bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a User Friendly Computer Program for Designing Conventional Oilfield Separators
Authors: Olotu C. O. , Osisanya S. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The proper handling and processing of crude oil systems plays an important role in the economics of crude oil production. The separator is the first processing equipment for crude oil systems. Separator design procedures are cumbersome, time consuming, involve a lot of guesswork, and are prone to a lot of human calculation errors. Furthermore, subjectivity arises with each design procedure on the parameters necessary and crucial for separator design. Hence, there's a need to develop a user-friendly computer program to automate separator design. Separator design is based on empirical procedures that have been established based on sound engineering judgment.
In this work a user-friendly computer program was developed to estimate separator dimensions (diameter and height). Two design procedures, Svrcek and Monnery 1994 and the modified Arnold and Stewart 2008 were selected based on the parameters used in their design procedures. The equations involved in the two procedures are presented, and are used to develop four user-friendly programs to estimate 3-phase vertical and horizontal separator dimensions. The VISUAL BASIC programming language in Microsoft Excel was used to develop the computer programs.
The program was validated using case studies from reviewed texts. Both procedures show similar results for all the case studies. The Arnold and Stewart design procedures involve less guesswork and is more suitable for conventional oilfield separator design. The results also show a decrease in separator height and length as separator diameter increased. This trend was observed in both design procedures.
Production Casing and Tubing Design for HPHT Wells in the Niger Delta
Authors: Ayodele Akinfolarin , Sunday Awe , David Obiga , John Musa , Thompson Ukomah 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
High pressure and high temperature (HPHT) wells are wells with pore pressures in excess of 0.8psi/ft or wells that require surface pressure control equipment with ratings in excess of 10,000psi and static bottom hole temperatures higher than 300 deg F (150 deg C). Although a large un-developed hydrocarbon portfolio in the Niger Delta falls within the operating envelop of HP/HT, there is little or no record of current producing HPHT wells in the Niger Delta. One of the reasons could be the commercial attractiveness of the conventional wells that are still being produced. The other reason could be the risk and complexity of the wells in terms of design, execution and operation.
However of recent a number of operators have started or are in the process of starting HPHT campaigns. The essence of this paper is to outline the design methodology that has been followed in the design of some HPHT wells in the Niger Delta and share some of the factors that should be taken into consideration in the design of such high-risk and complex wells
Bubble Point Pressure Prediction Model for Niger Delta Crude using Artificial Neural Network Approach
Authors: Numbere O. G. , Azuibuike I. I. , Ikiensikimama S. S. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Knowledge of bubble point pressure is very important in reserve estimation and other petroleum engineering calculations such as modeling of fluid flow through porous media and multiphase flow in pipes. Usually, this property is obtained from laboratory PVT analysis. However, when such analysis is not available, empirically derived PVT correlations are used. This work focuses on the use of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to address the inaccuracy of empirical correlations used for predicting bubble point pressure. The ANN is a mathematical model inspired by biological neural networks. In this modeling approach 1248 data sets collected from the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria were used. The data set was randomly divided into three parts, of which 60% was used for training, 20% for validation, and 20% for testing. The accuracy of the new Artificial Neural Network was compared with existing empirical correlations. The ANN model outperformed the existing empirical correlations by the statistical parameters used with a best rank of 17.3132 and better performance plot.
Coupled Model for Analysis of Multilayer Reservoir in Commingled Production
Authors: Onwunyili Christian Chime , Onyekonwu M. O 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Presently, most of multilayer reservoirs are modeled as a one single zone system by averaging the reservoir properties correspondent to each zone in the reservoir. This procedure is easy for the analysis of the total production and wellhead pressure. Nevertheless, the result of this type of modeling would rarely be accurate because a one-zone system does not take into account that each zone's pressure decline independently. This pressure decline for each zone affects the overall production and would amount to inter-flow and to early depletion of one of the zones. Therefore this study attempts at coupling the wellbore hydraulics and pay-zone fluid behavior to determine the contribution of the various zones to the overall production in multilayer reservoirs. The study employed analytical solutions to the equations that model the fluid flow in porous media and considered that pressure difference between the producing zones at the sandface allows wellbore inter-flow during any stage of the reservoir's life and no pay-zone inter-flow. The result of typical production scenarios are presented by developing a robust simulator allowing the calculation of the prevailing fluid flow and pressure profiles along the wellbore and the various reservoir zones of different rock properties. The simulation approach presented here allows the user to set the optimal production, injection, or shut-in conditions at the surface for reservoir systems containing two zones.
Enhanced Oil Recovery using Foam Injection; a Mechanistic Approach
Authors: Sunmonu Rasak Mayowa , Onyekonwu Mike 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
On the average, conventional production methods will produce from a reservoir about 30% of the initial oil in place. The remaining oil, nearly 70% of the initial resource, is a large and attractive target for enhanced oil recovery methods. One of the EOR techniques used is gas flooding. Gases used in gas-flooding (such as CO2, Hydrocarbons, N2, etc.) are normally less viscous (more than one order of magnitude less) and less dense than both water and crude oil, which results in gas channelling through the high permeability zones and gravity overriding. Thus, gas flooding normally has poor volumetric sweep efficiency, especially in an immiscible displacement, with the displacing phase being a lower viscosity. A need for mobility control in gas flooding has led to the use of foam for sweep improvement and profile modification. Foam is employed to improve the efficiency by which the displacing fluid sweeps the reservoir and contacts and recovers oil.
The objective of this study is to investigate the application of foam injection as an enhanced oil recovery process in Reservoirs. This research was aimed at investigating the possible Increase in Nigeria's Oil production through the use of foam to reduce gas mobility in the porous media, consequently improving volumetric sweep efficiency and oil recovery.
In conducting this research, a static model was developed using a static modelling software, the model was then populated with Petrophysical properties peculiar to sandstone reservoirs. Pressure volume and temperature properties as well as pressure and saturation dependent properties were defined for the model using relevant correlations. The model was then simulated using a dynamic modelling software to mimic the foam injection process.
Results such as field oil recovery, cumulative oil recovery, gas oil ratio, water cut and production rate were compared with the case in which gas injection without foam is been implemented. A significant increase in oil recovery was observed for the foam injection case compared to the gas flooding without injection while a significant reduction in gas oil ratio and gas produced was observed. This was due to the reduction in gas mobility caused by the presence of foam in the reservoir. A simple economic analysis tool was then used to determine the economic feasibility of the project which was discovered to be viable.
Predicting the Produced Boil off Gas in the Moss Spherical Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vessel
Authors: Aimikhe V. J , Kinigoma B. S , Iyagba E. T 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This paper focuses on developing a boil off gas model that can be used to predict values of boil off gas produced onboard a Moss spherical liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vessel. The Fourier law of heat transfer and Newton's law of cooling mathematical models were used to derive equations and then estimate the total heat transfer rate from the containment system under consideration. While maintaining the internal tank pressure, LNG composition and varying the ambient temperature and voyage length; using the concept of mean daily average temperature (MDAT), the boil off gas rate was estimated, hence a Moss Spherical LNG vessel boil off gas model was developed. Actual Boil off gas values were compared with values obtained by using the model developed in this study. The robustness of the equations derived allows the user to be able to develop various Moss Spherical boil off gas simulators for tanks with different types of materials. The statistical error analysis showed an Average Absolute Error of 5.63% and Standard Deviation of 7.3 when the results from this study were compared with actual boil off gas values obtained from a Moss Spherical LNG vessel.
Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model
Authors: McCarthy Robert J. , Levine Stephen H. , Reed J. Michael 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To predict effectiveness of 3 interventional methods of population control for feral cat colonies.
Design—Population model.
Sample—Estimates of vital data for feral cats.
Procedures—Data were gathered from the literature regarding the demography and mating behavior of feral cats. An individual-based stochastic simulation model was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of trap-neuter-release (TNR), lethal control, and trap-vasectomy-hysterectomy-release (TVHR) in decreasing the size of feral cat populations.
Results—TVHR outperformed both TNR and lethal control at all annual capture probabilities between 10% and 90%. Unless > 57% of cats were captured and neutered annually by TNR or removed by lethal control, there was minimal effect on population size. In contrast, with an annual capture rate of ≥ 35%, TVHR caused population size to decrease. An annual capture rate of 57% eliminated the modeled population in 4,000 days by use of TVHR, whereas > 82% was required for both TNR and lethal control. When the effect of fraction of adult cats neutered on kitten and young juvenile survival rate was included in the analysis, TNR performed progressively worse and could be counterproductive, such that population size increased, compared with no intervention at all.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—TVHR should be preferred over TNR for management of feral cats if decrease in population size is the goal. This model allowed for many factors related to the trapping program and cats to be varied and should be useful for determining the financial and person-effort commitments required to have a desired effect on a given feral cat population.
Initial treatment factors associated with feline urethral obstruction recurrence rate: 192 cases (2004–2010)
Authors: Hetrick Peter F. , Davidow Elizabeth B. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the association of treatment factors during initial urinary catheterization (IUC) of cats with recurrence of urethral obstruction at 24 hours and 30 days after catheter removal.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—192 male cats with urethral obstruction that were treated at an emergency and specialty center from 2004 through 2010.
Procedures—Data were obtained from the cats’ medical records. Duration of indwelling catheterization, catheterization with a 5F versus 3.5F urinary catheter, treatment with phenoxybenzamine versus prazosin, consistent administration of pain medication, and treatment with meloxicam or antimicrobials during IUC were reviewed for association with rate of recurrent urethral obstruction (rUO).
Results—Overall rUO rates were 10.94% (21/192 cats) at 24 hours and 23.57% (37/157 cats) at 30 days after IUC. At 24 hours and 30 days after IUC, rUO developed in 10 of 140 (7.14%) and 20 of 110 (18.18%) prazosin-treated cats, respectively, compared with 10 of 46 (21.74%) and 16 of 41 (39.02%) phenoxybenzamine-treated cats, respectively. Reobstruction developed following use of a 5F or 3.5F urinary catheter in 11 of 58 (18.97%) and 7 of 105 (6.67%) cats, respectively, through 24 hours. There was no association between rUO and duration of urinary catheterization, administration of antimicrobials or meloxicam, or consistent administration of pain medication during IUC.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At 24 hours and 30 days after IUC, rUO rates in prazosin-treated cats were significantly lower than rates in phenoxybenzamine-treated cats. Reobstruction rate at 24 hours was significantly lower when a 3.5F versus 5F urinary catheter was used.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for treatment of injection-site sarcomas in cats: 11 cases (2008–2012)
Authors: Nolan Michael W. , Griffin Lynn R. , Custis James T. , LaRue Susan M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in cats with injection-site sarcomas (ISS) via assessment of local responses and recurrences, survival times, and complications.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—11 cats with ISS.
Procedures—Medical records of cats that were treated with SBRT for ISS between June 2008 and July 2012 were reviewed; information on patient demographics (age, sex, and breed), oncological histories (including prior treatment and histologic grade), details of SBRT plans (tumor volume, treatment field sizes, and prescription), response to treatment (including toxicoses), progression-free intervals, and survival times were extracted.
Results—Acute radiation-associated toxicoses were infrequent and limited to mild, self-limiting dermatitis and colitis in 2 and 1 of the 11 cats, respectively. No late radiation-associated toxicoses were observed. The objective response rate was 8 of 11 cats; these patients either had a partial or complete response as determined on the basis of CT or physical examination findings. The median progression-free interval was 242 days, and the median overall survival time was 301 days; median follow-up time of censored subjects was 173 days.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SBRT was completed in 3 to 5 days and was well tolerated when used to treat cats with ISS. Measurable tumor responses were achieved in most cats in this study. Stereotactic body radiation therapy provided a means for palliation of ISS; further investigation is required to determine whether SBRT is a valid treatment option for downstaging disease prior to definitive surgery.
Producer survey of herd-level risk factors for nursing beef calf respiratory disease
Authors: Woolums Amelia R. , Berghaus Roy D. , Smith David R. , White Brad J. , Engelken Terry J. , Irsik Max B. , Matlick Darin K. , Jones A. Lee , Ellis Roger W. , Smith Isaiah J. , Mason Gary L. , Waggoner Emily R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To identify herd-level risk factors for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in nursing beef calves.
Design—Population-based cross-sectional survey.
Sample—2,600 US cow-calf producers in 3 Eastern and 3 Plains states.
Procedures—The associations of herd characteristics with BRD detection in calves and cumulative BRD treatment incidence were determined.
Results—459 (177%) surveys were returned and met the inclusion criteria; 48% and 52% of these surveys were completed by producers in Plains and Eastern states, respectively. Mean (95% confidence interval) number of animals in herds in Plains and Eastern states were 102 (77 to 126) and 48 (40 to 56), respectively. Bovine respiratory disease had been detected in ≥ 1 calf in 21% of operations; ≥ 1 calf was treated for BRD and ≥ 1 calf died because of BRD in 89.2% and 46.4% of operations in which calf BRD was detected, respectively. Detection of BRD in calves was significantly associated with large herd size, detection of BRD in cows, and diarrhea in calves. Calving season length was associated with BRD in calves in Plains states but not Eastern states. Cumulative incidence of BRD treatment was negatively associated with large herd size and examination of cows to detect pregnancy and positively associated with calving during the winter, introduction of calves from an outside source, offering supplemental feed to calves, and use of an estrous cycle synchronization program for cows.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated factors associated with calf BRD risk; modification of these factors could potentially decrease the incidence of BRD in nursing calves.
Influence of a Liquid Metal Temperature on a Thermal Decomposition of a Phenolic Resin
Authors: Holtzer M. , Bobrowski A. , Dańko R. , Żymankowska-Kumon S. , Kolczyk J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Due to the presence of harmful substances in resins those mould sands may be hazardous to the natural environment and workers. The general assessment of harmfulness of sands used for molds and cores encompasses 2 basic points: emission of hazardous substances during processes of preparing sands, pouring mold with liquid metals (high temperatures), cooling and shaking-out; possibility of washing out hazardous substances from used sands to the environment, during storage or economic use outside foundries. We present the results of research on the emission of BTEX compounds from mould sands with phenolic resins during pouring liquid metal of different temperature (cast iron and Al alloy). The research was conducted according to the original method prepared by the authors, which has been used for years in cooperation with various foundries (Poland, abroad).
Propagation of Treculia africana as influenced by seed storage and propagation media
Authors: Dickens Efemena Dolor 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Treculia africana is an economically important but often neglected tropical fruit tree native to many tropical countries. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the seedling emergence and seedling quality of Treculia africana seeds as influenced by storage duration and propagation media. Storage duration influenced percentage seedling emergence and seedling growth. Generally, no germination was recorded in the seeds stored beyond two weeks, irrespective of the propagation media used. There was a highly significant (P < 0.01) storage duration × propagation media interaction on all parameters measured. The highest germination percentage (87.5%) was recorded by freshly collected seeds sown in both medium sand and fine sand. A consistently higher plant height, number of leaves and leaf area was recorded in fresh seeds sown in medium sand. The effect of media was not significant. The study suggests that seed storage had a deleterious effect on the germination of the species, thus implying that storing the seeds of T. africana beyond two weeks could impede viability and recommends that T. africana seeds should be sown immediately the fruits are harvested preferably in medium sand.
Environmental Development in Central Asia: towards Sustainability?
Authors: Krepl Vladimír , Kment Petr , Vališ Zdeněk 
Published: July 2013

Abstract This article deals with the environmental development of the post-socialist countries of Central Asia, Mongolia, and Afghanistan. We aimed at such targets and indicators used in the seventh Millennium Development Goal that have been documented with consistent and comparable data from the United Nations, namely carbon dioxide emissions and energy use and improved water sources and facilities. The countries of interest cannot be considered as significant global CO2 emitters, however, the steady tendency towards industrialization and urbanization can be seen in the data. The data on proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities are optimistic even on a global scale. However, the regional specifics of Central Asia discover further significant dimensions of the water problem, especially water pollution.
Estimating Wine Yeast Concentration by Speckle Size Measurement
Authors: Chicea Dan , Tiţa Ovidiu , Tiţa Mihaela , Lengyel Ecaterina 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A coherent light scattering experiment on aqueous suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisia yeast with a concentration that covers five orders of magnitude was performed. The average scattered light far field was recorded using a CCD. A computer code for image processing was written for this purpose and used for providing the first order statistics of the far interference field. The variation of the average speckle size with the particle concentration was analyzed and a very fast procedure for monitoring the yeast concentration is suggested. The possibility of monitoring the fermentation process by a fast assessment of the yeast concentration is suggested, as well.
Effect of poloxamer 407 administration on the serum lipids profile, anxiety level and protease activity in the heart and liver of mice
Authors: Korolenko Tatyana , Johnston Thomas P. , Dubrovina Nina I. , Kisarova Yana A. , Zhanaeva Svetlana Ya. , Cherkanova Marina S. , Filjushina Elena E. , Alexeenko Tatyana V. , Machova Eva , Zhukova Natalya A. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Chronic administration of the poloxamer 407 (P-407), a block copolymer, to elevate serum lipids in mice is a well-established mouse model of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. We tested the hypothesis that the activity of several types of proteases in heart and liver tissue is changed in the early stages of atherosclerosis development. Additionally, we evaluated whether increased serum lipids would induce anxiety in mice, as determined by using a ‘plus-maze’ test. The mice were administered P-407 by intraperitoneal injection twice a week for one month. P-407 administration to mice resulted in a marked increase in total serum cholesterol, atherogenic non-HDLcholesterol, and especially in total triglycerides, and it also increased anxiety. Morphological changes observed in P-407-treated mice included contractile type changes in cardiomyocytes and foamy macrophages in liver. A significant increase of cysteine proteases cathepsin B and cathepsin L (at 24 h) and aspartate protease cathepsin D (at both 24 h and 5 days) was determined in heart tissue following P-407 administration. However, no changes were noted in heart matrix metalloproteinase activity. The activity of cysteine and aspartate proteases was significantly increased in liver at both 24 hours and 5 days after P-407 administration. In conclusion, administration of P-407 to mice for one month resulted in increased anxiety, and more importantly, there was an increase in the activity of heart and liver proteases secondary to sustained dyslipidemia. It is suggested that heart and liver cysteine and aspartate proteases may represent potential therapeutic targets in the early stages of atherosclerosis.