diabetes mellitus who smoke at the beginning of pregnancy, the shape of the OGTT is consistent with accelerated glucose absorption, and HbA1c is higher than expected for glycaemic values.
Implementation and development of early intervention in psychosis services in Italy: a national survey promoted by the Associazione Italiana Interventi Precoci nelle Psicosi
Authors: Cocchi Angelo , Cavicchini Anna , Collavo Marzia , Ghio Lucio , Macchi Sara , Meneghelli Anna , Preti Antonio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimThis is the first comprehensive, nationwide survey aimed at collecting evidence about the process of implementation and development of early intervention in psychosis (EIP) services (EIPs) in Italy, following the establishment of the pilot program ‘Programma 2000’ in 1999 and the publishing of the Italian National Guidelines in 2007. This survey covers all the Departments of Mental Health (DMHs) operating in Italy in 2013.MethodsUsing a purpose‐designed form to assess EIP implementation, all directors of public mental health services for adults throughout Italy (n = 216) were asked to provide information about the activities of EIP‐relevant local services. The initial delivery was followed by a request for a prompt response.ResultsOut of 216 enquired DMHs, 103 provided computable answers to the survey (response rate = 48%). Among responders, 45 (44%) reported the implementation of EIP (one out of five DMHs operating in Italy). About a half of the active EIPs also targeted patients at ultra‐high risk of psychosis (n = 27). Strict application of guidelines related to drug prescription was reported in 35% of EIPs. Conversely, 90% provided some kind of structured psychotherapy and psychoeducation. Among EIPs, a minority reported willingness to provide initial assessment/contact at the patient's home.ConclusionAlbeit slowly, the implementation of EIP is spreading throughout the Italian public network of mental health. There is still a wide variability in the distribution of EIP services across the Italian territory. Further efforts are necessary to stimulate policy endorsement and resource allocation, as well as to support the poorest zones.