bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The RIVUR Trial: Profile and Baseline Clinical Associations of Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux
Authors: Carpenter Myra A. , Hoberman Alejandro , Mattoo Tej K. , Mathews Ranjiv , Keren Ron , Chesney Russell W. , Moxey-Mims Marva , Greenfield Saul P. ,   for the RIVUR Trial Investigators
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is diagnosed in ∼30% to 40% of children who have imaging studies after urinary tract infections (UTIs). Our goal is to characterize children enrolled in the Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) trial and to compare our study cohort with those from previously published studies.METHODS:RIVUR investigators from 19 pediatric sites in the United States recruited 607 children with grade I through IV VUR. Children were enrolled after a first or second UTI. This cross-sectional report of baseline data includes extensive clinical, parental report, and imaging study results.RESULTS:RIVUR recruited 607 children (558 girls, 49 boys) with grade I (11%), II (42%), III (38%), or IV (8%) reflux. The median age was 12 months, and most children (91%) were enrolled after their first UTI. The UTI leading to enrollment was both febrile and symptomatic for 323 children, febrile only in 197 children, and symptomatic only in 86. Renal involvement at baseline as documented by a 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid scan was uncommon with cortical defects identified in 89 (15%) children. Bladder and bowel dysfunction was identified in 71 (56%) of 126 toilet-trained subjects assessed.CONCLUSIONS:RIVUR is the largest prospective, randomized trial for children with primary VUR to date, comparing prophylaxis with placebo. The study sample comprises patients from 19 pediatric clinical sites in the United States, whose demographic and clinical characteristics may differ from those of children enrolled in previous trials from other countries.
Simplified Definitions of Elevated Pediatric Blood Pressure and High Adult Arterial Stiffness
Authors: Aatola Heikki , Magnussen Costan G. , Koivistoinen Teemu , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Juonala Markus , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Lehtimäki Terho , Raitakari Olli T. , Kähönen Mika 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE:
The ability of childhood elevated blood pressure (BP) to predict high pulse wave velocity (PWV), a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease, in adulthood has not been reported. We studied whether elevated pediatric BP could predict high PWV in adulthood and if there is a difference in the predictive ability between the standard BP definition endorsed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program and the recently proposed 2 simplified definitions.

METHODS:
The sample comprised 1241 subjects from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study followed-up 27 years since baseline (1980, aged 6–15 years). Arterial PWV was measured in 2007 by whole-body impedance cardiography.

RESULTS:
The relative risk for high PWV was 1.5 using the simple 1 (age-specific) definition, 1.6 using the simple 2 (age- and gender-specific) definition, and 1.7 using the complex (age-, gender-, and height-specific) definition (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.0, P = .007; 1.2–2.2, P = .001; and 1.2–2.2, P = .001, respectively). Predictions of high PWV were equivalent for the simple 1 or simple 2 versus complex definition (P = .25 and P = .68 for area under the curve comparisons, P = .13 and P = .35 for net reclassification indexes, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results support the previous finding that elevated BP tracks from childhood to adulthood and accelerates the atherosclerotic process. The simplified BP tables could be used to identify pediatric patients at increased risk of high arterial stiffness in adulthood and hence to improve the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Mortality Risks in New-Onset Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Berg Anne T. , Nickels Katherine , Wirrell Elaine C. , Geerts Ada T. , Callenbach Petra M.C. , Arts Willem F. , Rios Christina , Camfield Peter R. , Camfield Carol S. 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVES:
Estimate the causes and risk of death, specifically seizure related, in children followed from onset of epilepsy and to contrast the risk of seizure-related death with other common causes of death in the population.

METHODS:
Mortality experiences from 4 pediatric cohorts of newly diagnosed patients were combined. Causes of death were classified as seizure related (including sudden unexpected death [SUDEP]), natural causes, nonnatural causes, and unknown.

RESULTS:
Of 2239 subjects followed up for &gt;30 000 person-years, 79 died. Ten subjects with lethal neurometabolic conditions were ultimately excluded. The overall death rate (per 100 000 person-years) was 228; 743 in complicated epilepsy (with associated neurodisability or underlying brain condition) and 36 in uncomplicated epilepsy. Thirteen deaths were seizure-related (10 SUDEP, 3 other), accounting for 19% of all deaths. Seizure-related death rates were 43 overall, 122 for complicated epilepsy, and 14 for uncomplicated epilepsy. Death rates from other natural causes were 159, 561, and 9, respectively. Of 48 deaths from other natural causes, 37 were due to pneumonia or other respiratory complications.

CONCLUSIONS:
Most excess death in young people with epilepsy is not seizure-related. Mortality is significantly higher compared with the general population in children with complicated epilepsy but not uncomplicated epilepsy. The SUDEP rate was similar to or higher than sudden infant death syndrome rates. In uncomplicated epilepsy, sudden and seizure-related death rates were similar to or higher than rates for other common causes of death in young people (eg, accidents, suicides, homicides). Relating the risk of death in epilepsy to familiar risks may facilitate discussions of seizure-related mortality with patients and families.
Online Problem-Solving Therapy for Executive Dysfunction After Child Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Kurowski Brad G. , Wade Shari L. , Kirkwood Michael W. , Brown Tanya M. , Stancin Terry , Taylor H. Gerry 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE:
Executive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children is common and leads to significant problems in functioning across multiple settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a web-based counselor-assisted problem solving (CAPS) intervention compared with an Internet resource comparison (IRC) for treatment of executive dysfunction within 12 months after complicated mild to severe TBI in adolescents. We hypothesized that CAPS would significantly improve parent ratings of executive dysfunction compared with an IRC.

METHODS:
Participants included 132 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years who sustained a complicated mild to severe TBI within 1 to 6 months before study enrollment. Study design was a multisite, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Study sites included 3 tertiary pediatric hospitals and 2 tertiary general medical centers. The main outcome measure was primary caregiver Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function Global Executive Composite at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Generalized linear models that controlled for baseline scores were used to compare the CAPS and IRC scores.

RESULTS:
In older teens, the CAPS group showed significant improvement in executive function behaviors at 6-month follow-up compared with the IRC group (F = 6.74, P = .01, Cohen’s d = 0.63).

CONCLUSIONS:
Findings indicate that web-based CAPS improves primary caregiver-rated executive functioning within the first 12 months after TBI in older adolescents. Future research needs to define the optimal timing after injury for delivery of CAPS and characteristics of individuals and families who are most likely to benefit from CAPS.
Time Interval Between Concussions and Symptom Duration
Authors: Eisenberg Matthew A. , Andrea John , Meehan William , Mannix Rebekah 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To test the hypothesis that children with a previous history of concussion have a longer duration of symptoms after a repeat concussion than those without such a history.

METHODS:
Prospective cohort study of consecutive patients 11 to 22 years old presenting to the emergency department of a children's hospital with an acute concussion. The main outcome measure was time to symptom resolution, assessed by the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ). Patients and providers completed a questionnaire describing mechanism of injury, associated symptoms, past medical history, examination findings, diagnostic studies, and the RPSQ. Patients were then serially administered the RPSQ for 3 months after the concussion or until all symptoms resolved.

RESULTS:
A total of 280 patients were enrolled over 12 months. Patients with a history of previous concussion had a longer duration of symptoms than those without previous concussion (24 vs 12 days, P = .02). Median symptom duration was even longer for patients with multiple previous concussions (28 days, P = .03) and for those who had sustained a concussion within the previous year (35 days, P = .007) compared with patients without those risk factors. In a multivariate model, previous concussion, absence of loss of consciousness, age ≥13, and initial RPSQ score &gt;18 were significant predictors of prolonged recovery.

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with a history of a previous concussion, particularly recent or multiple concussions, are at increased risk for prolonged symptoms after concussion. These findings have direct implications on the management of patients with concussion who are at high risk for repeat injuries.
A Systematic Review of Home-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Studies
Authors: Showell Nakiya N. , Fawole Oluwakemi , Segal Jodi , Wilson Renee F. , Cheskin Lawrence J. , Bleich Sara N. , Wu Yang , Lau Brandyn , Wang Youfa 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Childhood obesity is a global epidemic. Despite emerging research about the role of the family and home on obesity risk behaviors, the evidence base for the effectiveness of home-based interventions on obesity prevention remains uncertain. The objective was to systematically review the effectiveness of home-based interventions on weight, intermediate (eg, diet and physical activity [PA]), and clinical outcomes.

METHODS:
We searched Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library from inception through August 11, 2012. We included experimental and natural experimental studies with ≥1-year follow-up reporting weight-related outcomes and targeting children at home. Two independent reviewers screened studies and extracted data. We graded the strength of the evidence supporting interventions targeting diet, PA, or both for obesity prevention.

RESULTS:
We identified 6 studies; 3 tested combined interventions (diet and PA), 1 used diet intervention, 1 combined intervention with primary care and consumer health informatics components, and 1 combined intervention with school and community components. Select combined interventions had beneficial effects on fruit/vegetable intake and sedentary behaviors. However, none of the 6 studies reported a significant effect on weight outcomes. Overall, the strength of evidence is low that combined home-based interventions effectively prevent obesity. The evidence is insufficient for conclusions about home-based diet interventions or interventions implemented at home in association with other settings.

CONCLUSIONS:
The strength of evidence is low to support the effectiveness of home-based child obesity prevention programs. Additional research is needed to test interventions in the home setting, particularly those incorporating parenting strategies and addressing environmental influences.
How climate extremes—not means—define a species' geographic range boundary via a demographic tipping point
Authors: Lynch Heather J. , Rhainds Marc , Calabrese Justin M. , Cantrell Stephen , Cosner Chris , Fagan William F. 
Published: June 2013

Species' geographic range limits interest biologists and resource managers alike; however, scientists lack strong mechanistic understanding of the factors that set geographic range limits in the field, especially for animals. There exists a clear need for detailed case studies that link mechanisms to spatial dynamics and boundaries because such mechanisms allow us to predict whether climate change is likely to change a species' geographic range and, if so, how abundance in marginal populations compares to the core.The bagwormThyridopteryx ephemeraeformis(Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is a major native pest of cedars, arborvitae, junipers, and other landscape trees throughout much of North America. Across dozens of bagworm populations spread over six degrees of latitude in the American Midwest we find latitudinal declines in fecundity and egg and pupal survivorship as one proceeds toward the northern range boundary. A spatial gradient of bagworm reproductive success emerges, which is associated with a progressive decline in local abundance and an increase in the risk of local population extinction near the species' geographic range boundary.We developed a mathematical model, completely constrained by empirically estimated parameters, to explore the relative roles of reproductive asynchrony and stage‐specific survivorship in generating the range limit for this species. We find that overwinter egg mortality is the biggest constraint on bagworm persistence beyond their northern range limit. Overwinter egg mortality is directly related to winter temperatures that fall below the bagworm eggs' physiological limit. This threshold, in conjunction with latitudinal declines in fecundity and pupal survivorship, creates a nonlinear response to climate extremes that sets the geographic boundary and provides a path for predicting northward range expansion under altered climate conditions. Our mechanistic modeling approach demonstrates how species' sensitivity to climate extremes can create population tipping points not reflected in demographic responses to climate means, a distinction that is critical to successful ecological forecasting.
Investigation of Two-Phase and Three-Phase Relative Permeability in Different Rocks with Similar Pore Size Distribution
Authors: Shahverdi H. , Sohrabi M. , Fatemi S. M. , Ireland Shaun 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Relative permeability (kr) function describes the comparative ease by which different fluids flow in a porous medium and plays an influential role in numerical simulation of petroleum reservoirs. Since, the measurement of relative permeability, especially three-phase ones, in laboratories is time consuming and expensive, much research has directed towards developing correlations for estimating the three-phase relative permeability values. One assumption used in reservoir simulation is that relative permeability curves of different rocks with similar lithology and pore size distribution depict identical behaviour if expressed against normalised (mobile) fluid saturations. This paper present the results of a study carried out to assess the validity of this assumption for two-phase and three-phase flow systems.
A set of two-phase (oil/gas) and three-phase (oil/gas/water) unsteady-state coreflood experiments were conducted on two Clashach sandstone samples with permeabilities of 1000 mD and 65 mD. The relative permeability curves for each experiment were then obtained by mathematical modelling of the coreflood tests and matching the laboratory measured data.
Comparison between the measured two-phase oil/gas kr of the two cores show that the relative permeability curves versus mobile (normalized) saturation for the 1000 mD core are close to that of the 65 mD rock. This demonstrates that in the absence of measured relative permeability data for a low permeability core, the available data for a higher permeability core with similar lithology can be used for the low permeability rock and vice versa. However, this was not the case for three-phase kr. Comparison of the three-phase relative permeability obtained for water, oil and gas in the two cores shows significant difference for the two cores even when plotted againest normalized saturations. Hence, the simulation of the coreflood experiment involving three-phase flow carried out on the 65 mD core using the relative permeabilities of the 1000 mD core led to highly erroneous predictions. These results reveal that three-phase kr of one rock is not representative of the fluid mobility in another rock. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that scaled three-phase relative permeability in different cores behaves thoroughly different even if their pore size distributions are very similar. The disagreement observed between relative permeability of the two rocks could be attributed to the different magnitude and variations of capillary forces being active during the governing multiphase flow events.
Dependency of Wettability Alteration on Hydrocarbon Composition and Interfacial Tension in Gas/Condensate Systems
Authors: Fahimpour J. , Jamiolahmady M. , Sohrabi M. , Mills J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In gas-condensate reservoirs, soon after the pressure falls below the dew-point pressure, condensate liquid drops out of the gaseous phase. In such conditions, high surface energy minerals render spreading of the condensate film on the rock surface, wetting out the pores’ surfaces. Condensate consequently starts to accumulate, restricting the open paths for the flowing gas, which could result in significant reduction in well productivity.
Modifying the surface energy of the reservoir minerals by chemicals, aiming at altering the rock wettability from strongly liquid-wetting to intermediate gas-wetting conditions, has been proposed as a solution to improve the oil mobility around the wellbore and mitigate the corresponding blockage issues.
Over the last decade, large numbers of experimental investigations have been dedicated to study the performance of different chemical groups on wettability alteration of reservoir rocks. However, in all these studies, conventional fluids, e.g. decane/air, have been used to measure the contact angles at oil/gas/rock boundary. In this paper, for the first time, gas/condensate fluids, with various compositions and at different interfacial tensions (IFTs) have been used to evaluate the performance of wettability modifiers under more realistic conditions. The observations revealed that at similar IFT values, as the number of carbon atoms increases, i.e. there are heavier hydrocarbons (e.g. C1/nC10), the condensate/gas/treated rock contact angle (θcondensate/gas) increases, whilst for the lighter hydrocarbons (C1/nC4), the condensate wets the rock surface quickly. IFT also showed a significant impact on the treatment performance. That is, at lower IFTs, smaller contact angles through the liquid phase were observed, e.g. for C1/nC10 mixture, when IFT decreased from 10 to 1.5 mN/m, θcondensate/gas reduced from 65° to 40° towards liquid-wet.
The results highlight the significance of the dependency of the wettability modifiers performance to the original fluid composition and thermodynamic conditions in a gas-condensate reservoir. This also underlines the careful considerations that are required in design and application of these treatments in such reservoirs.
Upscaling and Downscaling with an Effective Medium Theory, Applied to Heterogeneous Reservoir
Authors: Brouwer G. K. , Fokker P. A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Upscaling of reservoir permeability will remain an issue in the oil and gas industry as long as static and dynamic models are limited by computing power and memory constraints. At the same time, flow predictions are required at the scale of the static model. A feasible approach is the subsequent application of upscaling and downscaling: upscaling to be able to make reservoir-scale flow simulations and downscaling to map the results of these calculations on the underlying geological grid.
We propose a procedure which mimics the behavior of non-scaled reservoir models better than conventional methods. Our method entails a new non-local upscaling and downscaling procedure inspired by effective medium theories. The most important difference with standard techniques is the choice of boundary conditions. Our boundary conditions are based on the physical situation rather than on an ad-hoc pressure and/or flow condition on the boundaries of the region to be upscaled.
We demonstrate our procedure with three examples. The first example entails a simple problem where a 2x2 block region is upscaled and it is shown that conventional procedures break down. The physical explanation is given in terms of a flow disturbance outside the scaled area not honored by these techniques.
The second example is a more complicated problem with apparent geological channeling. In the first place, the upscaling provides a good match of the fine-scale dynamic model. Even more important, however, are the downscaled flow velocities resulting when introducing the boundary conditions obtained from the coarse scale for the local fine scale. These show a faithful representation of the channel flow as also obtained with the fine-scale model, while results of attempts to achieve the same with conventional technology did not.
The third example is a 3-dimensional model available from the literature. Again, our upscaled and downscaled results were in close agreement with the full fine-scale simulation.
The current technique does not account for relative permeabilities and capillary pressures. It may be possible to complement our workflow with already existing techniques for these. This is, however, still a matter of research.