bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tat's All Folks: An Analysis of Tattoo Literature
Authors: Lane David C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this manuscript is to review the existing literature on the subject of tattooing. By focusing on the unit of analysis, this paper demonstrates that little is actually known about the process of tattooing. This review highlights how research on the subject is concentrated on understanding tattoo wearers. Existing literature on tattooing can be summarized into one of four general themes or sets of findings: tattooed individuals, group behavior, art or cultural production, and commoditization of culture. While viewed as a trivial subject, research indicates that tattooing is highly complex and social behavior. I propose that research shift from tattoos as the outcome cultural production to the social processes and conditions under which they are produced. While we know a lot about tattoo wearers, research on the process of tattooing can inform larger sociological debates, including discussions of labor, commodification, art, authenticity, and marginality.
The Network Structure of Crime
Authors: Papachristos Andrew V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFrom theoretical physics to field‐driven anthropology, researchers are increasingly exploring how the connections among individuals, amoebas, brain cells, organizations, and institutions affect what we feel, think, and do. However, the application of social network analysis to the study of crime, deviance, and violence has arrived a bit late to this network turn in the social and behavioral science. I argue that this network turn in the social sciences be an important turning point in the study of crime and deviance, but only if taken as an opportunity to evaluate our core theoretical principles and consider new ways to understand and measure them. The goal of this essay is to take stock of the state of the field, while also providing a moment of pause to consider some fruitful ways of advancing this line of inquiry.
Proving Themselves: The Status of LGBQ Police Officers
Authors: Miller Susan L. , Lilley Terry G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe policing occupation, a bastion of hegemonic masculinity, is well known for its historical resistance to “difference,” whether among its own members or in society at large. Nowhere does this clash manifest as strongly as when LGBQ police officers join the force. LGBQ individuals have made great strides in breaking down some beliefs of the traditional and rigid police occupational culture. Still, more progress remains to be made toward dismantling the barriers of heterosexism and sexism that often permeate policing. This article explores the history of these barriers, the progress made, and the structural and individual level obstacles that remain. Policy recommendations and suggestions for future research are also made.
Establishment of reference panel for human platelet antigen genotyping
Authors: Li R. S. , Qiao Z. L. , Ling B. , Lu P. 
Published: April 2014

Background and ObjectivesHuman platelet antigens (HPAs) are platelet‐specific alloantigens associated with polymorphisms of platelet surface glycoproteins (GPs), and they can induce alloantibodies when individuals lacking a particular polymorphism are exposed to them via pregnancy or transfusion. Immune responses to HPAs are involved in the pathogenesis of several clinical syndromes. HPA genotyping is therefore important for clinical diagnosis and laboratory research. This study aims to establish a reference panel for HPA genotyping.Materials and MethodsGenomic DNA extracted from human blood was used as the template for amplifying HPA (1a–5a and 15a) gene fragments using specific primers. The amplified products were cloned into pGM‐T vectors, which were transformed into competent TOP10 cells. After clone screening and amplification, the plasmids were extracted and sequenced. Next, the gene fragments HPA‐1b–5b and 15b were obtained by site‐directed mutagenesis using the corresponding HPA‐1a–5a and 15a plasmids as template DNA.ResultsWe successfully constructed reference plasmids for HPA genotyping with HPA‐1a–5a, 15a, HPA‐1b–5b and 15b. The DNA sequences were consistent with those published in GenBank.ConclusionObtaining reference DNA for low‐frequency HPAs is very difficult, and the successful construction of reference plasmids for the six HPA systems may solve this problem. Establishment of this panel has laid the foundation for future research on HPA genotyping.
Design and Computational Validation of In-Line Bare Tube Economizer for a 210 MW Pulverized Coal Fired Boiler
Authors: Dhamangaonkar P. R. , Deshmukh Abhishek , Pansare Santosh , Nandgaonkar M. R. 
Published: April 2014

One of the pulverized coal fired thermal power plants in India intended to find the root cause of frequent boiler tube failures in three 210 MW units. Operation & Maintenance history and feedback from plant O&M team revealed that economizer tube failure was a frequent cause of forced outage. The plant under study used CFS (continuous fin surface) economizer with staggered tube arrangement in the 210 MW units. CFS staggered tube economizers originally appealed to many plant designers because the tortuous path created for the flue gas, enhanced heat absorption and the fins could capture heat and transfer it to the tubing. This made the CFS economizer less costly and easy for installation in a relatively small space.
There is increasing use of lower quality high ash coals over the past few decades. Due to this fact an advantage of the CFS economizer design became a disadvantage. The narrow spacing in the tubes proved more susceptible to plugging and fly ash erosion. Literature study and the root cause analysis suggested that CFS staggered arrangement of economizer could be one of the prominent reason of failure of economizer tube bundle due to fly ash erosion. Flue gas flow simulation also highlighted that there is increase in velocity of flue gases across the economizer. A bare tube in-line configuration in place of existing CFS economizer was an alternative. To recommend an alternate economizer as solution, the merits of an in-line bare tube economizer were studied. Bare tubes arranged in-line are most conservative in hostile environments with high ash content, are least likely to plug, and have the lowest gas-side resistance per unit of heat transfer.
A bare tube in-line economizer that can replace the existing finned tube economizer in the available space while meeting the existing design & performance parameters is recommended. An attempt was made to model & analyze the new economizer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools in order to get firsthand experience and validate the results obtained using manual calculations. With limited computational resources and not so fine meshing, the performed CFD model analysis showed the expected trend but did not completely match the results.
Design of a Discharge Header and a Working Platform for a Research Reactor With a CFD Model
Authors: Seo Kyoungwoo , Yoon Hyungi , Chi Dae-young , Kim Seonghoon , Yoon Juhyeon 
Published: April 2014

Most research reactors are designed as an open-pool type and the reactor is located on the bottom of the open-pool. The reactor in the pool is connected to the primary cooling system, which is designed for adequate cooling of the heat generated from the reactor core. One of the characteristics of an open-pool type research reactor is that the primary coolant after passing through the reactor core and the primary cooling system (PCS) is returned to the reactor pool. Because the primary coolant contains many kinds of radionuclides, the research reactor should be designed to protect the radionuclides from being released outside the pool by a stratified stable water layer, which is formed between a hot water layer and cold water near the reactor and prevents the natural circulation of water in the pool. In this study, additional components such as a discharge header and a working platform inside the pool were developed to help diminish the radiation level to the pool top. To discharge coolant stably inside the reactor pool, a discharge header was installed at the end of the pool inlet pipe. Many holes were made in the discharge header to discharge the coolant slowly and minimize the disturbance of the hot water layer by the flow inside the pool. The working platform was also equipped inside the reactor pool to remove the convective flow near the pool top.
The commercially available CFD code, ANSYS CFD-FLEUNT, was used to specifically design the discharge header and working platform for satisfying the requirement of the pool top radiation level. The computations were conducted to analyze the flow and temperature characteristics inside the pool for several geometries using an SST k-ω turbulent model and cell modeling, which were conducted to isolate the root cause of these differences and the given inlet conditions. The discharge header and working platform were designed using the CFD results.
Ergometers Can Now Biomechanically Replicate Straight-Line Floor Wheelchair Propulsion: Three Models Are Presented
Authors: Salimi Zohreh , Ferguson-Pell Martin W. 
Published: April 2014

Wheelchair ergometers facilitate wheelchair related studies as they allow controlled experiments to be performed inside the laboratory. However, the results obtained from these experiments are of limited value unless we use wheelchair ergometers that biomechanically represent real-world wheelchair propulsion. We could not find any wheelchair ergometers in the literature to date, that have been validated considering all of these important biomechanical criteria: Velocity and acceleration, force and moment, trunk swing, inertial effect, energy consumption and the resistive force against propulsion.
In this paper we have considered wheelchair propulsion on an ergometer and have compared it to straight-line floor wheelchair propulsion. From equating these two situations, we have found the necessary conditions to meet the above criteria. Finally, we propose three models for a wheelchair ergometer that satisfies these conditions and will be able to biomechanically represent straight-line floor wheelchair propulsion.
The Protein-Driven Ciliary Motility in Embryonic Nodes: A Computational Model of Ciliary Ultrastructure
Authors: Chen Duanduan , Shinohara Kyosuke , Ren Jun , Hamada Hiroshi 
Published: April 2014

The movement of embryonic cilia presents a crucial function in specifying left-right axis for vertebrates. Those mono-cilia are primary (9+0) cilia, whose characteristic architecture is based on a cylindrical arrangement of 9 microtubule doublets. Dynein motors located between adjacent doublets convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work that induces doublet sliding. Passive components, such as the mediated cytoplasm, the ciliary membrane, and other possibly-existent structures constraint the ciliary motion and maintain the cilia structural integrity, thus resulting in the axonemal bending. Dynein motors located along microtubule doublets in a motile nodal cilium activate in a sequential manner. However, due to inherent difficulties, the dynein activation patterns in moving cilia can hardly be directly observed. The exact mechanism that controls ciliary motion is still unrevealed.
In this work, we present a protein-structure model reconstructed from transmission electron microscopy image set of a wide-type embryonic cilium to study the dynein-dependent ciliary motility. This model includes time accurate three-dimensional solid mechanics analysis of the sliding between adjacent microtubule doublets and their induced ciliary bending. As a conceptual test, the mathematical model provides a platform to investigate various assumptions of dynein activity, which facilitates us to evaluate their rationality and to propose the most possible dynein activation pattern. The proposed protein-trigger pattern can reproduce the rotation-like ciliary motion as observed by experiments. Further application of this approach to mutant cilia with ultrastructural modifications also shows consistency to experimental observations. This computational model based on solid mechanics analysis may improve our understandings regarding the protein-beating problems of cilia, and may guide and inspire further experimental investigations on this topic.
Spreading-Droplet Simulation With Surface Tension Model Using Inter-Particle Force in Particle Method
Authors: Ishii Eiji , Sugii Taisuke 
Published: April 2014

Predicting the spreading behavior of droplets on a wall is important for designing micro/nano devices used for reagent dispensation in micro-electro-mechanical systems, printing processes of ink-jet printers, and condensation of droplets on a wall during spray forming in atomizers. Particle methods are useful for simulating the behavior of many droplets generated by micro/nano devices in practical computational time; the motion of each droplet is simulated using a group of particles, and no particles are assigned in the gas region if interactions between the droplets and gas are weak. Furthermore, liquid-gas interfaces obtained from the particle method remain sharp by using the Lagrangian description.
However, conventional surface tension models used in the particle methods are used for predicting the static contact angle at a three-phase interface, not for predicting the dynamic contact angle. The dynamic contact angle defines the shape of a spreading droplet on a wall. We previously developed a surface tension model using inter-particle force in the particle method; the static contact angle of droplets on the wall was verified at various contact angles, and the heights of droplets agreed well with those obtained theoretically. In this study, we applied our surface tension model to the simulation of a spreading droplet on a wall. The simulated dynamic contact angles for some Weber numbers were compared with those measured by Šikalo et al, and they agreed well. Our surface tension model was useful for simulating droplet motion under static and dynamic conditions.
Numerical Investigation of JaVA-Induced Flow in Quiescent Water
Authors: Cadirci Sertac , Gunes Hasan , Rist Ulrich 
Published: April 2014

A Jet and Vortex Actuator (JaVA) is an oscillatory, zero-net-mass flux active flow control device which has been investigated numerically in quiescent water. JaVA consists of a vertically moving actuating plate and ejects jets or vortices into the quiescent fluid. Main JaVA-induced flow regimes include jets to different orientations and vortex mode.
In this paper, we investigate the effect of the wide gap on the flow characteristics. Three cases consisting of two jets and one vortex mode are presented in detail where the jet-Reynolds number and the scaled amplitude are kept constant. Computational results have been reported to depict instantaneous fields and reveal temporal behavior of JaVA-induced flows in quiescent fluid. In addition, the phase-averaged flow fields have been obtained for suction and blowing phases. The velocity profiles extracted from phase-averaged flow fields across the wide gap supply further insight into the JaVA-induced flow regime and their effectiveness in flow control.
Effective Use of Engineering in Teaching Secondary STEAM Courses: A Robotics Course Example
Authors: Cost Diana , Chin Jessica , Zeid Ibrahim , Duggan Claire , Kamarthi Sagar 
Published: April 2014

Global Learning Charter Public School (GLCPS) is an urban secondary school located in the city of New Bedford, Massachusetts. GLCPS educates students in grades 5–12. It is a Title I school with over 74% of the student population on free and reduced lunch. Historically, only 60% of students graduating from New Bedford move on to postsecondary education. It is the goal of our school to change this and increase the number of students entering post secondary education and more specifically to increase their interest in STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and math) fields.
GLCPS provides a unique educational experience where students demonstrate academic excellence and mastery of essential skills. These skills include: technology literacy, public speaking, global citizenship and arts exploration. Incorporation of STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics) is a continued goal for our school. After attending teacher educator training/professional development in engineering-based learning (EBL), we decided to create a robotics course, which fully embedded EBL into the curriculum. The goal of this robotics course is two fold: 1) Combine engineering, math, science, and art/creativity into one course; and 2) engineering-based learning can impact the way students learn STEAM principles, retain STEAM theory, and apply them to real world, relevant applications.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how engineering-based learning inspired and impacted the development of a robotics course in an urban, financially disadvantaged, secondary charter school. Specifically, we detail how the principles and tools of the engineering-based learning pedagogy affected the development and implementation of this robotics course. Lastly, we will demonstrate how EBL and the robotics course have changed student perceptions of science, engineering, and math.
A New Concept for Reconfigurable Planar Motion Generators
Authors: Larochelle Pierre , Venkataramanujam Venkatesh 
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a novel concept for Reconfigurable Motion Generators (RMGs) for multi-phase planar motion generation. Reconfigurable Motion Generators are a new class of mechanical devices that are designed for a specific part family and their associated motion generation tasks.
Reconfigurable Motion Generators are capable of configuration changes according to variations in the motion generation requirements. Thus, Reconfigurable Motion Generators bridge the gap between the relatively high flexibility and high cost of totally flexible machines (e.g. industrial robots) and the low flexibility and low cost of fully dedicated mechanisms (e.g. cams & linkages). Here, we propose the concept of planar Reconfigurable Motion Generators for multi-phase motion generation tasks. This paper introduces design concepts and principles for the efficient and effective synthesis of Reconfigurable Motion Generators that may be deployed in various automated manufacturing environments.
Random Vibration Fatigue: Frequency Domain Critical Plane Approaches
Authors: de Morais Teixeira Giovanni , Hazime Radwan , Draper John , Jones Dewi 
Published: April 2014

Frequency domain analysis offers a very efficient method for the fatigue durability assessment of structures subjected to vibration loading. It also allows engineers to gain valuable insight into system behavior and characteristics that are not easily recognized in the time domain. With some reasonable assumptions, most importantly linearity and steady state behavior, the response of a structure in many engineering applications can be simply evaluated through the “scaling” of the input signal by the Frequency Response Functions (FRFs). In cases where the input is random or stochastic in nature additional assumptions are needed to assess the behavior of the system. Usually such cases assume a stationary and ergodic input signal with a zero mean Gaussian distribution. When making such assumptions the system is still characterized by its FRFs. However, since the input signal is random it can be best described by its Power Spectral Density (PSD). Furthermore, the system response (characterized by the stress tensor) can be evaluated by “scaling” the PSD of the input signal(s) by the magnitude squared of the stress FRFs. The linearity assumption also allows the evaluation of a system response due to multiple inputs through superposition principles.
When using stress based fatigue (to assess the durability of a component or a structure) there are several damage evaluation methodologies that can be used. Traditionally, for time domain analysis the von Mises equivalent stress had been the methodology of choice. More recently critical plane search methods have gained popularity and have shown much better correlation with laboratory experiments and field failures, especially under multi-axial and non-proportional loading. Some of these methods have found their way into frequency domain analysis. This paper highlights the application of critical plane methods for the multi-axial fatigue assessment of engineering structures that are subjected to non-deterministic random vibration. A case study is presented to illustrate the process and shows how the proposed method works.
Experimental Investigation on Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of the Elastic Ring Support With Metal Rubber
Authors: Ma Yanhong , Zhu Haixiong , Zhang Dayi , Hong Jie 
Published: April 2014

A novel oil-free elastic damping support for rotor system is presented here which is combined of Elastic Ring (ER) and Metal Rubber (MR) named ERMR support for short. The ERMR support is an alternative of the traditional elastic damping support combined of squirrel cage and Squeeze Film Damper (SFD). The dynamic characteristics of the support were investigated and discussed, as well as the rotordynamic performances of the rotor system with the ERMR support.
Frequency sweeping experiments with different motion amplitudes were conducted to investigate the dynamic stiffness and damping properties of the support. Results show that both the structural stiffness and equivalent viscous damping of the support decrease significantly with the motion amplitude when the amplitude is smaller than 0.1mm, but tend to reach saturation values when the amplitude is larger. In a wide frequency range (0∼240Hz), the stiffness of the ERMR support shows gradual increasing trend with frequency, while the damping coefficient is approximately inversely proportional to frequency. The loss factor of the support displays nonmonotonic dependency on frequency and motion amplitude and distributes in 0.3–0.75.
Based on the experimental investigation on the dynamic properties of the support, the dynamic tests on the rotor system with an ERMR support were conducted to obtain the dynamic behavior of the system. Under different imbalance exciting forces, the synchronous vibration responses were captured and the mechanical parameters were calculated. The results show that the critical speed remains nearly unchanged with the increase of the imbalance. The stiffness of the rotor system doesn’t exhibit strong nonlinearity, which is quite different from the traditional SFD. In wide rotating speed range, the loss factor of the rotor system distributes in 0.1–0.3, validating the remarkable damping capacity of the ERMR support.
Developing a Baseline Strategy for Controlling Blinds in Buildings
Authors: Karizi Nasim , Reddy T. Agami , Dasgupta Partha 
Published: April 2014

Automated day-lighting systems can modulate window blinds and electrical lights for maintaining the proper illumination levels and save significant electrical energy in buildings. This paper presents an initial work toward developing an automated installation and maintenance of a generic daylighting system which is able to self-calibrate and adapt to the building needs with minimal human intervention. The system operates based on information provided by a wireless sensor network, and processed through learning algorithms and feedback control principle.
This paper focuses on a preliminary simulation study to establish a control baseline and identifies the required elements. It demonstrates the concept, using daylighting simulation software in the context of a test cell which represents a virtual office space. A startup baseline for the optimal blind slat angle settings for the windows is developed with the objective of maintaining uniform lighting levels on a horizontal surface inside the test cell. The lighting baseline simulations are limited to specific times and days of a year to reduce and optimize the simulation process and are applied to predict the optimal blind slat angles for other days of the year. This paper presents and discusses the results of such an analysis including an extrapolation to all year round.