bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Yablo Paradox and Circularity
Authors: Cook Roy T 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Circularity Question. Several scholars have claimed that the Yablo paradox is, in fact, circular. The first critical task is thus to distinguish between a number of different senses in which a linguistic construction might be circular. We then examine extant arguments for and against the circularity of the Yablo construction. Prominent amongst these are Graham Priest’s argument that the use of diagonalization in the construction of the Yablo paradox smuggles in problematic circularity, and Hannes Leitgeb’s suggestion that non-well-founded sets can be used to model the referential structure of various semantic puzzles and thus settle this question. After deciding that the Yablo paradox is circular, but in a rather benign sense, the chapter concludes with the construction of a version of the paradox using infinitary connectives, a proof that this infinitary variant is genuinely non-circular, and a discussion and pre-emption of objections to the construction in question.
Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers
Authors: Elman Howard , Silvester David , Wathen Andy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe subject of this book is the efficient solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) that arise when modelling incompressible fluid flow. The first part (Chapters 1 through 5) covers the Poisson equation and the Stokes equations. For each PDE, there is a chapter concerned with finite element discretization and a companion chapter concerned with efficient iterative solution of the algebraic equations obtained from discretization. Chapter 5 describes the basics of PDE-constrained optimization. The second part of the book (Chapters 6 to 11) is a more advanced introduction to the numerical analysis of incompressible flows. It starts with four chapters on the convection–diffusion equation and the steady Navier–Stokes equations, organized by equation with a chapter describing discretization coupled with a companion concerned with iterative solution algorithms. The book concludes with two chapters describing discretization and solution methods for models of unsteady flow and buoyancy-driven flow.
Real-time feedback control of quantum optical input-output systems
Authors: Mabuchi H. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses a novel aspect of quantum control, namely quantum feedback. It explains the crucial distinction between measurement-based feedback and autonomous feedback. In the former, a detector performs a measurement of the variable to be controlled, and information passes from the quantum system to a classical system, which processes it to produce a correction signal sent to an actuator acting back on the quantum system. In the latter, the detector-processor-actuator part of the controller is another quantum system coupled to the controlled system, and no information need pass through classical channels. The chapter treats the useful formalism of the quantum stochastic master equation, a basic element of knowledge essential to the detailed understanding of measurement-based feedback, and the design of the filters for the corresponding controller. The autonomous aspect of quantum feedback is illustrated by a discussion of analog, continuous error correction of a qubit by quantum optics elements.
Micromechanics and superconducting circuits
Authors: Lehnert K. W. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic concepts of quantum electromechanics from the point of view of the impressive experiments performed at Boulder on suspended nano-membranes. In particular, it demonstrates how to treat cooling as autonomous quantum feedback, with electrostatic pressure used in the actuator role. It also gives a detailed account of the various facets of the remarkable phenomenon presented by the hybridization of mechanical and electromagnetic degrees of freedom.
Quantum Bayesian approach to circuit QED measurement
Authors: Korotkov A. N. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces a puzzling property of the monitoring of a qubit by a coherent signal traversing a cavity dispersively coupled to the qubit. If the measurement of the signal is done by a fully efficient phase-sensitive amplifier, no noise is added by the amplifier and the backaction of the amplifier on the qubit induces the Bloch vector of the latter to diffuse along a line of longitude. When the measurement of the signal is done by a fully efficient phase-preserving amplifier, extra noise of quantum origin is added by the amplifier owing to the presence of the idler port, but the state of the qubit remains pure, the backaction-induced diffusion of the Bloch vector now occurring on the entire Bloch sphere.
A Welfare Criterion For Models With Distorted Beliefs*
Authors: Brunnermeier Markus K. , Simsek Alp , Xiong Wei 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article proposes a welfare criterion for economies in which agents have heterogeneously distorted beliefs. Instead of taking a stand on whose belief is correct, our criterion asserts that an allocation is belief-neutral efficient (inefficient) if it is efficient (inefficient) under any convex combination of agents’ beliefs. Although this criterion gives an incomplete ranking of social allocations, it can identify positive- and negative-sum speculation driven by conflicting beliefs in a broad range of economic environments.
Different tastes for different individuals
Authors: Fujikura Kohei 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIndividual taste differences were first reported in the first half of the 20th century, but the primary reasons for these differences have remained uncertain. Much of the taste variation among different mammalian species can be explained by pseudogenization of taste receptors. In this study, by analyzing 14 ethnically diverse populations, we investigated whether the most recent disruptions of taste receptor genes segregate with their intact forms. Our results revealed an unprecedented prevalence of segregating loss-of-function (LoF) taste receptor variants, identifying one of the most pronounced cases of functional population diversity in the human genome. LoF variant frequency (2.10%) was considerably higher than the overall mutation rate (0.16%), and many humans harbored varying numbers of critical mutations. In particular, molecular evolutionary rates of sour (14.7%) and bitter receptors (1.8%) were far higher in humans than those of sweet (0.02%), salty (0.05%), and umami (0.17%) receptors compared with other carnivorous mammals although not all of the taste receptors genes were identified. Many LoF variants are population-specific, some of which arose even after the population differentiation, but not before divergence of the modern and archaic (Neanderthal and Denisovan) human. Based on these findings, we conclude that modern humans might have been losing their taste receptor genes because of high-frequency LoF taste receptor variants. Finally I actually demonstrated the genetic testing of taste receptors from personal exome sequence.
The cost of falls
Authors: Tian Yang , Thompson James , Buck David 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the whole system cost of the care pathway for older people (aged 65-years old and over) admitted to hospitals as a result of falls in Torbay, a community of 131,000 in the southwest of England with a high proportion of older residents, over a two-year period.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper analysed patient-level linked acute hospital, community care and local authority-funded social care data to track patients’ care costs – for those patients admitted to an acute hospital due to their fall – in the 12 months before and after their fall.

Findings
– On average, the cost of hospital, community and social care services for each admitted for a fall were almost four times as much in the 12 months after admission, than the cost of the admission itself. Over the 12 months that followed admission for falls, costs were 70 per cent higher than in the 12 months before the fall. The most dramatic increase was in community health care costs (160 per cent), compared to a 37 per cent increase in social care costs and a 35 per cent increase in acute hospital care costs. For patients who had a minor fall and those who survived 12 months after the fall, the costs of care home services increased significantly; for patients with hip fracture, the costs of community care services increased significantly; for patients who did not survive 12 months after the fall, the cost of acute inpatient and community health visits increased significantly.

Originality/value
– This is the only study that has assessed the costs across the acute hospital, community care and social care pathway for this group of patients, in an English population. This will help commissioners and providers understand and develop better-integrated responses to frail elderly patients needs.
Integrated care communities: putting change theory into practice
Authors: Bradbury Elizabeth 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the experience of the Advancing Quality Alliance's (AQuA) regional Integrated Care Discovery Community created to translate integrated care theory into practice at scale and to test ways to address the system enablers of integrated care.

Design/methodology/approach
– Principles of flexibility, agility, credibility and scale influenced Community design. The theoretical framework drew on relevant complexity, learning community and change management theories. Co-designed with stakeholders, the discovery-based Community model incorporated emergent learning from change in complex adaptive environments and focused bespoke support on leadership capability building.

Findings
– In total, 19 health and social care economies participated. Kotter's eight-step change model proved flexible in conjunction with large-scale change theories. The tension between programme management, learning communities and the emergent nature of change in complex adaptive systems can be harnessed to inject pace and urgency. Mental models and simple rules were helpful in managing participant's desire for a directive approach in the context of a discovery programme.

Research limitations/implications
– This is a viewpoint from a regional improvement organisation in North West England.

Social implications
– The Discovery Community was a useful construct through which to rapidly develop multiple integrated health and social care economies. Flexible design and bespoke delivery is crucial in a complex adaptive environment. Capability building needs to be agile enough to meet the emergent needs of a changing workforce. Collaborative leadership has emerged as an area requiring particular attention.

Originality/value
– Learning from AQuA's approach may assist others in structuring large-scale integrated care or complex change initiatives.
Measurements of the elastic and anelastic properties of sandstone flooded with supercritical CO2
Authors: Mikhaltsevitch Vassily , Lebedev Maxim , Gurevich Boris 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) injection on the elastic and anelastic properties of sandstone at seismic and ultrasonic frequencies. We present the results of the low‐frequency and ultrasonic experiments conducted on water‐saturated sandstone (Donnybrook, Western Australia) flooded with scCO2. The sandstone was cut in the direction perpendicular to a formation bedding plane and tested in a Hoek triaxial pressure cell. During the experiments with scCO2, the low‐frequency and ultrasonic systems and the pump dispensing scCO2 were held at a temperature of 42°C. The elastic parameters obtained for the sandstone with scCO2 at seismic (0.1 Hz–100 Hz) and ultrasonic (∼0.5 MHz) frequencies are very close to those for the dry rock. The extensional attenuation was also measured at seismic frequencies for the dry, water‐saturated, and scCO2‐injected sandstones. The applicability of Gassmann's fluid substitution theory to obtained results was also tested during the experiments.
Burial stress and elastic strain of carbonate rocks
Authors: Fabricius Ida Lykke 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBurial stress on a sediment or sedimentary rock is relevant for predicting compaction or failure caused by changes in, e.g., pore pressure in the subsurface. For this purpose, the stress is conventionally expressed in terms of its effect: “the effective stress” defined as the consequent elastic strain multiplied by the rock frame modulus. We cannot measure the strain directly in the subsurface, but from the data on bulk density and P‐wave velocity, we can estimate the rock frame modulus and Biot's coefficient and then calculate the “effective vertical stress” as the total vertical stress minus the product of pore pressure and Biot's coefficient. We can now calculate the elastic strain by dividing “effective stress” with the rock frame modulus. By this procedure, the degree of elastic deformation at a given time and depth can be directly expressed. This facilitates the discussion of the deformation mechanisms. The principle is illustrated by comparing carbonate sediments and sedimentary rocks from the North Sea Basin and three oceanic settings: a relatively shallow water setting dominated by coarse carbonate packstones and grainstones and two deep water settings dominated by fine‐grained carbonate mudstones and wackestones.
The experience of the implementation of perinatal audit in Moldova
Authors: Stratulat P , Curteanu A , Caraus T , Petrov V , Gardosi J 
Published: September 2014

The Beyond the Numbers project in Moldova implemented perinatal mortality audit as a means to improve maternity and newborn care. Key activities for this project included training in audit, the setting up of audit committees, implementation of the review of cases and dissemination of information. During the project, a significant reduction was noted of perinatal deaths at term (from 37 weeks gestation and birthweight of ≥ 2500 g) by 1.5 per 1000; from 5.1 per 1000 in 2006 to 3.6 per 1000 in 2013.
First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia
Authors: SOTNIKOVA Marina V. , FORONOVA Irina V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA lion‐like pantherine felid is described as Panthera (Leo) fossilis from the late Early Pleistocene sediments of the Kuznetsk Basin (Western Siberia, Russia). The find of P. fossilis first recorded in Asia considerably extends the current notion of the eastward expansion of the most ancient lions. The Siberian lion is geologically the oldest form and is dimensionally among the largest members of the group of fossil lions on the Eurasian continent. Although known by mandibular remains only, it is readily distinguished from Panthera (Leo) spelaea by a heavy built mandibular corpus with rectangular profile in the cheek teeth area, a deep, well‐outlined and narrow anterior section of the masseteric fossa, and a large p4 supported by a big unreduced anterior root. The Siberian lion shares these features with the European Middle Pleistocene P. fossilis and the American Late Pleistocene P. (Leo) atrox, which suggests their close relationship. P. atrox originated from P. fossilis and was isolated in North America south of the Late Pleistocene ice sheets. This explains why the American lion has retained more primitive features than the coeval Eurasian cave lion P. (L.) spelaea.
Management implications of genetic studies for ex situ populations of three critically endangered Asian Gyps vultures
Authors: Ishtiaq F. , Prakash V. , Green R. E. , Johnson J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCaptive breeding and ex situ conservation have become important tools in species conservation programmes. The effectiveness of the management of captive populations can be hampered by the absence of pedigree data, but molecular markers can be used to inform conservation objectives and reduce inbreeding in the captive population. Using microsatellite markers, we examined the genetic diversity and relatedness among wild‐caught individuals of three critically endangered Asian vulture species, Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus and Gyps tenuirostris, populations established for captive breeding. Estimates of the inbreeding coefficient (f) were low, indicating that populations of all three species do not appear to be inbred. Moreover, the data show that a large proportion of wild‐taken birds were unrelated individuals (94.6, 87.1 and 85.3% in G. bengalensis, G. indicus and G. tenuirostris, respectively). No significant genetic differentiation (FST) was observed between historic and 2000/2001 populations of G. bengalensis in Pakistan and India. However, the more recent sampling (2002–2006) in Pakistan showed a significant difference from India. A genetic signal of a demographic bottleneck in all three species was found in some (M‐ratio test), but not all, tests (heterozygote excess and mode shift in allele frequencies). Levels of genetic diversity in G. bengalensis and G. indicus populations were comparable to levels prior to or soon after the start of their decline, respectively, suggesting that adequate numbers of birds exist in captivity for these two species and reflect neutral diversity levels observed in the wild. The genetic data obtained from this study allow us to minimize the loss of neutral genetic diversity in small wild and captive populations and to identify related pairs to avoid inbreeding depression.
Hunting for the function of orphan GPCRs – beyond the search for the endogenous ligand
Authors: Ahmad Raise , Wojciech Stefanie , Jockers Ralf 
Published: September 2014

Seven transmembrane‐spanning proteins (7TM), also called GPCRs, are among the most versatile and evolutionary successful protein families. Out of the 400 non‐odourant members identified in the human genome, approximately 100 remain orphans that have not been matched with an endogenous ligand. Apart from the classical deorphanization strategies, several alternative strategies provided recent new insights into the function of these proteins, which hold promise for high therapeutic potential. These alternative strategies consist of the phenotypical characterization of organisms silenced or overexpressing orphan 7TM proteins, the search for constitutive receptor activity and formation of protein complexes including 7TM proteins as well as the development of synthetic, surrogate ligands. Taken together, a variety of ligand‐independent functions can be attributed to orphan 7TM proteins that range from constitutive activity to complex formation with other proteins and include ‘true’ orphans for which no ligand exist and ‘conditional’ orphans that behave like orphans in the absence of ligand and as non‐orphans in the presence of ligand.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on 5th BPS Focused Meeting on Cell Signalling. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐13
Serum amyloid A induces interleukin-1β secretion from keratinocytes via the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome
Authors: Yu N , Liu S , Yi X , Zhang S , Ding Y 
Published: September 2014

Summary
Interleukin (IL)-1β is now emerging as a critical cytokine in the pathogenesis of T helper type 17 (Th17)-mediated skin diseases, including psoriasis. Psoriatic keratinocytes are a major source of IL-1β; however, the mechanisms triggering IL-1β processing remain unknown. Recently, an acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) has been identified as a danger signal that triggers inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion. In this study, we detected increased SAA mRNA and protein expression in psoriatic epidermis. In cultured keratinocytes, SAA up-regulated the expression of pro-IL-1β and secretion of mature IL-1β. On the transcriptional level, blocking Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4 or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) attenuated SAA-induced expression of IL-1β mRNA. SAA up-regulated caspase-1 and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) expression in keratinocytes. Inhibiting caspase-1 activity and silencing NLRP3 decreased IL-1β secretion, confirming NLRP3 as the SAA-responsive inflammasome on the post-transcriptional level. The mechanism of SAA-triggered NLRP3 activation and subsequent IL-1β secretion was found to involve the generation of reactive oxygen species. Finally, the expression of SAA by keratinocytes was up-regulated by IL-17A. Taken together, our results indicate that keratinocyte-derived SAA triggers a key inflammatory mediator, IL-1β, via NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing new potential targets for the treatment of this chronic skin disease.
Patterns of Response Times and Response Choices to Science Questions: The Influence of Relative Processing Time
Authors: Heckler Andrew F. , Scaife Thomas M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe report on five experiments investigating response choices and response times to simple science questions that evoke student “misconceptions,” and we construct a simple model to explain the patterns of response choices. Physics students were asked to compare a physical quantity represented by the slope, such as speed, on simple physics graphs. We found that response times of incorrect answers, resulting from comparing heights, were faster than response times of correct answers comparing slopes. This result alone might be explained by the fact that height was typically processed faster than slope for this kind of task, which we confirmed in a separate experiment. However, we hypothesize that the difference in response time is an indicator of the cause (rather than the result) of the response choice. To support this, we found that imposing a 3‐s delay in responding increased the number of students comparing slopes (answering correctly) on the task. Additionally a significant proportion of students recognized the correct written rule (compare slope), but on the graph task they incorrectly compared heights. Finally, training either with repetitive examples or providing a general rule both improved scores, but only repetitive examples had a large effect on response times, thus providing evidence of dual paths or processes to a solution. Considering models of heuristics, information accumulation models, and models relevant to the Stroop effect, we construct a simple relative processing time model that could be viewed as a kind of fluency heuristic. The results suggest that misconception‐like patterns of answers to some science questions commonly found on tests may be explained in part by automatic processes that involve the relative processing time of considered dimensions and a priority to answer quickly.
Three‐Dimensional Image of a Baffle Leak in a Patient with a Mustard Operation
Authors: Cua Clifford L. , Kollins Kevin , Roble Sharon , Holzer Ralf J. 
Published: September 2014

Mini‐AbstractBaffle leaks are one type of complication following the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. In this case, a 27‐year‐old male status post–Mustard operation scheduled for a pacemaker placement was noted to have a positive agitated saline contrast study via transesophageal echocardiography. The baffle leak could not be well defined despite extensive two‐dimensional imaging. With three‐dimensional imaging, the superior and posterior located baffle leak was clearly imaged. Three‐dimensional echocardiography allows unparalleled imaging in identifying the location of baffle leaks in patients with complex intracardiac procedures such as the Mustard operation.