bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences Using EQR Modelling for Saturation Predictions in a Middle East Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Engstrom Finn , Toft Jorgen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The EQR (Equivalent Radius) method was developed as a "saturation-height" model for the North Sea Chalk in the early 1990s, but experience with the application of the EQR model has demonstrated that it is a general model applicable to any type of reservoir. The objective for the development of the EQR model was to allow an accurate modelling of the long capillary transition zones in chalk and to extract the areal variations in the FWL caused by hydrodynamic and geodynamic effects.
The EQR method includes a preliminary calibration of the "saturation-height" model by core data and an iterative procedure involving forward and reverse modelling of the logged saturation and porosity data from individual wells. The iterative procedure allows an improved calibration of the "saturation-height" model, an improved calibration of the log analysis models, extraction of the depth of FWL(s) at the vertical well locations and along horizontal wells, inferral of the presence/absence of capillary pressure barriers and inferral of the state of the hydrocarbon system (e.g. active drainage or active imbibition).
Data from the EQR modeling of the individual wells in a field can be applied to map the areal variations in the controlling FWL's and provide data on the controlling mechanisms for the hydrocarbon distribution outside well control. This allows a much more accurate prediction of the hydrocarbon distribution outside well control and therefore a more accurate prediction of HCIIP. These two features have proven very helpful in the analysis of the large low permeability carbonate reservoirs in the North Sea and Middle East areas.
This paper describes the background and basic principles behind the EQR-modelling concept and how it has been used to unravel the complex fluid distribution in the Kharaib limestones (Al Shaheen Field, Block 5, Qatar).

Introduction
Calculation of hydrocarbon saturation profile(s) between/outside well control is typically done by use of a "saturation-height model" and with a single pressure defined horizontal FWL.
Experience from the large carbonate reservoirs in the North Sea and Middle East areas, however, has demonstrated that this approach often is far too simplistic and may result in poor understanding of the areal distribution of hydrocarbons and thus also an uncertain hydrocarbon in-place estimates. The uncertainty is partly a consequence of the long transition zones and partly a consequence of the prevailing hydrodynamic and geodynamic effects in these reservoirs.
Motivation and Retention of Young Workforce in the E&P Industry: A Key Issue of Today for Tomorrow's Successes
Authors: Tealdi Loris , Bruni Thomas 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The paper presents an interpretation of the Young Exploration and Production Professionals status in the oil industry today. It encompasses several themes from job satisfaction, to employees' motivation and education/training/development issues.
In the oil business, many 'intangibles' like the employee potentials and competence are a critical factor for success and an important source of competitive advantage for the companies. The aging workforce in the oil industry demographics indicates that the attraction and retention of the Young Exploration and Production Professionals population represents a key strategy today for successes of tomorrow. Recent surveys have confirmed that as much as 25% of the sampled population sees it unlikely to stay with the same company ten years from now. It follows that a lack of attention to the young population satisfaction and motivation may finally results in the loss of talented young resources that, with an eye to the long term, represent an important, if not the most important strategic asset for the today's companies.
The paper presents an in depth review and analysis of the survey results with focus on talents retention, motivation and development. Results and trends are drawn which are then used to develop a new approach to the development of young professionals with attention to their satisfaction proposing hints for today's companies in their difficult, but crucial task of developing and maintaining the pool of skilled resources fuelling the worldwide oil and gas industry. The philosophy used throughout this work was to start from the end-users (the new hires) – without neglecting the company side of the equation.

Introduction
Demographic analysis of age distribution in oil and gas industry reveals under-representation in the people younger than 35 years old. With the average age of the SPE membership rising to 48 years and assuming such statistics representative of the Oil and Gas business, a large portion of the current workforce will retire within the next 10 years (Figure 1).
Use of Advanced Reservoir Data Collection and Interpretation Techniques
Authors: Pedersen Morten H. , Noman Rashed , Frank Soren , Ohrt Henrik Bjerre 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper presents three examples of reservoir data collection under challenging operational conditions in carbonate and sandstone reservoirs in the Al Shaheen Field offshore Qatar. The examples demonstrate how Formation Pressure Testing and Fluid Sampling can provide early and often decisive information for field development.
Logging operations in the Al Shaheen Field are often performed in wells with horizontal sections in excess of 20,000 ft in thin, unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. To accommodate these conditions, which are far outside the normal operating envelope of the logging tools, new procedures and techniques have been developed to address 'extended reach logging' and to mitigate potential problems with unconsolidated sand. These procedures and techniques are discussed along with the three field cases.
The first field case describes how in-situ hydrocarbon mobility was determined, and how it justified immediate continuation of an appraisal program. The second field case explains how a fluid contact in a very thin sand was confirmed by fluid sampling, and how it eliminated the need for a horizontal sidetrack. The third field case describes how determination of in-situ fluid properties improved saturation modeling and allowed real-time optimization of the data collection program.

Introduction
The Al Shaheen Field, Block 5, offshore Qatar consists of multiple carbonate and sandstone reservoirs. The reservoirs are laterally extensive, but relatively thin and consequently the field is optimally developed with long horizontal wells. Wells drilled in the sandstone reservoirs are up to 22,000 ft while wells drilled in the carbonate reservoirs exceed some 30,000 ft. Production is currently ongoing from five reservoirs, while water injection is taking place in the three main reservoirs.
In thin laterally extensive reservoirs like those present in the Al Shaheen Field, flow continuity can be affected by lateral facies variations and faulting. Detailed pore pressure information from long horizontal wells therefore provides essential data for understanding and managing reservoir dynamics.
AFPC's Cluster Approach in Near Field Appraisal Delivers Early Results
Authors: Lechner Maarten , Holstege Gijs Coenraad , Van Daele Patrick 
Published: March 2015

In September 2003, the Syrian Petroleum Company, PetroCanada and Syria Shell finalised a Production Sharing Contract resolving a long-standing dispute and allowing the pursuit of Near Field Potential (aka. Deep & Lateral) in the 35 Development License Areas, operated by Al Furat Petroleum Company (AFPC). The PSC included a commitment to drill 10 appraisal wells, of which one has to reach 5km tvdss.
Figure 1 location of Euphrates Graben
For some 10 years, no work had been done on maturing the Near Field potential of AFPC's fields. The expectation of the remaining potential, based on limited study only, ranged from less than 50 million bbl to more than 250 million bbl reserves.
AFPC was tasked with executing the Deep and Lateral activities on behalf of the three Shareholders, and the following targets were set:Contribute some 8kb/d year average to AFPC's production to partly offset declining production from the more mature assets;Identify and mature new reserves for AFPC's resource base;Provide an assessment of the remaining acreage potential, including the deep, undrilled reservoirs.
In order to achieve these objectives in the fragmented near-field acreage, a Cluster Approach was adopted with the aim to quickly review the potential in the "established Cretaceous and Triassic play" and delr up to eight drillable prospects/opportunities in 2004.
Effectively Controlling Gas Migration When Lost Circulation Is Encountered in South Texas
Authors: Salinas Veronica Monica , Flores Rafael De Jesus , Kruse William Denton , Primeaux Kurt P. , Tagert Jeff 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
South Texas is predominantly known for high pressure and high temperature formations resulting in the primary production of gas. As operating companies produce from shallower sands, deeper sands are the new targets. This is of major concern since the well now has a shallower low frac tolerance with the limitation of a high pore pressure on the deeper pay zone. Consequently, there is an increased probability of lost circulation and gas migration. With focuses on annular cement adhesion along with solutions to lost circulation, oil and gas companies have utilized a new approach toward zonal isolation. This approach includes incorporation of impermeable and fibrous slurries along with an engineered spacer design.
Previously, conventional cement systems were used to provide a means of zonal isolation. With the introduction of depletion and the intensity of gas migration, conventional cement systems were proving to be ineffective. Cement evaluation showed relatively non-isolated zones as well as a significant amount of free pipe. For years, service companies have strived to produce cement systems that would provide effective zonal isolation and combat any types of gas invasion. South Texas sandstone formations proved to be a candidate to test the new fibrous gas impermeable slurries and introduce the market to a high quality cement system that would combat both lost circulation and gas migration.
While drilling through depleted sands, many drilling companies have encountered partial to total losses of relatively expensive oil-based muds. Special case studies will be introduced to represent the value and recognition of the new fibrous cement slurries. In combination with various types of cement and additives, losses were prevented and drilling could be concluded successfully. Cement evaluation was completed and shown to have a dramatic increase in the percentage of pipe isolated and the top of cement achieved. Comparisons will be displayed showing cement evaluation prior to the new technology and the new representation seen today.
With the introduction of new impermeable fibrous slurries along with special mud removal techniques, drilling companies have adopted these slurries as cures and have chosen this as a solo alternative for isolating their producing zones. Drilling companies have seen the benefits of pumping new slurries in order to prevent future remedial work. This method of cementation has proved to be a significant improvement in South Texas; where the adaptation to new technology is limited to null.
Innovation in Wellbore Perforation Using High-Power Laser
Authors: Batarseh Samih Issa , Gahan Brian C. , Sharma Bhargav 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
For the past nine years, a team of scientists has been examining the possibility of applying high-powered laser technology as a non-explosive alternative to current well construction and completion methods. With an application emphasis on wellbore perforation, experiments have demonstrated that high-powered fiber lasers are capable of cutting and perforating through rocks while improving porosity and permeability.
Fiber lasers are a leading candidate for downhole laser applications. They exhibit several key advantages over other industrial and military lasers, including high efficiencies in energy conversion; rugged, transportable dimensions; and the only ones that can deliver laser power at a long distance from the surface to downhole targets via fiber optics with minimum energy loss.
This experiment simulated rock perforations at surface and downhole pressure conditions using a 5.34 kiloWatt (kW) Ytterbium-doped multiclad fiber laser and a specially designed high-pressure triaxial cell that allowed the beam to strike a pressure-charged core.
At downhole conditions (with under-balanced pressure at 2000 psi), the fiber laser perforated sandstone and limestone with 87 % and 35 % more efficiency, respectively, than at zero-pressure conditions. When at-balanced (with triaxial conditions at 2000 psi and no pore pressure), the fiber laser perforated sandstone and limestone with 61 % and 17 % more efficiency, respectively, than at zero-pressure conditions. This increased efficiency for rocks perforated at downhole conditions affirms high-powered laser as a highly promising alternative to convention wellbore perforation.

Background
Since 1997, the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) and its research partners have investigated the application of high-power laser energy to well perforation and completion. In this research, various types of lasers (CO2, Nd:YAG, COIL, MIRACL, and fiber laser) with output power ranging from 1 to 1200 kiloWatts (kW) were evaluated for perforation applications. Advances in fiber laser technology make the fiber laser the leading laser for perforation and downhole application. Its advantages over other commercially available lasers are its high output efficiency of 20% (Figure 1), electric efficiency (wall plug) 20 to 25%, small footprint of 0.5 m2 (Figure 2), no maintenance, and ease of deliverability to downhole through fiber optics cable. With the small footprint and high efficiency, the laser can be transported to the field at any location.
Sequence Stratigraphy of the Jurassic Hanifa Supersequence: A Stratigraphic Framework for Understanding the Distribution of Marine Restricted Source Rocks in the Hanifa Intrashelf Basin
Authors: Hohman John , Guthrie John , Al-Emadi Ismail Abdullah , Zahran Mamdouh E. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Deposits of the Hanifa Supersequence represent the filling of the restricted-marine, intra-shelf Hanifa Basin during Jurassic time. The Hanifa Supersequence is a distinctive source rock-bearing section bounded by prominent regional unconformities that includes the Hanifa Formation along with the Tuwaiq Mountain Formation. This Hanifa/Tuwaiq Mountain section can be subdivided into four sequences (Figure 1).In ascending stratigraphic order, these sequences are the 1) Tuwaiq Mountain Sequence, 2) Hadriya Sequence, 3) Lower Hanifa sequence, and 4) Upper Hanifa Sequence. Each of the sequences has a similar distribution of depositional thickness. Thickest deposits are located in the western part of the study area in Saudi Arabia and thin to the east in the central part of the study area in Qatar. Although not shown in Figure 1, the deposits thicken again in the eastern part of the study area in Abu Dhabi. An important exception to this general trend in the distribution of the deposits is truncation of section due to erosion at the unconformity that caps the supersequence. Significant amounts of the youngest two sequences are removed by this truncation over much of the study area. The youngest sequence, the Upper Hanifa Sequence is particularly impacted by this truncation and is only preserved in the northeast part of the study area.
Each of the four sequences represents a discrete episode of carbonate platform development and progradation into the Hanifa Basin. Each sequence consists of thick platform deposits of skeletal/oolitic grainstone, packstone and wackestone that grade basinward into organic-rich mudstone (Figure 2).The thick accumulation of grainstone, packstone and wackestone represent stacked carbonate shoal complexes that individually grade off the platform into organic-rich mudstone which characterizes deposition in the restricted basin adjacent to the platform. The sequences can be further subdivided into a lower Transgressive Systems Tract and an upper Highstand Systems Tract with the boundary between the two marking the maximum flooding surface of a sequence. The Transgressive Systems Tract section is relatively thin forming a gentle ramp from platform to basin.
Effects of Seasonal variation on Growth Performance of Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio Ver. specularis) in Earthen Nursery Ponds
Authors: Hossain Md. Istiaque , Khatun Murshida , Kamal B.M. Mostafa , Habib Kazi Ahsan , Tumpa Ananna Sen , Subba Bharat Raj , Hossain Md. Yeamin 
Published: March 2015

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seasonal variation on growth performance of Cyprinus carpio fry in six earthen ponds during December 2011 to June 2012 covering winter (WS) and summer season (SS). Stocking density was 6250 per decimal with a mean weight of 0.192±0.002 (g). This study was done with three replications for each season. During the WS, the mean values of water parameters were temperature 16.78±2.17, transparency 32.67±1.9 cm, dissolved oxygen 5.88±2.18 mg/l, pH 8.24±0.49, total alkalinity 184.72±22.72, and ammonia nitrogen 0.21±0.05 whereas the mean value of water parameters in SS were temperature 30.56±1.51, transparency 30.61±1.71cm, dissolved oxygen 4.3±1.37 mg/l, pH 8.33±0.24, total alkalinity 274.95±6.73 mg/l, and ammonia nitrogen 0.16±0.05 mg/l. Mean values of survival and specific growth rates were 58.94±0.95 and 2.45±0.03 in WS and 67.85±4.27 and 4.00±1.03, in SS respectively. Mean gross and net productions in WS were 1581.94±71.55 kg ha-1 60 d-1 and 1285.03±69.84 kg ha-1 60 d-1 and, 4262.74±147.81 kg ha-1 60 d-1 and 3964.74±145.74 kg ha-1 60 d-1, in SS respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that mirror carp fry production was better in SS than in WS.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12252Our Nature (2014), 12(1): 8-18
Provitamin A Maize Development: A Strategy for Fighting against Malnutrition in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Jiban , Karki Tika Bahadur 
Published: March 2015

This review paper briefly highlights the importance, challenges and opportunities for adoption of provitamin A rich maize, and potential breeding strategies suitable in the context of Nepal. The biofortified maize with provitamin A could be the convenient, cheaper, and easily accessible source of vitamin A. It can provide a cheap and sustainable form of vitamin A for its deficiency prone communities. Unavailability of suitable maize varieties rich in provitamin A and insufficient nutrition education to the consumers are the major challenges for adoption of provitamin A maize. The introduction, development and commercialization of provitamin A rich maize varieties in collaboration with national and international scientists, CG centers, multinational companies, I/NGOs, government agencies, and private sectors can help to fight against vitamin A induced malnutrition in Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12256Our Nature (2014), 12(1): 44-48
Erratum to "Diversity of snakes in Sarlahi District, Nepal (Vol. 11, No. 2, Page: 201-207, 2013)”
Authors: Pandey Deb Prasad 
Published: March 2015

The publisher doubts that Russel´s Viper (Daboia russelii) to occur in Sarlahi, the central lowlands of Nepal because the last photo voucher in page 205 was not supportive to claim D. russelii. Rather, the specimen is Ovophis monticola.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12259Our Nature (2014), 12(1): 60-61.
Une version franco-canadienne de la Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale : L'Échelle PEDro
Authors: Brosseau Lucie , Laroche Chantal , Sutton Anne , Guitard Paulette , King Judy , Poitras Stéphane , Casimiro Lynn , Tremblay Manon , Cardinal Dominique , Cavallo Sabrina , Laferrière Lucie , Grisé Isabelle , Marshall Lisa , Smith Jacky R. , Lagacé Josée , Pharand Denyse , Galipeau Roseline , Toupin-April Karine , Loew Laurianne , Demers Catrine , Sauvé-Schenk Katrine , Paquet Nicole , Savard Jacinthe , Tourigny Jocelyne , Vaillancourt Véronique 
Published: March 2015

RÉSUMÉ But : Effectuer une traduction franco-canadienne de la PEDro scale sous l'appellation proposée d'Échelle PEDro et examiner la validité de son contenu. Méthodologie : Nous avons utilisé une approche modifiée de la méthodologie de validation transculturelle de Vallerand. Une traduction renversée parallèle de la PEDro scale a d'abord été effectuée à la fois par des traductrices professionnelles et des chercheurs cliniciens. Ensuite, un premier comité d'experts (P1) a examiné les versions traduites et a créé la première version expérimentale de l'Échelle PEDro. Cette version a été évaluée par un deuxième comité d'experts (P2). Finalement, 32 chercheurs cliniques ont évalué cette deuxième version expérimentale de l'Échelle PEDro à l'aide d'une échelle de clarté (étendue de 5 points) et ont proposé les modifications finales. Résultats : Pour les différents énoncés de la version finale de l'Échelle PEDro, les moyennes sur l'échelle de clarté montrent un niveau élevé puisqu'elles varient entre 4,0 et 4,7 sur un score maximal de 5 points. Conclusion : Les quatre étapes rigoureuses du processus ont permis de produire une version franco-canadienne valide de l'Échelle PEDro.
Absorption Coefficient Measurement in Laser Transmission Welding of Thermoplastics
Authors: Chen M. , Zak G. , Bates P. J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Laser transmission welding involves joining of transmitting and absorbing thermoplastic polymer components. Absorption is normally controlled by addition of small amounts of carbon black (CB). In thermal modelling of the process, the laser-light absorption coefficient is an important parameter that controls the rate and distribution of heat generation in the absorbing component. This paper introduces a novel experimental method to conveniently and accurately measure the absorption coefficient in the absorbing component. In this method, a laser beam scans rapidly over the surface of the CB-filled polymer. The laser power resulting in the onset of surface melting can be obtained and used to calculate the absorption coefficient based on an analytical model presented in this paper. To validate the proposed method, the experimental results were compared with those obtained by the spectrophotometer and the power-meter methods using unreinforced and glass-fiber reinforced nylon 6. The results indicate that there is a linear relationship between the absorption coefficient and carbon black level for these two polymers. The influence of glass fibers and laser scan speed on the measurement are also discussed.
Styrene/Isoprene/Styrene Thermoplastic Elastomer Prepared by Anionic Bulk Polymerization in a Twin-Screw Extruder
Authors: Wang J.-M. , Yuan X.-Y. , Shan D. , Zheng A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, a styrene/isoprene/styrene (SIS) triblock copolymer was synthesized in an intermeshing, co-rotating, twin-screw extruder. N-butyl lithium was used as the initiator. The styrene and isoprene monomer as well as 1,2-dibromoethane were sequentially added into the extruder. The weight content of isoprene in this copolymer was above 60%. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results showed that the polystyrene in the copolymer chains was mainly comprised of only one long block. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the polystyrene phase transferred from larger numbers of small microdomains to a continuous aggregation after the coupling reaction. As a result, the tensile stress and ultimate elongation was significantly improved, similar to the commercial product. Traditionally, SIS has only been synthesized by solution polymerization. The present work offers the capacity to synthesize it with very little or no solvent. This method fits the environmentally friendly trend.