bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online communication on climate change and climate politics: a literature review
Authors: Schäfer Mike S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe study of climate change communication has become an important research field. As stakeholders such as scientists, politicians, corporations, or NGOs increasingly turn to the Internet and social media for providing information and mobilizing support, and as an increasing number of people use these media, online communication on climate change and climate politics has become a relevant topic. This article reviews the available scholarly literature on the role of online and social media in climate communication. It analyzes how stakeholders use online communication strategically, showing, for example, that climate scientists and scientific institutions do not seem to be major players in online debates about climate change and climate politics. Furthermore, it highlights the characteristics of online climate communication, outlining, for example, that although (or because) many stakeholders participate online, this does not lead to robust scientific information or better debates. Eventually, the review assesses what is known about the uses and effects of online climate communication, showing that impacts on the broader public seem to be limited so far. Research desiderata are identified in the end, and directions for further studies are shown.WIREs Clim Change2012, 3:527–543. doi: 10.1002/wcc.191This article is categorized under:Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication
MOLCAS—a software for multiconfigurational quantum chemistry calculations
Authors: Aquilante Francesco , Pedersen Thomas Bondo , Veryazov Valera , Lindh Roland 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAt variance, with most of the quantum chemistry software presently available, MOLCAS is a package that is specialized in multiconfigurational wave function theory (MC‐WFT) rather than density functional theory (DFT). Given the much higher algorithmic complexity of MC‐WFT versus DFT, an extraordinary effort needs to be made from the programming point of view to achieve state‐of‐the‐art performance for large‐scale calculations. In particular, a robust and efficient implementation of the Cholesky decomposition techniques for handling two‐electron integrals has been developed which is unique to MOLCAS. Together with this ‘Cholesky infrastructure’, a powerful and multilayer graphical and scripting user interface is available, which is an essential ingredient for the setup of MC‐WFT calculations. These two aspects of the MOLCAS software constitute the focus of the present report. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Software > Quantum Chemistry
What does Pirahã grammar have to teach us about human language and the mind?
Authors: Everett Daniel L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPirahã is a language isolate of the Brazilian Amazon. Among the lessons it has to teach us about human language and the mind, two are highlighted here. The first is that recursion is not a necessary condition for human syntax, because there is no evidence for recursive sentential syntax in the language. This is a stark counterexample to the claims of Chomsky and others. The second lesson is that the influence of culture on Pirahã grammar, coupled with much established and newer research, indicates that the idea of an innate, universal grammar has little if any role to play in our understanding of the nature, origins, and use of human language. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012 doi: 10.1002/wcs.1195This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Psychology of spatial cognition
Authors: Tommasi Luca , Laeng Bruno 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this overview, focusing on memory and higher cognitive processes, we cover some of the most relevant results that emerged from research on spatial cognition in animals and in humans in the last 3 decades. In particular, we discuss how representations of distance and direction are used to localize oneself with respect to the external world, to determine the position of objects with respect to each other, and to compute the position of invisible goals. The role of landmarks and environmental geometry as cues for extracting spatial information in such abilities is compared, and the reliance upon self‐centered and external frames of reference is discussed. Moreover, the contribution of working memory and processing strategies in forming representations of spatial relations in humans is presented. Finally, implications for some neighboring fields of the cognitive sciences will be outlined.WIREs Cogn Sci2012. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1198This article is categorized under:Psychology > Memory
Harnessing the power of cell‐penetrating peptides: activatable carriers for targeting systemic delivery of cancer therapeutics and imaging agents
Authors: MacEwan Sarah R. , Chilkoti Ashutosh 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTargeted delivery of cancer therapeutics and imaging agents aims to enhance the accumulation of these molecules in a solid tumor while avoiding uptake in healthy tissues. Tumor‐specific accumulation has been pursued with passive targeting by the enhanced permeability and retention effect, as well as with active targeting strategies. Active targeting is achieved by functionalization of carriers to allow specific interactions between the carrier and the tumor environment. Functionalization of carriers with ligands that specifically interact with overexpressed receptors on cancer cells represents a classic approach to active tumor targeting. Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide a non‐specific and receptor‐independent mechanism to enhance cellular uptake that offers an exciting alternative to traditional active targeting approaches. While the non‐specificity of CPP‐mediated internalization has the intriguing potential to make this approach applicable to a wide range of tumor types, their promiscuity is, however, a significant barrier to their clinical utility for systemically administered applications. Many approaches have been investigated to selectively turn on the function of systemically delivered CPP‐functionalized carriers specifically in tumors to achieve targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics and imaging agents. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:31–48. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1197This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures
Relationship between Preoperative Volume and Weight of the Right Liver Lobe Graft, with and without the Middle Hepatic Vein, in Living‐Donor Transplantation
Authors: Peron Gilberto , Salzedas Netto Alcides A. , Mancero Jorge Padilla , Ribeiro Marcelo Augusto Fontenelle , Copstein José Luis , de Oliveira e Silva Adávio , D’Albuquerque Luiz Augusto Carneiro , Gonzalez Adriano Miziara 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the preoperative volume of the right liver lobe (as determined by computed tomography) and the intraoperative graft weight with or without the middle hepatic vein.MethodsSixty‐three patients who underwent liver transplantation were included in this study. The preoperative volumes of both the left and the right liver lobe were measured in all patients using computed tomography. The intraoperative weight of the right liver lobe was also measured with (group 1, n = 29) and without (group 2, n = 34) the middle hepatic vein. The results were compared with respect to gender, age, body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), weights of the left and right liver lobes as measured by computed tomography, and intraoperative weight of the right liver lobe.ResultsA 21.64 % difference was observed between the weight of the right liver lobe as measured by computed tomography and the weight of the right lobe without the hepatic vein as measured intraoperatively (group 2). Moreover, a 12.38 % difference was observed between the weight of the right liver lobe as measured by computed tomography and the weight of the right lobe plus the middle hepatic vein as measured intraoperatively (group 1).ConclusionsThe weight of the right liver lobe graft in a living‐donor transplantation is less than that calculated by preoperative computed tomography, and the inclusion of the middle hepatic vein in the right liver lobe graft resulted in a statistically significant decrease in this difference.
Cost‐comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgery for Mid or Low Rectal Cancer after Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy: Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Son Hae‐Jung , Lee Hoo‐Yeon , Park Ji Won , Choi Hyo Seong , Jeong Seung‐Yong , Oh Jae Hwan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to compare the direct costs of laparoscopic surgery (LS) and open surgery (OS) in the treatment of mid or low rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients in Korea.Methods and resultsThe records of 130 LS patients and 125 OS patients were reviewed. Hospital stay after surgery and overall complication rates within three months of surgery were not significantly different. The LS group had significantly higher median costs than the OS group ($7,467.30 vs. $5,667.00; P < 0.001). The median hospital costs during hospitalization for surgery were higher in the LS group ($7,436.60 vs. $5,626.60; P < 0.001), but hospital costs for management of early postoperative complications were similar. The higher direct costs of LS were mainly due to the more expensive consumables and equipment needed for LS.ConclusionsFurther study is needed to determine whether the higher direct costs of LS for rectal cancer are balanced by advantages of LS over OS, such as better short‐term outcomes and cosmetic effect.
Long‐term clinical outcomes in type 1 Gaucher disease following 10 years of imiglucerase treatment
Authors: Weinreb Neal J. , Goldblatt Jack , Villalobos Jacobo , Charrow Joel , Cole J. Alexander , Kerstenetzky Marcelo , vom Dahl Stephan , Hollak Carla 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveWe studied the effect of long‐term alglucerase/imiglucerase (Ceredase®/Cerezyme®, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Cambridge, MA, USA) treatment on hematological, visceral, and bone manifestations of Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1).MethodsThe International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Gaucher Registry identified GD1 patients treated with alglucerase/imiglucerase who had dose and clinical data at first infusion and after 10 years of follow‐up. Data for hemoglobin, platelet count, organ volumes, bone pain, and bone crisis were analyzed. Tests of the null hypothesis (no change from first infusion to 10 years) were performed using t tests for within‐patient absolute change in continuous measurements and McNemar/chi‐square tests for change in distributions using categorical values. An alpha level of 0.05 designated statistical significance.ResultsAs of October 2011, 557 nonsplenectomized and 200 splenectomized patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority of GD1 patients had at least one N370S allele. Compared with nonsplenectomized patients at first infusion, splenectomized patients had lower percentages of anemia (26.0 % vs. 42.8 %) and thrombocytopenia (14.2 % vs. 76.3 %), similar percentages of moderate or severe hepatomegaly (81.2 % vs. 80.0 %), and higher percentages of bone pain (88.9 % vs. 52.4 %) and bone crises (38.3 % vs. 16.0 %). After 10 years, both groups showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements in mean hemoglobin levels, platelet count, liver, and spleen (nonsplenectomized) volumes, and bone crises. Initial dosing in both groups ranged from <15 U/kg to ≤90 U/kg every 2 weeks. After 10 years, the majority was receiving 15 to ≤45 U/kg every 2 weeks.ConclusionTen years of imiglucerase treatment results in sustainable improvements in all GD1 parameters.
Dynamic changes of lipid profile in Romanian patients with Gaucher disease type 1 under enzyme replacement therapy: a prospective study
Authors: Zimmermann Anca , Grigorescu‐Sido Paula , Rossmann Heidi , Lackner Karl J. , Drugan Cristina , Al Khzouz Camelia , Bucerzan Simona , Naşcu Ioana , Zimmermann Tim , Leucuţa Daniel , Weber Matthias M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundDyslipidemia in Gaucher disease includes reduced total, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐, and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol (C). No prospective analysis of lipid profile changes in treatment‐naïve patients under enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available.MethodsWe analyzed lipid profile changes during ERT in a prospective controlled manner. Twelve treatment‐naïve patients, Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1), 29.5 ± 12.9 years, 4M/8F. Diagnosis was made by enzymatic measurement and mutational analysis. Total‐, LDL‐, and HDL‐C, triglycerides (TG), and LDL subfractions were assessed before the start of ERT with imiglucerase and biannually for 3 years. Patients were matched with healthy controls before and after 3 years of ERT.ResultsAt baseline, we found severely reduced HDL‐C concentrations (23.6 ± 5.4 mg/dl) and enhanced LDL/HDL ratios (3.1 ± 0.7). HDL‐C increased after 6 months (29.2 ± 5.7,p = 0.023), LDL/HDL ratio decreased after 30 months (2.5 ± 0.5,p = 0.039). TG, even not consistently enhanced at baseline (128 ± 31.3 mg/dl), yet higher than in controls (p < 0.001), decreased after 18 months, being comparable with controls after 3 years of ERT. Small, dense LDL (mg/dl) increased continuously without significant difference to controls. After 3 years of ERT, only reduced HDL‐C concentrations persisted as a potentially atherogenic alteration; however, mean concentrations markedly improved (42.9 ± 8.3 mg/dl,p < 0.001). Lipid parameters correlated with six markers of disease severity.ConclusionsThis is the first prospective controlled study regarding lipid profile dynamics during ERT (glucocerebrosidase) in initially treatment‐naïve GD1 patients. The most important changes were reduced HDL‐C and enhanced LDL/HDL ratio. Their dynamics during ERT and correlations with markers of disease activity suggest that they can be considered markers of disease severity and follow‐up in Gaucher patients under treatment.
Molecular characterization of 355 mucopolysaccharidosis patients reveals 104 novel mutations
Authors: Pollard Laura M. , Jones Julie R. , Wood Tim C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are heterogeneous and caused by deficient lysosomal degradation of glycosaminoglycans, resulting in distinct but sometimes overlapping phenotypes. Molecular analysis was performed for a total of 355 MPS patients with MPSI (n = 15), MPSII (n = 218), MPSIIIA (n = 86), MPSIIIB (n = 20), MPSIVA (n = 6) or MPSVI (n = 10). This analysis revealed 104 previously unreported mutations: seven in IDUA (MPSI), 61 in IDS (MPSII), 19 in SGSH (MPSIIIA), 11 in NAGLU (MPSIIIB), two in GALNS (MPSIVA) and four in ARSB (MPSVI). The intergenic comparison of the mutation data for these disorders has revealed interesting differences. Whereas IDUA, IDS, NAGLU and ARSB demonstrate similar levels of mutation heterogeneity (0.6–0.675 different mutations per total alleles), SGSH and GALNS have lower levels of mutation heterogeneity (0.282 and 0.455, respectively), due to more recurrent mutations. The type of mutation also varies significantly by gene. SGSH, GALNS and ARSB mutations are usually missense (76.5 %, 81.8 % and 85 %), while IDUA has many more nonsense mutations (56 %) than the other genes (≤20%). The mutation spectrum is most diverse for IDS, including intergenic inversions and multi‐exon deletions. By testing 102 mothers of MPSII patients, we determined that 22.5 % of IDS mutations are de novo. We report the allele frequency of common mutations for each gene in our patient cohort and the exonic distribution of coding sequence alterations in the IDS, SGSH and NAGLU genes, which reveals several potential “hot‐spots”. This further molecular characterization of these MPS disorders is expected to assist in the diagnosis and counseling of future patients.
Nationwide inventory of mosquito biodiversity (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium, Europe
Authors: Versteirt V. , Boyer S. , Damiens D. , De Clercq E.M. , Dekoninck W. , Ducheyne E. , Grootaert P. , Garros C. , Hance T. , Hendrickx G. , Coosemans M. , Van Bortel W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo advance our restricted knowledge on mosquito biodiversity and distribution in Belgium, a national inventory started in 2007 (MODIRISK) based on a random selection of 936 collection points in three main environmental types: urban, rural and natural areas. Additionally, 64 sites were selected because of the risk of importing a vector or pathogen in these sites. Each site was sampled once between May and October 2007 and once in 2008 using Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus traps. Diversity in pre-defined habitat types was calculated using three indices. The association between species and environmental types was assessed using a correspondence analysis. Twenty-three mosquito species belonging to traditionally recognized genera were found, including 21 indigenous and two exotic species. Highest species diversity (Simpson 0.765) and species richness (20 species) was observed in natural areas, although urban sites scored also well (Simpson 0.476, 16 species). Four clusters could be distinguished based on the correspondence analysis. The first one is related to human modified landscapes (such as urban, rural and industrial sites). A second is composed of species not associated with a specific habitat type, including the now widely distributedAnopheles plumbeus. A third group includes species commonly found in restored natural or bird migration areas, and a fourth cluster is composed of forest species. Outcomes of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed sampling scheme and support the choice of the trap type. Obtained results of this first country-wide inventory of the Culicidae in Belgium may serve as a basis for risk assessment of emerging mosquito-borne diseases.
The economic significance of the 19th century Antarctic sealing industry
Authors: Basberg Bjorn L. , Headland Robert K. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTSealing was the first exploitative industry in the Antarctic region. Throughout the 19th century it was characterised by large fluctuations in catches and shifts in hunting grounds as seals were almost exterminated in several locations. This paper reviews the historical literature on this industry. In particular it reviews sources and data that relate to its economic importance. So far, no one has succeeded in indicating the aggregate economic value of the industry. The main aim, therefore, is to investigate new data, especially on market prices that will enable a more accurate assessment of the significance of the industry.
English in China today
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Graddol David 
Published: September 2012

According to a 2010 China Daily article, the number of English learners in China is now around 400 million, approximately one third of China's population (see also Wei and Su, this issue). The importance of English in the state education system has been supplemented by the rapid growth of privately-run language schools and training institutes across the country in recent years. The same article quoted a comment by Ms Xiao Yan, the public relations manager of the Wall Street English language school chain, who gave her explanation for the current popularity of English in the following terms:
More and more importance has been given to English after China carried out the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world in the late 1970s. And accompanying China's rise on the world stage in recent years are growing connections of commerce and culture with other countries, especially those developed English-speaking countries […] The entire Chinese society attaches high importance to the English study as sometimes it even plays a vital role for a person who plans to pursue further education and seek a better career. There is no doubt that people who have a good command of English are more competitive than their peers. (China Daily, 2010a)
Two Cheers for Humanitarianism
Authors: Farer Tom 
Published: September 2012

Over the last two decades a spate of books, led by the ones cited in this essay, have illuminated and debated the bristly questions confronting contemporary “humanitarianism.” The definitional or, one might say, foundational question is whether the adjective “humanitarian” should be limited to only those independent agencies that are engaged (without reference to a political context) in the impartial delivery of emergency relief to all those in existential need—or, in the unique case of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), engaged in monitoring the application of the Geneva Conventions to armed conflict. An answer in the affirmative could be considered the “classic” position of the humanitarian, and one still championed by the ICRC. Today, however, many NGOs, such as CARE, OXFAM, and Catholic Relief Services, which certainly regard themselves as humanitarian agencies, engage in a broad range of rehabilitative and developmental activities and continue to deliver emergency relief, and they are prepared to do so under circumstances where their work has conspicuous political implications. The same is true of such UN agencies as UNICEF, UNHCR, and the World Food Programme, which are not infrequently involved in complex peace operations that have clear political goals as specified by the Security Council. Further, well-known humanitarian activists and writers, notably Bernard Kouchner and Samantha Power, also reject the ICRC's definitional canon. The unsettled boundaries of what properly constitutes humanitarianism brings a number of difficult questions to the surface, including:
•Should relief be provided even if it could prolong a conflict, or could indirectly assist a belligerent, or possibly identify the relief giver with a government's political ends? And should the nature of those ends influence relief efforts?•Should relief agencies also assist in addressing the causes of humanitarian emergencies by joining in efforts to resolve a conflict, foster economic development, rebuild state institutions, and strengthen the protection of human rights?•Should such agencies accept funds from governments where governments specify how the funds are to be used?•Where necessary, should they advocate armed intervention to protect their personnel as well as the recipients of their aid?•In terms of the way they organize and structure themselves, should nonprofit agencies dedicated to humanitarian relief follow private-sector models?•Can organizations dedicated to the effective provision of emergency relief pursue that end without creating a culture of dependence, without discouraging local initiative, and without violating the liberal “right” to participate in life-shaping decisions?•Finally, how does humanitarianism relate to human rights, the other leading expression of what I would call “the humanitarian impulse”?
Who’ll Stop the Rain? Allocating Emissions Allowances for Free: Environmental Policy, Economics, and WTO Subsidy Law
Authors: Rubini Luca , Jegou Ingrid 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article investigates the environmental and economic impact of the free allocation of emissions allowances in Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs) as well as its compatibility with trade law. Free allocation can facilitate the industry’s gradual adjustment to an ETS and hence boost its acceptability. At the same time, however, the article shows that the economic and environmental benefits of free allocation are debatable. Moreover, the practice of free allocation possibly contravenes WTO law. The conclusion that free allowances may constitute an objectionable subsidy under WTO subsidy disciplines raises questions of law reform. Should the ETS be reformed to fit conventional trade imperatives, or should trade law be rethought so as to be responsive to contemporary environmental protection strategies? The article argues that, considering the questionable benefits of free allocation, any adjustment to trade law should be narrow and temporary.