bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE MULTIAXIAL AMPLITUDE- AND FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF RUBBER: EXPERIMENTS AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING
Authors: Delattre Alexis , Lejeunes Stéphane , Méo Stéphane , Lacroix Florian , Richard Caroline 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA phenomenological hyperviscoelastic model is proposed. This model describes the multiaxial amplitude- and frequency-dependent behavior of the material. Moreover, thanks to the definition of new internal variables, the model is able to take into account the Payne effect. The experimental results of a characterization campaign performed on a butadiene rubber filled with carbon black particles are then presented. These tests were conducted under tension/compression and simple shear at several frequencies and amplitudes. Using these experimental data, a fast and robust method is presented to identify the material parameters. There are two steps in this method: the first step regards the hyperelastic behavior and the second step the viscous behavior. The identified model provides good correlations with the tests for describing the dynamical effects under both shear and tension loads.
Deaktivasi Katalis Konverter-Hidrogen Di Pabrik Urea Kaltim-3
Authors: Subekti Agus , Arief Achmad Syamsul , Praharso Praharso , Subagjo Subagjo 
Published: July 2014

Di pabrik urea, konverter-hidrogen adalah satu reaktor yang berfungsi untuk mengkonversi hidrogen yang terikut dalam karbondioksida dengan cara mengoksidasi dengan udara, sehingga karbondioksida umpan reaktor urea itu hanya mengandung tidak lebih dari 100 ppm hidrogen. Konversi dilangsungkan pada tekanan 145 kg/cm2 dan suhu umpan reaktor 130°C, menggunakan katalis platinum berpenyangga alumina (0,3%Pt/Al2O3). Dalam dua tahun terakhir, terjadi kenaikan kandungan hidrogen dalam karbondioksida umpan konverter-hidrogen Kaltim-3 yang menyebabkan peningkatan temperatur keluaran konverter dari biasanya sekitar 152oC menjadi sekitar 190°C. Hasil analisis kadar Pt, luas permukaan katalis dan dispersi Pt terhadap katalis-baru dan katalis-terpakai menunjukkan bahwa katalis konverter-hidrogen Kaltim-3 telah terdeaktivasi. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan perbaikan-tahunan Juli 2006 yang lalu, katalis tersebut telah diganti dengan yang baru. Selain itu telah dilakukan pula perbaikan kondisi operasi di pabrik amoniak Kaltim-3, sehingga kadar H2 dalam aliran CO2 umpan pabrik urea Kaltim-3 menjadi normal kembali (0,4%). Dengan tindakan-tindakan tersebut, sejak Agustus 2006 yang lalu konverter hidrogen Kaltim-3 dapat beroperasi secara normal kembali. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Comparison of marine boundary layer cloud properties from CERES‐MODIS Edition 4 and DOE ARM AMF measurements at the Azores
Authors: Xi Baike , Dong Xiquan , Minnis Patrick , Sun‐Mack Sunny 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMarine boundary layer (MBL) cloud properties derived from the NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) project using Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are compared with observations taken at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility at the Azores (AMF‐Azores) site from June 2009 through December 2010. Cloud properties derived from ARM ground‐based observations were averaged over a 1 h interval centered at the satellite overpass time, while the CERES‐MODIS (CM) results were averaged within a 30 km × 30 km grid box centered over the Azores site. A total of 63 daytime and 92 nighttime single‐layered overcast MBL cloud cases were selected from 19 months of ARM radar‐lidar and satellite observations. The CM cloud top/base heights (Htop/Hbase) were determined from cloud top/base temperatures (Ttop/Tbase) using a regional boundary layer lapse rate method. For daytime comparisons, the CM‐derived Htop (Hbase), on average, is 0.063 km (0.068 km) higher (lower) than its ARM radar‐lidar‐observed counterpart, and the CM‐derived Ttop and Tbase are 0.9 K less and 2.5 K greater than the surface values with high correlations (R2 = 0.82 and 0.84, respectively). In general, the cloud top comparisons agree better than the cloud base comparisons, because the CM cloud base temperatures and heights are secondary products determined from cloud top temperatures and heights. No significant day‐night difference was found in the analyses. The comparisons of MBL cloud microphysical properties reveal that when averaged over a 30 km × 30 km area, the CM‐retrieved cloud droplet effective radius (re) at 3.7 µm is 1.3 µm larger than that from the ARM retrievals (12.8 µm), while the CM‐retrieved cloud liquid water path (LWP) is 13.5 gm−2 less than its ARM counterpart (114.2 gm−2) due to its small optical depth (9.6 versus 13.7). The differences are reduced by 50% when the CM averages are computed only using the MODIS pixel nearest the AMF site. Using the effective radius retrieved using 2.1  µm channel to calculate LWP can reduce the difference between the CM and ARM microwave radiometer retrievals from −13.7 to 2.1 gm−2. The 10% differences between the ARM and CERES‐MODIS LWP and re retrievals are within the uncertainties of the ARM LWP (~20 gm−2) and re (~10%) retrievals; however, the 30% difference in optical depth is significant. Possible reasons contributing to this discrepancy are increased sensitivities in optical depth from both surface retrievals when τ~10 and topography. The τ differences vary with wind direction and are consistent with the island orography. Much better agreement in τ is obtained when using only those data taken when the wind is from the northeast, where topographical effects on the sampled clouds are minimal.
Seismotectonics of the Pamir
Authors: Schurr Bernd , Ratschbacher Lothar , Sippl Christian , Gloaguen Richard , Yuan Xiaohui , Mechie James 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBased on a 2 year seismic record from a local network, we characterize the deformation of the seismogenic crust of the Pamir in the northwestern part of the India‐Asia collision zone. We located more than 6000 upper crustal earthquakes in a regional 3‐D velocity model. For 132 of these events, we determined source mechanisms, mostly through full waveform moment tensor inversion of locally and regionally recorded seismograms. We also produced a new and comprehensive neotectonic map of the Pamir, which we relate to the seismic deformation. Along Pamir's northern margin, where GPS measurements show significant shortening, we find thrust and dextral strike‐slip faulting along west to northwest trending planes, indicating slip partitioning between northward thrusting and westward extrusion. An active, north‐northeast trending, sinistral transtensional fault system dissects the Pamir's interior, connecting the lakes Karakul and Sarez, and extends by distributed faulting into the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan. East of this lineament, the Pamir moves northward en bloc, showing little seismicity and internal deformation. The western Pamir exhibits a higher amount of seismic deformation; sinistral strike‐slip faulting on northeast trending or conjugate planes and normal faulting indicate east‐west extension and north‐south shortening. We explain this deformation pattern by the gravitational collapse of the western Pamir Plateau margin and the lateral extrusion of Pamir rocks into the Tajik‐Afghan depression, where it causes thin‐skinned shortening of basin sediments above an evaporitic décollement. Superposition of Pamir's bulk northward movement and collapse and westward extrusion of its western flank causes the gradual change of surface velocity orientations from north‐northwest to due west observed by GPS geodesy. The distributed shear deformation of the western Pamir and the activation of the Sarez‐Karakul fault system may ultimately be caused by the northeastward propagation of India's western transform margin into Asia, thereby linking deformation in the Pamir all the way to the Chaman fault in the south in Afghanistan.
Lymphoid Development
Authors: Collazo Michelle M , Gumbleton Matthew , Kerr William G 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Lymphocytes, which are white blood cells, comprise a fundamentally important compartment of the immune system since they are key players in controlling how specific and effective an immune response is to infectious microbes or foreign agents. Lymphocytes exist as three distinct cell lineages, namely Bursa‐derived lymphocytes (B cells), thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). While B cells and T cells mediate antigen‐specific or adaptive immunity, ILCs mediate preformed or innate immunity. This review discusses the development of B cells, T cells and specifically NK cells, a type of ILC. It details the localisation of development, the selection process these cells face and modifications they may undergo throughout their maturation and localisation to other tissues. The modifications described include functional changes as well as changes in the expression of intracellular and surface molecular markers.

Key Concepts:

As proponents of the adaptive immune response, each B cell and T cell express a single unique antigen‐specific receptor providing the host with a large spectrum of specificities, also known as a repertoire.

B and T cells must be eliminated during their selection process or selected to develop further into a more specialized immune regulatory cell to avoid autoreactivity.

B cell lymphopoiesis is largely confined to the bone marrow and is defined cell size, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement status, activity of transcription factors and expression of cell surface molecules.

Peripheral tolerance mechanisms ensure that B cells which survived central tolerance mechanisms become anergic or unresponsive upon encounter of self‐antigen in the periphery.

T cell development in the thymus is highly regulated as the developing T cell progenitor moves through the specialized thymic niches and interacts with resident thymic stromal cells, including cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs), medullary TECs (mTECs), fibroblasts, dendritic cells and other haematopoietically derived stroma cells.

During development in the thymus, T cells undergo both positive and negative selection to eliminate potentially self‐reactive cells.

The thymus also promotes the selection of naturally occurring regulatory T cells, namely NK T cells, CD8aa
+
intraepithelial (nIEL) T cells, regulatory T (nTreg) cells and IL‐17 producing T (nTh17) cells, which can actively suppress self‐reactive T cells.

NK cells are important for host defence against malignantly transformed and virally infected cells and against some bacterial and parasitic infections.

NK cells are regulated by signalling downstream of activating and inhibitory germline encoded receptors.

NK cells undergo an education process to insure self‐tolerance.
Macromolecular Structure Determination by X‐ray Crystallography
Authors: Jaeger Joachim 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor more than 50 years, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction has remained at the forefront of structural studies of biological macromolecules and complex molecular machines. Diffraction occurs when X‐rays interact with the electrons in the crystallised macromolecule or a complex. Importantly, only amplitudes, not phases, are recorded during an X‐ray diffraction experiment. This ‘phase’ problem is resolved by incorporating electron‐dense, anomalous scatterers into the protein or nucleic acid molecules. Major technical advances in crystal handling, synchrotron beamlines, free‐electron lasers, detector technology, software development and computer hardware have allowed X‐ray crystallography to become essentially a routine method for obtaining high‐resolution images of biomolecules. Much of our insights into macromolecular structure/function relationships are, in fact, based on single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography.Key Concepts:X‐ray crystallography is one of the fundamental methods of structural biology and remains the most widely used technique to study the structure/function relationships of macromolecules.X‐ray diffraction is not an imaging technique as the scattered X‐ray intensities need to be associated with phases to assemble an image.The phase problem in X‐ray crystallography can be overcome by determining the anomalous scattering generated by suitable heavy atoms.Crystallisation of biological macromolecules remains a bottleneck in X‐ray crystallography.
Molecular Genetics of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Longoni Mauro , Russell Meaghan K , Pober Barbara R 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common, phenotypically as well as genetically heterogeneous birth defect associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although CDH usually occurs sporadically, several familial clusters have been reported with different types of inheritance. Single gene disorders and microdeletions/microduplications are known causes of CDH, but the largest fraction of cases remain without explanation. Mouse knock‐outs and human studies demonstrate the importance of retinoic acid signalling in normal diaphragm development and CDH pathogenesis, though other pathways, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c‐MET, sonic hedgehog (SHH) and slit homolog (SLIT)/roundabout homolog (ROBO) signalling, are also important. Advancement in genomic technology and insights from animal models have advanced significantly our understanding of CDH genetics, with the ultimate goal of generating more effective therapies for this severe condition.

Key Concepts:

CDH is a genetically heterogeneous condition, due to single gene disorders, microdeletions/microduplications and polygenic/multifactorial inheritance.

Deletion syndromes frequently associated with CDH are 1q41‐q42, 8p23, 8q23 and 15q26.

Syndromic conditions frequently associated with CDH are Cornelia de Lange; Craniofrontonasal, Denys–Drash, Donnai‐Barrow, Fryns and Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndromes, as well as spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO) and syndromic microphthalmia/anophthalmia.

Familial clustering of CDH is uncommon, because of the high mortality and morbidity, but extremely informative to unravel the genetics of this condition.

Nutritional, teratogenic, surgical and genetic animal models are used to study CDH. Over 40 genetic mouse models are currently known to have diaphragmatic defects.

The diaphragm is formed by a mesenchymal substratum and by pre‐muscle hypaxial cells migrating from the cervical somites. Defects in the formation of the mesenchymal substratum, or in the migration, proliferation and differentiation of pre‐muscle cells results in diaphragmatic defects.

Retinoic signalling is a crucial mechanism of CDH pathogenesis. Additional important pathways are SHH, HGF/c‐MET (pre‐muscle cell migration) and SLIT/ROBO (vascular development).
Evolution of X‐Linked Male‐Biased Genes in
Drosophila
Authors: Herrig Danielle K , Llopart Ana 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Sex chromosomes, particularly the X chromosome, play a unique role in evolution due to several distinct features. In
Drosophila
, the X chromosome has been proposed to constitute an undesirable environment for genes expressed at higher levels in males than in females (i.e. male‐biased genes) and, as a result, is partially demasculinized. However, male‐biased genes remaining on the X chromosome do not seem to be at a disadvantage relative to their autosomal counterparts. Population genetic models predict that under certain conditions X‐linked genes will experience more bouts of positive selection than autosomal genes, leading to faster‐X evolution, particularly for male‐biased genes. As theory posits,
Drosophila
X‐linked male‐biased genes show evidence of adaptive evolution at both protein and expression levels. This faster‐X evolution has broad implications. In speciation, it may contribute to explain why the X chromosome is a hotspot for the genetic factors underlying hybrid male sterility (i.e. the large X‐effect).

Key Concepts:

Underrepresentation of X‐linked male‐biased genes due to unfavorable features of the X chromosome.

Faster‐X evolution of male‐biased genes at both the protein and expression levels.

Consequences of faster‐X evolution include the disproportionally large effect of the X chromosome in hybrid male sterility.
Pantoea agglomerans lipopolysaccharide maintains bone density in premenopausal women: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Nakata Kazue , Nakata Yoko , Inagawa Hiroyuki , Nakamoto Takeru , Yoshimura Hiroshi , Soma Gen‐Ichiro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLipopolysaccharide from Pantoea agglomerans (LPSp) facilitates Ca and P turnover in chicken calvaria and femurs. This study investigated osteoporosis prevention by the oral administration of LPSp in mice and in double‐blind clinical tests. Using ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis mice model, we investigated the effects of LPSp on the bone density and Ca concentration after ingesting LPSp‐containing water for 4 weeks. Oral administration of LPSp tended to suppress the decline in the bone density and the cortical bone thickness in the OVX mice. Moreover, the Ca concentrations were maintained in the OVX‐LPSp mice. The effects of LPSp on bone turnover were tested in randomized and double‐blind clinical test subjects, who were healthy women aged 40–79 years. The subjects ingested either soy milk without LPSp (control group) or with LPSp (LPSp group) for 3 months. The results showed that the LPSp group on premenopause maintained their bone density compared with the control group pre‐ and postmenopause. Moreover, these effects were maintained for 2 months postobservation. LPSp maintains bone volume and density in vivo. Thus, a combination of soy milk and LPSp may be useful for osteoporosis prevention.
STATs profiling reveals predominantly‐activated STAT3 in cholangiocarcinoma genesis and progression
Authors: Dokduang Hasaya , Techasen Anchalee , Namwat Nisana , Khuntikeo Narong , Pairojkul Chawalit , Murakami Yoshinori , Loilome Watcharin , Yongvanit Puangrat 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the aberrant expression of the STAT family in humans and liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini, Ov)‐induced hamster cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tissues.MethodsThe expression and phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5a, STAT5b and STAT6 in human hamster CCA tissues were immunohistochemistry‐profiled. Localizations of STAT5 in macrophages and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced macrophage‐conditioned media mediated STAT3 activation in CCA cells were demonstrated.ResultsThe expressions of STAT 1–4 and 6 were detected in the cytoplasm of hyperplastic bile ducts and tumor cells, whereas STAT5a and STAT5b were observed in macrophages and connective tissues surrounding tumor, respectively. The expressions of STAT3 and STAT5b were significantly observed in tumors with a poorer histological differentiation. STAT3 expression was significantly associated with shorter survival of CCA patients and was predominately activated in CCA cell lines. In the CCA‐hamsters, STATs expression was gradually increased along the carcinogenesis, especially at 30 days post‐infection in which the inflammatory response was markedly observed, showing the correlation between the inflammation and STATs activation. Moreover, LPS‐induced macrophage‐conditioned media could mediate STAT3 activation in CCA cells.ConclusionsSTAT3 is the major STAT, which plays roles in the inflammation that contributes to CCA carcinogenesis and progression and may serve as a marker for a poor prognosis of CCA.
Chondrocytes expressing intracellular collagen type II enter the cell cycle and co‐express collagen type I in monolayer culture
Authors: Tekari Adel , Luginbuehl Reto , Hofstetter Willy , Egli Rainer J. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTFor autologous chondrocyte transplantation, articular chondrocytes are harvested from cartilage tissue and expanded in vitro in monolayer culture. We aimed to characterize with a cellular resolution the synthesis of collagen type II (COL2) and collagen type I (COL1) during expansion in order to further understand why these cells lose the potential to form cartilage tissue when re‐introduced into a microenvironment that supports chondrogenesis. During expansion for six passages, levels of transcripts encoding COL2 decreased to <0.1%, whereas transcript levels encoding COL1 increased 370‐fold as compared to primary chondrocytes. Flow cytometry for intracellular proteins revealed that chondrocytes acquired a COL2/COL1‐double positive phenotype during expansion, and the COL2 positive cells were able to enter the cell cycle. While the fraction of COL2 positive cells decreased from 70% to <2% in primary chondrocytes to passage six cells, the fraction of COL1 positive cells increased from <1% to >95%. In parallel to the decrease of the fraction of COL2 positive cells, the cells' potential to form cartilage‐like tissue in pellet cultures steadily decreased. Intracellular staining for COL2 enables for characterization of chondrocyte lineage cells in more detail with a cellular resolution, and it may allow predicting the effectiveness of expanded chondrocytes to form cartilage‐like tissue. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1503–1511, 2014.
Boveri at 100: cancer evolution, from preneoplasia to malignancy
Authors: Wright Nicholas A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn the 100 years since the publication of Boveri's manuscript, ‘Concerning the origin of human tumours’, we have seen many advances in our understanding of how tumours originate, develop and progress. However, reading this article now, it is possible to find conclusions, or more often predictions, of what we now consider basic tenets of tumour biology. These include predicting the stochastic nature of the malignant change and that all tumours are necessarily of clonal origin, perhaps the basis of the modern concepts of field cancerization, of tumour heterogeneity and the clonal evolution of tumours. Modern researchers rarely refer to this paper, yet as a source of ideas it must rank amongst the landmarks in tumour biology of the last 100 years. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Role of Oxalic Acid in Promoting Ignition and Combustion of Boron: an Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Xi Jianfei , Liu Jianzhong , Wang Yang , Liang Daolun , Li Heping , Zhou Junhu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBoron is an attractive fuel for propellants and explosives because of its high energy density. However, its combustion is inhibited by the oxide layer that covers the particles. The use of oxalic acid as an additive was shown to promote boron oxidation. In this study, the thermodynamic model FactSage 6.2 and a laser ignition facility were used to investigate the effect of oxalic acid on the burning characteristics of boron particles. The results of the thermodynamic analyses show that oxalic acid can reduce B2O3(l) production during boron combustion. This enables removal of the the oxide film and promotes the burning of boron. However, only at high temperatures (>1500 K) H2O(g) (produced from H2C2O4) can react with B2O3 and remove the oxide film. The evolution of boron combustion flame takes place in three stages: ignition, stable combustion, and extinction; the bright yellow color in the flame indicates boron ignition, the bright white color indicates boron combustion, and the bright green color is interpreted as BO2 emission. Addition of oxalic acid into boron powders can significantly promote boron ignition and combustion. The ignition delay time of the resulting mixture is reduced by 42.4 %, the combustion intensity is raised by 16.7 %, and the combustion efficiency of boron is increased by 21.5 percentage points. The mechanism of action of oxalic acid on enhancing the combustion of boron was studied by scanning electron microscopy.