bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immunity of Civilians –
Authors: Küblbeck Eva 
Published: September 2014

The paper purports to consider the question of whether it is conceivable that a people, who have been occupied and whose rights have been severely violated for several decades, may legitimately target civilians as a last resort. Looking at terrorist attacks, inter alia suicide attacks, in the Palestinian- Israeli conflict, this paper scrutinizes philosophical and legal attempts to justify the deliberate killing of civilians in order to compel the opponent into changing his politics.
The paper draws a simplified picture of the historical developments in the region and does not provide an exhausting analysis of the situation but rather highlights single events in order to examine the legal framework against the background of the conflict. It intends to raise rather than answer questions and aims at making a contribution to this complex discussion.
Looking at several philosophical justifications of terrorism, the paper then turns to the issues of self-determination, necessity and self-defence. As expected, the discussion reinforces the prohibition to target civilians as one of the fundamental principles of humanitarian law. However, very interesting aspects come into view when investigating the limits of philosophical theories and legal standards regarding the question of last resort.
Polymyalgia rheumatica: 125 years of epidemiological progress?
Authors: Rooney Patrick J , Rooney Jennifer , Balint Geza , Balint Peter 
Published: September 2014

Objectives On the 125th anniversary of the first recognised publication on polymyalgia rheumatica, a review of the literature was undertaken to assess what progress has been made from the point of view of the epidemiology of this disease and whether such studies have advanced our knowledge of its aetiopathogenesis and management. Methods The authors searched Medline and PubMed using the search terms ‘polymyalgia rheumatica’, ‘giant cell arteritis’ and ‘temporal arteritis’. As much as possible, efforts were made to focus on studies where polymyalgia and giant cell arteritis were treated as separate entities. The selection of articles was influenced by the authors’ bias that polymyalgia rheumatica is a separate clinical condition from giant cell arteritis and that, as yet, the diagnosis is a clinical one. Results This review has shown that, following the recognition of polymyalgia as a distinct clinical problem of the elderly, the results of a considerable amount of research efforts investigating the populations susceptible, the geographic distribution of these affected populations and the associated sociological and genetic elements that might contribute to its occurrence, polymyalgia rheumatica remains a difficult problem for the public health services of the developed world. Conclusions Polymyalgia rheumatica remains a clinical enigma and its relationship to giant cell arteritis is no clearer now than it has been for the past 125 years. Diagnosing this disease is still almost exclusively dependent on the clinical acumen of a patient’s medical attendant. Until an objective method of identifying it clearly in the clinical setting is available, uncovering the aetiology is still unlikely. Until then, clear guidelines on the future incidence and prevalence of polymyalgia rheumatica and the public health problems of the disease and its management, especially in relation to the use of long term corticosteroids, will be difficult to provide.
Correlation of Pelvic Incidence With Cam and Pincer Lesions
Authors: Gebhart Jeremy J. , Streit Jonathan J. , Bedi Asheesh , Bush-Joseph Charles A. , Nho Shane J. , Salata Michael J. 
Published: September 2014

Background: The sacropelvic parameter of pelvic incidence (PI) is a position-independent anatomic parameter that regulates lumbar lordosis and pelvic orientation. While it has been extensively studied in relation to spine pathology, only a single study has correlated PI with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Hypothesis: Decreased PI would be associated with an increased prevalence of cam and pincer lesions. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Measurements of the acetabulum, proximal femur, and sacropelvis were made bilaterally on 40 cadaveric specimens, for a total of 80 hips. Twenty specimens had the presence of bilateral cam deformities (alpha angle >55°), and 20 age- and sex-matched specimens had bilateral normal hips. Pincer lesions were defined as an anteversion <15°. Pelvic incidence and acetabular version were measured using standardized lateral photographs and a goniometer, respectively. Independent-samples t tests were performed to evaluate for differences in measured parameters between groups. Results: The mean PI was 43.1° ± 8.6° for hips with a cam lesion and 47.7° ± 9.3° for normal hips, demonstrating a significant association between decreased PI and the presence of a cam lesion ( P = .02). The mean version of acetabula with pincer lesions (n = 28) was 11.4° ± 2.5°, and the mean version of normal acetabula (n = 52) was 20.1° ± 3.8°. The mean PI of hips with pincer lesions was 42.5° ± 8.5°, significantly less than that of normal hips, 47.0° ± 9.2° ( P = .04). Conclusion: This study supports a recent study that suggested patients with pincer impingement have a smaller PI than the healthy population, and it is the first to demonstrate a significant association between decreased PI and cam-type femoral deformity. Based on results of this study, further clinical study of the effects of pelvic geometry on FAI is warranted. Clinical Relevance: While the study results do not prove a causal relationship, it is theorized that the restriction of range of motion and biomechanical adaptations of the pelvis around the hip joints resulting from a smaller PI may affect hip development and FAI. The influence of mechanical factors beyond the hip joint in the development of FAI should be considered by clinicians.
Laser surface modification of AZ31B Mg alloy for bio-wettability
Authors: Ho Yee-Hsien , Vora Hitesh D , Dahotre Narendra B 
Published: September 2014

Magnesium alloys are the potential degradable materials for load-bearing implant application due to their comparable mechanical properties to human bone, excellent bioactivity, and in vivo non-toxicity. However, for a successful load-bearing implant, the surface of bio-implant must allow protein absorption and layer formation under physiological environment that can assist the cell/osteoblast growth. In this regard, surface wettability of bio-implant plays a key role to dictate the quantity of protein absorption. In light of this, the main objective of the present study was to produce favorable bio-wettability condition of AZ31B Mg alloy bio-implant surface via laser surface modification technique under various laser processing conditions. In the present efforts, the influence of laser surface modification on AZ31B Mg alloy surface on resultant bio-wettability was investigated via contact-angle measurements and the co-relationships among microstructure (grain size), surface roughness, surface energy, and surface chemical composition were established. In addition, the laser surface modification technique was simulated by computational (thermal) model to facilitate the prediction of temperature and its resultant cooling/solidification rates under various laser processing conditions for correlating with their corresponding composition and phase evolution. These predicted thermal properties were later used to correlate with the corresponding microstructure, chemical composition, and phase evolution via experimental analyses (X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectroscopy).
Social capital: a novel platform for understanding social determinants of health in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kim S S , Mancuso C A , Huang W-T , Erkan D 
Published: September 2014

Objective The objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of social capital as a unique and distinct entity from the traditional psychosocial factors of social support, depressive symptoms, and self-efficacy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and to evaluate how social capital varies in an SLE sample according to demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables. Methods In a cross-sectional study, SLE patients completed the Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool (A-SCAT), which measures cognitive and structural social capital. Patients also completed measures of social support, depressive symptoms, and SLE self-efficacy. Correlations were evaluated between social capital scores and demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables. Results We recruited 89 patients (mean age: 39 ± 15 years old, 83 (93): female; mean SLEDAI: 4; mean SLICC 1). The mean A-SCAT score was 34 ± 15 (normal: 0–71); higher scores were associated with female sex, older age, higher education, Caucasian race, and non-Medicaid insurance ( p ≤ 0.03 for all); associations were attributable to structural social capital. Social capital was not associated with depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, or affectionate and interaction social support, but was associated with informational and tangible social support ( r = 0.39, r = 0.26, respectively, p≤ 0.02). There were no associations between SLEDAI and SLICC and social capital, social support, and depressive symptoms. Conclusions Social capital is a novel construct that, like other traditional psychosocial measures, addresses aspects of SLE not reflected by markers of disease activity. Social capital, however, is distinct from traditional psychosocial measures and offers a new platform on which ideas of social connectedness can broaden our understanding of health and chronic illness.
Predictive role of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in lupus nephritis
Authors: Elewa E A , El Tokhy M A , Fathy S E , Talaat A M 
Published: September 2014

Objectives To evaluate the role of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), or lipocalin-2, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients as a biomarker of renal activity and flares. Methods Fifty subjects were divided into three groups: the first group comprised 14 SLE patients with no renal disease, the second group 16 SLE patients with active renal disease, the third group 20 apparently normal volunteers. At the beginning of the study clinical and laboratory data including uNGAL were collected. All patients were followed up serially in visits. At each visit, urine samples were collected for measurement of uNGAL as well as for standard urinalysis and a urine protein/creatinine ratio. Results A highly significant difference was seen in uNGAL in all studied groups. Correlation was noticed between uNGAL and laboratory parameters of renal disease activity. There was significant positive correlation between renal SLEDAI and uNGAL levels. uNGAL is a significant predictor for renal disease activity and renal flare. Conclusion The more active the renal disease, the higher the measured levels of uNGAL, suggesting that it is a potential biomarker of active renal disease. uNGAL can be a predictive biomarker that could be followed serially to forecast renal disease activity and lupus nephritis flare.
Changing care? Men and managerialism in the nonprofit sector
Authors: Baines Donna , Charlesworth Sara , Cunningham Ian 
Published: September 2014

Summary The movement of men into care work in the predominantly female voluntary sector appears to be an unintended impact of welfare state contracting-out, managerialism and labour market restructuring. While not uniform, our comparative, international data (New Zealand and Scotland) show that some groups of men in nonprofit care work jobs embraced managerialism and used aspects of it to reshape and advance their work, while others undertook practices exemplifying a ‘caring masculinity’ more similar to practices currently associated with femininised ways of undertaking care activities. Findings Drawing on international comparative data collected as part of a larger study of restructuring in the nonprofit social services, this article suggests analytic clusters of masculinities operating in the voluntary sector and explores how the presence of men in care work may be changing it. The article also shows how hegemonic, masculinist-oriented practices in the workplace appear more amenable to managerialism than the expected feminine self-sacrificing, self-exploiting ethos of this highly gendered, female-majority sector. Applications These findings provide insights into the gendered and changing work in the nonprofit social services sector, and suggest ways the gender order is changing with the influx of male workers. The findings will be of interest to social work managers, supervisors, practitioners, policy analysts, students and educators.
The Tablet Device in Hospital Neurology and in Neurology Graduate Medical Education
Authors: George Pravin , Newey Christopher R. , Bhimraj Adarsh 
Published: September 2014

Background and Purpose: There is limited literature on tablet devices for neurohospitalists and in neurological graduate medical education. This study evaluated utilization, benefits, and limitations of customized tablets on inpatient neurology practice and resident education. The hypothesis was the perception of the tablet would be positive, given their portability, convenience to accessing point-of-care reference, and accessibility to the electronic medical record. Methods: Second-generation iPads with neurology-specific applications and literature were provided to our in-hospital general, stroke, and consult neurology teams. After 1 year, residents on these teams were surveyed on demographic data, familiarity, and utilization of the iPad and their perceptions of the device. Results: All 27 residents responded to the survey. Most participants (23 of 27) used a tablet while on inpatient service. Twelve regularly utilized the neurology-specific apps and/or accessed scientific articles. Technologically savvy residents felt significantly more comfortable using tablets and were more quickly acquainted with the features. Thirteen respondents wanted a formal orientation on the advanced features of the tablet independent of their familiarity with the device or level of technological comfort. Conclusion: Overall, the perception was that the tablet was beneficial for inpatient clinical care and as an educational reference. Participants became easily familiarized with the device features quickly, regardless of whether they owned one previously or not. Most physicians indicated interest in advanced features of tablets; however, a formal orientation may be beneficial for optimal utilization. A reliable network connection is essential to in-hospital use of tablet devices. Additional research pertaining to patient outcomes, objective educational benefit, and cost-effectiveness is necessary.
Electronic discharge summaries in cross-border care in the European Union: How close are we to making it happen?
Authors: Döring N , Doupi P , Glonti K , Winkelmann J , Warren E , McKee M , Knai C 
Published: September 2014

Introduction The political drive for cross-border care within the European Union and an increasing focus on integrated care both have implications for electronic health records. The hospital discharge summary is a critical component of systems to ensure quality and continuity of care, and in a cross-border setting would particularly benefit from an electronic version. We have explored the extent to which European Union level policy and practice on electronic health records address issues pertinent to the development and implementation of electronic discharge summaries for patients treated outside their own country. Methods We approached the topic by analysing data from two different sources: European Union policy documents on topics relevant to electronic health records and deliverables of European Union-funded electronic health record-focused research and development projects. Elements pertinent to different aspects of interoperability – legal, semantic and technical – were extracted from both sources and their content compared to assess the degree of consistency between policy and implementation targets. Results We identified 25 policy documents and 14 European Union-funded projects. Our results show that European legislation is increasingly aligned with projects funded through European Union sources and substantial progress has been accomplished in achieving electronic communication across European health systems. Nevertheless, the achievement of a European level interoperable discharge summary is still a distant goal, while inadequate attention has been paid to the coordination of current discharge summary practices in Member States. Discussion If the harmonized European Union patient summary is also to function as an electronic discharge summary, further specific steps are needed that address issues of both content and processes related to communication.
Evaluating chronic disease management in real-world settings in six European countries: Lessons from the collaborative DISMEVAL project
Authors: Elissen Arianne , Nolte Ellen , Hinrichs Saba , Conklin Annalijn , Adams John , Cadier Benjamin , Chevreul Karine , Durand-Zaleski Isabelle , Erler Antje , Flamm Maria , Frølich Anne , Fullerton Birgit , Jacobsen Ramune , Knai Cécile , Saz-Parkinson Zuleika , Sarria-Santamera Antonio , Sönnichsen Andreas , Vrijhoef Hubertus J.M. 
Published: September 2014

Objective To describe the interventions, research methods and main findings of the international DISMEVAL project, in which the “real-world” impact of exemplary European disease management approaches was investigated in six countries using advanced analytic techniques. Design Across countries, the project captured a wide range of disease management strategies and settings; approaches to evaluation varied per country, but included, among others, difference-in-differences analysis and regression discontinuity analysis. Setting Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, The Netherlands, and Spain. Participants Health care providers and/or statutory insurance funds providing routine data from their disease management interventions, mostly retrospectively. Intervention(s) This study did not carry out an intervention but evaluated the impact of existing disease management interventions implemented in European care settings. Main outcome measure(s) Outcome measures were largely dependent on available routine data, but could concern health care structures, processes, and outcomes. Results Data covering 10 to 36 months were gathered concerning more than 154,000 patients with three conditions. The analyses demonstrated considerable positive effects of disease management on process quality (Austria, Germany), but no more than moderate improvements in intermediate health outcomes (Austria, France, Netherlands, Spain) or disease progression (Denmark) in intervention patients, where possible compared with a matched control group. Conclusions Assessing the “real-world” impact of chronic disease management remains a challenge. In settings where randomization is not possible and/or desirable, routine health care performance data can provide a valuable resource for practice-based evaluations using advanced analytic techniques.
Long-term follow-up from a phase 1/2 study of single-agent bortezomib in relapsed systemic AL amyloidosis
Authors: Reece Donna E. , Hegenbart Ute , Sanchorawala Vaishali , Merlini Giampaolo , Palladini Giovanni , Bladé Joan , Fermand Jean-Paul , Hassoun Hani , Heffner Leonard , Kukreti Vishal , Vescio Robert A. , Pei Lixia , Enny Christopher , Esseltine Dixie-Lee , van de Velde Helgi , Cakana Andrew , Comenzo Raymond L. 
Published: September 2014

Key Points
Single-agent bortezomib produces durable hematologic responses and promising long-term overall survival in relapsed AL patients. Once-weekly bortezomib is better tolerated and produces similar responses to twice-weekly bortezomib in relapsed AL patients.
Mutually exclusive recurrent somatic mutations in MAP2K1 and BRAF support a central role for ERK activation in LCH pathogenesis
Authors: Chakraborty Rikhia , Hampton Oliver A. , Shen Xiaoyun , Simko Stephen J. , Shih Albert , Abhyankar Harshal , Lim Karen Phaik Har , Covington Kyle R. , Trevino Lisa , Dewal Ninad , Muzny Donna M. , Doddapaneni Harshavardhan , Hu Jianhong , Wang Linghua , Lupo Philip J. , Hicks M. John , Bonilla Diana L. , Dwyer Karen C. , Berres Marie-Luise , Poulikakos Poulikos I. , Merad Miriam , McClain Kenneth L. , Wheeler David A. , Allen Carl E. , Parsons D. Williams 
Published: September 2014

Key Points
Recurrent somatic mutations in MAP2K1 were identified in 33% of LCH lesions with wild-type BRAF. The mutant MAPK kinase 1 proteins activate ERK. The ability of MAPK pathway inhibitors to suppress MAPK kinase and ERK phosphorylation in vitro was dependent on the specific LCH mutation.
Nontoxic polyphosphate inhibitors reduce thrombosis while sparing hemostasis
Authors: Travers Richard J. , Shenoi Rajesh A. , Kalathottukaren Manu Thomas , Kizhakkedathu Jayachandran N. , Morrissey James H. 
Published: September 2014

Key Points
Polyphosphate inhibitors are antithrombotics with a novel mechanism of action and reduced bleeding side effects compared with heparin. Originally identified polyphosphate inhibitors were all toxic; this study reports the development of safe and effective alternatives.
Inhibiting stromal cell heparan sulfate synthesis improves stem cell mobilization and enables engraftment without cytotoxic conditioning
Authors: Saez Borja , Ferraro Francesca , Yusuf Rushdia Z. , Cook Colleen M. , Yu Vionnie W. C. , Pardo-Saganta Ana , Sykes Stephen M. , Palchaudhuri Rahul , Schajnovitz Amir , Lotinun Sutada , Lymperi Stefania , Mendez-Ferrer Simon , Toro Raquel del , Day Robyn , Vasic Radovan , Acharya Sanket S. , Baron Roland , Lin Charles P. , Yamaguchi Yu , Wagers Amy J. , Scadden David T. 
Published: September 2014

Key Points
Mx1 + stromal cells and/or their descendants provide functional niches for HSPCs and regulate their localization. Targeting Ext1 or HSPG can mobilize more potent reconstituting cells and enable engraftment without cytotoxic conditioning.
Microwave fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle and its visible light photocatalytic properties
Authors: Zhou Zhihua , Zhang Pingan , Lin Yuelai , Ashalley Eric , Ji Haining , Wu Jiang , Li Handong , Wang Zhiming 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle with an average diameter of approximately 31 nm has been successfully synthesized by a time effective microwave fabrication method. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and microstructure of the Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle were characterized. Moreover, the visible light photocatalytic ability of the Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle toward degradation of methylene blue (MB) was also studied. About 30% of MB was degraded after 240 min irradiation when employing Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle as a photocatalyst. However, almost all MB was decomposed after 90 min irradiation when introducing a small amount of H2O2 as a co-photocatalyst. The enhancement of the photocatalytic performance was attributed to the synergetic effect between the Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle and H2O2. The detailed photocatalytic degradation mechanism of MB by the Cu2ZnSnS4 was further proposed.