bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Effects of Impact Angle on the Performance of Kevlar Woven Fabric Rubber Composite Armor against Shaped Charge Jet Impact
Authors: Jia Xin , Huang Zheng‐Xiang , Zu Xu‐Dong , Xiao Qiang‐Qiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractKevlar woven fabric rubber composite armor (WFRCA) is a type of add‐on armor that usually consists of two steel plates with two Kevlar woven fabrics and a rubber layer in between. In this study, a theoretical model was developed to analyze the effect of the impact angles on the performance of the Kevlar WFRCA against the shaped charge jet impact. The calculation of the precursor length was discussed in detail. A series of X‐ray experiments were conducted to analyze the disturbance mechanism and precursor length of the Kevlar WFECA against the shaped charge jet under different impact angles. Theoretical and experimental analyses showed that the greater the impact angle, the higher the tip velocity of the precursor and the shorter the precursor length. A microscopic study of the edge of the Kevlar woven fabric, rubber, and steel plates after the shaped charge jet impact was also conducted to evaluate the structure and composition. Several broken Kevlar fibers were embedded in the steel plate and the moving jet. This phenomenon can be used to further investigate the disturbance mechanism of the Kevlar WFRCA against the shaped charge impact.
Perception of River Value in Education for Sustainable Development (The Vistula River, Poland)
Authors: Angiel Joanna , Angiel Piotr Jan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe goal of the research was to learn how young people perceive the value of the Vistula River in Poland. A large sample of high school students (1900 participants, 17–18 years old) from 11 cities along the Vistula was selected for this study. The results indicated a large variety of river values realized by students – symbolical–national, urban, natural, cultural, recreational and sentimental – and displayed values that were rarely shown or omitted.The results were used to create recommendations and themes of education for sustainable development, which are focused on rivers and river valleys. Overall, modified directions, assortment and stronger inflections for the education about rivers, their value and sustainable development are recommended for educational programmes. Results can also help to determine sustainable development pathways for cities, investment planning, usage of river banks and projects of various non‐governmental organizations including education. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A Review of the CDC Recommendations for Prevention of HAIs in Outpatient Settings
Authors: Garrett J. Hudson 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most health care–associated infections (HAIs) are caused by contamination from the hands of health care providers or patients, contamination from the environment, and contamination from the patient's own skin. To mitigate common sources of infection transmission, frontline health care providers must be compliant with basic infection‐prevention interventions, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning and disinfection, safe injection practices, and designation of a trained health care professional to be responsible for the infection prevention and control program. Integration of CDC recommendations should incorporate a bundled approach to these interventions and should be part of a comprehensive approach to infection prevention and control. Effective infection‐prevention practices in outpatient settings are critical for reducing the risk of infection transmission, improving patient safety and patient outcomes, and reducing costs associated with health care delivery.
Counterfactual Moving in Bill T. Jones'sLast Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin/The Promised Land
Authors: Nereson Ariel 
Published: May 2015

History has rules. One rule dictates that a people whose identity has been forged by violence and deprivation will manifest violence and deprivation. Such rules must be broken.—Bill T. JonesWhen Bill T. Jones's longtime creative and life partner Arnie Zane was in the last months of his life, the pair began conceiving a new work for their dance company, the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company (BTJ/AZ), that was inspired by Zane's love of Leonardo da Vinci's paintingThe Last Supperand a gift from company member Seán Curran of a pornographic deck of playing cards titled 52 Handsome Nudes. Zane generated the image of African American opera star Jessye Norman “on an ice floe, suspended above the stage at the Brooklyn Academy of Music” as a postmodern interpretation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's character Eliza Harris, the romantic heroine ofUncle Tom's Cabin. Zane passed away in March of 1988, and Jones continued on with their idea, eventually staging and touringLast Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin/The Promised Landin 1990. The first half of the work, comprising “The Cabin” and “Eliza on the Ice,” is a reimagining of Stowe's classic text that is part of one of the company's abiding projects, the choreographing of contemporary relationships to history. For Jones and many in his company,Uncle Tom's Cabinwas not simply a story from the past but was rather a persistent narrative that has shaped historical trajectories of racial prejudice within the United States and in current lived experiences of racialized embodiment. This essay examines how the company's multiracial cast performed “Eliza on the Ice” as an experiment in historical inquiry through imagining “counterfactuals” to Stowe's representation of the racially hybrid Eliza. I propose that the company's choreographic and conceptual strategy of counterfactual moving, through its emphasis on embodiment, critically addresses the impact of the historical past on present bodies.
Novel drug candidates for blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia from high-throughput drug sensitivity and resistance testing
Authors: Pietarinen P O , Pemovska T , Kontro M , Yadav B , Mpindi J P , Andersson E I , Majumder M M , Kuusanmäki H , Koskenvesa P , Kallioniemi O , Wennerberg K , Heckman C A , Mustjoki S , Porkka K 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (CML BC) remains a challenging disease to treat despite the introduction and advances in tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. In this study we set out to identify novel candidate drugs for CML BC by using an unbiased high-throughput drug testing platform. We used three CML cell lines representing different types of CML blast phases (K562, EM-2 and MOLM-1) and primary leukemic cells from three CML BC patients. Profiling of drug responses was performed with a drug sensitivity and resistance testing platform comprising 295 anticancer agents. Overall, drug sensitivity scores and the drug response profiles of cell line and primary cell samples correlated well and were distinct from other types of leukemia samples. The cell lines were highly sensitive to TKIs and the clinically TKI-resistant patient samples were also resistant ex vivo. Comparison of cell line and patient sample data identified new candidate drugs for CML BC, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors. Our results indicate that these drugs in particular warrant further evaluation by analyzing a larger set of primary patient samples. The results also pave way for designing rational combination therapies.
Seizure Disorders and the Effects of Antiepileptic Medications on Cognitive-Communicative Function
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel , Abou-Khalil Rima 
Published: May 2015

PurposeReview effects of epilepsy and its treatment on cognitive-communicative function.MethodWe searched PubMed and extracted relevant information.ResultsEpilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy is commonly associated with cognitive disturbances in between seizures, most commonly memory dysfunction. Other cognitive disturbances may be seen, particularly auditory naming when epilepsy starts in the dominant temporal lobe. While control of seizures is expected to improve the cognitive consequences, antiepileptic drugs themselves may be associated with cognitive dysfunction. Among the old generation of antiepileptic drugs, the sedating medications phenobarbital and benzodiazepines have the most negative impact on cognitive function. However, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate may also adversely affect attention and memory. The newer antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine, gabapentin, and levetiracetam (LEV) are less likely to affect cognition than carbamazepine. Another new antiepileptic drug, topiramate, is associated with considerable adverse effects on attention, concentration, memory, executive function, and verbal fluency. Word finding difficulties are a common adverse effect, to the point that some patients can develop a nonfluent aphasia. Levetiracetam (LEV), on the other hand, has been reported to improve verbal fluency in patients with partial epilepsy and language dysfunction.ConclusionsBoth epilepsy and its treatment may adversely affect cognitive-communicative function.
Simple process for single‐layer nanowire gratings
Authors: Zhang Ran , Chu Jinkui , Wang Zhiwen , Wang Qianyi , Liu Ze 
Published: May 2015

A simple fabrication process for single‐layer nanowire gratings (SLNGs) is proposed. On the basis of this process, an SLNG polariser with a 1.3 × 1.3 mm area of grating patterns and a 100 nm linewidth was successfully fabricated. First, the nanograting patterns were transferred from a metal master stamp to a soft IPS mould using the hot embossing process and the nanograting patterns on the IPS mould were transferred to the imprint resist layer by UV nanoimprint process subsequently; then, after a residual resist removal process, an aluminium layer was thermally evaporated on the substrate to form a bilayer nanowire grating structure; and finally, SLNGs were fabricated by an oxygen plasma ashing process. The inspection results show good consistency in the whole grating patterns area. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed simple process can be adaptable to fabrications of high‐density and large‐area nanometal patterns.
Auditory and visual processing of novel stimuli are affected by subjective connotations of Danger and Usefulness
Authors: Wurm Lee H. 
Published: May 2015

The automatic evaluation literature and the survivability memory enhancement effect (Nairne et al., 2007) suggest that stimuli might be automatically categorized along an approach/withdraw dimension. Duckworth et al. (2002) showed that such effects hold even for novel stimuli. The current study is a more rigorous test of the idea that such effects reflect a general organizing principle of cognitive-perceptual processing. Participants performed auditory (Experiment 1) or visual (Experiment 2) lexical decision. The pseudowords had been previously rated by different participants on subjective Danger and Usefulness. RTs for the pseudowords showed the same Danger × Usefulness interaction observed several times for real words: increasing Danger speeded RTs for words lower on Usefulness but slowed RTs for words higher on Usefulness. Danger and Usefulness classifications are an integral part of routine stimulus processing from the very first exposure. Results are discussed in terms of a general organizing principle of human cognition.
Connecting the research fields of lexical ambiguity and figures of speech
Authors: Jager Bernadet , Cleland Alexandra A. 
Published: May 2015

The current studies investigated the processing and storage of lexical metaphors and metonyms by combining two existing methodologies from ambiguity research: counting the number of senses (as in e.g., Rodd, Gaskell, & Marslen-Wilson, 2002) and determining the relationship between those senses (as in e.g., Klepousniotou & Baum, 2007). We have called these two types of ambiguity ‘numerical polysemy’ and ‘relational polysemy’. Studies employing a lexical decision task (Experiment 1) and semantic categorization task (Experiment 2) compared processing of metaphorical and non-metaphorical words while controlling for number of senses. The effects of relational polysemy were investigated in more detail with a further lexical decision study (Experiment 3). Results showed a metaphor advantage and metonymy disadvantage which conflict with earlier findings of reverse patterns (e.g., Klepousniotou & Baum, 2007). The fact that both conventional lexical metaphors and metonyms can incur either processing advantages or disadvantages strongly suggests they are not inherently stored differently in the mental lexicon.
An overview of plant pathology and application of next-generation sequencing technologies.
Authors: Barba M. , Hadidi A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms became available commercially about a decade ago. They provide highly efficient, rapid, and low-cost high-throughput and deep DNA sequencing. They are being continually improved to become faster, more efficient and cheaper and have been used in biology since 2004. Since 2008, NGS has been applied to plant pathogens, the causal agents of plant disease. These include the nematodes, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas which have significant economic impacts on infected plants. The applications include pathogen genome sequencing, discovery and detection, ecology and epidemiology, replication and transcription. Identification and characterization of effectors of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens and known and novel viruses and/or viroids are currently the most successful applications of NGS in plant pathology. It is expected that NGS will play a very significant role in many areas of plant pathology.
Correction of Cubitus Varus After Pediatric Supracondylar Elbow Fracture: Alternative Method Using the Taylor Spatial Frame
Authors: Belthur Mohan V. , Iobst Christopher A. , Bor Noam , Segev Eitan , Eidelman Mark , Standard Shawn C. , Herzenberg John E. 
Published: May 2015

Background:
Cubitus varus is a well-reported complication of supracondylar fracture of the humerus potentially resulting in cosmetic problems, impaired function, and malpractice claims. Traditional methods of correcting malunited distal humeral fractures involve complex osteotomies that have a high complication rate, require a large exposure, and challenging fixation. We present a technique of gradual correction using a percutaneous transverse osteotomy and 3 dimensional correction with a Taylor Spatial Frame.

Methods:
This was a retrospective, IRB-approved study of 12 patients between 2006 and 2010, with cubitus varus after a malunited pediatric supracondylar fracture. The average age at initial injury was 5+8 years. The average age of the patients at surgery was 8+8 years. We measured technical (radiographic parameters and complications), functional (clinical carrying angle, range of motion, QuickDash), and satisfaction domain (questionnaire) outcomes at a minimum follow-up of 6 months.

Results:
The osteotomy healed in all patients by 10 weeks after the index surgery. The mean external fixator time was 10 weeks. The average preoperative and postoperative humeroulnar angles for the affected elbow were 23 degrees varus and 5.8 degrees valgus, respectively. This was statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean preoperative and postoperative carrying angles were 22 degrees of varus and 5.8 degrees of valgus. This was statistically significant (P<0.001). The results of the QuickDash assessment showed that patients were doing very well with regard to the use of their upper extremity. The mean symptom/disability score was 0.80. No major complications or neurovascular complications were encountered. Overall satisfaction with the procedure was high.

Conclusions:
The Taylor Spatial Frame as used in this case series provides the experienced surgeon another safe, accurate, and reliable method to correct cubitus varus after pediatric supracondylar fracture. We used in 7 of our 12 cases, a previously unreported pattern of distal humeral pin fixation that allows for a very distal metaphyseal osteotomy, close to the deformity apex. This is a biplanar delta configuration that straddles the olecranon fossa and is appropriate for both children and adults.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Detecting recent selective sweeps while controlling for mutation rate and background selection
Authors: Huber Christian D. , DeGiorgio Michael , Hellmann Ines , Nielsen Rasmus 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA composite likelihood ratio test implemented in the program SweepFinder is a commonly used method for scanning a genome for recent selective sweeps. SweepFinder uses information on the spatial pattern of the site frequency spectrum (SFS) around the selected locus. To avoid confounding effects of background selection and variation in the mutation process along the genome, the method is typically applied only to sites that are variable within species. However, the power to detect and localize selective sweeps can be greatly improved if invariable sites are also included in the analysis. In the spirit of a Hudson-Kreitman-Aguadé test, we suggest to add fixed differences relative to an outgroup to account for variation in mutation rate, thereby facilitating more robust and powerful analyses. We also develop a method for including background selection modeled as a local reduction in the effective population size. Using simulations we show that these advances lead to a gain in power while maintaining robustness to mutation rate variation. Furthermore, the new method also provides more precise localization of the causative mutation than methods using the spatial pattern of segregating sites alone.
The “Gini index” in genetics: measuring genetic architecture complexity of quantitative traits
Authors: Shen Xia 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGenetic architecture is a general terminology used and discussed very often in complex traits genetics. It is related to the number of functional loci involved in explaining variation of a complex trait and the distribution of genetic effects across these loci. Understanding the complexity level of the genetic architecture of complex traits is essential for evaluating the potential power of mapping functional loci and prediction of complex traits. However, there has been no quantitative measurement of the genetic architecture complexity, which makes it difficult to link results from genetic data analysis to such terminology. Inspired by the “Gini index” for measuring income distribution in economics, I develop a genetic architecture score (“GA score”) to measure genetic architecture complexity. Simulations indicate that the GA score is an effective measurement of the complexity level of complex traits genetic architecture.
Standing genetic variation as a major contributor to adaptation in the Virginia chicken lines selection experiment
Authors: Sheng Zheya , Pettersson Mats E. , Honaker Christa F. , Siegel Paul B. , Carlborg Örjan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractArtificial selection has, for decades, provided a powerful approach to study the genetics of adaptation. Using selective-sweep mapping, it is possible to identify genomic regions in populations where the allele-frequencies have diverged during selection. To avoid misleading signatures of selection, it is necessary to show that a sweep has an effect on the selected trait before it can be considered adaptive. Here, we confirm candidate selective-sweeps on a genome-wide scale in one of the longest, on-going bi-directional selection experiments in vertebrates, the Virginia high and low body-weight selected chicken lines. The candidate selective-sweeps represent standing genetic variants originating from the common base-population. Using a deep-intercross between the selected lines, 16 of 99 evaluated regions were confirmed to contain adaptive selective-sweeps based on their association with the selected trait, 56-day body-weight. Although individual additive effects were small, the fixation for alternative alleles in the high and low body-weight lines across these loci contributed at least 40% of the divergence between them and about half of the additive genetic variance present within and between the lines after 40 generations of selection. The genetic variance contributed by the sweeps corresponds to about 85% of the additive genetic variance of the base-population, illustrating that these loci were major contributors to the realised selection-response. Thus, the gradual, continued, long-term selection response in the Virginia lines was likely due to a considerable standing genetic variation in a highly polygenic genetic architecture in the base-population with contributions from a steady release of selectable genetic variation from new mutations and epistasis throughout the course of selection.
Comparative survey of the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density
Authors: O’Connor Patrick BF , Andreev Dmitry E. , Baranov Pavel V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRibosome profiling (Ribo-seq), a promising technology for exploring ribosome decoding rates, is characterized by the presence of infrequent high peaks in ribosome footprint density and by long alignment gaps. Here, to reduce the impact of the data heterogeneity we introduce a simple normalization method, Ribo-seq Unit Step Transformation (RUST). RUST is robust and outperforms other normalization techniques in the presence of heterogeneous noise. We illustrate how RUST can be used for identifying mRNA sequence features that affect ribosome footprint densities globally. We show that a few parameters extracted with RUST are sufficient for predicting experimental densities with high accuracy. Importantly the application of RUST to 30 publicly available Ribo-seq datasets revealed a substantial variation in sequence determinants of ribosome footprint frequencies, questioning the reliability of Ribo-seq as an accurate representation of local ribosome densities without prior quality control. This emphasizes our incomplete understanding of how protocol parameters affect ribosome footprint densities.
Potential role of ignition management in reducing unplanned burning in Arnhem Land, Australia
Authors: Price Owen F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFire management attempts to coerce fire into a desired regime using three primary strategies: prescribed burning, fire suppression and ignition management. The West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement project (WALFA), where prescribed Early Dry Season burning is used to reduce unplanned Late Dry Season burning, is heralded as model for prescribed burning. However, a previous analysis found that Late Dry Season area burnt in WALFA had been reduced further than would be expected based purely on the Early Dry Season treatment area. This study investigated whether treatment has reduced the number and size of unplanned fires. Daily burnt area mapping from MODIS satellite sensors was used to identify individual fires to compare fire activity before and after management was introduced in WALFA (2005) and in a control region in East Arnhem Land. Late Dry Season area burnt reduced after treatment in WALFA but also in the control region. The number of fires in August–October increased after treatment. There is a period from early August until late September when human ignitions can cause huge fires. Late Dry Season area burnt was strongly influenced by the size of the largest single fire and only weakly by the number of ignitions. Early Dry Season area burnt had modest effects on both the number and maximum size of Late Dry Season fires. Eliminating the largest fire in each 1600 km2 sample block would have halved the total Late Dry Season area burnt. A similar reduction could be obtained from a 14% annual treatment with Early Dry Season fire, but this may not reduce the overall area burnt. If overall fire frequency is the main threat to biodiversity in the savannas, then the best solution will be to prevent the small subset of fires that have the potential to become very large.