bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing frequency of severe clinical toxicity after use of 2,4-dinitrophenol in the UK: a report from the National Poisons Information Service
Authors: Kamour Ashraf , George Nathan , Gwynnette David , Cooper Gillian , Lupton David , Eddleston Michael , Thompson John Paul , Vale John Allister , Thanacoody Harry Krishna Ruben , Hill Simon , Thomas Simon Hugh Lynton 
Published: June 2014

Objective2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) increases energy consumption by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Although not licensed as a medicine, it is sometimes used by ‘body sculptors’ and for weight loss as a ‘fat burning’ agent. This research was performed to characterise patterns of presentation, clinical features and outcomes of patients reported to the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) in the UK after exposure to DNP.MethodsNPIS telephone enquiry records and user sessions for TOXBASE, the NPIS online information database, related to DNP, were reviewed from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2013.ResultsOf the 30 separate systemic exposures to DNP reported by telephone to NPIS during the study period (27 males, 3 females, with a median age of 23.5 years), there were 3 during 2007–2011 (inclusive), 5 during 2012 and 22 during 2013. TOXBASE user sessions also increased sharply from 6 in 2011 to 35 in 2012 and 331 in 2013. The modes of exposure reported in telephone enquiries were chronic (n=2), acute (n=12) and subacute (n=16). Commonly reported clinical features were fever (47%), tachycardia (43%), sweating (37%), nausea or vomiting (27%), skin discolouration or rash (23%), breathing difficulties (23%), abdominal pain (23%), agitation (13%) and headache (13%). There were five (17%, 95% CI 6.9% to 34%) fatalities, four involving acute overdose.ConclusionsThe study indicates a substantial recent increase in clinical presentations with toxicity caused by exposure to DNP in the UK with an associated high mortality. Further steps are needed to warn potential users of the severe and sometimes fatal toxicity that may occur after exposure to this compound.
RESPOND—a patient-centred programme to prevent secondary falls in older people presenting to the emergency department with a fall: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Barker A L , Cameron P A , Hill K D , Flicker L , Haines T P , Lowthian J A , Waldron N , Arendts G , Redfern J , Forbes A , Brand C A , Etherton-Beer C D , Hill A M , Hunter P , Nyman S R , Smit D 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionParticipation in falls prevention activities by older people following presentation to the emergency department (ED) with a fall is suboptimal. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) will test the RESPOND programme, an intervention designed to improve older persons’ participation in falls prevention activities through delivery of patient-centred education and behaviour change strategies.Design and settingA RCT at two tertiary referral EDs in Melbourne and Perth, Australia.Participants528 community-dwelling people aged 60–90 years presenting to the ED with a fall and discharged home will be recruited. People who require an interpreter or hands-on assistance to walk; live in residential aged care or >50 km from the trial hospital; have terminal illness, cognitive impairment, documented aggressive behaviour or a history of psychosis; are receiving palliative care or are unable to use a telephone will be excluded.MethodsParticipants will be randomly allocated to the RESPOND intervention or standard care control group. RESPOND incorporates (1) a home-based risk factor assessment; (2) education, coaching, goal setting and follow-up telephone support for management of one or more of four risk factors with evidence of effective interventions and (3) healthcare provider communication and community linkage delivered over 6 months. Primary outcomes are falls and fall injuries per person-year.DiscussionRESPOND builds on prior falls prevention learnings and aims to help individuals make guided decisions about how they will manage their falls risk. Patient-centred models have been successfully trialled in chronic and cardiovascular disease; however, evidence to support this approach in falls prevention is limited.Trial registration numberThe protocol for this study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000336684).
Robotic cardiac surgery: an anaesthetic challenge
Authors: Wang Gang , Gao Changqing 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Robotic cardiac surgery with the da Vinci robotic surgical system offers the benefits of a minimally invasive procedure, including a smaller incision and scar, reduced risk of infection, less pain and trauma, less bleeding and blood transfusion requirements, shorter hospital stay and decreased recovery time. Robotic cardiac surgery includes extracardiac and intracardiac procedures. Extracardiac procedures are often performed on a beating heart. Intracardiac procedures require the aid of peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass via a minithoracotomy. Robotic cardiac surgery, however, poses challenges to the anaesthetist, as the obligatory one-lung ventilation (OLV) and CO2 insufflation may reduce cardiac output and increase pulmonary vascular resistance, potentially resulting in hypoxaemia and haemodynamic compromise. In addition, surgery requires appropriate positioning of specialised cannulae such as an endopulmonary vent, endocoronary sinus catheter, and endoaortic clamp catheter under the guidance of transoesophageal echocardiography. Therefore, cardiac anaesthetists should have a working knowledge of these systems, OLV and haemodynamic support.
Physical analogue modelling of Martian dyke-induced deformation
Authors: Wyrick Danielle Y. , Morris Alan P. , Todt Mary K. , Watson-Morris Morgan J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Tharsis region of Mars is characterized by large volcanic and tectonic centres that have been active throughout Martian geological history, including distinct sets of graben that extend radially for distances of hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Formation of these graben has been attributed to crustal extension and/or dyke propagation. Physical analogue models using layered sand and liquid paraffin wax were constructed to test the magnitude and style of deformation in the host rock associated with dyke injection. A variety of igneous morphologies was produced, including dykes and plugs. Results suggest that, in the absence of pre-existing faults, vertical dykes do not produce significant deformation in the surrounding rock. Deformation associated with other magmatic intrusions produced primarily contractional features rather than extensional features, similar to previous numerical studies and terrestrial field investigations.
Fusing and disaggregating models, data and analysis tools for a dynamic science–society interface
Authors: Rowe E. C. , Wright D. G. , Bertrand N. , Reis S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Society requires rapid, most-probable predictions for specific and/or multifaceted questions related to environmental and geological science. In principle, models that encapsulate disciplinary knowledge are useful tools for making predictions and testing theory, but academic rewards favour disciplinary specialism and a proliferation of often insufficiently tested models. Decision makers have to assess the quality and robustness of predictions for complex environmental issues, and may prefer a model that performs accurately in a case study to a more parsimonious and generalizable model. Predictive ecosystem models tend to grow, as more processes are considered, even when a simpler model may be more appropriate and give results that are easier to interpret within a policy-relevant timeframe. Model fusion provides a practical way to combine knowledge from different disciplines, but can accelerate model growth. How then can we facilitate the evolution of useful predictive models? Coherent design is essential. When combining models it is often necessary to resolve overlapping scope, so tools need to allow for the disaggregation of model implementations as well as their fusion. Modelling software and integration frameworks can help resolve technical constraints, but to make models useful and used it is essential to involve stakeholders in their design and interpretation.
Towards Kurdish Information Retrieval
Authors: Esmaili Kyumars Sheykh , Salavati Shahin , Datta Anwitaman 
Published: June 2014

The Kurdish language is an Indo-European language spoken in Kurdistan, a large geographical region in the Middle East. Despite having a large number of speakers, Kurdish is among the less-resourced languages and has not seen much attention from the IR and NLP research communities. This article reports on the outcomes of a project aimed at providing essential resources for processing Kurdish texts.
A principal output of this project is Pewan, the first standard Test Collection to evaluate Kurdish Information Retrieval systems. The other language resources that we have built include a lightweight stemmer and a list of stopwords.
Our second principal contribution is using these newly-built resources to conduct a thorough experimental study on Kurdish documents. Our experimental results show that normalization, and to a lesser extent, stemming, can greatly improve the performance of Kurdish IR systems.
Methane Steam Reforming over an Ni-YSZ Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode in Stack Configuration
Authors: Mogensen D. , Grunwaldt J.-D. , Hendriksen P. V. , Nielsen J. U. , Dam-Johansen K. 
Published: June 2014

The kinetics of catalytic steam reforming of methane over an Ni-YSZ anode of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have been investigated with the cell placed in a stack configuration. In order to decrease the degree of conversion, a single cell stack with reduced area was used. Measurements were performed in the temperature range 600–800°C and the partial pressures of all reactants and products were varied. The obtained rates could be well fitted with a power law expression (r ∝PCH40.7). A simple model is presented which is capable of predicting the methane conversion in a stack configuration from intrinsic kinetics of the anode support material. The predictions are compared with the stack measurements presented here, and good agreement is observed.
The Behavior of an SVIR Epidemic Model with Stochastic Perturbation
Authors: Zhao Yanan , Jiang Daqing 
Published: June 2014

We discuss a stochastic SIR epidemic model with vaccination. We investigate the asymptotic behavior according to the perturbation and the reproduction numberR0. We deduce the globally asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium whenR0≤ 1and the perturbation is small, which means that the disease will die out. WhenR0>1, we derive that the disease will prevail, which is measured through the difference between the solution and the endemic equilibrium of the deterministic model in time average. The key to our analysis is choosing appropriate Lyapunov functions.
Antitumor Effects in Hepatocarcinoma of Isoform-Selective Inhibition of HDAC2
Authors: Lee Yun-Han , Seo Daekwan , Choi Kyung-Ju , Andersen Jesper B. , Won Min-Ah , Kitade Mitsuteru , Gómez-Quiroz Luis E. , Judge Adam D. , Marquardt Jens U. , Raggi Chiara , Conner Elizabeth A. , MacLachlan Ian , Factor Valentina M. , Thorgeirsson Snorri S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a chromatin modifier involved in epigenetic regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation that is upregulated commonly in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we show that specific targeting of this HDAC isoform is sufficient to inhibit HCC progression. siRNA-mediated silencing of HDAC inhibited HCC cell growth by blocking cell-cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. These effects were associated with deregulation of HDAC-regulated genes that control cell cycle, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism, specifically, by upregulation of p27 and acetylated p53 and by downregulation of CDK6 and BCL2. We found that HDAC2 silencing in HCC cells also strongly inhibited PPARγ signaling and other regulators of glycolysis (ChREBPα and GLUT4) and lipogenesis (SREBP1C and FAS), eliciting a marked decrease in fat accumulation. Notably, systemic delivery of HDAC2 siRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles was sufficient to blunt the growth of human HCC in a murine xenograft model. Our findings offer preclinical proof-of-concept for HDAC2 blockade as a systemic therapy for liver cancer. Cancer Res; 74(17); 4752–61. ©2014 AACR.
A Multiparametric Serum Marker Panel as a Complementary Test to Mammography for the Diagnosis of Node-Negative Early-Stage Breast Cancer and DCIS in Young Women
Authors: Lacombe Jérôme , Mangé Alain , Bougnoux Anne-Claire , Prassas Ioannis , Solassol Jérôme 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background: The sensitivity of mammography for the detection of small lesions, including node-negative early-stage (T1N0) primary breast cancer (PBC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is significantly decreased in young patients. From a clinical standpoint, an inconclusive mammogram reflects the inability of clinicians to confidently decide whether patients should be referred for biopsy or for follow-up with repeat imaging.
Methods: Specific ELISAs were developed for a panel of 13 well-recognized breast autoantigens (HSP60, FKBP52, PRDX2, PPIA, MUC1, GAL3, PAK2, P53, CCNB1, PHB2, RACK1, RUVBL1, and HER2). Circulating autoantibody levels were measured in a cohort of 396 serum samples from histologically confirmed DCIS (n = 87) or T1N0 PBC (n = 153) and healthy controls (n = 156).
Results: Individually, antibodies against CCNB1, FKBP52, GAL3, PAK2, PRDX2, PPIA, P53, and MUC1 demonstrated discriminatory power between breast cancer and healthy control groups. At 90% sensitivity, the overall combined specificity of the autoantibody serum screening test was 42%. Adjustment for higher sensitivities of 95% and 99% resulted in 30% and 21% specificities, respectively (33% and 18% in T1N0 PBC and 28% and 21% in DCIS). Finally, in patients with node-negative early-stage breast cancer younger than 50 years, the autoantibody assay exhibited 59% specificity with a fixed sensitivity at 90%.
Conclusions: Our autoantibody panel allows accurate detection of early breast cancer and DCIS, notably in younger patients.
Impact: Clinical assessment of this autoantibody panel displays a potential to facilitate clinical management of early-stage breast cancer detection in cases of inconclusive mammogram. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1834–42. ©2014 AACR.
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis After Catheter Ablation
Authors: van Driel Vincent J.H.M. , Neven Kars G.E.J. , van Wessel Harry , du Pré Bastiaan C. , Vink Aryan , Doevendans Pieter A.F.M. , Wittkampf Fred H.M. 
Published: June 2014

Background—
Radiofrequency ablation inside pulmonary vein (PV) ostia can cause PV stenosis. A novel alternative method of ablation is irreversible electroporation, but the long-term response of PVs to electroporation ablation is unknown.

Methods and Results—
In ten 6-month-old pigs (60–75 kg), the response of PVs to circular electroporation and radiofrequency ablation was compared. Ten consecutive, nonarcing, electroporation applications of 200 J were delivered 5 to 10 mm inside 1 of the 2 main PVs, using a custom-deflectable, 18-mm circular decapolar catheter. Inside the other PV, circular radiofrequency ablation was performed using 30 W radiofrequency applications via an irrigated 4-mm ablation catheter. PV angiograms were made before ablation, immediately after ablation, and after 3-month survival. PV diameters and heart size were measured. With electroporation ablation, PV ostial diameter decreased 11±10% directly after ablation, but had increased 19±11% after 3 months. With radiofrequency ablation, PV ostial diameter decreased 23±15% directly after ablation and remained 7±17% smaller after 3 months compared with preablation diameter despite a 21±7% increase in heart size during aging from 6 to 9 months.

Conclusions—
In this porcine model, multiple circumferential 200-J electroporation applications inside the PV ostia do not affect PV diameter at 3-month follow-up. Radiofrequency ablation inside PV ostia causes considerable PV stenosis directly after ablation, which persists after 3 months.
Discontinuation of Smokeless Tobacco and Mortality Risk After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Arefalk Gabriel , Hambraeus Kristina , Lind Lars , Michaëlsson Karl , Lindahl Bertil , Sundström Johan 
Published: June 2014

Background—
Given the indications of increased risk for fatal myocardial infarction (MI) in people who use snus, a moist smokeless tobacco product, we hypothesized that discontinuation of snus use after an MI would reduce mortality risk.

Methods and Results—
All patients who were admitted to coronary care units for an MI in Sweden between 2005 and 2009 and were <75 years of age underwent a structured examination 2 months after discharge (the baseline of the present study). We investigated the risk of mortality in post-MI snus quitters (n=675) relative to post-MI continuing snus users (n=1799) using Cox proportional hazards analyses. During follow-up (mean 2.1 years), 83 participants died. The mortality rate was 9.7 (95% confidence interval, 5.7–16.3) per 1000 person-years at risk in post-MI snus quitters and 18.7 (14.8–23.6) per 1000 person-years at risk in post-MI continuing snus users. After adjustment for age and sex, post-MI snus quitters had half the mortality risk of post-MI continuing snus users (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.29–0.91). In a multivariable-adjusted model, the hazard ratio was 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.32–1.02). The corresponding estimate for people who quit smoking after MI versus post-MI continuing smokers was 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.69).

Conclusions—
In this study, discontinuation of snus use after an MI was associated with a nearly halved mortality risk, similar to the benefit associated with smoking cessation. These observations suggest that the use of snus after MI should be discouraged.
The TeleStroke Mimic (TM)‐Score: A Prediction Rule for Identifying Stroke Mimics Evaluated in a Telestroke Network
Authors: Ali Syed F. , Viswanathan Anand , Singhal Aneesh B. , Rost Natalia S. , Forducey Pamela G. , Davis Lawrence W. , Schindler Joseph , Likosky William , Schlegel Sherene , Solenski Nina , Schwamm Lee H. ,   on Behalf of Partners Telestroke Network
Published: June 2014

Background

Up to 30% of acute stroke evaluations are deemed stroke mimics (
SM
). As telestroke consultation expands across the world, increasing numbers of
SM
patients are likely being evaluated via Telestroke. We developed a model to prospectively identify ischemic
SM
s during Telestroke evaluation.

Methods and Results

We analyzed 829 consecutive patients from January 2004 to April 2013 in our internal New England–based Partners TeleStroke Network for a derivation cohort, and 332 cases for internal validation. External validation was performed on 226 cases from January 2008 to August 2012 in the Partners National TeleStroke Network. A predictive score was developed using stepwise logistic regression, and its performance was assessed using receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. There were 23% SM in the derivation, 24% in the internal, and 22% in external validation cohorts based on final clinical diagnosis. Compared to those with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (
iCVD
), SM had lower mean age, fewer vascular risk factors, more frequent prior seizure, and a different profile of presenting symptoms. The TeleStroke Mimic Score (TM‐Score) was based on factors independently associated with SM status including age, medical history (atrial fibrillation, hypertension, seizures), facial weakness, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale >14. The TM‐Score performed well on ROC curve analysis (derivation cohort AUC=0.75, internal validation AUC=0.71, external validation AUC=0.77).

Conclusions

SMs differ substantially from their
iCVD
counterparts in their vascular risk profiles and other characteristics. Decision‐support tools based on predictive models, such as our TM Score, may help clinicians consider alternate diagnosis and potentially detect SMs during complex, time‐critical telestroke evaluations.
Trial History Effects in the Ventral Attentional Network
Authors: Scalf Paige E. , Ahn JeeWon , Beck Diane M. , Lleras Alejandro 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The ventral attentional network (VAN) is thought to drive “stimulus driven attention” [e.g., Asplund, C. L., Todd, J. J., Snyder, A. P., & Marois, R. A central role for the lateral prefrontal cortex in goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 507–512, 2010; Shulman, G. L., McAvoy, M. P., Cowan, M. C., Astafiev, S. V., Tansy, A. P., D' Avossa, G., et al. Quantitative analysis of attention and detection signals during visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 3384–3397, 2003]; in other words, it instantiates within the current stimulus environment the top–down attentional biases maintained by the dorsal attention network [e.g., Kincade, J. M., Abrams, R. A., Astafiev, S. V., Shulman, G. L., & Corbetta, M. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of voluntary and stimulus-driven orienting of attention. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 25, 4593–4604, 2005]. Previous work has shown that the dorsal attentional network is sensitive to trial history, such that it is challenged by changes in task goals and facilitated by repetition thereof [e.g., Kristjánsson, A., Vuilleumier, P., Schwartz, S., Macaluso, E., & Driver, J. Neural basis for priming of pop-out during visual search revealed with fMRI. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1612–1624, 2007]. Here, we investigate whether the VAN also preserves information across trials such that it is challenged when previously rejected stimuli become task relevant. We used fMRI to investigate the sensitivity of the ventral attentional system to prior history effects as measured by the distractor preview effect. This behavioral phenomenon reflects a bias against stimuli that have historically not supported task performance. We found regions traditionally considered to be part of the VAN (right middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus) [Shulman, G. L., McAvoy, M. P., Cowan, M. C., Astafiev, S. V., Tansy, A. P., D' Avossa, G., et al. Quantitative analysis of attention and detection signals during visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 3384–3397, 2003] to be more active when task-relevant stimuli had not supported task performance in a previous trial than when they had. Investigations of the ventral visual system suggest that this effect is more reliably driven by trial history preserved within the VAN than that preserved within the visual system per se. We conclude that VAN maintains its interactions with top–down stimulus biases and bottom–up stimulation across time, allowing previous experience with the stimulus environment to influence attentional biases under current circumstances.