bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boundary faeces and matched advertisement in the European badger (Meles meles): a potential role in range exclusion
Authors: Stewart Paul D. , Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris , Cheeseman Chris L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn lowland England, badgers Meles meles form social groups of up to 30 individuals. They share a main den (sett) and a core feeding range, but largely forage alone. Faeces are deposited in discrete hinterland and border ‘latrines’. Border latrines are shared with neighbouring groups. We demonstrate that there is a highly significant tendency for neighbouring groups to place a similar quantity of faeces at shared latrines. There are also significant tendencies to place more faeces in boundary latrines close to the sett, and for reduced separation of latrines close to the sett. We also demonstrate that badgers tend to defecate most frequently on the boundary closest to their current feeding site. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that faeces at border latrines are used to promote range exclusion. We propose that faecal volume represents a reliable signal of the encounter likelihood and/or foraging pressure of badgers along a particular border. According to the ‘active territorial defence’ hypothesis, this indicates a stand‐off position in terms of each group's resource holding potential by signalling encounter likelihood across the boundary. By the ‘passive range exclusion’ hypothesis, this border is an isopleth (equal contour) of resource depletion between groups, and crossing over such a contour deep into a neighbouring range reduces foraging efficiency. By either hypothesis, the matched faecal volume and sett proximity effects suggest a simple mechanism that is capable of allowing reliable information to be passed by individuals between adjacent sectors of neighbouring territories to deter intrusion. This is a ‘bottom–up’ process of inter‐dependent, parallel, individual responses, which is capable of generating the emergent complexity of co‐ordinated group ranges without central control.
Computation Algebras
Authors: WALICKI MICHAŁ , HAVERAAEN MAGNE , MELDAL SIGURD 
Published: July 2002

We introduce a framework that generalizes algebraic specifications by equipping algebras
with descriptions of evaluation strategies. The resulting abstract mathematical description
allows one to model the implementation of algebras on various platforms in a way that is
independent of the function-oriented specifications.We study algebras with associated data dependencies. The latter provide separate means for
modelling computational aspects apart from the functional specifications captured by an
algebra. The formalization of evaluation strategies (1) introduces increased portability
among different hardware platforms, and (2) allows a potential increase in execution
efficiency, since a chosen evaluation strategy may be tailored to a particular platform. We
present the development process where algebraic specifications are equipped with data
dependencies, the latter are refined, and, finally, mapped to actual hardware architectures.
A General Upper Bound on the List Chromatic
Number of Locally Sparse Graphs
Authors: VU VAN H. 
Published: July 2002

Suppose that G is a graph with maximum degree d(G) such that, for every vertex v in G,
the neighbourhood of v contains at most d(G)2/f (f > 1) edges. We show that the list
chromatic number of G is at most Kd(G)/log f, for some positive constant K. This result
is sharp up to the multiplicative constant K and strengthens previous results by Kim [9],
Johansson [7], Alon, Krivelevich and Sudakov [3], and the present author [18]. This also
motivates several interesting questions.As an application, we derive several upper bounds for the strong (list) chromatic index
of a graph, under various assumptions. These bounds extend earlier results by Faudree,
Gyárfás, Schelp and Tuza [6] and Mahdian [13] and determine, up to a constant factor,
the strong (list) chromatic index of a random graph. Another application is an extension
of a result of Kostochka and Steibitz [10] concerning the structure of list critical graphs.
Millennium medical changes
Authors: VERSTRAETE MARC 
Published: July 2002

If we want things to stay as they are, thing will have to changeGuiseppe di Lampedusa, The LeopardMedical and technical knowledge in medicine has increased more in the last 50 years than in the previous five centuries. Many factors have contributed to this dramatic change, including developments in pathophysiology, genetics, molecular biology and basic science. There is no reason to fear that this daunting progress will be halted in the third millennium. The practice of medicine in the present and next decades will also change rapidly because of new perceptions and demands of the patients, and evolution in society. In this article, some factors affecting medicine and the drivers of change in health are discussed. Expenditure for health cure and care is increasing faster than the financial income. On which criteria should one re-allocate resources and decide between difficult choices? Medical doctors, sociologists, philosophers, economists, politicians all have different views of needs in a world of uncontrolled rather than controlled

liberalism. Some issues are identified here, but no solutions or recommendations are offered.
The Leeuwin Current in the Parallel Ocean Climate Model and applications to regional meteorology and fisheries
Authors: Reason C J C , Gamble D , Pearce A F 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUnlike other currents along the subtropical west coasts of continents, the Leeuwin Current off Western Australia transports warm, fresh tropical waters poleward and is strong enough to overwhelm the upwelling tendencies of the coastal wind stress. The representation of this unusual and important current in the global eddy‐permitting ¼° Parallel Ocean Climate Model (POCM) is examined, and implications for coastal fisheries and regional weather and climate discussed. Comparison of POCM fields with those from the Leeuwin Current Interdisciplinary Experiment for austral autumn and winter 1987 suggests that model Leeuwin Current is consistent with these observations in terms of its location and depth distribution, surface gradients and meridional variation in mixed layer depths but is a bit weaker, warmer and fresher. The model Leeuwin Undercurrent is similar in strength to that observed during autumn/winter 1987. Similar to satellite observations, the model Leeuwin Current displays a number of meander, eddy and offshoot features. The frequency distribution and length scales of the model features are generally consistent with estimates of these parameters derived from the satellite images. It is concluded that POCM output can be usefully applied to improve understanding of the Leeuwin Current and associated regional impacts. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Exogenous Phytohormone-Independent Growth and Regeneration of Tobacco Plants Transgenic for the 6b Gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AKE10
Authors: Wabiko H. , Minemura M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The 6b gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AKE10 (AK-6b) induces crown gall tumors on certain plants but so far there have been no reports of the gene being able to induce tumors on culture medium, We cloned T-DNA segments containing the 6b gene but lacking the auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis genes from A. tumefaciens AKE10. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf discs infected with A. tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying the clones produced shooty calli on hormone-free Murashige-Skoog medium. The relevant T-DNA segment was integrated into plant DNA as determined by Southern hybridization. Some of these immature shoots spontaneously developed into mature shoots, of which several leaves displayed morphological abnormalities. When leaf discs of these mature plants were placed onto the same medium numerous shoots developed from the wounding sites, indicating that the transgenic plants possessed a high regenerative potential. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed a large accumulation of the AK-6b transcripts in the shooty calli, but only a limited degree in mature plants, demonstrating that AK-6b expression is regulated in plants and essential for the early stages of regeneration. Cytokinin levels in the shooty calli were comparable to those in normal shoots, suggesting that shoot regeneration is not mediated by the modulation of cytokinin content.
Immunodetection and Characterization of Tomato Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase Cel1 Protein in Flower Abscission Zones
Authors: Gonzalez-Bosch C. , del Campillo E. , Bennett A. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) endo-β-1,4-glucanase Cel1 mRNA accumulation was previously correlated with abscission of flower explants. Cel1 antibodies were raised against a fusion protein encoding a portion of the Cel1 polypeptide and was shown to react specifically with three polypeptides with molecular masses ranging between 51 and 53 kD in flower abscission zones induced to abscise. All three polypeptides were clearly suppressed in two transgenic lines expressing an antisense Cel1 gene that specifically suppressed the accumulation of Cel1 mRNA, indicating that all three polypeptides are products of the Cel1 gene. Cel1 protein accumulation was correlated with flower abscission. Breakstrength and Cel1 protein content were also analyzed in flower explants, indicating that Cel1 protein accumulation is correlated with the final stages of flower shedding, which suggests that Cel1 is involved in the late stage of abscission. These results support the involvement of Cel1 in the abscission of flower explants and suggest that other hydrolase activities also participate in that process.
Sorbitol-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Expression in Transgenic Tobacco1
Authors: Sheveleva Elena V. , Marquez Sheila , Chmara Wendy , Zegeer Abreeza , Jensen Richard G. , Bohnert Hans J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We analyzed transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) expressing Stpd1, a cDNA encoding sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from apple, under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. In 125 independent transformants variable amounts of sorbitol ranging from 0.2 to 130 μmol g−1 fresh weight were found. Plants that accumulated up to 2 to 3 μmol g−1 fresh weight sorbitol were phenotypically normal, with successively slower growth as sorbitol amounts increased. Plants accumulating sorbitol at 3 to 5 μmol g−1 fresh weight occasionally showed regions in which chlorophyll was partially lost, but at higher sorbitol amounts young leaves of all plants lost chlorophyll in irregular spots that developed into necrotic lesions. When sorbitol exceeded 15 to 20 μmol g−1 fresh weight, plants were infertile, and at even higher sorbitol concentrations the primary regenerants were incapable of forming roots in culture or soil. In mature plants sorbitol amounts varied with age, leaf position, and growth conditions. The appearance of lesions was correlated with high sorbitol, glucose, fructose, and starch, and low myo-inositol. Supplementingmyo-inositol in seedlings and young plants prevented lesion formation. Hyperaccumulation of sorbitol, which interferes with inositol biosynthesis, seems to lead to osmotic imbalance, possibly acting as a signal affecting carbohydrate allocation and transport.
Autonomic Straightening after Gravitropic Curvature of Cress Roots1
Authors: Stanković Bratislav , Volkmann Dieter , David Sack Fred 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Few studies have documented the response of gravitropically curved organs to a withdrawal of a constant gravitational stimulus. The effects of stimulus withdrawal on gravitropic curvature were studied by following individual roots of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) through reorientation and clinostat rotation. Roots turned to the horizontal curved down 62° and 88° after 1 and 5 h, respectively. Subsequent rotation on a clinostat for 6 h resulted in root straightening through a loss of gravitropic curvature in older regions and through new growth becoming aligned closer to the prestimulus vertical. However, these roots did not return completely to the prestimulus vertical, indicating the retention of some gravitropic response. Clinostat rotation shifted the mean root angle −36° closer to the prestimulus vertical, regardless of the duration of prior horizontal stimulation. Control roots (no horizontal stimulation) were slanted at various angles after clinostat rotation. These findings indicate that gravitropic curvature is not necessarily permanent, and that the root retains some commitment to its equilibrium orientation prior to gravitropic stimulation.
Elementary Processes of Photoperception by Phytochrome A for High-Irradiance Response of Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis,
Authors: Shinomura Tomoko , Uchida Kenko , Furuya Masaki 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Elementary processes of photoperception by phytochrome A (PhyA) for the high-irradiance response (HIR) of hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis were examined using a newly designed irradiator with LED. The effect of continuous irradiation with far-red (FR) light could be replaced by intermittent irradiation with FR light pulses if given at intervals of 3 min or less for 24 h. In this response, the Bunsen-Roscoe law of reciprocity held in each FR light pulse. Therefore, we determined the action spectrum for the response by intermittent irradiation usingphyB and phyAphyB double mutants. The resultant action spectrum correlated well with the absorption spectrum of PhyA in far-red-absorbing phytochrome (Pfr). Intermittent irradiation with 550 to 667 nm of light alone had no significant effect on the response. In contrast, intermittent irradiation with red light immediately after each FR light pulse completely reversed the effect of FR light in each cycle. The results indicate that neither red-absorbing phytochrome synthesized in darkness nor photoconverted Pfr are physiologically active, and that a short-lived signal is induced during photoconversion from Pfr to red-absorbing phytochrome. The mode of photoperception by PhyA for HIR is essentially different from that by PhyA for very-low-fluence responses and phytochrome B for low-fluence responses.
In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Nystatin Including Time-Kill and Postantifungal Effect
Authors: Gunderson Shana M. , Hoffman Holly , Ernst Erika J. , Pfaller Michael A. , Klepser Michael E. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Four
Candida albicans
isolates and six non-
albicans Candida
isolates were evaluated by time-kill methods to characterize the relationship between nystatin concentrations, the rate and extent of fungicidal activity, and the postantifungal effect (PAFE). Against
Candida
species, nystatin exhibits concentration-dependent fungicidal activity and a pronounced PAFE.
Characterization of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate 3-Hydroxylase (HpaB) of
Escherichia coli
as a Reduced Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-Utilizing Monooxygenase
Authors: Xun Luying , Sandvik Erik R. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

4-Hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase (HpaB and HpaC) of
Escherichia coli
W has been reported as a two-component flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenase that attacks a broad spectrum of phenolic compounds. However, the function of each component in catalysis is unclear. The large component (HpaB) was demonstrated here to be a reduced FAD (FADH
2
)-utilizing monooxygenase. When an
E. coli
flavin reductase (Fre) having no apparent homology with HpaC was used to generate FADH
2
in vitro, HpaB was able to use FADH
2
and O
2
for the oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate. HpaB also used chemically produced FADH
2
for 4-hydroxyphenylacetate oxidation, further demonstrating that HpaB is an FADH
2
-utilizing monooxygenase. FADH
2
generated by Fre was rapidly oxidized by O
2
to form H
2
O
2
in the absence of HpaB. When HpaB was included in the reaction mixture without 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, HpaB bound FADH
2
and transitorily protected it from rapid autoxidation by O
2
. When 4-hydroxyphenylacetate was also present, HpaB effectively competed with O
2
for FADH
2
utilization, leading to 4-hydroxyphenylacetate oxidation. With sufficient amounts of HpaB in the reaction mixture, FADH
2
produced by Fre was mainly used by HpaB for the oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate. At low HpaB concentrations, most FADH
2
was autoxidized by O
2
, causing uncoupling. However, the coupling of the two enzymes' activities was increased by lowering FAD concentrations in the reaction mixture. A database search revealed that HpaB had sequence similarities to several proteins and gene products involved in biosynthesis and biodegradation in both bacteria and archaea. This is the first report of an FADH
2
-utilizing monooxygenase that uses FADH
2
as a substrate rather than as a cofactor.
Expression in
Escherichia coli
of Native and Chimeric Phenolic Acid Decarboxylases with Modified Enzymatic Activities and Method for Screening Recombinant
E. coli
Strains Expressing These Enzymes
Authors: Barthelmebs Lise , Diviès Charles , Cavin Jean-François 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Four bacterial phenolic acid decarboxylases (PAD) from
Lactobacillus plantarum
,
Pediococcus pentosaceus
,
Bacillus subtilis
, and
Bacillus pumilus
were expressed in
Escherichia coli
, and their activities on
p
-coumaric, ferulic, and caffeic acids were compared. Although these four enzymes displayed 61% amino acid sequence identity, they exhibit different activities for ferulic and caffeic acid metabolism. To elucidate the domain(s) that determines these differences, chimeric PAD proteins were constructed and expressed in
E. coli
by exchanging their individual carboxy-terminal portions. Analysis of the chimeric enzyme activities suggests that the C-terminal region may be involved in determining PAD substrate specificity and catalytic capacity. In order to test phenolic acid toxicity, the levels of growth of recombinant
E. coli
displaying and not displaying PAD activity were compared on medium supplemented with different concentrations of phenolic acids and with differing pHs. Though these acids already have a slight inhibitory effect on
E. coli
, vinyl phenol derivatives, created during decarboxylation of phenolic acids, were much more inhibitory to the
E. coli
control strain. To take advantage of this property, a solid medium with the appropriate pH and phenolic acid concentration was developed; in this medium the recombinant
E. coli
strains expressing PAD activity form colonies approximately five times smaller than those formed by strains devoid of PAD activity.
Multiphasic Kinetics of Transformation of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene at Nano- and Micromolar Concentrations by
Burkholderia
sp. Strain PS14
Authors: Rapp Peter 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The transformation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) at initial concentrations in nano- and micromolar ranges was studied in batch experiments with
Burkholderia
sp. strain PS14. 1,2,4-TCB was metabolized from nano- and micromolar concentrations to below its detection limit of 0.5 nM. At low initial 1,2,4-TCB concentrations, a first-order relationship between specific transformation rate and substrate concentration was observed with a specific affinity (
a
0
A
) of 0.32 liter · mg (dry weight)
−1
· h
−1
followed by a second one at higher concentrations with an
a
o
A
of 0.77 liter · mg (dry weight)
−1
· h
−1
. This transition from the first-order kinetics at low initial 1,2,4-TCB concentrations to the second first-order kinetics at higher 1,2,4-TCB concentrations was shifted towards higher initial 1,2,4-TCB concentrations with increasing cell mass. At high initial concentrations of 1,2,4-TCB, a maximal transformation rate of approximately 37 nmol · min
−1
· mg (dry weight)
−1
was measured, irrespective of the cell concentration.
T-Cell Receptor Vβ Repertoire CDR3 Length Diversity Differs within CD45RA and CD45RO T-Cell Subsets in Healthy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children
Authors: Kou Zhong Chen , Puhr Joshua S. , Rojas Mabel , McCormack Wayne T. , Goodenow Maureen M. , Sleasman John W. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe T-cell receptor (TCR) CDR3 length heterogeneity is formed during recombination of individual Vβ gene families. We hypothesized that CDR3 length diversity could be used to assess the fundamental differences within the TCR repertoire of CD45RA and CD45RO T-cell subpopulations. By using PCR-based spectratyping, nested primers for all 24 human Vβ families were developed to amplify CDR3 lengths in immunomagnetically selected CD45RA and CD45RO subsets within both CD4+and CD8+T-cell populations. Umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy newborns, infants, and children, as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, were analyzed. All T-cell subsets from newborn and healthy children demonstrated a Gaussian distribution of CDR3 lengths in separated T-cell subsets. In contrast, HIV-infected children had a high proportion of predominant CDR3 lengths within both CD45RA and CD45RO T-cell subpopulations, most commonly in CD8+CD45RO T cells. Sharp differences in clonal dominance and size distributions were observed when cells were separated into CD45RA or CD45RO subpopulations. These differences were not apparent in unfractionated CD4+or CD8+T cells from HIV-infected subjects. Sequence analysis of predominant CDR3 lengths revealed oligoclonal expansion within individual Vβ families. Analysis of the CDR3 length diversity within CD45RA and CD45RO T cells provides a more accurate measure of disturbances in the TCR repertoire than analysis of unfractionated CD4 and CD8 T cells.
Systemic Neutralization of Interleukin-8 Markedly Reduces Neutrophilic Pleocytosis during Experimental Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Meningitis in Rabbits
Authors: Dumont Rachel A. , Car Bruce D. , Voitenok Nikolai N. , Junker Ursula , Moser Bernhard , Zak Oto , O'Reilly Terence 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTInterleukin-8 (IL-8) is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with meningitis and is proposed to participate in subarachnoid-space pleocytosis. However, intracisternal injection of IL-8 into rabbits failed to induce indices typical of meningitis (leukocyte, tumor necrosis factor, or protein accumulation in the CSF or histopathological changes), indicating that merely increasing the CSF level of this chemokine is insufficient to induce inflammation in this anatomical site. IL-8 treatment did not affect inflammatory responses to subsequently intracisternally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-8 was chemotactic for rabbit neutrophils in vitro, and subcutaneous injection of IL-8 (diluted in buffer or CSF) proved the in vivo activity of this peptide and suggested the absence of an IL-8 inhibitor in normal rabbit CSF. LPS-dependent pleocytosis was only slightly diminished by intracisternally administered murine anti-rabbit IL-8 monoclonal antibody (MAb) WS-4 but was dramatically reduced by intravenously administered MAb. Therefore, elevated CSF IL-8 levels may contribute to, but cannot solely account for, neutrophil influx into the subarachnoid space during meningitis. However, inhibition of IL-8 activity of the bloodstream side of the blood-brain barrier effectively reduces pleocytosis, indicating a central role of IL-8 in neutrophil influx into CSF during bacterial meningitis. Thus, inhibition of IL-8 is a possible therapeutic target for adjunct treatment of meningitis.