bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusionary Land-Use Policies: Economic Rationales and Legal Remedies
Authors: Dawkins Casey J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the economic and legal issues surrounding exclusionary land-use policies. It begins by exploring the economic means and motivation for adopting and enforcing exclusionary land-use policies. It then examines the legal context surrounding exclusionary land-use policies and explores tools for detecting and measuring the extent of exclusion perpetuated by local governments. Local governments may choose to adopt exclusionary policies for a variety of rationales, ranging from fiscal to purely discriminatory purposes. Furthermore, policies designed to affect one particular motivation for discrimination will likely not be effective and will invariably influence other motivations to exclude. Finally, the article reveals recent empirical evidence on the impacts of exclusionary land-use policies, and this is followed by a discussion of potential remedies for the exclusionary effects of such policies which could be used to identify which local governments would be required to participate in such audits.
The Economics of New Urbanism and Smart Growth: Comparing Price Gains and Costs between New Urbanist and Conventional Developments
Authors: Song Yan , Stevens Mark 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Smart Growth, New Urbanism, and other land-use reforms are ever-growing trends altering the style of sprawling residential developments throughout the United States. Deeply rooted in traditional concepts of town and neighborhood planning, design, and development, New Urbanist communities are based on the principles of walkability, connectivity, mixed land uses and diversity, mixed housing types, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, multiple transportation choices, sustainability, and quality of life. This article provides a discussion on how to assess the values and costs of New Urbanist features. In the analysis prsented in this discussion, the article reviews the history of the New Urbanism movement and a list of amenities that New Urbanists attempted to deliver. It then explores the values and costs of New Urbanist features in comparison to conventional developments. Finally, it identifies understudied areas regarding the economics of New Urbanism and subsequent future research questions.
Fiscal Impact Analysis and the Costs of Alternative Development Patterns
Authors: Juntunen Lorelei , Knaap Gerrit‐Jan , Moore Terry 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The growing recognition of the relationship between decisions about growth (how and where it occurs) and public sector budgets has contributed to the attention given in academia and in practice to fiscal impact analysis. This article explores the theory and practice of fiscal impact analysis with a focus on the relationship between government budgets and urban development patterns. Conventional wisdom states that higher-density development, or compact growth, produces more favorable fiscal impacts than low-density suburban sprawl. Furthermore, the article presents a framework for understanding fiscal impact analysis. It also presents a discussion of the methods of fiscal impact analysis and a discussion of the relationship between development patterns and fiscal impacts. Finally, it highlights some thoughts on the use of fiscal impact analysis for making development decisions.
Globalization and Urban Growth in the Developing World with Special Reference to Asian Countries
Authors: Kundu Amitabh 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the basis of the alarmist perspective on urbanization in less developed countries, particularly Asia. It begins by presenting an overview of the methods adopted by the Population Division of the United Nations in projecting urban population figures over the first five decades of this century. It then analyzes the myth of “southward shift” of the epicenter of urbanization and that of urban explosion in Asia. A similar analysis has been undertaken across the countries within the regions of Asia as well. Furthermore, it reviews the growth of urban centers in different size categories, the shift of growth dynamics from large metros to second order cities, and the stagnation of small and medium-sized towns in Asia in the context of their implications for balanced regional development. Finally, it examines policies and programs at the national and regional levels, summarizing the major findings of the study.
Third World Urban Migration as a Global Sustainability Challenge
Authors: Vietorisz Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Third World growth is concentrated in urban areas and accounts for much of the global population increase projected by the United Nations. The trend is disastrously unsustainable. This article is concerned with the immediate dynamics that are faced, the excessively fast urban migration to large cities in the Third World, which threatens serious crises with global consequences. Rather than growth versus sustainability, it focuses on the development trap created by the wrong kind of growth in which many Third World countries are now being caught. Understanding the problem posed by this trap is a prerequisite for heading off the increasing risk of serious crises in large Third World urban areas. The article draws on European information primarily as a guide for designing and supporting limited-scale proactive Third World initiatives on a pilot basis to define useful policies for countering migration pressures, thereby offering experience on which to build much more intensively.
Heterogeneity in Delinquency
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Weiss Douglas B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the heterogeneity observed in delinquency and criminal careers. It begins with a discussion of the classic age–crime relationship, which has formed the basis for much of the theoretical, empirical, and policy discussion regarding crime and criminals. Following this, it discusses the criminal career framework that parcels the longitudinal patterning of criminal offending into different dimensions, and overviews the theories it helped to generate. Furthermore, the article reviews some of the key empirical investigations that have assessed hypotheses emerging from these theories. It then highlights several promising future research directions that are anticipated to help fill some of the gaps in understanding the heterogeneity among offenders. It concludes with a brief discussion about the policy implications emerging from theoretical and empirical literature surrounding offender heterogeneity.
The Victim-Offender Overlap and Its Implications for Juvenile Justice
Authors: Schreck Christopher J. , Stewart Eric A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVictimization and offending are problems linked to youth. This article is about the victim offender overlap, which is a phenomenon where a person's offending activity and victimization experiences are positively correlated. It highlights the victim-offender overlap, which is a well-documented empirical fact. Although persistent, there are few criminological theories about the victim-offender correlation and this article focuses on insights offered by some of the leading criminological theories, particularly cultural deviance, strain, control, and life-course perspectives. It interprets victim-offender overlap from this vantage point and examines the implications of a life-course approach to the study of the victim-offender overlap. In sum, it provides a review that indicates that the victim-offender nexus is not well understood, notwithstanding the vast literature connecting childhood victimization and mistreatment to offending. Finally, it poses a few questions that are vital to understanding victim-offender correlation, but are unanswered so far.
The Social Side of Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Warr Mark 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores questions regarding the social side of delinquent behavior. It begins with discussing crime as a group behavior, suggesting that, as social beings, humans sometimes indulge illegal or unacceptable behavior when others are present that they would never contemplate doing alone. Following this, it reviews some evidence on the social nature of crime and delinquency. Although delinquent behavior is predominantly group behavior, some offenses are more likely to be committed in groups than others. It suggests that the motivation to engage in delinquency ordinarily arises after a group assembles and as a consequence of group interaction and then discusses the implications of sociality, focusing on peer influence and some ecological theories. The search for the social aspects of delinquency remains one of the most vital areas of research in contemporary criminology.
Strain and Delinquency
Authors: Agnew Robert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStrain theories state that certain strains or stressors increase the likelihood of delinquency. These strains include such things as harsh parental discipline, negative relations with teachers, peer abuse, criminal victimization, and a desperate need for money. Delinquency may be a way to escape from strain. This article discusses the link between strain and delinquency. It begins with an account of history of strain theories of delinquency. It then describes those strains that are most likely to cause delinquency, discussing why these strains increase delinquency. Following this, the article reveals those factors that increase the likelihood that juveniles will cope with strains through delinquency. It draws on strain theory to explain group differences in delinquency, such as the higher rates of offending among males. Researchers continue to examine factors that affect the likelihood of delinquent coping. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the implications of strain theory for controlling delinquency.
An Emergent Situational and Transactional Theory of Urban Youth Violence
Authors: Wilkinson Deanna L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractYouth violence is a public health problem that compromises the healthy development of youth and communities. This article makes an attempt to develop a theoretical model of the situational and transactional features of urban youth violence. It describes the heuristic presentation of the compositional aspects of youth violence events focusing on the most central situational characteristics. Following this, it describes how those characteristics converge in the early stages of a conflict interaction. It emphasizes on opening interactions, interpretations of social cues, relational distance between actors, and respondents' perceptions of the hostile intent of others. Furthermore, it specifies an emergent transactional model by focusing on the sequential stages of the event and the roles that actors play as the event moves through time. It concludes by situating the emergent transactional theory for urban youth violence within the broader violence literature and make suggestions for its relevance to juvenile justice policy.
Delinquency Prevention
Authors: Welsh Brandon C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDelinquency prevention involves intervening in the lives of children and youths before they engage in delinquency. Delinquency control or repression responds to individuals after a delinquent act has been committed. Delinquency prevention takes place outside of the juvenile justice system, but delinquency prevention programs are not designed with the intention of excluding justice personnel. This article reviews the research on and key issues facing the prevention of delinquency. It opens by drawing attention to two important yet divergent issues confronting the present state and future of delinquency prevention, which are, research in prevention of delinquency, and the reality of policy and practice. It reviews scientific evidence on what works to prevent delinquency through individual, family, and environmental interventions that are delivered in the early years of the life course. Finally, it examines the implications of this research for juvenile justice policy and practice.
Policing Juveniles
Authors: McGarrell Edmund F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe historic experience of the police and juveniles parallels that of the emergence and development of the juvenile court and juvenile justice system. Just as the juvenile court has faced contradictory pressures inherent in the tension between community crime control and the individualized needs of youth, so too have the police. Policing juveniles involves responding to the diverse range of juvenile crime and delinquency. Contemporary policing has been influenced by a number of philosophies including community policing, problem-solving, and evidence-based policing. All of these models appear to hold some promise for improving practice related to policing juveniles. Community partnerships with schools, youth service organizations, parents, neighborhood groups, employers, recreational programs, and other local agencies and institutions offer promise for enhancing prevention and intervention efforts.
Detention
Authors: Barton William H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The term detention refers to that part of the juvenile justice system that handles youths between the time of their arrest and court hearings. Detention centers are secure facilities intended to hold youths deemed too risky to release during that time period. This article attempts to provide an overview of juvenile detention in the United States. It also addresses a range of questions and issues concerning the use of juvenile detention, discussing the purpose and intention of detention and arguing if it really matches its intended purpose. It also gives information on the number of young people placed in juvenile detention, and the reasons and procedures of them landing there. Furthermore, it describes the consequences of juvenile detention policies and practices for society and for the children who are affected by them. Finally, it poses a question, asking if there is a better way to structure juvenile detention.
Restoration, Shame, and the Future of Restorative Practice in U.S. Juvenile Justice
Authors: Bazemore Gordon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRestorative justice and reintegrative shaming theory became prominent on the North American juvenile justice scene in the mid- to late 1990s. This article considers the impact of Braithwaite's macro theory of reintegrative shaming and also the larger strengths and weaknesses of the restorative justice movement on juvenile justice policy, practice, and research. To move forward in the United States, restorative justice, as an evidence-based practice, must be viewed as a mainstream, problem-oriented intervention capable of responding effectively to a range of chronic juvenile justice and community concerns. Currently, widespread implementation of restorative policies and practices in U.S. juvenile justice appears to be limited by the absence of a legislative mandate or incentives for presumptive referral to restorative programs; the political role of elected prosecutors in justice decision-making; and an unshakeable commitment to punishment and maximum use of adversarial and quasi-adversarial dispositional decision-making at the expense of informal decision-making.
Probation and Other Noninstitutional Treatment
Authors: Greenwood Peter W. , Turner Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA delinquency record is one of the strongest predictors of adult criminality. Preventing delinquency helps stop the onset of adult criminal careers and thus reduces the burden of crime on its victims and on society. This article focuses on community-based programs for youths. It reviews the concept of evidence-based practice in juvenile justice, its benefits, and the challenges for adoption by agencies. It begins by presenting an appraisal of the traditional juvenile justice programming. It then reviews the methods currently accepted as the best way to identify the most effective programs. Following this, it gives a comprehensive overview of community-based programs that work, with some information about programs that are proven failures. Finally, it describes how jurisdictions are implementing the best of these programs and overcoming the challenges they meet.
Juvenile Corrections
Authors: Krisberg Barry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA sampling of major scandals and abusive practices has dominated juvenile corrections throughout its history and has become especially pronounced in recent years. These trends contributed to the closures of many juvenile facilities across the nation. This article reviews the forces that led to the decline in the population of juvenile correctional institutions. It begins with the history of the first specialized corrections facilities for young people. The history of juvenile corrections has been plagued with a legacy of abuse, tragedies, and limited positive results. The evolution of juvenile corrections has been an ongoing struggle between advocates for secure congregate care and the reformers who pushed for more community-based solutions for juvenile offenders. Finally, the article presents some observations about policy directions for the future and states that the current status of juvenile corrections is deeply troubled; the future of this enterprise is uncertain.
Youth in Prison and Beyond
Authors: Mulvey Edward P. , Schubert Carol A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe juvenile court was established to separate adolescent offenders from the potentially harmful effects of involvement in the adult criminal justice system. Due to glitches in this plan, there have been mechanisms for transferring particular adolescents to the adult criminal justice system and punishing them accordingly. The debate about the appropriate time and policy to incarcerate these adolescents in adult facilities still goes on. This article, under the person-environment “fit”, explores how the fundamental orientation and the operational realities of the adult versus juvenile system appear to affect young offenders in terms of both their prison experience and their life afterwards. Furthermore, it identifies unique issues of particular needs of adult prisons and jails when dealing with adolescents, highlighting the fact that addressing the issue of what to do with serious adolescent offenders requires more than simple political posturing. Finally, it considers the reentry issues associated with young prison releases.
Theater
Authors: Wolff Tamsen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article emphasizes the unique and distinct features of musical theaters. Live theater involves performers, spectators, and performance material that it is an immediate, transient, embodied, and unpredictable medium. The relationship between an audience and musical theater is different from straight theater in at least two ways such as in the communication, circulation, and shelf life of musical numbers and in a pronounced focus in musicals on communal action, thematically, musically, and choreographically. The significant musical theater conventions are to ensemble singing and matching choreography. The characters express themselves simultaneously, and the build-up of a number to a simultaneous performance is often a dramatic event itself. A crowded, synchronized musical number on stage is also different from the same big number performed on screen. Performers' singing and dancing skills are also exposed in the present tense, embodied theater. The frequent movement among the basic dramatic elements of speech, song, and dance in musical theater underscores many abilities of the performers on stage and repeatedly reminds the audience that they are watching a performance. A character becomes most articulate and emotionally truthful in song and dance. Songs that are characters' truthful asides or confessionals to the audience can allow audiences to feel closer to the characters and their dilemmas during musical numbers.
The Evolution of the Original Cast Album
Authors: Reddick George 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article provides detailed information on the emergence of the original cast album. Decca's 1943 cast recording of the original Broadway production of Oklahoma!, is often cited as the first original Broadway cast album. Although many recordings of Broadway material appeared before Oklahoma!, but they largely consisted of songs recorded by studio singers rather than by cast members of stage productions, and usually with different arrangements and different orchestras. Columbia introduced a technological innovation in 1948 that had been in development in different forms for years. The long-playing (LP) record could hold over twenty minutes on each side, allowing an entire cast album to fit on one record. The vinyl material used for the LP was also more durable and provided better sound than the old 78s. Jazz artists were able to capture the elusive and ephemeral nature of a long improvised set in a format that anyone could revisit after that one single performance. Lengthy classical works that had previously existed in complete form only in a concert hall could now be heard in their entirety in one manageable set of LPs. Cast recordings were considered to be the ideal product for the LP. The approximate forty-five minute playing time of an LP perfectly reflected the average amount of music in a two-act musical.
Race, Ethnicity, Performance
Authors: Decker Todd 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The racial and ethnic masks in musical terms take the form of a melody that sounds foreign, such as the pentatonic “Oriental” sound of Richard Rodgers's “March of the Siamese Children” from The King and I. The racial and ethnic stereotypes are most often added to a show or film otherwise populated by ethnically and racially unmarked “white” characters with which the broadest audience in a majority white nation can identify. Latin-inspired music has not affected the sound of the musical beyond its use as an exotic component and Asian-derived sounds have had little to no presence outside of “oriental” tropes drawn from European classical music and American popular song. Asian stereotypes, comic or serious, have never been staples of the American musical and there has never been a sizable group of Asian American musical theater professionals. The identifiably African American musical styles have had, and continue to have, a formative impact on the sound of the musical. Hammerstein collaborated with composer Richard Rodgers on a series of musicals in the postwar decades that brought Asians and Asian Americans into the Broadway musical in a substantial way for the first time.