bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Haploid Induction in Maize: Identification of Haploid Seeds by Their Oil Content
Authors: Melchinger Albrecht E. , Schipprack Wolfgang , Friedrich Utz H. , Mirdita Vilson 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn vivo haploid induction has become a routine tool for rapid line development in maize (Zea mays L.). However, distinguishing haploid (H) from diploid crossing (C) seeds is problematic for many germplasms due to poor expression or suppression of the currently‐used R1‐nj embryo marker. We examined a new approach for sorting H and C seeds on the basis of their oil content (OC). Ten source germplasms, including single crosses, synthetics, and landraces, were pollinated by high‐oil (HO) inducer UH600 with OC = 10.8%. Identification of embryoless seeds based on seed OC < 2.1% was very reliable. The average difference (1.79%) between the mean OC of C and H seeds was more than twice the standard deviation (SD) within each fraction. Thus, sorting H and C seeds based on OC smaller or greater than an a priori chosen threshold t was generally more reliable than based on the R1‐nj embryo marker. Another ten source germplasms were pollinated with normal‐oil inducer UH400 with OC = 3.0%. Since the difference (0.65%) between OC of C and H seeds was approximately of the same magnitude as the SD, both fractions overlapped too much for reliable sorting. The discrimination of H and C seeds based on their OC looks very promising, even for heterogeneous source materials such as landraces, provided an HO inducer and a stringent threshold t are used. In combination with high‐throughput platforms for automated sorting of single seeds for OC, this opens new avenues for extending the application and increasing the efficiency of the double haploid technology in maize.
Efficient Removal of Arsenic (V) from Water Using Steel‐Making Slag
Authors: Chakraborty A. , Sengupta A. , Bhadu M. K. , Pandey A. , Mondal A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT: This study describes the potential use of steel‐making slag as an arsenic‐removal medium. Systematic analysis of slag material revealed a composition of oxides of calcium, iron, silicon, and phosphorous. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the equilibrium time was shown to be 2 hours, and the removal capacity to be 99%, with an adsorbent loading capacity of 1.25g/l. The adsorption kinetics were shown to follow a pseudo‐second‐order rate equation, and the adsorption isotherm closely followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich isothermic models. Variations in solution pH levels demonstrated that with a decrease in the initial solution pH, the adsorption capacity decreases. This is attributed to the leaching of silica and phosphate from the slag to the solution, which imparted a competing effect for adsorption sites. However, with an alkaline pH, such leaching was reduced, and due to formation of calcium carbonate from the leached calcium from the slag material, the arsenic removal efficiency increased as it was co‐precipitated with calcium carbonate.
TiO2 Nanotube Sensor for Online Chemical Oxygen Demand Determination in Conjunction with Flow Injection Technique
Authors: Li Xuejin , Yin Weiping , Li Jianyong , Bai Jing , Huang Ke , Li Jinhua , Zhou Baoxue 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT: A simple, rapid and environmental friendly online chemical oxygen demand (COD) analytical method based on TiO2 nanotube sensor in conjunction with the flow injection technique was proposed to determine the COD of aqueous samples, especially for refractory organics, low‐concentration wastewater, and surface water. The new method can overcome the drawbacks of the conventional COD determination methods. The results show that with the new method, each analysis takes only about 1 to 3 min, the linear range is up to 1 to 500 mg·L−1 of the compound of interest, and the detection limit is 1 mg·L−1. The COD values obtained by the proposed method are more accurate than those obtained by the conventional method.
Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties of Glass-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Karakuzu Ramazan , Kanlioglu Halit , Deniz Mehmet Emin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study presents the effects of seawater and distilled water immersion time periods on mechanical properties of unidirectional glass reinforced epoxy composites. Tension, compression, and shear test specimens exposed to seawater and distilled water were prepared according to ASTM standards. After tests, SEM imaging of fracture surface of specimens was made. Results showed that seawater and distilled water immersion time affects significantly mechanical properties and strength values of glass-epoxy composites.
Indium Recovery by Selective Removal of Copper and Tin from ITO Etching Waste Solution by Cementation with Cobalt and Subsequent Electro-Winning: A Validation Experiment
Authors: Hong Myung-Hwan , Lee Sungkyu , Lee Soo-Young , Cho Sung-Su , Hong Hyun Seon , Jeon Deokil 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA three-step batch-type indium recovery method was developed to prove feasibility of recovering indium powders from highly acidic dilute indium chloride solution prepared by dissolving indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes of waste liquid crystal display (LCD) panels in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions. More specifically, a batch-type three-step indium recovery by cementation and subsequent electro co-deposition process was designed and performed and its individual experimental parameters were varied to get insights in the engineering feasibility of validation experiments. Significant proportion of copper and tin was removed by cementation with cobalt powder. Residual copper and tin ions were further removed by primary electro co-deposition directly from the highly acidic etching waste solution recovered from cementation process. Synergistic effect of cobalt electro co-position on indium electro-reduction was observed during secondary electro co-deposition, which warrants additional electro-refining process for selective removal of indium from cobalt-indium metal mixture and its purification. Ionic and metallic species thus obtained from the validation experiments were further characterized using various analytical tools such as inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF).
Thixo-joining of D2 and M2 tool steels: analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties
Authors: Kalaki Ali , Ketabchi Mostafa , Abbasi Mahmoud 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Thixo-joining as a method of joining dissimilar materials was introduced recently. In this method, specimens in a semi-solid condition are brought into contact with each other under compression. As a result, diffusion bonding takes place between the specimens. In this research, two kinds of tool steels, AISI D2 and AISI M2, which are difficult to join using conventional methods, were joined together through the thixo-joining process. While specimens were being heated in a furnace with argon-controlled atmosphere through the direct partial remelting method, a uniaxial constant compressive load was applied to them. The Microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, shear, and hardness tests. The results showed a joint with good quality regarding the microstructure and mechanical properties. Moreover, energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed the diffusion of elements during the joining process. The fracture surface of the joint was also analyzed and characterized as intergranular.
Microstructure evolution at high temperature of chromium-rich iron-based alloys containing hafnium carbides
Authors: Conrath Elodie , Berthod Patrice 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The high temperature behavior of three iron-based alloys rich in chromium and containing HfC carbides was studied in comparison with two ternary Fe – Cr – C alloys. All these alloys, contain 25 wt.% Cr, 0.25 or 0.50 wt.% C, and additionally 3.7 to 5.6 wt.% Hf for three of them. All alloys were produced in a foundry. They were exposed to air at 1 200 °C for 46 h. Their microstructures in the as-cast state and after exposure to high temperature were characterized using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and image analysis. The alloys were also subjected to indentation tests in their as-cast states and in their aged states. The obtained microstructures are composed of a dendritic bcc iron-based matrix and of HfC carbides. These carbides are of two types: script-like eutectic carbides mixed with matrix, and compact pre-eutectic carbides. Some chromium carbides were additionally obtained in two of the three Hf-containing alloys. These microstructures have roughly evolved during the high temperature exposure: variations of the surface fraction of the chromium carbides and increase in the HfC surface fractions. Consequently, the hardness was more (ternary alloys) or less (Hf-containing alloys) decreased. The morphologies of the carbides evolved: coalescence of the chromium carbides, coalescence and fragmentation of the HfC carbides. The behavior of these alloys in oxidation at high temperature is perfectible. It is to be improved to allow the use of such alloys at high temperature.
Crystalline boron carbide grown on a diamond surface
Authors: Liang Baoyan , Wang Yanzhi , Zhang Wangxi , Zhang Shuliang , Liu Jialin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Crystalline B4C was grown on the surface of diamond granules using a solid phase reaction from Ti – B – diamond raw materials. A series of analysis techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, were employed to investigate the as-grown B4C grains. The grown B4C grains had lengths of several micrometers. A mechanism for B4C coating formation on diamond particle is discussed.
On the Utility of Microscopy and C-Scan Techniques in the Study of Defects Arising From Resin Infusion Process and a Study on the Influence of Voids on the Impact Behavior of CFRP Composites
Authors: Kumar M. Suresh , Ambresha  , Ranganath V. R. , Kishore  
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic composites were fabricated through vacuum resin infusion technology by adopting two different processing conditions, viz., vacuum only in the first and vacuum plus external pressure in the next, in order to generate two levels of void-bearing samples. They were relatively graded as higher and lower void-bearing ones, respectively. Microscopy and C-scan techniques were utilized to describe the presence of voids arising from the two different processing parameters. Further, to determine the influence of voids on impact behavior, the fabricated +45°/90°/−45° composite samples were subjected to low velocity impacts. The tests show impact properties like peak load and energy to peak load registering higher values for the lower void-bearing case where as the total energy, energy for propagation and ductility indexes were higher for the higher void-bearing ones. Fractographic analysis showed that higher void-bearing samples display lower number of separation of layers in the laminate. These and other results are described and discussed in this report.
The Development of the Rotational Friction Welding Process for the Welding of γ-TiAl-Casting Alloy Ti-47Al-3.5(Mn+Cr+Nb)-0.8(B+Si) to Ti6Al4V
Authors: Ventzke V. , Riekehr S. , Horstmann M. , Kashaev N. , Brokmeier H.-G. , Huber N. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article reports on the development of the rotational friction welding process for the welding of γ-TiAl- casting alloy Ti-47Al-3.5(Mn+Cr+Nb)-0.8(B+Si) to Ti6Al4V base metal and on the characterisation of the mechanical and microstructural properties of dissimilar metal friction welding. Pre- and post welding heat treatment is necessary in order to reduce the occurrence of bonding defects. The mechanical behaviour of friction welded joints under tensile loading at room temperature is primarily determined by the properties of the inter-metallic γTiAl- casting alloy base metal and not by the bonding zone itself. At the relevant service temperature of 700 °C, failure by fracture does not take place on the Ti6Al4V side of the dissimilar metal friction welded joint due to the super-plastic deformation of this alloy.
Measurement of Grain Shape Uniformity
Authors: Vander Voort G. F. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Cold working is well known to change the properties of metals and alloys. Deformation increases the strength of metals but usually reduces its toughness and leads to anisotropy of properties, that is, directionality. Hot working also produces similar affects; the microstructural results after hot work with low finishing temperatures may appear to be the same as from cold working. Hot rolling of shapes, sheet, plate or bar, for example, elongates the nonmetallic inclusions in the deformation direction, which will reduce the isotropy of mechanical properties. Hot working can also lead to segregation being elongated parallel to the deformation direction, which also reduces isotropy. Reducing the finishing temperature, i. e., the temperature of the steel at the final deformation pass, will promote “banding” – parallel alignment of the constituents into layers, such as alternate bands of ferrite and pearlite. This also promotes anisotropy of mechanical properties, chiefly toughness and ductility. Strength is not usually affected to a significant degree by banding, compared to toughness and ductility. In single phase metals and alloys, the grains will become elongated due to cold working. In hot working, the grain shape may not be equiaxed upon cooling if the finishing temperature is not high enough to promote complete recrystallization upon cooling to ambient temperature.
Visualization of Flow Instabilities for High Density Polyethylene
Authors: Kometani H. , Kitajima H. , Matsumura T. , Suga T. , Kanai T. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Two typical flow instabilities of “Shark Skin” and “Melt Fracture” for high density polyethylene were investigated in this report. Experimental measurements were carried out methodically in a wide flow region from the reservoir (entry region) to the die land with a specific slit die. Especially the flow pattern was visualized with a high speed camera and the frequency of the flow instability was analyzed. Corresponding to the visualization analysis, the pressure fluctuation in the slit die and the surface roughness at the die exit were measured simultaneously and these frequency characteristics were analyzed with a FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analyzer. As for “Shark Skin” region, the irregularity of the surface roughness in the broad frequency band was recognized at the die exit. In spite of this surface roughness, the pressure fluctuation and the fluctuation of the flow pattern at the wall vicinity in the die land were not observed. These results indicate that “Shark Skin” occurs at the die exit. As for “Melt Fracture” region, the periodical oscillation of the flow pattern and the periodical pressure fluctuation which corresponded to the periodical distortion of the extrudate was recognized in the die land. However the periodical oscillation of the flow pattern and the periodical pressure fluctuation could not be recognized in the reservoir (entry region of the die land). These results indicate that “Melt Fracture” is initiated at the die entry and occurs in the die land. Consequently it is clarified that “Shark Skin” occurs at the die exit and the flow instability which lead to “Melt Fracture” is initiated at the die entry and occurs in the die land.
Simulation and Experimental Verification of Crystallization and Birefringence in Melt Spinning of PET
Authors: Kim K. H. , Isayev A. I. , Kwon K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA novel approach for the numerical simulation of the development of crystallinity and birefringence on the spinline was proposed. The approach was based on the calculation of elastic recovery and crystalline and amorphous orientation functions without making any assumption about freezing. To model crystallization, the amorphous orientation function and the flow effect on the equilibrium melting temperature elevation due to the entropy reduction between the oriented and unoriented melts were incorporated. The crystalline orientation function was calculated from the frozen-in elastic recovery. The entropy change and frozen-in elastic recovery calculation were based on a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive Eq. with the crystallinity and temperature dependent viscosity and relaxation time. The crystalline and amorphous contributions to the overall birefringence were obtained from the crystalline orientation function and the flow birefringence, respectively. The temperature, diameter, density, and birefringence profile in both low- and high-speed spun PET fibers were predicted and compared with the experimental data from literature. Theoretical predictions were found to be in agreement with the published experimental data.
Intraoperative cortico-cortical evoked potentials for the evaluation of language function during brain tumor resection: initial experience with 13 cases
Authors: Saito Taiichi , Tamura Manabu , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Maruyama Takashi , Kubota Yuichi , Fukuchi Satoko , Nitta Masayuki , Chernov Mikhail , Okamoto Saori , Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Kurisu Kaoru , Sakai Kuniyoshi L. , Okada Yoshikazu , Iseki Hiroshi 
Published: May 2014

Object
The objective in the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEP) monitoring for the intraoperative assessment of speech function during resection of brain tumors.

Methods
Intraoperative monitoring of CCEP was applied in 13 patients (mean age 34 ± 14 years) during the removal of neoplasms located within or close to language-related structures in the dominant cerebral hemisphere. For this purpose strip electrodes were positioned above the frontal language area (FLA) and temporal language area (TLA), which were identified with direct cortical stimulation and/or preliminary mapping with the use of implanted chronic subdural grid electrodes. The CCEP response was defined as the highest observed negative peak in either direction of stimulation. In 12 cases the tumor was resected during awake craniotomy.

Results
An intraoperative CCEP response was not obtained in one case because of technical problems. In the other patients it was identified from the FLA during stimulation of the TLA (7 cases) and from the TLA during stimulation of the FLA (5 cases), with a mean peak latency of 83 ± 15 msec. During tumor resection the CCEP response was unchanged in 5 cases, decreased in 4, and disappeared in 3. Postoperatively, all 7 patients with a decreased or absent CCEP response after lesion removal experienced deterioration in speech function. In contrast, in 5 cases with an unchanged intraoperative CCEP response, speaking abilities after surgery were preserved at the preoperative level, except in one patient who experienced not dysphasia, but dysarthria due to pyramidal tract injury. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The time required to recover speech function was also significantly associated with the type of intraoperative change in CCEP recordings (p < 0.01) and was, on average, 1.8 ± 1.0, 5.5 ± 1.0, and 11.0 ± 3.6 months, respectively, if the response was unchanged, was decreased, or had disappeared.

Conclusions
Monitoring CCEP is feasible during the resection of brain tumors affecting language-related cerebral structures. In the intraoperative evaluation of speech function, it can be a helpful adjunct or can be used in its direct assessment with cortical and subcortical mapping during awake craniotomy. It can also be used to predict the prognosis of language disorders after surgery and decide on the optimal resection of a neoplasm.
Relevance of early head CT scans following neurosurgical procedures: an analysis of 892 intracranial procedures at Rush University Medical Center
Authors: Fontes Ricardo B. V. , Smith Adam P. , Muñoz Lorenzo F. , Byrne Richard W. , Traynelis Vincent C. 
Published: May 2014

Object
Early postoperative head CT scanning is routinely performed following intracranial procedures for detection of complications, but its real value remains uncertain: so-called abnormal results are frequently found, but active, emergency intervention based on these findings may be rare. The authors' objective was to analyze whether early postoperative CT scans led to emergency surgical interventions and if the results of neurological examination predicted this occurrence.

Methods
The authors retrospectively analyzed 892 intracranial procedures followed by an early postoperative CT scan performed over a 1-year period at Rush University Medical Center and classified these cases according to postoperative neurological status: baseline, predicted neurological change, unexpected neurological change, and sedated or comatose. The interpretation of CT results was reviewed and unexpected CT findings were classified based on immediate action taken: Type I, additional observation and CT; Type II, active nonsurgical intervention; and Type III, surgical intervention. Results were compared between neurological examination groups with the Fisher exact test.

Results
Patients with unexpected neurological changes or in the sedated or comatose group had significantly more unexpected findings on the postoperative CT (p < 0.001; OR 19.2 and 2.3, respectively) and Type II/III interventions (p < 0.001) than patients at baseline. Patients at baseline or with expected neurological changes still had a rate of Type II/III changes in the 2.2%–2.4% range; however, no patient required an immediate return to the operating room.

Conclusions
Over a 1-year period in an academic neurosurgery service, no patient who was neurologically intact or who had a predicted neurological change required an immediate return to the operating room based on early postoperative CT findings. Obtaining early CT scans should not be a priority in these patients and may even be cancelled in favor of MRI studies, if the latter have already been planned and can be performed safely and in a timely manner. Early postoperative CT scanning does not assure an uneventful course, nor should it replace accurate and frequent neurological checks, because operative interventions were always decided in conjunction with the neurological examination.