bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infants of Diabetic Mothers
Authors: Joassin Guy , Parker Mary L , Pildes Rosita S , Cornblath Marvin 
Published: December 2014

Of six infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM), the levels of insulinwere high in four during the first week of life; levels of free fatty acid and glucose tended to be low. Growth hormone values were within normal limits.
In six infants of overt diabetic mothers, five had significant hypoglycemia; three were symptomatic. Growth hormone levels were within normal limits.
There was a positive correlation between the mother's blood glucose and the infant's insulin level at delivery in five of the IGDM. After birth, a negative correlation was found between the infant's blood glucose and the plasma insulin. There was apositive correlation between weight and insulin levels at birth in twenty normal infants and five growth hormone levels and birth weight 1967.
Studies on Experimental Insulin Immunity: II. The Organ Distribution of Insulin in Immune Rabbits
Authors: Horino Masaharu , Yu Shiu Yeh , Blumenthal Herman T 
Published: December 2014

The circulating half-life of injected insulin-I-125, and the uptake of this radioactive hormone by various tissues, have been compared in the normal and insulin-immune rabbit. In the normal animal the injected radioactive insulin is carried by albumin or an alpha-globulin, while in the immune animal it is carried in complex with antibody. The circulating half-life appears to have a fast and a slow component. In the normal rabbit the fast component was about 4.8 minutes and the slow component about forty-eight minutes, while in the immune animal the former was ten minutes and the latter about ninety minutes.
In the normal rabbit only about 17 per cent of the injected radioactive insulin remained as TCA-precipitable radioactivity (intact insulin) in blood and tissues one hour after injection, while in the immune animal about 75 per cent remained in this form at the end of one hour. It would appear, however, that some biologic effect was derived from the injection of radioactive insulin into immune animals, since some hypoglycemia occurred.
In both normal and immune animals most of the TCAprecipitable radioactivity one hour after injection of radioactive insulin was retained in serum, muscle, kidney and liver. However, the proportion of intact insulin was seventeen times greater in serum, 50 per cent greater in the heart, about 30 per cent greater in liver and muscle, about 16 per cent greater in lung and about the same in kidney of immune as compared with normal rabbits.
Influence of Anti-insulin Serum on Glucose Metabolism: II. In the Perfused Heart
Authors: Mansford K R L 
Published: December 2014

1. An improved method of preparing anti-insulin guinea pig serum of high potency is described.
2. Glucose metabolism has been studied in the perfused hearts of rats pretreated with anti-insulin serum. In perfused hearts taken from rats one hour after the injection of 0.5 ml. of anti-insulin serum there was a significant decrease in total glucose uptake, in glucose oxidation and in the lactate and glycogen formation from glucose as compared with values obtained in perfused hearts from normal rats.
3. When insulin was added to the perfusion fluid no significant differences were observed in glucose metabolism in perfused hearts from anti-insulin treated rats and from normal rats.
Clearance and Metabolic Action of Insulin and Nonsuppressible Insulin-like Activity (NSILA) in the Isolated Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Solomon Solomon S , Challoner David R , Ensinck John W , Williams Robert H 
Published: December 2014

Several aspects of glucose-U-C-14 metabolism were studied in the isolated perfused rat heart to compare the activities of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) and crystalline insulin. Like insulin, porcine NSILA prepared on a Dowex-50 column caused significant glucose disappearance and glycogen deposition. While 50 per cent of the insulin was cleared from the perfusate (immunoassay and bioassay) over sixty minutes, NSILA concentration, measured by the isolated fat cell bioassay, remained constant.
These results establish myocardium as a tissue on which NSILA has an action similar to insulin. Furthermore, these studies show an action of NSILA via a “normal” vascular tree and support the possibility that it may have a physiologic role. The lack of clearance of NSILA suggests that it may exert its insulin-like action over long intervals.
Effect of Pancreatectomy on Glucose Tolerance and Extracellular Fluid Insulin in the Dog
Authors: Rasio E A , Hill G J , Soeldner J S , Herrera M G 
Published: December 2014

An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT No. 1) was performed in anesthetized dogs after dissection of the pancreas but prior to its removal. The test was repeated forty minutes (IVGTT No. 2) and three hours and forty minutes (IVGTT No. 3) after the pancreatectomy was completed. Glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and insulin-like activity (ILA) were measured in serum and in thoracic duct lymph.
During IVGTT No. 1, serum IRI concentration rose sharply and then decreased while lymph IRI increased more slowly and reached a plateau at twice the fasting level. Net glucose disappearance rate (K) was 1.7 per cent per minute.
Forty minutes after pancreatectomy, at the initiation of IVGTT No. 2, lymph IRI had decreased to 50 per cent of the fasting level, but blood glucose concentrations were still within the normal range. At this point, following glucose injection, no increase in serum or lymph IRI was observed and glucose tolerance was subnormal: K = 0.5 per cent per minute.
Further lowering of lymph IRI and hyperglycemia were noted three hours and forty minutes after pancreatectomy. IVGTT No. 3 showed further deterioration of carbohydrate tolerance: K &lt; 0.5 per cent per minute. Thus, progressive reduction in the rate of glucose assimilation was observed pari passu with reduction in the plateau level of interstitial IRI. It is suggested that this moiety is probably the major determinant of net glucose disappearance rate.
Endogenous serum IRI rapidly equilibrated with interstitial fluid IRI. On the other hand, changes in serum “nonsuppressible” insulin-like activity (NSILA) were not reflected in lymph NSILA levels, thus suggesting that this moiety does not play a major role in the assimilation of a glucose load.
Influence of Cortisol on Plasma Insulin in the Sheep
Authors: Bassett J M , Wallace A L C 
Published: December 2014

Daily injection of a group of sheep with 75 mg. cortisol acetate (1.2 mg. per kilogram body weight) resulted in hyperglycemia and in a marked increase in plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations. Doubling the dose of cortisol after fourteen days did not result in further increases in glucose or insulin concentrations, but the elevated levels were maintained throughout treatment. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests using 0.1 gm. glucose per kilogram body weight showed that the rate of glucose removal was decreased and the increment in plasma insulin concentration reduced by cortisol treatment. With a larger glucose load (0.5 gm. per kilogram body weight) there was an exaggerated insulin response to the increased plasma glucose level during the first period of cortisol treatment, but in the second period the response was no greater than that in the control period. Changes in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the eight hours following feeding were much exaggerated during cortisol treatment, even though there is little absorption of glucose from the digestive tract in this species.
In the absence of evidence of increased glucose turnover in the sheep during cortisol-induced hyperglycemia, the changes are indicative of marked impairment of peripheral glucose metabolism and antagonism of insulin action by cortisol in this species.
Exaggerated Insulin Response to Glucagon in Simple Obesity
Authors: Benedetti Andrea , Simpson Ronald G , Grodsky Gerold M , Forsham Peter H 
Published: December 2014

Serum insulin response to intravenous administration of 1 mg. glucagon and 25 or 40 gm. glucose plus 1 mg. glucagon has been studied in normal and markedly obese nondiabetic patients and compared to the responses of infusions of glucose alone.
In both groups, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) rose to a maximal level within five minutes after the end of each injection, but the rise was significantly higher in the obese subjects. In spite of the augmented rise of IRI after a glucose plus glucagon infusion, the mean rate of glucose disappearance did not change significantly in the obese subjects, a finding which suggested impaired sensitivity to endogenous insulin. In obese subjects, who are known to have hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans, the enhancement of insulin secretion by glucagon appears greater.
Early Phase of Insulin Release
Authors: Simpson Ronald G , Benedetti Andrea , Grodsky Gerold M , Karam John H , Forsham Peter H 
Published: December 2014

The early phase of insulin release in the first five minutes after intravenous administration of glucose, glucagon, and glucose-plus-glucagon was investigated systematically in various clinical conditions.
In normal subjects there is an immediate release of insulin after glucose, glucagon, and glucose-plus-glucagon infusions. The latter combination produced the highest insulin levels.
Of a group of nonobese subjects with diabetic heritage, some had impaired early release of insulin, but0 their mean response did not differ significantly from the normal group.
Investigation of nonobese potential diabetics (offspring of two diabetic parents) revealed that as a group average they had decreased insulin levels during the early phase of insulin release, even though intravenous glucose tolerance was normal. Four of ten subjects had a normal response.
Nonobese, noninsulin-dependent diabetics had no insulin response to infused glucose, but when glucagon was added to glucose a significant and rapid insulin discharge was observed. However, the magnitude of this response was about half that seen in normal subjects after glucose-plusglucagon.
Finally, the early phase of insulin release was studied in obese nondiabetic subjects who demonstrated an exaggerated insulin release to each stimulus. Again, glucose-plusglucagon was the most potent stimulator of insulin release.
It is postulated that impairment in the early phase of insulin release may be the first detectable abnormality of insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus and that glucagon has the capability of restoring this toward normal.
Adsorption of Insulin to Infusion Bottles and Tubing
Authors: Weisenfeld Shirley , Podolsky Stephen , Goldsmith Lowell , Ziff Lawrence 
Published: December 2014

The adsorption of clinically used quantities of insulin to infusion systems was studied. Isotonic saline solutions containing tracer quantities of beef insulin-I-131, with or without varying amounts of nonradioiodinated (carrier) regular beef insulin, were added to bottles of 500 ml. infusion sets. The solutions were then allowed to flow out into collection beakers. Adsorption was assessed by measuring the decrease of radioactivity in the solutions and/or recovery from the bottles by 30 per cent potassium hydroxide (KOH). The influence of human serum albumin (HSA) on adsorption was evaluated by repeating the experiments after HSA was added to the infusion fluid.
Adsorption of insulin-I-131 to both bottles and tubing was considerable, especially at low concentrations of carrier insulin. HSA effectively reduced the adsorption to clinically insignificant amounts.
Inhibition of Fatty Acid Stimulation of Gluconeogenesis by (+)-Decanoylcarnitine in Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: Williamson John R , Browning Edward T , Scholz Roland , Kreisberg Robert A , Fritz Irving B 
Published: December 2014

Oleic acid produced a two- to three-fold stimulation of glucose production from lactate in perfused livers from fasted rats. This effect was completely blocked by (+)-decanoylcarnitine, a known inhibitor of (−)-carnitine palmityltransferase. Activation of fatty acids to the acyl CoA esters was not inhibited. Neither β-oxidation of octanoate, nor its stimulatory effect on gluconeogenesis was blocked by (+)-decanoylcarnitine. The results show that in the intact liver, the oxidation of long-chain but not short-chain fatty acids proceeds almost entirely through carnitine-dependent pathways.
Changes in the tissue levels of metabolic intermediates after addition of oleic acid show that the increased rate of gluconeogenesis was caused by a stimulation of the pyruvate carboxylase step. Attendant increases in the levels of acetyl CoA and NADH are consistent with the proposal that the mitochondrial levels of these intermediates control carbohydrate metabolism by diverting pyruvate from oxidation towards the synthesis of glucose. A further control site was identified upon fatty acid addition in the region of the phosphofructokinase and fructose diphosphatase reactions. There was no evidence for control at either of these steps by adenine nucleotides, but a marked rise of citrate was consistent with a postulated inhibition of phosphofructokinase. All the changes in the levels of intermediates of the gluconeogenic pathway and citric acid cycle induced by oleic acid were blocked by (+)-decanoylcarnitine. The failure of oleic acid to increase acetyl CoA and citrate levels in the presence of (+)-decanoylcarnitine explains its failure to stimulate gluconeogenesis under these conditions. It is concluded that the effect of fatty acids on gluconeogenesis is determined by their rate of oxidation and not by their concentration in the perfusion fluid.
The significance of these findings in relation to the interactions of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in vivo in the normal, starved and diabetic states is discussed.
Analysis of Tests for Diabetes in 250,000 Persons Screened for Diabetes Using Finger Blood after a Carbohydrate Load
Authors: Kent Gerald T , Leonards Jack R 
Published: December 2014

The results of a detection program for diabetes over a four-year period, using a finger blood test after a carbohydrate load, were analyzed. After excluding persons with known diabetes or incomplete data, 250,938 had the initial screening test and 9,682 or 3.9 per cent screened “positive.” Approximately 75 per cent of the “positive” screenees returned for a confirmatory carbohydrate tolerance test. Five thousand, three hundred and seventy persons, or approximately 74 per cent of those who returned, had “positive” confirmatory tests. Since only persons who were “positive” in both tests were considered to have diabetes, the prevalence rate for previously undetected diabetes was 2.1 per cent.
When allowance was made for “positive” screenees who failed to return by assuming that they would confirm “positive” at the same rate as the returnees, the estimated prevalence rate for previously undetected diabetes was 2.8 per cent.
A representative sample of 100,077 persons showed very similar test results which were further analyzed by sex, race, weight and family history in relation to decades of age. The prevalence rate of undetected diabetes and the rate of “positive” confirmation for “positive” screenees varied markedly with age. The importance of considering the other variables in relation to age for planning detection programs is discussed; 60 per cent of the persons with diabetes detected in this program had a negative family history for diabetes.
Information from return postcards sent to “positive” screenees from three months to three years after their initial test showed that a very high percentage of screenees had consulted their physicians as a result of the test; 62 per cent of the confirmed “positives” who replied stated that the diagnosis of diabetes had been confirmed by their physicians.
Failure to Demonstrate “Bound” Insulin in Human Serum
Authors: Meade Robert C , Brush James S , Klitgaard Howard M , Ward Walter F , Ratz Margaret 
Published: December 2014

The reported insulin-like activity, ILA, eluted from a cation resin column, following passage of serum, has been confirmed using the rat diaphragm bioassay. Four methods reported to convert “bound” to “free ” insulin did not increase assayable ILA.
A quantitative estimate of ILA in the untreated preparation using the rat diaphragm assay was greater than the estimate obtained using the mouse in vivo assay. It is concluded that rat diaphragm measures total ILA without prior activation. These studies fail to support the concept of “free” and “bound” insulin in human serum.
Insulin Disposition in the Isolated Perfused Rat Heart: Effect of “Bound” Insulin
Authors: Posner Barry I , Sotman Stuart L , Antoniades Harry N 
Published: December 2014

Hearts from fed and fasted rats were perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 3 per cent human serum albumin, 2 mg./ml. glucose and 100 or 200 μU./ml. crystalline insulin. The concentration of immunoassayable insulin in the medium decreased, during two hours of perfusion, to approximately 50 per cent of the initial concentration. Perfusion of hearts with insulin-I-131 (100 μU./ml.) resulted in: (1) a decrease in immunoprecipitable radioactivity corresponding in rate and extent to that of crystalline insulin; (2) a significantly smaller decrease in trichloracetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity; (3) a corresponding accumulation of a fraction of radioactivity which was TCA-precipitable but not immunoprecipitable (TCA-nonimmunoprecipitable) as well as an increase in TCA-soluble radioactivity. Immunoprecipitable-I-131 and not TCA-precipitable I-131 more accurately reflects the fate of intact insulin. Analysis of the two-hour perfusate by gel nitration chromatography (Sephadex G-100) indicated that radioactivity was associated with both the insulin-I-131 peak (M.W. 12,000) and with substances exhibiting a lower molecular weight. Thus, the disappearance of insulin during heart perfusion may be largely accounted for by degradation of insulin.
Both immunoassayable insulin and immunoprecipitable insulin-I-131 were demonstrated to decrease in concentration in cell-free medium which had been previously perfused through the heart for two hours, but not in unperfused medium. The extent of disappearance was less than that during a two-hour heart perfusion. Thus, a portion of the degradation of insulin occurring during heart perfusion is probably due to the action of enzymes which diffuse into the medium from the heart.
“Bound” insulin inhibited the disappearance of both crystalline insulin and immunoprecipitable I-131 radioactivity from the medium during heart perfusion. “Bound” insulin was shown to inhibit the rate of disappearance of immunoprecipitable radioactivity from preperfused medium. During perfusions with “Bound” insulin alone, the level of bioassayable activity in the medium remained constant throughout the perfusion, indicating a lack of disappearance of “Bound” insulin from the medium and vascular space of the heart. Studies of glucose uptake during heart perfusion demonstrated that “Bound” insulin has minimal or no effect on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. “Bound” insulin may inhibit the disappearance of insulin by interfering with the transport of insulin across the capillary wall and/or by inhibiting the degradation of insulin in the medium.
A Three-Year Trial of Atromid Therapy in Exudative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Duncan L J P , Cullen J F , Ireland J T , Nolan J , Clarke B F , Oliver M F 
Published: December 2014

A three-year trial of Atromid treatment in exudative diabetic retinopathy was carried out in twenty-three patients and twenty-five controls.
In comparison with those of the controls the eyes of the Atromid-treated patients showed a highly significant decrease in hard waxy exudates (p = &lt; 0.0001) which was not, however, accompanied by appreciable improvement in visual acuity. No improvement in the vascular retinal lesions occurred.
The initial severity of the exudative lesions was not related to the fasting serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels; there was also no correlation between the effect of Atromid on the exudates and on these serum lipids.
The way in which Atromid might influence exudate deposition and its possible use in the treatment of exudative diabetic retinopathy are discussed.
Diabetes in the Seneca Indians: Plasma Insulin Responses to Oral Carbohydrate
Authors: Frohman Lawrence A , Doeblin Thomas D , Emerling Frank G 
Published: December 2014

In a group of adult Seneca Indians living in Western New York, 14 per cent were discovered to have previously diagnosed diabetes, and 20 per cent of the remainder had a plasma glucose of 200 mg. per 100 ml. or greater one hour after oral carbohydrate. This report describes the glucose and insulin responses to oral carbohydrate in fifty of these subjects who were not previously known to have diabetes during initial testing.
On the basis of the results of a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test, forty-six subjects were classified into “diabetic” or “normal” categories. Four persons formed an intermediate group. The diabetics differed from the normals in that (1) they were older and more obese, though even the normal population was significantly obese, and (2) the mean fasting plasma insulin level was three times greater and the insulin response to oral glucose two and one-half times greater than in normals. When diabetics were subdivided on the basis of obesity or degree of glucose intolerance, no significant differences in insulin secretion could be detected. A group of diabetic subjects with a degree of obesity comparable to that of normal subjects still demonstrated two-fold increases in both fasting and postglucose insulin levels.
The elevated insulin levels of diabetics can be explained only in part by co-existent obesity and suggest the presence of insulin resistance associated with diabetes in these Indians.
Plasma Disappearance Rate of Injected Human Insulin in Juvenile Diabetic, Maturity-onset Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects
Authors: Orskov Hans , Christensen Niels Juel 
Published: December 2014

The half-life in plasma of immunoreactive insulin was determined after the injection of eight units of unlabeled human insulin. Six juvenile diabetics and nine maturityonset diabetics as well as eight and six nondiabetics of comparable ages were investigated. The average T½ for the groups was respectively: 10.0 ± 2.8; 12.9 ± 1.7; 10.6 ± 1.9 and 13.0 ± 2.5 minutes. There is no tendency to any difference in T½ between diabetics and nondiabetics of comparable age. However, the T½ in the older group is significantly longer than T½ in the younger age group.
Evidence from in vitro experiments, as well as from the literature, is presented which points to the fact that iodinated insulin cannot be used for the evaluation of the disappearance rate or secretion rate of endogenous insulin. Furthermore, it is emphasized that protein precipitation with TCA or Na2SO4 cannot be employed for the isolation of undestroyed iodinated insulin.