bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wolff, Christian
Authors: Rosenkoetter Timothy 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Christian Wolff (1679–1754) was a philosopher, mathematician, and natural scientist of remarkable scope and astounding productivity (circa 50,000 published Pages), who ranks as the central figure of the pre‐Kantian German Enlightenment (
see
Kant, Immanuel). Though Wolff is often considered primarily a theoretical philosopher whose contributions fall within ontology and metaphysics, this does not accord with Wolff's self‐understanding. His first published work, which gained him the attention of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646–1716), was in ethics, and practical philosophy was the focus of his energies during the final 16 years of his life. Moreover, even when he was writing in theoretical fields, Wolff understood his work to be ultimately aimed at helping people to lead more rational lives. Many of his philosophical works during his initial appointment at the University of Halle as a professor of mathematics (1706–23) were written in German, which was unusual at the time, and was motivated by his Enlightenment project of making accessible to the general population their own capacities for adopting rational epistemic and practical policies. Wolff's terminological choices in these works proved pivotal for the subsequent development of German as a philosophically mature language, and thereby for German philosophy as a whole. Through his influence on students and others who read his works, Wolff was the first German philosopher to establish what could be considered a school. Wolff maintains a lasting influence on the history of ethics, especially through Kant, who reacted to Wolff in part through the Wolffians Gottfried Achenwall (1719–72), Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–62), and Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–77), whose works Kant used as textbooks on a regular basis.
Mercy
Authors: Rainbolt George W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMercy has been the subject of philosophical analysis at least since the time of the ancient Greeks. It was a subject of consideration in both Roman and medieval philosophy as well as in a rich tapestry of literature, drama, poetry, and song. In these materials, one finds that mercy is said to have at least three features. (1) Mercy is a morally good: mercy “is twice blessed”; (2) mercy frequently modifies the demands of justice: “mercy seasons justice”; (3) one does not demand mercy – one hopes or begs for it: “The quality of mercy is not strain'd.” Following Shakespeare, let us refer to this third feature of mercy as its “gentle” quality (Shakespeare,The Merchant of Venice, Act 4, Scene 1, Portia speaks). Various theories of mercy give differing accounts of these three features as they attempt to resolve three puzzles of mercy.
Plotinus
Authors: Remes Pauliina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOne of the most influential philosophers of late antiquity, Plotinus (ca.CE204/5–270) is the founder of the neo‐Platonic school of thought. He considered himself a faithful follower of Plato (seePlato). Besides, however, being able to complement Plato's views in the light of the criticisms and developments of Aristotle (seeAristotle), later peripatetics, Hellenistic philosophers, and the so‐called middle‐Platonists, Plotinus formulates a body of doctrines that goes well beyond Plato (seeStoicism; Hellenistic Ethics). Plotinus lectured to a circle of friends, intellectuals, and politicians in Rome, to where he had moved from Alexandria. His life history is accessible through the biography (Vita Plotini) written by his student and colleague, Porphyry.
Euthanasia
Authors: Lindsay Ronald A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEuthanasia is commonly understood as bringing about another's death to end that person's suffering. There is substantial controversy whether euthanasia is morally permissible, and, if so, under what circumstances. One can understand why euthanasia is controversial. At least in some instances, euthanasia is considered by many a form of killing, and to say there is a strong presumption that killing another human is immoral is an understatement (seeKilling). The prohibition on killing is at the core of morality. If one of the aims of morality is to foster peaceful cooperation among humans living together, killing must be prohibited, except in exceptional circumstances, such as when it is when necessary to preserve one's own life or the lives of others (seeSelf‐defense). Given the strong presumption that killing is wrong, it would take a very persuasive argument to rebut that presumption.
Feminist Political Theory
Authors: Watson Lori 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFeminism, broadly understood, has two principal aims: first, to understand, diagnose, and analyze the forms and sources of gender inequality; and, second, to offer principles, policies, and directives to undo gender inequality as well as provide a vision for gender equality. Given the diversity of analyses on both fronts, “feminism(s),” rather than “Feminism,” is a more accurate term for the collection of views that identify with these principal aims. Given that one underlying theme in feminist approaches is demonstrating the ways in which politics, understood as power relations, is present in our everyday lives, it wouldn't be an exaggeration to describe feminist theory as a whole as a kind of political philosophy. However, the goal in this piece is to describe a more narrow set of feminist theorizing, that has to do more directly with political theory traditionally understood. The focus of such feminist political theory often includes an examination of the state and its role in either the reproduction of gender inequality or its potential for redressing such inequality. Some feminist political theory involves substantive critiques of conventional political theory that does not theorize gender relations explicitly; its aim is to reframe many of the central questions of political theory in ways that place issues of gender inequality front and center.
Contextualism in Ethics
Authors: Björnsson Gunnar 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

There are various ways in which context matters in ethics. Most clearly, the context in which an action is performed might determine whether the action is morally right: though it is often wrong not to keep a promise, it might be permissible in certain contexts. More radically, proponents of moral particularism (
see
Particularism) have argued that a reason for an action in one context is not guaranteed to be a reason in a different context: whether it is a reason against an act that it breaks a promise or inflicts pain might depend on the particulars of the situation. In moral epistemology, Timmons (1999: Ch. 5) argues that whether a moral judgment is epistemically responsible depends both on the basic moral outlook of the moral judge and on whether the context of judgment is one of engaged moral thinking, or one of distanced, skeptical reflection. In the former, the judge's basic moral outlook can serve to justify the judgment; not so in the latter (
see
Epistemology, Moral).
Colonialism and Postcolonialism
Authors: Butt Daniel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMuch of the history of international relations is characterized by the violent attempts of one community to subjugate another. In 1955, Aimé Césaire wrote of the “great historical tragedy” that befell Africa in its encounter with European colonialism, an encounter that led Césaire to conclude that “Europe is responsible before the human community for the highest heap of corpses in human history” (2000: 45). A range of important ethical issues emerges from a consideration of the past interaction between colonizing and colonized peoples, both in the African context and elsewhere in the world. This article first seeks to describe the key characteristics of colonialism as a system of domination and subjugation, before considering the legitimacy of contemporary judgments on the morality of historical colonialism. It then examines how the particular character of colonialism complicates arguments relating to the rectification of injustice. It concludes by asking what lessons those interested in ethics can learn from the diverse body of work produced by writers in the postcolonial tradition.
Realism, Moral
Authors: Sayre‐McCord Geoffrey 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMoral realists maintain (1) that in making moral judgments – for instance, that cruelty is wrong or generosity required or justice a virtue – people are purporting to report moral facts (and not just expressing their tastes or preferences) and (2) that there are such facts to report, so that some such claims are actually true and the world is, really, in those cases as claimed.
Honor
Authors: Sessions William Lad 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Honor is an ancient concept that has been extensively studied from a descriptive point of view, but also one that has fallen into normative purgatory, or worse. Honor does have an undeniable dark side: a long history and a present surfeit of violence, snobbery, patriarchy, and much else. It is no wonder that many today deny, ignore, or dismiss honor's
normativity
(
see
Normativity). It seems to be a concept others use but we must only observe. Yet, life remains in these old bones: even if honor remains morally problematic, it may still have lessons to teach contemporary ethicists about what might be called “quasi‐moral normative concepts.”
Polymer Brush Electrets
Authors: Ma Xinlei , Xie Zhuang , Liu Zhilu , Liu Xuqing , Cao Tingbing , Zheng Zijian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe charge storage properties of polymer brushes are reported for the first time. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) brushes are explored as electrets to store electrostatic charges. Micrometer‐ and nanometer‐scale patterns of electrostatic charges are successfully fabricated on planar and non‐planar PMMA brush films by means of conductive microcontact printing and atomic force microscope lithography, where the charge storage density and stability are studied in detail with Kelvin force microscopy. Importantly, because PMMA brushes are chemically tethered on the substrate, their charge storage properties can be studied in various organic solvents, in which their bulk counterparts will be dissolved. It is found that patterned charges on PMMA brushes are stable enough in organic media, such as hexane and toluene, for guiding the assembly of Au nanoparticles in organic media and the dewetting of polymer thin films with solvent annealing. The electrets properties shall add a new dimension of functionality, apart from the conventional chemical and physical properties, to polymer brushes for a wide range of applications in materials science, nanotechnology, and electronic devices.
α‐Tocopherol binding to human serum albumin
Authors: Fanali Gabriella , Fasano Mauro , Ascenzi Paolo , Zingg Jean‐Marc , Azzi Angelo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGiven the ability of human serum albumin (HSA) to bind hydrophobic ligands, the binding mode of α‐tocopherol, the most representative member of the vitamin E family, is reported. α‐Tocopherol binds to HSA with K
$_{\rm d}^0$
= (7.0 ± 3.0) × 10−6 M (pH 7.2, 25.0°C). Competitive and allosteric modulation of α‐tocopherol binding to full‐length and truncated (Asp1‐Glu382) HSA by endogenous and exogenous ligands suggests that it accommodates preferentially in the FA3–FA4 site. As HSA is taken up into cells, colocalizes with the α‐tocopherol transfer protein, and contributes to ligand secretion via ABCA1, it might participate in the distribution of α‐tocopherol between plasma, cells, and tissues. © 2013 BioFactors, 2013
Interactions of several single nucleotide polymorphisms and high body mass index on serum lipid traits
Authors: Yin Rui‐Xing , Wu Dong‐Feng , Miao Lin , Htet Aung Lynn Htet , Cao Xiao‐Li , Yan Ting‐Ting , Long Xing‐Jiang , Liu Wan‐Ying , Zhang Lin , Li Meng 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and high body mass index (BMI) on serum lipid profiles are limited. This study was undertaken to detect the interactions of 10 SNPs and high BMI on serum lipid traits in an isolated population. A total of 978 normal BMI (<24 kg/m2) and 751 high BMI (≥24 kg/m2) subjects of Bai Ku Yao were randomly selected from our previous stratified randomized cluster samples. Genotypes of rs2066715, rs1044925, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL‐R) Ava∥, rs2070895, rs2000813, rs1801133, rs3757354, rs505151, rs2016520, and rs5888 SNPs were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing. The interactions were detected by factorial design covariance analysis. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs2070895 and rs505151 were different between normal and high BMI subjects, the genotypic frequency of rs2000813 and allelic frequency of rs3757354 were also different between normal and high BMI subjects (P < 0.01). The levels of total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 (rs2066715); TC, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB (rs2070895); triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and ApoA1 (rs2000813); TC, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs1801133); HDL‐C and ApoA1 (rs3757354) in normal BMI subjects were different among the genotypes (P < 0.01). The levels of LDL‐C, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB (rs2066715); HDL‐C, ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB (rs2070895); TC, HDL‐C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs2000813); TC, TG, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs1801133); TC, TG, and ApoB (rs3757354); TG (rs505151); TG and ApoA1 and ApoB (rs2016520); and TC, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs5888) in high BMI subjects were also different among the genotypes (P < 0.01). The SNPs of rs2066715 (LDL‐C and ApoA1/ApoB); rs2070895 (TC, LDL‐C, ApoA1, and ApoB); rs2000813 (ApoB); rs1801133 (TC, TG, and LDL‐C); rs3757354 (TC and TG); rs505151 (TG, HDL‐C, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB); rs2016520 (TG and ApoA1/ApoB); and rs5888 (TG, ApoA1, and ApoB) interacted with high BMI to influence serum lipid levels (P < 0.01). The differences in serum lipid levels between normal and high BMI subjects might partly result from different interactions of several SNPs and high BMI. © 2013 BioFactors, 2013
Variants of the supplying vessels of the vascularized iliac bone graft and their relationship to important surgical landmarks
Authors: Ghassemi Alireza , Furkert Robert , Prescher Andreas , Riediger Dieter , Knobe Matthias , O'dey Dan , Gerressen Marcus 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe iliac bone crest is one of the most valuable regions for harvesting bone grafts, both vascularized and nonvascularized. Since the first commendable description of this region as a possible source for vascularized bone flaps by Taylor, little relevant information concerning the variations of the deep circumflex iliac vessels and their relationship to the neighboring structures has been published. The purpose of the current study was to examine this region clinically and anatomically, taking into consideration the former description by Taylor. We gathered all our findings on 216 iliac regions and proposed a new classification. In addition we measured the relationships between the deep circumflex iliac artery and important surgical landmarks. A comparison of our finding with other studies showed similarities and differences but was far more complete. Generally (92%) the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) originated from external iliac artery (EIA) behind the inguinal ligament (IL) and passed cranio‐laterally toward the anterior superior iliac spine, where it divided into two important branches. Four variations were observed of the DCIA. The deep circumflex iliac vein (DCIV) ran over (82.5%) or under (17.5%) the EIA. The superficial circumflex iliac vein (SCIV) was observed draining into the DCIV in some dissections. Three different variations of the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) were observed. The anatomical knowledge of these variations and their correlation to important surgical landmarks can help in harvesting the DCIA flap more safely and thus increasing the success rate while reducing donor site morbidity. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Faldaprevir combined with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in treatment-naïve patients with chronic genotype1 HCV: SILEN-C1 trial
Authors: Sulkowski Mark S. , Asselah Tarik , Lalezari Jacob , Ferenci Peter , Fainboim Hugo , Leggett Barbara , Bessone Fernando , Mauss Stefan , Heo Jeong , Datsenko Yakov , Stern Jerry O. , Kukolj George , Scherer Joseph , Nehmiz Gerhard , Steinmann Gerhard G. , Böcher Wulf O. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Faldaprevir (BI 201335) is a potent, hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor with pharmacokinetic properties supportive of once-daily (QD) dosing. Four hundred and twenty-nine HCV genotype (GT)-1 treatment-naïve patients without cirrhosis were randomized 1:1:2:2 to receive 24 weeks of pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) in combination with placebo, faldaprevir 120 mg QD with 3 days of PegIFN/RBV lead-in (LI), 240 mg QD with LI, or 240 mg QD without LI, followed by an additional 24 weeks of PegIFN/RBV. Patients in the 240 mg QD groups achieving maintained rapid virologic response (mRVR; viral load [VL] <25 IU/mL at week 4 and undetectable at weeks 8-20) were rerandomized to cease all treatment at week 24 or continue receiving PegIFN/RBV up to week 48. VL was measured by Roche TaqMan. Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates were 56%, 72%, 72%, and 84% in the placebo, faldaprevir 120 mg QD/LI, 240 mg QD/LI, and 240 mg QD groups. Ninety-two percent of mRVR patients treated with faldaprevir 240 mg QD achieved SVR, irrespective of PegIFN/RBV treatment duration. Eighty-two percent of GT-1a patients who received faldaprevir 240 mg QD achieved SVR versus 47% with placebo. Mild gastrointestinal disorders, jaundice resulting from isolated unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and rash or photosensitivity were more common in the active groups than with placebo. Discontinuations resulting from adverse events occurred in 4%, 11%, and 5% of patients treated with 120 mg QD/LI, 240 mg QD/LI, and 240 mg QD of faldaprevir versus 1% with placebo.

Conclusion:

Faldaprevir QD with PegIFN/RBV achieved consistently high SVR rates with acceptable tolerability and safety at all dose levels. The 120 and 240 mg QD doses are currently undergoing phase 3 evaluation.
European perspective of ecosystem services and related policies
Authors: Dunbar Martha Bonnet , Panagos Panos , Montanarella Luca 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In this article, we focus on the importance of terrestrial ecosystems and the services they provide. European Union policies, contributing to the conservation and maintenance of ecosystem services in Europe are discussed and their current impacts briefly reviewed in the light of the main challenges that European ecosystems might face in the near future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 231–236. © 2013 SETAC
β1 integrins mediate resistance to ionizing radiation in vivo by inhibiting c‐Jun amino terminal kinase 1
Authors: Goel Hira Lal , Sayeed Aejaz , Breen Michael , Zarif Matthew J. , Garlick David S. , Leav Irwin , Davis Roger J. , FitzGerald Thomas J. , Morrione Andrea , Hsieh Chung‐Cheng , Liu Qin , Dicker Adam P. , Altieri Dario C. , Languino Lucia R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study was carried out to dissect the mechanism by which β1 integrins promote resistance to radiation. For this purpose, we conditionally ablated β1 integrins in the prostatic epithelium of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. The ability of β1 to promote resistance to radiation was also analyzed by using an inhibitory antibody to β1, AIIB2, in a xenograft model. The role of β1 integrins and of a β1 downstream target, c‐Jun amino‐terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), in regulating radiation‐induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro was studied. We show that β1 integrins promote prostate cancer (PrCa) progression and resistance to radiation in vivo. Mechanistically, β1 integrins are shown here to suppress activation of JNK1 and, consequently apoptosis, in response to irradiation. Downregulation of JNK1 is necessary to preserve the effect of β1 on resistance to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Finally, given the established crosstalk between β1 integrins and type1 insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF‐IR), we analyzed the ability of IGF‐IR to modulate β1 integrin levels. We report that IGF‐IR regulates the expression of β1 integrins, which in turn confer resistance to radiation in PrCa cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that β1 integrins mediate resistance to ionizing radiation through inhibition of JNK1 activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1601–1609, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular biomarkers as potential targets for therapeutic strategies in human testicular germ cell tumors: An overview
Authors: Chieffi Paolo , Chieffi Sergio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), the most common malignancy in males between 15 and 34 years of age and the most frequent cause of death from solid tumors in this age group. TGCTs can be subdivided into seminoma and non‐seminoma germ cell tumors (NSGCTs), including embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and teratoma. Seminomas and NSGCTs do not only present distinctive clinical features, but they also show significant differences as far as therapy and prognosis are concerned. Seminomas are highly sensitive to both radiation and chemotherapy, with a good prognosis, non‐seminomas are sensitive to platinum‐based combination chemotherapy and are less susceptible to radiation, with the exception of teratomas. The different therapeutic outcome might be explained by inherent properties of the cells from which testicular neoplasia originate. The unique treatment sensitivity of TGCTs is unexplained so far, but it is likely to be related to intrinsic molecular characteristics of the PGCs/gonocytes, from which these tumors originate. Many discovered bio‐markers including OCT3/4, SOX2, SOX17, HMGA1, HMGA2, PATZ1, GPR30, Aurora B, estrogen receptor β, and others have given further advantages to discriminate between histological subgroups. In addition, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TGCTs have been proposed: humanized antibodies against receptors/surface molecules on cancer cells, inhibitors of serine–threonine, and tyrosine kinases, and others. The mini‐review will be an overview on the molecular alterations identified in TGCTs and on novel targeted antineoplastic strategies that might help to treat chemotherapy resistant TGCTs. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1641–1646, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.