bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender and Sexuality: A Global Tour and Compass
Authors: Stern Alexandra Minna 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers the adjacent analytics of gender and sexuality and explores the emergence, consolidation, and persistence of eugenics over the twentieth century with keen attention to transnational variations and networks. It seeks to synthesize the growing body of literature on gender, sexuality, and eugenics and discusses various examples for hereditarian ideas and practices in the United States and Latin America. Furthermore, it turns to three substantive areas and discusses women's ambivalent relationship to eugenics, with emphasis on how female reformers navigated the tensions between breeding as an act of empowerment versus a biological burden. It examines the complicated relationship between sexology and eugenic thought, which ultimately supports an overwhelmingly hetero-normative interpretation of the family, despite scattered subversive possibilities. Finally, it concludes with a brief discussion about eugenic continuities into the twenty-first century, especially in regard to debates over the gay gene and the demonization of same-sex relationships and families.
Eugenics in Canada: A Checkered History, 1850s–1990s
Authors: Strange Carolyn , Stephen Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses eugenics in Canada and states that Canada's eugenic past was connected closely to that of the United States and to a lesser extent England. It presents numerous case studies and this body of research paints a checkered history of eugenics in Canada. It was a cluster of ideas and a disparate set of solutions that responded to local concerns, inflected by the unique Canadian demographic, and legal, political, and economic conditions. The race-based reproduction management efforts established a prior logic for eugenic policies concerned to shore up the fitness of Canada's Euro-Canadian majority. This article explains that the history of eugenics in Canada is inseparable from racist assimilationist policies and practices. The people most affected by Canada's eugenic policies were those whose sexual morality and reproductive futures appeared suspect.
Making Plans
Authors: Hoch Charles 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the process of plan making in urban design. It explains that the historical roots of the planning profession included the collaborative efforts of architects, landscape architects, and civil engineers, and suggests that urban planners learn to make plans by studying plans and how they are made. The article considers current professional plan making as a kind of practical judgment to compose future settlements using the evidence of science to inform and tame imaginative designs about future alternatives.
Visualizing Information
Authors: Esnard Ann-Margaret 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the state of knowledge about information-visualization tools, urban-planning applications, and theoretical constructs and dilemmas. It argues that simply adding information-visualization tools and methods to a planner's toolbox does not guarantee that new questions will be raised or new insights will be developed, or that use of visual information will lead to appropriate and inclusive planning processes and actions. The article explains that the emergence of mixed methodologies, which can help address some concerns about the representational flexibility of geographic information systems (GIS) and other visualization tools, has also brought implicit dilemmas for visualization scholars and practitioners. These include social cognition, and the confrontation between expert knowledge and lay knowledge.
The Politics of Planning
Authors: Thompson J. Phillip 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the political aspect of urban planning. It discusses Robert Beauregard's opinion that planning should not reject modernism entirely or unconditionally embrace postmodernism, and that planners should instead maintain a focus on the city and the built environment as a way of retaining relevancy and coherence, and should maintain modernism's commitment to political reform and to planning's meditative role within the state, labor, and capital. The article suggests that planners should also advocate utopian social justice visions for cities which are not so far-fetched as to be unrealizable so that planning can then attach itself to widespread values such as democracy, the common good, or equality.
Urban Decentralization, Suburbanization, and Sprawl: An Equity Perspective
Authors: Persky Joseph , Wiewel Wim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that public policy should focus more sharply on the distributional consequences of sprawl. There are two sides to a sprawl. On one side is the market-oriented position that maintains urban decentralization. On the other side is the market failure position that argues low-density suburbanization has been an inefficient and inequitable outcome. However, the argument states that the benefits and costs of both are large and roughly of the same order of magnitude, making policy choices far more difficult and the debate far more intense. Both sides are tempted to build on the logic of their own position and trivialize the critiques of the other in an effort to deny the underlying complexity of the welfare analysis of metropolitan form. As long as the population keeps growing, metropolitan areas will continue to expand at relatively low densities and the debate about sprawl will continue.
The Role of Industrial Clustering and Increasing Returns to Scale in Economic Development and Urban Growth
Authors: McCann Philip 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe size of cities is a crucial issue for the ability of an economy to promote economic growth and development. This article opens with discussing the transactions costs perspective and briefly reviews the different types of industrial clusters that exist. Furthermore, it explores how cities have grown during the twentieth century. At the turn of the twentieth century, the relationship between cities and national economic development was very simple. Large cities meant wealthy economies. However, at the turn of the twenty-first century, urban scale was not a simple indicator of urban productivity. In many parts of the world the most productive cities are not the largest. This fact poses major challenges to regional planning strategies that are discussed in detail. The article also argues that twenty-first-century planning strategies in many countries will involve the promotion of global connectivity, and this tendency toward polycentric urban systems will dominate land-use planning strategies.
Toward a Second Generation of Land-Use/Travel Models: Theoretical and Empirical Frontiers
Authors: Crane Randall , Guo Zhan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The lack of a systematic behavioral framework for empirical studies of the influence of land use on travel raises questions regarding potential statistical bias. This article presents and assesses this debate in the language of economics to clarify the terms of the arguments and their underlying analytics. It also offers a discussion of modern empirical challenges and strategies. The article develops a general integration of land use into a travel demand framework, where land use potentially affects not only out-of-pocket and time costs of both travel and goods but also can affect travel utility directly. Thus it models built environment features that affect travel and consumer goods cost, in time and money, as well as quality with a view to study these issues in a great variety of settings. Finally, it discusses associated statistical challenges of this work and then develops an empirical model of path choice.
Varieties of Juvenile Court
Authors: Butts Jeffrey A. , Roman John K. , Lynn‐Whaley Jennifer 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A juvenile court is a type of specialized court or a court docket devoted to one or more specific categories of legal matter. Today, there are many specialized courts. This article addresses the growing use of specialized, problem solving courts for delinquent juveniles. It introduces the specialized nature of the juvenile court and describes three of the most popular forms of specialized courts for youths, which are, teen courts, juvenile drug courts, and juvenile or family mental health courts. It examines several key policy and practice issues related to their operation. It also discusses the origin of each type of specialized court, giving data such as their numbers, types of legal matters handled by them, procedures of processing the case, and what is known about their effectiveness.
Procedural Rights in Juvenile Courts
Authors: Feld Barry C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the “law on the books” and the “law in action” in juvenile courts. It analyzes developmental psychological research on juveniles' competence to exercise rights. It also examines the impact of juveniles' limited competence to exercise and waive their right to counsel. Juveniles' developmental limitations adversely affect the delivery of legal services in juvenile courts and increase the risks of erroneous adjudications. Youths' diminished competence and the absence of counsel compounds the risks of erroneous convictions. It then studies the Court's rationale to deny juveniles a constitutional right to a jury trial and analyzes why that makes it easier to convict delinquents than criminals and how the subsequent use of delinquency convictions to enhance criminal sentences compounds that procedural disparity. Finally, the article concludes that most states do not provide delinquents with procedural safeguards that provide formal or functional protections comparable to those of adult criminal defendants.
Musical Styles and Song Conventions
Authors: Laird Paul R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The composers seeking appropriate music for the American musical theater have used many styles over the years. The popular music has changed greatly over the years but some old musical styles have stayed current in the theater for long. One of the composers, Lehman Engel, provides a useful typology in The American Musical Theater (1975) for songs in musicals. Broadway opera include several song types, such as the “I want” song and “eleven-o-clock number”. The most typical popular song form used on Broadway is a verse followed by a chorus or refrain. A verse is often rendered in speech rhythms, often over a simple, chordal accompaniment, somewhat like operatic recitative. An operetta score might include a variety of musical types, from the familiar strains of the waltz and march to contemporary popular music. Opera itself has also appeared on Broadway. The style includes virtuosic vocal writing for large voices and major segments of the show that are sung throughout. The most famous opera on Broadway was George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (1935), with vocal demands on the major characters necessitating that the show be double or triple cast for Broadway runs with eight performances per week. Jazz emerged as a popular musical style after World War I, and it was a major influence on musical theater. Folk music has been an occasional influence on musical theater and films and often appearing in shows where the plot or a particular character renders such music appropriate.
After the “Golden Age”
Authors: Sternfeld Jessica , Wollman Elizabeth L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article focuses on some of the more important developments that have affected the American musical over the years. The amount of money needed to produce a musical has increased since the onset of the depression, but especially since the 1960s. The cost of production, coupled with the introduction of several cheaper, more widely accessible entertainment forms, has forced the musical to struggle financially and aesthetically at various periods during the postwar era. Periods of high inflation, such as during the 1930s, affected the criteria for hit status, for example shows had to run for longer stretches to be profitable. The marketing for the show at that time was particularly intense, and the spectacle aspect was strongly promoted by producer Garth Drabinsky, under the auspices of his Canadian production company, Livent. The longer average runs of Broadway musicals depended in part on an increasingly international audience, which was seen as transitory and ever renewing. Since the advent of rock, amplification has become increasingly common and this was for several reasons. Many actors needed microphones to protect their voices and to be heard above the electric instruments that accompanied them. Film and sound recording technologies exerted significant influence on the stage musical and advances in sound design have allowed theatrical productions to offer cleaner, more balanced sound from the orchestra pit and stage.
The Animated Film Musical
Authors: Smith Susan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article presents several unique features that constitute an animated film musical and make it distinct from its live action counterpart. The frequency with which the animated films have animals or some other nonhuman character at their center indicates that the animated film employs a much broader notion of performance and a greater range of performer types, some of whom such as “Little April Shower” sequence, may not even have the kind of bodily presence that is for granted in the delivery of a live action musical number. The presence of the human voice on the soundtrack pulls against any more radical decentering of the human figure from the field of performance, although the pairing of this with the animated body engenders further complexities specific to the animated musical genre. The actions that constitute the performance are instead created through the manipulation of a set of drawings or other inanimate shapes and forms outside of the filming process, rather than from any physical action performed within the frame. Plasticity offers unique opportunities in performance terms, with the animated human body, being capable of stretching, compressing, and changing shape in response to the rhythms and patterns of music to a degree that is impossible in the live-action musical.
Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article provides several frameworks for analyzing gender and sexuality in musicals. The characters as gendered fall into types, and often according to vocal range such as for women, these include the ingénue, typically a soprano, such as Christine in The Phantom of the Opera or Marian in The Music Man and the comic sidekick, or bitch, or witch, typically a mezzo, such as Aldonza in Man of La Mancha or Sally in Urinetown. Altos there sometimes are middle-aged principals, such as Rose in Gypsy or Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd, or older character roles, such as Mme. Armfeldt in A Little Night Music. Many male romantic leads are tenors, such as Tony in West Side Story and the title character in Pippin but male roles are less typecast by vocal range than women's. When every character is gendered, some musicals actually present the process of becoming gendered as the central narrative such as Gypsy follows Louise from a disregarded tomboy who plays the back end of a cow to a rich and successful stripper. Heterosexual relationships, romance, and marriage provide the narrative foundation of most musicals, typically this comes in the form of the story of a couple's initial antipathy followed by a series of complications that eventually lead to their admission of love. Many musicals also introduce a secondary couple, sometimes comedic, forming a quartet of contrasting representations of masculinity and femininity.
Singing
Authors: Morris Mitchell , Knapp Raymond 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article discusses the basis of vocal production in the human body and explains the accepted typologies regarding voices and styles. The human vocal apparatus is a complex system involving a number of muscles and organs. The components of the oral cavity take the sound generated in the larynx and shape it in an astonishing variety of ways. The most important features of the oral cavity are the palate or roof of the mouth, the tongue, the teeth, and the lips and the nasal cavity plays a substantial role in managing sound production as well. Singing depends upon using the vocal apparatus to create sustained pitches, more or less stable frequencies. The vocal type refers to the combination of characteristic range and timbre of an individual voice. Male singers are named by the vocal type bass, baritone, and tenor, in order of ascending range and the female equivalents are alto, mezzo-soprano, and soprano. The baritone type is considered the most common type of male voice, and this is true for much of the repertory of musicals. The standard complement of female voices parallels that of the male voices. The mezzo-soprano is roughly equivalent to the male baritone and is probably the most common female voice type. Its characteristic range is A3/a-A5/a'. The term register refers to vocal range, the characteristic feeling of resonance in a specific section of the upper body, a timbre, or a given segment of a singer's range defined by the location of vocal “breaks”.
Theory of the Big Dance
Authors: Vrooman John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter covers the economic aspects of championship playoffs, and the nexus of the regular season and the post-season in the four major North American professional sports leagues and the English Premier League (EPL). The parameters of the champion effect are isolated, and the playoff structures and payoffs to the teams and players are compared for each of the sports leagues. The chapter explores the internal contradiction of the post-season. Although the results increase the risk and lower the expected payoff of the champion effect, particularly for Major League Baseball (MLB), they also suggest an optimum playoff strategy for profit-maximizing owners. The most likely candidates for the champion effect are MLB and EPL, with reservations about the uncertainty of MLB's short playoffs and the symmetry of EPL/UEFA Champions' League qualification and relegation. Winning during the regular season is talent driven, and winning in the post-season is riskier business.
The Bosman Ruling and Labor Mobility in Football (Soccer)
Authors: Goddard John , Sloane Peter J. , Wilson John O. S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the historical development of free agency in professional football, using the English leagues as representative of what has happened in Europe, and then summarizes work that has been undertaken to unravel the effects of the Bosman ruling. Some data on changes in the patterns of employment of professional footballers in the English leagues since the mid-1980s, which enable several effects of the Bosman ruling to be identified, are also presented. A number of potential direct effects of the Bosman ruling on the market for playing talent were identified by Simmons. There have been significant changes in employment opportunities in the Premier League and Football League for players born in England and Wales. The influx of foreign players is one of the most visible post-Bosman developments. Although there is evidence that Bosman increased the average duration of players' employment contracts, employment turnover has also risen.
Remembering Three Economic Studies on Professional Golf
Authors: Hood Matthew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reports the literature on the labor-supply decision of professional golfers and is able to replicate with new data three important results. It also reviews three studies on the participation decision of professional golfers and tests their conclusions, and two natural extensions, concentrating on the European tournaments of the European Tour. It is confirmed that professional golfers respond to incentives, and is revealed that professional golfers are more likely to play the events they played the previous year, particularly if they played well. Then, it is shown that non-elite players recognize the value of their tour card, by playing in more events when their playing privileges for the next year are at stake.
To Be or Not to Be
Authors: Tollison Robert D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the various aspects of the analysis of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a cartel, using the economic theory of cartels to study the institutional practices of the NCAA with respect to its regulation of student-athletes. The NCAA's unique qualities do not require a different kind of economic analysis, only careful application of the appropriate and existing analysis. The NCAA provides a useful setting for applications and tests of cartel theory. The available evidence of price fixing, output controls, compensation of athletes below their marginal-revenue products (MRPs), the absence of regulation of brand-name and capital assets, and so on, taken together, indicate cartel behavior. The linkage between academics and athletics is probably the real source of the NCAA's cartel power. The enforcement process is predictably carried out to benefit traditional winners in college football, and there is no easy way to break down the cartel.
Economics of the Olympics
Authors: Dawson Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the literature on the impact of the Olympics. In addition, empirical findings relating to the announcement effect associated with the Olympics are presented, using London 2012 as a case study. Original research based on the impact of the 2012 announcement on participation rates in sport and physical activity in the UK is included. In the immediate aftermath of the announcement, there were notable gains on the London Stock Exchange experienced by companies in the construction sector and the leisure and hospitality sectors. The data suggest a positive and statistically significant effect of the Olympic announcement on participation in sport and leisure activity. They also show that there are potential intangible benefits associated with hosting the Olympics, but more work is required to unpick the mechanism which links the Olympics to participation in sport and to establish whether the legacy effects are permanent.
Demand for Attendance
Authors: Burdekin Richard C. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores several additional concerns about the estimation of an attendance demand function. In particular, it highlights that there are multiple prices and multiple categories of consumer with potentially different demand elasticities to consider in the set of those in attendance at a specific game. It also emphasizes that price is likely to be endogenous when a longer run perspective is taken. The possible effect of changes in team ownership structures in accounting for departures from profit maximization and the complications to the price-attendance relationship posed by such ancillary factors as customer-based discrimination are elaborated. Overall profit maximization and inelastic ticket pricing are by no means incompatible. Inelastic ticket pricing can itself still be consistent with long-term profit maximization or maximization across other revenue streams, such as television fees or concessions earnings. Data limitations seem unlikely to allow any irrefutable measures of price and attendance relationships.