bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Control Advantages of Polyamide-Epoxy Coatings
Authors: Anderson Donald L. , Floyd Don E. , Glaser David W. , Wittcoff Harold 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Chemical and physical properties of polyamide resins are described. Resistance of General Mills' polyamide resins to various acidic and alkaline corrosives in both static and dynamic tests are compared to those achieved with commercial inhibitors. Results of tests in a semi-tropical ocean environment of 17 primer types consisting of various combinations and percentages of polyamide-epoxy vehicle with zinc, chrome and lead pigments; alkyds, phenolics, vinyls, poly-vinylchlorides and a linseed oil vehicle are given. These tests of angle irons and flat panels up to 24 months showed polyamide-epoxy systems (with or without corrosion inhibiting pigments) to be better than others, even when brushed onto wet, rusty surfaces.
Wetting ability, adhesion and flexibility of the polyamide-epoxy systems as registered in several tests are reported. Also given are rate of transmission of water and water vapor.
Data are provided on formulations and application techniques. These include sand-filled coating, solventless finishes (with tests versus several corrosives and solvents). Also given are descriptions of applications as pipe coatings, marine submersion service, for aircraft and concrete. 19 references.
6.8, 5.4.5
Reaction of Zirconium With Carbon Dioxide at 550–750 C
Authors: GREGG S. J. , HUSSEY R. J. , JEPSON W. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The kinetics of the oxidation of zirconium in Carbon-14 labelled carbon dioxide have been investigated at 550, 650 and 750 C with the vacuum microbalance. The amount of carbon deposited on the sample surface during oxidation in carbon dioxide was only about 2 percent of the total weight gain at each of the temperatures. In carbon dioxide, the rate of oxidation first decreased and then increased with time indicating breakaway. In runs in oxygen (carried out for comparative purposes), the rate continuously decreased with time and breakaway did not occur within the period of the experiments. Maximum weight gain was 900 μg/cm2.
6.3.20, 3.4.6
A Study of Scaling and Corrosion In Condenser Tubes Exposed to River Water
Authors: McALLISTER R. A. , EASTHAM DONALD H. , DOUGHARTY NEIL A. , HOLLIER MITCHELL 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The series of tests reported give quantitative data on the rates of fouling and corrosion in 17 to 20 ft condenser tubes under simulated operating conditions using Neches River water as the cooling medium. Alloys tested were: 90–10 Cupro-nickel, aluminum-brass, Alclad aluminum, admiralty, three stainless steels, and alloy 77. Heat-transfer coefficients and Fanning friction factors were measured three times daily for 3 to 4 months. Several mechanisms of the fouling rate function were employed to compare the results. It appears that the heat-transfer coefficient is essentially linear with time and that the rate of fouling, initially at least, is not a function of velocity, but is a function of chloride-ion concentration (or hardness). The effects of weekly caustic addition, continuous cathodic protection, and river-water velocity were examined. Other river-water variables measured included pH, chloride-ion content, and hardness. The effects of these variables are discussed qualitatively.
3.3.2, 4.6.7, 7.4.2
Some Corrosion Problems of Missiles in Silo Storage
Authors: Gatzek Leo E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Explains corrosion problems that may be encountered in long term storage of missiles in underground silos. Discusses problems in controlling atmosphere inside the silo and the missile to prevent corrosion, corrosion control measures used and techniques used to measure corrosion. Detecting systems covered are visual and electrical methods. 7.1
Corrosion Product Films Formed on Aluminum In High Temperature Wester
Authors: MacLENNAN D. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A study was made of the behavior of aluminum alloys exposed to 300 G high purity water for short periods of time. The corrosion products formed were examined by means of optical and electron microscopy. Results show that corrosion resistance is associated with the distribution of second phase particles in the alloys. The alloy, which had the best corrosion resistance, contained the most uniform distribution of cathodic second phase particles; the corrosion product film of this alloy contained a corresponding distribution of irregularities. It is suggested that the second phase particles modify the film in such a way as to increase its protective qualities.
6.4.2, 4.6.5, 3.2.3
Elevated Temperature Corrosion Of Type 310 Stainless Steel By Vanadium Compounds
Authors: LOGAN HUGH L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The mechanism of the attack of Type 310 stainless steel by vanadium compounds has been studied. Catastrophic attack by a mixture of 67 wt. percent V 2 O 5 + 33 wt. percent of NaVO 3 occurred at temperatures of 1900 to 2000 F if the steel had previously been oxidized and air and water vapor were present. In some instances an unidentified phase formed at the steel-slag interface attacked the steel by grain boundary penetration and adsorption of steel grains. A chemical analysis of the slag showed that the chromium-iron and manganese-iron ratios were the same in the slag as in the steel. The nickel-iron ratio, however, was higher in the slag than in the steel. This would suggest the possibility that nickel is selectively absorbed by the slag prior to general attack.
4.2.3; 4.3.3, 3.5.9, 6.2.5
Determining the Effect of Formulation On Physical Properties of Asphalt Mastic Coatings
Authors: SHEPPARD LYLE R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Field and laboratory tests were made to determine the characteristics of asphalt mastic coatings which may affect their performance on pipe lines as a corrosion protection device and as a weighting agent. A Blunt Needle Penetration Test was developed to aid in control of the quality of finished mastic coatings. This test proved quite sensitive to both binder quality and the ratio of binder to aggregate. Laboratory measurements were made of such physical properties as binder softening point and penetration, bulk density, adhesion, cohesion, apparent voids, blunt needle penetration, and temperature characteristics. Purpose of tests was to determine the mastic quality and the influence of various mixtures on physical properties of the mastic. A number of extensive outside discussions are included together with the author's replies.
5.4.5, 8.9.3, 2.3.7
Corrosion of Metals by Weak Acids Under Heat Transfer Conditions
Authors: GROVES N. D. , EISENBROWN C. M. , SCHARFSTEIN L R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Weight-loss measurements were made on six alloys: Types 304L and 316 stainless steels, Carpenter No. 20-Cb, Hastelloy B, Inconel and Monel in solutions of 10 percent, 50 percent and concentrated acetic acid, formic acid and phosphoric acid. A special heat transfer device was used to compare corrosion rates obtained with and without heat transfer. Metal temperatures of 230 F, 257 F and 284 F were studied. Carpenter No. 20-Cb and Hastelloy B consistently showed good corrosion resistance. Of the alloys tested Monel was the most sensitive to the effects of heat throughput.
4.3.2, 6.2.5, 6.3.10, 3.5.9
Development of a Mineral Scale Inhibitor
Authors: JONES L. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The expense attributable to scaling in oil producing operations totals many millions of dollars annually. Causes of precipitation and deposition are fairly well understood but better methods of control are needed. In order to evaluate chemical scale inhibitor components, a laboratory testing device was designed. Performance of sequestrants, surface active agents, colloids, and mixed compounds in the laboratory tester are discussed. Polyphosphates and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose proved effective for calcium carbonate scale and calcium sulfate scale, respectively. Results of tests made over a period of several years led to the development of an inhibitor composition that is capable of inhibiting both carbonate and sulfate scales. The inhibitor is now in field use. 5.8.2, 3.2.3, 8.4.3
High Temperature Sulfur Corrosion Of Intermediate Range Chromium Steels
Authors: HANNUM R. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laboratory tests were made to find a suitable replacement material for 5 percent chromium— 1/2 percent molybdenum tubes used in a thermal desulfurization unit. The steel found most suitable for this use had a 9 percent chromium content. Maximum corrosion loss in wall thickness of this material was less than 0.030-inch, with a total expected life of at least five years. The sulfur content of various crudes commonly used in furnaces is reported.
8.4.3, 6.2.4
Suggested Mechanisms of the Changes With Time In WP-1 Wash Primer Metal Conditioning Composition
Authors: ALLEN EDWARD R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A brief outline is given of the history of wash primers with emphasis on laboratory research. A mechanism is postulated to explain the loss of adhesion with time of WP-1. Topics discussed include phase rule studies of zinc tetraoxychromate, intrinsic viscosities of recovered polymers, reactions involving formation of phosphorus-chromius-resin complex, deposition of tertiary zinc phosphate on metal, and modifications made in WP-1. Several organic structural formulae are included.
5.4.5
Devices Used in Corrosion Control of Power Cables
Authors: POKORNY J. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper describes the various devices which are used in the corrosion control of underground power cables. Many of these devices have been used for a long time but the present paper describes a number of useful improvements in such devices as the electrolysis switch, the test current interrupter, and the cathodic protection and forced drainage rectifiers. The use of silicon power rectifier as an electrolysis switch is described. A method of grounding and corrosion protection of a pipe cable system is also outlined.
7.7, 5.2.1
Atmospheric Corrosion Testing of Metals in Canada
Authors: GIBBONS E. V. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The atmospheric corrosion resistance of metals is evaluated after exposure in a number of differing Canadian environments. Test sites included rural, industrial marine-industrial, marine, far northern and semi-industrial. Metals exposed include three aluminum alloys, aluminum coupled metals, carbon steel, copper-bearing low carbon steel, low alloy copper-nickel-bearing steel, three stainless steels, two magnesium alloys, and rolled zinc. Test exposure periods varied from one to ten years.
2.2.2
Weyerhaeuser's Experience: Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Overlays in Kraft Digesters
Authors: Carns C. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Success with hand weld overlays of Type 310 stainless to repair corrosion damage in bottom cones of Kraft digesters at Longview, Wash., induced Weyerhauser to use Type 310 stainless steel to repair complete digester shells of five units in 1956. Automatic welding guns were used with argon gas. At Everett, seven more digesters were overlaid in much the same manner. Type 316 was used for work at Everett because, by the time work was begun, some failures had been noted in the upper parts of the units at Longview.
Analysis showed that the original weld material was being diluted by the base metal in the ratio of 1 to 2.
In an effort to reduce the amount of dilution experienced, alterations were made in the method of deposit on the upper shell of the final unit at Everett. The gun was tilted 20 degrees to normal to effect greater impingement on preceding beads. Weight of deposit was increased, and rate of feed of argon ^ gas also was increased to effect better shielding. The top four feet of the shell was given a double overlay. Tilting the gun did not materially improve the quality of the deposit. Double overlay produced a surface with an analysis close to that of the overlay wire.
Reports of inspections in several zones of the digesters are given. Significance of pits in overlaid material of this kind is emphasized.
Tests are being conducted using various types of weld overlay to find one more resistant. Some design changes were made in the digester. Impingement plates were installed to absorb erosive force of liquor and to provide cathodic protection to the overlay.
3.7.3, 9.6.6, 8.5.3, 6.2.5.
Corrosion of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels In Out-of-Pile Boiling-Water-Reactor Environment
Authors: VREELAND D. C. , GAUL G. G. , PEARL W. L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Results are reported of extensive corrosion testing of carbon and low-alloy steels in a dynamic test loop simulating the various environments found in a nuclear boiling-water-reactor system. Quantitative data and metallographic and visual observations of specimens tested in saturated steam, saturated water and a steam-water mixture, all at 545 F and 1000 psi are presented. Water and steam conditions are based on 10 to 20 ppm oxygen in the steam with a 1:8 stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, a condition representative of the hydrogen and oxygen formed in a boiling-water reactor from radiolytic water decomposition. The water is maintained at pH 7, high purity with no other additives. A description of the boiling-water dynamic-test facilities and operating procedures is included.
Total corrosion and corrosion product released into the system is measured. No appreciable difference was noted among corrosion rates of carbon steels, high-strength low-alloy steels and alloy steels studied, although all showed higher rates than the AISI Type 300 series stainless steels tested. Comparisons also were made with other stainless steels. No selective attack was noted on welded specimens.
Corrosion rates obtained on the carbon and low-alloy steels are lower than those obtained by other investigators on similar materials in test loops simulating pressurized water-reactor systems operated at high pH (&gt; 10) with only hydrogen gas in the water. The iron-to-system rates in the present tests were appreciably lower than those in similar tests in high pH and neutral pH systems with a hydrogen environment.
8.4.5, 6.2.3, 6.2.4
Zinc Filled Inorganic Coatings
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6B On Protective Coatings for Resistance To Atmospheric Corrosion,   Prepared by Task Group T-6B-11 on Zinc Filled Inorganic Coatings
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This report considers in detail the uses of, corrosion resistance of, and application of, zinc filled inorganic coatings. Environments in which these coatings were exposed and evaluated include water and moisture, acids, oxidizing agents, alkalies, and solvents and oils. Properties of applied coatings considered include temperature limitations, impact and abrasion resistance, aging, toxicity and odor, weight, electrical properties, adhesion and gloss retention. Matters discussed in connection with application include coverage, flammability and toxicity, surface preparation, drying time, curing, baking, inspection and compatibility.
Total material cost for zinc filled inorganic coating systems ranged from eight to ten cents per square foot.
5.4.2
Use of Pipe-to-Soil Potential In Analyzing Underground Corrosion Problems
Authors: HUSOCK B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An account is given of how pipe-to-soil potential measurements can be used to distinguish stray current corrosion from galvanic corrosion. General rules are given for the interpretation of a set of potential measurements in evaluating an underground corrosion problem in a non-stray current area. Data reported include potential profiles of (1) Galvanic corrosion activity (2) Pipe subject to exposure from cathodic protection interference. (3) Ungrounded coated pipeline, (4) Coated pipeline connected to copper grounding system, (5) Bimetallic effect. Several case histories are cited to show actual application of rules in evaluating corrosion problems in non-stray current areas.
4.5.3
Intergranular Sulfur Corrosion In Missile Thrust Chamber Nickel Tubes
Authors: STEVERDING BERNARD 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In order to determine the conditions under which intergranular corrosion of nickel thrust chamber tubes takes place, studies were made of the corrosion pattern as simulated in laboratory experiments. Rapid intergranular corrosive attack by the small sulfur content of the fuel is possible only at temperatures above 550 C. Chemical surface reactions between nickel and the H2S of the fuel begin at considerably lower temperatures, but the grain boundary diffusion of the sulfur is the rate-controlling process. Vacuum heating rejuvenates corroded samples and restores the original ductility. Since the rejuvenated samples show a better resistance against corrosion than do original, unaffected samples, vacuum heating may be successfully applied as a corrosion-preventive measure. 3.2.2, 4.3.7, 6.3.10, 8.9.1
High Temperature Slag Corrosion of Metallic Materials
Authors: GREENERT W. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The relative resistance of various materials and alloys to corrosion by laboratory slags was studied. The materials of interest were subjected to three selected laboratory slags: vanadium slag formed by mixing 70 percent V2O5 and 30 percent Na2SO4, non sulfated vanadium slag formed by mixing 79 percent V2O5 and 21 percent NaVO3, and a sulfate-chloride nonvanadium slag formed from 90 percent Na2SO4 and 10 percent NaCl. Materials showing greatest corrosion resistance to these slags were Hastelloy D, 100 Cr, 50 Cr-50Ni, and 25 Cr-5 Al-bal Fe. Other materials of greater utility showing good resistance were 60 Cr-40 Ni, 30 Cr-30 Ni-40 Co, 14 Cr-14 Mn-bal Fe, and Haynes-Stellite 31. 4.2.3
Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum-Zinc Alloy in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Authors: SHETH K. G. , CHAR T. L RAMA 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion rates and inhibitor efficiencies in hydrochloric acid solutions have been determined for aluminum-zinc alloy containing 4.5–6.5 percent zinc. Percent efficiencies of the various inhibitors were in the ranges: acridine 80–98, thiourea 86–95, nicotinic acid 80–97, strychnine 64–94 and quinine hydro-chloride 58–95. Polarization studies with thiourea, strychnine and quinine hydrochloride showed that anode polarization is negligible, whereas cathode polarization is considerable. The Tafel plot is valid in this case. Dissolution of the metal is electrochemical in character. With these inhibitors the corrosion process appears to be essentially under cathodic control.
5.8.2, 6.4.2, 4.3.2
Electrochemical Techniques for Measurement And Interpretation of Corrosion
Authors: PHELPS E. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion of metals proceeds by electrochemical processes in most aqueous environments. Hence, electrochemical techniques can be used to study and interpret corrosion phenomena and, in certain instances, to measure the rate of corrosion. Corrosion-potential measurements furnish information on whether the anodic or cathodic process, or both, are controlling corrosion. They may also furnish useful information on film breakdown or film repair.
Measurement of the potential distribution in solution by the probe method is laborious but does afford a means of determining corrosion rate and distribution of corrosion. Some of the difficulties of the probe method can be overcome by using a rotating-electrode technique that permits direct observation of the distribution of anodic and cathodic areas. Divided-cell experiments, in which pitted areas are separated from unpitted areas, permit determination of local-cell polarization diagrams as well as rate of corrosion.
The polarization behavior of corroding metal electrodes can be used in several different ways to measure the rate of corrosion. A promising recent development in this area is the polarization-resistance method, in which the initial slope of a polarization curve can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of the rate of corrosion.
Laboratory Flow Test for Evaluation Of Oil Well Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: BARRETT J. P. , CLAYTOR E. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Previous laboratory evaluations of downhole oil well corrosion inhibitors have been performed using static methods. In order to obtain results more accurately reflecting inhibitor efficiency under conditions of flow, the type of exposure which usually occurs in producing operations, a dynamic test method has been devised. This is a more severe measure of inhibitor film life than the static bottle test.
Good correlation has been obtained between the laboratory dynamic test and field use of inhibitors, in both sweet and sour oil well systems.
5.8.4, 2.3.7, 3.5.11, 8.4.3
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Steels In Agricultural Ammonia
Authors: LOGINOW A. W. , PHELPS E. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking has been determined as the cause of failure of carbon steel tanks in agricultural ammonia service. Effects of ammonia contaminants, such as air, water, carbon dioxide, oil, etc on failure rates were studied. In general, air contamination increased stress-corrosion cracking and water in small amounts inhibited the attack.
For prevention of such failures, it was recommended that high residual stresses in ammonia vessels be avoided by the use of stress relieving treatments, that air be eliminated from agricultural ammonia systems and that the ammonia should have a minimum water content of 0.20 percent.
3.5.8
Some Electrochemical Methods in Corrosion Research
Authors: MAKRIDES A. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Three principal electrochemical methods used in corrosion research are reviewed and typical applications are given. The direct method for obtaining polarization curves is discussed in detail. Potentiostatic methods and their application to inhibition and anodic protection are described. The use of impedance measurements in corrosion research is also discussed briefly.
2.3.5, 3.8.2, 5.8.1, 5.2.1
Joint Action of Hydrogen Sulfide and Organic Compounds On Corrosion and Embrittlement of Iron in Sulfuric Acid
Authors: IOFA Z. A. , TOMASHOVA G. N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although hydrogen sulfide is known to be highly corrosive to iron, it has been found that the presence of H2S actually enhances the inhibiting qualities of certain classes of organic compounds when employed as inhibitors of iron corrosion in sulfuric acid solutions. At the same time, the corrosivity of the hydrogen sulfide itself is eliminated and hydrogen embrittlement prevented.
Certain other classes of organic compounds do not have these inhibiting qualities under similar conditions but instead tend to intensify attack by hydrogen sulfide.
Experimental results, polarization curves for the systems tested, and sulfur adsorption measurements on iron provide preliminary information on the mechanism of the joint action of organic compounds and hydrogen sulfide on iron corrosion in acid media.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking Investigation Of Two Low Alloy, High-Strength Steels
Authors: DAVIS ROBERT A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laboratory stress corrosion testing with an improved test specimen configuration has been conducted on 4330M and 4340 steel billet material to evaluate grain direction and surface finish effects. The transverse grain directions were found to be the most susceptible to cracking. Surface finishing by chemical milling, electropolishing and grinding increased stress corrosion susceptibility. Surface finishing by grit blasting, shot peening and face milling increased resistance to cracking. Cracking appeared to be intergranular with respect to the prior austenite grain boundaries. Fractographic studies with the electron microscope suggest that hydrogen embrittlement and stress-corrosion cracking may be fundamentally related.