bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From ‘Rights to Action’: practitioners' perceptions of the needs of children experiencing domestic violence
Authors: Clarke Alan , Wydall Sarah 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNot only has research over the past decade documented the emotional and behavioural consequences for children who witness domestic violence, but a number of studies have used children as participants thus, giving them an opportunity to describe their experiences in their own words. In policy terms, there has been a growing emphasis on children's rights and the importance and understanding of children's perspectives on their own lives. Consequently, children can no longer be perceived as forgotten victims where domestic violence is concerned. This paper explores practitioners' awareness of the needs of children and young people living with, and fleeing from, domestic violence. The research, conducted in a rural area in Wales, reveals that although the views of practitioners reflect the concerns reported by young people in other studies, there can be barriers to meeting these needs. While policy prescribes engaging with children, at the institutional level, operational priorities and increasing administrative demands can actually reduce opportunities for working directly with children. These demands may hamper the development of multi‐agency practice.
Factors influencing treatment decision‐making for maintaining or extracting compromised teeth
Authors: Lang‐Hua Bich Hue , McGrath Colman P. J. , Lo Edward C. M. , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsTo evaluate treatment decision‐making with respect to maintaining periodontally compromised teeth among dentists with or without postgraduate qualifications in implant dentistry.Material and methodsA series of patient scenarios with varying degrees of periodontal disease levels was presented to dental practitioners. Practitioners' decision‐making outcome was determined, and intention to retain the compromised teeth was analyzed in bivariate and regression analyses (accounting for postgraduate implant training, gender, years in dental practice, and implant placement experience).ResultsThis study involved 30 dental practitioners with postgraduate implant qualifications (GDPP), 33 dental practitioners without postgraduate implant qualifications (GDP), and 27 practitioners undergoing training for postgraduate implant qualifications (GDPT). Variations in treatment decision‐making were evident between the three groups. Differences in treatment approaches to retaining compromised teeth were apparent. Furthermore, variations in rehabilitation of extracted scenarios existed in terms of use of implant and number of implants need for rehabilitation. Accounting for dentist and practice factors in regression analyses,GDPP/GDPTwere three times as likely to retain periodontally compromised upper molar, with or without pain, compared toGDP(without painOR3.10, 95%CI1.04, 10.62P = 0.04; with painOR3.08, 95%CI1.09, 8.14P = 0.03).ConclusionVariations in treatment decision‐making with respect to retaining periodontally compromised teeth exist between dental practitioners with and those without postgraduate training in implant dentistry. Furthermore differences in management approaches in how they would retain the teeth or rehabilitate the dental arch were apparent.
Synthetic or biological mesh use in laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy – a systematic review
Authors: Smart N. J. , Pathak S. , Boorman P. , Daniels I. R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimLaparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy (VMR) is a surgical option for internal and external rectal prolapse with low perioperative morbidity and low recurrence rates. Use of synthetic mesh in the pelvis may be associated with complications such as fistulation, erosion and dyspareunia. Biological meshes may avoid these complications, but the long‐term outcome is uncertain. Debate continues as to which type of mesh is optimal for laparoscopic VMR.MethodA literature search was performed of electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus (2000–12). Studies describing outcomes relating to the mesh were included for review. Only English language studies were included.ResultsThirteen observational studies reported the outcome of 866 patients following laparoscopic VMR. Eleven reported the outcome using synthetic mesh with a median follow‐up ranging from 7 to 74 months. Two studies reported the outcome with biological mesh with a median follow‐up of 12 months. Pooled analysis of the studies demonstrated that 767 patients had a repair with synthetic mesh and 99 with a biological implant. There was no difference in recurrence (3.7 vs 4.0%, P = 0.78) or mesh complications (0.7 vs 0%, P = 1.0%) between synthetic and biological mesh repair.ConclusionBiological meshes appear to be as effective as synthetic meshes in the short term for laparoscopic VMR. Mesh complication rates are low in both groups. Long‐term follow‐up is required to ascertain if these findings persist.
Endometrial metaplasia: correlation of histological and cytological specimens obtained from 103 cases undergoing hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Toomine Y. , Watanabe S. , Ohishi Y. , Tamiya S. , Sugishima S. , Kobayashi H. , Oda Y. , Kaku T. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the frequency of endometrial metaplasia in histological and cytological specimens from the same cases, and to determine the relationship between various types of metaplasia and clinicopathological findings.MethodsWe reviewed 103 histological specimens diagnosed as endometrioid adenocarcinoma, in which endometrial smears had been obtained before surgery. We examined the correlation between the frequency of endometrial metaplasia occurring in association with carcinoma in both histological and cytological specimens. The categories of metaplasia were eosinophilic metaplasia, squamous metaplasia, mucinous metaplasia, ciliated cell metaplasia and others. We compared the incidence of endometrial metaplasia with the clinicopathological findings for each case.ResultsEndometrial metaplasia was recognized in 90 (87.4%) of the histological and 80 (77.7%) of the cytological specimens of 103 specimens, with the respective frequency of subtypes as follows: eosinophilic metaplasia (36.0% and 43.7%), squamous metaplasia (70.9% and 68.0%), mucinous metaplasia (38.8% and 19.4%), ciliated cell metaplasia (22.3% and 2.9%) and others (11.7% and 0%). Mixed subtypes were seen in 58.3% and 41.7% of histological and cytological specimens, respectively. In histology, mucinous metaplasia was significantly more frequent in G1‐G2 than G3 carcinomas (P = 0.0089). Ciliated cell metaplasia was significantly related to endometrial hyperplasia (P = 0.0068). In cytology, eosinophilic and mucinous metaplasia were significantly associated with G1‐G2 cases (P = 0.0061 and P = 0.0385).ConclusionsEndometrial metaplasia was seen in 87.4% of the histological and 77.7% of the cytological specimens. Where routine endometrial cytopathology is practiced, it is important to understand the detailed histological and cytological features of these changes.
Longer food chains and crowded niche space: effects of multiple invaders on desert stream food web structure
Authors: Walsworth Timothy E. , Budy Phaedra , Thiede Gary P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTributaries of the Colorado River Basin, historically home to a complex of endemic omnivores collectively referred to as the ‘three species’; flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), bluehead sucker (C. discobolus) and roundtail chub (Gila robusta), have experienced the establishment of numerous non‐native fish species. In this study, we examine the impacts of the trophic ecology of non‐native fishes on the ‘three species’ in the San Rafael River, Utah, USA. We employ a suite of abundance comparisons, stable isotope techniques and size‐at‐age back‐calculation analyses to compare food web structure and growth rates of the ‘three species’ in study areas with and without established populations of non‐native species. We found that the ‘three species’ are more abundant in areas with few non‐native fishes present, regardless of habitat complexity. Stable isotope analyses indicate non‐native fishes lengthen the food chain by 0.5 trophic positions. Further, the trophic niche spaces of the native fishes shift and are narrower in the presence of non‐native fishes, as several non‐native species’ trophic niche spaces overlap almost entirely with each of the ‘three species’ (bluehead sucker and flannelmouth sucker 100%, roundtail chub 98.5%) indicating strong potential for competition. However, the ‘three species’ demonstrated no evidence of reduced growth in the presence of these non‐native fishes. Collectively, these results suggest that while non‐native fishes alter the food web structure presenting novel sources of predation and competition, mechanisms other than competition are controlling the size‐structure of ‘three species’ populations in the San Rafael River.
Impact of a short‐term exposure to tributyl phosphate on morphology, physiology and migratory behaviour of European eels during the transition from freshwater to the marine environment
Authors: Privitera Lucia , Aarestrup Kim , Moore Andy 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMigrating silver European eels were exposed for 5 days in a laboratory to an environmental level of tributyl phosphate (TBP), tagged with acoustic transmitters and released below the Tange hydropower station, on the River Gudenaa, Denmark. The subsequent movements of the eels were monitored as they migrated through Randers Fjord and into the Kattegat Sea using an array of acoustic receivers. In laboratory‐based studies, exposure of eels for 5 days to a nominal concentration of 0.5 μg·l−1 TBP significantly affected plasma glucose concentration and reduced plasma levels of sodium and chloride both in freshwater and 3 days after transfer to saltwater. However, there were no mortalities when the eels were transferred to full strength sea water. Exposure to TBP did not appear to have a significant effect on the subsequent movements of the eels in the river or fjord. The eels moved rapidly through the fjord predominantly at night. The results of the study are discussed in relation to the impact of diffuse pollution on the behaviour and physiology of European eels.
Failing to fail: clinicians’ experience of assessing underperforming dental students
Authors: Bush H. M. , Schreiber R. S. , Oliver S. J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIntroductionAnecdotal evidence within a UK dental school indicated that staff's grading did not always match their evaluation of students’ clinical proficiency. The invalid assessment of underperforming students, which has considerable ramifications, has been reported internationally for students of nursing and medicine, but a database search revealed no accounts for dental education.AimTo develop an understanding of clinicians’ approaches to assessing underperforming dental students.MethodologySeventeen clinical staff were interviewed (eleven females, six males). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A grounded theory methodology was used, with simultaneous data collection and analysis. The main analytical technique was constant comparison.FindingsParticipants’ shared basic problem was Assessing undergraduate students, expressed as how they evaluated and used the assessment system or perceived others to do so. The core category, which explains what clinical staff do to manage their difficulties with assessment, was identified as Failing to Fail and has three subcategories: Evaluating the Assessment System, Shielding the Student and Protecting Myself.ConclusionThis study has substantiated the complexity of failing to fail and confirmed that some causes are shared across healthcare professions, although insufficient staff discussion, the avoidance of confrontation and the impact of negative student attitude are not reported elsewhere or are minor findings. It is recommended that clinical staff receive additional training in assessment and that they are made more aware of their learning needs, their attitudes and beliefs. Increased discussion between staff about assessment and about students known to be in difficulty is essential.
Do further studies of acupuncture for pain make sense? An informal review
Authors: Rose Les 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundTherapeutic evidence of effectiveness for acupuncture is largely confined to pain, but is compromised by poor study quality, limited methodologies and selective reporting.ObjectivesTo assess how the evidence of effectiveness for acupuncture for pain has developed over time, and to inform future research decisions.MethodsPubMed was searched for meta‐analyses and systematic reviews of acupuncture for pain. No time limits were imposed.ResultsTwenty‐two meta‐analyses and systematic reviews of acupuncture for pain were identified. There was one report of positive evidence for acupuncture vs. placebo from 1990–2004, and six from 2005–2012. An apparent clustering of positive evidence in recent years could be explained by the emergence of better trial methodologies, although a placebo effect still cannot be dismissed. Treatment effects appear to be small.ConclusionsAs recent studies show small effect sizes, acupuncture may have a specific but clinically unimportant effect; alternatively, the small benefits seen may have resulted from a residual placebo effect. A better understanding of the effect of acupuncture may be achieved through deeper analysis of existing studies, rather than the conduct of new randomised controlled trials.
Energy flow and the trophic basis of macroinvertebrate and amphibian production in a neotropical stream food web
Authors: Frauendorf Therese C. , Colón‐Gaud Checo , Whiles Matt R. , Barnum Thomas R. , Lips Karen R. , Pringle Cathy M. , Kilham Susan S. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Despite the typically high taxonomic and functional diversity of tropical habitats, little is known about the roles of individual consumers in their ecosystem structure and function. We studied the trophic basis of production in a tropical headwater stream by identifying major sources of energy, measuring energy flow through consumers and characterising interactions among trophic levels and functional groups.

We examined gut contents of 18 dominant macroinvertebrate and two tadpole taxa and used these data, along with previously published estimates of secondary production, to quantify food‐web structure and energy flow pathways. We also examined the prevalence of omnivory and patterns of resource consumption across seasons and habitats.

Non‐algal biofilm, a heterogeneous polysaccharidic matrix, was the most utilised food resource in the stream. Contrary to some studies of Old World tropical stream food webs, detrital energy sources were consumed at relatively high rates and contributed significantly to overall energy flow, although much of this was attributable to a single shredder taxon. Algal consumption rates were similar to values reported for temperate streams and were highest during the dry season.

Omnivory was prevalent across all functional groups, particularly predators, suggesting traditional functional and trophic assignments based on temperate regions may not be appropriate for tropical systems. Seasonal patterns of resource consumption appeared linked to hydrological disturbance.

This is the first study to provide quantitative estimates of energy flow through a neotropical stream food web. Extirpation and extinction rates in tropical freshwater habitats are high; our study provides baseline information for conservation and management of remaining systems, and for quantifying the consequences of further losses of biodiversity such as ongoing amphibian declines.
Land‐use effects on resource net flux rates and oxygen demand in stream sediments
Authors: Juckers Myra , Williams Clayton J. , Xenopoulos Marguerite A. 
Published: March 2013

Summary
Human land use in stream catchments modifies biogeochemical cycles. Here, 19 streams across a land use and cover gradient were investigated to determine how the landscape and associated conditions influenced sediment oxygen demand (SOD) and resource (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) net flux rates across the sediment–water interface of each stream.
Resource net flux rates and SOD were determined from intact sediment cores collected in each stream and incubated in the dark. Stream water was then passed over the top of sealed cores, and net flux rates were determined by measuring the difference in nitrate (), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), quality and quantity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved oxygen between inflowing and outflowing water.
Streams with more agricultural land in their catchments had higher ambient , SRP and protein‐like dissolved organic matter (DOM) and a larger fraction of DOM in a reduced oxidative state (as inferred using an optical DOM redox index). Sediment oxygen demand was best predicted by sediment organic content and was negatively related to wetland area and positively with row crop (arable) agriculture. These patterns indicate that streams affected by agriculture have relatively more nutrients and labile DOM than streams with greater wetland cover.
Most (75%) of the variation in net flux into the stream sediments could be explained by ambient and protein‐like DOM. All but one stream had a net release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into the water column; however, streams with higher uptake rates lost carbon to the water column more slowly. Among streams, SRP net flux was low, varied between uptake and release and did not relate to landscape and ambient conditions. Phosphorus cycling was not affected by processes captured in this study.
Net flux rates suggest that benthic net uptake increased with increased concentration and that more DOC was retained when the labile carbon pool increased with agricultural land use in the catchment. These links suggest that strategies put forward to increase the efficiency of removal should consider the composition of the carbon pool in addition to hydrological alterations.
Online Child Sex Offenders: Challenges and Counter‐Measures
Authors: Cohen‐Almagor Raphael 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this article is straightforward and practical: by utilising elements of routine activity and rational choice theories, it explains how online child sex offenders use the Internet and what can be done to counter the challenge they pose. The discussion opens with definitions of child pornography, child erotica, child exploitation material and paedophilia. Its main objective is to promote online protection of children. It is explained that online child sex offenders and paedophiles use the Internet to create virtual communities; collect, share and trade images; tempt, seduce and groom children. Then the article explores what has been done in the Western world to combat those criminal activities. Successful campaigns against child pornography require shared responsibility and effort by parents, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), legal enforcement and the international community at large.
Riots, Revolution and Rehabilitation: The Future of Probation
Authors: Collett Steve 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe probation service currently faces an unprecedented attack on its future existence as a public sector agency, publicly funded and accountable to local communities. This attack is partly a reflection of the ideological drive, begun under New Labour and accelerated under the current coalition arrangements to segment and privatise correctional services, and partly a result of a renewed criticism on the effectiveness of the rehabilitative endeavour of the probation service. The author argues that this attack can only be fully understood within the context of neoliberal approaches to defining social problems and the role of the State.
Acute and chronic wound fluids influence keratinocyte function differently
Authors: Thamm Oliver C , Koenen Paola , Bader Nicola , Schneider Alina , Wutzler Sebastian , Neugebauer Edmund AM , Spanholtz Timo A 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWound healing requires a proper functioning of keratinocytes that migrate, proliferate and lead to a competent wound closure. Impaired wound healing might be due to a disturbed keratinocyte function caused by the wound environment. Basically, chronic wound fluid (CWF) differs from acute wound fluid (AWF). The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of AWF and CWF on keratinocyte function. We therefore investigated keratinocyte migration and proliferation under the influence of AWF and CWF using MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] test and scratch assay. We further measured the gene expression by qRT‐PCR regarding growth factors and matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in regeneration processes. AWF had a positive impact on keratinocyte proliferation over time, whereas CWF had an anti‐proliferative effect. Keratinocyte migration was significantly impaired by CWF in contrast to an undisturbed wound closure under the influence of AWF. MMP‐9 expression was strongly upregulated by CWF compared with AWF. Keratinocyte function was significantly impaired by CWF. An excessive induction of MMP‐9 by CWF might lead to a permanent degradation of extracellular matrix and thereby prevent wounds from healing.
Using Framework Analysis in nursing research: a worked example
Authors: Ward Deborah J. , Furber Christine , Tierney Stephanie , Swallow Veronica 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsTo demonstrate Framework Analysis using a worked example and to illustrate how criticisms of qualitative data analysis including issues of clarity and transparency can be addressed.BackgroundCritics of the analysis of qualitative data sometimes cite lack of clarity and transparency about analytical procedures; this can deter nurse researchers from undertaking qualitative studies. Framework Analysis is flexible, systematic, and rigorous, offering clarity, transparency, an audit trail, an option for theme‐based and case‐based analysis and for readily retrievable data. This paper offers further explanation of the process undertaken which is illustrated with a worked example.Data source and research designData were collected from 31 nursing students in 2009 using semi‐structured interviews.DiscussionThe data collected are not reported directly here but used as a worked example for the five steps of Framework Analysis. Suggestions are provided to guide researchers through essential steps in undertaking Framework Analysis. The benefits and limitations of Framework Analysis are discussed.Implications for nursingNurses increasingly use qualitative research methods and need to use an analysis approach that offers transparency and rigour which Framework Analysis can provide. Nurse researchers may find the detailed critique of Framework Analysis presented in this paper a useful resource when designing and conducting qualitative studies.ConclusionQualitative data analysis presents challenges in relation to the volume and complexity of data obtained and the need to present an ‘audit trail’ for those using the research findings. Framework Analysis is an appropriate, rigorous and systematic method for undertaking qualitative analysis.