bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Consumers’ Role
Authors: Ioannidou Maria 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 first provides a critical account of the Commission’s approach towards collective action mechanisms in the fields of consumer and competition law. This historical analysis serves as the springboard for exploring the normative justifications supporting the adoption of specific collective action mechanisms for consumer claims in competition law (serving access to justice and the collective consumer interest). Following these justifications, the analysis discusses the necessary structural characteristics of effective consumer collective action mechanisms (by reference to the federal US model) and explores whether the collective redress systems available in different Member States provide these structural characteristics. Finally, a collective action framework promoting consumer claims while paying due respect to EU legal culture and Member States’ individual traditions is presented by focusing on who can bring a claim (consumer representatives), the opt-out nature of group formation, the funding of the respective actions, and the distribution of the damages award.
Arbitration and ADR
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issues arising from the role of arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in competition law matters. If arbitration is to continue to flourish and to expand to areas involving important issues of public policy, it is necessary that it provide equivalent protection to the parties and the public interests involved as would be provided by the courts. At the same time, arbitration should not lose its private nature. If it did, it would also lose its main advantage over litigation before the state courts. In this light, the chapter provides an overview of the arbitration of competition disputes in practice. It explores the interaction between arbitral tribunals and the competition authorities in the enforcement of competition law, and analyses the use of ADR in competition disputes.
Sea and Inland Ports
Authors: Rodríguez Elvira Aliende , Rusche Tim Maxian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Ports are vital to the functioning of the Internal Market and the economic strength of the European Union. The European Union is dependent on its ports to facilitate trade, not just internationally, but also between Member States themselves; in fact, 75 per cent of vessels in EU ports are making intra-EU journeys. In 2011, EU ports handled around 3.7 billion tonnes of cargo, and the Commission anticipates that this figure will have doubled by 2030, making development and expansion of EU’s ports a priority. While there currently is no overarching EU regulation on ports, various aspects have been addressed by specific rules, notably on security and the environment. The chapter discusses proposals for the liberalization of port services. It details the case law and guidance under EU competition law dealing with restrictive agreements, abuses of dominant position, mergers, and State aid.
The Nature of 500 micron Risers III: a small complete sample
Authors: Clements D L , Cairns J , Greenslade J , Petitpas G , Ding Y , Pérez-Fournon I , Riechers D 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Herschel surveys have found large numbers of sources with red far-IR colours, and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) rising from 250 to 500 µm: 500 risers. The nature and role of these sources is not fully understood. We here present Submillimeter Array (SMA) interferometric imaging at 200 GHz of a complete sample of five 500 risers with F500 &gt;44 mJy selected within a 4.5 deg2 region of the XMMLSS field. These observations can resolve the separate components of multiple sources and allow cross identification at other wavelengths using the extensive optical-to-IR data in this field. Of our five targets, we find that two are likely gravitationally lensed, two are multiple sources, and one an isolated single source. Photometric redshifts, using optical-to-IR data and far-IR/submm data, suggest they lie at redshifts $z \sim 2.5\!-\!3.5$. Star formation rates and stellar masses estimated from the SEDs show that the majority of our sources lie on the star-formation rate-stellar mass ‘main sequence’, though with outliers both above and below this relation. Of particular interest is our most multiple source, which consists of three submm emitters and one submm-undetected optical companion within a 7 arcsec region, all with photometric redshifts ∼3. One of the submm emitters in this group lies above the ‘main sequence’, while the optical companion lies well below the relation, and has an estimated stellar mass of $3.3 \pm 1.3 \times 10^{11}$ M$_{\odot }$. We suggest this object is a forming brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the process of accreting actively star forming companions.
The SAVED domain of the type III CRISPR protease CalpL is a ring nuclease
Authors: Binder Sophie C , Schneberger Niels , Schmitz Maximilian , Engeser Marianne , Geyer Matthias , Rouillon Christophe , Hagelueken Gregor 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas immune systems detect and cleave foreign nucleic acids. In type III CRISPR-Cas systems, the Cas10 subunit of the activated recognition complex synthesizes cyclic oligoadenylates (cOAs), second messengers that activate downstream ancillary effector proteins. Once the viral attack has been weathered, elimination of extant cOA is essential to limit the antiviral response and to allow cellular recovery. Various families of ring nucleases have been identified, specializing in the degradation of cOAs either as standalone enzymes or as domains of effector proteins. Here we describe the ring nuclease activity inherent in the SAVED domain of the cA4-activated CRISPR Lon protease CalpL. We characterize the kinetics of cA4 cleavage and identify key catalytic residues. We demonstrate that cA4-induced oligomerization of CalpL is essential not only for activation of the protease, but is also required for nuclease activity. Further, the nuclease activity of CalpL poses a limitation to the protease reaction, indicating a mechanism for regulation of the CalpL/T/S signaling cascade. This work is the first demonstration of a catalytic SAVED domain and gives new insights into the dynamics of transcriptional adaption in CRISPR defense systems.
Charles Sorley
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the poetry of the English poet Charles Sorley (1895–1915) from the perspective of classical reception, including the pre-war poems. It shows that his 1915 poem ‘I have not brought my Odyssey’ draws on the literary framework of Horace’s poetic letters to friends in his Epistles as well as the Odyssey of Homer advertised in its title—both texts he would have encountered in his elite classical education at Marlborough College. It also analyses Sorley’s most famous poem, the 1915 sonnet, ‘When you see millions of the mouthless dead’. Here it shows that the poem combines elements from Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey in resignation about death and an imagining of the Underworld. It further suggests that this last element is partly seen through the Christian perspective of John Henry Newman’s Dream of Gerontius, one of the most famous Victorian poems about the afterlife.
Biometrics, Citizenship, and the Documentary State
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 builds the theoretical and conceptual framework of the book. It posits the Ivorian trajectory in the African biometric turn and in comparative debates on registration, citizenship, and the state. The differences between civil registration and biometric identification are highlighted and connected to the discontinuities and the continuities between the documentary and the biometric state. Some theoretical and empirical oppositions are discussed to build the book’s argument. The de-socializing and depoliticizing character of biometric identity is analysed in contrast with the social and subjective dimension of written documents. Building on the byways of Ivorian identification policies, the chapter tries to bypass theses contradictions by offering another conceptual framework to account for global identification systems and citizenship debates.
Overlapping Individual and Interstate Claims
Authors: Howley Jessica 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed overview of the potential for overlapping individual and interstate claims to arise under international law. It begins by considering mechanisms through which individuals may invoke State responsibility, both current and historic, in the fields of investment law and human rights, in post-conflict contexts, before regional mechanisms, and under domestic law. It then turns to examine possible overlaps in these and other fields, and under both treaty and customary international law, with the invocation of responsibility on the interstate level. In doing so, it distinguishes between different types of interstate claims that may overlap with individual claims, namely diplomatic protection, ‘mixed’, and ‘direct’ claims, as well as claims brought for violation of obligations owed erga omnes (partes). The following chapters then examine rules that may operate to preclude one or both of those overlapping claims.
Early Childhood Care and Education of Deaf Children
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Fobi Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The final chapter explores the insights from the Ghana case study work and the wider contribution that this text makes to understandings of the early childhood care and education (ECCE) of deaf children in Africa and other low-resource global South contexts. The new knowledge and research questions that emerge from this work are discussed in the context of international perspectives on early childhood care and education and next steps are identified for research and practice. Drawing on the bioecological perspective that framed the original project work and the writing of this text the authors reflect on the different cultural contexts for deaf ECCE, the implications for resource and capacity building, and examine the potential for South-North learning. They discuss what was learned as a project team about the external influences on ECCE provision and caregiver experience as well as the day-to-day realities of caregiving and raising a deaf child, and specific issues around language and communication. Based on this experience and reflecting on the writing journey as a cross-cultural research team this chapter summarises ways in which current ECCE paradigms can become more inclusive of different cultural contexts and propose workable interventions and ECCE strategies that build on local knowledge and practices. Finally, it is proposed that the theoretical and practical implications of the project and writing work extend not only to the wider African context but are also pertinent to other multilingual agrarian and collective socio-cultural contexts where there are similar resource issues around ECCE support and infrastructure. Throughout, the terms ‘low- and middle-income countries’ (LMICS) are used to highlight resource issues and the ‘global South’ to underline gaps in wealth and power but also convey a sense of the spaces and people implied, recognising that that these terms conflate diverse economic, social and political experiences.
When Is the ‘Early Modern’?
Authors: Cort John E. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores two transitional moments within north Indian Digambar Jain literary culture: the first between the medieval into the early modern in the early-seventeenth century, and the second between the early modern and the modern in the late-nineteenth century. It looks at the life of Banārsīdās (1587–1643) of Agra for information on the first transition, and the lives of Pārasdās Nigotyā of Jaipur (fl. 1838–1874) and Nāthūrām Premī of Bombay (1881–1960) for the second. By examining changes in education, language choice, practices of translation, audience, and the material medium of textual production, the chapter shows some defining factors in these transitions. At the same time, the chapter demonstrates the limits in the periodization of early modern and modern. It argues that the line between the early modern and the modern is not an absolute one, but instead a matter of geography, social location, and even personality.
Sants’ Sweet Yoga in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gold Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines a particular stream of Sant tradition that comes fully into view in the eighteenth century. Often emerging among Sants from mid-level castes, such as Palṭū and Caraṇdās, it features practices that could lead to a powerful convergence of yoga and bhakti while sometimes advocating some unusual sectarian doctrines. Central to this stream of Sant tradition is a sense of śabda, ‘primal sound’, as the pervasive stuff of the devotee’s purified inner world, something into which devotees may merge through specific yogic practices. More than in many streams of Sant tradition, then, songs often feature imagery of fluidity, flow, and mixing together. Finally, through śabda, devotees can reunite their conscious being with that of its sweet divine source—understood as the Lord, the lover, or the real nature of their gurus.
Channels of Distortion
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the structures and practices that were essential to establishing footholds of media power. By focusing on the strategies of right-wing broadcast media personalities like Bill O’Reilly, Sean Hannity, and Rush Limbaugh, the chapter sheds light on the capital and practices that drove media influence in the 20th century and beyond. After considering the history of partisan news media in the United States and the power of echo chambers, the chapter grapples with shifts in audience behavior and recounts the rise of conservative talk radio and cable news. Next, the chapter turns its attention to Fox News, addressing their role in confirming the beliefs of a captive and politically homogeneous audience while undermining trust in other sources. The chapter concludes with an assessment of how conservative mass media wields and generates power using various forms of capital as well as numerous practices of manipulation.
Hacking Meaning and Influence in the (Dis)Information Age
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on strategies of persuasion and amplification employed by digital news sites. Through a multimethod analysis of information flows pertaining to the alleged assault of a White House intern by CNN reporter Jim Acosta in November 2017, it examines the role publishers, pundits, platforms, and publics played in creating and amplifying related content. By considering factors such as actors’ field position, promotional practices, audience participation, and the partisan leanings of publishers, the chapter sheds light on where problematic information was most likely to flow online, and how. While mainstream sites typically drove the most traffic on Facebook, others were able to attract a disproportionate amount of attention using ordinary and innovative methods. The chapter concludes by unpacking the tactics used for content promotion and, in congruence with other forms of capital, theorizing their existence as an emergent form of “networked media capital” that provides greater opportunities for manipulation.
Trouble with Power, Practice, and Information in the Hybrid Media System
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter reviews and reflects on some of the most notable implications emerging from the analyses presented throughout the book. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of how long-standing debates about media, democracy, and the public sphere inform and relate to this work. Organized around the issues of power, practice, and problematic information, the following three sections offer a summary of the respective lessons the book offers as well as reflections on their implications within and beyond the fields of American journalism and politics. The final section considers some potential structural and cultural efforts that could help counteract the effects of manipulation and problematic information. It also reflects on what the future of (anti)democratic communication may look like as the cycle of disinformation continues.
The Third Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Óengus was famous for his hospitality at Brug na Bóinne. His hall was built for feasting. It was 700 feet across and had four doors, pillars of wood from faraway Cyprus, and a roof of woven birds’ feathers. There was room for 150 men in it and a cauldron that could boil 160 wild boars at once. The best thing about the Mac Óc’s hall, though, is that the drinking there never stopped. It had plenty of space for a family, too. Óengus Mac ind Óc was clever to have bargained such a house away from Elcmar. Everyone agrees, however, that Óengus Mac ind Óc’s greatest adventure took place when he fell in love with a bird-girl.
The Seventh Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
You might sense that once upon a time in Ériu, love was fickle, fragile, and fraught, and you would be right. Love interrupted peaceful marriages. Heroic husbands strayed and wives had little recourse but to practice their own secret adultery. If they were caught, women suffered harsher penalties than men. Medb was an exception. She selected and discarded men, one by one. There was but one moment in their lives when other women might control the warriors of their affections: before they agreed to yield themselves. The greatest hero in all of Ériu’s history struggled long and hard to win a woman who held him at bay. She built a fortress of impossible demands around herself and set Cú Chulainn many arduous tasks before she went to his bed. He adored nothing more than a challenge. Not even Emer. As the poet says, however, love dies young.
Conjuring the DREAMer
Authors: Young Michael P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 presents a history of the creation of the public image of the DREAMer at the hands of nonprofit professional advocates for immigration reform. It traces the rise of a field of nonprofit organizations advocating for immigrant rights. It links the legislative origins of the DREAM Act to professionals working in this nonprofit field and explores how this piece of proposed legislation led to the reified character of the DREAMer. The chapter also documents early efforts by nonprofit organizations in this field to create a national network of undocumented students to advocate for the passage of the DREAM Act.
Conclusion
Authors: Balserak Jon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the argument of the volume and explores why Calvin and his colleagues acted as they did—a difficult question to answer satisfactorily. The chapter also examines how Calvin understands mendacious behavior. He speaks differently about mendacity depending on what aspect of it he is addressing. When speaking of it as found in the Nicodemites, Calvin could not have condemned it more harshly. But when commenting on the lies of biblical characters such as Rebecca, the Hebrew midwives, and Rahab, Calvin softens his condemnation. He disapproves of the “judicious lie.” Thus he acknowledges these biblical women sinned, but he argues that their conduct represents tarnished obedience. So I argue Calvin may have gradually become willing to engage in deeper forms of deception, as he moved from France to settle in Geneva and began to work from there to establish Christ’s kingdom in France.
Hopped Up
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hopped Up is a global history of beer describing how diverse local styles became standardized through industrialization into the light, crisp style known as Pilsner. Beer is considered broadly as a fermented, grain-based or similar beverage, including African sorghum beer, Japanese sake, Bolivian chicha, and Mexican pulque in addition to European barley beers. Technological change and scientific brewing contributed to this standardization by allowing greater control over the fermentation process. European imperialism also contributed to the global spread of lager beer by equating it with purity and dismissing strong-flavored alternatives as uncivilized. Industrial scale and imperial growth also contributed to the masculinization of brewing, which had formerly been a largely female trade around the world. By the post–World War II era, economies of scale allowed the consolidation of brewing within a handful of firms in any given national market. The global brewing industry was consolidated in the final decades of the twentieth century through a series of international mergers that ironically displaced legacy firms from the Global North with more efficient competitors from the Global South. The craft beer movement seeking to revitalize distinctive local styles, although seemingly in opposition to industrial standardization, was itself a form of commodification that sought to achieve high status through status indicators of flavor, local origins, sustainability, and small batch production. Indeed, the concept of beer style is itself a product of industrialization.
Before Hops
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys preindustrial brewing traditions around the world with a focus on production technologies, social distinctions, and flavor differences. Beer is considered to be any fermented grain-based or similar beverage, including African sorghum beer, Japanese sake, Bolivian chicha, and Mexican pulque, in addition to European barley beers. Staple grains were preferred by the masses because they provided the cheapest alcohol, compared with fruit-based wines or honey mead. Archaeological evidence dates the earliest beers to 13,000 years ago, before the Neolithic revolution. Diverse approaches to brewing were adopted based on local ingredients but spread through technology transfers and trade. Alcohol was used from the earliest times to celebrate special occasions and to mobilize labor. Alcohol often defined the boundaries of civilization, while local flavor differences became associated with status.
Brewing Capitalism
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hopped beer became a commercial beverage beginning in port towns of northern Germany in the thirteenth century and spread throughout much of Europe by the sixteenth century. Hops acted as a preservative allowing long-distance trade in beer and the growth in scale of production through male guilds, thereby displacing female domestic brewers. Beer and taverns facilitated the growth of markets throughout Europe. Commercialization also led to the differentiation of beer styles, as consumers sought social distinction through distinctive beverages. Commercial brewing also took place in the early modern era in diverse other societies, including sake in Japan and pulque in Mexico. Industrial brewing began in eighteenth-century England. Rich, dark porter beer, which could be produced on a large scale, became a favorite of factory workers, while fine pale ales were brewed for the gentry. Bottom-fermenting lager yeast developed in early modern Bavaria in response to municipal regulations limiting brewing to winter.