bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal variations of atmospheric water vapor δD and δ18O above an arid artificial oasis cropland in the Heihe River Basin
Authors: Huang Lvjun , Wen Xuefa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe high temporal resolution measurements of δD, δ18O, and deuterium excess (d) of atmospheric water vapor provide an improved understanding of atmospheric and ecohydrological processes at ecosystem to global scales. In this study, δD, δ18O, and d of water vapor and their flux ratios were continuously measured from May to September 2012 using an in situ technique above an arid artificial oasis in the Heihe River Basin, which has a typical continental arid climate. The monthly δD and δ18O increased slowly and then decreased, whereas the monthly d showed a steady decrease. δD, δ18O, and d exhibited a marked diurnal cycle, indicating the influence of the entrainment, local evapotranspiration (ET), and dewfall. The departures of δD, δ18O, and d from equilibrium prediction were significantly correlated with rain amount, relative humidity (RH), and air temperature (T). The “amount effect” was observed during one precipitation event. δD and δ18O were log linear dependent on water vapor mixing ratio with respective R2 of 17% and 14%, whereas d was significantly correlated with local RH and T, suggesting the less influence of air mass advection and more important contribution of the local source of moisture to atmospheric water vapor. Throughout the experiment, the local ET acted to increase δD and δ18O, with isofluxes of 102.5 and 23.50 mmol m−2 s−1‰, respectively. However, the dominated effect of entrainment still decreased δD and δ18O by 10.1 and 2.24‰, respectively. Both of the local ET and entrainment exerted a positive forcing on the diurnal variability in d.
Sr‐Nd isotope composition and clay mineral assemblages in eolian dust from the central Philippine Sea over the last 600 kyr: Implications for the transport mechanism of Asian dust
Authors: Seo Inah , Lee Yong Il , Yoo Chan Min , Kim Hyung Jeek , Hyeong Kiseong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDust transport to the tropical/subtropical northwestern Pacific over the past 600 kyr was investigated using radiogenic isotopes (87Sr/86Sr and εNd), together with the clay mineral composition, of eolian dust preserved in a sediment core obtained from the Philippine Sea (12°30′N, 134°60′E). These data revealed the influence of two prevailing dust sources, namely, the Asian deserts and nearby volcanic arcs (e.g., the Luzon Arc), with average contributions of around 70% and 30%, respectively, from each. The clay mineral composition of the core resembled dust from the central Asian deserts (CADs; e.g., the Taklimakan Desert) as in the north‐central Pacific, but published aerosol data collected near the study site during winter/spring have the mineralogical signature of dust originating from the East Asian deserts (EADs). These data indicate that the relative contribution of EAD dust increases with the northeasterly surface winds associated with the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) during winter/spring, but the Prevailing Westerlies and Trade Winds that carry dust from the CADs is the dominant transport agent in the overall dust budget of the study site. The results of this study contradict the prevailing view that direct dust transport by the EAWM winds in spring dominates the annual flux of eolian dust in the northwest Pacific.
Progress toward forecasting of space weather effects on UHF SATCOM after Operation Anaconda
Authors: Kelly Michael A. , Comberiate Joseph M. , Miller Ethan S. , Paxton Larry J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSpace weather impacts on communications are often presented as a raison d'etre for studying space weather (e.g., Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society, 2013). Here we consider a communications outage during Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan that may have been related to ionospheric disturbances. Early military operations occurred during the peak of solar cycle 23 when ionospheric variability was enhanced. During Operation Anaconda, the Battle of Takur Ghar occurred at the summit of a 3191 m Afghan mountaintop on 4 March 2002 when the ionosphere was disturbed and could have affected UHF Satellite Communications (SATCOM). In this paper, we consider UHF SATCOM outages that occurred during repeated attempts to notify a Quick Reaction Force (QRF) on board an MH‐47H Chinook to avoid a “hot” landing zone at the top of Takur Ghar. During a subsequent analysis of Operation Anaconda, these outages were attributed to poor performance of the UHF radios on the helicopters and to blockage by terrain. However, it is also possible that ionospheric anomalies together with multipath effects could have combined to decrease the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the communication links used by the QRF. A forensics study of Takur Ghar with data from the Global Ultraviolet Imager on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission showed the presence of ionospheric bubbles (regions of depleted electron density) along the line of sight between the Chinook and the UHF communications satellites in geostationary orbit that could have impacted communications. The events of 4 March 2002 motivated us to develop the Mesoscale Ionospheric Simulation Testbed model, which can be used to improve warnings of potential UHF outages during future military operations.
A hiddenMarkov model combined with climate indices for multidecadal streamflow simulation
Authors: Bracken C. , Rajagopalan B. , Zagona E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHydroclimate time series often exhibit very low year‐to‐year autocorrelation while showing prolonged wet and dry epochs reminiscent of regime‐shifting behavior. Traditional stochastic time series models cannot capture the regime‐shifting features thereby misrepresenting the risk of prolonged wet and dry periods, consequently impacting management and planning efforts. Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) annual flow series highlights this clearly. To address this, a simulation framework is developed using a hidden Markov (HM) model in combination with large‐scale climate indices that drive multidecadal variability. We demonstrate this on the UCRB flows and show that the simulations are able to capture the regime features by reproducing the multidecadal spectral features present in the data where a basic HM model without climate information cannot.
Pore‐by‐pore capillary pressure measurements using X‐ray microtomography at reservoir conditions: Curvature, snap‐off, and remobilization of residual CO2
Authors: Andrew Matthew , Bijeljic Branko , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractX‐ray microtomography was used to image the shape and size of residual ganglia of supercritical CO2 at resolutions of 3.5 and 2 μm and at representative subsurface conditions of temperature and pressure. The capillary pressure for each ganglion was found by measuring the curvature of the CO2‐brine interface, while the pore structure was parameterized using distance maps of the pore space. The formation of the residual clusters by snap‐off was examined by comparing the ganglion capillary pressure to local pore topography. The capillary pressure was found to be inversely proportional to the radius of the largest restriction (throat) surrounding the ganglion, which validates the imbibition mechanisms used in pore‐network modeling. The potential mobilization of residual ganglia was assessed using a reformulation of both the capillary (Ncmacro) and Bond numbers (Nbmacro), rigorously based on a balance of pore‐scale forces, with the majority of ganglia remobilized at Ncmacro around 1. Buoyancy forces were found to be small in this system (Nbmacro << 1), meaning the gravitational remobilization of CO2 after residual trapping would be extremely difficult.
Adaptive Amphiphilic Dendrimer‐Based Nanoassemblies as Robust and Versatile siRNA Delivery Systems
Authors: Liu Xiaoxuan , Zhou Jiehua , Yu Tianzhu , Chen Chao , Cheng Qiang , Sengupta Kheya , Huang Yuanyu , Li Haitang , Liu Cheng , Wang Yang , Posocco Paola , Wang Menghua , Cui Qi , Giorgio Suzanne , Fermeglia Maurizio , Qu Fanqi , Pricl Sabrina , Shi Yanhong , Liang Zicai , Rocchi Palma , Rossi John J. , Peng Ling 
Published: September 2014

AbstractsiRNA delivery remains a major challenge in RNAi‐based therapy. Here, we report for the first time that an amphiphilic dendrimer is able to self‐assemble into adaptive supramolecular assemblies upon interaction with siRNA, and effectively delivers siRNAs to various cell lines, including human primary and stem cells, thereby outperforming the currently available nonviral vectors. In addition, this amphiphilic dendrimer is able to harness the advantageous features of both polymer and lipid vectors and hence promotes effective siRNA delivery. Our study demonstrates for the first time that dendrimer‐based adaptive supramolecular assemblies represent novel and versatile means for functional siRNA delivery, heralding a new age of dendrimer‐based self‐assembled drug delivery in biomedical applications.
Proteasesonden, die Spaltung durch Excimeremission anzeigen
Authors: Fischbach Melanie , Resch‐Genger Ute , Seitz Oliver 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPeptidbasierte Sonden, die nach einer proteolytischen Spaltung fluoreszieren, sind unschätzbare Hilfsmittel für Untersuchungen von Proteaseaktivitäten. Eine Signalerzeugung durch Pyrenexcimere ist vorteilhaft, da die große Stokes‐Verschiebung und die lange Lebensdauer der Excimeremission Messungen in autofluoreszierenden Medien wie Blutserum erleichtern. Die proteolytische Spaltung stört jedoch die Proximitätsbeziehungen, die für eine excimerbasierte Signalgebung notwendig sind. Wir stellen eine neue Sondenarchitektur vor, bei der die Pyrenexcimeremission durch Spaltung eingeschaltet wird. Die Methode beruht auf haarnadelförmigen Peptidnukleinsäure(PNA)‐Peptid‐Hybriden. Im PNA‐Stamm werden Pyreneinheiten und Anthrachinonlöscher reißverschlussartig positioniert. Die Excimer Hairpin Peptide Beacons erbringen eine bis zu 50‐fache Verstärkung der Pyrenexcimeremission. Zeitaufgelöste Messungen ermöglichen die Detektion der Matrixmetalloprotease 7 im humanen Blutserum.
Use of the Wilkinson Catalyst for the ortho‐CH Heteroarylation of Aromatic Amines: Facile Access to Highly Extended π‐Conjugated Heteroacenes for Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Huang Yumin , Wu Di , Huang Jingsheng , Guo Qiang , Li Juan , You Jingsong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAn unprecedented catalytic system composed of the Wilkinson catalyst [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] and CF3COOH enabled the highly regioselective cross‐coupling of aromatic amines with a variety of heteroarenes through dual CH bond cleavage. This protocol provided a facile and rapid route from readily available substrates to (2‐aminophenyl)heteroaryl compounds, which may be conveniently transformed into highly extended π‐conjugated heteroacenes. The experimental studies and calculations showed that thianaphtheno[3,2‐b]indoles have large HOMO–LUMO energy gaps and low‐lying HOMO levels, and could therefore potentially be high‐performance organic semiconductors. Herein we report the first use of a rhodium(I) catalyst for oxidative CH/CH coupling reactions. The current innovative catalyst system is much less expensive than [RhCp*Cl2]2/AgSbF6 and could open the door for the application of this approach to other types of CH activation processes.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Diynes with Nitrones: A Formal [2+2+5] Approach to Bridged Eight‐Membered Heterocycles
Authors: Wang Chunxiang , Wang Dongping , Yan Hao , Wang Haolong , Pan Bin , Xin Xiaoyi , Li Xincheng , Wu Fan , Wan Boshun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractN‐aryl‐substituted nitrones were employed as five‐atom coupling partners in the rhodium‐catalyzed cyclization with diynes. In this reaction, the nitrone moiety served as a directing group for the catalytic CH activation of the N‐aryl ring. This formal [2+2+5] approach allows rapid access to bridged eight‐membered heterocycles with broad substrate scope. The results of this study may provide new insight into the chemistry of nitrones and find applications in the synthesis of other heterocycles.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated 1,2‐Acyl Migration: The Reaction of Secondary Enamino Ketones with Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Fan Weigang , Li Pixu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSecondary enaminones were oxidized by photochemically generated singlet oxygen, followed by nucleophilic addition of alcohol and an unexpected 1,2‐acyl migration to afford quaternary amino acid derivatives. An ene‐type reaction pathway is proposed. It is distinctively different from the typical [2+2] addition of singlet oxygen to a CC bond pathway.
Restored Immunosuppressive Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on B Cells After Olfactory 1/Early B Cell Factor–Associated Zinc‐Finger Protein Down‐Regulation in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Feng Xuebing , Che Nan , Liu Yan , Chen Haifeng , Wang Dandan , Li Xia , Chen Weiwei , Ma Xiaolei , Hua Bingzhu , Gao Xiang , Tsao Betty P. , Sun Lingyun 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether olfactory 1/early B cell factor–associated zinc‐finger protein (OAZ), a candidate lupus susceptibility gene involved in antinuclear antibody (ANA) production, plays a role in the regulation of B cells by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).MethodsMSCs derived from the bone marrow of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy control subjects were expanded and incubated with small interfering RNAs specific for OAZ or a nontargeting sequence. Knockdown of messenger RNA levels of OAZ and its downstream genes was measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels of chemokine/cytokine and immunoglobulins were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or Western blotting. The effects of modulating the OAZ levels in MSCs, by either silencing or overexpression, on B cell proliferation and terminal differentiation were assessed by coculturing MSCs with mouse spleen cells.ResultsOAZ gene expression was highly enriched in MSCs compared with peripheral blood leukocytes and was increased in patients with SLE compared with control subjects. After the silencing of OAZ expression, SLE MSCs could regain the ability to inhibit B cell proliferation and terminal differentiation, as indicated by decreased percentages of bromodeoxyuridine‐positive cells and CD138+ cells as well as decreased levels of IgG, IgM, and ANAs. The level of CCL2 was increased after OAZ knockdown, while anti‐CCL2 antibodies completely counteracted the effect of OAZ silencing. Umbilical cord–derived normal MSCs that overexpressed OAZ had a diminished ability to inhibit B cell proliferation and terminal differentiation.ConclusionOAZ down‐regulation could restore the impaired function of SLE MSCs in the immune regulation of B cells, contributing to a reduction in ANA levels. OAZ might represent a new target for therapy in patients with SLE.
Heuristic Dynamic Programming Using Echo State Network For Multivariable Tracking Control Of Wastewater Treatment Process
Authors: Ying‐Chun Bo , Jun‐Fei Qiao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) scheme to simultaneously control the dissolved oxygen concentration and the nitrate level in wastewater treatment processes (WWTP). Unlike traditional HDP schemes, the optimal control values are calculated in an analytical way by the proposed HDP controller. It can reduce the learning burden of the HDP controller to a great extent. The system model and the evaluation indexJare approximated by two echo state networks (ESNs). Gradient‐based learning algorithms are employed to train both ESNs online, and the convergence of the training algorithm is investigated based on Lyapunov theory. The performance of the proposed ESN‐based HDP (E‐HDP) controller is tested and evaluated on a WWTP benchmark. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve effective performance.
Impact of heavy vehicles on surrounding traffic characteristics
Authors: Moridpour Sara , Mazloumi Ehsan , Mesbah Mahmoud 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis work examines the impact of heavy vehicle movements on measured traffic characteristics in detail. Although the number of heavy vehicles within the traffic stream is only a small percentage, their impact is prominent. Heavy vehicles impose physical and psychological effects on surrounding traffic flow because of their length and size (physical) and acceleration/deceleration (operational) characteristics. The objective of this work is to investigate the differences in traffic characteristics in the vicinity of heavy vehicles and passenger cars. The analysis focuses on heavy traffic conditions (level of service E) using a trajectory data of highway I‐80 in California. The results show that larger front and rear space gaps exist for heavy vehicles compared with passenger cars. This may be because of the limitations in manoeuvrability of heavy vehicles and the safety concerns of the rear vehicle drivers, respectively. In addition, heavy vehicle drivers mainly keep a constant speed and do not change their speed frequently. This work also examines the impact of heavy vehicles on their surrounding traffic in terms of average travel time and number of lane changing manoeuvres using Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non‐Urban Networks (AIMSUN) microscopic traffic simulation package. According to the results, the average travel time increases when proportion of heavy vehicles rises in each lane. To reflect the impact of heavy vehicles on average travel time, a term related to heavy vehicle percentage is introduced into two different travel time equations, Bureau of Public Roads and Akçelik's travel time equations. The results show that using an exclusive term for heavy vehicles can better estimate the travel times for more than 10%. Finally, number of passenger car lane changing manoeuvres per lane will be more frequent when more heavy vehicles exist in that lane. The influence of heavy vehicles on the number of passenger car lane changing is intensified in higher traffic densities and higher percentage of heavy vehicles. Large numbers of lane changing manoeuvres can increase the number of traffic accidents and potentially reduce traffic safety. The results show an increase of 5% in the likelihood of accidents, when percentage of heavy vehicles increases to 30% of total traffic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behrings Nachlässe – Behrings Biographien
Authors: Enke Ulrike 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBehring’s Personal Papers – Behring’s Lives. The article wants to show the connection between the enriched personal papers of Emil von Behring (1854–1917) in the Behring archives in Marburg (established in 1927) and the history of the first biography of the scientist, which was published by Heinz Zeiss and Richard Bieling during Nazi era in 1940. One focus is placed on Behring’s widow Else von Behring (1876–1936), who was active in arranging Behring’s papers in proper order and in searching a biographer of her husband’s life. The paper also presents new discoveries from the Behring Works archives in Marburg which show Behring – founder of the serum therapy and first winner of the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1901 – as an entrepreneur who was fighting for control and influence in the field of science and of business: maybe another narration of Behring’s life.
The evolution of down‐scale virus filtration equipment for virus clearance studies
Authors: Wieser Andreas , Berting Andreas , Medek Christian , Poelsler Gerhard , Kreil Thomas R. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe role of virus filtration in assuring the safety of biopharmaceutical products has gained importance in recent years. This is due to the fundamental advantages of virus filtration, which conceptually can remove all pathogens as long as their size is larger than the biomolecule of commercial interest, while at the same time being neutral to the biological activity of biopharmaceutical compound(s). Major progress has been made in the development of adequate filtration membranes that can remove even smaller viruses, or possibly even all.Establishing down‐scaled models for virus clearance studies that are fully equivalent with respect to operating parameters at manufacturing scale is a continuing challenge. This is especially true for virus filtration procedures where virus clearance studies at small‐scale determine the operating parameters, which can be used at manufacturing scale. This has limited volume‐to‐filter‐area‐ratios, with significant impact on process economics.An advanced small‐scale model of virus filtration, which allows the investigation of the full complexity of these processes, is described here. It includes the automated monitoring and control of all process parameters, as well as an electronic data acquisition system, which is fully compliant with current regulatory requirements for electronic records in a pharmaceutical environment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 633–637. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phosphodiesterase DosP increases persistence by reducing cAMP which reduces the signal indole
Authors: Kwan Brian W. , Osbourne Devon O. , Hu Ying , Benedik Michael J. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPersisters are bacteria that are highly tolerant to antibiotics due to their dormant state and are of clinical significance owing to their role in infections. Given that the population of persisters increases in biofilms and that cyclic diguanylate (c‐di‐GMP) is an intracellular signal that increases biofilm formation, we sought to determine whether c‐di‐GMP has a role in bacterial persistence. By examining the effect of 30 genes from Escherichia coli, including diguanylate cyclases that synthesize c‐di‐GMP and phosphodiesterases that breakdown c‐di‐GMP, we determined that DosP (direct oxygen sensing phosphodiesterase) increases persistence by over a thousand fold. Using both transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, we determined that DosP increases persistence by decreasing tryptophanase activity and thus indole. Corroborating this effect, addition of indole reduced persistence. Despite the role of DosP as a c‐di‐GMP phosphodiesterase, the decrease in tryptophanase activity was found to be a result of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase activity. Corroborating this result, the reduction of cAMP via CpdA, a cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase, increased persistence and reduced indole levels similarly to DosP. Therefore, phosphodiesterase DosP increases persistence by reducing the interkingdom signal indole via reduction of the global regulator cAMP. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 588–600. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.