bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral and neural correlates of increased self-control in the absence of increased willpower
Authors: Magen Eran , Kim Bokyung , Dweck Carol S. , Gross James J. , McClure Samuel M. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Self-control encompasses behaviors that enable us to forgo immediate temptations in favor of more beneficial delayed rewards. Self-control has been associated with superior academic, professional, and personal outcomes. Research primarily focuses on the ability to exert willpower to deliberately suppress immediate desires. However, willpower is taxing and susceptible to lapses and therefore makes a poor tool for long-term behavioral change. In this study we ask whether people can enhance their apparent self-control without increasing effortful exertion of willpower. We investigate a cognitive reframing manipulation that, behaviorally, increases self-control without an increase in estimated willpower. Functional brain imaging demonstrates that the reframing manipulation alters responses in brain reward areas and decreases activity in regions of lateral prefrontal cortex linked to willpower exertion.
Enrollment in Hispanic Serving Institutions as a Moderator of the Relationship between Drinking Norms and Quantity of Alcohol use among Hispanic College Students
Authors: Vaughan Ellen L. , Chang Tiffany K. , Escobar Oscar S. , de Dios Marcel A. 
Published: June 2014

Background Hispanic college students represent a growing proportion of the college population. Studies have found that an individual's perception of the drinking of others is linked to one's own personal use and that college students frequently overestimate the drinking of their peers. The current study builds on previous college student drinking literature by examining the influence that attending a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) has on the personal alcohol use and perception of peers’ drinking norms among Hispanic college students. Methods This secondary data analysis utilized data from the American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment. Participants were self-identified Hispanics between the ages of 18 and 25 ( N = 4336). Results Results indicated that there was a significant interaction between attending an HSI and the perception of the number of drinks of a typical student. Specifically, the perception of others’ drinking was more strongly linked to personal drinking for students in non-Hispanic serving institutions. Conclusions The protective effect of attending a Hispanic-serving institution may be related to a more culturally affirming college environment.
Diversity in mRNA expression of the serine-type carboxypeptidase ocpG in Aspergillus oryzae through intron retention
Authors: Ishida Ken , Kuboshima Megumi , Morita Hiroto , Maeda Hiroshi , Okamoto Ayako , Takeuchi Michio , Yamagata Youhei 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Alternative splicing is thought to be a means for diversification of products by mRNA modification. Although some intron retentions are predicted by transcriptome analysis in Aspergillus oryzae, its physiological significance remains unknown. We found that intron retention occurred occasionally in the serine-type carboxypeptidase gene, ocpG. Analysis under various culture conditions revealed that extracellular nitrogen conditions influence splicing patterns; this suggested that there might be a correlation between splicing efficiency and the necessity of OcpG activity for obtaining a nitrogen source. Since further analysis showed that splicing occurred independently in each intron, we constructed ocpG intron-exchanging strain by interchanging the positions of intron-1 and intron-2. The splicing pattern indicated the probability that ocpG intron retention was affected by the secondary structures of intronic mRNA.
Metabolically driven equilibrium shift of asymmetric amination of ketones by ω-transaminase using alanine as an amino donor
Authors: Han Sang-Woo , Shin Jong-Shik 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Removal of a side product to overcome unfavorable equilibrium is a prerequisite for the asymmetric amination of ketones using ω-transaminase (ω-TA). Alanine has been preferred as an amino donor because its deamination product (i.e. pyruvate) is easily removable by several enzymatic methods. Here, we demonstrated that the removal of pyruvate by an innate metabolic pathway could afford equilibrium shift of the ω-TA reactions.
Helping Muslim boys succeed: the case for history education
Authors: Wilkinson Matthew L.N. 
Published: June 2014

Recent research suggests that Muslim boys have become the ‘New Folk Devils’ of British education, who are characterised by resistance to formal education, especially at secondary level, and under‐achievement. Since the 1990s, British Muslim boys would appear to have become increasingly alienated from compulsory schooling, especially in the humanities subjects which lack obvious instrumental value.This mixed‐methods study of the performance of 295 secondary school British Muslim boys in their compulsory school history provides evidence which interrupts this narrative of the academic under‐achievement and educational dis‐engagement of Muslim boys, especially in the humanities subjects. When viewed through the prism of a laminated, non‐reductive model of educational success, this indicative sample of British Muslim boys could be considered to have had significant success at a traditional humanities subject such as history intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, instrumentally and civically.This paper therefore proposes that history can provide a vital meaning‐making tool to generate the success of Muslim boys in a variety of significant dimensions both in and out of school. It suggests how history can be more fully and effectively harnessed by teachers, parents and policy‐planners to encourage internal integration and external social engagement in British Muslim pupils.
Farmer Bargaining Power and Market Information Services
Authors: Courtois Pierre , Subervie Julie 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn many Sub‐Saharan African countries, farmers typically have a choice between selling their products to traders who travel between villages and markets and transporting their products to the nearest market themselves. Because of communities’ remoteness and poor communications with marketplaces, farmers’ uncertainty about market prices is usually high. Traders may take advantage of farmers’ ignorance of the market price and extract a rent from them by offering very low prices for their products. In this article, we model bargaining interactions between farmers and traders meeting at the farmgate and we study how price information affects the bargain and the balance of power. We show the conditions for Market Information Services (MIS) to be profitable for farmers and examine efficiency issues associated with asymmetric information. Finally, we test the model's prediction that information results in positive individual gain for farmers using original survey data collected in the Northern region of Ghana. Specifically, we estimate the causal effect of a mobile‐based MIS program on farmers’ marketing performances and find that farmers who have benefited from the MIS program received significantly higher prices for maize and groundnuts: about 10% more for maize and 7% more for groundnuts than what they would have received had they not participated in the MIS program. These results suggest that the theoretical conditions for successful farmer use of MIS may be met in the field.
TRES predicts transcription control in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Pooley Christopher , Ruau David , Lombard Patrick , Gottgens Berthold , Joshi Anagha 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Summary: Unraveling transcriptional circuits controlling embryonic stem cell maintenance and fate has great potential for improving our understanding of normal development as well as disease. To facilitate this, we have developed a novel web tool called ‘TRES’ that predicts the likely upstream regulators for a given gene list. This is achieved by integrating transcription factor (TF) binding events from 187 ChIP-sequencing and ChIP-on-chip datasets in murine and human embryonic stem (ES) cells with over 1000 mammalian TF sequence motifs. Using 114 TF perturbation gene sets, as well as 115 co-expression clusters in ES cells, we validate the utility of this approach.
Availability and implementation: TRES is freely available at http://www.tres.roslin.ed.ac.uk .
Contact: Anagha.Joshi@roslin.ed.ac.uk or bg200@cam.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
How Could Lay Perspectives on Successful Aging Complement Scientific Theory? Findings From a U.S. and a German Life-Span Sample
Authors: Jopp Daniela S. , Wozniak Dagmara , Damarin Amanda K. , De Feo Melissa , Jung Seojung , Jeswani Sheena 
Published: June 2014

Purpose of the Study:
This article investigates lay perspectives of the concept of successful aging in young, middle-aged, and older adults from 2 cultures, the United States and Germany, to potentially guide the development of scientific theories of successful aging. The empirical findings are embedded in a comprehensive overview of theories of successful aging and life-span development and offer implications for theory development.

Design and Methods:
Two samples of young, middle-aged, and older adults from the United States (N = 151) and Germany (N = 155) were asked about definitions and determinants of successful aging. Codes were developed to capture common themes among the answers, resulting in 16 categories.

Results:
Themes mentioned included resources (health, social), behaviors (activities), and psychological factors (strategies, attitudes/beliefs, well-being, meaning). There were striking similarities across countries, age, and gender. Health and Social Resources were mentioned most frequently, followed by Activities/Interests, Virtues/Attitudes/Beliefs, Well-being, and Life management/Coping. Age differences were limited to Growth/Maturation and Respect/Success, and gender differences were limited to Social Resources and Well-being. Educational and cultural effects were limited to psychological factors and Education/Knowledge, which were more often mentioned by U.S. participants and individuals with more education.

Implications:
Young, middle-aged, and older lay persons from the United States and Germany have quite similar concepts of successful aging, which they view in far more multidimensional terms than do established scientific theories (Rowe & Kahn, 1998). Given evidence that factors mentioned by laypeople do promote successful aging, considering them in more comprehensive theoretical models may enhance our understanding.
Tree phenology responses to winter chilling, spring warming, at north and south range limits
Authors: Clark James S. , Salk Carl , Melillo Jerry , Mohan Jacqueline 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Increases in primary production may occur if plants respond to climate warming with prolonged growing seasons, but not if local adaptation, cued by photoperiod, limits phenological advance. It has been hypothesized that trees with diffuse‐porous xylem anatomy and early successional species may respond most to warming. Within species, northern populations may respond most due to the fact that growing seasons are relatively short. Species most sensitive to spring temperature may show little overall response to warming if reduced chilling in fall/winter offsets accelerated winter/spring development.

Because current thermal models consider only highly aggregated variables, for example degree‐days or chilling units (temperature sums for a season or year), they may not accurately represent warming effects. We show that assumptions contained in current thermal (degree‐day) models are unrealistic for climate change analysis. Critical threshold parameters are not identifiable, and they do not actually have much to do with thresholds for development. Traditional models further overlook the discrete nature of observations, observation error and the continuous response of phenological development to temperature variation. An alternative continuous development model (CDM) that addresses these problems is applied to a large experimental warming study near northern and southern boundaries of 15 species in the eastern deciduous forest of the USA, in North Carolina and Massachusetts.

Results provide a detailed time course of phenological development, including vernalization during winter and warming in spring, and challenge the basic assumptions of thermal models. Where traditional models find little evidence of a chilling effect (most are insignificant or have the wrong sign), the continuous development model finds evidence of chilling effects in most species.

Contrary to the hypothesis that northern populations respond most, we find southern populations are most responsive. Because northern populations already have a compressed period for spring development, they may lack flexibility to further advance development. A stronger response in the southern range could allow residents to resist northward migration of immigrants as climate warms. If potential invaders fail to exploit a prolonged growing season to the same degree as residents, then there is a resident advantage.

Hypothesized effects of warming for xylem anatomy and successional status are not supported by the 15 species in this study.
Pine afforestation decreases the long‐term performance of understorey shrubs in a semi‐arid Mediterranean ecosystem: a stable isotope approach
Authors: Moreno‐Gutiérrez Cristina , Battipaglia Giovanna , Cherubini Paolo , Delgado Huertas Antonio , Querejeta José Ignacio 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Plant–plant interactions shape the structure and composition of plant communities, but shifts in interaction outcomes might occur in the face of ongoing climate change.

We assessed the influence of Pinus halepensis plantations on the long‐term ecophysiological performance of understorey vegetation, by conducting a retrospective comparison (1989–2007) of growth‐ring widths, δ13C and δ18O between Rhamnus lycioides shrubs from two contrasting vegetation types: P. halepensis plantations vs. open woodlands. We also measured the leaf δ13C, δ18O, δ15N, and nutrient concentrations of understorey R. lycioides shrubs growing at varying distances from planted trees within pine plantations.

Dendroecological and stable isotope data revealed strong competitive effects of planted P. halepensis trees on R. lyciodies. Shrubs in pine plantations showed lower radial growth and higher growth ring δ13C and δ18O than those in open woodlands, indicating lower stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in the former. The strong competitive effects of P. halepensis on understorey R. lycioides were most evident in wet, productive years. Conversely, in very dry years, there were indications of a facilitative effect of planted P. halepensis canopies on understorey shrubs.

Within pine plantations, understorey R. lycioides shrubs growing at shorter distances from planted trees were forced to rely on more superficial and ephemeral soil water sources, which reduced their stomatal conductance (higher leaf δ18O) and interfered with nutrient uptake (lower leaf N and P concentrations and more negative δ15N).

The intrinsic water use efficiency of R. lycioides shrubs growing in open woodlands has increased during recent decades as a result of their ability to adjust their stomatal conductance in response to increasing temperature and atmospheric CO2. However, this adaptive response was much weaker or absent in the severely drought‐stressed shrubs from pine plantations.

Pine afforestation strongly reduces water and nutrient availability for understorey shrubs in drylands, with potential long‐term consequences for ecosystem biodiversity, structure and functioning. Competition by P. halepensis on R. lycioides clearly outweighed facilitation in the long‐term, thus compromising the ability of understorey shrubs in semi‐arid pine plantations to cope with climate change.
‘As lief to the gallows as go to the Irish wars’: Human Rights and the Abuse of the Elizabethan Soldier in Ireland, 1600–1603
Authors: Carey Vincent 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis essay explores the treatment of the Elizabethan soldier in Ireland under lord deputy Mountjoy from 1600 to 1603, the years of the most atrocious violence of the conflict. Coming at the experiences of the ordinary soldier in these years from the perspective of human rights forces the historian to a set of rather uncomfortable conclusions. For while many of these soldiers inflicted horrific violence on the native non‐combatant population, their own experiences were determined by a set of forces and practices that left them vulnerable to some of the most extreme abuses of the age. While this essay will address the question of human rights and the implications and applications of the terminology for Elizabeth England, it will do so within the context of a war that abused the ordinary soldier as much as it abused the non‐combatant Irish. Yet the abuse of these men is worth re‐examining as it provides us with an insight to the state's attitude to the subordinate classes and their basic rights. For in examining the recruitment, equipping and treatment of the ordinary soldiers in the field, we find a brutalized mass whose only option was to endure or flee. A mass whose fundamental rights as subjects of the English crown or indeed as humans were badly abused. They were often masterless men unsuitable for combat and ultimately the victims of ‘social cleansing’, victims of class and coercion. The wretchedness of their conditions of service was thus forced, inevitably downwards, on the helpless non‐combatant Gaelic Irish.
Bone Mineral Change During Experimental Calcination: An X‐ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Galeano Sergio , García‐Lorenzo Mari Luz 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe effects of calcination (400–1200°C) on pig bones have been studied using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and secondary modifications, such as color change and weight loss. The characterisation by powder XRD confirmed the presence of the crystalline phase of hydroxyapatite, and comparison of the results obtained at different temperatures suggested that at 650°C, all the organic components and carbonate substitutions were completely removed. Accordingly, these samples were white. In addition, the crystallinity degree and the crystallite size progressively increased with the calcination temperature until 650°C, remaining stable until 1200°C. Below 650°C, bone samples presented organic compounds, resulting in background noise in the diffractogram and gray or black color. In addition, impurities in the lattice correspond to low crystallite sizes.
Development of a Computer‐Assisted Forensic Radiographic Identification Method Using the Lateral Cervical and Lumbar Spine
Authors: Derrick Sharon M. , Raxter Michelle H. , Hipp John A. , Goel Priya , Chan Elaine F. , Love Jennifer C. , Wiersema Jason M. , Akella N. Shastry 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMedical examiners and coroners (ME/C) in the United States hold statutory responsibility to identify deceased individuals who fall under their jurisdiction. The computer‐assisted decedent identification (CADI) project was designed to modify software used in diagnosis and treatment of spinal injuries into a mathematically validated tool forME/C identification of fleshed decedents.CADIsoftware analyzes the shapes of targeted vertebral bodies imaged in an array of standard radiographs and quantifies the likelihood that any two of the radiographs contain matching vertebral bodies. Six validation tests measured the repeatability, reliability, and sensitivity of the method, and the effects of age, sex, and number of radiographs in array composition.CADIreturned a 92–100% success rate in identifying the true matching pair of vertebrae within arrays of five to 30 radiographs. Further development ofCADIis expected to produce a novel identification method for use inME/C offices that is reliable, timely, and cost‐effective.
Antioxidative Properties and Ability of Phenolic Compounds of Myrtus communis Leaves to Counteract In Vitro LDL and Phospholipid Aqueous Dispersion Oxidation
Authors: Dairi Sofiane , Madani Khodir , Aoun Manar , Him Joséphine Lai Kee , Bron Patrick , Lauret Céline , Cristol Jean‐Paul , Carbonneau Marie‐Annette 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAntioxidant activities of Myrtus communis leaf phenolic compounds (McPCs) were investigated on 2,2′‐9‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS+•) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) tests or on oxidation of biological models, human low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and phospholipid aqueous dispersion (l‐α‐phosphatidylcholine stabilized by bile salts). Two extraction techniques, microwave‐assisted (MAE) and conventional (CE), were used to isolate McPCs, producing similar results of phenolic compound content. ABTS+• assay showed clearly that myrtle extracts exhibited a stronger scavenging effect than butylated hydroxyanisole and α‐tocopherol, with a slight advantage for myrtle CE extract. In ORAC assay, the both McPC extracts were similarly less effective than the pure compounds as caffeic acid and myricitrin (myricetin 3‐O‐rhamnoside) but stronger than butylated hydroxytoluene. Moreover, myrtle CE and MAE extracts, and myricitrin were able to inhibit similarly the production of conjugated dienes and to prolong the lag phase (Tlag) during Cu2+‐induced LDL oxidation with a dose‐response effect. The cryo‐electron microscopy observations on studied phospholipid dispersion stabilized by bile salts (BS) revealed the presence of bilayer vesicles and micelles. In 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) hydrochloride–induced phospholipid/BS oxidation, myrtle CE and MAE extracts gave similar effects to α‐tocopherol and caffeic acid but myricitrin showed a higher protective effect than myrtle extracts. We showed also that no synergic or additive effect between α‐tocopherol and myrtle extracts or caffeic acid in α‐tocopherol–enriched phospholipid/BS dispersion, but myricitrin showed an additive effect and thus promoted the total antioxidant activity. These data showed that myrtle extract could be used as potential natural antioxidants, food stabilizers, or natural health products.
Identification by GeLC‐MS/MS of Trypsin Inhibitor in Sarcoplasmic Proteins of Three Tropical Fish and Characterization of Their Inhibitory Properties
Authors: Siriangkanakun Siriphon , Li‐Chan Eunice C.Y. , Yongsawadigul Jirawat 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSarcoplasmic proteins from 3 fish species were fractionated by 50% to 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation. Lyophilized fractionated sarcoplasmic proteins of threadfin bream (TB‐SP), bigeye snapper (BS‐SP), and yellow croaker (YC‐SP) showed 80% to 92% trypsin inhibitory activity. Trypsin inhibitory activity staining gel electrophoresis revealed bands at 32, 33, 37, 45, 48, and 50 kDa for the 3 species, and a band at 95 kDa was observed for TB‐SP and YC‐SP. Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin with molecular mass of 45 to 50 kDa was identified in YC‐SP by gel‐based liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC‐MS/MS). Other major protein bands appeared on trypsin activity staining included phosphorylase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase with molecular mass of 95 and 35 to 40 kDa, respectively. But, these 3 proteins did not show true trypsin inhibitory activity. Trypsin inhibitory activity of fractionated sarcoplasmic proteins showed good stability, with >80% activity retained at 60 °C and up to 0.6 M NaCl. TB‐SP showed the highest inhibitory activity against autolysis of washed threadfin bream mince at 65 °C. Addition of 0.5% or 1% TB‐SP improved textural properties of threadfin bream surimi gels preincubated at 37 or 65 °C followed by heating at 90 °C. Therefore, TB‐SP could be a promising protein ingredient for enhancing surimi gel texture.