bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Men of the World”: British Mariners, Consumer Practice, and Material Culture in an Era of Global Trade, c. 1660–1800
Authors: Lemire Beverly 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGrowing numbers of sailors powered British fleets during the long eighteenth century. By exploring mariners' habits, dress, and material practice when in port, this article uncovers their roles as agents of cultural change. These men complicated material hierarchies, with a broad impact on developing western consumer societies, devising a distinctive material practice. They shaped important systems of transnational exchange and redefined networks of plebeian material culture. Mariners were also endowed with a growing rhetorical authority over the long eighteenth century, embodying new plebeian cosmopolitanism, while expressing facets of a dawning imperial masculinity. Marcus Rediker described eighteenth-century Anglo-American mariners as plain dealers, wageworkers, and pirates, as well as “men of the world.” This international contingent mediated between world communities, while demonstrating new tastes and new fashions. They also personified the manly traits celebrated in Britain's burgeoning imperial age.
J. A. Hobson and the Machinery Question
Authors: Wilson Daniel C. S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe effects of industrialization on British life were the subject of a broad and intelligible set of debates during the early nineteenth century, often described as the “machinery question.” This question, concerning what today is called “technology,” was framed to include its effects on the whole of human life—an approach rarely seen by the late nineteenth century, a period marked instead by disciplinary specialization. An exception to this trend can be found in the work of the social critic and heterodox economist J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), better known for his critique of imperialism. From the 1890s, Hobson reopened the machinery question by offering anethicalanalysis of mechanization which was both holistic and sustained. In addition to proposing this new lens for viewing Hobson, this article explores the challenges—as well as the opportunities—facing those returning to the machinery question more generally.
Antidumping and Strategic Industrial Policy: Tit-for-Tat Trade Remedies and theChina–X-Ray EquipmentDispute
Authors: MOORE MICHAEL O. , WU MARK 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between antidumping duties and strategic industrial policy. We argue that the dynamic between the two instruments is more complex and elaborate than that offered by the conventional account. We use the recentChina–X-Ray Equipmentdispute as a case study to show that linkage between the two instruments may not be the consequence of a government-led policy but instead a result of firm-driven responses to an industrial policy. This in turn may lead to antidumping tit-for-tat behavior between WTO members. We also analyze how WTO litigation serves as a means to alter the payoff and discuss the implications and unresolved questions that remain following theChina–X-Ray Equipmentruling by the WTO.
China – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States: How the chickens came home to roost
Authors: PRUSA THOMAS J. , VERMULST EDWIN 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe WTO Panel report on China – Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States was circulated to Members on 2 August 2013. In the report, the Panel examined a variety of issues challenged by the United States under various provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, the Anti-dumping Agreement and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. The Panel upheld the United States' claims on the majority of the issues, which covered certain procedural aspects of the anti-dumping and countervailing investigations such as the right to disclosure of ‘essential facts', as well as the substantive determinations including costing issues, the imposition of the ‘all others' rate on the basis of ‘facts available’, the price effects' analyses, the sufficiency of the public notices, and others. Notably the costing issues that came up in the case, although decided mostly on procedural grounds, provide food for thought, and are likely to feature again in future disputes.
Soundings amid the Avalanche: Prospects for Anglican Theological Education
Authors: McGowan Andrew 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRecent events in the USA and the UK reveal how theological education is changing, reflecting wider issues in global higher education as well as local and ecclesial concerns. Those responsible for seminary leadership and governance might pay closer to attention to those wider developments, and not neglect wider benefits to the Church of theological discourse generated in these institutions beyond vocational training.
Why has our recovery rate dropped? An audit examining waiting times, starting scores and length of treatment in relation to recovery within an IAPT service
Authors: Vaillancourt Kyla , Manley John , McNulty Nicholas 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative was created to provide mental health services for those experiencing mild to moderate depression and anxiety. IAPT is commissioned on the basis that it achieves adequate performance on a number of ‘key performance indicators’, one of which is the proportion of clients who ‘move towards recovery’ following treatment. The impetus for the current evaluation was a significant reduction in the proportion of clients recovering within an IAPT service. Data for this clinical audit was obtained from IAPT electronic records (IAPTus). Three factors (waiting times, clinical contact and starting scores on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7) were examined and explored separately for each level of care (i.e. steps 2 and 3). These factors were analysed in relation to recovery and compared between periods of low and high recovery within the service. Results reveal that there was little change in the severity of clients’ starting scores between the periods of low and high recovery. Increased waiting time in the period of low recovery was not associated with recovery status. The amount of clinical contact was related to recovery at both time periods. Limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.
Cavity ring-up spectroscopy for ultrafast sensing with optical microresonators
Authors: Rosenblum Serge , Lovsky Yulia , Arazi Lior , Vollmer Frank , Dayan Barak 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSpectroscopy of whispering-gallery mode microresonators has become a powerful scientific tool, enabling the detection of single viruses, nanoparticles and even single molecules. Yet the demonstrated timescale of these schemes has been limited so far to milliseconds or more. Here we introduce a scheme that is orders of magnitude faster, capable of capturing complete spectral snapshots at nanosecond timescales—cavity ring-up spectroscopy. Based on sharply rising detuned probe pulses, cavity ring-up spectroscopy combines the sensitivity of heterodyne measurements with the highest-possible, transform-limited acquisition rate. As a demonstration, we capture spectra of microtoroid resonators at time intervals as short as 16 ns, directly monitoring submicrosecond dynamics of their optomechanical vibrations, thermorefractive response and Kerr nonlinearity. Cavity ring-up spectroscopy holds promise for the study of fast biological processes such as enzyme kinetics, protein folding and light harvesting, with applications in other fields such as cavity quantum electrodynamics and pulsed optomechanics.
Crowding-induced Cooperativity in DNA Surface Hybridization
Authors: Lei Qun-li , Ren Chun-lai , Su Xiao-hang , Ma Yu-qiang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHigh density DNA brush is not only used to model cellular crowding, but also has a wide application in DNA-functionalized materials. Experiments have shown complicated cooperative hybridization/melting phenomena in these systems, raising the question that how molecular crowding influences DNA hybridization. In this work, a theoretical modeling including all possible inter and intramolecular interactions, as well as molecular details for different species, is proposed. We find that molecular crowding can lead to two distinct cooperative behaviours: negatively cooperative hybridization marked by a broader transition width and positively cooperative hybridization with a sharper transition, well reconciling the experimental findings. Moreover, a phase transition as a result of positive cooperativity is also found. Our study provides new insights in crowding and compartmentation in cell and has the potential value in controlling surface morphologies of DNA functionalized nano-particles.
Enhanced Magnetic Properties in Antiferromagnetic-Core/Ferrimagnetic-Shell Nanoparticles
Authors: Vasilakaki Marianna , Trohidou Kalliopi N. , Nogués Josep 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBi-magnetic core/shell nanoparticles are gaining increasing interest due to their foreseen applications. Inverse antiferromagnetic(AFM)/ferrimagnetic(FiM) core/shell nanoparticles are particularly appealing since they may overcome some of the limitations of conventional FiM/AFM systems. However, virtually no simulations exist on this type of morphology. Here we present systematic Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations of the exchange bias properties of such nanoparticles. The coercivity, HCand loop shift, Hex, present a non-monotonic dependence with the core diameter and the shell thickness, in excellent agreement with the available experimental data. Additionally, we demonstrate novel unconventional behavior in FiM/AFM particles. Namely, while HCand Hexdecrease upon increasing FiM thickness for small AFM cores (as expected), they show the opposite trend for large cores. This presents a counterintuitive FiM size dependence for large AFM cores that is attributed to the competition between core and shell contributions, which expands over a wider range of core diameters leading to non-vanishing Hexeven for very large cores. Moreover, the results also hint different possible ways to enhance the experimental performance of inverse core/shell nanoparticles for diverse applications.
Single photon detector with high polarization sensitivity
Authors: Guo Qi , Li Hao , You LiXing , Zhang WeiJun , Zhang Lu , Wang Zhen , Xie XiaoMing , Qi Ming 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPolarization is one of the key parameters of light. Most optical detectors are intensity detectors that are insensitive to the polarization of light. A superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) is naturally sensitive to polarization due to its nanowire structure. Previous studies focused on producing a polarization-insensitive SNSPD. In this study, by adjusting the width and pitch of the nanowire, we systematically investigate the preparation of an SNSPD with high polarization sensitivity. Subsequently, an SNSPD with a system detection efficiency of 12% and a polarization extinction ratio of 22 was successfully prepared.
Involvement of a C-terminal motif in the interference of primate lentiviral Vpu proteins with CD1d-mediated antigen presentation
Authors: Bächle Susanna M. , Sauter Daniel , Sibitz Sabrina , Sandberg Johan K. , Kirchhoff Frank , Moll Markus 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu is emerging as a critical factor for viral evasion from innate immunity. We have previously shown that the Vpu proteins of two HIV-1 group M subtype B strains (NL4-3 and BaL) down-regulate CD1d from the surface of infected dendritic cells (DCs) and inhibit their crosstalk with the innate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In the present study, we have investigated the ability of a comprehensive set of primate lentiviral Vpu proteins to interfere with CD1d-mediated immunity. We found that CD1d down-regulation is a conserved function of Vpu proteins from HIV-1 groups M, O and P as well as their direct precursors SIVcpzPtt and SIVgor. At the group M subtype level, subtype C Vpu proteins were significantly weaker CD1d antagonists than subtype B Vpu proteins. Functional characterization of different mutants and chimeras derived from active subtype B and inactive subtype C Vpu proteins revealed that residues in the cytoplasmic domain are important for CD1d down-regulation. Specifically, we identified a C-terminal APW motif characteristic for group M subtype B Vpu proteins necessary for interference with CD1d surface expression. These findings support the notion that Vpu plays an important role in lentiviral evasion from innate immunity.
Intronic deletions of tva receptor gene decrease the susceptibility to infection by avian sarcoma and leukosis virus subgroup A
Authors: Chen Weiguo , Liu Yang , Li Hongxing , Chang Shuang , Shu Dingming , Zhang Huanmin , Chen Feng , Xie Qingmei 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe group of avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) in chickens contains six highly related subgroups, A to E and J. Four genetic loci, tva, tvb, tvc and tvj, encode for corresponding receptors that determine the susceptibility to the ASLV subgroups. The prevalence of ASLV in hosts may have imposed strong selection pressure toward resistance to ASLV infection and the resistant alleles in all four receptor genes have been identified. In this study, two new alleles of the tva receptor gene, tvar5 and tvar6, with similar intronic deletions were identified in Chinese commercial broilers. These natural mutations delete the deduced branch point signal within the first intron, disrupting mRNA splicing of the tva receptor gene and leading to the retention of intron 1 and introduction of premature TGA stop codons in both the longer and shorter tva isoforms. As a result, decreased susceptibility to subgroup A ASLV in vitro and in vivo was observed in the subsequent analysis. In addition, we identified two groups of heterozygous allele pairs which exhibited quantitative differences in host susceptibility to ASLV-A. This study demonstrated that defective splicing of the tva receptor gene can confer genetic resistance to ASLV subgroup A in the host.
Compact frequency‐divided micro‐electromechanical systems tunable filter using inductively coupled structure
Authors: Cheon Seong Jong , Yoon Min Kyu , Park Jae Yeong 
Published: April 2015

A fully‐integrated frequency‐divided tunable filter was newly designed and fabricated using an inductively coupled structure with lumped elements and MEMS fabrication technique. The inductively coupled structure allows for the size of the filter to be reduced, and electro‐mechanically switched capacitors were used to obtain the tunability of frequency. When the proposed filter operated without using the switched capacitors, it exhibited insertion and return losses of 2.5 and 8 dB, respectively, in a single, wide passband with a range from 3.5 to 6 GHz. Otherwise, when the proposed filter operated with the use of the switched capacitors and a DC voltage bias of 30 V, a dual passband was formed at frequencies of less than 4.5 GHz and more than 5.5 GHz. Its size/volume was 3.3 × 1.7 × 0.535 (H) mm3.
CD169+macrophages are sufficient for priming of CTLs with specificities left out by cross-priming dendritic cells
Authors: Bernhard Caroline A. , Ried Christine , Kochanek Stefan , Brocker Thomas 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceAlthough we know much about the molecular mechanisms of cross-presentation, its actual contribution to cytotoxic T cell (CTL) immunity under physiological conditions in vivo is still unclear. Cross-presentation is based on the idea that dendritic cells (DCs) are the only professional antigen-presenting cells able to prime naïve T cells. If DCs are not directly infected, they must take up antigen and present it indirectly. However, recent evidence suggests that other cells also may be involved in T cell priming, which probably makes cross-presentation less central. This study shows that cross-priming DCs generate highly restricted CTL repertoires, biased to strong MHC I binding epitopes only. Furthermore, the presence of antigen in CD169+macrophages is sufficient for generation of CTLs with broader repertoires.
Effects of a Reduced Daily Bag Limit on Bluegill Size Structure in Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: Rypel Andrew L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of reduced aggregate panfish bag limits (from 25 to 10) on the size structure of Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus populations in seven natural lakes in Wisconsin. For assessing the overall significance of treatments, each treatment lake was paired with a control lake in which the regulation was not implemented. Across all lakes, mean total length (TL) of sampled Bluegills was significantly greater in treatment lakes than in control lakes after the regulation was implemented: on average, mean TL increased by 20.3 mm. However, efficacy of reduced bag limits varied substantially across lakes as mean TL improvements ranged from −5.1 to 63.5 mm in individual lakes. This variation could be strongly explained (R2 = 0.81) by lake Secchi depth (lakes with reduced water clarity showed larger improvements in mean TL, R = −0.62) and regulation duration (size structure improved continuously with time after the reduced daily bag limit was implemented, R = 0.75). Reduced bag limits are a useful tool for providing improvements to Bluegill size structure in Wisconsin lakes, but would be most effective in more productive waterbodies and will require substantial time investments after implementation.
Received September 18, 2014; accepted December 18, 2014
Use of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension–Approved Therapy in the Treatment of Non–Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension at US Referral Centers
Authors: Trammell Aaron W. , Pugh Meredith E. , Newman John H. , Hemnes Anna R. , Robbins Ivan M. 
Published: April 2015

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication of left heart disease and parenchymal lung disease, and it portends increased mortality. A growing number of medications are approved for the treatment of World Health Organization (WHO) group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, they are not well studied in PH of other etiologies (WHO groups 2–5). We sought to assess treatment approaches used by PAH referral centers in this diverse group of patients. We developed a semiquantitative online survey designed to evaluate the use of PAH‐approved therapy by pulmonary vascular disease centers in the United States for management of non–group 1 PH. Thirty of 50 centers completed the survey. Almost all centers (93%) reported using PAH therapy for patients with non–group 1 PH, including 77% with group 2 PH and 80% with group 3 PH. Elevated transpulmonary gradient or pulmonary vascular resistance and the presence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction were commonly cited as supporting use of PAH therapy in patients with PH secondary to left heart disease. For patients with PH and concomitant parenchymal lung disease, degree of pulmonary function impairment and RV dysfunction were most important in influencing use of PAH therapy. In conclusion, pulmonary vascular disease treatment centers use PAH‐approved therapy for patients with WHO group 2–5 PH, mostly relying on hemodynamics and assessment of RV function to identify candidates for therapy. Clinical trials designed to test the efficacy of PAH therapy in PH due to left heart and lung disease are needed, as clinical practice has extended beyond the evidence for these etiologies of PH.
Spin glasses: redux: an updated experimental/materials
survey
Authors: Mydosh J A 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This article reviews the 40+ year old spin-glass field and one of its
earliest model interpretations as a spin density wave. Our description is from
an experimental phenomenological point of view with emphasis on new spin glass
materials and their relation to topical problems and strongly correlated
materials in condensed matter physics. We first simply define a spin glass (SG),
give its basic ingredients and explain how the spin glasses enter into the
statistical mechanics of classical phase transitions. We then consider the four
basic experimental properties to solidly characterize canonical spin glass
behavior and introduce the early theories and models. Here the spin density wave
(SDW) concept is used to explain the difference between a short-range SDW, i.e.
a SG and, in contrast, a long-range SDW, i.e. a conventional magnetic phase
transition. We continue with the present state of SG, its massive computer
simulations and recent proposals of chiral glasses and quantum SG. We then
collect and mention the various SG ‘spin-off’s'. A major
section uncovers the fashionable unconventional materials that display
SG-like freezing and glassy ground states, such as (high temperature)
superconductors, heavy fermions, intermetallics and Heuslers, pyrochlor and
spinels, oxides and chalogenides and exotics, e.g. quasicrystals. Some
conclusions and future directions complete the review.
Aerodynamic shape design using hybrid evolutionary computing and multigrid-aided finite-difference evaluation of flow sensitivities
Authors: Catalano Luciano Andrea , Quagliarella Domenico , Vitagliano Pier Luigi 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose an accurate and efficient technique for computing flow sensitivities by finite differences of perturbed flow fields. It relies on computing the perturbed flows on coarser grid levels only: to achieve the same fine-grid accuracy, the approximate value of the relative local truncation error between coarser and finest grids unperturbed flow fields, provided by a standard multigrid method, is added to the coarse grid equations. The gradient computation is introduced in a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) that takes advantage of the presented method to accelerate the gradient-based search. An application to a classical transonic airfoil design is reported.

Design/methodology/approach
– Genetic optimization algorithm hybridized with classical gradient-based search techniques; usage of fast and accurate gradient computation technique.

Findings
– The new variant of the prolongation operator with weighting terms based on the volume of grid cells improves the accuracy of the MAFD method for turbulent viscous flows. The hybrid GA is capable to efficiently handle and compensate for the error that, although very limited, is present in the multigrid-aided finite-difference (MAFD) gradient evaluation method.

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed new variants of HGA, while outperforming the simple genetic algorithm, still require tuning and validation to further improve performance.

Practical implications
– Significant speedup of CFD-based optimization loops.

Originality/value
– Introduction of new multigrid prolongation operator that improves the accuracy of MAFD method for turbulent viscous flows. First application of MAFD evaluation of flow sensitivities within a hybrid optimization framework.