bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carl Zuckmayer's The Devil's General As Autobiography
Authors: Glade Henry 
Published: April 2013

CRITICS GENERALLY AGREE that Carl Zuckmayer entered a new creative phase about 1940. This new period, beginning with The Devil's General, is primarily characterized by Zuckmayer's choice of contemporaneous subject—matter and his centering on ethical objectives that are obtained through the phenomenon of encounter; characteristically now in the sense of friendship and trust, along with the equation of love to a belief in the essential decency of humanity. The creation of The Devil's General is the result of Zuckmayer's own travails of conscience and attempts to come to grips with the phenomenon of Nazi Germany which altered the whole course of his life. Self—exiled from Germany in 1933, with an interim period in Austria and Switzerland, Zuckmayer immigrated to America in 1939. The Devil's General was written while he was farming in Vermont. If rumor can be credited. Zuckmayer for one fleeting moment was considering the possibility of staying on in Germany and going along with the powers—that—were. Thus through the writing of The Devil's General Zuckmayer seems to recreate such a possibility for himself.
The Lonely Dream
Authors: Lee Robert 
Published: April 2013

THE CREATIVE ENERGY OF Eugene O'Neill flailed away in all directions. That his unceasing grapple with himself was the dynamo of his talent can no longer be doubted. The prospect of releasing his tensions attracted him to playwriting, but mature expression in him too often was blighted by his over-reliance upon recollection in white heat. He rarely was able to separate out the distorting effects of tittering overstatement, sledge-hammer repetition, and dice-loaded self-pity. Nowhere is this emotional bloodletting more apparent than in his young artist characters, the men of feelings. Like O'Neill himself, these close copies waver endlessly between engagement and disengagement in their quest for identity. Their progress is from hurt to knowledge of hurt to hurt of knowledge. All of these fictional O'Neills, from the Poet in "Fog" to Edmund Tyrone, look and act alike. They are all tall, slender, dark-haired, dark-eyed, and long, thin-fingered. In his descriptions of them, O'Neill often distinguished between the influences of their mothers and those of their fathers. Delicate features, sensitivity, and refinement derive from the mothers, while coarseness and profligacy come from the fathers. The total make-up is thus quite heavily biased in favor of the mothers. Only Richard in Ah, Wilderness! differs from this pattern of influences. He is unique among O'Neill's artist characters in that he is "a perfect blend of father and mother." But Richard is a pre-artist, a portrait of the young artist before the fall of innocence, not a ghost-ridden O'Neill spokesman.
Bergman in the Theater
Authors: Loney Glenn 
Published: April 2013

WHEN INGMAR BERGMAN BECAME General Manager of Sweden's Royal Dramatic Theatre in July 1963, there were some nasty whisperings around Stockholm. Their substance was that he was too involved with film-making to give his new post the attention it deserved. Although most of these mutterings were caused by the "Royal Swedish Envy"-a term Swedes use to designate public reaction to the success or promotion of a fellow citizen-Bergman seemed aware of his responsibilities. Accordingly, he announced that he was giving up films. At his age and with his achievements in cinema, such a decision could well have been treated with a certain suspicion. Nonetheless, both Winter Light and The Silence, parts of a brilliant trilogy on the nature of love, had not been clearly understood nor fairly judged by many critics. When I talked with him at this time, he had just finished cutting All These Women, his first color film, which he described somewhat defensively as "a joke." Perhaps even then he sensed what the reviews would be. In short, he was more than glad to put films aside for a while.
The Beginning Of Endgame
Authors: Cohen Ruby 
Published: April 2013

THE FIRST PRINTED MENTION OF Endgame occurs in a note from Beckett to Alan Schneider, subsequently published in The Village Voice of March 19, 1958. On December 27, 1955, from his "shelter" near the Marne River, Beckett wrote that he was "struggling with a play." After Beckett heard of the harsh reviews of Schneider's production of Waiting for Godot the playwright tried to comfort the director in his letter of January II, 1956, and he added, "I am writing an even worse affair and have got down the gist of the first act (of two)." Beckett's April 12 letter to Schneider expresses dissatisfaction with the play, which its author compares to a three-legged giraffe that should have a leg taken off or added on. By June 21, the amputation was completed, for Beckett informs Schneider: "Have at last written another, one act, longish, hour and a quarter I fancy." Today, Beckett tends to speak nostalgically of his five-year period of free-flowing creation (1946-50), during which he produced the bulk of his works. Since that time, he has found writing an increasingly arduous task. The French original of Endgame (Fin de partie) is the first product of that difficult time that extends to today. And yet, the manuscript in the Ohio State University library shows little evidence of his "struggle." What is evident is the single giant step by which the "three-legged giraffe" achieved equilibrium in Fin de partie.
Book Reviews
Authors: O'Neill  , Withey Joseph , Wells Henry , Tsuruta Kinya , Ernst Earle , Floyd Giles , Wellwarth George , King Walter , Houghton Norris , Orel Harold , Greene Anne , Miller Jordan , Federman Raymond , Cerovski John , Crafton Allen 
Published: April 2013

Henry W. Wells,ed., Asian Drama: A Collection Of Festival Papers,, reviewed by P.G. O'Neill Balwant Gargi, Folk Theater Of India, reviewed by Henry W. Wells Kenneth Sein and Jospeh A. Withey, The Great Po Sein: A Chronicle Of The Burmese Theatre, reviewed by Kenneth Sein and Jospeh A. Withey Shigetoshi Kawatake, Nippon Engeki Bunkashiwa (Episodes From The History Of The Japanese Theater), reviewed by Kinya Tsuruta Ruth M. Shaver, Kabuki Costume, reviewed by Earle Ernst Richard N. Coe, R. F. Jackson, Lawrence Ryan, Ross Chambers, and Peter Davison, Aspects Of Drama And The Theatre, reviewed by Giles Floyd Philip Weissman, Creativity In The Theatre: A Psychoanalytic Study, reviewed by George E. Wellwarth Karl S. Guthke, Modern Tragicomedy, reviewed by Walter N. King Norris Houghton, The Library And Museum Of The Performing Arts And Contemporary Theatre Architecture, reviewed by Norris Houghton Robin Skelton and David R. Clark ed., Irish Renaissance, reviewed by Harold Orel Helen L. Luyben, James Bridie: Clown And Philosopher, reviewed by Anne Greene Frederic I. Carpenter, Eugene O'Neill, reviewed by Jordan Y. Miller John Harvey, Anouilh: A Study In Theatrics, reviewed by Raymond Federman Nelvin Vos, The Drama Of Comedy: Victim And Victor, reviewed by John Cerovski Charles McGaw, Acting Is Believing: A Basic Method, 2nd Ed, reviewed by Allen Crafton
La force et la couleur des rêves selon Hervey de Saint-Denys
Authors: Carroy Jacqueline 
Published: April 2013

Cet article développe l’exemple d’un « livre de rêve » bien connu, Les rêves et les moyens de les diriger. Observations pratiques (1867) et de la figure de son auteur, le sinologue et « savant rêveur » Léon d’Hervey de Saint Denys. Il décrit la carrière académique d’Hervey et compare ses traductions et ses récits de rêve. Il analyse enfin le genre littéraire et scientifique de l’ouvrage.
Chemins et itinéraires
Authors: Dusserre Aurélia 
Published: April 2013

L’écriture de soi est une des normes du récit d’exploration : le narrateur fait part de son expérience, pleinement constitutive de l’entreprise d’exploration. L’usage du « je » revêt des valeurs différentes en fonction des contraintes du terrain et des contextes, comme le montre l’exemple du Maroc précolonial. Les nouvelles exigences scientifiques tendent à demander au narrateur de s’effacer derrière une description attendue comme objective. L’explorateur est encouragé à s’adapter au terrain, notamment pour faire face à des situations dangereuses. Il peut faire le choix du déguisement, qui, paradoxalement, révèle le mieux sa subjectivité. La mise en scène des pratiques de l’enquête se diversifie au tournant du XXe siècle, le langage photographique permettant au voyageur d’endosser de nouveaux costumes.
Souffrir, panser, aimer
Authors: Mouysset Sylvie 
Published: April 2013

Au cœur des écrits du for privé, les femmes évoquent parfois leur corps souffrant, plus souvent celui des autres. La question du genre est-elle pertinente ici ? L’expression de la douleur fait-elle émerger des comportements sexués face à la maladie et à la mort ? S’ils existent, ceux-ci méritent d’être étudiés dans leurs spécificités comme dans leur évolution prévisible, du XVe au XIXe siècle. L’inventaire du GDR sur les écrits du for privé met à notre disposition un corpus de plusieurs centaines de livres de raison, journaux et mémoires. Peu nous viennent des femmes. Nous écouterons donc aussi bien les mémorialistes célèbres que la voix ténue d’écrivaines sans qualité. Une écriture des femmes est-elle possible ? Quelles sont les modalités de l’écriture de la souffrance ? En quoi est-elle un moyen d’appréhension de soi et d’autrui ?
Intestinal CCL11 and Eosinophilic Inflammation Is Regulated by Myeloid Cell–Specific RelA/p65 in Mice
Authors: Waddell Amanda , Ahrens Richard , Tsai Yi-Ting , Sherrill Joseph D. , Denson Lee A. , Steinbrecher Kris A. , Hogan Simon P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), particularly ulcerative colitis, intestinal macrophages (MΦs), eosinophils, and the eosinophil-selective chemokine CCL11, have been associated with disease pathogenesis. MΦs, a source of CCL11, have been reported to be of a mixed classical (NF-κB–mediated) and alternatively activated (STAT-6–mediated) phenotype. The importance of NF-κB and STAT-6 pathways to the intestinal MΦ/CCL11 response and eosinophilic inflammation in the histopathology of experimental colitis is not yet understood. Our gene array analyses demonstrated elevated STAT-6– and NF-κB–dependent genes in pediatric ulcerative colitis colonic biopsies. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure induced STAT-6 and NF-κB activation in mouse intestinal F4/80+CD11b+Ly6Chi (inflammatory) MΦs. DSS-induced CCL11 expression, eosinophilic inflammation, and histopathology were attenuated in RelA/p65Δmye mice, but not in the absence of STAT-6. Deletion of p65 in myeloid cells did not affect inflammatory MΦ recruitment or alter apoptosis, but did attenuate LPS-induced cytokine production (IL-6) and Ccl11 expression in purified F4/80+CD11b+Ly6Chi inflammatory MΦs. Molecular and cellular analyses revealed a link between expression of calprotectin (S100a8/S100a9), Ccl11 expression, and eosinophil numbers in the DSS-treated colon. In vitro studies of bone marrow–derived MΦs showed calprotectin-induced CCL11 production via a p65-dependent mechanism. Our results indicate that myeloid cell–specific NF-κB–dependent pathways play an unexpected role in CCL11 expression and maintenance of eosinophilic inflammation in experimental colitis. These data indicate that targeting myeloid cells and NF-κB–dependent pathways may be of therapeutic benefit for the treatment of eosinophilic inflammation and histopathology in IBD.
The Influence of T Cell Ig Mucin-3 Signaling on Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease Is Determined by the Effector Function of the Pathogenic T Cells
Authors: Lee Sarah Y. , Goverman Joan M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS mediated by self-reactive, myelin-specific T cells. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of MS. MS is studied using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model mediated by myelin-specific T cells. T cell Ig mucin-3 (Tim-3) is a cell surface receptor expressed on CD4+ IFN-γ–secreting Th1 cells, and triggering Tim-3 signaling ameliorated EAE by inducing death in pathogenic Th1 cells in vivo. This suggested that enhancing Tim-3 signaling might be beneficial in patients with MS. However, Tim-3 is also expressed on activated CD8+ T cells, microglia, and dendritic cells, and the combined effect of manipulating Tim-3 signaling on these cell types during CNS autoimmunity is unknown. Furthermore, CD4+ IL-17–secreting Th17 cells also play a role in MS, but do not express high levels of Tim-3. We investigated Tim-3 signaling in EAE models that include myelin-specific Th17, Th1, and CD8+ T cells. We found that preventing Tim-3 signaling in CD4+ T cells altered the inflammatory pattern in the CNS due to differential effects on Th1 versus Th17 cells. In contrast, preventing Tim-3 signaling during CD8+ T cell–mediated EAE exacerbated disease. We also analyzed the importance of Tim-3 signaling in EAE in innate immune cells. Tim-3 signaling in dendritic cells and microglia did not affect the manifestation of EAE in these models. These results indicate that the therapeutic efficacy of targeting Tim-3 in EAE is dependent on the nature of the effector T cells contributing to the disease.
Humans and Dolphins: An Exploration of Anthropocentrism in Applied Environmental Ethics
Authors: White Thomas I. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This article argues that one of the reasons that the unethical character of much human-dolphin contact is not more apparent to ethicists is that discussion of central issues has been colored with unintentional species bias. This article points out weaknesses in the traditional approach to discussing topics that bear on the question of whether dolphins have moral standing. It demonstrates that discussions of the cognitive abilities of dolphins by Steven Wise and Alasdair MacIntyre are unintentionally but fundamentally anthropocentric-largely because the authors are not familiar with enough of the scientific literature about dolphins to draw the conclusions that they do.
Young Alu insertions within the MHC class I region in native American populations: Insights into the origin of the MHC‐Alu repeats
Authors: Gómez‐Pérez Luis , Alfonso‐Sánchez Miguel A. , Dipierri José E. , Sánchez Dora , Espinosa Ibone , De Pancorbo Marian M. , Peña José A. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesGenetic heterogeneity of two Amerindian populations (Jujuy province, Argentina, and Waorani tribe, Ecuador) was characterized by analyzing data on polymorphic Alu insertions within the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region (6p21.31), which are completely nonexistent in Native Americans. We further evaluated the haplotype distribution and genetic diversity among continental ancestry groups and their potential implications for the dating of the origin of MHC‐Alus.MethodsFive MHC‐Alu elements (AluMicB, AluTF, AluHJ, AluHG, and AluHF) were typed in samples from Jujuy (N = 108) and Waorani (N = 36). Allele and haplotype frequency data on worldwide populations were compiled to explore spatial structuring of the MHC‐Alu diversity through AMOVA tests. We utilized the median‐joining network approach to illustrate the continental distribution of the MHC‐Alu haplotypes and their phylogenetic relationships.ResultsAllele and haplotype distributions differed significantly between Jujuy and Waorani. The Waorani featured a low average heterozygosity attributable to strong population isolation. Overall, Alu markers showed great genetic heterogeneity both within and among populations. The haplotype distribution was distinctive of each continental ancestry group. Contrary to expectations, Africans showed the lowest MHC‐Alu diversity.ConclusionsGenetic drift mainly associated to population bottlenecks seems to be reflected in the low MHC‐Alu diversity of the Amerindians, mainly in Waorani. Geographical structuring of the haplotype distribution supports the efficiency of the MHC‐Alu loci as lineage (ancestry) markers. The markedly low Alu diversity of African populations relative to other continental clusters suggests that these MHC‐Alus might have arisen after the anatomically modern humans expanded out of Africa. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:359–365, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maturity‐associated variation in total and depot‐specific body fat in children and adolescents
Authors: Staiano Amanda E. , Broyles Stephanie T. , Gupta Alok K. , Malina Robert M. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesThis study considered the association between sexual maturation and adiposity in children and adolescents, and examined the contribution of sexual maturation to ethnic differences in total and depot‐specific body fat.MethodsThe sample included 382 White and African American 5–18‐year‐olds. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and sexual maturity status (breast/genital and pubic hair stage) were assessed in a clinical setting. Total body fat (TBF) was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Analysis of covariance adjusted for age was used to examine the association between sexual maturity status and adiposity, and linear regression adjusted for age was used to examine the influence of sexual maturation on ethnic differences in adiposity. Analysis of VAT also controlled for TBF. Significance was accepted at P < 0.05.ResultsBreast/genital stage was significantly associated with BMI, WC, TBF, and SAT in girls of both ethnic groups and in White boys. Breast stage was associated with VAT. Stage of pubic hair was significantly associated with TBF and VAT in White girls only. In girls, sexual maturation attenuated the ethnic effects on BMI and WC, but the ethnic effect in VAT persisted. In boys, sexual maturation did not attenuate ethnic differences on VAT and did not predict WC or SAT. Sexual maturity status independently explained variance in adiposity in girls only.ConclusionsSexual maturity status is an important determinant of pediatric adiposity and attenuates ethnic differences in girls' adiposity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:473–479, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioactive conformations of two seminal delta opioid receptor penta‐peptides inferred from free‐energy profiles
Authors: Scarabelli Guido , Provasi Davide , Negri Ana , Filizola Marta 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTDelta‐opioid (DOP) receptors are members of the G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) sub‐family of opioid receptors, and are evolutionarily related, with homology exceeding 70%, to cognate mu‐opioid (MOP), kappa‐opioid (KOP), and nociceptin opioid (NOP) receptors. DOP receptors are considered attractive drug targets for pain management because agonists at these receptors are reported to exhibit strong antinociceptive activity with relatively few side effects. Among the most potent analgesics targeting the DOP receptor are the linear and cyclic enkephalin analogs known as DADLE (Tyr‐D‐Ala‐Gly‐Phe‐D‐Leu) and DPDPE (Tyr‐D‐Pen‐Gly‐Phe‐D‐Pen), respectively. Several computational and experimental studies have been carried out over the years to characterize the conformational profile of these penta‐peptides with the ultimate goal of designing potent peptidomimetic agonists for the DOP receptor. The computational studies published to date, however, have investigated only a limited range of timescales and used over‐simplified representations of the solvent environment. We provide here a thorough exploration of the conformational space of DADLE and DPDPE in an explicit solvent, using microsecond‐scale molecular dynamics and bias‐exchange metadynamics simulations. Free‐energy profiles derived from these simulations point to a small number of DADLE and DPDPE conformational minima in solution, which are separated by relatively small energy barriers. Candidate bioactive forms of these peptides are selected from identified common spatial arrangements of key pharmacophoric points within all sampled conformations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 21–27, 2014.
Baseline characteristics of the patient population in the Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in patients with diabetes mellitus (SAVOR)‐TIMI 53 trial
Authors: Mosenzon O. , Raz I. , Scirica B. M. , Hirshberg B. , Stahre C. I. , Steg P. G. , Davidson J. , Ohman P. , Price D. L. , Frederich B. , Udell J. A. , Braunwald E. , Bhatt D. L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and aimsSAVOR‐TIMI 53 was designed to study the effects of the DPP‐4 inhibitor saxagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in high risk type 2 diabetes patients with diverse levels of diabetes control and background anti‐diabetic drugs. The goal of this article is to describe the baseline characteristics of this hypothesis driven study.Materials and methodsA total of 16 496 diabetic patients from North America (31.9%), Western Europe (26.0%), Eastern Europe (17.3%), Latin America (16.4%) and Asia (8.3%), with either established cardiovascular disease (78.3%) or with ≥two additional cardiovascular risk factors (21.7%) were randomised to saxagliptin or placebo. Biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance were taken at baseline and 2 years later in order to correlate saxagliptin effect on cardiovascular outcome to its effect on inflammation and insulin resistance.ResultsMean [+/−standard deviation (SD)] age was 65.0 (+/−8.6) years, 66.9% were male, body mass index was 31.2 kg/m2 (+/−5.6), mean diabetes duration was 11.9 years (+/−8.9) and the mean HbA1c 8.0% (+/−1.4%). HbA1c < 7% was most prevalent among North Americans (30.8%) and least among Asians (15.1%), whereas HbA1c > 9% was 30.7% in Latin America 27.0% in Asia and 15.1% in North America. Diabetic retinopathy was reported in 12.3% of patients, nephropathy in 17.7% and amputation in 2.5%. Diabetic treatments categories were as follows: no medication (5.4%), 1 oral anti‐diabetic drug (OAD) (25.0%), ≥2 OAD (27.7%) and/or insulin (40.9%). The prevalence of micro‐albuminuria was twice as high among insulin users compared with users of ≥2 OAD. Baseline statin use (78.3% overall) varied by region.ConclusionThe SAVOR‐TIMI 53 patient population, with differing background diabetes control and anti‐diabetic treatment, provides global representation of diabetic patients with established cardiovascular disease or at high risk for cardiovascular disease and is well‐positioned to determine the effect of saxagliptin on cardiovascular events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.