bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of bioelectrocatalytic activity stimulates mixed‐culture reduction of glycerol in a bioelectrochemical system
Authors: Zhou Mi , Freguia Stefano , Dennis Paul G. , Keller Jürg , Rabaey Korneel 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIn a microbial bioelectrochemical system (BES), organic substrate such as glycerol can be reductively converted to 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PDO) by a mixed population biofilm growing on the cathode. Here, we show that 1,3‐PDO yields positively correlated to the electrons supplied, increasing from 0.27 ± 0.13 to 0.57 ± 0.09 mol PDO mol−1 glycerol when the cathodic current switched from 1 A m−2 to 10 A m−2. Electrochemical measurements with linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) demonstrated that the biofilm was bioelectrocatalytically active and that the cathodic current was greatly enhanced only in the presence of both biofilm and glycerol, with an onset potential of −0.46 V. This indicates that glycerol or its degradation products effectively served as cathodic electron acceptor. During long‐term operation (> 150 days), however, the yield decreased gradually to 0.13 ± 0.02 mol PDO mol−1 glycerol, and the current–product correlation disappeared. The onset potentials for cathodic current decreased to −0.58 V in the LSV tests at this stage, irrespective of the presence or absence of glycerol, with electrons from the cathode almost exclusively used for hydrogen evolution (accounted for 99.9% and 89.5% of the electrons transferred at glycerol and glycerol‐free conditions respectively). Community analysis evidenced a decreasing relative abundance of Citrobacter in the biofilm, indicating a community succession leading to cathode independent processes relative to the glycerol. It is thus shown here that in processes where substrate conversion can occur independently of the electrode, electroactive microorganisms can be outcompeted and effectively disconnected from the substrate.
Four‐stage dissolved oxygen strategy based on multi‐scale analysis for improving spinosad yield by Saccharopolyspora spinosa ATCC49460
Authors: Bai Yun , Zhou Peng‐Peng , Fan Pei , Zhu Yuan‐Min , Tong Yao , Wang Hong‐bo , Yu Long‐Jiang 
Published: March 2015

SummaryDissolved oxygen (DO) is an important influencing factor in the process of aerobic microbial fermentation. Spinosad is an aerobic microbial‐derived secondary metabolite. In our study, spinosad was used as an example to establish a DO strategy by multi‐scale analysis, which included a reactor, cell and gene scales. We changed DO conditions that are related to the characteristics of cell metabolism (glucose consumption rate, biomass accumulation and spinosad production). Consequently, cell growth was promoted by maintaining DO at 40% in the first 24 h and subsequently increasing DO to 50% in 24 h to 96 h. In an in‐depth analysis of the key enzyme genes (gtt, spn A, spn K and spn O), expression of spinosad and specific Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the spinosad yield was increased by regulating DO to 30% within 96 h to 192 h and then changing it to 25% in 192 h to 240 h. Under the four‐phase DO strategy, spinosad yield increased by 652.1%, 326.1%, 546.8%, and 781.4% compared with the yield obtained under constant DO control at 50%, 40%, 30%, and 20% respectively. The proposed method provides a novel way to develop a precise DO strategy for fermentation.
Are the Public Health Responsibility Deal alcohol pledges likely to improve public health? An evidence synthesis
Authors: Knai Cécile , Petticrew Mark , Durand Mary Alison , Eastmure Elizabeth , Mays Nicholas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsThe English Public Health Responsibility Deal (RD) is a public–private partnership involving voluntary pledges between industry, government and other actors in various areas including alcohol, and designed to improve public health. This paper reviews systematically the evidence underpinning four RD alcohol pledges.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of reviews of the evidence underpinning interventions proposed in four RD alcohol pledges, namely alcohol labelling, tackling underage alcohol sales, advertising and marketing alcohol, and alcohol unit reduction. In addition, we included relevant studies of interventions where these had not been covered by a recent review.ResultsWe synthesized the evidence from 14 reviews published between 2002 and 2013. Overall, alcohol labelling is likely to be of limited effect on consumption: alcohol unit content labels can help consumers assess the alcohol content of drinks; however, labels promoting drinking guidelines and pregnancy warning labels are unlikely to influence drinking behaviour. Responsible drinking messages are found to be ambiguous, and industry‐funded alcohol prevention campaigns can promote drinking instead of dissuading consumption. Removing advertising near schools can contribute to reducing underage drinking; however, community mobilization and law enforcement are most effective. Finally, reducing alcohol consumption is more likely to occur if there are incentives such as making lower‐strength alcohol products cheaper.ConclusionsThe most effective evidence‐based strategies to reduce alcohol‐related harm are not reflected consistently in the RD alcohol pledges. The evidence is clear that an alcohol control strategy should support effective interventions to make alcohol less available and more expensive.
Incidence and risk factors for life‐threatening bleeding after allogeneic stem cell transplant
Authors: Labrador Jorge , López‐Corral Lucia , Vazquez Lourdes , Sánchez‐Guijo Fermin , Guerrero Carmen , Sánchez‐Barba Mercedes , Lozano Francisco S. , Alberca Ignacio , del Cañizo María C. , Caballero Dolores , González‐Porras Jose R. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBleeding is a frequent complication after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and may affect survival. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for life‐threatening bleeding after HSCT by retrospective evaluation of 491 allogeneic HSCT recipients. With a median follow‐up of 33 months, 126 out of 491 allogeneic HSCT recipients experienced a haemorrhagic event (25·7%) and 46 patients developed a life‐threatening bleeding episode (9·4%). Pulmonary and gastrointestinal bleeding were the most common sites for life‐threatening bleeding, followed by central nervous system. In multivariate analyses, the presence of severe thrombocytopenia after day +28 and the development of grade III–IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) or thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) retained their association with life‐threatening bleeding events. The overall survival at 3 years among patients without bleeding was 67·1% for only 17·1% for patients with life‐threatening bleeding (P < 0·001). In conclusion, life‐threatening bleeding is a common complication after allogeneic HSCT. Prolonged severe thrombocytopenia, acute grade III–IV GVHD and TMA were associated with its development.
Long‐term outcome of patients with acquired chronic pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) following immunosuppressive therapy: a final report of the nationwide cohort study in 2004/2006 by the Japan PRCA collaborative study group
Authors: Hirokawa Makoto , Sawada Kenichi , Fujishima Naohito , Teramura Masanao , Bessho Masami , Dan Kazuo , Tsurumi Hisashi , Nakao Shinji , Urabe Akio , Fujisawa Shin , Yonemura Yuji , Kawano Fumio , Oshimi Kazuo , Sugimoto Koichi , Matsuda Akira , Karasawa Masamitsu , Arai Ayako , Komatsu Norio , Harigae Hideo , Omine Mitsuhiro , Ozawa Keiya , Kurokawa Mineo ,   the PRCA Collaborative Study Group
Published: March 2015

SummaryImmunosuppressive therapy has been employed as the initial treatment for acquired chronic pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), such as idiopathic, thymoma‐associated, or large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukaemia‐associated PRCA, which is thought to be immune‐mediated. To explore the overall long‐term outcome following immunosuppression and to identify the risk factors for death in these disorders, we conducted nationwide surveys in Japan 2004 and 2006, and identified a total of 185 patients with acquired chronic PRCA, including 72 idiopathic, 41 thymoma‐associated and 14 LGL leukaemia‐associated cases of PRCA for whom data was available. The
present study evaluated 127 patients with these three subsets of PRCA. The median overall survival has not yet been reached in idiopathic PRCA. The estimated median overall survival times in patients with thymoma‐associated and LGL leukaemia‐associated PRCA were 142·1 and 147·8 months, respectively. Twenty‐two deaths were reported, and the response to induction therapy and relapse of anaemia were found to be associated with death. The major causes of death were infection in seven patients and organ failure in another seven patients. The results suggest that maintenance therapy and the management of infectious complications are crucial for improving the prognosis of chronic PRCA.
Impact of social norms and social support on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents: a scoping review
Authors: Draper C. E. , Grobler L. , Micklesfield L. K. , Norris S. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe prevalence of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood is rapidly increasing, and it is essential that risk factors for NCDs be addressed in adolescence, both for the health of individuals during adolescence and for their health in later life. These risk factors include diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. No literature has been published that comprehensively summarizes the impact of social norms and social support on these behaviours among adolescents. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted to determine the extent of recent (since 2000) literature available on this topic. A comprehensive search strategy was used to search PubMed and EMBASE for eligible reviews. Review papers (narrative reviews, systematic and non‐systematic reviews) published in English in peer‐reviewed journals from 2000 to February 2013 were included in the overview. Two of the authors screened the titles and abstracts of the search results independently. Thirty reviews were included in the scoping review. This scoping review has shown sufficient evidence for parental influences, and especially the positive impact of an authoritative parenting style, on healthy behaviours of adolescents, although the evidence is somewhat more compelling for diet than for physical activity and sedentary behaviour. More research is needed to investigate parental and family influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. And the effect of peer influences on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents requires further investigation. The evidence presented affirms the consideration of social norms and social support in the development of interventions to address these behaviours in adolescents. The evidence regarding parenting style provides some concrete guidance for such interventions.
Development of a reliable, valid measure to assess parents' and teachers' understanding of postural care for children with physical disabilities: the (UKC PostCarD) questionnaire
Authors: Hotham S. , Hutton E. , Hamilton‐West K. E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has highlighted lack of knowledge, understanding and confidence among parents and teachers responsible for the postural care of children with physical disability. Interventions designed to improve these qualities require a reliable and validated tool to assess pre‐ and post‐intervention levels. Currently, however, no validated measure of postural care confidence (i.e. self‐efficacy) exists. Hence, the aim of this research was to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess parents' and teachers' confidence, alongside knowledge and understanding of postural care – the Understanding Knowledge and Confidence in providing POSTural CARe for children with Disabilities (UKC PostCarD) questionnaire.MethodsItems were developed by a multidisciplinary team and designed to map onto the content of ‘An A‐to‐Z of Postural Care’. Parents, teachers and therapists assessed items for face validity. Scale reliability was then assessed using Cronbach's alpha and known‐group validity was assessed by comparing scores of an ‘expert’ group (physiotherapists and occupational therapists) with those of a ‘non‐expert’ group (with no formal training in postural care).ResultsThe total scale and all three subscales (understanding and knowledge, confidence and concerns) demonstrated adequate reliability (α > 0.83) and subscale correlations formed a logical pattern (understanding and knowledge correlated positively with confidence and negatively with concerns). Experts' (n = 111) scores were higher than non‐experts' (n = 79) for the total scale and all subscales (P < 0.001).ConclusionFindings support the reliability and validity of the UKC PostCarD questionnaire as a measure of understanding, knowledge and confidence in providing postural care for children with disabilities.
Postpartum SMS reminders to women who have experienced gestational diabetes to test for Type 2 diabetes: the DIAMIND randomized trial
Authors: Van Ryswyk E. M. , Middleton P. F. , Hague W. M. , Crowther C. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsThis parallel group randomized controlled trial assessed whether an SMS reminder system for women, after gestational diabetes, would increase their attendance for an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) by six months postpartum.MethodsWomen were eligible for inclusion if they were diagnosed with gestational diabetes in their recent pregnancy, had a mobile phone and normal blood glucose profile prior to postnatal discharge from the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide. A computer‐generated random number sequence and telephone randomization were used. Two hundred and seventy‐six women were randomized. Women in the six‐week group (n = 140) were sent a text reminder to attend for an OGTT at six weeks postpartum, with further reminders at three and six months if required. Women in the control group (n = 136) received one text reminder at six months postpartum. Blinding was not feasible. The primary outcome was OGTT attendance within six months postpartum.ResultsWomen in the six‐week group did not increase their attendance for an OGTT within six months postpartum compared with women in the control group, 104 (77.6% of 134) versus 103 (76.8% of 134), relative risk (RR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89–1.15.ConclusionsThe SMS reminder system did not increase postpartum OGTT, fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c completion, although high rates of test completion were measured in both groups. Further research is required into factors influencing attendance for postpartum testing from the perspective of women, and into optimal counselling relating to Type 2 diabetes risk in the postpartum period for increasing postpartum glucose testing rates.
Fall in population‐based mortality from coronary heart disease negated in people with diabetes mellitus: data from England
Authors: Ecclestone T. C. , Yeates D. G. R. , Goldacre M. J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsMortality rates for coronary heart disease (CHD) have declined substantially in developed countries. Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for CHD; its prevalence is increasing. We aimed to compare trends in population‐based mortality for CHD without diabetes on the death certificate with trends for CHD with diabetes on the same certificate.MethodsAnalysis of an all‐England dataset with multiple‐cause coded mortality records from 1995 to 2010. Analysis of a similar dataset for Oxford, because it has the longest run of multiple‐cause coded mortality in England, from 1979. Age‐specific and age‐standardized mortality rates were calculated.ResultsIn the all‐England dataset, there were 1 772 760 deaths with CHD and no mention of diabetes; and 173 184 deaths with CHD and diabetes on the same death certificate. Of deaths with CHD without a mention of diabetes, rates per million men fell by more than half from 2843 (95% confidence interval: 2822–2862) in 1995 to 1379 (1366–1391) in 2010; and those in women halved from 1324 (1314–1336) to 628 (621–635). Of deaths with CHD and diabetes, rates per million men increased from 194 (188–200) to 215 (210–220); and those for women fell, but only very slightly, from 114 (111–118) to 101 (98–104). The longer run in Oxford, from 1979, showed that rates in men and women without diabetes had fallen by two‐thirds; but that rates for CHD with diabetes had not fallen.ConclusionsThe fall in mortality from CHD without diabetes has been spectacular. There has been no comparable fall in mortality from CHD with diabetes.
Clinical Evaluation of Coronary In‐Stent Restenosis Using Dual‐Source Computed Tomography
Authors: Wang Lian‐Fa , Tao Li‐Wei , Huang Meng‐Xun , Liao Wen‐Bin , Zhu You‐Zhi , Zhou Wen‐Bing , Li Hua , Li Dan , Lu Hong‐Tao , Zhang Bang‐Zhu , Chen Zhen 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of dual‐source computed tomography (DSCT) in the evaluation of coronary in‐stent restenosis (ISR) by comparing the results of DSCT and selective coronary angiography (CAG).MethodsIn‐stent restenosis examination results from DSCT were compared with those obtained using CAG.ResultsAmong 173 stents studied, 156 yielded good quality images when evaluated with DSCT. CAG identified 38 ISR cases, while DSCT found 40. Among the 112 stents in the study with an inner diameter ≥3.0 mm, CAG identified 29 as having ISR, while DSCT reported the same finding in 30; among the 44 stents with inner diameter <3.0 mm, CAG identified ISR in 9, while DSCT found ISR in 10.ConclusionsStent inner diameter is a key factor influencing the imaging of the stent lumen. DSCT demonstrated a higher negative predictive value in ISR assessment, suggesting that it could replace CAG for assessing the patency of stents with a larger inner diameter (≥3 mm).
Swiss Cheese‐Like Atrial Septal Defect Detected by Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: Vatankulu Mehmet A. , Jafarov Parviz , Kahraman Ay Nuray 
Published: March 2015

Mini‐AbstractA 33‐year‐old female presented to the outpatient clinic with progressive exertional dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed enlarged right heart chambers with left‐to‐right shunting. Two‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography confirmed these findings and showed three defects on interatrial septum. Real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography was performed to better visualize the anatomy of the interatrial septum. Reconstruction of the three‐dimensional images revealed multiple defects of interatrial septum like a Swiss cheese. The patient underwent surgical closure of the atrial septal defect.
Stereological estimation of neuron number and plaque load in the hippocampal region of a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Heggland Ingrid , Storkaas Inge S. , Soligard Hanne T. , Kobro‐Flatmoen Asgeir , Witter Menno P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal death. The McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP rat is one of the few transgenic rat models of AD that displays progressive amyloid pathology. This study aimed to further characterise this rat model, focusing on the pathological changes in the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region. These structures, that are important for episodic memory and spatial navigation, are affected in the early stages of the disease. This study used unbiased stereology to investigate possible neuronal loss in the CA1, subiculum and entorhinal cortex of 18‐month‐old homozygous McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP rats, and also quantified the plaque load in all the areas of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region from 9 to 18 months old. A significant reduction of neurons at 18 months was only seen in the subiculum. The first plaque pathology was seen at 9 months in the subiculum. Although the quantified plaque load was variable between animals, the pattern of spatiotemporal progression was similar for all animals. The spread of plaque pathology mainly affected anatomically connected regions. Overall, the plaque pathology observed in the transgenic rats was similar to the early phases of amyloid beta (Aβ)‐deposition described in human patients. The findings here thus indicate that the McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP rat could be a good model of the Aβ pathology in AD, but less so with respect to neuron loss.
Responses of cyanobacteria to herbivorous zooplankton across predator regimes: who mows the bloom?
Authors: Urrutia‐Cordero Pablo , Ekvall Mattias K. , Hansson Lars‐Anders 
Published: March 2015

Summary

The massive growth of large, toxic cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters has traditionally been explained by their evolution of defences to herbivorous zooplankton. These conclusions come mostly from studies using the large‐bodied cladoceran Daphnia as a grazer model. In contrast, very little is known about the effects of other zooplankters such as copepods and small cladocerans that, unlike Daphnia, often coexist with cyanobacterial blooms and under high levels of fish predation.

We performed a series of grazing experiments during a cyanobacterial bloom in a eutrophic lake, subject to decreasing predation on zooplankton (removal of cyprinid fish). We also used long‐term observational data to analyse the response of cyanobacteria to changes in abundance, body size and biomass of the naturally, coexisting zooplankton community across different predator regimes.

A natural grazer community, dominated by selective herbivores like calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, positively affected cyanobacterial growth in early summer at low cyanobacterial densities. However, cyclopoid copepods and small cladocerans suppressed the growth of Anabaena, Microcystis and Planktothrix species under bloom conditions in late summer, with the exception of the highly toxic Microcystis botrys.

Long‐term observational data support the results from the grazing experiments regarding the potential capacity of the natural zooplankton community to suppress cyanobacterial growth, especially of the dominant taxon Microcystis (including the most toxic species, M. botrys). In particular, these results suggest that direct grazing may contribute significantly to the observed 72% decrease in Microcystis biomass through a 111% increase in abundance of cyclopoid copepods, and an 18% increase in body size of cyclopoid copepods and a 31% increase in body size of the generalist feeder Daphnia, during the biomanipulation.

Together, these results suggest that, within the complex interactions brought about by trophic cascades, direct grazing by the coexisting zooplankton community is a strong driver regulating cyanobacterial growth in eutrophic lakes and that this can display contrasting effects, both seasonally and under different levels of fish predation. Importantly, we show that herbivory may be enhanced along a gradient of decreasing fish predation by the combined action of copepods (selective herbivores) and Daphnia (generalist herbivores).