bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERSISTENCE AND EFFECTS OF LIGHT FUEL OIL IN SOIL
Authors: Swader F.N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The USDA-SCS Plant Materials Science Center at Big Flats, New York, was damaged by flood-borne oil in June 1972.
Field plots were established in part of the damaged area to determine the effects of such contamination on soil properties and on crop production, and to assess the persistence of such contamination under northeastern conditions of soil and climate.
Field crops (corn, oats, and soybeans) have been used as major indicator crops. Crop yield data have been collected and compared to published estimated yields for the same area and soil resource. Soil samples have been analyzed annually to determine the quantities of oil remaining in the soil.
Greenhouse experiments have been conducted to determine a threshold level of economic damage, and the residual effects of such applications.
The results indicate that oil penetration was slightly below 24 inches; that the initial levels of oil contamination were relatively low (0.2% by weight, or less), but spectacular in appearance; that shallow rooted crops were less susceptible to damage by residual oil than deep rooted crops; that some residual effect was reflected in growth of both crop plants and weeds one year after contamination; and that light fuel oils may affect crop growth at relatively low application rates. These effects may be minimized by the proper choices of crop species and soil management practices (tillage and fertilization).
The results are supported by aerial photographs and field inspections of similar problem areas in the Big Flats area, made at one-year intervals.
A STUDY OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF A SOUTH LOUISIANA CRUDE OIL EMPLOYING COMPUTERIZED MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Walker J.D. , Colwell R.R. , Petrakis L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Inocula from oil-contaminated Colgate Creek and oil-free Eastern Bay sediment produced similar growth on a South Louisiana crude oil The Colgate Creek inoculum was found to contain a wider variety of bacterial genera and to produce greater degradation of South Louisiana crude oil than the Eastern Bay sediment inocula. The resin fraction of the crude oil increased during growth and weathering. All of the hydrocarbon classes of the crude oil were susceptible to degradation by microorganisms present in the Colgate Creek inoculum, but not by those in the Eastern Bay samples.
PREPARATION OF AN OIL SPILL PREVENTION TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Mossteller T.L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
What are the critical items in the preparation of a packaged learning program on oil spill prevention? What steps and strategies most directly contribute to success? This paper highlights three items within the context of the overall development of a well accepted program:the strategy used to involve the people who made the program workthe generalizations developed about terminal operators’ background, skills, and present knowledge of oil spill prevention. This data was essential for deciding what would go into the program.the features of the program resulting from these generalizations.
From the start, representatives of the terminal operators (the eventual participants) and their managers were involved completely in the program design. Members from a wide spectrum of company management selected the specific problems to be addressed, approved the desired results, and reviewed the entire program for achievement of objectives and technical accuracy. Interviews with operators in the field allowed basic assumptions to be made about the prospective audience. For example, most like to read the newspaper, but few read books for pleasure. This particular assumption suggested that a large amount of written material would not be appropriate for this program.
The final result was a program which could be used with either a group or an individual in locations spread out geographically. The first section is on prevention; the second presents fundamentals of cleanup. Each section has an audio tape and a supplemental workbook.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR THE IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS IN DIFFERENT COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS OF CANADA
Authors: Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Planning for a cleanup operation of the shore zone requires consideration of the physical nature of the coast (including the sediment types), wave energy levels, and tidal range. Beaches exist in a dynamic state and are continuously changing in response to littoral processes. In addition to these temporal variations, there is frequently considerable variability of shoreline types and process characteristics within a small region. In eastern Canada, contingency planning must cover rocky shorelines, sand beaches, and muddy coasts. There also is a wide range of littoral process environments, from the exposed Atlantic coast to the sheltered Bay of Fundy, which has tidal ranges on the order of 10 to 15 meters. Three examples from eastern Canada illustrate the variability of shorelines and processes in the context of cleanup planning.
OIL SPILL CONTROL TRAINING: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY'S APPROACH
Authors: Payne J. Larry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Developed initially by Texas A&M's Civil Engineering Department in 1974 through a grant from the American Petroleum Institute, the five-day oil spill control course was subsequently turned over to the Texas Engineering Extension Service for implementation. Currently the course is offered at facilities in Galveston, Texas. Flexibility within the curriculum allows the course to be directed towards non-industry personnel as well as personnel directly involved in oil production. Techniques current in industrial education, such as the spiral-step method of instruction, are employed throughout the course. Also, the course emphasizes practical training and is unique in its hands-on capabilities. The curriculum, subject to keen scrutiny, is continuously improved and updated. Moreover, the success of this program has encouraged the development of other specialized and refresher courses.
CANADIAN APPROACH TO OIL SPILL TRAINING
Authors: Kay Garnet H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil industry and governments in Canada are very conscious of the need to initiate and continue training to prevent and control spills. It was believed that such training could be improved if input would be obtained from both sectors in joint productions rather than if each worked independently. Early in 1973 the Consortium on Spill Training (COST) was formed. Representation continues to be from industry, and the federal and provincial governments. The purpose of the consortium is to produce spill training aids. Videotape cassettes (¾-inch, 26 minutes) have been prepared on the following: “Spill in a Creek,” “Contingency Planning Guidelines,” “Public Relations at the Spill Scene,” and “Safety at the Spill Scene.” In process are “Boom Deployment” and “Shoreline Protection and Cleanup.” A documentary film of a simulated oil spill exercise was prepared. The improved quality of the aids confirms the advantages of joint rather than independent productions. The training aids are available in English and French at cost.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-IN-WATER CONTENT MONITOR
Authors: Hornig A. W. , Brownrigg J. T. , Chisholm B. R. , Giering L. P. , Skewes R. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
For several years Baird-Atomic has been involved in the design, construction and testing of a breadboard oil-in-water content monitor for use with bilge and ballast wastewater. This work has been supported by the Coast Guard, the Navy, and Baird-Atomic. The basis of the monitor is the luminescence (fluorescence) of the aromatics present in all petroleum oils. The advantages of this approach include high sensitivity, real time output, fast response time, insensitivity to many interferences, and reduced sensitivity to particulates. The chief problem is the unequal luminescence response of oils. The general approach involves simultaneous excitation and monitoring at a number of wavelengths, selected to give a net response almost independent of oil type.
A first approach involved a novel optical scheme involving two polychromators. The first provided excitation at different wave-lengths along a flowing sample. The second, operated in reverse, summed selected emission from different portions of the sample. This approach, called “synchronous scan,” while successful, was supplanted by a more general approach which utilized the total luminescence of the sample: i.e., all possible emissions resulting from all possible excitation. In this case, the second polychromator was used to disperse emission from the sample at right angles to the excitation dispersion. The total luminescence was then imaged at the exit plane of the second monochromator where a computer-designed mask selected those spectral regions equalizing response of various oil types. Results of tests are discussed, together with progress on a shipboard prototype.
EXPERIENCE IN MONITORING THE OIL CONTENT OF BALLAST WATER BEING DISCHARGED BY TANKERS
Authors: Fleming K. , Dick J.P.P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The main practical features required of a shipboard monitoring system are outlined. A description is given of the Societe d'Etude et de Realisation d'Equipementes Speciaux (SERES) Directe Response Ultra-Rapide (DRUR) Type I oil content monitor and its installation onboard. Typical practical experience in monitoring tanker effluents is reviewed and some of the problems experienced, mainly with the sampling system, are highlighted. Practical experience then is discussed with regard to compliance with the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
QUANTIFICATION OF NAVY OILS IN DETERGENT LADEN WATERS
Authors: Yu Tsi Shan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Accurate measurement of the concentration of oil in effluent discharged from ships is necessary so that water pollution regulations are not violated. Detergents used to clean machinery and deck surfaces aboard Navy ships often end up in bilge water and pass through gravitational and coalescence type oil/water separators. These detergents interfere in the solvent extraction and infrared (IR) spectrometry measurement technique for quantifying oil in water. They will absorb the IR energy at the wavelength used in quantifying oil; therefore, a method which can remove such interference, yet accurately measure the concentration of oil in water, is needed.
A technique of eluting the solvent extract through silica gel removed most of this interference. Aqueous samples containing Navy oils and a non-ionic detergent in concentrations up to 1000 milligrams per liter were used to evaluate this technique. The solvent extract of these aqueous samples was filtered through silica gel and the IR absorbance of the effluent at 2,930 reciprocal centimeters was measured. The results demonstrated that this technique can yield the true concentration of oil in detergent laden water as long as the ratio of the concentration of detergent to oil is less than 10 to one. This technique can also be applied to quantify oil in water that does not contain detergent.
PETROLEUM AND ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS FROM THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT1
Authors: Reed W. E. , Kaplan I. R. , Sandstrom M. , Mankiewicz P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Low to high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and industrial chemicals (polyphenyl ether, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDE; phthalates, adipates) have been detected in nearly all benthic and sandy intertidal sediment samples collected from the Southern California borderland. Low levels of petroleum contamination in combination with recent biogenic contributions were interpreted primarily on the basis of fully-saturated cycloalkanes in the absence of cyclic alkenes, the presence of a gas chromatographically-unresolved baseline envelope, and the presence of an homologous series of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons.
The inner basins of the Southern California Bight exhibit higher concentrations of weathered petroleum than either the farther offshore basins, or the sandy intertidal zone. Near Tanner-Cortez banks and in the San Nicolas Basin, sediments appear to contain unweathered petroleum and high levels of anthropogenic chemicals. The possible sources of hydrocarbons found in the Southern California borderland sediments, in addition to shipping losses and harbor traffic, include municipal and industrial waste waters, as well as previously-undetected submarine oil seeps, submarine chemical dumps, and geochemically-mature, organic-rich Tertiary shales.
CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE OIL MONITORING EQUIPMENT
Authors: Wright Judith A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Industrial field experience has shown that remote single-point monitoring of the surface of wastewater streams using an infrared reflectance instrument is an effective method of detecting oil films associated with oil in water concentrations as low as one part per million (ppm) in turbulent flow patterns. Four operational case histories of installations in petroleum refineries and manufacturing plants illustrate the application of an infrared oil film monitor.
SATELLITE SENTINEL FOR OIL SPILLS IN 1978?
Authors: Hovis Warren A. , Jones Donald R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Existent NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite sensors are optimized for the viewing of high reflectivity atmospheric phenomena and land features. Thus, detection of surface pollutants or color differences in low reflectivity sea or fresh water is marginal at best. A few suspected oil spill sightings have been made by the NASA satellites Landsat 1 and 2 but their infrequent (once in every 18 days) orbital overpass precludes their use for detecting and monitoring oil spills on a daily basis.
This paper describes the oil spill detection and monitoring capability of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), a six spectral band scanner specifically designed for ocean color imagery to fly on Nimbus G in 1978. NASA U-2 high altitude flights with a CZCS breadboard scanner onboard have demonstrated a capacity for detecting the natural oil seepage off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. The results will be described in terms of the satellite's capability to detect oil pollution of this relatively small magnitude or larger on a near daily global basis.
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION DURING OIL TRANSFER OPERATIONS: AN EVALUATION OF USCG PREVENTIVE ACTIONS1
Authors: Harrald John R. , Karwan Kirk R. , Stone Christopher M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Durings its journey from a production facility to a refinery, the most probable time for oil to enter the water is during vessel cargo-transfer operations. This paper describes the origins, implementation, and effects of the U.S. Coast Guard's operational and regulatory program designed to prevent oil transfer-related discharges. Statistical data from the USCG Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) is used to measure the effectiveness of these actions. A review is presented of the results of an on-scene transfer monitoring program conducted in 1972 in Seattle, Washington.
Coast Guard pollution prevention regulations (33 CFR 154-156) were designated to prevent the occurrence of discharges during transfer operations. An analysis of the effectiveness of these regulations and the present nationwide transfer operations monitoring program is presented. The paper concludes that the Coast Guard preventive program has had a measurable effect on the incidence of transfer-related pollution incidents.
SINKING OF TANKER ST. PETER OFF COLOMBIA
Authors: Hayes T. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The tanker St. Peter sank on February 5, 1976 in 1,000 meters of water approximately 30 kilometers off Cabo Manglares, Colombia. The author was assigned on behalf of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) to provide technical advice to the Colombian and Ecuadorian governments regarding countermeasures against pollution. The lack of locally available equipment to locate the vessel and eliminate the source, the logistics involved in mounting operations to reduce the environmental damage, and the need for a response organization are discussed. A particular problem was finding equipment which could operate at the extreme depths and developing a plan for removing the long-term pollution threat, the crude oil cargo.
UNDERWATER BLOWOUT OIL COLLECTION
Authors: Westergaard Rich H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil production in the North Sea and some other potentially important areas is much more difficult than offshore drilling was in the past. It is assumed that the difficulties are properly compensated so that blowout probability is not increased. The very much higher productivity of the wells, the expected longer duration of a blowout and the greater difficulties of surface containment obviously increase the probable oil spill volume. Exactly how much it is increased statistically is not known. A factor of 100 is suggested. For this reason, such areas need a much better oil spill defense than used in the past in other areas. The author is engaged in a feasibility study on underwater collection for control of underwater blowouts. The proposed equipment consists of a heavy submersible rig which can place a collection bell over the blowout orifice: the petroleum is then ducted from the bell to a surface vessel where the gas is burned and the oil collected or burned.
THE APPLICATION OF EXISTING OIL SPILL ABATEMENT EQUIPMENT TO COLD REGIONS
Authors: Schultz L. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The increased interest in, and development of, arctic petroleum resources has increased correspondingly the potential for oil spills in cold regions. A recently completed survey of cold regions oil spill mitigation technology included a cursory determination of the applicability of presently available means to the problems of detection, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal of oil spilled in cold regions. For purposes of the study, cold regions were characterized by the existence of low temperatures and the presence of ice in its many forms. The evaluations were based upon the experience of the authors in conducting other cold regions laboratory and field programs, and the experiences of others in cold regions as reported in the technical literature. This survey revealed that, while a very limited degree of oil spill response capability is available for use in cold regions based upon using the techniques and equipment currently employed in warmer climates, a great deal of development work must be undertaken before a total cold regions oil spill response capability will be available. Current technology falls far short of the desired capability in all functional areas including remote sensing, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal.
PERFORMANCE TESTS OF THREE FAST CURRENT OIL RECOVERY DEVICES1
Authors: Getman James H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Presently, the effective removal of oil spills is limited to current speeds of less than one to two knots. To be able to effectively recover spilled oil in areas of higher current speeds, the Coast Guard has a development effort underway for obtaining such a device. The first stage of the development program included a competitive evaluation of small scale models of seven different fast current oil recovery concepts. The two most promising concepts have now been developed into large scale models. These two devices plus a third device which evolved from a parallel state-of-the-art evaluation program were tested during the summer of 1976 at the Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT). The Shell ZRV large scale model performed well in fast-current velocities in both calm seas and in a wave train. The Seaward Streaming Fiber Recovery Device performed well in fast currents in calm conditions but performed poorly in waves. The French Cyclonet 050 provided fair performance in medium currents and in calm conditions but gave poor performance when waves were present.
DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SPILL RECOVERY SHIP
Authors: Uchida Shoji , Takeshita Hiroshi , Seike Yajuro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A compact oil spill recovery system made up of a special oil suction float, an eductor-driven hydraulic fluid conveying unit, an oil/water separating unit, etc., was devised to the basic design concept of the previously-developed Mitsubishi hydraulic tanker desludging system and installed in a small, self-propelled, twin-hull craft. A 9.60 m long, 4.10 m wide, and 1.40 m deep experimental oil spill recovery ship completed in this manner successfully cleaned up a slick of heavy oil, 7 m × 30 m in area and 0.7 – 2.0 mm in film thickness, in less than three minutes at 0.5 – 1.0 kt and proved very stable, steerable, and easy to operate. Oil content of water at the outlet of the oil/water separating unit was less than 1 ppm. A range of oil spill recovery ships have since been designed, fully weighing opinions of potential customers as regards such items as economy of operation, and capacity.
A MODEL FOR THE COSTING OF OIL SPILL CLEARANCE OPERATIONS AT SEA
Authors: Holmes P.D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Analysis of published data reveals that the total costs attributable to an oil spill are made up of a number of components which include the actual costs of the cleanup operations by government and/or industry (incurred either directly or through a contractor), third party costs (compensation to fishermen, boat-owners, etc.) and miscellaneous costs, including legal expenses, administrative charges, and fines. The relative proportions of each component vary considerably depending on the particular circumstances and location of each spill. Costs generally fall into three groups defined broadly as offshore (low costs per ton oil spilled), inshore and onshore (high costs per ton oil).
Considering only the costs of cleanup operations, a model has been developed for estimating the cleanup costs for various situations (offshore, inshore and onshore) and using different cleanup techniques (recovery, dispersion, absorbents, etc.). This model takes into account the spill size, makes allowance for transport time and allows for the practical effects of natural dispersion, evaporation, etc. Use is made of the model to calculate costs for typical situations using practical component cost data to show the optimum conditions for each method of treatment and to show the dependence of recovery or dispersant operations on spill size.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIELD USE OF DISPERSANTS
Authors: McCarthy Leo T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A rationale is presented for the correlation of laboratory generated dispersant data to the spill situation in the field. Discussion and tabular presentation of data supports the rationale, which incorporates application factors for dispersant toxicity and effectiveness data to initial concentrations of oil and dispersants in the water column after dispersant application in the field. The EPA's current research projects on oil spill dispersants are summarized.
NEW CONCEPT OF OIL DISPERSION IN VIEW OF CLEAN UP BY DEGRADATION
Authors: Bocard C. , Durif-Varambon B. , Gatellier C. , Renault Ph. , Laboureur P. , Person L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Some misunderstanding has arisen from evidence of deleterious effects of oil dispersion, leading to the conclusion that such a treatment is more dangerous than the pollution itself. In fact, the main objective is to promote the speed of degradation by parcelling of oil, the droplets becoming widespread and bursting at the ocean surface to form films which quickly will disintegrate under microbial actions. With new dispersant formulations, the hydrocarbon pollutants will tend to separate out from sea water so that living organisms would not be injured in the comparatively clean water below. Meanwhile, by its chemical composition, the dispersant will bring nutrients to the medium and, moreover, will remain within the oil phase.