bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unintentional poisoning in young children: does developmental stage predict the type of substance accessed and ingested?
Authors: Schmertmann M. , Williamson A. , Black D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundWhen children aged 0–4 years are analysed together as a group for poisoning risk, important differences for smaller age intervals by medicinal and non‐medicinal substances are masked. These differences have been attributed to child developmental stages but no studies have been conducted that examine the predictive value of child developmental stage for poisoning by substance type, using 3‐month age intervals as a proxy for developmental stage and adjusting for the effect of sex, socio‐economic status and remoteness of residence.MethodsA population‐based dataset of unintentional poisoning hospitalizations in children aged 0–4 years was used to predict the type of substance ingested. Associations between the type of substance and age, sex, socio‐economic status and remoteness of residence were measured using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsChildren aged 12–17 months had significantly higher odds of experiencing a non‐medicinal poisoning while children aged 24–41 months had significantly higher odds of experiencing a medicinal poisoning. Males and children from more disadvantaged and outer regional areas had higher odds of experiencing a non‐medicinal poisoning.ConclusionsChildren aged 0–4 years differ in their stage of development and as a consequence, vary significantly in their ability to access their environment. Our results clearly show that odds of poisoning by medicinal substances compared with non‐medicinal substances change as children age. This study provides evidence that child development predicts the type of substance accessed and ingested.
The effect of post‐natal mental distress amongst Indian and Pakistani mothers living in England on children's behavioural outcomes
Authors: Prady S. L. , Kiernan K. E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundLow socio‐economic status (SES), post‐natal mental distress and parenting impact child mental health and future well‐being. There are unexplained differences in child mental health between South Asian ethnic minority groups living in the UK that may be due to variation in, and differential mediation of, these factors.MethodsWe used multivariate multiple regression analysis of the effect of symptoms of mental distress, socio‐demographic variables and warmth of parenting on child internalizing and externalizing scores at age seven (measured in 2010) in a population cohort of English children whose mothers were of Indian (n = 211) and Pakistani (n = 260) origin.ResultsIn the fully adjusted models the legacy of mental distress was visible for both internalizing (β coefficient 1.52, P = 0.04) and externalizing (1.68, P = 0.01) behaviour in the Pakistani children, and on the Indian children's internalizing (2.08, P = 0.008) but not externalizing (0.84, P = 0.204) behaviour. Lower SES was associated with worse behavioural scores for the Pakistani children, and warmth of parenting on Indian children's externalizing scores.ConclusionsSymptoms of post‐natal mental distress are associated with Indian and Pakistani child outcomes at age seven. The finding that warmth of parenting had a stronger association on Indian children's externalizing scores than mental distress might be explained by differences in the expression of SES on family characteristics and functioning between the two ethnic groups.
The contributing role of real‐life hand skill performance in self‐care function of children with and without disabilities
Authors: Chien C.‐W. , Brown T. , McDonald R. , Yu M.‐L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundChildren's hand skills when performing in real‐life contexts have been commonly thought as a possible determinant of their self‐care function; however, there is a paucity of research investigating this potential predictive relationship. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence regarding whether children's real‐life hand skill performance is contributive to or predictive of their self‐care function by considering other child and cultural factors.MethodsA total of 139 typically developing children and 114 with disabilities, ages 2–12 years from Australia and Taiwan, participated in the study. The outcome measures used were the Assessment of Children's Hand Skills (a measure of real‐life hand skill performance) and the Personal Living Skills subscale of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales – Classroom Edition (a measure of self‐care function).ResultsHierarchical regression analysis revealed that the children's demographic variables (age, gender, disability status, handedness and cultural context) accounted for 43% of the variance of the self‐care function in the combined group of children with and without disabilities. Age, presence of disability and cultural context were the statistically significant independent factors. However, after the entry of the real‐life hand skill performance factor, the contributing values of age and disability status decreased and the age factor became non‐significant. The hand skill performance factor was found to be the strongest, and its addition led to significant increments of 24.6% of the explained variance for children's self‐care function. Similar results were also found in the regression analyses based on separate groups of typically developing children or those with disabilities.ConclusionsThe findings provide evidence that children's real‐life hand skill performance is a contributing factor of their self‐care function. The assessment of children's hand skill performance in real‐life contexts is therefore needed.
Fungal chemical defence alters density‐dependent foraging behaviour and success in a fungivorous soil arthropod
Authors: STÖTEFELD LAURA , SCHEU STEFAN , ROHLFS MARKO 
Published: August 2012

1. Aggregative behaviour in fungivorous soil arthropods is widespread; its adaptive value, however, is largely unknown. In this study, the spatial foraging behaviour of a collembolan,Folsomia candida, and the fitness consequences of feeding at different densities on the filamentous fungusAspergillus nidulanswere investigated. The effect of two fungal strains were compared; a wild‐type (wt) and a transgenic strain that lacks the ability to express the global secondary metabolite regulator LaeA (ΔlaeA).2. In laboratory foraging tests,F. candidaexhibited aggregated distributions of individuals across four distinct fungal colonies that were arranged in short distances from each other. By quantifying the extent of the feeding damage at each single colony, a more evenly distributed feeding activity was found among wt colonies than among chemical‐deficient colonies.3. In a fitness experiment, where collembolans at different densities were restricted to feed on singleA. nidulanscolonies, mean growth rate ofF. candidawas positively related to density on the wtA. nidulansstrain, but negatively related to density on the chemical‐deficient strain.4. Depending on the fungus' ability to express secondary chemicals and availability of fungal food sources,F. candidamay employ different foraging strategies: (i) avoidance of prolonged feeding on single colonies in a rich habitat (travel costs low), and (ii) intensified group feeding on single colonies in a resource‐limited habitat (travel costs high). It was hypothesised that flexibility in fungivore foraging behaviour (clumping vs. spreading feeding activity) is adaptive because it allows avoidance/overcoming induced fungal chemical defence.
Effects of inoculants and wilting on silage fermentation and nutritive characteristics of red clover–grass mixtures
Authors: Krawutschke M. , Thaysen J. , Weiher N. , Taube F. , Gierus M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractVarious management practices (e.g. wilting, application of silage additives or adding a grass component) can be used to improve silage fermentation of pure red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.). Therefore, the aim of this laboratory ensiling study was to investigate the effects of varying proportions of red clover and perennial ryegrass (100/0, 66/33, 33/66, 0/100) on silage quality during two consecutive years. In addition, two wilting levels [target dry matter (DM): 300 vs. 400 g kg−1] in combination with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) additives were tested. Herbage was ensiled, either untreated or inoculated with homofermentativeLAB(low wilted) or homo‐ and heterofermentativeLAB(high wilted). In most cases, lactic and acetic acid decreased as the proportions of ryegrass were increased. Data concerning ammonia‐Nconcentrations showed considerable differences between cuts and years. Silages treated with homofermentativeLABgenerally had high lactic acid and low finalpH, whereas acetic acid and 1,2‐propanediol tended to be higher when homo‐ and heterofermentativeLABwere applied. Inoculants had a positive effect onDMlosses and ammonia‐Nin only a few silages. Wilting decreasedDMlosses and fermentation acids at most cuts, irrespective of the grass/clover ratio in the herbage mixture. There was a strong year effect on the organic matter digestibility (DOM) of the silages. In conclusion, the optimal strategy for successful silage fermentation of red clover is the ensiling in mixtures with ryegrass. Furthermore, herbage should be wilted to aDMcontent of about 300–350 g kg−1. The application ofLABinoculants did not alter theDOMbut did improve silage fermentation.
Is there sufficient evidence to support the long‐term efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for endodontic therapy in primary teeth?
Authors: Anthonappa R. P. , King N. M. , Martens L. C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSeveral papers have been published to illustrate the effectiveness of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a pulpotomy medicament. Most of these reports do not offer a critical assessment on the data quality. Therefore, this review evaluated whether the currently available evidence is of an appropriate quality to support the long‐term effectiveness of MTA as a pulpotomy medicament in primary molars using a standardized assessment criterion. A comprehensive literature search of human clinical outcome studies, which employed MTA as a pulpotomy medicament in primary teeth, was conducted using the MEDLINE database. Two independent observers rated these articles using the standardized assessment criteria. Furthermore, based on the initial sample mentioned in the individual studies and the sample included for the final analysis, the drop‐out rates were calculated. Twenty‐two studies were included for quality assessment with an excellent interobserver agreement. None of the 22 studies obtained grade A, four studies attained grade B1, five were graded B2 and 13 received grade C. Based on the assessment criteria employed, there was no evidence that MTA was better than present materials and techniques as a pulpotomy medicament. Furthermore, given the low quality of data, it is highly desirable to establish standard requisites for conducting and reporting on pulp therapy studies in primary teeth so as to benefit both researchers and clinicians to produce high‐quality studies that are comparable and to prevent the misuse of clinical material and resources.
Cross‐cultural validation of the revised temperament and character inventory in the Bulgarian language
Authors: Tilov Boris , Dimitrova Donka , Stoykova Maria , Tornjova Bianka , Foreva Gergana , Stoyanov Drozdstoj 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesHealth‐care professions have long been considered prone to work‐related stress, yet recent research in Bulgaria indicates alarmingly high levels of burnout. Cloninger's inventory is used to analyse and evaluate correlation between personality characteristics and degree of burnout syndrome manifestation among the risk categories of health‐care professionals. The primary goal of this study was to test the conceptual validity and cross‐cultural applicability of the revised TCI (TCI‐R), developed in the United States, in a culturally, socially and economically diverse setting.MethodsLinguistic validation, test–retest studies, statistical and expert analyses were performed to assess cross‐cultural applicability of the revised Cloninger's temperament and character inventory in Bulgarian, its reliability and internal consistency and construct validity.ResultsThe overall internal consistency of TCI‐R and its scales as well as the interscale and test–retest correlations prove that the translated version of the questionnaire is acceptable and cross‐culturally applicable for the purposes of studying organizational stress and burnout risk in health‐care professionals.ConclusionsIn general the cross‐cultural adaptation process, even if carried out in a rigorous way, does not always lead to the best target version and suggests it would be useful to develop new scales specific to each culture and, at the same time, to think about the trans‐cultural adaptation.
Neuropeptide Alterations in the Infundibular Nucleus of Huntington's Disease Patients
Authors: van Wamelen D. J. , Aziz N. A. , Anink J. J. , Roos R. A. C. , Swaab D. F. 
Published: August 2012

Data from transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) suggest that dysfunction of the hypothalamic infundibular nucleus (INF) (in rodents, the arcuate nucleus) may contribute to unintended weight loss and insatiable appetite among HD patients. Using post‐mortem paraffin‐embedded tissue, we assessed the total number of INF neurones by thionin staining and four major regulatory neuropeptides in the INF of HD patients by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation. In HD patients, the total number of neurones in the INF was unchanged compared to control subjects (P = 0.92), whereas it contained over 30% less neuropeptide Y‐immunoreactive (IR) neurones (P = 0.016), as well as reduced peptide levels, in fibres to the paraventricular and ventromedial nucleus (P = 0.003, P = 0.005, respectively). Conversely, neuropeptide Y mRNA expression levels were increased three‐fold (P = 0.047). No changes were observed in the number of neurones immunoreactive for α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone, agouti‐related peptide, and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (P ≥ 0.17). Our findings suggest changes in the pathology of the INF neuropeptide Y‐expressing neurones in HD patients without changes in other (an)orexigenic neuropeptides and without neuronal cell loss. These findings indicate that unintended weight loss in patients suffering from this disease may be partly a result of neuropeptidergic alterations in the hypothalamic infundibular nucleus.
Can electromyographic arousal be detected visually on the Datex‐Ohmeda S/5TM Anesthesia Monitor?
Authors: AHO A. J. , YLI‐HANKALA A. , LYYTIKÄINEN L.‐P. , KAMATA K. , JÄNTTI V. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundElectroencephalogram (EEG)‐based depth of anaesthesia monitoring is susceptible to contaminating electromyographic (EMG) activity. Many authorities have suggested that anaesthesiologists using these monitors should interpret the raw EEG waveform seen on the anaesthesia monitor.MethodsIn 34 patients anaesthetized with propofol using two doses of rocuronium (0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg), we studied whether the EMG arousal can be detected visually on the anaesthesia monitor. The Bispectral Index (BIS) and Entropy biosignals on the monitor were recorded with a video camera, and the one‐channel EEG recorded by the Entropy strip was collected on a laptop computer. The recordings and the one‐channel EEG were analyzed offline by two experts (anaesthesiologist and neurophysiologist), both with a long experience on anaesthesia‐related EEG.ResultsEMG arousal existed in 14/34 and 13/33 patients in the BIS and Entropy biosignals, respectively. The anaesthesiologist detected EMG on the monitor in 7/14 patients with BIS (sensitivity 50%) and in 4/13 patients with Entropy (31%). The clinical neurophysiologist detected EMG in 6/14 (43%) patients with BIS and in 5/13 (38%) with Entropy. The specificity of the EMG analyses was 55 and 65% with BIS, and 85 and 90% with Entropy. EMG arousal was detected in BIS biosignal in 10/17 and 4/17 patients with 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg doses of rocuronium (P = 0.04).ConclusionsIn contrast to many EEG phenomena, EMG activity cannot be accurately detected visually from the raw EEG on the anaesthesia monitor. Further development in the quality of the anaesthesia monitors is warranted.
Effects of divider orientation split‐out on fracture toughness
Authors: PEREZ IPIÑA J. , KORIN I. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe Split‐out phenomenon is a sudden instability, which takes place near the crack tip, and is generated by a rapid growth and arrest of a crack at the divider orientation. This phenomenon is related to stress triaxiality in the front of the crack tip when the structure is under plane strain conditions, plus the existence of weak interfaces oriented normal to the thickness direction. The weak interfaces can be generated as a result of some metallurgical process such as hot‐rolling lamination in materials with a high level of impurities, as well as steels where the structure results in a strong banding of ferrite and pearlite. When a cracked structure is loaded, the high σz stresses related to the plain strain state can lead to a split‐out brought about by delamination of the weak interfaces. During a fracture toughness test, this is noticed as a drop in the load‐displacement record, which is similar to that produced by the well‐known pop‐in instability in welded joints. Although the load drops are very similar in both phenomena, their etiologies are completely different, since the pop‐in is produced by an unstable crack growth and its ulterior arrest, due to local brittle zones located generally at the heat affected zone (HAZ) at or near a welded joint. As the split‐out has been less studied than the pop‐in, and due to the similarities between both load‐displacement records, it is very common to consider both instabilities under the same failure acceptance criteria. In this way, the split‐out is usually treated as a critical event, and therefore, many materials are rejected when split‐outs occur in fracture testings. However, when a split‐out occurs, the σz stress is drastically reduced, leading to a condition close to a plane stress situation (in fact, the σz stress reduces to 0 at the crack surfaces of the split‐out).The aim of this work was to study the effect of the split‐out in the fracture toughness of hot laminated steels working in the upper‐shelf region. In order to achieve this, the fracture toughness was evaluated by means of the resistance curve J‐R of the material, using a single specimen test method. The occurrence of load drop and displacement increase in the test record are explained based on a constant main plane crack length hypothesis.
Transgender voice and communication treatment: a retrospective chart review of 25 cases
Authors: Hancock Adrienne B. , Garabedian Laura M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundPeople transitioning from male to female (MTF) gender seek speech–language pathology services when they feel their voice is betraying their genuine self or perhaps is the last obstacle to representing their authentic gender. Speaking fundamental frequency (pitch) and resonance are most often targets in treatment because the combination of these two voice characteristics can account for the majority of how listeners perceive a speaker's gender. Intonation, voice quality, pragmatics and non‐verbal communication contribute to a lesser extent but are usually recommended in treatment guidelines. There are few examples of effective treatment with male‐to‐female transgender individuals in the literature. Due to a small number of reports, it remains unclear how closely clinical practice follows recommended approaches and the extent to which gains may be expected.AimsThe purpose of this study was to examine retrospectively 5 years’ worth of cases of voice feminization treatment at a university clinic in order to describe a unique clinical population and report treatment techniques and outcomes.Methods & ProceduresDemographic information and treatment outcome data (e.g. acoustic measures) were available for collection from 25 of the 32 cases discharged from a university clinic between 2006 and 2010. Behavioural targets of treatment goals also were examined.Outcomes & ResultsClients were in various stages of male‐to‐female gender transitions during treatment; at discharge, 80% of them presented as female 100% of the time. A majority (88%) had a history of feminizing hormone treatment and 28% presented with a voice disorder separate from gender presentation concerns. Treatment goals included the following (listed in order of percentage of cases that addressed the topic): forward resonance, increased fundamental frequency or pitch, physical and mental relaxation, intonation, phonotraumatic behaviours, breath control, non‐verbal communication, pragmatics, and vocal hygiene. After treatment, clients had increased speaking fundamental frequency in sustained vowel, reading, and monologue tasks by five to six semitones, which is statistically significant. Gains in fundamental frequency correlated significantly with total number of sessions, but no other correlations were significant.Conclusions & ImplicationsTreatment goals for clients included in this study were consistent with those goals most often recommended in the research literature regarding voice and communication treatment for transgender clients. Voice and communication treatment resulted in gains in areas important to listeners’ perception of gender. Further research is warranted to determine efficacy of specific treatment protocols and potentially influential factors such as initial voice and communication status.
Anxiolytic‐ and panicolytic‐like effects of Neuropeptide S in the mouse elevated T‐maze
Authors: Pulga Alice , Ruzza Chiara , Rizzi Anna , Guerrini Remo , Calo Girolamo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNeuropeptide S (NPS) regulates various biological functions by selectively activating the NPS receptor (NPSR). Recently, epidemiological studies revealed an association between NPSR single nucleotide polymorphisms and susceptibility to panic disorders. Here we investigated the effects of NPS in mice subjected to the elevated T maze (ETM), an assay which has been proposed to model anxiety and panic. Diazepam [1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] elicited clear anxiolytic effects reducing the latency to emerge from the closed to the open (CO) arm without modifying the latencies from the open to the closed (OC) arm. By contrast, chronic fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p., once a day for 21 days) selectively increased OC latency, suggesting a panicolytic‐like effect. NPS given intracerebroventricularly at 0.001–1 nmol elicited both anxiolytic‐ and panicolytic‐like effects. However, although the NPS anxiolytic dose–response curve displayed the classical sigmoidal shape, the dose–response curve of the putative panicolytic‐like effect was bell shaped with peak effect at 0.01 nmol. The behaviour of wild‐type [NPSR(+/+)] and receptor knock out [NPSR(−/−)] mice in the ETM task was superimposable. NPS at 0.01 nmol elicited anxiolytic‐ and panicolytic‐like effects in NPSR(+/+) but not in NPSR(−/−) mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that NPS, via selective activation of the NPSR, promotes both anxiolytic‐ and panicolytic‐like actions in the mouse ETM.