bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Hopes Amid Hard Realities: Defense AI in Russia
Authors: Zysk Katarzyna 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNotwithstanding the challenges on the battlefield in Ukraine, as well as economic and political struggles at the home front, Russia continues the pursuit of selected defense application of AI technologies. Traditionally, Russia has viewed advanced technology as crucial for achieving military effectiveness and strategic advantage. Seen from Moscow, gaining or losing ground in the ongoing contest for cutting-edge military technology and more effective weapon systems will have far-reaching consequences for warfare and for national security, and, consequently, also for Russia’s position in the international hierarchy of power. Indeed, Vladimir Putin has been personally invested in pushing the AI development forward, driven by several other key factors. These include the expectation that AI can help Russia to narrow the military capability gap with the West faster, as well as the concern that adversaries may exploit new vulnerabilities that defense AI is creating. Moreover, lessons Russia has learned in Ukraine to date appear to carry an unequivocal message: AI-enabled weapons systems and infrastructure provide a clear battlefield advantage. This chapter begins with an examination of the Russian understanding of AI and Moscow’s incentives for engaging in what is seen as a global technology race. Subsequently, it analyses the evolving Russian approach to defense AI as articulated in key strategic documents shaping Russia’s AI strategy and policy. Next, it delves into Russia’s methods for developing defense AI. With its traditional state-driven, top-down innovation model, Russia is an outlier among global AI contenders. Yet to incorporate advances achieved in the Russian civilian sector, the model has been modified, partly emulating the US and Chinese approaches to defense innovation. This chapter further explores Russia’s priorities for fielding and operating selected defense AI systems. Finally, it addresses long-standing systemic problems and practical constraints that hinder the defense innovation in Russia. Despite these impediments, Russia is expected to continue prioritizing AI development in selected defense applications.
Embracing the Organized Mess: Defense AI in Israel
Authors: Dolinko Inbar , Antebi Liran 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIsrael’s approach to defense AI is the result of an “organized mess,” triggered by Israel’s informal culture, the country’s tendency to let market forces push technology forward, a demanding security environment, and the need to be able to respond to new threats in a quick and flexible manner. Despite some challenges and shortcomings, such as an increasingly aggressive race for global AI dominance and limited resources, the country is still among the most advanced in the field of defense AI, relaying on the Israeli ecosystem’s distinctive advantage, born out of structural and organizational aspects. Mandatory and reserve services at the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) nurture and facilitate a unique exchange of personnel and knowledge. Moreover, IDF units indirectly support the AI ecosystem by supplying skilled personnel to academia and industry. Currently, there is no single Israeli body responsible for overseeing the field of defense AI. Nonetheless the Ministry of Defense (IMOD) and Israel Innovation Authority are shaping it by launching several key initiatives aimed at improving the necessary infrastructure and enabling further advancement in defense AI. Although Israel’s defense AI investment is challenging to quantify due to the lack of transparency regarding its defense budget, the significance of investing in AI has been recognized. Israel implements AI unmanned military systems in land, at sea, and in the air, air defense, cyber warfare, and logistics. Its prowess in AI for intelligence is evident in its diverse range of applications, which have contributed significantly to its military successes in recent operations, for example, against Hamas in Gaza. Overall, the growing role of AI has led to the need for additional training to all military personnel, especially commanding officers.
Caught Between Today and Tomorrow: Defence AI in Estonia
Authors: Jermalavičius Tomas 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEstonia recognises AI as an increasingly important suite of technologies that will transform the defence sector and that the country must remain part of this technology’s wave, as its defence forces will have to remain interoperable with the allies embracing AI-enabled capabilities. Concurrently, it faces a major challenge of addressing significant capability gaps within the compressed timeframes to address the existential threat posed by Russia. Combined with resource constraints and scepticism within the military about emerging technologies, rapid capability build-up is pushing investments into defence AI development down the list of priorities. However, war in Ukraine is supplying insights into what effects the use of AI can have in a battlespace and pique interest in how small states could employ this technology to offset imbalances vis-à-vis a numerically superior enemy force. Some in-house development projects aimed at digitalising “kill webs”, enabling better information sharing and enhancing common battlespace awareness are also emerging as important vehicles for introducing AI. The Estonian security and defence industry, dominated by agile start-ups and small enterprises, is emerging as a significant driver of defence AI development and important source of concepts of AI applications in defence. Procurement of state-of-the-art weapon systems and equipment is also bringing the Estonian military into close contact with advanced technologies that include elements of AI, further necessitating increasing knowledge and competence in AI technology. Estonia will have to strengthen its military training and education system and find ways to leverage conscription and reserve training more effectively to enhance AI competence.
Scope Validity in Medicine: An Asset to the Epidemiologist’s Armoury
Authors: Wolters Frank J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTransportability of findings across research domains is challenging, with a substantial share of biomedical research not translating well to clinical medicine. This lack of transportability may improve by focus on ‘scope validity’: the extent to which an experimental target matches the intended application. Positioned amidst construct validity and external validity, more awareness and better articulation of the scope of preclinical investigations could support epistemic reasoning as well as knowledge utilisation in biomedical research. Scope validity necessitates a clear notion among researchers about their position within the broader field of study, a task that in an era of superspecialisation is as daunting as it is imperative.
Pragmatism, Pluralism, Vigilance and Tools for Reflection: A Reply to Quill Kukla
Authors: De Vreese Leen 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn ‘Healthism, Elite Capture, and the Pitfalls of an Expansive Concept of Health,’ Quill Kukla (Chap. 21, this volume) warns for the possible harms caused by a conception of health that is too open-textured and all-encompassing. The take-away message of Kukla’s contribution is that, when we embrace a pragmatist, pluralist approach to the conception of health, we should be extra vigilant for the possible misuses of the term. What I defend here is that we need more than just a pluralistic, pragmatic view on the conception of health in combination with a vigilant attitude. What we need is a pragmatic approach to our (philosophical) analyses of health. While the former approach in the end still focusses on establishing some kind of standards (and/or who is going to set the standards) for deciding on the ‘right’ conception of health (be it monist or pluralist), the latter focuses rather on developing tools for reflection that can help in bringing an ongoing vigilance to life while respecting the actual pluralism and dynamics in our use of the concept.
Cultivate Your Own Garden—Some Reflections on Martin Kusch’s Overview of Relativism in Medical History
Authors: Ehni Hans-Joerg 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn the preface to the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant compares sceptics to nomads, who despise the cultivation of soil and therefore dissolve the civic communities of their opponents from time to time (Kant 1929). This process of construction and destruction continues afterwards. Although scepticism and relativism are two different philosophical positions, relativists may show enough similarities with sceptics to count them among Kantian nomads. Historiographical relativists despise the claim that a settlement was always built on the same foundation. This raises a couple of questions: Who are these people? What are their reasons? What is more basically their general motivation? And how convincing are both—their reasons and their motivations?
Is There an Epistemic Role for History in Medicine? Thinking About Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Binney Nicholas 
Published: July 2024

AbstractStarting in the late twentieth century there was considerable overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer, especially papillary thyroid carcinoma. Intriguingly, thyroid cancer researchers have suggested that knowledge of the history of thyroid cancer would have helped prevent this problem. Their intuition is that history has an epistemic role to play in justifying contemporary medical knowledge. This conflicts with an opposing intuition that history is irrelevant to the justification of contemporary knowledge. This chapter provides a Fleckian analysis of the history of thyroid cancer. It describes the development of a fluctuating network of active and passive elements of knowledge, out of which knowledge of cancer, malignancy, and papillary carcinoma emerge. What these objects are is shown to depend on this history. Whether physicians see the various forms of thyroid cancer as homogeneous kinds or as composite objects is shown to depend on this history. Therefore, the observations made of these objects also depend on this history. Justification of knowledge claims is a function of observations made of these objects, and the observations made of these objects is a function of their history. Therefore, justification of knowledge is a function of this history, which gives history an epistemic role to play in medical practice.
Gauged permutation invariant matrix quantum mechanics: partition functions
Authors: O’Connor Denjoe , Ramgoolam Sanjaye 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Hilbert spaces of matrix quantum mechanical systems with N × N matrix degrees of freedom X have been analysed recently in terms of SN symmetric group elements U acting as X → UXUT. Solvable models have been constructed uncovering partition algebras as hidden symmetries of these systems. The solvable models include an 11-dimensional space of matrix harmonic oscillators, the simplest of which is the standard matrix harmonic oscillator with U(N) symmetry. The permutation symmetry is realised as gauge symmetry in a path integral formulation in a companion paper. With the simplest matrix oscillator Hamiltonian subject to gauge permutation symmetry, we use the known result for the micro-canonical partition function to derive the canonical partition function. It is expressed as a sum over partitions of N of products of factors which depend on elementary number-theoretic properties of the partitions, notably the least common multiples and greatest common divisors of pairs of parts appearing in the partition. This formula is recovered using the Molien-Weyl formula, which we review for convenience. The Molien-Weyl formula is then used to generalise the formula for the canonical partition function to the 11-parameter permutation invariant matrix harmonic oscillator.
Particle-soliton degeneracies from spontaneously broken non-invertible symmetry
Authors: Córdova Clay , García-Sepúlveda Diego , Holfester Nicholas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We study non-invertible topological symmetry operators in massive quantum field theories in (1+1) dimensions. In phases where this symmetry is spontaneously broken we show that the particle spectrum often has degeneracies dictated by the non-invertible symmetry and we deduce a procedure to determine the allowed multiplets. These degeneracies are robust predictions and do not require integrability or other special features of renormalization group flows. We exhibit these conclusions in examples where the spectrum is known, recovering soliton and particle degeneracies. For instance, the Tricritical Ising model deformed by the subleading ℤ2 odd operator flows to a gapped phase with two degenerate vacua. This flow enjoys a Fibonacci fusion category symmetry which implies a threefold degeneracy of its particle states, relating the mass of solitons interpolating between vacua and particles supported in a single vacuum.
Fibre morphological characteristics, chemical composition and fuel properties of paulownia COTEVISA-2 wood
Authors: Kulak Patrycja , Komorowicz Magdalena , Lachowicz Hubert 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the elemental composition and the fibre morphological characteristics, chemical and fuel properties of wood from paulownia COTEVISA-2 clone growing on a plantation near Granada, Spain. The research was carried out on five boards representing five 5-year-old trees, taken from a height of approximately 2–3 m. Morphologically, COTEVISA-2 wood has fibres with mean length 0.923 mm, diameter 0.029 mm, lumen width 0.026 mm, and cell wall thickness 0.0015 mm. The slenderness ratio ranged between 19.27 and 64.31, the Runkel ratio between 0.060 and 0.4259, the rigidity index between 2.83 and 19.94, Mühsteph’s index between 0.1099 and 0.5082, and the flexibility coefficient between 0.701 and 0.943. Significant differences between trees were found for the values of morphological characteristics of fibres and the derived indices, apart from the solids index. Mean values of chemical properties obtained from two parallel determinations for each sample showed that the wood contains on average 48.15% cellulose, 27.48% lignin, 7.38% pentosans and substances soluble in cold water (2.38%), hot water (3.87%), ethanol (5.51%) and 1% NaOH (19.64%). The elemental composition of paulownia COTEVISA-2 wood is as follows: C – 49.06%, H – 6.19%, N – 0.43%, S – 0.021%, Cl – 0.05%. The wood contained 0.4% ash. The heat of combustion of paulownia COTEVISA-2 wood is 18.58 MJ/kg, and the calorific value is 17.18 MJ/kg. The results suggest that paulownia COTEVISA-2 is a promising wood for energy and paper production.
Efficiency and safety of single anastomosis sleeve ileal (SASI) bypass in the treatment of obesity and associated comorbidities: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Oliveira Carolina Rodrigues , Santos-Sousa Hugo , Costa Maria Pinho , Amorim-Cruz Filipe , Bouça-Machado Raquel , Nogueiro Jorge , Resende Fernando , Costa-Pinho André , Preto John , Lima-da-Costa Eduardo , Carneiro Silvestre , Sousa-Pinto Bernardo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Introduction
The Single Anastomosis Sleeve Ileal (SASI) bypass is a new bariatric surgery corresponding to an adaptation of the Santoro approach, consisting of a sleeve gastrectomy (SG) followed by loop gastroileostomy. Therefore, we aimed to systematically assess all the current literature on SASI bypass in terms of safety, weight loss, improvement in associated comorbidities, and complications.

Methods
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). We performed a meta-analysis of risk ratios and mean differences to compare surgical approaches for excessive weight loss, improvement/remission in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HT), dyslipidemia (DL), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and complications. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic.

Results
Eighteen studies were included in the qualitative analysis and four in the quantitative analysis, comparing SASI bypass with SG and One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB). A comparison between Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and SASI bypass could not be performed. Compared to SG, the SASI bypass was associated with improved weight loss (MD = 11.32; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) [7.89;14.76]; p < 0.0001), and improvement or remission in T2DM (RR = 1.35; 95%CI [1.07;1.69]; p = 0.011), DL (RR = 1.41; 95%CI [1.00;1.99]; p = 0.048) and OSA (RR = 1.50; 95%CI [1.01;2.22]; p = 0.042). No statistically significant differences in any of the assessed outcomes were observed when compared with OAGB. When compared to both SG and OAGB, the complication rate of SASI was similar.

Conclusion
Although studies with longer follow-up periods are needed, this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that SASI bypass has a significant effect on weight loss and metabolic variables. Variations in outcomes between studies reinforce the need for standardization.
On a Traveling Salesman Problem for Points in the Unit Cube
Authors: Balogh József , Clemen Felix Christian , Dumitrescu Adrian 
Published: July 2024

AbstractLet X be an n-element point set in the k-dimensional unit cube $$[0,1]^k$$

[
0
,
1
]

k

where $$k \ge 2$$

k
≥
2

. According to an old result of Bollobás and Meir (Oper Res Lett 11:19–21, 1992) , there exists a cycle (tour) $$x_1, x_2, \ldots , x_n$$

x
1

,

x
2

,
…
,

x
n

through the n points, such that $$\left( \sum _{i=1}^n |x_i - x_{i+1}|^k \right) ^{1/k} \le c_k$$

∑

i
=
1

n

|

x
i

-

x

i
+
1

|

k

1
/
k

≤

c
k

, where $$|x-y|$$

|
x
-
y
|

is the Euclidean distance between x and y, and $$c_k$$

c
k

is an absolute constant that depends only on k, where $$x_{n+1} \equiv x_1$$

x

n
+
1

≡

x
1

. From the other direction, for every $$k \ge 2$$

k
≥
2

and $$n \ge 2$$

n
≥
2

, there exist n points in $$[0,1]^k$$

[
0
,
1
]

k

, such that their shortest tour satisfies $$\left( \sum _{i=1}^n |x_i - x_{i+1}|^k \right) ^{1/k} = 2^{1/k} \cdot \sqrt{k}$$

∑

i
=
1

n

|

x
i

-

x

i
+
1

|

k

1
/
k

=

2

1
/
k

·

k

. For the plane, the best constant is $$c_2=2$$

c
2

=
2

and this is the only exact value known. Bollobás and Meir showed that one can take $$c_k = 9 \left( \frac{2}{3} \right) ^{1/k} \cdot \sqrt{k}$$

c
k

=
9

2
3

1
/
k

·

k

for every $$k \ge 3$$

k
≥
3

and conjectured that the best constant is $$c_k = 2^{1/k} \cdot \sqrt{k}$$

c
k

=

2

1
/
k

·

k

, for every $$k \ge 2$$

k
≥
2

. Here we significantly improve the upper bound and show that one can take $$c_k = 3 \sqrt{5} \left( \frac{2}{3} \right) ^{1/k} \cdot \sqrt{k}$$

c
k

=
3

5

2
3

1
/
k

·

k

or $$c_k = 2.91 \sqrt{k} \ (1+o_k(1))$$

c
k

=
2.91

k

(
1
+

o
k

(
1
)

)

. Our bounds are constructive. We also show that $$c_3 \ge 2^{7/6}$$

c
3

≥

2

7
/
6

, which disproves the conjecture for $$k=3$$

k
=
3

. Connections to matching problems, power assignment problems, related problems, including algorithms, are discussed in this context. A slightly revised version of the Bollobás–Meir conjecture is proposed.
BLNN:a muscular and tall architecture for emotion prediction in music
Authors: Du Xiaofeng 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn order to perform emotion prediction in music quickly and accurately, we have proposed a muscular and tall neural network architecture for music emotion classification. Specifically, during the audio pre-processing stage, we converge mel-scale frequency cepstral coefficients features and residual phase features with weighting, enabling the extraction of more comprehensive music emotion characteristics. Additionally, to enhance the accuracy of predicting musical emotion while reducing computational complexity during training phase, we consolidate Long short term memory network with Broad learning system network. We employ long short term memory structure as the feature mapping node of broad learning system structure, leveraging the advantages of both network models. This novel Neural Network architecture, called BLNN (Broad-Long Neural Network), achieves higher prediction accuracy. i.e., 66.78%, than single network models and other benchmark with/without consolidation methods. Moreover, it achieves lower time complexity than other excellent models, i.e., 169.32 s of training time and 507.69 ms of inference time, and achieves the optimal balance between efficiency and performance. In short, the extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BLNN architecture effectively predicts music emotion, surpassing other models in terms of accuracy while reducing computational demands. In addition, the detailed description of the related work, along with an analysis of its advantages and disadvantages, and its future prospects, can serve as a valuable reference for future researchers.
Validated methane adsorption isotherms up to 7.5 MPa on a reference Na-Y zeolite at near ambient temperatures
Authors: Rea Riccardo , Tavitian Anton , Broom Darren P. , Gee Matthew D. , Benham Michael J. , Brandani Stefano , Mangano Enzo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReference gas adsorption isotherms are useful for validating equilibrium data obtained from various techniques and for ensuring that experimental systems are operating correctly. In this work, we extend an interlaboratory study on a NIST reference zeolite (Na-Y, RM8850) to two additional temperatures above and below the original 298.15 K, validating the results via independent measurements using two different techniques. Volumetric experiments on a novel Adsorption Differential Volumetric Apparatus (ADVA-270) were carried out at The University of Edinburgh, and gravimetric experiments were performed at Hiden Isochema using a proprietary XEMIS microbalance. Both techniques provided highly accurate results and an excellent match between the two independent measurements using less than 150 mg of sample. Absolute equilibrium data were modelled using a Langmuir-virial isotherm to obtain an accurate concentration dependence of the heat of adsorption.
Non-syndromic OTX2-associated pattern dystrophy: a 10-year multimodal imaging study
Authors: Ramakrishnan Prathiba , Kenworthy Matthew K. , Alexis Jonathan A. , Thompson Jennifer A. , Lamey Tina M. , Chen Fred K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To report novel multimodal imaging features and long-term follow-up of Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 (OTX2)-associated pattern Gdystrophy.

Methods
A 14-year-old boy referred with glaucoma suspect and macular pigmentation underwent fundus autofluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, visual field test, microperimetry and electrophysiology over a ten-year period. Next-generation sequencing panel identified a de novo heterozygous likely pathogenic OTX2 variant, c.259G>A, [p.(Glu87Lys)].

Results
Visual acuity was 20/40 OD and 20/30 OS. Examination showed bilateral enlarged optic nerve heads and increased disc cupping, multiple cilioretinal arteries, a pigmentary maculopathy with stellate-shaped region of hypoautofluorescence, shallow serous macular detachment, subretinal deposits and temporal avascular retina. Angiography showed no source of leakage and absence of retinal neovascularisation despite extensive peripheral non perfusion. Electrophysiological assessments demonstrated mild progressive rod and cone pathway abnormalities, reduced light-adapted b:a ratio, and reduced Arden ratio on electro-oculogram. Ten-year follow-up confirmed a stable disease course despite persistent submacular fluid. There was no associated pituitary structural abnormality or dysfunction.

Conclusions
This case study contributes to further understanding of OTX2-associated pattern dystrophy, highlighting its stability over 10 years. Further investigation into inter-individual and intrafamilial variability is warranted.