bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting the pain, inflammation and immune (PII) axis: plausible rationale for LLLT
Authors: Hahm Eason , Kulhari Snehlata , Arany Praveen R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLow-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in many clinical contexts. Although its precise mechanism is unclear, its current use is based predominantly on its non-invasive nature and popular patient acceptance. This review attempts to provide a framework for the clinical disease-disorder states focusing on the etiopathology namely; pain, inflammation and immune response termed the PII axis. Following a brief introduction, the literature on the ability of LLLT to modulate the PII axis in specific disease states is reviewed. The triad of critical parameters for LLLT namely, the dose, the biological context and the mechanism are highlighted. This work suggests that LLLT could be a potent primary interventional modality when used to specifically target the PII axis in clinical disease management.
Effect of silica fume on durability of concrete composites containing fly ash
Authors: Zhang Peng , Li Qing-fu 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper, the effect of silica fume on the workability and durability of concrete composites containing fly ash, including water impermeability, dry shrinkage property, carbonation resistance and freeze-thaw resistance, are presented. Four different silica fume contents (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) were used. The results indicate that the addition of silica fume has greatly improved the durability of water impermeability, the carbonation resistance and the freeze-thaw resistance of the concrete composites containing fly ash. With the increase in silica fume content, the length of water permeability and the carbonation depth of the specimens decrease gradually, and the relative dynamic elastic modulus of the specimens has a tendency to increase. However, the addition of silica fume has a little adverse effect on the workability and dry shrinkage property of concrete composites containing fly ash. With the increase in silica fume content, both the slump and the slump flow decrease gradually, and the dry shrinkage strain increases gradually.
Thermal buckling load optimization of laminated general quadrilateral and trapezoidal thin plates
Authors: Topal Umut 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with thermal buckling load optimization of symmetrically laminated angle-ply general quadrilateral and trapezoidal thin plates. The objective function is to maximize the critical temperature capacity of the quadrilateral and trapezoidal laminated plates and the fiber orientation is considered as a design variable. The mathematical formulation is based on the classical laminated plate theory for the frequency analysis. The modified feasible direction method is used as the optimization routine. Therefore, a program based on FORTRAN is used. Finally, the significant effects of aspect ratios, boundary conditions, taper ratios and unsymmetric trapezoidal plates on the optimal results are investigated and the results are compared.
Auf unsicherem Boden: Zur epigraphischen Evidenz von Erdbeben
Authors: Ehmig Ulrike 
Published: November 2012

Zusammenfassung
Im Blick auf die epigraphische Evidenz von Erdbeben fällt auf, daß diese nur selten als Todesursachen in Grabinschriften genannt wurden. Bisher deutete man den Befund dahingehend, daß die antiken Menschen auf einen entsprechenden Hinweis bewußt verzichteten, um Hybris und eine Provokation der Götter zu vermeiden. Die betreffenden Epitaphe werden hier im Gesamtkontext der inschriftlichen Überlieferung seismischer Ereignisse betrachtet. Vor diesem Hintergrund können andere Erklärungen vorgeschlagen werden. Sie gründen in unterschiedlichen Mentalitäten im lateinischen Westen und dem griechischsprachigen Osten, damit einhergehenden epigraphic habits und den Faktoren, die die Auswahl erinnerungswürdiger Nachrichten bestimmen.
De anfiarao el adivino a Filipo el Médico: mántica y medicina en Acarnania
Authors: Martín César Sierra 
Published: November 2012

Resumen
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reconstruir el proceso de plena integración de Acarnania en la Hélade a partir del siglo V a. C. Para analizar dicho proceso estudiaremos las relaciones políticas y la evolución cultural atestiguada en las fuentes escritas.
Demetrio, un antico autore di Argolika: a proposito dello xoanon di Era a Tirinto
Authors: Fontana Federica 
Published: November 2012

Riassunto
Questo lavoro si propone il riesame delle antiche testimonianze superstiti sullo storico locale Demetrio (FGrH 304), forse un autore argivo che visse e scrisse i suoi Argolika prima dell’età ellenistica. In particolare, la data (la fine del V o più probabilmente il IV sec. a. C.) e la nazionalità (Argiva) suggerite da Felix Jacoby per l’autore, possono essere stabilite con maggiore precisione se messe in relazione con alcuni eventi della storia locale argiva svoltisi durante la metà e la fine del V sec. a. C. (come la cattura e la distruzione delle vicine di Argo, Tirinto e Micene, il passaggio dell’Heraion di Argo sotto l’esclusivo controllo argivo, l’incendio che distrusse il tempio arcaico di Era dell’Heraion nel 423 a. C.). Una nuova lettura del solo frammento attribuito con certezza a Demetrio (F 1) fornisce qualche indizio sulla natura e sulla struttura della sua opera storica e sul metodo storiografico con cui egli lavorò sul racconto tradizionale sulle origini di alcune istituzioni culturali della sua polis.
Persia, Alexander the Great and the Kingdom of Asia
Authors: Nawotka Krzysztof 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Historicity of the proclamation of Alexander the Great on the battlefield of Gaugamela as the King of Asia related by Plutarch should not be put in doubt. Quite numerous evidence speaks to the usage of this title by Alexander since at least the end of 333 BC. The overwhelming evidence of fifth and fourth c. BC sources demonstrates that for the Greeks (and Macedonians) at the age of Alexander the title King of Asia meant “the King of the Persian Empire”. This title was not related to any known title in use of the Persian King and reflected the Greek way of thinking about their eastern neighbours. Its selection by Alexander may have belonged to the realm of the war propaganda of Alexander as the leader of the League of Corinth waging a war of revenge on the Persian Empire.
The Aftermath of the Apamean Settlement: Early Challenges to the new Order in Asia Minor
Authors: Petković Žarko 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Launching an offensive against Sinope and, shortly after, entering the war against Eumenes II, the Pontic king Pharnakes and his Gallatian allies challenged the newly established order in Asia Minor. The post Apamean territorial gains of Eumenes II were at stake, as in the previous war, in which Pharnakes had fought on the side of Prusias I. In the second campaign, Pharnakes besieged Tieion, the πολίχνιον under Eumenes’ control. It was the perfect opportunity for the Pergamene king to exercise his diplomatic abilities. At that moment, as can be deduced from scattered information, Eumenes transferred the possession of Tieion to his former enemy, Prusias II, who was eager, like Bithynian kings before him, to gain control over ports on the Black Sea shore. This maneuver brought the Bithynian king into the anti-pontic coalition.
Los herederos de Artabazo. La satrapía de Dascilio en la tradición de la dinastía Mitridátida
Authors: Ballesteros Pastor Luis 
Published: November 2012

Resumen
Los gobernantes de la dinastía Mitridátida decían ser descendientes de los sátrapas persas de Dascilio. Esos reyes consideraban como su ancestro a Artabazo, hijo de Farnaces, que habría recibido esos dominios de Jerjes. El interés de los soberanos Mitridátidas en el Euxino Noroccidental representó una reivindicación del antiguo gobierno de los sátrapas de Dascilio sobre esos territorios, considerados por los persas como “El país del mar” (o „más allá del mar”). Éste podría ser el origen del término “reino del Ponto” que había sido aplicado también a los dominios de ciertos reyes Espartócidas. Así, podemos comprender las fuentes que consideraron a esta región como el antiguo territorio de la dinastía Mitridátida. Junto a esto, algunas monedas reales pónticas aludieron a la leyenda de Télefo, el hijo de Heracles que fue rey de Misia, la región en donde estaban Cío y Dascilio. En relación con esta perspectiva dinástica, Eupátor reclamó la provincia de Asia como parte de la antigua tierra de sus ancestros.
Im Gewebe der Geschichte(n). Memoria, Monumente und ihre mythhistorische Vernetzung
Authors: Hölkeskamp Karl-Joachim 
Published: November 2012

Zusammenfassung
Die Reiterstatue des Q. Marcius Tremulus, der als Consul 306 v. Chr. einen Triumph über die Herniker gefeiert hatte, stand noch Jahrhunderte später an höchst sichtbarer Stelle: auf dem Forum Romanum, vor dem Tempel der Dioskuren. Das Monument, der Anlaß seiner Aufstellung und seine prominente Positionierung in der dicht vernetzten politischen und sakralen Topographie der urbs Roma, die auch und zugleich als ,Erinnerungslandschaft‘ des populus Romanus und seiner glorreichen Geschichte fungierte, einerseits und die Mythen und Legenden um die Anfänge der Hegemonie Roms über Latium und Mittelitalien andererseits bildeten ein eigentümliches „Gewebe von Bedeutung(en)“ im Sinne von Clifford Geertz, das auf verschiedenen, aber eng miteinander vermittelten Ebenen ,gelesen‘ werden konnte.
Tribunus legionis IIII (Italicae)? – Zu einer Notiz in der Historia Augusta und zur Vita des Maximinus Thrax vor seiner Kaisererhebung
Authors: Wiegels Rainer 
Published: November 2012

Zusammenfassung
Maximinus Thrax gehört trotz seiner kurzen Regierungszeit nicht zuletzt hinsichtlich seiner Herkunft und Karriere zu den meist behandelten, aber auch besonders umstrittenen Imperatoren unter den sogenannten ,Soldatenkaisern‘. Die vor allem bei Herodian und mit der Vita des Maximinus in der Historia Augusta vorliegende Überlieferung weist manche Ungenauigkeiten, Irrtümer und Lücken auf, die zu erheblichen Differenzen in der Forschung geführt haben. Der Beitrag versucht mit Hilfe neuerer Zeugnisse (Inschriften) und Erkenntnisse zu Karriereschemata in der fraglichen Zeit die Möglichkeiten einer sachgerechten Rekonstruktion der Vita des nachmaligen Kaisers auszuloten. Das besondere Interesse gilt der Frage, ob es bereits in der Zeit des Severus Alexander eine legio IIII Italica gab, in der Maximinus als Tribun gedient haben soll, was beim Stand unseres Wissens nicht belegt werden kann und darüber hinaus als unwahrscheinlich angesehen wird.
Crystal structure of the oxygen conducting compound Nd5Mo3O16
Authors: Alekseeva Olga A. , Gagor A. B. , Pietraszko A. , Sorokina N. I. , Bolotina N. B. , Artemov V. V. , Kharitonova E. P. , Voronkova V. I. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Structure of the Nd5Mo3O16 single crystal grown in the Nd2O3–MoO3 system was studied using the X-rays diffraction technique at 293 K and 110 K temperatures. The unit-cell values were always cubic relating to that of CaF2 fluorite as a ≈ 2af
(a

f
= 5.5 Å). The structure was solved within the Pn-3n symmetry group. It was found that the Nd5Mo3O16 compound has a fluorite-like structure with all atoms disordered. An indirect confirmation for the violation of translational periodicity in the distribution of Mo and Nd atoms was obtained. The possible oxygen diffusion paths were analyzed using the one-particle potentials of the oxygen atoms. The ionic conductivity of Nd5Mo3O16 compound is associated with the disordering of the oxygen atoms in several positions, and their deficiency in comparison with the initial fluorite.
Effects of Exposure to 1‐Bromopropane on Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes in Rat Brain
Authors: Mohideen Sahabudeen Sheik , Ichihara Sahoko , Subramanian Kaviarasan , Huang Zhenlie , Naito Hisao , Kitoh Junzoh , Ichihara Gaku 
Published: November 2012

Effects of Exposure to 1‐Bromopropane on Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes in Rat Brain: Sahabudeen Sheik MOHIDEEN, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University—ObjectivesHuman cases of 1‐bromopropane (1‐BP) toxicity showed ataxic gait and cognitive dysfunction, whereas rat studies showed pyknotic shrinkage in cerebellar Purkinje cells and electrophysiological changes in the hippocampus. The present study investigated the effects of 1‐BP on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the rat cerebellum and hippocampus to find sensitive markers of central nervous system toxicity.MethodsForty‐eight F344 rats were divided into four equal groups and exposed to 1‐BP at 0, 400, 800 and 1,000 ppm for 8 h/day; 7 days/week, for 4 weeks. Nine and three rats per group were used for biochemical and histopathological studies, respectively.ResultsKluver‐Barrera staining showed pyknotic shrinkage in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells and nuclei of granular cells in the cerebellum at 1,000 ppm. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased length of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive processes of astrocytes in the cerebellum, hippocampus and dentate gyrus at 800 and 1,000 ppm. The myelin basic protein (MBP) level was lower at 1,000 ppm. The numbers of astrocytes and granular cells per tissue volume increased at 400 ppm or higher.ConclusionThe present study showed that elongation of processes of astrocytes accompanies degeneration of granular cells and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the rats exposed to 1‐BP. The decrease in MBP and number of oligodendrocytes suggest adverse effects on myelination. The increase in astrocyte population per tissue volume in the cerebellum might be a sensitive marker of 1‐BP neurotoxicity, but the underlying mechanism for this change remains elusive.
Generation Rate of Carbon Monoxide from CO2 Arc Welding
Authors: Ojima June 
Published: November 2012

Generation Rate of Carbon Monoxide from CO2 Arc Welding: Jun OJIMA. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health—ObjectivesCO poisoning has been a serious industrial hazard in Japanese workplaces. Although incomplete combustion is the major cause of CO generation, there is a risk of CO poisoning during some welding operations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the generation rate of CO from CO2 arc welding under controlled laboratory conditions and estimate the ventilation requirements for the prevention of CO poisoning.MethodsBead on plate welding was carried out with an automatic welding robot on a rolled steel base metal under several conditions. The concentration of emitted CO from the welding was measured by a real‐time CO monitor in a wellventilated laboratory that was free from ambient CO contamination. The generation rate of CO was obtained from the three measurements—the flow rate of the welding exhaust gas, CO concentration in the exhaust gas and the arcing time. Then the ventilation requirement to prevent CO poisoning was calculated.ResultsThe generation rate of CO was found to be 386−883 ml/min with a solid wire and 331−1,293 ml/min with a flux cored wire respectively. It was found that the CO concentration in a room would be maintained theoretically below the OSHA PEL (50 ppm) providing the ventilation rate in the room was 6.6−25.9 m3/min. The actual ventilation requirement was then estimated to be 6.6−259 m3/min considering incomplete mixing.ConclusionsIn order to prevent CO poisoning, some countermeasures against gaseous emission as well as welding fumes should be taken eagerly.
Determination Method for p‐Phenylazoaniline and 2‐methyl‐4‐(2‐tolylazo)aniline in Workplace Air by High‐performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Takeuchi Akito , Jukurogi Akira , Kaifuku Yuichiro , Natsumeda Shuichiro , Ota Hirokazu , Yamada Shu , Sumino Kimiaki , Kanno Seiichiro 
Published: November 2012

Determination Method for p‐Phenylazoaniline and 2‐methyl‐4‐(2‐tolylazo)aniline in Workplace Air by High‐performance Liquid Chromatography: Akito TAKEUCHI, et al. Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association—ObjectivesThe purpose of this research was to develop a method for the simultaneous determination of p‐phenylazoaniline (also called 4 aminoazobenzene, AAB) and 2‐methyl‐4‐(2tolylazo)aniline (also called o‐aminoazotoluene, AAT) in workplace air for risk assessment.MethodsThe characteristics of the proposed method, such as recovery, limit of quantitation, reproducibility and storage stability of the samples were examined.ResultsAn air sampling cassette containing two sulfuric acidtreated glass fiber filters was chosen as the sampler. The AAB and AAT were extracted from the sampler filters by methanol and then analyzed by a high‐performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a photodiode array detector. The overall recoveries from spiked samplers were 77−98 and 85−98% for AAB and AAT, respectively. The recovery after 5 days of storage in a refrigerator exceeded 96%. The overall limits of quantitation were 5.00 and 2.50 μg/sample for AAB and AAT, respectively. The relative standard deviations, which represent the overall reproducibility defined as precision, were 0.6−1.8 and 0.5−2.2% for AAB and AAT, respectively.ConclusionsThe proposed method enables 4‐h personal exposure monitoring of AAB and AAT at concentrations of 21 to 2,000 μg/m3for AAB and 10 to 2,000 μg/m3for AAT, respectively. The proposed method is useful for estimating worker exposure to AAB and AAT.
The amorphization and crystallization of Ge2Sb2Te5: an ab initio molecular dynamics study
Authors: Branicio Paulo S. , Bai Kewu , Ramanarayan H. , Wu David.T. , Song Wendong , Wang Weijie , Li Minghua , Zhao Rong , Shi Luping , Srolovitz David J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe reversible switching between the amorphous and crystalline phases of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) is investigated with ab initio molecular dynamics. We apply different quench rates (-16 K/ps, -5 K/ps, -2 K/ps, and -0.45 K/ps) and different annealing temperatures (500 K, 600 K, 700 K, and 800 K) to amorphize and crystallize GST respectively. Results show that the generated amorphous is strongly dependent on the quench rate. For -16 K/ps and -5 K/ps, generated amorphous samples have different density of crystal seeds, higher in the later. The amorphous structure formed at -2 K/ps contains a single crystalline cluster, while that formed at the quench rate of -0.45 K/ps had sufficient time to completely crystallize the amorphous phase. Annealing the amorphous systems formed at different rates shows that crystallization depends both on the annealing temperature and on the structure of the initial system (i.e., whether or not it contains crystalline clusters or crystal seeds). At 500 K, formation of crystalline clusters occurs readily within a few ps while the rate at which they grow is slow, taking 0.9 ns to complete the crystallization. In contrast, crystalline cluster formation is inhibited at 800 K. In the intermediate temperature range, both crystalline cluster formation and growth occur within a few hundred ps indicating that these temperatures leads to the fastest crystallization. The crystallization of a 63-atom at ∼900 K resulted in a highly relaxed crystal structure showing a clear tendency for separation of Ge and Sb species in layers. This model also indicates a tendency of segregation of vacancies, suggesting that vacancy layering may play a key role in the crystallization process.
Combined Application of Section and Projection Topography to Defect Analysis in PVT-Grown 4H-SiC
Authors: Wang H. , Wu F. , Byrappa S. , Shun S. , Raghothamachar B. , Dudley M. , Sanchez E. K. , Chung G. , Hansen D. , Mueller S. G. , Loboda M. J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe combined application of section and projection topography carried out using synchrotron white beam radiation can be a powerful tool for the determination of the three-dimensional configurations of defects in single crystals. In this paper, we present examples of the application of this combination of techniques to the analysis of defect configurations in PVT-grown 4H-SiC wafers cut perpendicular and parallel to the growth axis. Detailed correlation between section and projection topography of threading screw dislocations (TSDs) is presented with particular emphasis being laid on the determination of the signs of the dislocations. Further, information can also be determined regarding the position of the dislocations within the crystal depth. In addition, similar correlation is presented for threading edge dislocations (TEDs) and basal plane dislocations (BPDs). The section topography images of dislocations can comprise direct, intermediary and dynamical contrast and all three types are observed. The application to the study of stacking faults will be also discussed in detail.
Properties of Al and Pd Contacts on n-type SiC Membranes
Authors: Nasir N.F. Mohd , Leech P.W. , Holland A.S. , Reeves G.K. , Tanner P. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTMembranes with dimensions up to 10 mm x 15 mm have been fabricated in epitaxial 3C-SiC/Si wafers. An array of CTLM metal contacts was deposited onto the upper surface of the n-SiC membrane. Both Al/n-SiC and Pd/n-SiC contacts which were formed on the membrane and on the adjacent substrate have shown an ohmic current/ voltage response. Values of specific contact resistance, ρc, were measured directly on the membranes. These results have shown no consistent difference in ρc of the contacts located either on the membrane or off the membrane. The exposure of SiC surfaces to reactive ion etching in CF4 plasma during the fabrication of a membrane has resulted in ρc which was higher by a factor of 103 than with as-grown and KOH etched silicon surfaces.
CdTe Solar Cell from Sputtering Method
Authors: Dhakal Tara P. , Ganta Lakshmi K. , Ferizovic Dino , Rajendran Surya , Vanhart Daniel , Seymour Michael A. , Westgate Charles R. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe report CdTe/CdS solar cell with CdTe layer grown by sputtering method. A controlled etch and anneal process on the sputter-grown CdTe films was performed to increase the average grain size of the film. The process involved dipping the CdTe films in a saturated solution of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in methanol (2.08 gram in 100 ml) followed by a 30 minute annealing at 400 °C. We performed various experiments on this process by varying the dipping times, drying process and annealing times and analyzed the resultant films using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). We could see a clear increase in grain size from 200 nm to 5 μm after CdCl2 treatment. The process also increased the overall roughness of the sample so that more light is absorbed than reflected. We prepared solar cells using CdTe as p-type layer and CdS as n-type layer. The efficiency of the cell improved from 1.1% to 4.2% after air annealing. The effect of air-annealing is studied by means of quantum efficiency measurement.
Advanced metrology of Laser Groove Buried Contact processing for silicon CPV
Authors: Maniscalco B , Kaminski P M , Bass K , Abbas A , West G , Rowley P.N. , Claudio G , Walls J M 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe solar cells employed in low to medium (50 to 200 suns) concentration photovoltaic (CPV) are usually mono-crystalline silicon. Laser Groove Buried Contacts (LGBC) are preferred to screen printing in these cells due to the high currents generated in the system. In this paper, we report on the use of Coherence Correlation Interferometry (CCI) to accurately measure the width and depth of the laser-ablated grooves. In addition, the technique is also used to measure the surface roughness at the bottom of the trenches, since this can determine the success of the subsequent plating process, and at the top surface to optimize the debris control and obtain clean surfaces and well-shaped groove edges. The laser ablation process was also optimized to obtain the groove aspect ratio and surface quality required. Process parameters to be controlled include laser power, pulse energy, stage speed and focal length. The CCI technique is capable of providing all the groove and surface metrology required for this process optimization.