bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common genetic variants associated with disease from genome‐wide association studies are mutually exclusive in prostate cancer and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Orozco Gisela , Goh Chee L. , Al Olama Ali Amin , Benlloch‐Garcia Sara , Govindasami Koveela , Guy Michelle , Muir Kenneth R. , Giles Graham G. , Severi Gianluca , Neal David E. , Hamdy Freddie C. , Donovan Jenny L. , Kote‐Jarai Zsofia , Easton Douglas F. , Eyre Steve , Eeles Rosalind A. 
Published: September 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
The link between inflammation and cancer has long been reported and inflammation is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of many cancers, including prostate cancer (PrCa). Over the last 5 years, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have reported numerous susceptibility loci that predispose individuals to many different traits.
The present study aims to ascertain if there are common genetic risk profiles that might predispose individuals to both PrCa and the autoimmune inflammatory condition, rheumatoid arthritis. These results could have potential public heath impact in terms of screening and chemoprevention.
Objectives
To investigate if potential common pathways exist for the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and prostate cancer (PrCa).
To ascertain if the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported by genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) as being associated with susceptibility to PrCa are also associated with susceptibility to the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Materials and Methods
The original Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) UK RA GWAS study was expanded to include a total of 3221 cases and 5272 controls.
In all, 37 germline autosomal SNPs at genome‐wide significance associated with PrCa risk were identified from a UK/Australian PrCa GWAS.
Allele frequencies were compared for these 37 SNPs between RA cases and controls using a chi‐squared trend test and corrected for multiple testing (Bonferroni).
Results
In all, 33 SNPs were able to be analysed in the RA dataset. Proxies could not be located for the SNPs in 3q26, 5p15 and for two SNPs in 17q12.
After applying a Bonferroni correction for the number of SNPs tested, the SNP mapping to CCHCR1 (rs130067) retained statistically significant evidence for association (P = 6 × 10–4; odds ratio [OR] = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06–1.24); this has also been associated with psoriasis.
However, further analyses showed that the association of this allele was due to confounding by RA‐associated HLA‐DRB1 alleles.
Conclusions
There is currently no evidence that SNPs associated with PrCa at genome‐wide significance are associated with the development of RA. Studies like this are important in determining if common genetic risk profiles might predispose individuals to many diseases, which could have implications for public health in terms of screening and chemoprevention.
Narrow band imaging diagnosis of bladder cancer: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zheng Changjian , Lv Yalan , Zhong Qiang , Wang Runhua , Jiang Qing 
Published: September 2012

Study Type – Diagnosis (systematic review)Level of Evidence 1What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?In recent years, more attention has focused on the role of narrow band imaging (NBI) in bladder cancer detection and NBI technology has spread rapidly. It is an important method for diagnosing new or recurrent bladder cancer. But its diagnostic accuracy is still uncertain.This paper summarizes the diagnostic accuracy of NBI in bladder cancer and compares NBI with white light imaging. The results show that NBI cystoscopy significantly improves the detection accuracy in bladder cancer, compared with white light imaging. However, some limitations still exist. Multicentre randomized studies are recommended to determine whether the visual advantages of NBI can translate into real therapeutic benefit for individual patients.OBJECTIVE
To assess the test performance and clinical effectiveness of narrow band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy compared with white light imaging (WLI) cystoscopy in people suspected of new or recurrent bladder cancer.
METHODS
Literature on NBI cystoscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer was searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and CNKI, with hand searching of relevant congress abstracts and journals.
The literature was selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Meta‐DiSc1.4 software was used to review management and analysis.
RESULTS
Eight studies including 1022 patients assessed test performance.
On a per‐person analysis, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio of NBI and WLI were respectively 0.943 (95% CI 0.914−0.964) and 0.848 (95% CI 0.803−0.885), 0.847 (95% CI 0.812−0.878) and 0.870 (95% CI 0.831−0.903), 7.038 (95% CI 3.357−14.754) and 6.938 (95% CI 2.052−23.465), 0.054 (95% CI 0.012−0.237) and 0.181 (95% CI 0.091−0.361), and 185.32 (95% CI 45.714−751.26) and 42.931 (95% CI 8.088−227.88).
The area under the curve and Q* of NBI and WLI were respectively 0.9781 and 0.8944, and 0.9337 and 0.8253.
For the characterization of carcinoma in situ, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio of NBI were 0.927 (95% CI 0.878−0.960), 0.768 (95% CI 0.730−0.802), 4.545 (95% CI 2.820−7.325), 0.125 (95% CI 0.051−0.304) and 48.884 (95% CI 15.642−152.77) on a per‐person analysis.
The area under the curve and Q* were 0.9391 and 0.8763.
CONCLUSION
NBI is an effective method for the identification of abnormal lesions including carcinoma in situ and can provide higher diagnostic precision of bladder cancer than WLI.
New Labour, ‘Sleaze’ and Television Drama
Authors: Fielding Steven 
Published: September 2012

Research Highlights and Abstract The article explores attitudes to New Labour in particular and politics in general through analysing their dramatization on TV. It indicates that such dramatizations are almost wholly negative, focusing on sleaze, spin and betrayal. The article explains the character of such dramas as being the result of the producers' desire to present politics in terms their audiences will accept. It suggests that, as a consequence, popular hostility to politics is reinforced by television drama and so indicates that culture has an independent part to play in this process. Echoing Plato's banishment of artists, mainstream political scientists have excluded serious consideration of art from their discipline. Yet, there are grounds for believing that it can help address what Gerry Stoker suggests is one of social science's greatest failings: understanding ‘what politics means to citizens’. This study of New Labour's television dramatization suggests it can help political scientists better appreciate the dynamics underpinning the much-noted decline of popular trust in representative politics. It looks at the reasons for the narrowing of the public's picture of politics by focusing on the changing production context for television drama during the New Labour period, something that led it to emphasise ‘sleaze’. The article suggests such dramas consequently helped make more credible the public's pre-existing prejudices about what they supposed was the corrupt nature of Britain's political class.
The Multi-Level Governance of Wales: Layer Cake or Marble Cake?
Authors: Entwistle Tom , Downe James , Guarneros-Meza Valeria , Martin Steve 
Published: September 2012

Research Highlights and Abstract Provides a reading of the literatures on multi-level governance and federalism to develop a series of propositions about the nature of the relationship between different levels of government in the devolved United Kingdom. Drawing on a survey of local government officers in Wales, the article reports support for both layer cake and marble cake interpretations of multi-level governance. The article concludes with a discussion of the applicability of these models to our understanding of devolution in the United Kingdom. Since the United Kingdom began its devolution programme in 1999 governments operating at four different territorial scales—embracing the EU, the UK, the national and the local—have played a part in the governance of Wales. Multi-level governance of this type can be likened to a layer cake, in which each government operates in its own distinct jurisdiction, or to a marble cake in which governments have overlapping and interlaced responsibilities. Drawing on a survey that asked senior officers in Welsh local government to rate the impact of different levels of government, this article finds support for both interpretations of multi-level governance. Although largely discredited as a description of American federalism, the layer cake simile may have a new lease of life in the analysis of Europe's devolved nations and regions.
Immoral Beliefs
Authors: Bashour Bana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that there exists a class of immoral beliefs. These beliefs are immoral not for the usual reasons, i.e. because of their tendency to cause harm, their immoral acquisition, or the fact that they involve unjustified moral judgments. Rather, the class of beliefs to which I wish to draw attention includes beliefs that do not even have any moral content, but whose non‐moral content is still morally significant. These beliefs are immoral because holding them constitutes an immoral condition of the belief‐holder. This usually involves a moral failure of the belief‐holder. We may object to such beliefs for all of the usual reasons, but I wish to draw attention to their objectionable content based on the kind of character they represent a person as having.1
Interpretations of Integration in Early Accountable Care Organizations
Authors: KREINDLER SARA A. , LARSON BRIDGET K. , WU FRANCES M. , CARLUZZO KATHLEEN L. , GBEMUDU JOSETTE N. , STRUTHERS ASHLEY , VAN CITTERS ARICCA D. , SHORTELL STEPHEN M. , NELSON EUGENE C. , FISHER ELLIOTT S. 
Published: September 2012

Context: It is widely hoped that accountable care organizations (ACOs) will improve health care quality and reduce costs by fostering integration among diverse provider groups. But how do implementers actually envision integration, and what will integration mean in terms of managing the many social identities that ACOs bring together?Methods: Using the lens of the social identity approach, this qualitative study examined how four nascent ACOs engaged with the concept of integration. During multiday site visits, we conducted interviews (114 managers and physicians), observations, and document reviews.Findings: In no case was the ACO interpreted as a new, overarching entity uniting disparate groups; rather, each site offered a unique interpretation that flowed from its existing strategies for social‐identity management: An independent practice association preserved members’ cherished value of autonomy by emphasizing coordination, not “integration”; a medical group promoted integration within its employed core, but not with affiliates; a hospital, engaging community physicians who mistrusted integrated systems, reimagined integration as an equal partnership; an integrated delivery system advanced its careful journey towards intergroup consensus by presenting the ACO as a cultural, not structural, change.Conclusions: The ACO appears to be a model flexible enough to work in synchrony with whatever social strategies are most context appropriate, with the potential to promote alignment and functional integration without demanding common identification with a superordinate group. “Soft integration” may be a promising alternative to the vertically integrated model that, though widely assumed to be ideal, has remained unattainable for most organizations.
“If We Build It, Will It Stay?” A Case Study of the Sustainability of Whole‐System Change in London
Authors: GREENHALGH TRISHA , MACFARLANE FRASER , BARTON‐SWEENEY CATHERINE , WOODARD FRAN 
Published: September 2012

Context: The long‐term sustainability of whole‐system change programs is rarely studied, and when it is, it is inevitably undertaken in a shifting context, thereby raising epistemological and methodological questions. This article describes a transferable methodology that was developed to guide the evaluation of a three‐year follow‐up of a large health care change program in London, which took place during a period of economic turbulence and rapid policy change.Method: Using a mixed‐method organizational case study design, we studied three services (stroke, kidney, and sexual health) across primary and secondary care. Each had received £5 million (US$7.8 million) in modernization funding in 2004. In 2010/2011, we gathered data on the services and compared them with data from 2004 to 2008. The new data set contained quantitative statistics (access, process, and outcome metrics), qualitative interviews with staff and patients, documents, and field notes. Our data analysis was informed by two complementary models of sustainability: intervention‐focused (guided by the question, What, if anything, of the original program has been sustained?) and system‐dynamic (guided by the question, How and why did change unfold as it did in this complex system?).Findings: Some but not all services introduced in the original transformation effort of 2004–2008 were still running; others had ceased or been altered substantially to accommodate contextual changes (e.g., in case mix, commissioning priorities, or national policies). Key cultural changes (e.g., quality improvement, patient centeredness) largely persisted, and innovative ideas and practices had spread elsewhere. To draw causal links between the original program and current activities and outcomes, it was necessary to weave a narrative thread with multiple intervening influences. In particular, against a background of continuous change in the local health system, the sustainability of the original vision and capacity for quality improvement was strongly influenced by (1) stakeholders’ conflicting and changing interpretations of the targeted health need; (2) changes in how the quality cycle was implemented and monitored; and (3) conflicts in stakeholders’ values and what each stood to gain or lose.Conclusions: The sustainability of whole‐system change embodies a tension between the persistence of past practice and the adaptation to a changing context. Although the intervention‐focused question, What has persisted from the original program? (addressed via a conventional logic model), may be appropriate, evaluators should qualify their findings by also considering the system‐dynamic question, What has changed, and why? (addressed by producing a meaningful narrative).
The Concept of Harm and the Significance of Normality
Authors: Kahane Guy , Savulescu Julian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMany believe that severe intellectual impairment, blindness or dying young amount to serious harm and disadvantage. It is also increasingly denied that it matters, from a moral point of view, whether something is biologically normal to humans. We show that these two claims are in serious tension. It is hard explain how, if we do not ascribe some deep moral significance to human nature or biological normality, we could distinguish severe intellectual impairment or blindness from the vast list of seemingly innocent ways in which we fail to have as much wellbeing as we could, such not having super‐intelligence, or not living to 130. We consider a range of attempts to draw this intuitive normative distinction without appealing to normality. These, we argue, all fail. But this doesn't mean that we cannot draw this distinction or that we must, implausibly, conclude that biological normality does possess an inherent moral importance. We argue that, despite appearances, it is not biological normality but rather statistical normality that, although lacking any intrinsic moral significance, nevertheless makes an important moral difference in ways that explain and largely justify the intuitive distinction.
Trade‐offs between leaf hydraulic capacity and drought vulnerability: morpho‐anatomical bases, carbon costs and ecological consequences
Authors: Nardini Andrea , Pedà Giulia , Rocca Nicoletta La 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and vulnerability constrain plant productivity, but no clear trade‐off between these fundamental functional traits has emerged in previous studies.

We measured Kleaf on a leaf area (Kleaf_area) and mass basis (Kleaf_mass) in six woody angiosperms, and compared these values with species’ distribution and leaf tolerance to dehydration in terms of P50, that is, the leaf water potential inducing 50% loss of Kleaf. We also measured several morphological and anatomical traits associated with carbon investment in leaf construction and water transport efficiency.

Clear relationships emerged between Kleaf_mass, P50, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA), suggesting that increased tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction implies increased carbon costs for leaf construction and water use. Low P50 values were associated with narrower and denser vein conduits, increased thickness of conduit walls, and increased vein density. This, in turn, was associated with reduced leaf surface area.

Leaf P50 was closely associated with plants’ distribution over a narrow geographical range, suggesting that this parameter contributes to shaping vegetation features. Our data also highlight the carbon costs likely to be associated with increased leaf tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction, which confers on some species the ability to thrive under reduced water availability but decreases their competitiveness in high‐resource habitats.
Sensory and textural properties of chhana kheer made with three artificial sweeteners
Authors: Gautam Anuj , Jha Alok , Singh Rakhi 
Published: September 2012

Chhana kheer, a dessert containing chhana and sugar, is very popular in the Indian subcontinent. A process for manufacturing chhana kheer based on milk fat, aspartame, acesulfame‐K and sucralose was optimised. Aspartame and acesulfame‐K at the level of 0.015% and sucralose at the level of 0.05% were found to be the most appropriate levels for chhana kheer replacing conventional product. The predicted score of the suggested formulation was 7.28 for sweetness, 8.06 for colour and appearance, 7.04 for texture, 7.79 for flavour, 6.69 for overall acceptability and 4820 g s for consistency respectively.
New stem elephant‐shrews (Mammalia, Macroscelidea) from the Eocene of Dur At‐Talah, Libya
Authors: TABUCE RODOLPHE , JAEGER JEAN‐JACQUES , MARIVAUX LAURENT , SALEM MUSTAPHA , BILAL AWAD ABOLHASSAN , BENAMMI MOULOUD , CHAIMANEE YAOWALAK , COSTER PAULINE , MARANDAT BERNARD , VALENTIN XAVIER , BRUNET MICHEL 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Two new primitive macroscelideans, Eotmantsoius perseverans gen. et sp. nov. and Nementchatherium rathbuni sp. nov. from the late Middle or Late Eocene locality of Dur At‐Talah, Libya, are described. Eotmantsoius is known from a single tooth and is characterized by low crown height, isolated conules, and lack of a preprotocrista and prehypocrista. Based on these characters, it appears to be more plesiomorphic than Chambius (late Early Eocene, Chambi, Tunisia), which was, to date, universally accepted as the oldest and most basal macroscelidean. Eotmantsoius appears, however, somewhat derived in having an entostyle, a pericone, a shorter mesial cingulum and larger intercusp valleys. The phylogenetic position of Eotmantsoius is unclear. The second new species, N. rathbuni, allows a reassessment of Nementchatherium. We suggest that it is the most derived of the herodotiines in having long preprotocrista and prehypocrista, reduced M2/m2, a robust entostyle twinned with the hypocone on M1 and the posterior aspect of the root of the maxillary jugal process placed along the length of M2. Nementchatherium rathbuni appears more derived than N. senarhense, from the Eocene locality of Bir El Ater, Algeria, in having smaller m2‐3 with no paraconid, a smaller hypoconulid on m2 and a more reduced talonid on m3 (with smaller hypoconid and entoconid). Nementchatherium rathbuni also has, distal to the m3, a coronoid canal. This character has commonly been proposed as a synapomorphy for paenungulates (e.g. proboscideans, sirenians and hyracoids); we investigate the possibility that it unites macroscelideans and paenungulates, as the superordinal clade Afrotheria suggests. Comparisons reveal that a coronoid canal also occurs in several nonafrotherian orders (lagomorphs, xenarthrans, artiodactyls and perissodactyls), suggesting that is not an exclusive synapomorphy for paenungulates plus macroscelideans. Moreover, the homology of the character within paenungulates is doubtful.
Assessment of a Photogrammetric Approach for Urban DSM Extraction from Tri‐Stereoscopic Satellite Imagery
Authors: Tack Frederik , Goossens Rudi , Buyuksalih Gurcan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBuilt‐up environments are extremely complex for 3D surface modelling purposes. The main distortions that hamper 3D reconstruction from 2D imagery are image dissimilarities, concealed areas, shadows, height discontinuities and discrepancies between smooth terrain and man‐made features. A methodology is proposed to improve automatic photogrammetric extraction of an urban surface model from high resolution satellite imagery with the emphasis on strategies to reduce the effects of the cited distortions and to make image matching more robust. Instead of a “standard” stereoscopic approach, a digital surface model is derived from tri‐stereoscopic satellite imagery. This is based on an extensive multi‐image matching strategy that fully benefits from the geometric and radiometric information contained in the three images. The bundled triplet consists of an IKONOS along‐track pair and an additional near‐nadir IKONOS image. For the tri‐stereoscopic study a densely built‐up area, extending from the centre of Istanbul to the urban fringe, is selected. The accuracy of the model extracted from the IKONOS triplet, as well as the model extracted from only the along‐track stereopair, are assessed by comparison with 3D check points and 3D building vector data.
Use of Fully Biodegradable Panels to Reduce Derelict Pot Threats to Marine Fauna
Authors: Bilkovic D.M. , Havens K.J. , Stanhope D.M. , Angstadt K.T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFishing pots (i.e., traps) are designed to catch fish or crustaceans and are used globally. Lost pots are a concern for a variety of fisheries, and there are reports that 10–70% of deployed pots are lost annually. Derelict fishing pots can be a source of mortality for target and bycatch species for several years. Because continual removal of derelict gear can be impractical over large spatial extents, modifications are needed to disarm gear once it is lost. We tested a fully biodegradable panel with a cull or escape ring designed for placement on the sides of a crab pot that completely degrades into environmentally neutral constituents after approximately 1 year. This panel is relatively inexpensive, easy to install, and can be used in multiple fisheries. We used the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) fishery as a test case because it is a large pot fishery and blue crab pots are similar to traps used in other pot fisheries. We had commercial fishers deploy pots with panels alongside standard pots in Chesapeake Bay (U.S.A.) to assess potential effects of our experimental pots on blue crab catch. We compared the number, biomass, and size of crabs captured between standard and experimental pots and evaluated differences in catch over a crabbing season (March–November) at five locations. There was no evidence that biodegradable panels adversely affected catch. In all locations and time periods, legal catches were comparable in abundance, biomass, and size between experimental and standard pots. Properly designed biodegradable panels appear to be a viable solution to mitigate adverse effects of derelict pots.Uso de Paneles Completamente Biodegradables para Reducir las Amenazas de Vasijas Abandonadas para la Fauna Marina