bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dieting and weight cycling as risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: who is really at risk?
Authors: Montani J.‐P. , Schutz Y. , Dulloo A. G. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryDespite the poor prognosis of dieting in obesity management, which often results in repeated attempts at weight loss and hence weight cycling, the prevalence of dieting has increased continuously in the past decades in parallel to the steadily increasing prevalence of obesity. However, dieting and weight cycling are not limited to those who are obese or overweight as substantial proportions of the various population groups with normal body weight also attempt to lose weight. These include young and older adults as well as children and adolescents who perceive themselves as too fat (due to media, parental and social pressures), athletes in weight‐sensitive competitive sports (i.e. mandatory weight categories, gravitational and aesthetic sports) or among performers for whom a slim image is professionally an advantage. Of particular concern is the emergence of evidence that some of the potentially negative health consequences of repeated dieting and weight cycling are more readily seen in people of normal body weight rather than in those who are overweight or obese. In particular, several metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors associated with weight cycling in normal‐weight individuals have been identified from cross‐sectional and prospective studies as well as from studies of experimentally induced weight cycling. In addition, findings from studies of experimental weight cycling have reinforced the notion that fluctuations of cardiovascular risk variables (such as blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic activity, blood glucose, lipids and insulin) with probable repeated overshoots above normal values during periods of weight regain put an additional stress on the cardiovascular system. As the prevalence of diet‐induced weight cycling is increasing due to the opposing forces of an ‘obesigenic’ environment and the media pressure for a slim figure (that even targets children), dieting and weight cycling is likely to become an increasingly serious public health issue.
The role for adipose tissue in weight regain after weight loss
Authors: MacLean P. S. , Higgins J. A. , Giles E. D. , Sherk V. D. , Jackman M. R. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryWeight regain after weight loss is a substantial challenge in obesity therapeutics. Dieting leads to significant adaptations in the homeostatic system that controls body weight, which promotes overeating and the relapse to obesity. In this review, we focus specifically on the adaptations in white adipose tissues that contribute to the biological drive to regain weight after weight loss. Weight loss leads to a reduction in size of adipocytes and this decline in size alters their metabolic and inflammatory characteristics in a manner that facilitates the clearance and storage of ingested energy. We present the hypothesis whereby the long‐term signals reflecting stored energy and short‐term signals reflecting nutrient availability are derived from the cellularity characteristics of adipose tissues. These signals are received and integrated in the hypothalamus and hindbrain and an energy gap between appetite and metabolic requirements emerges and promotes a positive energy imbalance and weight regain. In this paradigm, the cellularity and metabolic characteristics of adipose tissues after energy‐restricted weight loss could explain the persistence of a biological drive to regain weight during both weight maintenance and the dynamic period of weight regain.
Appetite and body weight regulation after bariatric surgery
Authors: Münzberg H. , Laque A. , Yu S. , Rezai‐Zadeh K. , Berthoud H.‐R. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryBariatric surgery continues to be remarkably efficient in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and a debate has started whether it should remain the last resort only or also be used for the prevention of metabolic diseases. Intense research efforts in humans and rodent models are underway to identify the critical mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects with a view towards non‐surgical treatment options. This non‐systematic review summarizes and interprets some of this literature, with an emphasis on changes in the controls of appetite. Contrary to earlier views, surgery‐induced reduction of energy intake and subsequent weight loss appear to be the main drivers for rapid improvements of glycaemic control. The mechanisms responsible for suppression of appetite, particularly in the face of the large weight loss, are not well understood. Although a number of changes in food choice, taste functions, hedonic evaluation, motivation and self‐control have been documented in both humans and rodents after surgery, their importance and relative contribution to diminished appetite has not yet been demonstrated. Furthermore, none of the major candidate mechanisms postulated in mediating surgery‐induced changes from the gut and other organs to the brain, such as gut hormones and sensory neuronal pathways, have been confirmed yet. Future research efforts should focus on interventional rather than descriptive approaches in both humans and rodent models.
Genomewide analysis of small RNAs in nonembryogenic and embryogenic tissues of citrus: microRNA‐and siRNA‐mediated transcript cleavage involved in somatic embryogenesis
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Meng , Kou Shu‐Jun , Liu Yuan‐Long , Fang Yan‐Ni , Xu Qiang , Guo Wen‐Wu 
Published: January 2015

SummarySomatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process of somatic cells becoming dedifferentiated and generating embryos. SE has been widely used in biotechnology as a powerful way of regeneration and a model system for studying plant embryogenesis, but the controlling mechanisms of SE are far from clear. Here, we show the genomewide profiles of miRNAs/siRNAs and their target genes in nonembryogenic and embryogenic tissues of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange. By high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of small RNAs and RNA degradome tags, we identified 50 known and 45 novel miRNAs, 130 miniature inverted‐repeat transposable elements (MITEs) derived, 94 other and 235 phased small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), as well as 203 target genes. The majority of the abundantly expressed miRNAs/siRNAs exhibit lower expression levels in embryogenic callus (EC) or during SE process than in nonembryogenic callus (NEC), which is supposed to derepress the target genes that are involved in development and stress response, thus to activate the biological processes required for cell differentiation. However, the conserved csi‐miR156a/b, miR164b and 171c directed suppression of specific transcription factors (TFs) are supposed to inactivate the postembryonic growth thus to maintain normal SE. In this study, miRNA‐ and siRNA‐mediated silencing of target genes was found under sophisticated regulation in citrus SE system; the enhancement effect of specific conserved miRNAs on SE was discussed, providing new clues for future investigation of mechanisms that control SE.
Long noncoding RNA transcriptome of plants
Authors: Liu Jun , Wang Huan , Chua Nam‐Hai 
Published: January 2015

SummarySince their discovery more than two decades ago, animal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of many biological processes. Recently, a large number of lncRNAs have also been identified in higher plants, and here, we review their identification, classification and known regulatory functions in various developmental events and stress responses. Knowledge gained from a deeper understanding of this special group of noncoding RNAs may lead to biotechnological improvement of crops. Some possible examples in this direction are discussed.
Salt sensitivity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): ions in reproductive tissues and yield components in contrasting genotypes
Authors: KOTULA LUKASZ , KHAN HAMMAD A. , QUEALY JOHN , TURNER NEIL C. , VADEZ VINCENT , SIDDIQUE KADAMBOT H. M. , CLODE PETA L. , COLMER TIMOTHY D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe reproductive phase in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is affected by salinity, but little is known about the underlying cause. We investigated whether high concentrations of Na+ and Cl– in the reproductive structures influence reproductive processes. Chickpea genotypes contrasting in tolerance were subjected to 0, 35 or 50 mm NaCl applied to soil in pots. Flower production and abortion, pod number, percentage of empty pods, seed number and size were evaluated. The concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl– were measured in various plant tissues and, using X‐ray microanalysis, in specific cells of developing reproductive structures. Genotypic variation in reproductive success measured as seed yield in saline conditions was associated with better maintenance of flower production and higher numbers of filled pods (and thus seed number), whereas seed size decreased in all genotypes. Despite the variation in reproductive success, the accumulation of Na+ and Cl– in the early reproductive tissues of developing pods did not differ between a tolerant (Genesis836) and a sensitive (Rupali) genotype. Similarly, salinity tolerance was not associated with the accumulation of salt ions in leaves at the time of reproduction or in seeds at maturity.
Studies on cocktails of 31‐kDa, 36‐kDa and 51‐kDa antigens of Leishmania donovani along with saponin against murine visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Kaur H. , Thakur A. , Kaur S. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryA substantial number of antigens of Leishmania donovani have been described in the past. However, identifying candidate antigens is not enough. Appropriate antigen delivery to induce the right type of immune response against leishmaniasis (i.e. induction of a strong antigen‐specific Th1 type of immune response) is another crucial component of an effective vaccine. Therefore, ‘cocktail’ vaccines are proposed based on the assumption that such cocktails will show enhanced efficacy. Studies have been carried out on LD31 and LD51 polypeptides from L. donovani promastigotes, which have proven to be potential vaccine candidates. This study was designed to check the protective efficacy of various cocktails of low molecular weight antigens alone and along with saponin as adjuvant. Mice were sacrificed on different post‐challenge days for evaluation of parasite load and other immunological parameters. Protective efficacy of different vaccine formulations was revealed by significant decline in parasite burden and increased DTH Delayed Type Hypersenstivity responses. The antibody response was of IgG type with elevated IgG2a and decreased production of IgG1, whereas cytokine levels pointed towards the generation of protective Th1 type of immune response. Among all vaccine formulations, cocktail of 31+51+saponin was found to be highly immunogenic and imparted maximum protection.
Trafficking of Acetyl‐C16‐Ceramide‐NBD with Long‐Term Stability and No Cytotoxicity into the Golgi Complex
Authors: Makiyama Tomohiko , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Nagasaka Nobuo , Yamashita Hisahiro , Honda Takuya , Yamaguchi Naoto , Nishida Atsushi , Murayama Toshihiko 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Golgi complex plays a prominent role in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins, and is a highly dynamic organelle that is dispersed and rearranged before and after mitosis. Several reagents including 4‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole‐labeled C6‐ceramide (NBD‐C6‐ceramide, a ceramide having an NBD‐bound C6‐N‐acyl chain) and Golgi‐specific proteins that emit fluorescence are used as Golgi markers. In the present study, we synthesized a new ceramide analog, acetyl‐C16‐ceramide‐NBD (a ceramide having an acetylated C‐1 hydroxyl group, C16‐N‐acyl chain, and NBD‐bound C15‐sphingosine), and showed that it preferentially accumulated in the Golgi complex without cytotoxicity for over 24 h. Pathways for cellular uptake and interorganelle trafficking of acetyl‐C16‐ceramide‐NBD were investigated. Acetyl‐C16‐ceramide‐NBD was transported to the Golgi complex via ceramide transport proteins. In contrast to NBD‐C6‐ceramide, acetyl‐C16‐ceramide‐NBD was resistant to ceramide metabolic enzymes such as sphingomyelin synthase and glucosylceramide synthase. Because of its weaker cytotoxicity and resistance to ceramide metabolic enzymes, the localization of the Golgi complex could be observed in acetyl‐C16‐ceramide‐NBD‐labeled cells before and after mitosis.
A Comparison of Optimal Tariffs and Welfare under No Lobbying, Domestic Lobbying and Domestic‐foreign Lobbying
Authors: Huang Xianhai , Jiang Mobing , Li Jie 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhether and what type of the lobbying‐induced trade policies can improve the domestic welfare? We show that as compared to the case of no lobbying and the case of domestic lobbying, the domestic‐foreign lobbying may achieve the lowest tariff and may also realise the highest welfare for the domestic country. Our finding provides a theoretical explanation to the prevalent lobbying competition between Asian firms and US firms in USA recently. We argue that the domestic‐foreign lobbying may contribute to a freer trade in the domestic country, and lobbying competition may be one of the strongest forces pushing for trade liberalisation.
A View through the Trade Window: North Korean Exports as an Indicator of Economic Capabilities
Authors: Jing Ran , Lovely Mary E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis study uses detailed information on Democratic People's Republic of Korea exports to assess the state of its indigenous industrial (civilian‐use) capability. The view through the trade window is sobering. We find that most North Korean exports reflect the capabilities of foreign investors and do not reflect the factor abundance of North Korea other than its mineral endowments. While some capability emerged in aquaculture and export processing, there is little evidence of indigenous manufacturing activity that meets international standards. Moreover, most trade is facilitated either at the border or through foreign companies or special cooperative programmes. This lack of domestic trading experience indicates a low capability for finding and serving foreign markets.
Weed eradication feasibility: lessons of the 21st century
Authors: Panetta F D 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe past decade has seen strong controversy concerning the upper bounds for weed eradication. Over this period, two of the most ambitious weed eradication attempts ever have failed. These have, however, provided rich data sets that have supported a productive and highly collaborative research effort. I review this research and present a new algorithm for assessing eradication feasibility, based upon time to maturation, seedbank persistence and membership of one of two contrasting dispersal functional groups. Eight ‘eradication syndromes’ are identified and their relative eradication feasibilities indicated. The syndrome with the highest feasibility includes species that combine long juvenile periods and low seedbank persistence with short‐distance and/or human‐mediated dispersal. At first glance, this may not be a common syndrome. The syndrome with the lowest feasibility comprises plants that combine a short juvenile period and high seedbank persistence with abiotic or non‐human‐mediated biotic dispersal. It includes a number of aquatic perennials that can be dispersed over large distances by floodwaters. Projected costs for a programme targeting a plant species should reflect its syndrome membership. Improved cost estimates will support better decision‐making with regard to programme initiation, maintenance and termination; models are available that can provide estimates of eradication programme duration and cost. Whether eradication has much of a future as a weed invasion management strategy will likely rest upon more timely, better‐informed and shrewder target selection.
Parent–Adolescent Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and Sleep Among a Sample of Overweight and Obese Adolescents
Authors: Tu Andrew W. , Watts Allison W. , Masse Louise C. 
Published: January 2015

Background:The purpose of this study was to examine the association between parent and adolescent levels of physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep among a group of overweight and obese adolescents.Methods:Baseline data of parent–adolescent pairs who enrolled in a lifestyle modification intervention were analyzed for this study (n = 176). Participants completed questionnaires about their screen time (TV, video game, and computer time), wore an accelerometer for 8 days, and completed a sleep diary for 1 week. In total, 98 parent–adolescent dyads provided valid data for the analyses. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between parent and adolescent’s moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA), step counts, sedentary behaviors, and sleep duration. Analyses were split by weekday, weekday evening and weekend.Results:Parent–adolescent MVPA was significantly associated on weekdays (b = 0.18; SE = 0.08; β = 0.26), weekday evenings (b = 0.21; SE = 0.08; β = 0.28), and weekends (b = 0.29; SE = 0.12; β = 0.27). This study found associations between parent–child video game time on weekends (b = 1.10; SE = 0.49; β = 0.24) and computer time on weekdays (b = 0.42; SE = 0.19; β = 0.23). Adolescent sleep was associated with parental sleep on weekdays only (b = 0.38; SE = 0.09; β = 0.46).Conclusions:The findings warrant further investigation into the direction and mechanism of the relationship between parent and adolescent weight related behaviors.
Complete Genome Sequence of Classical Swine Fever Virus Subgenogroup 2.1 from Assam, India
Authors: Ahuja Anuj , Bhattacharjee Uttaran , Chakraborty Amit Kumar , Karam Amarjit , Ghatak Sandeep , Puro Kekungu , Das Samir , Shakuntala Ingudam , Srivastava Nidhi , Ngachan S. V. , Sen Arnab 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
We report the complete genome sequence of a classical swine fever virus (genogroup 2.1), isolated from an outbreak in Assam, India. This particular isolate showed a high degree of genetic variation within the subgenogroup 2.1 and may serve as a potential reference strain of the 2.1 genogroup of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in the Indian subcontinent.
Draft Genome Sequence of Enterobacter sp. Strain UCD-UG_FMILLET (Phylum
Proteobacteria
)
Authors: Ettinger Cassandra L. , Mousa Walaa M. , Raizada Manish N. , Eisen Jonathan A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
Here, we present the draft genome of Enterobacter sp. strain UCD-UG_FMILLET. This strain is an endophyte isolated from the roots of finger millet, an Afro-Indian cereal crop. The genome contains 4,801,411 bp in 53 scaffolds.
Draft Genome Sequence of Burkholderia gladioli Strain UCD-UG_CHAPALOTE (Phylum
Proteobacteria
)
Authors: Ettinger Cassandra L. , Shehata Hanan R. , Johnston-Monje David , Raizada Manish N. , Eisen Jonathan A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT

Here, we present the draft genome of
Burkholderia gladioli
strain UCD-UG_CHAPALOTE. This strain is an endophyte isolated from surface sterilized seeds of an ancient Mexican landrace of corn, Chapalote. The genome contains 8,527,129 bp in 109 scaffolds.
Clinician-friendly lower extremity physical performance tests in athletes: a systematic review of measurement properties and correlation with injury. Part 2—the tests for the hip, thigh, foot and ankle including the star excursion balance test
Authors: Hegedus Eric J , McDonough Suzanne M , Bleakley Chris , Baxter David , Cook Chad E 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo review the quality of literature and measurement properties of physical performance tests (PPTs) of the lower extremity in athletes.MethodsUsing the PICOS method we established our research question as to whether individual PPTs of the lower extremity have any relationship to injury in competitive athletes ages 12 years to adult (no limit). A search strategy was constructed by combining the terms ‘lower extremity’ and synonyms for ‘performance test’ and names of performance tests with variants of the term ‘athlete’. After examining the knee in part 1 of this 2 part series, the current report focuses on findings in the rest of the lower extremity. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed and the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to critique the methodological quality of each paper. A second measure was used to analyse the quality of the measurement properties of each test.ResultsThirty-one articles examined the measurement properties of 14 PPTs pertaining to the lower extremity. The terminology used to name and describe the tests and methodology by which the tests were conducted was inconsistent.The star excursion balance test performed in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral) appears to be the only test to be associated with increased injury risk. There is moderate evidence that the one leg hop for distance and the hexagon hop can distinguish between normal and unstable ankles. There is also moderate evidence that the medial hop can distinguish between painful and normal hips in dancers.ConclusionsCurrently, there is relatively limited research-backed information on PPTs of the lower extremity in athletes. We would suggest convening an international consortium comprised of experts in sports to standardise the descriptions and methodologies, and to set forth a research agenda to establish definitively the measurement properties of the most common PPTs.
The contribution of primary prevention medication and dietary change in coronary mortality reduction in England between 2000 and 2007: a modelling study
Authors: Guzman-Castillo M , Ahmed R , Hawkins N , Scholes S , Wilkinson E , Lucy J , Capewell S , O'Flaherty M 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo analyse the falls in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in England between 2000 and 2007 and quantify the relative contributions from preventive medications and population-wide changes in blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol levels, particularly by exploring socioeconomic inequalities.DesignA modelling study.SettingSources of data included controlled trials and meta-analyses, national surveys and official statistics.ParticipantsEnglish population aged 25+ in 2000–2007.Main outcome measuresNumber of deaths prevented or postponed (DPPs) in 2007 by socioeconomic status. We used the IMPACTSECmodel which applies the relative risk reduction quantified in previous randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses to partition the mortality reduction among specific treatments and risk factor changes.ResultsBetween 2000 and 2007, approximately 20 400 DPPs were attributable to reductions in BP and cholesterol in the English population. The substantial decline in BP was responsible for approximately 13 000 DPPs. Approximately 1800 DPPs came from medications and some 11 200 DPPs from population-wide changes. Reduction in population BP prevented almost twofold more deaths in the most deprived quintile compared with the most affluent. Reduction in cholesterol resulted in approximately 7400 DPPs; approximately 5300 DPPs were attributable to statin use and approximately 2100 DPPs to population-wide changes. Statins prevented almost 50% more deaths in the most affluent quintile compared with the most deprived. Conversely, population-wide changes in cholesterol prevented threefold more deaths in the most deprived quintile compared with the most affluent.ConclusionsPopulation-wide secular changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and cholesterol levels helped to substantially reduce CHD mortality and the associated socioeconomic disparities. Mortality reductions were, in absolute terms, greatest in the most deprived quintiles, mainly reflecting their bigger initial burden of disease. Statins for high-risk individuals also made an important contribution but maintained socioeconomic inequalities. Our results strengthen the case for greater emphasis on preventive approaches, particularly population-based policies to reduce SBP and cholesterol.