bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CSF biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: A large‐scale international multicenter study
Authors: Ewers Michael , Mattsson Niklas , Minthon Lennart , Molinuevo José L. , Antonell Anna , Popp Julius , Jessen Frank , Herukka Sanna‐Kaisa , Soininen Hilka , Maetzler Walter , Leyhe Thomas , Bürger Katharina , Taniguchi Miyako , Urakami Katsuya , Lista Simone , Dubois Bruno , Blennow Kaj , Hampel Harald 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to test the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta‐amyloid (Aβ1–42), phosphorylated tau, and total tau (tau) to discriminate Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia from other forms of dementia.MethodsA total of 675 CSF samples collected at eight memory clinics were obtained from healthy controls, AD dementia, subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia (LBD), fronto‐temporal dementia (FTD), depression, or other neurological diseases.ResultsCSF Aβ1–42 showed the best diagnostic accuracy among the CSF biomarkers. At a sensitivity of 85%, the specificity to differentiate AD dementia against other diagnoses ranged from 42% (for LBD, 95% confidence interval or CI = 32–62) to 77% (for FTD, 95% CI = 62–90).DiscussionCSF Aβ1–42 discriminates AD dementia from FTD, but shows significant overlap with other non‐AD forms of dementia, possibly reflecting the underlying mixed pathologies.
Optimal Elbow Angle for Sonographic Visualization of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Authors: Lueders Daniel R. , Pourcho Adam M. , Sellon Jacob L. , Dahm Diane L. , Smith Jay 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo formally examine the sonographic appearance of the elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) at 30° versus 70° of elbow flexion in asymptomatic baseball pitchers.DesignA prospective, cross‐sectional design.SettingSports medicine clinic in a tertiary academic medical center.ParticipantsThirty asymptomatic adolescent baseball pitchers 13‐18 years of age (mean 15.8 years), with at least 3 years of continuous pitching experience and no significant history of elbow pain or injury.MethodsStatic sonographic images of the bilateral UCLs were obtained at 30° and 70° of elbow flexion by a single experienced examiner. Images were anonymized and randomized into a slide set. Three clinicians with different levels of ultrasound experience reviewed the static 30° and 70° images for each elbow and chose their preferred image based on UCL conspicuity. The clinicians reviewed a re‐randomized slide set 1 week later. A different study co‐investigator measured UCL cross‐sectional area (CSA) on all images using ultrasound machine electronic calipers.Main Outcome MeasuresPreference for the sonographic conspicuity of the UCL at 30° versus 70° of elbow flexion, and UCL CSA at 30° versus 70° of flexion.ResultsEach clinician demonstrated a significant preference for UCL images obtained at 70° of flexion when compared to those obtained at 30° (80.3% overall preference for 70°, P < .001). There was no statistically significant effect of clinician experience or arm dominance on image preference. The sonographically determined CSA of the UCLs were on average 1.4 mm2 greater at 70° than at 30° of flexion (P < .001) when combining dominant and nondominant arms.ConclusionsStatic sonographic evaluation of the UCL at 70° of elbow flexion should be integrated into UCL imaging protocols. Furthermore, when performing sonographically guided procedures targeting the UCL, clinicians should consider positioning the elbow at >30° of flexion to optimize UCL conspicuity and CSA.
CATTLE PRODUCERS’ WILLINGNESS TO ADOPT OR EXPAND PRESCRIBED GRAZING IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: JENSEN KIMBERLY L. , LAMBERT DAYTON M. , CLARK CHRISTOPHER D. , HOLT CAROLINE , ENGLISH BURTON C. , LARSON JAMES A. , YU T. EDWARD , HELLWINCKEL CHAD 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA triple hurdle model estimates cattle farmer willingness to adopt or expand prescribed grazing on pasture in the United States in response to a hypothetical incentive program. Interest in adoption/expansion is estimated first, then willingness to participate in the program, followed by intensity of participation measured as additional acres enrolled. The supply elasticity of enrolled acres with respect to the incentive is 0.13. Nonpecuniary factors inter alia farmer sentiment about stewardship, current farm management practices, farm location, and education are associated with farmer willingness to participate and with participation intensity.
Alexander Seton, First Earl of Dunfermline: his library, his house, his world
Authors: Davidson Peter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article re-considers Alexander Seton, First Earl of Dunfermline (1555–1622) in his cultural context, particularly in the light of the recently-discovered inventory of his private library. This sophisticated collection of continental books, with strong holdings in art, architecture and Catholic apologetics, offers new information on the intense private Catholicism of a statesman who conformed outwardly to Protestantism. The inventory casts light also on his work of building and decoration at Pinkie House, Musselburgh. The article concludes by raising the possibility of some kind of continuance at Pluscarden Priory in Moray after the reformation and under Seton’s protection, and that Seton’s daughter Sophia may have built a freestanding Catholic chapel on her marriage to David Lindsay, first Lord Balcarres.
Building libraries in exile: The English convents and their book collections in the seventeenth century
Authors: Bowden Caroline 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe foundation of new English convents in exile placed demands on the early leaders regarding the furnishing of appropriate texts for the religious life for women at a time of limited resources and strict controls over printing Catholic texts in English. This article examines challenges facing the convents and external influences on the choice of titles, ranging from women’s reading experiences in their families to authors whose works appeared in libraries owned by both pious Catholic and Protestant lay women. It then considers how communities assembled collections of books in the first half of the exile period, concluding with an appendix giving some examples of surviving key texts found in convent libraries dating from the seventeenth century.
Spectral scaling in boundary layers and pipes at very high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Vallikivi M. , Ganapathisubramani B. , Smits A. J. 
Published: April 2015

One-dimensional energy spectra in flat plate zero pressure gradient boundary layers and pipe flows are examined over a wide range of Reynolds numbers ($2600\leqslant \mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}\leqslant 72\,500$). The spectra show excellent collapse with Kolmogorov scaling at high wavenumbers for both flows at all Reynolds numbers. The peaks associated with the large-scale motions (LSMs) and superstructures (SS) in boundary layers behave as they do in pipe flows, with some minor differences. The location of the outer spectral peak, associated with SS or very large-scale motions (VLSMs) in the turbulent wall region, displays only a weak dependence on Reynolds number, and it occurs at the same wall-normal distance where the variances establish a logarithmic behaviour and where the amplitude modulation coefficient has a zero value. The results suggest that with increasing Reynolds number the energy is largely confined to a thin wall layer that continues to diminish in physical extent. The outer-scaled wavelength of the outer spectral peak appears to decrease with increasing Reynolds number. However, there is still significant energy content in wavelengths associated with the SS and VLSMs. The location of the outer spectral peak appears to mark the start of a plateau that is consistent with a $k_{x}^{-1}$ slope in the spectrum and the logarithmic variation in the variances. This $k_{x}^{-1}$ region seems to occur when there is sufficient scale separation between the locations of the outer spectral peak and the outer edge of the log region. It does not require full similarity between outer and wall-normal scaling on the wavenumber. The extent of $k_{x}^{-1}$ region depends on the wavelength of the outer spectral peak (${\it\lambda}_{OSP}$), which appears to emerge as a new length scale for the log region. Finally, based on the observations from the spectra together with the statistics presented in Vallikivi et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 2015 (submitted)), five distinct wall-normal layers are identified in turbulent wall flows.
Geostatistics as a tool to study mite dispersion in physic nut plantations
Authors: Rosado J.F. , Picanço M.C. , Sarmento R.A. , Pereira R.M. , Pedro-Neto M. , Galdino T.V.S. , de Sousa Saraiva A. , Erasmo E.A.L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSpatial distribution studies in pest management identify the locations where pest attacks on crops are most severe, enabling us to understand and predict the movement of such pests. Studies on the spatial distribution of two mite species, however, are rather scarce. The mitesPolyphagotarsonemus latusandTetranychus bastosiare the major pests affecting physic nut plantations (Jatropha curcas). Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure the spatial distributions ofP. latusandT. bastosiin the physic nut plantations. Mite densities were monitored over 2 years in two different plantations. Sample locations were georeferenced. The experimental data were analyzed using geostatistical analyses. The total mite density was found to be higher when only one species was present (T. bastosi). When both the mite species were found in the same plantation, their peak densities occurred at different times. These mites, however, exhibited uniform spatial distribution when found at extreme densities (low or high). However, the mites showed an aggregated distribution in intermediate densities. Mite spatial distribution models were isotropic. Mite colonization commenced at the periphery of the areas under study, whereas the high-density patches extended until they reached 30 m in diameter. This has not been reported forJ. curcasplants before.
Beyond the Magical Thinking Behind the Principal Principle
Authors: James Edward 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDavid Lewis'sPrincipal Principle(PP) states that our credence in a single case follows from the general probability of all such cases. Against this stands the Challenge Argument (CA) – to show that the inference is justified. Recent (1) law-to-chance, (2) Bayesian, and (3) propensity theories of probability take up the challenge – but, I argue, fall short. Rather, we should understand (4) propensity via Aristotle's analysis of spontaneity (5) and probabilistic reasoning via theAnti-PPand (6) the practice ofbundling one offs, where (7)forced bad-odds one offsilluminate how extensive a role luck plays in our lives.
WHY DID THE MEDITERRANEAN FAIL TO GLOBALISE? REAL WAGES AND LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION IN THE 19THCENTURY
Authors: Caruana-Galizia Paul 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTCan low emigration rates from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic economy partly explain its relative economic decline over the 19thcentury? Time series tests of real wage integration show that the Maghreb and Eastern Mediterranean exported enough labourers to experience labour market integration, while the emigration rates of the northern Mediterranean, were not high enough. As the latter group comprised most of the region’s economic weight, the Mediterranean as a whole was held back. The wage gap between the first two groups and the Atlantic economy was the highest, but journey costs relative to wage levels were roughly similar across the Mediterranean. The incentive-vs.-cost arithmetic favoured emigration from the Maghreb and Eastern Mediterranean.
Active control of all-fibre graphene devices with electrical gating
Authors: Lee Eun Jung , Choi Sun Young , Jeong Hwanseong , Park Nam Hun , Yim Woongbin , Kim Mi Hye , Park Jae-Ku , Son Suyeon , Bae Sukang , Kim Sang Jin , Lee Kwanil , Ahn Yeong Hwan , Ahn Kwang Jun , Hong Byung Hee , Park Ji-Yong , Rotermund Fabian , Yeom Dong-Il 
Published: April 2015

AbstractActive manipulation of light in optical fibres has been extensively studied with great interest because of its compatibility with diverse fibre-optic systems. While graphene exhibits a strong electro-optic effect originating from its gapless Dirac-fermionic band structure, electric control of all-fibre graphene devices remains still highly challenging. Here we report electrically manipulable in-line graphene devices by integrating graphene-based field effect transistors on a side-polished fibre. Ion liquid used in the present work critically acts both as an efficient gating medium with wide electrochemical windows and transparent over-cladding facilitating light–matter interaction. Combined study of unique features in gate-variable electrical transport and optical transition at monolayer and randomly stacked multilayer graphene reveals that the device exhibits significant optical transmission change (>90%) with high efficiency-loss figure of merit. This subsequently modifies nonlinear saturable absorption characteristics of the device, enabling electrically tunable fibre laser at various operational regimes. The proposed device will open promising way for actively controlled optoelectronic and nonlinear photonic devices in all-fibre platform with greatly enhanced graphene–light interaction.
Seasonality in submesoscale turbulence
Authors: Callies Jörn , Ferrari Raffaele , Klymak Jody M. , Gula Jonathan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAlthough the strongest ocean surface currents occur at horizontal scales of order 100 km, recent numerical simulations suggest that flows smaller than these mesoscale eddies can achieve important vertical transports in the upper ocean. These submesoscale flows, 1–100 km in horizontal extent, take heat and atmospheric gases down into the interior ocean, accelerating air–sea fluxes, and bring deep nutrients up into the sunlit surface layer, fueling primary production. Here we present observational evidence that submesoscale flows undergo a seasonal cycle in the surface mixed layer: they are much stronger in winter than in summer. Submesoscale flows are energized by baroclinic instabilities that develop around geostrophic eddies in the deep winter mixed layer at a horizontal scale of order 1–10 km. Flows larger than this instability scale are energized by turbulent scale interactions. Enhanced submesoscale activity in the winter mixed layer is expected to achieve efficient exchanges with the permanent thermocline below.
Dynamic caveolae exclude bulk membrane proteins and are required for sorting of excess glycosphingolipids
Authors: Shvets Elena , Bitsikas Vassilis , Howard Gillian , Hansen Carsten Gram , Nichols Benjamin J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCaveolae have long been implicated in endocytosis. Recent data question this link, and in the absence of specific cargoes the potential cellular function of caveolar endocytosis remains unclear. Here we develop new tools, including doubly genome-edited cell lines, to assay the subcellular dynamics of caveolae using tagged proteins expressed at endogenous levels. We find that around 5% of the cellular pool of caveolae is present on dynamic endosomes, and is delivered to endosomes in a clathrin-independent manner. Furthermore, we show that caveolae are indeed likely to bud directly from the plasma membrane. Using a genetically encoded tag for electron microscopy and ratiometric light microscopy, we go on to show that bulk membrane proteins are depleted within caveolae. Although caveolae are likely to account for only a small proportion of total endocytosis, cells lacking caveolae show fundamentally altered patterns of membrane traffic when loaded with excess glycosphingolipid. Altogether, these observations support the hypothesis that caveolar endocytosis is specialized for transport of membrane lipid.
Live-cell imaging of actin dynamics reveals mechanisms of stereocilia length regulation in the inner ear
Authors: Drummond Meghan C. , Barzik Melanie , Bird Jonathan E. , Zhang Duan-Sun , Lechene Claude P. , Corey David P. , Cunningham Lisa L. , Friedman Thomas B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe maintenance of sensory hair cell stereocilia is critical for lifelong hearing; however, mechanisms of structural homeostasis remain poorly understood. Conflicting models propose that stereocilia F-actin cores are either continually renewed every 24–48 h via a treadmill or are stable, exceptionally long-lived structures. Here to distinguish between these models, we perform an unbiased survey of stereocilia actin dynamics in more than 500 utricle hair cells. Live-imaging EGFP-β-actin or dendra2-β-actin reveal stable F-actin cores with turnover and elongation restricted to stereocilia tips. Fixed-cell microscopy of wild-type and mutant β-actin demonstrates that incorporation of actin monomers into filaments is required for localization to stereocilia tips. Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry and live imaging of single differentiating hair cells capture stereociliogenesis and explain uniform incorporation of 15N-labelled protein and EGFP-β-actin into nascent stereocilia. Collectively, our analyses support a model in which stereocilia actin cores are stable structures that incorporate new F-actin only at the distal tips.
Systematic evaluation of an atomic clock at 2 × 10−18 total uncertainty
Authors: Nicholson T.L. , Campbell S.L. , Hutson R.B. , Marti G.E. , Bloom B.J. , McNally R.L. , Zhang W. , Barrett M.D. , Safronova M.S. , Strouse G.F. , Tew W.L. , Ye J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe pursuit of better atomic clocks has advanced many research areas, providing better quantum state control, new insights in quantum science, tighter limits on fundamental constant variation and improved tests of relativity. The record for the best stability and accuracy is currently held by optical lattice clocks. Here we take an important step towards realizing the full potential of a many-particle clock with a state-of-the-art stable laser. Our 87Sr optical lattice clock now achieves fractional stability of 2.2 × 10−16 at 1 s. With this improved stability, we perform a new accuracy evaluation of our clock, reducing many systematic uncertainties that limited our previous measurements, such as those in the lattice ac Stark shift, the atoms’ thermal environment and the atomic response to room-temperature blackbody radiation. Our combined measurements have reduced the total uncertainty of the JILA Sr clock to 2.1 × 10−18 in fractional frequency units.
Designer diatom episomes delivered by bacterial conjugation
Authors: Karas Bogumil J. , Diner Rachel E. , Lefebvre Stephane C. , McQuaid Jeff , Phillips Alex P.R. , Noddings Chari M. , Brunson John K. , Valas Ruben E. , Deerinck Thomas J. , Jablanovic Jelena , Gillard Jeroen T.F. , Beeri Karen , Ellisman Mark H. , Glass John I. , Hutchison III Clyde A. , Smith Hamilton O. , Venter J. Craig , Allen Andrew E. , Dupont Christopher L. , Weyman Philip D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEukaryotic microalgae hold great promise for the bioproduction of fuels and higher value chemicals. However, compared with model genetic organisms such asEscherichia coliandSaccharomyces cerevisiae, characterization of the complex biology and biochemistry of algae and strain improvement has been hampered by the inefficient genetic tools. To date, many algal species are transformable only via particle bombardment, and the introduced DNA is integrated randomly into the nuclear genome. Here we describe the first nuclear episomal vector for diatoms and a plasmid delivery method via conjugation fromEscherichia colito the diatomsPhaeodactylum tricornutumandThalassiosira pseudonana. We identify a yeast-derived sequence that enables stable episome replication in these diatoms even in the absence of antibiotic selection and show that episomes are maintained as closed circles at copy number equivalent to native chromosomes. This highly efficient genetic system facilitates high-throughput functional characterization of algal genes and accelerates molecular phytoplankton research.
EPR spectroscopy identifies Met and Lys residues that are essential for the interaction between the CusB N-terminal domain and metallochaperone CusF
Authors: Meir Aviv , Natan Adi , Moskovitz Yoni , Ruthstein Sharon 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Copper plays a key role in all living organisms by serving as a cofactor for a large variety of proteins and enzymes involved in electron transfer, oxidase and oxygenase activities, and the detoxification of oxygen radicals. Due to its toxicity, a conserved homeostasis mechanism is required. In E. coli, the CusCFBA efflux system is a copper-regulating system and is responsible for transferring Cu(i) and Ag(i) out of the periplasm domain into the extracellular domain. Two of the components of this efflux system, the CusF metallochaperone and the N-terminal domain of CusB, have been thought to play significant roles in the function of this efflux system. Resolving the metal ion transport mechanism through this efflux system is vital for understanding metal- and multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This work explores one aspect of the E. coli resistance mechanism by observing the interaction between the N-terminal domain of CusB and the CusF protein, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and chemical cross-linking. The data summarized here show that M36 and M38 of CusB are important residues for both the Cu(i) coordination to the CusB N-terminal domain and the interaction with CusF, and K32 is essential for the interaction with CusF. In contrast, the K29 residue is less consequential for the interaction with CusF, whereas M21 is mostly important for the proper interaction with CusF.
Hearing Aid Use for Children With Hearing Loss: A Literature Review
Authors: Muñoz Karen , Hill Melanie M. 
Published: April 2015

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to complete a comprehensive literature review related to hearing aid use during early childhood.MethodA rapid evidence assessment was completed to provide a summary of information published or presented between 1980 and 2012. A qualitative assessment was completed for all eligible material, emergent themes related to hearing aid use were synthesized, and a narrative summary was generated.ResultsEight publications, one conference proceeding, and one presentation were identified. Three themes emerged from the review: hours of hearing aid use, factors influencing use, and suggestions about how to increase use from parents and professionals.ConclusionMinimal research has been done related to hearing aid use for young children with hearing loss. Further research is needed to address influences such as quality of fit, parent factors, multiple disabilities, and cultural differences and to investigate effective strategies for increasing hearing aid use.
Iterative adaptive radiations of fossil canids show no evidence for diversity-dependent trait evolution
Authors: Slater Graham J. 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceMany of the most diverse lineages of animals and plants are hypothesized to have arisen via the process of adaptive radiation. Most modern definitions of adaptive radiation focus on the role of ecological opportunity in regulating rates of morphological diversification. Using the rich fossil record of North American canids (wolves, foxes, and their relatives), I found no relationship between past diversity and rates of body size or tooth shape evolution. Instead, phenotypic evolution is directed toward adaptively optimal morphologies, such as large size or broad molars, without changes in the rate at which diversity accumulates. If these kinds of processes are common, we may need to rethink many of our ideas about the origins of morphological diversity.