bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Peptides and Obesity: Pharmacologic Treatment
Authors: Leibowitz Sarah F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity results from an imbalance between nutrient ingestion and metabolism, with more calories being ingested than utilized. The brain plays an important role in coordinating these complex behavioral and physiological functions, operating through multiple neurochemical systems with distinct properties. This review focuses on two hypothalamic peptide systems, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL), that illustrate how the brain operates through different mechanisms to control the body's nutrient stores, in different states or conditions. These peptides have different behavioral and physiological effects and are, themselves, differentially responsive to feedback signals from circulating steroids, peptides, and nutrients. They can be distinguished by their relation to natural feeding patterns and endogenous hormones and by their specificity of action in relation to natural biological rhythms.The neuroanatomical substrates involved in these actions of NPY and GAL are also distinct. The neurocircuit mediating NPY's actions originates in the arcuate nucleus and terminates in the medial portion of the paraventricular nucleus; the GAL‐containing neurons, in contrast, are concentrated in the lateral portion of the paraventricular nucleus, in addition to the medial preoptic area, which contribute to local GAL innervation as well as projections to the median eminence. Regarding their distinct functions, the evidence suggests that the NPY system is more closely related to patterns of carbohydrate ingestion and carbohydrate utilization, channeling nutrients towards the synthesis of fat. It is most strongly activated at the start of the active feeding cycle or after weaning, in close association with the adrenal steroid, corticosterone. The GAL system, in contrast, is more closely associated with patterns of fat consumption and signals related to fat oxidation. This peptide system is most active during the middle of the feeding cycle or immediately after puberty, in close association with the gonadal steroids. The gene expression and synthesis of these peptides in their respective neuronal cell groups is inhibited by circulating insulin and altered by dietary nutrients. Disturbances in sensitivity to insulin and steroid feedback regulation in the brain are believed to be involved in producing abnormal patterns of peptide function that result in overeating and body weight gain.
Effects of D‐Chiroinositol Added to a Meal on Plasma Glucose and Insulin in Hyperinsulinemic Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Ortmeyer Heidi K. , Larner Joseph , Hansen Barbara C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that D‐chiroinositol, administered intravenously to insulin‐resistant monkeys, increases the rate of disappearance of plasma glucose and insulin. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether orally administered D‐chiroinositol might also similarly improve the postprandial plasma glucose profile of hyperinsulinemic insulin‐resistant monkeys. A complete liquid diet meal (15 ml/kg body weight) was ingested by each of six monkeys on two occasions separated by 10 days, with conditions identical except D‐chiroinositol (500 mg/kg body weight) was added to the second meal. At 110 minutes following each meal, the monkeys were anesthetized and blood samples obtained at 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 minutes. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. The mean plasma glucose concentration (120 − 300 minutes) was significantly lower after the meal containing D‐chiroinositol compared to the control meal (7.1 ± 1.2 vs. 7.8 ± 1.2 mM) (p<0.05). Plasma insulin concentrations tended to be lower after the meal containing D‐chiroinositol compared to the control meal (3930 ± 1068 vs. 4518 ± 1200 pM) (p<0.15, ns). We conclude that in hyperinsulinemic monkeys, D‐chiroinositol added to a meal lowers postprandial plasma glucose without an increase in plasma insulin, and therefore may be a useful agent for reducing meal‐induced hyperglycemia without inducing hyperinsulinemia.
Distribution of Anthropometric Variables and the Prevalence of Obesity in Populations of West African Origin: The International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks (ICSHIB)
Authors: Rotimi Charles N. , Cooper Richard S. , Ataman Susan L. , Osotimehin Babatunde , Kadiri Solomon , Muna Walinjom , Kingue Samuel , Fraser Henry , McGee Daniel 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA survey of the prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors including obesity was carried out among persons of West African heritage currently living in societies at different stages of social, economic and technological development. We present here the distribution of several anthropometric variables and the prevalence of obesity in these populations. Using a standard protocol with centralized training of field staff, 7 439 men and women aged 24 to 75 from six multinational sites were recruited and examined. Although men were taller, women were more obese across sites. Body mass index (BMI) and consequently the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with westernization from rural African subsistence farming communities to suburban Chicago. Average BMI increased with age until about age 54, and then began to decline or at least level off. The mean BMI for African‐American men and women was 27.1 kg/m2 and 30.8 kg/m2, respectively. Men displayed high levels of centripetal fatness, measured as the waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), compared to the women across site. Based on the US Department of Agriculture guidelines, 22.6% and 56.9% of the African‐American men and women had elevated WHR. Although account must be taken of the important contribution of an individual's genetic background, this multinational study of persons with similar heritage clearly shows the potent impact of current environmental factors on the distribution and level of obesity.
Abnormalities of Energy Expenditure and the Development of Obesity
Authors: Roberts Susan B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe role of energy expenditure in the development of obesity remains unclear. This issue is examined using data from prospective studies of energy expenditure and obesity, the effects of overfeeding and diet composition on energy expenditure, and studies of the relationship between energy expenditure for physical activity and body composition. The combined results from these investigations strongly support the view that low energy expenditure can facilitate rapid weight gain in susceptible individuals. It is speculated that, in susceptible individuals, low energy expenditure for resting energy expenditure as well as physical activity are part of a range of mechanisms available for providing surplus energy for rapid weight gain. In addition, both cross‐sectional and intervention studies indicate that there is an equilibration between the level of energy expenditure for physical activity and body fat content. While genetic and other factors clearly play an important role in this relationship, it appears that a modest reduction in body fat content can be achieved by increasing energy expenditure for physical activity in physical exercise programs.
Relationship of Co‐Morbidities of Obesity to Weight Loss and Four‐Year Weight Maintenance/Rebound
Authors: Hensrud Donald D. , Weinsier Roland L. , Darnell Betty E. , Hunter Gary R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study examined the effect of weight loss (separate from energy restriction) and weight maintenance/rebound over time on blood pressure, serum lipids, and body composition in 24 obese (mean 137% ideal body weight (IEW)) females with mild to moderate hypertension. Weight loss was induced under tightly controlled General Clinical Research Center conditions until each subject had lost at least 10 kg (mean 13 kg) and attained normal body weight (<120% IBW). After 4 years subjects returned for repeat evaluation. Weight changes were compared with 24 pair‐matched normal weight controls who were also followed for 4 years. With weight loss, significant improvements were seen in standing mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Subjects regained 11 kg (87% of the weight lost) over the 4 year follow‐up period while control subjects gained only 2 kg. Subjects who chose self‐selected exercise gained less weight than nonexercisers (6 kg vs. 13 kg, P<0.05). With weight regain there were significant increases in standing and supine MAP, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The amount of weight regained was significantly correlated with standing MAP (r=0.73), triglycerides (r=0.43), and HDL cholesterol (r=‐0.47). The percentage fat of the weight regained was no greater than that of the weight previously lost. Weight loss, distinct from energy restriction, was associated with improvements in blood pressure and serum lipid levels. The ability to sustain these improvements in the co‐morbidities of obesity was directly related to the persistence and magnitude of weight loss maintenance.
Usefulness of Fluoxetine in Obese Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetics: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Daubresse Jean‐Claude , Kolanowski Jaroslaw , Krzentowski Georges , Kutnowski Maximilien , Scheen Andre , Van Gaal Luc 
Published: September 2012

Weight reduction is essential in the management of most noninsulin‐dependent diabetics, but this therapeutical goal is difficult to obtain.In this double‐blind parallel study, 82 noninsulin‐dependent diabetics, moderately obese (BMI = 30–39 kg/nr2), were given for an 8‐week period either placebo (P) or fluoxetine (F), a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in addition to their usual antidiabetic treatment. Thirty‐nine of them received 60 mg fluoxetine a day and 43 were given the placebo.At admission, both groups had similar weight excess, metabolic control and serum lipid values. In comparison with the P‐treated subjects, those treated with fluoxetine (F) lost more weight after 3 weeks (‐1.9 vs. −0.7 kg, p<0.0009) and after 8 weeks (‐3.1 vs. −0.9 kg, p<0.0007). Fasting blood glucose decreased in group F after 3 weeks (‐ 1.5 vs. −0.4 mmol/L, p<0.003) and after 8 weeks (‐1.7 vs. −0.02 mmol/L, p<0.0004). HbAlc decreased from 8.5% to 7.7% in group F and from 8.6% to 8.3% in group P (p=0.057). Mean triglyceride level was also reduced in group F after 8 weeks (p=0.042). Fasting C‐pep‐tide did not change in either group, but fasting insulin values decreased in group F after 3 weeks (p<0.02) and after 8 weeks (p<0.05).The insulin/C‐peptide molar ratio decreased significantly in group F after 3 weeks (p<0.04) and after 8 weeks (p<0.05) in comparison with group P. The drug was generally well tolerated and no major side effects were reported.In conclusion, the addition of fluoxetine to the usual oral hypoglycemic agent therapy might be beneficial in obese non‐insulin‐dependent diabetics, at least on a short‐term basis.
Waist Circumference as a Screening Tool for Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Evaluation of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC)
Authors: Han Thong S. , Van Leer Edith M. , Seidell Jacob C. , Lean Michael EJ 
Published: September 2012

To evaluate the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) to determine the cutoffs of waist circumference as a potential population directed screening tool for hypercholesterolaemia (≥6.5 mmol/L), low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<0.9 mmol/L), and hypertension (treated and/or systolic ≥160 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥95 mmHg), in 2183 men and 2698 women aged 20 to 59 years selected at random from Dutch civil registries.Main outcome measures: Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, total plasma cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, and blood pressure.Results: ROC curves showed that sensitivity equalled specificity at waist circumferences between 93–95 cm in men and 81–84 cm in women for identifying individual risk factors, and 92 cm in men and 81 cm in women for identifying those with at least one risk factor. Sensitivity and specificity were equal at levels between 61% to 69% for identifying individual risk factors, with positive predictions (56.8% in men and 37.8% in women) within 2% of those using previously defined ‘Action Level 1’ of waist circumference 94 cm in men and 80 cm in women (58.8% in men and 37.4% in women). Risk prediction by anthropometric methods was relatively low: ROC areas for identifying each risk factor by waist varied from 55% to 60%, and reached about 65% for identifying at least one risk factor. Height accounted for less than 03% of variance in waist circumference. Using BMI at 25 kg/m2 gave similar prediction to waist, but its combination with waist did not improve predictive values.Conclusions: Measurement of waist circumference ‘Action Level 1’ at 94 cm (37 inches) in men and 80 cm (32 inches) in women could be adopted as a simpler valid alternative to BMI for health promotion, to alert those at risk of cardiovascular disease, and as a guide to risk avoidance by self‐weight management
Self‐Esteem and Change in Body Mass Index over 3 Years in a Cohort of Adolescents
Authors: French Simone A. , Perry Cheryl L. , Leon Gloria R. , Fulkerson Jayne A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSelf‐esteem has been hypothesized to be lower in obese adolescents relative to their normal weight peers and to be an important factor in preventing or reversing obesity. The present study examined the relationship between obesity and self‐esteem cross‐sectionally and prospectively over three years in a cohort of 1278 adolescents in grades 7 to 9 at baseline. Cross‐sectional analyses revealed an inverse association between physical appearance self‐esteem and body mass index in both males and females. In females, body mass index was inversely associated with global self‐esteem, close friendship, and behavioral conduct self‐esteem. In males, body mass index was inversely associated with athletic and romantic appeal self‐esteem. Prospectively, in females, physical appearance and social acceptance self‐esteem at baseline were inversely related to body mass index three years later. Baseline self‐esteem was unrelated prospectively to change in body mass index in males. All associations were modest in magnitude. These results suggest that in a middle class white sample of adolescents, self‐esteem specific to physical appearance is modestly associated with body mass index. Low self‐esteem does not appear to predict the development of obesity over time.
Relationships Between the Body Mass Index and Body Composition
Authors: Wellens Rita I. , Roche Alex F. , Khamis Harry J. , Jackson Andrew S. , Pollock Michael L. , Siervogel Roger M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aims of this study were to evaluate the Body Mass Index (BMI) (weight/stature2) as a proxy for percent body fat (%BF) and to determine its association with fat‐free mass (FFM). Multivariate analysis of variance and partial correlations were used to examine relationships between BMI and %BF and FFM from densitometry for 504 men and 511 women, aged 20 to 45 years. Sensitivity/specificity analyses used cut offs of 28 kg/m2 in men and 26 kg/m2 in women for BMI, and 25% in men and 33% in women for %BF. Significantly higher associations existed in each gender between BMI and %BF in the upper BMI tertile than in the lower BMI tertiles. In the lower BMI tertiles, correlations between BMI and FFM were approximately twice as large as those between BMI and %BF. The BMI correctly identified about 44% of obese men, and 52% of obese women when obesity was determined from %BF. BMI is an uncertain diagnostic index of obesity. Results of Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analyses using %BF and total body fat, both provided a BMI of 25 kg/m2 in men and 23 kg/m2 in women as diagnostic screening cut offs for obesity.
The Association of Maternal Psychopathology and Family Socioeconomic Status with Psychological Problems in Obese Children
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Myers Michelle D. , Anderson Katarina 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn an earlier study we found parental psychiatric symptoms to be a better correlate of behavioral problems in obese children than either child or parental obesity. This study sought to extend this research by assessing the association of general maternal distress, specific maternal psychopathology, family socioeconomic status and child obesity with the psychological problems of 152 children seeking treatment for obesity in two cohorts. Child psychological problems were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 (CBCL) in each cohort. In sample 1 maternal general psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Cornell Medical Index (psychiatric subscales) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems whereas specific psychopathology was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Bulimia Test. In sample 2 the Symptom Checklist‐90 and Binge Eating Scale provided general and specific measures of psychopathology. In the combined sample, 58% percent of the boys and 44% of the girls met criteria on at least one CBCL behavioral problem scale, with Social Problems the most prevalent problem in both boys and girls. For both samples, child obesity did not account for any variance in child psychosocial problems beyond that accounted for by maternal psychopathology and family SES. Family SES accounted for a significant increment in variance in child behavioral problems in only two scales. This study systematically replicates previous research, adding support for a broader conceptualization of factors that influence psychological problems in obese treatment‐seeking children than one which focuses on child obesity.
Familial Clustering of Abdominal Visceral Fat and Total Fat Mass: The Québec Family Study
Authors: Rice Treva , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude , Rao DC 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe evidence for common familial factors underlying total fat mass (estimated from underwater weighing) and abdominal visceral fat (assessed from CT scan) was examined in families participating in phase 2 of the Québec Family Study (QFS) using a bivariate familial correlation model. Previous QFS investigations suggest that both genetic (major and polygenic) and familial environmental factors influence each phenotype, accounting for between 55% to 71% of the phenotypic variance in fat mass, and between 55% to 72% for abdominal visceral fat The current study suggests that the bivariate familial effect ranges from 29% to 50%. This pattern suggests that there may be common familial determinants for abdominal visceral fat and total fat mass, as well as additional familial factors which are specific to each. The relatively high spouse cross‐trait correlations usually suggest that a large percent of the bivariate familial effect may be environmental in origin. However, if mating is not random, then the spouse resemblance may reflect either genetic or environmental causes, depending on the source [i.e., through similar genes or cohabitation (environmental) effects]. Finally, there are significant sex differences in the magnitude of the familial cross‐trait correlations involving parents, but not offspring, suggesting complex generation (i.e., age) and sex effects. For example, genes may turn on or off as a function of age and sex, and/or there may be an accumulation over time of effects due to the environment which may vary by sex. Whether the common familial factors are genetic (major and/or polygenic), environmental, or some combination of both, and whether the familial expression depends on sex and/or age warrants further investigation using more complex models.
Preadipocyte Recruitment in Stromal Vascular Cultures After Depletion of Committed Preadipocytes by Immunocytotoxicity
Authors: Yu Z.K. , Wright J.T. , Hausman GJ. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGlucocorticoids or the glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone (DEX) enhances the differentiation of preadipocytes in the presence of insulin and influences preadipocyte proliferation. The purpose of the present study was to determine if DEX can induce the recruitment of preadipocytes. Using monoclonal antibodies for complement‐mediated cytotoxicity, preadipocytes were removed from porcine stromal vascular (S‐V) cell cultures. Our experiments demonstrated for the first time that after removal of preadipocytes by cytotoxicity, preadipocytes or fat cells could be induced by DEX or DEX plus insulin but not by insulin alone. However, many more fat cells were induced (258 ± 15/unit area) when DEX was added with fetal bovine serum (FBS) followed with insulin treatment, compared to DEX with insulin (21.3 ± 5.1/ unit area) after removal of preadipocytes. Immunocyto‐chemistry with AD‐3, a preadipocyte marker, showed that DEX with FBS for 3 days after seeding (i.e., the proliferation phase) produced many more preadipocytes (AD‐3 positive, 223 ± 45/unit area) than FBS alone (10.5 ± 1.4/unit area). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays demonstrated that the efficiency of DEX with FBS (i.e., during proliferation) was mitosis dependent. Accordingly, we conclude that: porcine S‐V cultures contain preadipocytes at different stages of differentiation and that DEX induced early preadipocyte differentiation depends on mitosis.
Insulin Sensitivity as a Predictor of Weight Regain
Authors: Wing Rena R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA recent study found that increases in insulin sensitivity following weight loss and stabilization were strongly related to subsequent weight regain. The present paper analyzed this relationship in two behavioral weight‐loss programs. In the first study, 125 nondiabetic subjects were followed over 30 months; weight losses averaged 10 kg at six months, and subjects had regained 8 kg of their weight loss by their 30‐month follow‐up. Neither fasting insulin levels at six months nor changes in fasting insulin from zero to six months were related to subsequent weight regain. Similarly, insulin levels measured two hours after a 75 g glucose load were unrelated to subsequent weight regain. The second study followed 33 individuals with Type II diabetes, treated with behavior modification, and either a low calorie diet or a very low calorie diet. Weight losses averaged 18 kg at six months, and subjects had regained 10 kg by their 24‐month follow‐up. The Bergman minimal model was used to assess insulin sensitivity at 6‐month intervals. Initial analyses suggested that changes in insulin sensitivity from zero to six months were related to subsequent weight regain, but this effect was strongly influenced by an outlier. After removing this individual, there were no significant relationships between the changes in insulin sensitivity that accompanied weight loss and future weight regain. Likewise, insulin sensitivity at 12 months did not predict weight regain from 12 to 24 months. These data do not support the hypothesis that increases in insulin sensitivity with weight loss are associated with subsequent weight regain.