bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future fire emissions associated with projected land use change in Sumatra
Authors: Marlier Miriam E. , DeFries Ruth , Pennington Derric , Nelson Erik , Ordway Elsa M. , Lewis Jeremy , Koplitz Shannon N. , Mickley Loretta J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIndonesia has experienced rapid land use change over the last few decades as forests and peatswamps have been cleared for more intensively managed land uses, including oil palm and timber plantations. Fires are the predominant method of clearing and managing land for more intensive uses, and the related emissions affect public health by contributing to regional particulate matter and ozone concentrations and adding to global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Here, we examine emissions from fires associated with land use clearing and land management on the Indonesian island of Sumatra and the sensitivity of this fire activity to interannual meteorological variability. We find ~80% of 2005–2009 Sumatra emissions are associated with degradation or land use maintenance instead of immediate land use conversion, especially in dry years. We estimate Sumatra fire emissions from land use change and maintenance for the next two decades with five scenarios of land use change, the Global Fire Emissions Database Version 3, detailed 1‐km2 land use change maps, and MODIS fire radiative power observations. Despite comprising only 16% of the original study area, we predict that 37–48% of future Sumatra emissions from land use change will occur in fuel‐rich peatswamps unless this land cover type is protected effectively. This result means that the impact of fires on future air quality and climate in Equatorial Asia will be decided in part by the conservation status given to the remaining peatswamps on Sumatra. Results from this article will be implemented in an atmospheric transport model to quantify the public health impacts from the transport of fire emissions associated with future land use scenarios in Sumatra.
Associations between social inequality and tooth loss in a household sample of elderly Thai people aged ≥60 years old
Authors: Srisilapanan Patcharawan , Korwanich Narumanas , Lalloo Ratilal 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between social inequality and the number of remaining teeth in an elderly Thai population.BackgroundHaving twenty or more remaining teeth is an important indicator of optimal oral health in the elderly.MethodsThe data for this study were derived from the Survey of Older Persons in Thailand, conducted by the National Statistical Office, based on face‐to‐face interviews with people aged ≥60. The total sample was 30 427. The oral health measure was self‐reported remaining number of teeth. Income, education and possession of durable goods were utilised as measures of social inequality.ResultsMore than half of the sample (57.0%) was women. The majority (73.2%) was in the age range 60–74 years old. Less than a fifth (15.5%) had 7 or more years of education. A third earned <20 000 Thai Baht (THB) per annum (defined as poor). More than half (52.8%) of the sample had <20 remaining teeth. There was a link between social inequalities and tooth loss. In the adjusted model, elderly people, who were older than 75, who were not under a married status, had a lower level of education, had a lower income, and who did not own luxury goods, were 2.84 (CI 95% 2.66–3.03), 1.31 (CI 95% 1.21–1.41), 1.44 (CI 95% 1.34–1.56), 1.12 (CI 95% 1.13–1.29) and 1.21 (CI 95% 1.13–1.29) times more likely to have 19 or fewer teeth remaining, respectively.ConclusionSocial inequality is related to the number of remaining teeth in elderly Thai people.
Meditation for Migraines: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wells Rebecca Erwin , Burch Rebecca , Paulsen Randall H. , Wayne Peter M. , Houle Timothy T. , Loder Elizabeth 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveOur objective was to assess the safety, feasibility, and effects of the standardized 8‐week mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) course in adults with migraines.BackgroundStress is a well‐known trigger for headaches. Research supports the general benefits of mind/body interventions for migraines, but there are few rigorous studies supporting the use of specific standardized interventions. MBSR is a standardized 8‐week mind/body intervention that teaches mindfulness meditation/yoga. Preliminary research has shown MBSR to be effective for chronic pain syndromes, but it has not been evaluated for migraines.MethodsWe conducted a randomized controlled trial with 19 episodic migraineurs randomized to either MBSR (n = 10) or usual care (n = 9). Our primary outcome was change in migraine frequency from baseline to initial follow‐up. Secondary outcomes included change in headache severity, duration, self‐efficacy, perceived stress, migraine‐related disability/impact, anxiety, depression, mindfulness, and quality of life from baseline to initial follow‐up.ResultsMBSR was safe (no adverse events), with 0% dropout and excellent adherence (daily meditation average: 34 ± 11 minutes, range 16‐50 minutes/day). Median class attendance from 9 classes (including retreat day) was 8 (range [3, 9]); average class attendance was 6.7 ± 2.5. MBSR participants had 1.4 fewer migraines/month (MBSR: 3.5 to 1.0 vs control: 1.2 to 0 migraines/month, 95% confidence interval CI [−4.6, 1.8], P = .38), an effect that did not reach statistical significance in this pilot sample. Headaches were less severe, although not significantly so (−1.3 points/headache on 0‐10 scale, [−2.3, 0.09], P = .053) and shorter (−2.9 hours/headache, [−4.6, −0.02], P = .043) vs control. Migraine Disability Assessment and Headache Impact Test‐6 dropped in MBSR vs control (−12.6, [−22.0, −1.0], P = .017 and −4.8, [−11.0, −1.0], P = .043, respectively). Self‐efficacy and mindfulness improved in MBSR vs control (13.2 [1.0, 30.0], P = .035 and 13.1 [3.0, 26.0], P = .035 respectively).ConclusionsMBSR is safe and feasible for adults with migraines. Although the small sample size of this pilot trial did not provide power to detect statistically significant changes in migraine frequency or severity, secondary outcomes demonstrated this intervention had a beneficial effect on headache duration, disability, self‐efficacy, and mindfulness. Future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further evaluate this intervention for adults with migraines. This study was prospectively registered (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01545466).
Behavioral Migraine Management Modifies Behavioral and Cognitive Coping in People With Migraine
Authors: Seng Elizabeth K. , Holroyd Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveThis is a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial which aims to examine changes in cognitive and behavioral responses to migraine with cognitive behavioral treatment for migraine, preventive medication for migraine, and their combination, and the relationship between these changes and reductions in migraine‐related disability.BackgroundCognitive behavioral treatment is thought to reduce migraine‐related disability through modifying maladaptive cognitive and behavioral responses to migraine.MethodsTwo hundred thirty‐two people with migraine who did not respond to 5 weeks of optimized acute therapy were randomized into a 2 (beta‐blocker vs placebo) X 2 (behavioral migraine management [BMM] vs no BMM) treatment design. Participants received BMM and/or beta‐blocker dose adjustment for 4 months, and were followed for an additional 12 months. Participants completed measures of catastrophizing, behavioral coping, and migraine‐related disability throughout the study.ResultsCompared to drug therapy only, BMM demonstrated larger decreases in catastrophizing scores (19.16 to 9.89 vs 16.78 to 11.84, P < .001) and increases in number of positive coping strategies (proactive: 1.09 to 1.90 vs 1.16 to 1.09, P  < .001; anticipatory: 0.19 to 0.69 vs 0.10 to 0.08, P  < .001; migraine management: 0.14 to 0.36 vs 0.04 to 0.04, P  < .001) at the end of the follow‐up period. Decreases in catastrophizing were associated with a larger BMM effect on migraine‐related disability (P = .036).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that BMM modified important cognitive and behavioral factors postulated to be mechanisms of cognitive behavioral treatments for migraine.
Life Cycle of Cystoisospora felis (Coccidia: Apicomplexa) in Cats and Mice
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCystoisospora felis is a ubiquitous apicomplexan protozoon of cats. The endogenous development of C. felis was studied in cats after feeding them infected mice. For this, five newborn cats were killed at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after having been fed mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of mice that were inoculated with C. felis sporulated sporocysts. Asexual and sexual development occurred in enterocytes throughout the villi of the small intestine. The number of asexual generations was not determined with certainty, but there were different sized merozoites. At 24 h, merogony was seen only in the duodenum and the jejunum. Beginning at 48 h, the entire small intestine was parasitized. At 24 h, meronts contained 1–4 zoites, and at 48 h up to 12 zoites. Beginning with 72 h, the ileum was more heavily parasitized than the jejunum. At 96 and 120 h, meronts contained many zoites in various stages of development; some divided by endodyogeny. The multiplication was asynchronous, thus both immature multinucleated meronts and mature merozoites were seen in the same parasitophorous vacuole. Gametogony occurred between 96 and 120 h, and oocysts were present at 120 h. For the study of the development of C. felis in murine tissues, mice were killed from day 1 to 720 d after having been fed 105 sporocysts, and their tissues were examined for the parasites microscopically, and by bioassay in cats. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) Cystoisospora felis most frequently invaded the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice and remained there for at least 23 mo. (2) It also invaded the spleen, liver, brain, lung, and skeletal muscle of mice, but division was not seen based on microscopical examination. (3) This species could not be passed from mouse to mouse.
Morphology of Three Species of Amphileptus (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida) from the South China Sea, with Note on Phylogeny of A. dragescoi sp. n.
Authors: Pan Hongbo , Li Lifang , Lin Xiaofeng , Li Jiqiu , Al‐Farraj Saleh A. , Al‐Rasheid Khaled A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTwo new and one problematic species of pleurostomatids, Amphileptus dragescoi sp. n., A. wilberti sp. n., and A. marinus from coastal areas of the South China Sea, are described based on observations of live and protargol‐impregnated specimens. Amphileptus dragescoi is different from its congeners by the presence of an apical group of extrusomes and the possession of 12–15 right and five left somatic kineties, two macronuclear nodules, and a single terminally positioned contractile vacuole. Amphileptus wilberti is diagnosed by oval or pyriform body, 15–19 right and seven or eight left somatic kineties, extrusomes arranged only in anterior portion of oral slit, usually three ventrally located contractile vacuoles, and two macronuclear nodules. Amphileptus marinus (Kahl, 1931) Song et al., 2004 is redescribed and its diagnosis is improved. One isolate which was misidentified as A. marinus by Song et al. (2004) is believed to represent an unknown form, named here as Amphileptus songi sp. n. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU rDNA sequences indicate that the genus Amphileptus is paraphyletic, but its monophyly is not rejected by statistical tree topology tests.
Erythropoietin increases bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin and protects cerebral microvasculature against oxidative stress induced by eNOS uncoupling
Authors: Santhanam Anantha Vijay R. , d'Uscio Livius V. , Katusic Zvonimir S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) could protect cerebral microvasculature against the pathological consequences of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase uncoupling. Wild‐type and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH‐I)‐deficient hph1 mice were administered EPO (1000 U/kg/day, s.c., 3 days). Cerebral microvessels of hph1 mice demonstrated reduced tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) bioavailability, increased production of superoxide anions and impaired endothelial NO signaling. Treatment of hph1 mice with EPO attenuated the levels of 7,8‐dihydrobiopterin, the oxidized product of BH4, and significantly increased the ratio of BH4 to 7,8‐dihydrobiopterin. Moreover, EPO decreased the levels of superoxide anions and increased NO bioavailability in cerebral microvessels of hph1 mice. Attenuated oxidation of BH4 and inhibition of endothelial NO synthase uncoupling were explained by the increased expression of antioxidant proteins, manganese superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The protective effects of EPO observed in cerebral microvessels of hph1 mice were also observed in GTPCH‐I siRNA‐treated human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to EPO (1 U/mL or 10 U/mL; 3 days). Our results suggest that EPO might protect the neurovascular unit against oxidative stress by restoring bioavailability of BH4 and endothelial NO in the cerebral microvascular endothelium.
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We demonstrate that treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) could protect cerebral microvasculature against the pathological consequences of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase uncoupling. Our results suggest that EPO might protect the neurovascular unit against oxidative stress by restoring bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and endothelial nitric oxide.
Characterization of [3H]LS‐3‐134, a novel arylamide phenylpiperazine D3 dopamine receptor selective radioligand
Authors: Rangel‐Barajas Claudia , Malik Maninder , Taylor Michelle , Neve Kim A. , Mach Robert H. , Luedtke Robert R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLS‐3‐134 is a substituted N‐phenylpiperazine derivative that has been reported to exhibit: (i) high‐affinity binding (Ki value 0.2 nM) at human D3 dopamine receptors, (ii) > 100‐fold D3 versus D2 dopamine receptor subtype binding selectivity, and (iii) low‐affinity binding (Ki > 5000 nM) at sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors. Based upon a forskolin‐dependent activation of the adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay, LS‐3‐134 is a weak partial agonist at both D2 and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes (29% and 35% of full agonist activity, respectively). In this study, [3H]‐labeled LS‐3‐134 was prepared and evaluated to further characterize its use as a D3 dopamine receptor selective radioligand. Kinetic and equilibrium radioligand binding studies were performed. This radioligand rapidly reaches equilibrium (10–15 min at 37°C) and binds with high affinity to both human (Kd = 0.06 ± 0.01 nM) and rat (Kd = 0.2 ± 0.02 nM) D3 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells. Direct and competitive radioligand binding studies using rat caudate and nucleus accumbens tissue indicate that [3H]LS‐3‐134 selectively binds a homogeneous population of binding sites with a dopamine D3 receptor pharmacological profile. Based upon these studies, we propose that [3H]LS‐3‐134 represents a novel D3 dopamine receptor selective radioligand that can be used for studying the expression and regulation of the D3 dopamine receptor subtype.
Caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase is involved in the synthesis of melatonin by methylating N‐acetylserotonin in Arabidopsis
Authors: Byeon Yeong , Lee Hyoung Yool , Lee Kyungjin , Back Kyoungwhan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlthough a plant N‐acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) was recently cloned from rice, homologous genes appear to be absent in dicotyledonous plants. To clone an ASMT de novo from a dicotyledonous plant, we expressed eight Arabidopsis thaliana O‐methyltransferase (OMT) cDNAs in Escherichia coli and screened for ASMT activity by measuring melatonin production after the application of 1 mm N‐acetylserotonin (NAS). Among the eight strains harboring the full‐length cDNAs, the OMT3 strain produced high levels of melatonin, suggesting that OMT3 encodes an active ASMT. OMT3 is already known as caffeic acid OMT (COMT), suggesting multiple functions for this enzyme. The purified recombinant A. thaliana COMT (AtCOMT) showed high ASMT activity, catalyzing the conversion of NAS to melatonin. The Km and Vmax values for ASMT activity were 233 μm and 1800 pmol/min/mg protein, while the Km and Vmax values for COMT activity were 103 μm and 564,000 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km) for ASMT activity was 709‐fold lower than for COMT. In vitro, ASMT activity was dramatically decreased by the addition of caffeic acid in a dose‐dependent manner, but the activity of COMT was not altered by NAS. Lastly, the Arabidopsis comt knockout mutant exhibited less production of melatonin than the wild type when Arabidopsis leaves were infiltrated with 1 mm NAS, suggestive of in vivo role of COMT in melatonin biosynthesis in plants.
The impact of domestication on resistance to two generalist herbivores across 29 independent domestication events
Authors: Turcotte Martin M. , Turley Nash E. , Johnson Marc T. J. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

The domestication of crops is among the most important innovations in human history. Here, we test the hypothesis that cultivation and artificial selection for increased productivity of crops reduced plant defenses against herbivores.

We compared the performance of two economically important generalist herbivores – the leaf‐chewing beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and the phloem‐feeding green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) – across 29 crop species and their closely related wild relatives. We also measured putative morphological and chemical defensive traits and correlated them with herbivore performance.

We show that, on average, domestication significantly reduced resistance to S. exigua, but not M. persicae, and that most independent domestication events did not cause differences in resistance to either herbivore. In addition, we found that multiple plant traits predicted resistance to S. exigua and M. persicae, and that domestication frequently altered the strength and direction of correlations between these traits and herbivore performance.

Our results show that domestication can alter plant defenses, but does not cause strong allocation tradeoffs as predicted by plant defense theory. These results have important implications for understanding the evolutionary ecology of species interactions and for the search for potential resistance traits to be targeted in crop breeding.
Polyploidy: adaptation to the genomic environment
Authors: Hollister Jesse D. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryGenomic evidence of ancestral whole genome duplication (WGD) and polyploidy is widespread among eukaryotic species, and especially among plants. WGD is thought to provide the raw material for adaptation in the form of duplicated genes, and polyploids are thought to benefit from both physiological and genetic buffering. Comparatively little attention has focused on the genomic challenge of polyploidy, however, although much evidence exists that polyploidy severely perturbs important cellular functions. Here, I review recent progress in the study of the re‐establishment of stable meiosis in recently evolved polyploids, focusing on four plant species. This work has yielded an insight into the mechanisms underlying stabilization of genome transmission in polyploids, and is revealing remarkable parallels among diverse taxa. Importantly, these studies also provide a road map for investigating how polyploids respond to the challenge of WGD.
Tablet‐based Interactive Distraction (TBID) vs oral midazolam to minimize perioperative anxiety in pediatric patients: a noninferiority randomized trial
Authors: Seiden Samuel C. , McMullan Susan , Sequera‐Ramos Luis , De Oliveira Gildasio S. , Roth Andrew , Rosenblatt Audrey , Jesdale Bill M. , Suresh Santhanam 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIntroductionPerioperative anxiety is a common and undesirable outcome in pediatric surgical patients. The use of interactive tools to minimize perioperative anxiety is vastly understudied. The main objective of the current investigation was to compare the effects of a tablet‐based interactive distraction (TBID) tool to oral midazolam on perioperative anxiety. We hypothesized that the TBID tool was not inferior to midazolam to reduce perioperative anxiety.Methods108 children, ages 1–11 years, presenting for outpatient surgical procedures were prospectively randomized to oral midazolam (0.5 mg·kg−1; 20 mg max) or TBID. The primary outcome was the change in anxiety level from baseline to parental separation and anesthetic induction. Other data collected included emergence delirium, parental satisfaction, time‐to‐PACU discharge, and posthospitalization behavior.ResultsThe mean difference (95% CI) in the increase of anxiety at parental separation between the TBID and the midazolam group was −9 (−2.6 to −16.4), P = 0.006, demonstrating superiority to midazolam group (one‐sided P = 0.003). For children 2–11 years, the mean difference (95% CI) in anxiety at induction was significant between the TBID and midazolam groups, −14.0 (−6.1 to −22.0), P < 0.001. The median (IQR) time‐to‐PACU discharge was 111 (75–197) min in the midazolam group and 87 (55–137) min in the TBID group, P = 0.03. Decreased emergence delirium and increased parental satisfaction were also observed in the TBID group.ConclusionsA TBID tool reduces perioperative anxiety, emergence delirium, and time‐to‐discharge and increases parental satisfaction when compared to midazolam in pediatric patients undergoing ambulatory surgery.
In Vitro Investigations on the Effect of Dermal Fibroblasts on Keratinocyte Responses to Ultraviolet B Radiation
Authors: Fernandez Tara L. , Van Lonkhuyzen Derek R. , Dawson Rebecca A. , Kimlin Michael G. , Upton Zee 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExposure to ultraviolet radiation is closely linked to the development of skin cancers in humans. The ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation wavelength (280–320 nm), in particular, causes DNA damage in epidermal keratinocytes, which are linked to the generation of signature premalignant mutations. Interactions between dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes play a role in epidermal repair and regeneration after UVB‐induced damage. To investigate these processes, established two and three‐dimensional culture models were utilized to study the impact of fibroblast–keratinocyte crosstalk during the acute UVB response. Using a coculture system it was observed that fibroblasts enhanced keratinocyte survival and the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) after UVB radiation exposure. These findings were also mirrored in irradiated human skin coculture models employed in this study. Fibroblast coculture was shown to play a role in the expression and activation of members of the apoptotic cascade, including caspase‐3 and Bad. Interestingly, the expression and phosphorylation of p53, a key player in the regulation of keratinocyte cell fate postirradiation, was also shown to be influenced by fibroblast‐produced factors. This study highlights the importance of synergistic interactions between fibroblasts and keratinocytes in maintaining a functional epidermis while promoting repair and regeneration following UVB radiation‐induced damage.