bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Tumours
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Except for a finer definition of the N categories, there are no basic changes in the breast classification in TNM 7. The subject of isolated tumour cells in regional lymph nodes, which originally referred to single cells and small clusters, has now evolved to a proposal to include “a cluster of fewer than 200 cells in a single histological cross section.”
Cervix Uteri
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Testis
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Carcinoma of Conjunctiva
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Malignant Melanoma of Uvea
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
High‐Throughput Computational Screening of New Li‐Ion Battery Anode Materials
Authors: Kirklin Scott , Meredig Bryce , Wolverton Chris 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe use density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with grand canonical linear programming (GCLP), a powerful automated tool for analyzing ground state thermodynamics, to exhaustively enumerate the 515 thermodynamically stable lithiation reactions of transition metal silicides, stannides and phosphides, and compute cell potential, volume expansion, and capacity for each. These reactions comprise an exhaustive list of all possible thermodynamically stable ternary conversion reactions for these transition metal compounds. The reactions are calculated based on a library DFT energies of 291 compounds, including all transition metal silicides, phosphides and stannides found in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). We screen our computational database for the most appealing anode properties based on gravimetric capacity, volumetric capacity, cell potential, and volume expansion when compared with graphitic carbon anodes. This high‐throughput computational approach points towards several promising anode compositions with properties significantly superior to graphitic carbon, including CoSi2, TiP and NiSi2.
Dietary diversity score is a useful indicator of vitamin A status of adult women in Northern Kenya
Authors: Fujita Masako , Lo Yun‐jia , Baranski Janine R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectives:Diets consisting of diverse food items provide a wide range of nutrients that can enhance nutritional quality of the diet. Few studies have, however, assessed dietary diversity and its effects on micronutrient health in rural populations in field settings. This study assesses how well Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), an indicator of dietary diversity based on a simple count of food groups consumed, predicts the micronutrient status, focusing on serum vitamin A concentration.Methods:We used cross‐sectional data from women in food‐insecure northern Kenya where dietary diversity is likely critical for micronutrient health yet under‐studied. A linear regression model was applied to examine the relationships between DDS and serum retinol concentration. A logistic regression model was used to test DDS as a predictor of vitamin A insufficiency (serum retinol < 1.05 μmol/l).Results:DDS had a significant positive effect on serum retinol concentration (t = 2.01, P = 0.045) after adjusting for age, wealth, acute phase reaction, hemoglobin, vitamin A intake and vitamin A supplementation. A one unit increase in DDS by adding an extra food group in one's diet was significantly less likely to have vitamin A insufficiency (OR = 0.64, P = 0.026) after adjusting for the covariates.Conclusions:Our results indicate that diversified diets enhance vitamin A status relative to narrower diets with equivalent vitamin A content. DDS shows a potential as a low‐cost, field‐friendly method for exploratory assessments of vitamin A status, and a potential as a research tool for human biologists and anthropologists interested in dietary quality and micronutrient health. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How well does the body adiposity index capture adiposity change in midlife women?: The SWAN fat patterning study
Authors: Appelhans Bradley M. , Kazlauskaite Rasa , Karavolos Kelly , Janssen Imke , Kravitz Howard M. , Dugan Sheila , Burns John W. , Shipp‐johnson Karla , Powell Lynda H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectives:The body adiposity index (BAI) is a proposed alternative to the body mass index (BMI) that has shown good cross‐sectional agreement with percent body fat (%BF) in validation studies. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of BAI to track adiposity change over time in a biracial sample of midlife women.Methods:African‐American (n = 159) and Caucasian (n = 206) women, aged 42–60 years, at the Chicago site of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation were followed from 2002 to 2008. BAI and BMI were calculated from measurements taken at annual assessments. %BF was quantified using whole‐body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Difference scores (BAIΔ, BMIΔ, and %BFΔ) quantified adiposity change over a mean of 1.6 (SD = 0.7) years. Lin's concordance correlation (ρc) and Bland–Altman limits‐of‐agreement assessed agreement between BAI and %BF.Results:In examining adiposity change, BAIΔ showed poor agreement with %BFΔ in the overall sample (ρc = 0.41), African‐American women (ρc = 0.36), and Caucasian women (ρc = 0.43). BAIΔ estimated %BFΔ with minimal bias (+0.4%) but low precision (±6.3%BF limits‐of‐agreement). %BFΔ had weaker correlations with BAIΔ (rs = 0.38–0.48) than with BMIΔ (rs = 0.48–0.59). BAI and BMI showed similar cross‐sectional associations with %BF in the overall sample and within each race (rs > 0.74).Conclusions:We conclude that BAI is less accurate than BMI in tracking adiposity change in midlife women, and would not be a suitable replacement for BMI in most research applications involving adiposity change. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroenhancement of the aging brain: Restoring skill acquisition in old subjects
Authors: Zimerman Máximo , Nitsch Marie , Giraux Pascal , Gerloff Christian , Cohen Leonardo G. , Hummel Friedhelm C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective:Decline in cognitive functions, including impaired acquisition of novel skills, is a feature of older age that impacts activities of daily living, independence, and integration in modern societies.Methods:We tested whether the acquisition of a complex motor skill can be enhanced in old subjects by the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the motor cortex.Results:The main finding was that old participants experienced substantial improvements when training was applied concurrent with tDCS, with effects lasting for at least 24 hours.Interpretation:These results suggest noninvasive brain stimulation as a promising and safe tool to potentially assist functional independence of aged individuals in daily life. ANN NEUROL 2013
Recombinant ADAMTS13 reduces tissue plasminogen activator‐induced hemorrhage after stroke in mice
Authors: Wang Lixiang , Fan Wenying , Cai Ping , Fan Mengchen , Zhu Ximin , Dai Yiqin , Sun Chungang , Cheng Yannan , Zheng Ping , Zhao Bing‐Qiao 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveTissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is approved for treatment of acute ischemic stroke, but it increases the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Accumulating evidence suggests that von Willebrand factor (VWF) plays a pivotal role in thrombus formation and microcirculatory disturbances after ischemic stroke. By cleaving VWF, ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) protects mice from stroke. Therefore, we hypothesized that recombinant ADAMTS13 (rADAMTS13) could increase the safety of tPA thrombolysis in stroke.MethodsWe examined blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability after intraventricular injection of tPA, VWF, and rADAMTS13 in nonischemic mice. We investigated the role of rADAMTS13 on reducing tPA‐induced BBB dysfunction and cerebral hemorrhage in a mouse stroke model.ResultsIntraventricular injection of tPA or VWF under nonischemic conditions resulted in a significant increase in BBB permeability. In contrast, rADAMTS13 blocked both tPA‐ and VWF‐induced BBB opening. BBB disruption following stroke was exacerbated by intravenous administration of tPA, but this was attenuated by injection of rADAMTS13. Correspondingly, tPA‐associated hemorrhage after stroke was significantly reduced by rADAMTS13. The antihemorrhagic effect of rADAMTS13 was reversed by injection of recombinant VWF. We also showed that rADAMTS13 inhibited tPA‐mediated upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vascular endothelium after stroke. The upregulation of VEGF was suppressed by either an Akt inhibitor wortmannin or a Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil. Furthermore, rADAMTS13 downregulated tPA‐induced phosphorylation of Akt and activation of RhoA.InterpretationThese findings demonstrate that the VWF‐cleaving protease rADAMTS13 reduced tPA‐induced hemorrhage by regulating BBB integrity, and suggest that this effect may occur through the Akt/RhoA‐mediated VEGF pathways. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:189–198
Identifying the perfusion deficit in acute stroke with resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lv Yating , Margulies Daniel S. , Cameron Craddock R. , Long Xiangyu , Winter Benjamin , Gierhake Daniel , Endres Matthias , Villringer Kersten , Fiebach Jochen , Villringer Arno 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTemporal delay in blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signals may be sensitive to perfusion deficits in acute stroke. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) was added to a standard stroke MRI protocol. We calculated the time delay between the BOLD signal at each voxel and the whole‐brain signal using time‐lagged correlation and compared the results to mean transit time derived using bolus tracking. In all 11 patients, areas exhibiting significant delay in BOLD signal corresponded to areas of hypoperfusion identified by contrast‐based perfusion MRI. Time delay analysis of rsfMRI provides information comparable to that of conventional perfusion MRI without the need for contrast agents. ANN NEUROL 2013.
Morphology and mechanical properties of heterophasic PP–EP/EVA/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Espinoza‐Martínez Adriana Berenice , Ramírez‐Vargas Eduardo , Sánchez‐Valdes Saúl , de Valle Luis Francisco Ramos , Medellín‐Rodríguez Francisco J. , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Rong Lixia , Zaragoza Mario Valera 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe effect of vinyl acetat (VA) on the morphological, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of heterophasic polypropylene–(ethylene‐propylene) copolymer (PP–EP)/poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA)/organoclay nanocomposites was studied. Tailored organoclay C20A was selected to enhance the exfoliation of the clay platelets. Depending on the VA content, there were two morphological organoclay populations in the systems. Both populations were directly observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and measured by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The content of VA in EVA originated spherical and elongated morphologies in the resultant nanocomposites. High‐VA content led to a better intercalation of the organoclay platelets. Measurement of thermal properties suggested that higher VA decreases thermal stability in samples both with and without organoclay, although nanocomposites had higher thermal stability than samples without clay. The storage modulus increased both with nanoclay and VA content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Vinyl‐addition type norbornene copolymers containing flexible spacers and sulfonated pendant groups for proton exchange membranes
Authors: Yao Hongli , He Xiaohui , Chen Lu , Chen Yiwang , Chen Defu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNovel sulfonated poly(2‐butoxymethylenenorbornene‐co‐2‐(6‐phenoxy‐hexyloxymethylene)‐5‐norbornene [sP(BN/PhHN)] were prepared successfully through vinyl‐addition type polymerization and then sulfonated with concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) as sulfonating agent in a component solvent. The sP(BN/PhHN)‐40 with the maximal degree of sulfonation of 40% can be obtained by controlling the sulfonating reaction time from 8 to 20 h, and a proton conductivity of 3.35 × 10−3 S/cm was achieved at 70°C. The methanol permeabilities of these membranes were in the range from 0.26 to 6.58 × 10−7 cm2/s, which were remarkably lower than Nafion (2.36 × 10−6 cm2/s). TEM analysis revealed that these side‐chain type membranes have a microphase separated structure composed of hydrophilic side‐chain domains and hydrophobic polynorbornene main chain domains. Sulfonated polynorbornene containing soft spacers displayed better properties, such as lower water uptake, high thermal properties, mechanical properties, and low methanol permeability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Public perception of birth defects terminology
Authors: Mai Cara T. , Petersen Emily E. , Miller Assia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: ‘Birth defect’ is a common phrase, yet concerns have been expressed that the word ‘defect’ carries a negative connotation. Our objective was to examine public perceptions of terms used to refer to birth defects.METHODS: Four questions about terminology of birth defects were included in the U.S. nationally representative 2007HealthStylessurvey. Respondents answered questions about whether they or a family member were affected by birth defects (condition status), and which terms used to refer to birth defects they found preferable and which offensive. We further examined whether condition status, race/ethnicity, gender, income, geographical region, and education level impacted respondents' term selection. Chi‐square tests and multinomial logistic regression were performed using SAS 9.1.RESULTS: ‘Birth defects’ was most frequently selected as the first choice preferred term (35.4%), followed by 21.9% who selected ‘children with special needs. ’ For respondents who said they themselves or a family member were affected by birth defects (11.5%), their responses differed statistically (p≤ 0.0001) from nonaffected respondents, but the leading choices were still ‘birth defects’ (28.5%) and ‘children with special needs’ (27.2%). Condition status, race/ethnicity, gender, income, and education level were all significant predictors of the respondents' choice of a preferred term. When asked which phrases might be offensive, the top choices were ‘none of the phrases listed’ (37.0%), ‘adverse pregnancy outcomes’ (23.1%), and ‘birth defects’ (21.4%).CONCLUSIONS: ‘Birth defect’ was the preferred term; however, survey participants affected by birth defects responded less positively to the term. Continued dialogue about accepted and appropriate terminology is necessary.Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembly Studies of a Chiral Bisurea‐Based Superhydrogelator
Authors: Rodríguez‐Llansola Francisco , Hermida‐Merino Daniel , Nieto‐Ortega Belén , Ramírez Francisco J. , Navarrete Juan T. López , Casado Juan , Hamley Ian W. , Escuder Beatriu , Hayes Wayne , Miravet Juan F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA chiral bisurea‐based superhydrogelator that is capable of forming supramolecular hydrogels at concentrations as low as 0.2 mM is reported. This soft material has been characterized by thermal studies, rheology, X‐ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by various spectroscopic techniques (electronic and vibrational circular dichroism and by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy). The expression of chirality on the molecular and supramolecular levels has been studied and a clear amplification of its chirality into the achiral analogue has been observed. Furthermore, thermal analysis showed that the hydrogelation of compound 1 has a high response to temperature, which corresponds to an enthalpy‐driven self‐assembly process. These particular thermal characteristics make these materials easy to handle for soft‐application technologies.
f‐Element–Metal Bonding and the Use of the Bond Polarity To Build Molecular Intermetalloids
Authors: Oelkers Benjamin , Butovskii Mikhail V. , Kempe Rhett 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMetal–metal bonding in heterobimetallic complexes is of fundamental interest due to its implications to both bonding theory and new reactivities. In this Concept, structurally authenticated molecular compounds with direct bonds between rare‐earth metals or actinoids and transition or main group metals are summarized. Special attention is given to the use of bond polarity as a tool for designing molecular intermetalloids incorporating rare‐earth atoms and transition metals.
Theoretical Assessment of Binding and Mass‐Transport Effects in Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors That Utilize Nanoparticle Labels for Signal Amplification
Authors: Zhang Jie , Ting Boon Ping , Ying Jackie Y. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical study of electrochemical affinity biosensors for the detection of DNA/protein that utilize nanoparticle labels for signal amplification. This study analyzes the effects of binding and mass transport of the analytes on biosensor performance by using numerical simulations. Four cases were considered: 1) nanoparticles used to increase the loading of an electroactive species, or used as catalysts under pseudo‐first‐order conditions; 2) nanoparticles used as ultramicroelectrode arrays for the electrolysis of large concentrations of substrate; 3) nanoparticles used as seeds to deposit electrochemically detectable species; and 4) nanoparticles used to mediate the deposition of electrocatalysts. By using nanoparticle labels, high sensitivity is possible under all conditions considered. However, theoretical findings suggested that nonspecific adsorption could be more problematic in cases 2–4 due to the mismatch between the chemistry of surface binding and the principle of signal amplification that originates from the effect of mass transport. Under these conditions, any given signal would plateau at a much lower analyte concentration, well before the analyte binding had actually reached a plateau. Views on possible solutions to the above limitations are also presented.
Direct CH Functionalization of Enamides and Enecarbamates by Using Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Jiang Heng , Huang Chengmei , Guo Jiajia , Zeng Chuanqi , Zhang Yan , Yu Shouyun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDirect CH functionalization of various enamides and enecarbamates was realized through visible‐light photoredox catalyzed reactions. Under the optimized conditions using [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)PF6] as photocatalyst in combination with Na2HPO4, enamides such as N‐vinylpyrrolidinone could be easily functionalized by irradiation of the reaction mixture overnight in acetonitrile with visible light. The scope of the reaction with respect to enamide and enecarbamate substrates by using diethyl 2‐bromomalonate for the alkylation reaction was explored, followed by an investigation of the scope of alkylating reagents used to react with the enamides and enecarbamates. The results indicated that reaction takes place with quite broad substrate scope, however, tertiary enamides with an internal CC double bond in the E configuration could not be alkylated. Alkylation of N‐vinyl tertiary enamides and enecarbamates gave monoalkylated products exclusively in the E configuration. Alkylation of N‐vinyl secondary enamides gave doubly alkylated products. Double bond migration was observed in the reaction of electron‐deficient bromides such as 3‐bromoacetyl acetate with N‐vinylpyrrolidinone. A mechanism is proposed for the reaction that is different from reported reactions of SOMOphiles with a nonfunctionalized CC double bond. Further tests on the trifluoromethylation and arylation of enamides and enecarbamates under similar conditions showed that the reactions could serve as a mild, practical, and environmentally friendly approach to various functionalized enamides and enecarbamates.