bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Butterfly genomics sheds light on the process of hybrid speciation
Authors: Nadeau Nicola 
Published: September 2014

How common is hybridization between species and what effect does it have on the evolutionary process? Can hybridization generate new species and what indeed is a species? In this issue, Gompert et al. (2014) show how massive, genome‐scale data sets can be used to shed light on these questions. They focus on the Lycaeides butterflies, and in particular, several populations from the western USA, which have characteristics suggesting that they may contain hybrids of two or more different species (Gompert et al. 2006). They demonstrate that these populations do contain mosaic genomes made up of components from different parental species. However, this appears to have been largely driven by historical admixture, with more recent processes appearing to be isolating the populations from each other. Therefore, these populations are on their way to becoming distinct species (if they are not already) but have arisen following extensive hybridization between other distinct populations or species (Fig. ).There has been extensive historical admixture between Lycaeides species with some new species arising from hybrid populations. (Photo credits: Lauren Lucas, Chris Nice, and James Fordyce).image
Temporal relationship between genetic and warning signal variation in the aposematic wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis)
Authors: Galarza Juan A. , Nokelainen Ossi , Ashrafi Roghaeih , Hegna Robert H. , Mappes Johanna 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMany plants and animals advertise unpalatability through warning signals in the form of colour and shape. Variation in warning signals within local populations is not expected because they are subject to directional selection. However, mounting evidence of warning signal variation within local populations suggests that other selective forces may be acting. Moreover, different selective pressures may act on the individual components of a warning signal. At present, we have a limited understanding about how multiple selection processes operate simultaneously on warning signal components, and even less about their temporal and spatial dynamics. Here, we examined temporal variation of several wing warning signal components (colour,UV‐reflectance, signal size and pattern) of two co‐occurring colour morphs of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis). Sampling was carried out in four geographical regions over three consecutive years. We also evaluated each morph's temporal genetic structure by analysing mitochondrial sequence data and nuclear microsatellite markers. Our results revealed temporal differences between the morphs for most signal components measured. Moreover, variation occurred differently in the fore‐ and hindwings. We found no differences in the genetic structure between the morphs within years and regions, suggesting single local populations. However, local genetic structure fluctuated temporally. Negative correlations were found between variation produced by neutrally evolving genetic markers and those of the different signal components, indicating a non‐neutral evolution for most warning signal components. Taken together, our results suggest that differential selection on warning signal components and fluctuating population structure can be one explanation for the maintenance of warning signal variation in this aposematic species.
A late embryogenesis abundant protein HVA1 regulated by an inducible promoter enhances root growth and abiotic stress tolerance in rice without yield penalty
Authors: Chen Yi‐Shih , Lo Shuen‐Fang , Sun Peng‐Kai , Lu Chung‐An , Ho Tuan‐Hua D. , Yu Su‐May 
Published: September 2014

SummaryRegulation of root architecture is essential for maintaining plant growth under adverse environment. A synthetic abscisic acid (ABA)/stress‐inducible promoter was designed to control the expression of a late embryogenesis abundant protein (HVA1) in transgenic rice. The background of HVA1 is low but highly inducible by ABA, salt, dehydration and cold. HVA1 was highly accumulated in root apical meristem (RAM) and lateral root primordia (LRP) after ABA/stress treatments, leading to enhanced root system expansion. Water‐use efficiency (WUE) and biomass also increased in transgenic rice, likely due to the maintenance of normal cell functions and metabolic activities conferred by HVA1 which is capable of stabilizing proteins, under osmotic stress. HVA1 promotes lateral root (LR) initiation, elongation and emergence and primary root (PR) elongation via an auxin‐dependent process, particularly by intensifying asymmetrical accumulation of auxin in LRP founder cells and RAM, even under ABA/stress‐suppressive conditions. We demonstrate a successful application of an inducible promoter in regulating the spatial and temporal expression of HVA1 for improving root architecture and multiple stress tolerance without yield penalty.
Physiological responses related to increased grain yield under drought in the first biotechnology‐derived drought‐tolerant maize
Authors: NEMALI KRISHNA S. , BONIN CHRISTOPHER , DOHLEMAN FRANK G. , STEPHENS MIKE , REEVES WILLIAM R. , NELSON DONALD E. , CASTIGLIONI PAOLO , WHITSEL JOY E. , SAMMONS BERNARD , SILADY REBECCA A. , ANSTROM DONALD , SHARP ROBERT E. , PATHARKAR OSRIC R. , CLAY DAVID , COFFIN MARIE , NEMETH MARGARET A. , LEIBMAN MARK E. , LUETHY MICHAEL , LAWSON MARK 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMaize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) is highly susceptible to drought stress. This work focused on whole‐plant physiological mechanisms by which a biotechnology‐derived maize event expressing bacterial cold shock protein B (CspB), MON 87460, increased grain yield under drought. Plants of MON 87460 and a conventional control (hereafter ‘control’) were tested in the field under well‐watered (WW) and water‐limited (WL) treatments imposed during mid‐vegetative to mid‐reproductive stages during 2009–2011. Across years, average grain yield increased by 6% in MON 87460 compared with control under WL conditions. This was associated with higher soil water content at 0.5 m depth during the treatment phase, increased ear growth, decreased leaf area, leaf dry weight and sap flow rate during silking, increased kernel number and harvest index in MON 87460 than the control. No consistent differences were observed under WW conditions. This indicates that MON 87460 acclimated better under WL conditions than the control by lowering leaf growth which decreased water use during silking, thereby eliciting lower stress under WL conditions. These physiological responses in MON 87460 under WL conditions resulted in increased ear growth during silking, which subsequently increased the kernel number, harvest index and grain yield compared to the control.
Challenges and opportunities for quantifying roots and rhizosphere interactions through imaging and image analysis
Authors: DOWNIE H. F. , ADU M. O. , SCHMIDT S. , OTTEN W. , DUPUY L. X. , WHITE P. J. , VALENTINE T. A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe morphology of roots and root systems influences the efficiency by which plants acquire nutrients and water, anchor themselves and provide stability to the surrounding soil. Plant genotype and the biotic and abiotic environment significantly influence root morphology, growth and ultimately crop yield. The challenge for researchers interested in phenotyping root systems is, therefore, not just to measure roots and link their phenotype to the plant genotype, but also to understand how the growth of roots is influenced by their environment. This review discusses progress in quantifying root system parameters (e.g. in terms of size, shape and dynamics) using imaging and image analysis technologies and also discusses their potential for providing a better understanding of root:soil interactions. Significant progress has been made in image acquisition techniques, however trade‐offs exist between sample throughput, sample size, image resolution and information gained. All of these factors impact on downstream image analysis processes. While there have been significant advances in computation power, limitations still exist in statistical processes involved in image analysis. Utilizing and combining different imaging systems, integrating measurements and image analysis where possible, and amalgamating data will allow researchers to gain a better understanding of root:soil interactions.
Hydroa Vacciniforme with Eye Involvement: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Mortazavi Hossein , Hejazi Pardis , Aghazadeh Nessa , Esfandiari Hamed , Ghanadan Alireza , Jahanzad Issa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe herein report two patients with hydroa vacciniforme and concomitant ophthalmic involvement, primarily in the form of keratoconjunctivitis leading to corneal opacity. Awareness of this occasional manifestation may help to prevent severe complications.
Ectodermal Defects and Anal Atresia in a Child with a TP63 Mutation‐Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum
Authors: Ruml Jelena , Cuturilo Goran , Lukac Marija , Peters Hartmut 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEctodermal dysplasias caused by mutations in the TP63 gene comprise a group of disorders characterized by a spectrum of ectodermal changes, orofacial clefting, and split hand or foot malformation. We report on a boy with a mutation located in the DNA‐binding domain of the TP63 gene with atypical phenotype. These data provide additional evidence of the great variability seen in TP63‐related disorders and further delineation of genotype‐phenotype correlations.
Efficacy of the Airway Scope (Pentax‐AWS) for training in pediatric intubation
Authors: Sakurai Yoshio , Tamura Masanori 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Airway Scope (AWS) in the training of residents in pediatric intubation using high‐performance simulators.MethodsA total of 51 residents were recruited. Baby SIM is a high‐performance simulator with a built‐in physiological program that reduces SpO2 if it stops breathing and increases SpO2 if assisted ventilation is provided using a bag mask. Therefore, real‐life situations can be simulated with this program. Trial 1: after respiration of Baby SIM was stopped, intubation was initiated. If the intubation time was too long, a built‐in physiological program led to desaturation. The intubation time and frequency of SpO2 <90% were compared between the Miller laryngoscope and the AWS. Trial 2: an ALS Baby, which is more difficult to intubate than Baby SIM, was used in comparison of intubation time and frequency of failure to intubate within 60 s between the two laryngoscopes. Mann–Whitney and chi‐squared tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsIntubation time was significantly shorter using the AWS than the Miller laryngoscope in both trials. Furthermore, desaturation occurred significantly less frequently with the AWS than the Miller laryngoscope in trial 1. The frequency of intubation failure within 60 s was also significantly lower for the AWS than the Miller laryngoscope in trial 2.ConclusionThe inclusion of both direct laryngoscopy and the AWS in pediatric resident programs might give pediatricians the option of using a safer and more reliable intubation method for children.
Prognosis in tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve
Authors: Kawazu Yukiko , Inamura Noboru , Ishii Ryo , Terashima Yoshino , Hamamichi Yuji , Kayatani Futoshi , Iwai Shigemitsu , Kawata Hiroaki , Kishimoto Hidefumi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundTetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve (TF/APV) is a rare and severe congenital heart disease with high mortality. The aim of this study was to assess whether TF/APV prognosis is related to fetal and postnatal clinical course and pulmonary artery (PA) configuration.MethodsThe fetal and postnatal echocardiograms and clinical outcomes of 13 patients with TF/APV (diagnosed antenatally in 9 patients and postnatally in 4) were reviewed, and divided into two groups: group A (n = 6), alive; and group D (n = 7), dead.ResultsFetal period: group A, polyhydramnios n = 0, hydrops fetalis (HF) n = 0, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) n = 2; group D, polyhydramnios n = 3, HF n = 2, PDA n = 0. Postnatal period: group A, five patients underwent intracardiac repair, including one requiring artificial ventilation (AV). A further AV patient required three operations before extubation. Postoperative courses were all good. Group D, excluding the two intrauterine fetal deaths, four patients required AV (three of whom died neonatally or in early childhood) and one underwent intracardiac repair. PA configuration: all group A patients had bulbous expansion of left and right PA (clover type). Three patients in group D had bulbous expansion of main PA (balloon type).ConclusionsPDA was a factor associated with good prognosis. Hydramnion and HF were factors associated with poor prognosis. Given that there was a higher rate of postnatal AV and poorer prognosis in balloon type than in clover type PA (P < 0.05), PA configuration is also considered an important factor to predict postnatal outcome in TF/APV.
Technical refinement in living‐donor liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma with main portal vein tumor thrombosis – a pullout technique
Authors: Kanazawa Hiroyuki , Sakamoto Seisuke , Matsunami Masatoshi , Sasaki Kengo , Uchida Hajime , Shigeta Takanobu , Fukuda Akinari , Matsumoto Kimikazu , Nakazawa Atsuko , Tanaka Ryuhei , Kasahara Mureo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present a case of a two‐yr‐old boy diagnosed with HBT with complete main PVTT. HBT was located in the bilateral lobe with PVTT involving the confluence of the SMV and the SpV. Cisplatin‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy was delivered; main tumor shrank and AFP levels decreased to below one hundredth. However, PVTT remained in the bilateral portal branches to the main trunk of PV. We describe the technical details of the portal venous tumor thrombectomy that was succeeded by a LDLT. The patient remained healthy 2.5 yr after LDLT, showing good patency of the PV with no evidence of recurrence of tumor.
Development of Refractoriness of HO‐1 Induction to a Second Treatment with UVA Radiation and the Involvement of Nrf2 in Human Skin Fibroblasts
Authors: Zhong Julia Li , Raval Chintan M. , Nisar Muhammad Farrukh , Bian ChunXiang , Zhang Jin , Yang Li , Tyrrell Rex M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUVA treatment of cultured human skin fibroblasts (FEK4) has been shown previously to reduce transcriptional activation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) following a second dose of UVA radiation, a phenomenon known as refractoriness. This study demonstrates that the levels of HO‐1 protein are also reduced after a second dose of UVA radiation as are Nrf2 levels, and there is less accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus where as Bach1 does accumulate in the nucleus. Cell viability is further reduced and cell membrane damage increased as compared with a single UVA treatment when an initial UVA treatment was followed by a second dose. Knockdown of Nrf2 by siRNA (siNrf2) targeting caused additional refractoriness of HO‐1 protein induction to a second UVA or heme treatment and this treatment also further enhanced cell damage by a second dose of UVA radiation. However, transfection with Nrf2 caused less refractoriness of HO‐1 to a second dose of UVA and reduced cell damage by a second dose of UVA radiation. These findings are consistent with the proposal that Nrf2 is involved in HO‐1 refractoriness and could serve as a cytoprotective factor against cell damage caused by repeated exposure to moderate doses of UVA radiation. We propose that protection by the Nrf2‐HO‐1 pathway protection may have clinical relevance since human skin is exposed repeatedly to UVA radiation.
The Effects of Supply on Mazzaella laminarioides (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) from Southern Chile
Authors: Navarro Nelso P. , Figueroa Félix L. , Korbee Nathalie , Mansilla Andrés , Matsuhiro Betty , Barahona Tamara , Plastino Estela M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe effects of nitrate supply on growth, pigments, mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs), C:N ratios and carrageenan yield were investigated in Mazzaella laminarioides cultivated under solar radiation. This species is economically important in southern Chile where an increase of nitrogen in coastal waters is expected as a consequence of salmon aquaculture activity. Apical segments were cultivated in enriched seawater with five different concentrations (0, 0.09, 0.18, 0.38 and 0.75 mm) during 18 days. Although phycoerythrin and phycocyanin content, as well as C:N ratios, were reduced in the control treatment (without supply), when compared to treatments, total MAA concentration, carrageenan yield and growth rates were similar in all tested conditions. Nevertheless, during the experiment, an important synthesis of mycosporine‐glycine took place in a nitrate concentration‐dependent manner, with accumulation being saturated around 0.18 mm of nitrate. These results indicate that exposure to high concentration of more than 100 times the values observed in the nature did not impair the photoprotection system, as determined by MAAs, nor did it have a deleterious effect on growth or carrageenan yield of M. laminarioides, a late successional species from Chile.
Immune responses to Schistosoma haematobium infection
Authors: Odegaard J. I. , Hsieh M. H. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryUrogenital schistosomiasis is one of the greatest single infectious sources of human morbidity and mortality known. Through a complex cycle of infection, migration and eventual maturation and mating, S. haematobium (the aetiological agent of urogenital schistosomiasis) deposits highly immunogenic eggs within the bladder and other pelvic organs, activating a wide range of immune programs that determine both infection outcome as well as downstream immunopathology. In this review, we discuss the experimental and observational bases for our current understanding of these immune programs, focusing specifically on how the balance of type 1 and type 2 responses governs subsequent immunopathology and clinical outcome.
Helminths in the lungs
Authors: Craig J. M. , Scott A. L. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryParasitic helminths infect well over one billion people and typically cause chronic and recurrent infections that exert a considerable toll on human health and productivity. A significant number of important intestinal‐ and tissue‐dwelling helminth parasites have evolved a scripted migration through select organ systems. Of specific interest here are the helminth parasites that interact with respiratory tissues and the pulmonary immune system. This review will consider the nature of the interactions between helminth parasites and the lung environment, as well as the consequences of these interactions on the evolution of parasitism and host immunity.
The challenge of accountability in complex regulatory networks: The case of theDeepwater Horizonoil spill
Authors: Mills Russell W. , Koliba Christopher J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA puzzle that faces public administrators within regulatory governance networks is how to balance the need for democratic accountability while increasingly facing demands from elected officials to optimize oversight of industry by utilizing the expertise of the private sector in developing risk‐based standards for compliance. The shift from traditional command and control oversight to process oriented regulatory regimes has been most pronounced in highly complex industries, such as aviation and deepwater oil drilling, where the intricate and technical nature of operations necessitates risk‐based regulatory networks based largely on voluntary compliance with mutually agreed upon standards. The question addressed in this paper is how the shift to process oriented regimes affects the trade‐offs between democratic, market, and administrative accountability frames, and what factors determine the dominant accountability frame within the network. Using post‐incident document analysis, this paper provides a case study of regulatory oversight of the deepwater oil drilling industry prior to the explosion of theDeepwater Horizonrig in theGulf ofMexico, to explore how the shift to a more networked risk‐based regulatory regime affects the trade‐offs and dominant accountability frames within the network. The results of this study indicate that a reliance on market‐based accountability mechanisms, along with the lack of a fully implemented process‐oriented regulatory regime, led to the largest oil spill inUShistory.
Seasonal controls on sediment transport and deposition in Lake Ohau, South Island, New Zealand: Implications for a high‐resolution Holocene palaeoclimate reconstruction
Authors: Roop Heidi A. , Dunbar Gavin B. , Levy Richard , Vandergoes Marcus J. , Forrest Alexander L. , Walker Sharon L. , Purdie Jennifer , Upton Phaedra , Whinney James 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLaminated sediments in Lake Ohau, Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand, offer a potential high‐resolution climate record for the past 17 kyr. Such records are particularly important due to the relative paucity of detailed palaeoclimate data from the Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes. This paper presents outcomes of a study of the sedimentation processes of this temperate lake setting. Hydrometeorological, limnological and sedimentological data were collected over a 14 month period between 2011 and 2013. These data indicate that seasonality in the hydrometeorological system in combination with internal lake dynamics drives a distinct seasonal pattern of sediment dispersal and deposition on a basin‐wide scale. Sedimentary layers that accumulate proximal to the lake inflow at the northern end of the lake form in response to discrete inflow events throughout the year and display an event stratigraphy. In contrast, seasonal change in the lake system controls accumulation of light (winter) and dark (summer) laminations at the distal end of the lake, resulting in the preservation of varves. This study documents the key processes influencing sediment deposition throughout Lake Ohau and provides fundamental data for generating a high‐resolution palaeoclimate record from this temperate lake.
Characterization of swine leucocyte antigen alleles in a crossbred pig to be used in xenotransplant studies
Authors: Reyes L. M. , Blosser R. J. , Smith R. F. , Miner A. C. , Paris L. L. , Blankenship R. L. , Tector M. F. , Tector A. J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe have characterized swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) classes I and II molecules of a domestic pig as a model for use in our xenotransplant program. Molecular characterization of the SLA classes I and II genes is critical to understanding the adaptive immune responses between swine and humans in the event of xenotransplantation. Seven swine leucocyte antigen genes (SLA‐1, SLA‐2, SLA‐3, DQB1, DRB1, DQA and DRA) were analyzed and 15 alleles were identified. A novel DRA*w04re01 is reported for this limited polymorphic class II gene. The heterozygous haplotypes, Hp‐32.0/35.0 and Hp‐0.13/0.23 were deduced for our IU‐pig model, for SLA classes I and II regions, respectively.