bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are postpartum women doing while the rest of the world is asleep?
Authors: McBean Amanda L. , Montgomery‐Downs Hawley E. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryLarge individual differences characterize maternal postpartum sleep and adjustment. Our goal was to explore aspects of mothers’ nocturnal environments and behaviours that may explain differences in postpartum adjustment. A total of 201 mothers of infants aged 0–6 months completed an online survey with demographics, number and duration of nocturnal awakenings, caretaking behaviours, environment and nocturnal activities during ‘one typical night during the past week’. Mothers reported 2.9 [standard deviation (SD) ± 1.7] nocturnal awakenings, each lasting 33.9 (SD ± 22.5) min. Infant age was related inversely to duration but unrelated to number of awakenings. Falling asleep while feeding was less frequent among exclusively formula‐feeders. Among the entire sample, mothers used a cellphone (59%), backlit tablet (25%), TV (20%) and computer (16%) during nocturnal awakenings. Watching TV and using a computer were each associated with longer nocturnal awakenings. Eighty‐nine per cent of women used ≥1 extra light source during nocturnal awakenings: night light (35%), light from a cracked door (28%), desk lamp (25%), electronic device (19%) or room light (14%). Light source(s) was unrelated to number or duration of nocturnal awakenings. These data suggest that, although supplemental light sources were not associated with awakenings, TV and computer use accounted for longer awakenings. Feeding method and technology use may help to explain individual differences in postpartum adjustments and may be targets for more effective interventions.
Ecological controls on post‐fire vegetation assembly at multiple spatial scales in easternNorthAmerican boreal forests
Authors: Boiffin Juliette , Aubin Isabelle , Munson Alison D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuestionIn fire‐prone boreal forests, to what extent does fire severity influence understorey plant community assembly? What are the abiotic and biotic factors controlling understorey community regeneration at regional, landscape and local scales?LocationBlack spruce‐dominated boreal forest in eastern Canada.MethodsA taxonomic and a trait‐based approach were combined to evaluate the relative influence of habitat characteristics, burn severity and biotic processes on understorey regeneration at multiple spatial scales. Sampling of understorey vegetation cover was carried out in 133 recently burned plots located in 14 different fires across a 600‐km transect. The spatial hierarchy for sampling consisted of five fire regime zones (regional scale), two to four fires within each zone (landscape) and two to four toposequences within each fire (local). The environmental control of fire severity and habitat characteristics on understorey regeneration was assessed using a canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partitioning. We investigated environmental and biotic filters of species traits at different scales by modelling trait–spatial assemblages with Moran eigen vector maps (MEMs).ResultsIn spite of the large variability of environmental conditions covered by our sampling design, low depths of burn were measured in the large majority of the studied sites. Incomplete consumption of the forest floor is frequently observed in eastern boreal forests characterized by long fire cycles.In situbiological legacies persisted through the low‐severity fires, which conserved the pre‐fire relationships between plant communities and their environment. As a result, fire severity was neither the unique nor the dominant control on post‐fire regeneration. Habitat characteristics explained a three times higher proportion of variation in species composition. Biotic controls on trait assemblage increased at the two finer scales.ConclusionsSeverity alone cannot predict understorey vegetation assembly at different scales in the low‐severity fire regime characteristic of the eastern North American boreal forest.
Situation: Stylistic Variation in Sociolinguistic Corpora and Theory
Authors: Rickford John R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDeciding what to code for in archived online corpora from sociolinguistic recordings is important, but enriching such recordings to include more variable situations is an important prerequisite if these corpora are to serve as a resource for the analysis of situational or stylistic variation, still a neglected variable in sociolinguistic theory and analysis. Accordingly, much of this paper is devoted to illustrating the value of recording speakers in different situations, using examples of Situational (primarily triggered by changes in interlocutors) and Metaphorical (primarily triggered by changes in topic) Style Shifting from the literature. Some of these are Serendipitous, while others are Orchestrated, the result of deliberate efforts by researchers to record speakers with different addressees or in different situations. The richest examples, involving Orchestrated Serendipitous Situational and Metaphorical shifting, come from recent work by Devyani Sharma and Ben Rampton, which is briefly summarized. In my conclusion, I turn to the issue of what to code for in archived sociolinguistic corpora, suggesting that we start with some of the key Hymesian components, like setting, scene, participants and perhaps purposes, key and local norms of interaction. We should of course feel free to draw on Preston's and other frameworks and more recently emphasized elements, like agency, while balancing a concern for completeness and ethnographic richness with a concern for feasibility and practicality.
Demographic Categories in Sociolinguistic Studies of US Latino Communities
Authors: Bayley Robert 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the diversity of Latino communities in the USA and examines how issues of ethnicity and identity have been treated in representative recent studies. The article offers suggestions for coding information about identity and ethnic orientation that will enable researchers to go beyond overly general and often contested superordinate terms. Finally, the article shows how newer methods of statistical analysis provide the means for a more fine‐grained coding.
High connectivity and directional gene flow in European Atlantic and Mediterranean populations ofCiona intestinalissp. A
Authors: Affinito Ornella , Andreakis Nikos , Caputi Luigi , Marino Rita , Pannone Raimondo , Sordino Paolo , Procaccini Gabriele 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that cause population divergence has long been of interest to marine biologists in their attempts to interpret the effect of human‐mediated vectors. Broadcast‐spawning species with limited dispersal capability are excellent candidates to measure the present‐day patterns of genetic diversity. The tunicateCiona intestinalis(Ascidiacea) is comprised of a complex of morphologically cryptic species that form vigorous aggregates in eutrophic habitats (harbors, gulfs and lagoons) where they can compete with the epibenthic community and cause biofouling problems. This study investigated biogeographic variability and migration patterns ofC. intestinalissp. A along Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts using microsatellite markers. Data presented here on 371 specimens collected from 17 populations reveal high genetic polymorphism, but with a deficit of heterozygote deficiency. Absence of evidence for isolation by distance suggests that the genetic patterns do not reflect the geographic distribution of sampled populations. Substantial gene flow and artificial potential for dispersal boost high levels of within‐population genetic variability and prevent genetic differentiation within and between seas. A predominant eastward migration pattern was revealed by the data set, with very limited opportunity forC. intestinalissp. A to travel westward. This directional movement indicates that other properties (e.g. habitat quality, genetic traits, mating system, life cycle) may cause adaptive divergence at a large biogeographic scale.
Local adaptation despite high gene flow in the waterfall‐climbing Hawaiian goby,Sicyopterus stimpsoni
Authors: Moody K. N. , Hunter S. N. , Childress M. J. , Blob R. W. , Schoenfuss H. L. , Blum M. J. , Ptacek M. B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnvironmental heterogeneity can promote the emergence of locally adapted phenotypes among subpopulations of a species, whereas gene flow can result in phenotypic and genotypic homogenization. For organisms like amphidromous fishes that change habitats during their life history, the balance between selection and migration can shift through ontogeny, making the likelihood of local adaptation difficult to predict. In Hawaiian waterfall‐climbing gobies, it has been hypothesized that larval mixing during oceanic dispersal counters local adaptation to contrasting topographic features of streams, like slope gradient, that can select for predator avoidance or climbing ability in juvenile recruits. To test this hypothesis, we used morphological traits and neutral genetic markers to compare phenotypic and genotypic distributions in recruiting juveniles and adult subpopulations of the waterfall‐climbing amphidromous goby,Sicyopterus stimpsoni,from the islands of Hawai'i and Kaua'i. We found that body shape is significantly different between adult subpopulations from streams with contrasting slopes and that trait divergence in recruiting juveniles tracked stream topography more so than morphological measures of adult subpopulation differentiation. Although no evidence of population genetic differentiation was observed among adult subpopulations, we observed low but significant levels of spatially and temporally variable genetic differentiation among juvenile cohorts, which correlated with morphological divergence. Such a pattern of genetic differentiation is consistent with chaotic genetic patchiness arising from variable sources of recruits to different streams. Thus, at least inS. stimpsoni, the combination of variation in settlement cohorts in space and time coupled with strong postsettlement selection on juveniles as they migrate upstream to adult habitats provides the opportunity for morphological adaptation to local stream environments despite high gene flow.
Optimization of pyrethroid and repellent on fabrics against Stegomyia albopicta (=Aedes albopictus) using a microencapsulation technique
Authors: YAO T.‐T. , WANG L.‐K. , CHENG J.‐L. , HU Y.‐Z. , ZHAO J.‐H. , ZHU G.‐N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA new approach employing a combination of pyrethroid and repellent is proposed to improve the protective efficacy of conventional pyrethroid‐treated fabrics against mosquito vectors. In this context, the insecticidal and repellent efficacies of commonly used pyrethroids and repellents were evaluated by cone tests and arm‐in‐cage tests against Stegomyia albopicta (=Aedes albopictus) (Diptera: Culicidae). At concentrations of LD50 (estimated for pyrethroid) or ED50 (estimated for repellent), respectively, the knock‐down effects of the pyrethroids or repellents were further compared. The results obtained indicated that deltamethrin and DEET were relatively more effective and thus these were selected for further study. Synergistic interaction was observed between deltamethrin and DEET at the ratios of 5 : 1, 2 : 1, 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (but not 1 : 5). An optimal mixing ratio of 7 : 5 was then microencapsulated and adhered to fabrics using a fixing agent. Fabrics impregnated by microencapsulated mixtures gained extended washing durability compared with those treated with a conventional dipping method. Results indicated that this approach represents a promising method for the future impregnation of bednet, curtain and combat uniform materials.
Aggregated and complementary: symmetric proliferation, overyielding, and mass effects explain fine‐root biomass in soil patches in a diverse temperate deciduous forest landscape
Authors: Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar J. , Smemo Kurt A. , Feinstein Larry M. , Kershner Mark W. , Blackwood Christopher B. 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Few studies describe root distributions at the species level in diverse forests, although belowground species interactions and traits are often assumed to affect fine‐root biomass (FRB).

We used molecular barcoding to study how FRB of trees relates to soil characteristics, species identity, root diversity, and root traits, and how these relationships are affected by proximity to ecotones in a temperate forest landscape.

We found that soil patch root biomass increased in response to soil resources across all species, and there was little belowground vertical or horizontal spatial segregation among species. Root traits and species relative abundance did not explain significant variation in FRB after correcting for soil fertility. A positive relationship between phylogenetic diversity and FRB indicated significant belowground overyielding attributable to local root diversity. Finally, variation in FRB explained by soil fertility and diversity was reduced near ecotones, but only because of a reduction in biomass in periodically anoxic areas.

These results suggest that symmetric responses to soil properties are coupled with complementary species traits and interactions to explain variation in FRB among soil patches. In addition, landscape‐level dispersal among habitats and across ecotones helps explain variation in the strength of these relationships in complex landscapes.
Identification of Long Noncoding RNA Associated with Osteoarthritis in Humans
Authors: Xing Dan , Liang Jin‐qian , Li Yan , Lu Jun , Jia Hao‐bo , Xu Li‐yan , Ma Xin‐long 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an important class of genes involved in various biological functions; however, knowledge about lncRNAs in osteoarthritis (OA) is limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify which lncRNAs are expressed in OA versus normal cartilage.MethodsTo identify lncRNAs specifically expressed in OA cartilage, expression of lncRNAs in OA cartilage was compared with that in normal cartilage using microarray analysis. The identified differences in expression of lncRNAs were validated by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Furthermore, expression of several key mRNAs associated with OA, including those for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, MMP‐13, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2, COL2A1 and ADAMTS5, was investigated by RT‐PCR in OA and normal cartilage.ResultsMicroarray analysis identified 121 lncRNAs that were up‐ or down‐regulated in OA compared with normal tissue, 73 being upregulated and 48 downregulated compared with normal cartilage. Twenty‐one of the above differently expressed lncRNAs were up‐regulated twofold. Expression of six lncRNAs, including HOTAIR, GAS5, PMS2L2, RP11‐445H22.4, H19 and CTD‐2574D22.4, was up‐regulated in OA compared with normal tissue as validated by RT‐PCR after microarray analysis. Expression of mRNA for MMP‐9, MMP‐13, BMP‐2, and ADAMTS5 in OA was significantly greater than in normal cartilage. However, expression of mRNA for COL2A1 was lower in OA than in normal cartilage.ConclusionThe differently expressed lncRNAs may be associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further functional studies are critical to confirming the function of lncRNAs in OA and to exploring new potential targets for therapy.
Scar Characteristics for Prediction of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: GOUDA SHERIF , ABDELWAHAB AMIR , SALEM MOHAMED , HAMID MAGDY ABDEL 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundBetter risk‐stratification tools are needed to identify the best candidates for implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation. Infarct characterization by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has become an evolving potential tool for risk stratification.ObjectiveWe assessed the ability of scar characteristics by CMR in patients with postinfarction left ventricular (LV) dysfunction to predict sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT).MethodsForty‐eight patients with postinfarction LV dysfunction underwent CMR study. Twenty‐four patients had history of SMVT and the other 24 were control group and underwent electrophysiological study to assess SMVT inducibilty. Various scar characteristics were assessed in the spontaneous SMVT group and were compared with the inducible and noninducible SMVT groups.ResultsOnly six patients in the control group had inducible SMVT. In univariable analysis, total scar (absolute and as percent of LV), scar core (absolute and as percent of LV), peri‐infarct zone (absolute and as percent of LV), mean infarct transmurality, and number of segments with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) were statistically significant predictors of spontaneous SMVT experience and SMVT inducibility. In multivariable analysis, total infarct as percent of LV mass was the only significant independent predictor of spontaneous SMVT experience (odds ratio [OR] 1.33 per% change, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–1.6, P = 0.001) and SMVT inducibility (OR 1.3 per% change, 95% CI 1.1–1.6, P = 0.004).ConclusionCharacterization of myocardial infarct by LGE‐CMR, specifically total infarct size, is better predictor of spontaneous SMVT experience and SMVT inducibility than LV ejection fraction.
Fiscal Balance and Current Account in Professional Forecasts
Authors: Bianchi Paolo , Deschamps Bruno , Kiani Khurshid M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between financial institutions' expectations of the current account and the fiscal balance. Using professional macroeconomic forecasts for the G‐7 countries, we find a positive relationship between forecasts of the cyclically adjusted fiscal balance deficit and forecasts of the current account deficit, indicating that professional forecasts embody links implied by the twin deficits hypothesis. In assessing the relationship between the forecasts of the fiscal deficit and the current account, we find that forecasters correctly make the distinction between the effect of fiscal policy and automatic stabilizers.
Antimicrobial Usage in Chicken Production in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam
Authors: Carrique‐Mas Juan J , Trung Nguyen V. , Hoa Ngo T. , Mai Ho Huynh , Thanh Tuyen H. , Campbell James I. , Wagenaar Jaap A. , Hardon Anita , Hieu Thai Quoc , Schultsz Constance 
Published: November 2014

SummaryAntimicrobials are used extensively in chicken production in Vietnam, but to date no quantitative data are available. A 2012–2013 survey of 208 chicken farms in Tien Giang province, stratified by size (10–200 chickens; >200–2000), was carried out to describe and quantify the use of antibacterial antimicrobials (usage per week per chicken and usage per 1000 chickens produced) in the Mekong Delta and to investigate factors associated with usage. Twenty‐eight types of antimicrobial belonging to 10 classes were reported. Sixty‐three per cent of all commercial formulations contained at least two antimicrobials. On 84% occasions, antimicrobials were administered with a prophylactic purpose. The overall adjusted quantities of antimicrobials used/week/chicken and per 1000 chickens produced (g) were 26.36 mg (SE ± 3.54) and 690.4 g (SE ± 203.6), respectively. Polypeptides, tetracyclines, penicillins and aminoglycosides were the antimicrobials used by most farms (18.6% farms, 17.5%, 11.3% and 10.1% farms, respectively), whereas penicillins, lincosamides, quinolones, and sulphonamides/trimethoprim were quantitatively the most used compounds (8.27, 5.2, 3.16 and 2.78 mg per week per chicken, respectively). Factors statistically associated with higher levels of usage (per week per chicken) were meat farms (OR = 1.40) and farms run by a male farmer (OR = 2.0). All‐in‐all‐out farming systems (correlated with medium farms) were associated with reduced levels of antimicrobial usage (OR = 0.68). Usage levels to produced meat chickens were considerably higher than those reported in European countries. This should trigger the implementation of surveillance programmes to monitor sales of antimicrobials that should contribute to the rational administration of antimicrobials in order to preserve the efficacy of existing antimicrobials in Vietnam.
Non-diarrhoeal increased frequency of bowel movements (IFoBM-ND): enterovirus association with the symptoms in children
Authors: Rao C Durga , Maiya P P , Babu M Ananda 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveInfectious and non-infectious causes are associated with increased frequency of bowel movements (IFoBM). But, a viral aetiology to non-diarrhoeal IFoBM (IFoBM-ND) has not been described. Owing to an accidental infection by an echovirus 19 strain, persistent diarrhoea-associated virus, isolated from a child with persistent diarrhoea, DCR experienced persistent IFoBM-ND with an urgency to pass apparently normal stools more than once each day for about 3 months. A follow-up study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of IFoBM-ND, and association of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with the symptom in infants from birth to 2 years.DesignA cohort of 140 newborns was followed for 6 months to 2 years from birth for IFoBM-ND. Stool samples collected every 14 days were examined for NPEVs, rotavirus and other viral/bacterial agents for their possible association with IFoBM-ND and diarrhoea.ResultsOf 403 NPEV infection episodes among 4545 oral polio vaccine strains-negative stool samples, approximately 29% were associated with IFoBM-ND (15% acute and 14% persistent), including resolution of 74% of constipation episodes, and 18% with diarrhoea, suggesting that about 47% of NPEV infection episodes in children below 2 years of age are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. About 83% of IFoBM-ND episodes are associated with the NPEV infection and 17% of the episodes are of unknown aetiology.ConclusionsNPEV is the single most frequently detected viral agent in children with IFoBM-ND and its association with the symptom is highly significant, warranting detailed investigations on the role of NPEVs in gastrointestinal diseases.
The Medical Boomerang: Will it come back?
Authors: McDermott Cian , Sheridan Michael , Moore Katie , Gosbell Andrew 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesTo explore the increasing numbers of emergency medicine (EM) registrars that obtained their primary medical degree from UK or Irish universities, who work in emergency departments (ED) throughout Australia and New Zealand.MethodsThe Victorian Emergency Registrar Study was published at the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM) annual scientific meeting in Adelaide in November 2013. As a follow on, ACEM provided the authors with data regarding country of primary degree for international medical graduates (IMG) working as registrars in Australasian EDs.ResultsUK and Irish EM registrars make up the largest proportion of IMGs working in Australian and New Zealand EDs. These figures have increased from 34% in 2008 to 45% in 2013. In 2013, there was the highest yearly intake of UK and Irish ED IMG registrars, representing 41% of registrars joining the Australasian EM training programme. Current data show that >25% of all ED registrars working in Australasian EDs studied for their primary medical degree in a university either in Ireland or the UK.ConclusionsWhile there have been anecdotal reports of increased outflow of junior EM doctors from the UK and Ireland, we provide quantitative data on the extent of the recent (5-year trend data) emigration of UK/Irish EM trainees to Australia and New Zealand and discuss the impact of this on both the UK/Irish and Australasian health systems.