bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tetherin Promotes the Innate and Adaptive Cell–Mediated Immune Response against Retrovirus Infection In Vivo
Authors: Li Sam X. , Barrett Bradley S. , Heilman Karl J. , Messer Ronald J. , Liberatore Rachel A. , Bieniasz Paul D. , Kassiotis George , Hasenkrug Kim J. , Santiago Mario L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Tetherin/BST-2 is a host restriction factor that could directly inhibit retroviral particle release by tethering nascent virions to the plasma membrane. However, the immunological impact of Tetherin during retrovirus infection remains unknown. We now show that Tetherin influences antiretroviral cell-mediated immune responses. In contrast to the direct antiviral effects of Tetherin, which are dependent on cell surface expression, the immunomodulatory effects are linked to the endocytosis of the molecule. Mice encoding endocytosis-competent C57BL/6 Tetherin exhibited lower viremia and pathology at 7 d postinfection with Friend retrovirus (FV) compared with mice encoding endocytosis-defective NZW/LacJ Tetherin. Notably, antiretroviral protection correlated with stronger NK cell responses. In addition, Friend retrovirus infection levels were significantly lower in wild-type C57BL/6 mice than in Tetherin knockout mice at 2 wk postinfection, and antiretroviral protection correlated with stronger NK cell and virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. The results demonstrate that Tetherin acts as a modulator of the cell-mediated immune response against retrovirus infection in vivo.
Unitary Eigenvarieties at Isobaric Points
Authors: Bellaïche Joël 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this article we study the geometry of the eigenvarieties of unitary groups at points corresponding to tempered non-stable representations with an anti-ordinary (a.k.a evil) refinement. We
prove that, except in the case where the Galois representation attached to the automorphic form is a sum of characters, the eigenvariety is non-smooth at such a point, and that (under some additional hypotheses) its tangent space is big enough to account for all the relevant Selmer group. We also study the local reducibility locus at those points, proving that in general, in contrast with the case of the eigencurve, it is a proper subscheme of the fiber of the eigenvariety over the weight space.
The Use and Refinement of Neutron Imaging Techniques for Archaeological Artifacts
Authors: Ryzewski Krysta , Bilheux Hassina Z. , Herringer Susan N. , Bilheux Jean-Christophe , Walker Lakeisha , Sheldon Brian W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNeutron imaging is a nondestructive application capable of producing two- and three-dimensional maps of archaeological objects’ external and internal structure, properties, and composition. This report presents the recent development of neutron imaging data collection and processing methods at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), which have been advanced, in part, by information gathered from the experimental imaging of 25 archaeological objects over the past three years. The dual objectives of these imaging experiments included (1) establishing the first methodological procedures for the neutron imaging of archaeomaterials involving the CG-1D beamline and (2) further illustrating the potential of neutron imaging for archaeologists to use in the reverse engineering of ancient and historical objects. Examples of objects imaged in two and three dimensions are provided to highlight the application’s strengths and limitations for archaeological investigations, especially those that address ancient and historic technologies, materials science, and conservation issues.
The Cognitive-Emotional Brain
Authors: Pessoa Luiz 
Published: May 2014

A study that goes beyond the debate over functional specialization to describe the ways that emotion and cognition interact and are integrated in the brain.
The idea that a specific brain circuit constitutes the emotional brain (and its corollary, that cognition resides elsewhere) shaped thinking about emotion and the brain for many years. Recent behavioral, neuropsychological, neuroanatomy, and neuroimaging research, however, suggests that emotion interacts with cognition in the brain. In this book, Luiz Pessoa moves beyond the debate over functional specialization, describing the many ways that emotion and cognition interact and are integrated in the brain.
The amygdala is often viewed as the quintessential emotional region of the brain, but Pessoa reviews findings revealing that many of its functions contribute to attention and decision making, critical components of cognitive functions. He counters the idea of a subcortical pathway to the amygdala for affective visual stimuli with an alternate framework, the multiple waves model. Citing research on reward and motivation, Pessoa also proposes the dual competition model, which explains emotional and motivational processing in terms of their influence on competition processes at both perceptual and executive function levels. He considers the broader issue of structure-function mappings, and examines anatomical features of several regions often associated with emotional processing, highlighting their connectivity properties. As new theoretical frameworks of distributed processing evolve, Pessoa concludes, a truly dynamic network view of the brain will emerge, in which "emotion" and "cognition" may be used as labels in the context of certain behaviors, but will not map cleanly into compartmentalized pieces of the brain.
Gameworld Interfaces
Authors: Jørgensen Kristine 
Published: May 2014

An investigation into computer game interfaces, both naturalistic and symbolic, and the distinction between gameworlds and other kinds of fictional worlds.
Computer games usually take one of two approaches to presenting game information to players. A game might offer information naturalistically, as part of the game's imaginary universe; or it might augment the world of the game with overlays, symbols, and menus. In this book, Kristine Jørgensen investigates both kinds of gameworld interfaces. She shows that although the naturalistic approach may appear more integral to the imaginary world of the game, both the invisible and visible interfaces effectively present information that players need in order to interact with the game and its rules. The symbolic, less naturalistic approach would seem to conflict with the idea of a coherent, autonomous fictional universe; but, Jørgensen argues, gameworlds are not governed by the pursuit of fictional coherence but by the logics of game mechanics. This is characteristic of gameworlds and distinguishes them from other traditional fictional worlds.
Jørgensen investigates gameworld interfaces from the perspectives of both game designers and players. She draws on interviews with the design teams of Harmonix Music (producer of Rock Band and other music games) and Turbine Inc. (producer of such massively multiplayer online games as Lord of the Rings Online), many hours of gameplay, and extensive interviews and observations of players. The player studies focus on four games representing different genres: Crysis, Command & Conquer 3: Tiberian Wars, The Sims 2, and Diablo 2. Finally, she presents a theory of game user interfaces and considers the implications of this theory for game design.
Neuro-Fuzzy Approach to Measure Sociological Impact on Education
Authors: Jayathilaka Rev. P.R. , Jayaratne Lakshman 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEducation and Society are closely bound, such that they cannot be separated from each other because education builds up society and on the other hand society is the source of education .Education transfers culture, knowledge and etc of a society from one generation to the next. Hence, better education is for a better society and healthier society becomes the foundation of better education. Education could be formal, informal and non-formal and in this research, formal education is the prime concern. The research is aimed at tracing the correlation between the sociological environment of a Sri Lankan student and his/her educational performance during the grades 10 and 11. A thorough survey was conducted covering a selected sample of population to extract data from the students on their social aspects and conduct and their performance in the G.C.E (O Level) Examination results. A Neural Network with a Fuzzy interface was trained on past data and the performance of the network was evaluated using a test data set. The results with nearly 65% accuracy are encouraging in order to further improve the methodology towards better results. However, the final goal of the research is to prepare the ground to develop a tool which helps counselors to make decisions while helping students to enhance performance at G.C.E (O Level) Examination.
A Proposed Method for Measuring Learning in Video Games
Authors: Fowler Allan , Cusack Brian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThere has been an increase in interest in the value and relevance of use of video games for learning. Some of this interest stems from frustration with the current education system. Some of this interest stems from observations of the large numbers of people that play video games and the potential of these games to provide active learning experiences. This paper seeks to investigate the educational potential of a commercial video game. It proposes a method for evaluating what learning takes place within a commercial video game using psychophysical methods.
PocketPT – A Personalized Therapeutic Game Platform
Authors: Engelsma Jonathan , Gamble April , Harro Cathy , Farris John 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConsumer gaming platforms such as the Nintendo Wii and Xbox Kinect have been used for therapeutic purposes with varying levels of success. One limitation is the fact that most commercially available video games are designed for the general population and are often overwhelming and difficult for patients to use that present with motor and cognitive impairments as a result of brain injury. Specialized therapeutic medical devices are not only expensive and non-portable, they also make limited use of video games features to better engage and motivate the patient. This study aims to overcome these shortcomings and provide game developers and stakeholders with a more nuanced understanding of how video game technology can be effectively used for physical therapy. A collaborative initiative involving a group of software developers, hardware designers and physical therapists, set out to identify and address the issues that have made the adoption of existing game platforms for therapeutic purposes problematic in a clinical setting. The outcome of this initiative is PocketPT – a personalized therapeutic game platform that provides a therapist designed and configured therapeutic game experience that is customized for a particular patient’s unique presentation. Results from an initial clinical study with participants with brain injuries are reported and discussed.
A Concise and Versatile Synthesis of Alkaloids from Kopsia tenuis: Total Synthesis of (±)‐Lundurine A and B
Authors: Arai Shigeru , Nakajima Masaya , Nishida Atsushi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA total synthesis of (±)‐lundurines A and B is described. These natural products have a unique hexacyclic skeleton which includes a cyclopropane‐fused indoline. A stereospecific construction of the pentasubstituted cyclopropane core was achieved, by radical cyclization using SmI2, with perfect stereoselectivity. Cyclizations to give seven‐ and five‐membered heterocycles, under palladium and ruthenium catalysis, respectively, accomplished the total syntheses. The late‐stage construction of the F ring by ring‐closing metathesis enabled access to the title compounds from a spiroindoline intermediate which is a common structure of other kopsia alkaloids.
Pharmacokinetic changes of drugs in a rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine, alone and in combination with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin
Authors: Lee Unji , Oh Euichaul 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRats with liver cirrhosis induced by N‐dimethylnitrosamine (LC) and rats with LC with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (LCD) have been developed as animal models for human liver cirrhosis and liver cirrhosis with diabetes mellitus, respectively. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs (mainly non‐renal clearance, CLNR) in LC and LCD rats reported in the literature compared with respective control rats were reviewed. This review mainly explains the changes in the CLNRs of drugs (which are mainly metabolized via hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s, CYPs) in LC and LCD rats, in terms of the changes in in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint; mainly due to the changes in CYPs in the disease state), free (unbound) fraction of a drug in the plasma (fp) and hepatic blood flow rate (QH) depending on the hepatic excretion ratio of the drug. Generally, changes in the CLNRs of drugs in LC and LCD rats could be well explained by the above‐mentioned three factors. The mechanism of urinary excretion of drugs (such as glomerular filtration or renal active secretion or reabsorption) in LC and LCD rats is also discussed. The pharmacokinetics of the drugs reported in the LC and LCD rats were scarce in humans. Thus, the present rat data should be extrapolated carefully to humans. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical fingerprint and simultaneous determination of alkaloids and flavonoids in aerial parts of genus Peganum indigenous to China based on HPLC‐UV: application of analysis on secondary metabolites accumulation
Authors: Wen Fangfang , Cheng Xuemei , Liu Wei , Xuan Min , Zhang Lei , Zhao Xin , Shan Meng , Li Yan , Teng Liang , Wang Zhengtao , Wang Changhong 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe aerial parts of genus Peganum are officially used in traditional Chinese medicine. The paper aims to establish a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for fingerprint analysis and simultaneous determination of three alkaloids and two flavonoids in aerial parts of genus Peganum, and to analyze accumulative difference of secondary metabolites in inter‐species, individuals of plants, inter‐/intra‐population and from different growing seasons. HPLC analysis was performed on a C18 column with gradient elution using 0.1% trifloroacetic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase and detected at 265 nm, by conventional methodology validation. For fingerprint analysis, the RSDs of relative retention time and relative peak area of the characteristic peaks were within 0.07–0.78 and 0.94–9.09%, respectively. For simultaneous determination of vasicine, harmaline, harmine, deacetylpeganetin and peganetin, all calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.9990) within the test range. The relative standard deviations of precision, repeatability and stability test did not exceed 2.37, 2.68 and 2.67%, respectively. The average recoveries for the five analytes were between 96.47 and 101.20%. HPLC fingerprints play a minor role in authenticating and differentiating the herbs of different species of genus Peganum. However, the secondary metabolites levels of alkaloids and flavonoids in aerial parts of genus Peganum rely on species‐, habitat‐, and growth season‐dependent accumulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative data download on the move in indoor hybrid (radio‐optical) WLAN‐VLC hotspot coverage
Authors: Chowdhury H. , Katz M. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, we study the performance of hybrid (radio‐optical) wireless local area network (WLAN)‐visible light communication (VLC) hotspot and compare its performance with stand‐alone VLC‐only or WLAN‐only hotspot cases. We consider data download on move scenario in an indoor environment for single‐user and for multi‐user cases. Short‐range spotlighting cell so‐called VLC hotspot is considered for high data rate region. On the other hand, WLAN hotspot is used for providing reliable connectivity and moderate data rate support. Throughput–distance relationships are developed both for WLAN and VLC to evaluate the performance of indoor environment by taking into account the radio and optical channel characteristics. The impact of the velocity of mobile user(s) and the number of VLC hotspots present in the considered service area are also considered on the performance of hybrid WLAN‐VLC hotspot. Simulations have been performed to evaluate the performance of such network for data downloading on move scenario by taking into account performance metrics such as file size, average connectivity and system throughput. Simulation results reveal that the considered hybrid WLAN‐VLC performs always better than stand‐alone VLC‐only or WLAN‐only hotspots both for single and multi‐user cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Segmental versus extended resection for sporadic colorectal cancer in young patients
Authors: Klos Coen L. , Montenegro Grace , Jamal Nida , Wise Paul E. , Fleshman James W. , Safar Bashar , Dharmarajan Sekhar 
Published: May 2014

Background and ObjectivesGuidelines on the management of colon cancer state that extensive colectomy should be “considered” for patients of young age (<50). This study aimed to compare the risk of metachronous cancer, overall recurrence and mortality between segmental and extended colon resections in patients under the age of 50 with sporadic CRC.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients age <50 undergoing surgery for CRC from 1991 to 2009. Patients were divided into two groups based on extent of resection: segmental versus extended. The primary outcomes analyzed were metachronous tumors, disease recurrence, and overall survival.ResultsTwo hundred seventy one patients underwent segmental resection and 30 underwent extended resection. 3.3% in the segmental resection group developed metachronous CRC versus 0% in the extended resection group (P = 0.61). There was no significant difference in the risk of recurrence or mortality for those who underwent a segmental resection compared to those with an extended resection. In a regression model, type of surgery was not an independent risk factor for recurrence or mortality.ConclusionsExtended colectomy for sporadic CRC in patients younger than 50 does not improve disease‐free or overall survival. Further study to determine if segmental resection is appropriate oncologic treatment is warranted. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:328–332. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio predicts recurrence and survival among patients undergoing R0 resections of adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction
Authors: Yuan Dawei , Zhu Kun , Li Kang , Yan Rong , Jia Yong , Dang Chengxue 
Published: May 2014

Background and ObjectivesElevated preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) predict survival rates among patients with several types of cancer. The current study sought to clarify whether NLR and PLR are clinically useful independent prognostic indicators of adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) among patients undergoing curative resections (i.e., R0 resections).MethodsA total of 327 patients who underwent R0 resections for AEG were enrolled in the study. Data concerning demographic parameters, laboratory analyses, histopathology, and survival time were collected and analyzed.ResultsA total of 123 patients (37.6%) had elevated preoperative NLR (≥5). The median follow‐up duration was 24.7 months (range = 2–39 months). NLR was significantly related to histology (P = 0.035), pTNM stage (P < 0.0001) and tumor recurrence (P = 0.022). Univariate analyses revealed that NLR were significantly associated with disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS; both P < 0.0001). Multivariable analyses revealed that elevated NLR independently predicted poorer DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.551, P < 0.0001) and OS (HR = 2.743, P < 0.0001). However, PLR did not significantly predict DFS or OS.ConclusionThe present study indicates that elevated preoperative NLR (≥5) is a useful marker of tumor recurrence and independently predicts poorer disease‐free and overall survival among patients with AEG undergoing R0 resections. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:333–340. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neonicotinoid concentrations in arable soils after seed treatment applications in preceding years
Authors: Jones Ainsley , Harrington Paul , Turnbull Gordon 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDConcentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were determined in arable soils from a variety of locations in England.RESULTSIn soil samples taken from the central area of fields, concentrations of clothianidin ranged from 0.02 to 13.6 µg kg−1. Thiamethoxam concentrations were between <0.02 and 1.50 µg kg−1, and imidacloprid concentrations between <0.09 and 10.7 µg kg−1. Concentrations of clothianidin and thiamethoxam were lower in soil samples taken from the edges of fields than from the centres of fields, but this difference was less pronounced for imidacloprid.CONCLUSIONThis work gives a clear indication of the levels of neonicotinoids in arable soils after typical use of these compounds as seed dressings in the United Kingdom. There was evidence that imidacloprid was more persistent in the soils studied than clothianidin and thiamethoxam. As clothianidin and thiamethoxam have largely superseded imidacloprid in the United Kingdom, neonicotinoid levels were lower than suggested by predictions based on imidacloprid alone. © 2014 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Active Spacecraft Potential Control Investigation
Authors: Torkar K. , Nakamura R. , Tajmar M. , Scharlemann C. , Jeszenszky H. , Laky G. , Fremuth G. , Escoubet C. P. , Svenes K. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In tenuous plasma the floating potential of sunlit spacecraft reaches tens of volts, positive. The corresponding field disturbs measurements of the ambient plasma by electron and ion sensors and can reduce micro-channel plate lifetime in electron detectors owing to large fluxes of attracted photoelectrons. Also the accuracy of electric field measurements may suffer from a high spacecraft potential. The Active Spacecraft Potential Control (ASPOC) neutralizes the spacecraft potential by releasing positive charge produced by indium ion emitters. The method has been successfully applied on other spacecraft such as Cluster and Double Star. Two ASPOC units are present on each spacecraft. Each unit contains four ion emitters, whereby one emitter per instrument is operated at a time. ASPOC for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission includes new developments in the design of the emitters and the electronics. New features include the use of capillaries instead of needles, new materials for the emitters and their internal thermal insulators, an extended voltage and current range of the electronics, both for ion emission and heating purposes, and a more capable control software. This enables lower spacecraft potentials, higher reliability, and a more uniform potential structure in the spacecraft’s sheath compared to previous missions. Results from on-ground testing demonstrate compliance with requirements. Model calculations confirm the findings from previous applications that the plasma measurements will not be affected by the beam’s space charge. Finally, the various operating modes to adapt to changing boundary conditions are described along with the main data products.