bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesiotemporal changes on magnetic resonance imaging in neurosyphilis
Authors: Saunderson R. B. , Chan R. C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe report a case of neurosyphilis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan findings compatible with a diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis with negative testing for herpes simplex virus in the cerebral spinal fluid. An extensive review of the literature has been undertaken revealing 24 cases worldwide where there are mesiotemporal changes on MRI concurrent with a diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Therefore, it is now well established that neurosyphilis, ‘the great imitator’, should be considered in the differential diagnosis in all patients demonstrating mesiotemporal changes on MRI, changes usually seen in herpes simplex encephalitis.
Dying at 23 with 1p36 deletion syndrome: Laura's family story
Authors: Tandy P. A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLaura was unusual. She had always been different and at times difficult. She was born with a genetic disorder, diagnosed as 1p36 deletion syndrome when she was 21 years old. At 23 she suffered her first cardiac arrest at home and entered the hospital system for the first time apart from infancy. After initially appearing to do well, she suffered a second cardiac arrest 10 weeks after admission. This was followed by an irreversible deterioration and she died 14 weeks after admission. We her family had been with her throughout her traumatic experience. This is our story.
How can we improve junior doctor prescribing?
Authors: Gaetani L. , Yeo W. W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe large number of medications available has complicated the learning of drug therapy for medical students at a time when pharmacology training has been substantially reduced. Attempts to remedy this include: improving the pharmaco‐therapeutics curriculum; interactive web‐based learning and students developing a personal formulary. The approach adopted by the University of Wollongong Medical School is to integrate clinical pharmacology throughout the course, with the Student Preferred‐drugs Formulary linking pharmacology and common diseases. Evidence from other countries suggests this should enhance prescribing by medical graduates.
The economic burden of prostate cancer
Authors: Roehrborn Claus G. , Black Libby K. 
Published: October 2015

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men. Treatment is costly; the majority of men are treated with radiation or surgery, but even watchful waiting strategies are expensive. With increasing life expectancy more men are being diagnosed with prostate cancer, effectively increasing the economic burden of this disease.This study provides estimates of the cost of prostate cancer for different countries. These estimates could be used to populate models that explore economic costs of treating and preventing prostate cancer. Our review found considerable variation in costs across different countries, which may be due to differences in detection and management practices.In the present review we discuss expenditure on prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up and evaluate the cost of prostate cancer and its management in different countries. Prostate cancer costs were identified from published data and internet sources. To provide up‐to‐date comparisons, costs were inflated to 2010 levels and the most recent exchange rates were applied. A high proportion of the costs are incurred in the first year after diagnosis; in 2006, this amounted to 106.7–179.0 million euros (€) in the European countries where these data were available (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands). In the USA, the total estimated expenditure on prostate cancer was 9.862 billion US dollars ($) in 2006. The mean annual costs per patient in the USA were $10 612 in the initial phase after diagnosis, $2134 for continuing care and $33 691 in the last year of life. In Canada, hospital and drug expenditure on prostate cancer totalled C$103.1 million in 1998. In Australia, annual costs for prostate cancer care in 1993–1994 were 101.1 million Australian dollars. Variations in costs between countries were attributed to differences in incidence and management practices. Per patient costs depend on cancer stage at diagnosis, survival and choice of treatment. Despite declining mortality rates, costs are expected to rise owing to increased diagnosis, diagnosis at an earlier stage and increased survival. Unless new strategies are devised to increase the efficiency of healthcare provision, the economic burden of prostate cancer will continue to rise.
Long‐term outcomes in methamphetamine psychosis patients after first hospitalisation
Authors: KITTIRATTANAPAIBOON PHUNNAPA , MAHATNIRUNKUL SUWAT , BOONCHAROEN HATHAICHONNEE , THUMMAWOMG PORNTHIP , DUMRONGCHAI UNCHALEE , CHUTHA WORAWAN 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. As a consequence of the methamphetamine epidemic in Thailand, the occurrence of methamphetamine psychosis (MAP) dramatically increased. This study aimed to examine the long‐term outcomes of MAP patients following their first presentation to a psychiatric hospital. Design and Methods. Methamphetamine psychosis patients who were first hospitalised in Suan Prung psychiatric hospital Thailand in 2000–2001 were identified through a review of the hospital database. Eligible participants were scheduled for visits by trained field researchers in 2007. For those giving consent, a structured face‐to‐face interview was conducted. Outcomes were collected from both medical records and interviews. Results. A total of 1116 participants were included in the study. Ninety‐two (8.2%) participants had died from suicide, accident or AIDS. Due to relocation, only 449 (40.2%) individuals were interviewed. Most of the participants were male (90.6%) with a mean age of 33.3 years (SD = 8.0). The medical records showed that 263 had revisited the hospital in the interim. Of those, 39.2% were re‐hospitalised and 38% were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia due to persistent psychosis. The outreach interview found that more than half (55.7%) had experienced psychosis relapse. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview revealed the following current conditions: psychotic disorders (15.8%), alcohol use disorders (52.1%) and suicidality (22.3%). Participants who did not have a diagnosis of current methamphetamine abuse could be divided into those with a single episode psychosis (52.6%) and those with chronic course of psychosis (38.8%). Discussion and Conclusions. Individuals with MAP are likely to have poor outcomes, in terms of premature death, several relapses of psychotic symptoms, chronic psychotic manifestation, and very rates of alcohol use disorder and suicidality. Therefore, those individuals with MAP require long‐term monitoring and psychiatric care. [Kittirattanapaiboon P, Mahatnirunkul S, Booncharoen H, Thummawomg P, Dumrongchai U, Chutha W. Long‐term outcomes in methamphetamine psychosis patients after first hospitalisation. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29;456–461]
A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment
Authors: Smith E. , Hay P. , Campbell L. , Trollor J. N. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryRecent research suggests that increased adiposity is associated with poor cognitive performance, independently of associated medical conditions. The evidence regarding this relationship is examined in this review article. A relatively consistent finding across the lifespan is that obesity is associated with cognitive deficits, especially in executive function, in children, adolescents and adults. However, as illustrated by contradictory studies, the relationship between obesity and cognition is uncertain in the elderly, partly because of inaccuracy of body mass index as a measure of adiposity as body composition changes with aging. This review further discusses whether obesity is a cause or a consequence of these cognitive deficits, acknowledging the possible bidirectional relationship. The possible effects of increased adiposity on the brain are summarized. Our investigations suggest that weight gain results, at least in part, from a neurological predisposition characterized by reduced executive function, and in turn obesity itself has a compounding negative impact on the brain via mechanisms currently attributed to low‐grade systemic inflammation, elevated lipids and/or insulin resistance. The possible role of cognitive remediation treatment strategies to prevent and/or treat obesity is discussed.
The Fountain of Honour: Directing the Spray
Authors: PEARCE EDWARD 
Published: October 2015

Pearce argues that honours do not deserve the earnest linguistic toil of the virtuous PAC. Starting with the peers, he observes that when William the Conqueror/Bastard distributed land stolen with violence to his armed band, it was the simple loot from which ancient chivalry, honour and nobility flows. Such lords developed under the more civilised early Whigs, like Walpole, into rent for sending steady support from owned boroughs into the Commons. Witness Bubb Dodington and his three and a half seats in Weymouth, made a Viscount in the name of one of its suburbs.Harold Macmillan would sack a minister with the wheedling consolation ‘A Little something to wear under your tie’. By inventing the Life Peerage, he helped the slow subversion of elected government by creating unelected, often powerful ministers with no relationship to country or people, candid nominees of the National Leader. The one virtue of the post‐Macmillan upper house lies in the disloyal, which is say minimally or not all party‐attached people of talent reliably voting against ministerial requirements. As for the insignia of all honours, their bars, discs and ribbons are kept on cards in Palace drawers like so much paste jewellery.
Product Market Integration, Rents and Wage Inequality
Authors: Andersen Torben M. , Sørensen Allan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGlobalization in the form of product market integration affects labor markets and produces winners and losers. While there are aggregate gains, it is in general ambiguous how inequality is affected. We explore this issue in a Ricardian model and show that it depends on the balance between “protection” and “specialization” rents. In particular, wage inequality among similar workers (residual wage inequality) may be U‐shaped, at first decreasing and then increasing in the process of product market integration. Consequently, there may be gains in both the efficiency and the equity dimension until integration reaches a certain level at which a trade‐off arises.
Trade Intermediation and the Organization of Exporters
Authors: Felbermayr Gabriel , Jung Benjamin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEmpirical papers show that successful exporting firms either use unaffiliated foreign trade intermediaries or own foreign wholesale subsidiaries. However, conventional trade theory models assume that producers can directly access foreign consumers. We introduce intermediaries in an international trade model where producers differ with respect to productivity as well as regarding their varieties' perceived quality and tradability. Trade intermediation is prone to frictions owing to the absence of enforceable cross‐country contracts while own wholesale subsidiaries require additional capital investment. The sorting pattern of firms depends on their degree of competitive advantage; the equilibrium prevalence of intermediation in the industry depends negatively on the heterogeneity among producers, and the market‐specificity of goods, and positively on expropriation risk. Using sectoral US export data by destination country, we confirm the empirical validity of these predictions.
Optimal Taxation of Risky Human Capital*
Authors: Jacobs Bas , Schindler Dirk , Yang Hongyan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn a two‐period life‐cycle model with ex ante homogeneous households, earnings risk, and a general earnings function, we derive the optimal linear labor tax rate and optimal linear education subsidies. The optimal income tax trades off social insurance against incentives to work. Education subsidies are not used for social insurance, but they are only targeted at offsetting the distortions of the labor tax and internalizing a fiscal externality. Both optimal education subsidies and tax rates increase if labor and education are more complementary, because education subsidies indirectly lower labor tax distortions by stimulating labor supply. Optimal education subsidies (taxes) also correct non‐tax distortions arising from missing insurance markets. Education subsidies internalize a positive (negative) fiscal externality if there is underinvestment (overinvestment) in education because of risk. Education policy unambiguously allows for more social insurance if education is a risky activity. However, if education hedges against labor‐market risk, optimal tax rates could be lower than in the case without education subsidies.
Labor Income Taxation, Human Capital, and Growth: The Role of Childcare*
Authors: Casarico Alessandra , Sommacal Alessandro 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the effects of labor income taxation on growth in an overlapping generations model in which schooling and childcare play a role in the production of human capital. We compare such effects with those obtained in a model in which only schooling matters for skill formation. We show that the omission of childcare from the technology of skill formation can bias the results related to the impact of labor income taxation on growth.
Social Interaction Effects in Disability Pension Participation: Evidence from Plant Downsizing*
Authors: Rege Mari , Telle Kjetil , Votruba Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe estimate the magnitude of social interaction effects in disability pension participation among older workers in Norway. The problem of omitted variable bias is addressed using the exposure of an individual's neighbors to plant‐downsizing events as an instrument for the disability entry rate among the individual's previously employed neighbors. Our instrumental variable (IV) estimates suggest that an increase of one percentage point in the participation rate of previously employed neighbors increased the subsequent four‐year entry rate of older workers by about 0.4 percentage points. Numerous robustness and specification tests appear to support the validity of the identifying assumption in our IV strategy.
Government Spending Shocks and Rule‐of‐Thumb Consumers with Steady‐State Inequality*
Authors: Natvik Gisle James 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn the body of literature concerning fiscal policy, a central result is that government spending might stimulate private consumption because only some households save, while others spend their entire income each period. Although such heterogeneity naturally causes inequality, this complication is commonly avoided by assuming that transfers redistribute steady‐state wealth. I show that this steady‐state assumption drives short‐run results. Without redistribution, the equilibrium is indeterminate, and the labor‐market structure that is imposed to support the expansive result is theoretically inconsistent. On a more positive note, I propose a labor‐market formulation under which the expansive effects of government spending might arise.
Christopher A. Sims and Vector Autoregressions*
Authors: Christiano Lawrence J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThree decades ago, Christopher A. Sims suggested that vector autoregressions (VARs) are useful statistical devices for evaluating alternative macroeconomic models. His suggestion has stood the test of time well. In the early days, VARs played an important role in the evaluation of alternative models. They continue to play that role today.
Teaching the Material and Teaching the Students: Reflections on Introductory Courses for Non‐Majors
Authors: Kirkpatrick Shane 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTeaching a required introductory Bible course to non‐majors at a church‐related college presents a number of pedagogical challenges. When considering how to teach such a course in the context of concerns common to the liberal arts, I find myself reflecting on authority. My thoughts on the teaching of this course in my own context are organized around authority understood as a developmental issue, an educational issue, and a religious issue. In each case, I seek to use my discipline and the primary and secondary materials of the course as occasions for the development of capacities that will contribute to the life of students as critical thinkers, creative problem‐solvers, and responsible global citizens.
Between Guru and Deceiver? Responding to Unchosen Metaphors in the Religious Studies Classroom
Authors: Carr Amy , Simmons John K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTwo troublesome portraits of religious studies professors often exist in the minds of some students at any given time: the Guru, or wise spiritual teacher, and the Deceiver. These metaphors capture student perceptions of us that may be ill‐informed and beyond our control. We will examine and compare how our own chosen metaphors for teaching – theological typologist and neutral enthusiast – respond creatively to the unchosen metaphors of guru or deceiver. We cannot avoid being cast as gurus/deceivers, but we can discern how our own metaphors for teaching engage “unchosen” student metaphors for us. This exercise can enhance our self‐awareness about our own normative agendas in the classroom, and help to sharpen colleagues' conversations about our sometimes differing assumptions regarding the discipline and teaching of religious studies.
The Trade‐Off between Foreign Direct Investments and Exports: The Role of Multiple Dimensions of Distance
Authors: Lankhuizen Maureen , de Groot Henri L. F. , Linders Gert‐Jan M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTo serve foreign markets, firms can either export or set up a local subsidiary through horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI). The conventional proximity–concentration theory suggests that FDI substitutes for trade if distance between countries is large, while exports become more important if scale economies in production are large. This paper investigates empirically the effect of different dimensions of distance on the choice between exports and FDI. We find that different dimensions of distance affect exports and FDI differently. There is clear evidence of a proximity–concentration trade‐off in geographical terms: the share of FDI sales in total foreign sales increases with geographical distance. The positive relation between import tariffs and FDI intensity provides further evidence for a trade‐off resulting from trade costs. On the other hand, the share of FDI decreases with language differences and cultural and institutional barriers. The latter dimensions of distance thus affect FDI more strongly than exports.
International Trade and Economic Growth Nexus in Australia: A Robust Evidence from Time‐Series Estimators
Authors: Singh Tarlok 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study examines the effects of international trade on output and tests the null of Granger non‐causality between trade and economic growth in Australia. The single‐equation IV‐GMM, DOLS, FMOLS and NLLS and the system‐based ML estimates consistently support the positive and significant long‐run effects of exports and investment on output. The effects of imports are consistently negative across all the estimates. The OLSEG, RLS and ARDL‐ECM estimates provide a mixed and weak and that overparameterised level‐VAR estimates no support for the effects of trade on output. The estimates of the model with structural breaks provide a dominant support for the cointegrating relationship among variables. In conclusion, the evidence supporting the positive and significant long‐run effects overwhelms the evidence providing a mixed, weak or no support for the effects of trade on output. The results of the study can be inductively generalised to mimic the findings of the literature at large and to suggest that a part of the inconclusiveness over the gains of trade could analogously be ascribed to the use of different methodologies and test statistics across studies. The results support the acceleration of exports and investment to foster the higher levels of output and economic growth.
Is the Chinese Currency Substantially Misaligned to Warrant Further Appreciation?
Authors: Qin Duo , He Xinhua 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study provides quarterly estimates of the misalignment in the real effective exchange rate (REER) of Renminbi (RMB) for the period 1999–2008. Starting from a commonly used economic approach, the estimates are obtained from an extensive application of econometric techniques on a carefully constructed database that covers 22 economies that account for roughly 70 per cent of China’s total foreign trade. Our estimates demonstrate that the RMB underwent a period of undervalued misalignment during the early to mid‐2000s, if measured vis‐à‐vis the REER of a multilateral currency basket of the 22 economies, but the misalignment margin has disappeared since 2008. However, if the RMB is only evaluated by a subpanel dataset including only the United States and the Euroland, the resulting misalignment estimates are much more pronounced and withstand the recent recession. The difference between the full‐panel dataset and subpanel dataset estimates suggests that the current misalignment problem lies more with overvalued USD and euro rather than with an undervalued RMB. The finding thus refutes the claim that the current global trade imbalance could be resolved mainly by further and greater appreciation of the RMB.
RELIGION AS A CONTROL GUIDE: ON THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON COGNITION
Authors: Hommel Bernhard , Colzato Lorenza S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract.Religions commonly are taken to provide general orientation in leading one's life. We develop here the idea that religions also may have a much more concrete guidance function in providing systematic decision biases in the face of cognitive‐control dilemmas. In particular, we assume that the selective reward that religious belief systems provide for rule‐conforming behavior induces systematic biases in cognitive‐control parameters that are functional in producing the wanted behavior. These biases serve as default values under uncertainty and affect performance in any task that shares cognitive‐control operations with the religiously motivated rule‐conforming behavior the biases were originally developed for. Such biases therefore can be unraveled and objectified by means of rather simple tasks that are relatively well understood with regard to the cognitive mechanisms they draw on.