bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the size of zona pellucida opening on hatching in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) embryo
Authors: Ishibashi Hidetoshi , Motohashi Hideyuki H. , Kumon Mami , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Okada Hironori , Okada Takashi , Seki Kazuhiko 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe use of the common marmoset monkey in biomedical research has increased recently, and further attention has been devoted to this model after the successful production of transgenic marmosets. To extend genetic engineering approaches to widespread biomedical research fields, efficient prolonged in vitro culturing of embryo development is necessary. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the size of the zona pellucida opening on promoting the hatching process in the marmoset embryo. Piezo‐microdrilling of a 6‐μm opening in eight embryos resulted in four partially hatched embryos and one hatched embryo after 5 days of culture. Piezo‐microdrilling a 20‐μm opening in 11 embryos resulted in nine partial hatchings and no hatched embryos. Piezo‐scraping an 80‐μm opening in six embryos resulted in no partially hatched embryos and five hatched embryos. These results suggest that an 80‐μm opening, rather than 6‐μm or 20‐μm openings, is suitable to complete the hatching process in the marmoset embryo.
The Problem Is Fraud: Is the Solution Government Bounties?
Authors: Hargrove Dan , Raiborn Cecily 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWhistle‐blowing is the disclosure of organizational wrongdoing by internal or external parties either within the organization or publicly to outsiders who may be able to effect a positive change in action or activities. Organizations have been encouraged, especially since the passage in 2002 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, to establish a culture in which whistle‐blowing is seen as a positive mechanism to correct misconduct rather than a negative attack.This article addresses (1) whistle‐blowing in relationship fraud and (2) governmental “bounties” paid to persons who are willing to provide knowledge of organizational transgressions. The fraud could occur through a variety of mechanisms but, regardless of the fraud's cause, the long‐run result will be harmful to the organization, its employees, its customers, and the society in which the organization operates. The question is whether bounties are the most effective means by which to reduce the harm created by fraud.
CSR and Accounting: Drawing on Weber and Aristotle to Rethink Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Authors: Christie Nancy , Dyck Bruno , Morrill Janet , Stewart Ross 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to discuss and provide an alternative, less materialist–individualist approach to interpret the four assumptions of generally accepted accounting principles: economic entity, unit measure, periodic reporting, and going concern. The article draws from and builds on arguments first developed by Weber and Aristotle to demonstrate how a materialist–individualist moral point of view influences the conventional interpretation of the four basic assumptions for generally accepted accounting principles. We then propose an ideal‐type conceptual framework upon which to critique mainstream accounting theory and to develop alternative accounting theory that balances multiple forms of well‐being (including financial, but also social, physical, spiritual, and ecological well‐being) for multiple stakeholders (including owners, employees, customers, suppliers, competitors, neighbors, future generations, and so forth).
Motives, Timing, and Targets of Corporate Philanthropy: A Tripartite Classification Scheme of Charitable Giving
Authors: Ricks Joe M. , Peters Richard C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAlthough corporate philanthropy has been an important part of American business for more than a century, the motives and consequences of corporate philanthropy are not well understood. This paper develops a richer classification scheme of philanthropic activity, to aid in theory development and management. Examining simultaneously the domains of why firms give (motive), when they give (timing) and to whom they give (target), a conceptual model identifying distinct categories of philanthropic activity is developed and its implications to present and future research discussed.
Visual Short‐Term Memory for Complex Objects in 6‐ and 8‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Kwon Mee‐Kyoung , Luck Steven J. , Oakes Lisa M. 
Published: September 2013

Infants' visual short‐term memory (VSTM) for simple objects undergoes dramatic development: Six‐month‐old infants can store in VSTM information about only a simple object presented in isolation, whereas 8‐month‐old infants can store information about simple objects presented in multiple‐item arrays. This study extended this work to examine the development of infants' VSTM for complex objects during this same period (N = 105). Using the simultaneous streams change detection paradigm, Experiment 1 confirmed the previous developmental trajectory between 6 and 8 months. Experiment 2 showed that doubling the exposure time did not enhance 6‐month‐old infants' change detection, demonstrating that the developmental change is not due to encoding speed. Thus, VSTM for simple and complex objects appears to follow the same developmental trajectory.
Beginnings of Place Value: How Preschoolers Write Three‐Digit Numbers
Authors: Byrge Lisa , Smith Linda B. , Mix Kelly S. 
Published: September 2013

Place value notation is essential to mathematics learning. This study examined young children's (4‐ to 6‐year‐olds, N = 172) understanding of place value prior to explicit schooling by asking them write spoken numbers (e.g., “six hundred and forty‐two”). Children's attempts often consisted of “expansions” in which the proper digits were written in order but with 0s or other insertions marking place (e.g., “600402” or “610042”). This partial knowledge increased with age. Gender differences were also observed with older boys more likely than older girls to produce the conventional form (e.g., 642). Potential experiences contributing to expanded number writing and the observed gender differences are discussed.
Patients' experiences after bariatric surgery: a qualitative study at 12‐month follow‐up
Authors: da Silva Susana Sofia Pereira , Maia Ângela da Costa 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThis study used a qualitative approach to understand patients' experiences in post‐surgery adaptation related to bariatric surgery, 12 months after this procedure. The study population included 30 obese adults, with a mean age of 40.17 years, who were interviewed 12 months after bariatric surgery. Individual interviews, using open‐ended questions, were audiotaped, transcribed and coded according to the grounded theory methodology. The data showed that the subjects described themselves as belonging to one of two opposite and separate groups: success or failure. In both groups, two core categories emerged from the data: outcomes and treatment. Previous expectations were reached by the patients who described themselves as successful, with some remaining concerns related to future weight maintenance and aesthetics issues. The failure group emphasized their unmet expectations and the expectancy that surgery would change their lives remained. Treatment in the successful cases integrated lifestyle changes and bariatric surgery, highlighting the personal commitment required to achieve the objectives. The failure group emphasized bariatric surgery without personal commitment, and healthy eating behaviour was understood as a sacrifice. The post‐surgical adaptation experiences were diverse: the cases that were described as a success highlighted lifestyle changes, personal efforts and commitment with the global treatment process. External understanding and the desire for a miracle surgery characterized the cases described as a failure. According to these results, it is necessary to promote adequate information about the whole process and skills required to ensure commitment in all treatment dimensions.
Giant cell angiofibroma or localized periorbital lymphedema?
Authors: Lynch Michael C. , Chung Catherine G. , Specht Charles S. , Wilkinson Michael , Clarke Loren E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGiant cell angiofibroma represents a rare soft tissue neoplasm with a predilection for the orbit. We recently encountered a mass removed from the lower eyelid of a 56‐year‐old female that histopathologically resembled giant cell angiofibroma. The process consisted of haphazardly arranged CD34‐positive spindled and multinucleated cells within an edematous, densely vascular stroma. However, the patient had recently undergone laryngectomy and radiotherapy for a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A similar mass had arisen on the contralateral eyelid, and both had developed several months post‐therapy. Lymphedema of the orbit can present as tumor‐like nodules and in some cases may share histopathologic features purported to be characteristic of giant cell angiofibroma. A relationship between giant cell angiofibroma and lymphedema has not been established, but our case suggests there may be one. The potential overlap of these two conditions should be recognized, as should other entities that may enter the differential diagnosis.
Tricuspid Atresia Associated with Truncus Arteriosus versus Aortopulmonary Window: Combining Fetal and Postnatal Echocardiography to Make the Diagnosis
Authors: Hauck Amanda , da Cruz Eduardo M. , Jaggers James , Jone Pei‐Ni 
Published: September 2013

The coincident occurrence of tricuspid atresia and aortopulmonary window (APW) is exceedingly rare, with one previous case reported in the literature. We present a patient with tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, and APW. Postnatal echocardiograms demonstrated no visible pulmonary valve, and additional defects including a bicuspid aortic valve, right aortic arch and anomalous coronary arteries raised suspicion for tricuspid atresia with persistent truncus arteriosus. However, fetal echocardiography and direct visualization of the anatomy confirmed the alternate diagnosis. The patient underwent successful palliation consisting of APW repair, atrial septectomy and a 3.5 mm modified Blalock–Taussig shunt, followed by a bidirectional cavopulmonary connection.
The role of naturally occurring organic compounds in causing soil water repellency
Authors: Mainwaring K. , Hallin I. L. , Douglas P. , Doerr S. H. , Morley C. P. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIn previous studies, extracts from water‐repellent soils have been applied to wettable substrates to examine the role of organic matter in causing water repellency, but the effects of individual compounds found in water‐repellent soils have not been examined. To address this research gap, acid‐washed sand (AWS) and wettable sandy soil were coated with a range of hydrophobic organic compounds that had been identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of extracts from a range of water‐repellent soils in previous published work. Saturated and unsaturated long chain acids, alkanes, amides, esters, cholesterol and β‐sitosterol were applied at various loadings to investigate the effects of chain length, molecular shape, functional group, heating, particle size and packing efficiency on soil wettability. No single compound induced repellency on AWS at loadings equivalent to the level of detection of individual compounds in water‐repellent soils by GC‐MS. The extent of water repellency induced on AWS varied considerably with compound type, suggesting that it depends more on the presence of specific compounds rather than their quantity. A combination of long chain acid and alkane was found to be the most effective at inducing water repellency. Heating at 105°C for 24 hours caused a marked increase in repellency. Particle size had no effect on degree of induced repellency across the approximately 2.5 times variation in diameter examined.
Effect of pine wood biochar on ammonium nitrate leaching and availability in aSouthAfrican sandy soil
Authors: Sika M. P. , Hardie A. G. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryBiochar has shown potential in reducing inorganic nitrogen (N) leaching losses from inorganic and organic fertilizer sources in coarse‐textured soils. Little information, however, is available on the effect of biochar on the availability of the retained inorganicNin biochar‐amended sandy soil. The objective of our study was to determine the potential of pine wood biochar to reduce the leaching of ammonium nitrate fertilizer (100 kg N ha−1) from sandy soil (W.Cape,SouthAfrica) and to quantify the exchangeable inorganicN(2 mKCl) remaining after intensive leaching. Laboratory columns containing sandy soil and biochar (0, 0.5, 2.5 and 10.0% w/w) were leached weekly over a period of six weeks simulating heavy winter rainfall. Biochar (0.5, 2.5 and 10.0% w/w) significantly reduced the cumulative amount of ammonium (12, 50 and 86%, respectively) and nitrate (26, 42 and 96%, respectively) leached relative to the control soil. Despite the observed strong reduction in inorganicNleaching, the leached biochar‐amended soils contained only small amounts of exchangeable ammonium (0–7.3 mg kg−1) and nitrate (5.8–8.0 mg kg−1). The results show that pine wood biochar can strongly reduce not only the amount of ammonium and nitrate leached from sandy soils, but also the amount of recoverable exchangeable ammonium and nitrate after leaching. Furthermore, the 2.5 and 10.0% biochar application rates led to over‐liming. This raises some concerns as to the practical use of biochar in improvingNfertilizer‐use efficiency of plants.
ACTA and the Enforcement of Copyright in Cyberspace: the Impact on Privacy
Authors: Ievdokymova Iryna 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAs the reach of the Internet expands, governments increasingly seek to introduce initiatives aimed at controlling individuals' online activity. One such initiative, aimed, inter alia, at introducing enhanced online copyright enforcement standards, is the Anti‐Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). The paper analyses a possible effect of Art. 27(3) of the agreement on the data protection and privacy rights, as spelled out in the EU legal order. Firstly, the EU legal framework on Internet surveillance for copyright enforcement will be addressed. Next, the principles and safeguards applicable to data processing in the context of communications surveillance will be illustrated with reference to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. It will be argued that ACTA, if interpreted broadly and implemented without safeguards, would provide an incentive for graduated response systems, which, as it will be shown on the example of the French graduated response, may trump privacy rights on a massive scale.
The excluded volume effect induced by poly(ethylene glycol) modulates the motility of actin filaments interacting with myosin
Authors: Munakata Shinsuke , Hatori Kuniyuki 
Published: September 2013

To examine the motility of actomyosin complexes in the presence of high concentrations of polymers, we investigated the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the sliding velocities of actin filaments and regulated thin filaments on myosin molecules in the presence of ATP. Increased concentrations and relative molecular masses of poly(ethylene glycol) decreased the sliding velocities of actin and regulated thin filaments. The decreased ratio of velocity in regulated thin filaments at − log[Ca2+] of 4 was higher than that of actin filaments. Furthermore, in the absence of Ca2+, regulated thin filaments were moderately motile in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol). The excluded volume change (∆V), defined as the change in water volume surrounding actomyosin during the interactions, was estimated by determining the relationship between osmotic pressure exerted by poly(ethylene glycol) and the decreased ratio of the velocities in the presence and absence of poly(ethylene glycol). The ∆V increased up to 3.7 × 105 Å3 as the Mr range of poly(ethylene glycol) was increased up to 20 000. Moreover, the ∆V for regulated thin filaments was approximately two‐fold higher than that of actin filaments. This finding suggests that differences in the conformation of filaments according to whether troponin–tropomyosin complexes lie on actin filaments alter the ∆V during interactions of actomyosin complexes and influence motility.
Resilience: a Conceptual Lens for Rural Studies?
Authors: Scott Mark 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the concept of resilience and its increasing application within rural studies in the face of both economic uncertainty and ecological crisis. Two approaches to resilience are firstly explored: an equilibrium (or bounce‐back) approach, based on ‘return to normal’ assumptions, and an evolutionary (or bounce‐forward) approach characterised by an emphasis on adaptive capacity and transformation. While resilience overlaps with the existing literature within rural studies and rural development, the paper argues that resilience thinking opens up new perspectives and provides the potential to ‘re‐frame’ rural studies debates, provides a bridging concept. Two key contributions of resilience are identified: Firstly, resilience offers alternative analytical methods and insights for rural studies, particularly when drawing on evolutionary economic geography ideas of path dependencies and path creation, a relational perspective of rural space, and identification of place attributes which may enhance or undermine resilience. Secondly, resilience provides an alternative policy narrative for rural development practice. This includes an emphasis on adaptive networked governance, embedding ecological concerns into rural development practices and a call for blending the local and global in rural development processes. The paper concludes by identifying future research directions for rural resilience.
Energy and economic values of greenhouse sheds to replace winter grazing in northwestern China
Authors: Zheng Yang , Takahashi Taro , Kemp David 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTo demonstrate that winter grazing in northwestern China is counterproductive to animal production, 40 ewes from two farms were kept throughout a winter inside makeshift greenhouse sheds while another 40 ewes were left grazing in the traditional manner. Results show that the average temperature inside the greenhouse was 10, 14 and 4°C higher than outside at 9 am, 12 noon and 9 pm, respectively (all P < 0.001), and that ewes inside the greenhouse lost 3 kg less bodyweight than those outside (P < 0.001). An analysis using the authors' bioeconomic model suggests that the proposed method can save 2.4 MJ day−1 head−1 of metabolizable energy and, at the gross economic benefit of 1191 yuan or $189 year−1, the initial cost of 3000 yuan or $477 can be paid off within three seasons.
‘Listen to the Child’: Law, Sex, and the Child Wife in Indian Historiography
Authors: Pande Ishita 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe scholarship on the history of family, marriage and sexuality in India has proliferated in the last two decades. The child – as the presumed target of health care, education or family law – haunts these histories, but rarely comes into focus. In contrast to the careful historicization of ‘woman’ as a subject of law, or the vehicle for various political ideologies, the child has, by and large, been treated as an a priori category of analysis, or an object without history. This essay considers how the figure of the child‐wife might be historicized by foregrounding age as a category of analysis, on the one hand, and points to the important theoretical and methodological insights that feminist historiography can offer to historians of childhood, on the other. In revisiting the ‘incidental’ histories of childhood produced by the feminist historiography on the child‐wife, this essay hints at some directions for the history of childhood by turning to Michel Foucault's provocative argument on the need to include the child as a key figure upon which modern sexuality was conceptualized, and by attending also to his muted suggestion that we “listen to the child.” It argues that the very issue of sexuality drives a wedge between what might be described as the discrete accounts of children and childhood in history. The two histories – of “real children living in the time and space of particular societies,” on the one hand, and of ideologies of childhood or the “the ideational and figurative force of their existence,” on the other – part ways as a result of a profound paradox in pursuing the subject of sexuality with regards to the child, whether in the legal courtroom or the colonial archive: any attempt to listen to the child's testimony on these matters runs against the grip of childhood as a normative category that signals incapacity, vulnerability and innocence.
Historical Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse, Part 1
Authors: Smaal Yorick 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article reviews histories of child sexual abuse in Australia. While it is national in its focus, the historical problems, methods, and approaches explored here resonate globally, especially in the Anglosphere. Given the transnational dimensions of sex and gender politics, child welfare and protection, and the development of common law, any local historiographic survey is best located within the international context. This article argues that defining and interpreting sex with children is a significant problem in the historical literature. The cleavage between constructions of innocence and paradigms of abuse remains prominent in contemporary scholarship although assimilating these schools of thought is neither feasible nor fruitful. The first part of this article explores the feminist rediscovery of child sexual abuse in the late twentieth century, considering the extent to which the problem had been earlier erased from the public domain. Paying particular attention to law and socio‐legal histories, it investigates definitional problems around children and crime, and examines how the criminal justice system and media have been used to recover histories of abuse.
The clinicopathological significance and relationship of Gli1, MDM2 and p53 expression in resectable pancreatic cancer
Authors: Sheng Weiwei , Dong Ming , Zhou Jianping , Li Xin , Liu QingFeng , Dong Qi , Li Feng 
Published: September 2013

AimsTo study the expression of Gli1, MDM2 and p53 for clinical significance in pancreatic cancer (PC), and their functional relationship in regulating the biological behaviour of PC cells.Methods and resultsImmunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Gli1, MDM2 and p53 was much higher in 57 cases of PC than in paired normal pancreatic tissues, and was positively associated with tumour UICC stage and T stage (P < 0.05). Patients with expression of Gli1 only or coexpression of Gli1 and MDM2 had significantly worse overall survival than patients with negative expression (P < 0.05). RNA interference showed that p53 knockdown increased the protein level of Gli1 but decreased the level of MDM2, and enhanced cell invasion and migration in wild‐type p53 Capan‐2 cells; whereas Gli1 or MDM2 knockdown did not change p53 expression, but decreased the protein level of MDM2 or Gli1, respectively, and inhibited cell invasion and migration in mutant p53 PANC‐1 cells.ConclusionsOverexpression of Gli1, MDM2 and mutant p53 contributes to the development and progression of PC, and plays an important role in predicting PC patients’ prognosis. Moreover, we report a positive association between Gli1 and MDM2 in PC cells, but their relationship with p53 is dependent on wild‐type or mutant p53 status.