bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thoracic discectomy by posterior pedicle-sparing, transfacet approach with real-time intraoperative ultrasonography
Authors: Nishimura Yusuke , Thani Nova B. , Tochigi Satoru , Ahn Henry , Ginsberg Howard J. 
Published: July 2014

Object
Symptomatic thoracic disc herniations (TDHs) are relatively uncommon, and the technical challenges of resecting the offending disc are formidable due to the location of spinal cord that has relatively poor perfusion characteristics within a narrow canal. The majority of disc herniations are long-standing calcified discs that can be adherent to the ventral dura. Real-time intraoperative ultrasound (RIOUS) visualization of the spinal cord during the retraction and resection of the disc greatly enhances the safety and efficacy of disc resection. The authors have adopted the posterior laminectomy with pedicle-sparing transfacet approach with real-time ultrasound guidance in their practice, and they present the clinical outcome in their patients to illustrate the safety profile of this technique.

Methods
Sixteen consecutive patients undergoing operative management of TDHs were identified from the authors' database. All patients underwent microdiscectomy through a posterior transfacet pedicle-sparing approach under RIOUS. Outcomes and complications were retrospectively assessed in this patient series. Clinical records and pre- and postoperative imaging studies were scrutinized to assess levels and types of disc herniation, blood loss, surgical time, pre- and postoperative Nurick grades, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, and complications.

Results
All patients had single-level symptomatic TDHs. The patients presented with symptoms including thoracic myelopathy, axial back pain, urinary symptoms, and thoracic radiculopathy. Thoracic disc herniations involved levels T2–3 to T12–L1. Discs were classified as central or paracentral, and as calcified or noncalcified. All discs were successfully removed with no incidence of neural injury or CSF leak. The mean estimated blood loss was 523 ml, and the mean surgical time was 159 minutes. Nurick grades improved on average from 3.3 to 1.6. The mean JOA scores improved from 5.7 to 8.3 out of 11. The mean Hirabayashi recovery rate of the JOA score was 57%. All patients reported improvement in symptoms compared with preoperative status except for 1 patient with an American Spinal Injury Association Grade A spinal cord injury prior to surgery. The average duration of follow-up was 10.5 months. One patient developed postoperative wound infection that required additional operative debridement and revision of hardware.

Conclusions
Thoracic discectomy via a posterior pedicle-sparing transfacet approach is an adequate method of managing herniations at any thoracic level. The safety of the operation is significantly enhanced by the use of realtime intraoperative ultrasonography.
Topical Lidocaine Gel With and Without Subconjunctival Lidocaine Injection for Intravitreal Injection: A Within-Patient Study
Authors: Cohen Steven M. , Billiris-Findlay Karina , Eichenbaum David A. , Pautler Scott E. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether patients prefer topical anesthesia or subconjunctival anesthesia for intravitreal injection.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Consecutive patients receiving bilateral simultaneous injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents were asked to participate in this within-patient, prospective, single-blinded, randomized, factorial study. Fifty-seven patients completed the study. Both eyes were treated with topical anesthesia. One eye was also injected with subconjunctival lidocaine. Anesthesia for the next treatment visit was based on patient preference at the conclusion of the study visit and at a 4-hour and 24-hour follow-up telephone call. Patients were allowed to change their anesthesia preference during the next three visits. The final endpoint for the study was anesthesia preference for ongoing intravitreal injections.

RESULTS:

Fifty patients (88%) preferred subconjunctival anesthesia and seven patients (12%) preferred topical anesthesia for ongoing treatments. (
P
= .0003)

CONCLUSION:
Given the choice, most patients prefer subconjunctival anesthesia to topical anesthesia for intravitreal injections.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:306–310.]
Precise Montaging and Metric Quantification of Retinal Surface Area From Ultra-Widefield Fundus Photography and Fluorescein Angiography
Authors: Croft Daniel E. , van Hemert Jano , Wykoff Charles C. , Clifton David , Verhoek Michael , Fleming Alan , Brown David M. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Accurate quantification of retinal surface area from ultra-widefield (UWF) images is challenging due to warping produced when the retina is projected onto a two-dimensional plane for analysis. By accounting for this, the authors sought to precisely montage and accurately quantify retinal surface area in square millimeters.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Montages were created using Optos 200Tx (Optos, Dunfermline, U.K.) images taken at different gaze angles. A transformation projected the images to their correct location on a three-dimensional model. Area was quantified with spherical trigonometry. Warping, precision, and accuracy were assessed.

RESULTS:

Uncorrected, posterior pixels represented up to 79% greater surface area than peripheral pixels. Assessing precision, a standard region was quantified across 10 montages of the same eye (RSD: 0.7%; mean: 408.97 mm
2
; range: 405.34–413.87 mm
2
). Assessing accuracy, 50 patients’ disc areas were quantified (mean: 2.21 mm
2
; SE: 0.06 mm
2
), and the results fell within the normative range.

CONCLUSION:
By accounting for warping inherent in UWF images, precise montaging and accurate quantification of retinal surface area in square millimeters were achieved.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:312-317.]
Peripheral nerve injury grading simplified on MR neurography: As referenced to Seddon and Sunderland classifications
Authors: Chhabra Avneesh , Ahlawat Shivani , Belzberg Allan , Andreseik Gustav 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Seddon and Sunderland classifications have been used by physicians for peripheral nerve injury grading and treatment. While Seddon classification is simpler to follow and more relevant to electrophysiologists, the Sunderland grading is more often used by surgeons to decide when and how to intervene. With increasing availability of high-resolution and high soft-tissue contrast imaging provided by MR neurography, the surgical treatment can be guided following the above-described grading systems. The article discusses peripheral nerve anatomy, pathophysiology of nerve injury, traditional grading systems for classifying the severity of nerve injury, and the role of MR neurography in this domain, with respective clinical and surgical correlations, as one follows the anatomic paths of various nerve injury grading systems.
Bone tumor mimickers: A pictorial essay
Authors: Mhuircheartaigh Jennifer Ni , Lin Yu-Ching , Wu Jim S 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFocal lesions in bone are very common and many of these lesions are not bone tumors. These bone tumor mimickers can include numerous normal anatomic variants and non-neoplastic processes. Many of these tumor mimickers can be left alone, while others can be due to a significant disease process. It is important for the radiologist and clinician to be aware of these bone tumor mimickers and understand the characteristic features which allow discrimination between them and true neoplasms in order to avoid unnecessary additional workup. Knowing which lesions to leave alone or which ones require workup can prevent misdiagnosis and reduce patient anxiety.
Seronegative spondyloarthropathy-related sacroiliitis: CT, MRI features and differentials
Authors: Prakash Daya , Prabhu Shailesh M , Irodi Aparna 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSeronegative spondyloarthropathy is a group of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases that predominantly affect the axial skeleton. Involvement of sacroiliac joint is considered a hallmark for diagnosis of seronegative spondyloarthropathy and is usually the first manifestation of this condition. It is essential for the radiologist to know the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of spondyloarthropathy-related sacroiliitis as imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and evaluation of response to treatment. We present a pictorial essay of CT and MRI imaging findings in seronegative spondyloarthropathy-related sacroiliitis in various stages and highlight common differentials that need to be considered.
Inhibition of Metallic Corrosion in Aqueous Media★—A Review
Authors: GATOS HARRY C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A brief discussion of corrosion processes from the electrochemical standpoint is given along with some of the electrochemical factors affecting corrosion. Organic and inorganic inhibitors are discussed separately and the mechanisms proposed for explaining their action as polarizers of the local corrosion cells are reviewed. Several experimental approaches to the study of corrosion inhibitors are given. In this connection a number of inhibitors are listed and their applications given.
Behavior of 18-8 Stainless SteelIn 2 Normal Boiling Nitric and Sulfuric Acid Mixtures★
Authors: KRYSTOW P. E. , BALICKI M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The austenitic stainless steels when exposed to a range of boiling 2 Normal sulfuric-nitric acid solutions pass through a passive zone of negligible corrosion, a transition zone of irregular corrosion and two active zones of substantial corrosion. The corrosion rates in the passive and active zones were as anticipated while the rates in the transition zone were entirely unexpected. A plot of the corrosion rates in the transition zone revealed an unusual hump in the curve whose maximum occurred at a critical concentration.
From spectrographic analyses the corrosion rates or iron, chromium and nickel also were determined. A plot of these rates indicated that the hump in the transition zone of the corrosion curve was attributed to excessive corrosion of chromium in this zone. The percentage of the total corrosion attributable to iron was extremely high and above 99 percent in all the mixed acid solutions. In the transition zone there was an increase of chromium and nickel corrosion with a corresponding decrease of iron corrosion. 6.2.5
Analysis of Corrosion Pitting by Extreme-Value Statistics And Its Application to Oil Well Tubing Caliper Surveys★
Authors: ELDREDGE G. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A detailed account is given of how extreme-value statistics can be applied to the analysis of depths of corrosion pits. Particular attention is given in this connection to pitting in oil well tubing as measured by caliper surveys. It is shown how pit depth data may be sampled and abstracted to give predictions of the expectation of deep pits and of perforation. The methods are illustrated by evaluation of the effect on pit depths of certain factors (i.e., upset ends and depth in well).
A special graphical method has been developed for analysis of tubing caliper surveys and related pit depth surveys; this is known as the Pit Depth Rank Chart. Detailed directions are given for its use. This chart takes into account the normal occurrence of the deepest attack toward the top of the tubing strings, but is also suitable if this does not occur. 2.1.1
A Coating Evaluation Testing Program★
Authors: ALLEN E. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A program to test and evaluate external pipeline coatings is described. When this program was started ten years ago, many methods and procedures then in use did not give all of the information desired. Field burial tests are lengthly and because of the variable conditions which govern results can neither be controlled nor evaluated with any precision. Only laboratory type tests are suitable for a closely controlled system of coating evaluation. Laboratory results must be correlated with field service performance.
This test program was in three phases: First, laboratory procedures and apparatus were developed. Second, commonly used coatings were tested ana laboratory results correlated with field performance data. Third, new materials were tested and their performance compared with coatings in common use.
Laboratory and field test procedures and apparatus are described. A discussion on the application of test data to selection of pipeline coatings is included. 2.1.2
The Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Of Austenitic Stainless Steels In Hot Aqueous Chloride Solutions★
Authors: LEU K. W. , HELLE J. N. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An investigation into the mechanism of transcrystalline stress corrosion of austenitic stainless steels (18 Cr/8 Ni and 25 Cr/20 Ni) in hot aqueous chloride solutions has shown that this phenomenon must be described as being a process alternating between corrosion and mechanical cracking. Only sharp-edged pits formed by a specific corrosive attack initiate and propagate the mechanical cracking. These pits act as stress raisers; the conditions for notch brittleness of the materials involved are produced, so that mechanical cracking occurs, which is of a brittle nature.
At high stresses small pits occurring either at the slip bands or at the grain boundaries may cause cracking, whereas at low applied stresses, only longish pits formed at the slip bands initiate it.
The investigation proves that the initial corrosive attack is dependent primarily on the mechanical and chemical behavior of the passivating film already present on the steel or formed during exposure to the corrosive medium, and only to a minor extent on the structure of the metal itself.
If the type of initial corrosive attack is changed by comparatively small alterations in the composition of the corrosive medium, stress corrosion is either prevented or accelerated. Tests illustrating this observation are discussed. 3.5.8
Development of the Redox Probe Field Technique★
Authors: COSTANZO F. E. , McVEY R. E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A description is given of a field technique developed to obtain oxidation-reduction potentials of soils through the use of a probe. The results of all tests with this probe indicate that redox potential can be an extremely useful tool for corrosion engineers. The instrument is rugged enough for use in the field but sensitive enough to find even small indications of bacterial corrosion.
A comparison is made between redox data and the following items: (1) Pipe-to-CuSO4 profile study, (2) Four-point soil resistance survey, (3) pH readings, (4) Earth current readings, and (5) Seasonal variation. 2.4.2
Corrosion of Steel Weldments
Authors: MacEWAN J. U. , YATES H. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Forty-six different steel weldments were subjected to 12 months' alternate immersion in 3 percent sodium chloride solution. Weight loss was more dependent on the type of steel than the nature of the weld, but severity of corrosion in the weld region was affected by both factors. Apparatus was constructed to measure short circuit current between exposed surfaces of parent metal and weld metal. Rapid fluctuations in this current made precise determinations difficult, but average values were reproducible if a set conditioning procedure was used prior to measurement. Variations in current with sodium chloride concentration and with oxygen content of a gas mixture bubbled into the solution were determined, and the activation energy in a 3 percent sodium chloride solution increased from 4 to 6 kcal/mole as the oxygen content of the gas mixture decreased from 100 to 20 percent. 3.7.3
Observations on the Mechanisms and Kinetics of Aqueous Aluminum Corrosion (Part 2—Kinetics of Aqueous Aluminum Corrosion)
Authors: DILLON R. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The corrosion of Al in high temperature deionized water in the range 100 to 363 C has been studied as a kinetic process. The observations described in the report coupled with lower temperature data taken from the literature indicate aluminum corrosion successively has a logarithmic, a parabolic and a linear dependence on time as the temperature increases. The temperature dependence for parabolic and linear processes have been determined. Certain similarities between air and water oxidation are pointed out and discussed. The effect of alloying additions has been considered and found to be negligible for the parabolic process, but important in the linear oxidation process. 3.8.4
High Temperature Metal Deterioration In Atmospheres Containing Carbon-Monoxide and Hydrogen★
Authors: HOYT W. B. , CAUGHEY R. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Carbon steel and stainless steel equipment exposed to gas mixtures rich in hydrogen and carbon-monoxide at temperatures from 800 to 1200 F have been attacked with resulting loss of metal. Conditions under which this attack has been observed in a coal-to-oil synthesis plant and the nature of metal deterioration are described, Mechanism of this type attack is not fully understood although a possible gas-metal reaction is postulated. 3.2.2
An Electrochemical Study Of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys
Authors: KHAIRY E. M. , HUSSEIN M. KAMAL 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Studies of the static electrode potentials of the R, Duralumin, M 22, DK and S 2 aluminum base alloys show that these alloys have the same behavior as pure metal in buffer solutions initially free from metal ions within the pH range 1 to 8. The repetitive oscillographic method was used to examine the corrosive action of chloride ions on the anodic behavior of the alloys studied. Oscillograms are presented to show the potentials of the alloys in various pH ranges. Composition of the buffer solutions at various pH levels are given in tables. 6.4.2
Principles and Criteria for Cathodic Protection Of Steel in Sea Water—A Review★
Authors: PETERSON M. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Development of cathodic protection is traced from the initial work of Davy to the formation of an adequate theory of cathodic protection. Techniques used in experimental determination of criteria for protection in laboratory and in field are given with the advantages and limitations of each. Reference list includes 84 items. 5.2.4
A randomized trial of brief treatment of earlystage Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Hamed Rasha Hamdy , Anter Abeer Hussein , Awad Ibrahim Aly 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Whether it is possible to reduce the intensity of treatment in early (stage I or II) Hodgkin lymphoma with a favorable prognosis remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted this randomized trial, comparing two treatment groups consisting of a combination chemotherapy regimen of two different intensities followed by involved-field radiation therapy at two different dose levels.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
Prospective, randomized, in patients referred to the Department of Clinical oncology and Nuclear Medicine.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Ninety-eight patients with histologically proven early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma with a favorable prognosis were enrolled in this study between January 2008 and June 2010. They were randomly assigned in one of two treatment arms: arm I received four cycles of ABVD (Adriamycin, belomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) followed by 30 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy; arm II received two cycles of ABVD followed by 20 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy.

RESULTS:
During the follow-up period, the 2-year relapse free survival rates were 96% and 95% in arm I and arm II, respectively(P=.8), while the 2-year overall survival rates were 98% and 95% in arm I and arm II, respectively (P=.16). acute toxicity affected 54% of patients treated with four cycles of ABVD, who had grade III or IV toxicity, as compared with 30% of those receiving two cycles (P<.02). the rates of acute toxicity (grade III or IV) were also higher among patients treated with 30 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy than among those receiving 20 Gy (16% vs. 2.5%, P<.03).

CONCLUSION:
In patients with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma and a favorable prognosis, treatment with two cycles of ABVD followed by 20 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy was as effective as, and less toxic than, four cycles of ABVD followed by 30 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy.
A phase 2 study of the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines with/ without taxanes
Authors: Kohail Hanna , Shehata Samir , Mansour Omar , Gouda Youssri , Gaafar Rabbab , Hamid Thoraya Abdel , Nowieam Saiid El , Khodary Ahmed Al , Zawahry Heba El , Wareth Ahmed Abdel , Halim Iman Abdel , Taleb Fouad Abou , Hamada Emad , Barsoum Mohsen , Abdullah Mohamed , Meshref Mohamed 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Many patients with relapsed metastatic breast cancer are pre-treated with taxanes and anthracyclines, which are usually given in the neoadjuvant/adjuvant setting or as first-line treatment for metastatic disease. The primary objective of this study was to determine the overall response rate for combination treatment with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who had relapsed after receiving one adjuvant/neoadjuvant or first-line metastatic chemotherapy regimen containing an anthracycline with/without a taxane. secondary endpoints included duration of response, time to progression, one-year survival probability, and toxicity.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
A single-arm, open-label, phase 2 study conducted at 17 investigative sites in Egypt.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Treatment consisted of gemcitabine (1250 mg/m2) on Days 1 and 8 and cisplatin (70 mg/m2) on Day 1 of each 21-day cycle. Treatment continued until disease progression or a maximum of 6 cycles.

RESULTS:
Of 1 44 patients all were evaluable for safety and 132 patients were evaluable for efficacy. The overall response rate was 33.3% and 45.5% of the patients with stable disease as their best response. The median time to progression was 5.1 months and the one-year survival probability was 73%. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were nausea/vomiting (20.1%), neutropenia (19.4%), anemia (13.9%), asthenia (11.1%), diarrhea (9.7%), stomatitis (7.6%), leucopenia (7.6%), and thrombocytopenia (6.2%). twelve (8.3%) patients had serious adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study indicate that gemcitabine and cisplatin were active and generally well tolerated in pretreated patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.