bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hip‐hop Urbanism Old and New
Authors: Jeffries Michael P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe sustained connection between hip‐hop and urban identity stems in part from the origins of hip‐hop culture in post‐industrial American cities during the late twentieth century. But hip‐hop urbanism cannot be reduced to nostalgia or respect for previous traditions, as changing spatial demographics and the evolution of hip‐hop production and consumption force a disaggregation and reconsideration of ‘urban music’. Contemporary hip‐hop research in the United States must focus not only on the black and Latino communities responsible for hip‐hop's genesis, but on modern‐day race‐ and class‐based power dynamics, as well as on communities and social networks that are not typically considered urban. Ethnographers are especially well‐positioned to lead this field, thanks to methodological and theoretical tools that allow them to focus on smaller and emergent musical communities in flux.
Maternal adverse effects with different loading infusion rates of antenatal magnesium sulphate for preterm fetal neuroprotection: the IRIS randomised trial
Authors: Bain ES , Middleton PF , Yelland LN , Ashwood PJ , Crowther CA 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate a slower (compared with a standard) infusion rate of the loading dose of magnesium sulphate for preterm fetal neuroprotection as a strategy to reduce maternal adverse effects.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingSouth Australian maternity hospital.PopulationFifty‐one women at <30 weeks of gestation, where birth was planned or expected within 24 hours.MethodsWomen received a loading infusion of 4 g of magnesium sulphate over either 60 or 20 minutes (followed by maintenance of 1 g/hour until birth, or for up to 24 hours).Main outcome measuresAny maternal adverse effects associated with the infusion.ResultsOverall, 71% of women experienced adverse effects during the first hour of their infusion; the difference between groups was not significant [15/25 (60%) 60‐minute loading; 21/26 (81%) 20‐minute loading; risk ratio (RR) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.51–1.08]. Although no serious maternal complications occurred, adverse effects led to three women ceasing the loading treatment (1/25 in the 60‐minute loading group; 2/26 in the 20‐minute loading group; RR 0.52; 95% CI 0.05–5.38). Women in the 60‐minute loading group experienced significantly less warmth and flushing at 20 minutes into the infusion (7/25 in the 60‐minute loading group; 15/26 in the 20‐minute loading group; RR 0.49; 95% CI 0.24–0.99). No other differences between groups for maternally reported and clinical adverse effects were shown.ConclusionsA slower rate of administering the loading dose of magnesium sulphate did not reduce the occurrence of maternal adverse effects overall. Flushing and warmth at 20 minutes into the infusion was reduced with a slower infusion.
“No Other Choice”: Reasons for Emergency Department Utilization Among Urban Adults With Acute Asthma
Authors: Lawson Charlotte C. , Carroll Kate , Gonzalez Rodalyn , Priolo Chantel , Apter Andrea J. , Rhodes Karin V. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesAsthma is considered “ambulatory care–sensitive,” yet emergency department (ED) visits remain common. Few studies have examined how ED asthma patients choose their sites of urgent care. The authors explored reasons for asthma‐related ED use among adults.MethodsFrom May to September 2012, semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of patients visiting a high‐volume urban ED for asthma. A piloted interview guide was used; it had open‐ended questions derived from clinical experience and a focus group of asthmatic adults who frequently use the ED for care. Interviews were conducted until theme saturation was reached. Interview transcripts and field notes were entered into NVivo 10 and double‐coded, using an iterative process to identify patterns of responses, ensure reliability, examine discrepancies, and achieve consensus through content analysis.ResultsPatients view their asthma symptoms in two categories: those they can manage at home and those requiring a provider's attention. Preferred site of acute asthma care varied, but most patients felt that they had little choice for acute exacerbations. Specific reasons for ED visits included wait times, acuity, insurance status, ED resources/expertise, lack of symptom improvement, lack of asthma medication, inability to access outpatient provider, referral by outpatient provider, and referral by friend or family member.ConclusionsBarriers to urgent outpatient care may contribute to ED use for asthma. Additionally, patients with asthma exacerbations may not recognize a need for provider attention until the need is urgent. Efforts to identify patients with acute asthma early and to increase access to urgent outpatient care may reduce asthma‐related ED visits.
Accuracy of Prehospital Transport Time Estimation
Authors: Wallace David J. , Kahn Jeremy M. , Angus Derek C. , Martin‐Gill Christian , Callaway Clifton W. , Rea Thomas D. , Chhatwal Jagpreet , Kurland Kristen , Seymour Christopher W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesEstimates of prehospital transport times are an important part of emergency care system research and planning; however, the accuracy of these estimates is unknown. The authors examined the accuracy of three estimation methods against observed transport times in a large cohort of prehospital patient transports.MethodsThis was a validation study using prehospital records in King County, Washington, and southwestern Pennsylvania from 2002 to 2006 and 2005 to 2011, respectively. Transport time estimates were generated using three methods: linear arc distance, Google Maps, and ArcGIS Network Analyst. Estimation error, defined as the absolute difference between observed and estimated transport time, was assessed, as well as the proportion of estimated times that were within specified error thresholds. Based on the primary results, a regression estimate was used that incorporated population density, time of day, and season to assess improved accuracy. Finally, hospital catchment areas were compared using each method with a fixed drive time.ResultsThe authors analyzed 29,935 prehospital transports to 44 hospitals. The mean (± standard deviation [±SD]) absolute error was 4.8 (±7.3) minutes using linear arc, 3.5 (±5.4) minutes using Google Maps, and 4.4 (±5.7) minutes using ArcGIS. All pairwise comparisons were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Estimation accuracy was lower for each method among transports more than 20 minutes (mean [±SD] absolute error was 12.7 [±11.7] minutes for linear arc, 9.8 [±10.5] minutes for Google Maps, and 11.6 [±10.9] minutes for ArcGIS). Estimates were within 5 minutes of observed transport time for 79% of linear arc estimates, 86.6% of Google Maps estimates, and 81.3% of ArcGIS estimates. The regression‐based approach did not substantially improve estimation. There were large differences in hospital catchment areas estimated by each method.ConclusionsRoute‐based transport time estimates demonstrate moderate accuracy. These methods can be valuable for informing a host of decisions related to the system organization and patient access to emergency medical care; however, they should be employed with sensitivity to their limitations.
Seasonal flight patterns of Ips typographus in southern Sweden and thermal sums required for emergence
Authors: Öhrn Petter , Långström Bo , Lindelöw Åke , Björklund Niklas 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

The spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is the major tree‐killing bark beetle in Eurasia. To increase knowledge about its seasonal flight patterns and about the thermal sums required for emergence, a study was conducted in southern Sweden from 2006 to 2010.
Seasonal flight patterns were recorded by pheromone traps and development was recorded by felling trees three times during each season.
Flight began, on average, on 27 April [after 47 degree‐days (dd) > 5 °C]. More than 50% of flight activity occurred after mid‐June, and this continued to mid‐August.
Re‐emergence of parental beetles after they had produced the first brood started, on average, on 24 May (after 122 dd). Continued flight and oviposition demonstrated that sister broods were frequent. A higher proportion of parental beetles re‐emerged from trees colonized in May (95%) than in July (20%). Beetles that colonized trees late had to accumulate a higher thermal sum before re‐emerging (400 dd).
Filial beetles began to emerge, on average, on 29 June (after 437 dd) and started to fly in early July, giving rise to at least a partial second generation in each year. A higher proportion of filial beetles had emerged from trees colonized in May (75%) than in July (15%).
Knowledge of these region‐specific flight patterns and the associated thermal sums required for emergence will facilitate efficient pest management by enabling timely removal of fallen and standing weakened host trees. The obtained data will also be useful for improving models that predict the population dynamics in a warmer climate.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the proportion of chronic hepatitis B patients with normal alanine transaminase ≤40 IU/L and significant hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Chao D. T. , Lim J. K. , Ayoub W. S. , Nguyen L. H. , Nguyen M. H. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundChronic hepatitis B (CHB) may lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and premature death. Elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels ≥ the upper limit of normal (ULN) are a major determinant for initiating anti‐viral therapy; however, ALT levels alone may not be predictive of hepatic fibrosis.AimTo determine the proportion of CHB patients with ALT ≤40 IU/L and liver fibrosis stage ≥2. Secondary goals include subgroup analysis by hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, high hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, Asian ethnicity, lower ULN of ≤30 IU/L (males) and 19 IU/L (females), and advanced age.MethodsStudies identified in EMBASE and MEDLINE (1/1990–6/2012) using the search criteria: “Hepatitis B”[Mesh] OR “Hepatitis B virus”[Mesh] OR “Hepatitis B, Chronic”[Mesh])) AND “Alanine Transaminase”[Mesh]) and abstracts containing the term ‘hepatitis’ from recent major U.S. gastroenterology and liver society meetings were considered.ResultsAmong nine studies (N = 830 patients), a significant proportion (20.7%; 95% CI: 16.2–26.0%) of CHB patients with ALT levels ≤40 IU/L had significant fibrosis irrespective of HBeAg status, high HBV DNA levels, ethnicity or age, although this proportion may be higher in patients older than 30–40 years old. The corresponding proportion was 27.8% even when the newer ULN of 30 IU/L (males) and 19 IU/L (females) was applied.ConclusionsApproximately one fifth of CHB patients with ALT ≤40 IU/L may have significant hepatic fibrosis. The approach to such patients should be individualised, as further evaluation and treatment may be appropriate.
Refractory coeliac disease in a country with a high prevalence of clinically‐diagnosed coeliac disease
Authors: Ilus T. , Kaukinen K. , Virta L. J. , Huhtala H. , Mäki M. , Kurppa K. , Heikkinen M. , Heikura M. , Hirsi E. , Jantunen K. , Moilanen V. , Nielsen C. , Puhto M. , Pölkki H. , Vihriälä I. , Collin P. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundRefractory coeliac disease (RCD) is thought to be a rare disorder, but the accurate prevalence is unknown.AimWe aimed to identify the prevalence of and the risk factors for developing RCD in a Finnish population where the clinical detection rate of coeliac disease is high.MethodsThe study involved 11 hospital districts in Finland where the number of treated RCD patients (n = 44), clinically diagnosed coeliac disease patients (n = 12 243) and adult inhabitants (n = 1.7 million) was known. Clinical characteristics at diagnosis of coeliac disease between the RCD patients and patients with uncomplicated disease were compared.ResultsThe prevalence of RCD was 0.31% among diagnosed coeliac disease patients and 0.002% in the general population. Of the enrolled 44 RCD patients, 68% had type I and 23% type II; in 9% the type was undetermined. Comparing 886 patients with uncomplicated coeliac disease with these 44 patients that developed RCD later in life, the latter were significantly older (median 56 vs 44 years, P < 0.001), more often males (41% vs. 24%, P = 0.012) and seronegative (30% vs. 5%, P < 0.001) at the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Patients with evolving RCD had more severe symptoms at the diagnosis of coeliac disease, including weight loss in 36% (vs. 16%, P = 0.001) and diarrhoea in 54% (vs. 38%, P = 0.050).ConclusionsRefractory coeliac disease is very rare in the general population. Patients of male gender, older age, severe symptoms or seronegativity at the diagnosis of coeliac disease are at risk of future refractory coeliac disease and should be followed up carefully.
Tolerogenic dendritic cells produced by lentiviral-mediated CD40- and interleukin-23p19-specific shRNA can ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing T helper type 17 cells
Authors: Kalantari T , Karimi M H , Ciric B , Yan Y , Rostami A , Kamali-Sarvestani E 
Published: January 2014

Summary
Down-regulation of soluble or membrane-bound co-stimulatory molecules by RNAi in dendritic cells can prevent the activation of immune responses. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) transduced with lentiviral vectors to permanently expressed shRNA specific for CD40 (CD40LV-DCs) and/or p19 subunit of interleukin (IL)-23 (p19LV-DCs) mRNAs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In-vitro studies showed that double-transduced BMDCs (CD40+p19LV-DCs) resemble tolerogenic DCs due to profound down-regulation of CD40, lower expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12), increased IL-10 production and stronger stimulation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55-specific T cells for production of IL-10 compared with CD40LV-DCs, p19LV-DCs and BMDCs transduced with control lentiviral vector (CoLV-DCs). Moreover, injection of transduced CD40+p19LV- BMDCs in EAE mice resulted in more reduction in clinical score, significant reduction in IL-17 or increased production of IL-10 by mononuclear cells derived from the lymph nodes or spinal cord compared with CoLV-DCs-treated EAE mice. In conclusion, simultaneous knock-down of CD40 and IL-23 production by BMDCs may represent a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of IL-17-dependent autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
Effects of bariatric surgery on pericardial ectopic fat depositions and cardiovascular function
Authors: van Schinkel Linda D. , Sleddering Maria A. , Lips Mirjam A. , Jonker Jacqueline T. , de Roos Albert , Lamb Hildo J. , Jazet Ingrid M. , Pijl Hanno , Smit Johannes W. A. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryObjectiveCardiac ectopic fat depositions are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the main cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diet‐induced weight loss results in a decrease in cardiac ectopic fat stores, however if this is the same for surgically induced weight loss is less clear. Therefore, we assessed myocardial triglyceride (TG) content, pericardial fat and cardiac function in obese patients with insulin‐dependent type 2 diabetes before and 16 weeks after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery.PatientsTen obese patients with insulin‐dependent type 2 diabetes [40% male, age 53·7 ± 8·9 years (mean ± SD)] scheduled to undergo RYGB surgery were included.MeasurementsEctopic fat accumulation and cardiovascular function were assessed with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and myocardial TG content with MR spectroscopy before and 16 weeks after RYGB surgery.ResultsBody mass index decreased from 41·3 ± 4·3 at baseline to 34·1 ± 2·8 kg/m2 (P < 0·001) after 16 weeks. Glycemic control improved as well [HbA1c: 7·8 ± 1·1 to 6·8 ± 1·3% (62 ± 12 to 51 ± 14 mm) (P < 0·05)]. We did not observe an effect of the RYGB surgery on myocardial TG content, cardiac function or pulse wave velocity. There was a greater relative decrease in visceral (−35·5 ± 9·6%) as compared to subcutaneous fat volume (−25·0 ± 6·3%) and in paracardial (−17·3 ±17·2%) as compared to epicardial fat volume (−6·4 ± 6·0%).ConclusionsThis study shows that surgical‐induced weight loss leads to a larger decrease in paracardial than epicardial fat. Myocardial TG and cardiovascular function did not change.
Does democratization spur growth?
Authors: Assiotis Andreas , Sylwester Kevin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMany studies have considered how democratization affects economic growth. We expand this work by allowing short‐ and long‐run effects of democracy upon growth to differ since effects during political transitions need not coincide with those under established democracies. We also allow these short‐ and long‐run effects to differ across world regions since history, demography and geography vary across regions. Using annual, cross‐county data from 1960 to 2010, we find that democratizations increased growth rates in sub‐Saharan Africa both in the short run and in the long run but lowered them in Europe. Effects in other regions appear less strong. Our results suggest that democracy could be most beneficial for growth in poorer, less stable regions. We also do not find any evidence of a transitional cost. Stronger evidence arises that these effects come from rising productivity rather than through greater investment. Finally, some support though mixed suggests that democracy's ability to mitigate the effects of ethnic heterogeneity provides a partial explanation for the cross‐regional heterogeneity.
The sudden collapse of pollinator communities
Authors: Lever J. Jelle , van Nes Egbert H. , Scheffer Marten , Bascompte Jordi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDeclines in pollinator populations may harm biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Little attention has, however, been paid to the systemic response of mutualistic communities to global environmental change. Using a modelling approach and merging network theory with theory on critical transitions, we show that the scale and nature of critical transitions is likely to be influenced by the architecture of mutualistic networks. Specifically, we show that pollinator populations may collapse suddenly once drivers of pollinator decline reach a critical point. A high connectance and/or nestedness of the mutualistic network increases the capacity of pollinator populations to persist under harsh conditions. However, once a tipping point is reached, pollinator populations collapse simultaneously. Recovering from this single community‐wide collapse requires a relatively large improvement of conditions. These findings may have large implications for our view on the sustainability of pollinator communities and the services they provide.
Fracture‐focused fluid flow in an acid and redox‐influenced system: diagenetic controls on cement mineralogy and geomorphology in the Navajo Sandstone
Authors: Bell J. H. , Bowen B. B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDifferential cement mineralogy is influenced by depositional textures, structural deformation, pore fluid chemistry, and ultimately influences landscape evolution by introducing heterogeneities in erodibility. In Southern Utah, the region West of the Kaibab uplift known as Mollies Nipple (Mollies) in Grand Staircase‐Escalante National Monument exhibits a complex history of fluid–sediment interactions, which has resulted in a localized zone of anomalous diagenetic iron sulfate (jarosite) mineralogy in a well‐exposed dune–interdune deposit within the Navajo Sandstone. Mineralogy and geochemistry of cements within this region are examined using reflectance and imaging spectroscopy, field investigations, microscopy, and whole‐rock geochemical analyses. These data show that the in‐situ jarosite cement is localized to a plane along the highest ridge of the butte, providing an armor along with other secondary cements, which controls the butte's geomorphic evolution. The jarosite cement is associated with other mineralogies suggesting that the sulfate was one of the latest fluid‐related precipitates in the paragenetic sequence. It was preceded by a regional bleaching event, precipitation of clay cements, some localized concretionary iron oxide precipitation, and formation of deformation bands. At least one generation of dense iron oxide mineralization is associated with cataclastic brittle deformation predating the sulfate precipitation. Trace element geochemistry of cements shows certain metal oxide populations associated with extremely high (>2000 ppm) arsenic values. We interpret the combination of spatial mineral distribution, observed paragenetic sequence, and trace element geochemistry to suggest this region experienced acid sulfate diagenesis along fracture‐controlled fluid conduits related to weathering of proximal, unidentified, sulfides, or H2S associated with deep source beds. Jarosite is highly soluble, and its presence suggests that abundant fluid flow has not occurred in this region since its formation. This terminal cement‐forming event must have occurred prior to sandstone exhumation and erosion to form the current extreme landscape at Mollies. This site exhibits the influence that fluid geochemistry, sedimentary mineralogy, and structural fabric have on geomorphic evolution.
Cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Next nickel‐titanium rotary files
Authors: Elnaghy A. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimTo compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Next files (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with Twisted Files (TF; SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA), HyFlex CM (HF; ColténeEndo/Whaledent, Inc, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA) and ProTaper Universal (PT; Dentsply Maillefer).MethodologySize 25, .06 taper for PTN X2, TF, HF and PT F1 size 20, .07 taper were rotated in simulated canals until failure, and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) was recorded to evaluate their cyclic fatigue resistance. A scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the topographic features of the fracture surfaces of broken files. The data of the NCF and fragment length values were analysed statistically using one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests. Statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05.ResultsTwisted Files had a significantly higher resistance to cyclic fatigue than the other instruments (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in NCF between PTN and HF (P > 0.05); however, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) of both these systems with PT, which exhibited the lowest mean NCF. The ranking in the NCF values was: TF > PTN > HF > PT. The fracture cross‐sections of all brands revealed similar fractographic features, including crack origins, fatigue zone and an overload fast fracture zone.ConclusionsThe new ProTaper Next had greater resistance to cyclic fatigue compared with ProTaper and HyFlex CM but not the Twisted Files.