bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment source apportionment in Laurel Hill Creek, PA, using Bayesian chemical mass balance and isotope fingerprinting
Authors: Stewart Heather A. , Massoudieh Arash , Gellis Allen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA Bayesian chemical mass balance (CMB) approach was used to assess the contribution of potential sources for fluvial samples from Laurel Hill Creek in southwest Pennsylvania. The Bayesian approach provides joint probability density functions of the sources' contributions considering the uncertainties due to source and fluvial sample heterogeneity and measurement error. Both elemental profiles of sources and fluvial samples and13C and15N isotopes were used for source apportionment. The sources considered include stream bank erosion, forest, roads and agriculture (pasture and cropland). Agriculture was found to have the largest contribution, followed by stream bank erosion. Also, road erosion was found to have a significant contribution in three of the samples collected during lower‐intensity rain events. The source apportionment was performed with and without isotopes. The results were largely consistent; however, the use of isotopes was found to slightly increase the uncertainty in most of the cases. The correlation analysis between the contributions of sources shows strong correlations between stream bank and agriculture, whereas roads and forest seem to be less correlated to other sources. Thus, the method was better able to estimate road and forest contributions independently. The hypothesis that the contributions of sources are not seasonally changing was tested by assuming that all ten fluvial samples had the same source contributions. This hypothesis was rejected, demonstrating a significant seasonal variation in the sources of sediments in the stream. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal design of rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment, Australia
Authors: Adhikary Sajal Kumar , Yilmaz Abdullah Gokhan , Muttil Nitin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRainfall data are a fundamental input for effective planning, designing and operating of water resources projects. A well‐designed rain gauge network is capable of providing accurate estimates of necessary areal average and/or point rainfall estimates at any desired ungauged location in a catchment. Increasing network density with additional rain gauge stations has been the main underlying criterion in the past to reduce error and uncertainty in rainfall estimates. However, installing and operation of additional stations in a network involves large cost and manpower. Hence, the objective of this study is to design an optimal rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia. The optimal positioning of additional stations as well as optimally relocating of existing redundant stations using the kriging‐based geostatistical approach was undertaken in this study. Reduction of kriging error was considered as an indicator for optimal spatial positioning of the stations. Daily rainfall records of 1997 (an El Niño year) and 2010 (a La Niña year) were used for the analysis. Ordinary kriging was applied for rainfall data interpolation to estimate the kriging error for the network. The results indicate that significant reduction in the kriging error can be achieved by the optimal spatial positioning of the additional as well as redundant stations. Thus, the obtained optimal rain gauge network is expected to be appropriate for providing high quality rainfall estimates over the catchment. The concept proposed in this study for optimal rain gauge network design through combined use of additional and redundant stations together is equally applicable to any other catchment. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The effect of deactivation of H‐zeolites on product selectivity in the oxidation of chlorinated VOCs (trichloroethylene)
Authors: Aranzabal Asier , Romero‐Sáez Manuel , Elizundia Unai , González‐Velasco Juan Ramón , González‐Marcos José Antonio 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe literature on the activity of diverse catalytic formulations for the oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds is very large. Catalyst stability or durability has been investigated to a lesser extent, and particularly the effect of deactivation on selectivity, although it is a key factor for commercial scale applicability.RESULTSH‐zeolites suffered from rapid deactivation to some lower residual activity in the oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE). The catalyst deactivation led to a decrease of selectivity to HCl and CO2, but to an increased selectivity for tetrachloroethylene (PER) and CCl4. By co‐feeding water vapour, deactivation was avoided and the selectivity to PER and CCl4 dropped near to zero.CONCLUSIONSThese effects were due to the loss of hydroxyl groups, which were partially chlorinated while TCE was adsorbed and decomposed. The selectivity data of PER and CCl4 with time on stream (TOS) did not allow the conclusion that the formation of PER and CCl4 took place by chlorination of TCE through HCl(g) or Cl2(g), as was previously suggested by some authors in the literature. It was concluded that formation of PER and CCl4 takes place through the chlorination of TCE by chlorine species previously adsorbed on the surface of the zeolite. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Anuran larval developmental plasticity and survival in response to variable salinity of ecologically relevant timing and magnitude
Authors: Kearney Brian D. , Pell Rebecca J. , Byrne Phillip G. , Reina Richard D. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTSalinity in affected freshwater ecosystems fluctuates with seasonal rainfall, tidal flux, rates of evaporation, chemical runoff and the influence of secondary salinization. Environmental stressors such as salinity can have lasting effects on anuran development, yet little is known about the effects of fluctuating salinity on tadpole ontogeny or the effects of differing magnitudes of salinity exposure, as would occur in natural wetland systems. We examined how salinity fluctuations affected survival, growth and development of Litoria ewingii by exposing tadpoles to a range of salinity concentrations (5.6–10.85 ppt) at three different stages of development (hind limb‐bud formation; toe differentiation and forearm development). We also investigated the plasticity of tadpole growth rates in response to non‐lethal, transient salinity influxes, specifically examining the capacity for compensatory growth and its relationship to the timing, magnitude or frequency of salinity exposure. Our results show that later‐stage tadpoles are more tolerant to elevated salinity than those exposed at a younger age, and that exposure to high salinity later in life suppresses the potential for compensatory growth. Tadpoles exposed to transient low salinity lost less mass during metamorphosis than animals in constant salinity treatments, indicating a possible alternate to compensatory growth. Exposure to near‐lethal salinities early in development did not alter tadpole responses to subsequent salinity stress. Our results provide some of the first evidence that both the timing and magnitude of transient environmental stressors can have an effect on anuran development and developmental trade‐offs in a stressful environment. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 541–549, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No scope for social modulation of steroid levels in a year‐round territorial damselfish
Authors: Ros Albert Frank Huascar , Damjanovic Katarina , Glauser Gaétan , Bshary Redouan 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTBoth latitude and mating system have been proposed to shape relationships between steroid hormone levels and social behavior. Recently it has been postulated that species with long lasting non‐seasonal territorial behavior have low androgen responsiveness. Tropical damselfishes are an ideal family to test this proposition because they show a large variety in mating systems. Here we contribute to the comparative dataset by measuring the response in steroid levels after social modulation in the banded sergeant, Abudefduf septemfasciatus, a species with non‐seasonal territoriality. In highly territorial and brooding males, we found low androgen and cortisol levels that did not increase after experimental intraspecific simulated territorial intrusions (STI tests). No relationship was found between the variation in steroid hormone levels and territorial responses to naturally occurring territorial intrusions. Although steroid levels were low, male A. septemfasciatus were highly territorial both to STI challenges and to fishes that passed the territory. They often chased intruders for several meters away from the territory. This indicates that during nest defence in a non‐seasonal territorial damselfish species, territorial behaviors are shown independent of variation in androgen and cortisol levels. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 80–88, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of beef treated with high‐intensity ultrasound and stored at 4 °C
Authors: Caraveo Omaro , Alarcon‐Rojo Alma D , Renteria Ana , Santellano Eduardo , Paniwnyk Larysa 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe application of high‐intensity ultrasound causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of biological materials including meat. In this study the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of beef after the application of high‐intensity ultrasound for 60 and 90 min and subsequent storage at 4 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days were evaluated.RESULTSThe ultrasound‐treated meat showed higher (P < 0.05) pH and luminosity than the control, with no difference (P > 0.05) between sonication times. The redness of ultrasound‐treated meat was initially lower than that of control meat, but no difference (P > 0.05) was observed after day 8 of storage. The 90 min ultrasound‐treated meat had higher (P < 0.05) yellowness during the entire storage period. Ultrasound decreased (P < 0.05) coliform, mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria in the meat throughout the storage period; however, the original microbial loads increased constantly during refrigeration. The 90 min ultrasound‐treated meat showed the greatest reduction in microbial load during storage. Coliforms and psychrophilic bacteria were the most affected by ultrasound.CONCLUSIONThe application of high‐intensity ultrasound to beef semitendinosus muscle stored at 4 °C decreased bacterial growth without affecting the physicochemical quality of meat. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of Laser Cutting Quality with Design of Experiments
Authors: Wahab Hud , Gröninger Jürgen , Dickmann Klaus , Bruns P. , Voß M. , Kardosh I. , Meinschien J. , Aschke L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLaser cut quality is strongly influenced by the cutting process parameters. In this study, 5 mm mild steel is cut with a high brightness 2.5 kW diode laser. The process parameters are optimized using systematic design of experiment (DOE) to obtain burr free laser cuts with minimal cut edge surface roughness. Varied factors include cutting speed, gas pressure, focus position, nozzle diameter and nozzle distance. The goal of this work is to relate these factors to burr formations and cut edge surface roughness. The relationship is generated and validated with help of a mathematical model, which is then used to predict and minimize burr heights and cut edge surface roughness.
Betadine has a ciliotoxic effect on ciliated human respiratory cells
Authors: Kim J H , Rimmer J , Mrad N , Ahmadzada S , Harvey R J 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjective:This study investigated the effect of Betadine on ciliated human respiratory epithelial cells.Methods:Epithelial cells from human sinonasal mucosa were cultured at the air–liquid interface. The cultures were tested with Hanks' balanced salt solution containing 10 mM HEPES (control), 100 µM ATP (positive control), 5 per cent Betadine or 10 per cent Betadine (clinical dose). Ciliary beat frequency was analysed using a high-speed camera on a computer imaging system.Results:Undiluted 10 per cent Betadine (n = 6) decreased the proportion of actively beating cilia over 1 minute (p < 0.01). Ciliary beat frequency decreased from 11.15 ± 4.64 Hz to no detectable activity. The result was similar with 5 per cent Betadine (n = 7), with no significant difference compared with the 10 per cent solution findings.Conclusion:Betadine, at either 5 and 10 per cent, was ciliotoxic. Caution should be applied to the use of topical Betadine solution on the respiratory mucosal surface.
Outcomes and hospital costs associated with the Norwood operation: beyond morbidity and mortality
Authors: Kogon Brian E. , Kanter Kirk , Alsoufi Bahaaldin , Maher Kevin , Oster Matthew E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough much is known about morbidity and mortality, there are limited data focussing on the financial aspect of the Norwood operation. Our objective is to characterise the hospitalisation and detail the hospital costs.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 86 newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who underwent Norwood palliation between 2008 and 2012. Clinical and financial data were collected. Financial data have been reported for 2011–2012.ResultsAt surgery, median age and weight of the patients were 4 days (range 1–13) and 3 kg (range 2–4.8), respectively. The median time from admission to surgery was 4 days (range 1–10), with the postoperative ICU stay and total length of stay at the hospital being 10 days (range 4–135) and 16 days (range 5–136), respectively. Discharge mortality was 14/86 (16%) patients.For patients operated on between 2011 and 2012 (n=40), median hospital costs, charges, and collections per patient were $117,021, $433,054, and $198,453, respectively, and mean hospital costs, charges, and collections per patient were $322,765, $1,109,500, and $511,271, respectively.A breakdown of total hospital costs (direct and indirect) by department showed that the top four areas of resource utilisation (excluding physician fees) were as follows: the cardiac ICU (35%), laboratory (12%), pharmacy (12%), and operating room (7%). Interestingly, point-of-care laboratory evaluations accounted for almost half of the laboratory total (5%). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, although only utilised in eight patients between 2011 and 2012, accounted for 7% of utilisation.General radiology only accounted for 2%, despite numerous radiographs.ConclusionsLimited data are available that detail the hospitalisation and costs associated with the Norwood operation. We hope that this analysis will identify areas for quality and value improvement from both system and patient perspectives.
Lubricity Characteristics of Seed Oils Modified by Acylation
Authors: Harry-O’kuru Rogers E. , Biresaw Girma 
Published: November 2014

Seed oils chemically modified via acylation of their epoxidized and polyhydroxylated derivatives, were investigated for their potential as candidates for lubrication. The native oil was preliminarily epoxidized and ring opened in a one-pot reaction using formic acid/H2O2 followed by aqueous HCl treatment to give the polyhydroxy intermediate. The latter was then acylated with C2 to C5 anhydrides to avail the polyacetyl-, polybutyroyl- and polypentanoyl esters of the oil. Also using the oxirane as the starting material, the vicinal polyformates were generated. Tribological study of these seed oil derivatives revealed low coefficients of friction as well as low wear scar in four-ball tribometric tests.
Validation of Daily Ring Deposition in the Otoliths of Age-0 Alligator Gar
Authors: Sakaris Peter C. , Buckmeier David L. , Smith Nathan G. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We validated techniques for estimating the daily age of young-of-the-year Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula. Alligator Gar eggs were hatched and larvae were grown in aquaria and then transferred to an outdoor artificial stream. Fish were sampled from 21 d to 118 d posthatch. Sagittal otoliths were extracted from each fish, and each otolith was embedded in a clear epoxy resin. Otoliths were sectioned along a transverse plane, sanded with 600-grit sandpaper to reveal daily rings, and then polished with 1500-grit sandpaper. We estimated the daily age of each otolith three times, making each estimate in random order without reference to known ages. The mean of the three counts for each otolith was considered the final age estimate. Daily age estimates of 50 Alligator Gar (21–118 d old, 43–458 mm total length) were closely related to known fish ages, validating daily ring deposition. Absolute error in age estimates increased after 62 d posthatch; 68% of the estimated ages were within ±3 d of the known age through 62 d, whereas only 26% of the estimated ages were within ±3 d of the known age from 76 to 118 d posthatch. However, mean estimates for each cohort were within 5 d of known age through 104 d posthatch. Daily increments near the core were difficult to identify, but later increments were more discernable and deposited in a regular pattern. A significant relationship was also identified between fish total length and otolith radius (P &lt; 0.01), indicating that estimates of growth histories should be reliable. We encourage researchers to utilize our aging technique to estimate hatch dates, the timing and frequency of hatching, and early growth rates of Alligator Gar in wild populations. This early life history information will be valuable in enhancing management and conservation of this species.
Received March 21, 2014; accepted July 16, 2014
FTA break new ground in response to grand challenges
Authors: Carabias Vicente , De Smedt Peter , Teichler Thomas 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThis Guest Editorial aims to demonstrate the diversity of application fields in which FTA methods are being used and to offer a glimpse into possible consequences that grand challenges may imply for the development of FTA.Design/methodology/approachThis introductory paper provides an overview of selected FTA 2011 Conference contributions for this Special Issue.FindingsFTA approaches create spaces where an effective dialogue between key players in different policy domains facilitates vision‐building and consensus‐building for engineering major processes of transformation. Therefore, sound approaches of futures thinking will help to better address the grand challenges.Research limitations/implicationsFrom a large set of excellent papers presented at the FTA 2011 Conference, only a restricted number of papers could be included in this Special Issue highlighting the broad diversity of FTA application fields in response to grand challenges.Practical implicationsFTA can contribute not only to the steering of diverse innovation systems, but also to their adjustment, adaptability and ability to shape responses to grand challenges.Social implicationsThe papers of this Special Issue point to the need for FTA to take into account user perspectives and to shape the social context.Originality/valueThis Special Issue brings together papers that explore not only the opportunities and limitations of implementing FTA methods in a variety of policy domains, but also their benefits in enabling a better understanding of complex systems that interact in each situation and in defining effective policy responses.
A GIS-microscopic simulation approach for optimizing road barrier placement and configuration in university campus emergency evacuation
Authors: Cai Hubo , Rahman Asadur , Su Xing , Zhang Hongtao 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to create a framework that integrates GIS and microscopic simulation to optimize the placement of road barriers in emergency evacuation and assess the effectiveness via simulation. Human populations are at risk from many hazards including man-made and natural disasters, sudden events that are difficult to predict and prevent, but have catastrophic consequences. A critical issue in disaster management is timely evacuation that considers the dynamic traffic demand and congestions under dynamic hazard conditions. University campuses face a unique challenge in developing effective emergency evacuation plans due to their complex site configurations, high-dense buildings and dynamic spatial-temporal distribution of population.

Design/methodology/approach
– The framework was implemented and tested on the main campus of the Western Michigan University to optimize the placement and configuration of road barriers to achieve an effective utilization of road network when the demand way exceeds the capacity. The resulting system was also used to test the effectiveness of the phased evacuation notification strategy, both with and without the optimal road barrier strategy.

Findings
– It concluded that the newly created framework and its implementation could assist emergency evacuation planning for university campuses. It also concluded that placing road barriers at appropriate locations could reduce the evacuation time by 20 per cent or more under a variety of evacuation scenarios.

Originality/value
– The originality of this research lies in three aspects of: a university campus context, the integration of GIS and microscopic simulation in emergency evacuation and the simulation based turn restriction strategy.
Internationalisation of service firms through corporate social entrepreneurship and networking
Authors: Ghauri Pervez , Tasavori Misagh , Zaefarian Reza 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore how employing corporate social entrepreneurship and developing a network of relationships with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) can support and contribute towards the internationalisation of service firms into the base of the pyramid (BOP) markets in emerging markets.

Design/methodology/approach
– This research adopts an exploratory approach employing qualitative multiple case studies. Three service firms that have targeted the BOP markets in India were studied. In total, 25 in-depth interviews were conducted with multinational corporations (MNCs) and their NGO partners. Data analysis was facilitated through pattern matching and systematic case comparison.

Findings
– The findings reveal that, by engaging in social entrepreneurship, these MNCs have focused on the neglected needs of the BOP population, developed sustainable solutions and empowerment, and started with social value creation and postponed value capturing. The pursuit of corporate social entrepreneurship has paved the way for them to establish relationships with NGOs. While the MNCs have mainly had the technical knowledge and financial resources required, collaboration with NGOs have allowed them to learn about the BOP’s specific needs and benefit from the NGOs’ knowledge, human resources and good relationships in this market.

Originality/value
– This research unravels how service firms can seize opportunities at the BOP. The authors build on social entrepreneurship theory and bring new insights to the field of international business. In addition, the authors broaden the network view and show how networking with social actors such as NGOs enables the mobilisation of resources, actors and activities in emerging markets.