bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of olfactory stimulation and gender differences on pain responses in full‐term infants
Authors: Romantsik Olga , Porter Richard H. , Varendi Heili 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimStudies have reported conflicting findings on whether different smells can reduce distress when infants undergo painful procedures. Our study assessed the impact of vanilla on infants' responses to a painful toe lance, including possible gender differences.MethodsWe measured the pain responses of 69 full‐term infants – 34 girls and 35 boys – during toe lance, using two multidimensional scales – the Neonatal Facial Coding System and Behavioural Indicators of Infant Pain – together with crying duration and hand movements. Three sets of data were collected during baseline, toe lance and recovery, while the babies were exposed to the odour of vanilla (n = 39) or odourless water (n = 30).ResultsPain responses increased significantly during toe lance, then declined during recovery. Crying duration correlated significantly with finger splaying/fisting and both pain scale scores, with boys displaying higher pain scores than girls. Vanilla had no impact on pain levels.ConclusionCrying and finger splaying/fisting were observable responses that may be useful for screening pain or distress in healthy neonates. Increased pain reactions by boys may reflect higher irritability. Exposure to an unfamiliar odour did not have a calming effect on full‐term neonates.
Staff and parents are discriminators for outcomes in neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Pick Verena , Halstenberg Katrin , Demel Anja , Kirchberger Valerie , Riedel Rainer , Schlößer Rolf , Wollny Caroline , Woopen Christiane , Kuntz Ludwig , Roth Bernhard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimWe investigated the associations between staff work characteristics, parents' experiences and a number of medical outcome measures.MethodsThis explorative multicentre study took place in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of five German university hospitals between 2009 and 2011. We assessed staff work characteristics by surveying 126 NICU nurses and 57 physicians and asked 214 parents about their relationships with staff. The outcome variables of 230 premature infants with birth weights of less than 1500 g were collected over a period of 18 months. We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analyses for statistical purposes.ResultsWe found differences in outcome measures between the NICUs, particularly parameters of respiratory support, weight gain and length of stay. When we controlled for the NICUs' baseline factors, perceptions of the relationship between staff and parents (empathy, p < 0.001; conversation duration and frequency, p < 0.05; familiarity, p < 0.05) and staff work characteristics (workload, p < 0.05) were associated with at least one of these outcome measures.ConclusionStaff and parents were discriminators for neonatal outcomes through perceptions of work characteristics and the relationship between staff and parents, respectively. Respiratory support and nutrition measures were particularly sensitive. This research has prompted a nationwide, multicentre study of 66 NICUs.
Childhood trauma and risky alcohol consumption: A study of Australian adults with low housing stability
Authors: Keane Carol , Magee Christopher A. , Lee Jeong Kyu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThis paper examined whether recall of childhood trauma was associated with adult alcohol consumption in a sample of Australians with low housing security. The secondary aim was to examine whether risky alcohol consumption predicted subsequent housing instability. Sociodemographic factors were examined as potential moderators of these associations.Design and MethodsThis paper utilised data collected through the Journeys Home Study, a longitudinal study of a representative sample of individuals who were homeless or at risk of homelessness. This paper focused on 1224 participants aged 18 years and over. Data on alcohol use, childhood trauma and sociodemographic characteristics were collected through interviews at baseline. Homeless status at 6‐ to 12‐month follow‐up was assessed via interview. Logistic regression modelling was used to examine associations of alcohol consumption with childhood abuse, sociodemographic factors and changes in homelessness status.ResultsSelf‐reported recall of childhood experiences of violence was more likely among current drinkers, risky or not, than among abstainers. Recall of childhood neglect was more common among abstainers than among risky drinkers.Discussion and ConclusionsThe relationships between recall of childhood trauma and adult alcohol consumption are likely to be complex. Risky consumption may contribute to continuing homelessness among adults with unstable housing. [Correction added on 29 December 2014, after first online publication: The Results, and Discussion and Conclusion sections in the abstract have been replaced.]. [Keane C, Magee CA, Lee JK. Childhood trauma and risky alcohol consumption: A study of Australian adults with low housing stability. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:18–26]
Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change
Authors: Early Regan , Sax Dov F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimCorrelative models that forecast extinction risk from climate change and invasion risks following species introductions, depend on the assumption that species' current distributions reflect their climate tolerances (‘climatic equilibrium’). This assumption has rarely been tested with independent distribution data, and studies that have done so have focused on species that are widespread or weedy in their native range. We use independent data to test climatic equilibrium for a broadly representative group of species, and ask whether there are any general indicators that can be used to identify when equilibrium occurs.LocationEurope and contiguous USA.MethodsWe contrasted the climate conditions occupied by 51 plant species in their native (European) and naturalized (USA) distributions by applying kernel smoothers to species' occurrence densities. We asked whether species had naturalized in climate conditions that differ from their native ranges, suggesting climatic disequilibrium in the native range, and whether characteristics of species' native distributions correspond with climatic equilibrium.ResultsA large proportion of species' naturalized distributions occurred outside the climatic conditions occupied in their native ranges: for 22 species, the majority of their naturalized ranges fell outside their native climate conditions. Our analyses revealed large areas in Europe that species do not occupy, but which match climatic conditions occupied in the USA, suggesting a high degree of climatic disequilibrium in the native range. Disequilibrium was most severe for species with native ranges that are small and occupy a narrow range of climatic conditions.Main conclusionsOur results demonstrate that the direct effects of climate on species distributions have been widely overestimated, and that previous large‐scale validations of the equilibrium assumption using species' native and naturalized distributions are not generally applicable. Non‐climatic range limitations are likely to be the norm, rather than the exception, and pose added risks for species under climate change.
Alien species pool influences the level of habitat invasion in intercontinental exchange of alien plants
Authors: Kalusová Veronika , Chytrý Milan , Peet Robert K. , Wentworth Thomas R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimWe hypothesize that the level of plant invasion at the scale of vegetation plots is affected by the different sizes of regional species pools of alien plants adapted to particular habitats. We test these species‐pool effects in the context of alien species exchange between analogous habitats on two continents.LocationNorth and South Carolina, and the Czech Republic (both as native and invaded range).MethodsWe identified native and alien vascular plant species within 6059 vegetation plots from 27 habitats of eastern North America and Central Europe. We compared the habitats’ level of invasion, expressed as the proportion of alien species in a representative sample of vegetation plots from each habitat, with the contribution of each habitat to the alien species pool, calculated as the proportion of species of this habitat that are native to one continent and donated as aliens to the other.ResultsA habitat's level of invasion on one continent increases with the proportion of alien species donated to its regional species pools by analogous habitats on the other continent, i.e. the more of its native species a habitat contributes as aliens, the more of them establish in analogous recipient habitats (direct species‐pool effect). The habitat's level of invasion on the same continent also increases with the proportion of native species that those habitats themselves donate to regional species pools on the other continent, i.e. a habitat that gives many aliens also receives many aliens (reciprocal species‐pool effect).Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that when a habitat on one continent donates more of its native species to the alien species pool, the analogous habitat on the recipient continent also contains a greater number of aliens. The same donor habitat is itself also the recipient of more alien species invading from the analogous habitats of other continents.
Pathways of fear and anxiety in endodontic patients
Authors: Carter A. E. , Carter G. , George R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the most common pathways of fear and anxiety in patients who have had root canal treatment or are planned to have one.MethodologySix hundred and twenty‐seven patients were approached to participate, of which five hundred and ninety‐four patients (20–90 years) accepted. All consenting patients had a root filling or were treatment planned to have one. The survey by Ost & Hugdahl () on anxiety response patterns was modified and used. Data were presented using descriptive statistics, tested for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and analysed with nonparametric anova (Kruskal–Wallis) and post hoc test.ResultsCognitive conditioning and parental pathways seem to be the primary cause (P < 0.05) of fear and anxiety with root canal treatment. Females were significantly more likely to be influenced by indirect conditioned experiences such as informative, parental, verbal threat and vicarious pathways.ConclusionThe origin of patients' fears requires more attention in terms of treating endodontic‐related fear and anxiety. More detailed research into the effects of demographics, causative factors and ethnicity on pathways of fear in dentistry is required to help dentists better manage patients in a multicultural society.
Association analysis of polymorphisms in OAS1 with susceptibility and severity of hand, foot and mouth disease
Authors: Cai Y. , Chen Q. , Zhou W. , Chu C. , Ji W. , Ding Y. , Xu J. , Ji Z. , You H. , Wang J. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood illness that mainly affects Asian children under the age of 5 years. Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the most common pathogens of HFMD. It is imperative that the susceptible population is screened early and that the severe illness population can be identified via genetic variation detection in children. Four single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) [2′‐5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase1 (OAS1) rs10774671, selectin P ligand (SELPLG) rs2228315, scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) rs41284767 and interleukin 28B (IL28B) rs12979860] were determined by Taqman assays in 333 HFMD samples and 163 control samples. The rs2228315, rs41284767 and rs12979860 polymorphisms did not differ significantly between HFMD patients and the controls, but the prevalence of the rs10774671 polymorphism was significantly different between the control children and children infected with CA16 (GG genotype vs. AA + AG genotype, P < 0.05). Children with the GG genotype were more susceptible to CA16‐type HFMD. Furthermore, the rs10774671 genotype distribution was clearly different between children with severe HFMD and those with mild HFMD [P < 0.05, OR 0.240, 95% CI (0.071–0.809)]. HFMD children with the AA+AG genotype were more likely to progress to encephalitis than were those with the GG genotype. Plasma γ‐interferon (IFN) expression levels among control children and the mild and severe HFMD children were detected by ELISA. Those with mild HFMD had higher γ‐IFN expression levels compared with those with severe HFMD (P < 0.05). In addition, there is a significant correlation between γ‐IFN levels and OAS1 rs10774671 SNP, as analysed by linear correlation assay. The GG genotype correlated with higher γ‐IFN levels (P < 0.05). In short, the OAS1 rs10774671 SNP GG genotype contributed to CA16 susceptibility and was associated with the development of mild HFMD.
Is Stereotype Threat a Useful Construct for Organizational Psychology Research and Practice?
Authors: Kalokerinos Elise K. , von Hippel Courtney , Zacher Hannes 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStereotypes about different groups persist in organizations. Employees from such groups may experiencestereotype threat, or the concern that they are being judged on the basis of demeaning stereotypes about groups to which they belong. The goal of this focal article is to discuss whether stereotype threat is a useful construct for organizational psychology research and practice. To this end, we focus on consequences other than acute performance deficits in laboratory settings. In particular, we examine studies that highlight the effects of stereotype threat on intrapersonal outcomes (e.g., job attitudes), interpersonal outcomes (e.g., negotiation), and on the relationship between employees and their organization. The research reviewed suggests that stereotype threat is a potentially important phenomenon in organizations, but it also highlights the paucity of research in an organizational context. We provide suggestions for future research directions as well as for the prevention and amelioration of stereotype threat in the workplace.
Regulation of smooth muscle actin—myosin interaction and force by calponin
Authors: WINDER S.J. , ALLEN B.G. , CLÉMENT‐CHOMIENNE O. , WALSH M.P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTSmooth muscle contraction is regulated primarily by the reversible phosphorylation of myosin triggered by an increase in sarcoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Contraction can, however, be modulated by other signal transduction pathways, one of which involves the thin filament‐associated protein calponin. The h1 (basic) isoform of calponin binds to actin with high affinity and is expressed specifically in smooth muscle at a molar ratio to actin of 1: 7. Calponin inhibits (i) the actin‐activated MgATPase activity of smooth muscle myosin (the cross‐bridge cycling rate) via its interaction with actin, (ii) the movement of actin filaments over immobilized myosin in the in vitro motility assay, and (iii) force development or shortening velocity in permeabilized smooth muscle strips and single cells. These inhibitory effects of calponin can be alleviated by protein kinase C (PKC)‐catalysed phosphorylation and restored following dephosphorylation by a type 2A phosphatase. Three physiological roles of calponin can be considered based on its in vitro functional properties: (i) maintenance of relaxation at resting [Ca2+]i, (ii) energy conservation during prolonged contractions, and (iii) Ca2+‐independent contraction mediated by phosphorylation of calponin by PKCε, a Ca2+‐independent isoenzyme of PKC.
Molecular control of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
Authors: OWENS G.K. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTChanges in the differentiated state of the vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) including enhanced growth responsiveness, altered lipid metabolism, and increased matrix production are known to play a key role in development of atherosclerotic disease. As such, there has been extensive interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms and factors that regulate differentiation of vascular SMC, and how this regulation might be disrupted in vascular disease. Key questions include determination of mechanisms that control the coordinate expression of genes required for the differentiated function of the smooth muscle cell, and determination as to how these regulatory processes are influenced by local environmental cues known to be important in control of smooth muscle differentiation. Of particular interest, a number of common cis regulatory elements including highly conserved CArG [CC(A/T)6GG] motifs or CArG‐like motifs and a TGFβ control element have been identified in the promoters of virtually all smooth muscle differentiation marker genes characterized to date including smooth muscle α‐actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, telokin, and SM22α and shown to be required for expression of these genes both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, studies have identified a number of trans factors that interact with these cis elements, and shown how the expression or activity of these factors is modified by local environmental cues such as contractile agonists that are known to influence differentiation of smooth muscle.
‘A Doctrine Quite New and Altogether Untenable’: Defending the Beneficiary Pays Principle
Authors: Butt Daniel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article explores the ethical architecture of the ‘beneficiary pays’ principle, which holds that agents can come to possess remedial obligations of corrective justice to others through the involuntary receipt of benefits stemming from injustice. Advocates of the principle face challenges of both persuasion and limitation in seeking to convince those unmoved of its normative force, and to explain in which cases of benefiting from injustice it does and does not give rise to rectificatory obligations. The article considers ways in which advocates of the principle might seek to win over those sceptical of its merits by employing a modified principle which sidesteps the issue of enforceability, before considering the question of whether the argument can be expanded from cases of benefiting from wrongdoing specifically to other sorts of situation where one agent involuntarily benefits from another's loss.
Hate Crimes and Human Rights Violations
Authors: Brudholm Thomas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe discourse of hate crime has come to Europe, supported not least by international human rights actors and security and policy organisations. In this article, I argue that there is a need for a philosophical response to challenging claims about the conceptualisation and classification of hate crime. First, according to several scholars, hate crime is extraordinarily difficult to conceptualise and there is a fatigue among practitioners caused by the lack of clarity and consensus in the field. I agree that there is a need, not for additional definitions, but for a more comprehensive conceptual framework, that may help us think more clearly about given definitions of hate crime; about their basic structure, cross‐cutting problems, and possible variations. Supplying such a conceptual perspective represents a timely task for applied philosophy. I engage with this by offering a four‐tiered concept of hate crime. Second, the involvement of human rights actors in the consolidation of hate crime law and policy in Europe has supported the classification of hate crime as a human rights violation. Ultimately, what is at stake is not only our understanding of hate crime, but also our maintenance of a precise and pointed discourse on human rights violations. I argue that we should hesitate or even abstain from classifying hate crime as a human rights violation, and that doing so is compatible with taking both hate crimes and human rights seriously.
Vascular Imaging Before Intravenous Thrombolysis: Consequences of In‐Hospital Delay in Applying Two Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Pastor Andrés García , Otero Fernando Díaz , Navarro Silvia Gil , Cuello Juan Pablo , García Pilar Sobrino , Arratibel Amaia García , Mohedano Ana María Iglesias , Alen Pilar Vázquez , Bullido Yolanda Fernandez , Osorio Jose Antonio Villanueva , Nuñez Antonio Gil 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDVascular imaging is increasingly used for diagnosis of arterial occlusions in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Our aim was to determine whether computed tomography angiography (CTA) and Doppler/duplex ultrasound (DUS) before intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is associated with a delay in time‐to‐treatment.METHODSObservational analysis of a prospective cohort of AIS patients treated with IVT from January 2009 to December 2012. Patients were classified into three groups: the noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) group (patients studied only with NCCT before IVT), CTA group (patients who underwent CTA in addition to NCCT), and the DUS group (patients studied with NCCT+DUS).RESULTSWe treated 244 patients: 116 patients (47.5%) were studied with NCCT, 79 (32.4%) with CTA, and 49 (20.1%) with DUS. Door‐to‐needle time was significantly higher in the CTA group (median 60 [48‐77] minutes) than in the NCCT group (51.5 [40‐65]) and DUS group (48 [42‐61]) (P = .008). No differences were observed for onset‐to‐door time and onset‐to‐needle time. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, onset‐to‐door time, prehospital stroke code activation, and performance of CTA influenced door‐to‐needle time.CONCLUSIONSPerforming CTA before IVT seems to increase door‐to‐needle time. Vascular imaging based on DUS should be considered only if this does not lead to in‐hospital delay.
Distinct MR Imaging Features of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer with Brain Metastasis
Authors: Yeh Ren‐Hua , Yu Jyh‐Cherng , Chu Chi‐Hong , Ho Ching‐Liang , Kao Hung‐Wen , Liao Guo‐Shiou , Chen Ho‐Wen , Kao Woei‐Yau , Yu Cheng‐Ping , Chao Tsu‐Yi , Dai Ming‐Shen 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPatients with triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) are at increased risk of brain metastases (BMs). In this retrospective single‐institutional study, we assessed the radiographic features from a cohort of breast cancer (BC) patients with confirmed BM.METHODSWomen diagnosed with BC with BM from January 1, 1996 to May 31, 2012 were identified through institutional databases. Relevant medical records were reviewed to assess patterns of recurrence, treatment, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of BM, and survival after BM. The MRI finding of BM was classified as solid, necrotic, leptomeningeal spread, or mixed type. We assigned the patient into three groups according to histologic subtype of primary BC.RESULTSIn total, 62 patients, median age 53 years (range 20‐78), were identified and specific treatment for BM consisted of radiotherapy, surgical resection, and systemic chemotherapy. The initial stage, post‐BM survival and overall survival were not significantly different. However, cystic necrotic BMs appeared on MR images were significantly more associated with the TNBC group.CONCLUSIONPatients with BMs from TNBC have distinct MRI features helping the assessment of newly developed BM. A large confirmatory study with correlated histology in this unique patient population will be required.