bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing and rejection of novel items in childhood: Event‐related potential study of similar lures and novel foils
Authors: Rollins Leslie , Riggins Tracy 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe ability to correctly identify novel items improves during childhood. Failures to correctly identify novel items are most likely to occur when novel items are similar to previously encountered items (i.e., similar lures) than when they are distinct (i.e., novel foils). Age‐related improvements in the correct rejection of novel items are important for children's learning and in applied settings, such as participation in legal proceedings (e.g., lineup identification). However, research has not assessed what processes support children's ability to reliably reject similar lures. The current study examined the rejection of similar lures and novel foils in thirty‐eight 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Following a week delay, children were less proficient at rejecting similar lures than novel foils and elicited a larger amplitude Nc response (i.e., 350–500 ms) to similar lures. This finding, taken in conjunction with previous studies demonstrating the role of the Nc in attentional processes [see de Haan, M. (2007). Visual attention and recognition memory in infancy. In M. de Haan (Ed.), Infant EEG and event‐related potentials (pp. 101–144). New York, NY: Psychology Press], suggests that children allocate greater attention toward similar lures, compared to novel foils, when accurately rejecting them. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 263–270, 2015.
NFAT1 deficit and NFAT2 deficit attenuate EAE via different mechanisms
Authors: Dietz Lena , Frommer Friederike , Vogel Anna‐Lena , Vaeth Martin , Serfling Edgar , Waisman Ari , Buttmann Mathias , Berberich‐Siebelt Friederike 
Published: January 2015

EAE serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis and is initiated by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. Recognition of myelin‐associated Ags within the CNS leads to activation of the transcription factor family NFAT. Here, we demonstrate an essential role for NFAT in disease induction, as the combined lack of NFAT1 (NFATc2) and NFAT2 (NFATc1) completely protected mice. Single deficiency of either NFAT1 or NFAT2 ameliorated the course of EAE, and NFAT2 ablation resulted in an obstructed proinflammatory reaction. However, NFAT1 deficit led to an anti‐inflammatory response with nonpathogenic Th17 and Th2 cells concurrently secreting IL‐17, IL‐4, and IL‐10. Both IL‐4 and IL‐10 contributed to disease protection. In Nfat1−/− CD4+ T cells, the expression of anti‐inflammatory lymphokines was mediated by NFAT2, thus directly enabling protective IL expression. Consequently, blocking NFAT in toto may be an option for immunosuppressive therapy. More importantly, selective NFAT1 blockade could represent a safe long‐term immunomodulatory treatment approach for multiple sclerosis patients, potentially avoiding the adverse effects of global immunosuppression.
Differential control of CD4+ T‐cell subsets by the PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis in a mouse model of allergic asthma
Authors: McAlees Jaclyn W. , Lajoie Stephane , Dienger Krista , Sproles Alyssa A. , Richgels Phoebe K. , Yang Yanfen , Khodoun Marat , Azuma Miyuki , Yagita Hideo , Fulkerson Patricia C. , Wills‐Karp Marsha , Lewkowich Ian P. 
Published: January 2015

Studies examining the role of PD‐1 family members in allergic asthma have yielded conflicting results. Using a mouse model of allergic asthma, we demonstrate that blockade of PD‐1/PD‐L1 has distinct influences on different CD4+ T‐cell subsets. PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade enhances airway hyperreactivity (AHR), not by altering the magnitude of the underlying Th2‐type immune response, but by allowing the development of a concomitant Th17‐type immune response. Supporting differential CD4+ T‐cell responsiveness to PD‐1‐mediated inhibition, naïve PD‐1−/− mice displayed elevated Th1 and Th17 levels, but diminished Th2 cytokine levels, and ligation of PD‐1 in WT cells limited cytokine production by in vitro polarized Th1 and Th17 cells, but slightly enhanced cytokine production by in vitro polarized Th2 cells. Furthermore, PD‐1 ligation enhanced Th2 cytokine production by naïve T cells cultured under nonpolarizing conditions. These data demonstrate that different CD4+ T‐cell subsets respond differentially to PD‐1 ligation and may explain some of the variable results observed in control of allergic asthma by the PD‐1 family members. As the PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis limits asthma severity by constraining Th17 cell activity, this suggests that severe allergic asthma may be associated with a defective PD‐1/PD‐L1 regulatory axis in some individuals.
Uranyl Ion Complexes with trans‐3‐(3‐Pyridyl)acrylic Acid Including a Uranyl–Copper(II) Heterometallic Framework
Authors: Thuéry Pierre , Harrowfield Jack 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAs a heterofunctional pro‐ligand with both hard and soft coordination sites, trans‐3‐(3‐pyridyl)acrylic acid (LH) is of potential interest for the design of heterometallic complexes of f‐ and d‐block cations, as previously shown in the case of lanthanides. The reaction of LH with uranyl nitrate in water/acetonitrile at 180 °C yields the complex [(UO2)3(L)(HL)(O)(OH)3]·2.5H2O·CH3CN (2), which is different from the previously reported complex [UO2(L)(OH)] (1). Complex 2 crystallizes as a ribbon‐like 1D coordination polymer with a skeleton bridged by oxido and hydroxido ligands, in which the uranyl cation is bound to the bridging bidentate carboxylato groups, and the pyridyl groups (one of them protonated) are directed sideways. In the presence of copper nitrate, the reaction affords the heterometallic complex [(UO2)2Cu(L)3(O)(H2O)](NO3) (3), in which the harder uranium atom is bound to two μ3‐oxido anions and to chelating and bridging carboxylato groups to generate a tetranuclear secondary building unit, whereas the softer copper cations are bound to three pyridyl groups and only one carboxylato donor. The copper atoms are further involved in cation–cation interactions with uranyl oxido groups, and the Cu–O(oxido) bond lengths of 2.162(13) and 2.248(16) Å are among the shortest measured to date. 3 crystallizes as a 3D assembly, which displays narrow channels, and it illustrates the ability of copper cations, in combination with a ditopic ligand, to assemble discrete uranyl‐containing units into a framework structure. The emission spectra of complexes 1 and 2 in the solid state display the usual vibronic progression of the uranyl ion in the range 450–650 nm, and the width of the bands indicates that they may be the superposition of slightly different series, due to the inequivalent uranyl centres in the lattices.
Nitric Oxide and Nitroxyl Products from the Reaction of L‐Cysteine with trans‐[RuNO(NH3)4P(OEt)3](PF6)3
Authors: Pereira José Clayston Melo , Souza Maykon Lima , Franco Douglas Wagner 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe reaction between the trans‐[RuNO(NH3)4P(OEt)3](PF6)3 and L‐cysteine (RS–) was studied over a pH range of 2.0–7.4. In this reaction, the concentrations of NO and HNO produced varied as a function of the pH of the solution. The first step of this reaction proceeded quickly [k1 = (3.5 ± 0.3) × 103 M–1 s–1, pH = 3.5, 25 °C] and resulted in the formation of trans‐[Ru(NH3)4P(OEt)3N(O)SR]2+, which dissociated to yield trans‐[Ru(NH3)4P(OEt)3NO·]2+ and RS·. However, trans‐[Ru(NH3)4P(OEt)3N(O)SR]n–1 can react with a second L‐cysteine, yielding trans‐[Ru(NH3)4P(OEt)3N(O)(SR)2]+ [k2 = (3.6 ± 0.1) M–1 s–1, pH = 3.5, 25 °C]. Therefore, the trans‐[Ru(NH3)4P(OEt)3NO·]2+ species released NO and the trans‐[Ru(NH3)4P(OEt)3N(O)(SR)2]n–2 species released HNO.
Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Xanthates and Peroxides
Authors: Pennetreau Florence , Vriamont Charles , Vanhorenbeke Béatrice , Riant Olivier , Hermans Sophie 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe covalent grafting of xanthates onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using peroxides as radical initiators was studied. Carbon nanotubes were functionalized with seven different xanthates by employing dilauroyl peroxide as a radical initiator. This allowed for the concomitant double functionalization by both xanthate and peroxide moieties. This one‐step double functionalization was demonstrated by the use of a heteroatom‐containing peroxide, and optimization reactions were performed to determine the maximum grafting yields of each component. The maximum grafting yield of the xanthate occurred when the xanthate and peroxide were introduced in stoichiometric amounts, whereas the grafting yield of the peroxide was simply a function of the quantity of peroxide introduced to the reaction. On the basis of these results, a mechanism for this double functionalization is proposed. Finally, some postfunctionalization reactions of the grafted moieties were performed as proof that their chemical integrity was retained after being anchored to the CNT surface.
Visible‐Light‐Photocatalyzed Metal‐Free C–H Heteroarylation of Heteroarenes at Room Temperature: A Sustainable Synthesis of Biheteroaryls
Authors: Maity Pintu , Kundu Debasish , Ranu Brindaban C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn efficient C–H heteroarylation of heteroarenes is achieved through visible‐light photoredox‐catalyzed diazotization of heteroarylamines in situ by tBuONO at room temperature. A library of functionalized biheteroaryls is obtained by using this protocol. The reaction avoids the use of transition‐metal catalysts, additives, and acidic reaction medium.
Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect in Pre‐stressed Ferroelectric Materials
Authors: Chauhan Aditya , Patel Satyanarayan , Vaish Rahul 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe effect of mechanical uniaxial stress on the electrocaloric behavior of ferroelectric materials has been analyzed. The magnitude of the electrocaloric effect was enhanced using controlled uniaxial stress. This study was performed for two classes of ferroelectric materials: 94(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–6BaTiO3 (BNT–BT) bulk ceramics and Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3–32PbTiO3 (PMN–32PT) single crystals. Indirect measurements were made for pre‐stressed materials by using ferroelectric hysteresis loops and Maxwell’s relations. Peak adiabatic temperature changes of approximately 3 K and 0.65 K were obtained for BNT–BT and PMN–32PT materials, respectively. These values represent significant improvements (73 % and 200 %) over those obtained under unstressed conditions. The electrocaloric effect (ECE) could be harnessed in these materials for environmentally friendly refrigeration systems.
Inelastic spectra to predict period elongation of structures under earthquake loading
Authors: Katsanos E. I. , Sextos A. G. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryPeriod lengthening, exhibited by structures when subjected to strong ground motions, constitutes an implicit proxy of structural inelasticity and associated damage. However, the reliable prediction of the inelastic period is tedious and a multi‐parametric task, which is related to both epistemic and aleatory uncertainty. Along these lines, the objective of this paper is to investigate and quantify the elongated fundamental period of reinforced concrete structures using inelastic response spectra defined on the basis of the period shift ratio (Tin/Tel). Nonlinear oscillators of varying yield strength (expressed by the force reduction factor, Ry), post‐yield stiffness (ay) and hysteretic laws are examined for a large number of strong motions. Constant‐strength, inelastic spectra in terms of Tin/Tel are calculated to assess the extent of period elongation for various levels of structural inelasticity. Moreover, the influence that structural characteristics (Ry, ay and degrading level) and strong‐motion parameters (epicentral distance, frequency content and duration) exert on period lengthening are studied. Determined by regression analyses of the data obtained, simplified equations are proposed for period lengthening as a function of Ry and Tel. These equations may be used in the framework of the earthquake record selection and scaling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic fragility of lightly reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Su , Park Ji‐Hun , DesRoches Reginald 
Published: January 2015

SummarySeismic fragility of lightly reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills is assessed through numerical simulations considering uncertainty in ground motion and building materials. To achieve this aim, a numerical model of the components is developed, a rational approach to proportion and locate individual struts in the equivalent three‐strut model is proposed, and an explicit nonlinear column shear response model accounting for the infill–column interaction and soft‐story mechanism is employed. The proposed numerical model is used to (1) generate probabilistic seismic demand models accounting for a wide range of ground motion intensities with different frequency content and (2) determine limit state models obtained from nonlinear pushover analysis and incremental dynamic analysis. Using the demand and limit state model, fragility curves for the masonry‐infilled frames are developed to investigate the impact of various infill properties on the frame vulnerability. It is observed that the beneficial effect of the masonry infill diminishes at more severe limit states because of the interaction with the boundary frame. In some cases, this effect almost vanishes or switches to an adverse effect beyond a threshold of ground motion intensities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A swept intersection‐based remapping method for axisymmetric ReALE computation
Authors: Breil Jérôme , Alcin Hubert , Maire Pierre‐Henri 
Published: January 2015

SummaryWe use here a reconnection ALE (ReALE) strategy to solve hydrodynamic compressible flows in cylindrical geometries. The main difference between the classical ALE and the ReALE method is the rezoning step where we allow change in the topology. This leads for ReALE to a polygonal mesh, which follows more efficiently the flow. We present here a new displacement of generators in order to keep the Lagrangian features, which are usually lost using ALE with fixed topology. The reconnection capability allows to deal with complex geometries and high‐vorticity problems contrary to ALE method. The main difficulty of ReALE is the remapping step where we have to remap physical variables on a mesh with a different topology. For this step, a new remapping method based on a swept intersection algorithm has been developed in the case of planar geometries. We present here the extension of the swept intersection‐based remapping method to cylindrical geometries. We demonstrate that our method can be applied to several numerical examples up to problem representative of hydrodynamic experiments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter identification and uncertainty analysis for simulating streamflow in a river basin of Eastern India
Authors: Uniyal Bhumika , Jha Madan K. , Verma Arbind K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUncertainty is inherent in modelling studies. However, the quantification of uncertainties associated with a model is a challenging task, and hence, such studies are somewhat limited. As distributed or semi‐distributed hydrological models are being increasingly used these days to simulate hydrological processes, it is vital that these models should be equipped with robust calibration and uncertainty analysis techniques. The goal of the present study was to calibrate and validate the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for simulating streamflow in a river basin of Eastern India, and to evaluate the performance of salient optimization techniques in quantifying uncertainties. The SWAT model for the study basin was developed and calibrated using Parameter Solution (ParaSol), Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Algorithm (SUFI‐2) and Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) optimization techniques. The daily observed streamflow data from 1998 to 2003 were used for model calibration, and those for 2004–2005 were used for model validation. Modelling results indicated that all the three techniques invariably yield better results for the monthly time step than for the daily time step during both calibration and validation. The model performances for the daily streamflow simulation using ParaSol and SUFI‐2 during calibration are reasonably good with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.88 and 9.70 m3/s for ParaSol, and 0.86 and 10.07 m3/s for SUFI‐2, respectively. The simulation results of GLUE revealed that the model simulates daily streamflow during calibration with the highest accuracy in the case of GLUE (R2 = 0.88, MAE = 9.56 m3/s and root mean square error = 19.70 m3/s). The results of uncertainty analyses by SUFI‐2 and GLUE were compared in terms of parameter uncertainty. It was found that SUFI‐2 is capable of estimating uncertainties in complex hydrological models like SWAT, but it warrants sound knowledge of the parameters and their effects on the model output. On the other hand, GLUE predicts more reliable uncertainty ranges (R‐factor = 0.52 for daily calibration and 0.48 for validation) compared to SUFI‐2 (R‐factor = 0.59 for daily calibration and 0.55 for validation), though it is computationally demanding. Although both SUFI‐2 and GLUE appear to be promising techniques for the uncertainty analysis of modelling results, more and more studies in this direction are required under varying agro‐climatic conditions for assessing their generic capability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrate fluctuations at the water table: implications for recharge processes and solute transport in the Chalk aquifer
Authors: Sorensen James P. R. , Butcher Andrew S. , Stuart Marianne E. , Townsend Barry R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis study investigates fluctuations in nitrate concentration at the water table to improve understanding of unsaturated zone processes in the Chalk aquifer. Sampling was conducted using a novel multi‐level sampler during periods of water table rise over 5 years at a vertical resolution of 0.05 m. Nitrate concentration increased as the water table seasonally recovered, with similar inter‐annual trends with depth. The rising water table activated horizontal fractures facilitating the delivery of water elevated by up to 10 mg/l of nitrate with respect to the adjacent groundwater below. These fractures are considered to activate via piston displacement of water from the adjoining matrix. Hydrograph analysis identified 16 events which significantly perturbed the water table within 24–48 h of rainfall. Consistent nitrate concentrations indicate recharge through persistent fracture flow from the surface was not generally the primary driver of the rapid water table response during these events. Instead, the response was attributed to the piston displacement of porewater immediately above the water table. However, a single event in November 2012 delivered relatively dilute recharge indicating rapid persistent fracture flow following rainfall was possible to a depth of 14–15 m. Decreases in porewater nitrate concentration around fracture horizons and the dilution of many groundwater samples with respect to porewaters indicate a fresher source of water at depth. This was considered most likely to be a result of near surface water bypassing the matrix because of widespread mineralization on fracture surfaces, which retard water and solute exchange. Therefore, persistent fracture flow maybe considered a frequent process, operating independently of the matrix, and is not necessarily event driven. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of low‐cost space‐borne data for flood modelling: topography, flood extent and water level
Authors: Yan Kun , Di Baldassarre Giuliano , Solomatine Dimitri P. , Schumann Guy J.‐P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDuring the last two decades, remote sensing data have led to tremendous progress in advancing flood inundation modelling. In particular, low‐cost space‐borne data can be invaluable for large‐scale flood studies in data‐scarce areas. Various satellite products yield valuable information such as land surface elevation, flood extent and water level, which could potentially contribute to various flood studies. An increasing number of research studies have been dedicated to exploring those low‐cost data towards building, calibration and evaluation, and remote‐sensed information assimilation into hydraulic models. This paper aims at reviewing these recent scientific efforts on the integration of low‐cost space‐borne remote sensing data with flood modelling. Potentials and limitations of those data in flood modelling are discussed. This paper also introduces the future satellite missions and anticipates their likely impacts in flood modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gray level entropy matrix is a superior predictor than multiplex ELISA in the detection of reactive stroma and metastatic potential of high‐grade prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jia Xiaopeng , Sun Yanan , Wang Baozhi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecent reports have indicated that not only the primary glandular tissue but also the surrounding stromal tissue plays an active role in the progression of carcinoma. Such is true for cancer tissues arising in the prostate. However, the precise role of stromal tissue in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate adenocarcinoma is not well described. We undertook this current investigation to examine the changes in orientation of the extracellular matrix and correlate with prostatic cancer progression. We used a novel form of image analysis called gray level entropy matrix (GLEM) texture analysis to evaluate morphometric changes in stromal tissues. We used normal prostatic tissue obtained from cadaveric specimen and compared with BPH, prostatic intraepithelium neoplastic, hormone responsive prostatic adenocarcinoma and castration‐resistant prostatic adenocarcinoma tissues. GLEM showed higher entropy in disease‐resistant prostatic tissues, compared with benign forms of all spectra of pathologically diagnosed prostatic tissues (P < 0.05, ANOVA, between groups). Higher entropy is reflective of the disorganized morphological organization of the stroma, possibly reflecting the reactive matrix. In contrast, ELISA revealed that although individually correlated with the progressive stages of benign and carcinomatous prostatic tissues and trend correlation between groups, intergroup comparisons failed to arrive at statistical significance of comparisons between markers of neovasculogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (beta1‐integrin, E‐cadherin, MMP3) and osteogenic metastasis (RANKL and osteoprotegerin). The results of our study demonstrate the potential of GLEM entropy of gray level pixel in providing quasiquantitative estimate of a reactive stroma in advance stages of prostatic adenocarcinoma and thus can be routinely used in clinical decision making. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 66(12):847–853, 2014