bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Physical and Social Contexts of Children’s Nonschool Sedentary Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Authors: Liao Yue , Intille Stephen , Wolch Jennifer , Pentz Mary Ann , Dunton Genevieve Fridlund 
Published: April 2014

Background:Research on children’s sedentary behavior has relied on recall-based self-report or accelerometer methods, which do not assess the context of such behavior.Purpose:This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to determine where and with whom children’s sedentary behavior occurs during their nonschool time.Methods:Children (N = 120) ages 9–13 years (51% male, 33% Hispanic) wore mobile phones that prompted surveys (20 total) for 4 days. Surveys measured current activity (eg, exercise, watching TV), physical location (eg, home, outdoors), and social company (eg, family, friends).Results:Children engaged in a greater percentage of leisure-oriented (eg, watching TV) than productive (eg, reading, doing homework) sedentary behavior (70% vs 30%, respectively). Most of children’s sedentary activity occurred at home (85%). Children’s sedentary activity took place most often with family members (58%). Differences in physical context of sedentary behavior were found for older vs. younger children (P < .05). Type of sedentary behavior differed by gender, racial/ethnic group, and social context (P < .05).Conclusion:Children may prefer or have greater opportunities to be sedentary in some contexts than others. Research demonstrates the potential for using EMA to capture real-time information about children’s sedentary behavior during their nonschool time.
Physical Activity Context Preferences in People With Arthritis and Osteoporosis
Authors: Peeters Geeske , Brown Wendy , Burton Nicola 
Published: April 2014

Background:Patient-group specific preferences can be used to design physical activity programs. This study compared physical activity context preferences between (1) people with musculoskeletal conditions (ie, arthritis and/or osteoporosis) and people without these conditions, and (2) people with arthritis only and people with osteoporosis only.Methods:Data were from 1684 participants (57.2 ± 6.6 years) with self-reported arthritis and/or osteoporosis and 4550 participants (52.9 ± 6.9 years) without these conditions. Participants indicated the extent to which they disagreed/agreed with a preference for each of 14 contexts. Marginal means and 95% confidence intervals are presented, differences were tested with ANCOVA.Results:Compared with participants without musculoskeletal conditions, those with arthritis and/or osteoporosis indicated a slightly stronger preference for activities that are not just about exercise [3.55 (3.51–3.59) vs. 3.49 (3.46–3.52), P = .02], and a weaker preference for vigorous activities [3.02 (2.97–3.06) vs. 3.08 (3.06–3.11), P = .02], and activities with a set routine or format [3.29 (3.24–3.33) vs. 3.35 (3.32–3.38), P = .02]. Participants with arthritis only [n = 1063, 2.64, (2.59–2.70)] had a stronger preference against supervision than those with osteoporosis only [n = 146, 2.84 (2.69–2.99); P = .02].Conclusions:Only small differences were found in the activity context preferences between people with and without musculoskeletal conditions, and between people with osteoporosis and people with arthritis. The context of physical activity interventions for people with arthritis and/or osteoporosis does not have to be different from those for people without these conditions.
Longitudinal Relations of Perceived Availability of Neighborhood Sport Facilities With Physical Activity in Adolescents: An Analysis of Potential Moderators
Authors: Wong Bonny Yee-Man , Ho Sai-Yin , Lo Wing-Sze , Cerin Ester , Mak Kwok-Kei , Lam Tai-Hing 
Published: April 2014

Background:Little is known about the longitudinal relations of environment attributes and leisure-time physical activity (PA) in adolescents, and the moderating effects of individual characteristics. This study examined the longitudinal association of the perceived availability of neighborhood sport facilities with leisure-time PA, and the potential moderating effects of age, past PA behavior, and weight status in adolescents.Methods:Among 20,933 follow-up subjects (60.9% of 34,369 baseline subjects), 9993 from 32 Hong Kong secondary schools were successfully matched with baseline (mean duration 16 months; SD 1.7) and had complete information. At baseline and follow-up, respondents reported their leisure-time PA, weight, height, and the presence of sport facilities in the neighborhood.Results:Increased perceived availability of sport facilities from baseline to follow-up predicted more leisure-time PA at follow-up (β = 1.029; 95% CI: 1.011–1.047) overall. This effect was modified by baseline PA, with a significant effect observed only among those who had engaged in leisure-time PA more than 3 times a week.Conclusions:Increasing awareness of neighborhood sport facilities or building more such facilities may help active adolescents maintain or increase their leisure-time PA. However, more comprehensive multilevel interventions that aim at enhancing potential social, personal, and environmental PA-related factors may be needed to motivate inactive adolescents.
Capturing the Pattern of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Exposure Variation Analysis of Accelerometer Data
Authors: Straker Leon , Campbell Amity , Mathiassen Svend Erik , Abbott Rebecca Anne , Parry Sharon , Davey Paul 
Published: April 2014

Background:Capturing the complex time pattern of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) using accelerometry remains a challenge. Research from occupational health suggests exposure variation analysis (EVA) could provide a meaningful tool. This paper (1) explains the application of EVA to accelerometer data, (2) demonstrates how EVA thresholds and derivatives could be chosen and used to examine adherence to PA and SB guidelines, and (3) explores the validity of EVA outputs.Methods:EVA outputs are compared with accelerometer data from 4 individuals (Study 1a and1b) and 3 occupational groups (Study 2): seated workstation office workers (n = 8), standing workstation office workers (n = 8), and teachers (n = 8).Results:Line graphs and related EVA graphs highlight the use of EVA derivatives for examining compliance with guidelines. EVA derivatives of occupational groups confirm no difference in bouts of activity but clear differences as expected in extended bouts of SB and brief bursts of activity, thus providing evidence of construct validity.Conclusions:EVA offers a unique and comprehensive generic method that is able, for the first time, to capture the time pattern (both frequency and intensity) of PA and SB, which can be tailored for both occupational and public health research.
Self-Rated Health in Children at Risk for Obesity: Associations of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and BMI
Authors: Herman Katya M. , Sabiston Catherine M. , Tremblay Angelo , Paradis Gilles 
Published: April 2014

Background:Self-rated health (SRH) is a common indicator of health-related quality of life; however, little is known about SRH in children. This study explored the associations of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SED), and BMI with SRH in children at risk for obesity.Methods:Participants were 527 children aged 8–10 years in the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth study (inclusion criteria: ≥ 1 parent clinically obese). PA and SED were measured by accelerometer, specific SED behaviors by self-report, and height and weight measured.Results:About 40% of children were overweight or obese; 48% reported lessthan- excellent health. The odds of reporting less-than-excellent health were higher among obese girls (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4–5.2) and boys (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5–6.1) versus healthy weight children. Boys not meeting PA guidelines and boys in the lowest moderate-to-vigorous PA tertile were at 2 and 6 times higher odds of less-than-excellent SRH, respectively, versus more active boys. In girls, higher computer/video time and reading time were associated with higher and lower odds of less-than-excellent SRH, respectively.Conclusions:Obesity is inversely associated with SRH in boys and girls, PA is positively associated with SRH in boys, and SED behaviors are associated with SRH in girls.
The Costs of Physical Inactivity in the Czech Republic in 2008
Authors: Maresova Katerina 
Published: April 2014

Background:Several scientific studies estimate the burden of physical inactivity in different countries, yet in the Czech Republic, this kind of research is still missing. This paper represents one of the first attempts to quantify the costs of physical inactivity in the Czech Republic for 2008.Methods:The analysis, based on scientific literature review, uses the comparative risk assessment methodology and applies it on data available in the Czech Republic.Results:In 2008, the financial cost of physical inactivity to public health insurance companies was almost 700 million Kč, or 0.4%, of total healthcare costs. Furthermore, physical inactivity caused 2442, or 2.3%, of all deaths in 2008 and 18,065, or 1.2%, of all disability-adjusted life years in 2004.Conclusions:The costs of physical inactivity in the Czech Republic are considerable, yet slightly smaller than in other comparable studies. The obtained results could be used as an argument for policymakers when conceiving public or private health policy.
Nutritional Supplementation Increases Rifampin Exposure among Tuberculosis Patients Coinfected with HIV
Authors: Jeremiah Kidola , Denti Paolo , Chigutsa Emmanuel , Faurholt-Jepsen Daniel , PrayGod George , Range Nyagosya , Castel Sandra , Wiesner Lubbe , Hagen Christian Munch , Christiansen Michael , Changalucha John , McIlleron Helen , Friis Henrik , Andersen Aase Bengaard 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Nutritional supplementation to tuberculosis (TB) patients has been associated with increased weight and reduced mortality, but its effect on the pharmacokinetics of first-line anti-TB drugs is unknown. A cohort of 100 TB patients (58 men; median age, 35 [interquartile range {IQR}, 29 to 40] years, and median body mass index [BMI], 18.8 [17.3 to 19.9] kg/m
2
) were randomized to receive nutritional supplementation during the intensive phase of TB treatment. Rifampin plasma concentrations were determined after 1 week and 2 months of treatment. The effects of nutritional supplementation, HIV, time on treatment, body weight, and
SLCO1B1 rs4149032
genotype were examined using a population pharmacokinetic model. The model adjusted for body size via allometric scaling, accounted for clearance autoinduction, and detected an increase in bioavailability (+14%) for the patients in the continuation phase. HIV coinfection in patients not receiving the supplementation was found to decrease bioavailability by 21.8%, with a median maximum concentration of drug in serum (
C
max
) and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC
0–24
) of 5.6 μg/ml and 28.6 μg · h/ml, respectively. HIV-coinfected patients on nutritional supplementation achieved higher
C
max
and AUC
0–24
values of 6.4 μg/ml and 31.6 μg · h/ml, respectively, and only 13.3% bioavailability reduction. No effect of the
SLCO1B1 rs4149032
genotype was observed. In conclusion, nutritional supplementation during the first 2 months of TB treatment reduces the decrease in rifampin exposure observed in HIV-coinfected patients but does not affect exposure in HIV-uninfected patients. If confirmed in other studies, the use of defined nutritional supplementation in HIV-coinfected TB patients should be considered in TB control programs. (This study has the controlled trial registration number ISRCTN 16552219.)
Rifaximin Modulates the Vaginal Microbiome and Metabolome in Women Affected by Bacterial Vaginosis
Authors: Laghi Luca , Picone Gianfranco , Cruciani Federica , Brigidi Patrizia , Calanni Fiorella , Donders Gilbert , Capozzi Francesco , Vitali Beatrice 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder characterized by the decrease of lactobacilli and overgrowth ofGardnerella vaginalisand resident anaerobic vaginal bacteria. In the present work, the effects of rifaximin vaginal tablets on vaginal microbiota and metabolome of women affected by BV were investigated by combining quantitative PCR and a metabolomic approach based on1H nuclear magnetic resonance. To highlight the general trends of the bacterial communities and metabolomic profiles in response to the antibiotic/placebo therapy, a multivariate statistical strategy was set up based on the trajectories traced by vaginal samples in a principal component analysis space. Our data demonstrated the efficacy of rifaximin in restoring a health-like condition in terms of both bacterial communities and metabolomic features. In particular, rifaximin treatment was significantly associated with an increase in the lactobacillus/BV-related bacteria ratio, as well as with an increase in lactic acid concentration and a decrease of a pool of metabolites typically produced by BV-related bacteria (acetic acid, succinate, short-chain fatty acids, and biogenic amines). Among the tested dosages of rifaximin (100 and 25 mg for 5 days and 100 mg for 2 days), 25 mg for 5 days was found to be the most effective.
Sulfur Mobilization for Fe-S Cluster Assembly by the Essential SUF Pathway in the Plasmodium falciparum Apicoplast and Its Inhibition
Authors: Charan Manish , Singh Nidhi , Kumar Bijay , Srivastava Kumkum , Siddiqi Mohammad Imran , Habib Saman 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The plastid of the malaria parasite, the apicoplast, is essential for parasite survival. It houses several pathways of bacterial origin that are considered attractive sites for drug intervention. Among these is the sulfur mobilization (SUF) pathway of Fe-S cluster biogenesis. Although the SUF pathway is essential for apicoplast maintenance and parasite survival, there has been limited biochemical investigation of its components and inhibitors of
Plasmodium
SUFs have not been identified. We report the characterization of two proteins,
Plasmodium falciparum
SufS (
Pf
SufS) and
Pf
SufE, that mobilize sulfur in the first step of Fe-S cluster assembly and confirm their exclusive localization to the apicoplast. The cysteine desulfurase activity of
Pf
SufS is greatly enhanced by
Pf
SufE, and the
Pf
SufS-
Pf
SufE complex is detected
in vivo
. Structural modeling of the complex reveals proximal positioning of conserved cysteine residues of the two proteins that would allow sulfide transfer from the PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) cofactor-bound active site of
Pf
SufS. Sulfide release from the
l
-cysteine substrate catalyzed by
Pf
SufS is inhibited by the PLP inhibitor
d
-cycloserine, which forms an adduct with
Pf
SufS-bound PLP.
d
-Cycloserine is also inimical to parasite growth, with a 50% inhibitory concentration close to that reported for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, against which the drug is in clinical use. Our results establish the function of two proteins that mediate sulfur mobilization, the first step in the apicoplast SUF pathway, and provide a rationale for drug design based on inactivation of the PLP cofactor of
Pf
SufS.
Killing of Mycobacterium avium by Lactoferricin Peptides: Improved Activity of Arginine- and
d
-Amino-Acid-Containing Molecules
Authors: Silva Tânia , Magalhães Bárbara , Maia Sílvia , Gomes Paula , Nazmi Kamran , Bolscher Jan G. M. , Rodrigues Pedro N. , Bastos Margarida , Gomes Maria Salomé 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium avium
causes respiratory disease in susceptible individuals, as well as disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality among these populations. Current therapies consist of a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months, with no more than 60% overall clinical success. Furthermore, mycobacterial antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide, urging the need to develop novel classes of antimicrobial drugs. One potential and interesting alternative strategy is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). These are present in almost all living organisms as part of their immune system, acting as a first barrier against invading pathogens. In this context, we investigated the effect of several lactoferrin-derived AMP against
M. avium
. Short peptide sequences from both human and bovine lactoferricins, namely, hLFcin1-11 and LFcin17-30, as well as variants obtained by specific amino acid substitutions, were evaluated. All tested peptides significantly inhibited the axenic growth of
M. avium
, the bovine peptides being more active than the human. Arginine residues were found to be crucial for the display of antimycobacterial activity, whereas the all-
d
-amino-acid analogue of the bovine sequence displayed the highest mycobactericidal activity. These findings reveal the promising potential of lactoferricins against mycobacteria, thus opening the way for further research on their development and use as a new weapon against mycobacterial infections.
Clostridium difficile Toxin A Attenuates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bezerra Lima Bruno , Faria Fonseca Bárbara , da Graça Amado Nathália , Moreira Lima Débora , Albuquerque Ribeiro Ronaldo , Garcia Abreu José , de Castro Brito Gerly Anne 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Clostridium difficile
toxins A and B (TcdA and TcdB) are homologous glycosyltransferases that inhibit a group of small GTPases within host cells, but several mechanisms underlying their pathogenic activity remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TcdA on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the major driving force behind the proliferation of epithelial cells in colonic crypts. IEC-6 and RKO cells stimulated with Wnt3a-conditioned medium were incubated with 10, 50, and 100 ng/ml of TcdA for 24 h, resulting in a dose-dependent inhibition of the Wnt signaling, as demonstrated by a T-cell factor (TCF) reporter assay. This was further confirmed by immunofluorescence staining for nuclear localization of β-catenin and Western blotting for β-catenin and c-Myc (encoded by a Wnt target gene). Moreover, our Western blot analysis showed a decrease in the β-catenin protein levels, which was reversed by z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Nonetheless, TcdA was still able to inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin pathway even in the presence of z-VAD-fmk, lithium chloride (a GSK3β inhibitor), or constitutively active β-catenin, as determined by a TCF reporter assay. Furthermore, preincubation of RKO cells with TcdA for 12 h also attenuated Wnt3a-mediated activation of Wnt signaling, suggesting that inactivation of Rho GTPases plays a significant role in that inhibition. Taken together, these findings suggest that attenuation of the Wnt signaling by TcdA is important for TcdA antiproliferative effects.
Interaction of Prevotella intermedia Strain 17 Leucine-Rich Repeat Domain Protein AdpF with Eukaryotic Cells Promotes Bacterial Internalization
Authors: Sengupta Dipanwita , Kang Dae-Joong , Anaya-Bergman Cecilia , Wyant Tiana , Ghosh Arnab K. , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Lewis Janina P. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Prevotella intermedia
is an oral bacterium implicated in a variety of oral diseases. Although internalization of this bacterium by nonphagocytic host cells is well established, the molecular players mediating the process are not well known. Here, the properties of a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain protein, designated AdpF, are described. This protein contains a leucine-rich region composed of 663 amino acid residues, and molecular modeling shows that it folds into a classical curved solenoid structure. The cell surface localization of recombinant AdpF (rAdpF) was confirmed by electron and confocal microscopy analyses. The recombinant form of this protein bound fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the protein was internalized by host cells, with the majority of the process accomplished within 30 min. The internalization of rAdpF was inhibited by nystatin, cytochalasin, latrunculin, nocodazole, and wortmannin, indicating that microtubules, microfilaments, and signal transduction are required for the invasion. It is noteworthy that preincubation of eukaryotic cells with AdpF increased
P. intermedia
17 internalization by 5- and 10-fold for HeLa and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell lines, respectively. The addition of the rAdpF protein was also very effective in inducing bacterial internalization into the oral epithelial cell line HN4, as well as into primary cells, including human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Finally, cells exposed to
P. intermedia
17 internalized the bacteria more readily upon reinfection. Taken together, our data demonstrate that rAdpF plays a role in the internalization of
P. intermedia
17 by a variety of host cells.
Role of Class 1 Serine Protease Autotransporter in the Pathogenesis of Citrobacter rodentium Colitis
Authors: Vijayakumar Vidhya , Santiago Araceli , Smith Rachel , Smith Mark , Robins-Browne Roy M. , Nataro James P. , Ruiz-Perez Fernando 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

A growing family of virulence factors called serine protease autotransporters of
Enterobacteriaceae
(SPATEs) are secreted by
Shigella
,
Salmonella
, and
Escherichia coli
pathotypes. SPATEs are subdivided into class 1 and class 2 based on structural features and phylogenetics. Class 1 SPATEs induce cytopathic effects in numerous epithelial cell lines, and several have been shown to cleave the cytoskeletal protein spectrin
in vitro
. However, to date the
in vivo
role of class 1 SPATEs in enteric pathogenesis is unknown.
Citrobacter rodentium
, a natural mouse pathogen, has recently been shown to harbor class 1 and class 2 SPATEs. To better understand the contribution of class 1 SPATEs in enteric infection, we constructed a class 1 SPATE null mutant (Δ
crc1
) in
C. rodentium
. Upon infection of C57BL/6 mice, the Δ
crc1
mutant exhibited a hypervirulent, hyperinflammatory phenotype compared with its parent, accompanied by greater weight loss and a trend toward increased mortality in young mice; the effect was reversed when the
crc1
gene was restored. Using flow cytometry, we observed increased infiltration of T cells, B cells, and neutrophils into the lamina propria of the distal colon in mice fed the Δ
crc1
mutant, starting as early as 5 days after infection. No significant difference in epithelial cytotoxicity was observed. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of distal colonic tissue on day 10 postinfection showed significant increases in mRNA encoding cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) but not in mRNA encoding IL-17, IL-4, or IL-10 in the Δ
crc1
mutant-infected mice. Our data suggest a previously unsuspected role for class 1 SPATEs in enteric infection.