bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug hypersensitivity in children: report from the pediatric task force of theEAACIDrug Allergy Interest Group
Authors: Gomes E. R. , Brockow K. , Kuyucu S. , Saretta F. , Mori F. , Blanca‐Lopez N. , Ott H. , Atanaskovic‐Markovic M. , Kidon M. , Caubet J.‐C. , Terreehorst I. ,   the ENDA/EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group
Published: September 2015

AbstractWhen questioned, about 10% of the parents report suspected hypersensitivity to at least one drug in their children. However, only a few of these reactions can be confirmed as allergic after a diagnostic workup. There is still a lack of knowledge on drug hypersensitivity (DH) epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and appropriate diagnostic methods particularly in children. Meanwhile, the tools used for DH management in adults are applied also for children. Whereas this appears generally acceptable, some aspects of DH and management differ with age. Most reactions in children are still attributed to betalactams. Some manifestations, such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐associated angioedema and serum sickness‐like reactions, are more frequent among young patients as compared to adults. Risk factors such as viral infections are particularly frequent in children, making the diagnosis challenging. The practicability and validity of skin test and other diagnostic procedures need further assessment in children. This study presents an up‐to‐date review on epidemiology, clinical spectrum, diagnostic tools, and current management of DH in children. A new general algorithm for the study of these reactions in children is proposed. Data are presented focusing on reported differences between pediatric and adult patients, also identifying unmet needs to be addressed in further research.
Peri‐operative management of the surgical patient with diabetes 2015
Authors:   Membership of the Working Party, Barker P. , Creasey P. E. , Dhatariya K. , Levy N. , Lipp A. , Nathanson M. H. , Penfold N. , Watson B. , Woodcock T. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryDiabetes affects 10–15% of the surgical population and patients with diabetes undergoing surgery have greater complication rates, mortality rates and length of hospital stay. Modern management of the surgical patient with diabetes focuses on: thorough pre‐operative assessment and optimisation of their diabetes (as defined by a HbA1c < 69 mmol.mol−1); deciding if the patient can be managed by simple manipulation of pre‐existing treatment during a short starvation period (maximum of one missed meal) rather than use of a variable‐rate intravenous insulin infusion; and safe use of the latter when it is the only option, for example in emergency patients, patients expected not to return to a normal diet immediately postoperatively, and patients with poorly controlled diabetes. In addition, it is imperative that communication amongst healthcare professionals and between them and the patient is accurate and well informed at all times. Most patients with diabetes have many years of experience of managing their own care. The purpose of this guideline is to provide detailed guidance on the peri‐operative management of the surgical patient with diabetes that is specific to anaesthetists and to ensure that all current national guidance is concordant.
Enhancement of Mechanical Properties and Testing of Nitinol Stents in Cerebral Aneurysm Simulation Models
Authors: Nam Hyo Geun , Yoo Chang Min , Baek Seoung Min , Kim Han Ki , Shin Jae Hee , Hwang Min Ho , Jo Ga Eun , Kim Kyong Soo , Cho Jae Hwa , Lee Seung Hoon , Kim Ho Chul , Lim Chun Hak , Choi Hyuk , Sun Kyung 
Published: September 2015

AbstractStents are promising medical devices widely used in the prevention of cerebral aneurysm rupture. As the performance of stents depends on their mechanical properties and cell configuration, the aim of this study was to optimize the stent design and test the hemodynamic properties by using computational solid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics. In order to test their performance, computer‐based cerebral aneurysm models that mimic the conditions present after implantation into the human brain were tested. The strut configuration selected was the closed‐cell type, and nitinol was chosen as the material for stent manufacture because the innate characteristics of this material increase stent flexibility. Three ideal sample stent types with different cell configurations were manufactured. Computational solid mechanics analysis of the sample stents showed over 30% difference in flexibility between stents. Furthermore, using a cerebral aneurysm model simulation, we found that the stents eased the hemodynamic factors of the cerebral aneurysm and lessened the flow velocity influx into the sac. A decrease in flow velocity led to a 50–60% reduction in wall shear stress, which is expected to prevent aneurysm rupture under clinical conditions. Stent design optimization was carried out by simulation and electropolishing. Corrosion resistance and surface roughness were evaluated after electropolishing performed under variable conditions, but 40 V and 10 s were the most optimal.
1 The Materiality of Everyday Life: An Introduction
Authors: Overholtzer Lisa , Robin Cynthia 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis volume explores the analytical productivity of the convergence of two bodies of theory: materiality, defined here as the mutually constitutive relationships between people and the material world, and everyday life, conceived of as the ordinary practices that comprise most of human existence. An engagement with materiality and everyday life reveals three interventions critical to archaeological research. First, archaeological studies of the somewhat ethereal concept of materiality benefit from a grounding in the context of material engagements in everyday life. Second, the seemingly mundane and ordinary material practices of everyday life are of crucial significance for society in such varied arenas as politics, commerce, and cosmology. Third, the study of the materiality of everyday life necessarily implicates fruitful attention to multiple social and temporal scales.
6 Material Culture and Diasporic Experiences: A Case of Medieval Hanse Merchants in the Baltic
Authors: Naum Magdalena 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe Hanseatic League, a late medieval merchant association with roots in northern German towns, is credited with the establishment of extensive economic and geographic connections and considerable impact on the development of urban culture around the Baltic and the North Sea. Its merchants, regularly crossing the Seas and settling in foreign ports, created a network of diasporic communities often maintaining close physical and emotional connections with their home towns. This chapter focuses on the late medieval German diaspora in Kalmar (Sweden) and Tallinn (Estonia) and examines cultural and material practices of these communities. It theorizes about the role and meaning of everyday material culture for Hanseatic merchants and their families, and investigates how material objects figured in the experience of relocation. It discusses the centrality of everyday things in rebuilding the migrants’ lives after relocation, constructing a sense of diaspora community and maintaining connections with families they left behind.
2 How Material Culture Acted on the Ancient Maya of Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Hutson Scott R. , Davies Gavin 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper looks at how materiality in a specific sense (e.g., aspects of raw materials) contributes to materiality in a broader sense (e.g., the mutually constitutive relations between people and things). We embark from the point that common materials, such as stone and perishable containers (baskets, gourds), shape people's social interactions and their physical sensibilities. The use of very large stones for buildings in and around Ucí, a local political center in the northern Maya Lowlands of Yucatan, Mexico, required people to draw on a large web of social relations in order to get access to the right stone and the right labor. Furthermore, hauling such stones and placing them in walls required a very literal form of physical dialogue between laborers that is otherwise quite rare, akin to carrying a couch. We believe that the closely coordinated and intimately shared physical maneuvers required to haul and place a 150 kg stone intensified the bonds between co‐actors, who were likely part of the same household. This suggests that the stability of households depends not just on what people do, but how they do these things together. Many households at two sites near Ucí—Kancab and 21 de Abril—depended heavily on baskets and gourds since pottery was scarce. Aspects of the making of these tools, such as the procurement of materials for baskets, sent people beyond their homes and into contact with many others. Thus, we argue that discussions of materials in craftwork should expand to consider the social entanglements entailed in the procurement of materials. Furthermore, we argue that the specific tactile characteristics of perishable goods such as baskets and gourds help create different kinds of people. In households with less pottery, day to day use of baskets and gourds would have inculcated non‐discursive senses of touch that rose to discursive consciousness at community wide occasions at households that served meals on pottery. Such events would have been diacritical, making participants aware of the differences between themselves. In sum, raw materials such as stone and gourds play a large role in making actors who they were and creating social networks.
4 Of Earth and Stone: The Materiality of Maya Farmers’ Everyday Lives at Chan, Belize
Authors: Robin Cynthia 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis chapter explores the materials and materiality of the everyday lives of farmers living in the ancient Maya farming community of Chan located in west central Belize. Limestone bedrock and soil matrix were the substance of Chan's landscape. In constructing their community and across their daily lives, Chan's residents used, modified, and transformed earth and stone to build houses, agricultural terraces, quarries, and workshops that were the basis of everyday life at Chan. The local resources and products that residents created from earth and stone were critical in their development of a resilient community. Exploring the materiality of the everyday lives of Maya farmers provides a fertile ground for understanding the significance of ordinary people's daily lives in the past.
Economic Citizenship and Workplace Conflict in Anglo‐American Industrial Relations Systems
Authors: Currie Denise , Teague Paul 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article argues that the expansion of individual employment rights is presenting a series of challenges to the collective model of economic citizenship that prevailed in most of the Anglo‐American world during the last century. We examine developments in the management of workplace conflict in Anglo‐American countries to highlight the institutional manoeuvrings that have been taking place to mould the nature of national regimes of employment rights. We argue that Governments almost everywhere are actively seeking to create institutional regimes that weaken the impact of employment legislation and we find that statutory dispute resolution agencies are eagerly trying to develop organizational identities that are aligned with rights‐based employment disputes.
Happier with the Same: Job Satisfaction of Disadvantaged Workers
Authors: Perales Francisco , Tomaszewski Wojtek 
Published: September 2015

AbstractJob satisfaction evaluations depend not only on the objective circumstances that workers experience in their jobs, but also on their subjective dispositions, such as their aspirations, expectations, feelings of entitlement or personal evaluation criteria. We use matched employer–employee data from the United Kingdom to examine whether and how subjective dispositions influencing job satisfaction vary across workers with different socio‐demographic traits. We approximate jobs using detailed occupations within workplaces and find that most of the variability in job satisfaction is at the worker rather than the proximate‐job level, and that workers with disadvantaged statuses report higher satisfaction with the same jobs than those with advantaged statuses.
Molecular phylogeny of Harpactorinae and Bactrodinae uncovers complex evolution of sticky trap predation in assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Zhang Junxia , Weirauch Christiane , Zhang Guanyang , Forero Dimitri 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSticky trap predation, the use of adhesive substances to trap and capture prey, is an intriguing yet poorly studied predatory strategy. Unique among known sticky trap predators, assassin bugs (Reduviidae) have evolved both exogenous and endogenous sticky trap predatory mechanisms: some trap their prey with sticky plant resins, some scavenge insects entrapped by sticky plant trichomes and others self‐produce sticky secretions. The evolution of these different strategies in assassin bugs is poorly understood due to the lack of comprehensive phylogenies. We reconstruct a phylogeny of Reduviidae (141 taxa; > 5000 bp) focusing on the Harpactorinae and Bactrodinae that engage in sticky trap predation. Ancestral state reconstruction, and temporal and geographical divergence analyses show that sticky trap predation techniques in assassin bugs evolved at least seven times independently since the late Cretaceous: use of sticky plant trichomes evolved as many as four times, resin‐use twice independently and once as a transition from trichome use, and ‘self‐stickiness’ once. Exogenous and endogenous sticky traps first appeared in the Neotropics, with the two exogenous mechanisms (resin and trichome use) subsequently evolving independently in the Old World. This study illustrates, for the first time, the complex evolutionary pattern of sticky trap predation within assassin bugs.
The impact of cardiopulmonary exercise testing on patients over the age of 80 undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Chan K. E. , Pathak S. , Smart N. J. , Batchelor N. , Daniels I. R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimAdvanced age and occult cardiorespiratory disease are associated with increased morbidity and mortality following surgery. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) may allow the identification of high‐risk patients and facilitate planned postoperative critical care support. The aim of this study was to determine whether preoperative CPET in patients aged over 80 undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection was associated with improved outcome.MethodAll patients aged 80 years and above undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection between 1 March 2011 and 1 September 2013 were retrospectively analysed. Referral for CPET testing was at the discretion of the operating surgeon. Postoperative critical care unit (CCU) admission was based upon the CPET results.ResultsNinety‐four patients were identified, of whom 48 underwent CPET testing. The CPET group were significantly older than the non‐CPET group (85 vs 83 years, P = 0.04) and were more likely to have a planned admission to CCU postoperatively (P < 0.0001). Despite the increased use of CCU resources, the overall CCU length of stay (LOS) in the CPET group did not differ from the non‐CPET group, but the non‐CPET group had a higher proportion of Level‐3 care. There were no differences in the incidence of unplanned CCU admission between the CPET and the non‐CPET group (P = 0.23). There were no differences in overall LOS between the two groups (P = 0.42). There was no difference in mortality (P = 0.11), overall complications (P = 0.53) or severe complications (P = 0.3).ConclusionPreoperative CPET testing in patients aged over 80 undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection allows identification of higher‐risk patients and mitigation of risk by preemptive admission to a CCU. This stratification allows equivalent results to be achieved in high‐ and low‐risk elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery.
Does LLETZ excision margin status predict residual disease in women who have undergone post‐treatment cervical cytology and high‐risk human papillomavirus testing?
Authors: Palmer J. E. , Ravenscroft S. , Ellis K. , Crossley J. , Dudding N. , Smith J. H. , Tidy J. A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis study looks at the importance of large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) excision margins and residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women undertaking high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) test of cure (TOC).MethodsA retrospective cohort study with interval analysis performed June 2007 and June 2012 on all women undertaking treatment for CIN and subsequent hrHPV TOC 6 months post LLETZ.ResultsFinal analysis group comprised 2093 women treated by LLETZ (1396 completely excised; 697 incompletely excised). 298 out of 1794 women (13%) were hrHPV positive at TOC. Thirty‐six women who failed TOC and attended colposcopy had residual CIN. No statistically significant difference existed between the completely and incompletely excised groups with regards to the detection of residual CIN at 6 months post‐treatment. There was no correlation of margins of excision with hrHPV status at TOC. The overall cure rate at TOC was 98%.ConclusionsTOC pathways recommend subsequent follow‐up in primary care. This study identified no safety issues with TOC pathways. We can no longer assess histological failure rates at 12 months; we, therefore, recommend that this measure of treatment failure be redefined for post TOC women. It seems time to question the benefits of routine excision margins reporting, in the absence of invasion, for treated CIN. Future reporting needs to be reconsidered by the Royal College of Pathologists.
Size dependency in colour patterns of Western Palearctic carabids
Authors: Schweiger Andreas H. , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: September 2015

Body colouration is of high evolutionary relevance for most animals. Several competing hypotheses exist regarding the evolutionary reasons for animal colouration ranging from predator avoidance and sexual advertisement to neutral selection.Among these hypotheses, biophysical principles suggest the thermoregulatory importance of dark colouration which in turn strongly depends on species body size. This body size – darkness trade‐off is based on sound theoretical background conceptualized in the thermal melanism hypothesis and is confirmed by numerous case studies for individual species. However, evidence for the general relevance of this trade‐off on large spatial and taxonomic scale is still missing.Here we specifically focus on this body size – colouration trade‐off for a hyper‐diverse and cosmopolitan group of insects, namely ground beetles. We combined colour information with trait data and distributional as well as bioclimatic attributes for more than 1000 carabid species from the entire Western Palearctic. We quantified species‐specific body colouration from high‐quality, standardised digital photographs using the Munsell colour system.We detect a strong increase of colour darkness with body size from small to medium‐sized carabids up to a body size threshold of 15 mm which is consistent with the thermal melanism hypothesis. However, body size showed no effect above this threshold and colour darkness remained constantly high which is in accordance with previous ideas about the size‐dependency of thermoregulative control mechanisms (size dependence hypothesis).By demonstrating a strong tendency towards darkness with increasing body size, we illustrate the inter‐specific relevance of body colouration for this cosmopolitan group of ectotherms on a continental scale. The putative thermoregulative trade‐off between body size and melanism seems to be of significant importance for carabids on a broad spatial scale and may be a general but still underestimated phenomenon for ectotherms in general, although other mechanistic drivers cannot be completely neglected.
The anterior paraventricular thalamus modulates neuronal excitability in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the rat
Authors: Alamilla Javier , Granados‐Fuentes Daniel , Aguilar‐Roblero Raúl 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mammals is the master clock which regulates circadian rhythms. Neural activity of SCN neurons is synchronized to external light through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a neural structure that receives synaptic inputs from, and projects back to, the SCN. Lesioning the anterior PVT (aPVT) modifies the behavioral phase response curve induced by short pulses of bright light. In order to study the influence of the aPVT on SCN neural activity, we addressed whether the stimulation of the aPVT can modulate the electrical response of the SCN to either retinal or RHT stimulation. Using in vitro and in vivo recordings, we found a large population of SCN neurons responsive to the stimulation of either aPVT or RHT pathways. Furthermore, we found that simultaneous stimulation of the aPVT and the RHT increased neuronal responsiveness and spontaneous firing rate (SFR) in neurons with a low basal SFR (which also have more negative membrane potentials), such as quiescent and arrhythmic neurons, but no change was observed in neurons with rhythmic firing patterns and more depolarized membrane potentials. These results suggest that inputs from the aPVT could shift the membrane potential of an SCN neuron to values closer to its firing threshold and thus contribute to integration of the response of the circadian clock to light.
Commonness, rarity, and intraspecific variation in traits and performance in tropical tree seedlings
Authors: Umaña María Natalia , Zhang Caicai , Cao Min , Lin Luxiang , Swenson Nathan G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOne of the few rules in ecology is that communities are composed of many rare and few common species. Trait‐based investigations of abundance distributions have generally focused on species‐mean trait values with mixed success. Here, using large tropical tree seedling datasets in China and Puerto Rico, we take an alternative approach that considers the magnitude of intraspecific variation in traits and growth as it relates to species abundance. We find that common species are less variable in their traits and growth. Common species also occupy core positions within community trait space indicating that they are finely tuned for the available conditions. Rare species are functionally peripheral and are likely transients struggling for success in the given environment. The work highlights the importance of considering intraspecific variation in trait‐based ecology and demonstrates asymmetry in the magnitude of intraspecific variation among species is critical for understanding of how traits are related to abundance.