bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple alopecia scoring system for use in colony management of laboratory‐housed primates
Authors: Bellanca Rita U. , Lee Grace H. , Vogel Keith , Ahrens Joel , Kroeker Rose , Thom Jinhee P. , Worlein Julie M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlopecia in captive primates continues to receive attention from animal care personnel and regulatory agencies. However, a method that enables personnel to reliably score alopecia over time and under various conditions has proven difficult to achieve.MethodsThe scoring system developed by the behavioral and veterinary staffs at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) uses the rule of 9s to estimate the percentage of the body affected with alopecia (severity) and how the alopecia presents itself (pattern). Training and scoring can conveniently be managed using photographic images, cage‐side observations, and/or physical examinations.ResultsPersonnel with varying degrees of experience were quickly trained with reliability scores ranging from 0.82 to 0.96 for severity and 0.82 to 0.89 for pattern using Cohen's κ.ConclusionsThis system allows for reliable and consistent scoring across species, sex, age, housing condition, seasons, clinical or behavioral treatments, and level of personnel experience.
Rat Cavernous Nerve Reconstruction with CD133+Cells Derived from Human Bone Marrow
Authors: Miyamoto Katsutoshi , Inoue Shogo , Kobayashi Kanao , Kajiwara Mitsuru , Teishima Jun , Matsubara Akio 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction remains a major complication after surgery of pelvic organs, especially after radical prostatectomy.

Aim
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endothelial progenitor cells on the regeneration of cavernous nerves in a rat injury model.

Methods
A 2 mm length of the right and left cavernous nerves of 8 week old male nude rats were excised. Alginate gel sponge sheets supplemented with 1 × 104CD133+cells derived from human bone marrow were then placed over the gaps on both sides (CD group). The same experiments were performed on sham operated rats (SH group), rats with only the nerve excision (EX group), and rats with alginate gel sheets placed on the injured nerves (AL group).

Main Outcome Measures
Immunofluorescence staining and molecular evaluation were performed 4 days later. Functional and histological evaluations were performed 12 weeks later.

Results
The intracavernous pressure elicited by electrical stimulation and the neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive area in surrounding tissues of the prostate was significantly greater in the CD group. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that CD133+cells were assimilated as vascular endothelial cells, and the real time polymerase chain reaction showed upregulation of nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in the alginate gel sponge sheets of the CD group.

Conclusions
Transplantation of CD133+cells accelerated the functional and histological recovery in this cavernous nerve injury model, and the recovery mechanism is thought to be angiogenesis and upregulation of growth factors. CD133+cells could be an optional treatment for cavernous nerve injury after prostatectomy in clinical settings.
Photoexcited States of UV Absorbers, Benzophenone Derivatives
Authors: Kumasaka Ryo , Kikuchi Azusa , Yagi Mikio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe UV absorption, phosphorescence and phosphorescence‐excitation spectra of benzophenone (BP) derivatives used as organic UV absorbers have been observed in rigid solutions at 77 K. The triplet–triplet absorption spectra have been observed in acetonitrile at room temperature. The BP derivatives studied are 2,2′,4,4′‐tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP‐2), 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzophenone (BP‐3), 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐4,4′‐dimethoxybenzophenone (BP‐6), 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxybenzophenone (BP‐7) and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐n‐octyloxybenzophenone (BP‐12). The energy levels and lifetimes of the lowest excited triplet (T1) states of these BP derivatives were determined from the first peak of phosphorescence. The time‐resolved near‐IR emission spectrum of singlet oxygen generated by photosensitization with BP‐7 was observed in acetonitrile at room temperature. BP‐2, BP‐3, BP‐6 and BP‐12 show photoinduced phosphorescence enhancement in ethanol at 77 K. The possible mechanism of the observed phosphorescence enhancement is discussed. The T1 states of 2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylbenzophenone, 4‐methoxybenzophenone and 2,4′‐dimethoxybenzophenone have been studied for comparison.
Adolescent girls with emotional disorders have a lower end‐tidal CO2 and increased respiratory rate compared with healthy controls
Authors: Henje Blom Eva , Serlachius Eva , Chesney Margaret A. , Olsson Erik M. G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHyperventilation has been linked to emotional distress in adults. This study investigates end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescent girls with emotional disorders and healthy controls. ETCO2, RR, HRV, and ratings of emotional symptom severity were collected in adolescent female psychiatric patients with emotional disorders (n = 63) and healthy controls (n = 62). ETCO2 and RR differed significantly between patients and controls. ETCO2, HR, and HRV were significant independent predictors of group status, that is, clinical or healthy, while RR was not. ETCO2 and RR were significantly related to emotional symptom severity and to HRV in the total group. ETCO2 and RR were not affected by use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It is concluded that emotional dysregulation is related to hyperventilation in adolescent girls. Respiratory‐based treatments may be relevant to investigate in future research.
Employing Internet GIS Surveys to Characterize Recreational Boating Travel Patterns
Authors: Cui Yue , Mahoney Edward 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSpatial factors are fundamental features of the tourism and recreation phenomenon. In terms of recreational boating, scholars are interested both in boaters' spatial distribution and movement patterns and in the factors associated with their movements, e.g. travel costs, environmental impacts, and social impacts of the movements. Spatial factors are also key to policymakers' decisions about where to establish new boating facilities, how protected areas are used by boaters and in crafting policy that minimizes conflict between recreational boating and other waterway uses. However, systematic studies regarding the recreationist movement are scant, especially at the fine geographic level. One reason for the lack of research is that gathering spatial data presents significant practical problems. In the Florida Saltwater Fishing Study, we integrated Google Map APIs into the online survey instrument to collect spatially‐referenced data regarding boaters' movement on water. Results appear to be accurate, highly cost effective, and easily integrated with other survey information such as angler catch, effort, expenditures and attitudes.
Increasing susceptibility of nitric oxide–mediated inhibitory platelet signaling during storage of apheresis‐derived platelet concentrates
Authors: Kobsar Anna , Klinker Erdwine , Kuhn Sabine , Koessler Angela , Yilmaz Pinar , Boeck Markus , Koessler Juergen 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundStorage of platelets (PLTs) affects PLT integrity and functionality, a process named the PLT storage lesion. Normal PLT function essentially depends on the balanced interaction of activating and inhibitory signaling pathways. As there are poor data on the alterations of inhibitory signaling during storage of PLT concentrates, this study investigates the modulation capability of the cyclic nucleotide–mediated inhibitory pathways by use of the nitric oxide donor diethylamine diazenium diolate (DEA/NO).Study Design and MethodsPLTs were obtained from whole blood (WB) and from apheresis‐derived PLT concentrates (APCs) stored for 0, 2, and 5 days. Vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation, cyclic nucleotide concentrations, fibrinogen binding, and agonist‐induced aggregation were measured without or after stimulation with DEA/NO.ResultsDEA/NO‐induced VASP phosphorylation was significantly higher in PLTs from APCs on Days 2 and 5 compared to WB, conditioned by a stronger increase of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), but not cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), in stored PLTs. A quantity of 5 nmol/L DEA/NO neither influenced thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 and collagen‐induced aggregation nor fibrinogen binding in freshly collected PLTs, whereas it significantly inhibited both in stored PLTs.ConclusionStored PLTs showed an impairment of intracellular cGMP regulation, resulting in exceeding inhibition of agonist‐induced aggregation and fibrinogen binding in the course of storage. The observed effects could be an important mechanism contributing to the storage lesion with reduced activating potential of PLTs.
Study of Unsteady Airflow in Muffler and Air Box Equivalent Geometries
Authors: Hatat Nicolas-Ivan , Lormier François , Chalet David , Chesse Pascal 
Published: February 2014

The Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are inherently sources of the flow’s unsteadiness in the intake and exhaust ducts. Unsteady flow has a direct impact on the engine’s behavior and performance by influencing the filling and emptying of the cylinder. Air intake boxes as well as muffler geometries, which are very commonly used on the two-wheeled vehicles, have an impact on pressure levels and so, on air filling and performances levels. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze different typical geometries of these elements (air box and muffler) by comparing the test bench results with those obtained by 3D and 1D calculations. In this way, it is possible to establish a methodology for modeling the air box and muffler based on experimental tests and the development of 3D and then 1D model.
In a beginning, studies consist in describing the geometry of the air box and muffler using a combination of tubes and simple volumes. During one-dimensional simulations, the gases properties in a volume must be calculated taking into account a method of filling and emptying. Under transient conditions, the pipe element is considered essentially as one-dimensional. The gas dynamic is described by a system of equations: the equations of continuity, momentum and energy. In the three-dimensional case, all tubes and volumes are meshed and solved using various physical models, equations and hypotheses that will be detailed subsequently.
The study is performed on a shock tube bench. One of the main points is that this type of experimental test allows to test easily different pressure ratios, different geometries and to measure direct and inverse flow. In this way, the propagation of a shock wave is studied in our different geometries and is compared to the pressure signals obtained with 1D and 3D simulations. Once the 1D modeling is obtained, it must be validated in order to be applied in a simulation for Internal Combustion Engine. Validation will be done by direct comparison of results at each stage to ensure that the models and assumptions used in the calculations are correct.
Cyclic Variability in Diesel/Gasoline Dual-Fuel Combustion on a Medium-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Sun Jiafeng , Bittle Joshua A. , Jacobs Timothy J. 
Published: February 2014

Most studies comparing diesel/gasoline dual-fuel operation and single-fuel diesel operation in diesel engines center on time-averaged results. It seems few studies discuss differences in cyclic variability. Motivated by this, the present study evaluates the cyclic variability of combustion in both dual-fuel and single-fuel operations of a diesel engine.
Steady-state tests were done on a medium duty diesel engine with conventional direct injection timings of diesel fuel into the cylinder at one speed and three loads. In addition to single-fuel (diesel) operation, dual-fuel (gasoline and diesel) operation was studied at increasing levels of gasoline fraction. Gasoline fuel is introduced via a fuel injector at a single location prior to the intake manifold (and EGR mixing location). Crank-angle resolved data including in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate obtained for around 150 consecutive cycles are used to assess cyclic variability.
The sources of cyclic variability, namely the factors causing cyclic variability or influencing its magnitude, especially those related to cylinder charge amount and mixture preparation, are analyzed. Fuel spray penetration and cyclic variability of cylinder charging, overall A/F ratio, and fuel injection timing, tend to increase cyclic variability of combustion in dual-fuel operation. On the other hand, fuel type and fuel spray droplet size tend to increase cyclic variability in single-fuel operation.
The cyclic variability in dual-fuel operation in this study is more serious than that in single-fuel operation, in terms of magnitude, indicated by metrics chosen to quantify it. Most measures of cyclic variability increase consistently with increasing gasoline fraction. Variations of gasoline amount and possibly gasoline low temperature heat release cause higher combustion variation in dual-fuel operation primarily by affecting premixed burning.
Statistical methods such as probability density function, autocorrelation coefficient, return map, and symbol sequence statistics methods are used to check determinism. In general, the parameters studied do not show strong determinism, which suggests other parameters must be identified to establish determinism or the system is inherently stochastic. Regardless, dominant sequences and optimal sequence lengths can be identified.
Ignition Delay and Heat-Release Rate for n-Heptane in a Direct-Injection Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber: Experiments and Computations
Authors: Allen James C. , Pitz William J. , Fisher Brian T. 
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to characterize combustion behavior for n-heptane using experimental measurements in a direct-injection constant-volume combustion chamber (CVCC) to validate chemical-kinetic mechanisms. This work is focused on compression-ignition (i.e., diesel) combustion, primarily because mechanisms for larger-chain diesel-relevant species are not well developed and require significant attention.
The CVCC used in this work can be pressurized and heated to create engine-relevant conditions that enable study of autoignition behavior. In addition, the chamber is equipped with a high-pressure, common-rail diesel injector, making the study of autoignition and combustion in this system highly relevant to modern diesel engines. By varying injection pressure and duration, it is possible to control global equivalence ratio as well. Chamber pressure during injection and combustion is measured using a piezoelectric transducer, and can be subsequently used to infer heat-release rates. Experimental measurements for n-heptane mostly displayed expected trends. As initial chamber pressure increased, ignition delay decreased and peak pressure increased. As injection duration increased, ignition delay decreased due to faster ignition of richer mixtures, and peak pressure increased due to higher total heat release. The effect of temperature on ignition delay, however, was more complex and suggested some amount of NTC (negative temperature coefficient) behavior. For all conditions, heat-release rates indicated entirely premixed combustion with no hint of mixing-controlled combustion.
Experimental data were compared with results from CHEMKIN-PRO simulations. The model simulated zero-dimensional combustion using a detailed n-heptane mechanism developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. These computations were used to infer local equivalence ratio information, based on equivalence ratio required in the model to match experimental ignition delay. For most test cases, the model required an equivalence ratio that was at least ∼2× richer than the global value. In addition, equivalence ratios in the model ranged a full order of magnitude, from ∼0.6 to 6, suggesting that local mixture equivalence ratios varied considerably as experimental conditions were varied. Results suggest that improved models that include details of spray physics are required in order to properly predict local equivalence ratios and resulting autoignition characteristics.
Numerical Study of the Combustion Characteristics of a Diesel Micro Pilot Ignited DI Gasoline Engine With Turbocharging and Cooled EGR
Authors: Zhu Yuhua (York) , Salman Nameer , Freeman Kevin , Reese Ronald , Wang Zihan , Scarcelli Riccardo , Som Sibendu 
Published: February 2014

Advanced technologies combining turbocharging, downsizing, direct injection, and cooled EGR are being intensively investigated in order to significantly improve the fuel economy of spark-ignition (SI) gasoline engines. To avoid the occurrence of knock and to improve the thermal efficiency, a significant fraction of EGR is often used. Due to the significant fraction of EGR, the ignition source needs to be enhanced to ensure high combustion stability. In addition to advanced spark-based solutions, diesel micro-pilot (DMP) technology has been proposed in recent years where the diesel fuel replaces the spark-plug as the ignition source.
This paper studies the combustion characteristics of a diesel micro pilot ignited gasoline engine, employing direct injection of gasoline and diesel as well as turbocharging and cooled EGR. A multi-dimensional CFD code with a chemical kinetic calculation capability was extensively validated across the engine speed and load range in a previous study [1]. This paper explores the influence of a number of parameters on DMP combustion behavior, including: diesel pilot mass fraction, start of injection (SOI), DMP injection strategy, as well as EGR rate, air/fuel ratio, and DI gasoline/air mixture inhomogeneity.
Besides, the comparison of DMP ignited combustion with traditional spark ignited combustion is also made in terms of EGR tolerance, lean burn limit, and DI gasoline air mixture inhomogeneity. Finally, numerical simulations aimed at optimizing both gasoline and diesel injection parameters, as well as EGR rate in order to enhance the engine performance in the DMP combustion mode, are discussed.
A Comparison of Valving Strategies Appropriate for Multi-Mode Combustion Within a Downsized Boosted Automotive Engine: Part B — Mid Load Operation Within the SACI Combustion Regime
Authors: Gerow Matthew S. , Shingne Prasad S. , Triantopoulos Vassilis , Bohac Stanislav V. , Martz Jason B. 
Published: February 2014

Spark Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI) is a combustion mode that may offer significant efficiency improvements compared to conventional spark-ignited combustion systems. Unfortunately, SACI is constrained to a relatively narrow range of dilution levels and top dead center temperatures. Both positive valve overlap (PVO) and negative valve overlap (NVO) strategies may be utilized to attain these conditions at low and intermediate engine loads.
The current work compares 1D thermodynamic simulations of PVO valving strategies and a baseline NVO strategy in a downsized boosted automotive engine with variable valve timing capability. As future downsized boosted engines may employ multiple combustion modes, the goal of this work is the definition of valving strategies appropriate for SACI combustion at low to moderate loads and SI combustion at moderate to high loads for an engine with fixed camshaft profiles. PVO durations, valve opening timings and peak lifts are investigated at low to moderate loads and are compared to a baseline NVO configuration in order to assess valving strategies appropriate for multi-mode combustion operation. A valvetrain kinematic model is used to translate the desired valve lift profiles into camshaft profiles, while a kinematic analysis is used to calculate piston to valve clearances and to define the practical limits of the PVO strategies. The NVO and PVO strategies are also compared to throttled SI operation at part load to assess the overall efficiency benefit of operating under the thermodynamic conditions of the SACI combustion regime.
While the results of this study are engine specific, there are several camshaft profiles that are appropriate for the use of PVO rebreathing type valve events. For the range of PVO valve events examined and taking into consideration piston to valve interference, the use of high exhaust and low intake lifts with early exhaust valve opening timing and long PVO durations enables high levels of internal EGR with relatively low pumping losses.
The Effect of Spark Plug Electrode Geometry on Combustion Rates in a High Performance Automotive Engine
Authors: Worm Jeremy J. , McFarland Jim , Jehlik Forrest , Dice Paul W. , Miers Scott A. 
Published: February 2014

Spark plugs utilizing a J-wire electrode are standard in most automotive engines and have been for decades. However, innumerable alternative spark plug designs have been introduced. This paper examines the potential benefit of one particular alternative electrode geometry in a high-performance automotive engine. The alternative spark plug that is investigated is a commercially available aftermarket unit. The testing included detailed analysis of both brake and indicated parameters including MEP and burn rates. Testing was conducted under both steady state and transient conditions, and encompassed multiple induction systems and test fuels including E85. The test engine was a commercially available high performance aftermarket engine assembly intended for motorsports.
This paper includes the optimal settings for ignition timing and lambda and the process by which those values were determined. The combustion analysis shows the alternative spark plug electrode resulted in an increased early burn rate, which in turn lead to an overall advancing of the combustion phasing. To better decouple combustion phasing effects from test to test variation on brake output parameters, an empirical model is developed and exercised. The model describes the expected change in brake output resulting from the shift in combustion phasing induced by the alternative spark plug geometry.