bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monoracial and Biracial Children: Effects of Racial Identity Saliency on Social Learning and Social Preferences
Authors: Gaither Sarah E. , Chen Eva E. , Corriveau Kathleen H. , Harris Paul L. , Ambady Nalini , Sommers Samuel R. 
Published: July 2014

Children prefer learning from, and affiliating with, their racial in‐group but those preferences may vary for biracial children. Monoracial (White, Black, Asian) and biracial (Black/White, Asian/White) children (N = 246, 3–8 years) had their racial identity primed. In a learning preferences task, participants determined the function of a novel object after watching adults (White, Black, and Asian) demonstrate its uses. In the social preferences task, participants saw pairs of children (White, Black, and Asian) and chose with whom they most wanted to socially affiliate. Biracial children showed flexibility in racial identification during learning and social tasks. However, minority‐primed biracial children were not more likely than monoracial minorities to socially affiliate with primed racial in‐group members, indicating their in‐group preferences are contextually based.
The effects of the novel SHIP1 activator AQX‐1125 on allergen‐induced responses in mild‐to‐moderate asthma
Authors: Leaker B. R. , Barnes P. J. , O'Connor B. J. , Ali F. Y. , Tam P. , Neville J. , Mackenzie L. F. , MacRury T. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundSH2‐containing inositol‐5′‐phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) is an endogenous inhibitor of the phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase pathway that is involved in the activation and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells. AQX‐1125 is a first‐in‐class, oral SHIP1 activator with a novel anti‐inflammatory mode of action.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of AQX‐1125 on airway responses to allergen challenge in mild‐to‐moderate asthmatic patients.MethodsA randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐way crossover study was performed in 22 steroid‐naïve mild‐to‐moderate asthmatics with a documented late‐phase response to inhaled allergen (LAR). AQX‐1125 (450 mg daily) or placebo was administered orally for 7 days. Allergen challenge was performed on day 6 (2 h postdose), followed by methacholine challenge (day 7), and induced sputum collection and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).ResultsAQX‐1125 significantly attenuated the late‐phase response compared with placebo (FEV1 4–10 h: mean difference 150 mL, 20%; P = 0.027) and significantly increased the minimum FEV1 during LAR (mean difference 180 mL; P = 0.014). AQX‐1125 had no effect on the early‐phase response. AQX‐1125 showed a trend in reduction of sputum eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages although this did not achieve significance as there were only 11 paired samples for analysis. There was no effect on methacholine responsiveness or FeNO. Pharmacokinetic data showed AQX‐1125 was rapidly absorbed with geometric mean Cmax and AUC0–24 h values of 1417 ng/mL and 16 727 h ng/mL, respectively. AQX‐1125 was well tolerated, but mild GI side‐effects (dyspepsia, nausea and abdominal pain) were described in 4/22 subjects on active treatment. These side‐effects were mild self‐limiting, required no further treatment and did not lead to discontinuation of therapy.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceAQX‐1125, a novel oral SHIP1 activator, significantly reduces the late response to allergen challenge, with a trend to reduce airway inflammation. AQX‐1125 was safe and well tolerated and merits further investigation in inflammatory disorders.
Should all patients with acromegaly receive somatostatin analogue therapy before surgery and, if so, for how long?
Authors: Jacob Jubbin J. , Bevan John S. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryCurrent guidelines do not recommend the routine use of somatostatin analogue pretreatment prior to surgery in patients with growth hormone‐secreting pituitary tumours. In theory, presurgical use of somatostatin analogues should improve metabolic control and reduce soft tissue swelling, leading to improved anaesthetic outcomes. Shrinkage of tumours prior to surgery might also improve surgical remission rates. Hence, this article addresses the question: Should all patients with acromegaly receive a somatostatin analogue prior to surgery? Clinical trials published before December 2013 were reviewed, although literature in this area remains relatively deficient. We conclude: (i) On the basis of limited data available, somatostatin analogue pretreatment does not improve anaesthetic or immediate postoperative outcomes (i.e. hospital stay, rates of surgical complications and postoperative pituitary dysfunction). (ii) Somatostatin analogues should be considered in all patients with growth hormone‐secreting macroadenomas, including invasive macroadenomas, when the overall surgical remission rate for macroadenomas at the treating centre is below 50%. Four recent RCTs have demonstrated increased rates of surgical remission using such an approach. (iii) When deemed appropriate, patients should be treated with somatostatin analogues for at least 3 months before surgery; there is currently no evidence that treatment beyond 6 months provides any additional benefit. Patients with minimally invasive macroadenomas are those most likely to benefit in terms of improved surgical remission.
Mandatory Critical Points of 2D Uncertain Scalar Fields
Authors: Günther David , Salmon Joseph , Tierny Julien 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper introduces a novel, non‐local characterization of critical points and their global relation in 2D uncertain scalar fields. The characterization is based on the analysis of the support of the probability density functions (PDF) of the input data. Given two scalar fields representing reliable estimations of the bounds of this support, our strategy identifies mandatory critical points: spatial regions and function ranges where critical points have to occur in any realization of the input. The algorithm provides a global pairing scheme for mandatory critical points which is used to construct mandatory join and split trees. These trees enable a visual exploration of the common topological structure of all possible realizations of the uncertain data. To allow multi‐scale visualization, we introduce a simplification scheme for mandatory critical point pairs revealing the most dominant features. Our technique is purely combinatorial and handles parametric distribution models and ensemble data. It does not depend on any computational parameter and does not suffer from numerical inaccuracy or global inconsistency. The algorithm exploits ideas of the established join/split tree computation. It is therefore simple to implement, and its complexity is output‐sensitive. We illustrate, evaluate, and verify our method on synthetic and real‐world data.
InSpectr: Multi‐Modal Exploration, Visualization, and Analysis of Spectral Data
Authors: Amirkhanov Artem , Fröhler Bernhard , Kastner Johann , Gröller Eduard , Heinzl Christoph 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper addresses the increasing demand in industry for methods to analyze and visualize multimodal data involving a spectral modality. Two data modalities are used: high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) for structural characterization and low‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectral data for elemental decomposition. We present InSpectr, an integrated tool for the interactive exploration and visual analysis of multimodal, multiscalar data. The tool has been designed around a set of tasks identified by domain experts in the fields of XCT and XRF. It supports registered single scalar and spectral datasets optionally coupled with element maps and reference spectra. InSpectr is instantiating various linked views for the integration of spatial and non‐spatial information to provide insight into an industrial component's structural and material composition: views with volume renderings of composite and individual 3D element maps visualize global material composition; transfer functions defined directly on the spectral data and overlaid pie‐chart glyphs show elemental composition in 2D slice‐views; a representative aggregated spectrum and spectra density histograms are introduced to provide a global overview in the spectral view. Spectral magic lenses, spectrum probing and elemental composition probing of points using a pie‐chart view and a periodic table view aid the local material composition analysis. Two datasets are investigated to outline the usefulness of the presented techniques: a 3D virtually created phantom with a brass metal alloy and a real‐world 2D water phantom with insertions of gold, barium, and gadolinium. Additionally a detailed user evaluation of the results is provided.
Comparative Blood Flow Visualization for Cerebral Aneurysm Treatment Assessment
Authors: van Pelt R. , Gasteiger R. , Lawonn K. , Meuschke M. , Preim B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA pathological vessel dilation in the brain, termed cerebral aneurysm, bears a high risk of rupture, and is associated with a high mortality. In recent years, incidental findings of unruptured aneurysms have become more frequent, mainly due to advances in medical imaging. The pathological condition is often treated with a stent that diverts the blood flow from the aneurysm sac back to the original vessel. Prior to treatment, neuroradiologists need to decide on the optimal stent configuration and judge the long‐term rupture risk, for which blood flow information is essential. Modern patient‐specific simulations can model the hemodynamics for various stent configurations, providing important indicators to support the decision‐making process. However, the necessary visual analysis of these data becomes tedious and time‐consuming, because of the abundance of information. We introduce a comprehensive comparative visualization that integrates morphology with blood flow indicators to facilitate treatment assessment. To deal with the visual complexity, we propose a details‐on‐demand approach, combining established medical visualization techniques with innovative glyphs inspired by information visualization concepts. In an evaluation we have obtained informal feedback from domain experts, gauging the value of our visualization.
Illustrative Visualization of Molecular Reactions using Omniscient Intelligence and Passive Agents
Authors: Le Muzic M. , Parulek J. , Stavrum A.K. , Viola I. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this paper we propose a new type of a particle systems, tailored for illustrative visualization purposes, in particular for visualizing molecular reactions in biological networks. Previous visualizations of biochemical processes were exploiting the results of agent‐based modeling. Such modeling aims at reproducing accurately the stochastic nature of molecular interactions. However, it is impossible to expect events of interest happening at a certain time and location, which is impractical for storytelling. To obtain the means of controlling molecular interactions, we propose to govern passive agents with an omniscient intelligence, instead of giving to the agents the freedom of initiating reaction autonomously. This makes it possible to generate illustrative animated stories that communicate the functioning of the molecular machinery. The rendering performance delivers for interactive framerates of massive amounts of data, based on the dynamic tessellation capabilities of modern graphics cards. Finally, we report an informal expert feedback we obtained from the potential users.
Methods for Compensating Contrast Effects in Information Visualization
Authors: Mittelstädt S. , Stoffel A. , Keim D. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractColor, as one of the most effective visual variables, is used in many techniques to encode and group data points according to different features. Relations between features and groups appear as visual patterns in the visualization. However, optical illusions may bias the perception at the first level of the analysis process. For instance, in pixel‐based visualizations contrast effects make pixels appear brighter if surrounded by a darker area, which distorts the encoded metric quantity of the data points. Even if we are aware of these perceptual issues, our visual cognition system is not able to compensate these effects accurately. To overcome this limitation, we present a color optimization algorithm based on perceptual metrics and color perception models to reduce physiological contrast or color effects. We evaluate our technique with a user study and find that the technique doubles the accuracy of users comparing and estimating color encoded data values. Since the presented technique can be used in any application without adaption to the visualization itself, we are able to demonstrate its effectiveness on data visualizations in different domains.
Visualizing Proximity‐Based Spatiotemporal Behavior of Museum Visitors using Tangram Diagrams
Authors: Lanir J. , Bak P. , Kuflik T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor museum curators it is imperative to learn, analyze, and understand the behavior patterns of the visitors in their museum. Recent developments in the field of indoor positioning systems make the acquisition and availability of visitor behavior data more attainable. However, the analysis of such data remains a challenge due to its noisiness, complexity and sheer size. The current paper applies information visualization techniques to analyze this data and make it more accessible to museum curators and personnel. We first provide a detailed description of the application domain including an analysis of the curators' information needs and a description of how a dataset on visitors' spatiotemporal behavior could be acquired. In order to address the curators' needs, we designed a visualization to encode and convey the information based on a newly adjusted visual glyph that we call Tangram Diagrams. We thereby focus on the adaptability of the technique to a particular domain, rather than on the novelty aspects of the technique itself. We have evaluated our design decisions empirically, and conducted an expert study to describe the insights gained and the value of the information obtained from the visualization. The contribution of this work is twofold. First, we apply information visualization to the museum domain and discuss how it extends to general indoor spatiotemporal behavior analysis. Second, we show how a visual glyph metaphor can be applied in different ways and contexts to efficiently encode multi‐faceted information.
Glyphs for Exploring Crowd‐sourced Subjective Survey Classification
Authors: Kachkaev A. , Wood J. , Dykes J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe findings drawn from opinion survey responses are usually made by producing summary charts or conducting statistical analysis. Both involve data aggregation and filtering as exploring the unaggregated data has traditionally been impractical or error‐prone for large numbers of responses. We propose the use of glyphs with parallel coordinate plots to show all survey responses in a single view and design an interactive visual analytics tool around the representation to explore the data. We use this software for a ‘photo content assessment’ survey, where 359 participants classify 900 images by seven criteria. The proposed approach allows all 8,434 responses (49,285 answers to questions in total) to be represented in a single view and helps analysts to both clean the data and understand the nature of the survey responses. We describe the construction of the survey response glyphs and the interface to the interactive visual analytics software and generalise the design principles that arise from the approach. We apply the tool to two other datasets to evaluate the technique and to confirm its wider applicability for surveys with Likert scale responses.
Vertical components of head‐shaking nystagmus in vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease and migrainous vertigo
Authors: Kim C.H. , Shin J.E. , Song C.I. , Yoo M.H. , Park H.J. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo describe vertical and horizontal components of head‐shaking nystagmus (HSN) in various vestibular disorders.DesignRetrospective case review.SettingTertiary care academic referral centre.ParticipantsHead‐shaking nystagmus was assessed in 66 vestibular neuritis (VN) patients at acute (<7 days) and follow‐up (2 months), and 65 Meniere's disease (MD) and 76 migrainous vertigo (MV) in interictal period.Main outcome measuresHead‐shaking nystagmus was categorised as pure horizontal, pure vertical or mixed. Horizontal HSN was classified as monophasic or biphasic and paretic or recovery. Vertical HSN was classified as upbeat or downbeat.ResultsAbnormal HSN (pathologic monophasic, biphasic or delayed‐peak HSN) showed different positive rates depending on the vestibular disorders and compensation (94% in acute VN; 89% in FU VN; 78% in MD; 50% in MV). Paretic HSN with the nystagmus towards the lesioned side was the most common type in VN and MD; however, recovery HSN with the nystagmus towards the intact side could be rarely observed especially in patients with MD or compensated VN. Vertical nystagmus could be combined with horizontal HSN, and upbeat HSN was observed in most (83%) of the patients with acute VN, but downbeat HSN was common in follow‐up VN (83%), MD (97%) and MV (85%). Weak perverted HSN, which is assumed to be a central nystagmus, was rarely observed in MD and MV (6–9%), but not in VN.ConclusionsHead‐shaking nystagmus (HSN) in horizontal plane is a valuable tool in the assessment of vestibular imbalance. Common observation of upbeat HSN in acute VN and downbeat HSN in follow‐up VN, MD and MV suggests that vertical components are possibly related to the involvement of vestibular apparatus and compensation. Weak perverted HSN and delayed‐peak HSN were rarely observed in MD and MV, and never observed in VN, suggesting that it is possibly related to either asymmetrically impaired vertical canals or misorientation of the velocity‐storage system.
The Need to Disentangle Key Concepts from Ecosystem‐Approach Jargon
Authors: WAYLEN K. A. , HASTINGS E. J. , BANKS E. A. , HOLSTEAD K. L. , IRVINE R. J. , BLACKSTOCK K. L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe ecosystem approach—as endorsed by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB) in 2000—is a strategy for holistic, sustainable, and equitable natural resource management, to be implemented via the 12 Malawi Principles. These principles describe the need to manage nature in terms of dynamic ecosystems, while fully engaging with local peoples. It is an ambitious concept. Today, the term is common throughout the research and policy literature on environmental management. However, multiple meanings have been attached to the term, resulting in confusion. We reviewed references to the ecosystem approach from 1957 to 2012 and identified 3 primary uses: as an alternative to ecosystem management or ecosystem‐based management; in reference to an integrated and equitable approach to resource management as per the CBD; and as a term signifying a focus on understanding and valuing ecosystem services. Although uses of this term and its variants may overlap in meaning, typically, they do not entirely reflect the ethos of the ecosystem approach as defined by the CBD. For example, there is presently an increasing emphasis on ecosystem services, but focusing on these alone does not promote decentralization of management or use of all forms of knowledge, both of which are integral to the CBD's concept. We highlight that the Malawi Principles are at risk of being forgotten. To better understand these principles, more effort to implement them is required. Such efforts should be evaluated, ideally with comparative approaches, before allowing the CBD's concept of holistic and socially engaged management to be abandoned or superseded. It is possible that attempts to implement all 12 principles together will face many challenges, but they may also offer a unique way to promote holistic and equitable governance of natural resources. Therefore, we believe that the CBD's concept of the ecosystem approach demands more attention.La Necesidad de Desenredar Conceptos Clave del Argot Ambiente‐Estrategia
Problems with mitigation translocation of herpetofauna
Authors: Sullivan Brian K. , Nowak Erika M. , Kwiatkowski Matthew A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMitigation translocation of nuisance animals is a commonly used management practice aimed at resolution of human–animal conflict by removal and release of an individual animal. Long considered a reasonable undertaking, especially by the general public, it is now known that translocated subjects are negatively affected by the practice. Mitigation translocation is typically undertaken with individual adult organisms and has a much lower success rate than the more widely practiced conservation translocation of threatened and endangered species. Nonetheless, the public and many conservation practitioners believe that because population‐level conservation translocations have been successful that mitigation translocation can be satisfactorily applied to a wide variety of human‐wildlife conflict situations. We reviewed mitigation translocations of reptiles, including our own work with 3 long‐lived species (Gila monsters [Heloderma suspectum], Sonoran desert tortoises [Gopherus morafkai], and western diamond‐backed rattlesnakes [Crotalus atrox]). Overall, mitigation translocation had a low success rate when judged either by effects on individuals (in all studies reviewed they exhibited increased movement or increased mortality) or by the success of the resolution of the human–animal conflict (translocated individuals often returned to the capture site). Careful planning and identification of knowledge gaps are critical to increasing success rates in mitigation translocations in the face of increasing pressure to find solutions for species threatened by diverse anthropogenic factors, including climate change and exurban and energy development.Problemas con la Mitigación por Traslocación de Herpetofauna
Impact of obesity on complications after resection for rectal cancer
Authors: Bokey L. , Chapuis P. H. , Dent O. F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimThe prevalence of obesity in Australia is high and increasing, with associated serious negative effects on health. The technical complexity of rectal cancer surgery is exacerbated in obese patients, which may compromise outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the association between obesity and complications after resection of rectal cancer.MethodData were drawn from a comprehensive prospective registry of rectal cancer resections performed from 2007 to 2011 by members of the colorectal surgical unit in a tertiary referral hospital and in a single private hospital with which they were affiliated.ResultsOf 255 patients who had a resection for rectal cancer during the study period, 95 (37%) were classified as obese on the basis of a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. Among 24 postoperative complications the only significant differences for obese patients were higher rates of wound complications (16% vs 8%, P = 0.038), small bowel obstruction (4% vs 0%, P = 0.019) and prolonged ileus (18% vs 8%, P = 0.011). The total number of complications did not differ significantly between obese and nonobese patients, and there was no difference between obese and nonobese patients in the rates of reoperation and postoperative death.ConclusionThis study did not support an association between obesity and early postoperative complications after resection of rectal cancer.