bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A note on cycling in the simplex method
Authors: Marshall K. T. , Suurballe J. W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlthough cycling in the simplex method has long been known, a number of theoretical questions concerning cycling have not been fully answered. One of these, stated in [3], is to find the smallest example of cycling, and Beale's example with three equations and seven variables is conjectured to be the smallest one. The exact bounds on dimensions of cycling examples are established in this paper. We show that Beale's example is the smallest one which cycles at a non‐optimal solution, that a smaller one can cycle at the optimum, and that, in general (including the completely degenerate case), a cycling example must have at least two equations, at least six variables, and at least three non‐basic variables. Examples and geometries are given for the extreme cases, showing that the bounds are sharp.
The queueing system MX/G/1 and its ramifications
Authors: Chaudhry M. L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper deals with the bulk arrival queueing system MX/G/1 and its ramifications. In the system MX/G/1, customers arrive in groups of sizeX(a random variable) by a Poisson process, the service times distribution is general, and there is a single server. Although some results for this queueing system have appeared in various books, no unified account of these, as is being presented here, appears to have been reported so far. The chief objectives of the paper are (i) to unify by an elegant procedure the relationships between the p.g.f.'smagnified imagewherePnandPn+are the limiting probabilities of queue lengths beingnat random and departure epochs respectively, (ii) to correct an error in the paper by Krakowski and generalize his results and (iii) to discuss some other interesting cases of the system MX/G/1 and its special cases.
Estrogen or raloxifene during postmenopausal weight loss: Adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes
Authors: Van Pelt R.E. , Gozansky W.S. , Wolfe P. , Kittelson J.M. , Jankowski C.M. , Schwartz R.S. , Kohrt W.M. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveEstrogen‐based hormone therapy (HT) attenuates abdominal fat gain after menopause, but whether HT improves abdominal fat loss during weight loss is unknown. It was hypothesized that HT or a selective estrogen receptor modulator (raloxifene) would augment reductions in abdominal visceral fat during weight loss when compared to placebo, potentially increasing improvements in glucose tolerance and lipid profile.MethodsHealthy postmenopausal women (n = 119; age 50‐70 yr) underwent a 6‐month weight‐loss (primarily exercise) intervention with randomization to raloxifene (60 mg/d), HT (conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg/d), or placebo. Outcomes were change in total and abdominal (visceral and subcutaneous) fat mass, lipid profile, and fasting and post‐challenge glucose and insulin.ResultsNeither HT nor raloxifene augmented loss of total or abdominal fat mass during exercise‐induced weight loss when compared with placebo. Weight loss‐induced improvements in risk factors were similar among the three groups, except for a greater reduction in fasted glucose in the HT group (difference in change [95%CI] from placebo; −0.40 [−0.76, −0.05]) and greater reductions in LDL (−0.36 [−0.63, −0.09]) and increases in HDL (0.15 [0.07, 0.24]) in both treatment groups.ConclusionsPostmenopausal HT and raloxifene did not increase abdominal fat loss during weight loss, but did improve some cardiometabolic outcomes.
Decrease of circulating SAA is correlated with reduction of abdominal SAA secretion during weight loss
Authors: Yang Rong‐Ze , Blumenthal Jacob B. , Glynn Nicole M. , Lee Mi‐Jeong , Goldberg Andrew P. , Gong Da‐Wei , Ryan Alice S. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveThe study goal was to determine the effect of weight loss (WL) alone and with aerobic exercise (WL + AEX) on serum amyloid A (SAA) levels and adipose SAA secretion from gluteal and abdominal depots.MethodsNinety‐six overweight or obese postmenopausal women undertook a 6‐month WL alone (n = 47) or with AEX training (n = 49) (6 months WL and WL + AEX are considered WL when groups were combined). Their serum SAA levels, body weight, and adipose SAA secretion ex vivo from gluteal and abdominal depot were measured before and after WL interventions.ResultsThe participants lost an average of 8% body weight with a 10% decrease of serum SAA. Serum SAA levels remained significantly correlated with body weight before and after WL. However, the changes of serum SAA level did not correlate with changes of body weight. The gluteal adipose tissue secreted ∼50% more SAA than the abdominal tissue, but the changes of abdominal, but not gluteal, SAA secretion correlated (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.01) with those of serum SAA levels during WL.ConclusionsNo linear correlation between the decrease in systemic SAA and WL was found. There is a depot‐dependent difference in adipose SAA secretion and abdominal SAA secretion, which may partially account for the systemic SAA reduction during WL.
Association, emulsifying, and solubilization properties of amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) with short polystyrene stickers
Authors: Li Lianwei , Wang Xu , He Chen , He Weidong 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAmphiphilic hyperbranched copolymer chains made of large hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) cores grafted with short polystyrene stickers (HB‐PAAn‐g‐PSn + 1) with different n values (n = 1, 10, 47) were well prepared and confirmed by size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The study on the interchain association behavior of these amphiphilic chains indicates that larger HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 copolymer chains have a less tendency to undergo interchain association. Moreover, the simple vial‐inversion and rheological experiments show that the apparent critical gel concentration (Cg) decreases with n, but no sol–gel transition was observed for triblock PS‐PAA‐PS even when the concentration is up to 200 g L−1. Further transmission electron microscopy study of the latex particles prepared with HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 as surfactant reveals that the latex particles are spherical and narrowly dispersed; while the measured latex particle number (Np) indicates the surfactant efficiency of HB‐(PAA)47‐g‐(PS)48 is poorer than that of triblock PS‐PAA‐PS (n = 1). Finally, pyrene solubilization measurement shows the solubilization efficiency of HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 copolymers decreases with n, consistent with the previous observed interchain association result. The present study demonstrates that both the chain topology and the styrene weight fraction dominates the final solution properties of amphiphilic HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 chains in aqueous solution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 128–138
Self‐aligning liquid crystals in polymer composite systems
Authors: De Sio Luciano , Tabiryan Nelson 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTSoft composite materials combined with a holographic photopolymerization process are used for realizing an innovative switchable periodic structure made of slices of almost pure polymer alternated with films of well aligned nematic liquid crystals named POLICRYPS. It exhibits negligible scattering losses, while the effect of the spatial modulation of the refractive index (from polymer to nematic liquid crystal) can be switched on and off by applying a low (few V/μm) electric field. The diffractive properties of the POLICRYPS structure are characterized in terms of cell thickness, impinging probe angle and wavelength revealing a strong correlation between the diffraction efficiency and all the above mentioned parameters. These results are very attractive for many applications such as switchable Bragg gratings for telecom devices, phase modulators, and displays. Other advantages of the technology include absence of an alignment layer, absence of haze, robust structure, and inexpensive manufacturing. In addition, no special alignment layers are required. This is a unique opportunity and a big advantage compared to conventional liquid crystal devices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2014,52, 158–162
A method to rationally increase protein stability based on the charge–charge interaction, with application to lipase LipK107
Authors: Zhang Lujia , Tang Xiaomang , Cui Dongbing , Yao Zhiqiang , Gao Bei , Jiang Shuiqin , Yin Bo , Yuan Y. Adam , Wei Dongzhi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report a suite of enzyme redesign protocol based on the surface charge–charge interaction calculation, which is potentially applied to improve the stability of an enzyme without compromising its catalytic activity. Together with the experimental validation, we have released a suite of enzyme redesign algorithm Enzyme Thermal Stability System, written based on our model, for open access to meet the needs in wet labs. Lipk107, a lipase of a versatile industrial use, was chosen to test our software. Our calculation determined that four residues, D113, D149, D213, and D253, located on the surface of LipK107 were critical to the stability of the enzyme. The model was validated with mutagenesis at these four residues followed by stability and activity tests. LipK107 mutants D113A and D149K were more resistant to thermal inactivation with ∼10°C higher half‐inactivation temperature than wild‐type LipK107. Moreover, mutant D149K exhibited significant retention in residual activity under constant heat, showing a 14‐fold increase in the half‐inactivation time at 50°C. Activity tests showed that these mutants retained the equal or higher specific activity, among which noteworthy was the mutant D253A with as much as 20% higher activity. We suggest that our protocol could be used as a general guideline to redesign protein enzymes with increased stabilities and enhanced activities.
MIMO conditional integrator control for unmanned airlaunch
Authors: Nguyen Van Cuong , Damm Gilney 
Published: October 2013

SummaryA nonlinear MIMO controller based on the conditional integrator technique is designed for the robust stabilization of a new satellite launching strategy called (unmanned) airlaunch. This control technique concerns an integrator performing similar to a sliding mode controller when the system is outside a boundary layer defined by the controller, and performing as a linear controler that provides the integral term when the system enters into the boundary layer. Satellite airlaunch strategy consists in using a two‐stage launching system. The first stage is composed of an airplane (manned or unmanned) that carries a rocket launcher, which constitute the subsequent stages. The control objective is to stabilize the aircraft in the launch phase. It is developed separately for the two nonlinear (one MIMO and one SISO) motion modes of the model, the longitudinal mode and lateral mode, and is then applied to the full model of the aircraft. The considered system is highly nonlinear, mostly as a consequence of a possible large angle of attack, sideslip, and roll angle. Finally, the present work illustrates through simulations, the good performance of the proposed control algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron(II) Complexes Supported by a Tetradentate Ligand Providing a Strained Equatorial Coordination Environment: Geometric and Electronic‐Structural Implications
Authors: Schmidt Sven Olaf , Kisslinger Sandra , Würtele Christian , Bonnet Sylvestre , Schindler Siegfried , Tuczek Felix 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSearching for SCO compounds with tetradentate equatorial ligands suitable to surface attachment we decided to synthesize iron(II) complexes with the ligand o‐bpy [o‐bpy = 1,2‐bis(2,2′‐bipyridyl‐6‐yl)ethane]. For coordination in axial position three different ligands with increasing ligand field strength were considered: isothiocyanate, pyridine, and imidazole. The new iron(II) complexes [Fe(o‐bpy)(NCS)2], [Fe(o‐bpy)(py)2](BPh4)2, and [Fe(o‐bpy)(im)2](BPh4)2 were characterized with the help of Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and X‐ray crystallography. The Mössbauer data and magnetic susceptibility measurements show that all three synthesized compounds are in the high‐spin state between 300 and 2 K. To explain these findings DFT calculations are employed. The experimental and theoretical results indicate the presence of distortions from octahedral symmetry due to steric restrictions imposed by the o‐bpy ligand, which reduce its ligand‐field strength, leading to the observed S = 2 ground states.
A Case‐matched Series of Immediate Total‐body CT Scanning Versus the Standard Radiological Work‐up in Trauma Patients
Authors: Sierink Joanne C. , Saltzherr Teun Peter , Beenen Ludo F. M. , Russchen Marjolein J. A. M. , Luitse Jan S. K. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , Goslings J. Carel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years computed tomography (CT) has become faster and more available in the acute trauma care setting. The aim of the present study was to compare injured patients who underwent immediate total‐body CT (TBCT) scanning with patients who underwent the standard radiological work‐up with respect to 30‐day mortality.MethodsBetween January 2009 and April 2011, 152 consecutive patients underwent immediate TBCT scanning as part of a prospective pilot study. These patients were case‐matched by age, gender, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) category with control patients from a historical cohort (July 2006–November 2007) who had undergone X‐rays and focused assessment with sonography for trauma, followed by selective CT scanning.ResultsDespite comparable demographics, TBCT patients had a lower median Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) than controls (10 vs. 15; p < 0.001) and on‐scene endotracheal intubation was performed more often (33 vs. 19 %; p = 0.004). 30‐day mortality was 13 % in the TBCT patient group versus 13 % in the control group (p = 1.000). A generalized linear mixed model analysis showed that a higher in‐hospital GCS [odds ratio (OR) 0.8, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.745–0.86; p < 0.001] and immediate TBCT scanning (OR 0.46, 95 % CI 0.236–0.895; p = 0.022) were associated with decreased 30‐day mortality, while a higher ISS (OR 1.054, 95 % CI 1.028–1.08) p < 0.001) was associated with increased 30‐day mortality.ConclusionsTrauma patients who underwent immediate TBCT scanning had similar absolute 30‐day mortality rates compared to patients who underwent conventional imaging and selective CT scanning. However, immediate TBCT scanning was associated with a decreased 30‐day mortality after correction for the impact of differences in raw ISS and in‐hospital GCS.
Teaching the Management of Surgical Emergencies Through a Short Course to Surgical Residents in East/Central Africa Delivers Excellent Educational Outcomes
Authors: Dreyer Jacob , Hannay Jonathan , Lane Robert 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn Africa surgical trainees (residents) are often ‘at the coalface’ in managing surgical emergencies. A practical course on management of surgical emergencies was developed, as requested and guided by the learning needs of surgical trainees in East/Central Africa, to teach structured thinking processes in surgical emergencies; to thoroughly assess participants’ knowledge, technical and non‐technical skills; and to correlate assessment scores with participants’ feedback on course quality.MethodsCurriculum design was aimed at learners’ needs, as guided by local trainers and previous teaching. A 5‐day course was developed on emergencies in critical care and trauma, general surgery, orthopaedics, obstetrics and urology; delivered through lectures, tutorials and practical sessions, with individual mentoring. Participants’ knowledge was assessed through end‐of‐course tests and, with their practical and non‐technical skills, evaluated formatively. Opportunity for immediate detailed feedback was provided, and for follow‐up 6 months later.
ResultsAll participants completed the course successfully, passed knowledge tests, and received satisfactory scores in continuous assessment. There was good correlation between formative and summative assessment scores. Candidates rated course content, delivery and usefulness very highly; ‘open text’ noted no such previous training. After six months 90 % of course participants indicated that the course had significantly improved their ability to manage surgical emergencies.ConclusionsAn intensive course on management of surgical emergencies can be effectively delivered by a small core faculty for each specialty. Feedback from participants and local faculty indicated that this course filled a specific learning niche. Effective assessment can be based on continuous evaluation during course participation.
Effect of electron-ion recombination on self-focusing/defocusing of a laser pulse in tunnel ionized plasmas
Authors: Misra Shikha , Mishra S. K. , Sodha M. S. , Tripathi V. K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA formalism for investigation of the propagation characteristics of various order short duration (pico second) Gaussian/dark hollow Gaussian laser pulse (DHGP) in a tunnel ionized plasma has been developed, which takes into account the electron-ion recombination. Utilizing the paraxial like approach, a nonlinear Schrödinger wave equation characterizing the beam spot size in space and time has been derived and solved numerically to investigate the transverse focusing (in space) and longitudinal compression (in time) of the laser pulse; the associated energy localization as the pulse advances in the plasma has also been analyzed. It is seen that in the absence of recombination the DHGP and Gaussian pulse undergo oscillatory and steady defocusing respectively. With the inclusion of recombination, the DHGP and Gaussian pulse both undergo periodic self-focusing for specific parameters. The DHGPs promise to be suitable for enhancement of energy transport inside the plasma.
How to make ad hoc proof automation less ad hoc
Authors: GONTHIER GEORGES , ZILIANI BETA , NANEVSKI ALEKSANDAR , DREYER DEREK 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMost interactive theorem provers provide support for some form of user-customizable proof automation. In a number of popular systems, such as Coq and Isabelle, this automation is achieved primarily throughtactics, which are programmed in a separate language from that of the prover's base logic. While tactics are clearly useful in practice, they can be difficult to maintain and compose because, unlike lemmas, their behavior cannot be specified within the expressive type system of the prover itself.We propose a novel approach to proof automation in Coq that allows the user to specify the behavior of custom automated routines in terms of Coq's own type system. Our approach involves a sophisticated application of Coq'scanonical structures, which generalize Haskell type classes and facilitate a flexible style of dependently-typed logic programming. Specifically, just as Haskell type classes are used to infer the canonical implementation of an overloaded term at a given type, canonical structures can be used to infer the canonicalproofof an overloadedlemmafor a given instantiation of its parameters. We present a series of design patterns for canonical structure programming that enable one to carefully and predictably coax Coq's type inference engine into triggering the execution of user-supplied algorithms during unification, and we illustrate these patterns through several realistic examples drawn from Hoare Type Theory. We assume no prior knowledge of Coq and describe the relevant aspects of Coq type inference from first principles.
Observations on the Bone Bed at Clacton
Authors: Picton Harold 
Published: October 2013

The estuarine peaty shale still to be seen in the cliff section below the Martello tower at Clacton has a thickness of 10 or 12 feet, and seems to pass gradually into a dark clay which we find as the top layer of the shore deposit. On the shore below the Martello, and east of the stone groyne, the following layers were observed:—1. Dark, stiff clay, without shells. To be seen only on the upper part of the shore, near the sea-wall. Further down, it. has been denuded. Thickness, c. 9 in. from shore sand.2. A shelly layer, containing much Unıo littoralis: more sandy than the last. c. 3 in.3. A dark layer with occasional shells. Lower limit variable. c. 4 in.4. Blue loam: one of the most characteristic features of the deposit. Shells of Unio occur. Helix was also found. There is also in some parts much wood. Partly embedded in this layer most of the bones are found on the shore surface. Eastwards the layer grows less homogeneous and comes to rest directly on the London Clay. I am not sure what is the full thickness of this layer, but, where it is covered by others, I have dug 18 in. into it without reaching anything else. Accumulation of water and return of the tide prevented deeper trenching, but I think if we gave 2 feet as the total thickness we should not be far wrong.5. A very thin layer, made up almost wholly of fragments of Unio.6. Sand, shells, and broken flints. Thickness varies; 3 in. and 5 in. were measured in two trenches.7. Stony layer. Flint pebbles, broken flints, some sand, some shells. Astragalus of deer, horn core (probably of deer), tibia of deer were found in trenching this layer.
An Achill Island Tumulus
Authors: Robarts N. F. 
Published: October 2013

On the southern shore of Achill Island, Co. Mayo, between the cathedral rocks of Menawn and the village of Keel, lies Keel strand, a flat grass-grown plain of blown sand, some few feet above high water mark. Rather nearer to the village of Keel than to the rocks of Menawn the sand is being gradually removed by the wind, leaving a low cliff three to four feet in height facing the sea, the high water mark when I was there in September, 1911, being some three to four hundred yards away from the cliff.A few yards nearer the sea than the cliff, numerous fossil or semi-fossil bones were exposed, almost all, as far as I could tell, being of horse with a few of pig, together with a quantity of shells evidently forming a kitchen midden. A few pebbles amongst the shells showed signs of use as hammer stones. At about the same distance from the sea as the midden, and at a short distance from it, was a low mound of sand and pebbles about 27 feet in diameter, rising about 18 inches above the surrounding sand. In the centre was a boulder standing upon end, but too heavy for me to move, and there were indications that a ring of stones surrounded the mound, but the sand drift made it impossible to ascertain this positively.
Some Implements of “Cissbury Type” found in Norfolk
Authors: Warburton J. S. 
Published: October 2013

Grimes' Graves and the peculiar type of implements associated with them being very much discussed at the present time, our Hon. Sec. has invited me, as the finder of a good many of these implements, to give a short paper describing them and some details of the localities.My first two visits to the “Graves” were practically fruitless as far as implements were concerned. However, I stumbled across the pit excavated by Canon Greenwell and brought back a large bone from the debris surrounding it. Subsequent visits showed the best place to search was on the arable land. Every year since then, by the kindness of the agent for the Weeting Estate, I have been enabled to spend several days searching, and have brought away some heavy loads of spoil.