bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does breeding population trajectory and age of nesting females influence disparate nestling sex ratios in two populations of Cooper's hawks?
Authors: Rosenfield Robert N. , Stout William E. , Giovanni Matthew D. , Levine Noah H. , Cava Jenna A. , Hardin Madeline G. , Haynes Taylor G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOffspring sex ratios at the termination of parental care should theoretically be skewed toward the less expensive sex, which in most avian species would be females, the smaller gender. Among birds, however, raptors offer an unusual dynamic because they exhibit reversed size dimorphism with females being larger than males. And thus theory would predict a preponderance of male offspring. Results for raptors and birds in general have been varied although population‐level estimates of sex ratios in avian offspring are generally at unity. Adaptive adjustment of sex ratios in avian offspring is difficult to predict perhaps in part due to a lack of life‐history details and short‐term investigations that cannot account for precision or repeatability of sex ratios across time. We conducted a novel comparative study of sex ratios in nestling Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in two study populations across breeding generations during 11 years in Wisconsin, 2001–2011. One breeding population recently colonized metropolitan Milwaukee and exhibited rapidly increasing population growth, while the ex‐Milwaukee breeding population was stable. Following life‐history trade‐off theory and our prediction regarding this socially monogamous species in which reversed sexual size dimorphism is extreme, first‐time breeding one‐year‐old, second‐year females in both study populations produced a preponderance of the smaller and cheaper sex, males, whereasASY(after‐second‐year), ≥2‐year‐old females in Milwaukee produced a nestling sex ratio near unity and predictably therefore a greater proportion of females compared toASYfemales in ex‐Milwaukee who produced a preponderance of males. Adjustment of sex ratios in both study populations occurred at conception. Life histories and selective pressures related to breeding population trajectory in two age cohorts of nesting female Cooper's hawk likely vary, and it is possible that these differences influenced the sex ratios we documented for two age cohorts of female Cooper's hawks in Wisconsin.
Soil permeability, aggregate stability and root growth: a pot experiment from a soil bioengineering perspective
Authors: Vergani C. , Graf F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAssessing the joint development of vegetation cover and soil properties is crucial to evaluate the efficiency of soil bioengineering techniques, especially during the most critical initial phase of vegetation colonization. We set up a laboratory experiment to quantify and disentangle the effect ofAlnus incanaroots on soil permeability and aggregate stability. Plants were grown in pots in a climate chamber for four different growing periods (1, 2, 4 and 8 months). Pots were filled with a soil coming from a moraine of a landslide area in Central Switzerland. After each growing period, surface permeability, soil volume permeability and soil aggregate stability were measured together with the development of the root systems. Our results show that alder roots significantly improve both surface and whole soil volume permeability already after 2 months of growth. Nevertheless, an increase in root length density does not necessarily correspond to an increase in permeability. We could set as a threshold a root length density of 0.1 cm/cm3until which an increase in root development corresponds to an increase in soil permeability, whereas after this threshold we observed a decrease in soil permeability. A significant increase in soil aggregate stability could be observed only with a root length density of 2 cm/cm3. No obvious correlation between soil permeability and aggregate stability could be found. Future work should validate these laboratory results with field data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Aspects of the Generation, Trapping, and Decay of Atomic Hydrogen in AlF3 and CaF2
Authors: Stößer Reinhard , Ahrens Mike , Scholz Gudrun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHydrogen atoms were generated in the matrices AlF3 and CaF2 at room temperature by ionizing radiation (γ and UV) and were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. To gain information on the nature of the hydrogen precursors and hydrogen traps within the solid matrices, studies regarding defined thermal and chemical influence, as well as mechanical impact on the fluoridic matrices before and after irradiation were the focus of this work. Impurities such as HO– and hydrocarbons were identified as potential precursors. The hydrogen traps were characterized by means of their spatial distribution within the different samples and by their energetic states (“trap‐depth”). In this respect, the rate constants, which were determined for different temperatures, turned out to be a valuable tool. Similarities and differences regarding the generation and stabilization of atomic hydrogen in AlF3 and CaF2 were worked out. Also, the influence of the type of ionizing radiation was elucidated. Whereas the comparison of AlF3 and CaF2 was dominated by similarities, significant differences were found for rather molecular siloxane cages R8Si8O12, especially regarding their reaction upon UV excitation and the possibility to resolve super‐hyperfine splittings.
Photoactivation of Butyric Acid from 6‐Aminobenzocoumarin Cages
Authors: Soares Ana M. S. , Hungerford Graham , Costa Susana P. G. , Gonçalves M. Sameiro T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA new benzocoumarin bearing an amino group is proposed as a photocleavable protecting group for carboxylic acids. The novel heterocycle, 6‐amino‐4‐chloromethyl‐2‐oxo‐2H‐naphtho[1,2‐b]pyran was used in the preparation of ester conjugates of butyric acid, and of the corresponding mono‐ and dimethylated or ethylated derivatives. The photolability of the ester conjugates was studied by irradiation at selected wavelengths in methanol/HEPES buffer (80:20) solutions, and the release of butyric acid was followed with HPLC/UV and 1H NMR monitoring. Release of the carboxylic acid was faster for the monoalkylated derivatives (approximately within 20 min), at the longer wavelengths of irradiation (350 and 419 nm). The photophysics of the heterocyclic conjugates was also evaluated by both steady state and time‐resolved methods.
Modular Synthesis of Elongated Phosphonate Bipyridines
Authors: Braumüller Markus , Sorsche Dieter , Wunderlin Markus , Rau Sven 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe synthesis and the photophysical properties of a series of bpy‐R2 derivatives L1–L3 (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, R represents the substitution at the 4‐ and 4′‐positions of the bpy) are described. R includes phosphonic ester groups as precursors for potent phosphonate anchoring groups, which enable immobilization on transition metal oxide semiconductor surfaces for applications like dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) or dye‐sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs). The ligands L1–L3 differ in the length of conjugated linker units between bpy core and anchoring groups. Phenylene and triazole moieties serve as building blocks for linker elongation. The resulting adjustability of the distance between semiconductor and chromophore represents a viable route to improve cell efficiency, as it will allow tuning of charge carrier recombination and dye aggregation. Furthermore the photophysical studies of the free ligands reveal a pronounced effect of the aryl substitution. The solid‐state structures of L1 and L2 are reported within this contribution, enabling the determination of distances between bipyridine nitrogen donor and anchoring group.
Mild One‐Step Synthesis of 4,6‐Benzylideneglycopyranosides from Aromatic Aldehydes and Gelation Abilities of the Glucose Derivatives
Authors: Ono Fumiyasu , Hirata Osamu , Ichimaru Keiko , Saruhashi Koichiro , Watanabe Hisayuki , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe report herein an efficient one‐step synthesis of 4,6‐benzylidene glycoside derivatives from aromatic aldehydes bearing electron‐donating or ‐withdrawing groups as well as polymerisable monomer groups. Glucose, mannose and galactose derivatives could also be used successfully. Several of the glucose derivatives thus obtained acted as gelators for various solvents, including water. 4‐(n‐Butoxybenzylidene)glucose derivative 3a produced both a clear squalane gel and a hydrogel at 0.1 wt.‐%. Furthermore, 3‐(n‐butoxybenzylidene)glucose derivative 3i produced a clear organogel and an opaque hydrogel. The critical gelation concentration (CGC) of 3i in squalane was determined to be 0.02 wt.‐%, which is one of the lowest CGC values reported so far. The organogels, hydrogels and aqueous solution gels produced from 3a and 3d exhibited thixotropy. The strength and thixotropy of the organo‐ and hydrogel produced from 3a were estimated by a rheometer. The gel morphologies were observed by field‐emission and wet‐scanning electron microscopy, and the self‐assembly modes were analysed by XRD. We have concluded that super‐gelators can be created by this method.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of the Marine Macrolide Sanctolide A
Authors: Yadav Jhillu Singh , Suresh Borra , Srihari Pabbaraja 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe stereoselective total synthesis of sanctolide A, a 14‐membered polyketide‐nonribosomal peptide (PK‐NRP) hybrid macrolide, was accomplished. Sanctolide A contains a rare N‐methyl enamide and 2‐hydroxyisovaleric acid functionality embedded into the macrocycle. The synthesis relied on Yamaguchi esterification and intramolecular dehydrative cyclization reactions to construct the core skeleton of the macrolide. The two key chiral centers were generated by Maruoka's allylation and Noyori's asymmetric ketone reduction reactions. Commercially available, inexpensive 2‐hydroxyisovaleric acid and hexanaldehyde were utilized as the raw materials for the total synthesis.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Formyl/Acylsulfenamides and ‐thiosulfonamides
Authors: Lee Chan , Lim Yu Na , Jang Hye‐Young 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRecent remarkable success of copper‐catalyzed oxidative bond formations led us to develop an environmentally benign copper‐catalyzed sulfur–nitrogen bond‐forming reaction to provide synthetically and industrially useful electron‐deficient sulfenamides. The low nucleophilicity of N‐formyl/acyl‐ and sulfonylamides was overcome by introducing a 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene additive. A variety of N‐formyl/acylsulfenamides and ‐thiosulfonamides were synthesized in good yields without over‐oxidation of sulfur. Related mechanistic studies supported the proposed reaction mechanism.
Poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) Functionalized Graphene/Double‐walled Carbon Nanotube Composite for Amperometric Determination of Nitrite
Authors: Liu Weilu , Gu Yue , Sun Guoxiang , Na Kexin , Li Cong , Tang Liu , Zhang Zhiquan , Yang Ming 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPoly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) functionalized graphene/double‐walled carbon nanotube composite (PDDA‐GN/DWCNT) was synthesized by a facile microwave‐assisted reduction reaction. PDDA‐GN/DWCNT exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards nitrite oxidation. The direct electrooxidation behaviors of nitrite on PDDA‐GN/DWCNT were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, amperometric i‐t curve, and rotating disk electrode experiments. Under the optimum conditions, PDDA‐GN/DWCNT was applied to the quantitative analysis of nitrite with a wide linear range covering 0.07–3000 µM and a low detection limit of 0.03 µM (S/N=3). Moreover, PDDA‐GN/DWCNT exhibits satisfied results in the determination of nitrite that released from breast cancer cells.
Impact of waste water discharge on the plant diversity and community structure of Al‐Marj Plain, Libya
Authors: Shaltout Kamal H. , Fawzy Manal , Ahmed Dalia A. , Awad Mo‐hamed A. , El‐Barasi Yacoub M. , Al‐hasi Sabah M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe present study aims at describing and analyzing the floristic composition and vegetation types, as well as evaluating the impact of waste water pollution on the plant diversity and community structure in Al‐Marj plain, North Libya. Forty‐two stands, distributed among pol‐luted and non‐polluted sites, were selected seasonally for this study. A total of 156 species were recorded (92 in the polluted and 121 in the non‐polluted sites). Eight vegetation groups were resulted after the application of TWINSPAN and DCA as classification and ordi‐nation techniques: four represented the polluted sites, two for the non‐polluted sites and other two were mixed groups. Group II (Sarcopoterium spinosum – Pistacia len‐tiscus), which represents the polluted sites, had the highest values of soil moisture, sa‐linity, sulphate, calcium and potassium; while group VI (Juniperus phoenicea – Olea europaea) inhabiting the non‐polluted site, had the lowest value of organic matter, salinity and magnesium. Group VII (Foeniculum vulgare – Nicotiana glauca), representing the non‐polluted site, was the most diverse, while VG III (Ricinus communis – Chrysanthemum coronarium), characterizing the polluted one, was the least. Heavy metal analysis, in both soil and waste water, indicated that the con‐centrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni in the polluted sites were significantly higher than that in the non‐polluted ones. The diagram resulting from CCA showed effectiveness of most soil variables, except carbonates, sodium, magnesium and chlorides. The impact of waste water discharge led to the emergence of new invasive species, which may severely affects the plant diversity and community structure of this hot spot of biodiversity in Libya. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micromorphic modelling of grain size effects in metal polycrystals
Authors: Cordero N. M. , Forest S. , Busso E. P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA long‐standing problem in the modelling of polycrystal behavior from the knowledge of the constitutive equations of single crystals is the incorporation of grain size effects. Standard ho‐mogenization procedures efficiently take into account grain to grain interaction primarily induced by strain incompatibilities at grain boundary and grain morphology effects. Continuum crystal plasticity models are available that satisfactorily describe dislocation forest hardening associated with multiplication and dynamic recovery of dislocation populations. One strong limitation of these techniques is that the local crystal plasticity constitutive parameters at the grain scale are assumed to be known. Conversely, these material parameters can be identified from the macroscopic polycrystal response by an inverse approach involving the homogenization model. But then the found crystal plasticity model will be valid only for the considered grain size and the model can hardly be used for prediction of polycrystal behavior for another grain state of the material. Generalized continuum approaches arise as the suitable mechanical framework for formulating enhanced crystal plasticity models that intrinsically include grain size dependent local material responses. They incorporate the dislocation density tensor as a consitutive variable. Recent developments have shown the limitations of existing strain gradient models in the case of a two–phase laminate microstructure under single or double slip [1]. They plead for a theory even more general than the strain gradient or Cosserat approach, namely the micromorphic model presented here. The effect of the dislocation density tensor is introduced into the classical crystal plasticity framework by means of a micromor‐phic theory of single crystals. A computational homogenization strategy is presented in order to simulate the global and local responses of two–dimensional polycrystalline aggregates for grain sizes ranging from 1 to 200 microns. The model is shown to induce a size–dependent kinematic hardening component which is responsible for the observed strong size effects. The yield stress at a given averaged plastic deformation is shown to follow a power law scaling relation for grain sizes larger than a critical grain size. The field of plastic deformation is also strongly affected by grain size, micron–size grains leading to the formation of intense slip bands crossing several grains. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis and comparison of two finite element algorithms for dislocation density based crystal plasticity
Authors: Klusemann Benjamin , Svendsen Bob , Bargmann Swantje 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe purpose of the current work is the formulation and comparison of two finite element algorithms for a dislocation density based crystal plasticity model. We study multiscale inelastic materials whose behavior is influenced by the evolution of inelastic microstructure and the corresponding material or internal lengthscales. The work is an extension of the first investigation in Klusemann et al. [1] which was limited to a one‐dimensional bar. In the γ ‐algorithm, the displacement u and glide system slips γα are global unknowns and determined via weak field relations. The non‐dimensional densities of geometrically necessary dislocations ∼α are local quantities and solved for via a strong field relation. In the Q ‐algorithm, both the displacement uand dislocation densities ∼α are modeled as global, and the glide system slips γα as local. As it turns out, both algorithms generally predict the same microstructural behavior on a single crystal level. However, for a polycrystal the two solution strategies predict different material behaviors due to the formulation‐dependent representation of the boundary conditions. The introduction of a boundary layer in the model leads to good agreement between both algorithms for single and polycrystal simulations. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Disruption of cortical integration during midazolam‐induced light sedation
Authors: Liang Peipeng , Zhang Han , Xu Yachao , Jia Wenbin , Zang Yufeng , Li Kuncheng 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis work examines the effect of midazolam‐induced light sedation on intrinsic functional connectivity of human brain, using a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over, within‐subject design. Fourteen healthy young subjects were enrolled and midazolam (0.03 mg/kg of the participant's body mass, to a maximum of 2.5 mg) or saline were administrated with an interval of one week. Resting‐state fMRI was conducted before and after administration for each subject. We focus on two types of networks: sensory related lower‐level functional networks and higher‐order functions related ones. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify these resting‐state functional networks. We hypothesize that the sensory (visual, auditory, and sensorimotor) related networks will be intact under midazolam‐induced light sedation while the higher‐order (default mode, executive control, salience networks, etc.) networks will be functionally disconnected. It was found that the functional integrity of the lower‐level networks was maintained, while that of the higher‐level networks was significantly disrupted by light sedation. The within‐network connectivity of the two types of networks was differently affected in terms of direction and extent. These findings provide direct evidence that higher‐order cognitive functions including memory, attention, executive function, and language were impaired prior to lower‐level sensory responses during sedation. Our result also lends support to the information integration model of consciousness. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4247–4261, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bilateral epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid glands
Authors: Hattori Kayoko , Murai Norihiko , Kusano Junko , Takahashi Yuka 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe most common histological diagnosis of bilateral parotid gland neoplasm is Warthin tumor. Bilateral malignant tumors of the parotid gland are extremely rare.MethodsA 60‐year‐old man presented with a painless mass in the right preauricular area and an MRI scan showed multiple masses in the parotid glands, bilaterally. A standard superficial parotidectomy was performed on the right parotid gland followed by subtotal parotidectomy on the left. The diagnosis was synchronous bilateral epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma arising in the parotid glands.ResultsHistopathology of the tumor on both sides indicated epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma. There was no evidence of locoregional or remote disease during a 5‐year follow‐up period.ConclusionMalignant tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of bilateral parotid gland tumors. Management of unilateral malignant parotid tumors should involve careful observation of the contralateral parotid gland. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E73–E75, 2016
Iatrogenic dural arteriovenous fistula after radical neck dissection for metastatic malignant disease: A case report
Authors: Ngerageza Japhet Gideon , Horiuchi Tetsuyoshi , Murata Takahiro , Aoyama Tatsuro , Hongo Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundA case of dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) developed after radical neck dissection for lymph node metastasis 2 years after oral surgery for tongue cancer.MethodsThe patient was asymptomatic during follow‐up visits with no evidence of metastasis on follow‐up CT scan of the neck. However, diagnostic angiography showed left internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and dAVF involving the posterior meningeal artery and transverse sinus at the left posterior fossa with cortical venous reflux (Cognard type III). They were treated with carotid stenting and surgery, respectively.ResultsThe postoperative course was uneventful. Follow‐up angiography revealed obliteration of the dAVF.ConclusionThis was a rare case of iatrogenic dAVF after surgical ligation of venous outflow during radical neck dissection. The surgical plan is presented along with a literature review regarding the development of iatrogenic dAVFs induced by direct surgical trauma. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E87–E90, 2016
Non‐nasopharyngeal head and neck lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma in the United States: A population‐based study
Authors: Chan Jason Y. K. , Wong Eddy W. Y. , Ng Siu‐Kwan , Vlantis Alexander C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundNon‐nasopharyngeal head and neck lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) is a rate entity. The purpose of this study was to analyze its demographic, clinicopathologic, and survival characteristics.MethodsA cohort from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of cases with non‐nasopharyngeal head and neck LELC between 1973 and 2011.ResultsThere were 378 cases with 5‐year overall survival (OS) of 70.5% and disease‐specific survival (DSS) of 77.7%. The majority of cases were <60‐year‐old white men. Salivary gland LELC had the highest OS (80.8%) and DSS (85.7%) at 5 years. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, no surgery, and no radiation were independently significantly associated with worse survival (p < .05).ConclusionNon‐nasopharyngeal head and neck LELC is uncommon in the United States with salivary gland LELC having the highest OS and DSS compared with other head and neck sites. The optimal treatment with surgery and/or radiotherapy needs to be further investigated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1294–E1300, 2016