bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overhearers Use Addressee Backchannels in Dialog Comprehension
Authors: Tolins Jackson , Fox Tree Jean E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObserving others in conversation is a common format for comprehending language, yet little work has been done to understand dialog comprehension. We tested whether overhearers use addressee backchannels as predictive cues for how to integrate information across speaker turns during comprehension of spontaneously produced collaborative narration. In Experiment 1, words that followed specific backchannels (e.g.,really,oh) were recognized more slowly than words that followed either generic backchannels (e.g.,uh huh,mhm) or pauses. In Experiment 2, we found that when the turn after the backchannel was a continuation of the narrative, specific backchannels prompted the fastest verification of prior information. When the turn after was an elaboration, they prompted the slowest, indicating that overhearers took specific backchannels as cues to integrate preceding talk with subsequent talk. These findings demonstrate that overhearers capitalize on the predictive relationship between backchannels and the development of speakers’ talk, coordinating information across conversational roles.
Alcohol use–sickness absence association and the moderating role of gender and socioeconomic status: A literature review
Authors: Schou Line , Moan Inger Synnøve 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIssuesHow strong is the available empirical evidence for an association between alcohol use and sickness absence? Does type of measures influence the association, and is the association moderated by gender and socioeconomic status?ApproachWe designed a search strategy to find all studies on the alcohol use–sickness absence association using individual‐level data, published in peer‐reviewed journals from 1980 onwards. The quality of the associations was evaluated, giving a score of 0–4 points.Key FindingsOur inclusion criteria were met by 27 papers containing 28 separate studies, testing 48 associations. There is empirical evidence for an association between alcohol use and both long‐ and short‐term absence. High‐quality associations were statistically significant in 100% of the cases. Among low–medium‐quality associations, alcohol was less consistently related to long‐term than to short‐term absence (significant in 25% and 100% of the cases, respectively). Second, the association did not vary systematically across measures of alcohol use. Third, the association applies to both genders and in all socioeconomic strata, but in some instances more strongly in lower socioeconomic strata.ImplicationsPreventive strategies have to be targeted at all drinking employees, but more research into group differences for example across gender, socioeconomics, occupations and age, could prove valuable. More longitudinal studies are needed to explore causal mechanisms.ConclusionThe alcohol use–sickness absence association is well founded in research. The association may be moderated by gender and socioeconomics, but more research is needed to draw firm conclusions on this issue. [Schou L, Moan IS. The alcohol use: Sickness absence association and the moderating role of gender and socioeconomic status: A literature review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:158–69]
Symptomatic treatment of children with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis
Authors: Mohammad Shekeeb S , Jones Hannah , Hong Martin , Nosadini Margherita , Sharpe Cynthia , Pillai Sekhar C , Brilot Fabienne , Dale Russell C 
Published: September 2015

AimWe performed the first study on the perceived benefit and adverse effects of symptomatic management in children with anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.MethodA retrospective chart review was undertaken at two tertiary paediatric hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. We included 27 children (12 males, 15 females; mean age at admission 7y 1mo) with anti‐NMDAR antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid with a typical clinical syndrome.ResultsOnly two out of 27 patients were white, whereas 16 out of 27 patients were from the Pacific Islands/New Zealand Maori. The mean duration of admission was 69 days (10–224d) and 48% of patients (13/27) needed treatment in an intensive care setting. A mean of eight medications per patient was used for symptomatic management. Symptoms treated were agitation (n=25), seizures (n=24), movement disorders (n=23), sleep disruption (n=17), psychiatric symptoms (n=10), and dysautonomia (n=four). The medications used included five different benzodiazepines (n=25), seven anticonvulsants (n=25), eight sedatives and sleep medications (n=23), five antipsychotics (n=12), and five medications for movement disorders (n=10). Sedative and sleep medications other than benzodiazepines were the most effective, with a mean benefit of 67.4% per medication and a mean adverse effect‐benefit ratio of 0.04 per medication. Antipsychotic drugs were used for a short duration (median 9d), and had the poorest mean benefit per medication of 35.4% and an adverse effect‐benefit ratio of 2.0 per medication.InterpretationLong‐acting benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, and clonidine can treat multiple symptoms. Patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis appear vulnerable to antipsychotic‐related adverse effects. Pacific Islanders appear to have a vulnerability to anti‐NMDAR encephalitis in our region.
Shift in responsibilities in diabetes care: the Nurse‐Driven Diabetes In‐Hospital Treatment protocol (N‐DIABIT)
Authors: Manders I. G. , Stoecklein K. , Lubach C. H. C. , Bijl‐Oeldrich J. , Nanayakkara P. W. B. , Rauwerda J. A. , Kramer M. H. H. , Eekhoff E. M. W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimsTo investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of the Nurse‐Driven Diabetes In‐Hospital Treatment protocol (N‐DIABIT), which consists of nurse‐driven correctional therapy, in addition to physician‐guided basal therapy, and is carried out by trained ward nurses.MethodsData on 210 patients with diabetes consecutively admitted in the 5‐month period after the introduction of N‐DIABIT (intervention group) were compared with the retrospectively collected data on 200 consecutive patients with diabetes admitted in the 5‐month period before N‐DIABIT was introduced (control group). Additional per‐protocol analyses were performed in patients in whom mean patient‐based protocol adherence was ≥ 70% (intervention subgroup, n = 173 vs. control subgroup, n = 196).ResultsThere was no difference between the intervention and the control group in mean blood glucose levels (8.9 ± 0.1 and 9.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l, respectively; P = 0.38), consecutive hyperglycaemic (blood glucose ≥ 10.0 mmol/l) episodes; P = 0.15), admission duration (P = 0.79), mean number of blood glucose measurements (P = 0.21) and incidence of severe hypoglycaemia (P = 0.29). Per‐protocol analyses showed significant reductions in mean blood glucose levels and consecutive hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in the intervention compared with the control group.ConclusionsImplementation of N‐DIABIT by trained ward nurses in non‐intensive care unit diabetes care is feasible, safe and non‐inferior to physician‐driven care alone. High protocol adherence was associated with improved glycaemic control.
Mind the gap: Multiple events and lengthy delays before presentation with a “first seizure”
Authors: Firkin Anna L. , Marco David J. T. , Saya Sibel , Newton Mark R. , O'Brien Terence J. , Berkovic Samuel F. , McIntosh Anne M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryObjectiveUp to half of patients assessed for suspected new‐onset epileptic seizures report previous undiagnosed events. This suggests that delay to timely and expert assessment is a major issue. Very little is known about the degree of delay or nature of the undiagnosed events, impacting on our understanding of new‐onset epilepsy. In this study we aimed to examine events that occur before presentation, as well as the extent and risk factors for delay to assessment.MethodIncluded in this retrospective study were 220 patients diagnosed at the First Seizure Clinic (Austin Health, Australia) between 2003 and 2006 with an epileptic index seizure. Patients with a prior diagnosis of epileptic seizures were excluded. Chart review was undertaken, including detailed interviews conducted by an epileptologist at first assessment. Logistic regression assessed risk factors for delay from first event to presentation, including event characteristics, socioeconomic disadvantage, employment, and distance to medical facility.ResultsForty‐one percent (n = 90) of patients had one or more event before their index seizure. Of these, 50% had multiple or more than five prior events and 28% experienced one or more convulsive event before the index seizure. Of the total 220 patients, 36% had delayed presentation >4 weeks, 21% delayed >6 months, and 14% delayed >2 years. First events without convulsions or features likely to disrupt behaviour were strongly associated with delay (p = <0.001). Relative socioeconomic disadvantage was also associated with delay to presentation (p = 0.04).SignificanceOur findings suggest a gap in early diagnosis and care in a sizable proportion of new‐onset cases, despite a “first world” urban environment and the availability of free basic medical care. Delay appears particularly likely when events are nonconvulsive or low‐impact, suggesting that these seizure types may be underrepresented in studies of new‐onset epilepsy. This has implications for our understanding of the incidence, evolution, impact, and treatment response of new‐onset epilepsy.
The Effectiveness of Couple and Individual Relationship Education: Distress as a Moderator
Authors: Carlson Ryan G. , Rappleyea Damon L. , Daire Andrew P. , Harris Steven M. , Liu Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2015

Current literature yields mixed results about the effectiveness of relationship education (RE) with low‐income participants and those who experience a high level of individual or relational distress. Scholars have called for research that examines whether initial levels of distress act as a moderator of RE outcomes. To test whether initial levels of relationship and/or individual distress moderate the effectiveness of RE, this study used two samples, one of couples who received couple‐oriented relationship education with their partner (n = 192 couples) and one of individuals in a relationship who received individual‐oriented RE by themselves (n = 60 individuals). We delivered RE in a community‐based setting serving primarily low‐income participants. For those attending with a partner, there was a significant interaction between gender, initial distress, and time. Findings indicate that women who were relationally distressed before RE reported the largest pre‐postgains. Those who attended an individual‐oriented RE program reported significant decreases in individual distress from pre to post, but no significant relationship gains. Findings also suggest that initial levels of distress did not moderate the effectiveness of individual‐oriented RE.
Conventional treatment, Hall Technique or immediate pulpotomy for carious primary molars: a cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Schwendicke F. , Stolpe M. , Innes N. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo compare the cost‐effectiveness of three strategies for treating primary molars with cavitated carious lesions and sensible (vital), asymptomatic pulps.MethodologyConventional excavation and restoration, Hall Technique (caries sealing using a preformed crown), and pulpotomy were compared. As the latter would not be applied to all teeth in clinical reality, decision‐making under perfect information was modelled, with teeth at‐risk for pulpal complications receiving immediate pulpotomy, whilst all others were treated conventionally. A Markov model was constructed and transition probabilities derived from randomized trials and systematic reviews. A carious molar in a 5‐year‐old child was followed until exfoliation. Cost‐effectiveness was assessed within the German healthcare system using a public‐payer perspective. Monte Carlo microsimulations were performed to evaluate the primary outcome, costs (in Euros) per year of tooth retention.ResultsConventional treatment was least effective and more expensive than the Hall Technique. Risk‐based pulpotomy was more costly, but also more effective than alternatives. Overall, the Hall Technique was most cost‐effective (9.77 Euros year−1), followed by pulpotomy (11.75 Euros year−1) and conventional treatment (13.31 Euros year−1). For payers willing to invest >59 Euros per additional year of tooth retention, risk‐based pulpotomy was most cost‐effective. Providing pulpotomy to all teeth was not cost‐effective.ConclusionsThe Hall Technique was most cost‐effective, whilst conventional treatment was least effective and more costly. Performing pulpotomy for molars at‐risk of pulpal complications might be effective, but was more expensive than alternatives. Moreover, accurately predicting such pulpal complications is currently not possible. Risk‐based decision‐making does not necessarily reduce costs.
Developing a nurse‐led urodynamics clinic
Authors: Townsend Jacinta 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTNurse‐led clinics in primary and secondary care settings have been widely acclaimed as a positive step towards improving access to investigation and specialist advice, and offering a solution towards limited clinician resource. Many nurse‐led clinics have been traditionally heavily protocoled, but with the evolution of advanced senior nursing roles corresponding role expansion within the multidisciplinary team has occurred. The development of procedural nurse‐led clinics such as urodynamics is not well published. The interpretation and application of published clinical guidelines into practice can present challenges, particularly if consensus has not been found. The proposal of a new clinic requires a vision and commitment from stakeholders to develop and support the implementation of nurse‐led clinics, which have traditionally sat within the realm of medicine. The decision was made to develop this clinic, so a tailored training package that included formal theoretical training, clinical mentorship and supervision and reflective practice was devised. This approach has been documented as central to good urodynamic practice and is based upon published recommended best practice. The successful implementation has provided our patient population faster access to urodynamics procedures, reducing time to treatment based upon the findings and has freed up over 50 appointment slots per annum, for Urologists to see other patients. With a robust training package and clinical support nurse‐led clinics can have a positive impact not only upon health care delivery but also provide the opportunity for professional development and increased job satisfaction.
Physical activity attitudes and preferences among inpatient adults with mental illness
Authors: Fraser Sarah J. , Chapman Justin J. , Brown Wendy J. , Whiteford Harvey A. , Burton Nicola W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe life expectancy of adults with mental illness is worse than that of the general population and is largely due to poor physical health status. Physical activity has been consistently recommended for the prevention and management of many chronic physical health conditions and can also have benefits for mental health. This cross sectional study assessed the attitudes towards and preferences for physical activity among inpatient adults with mental illness, and differences by distress and gender. Self‐report questionnaires were completed by 101 patients. Findings indicated that inpatient adults with mental illness are interested in doing physical activity while in hospital, primarily to maintain good physical health and improve emotional wellbeing. Fewer than half of participants agreed that physical activity has benefits for serious mental illness. Participants indicated a preference for walking and physical activity that can be done alone, at a fixed time and with a set routine and format. Major barriers were fatigue and lack of motivation. Females were more likely than males to prefer activities done with others of the same gender (P = 0.001) and at the same level of ability (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences by level of distress. These findings can inform physical activity intervention programming in hospital settings, which may contribute to decreasing the chronic disease burden and improve the psychological wellbeing in adults with mental illness.
Nonvacuum Solution Synthesis of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 Absorbers for Applications in Thin‐Film Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Jyun‐Jie , Yang Che‐Yuan , Sung Jen‐Cheng , Lu Chung‐Hsin 
Published: September 2015

The effects of selenization temperatures on the phase formation and the photovoltaic properties of silver‐ion‐doped Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (ACIGS) films were investigated. Cu2−xSe phase coexisted with CuInSe2 phase in the films as the selenization temperature was relatively low. Increasing the selenization temperatures promoted the formation of the chalcopyrite phase and increased the grain size. Upon increasing the selenization temperature to 600°C, single‐phased ACIGS films with a grain size of 2.1–2.2 μm were successfully synthesized. The incorporation of Ag+ and Ga3+ ions into CuInSe2 during the phase formation of ACIGS elevated the band gaps of the films, thereby improving the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar cells. The grain growth on raising the selenization temperatures also elevated the short‐circuit current (Jsc) values owing to the suppression of the electron‐hole recombination at grain boundaries. In the diode analysis, the facilitated phase formation suppressed the shunt path, decreasing the values of the diode factor (A), shunt conductance (G), and saturated current (Jo), thereby improving the cell performance. In this study, ACIGS solar cells with an efficiency of 7.21% prepared via the nonvacuum process were first demonstrated.
Gaining consensus on family carer needs when caring for someone dying at home to develop the Carers' Alert Thermometer (CAT): a modified Delphi study
Authors: Knighting Katherine , O'Brien Mary R. , Roe Brenda , Gandy Rob , Lloyd‐Williams Mari , Nolan Mike , Jack Barbara A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo report a multi‐phase modified Delphi study conducted with carers and professionals to identify the priority areas for inclusion in an alert screening tool for carers providing support to someone dying at home.BackgroundInternationally, there is a growing emphasis on increasing choice for patients who wish to die at home which relies heavily on care provided by the unpaid family carers. Family carers can have high levels of unmet needs comprising their psychological and physical health and their ability to provide effective care and support. Development of an alert tool to identify carers' needs in everyday practice required identification and consensus of the priority areas of need for inclusion.DesignMulti‐phase modified Delphi study and instrument development.MethodQualitative and quantitative data collection took place between 2011–2013 with 111 carers and 93 professionals to identify carers' needs and gain consensus on the priority areas for inclusion in the alert tool. An expert panel stage and final evidence review post‐Delphi were used.ResultsThe Delphi panels had high levels of agreement and consensus. Ten areas of carer need across two themes of ‘the current caring situation’ and ‘the carer's own health and well‐being’ were prioritized for inclusion in the alert tool. An optional end‐of‐life planning question was included following the final stages.ConclusionsThe results provide evidence of carers' needs to be assessed, areas for consideration in the education of those who support carers and someone dying at home and targeting of services, while demonstrating the usefulness and adaptability of the Delphi method.
The Conundrum of Training and Capacity Building for People with Learning Disabilities Doing Research
Authors: Nind Melanie , Chapman Rohhss , Seale Jane , Tilley Liz 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThis study explores the training involved when people with learning disabilities take their place in the community as researchers. This was a theme in a recent UK seminar series where a network of researchers explored pushing the boundaries of participatory research.MethodAcademics, researchers with learning disabilities, supporters and other inclusive researchers considered important themes arising from presentations about developments in participatory research. The paper emerges from critical reflection on these rich discussions.ResultsA seminar series is a form of research training and capacity building, albeit a dynamic, interactive and collegial one. More formal training in research skills for people with learning disabilities is being developed but raises questions regarding the best contribution people with learning disabilities can make to the research process.ConclusionThere are various models of training for inclusive research, but these need to be reciprocal if they are not to undermine the inclusive goal.
Savanna ant species richness is maintained along a bioclimatic gradient of increasing latitude and decreasing rainfall in northern Australia
Authors: Andersen Alan N. , Del Toro Israel , Parr Catherine L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimUsing a standardized sampling protocol along a 600‐km transect in northern Australia, we tested whether ant diversity within a single biome, tropical savanna, decreases with increasing latitude (as a surrogate of temperature) and decreasing rainfall, as is expected for biodiversity in general.LocationNorthern Australia.MethodsAnts were sampled using pitfall traps on three occasions at 1‐ha sand, loam and clay sites at each of five locations along the Northern Australian Tropical Transect (NATT), from 12°50′ S (1400 mm mean annual rainfall) to 17°21′ S (650 mm).ResultsWe recorded a total of 246 species from 37 genera. Mean observed species richness pooled across sampling periods was similar at sand (85.4) and loam (82.2) sites, but was less than half this at clay sites (40.0). Ant communities were also compositionally distinct on clay soils compared with sands and loams. Individual genera showed variable diversity patterns, ranging from a linear increase to a linear decrease in species richness along the NATT. However, total species richness was relatively uniform along the gradient. Patterns of ant species turnover were consistent with previously recognized biogeographical boundaries, with a primary disjunction between the arid and monsoonal zones in the south, and a secondary disjunction between the semi‐arid and mesic zones in the north.Main conclusionsPatterns of ant diversity in Australian savannas do not conform to global patterns of biodiversity declines with increasing latitude and decreasing rainfall. We believe this is due to a lack of significant temperature change across the latitudinal gradient, and, in particular, to the fauna's evolutionary history in association with aridification, which makes it unusually resilient to increasing aridity. The diversity of other important faunal groups such as termites and lizards is also exceptionally high in arid Australia and is likewise not closely linked to rainfall in Australian savannas. We predict that these taxa are far more sensitive to increasing aridity in savannas elsewhere in the world, and especially in the Neotropics, where savannas have an evolutionary association with humid rain forest rather than desert.