bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the soil carbon sequestration potential of China's Grain for Green Project
Authors: Shi Shengwei , Han Pengfei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe largest area of planted forest in the world has been established in China through implementation of key forestry projects in recent years. These projects have played an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere, which is considered to be a potential mitigation strategy for the effects of global climate change. However, carbon sequestration in soil (soil organic carbon, SOC) after afforestation or reforestation is not well understood, particularly for specific key forestry projects. In this study, the SOC change in the top 20 cm of soil for each type of restoration implemented under China's Grain for Green Project (GGP) was quantified by a meta‐analysis of data from published literature and direct field measurements. Soil carbon sequestration due to the GGP during 1999–2012 was estimated using data on the annual restoration area at provincial level and functions that relate SOC stock change to controlling factors (e.g., plantation age, forest zone, and type of forestation). Soil carbon sequestration of the GGP was estimated to be 156±108 Tg C (95% confidence interval) for current restoration areas prior to 2013, with a mean accumulation rate of 12±8 Tg C yr−1. The soil carbon sequestration potential of existing plantation zones is predicted to increase from 156±108 Tg C in 2013 to 383±188 Tg C in 2050 under the assumption that all plantation areas are well preserved. Plantations in northwestern, southern, and southwestern zones contributed nearly 80% of total soil carbon sequestration, while soil C sequestration in northeastern China was much more variable. Improved data sources, measurements of SOC in the organic layer, greater sampling depth, and better distribution of sampling sites among GGP regions will reduce the uncertainty of the estimates made by this study.
Downwelling longwave flux over Summit, Greenland, 2010–2012: Analysis of surface‐based observations and evaluation of ERA‐Interim using wavelets
Authors: Cox Christopher J. , Walden Von P. , Compo Gilbert P. , Rowe Penny M. , Shupe Matthew D. , Steffen Konrad 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study analyzes the downwelling longwave radiation (DLW) over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) using surface‐based observations from Summit Station (72°N, 38°W; 3210 m) and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA‐Interim) DLW fields. Since surface‐based observations are sparse in the Arctic, the accuracy of including reanalyses for spatial context is assessed. First, the DLW at Summit is reported, including the significant time scales of variability using time‐frequency decomposition (wavelet analysis). A new method for evaluating reanalyses is then introduced that also uses wavelet analysis. ERA‐Interim DLW performs reasonably well at Summit, but because it includes too many thin clouds and too few thick clouds, it is biased low overall. The correlation between the observations and ERA‐Interim drops from r2 > 0.8 to near 0 for time series reconstructed from time scales less than ~4 days. These low correlations and additional analyses suggest that the spatial resolution of the data sets is a factor in representing variability on short time scales. The bias is low across all time scales and is thus likely tied to cloud generation processes in the model rather than the spatial representation of the atmosphere across the GrIS. The exception is autumn, when ERA‐Interim overestimates the influence of clouds at time scales of 1 and 4 weeks. The spatial distribution of cloud influence on the DLW across the GrIS indicates that Summit is located in a transition zone with respect to cloud properties. The gradient across this transition zone is steepest near Summit in autumn, so the spatial characteristics of the atmosphere near Summit may contribute to the ERA‐Interim bias during this time.
Lattice Boltzmann methods applied to large‐scale three‐dimensional virtual cores constructed from digital optical borehole images of the karst carbonate Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida
Authors: Sukop Michael C. , Cunningham Kevin J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDigital optical borehole images at approximately 2 mm vertical resolution and borehole caliper data were used to create three‐dimensional renderings of the distribution of (1) matrix porosity and (2) vuggy megaporosity for the karst carbonate Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida. The renderings based on the borehole data were used as input into Lattice Boltzmann methods to obtain intrinsic permeability estimates for this extremely transmissive aquifer, where traditional aquifer test methods may fail due to very small drawdowns and non‐Darcian flow that can reduce apparent hydraulic conductivity. Variogram analysis of the borehole data suggests a nearly isotropic rock structure at lag lengths up to the nominal borehole diameter. A strong correlation between the diameter of the borehole and the presence of vuggy megaporosity in the data set led to a bias in the variogram where the computed horizontal spatial autocorrelation is strong at lag distances greater than the nominal borehole size. Lattice Boltzmann simulation of flow across a 0.4 × 0.4 × 17 m (2.72 m3 volume) parallel‐walled column of rendered matrix and vuggy megaporosity indicates a high hydraulic conductivity of 53 m s−1. This value is similar to previous Lattice Boltzmann calculations of hydraulic conductivity in smaller limestone samples of the Biscayne aquifer. The development of simulation methods that reproduce dual‐porosity systems with higher resolution and fidelity and that consider flow through horizontally longer renderings could provide improved estimates of the hydraulic conductivity and help to address questions about the importance of scale.
Statistical optimization of culture medium for the overproduction of chicken anemia virus immunogen‐ VP1 protein in a recombinant E. coli for vaccine application
Authors: Lee Meng‐Shiou , Lin I‐Fen , Lai Guan‐Hua , Lin Yen‐Chang , Li Ken‐Yuon 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe capsid protein VP1 of chicken anemia virus (CAV) is an immunogen usually to be used when developing the diagnostic kits and subunit vaccines. In this study, a codon‐optimized VP1 gene of CAV was used to express VP1 in Escherichia coli. To establish the best culture medium for VP1 production, the modified super optimal broth with catabolic repressor (mSOC) medium was selected, out of eight commonly used media, as the basal medium for optimization. The 24 factorial experimental results demonstrated that only two constituents of mSOC, peptone and mixed ionic solution, had a significant effect on VP1 production. After a steepest ascent experiment, a rotatable central composite design (CCD) approach was applied to optimize these variables with respect to VP1 production. When the concentrations of peptone (1.79%) and mixed ionic solution (0.27%) predicted by the CCD approach were used with mSOC, a maximum VP1 yield of 138.68 µg mL−1 was achieved. The use of this optimized mSOC medium resulted in a 1.84‐fold increase in VP1 protein production compared to LB medium. The optimized mSOC identified herein has potential to be used in the future for the industrial large‐scaled VP1 production to diagnostic or a subunit vaccine application. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles as a novel colorimetric probe for melamine detection in raw milk
Authors: Borase Hemant P. , Patil Chandrashekhar D. , Salunkhe Rahul B. , Suryawanshi Rahul K. , Salunke Bipinchandra K. , Patil Satish V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNanoparticles have emerged as a promising analytical tool for monitoring food adulteration and safety. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using leaves' extract of Jatropha gossypifolia. AgNPs revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 419 nm and have spherical and grain shape with size range between 18 and 30 nm. A selective and rapid method of melamine detection in raw milk was developed with the use of these biofunctionalized AgNPs. The color change, deviation in SPR spectra, and change in the absorption ratio (A500/A419) of AgNPs occurred after an AgNPs–melamine interaction. The detection limit for melamine up to 2 μM (252 ppb) was attained with this method, which is quite lower than safety level recommendations of regulatory bodies demonstrating sensitivity of the method. Dynamicx light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses exhibited an increase in hydrodynamic diameter and size of AgNPs after melamine interaction. Melamine sensing by AgNPs was investigated by different physicochemical and thermal analyses.
RETRACTION: Inhibition of protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) suppresses survival and growth of colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Wang Jianwei , Zhu Jinhui , Dong Mingjun , Yu Hua , Dai Xiaoyu , Li Keqiang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRETRACTION: Protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is a unique member of the protein phosphatases family that functions in multiple signaling pathways involved in DNA damage, cell cycle control, cell growth, and apoptosis. Recent evidence indicated that PP5 may play a role in cancer progression. In this study, we aimed to examine the biological effect of PP5 on cell growth and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer (CRC). We first knocked down PP5 expression in RKO cells via a short hairpin RNA containing lentivirus system. Then, methylthiazoletetrazolium assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry analysis were performed. The proliferation and colony formation ability of RKO cells were remarkably suppressed in PP5‐silenced groups, as compared with control groups. Moreover, downregulation of PP5 resulted in a significant G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and an induction of apoptosis. In all, these results demonstrated the importance of PP5 in CRC cell growth, and it might be used as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
Improved Data Embedding Method for Digital Image with Human Visual Systems
Authors: Fujii Atsuhiro , Nakamoto Masayoshi , Muneyasu Mitsuji , Ohno Shuichi 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, we consider a data‐embedding method in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain of digital images. A bit pattern embedding method with the human visual system (HVS) and correlation‐based detection have been proposed by Kino and Wada based on the watermarking scheme, which is referred to as the conventional method. In the conventional method, the capacity of embedding data depends on the potential correlation between the DWT coefficients of the host image and the watermark signal. We propose a new embedding and detection algorithm not affected by the potential correlation in order to increase the capacity of embedding data. The data‐embedding and detection in the proposed method are performed by considering the absolute value of the correlation between the watermarked DWT coefficients and the watermark signal. In simulations, we show that the capacity of the embedding data in the proposed method is increased compared with the conventional method at the same PSNR value (image quality).
3D‐Visualised Model of Temperature Distribution in the Brain for Investigation of Brain Cooling Effect
Authors: Honma Satoru , Takagi Yutaka , Wakamatsu Hidetoshi 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYBrain hypothermia requires control of its temperature within an appropriate range, considering the change of body temperature over a long period. Various mathematical models have been used for the study of control and cooling capability of brain temperature in hypothermia. In previous models, a lumped‐parameter hemisphere of uniform temperature has been assumed as a simplified brain model without considering the temperature distribution. In the present study, however, a new model is proposed to visualize the temperature distribution in the brain. The model has the approximate shape of the organs in the head based on MRI data, and may well reflect properties such as heat transfer coefficients, metabolic heat production, and heat capacity of human organs. The model has a pseudo‐blood‐flow component in which any temperature can be set as the initial value at the starting place of blood flow. Simulations using this model were performed with the temperature controlled by the introduction of Ringer's solution into any of the four arteries leading to the brain. The simulation results suggest that the various cooling effects are manifested in every region of brain, and that the temperature distribution can be known for applications to controlling brain temperature in a part of interest.
Effect of Atmospheric‐Pressure Helium Plasma Jet on Cell Culture Medium
Authors: Takamura Norimitsu , Wang Douyan , Satoh Takao , Namihira Takao , Saitoh Hisato , Akiyama Hidenori 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYAtmospheric‐pressure, nonthermal plasma jets produced by using helium gas have been studied for various applications. In particular, plasma applications for biological treatment have attracted attention and investigation all over the world. In this paper, various kinds of cell culture media were irradiated with a plasma jet, and its components were analyzed. The results showed that irradiating a cell culture medium with a plasma jet could cause changes in its pH, electrical conductivity, and so on. These results suggest that irradiating with a plasma jet might cause changes in the form of cells and produce cell death. Plasma jets also generate UV light, which may kill cells. It was found that the plasma jet irradiation time is a very important factor in the treatment of cells.
Extreme drought effects on summer evapotranspiration and energy balance of a grassland in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Rajan Nithya , Maas Stephan J. , Cui Song 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe investigated the impact of the 2011 severe drought on summer evapotranspiration (ET) and energy partitioning of a managed Old World bluestem grassland in the Southern Great Plains and compared the results with those from 2010, a hydrologically wet year. Measurements of CO2, latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H) fluxes were made using an eddy covariance flux tower. In 2010, the total precipitation received during the summer months (June–August) was 82% above the 9‐year average precipitation, and in 2011, it was only 8% of the 9‐year average precipitation. The amount of net radiation (Rn) available at the surface was higher in the wet year (54.3% of the incident radiation) compared with the drought year (41.1% of the incident radiation). In 2010, LE consumed the majority of available energy resulting in a high evaporative fraction (EF). In 2011, less energy was converted to LE as soil moisture remained low, which also resulted in reduced plant growth. Thus, the energy partitioning in 2011 was dominated by H. Significant differences in bulk canopy conductance (Gs) were also observed between the two years. In both years,Gswas linearly correlated with soil volumetric water content in the top 4 cm of the soil profile. The gross primary production (GPP) was linearly correlated to ET. The water use efficiency was 2.63 g C kg−1of water in 2010 and 0.69 g C kg−1of water in 2011. Results from this study showed that, in semi‐arid grasslands, the ET and energy balance are strongly affected by water availability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave heating induces changes in the physicochemical properties of baru (Dipteryx alataVog.) and soybean crude oils
Authors: Borges Thays Helena , Malheiro Ricardo , de Souza Adriana Marques , Casal Susana , Pereira José Alberto 
Published: October 2014

Baru oil is extracted from baru nuts (Dipteryx alataVog.) by cold mechanical pressing, and is exploited as a source of vitamins, fatty acids and antioxidants in the Brazilian food and pharmaceutical sectors. No information is available on this oil under domestic culinary processes and thermal conditions. So, in the present study we evaluated the response of crude baru oil under microwave heating (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min), using crude soybean oil as comparison. Physical and chemical parameters were evaluated (free acidity, peroxide value, specific extinction coefficient at 232 and 270 nm, ΔKand color by CIELAB method), fatty acid profile, tocopherol composition, antioxidant activity, and oxidative stability. Until 3 min (1000 W) no significant adverse changes were observed in either oil. However, higher exposition times are more adverse to baru oil than to soybean oil. Tocopherols, oils stability and antioxidant activity drop abruptly. The typical yellow coloration is lost with heating, giving a less appealing appearance to the oils. By a principal component analysis, it was verified that microwave heating differently influenced each oil, and within the same oil, exposure time also caused distinct effect on properties, quality, and composition. Based on the obtained results, we discourage the use of baru oil for culinary process.Practical applications:The use of baru oil for prolonged culinary processes is discouraged due to lower stability and low content in antioxidants. Baru oil is more suitable for seasoning for usage in domestic consumption at RT. Exposure to microwave heating is completely discouraged at an exposure higher than 3 min.Microwave heating changes appearence of baru and soybean crude oils.
Investigation of the effect of nanoclay on the properties of quince seed mucilage edible films
Authors: Shekarabi Azadeh Sadat , Oromiehie Abdul Rasoul , Vaziri Ali , Ardjmand Mahdi , Safekordi Ali Akbar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSome physical properties like Gas barrier, thermal stability, and mechanical properties and brittleness of pure biopolymers film are inadequate for food packaging. The functional properties of quince seed mucilage‐based films were enhanced by addition of nanoclay (NC) (Cloisite 30B). Edible films were cast from heated aqueous solutions of quince seed (10% w/w) and NC (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% w/w of quince seed). The effect of NC was studied in terms of tensile properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nano composite films. In films containing NC, ultimate tensile strength enhanced to 22 MPa, and elongation increased from 2.48% to 6.5%. The addition of NC also improved gas barrier properties of the films. In films containing 2% NC, WVP decreased from 6.69 × 10−7 g·m−1·h−1·Pa−1 to 1.10 × 10−7 g·m−1·h−1·Pa−1 and oxygen permeability declined to 13.68 mL·day·m−2. NC also influences glass transition temperature significantly. The study demonstrated that the properties of quince seed mucilage edible films can be significantly improved using NC as reinforcement.
Feasibility of transoral robotic‐assisted high‐resolution microendoscopic imaging of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Patsias Alexis , Giraldez‐Rodriguez Laureano , Polydorides Alexandros D. , Richards‐Kortum Rebecca , Anandasabapathy Sharmila , Quang Timothy , Sikora Andrew G. , Miles Brett 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundTransoral robotic‐assisted oncologic surgery of the head and neck offers promising functional results. Nonetheless, the efficacy of oncologic surgery remains critically dependent on obtaining negative margins. We aimed to integrate a miniaturized high‐resolution fiber‐optic microendoscope (HRME), which provides real‐time histological assessment, with the da Vinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA).MethodsThree patients undergoing transoral robotic surgery (TORS) were prospectively enrolled in this study. Optical imaging of the oropharynx was performed intraoperatively with the robotic‐assisted HRME.ResultsAll patients underwent the procedure successfully with no complications. The HRME was successfully integrated with the da Vinci robotic system. Several sites of the oropharynx and associated malignancy were imaged, which correlated with the standard histopathological analysis.ConclusionTransoral robotic‐assisted HRME imaging of the oropharynx is a safe and technically feasible approach, providing a real‐time histological assessment and may serve as a valuable aid in oncologic surgery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E99–E102, 2015
Water's Way at Sleepers River watershed – revisiting flow generation in a post‐glacial landscape, Vermont USA
Authors: Shanley James B. , Sebestyen Stephen D. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , McGlynn Brian L. , Dunne Thomas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Sleepers River Research Watershed (SRRW) in Vermont, USA, has been the site of active hydrologic research since 1959 and was the setting where Dunne and Black demonstrated the importance and controls of saturation‐excess overland flow (SOF) on streamflow generation. Here, we review the early studies from the SRRW and show how they guided our conceptual approach to hydrologic research at the SRRW during the most recent 25 years. In so doing, we chronicle a shift in the field from early studies that relied exclusively on hydrometric measurements to today's studies that include chemical and isotopic approaches to further elucidate streamflow generation mechanisms. Highlights of this evolution in hydrologic understanding include the following: (i) confirmation of the importance of SOF to streamflow generation, and at larger scales than first imagined; (ii) stored catchment water dominates stream response, except under unusual conditions such as deep frozen ground; (iii) hydrometric, chemical and isotopic approaches to hydrograph separation yield consistent and complementary results; (iv) nitrate and sulfate isotopic compositions specific to atmospheric inputs constrain new water contributions to streamflow; and (v) convergent areas, or ‘hillslope hollows’, contribute disproportionately to event hydrographs. We conclude by summarizing some remaining challenges that lead us to a vision for the future of research at the SRRW to address fundamental questions in the catchment sciences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Study of Indium in a Water‐Stable 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Chloride/Tetrafluoroborate Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
Authors: Yang Ming‐Huan , Sun I‐Wen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe electrochemistry of indium species was investigated at glassy carbon, tungsten and nickel electrodes in a basic 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride/tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. Amperometric titration experiments suggest that In(III) chloride is complexed as [InCl5]2− in this ionic liquid. The electrochemical reduction of [InCl5]2− to indium metal is preceded by overpotential driven nucleations. The effective anodic dissolution of indium to indium(III) requires, however, the presence of sufficient chloride ions at the electrode surface. The electrodeposition of indium at glassy carbon and tungsten electrodes proceeds via three‐dimensional instantaneous nucleation with diffusion‐controlled growth of the nuclei. At the nickel electrode, the deposition proceeds via three‐dimensional progressive nucleation with diffusion‐controlled growth of the nuclei. Raising the deposition temperature decreases the average radius of the individual nuclei, r. Scanning electron microscopic and x‐ray diffraction data indicated that bulk crystalline indium electrodeposits could be prepared on nickel substrates within a temperature range between 30 and 120 °C.