bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of Combined Radiation and Turbulent Mixed Convection Heat Transfer in a Compartment Containing Participating Media
Authors: Asghari A. , Gandjalikhan Nassab S. A. , Ansari A. B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe effect of radiation on turbulent mixed convection flow, generated by two plane wall jets with different temperatures inside a cavity was studied numerically. The medium is treated as a gray, absorbing, emitting and scattering. The two-dimensional Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with the energy equation are solved by using the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques, while the AKN low-Reynolds-number model is employed for computation of turbulence fluctuations. The Boussinesq approximation is used to calculate the buoyancy term, and the radiation part of the problem is solved by numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) with the well known discrete ordinate method (DOM). The governing equations are discretized by the finite volume technique into algebraic equations and solved with the SIMPLE algorithm. The effects of radiation conduction parameter, scattering albedo, optical thickness and Richardson number on the thermal behavior of the system are carried out. Results show that the gas radiation has a significant effect on the temperature distribution inside the turbulent mixed convection flow.
Combined Effects of EDL and Boundary Slip on the Stability of Liquid-Liquid Viscosity-Stratified Flow in Microchannels
Authors: Zhang L.-D. , You X.-Y. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe stability of pressure-driven liquid-liquid viscosity-stratified microchannel flow is investigated by considering the combined effects of electrical double layer (EDL) and boundary slip. The electrical streaming currents determined by the Streaming Electrical Current Balance (ECB) and the boundary slip are considered by Navier slip assumption. The stability of flow is studied by the small disturbance theory. Numerical results indicate that the effect of boundary slip on the flow stability is strongly depended on the EDL. The boundary slip stables the flow when EDL effect is weak and destabilizes the flow when EDL effect is strong. The effects of boundary slip and EDL on flow stability is also determined by viscosity ratio, the height of channel, interface position and conductivity ratio.
A Numerical Study of the Extended Graetz Problem in a Microchannel with Constant Wall Heat Flux: Shear Work Effects on Heat Transfer
Authors: Ramadan K. , Tlili I. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTHeat convection of a microchannel gas flow with constant wall heat flux boundary condition is investigated numerically, considering viscous dissipation and axial conduction. The shear work due to the slipping fluid at the wall is incorporated in the analysis. An analytical solution for fully developed conditions is also derived. The effect of the shear work on heat transfer is quantified through a comparative analysis in both the entrance- and the fully developed- regions. The analysis shows that the shear work effect on heat transfer is considerable, and neglecting this term leads to an overestimation of the Nusselt number in gas heating and an underestimation in gas cooling. The over/under estimation of the Nusselt number is dependent on both the Knudsen number and the Brinkman number. The results presented also demonstrate the significance of the shear work in the developing flow region. It is shown that in the developing flow region the Nusselt number is less sensitive to viscous dissipation when the shear work is neglected. It can be concluded from this study that the shear work effect is significant and neglecting it can lead to considerable errors in microchannel flow heat transfer.
The Advantages of an Attenuated Total Internal Reflection Infrared Microspectroscopic Imaging Technique for the Analysis of Polymer Laminates
Authors: Ling Chen , Sommer André J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUntil recently, the analysis of polymer laminates using infrared microspectroscopy involved the painstaking separation of individual layers by dissection or by obtaining micrometer thin cross-sections. The latter usually requires the expertise of an individual trained in microtomy and even then, the very structure of the laminate could affect the outcome of the spectral results. The recent development of attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) infrared microspectroscopy imaging has provided a new avenue for the analysis of these multilayer structures. This report compares ATR infrared microspectroscopy imaging with conventional transmission infrared microspectroscopy imaging. The results demonstrate that the ATR method offers improved spatial resolution, eliminates a variety of competing optical processes, and requires minimal sample preparation relative to transmission measurements. These advantages were illustrated using a polymer laminate consisting of 11 different layers whose thickness ranged in size from 4–20 μm. The spatial resolution achieved by using an ATR-FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) imaging technique was diffraction limited. Contrast in the ATR images was enhanced by principal component analysis.
Rethinking Indian monsoon rainfall prediction in the context of recent global warming
Authors: Wang Bin , Xiang Baoqiang , Li Juan , Webster Peter J. , Rajeevan Madhavan N. , Liu Jian , Ha Kyung-Ja 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPrediction of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is at the heart of tropical climate prediction. Despite enormous progress having been made in predicting ISMR since 1886, the operational forecasts during recent decades (1989–2012) have little skill. Here we show, with both dynamical and physical–empirical models, that this recent failure is largely due to the models’ inability to capture new predictability sources emerging during recent global warming, that is, the development of the central-Pacific El Nino-Southern Oscillation (CP–ENSO), the rapid deepening of the Asian Low and the strengthening of North and South Pacific Highs during boreal spring. A physical–empirical model that captures these new predictors can produce an independent forecast skill of 0.51 for 1989–2012 and a 92-year retrospective forecast skill of 0.64 for 1921–2012. The recent low skills of the dynamical models are attributed to deficiencies in capturing the developing CP–ENSO and anomalous Asian Low. The results reveal a considerable gap between ISMR prediction skill and predictability.
Trans-synaptic zinc mobilization improves social interaction in two mouse models of autism through NMDAR activation
Authors: Lee Eun-Jae , Lee Hyejin , Huang Tzyy-Nan , Chung Changuk , Shin Wangyong , Kim Kyungdeok , Koh Jae-Young , Hsueh Yi-Ping , Kim Eunjoon 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGenetic aspects of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have recently been extensively explored, but environmental influences that affect ASDs have received considerably less attention. Zinc (Zn) is a nutritional factor implicated in ASDs, but evidence for a strong association and linking mechanism is largely lacking. Here we report that trans-synaptic Zn mobilization rapidly rescues social interaction in two independent mouse models of ASD. In mice lacking Shank2, an excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein, postsynaptic Zn elevation induced by clioquinol (a Zn chelator and ionophore) improves social interaction. Postsynaptic Zn is mainly derived from presynaptic pools and activates NMDA receptors (NMDARs) through postsynaptic activation of the tyrosine kinase Src. Clioquinol also improves social interaction in mice haploinsufficient for the transcription factor Tbr1, which accompanies NMDAR activation in the amygdala. These results suggest that trans-synaptic Zn mobilization induced by clioquinol rescues social deficits in mouse models of ASD through postsynaptic Src and NMDAR activation.
Altered white matter integrity in individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression: a tract-based spatial statistics study
Authors: Xiao Jing , He Yini , McWhinnie Chad M. , Yao Shuqiao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe microstructure of white matter in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated to be abnormal. However, it remains unclear whether these changes exist prior to the onset of disease. In this study, diffusion tensor imaging was used to evaluate white matter integrity in individuals who exhibited cognitive vulnerability to depression (CVD), MDD and healthy controls (HC). Compared with the HC, MDD exhibited a lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in ten brain regions: the cerebral peduncle, the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule (ALIC and PLIC), the external capsule, the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule (RLIC), the body and splenium of the corpus callosum, the superior and posterior corona radiata and the cingulum. Moreover, CVD had significantly lower FA in the ALIC, the PLIC, the external capsule, the RLIC, the cerebral peduncle and the superior corona radiata than did the HC. However, the white matter integrity was not significantly different between the CVD and MDD. These preliminary results indicate that alterations in the white matter observed in CVD may be a marker of vulnerability to MDD and that these alterations may exist prior to the onset of depression.
Common Oncogene Mutations and Novel SND1-BRAF Transcript Fusion in Lung Adenocarcinoma from Never Smokers
Authors: Jang Jin Sung , Lee Adam , Li Jun , Liyanage Hema , Yang Yanan , Guo Lixia , Asmann Yan W. , Li Peter W. , Erickson-Johnson Michele , Sakai Yuta , Sun ZhiFu , Jeon Hyo-Sung , Hwang Hayoung , Bungum Aaron O. , Edell Eric S. , Simon Vernadette A. , Kopp Karla J. , Eckloff Bruce , Oliveira Andre M. , Wieben Eric , Aubry Marie Christine , Yi Eunhee , Wigle Dennis , Diasio Robert B. , Yang Ping , Jen Jin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLung adenocarcinomas from never smokers account for approximately 15 to 20% of all lung cancers and these tumors often carry genetic alterations that are responsive to targeted therapy. Here we examined mutation status in 10 oncogenes among 89 lung adenocarcinomas from never smokers. We also screened for oncogene fusion transcripts in 20 of the 89 tumors by RNA-Seq. In total, 62 tumors had mutations in at least one of the 10 oncogenes, including EGFR (49 cases, 55%), K-ras (5 cases, 6%), BRAF (4 cases, 5%), PIK3CA (3 cases, 3%) and ERBB2 (4 cases, 5%). In addition to ALK fusions identified by IHC/FISH in four cases, two previously known fusions involving EZR- ROS1 and KIF5B-RET were identified by RNA-Seq as well as a third novel fusion transcript that was formed between exons 1–9 of SND1 and exons 2 to 3′ end of BRAF. This in-frame fusion was observed in 3/89 tested tumors and 2/64 additional never smoker lung adenocarcinoma samples. Ectopic expression of SND1-BRAF in H1299 cells increased phosphorylation levels of MEK/ERK, cell proliferation and spheroid formation compared to parental mock-transfected control. Jointly, our results suggest a potential role of the novel BRAF fusion in lung cancer development and therapy.
The evolution of the gut microbiota in the giant and the red pandas
Authors: Li Ying , Guo Wei , Han Shushu , Kong Fanli , Wang Chengdong , Li Desheng , Zhang Heming , Yang Mingyao , Xu Huailiang , Zeng Bo , Zhao Jiangchao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe independent dietary shift from carnivore to herbivore with over 90% being bambooin the giant and the red pandas is of great interests to biologists. Althoughprevious studies have shown convergent evolution of the giant and the red pandas atboth morphological and molecular level, the evolution of the gut microbiota in thesepandas remains largely unknown. The goal of this study was to determine whether thegut microbiota of the pandas converged due to the same diet, or diverged. Wecharacterized the fecal microbiota from these two species by pyrosequencing the 16SV1–V3 hypervariable regions using the 454 GS FLX Titanium platform. We alsoincluded fecal samples from Asian black bears, a species phylogenetically closer tothe giant panda, in our analyses. By analyzing the microbiota from these 3 speciesand those from other carnivores reported previously, we found the gut microbiotas ofthe giant pandas are distinct from those of the red pandas and clustered closer tothose of the black bears. Our data suggests the divergent evolution of the gutmicrobiota in the pandas.
Serum FGF21 levels are associated with brown adipose tissue activity in humans
Authors: Hanssen Mark J.W. , Broeders Evie , Samms Ricardo J. , Vosselman Maarten J. , van der Lans Anouk A.J.J. , Cheng Christine C. , Adams Andrew C. , van Marken Lichtenbelt Wouter D. , Schrauwen Patrick 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe obesity pandemic has spurred a need for novel therapies to prevent and treat metabolic complications. The recent rediscovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans made this tissue a possible therapeutic target, due to its potentially substantial contributions to energy homeostasis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a facilitator of cold-induced thermogenesis in humans. Furthermore, pre-clinical studies revealed that FGF21 administration leads to improvement in the metabolic consequences of obesity, such as dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Here we studied plasma FGF21 levels in two cohorts of human subjects, in whom BAT activity was determined using an individualized cooling protocol by [18F]FDG-PET/CT scan. Importantly, we found that circulating FGF21 levels correlated with BAT activity during acute cold exposure in male subjects. In addition, FGF21 levels were related to the change in core temperature upon acute cold exposure, indicating a role for FGF21 in maintaining normothermia, possibly via activation of BAT. Furthermore, cold acclimation increased BAT activity in parallel with increased FGF21 levels. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FGF21 levels in humans are related to BAT activity, suggesting that FGF21 may represent a novel mechanism via which BAT activity in humans may be enhanced.
MicroRNA-23b Promotes Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J (ALV-J) Replication by Targeting IRF1
Authors: Li Zhenhui , Chen Biao , Feng Min , Ouyang Hongjia , Zheng Ming , Ye Qiao , Nie Qinghua , Zhang Xiquan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAvian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) can cause several different leukemia-like proliferative diseases in the hemopoietic system of chickens. Here, we investigated the transcriptome profiles and miRNA expression profiles of ALV-J-infected and uninfected chicken spleens to identify the genes and miRNAs related to ALV-J invasion. In total, 252 genes and 167 miRNAs were differentially expressed in ALV-J-infected spleens compared to control uninfected spleens. miR-23b expression was up-regulated in ALV-J-infected spleens compared with the control spleens and transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) was down-regulated in ALV-J-infected spleens compared to uninfected spleens. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that IRF1 was a direct target of miR-23b. miR-23b overexpression significantly (P = 0.0022) decreased IRF1 mRNA levels and repressed IRF1-3′-UTR reporter activity. In vitro experiments revealed that miR-23b overexpression strengthened ALV-J replication, whereas miR-23b loss of function inhibited ALV-J replication. IRF1 overexpression inhibited ALV-J replication and IRF1 knockdown enhanced ALV-J replication. Moreover, IRF1 overexpression significantly (P = 0.0014) increased IFN-β expression. In conclusion, these results suggested that miR-23b may play an important role in ALV-J replication by targeting IRF1.
Age-specific epidemic waves of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in a subtropical city
Authors: Yang Lin , Hung Chan Kwok , Suen Lorna K P , Pan Chan King , Wang Xiling , Cao Peihua , He Daihai , Malik Peiris J S , Ming Wong Chit 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBoth influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are active throughout the year in subtropical or tropical regions, but few studies have reported on age-specific seasonal patterns of these viruses. We examined the age-specific epidemic curves of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A (subtyped into seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and pandemic virus A(H1N1)pdm09), influenza B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in subtropical city Hong Kong from 2004 to 2013. We found that different types and subtypes of influenza showed similar two-peak patterns across age groups, with one peak in winter and another in spring/summer. Age differences were found in epidemic onset time and duration, but none could reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Age synchrony was found in epidemic peak time for both cool and warm seasons. RSV showed less clear seasonal patterns and non-synchronized epidemic curves across age. In conclusion, age synchrony was found in influenza seasonal epidemics and the 2009 pandemic, but not in RSV. None of the age groups consistently appear as the driving force for seasonal epidemics of influenza and RSV in Hong Kong.
Fractal Nature of Metallic and Insulating Domain Configurations in a VO2 Thin Film Revealed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
Authors: Sohn Ahrum , Kanki Teruo , Sakai Kotaro , Tanaka Hidekazu , Kim Dong-Wook 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigated the surface work function (WS) and its spatial distribution for epitaxial VO2/TiO2thin films using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Nearly grain-boundary-free samples allowed observation of metallic and insulating domains with distinctWSvalues, throughout the metal–insulator transition. The metallic fraction, estimated fromWSmaps, describes the evolution of the resistance based on a two-dimensional percolation model. The KPFM measurements also revealed the fractal nature of the domain configuration.
Niederlassungsmotive – Die Bereitschaft zur Niederlassung in eigener Praxis von Ärztinnen und Ärzten in Weiterbildung zum Facharzt für Allgemeinmedizin
Authors: Barth N. , Linde K. , Schneider A. 
Published: May 2015

ZusammenfassungUnsere multimethodologische Studie untersucht, welche Motivkomplexe die Bereitschaft von Ärztinnen und Ärzten in Weiterbildung zum Facharzt für Allgemeinmedizin zu einer Niederlassung in eigener Praxis anleiten. Darüber hinaus wird gefragt, wie sich Motivlagen während der Weiterbildung verändern. Dazu haben wir narrative Telefoninterviews sowie Gruppendiskussionen mit einer quantitativen Online-Befragung verbunden. In synchroner Perspektive zeigt sich, dass Niederlassungsmotive einerseits hochgradig differenziert sind, andererseits aber deutlich geschlechtsspezifisch. In diachron längsschnittlicher Perspektive ist die Entscheidung für oder gegen eine eigene Niederlassung während der Weiterbildung lange unsicher. In der Konsequenz werden ein intramedizinischer, ein infrastruktureller, sowie ein motivgenetischer Strukturwandel deutlich.
Parodontal unterstützte Kieferorthopädie – ein neuer Blick auf die Kortikotomie des Alveolarfortsatzes
Authors: Garganese D. , Spena R. 
Published: May 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Dekortikation im Alveolarfortsatz wird im Zusammenhang mit kieferorthopädischen Behandlungen seit jeher mit einer Beschleunigung von Zahnbewegungen und einer Verkürzung der Behandlungsdauer verbunden. Die Beschleunigung von Zahnbewegungen ist dabei inzwischen gut abgesichert, die Verkürzung der Behandlungszeit jedoch immer noch umstritten. Diese ist sicherlich nicht vorhersehbar und nur schwer zu verifizieren. Vorgestellt wird ein etwas anderer Blick auf die biologischen und biomechanischen Vorteile dieses Verfahrens für die kieferorthopädische Behandlung.
Power Doppler Ultrasonography is an Important Technique in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis and Osteoarthritis Arthritis among Egyptians
Authors: Algergawy S. , Ismail Y. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAngiogenesis is controlled by a variety of angiogenesis modulators of which VEGF is one of the most important. The increased power Doppler (PD) signals determined by ultrasonography are an indirect marker of synovial vascularity in arthritis. The aim of this study was to identify the importance of the power Doppler technique in different form of arthritis, by finding relationships of the power Doppler sonography (PDS) score with synovial VEGF and US findings (effusion, thickness). 20 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 20 ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and 20 osteoarthritis (OA) patients with active knee arthritis were included. Synovial effusion, synovial hypertrophy, and PD signal scores were calculated in arthritic joints. Synovial vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) fluid samples were studied. Comparisons between the groups were made; the synovial hypertrophy score and effusion scorewere significantly higher in RA and spondylarthritis than in OA. PD scores were significantly different between the groups. Synovial VEGF levels were significantly higher in patients with RA and AS than in OA. Synovial effusion score and synovial hypertrophy score were positively correlated with VEGF levels. Also a significant correlation was found between PD score and VEGF, synovial effusion and thickness. In large joints like the knee, detecting PD signals alone was sufficient to assess the angiogenesis, and there were significant positive correlations with VEGF, effusion and thickness score. Therefore, when investigating knee arthritis, the PD technique should be employed.
Growth mechanism for cluster entrepreneurship of peasant households
Authors: Xue Yongji , Liu Xinyu 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purposes of this paper are to explore how the cluster entrepreneurship of peasant households in the Chinese forest zone develops, and to analyze how the influence of kinship and geopolitical relations can effectively construct a mechanism for the growth of cluster entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach
– The case study method was chosen to analyze the growth process of this cluster entrepreneurship (e.g. raising chickens in Zhenghe, planting tea in Anxi and cultivating fruit in Taizhou).

Findings
– The authors found that the trust, learning and driving mechanisms of cluster entrepreneurship were influenced by kinship and geopolitical relationships, and were included in the building of the growth mechanism of such cluster entrepreneurship, as has emerged. Further, in the building of this evolution mechanism, three paths of growth were found: financial support, the introduction of technology and the introduction of management.

Originality/value
– This paper enriches the understanding of how cluster entrepreneurship develops in the socioeconomic environment of the Chinese forest zone, with particular reference to kinship and geopolitical relations, and how these contribute to the growth mechanism of cluster entrepreneurship, which is important for the management of entrepreneurial activities in that habitat.
Small and big quality in health care
Authors: Lillrank Paul 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to clarify healthcare quality’s ontological and epistemological foundations; and examine how these lead to different measurements and technologies.Design/methodology/approach– Conceptual analysis.Findings– Small quality denotes conformance toex anterequirements. Big quality includes product and service design, based on customer requirements and expectations. Healthcare quality can be divided into three areas: clinical decision making; patient safety; and patient experience, each with distinct measurement and improvement technologies.Practical implications– The conceptual model is expected to bring clarity to constructing specific definitions, measures, objectives and technologies for improving healthcare.Originality/value– This paper claims that before healthcare quality can be defined, measured and integrated into systems, it needs to be clearly separated into ontologically and epistemologically different parts.