bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Punishment and Age
Authors: Wood Mary E. , Salekin Karen L. , Allen Rebecca S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn a landmark decision, the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) banned the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 at the time of their offense. In their 5–4 opinion, the Court stated that there had been a growing national consensus against the death penalty for youthful offenders, and noted their belief that these offenders were less culpable for their actions because of deficits in decision‐making ability, impulse control, and maturity. Of interest, in 2006, the Court declined to hear a case that addressed the constitutionality of the death penalty for aged prisoners (i.e.,Allen v. Ornoski). For many years, it has been recognized that the process of aging is associated with changes in cognitive abilities that may negatively impact flexibility of thought, perspective taking, decision making, and memory. It can be readily seen that these deficits, like those associated with youth, may put the aged prisoner in a position in which the imposition of capital punishment is in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution. To date, however, this issue has not been heard by the High Court.
Metalloprotein Design and Engineering
Authors: Chakraborty Saumen , Hosseinzadeh Parisa , Lu Yi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article covers recent advances in metalloprotein design, focusing on different approaches to their design. Impressive progress has been made in designing metal‐binding sites in peptides,de novodesigned proteins, and native protein scaffolds. The design approach can be rational or combinatorial. Under rational design, redesigning an existing metal‐binding site to a new site with dramatically different structure and function complements well the design of new metal‐binding sites by revealing the role of specific residues responsible for a particular structural or functional feature of the metal‐binding site of interest. To create a new metal‐binding site, several approaches have been used, including design based on structural homology, by inspection, using automated computer search algorithms, or combination of the above approaches. In addition, a modular approach involving transplanting a conserved structural unit from one protein into another has also been shown to be effective. Design through combinatorial and evolutionary methods has also been successful, as it requires little prior knowledge of the protein structure. Finally, introducing unnatural amino acids or nonnative metal ions/prosthetic groups to expand the repertoires of metalloproteins has been demonstrated. Successful examples of each of the approaches are given, advantages and disadvantages of the approaches are discussed, and the outlook for future research is also presented.
Metal‐Dependent Polysaccharide Deacetylase
PgaB
Authors: Little Dustin J , Bamford Natalie C , Nitz Mark , Howell P Lynne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

PgaB is a two‐domain protein responsible for the de‐
N
‐acetylation of poly(β‐1,6‐
N
‐acetyl‐
d
‐glucosamine) (
PNAG
). Many bacteria use deacetylated
PNAG
(
dPNAG
) as a key extracellular matrix component. De‐
N
‐acetylation is a required modification for polymer export and biofilm formation in
Escherichia coli
. The N‐terminal domain adopts a (β/α)
7
fold common to the CAZy family‐4 carbohydrate esterases, and exhibits low levels of de‐
N
‐acetylation activity on
PNAG
oligomers. The de‐
N
‐acetylase active site contains an Asp‐His‐His metal coordination site that can bind various divalent metal cations but has optimal activity with Co
2+
, Ni
2+
, and Fe
2+
. The C‐terminal domain of PgaB adopts a (β/α)
8
fold that is structurally similar to glycoside hydrolases. This domain is proposed to bind
PNAG
as attempts to display hydrolytic activity have been unsuccessful, but the domain is required for de‐
N
‐acetylation in vivo. Here, we summarize recent advances in the functional characterization of PgaB: the structure, metal specificity, and progress toward inhibitor design.
Neanderthal infant and adult infracranial remains from Marillac (Charente, France)
Authors: Dolores Garralda María , Maureille Bruno , Vandermeersch Bernard 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAt the site of Marillac, near the Ligonne River in Marillac‐le‐Franc (Charente, France), a remarkable stratigraphic sequence has yielded a wealth of archaeological information, palaeoenvironmental data, as well as faunal and human remains. Marillac must have been a sinkhole used by Neanderthal groups as a hunting camp during MIS 4 (TL date 57,600 ± 4,600BP), where Quina Mousterian lithics and fragmented bones of reindeer predominate. This article describes three infracranial skeleton fragments. Two of them are from adults and consist of the incomplete shafts of a right radius (Marillac 24) and a left fibula (Marillac 26). The third fragment is the diaphysis of the right femur of an immature individual (Marillac 25), the size and shape of which resembles those from Teshik‐Tash and could be assigned to a child of a similar age. The three fossils have been compared with the remains of other Neanderthals or anatomically Modern Humans (AMH). Furthermore, the comparison of the infantile femora, Marillac 25 and Teshik‐Tash, with the remains of several European children from the early Middle Ages clearly demonstrates the robustness and rounded shape of both Neanderthal diaphyses. Evidence of peri‐mortem manipulations have been identified on all three bones, with spiral fractures, percussion pits and, in the case of the radius and femur, unquestionable cutmarks made with flint implements, probably during defleshing. Traces of periostosis appear on the fibula fragment and on the immature femoral diaphysis, although their aetiology remains unknown. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:99–113, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An investigation of the use of discriminant analysis for the classification of blade edge type from cut marks made by metal and bamboo blades
Authors: Bonney Heather 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAnalysis of cut marks in bone is largely limited to two dimensional qualitative description. Development of morphological classification methods using measurements from cut mark cross sections could have multiple uses across palaeoanthropological and archaeological disciplines, where cutting edge types are used to investigate and reconstruct behavioral patterns. An experimental study was undertaken, using porcine bone, to determine the usefulness of discriminant function analysis in classifying cut marks by blade edge type, from a number of measurements taken from their cross‐sectional profile. The discriminant analysis correctly classified 86.7% of the experimental cut marks into serrated, non‐serrated and bamboo blade types. The technique was then used to investigate a series of cut marks of unknown origin from a collection of trophy skulls from the Torres Strait Islands, to investigate whether they were made by bamboo or metal blades. Nineteen out of twenty of the cut marks investigated were classified as bamboo which supports the non‐contemporaneous ethnographic accounts of the knives used for trophy taking and defleshing remains. With further investigation across a variety of blade types, this technique could prove a valuable tool in the interpretation of cut mark evidence from a wide variety of contexts, particularly in forensic anthropology where the requirement for presentation of evidence in a statistical format is becoming increasingly important. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:575–584, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frontoparietal cognitive control of verbal memory recall in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Dhanjal Novraj S. , Wise Richard J. S. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveEpisodic memory retrieval is reliant upon cognitive control systems, of which 2 have been identified with functional neuroimaging: a cingulo‐opercular salience network (SN) and a frontoparietal executive network (EN). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathology is distributed throughout higher‐order cortices. The hypotheses were that this frontoparietal pathology would impair activity associated with verbal memory recall; and that central cholinesterase inhibition (ChI) would modulate this, improving memory recall.MethodsFunctional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study normal participants and 2 patient groups: mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Activity within the EN and SN was observed during free recall of previously heard sentences, and related to measures of recall accuracy.ResultsIn normal subjects, trials with reduced recall were associated with greater activity in both the SN and EN. Better recall was associated with greater activity in medial regions of the default mode network. By comparison, AD patients showed attenuated responses in both the SN and EN compared with either controls or MCI patients, even after recall performance was matched between groups. Following ChI, AD patients showed no modulation of activity within the SN, but increased activity within the EN. There was also enhanced activity within regions associated with episodic and semantic memory during less successful recall, requiring greater cognitive control.InterpretationThe results indicate that in AD, impaired responses of cognitive control networks during verbal memory recall are partly responsible for reduced recall performance. One action of symptom‐modifying treatment is partially to reverse the abnormal function of frontoparietal cognitive control and temporal lobe memory networks. Ann Neurol 2014;76:241–251
Mechanistic Study of Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkynes: Outer or Inner Sphere Mechanism?
Authors: Zhdanko Alexander , Maier Martin E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn experimental mechanistic study of the gold(I)‐catalyzed hydroamination shows the formation of conformationally flexible auro‐iminium salts Au‐Im, which originate from the protonation of a vinyl gold species. Rotation around the CCAu bond is the reason for the loss of stereospecificity of protodeauration, which explains the stereochemical result of the Stradiotto reaction. The ambiguity about inner or outer sphere mechanism is thus resolved in favor of the outer sphere mechanism.
Detektion von 5‐Methylcytosin in unbehandelter genomischer DNA durch Polymerasekettenreaktion
Authors: Aschenbrenner Joos , Drum Matthias , Topal Hüsnü , Wieland Markus , Marx Andreas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMethylierung von Cytosin zu 5‐Methylcytosin (5mC) dient der epigenetischen Kontrolle der Gentranskription in Säugetieren und hat direkte Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung und Pathogenese des Menschen. Insbesondere die Diagnose und Prognostik von Krebspatienten profitierte in den letzten Jahren enorm von der Entwicklung neuer Methoden zur Analyse von DNA‐Methylierungsmustern. Wir zeigen hier, dass zwei hitzestabile DNA‐Polymerasen – die DNA‐Polymerase KlenTaq aus Thermus aquaticus und die KOD‐DNA‐Polymerase aus Thermococcus kodakaraensis – 3′‐fehlgepaarte Oligonukleotid‐Primer gegenüber 5mC effektiver verlängern als gegenüber nichtmethyliertem C. Wir konnten außerdem eine DNA‐Polymerase‐Mutante mit weiter verbesserter 5mC/C‐Diskriminierung erzeugen. Diese Mutante wurde erfolgreich in einer neuartigen 5mC‐Detektierungsmethode eingesetzt, die es ermöglicht, den Methylierungszustand eines Cytosins direkt durch PCR von unbehandelter genomischer DNA zu bestimmen.
Formal [4+2]‐Annulation of Vinyl Azides with N‐Unsaturated Aldimines
Authors: Zhu Xu , Wang Yi‐Feng , Zhang Feng‐Lian , Chiba Shunsuke 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHighly functionalized quinolines and pyridines could be synthesized by BF3⋅OEt2‐mediated reactions of vinyl azides with N‐aryl and N‐alkenyl aldimines, respectively. The reaction mechanism could be characterized as formal [4+2]‐annulation, including unprecedented enamine‐type nucleophilic attack of vinyl azides to aldimines and subsequent nucleophilic cyclization onto the resulting iminodiazonium ion moieties.
Protein expression of various hepatic uridine 5′‐diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and their inter‐correlations: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Achour Brahim , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin , Barber Jill 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAvoiding cytochrome P450 (CYP) related drug interactions in the development of new drug candidates means that glucuronidation by uridine 5′‐diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes is expected to become a more prominent pathway in the metabolism of new drug candidates designed by pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, determining the abundance and activity of these enzymes is of value in the process of scaling in vitro data to in vivo metabolic parameters. Many of the studies involving the measurement of UGTs were conducted with too few samples, which did not provide a good indication of population values and the level of variability. Meta‐analysis is used in the current study to combine all reported values (eight studies that used LC‐MS isotope‐labelled standard targeted quantitative methods), detect inconsistencies between the various datasets and describe correlations of expression between the quantified UGT enzymes. Some heterogeneity was observed between studies, especially in the UGT1A4, 2B7 and 2B10 datasets. However, in the absence of information on the inter‐laboratory consistency of assays, it is difficult to assign these differences to the heterogeneity of the samples. Large inter‐individual variability was observed in the collated data across this family of enzymes. Positive correlations between the expression levels of certain UGT enzymes were found in the collated data. These included the pairs: UGT1A4/2B4 (rs = 0.71, p < 0.0001, n = 82), UGT2B4/2B15 (rs = 0.63, p < 0.0001, n = 83), UGT2B7/2B15 (rs = 0.81, p < 0.0001, n = 99). These correlations can be explained by common regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of these proteins. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reconstructed metastasis model to recapitulate the metastatic spread in vitro
Authors: Parikh Mukti R. , Minser Kayla E. , Rank Laura M. , Glackin Carlotta A. , Kirshner Julia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMetastasis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from solid tumors. Lack of comprehensive systems to study the progression of metastasis contributes to the low success of treatment. We developed a novel three‐dimensional in vitro reconstructed metastasis (rMet) model that incorporates extracellular matrix (ECM) elements characteristic of the primary (breast, prostate, or lung) and metastatic (bone marrow, BM) sites. A cytokine‐rich liquid interphase separates the primary and distant sites, further recapitulating circulation. Similar to main events underlying the metastatic cascade, the rMet model fractionated human tumor cell lines into sub‐populations with distinct invasive and migratory abilities: (i) a primary tumor‐like fraction mainly consisting of non‐migratory spheroids; (ii) an invasive fraction that invaded through the primary tumor ECM, but failed to acquire anchorage‐independence and reach the BM; and (iii) a highly migratory BM‐colonizing population that invaded the primary ECM, survived in the “circulation‐like” media, and successfully invaded and proliferated within BM ECM. BM‐colonizing fractions successfully established metastatic bone lesions in vivo, whereas the tumor‐like spheroids failed to engraft the bones, showing the ability of the rMet model to faithfully select for highly aggressive sub‐populations with a propensity to colonize a metastatic site. By applying the rMet model to study real‐time ECM remodeling, we show that tumor cells secrete collagenolytic enzymes for invading the primary site ECM but not for entering the BM ECM, indicating possible differences in ECM remodeling mechanisms at primary tumor versus metastatic sites.
Outcomes in locally advanced rectal cancer with highly selective preoperative chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Williamson J S , Jones H G , Davies M , Evans M D , Hatcher O , Beynon J , Harris D A ,   Swansea Colorectal Cancer Group, Khot U , Chandrasekaran T V , Morgan A R , Hilton J , Carr N D , Gwynne S , Askill C 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
This study compared outcomes after surgery alone for stage II/ III rectal cancer in a tertiary cancer unit versus highly selective use of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods
This was a single-centre retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients receiving potentially curative surgery for stage II and III primary rectal cancer. CRT was given only for magnetic resonance imaging-predicted circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement and nodal disease (at least N2). Primary endpoints were CRM involvement and local recurrence rates. Secondary endpoints were systemic recurrence and overall survival. Data were analysed by log rank test, and univariable and multivariable analysis.

Results
Between 2002 and 2012, 363 patients were treated for rectal cancer. After applying exclusion criteria, 266 patients with stage II/III mid or low rectal cancer were analysed. Of these, 103 received neoadjuvant CRT and 163 proceeded directly to surgery, seven of whom required postoperative radiotherapy; the latter patients were included in the neoadjuvant CRT group for analysis. There was a significant difference in local recurrence between the CRT and surgery-alone groups (6·5 versus 0 per cent at 5 years; P = 0·040), but not in CRM involvement (7·2 versus 5·1 per cent; P = 0·470), 5-year systemic recurrence (37·2 versus 43·0 per cent; P = 0·560) and overall survival (64·2 versus 64·6 per cent; P = 0·628) rates. Metastatic disease developed more frequently in low rectal cancers (odds ratio 0·14; P &lt; 0·001), regardless of whether neoadjuvant treatment was delivered.

Conclusion
Locally advanced rectal cancer does not necessarily require neoadjuvant CRT.
The natural history of intravascular lymphomatosis
Authors: Fonkem Ekokobe , Lok Edwin , Robison David , Gautam Shiva , Wong Eric T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIntravascular lymphomatosis (IVL) is a rare and clinically devastating form of extranodal B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the literature on IVL's published between 1959 and 2011 and evaluated the natural history as well as identified prognostic and predictive factors in patients. Nonparametric two‐tailed Mann–Whitney U‐test and Mantel–Cox log rank test were used to evaluate the survival intervals and prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and chi‐squared statistics were carried out to examine treatment‐related predictive factors. Of the 740 patients with IVL, 651 (88%) had a diagnosis of B‐cell lymphoma, 45 (6%) with T‐cell lymphoma, and 12 patients (2%) with NK cell lymphoma. Central nervous system (CNS) IVL had the highest proportion of postmortem diagnosis, 250 (60%) compared to 21 (8%) of skin, 28 (11%) of bone marrow (BM) and spleen, and 17 (7%) of lung IVL's. Age <70 years (P = 0.0073), non‐CNS site of initial diagnosis (P = 0.0014), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) <700 (P = 0.0112), and rituximab treatment (P < 0.0001) were favorable prognostic factors. Gender, ethnicity, hemoglobin, BM biopsy, and the type of imaging studies used were not significant. Rituximab and doxorubicin treatment worked significantly better in patients with age >71 and LDH >577 compared to nonrituximab, nondoxorubicin regimens (MANOVA 2 degrees of freedom, P = 0.0345), with a median time from treatment to death of 20.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.0–N/A, n = 14) months versus 2.0 (95%CI 0.5–N/A, n = 5) (χ2 = 4.7, P = 0.0304). Patients with CNS IVL relapsed primarily in the CNS (88%) while same‐organ relapse occurred less frequently in skin (23%), BM and spleen (50%) and lung (20%) IVL's. Our results indicate that IVL is primarily a disease of B‐lymphoma cells. Timely diagnosis and treatment with rituximab‐based chemotherapy improve patient survival. The pattern of recurrence is different between CNS IVL and IVL's in other organs.
Scalable Low‐Cost SnS2 Nanosheets as Counter Electrode Building Blocks for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Bai Yang , Zong Xu , Yu Hua , Chen Zhi‐Gang , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new type of semitransparent SnS2 nanosheet (NS) films were synthesized using a simple and environmentally friendly solution‐processed approach, which were subsequently used as a counter electrode (CE) alternative to the noble metal Pt for triiodide reduction in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The resultant SnS2‐based CE with a thickness of about 300 nm exhibited excellent electrochemical catalytic activity for catalyzing the reduction of triiodide and demonstrated comparable power conversion efficiency of 7.64 % with that of expensive Pt‐based CE in DSSCs (7.71 %). When functionalized with a small amount of carbon nanoparticles, the SnS2 NS‐based CE showed even better performance of 8.06 % than Pt under the same conditions. Considering the facile fabrication method, optical transparency, low cost, and remarkable catalytic property, this study on SnS2 NSs may shed light on the large‐scale production of electrocatalytic electrode materials for low‐cost photovoltaic devices.
Synthesis of the C10–C24‐Bis‐Spiroacetal Core of 13‐Desmethyl Spirolide C Based on a Sila‐Stetter‐Acetalization Process
Authors: Labarre‐Lainé Jessica , Periñan Ignacio , Desvergnes Valérie , Landais Yannick 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSynthesis of the bis‐spiroacetal core of 13‐desmethyl spirolide C has been completed based on a sila‐Stetter‐acetalization process. The acylsilane and enone partners in the Stetter reaction were prepared in 7 and 11 steps, respectively, from (S) and (R)‐aspartic acid. The quaternary center at C19 in the enone moiety was controlled by relying on the Seebach’s chiral self‐reproduction method using an enantiopure (S)‐lactic acid based dioxolanone. The final acid‐catalyzed spiroacetalization provided the desired spiroacetal as a mixture of diastereoisomers in 13 linear steps. Whatever the conditions used, the non‐natural transoid isomer was formed preferentially. However, both cisoid and transoid isomers were isolated pure and their structure assigned unambiguously through NMR spectroscopic studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Wurtzite CuGaO2: A New Direct and Narrow Band Gap Oxide Semiconductor Applicable as a Solar Cell Absorber.
Authors: Omata Takahisa , Nagatani Hiraku , Suzuki Issei , Kita Masao , Yanagi Hiroshi , Ohashi Naoki 
Published: June 2014

Abstractβ‐CuGaO2 is synthesized from β‐NaGaO2 (obtained by solid state reaction of Na2CO3 and Ga2O3 at 900 °C for 20 h) via ion‐exchange with CuCl (250 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: WS2@graphene Nanocomposites as Anode Materials for Na‐Ion Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performances.
Authors: Su Dawei , Dou Shixue , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWS2@graphene nanocomposites, in which WS2 nanocrystals are uniformly anchored on graphene nanosheets, are prepared by ultrasonication (30 min) of an aqueous suspension of WCl6 and freshly prepared graphite oxide nanosheets followed by hydrothermal treatment in the presence of cysteine (autoclave, 200 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Bi‐Based Phosphate Photocatalysts: Crystal Structure, Optical Property and Photocatalytic Activity.
Authors: Huang Hongwei , Chen Gong , Zhang Yihe 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNa3Bi2(PO4)3 (I) and Na3Bi(PO4)2 (II) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Bi2O3, Na2CO3, and NH4H2PO4 (650 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Chalcones to the Preparation of Heterocyclic Structures.
Authors: Velikorodov A. V. , Ionova V. A. , Temirbulatova S. I. , Titova O. L. , Stepkina N. N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCondensation of carbamate (I) with aromatic aldehydes can be performed under basic and acidic conditions.