bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the canine brain at 3.0 T
Authors: Stadler Krystina L. , Ober Christopher P. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Objective—To describe findings of 3.0-T multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic intracranial disease and to determine the applicability of 1H-MRS for differentiating between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions and between meningiomas and gliomas.
Animals—33 dogs with intracranial disease (19 neoplastic [10 meningioma, 7 glioma, and 2 other] and 14 inflammatory).
Procedures—3.0-T multivoxel 1H-MRS was performed on neoplastic or inflammatory intracranial lesions identified with conventional MRI. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, and creatine concentrations were obtained retrospectively, and metabolite ratios were calculated. Values were compared for metabolites separately, between lesion categories (neoplastic or inflammatory), and between neoplastic lesion types (meningioma or glioma) by means of discriminant analysis and 1-way ANOVA.
Results—The NAA-to-choline ratio was 82.7% (62/75) accurate for differentiating neoplastic from inflammatory intracranial lesions. Adding the NAA-to-creatine ratio or choline-to-creatine ratio did not affect the accuracy of differentiation. Neoplastic lesions had lower NAA concentrations and higher choline concentrations than inflammatory lesions, resulting in a lower NAA-to-choline ratio, lower NAA-to-creatine ratio, and higher choline-to-creatine ratio for neoplasia relative to inflammation. No significant metabolite differences between meningiomas and gliomas were detected.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—1H-MRS was effective for differentiating inflammatory lesions from neoplastic lesions. Metabolite alterations for 1H-MRS in neoplasia and inflammation in dogs were similar to changes described for humans. Use of 1H-MRS provided no additional information for differentiating between meningiomas and gliomas. Proton MRS may be a beneficial adjunct to conventional MRI in patients with high clinical suspicion of inflammatory or neoplastic intracranial lesions.
Stages of the Baltic Sea evolution in the geochemical record and radiocarbon dating of sediment cores from the Arkona Basin
Authors: Kostecki Robert 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Four sediment cores from the southern part of the Arkona Basin were analyzed in terms of their geochemical composition, age and stratigraphy. The main stages of the Baltic Sea: the Baltic Ice Lake, the Ancylus Lake and the Littorina Sea were identified in all the analyzed cores. The data confirmed the high water fluctuation and significant environmental changes during the Baltic Sea evolution in the Late-Glacial and the Holocene. The signs of the second regression of the Baltic Ice Lake, dated at around 11 000 cal BP, were identified at a depth of 24 m b.s.l. Regression of the Ancylus Lake, dated at 9300 cal BP, was identified at a depth of 23 m b.s.l. The most pronounced period was the transition stage between the Ancylus Lake and the Littorina Sea. The record of the Littorina Sea onset in the sediments of the Arkona Basin is marked as a sudden increase in loss on ignition, biogenic silica, magnesium, calcium, iron and strontium. The age of the Littorina Sea in the Arkona Basin was estimated as younger than 8200 cal BP.
Geostatistical methods for estimation of toxicity of marine bottom sediments based on the Gdańsk Basin area
Authors: Witt Maria , Kobusińska Marta , Maciak Joanna , Niemirycz Elżbieta 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Toxicity assessment of environmental compartments, in particular sediments as a highly complex matrix, provides a more direct way to assess potential adverse effects of pollutants present in a sample in contrast to chemical analysis estimating only a quantitative level of xenobiotics. Interactions between chemicals, formations of derivatives and the influence of chemical properties of sediments such as the organic matter content causing the intensified sorption of hydrophobic pollutants suggest that a traditional approach to the sediment quality, based only on chemical analysis may be insufficient. The presented study describes the vertical and horizontal variability of toxicity of Gdańsk Basin sediments. Based on 128 surface sediments samples and using geostatistical methods, a prediction map for the EC50 parameter was created. This allowed the evaluation of the toxicity of the surface sediment layer at any selected point of the study area. The applied analysis can be functional for many other locations worldwide. In the present study, the hypothesis about the location of toxic sediments in the vicinity of Gdańsk Deep, outer Puck Bay and close to Vistula River mouth was further confirmed.
Diatom indices in the biological assessment of the water quality based on the example of a small lowland river
Authors: Szczepocka Ewelina , Szulc Bogusław , Szulc Katarzyna , Rakowska Barbara , Żelazna-Wieczorek Joanna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the biological analyzes of the Linda River (Central Poland), which were based on three diatom indices: IO, GDI and IPS in order to select the best diatom index for the biological assessment of the lotic water quality. Additionally, the summary of the selected results of the biological and chemical analyzes was presented to show how precise the biological analyzes are as a basic tool in the assessment of the ecological status of the lotic waters. The results showed that each of the indices assessed the water in the Linda River to a specific but different quality class. The IO index showed class II of the water quality, while the IPS and GDI — class III. Statistical analysis conducted with the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples (Kruskal, Wallis 1952) showed that differences in the values of individual indices at different sites were not statistically significant. It should be noticed that the IPS and GDI indices gave values that classify the water in the Linda River at least one class below. The obtained results confirmed that the biological methods are most reliable in the assessment of the water quality. These methods are less sensitive to a single impact of the environmental factors, therefore they permit accurate determination of the ecological status of the water ecosystems.
Diatomological aspects of the Fenn’s and Whixall Mosses complex (Shropshire, UK)
Authors: Szulc Katarzyna , Besenyei Lynn , Szulc Bogusław , Rakowska Barbara 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Peat bogs are unique and important habitats for biodiversity at the species and ecosystem level where low pH of water plays a major role. The main objective of the present study was to compare the benthic diatom assemblage structure of the selected part of the Fenn’s and Whixall Mosses complex in order to verify whether selected sampling sites differ from each other. The complex is a cut-over, lowland raised mire, which is a National Nature Reserve (NNR) and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).
Altogether 92 diatom species were identified in 72 benthic samples collected between September 2008 and August 2009 from six selected sampling sites. Statistical cluster analysis was used to classify diatom samples and to observe the structure of diatom assemblages. The results of this analysis grouped the data set into 3 clusters with 24 samples from each of the two sampling sites in one cluster. Such a clear division shows that pH of water has an impact on the species composition, the richness and diversity of benthic diatom assemblages.
Spatial and seasonal variations of large tintinnid ciliates in Shenhu Bay of China
Authors: Wang Yibo , Zhang Wenjing , Lin Yuanshao , Zheng Lianming , Cao Wenqing , Yang Jun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study, the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of large tintinnids (>76 μm) were investigated in Shenhu Bay during three seasons of 2012. Of the 36 species identified, 9 were dominant (i.e. Tintinnopsis radix, Leprotintinnus simplex, Tintinnopsis japonica, Tintinnopsis tubulosoides, Leprotintinnus nordqvisti, Tintinnopsis beroidea, Stenosemella parvicollis, Tintinnidium primitivum, Tintinnopsis nana). A clear seasonal shift of the taxonomic composition as well as the lorica size of the dominant species was observed. The highest numbers of tintinnid species occurred in spring, while the highest abundance and biomass occurred in summer. Clustering indicated that the seasonal variations of the community structure were more obvious than spatial variations. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that density of phytoplankton prey had a significant impact on the tintinnid abundance. Redundancy analysis (RDA) illustrated that temperature, salinity and the nutrient level were the most important abiotic factors affecting the spatial and seasonal pattern of tintinnid communities in Shenhu Bay.
Comparative study of ecophysiological and biochemical variation between the Baltic and North Sea populations of the invasive soft shell clam Mya arenaria (L. 1758)
Authors: Lasota Rafał , Pierścieniak Karolina , Miąc Justyna , Wołowicz Maciej 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSeasonal variations of environmental factors, such as temperature and salinity, require metabolic acclimatization in sedentary benthic fauna distributed over a wide geographical range. The soft-shell clam Mya arenaria inhabits the coastal waters of the North Atlantic including North America and Europe. In Europe, M. arenaria populations are distributed from Iceland to the Mediterranean Sea, including the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. Seasonal changes in physiological parameters (gonad index, condition index, biochemical composition and respiration rate) of M. arenaria from the Baltic Sea (the Gulf of Gdańsk, Poland), and the North Sea (Versee Meer, the Netherlands) were studied. The sex ratio of both populations did not differ from 1:1 and the seasonal gonad index was higher in the Baltic population. The average condition index changed seasonally at both studied sites, and was also higher in the Baltic population (except the autumn) compared to the North Sea. In both studied populations, the content of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in the soft tissue followed the seasonal variations, and it was higher in the Baltic population. The respiration rate was lower in the Baltic population, and seasonal changes in the respiration rate seem to be correlated with changes in the water temperature. Based on the results obtained in the present study, we suggest that Mya arenaria is characterized by a large phenotypic plasticity and differences in the observed physiological traits are due to acclimatization to ambient environmental conditions.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in bottom sediments of the Port of Gdansk
Authors: Lewandowski Krzysztof , Witt Maria , Kobusińska Marta , Niemirycz Elżbieta 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Combustion processes are considered to be the main source of the dioxin emission in the Baltic region. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and its derivatives, pentachlorophenyl laurate (PCPL) and sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) are known as precursors of dioxins. The research was conducted to obtain the first data on the concentration of PCDD/Fs and PCP in the bottom sediments of the Port of Gdansk. Toxicity (the Microtox® test) as well as several sediment parameters have been examined.
In the surface layer of bottom sediments from the Port of Gdansk, all congeners of PCDD/Fs have been detected using GC-MS/MS. The highest concentration was obtained for OCDD (224.0–271.0 pg g−1 d.w.) and HpCDD (51.0–36.0 pg g−1 d.w.). The content of ΣPCDDs prevailed over ΣPCDFs. This may indicate that anthropogenic pollution from the land-based thermal sources has the strongest impact on the concentration of dioxins in the port sediments. The concentration of 17 dioxin congeners (WHO-TEQ) did not exceed the probable effect level (PEL) of 21.5 pg TEQ g−1 d.w. The concentration of PCP ranged from bellow the LOD (< 0.85 ng g−1 d.w.) to 12.4 ng g−1 d.w.
The positive correlation between toxicity and physico-chemical properties of the analyzed bottom sediments confirms that these parameters are important in terms of environment contamination.
Tracks in snow and population size estimation: the wolf Canis lupus in Finland
Authors: Kojola Ilpo , Helle Pekka , Heikkinen Samuli , Lindén Harto , Paasivaara Antti , Wikman Marcus 
Published: October 2014

The estimation of large carnivore populations presents major logistical challenges. We examined trends in the wolf Canis lupus population in Finland using two independent methods. We compared track indices from an annual wildlife winter census based on a constant, nationwide network of transect lines (wildlife triangles) with the number of reproductions confirmed to occur in the same year during 1996 to 2009. Nationwide, and in the eastern management zone, which is the core area of Finnish wolves, the frequency of wolf tracks in wildlife triangles (% of all triangles counted in a given year having wolf tracks) predicted quite well the log transformed number of reproductions taken place in these areas (adjusted R2‐values for linear regression models 0.59 and 0.68, respectively), while not for the western management zone (R2 = 0.38). However, although mean wolf densities were low (< 1 wolf/1000 km2 nationwide and <3 wolves/1000 km2 in the eastern zone), track indices could detect the major trends in Finland's wolf population. A clear reason for this was the substantial changes in population size during the study period.
Capture—recapture of white‐tailed deer using DNA from fecal pellet groups
Authors: Goode Matthew J. , Beaver Jared T. , Muller Lisa I. , Clark Joseph D. , van Manen Frank T. , Harper Craig A. , Basinger P. Seth 
Published: October 2014

Traditional methods for estimating white‐tailed deer population size and density are affected by behavioral biases, poor detection in densely forested areas, and invalid techniques for estimating effective trapping area. We evaluated a noninvasive method of capture—recapture for white‐tailed deerOdocoileus virginianusdensity estimation using DNA extracted from fecal pellets as an individual marker and for gender determination, coupled with a spatial detection function to estimate density (spatially explicit capture—recapture, SECR). We collected pellet groups from 11 to 22 January 2010 at randomly selected sites within a 1‐km2area located on Arnold Air Force Base in Coffee and Franklin counties, Tennessee. We searched 703 10‐m radius plots and collected 352 pellet‐group samples from 197 plots over five two‐day sampling intervals. Using only the freshest pellets we recorded 140 captures of 33 different animals (15M:18F). Male and female densities were 1.9 (SE = 0.8) and 3.8 (SE = 1.3) deer km‐2, or a total density of 5.8 deer km‐2(14.9 deer mile‐2). Population size was 20.8 (SE = 7.6) over a 360‐ha area, and sex ratio was 1.0 M: 2.0 F (SE = 0.71). We found DNA sampling from pellet groups improved deer abundance, density and sex ratio estimates in contiguous landscapes which could be used to track responses to harvest or other management actions.
Estimating the population size of the endangered Cantabrian brown bear through genetic sampling
Authors: Méndez Trinidad Pérez , Naves Javier , Vázquez José Fernando , Fernández‐Gil Alberto , Seijas Juan , Albornoz Jesús , Revilla Eloy , Delibes Miguel , Domínguez Ana 
Published: October 2014

The Cantabrian brown bearUrsus arctospopulation can be seen as a paradigm in conservation biology due to its endangerment status and genetic uniqueness. Therefore, the need to obtain basic demographic data to inform management actions for conservation is imperative. Despite this, empirical data on the size and trends of the Cantabrian bear population are scarce. Here we present the first estimates of population size (Nc) and effective population size (Ne) of the whole Cantabrian brown bear population. We genotyped 270 non‐invasive samples collected during 2006 throughout the entire range of the population and subsequently identified 130 individuals. Different model estimators of Ncbased on capture—markrecapture (CMR) procedures were compared. The average for the best three models (Mh Chao, Mh Darroch and CAPWIRE TIRM) yielded a total estimate of Nc= 223 individuals (CI95%= 183–278) and Ne50 (CI95%= 36–75) providing an Ne/ Ncratio of 0.22. Estimates for the two subpopulations commonly recognized in the Cantabrian range were Nc= 203 (CI95%= 168–260) and Ne= 47 (CI95%= 36–70) for the western subpopulation and Nc= 19 (CI95%= 12–40) and Ne= 9 (CI95%= 8–12) for the eastern subpopulation. These data suggest that the Cantabrian brown bear population has increased recently, mainly in the western subpopulation, after a long period of decline and isolation which lead to the split of the population at the beginning of the 20th century. Population sizes in the early 1990s were thought to be only 60 individuals for the western subpopulation and 14 individuals in the eastern one. The efforts to improve conservation policies made since then have probably contributed, to some extent, to the population increase during the last couple of decades.
L'entrepreneur dans le libertarisme de gauche, une discussion critique
Authors: Gharbi Jean-Sébastien 
Published: October 2014

L’objectif de ce papier est double : d’une part défendre l’idée que la théorie de la justice proposée par le libertarisme de gauche fait de la figure de l’entrepreneur une éminence grise, centrale, bien que très rarement mentionnée et, d’autre part, discuter les critiques qui ont été adressées à cette théorie de la justice.
Was species diversification in Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) related to the origin and diversification of angiosperms?
Authors: Isaka Y. , Sato T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe paraphyletic grouping “Symphyta” (8353 described species) represents the basal lineages of the insect order Hymenoptera. The most species-rich superfamily in Symphyta is Tenthredinoidea (7390 species), with six extant families. Most of tenthredinoids species are phytophagous at the larval stage, and the species using angiosperms as a host are more numerous (6265 species) than those using gymnosperms (140 species) or pteridophytes (985 species). In this study, we investigated whether diversification of Tenthredinoidea could be attributed to their use of angiosperms as hosts by examining host plant usage by lineage. We performed molecular phylogenetic and divergence time estimation analyses using molecular data (~2 kilobase sequence in five DNA regions) and conducted a diversification analysis. Our results suggest that Tenthredinoidea (excluding Blasticotomidae) had used angiosperms since its origin; the phylogeny of Tenthredinoidea showed a significant shift in diversification at two nodes, and those nodes overlap with the periods of origin and diversification of angiosperms.
A Method for Detecting Intracellular Perforin in Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Brennan Amelia J. , House Imran G. , Oliaro Jane , Ramsbottom Kelly M. , Hagn Magdalena , Yagita Hideo , Trapani Joseph A. , Voskoboinik Ilia 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes destroy pathogen-infected and transformed cells through the cytotoxic granule exocytosis death pathway, which is dependent on the delivery of proapoptotic granzymes into the target cell cytosol by the pore-forming protein, perforin. Despite the importance of mouse models in understanding the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in immune-mediated disease and their role in cancer immune surveillance, no reliable intracellular detection method exists for mouse perforin. Consequently, rapid, flow-based assessment of cytotoxic potential has been problematic, and complex assays of function are generally required. In this study, we have developed a novel method for detecting perforin in primary mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We used this new technique to validate perforin colocalization with granzyme B in cytotoxic granules polarized to the immunological synapse, and to assess the expression of perforin in cytotoxic T lymphocytes at various stages of activation. The sensitivity of this technique also allowed us to distinguish perforin levels in Prf1+/+ and Prf1+/− mice. This new methodology will have broad applications and contribute to advances within the fields of lymphocyte biology, infectious disease, and cancer.
Granular discharge rate for submerged hoppers
Authors: Wilson T. J. , Pfeifer C. R. , Mesyngier N. , Durian D. J. 
Published: October 2014

The discharge of spherical grains from a hole in the bottom of a right circular cylinder is measured with the entire system underwater. We find that the discharge rate depends on filling height, in contrast to the well-known case of dry non-cohesive grains. It is further surprising that the rate increases up to about twenty five percent, as the hopper empties and the granular pressure head decreases. For deep filling, where the discharge rate is constant, we measure the behavior as a function of both grain and hole diameters. The discharge rate scale is set by the product of hole area and the terminal falling speed of isolated grains. But there is a small-hole cutoff of about two and half grain diameters, which is larger than the analogous cutoff in the Beverloo equation for dry grains. Received: 11 September 2014, Accepted: 10 October 2014; Reviewed by: L. Staron, CNRS, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut Le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, France; Edited by: L. A. Pugnaloni; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.060009Cite as: T J Wilson, C R Pfeifer, N Meysingier, D J Durian, Papers in Physics 6, 060009 (2014)
Commentary on "Granular discharge rate for submerged hoppers"
Authors: Staron Lydie 
Published: October 2014

A Commentary on the paper by T. J. Wilson et al. [Pap. Phys. 6, 060009 (2014)]. The authors of the paper offer a Reply. Received: 16 October 2014, Accepted: 16 October 2014; Edited by: L. A. Pugnaloni; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.060010Cite as: L Staron, Papers in Physics 6, 060010 (2014)