bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between exercise and primary incidence of prostate cancer
Authors: Singh Abhay A. , Jones Lee W. , Antonelli Jodi A. , Gerber Leah , Calloway Elizabeth E. , Shuler Kathleen H. , Freedland Stephen J. , Grant Delores J. , Hoyo Cathrine , Bañez Lionel L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:Exercise is a modifiable lifestyle risk factor associated with prostate cancer risk reduction. However, whether this association is different as a function of race is unclear. In the current study, the authors attempted to characterize the link between exercise and prostate cancer (CaP) in white and black American men.METHODS:Using a prospective design, 307 men (164 of whom were white and 143 of whom were black) who were undergoing prostate biopsy completed a self‐reported survey that assessed exercise behavior (metabolic equivalent [MET] hours per week). Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the risk of prostate cancer controlling for age, body mass index, digital rectal examination findings, previous biopsy, Charlson comorbidity score, and family history of CaP stratified by self‐reported race.RESULTS:There was no significant difference noted with regard to the amount of exercise between racial groups (P = .12). Higher amounts of MET hours per week were associated with a decreased risk of CaP for white men in both crude (P = .02) and adjusted (P = .04) regression models. Among whites, men who exercised ≥ 9 MET hours per week were less likely to have a positive biopsy result compared with men exercising < 9 MET hours per week (odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.22‐0.99 [P = .047]). There was no association noted between MET hours per week and risk of CaP among black men in both crude (P = .79) and adjusted (P = .76) regression models.CONCLUSIONS:In a prospective cohort of men undergoing biopsy, increased exercise, measured as MET hours per week, was found to be associated with CaP risk reduction among white but not black men. Investigating race‐specific mechanisms by which exercise modifies CaP risk and why these mechanisms disfavor black men in particular are warranted. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Influence of Composition on the Performance of Sintered Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Nanocrystal Thin‐Film Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Akhavan Vahid A. , Harvey Taylor B. , Stolle C. Jackson , Ostrowski David P. , Glaz Micah S. , Goodfellow Brian W. , Panthani Matthew G. , Reid Dariya K. , Vanden Bout David A. , Korgel Brian A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThin‐film photovoltaic devices (PVs) were prepared by selenization using oleylamine‐capped Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) nanocrystals sintered at a high temperature (>500 °C) under Se vapor. The device performance varied significantly with [Ga]/[In+Ga] content in the nanocrystals. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) observed in the devices studied was 5.1 % under air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5 G) illumination, obtained with [Ga]/[In+Ga]=0.32. The variation in PCE with composition is partly a result of bandgap tuning and optimization, but the main influence of nanocrystal composition appeared to be on the quality of the sintered films. The [Cu]/[In+Ga] content was found to be strongly influenced by the [Ga]/[In+Ga] concentration, which appears to be correlated with the morphology of the sintered film. For this reason, only small changes in the [Ga]/[In+Ga] content resulted in significant variations in device efficiency.
Automated REcognition of Tissue‐associated Erythrocytes (ARETE)—a new tool in tissue cytometry
Authors: Heindl Andreas , Seewald Alexander K. , Thalhammer Theresia , Bises Giovanna , Schepelmann Martin , Uhrova Hana , Dekan Sabine , Mesteri Ildiko , Rogojanu Radu , Ellinger Isabella 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAutomated microscopic image analysis of immunofluorescence‐stained targets on tissue sections is challenged by autofluorescent elements such as erythrocytes, which might interfere with target segmentation and quantification. Therefore, we developed an automated system (Automated REcognition of Tissue‐associated Erythrocytes; ARETE) for in silico exclusion of erythrocytes. To detect erythrocytes in transmission images, a cascade of boosted decision trees of Haar‐like features was trained on 8,640/4,000 areas (15 × 15 pixels) with/without erythrocytes from images of placental sections (4 µm). Ground truth data were generated on 28 transmission images. At least two human experts labelled the area covered by erythrocytes. For validation, output masks of human experts and ARETE were compared pixel‐wise against a mask obtained from majority voting of human experts. F1 score, specificity, and Cohen's κ coefficients were calculated. To study the influence of erythrocyte‐derived autofluorescence, we investigated the expression levels of a protein (receptor for advanced glycated end products; RAGE) in placenta and number of Ki‐67‐positive/cytokeratin 8‐positive epithelial cells in colon sections. ARETE exhibited high sensitivity (99.87%) and specificity (99.81%) on a training‐subset and processed transmission images (1,392 × 1,024 pixels) within 4 sec. ARETE and human expert's F1‐scores were 0.55 versus 0.76, specificities 0.85 versus 0.92 and Cohen's κ coefficients 0.41 versus 0.68. A ranking of Cohen's κ coefficient by the scale of Fleiss certified “good agreement” between ARETE and the human experts. Applying ARETE, we demonstrated 4–14% false‐positive RAGE‐expression in placenta, and 18% falsely detected proliferative epithelial cells in colon, caused by erythrocyte‐autofluorescence. ARETE is a fast system for in silico reduction of erythrocytes, which improves automated image analysis in research and diagnostic pathology. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Implication of hepatic transporters (MDR1 and MRP2) in inflammation‐associated idiosyncratic drug‐induced hepatotoxicity investigated by microvolume cytometry
Authors: Saab Lea , Peluso Jean , Muller Christian D. , Ubeaud‐Sequier Genevieve 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIdiosyncratic drug‐induced hepatotoxicity accounts for about 13% of all cases of acute liver failure, therefore cited as the most frequent reason for post‐marketing drug withdrawal. Despite this, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood due to lack in adequate screening assays and predictive in vitro models. Hepatic transporters play a crucial role in the absorption, distribution, and elimination of both endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. Defects in transporter function can lead to altered drug disposition, including toxicity and loss of efficacy. Inflammation is one condition for demonstrated variable drug response, attributed in part, to changes in function of drug transporters. The present study investigates the implication of two important hepatic transporters (MDR1 and MRP2) in idiosyncratic drug‐induced hepatotoxicity in the presence and absence of an inflammatory context. The synergistic effect of idiosyncratic drugs (Trovafloxacin, nimesulide, telithromycin, and nefazodone) and inflammatory stimuli (TNF‐α + LPS) on the efflux activity of hepatic transporters was studied using microvolume cytometry. Our results demonstrated on the one hand that both MDR1 and MRP2 are variably implicated in idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury and on the other hand that the occurrence of an inflammatory reaction during idiosyncratic drug therapy can noticeably modulate this implication. In the absence of an inflammatory stress, none of the four tested drugs modulated the efflux activity of MRP2; nevertheless telithromycin and nefazodone inhibited the efflux activity of MDR1. Upon occurrence of an inflammatory stress, the inhibitory potential of trovafloxacin, nimesulide, and nefazodone on the efflux activity of MRP2 was noticeably revealed, while the telithromycin and nefazodone‐induced inhibition of MDR1 was clearly attenuated. Knowledge of underlying mechanisms may significantly contribute to elimination of potential hepatotoxic drugs long before marketing and to prevention of drug‐induced hepatotoxicity. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Sap flow changes in relation to permafrost degradation under increasing precipitation in an eastern Siberian larch forest
Authors: Iijima Yoshihiro , Ohta Takeshi , Kotani Ayumi , Fedorov Alexander N. , Kodama Yuji , Maximov Trofim C. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTContinuous observation over the last decade has revealed evidence of abrupt land surface moistening as well as rapid soil warming within the active layer and upper part of permafrost within the central Lena River basin in eastern Siberia. The present study examined the relationship between permafrost degradation and ecohydrological change in this region. Increases in the depth of the active layer recorded since the winter of 2004 resulting from increases in moisture saturation within the soil have resulted in thawing the upper permafrost causing thermokarst subsidence, which has negatively impacted the growth of boreal (larch) forests in the region. According to multi‐year sap flow measurements taken between 2006 and 2009, transpiration from larch trees (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) was significantly reduced as a result of the region's concave micro‐topography, which, in conjunction with the deepening and moistening of the active layer, created perennially waterlogged conditions that left mature trees withered and dead. Several trees with reduced amounts of foliage showed a remarkable reduction in seasonal average canopy stomatal conductance during the 2009 growing season. The reduction ratio of canopy stomatal conductance within emergent trees of heights greater than 15 m between 2006 and 2009 had a significant positive correlation with the increase in thickness of the active layer over that same period. These findings indicated that wetting trends in a permafrost region caused by arctic climate change may lead to unexpected ecohydrological responses with respect to permafrost degradation in eastern Siberia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High yield of monoacylglycerols production through low‐temperature chemical and enzymatic glycerolysis
Authors: Zhong Nanjing , Li Lin , Xu Xuebing , Cheong Ling‐Zhi , Xu Zhenbo , Li Bing 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe present study aimed to produce MAG through low‐temperature chemical glycerolysis. Over 80% MAG yield with 97% TAG conversion was obtained within short reaction times at temperature of 35–55°C, when tert‐butanol (TB) or tert‐pentanol (TP) was used as reaction medium and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst. TB gave a faster reaction rate than TP. Catalysts were important for the low‐temperature chemical glycerolysis reaction. Of the eight common base catalysts evaluated, only NaOH and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were effective, and NaOH was better than KOH. Reaction parameters were studied and optimized. The optimum conditions were TB dosage 3:1 (TB to oil in weight ratio), NaOH concentration 0.45 wt% based on oil, molar ratio of glycerol to oil 5:1. Under these conditions, similar MAG yield and TAG conversion was also observed by Novozym 435 catalyzed glycerolysis, however, a 4 h reaction was required.Practical applications: The process of NaOH catalyzed chemical glycerolysis for MAG production in TB solvent system described in this study provides several advantages including short reaction time and high product yield, which is potential for industrial considerations.
COMPARING SORPTION BEHAVIOR OF PYRETHROIDS BETWEEN FORMULATED AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS
Authors: Cui Xinyi , Gan Jay 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Formulated sediments are recommended for use in toxicity tests to achieve standardized evaluations. However, the organic matter used in formulated sediments may differ qualitatively from that in natural sediments, which may lead to different chemical partition patterns and, hence, different toxicity effects. By deriving partition coefficients for organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon (KOC and KDOC, respectively) for eight pyrethroid insecticides from three formulated and five natural sediments, the authors characterized the differences between formulated and natural sediments in pesticide sorption. For all pyrethroids, the mean values of KOC and KDOC of formulated sediments were two to three, and three to 10 times smaller than those of natural sediments, respectively. The two formulated sediments containing α-cellulose or Manitoba peat showed significantly (p &lt; 0.0001) smaller KOC and KDOC values than natural sediments based on statistical analyses, while the difference was not significant for the formulated sediment containing New Brunswick peat. The KOC values were closely correlated (p &lt; 0.001) with soot carbon content, while the amount of carboxylic or phenolic functional groups may have affected KDOC. Therefore, the source and quality of organic matter are likely the most important factors in formulated sediments and must be standardized to provide consistency in sediment toxicity tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1033–1039. © 2013 SETAC
PLANT CONSUMPTION BY GRIZZLY BEARS REDUCES BIOMAGNIFICATION OF SALMON-DERIVED POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, AND ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
Authors: Christensen Jennie R. , Yunker Mark B. , MacDuffee Misty , Ross Peter S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The present study characterizes the uptake and loss of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) by sampling and analyzing their terrestrial and marine foods and fecal material from a remote coastal watershed in British Columbia, Canada. The authors estimate that grizzly bears consume 341 to 1,120 µg of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 3.9 to 33 µg of polybrominated diphenyl ethers daily in the fall when they have access to an abundant supply of returning salmon. The authors also estimate that POP elimination by grizzly bears through defecation is very low following salmon consumption (typically &lt;2% of intake) but surprisingly high following plant consumption (&gt;100% for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides). Excretion of individual POPs is largely driven by a combination of fugacity (differences between bear and food concentrations) and the digestibility of the food. The results of the present study are substantiated by a principal components analysis, which also demonstrates a strong role for log KOW in governing the excretion of different POPs in grizzly bears. Collectively, the present study's results reveal that grizzly bears experience a vegetation-associated drawdown of POPs previously acquired through the consumption of salmon, to such an extent that net biomagnification is reduced. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:995–1005. © 2013 SETAC
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF INDIVIDUAL POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER CONGENERS BY EMBRYONIC ZEBRAFISH
Authors: Usenko Crystal Y. , Robinson Eleanor M. , Bruce Erica D. , Usenko Sascha 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Embryonic zebrafish were used to compare the uptake and metabolism of six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 183) and identified metabolites from static exposures at 24 and 120 h postfertilization (hpf). An inverse relationship was observed between uptake of PBDEs and their octanol–water partitioning coefficients (uptake of BDEs 28 and 47 &gt; 99 and 100 &gt; 153 and 183). Debromination metabolites were identified in all congeners (excluding BDE 28) tested in the 120-hpf tissue samples. Interestingly, BDE 153 underwent meta-debromination, forming BDEs 47 and 99. Gene transcription analysis was conducted at 120 hpf to identify potential metabolic pathways for the PBDEs examined in the present study (gstpi, deiodinases 1 and 2, cyp1a1, cyp1b1, and ugt5g). The greatest induction was of ugt5g for all congeners and deiodinase transcription was also upregulated by BDEs 28, 47, and 183. The cyp1a1 and cyp1b1 were upregulated by BDEs 28, 47, 99, and 183. The least alterations in gene transcription were in the BDE 153–exposed embryos. A clear primary pathway of debromination metabolism was not identified; however, upregulation of these different genes indicated that fish were responding to exposure of PBDEs. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that the most bioavailable congeners are also those with the highest reported toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1153–1160. © 2013 SETAC
EVALUATION OF THE TEST OF SIGNIFICANT TOXICITY FOR DETERMINING THE TOXICITY OF EFFLUENTS AND AMBIENT WATER SAMPLES
Authors: Diamond Jerry M. , Denton Debra L. , Roberts John W. , Zheng Lei 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The test of significant toxicity (TST) is a hypothesis-testing approach based on bioequivalence developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) for analyzing whole-effluent toxicity (WET) and ambient toxicity data. The present study compares results of acute and chronic toxicity tests of effluent, storm-water, and ambient (i.e., receiving-water) samples using both the TST and the standard no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) approach. Valid WET data were analyzed from 890 tests provided by more than 25 dischargers in California and Washington, USA, representing the majority of test methods used in the U.S. WET program. An additional 3,201 freshwater chronic toxicity tests, obtained from ambient monitoring programs in California, were also analyzed. The TST and NOEC approaches both declared a low number (&lt;6.5%) of tests toxic if effects were below the unacceptable toxicity regulatory management decision (RMD) of 25% effect in chronic tests or 20% effect in acute tests. However, those test methods having generally lower within-test variability and greater test power (e.g., urchin fertilization test) had a much lower percentage of tests declared toxic than the NOEC approach when effects were below the unacceptable toxicity RMD. In addition, the TST showed fewer tests to be nontoxic than NOEC if the test exhibited effects greater than the toxicity RMD (0.1 and 9.6% for TST and NOEC, respectively, for effluents and 0 and 9.5%, respectively, for ambient samples). Our results demonstrate that the TST is more likely to identify a toxic sample when effects are fairly substantial (≥25% effect in chronic testing and ≥20% effect in acute tests) and less likely to identify a sample as toxic when effects are negligible (≤10% effect). Furthermore, these results demonstrate that appropriate WET data interpretation benefits from having well-designed test methods with sufficient power to identify significant toxicity or biologically insignificant effects when they occur. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1101–1108. © 2013 SETAC
Mid‐21st century chemical forcing of climate by the civil aviation sector
Authors: Unger Nadine , Zhao Yupu , Dang Hongyan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStrong growth in the civil aviation sector will accelerate in the future. Here, we confront the future net chemical (ozone, methane, sulfate, nitrate, black carbon, and water vapor) global climate impact of aviation at 2050 for three novel plausible scenarios constructed at the Volpe National Transportation Center using the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT). The aviation net chemical climate impact is cooling in all cases and increases from −10 ± 4 mW m−2 in the contemporary climate up to –69 ± 21 mW m−2 by 2050. Future improvements in fuel efficiency provide the opportunity to reduce aviation's net chemical climate impact by ~50% relative to a baseline scenario of unconstrained growth. On the 20 year time horizon, the cooling net aviation chemical climate impact masks the aviation CO2 global warming by up to 50–100% in the contemporary and future atmospheres.
Sea surface drag and the role of spray
Authors: Richter David H. , Sullivan Peter P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMotivated by the possible effects of spray on the drag felt by the ocean surface in high winds, we use direct numerical simulation coupled with Lagrangian particle tracking to investigate how suspended inertial particles alter momentum flux in an idealized turbulent flow. Turbulent Couette flow is used for this purpose since the momentum flux profile is constant across the domain height; a characteristic similar to the constant‐flux layer in the atmospheric surface layer. The simulations show that when inertial particles are introduced into a turbulent flow, they carry a portion of the total vertical momentum flux, and that this contribution can be significant when the particle concentration is sufficiently large. The numerical setup is also used to evaluate a dispersed phase model that treats spray effects as equivalent to an increase in stable atmospheric stratification. Our simulations suggest that in the range of droplet sizes typically found near the air‐sea interface, particle inertial effects dominate any particle‐induced stratification effects.
Contrail radiative forcing over the Northern Hemisphere from 2006 Aqua MODIS data
Authors: Spangenberg Douglas A. , Minnis Patrick , Bedka Sarah T. , Palikonda Rabindra , Duda David P. , Rose Fred G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRadiative forcing due to linear‐shaped jet contrails is calculated over the Northern Hemisphere for four seasonal months using 2006 Aqua Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud and contrail property retrieval data in a radiative transfer model. The 4 month mean shortwave, longwave, and net radiative forcings normalized to 100% contrail cover are −5.7, 14.2, and 8.5 Wm−2. Mean total net forcing over the northern half of the globe varies from 9.1 mW m−2 during October to 12.1 mW m−2 in January and is only representative at 01:30 and 13:30 LT in nonpolar regions. In some dense flight traffic corridors, the mean net forcing approaches 80 mW m−2. Scaling the 4 month average of 10.6 mW m−2 to the Southern Hemisphere air traffic yields global mean net forcing of 5.7 mW m−2, which is smaller than most model estimates. Nighttime net forcing is 3.6 times greater than during daytime, when net forcing is greatest over low clouds. Effects from contrail cirrus clouds that evolve from linear contrails are not considered in these results.
Scavenger receptor BI and ABCG5/G8 differentially impact biliary sterol secretion and reverse cholesterol transport in mice
Authors: Dikkers Arne , Freak de Boer Jan , Annema Wijtske , Groen Albert K. , Tietge Uwe J.F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Biliary lipid secretion plays an important role in gallstone disease and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Using Sr-bI/Abcg5 double knockout mice (dko), the present study investigated the differential contribution of two of the most relevant transporters: adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 and 8 (ABCG5/G8) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) to sterol metabolism and RCT. Plasma cholesterol levels increased in the following order, mainly due to differences in high density lipoprotein (HDL): Abcg5 ko < wild type < Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko < Sr-bI ko. Liver cholesterol content was elevated in Sr-bI ko only (P < 0.05). In Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko plasma plant sterols were highest, while hepatic plant sterols were lower compared with Abcg5 ko (P < 0.05). Under baseline conditions, biliary cholesterol secretion rates decreased in the following order: wild type > Sr-bI ko (−16%) > Abcg5 ko (−75%) > Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko (−94%), all at least P < 0.05, while biliary bile acid secretion did not differ between groups. However, under supraphysiological conditions, upon infusion with increasing amounts of the bile salt tauroursodeoxycholic acid, Abcg5 became fully rate-limiting for biliary cholesterol secretion. Additional in vivo macrophage-to-feces RCT studies demonstrated an almost 50% decrease in overall RCT in Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko compared with Abcg5 ko mice (P < 0.01). Conclusion: These data demonstrate that (1) SR-BI contributes to ABCG5/G8-independent biliary cholesterol secretion under basal conditions; (2) biliary cholesterol mass secretion under maximal bile salt-stimulated conditions is fully dependent on ABCG5/G8; and (3) Sr-bI contributes to macrophage-to-feces RCT independent of Abcg5/g8. (Hepatology 2013;)