bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disorder and weak localization effects in Co2MnxTi1−xAl Heusler alloy thin films
Authors: Aftab M , Hassnain Jaffari G , Hasanain S K , Abbas Turab Ali , Ismat Shah S 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The effects of disorder on the structural, magnetic and transport properties of stoichiometric Co2Mn
x
Ti1−x
Al (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) thin films are reported. All the compositions exhibited B2-type structure with the actual composition of each film, as determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), being close to the nominal value. The values of saturation magnetization increase with increasing Mn content in the films and are in general agreement with the values obtained using the Slater–Pauling rule and the actual (RBS determined) compositions. Electrical resistivity as a function of temperature shows a change from metallic-type behaviour for x ⩽ 0.25 to a semiconducting type for x > 0.25. At lower temperatures (T < 25 K) metallic compositions show the presence of a resistivity minimum. The resistivity behaviour above low T upturn in metallic compositions follows a T
2 dependence that is explained in terms of electron–electron scattering and one-magnon scattering. The presence of a resistivity minimum and the crossover from metallic to semiconducting type resistivity are explained in terms of localization effects originating mainly in the Co antisite disorder in these alloy films.
Validation of a triangular quantum well model for GaN-based HEMTs used in pH and dipole moment sensing
Authors: Rabbaa S , Stiens J 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a relatively new semiconductor material that has the potential of replacing gallium arsenide (GaAs) in some of the more recent technological applications, for example chemical sensor applications. In this paper, we introduce a triangular quantum well model for an undoped AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure used as a chemical and biological sensor for pH and dipole moment measurements of polar liquids. We have performed theoretical calculations related to the HEMT characteristics and we have compared them with experimental measurements carried out in many previous papers. These calculations include the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the device, the surface potential, the change in the drain current with the dipole moment and the drain current as a function of pH. The results exhibit good agreement with experimental measurements for different polar liquids and electrolyte solutions. It is also found that the drain current of the device exhibits a large linear variation with the dipole moment, and that the surface potential and the drain current depend strongly on the pH. Therefore, it can distinguish molecules with slightly different dipole moments and solutions with small variations in pH. The ability of the device to sense biomolecules (such as proteins) with very large dipole moments is investigated.
Fabrication of pure gold nanostructures by electron beam induced deposition with Au(CO)Cl precursor: deposition characteristics and primary beam scattering effects
Authors: Mulders J J L , Veerhoek J M , Bosch E G T , Trompenaars P H F 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In the search for a direct write, high-purity electron beam induced deposition (EBID) process, a new gold precursor that is commonly available is investigated. This precursor, Au(CO)Cl, can indeed be used to produce a high-purity golden nanostructure (>95 at% Au), at a wide variety of electron beam parameters. The use of a mass spectrometer to determine the components of the actual precursor vapour showed that the Au(CO)Cl density in the vapour is very low (estimated at <0.1%), while the main component is CO. This indicates that the electron decomposition cross-section of the actual precursor is roughly two orders of magnitude higher than for common EBID precursors. A remarkable observation is a skirt deposition at positions between 5 and 200 µm away from the beam impact point. This skirt cannot be attributed to secondary electrons of type II (SE2), but results from local scattering of the primary beam on its way through the precursor gas. The skirt deposition is quantified experimentally and by modelling and must be present in all EBID processes with any precursor, delivered through a local supply system with fluxes in the range 1016–1019 molecules cm−2 s−1. It is shown that the skirt effect can be minimized by increasing the applied beam energy and by reducing the gas path length.
Divertor tungsten tile melting and its effect on core plasma performance
Authors: Lipschultz B. , Coenen J.W. , Barnard H.S. , Howard N.T. , Reinke M.L. , Whyte D.G. , Wright G.M. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
For the 2007 and 2008 run campaigns, Alcator C-Mod operated with a full toroidal row of tungsten tiles in the high heat flux region of the outer divertor; tungsten levels in the core plasma were below measurement limits. An accidental creation of a tungsten leading edge in the 2009 campaign led to this study of a melting tungsten source: H-mode operation with strike point in the region of the melting tile was immediately impossible due to some fraction of tungsten droplets reaching the main plasma. Approximately 15 g of tungsten was lost from the tile over ∼100 discharges. Less than 1% of the evaporated tungsten was found re-deposited on surfaces, the rest is assumed to have become dust. The strong discharge variability of the tungsten reaching the core implies that the melt layer topology is always varying. There is no evidence of healing of the surface with repeated melting. Forces on the melted tungsten tend to lead to prominences that extend further into the plasma. A discussion of the implications of melting a divertor tungsten monoblock on the ITER plasma is presented.
Effect of carbon on hydrogen behaviour in tungsten: first-principle calculations
Authors: Ou X.D. , Shi L.Q. , Sato K. , Xu Q. , Wang Y.X. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Using the first-principle method, we investigated the effect of tungsten carbide (WC) surface layers on hydrogen retention in W. The results showed that C is not capable of capturing H atoms efficiently because of Coulomb repulsion between negatively charged C and H atoms in tungsten. Meanwhile, the repulsive force enhances the migration barrier for H to travel through WC layers. The high barrier, therefore, prevents the implanted H from escaping the W matrix. With H implanted continually, more and more H atoms are accumulated in the bulk and diffuse far from the WC layer, which contributes to blister formation in W.
Two GRAS Proteins, SCARECROW-LIKE21 and PHYTOCHROME A SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION1, Function Cooperatively in Phytochrome A Signal Transduction
Authors: Torres-Galea Patricia , Hirtreiter Birgit , Bolle Cordelia 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPhotoreceptors, especially the far-red light-absorbing phytochrome A, play a crucial role in early seedling development, triggering the transition from etiolated to photomorphogenic growth. Here, we describe the biological functions of two GRAS proteins from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), SCARECROW-LIKE21 (SCL21) and PHYTOCHROME A SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION1 (PAT1), which are specifically involved in phytochrome A signal transduction. Loss-of-function mutants show an elongated hypocotyl under far-red light and are impaired in other far-red high-irradiance responses. The SCL21 transcript itself is down-regulated by far-red light in a phytochrome A- and PAT1-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that both SCL21 and PAT1 are positive regulators of phytochrome A signal transduction for several high-irradiance responses. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggest a direct interaction of the two proteins.
A Protein Kinase, Calcineurin B-Like Protein-Interacting Protein Kinase9, Interacts with Calcium Sensor Calcineurin B-Like Protein3 and Regulates Potassium Homeostasis under Low-Potassium Stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Li-Li , Ren Hui-Min , Chen Li-Qing , Wang Yi , Wu Wei-Hua 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Potassium (K+) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Previous studies have demonstrated that Calcineurin B-Like Protein1 (CBL1) or CBL9 and CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase23 (CIPK23) regulate K+ uptake in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots by modulating K+ channel Arabidopsis K+ Transporter1. In this study, we show that the protein kinase CIPK9 interacts with the calcium sensor CBL3 and plays crucial roles in K+ homeostasis under low-K+ stress in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis wild-type plants showed leaf chlorotic symptoms when grown for 10 d on low-K+ (100 μm) medium. Here, we show that plants lacking CIPK9 displayed a tolerant phenotype to low-K+ stress, which still maintained green leaves when the wild-type plants showed typical K+-deficient symptoms. Overexpressing lines of CIPK9 resulted in a low-K+-sensitive phenotype compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, CBL2 and CBL3 were identified as upstream regulators of CIPK9. Both CBL2- and CBL3-overexpressing lines displayed similar low-K+-sensitive phenotypes and K+ contents to CIPK9-overexpressing lines. However, only cbl3 mutant plants, but not cbl2 mutant plants, showed the low-K+-tolerant phenotype similar to cipk9 mutants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CIPK9 and CBL3 work together and function in K+ homeostasis under low-K+ stress in Arabidopsis.
Reliability of the pattern hair loss classifications: A comparison of the basic and specific and Norwood–Hamilton classifications
Authors: HONG Hannah , JI Jae Hong , LEE Yoonhee , KANG Hoon , CHOI Gwang Seong , LEE Won‐Soo 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTPattern hair loss (PHL) is the most common form of baldness in both sexes. The Norwood–Hamilton classification is the most commonly used classification worldwide, but it has many limitations. The basic and specific (BASP) classification was introduced as an improvement over the Norwood–Hamilton classification. Previous research was done to estimate the reliability of the Norwood–Hamilton classification and the result was unsatisfactory. However, the reliability of the BASP and Norwood–Hamilton classifications has not yet been compared. Eight dermatological specialists, 17 dermatological residents and 15 general physicians classified PHL in 100 sets of photographs using both the BASP and Norwood–Hamilton classifications. Intergroup reproducibility was evaluated by examining the match rate of the individual data in each group and the match rate between hair specialist and the other examiners. Intragroup repeatability was determined by calculating the match rate between the first and second studies. In terms of intergroup reproducibility of the match rate for individual data in each group, the basic type had the best agreement, the specific type had the second best, and the Norwood–Hamilton classification had the lowest match rate. In comparison, hair specialist and intragroup repeatability showed the same patterns. The BASP classification not only distinguishes all kinds of hair loss patterns, but also has better reproducibility and repeatability than the Norwood–Hamilton classification.
Reality as the leading cause of stress: rethinking the impact of chronic stress in nature
Authors: Boonstra Rudy 
Published: October 2012

SummaryChronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological effects, both by those studying animals in the laboratory and in nature. While pathology may apply to the former, I argue that it does not apply to the latter.Our thinking on the role of chronic stress in animals in nature has been heavily influenced by biomedical research, but much less so by the ecological and evolutionary context within which animals actually function. I argue that when such stressors occur (e.g. periods of high predation risk, food limitation, prolonged severe weather, social conflict, etc.), although the animal may be chronically stressed, its responses are adaptive and continue to promote fitness.Chronic stressors in nature can be subdivided into whether they are reactive (direct physiological challenges threatening homeostasis and not requiring cognitive processing – for example, food limitation) or anticipatory (perceived to be threatening and requiring cognitive processing – for example, high predation risk). For anticipatory stressors, their impact on the animal should not be based on their absolute duration (they may be acute), but rather by the duration of their physiological consequences.The anticipatory stressor of persistent high predation risk does not elicit chronic stress in all prey classes. Cyclic snowshoe hare and arctic ground squirrels exhibit evidence of chronic stress when predator numbers are high, but cyclic vole and noncyclic elk populations do not. I suggest that chronic stress has evolved to benefit the fitness of the former and not the later, with the key factors being lifespan and life history. I propose that chronic stress evolves in a species only if it is adaptive.
The ecoimmunology of invasive species
Authors: White Thomas A. , Perkins Sarah E. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryInvasive populations frequently harbour a reduced parasite community compared with their native counterparts. The loss of regulating enemies may result in re‐allocation of resources away from costly defences, effects that may be particularly pronounced at the wave‐front of the invasion during the range expansion stage. Bottlenecking and increased genetic drift is also expected to result in a loss of immunogenetic diversity. As the invasive species expands its range, selection will strongly favour increased growth and reproduction, traits that may trade‐off against immune function.Relaxed parasite‐mediated selection is expected to alter the trade‐offs between immune response and immunopathology. Hence, we might expect that a combination of necessity (i.e. loss of specific alleles at immune loci) and natural selection away from immunity towards other fitness traits should result in invasive populations having reduced resistance to parasites but greater potential for demographic growth in the invaded range.Following this argument to its logical conclusion would suggest that invasive species could also be more vulnerable to novel parasites, or to parasites to which the invasive population has lost immunity arriving from the native range. Despite this attractive narrative, there is currently little empirical evidence on the ecoimmunology and immunogenetics of invasions.In this article, we review the evidence for changes in the immune response of invasive species. We also examine the likely effects of range expansions and population genetic processes on the immune systems of invasive species. We conclude that much more empirical research is necessary in this field before general patterns and predictions can emerge.
Emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a comparison of sevoflurane vs. sevoflurane‐remifentanil administration
Authors: NA H.‐S. , SONG I.‐A. , HWANG J.‐W. , DO S.‐H. , OH A.‐Y. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSevoflurane is widely used in paediatric anaesthesia but frequently causes emergence agitation (EA). This study evaluated whether limiting the sevoflurane concentration by combining remifentanil with sevoflurane reduced the incidence of EA.MethodsEighty‐four preschool children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomly assigned to either the remifentanil or sevoflurane group. In the remifentanil group, anaesthesia was induced with thiopental, rocuronium, and 1% sevoflurane. It was maintained with 1% sevoflurane, 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen, and a continuous infusion of remifentanil. For the sevoflurane group, anaesthesia was induced with thiopental, rocuronium, and 8% sevoflurane, and was maintained with 2–3% sevoflurane. Both groups received ketorolac 1 mg/kg and dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg. EA was measured using the paediatric anaesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scale and a four‐point EA scale in the post‐anaesthesia care unit.ResultsThe scores on the PAED scales were significantly lower in the remifentanil group than in the sevoflurane group [median (interquartile range); 6 (4.25–10.25) vs. 11 (7.75–14.0), P = 0.007], and the proportion of patients with PAED scores ≥ 10 was significantly lower in the remifentanil group than in the sevoflurane group [15 (35.7%) vs. 27 (64.2%), P = 0.009]. The incidence of EA evaluated using the four‐point scale was also lower in the remifentanil group [11 (26.1%) vs. 21 (50%), respectively, P = 0.025].ConclusionThe incidence of EA was lower in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy who received a lower concentration of sevoflurane combined with remifentanil than in those given a higher concentration of sevoflurane without remifentanil.
A General Structure for Legal Arguments About Evidence Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Fenton Norman , Neil Martin , Lagnado David A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA Bayesian network (BN) is a graphical model of uncertainty that is especially well suited to legal arguments. It enables us to visualize and model dependencies between different hypotheses and pieces of evidence and to calculate the revised probability beliefs about all uncertain factors when any piece of new evidence is presented. Although BNs have been widely discussed and recently used in the context of legal arguments, there is no systematic, repeatable method for modeling legal arguments as BNs. Hence, where BNs have been used in the legal context, they are presented as completed pieces of work, with no insights into the reasoning and working that must have gone into their construction. This means the process of building BNs for legal arguments is ad hoc, with little possibility for learning and process improvement. This article directly addresses this problem by describing a method for building useful legal arguments in a consistent and repeatable way. The method complements and extends recent work byHepler, Dawid, and Leucari (2007)on object‐oriented BNs for complex legal arguments and is based on the recognition that such arguments can be built up from a small number of basic causal structures (referred to asidioms). We present a number of examples that demonstrate the practicality and usefulness of the method.
Variability of cyclosporine concentrations by HPLC and TDX monoclonal assay methods, application of a correction factor, and description of a novel clinical approach to determine the practical consequences of changing assay technique
Authors: Trifilio Steven M. , Scheetz Marc , Borensztajn Jayme , Mehta Jayesh 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCyclosporine (CSA) is an immunosuppressant used for the prevention of graft rejection and graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended to ensure efficacy and prevent toxicity. Several immunoassay assay are commercially available for measuring CSA drug concentrations. Differences in the cross‐reactive metabolites measured by specific immunoassay tests contribute to the significant lack of specificity which has been reported between immunoassays and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) test results. Inter‐assay test results can affect interpretation of CSA drug concentrations and potentially compromise patient outcomes. The current study analyzed 72 paired HPLC‐monoclonal TDX (TDXm) CSA drug concentrations and calculated a clinically reliable correction factor which could be applied to HPLC‐TDXm results for TDM. A unique concordance–discordance simulation model was utilized to validate the correction factor for clinical use.
Delayed graft function is not associated with an increased incidence of renal allograft rejection
Authors: Hirt‐Minkowski Patricia , Amico Patrizia , Hönger Gideon , Praehauser Claudia , Steiger Jürg , Koller Michael T. , Gürke Lorenz , Mayr Michael , Schaub Stefan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDelayed graft function (DGF) is considered as a risk factor for renal allograft rejection, but this association might be confounded by diagnostic biases (e.g., higher biopsy frequency in patients with DGF, inclusion of clinically diagnosed rejection episodes, and limited details on the rejection phenotype). This retrospective study including 329 deceased donor transplantations aimed to clarify a causal relationship between DGF and rejection. DGF occurred in 93/329 recipients (28%), whereas immediate graft function (IGF) in 236/329 recipients (72%). The percentage of patients with ≥1 allograft biopsy within the first year post‐transplant was similar between the DGF and IGF group (96% vs. 94%; p = 0.60). The cumulative one‐yr incidence of biopsy‐proven clinical (35% vs. 34%; p = 0.62) and combined (sub)clinical rejection (58% vs. 60%; p = 0.79) was not different between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no differences regarding rejection phenotypes/severities and time frame of occurrence. By multivariable Cox regression analysis, donor‐specific HLA antibodies, younger recipient age, and immunosuppressive regimens were independent predictors for clinical rejection, while DGF was not. These results in an intermediate sized, but thoroughly investigated patient population challenge the concept that DGF is a risk factor for rejection and highlights the need for additional studies in this regard.
Trajectories of Adjustment to Couple Relationship Separation
Authors: Halford W. Kim , Sweeper Susie 
Published: October 2012

To test a stress‐diathesis model of adjustment to separation, the current study describes the trajectories of different aspects of separation adjustment in people formerly married or cohabiting, and moderators of those trajectories. A convenience sample of 303 recently separated individuals (169 women; 134 men) completed assessments of their emotional attachment to the former partner, loneliness, psychological distress, and coparenting conflict at two time points 6 months apart. Multilevel modeling of the overlapping multicohort design was used to estimate the trajectories of these different aspects of adjustment as a function of time since separation, marital status, gender, presence of children from the relationship, who initiated separation, social support, and anxious attachment. Attachment to the former partner, loneliness, and psychological distress were initially high but improved markedly across the 2 years after separation, but coparenting conflict was high and stable. Adjustment problems were similar in men and women, and in those formerly married or cohabiting, except that reported coparenting conflict was higher in men than women. Low social support and high anxious attachment predicted persistent attachment to the former partner, loneliness, and psychological distress. Coparenting conflict is a common, chronic problem for many separated individuals, and individuals with certain psychological vulnerabilities also experience chronic personal distress.