bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Residency Program Evaluation: Assessing the Reliability and Initial Validity of the ACGME-I Resident Survey in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Ibrahim Halah , Lindeman Brenessa , Matarelli Steven A. , Chandrasekhar Nair Satish 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Educators agree on the importance of assessing the quality of graduate medical education. In the United States, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resident survey is an important part of the accreditation process, yet some studies have questioned its validity.

Objective
We assessed the reliability and acceptance of the ACGME-International (ACGME-I) resident survey in the culturally distinct, nonnative English-speaking resident population of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.

Methods
A total of 158 residents in ACGME-I accredited institutions in Abu Dhabi received an online link to the ACGME-I survey. Reliability analysis was conducted using the Cronbach α. A focus group was then held with a convenience sample of 25 residents from different institutions and specialties to understand potential challenges encountered by survey participants.

Results
Completed surveys were received from 116 residents (73.4%). The 39 items in the survey demonstrated high reliability, with a Cronbach α of 0.918. Of the 5 subscales, 4 demonstrated acceptable to very good reliability, ranging from 0.72 to 0.888. The subscale “resources” had lower reliability at 0.584. Removal of a single item increased the Cronbach α to a near-acceptable score of 0.670. Focus group results indicated that the survey met standards for readability, length, and time for completion.

Conclusions
The ACGME-I resident survey demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity for measuring the perceptions of residents in an international residency program. The data derived from the survey can offer an important set of metrics for educational quality improvement in the United Arab Emirates.
Educational Conference Scheduling, Patient Discharge Time, and Resident Satisfaction
Authors: Campbell Steffanie , Campbell Matthew , Shah Chirayu , Djuricich Alexander M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Limits on resident duty hours instituted in 2003 and 2011 have compressed medical resident daily workload. Despite this compression, residents must gain competence to practice medicine without supervision.

Objective
We sought to determine whether moving the time our educational conference is scheduled affects the time when patient discharges are completed on an internal medicine teaching service.

Methods
The study was conducted at a county hospital within a large internal medicine residency program. During the 4-month study period, the morning report conference for internal medicine residents was shifted from 8:30 am to 2 pm. Patient discharge times, defined as the time the discharge order set was signed, were obtained for the service via the electronic health record. The outcomes measured were patient discharge time variation and internal medicine resident preference for conference time.

Results
Survey response rate was 82% (42 of 51). Of the residents who responded, 64% (27 of 42) preferred the 8:30 am report time, and 74% (31 of 42) felt the 8:30 am time was also better for education and timing of teaching rounds. There was no difference in discharge times for 2999 patients on the medicine teaching service, whether educational case conference morning report occurred at 8:30 am or at 2 pm.

Conclusions
Medical patient average discharge time was not influenced by time of educational conference. Factors other than the timing of educational conference appear to influence hospital discharge times on an inpatient internal medicine service.
Brand Name Statin Prescribing in a Resident Ambulatory Practice: Implications for Teaching Cost-Conscious Medicine
Authors: Ryskina Kira L. , Pesko Michael F. , Gossey J. Travis , Caesar Erica Phillips , Bishop Tara F. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Several national initiatives aim to teach high-value care to residents. While there is a growing body of literature on cost impact of physicians' therapeutic decisions, few studies have assessed factors that influence residents' prescribing practices.

Objective
We studied factors associated with intensive health care utilization among internal medicine residents, using brand name statin prescribing as a proxy for higher-cost care.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of statin prescriptions by residents at an urban academic internal medicine program, using electronic health record data between July 1, 2010, and June 30, 2011.

Results
For 319 encounters by 90 residents, patients were given a brand name statin in 50% of cases. When categorized into quintiles, the bottom quintile of residents prescribed brand name statins in 2% of encounters, while the top quintile prescribed brand name statins in 98% of encounters. After adjusting for potential confounders, including patient characteristics and supervising attending, being in the primary care track was associated with lower odds (odds ratio [OR], 0.38; P  =  .02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.86), and graduating from a medical school with an above-average hospital care intensity index was associated with higher odds of prescribing brand name statins (OR, 1.70; P  =  .049; 95% CI, 1.003–2.88).

Conclusions
We found considerable variation in brand name statin prescribing by residents. Medical school attended and residency program type were associated with resident prescribing behavior. Future interventions should raise awareness of these patterns in an effort to teach high-value, cost-conscious care to all residents.
The Musical Faces of Pirate Camp in Hollywood (Part I)
Authors: Knapp Raymond 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTraces the evolution of the swashbuckler musical idiom in The Pirates of Penzance and examines some musical faces of pirate camp from the early sound era. In The Pirate, the governing camp sensibility of director Minnelli manages the interplay of multiple camp sensibilities, several specifically musical. The audio and video examples referred to in this article can be found here: http://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/mmi/media/musical_faces_of_pirate_camp/
Does Income Smoothing Improve Earnings Informativeness? – A Comparison between the US and China Markets
Authors: Agnes Cheng C. S. , Li Shuo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Tucker and Zarowin (2006) examine the impact of income smoothing on earnings informativeness, as proxied by the future earnings response coefficient (FERC). In this paper, we replicate Tucker and Zarowin (2006) and compare the results between the US and China markets. Specifically, using a sample of US firms from 2003 to 2008, we first find results consistent with Tucker and Zarowin (2006) that income smoothing improves FERC. However, our analysis for the China market over the same sample period indicates that income smoothing has little impact on FERC. Within the China market, we further find that income smoothing does not affect FERC for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) but weakly affects FERC for non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). We argue that the market-level differences in information environment partly account for the differential impacts of income smoothing on FERC.
The Role of Accounting Accruals in Chinese Firms
Authors: Kraft Pepa 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Cheng and Li (2013) investigate whether income smoothing improves earnings informativeness for Chinese firms by replicating the research design of Tucker and Zarowin (2006). The results suggest that the relation still holds for a more recent sample of US firms but the relation is different for Chinese firms. These results are interesting, and the authors argue that the poorer information environment in China is a possible culprit for the different results. This discussion raises the issue of what role accruals play in Chinese accounting. I replicate the study by Dechow (1994) in the Chinese market and find evidence consistent with the prediction that earnings exhibit less short-term noise than cash flows and greater associations with stock prices as the performance benchmark. These findings are indicative of accruals playing a similar role for Chinese firms as for US firms but also draw attention to some unresolved questions and areas for future research.
Wavelength‐Selective Uncaging of Oligonucleotides
Authors: Rodrigues‐Correia Alexandre , Seyfried Patrick , Heckel Alexander 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCaged compounds are light‐sensitive molecules with temporarily inactivated biological function. The active compound is released upon irradiation, in which exact spatial and temporal control is accomplished. Beyond this inherently irreversible concept of triggering, the idea of multi‐wavelength uncaging provides experiments with more complexity. This unit describes the syntheses of protected nucleoside phosphoramidites of caged dTNpHP [pHP = (p‐hydroxyphenacyl)], dTDEACM {DEACM = [(7‐diethylaminocoumarin‐4‐yl)methyl]} or a dCNDBF {NDBF = [1‐(3‐nitrodibenzofuran‐1‐yl)ethyl]} modification on the nucleobase, their incorporation in oligonucleotides, characterization, and their wavelength‐selective uncaging up to four levels. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 57:6.11.1‐6.11.32. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An In Vitro Selection Protocol for Threose Nucleic Acid (TNA) Using DNA Display
Authors: Dunn Matthew R. , Chaput John C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThreose nucleic acid (TNA) is an unnatural genetic polymer composed of repeating threofuranosyl sugars linked by 2′ and 3′ phosphodiester bonds. TNA is capable of forming antiparallel Watson‐Crick duplex structures in a self‐pairing mode, and can also cross‐pair opposite complementary strands of DNA and RNA. The solution NMR structure of a self‐complementary TNA duplex reveals that TNA adopts an A‐form helical structure, which explains its ability to exchange genetic information with natural genetic polymers. In a recent advance, a TNA aptamer was evolved from a pool of random sequences using an engineered polymerase that can copy DNA sequences into TNA. This unit details the steps required to evolve functional TNA molecules in the laboratory using a method called DNA display. Using this approach, TNA molecules are physically linked to their encoding double‐stranded DNA template. By linking TNA phenotype with DNA genotype, one can select for TNA molecules with a desired function and recover their encoding genetic information by PCR amplification. Each round of selection requires ∼3 days to complete and multiple rounds of selection and amplification are required to generate functional TNA molecules. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 57:9.8.1‐9.8.19. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impacts of typhoon megi (2010) on the South China Sea
Authors: Ko Dong Shan , Chao Shenn‐Yu , Wu Chun‐Chieh , Lin I‐I 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn October 2010, typhoon Megi induced a profound cold wake of size 800 km by 500 km with sea surface temperature cooling of 8°C in the South China Sea (SCS). More interestingly, the cold wake shifted from the often rightward bias to both sides of the typhoon track and moved to left in a few days. Using satellite data, in situ measurements and numerical modeling based on the East Asian Seas Nowcast/Forecast System (EASNFS), we performed detailed investigations. To obtain realistic typhoon‐strength atmospheric forcing, the EASNFS applied typhoon‐resolving Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model wind field blended with global weather forecast winds from the U.S. Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). In addition to the already known impacts from the slow typhoon translation speed and shallow pre‐exiting ocean thermocline, we found the importance of the unique geographical setting of the SCS and the NE monsoon. As the event happened in late October, NE monsoon already started and contributed to the southwestward ambient surface current. Together with the topographicβ effect, the cold wake shifted westward to the left of Megi's track. It was also found that Megi expelled waters away from the SCS and manifested as a gush of internal Kelvin wave exporting waters through the Luzon Strait. The consequential sea level depression lasted and presented a favorable condition for cold dome development. Fission of the north‐south elongated cold dome resulted afterward and produced two cold eddies that dissipated slowly thereafter.
Climate impacts of changing aerosol emissions since 1996
Authors: Kühn T. , Partanen A.‐I. , Laakso A. , Lu Z. , Bergman T. , Mikkonen S. , Kokkola H. , Korhonen H. , Räisänen P. , Streets D. G. , Romakkaniemi S. , Laaksonen A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIncreases in Asian aerosol emissions have been suggested as one possible reason for the hiatus in global temperature increase during the past 15 years. We study the effect of sulphur and black carbon (BC) emission changes between 1996 and 2010 on the global energy balance. We find that the increased Asian emissions have had very little regional or global effects, while the emission reductions in Europe and the U.S. have caused a positive radiative forcing. In our simulations, the global‐mean aerosol direct radiative effect changes by 0.06 W/m2 during 1996 to 2010, while the effective radiative forcing (ERF) is 0.42 W/m2. The rather large ERF arises mainly from changes in cloudiness, especially in Europe. In Asia, the BC warming due to sunlight absorption has largely offset the cooling caused by sulphate aerosols. Asian BC concentrations have increased by a nearly constant fraction at all altitudes, and thus, they warm the atmosphere also in cloudy conditions.
Evidence of Arctic sea ice thinning from direct observations
Authors: Renner Angelika H. H. , Gerland Sebastian , Haas Christian , Spreen Gunnar , Beckers Justin F. , Hansen Edmond , Nicolaus Marcel , Goodwin Harvey 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Arctic sea ice cover is rapidly shrinking, but a direct, longer‐term assessment of the ice thinning remains challenging. A new time series constructed from in situ measurements of sea ice thickness at the end of the melt season in Fram Strait shows a thinning by over 50% during 2003–2012. The modal and mean ice thickness along 79°N decreased at a rate of 0.3 and 0.2 m yr−1, respectively, with long‐term averages of 2.5 and 3 m. Airborne observations reveal an east‐west thickness gradient across the strait in spring but not in summer due to advection from more different source regions. There is no clear relationship between interannual ice thickness variability and the source regions of the ice. The observed thinning is therefore likely a result of Arctic‐wide reduction in ice thickness with a potential shift in exported ice types playing a minor role.
Magnetopause structure favorable for radiation belt electron loss
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Chan , Lee Dae‐Young 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMagnetopause shadowing is regarded as one of the major reasons for the loss of relativistic radiation belt electrons, although this has not yet been fully validated by observations. Previous simulations on this process assumed that all of the electrons encountering the magnetopause are simply lost into the magnetosheath just as ring current ions can be and did not examine details of the particle dynamics across and inside the magnetopause which has a finite thickness. In this paper, we perform test particle orbit calculations based on a simplified one‐dimensional magnetopause model to demonstrate specifically how relativistic electrons arriving at the prenoon side of the magnetopause can be lost. The calculation results indicate that the loss process is determined by two factors: (i) a gradient of the magnetic field magnitude, B, along the magnetopause and (ii) a component of the magnetic field normal to the magnetopause. First, without a normal component of the magnetic field as in a tangential discontinuity, electrons can cross the magnetopause by the magnetic gradient drift motion due to the existence of B‐gradient along the magnetopause. The minimum kinetic energies for loss decrease with increasing B‐gradient along the magnetopause induced by the enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure. However, this process is not too strong in the sense that electrons have to drift rather a long distance along the magnetopause before entering the magnetosheath unless the B‐gradient along the magnetopause is unusually strong, or the particle energy is very high like above 3 MeV. In contrast, if a normal component of the magnetic field exists inside the magnetopause, as in a rotational discontinuity, electrons can cross the magnetopause far more easily along the guided field line inside the magnetopause. This is effective for even a very small magnitude of normal component field such as somewhat less than 1 nT regardless of its direction and for a rather low energy of particles such as 0.5 MeV. Also, the loss occurs over more than half of the pitch angle domain, i.e., in the range between ~80° and 180° or 0° and ~100°, depending on the direction of normal component. Therefore, we suggest that radiation belt electron loss by the magnetopause shadowing process can be substantial (or can be effective) when a substantial area of the magnetopause is given a finite normal magnetic field component as well as B‐gradient along the magnetopause.
Statistical characteristics of EMIC wave‐driven relativistic electron precipitation with observations of POES satellites: Revisit
Authors: Wang Zhenzhen , Yuan Zhigang , Li Ming , Li Huimin , Wang Dedong , Li Haimeng , Huang Shiyong , Qiao Zheng 
Published: June 2014

AbstractElectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves play an important role in the magnetospheric dynamics and can scatter relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt into the loss cone leading to the rapid loss of relativistic electrons. In this paper, we present characteristics of EMIC wave‐driven relativistic electron precipitation (REP) with observations of six Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES). Based on the simultaneity between spikes in the P1 0° (Ep = 30 keV–80 keV) and P6 0° (Ee > 1 MeV) channels, in comparison with the criterion of Carson et al. (2013), we improve the algorithm and make it stricter. A total of 436,286 individual half orbits between 1998 and 2010 are inspected by this algorithm. The majority of selected events are observed at L values within the outer radiation belt (3 < L < 7) and more common in 1800–2200 magnetic local time. The distribution of normalized events follows the location of plasmapause contracting toward lower L value with the decrease of the Dst index, implying a strong link between detected events and the plasmapause. The cluster of normalized events moves to later afternoon sector where the peak occurrence of plasmaspheric plumes is located during geomagnetic storms. It is suggested that there is a connection between plasmaspheric plumes and detected events. Corresponding to the peak of event occurrence in 2003, solar wind dynamic pressure has a same peak. In addition, the minimum values of them are coincident. These results indicate that the increase of the solar wind dynamic pressure enhances the likelihood of EMIC wave‐driven relativistic electron precipitation.
The effects of solar wind velocity distributions on the refilling of the lunar wake: ARTEMIS observations and comparisons to one‐dimensional theory
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Poppe A. R. , McFadden J. P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe lunar plasma wake refills from all directions, with processes operating both parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. The resulting wake structure depends sensitively on the properties of the flowing plasma, including the form of the ion and electron velocity distributions. In this manuscript, we discuss theoretical approximations for the refilling of the lunar wake along the magnetic field. While an often‐used treatment for the parallel refilling assumes cold ions, one can derive solutions for arbitrary ion velocity distributions. Similarly, though the most tractable theory utilizes Maxwellian electrons, one can derive solutions for other types of distributions. We discuss the theoretical framework for various one‐dimensional solutions, spanning the full range from cold‐ion theories to gas‐dynamic solutions, and utilizing both Maxwellian and kappa electron distributions. We compare these solutions to ARTEMIS observations of the lunar wake, for time periods with appropriate plasma parameters. We also present cases that reveal the inherent limitations of one‐dimensional approximations, including those related to electron anisotropies and those related to perpendicular processes associated with both fluid flow and ion gyro‐motion.
A Study on the Effect of Cosolvent Addition Pathway on the Optical and Morphological Properties of P3HT: PCBM Composite Films
Authors: Nair Sarita S. , Kumar D. , Majumdar Amitava 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, we present an exhaustive study on the effect of a cosolvent addition pathway on the optical, structural, and morphological characteristics of poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) (P3HT): [6, 6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) composite films. Our recommended pathway of cosolvent addition has shown to benefit the composite film by forming more crystallized and ordered P3HT polymer domains on the film surface as revealed by the UV–vis absorption, grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GI‐XRD), and atomic force microscopy measurements. GI‐XRD measurements that were carried out at three grazing incidence angles (0.11°, 0.13°, and 0.3°) also substantiate a more prominent upright concentration gradient of the film processed through the modified method. The contact angle measurement reveals accumulation of more P3HT crystallites at the surface of co‐solvent modified films. A highly quenched photoluminescence signal precise phase separation between the blended components of the modified film, promoting exciton dissociation at the donor–acceptor interfaces during photoinduced excitations.
Der intermetalloide Cluster [(Cp*AlCu)6H4], Stabilisierung eines Cu6‐Kerns in einer oktaedrischen Al6‐Hülle: molekulare Modellverbindungen für Hume‐Rothery‐Nanophasen
Authors: Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Weßing Jana , Kroll Clarissa , Seidel Rüdiger W. , Gemel Christian , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDefinierte molekulare Modelle für katalyserelevante Oberflächenreaktionen an Hume‐Rothery‐Nanophasen sind sehr selten. Der intermetalloide Al‐Cu‐Cluster [(Cp*AlCu)6H4] wird selektiv bei der Reaktion von [(Cp*Al)4] und [(PPh3CuH)6] gebildet. Die höhere Affinität von Cp*Al zu Kupfer ermöglicht die Substitution der Phosphinliganden der Kupferhydridvorstufe und die Stabilisierung des Cu6‐Kerns durch dessen Einbettung in einen Al6‐Käfig. Der erhaltene Hydridocluster M12H4 reagiert mit Benzonitril in einer stöchiometrischen Hydrometallierung zu [(Cp*AlCu)6H3(NCHPh)].
Chemie an Graphen und Graphenoxid – eine Herausforderung für Synthesechemiker
Authors: Eigler Siegfried , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDie chemische Herstellung von Graphen sowie seine kontrollierte nasschemische Modifikation sind anspruchsvolle Ziele für Synthesechemiker. Ebenso bedarf es ausgeklügelter analytischer Methoden, um Reaktionsprodukte zu charakterisieren. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir zunächst die Struktur von Graphen und Graphenoxid. Anschließend stellen wir die gängigsten Methoden für die Synthese dieser auf Kohlenstoff basierenden Nanomaterialien vor. Wir fassen den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisstand zur nichtkovalenten und kovalenten chemischen Funktionalisierung zusammen und legen besonderen Wert auf die Unterscheidung der Begriffe Graphit und Graphen sowie Graphitoxid und Graphenoxid. Für die Entwicklung alltagstauglicher Anwendungen ist ein verbessertes grundlegendes Verständnis der Struktur und chemischen Eigenschaften von Graphen und Graphenoxid unerlässlich.