bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition of clamped and baled grass
silages harvested in England and Wales and
relationships between dry matter content,
pH and volatile N
Authors: FIELD M. , WILMAN D. , JONES D. J. C. 
Published: July 2002

The paper reports a study of the chemical composition of 25400
grass silages produced in England
and Wales, of which 1040 were from the period 1961–63, 17900 (15480
clamped and 2420 baled) were
from 1982–88 and 6460 (5640 clamped and 820 baled) were from 1992–93.
A sample of each silage
had been analysed for dry matter (DM), pH, crude protein (CP) and volatile
N and in most cases for
ash.The baled silages were drier on average than the clamped silages, with
a wider spread of DM
contents. The clamped silages with the lowest pH on average were those
with a DM content of c.
240 g/kg; clamped silages wetter than this were progressively higher
in pH with reduction in DM
content; clamped and baled silages drier than 240 g/kg were progressively
higher in pH with increase
in DM content, up to pH 5·9 in baled silages of 580 g DM/kg.
At a given DM content pH was on
average 0·6 units higher in baled than in clamped silages. The ash
content of baled silages was similar
to that of clamped silages. There was an increase in the mean CP content
of clamped silages between
1961–63 and 1992–93 and a reduction in the proportion of CP
which was volatile. The relationship
between DM and volatile N as a proportion of total N was a curve rather
than a straight line, with
the steepest part of the curve at the lower end of the DM range. The wet
silages harvested in 1961–63
were particularly high in volatile N. At a given DM content in the range
170–320 g/kg, volatile N was
rather higher in baled than in clamped silages in both 1982–88 and
1992–93. Clamped silages with
a DM content of at least 250 g/kg and baled silages with a DM content
of at least 310 g/kg were
typically well preserved in the sense of having <100 g volatile N/kg
total N.
Effect of heat treatment on anti-rotavirus activity of bovine colostrum
Authors: MAINER GABRIEL , DOMÍNGUEZ ELENA , RANDRUP MARIA , SÁNCHEZ LOURDES , CALVO MIGUEL 
Published: July 2002

Rotavirus is the leading cause of infectious diarrhoea in infants
and children
throughout the world (Davidson, 1996). In developed countries, rotavirus
is
associated with significant morbidity, while it causes a high rate of infant
mortality
in developing countries (Blacklow & Greenberg, 1991).At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine against human
rotavirus.
Although considerable effort is being put into developing such a vaccine
(Molyneaux, 1995; Midthun & Kapikian, 1996), researchers are encountering
difficulty in obtaining sufficiently broad protection against the great
variety of
human rotavirus serotypes (Kapikian & Chanock, 1985). Passive immunization
has
been tried as an alternative, and clinical trials have shown that oral
intake of bovine
colostrum containing anti-human rotavirus antibodies is effective in preventing
rotavirus infection and transmission in experimental animals, infants and
children
(Davidson, 1996). Since cross reactivity has been found between bovine
and human
rotavirus strains (Kapikian & Chanock, 1985), a product containing
specific
antibodies against human or bovine rotavirus strains may exert a protective
effect
in human babies. Such a product would be a useful temporary measure while
an
effective vaccine is developed. Furthermore, these products could be valuable
for
immunocompromised patients in preventing rotavirus infections.However, such products would be subjected to processes such as pasteurization
or ultra high temperature treatments, so it would be necessary to know
the effect of
heat on the biological activity of the antibodies. We have previously studied
the
effect of heat on the structure of bovine colostrum immunoglobulins IgG,
IgA and
IgM and evaluated the kinetics of heat denaturation by measuring the loss
of their
ability to bind to specific antibodies directed against them
(Mainer et al. 1997). In the
present study we have investigated the effect of different heat treatments
on the
biological activity of immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum by measuring
the
virus-neutralizing activity (VNA) of heat-treated colostrum containing
anti-rotavirus immunoglobulins against a bovine strain. In addition, we have
studied the
distribution of the VNA between the different classes of immunoglobulins
of the anti-rotavirus colostrum.
Steady boundary-layer solutions for
a swirling stratified fluid in a rotating cone
Authors: HEWITT R. E. , DUCK P. W. , FOSTER M. R. 
Published: July 2002

We consider a set of nonlinear boundary-layer equations that have
been derived by
Duck, Foster & Hewitt (1997a, DFH), for the swirling flow
of a linearly stratified
fluid in a conical container. In contrast to the unsteady analysis of DFH,
we restrict
attention to steady solutions and extend the previous discussion further
by
allowing the container to both co-rotate and counter-rotate relative to
the contained
swirling fluid. The system is governed by three parameters, which are essentially
non-dimensional
measures of the rotation, stratification and a Schmidt number. Some of

the properties of this system are related (in some cases rather subtly)
to those found
in the swirling flow of a homogeneous fluid above an infinite rotating
disk; however,
the introduction of buoyancy effects with a sloping boundary leads to other
(new)
behaviours. A general description of the steady solutions to this system
proves to be
rather complicated and shows many interesting features, including non-uniqueness,

singular solutions and bifurcation phenomena.We present a broad description of the steady states with particular
emphasis on
boundaries in parameter space beyond which steady states cannot be continued.A natural extension of this work (motivated by recent experimental results)
is to
investigate the possibility of solution branches corresponding to non-axisymmetric

boundary-layer states appearing as bifurcations of the axisymmetric solutions.
In
an Appendix we give details of an exact, non-axisymmetric solution to the

Navier–Stokes equations (with axisymmetric boundary conditions) corresponding
to the flow
of homogeneous fluid above a rotating disk.
Minor depression in family practice: functional morbidity, co-morbidity, service utilization and outcomes
Authors: WAGNER H. R. , BURNS B. J. , BROADHEAD W. E. , YARNALL K. S. H. , SIGMON A. , GAYNES B. N. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Minor depression is a disabling condition commonly seen in primary care settings.
Although considerable impairment is associated with minor depression, little is known about the
course of the illness. Using a variety of clinical and functional measurements, this paper profiles the
course of minor depression over a 1 year interval among a cohort of primary care patients.Method. Patients at a university-based primary care facility were screened for potential cases of
depression and selected into three diagnostic categories: an asymptomatic control group; patients
with a diagnosis of major depression; and, a third category, defined as minor depression, consisting
of patients who reported between two and four symptoms of depression, but who failed to qualify
for a diagnosis of major depression. Functional status, service use, and physical, social and mental
health were assessed at baseline and at 3-month intervals for the ensuing year.Results. Respondents with a baseline diagnosis of minor depression exhibited marked impairment
on most measures both at baseline and over the following four waves. Their responses in most
respects were similar to, although not as severe as, those of respondents with a baseline diagnosis
of major depression. Both groups were considerably more impaired than asymptomatic controls.Conclusions. Minor depression is a persistently disabling condition often seen in primary care
settings. Although quantitatively less severe than major depression, it is qualitatively similar and
requires careful assessment and close monitoring over the course of the illness.
Swinburne and Plantinga on internal rationality
Authors: PLANTINGA ALVIN 
Published: July 2002

I took it that the definitions Swinburne quotes imply that all of a person's
basic beliefs are (privately) rational; Swinburne demurs. It still seems to me that
these definitions have this consequence. Let me briefly explain why. According to
Swinburne, a person's evidence consists of his basic beliefs, weighted by his
confidence in them. So presumably we are to think of S's evidence as the set of the
beliefs he takes in the basic way, together with a sort of index indicating, for each
of those beliefs, his degree of confidence in that belief. Now it is clear, first, that
different basic beliefs can be held with different degrees of confidence. I believe
2+1 = 3 more firmly than there are presently some large trees in my backyard, and
I believe that second proposition more firmly than I played bridge last night.
Nevertheless, I believe all three propositions; I don't just believe them probably.
So, the set of my basic beliefs contains propositions, all of which I believe. Further,
a belief of mine is ‘rendered (evidentially) probable by [my] evidence’, I take it,
just if it is probable with respect to the set of my basic beliefs. But of course
probability of 1 with respect to that set; the degree of confidence with which I hold
those beliefs does not seem to be relevant. Hence my conclusion that on these
definitions all of my basic beliefs are rational.Swinburne points out that some of my basic beliefs may be improbable with
respect to the rest of my basic beliefs; these beliefs, then, might be thought
irrational, at least if they are not held as firmly as those with respect to which they
are improbable. But this seems to me an uninteresting sense of ‘irrational’. Many
of my basic beliefs are improbable with respect to my other basic beliefs; they are
none the worse for that. I now remember, as it seems to me, that in the second
bridge hand last night I was dealt three aces, three jacks, and three deuces. This is
unlikely on the rest of my basic beliefs. It is, nonetheless, not irrational in any useful
sense; memory is an important and independent source of rational belief, a source
such that its deliverances do not necessarily depend, for warrant or rationality, on
their probability with respect to other basic beliefs. I believe the same goes for
some of my Christian beliefs. They may be improbable with respect to other
beliefs, basic or otherwise, that I hold; but that need be nothing whatever against
them.
THE UNION IN BRITISH HISTORY
Authors: Pocock J.G.A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract‘BRITISH history’, or ‘the new British history’ – a field which the present writer is over-generously credited with inventing some twenty-five years ago – seems to have reached a point of takeoff. At least two symposia have appeared in which the method and practice of this approach are intensively considered, and there are monographs as well as multi-author volumes – though the latter still preponderate – in which it is developed and applied to a variety of questions and periods. Its methodology remains controversial, and it may be in its nature that this should continue to be the case; for, in positing that ‘the British isles’ or ‘the Atlantic archipelago’ are and have been inhabited by several peoples with several histories, it proposes to study these histories both as they have been shaped by interacting with one another, and as they appear when contextualised by one another. There must be tensions between such a history of interaction and the several ‘national’ histories that have come to claim autonomy, and it is probable that these tensions must be re-stated each time a ‘British history’ is to be presented – as is the case in the present paper.
Mesolimbic dopamine and the neuropsychology of dreaming: Some caution and reconsiderations
Authors: Doricchi Fabrizio , Violani Cristiano 
Published: July 2002

New findings point to a role for mesolimbic DA circuits in the generation of dreaming. We disagree with Solms about these structures having an exclusive role in generating dreams. We review data suggesting that dreaming can be interrupted at different levels of processing and that anterior-subcortical lesions associated with dream cessation are unlikely to produce selective hypodopaminergic dynamic impairments.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms]
The joint law of the last zeros of Brownian motion and of its Lévy transform
Authors: DONATI-MARTIN CATHERINE , SHI ZHAN , YOR MARC 
Published: July 2002

The joint study of functionals of a Brownian motion $B$ and its Lévy transform $\beta= |B|-L$, where $L$ is the local time of $B$ at zero, is motivated by the conjectured ergodicity of the Lévy transform.Here, we compute explicitly the covariance of the last zeros before time one of $B$ and $\beta$, which turns out to be strictly positive.
Booklist
Authors: Mitsui Tôru 
Published: July 2002

The aim of this annual Popular Music bibliography is to provide a record of recent books on popular music and to offer brief, sometimes critical guidance to them whenever possible. Coverage is restricted to books and some booklets (with the exception of important yearbooks and some special issues of journals), and includes revised editions as well as notable reissues. Omitted are translations of books previously published in English except those which include some significant additions.This edition contains entries for books published in 2000, plus a few items published in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999, information on which was not available when the lists for Popular Music 16/3, 17/3, 18/3 and 19/3 were compiled.To a fundamental list of British, American and Japanese titles that I compiled were incorporated an extensive list of American books by B. Lee Cooper, a comprehensive list of books in German by Bernhard Hefele and a sizable list of books in French by Christophe Pirenne. Dave Laing, the coordinating editor of the journal, contributed another sizable list of mainly British and American books as well as correcting a preliminary list.Contributions on books in other languages, especially Spanish, are welcome.
Postcopulatory, prezygotic reproductive isolation
Authors: Eady Paul E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrezygotic reproductive isolation has traditionally been studied from a precopulatory perspective even though postcopulatory events have been known to influence success at fertilization. Postcopulatory, prezygotic reproductive isolation (gametic isolation) has received relatively little attention mainly because the focus of research has been on the events that occur either earlier (pre‐mating) or later (postzygotic) in the chain of events that lead to successful reproduction. However, recent evidence from an array of taxa from sea urchins to beetles reveals that postejaculatory, prezygotic events may be an important factor in reproductive isolation. Such a mechanism may be the driving force behind speciation in some taxa, such as free‐spawning marine invertebrates, whilst it may complement pre‐mating and postzygotic mechanisms in others. In this paper we draw an analogy between sperm–egg interactions and classical sexual selection theory and argue that gametic incompatibility may arise through cryptic female choice.
Travelling waves for a nonlocal double-obstacle problem
Authors: FIFE PAUL C. 
Published: July 2002

Existence, uniqueness and regularity properties
are established for monotone travelling waves
of a convolution double-obstacle problemut
=J*u−u−f
(u),the solution u(x, t) being
restricted to taking values in the interval
[−1, 1]. When u=±1, the
equation becomes an inequality. Here the kernel J
of the convolution is nonnegative with
unit integral and f satisfies
f(−1)>0>f(1). This is an extension
of the theory in Bates et al. (1997), which deals with
this same equation, without the constraint, when
f is bistable.
Among many other things, it is found that the travelling
wave profile u(x−ct) is always
±1 for sufficiently large positive or negative values of
its argument, and a necessary and sufficient condition is given
for it to be piecewise constant, jumping from −1
to 1 at a single point.
Metastability for a generalized Burgers equation
with applications to propagating flame fronts
Authors: SUN X. , WARD M. J. 
Published: July 2002

In the small diffusion limit ε→0, metastable
dynamics is studied for the generalized Burgers problemformula hereHere u=u(x, t) and f(u)

is smooth, convex, and satisfies f(0)=f′(0)=0.
The choice
f(u)=u2/2 has been
shown previously to arise in connection with the physical problem of
upward flame-front propagation in a vertical channel in a particular parameter
regime. In this
context, the shape y=y(x, t)
of the flame-front interface satisfies u=−yx.

For this problem, it is shown that the principal eigenvalue associated
with the
linearization around an equilibrium solution corresponding
to a parabolic-shaped flame-front interface is exponentially small.
This exponentially small eigenvalue then leads to a metastable behaviour
for the time-
dependent problem. This behaviour is studied quantitatively by deriving
an asymptotic
ordinary differential equation characterizing the slow motion of the tip
location of a
parabolic-shaped interface. Similar metastability results are
obtained for more general f(u). These
asymptotic results are shown to compare very favourably with full numerical
computations.
Tools for the TBI Clinician
Authors: Camplair Patricia S. 
Published: July 2002

In P.S. This Accident Has Changed Everyone
and Everything, Kathleen Griffiths has provided a
useful reference book for family members of head-injured
persons. The title comes from a letter from one such family
member; short segments from the experiences of relatives
and friends dot the text, fleshing out the personal side
in an otherwise “meat-and-potatoes” text. Dr.
Griffiths is commended for her translation of the basics
of brain injury (from neuropathology to medical assessment
and rehabilitation) into plain English, so that
fairly technical information is accessible to the layperson.
This is perhaps the greatest strength of the book. Clinicians
will find the book particularly helpful for family members
of severely injured persons with a lengthy period of coma
and/or posttraumatic amnesia, and for whom some degree
of significant residual impairment is highly likely.Coping With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury evoked
mixed reactions, once my initial excitement to see such a book
passed. Written by a psychologist who has survived a combined
acquired and traumatic brain injury (cerebral bleed and associated
car accident), and coauthored by a writer, the book does an
admirable job of describing possible problems that occur following
brain injury, along with numerous practical suggestions for coping
with these. Excerpts from interviews with other BI survivors are
included throughout the book to illustrate problems and solutions.
Other strengths include the glossary and resource appendices at the
end of the book.
Mimetic Dynamics
Authors: Barrett Natasha , Hammer Oyvind 
Published: July 2002

The ‘art’ we produce today attempts to incorporate an increasing

level of computer technology. There are many reasons for this trend, the

most significant being a thirst for an exploration of the ‘new’, and the

desire to parallel the increasing level of technology seeping into everyday

life. However, when surveying recent developments we find an array

of technology-related arts projects that instead of reaching forward into

the previously unknown, often reproduce the past simply in a digital form,

designed to appeal to our immediate senses but lacking in depth and

substance. Likewise, it can be observed that in many cultures (ancient and

modern), mimesis grows out of what seems to be a human reaction to

technological change. Qualities familiar from past usage tend to be

reproduced in new materials and with new techniques, regardless of

appropriateness. This may have religious origins, or simply result from

inertia, reworking concepts within the current paradigm. Parallels can be

drawn from evolution, which can be observed to progress in a series of large

advancements alternating with periods of extremely slow or zero development

(Eldredge and Gould 1972), and from the progress of science, which seems to

be similarly stepped (Kuhn 1962).This paper describes Mimetric Dynamics – an audiovisual interactive installation exploring

one of the many possible relationships between nature and technology. In

this work, real and simulated fluid dynamics are presented simultaneously,

allowing both artist and viewer to explore the relationship between

‘digital’ and ‘analogue’ media in both sound and visual dimensions. It gains insight from physical laws and time flows derived

from the natural world, where digital technology is used to produce

mathematical models simulating real physical attributes. In doing so we are

able to harness qualities of the ‘natural’ and use their

characteristics to control aspects of the ‘artificial’ (virtual).
Gene flow estimates in Utah's cougars imply management beyond Utah
Authors: Sinclair Elizabeth A. , Swenson Eric L. , Wolfe Michael L. , Choate David C. , Bates Bill , Crandall Keith A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe present results from a study of genetic variation in Utah's cougar population. Estimates were based on data for 50 animals at nine microsatellite loci with five individuals sampled for each of ten management units throughout Utah. Levels of variation were moderate (average genetic diversity across populations was estimated to be 0.4687 for all 50 individuals), and comparable with other large mammals. But this level of variation for the microsatellite loci translated into an inbreeding effective population size of only 571 animals, much lower than the current estimates of census sizes of around 2000‐3000. A lack of differentiation among the sampled populations across Utah (average Nem= 6.2) indicates that gene flow occurs over a large area. Since cougars are capable of movement beyond the Utah state borders (and certainly across management units), a better understanding of migration rates and patterns of dispersal will be achieved by sampling a much larger geographic region incorporating much of the western USA. Successful management and conservation of this species will then require a far more integrated approach, involving agencies across a number of states, as opposed to current management practices involving individual units within states.
Protein Transport into Higher Plant Peroxisomes (In Vitro Import Assay Provides Evidence for Receptor Involvement)
Authors: Brickner D. G. , Harada J. J. , Olsen L. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis requires that proteins be transported from their site of synthesis in the cytoplasm to their final location in the peroxisome matrix or membrane. Glyoxysomes are a class of peroxisomes found primarily in germinating seedlings and are involved in mobilizing fatty acids via the glyoxylate cycle and the β-oxidation pathway. We have used an in vitro assay to study the mechanism(s) of import of proteins into glyoxysomes. Results from this assay indicate that the transport process is time- and temperature- dependent and is specific for peroxisomal proteins. Isocitrate lyase, a glyoxysomal protein, and the leaf-type peroxisomal enzyme glycolate oxidase (GLO) were transported into pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) glyoxysomes with no apparent differences in efficiency of import. Thus, this in vitro assay appears to be physiologically relevant and correlates well with expected in vivo conditions. Protein import was also energy-dependent and saturable. Nonradiolabeled GLO competed with radiolabeled, in vitro-synthesized GLO for components of the import machinery. Finally, pretreatment of the isolated glyoxysomes with protease virtually abolished subsequent import of GLO. Taken together, these results indicate that a proteinaceous receptor is involved in the import of peroxisomal proteins.