bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural Features of Vagina at Different Phases of the Oestrous Cycle in the Female African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse)
Authors: Akinloye Adebayo K. , Oke Bankole O. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe ultrastructures of the vagina at various stages of the oestrous cycle in female African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) were described in the present study. At mid‐proestrus, late proestrus (LP)/early estrus (EE) and mid‐estrus (ME) as well as late metestrus (LM)/early diestrus (ED) and mid‐diestrus (MD), complex interface of epithelium and lamina propria were observed. Cells of the stratum basale formed finger‐like extensions into the underlying lamina propria and tips of the extensions displayed hemidesmosome while basal lamina followed the contour of the extensions. At mid‐metestrus (MM) and late diestrus/early proestrus, well developed, relatively straight basal lamina interfaced between the stratum basale and the lamina propria without finger‐like projections. Polygonal cells with indented nuclei and, cytoplasm containing ribosomes, polysomes, intermediate filaments, and mitochondria were observed in stratum spinosum at all the phases of the oestrus cycle. At MM, LM/ED, and MD, the stratum spinosum had numerous desmosomes with tonofilaments, large microvilli that intermingled at the intercellular spaces and evidence of trapped/migrating neutrophils and lymphocytes. The superficial layer displayed short microvilli at mid‐proestrus, cornification at LP/EE and desquamation at ME while it showed condensation of intermediate filaments; projections of large microvilli into the luminal surface at MM, and embeddement of neutrophils at LM/ED as well as MD. This study looked into the reproductive biology of female African giant rats to produce baseline information on its reproductive organs and represented the first comprehensive description of the vagina at the ultrastructural level during oestrous cycle. Anat Rec, 297:1131–1136, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Salamander Limb Regeneration Really Perfect? Anatomical and Morphogenetic Analysis of Forelimb Muscle Regeneration in GFP‐Transgenic Axolotls as a Basis for Regenerative, Developmental, and Evolutionary Studies
Authors: Diogo R. , Nacu E. , Tanaka E.M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum is one of the most commonly used model organisms in developmental and regenerative studies because it can reconstitute what is believed to be a completely normal anatomical and functional forelimb/hindlimb after amputation. However, to date it has not been confirmed whether each regenerated forelimb muscle is really a “perfect” copy of the original muscle. This study describes the regeneration of the arm, forearm, hand, and some pectoral muscles (e.g., coracoradialis) in transgenic axolotls that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in muscle fibers. The observations found that: (1) there were muscle anomalies in 43% of the regenerated forelimbs; (2) however, on average in each regenerated forelimb there are anomalies in only 2.5% of the total number of muscles examined, and there were no significant differences observed in the specific insertion and origin of the other muscles analyzed; (3) one of the most notable and common anomalies (seen in 35% of the regenerated forelimbs) was the presence of a fleshy coracoradialis at the level of the arm; this is a particularly outstanding configuration because in axolotls and in urodeles in general this muscle only has a thin tendon at the level of the arm, and the additional fleshy belly in the regenerated arms is strikingly similar to the fleshy biceps brachii of amniotes, suggesting a remarkable parallel between a regeneration defect and a major phenotypic change that occurred during tetrapod limb evolution; (4) during forelimb muscle regeneration there was a clear proximo‐distal and radio‐ulnar morphogenetic gradient, as seen in normal development, but also a ventro‐dorsal gradient in the order of regeneration, which was not previously described in the literature. These results have broader implications for regenerative, evolutionary, developmental and morphogenetic studies. Anat Rec, 297:1076–1089, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of Morphological Variation of Extant Sloth Skulls and their Implication for Future Conservation Efforts
Authors: Hautier Lionel , Billet Guillaume , Eastwood Bethany , Lane Jemima 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have shown an increased morphological variability of sloths from mammalian norms, affecting varied phenotypic traits from skeletal parts to soft tissues. We present here the first descriptive comparison of the whole skull morphology within the two extant sloth genera, combining geometric morphometric approaches with comparative anatomy. We used these methods to explore the patterns of the intra‐ and interspecific morphological variation of the skull with regard to several factors such as phylogeny, geography, allometry, or sexual dimorphism. Our study first revealed strong phylogenetic and geographical imprints on the cranial and mandibular morphological traits. This result demonstrates the importance of accurate knowledge of species and their geographical distributions; here we show from an example pertaining toBradypus variegatuspopulations the implications this has on conservation management. Moreover, in order to control the amount of this detected variation, we tentatively compared sloths to a wide range of mammalian species. Our analysis found no significant increase in the average deviation of skull shape within each investigated sloth species compared to other mammals. This suggests that the intraspecific cranial variation in sloths does not depart significantly from the variation observed in other mammals. This result has positive implications for the demarcation of anatomical regions that maintain high levels of morphological variation in sloths. Anat Rec, 297:979–1008, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aberrant Tissue Positioning of Metallophilic Macrophages in the Thymus of XCL1‐Deficient Mice
Authors: Milićević Novica M. , Lalić Ivana M. , Despotović Sanja Z. , Ćirić Darko N. , Westermann Jűrgen , De Waal Malefyt Rene , Milićević Živana 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMetallophilic macrophages hold a strategic position within the thymic tissue and play a considerable function in thymic physiology. The development and positioning of these cells within thymic tissue are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms involving different cytokine/chemokine axes. Herein, we studied the role of XCL1 signaling in these processes. We show that in the XCL1‐deficient thymus numerous metallophilic macrophages are aberrantly positioned in the thymic cortex, instead of their normal location in the cortico‐medullary zone. Still, these cells retain their normal appearance: very large size with prominent, ramifying cytoplasmic prolongations. This shows that XCL1 signaling is not involved in morphological development, but rather in correct positioning of metallophilic macrophages within the thymic tissue. In contrast to thymic metallophilic macrophages, the positioning of splenic marginal metallophilic macrophages is not affected by XCL1‐deficiency. Anat Rec, 297:1472–1477, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Liver, Spleen, Intestines, and Mesenteric Nodes: An Immunohistochemical Study Using Human Fetuses at 15–16 Weeks
Authors: Hwang Si Eun , Kim Ji Hyun , Yu Hee Chul , Murakami Gen , Cho Baik Hwan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe roles of the liver and intestines in lymphocyte differentiation in human fetuses were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis of the thymus, bone marrow, liver, spleen, intestines, and lymph nodes of 15–16 week human fetuses using primary antibodies against IgM, CD3, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD20, CD45RO, HLA‐DR, and CD68. The density of immunoreactive lymphocytes was high in the thymus and lymph nodes, but much lower in the bones, liver, spleen, and intestines. The medulla of the thymus contained IgM‐positive mature B lymphocytes as well as CD20‐positve B lymphocytes. In contrast, CD10‐positive immature B lymphocytes were restricted in the cortex. There were no site‐dependent differences among axillary, mediastinal, mesenteric, and pelvic lymph nodes. CD68‐positive cells were observed at all sites examined. Many HLA‐DR‐positive round cells were present in the thymus, with fewer in the liver and spleen. The absolute number of lymphocytes was estimated to be ≥10‐fold higher in lymph nodes than in liver. Although limited by analysis of only one fetal stage, these findings suggest that mesenteric nodes are likely to be more important than the liver, spleen, and intestines for lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation in human mid‐term fetuses. Anat Rec, 297:1478–1489, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A histological investigation into the correlation of central retinal artery atherosclerosis with the systemic circulation
Authors: Schear Matthew J. , Beatty Brian Lee 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCurrent research suggests that retinal arterial changes such as arteriovenous nicking and arterial narrowing are pathologically distinct from atherosclerosis. Other studies have found a positive correlation between retinal changes and systemic atherosclerosis. However, limited recent histopathologic evidence assessing atherosclerosis in the central retinal artery exists. We investigated atherosclerosis in the central retinal artery and how it correlates to atherosclerosis in the carotid and coronary arteries. Twenty‐two cadavers (12 males, 10 females) were dissected, obtaining one orbit, one carotid artery, and one coronary artery from each. The specimens were sectioned and stained for histologic analysis by light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff's elastic, and Gomori's trichrome stains. The degree of atherosclerosis was graded from absent, or I (least severe) to VIII (most severe) based on the current American Heart Association guidelines. Atherosclerotic changes were present in the central retinal, coronary, and carotid arteries. A positive correlation was found between the central retinal artery and the carotid artery (r = 0.23, P = 0.15), the central retinal artery and the coronary artery (r = 0.31, P = 0.08), and the carotid artery and the coronary artery (r = 0.45, P = 0.02). The presence of low‐grade atherosclerosis in the central retinal artery is prevalent in a population of advanced vascular disease. However, central retinal artery atherosclerotic lesion severity is poorly correlated with disease severity in the carotid and coronary arteries. Anat Rec, 297:1430–1434, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Lateral Line System in Anuran Tadpoles: Neuromast Morphology, Arrangement, and Innervation
Authors: Quinzio Silvia , Fabrezi Marissa 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAnuran larvae have been classified into four morphological types which reflect intraordinal macroevolution. At present, complete characterizations of the lateral line system are only available for Xenopus laevis (Type I) and Discoglossus pictus (Type III). We analyzed the morphology, arrangement, and innervation of neuromasts related to the anterodorsal and anteroventral lateral line nerves in 10 anuran species representing Types I, II, and IV with the aim of interpreting the existing variation and discussing the evolution of the lateral line in anuran larvae. We found: (1) the presence of two orbital and three mandibular neuromast lines in all anuran larvae studied, (2) the ventral arrangement of mandibular neuromast lines appears to have evolved convergently in Larval Types I and II, and the lateroventral arrangement of mandibular lines of neuromasts appears to have evolved in Larval Types III and IV; (3) interspecific variation in the organization, size, and number of sensory cells per neuromast within the lines; and (4) the supralabial extension of the Angular line in Lepidobatrachus spp. and the tentacular location of the Oral neuromasts in X. laevis are concomitant with their particular morphologies. Based on the variation described we find that the lateral line system in anuran larvae seems to have been maintained without significant changes, with the exception of Lepidobatrachus spp. and Xenopus. These unique features added to other of Lepidobatrachus tadpoles are sufficient to propose a new Larval Type (V). Anat Rec, 297:1508–1522, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized clinical trial of pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy on the rate and severity of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Figueras J , Sabater L , Planellas P , Muñoz-Forner E , Lopez-Ben S , Falgueras L , Sala-Palau C , Albiol M , Ortega-Serrano J , Castro-Gutierrez E 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Anastomotic leakage of pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) remains the single most important source of morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The primary aim of this randomized clinical trial comparing PG with PJ after PD was to test the hypothesis that invaginated PG would result in a lower rate and severity of pancreatic fistula.

Methods
Patients undergoing PD were randomized to receive either a duct-to-duct PJ or a double-layer invaginated PG. The primary endpoint was the rate of pancreatic fistula, using the definition of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula. Secondary endpoints were the evaluation of severe abdominal complications (Clavien–Dindo grade IIIa or above), endocrine and exocrine function.

Results
Of 123 patients randomized, 58 underwent PJ and 65 had PG. The incidence of pancreatic fistula was significantly higher following PJ than for PG (20 of 58 versus 10 of 65 respectively; P = 0·014), as was the severity of pancreatic fistula (grade A: 2 versus 5 per cent; grade B–C: 33 versus 11 per cent; P = 0·006). The hospital readmission rate for complications was significantly lower after PG (6 versus 24 per cent; P = 0·005), weight loss was lower (P = 0·025) and exocrine function better (P = 0·022).

Conclusion
The rate and severity of pancreatic fistula was significantly lower with this PG technique compared with that following PJ. Registration number: ISRCTN58328599 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Systematic review of chimney and periscope grafts for endovascular aneurysm repair
Authors: Wilson A , Zhou S , Bachoo P , Tambyraja A L 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundConventional endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) needs a proximal aortic seal zone that is free from aortic branch vessels. The modified application of conventional EVAR devices using adjuvant chimney or periscope grafts is described as a pragmatic alternative to custom-made fenestrated and branched endografts. This systematic review examined the application and outcomes of chimney or periscope grafts for aortic aneurysm.MethodsA search was performed for all studies of chimney or periscope grafts for EVAR. Clinical details and outcome in terms of technical success, survival, freedom from endoleak and branch vessel patency were examined.ResultsTwenty-four studies describing 234 patients who underwent EVAR with one or more chimney or periscope grafts for aortic branch vessels were identified. Most procedures were elective; only 62 (26·5 per cent) were performed urgently. There were 176 patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm and 58 with a thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Three hundred and seventy-six branch vessels were perfused. Twelve patients (5·1 per cent) died within 30 days of aneurysm repair. Twenty-seven patients (11·5 per cent) developed a type I endoleak. After a mean(s.d.) follow-up of 12(5) months, seven branch vessels stents had occluded.ConclusionThese highly selected data support the potential value of chimney and periscope graft techniques for patients with challenging aortic aneurysm morphology. There is a lack of medium- and long-term follow-up data.Presented to the Annual Meeting of the British Society of Endovascular Therapy, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK, June 2012
Using social bonding theory to examine ‘recovery’ in a forensic mental health hospital: A qualitative study
Authors: Nijdam‐Jones Alicia , Livingston James D. , Verdun‐Jones Simon , Brink Johann 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundFor people living with mental illness, recovery involves learning to overcome and manage their symptoms and striving to live fulfilling lives. The literature on achieving recovery emphasises the importance of social connections and positive role models. Hirschi's social bonding theory posits that an individual's attachment to others, belief in social norms, and their commitment and involvement in conventional activities are the major contributors to normalising social behaviour.AimsThe aim of this study is to understand the qualities of service identified by patients in a forensic hospital as being important and meaningful to recovery.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with 30 inpatients in a forensic mental health hospital in British Columbia, Canada, were audio recorded, and the transcriptions were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsFive themes emerged: involvement in programmes, belief in rules and social norms, attachment to supportive individuals, commitment to work‐related activities and concern about indeterminacy of stay.ConclusionsThe first four themes map closely onto Hirschi's criminologically derived social bonding theory; however, indeterminacy of stay also arose as a common theme. In addition, the theory was too simple in its separation of elements; our data suggested the complex integration of themes. Our findings may be useful for informing evaluation of forensic mental health services. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individuals in the criminal justice system show differences in cooperative behaviour: Implications from cooperative games
Authors: Clark BRENDAN C. , Thorne Christopher B. , Hendricks Peter S. , Sharp Carla , Clark Shane K. , Cropsey Karen L. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe high rate of incarceration in the USA warrants continued exploration into understanding and ameliorating criminal behaviour. The growing use of cooperative games to measure developing prosocial behaviours has never been explored in a US criminal justice population.AimsThe aim of this study is to examine cooperative game play among offenders under supervision in the community. We hypothesised that the offenders would use more guarded and self‐preserving strategies and be more likely to excel in short‐lived interactions than law‐abiding community citizens.MethodsCommunity supervised offenders (83) and general population comparison participants (41) were recruited by town centre adverts placed in popular shops. Using the supervision centres as venues, all participants were asked to complete four cooperative games (prisoner's dilemma, public goods game, ultimatum game and trust game), not knowing the identity of the other player who was always, in fact, the experimenter.ResultsThe offender and general population groups were similar in age (early 30s), sex (2/3 men), race (45% white) and IQ distribution (low average range). Offenders made lower offers in the ultimatum game, had lower scores in the prisoner's dilemma, made lower investments and offered lower returns in the trust game and contributed less in the public goods game.ConclusionsEven community‐based offenders thus seem to have deficits in the kinds of gameplay, which are informed by theories of social cooperation, but the direction of relationship with offending remains unclear. The apparent deficits may reflect adaptation to a hostile environment where trust and reciprocity are not rewarded. It is also important to recognise that these community‐based offenders did develop play indicative of trust and reciprocity, they just did so more slowly than the comparison group. This may have implications for allowing time for rapport to develop in supervisory relationships. Finally, offenders may benefit from learning that although more guarded behaviours may be adaptive in a rough neighbourhood or in jail, they may be maladaptive and limit their success in other settings such as the work place. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac Platypnea‐Orthodeoxia Syndrome: An Often Unrecognized Malady
Authors: Knapper Joseph T. , Schultz Jason , Das Gladwin , Sperling Laurence S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPlatypnea‐orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is a rare but clinically important form of dyspnea. The syndrome is characterized by dyspnea and arterial oxygen desaturation that occurs in the upright position and improves with recumbency. In cardiac POS, an atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale allows communication between the right‐ and left‐sided circulations. A second defect, such as a dilated aorta, prominent eustachian valve, or pneumonectomy, then contributes to right‐to‐left shunting through the interatrial connection. Diagnosis is made through pulse oximetry to confirm orthodeoxia and through transesophageal echocardiography with bubble study to visualize the shunt. Although data are limited for this rare syndrome, percutaneous closure has thus far proven safe and effective.
Naturalistic rodent models of chronic early‐life stress
Authors: Molet Jenny , Maras Pamela M. , Avishai‐Eliner Sarit , Baram Tallie Z. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA close association between early‐life experience and cognitive and emotional outcomes is found in humans. In experimental models, early‐life experience can directly influence a number of brain functions long‐term. Specifically, and often in concert with genetic background, experience regulates structural and functional maturation of brain circuits and alters individual neuronal function via large‐scale changes in gene expression. Because adverse experience during sensitive developmental periods is often associated with neuropsychiatric disease, there is an impetus to create realistic models of distinct early‐life experiences. These can then be used to study causality between early‐life experiential factors and cognitive and emotional outcomes, and to probe the underlying mechanisms. Although chronic early‐life stress has been linked to the emergence of emotional and cognitive disorders later in life, most commonly used rodent models of involve daily maternal separation and hence intermittent early‐life stress. We describe here a naturalistic and robust chronic early‐life stress model that potently influences cognitive and emotional outcomes. Mice and rats undergoing this stress develop structural and functional deficits in a number of limbic‐cortical circuits. Whereas overt pathological memory impairments appear during adulthood, emotional and cognitive vulnerabilities emerge already during adolescence. This naturalistic paradigm, widely adopted around the world, significantly enriches the repertoire of experimental tools available for the study of normal brain maturation and of cognitive and stress‐related disorders including depression, autism, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and dementia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1675–1688, 2014.