bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Implications of Fine-Scale Fire Patchiness and Severity in Tropical Savannas of Northern Australia
Authors: Oliveira Sofia L. J. , Campagnolo Manuel L. , Price Owen F. , Edwards Andrew C. , Russell-Smith Jeremy , Pereira José M. C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUnderstanding fine-scale fire patchiness has significant implications for ecological processes and biodiversity conservation. It can affect local extinction of and recolonisation by relatively immobile fauna and poorly seed-dispersed flora in fire-affected areas. This study assesses fine-scale fire patchiness and severity, and associated implications for biodiversity, in north Australian tropical savanna systems. We used line transects to sample burning patterns of ground layer vegetation in different seasons and vegetation structure types, within the perimeter of 35 fires that occurred between 2009 and 2011. We evaluated two main fire characteristics: patchiness (patch density and mean patch length) and severity (inferred from char and scorch heights, and char and ash proportions). The mean burned area of ground vegetation was 83 % in the early dry season (EDS: May to July) and 93 % in the late dry season (LDS: August to November). LDS fires were less patchy (smaller and fewer unburned patches), and had higher fire severity (higher mean char and scorch heights, and twice the proportion of ash) than EDS fires. Fire patchiness varied among vegetation types, declining under more open canopy structure. The relationship between burned area and fire severity depended on season, being strongly correlated in the EDS and uncorrelated in the LDS. Simulations performed to understand the implications of patchiness on the population dynamics of fire-interval sensitive plant species showed that small amounts of patchiness substantially enhance survival. Our results indicate that the ecological impacts of high frequency fires on fire-sensitive regional biodiversity elements are likely to be lower than has been predicted from remotely sensed studies that are based on assumptions of homogeneous burning.
Fire Emissions and Carbon Uptake in Severely Burned Lenga Beech (Nothofagus pumilio) Forests of Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Bertolin Maria Lila , Urretavizcaya Maria Florencia , Defossé Guillermo Emilio 
Published: May 2015

AbstractForest wildfires are recognized as sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that, altering the dynamics between terrestrial and atmospheric carbon (C) exchange, influence global climate. In central Andean Patagonia, Argentina, severe wildfires affect temperate lenga beech (Nothofagus pumilio Poepp. & Endl. Krasser) forests, thereby increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions and changing natural succession paths. In this study, we determined fire emissions and C uptake in three lenga beech forests stands burned in 1976 (Lago Guacho site), 1983 (La Torta site), and 2008 (La Colisión site). Forest structure and aboveground biomass and litter compartments in burned and adjacent unburned stands were quantified for each fire. Carbon stocks and GHG (CO2, CO, CH4, NO2, NOx and Ce) released by the fires, CO2 removals, and mean annual C uptake were determined by following the International Panel of Climate Change guidelines. Total (aboveground plus root) C stock before fires was 301.8 Mg C ha−1 for La Colisión, 258.13 Mg C ha−1 for La Torta, and 270.7 Mg C ha−1 for Lago Guacho, while C losses due to the fires were 104.6 Mg C ha−1, 90.7 Mg C ha−1, and 94.7 Mg C ha−1 for the three sites, respectively. Differences in pre-fire forest structures and biomass explained the values observed in CO2 and other GHG emissions after the fires. Currently, the C balance is negative for the three sites. Without any active restoration and using actual growth rates for each site, the estimated C recovery time is 105.5 yr for La Colisión, 94.2 yr for La Torta, and 150.2 yr for Lago Guacho. By using variable rates of C uptake (which decrease as early succession proceeds), this recovery time will take 182 yr for La Colisión, 154 yr for La Torta, and 162 yr for Lago Guacho. Post-fire environmental and site conditions appeared to have a greater influence in forest recovery than primary fire effects. Active restoration activities may be necessary to increase C recovery rates and help to re-establish former lenga beech forest landscapes.
Motivations à mettre en lumière la culture muséale des enfants. Un enjeu pour la valorisation de l’éducation non formelle
Authors: Martin Thérèse 
Published: May 2015

Nos travaux de recherche en muséologie s’intéressent à la réception du « public-enfants », en particulier dans les musées de sciences. Pour situer le cadre de notre recherche, nous proposons de mieux cerner la bipolarité du musée dont la mission est souvent partagée entre éducation, pédagogie, apprentissage, d’une part, et loisir, délectation, désir de se cultiver, d’autre part. Face notamment à l’influence de la pédagogie scolaire dans les musées en France, il nous a paru nécessaire d’étudier en quoi le musée peut être un « outil » de culture, en revenant sur les fondements des premiers musées pour enfants et sur les pédagogies actives des musées de sciences dans une perspective d’acculturation. Notre recherche porte sur la compréhension des manières dont les enfants s’approprient le média-exposition dans un cadre de loisirs (en famille). Ce sont les « fabrications culturelles » des enfants qui ont été étudiées lors de l’expérience de visite considérée sur l’ensemble du parcours et selon l’ensemble des dimensions qui la traversent. Des figures d’enfants-interprètes alors dégagées de l’analyse des visites des enfants rendent compte de la richesse des modes d’appropriation de l’exposition et peuvent être source d’inspiration pour les professionnels des musées et les médiateurs d’exposition (enseignants, guides).
Pédagogies de la voix
Authors: Nepveu Pierre 
Published: May 2015

La discipline de la voix a toujours fait partie de l’éducation : à la voix du
maître qui impose son prestige doit répondre la voix de l’élève, selon une discipline qui
renvoie à l’ordre même du savoir et de la culture, comme Rabelais l’avait bien montré en
racontant l’éducation du jeune Gargantua. Cet article explore l’espace pédagogique comme un
espace vocal, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d‘enseigner la poésie. La voix n’est pas qu’un
instrument, elle fait sens aussi bien dans la récitation que dans le commentaire. En fin de
parcours se trouve décrite une application concrète de ces principes : Les voix de la
poésie, un concours de récitation de poésie dans les écoles secondaires et les
cégeps.
La réforme du système de santé bulgare au prisme de ses temporalités : dynamiques et conflictualités d’un changement social complexe
Authors: Sopadzhiyan Alis 
Published: May 2015

L’article proposé ici explore la réforme du système de santé bulgare de la fin des années 1990 sous l’angle de ses temporalités. L’auteure situe son analyse par rapport aux travaux néo-institutionnalistes récents sur la structuration progressive du changement et aux écrits de la sociologie historique. Elle montre ainsi le temps double de cette réforme qui, bien que suggérant l’immédiateté du fait de son caractère radical, s’inscrit avant tout dans une perspective temporelle longue. Outre son caractère double, le changement ainsi introduit se voit accéléré comme conséquence des relations complexes entre le temps et l’espace et de l’importation d’idées néo-managériales lors de la mise en oeuvre de la réforme.
L’analyse des effets de ces phénomènes temporels sur la perception du changement des principaux acteurs composant l’espace politique de la santé révèle, quant à elle, l’omniprésence de la référence au passé communiste qui reste un temps dominant fort de l’histoire bulgare, alimentant les dynamiques conflictuelles inhérentes au système.
Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets!
Authors: Costanza-Chock Sasha 
Published: May 2015

An exploration of social movement media practices in an increasingly complex media ecology, through richly detailed cases of immigrant rights activism.
For decades, social movements have vied for attention from the mainstream mass media—newspapers, radio, and television. Today, many argue that social media power social movements, from the Egyptian revolution to Occupy Wall Street. Yet, as Sasha Costanza-Chock reports, community organizers know that social media enhance, rather than replace, face-to-face organizing. The revolution will be tweeted, but tweets alone do not the revolution make. In Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Costanza-Chock traces a much broader social movement media ecology. Through a richly detailed account of daily media practices in the immigrant rights movement, the book argues that there is a new paradigm of social movement media making: transmedia organizing. Despite the current spotlight on digital media, Costanza-Chock finds, social movement media practices tend to be cross-platform, participatory, and linked to action. Immigrant rights organizers leverage social media creatively, even as they create media ranging from posters and street theater to Spanish-language radio, print, and television.
Drawing on extensive interviews, workshops, and media organizing projects, Costanza-Chock presents case studies of transmedia organizing in the immigrant rights movement over the last decade. Chapters focus on the historic mass protests against the anti-immigrant Sensenbrenner Bill; coverage of police brutality against peaceful activists; efforts to widen access to digital media tools and skills for low-wage immigrant workers; paths to participation in DREAM activism; and the implications of professionalism for transmedia organizing. These cases show us how savvy transmedia organizers work to strengthen movement identity, win political and economic victories, and transform public consciousness forever.
Multiscale postseismic behavior on a megathrust: The 2012 Nicoya earthquake, Costa Rica
Authors: Malservisi Rocco , Schwartz Susan Y. , Voss Nicholas , Protti Marino , Gonzalez Victor , Dixon Timothy H. , Jiang Yan , Newman Andy V. , Richardson Jacob , Walter Jacob I. , Voyenko Denis 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Nicoya Peninsula in northwest Costa Rica overlies a section of the subduction megathrust along the Middle America Trench. On 5 September 2012, a moment magnitude 7.6 megathrust earthquake occurred beneath a dense network of continuous GPS and seismic stations. Many of the GPS stations recorded the event at high rate, 1 Hz or better. We analyze the temporal and spatial evolution of surface deformation after the earthquake. Our results show that the main rupture was followed by significant afterslip within the first 3 h following the main event. The behavior of the surface displacement can be represented by relaxation processes with three characteristic times: 7, 70, and more than 400 days. We assume that the long relaxation time corresponds to viscoelastic relaxation and the intermediate relaxation time corresponds to afterslip on the main fault. The short relaxation time may represent a combination of rapid afterslip, poroelastic adjustment in the upper crust, or other processes. During the first few months that followed the earthquake, afterslip likely released a significant amount of slip deficit still present following the coseismic rupture, in particular updip of the rupture. Afterslip seems to be bounded updip by regions affected by slow slip events prior to the earthquake, suggesting that the two processes are influenced by different frictional properties.
Untersuchungen zur Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeit von Beschichtungen auf Holz für den Außenbereich
Authors: Volkmer Thomas , Glaunsinger Martin , Mannes David , Niemz Peter , Sonderegger Walter 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEs wurden vier kommerziell erhältliche Beschichtungssysteme bestehend aus Grundierung und Deckschicht für den Fassaden‐ und Fensterbereich auf Fichtenholzproben appliziert. Bei diesen Systemen wurden in der Grundierung bzw. in der Deckschicht folgende Bindemittel eingesetzt: Alkydharze, Acrylate, Hybridsysteme, modifizierte PU‐Systeme, Co‐Polymere und mineralische Bindemittel. Jedes der vier Systeme wurde mit drei verschiedenen Schichtdicken aufgetragen und hinsichtlich des Wasserdampfdiffusionswiderstandes bewertet. Dabei erfolgten die Messungen im Dry‐cup‐ und Wet‐cup‐Modus mit unterschiedlicher Ausrichtung der Probe im Diffusionsstrom. Die µ‐Werte und die Diffusionskoeffizienten der Proben zeigten dabei eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Dicke der Beschichtung. Des Weiteren kann abgeleitet werden, dass bei steigender Materialfeuchte der Diffusionswiderstand sinkt. Systeme basierend auf Alkydharzen sind speziell bei tiefen Substratfeuchten (4 bis 6 %) sehr dicht und wirken sperrend gegenüber dem Wasserdampfdiffusionsstrom. Demgegenüber sind Systeme mit mineralischem Aufbau deutlich diffusionsoffener. Diese Systemabhängigkeit ist bei höheren Feuchten (22 bis 24 %) nicht mehr vorhanden, da in diesem Fall alle untersuchten Systeme ein diffusionsoffenes Verhalten zeigen.Investigations on water vapour permeability of wood coatings for exterior use. Four commercially available coating systems including primer and top coat for façades and windows were applied to spruce samples. The systems were based on alkyd resins, acrylates, hybrid systems, modified PU systems, co‐polymers and mineral binders. Each of the four systems was applied with 3 different thicknesses for measuring the water vapour resistance. The measurements were done in the dry‐cup and wet‐cup mode and with different orientations of the sample in the diffusion flow. The µ‐values and the diffusion coefficients show a clear correlation to the thickness of the coating. Further an increase of the moisture content reduces the vapour resistance. Systems based on alkyd resin are very closed and block the water vapour especially at low moisture contents (4−6 %). On the contrary systems based on mineral binders are much more open and let the vapour pass through. This dependency on the binder system is not obvious for higher moisture contents (22−24 %). In this case all analysed variations were vapour permeable.
Detecting gene–environment interactions in human birth defects: Study designs and statistical methods
Authors: Tai Caroline G. , Graff Rebecca E. , Liu Jinghua , Passarelli Michael N. , Mefford Joel A. , Shaw Gary M. , Hoffmann Thomas J. , Witte John S. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundThe National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) contains a wealth of information on affected and unaffected family triads, and thus provides numerous opportunities to study gene–environment interactions (G×E) in the etiology of birth defect outcomes. Depending on the research objective, several analytic options exist to estimate G×E effects that use varying combinations of individuals drawn from available triads.MethodsIn this study, we discuss important considerations in the collection of genetic data and environmental exposures.ResultsWe will also present several population‐ and family‐based approaches that can be applied to data from the NBDPS including case–control, case‐only, family‐based trio, and maternal versus fetal effects. For each, we describe the data requirements, applicable statistical methods, advantages, and disadvantages.ConclusionA range of approaches can be used to evaluate potentially important G×E effects in the NBDPS. Investigators should be aware of the limitations inherent to each approach when choosing a study design and interpreting results. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:692–702, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction between tryptophan‐Sm(III) complex and DNA with the use of a acridine orange dye fluorophor probe
Authors: Xiong Xiao  Li , Zhao Na. , Wang Xing  Ming 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe interaction of the Trp–Sm(III) complex with herring sperm DNA (hs‐DNA) was investigated with the use of acridine orange (AO) dye as a spectral probe for UV‐vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the both the Trp–Sm(III) complex and the AO molecule could intercalate into the double helix of the DNA. The Sm(III)–(Trp)3 complex was stabilized by intercalation into the DNA with binding constants: KӨ25°C = 7.14 × 105 L·mol−1 and KӨ37°C = 5.28 × 104 L·mol−1, and it could displace the AO dye from the AO–DNA complex in a competitive reaction. Computation of the thermodynamic functions demonstrates that ΔrHmӨ is the primary driving power of the interaction between the Sm(III)(Trp)3 complex and the DNA. The results from Scatchard and viscometry methods suggested that the interaction mode between the Sm(III)(Trp)3 complex and the hs‐DNA is groove binding and weak intercalation binding. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide for detection of iron(III) by photoluminescence quenching
Authors: Gholami Javad , Manteghian Mehrdad , Badiei Alireza , Ueda Hiroshi , Javanbakht Mehran 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide nanolayer was synthesized and characterized by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Detection of iron(III) based on photoluminescence spectroscopy was investigated. The N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide was shown to specifically interact with iron (III), compared with other cationic trace elements including potassium (I), sodium (I), calcium (II), chromium (III), zinc (II), cobalt (II), copper (II), magnesium (II), manganese (II), and molybdenum (VI). The quenching effect of iron (III) on the luminescence emission of N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide layer was used to detect iron (III). The limit of detection (2.8 × 10−6 M) and limit of quantitation (2.9 × 10−5 M) were obtained under optimal conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Striatal activity and reduced white matter increase frontal activity in youths with family histories of alcohol and other substance‐use disorders performing a go/no‐go task
Authors: Acheson Ashley , Tagamets Malle A. , Winkler Anderson , Rowland Laura M. , Mathias Charles W. , Wright Susan N. , Hong L. Elliot , Kochunov Peter , Dougherty Donald M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIntroductionYouths with a family history of alcohol and other drug use disorders (FH+) are at greater risk of developing substance‐use disorders relative to those with no such family histories (FH−). We previously reported that FH+ youths have elevated activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and dorsal striatum while performing go/no‐go tasks and have reduced frontal white matter integrity. A better understanding of relationships between these variables would provide insight into how frontostriatal circuitry is altered in FH+ youths, which may be an important contributor to their elevated risk.MethodsIn this study, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test interactions between activity in the SMA and dorsal striatum in 72 FH+ and 32 FH− youths during go/no‐go task performance and to determine whether increased activity in these regions in FH+ youths can be at least partially explained by reduced frontal white matter integrity, as indexed by anterior corona radiata fractional anisotropy and N‐acetylaspartate.ResultsIncreased dorsal striatum activity explained most (~75%) of the elevated SMA activity in FH+ youths, and the combined contributions of increased dorsal striatal activity, and decreased white matter integrity fully explained the elevated SMA activity.ConclusionsThese results suggest the elevated frontal cortical activity in FH+ youths is driven both by their increased striatal activity via downstream projections and reduced white matter integrity in frontal cortical projections, the latter likely increasing frontal cortical activity due to increased energy demands required for action potential propagation. As part of our ongoing longitudinal studies we will examine how these frontostriatal alterations relate to risk for developing substance‐use disorders.
Linked data and the charm of weak semantics: Introduction: The strengths of weak semantics
Authors: Baker Thomas , Sutton Stuart A. 
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYLogic and precision are fundamental to ontologies underlying the semantic web and, by extension, to linked data. This special section focuses on the interaction of semantics, ontologies and linked data. The discussion presents the Simple Knowledge Organization Scheme (SKOS) as a less formal strategy for expressing concept hierarchies and associations and questions the value of deep domain ontologies in favor of simpler vocabularies that are more open to reuse, albeit risking illogical outcomes. RDF ontologies harbor another unexpected drawback. While structurally sound, they leave validation gaps permitting illogical uses, a problem being addressed by a W3C Working Group. Data models based on RDF graphs and properties may replace traditional library catalog models geared to predefined entities, with relationships between RDF classes providing the semantic connections. The BIBFRAME Initiative takes a different and streamlined approach to linking data, building rich networks of information resources rather than relying on a strict underlying structure and vocabulary. Taken together, the articles illustrate the trend toward a pragmatic approach to a Semantic Web, sacrificing some specificity for greater flexibility and partial interoperability.
RDF ventures to boldly meet your most pedestrian needs
Authors: Prud'hommeaux Eric , Gayo Jose Emilio Labra 
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYDefined in 1999 and paired with XML, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) has been cast as an RDF Schema, producing data that is well‐structured but not validated, permitting certain illogical relationships. When stakeholders convened in 2014 to consider solutions to the data validation challenge, a W3C working group proposed Resource Shapes and Shape Expressions to describe the properties expected for an RDF node. Resistance rose from concerns about data and schema reuse, key principles in RDF. Ideally data types and properties are designed for broad use, but they are increasingly adopted with local restrictions for specific purposes. Resource Shapes are commonly treated as record classes, standing in for data structures but losing flexibility for later reuse. Of various solutions to the resulting tensions, the concept of record classes may be the most reasonable basis for agreement, satisfying stakeholders' objectives while allowing for variations with constraints.