bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution, functional impact, and origin mechanisms of copy number variation in the barley genome
Authors: Muñoz-Amatriaín María , Eichten Steven R , Wicker Thomas , Richmond Todd A , Mascher Martin , Steuernagel Burkhard , Scholz Uwe , Ariyadasa Ruvini , Spannagl Manuel , Nussbaumer Thomas , Mayer Klaus FX , Taudien Stefan , Platzer Matthias , Jeddeloh Jeffrey A , Springer Nathan M , Muehlbauer Gary J , Stein Nils 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Background
There is growing evidence for the prevalence of copy number variation (CNV) and its role in phenotypic variation in many eukaryotic species. Here we use array comparative genomic hybridization to explore the extent of this type of structural variation in domesticated barley cultivars and wild barleys.

Results
A collection of 14 barley genotypes including eight cultivars and six wild barleys were used for comparative genomic hybridization. CNV affects 14.9% of all the sequences that were assessed. Higher levels of CNV diversity are present in the wild accessions relative to cultivated barley. CNVs are enriched near the ends of all chromosomes except 4H, which exhibits the lowest frequency of CNVs. CNV affects 9.5% of the coding sequences represented on the array and the genes affected by CNV are enriched for sequences annotated as disease-resistance proteins and protein kinases. Sequence-based comparisons of CNV between cultivars Barke and Morex provided evidence that DNA repair mechanisms of double-strand breaks via single-stranded annealing and synthesis-dependent strand annealing play an important role in the origin of CNV in barley.

Conclusions
We present the first catalog of CNVs in a diploid Triticeae species, which opens the door for future genome diversity research in a tribe that comprises the economically important cereal species wheat, barley, and rye. Our findings constitute a valuable resource for the identification of CNV affecting genes of agronomic importance. We also identify potential mechanisms that can generate variation in copy number in plant genomes.
An immunologist's guide to CD31 function in T-cells
Authors: Marelli-Berg Federica M. , Clement Marc , Mauro Claudio , Caligiuri Giuseppina 
Published: June 2013

SummaryAlthough it is expressed by all leukocytes, including T-, B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells, the immunoglobulin-like receptor CD31 is generally regarded by immunologists as a marker of endothelial cell lineage that lacks an established functional role in adaptive immunity. This perception has recently been challenged by studies that reveal a key role for this molecule in the regulation of T-cell homeostasis, effector function and trafficking. The complexity of the biological functions of CD31 results from the integration of its adhesive and signaling functions in both the immune and vascular systems. Signaling by means of CD31 is induced by homophilic engagement during the interactions of immune cells and is mediated by phosphatase recruitment or activation through immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that are located in its cytoplasmic tail. Loss of CD31 function is associated with excessive immunoreactivity and susceptibility to cytotoxic killing. Here, we discuss recent findings that have brought to light a non-redundant, complex role for this molecule in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immune responses, with large impact on our understanding of immunity in health and disease.
The energetics of electric organ discharge generation in gymnotiform weakly electric fish
Authors: Salazar Vielka L. , Krahe Rüdiger , Lewis John E. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryGymnotiform weakly electric fish produce an electric signal to sense their environment and communicate with conspecifics. Although the generation of such relatively large electric signals over an entire lifetime is expected to be energetically costly, supporting evidence to date is equivocal. In this article, we first provide a theoretical analysis of the energy budget underlying signal production. Our analysis suggests that wave-type and pulse-type species invest a similar fraction of metabolic resources into electric signal generation, supporting previous evidence of a trade-off between signal amplitude and frequency. We then consider a comparative and evolutionary framework in which to interpret and guide future studies. We suggest that species differences in signal generation and plasticity, when considered in an energetics context, will not only help to evaluate the role of energetic constraints in the evolution of signal diversity but also lead to important general insights into the energetics of bioelectric signal generation.
Adatok a ligamentum hepatoduodenale időleges leszorítása által kiváltott májenzim- és szövettani változások vizsgálatához kísérletes modellen
Authors: Furka Andrea , Németh Norbert , Pető Katalin , Szentkereszty Zsolt , Tóth László , Furka István , Mikó Irén , Sápy Péter 
Published: June 2013

AbsztraktMájműtétek során gyakran szükséges az ellátó erek hosszabb-rövidebb idejű leszorítása, ezáltal a szerv vérellátása átmenetileg zavart szenved, majd az ezt követő reperfusio során további károsodások jöhetnek létre. Ezek hatására az adott szervben is és más lokalizációban is anyagcsere- és morphologiai változások jöhetnek létre, amelyek meghatározzák a szervek, szövetek további sorsát, életképességét, regenerációját, ezáltal a műtét kimenetelét is. Állatkísérletes modellben vizsgáltuk a Báron/Pringle manőver hatását a májfunkció és szövettani károsodások szempontjából. 12 beagle kutyán 3×15 perces ligamentum hepatoduodenale leszorítás során, majd 30 perces reperfusio után vettünk vér- és szövettani mintákat. Markáns szövettani változásokat észleltünk mind a máj, mind a vékonybelek területén, valamint a májenzimek közül. Legkorábban a GPT-emelkedés jelentkezett, majd a 30 perces reperfusiót követően a GOT és a LDH is megemelkedett. Állatkísérletes modellen hosszúnak bizonyult a harmadik 15 perces leszorítás, legérzékenyebben a GPT-emelkedés jelezte az ischaemiát.
Childhood and Adult Secondhand Smoke and Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Lajous Martin , Tondeur Laura , Fagherazzi Guy , de Lauzon-Guillain Blandine , Boutron-Ruaualt Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between childhood and adult secondhand smoke and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a prospective cohort study among 37,343 French women from the E3N-EPIC (Etude Epidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) who never smoked and who were free of type 2 diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease at baseline in 1992. Self-reported childhood secondhand smoke exposure was defined as having at least one parent who smoked. Adult secondhand smoke was defined as the sum of self-reported hours recorded at baseline of exposure to tobacco smoke from a spouse who smoked (or domestic close contact) and from outside the home.

RESULTS
Between 1992 and 2007, 795 cases of incident type 2 diabetes were identified and validated through a drug reimbursement dataset and a specific questionnaire. Women with at least one parent who smoked appeared to have an 18% higher rate of type 2 diabetes than women with parents who did not smoke (age-adjusted hazard ratio 1.18 [95% CI 1.02–1.36]). Adult secondhand smoke exposure (no exposure versus ≥4 h/day) was associated with an increased rate of type 2 diabetes (1.36 [1.05–1.77], P = 0.002 for trend) after adjusting for parental history of diabetes, education, body silhouette at age 8, childhood secondhand smoke exposure, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, menopausal status and hormone use, alcohol intake, and processed red meat and coffee consumption.

CONCLUSIONS
This prospective analysis suggests that secondhand smoke exposure in childhood and adulthood are associated with a higher rate of type 2 diabetes.
Maternal Lipids Are as Important as Glucose for Fetal Growth
Authors: Kulkarni Smita R. , Kumaran Kalyanaraman , Rao Shobha R. , Chougule Suresh D. , Deokar Tukaram M. , Bhalerao Ankush J. , Solat Vishnu A. , Bhat Dattatray S. , Fall Caroline H.D. , Yajnik Chittaranjan S. 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between maternal circulating fuels and neonatal size and compare the relative effects of glucose and lipids.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThe Pune Maternal Nutrition Study (1993–1996) investigated the influence of maternal nutrition on fetal growth. We measured maternal body size and glucose and lipid concentrations during pregnancy and examined their relationship with birth size in full-term babies using correlation and regression techniques.RESULTSThe mothers (n = 631) were young (mean age 21 years), short (mean height 151.9 cm), and thin (BMI 18.0 kg/m2) but were relatively more adipose (body fat 21.1%). Their diet was mostly vegetarian. Between 18 and 28 weeks’ gestation, fasting glucose concentrations remained stable, whereas total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased and HDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased. The mean birth weight of the offspring was 2666 g. Total cholesterol and triglycerides at both 18 and 28 weeks and plasma glucose only at 28 weeks were associated directly with birth size. One SD higher maternal fasting glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations at 28 weeks were associated with 37, 54, and 36 g higher birth weights, respectively (P &lt; 0.05 for all). HDL-cholesterol concentrations were unrelated to newborn measurements. The results were similar if preterm deliveries also were included in the analysis (total n = 700).CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest an influence of maternal lipids on neonatal size in addition to the well-established effect of glucose. Further research should be directed at defining the clinical relevance of these findings.
Reduced Hypoglycemia and Increased Time in Target Using Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery During Nights With or Without Antecedent Afternoon Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sherr Jennifer L. , Cengiz Eda , Palerm Cesar C. , Clark Bud , Kurtz Natalie , Roy Anirban , Carria Lori , Cantwell Martin , Tamborlane William V. , Weinzimer Stuart A. 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE
Afternoon exercise increases the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia (NH) in subjects with type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that automated feedback-controlled closed-loop (CL) insulin delivery would be superior to open-loop (OL) control in preventing NH and maintaining a higher proportion of blood glucose levels within the target blood glucose range on nights with and without antecedent afternoon exercise.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects completed two 48-h inpatient study periods in random order: usual OL control and CL control using a proportional-integrative-derivative plus insulin feedback algorithm. Each admission included a sedentary day and an exercise day, with a standardized protocol of 60 min of brisk treadmill walking to 65–70% maximum heart rate at 3:00 p.m.

RESULTS
Among 12 subjects (age 12–26 years, A1C 7.4 ± 0.6%), antecedent exercise increased the frequency of NH (reference blood glucose &lt;60 mg/dL) during OL control from six to eight events. In contrast, there was only one NH event each on nights with and without antecedent exercise during CL control (P = 0.04 vs. OL nights). Overnight, the percentage of glucose values in target range was increased with CL control (P &lt; 0.0001). Insulin delivery was lower between 10:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m. on nights after exercise on CL versus OL, P = 0.008.

CONCLUSIONS
CL insulin delivery provides an effective means to reduce the risk of NH while increasing the percentage of time spent in target range, regardless of activity level in the mid-afternoon. These data suggest that CL control could be of benefit to patients with type 1 diabetes even if it is limited to the overnight period.
Le mouvement Tea Party, une illusion ?
Authors: Huret Romain 
Published: June 2013

Cet article présente dans un premier temps les analyses du mouvement Tea Party. Loin d’être un phénomène marginal aux mains de riches hommes d’affaires, le Tea Party est un mouvement social, au sens fort, profondément enraciné dans des espaces conservateurs. C’est l’écart entre l’importance du mouvement et ses maigres résultats qui constituent la seconde partie de cette contribution. Une comparaison avec des mouvements similaires apparus dans les années 1970 permet de mieux comprendre l’incapacité du Tea Party à élargir son audience au-delà des cercles militants traditionnels.
National Rifle Association : la toute-puissance en équilibre
Authors: Belin Célia 
Published: June 2013

Chaque fusillade de masse aux États-Unis, telle que celle de Newtown, en décembre 2012, où vingt jeunes enfants ont péri, interpelle l’opinion publique et suscite chez les élus des déclarations de solidarité et d’affection exacerbées. Pourtant, la législation sur la maîtrise de la vente et de la possession des armes à feu n’a pas évolué depuis dix-neuf ans. Un tel statu quo sur une grave problématique de santé et de sécurité publiques s’explique par l’attachement culturel profond des Américains à leurs armes, conforté par une interprétation individualiste de la Constitution américaine, mais aussi par l’action de la National Rifle Association (NRA), grand lobby américain des armes à feu. La NRA est au sommet de sa puissance, avec un solide ancrage territorial et des techniques de lobbying rodées qui en font un acteur incontournable du processus de législation au Congrès. Mais cette toute-puissance pourrait être remise en question par des évolutions récentes : la part des Américains qui possèdent une arme est en diminution tandis que la rhétorique de la NRA se radicalise. En se positionnant de plus en plus sur une législation de niche, soutenue par les irréductibles, la NRA risque de perdre de son influence.
Une majorité républicaine permanente ?
Authors: Richomme Olivier 
Published: June 2013

Le résultat des élections de mi-mandat de 2010 eut des conséquences retentissantes. Une des plus importantes fut d’offrir au Parti républicain une opportunité historique d’influencer par le découpage électoral les chances de réélection de ses élus au sein de la Chambre des représentants, et ce pour plusieurs cycles électoraux. Toutefois, une majorité en nombre ne garantit pas une assise politique plus robuste. Car, paradoxalement, cette tentative de créer une majorité permanente pourrait freiner l’émergence d’une nouvelle coalition conservatrice rendue pourtant urgente par l’évolution démographique du pays. L’impact du découpage électoral est donc très profond puisqu’il influence la nature même du rapport de forces entre les deux partis et, in fine , le rythme de leur évolution idéologique.
Les enjeux géopolitiques des interventions fédérales contre les saisies immobilières aux États-Unis
Authors: Lefebvre Hugo 
Published: June 2013

La crise économique qui s’est déclenchée en 2007 résulte de la diffusion d’emprunts immobiliers de mauvaise qualité – les subprimes – et s’est traduite aux États-Unis par une augmentation rapide du nombre de saisies immobilières. Du fait de l’ampleur de la crise, les interventions de l’État fédéral se sont rapidement révélées nécessaires. Elles ont porté sur la modification des emprunts, pour éviter que le nombre de saisies n’augmente, mais ont aussi apporté des fonds aux administrations locales les plus touchées par les saisies, avec les Neighborhood Stabilization Programs . En dépit de ces actions, la crise s’est aggravée, en particulier dans les banlieues résidentielles. L’inefficacité des interventions publiques s’explique pour partie par les rivalités entre des acteurs à l’échelle fédérale, mais est également la conséquence de leurs représentations à l’égard de la crise, qui ont masqué la gravité de la situation dans les banlieues résidentielles.
Décalage culturel « professionnels-usagers » et dérive instrumentale des services publics
Authors: Pinilla José 
Published: June 2013

Les usagers du travail social qui cumulent les indices de vulnérabilité (jeunes en difficulté, pauvres, personnes à la marge de la société) se plaignent parfois de ces professionnels qui ne les comprennent pas, volontiers autoritaires et moralisateurs ou tout simplement désabusés. Cet article se propose d’analyser sous l’angle culturel et cognitif l’émergence du décalage. Cette approche plus « anthropologique » est complétée d’une analyse plus macro qui met en relation « décalage culturel » et dérive instrumentale des services publics. La conclusion nous conduit vers une connaissance pluridisciplinaire des usagers qui tourne résolument le dos au « psychologisme » ou à la surmédicalisation. Elle plaide pour des actions plus politiques, citoyennes et collectives. En profondeur de champ : un croisement des cultures de paix et de résistance.
Du mal-être des travailleurs sociaux à l'État social actif : quelles grilles d'analyse ?
Authors: Maes Renaud 
Published: June 2013

Le mal-être au travail des assistants sociaux est fréquemment analysé à l’aune de l’imposition des techniques de la nouvelle gestion publique. Cependant, la spécificité du « métier » qu’est la relation d’aide aux personnes est généralement ignorée dans cette approche. Nous montrons que l’analyse des témoignages faisant état de ce mal-être au travail nécessite de prendre en compte l’impact des réformes politiques qui changent profondément la nature du travail social.
Question de la « pauvreté des enfants » en Europe. Nouvelles tendances dans les politiques publiques
Authors: Cazottes Ewelina 
Published: June 2013

Jusqu’à présent en Europe, la pauvreté infantile a rarement fait l’objet d’analyses. Ce phénomène, dont le taux est pourtant plus élevé que le taux général de pauvreté de la population de l’Union européenne (19 % des enfants sont pauvres contre 16 % de l’ensemble de population), attire manifestement peu l’attention. Les politiques visant aujourd’hui à réduire la pauvreté des enfants semblent pour le moment inefficaces. L’exemple des politiques entreprises dans deux régions européennes (Île-de-France et région de Mazovie) à l’égard des enfants en situation de pauvreté démontre que trois éléments sont à prendre en compte : la formulation du problème politique, la mise en œuvre des politiques, ainsi que le niveau de coopération entre les différents acteurs.
Colored Fluorescent Silk Made by Transgenic Silkworms
Authors: Iizuka Tetsuya , Sezutsu Hideki , Tatematsu Ken‐ichiro , Kobayashi Isao , Yonemura Naoyuki , Uchino Keiro , Nakajima Kenichi , Kojima Katsura , Takabayashi Chiyuki , Machii Hiroaki , Yamada Katsushige , Kurihara Hiroyuki , Asakura Tetsuo , Nakazawa Yasumoto , Miyawaki Atsushi , Karasawa Satoshi , Kobayashi Hatsumi , Yamaguchi Junji , Kuwabara Nobuo , Nakamura Takashi , Yoshii Kei , Tamura Toshiki 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSilk is a protein fiber used to weave fabrics and as a biomaterial in medical applications. Recently, genetically modified silks have been produced from transgenic silkworms. In the present study, transgenic silkworms for the mass production of three colors of fluorescent silks, (green, red, and orange) are generated using a vector originating from the fibroin H chain gene and a classical breeding method. The suitability of the recombinant silks for making fabrics is investigated by harvesting large amounts of the cocoons, obtained from rearing over 20 thousand silkworms. The application of low temperature and a weakly alkaline solution for cooking and reeling enables the production of silk fiber without loss of color. The maximum strain tolerated and Young's modulus of the fluorescent silks are similar to those of ordinary silk, although the maximum stress value of the recombinant silk is slightly lower than that of the control. Fabrics with fluorescent color are demonstrated using the recombinant silk, with the color persisting for over two years. The results indicate that large amounts of genetically modified silk can be made by transgenic silkworms, and the silk is applicable as functional silk fiber for making fabrics and for use in medical applications.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance of [MTBD][beti]‐Encapsulated Nanoporous NiPt Alloy Nanoparticles
Authors: Snyder Joshua , Livi Kenneth , Erlebacher Jonah 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecent advances in oxygen reduction reaction catalysis for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) include i) the use of electrochemical dealloying to produce high surface area and sometimes nanoporous catalysts with a Pt‐enriched outer surface, and ii) the observation that oxygen reduction in nanoporous materials can be potentially enhanced by confinement effects, particularly if the chemical environment within the pores can bias the reaction toward completion. Here, these advances are combined by incorporating a hydrophobic, protic ionic liquid, [MTBD][beti], into the pores of high surface‐area NiPt alloy nanoporous nanoparticles (np‐NiPt/C + [MTBD][beti]). The high O2 solubility of the [MTBD][beti], in conjunction with the confined environment within the pores, biases reactant O2 toward the catalytic surface, consistent with an increased residence time and enhanced attempt frequencies, resulting in improved reaction kinetics. Half‐cell measurements show the np‐NiPt/C+[MTBD][beti] encapsulated catalyst to be nearly an order of magnitude more active than commercial Pt/C, a result that is directly translated into operational PEMFCs.
Inkjet Printing of Back Electrodes for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Angmo Dechan , Sweelssen Jorgen , Andriessen Ronn , Galagan Yulia , Krebs Frederik C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEvaporation is the most commonly used deposition method in the processing of back electrodes in polymer solar cells used in scientific studies. However, vacuum‐based methods such as evaporation are uneconomical in the upscaling of polymer solar cells as they are throughput limiting steps in an otherwise fast roll‐to‐roll production line. In this paper, the applicability of inkjet printing in the ambient processing of back electrodes in inverted polymer solar cells with the structure ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag is investigated. Furthermore, the limitation of screen printing, the commonly employed method in the ambient processing of back electrode, is demonstrated and discussed. Both inkjet printing and screen printing of back electrodes are studied for their impact on the photovoltaic properties of the polymer solar cells measured under 1000 Wm−2 AM1.5. Each ambient processing technique is compared with evaporation in the processing of back electrode. Laser beam induced current (LBIC) imaging is used to investigate the impact of the processing techniques on the current collection in the devices. We report that inkjet printing of back electrode delivers devices having photovoltaic performance comparable to devices with evaporated back electrodes. We further confirm that inkjet printing represent an efficient alternative to screen printing.