bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Anatomy, Evolution, and Homologies of Tetrapod Hindlimb Muscles, Comparison with Forelimb Muscles, and Deconstruction of the Forelimb‐Hindlimb Serial Homology Hypothesis
Authors: Diogo Rui , Molnar Julia 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFor more than two centuries, the idea that the forelimb and hindlimb are serially homologous structures has been accepted without serious question. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the evolution and homologies of all hindlimb muscles in representatives of each major tetrapod group and proposes a unifying nomenclature for these muscles. These data are compared with information obtained previously about the forelimb muscles of tetrapods and the muscles of other gnathostomes in order to address one of the most central and enigmatic questions in evolutionary and comparative anatomy: why are the pelvic and pectoral appendages of gnathostomes generally so similar to each other? An integrative analysis of the new myological data, combined with a review of recent paleontological, developmental, and genetic works and of older studies, does not support serial homology between the structures of these appendages. For instance, many of the strikingly similar forelimb and hindlimb muscles found in each major extant tetrapod taxon were acquired at different geological times and/or have different embryonic origins. These similar muscles are not serial homologues, but the result of evolutionary parallelism/convergence due to a complex interplay of ontogenetic, functional, topological, and phylogenetic constraints/factors. Anat Rec, 297:1047–1075, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Homology of the Pelvic Elements of Zygaspis quadrifrons (Squamata: Amphisbaenia)
Authors: Urben Carling C. , Daza Juan D. , Cadena Cristhian , Lewis Patrick J. , Thies Monte L. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTLimb attenuation with element loss has occurred multiple times among the Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians). Although most of the attention has been focused on the appendicular bones, we found that the pelvic rudiments have been studied less thoroughly and recurring disagreement is common among different authors studying the same species. We studied the osteology of the pelvic region of female and male Zygaspis quadrifrons with high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography data. We report an osteological landmark (acetabulum) not previously detected in this taxon, the presence of which has repercussions that call for a reconsideration of the primary homology hypothesis for the identity of these bones in amphisbaenians and other squamates. Finally, we observed that the acetabulum and limb rudiments in amphisbaenians (i.e., the stylopodium when present) are situated medial to the pelvic girdle, contrasting with the large majority of tetrapods where these structures are laterally oriented. Anat Rec, 297:1407–1413, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Study on the Paneth Cells in the Rat Ascending Colon
Authors: Mantani Youhei , Nishida Miho , Yuasa Hideto , Yamamoto Kyouji , Takahara Ei‐Ichirou , Omotehara Takuya , Udayanga Kankanam Gamage Sanath , Kawano Junichi , Yokoyama Toshifumi , Hoshi Nobuhiko , Kitagawa Hiroshi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPaneth cells (PCs) contribute to the host defense against indigenous bacteria in the small intestine. We found Paneth cell‐like cells (PLCs) in the rat ascending colon, but the nature of PLCs is never clarified. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the cytological characteristics of PLCs and discuss their cellular differentiation. PLCs were localized in the bases of intestinal crypts, especially follicle‐associated intestinal crypts in proximal colonic lymphoid tissue, but were very seldom found in the ordinary intestinal crypts of the ascending colon. PLCs possessed specific granules with highly electron‐dense cores and haloes, as well as PCs in the small intestine. The secretory granules of PLCs were positive for PAS reaction, lysozyme and soluble phospholipase A2, but negative for Alcian blue staining, β‐defensin‐1 and ‐2, as well as the ones of PCs. Furthermore, intermediate cells possessing both the PLC‐specific granules and the mucus granules similar to those of goblet cells (GCs) were occasionally found in the vicinity of PLCs. Intermediate cells ranged from goblet cell‐like cells rich in mucus granules to PLC‐like cells with few mucus granules. The cellular condensation and fragmentation were exclusively found in PLCs but never seen in intermediate cells or GCs. The PLCs, which were identified as PC, were suggested to be transformed from GCs through intermediate cells and finally to die by apoptosis in intestinal crypts of proximal colonic lymphoid tissue in the rat ascending colon. Anat Rec, 297:1462–1471, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myeloid‐Lymphoid Ontogeny in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Batchelder Cynthia A. , Duru Nadire , Lee Charles I. , Baker Chris A.R. , Swainson Louise , Mccune Joseph M. , Tarantal Alice F. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTEstablishment of a functional immune system has important implications for health and disease, yet questions remain regarding the mechanism, location, and timing of development of myeloid and lymphoid cell compartments. The goal of this study was to characterize the ontogeny of the myeloid‐lymphoid system in rhesus monkeys to enhance current knowledge of the developmental sequence of B‐cell (CD20, CD79), T‐cell (CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3), dendritic cell (CD205), and macrophage (CD68) lineages in the fetus and infant. Immunohistochemical assessments addressed the temporal and spatial expression of select phenotypic markers in the developing liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and bone marrow with antibodies known to cross‐react with rhesus cells. CD3 was the earliest lymphoid marker identified in the first trimester thymus and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen. T‐cell markers were also expressed midgestation on cells of the liver, spleen, thymus, and in Peyer's patches of the small and large intestine, and where CCR5 expression was noted. A myeloid marker, CD68, was found on hepatic cells near blood islands in the late first trimester. B‐cell markers were observed mid‐second trimester in the liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow spaces, and occasionally in GALT. By the late third trimester and postnatally, secondary follicles with germinal centers were present in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. These results suggest that immune ontogeny in monkeys is similar in temporal and anatomical sequence when compared to humans, providing important insights for translational studies. Anat Rec, 297:1392–1406, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Interpretive Power of Infraorbital Foramen Area in Making Dietary Inferences in Extant Apes
Authors: Muchlinski Magdalena N. , Deane Andrew S. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe infraorbital foramen (IOF) is located below the orbit and transmits the sensory infraorbital nerve (ION) to mechanoreceptors located throughout the maxillary region. The size of the IOF correlates with the size of the ION; thus, the IOF appears to indicate relative touch sensitivity of maxillary region. In primates, IOF size correlates well with diet. Frugivores have relatively larger IOFs than folivores or insectivores because fruit handling/processing requires increased touch sensitivity. However, it is unknown if the IOF can be used to detect subtle dietary differences among closely related hominoid species. Hominoids are traditionally grouped into broad dietary categories, despite the fact that hominoid diets are remarkably diverse. This study examines whether relative IOF size is capable of differentiating among the dietary preferences of closely related species with overlapping, yet divergent diets. We measured IOF area in Hylobates lar, Symphalangus syndactulus, Pongo pygmaeus spp., Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri, and Gorilla beringei beringei. We classified each species as a dedicated folivore, mixed folivore/frugivore, soft object frugivore, or hard object frugivore. The IOF is documented to be larger in more frugivorous species and smaller in more folivorous taxa. Interestingly, G.b. beringei, had the largest relative IOF of any gorilla, despite being a dedicated folivore. G.b. beringei does have unique food processing behavior that relies heavily on maxillary mechanoreception, thus this finding is not entirely unsupported behaviorally. The results of this study provide evidence that the IOF is an informative feature in interpretations of fossil apes. Anat Rec, 297:1377–1384, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Need for Speed in Rodent Locomotion Analyses
Authors: Batka Richard J. , Brown Todd J. , Mcmillan Kathryn P. , Meadows Rena M. , Jones Kathryn J. , Haulcomb Melissa M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTLocomotion analysis is now widely used across many animal species to understand the motor defects in disease, functional recovery following neural injury, and the effectiveness of various treatments. More recently, rodent locomotion analysis has become an increasingly popular method in a diverse range of research. Speed is an inseparable aspect of locomotion that is still not fully understood, and its effects are often not properly incorporated while analyzing data. In this hybrid manuscript, we accomplish three things: (1) review the interaction between speed and locomotion variables in rodent studies, (2) comprehensively analyze the relationship between speed and 162 locomotion variables in a group of 16 wild‐type mice using the CatWalk gait analysis system, and (3) develop and test a statistical method in which locomotion variables are analyzed and reported in the context of speed. Notable results include the following: (1) over 90% of variables, reported by CatWalk, were dependent on speed with an averageR2value of 0.624, (2) most variables were related to speed in a nonlinear manner, (3) current methods of controlling for speed are insufficient, and (4) the linear mixed model is an appropriate and effective statistical method for locomotion analyses that is inclusive of speed‐dependent relationships. Given the pervasive dependency of locomotion variables on speed, we maintain that valid conclusions from locomotion analyses cannot be made unless they are analyzed and reported within the context of speed. Anat Rec, 297:1839–1864, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating the irregularity of bus routes: highlighting how underlying assumptions of bus models impact the regularity results
Authors: Hans Etienne , Chiabaut Nicolas , Leclercq Ludovic 
Published: June 2014

SummaryA bus route is inherently unstable: when the system is uncontrolled, buses fail to maintain their time‐headways and tend to bunch. Several mathematical bus motion models were proposed to reproduce the bus behavior and assess management strategies. However, no work has established how the choice of a model impacts the irregularity of modeled bus systems, that is, the non‐respect of scheduled headways. Because of this gap, a large body of existing works assumes that the ability of these models to reproduce instability comes only from stochasticity, although the link between stochastic inputs and the level of irregularity remains unknown. Moreover, some recognized phenomena such as a change of travel conditions during a day or delays at signalized intersections are ignored. To address these shortcomings, this paper provides an overview of existing dynamic bus‐focused models and proposes a simple way to classify them. Commonly used deterministic and stochastic models are compared, which allows quantifying the relative influence of stochasticity of each model component on outputs. Moreover, we show that a change in the system equilibrium in a full deterministic system can lead to irregularity. Finally, this paper proposes a refinement of travel time models to account for non‐dynamic signals. In presence of traffic signals, we show that a bus system can be self‐regulated. Especially, these insights could help to calibrate bus model inputs to better reproduce real data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of the extent and variation of grapefruit juice–drug interactions from the pharmacokinetic profile in the absence of grapefruit juice
Authors: Kogure Natsuki , Akiyoshi Takeshi , Imaoka Ayuko , Ohtani Hisakazu 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to develop a method for predicting the extent of grapefruit juice (GFJ)–drug interactions and their interindividual variations from the pharmacokinetic profile in the absence of GFJ. The pharmacokinetic profiles of 13 drugs after intravenous and oral administration were used to develop and validate the method. For each drug, the proportion absorbed into the intestine and the intestinal availability (Fg) were calculated from clinical data taken from the literature. Then, the AUC ratio (the ratio of the AUC with GFJ to that without GFJ) was predicted by assuming that Fg was 1.0 when GFJ was concomitantly ingested. According to the developed method, the AUC ratio of felodipine was 2.50 and its coefficient of variation (CV) was 45%, which agreed well with the observed AUC ratio of 2.48 and CV of 51%. Although the developed method overestimated the AUC ratios of some drugs such as nisoldipine, no underestimation occurred. The predicted CV values were consistent with those observed. The developed method might be useful to predict the AUC ratio, along with its interindividual variation, from the pharmacokinetic profile in the absence of grapefruit juice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of complex colonic polyps in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme
Authors: Lee T J W , Rees C J , Nickerson C , Stebbing J , Abercrombie J F , McNally R J Q , Rutter M D 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Large sessile or flat colonic polyps, defined as polyps at least 20 mm in size, are difficult to treat endoscopically and may harbour malignancy. The aim of this study was to describe their current management to provide insight into optimal management.

Methods
This retrospective observational study identified patients with large sessile or flat polyps detected in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme between 2006 and 2009. Initial therapeutic modality (surgical or endoscopic), subsequent management and outcomes were recorded. The main outcome measures analysed were: presence of malignancy, need for surgical treatment, complications, and residual or recurrent polyp at 12 months.

Results
In total, 557 large sessile or flat polyps with benign appearance or initial histology were identified in 557 patients. Some 436 (78·3 per cent) were initially managed endoscopically and 121 (21·7 per cent) were managed surgically from the outset. Seventy of those initially treated endoscopically subsequently required surgery owing to the presence of malignancy (19) or not being suitable for further endoscopic management (51). Residual or recurrent polyp was present at 12 months in 26 (6·0 per cent) of 436 patients managed endoscopically. There was wide variation between centres in the use of surgery as a primary therapy, ranging from 7 to 36 per cent. Endoscopic complications included bleeding in 13 patients (3·0 per cent) and perforation in two (0·5 per cent).

Conclusion
Management of large sessile or flat colonic polyps is safe and effective in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Wide variation in the use of surgery suggests a need for standardized management algorithms.
Presented to a meeting of the British Society of Gastroenterology, Birmingham, UK, March 2011
Identification of the metabolites of gigantol in rat urine by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Fan Yuanmin , Han Han , He Chunyong , Yang Li , Wang Zhengtao 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTGigantol is a typical bibenzyl compound isolated from Dendrobii Caulis that has been widely used as a medicinal herb in China for the treatment of diabetic cataract, cancer and arteriosclerosis obliterans and as a tonic for stomach nourishment, saliva secretion promotion and fever reduction. However, few studies have been carried out on its in vivo metabolism. In the present study, a rapid and sensitive method based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS) in positive ion mode was developed and applied to identify the metabolites of gigantol in rat urine after a single oral dose (100 mg/kg). Chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm i. d., 1.8 µm) using acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid as mobile phases. A total of 11 metabolites were detected and identified as all phase II metabolites. The structures of the metabolites were identified based on the characteristics of their MS, MS2 data and chromatographic retention times. The results showed that glucuronidation is the principal metabolic pathway of gigantol in rats. The newly identified metabolites are useful to understand the mechanism of elimination of gigantol and, in turn, its effectiveness and toxicity. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to investigate the metabolic fate of gigantol in vivo. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offending outcomes of a mental health youth diversion pilot scheme in England
Authors: Haines Alina , Lane Steven , McGuire James , Perkins Elizabeth , Whittington Richard 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundA youth justice diversion scheme designed to enhance health provision for young people with mental health and developmental problems as soon as they enter the youth justice system has been piloted in six areas of England.AimAs part of a wider evaluation of the first youth justice diversion scheme outside the USA, our aim here was to examine re‐offending. We sought to test the hypothesis that a specialised service for young people with mental health difficulties would be associated with reductions in re‐offending. In addition, we examined factors associated with the re‐offending that occurred.MethodsTwo hundred and eight young offenders with access to the diversion scheme and 200 without were compared in four geographical area pairings to allow for socio‐demographic contextual differences. Officially recorded re‐offending was ascertained for 15–30 months after study entry. We also tested characteristics associated with re‐offending among everyone entering the diversion scheme (n = 870).ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in re‐offending rates between the diversion and comparison samples, but those with access to diversion had significantly longer periods of desistance from offending than those who did not. In multivariate analysis, the only significant characteristic associated with re‐offending was history of previous offending.ConclusionsPrevention of re‐offending is only one of the potentially beneficial outcomes of diversion of young people who are vulnerable because of mental health problems, but it is an important one. The advantage of longer survival without prevention of re‐offending suggests that future research should explore critical timings for these young people. The equivocal nature of the findings suggests that a randomised controlled trial would be justified. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: MgAuGa and MgAu2Ga: First Representatives of the Mg—Au—Ga System.
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Corbett John D. , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSingle crystals of MgAuGa (I) and MgAu2Ga (II) are obtained from melts of the elements with Mg/Au/Ga ratios of 1:1:1, 1:1:3, or 1:2:2, (Ta ampoules in SiO2 jackets, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Thermal Properties of Composites with RE‐Borohydrides (RE: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb or Lu) and LiBH4.
Authors: Olsen Joern Eirik , Frommen Christoph , Jensen Torben R. , Riktor Marit D. , Soerby Magnus H. , Hauback Bjoern C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMechanochemical milling of LnCl3 (Ln: La—Tb, Er, Yb, Lu) with LiBH4 in the molar ratio of 1:6 for 5 h and additional annealing at 100 °C for 50 h leads to the new compounds LiLn(BH4)3Cl (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd), Ln(BH4)3 (Ln: Sm, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb), and/or LiLn(BH4)4 (Ln: Yb, Lu).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4H‐SrMnO3.0 Nanoparticles from a Molecular Precursor and Their Topotactic Reduction Pathway Identified at Atomic Scale.
Authors: Gonzalez‐Jimenez Irma N. , Torres‐Pardo Almudena , Sanchez‐Pelaez Ana E. , Gutierrez Angel , Garcia‐Hernandez Mar , Gonzalez‐Calbet Jose M. , Parras Marina , Varela Aurea 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSrMn(edta)(H2O)5·3/2H2O (I) is synthesized from an aqueous mixture of H4edta, MnCO3, and SrCO3 (40% yield) and used as a precursor for the synthesis of 4H‐SrMnO3.0 nanoparticles (II) by thermal decomposition (oxygen atmosphere, 1123 K, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Nd2Fe14B Synthesis: Effect of Excess Neodymium on Phase Purity and Magnetic Property.
Authors: Jadhav Abhijit P. , Ma Haoxuan , Kim Dong Soo , Baek Youn Kyung , Choi Chul Jin , Kang Young Soo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe effect of 5, 10, 12, and 15 wt.% excess of Nd on the synthesis and properties of hard phase Nd2Fe14B magnetic materials is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of H2V3O8/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite as a Promising Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Wei Yingjin , et al. et al. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractH2V3O8 nanowires wrapped by reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as composite cathodes for Li‐ion batteries are hydrothermally prepared by ultrasonication of a suspension of V2O5, H2O2, and a graphene oxide derived by a modified Hummers method (autoclave, 200 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiodifferentiation of Multifunctional Tertiary Alcohols by NMR Spectroscopy with a Whelk‐O Type Chiral Solvating Agent.
Authors: Wolf Christian , Cook Andrea M. , Dannatt Jonathan E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA chiral recognition process based on two different conformers in the presence of a chiral solvating agent is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflic Anhydride: A Mild Reagent for Highly Efficient Synthesis of 1,2‐Benzisoxazoles, Isoxazolo, and Isothiazolo Quinolines Without Additive or Base.
Authors: Kalkhambkar Rajesh G. , Yuvaraj H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA practical and simple method for the synthesis of 1,2‐benzisoxazoles (II), isoxazolo‐ (IV), and isothiazoloquinolines (VI) is developed based on the Tf2O‐mediated intramolecular cyclization of appropriate oximes (I), (III) or (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: AgOTf‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Cyclization of Triynols with NXS: Rapid Synthesis of Densely Trisubstituted Naphthalenes and Quinolines.
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Jia Xuegong , Ye Changqing , Qiu Guanyinsheng , Wu Jie 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe structure of product (IIa) is confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious Synthesis of Aromatic Cyanodienones Using Neutral Alumina as a Versatile Heterogeneous Catalyst.
Authors: Mouradzadegun Arash , Abadast Fatemeh 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe corresponding reaction without the γ‐A2O3 catalyst requires significantly longer reaction times of 20 min to 1h for the preparation of (IIIa‐d) and 4‐23 h for the preparation of (IIIe,f) and (Va,b).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Methyl Esterification of Aromatic Aldehydes and Benzoic Alcohols by TBHP as Both Oxidant and Methyl Source.
Authors: Li Pan , Zhao Jingjing , Lang Rui , Xia Chungu , Li Fuwei 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe direct oxidative methyl esterification of aromatic aldehydes and benzylic alcohols with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as both the oxidant and the methyl source proceeds via a radical reaction mechanism.