bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Cover Crops to the Productivity of Maize‐Based Conservation Agriculture Systems in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mhlanga Blessing , Cheesman Stephanie , Maasdorp Barbara , Mupangwa Walter , Thierfelder Christian 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTResearch in Latin America has shown numerous benefits of rotations with cover crops under conservation agriculture (CA) to manage N and weeds; however, information from Zimbabwe is limited. The objective of the study was to investigate the benefits of rotating maize (Zea mays L.) with different leguminous and nonleguminous cover crops on maize yield, weed management, and decomposition rates of residues. A study was conducted at University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Domboshawa Training Centre (DTC), and two sites at Henderson Research Station (HRS) with contrasting soil types (clay and sand) from 2008 to 2014. Nine different cover crops were rotated with maize and compared with maize monocropping. During the 2012 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014 cropping seasons, a litter‐bag experiment was set within the experiment at UZ and DTC to investigate residue decomposition rates. Decreases in weed numbers of up to 94% were observed in maize–black sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) treatment at DTC. At UZ, maize after jack‐bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.] (7823 kg ha−1) showed up to 61% more yield than continuous maize (4851 kg ha−1). Maize yields after fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.) were, in most cases, not significantly different from those of uniform maize. Decomposition rates were faster in leguminous residues, with velvet‐bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck] residues being generally the fastest and therefore not suitable for ground cover. Despite the positive effects of rotations, not a single cover crop was identified that provided all the benefits. There is need to characterize niches for specific cover crops within the farming system to assist farmers in their choices and spatial arrangements of cover crops on their farms.
The Corporatisation of Global Anglicanism
Authors: Bremner G. A. 
Published: June 2015

This article explores the corporate nature of missionary Anglicanism and its architectural consequences in Britain’s empire during the nineteenth century. It is argued that in highlighting the incorporated status of ecclesiastical organisations such as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts and the Colonial Bishoprics’ Fund we are able to reach a better understanding of not just how the objectives of these organisations mapped onto their operations “in the field” but also how the form of the accompanying ecclesiastical architecture was affected by their agenda. It is suggested that the influence and authority of these organisations, through their patronage, gave distinct shape to much of the Anglican missionary enterprise during this period, leading to a form of architecture that was in many respects a direct expression of the ideals and practices of the English Church as a constitutionally incorporated entity. This was therefore an architecture that can be seen to have both embodied and represented a certain “corporate identity.”
L’informatique dans l’enseignement général : plus de 40 ans de présence active de l’EPI
Authors: Baudé Jacques 
Published: June 2015

L’objectif de cet article est de montrer, à travers un bref historique* des actions de l’EPI, que la nécessité d’une approche diversifiée de l’informatique dans l’enseignement a été proposée dès le séminaire de Sèvres en 1970 : apport de l’informatique aux différentes disciplines, enseignement de l’informatique… Cette prise de conscience, notamment par plusieurs responsables successifs du ministère de l’Éducation nationale, a traversé, avec des hauts et des bas, les quatre décennies qui viennent de s’écouler.Faute de place, je limiterai mon propos aux enseignements généraux en lycée, laissant à d’autres le soin de traiter de l’école élémentaire, du collège, des enseignements technologiques et professionnels, et des enseignements post-baccalauréat.* Pour un historique plus complet voir note n°3.
« Je suis peut-être un pirate, mais je ne me sens pas du tout délinquant ! »
Authors: Roudaut Karine 
Published: June 2015

Karine Roudaut explique, dans cette note de recherche, le paradoxe de la pratique du téléchargement illégal, sanctionnée par la loi, mais non déviante au sens sociologique du terme, en utilisant une démarche sociologique reposant sur des entretiens avec des utilisateurs, parfois « pirates ».
Ball sampling, a novel method to detect Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in hemlock (Pinaceae)
Authors: Fidgen Jeffrey G. , Whitmore Mark C. , Turgeon Jean J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDetection of the exotic hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in the crown of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (Linnaeus) Carrière (Pinaceae), relies mainly on two techniques: (1) sampling of branches from the lower half of the crown using pole pruners; and, (2) visual examinations of accessible foliage from the ground. As a result, infestations starting elsewhere than the lower crown may be missed because the upper crown is out of reach for both techniques. We developed a novel technique called ball sampling, and evaluated its sensitivity at detecting a range of A. tsugae ovisac densities as estimated by pole pruning branch tips of T. canadensis. We launched racquet balls covered with VELCRO® patches of hooks through branches and examined them for the presence of wool produced by A. tsugae. Ball sampling was as effective as pole pruning at detecting infestations in individual trees. If A. tsugae abundance on branches was ⩾0.1 per 10 cm of twig length, as estimated by branch-tip sampling, ball sampling always detected wool in 10 or fewer samples. This technique has the potential to improve detectability of A. tsugae infestations because it can effectively access foliage that is typically inaccessible to other ground-based detection tools.
Lesθ-régulateurs locaux d'un nombre algébrique : Conjecturesp-adiques
Authors: Gras Georges 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLet K/ℚ be Galois and let η K×be such that Reg∞(η)=0 .We define the local θ–regulatorfor the ℚp–irreducible characters θ of G = Gal(Kℚ). Let Vθbe the θ-irreducible representation. A linear representationis associated withwhose nullity is equivalent to δ≥1. Eachyields Regθpmodulopin the factorizationof(normalizedp–adic regulator). From Probf≥ 1 is a residue degree) and the Borel–Cantelli heuristic, we conjecture that for p large enough, RegGp(η) is ap–adic unit(a single with f = δ=1); this obstruction may be led assuming the existence of a binomial probability law confirmed through numerical studies (groups C3, C5, D6) is conjecture would imply that for all p large enough, Fermat quotients, normalized p–adic regulators are p–adic units and that number fields are p-rational.We recall some deep cohomological results that may strengthen such conjectures.
Análisis de normativas para artistas callejeros el caso de los buskers.
Authors: Martínez Gil Alicia 
Published: June 2015

<p>Análisis de normativas para artistas callejeros: el caso de los buskers, es el resultado del proyecto fin de Máster Interuniversitario de Gestión Cultural de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia y Universidad de Valencia. En este estudio se tratan los modelos actuales de gestión que afectan a los artistas callejeros, en concreto, los músicos callejeros. Partiendo de la carencia de investigaciones científicas sobre el arte de la calle a través de la figura del busker, este estudio analiza la normativa de diferentes ciudades. El estudio nos ha aportado la comparativa de las políticas de acción de cada ciudad, así como las ventajas e inconvenientes de las mismas.</p>
Una mirada conjugada en la gestión cultural estadounidense: tendencias actuales.
Authors: Dinapoli Algarra Jodie 
Published: June 2015

<p>Debido al descenso que se experimenta en Estados Unidos en la participación del público en los eventos culturales, las instituciones y organizaciones culturales ponen el énfasis en cómo desarrollar un nuevo público y reflexionan sobre el impacto que pueden alcanzar más allá de sus paredes físicas. Este impacto se dirige al desarrollo humano, a la revitalización urbana, al bienestar social y a la creación activa de la cultura. En línea con esta misión y visión encontramos actividades y programas que se llevan a cabo en espacios no tradicionales, que expanden la cooperación social desplazando el foco institucional hacia la creatividad, dirigiendo el objetivo hacia el diálogo crítico, construyendo participación cultural significativa, desafiando el paisaje interno de la organización y sus procesos para servir mejor a la comunidad y a su entorno. Este artículo analiza esta tendencia por medio de casos específicos de instituciones de artes visuales y estudia conceptos comunes que entran en juego tales como la cooperación social y el valor público. Este texto incorpora un contexto histórico y cuestiona la percepción pública de estas tendencias y su relación con el sector sin ánimo de lucro y su particular modelo de financiación.</p>
Perception of sexuality and fertility in women living with HIV: a questionnaire study from two Nordic countries
Authors: Wessman Maria , Aho Inka , Thorsteinsson Kristina , Storgaard Merete , Johansen Isik S , Lunding Suzanne , Pedersen Gitte , Lebech Anne‐Mette , Kivelä Pia , Helleberg Marie , Katzenstein Terese L , Weis Nina 
Published: June 2015

IntroductionAs the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive population ages, issues concerning sexuality and fertility, among others, are becoming relevant. HIV is still surrounded by stigma and taboos, and there have been few studies conducted in industrialized settings concerning these questions. We therefore wanted to investigate the perception of sexuality and fertility in women living with HIV (WLWH) in an industrialized setting, using a questionnaire.MethodsWLWH were recruited at their regular outpatient clinic visits, at the major Departments of Infectious Diseases in Denmark and Finland, from January 2012 to October 2013. A questionnaire was developed, study participants were informed of the nature of study and, if they agreed to participate and signed a consent form, they filled in the questionnaire. Demographic information on the participants was obtained from patient files (in Finland) or from a national HIV cohort (in Denmark). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA®, version 11.ResultsIn total, 560 women were included in the study. The median age was 44 years. The majority were of white European origin, with fully suppressed HIV viral load, CD4 cell count >350 µL and mild or no symptoms of their HIV infection. A total of 62% were sexually active, stating condom use as their sole form of contraception. Of the sexually inactive women, one‐third were in steady relationships. Eighty percent reported prior pregnancies, of which the majority had one or more children. Most children were born prior to the women's HIV diagnosis and the mode of conception was predominantly natural. One‐quarter of the participating women desired pregnancy, while more than half did not. The remaining quarter either stated that they already had the desired number of children or chose not to answer the question. Fourteen percent stated that their HIV diagnosis ended their wish for children; of these women, the median time of diagnosis was between 1995 and 1996. Pregnancy had been attempted unsuccessfully in one‐quarter of study participants. The final question inquired what the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission was, with all precautions taken. Fifteen percent estimated the risk to be above two percent.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the majority of WLWH in industrialized settings in Denmark and Finland have few HIV‐related symptoms, are sexually active and have a strong desire for children.
Spatial and temporal variations in rockfall determined from TLS measurements in a deglaciated valley, Switzerland
Authors: Strunden Josy , Ehlers Todd A. , Brehm Daniel , Nettesheim Matthias 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSteep U‐shaped valleys produced by glaciation are commonly eroded by rockfall. In this study we investigate modern and long‐term (power law predicted) rates of rock wall retreat in a deglaciated valley. Our emphasis is on the 5.2 km2 calcareous cliffs covering in the Lauterbrunnen Valley, Switzerland. Terrestrial laser scans were collected during nine field campaigns over 18 months to provide a continuous coverage of most of the valley walls. Results indicate a total of 122 rockfalls with volumes ranging between 0.06 ± 0.01 and 119.34 ± 1.07 m3. Different size groups of rockfall events were correlated with environmental factors (e.g., freeze‐thaw cycles/temperature, precipitation, and seismicity) using a linear regression with variable lag times of 0–6 months. The highest correlation factor (r = 0.6, P = 0.08, 90% significance level) is observed for freeze‐thaw cycles and rockfall events smaller than 1 m3 with a 2 month delay between temperature extremes and rockfall. Frequency‐magnitude relationships for rockfall events were calculated to predict less frequent larger rockfall events that did not occur during the observation period. A Monte Carlo analysis was applied to the frequency‐magnitude relationship to evaluate the sensitivity of results to their stochastic nature. An average power law exponent of 1.71 ± 0.09 was calculated using linear regression. The calculated exponents are similar to other studies in calcareous rock settings conducted over different observation durations. Finally, we determine an average total eroded volume of  m3/yr and a corresponding long‐term (power law predicted) cliff retreat rate of .
SPARX: A modeling system for Solar Energetic Particle Radiation Space Weather forecasting
Authors: Marsh M. S. , Dalla S. , Dierckxsens M. , Laitinen T. , Crosby N. B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe capability to predict the parameters of an SEP event such as its onset, peak flux, and duration is critical to assessing any potential space weather impact. We present a new flexible modeling system simulating the propagation of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) from locations near the Sun to any given location in the heliosphere to forecast the SEP flux profiles. Solar Particle Radiation SWx (SPARX) uses an innovative methodology that allows implementation within an operational framework to overcome the time constraints of test particle modeling of SEP profiles, allowing the production of near‐real‐time SEP nowcasts and forecasts, when paired with appropriate near‐real‐time triggers. SPARX has the capability to produce SEP forecasts within minutes of being triggered by observations of a solar eruptive event. The model is based on the test particle approach and is spatially 3‐D, thus allowing for the possibility of transport in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. The model naturally includes the effects of perpendicular propagation due to drifts and drift‐induced deceleration. The modeling framework and the way in which parameters of relevance for Space Weather forecasting are obtained are described. The first results from the modeling system are presented. These results demonstrate that corotation and drift of SEP streams play an important role in shaping SEP flux profiles.
River infiltration to a subtropical alluvial aquifer inferred using multiple environmental tracers
Authors: Lamontagne S. , Taylor A. R. , Batlle‐Aguilar J. , Suckow A. , Cook P. G. , Smith S. D. , Morgenstern U. , Stewart M. K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractChloride (Cl−), stable isotope ratios of water (δ18O and δ2H), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), tritium (3H), carbon‐14 (14C), noble gases (4He, Ne, and Ar), and hydrometry were used to characterize groundwater‐surface water interactions, in particular infiltration rates, for the Lower Namoi River (New South Wales, Australia). The study period (four sampling campaigns between November 2009 and November 2011) represented the end of a decade‐long drought followed by several high‐flow events. The hydrometry showed that the river was generally losing to the alluvium, except when storm‐derived floodwaves in the river channel generated bank recharge—discharge cycles. Using 3H/14C‐derived estimates of groundwater mean residence time along the transect, infiltration rates ranged from 0.6 to 5 m yr−1. However, when using the peak transition age (a more realistic estimate of travel time in highly dispersive environments), the range in infiltration rate was larger (4–270 m yr−1). Both river water (highest δ2H, δ18O, SF6, 3H, and 14C) and an older groundwater source (lowest δ2H, δ18O, SF6, 3H, 14C, and highest 4He) were found in the riparian zone. This old groundwater end‐member may represent leakage from an underlying confined aquifer (Great Artesian Basin). Environmental tracers may be used to estimate infiltration rates in this riparian environment but the presence of multiple sources of water and a high dispersion induced by frequent variations in the water table complicates their interpretation.
Linear functional minimization for inverse modeling
Authors: Barajas‐Solano D. A. , Wohlberg B. E. , Vesselinov V. V. , Tartakovsky D. M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe present a novel inverse modeling strategy to estimate spatially distributed parameters of nonlinear models. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimators of these parameters are based on a likelihood functional, which contains spatially discrete measurements of the system parameters and spatiotemporally discrete measurements of the transient system states. The piecewise continuity prior for the parameters is expressed via Total Variation (TV) regularization. The MAP estimator is computed by minimizing a nonquadratic objective equipped with the TV operator. We apply this inversion algorithm to estimate hydraulic conductivity of a synthetic confined aquifer from measurements of conductivity and hydraulic head. The synthetic conductivity field is composed of a low‐conductivity heterogeneous intrusion into a high‐conductivity heterogeneous medium. Our algorithm accurately reconstructs the location, orientation, and extent of the intrusion from the steady‐state data only. Addition of transient measurements of hydraulic head improves the parameter estimation, accurately reconstructing the conductivity field in the vicinity of observation locations.
Integration of microseismic monitoring data into coupled flow and geomechanical models with ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Tarrahi Mohammadali , Jafarpour Behnam , Ghassemi Ahmad 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHydraulic stimulation of low‐permeability rocks in enhanced geothermal systems, shale resources, and CO2 storage aquifers can trigger microseismic events, also known as microearthquakes (MEQs). The distribution of microseismic source locations in the reservoir may reveal important information about the distribution of hydraulic and geomechanical rock properties. In this paper, we present a framework for conditioning heterogeneous rock permeability and geomechanical property distributions on microseismic data. To simulate the multiphysics processes in these systems, we combine a fully coupled flow and geomechanical model with the Mohr‐Coulomb type rock failure criterion. The resulting multiphysics simulation constitutes the forecast model that relates microseismic source locations to reservoir rock properties. We adopt this forward model in an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation framework to jointly estimate reservoir permeability and geomechanical property distributions from injection‐induced microseismic response measurements. We show that integration of a large number of spatially correlated microseismic data with practical ensemble sizes can lead to severe underestimation of ensemble spread, and eventually ensemble collapse. To mitigate the variance underestimation issue, two low‐rank data representation schemes are presented and discussed. In the first approach, microseismic data are projected onto a low‐dimensional subspace defined by the left singular vectors of the perturbed observation matrix. The second method uses a coarser grid for representing the microseismic data. A series of numerical experiments is presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods and to illustrate their applicability for assimilating microseismic data into coupled flow and geomechanical forward models to estimate multiphysics rock properties.
Feedback temperature dependence determines the risk of high warming
Authors: Bloch‐Johnson Jonah , Pierrehumbert Raymond T. , Abbot Dorian S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe long‐term warming from an anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 is often assumed to be proportional to the forcing associated with that increase. This paper examines this linear approximation using a zero‐dimensional energy balance model with a temperature‐dependent feedback, with parameter values drawn from physical arguments and general circulation models. For a positive feedback temperature dependence, warming increases Earth's sensitivity, while greater sensitivity makes Earth warm more. These effects can feed on each other, greatly amplifying warming. As a result, for reasonable values of feedback temperature dependence and preindustrial feedback, Earth can jump to a warmer state under only one or two CO2 doublings. The linear approximation breaks down in the long tail of high climate sensitivity commonly seen in observational studies. Understanding feedback temperature dependence is therefore essential for inferring the risk of high warming from modern observations. Studies that assume linearity likely underestimate the risk of high warming.
Evaluation of the applicability of the Estimated State of the Global Ocean for Climate Research (ESTOC) data set
Authors: Osafune S. , Masuda S. , Sugiura N. , Doi T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA long‐term data synthesis experiment was conducted for the period 1957–2011 using a modified quasi‐global four‐dimensional variational data assimilation system that was originally developed to improve the representation of the deep ocean, including a unique method for anomaly assimilation. The overall characteristics of the resulting ocean state estimate, which is dynamically consistent without any artificial sources or sinks for heat and salt, are evaluated in the Pacific Ocean. It is shown that the data set better represents the comprehensive ocean state: the mean state of the water mass distribution and volume transport and components of temporal variability from the sea surface to the bottom on interannual to multidecadal timescales. This suggests that the data set can be used to examine interactions between temporal variations throughout the entire depth range and is useful for understanding ocean physics and its role in the climate system.
Relativistic electron precipitations in association with diffuse aurora: Conjugate observation of SAMPEX and the all‐sky TV camera at Syowa Station
Authors: Kurita Satoshi , Kadokura Akira , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Morioka Akira , Sato Yuka , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIt has been believed that whistler mode waves can cause relativistic electron precipitations. It has been also pointed out that pitch angle scattering of ∼keV electrons by whistler mode waves results in diffuse auroras. Thus, it is natural to expect relativistic electron precipitations associated with diffuse auroras. Based on a conjugate observation between the SAMPEX spacecraft and the all‐sky TV camera at Syowa Station, we report, for the first time, a case in which relativistic electron precipitations are associated with diffuse aurora. The SAMPEX observation shows that the precipitations of > 1 MeV electrons are well accompanied with those of > 150 and > 400 keV electrons. This indicates that electrons in the energy range from several keV to > 1 MeV precipitate into the atmosphere simultaneously. Our result supports the idea that whistler mode waves contribute to both generation of diffuse auroras and relativistic electron precipitations.