bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring chronic liver disease mortality using an expanded cause of death definition and medical records in Connecticut, 2004
Authors: Ly Kathleen N. , Speers Suzanne , Klevens R. Monina , Barry Vaughn , Vogt Tara M. 
Published: October 2014

AimChronic liver disease (CLD) is a leading cause of death and is defined based on a specific set of underlying cause‐of‐death codes on death certificates. This conventional approach to measuring CLD mortality underestimates the true mortality burden because it does not consider certain CLD conditions like viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We measured how much the conventional CLD mortality case definition will underestimate CLD mortality and described the distribution of CLD etiologies in Connecticut.MethodsWe used 2004 Connecticut death certificates to estimate CLD mortality two ways. One way used the conventional definition and the other used an expanded definition that included more conditions suggestive of CLD. We compared the number of deaths identified using this expanded definition with the number identified using the conventional definition. Medical records were reviewed to confirm CLD deaths.ResultsConnecticut had 29 314 registered deaths in 2004. Of these, 282 (1.0%) were CLD deaths identified by the conventional CLD definition while 616 (2.1%) were CLD deaths defined by the expanded definition. Medical record review confirmed that most deaths identified by the expanded definition were CLD‐related (550/616); this suggested a 15.8 deaths/100 000 population mortality rate. Among deaths for which hepatitis B, hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease were identified during medical record review, only 8.6%, 45.4% and 36.5%, respectively, had that specific cause‐of‐death code cited on the death certificate.ConclusionAn expanded CLD mortality case definition that incorporates multiple causes of death and additional CLD‐related conditions will better estimate CLD mortality.
Preliminary 1 month stability screening of cosmetic multiple emulsions (W/O/W) prepared using cetyl dimethicone copolyol and Polysorbate 80
Authors: Khan H. , Akhtar N. , Mahmood T. , Jameel A. , Mohsin S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this work was to develop W/O/W emulsions with different concentration of paraffin oil, lipophilic (cetyl dimethicone copolyol) and hydrophilic emulsifiers (polysorbate 80) and to check their stability at different storage conditions.MethodsApproximately, 20 formulations (W/O/W) multiple emulsions were prepared, and their stability was checked at different storage conditions for the period of 30 days. Stability of some multiple emulsions ME12, ME13, ME14, ME19 and ME20 was also checked with carbomer as viscosity‐enhancing agent. Microscopic analysis for droplet size determination and rheological characterization of most stable multiple emulsions, that is, ME20 were also performed.ResultsIt was observed that stability of multiple emulsion increases with the addition of gelling agent. Formulation (ME20) with 13.6% paraffin oil, 2.4% cetyl dimethicone copolyol and 0.8% polysorbate 80 was found more stable at 25°C and 40°C for the period of 30 days. Rheological analysis indicated a decrease in viscosity with the passage of time, while droplet size analysis indicated an increase in droplet size with the passage of time.ConclusionAs a conclusion of this work, a stable multiple emulsion with 13.6% paraffin oil, 2.4% cetyl dimethicone copolyol and 0.8% polysorbate 80 can be formulated and can be further studied for any active ingredient for cosmetic purposes.
Optimisation of production yield by ultrasound‐/microwave‐assisted acid method and functional property of pectin from sugar beet pulp
Authors: Peng Xiao‐Yan , Mu Tai‐Hua , Zhang Miao , Sun Hong‐Nan , Chen Jing‐Wang , Yu Ming 
Published: October 2014

SummaryResponse surface methodology was used to optimise pectin recovery from sugar beet pulp using ultrasound‐/microwave‐assisted acid method (UMAAM). The independent variables were microwave heating temperature, microwave heating time and solid‐to‐liquid ratio. From the results, the selected optimal conditions were 92 °C, 37 min, and solid‐to‐liquid ratio 1:30. Under these conditions, the yield and uronic acid content of the pectin (SBP1) was 26.16% and 75.38%, respectively. Compared with the sugar beet pectin (SBP2) extracted by traditional acid method, SBP1 showed a higher molecular weight, higher viscosity and emulsifying activity and stability. The possible reason was that the UMAAM could have had minimal change in the protein–polysaccharide complex structure of pectin, but significantly increased the length of polysaccharide chains compared with SBP2. These results suggested that UMAAM is an efficient method in extracting pectin and has the potential to be used in the sugar beet industry.
Study of the fermentation conditions and the antiproliferative activity of rapeseed peptides by bacterial and enzymatic cooperation
Authors: Xie Huihui , Wang Yumei , Zhang Jing , Chen Jingyi , Wu Ding , Wang Lifeng 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBased on previously determined preparation conditions of rapeseed peptides by mixed solid‐state fermentation, the optimisation of the fermentation conditions of rapeseed meal to obtain rapeseed peptides using the cooperation of mixed bacteria and a neutral protease was studied. The appropriate parameters of synergistic fermentation using mixed bacteria and a neutral protease were as follows: initial fermentation pH of 6.5, fermentation temperature of 35 °C, fermentation time of 2 day and the added amount of neutral protease of 200 U g−1 weight of dry rapeseed meal. Furthermore, Tricine‐SDS‐PAGE analysis of the rapeseed peptide extracts was performed, and the amino acid composition of the rapeseed meal before and after fermentation was evaluated. Then, the analysis of cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of the extracts on human HepG2 liver cancer cells, human MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and human HeLa cervical cancer cells indicated that the extracts had an antiproliferative effect on the cancer cells.
CD11c+ CD103+ cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected C57BL/6 but not of BALB/c mice induce a high frequency of interferon‐γ‐ or interleukin‐17‐producing CD4+ cells
Authors: Sérgio Cássia A. , Bertolini Thais B. , Gembre Ana Flávia , Prado Rafael Q. , Bonato Vânia L. D. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe magnitude of the cellular adaptive immune response is critical for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the chronic phase. In addition, the genetic background is equally important for resistance or susceptibility to tuberculosis. In this study, we addressed whether lung populations of dendritic cells, obtained from genetically different hosts, would play a role in the magnitude and function of CD4+ populations generated after M. tuberculosis infection. Thirty days post‐infection, C57BL/6 mice, which generate a stronger interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐mediated immune response than BALB/c mice, exhibited a higher number and frequency of lung CD11c+ CD11b− CD103+ cells compared with BALB/c mice, which exhibited a high frequency of lung CD11c+ CD11b+ CD103− cells. CD11c+ CD11b− CD103+ cells, purified from lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice, but not from infected BALB/c mice, induced a higher frequency of IFN‐γ‐producing or interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)‐producing CD4+ cells. Moreover, CD4+ cells also arrive at the lung of C57BL/6 mice faster than in BALB/c mice. This pattern of immune response seems to be associated with higher gene expression for CCL4, CCL19, CCL20 and CCR5 in the lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice compared with infected BALB/c mice. The results described here show that the magnitude of IFN‐γ‐producing or IL‐17‐producing CD4+ cells is dependent on CD11c+ CD11b− CD103+ cells, and this pattern of immune response is directly associated with the host genetic background. Therefore, differences in the genetic background contribute to the identification of immunological biomarkers that can be used to design human assays to predict progression of M. tuberculosis infection.
Radiographic, Computed Tomographic, and Arthroscopic Findings in Labrador Retrievers With Medial Coronoid Disease
Authors: Lau Seng Fong , Theyse Lars F.H. , Voorhout George , Hazewinkel Herman A.W. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the radiographic, computed tomographic (CT), and arthroscopic findings in different age groups of Labrador Retrievers diagnosed with medial coronoid disease (MCD), and to compare the ulnar subtrochlear sclerosis (STS) observed on radiographs with the ratio between the mean attenuation of the ulnar subtrochlear bone and the mean attenuation of the cortical bone measured on CT.Study DesignProspective clinical study.AnimalsDogs (n = 31; 31 elbow joints) and 6 healthy Labrador Retrievers (6 elbow joints).MethodsRadiographic, CT, and intraoperative arthroscopic images (2008–2012) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed for the descriptive study to evaluate the difference in findings between age groups and to investigate the correlation between radiographic and CT evaluated ulnar STS.ResultsUlnar STS (87.6%) was the most common radiographic findings in dogs ≤12 months and blurring of the cranial edge of the medial coronoid process (MCP; 66.7%) was the most common radiographic findings in dogs >12 months. MCP fragmentation was the most common CT finding in both age groups (93.8% [≤12 months]; 66.7% [>12 months]). A displaced fragment (68.8%) was the most common arthroscopic finding in dogs ≤12 months whereas osteochondromalacia (53.3%) was the most common finding in dogs >12 months. Sensitivity of radiography in detecting MCD was 93.8% (≤12 months) and 73.3% (>12 months) and for CT was 93.8% (≤12 months) and 66.7% (>12 months). Radiographic evaluated ulnar STS was strongly correlated with CT evaluated ulnar STS.ConclusionWide ranges of radiographic, CT, and arthroscopic findings in Labrador Retrievers diagnosed with medial coronoid disease were identified.
Effect of Drought on the Gas Exchange, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Yield of Six Different‐Era Spring Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Guan X.‐K. , Song L. , Wang T.‐C. , Turner N. C. , Li F.‐M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn semi‐arid areas of north‐west China, grain yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are higher in recently bred cultivars than those released six decades earlier. The gas exchange, chloroplast activity and yield of six spring wheat cultivars grown in the 1950s, Hst and Gs96 (early), in the 1970s, Gy602 and Dx24 (intermediate), and in the 1990s, Gc20 and Lc8275 (modern) were compared with adequate water (WET) and drought stress (DRY) to determine the effects of drought stress among the cultivars. The results showed that in the WET treatment, the modern cultivars had significantly higher rates of leaf gas exchange, photosystem 2 (PS2) maximal photochemical efficiency, actual quantum yield of PS2 (ФPS2), photochemical quenching of chlorophyll (qp) and lower non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) than early cultivars, but had significantly lower gas exchange rates, intercellular CO2 concentration, ФPS2, qp and NPQ in the DRY treatment. In the WET treatment, the grain yield of early cultivars was significantly lower (10 %) than intermediate cultivars, but was significantly higher (17 %) than intermediate cultivars in the DRY treatment. The modern and intermediate cultivars had more sensitive stomata to water shortage, but the decreased activity of the PS2 reaction centre helped avoid damage from photoinhibition in these cultivars.
A concept analysis of befriending
Authors: Balaam Marie‐Clare 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo report an analysis of the concept of Befriending.BackgroundBefriending is an intervention used in a range of nursing, health and social care settings to provide support for individuals who are socially isolated or lack social support. However, in many cases befriending and its impact remains poorly understood and under researched. Concept analysis provides clarification of the concept and basis for further research and development.DesignConcept analysis.Data sourcesAMED, Psyc Articles, Psych Info, Medline, MedlinePlus, Social Science Index and CINHAL databases were searched for literature published between 1993–2013 using the search term Befriending.MethodsWalker and Avant's method of concept analysis was chosen. This combined with insights from Risjord's work produced a theoretical concept analysis which focused on the concept in peer reviewed academic literature.ResultsThere are currently several ways the mechanisms of befriending and its effects on individuals and communities are understood. It is possible however to identify key attributes which define the concept and differentiate it from related concepts, such as peer support and mentoring. Key attributes are that it is an organised intervention, involving the creation of an emotionally connected friend‐like relationship, where there is a negotiation of power.ConclusionThis concept analysis has clarified current understandings and uses of befriending. It provides the basis for widening the focus of research into the effectiveness and impact of befriending on those who are befriended, those who befriend and the communities where befriending takes place.
Model‐Based Nitrogen and Phosphorus (Nutrient) Criteria for Large Temperate Rivers: 1. Model Development and Application
Authors: Flynn Kyle F. , Suplee Michael W. , Chapra Steven C. , Tao Hua 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn initial inquiry into model‐based numeric nitrogen and phosphorus (nutrient) criteria for large rivers is presented. Field data collection and associated modeling were conducted on a segment of the lower Yellowstone River in the northwestern United States to assess the feasibility of deriving numeric nutrient criteria using mechanistic water‐quality models. The steady‐state one‐dimensional modelQUAL2K and a transect‐based companion modelAT2K were calibrated and confirmed against low‐flow conditions at a time when river loadings, water column chemistry, and diurnal indicators were approximately steady state. Predictive simulation was then implemented via nutrient perturbation to evaluate the steady‐state and diurnal response of the river to incremental nutrient additions. In this first part of a two‐part series, we detail our modeling approach, model selection, calibration and confirmation, sensitivity analysis, model outcomes, and associated uncertainty. In the second part (Supleeet al., 2015) we describe the criteria development process using the tools described herein. Both articles provide a fundamental understanding of the process required to develop site‐specific numeric nutrient criteria using models in applied regulatory settings.
Evaluating Alternative Temporal Survey Designs for Monitoring Wetland Area and Detecting Changes Over Time in California
Authors: Lackey Leila G. , Stein Eric D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEvaluation of wetland extent and changes in extent is a foundation of many wetland monitoring and assessment programs. Probabilistic sampling and mapping provides a cost‐effective alternative to comprehensive mapping for large geographic areas. One unresolved challenge for probabilistic or design‐based approaches is how best to monitor both status (e.g., extent at a single point in time) and trends (e.g., changes in extent over time) within a single monitoring program. Existing wetland status and trends (S&T) monitoring programs employ fixed sampling locations; however, theoretical evaluation and limited implementation in other landscape monitoring areas suggest that alternative designs could increase statistical efficiency and overall accuracy. In particular, designs that employ both fixed and nonfixed sampling locations (alternately termed permanent and temporary samples), termed sampling with partial replacement (SPR), are considered to efficiently and effectively balance monitoring current status with detection of trends. This study utilized simulated sampling to assess the performance of fixed sampling locations, SPR, and strictly nonfixed designs for monitoring wetland S&T over time. Modeled changes in wetland density over time were used as inputs for sampling simulations. In contrast to previous evaluations of SPR, the results of this study support the use of a fixed sampling design and show that SPR may underestimate both S&T.
Can Rapid Assessment Protocols Be Used to Judge Sediment Impairment in Gravel‐Bed Streams? A Commentary
Authors: Lisle Thomas E. , Buffington John M. , Wilcock Peter R. , Bunte Kristin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLand management agencies commonly use rapid assessments to evaluate the impairment of gravel‐bed streams by sediment inputs from anthropogenic sources. We question whether rapid assessment can be used to reliably judge sediment impairment at a site or in a region. Beyond the challenges of repeatable and accurate sampling, we argue that a single metric or protocol is unlikely to reveal causative relations because channel condition can result from multiple pathways, processes, and background controls. To address these concerns, a contextual analysis is needed to link affected resources, causal factors, and site history to reliably identify human influences. Contextual analysis is equivalent in principle to cumulative effects and watershed analyses and has a rich history, but has gradually been replaced by rapid assessment methods. Although the approaches differ, rapid assessment and contextual analysis are complementary and can be implemented in a two‐tiered approach in which rapid assessment provides a coarse (first‐tier) analysis to identify sites that deserve deeper contextual assessment (second‐tier). Contextual analysis is particularly appropriate for site‐specific studies that should be tailored to local conditions. A balance between rapid assessment and contextual analysis is needed to provide the most effective information for management decisions.
Hydrologic Sensitivity to Climate and Land Use Changes in the Santiam River Basin, Oregon
Authors: Mateus Cristina , Tullos Desiree D. , Surfleet Christopher G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFuture changes in water supply are likely to vary across catchments due to a river basin's sensitivity to climate and land use changes. In the Santiam River Basin (SRB), Oregon, we examined the role elevation, intensity of water demands, and apparent intensity of groundwater interactions, as characteristics that influence sensitivity to climate and land use changes, on the future availability of water resources. In the context of water scarcity, we compared the relative impacts of changes in water supply resulting from climate and land use changes to the impacts of spatially distributed but steady water demand. Results highlight how seasonal runoff responses to climate and land use changes vary across subbasins with differences in hydrogeology, land use, and elevation. Across the entire SRB, water demand exerts the strongest influence on basin sensitivity to water scarcity, regardless of hydrogeology, with the highest demand located in the lower reaches dominated by agricultural and urban land uses. Results also indicate that our catchment with mixed rain‐snow hydrology and with mixed surface‐groundwater may be more sensitive to climate and land use changes, relative to the catchment with snowmelt‐dominated runoff and substantial groundwater interactions. Results highlight the importance of evaluating basin sensitivity to change in planning for planning water resources storage and allocation across basins in variable hydrogeologic settings.
Clinicians' perceptions of digital vs. paper‐based decision support interventions
Authors: Politi Mary C. , Adsul Prajakta , Kuzemchak Marie D. , Zeuner Rachel , Frosch Dominick L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesDespite extensive evidence on the value of patient decision support interventions (DESIs), there is no consensus on optimal DESI formats. Assessing clinicians' perceptions about DESI formats can help facilitate their adoption. The aim of this study was to assess clinicians' perceptions of DESIs formats and potential use in practice.MethodsSemi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with doctors from diverse practice areas (internal medicine, OB/GYN, surgery, medical oncology, emergency medicine) and elicited perceptions toward patient DESIs formats (digital vs. paper) and timing of administration. Questions also elicited beliefs underlying attitudes, perceived social norms and self‐efficacy for using DESIs and the feasibility of doing so. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic analysis approach.ResultsParticipants identified strengths of both more comprehensive digital and shorter paper‐based tools and thought they could complement each other. Participants consistently expressed the advantages of using DESIs outside the consultation to supplement clinical discussions about cancer decisions given the amount of information to discuss during these emotion‐laden conversations. Participants felt that patients with older age and lower socio‐economic status were more likely to use a paper‐based compared with a digital DESI. Participants also noted challenges related to reliable resources such as computers and Internet in the practice setting, which would be necessary for implementing the digital DESIs on site.ConclusionsClinicians' perceptions and opinions about value of DESIs can vary widely across doctor, patient and clinic characteristics. A one‐size‐fits‐all approach to implementation might not be feasible, suggesting that flexible approaches to providing decision support for patients are needed to drive broader adoption.
Age‐dependent expression of duodenal cytochrome b divalent metal transporter 1, ferroportin 1, and hephaestin in the duodenum of rats
Authors: Kong Wei‐Na , Wu Qiong , Shen Di , Zhao Shu‐E , Guo Pei , Duan Xiang‐Lin , Chang Yan‐Zhong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground and AimThe body's requirement for iron is different at different developmental stages. However, the molecular mechanisms of age‐dependent iron metabolism are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the expression of iron transport proteins in the duodenum of Sprague–Dawley rats at five different age stages.MethodsMale Sprague–Dawley rats at postnatal week (PNW) 1, 3, 12, 44, and 88 were employed in the study. Serum iron status and tissue non‐heme iron concentrations in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, heart, kidney, duodenal epithelium, and gastrocnemius were examined at each age stage. The expression of duodenal cytochrome b (DcytB), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin 1 (FPN1), hephaestin, and hepcidin were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction or Western blot.ResultsThe levels of serum iron and transferrin saturation were higher in the rats at PNW1 and 3 than in those at PNW12, 44, and 88. Non‐heme iron contents decreased from PNW1 to PNW3 and then increased thereafter. Duodenal DcytB, DMT1, and FPN1 increased to the highest level at PNW3 and then decreased from PNW12 to 88. The hepatic hepcidin mRNA level decreased to the lowest level at PNW3 and then increased with age.ConclusionOur findings showed that age had a significant effect on body iron status. The increased duodenal DcytB, DMT1, and FPN1 expression can enhance intestinal iron absorption to meet the high iron requirements in infants. Hepcidin or enterocyte iron levels may be involved in the regulation of age‐dependent FPN1, DMT1, and DcytB expression in the duodenum.