bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of death in a cohort treated for opioid dependence between 1985 and 2005
Authors: Degenhardt Louisa , Larney Sarah , Randall Deborah , Burns Lucy , Hall Wayne 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimsTo examine changes in causes of death in a cohort treated for opioid dependence, across time and age; quantify years of potential life lost (YPLL); and identify avoidable causes of death.DesignPeople in New South Wales (NSW) who registered for opioid substitution therapy (OST), 1985–2005, were linked to a register of all deaths in Australia.SettingNSW, Australia.MeasurementsCrude mortality rates (CMRs), age–sex‐standardized mortality rates (ASSRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) across time, sex and age. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) were calculated with reference to Australian life tables and by calculating years lost before the age of 65 years.FindingsThere were 43 789 people in the cohort, with 412 216 person‐years of follow‐up. The proportion of the cohort aged 40+ years increased from 1% in 1985 to 39% in 2005. Accidental opioid overdoses, suicides, transport accidents and violent deaths declined with age; deaths from cardiovascular disease, liver disease and cancer increased. Among men, 89% of deaths were potentially avoidable; among women, 86% of deaths were avoidable. There were an estimated 160 555 YPLL in the cohort, an average of 44 YPLL per decedent and an average of 29 YPLL before age 65 years.ConclusionsAmong a cohort of opioid‐dependent people in New South Wales, 1985–2005, almost nine in 10 deaths in the cohort were avoidable. There is huge scope to improve mortality among opioid‐dependent people.
Therapeutic Effectiveness of Sustained Low‐Efficiency Hemodialysis Plus Hemoperfusion and Continuous Hemofiltration Plus Hemoperfusion for Acute Severe Organophosphate Poisoning
Authors: Hu Shou‐liang , Wang Dan , Jiang Hong , Lei Qing‐feng , Zhu Xiao‐hua , Cheng Jun‐zhang 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThere is no report on the effects of sustained low‐efficiency dialysis (SLED) plus hemoperfusion (HP) (SLED + HP) in patients with acute severe organophosphate (OP) poisoning (ASOPP). This study was designed to compare the therapeutic effectiveness between SLED + HP and continuous hemofiltration (CHF) plus HP (CHF + HP) in patients with ASOPP. In order to assess the two treatment methods, 56 patients with ASOPP were divided into CHF + HP group and SLED + HP group. The biochemical indicators, in‐hospital duration, hemodynamic parameters, Acute Physiology, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, and survival and mortality rates were compared. In both groups after treatment, the levels of serum creatine kinase isozyme MB, creatine kinase, creatinine, glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminease, and glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase, and the APACHE II scores on the first, second, and seventh day decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the levels of serum acetylcholinesterase increased. The two groups showed no statistical differences in in‐hospital duration, biochemical indicators, APACHE II score, hemodynamic parameters, survival rate, or the mortality rate (P > 0.05). In conclusion, SLED has similar hemodynamic stability to CHF and the two treatment methods have similar effects on ASOPP patients. More importantly, SLED plus HP is relatively economical and convenient for patients with ASOPP in clinical practice.
The Autism‐Spectrum Quotient in university students: Pattern of changes in its scores and associated factors
Authors: Kitazoe Noriko , Inoue Shimpei , Izumoto Yuji , Kumagai Naoko , Iwasaki Yasumasa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIntroductionSupport to university students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is becoming increasingly important. To determine the validity of the Autism‐Spectrum Quotient (AQ) for ASD screening of university students, we conducted longitudinal measurements of the AQ in a large sample of university students and investigated the possibility of changes in the AQ and associated factors.MethodsThe AQ, University Personality Inventory (UPI), and the willingness of the students to be interviewed were determined at admission in students from four departments of Kochi University; the AQ was determined again in the second year. Changes in the AQ and associated factors were analyzed statistically.ResultsThe number of valid responses in the initial survey was 3427 (87.2%). The AQ was significantly higher in the group with high UPI scores (F = 156.08, P < 0.001). Of the 486 students interviewed at admission, 22 had suspected ASD. The sensitivity/specificity of the AQ for ASD was 81.8%/92.0%. A total of 319 (11.0%) students responded to the second‐year survey, which revealed significant decrease of the AQ in the group with high AQ values at admission.DiscussionThe AQ measured at admission was correlated with the UPI score, regardless of the sex or department; in the second survey, the scores decreased significantly in those with high AQ values at admission, suggesting that an unstable mental state can produce a temporary increase of the AQ scores.
Factorial invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire
Authors: Ryan Travis A. , Bailey Alastair , Fearon Pasco , King John 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesThe UK's Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme uses the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ‐9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, , J. Gen. Intern. Med., 16, 606) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD‐7; Spitzer et al., , Arch. Intern. Med., 166, 1092) to assess patients' symptoms of depression and anxiety respectively. Data are typically collected via telephone or face‐to‐face; however, no study has statistically investigated whether the questionnaires' items operate equivalently across these modes of data collection. This study aimed to address this omission.Methods & ResultsQuestionnaire data from patients registered with an IAPT service in London (N = 23,672) were examined. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that unidimensional factor structures adequately matched observed face‐to‐face and telephone data for the PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7. Invariance analyses revealed that while the PHQ‐9 had equivalent factor loadings and latent means across data collection methods, the GAD‐7 had equivalent factor loadings but unequal latent means. In support of the scales' convergent validity, positive associations between scores on the PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7 emerged.ConclusionsWith the exception of the GAD‐7's latent means, the questionnaires' factor loadings and latent means were equivalent. This suggests that clinicians may meaningfully compare PHQ‐9 data collected face‐to‐face and by telephone; however, such comparisons with the GAD‐7 should be done with caution.Practitioner points

The PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7's factor loadings were equivalent across data collection methods.

Only the PHQ‐9's latent means were equivalent across data collection methods.

Clinicians may be confident collecting PHQ‐9 data by telephone and face‐to‐face and, then, comparing such data.

Caution is recommended when determining clinical effectiveness using telephone and face‐to‐face GAD‐7 data.

More psychometric research is warranted.
The orthosteric GABAA receptor ligand Thio‐4‐PIOL displays distinctly different functional properties at synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors
Authors: Hoestgaard‐Jensen K , O'Connor R M , Dalby N O , Simonsen C , Finger B C , Golubeva A , Hammer H , Bergmann M L , Kristiansen U , Krogsgaard‐Larsen P , Bräuner‐Osborne H , Ebert B , Frølund B , Cryan J F , Jensen A A 
Published: August 2013

Background and PurposeExplorations into the heterogeneous population of native GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) and the physiological functions governed by the multiple GABAAR subtypes have for decades been hampered by the lack of subtype‐selective ligands.Experimental ApproachThe functional properties of the orthosteric GABAA receptor ligand 5‐(4‐piperidyl)‐3‐isothiazolol (Thio‐4‐PIOL) have been investigated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.Key ResultsThio‐4‐PIOL displayed substantial partial agonist activity at the human extrasynaptic GABAAR subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes, eliciting maximal responses of up to ∼30% of that of GABA at α5β3γ2S, α4β3δ and α6β3δ and somewhat lower efficacies at the corresponding α5β2γ2S, α4β2δ and α6β2δ subtypes (maximal responses of 4–12%). In contrast, it was an extremely low efficacious agonist at the α1β3γ2S, α1β2γ2S, α2β2γ2S, α2β3γ2S, α3β2γ2S and α3β3γ2S GABAARs (maximal responses of 0–4%). In concordance with its agonism at extrasynaptic GABAARs and its de facto antagonism at the synaptic receptors, Thio‐4‐PIOL elicited robust tonic currents in electrophysiological recordings on slices from rat CA1 hippocampus and ventrobasal thalamus and antagonized phasic currents in hippocampal neurons. Finally, the observed effects of Thio‐4‐PIOL in rat tests of anxiety, locomotion, nociception and spatial memory were overall in good agreement with its in vitro and ex vivo properties.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe diverse signalling characteristics of Thio‐4‐PIOL at GABAARs represent one of the few examples of a functionally subtype‐selective orthosteric GABAAR ligand reported to date. We propose that Thio‐4‐PIOL could be a useful pharmacological tool in future studies exploring the physiological roles of native synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs.
Bounded rationality, expectations, and child labour
Authors: Emerson Patrick M. , Knabb Shawn D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper develops a model with overlapping generations, where the household's optimal fertility, child labour, and education decisions depend on the parents’ expectations or beliefs about the return to education. It is shown that there exists a range of parental income where the fertility rate is high and children participate in the labour market and receive an incomplete education if a parent believes the return to education is low. The act of participating in the labour market reduces the child's ability to accumulate human capital; thus, the action of sending a child into the labour market is sufficient to ensure that the parents’ initially pessimistic expectations are fulfilled. It is then shown that a one‐time policy intervention, such as banning child labour and mandatory education, can be enough to move a country from the positive child labour equilibrium to an equilibrium with no child labour.
Does complexity explain the structure of trade?
Authors: Minondo Asier , Requena‐Silvente Francisco 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper analyzes whether complexity, measured by the number of skilled tasks that are performed in production, explains countries’ commodity trade structure. We modify the Romalis model to incorporate advantage differences in complexity across commodities together with differences in the number of mistakes made by workers in the production process in developed and developing countries as a source of comparative advantage. Our model predicts that the share of developed countries in world trade increases with products’ complexity. Empirical tests confirm this prediction. Moreover, we find that complexity complements the explanation provided by skill‐intensity on countries’ commodity trade structure.
Income convergence among U.S. states: cross‐sectional and time series evidence
Authors: Heckelman Jac C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe perform convergence tests on the U.S. states for per capita income from 1930 to 2009. Cross‐sectional tests support overall σ‐convergence and β‐convergence but may not hold true for the last three decades. Time series tests suggest that about half of the states exhibit stochastic convergence and of these all are also β‐converging. Probit regressions reveal that the likelihood a state is converging is a function of changing capital to labour ratios, the size of the agricultural sector, and levels of taxation and tax revenue. Regional disparities in convergence remain among the southern and midwestern states.
On indeterminacy and growth under progressive taxation and productive government spending
Authors: Chen Shu‐Hua , Guo Jang‐Ting 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe examine the theoretical interrelations between equilibrium (in)determinacy and economic growth in a one‐sector representative‐agent model of endogenous growth with progressive taxation of income and productive flow of public spending. We analytically show that, if the demand‐side effect of government purchases is weaker, the economy exhibits an indeterminate balanced‐growth equilibrium and belief‐driven growth fluctuations when the tax schedule is sufficiently progressive or regressive. If the supply‐side effect of public expenditures is weaker, indeterminacy and sunspots arise under progressive income taxation. In sharp contrast to traditional Keynesian‐type stabilization policies, our analysis finds that raising the tax progressivity may destabilize an endogenously growing economy with fluctuations driven by agents’ self‐fulfilling expectations.
The Eyes Know Time: A Novel Paradigm to Reveal the Development of Temporal Memory
Authors: Pathman Thanujeni , Ghetti Simona 
Published: August 2013

Temporal memory in 7‐year‐olds, 10‐year‐olds, and young adults (N = 78) was examined introducing a novel eye‐movement paradigm. Participants learned object sequences and were tested under three conditions: temporal order, temporal context, and recognition. Age‐related improvements in accuracy were found across conditions; accuracy in the temporal conditions was correlated with conventional time knowledge. Eye movements tracked the veridicality of temporal order memory in adults and 10‐year‐olds seconds before providing memory judgments, suggesting that these movements reflect implicit access to temporal information. Seven‐year‐olds overall did not show this eye‐movement effect, but those who did were more accurate than those who did not. Results suggest that eye movements capture aspects of temporal memory development that precede overt decision processes—with implications for hippocampal development.
Teaching Religion in Public Schools: Review of Warren A. Nord, Does God Make A Difference?
Authors: Feinberg Walter 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this review of Warren Nord's Does God Make a Difference? Taking Religion Seriously in Our Schools and Universities, Walter Feinberg provides a detailed analysis of Nord's argument that the study of religion should be constitutionally mandated as a corrective to the overwhelmingly secular course of study offered in contemporary public schools and universities. Nord bases his claim on both constitutional and educational grounds. His constitutional argument is that, due to their secular bias, schools fail in their requirement to take a neutral stance toward religion; he contends that this creates a school environment hostile to religion that thus requires a legal remedy. Nord's primary educational argument is that religion courses are needed to counterbalance the secular bias dominant in public schools and universities. Feinberg delineates how Nord's constitutional argument fails and how his educational argument has serious flaws and contradictions. According to Feinberg, a stronger argument for mandating courses on religion in schools would be that because public schools exist in a religiously infused environment, it is important for students to be exposed to alternative understandings that promote reflection on and criticism of one's own beliefs, including religious beliefs. Feinberg concludes that if religion is to be taught in the public schools, it needs to be justified on civic rather than religious grounds.
Efficacy of dry granular anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on infiltration, runoff and erosion
Authors: Abrol V. , Shainberg I. , Lado M. , Ben‐Hur M. 
Published: August 2013

SummarySeal formation at the soil surface during rainstorms reduces rain infiltration and leads to runoff and erosion. Surface application of dissolved polyacrylamide (PAM) mixed with gypsum was found to be effective in decreasing seal formation, runoff and erosion. Surface application of dry granularPAMmixed with gypsum was effective in decreasing runoff and erosion. However, surface application of dry granularPAMwithout a source of electrolytes was not effective in maintaining a good infiltration rate (IR), but was effective in preventing erosion. The objectives of this study were (i) to investigate the mechanisms by which granularPAMwas effective in controlling erosion but was not effective in maintainingIR, (ii) optimize dry granularPAMdosage according to purpose of application and (iii) devise a practically viable method of applying dryPAMfor improvingIRand erosion control. GranularPAM‐A110(0, 5, 10 and 20 kg ha−1) spread on the surface of a silt loam soil (CalcicHaploxeralf) was exposed to three treatments (control; gypsum at the rate of 4 Mg ha−1; 40 mm 0.02 mCaCl2mist and drying) and all received simulated rain of deionized water (DW). The initialIRof the control treatment was good but decreased to very small values after seal formation. The initialIRof the 20 kg ha−1dryPAMtreatment was very small and remained small throughout the rain event. TheIRsof the 5 and 10 kg ha−1dryPAMtreatments were more than those of the 20 kg ha−1treatment. Whereas the smallIRof the control was through seal formation, that of the dryPAMtreatments resulted fromPAMdissolution and the very large viscosity of the infiltratingPAMsolutions. Mixing thePAMgranules with gypsum or spraying the electrolyte solution and drying were effective in maintaining a largeIRand a small erosion rate. The electrolytes in the infiltrating rain and drying of the wetted soil reduced the large viscosity of thePAMsolution in the soil and increased theIR. DissolvedPAMin runoff increased the binding of surface soil particles by thePAMpolymers, decreased soil particle detachment from the soil surface and increased the flocculation of the eroded soil particles. These processes were studied in connection with the extensive use ofPAMin preventing furrow erosion.
Organic amendments affect δ13C signature of soil respiration and soil organic C accumulation in a long‐term field experiment in Sweden
Authors: Menichetti L. , Ekblad A. , Kätterer T. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe contribution of young and old soil organic carbon (SOC) pools to soil CO2 fluxes and specific respiration rates of these fluxes was determined by using δ13C signatures in the Ultuna long‐term continuous soil organic matter experiment (C‐SOME). Initiated in 1956, the experiment had a range of treatments amended organically and with mineral nitrogen fertilizer under C3 cultivation until 1999, and thereafter under C4 (maize) cultivation. In 2011, soil respiration was measured in situ prior to planting, during growth and after harvest. The contributions from C4‐ and C3‐C as well as their specific respiration rates were estimated from δ13C differences in SOC and CO2 fluxes. The contributions from C4‐C sources were further separated into autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration by comparing respiration rates before and after harvest. Between 165 and 385 g C4‐C m−2 accumulated during 10 years of maize growth, contributing between 4.9 and 8.1% to the total SOC stock. Although recent C4‐C had an average specific respiration rate that was 8.4–22.6 times greater than C3‐C, total soil respiration was generally equally split between C3‐C and C4‐C. Both pools are therefore important sources of CO2 in the overall C budget, and a crucial factor in accounting for SOC stock change caused by management. Experimental treatments influenced specific respiration rates of C4 plant material and accumulation of SOC stock, demonstrating how greater SOC accumulation can be favoured by high‐quality C inputs.
Opposite Latitudinal Clines for First Mating and Second Mating (Remating) in Males of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Chahal Jyoti , Dev Kapil , Kataria Sudhir Kumar , Parkash Ravi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAlthough female remating has been studied extensively in insects, few studies have been carried out for male remating (second mating). In this study, we analyzed Drosophila melanogaster males for their remating potential, using iso‐female line culture initiated with wild flies collected from eight Indian geographic localities. We examined the association of latitude and percent melanization with first and second male mating (including mating‐related traits). Our results indicated that second male mating has a negative latitudinal cline opposite to that of first mating. Body melanization is negatively correlated with second mating by male and positively with first mating (measured in terms of percent mated pairs). Mating latency during first (ML1) and second (ML2) male mating has a negative latitudinal cline, but slope values differ significantly as ML2 is great at higher latitudes as compared to ML1. The difference between ML1 and ML2 is non‐significant at lower latitudes. However, copulation period of second mating (CP2) has a negative latitudinal cline, whereas copulation period of first mating (CP1) has positive latitudinal cline. Next, the latency and copulation period differ significantly between first and second male mating treatments in within‐population analyses as well as in melanic strains. Furthermore, male remating ability (number of maximum successful remating attempts continuously by a male in 12 h) also follows negative latitudinal cline. The lower latitudinal lighter males have more remating ability as compared to darker males from higher latitudes.
On the Validity of a Single (Boldness) Assay in Personality Research
Authors: Beckmann Christa , Biro Peter A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA common method to assess behavioral types in personality research involves the use of a single emergence test (employed by researchers working on fish, avian, mammal, amphibian, and invertebrate taxa), whereby a shorter latency to emerge from a holding container into a novel environment is inferred to represent greater ‘boldness’. Although any behavior might be context specific, studies using this single assay type must assume it reflects boldness in other similar contexts, otherwise it cannot reflect personality (defined as consistency across time and/or contexts). We attempted to validate whether a single assay of this type is correlated with other similar assays of boldness under more familiar, and less stressful, situations. We compared single emergence test scores of two species of damselfish (Pomacentrus wardi; P. amboinensis) in a novel environment, with two different behavioral assays of the same fish in subsequent repeated trials in home tanks. Although behavior was highly repeatable in home tanks, we found no correlation between emergence test scores in the novel environment and measures of latency to emerge from shelter following disturbance, or activity levels, on the first, second, or third observations in home tanks; there was also no correlation when we used average home tank scores from mixed models that accounted for individual differences (i.e., plasticity) in the rate of habituation (latency) and acclimation (activity). Our results therefore lead us to question the validity of using this single emergence test assay as a predictor of general boldness and to question the use of any single assay of behavior in personality research.