bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeking the Holy Grail in Organizational Science: Uncovering Causality through Research Design
Authors: Hanges Paul J. , Wang Mo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we focus on the importance of establishing causal relationships in the organizational sciences. Specifically, we provide an explicit definition of a causal relationship, identify several different forms that have been explored in the scientific literature, and discuss the conditions under which causality can be established. Specifically, we discuss the Campbell Causal Model (CCM), which emphasizes threats to causal interpretations and the elimination of these threats, as well as the Rubin Causal Model (RCM), which emphasizes the biasing effect of non-random assignment of participants to conditions (i.e., selection bias) and how to overcome this bias in observational research. A variety of quasi-experimentation designs (e.g., regression discontinuity approaches, longitudinal designs) that enable organizational science researchers to study phenomena in the field are discussed. We finish our chapter by considering the recent trend conceptualizing organizations as complex systems, and we argue that this perspective may change the kinds of causality questions that researchers ask in the future.
Multivariate Dynamics in Organizational Science
Authors: DeShon Richard P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTheories in organizational science place increased emphasis on dynamic relations among multiple theoretically relevant variables. Variants of the hierarchical linear model provide the primary approach used to evaluate dynamic processes in organizational science. This model is well suited to the analysis of univariate outcomes with recursive relations. However, many theories in organizational science posit cycles of influence among multiple variables. The analysis of multivariate, non-recursive data structures requires a new analytic approach. The vector autoregressive model is presented as a useful approach for the analysis of longitudinal data that may possess dynamic cycles of influence among multiple variables. The implementation and applicability of this data analytic approach to the modeling and evaluation of organizational science theories is demonstrated using multiple examples.
Job Satisfaction and Job Affect
Authors: Judge Timothy A. , Hulin Charles L. , Dalal Reeshad S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractJob satisfactions—multidimensional psychological responses to one's job—have a long and rich tradition of research in psychology. Comparing and contrasting job attitudes with social attitudes, the present chapter presents various theoretical models of job attitudes. These theoretical approaches give rise to an integrative model which draws most heavily from the Cornell model of job attitudes. We then consider newer theoretical approaches, including engagement, affective events, personality, and unit-level satisfaction. Capitalizing on recent trends in personality, affect, and multilevel research, we also present a core self-evaluations multilevel model. We conclude with a discussion of measurement issues in job satisfaction research.
Workplace Mentoring: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Eby Lillian T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the existing research on workplace mentoring from the perspective of both the protégé and the mentor. Factors related to the initiation, maturation, and decline of mentoring relationships are discussed, along with the major theoretical frameworks that have been used to study mentoring relationships and that show promise in pushing mentoring scholarship in new directions. Consistent with emerging research workplace mentoring, both the positive and potentially negative aspects of mentoring are highlighted in order to present a comprehensive perspective on this unique type of work relationship. The organizational context is also considered in terms of its influence on the initiation of workplace mentoring relationships, as well as the relational patterns that emerge in workplace mentoring relationships. Finally, methodological challenges associated with the study of mentoring are outlined and considered in terms of important avenues for future research on the topic.
First Report of Stem and Leaf Anthracnose on Blueberry Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in China
Authors: Xu C. N. , Zhou Z. S. , Wu Y. X. , Chi F. M. , Ji Z. R. , Zhang H. J. 
Published: February 2013

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is becoming increasingly popular in China as a nutritional berry crop. With the expansion of blueberry production, many diseases have become widespread in different regions of China. In August of 2012, stem and leaf spots symptomatic of anthracnose were sporadically observed on highbush blueberries in a field located in Liaoning, China, where approximately 15% of plants were diseased. Symptoms first appeared as yellow to reddish, irregularly-shaped lesions on leaves and stems. The lesions then expanded, becoming dark brown in the center and surrounded by a reddish halo. Leaf and stem tissues (5 × 5 mm) were cut from the lesion margins and surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by three rinses with sterile water before placing on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 28°C. Colonies were initially white, becoming grayish-white to gray with yellow spore masses. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, and cylindrical with rounded ends, measuring 15.0 to 25.0 × 4.0 to 7.5 μm. No teleomorph was observed. The fungus was tentatively identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (PenZ.) PenZ & Sacc. (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk) based on morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia (1). Genomic DNA was extracted from isolate XCG1 and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (ITS1–5.8S-ITS2) was amplified with primer pairs ITS1 and ITS4. BLAST searches showed 99% identity with C. gloeosporioides isolates in GenBank (Accession No. AF272779). The sequence of isolate XCG1 (C. gloeosporioides) was deposited into GenBank (JX878503). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 2-year-old potted blueberries, cv. Berkeley. Stems and leaves of 10 potted blueberry plants were wounded with a sterilized needle and sprayed with a suspension of 105 conidia per ml of sterilized water. Five healthy potted plants were inoculated with sterilized water as control. Dark brown lesions surrounded by reddish halos developed on all inoculated leaves and stems after 7 days, and the pathogen was reisolated from lesions of 50% of inoculated plants as described above. The colony and conidial morphology were identical to the original isolate XCG1. No symptoms developed on the control plants. The causal agent of anthracnose on blueberry was identified as C. gloeosporioides on the basis of morphological and molecular characteristics, and its pathogenicity was confirmed with Koch's postulates. Worldwide, it has been reported that blueberry anthracnose might be caused by C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides (2). However, we did not isolate C. acutatum during this study. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem and leaf anthracnose of blueberry caused by C. gloeosporioides in China. References: (1) J. M. E. Mourde. No 315. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) N. Verma, et al. Plant Pathol. 55:442, 2006.
First Report of Meloidogyne marylandi Infecting Bermudagrass in Costa Rica
Authors: Salazar L. , Gómez M. , Flores L. , Gómez-Alpízar L. 
Published: February 2013

Bermudagrass plants (Cynodon dactylon cv. 419) from a soccer field in Santa Ana, San Jose Province, Costa Rica, were found with symptoms of decline with dried leaves and leaf yellowing in patches in February 2012. Roots of the affected plants presented small and smooth galls and protruding egg masses similar to those associated with root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. Morphometric and molecular analyses were conducted to identify the species present. Morphological measurements from 30 second-stage juveniles and perineal patterns from 10 adult females matched the description of Meloidogyne marylandi Jepson and Golden. Body length averaged 429.5 ± 18.5 (range: 392 to 459) μm, mean width averaged 16.0 ± 1.3 (range: 13.2 to 18.0) μm, stylet lengths averaged 10.7 ± 1.0 (range: 9.1 to 13.4) μm, dorsal gland orifice from stylet base averaged 2.8 ± 0.3 (range: 2.4 to 3.4) μm, tail lengths averaged 60.9 ± 4.9 (range: 45.5 to 74.7) μm, and the hyaline region of the tails averaged 12.4 ± 1.4 (range: 8.6 to 14.8) μm. Lower average tail length and hyaline tail terminal differentiate M. marylandi from the closely related species M. graminis, the grass root-knot nematode, that can also parasitize bermudagrass (1). Hemizonid position was posterior to the excretory pore. The overall shape of the perineal patterns was ovoid, and the dorsal arch was medium high with lateral lines and coarse striae. Males were rarely observed. DNA was extracted from 10 single mature females. Amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA region between COII and the lRNA gene was accomplished with primers C2F3 (5′-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3′) and 1108 (5′-TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT-3′) (2). A PCR product approximately 520 bp in length was obtained and the sequence (GenBank Accession Nos. KC473862 and KC473863) was compared with those in GenBank using BLAST and showed 99 to 100% identity with known sequences of M. marylandi (JN241916.1, JN241905.1, JN241917.1, JN241921.1, and JN241955.1) (3). Phylogenetic analysis with maximum likelihood (MEGA v.5.0) (4) of those sequences placed the Meloidogyne sp. from Costa Rica in a clade (100% bootstrap support) that included only M. marylandi sequences available from the GenBank database, thus confirming its identity. In addition, digestion of the PCR product with SspI restriction enzyme produced a four band pattern similar to what has been reported for M. marylandi from Israel and United States (Maryland) and this approach is considered useful for the separation of M. marylandi from M. graminis (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode M. marylandi in Costa Rica. References: (1) A. M. Golden. J. Nematol. 21:453, 1989. (2) T. O. Powers and T. S. Harris. J. Nematol. 25:1, 1993. (3) M. A. McClure et al. Plant Dis. 96:635, 2012. (4) K. Tamura et al. Mol Biol Evol. 28:2731, 2011.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera fusca on Herba eupatorii in China
Authors: Ding J. P. , Pei D. L. , Zhang Q. C. , Hong Q. C. , Ren Y. Z. , Li C. W. 
Published: February 2013

Herba eupatorii, one of the most important Chinese medicinal herbs, belongs to the Asteraceae family. In June 2012, a previously unknown disease, tentatively identified as powdery mildew, was observed on H. eupatorii growing in Shangqiu, in eastern Henan Province, China. Symptoms began as white mycelium partially covering upper leaf surfaces; as the disease progressed, it spread to cover entire leaf surfaces. The infected leaves became yellow and necrotic at advanced stages of infection. Specimens consisting of infected leaves were maintained at the Plant-Microbe Interaction Laboratory at Shangqiu Normal University. Microscopic observations of the morphology of the fungus revealed oval primary conidia measuring 18 to 27 × 15 to 22 μm. A long unbranched germ tube that germinated laterally from the ends of conidia was observed in some samples. Conidiophores were cylindrical, simple unbranched, and composed of a basal cell with a swollen base and three to six barrel-shaped conidia formed in chains, measuring 112 to 180 × 9 to 12 μm. Mycelial appressoria were nipple-shaped. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. To verify the identity of the fungus, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA was amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers (3) and sequenced. The sequences were deposited as GenBank Accession No. JX546297. Comparison with sequences in the GenBank database revealed that the ITS sequence was 100% homologous with the sequence of Podosphaera fusca on Calendula officinalis (AB525914) (2) and Syneilesis palmata (AB040349) (1). The ITS sequence analysis verified that the causal agent was P. fusca, which is reported to be a cosmopolitan powdery mildew fungus, parasitic on numerous plant species in the Asteraceae family. Koch's postulates were completed by inoculating healthy H. eupatorii plants with a conidial suspension (prepared in distilled water) of 105 conidia/ml collected from infected plants. Five plants were sprayed until the suspension ran off the leaves, while five additional plants were sprayed with distilled water as a control. Plants were maintained in a climate cell under the following conditions: day, 24°C, 16 h; night, 20°C, 8 h; 85% humidity. After 10 days, inoculated plants developed symptoms similar to those observed in the field, whereas control plants remained healthy. Further examination showed that the inoculated plants were infected by P. fusca. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. fusca affecting H. eupatorii in China. Because there are no fungicides labeled for use on this plant, the appearance of powdery mildew caused by P. fusca could result in substantial production loss of H. eupatorii. References: (1) T. Hirata et al. Can. J. Bot. 78:1521, 2000. (2) S. Takamatsu et al. Persoonia 24:38, 2010. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE8 and STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 Are Required for Ploidy Consistency of the Sexual Reproduction System inArabidopsis
Authors: De Storme Nico , De Schrijver Joachim , Van Criekinge Wim , Wewer Vera , Dörmann Peter , Geelen Danny 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn sexually reproducing plants, the meiocyte-producing archesporal cell lineage is maintained at the diploid state to consolidate the formation of haploid gametes. In search of molecular factors that regulate this ploidy consistency, we isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, called enlarged tetrad2 (et2), which produces tetraploid meiocytes through the stochastic occurrence of premeiotic endomitosis. Endomitotic polyploidization events were induced by alterations in cell wall formation, and similar cytokinetic defects were sporadically observed in other tissues, including cotyledons and leaves. ET2 encodes GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE8 (GSL8), a callose synthase that mediates the deposition of callose at developing cell plates, root hairs, and plasmodesmata. Unlike other gsl8 mutants, in which defects in cell plate formation are seedling lethal, cytokinetic defects in et2 predominantly occur in flowers and have little effect on vegetative growth and development. Similarly, mutations in STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 (SMT2), a major sterol biosynthesis enzyme, also lead to weak cytokinetic defects, primarily in the flowers. In addition, SMT2 allelic mutants also generate tetraploid meiocytes through the ectopic induction of premeiotic endomitosis. These observations demonstrate that appropriate callose and sterol biosynthesis are required for maintaining the ploidy level of the premeiotic germ lineage and that subtle defects in cytokinesis may lead to diploid gametes and polyploid offspring.
Increased Risk of Death among Uninsured Neonates
Authors: Morriss Frank H. 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of health insurance status to the risk of death among hospitalized neonates.Data SourcesKids' Inpatient Databases (KID) for 2003, 2006, and 2009.Study DesignKID 2006 subpopulation of neonatal discharges was analyzed by weighted frequency distribution and multivariable logistic regression analyses for the outcome of death, adjusted for insurance status and other variables. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted for the outcomes mean adjusted length of stay and hospital charges. The death analysis was repeated with KID 2003 and 2009.Principal FindingsOf 4,318,121 estimated discharges in 2006, 5.4 percent were uninsured. There were 17,892 deaths; 9.5 percent were uninsured. The largest risks of death were five clinical conditions with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 13.7–3.1. Lack of insurance had an AOR of 2.6 (95 percent CI: 2.4, 2.8), greater than many clinical conditions; AOR estimates in alternate models were 2.1–2.7. Compared with insureds, uninsureds were less likely to have been admitted in transfer, more likely to have died in rural hospitals and to have received fewer resources. Similar death outcome results were observed for 2003 and 2009.ConclusionsUninsured neonates had decreased care and increased risk of dying.
Forensic Considerations for Preprocessing Effects on Clinical MDCT Scans
Authors: Wade Andrew D. , Conlogue Gerald J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractManipulation of digital photographs destined for medico‐legal inquiry must be thoroughly documented and presented with explanation of any manipulations. Unlike digital photography, computed tomography (CT) data must pass through an additional step before viewing. Reconstruction of raw data involves reconstruction algorithms to preprocess the raw information into display data. Preprocessing of raw data, although it occurs at the source, alters the images and must be accounted for in the same way as postprocessing. Repeated CT scans of a gunshot wound phantom were made using the Toshiba Aquilion 64‐slice multidetector CT scanner. The appearance of fragments, high‐density inclusion artifacts, and soft tissue were assessed. Preprocessing with different algorithms results in substantial differences in image output. It is important to appreciate that preprocessing affects the image, that it does so differently in the presence of high‐density inclusions, and that preprocessing algorithms and scanning parameters may be used to overcome the resulting artifacts.
The Lateral Angle Revisited: A Validation Study of the Reliability of the Lateral Angle Method for Sex Determination Using Computed Tomography (CT),
Authors: Morgan Jennifer , Lynnerup Niels , Hoppa Robert D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents the results of a validation study of a previously published method of sex determination from the temporal bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lateral angle method for the internal acoustic canal for accurately determining the sex of human skeletal remains using measurements taken from computed tomography (CT) scans. Previous reports have observed that the lateral angle size in females is significantly larger than in males. The method was applied to an independent series of 77 postmortem CT scans (42 males, 35 females) to validate its accuracy and reliability. The mean lateral angle of the internal acoustic canal was found to be larger in females (46.5°) than in males (43.4°). However, the difference was not statistically significant and the sex differences reported in previous studies were not substantiated. In light of the observed results, the lateral angle method appears to be of minimal practical use in forensic anthropology and archeology.
Using the theory of planned behaviour and self‐identity to explain chlamydia testing intentions in young people living in deprived areas
Authors: Booth Amy R. , Norman Paul , Harris Peter R. , Goyder Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesThe study sought to (1) explain intentions to get tested for chlamydia regularly in a group of young people living in deprived areas using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB); and (2) test whether self‐identity explained additional variance in testing intentions.DesignA cross‐sectional design was used for this study.MethodsParticipants (N = 278, 53% male;M = 17.05 years) living in deprived areas of aUKcity were recruited from a vocational education setting. Participants completed a self‐administered questionnaire, including measures of attitude, injunctive subjective norm, descriptive norm, perceived behavioural control, self‐identity, intention and past behaviour in relation to getting tested for chlamydia regularly.ResultsTheTPBexplained 43% of the variance in chlamydia testing intentions with all variables emerging as significant predictors. However, self‐identity explained additional variance in intentions (ΔR2 = .22) and emerged as the strongest predictor, even when controlling for past behaviour.ConclusionsThe study identified the key determinants of intention to get tested for chlamydia regularly in a sample of young people living in areas of increased deprivation: a hard‐to‐reach, high‐risk population. The findings indicate the key variables to target in interventions to promote motivation to get tested for chlamydia regularly in equivalent samples, amongst which self‐identity is critical.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?Young people living in deprived areas have been identified as an at‐risk group for chlamydia. Qualitative research has identified several themes in relation to factors affecting the uptake of chlamydia testing, which fit well with the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Identity concerns have also been identified as playing an important part in young people's chlamydia testing decisions.What does this study add?TPBexplained 43% of the variance in chlamydia testing intentions and all variables were significant predictors.Self‐identity explained additional 22% of the variance in intentions and emerged as the strongest predictor.Indicates key variables to target in interventions to promote regular chlamydia testing in deprived young people.
Solution Structure and In Silico Binding of a Cyclic Peptide with Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Muhamad Azira , Ho Kok Lian , A. Rahman Mohd. Basyaruddin , Uhrín Dušan , Tan Wen Siang 
Published: February 2013

A specific ligand targeting the immunodominant region of hepatitis B virus is desired in neutralizing the infectivity of the virus. In a previous study, a disulfide constrained cyclic peptide cyclo S1,S9 Cys‐Glu‐Thr‐Gly‐Ala‐Lys‐Pro‐His‐Cys (S1, S9‐cyclo‐CETGAKPHC) was isolated from a phage displayed cyclic peptide library using an affinity selection method against hepatitis B surface antigen. The cyclic peptide binds tightly to hepatitis B surface antigen with a relative dissociation constant (KDrel) of 2.9 nm. The binding site of the peptide was located at the immunodominant region on hepatitis B surface antigen. Consequently, this study was aimed to elucidate the structure of the cyclic peptide and its interaction with hepatitis B surface antigen in silico. The solution structure of this cyclic peptide was solved using 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations with NMR‐derived distance and torsion angle restraints. The cyclic peptide adopted two distinct conformations due to the isomerization of the Pro residue with one structured region in the ETGA sequence. Docking studies of the peptide ensemble with a model structure of hepatitis B surface antigen revealed that the cyclic peptide can potentially be developed as a therapeutic drug that inhibits the virus–host interactions.