bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Validation of Two Novel Selective Media for the Enumeration of Bacillus cereus in Naturally Contaminated Fermented Sauce Samples
Authors: Kim Dong‐Hyeon , Chon Jung‐Whan , Kim Hyunsook , Hwang Dae‐Geun , Seo Kun‐Ho 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe compared two novel selective media, blood–yolk–polymyxin B–trimethoprim agar (BYPTA) and modified mannitol–yolk–polymyxin B agar (mMYPA), with mannitol–yolk–polymyxin B agar (MYPA) for the isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus in naturally contaminated Korean fermented sauce samples such as red pepper paste, soybean paste, ssamjang and chunggukjang. A total of 81 fermented sauce samples were purchased from a local retail market in Seoul, South Korea. No statistical differences were observed in quantitative enumeration and isolation rates (P > 0.05) among the three selective media. However, BYPTA and mMYPA exhibited higher selectivity than MYPA in excluding the background microflora. In addition, BYPTA (22/81, 27%) and mMYPA (21/81, 26%) detected more fermented sauces with unacceptable levels of B. cereus than MYPA (16/81, 20%) suggesting that the two novel selective media could be used to efficiently detect unacceptable levels of B. cereus in Korean fermented sauce. The two novel selective media could be powerful tools to enumerate the level of B. cereus in fermented sauce samples that have a high level of background microflora.Practical ApplicationsIn previous studies, we developed two novel selective media, BYPTA and mMYPA for the enumeration of Bacillus cereus in foods. It is well known that naturally fermented Korean soybean sauces are commonly contaminated with B. cereus, and a high level of background microflora in these foods could behave competitively during the detection of B. cereus. These sauces are also commonly consumed without additional heat treatment. Therefore, highly specific and sensitive media for the enumerative detection of B. cereus in the fermented sauces are needed. In this study, we found that the two novel selective media exhibited greater selectivities and isolation capabilities for B. cereus in the fermented sauces than MYPA. In addition, BYPTA and mMYPA detected more fermented sauces with unacceptable levels of B. cereus than MYPA. We recommend these two media be used in food manufacturing plants and food safety authorities to monitor B. cereus in fermented sauces that have a high level of background microflora.
Accounting for Emissions and Sinks from the Biogeochemical Cycle of Carbon in the U.S. Economic Input‐Output Model
Authors: Singh Shweta , Bakshi Bhavik R. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBiogeochemical cycles are essential ecosystem services that continue to degrade as a result of human activities, but are not fully considered in efforts toward sustainable engineering. This article develops a model that integrates the carbon cycle with economic activities in the 2002 U.S. economy. Data about the carbon cycle, including emissions and sequestration flows, is obtained from the greenhouse gas inventory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Economic activities are captured by the economic input‐output model available from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The resulting model is more comprehensive in its accounting for the carbon cycle than existing methods for carbon footprint (CF) calculations. Examples of unique flows in this model include the effect of land‐use and land‐cover change on carbon dioxide flow within the U.S. national boundary, carbon sequestration in urban trees, and emissions resulting from liming. This model is used to gain unique insight into the carbon profile of U.S. economic sectors by providing the life cycle emissions and sequestration in each sector. Such insight may be used to support policies, manage supply chains, and be used for more comprehensive CF calculations.
Coseismic formation of eclogite facies cataclasite dykes at Yangkou in the Chinese Su‐Lu UHP metamorphic belt
Authors: Yang J.‐J. , Fan Z.‐F. , Yu C. , Yan R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEclogite facies cataclasite is recognized at Yangkou in the Chinese Su‐Lu ultrahigh‐P metamorphic belt. The cataclasite dykes (5−15 cm wide) are bounded by mylonite/ultramylonite zones, cutting through unfoliated metagabbro and/or eclogite. The cataclasite veins (generally 2–4 cm wide) are free of mylonite boundary zones, cutting through the foliation of the high‐P host rock. The dykes and veins are dominated by eclogite fragments consisting of debris of omphacite, garnet, quartz, phengite and kyanite, in a matrix of variable amounts of a schist rich in quartz, phengite and kyanite. Garnet clasts in the fragments are welded and overgrown by more Ca‐rich garnet containing mineral inclusions different from those in the garnet cores. The micropoikilitic texture of garnet is typical of eclogitic pseudotachylytes. Crack‐sealing K‐feldspar veinlets in the cataclasite dykes also imply frictional or shock‐induced melting of K‐mica. The modal abundances in the cataclasite and the schist imply that the dykes formed by flow of the omphacite and garnet‐dominated cataclasites into the fractures during seismic faulting, while the lower density minerals (quartz, phengite and kyanite) were largely left in the ultramylonite boundary zones. The dykes have the same composition as their host rocks, except for slightly lower Si and large ion lithophile elements and higher Mg, Ca, Cr, Co and Ni. Chromite, probably spurted from the nearby ultramafic rock, is found as rare particles in the cataclasite fragments. This indicates that material exchange occurred by mechanical mixing between the dykes and the ultramafic rock during seismic faulting. The Cr‐rich eclogite minerals grown on the chromite are evidence for coseismic high‐P crystallization. Short‐lived crystal growth is implied by the fine grain sizes of the eclogite minerals and very limited element diffusion between the garnet clasts and their overgrowths. The fact that the host rocks are more hydrated implies that the dyke formation was not related to fluid infiltration. It appears, therefore, that stress was the key factor inducing the high‐P phase transformation in the dykes. Both stress and temperature were only transiently high in the dykes, which have been metastable since they were formed.
Presidential Address: Investment Noise and Trends
Authors: STAMBAUGH ROBERT F. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTDuring the past few decades, the fraction of the equity market owned directly by individuals declined significantly. The same period witnessed investment trends that include the growth of indexing as well as shifts by active managers toward lower fees and more index‐like investing. I develop an equilibrium model linking these investment trends to the decline in individual ownership, interpreting the latter as a reduction in noise trading. Active management corrects most noise trader–induced mispricing, and the fraction left uncorrected shrinks as noise traders' stake in the market declines. Less mispricing then dictates a smaller footprint for active management.
Prosthetic Reconstruction of a Patient with an Acquired Nasal Defect Using Extraoral Implants and a CAD/CAM Copy‐Milled Bar
Authors: Vera Carolina , Barrero Carlos , Shockley William , Rothenberger Sandra , Minsley Glenn , Drago Carl 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTraditionally, patients with maxillofacial defects have been challenging to treat. A multitude of challenges associated with maxillofacial prosthetic treatment are not typically seen with patients who need conventional prosthodontic treatment. These types of patients generally require replacement of significant amounts of hard and soft tissues than do conventional prosthodontic patients. Most maxillofacial patients also warrant more emotional support than do conventional prosthodontic patients. Successful maxillofacial prosthetics still need to embrace the traditional goals of prosthodontic treatment: stability, support, retention, and esthetics. It is unlikely that a maxillofacial prosthesis will exactly duplicate the anatomy and function of missing or damaged structures. Although craniofacial implants (CFI's) have lower cumulative survival rates (CSR's) than intraoral endosseous implants, osseointegrated CFI's have proven to be significant adjuncts to improving retention of maxillofacial prostheses. However, CSR's of CFI's have been reported to be lower than CSR's for intraoral endosseous implants. Lately, computer‐assisted design and computer‐assisted machining (CAD/CAM) has been used in dentistry to facilitate fabrication of implant‐supported frameworks. CAD/CAM protocols have numerous advantages over conventional casting techniques, including improved accuracy and biocompatibility, and decreased costs. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on cumulative survival rates (CSR's) reported for CFI's and to illustrate the treatment of a maxillofacial patient using CFI's and a CAD/CAM copy‐milled framework for retention and support of a nasal prosthesis.
Unexpected records of ‘deep‐sea’ carnivorous sponges Asbestopluma hypogea in the shallow NE Atlantic shed light on new conservation issues
Authors: Chevaldonné Pierre , Pérez Thierry , Crouzet Jean‐Michel , Bay‐Nouailhat Wilfried , Bay‐Nouailhat Anne , Fourt Maïa , Almón Bruno , Pérez Jacinto , Aguilar Ricardo , Vacelet Jean 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMarine cave communities have been a continued source of ecological surprises, among other things because of their close ecological and evolutionary ties with the deep sea. The discovery of cladorhizid sponges, the deepest occurring poriferan family, in shallow Mediterranean caves in the 1990s was one such surprise, leading to the generally accepted hypothesis that the whole family was carnivorous, an unprecedented feeding mode for sponges. The recent observation of the cave species Asbestopluma hypogea in the Mediterranean bathyal, confirmed the view that some shallow caves can occasionally shelter otherwise deep‐dwelling species. Here we present new distribution data of A. hypogea, from deep Mediterranean locations, and for the first time from Atlantic locations. Among the new Atlantic records, the most surprising ones are located in three different geographic areas (Ria de Arousa, Groix Island and Cherbourg) of the NW European coasts, from the Iberian Peninsula to the English Channel, where A. hypogea reaches SCUBA depths (5–50 m), while not sheltered in marine caves. The carnivorous sponge however reaches its shallowest occurrence (5 m), in a small cave at Groix Island. The ecological significance of these discoveries, particularly the very patchy distribution and peculiar dynamics, are noteworthy, and the shallow occurrence of A. hypogea, together with other deep‐water or uncommon species, constitute unique assemblages that must be considered in conservation plans.
Diel feeding of the transparent goby Aphia minuta (Pisces, Gobiidae) in the Northwestern Adriatic Sea in spring time
Authors: Tirelli Valentina , Legovini Sara , Borme Diego , Di Poi Elena , La Mesa Mario 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe present study provides the first estimate of the daily ration for a goby species in the Mediterranean Sea, using a new approach to determine the mass of fish stomach contents through the sum of individual prey dry mass derived indirectly from prey size. Diel feeding activity and daily ration of the pelagic goby Aphia minuta were studied under natural conditions in the coastal waters off Comacchio (Northwestern Adriatic Sea) during the spring season. A total of 318 individuals of A. minuta, collected by 14 trawls carried out on 4 consecutive days, was examined for gut contents. The diel pattern of the vacuity index and the stomach fullness index indicated that A. minuta has nocturnal feeding behaviour. The daily ration, computed over a period of 16 h, was equivalent to 2.23% wet body mass.
Mixed‐methods study identifies key strategies for improving infant and young child feeding practices in a highly stunted rural indigenous population in Guatemala
Authors: Brown Kelley , Henretty Nicole , Chary Anita , Webb Meghan Farley , Wehr Heather , Moore Jillian , Baird Caitlin , Díaz Anne Kraemer , Rohloff Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGuatemala's rural indigenous population suffers from one of the highest rates of chronic child malnutrition (stunting) in the world. Successfully addressing stunting requires defining the barriers to and opportunities for new behaviour‐change initiatives. We undertook a mixed‐methods assessment of feeding practices and food purchasing behaviours around infants and young children aged 6–36 months in two rural indigenous Guatemalan communities. We found that most caregivers were aware only of acute forms of child malnutrition and that they greatly underestimated the local prevalence of malnutrition. Despite moderate adherence to exclusive breastfeeding and timing of complementary food introduction, diets had poor diversity and inadequate meal frequency. Furthermore, perceptions of food insecurity were high even in the presence of land ownership and agricultural production. Although fortified foods were highly valued, they were considered expensive. At the same time, proportionally equivalent amounts of money were spent on junk foods or other processed foods by most participants. Biological mothers often lacked autonomy for food purchasing and nutritional decisions because of the power exerted by husbands and paternal grandmothers. Our findings suggest several creative and community‐based programming initiatives including education about the acute vs. chronic malnutrition distinction, engaging landowners in discussions about domestic food consumption, engaging with caregivers to redirect funds towards fortified foods rather than junk food purchases and directing behaviour‐change initiatives towards all household stakeholders.
Hematocrit Distribution and Tissue Oxygenation in Large Microcirculatory Networks
Authors: Gould Ian G. , Linninger Andreas A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveOxygen tension in the brain is controlled by the microcirculatory supply of RBC, but the effect of non‐Newtonian blood flow rheology on tissue oxygenation is not well characterized. This study assesses different biphasic blood flow models for predicting tissue oxygen tension as a function of microcirculatory hemodynamics.MethodsTwo existing plasma‐skimming laws are compared against measured RBC distributions in rat and hamster microcirculatory networks. A novel biphasic blood flow model is introduced. The computational models predict tissue oxygenation in the mesentery, cremaster muscle, and the human secondary cortex.ResultsThis investigation shows deficiencies in prior models, including inconsistent plasma‐skimming trends and insufficient oxygen perfusion due to the high prevalence (33%) of RBC‐free microvessels. Our novel method yields physiologically sound RBC distributions and tissue oxygen tensions within one standard deviation of experimental measurements.ConclusionsA simple, novel biphasic blood flow model is introduced with equal or better predictive power when applied to historic raw data sets. It can overcome limitations of prior models pertaining to trifurcations, anastomoses, and loops. This new plasma‐skimming law eases the computations of bulk blood flow and hematocrit fields in large microcirculatory networks and converges faster than prior procedures.
Interactions among the three adaptation systems of Bacillus subtilis chemotaxis as revealed by an in vitro receptor‐kinase assay
Authors: Walukiewicz Hanna E. , Tohidifar Payman , Ordal George W. , Rao Christopher V. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe Bacillus subtilis chemotaxis pathway employs three systems for sensory adaptation: the methylation system, the CheC/CheD/CheYp system, and the CheV system. Little is known in general about how these three adaptation systems contribute to chemotaxis in B. subtilis and whether they interact with one another. To further understand these three adaptation systems, we employed a quantitative in vitro receptor‐kinase assay. Using this assay, we were able to determine how CheD and CheV affect receptor‐kinase activity as a function of the receptor modification state. CheD was found to increase receptor‐kinase activity, where the magnitude of the increase depends on the modification state of the receptor. The principal new findings concern CheV. Little was known about this protein before now. Our data suggest that this protein has two roles depending on the modification state of the receptor, one for sensory adaptation when the receptors are modified (methylated) and the other for signal amplification when they are unmodified (unmethylated). In addition, our data suggest that methylation of site 630 tunes the strength of the CheV adaptation system. Collectively, our results provide new insight regarding the integrated function of the three adaptation systems in B. subtilis.
The prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity: a systematic review and critical evaluation of the definitions used
Authors: Rey‐López J. P. , de Rezende L. F. , Pastor‐Valero M. , Tess B. H. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryWe performed a systematic review of the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). Medline, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched for original articles from inception to November 2013. Only prospective and cross‐sectional studies were included. After screening 478 titles, we selected 55 publications, of which 27 were population‐based studies and were used in the narrative synthesis. From the 27 studies, we identified 30 definitions of metabolic health, mainly based on four criteria: blood pressure, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma glucose. Body mass index ≥30 kg m−2 was the main indicator used to define obesity (74% of the studies). Overall, MHO prevalence ranged between 6% and 75%. In the studies that stratified the analysis by sex, prevalence was higher in women (seven out of nine studies) and in younger ages (all four studies). One‐third of the studies (n = 9) reported the response rate. Of these, four reported a response rate of ≥70% and they showed MHO prevalence estimates between 10% and 51%. The heterogeneity of MHO prevalence estimates described in this paper strengthens calls for the urgent need for a commonly established metabolic health definition.
The antibody response against MART‐1 differs in patients with melanoma‐associated leucoderma and vitiligo
Authors: Teulings Hansje‐Eva , Willemsen Karin J. , Glykofridis Iris , Krebbers Gabrielle , Komen Lisa , Kroon Marije W. , Kemp E. Helen , Wolkerstorfer Albert , van der Veen J. P. Wietze , Luiten Rosalie M. , Tjin Esther P. M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPatients with melanoma may develop skin depigmentation spontaneously or following therapy, referred to as melanoma‐associated leucoderma (MAL). As clinical presentation of MAL may precede primary/metastatic melanoma detection, recognition of MAL is important to prevent its misdiagnosis as vitiligo and the subsequent application of immunosuppressive treatment. To reveal the immunity involved in MAL development, we investigated the presence of antibody and T‐cell immune responses directed against the melanocyte‐differentiation‐antigens MART‐1 (Melan‐A), tyrosinase and gp100 in patients with MAL, as compared to patients with vitiligo. Autoantibodies to gp100 and tyrosinase were commonly found in both diseases. Interestingly, MART‐1 antibodies were only present in patients with MAL. Melanocyte antigen‐specific T cells were found in all patients, with relatively more specific T cells in patients with active vitiligo. Although MAL and vitiligo may appear clinically similar, our results indicate that the humoral immune responses against MART‐1 differ between these diseases, which can help to differentiate MAL from vitiligo.
Epidural Analgesia in Labour and Risk of Caesarean Delivery
Authors: Bannister‐Tyrrell Melanie , Ford Jane B. , Morris Jonathan M. , Roberts Christine L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundA Cochrane Systematic Review of randomised controlled trials of epidural analgesia compared with other or no analgesia in labour reported no overall increased risk of caesarean delivery. However, many trials were affected by substantial non‐compliance, and there are concerns about the external validity of some trials for contemporary maternity populations. We aimed to explore the association between epidural analgesia in labour and caesarean delivery in clinical practice and compare with findings from randomised controlled trials.MethodsPopulation‐based cohort of pregnant women (n = 210 708) without major obstetrical complications who delivered a singleton live infant in hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, 2007–10. Data were obtained from linked, validated population‐based data collections. Propensity score matching was used to examine the association between epidural analgesia in labour and caesarean delivery.ResultsEpidural analgesia in labour was used by a third (31.5%, n = 66 317) of the women, and 9.8% (n = 20 531) had a caesarean delivery. Epidural analgesia in labour was associated with increased risk of caesarean delivery {risk ratio [RR] 2.5, [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5, 2.6]}. The association with epidural analgesia in labour was higher for caesarean delivery for failure to progress {RR 3.0, [95% CI 2.9, 3.0]} than for caesarean delivery for fetal distress {RR 1.9, [95% CI 1.8, 2.0]}.ConclusionsEpidural analgesia in labour is associated with caesarean delivery in a large maternity population. Population‐based studies contribute important data about obstetrical care, when research settings and participants may not represent the clinical settings or broader population in which obstetrical interventions in labour are applied.
Sparse Additive Regression on a Regular Lattice
Authors: Abramovich Felix , Lahav Tal 
Published: July 2014

Summary
We consider estimation in a sparse additive regression model with the design points on a regular lattice. We establish the minimax convergence rates over Sobolev classes and propose a Fourier-based rate optimal estimator which is adaptive to the unknown sparsity and smoothness of the response function. The estimator is derived within a Bayesian formalism but can be naturally viewed as a penalized maximum likelihood estimator with the complexity penalties on the number of non-zero univariate additive components of the response and on the numbers of the non-zero coefficients of their Fourer expansions. We compare it with several existing counterparts and perform a short simulation study to demonstrate its performance.
Doubly Robust Estimation of the Local Average Treatment Effect Curve
Authors: Ogburn Elizabeth L. , Rotnitzky Andrea , Robins James M. 
Published: July 2014

Summary
We consider estimation of the causal effect of a binary treatment on an outcome, conditionally on covariates, from observational studies or natural experiments in which there is a binary instrument for treatment. We describe a doubly robust, locally efficient estimator of the parameters indexing a model for the local average treatment effect conditionally on covariates V when randomization of the instrument is only true conditionally on a high dimensional vector of covariates X, possibly bigger than V. We discuss the surprising result that inference is identical to inference for the parameters of a model for an additive treatment effect on the treated conditionally on V that assumes no treatment–instrument interaction. We illustrate our methods with the estimation of the local average effect of participating in 401(k) retirement programmes on savings by using data from the US Census Bureau's 1991 Survey of Income and Program Participation.