bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and outcomes of adults with asthma who were hospitalized or died with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) – California, 2009
Authors: Mortensen Eva , Louie Janice , Pertowski Carol , Cadwell Betsy L. , Weiss Edward , Acosta Meileen , Matyas Bela T. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundAsthma was the most common chronic condition among adults hospitalized for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1).ObjectivesWe describe the epidemiology and factors for severe outcomes among adults with asthma who were hospitalized or died from pH1N1 in California.MethodsWe reviewed California Department of Public Health pH1N1 reports from April 23, 2009 through August 11, 2009. Reports were included if the patient had pH1N1 (or non‐subtypeable influenza A) infection by polymerase chain reaction in an adult (age ≥ 18 years) with asthma who was hospitalized or died. Patients were classified as having intermittent or persistent asthma on the basis of regular medications. Risk factors associated with severe outcomes (i.e., intensive care unit admission or death) vs those with less severe outcomes were assessed by chi‐square tests and logistic regression.ResultsAmong 744 identified patients, 170 (23%) had asthma (61% intermittent, 39% persistent). 132 of 142 (93%) patients had other chronic medical conditions. Severe outcomes occurred in 54 of 162 (33%), more commonly among those with renal disease (64% versus 31%; P = 0.04) and chest radiograph infiltrates (54% versus 11%; P < 0.01), less commonly among those who received antivirals within 48 hours of symptom onset (22% versus 44%; P = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, chest radiograph infiltrates were associated with severe outcomes (adjusted odds ratio 9·38, 95% confidence interval 3·05–28·90).ConclusionsOne third of adults with asthma who died or were hospitalized with pH1N1 experienced severe outcomes. Early empiric antiviral therapy should be encouraged, especially among asthma patients.
Treatment of chronic diabetic lower leg ulcers with activated protein C: a randomised placebo‐controlled, double‐blind pilot clinical trial
Authors: Whitmont Kaley , McKelvey Kelly J , Fulcher Gregory , Reid Ian , March Lyn , Xue Meilang , Cooper Alan , Jackson Christopher J 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLower leg ulcers are a serious and long‐term complication in patients with diabetes and pose a major health concern because of the increasing number of patients diagnosed with diabetes each year. This study sought to evaluate the clinical benefit of topical activated protein C (APC) on chronic lower leg ulcers in patients with diabetes. Twelve patients were randomly assigned to receive either APC (N = 6) or physiological saline (placebo; N = 6) in a randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind pilot clinical trial. Treatment was administered topically, twice weekly for 6 weeks with final follow‐up at 20 weeks. Wound area was significantly reduced to 34·8 ± 16·4% of week 0 levels at 20 weeks in APC‐treated wounds (p = 0·01). At 20 weeks, three APC‐treated wounds had completely healed, compared to one saline‐treated wound. Full‐thickness wound edge skin biopsies showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and increased vascular proliferation following APC treatment. Patient stress scores were also significantly reduced following APC treatment (p < 0·05), demonstrating improved patient quality of life as assessed by the Cardiff Wound Impact Questionnaire. This pilot trial suggests that APC is a safe topical agent for healing chronic lower leg ulcers in patients with diabetes and provides supporting evidence for a larger clinical trial.
Introduction: les marchés du travail européens face à la crise
Authors: TORRES Raymond 
Published: July 2013

Résumé.Il y a 8 millions de chômeurs de plus en Europe depuis que la crise financière a éclaté en 2008. L'auteur examine ici les autres risques d'une récession prolongée: exclusion du marché du travail, coût économique du chômage de longue durée, capacité réduite, pour les entreprises, d'investir et de créer des emplois. L'auteur porte un regard critique sur les réactions politiques européennes, surtout l'austérité budgétaire, avec ses conséquences durables sur les marchés du travail, les économies et les sociétés. Il présente les contributions à ce numéro spécial et s'appuie sur leurs résultats empiriques pour examiner les choix politiques qui permettraient de renverser la tendance.
Les courbes de Beveridge et de Phillips face à la crise dans la zone euro
Authors: SELL Friedrich L. , REINISCH David C. 
Published: July 2013

Résumé.Alors que l'on critique le courant dominant de l'économie politique qui n'a su ni prévoir ni annoncer la crise mondiale, les auteurs renversent la question: que donnent, empiriquement, des concepts traditionnels de l'économie du travail ou de la macroéconomie, comme les courbes de Beveridge et de Phillips, face au «test de résistance« que représente la crise? Fondé sur des données concernant onze pays de la zone euro de 2007 à 2010, l'examen des relations entre les taux d'inflation, de chômage et de vacances de postes confirme les corrélations postulées, ce qui implique un dosage subtil entre politiques de l'offre et de la demande.
Effets permanents et temporaires du chômage sur la mortalité: l'expérience européenne
Authors: BENDER Keith A. , ECONOMOU Athina , THEODOSSIOU Ioannis 
Published: July 2013

Résumé.Les recherches récentes sur la relation entre le chômage et la mortalité sont contradictoires. La présente étude utilise une méthodologie statistique pour décomposer les effets du chômage en effets temporaires et effets permanents, et évalue cette relation à l'aide de données agrégées collectées dans onze pays européens durant la période 1971–2001. Généralement, l'effet temporaire d'une hausse du chômage tend à faire baisser la mortalité, tandis que l'effet permanent tend à la faire augmenter. Il est important de noter que ce dernier est d'ordinaire plus fort que le premier. Ces résultats sont valables pour quasiment tous les indicateurs de la mortalité.
Le chômage partiel: réponse de l'Allemagne face à la grande récession
Authors: BRENKE Karl , RINNE Ulf , ZIMMERMANN Klaus F. 
Published: July 2013

Résumé.Dans le courant de l'année 2009, au plus fort de la crise économique, on dénombrait 1,5 million de salariés au chômage partiel en Allemagne. Sans le recours à ce dispositif, le taux de chômage aurait doublé. Le chômage partiel a sans aucun doute contribuéà atténuer l'impact de la crise sur le marché du travail allemand, mais les auteurs tiennent à rappeler qu'il a été utilisé dans des circonstances particulières, propres à l'Allemagne, et qu'il n'est dès lors pas possible de procéder à des généralisations quant à son efficacité. Par ailleurs, ils soulignent que les récentes modifications du régime du chômage partiel ont ouvert la voie à certains abus, comme en témoigne le nombre important de bénéficiaires du dispositif dans des secteurs d'activité qui n'ont pas été touchés par la crise et la constitution d'un chômage partiel de longue durée.
Characterization of Drought in the South Atlantic, United States
Authors: Patterson Lauren A. , Lutz Brian D. , Doyle Martin W. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDrought has been less extensively characterized in the humid South Atlantic compared to the arid western United States. Our objective was to characterize drought in the South Atlantic and to understand whether drought has become more severe in this region over time. Here we used monthly streamflow to characterize hydrological drought. Hydrological drought occurred when streamflow fell below the 20th percentile over three consecutive months and terminated once streamflow remained above the 20th percentile for three consecutive months. We characterized the frequency, duration, magnitude, and severity of events using the above definition. Significant changes in drought characteristics were tested with Mann‐Kendall over three periods: 1930‐2010, 1930‐1969, and 1970‐2010. We show that 71% of drought events were shorter than six months, while 7% were multiyear events. There was little evidence of trends in drought characteristics to support the claim of drought becoming more severe in the South Atlantic over the 20th Century. The one exception was a significant increase in the joint probability of nearby basins being simultaneously in drought conditions in the southern portion of the study area from 1970 to 2010. While drought characteristics have changed little through time, decreasing average streamflow in non drought periods coupled with increasing water demand provide the context within which recent multiyear drought events have produced significant stress on existing water infrastructure.
A System Dynamics Model for Conjunctive Management of Water Resources in the Snake River Basin
Authors: Hoekema David J. , Sridhar Venkataramana 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Pacific Northwest is expected to witness changes in temperature and precipitation due to climate change. In this study, we enhance the Snake River Planning Model (SRPM) by modeling the feedback loop between incidental recharge and surface water supply resulting from surface water and groundwater extraction for irrigation and provide a case study involving climate change impacts and management scenarios. The new System Dynamics‐Snake River Planning Model (SD‐SRPM) is calibrated to flow at Box Canyon Springs located along a major outlet of the East Snake Plain Aquifer. A calibration of the model to flow at Box Canyon Springs, based on historic diversions (1950‐1995) resulted in an r2 value of 0.74 and a validation (1996‐2005) r2 value of 0.60. After adding irrigation entities to the model an r2 value of 0.91, 0.88, and 0.87 were maintained for modeled vs. observed (1991‐2005) end‐of‐month reservoir content in Jackson Lake, Palisades, and American Falls, the three largest irrigation reservoirs in the system. The scenarios that compared the impacts of climate change were based on ensemble mean precipitation change scenarios and estimated changes to crop evapotranspiration (ET). Increased ET, despite increased precipitation, generally increased surface water shortages and discharge of springs. This study highlights the need to develop and implement models that integrate the human‐natural system to understand the impacts of climate change.
Cognitive and behavioral indicators of ADHD symptoms prior to school age
Authors: Arnett Anne Bernard , MacDonald Beatriz , Pennington Bruce F. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundPrevious research on the etiology of ADHD symptoms suggests that neuropsychological differences may be present as early as birth; however, the diagnosis is typically not given until school age. This study aimed to (a) identify early behavioral and cognitive markers of later significant parent and/or teacher ratings of ADHD symptomology, (b) examine sex differences in these predictors, and (c) describe the developmental trajectories of comorbid symptoms in school‐aged children.Methods1,106 children and at least one parent enrolled in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were followed from 1 month of age through 6th grade. Effect size calculations, discriminant function analysis, and growth curve analyses were conducted to address the three aims.ResultsChildren with high‐ versus low‐ADHD symptomology at 3rd grade could be distinguished using cognitive and behavioral measures as early as 15 months (females) and 24 months (males). Sensitivity and specificity were modest at 15, 24, and 26 months. Growth curves revealed significant differences between high‐ and low‐ADHD groups in comorbid symptoms at kindergarten and significantly different slopes for externalizing, social skills, and academic skills ratings across elementary school. There were few gender differences on cognitive and behavioral variables within the high‐ADHD group.ConclusionsCognitive and behavioral markers of ADHD symptoms are present in children prior to entry into formal schooling, but current behavioral screeners are not developmentally sensitive to these differences in infancy and toddlerhood.
Preschool predictors of childhood anxiety disorders: a prospective community study
Authors: Wichstrøm Lars , Belsky Jay , Berg‐Nielsen Turid Suzanne 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundAnxiety disorders are often present at preschool age. Research on older children and studies contrasting preschoolers with high versus low behavioral inhibition (BI) highlight several risk factors, but these have not been investigated in community samples of young children. Child, parent, and peer factors at age 4 were therefore examined as potential predictors of anxiety disorders at age 6.MethodsTwo birth cohorts of 4‐year olds living in the city of Trondheim, Norway, were screened for emotional and behavioral problems. A subsample oversampled for emotional and behavioral problems were drawn to take part in the study; 82.1% consented. Parents of 1000 children were interviewed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment and provided ratings of children's BI, victimization by peers and their own anxiety symptoms. Assessments of attachment and parent–child interaction were based on observation. Preschool teachers rated children's social competence. Children were reassessed after 2 years (N = 797).ResultsHigh scores on BI, attention‐deficient/hyperactivity disorder, parental anxiety, and peer victimization, along with low scores on social skills at age 4 collectively predicted anxiety disorders at age 6 after controlling for initial anxiety and other disorders. The effect of parental anxiety did only apply to children with high levels of BI. No effects of age‐4 anxiety, gender, parenting, parental SES, divorce, peer acceptance, or attachment emerged.ConclusionsBehavioral inhibition, parental anxiety, and peer victimization function as risk factors whereas high social competence may protect against anxiety disorders in young children.
Measuring food intake with digital photography
Authors: Martin C. K. , Nicklas T. , Gunturk B. , Correa J. B. , Allen H. R. , Champagne C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Digital Photography of Foods Method accurately estimates the food intake of adults and children in cafeterias. When using this method, images of food selection and leftovers are quickly captured in the cafeteria. These images are later compared with images of ‘standard’ portions of food using computer software. The amount of food selected and discarded is estimated based upon this comparison, and the application automatically calculates energy and nutrient intake. In the present review, we describe this method, as well as a related method called the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM), which relies on smartphones to estimate food intake in near real‐time in free‐living conditions. When using the RFPM, participants capture images of food selection and leftovers using a smartphone and these images are wirelessly transmitted in near real‐time to a server for analysis. Because data are transferred and analysed in near real‐time, the RFPM provides a platform for participants to quickly receive feedback about their food intake behaviour and to receive dietary recommendations for achieving weight loss and health promotion goals. The reliability and validity of measuring food intake with the RFPM in adults and children is also reviewed. In sum, the body of research reviewed demonstrates that digital imaging accurately estimates food intake in many environments and it has many advantages over other methods, including reduced participant burden, elimination of the need for participants to estimate portion size, and the incorporation of computer automation to improve the accuracy, efficiency and cost‐effectiveness of the method.
Spatial organization of fibroblast nuclear chromocenters: component tree analysis
Authors: Snapp Robert R. , Goveia Elyse , Peet Lindsay , Bouffard Nicole A. , Badger Gary J. , Langevin Helene M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe nuclei of mouse connective tissue fibroblasts contain chromocenters which are well‐defined zones of heterochromatin that can be used as positional landmarks to examine nuclear remodeling in response to a mechanical perturbation. This study used component tree analysis, an image segmentation algorithm that detects high intensity voxels that are topologically connected, to quantify the spatial organization of chromocenters in fibroblasts within whole mouse connective tissue fixed and stained with 4',6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI). The component tree analysis method was applied to confocal microscopy images of whole mouse areolar connective tissue incubated for 30 min ex vivo with or without static stretch. In stretched tissue, the mean distance between chromocenters within fibroblast nuclei was significantly greater (vs. non‐stretched, P < 0.001), corresponding to an average of a 500‐nm increase in chromocenter separation (~10% strain). There was no significant difference in chromocenter number or average size between stretch and no stretch. Average chromocenter distance was positively correlated with nuclear cross‐sectional area (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001), and nuclear volume (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001), and negatively correlated with nuclear aspect ratio (r = −0.65, P < 0.0001) and nuclear concavity index (r = −0.44, P < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that component trees can be successfully applied to the morphometric analysis of nuclear chromocenters in fibroblasts within whole connective tissue. Static stretching of mouse areolar connective tissue for 30 min resulted in substantially increased separation of nuclear chromocenters in connective tissue fibroblasts. This interior remodeling of the nucleus induced by tissue stretch may impact transcriptionally active euchromatin within the inter‐chromocenter space.
Targeting High‐Risk, Socially Influential Middle School Students to Reduce Aggression: Universal Versus Selective Preventive Intervention Effects
Authors:   Multisite Violence Prevention Project
Published: July 2013

Early adolescence may be an opportune time for violence prevention, particularly if shifts in risk patterns and the importance of peer influence are considered. An important question is whether to target high‐risk students or the entire population. Thirty‐seven schools were randomized to four conditions: universal classroom intervention; selective family intervention; combined interventions; or control to test effects on a high‐risk sample (N = 1,805) of sixth graders targeted due to elevated aggression and social influence. Intent‐to‐treat and dosage‐weighted growth comparisons through two years of postintervention revealed selective intervention benefits for physical aggression, aggressive strategies, and targeted family characteristics. Universal and combined interventions affected valuing academic achievement. Implications for middle school prevention, particularly selective targeting of socially influential high‐risk youth, are discussed.
Phase 2b, randomized, double‐blind 12‐week studies of TZP‐102, a ghrelin receptor agonist for diabetic gastroparesis
Authors: McCallum R. W. , Lembo A. , Esfandyari T. , Bhandari B. R. , Ejskjaer N. , Cosentino C. , Helton N. , Mondou E. , Quinn J. , Rousseau F. ,   The TZP‐102 Phase 2b Study Group
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundTZP‐102, a potent, oral, ghrelin receptor agonist, improved diabetic gastroparesis symptoms in Phase 2a.MethodsPatients with type 1 or 2 diabetes, delayed gastric half‐emptying (T1/2), and ≥3 months gastroparesis symptoms randomized 1 : 1 : 1 to double‐blind placebo, 10‐mg, or 20‐mg TZP‐102 once daily for 12 weeks (Study TZP‐102‐CL‐G003). Study TZP‐102‐CL‐G004 patients randomized 1 : 1 to 10‐mg TZP‐102:placebo three‐times‐daily. Primary endpoint was change‐from‐baseline through Weeks 11–12 in Daily Diary of Gastroparesis Symptoms Questionnaire (GSDD) via electronic Patient Recorded Outcome device: worst severity of nausea, early satiety, bloating, and upper abdominal pain in 24 h (0 = none‐to‐5 = very severe). GSDD Composite Score for eligibility was ≥2.5 (Day‐14‐to‐baseline). Patient Overall Treatment Evaluation (OTE) provided an anchor‐based minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for GSDD Composite Score.Key ResultsStudy TZP‐102‐CL‐G003 enrolled 201 outpatients: females 72%; Caucasians 87%; type 2 diabetes 61%; insulin‐dependent 65%; age mean ± SD 53 ± 11.3 years; HbA1c 7.8 ± 1.5%; GCSI 3.4 ± 0.7; GSDD Composite 3.6 ± 0.6; gastric T1/2 131 ± 32 min; n = 69 (10‐mg), n = 66 (20‐mg), n = 66 (placebo). Primary endpoint (GSDD): significant improvement in all arms, although not for TZP‐102 vs placebo: mean change‐from‐baseline −1.7, −1.4, −1.5 (10‐mg, 20‐mg, placebo); Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index −1.8, −1.6, −1.5, respectively. The OTE (all patients) at Week‐12 was: Patient 3.7 ± 3.2 and Physician 3.6 ± 3.0 with median score for both of 5.0 = important on scale of improvement; individual MCID was 1.61 and 0.94 for group analyses, greater than expected. Study TZP‐102‐CL‐G004 with similar demographic/disease characteristics was prematurely terminated for efficacy futility (n = 64 with Week‐4 assessments).Conclusions & InferencesEfficacy of TZP‐102 was not demonstrated compared with placebo in diabetic gastroparesis; however, there was substantial symptom improvement in all arms (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01452815/NCT01664637).
Resveratrol analogs: promising chemopreventive agents
Authors: Ogas Talysa , Kondratyuk Tamara P. , Pezzuto John M. 
Published: July 2013

Although resveratrol can modulate multiple stages of carcinogenesis, by most common standards it is not a good drug candidate. Resveratrol lacks potency, high efficacy, and target specificity; it is rapidly metabolized and serum concentrations are low. Using resveratrol as a scaffold, we produced over 100 derivatives, some of which have target specificity in the nanomolar range. Aromatase inhibition was enhanced over 6000‐fold by using 1,3‐thiazole as the central ring of resveratrol. Optimizing the substitution pattern of the two phenyl rings and the central heterocyclic linker led to selective QR1 induction with a CD value of 87 nM. Several derivatives have been selected for evaluation of synergistic effects. Preliminary results with pairs of compounds are promising and further experiments, in a constant multidrug manner, will allow us to create polygonograms for larger combinations of derivatives. The objective is to develop a highly efficacious cocktail of derivatives based on the structure of resveratrol.
Is the number of species on earth increasing or decreasing? Time, chaos and the origin of species
Authors: Bennett K. D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDarwin'sOn theOrigin ofSpecieshas led to a theory of evolution with a mass of empirical detail on population genetics below species level, together with heated debate on the details of macroevolutionary patterns above species level. Most of the main principles are clear and generally accepted, notably that life originated once and has evolved over time by descent with modification. Here,Ireview the fossil and molecular phylogenetic records of the response of life onEarth toQuaternary climatic changes.Isuggest that the record can be best understood in terms of the nonlinear dynamics of the relationship between genotype and phenotype, and between climate and environments. ‘The origin of species’ is essentially unpredictable, but is nevertheless an inevitable consequence of the way that organisms reproduce through time. The process is ‘chaotic’, but not ‘random’.Isuggest that biodiversity is best considered as continuously branching systems of lineages, where ‘species’ are the branch tips. TheEarth's biodiversity should thus (1) be in a state of continuous increase and (2) show continuous discrepancies between genetic and morphological data in time and space.