bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unintended Consequences of Changes in Beverage Options and the Removal of Bottled Water on a University Campus
Authors: Berman Elizabeth R. , Johnson Rachel K. 
Published: May 2015

Objectives. We investigated how the removal of bottled water along with a minimum healthy beverage requirement affected the purchasing behavior, healthiness of beverage choices, and consumption of calories and added sugars of university campus consumers. Methods. With shipment data as a proxy, we estimated bottled beverage consumption over 3 consecutive semesters: baseline (spring 2012), when a 30% healthy beverage ratio was enacted (fall 2012), and when bottled water was removed (spring 2013) at the University of Vermont. We assessed changes in number and type of beverages and per capita calories, total sugars, and added sugars shipped. Results. Per capita shipments of bottles, calories, sugars, and added sugars increased significantly when bottled water was removed. Shipments of healthy beverages declined significantly, whereas shipments of less healthy beverages increased significantly. As bottled water sales dropped to zero, sales of sugar-free beverages and sugar-sweetened beverages increased. Conclusions. The bottled water ban did not reduce the number of bottles entering the waste stream from the university campus, the ultimate goal of the ban. With the removal of bottled water, consumers increased their consumption of less healthy bottled beverages.
Knowledge Gains Following a Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program Among Urban Students: A Cluster-Randomized Evaluation
Authors: Pulido Mary L. , Dauber Sarah , Tully Brenda A. , Hamilton Paige , Smith Michael J. , Freeman Katherine 
Published: May 2015

Objectives. We evaluated a school-based child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention program, Safe Touches, in a low–socioeconomic status, racially diverse sample. Methods. Participants were 492 second- and third-grade students at 6 public elementary schools in New York City. The study period spanned fall 2012 through summer 2014. We cluster-randomized classrooms to the Safe Touches intervention or control groups and assessed outcomes with the Children’s Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire. Hierarchical models tested change in children’s knowledge of inappropriate and appropriate touch. Results. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement than the control group on knowledge of inappropriate touch. Children in second grade and children in schools with a greater proportion of students in general (vs special) education showed greater gains than other participants in knowledge of inappropriate touch. We observed no significant change in knowledge of appropriate touch among control or intervention groups. Conclusions. Young children benefited from a school-based, 1-time CSA prevention program. Future research should explore the efficacy of CSA prevention programs with children before the second grade to determine optimal age for participation.
School Start Time and Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Results From the US National Comorbidity Survey—Adolescent Supplement
Authors: Paksarian Diana , Rudolph Kara E. , He Jian-Ping , Merikangas Kathleen R. 
Published: May 2015

Objectives. We estimated associations between school start time and adolescent weeknight bedtime, weeknight sleep duration, and weekend compensatory sleep and assessed whether associations differ by age, sex, or urbanicity. Methods. We used a subsample of a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of 7308 students aged 13 to 18 years attending 245 schools to estimate associations of school start time, reported by school principals, with weeknight bedtime and sleep duration and weekend compensatory sleep, reported during adolescent face-to-face interviews. Results. Start time was positively associated with weeknight bedtime. Associations between start time and weeknight sleep duration were nonlinear and were strongest for start times of 8:00 am and earlier. Associations differed by sex and urbanicity, with the strongest association among boys in major metropolitan counties. Start time was negatively associated with sleep duration among boys in nonurban counties. Start time was not associated with weekend compensatory sleep. Conclusions. Positive overall associations between school start time and adolescent sleep duration at the national level support recent policy recommendations for delaying school start times. However, the impact of start time delays may differ by sex and urbanicity.
The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis
Authors: Iroh Princess A. , Mayo Helen , Nijhawan Ank E. 
Published: May 2015

We conducted a systematic literature review of the data on HIV testing, engagement in care, and treatment in incarcerated persons, and estimated the care cascade in this group. We identified 2706 titles in MEDLINE, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases for studies indexed to January 13, 2015, and included 92 for analysis. We summarized HIV testing results by type (blinded, opt-out, voluntary); reviewed studies on HIV care engagement, treatment, and virological suppression; and synthesized these results into an HIV care cascade before, during, and after incarceration. The HIV care cascade following diagnosis increased during incarceration and declined substantially after release, often to levels lower than before incarceration. Incarceration provides an opportunity to address HIV care in hard-to-reach individuals, though new interventions are needed to improve postrelease care continuity.
Optimization of Offshore Field Development to Minimize Investment
Authors: Grimmett T. T. , Startzman R. A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Offshore oil and gas investment is identified with high investment. Considerable incentive therefore exists to reduce investment to improve field profitability. A computational method has been developed to optimize field development by minimizing investment.
Investment can be reduced through an optimal choice and arrangement of production facilities. The selection, size, and location of major facilities; such as platforms, templates, or subsea manifolds, heavily affect capital investment. The allocation of field wells to these facilities affects costs of drilling and completion. There exists an extremely large number of feasible development options that may result in a wide range of economic outcomes. Choosing the option that minimizes investment can be a major computational problem.
The solution of extremely large economic problems of this nature has not previously been reported. An integer mathematical programming computational, tool, using a method called "zero-one implicit enumeration", was developed for modeling and solving this problem. This new technique allows for efficient problem solution on the computer.
A model of an example field development was formulated. This model contains a mathematical function representing the investment to be minimized and includes design restrictions inherent to the development project. The model contained nearly 10190 combinations of development options. The application of a branch and bound algorithm allowed an optimum development choice to be selected in a relatively short time on a computer.
Concepts-Based Education in a Rules-Based World: A Challenge for Accounting Educators
Authors: Ryack Kenneth N. , Mastilak M. Christian , Hodgdon Christopher D. , Allen Joyce S. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
In this paper we discuss the challenges of teaching U.S. GAAP and IFRS side by side. We then focus on one particular challenge of teaching both the more detailed U.S. standards and the less specific IFRS: the likelihood that students will “anchor” on the precise rules in U.S. GAAP when applying the less specific guidelines under IFRS. As a part of this discussion, we report on a classroom experiment designed to test for the presence of anchoring on U.S. GAAP rules when applying IFRS in a lease classification task. Our results indicate that students do anchor on the U.S. GAAP bright-line values for lease accounting when classifying leases under IFRS, primarily when U.S. GAAP rules provide an acceptable quantification of IFRS' less precise guidelines. We do not find that teaching order (i.e., teaching U.S. GAAP first versus IFRS first) directly affects anchoring or lease classification. However, a moderation analysis suggests the interaction between teaching order and anchoring may affect lease classification. Our results suggest that, where possible, instructors may wish to teach principles-based accounting prior to rules-based accounting to mitigate potential anchoring by students and its effect on their accounting judgments.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Earnings Quality of Foreign versus U.S. Reverse Mergers: Geographical Location or Firm-Level Incentives?
Authors: Chen Chu , Gotti Giorgio , Herrmann Don , Schumann Kathryn 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
We test whether geographical location, audit quality, and equity offering play a role in the earnings quality of reverse merger (RM) firms. We provide evidence that, contrary to the popular focus on foreign reverse mergers by the business press, earnings management is equally likely in both U.S. and foreign RM companies. We find that firm characteristics are more indicative of the likelihood to manage earnings than geographical location. The presence of a Big 4 auditor for RM firms is associated with higher earnings quality and a survival rate almost twice as high in comparison to RM firms audited by a non-Big 4 auditor. Moreover, we find that while earnings management is a common practice at all RM firms, it is especially pervasive for RM firms that are issuing new equity after the reverse merger.
Improving Adiponectin Levels in Individuals With Diabetes and Obesity: Insights From Look AHEAD
Authors: Belalcazar L. Maria , Lang Wei , Haffner Steven M. , Schwenke Dawn C. , Kriska Andrea , Balasubramanyam Ashok , Hoogeveen Ron C. , Pi-Sunyer F. Xavier , Tracy Russell P. , Ballantyne Christie M. ,   the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Research Group
Published: May 2015

OBJECTIVE
This study investigated whether fitness changes resulting from lifestyle interventions for weight loss may independently contribute to the improvement of low adiponectin levels in obese individuals with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) randomized overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes to intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) for weight loss or to diabetes support and education (DSE). Total and high–molecular weight adiponectin (adiponectins), weight, and cardiorespiratory fitness (submaximal exercise stress test) were measured in 1,397 participants at baseline and at 1 year, when ILI was most intense. Regression analyses examined the associations of 1-year weight and fitness changes with change in adiponectins.

RESULTS
ILI resulted in greater improvements in weight, fitness, and adiponectins at 1 year compared with DSE (P &lt; 0.0001). Weight loss and improved fitness were each associated with changes in adiponectins in men and women (P &lt; 0.001 for all), after adjusting for baseline adiponectins, demographics, clinical variables, and treatment arm. Weight loss contributed an additional 4–5% to the variance of change in adiponectins than did increased fitness in men; in women, the contributions of improved fitness (1% greater) and of weight loss were similar. When weight and fitness changes were both accounted for, weight loss in men and increased fitness in women retained their strong associations (P &lt; 0.0001) with adiponectin change.

CONCLUSIONS
Improvements in fitness and weight with ILI were favorably but distinctly associated with changes in adiponectin levels in overweight/obese men and women with diabetes. Future studies need to investigate whether sex-specific biological determinants contribute to the observed associations.
Modelling the Antarctic marine cryosphere at the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Kusahara Kazuya , Sato Tatsuru , Oka Akira , Obase Takashi , Greve Ralf , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Hasumi Hiroyasu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe estimate the sea-ice extent and basal melt of Antarctic ice shelves at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) using a coupled ice-shelf-sea-ice-ocean model. The shape of Antarctic ice shelves, ocean conditions and atmospheric surface conditions at the LGM are different from those in the present day; these are derived from an ice-shelf-ice-sheet model, a sea-ice-ocean model and a climate model for glacial simulations, respectively. The winter sea ice in the LGM is shown to extend up to ∼7° of latitude further equatorward than in the present day. For the LGM summer, the model shows extensive sea-ice cover in the Atlantic sector and little sea ice in the other sectors. These modelled sea-ice features are consistent with those reconstructed from sea-floor sedimentary records. Total basal melt of Antarctic ice shelves in the LGM was ∼2147 Gt a–1, which is much larger than the present-day value. More warm waters originating from Circumpolar Deep Water could be easily transported into ice-shelf cavities during the LGM because the full glacial grounding line extended to shelf break regions and ice shelves overhung continental slopes. This increased transport of warm water masses underneath an ice shelf and into their basal cavities led to the high basal melt of ice shelves in the LGM.
Glacier change in the Karatal river basin, Zhetysu (Dzhungar) Alatau, Kazakhstan
Authors: Kaldybayev Azamat , Chen Yaning , Vilesov Evgeniy 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigated glacier changes in the Karatal river basin, the largest basin in Zhetysu (Dzhungar) Alatau, Kazakhstan, for the periods 1956–89, 1989–2001 and 2001–12, based on Landsat TM/ETM+ data analysis. In 1989, we found 243 glaciers with a total area of 142.8 km2; by 2012 these had shrunk to 214 glaciers with a total area of 109.3 km2, a decrease of 33.5 km2 over 23 years (1.02%a-1). This very high shrinkage rate is likely connected with a general trend of increasing temperatures, and small glaciers being situated at the relatively low altitude of the outer Zhetysu Alatau ranges. We also analyzed the shrinkage rate of glaciers based on their differences in size, altitude and aspect of slopes, as well as other topographic parameters, in four sub-basins where glacier shrinkage varied between 18% and 39%. Weather-station climate data showed a significant temperature increase and stable precipitation trends over the study period. We conclude that glacierized areas of the Karatal river basin are located in the most unfavorable conditions for glaciation, and as a result showed a higher shrinkage rate than other glacierized areas of the Tien Shan from 1956 to 2012.
A hierarchical knowledge-based classification for glacier terrain mapping: a case study from Kolahoi Glacier, Kashmir Himalaya
Authors: Shukla Aparna , Ali Iram 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA glacierized terrain comprises different land covers, and their mapping using satellite data is challenged by their spectral similarity. We propose a hierarchical knowledge-based classification (HKBC) approach for differentiation of glacier terrain classes and mapping of glacier boundaries, using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM). The methodology was tested over Kolahoi Glacier, Kashmir Himalaya. For the sequential extraction of various glacier terrain classes, several input layers were generated from the primary datasets by applying image-processing techniques. Noticeable differences in temperature and spectral response between supraglacial debris and periglacial debris facilitated the development of a thermal glacier mask and normalized-difference debris index, which together with slope enabled their differentiation. These and the other layers were then used in several discrete tests in HKBC, to map various glacier terrain classes. An ASTER visible near-infrared image and 42 field points were used to validate results. The proposed approach satisfactorily classified all the glacier terrain classes with an overall accuracy of 89%. The Z-test reveals that results obtained from HKBC are significantly (at 95% confidence level) better than those from a maximum likelihood classifier (MLC). Glacier boundaries obtained from HKBC were found to be plausibly better than those obtained from MLC and visual interpretation.
Les différentes formes de la fréquence textuelle : proposition d’inventaire
Authors: Loiseau Sylvain 
Published: May 2015

Dans cette introduction, on propose de distinguer différents types de fréquence textuelle mobilisés dans la description linguistique et illustrés dans les contributions de ce numéro de Langages . La fréquence peut, en effet, être une grandeur abstraite, non susceptible d’être mesurée dans un corpus précis ; il peut s’agir d’une fréquence mesurée ; il peut s’agir enfin des intuitions de fréquence des locuteurs, i.e. d’un savoir épilinguistique. On peut également distinguer différents degrés d’abstraction dans l’utilisation des faits de fréquence : la fréquence peut être mobilisée dans des « lois » valables pour toutes les langues, ou bien pour décrire le système fonctionnel d’une langue, ou enfin pour établir des particularismes de variétés ou des régularités de genres textuels. Nous discutons enfin des paradoxes et des difficultés identifiées dans l’utilisation de la fréquence textuelle.
Vinpocetine Inhibits Streptococcus pneumoniae–Induced Upregulation of Mucin MUC5AC Expression via Induction of MKP-1 Phosphatase in the Pathogenesis of Otitis Media
Authors: Lee Ji-Yun , Komatsu Kensei , Lee Byung-Cheol , Miyata Masanori , O’Neill Bohn Ashley , Xu Haidong , Yan Chen , Li Jian-Dong 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Mucin overproduction is a hallmark of otitis media (OM). Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common bacterial pathogens causing OM. Mucin MUC5AC plays an important role in mucociliary clearance of bacterial pathogens. However, if uncontrolled, excessive mucus contributes significantly to conductive hearing loss. Currently, there is a lack of effective therapeutic agents that suppress mucus overproduction. In this study, we show that a currently existing antistroke drug, vinpocetine, a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine, inhibited S. pneumoniae–induced mucin MUC5AC upregulation in cultured middle ear epithelial cells and in the middle ear of mice. Moreover, vinpocetine inhibited MUC5AC upregulation by inhibiting the MAPK ERK pathway in an MKP-1–dependent manner. Importantly, ototopical administration of vinpocetine postinfection inhibited MUC5AC expression and middle ear inflammation induced by S. pneumoniae and reduced hearing loss and pneumococcal loads in a well-established mouse model of OM. Thus, these studies identified vinpocetine as a potential therapeutic agent for inhibiting mucus production in the pathogenesis of OM.
Characterization of a Human Platelet Antigen-1a–Specific Monoclonal Antibody Derived from a B Cell from a Woman Alloimmunized in Pregnancy
Authors: Eksteen Mariana , Tiller Heidi , Averina Maria , Heide Gøril , Kjaer Mette , Ghevaert Cedric , Michaelsen Terje E. , Ihle Øistein , Husebekk Anne , Skogen Bjørn , Stuge Tor B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Human platelet Ag (HPA)-1a, located on integrin β3, is the main target for alloantibodies responsible for fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) in the white population. There are ongoing efforts to develop an Ab prophylaxis and therapy to prevent or treat FNAIT. In this study, an mAb specific for HPA-1a, named 26.4, was derived from an immortalized B cell from an alloimmunized woman who had an infant affected by FNAIT. It is the only HPA-1a–specific human mAb with naturally paired H and L chains. Specific binding of mAb 26.4, both native and recombinant forms, to platelets and to purified integrins αIIbβ3 (from platelets) and αVβ3 (from trophoblasts) from HPA-1a+ donors was demonstrated by flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance technology, respectively. No binding to HPA-1a− platelets or integrins was detected. Moreover, the Ab binds with higher affinity to integrin αVβ3 compared with a second HPA-1a–specific human mAb, B2G1. Further in vitro experimentation demonstrated that mAb 26.4 can opsonize HPA-1a+ platelets for enhanced phagocytosis by monocytes, inhibit binding of maternal polyclonal anti–HPA-1a Abs, and weakly inhibit aggregation of HPA-1a–heterozygous platelets, the latter with no predicted clinical relevance. Thus, mAb 26.4 is highly specific for HPA-1a and could potentially be explored for use as a prophylactic or therapeutic reagent for FNAIT intervention and as a phenotyping reagent to identify women at risk for immunization.
Analysis of Celiac Disease Autoreactive Gut Plasma Cells and Their Corresponding Memory Compartment in Peripheral Blood Using High-Throughput Sequencing
Authors: Snir Omri , Mesin Luka , Gidoni Moriah , Lundin Knut E. A. , Yaari Gur , Sollid Ludvig M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Autoreactive IgA plasma cells (PCs) specific for the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) are abundant in the small intestine of patients with active celiac disease (CD), and their number drops in patients treated by dietary gluten elimination. Little is known about their characteristics and their role in the disease. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing of the IgH V region (IGHV) genes, we have studied features of TG2-specific PCs and their related B cell clones in peripheral blood. We found that TG2-specific PCs from both untreated and treated patients have acquired lower number of somatic hypermutation and used focused IGHV repertoire with overrepresentation of the IGHV3-48, IGHV4-59, IGHV5-10-1, and IGHV5-51 gene segments. Furthermore, these PCs were clonally expanded and showed signs of affinity maturation. Lineage trees demonstrated shared clones between gut PCs and blood memory B cells, primarily IgAs. Some trees also involved IgG cells, suggesting that anti-TG2 IgA and IgG responses are related. Similarly to TG2-specific PCs, clonally related memory IgA B cells of blood showed lower mutation rates with biased usage of IGHV3-48 and IGHV5-51. Such memory cells were rare in peripheral blood, yet detectable in most patients assessed by production of anti-TG2 Abs in vitro following stimulation of cells from patients who had been on a long-term gluten-free diet. Thus, the Ab response to TG2 in CD, while maintaining its IGHV gene usage, is dynamically regulated in response to gluten exposure with a low degree of maintenance at both PC and memory B cell levels in patients in remission.