bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in the treatment of adolescents and young adults with depression and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Xinyu , Qin Bin , Del Giovane Cinzia , Pan Junxi , Gentile Salvatore , Liu Yiyun , Lan Xinghui , Yu Jia , Xie Peng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimsTo measure the effectiveness of antidepressants for adolescents and young adults with co‐occurring depression and substance use disorder.Design, Setting and ParticipantsMeta‐analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science and PsychINFO was conducted (from 1970 to 2013). Prospective, parallel groups, double‐blind, controlled trials with random assignment to an antidepressant or placebo on young patients (age ≤ 25 years) who met diagnostic criteria of both substance use and unipolar depressive disorder were included. Five trials were selected for this analysis and included 290 patients.MeasurementsOur efficacy outcome measures were depression outcomes (dichotomous and continuous measures) and substance‐use outcomes (change of frequency or quantity of substance‐use). Secondary analysis was conducted to access the tolerability of antidepressant treatment.FindingsFor dichotomous depression outcome, antidepressants group was significantly more effective than placebo group [risk ratio (RR) = 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.45], with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). Although no statistically significant effects for continuous depression outcome [standardized mean differences (SMD) = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.55 to 0.30] were found with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 63%), subgroup analysis showed that the medicine group with a sample size of more than 50 showed statistically significant efficacy compared with the placebo group (SMD −0.53, 95% CI −0.82 to −0.25). Moreover, there was no significant difference for substance‐use outcomes and tolerability outcomes between the medication and placebo groups.ConclusionsAntidepressant medication has a small overall effect in reducing depression in young patients with combined depressive and substance‐use disorders, but does not appear to improve substance use outcomes.
Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Thunberg Ulrica , Hugosson Svante , Monecke Stefan , Ehricht Ralf , Söderquist Bo 
Published: August 2014

The anterior nares have been regarded as the major carriage site of Staphylococcus aureus. From here, the organism can spread to other parts of the body where it might act as harmless commensal or cause mild to severe infections. Nasal sinuses are normally sterile, but in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the finding of S. aureus in maxillary sinus cultures is common. Isolates were obtained from the nares and maxillary sinus of patients with CRS and the nares of healthy controls. A significantly higher frequency of S. aureus was found in nares samples from patients (24/42) compared to controls (16/57) (p = 0.004). There is no consensus regarding whether S. aureus is a relevant pathogen in CRS. A DNA microarray was used to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus virulence genes with focus on staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin‐1, agr types, and cell wall‐associated proteins. The genotyping of S. aureus isolates revealed only small and non‐significant differences in gene prevalence between isolates collected from patients with CRS and those collected from healthy nasal carriers. This study provides an increased knowledge of the genetic pattern of virulence genes among S. aureus collected in CRS.
The role of IL‐28, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α in predicting response to pegylated interferon/ribavirin in chronic HCV patients
Authors: Abdou Asmaa Gaber , Asaad Nancy Youssef , Ehsan Nermin , Eltahmody Mohammad , El‐Sabaawy Maha Mohamed , Elkholy Shimaa , Elnaidany Nada Farag 
Published: August 2014

The primary goal of HCV therapy is to achieve a sustained virological response (SVR). Many host and viral factors influence the treatment response. Cytokines play an important role in the defense against viral infections, where successful treatment of hepatitis C depends on a complex balance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the presence and percentage of some cytokines (IL‐28, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α) regarding different clinicopathological parameters including response to therapy in chronic HCV patients using immunohistochemical technique. This study was carried out on 64 chronic HCV patients (34 responders and 30 non‐responders). Of cases, 54% showed IL‐28 expression, which was associated with low AST (p = 0.002) and low HAI score (p = 0.006). Of cases, 67 and 45% showed IFN‐γ and TNF‐α expression, respectively, where the median percentage of TNF‐α expression was higher in grade II spotty necrosis compared to grade I. Some inflammatory cytokines expressed by intrahepatic inflammatory cells in chronic HCV patients promote inflammation and injury (pro‐inflammatory) such as TNF‐α. Other cytokines aid in resolving inflammation and injury (anti‐inflammatory) such as IL‐28. The balance between these cytokines will determine the degree of inflammatory state. None of the investigated cytokines proved its clear cut role in affecting response to therapy, however, their levels varied between responders and non‐responders for further investigations to clarify.
Complete remission of VZV reactivation treated with valganciclovir in a patient with total lymphocyte depletion and acute kidney injury after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Maximova Natalia , Antonio Pizzol , Marilena Granzotto , Rovere Francesca , Tamaro Paolo 
Published: August 2014

Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a threat for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients, is still one of the most common viral pathogens that affect these patients with a reported incidence ranging between 17% and 50% in the post transplantation period. Valganciclovir (V‐GCV), a valine ester pro‐drug of GCV orally administrable, has recently shown great activity against CMV infections, but there are no reports of its clinical efficacy against VZV. We here report a case history of a patient with positive serologic test for VZV, who underwent allogeneic HSCT and developed an atypical varicella‐like illness. First‐line therapy with foscarnet had to be discontinued due rapid development of renal impairment (creatinine: 2.60 mg/dL, urea: 130.6 mg/dL) and therefore was switched to V‐GCV. The renal impairment and skin lesions of the patient fully recovered after few days of therapy, even though the patient had complete lymphocyte depletion. This is the first case of a patient with chickenpox‐like illness treated successfully with V‐GCV.
Clinical and molecular characteristics of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Chinese neonates
Authors: Li Shipeng , Ning Xue , Song Wenqi , Dong Fang , Zheng Yaojie , Chen Qiang , Qiao Yanhong , Li Juan , Wang Lijuan , Wang Qun , Yue Liqin , Wang Aihua , Yu Sangjie , Yao Kaihu , Yang Yonghong , Shen Xuzhuang 
Published: August 2014

This study aims to characterize the clinical features of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) infections in Chinese neonates, as well as the molecular characteristics and expression of key virulence genes of isolates. Clinical information and molecular characteristics of 130 cases were analyzed. Up to 83.8% patients were affected with late‐onset infection. Cesarean delivery was the main delivery route, accounting for 74.6% of the total deliveries. Pneumonia (69, 53.1%) was the most common infection. A total of 38 patients (29.2%) suffered from complications. Moreover, 35 cases (26.9%) were invasive infections, among which 88.6% involved multiple organs and 45.7% suffered from complications. Cesarean section and premature birth were the risk factors for invasive CA‐MRSA infection. ST59‐MRSA‐SCCmecIVa‐t437 (54, 41.5%) was the most predominant CA‐MRSA clone. The hla expression in the ST59 isolates was higher than that in ST910 (p = 0.02) and the hla expression in ST59‐SCCmecV‐t437 was higher than that in ST59‐SCCmecIVa‐t437. Approximately, 46.4% (13/28) of the infections caused by ST59‐SCCmecV were invasive. This value is higher than that of ST59‐SCCmecVa caused infections (14/59, 23.7%) (p = 0.03). This study showed that neonatal CA‐MRSA infections in China readily become invasive, involve multiple organs, and are often accompanied by complications. The SCCmec V clone may be more pathogenic than the SCCmecVIa clone.
The bumpy road to ‘becoming’: capturing the stories that teenage mothers told about their journey into motherhood
Authors: Leese Maggie 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the experience of women who become mothers during their teenage years is central to ensuring that the support that is offered is appropriate to meet their needs. This paper reports on a small part of a larger ethnographic study that captured the lived experience of young mothers who were between the ages of 16 and 19 years that potentially typifies and illuminates the experiences of young women who become mothers in their teenage years. By collecting data from narrative interviews as well as participant and non‐participant observations over an extended period of time it was possible to identify how the young women experienced a range of difficulties as they made their transition into motherhood. Drawing on the findings, this paper argues that this transition for teenage mothers can be significantly different from the experience of older mothers, and it identifies the importance of appropriate support to mediate the challenges that they face. Understanding the young women's journey to ‘becoming’ is critical when planning services because if their experience of support is negative, it can lead to increased levels of maternal stress and reluctance to engage with support services.
Priority effects on the life‐history traits of two carrion blow fly (Diptera, Calliphoridae) species
Authors: BRUNDAGE ADRIENNE , BENBOW MARK ERIC , TOMBERLIN JEFFERY K. 
Published: August 2014

1. Third instars of the invasive blow fly Chrysomya rufifacies are facultative predators on larvae of the native blow fly Cochliomyia macellaria.2. The effects of priority arrival time on the survivorship and fitness of C. rufifacies and C. macellaria were investigated in laboratory experiments.3. Cochliomyia macellaria colonising a resource within 1–2 days after C. rufifacies resulted in a 20–70% reduction in survivorship, pupal weight and fecundity compared with those colonising a resource more than 2 days before or after C. rufifacies. Inversely, C. rufifacies exhibited a 50% increase in survivorship and fecundity when closely (∼2 days) associated temporally on the resource with C. macellaria and was negatively affected by disparate arrival.4. These results demonstrate that arrival sequence significantly affects the fitness of both C. rufifacies and C. macellaria. Early colonisation may allow C. macellaria to persist in a community, while there are fitness benefits for C. rufifacies colonising after C. macellaria.5. The 60% reduction in C. macellaria survivorship when in close temporal association with C. rufifacies may act as an agent of selection for C. macellaria to colonise a resource early and develop quickly to avoid predation on resources colonised by C. rufifacies.6. Selection for such traits may explain how C. macellaria is able to persist despite intraguild predation by this invasive species. In contrast, the 50% increase in survivorship and fecundity exhibited by C. rufifacies when arriving after C. macellaria may select for C. rufifacies to delay colonisation.
Is there a Positive Risk‐Return Tradeoff? A Forward‐Looking Approach to Measuring the Equity Premium
Authors: Koutmos Dimitrios 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article revisits the puzzling time‐series relation between risk and return on the stock market portfolio. It replaces the standard ex post mean returns with forward‐looking calculations of the equity risk premium derived from the classic Gordon stock valuation model. The article estimates the equity premium for several industrialised markets and finds that conditional market risk is significantly priced in the context of asset pricing theory both in the short‐ and long‐run using various specifications for volatility. Findings herein lend credible support for the presence of a positive intertemporal risk‐return relation and suggest that perhaps ex post realised returns are unjustifiably used to make ex ante inferences regarding expected returns and to motivate asset pricing tests.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and grain arsenic levels in rice systems
Authors: Linquist Bruce A. , Anders Merle M. , Adviento‐Borbe Maria Arlene A. , Chaney Rufus L. , Nalley L. Lanier , da Rosa Eliete F.F. , van Kessel Chris 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAgriculture is faced with the challenge of providing healthy food for a growing population at minimal environmental cost. Rice (Oryza sativa), the staple crop for the largest number of people on earth, is grown under flooded soil conditions and uses more water and has higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than most crops. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that alternate wetting and drying (AWD – flooding the soil and then allowing to dry down before being reflooded) water management practices will maintain grain yields and concurrently reduce water use, greenhouse gas emissions and arsenic (As) levels in rice. Various treatments ranging in frequency and duration of AWD practices were evaluated at three locations over 2 years. Relative to the flooded control treatment and depending on the AWD treatment, yields were reduced by <1–13%; water‐use efficiency was improved by 18–63%, global warming potential (GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions) reduced by 45–90%, and grain As concentrations reduced by up to 64%. In general, as the severity of AWD increased by allowing the soil to dry out more between flood events, yields declined while the other benefits increased. The reduction in GWP was mostly attributed to a reduction in CH4 emissions as changes in N2O emissions were minimal among treatments. When AWD was practiced early in the growing season followed by flooding for remainder of season, similar yields as the flooded control were obtained but reduced water use (18%), GWP (45%) and yield‐scaled GWP (45%); although grain As concentrations were similar or higher. This highlights that multiple environmental benefits can be realized without sacrificing yield but there may be trade‐offs to consider. Importantly, adoption of these practices will require that they are economically attractive and can be adapted to field scales.
Change in algal symbiont communities after bleaching, not prior heat exposure, increases heat tolerance of reef corals
Authors: Silverstein Rachel N. , Cunning Ross , Baker Andrew C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMutualistic organisms can be particularly susceptible to climate change stress, as their survivorship is often limited by the most vulnerable partner. However, symbiotic plasticity can also help organisms in changing environments by expanding their realized niche space. Coral–algal (Symbiodinium spp.) symbiosis exemplifies this dichotomy: the partnership is highly susceptible to ‘bleaching’ (stress‐induced symbiosis breakdown), but stress‐tolerant symbionts can also sometimes mitigate bleaching. Here, we investigate the role of diverse and mutable symbiotic partnerships in increasing corals' ability to thrive in high temperature conditions. We conducted repeat bleaching and recovery experiments on the coral Montastraea cavernosa, and used quantitative PCR and chlorophyll fluorometry to assess the structure and function of Symbiodinium communities within coral hosts. During an initial heat exposure (32 °C for 10 days), corals hosting only stress‐sensitive symbionts (Symbiodinium C3) bleached, but recovered (at either 24 °C or 29 °C) with predominantly (>90%) stress‐tolerant symbionts (Symbiodinium D1a), which were not detected before bleaching (either due to absence or extreme low abundance). When a second heat stress (also 32 °C for 10 days) was applied 3 months later, corals that previously bleached and were now dominated by D1a Symbiodinium experienced less photodamage and symbiont loss compared to control corals that had not been previously bleached, and were therefore still dominated by Symbiodinium C3. Additional corals that were initially bleached without heat by a herbicide (DCMU, at 24 °C) also recovered predominantly with D1a symbionts, and similarly lost fewer symbionts during subsequent thermal stress. Increased thermotolerance was also not observed in C3‐dominated corals that were acclimated for 3 months to warmer temperatures (29 °C) before heat stress. These findings indicate that increased thermotolerance post‐bleaching resulted from symbiont community composition changes, not prior heat exposure. Moreover, initially undetectable D1a symbionts became dominant only after bleaching, and were critical to corals' resilience after stress and resistance to future stress.
Palaeosol Control of Arsenic Pollution: The Bengal Basin in West Bengal, India
Authors: Ghosal U. , Sikdar P.K. , McArthur J.M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGroundwater in the Bengal Basin is badly polluted by arsenic (As) which adversely affects human health. To provide low‐As groundwater for As mitigation, it was sought across 235 km2 of central West Bengal, in the western part of the basin. By drilling 76 boreholes and chemical analysis of 535 water wells, groundwater with <10 µg/L As in shallow aquifers was found under one‐third of a study area. The groundwater is in late Pleistocene palaeo‐interfluvial aquifers of weathered brown sand that are capped by a palaeosol of red clay. The aquifers form two N‐S trending lineaments that are bounded on the east by an As‐polluted deep palaeo‐channel aquifer and separated by a shallower palaeo‐channel aquifer. The depth to the top of the palaeo‐interfluvial aquifers is mostly between 35 and 38 m below ground level (mbgl). The palaeo‐interfluvial aquifers are overlain by shallow palaeo‐channel aquifers of gray sand in which groundwater is usually As‐polluted. The palaeosol now protects the palaeo‐interfluvial aquifers from downward migration of As‐polluted groundwater in overlying shallow palaeo‐channel aquifers.The depth to the palaeo‐interfluvial aquifers of 35 to 38 mbgl makes the cost of their exploitation affordable to most of the rural poor of West Bengal, who can install a well cheaply to depths up to 60 mbgl. The protection against pollution afforded by the palaeosol means that the palaeo‐interfluvial aquifers will provide a long‐term source of low‐As groundwater to mitigate As pollution of groundwater in the shallower, heavily used, palaeo‐channel aquifers. This option for mitigation is cheap to employ and instantly available.
Biogeographical variation in arthropod communities on coyote bush, Baccharis pilularis
Authors: Noelia Barrios‐Garcia Maria , Rodriguez‐Cabal Mariano A. , González Angélica L. , Crutsinger Gregory M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

A classic pattern in biogeography is the decline in species richness from lower to higher latitudes. Communities, however, can also vary with other geographical patterns, such as the abiotic gradients that occur from coastal to interior habitats.

In this study, we surveyed arthropod communities and herbivore pressure on populations of a dominant shrub, Baccharis pilularis, across a 2000 km latitudinal transect to determine whether coastal versus interior location mediates arthropod responses to latitude.

We found that arthropod species richness and abundance declined with increasing latitude. We also found significant coastal‐interior shifts in community composition and trophic structure. Specifically, predator and scavenger richness were two and three fold greater at coastal sites compared to interior sites, and were three‐ and six‐fold more abundant on the coast than in the interior. Herbivore pressure displayed a similar pattern, with greater abundance at lower latitudes and at coastal sites.

Our results corroborate the general macroecological pattern that diversity declines with increasing latitude, and that coastal versus interior location can also shape community assemblages. We did not, however, find any interaction between latitude and location suggesting the effect of latitude on arthropod communities remains consistent inland compared to more constant coastal conditions.
Effect of Al2O3 Addition on the Flexural Strength and Light‐Transmission Properties of Bone China
Authors: Zhang Yin , Yang Yuquan , Li Wenda , Ren Yunpeng 
Published: August 2014

To improve the flexural strength and light‐transmission properties of bone china, the effects of adding different amounts of alumina (0–3%) to bone china bodies were studied and the phase composition and microstructure of different samples were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, physical properties, such as the bulk density, the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and thermal shock resistance, were studied. It was found that adding alumina increased the overall sintering temperature while reducing the sintering temperature range of bone china. Furthermore, addition of 1% Al2O3 improved the tree‐point flexural strength from 120 MPa to 150 MPa, the light transmittance (at 2 mm thickness) from 6.7% to 7.5%, the thermal expansion coefficient from 8.4 × 10−6°C−1 to 8.1 × 10−6°C−1 and the thermal shock resistance from 140°C to 180°C. Higher corundum content results in similar high flexural strength but lower light transmittance.
PTEN loss in biopsy tissue predicts poor clinical outcomes in prostate cancer
Authors: Mithal Prabhakar , Allott Emma , Gerber Leah , Reid Julia , Welbourn William , Tikishvili Eliso , Park Jimmy , Younus Adib , Sangale Zaina , Lanchbury Jerry S , Stone Steven , Freedland Stephen J 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether PTEN status in prostate biopsy represents a predictor of intermediate and long‐term oncological outcomes after radical prostatectomy, and whether PTEN status predicts response to androgen deprivation therapy.MethodsIn a retrospective analysis of 77 men treated by radical prostatectomy who underwent diagnostic biopsy between 1992–2006, biopsy samples were stained for PTEN expression by the PREZEON assay with >10% staining reported as positive. Cox proportional hazards and log–rank models were used to assess the correlation between PTEN loss and clinical outcomes.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up period after radical prostatectomy of 8.8 years, 39 men (51%) developed biochemical recurrence, four (5%) had castration‐resistant prostate cancer, two (3%) had metastasis and two (3%) died from prostate cancer. PTEN loss was not significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 0.9–5.1, P = 0.10), but significantly predicted increased risk of castration‐resistant prostate cancer, metastasis and prostate cancer‐specific mortality (all log–rank, P < 0.0001), and time from androgen deprivation therapy to castration‐resistant prostate cancer (log–rank, P = 0.003). No patient without PTEN loss developed metastases or died from prostate cancer.ConclusionsPTEN loss at the time of biopsy seems to predict time to development of metastasis, prostate cancer‐specific mortality and, for the first time, castration‐resistant prostate cancer and response to androgen deprivation therapy after radical prostatectomy. If confirmed by larger studies, this would support the use of PTEN loss as an early marker of aggressive prostate cancer.