bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Views and Experiences of IRBs concerning Research Integrity
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: October 2015

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) can play vital roles in observing, monitoring, and responding to research integrity (RI) issues among researchers, yet many questions remain concerning whether, when, and in what ways these boards in fact adopt these roles. Increasingly, RI is being challenged due to many factors, yet the extent of violations, and institutional responses to these, remain unknown. As the amount and complexity of experiments on human participants, often funded by for-profit industry, mushrooms, scandals have occurred, posing dilemmas concerning how to best oversee research to protect these participants from harm.For over 15 years, many institutions have been developing research compliance programs that monitor misconduct and conflict of interest (COI), and may interact with IRBs. In 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, “Responsible Research: A Systems Approach to Protecting Research Participants,” called for increased assessment of the overall human research protections system, and oversight of research.
When Does an Illness Begin: Genetic Discrimination and Disease Manifestation
Authors: Prince Anya E. R. , Berkman Benjamin E. 
Published: October 2015

Congress passed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) in order to remove a perceived barrier to clinical genetic testing. By banning health insurance companies and employers from discriminating against an individual based on his or her genetic information, legislators hoped that patients would be encouraged to seek genetic testing that could improve health outcomes and provide opportunities for preventive measures. Their explicit legislative goal was to fully protect the public from discrimination and allay their concerns about the potential for discrimination, thereby allowing individuals to take advantage of genetic testing, technologies, research, and new therapies.However, GINA left a number of issues unresolved, most notably failing to define the concept of disease manifestation. GINA was structured such that it only provides protection against misuse of genetic information up until the point when an individual's disease has manifested. It protects an individual with a genetic predisposition for a disease, but not an individual actively suffering from that disease.
Firm Size and Work Compensation in China
Authors: Rickne Johanna 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRemarkably, recent research on the Chinese labor market has suggested that the situation in China is inconsistent with the stylized fact that large firms pay higher wages and offer more generous benefits. Expanding the empirical basis from 78 to 300 000 industrial firms, I overturn the previous result and show that wage determination in the average firm fits the international norm. Exploring subsamples of firms I also point to a likely source for the conflicting findings: firm size is positively correlated with the average wage in private firms, but negatively correlated with the average wage in the state‐owned sector. These novel results could guide future studies aiming to understand the sources of the firm size wage premium, and, in particular, studies that target the largest industrial labor market in the world.
An analysis of the demand for and revenue from companion animal veterinary services in Australia between 1996 and 2026 using industry revenue data and household census and pet ownership data and forecasts
Authors: Baguley J 
Published: October 2015

Objective  To examine the potential impact of household demographic and pet ownership trends on the demand for and revenue from companion animal veterinary services in Australia.Design  The size of the market for companion animal veterinary services was estimated by creating a model using assumptions derived from the revenue equation. The model was verified and validated through sensitivity analyses and comparisons between model outputs and available industry data.Results  The model provided outputs similar to alternative industry estimates and suggested that revenue growth in recent years has been much stronger than demand growth. Under the assumptions used in this model, forecast changes to household numbers and types are less important than pet ownership trends in determining the potential demand for and revenue from companion animal veterinary services. Forecast trends in household types and relatively stable pet ownership in the future will lead to growth in demand for companion animal veterinary services in real terms of approximately 1.2% per annum to 2026.Conclusion  The market for companion animal veterinary services in Australia is mature and growth in demand is expected to remain low over the forecast period. For most veterinary practices within this environment, growth in revenue will be a function of growth in average client fees.
“We Are Not Aliens, We're People, and We Have Rights.” Canadian Human Rights Discourse and High School Climate for LGBTQ Students
Authors: TAYLOR CATHERINE , PETER TRACEY 
Published: October 2015

La loi canadienne protège contre la discrimination en raison d'orientation sexuelle, mais nos Žcoles publiques ne rŽpondent pas ^ leurs obligations morales et lŽgales en lien avec la diversitŽ des sexualitŽs et des genres aupr□s des adolescents et adolescentes. Cet article rapporte une Žtude de sondage national sur l'homophobie et la transphobie dans les Žcoles secondaires aux Canada. Les participants et participantes (n=3,607) ont ŽtŽ sondŽ(e)s au sujet du climat de l'Žcole, l'harc□lement, l'attachement ^ l'Žcole, et les interventions institutionnelles. Nous avons dŽcouvert que les Žcoles ne sont ni sŽcuritaires ni respectueuses en ce qui concerne la diversitŽ des sexualitŽs et des genres et nous argumentons que la continuation de cette situation sape le respect des Žl□ves pour la Charte des droits aussi bien que leur confiance envers les adultes.Canadian law protects people from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, but our public schools do not fulfill their ethical and legal obligations where sexual and gender minority youth are concerned. This article reports on a national survey study on homophobia and transphobia in Canadian high schools. Participants (n=3,607) were questioned about school climate, harassment, school attachment, and institutional interventions. We found that schools were neither safe nor respectful for sexual and gender minority students, and we argue that ongoing exposure to this situation undermines students' respect for the Charter of Rights and their faith in adults.
“Eólicos e inversión privada: El caso de San Mateo del Mar, en el Istmo de Tehuantepec Oaxaca”
Authors: Rueda Elisa Cruz 
Published: October 2015

ResumenSe expone el proceso de resistencia que comuneros de San Mateo del Mar—comunidad/municipio integrante del pueblo etnolingüístico Ikoot—han emprendido ante la promoción del mega proyecto de generación de energía eólica, por empresas trasnacionales (mexicanas y extranjeras) y por el Estado mexicano, pasando por alto derechos individuales y colectivos de indígenas y sus pueblos. El caso forma parte de la experiencia de movilización de los pueblos indígenas del Istmo de Tehuantepec en torno a los parques eólicos y por el respeto de sus derechos y que acompaña el Centro de Derechos Humanos Tepeyac del Istmo de Tehuantepec, Asociación Civil (CDHT), como parte de lo que Boaventura De Sousa Santos y Rodríguez Garavito (2007) identifican como Redes Trasnacionales Alternativas.
Gift Practices in Guyanese East Indian Diaspora: Belonging, Loss, and Status
Authors: Halstead Narmala 
Published: October 2015

ResumenLa población Indo‐Guyanesa en Guyana y New York, intercambia regalos como parte de una ideología del dar sin recibir, la cual, no obstante, se encuentra inmersa en las representaciones de status social. Esta noción india del regalo se está viendo desplazada por los cambios relacionados con la emigración de Guyana: el énfasis en el amor y el deber es cambiado por demostraciones de status más obvias y por la pérdida explícita de relaciones. Este artículo resalta un escenario interactivo de las prácticas del regalar y de emigración, donde las personas continúan dando en una modalidad de amor, pero donde también deben enfrentar la distancia y la separación de su familia cercana. El regalo expresa cómo el hogar está constituido en una localidad extendida donde la pérdida está representada o alterada a través de una concentración en el status social.
A Broken Hub Will Not Wheel: Water Reallocation in California
Authors: Zetland David 
Published: October 2015

Abstract:California's water transfer system depends on the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta to move water. Unfortunately, the Delta's ecosystem appears to be suffering from this use – and other uses. After discussing the stakeholders in the Delta, the causes of ecological decline, and the choices for change (including a radical political‐economic market), I conclude that business‐as‐usual is over, that any solution is costly, and that the politicians and bureaucrats in the middle of this process benefit from conflict and inaction. The Delta will remain broken for the foreseeable future.
Space‐Time Variations of Human Capital Assets Across U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1980 to 2000
Authors: Scott Allen J. 
Published: October 2015

abstractThis article examines the changing structure of human capital in U.S. metropolitan regions from 1980 to 2000. Data are drawn from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Intensive empirical investigation leads to three main conclusions. First, forms of human capital in the United States are becoming more oriented to labor tasks that call for cognitive‐cultural skills. Second, cognitive‐cultural skills are accumulating most intensively in large metropolitan areas. Third, physical or practical forms of human capital are increasingly being relegated to smaller metropolitan areas. That said, important residues of human capital, focused on physical or practical tasks, remain a durable element of the economies of large metropolitan areas. I offer a brief theoretical explanation of these results.
Effect of Extending the Growing Period on Yield Formation of Sugar Beet
Authors: Schnepel K. , Hoffmann C. M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAutumn sown sugar beets (winter beets) are expected to yield markedly higher than spring sown beets. This requires a continuous growth during an extended growing period. So far, bolting‐resistant sugar beet varieties are not available to test winter beets under field conditions in Central Europe. The objective of this study was therefore to analyse yield formation and sugar storage of sugar beet plants during an extended growing period to estimate whether sugar beet has the potential to generate the theoretically expected yield increase. From 2008 to 2012, pot experiments were carried out in the glasshouse with 11 sowing dates spread over the years with sequential harvests. The oldest plants were grown for 859 days (14 242 °Cd). Root fresh matter yield continuously increased till the latest harvest. In contrast, the sugar concentration reached an optimum value between 3400 and 5000 °Cd and then decreased with time. Despite longer growing periods, the number of cambium rings, which are regarded as essential for sugar storage, did not change. This points to an early and genetically fixed determination of the formation of cambium rings. Additionally, the rate of photosynthesis decreased concomitantly with the sugar concentration. In conclusion, there is some evidence that the sugar concentration of the storage root is limited by the sink capacity, which in turn controls the source activity by a feedback regulation of photosynthesis and leaf formation. The dry matter composition of the storage root changed towards lower sugar concentration and concurrent higher concentration of cell wall compounds (marc). The sugar yield still increased beyond a thermal time at which winter beets will probably be harvested in practice. Hence, the theoretical yield increase in autumn sown sugar beets can be realized, provided that the plants show sufficient winter hardiness and bolting resistance.
Aligning Incentives at Systemically Important Financial Institutions: A Proposal by the Squam Lake Group
Authors: Baily Martin N. , Campbell John Y. , Cochrane John H. , Diamond Douglas W. , Duffie Darrell , French Kenneth R. , Kashyap Anil K. , Mishkin Frederic S. , Rajan Raghuram , Scharfstein David S. , Shiller Robert J. , Slaughter Matthew J. , Shin Hyun Song , Stein Jeremy , Stulz René M. 
Published: October 2015

To address the moral hazard problem that can motivate bank executives to take excessive risks and to fail to raise capital when needed, a group of 13 distinguished financial economists recommends that systemically important financial institutions be required to issue contingent convertible debt (CoCos) and to hold back a substantial share—as much as 20%—of the compensation of employees who can have a meaningful impact on the survival of the firm. This holdback should be forfeited if the firm's capital ratio falls below a specified threshold. The deferral period should be long enough—the authors suggest five years—to allow much of the uncertainty about managers' activities to be resolved before the bonds mature. Except for forfeiture, the payoff on the bonds should not depend on the firm's performance, nor should managers be permitted to hedge the risk of forfeiture. The threshold for forfeiture should be crossed well before a firm violates its regulatory capital requirements and well before its contingent convertible securities convert into equity.The Swiss Bank UBS has paid bonuses to its top 6,500 executives that have been structured in exactly this way. Management forfeits its deferred compensation if the bank's regulatory capital ratio falls below 7.5%, and its contingent convertible debt is set up to convert into equity if the bank's capital ratio falls below 5%.
A Primer on the Economics of Shale Gas Production Just How Cheap is Shale Gas?
Authors: Lake Larry W. , Martin John , Ramsey J. Douglas , Titman Sheridan 
Published: October 2015

The authors analyze the economics of natural gas production in the U.S. in light of the government's recent dramatic upward revisions in gas reserve estimates as a result of advances in horizontal drilling and fracturing (“fracking”). While some observers believe the U.S. will enjoy very large supplies of low‐priced gas for a long time to come, others are not so sure. Using the data from gas wells completed in the Haynesville shale of northern Louisiana, the authors offer a probabilistic and economic perspective on these newly accessible reserves.Their model and NPV simulations indicate that shale gas exploitation is probably sustainable (with a 60% likelihood), but with some important reservations. NPVs are highly sensitive to gas price assumptions and projected production volumes. The authors' base case assumes the continuation into the foreseeable future of the current gas futures price curve; but the authors also point out that a fall in price of just 17% along that curve would reduce well NPVs to zero. Although it is clear that production from shale wells declines more rapidly than production from conventional wells, engineers have too little history with shale wells to forecast ultimate production with great confidence. Nevertheless, shale gas drilling opportunities also present energy companies with valuable “follow‐on” real options that are not captured in NPV analysis. This additional source of value is inherent in vast shale gas formations in which successful wells tend to lead to more development opportunities.
Economic Growth and Inequality: Why It Matters and What's Coming Next
Authors: Pinney Chris 
Published: October 2015

This article makes the case that the recent rise in income inequality in OECD countries reflects profound changes in the economic model that previously resulted in growth, prosperity, and social progress during the second half of the last century. The author begins by citing French economist Thomas Piketty's identification of the key driver of rising income inequality as the recent sharp increase in the share of national income going to capital (defined as interest, dividends and other investment returns) and the accompanying decline in the share going to labor (in the form of wages, salaries, pension, and other work‐related benefits). For most of the last 100 years, a successful balance was struck in a majority of OECD countries between the returns to capital and labor. Within the framework of nationally defined economies, labor could effectively advocate for its share of the productivity gains by capital, and governments had the ability to constrain the free movement of capital, set labor compensation standards, and redistribute income through progressive taxation.The author explores how two developments—globalization and the rise of machine intelligence—are disrupting this social contract and reshaping our economy and society. The combination of these two developments, by accelerating the flow of income to capital and away from labor, is eroding the historical relationship between capital, labor, and governments that has long prevailed in most OECD countries. As this happens, we are seeing rising income inequality and the erosion of the middle class, which had been the driver of economic growth for most of the past century. Indeed, the thesis of Piketty's book, Capital in the Twenty‐First Century, is that such an effect may well be taking us back to the pre‐20th century norm of high income inequality and low economic growth.In his closing arguments, the author suggests that avoiding this scenario will be more complicated than simply raising taxes on capital, as proposed by Piketty. It may well require a fundamental rethinking of the role of employment as the primary mechanism for income distribution in society and how we prepare our workforce for an economy and society in which the concept of work will be radically redefined.
Asset Write‐offs in Private Firms – The Case of German SMEs
Authors: Szczesny Andrea , Valentincic Aljosa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper finds that private firms make the decision to write off, and write off more in terms of total amount, if they are: (i) more profitable, (ii) have more financial debt, and (iii) pay dividends. Our findings are contrary to expectations based on accounting standards and the existing revaluation literature. They are, however, consistent with the codified, high book‐tax alignment economic setting in which sample private firms operate. This includes agency problems faced by private firms’ stakeholders. We use a comprehensive sample of German SMEs reporting in local GAAP, based on the German commercial code (Handelsgesetzbuch) in 2003–2006. We view write‐offs as corrections of departures of book values from their underlying economic values, in contrast to upward asset revaluations. This governs our choice of estimation – the tobit regression.
Government Intervention and Investment Comovement: Chinese Evidence
Authors: Chen Donghua , Khan Saqib , Yu Xin , Zhang Zhou 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study examines whether government intervention affects corporate investment comovement, and whether this impact varies across firms with different types of ownership. We use a large Chinese sample to investigate these questions, and perform a regional as well as firm‐level analysis. We show that government intervention is positively and significantly associated with investment comovement. We also find that the impact of government intervention on investment comovement is higher and more significant for state‐owned firms than for domestic private and foreign firms. Finally, we show that investment comovement hinders corporate performance for state‐owned and domestic private firms but not for foreign firms.
Analyst Pessimism and Forecast Timing
Authors: Barron Orie E. , Byard Donal , Liang Lihong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this study, we show that on average relatively pessimistic analysts tend to reveal their earnings forecasts later than other analysts. Further, we find this forecast timing effect explains a substantial proportion of the well‐known decrease in consensus analyst forecast optimism over the forecast period prior to earnings announcements, which helps explain why analysts’ longer term earnings forecasts are more optimistically biased than their shorter term forecasts. We extend the theory of analyst self‐selection regarding their coverage decisions to argue that analysts with a relatively pessimistic view–compared to other analysts–are more reluctant to issue their earnings forecasts, with the result that they tend to defer revealing their earnings forecasts until later in the forecasting period than other analysts.
Trust, Owner Rights, Employee Rights and Firm Performance
Authors: Goergen Marc , Chahine Salim , Brewster Chris , Wood Geoffrey 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis is a study of variations in trust relationships according to institutional setting. A wide body of comparative institutional literature within economics and finance engages with trust. However, as most of this literature uses macro‐level data and/or stylistic ideal types, it normally neglects intra‐firm trust. This paper redresses this lacuna by using both macro‐level data and comparative firm‐level evidence. We found that both country trust and firm trust increase firm performance, but that there is a trade‐off between the two as high levels of both reduce performance. Finally, both employee rights and investor rights are negatively correlated with country trust.
Institutional Investor Participation and Stock Market Anomalies
Authors: Shu Tao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of institutional trading volume on stock market anomalies. The paper proposes a measure that evaluates the percentage of total trading volume of a stock accounted for by institutional trades. The empirical analyses using a large sample of firms from 1980–2005 provide strong evidence that the strength of stock market anomalies such as price momentum, post‐earnings announcement drift, the value premium, and the investment anomaly is decreasing in institutional trading volume. Additionally, the effects of institutional trading volume are stronger than those of institutional ownership, the major measure of institutional investor participation in the finance literature. These findings suggest that institutional trading significantly improves stock price efficiency.