bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Huntington procedure: Still a reasonable option for large tibial defects in paediatric patients
Authors: Gupta Som P. , Garg Gaurav 
Published: October 2014

Background Management of gap nonunion of tibia is technically difficult, time consuming, physically and psychologically demanding for the patient with unpredictable results. Various techniques have been described in literature for the treatment of gap nonunions, but each one has its own limitations. Purpose This study reports the outcomes of ipsilateral fibular transposition for reconstruction of tibial defects in paediatric age group. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of 14 patients who underwent surgery for gap nonunion tibia with ipsilateral tibialization of fibula. Fibula is transferred to tibia as pedicle graft in two-staged procedure. Due to retained blood supply to one end of the transplant, the graft easily takes up and hypertrophies upon weight bearing over a period of time. Results Average time of radiographic union was 13.35 weeks. Guarded partial weight bearing was started at an average of 16.5 weeks with gradual progression to full weight bearing. The leg length discrepancy at final follow-up ranged from 0 to 7 cms with an average of 2.60 cms. Hypertrophy of tibialized fibula was observed in all patients, with 8 patients showed grafted fibula reaching the diameter of opposite tibia. On subjective assessment, 9 patients were highly satisfied, 4 patients were satisfied and one patient was dissatisfied with the procedure. Conclusions Huntington procedure is a simple, cost-effective and easy procedure for large tibial defects in paediatric patients which does not require any specialized team and implants, and can be performed in moderately equipped hospital. Leg length discrepancy may be addressed, after the transferred fibula is well developed.
Dipyridamole treatment is associated with improved renal outcome and patient survival in advanced chronic kidney disease
Authors: Hung Chi‐Chih , Yang Mei‐Li , Lin Ming‐Yen , Lin Hugo You‐Hsien , Lim Lee‐Moay , Kuo Hung‐Tien , Hwang Shang‐Jyh , Tsai Jer‐Chia , Chen Hung‐Chun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDipyridamole has been shown to decrease proteinuria and improve renal function progression especially in early chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with glomerulonephropathy. A combination therapy of dipyridamole with aspirin could prevent second strokes in the general population. Whether these effects of dipyridamole are also true in advanced CKD patients and whether dipyridamole could improve renal outcomes or patient survival is unknown. We retrospectively analyzed an observational cohort of 3074 participants with CKD stage 3–5 from southern Taiwan, of whom 871 (28.3%) had received dipyridamole treatment ≥50 mg/d for ≥3 months and more than half of the observation period. The mean age was 63.6 ± 13.4 years and the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 25.5 mL/min/1.73 m2. After inverse probability of treatment weighted adjustment by propensity score, there were no differences between the dipyridamole‐treated and untreated groups. Dipyridamole treatment was associated with decreased odds for rapid eGFR decline [odds ratio, 0.755; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.595–0.958; p = 0.007] and progression of urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (odds ratio, 0.655; 95% CI, 0.517–0.832; p = 0.002). In survival analysis, the dipyridamole‐treated group was also associated with a decreased risk for end‐stage renal disease (hazard ratio, 0.847; 95% CI, 0.733–0.980; p = 0.011) and all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.765; 95% CI, 0.606–0.971; p = 0.001) but not for cardiovascular events. Our findings demonstrate that dipyridamole treatment is significantly associated with better renal outcomes and patient survival in patients with CKD stage 3–5. Further investigations are warranted to confirm these independent positive effects.
Dynamically consistent entrainment laws for depth-averaged avalanche models
Authors: Issler Dieter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe bed entrainment rate in a gravity mass flow (GMF) is uniquely determined by the properties of the bed and the flow. In depth-averaging, however, critical information on the flow variables near the bed is lost and empirical assumptions usually are made instead. We study the interplay between bed and flow assuming a perfectly brittle bed, characterized by its shear strength ${\it\tau}_{c}$, and erosion along the bottom surface of the flow; frontal entrainment is neglected here. The brittleness assumption implies that the shear stress at the bed surface cannot exceed ${\it\tau}_{c}$. For quasi-stationary flows in a simplified setting, analytic solutions are found for Bingham and frictional–collisional (FC) fluids. Extending this theory to non-stationary flows requires some assumptions for the velocity profile. For the Bingham fluid, the profile of a ‘proxy’ quasi-stationary eroding flow is used; the rheological parameters are chosen to match the instantaneous velocity and shear-layer depth of the non-stationary flow. For the FC fluid, a two-parameter family of functions that closely match the profiles obtained in depth-resolved numerical simulations is assumed; the boundary conditions determine the instantaneous parameter values and allow computation of the erosion rate. Preliminary tests with the FC erosion formula incorporated in a simple slab model indicate that the non-stationary erosion formula matches the depth-resolved simulations asymptotically, but differs in the start-up phase. The non-stationary erosion formulae are valid only up to a limit velocity (and to a limit flow depth if there is Coulomb friction). This appears to mark the transition to another erosion regime – to be described by a different model – where chunks of bed material are intermittently ripped out and gradually entrained into the flow.
First record of the anisakid nematode Anisakis nascettii in the Gervais' beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus from Brazil
Authors: Di Azevedo M.I.N. , Carvalho V.L. , Iñiguez A.M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAnisakid nematodes are parasites with an indirect life cycle, involving many hosts, including cetaceans that act as definitive hosts. Identification at species level is crucial for a better understanding of the epidemiology and ecology of these parasites, but an accurate diagnosis based only on morphology is difficult. In Brazil, genetic characterization of anisakids is still rare, with Anisakis typica and A. physeteris being the only two species identified by genetic markers until now. The definitive hosts of A. nascettii are Mesoplodon grayi, M. bowdoini, M. layardii and M. mirus. Geographical locations of A. nascettii include the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa and Europe. In this study, a nematode was collected from a Gervais' beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus, stranded in Ceará State, north-east Brazil. Genetic analysis based on 18S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and mtDNA cox2 gene revealed 100% identity with Anisakis sp. U94365, 99% with Anisakis sp. (MP-2005 EU718477 A. nascettii) and 99% with A. nascettii DQ116431, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and cox2 sequences using both neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood methods provided strong support for a clade with only A. nascettii specimens. This study demonstrated for the first time the identification of A. nascettii in the Brazilian Atlantic Coast, revealing a wider geographical distribution of this parasite worldwide and extending the range of its definitive hosts to a new Mesoplodon species, M. europaeus, the Gervais' beaked whale.
English for all? Neoliberalism, globalization, and language policy in Taiwan
Authors: Price Gareth 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article examines the nexus of neoliberalism, globalization, and the spread of English, using English-language education (ELE) policies in Taiwan between 2000 and 2008 as a case study. Data from ethnographic work, including interviews with school principals and education managers, is contextualized using recent theoretical innovations in the sociolinguistics of globalization and language and neoliberalism. Neoliberalism venerates the ideals of ‘choice’, ‘competition’, and the ‘free market’. For students and parents, English proficiency is less a ‘choice’ than a necessity for success in education and employment. ‘English for all’ policies are thus imperatives rather than opportunities when individuals, schools, and regions are put into deleterious ‘competition’ with each other in public education, and when public education is pressured by a parallel ‘free’ market private education sector. The structural function of English as a valued capital is examined alongside language ideologies regarding the ‘earlier-the-better’ argument for L2 acquisition and the idealization of the native-speaking teacher. (Taiwan, neoliberalism, globalization, English, sociolinguistics, language policy)*
Non-Suicidal Self Injury, Psychopathology and Attachment: A Study with University Students
Authors: Braga Cátia , Gonçalves Sónia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractConducted with a community sample, this study first tested the hypothesis that the constant association of Non-Suicidal Self Injury (NSSI) with various psychopathological states may be overrepresented because many of the studies reporting these associations used clinical samples. Secondly, the study aimed to test the emotional regulation model of NSSI by exploring the functions, the affective antecedents and consequences of NSSI episodes and to understand this emotion regulation role of NSSI in the light of Attachment Theory by differentiating self-injurers and non-self-injurers on relevant romantic attachment dimensions. A third purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that individuals currently performing NSSI could be differentiated on these dimensions from those who had ceased engaging in NSSI. Pursuing these purposes, 518 university students (171 males and 347 females), aged 17 to 62 years old completed theSelf-Injury Questionnaire – Treatment Related(Claes & Vandereycken, 2007), theBrief Symptom Inventory(Derogatis, 1982) and theAdult Attachment Scale(Collins & Read, 1990). Individuals with NSSI scored significantly higher on all BSI subscales (allp< .001). Results also revealed the existence of significant differences between participants with and without NSSI on Anxiety (Z= –2.92,p< .01) and Comfort with Proximity (Z= –3.18,p< .01), and significant differences between past self-injurers and current self-injurers on Trust in Others (Z= –2.40,p< .05). These results are discussed by linking NSSI and Attachment Theory literatures.
Selection on soil microbiomes reveals reproducible impacts on plant function
Authors: Panke-Buisse Kevin , Poole Angela C , Goodrich Julia K , Ley Ruth E , Kao-Kniffin Jenny 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Soil microorganisms found in the root zone impact plant growth and development, but the potential to harness these benefits is hampered by the sheer abundance and diversity of the players influencing desirable plant traits. Here, we report a high level of reproducibility of soil microbiomes in altering plant flowering time and soil functions when partnered within and between plant hosts. We used a multi-generation experimental system using Arabidopsis thaliana Col to select for soil microbiomes inducing earlier or later flowering times of their hosts. We then inoculated the selected microbiomes from the tenth generation of plantings into the soils of three additional A. thaliana genotypes (Ler, Be, RLD) and a related crucifer (Brassica rapa). With the exception of Ler, all other plant hosts showed a shift in flowering time corresponding with the inoculation of early- or late-flowering microbiomes. Analysis of the soil microbial community using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing showed distinct microbiota profiles assembling by flowering time treatment. Plant hosts grown with the late-flowering-associated microbiomes showed consequent increases in inflorescence biomass for three A. thaliana genotypes and an increase in total biomass for B. rapa. The increase in biomass was correlated with two- to five-fold enhancement of microbial extracellular enzyme activities associated with nitrogen mineralization in soils. The reproducibility of the flowering phenotype across plant hosts suggests that microbiomes can be selected to modify plant traits and coordinate changes in soil resource pools.
Consequences of tropical land use for multitrophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Barnes Andrew D. , Jochum Malte , Mumme Steffen , Haneda Noor Farikhah , Farajallah Achmad , Widarto Tri Heru , Brose Ulrich 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOur knowledge about land-use impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is mostly limited to single trophic levels, leaving us uncertain about whole-community biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. We analyse consequences of the globally important land-use transformation from tropical forests to oil palm plantations. Species diversity, density and biomass of invertebrate communities suffer at least 45% decreases from rainforest to oil palm. Combining metabolic and food-web theory, we calculate annual energy fluxes to model impacts of land-use intensification on multitrophic ecosystem functioning. We demonstrate a 51% reduction in energy fluxes from forest to oil palm communities. Species loss clearly explains variation in energy fluxes; however, this relationship depends on land-use systems and functional feeding guilds, whereby predators are the most heavily affected. Biodiversity decline from forest to oil palm is thus accompanied by even stronger reductions in functionality, threatening to severely limit the functional resilience of communities to cope with future global changes.
Heuristics guide the implementation of social preferences in one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma experiments
Authors: Capraro Valerio , Jordan Jillian J. , Rand David G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCooperation in one-shot anonymous interactions is a widely documented aspect of human behaviour. Here we shed light on the motivations behind this behaviour by experimentally exploring cooperation in a one-shot continuous-strategy Prisoner's Dilemma (i.e. one-shot two-player Public Goods Game). We examine the distribution of cooperation amounts and how that distribution varies based on the benefit-to-cost ratio of cooperation (b/c). Interestingly, we find a trimodal distribution at allb/cvalues investigated. Increasingb/cdecreases the fraction of participants engaging in zero cooperation and increases the fraction engaging in maximal cooperation, suggesting a role for efficiency concerns. However, a substantial fraction of participants consistently engage in 50% cooperation regardless ofb/c. The presence of these persistent 50% cooperators is surprising and not easily explained by standard models of social preferences. We present evidence that this behaviour is a result of social preferences guided by simple decision heuristics, rather than the rational examination of payoffs assumed by most social preference models. We also find a strong correlation between play in the Prisoner's Dilemma and in a subsequent Dictator Game, confirming previous findings suggesting a common prosocial motivation underlying altruism and cooperation.
Association of BRCA2 N372H polymorphism with cancer susceptibility: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xue Wen-Qiong , He Yong-Qiao , Zhu Jin-Hong , Ma Jian-Qun , He Jing , Jia Wei-Hua 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBRCA2 gene plays an important role in homologous recombination. Polymorphic variants in this gene has been suggested to confer cancer susceptibility. Numerous studies have investigated association between BRCA2 N372H polymorphism and risk of several cancers, especially breast cancer. However, the results were inconsistent. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to provide a more precise assessment of the association between N372H and cancer risk, following the latest meta-analysis guidelines (PRISMA). Forty six studies involving 36299 cases and 48483 controls were included in our meta-analysis. The crude ORs and the 95% CIs were used to evaluate the strength of the association. The results indicated that the BRCA2 N372H variant was significantly associated with an increased risk of overall cancer (dominant model: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01–1.13; recessive model: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02–1.23). Moreover, stratified analyses by the cancer type and source of control observed significantly increased risk associated with BRCA2 N372H in subgroups with ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and population-based controls, but not breast cancer or hospital-based controls. We also found such association among Africans. Overall, the meta-analysis suggested that BRCA2 N372H may be a cancer susceptibility polymorphism. Well-designed and large-scale studies are needed to substantiate the association between BRCA2 N372H polymorphism and cancer risk.
Cooperation and control in multiplayer social dilemmas
Authors: Hilbe Christian , Wu Bin , Traulsen Arne , Nowak Martin A. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Many of the world’s most pressing problems, like the prevention of climate change, have the form of a large-scale social dilemma with numerous involved players. Previous results in evolutionary game theory suggest that multiplayer dilemmas make it particularly difficult to achieve mutual cooperation because of the lack of individual control in large groups. Herein, we extend the theory of zero-determinant strategies to multiplayer games to describe which strategies maintain cooperation. Moreover, we propose two simple models of alliances in multiplayer dilemmas. The effect of these alliances is determined by their size, the strategy of the allies, and the properties of the social dilemma. When a single individual’s strategic options are limited, forming an alliance can result in a drastic leverage.
A circadian gene expression atlas in mammals: Implications for biology and medicine
Authors: Zhang Ray , Lahens Nicholas F. , Ballance Heather I. , Hughes Michael E. , Hogenesch John B. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
We generated high-resolution multiorgan expression data showing that nearly half of all genes in the mouse genome oscillate with circadian rhythm somewhere in the body. Such widespread transcriptional oscillations have not been previously reported in mammals. Applying pathway analysis, we observed new clock-mediated spatiotemporal relationships. Moreover, we found a majority of best-selling drugs in the United States target circadian gene products. Many of these drugs have relatively short half-lives, and our data predict which may benefit from timed dosing.
Algorithms, complexity, and the sciences
Authors: Papadimitriou Christos 
Published: October 2014

Significance
The theory of algorithms and complexity, of which the basic concepts and results are being reviewed here, is an important and consequential domain of mathematical investigation that is unfamiliar to most PNAS readers. Furthermore, in the second half of the article we focus on recent and current research, applying these concepts and results to help elucidate certain central theoretical problems in the social and life sciences, including market equilibria and the theory of evolution.
Change in chemical constituents and free radical-scavenging activity during Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivar fruit development
Authors: Cho Jeong-Yong , Lee Sang-Hyun , Kim Eun Hee , Yun Hae Rim , Jeong Hang Yeon , Lee Yu Geon , Kim Wol-Soo , Moon Jae-Hak 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChanges in chemical constituent contents and DPPH radical-scavenging activity in fruits of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars during the development were investigated. The fruits of seven cultivars (cv. Niitaka, Chuhwangbae, Wonhwang, Hwangkeumbae, Hwasan, Manpungbae, and Imamuraaki) were collected at 15-day intervals after day 20 of florescence. Vitamins (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), arbutin, chlorogenic acid, malaxinic acid, total caffeic acid, total flavonoids, and total phenolics were the highest in immature pear fruit on day 20 after florescence among samples at different growth stages. All of these compounds decreased gradually in the fruit during the development. Immature pear fruit on day 35 or 50 after florescence exhibited higher free radical-scavenging activity than that at other times, although activities were slightly different among cultivars. The chemical constituent contents and free radical-scavenging activity were largely different among immature fruits of the pear cultivars, but small differences were observed when they matured.
The differential characterization of GPR55 receptor in human peripheral blood reveals a distinctive expression in monocytes and NK cells and a proinflammatory role in these innate cells
Authors: Chiurchiù Valerio , Lanuti Mirko , De Bardi Marco , Battistini Luca , Maccarrone Mauro 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is activated by endogenous, plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids. Recent studies reported a broad tissue distribution for GPR55 and found prominent roles for this receptor in inflammatory pain, gut and bone physiology, as well as cancer. However, little is known about the expression and function of GPR55 in immune cells. To address this question, we performed a detailed characterization of GPR55 in different human innate and adaptive immune populations using polychromatic flow cytometry and we found that monocytes and NK cells expressed remarkable levels of this receptor compared to several cells of adaptive immunity. GPR55 activation by the specific agonist O-1602 boosted IL-12 and TNF-α production, and decreased endocytic activity, in LPS-activated monocytes. In addition, it increased CD69 activation marker expression, granzyme B and CD107a-dependent cytotoxicity and IFN-γ and TNF-α production in NK cells activated by both IL-2 and IL-12. These over-stimulatory effects of GPR55 were antagonized by its selective antagonist cannabidiol. Altogether, our data thus unveil a proinflammatory role for GPR55 in innate immunity that may be important for the design of new immune therapeutic strategies.
CCR8 regulates contact hypersensitivity by restricting cutaneous dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph nodes
Authors: Yabe Rikio , Shimizu Kenji , Shimizu Soichiro , Azechi Satoe , Choi Byung-Il , Sudo Katsuko , Kubo Sachiko , Nakae Susumu , Ishigame Harumichi , Kakuta Shigeru , Iwakura Yoichiro 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAllergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a typical occupational disease in industrialized countries. Although various cytokines and chemokines are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of ACD, the roles of these molecules remain to be elucidated. CC chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is one such molecule, of which expression is up-regulated in inflammatory sites of ACD patients. In this study, we found that Ccr8−/− mice developed severer contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a murine model of ACD, compared with wild-type mice. T cells from Ccr8−/− mice showed enhanced proliferative recall responses and Th1 and Th17 cell populations were expanded in these mice. However, CHS responses were similar between SCID mice adoptively transferred with Ccr8−/− and wild-type T cells, suggesting that CCR8 in T cells is not responsible for the exacerbation of CHS. Notably, skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs), such as Langerhans cells and dermal DCs, and inflammatory DCs were highly accumulated in lymph nodes (LNs) of Ccr8−/− mice after sensitization. Consistent with this, Ccr8−/− antigen-presenting cells readily migrated from the skin to the draining LNs after sensitization. These observations suggest that CCR8 negatively regulates migration of cutaneous DCs from the skin to the draining LNs in CHS by keeping these cells in the skin.