bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon isotope signatures of pedogenic carbonates from SE China: rapid atmospheric pCO2 changes during middle–late Early Cretaceous time
Authors: LI XIANGHUI , JENKYNS HUGH C. , ZHANG CHAOKAI , WANG YIN , LIU LING , CAO KE 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLower Cretaceous pedogenic carbonates exposed in SE China have been dated by U–Pb isotope measurements on single zircons taken from intercalated volcanic rocks, and the ages integrated with existing stratigraphy. δ13C values of calcretes range from –7.0‰ to –3.0‰ and can be grouped into five episodes of increasing–decreasing values. The carbon isotope proxy derived from these palaeosol carbonates suggests pCO2 mostly in the range 1000–2000 parts per million by volume (ppmV) at S(z) (CO2 contributed by soil respiration) = 2500 ppmV and 25°C during the Hauterivian–Albian interval (c. 30 Ma duration). Such atmospheric CO2 levels are 4–8 times pre-industrial values, almost double those estimated by geochemical modelling and much higher than those established from stomatal indices in fossil plants. Rapid rises in pCO2 are identified for early Hauterivian, middle Barremian, late Aptian, early Albian and middle Albian time, and rapid falls for intervening periods. These episodic cyclic changes in pCO2 are not attributed to local tectonism and volcanism but rather to global changes. The relationship between reconstructed pCO2 and the development of large igneous provinces (LIPs) remains unclear, although large-scale extrusion of basalt may well be responsible for relatively high atmospheric levels of this greenhouse gas. Suggested levels of relatively low pCO2 correspond in timing to intervals of regional to global enrichment of marine carbon in sediments and negative carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions characteristic of the oceanic anoxic events OAE1a (Selli Event), Kilian and Paquier events (constituting part of the OAE 1b cluster) and OAE1d. Short-term episodes of high pCO2 coincide with negligible carbon isotope excursions associated with the Faraoni Event and the Jacob Event. Given that episodes of regional organic carbon burial would draw down CO2 and negative δ13C excursions indicate the addition of isotopically light carbon to the ocean–atmosphere system, controls on the carbon cycle in controlling pCO2 during Early Cretaceous time were clearly complex and made more so by atmospheric composition also being affected by changes in silicate weathering intensity.
ALIENS IN THE ASYLUM: IMMIGRATION AND MADNESS IN GOLD COAST
Authors: Heaton Matthew M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article examines the experiences of immigrants from British and French West African colonies in the Accra lunatic asylum in the first half of the twentieth century. Placing particular emphasis on how immigrants got into and out of the asylum, the article argues that immigrants were marginalized and manipulated by colonial psychiatric institutions to a greater extent than non-migrant colonial subjects in Gold Coast. In making this argument, the article argues for the value of adding colonial origin and subjecthood to the racial and gendered perspectives that have dominated the history of health and medicine in Africa to date.
SOUTH SUDANESE ARABIC AND THE NEGOTIATION OF THE LOCAL STATE,c. 1840–2011
Authors: Leonardi Cherry 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article explores the history of the creole South Sudanese Arabic language from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. It analyses the historical evidence of language use in the light of insights drawn from linguistic studies of creolisation to argue that South Sudanese Arabic became an innovative and necessary means of communication among multiple actors within new fields of interaction. The article argues that these fields of interaction were both the product and the arena of local state formation. Rather than marking the boundary of the state, the spread of this creole language indicates the enlarging arenas of participation in the local state. The development and use of South Sudanese Arabic as an unofficial lingua franca of local government, trade, and urbanisation demonstrates that communication and negotiation among local actors has been central to the long-term processes of state formation in South Sudan.
Throat-related quality of life in peritonsillar abscess sufferers: application of the adult tonsil outcome inventory
Authors: Powell J , Powell E L , Conroy K , Hopkins C , Moor J W , Wilson J A 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjective:To investigate throat-related quality of life in peritonsillar abscess sufferers.Method:The adult tonsil outcome inventory questionnaire, which is a validated throat-related quality of life tool, was administered to individuals who had recently suffered a peritonsillar abscess and to control subjects.Results:The mean inventory score was significantly higher (reflecting poorer throat-related quality of life) in peritonsillar abscess sufferers (n = 55, mean score 25.8 out of 100) than in age- and gender-matched controls (n = 55, mean score 8.7) (p < 0.001). Neither gender nor interval between episode of peritonsillar abscess and inventory completion date were significantly correlated with the overall questionnaire scores. However, younger abscess sufferers reported greater symptom severity and throat-related quality of life impact than older abscess sufferers.Conclusion:Peritonsillar abscess had a significant impact on throat-related quality of life. In many, peritonsillar abscess represented an acute episode on a background of chronic throat problems. For optimal management, notably the place and timing of tonsillectomy, this impact should be taken into account. The adult tonsil outcome inventory is an ideal tool for use in clinical practice.
Coxiella burnetii(Q fever) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia during the warm season in Germany
Authors: SCHACK M. , SACHSE S. , RÖDEL J. , FRANGOULIDIS D. , PLETZ M. W. , ROHDE G. U. , STRAUBE E. , BODEN K. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYQ fever is a notifiable disease in Germany. The majority of the reported cases are related to outbreaks. The objective of our study was to evaluate the general role of Q fever in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We investigated respiratory samples and sera from 255 patients with CAP, who were enrolled into a CAPNETZ cohort in summer 2005. Altogether, our data showed a significant prevalence of Q fever as CAP (3·5%). If a patient's condition leads to a diagnostic test forChlamydophilasp.,Mycoplasmasp. orLegionellasp., then a Q fever diagnostic test should also be included. In particular, ELISA as a first diagnostic step is easy to perform. PCR should be performed at an early stage of the disease if no antibodies are detectable. Because of our highly promising findings we suggest performing PCR in respiratory samples.
Effects of Stocking Density on Survival and Yield of North American Burbot Reared under Semi‐Intensive Conditions
Authors: Barron James M. , Jensen Nathan R. , Anders Paul J. , Egan Joshua P. , Ireland Susan C. , Cain Kenneth D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of six stocking densities on the survival and yield of larval Burbot Lota lota in a semi‐intensive culture setting were investigated over a 3‐year period. A stocking initiation trial indicated that a stocking date of at least 45 d after the first exogenous feeding (DPEF) would yield surviving juveniles after a 108‐d semi‐intensive culture period. Following this, stocking density was investigated, and larval Burbot were stocked into in‐ground outdoor tanks 45 DPEF at densities of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 larvae/m2. Tanks were harvested after 65 d, and the trials were repeated over two consecutive years. At harvest, the mean TL of fish ranged from 41 to 68 mm and the mean weight from 0.5 to 2.1 g over both years. Survival ranged from 1.0% to 12.7%, with lower stocking densities exhibiting higher survival. An exponential decay model revealed a significant influence of stocking density on survival, with 50 larvae/m2 being predicted to provide the highest survival and the maximum yield being predicted to occur at 100/m2. These results indicate that a stocking density of 100 larvae/m2 should not be exceeded under the conditions described in this study. This experiment demonstrated that semi‐intensive culture strategies can be successfully adapted for North American Burbot. Relative to other culture methods, this semi‐intensive approach may represent a less labor‐intensive and less costly method of efficiently producing Burbot for conservation or commercial production programs.
Artificial Marker Selection and Subsequent Tagging Evaluations with Juvenile Burbot
Authors: Ashton Neil K. , Ireland Susan C. , Cain Kenneth D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA conservation program developed by regional stakeholders incorporates stock enhancement as one of several approaches to restore an imperiled BurbotLota lotapopulation native to Idaho and British Columbia. Tagging juvenile fish is pivotal to stock enhancement monitoring; however, limited information is currently available on marks or tags applied to Burbot. We identified six criteria to guide artificial marker selection that are specific to imperiled juvenile fish. A short‐term experiment with age‐0 Burbot (65–92 mm TL) tested fin clips, freeze brands, visible implant elastomer, passive integrated transponders, and an unmarked control group. At 4 weeks posttagging, no significant differences were found between marking treatments with respect to fish survival (100%), absolute growth rate (0.15 ± 0.06 mm/d), specific growth rate (0.55 ± 0.32 g·g−1·d−1), or condition factor (0.64 ± 0.05). Mean tag retention ranged from 88% to 100%, and no significant differences were detected between treatments. Recognition of dorsal freeze brands differed significantly between two independent tag assessments. Overall, we found no adverse short‐term effects and high tag retention in this preliminary trial of seven artificial marks applied to hatchery‐reared Burbot.
Feeding Ecology of Pelagic Larval Burbot in Northern Lake Huron, Michigan
Authors: George Ellen M. , Roseman Edward F. , Davis Bruce M. , O'Brien Timothy P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBurbotLota lotaare a key demersal piscivore across the Laurentian Great Lakes whose populations have declined by about 90% in recent decades. Larval Burbot typically hatch in the early spring and rely on abundant crustacean zooplankton prey. We examined the stomach contents of larval Burbot from inshore (≤15 m) and offshore sites (37 and 91 m) in northern Lake Huron, Michigan. Concurrent zooplankton vertical tows at the same sites showed that the prey community was dominated by calanoid copepods, dreissenid mussel veligers, and rotifers. Burbot consumed mostly cyclopoid copepods, followed by copepod nauplii and calanoid copepods. Chesson's index of selectivity was calculated and compared among sites and months for individual Burbot. According to this index, larval Burbot exhibited positive selection for cyclopoid copepods and copepod nauplii and negative selection for calanoid copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, and dreissenid veligers. This selectivity was consistent across sites and throughout the sampling period. Burbot displayed little variation in their prey preferences during the larval stage, which suggests that the recent shifts in zooplankton abundance due to the invasion of the predatory zooplankterBythotrephes longimanusand competition from invasive Rainbow SmeltOsmerus mordaxcould negatively impact larval Burbot populations.
A Synthesis of Kootenai River Burbot Stock History and Future Management Goals
Authors: Hardy Ryan , Paragamian Vaughn L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn Idaho, Burbot Lota lota are endemic only to the Kootenai River, where they once provided an important winter fishery to the indigenous people and European settlers. This fishery and that of Kootenay Lake in British Columbia may have been the most robust Burbot fisheries in North America. However, the fishery in Idaho rapidly declined after the construction of Libby Dam by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1972, and it closed in 1992. Concomitant to the collapse in Idaho was the collapse of the Burbot fishery in Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River. The operation of Libby Dam for hydroelectric power generation and flood control created major changes in the river's nutrient concentration, temperature, and seasonal discharge, particularly during the winter when Burbot spawn. Libby Dam operations were implicated as the major limiting factor to Burbot recruitment, giving rise to higher winter temperatures and widely fluctuating flows. Because the Burbot in the Kootenai River are at risk of demographic extinction, a conservation strategy was prepared to outline the measures necessary to rehabilitate the Burbot population to a self‐sustaining level. The strategy indicated that operational discharge changes at Libby Dam are required during winter to provide suitable temperature and discharge conditions for Burbot migration and spawning. Studies recommend that the discharge at Bonners Ferry average 176 m3/s for a minimum of 90 d (mid‐November through mid‐February). Furthermore, preferred Burbot water temperatures of about 6°C are necessary for migration and cooler temperatures of 1–4°C for spawning. With each passing year, Burbot stock limitations increasingly constrain rehabilitation. Thus, coordination of intensive culture, extensive rearing, and pen rearing among the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, the University of Idaho's Aquatic Research Institute, and the Idaho Department of Fish and Game is important for restoration.
Stability in Life History Characteristics among Burbot Populations across Environmental Gradients
Authors: Cott Peter A. , Johnston Tom A. , Gunn John M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe examined the variation in the growth, morphometry, life history, and reproductive traits of 24 lake‐dwelling populations of Burbot Lota lota from across Canada with respect to latitude and lake characteristics as well as the differences in these traits between the sexes across populations. Overall, there was stability in most of the life history traits examined vis‐à‐vis the environmental gradients tested (latitude, Secchi depth, lake area, and maximum lake depth). Among populations, spawning dates ranged from the last week of January to mid‐March (most commonly within the first three weeks of February), and date of spawning was not strongly related to latitude or lake characteristics. Liver size and gonad size did not vary significantly with latitude or other lake characteristics, and neither gonad size nor egg size were strongly related to maternal size. However, egg size decreased with latitude and increased with lake area. The proportion of females in nonspawning condition within populations was positively related to Secchi depth and lake area, whereas size at age decreased with Secchi depth. Both swim bladder mass and gas gland mass increased with maximum lake depth. With the exception of the relative liver size of fish in spawning condition, there were was no evidence of sexually dimorphic characteristics in Burbot across populations. The monomorphism of gonad size observed in Burbot across populations is unusual among boreal fishes. The geographic variation in Burbot reproductive ecology observed in this study provides insight into the potential impacts of a changing environment.
Age and Growth of the Common Thresher Shark in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gervelis Brian J. , Natanson Lisa J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAge and growth estimates were generated for the Common Thresher Shark Alopias vulpinus in the western North Atlantic (WNA) using vertebral centra from 173 females and 135 males ranging in size from 56 to 264 cm FL. Assuming that vertebral band pairs were deposited annually, we estimated ages up to 22 years (228 cm FL) for males and 24 years (244 cm FL) for females. The growth of both sexes was similar until approximately age 8 (185 cm FL), after which male growth slowed. The growth of females slowed at a later age (∼age 12) than that of males. Relative goodness of fit for all candidate models supported the separate modeling of sexes. For males, von Bertalanffy growth parameters generated from the vertebral data using a set size at birth (81 cm FL) provided the best fit for the band counts (asymptotic length [L∞] = 225.4 cm FL; growth coefficient [k] = 0.17). For females, the standard three‐parameter von Bertalanffy growth model provided the best fit to the band counts (L∞ = 274.5 cm FL; k = 0.09; theoretical age at a length of zero [t0] = −4.82). These are the first growth parameters generated for Common Thresher Sharks in the WNA and can be used to make informed decisions for the management of this species.
Partial Migration and Diel Movement Patterns in Puget Sound Coho Salmon
Authors: Rohde Jessica , Kagley Anna N. , Fresh Kurt L. , Goetz Fred A. , Quinn Thomas P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPartial migration, a term referring to populations in which only a fraction of the individuals migrate, is a widespread phenomenon among fishes. However, it is not always clear whether there are only two alternatives (migration or residency) or a continuum of movement patterns. For example, Coho SalmonOncorhynchus kisutchare anadromous, and most individuals rear over the continental shelf or in offshore waters of the North Pacific Ocean; however, some Coho Salmon (known as residents) spend all or part of their marine lives within Puget Sound. The movements of residents are poorly documented, and it is unclear whether they ever leave Puget Sound and move to the coast of Washington and to what extent they move within Puget Sound. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to investigate the patterns of movement by immature Coho Salmon in Puget Sound at a series of spatial scales. We tagged 45 resident Coho Salmon in the central basin of Puget Sound with acoustic transmitters and detected their movements with fixed receivers in the Salish Sea. Seven individuals were detected as departing Puget Sound through the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but these fish did not differ in body size, origin (wild or hatchery), or tagging date from fish that remained in Puget Sound. The fish remaining as residents seldom moved between the marine basins of Puget Sound. Within the central basin, deeper/offshore sites had higher frequencies of detection and other indices of site use. Fish were more often present and moved more often at shallow sites close to shore during the night, whereas they were more often present and moved more at deep, offshore sites during the day. We suggest that rather than being a discrete behavior, residence in Puget Sound by Coho Salmon is part of a continuum of migratory behavior patterns.
Comparison of MS‐222 and Electronarcosis as Anesthetics on Cortisol Levels in Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon
Authors: Balazik Matthew T. , Langford Briana C. , Garman Greg C. , Fine Michael L. , Stewart Jennifer K. , Latour Robert J. , McIninch Stephen P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInvasive surgical procedures on sturgeon (family Acipenseridae) are sometimes conducted without anesthesia. We examined plasma cortisol concentrations in Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus exposed to the anesthetic MS‐222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), electronarcosis, or no anesthetic 1 and 24 h after a small incision mimicking an invasive procedure (tag implantation or laparoscopy). We also determined the feasibility of using electronarcosis in the field and the effect of salinity on electronarcosis. One hour after surgery under electronarcosis or MS‐222 anesthesia, cortisol concentrations did not differ significantly from those in untreated controls but all three were significantly lower than the no‐anesthetic group. There were no significant changes between 1‐ and 24‐h blood cortisol concentrations. We recommend electronarcosis as a method to minimize stress in fish studies involving surgical procedures because it avoids the use of toxic chemicals and because induction and recovery are virtually instantaneous.
Sex‐specific acute heart failure phenotypes and outcomes from PROTECT
Authors: Meyer Sven , van der Meer Peter , Massie Barry M. , O'Connor Christopher M. , Metra Marco , Ponikowski Piotr , Teerlink John R. , Cotter Gad , Davison Beth A. , Cleland John G.F. , Givertz Michael M. , Bloomfield Daniel M. , Fiuzat Mona , Dittrich Howard C. , Hillege Hans L. , Voors Adriaan A. 
Published: November 2013

AimsDifferences in manifestation, treatment, and outcomes of acute heart failure between men and women have not been well studied. The objective of this analysis was to characterize differences in clinical presentation, and in‐hospital and post‐discharge outcomes between sexes in acute heart failure patients.Methods and resultsClinical profiles, treatment characteristics, and outcomes were compared between sexes in 2033 patients hospitalized for acute heart failure and impaired renal function. Women comprised 33% of the study population and were older, had higher body mass index, LVEF, and systolic blood pressure, and a greater prevalence of diabetes. At baseline, women showed signs and symptoms of congestion comparable with men, but more often had rales, orthopnoea, and worse renal function. Women were less intensively diuresed, as indicated by lower oral and intravenous diuretic doses used, fewer dose increases, and less total weight loss during hospitalization. Furthermore, hospitalization was slightly but significantly prolonged in women (11.04 ± 7.8 vs. 10.65 ± 8.86 days; P = 0.024). Age‐adjusted 180‐day mortality was lower in women (15.8% vs. 18.5%, hazard ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.59–0.93, P = 0.010), but multivariable risk‐adjusted mortality was similar in both sexes, mainly attributable to lower blood urea nitrogen, higher LVEF, and higher systolic blood pressure in women compared with men.ConclusionsWomen with acute heart failure present with a clinical profile different from that of men, with more hypertension, diabetes, and depression, and a preserved LVEF. During hospitalization, they were less intensively diuresed. Nevertheless, risk‐adjusted 180‐day outcome was similar between sexes.
Meta‐analysis of symptomatic response attributable to the pacing component of cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Sohaib S.M. Afzal , Chen Zhongbo , Whinnett Zachary I. , Bouri Sonia , Dickstein Kenneth , Linde Cecilia , Hayes David L. , Manisty Charlotte H. , Francis Darrel P. 
Published: November 2013

AimsPrognostic benefit from CRT compared with controls is well established. Symptomatic response rates, however, are controversial and have never been systematically evaluated with standard subtraction of control rates to establish the incremental symptomatic response effect of CRT pacing.Methods and resultsFirst, we identified 150 consecutive CRT papers and assessed researchers' perceptions of the symptomatic response to CRT. The mean quoted response rate was 66%. Only 26 studies acknowledged the existence of response without the device. Secondly, we examined actual symptomatic response rates in the randomized trials (CARE‐HF, COMPANION, CONTAK‐CD, MIRACLE, MIRACLE‐ICD, MIRACLE‐ICD II, MUSTIC, and REVERSE) totalling 3904 patients. The NYHA status improved in 51% of those randomized to CRT vs. 35% of controls (incremental effect 16%). This incremental improvement was significantly greater in open studies (with no device for controls) than in blinded studies (control arm receiving a device but no CRT, such as a defibrillator or a CRT programmed off), 20% vs. 13%, P < 0.001.ConclusionsQuoting CRT responder rates in isolation without recognizing spontaneous ‘response’ is common but unwise. The incremental symptomatic response rate from CRT pacing is ∼16%, much lower than widely reported. This value is similar to that for drugs in heart failure and should not be considered disappointing: they both exert powerful prognostic benefits. For scientific purposes, e.g. to explore potential improvements, symptomatic benefit from CRT should be quantified, like all other effects, by comparison with a control.