bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Contributions from social science
Authors: Marcotullio Peter J. , Hughes Sara , Sarzynski Andrea , Pincetl Stephanie , Sanchez Peña Landy , Romero‐Lankao Patricia , Runfola Daniel , Seto Karen C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper outlines the contributions of social science to the study of interactions between urbanization patterns and processes and the carbon cycle, and identifies gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future social scientific research contributions. While previously studied as a unidimensional process, we conceptualize urbanization as a multidimensional, social and biophysical process driven by continuous changes across space and time in various subsystems including biophysical, built environment, and socio‐institutional (e.g., economic, political, demographic, behavioral, and sociological). We review research trends and findings focused on the socio‐institutional subsystem of the urbanization process, and particularly the dynamics, relationships, and predictions relevant to energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings suggest that a multidimensional perspective of urbanization facilitates a wider spectrum of research relevant to carbon cycle dynamics, even within the socio‐institutional subsystem. However, there is little consensus around the details and mechanisms underlying the relationship between urban socio‐institutional subsystems and the carbon cycle. We argue that progress in understanding the relationship between urbanization and the carbon cycle may be achieved if social scientists work collaboratively with each other as well as with scientists from other disciplines. From this review, we identify research priorities where collaborative social scientific efforts are necessary in conjunction with other disciplinary approaches to generate a more complete understanding of urbanization as a process and its relationship to the carbon cycle.
Effect of calcium chloride on the surface properties of Kevlar fiber
Authors: Li Cheng , Zhen Qiang , Luo Zhu , Lu Shengjun 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, we present a new approach to modify the surface of Kevlar‐29 fiber by the complexation. The surface of Kevlar‐29 fiber was treated by calcium chloride (CaCl2) ethanol solution. The structure and morphology of the modified Kevlar‐29 fiber were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction instrument, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that CaCl2 treatment's method can cause changes of the chemical groups of Kevlar‐29 fiber. The amino‐groups of Kevlar‐29 fiber were freed and the contents of ‐C‐N‐ increased. The changes can improve the surface roughness of Kevlar‐29 fibers. This can increase the adhesive of Kevlar fiber/epoxy composites. From the ILSS and mechanical properties values, it can be concluded that treatment with 5 wt % CaCl2 for 5 h is the optimum complexation condition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41358.
Molecular pathways regulating the formation of brown‐like adipocytes in white adipose tissue
Authors: Fu Jianfei , Li Zhen , Zhang Huiqin , Mao Yushan , Wang Anshi , Wang Xin , Zou Zuquan , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: August 2014

SummaryAdipose tissue is functionally composed of brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. The unique thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue results from expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the mitochondrial inner membrane. On the basis of recent findings that adult humans have functionally active brown adipose tissue, it is now recognized as playing a much more important role in human metabolism than was previously thought. More importantly, brown‐like adipocytes can be recruited in white adipose tissue upon environmental stimulation and pharmacologic treatment, and this change is associated with increased energy expenditure, contributing to a lean and healthy phenotype. Thus, the promotion of brown‐like adipocyte development in white adipose tissue offers novel possibilities for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the recruitment of brown‐like adipocyte in white adipose tissue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Optimization of Simple One‐Step Methods for the Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐Substituted 1,8‐Naphthalimides
Authors: Kindahl Tomas , Chorell Elin , Chorell Erik 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe 1,8‐naphthalimide central fragment can be found in a vast number of bioactive compounds and drugs in clinical trials, and can be recognized from their use as fluorescent probes. Of key importance for the fluorescent properties of the scaffold is the 4‐amino substituent, which has also proven to be critical in several other chemical and biological applications. Because of the great interest in 1,8‐naphthalimides in general, and 4‐amino‐substituted 1,8‐naphthalimides in particular, we have developed and optimized one‐step procedures with which to access these derivatives by using an experimental design approach. The multivariate studies of temperature, reaction time, and equivalents of substrates identified conditions with close to quantitative yields that could be applied to generate a range of 4‐amino‐substituted 1,8‐naphthalimides in high yields.
Electroconvulsive stimulation, but not chronic restraint stress, causes structural alterations in adult rat hippocampus—A stereological study
Authors: Olesen Mikkel V. , Wörtwein Gitta , Pakkenberg Bente 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression are not fully understood. Only a few previous studies have used validated stereological methods to test how stress and animal paradigms of depression affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis and whether antidepressant therapy can counteract possible changes in an animal model. Thus, in this study we applied methods that are state of the art in regard to stereological cell counting methods. Using a validated rat model of depression in combination with a clinically relevant schedule of electroconvulsive stimulation, we estimated the total number of newly formed neurons in the hippocampal subgranular zone. Also estimated were the total number of neurons and the volume of the granule cell layer in adult rats subjected to chronic restraint stress and electroconvulsive stimulation either alone or in combination. We found that chronic restraint stress induces depression‐like behavior, without significantly changing neurogenesis, the total number of neurons or the volume of the hippocampus. Further, electroconvulsive stimulation prevents stress‐induced depression‐like behavior and increases neurogenesis. The total number of neurons and the granule cell layer volume was not affected by electroconvulsive stimulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learning To Fold Proteins Using Energy Landscape Theory
Authors: Schafer Nicholas P. , Kim Bobby L. , Zheng Weihua , Wolynes Peter G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis review is a tutorial for scientists interested in the problem of protein structure prediction, particularly those interested in using coarse‐grained molecular dynamics models which are optimized using lessons learned from the energy landscape theory of protein folding. We also present a review of the results of the AMH/AMC/AMW/AWSEM family of coarse‐grained molecular dynamics protein folding models to illustrate the points covered in the first part of the article. Accurate coarse‐grained structure prediction models can be used to investigate a wide range of conceptual and mechanistic issues outside of protein structure prediction; specifically, the paper concludes by reviewing how AWSEM has, in recent years, been able to elucidate questions related to the unusual kinetic behavior of artificially designed proteins, multidomain protein misfolding, and the initial stages of protein aggregation.
ORIGINS OF THE FIELD‐DEPENDENT AND FIELD‐INDEPENDENT COGNITIVE STYLES
Authors: Goodenough Donald R. , Witkin Herman A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe literature on sources of individual differences in field dependence‐independence is reviewed and findings on ontogenetic development and cross‐cultural differences are incorporated into the theory of psychological differentiation. During the growth years, individuals develop toward greater field independence. Hormonal and X‐linked genetic factors may influence development of specific cognitive components of the field‐dependence‐independence dimension. It is clear from a wide variety of data that the development of field independence is enhanced by appropriate training programs, child‐rearing practices which encourage separation from parental authority, and “loose” social structures which permit individual autonomy. Among subsistence‐level societies, members of nomadic hunting groups tend to be more field independent than members of sedentary farming groups. Viewed from an ecocultural perspective, this finding suggests a progression from relative field independence toward relative field dependence as cultural forms changed from early hunting to later agricultural economies. That developmental changes may proceed in opposite directions in the course of ontogeny and during cultural history is compatible with the bipolar conception of cognitive styles; the cognitive restructuring skills of field‐independent individuals and the social‐interpersonal competencies of field‐dependent individuals have adaptive value in different life circumstances.
MATERNAL TEACHING STRATEGIES AND FIELD DEPENDENT‐INDEPENDENT COGNITIVE STYLES IN CHICANO FAMILIES
Authors: Laosa Luis M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTHypotheses were derived from the most recent formulation of field‐dependence theory, and tested, concerning (a) the role that cognitive styles play in determining individual differences in maternal teaching strategies; (b) the role of maternal teaching strategies as mediators of children's development of cognitive style; (c) the emergence of field dependence‐independence as a coherent construct in young Chicano children; and (d) sex differences. Forty‐three Chicano mothers were observed, in their homes, teaching cognitive‐perceptual tasks to their own five‐year‐old children, and each mother and child was administered a battery of measures to assess field dependence‐independence. Results were generally in line with the theory.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SPEED AND POWER APTITUDE TEST SCORES, AND ETHNIC IDENTITY
Authors: Evans Franklin R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis is the fourth report in a series of research studies to determine the effects of altering time‐per‐item as it relates to the test candidate's ethnic identity, residence (rural or urban), and sex. Four specially designed SAT‐like tests were administered to volunteer samples of black, Chicano, and white college‐bound juniors in twelve high schools in urban and rural settings. Within each high school, the volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three time‐limit conditions: speeded (20 minutes per section), normal (30 minutes per section), and unspeeded (40 minutes per section).Results of several independent analyses of variance (ANOVA's) did not reveal any differential performance related to residency or sex. Significant effects were detected for test‐time limits and ethnic identity. No significant two‐way interactions involving any of the four factors (time, ethnic identity, residence, or sex) were detected.Two significant findings were observed in the item analysis of the selected sections (verbal, math). There is some evidence that minority volunteers were employing less than optimal test‐taking strategies. The average section scores of the volunteers “still working” near the end of the test section were often lower than the average sections scores for all candidates. Secondly, when alternate form reliability estimates were compared for minorities, the estimates of reliabilities for wrong scores were higher than those for rights or formula scores. Possible explanations of these phenomena are that the tests were too difficult for the volunteers or that the volunteers who persisted were being attracted to incorrect options by way of misinformation.
Adamts1 Mediates Ethanol‐Induced Alterations in Collagen and Elastin via a FoxO1‐Sestrin3‐AMPK Signaling Cascade in Myocytes
Authors: Hong‐Brown Ly Q , Brown CRandell , Navaratnarajah Maithili , Lang Charles H 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA variety of stressors including alcohol (EtOH) are known to induce collagen production and fibrotic diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play an important role in regulating fibrosis, but little is known regarding the relationship between EtOH and MMPs. In addition, the signaling cascades involved in this process have not been elucidated. We have identified the MMP Adamts1 as a target of EtOH regulation. To characterize the function of Adamts1, we examined EtOH‐induced alterations in collagen I and elastin protein levels in C2C12 myocytes. Incubation of myocytes with 100 mM EtOH decreased elastin and increased collagen content, respectively, and these changes were associated with increased O‐GLcNAc modification of Adamts1. Conversely, silencing of Adamts1 by siRNA blocked the adverse effects of EtOH on collagen and elastin levels. Similar results were obtained after treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of MMP. Changes in collagen were due, at least in part, to a decreased interaction of Adamts1 with its endogenous inhibitor TIMP3. The AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked the EtOH‐induced stimulation of collagen and O‐GLcNAc Adamts1 protein. Changes in AMPK appear linked to FoxO1, since inhibition of FoxO1 blocked the effects of EtOH on AMPK phosphorylation and O‐GLcNAc levels. These FoxO‐dependent modifications were associated with an upregulation of the FoxO1 transcription target sestrin 3, as well as increased binding of sestrin 3 with AMPK. Collectively, these data indicate that EtOH regulates the collagen I and elastin content in an Adamts1‐dependent manner in myocytes. Furthermore, Adamts1 appears to be controlled by the FoxO1‐sestrin 3‐AMPK signaling cascade. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 91–101, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating database knowledge and epidemiological design to improve the implementation of data mining methods that evaluate vaccine safety in large healthcare databases
Authors: Nelson Jennifer C. , Shortreed Susan M. , Yu Onchee , Peterson Do , Baxter Roger , Fireman Bruce , Lewis Ned , McClure Dave , Weintraub Eric , Xu Stan , Jackson Lisa A. ,   on behalf of the Vaccine Safety Datalink project
Published: August 2014

AbstractLarge healthcare databases maintained by health plans have been widely used to conduct customized protocol‐based epidemiological safety studies as well as targeted routine sequential monitoring of suspected adverse events for newly licensed vaccines. These databases also offer a rich data source to discover vaccine‐related adverse events not known prior to licensure using data mining methods, but they remain relatively under‐utilized for this purpose. Initial safety applications of data mining methods using ‘big healthcare data’ are promising, but stronger integration of database expertize, epidemiological design, and statistical analysis strategies are needed to better leverage the available information, reduce bias, and improve reporting transparency. We enumerate major methodological challenges in mining large healthcare databases for vaccine safety research, describe existing strategies that have been used to address these issues, and identify opportunities for methodological advancements that emphasize the importance of adapting techniques used in customized protocol‐based vaccine safety assessments. Investment in such research methods and in the development of deeper collaborations between database safety experts and data mining methodologists has great potential to improve existing safety surveillance programs and further increase public confidence in the safety of newly licensed vaccines.
Suprapubic Cystostomy for the Management of Urethral Injuries During Penile Prosthesis Implantation
Authors: Anele Uzoma A. , Le Brian V. , Burnett Arthur L. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Urethral injury is an uncommon surgical complication of penile prosthesis (PP) surgery. Conventional dogma requires abortion of the procedure if the adjacent corporal body is involved or delayed implantation to avert device infection associated with urinary extravasation. Besides the setback of the aborted surgery, this management approach also presents the possible difficulty of encountering corporal fibrosis at the time of reoperation.

Aim
We report an approach using primary urethral repair and temporary suprapubic cystostomy for the management of incidental urethral injuries in a cohort of patients allowing for successful completion of unaborted PP implantation.

Materials and Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients receiving PPs from 1990 to 2014 in which incidental urethral injuries were repaired and PP implantation was completed with suprapubic cystostomy (suprapubic tube [SPT] insertion). After allowing for urethral healing and urinary diversion via SPT for 4–8 weeks, the PP was activated.

Main Outcome Measures
Successful management was determined by the absence of perioperative complications within 6 months of implantation.

Results
We identified four cases, all receiving inflatable PPs, managed with temporary suprapubic cystostomy. These patients sustained urethral injuries during corporal dissection (one patient), corporal dilation (one patient), and penile straightening (two patients). All patients were managed safely and successfully.

Conclusion
Primary urethral repair followed by temporary suprapubic cystostomy offers a surgical approach to complete PP implantation successfully in patients who sustain urethral injury complications, particularly for complex PP surgeries.
Analyzing complex mathematical model behavior by partial least squares regression‐based multivariate metamodeling
Authors: Tøndel Kristin , Martens Harald 
Published: August 2014

The increasing complexity of mathematical models of complex systems like living cells has created a need for methods to reduce computational demand, maintain overview of the capabilities and feasibility of the models, compare alternative models, and obtain more reliable and effective fitting of models to experimental data. Metamodeling—statistical modeling of the behavior of complex mathematical models, also called ‘surrogate modeling’—is well established in many scientific disciplines, such as mechanical engineering and process simulation, and has recently also found use in computational biology, as well as other fields of bioscience. Many of these are based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) and various nonlinear and N‐way extensions of the PLSR. This is a versatile family of multivariate data modeling methods that combines a simple, flexible model structure (low‐rank bilinear subspace regression) and an intuitively attractive optimization criterion (maximized explained input–output covariance) to provide both predictive ability and graphical insight. This review summarizes the background for PLSR‐based metamodeling, and the use of PLSR and related methods in the main application areas of metamodeling: reduction of computational demand, sensitivity analysis, model comparison, and parameterization of models in relation to measured data. The methodology is generic, but here illustrated by examples from computational biology. The advantages and limitations of metamodeling for analyzing complex model behavior are discussed. WIREs Comput Stat 2014, 6:440–475. doi: 10.1002/wics.1325This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational and Molecular Biology
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods
Circulating Lp(a):LDL Complexes Contain LDL Molecules Proportionate to Lp(a) Size and Bind to Galectin‐1: A Possible Route for LDL Entry into Cells
Authors: Kalaivani Vasantha , Appukuttan Padinjaradath Sankunni 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe molecular mechanism of vascular pathology mediated by circulating lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] remains unknown. We examined the role of two distinguishing features of Lp(a) viz non‐covalent complex formation with a low density lipoprotein (LDL) and heavy glycosylation as determinants of binding of this lipoprotein and its LDL complex to cell‐surface receptors. LDL isolated from the Lp(a):LDL complex, free LDL and oxidized LDL were equally efficient in forming a reconstituted complex with pure Lp(a). Complexed LDL in healthy individuals was equal in oxidation status to free LDL. The number of LDL molecules associated with each Lp(a) molecule (LDL index) in plasma samples increased steadily with Lp(a) size (correlation coefficient r = 0.834). Complex reconstituted from purified plasma Lp(a) and LDL maintained the same LDL index as plasma in accordance with Lp(a) size. Consequently, the percentage of complex‐free Lp(a) in the plasma decreased sharply with Lp(a) size (r = −0.887). Although O‐glycosylation measured in terms of lectin binding increased with Lp(a) size, the LDL index increased significantly faster than O‐glycosylation among Lp(a) phenotypes of different plasma samples. Complexes with varying stoichiometry existed in the same plasma. Extra LDL complex molecules were not recognized by LDL receptors on human macrophages or rat cardiac fibroblasts indicating attachment to Lp(a) involved LDL receptor‐binding sites. However, unlike free LDL complex LDL could attach through Lp(a) to immobilized form of galectin‐1, a lectin ubiquitous on mammalian cells. Results suggest that phenotype‐dependence of the physiological and pathological functions of Lp(a) may operate through differential LDL‐carrier activity.
Muslim and Hindu Women’s Public and Private Behaviors: Gender, Family, and Communalized Politics in India
Authors: Desai Sonalde , Temsah Gheda 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPrior research on fundamentalist religious movements has focused attention on the complicated relationship among gender, family, and religion. Using data from a nationally representative survey of 30,000 Hindu and Muslim women, this study compares the daily public and private behaviors of women in India to examine how gender and family norms are shaped in the context of communalized identity politics. Building on the theoretical framework of “doing gender,” we argue that because communal identities are expressed through externally visible behaviors, greater religious differences are expected in external markers of gendered behaviors and family norms. Results indicate that Muslim women are more likely to engage in veiling and less likely to venture outside the home for recreation and employment. However, religious differences are absent when attention is directed at private behaviors, such as household decision-making power, gender segregation within households, and discrimination against daughters. Results underscore the multidimensionality of gender.