bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pericardial Diseases
Authors: Melduni Rowlens M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The pericardium is a fibromembranous inelastic sac less than 2 mm in thickness that comprises 2 distinct layers. The outer inelastic fibrous layer anchors the heart in the mediastinum with attachments anteriorly to the manubrium and xiphoid process, posteriorly to the vertebral column, and inferiorly to the diaphragm. The inner serous double layer is divided into the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. The pericardium serves as a protective nondistensible mechanical barrier for the heart by containing and protecting it from acute overdistention. This chapter examines the following pericardial conditions: congenital absence of the pericardium, pericardial cyst, acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and infilitrative cardiomyopathy.
Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Iyer Vivek 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis are essentially 2 clinical manifestations of the same disease process and can be grouped as venous thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolisms can be either unprovoked (idiopathic or primary) or provoked (secondary). Provoking factors include inherited and acquired factors such as the factor V Leiden mutation, cancer, surgery, trauma, and immobility. Morbidity and mortality from pulmonary embolism depend not only on the clot burden but also on the presence and extent of preexisting cardiopulmonary disease and the response of the cardiovascular system to the pulmonary embolism. This chapter focuses on pulmonary embolism.
HIV Infection and the Heart
Authors: Temesgen Zelalem 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Cardiac involvement in HIV infection is common, typically presenting clinically as pericardial diseases. HIV cardiomyopathy may present as clinical heart failure, be clinically silent but evidenced as an asymptomatic fall in left ventricular ejection fraction on echocardiography, or be detected only at autopsy as focal myocarditis. Clinical detection of HIV-associated cardiac disease significantly underestimates the true incidence at abnormalities detected by cardiac imaging studies or at autopsy.
Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Anavekar Nandan S. , Sohail M. Rizwan , Murphy Joseph G. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Infective endocarditis is an infection on the endocardial surface of the heart, usually affecting the heart valves, a congenital heart shunt, or an intravascular device. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, organ system manifestations, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic approach for endocarditis. Endocarditis prophylaxis and infections related to cardiovascular devices are also reviewed.
Cardiac Tumors
Authors: Wright R. Scott 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Primary tumors of the heart are exceedingly rare, accounting for less than 5% of all cardiac tumors; the remaining 95% are metastatic tumors to the heart. The most common primary cardiac tumors in adults are myxomas, usually occurring in the left atrium, followed by lipomas and fibroelastomas. The most common malignant cardiac tumor in adults is angiosarcoma. A malignant lymphoma may occasionally develop in the adult heart. In children, the most common cardiac tumor is rhabdomyoma and the most common malignant tumor is rhabdomyosarcoma. This chapter reviews various types of cardiac tumors and their presenations.
Sleep Apnea and Cardiac Disease
Authors: Kara Tomas , Konecny Tomas , Somers Virend 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Sleep is often a salutary and restorative time occupying one-third of our lives. In patients with sleep apnea (also called sleep-disordered breathing), sleep can be a period of hemodynamic, respiratory, and electrochemical turmoil that contributes to the initiation, progression, and worsening of outcomes of various forms of cardiovascular disease. The relation between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease, the subject of this chapter, is gaining particular relevance with the strikingly high and growing prevalence of sleep apnea in the general population and in cardiac patients.
Cardiovascular Trauma
Authors: Wright R. Scott 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Cardiovascular trauma is a significant cause of death, particularly among young men in our society. Cardiovascular trauma is classified into penetrating injuries; blunt, nonpenetrating trauma; and medical injuries to the heart sustained during an invasive cardiovascular procedure, medical device implantation, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Penetrating cardiac injury is due primarily to knife or gunshot injuries, whereas blunt cardiac injury is usually due to automobile or motorcycle accidents or industrial incidents. Iatrogenic cardiac trauma also may occur from cardiopulmonary resuscitation, endomyocardial biopsy, or the use of intravascular catheters, including Swan-Ganz catheters. This chapter reviews the different types of cardiovascular trauma and their diagnosis and treatment.
Acute Brain Injury and the Heart
Authors: Anavekar Nandan S. , Puwanant Sarinya , Chandrasekaran Krishnaswamy 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Nervous system and cardiovascular system functions are closely intertwined: Cerebral perfusion is dependent on cardiac performance, and much of cardiac function is regulated by higher brain centers. Dysfunction in either organ system can precipitate dysfunction in the other. Acute brain injury may result from vascular injury, trauma, or inflammation. Cardiac sequelae may manifest as fluctuations in blood pressure and hemodynamics, electrocardiographic changes, arrhythmias, and elevations in levels of cardiac biomarkers. The relation between the nervous and cardiovascular systems in the setting of acute brain injury is subject of this chapter.
Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Evaluation
Authors: Rodeheffer Richard J. , Redfield Margaret M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Heart failure has been defined as the pathophysiologic state in which an abnormality of cardiac function prevents the heart from pumping blood at a rate commensurate with metabolic requirements, or allows it to do so only when ventricular filling pressures are excessively increased. However, only some patients with this circulatory pathophysiology manifest the signs and symptoms of the clinical syndrome we call heart failure. This chapter reviews the 4 stages of heart failure and focuses on its diagnosis and evaluation.
Mechanical Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Schirger John A. , Park Soon J. , Kushwaha Sudhir S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Congestive heart failure remains a significant burden in terms of both morbidity and mortality in the United States and in the developed world. While there have been remarkable advances in pharmacologic therapy, decreasing hospitalization rates, promoting beneficial myocardial remodeling, and prolonging life, there remains a significant portion of the heart failure population that progresses to end-stage heart failure. Left ventricular assist devices offer opportunities for bridge-to-transplantation in patients with advanced heart failure and dilated, enlarged left ventricles especially with ischemic substrate or arrhythmias and a long wait time. A number of patients who are initially not bridge-to-transplantation candidates can be served with left ventricular assist device as a bridge to candidacy in, for example, reversal of pulmonary hypertension with left ventricular assist device treatment.
Diagnostic Cardiac Angiography
Authors: Lapeyre III André C. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the basics of cardiac angiography, especially those aspects most pertinent to cardiology board examinations. It is important to remember that angiograms are 2-dimensional projections of 3-dimensional structures. Therefore, structures need to be visualized with at least 2 orthogonal views to avoid missing important information because of overlapping structures, eccentric or ribbonlike lesions, foreshortening, curvature, or fracture. Additionally, the heart, coronary arteries, and descending aorta lie obliquely in the chest with much variability among patients. The “best” view or angle to see any given structure must be determined for each patient. Therefore, generalizations about the best view are always approximations and not absolutes.
Principles of Myocardial Revascularization in Interventional Cardiology
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Barsness Gregory W. , Gulati Rajiv 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the principles of interventional cardiology, as they pertain to general cardiology practice including the indications for percutaneous coronary intervention, risk stratification of percutaneous coronary intervention patients, and management of complications associated with percutaneous coronary intervention.
Invasive Hemodynamics
Authors: Nishimura Rick A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the hemodynamic components of cardiac output, pressure, and resistance in relation to the treatment of intracardiac shunts, stenotic valvular lesions, and regurgitant valvular lesions. The Fick, indicator dilutor, and Doppler flow velocity methods are included in the discussion of cardiac output.
Atlas of Hemodynamic Tracings,
Authors: Nishimura Rick A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents images and descriptions of various types of hemodynamic tracings. Arterial pulses, right heart catheterization, constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, apex impulses in disease, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pericardial tamponade, coarctation of the aorta, pacemaker syndrome, true aortic valve gradient, valvular disease, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Brockenbrough sign, catheter artifacts, and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation are reviewed.
Endomyocardial Biopsy
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Frantz Robert P. , Cooper Leslie T. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Endomyocardial biopsy is indicated in selected patients with suspected myocardial disease in which the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic information likely to be obtained outweighs the patient risks associated with the procedure. A caveat with regard to recommendation for endomyocardial biopsy is that there is no randomized, controlled trial on the utility of endomyocardial biopsy in myocardial disease and, thus, recommendations are based on expert clinical opinion.
Oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer
Authors: Handolias Despina , Quinn Michael , Foo Serene , Mileshkin Linda , Grant Peter , Dutu Gaelle , Rischin Danny 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsCyclophosphamide was widely used as a single agent prior to the advent of platinum‐based regimens for epithelial ovarian cancer, and, in combination with platinum, prior to the adoption of platinum and paclitaxel as standard first‐line therapy. As cyclophosphamide currently has no defined role in ovarian cancer we aimed to assess its activity in women with recurrent disease.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of patients from three centers in Melbourne, Australia who had received oral cyclophosphamide treatment for recurrent ovarian cancer. The primary end‐point was response rate to oral cyclophosphamide (150 mg p.o. day 1–14) based on Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG) CA125 and/or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. Secondary end‐points included overall and progression‐free survival and toxicity.ResultsIn all, 26 patients were identified and 23 patients were evaluable for response. The median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was three (range 1–6). The response rate to oral cyclophosphamide was 44% with 10 of the 23 patients achieving a partial response (PR) based on GCIG (CA125) criteria. The median number of cycles received was three (range 1–16). Cyclophosphamide showed activity both in patients with platinum‐sensitive (seven of 13 PR) and resistant or refractory disease (three of 10 PR). There was no grade 3 or 4 toxicity but two patients ceased cyclophosphamide due to less severe non‐hematological toxicity.ConclusionSingle agent oral cyclophosphamide is active and well tolerated in recurrent ovarian cancer. Further investigation of oral cyclophosphamide in patients with platinum‐sensitive and platinum‐resistant disease is warranted.
Early clinical predictors of a severely abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram at 48 hours in cooled neonates
Authors: Horn Alan R , Swingler George H , Myer Landon , Linley Lucy L , Chandrasekaran Manigandan , Robertson Nicola J 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimThere is a need to identify infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy who have a poor outcome despite therapeutic hypothermia. A severely abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram at 48 h predicts death or disability. Our aim was to determine whether clinical assessment at age 3–5 h predicts a severely abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram at 48 h or death in cooled infants.MethodsForty‐one cooled infants, ≥36 weeks' gestation, with moderate‐to‐severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, were prospectively enrolled. Infants who were moribund, had congenital conditions associated with encephalopathy or had severe cardio‐respiratory instability were excluded. The predictive abilities of the Thompson encephalopathy score and individual signs at age 3–5 h were assessed.ResultsAll infants with a Thompson score ≥16 at 3–5 h had a severely abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram at 6 h and an abnormal short‐term outcome. At 48 h, 75% had a severely abnormal aEEG or died vs. 18% with a score <16 (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis did not find a significant independent association with any of the individual signs.ConclusionThe Thompson score could be useful to identify infants who will have a poor outcome despite cooling. A score ≥16 should be validated as a prespecified variable in prospective studies.
Vitamin E and changes in serum alanine aminotransferase levels in patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Hoofnagle J. H. , Van Natta M. L. , Kleiner D. E. , Clark J. M. , Kowdley K. V. , Loomba R. , Neuschwander‐Tetri B. A. , Sanyal A. J. , Tonascia J. ,   the Non‐alcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN)
Published: May 2013

SummaryBackgroundNon‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common cause of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations and chronic liver disease, but it is unclear how well ALT elevations reflect the liver injury.AimTo assess how well changes in ALT elevations reflect improvements in liver histology in response to vitamin E therapy.MethodsThe vitamin E and placebo arms of the Pioglitazone vs. Vitamin E vs. Placebo in Non‐alcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS) trial were reassessed for associations among changes in ALT levels, body weight and liver histology. An ALT response was defined as a decrease to ≤40 U/L and by ≥30% of baseline. Liver biopsies taken before and after treatment were scored for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease activity (NAS) and fibrosis.ResultsALT responses were more frequent among vitamin E (48%) than placebo (16%) recipients (P < 0.001). Among vitamin E recipients, ALT responses were associated with decreases in NAS (P < 0.001), but not fibrosis scores (P = 0.34), whereas among placebo recipients, ALT responses were associated with significant decreases in both (P < 0.05). Weight loss (≥2 kg) was also associated with ALT response (P < 0.001), improvements in NAS (P < 0.001) and fibrosis (P < 0.02), but vitamin E had an added effect both with and without weight loss. Weight gain (≥2 kg) was associated with lack of ALT response and worsening NAS and fibrosis scores in patients not on vitamin E.ConclusionsDecrease of ALT levels to normal in patients with NASH is usually associated with improved histological activity. Management should stress the value of weight loss and strongly discourage weight gain. Vitamin E can improve both ALT levels and histology with and without weight loss. Clinical Trial Number: NCT00063622.
‘Offering something back to society?’ Learning disability, ethnicity and sporting legacy: hosting the Special Olympics GB Summer Games in Leicester, 2009
Authors: Williams John , Carter Neil 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary

This article is about research on hosting major sporting events involving people with learning disabilities.

It focuses on the Special Olympics Great Britain National Summer Games, which were held in Leicester in July 2009.

The 2009 Summer Games raised significant legacy issues concerning ethnicity, both for the hosts (the city of Leicester) and the governing body, Special Olympics Great Britain.

The event also provided important insights into wider attitudes towards people with learning disabilities held by the general public.

SummaryIn 2009 the city of Leicester hosted the Special Olympics Great Britain National Summer Games. Around 2500 athletes with learning disabilities competed in 21 sports. This article argues that this sporting mega‐event had important potential legacy consequences for the hosts, the governing body – Special Olympics Great Britain (SOGB) – and also for wider attitudes towards people with learning disabilities. We are mainly concerned here with questions of ethnicity around Special Olympics Great Britain (SOGB) and the specific motivations for staging this event in the East Midlands. We argue that the hosts mobilised a set of quite unusual rhetorics and legacy aims in its appeal to local citizens, and that SOGB favoured Leicester because of the organisation's urgent need to modernise in terms of its urban reach, ethnicity and age profiles. We end by briefly assessing the evidence that SOGB achieved some of its goals and the extent to which the Leicester public embraced Special Olympics and athletes with learning disabilities.
Investigating the ‘bath salt’ panic: The rarity of synthetic cathinone use among students in the United States
Authors: Stogner John M. , Miller Bryan Lee 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroduction and AimsUntil recently, synthetic cathinones marketed as ‘bath salts’ were legally sold at convenience stores and online in the USA. Media reports initiated concerns of a growing ‘bath salt’ epidemic. Despite media attention and the recent legal action banning synthetic cathinones, little is known about its prevalence or users.Design and MethodsA self‐report survey was administered to 2349 students in 40 randomly selected courses at a large university in the Southeastern United States. The resulting sample was 51.6% female, 68.9% white, 24.4% black, 2.8% Hispanic and 4.0% other races, with a mean age of 20.06 years and median family income of $75 000–99 999.ResultsOnly 25 (1.07%) of the students reported using synthetic cathinones at least once. Synthetic cathinone use was found to be more common among men (1.68% vs. 0.50% of women, P = 0.005), Hispanics (4.7%) and Native Americans (4.3% vs. 0.89% of whites and 0.72% of blacks, P = 0.002), and student athletes (4.0% vs. 0.90% of non‐athletes, P = 0.001), but in each of these groups, synthetic cathinones were used more rarely than marijuana (58.14%, P < 0.001), cocaine (9.08%, P < 0.001), Salvia divinorum (7.89%, P < 0.001), synthetic cannabinoids (14.28%, P < 0.001), methamphetamines (1.92%, P = 0.002), 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine (MDMA) (12.54%, P < 0.001) and several other drugs and pharmaceuticals.Discussion and Conclusions‘Bath salts’ have received a great deal of media attention in the USA, yet the prevalence of synthetic cathinone use among our sample was extremely rare. We suggest that the media attention focusing on synthetic cathinone use as a growing epidemic may be largely misplaced. [Stogner JM, & Miller BL. Investigating the ‘bath salt’ panic: The rarity of synthetic cathinone use among students in the USA. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:545–549
Translocality: Concepts, Applications and Emerging Research Perspectives
Authors: Greiner Clemens , Sakdapolrak Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe employment of translocality as a research perspective is currently gaining momentum. A growing number of scholars from different research traditions concerned with the dynamics of mobility, migration and socio‐spatial interconnectedness have developed conceptual approaches to the term. They usually build on insights from transnationalism while attempting to overcome some of the limitations of this long‐established research perspective. As such, translocality is used to describe socio‐spatial dynamics and processes of simultaneity and identity formation that transcend boundaries—including, but also extending beyond, those of nation states. In this review, we trace the emergence of the idea of translocality and summarise the characteristics that different authors associate with the term. We elucidate the underlying notions of mobility and place and sketch out fields of research where the concept has been employed. On the basis of our findings, we conclude by proposing key areas where a translocal approach has the potential to generate fruitful insights. © 2012 The Author. Geography Compass © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Oral Triptans and Nausea: Treatment Considerations in Migraine
Authors: Pierce Mark 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to review evidence showing that migraine patients who are nauseated before using oral triptans tend to have a poor treatment response, as well as to establish a framework for further investigation of the association between response to oral medications and pretreatment nausea among migraineurs.Synthesis and ConclusionIn patients with migraine, pretreatment nausea predicts a poor response to oral triptans. This finding may be inherent in the oral route of delivery of medication, as pretreatment nausea is associated with gastric stasis, which can impair absorption of oral medications and reduce therapeutic efficacy. In addition, oral triptans contribute to the development of nausea among migraine patients who are nausea free before they treat, perhaps because oral tablet use triggers or exacerbates nausea in the same manner as eating or drinking among patients who are nauseated or vulnerable to nausea. Importantly, these observations are derived from a small evidence base and post‐hoc analyses or, in the case of treatment‐emergent nausea, adverse event reports. Further assessment of the relationships between nausea and oral triptans is necessary before drawing firm conclusions. Should these observations be validated, the use of oral triptans in migraine attacks with nausea or in patients prone to nausea should be reevaluated. Novel routes of administration for triptans allow patients to receive the benefits of migraine‐specific therapy even when oral therapy is suboptimal.