bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Phosphatin, a Drug Alleviating Phosphate Starvation Responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Arnaud Carole , Clément Mathilde , Thibaud Marie-Christine , Javot Hélène , Chiarenza Serge , Delannoy Etienne , Revol Julia , Soreau Paul , Balzergue Sandrine , Block Maryse A. , Maréchal Eric , Desnos Thierry , Nussaume Laurent 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is present in most soils at suboptimal concentrations, strongly limiting plant development. Plants have the ability to sense and adapt to the surrounding ionic environment, and several genes involved in the response to Pi starvation have been identified. However, a global understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in this process is still elusive. Here, we have initiated a chemical genetics approach and isolated compounds that inhibit the response to Pi starvation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Molecules were screened for their ability to inhibit the expression of a Pi starvation marker gene (the high-affinity Pi transporter PHT1;4). A drug family named Phosphatin (PTN; Pi starvation inhibitor), whose members act as partial suppressors of Pi starvation responses, was thus identified. PTN addition also reduced various traits of Pi starvation, such as phospholipid/glycolipid conversion, and the accumulation of starch and anthocyanins. A transcriptomic assay revealed a broad impact of PTN on the expression of many genes regulated by low Pi availability. Despite the reduced amount of Pi transporters and resulting reduced Pi uptake capacity, no reduction of Pi content was observed. In addition, PTN improved plant growth; this reveals that the developmental restrictions induced by Pi starvation are not a consequence of metabolic limitation but a result of genetic regulation. This highlights the existence of signal transduction pathway(s) that limit plant development under the Pi starvation condition.
Human papillomavirus infection in Bowen disease: Negative p53 expression, not p16INK4a overexpression, is correlated with human papillomavirus‐associated Bowen disease
Authors: Murao Kazutoshi , Yoshioka Rika , Kubo Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGenital Bowen disease (BD) has been linked to the high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Recently, it has been recognized that HPV also can be associated with extragenital BD. HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 interfere with the function of p53 and pRb, respectively, leading carcinogenesis. p16INK4a overexpression induced by inactivation of pRb is recognized as a surrogate marker for HPV‐associated cervical cancer. In this study, we examined the presence of HPV DNA in 142 BD lesions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and determined the type of HPV by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism or direct DNA sequencing. HPV DNA was detected in 66.7% of genital BD and 8.3% of extragenital BD. The types of HPV detected were HPV types 6, 16, 33, 52, 56, 58 and 59. We also investigated the expression of p16INK4a, pRb and p53 by immunohistochemistry. Positive expression was detected in 88.6% for p16INK4a, 25.2% for pRb, and 63.8% for p53. There was no significant difference in p16INK4a and pRb expression between HPV‐positive and ‐negative BD. However, a strong correlation of HPV positivity with p53 negativity was found. A total of 66.7% of HPV‐positive BD showed no p53 expression, whereas the corresponding rate was 32.8% of HPV‐negative BD. This study demonstrated that HPV can participate in the development of BD, not only in the genital lesion, but also in extragenital lesion. p16INK4a overexpression is not a marker for HPV infection in BD. Instead, negative p53 expression is correlated with HPV‐associated BD.
Power and Persuasion in the Vaccine Debates: An Analysis of Political Efforts and Outcomes in the United States, 1998‐2012
Authors: LILLVIS DENISE F. , KIRKLAND ANNA , FRICK ANNA 
Published: September 2014

Policy Points:

From 2011 to 2013, immunization proponents won significant legislative victories that tightened philosophical exemptions in Washington, Oregon, and California.
Highlighting data on the high rates of unvaccinated children and subsequent, preventable infectious disease outbreaks has proven to be quite compelling to state lawmakers, especially when combined with physician expert testimony. Even vigorous protest from vaccine‐critical organizations failed to defeat recent legislative wins when other political conditions were favorable.
Our research suggests that immunization proponents have not been as active as they could be, and that much of the energy in pressing for new policies over the past 15 years has been on the vaccine‐critical side of the aisle.
ContextThis article examines trends in state‐level childhood vaccine policies in the United States from 1998 to 2012 and explains the trajectories for both vaccine‐critical and proimmunization legislative efforts. Successful mobilization by vaccine critics during the height of the autism and thimerosal scares (roughly 1998 to 2003) yielded a few state‐level expansions for the most permissive type of exemption from vaccine mandates for public school attendance, those based on personal beliefs. Vaccine‐critical positions, however, have largely become discredited. How has vaccine critics’ ability to advance preferred policies and prevent the passage of unfavorable legislation changed over time?MethodsWe created a unique data set of childhood vaccine bills (n = 636), introduced from 1998 to 2012 across the 50 state legislatures, and coded them by type of effort (exemption, mandate, mercury ban, and information policies) and outcome. We then mapped out the trends in vaccine policies over time. In order to contextualize the trends we identified, we also reviewed numerous primary sources and conducted interviews with stakeholders.FindingsIn general, we found that vaccine critics’ legislative success has begun to wane. In only 20 bills in our data set were vaccine critics able to change policy in their preferred direction via the legislative process. Only 5 of those wins were significant (such as obtaining a new philosophical exemption to vaccine mandates), and the last of these was in 2007. Critics were more successful at preventing passage of proimmunization legislation, such as mandates for the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.ConclusionsRecent legislation in California, Oregon, and Washington that tightened philosophical exemptions by means of informational requirements suggests that vaccine politics may be entering another phase, one in which immunization supporters may be able to counter increasing opt‐out rates, particularly in states with recent outbreaks and politicians favoring science‐based policies.
Trust and Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: GARRETT JACE , HOITASH RANI , PRAWITT DOUGLAS F. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTUsing unique survey data from Great Place to Work® Institute, we investigate the association of intraorganizational trust (i.e., employees’ trust in management) with three aspects of financial reporting: accruals quality, misstatements, and internal control quality. We find that trust is associated with better accrual quality, lower likelihood of financial statement misstatements, and lower likelihood of internal control material weakness disclosures. However, these effects are not uniform across all companies. Consistent with trust improving financial reporting quality through improved information production and information sharing, we find that trust is significantly associated with financial reporting quality in relatively decentralized firms, but not in firms that are relatively centralized. Our results are robust to several analyses that attempt to control for potential alternative explanations.
Identifying the site for intercostal catheter insertion in the emergency department: Is clinical examination reliable?
Authors: Carter Peter , Conroy Sheree , Blakeney Jade , Sood Bimal 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether ED doctors, comprising both consultants and registrars, can accurately identify the 4th or 5th intercostal space (ICS), commonly used for intercostal catheter insertion.MethodsAn observational study was designed using a sample of ED doctors applying their clinical skills to a convenience sample of patients reflecting a heterogeneous mix of ED patients. Patients already receiving a CXR in our ED were examined by a registrar or consultant who placed a radiopaque marker on the patients' chest wall over the site they determined to be the 4th or 5th ICS. Consultant radiologists reported the marker's position from postero‐anterior projection CXRs, and results were analysed comparing consultants with registrars, right to left hemithoraces and male to female patients.ResultsED doctors participating in the present study placed the marker over the 4th or 5th ICS 36.2% of the time, with no significant difference between consultant and registrar groups, nor right or left hemithoraces. Accuracy was improved in female patients compared with male patients.ConclusionEmergency registrars and consultants sampled from a regional ED appeared unable to reliably identify the 4th or 5th ICS, as evidenced by marker position, in a heterogeneous patient population.
Geography and the Australian Curriculum: Unfulfilled Knowledges in Secondary School Education
Authors: CASINADER NIRANJAN 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe introduction of geography as a separate discipline within the Australian Curriculum offers hope for revitalisation of the subject in Australian school education after decades of decline. Since the 1990s, the subject has been largely submerged within an integrated curriculum framework that has had significant consequences for the presence and character of secondary school geography. Its inclusion in the learning area of SOSE (Studies of Society and Environment) within schools has diluted the degree, breadth and depth of geographical education. However, in spite of the hope provided by its re‐institution, the process of national curriculum construction has had disconcerting consequences for the type of geography being offered to Australian students at the secondary level. Building on critical overviews of the history of secondary geography as an Australian school subject since the 1980s, recent philosophical discourse on approaches to geographical knowledge in a school context, and the author's personal experience as a geographical educator and researcher, this paper argues that the nature of knowledge embodied by the new geography study design in Years 7–10 is flawed in both its scope and its direction. While reflecting many of the characteristics of a social realist approach to geographical knowledge, the Australian Curriculum minimises the elements of critical analysis that provide geography with its unique educational identity and value.
Effects of NaCl Concentration and Potassium Chloride Substitutions on the Thermal Properties and Lipid Oxidation of Dry‐Cured Pork
Authors: Zhang Yingyang , Feng Xianchao , Wu Haizhou , Tang Jing , Zhang Jianhao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe thermal properties of cured meat are important for determining storage life and nutritional quality. However, few studies have focused on the thermal properties of dry‐cured pork, particularly in relation to salt level and type. In order to study the thermal properties of dry‐cured pork, we used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate the net heat energy (enthalpy, ΔH), onset (Tonset), and maximum (Tmax) temperatures of different pork cuts salted with mixtures of chloride (NaCl and KCl) salts within the curing and ripening temperature range. Within the curing temperature range (−5 to 20 °C), the Tonset, Tmax, and ΔH of cured meat treated with different NaCl : KCl mixtures were generally lower than for fresh meat, which indicates that the addition of NaCl or KCl can reduce the melting of lipids and water (especially lipids), in different pork cuts. Within the ripening temperature range (5 to 50 °C), heat absorption peaks in belly and leg cuts were between 29 and 33 °C. However, no obvious heat absorption peak was found in loin cuts. Compared to non‐KCl substitutions, a slightly higher KCl substitution could significantly (P < 0.05) enhance ΔH values of dry‐cured belly and leg cuts. The likely cause of this phenomenon is that high KCl substitutions promote lipid oxidation (r = 0.98, for belly; r = 0.95, for leg cuts). Therefore, KCl substitution should be no more than 30% (wt/wt), especially for high lipid pork, to prevent excessive melting and oxidation of lipids during the dry‐curing process.
β‐Carotene as a Membrane Antioxidant Probed by Cholesterol‐Anchored Daidzein
Authors: Hu Feng , Jia Zhi‐Yu , Liang Ran , Wang Peng , Ai Xi‐Cheng , Zhang Jian‐Ping , Skibsted Leif H. 
Published: September 2014

Abstractβ‐Carotene is found to be more effective as an antioxidant in phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes when protecting against hydrophilic radicals compared to lipophilic radicals, as measured by the rate of formation of conjugated dienes. Daidzein alone is without effect, but decreases the antioxidative effect of β‐carotene for hydrophilic initiation and increases the effect for lipophilic initiation. The newly synthesized 7‐cholesterylglycol daidzein has the opposite effect for β‐carotene as antioxidant, with a strong enhancement for hydrophilic initiation and a slight decrease for lipophilic initiation. Redistributing β‐carotene to membrane surfaces by cholesterol‐anchoring of daidzein enhances protection against aqueous radicals significantly at the expense of protection against lipid‐derived radicals. Anchoring of daidzein to cholesterol is concluded to be useful as a mechanistic tool for controlling antioxidant distribution in membranes sensitive to radical damage, as supported by quantum mechanical calculation within the density function theory and further supported by fluorescence probes and fluorescence polarization probes.
Emulsifying Properties of Legume Proteins Compared to β‐Lactoglobulin and Tween 20 and the Volatile Release from Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Benjamin O. , Silcock P. , Beauchamp J. , Buettner A. , Everett D.W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe emulsifying properties of plant legume protein isolates (soy, pea, and lupin) were compared to a milk whey protein, β‐lactoglobulin (β‐lg), and a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20). The protein fractional composition was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The following emulsion properties were measured: particle diameter, shear surface ζ‐potential, interfacial tension (IT), and creaming velocity. The effect of protein preheat treatment (90 °C for 10 min) on the emulsifying behavior and the release of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from emulsions under oral conditions was also investigated in real time using proton transfer reaction‐mass spectrometry. The legume proteins showed comparable results to β‐lg and Tween 20, forming stable, negatively charged emulsions with particle diameter d3,2 < 0.4 μm, and maintained stability over 50 d. The relatively lower stability of lupin emulsions was significantly correlated with the low protein surface hydrophobicity and IT of the emulsion. After heating the proteins, the droplet size of pea and lupin emulsions decreased. The VOC release profile was similar between the protein‐stabilized emulsions, and greater retention was observed for Tween 20‐stabilized emulsions. This study demonstrates the potential application of legume proteins as alternative emulsifiers to milk proteins in emulsion products.
Meta‐analysis of diagnosis of liver metastatic cancers: Comparison of 18FDG PET‐CT and gadolinium‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Deng Jinlong , Tang Jiande , Shen Naipeng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionWe performed a meta‐analysis to compare the performance of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) positron emission tomography‐CT (PET‐CT) with that of gadolinium‐enhanced MRI for the detection of liver metastatic cancers.MethodsThe MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant original articles. The histology and/or imaging follow‐up data served as the reference standard. We calculated the pooled sensitivities, specificities, positive likelihood ratios, negative likelihood ratios and constructed summary receiver operating characteristic curves for 18FDG PET‐CT and gadolinium‐enhanced MRI, respectively.ResultsTen studies (1105 patients) were included for this meta‐analysis. 18FDG PET‐CT has similar patient‐based specificity (1.00 and 0.99), positive likelihood ratios (253.1 and 138.2), negative likelihood ratios (0.16 and 0.10) and area under curves (0.99 and 0.99) with gadolinium‐enhanced MRI. Gadolinium‐enhanced MRI tends to have higher sensitivity (0.91 and 0.84) than 18FDG PET‐CT.ConclusionBoth 18FDG PET‐CT and gadolinium‐enhanced MRI have excellent diagnostic performance for the detection of liver metastatic cancer.
Regional and Multilateral Surveillance: Normative Tensions and Implications for Cooperation in East Asia
Authors: Robles Theresa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFinancial crises have underscored two important points for East Asia's economic and financial stability and resilience: regional economies must become more self‐reliant while acknowledging that the growing interdependence has intensified the need for cooperation. Reconciling the need for self‐reliance with the reality of increasing interdependence has critical implications for East Asian financial regionalism as it drives how regional and multilateral processes link and interact with each other. This article explores how normative tensions can limit coordination of regional and multilateral surveillance mechanisms and investigates whether the 2008 global financial crisis has changed the normative dynamics in surveillance. Studies on the interaction of ideas and interests and its impact on financial governance have made important contributions to discussions on postcrisis reform. However, current analyses tend to overlook how normative tensions drive collective action between regional and multilateral levels. Furthermore, existing research in this field tends to focus on processes of change and devote little attention to cases wherein it might result in stasis instead. This article focuses on how two trends – the growing divergence in conceptions of financial risk and stability and the loss of an intellectual compass to guide the surveillance agenda – may hinder deeper cooperation between regional and multilateral surveillance mechanisms in East Asia.
Differential diagnosis and cancer staging of a unique case with multiple nodules in the lung – lung adenocarcinoma, metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma metastasizing to lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Bai Yun , Qiu Jianxing , Shang Xueqian , Liu Ping , Zhang Ying , Wang Ying , Xiong Yan , Li Ting 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. Despite this, there have been few cases of simultaneous primary and metastatic cancers in the lung reported, let alone coexisting with tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis. Herein, we describe an extremely unusual case. A 61‐year‐old man with a history of colon adenocarcinoma was revealed as having three nodules in the lung 11 months after colectomy. The nodule in the left upper lobe was primary lung adenocarcinoma, the larger one in the right upper lobe was a metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma, and the smaller one in the right upper lobe was colon adenocarcinoma metastasizing to lung adenocarcinoma. Our paper focused on the differential diagnosis and cancer staging of this unique case, and discussed the uncommon phenomenon of the lung acting as a recipient in tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis.
Giant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura: A case report
Authors: Liu Baodong , Liu Lei , Li Yuanbo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA 62‐year‐old male farmer weighing 79 kg was taken to a hospital after experiencing exertional dyspnea and shortness of breath for a month. A chest roentgenogram and computed tomography showed a giant mass in his right thorax. A CT‐guided biopsy demonstrated a solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP). Because of the large size of the tumor and the substantial pleural effusion in the right hemithorax, the patient was referred to our institution for radiofrequency ablation. After one month, we performed an exploratory thoracotomy to dissect the giant mass with the right, middle, and lower lobes. The measurement of the tumor was 20 cm × 18 cm × 13 cm and it weighed 3250 g. The histopathology of the resected specimen confirmed SFTP. The patient had no postoperative complications; six months after surgery, no recurrence occurred.
Plasma concentration of ketorolac after local infiltration analgesia in hip arthroplasty
Authors: AFFAS F. , EKSBORG S. , WRETENBERG P. , OLOFSSON C. , STEPHANSON N. , STILLER C.‐O. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundLocal infiltration analgesia (LIA) with local anaesthetic (ropivacaine), a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (ketorolac) and epinephrine after lower extremity arthroplasty has gained increasing popularity during the last decade. This method has certain advantages, which include minimal systemic side effects, faster post‐operative mobilization, earlier post‐operative discharge from hospital and less opioid consumption. However, information regarding plasma concentrations of ketorolac after LIA mixture is insufficient to predict the risk of renal impairment in patients subjected to arthroplasty.AimTo determine the maximal plasma concentration and the exposure of ketorolac during the first 30 h following LIA in hip arthroplasty.MethodsThirteen patients scheduled for primary total hip arthroplasty with LIA (ropivacaine 200 mg, ketorolac 30 mg and epinephrine 0.5 mg in a volume of 106 ml) were included. Plasma concentration of ketorolac was quantified by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In addition, we assessed the effect of increasing age and decreasing glomerular filtration rate on the maximal plasma concentration and the total exposure to ketorolac during 30 h.ResultsThe range of the maximal plasma concentration, 0.3–2.2 mg/l, was detected 30 min–4 h after completing the infiltration. Similar plasma levels have been reported after intramuscular injection of the same dose of ketorolac to healthy elderly volunteers.ConclusionExposure to ketorolac after LIA may be comparable to an intramuscular injection of the same dose. Decision of dose reduction should be based on clinical assessment of risk factors.
Prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking among patients with schizophrenia in southeast Nigeria
Authors: Aguocha C. M. , Aguocha J. K. , Igwe M. , Uwakwe R. U. , Onyeama G. M. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among patients with schizophrenia and to explore their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.MethodA cross‐sectional descriptive study of 367 patients with schizophrenia. Instruments administered included sociodemographic questionnaire, Present State Examination: schizophrenia section to confirm schizophrenia diagnosis and Present State Examination: tobacco section to those that smoked.ResultsA total of 189 females (51.5%) and 178 (48.5%) males were studied. The mean age of the participants was 34.1 ± 9.94 years. Two hundred and forty‐one (65.7%) had never being married. Two hundred and three (55.3%) had secondary school education. A lifetime prevalence of 25.9% and a current smoking rate of 20.4% were reported. Ninety five (53.4%) of the males had smoked at least once in their lifetime. None of the females smoked. Among those that smoked, being unmarried (ϰ² = 6.51, P < 0.01) and unemployed (ϰ² = 5.11, P < 0.02) were associated with prescription of high doses of antipsychotics. Of those that smoked, the managing psychiatrist identified or documented only twenty‐five (26.3%) of them (kappa = 0.80, P < 0.00).ConclusionThe rate of smoking in Nigerian patients with schizophrenia is considerably less than is reported for their Western counterparts.