bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employment Discrimination
Authors: Colella Adrienne J. , McKay Patrick F. , Daniels Shanna R. , Signal Sloane M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the literature on employment discrimination. The review is organized around targets (e.g., sex, race, religion), causes (e.g., cognitive, in-group favoritism), forms (e.g., harassment, adverse impact), and results of discrimination (e.g., costs, stress). Primarily, literature from the field of industrial and organizational psychology is considered. However, research in other disciplines is also included. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research directions for this rich and diverse area of research: integration across disciplines, integration across levels of theory and analysis, and integration with practice.
Dynamic Performance
Authors: Sonnentag Sabine , Frese Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews research on dynamic job performance. It summarizes the empirical literature and presents conceptual and theoretical approaches of conceptualizing performance change and performance fluctuations over time. It addresses longer term performance changes, describes predictors (e.g., ability, personality) and outcomes of individual differences in these changes, and incorporates a life-span perspective. It discusses vicious and positive cycles in which performance and its outcomes reinforce one another. It presents a within-person approach that focuses on short-term performance variability within persons and describes action-related and self-regulation process models of dynamic performance. The chapter closes with a taxonomy of dynamic performance processes and a research agenda for the future.
Leadership
Authors: Day David V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIssues related to leadership theory, research, and practices within the field of industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology are examined. Several special circumstances with regard to leadership are first considered, including the varied domains in which leadership is relevant, its multilevel nature, the multiple sources of origin for leadership, and the multiple outcomes in terms of leader emergence and effectiveness. Various leadership theories and frameworks are reviewed, organized around classical theories (evolutionary, trait, behavior, and contingency), bridging theories (charismatic/transformational, leader-member exchange, and leadership perceptions), and emerging approaches (team, shared, and capacity approaches). Future directions in terms of leadership theory, research, and practice are proposed, concluding with a summary of what I/O psychologists know about leadership and speculation as to what has yet to be learned.
First Report of Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV) Infecting Pennisetum purpureum in Brazil
Authors: Silva K N. , Nicolini C. , Silva M. S. , Fernandes C. D. , Nagata T. , Resende R. O. 
Published: February 2013

Tropical grass and legume species used as pasture grasses for cattle feeding cover over 25% of the agricultural area in Brazil. In recent years, plants showing virus-like symptoms have been observed in the main pasture grass growing areas. Plants of Pennisetum purpureum line CNPGL 00211 showing typical virus mosaic symptoms on leaves and growth reduction were collected in Bahia State, Brazil. Flexuous elongated potyvirus-like particles were observed in the leaf-dip preparation of diseased plants by electron microscopy. In addition, the virus was mechanically transmitted using a standard procedure for potyviruses (4) and produced similar symptoms in inoculated P. purpureum plants. For further molecular identification, total RNA was extracted from frozen symptomatic leaves following the guanidine thiocyanate method (3). cDNA synthesis was performed using oligonucleotide, OligodT50M10 and PCR was carried out using Potyvirus degenerate primers PY11 (5′-GGNAAYAAYAGYGGNCARCC-3′) (2) and M10 (5′-AAGCAGTGTTATCAACGCAGA-3′). The amplified fragments of the expected size (approximately 2 kb comprising part of the NIb protein gene, the entire coat protein [CP] gene, and the 3′ nontranslated region) were separated using agarose gel electrophoresis, excised, and cloned into plasmid vector pGEMT-Easy (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Four selected clones were sequenced (Macrogen, South Korea). The sequenced 2.0-kb fragment (GenBank Accession No. KC333416) was compared with sequences available in GenBank and the highest nucleotide identity of 79% was observed with Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV) isolated in Australia (4). According to the Potyvirus species demarcation convention based on CP identity (1), the virus isolate from P. purpureum belongs to the JGMV species. However, the amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of the CP of the Bahia isolate is distinct from JGMV sequences reported in GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis of the CP confirmed the difference since this Bahia isolate was located in a clearly distinct branch separate from all JGMV isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a JGMV in Brazil infecting tropical grass in the main pasture areas. References: (1) M. J. Adams et al. Arch. Virol. 150: 459, 2005. (2) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757. 2001. (3) P. Chomczynski and N. Sacchi. Nature Protocols 1:581, 2006. (4) H. K. Laidlaw et al. Arch. Virol. 149:1633, 2004.
CHOROIDAL LESIONS IN NEUROFIBROMATOSIS DETECTED BY MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING
Authors: Gallego-Pinazo Roberto , Sherman Jerome , Yannuzzi Lawrence A. , Freund K. Bailey 
Published: February 2013

Background/Purpose:
To describe the detection of multiple choroidal lesions in a patient with Type 1 neurofibromatosis using multispectral imaging.

Methods:
A 25-year-old woman diagnosed with Type 1 neurofibromatosis was examined with the Annidis-RHA system (Annidis Corp.).

Results:
While conventional ophthalmoscopic imaging showed an unremarkable examination, multispectral imaging with red and infrared wavelengths evidenced numerous deep choroidal lesions.

Conclusion:
Multispectral imaging may detect the choroidal lesions of Type 1 neurofibromatosis that are not easily seen with clinical examination or with other imaging modalities.
Phosphorylation of HopQ1, a Type III Effector from Pseudomonas syringae, Creates a Binding Site for Host 14-3-3 Proteins
Authors: Giska Fabian , Lichocka Małgorzata , Piechocki Marcin , Dadlez Michał , Schmelzer Elmon , Hennig Jacek , Krzymowska Magdalena 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
HopQ1 (for Hrp outer protein Q), a type III effector secreted by Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola, is widely conserved among diverse genera of plant bacteria. It promotes the development of halo blight in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). However, when this same effector is injected into Nicotiana benthamiana cells, it is recognized by the immune system and prevents infection. Although the ability to synthesize HopQ1 determines host specificity, the role it plays inside plant cells remains unexplored. Following transient expression in planta, HopQ1 was shown to copurify with host 14-3-3 proteins. The physical interaction between HopQ1 and 14-3-3a was confirmed in planta using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy technique. Moreover, mass spectrometric analyses detected specific phosphorylation of the canonical 14-3-3 binding site (RSXpSXP, where pS denotes phosphoserine) located in the amino-terminal region of HopQ1. Amino acid substitution within this motif abrogated the association and led to altered subcellular localization of HopQ1. In addition, the mutated HopQ1 protein showed reduced stability in planta. These data suggest that the association between host 14-3-3 proteins and HopQ1 is important for modulating the properties of this bacterial effector.
Nitrated Cyclic GMP Modulates Guard Cell Signaling inArabidopsis
Authors: Joudoi Takahiro , Shichiri Yudai , Kamizono Nobuto , Akaike Takaaki , Sawa Tomohiro , Yoshitake Jun , Yamada Naotaka , Iwai Sumio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule involved in diverse physiological processes, including plant senescence and stomatal closure. The NO and cyclic GMP (cGMP) cascade is the main NO signaling pathway in animals, but whether this pathway operates in plant cells, and the mechanisms of its action, remain unclear. Here, we assessed the possibility that the nitrated cGMP derivative 8-nitro-cGMP functions in guard cell signaling. Mass spectrometry and immunocytochemical analyses showed that abscisic acid and NO induced the synthesis of 8-nitro-cGMP in guard cells in the presence of reactive oxygen species. 8-Nitro-cGMP triggered stomatal closure, but 8-bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cGMP), a membrane-permeating analog of cGMP, did not. However, in the dark, 8-bromo-cGMP induced stomatal opening but 8-nitro-cGMP did not. Thus, cGMP and its nitrated derivative play different roles in the signaling pathways that lead to stomatal opening and closure. Moreover, inhibitor and genetic studies showed that calcium, cyclic adenosine-5′-diphosphate-ribose, and SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 act downstream of 8-nitro-cGMP. This study therefore demonstrates that 8-nitro-cGMP acts as a guard cell signaling molecule and that a NO/8-nitro-cGMP signaling cascade operates in guard cells.
Using Common Random Numbers in Health Care Cost‐Effectiveness Simulation Modeling
Authors: Murphy Daniel R. , Klein Robert W. , Smolen Lee J. , Klein Timothy M. , Roberts Stephen D. 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesTo identify the problem of separating statistical noise from treatment effects in health outcomes modeling and analysis. To demonstrate the implementation of one technique, common random numbers (CRNs), and to illustrate the value of CRNs to assess costs and outcomes under uncertainty.MethodsA microsimulation model was designed to evaluate osteoporosis treatment, estimating cost and utility measures for patient cohorts at high risk of osteoporosis‐related fractures. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated using a full implementation of CRNs, a partial implementation of CRNs, and no CRNs. A modification to traditional probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was used to determine how variance reduction can impact a decision maker's view of treatment efficacy and costs.ResultsThe full use of CRNs provided a 93.6 percent reduction in variance compared to simulations not using the technique. The use of partial CRNs provided a 5.6 percent reduction. The PSA results using full CRNs demonstrated a substantially tighter range of cost‐benefit outcomes for teriparatide usage than the cost‐benefits generated without the technique.ConclusionsCRNs provide substantial variance reduction for cost‐effectiveness studies. By reducing variability not associated with the treatment being evaluated, CRNs provide a better understanding of treatment effects and risks.
Species Identification of Cannabis sativa Using Real‐Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR),
Authors: Johnson Christopher E. , Premasuthan Amritha , Satkoski Trask Jessica , Kanthaswamy Sree 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMost narcotics‐related cases in the United States involve Cannabis sativa. Material is typically identified based on the cystolithic hairs on the leaves and with chemical tests to identify of the presence of cannabinoids. Suspect seeds are germinated into a viable plant so that morphological and chemical tests can be conducted. Seed germination, however, causes undue analytical delays. DNA analyses that involve the chloroplast and nuclear genomes have been developed for identification of C. sativa materials, but they require several nanograms of template DNA. Using the trnL 3′ exon‐trnF intragenic spacer regions within the C. sativa chloroplast, we have developed a real‐time quantitative PCR assay that is capable of identifying picogram amounts of chloroplast DNA for species determination of suspected C. sativa material. This assay provides forensic science laboratories with a quick and reliable method to identify an unknown sample as C. sativa.
The Accuracy of Auditors' and Layered Voice Analysis (LVA) Operators' Judgments of Truth and Deception During Police Questioning*
Authors: Horvath Frank , McCloughan Jamie , Weatherman Dan , Slowik Stanley 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if auditors could identify truthful and deceptive persons in a sample (n = 74) of audio recordings used to assess the effectiveness of layered voice analysis (LVA). TheLVAemploys an automated algorithm to detect deception, but it was not effective here. There were 31 truthful and 43 deceptive persons in the sample and twoLVAoperators averaged 48% correct decisions on truth‐tellers and 25% on deceivers. Subsequent to theLVAanalysis the recordings were audited by three interviewers, each independently rendering a decision of truthful or deceptive and indicating their confidence. Auditors' judgments averaged 68% correct decisions on truth‐tellers and 71% on deceivers. Auditors' detection rates, generally, exceeded chance and there was significantly (p < 0.05) greater confidence on correct than incorrect judgments of deceivers but not on truth‐tellers. These results suggest that the success reported forLVAanalysis may be due to operator's judgment.
Gross blood in stools of premature neonates, a clinical and microbiological follow‐up study
Authors: Luoto Raakel , Rodriguez‐Diaz Jesus , Collado Maria C , Salminen Seppo , Isolauri Erika , Lehtonen Liisa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimTo characterize the clinical course and the gut microecology of premature infants with macroscopic gross blood in stools.MethodsWe studied 14 premature infants receiving breast milk supplemented with probiotics, according to our units practice, with macroscopic blood in stools without signs of ileus or systemic infection upon occurrence of the symptom and 14 days later. Controls were matched prospectively by gestational and postnatal age and type of feeding. Gut microbiota composition was analysed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the presence of enteric viruses in the stools was assayed by PCR and by reverse transcription reaction followed by PCR (RT‐PCR).ResultsThe symptom was transient, benign and self‐limiting and none of the background factors explained it. No enteric viruses were detected, and the bacterial analyses showed no statistically significant differences between the infants with or without gross blood in stools. The characterization of the gut microbiota revealed low bacterial diversity.ConclusionGross blood in the stools of premature infants without other clinical signs of infection can be an innocuous and self‐limiting symptom. This cohort of preterm infants receiving breast milk supplemented with probiotics showed no alterations in gut microecology to be associated with the symptom.
Prevention of cholesterol gallstones by inhibiting hepatic biosynthesis and intestinal absorption of cholesterol
Authors: Wang Helen H. , Portincasa Piero , de Bari Ornella , Liu Kristina J. , Garruti Gabriella , Neuschwander‐Tetri Brent A. , Wang David Q.‐H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundCholesterol cholelithiasis is a multifactorial disease influenced by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors and represents a failure of biliary cholesterol homoeostasis in which the physical–chemical balance of cholesterol solubility in bile is disturbed.DesignThe primary pathophysiologic event is persistent hepatic hypersecretion of biliary cholesterol, which has both hepatic and small intestinal components. The majority of the environmental factors are probably related to Western‐type dietary habits, including excess cholesterol consumption.ResultsLaparoscopic cholecystectomy, one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States, is nowadays a major treatment for gallstones. However, it is invasive and can cause surgical complications, and not all patients with symptomatic gallstones are candidates for surgery. The hydrophilic bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), has been employed as first‐line pharmacological therapy in a subgroup of symptomatic patients with small, radiolucent cholesterol gallstones. Long‐term administration of UDCA can promote the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. However, the optimal use of UDCA is not always achieved in clinical practice because of failure to titrate the dose adequately.ConclusionsTherefore, the development of novel, effective and noninvasive therapies is crucial for reducing the costs of health care associated with gallstones. In this review, we summarize recent progress in investigating the inhibitory effects of ezetimibe and statins on intestinal absorption and hepatic biosynthesis of cholesterol, respectively, for the treatment of gallstones, as well as in elucidating their molecular mechanisms by which combination therapy could prevent this very common liver disease worldwide.
Correlation of seedling size and branch number with disease resistance of Pinus thunbergii seedlings to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Hakamata T. , Kato K. , Yamamoto S. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryJapanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings resistant to pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) are routinely selected in Japanese field inoculation trials. Correlations between morphological factors (such as height, stem diameter at ground level and number of branches on seedlings) and disease resistance were examined to improve the production efficiency of 1‐year‐old black pine seedlings for inoculation. Family relatedness and environmental conditions strongly affected seedling resistance; accordingly, logistic regression analysis was used to separate effects of these two variables. Height and stem diameter at ground level significantly correlated with disease resistance in seedlings inoculated with PWN. Because (a) interactions between stem diameter at ground level and environmental condition were significant and (b) height did not interact with any other factor, it was concluded that height of 1‐year‐old Japanese black pine seedlings independently correlated with PWN resistance. Thus, field inoculation tests should use tall seedlings to achieve enhanced survival rates.
The impact of predisposing factors on long‐term outcome after stroke in diabetic patients: the Fukuoka Stroke Registry
Authors: Kuwashiro T. , Sugimori H. , Ago T. , Kuroda J. , Kamouchi M. , Kitazono T. 
Published: February 2013

Background and purposeAlthough stroke patients with diabetes mellitus have a poor prognosis, the prognostic factors of patients with diabetes mellitus have not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing factors for outcome 1 year after stroke in diabetic patients.MethodsPatients' characteristics, findings on admission and outcome 1 year after first ischaemic stroke were prospectively investigated in 452 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus (305 males, 147 females; 69 ± 10 years old). A poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≥ 2, 1 year after stroke onset.ResultsThere were 286 patients with a good outcome (mRS score ≤ 1) and 166 with a poor outcome (mRS score ≥ 2). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age [odds ratio (OR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.10, P < 0.001, per 1‐year increase], National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.11–1.32, P < 0.001, per 1‐point increase), diabetic nephropathy (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.02–3.65, P = 0.044) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.07–1.51, P = 0.007, per 1% increase) were independently related to poor outcome (mRS score ≥ 2) 1 year after the onset of the first stroke in diabetic patients.ConclusionsIn stroke patients with diabetes mellitus, age, NIHSS score on admission, diabetic nephropathy and HbA1c were independently associated with a poor outcome 1 year after the first ischaemic stroke.
Diagenetic evolution of a fractured evaporite deposit (Vilobí Gypsum Unit, Miocene, NE Spain)
Authors: Moragas M. , Martínez C. , Baqués V. , Playà E. , Travé A. , Alías G. , Cantarero I. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe upper Burdigalian Vilobí Gypsum Unit, located in the Vallès Penedès half‐grabben (NE Spain), consists of a 60‐m thick succession of laminated‐to‐banded secondary and primary gypsum affected by Neogene extension in the western part of Mediterranean Sea. This Tertiary extensional event is recorded in the evaporitic unit as six fracture sets (faults and joints), which can be linked with basin‐scale deformation stages. All fractures are totally or partially infilled by four types of new gypsum precipitates showing a large variety of textures and microstructures. A structural and petrological study of the unit allows us to establish the following chronology of the fracture formation and infilling processes, from oldest to youngest: (i) S1 and S2 normal faults sets formation and precipitation of sigmoidal gypsum fibres; (ii) S3 joint set formation and growing of perpendicular fibres; (iii) S4 inverse fault development, infilled by oblique gypsum fibres and deformation of the previous fillings; and (iv) S5 and S6 joint formations and later dissolution processes, infilled by macrocrystalline gypsum cements. The fractures provided the pathway for fluid circulation in the Vilobí Unit. The oxygen, sulphur and strontium isotope compositions of the host rocks and the new precipitates in the fractures suggest clear convective recycling processes from the host‐sulphates to the fracture infillings, recorded by a general enrichment trend to heavier S–O isotopes, from the oldest precipitates (sigmoidal fibres) to the youngest (macrocrystalline cements) and to the preservation of the strontium signals in the infillings.
Effect of brown midrib gene and maturity at harvest on forage yield and nutritive quality of sudangrass
Authors: Beck Paul , Poe Kimberly , Stewart Brandon , Capps Patrick , Gray Hannah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProper harvest timing of sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan] for hay or silage is a compromise between optimized nutrient quality and yield. Brown‐midrib (BMR) sudangrass varieties have reduced lignification and cell wall concentration resulting in increased digestibility. Non‐BMR and BMR sudangrasses were no‐till seeded and harvested at either the boot or dough grain stages of maturity. When harvested at the boot stage of maturity, there was no difference (P = 0.93) in dry matter (DM) yield between the BMR and non‐BMR varieties; while harvesting at the dough grain stage of maturity the BMR variety produced more DM than the non‐BMR variety (P < 0.01). Dry matter and detergent fiber content increased (P < 0.01) and crude protein and calculated total digestible nutrients (TDN) content decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing maturity in both varieties. Regardless of maturity, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were less (P < 0.01), and TDN content was greater (P < 0.01) for the BMR sudangrass compared with the non‐BMR variety. Presence of the BMR gene had no effect (P = 0.99) on in situ effective degradability when sudangrass was harvested in the boot stage, but effective degradability was greater (P < 0.01) in BMR sudangrass when harvested in the dough stage of maturity. Inclusion of BMR genetics did not affect performance or digestion kinetics when silage harvested in the boot stage of maturity was fed to growing steers. Brown midrib genetics provide significant advantages when forages are harvested at advanced stages of maturity, but advantages are not as pronounced when forage is less mature.