bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction by pituitary isograft of inhibitory effect of large dose of estrogen on incidence of mammary tumors induced by carcinogen in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Nagasawa Hiroshi , Yanai Reiko 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInteraction of prolactin and estrogen on the incidence of mammary tumors induced by 7,12‐dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) in female Sprague‐Dawley rats was studied. Rats were bilaterally ovariectomized at 45 days of age and then treated subcutaneously with 20μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) every 2 days beginning the next morning. They received single intravenous injections of 5mg DMBA at 52 days of age. Two months later they were divided into four groups: Group I received no pituitary grafting: group II was grafted with three isologous pituitaries under the right kidney capsule: groups III and IV received six pituitaries each. EB injections were continued throughout the experiment to every group except group IV. Serum prolactin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay just before pituitary grafting, 20 days, 2 and 3 months after grafting. At the end of 5 months after DMBA injection, the mammary tumor incidence and the number of palpable tumors per tumor‐bearing rat apparently increased, and the percentage of completely regressed tumors decreased in groups II and III as compared to group I. Serum prolactin level was significantly higher in groups II and III than in group I at 3 months after pituitary grafting. Only one rat had palpable mammary tumors in group IV and serum prolactin levels were always significantly lower in this group than in the others.These results indicate that prolactin secreted by the grafted pituitaries overcomes the inhibitory action of a large dose of estrogen on the growth of DMBA‐induced mammary tumors of the rat and results in an increased incidence of the tumors.
Epstein‐barr virus (EBV)‐associated antibody patterns in malignant lymphoma and leukemia. II. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphocytic lymphoma
Authors: Johansson Bo , Klein George , Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSera from Swedish patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphocytic lymphona (LL) were titrated for antibodies to viral capsid antigens (VCA) of the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) by the indirect immunofluorescence technique and to EBV‐determined cell membrane antigens by blocking of direct cell membrane immunofluorescence (BI). Previously tested sera from healthy Swedish donors served as controls. While 40% of the sera from CLL patients showed relatively high serological reactivities, the mean anti‐VCA and BI values did not differ significantly from the control group. The LL group of sera showed significantly higher reactivities than the controls. The most highly reactive sera were found in patients with poorly differentiated LL at frequencies and with mean values approaching those seen in Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's sarcoma.
Report of a symposium sponsored by the UICC on principles and practice in clinical trials
Authors: Healy M. J. R. , Saracci R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVarious points were discussed by the 22 participants in the Symposium (doctors, statisticians and pharmacologists) under the following main headings: choice of subjects for a clinical trial, choice of treatments, criteria of assessment, trial design and “optimum” number of subjects. Difficulties most frequently met in each of these areas, open problems and hints at solutions are briefly reviewed in the report, special attention being paid to the alternative (especially relevant and critical in such fields as cancer clinical experimentation) between the two attitudes which are possible in a clinical trial context: the “explanatory” attitude (aimed at gaining basic knowledge about treatments) and the “pragmatic” attitude (aimed at guiding the decision on how to treat particular patients).
Glycosylation Chemistry of 3‐Deoxy‐D‐manno‐Oct‐2‐ulosonic Acid (Kdo) Donors
Authors: Pradhan Tapan Kumar , Mong Kwok Kong Tony 
Published: February 2015

Abstract3‐Deoxy‐D‐manno‐Oct‐2‐ulosonic acid (Kdo)‐containing oligosaccharides are a conserved carbohydrate component in lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria, and they are also present in capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of bacteria and plant cells. The association of the bacterial LPS with the pathophysiology of bacterial infection have long been recognized. Structurepathophysiology studies of bacterial infection need to use pure and homogeneous LPS fragments. Such a requirement can be fulfilled by the synthesis of Kdo glycosides and related Kdooligosaccharide conjugates. This article provides an overview of the glycosylation chemistries of the synthesis of Kdo α‐/β‐glycosides, oligosaccharides with Kdo units such as LPS core oligosaccharides, and lipid A derivatives.
Aberrant methylation of APC and RARβ2 genes in breast cancer patients
Authors: Swellam Menha , Abdelmaksoud Mohamed D.E. , Sayed Mahmoud Magda , Ramadan Amal , Abdel‐Moneem Walid , Hefny Mona M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractChanges in the status of DNA methylation are one of the most common molecular alterations in human neoplasia. We aimed to identify epigenetic molecular markers in serum for early detection of breast cancer. Authors analyzed retrospectively the methylation status of RARβ2 and APC genes in serum samples from 121 breast cancer patients, 79 patients with benign breast diseases, and 66 healthy volunteers using methylation‐specific PCR. The methylated APC and RARβ2 were significantly higher in breast cancer patients (93.4%, 95.6%) than benign (7.8%, 14.5%) but not detected in healthy volunteers (0%) at (P < 0.0001). Both methylated genes showed no significant difference among clinicopathological factors apart from triple negative breast cancer patients as all of them (χ2 = 7.4, P = 0.007) reported to be methylated RARβ2 genes. Both methylated genes were detected in all grades and stages. Both sensitivities and specificities of the methylated genes for breast cancer detection were superior to traditional tumor markers in detection of breast cancer, early stage, low grade tumors, and triple negative breast cancer patients. Thus methylated APC and RARβ2 genes might be valuable serum‐based molecular markers for early detection of breast cancer. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(1):61–68, 2015
Involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinase and NF‐κB signaling pathways in perfluorooctane sulfonic acid‐induced inflammatory reaction in BV2 microglial cells
Authors: Zhu Jingying , Qian Wenyi , Wang Yixin , Gao Rong , Wang Jun , Xiao Hang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMicroglial activation is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by producing proinflammatory cytokines. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), known as an emerging persistent organic pollutant, is reported to disturb human immune homeostasis; however, whether it affects cytokine production or the immune response in the central nervous system remains unclear. The present study was aimed to explore whether PFOS contributed to inflammatory action and to investigate the corresponding mechanisms in BV2 microglia. PFOS‐mediated morphologic changes, cytokine responses and signaling events were examined by light microscopy, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot assays. Our results indicated that PFOS increased BV2 cells activation and simultaneously increased tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin‐6 expression. In addition, the c‐Jun N‐terminal protein kinase inhibitor (SP600125), as well as ERK1/2 blocker (PD98059), transcriptionally at least, displayed anti‐inflammatory properties on PFOS‐elicited cytokine responses. Moreover, the inflammatory transcription factor NF‐κB was specifically activated by PFOS as well. These results, taken together, suggested that PFOS exerts its functional effects on the response of microglial cell activation via, in part, the c‐Jun N‐terminal protein kinase, ERK and NF‐κB signaling pathways with its subsequent influence on proinflammatory action. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustained Modeling-Based Bone Formation During Adulthood in Cynomolgus Monkeys May Contribute to Continuous BMD Gains With Denosumab
Authors: Ominsky Michael S , Libanati Cesar , Niu Qing-Tian , Boyce Rogely W , Kostenuik Paul J , Wagman Rachel B , Baron Roland , Dempster David W 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Denosumab (DMAb) administration to postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is associated with continued bone mineral density (BMD) increases and low fracture incidence through 8 years, despite persistently reduced bone turnover markers and limited fluorochrome labeling in iliac crest bone biopsies. BMD increases were hypothesized to result from additional accrual of bone matrix via modeling-based bone formation—a hypothesis that was tested by examining fluorochrome labeling patterns in sections from ovariectomized (OVX) cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) treated with DMAb for 16 months. Mature OVX or Sham cynos were treated monthly with vehicle for 16 months, whereas other OVX cynos received monthly 25 or 50 mg/kg DMAb. DMAb groups exhibited very low serum bone resorption and formation biomarkers and near-absent fluorochrome labeling in proximal femur cancellous bone. Despite these reductions, femoral neck dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) BMD continued to rise in DMAb-treated cynos, from a 4.6% increase at month 6 to 9.8% above baseline at month 16. Further examination of cortical bone in the proximal femur demonstrated consistent and prominent labeling on the superior endocortex and the inferior periosteal surface, typically containing multiple superimposed labels from month 6 to 16 over smooth cement lines, consistent with continuous modeling-based bone formation. These findings were evident in all groups. Quantitative analysis at another modeling site, the ninth rib, demonstrated that DMAb did not alter the surface extent of modeling-based labels, or the cortical area bound by them, relative to OVX controls, while significantly reducing remodeling-based bone formation and eroded surface. This conservation of modeling-based formation occurred concomitantly with increased femoral neck strength and, when coupled with a reduction in remodeling-based bone loss, is likely to contribute to increases in bone mass with DMAb treatment. Thus, this study provides preclinical evidence for a potential mechanism that could contribute to the clinical observations of continued BMD increases and low fracture rates with long-term DMAb administration. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Flavonol Regulation in Tumor Cells
Authors: Lea Michael A. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTFlavonols comprise a group of flavonoid molecules that are widely distributes in fruits and vegetables. There is epidemiological data to suggest that consumption of flavonols can be accompanied by decreased cancer incidence. The anti‐oxidant activity of flavonols may have an important role in preventing carcinogenesis. Therapeutic potential of flavonols is indicated by their growth inhibitory action accompanied by a decrease in several hallmarks of cancer such as resistance to apoptosis. Multiple mechanisms of action have been reported for the action of flavonols on cancer cells. Particular emphasis has been directed to inhibitory effects on several protein kinases and on the potential for prooxidant effects. The diversity of actions presents a problem in trying to elucidate primary and secondary effects but it may be a strength of the therapeutic potential of flavonols that it renders development of resistance more difficult for cancer cells. Cancer chemotherapy is usually characterized by the use of drug combinations. Some additive or synergistic combinations have been identified for flavonols and this is an area of ongoing investigation. As with other polyphenolic molecules there have been questions of cellular uptake and bioavailability. Several investigations have been and are being conducted to modify the structures of flavonols with the goal of increasing bioavailability. At present many investigators are sufficiently encouraged by past observations that they are responding to the challenge to optimize the dietary and therapeutic use of flavonols in cancer prevention and treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1190–1194, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Influencing Mechanism of Acidity on the Oxidation Peak Currents of Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid at the PACPE by Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Jing Li , En‐bo Shangguan , Quan‐min Li 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a pre‐anodized carbon paste electrode (PACPE) is fabricated by a simple electrochemical pretreatment method, which can be used for the simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The influencing mechanism of the acidity on the size of oxidation peak current (ip,a) of UA and AA is discussed in detail. According to the results, in different pH conditions, the intensity of hydrogen bonding between UA, AA and the surface of PACPE, the degree of reduction reaction at the auxiliary electrode, and the structural configurations of UA and AA with different species in reaction system have evident influence on the size of oxidation peak current. In pH 7.00 phosphate buffer solution, the calibration curves for UA and AA are obtained in the range of 5.0 x 10‐7–5.0 x 10‐5 mol/L and 3.0 x 10‐5–5.0 x 10‐3 mol/L, respectively. The detection limits for UA and AA are found to be 2.0 x 10‐8 mol/L and 1.2 x 10‐6 mol/L, respectively. This proposed method has been successfully applied to determine UA and AA in human urine simultaneously with satisfactory results.
Synthesis, Spectra Characterization, Electrochemical Behavior of Silyl Derivatives of Ferrocene
Authors: Abri Abdolreza , Rafe Abdolrahim abbaszad 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFerrocenyl‐substituted silanes via the reaction between mono and dilithio‐ferrocene with trimethyl, trietheyl, vinyldimethyl or t‐butyldimethyl chlorosilanes is prepared. The electrochemical behaviors of these compounds were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. This work describes the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) modified with ferrocene composites as a new electrocatalyst material.
Regioselective One‐pot Synthesis of New Unsymmetric Spiro Dihydrofurans in the Reaction of Mixed Two Different Cyclic β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with BrCN and Aldehydes in the Presence of Et3N
Authors: Noroozi Pesyan Nader , Shokr Alireza , Gharib Ali , Tunç Tuncay , Sahin Ertan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCrossed one‐pot reaction of mixed cyclic β‐dicarbonyl with various aldehydes in the presence of cyano gen bromide and triethylamine leads to the selective and efficient formation of crossed new unsymmetri cal spiro dihydrofurans at room temperature. The products were obtained in good to excellent yields. Structure elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT‐IR spectroscopy, Mass analyses and X‐ray crystallography technique. A proposed mechanism was discussed for the formation of products.
Polybenzoin Based Sensor for Determination of 2thiouracil in Biological Fluids and Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Pattar Vijay P. , Nandibewoor Sharanappa T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA carbon paste electrode was modified by electropolymerisation of benzoin using voltammetric technique. A novel polybenzoin modified carbon paste electrode (PB‐CPE) was developed for use as a detector in cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry for the sensitive determination of 2thiouracil (2TU). The atomic force microscopy was applied to characterize the surface morphology of PB‐CPE. The modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of 2TU. The oxidation process was irreversible over the pH range studied and exhibited a diffusion controlled behavior. All experimental parameters have been optimized. The peak current for the stripping of 2TU was found to be linear over the concentration range of 0.2–1.2 µM, with a detection limit of 2.21 nM. The practical application of the PB‐CPE in the determination of 2TU in human biological fluids and pharmaceutical samples were demonstrated that it has high sensitivity and good selectivity.
Simultaneous plasma and genital pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atazanavir and efavirenz in HIV‐infected women starting therapy
Authors: Neely Michael , Louie Stan , Xu Jiaao , Anthony Patricia , Thuvamontolrat Kasalyn , Mordwinkin Nicholas , Kovacs Andrea 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFew studies have characterized longitudinal female plasma and genital antiretroviral pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Among 20 regimen‐naive HIV‐infected adult women initiating atazanavir‐based therapy (n = 9) or efavirenz‐based therapy (n = 11), we measured blood CD4+ T lymphocytes, and paired plasma and genital HIV RNA and atazanavir or efavirenz 2 days before starting therapy and 2, 4, 7, 10, 21, 28, 60, 120, and 180 days after. The mean (range) log10 baseline plasma viral load was 4.89 copies/mL (2.64–6.09 copies/mL), and genital was3.30 (1.60–5.00). In the atazanavir and efavirenz groups, mean (SD) days to a 50% decrease in plasma viral load was 8.2 (4.9) versus 9.3 (7.4), P = .7, and in the genital tract it was 7.3 (3.5) versus 9.3 (7.7), P = .5. The median (interquartile range) plasma:genital concentration ratio for atazanavir was 0.11 (0.001–0.46) versus 0.34 (0.05–1.30) for efavirenz, P = .5. Average plasma efavirenz or atazanavir concentrations over time did not affect virologic response. Blood CD4+ percentages increased by +2.3 (P = .06) and +3.0 (P = .003) for every 1 mg/L increase in average plasma and genital drug concentration, respectively. Plasma and genital viral pharmacodynamics were similar between the groups and independent of average concentrations, but blood CD4+ response was related in particular to genital extravascular drug concentrations.
Numerical simulation of NO2 absorption using sodium sulfite in a spray tower
Authors: Zhuang Zhuokai , Sun Chenglang , Zhao Nan , Wang Haiqiang , Wu Zhongbiao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDWet flue gas desulfurization combined with ozone is a promising technology which could remove NOx effectively. However, there are few reports focusing on simulations of the absorption process of NO2 in a spray tower. A computational fluid dynamics model including chemical absorption was developed to simulate the absorption process of NO2. Simulations of different cases were executed to explore the influences of operating conditions.RESULTSThe errors between predicted and experimental values were less than 5% under different operating conditions and the model had depicted the tendency very well. For instance, an increase in L/G from 11 to 16 resulted in the growth of η from 90.9% to 96.3%. When the solution concentration raised from 0.025 mol L−1 to 0.0875 mol L−1 could result in an increase of η from 89.1% to 98.6%.CONCLUSIONThe model developed in the present work was effective in determining the operating parameters of the spray tower for NO2 absorption, which could be utilized for the design and optimization of industrial apparatus. Moreover, the model can also evaluate the best positions of the spraying nozzles, the distance between the spray levels and other parameters for industrial application. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of water quality on the immunoreactivity of stress‐response cells and gonadotropin‐secreting cells in the pituitary gland of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Mousa Mostafa A. , Ibrahim Amal A.E. , Hashem Amal M. , Khalil Noha A. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe present experiments investigated the effect of water quality characteristics on the condition factor, the ovarian activity, cortisol level, and the immunoreactivity of stress‐response cells (adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH‐ and melanin stimulating hormone; MSH‐ and somatolactin; SL‐ secreting cells) and gonadotropin (GTH)‐secreting cells in the pituitary gland of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. After 3 months of exposure to mixtures of water from different sources (Tap and Lake Manzalah waters), with high levels of minerals and heavy metals, water quality affected the number, size, and immunostaining of stress‐response‐immunoreactive (ir) cells and GTH‐ir cells, which showed a dramatic decrease in their size. The integrated optical density (IOD) of immunoreactivity of MSH‐ and GTH‐ cells was significantly increased; however, it was significantly decreased for ACTH‐ and SL‐ cells. Also, high levels of cortisol were observed in females exposed to waters with high concentrations of minerals and heavy metals. In parallel, low values of gonadosomatic index (GSI%) and the ovarian histology revealed a decrease of maturing follicles concomitant with an increase of atretic follicles in females exposed to Lake Manzalah polluted water. Taken together, the increased activity of stress‐response‐ir pituitary cells, serum cortisol level and ovarian atretic follicles in response to elevated concentrations of minerals and heavy metals, supports the possible role of ACTH, MSH, and SL in the adaptive stress response of fish. Therefore, minerals and heavy metals must be considered when discussing tilapia aquaculture status. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 146–159, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of a novel climate on stress response and immune function in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta)
Authors: Refsnider Jeanine M. , Palacios Maria G. , Reding Dawn M. , Bronikowski Anne M. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTClimate change may subject animals to increasingly stressful environmental conditions, which could have negative physiological consequences if stress levels are elevated for long periods. We conducted a manipulative experiment to determine the effects of a novel climate on stress levels and immune function in a model reptile species, the painted turtle. We collected turtles from four populations across the species' geographic range and housed them in a common‐garden in one population's local climate. We measured levels of the stress hormone corticosterone and tested two aspects of innate immune function, bactericidal capacity and natural antibody agglutination, at the time of capture (baseline) and three additional time points over 1 year. The four populations did not differ in corticosterone levels over the course of 1 year, and corticosterone levels were also similar at each sampling period except that post‐hibernation corticosterone levels were significantly lower than the previous three time points. Furthermore, we found no evidence that elevated corticosterone depressed immune function in the painted turtle. Our study suggests that turtles exposed to novel climatic conditions did not display a detectable stress response, nor did the novel climate depress immune function in the transplanted populations. Therefore, in terms of innate immune function, turtles may be relatively resilient to at least small changes in climatic conditions. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 160–168, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.