bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greek fiscal crisis and measures to safeguard financial stability
Authors: Repousis Spyridon 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present measures and policies followed during the Greek fiscal crisis to safeguard financial stability.

Design/methodology/approach
– Greece since 2009 was subjected to the Excessive Deficit Procedure and a government debt crisis due to the arrival of the global economic crisis leading to a major economic and banking crisis. Two huge bailout loans and programs helped Greece avoid default. However the second bailout loan and participation of banks in the Private Sector Involvement caused losses to the banking system that amounted to €37.7 billion. To deal with the prospect of potential bank failure Bank of Greece the central bank in cooperation with national and international authorities developed many strategies to safeguard financial stability such as cash management and liquidity operations establishment and operation of Greek Financial Stability Fund (GFSF) institutional framework for recapitalization and resolution of credit institutions.

Findings
– The first step was to support bank liquidity pressures. In the face of these pressures the Eurosystem’s monetary policy operations provided lending to euro that ended 2010 and accounted to €97.6 billion. The second step was to establish a legal and regulatory framework for bank resolution and assess funds needed to recapitalize banks through stress tests and diagnostic assessments. Results showed that during 2012–2014 the Greek banking sector would require approximately €40.5 billion for strengthening its capital base of which €27.5 billion corresponded to the four “core banks”. Bank of Greece and GFSF managed to complete a €48.2 billion bank recapitalization in June 2013 of which the first €24.4 billion was injected into the four biggest Greek banks. In return Bank of Greece received a number of shares in those banks which it can now sell again during the upcoming years. The third step of policies was to implement resolution and restructuring measures. From October 2011 to March 2014 12 banks resolved through the new legal and regulatory framework under either a transfer order (order to transfer assets and liabilities to a transferee credit institution) or establishment of a bridge bank. All policies succeeded to safeguard Greek financial stability and restore bank losses that resulted from Greek public debt “haircut”.

Originality/value
– To the best of the author’s knowledge this is the first paper examining this issue.
The making of a tragedy: perversion in the perception of truth
Authors: Heyer Gretchen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA type of wilful blindness can pervert an individual's perception of truth or reality, not because that reality is too much to hold, but because it is distasteful. Undesired. The case of Adam will be used to explore perversion as it twists an analytic process, affecting the transference and countertransference in ways that are difficult to see. Theorists of Freudian, Kleinian, Lacanian, and Jungian traditions are drawn from to explore potential roots to this perverted turn, and the way it can rigidify an individuation process. The anxiety that haunts this case echoes Jung's anxiety as he wondered if the stone saw him or he saw the stone. Object and observer blend when both analyst and patient hide from themselves and one another, knowing the truth of what is being discussed but blind to it.
Heat Transfer during Blanching and Hydrocooling of Broccoli Florets
Authors: Iribe‐Salazar Rosalina , Caro‐Corrales José , Hernández‐Calderón Óscar , Zazueta‐Niebla Jorge , Gutiérrez‐Dorado Roberto , Carrazco‐Escalante Marco , Vázquez‐López Yessica 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe objective of this work was to simulate heat transfer during blanching (90 °C) and hydrocooling (5 °C) of broccoli florets (Brassica oleracea L. Italica) and to evaluate the impact of these processes on the physicochemical and nutrimental quality properties. Thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity [line heat source], specific heat capacity [differential scanning calorimetry], and bulk density [volume displacement]) of stem and inflorescence were measured as a function of temperature (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C). The activation energy and the frequency factor (Arrhenius model) of these thermophysical properties were calculated. A 3‐dimensional finite element model was developed to predict the temperature history at different points inside the product. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental temperature histories was carried out. Quality parameters (firmness, total color difference, and vitamin C content) and peroxidase activity were measured. The satisfactory validation of the finite element model allows the prediction of temperature histories and profiles under different process conditions, which could lead to an eventual optimization aimed to minimize the nutritional and sensorial losses in broccoli florets.
Synchronizing thermodilution cardiac output measurements with spontaneous breathing does not improve precision
Authors: Kjetså E. , Skjaervold N. K. , Skogvoll E. , Kirkeby‐Garstad I. 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionMeasuring cardiac output (CO) with the pulmonary artery catheter intermittent bolus thermodilution technique (PAC‐IBTD) is less precise with spontaneous breathing compared to controlled ventilation. We aimed to test if precision could be improved in spontaneous breathing by synchronizing the measurement with respiration or using instructed respiration in 18 post‐operative cardiac surgery patients.MethodsWe performed eight CO measurements with PAC‐IBTD using cold saline in three different situations; in random order: 1) random compared to respiration, 2) timed to the start of expiration, and 3) synchronized with a slow exhalation through a PEP‐flute. We calculated the standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and precision in the total material and in the three situations using a linear mixed effects model.ResultsA total of 408 CO measurements were performed in 17 included patients. There were no differences between the three study situations regarding mean or precision. The overall CO was 6.0 ± 1.4 l/min (mean ± SD), CV 6.2% and precision 12.2% for single measurements. Averaging three measurements increased the precision to 7.0%.ConclusionWe could not improve the precision of PAC‐IBTD in spontaneously breathing patients by synchronizing the measurements with respiration.
Influence of lactation stage and some flock management practices on sensory characteristics of goat milk from Brazilian Saanen breed
Authors: de Cássia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga Rita , Costa Roberto Germano , Madruga Marta Suely , de Medeiros Ariosvaldo Nunes , dos Santos Garruti Deborah , Magnani Marciane , de Souza Evandro Leite 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of lactation stage (early, middle, late) and management practices (milking hygiene and buck presence) on the sensory attributes of Saanen goat milk. Goats were randomly divided in four groups in respect of different milking sanitary procedures and the presence/absence of the buck in the barn. Milk samples were analyzed for sensory attributes including quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance. The milking hygiene practice caused no significant influence on microbiological parameters. Results of QDA revealed that the buck presence increased the characteristic odor of milk at the middle and late lactation stages. The off‐odor and off‐flavor descriptors showed a distinct response since a higher intensity of these sensory characteristics was noted in the samples obtained from goats maintained without the buck. Odor and flavor contributed most in characterizing the different samples regardless of the management practice and lactation stage. The acceptance of odor showed to be influenced only by the lactation stage, while the acceptance of flavor was only through the presence of the buck. Odor acceptance correlated negatively to off‐odor and off‐flavor, suggesting that these two sensory attributes impaired the preference for the aroma of the milk samples.
Effects of pre‐slaughter stressor and feeding preventative Chinese medicinal herbs on glycolysis and oxidative stability in pigs
Authors: Bai Xiumei , Yan Xue , Xie Linqi , Hu Xiaodong , Lin Xi , Wu Changzheng , Zhou Ningcong , Wang Anru , See Miles Todd 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA total of 64 5‐month‐old Pietrain pigs were randomly allocated to four treatments with four replicates per treatment according to body weight. The pigs were fed either a standard corn‐soybean meal based control diet (treatments 1 and 2), the standard diet with 1% Lycium barbarum (LB) (treatment 3), or the standard diet with 1% Polygala tenuifolia Willd (PT) (treatment 4). Serum lactic acid and glucose concentrations were increased in stressed pigs (P < 0.05). Addition of the herbs in the diet had no effect on the serum lactic acid concentration, but 1% LB decreased (P < 0.05) serum glucose concentration in the stressed pigs. Pre‐slaughter stress also decreased (P < 0.01) liver glycogen concentration and the decrease could be inhibited by addition of 1% LB in the diet (P > 0.05). Pre‐slaughter stress increased the concentration of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05) and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity in serum, while dietary 1% LB increased (P < 0.05) the activity of GSH‐Px and decreased the concentration of MDA in the serum. In conclusion, pre‐slaughter stress induces oxidative stress in pigs and dietary supplementation with 1% LB improves antioxidant capacity in stressed pigs before slaughtering.
Test–retest reliability of schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression—a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Santelmann Hanno , Franklin Jeremy , Bußhoff Jana , Baethge Christopher 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesSchizoaffective disorder is a frequent diagnosis, and its reliability is subject to ongoing discussion. We compared the diagnostic reliability of schizoaffective disorder with its main differential diagnoses.MethodsWe systematically searched Medline, Embase, and PsycInfo for all studies on the test–retest reliability of the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder as compared with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression. We used meta‐analytic methods to describe and compare Cohen's kappa as well as positive and negative agreement. In addition, multiple pre‐specified and post hoc subgroup and sensitivity analyses were carried out.ResultsOut of 4,415 studies screened, 49 studies were included. Test–retest reliability of schizoaffective disorder was consistently lower than that of schizophrenia (in 39 out of 42 studies), bipolar disorder (27/33), and unipolar depression (29/35). The mean difference in kappa between schizoaffective disorder and the other diagnoses was approximately 0.2, and mean Cohen's kappa for schizoaffective disorder was 0.50 (95% confidence interval: 0.40–0.59). While findings were unequivocal and homogeneous for schizoaffective disorder's diagnostic reliability relative to its three main differential diagnoses (dichotomous: smaller versus larger), heterogeneity was substantial for continuous measures, even after subgroup and sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsIn clinical practice and research, schizoaffective disorder's comparatively low diagnostic reliability should lead to increased efforts to correctly diagnose the disorder.
Two patients with novel missense mutation in the purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene without serious or recurrent infections
Authors: Kiykim Ayca , Simsek Isil Eser , Kiykim Ertugrul , Karakoc‐Aydiner Elif , Baris Safa , Ozen Ahmet Oguzhan , Aydogan Metin , Santisteban Ines , Hershfield Michael , Barlan Isil 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundPurine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is characterized by T–B+NK+ combined immune deficiency, presenting with neurological deterioration and recurrent infections. PNP is an essential enzyme taking a part in the purine salvage pathway, converting inosine to hypoxanthine, and guanosine to guanine reversibly.Case presentationWe described two patients with PNP deficiency caused by a novel point mutation in exon 5: c.593 C>T, predicting the p.P198L amino acid substitution. Both patients presented with developmental delay and severe lymphopenia without any serious recurrent infections.ConclusionsChildren with developmental delay and hypouricemia should be screened for PNP deficiency, especially in the presence of lymphopenia.
Guidelines for quantification of noise‐induced hearing loss in a medicolegal context
Authors: Lutman M.E. , Coles R.R.A. , Buffin J.T. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesGuidelines published in 2000 by the authors are widely used by medical and legal professionals in the UK for diagnosis of noise‐induced hearing loss in a medicolegal context. However, they cannot be used for quantification of the noise‐induced hearing loss, which is required in most cases. This requirement is addressed.DesignA method is developed here to quantify noise‐induced hearing loss, thereby overcoming this shortcoming.SettingAssessment of noise‐induced hearing loss in medicolegal cases.ParticipantsA consecutive series of 124 cases of noise‐induced hearing loss is used for evaluation.Main outcome measureMagnitude of noise‐induced hearing loss based on hearing threshold levels averaged over the frequencies 1, 2 and 3 kHz.ResultsThe rationale of the method, practical application and three worked examples are developed. A simpler short‐cut method is developed and shown to be equivalent to the full method in most cases.ConclusionsThe method offers a practical approach to quantification of noise‐induced hearing loss.
LDL cholesterol is not a good marker of cardiovascular risk in Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hero C. , Svensson A‐M. , Gidlund P. , Gudbjörnsdottir S. , Eliasson B. , Eeg‐Olofsson K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimLDL cholesterol (LDL–C) is considered an important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Less is known in Type 1 diabetes. We assessed LDL–C and total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL–C) as predictors of CVD in Type 1 diabetes.MethodsThe study monitored 30 778 people with Type 1 diabetes, baseline 2003–2006, to 31 December 2011. Cox regression analyses were performed with LDL–C and TC/HDL–C as predictors of fatal/non‐fatal CVD. Models were adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors.ResultsHazard ratios (HR) (with 95% CI) per 1 mmol/l increase in LDL–C for CVD were 1.09 (1.01–1.18) in people without lipid‐lowering medication and 1.02 (0.95–1.09) in people with lipid‐lowering medication (P = 0.02 and 0.65). In people aged 40 years or older having a CVD risk factor, and in people with a history of CVD, HR was 1.07 (0.99–1.16) and 1.02 (0.92–1.13) (P = 0.07 and 0.66). HR per 1 unit increase in TC/HDL–C was 1.12 (1.05–1.20) in people without lipid‐lowering medication and 1.08 (1.02–1.15) in people with lipid‐lowering medication (P < 0.001 and 0.01). For people aged 40 or older and people with a history of CVD, HR was 1.16 (1.09–1.24) and 1.04 (0.95–1.14) (P < 0.001 and 0.43). Broken down into octiles, LDL–C was not a significant predictor of CVD in any group. Higher octiles of TC/HDL–C were significant predictors for CVD in people without lipid‐lowering medication and in those aged 40 years or older.ConclusionIn this study of people with Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice, LDL–C was not a good predictor of CVD. We found no support for an LDL–C cut‐off point < 2.6 mmol/l. TC/HDL–C seems more reliable as a marker for CVD risk when considering primary prevention.
Switching from constant voltage to constant current in deep brain stimulation: a multicenter experience of mixed implants for movement disorders
Authors: Preda F. , Cavandoli C. , Lettieri C. , Pilleri M. , Antonini A. , Eleopra R. , Mondani M. , Martinuzzi A. , Sarubbo S. , Ghisellini G. , Trezza A. , Cavallo M. A. , Landi A. , Sensi M. 
Published: October 2015

Background and purposeFor many years deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices relied only on voltage‐controlled stimulation (CV), but recently current‐controlled devices have been developed and approved for new implants as well as for replacement of CV devices after battery drain. Constant‐current (CC) stimulation has been demonstrated to be effective in new implanted parkinsonian and dystonic patients, but the effect of switching to CC therapy in patients chronically stimulated with CV implantable pulse generators (IPGs) has not been assessed. This report shows the results of a consecutive retrospective data collection performed at five Italian centers before and after replacement of constant‐voltage with constant‐current DBS devices, in order to verify the clinical efficacy and safety of this procedure.MethodsNineteen patients with Parkinson's disease or dystonic syndrome underwent DBS IPG CV/CC replacement. Clinical features and therapy satisfaction were assessed before surgery, 1 week after and 3 and 6 months after replacement. Programming settings and impedances were recorded before removing the CV device and when the CC IPGs were switched on.ResultsThe clinical outcome of CC stimulation was similar to that obtained with CV devices and remained stable at 3 and 6 months of follow‐up. Impedance values recorded for CV and CC IPGs were similar. Ninety‐five percent of patients and physicians were satisfied with mixed implants. No adverse events occurred after IPG replacement.ConclusionReplacing CV with CC IPGs is a safe and effective procedure. Longer follow‐up is necessary to better clarify the impact of CC stimulation on clinical outcome after chronic stimulation in CV mode.
Familial aggregation of stroke amongst young patients in Lund Stroke Register
Authors: Ilinca A. , Kristoffersson U. , Soller M. , Lindgren A. G. 
Published: October 2015

Background and purposeThe known monogenic forms of stroke are rare. The aim of this study was to analyze pedigrees of young stroke patients regarding possible monogenic cerebrovascular disease and to evaluate the possibility of genetic stroke in these families. This may contribute to a better understanding of disease mechanism in stroke.MethodsLund Stroke Register includes consecutive patients with first‐ever stroke from a defined geographical area in southern Sweden. Early‐onset (≤55 years) stroke patients were systematically screened with regard to family history (FHx), and families with stroke aggregation were compiled. Participants provided information in a questionnaire on occurrence of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in their families. Information on cardiovascular risk factors (VRFs) and clinical stroke subtype was collected. FHx for stroke was considered positive when the patient reported either ≥1 first‐degree relative with stroke/TIA, or no first‐degree relative but ≥3 second‐ or third‐degree relatives with stroke/TIA in a distribution compatible with monogenic inheritance.ResultsOf 4103 stroke patients registered, 426 (10%) had first‐ever stroke at ≤55 years and 338 (79%) of these answered the questionnaire. Of them, 159 (47%) reported a positive FHx. Twenty‐eight (18%) of the probands with positive FHx had no known VRFs. Thirty‐two families with ≥4 members with stroke were identified. In all these larger families the affected individuals with stroke were present in more than one generation.ConclusionAggregation of stroke in families of early‐onset stroke patients is not uncommon. Genetic factors with impact on stroke risk, including monogenic causes, need to be evaluated in future stroke studies.
Gastric juicepHmeasurement in horses: Three‐quarters of a century of history!
Authors: Andrews F. M. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryInhibition of gastric acid and increased stomachpH>4.0 is currently accepted as the mainstay of treatment for gastric ulcers in horses. Measurement of gastricpHis complicated and requires placement of a cannula and collection of gastric juice or placement ofpHelectrodes in the stomach. Since the distance from the nares to the stomach is approximately 200 cm, finding a system with apHelectrode with this length is difficult, not to mention difficult to maintain. There has been a fascination with the measurement of gastric juicepHin horses that has covered three‐quarters of a century starting with a fistula model in 1933 and culminating in a recent technique described in this issue. Placement of gastric cannulas and variouspHelectrodes have been used to measure gastric juicepHin horses in the past and present, but the future may require more sophisticated methods as we look at the efficacy of different formulations of acid suppressive drugs for treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome.
Water depth modifies back kinematics of horses during water treadmill exercise
Authors: Nankervis K. J. , Finney P. , Launder L. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyWater treadmill exercise can be incorporated into the rehabilitation programmes of horses recovering from back pathology, yet little is known about the effect of this type of exercise on thoracolumbar movement ranges.ObjectivesTo measure the flexion‐extension range of motion (FE ROM) of the thoracolumbar spine and pelvic vertical displacement during water treadmill walking at 3 water depths and compare these with the control condition.Study designWithin‐subject trial using a crossover design in healthy horses.MethodsA total of 14 horses walked at 0.8 m/s on a water treadmill for 3 min at each of the following depths; hoof (control), metatarsophalangeal joint (low), tarsal joint (medium) and femoropatellar joint (high). Skin surface markers on T6, T10, T13, T18, L3, L5 and S3 were used to obtain FE ROM and the minimum and maximum angular motion pattern values (AMPmin and AMPmax) for T10, T13, T18, L3 and L5. Markers placed on left and right tuber coxae were used to obtain pelvic vertical displacement. Friedman's tests and post hoc Wilcoxon's signed ranks tests were used to determine the effects of water depth on measured variables.ResultsThe FE ROM of T10 (8.4°), T13 (8.1°), T18 (6.9°) and L3 (6.4°) when walking at high depth was significantly greater than control (5.5, 5.7, 5.1 and 5.1°, respectively; P<0.008); T13 AMPmin was significantly lower in high water (−3.0°) than control (0.1°, P = 0.001) and L3 AMPmax significantly greater in high water (−1.9°) than control (−4.8°, P = 0.001). There was no significant association between pelvic vertical displacement and water depth.ConclusionsWalking in high water causes cranial thoracic extension and thoracolumbar flexion when compared with walking in water at hoof depth. This postural change should be considered when designing rehabilitation programmes for horses with back and/or hindlimb pathology.