bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on “Excimer” Formation Mechanism of Linear Oligofluorenes‐Functionalized Anthracenes by Using Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Ying‐Hui , Zou Lu , Kang Zhi‐Hui , Qian Cheng , Wang Fuyin , Ma Yu‐Guang , Lu Ran , Ji Hong , Zhang Han‐Zhuang 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe study the photophysical characters of two oligofluorenes‐functionalized anthracenes molecules with different fluorine‐vinylene (FV) units, which exhibits that “excimer” state appears in the solution after photoexcitation. The dynamic data shows that two mechanisms are responsible for the generation of “excimer”. The fast one is controlled by the arene‐arene interaction between molecules and the slow one is influenced by the diffusion motion of molecules. Increasing the number of FV units may suppress the DM‐dependent “excimer” and enhance the yield of intrinsic fluorescence, which finally improves the fluorescence property of molecules in solution.
Aristotle's Cognitive Science: Belief, Affect and Rationality
Authors: Mccready‐Flora Ian 
Published: August 2013

AbstractI offer a novel interpretation of Aristotle's psychology and notion of rationality, which draws the line between animal and specifically human cognition. Aristotle distinguishes belief (doxa), a form of rational cognition, from imagining (phantasia), which is shared with non‐rational animals. We are, he says, “immediately affected” by beliefs, but respond to imagining “as if we were looking at a picture.” Aristotle's argument has been misunderstood; my interpretation explains and motivates it. Rationality includes a filter that interrupts the pathways between cognition and behavior. This prevents the subject from responding to certain representations. Stress and damage compromise the filter, making the subject respond indiscriminately, as non‐rational animals do. Beliefs are representations that have made it past the filter, which is why they can “affect [us] immediately.” Aristotle's claims expressceteris paribusgeneralizations, subject to exceptions. No list of provisos could turn them into non‐vacuous universal claims, but this does not rob them of their explanatory power. Aristotle's cognitive science resolves a tension we grapple with today: it accounts for the specialness of human action and thinking within a strictly naturalistic framework. The theory is striking in its insight and explanatory power, instructive in its methodological shortcomings.
Temperature adaptation in Australasian populations of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Loladze A. , Druml T. , Wellings C. R. 
Published: August 2013

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the major fungal pathogens of wheat. A new pathotype was introduced to Australia in 2002 and several derivative pathotypes were detected in subsequent seasons. It has been suggested that the severity of stripe rust outbreaks in Australia since 2002 could be as a result of traits other than virulence in the pathogen population. This study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that the stripe rust pathogen population dominant in Australia since 2002 was better adapted to warm temperature conditions compared to previous pathogen populations. Sixteen pathotypes were selected to examine the influence of two contrasting temperature regimes during the 24 h incubation (10°C and 15°C) and the subsequent post‐inoculation (17°C and 23°C) periods on latent period and infection efficiency on four susceptible wheat cultivars. In addition, the effect of two contrasting incubation temperatures on urediniospore germination was examined. The results indicated that pathotypes of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici detected after 2002 did not show evidence of adaptation to high temperatures, which suggests that other factors contributed to the observed increased aggressiveness.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Trypanosoma brucei Reveals Introgression between Subspecies That Is Associated with Virulence
Authors: Goodhead Ian , Capewell Paul , Bailey J. Wendi , Beament Tanja , Chance Michael , Kay Suzanne , Forrester Sarah , MacLeod Annette , Taylor Mark , Noyes Harry , Hall Neil 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by two subspecies of
Trypanosoma brucei
.
Trypanosoma brucei

rhodesiense
is found in East Africa and frequently causes acute disease, while
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
is found in West Africa and is associated with chronic disease. Samples taken from a single focus of a Ugandan outbreak of
T
.
b. rhodesiense
in the 1980s were associated with either chronic or acute disease. We sequenced the whole genomes of two of these isolates, which showed that they are genetically distinct from each other. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in a panel of 31 Ugandan isolates plus 32 controls revealed a mixture of East African and West African haplotypes, and some of these haplotypes were associated with the different virulence phenotypes. It has been shown recently that
T
.
b. brucei
and
T
.
b. rhodesiense
populations undergo genetic exchange in natural populations. Our analysis showed that these strains from the Ugandan epidemic were intermediate between the reference genome sequences of
T
.
b. gambiense
and
T
.
b. brucei
and contained haplotypes that were present in both subspecies. This suggests that the human-infective subspecies of
T. brucei
are not genetically isolated, and our data are consistent with genomic introgression between East African and West African
T
.
b. brucei
subspecies. This has implications for the control of the parasite, the spread of drug resistance, and understanding the variation in virulence and the emergence of human infectivity.

IMPORTANCE
We present a genetic study of the acute form of “sleeping sickness” caused by the protozoan parasite
Trypanosoma brucei
rhodesiense
from a single outbreak in Uganda. This represents an advance in our understanding of the relationship between the
T
.
b. rhodesiense
and
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
subspecies that have previously been considered geographically distinct. Our data suggest that introgression of West African-derived
T. brucei
haplotypes may be associated with differences in disease presentation in the East African disease. These findings are not only of scientific interest but also important for parasite control, as they suggest that the human-infective
T. brucei
subspecies are not genetically isolated.
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome—How Worried Should We Be?
Authors: Perlman Stanley 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Ten years after the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic, a second coronavirus, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has been identified as the cause of a highly lethal pneumonia in patients in the Middle East and in travelers from this region. Over the past 9 months, since the virus was first isolated, much has been learned about the biology of the virus. It is now clear that MERS-CoV is transmissible from person to person, and its close relationship with several bat coronaviruses suggests that these animals may be the ultimate source of the infection. However, many key issues need to be addressed, including identification of the proximate, presumably zoonotic, source of the infection, the prevalence of the infection in human populations, details regarding clinical and pathological features of the human infection, the establishment of a small rodent model for the infection, and the virological and immune basis for the severe disease observed in most patients. Most importantly, we do not know whether a MERS-CoV epidemic is likely or not. Infection with the virus has so far resulted in only 91 cases and 46 deaths (as of 29 July 2013), but it is nonetheless setting off alarm bells among public health officials, including Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization, who called MERS-CoV “a threat to the entire world.” This article reviews some of the progress that has been made and discusses some of the questions that need to be answered.
Superior compliance with a neuromuscular training programme is associated with fewer ACL injuries and fewer acute knee injuries in female adolescent football players: secondary analysis of an RCT
Authors: Hägglund Martin , Atroshi Isam , Wagner Philippe , Waldén Markus 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundLittle is known about the influence of compliance with neuromuscular training (NMT) on the knee injury rate in football.AimTo evaluate team and player compliance with an NMT programme in adolescent female football and to study the association between compliance and acute knee injury rates.MethodsProspective cohort study based on a cluster randomised controlled trial on players aged 12–17 years with 184 intervention teams (2471 players) and 157 control teams (2085 players). Exposure and acute time loss knee injuries were recorded. Team and player compliance was recorded by the coaches on a player attendance form. The intervention group was divided into tertiles of compliance. Injury rates were compared by calculating rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs using exact Poisson tests with the low-compliance tertile as reference. Seasonal compliance trends were analysed using linear regression.ResultsPlayers in the high-compliance tertile had an 88% reduction in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rate (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.85), whereas the rate in the control group players was not significantly different from those in the low-compliance tertile (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.27 to 2.21). A significant deterioration occurred in team (b=−3.0% per month, 95% CI −5.2 to −0.8) and player (b=−5.0% per month, 95% CI −7.1 to −2.9) compliance over the season.ConclusionsPlayers with high compliance with the NMT programme had significantly reduced ACL injury rate compared with players with low compliance. Significant deterioration in team and player compliance occurred over the season.
Experience feedback committee in emergency medicine: a tool for security management
Authors: Lecoanet André , Sellier Elodie , Carpentier Françoise , Maignan Maxime , Seigneurin Arnaud , François Patrice 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveEmergency departments are high-risk structures. The objective was to analyse the functioning of an experience feedback committee (EFC), a security management tool for the analysis of incidents in a medical department.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive study based on the analysis of the written documents produced by the EFC between November 2009 and May 2012. We performed a double analysis of all incident reports, meeting minutes and analysis reports.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 22 meetings attended by 15 professionals. 471 reported incidents were transmitted to the EFC. Most of them (95%) had no consequence for the patients. Only one reported incident led to the patient's death. 12 incidents were analysed thoroughly and the committee decided to set up 14 corrective actions, including eight guideline writing actions, two staff trainings, two resource materials provisions and two organisational changes.ConclusionsThe staff took part actively in the EFC. Following the analysis of incidents, the EFC was able to set up actions at the departmental level. Thus, an EFC seems to be an appropriate security management tool for an emergency department.
Effect of azathioprine intolerance on outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lee Lennard Y W , Gardezi Anjum Syed , Santharam Vidya , Boyd Jason , Lanzon-Miller Sandro 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundAzathioprine is well established for the maintenance of remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, a significant proportion of patients are intolerant to azathioprine. It is not clear if intolerance of azathioprine is a marker of poor prognosis for patients who will have a more aggressive disease or be more likely to require surgery.ObjectiveTo determine if intolerance to azathioprine is a marker of poor prognosis, indicating patients who have a more aggressive disease course, and to analyse the risk factors and causes of intolerance.MethodsA cross-sectional study using the Milton Keynes Hospital IBD database was performed to compare azathioprine-intolerant and azathioprine-tolerant patients.ResultsTwo hundred and thirty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria comprising 141 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 98 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Overall, 28.0% of patients were intolerant to azathioprine. Risk factors for intolerance were female sex and age 50–70 years. Common reasons for intolerance were nausea and vomiting (34.3%), deranged liver function tests (28.4%) and headaches (11.9%). In patients with UC, there was no statistical difference in the disease activity scores between those who were azathioprine intolerant versus tolerant. In patients with CD, azathioprine intolerance was associated with significantly worse disease activity; 25% fewer patients were in clinical remission and 20% more had moderate/severe disease. Rates of surgery were similar between the groups for both UC/CD.ConclusionsWe conclude that azathioprine intolerance acts as a surrogate marker for patients with CD who in future have poorer symptom control. Azathioprine intolerance marks out a group of patients with CD in whom increased vigilance of symptom control and early escalation of treatment is required.
A Pooled Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Multiple Myeloma in the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium
Authors: Andreotti Gabriella , Birmann Brenda , De Roos Anneclaire J. , Spinelli John , Cozen Wendy , Camp Nicola J. , Moysich Kirsten , Chiu Brian , Steplowski Emily , Krzystan Joseph , Boffetta Paolo , Benhaim-Luzon Véronique , Brennan Paul , de Sanjosé Silvia , Costas Laura , Costantini Adele Seniori , Miligi Lucia , Cocco Pierluigi , Becker Nikolaus , Foretová Lenka , Maynadié Marc , Nieters Alexandra , Staines Anthony , Tricot Guido , Milliken Kevin , Weisenburger Dennis , Zheng Tongzhang , Baris Dalsu , Purdue Mark P. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Background: Recent findings suggest that alcohol consumption may reduce risk of multiple myeloma.
Methods: To better understand this relationship, we conducted an analysis of six case–control studies participating in the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium (1,567 cases, 7,296 controls). Summary ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) relating different measures of alcohol consumption and multiple myeloma risk were computed by unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for age, race, and study center.
Results: Cases were significantly less likely than controls to report ever drinking alcohol (men: OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59–0.89; women: OR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68–0.95). The inverse association with multiple myeloma was stronger when comparing current to never drinkers (men: OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.45–0.72; women: OR = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45–0.68), but null among former drinkers. We did not observe an exposure–response relationship with increasing alcohol frequency, duration, or cumulative lifetime consumption. Additional adjustment for body mass index, education, or smoking did not affect our results; and the patterns of association were similar for each type of alcohol beverage examined.
Conclusions: Our study is, to our knowledge, the largest of its kind to date, and our findings suggest that alcohol consumption may be associated with reduced risk of multiple myeloma.
Impact: Prospective studies, especially those conducted as pooled analyses with large sample sizes, are needed to confirm our findings and further explore whether alcohol consumption provides true biologic protection against this rare, highly fatal malignancy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(9); 1620–7. ©2013 AACR.
β-Escin Inhibits NNK-Induced Lung Adenocarcinoma and ALDH1A1 and RhoA/Rock Expression in A/J Mice and Growth of H460 Human Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Patlolla Jagan M.R. , Qian Li , Biddick Laura , Zhang Yuting , Desai Dhimant , Amin Shantu , Lightfoot Stan , Rao Chinthalapally V. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. β-Escin, a triterpene saponin isolated from horse chestnut seeds, was tested for inhibition of lung adenoma and adenocarcinoma induced by the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in female A/J mice; and its possible mode of action was evaluated using the H460 human lung cancer cell line. At 6 weeks of age, 35 mice were fed AIN-76A–modified diet, and one week later, lung tumors were induced with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 10 μmol NNK/mouse. Three weeks after the NNK treatment, groups of mice were fed either control or experimental diets containing 500 ppm for 20 weeks (10 control, 5 β-escin) or 36 weeks (15 control, 5 β-escin) and evaluated for lung tumor via histopathologic methods. Administration of 500 ppm β-escin significantly suppressed lung tumor (adenoma + adenocarcinoma) formation by more than 40% (P &lt; 0.0015) at 20 weeks and by 53.3% (P &lt; 0.0001) at 37 weeks. β-Escin inhibited NNK-induced lung adenocarcinoma formation by 65% (P &lt; 0.001) at 20 weeks and by 53% (P &lt; 0.0001) at 37 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that lung tumors from mice exposed to β-escin showed significantly reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)1A1 and phospho-Akt (p-Akt) expression when compared with those in mice fed control diet. Aldefluor assay for ALDH revealed that among H460 lung cancer cells treated with different concentrations of β-escin (0–40 μmol/L), the subpopulation of cells with elevated ALDH activity was inhibited significantly. Our findings suggest that β-escin inhibits tobacco carcinogen–induced lung tumor formation by modulating ALDH1A1-positive cells and RhoA/Rock signaling. Cancer Prev Res; 6(10); 1140–9. ©2013 AACR.
T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 3 Acts as a Negative Regulator of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Foks Amanda C. , Ran Ingrid A. , Wasserman Loes , Frodermann Vanessa , ter Borg Mariëtte N.D. , de Jager Saskia C.A. , van Santbrink Peter J. , Yagita Hideo , Akiba Hisaya , Bot Ilze , Kuiper Johan , van Puijvelde Gijs H.M. 
Published: August 2013

Objective—
Atherosclerosis is a chronic autoimmune-like disease in which lipids and fibrous elements accumulate in the arterial blood vessels. T cells are present within atherosclerotic plaques, and their activation is partially dependent on costimulatory signals, which can either provide positive or negative signals that promote T-cell activation or limit T-cell responses, respectively. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is a coinhibitory type 1 transmembrane protein that affects the function of several immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, such as monocytes, macrophages, effector T cells, and regulatory T cells. In the present study, we determined the role of Tim-3 in the development of atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—

Western-type diet–fed low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient (LDLr
−/−
) mice were treated with an anti–Tim-3 antibody for 3 and 8 weeks. Anti–Tim-3 administration increased fatty streak formation with 66% and increased atherosclerotic plaque formation after 8 weeks with 35% in the aortic root and with 50% in the aortic arch. Furthermore, blockade of Tim-3 signaling increased percentages of circulating monocytes with 33% and lesional macrophages with 20%. In addition, anti–Tim-3 administration increased CD4
+
T cells with 17%, enhanced their activation status, and reduced percentages of regulatory T cells with 18% and regulatory B cells with 37%.

Conclusions—

It is known that Tim-3 acts as a negative regulator of both innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the present study, we show that anti–Tim-3 treatment augments lesion development, accompanied by an increase in the number of monocytes/macrophages and CD4
+
T cells and by decreased regulatory T cells and regulatory B cells.
Designation as “Unfit for Open Repair” Is Associated With Poor Outcomes After Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: De Martino Randall R. , Brooke Benjamin S. , Robinson William , Schanzer Andres , Indes Jeffrey E. , Wallaert Jessica B. , Nolan Brian W. , Cronenwett Jack L. , Goodney Philip P. 
Published: August 2013

Background—
Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) is often offered to patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) considered preoperatively to be unfit for open AAA repair (oAAA). This study describes the short- and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing EVAR with AAAs <6.5 cm who are considered unfit for oAAA.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed elective EVARs for AAAs <6.5 cm diameter in the Vascular Study Group of New England (2003–2011). Patients were designated as fit or unfit for oAAA by the treating surgeon. End points included in-hospital major adverse events and long-term mortality. We identified patient characteristics associated with being unfit for open repair and predictors of survival using multivariable analyses. Of 1653 EVARs, 309 (18.7%) patients were deemed unfit for oAAA. These patients were more likely to have advanced age, cardiac disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and larger aneurysms at the time of repair (54 versus 56 mm,
P
=0.001). Patients unfit for oAAA had higher rates of cardiac (7.8% versus 3.1%,
P
<0.01) and pulmonary (3.6 versus 1.6,
P
<0.01) complications and worse survival rates at 5 years (61% versus 80%; log rank
P
<0.01) compared with those deemed fit for oAAA. Finally, patients designated as unfit for oAAA had worse survival, even adjusting for patient characteristics and aneurysm size (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.2;
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—
In patients with AAAs <6.5 cm, designation by the operating surgeon as unfit for oAAA provides insight into both short- and long-term efficacy of EVAR. Patients unable to tolerate oAAA may not benefit from EVAR unless their risk of AAA rupture is very high.
Effect of Premeasurement Rest Time on Systolic Ankle Pressure
Authors: Chuter Vivienne H. , Casey Sarah L. 
Published: August 2013

Background
Systolic ankle pressures are routinely measured as part of an ankle‐brachial index to screen for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Despite widespread use of this measurement, the effect of premeasurement duration of rest on the magnitude, or reliability of the ankle systolic pressure measurement is unknown. This study assessed the effect of premeasurement rest duration on systolic ankle pressures.

Methods and Results

One hundred and forty participants meeting guidelines for peripheral arterial disease screening volunteered for this study. Following 5 minutes of rest in the supine horizontal position, ankle systolic pressures of the lower extremity were taken. Measurements were repeated at 10 and 15 minutes. Testing was repeated 7 to 10 days later. A significant drop in ankle pressure of 5.02 mm Hg occurred between 5 and 10 minutes (
P
=0.004). No significant change occurred between 10 and 15 minutes (mean change 0.15 mm Hg,
P
=0.99). Presence of diabetes was associated with a smaller drop between 5 and 15 minutes (mean change 1.85 mm Hg) and predicted 13.4% of the variance in change in ankle pressure (β=−3.61,
P
=0.0001). Test‐retest reliability after 5 minutes was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.84, 95%
CI
: 0.76 to 0.91) however increased for measurements taken at 10 and 15 minutes (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.89 95%
CI
: 0.83 to 0.94 and 0.89 95%
CI
: 0.82 to 0.93).

Conclusions
Results suggest ankle systolic pressures stabilise after 10 minutes of rest. Longer periods of premeasurement rest did not improve reliability significantly. Though diabetes affects ankle pressure changes after rest, further investigation is required to identify the cause.