bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation, analysis, and modeling of deep radio occultation signals: Effects of tropospheric ducts and interfering signals
Authors: Sokolovskiy S. , Schreiner W. , Zeng Z. , Hunt D. , Lin Y.‐C. , Kuo Y.‐H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGPS radio occultation (RO) signals are sometimes observed very deep in the Earth's shadow. To investigate these phenomena, one of the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC RO receivers was set to track RO signals deep below the limb, down to a height of straight line −350 km on 5–6 October 2010. Analysis of the spectrograms revealed the existence of two types of signals below −200 km, RO signals induced by tropospheric propagation and interfering signals not transmitted by the occulted GPS. The RO signals induced by tropospheric propagation arrive from impact heights corresponding to inversion layers. Wave optics modeling of RO signals showed that deep signals exist when the refractivity gradient exceeds critical (super‐refraction). The existence of such signals is a diffractional phenomenon, which offers a new quality control parameter to identify occultations that may be affected by super‐refraction. This is important for RO data assimilation in weather models in the moist lower troposphere because assimilation of RO data affected by super‐refraction is an ill‐conditioned problem. Detection of the tropospheric ducts also may be useful for evaluation of radio wave propagation conditions. For infinitely horizontally extended ducts, the deep signals are extended in duration, have amplitudes of about 0.1%, and exist for only elevated ducts. For ducts of limited horizontal extension, the deep signals are shorter in duration, have amplitude of about 1%, and may exist for both elevated and surface ducts. The interfering signals were found in about half of occultations. Based on frequency modeling, in most cases, the interfering signal was identified with non‐occulted GPS. The disturbance of retrieved bending angle induced by an interfering signal from a non‐occulted GPS in a region of strong defocusing and significant spectral spread of RO signal was modeled and determined to be quite large, up to 10% of bending angle. However, the probability of occurrence of such interference (not estimated), generally, must be low. Removal of the interfering signal by high‐pass filtering was tested, but it introduced a disturbance of bending angle of about the same magnitude as the interfering signal itself.
Association of Time to Kidney Transplantation With Graft Failure Among US Patients With End‐Stage Renal Disease Due to Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Plantinga Laura C. , Patzer Rachel E. , Drenkard Cristina , Kramer Michael R. , Klein Mitchel , Lim S. Sam , McClellan William M. , Pastan Stephen O. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveProviders recommend waiting to transplant patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to lupus nephritis (LN), to allow for quiescence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)–related immune activity. However, these recommendations are not standardized, and we sought to examine whether duration of time to transplant was associated with risk of graft failure in US LN‐ESRD patients.MethodsUsing national ESRD surveillance data (United States Renal Data System), we identified 4,743 US patients with LN‐ESRD who received a first transplant on or after January 1, 2000 (followup through September 30, 2011). The association of wait time (time from ESRD start to transplant) with graft failure was assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, with splines of the exposure to allow for nonlinearity of the association and with adjustment for potential confounding by demographic, clinical, and transplant factors.ResultsWhite LN‐ESRD patients who were transplanted later (versus at <3 months receiving dialysis) were at increased risk of graft failure (3–12 months: adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.93–1.63; 12–24 months: adjusted HR 1.37, 95% CI 0.92–2.06; 24–36 months: adjusted HR 1.34, 95% CI 0.92–1.97; and >36 months: adjusted HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.31–2.99). However, no such association was seen among African American recipients (3–12 months: adjusted HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.79–1.45; 12–24 months: adjusted HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.64–1.60; 24–36 months: adjusted HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.51–1.18; and >36 months: adjusted HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.48–1.13).ConclusionWhile future studies are needed to examine the potential confounding effect of clinically recognized SLE activity on the observed associations, these results suggest that longer wait times to transplant may be associated with equivalent or worse, not better, graft outcomes among LN‐ESRD patients.
Comparison of the initial reactant structure and crosslinked network of poly(dimethyl siloxane) membranes from different macromonomers
Authors: Singh Puyam S. , Jadav Ghanshyam L. , Aswal Vinod K. , Das Arun K. , Kumar Sugam , Kansara Ankit M. , Chaudhri Sanjay G. , Brahmbhatt Harshad 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTSome of the best entities for the removal of volatile organic pollutants from water, poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) membranes from two types of initial PDMS precursors, were thoroughly investigated. In both the cases, the sizes of the initial macromonomers increased because of the crosslinking in the liquid state, and they exhibited Gaussian chain statistics, which were condensed by further crosslinking to the formation of the membranes. The structures of both the membrane types exhibited large interchain spacing on swelling; this implied a high degree of chain mobility. Their structural properties were corroborated by their separation performances. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41461.
Five‐Year Followup of Knee Joint Cartilage Thickness Changes After Acute Rupture of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Eckstein F. , Wirth W. , Lohmander L. S. , Hudelmaier M. I. , Frobell R. B. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture involves an increased risk of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in cartilage thickness over 5 years after ACL rupture.MethodsA total of 121 young active adults (ages 18–35 years; 26% women) from the Knee ACL, Nonsurgical versus Surgical Treatment (KANON) study, who had acute traumatic rupture of the ACL were studied. Sagittal magnetic resonance images were acquired within 4 weeks of ACL rupture (baseline) and at the 2‐year and 5‐year followup assessments. Medial and lateral femorotibial cartilage was segmented (with blinding to acquisition order), and the mean cartilage thickness was computed across 16 femorotibial subregions. Total femorotibial cartilage thickness change was the primary analytic focus. Maximal subregional mean cartilage thickness loss (ordered value 1 [OV1]) and gain (ordered value 16 [OV16]), independent of its specific location in individual knees, were the secondary analytic focus.ResultsOverall femorotibial cartilage thickness increased by 31 μm/year over 5 years (95% confidence interval 18, 44). The increase was similar in men and women and was significantly greater in those younger, as compared with those older, than the median age (25.3 years). The rate of total cartilage thickness change did not differ significantly between the first 2 years and the later 3 years. However, the maximal annualized subregional cartilage loss (OV1) and gain (OV16) were both significantly greater (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) during the earlier interval than during the later interval (−115 versus −54 μm [OV1] and 116 versus 69 μm [OV16]).ConclusionCartilage thickening was observed over 5 years following ACL injury, particularly in the medial femorotibial compartment and in younger subjects. Major perturbations in cartilage homeostasis were seen over the first 2 years after ACL rupture, with simultaneous subregional thinning and thickening occurring within the same cartilage plate or compartment.
Mechanisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Antagonist–Induced Lupus in a Murine Model
Authors: Xu Yuan , Zhuang Haoyang , Han Shuhong , Liu Chao , Wang Hai , Mathews Clayton E. , Massini John , Yang Lijun , Reeves Westley H. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) antagonists are effective for treating rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, but their use can be complicated by the development of lupus‐like phenomena. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of TNFα in a murine model of lupus.MethodsToll‐like receptor 7 (TLR‐7) ligand–driven lupus was induced by injection of pristane into C57BL/6 (B6) mice deficient in TNFα (TNFα−/−) or TNFα‐intact B6 mice as wild‐type controls. Autoantibody and type I interferon (IFN) production was measured in each group of mice, and the effects of the presence or absence of TNFα on type I IFN–producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), Ly‐6Chigh monocytes, and TNFα‐producing neutrophils were determined.ResultsTNFα−/− mice did not spontaneously develop autoantibodies or clinical manifestations of lupus, suggesting that TNFα deficiency alone is insufficient to cause lupus. Although the levels of type I IFN were comparable between untreated TNFα−/− and wild‐type control mice, untreated TNFα−/− mice had increased circulating levels of PDCs and PDC‐like cells, which enhanced the potential for production of type I IFN. When treated with pristane, TNFα−/− mice developed more severe lupus compared to pristane‐treated controls, characterized by increased levels of anti‐Sm/RNP autoantibodies, type I IFN, PDCs, and peritoneal inflammatory (Ly‐6Chigh) monocytes. In pristane‐treated TNFα−/− mice, the numbers of neutrophils, a cell type that promotes resolution of inflammation, were decreased considerably, whereas the responses of inflammatory monocytes and PDCs and the production of type I IFN were increased and prolonged.ConclusionLow levels of TNFα will increase the number of circulating PDCs in mice, thereby enhancing the potential to produce type I IFN. However, this does not necessarily lead to type I IFN production or autoimmunity unless there is concomitant exposure to endogenous TLR‐7 ligands, which are released from dead cells following pristane treatment. In humans, the rate of clearance of dead cells, along with the levels of TNFα, may influence who will develop lupus following treatment with TNFα inhibitors.
Relationship Between Bent Long Bones, Bent Scapulae, and Wavy Ribs: Malformations or Variations?
Authors: Kimmel Carole A. , Garry Michael R. , DeSesso John M. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDShortened and bent long bones and bent scapulae are sometimes reported in fetuses with wavy ribs (Carney and Kimmel, ). Wavy ribs are typically seen in the presence of maternal and developmental toxicity, are transient and reversible postnatally, and are considered to be variations rather than malformations.METHODSWe further assessed the literature cited in Kimmel and Carney () as well as papers published since then to determine under what conditions bent long bones in the absence of gross limb defects and bent scapulae were reported and whether information was available on the transient or permanent nature of these effects.RESULTSLong bone and/or scapular changes almost always occurred at a lower incidence than wavy ribs. In every case, maternal and fetal toxicity occurred at the same dose levels. In a few studies, pups were followed sequentially after birth and bent long bones and scapulae were transient in nature and appeared normal by the time of weaning. Rabbits were much less likely to show wavy ribs or long bone and scapular changes at birth, even in the presence of severe maternal and fetal toxicity. This species difference may be due in part to the great increase in bone mass and remodeling that occurs during the first few postnatal weeks in rodents, but which takes place during the longer fetal period in rabbits.CONCLUSIONOur conclusion from this review is that bent long bones and scapulae, like wavy ribs, appear to be secondary to maternal and developmental toxicity, are transient, and like wavy ribs should be considered variations rather than malformations
Characterization of human adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells isolated from diabetic patient's distal limbs with critical ischemia
Authors: Kočí Zuzana , Turnovcová Karolína , Dubský Michal , Baranovičová Lenka , Holáň Vladimír , Chudíčková Milada , Syková Eva , Kubinová Šárka 
Published: September 2014

Adipose tissue is an abundant source of autologous adult stem cells that may bring new therapeutic perspectives on the treatment of diabetes and its complications. It is unclear whether adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells (ASCs) of diabetic patients, constantly influenced by hyperglycaemia, have the same properties as non‐diabetic controls. As an alternative source of ASCs, adipose tissue from distal limbs of diabetic patients with critical ischemia was isolated. ASCs were characterized in terms of cell surface markers, multilineage differentiation and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), chemokine‐related genes and compared with non‐diabetic controls. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed mesenchymal phenotypes in both diabetic and non‐diabetic ASCs. Nevertheless, 40% of diabetic and 20% of non‐diabetic ASC samples displayed high expressions of fibroblast marker, which inversely correlated with the expression of CD105. In diabetic patients, significantly decreased expression of VEGFA and chemokine receptor CXCR4 was found in fibroblast‐positive ASCs, compared with their fibroblast‐negative counterparts. Reduced osteogenic differentiation and the downregulation of chemokine CXCL12 were found in fibroblast‐negative diabetic ASCs. Both diabetic and non‐diabetic ASCs were differentiated into adipocytes and chondrocytes and did not reveal islet‐like cell differentiation. According to this study, adipose tissue from distal limbs of diabetic patients is not satisfactory as an autologous ASC source. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYHyperglycaemic milieu as well as other metabolic disorders linked to diabetes may have an influence on endogenous stem cell properties. The present study investigated the feasibility of autologous stem cell therapy in diabetic patients. ASCs isolated from the ischemic limb of diabetic patients were found to be less potent when compared phenotypically and functionally to control non‐diabetic counterparts with no signs of limb ischemia. High expression of fibroblast markers associated with reduced expression of VEGFA as well as reduced osteogenic differentiation may have an impact on the effectiveness of autologous cell therapies in diabetic patients.
Identification of novel mutations by exome sequencing in African American colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Ashktorab Hassan , Daremipouran Mohammad , Devaney Joe , Varma Sudhir , Rahi Hamed , Lee Edward , Shokrani Babak , Schwartz Russell , Nickerson Michael L. , Brim Hassan 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to identify genome‐wide single nucleotide variants and mutations in African American patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). There is a need of such studies in African Americans, because they display a higher incidence of aggressive CRC tumors.METHODSWe performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on DNA from 12 normal/tumor pairs of African American CRC patient tissues. Data analysis was performed using the software package GATK (Genome Analysis Tool Kit). Normative population databases (eg, 1000 Genomes SNP database, dbSNP, and HapMap) were used for comparison. Variants were annotated using analysis of variance and were validated via Sanger sequencing.RESULTSWe identified somatic mutations in genes that are known targets in CRC such as APC, BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA. We detected novel alterations in the Wnt pathway gene, APC, within its exon 15, of which mutations are highly associated with CRC.CONCLUSIONSThis WES study in African American patients with CRC provides insight into the identification of novel somatic mutations in APC. Our data suggest an association between specific mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway and an increased risk of CRC. The analysis of the pathogenicity of these novel variants may shed light on the aggressive nature of CRC in African Americans. Cancer 2015;121:34–42. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Solitomab, an epithelial cell adhesion molecule/CD3 bispecific antibody (BiTE), is highly active against primary chemotherapy‐resistant ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro and fresh tumor cells ex vivo
Authors: English Diana P. , Bellone Stefania , Schwab Carlton L. , Roque Dana M. , Lopez Salvatore , Bortolomai Ileana , Cocco Emiliano , Bonazzoli Elena , Chatterjee Sudeshna , Ratner Elena , Silasi Dan‐Arin , Azodi Masoud , Schwartz Peter E. , Rutherford Thomas J. , Santin Alessandro D. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDSolitomab is a novel, bispecific, single‐chain antibody that targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tumor cells and also contains a cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) (T‐cell coreceptor) binding region. The authors evaluated the in vitro activity of solitomab against primary chemotherapy‐resistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines as well as malignant cells in ascites.METHODSEpCAM expression was evaluated by flow cytometry in 5 primary ovarian cancer cell lines and in 42 fresh ovarian tumor cell cultures in ascites from patients with mainly advanced or recurrent, chemotherapy‐resistant disease. The potential activity of solitomab against EpCAM‐positive tumor cells was evaluated by flow cytometry, proliferation, and 4‐hour chromium‐release, cell‐mediated cytotoxicity assays.RESULTSEpCAM expression was detected by flow cytometry in approximately 80% of the fresh ovarian tumors and primary ovarian tumor cell lines tested. EpCAM‐positive, chemotherapy‐resistant cell lines were identified as resistant to natural killer cell‐mediated or T‐cell–mediated killing after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes in 4‐hour chromium‐release assays (mean±standard error of the mean, 3.6%±0.7% of cells killed after incubation of EpCAM‐positive cell lines with control bispecific antibody). In contrast, after incubation with solitomab, EpCAM‐positive, chemotherapy‐resistant cells became highly sensitive to T‐cell cytotoxicity (mean±standard error of the mean, 28.2%±2.05% of cells killed; P<.0001) after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ex vivo incubation of autologous tumor‐associated lymphocytes with EpCAM‐expressing malignant cells in ascites with solitomab resulted in a significant increase in T‐cell activation markers and a reduction in the number of viable ovarian tumor cells in ascites (P<.001).CONCLUSIONSSolitomab may represent a novel, potentially effective agent for the treatment of chemotherapy‐resistant ovarian cancers that overexpress EpCAM. Cancer 2015;121:403–412. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Differential susceptibility in a developmental perspective: DRD4 and maternal sensitivity predicting externalizing behavior
Authors: Windhorst Dafna A. , Mileva‐Seitz Viara R. , Linting Mariëlle , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Verhulst Frank C. , Tiemeier Henning , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis study is the first to investigate the longitudinal effects of gene–environment interplay between DRD4 genotype and maternal sensitivity on child externalizing behavior. Multiple measures of maternal sensitivity (14, 36, and 48 months) and externalizing behavior (18 months, 36 months, and 5 years) were assessed in a large cohort study (N = 548). Early maternal insensitivity (14 months) was associated with early externalizing behavior (18 months) in a for better and for worse manner, but only in children with at least one DRD4 7‐repeat, consistent with a differential susceptibility model. Later insensitivity (48 months) predicted externalizing behavior at age 5 independent of DRD4 genotype. A structural equation model including all measures across time supported the differential susceptibility model: The overall effect of early maternal sensitivity on later externalizing behavior was significant only for children with a DRD4 7‐repeat allele. The results highlight the importance of studying gene–environment interactions across development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 35–49, 2015.
The Effect of Leisure‐Time Physical Activity on Obesity, Diabetes, High BP and Heart Disease Among Canadians: Evidence from 2000/2001 to 2005/2006
Authors: Sarma Sisira , Devlin Rose Anne , Gilliland Jason , Campbell M. Karen , Zaric Gregory S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough studies have looked at the effect of physical activity on obesity and other health outcomes, the causal nature of this relationship remains unclear. We fill this gap by investigating the impact of leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) and work‐related physical activity (WRPA) on obesity and chronic conditions in Canadians aged 18–75 using instrumental variable and recursive bivariate probit approaches. Average local temperatures surrounding the respondents' interview month are used as a novel instrument to help identify the causal relationship between LTPA and health outcomes. We find that an active level of LTPA (i.e. walking ≥1 h/day) reduces the probability of obesity by five percentage points, which increases to 11 percentage points if also combined with some WRPA. WRPA exhibits a negative effect on the probability of obesity and chronic conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary extradural meningioma presenting as a neck mass: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Saade Rami , Hessel Amy , Ginsberg Lawrence , Fuller Greg , Bell Diana 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrimary extradural meningiomas (PEMs) are rare, particularly those involving the paraspinal cervical area, so little is known about them. We identified a new case and compared it with 10 previous cases, addressed the diagnostic challenges, and highlighted the clinical and pathologic characteristics.MethodsWe conducted a case report and literature review of PEM cases reported since 1976.ResultsA 59‐year‐old man presented with right neck stiffness and discomfort that was present over the last several months, which is consistent with other cases. CT scan and MRI revealed a paraspinal cervical mass. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and core biopsy revealed spindle cells with whorling consistent with meningioma. The patient underwent complete en bloc resection of the tumor. The PEM was histologically benign.ConclusionCervical PEMs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a deep neck mass. These tumors are typically benign and are surgically resected. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E92–E95, 2015
CHOOSING THE VARIABLES TO ESTIMATE SINGULAR DSGE MODELS
Authors: Canova Fabio , Ferroni Filippo , Matthes Christian 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYWe propose two methods to choose the variables to be used in the estimation of the structural parameters of a singular DSGE model. The first selects the vector of observables that optimizes parameter identification; the second selects the vector that minimizes the informational discrepancy between the singular and non‐singular model. An application to a standard model is discussed and the estimation properties of different setups compared. Practical suggestions for applied researchers are provided. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.