bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity Increases the Risk for High-Grade Prostate Cancer: Results from the REDUCE Study
Authors: Vidal Adriana C. , Howard Lauren E. , Moreira Daniel M. , Castro-Santamaria Ramiro , Andriole Gerald L. , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background: Studies suggest that obesity is associated with lower risk of prostate cancer but more aggressive cancers. As obesity lowers PSA levels, these observations may be influenced by detection bias. We examined the association between obesity and risk of low- and high-grade prostate cancer in REDUCE, in which biopsies were largely independent of PSA.
Methods: The REDUCE study tested dutasteride for prostate cancer risk reduction in men with a PSA of 2.5 to 10.0 ng/mL and a negative biopsy. Study participants included 6,729 men who underwent at least one on-study biopsy. The association between baseline body mass index (BMI &lt;25 kg/m2 normal weight; 25–29.9 kg/m2 overweight; and ≥30 kg/m2 obese) and risk of high-grade (Gleason ≥7) or low-grade prostate cancer (Gleason &lt;7) versus no prostate cancer was examined using multinomial logistic regression.
Results: Overall, 1,739 men (27%) were normal weight, 3,384 (53%) overweight, and 1,304 (20%) were obese. Obesity was associated with lower risk of low-grade prostate cancer in both univariable (OR, 0.74; P = 0.001) and multivariable analyses (OR, 0.79; P = 0.01). In univariable analysis, obesity was not associated with high-grade prostate cancer (OR, 1.08; P = 0.50). However, in multivariable analysis, obesity was associated with increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer (OR, 1.28; P = 0.042). This analysis was not able to address how obesity may influence prostate cancer progression.
Conclusions: Obesity is associated with decreased risk of low-grade and increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. These data provide further support to the hypothesis that obesity is associated with aggressive prostate cancer.
Impact: Obesity is linked with aggressive prostate cancer. Avoiding obesity may prevent the risk of developing high-grade prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2936–42. ©2014 AACR.
Time Dependence of Risks and Benefits in Pediatric Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy
Authors: DeWitt Elizabeth S. , Triedman John K. , Cecchin Frank , Mah Doug Y. , Abrams Dominic J. , Walsh Edward P. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Alexander Mark E. 
Published: September 2014

Background—
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) used to prevent sudden cardiac arrest in children not only provide appropriate therapy in 25% of patients but also result in a significant incidence of inappropriate shocks and other device complications. ICDs placed for secondary prevention have higher rates of appropriate therapy than those placed for primary prevention. Pediatric patients with primary prevention ICDs were studied to determine time-dependent incidence of appropriate use and adverse events.

Methods and Results—
A total of 140 patients aged <21 years (median age, 15 years) at first ICD implantation at Boston Children’s Hospital (2000–2009) in whom devices were placed for primary prevention were retrospectively identified. Demographics and times to first appropriate shock; adverse events (including inappropriate shock, lead failure, reintervention, and complication); generator replacement and follow-up were noted. During mean follow-up of 4 years, appropriate shock occurred in 19% patients and first adverse event (excluding death/transplant) occurred in 36%. Risk of death or transplant was ≈1% per year and was not related to receiving appropriate therapy. Conditional survival analysis showed rates of appropriate therapy and adverse events decrease soon after implantation, but adverse events are more frequent than appropriate therapy throughout follow-up.

Conclusions—
Primary prevention ICDs were associated with appropriate therapy in 19% and adverse event in 36% in this cohort. The incidence of both first appropriate therapy and device-related adverse events decreased during longer periods of follow-up after implantation. This suggests that indications for continued device therapy in pediatric primary prevention ICD patients might be reconsidered after a period of nonuse.
Development of leaps in dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) calves
Authors: Deutsch Sierra , Pearson Heidi , Würsig Bernd 
Published: September 2014

Leaping is a highly conspicuous behavior in cetaceans that may function in cooperative hunting and social bonding, thereby converging with forms of intra-specific communication present in other social mammals. However, few studies have analyzed the ontogeny of leaping, an important aspect in determining the adaptive significance of this behavior. The objective of our study was to quantify the ontogeny of leaping in dusky dolphins, a highly acrobatic species that engages in a variety of aerial displays. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) leap frequency changes with calf age, (2) frequency of leap type varies with calf age and (3) frequency of leap type varies by behavioral state. Data were collected off Kaikoura, New Zealand through boat-based group focal follows of nursery groups from October 2006–May 2007. We analyzed data from 73 nursery group encounters according to age category (young calf, yearling) and season (early, late). Early young calves leapt less frequently than late young calves (), but leap frequency did not appear to differ among older calves. Calves learned noisy leaps first, followed by clean leaps, then coordinated leaps, and finally acrobatic leaps as indicated by the positive correlations between week (i.e., calf age) and frequency of clean (), acrobatic () and coordinated () leaps. The relationship between behavioral state and frequency of leap type was not significant. These results indicate that nursery groups represent an important environment for healthy physical and social development of calves. Furthermore, while calves appear to learn the mechanics of leaping individually, they appear to learn the context in which the leaps are performed from conspecifics. This indicates that, as for other socially-complex mammals such as other cetaceans, primates, and social carnivores, social learning may be an important component in the ontogeny of dusky dolphin behavior.
“Efficiency Space”: A Framework for Evaluating Joint Evaporation and Runoff Behavior*
Authors: Koster Randal 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
At the land surface, higher soil moisture levels generally lead to both increased evaporation for a given amount of incoming radiation (increased “evaporation efficiency”) and increased runoff for a given amount of precipitation (increased “runoff efficiency”). Evaporation efficiency and runoff efficiency can thus be said to vary with each other, motivating the development of a unique hydroclimatic analysis framework. Using a simple water balance model fitted, in different experiments, with a wide variety of functional forms for evaporation and runoff efficiency, the author transforms net radiation and precipitation fields into fields of streamflow that can be directly evaluated against observations. The optimal combination of the functional forms—the combination that produces the most skillful streamflow simulations—provides an indication for how evaporation and runoff efficiencies vary with each other in nature, a relationship that can be said to define the overall character of land surface hydrological processes, at least to the first order. The inferred optimal relationship is represented herein as a curve in “efficiency space” and should be valuable for the evaluation and development of GCM-based land surface models, which by this measure are often found to be suboptimal.
Impact of Orbital Parameters and Greenhouse Gas on the Climate of MIS 7 and MIS 5 Glacial Inceptions
Authors: Colleoni Florence , Masina Simona , Cherchi Annalisa , Iovino Doroteaciro 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This work explores the impact of orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations on the climate of marine isotope stage (MIS) 7 glacial inception and compares it to that of MIS 5. The authors use a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model to simulate the mean climate state of six time slices at 115, 122, 125, 229, 236, and 239 kyr, representative of a climate evolution from interglacial to glacial inception conditions. The simulations are designed to separate the effects of orbital parameters from those of greenhouse gas (GHG). Their results show that, in all the time slices considered, MIS 7 boreal lands mean annual climate is colder than the MIS 5 one. This difference is explained at 70% by the impact of the MIS 7 GHG. While the impact of GHG over Northern Hemisphere is homogeneous, the difference in temperature between MIS 7 and MIS 5 due to orbital parameters differs regionally and is linked with the Arctic Oscillation. The perennial snow cover is larger in all the MIS 7 experiments compared to MIS 5, as a result of MIS 7 orbital parameters, strengthened by GHG. At regional scale, Eurasia exhibits the strongest response to MIS 7 cold climate with a perennial snow area 3 times larger than in MIS 5 experiments. This suggests that MIS 7 glacial inception is more favorable over this area than over North America. Furthermore, at 239 kyr, the perennial snow covers an area equivalent to that of MIS 5 glacial inception (115 kyr). The authors suggest that MIS 7 glacial inception is more extensive than MIS 5 glacial inception over the high latitudes.
Desiccation tolerance as a function of age, sex, humidity and temperature in adults of the African malaria vectorsAnopheles arabiensisPatton andAnopheles funestusGiles
Authors: Lyons Candice L. , Coetzee Maureen , Terblanche John S. , Chown Steven L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAdult mosquito survival is strongly temperature and moisture dependent. Few studies have investigated the interacting effects of these variables on adult survival and how this differs among the sexes and with age, despite the importance of such information for population dynamic models. For these reasons, the desiccation tolerance of Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Anopheles funestus Giles males and females of three different ages was assessed under three combinations of temperature and humidity. Females were more desiccation tolerant than males, surviving for longer periods than males under all experimental conditions. In addition, younger adults were more tolerant of desiccation than older groups. Both species showed reduced water loss rates (WLR) as the primary mechanism by which they tolerate desiccation. Although An. arabiensis is often considered to be the more arid-adapted of the two species, it showed lower survival times and higher water loss rates than An. funestus. The current information could improve population dynamic models of these vectors, given that adult survival information for such models is relatively sparse.
Atividade de Forrageamento de Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em Áreas de Mata e Campo de Gramíneas no Pantanal sul-mato-grossense.
Authors: Sant'Ana Michelle Viscardi , Trindade Rose Benedita Rodrigues , Lopes Cássia Cristina dos Santos , Faccenda Odival , Fernandes Wedson Desidério 
Published: September 2014

O principal objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a taxa de exploração de iscas vivas por formigas em um Ambiente de Mata e de Campo de Gramíneas. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Pantanal sul-mato-grossense, no Município de Corumbá, MS, no período de outubro a novembro de 2006. Cupins do gênero Nasutitermes, serviram de iscas. Em cada área, 80 indivíduos dessa espécie permaneceram expostos no solo sobre uma base de papel filtro durante 10 Minutos. Observou-se a presença de 15 morfoespécies pertencentes a seis gêneros e cinco subfamílias, sendo mais freqüente Myrmicinae. No campo de gramíneas ocorreram maior riqueza e diversidade de espécies. Wasmania sp.1 foi responsável pelo maior número de iscas removidas na Mata e Dorymyrmex sp. 1 no Campo de Gramíneas. A diferença no tempo médio para remoção das iscas nas duas áreas (mata e gramínea) não foi significativa. Das 160 iscas oferecidas durante o experimento, 115 sofreram atacadas por formigas: 69 na mata e 46 no campo de gramínea.
Activity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Foraging in a Forest Patch and in a subtropical seasonally flooded lowland grassland in the Pantanal from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.Abstract. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the exploitation rate of live baits for ants in an environment of forest patches and subtropical seasonally flooded lowland grassland. The samples were collected from October to November 2006 in the Pantanal, sub-regions Miranda and Abobral, municipality of Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Center West Brazil. Termites of the genera Nasutitermes were used as bait, and remained exposed for 10 minutes on the soil. Eighty baits were used in each environment. Fifteen ant morphospecies in six genera and five subfamilies were collected, and the Myrmicinae were the most frequent subfamily. We found larger richness and diversity of species in the subtropical seasonally flooded lowland grassland. Wasmania sp.1 was responsible for the largest number of removed baits (30) in the Forest Patch and Dorymyrmex sp. 1 in the subtropical seasonally flooded lowland grassland. The difference in the average time for removal of the baits from the two areas was not significant. From the 160 baits offered during the experiment, 115 were attacked by ants, 69 in the Forest Patch and 46 in the grassland.
Ocorrência e Distribuição de Coccinelídeos (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Associados às Plantas Cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Rodrigues William Costa , Cassino Paulo Cesar Rodrigues , Silva Filho Reinildes 
Published: September 2014

O estudo objetivou registrar a ocorrência, flutuação populacional das espécies de coccinelídeos e delinear a distribuição geográfica (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) associados as plantas cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram visitados 11 municípios situados em duas regiões do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Baixada Fluminense e Região das Baixadas Litorâneas (Região Citrícola). O período de estudo foi de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2001. Os coccinelídeos foram observados, coletados, conservados e identificados. Desta forma 11 espécies foram observadas no Estado. Os municípios com maior ocorrência de espécies foi Seropédica e Araruama e com menor ocorrência foram São Pedro da Aldeia, Iguaba Grande, Tanguá e Itaboraí. A espécie que se verificou com maior distribuição foi Pentilia egena (Mulsant, 1850), presente em 10 municípios, e com menor distribuição foi Curinus coeruleus Mulsant 1850, presente em apenas um município. Quando avaliada a flutuação populacional, houve uma tendência na redução da população nos meses mais frios (inverno), sendo P. egena a espécie com maior média populacional (40%) e espécies dominantes juntamente com Azya luteipes Mulsant 1850. No período de estudo a diversidade de espécies foi considerada relativamente alta (α= 3,91) quando avaliada através do índice de Margalef e Shanon-Wiener (H'= 0,81), sendo considerada uma diversidade relativamente alta.

Occurrence and Distribution of Coccinelids (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Associates at the Citrus Plants in Rio de Janeiro State Abstract. This work aimed to register the occurrence, study the population fluctuation the ladybeetles species and to delineate the geographic distribution (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) associated at citrus plants in Rio de Janeiro State. 11 districts situated in two regions of the Rio de Janeiro State were visited: "Baixada Fluminense" and "Região das Baixadas Litorâneas (Região Citrícola)". The study period was January 2000 to June 2001. The coccinellids was observed, collected, conserved, and identified. This way 11 species they were observed on State. The districts to larger species occurrence were Seropédica, and Araruama and to species lower was São Pedro da Aldeia, Iguaba Grande, Tanguá, Itaboraí, Natividade e Porciúncula. The species that it was verified in larger distribution were Pentilia egena (Mulsant, 1850), present in 10 districts, and with smaller distribution it was Curinus coeruleus Mulsant 1850, present in just only one district. When evaluated population fluctuation, there was a tendency in the reduction of the population in coldest (winter) moths, being P. egena the specie com average larger populational (40%) and dominant specie together with Azya luteipes Mulsant 1850. In study period the species diversity was high (α= 3.91) when evaluated through Margalef and Shanon-Wiener index's (H'=0.81), being considered a relatively high diversity.
Artrópodes em ninhos de Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 (Aves, Columbidae) em área urbana de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.
Authors: Ogawa Guilherme Maerschner 
Published: September 2014

Foi realizado um estudo sobre artrópodes que vivem em ninhos de Columba livia Gmelin 1789, ave conhecida como pombo urbano e que nidifica em construções
humanas, com o intuito de inventariar as espécies de artrópodes associadas.
Foram coletados 14 ninhos de C. livia em nove bairros da área urbana de Manaus
os quais foram levados ao laboratótio e colocados em um extrator do tipo
Berlese-Tulgren por 12 dias, para a captura dos artrópodes. Foram encontrados
10.323 artrópodes, pertencentes a 3 subfilos, 3 classes, 14 ordens e 33
famílias. Acari foi mais abundante com 7.879 indivíduos, sendo o gênero
Caloglyphus Berlese, 1923, o mais representativo (75%). A maioria das espécies
encontradas é detritívora. A diversidade de artrópodes foi menor em Manaus se
comparada à registrada em trabalhos da região Paleártica, provavelmente por C.
livia ser uma espécie exótica na fauna Neotropical.

Arthropods in the nests of Columba livia Gmelin 1789
(Aves, Columbidae) in the urban area of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
Abstract. The objective of this study was identify the arthropod fauna in nests
of the urban pigeon, Columba livia Gmelin 1789 who build their nests in man-made
buildings. Fourteen nests were collected in nine districts of the built up area
of the city of Manaus. For twelve days, arthropods were extracted in a
Berlese-Tulgren funnel. A total of 10.323 arthropods representing 3 subphyla, 3
classes, 14 orders and 33 families were detected. Acari was the most abundant
group with 7879 individuals. Mites of the genus Caloglyphus Berlese, 1923, made
up over 75 % of all arthropods collected. Most of the arthropods extracted are
detrivorous and apterous. The diversity found in Manaus was lower than that
reported for samples collected in the Palearctic Region, probably because C.
livia is exotic in the Neotropical fauna. The introduction of this pigeon can be
responsible for a major contact between some arthropods and humans.
Geographical distribution of Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera): Athericidae, Rhagionidae, Vermileonidae, and small families
Authors: Santos Charles Morphy Dias 
Published: September 2014

The infraorder Tabanomorpha traditionally includes the families Tabanidae, Athericidae, Rhagionidae, and Vermileonidae. The new family Oreoleptidae was placed among the tabanomorphan,
as well as some controversial groups as Austroleptidae and Spaniidae, but there
is no agreement on the phylogenetic relationships of the groups considered as
belonging to the infraorder. Here is presented the geographical distribution of
the following tabanomorphan families: Rhagionidae, Vermileonidae, Athericidae,
Austroleptidae and Oreoleptidae. Every historical biogeographical analysis
depends on up-to-dated distributional information, and, hence, reliable lists
of distribution are a starting point to a broad comprehension of the evolution
in space.
Estrutura da Comunidade de Invertebrados Bentônicos do Rio Piranhas-Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Andrade Herbet Tadeu de Almeida , Santiago Alexandre S. , Medeiros Jansen Fernandes 
Published: September 2014

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer os invertebrados bentônicos, bem como caracterizar os grupos tróficos funcionais existentes no rio Piranhas-Assu, município de Alto do Rodrigues, Rio Grande do Norte. As coletas foram realizadas nos meses de maio (chuva), julho e setembro (seca) de 2002, em trechos diferentes do rio. Foi medida a velocidade da correnteza, a largura, profundidade do rio e temperatura da água. Foram coletados 3525 indivíduos de Insecta e outras classes (Malacostraca, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Arachnida, Ostracoda e Copepoda). A maior abundância da classe Insecta ocorreu no mês de setembro (seca). A vazão apresentou correlação com a abundância com na Classe Insecta, já a velocidade superficial da água para outras classes. Entre os Insecta observou-se uma maior abundância de predadores, seguida dos coletores, já para as outras classes os raspadores foram mais abundantes.
Structure of benthic invertebrate’s community with focus in the aquatic insects of the Piranhas-Assu river, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast, BrazilAbstract. The aim of this work was to verify the benthonic invertebrates, and to identify the functional trophic groups that exist in the Piranhas-Assu, in Alto do Rodrigues municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State. The samples were carried taken on May (rain season), July and September (dry season) from 2002, in different sites in the river. The measurements of water speed, wide, temperature and river deep where made. It was collected 3525 individuals of Insecta and other classes (Malacostraca, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Arachnida, Ostracoda and Copepoda). Insecta showed a higher abundance in September (dry season). The river discharge showed significant correlation with Insecta classe abundance, and the superficial water speed had correlation with other classes. The insects showed a highest abundance of predators, followed by collectors, in the other classes, the scrappers were the most abundant.
Estudo de áreas e depósitos preferenciais de Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) e Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) no Município de Paracambi – Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Soares Vanessa Aparecida Ribeiro Canela , Rodrigues William Costa , Cabral Marise Maleck de Oliveira 
Published: September 2014

Resumo. A presença de Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti em área urbana representa um risco potencial do inter-relacionamento dessa espécie de mosquito com a população. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença do Ae. albopictus (S.) e de Ae. aegypti (L.) no município de Paracambi, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As amostras foram obtidas através de coletas das formas imaturas em depósitos e/ou criadouros (caixas d’água, cisternas, tanques, ocos de árvores, lixo, pneus, etc) em três áreas do município (urbana, rural e área de transição) no período de 12 meses. Os resultados mostraram que Ae. albopictus distribuiu-se igualmente nas áreas urbanas e rurais. A área urbana e a área de transição apresentaram uma maior positividade para Ae. aegypti. Os produtos de descartes, caracterizados por depósito de letra I = outros (artificiais especiais), foram os preferenciais para ambas as espécies de mosquito.

Study of the preferred areas and deposits of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) in the Paracambi city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Abstract. The presence of Aedes albopictus (S.) and Aedes aegypti (L.) in urban areas represents a potential risk of inter-relationship of this species of mosquito with the population. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in the Paracambi city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Samples were obtained from collections of immature forms in deposits (water tanks, cisterns, tanks, hollow trees, trash, tires, etc.) in three areas of the city (urban, rural and the transition area) in the last 12 months. The results showed that Ae. albopictus is also distributed in urban and rural areas. The urban area and the area of transition had a higher positive for Ae. aegypti. They refused material that is the distinguished mark of letter I = other (artificial special) deposit has been preferred for both species of mosquito.