bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of individual, community, and landscape drivers on the dynamics of a wildland forest epidemic
Authors: Haas Sarah E. , Hall Cushman J. , Dillon Whalen W. , Rank Nathan E. , Rizzo David M. , Meentemeyer Ross K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe challenges posed by observing host–pathogen–environment interactions across large geographic extents and over meaningful time scales limit our ability to understand and manage wildland epidemics. We conducted a landscape‐scale, longitudinal study designed to analyze the dynamics of sudden oak death (an emerging forest disease caused by Phytophthora ramorum) across hierarchical levels of ecological interactions, from individual hosts up to the community and across the broader landscape. From 2004 to 2011, we annually assessed disease status of 732 coast live oak, 271 black oak, and 122 canyon live oak trees in 202 plots across a 275‐km2 landscape in central California. The number of infected oak stems steadily increased during the eight‐year study period. A survival analysis modeling framework was used to examine which level of ecological heterogeneity best predicted infection risk of susceptible oak species, considering variability at the level of individuals (species identity, stem size), the community (host density, inoculum load, and species richness), and the landscape (seasonal climate variability, habitat connectivity, and topographic gradients). After accounting for unobserved risk shared among oaks in the same plot, survival models incorporating heterogeneity across all three levels better predicted oak infection than did models focusing on only one level. We show that larger oak trees (especially coast live oak) were more susceptible, and that interannual variability in inoculum production by the highly infectious reservoir host, California bay laurel, more strongly influenced disease risk than simply the density of this important host. Concurrently, warmer and wetter rainy‐season conditions in consecutive years intensified infection risk, presumably by creating a longer period of inoculum build‐up and increased probability of pathogen spillover from bay laurel to oaks. Despite the presence of many alternate host species, we found evidence of pathogen dilution, where less competent hosts in species‐rich communities reduce pathogen transmission and overall risk of oak infection. These results identify key parameters driving the dynamics of emerging infectious disease in California woodlands, while demonstrating how multiple levels of ecological heterogeneity jointly determine epidemic trajectories in wildland settings.
Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of distance from cementoenamel junction to alveolar crest before and after nonextraction orthodontic treatment
Authors: Castro Luma O. , Castro Iury O. , de Alencar Ana Helena G. , Valladares-Neto José , Estrela Carlos 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest before and after orthodontic treatment using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials and Methods:
The sample comprised 30 patients with Angle Class I malocclusion and mild to moderate crowding. The study database comprised dental CBCT scans obtained before and after orthodontic treatment. The distance between the cementoenamel junction to the bone crest of the buccal (n  =  720) and lingual (n  =  720) surfaces was measured in 24 teeth for each patient using a specific software tool (Xoran version 3.1.62). The Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set at P &lt; .05.

Results:
The distance between the cementoenamel junction and the bone crest increased in 822 (57%) of the 1440 surfaces after orthodontic treatment. The buccal surface of the lower central incisors had the greatest frequency of increased distance (75%), and the lingual surface of lateral incisors had the lowest (40%). The distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest was greater than 2 mm (alveolar bone dehiscence) in 162 (11%) of the 1440 surfaces before orthodontic treatment and in 279 (19%) after treatment.

Conclusions:
The distance from the cementoenamel junction to the bone crest changed after orthodontic treatment; the distance was greater than 2 mm in 11% of the surfaces before treatment and in 19% after treatment.
Effects of Brush Piles on Small Mammal Abundance and Survival in Central Pennsylvania
Authors: Goguen Christopher B. , Fritsky Richard S. , San Julian Gary J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Brush piles have long been promoted as a means to enhance wildlife habitat, yet few studies have experimentally tested the perceived benefits of these structures for wildlife or evaluated the efficacy of different arrangements of these piles within landscapes. During summers 2005 and 2006, we used a mark–recapture study to compare small mammal abundance and survival in forested habitats provisioned with brush piles vs. similar habitats without, both at sites located adjacent to agricultural edges and within the interior of forests in central Pennsylvania. Northern short-tailed shrews Blarina brevicauda, mice Peromyscus, and eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus were all frequently captured within brush piles at edge and interior sites. Peromyscus were significantly more abundant at edge vs. interior sites. The presence of brush piles, however, seemed to have little effect on small mammal abundance or survival with the only potential effect being an increased overwinter survival rate experienced by Peromyscus at brush pile sites. We hypothesize that although brush piles provide cover and foraging sites for small mammals, the large quantities of coarse woody debris that exist naturally in many forested systems may already adequately provide these habitat features, minimizing the effects of brush piles on small mammal population dynamics.
Seismic reflection surveys in glaciofluvial deposits in Finland
Authors: Okkonen Jarkko , Moisio Kari 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTShallow seismic reflection surveys were conducted at five different locations in central Finland during the period of 2008–2011 in order to test the applicability of this method and different seismic energy sources in providing accurate images of the underlying seismic structure and geology in unconfined and confined esker aquifers. The depth of the aquifers varied from 15 m to 140 m. Reflections from the water table and the bedrock were generally detected. In the deepest aquifers, several features of the inner structure were visible. In the shallowest aquifer (15 m thick), seismic detection of the stratigraphic units proved difficult. Analysis of the theoretical travel times and the shallow structure suggested that a higher frequency seismic source might have been needed. In the deeper aquifers, reflections near the bedrock were detected, but information regarding their thicknesses could not be obtained. An unsaturated layer with a thickness of 25 m did not completely attenuate the seismic signal, and reflections from the water table and bedrock (~80 m) could still be obtained. For the amount of explosives and the type of vibrator used in this study, explosives generally produced clearer reflections due to the higher signal‐to‐noise ratio compared with the vibrator source. On the other hand, shot‐to‐shot fluctuations in signal‐to‐noise ratio and source irreproducibility were found to be greater for explosives than for the vibrators. Loose lake sediments above the aquifer inhibited seismic energy transmission to the bedrock. In such situations, the use of explosives is recommended in order to obtain clearer reflections from the subsurface soil boundaries.
Microgravity for detecting cavities in an archaeological site in Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Fais S. , Radogna P.V. , Romoli E. , Matta P. , Klingele E.E. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe present a microgravity study over an archaeological site in Sardinia (Italy) subject to local subsidence, which could be correlated with subterranean cavities. Taking into account the local geological conditions and other factors such as topography, the high urbanization of the area, and financial factors, the micro‐gravity method was used to determine the presence of voids and whether these voids are correlated with the local subsidence. A complete Bouguer anomaly map was produced with topography corrections with a density of . The density used for the corrections was determined in the laboratory on samples of the geological formations from the same area.The gravity anomaly has been further corrected for the effect of massive structures such as walls and isolated blocks. After removing a third‐order polynomial regional trend, the residual anomaly shows small but well‐identified anomalies of circular shapes with amplitudes between and . The anomalies are spatially well correlated with the local subsidence, and a map of the vertical gradient of the residual field shows peaks located exactly over the small anomalies previously cited. Using two‐dimensional qualitative and quantitative modelling, it is possible to assume that the voids are the cause of the anomalies and therefore could be also the cause of the local subsidence.
Optimized arrays for 2D resistivity surveys with combined surface and buried arrays
Authors: Loke M.H. , Kiflu H. , Wilkinson P.B. , Harro D. , Kruse S. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe ‘Compare R’ method is used to automatically generate optimized arrays for two‐dimensional resistivity surveys with electrodes arranged along parallel lines on the surface and the subsurface. The resolution at depth is greatly improved by carrying out measurements with at least one line of electrodes below the surface using a direct push installation technique. The performance of the optimized arrays is compared with a standard measurement sequence created manually that was used for previous surveys. Tests were conducted using a synthetic model and a field survey in an area with karst geology that has some ground truth. Both tests show that the optimized arrays have significantly better resolution compared with a standard measurement sequence. We also show that artefacts in the inversion model can be reduced by using higher damping factors near the positions of the subsurface electrodes.
Importance of Endosomal Cathelicidin Degradation To Enhance DNA-Induced Chicken Macrophage Activation
Authors: Coorens Maarten , van Dijk Albert , Bikker Floris , Veldhuizen Edwin J. A. , Haagsman Henk P. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Cathelicidins are essential in the protection against invading pathogens through both their direct antimicrobial activity and their immunomodulatory functions. Although cathelicidins are known to modulate activation by several TLR ligands, little is known about their influence on DNA-induced macrophage activation. In this study, we explored the effects of cathelicidins on DNA-induced activation of chicken macrophages and elucidated the intracellular processes underlying these effects. Our results show that chicken cathelicidin (CATH)-2 strongly enhances DNA-induced activation of both chicken and mammalian macrophages because of enhanced endocytosis of DNA–CATH-2 complexes. After endocytosis, DNA is liberated from the complex because of proteolytic breakdown of CATH-2, after which TLR21 is activated. This leads to increased cytokine expression and NO production. Through the interaction with DNA, CATH-2 can play an important role in modulating the immune response at sites of infection. These observations underline the importance of cathelicidins in sensing bacterial products and regulating immune responses.
Institutional Religious Accommodation in the US and Europe
Authors: Loobuyck Patrick 
Published: September 2015

Institutional Religious Accommodation in the US and Europe
Jean Cohen argues that recent US Supreme Court decisions about institutional accommodation are problematic. She rightly points out that justice and the liberal concept of freedom of consciousness cannot do the work in Hobby Lobby and Hosanna-Tabor: what does the work is a medieval political-theological conception of church immunity and sovereignty. The first part of this commentary sketches how the autonomy of churches and religious associations can be considered from a liberal perspective, avoiding the pitfall of the medieval idea of libertas ecclesiae based on church immunity and sovereignty. The second part discusses the European jurisprudence about institutional accommodation claims and concludes that until now the European Court of Human Rights is more nuanced and its decisions are more in line with liberalism than the US Jurisprudence.
Op het raakvlak van sociale zekerheid en migratierecht
Authors: Oosterom-Staples H. 
Published: September 2015

Op het raakvlak van sociale zekerheid en migratierecht. Legaal verblijf als voorwaarde voor toekenning socialezekerheidsprestaties
Hoewel we het graag over het hoofd zien, is het recht op vrij verkeer van personen, zoals verankerd in artikelen 20 en 21 van het VWEU, niet absoluut. Een van de voorwaarden die gesteld wordt aan de uitoefening van dit recht is dat de Unieburger zichzelf financieel kan bedruipen, in migratierechtelijke terminologie: geen beroep doet op de openbare kas. De prejudiciële vraag die het Hof van Justitie in het arrest Brey moet beantwoorden, is of een gastlidstaat voor de toekenning van een uit publieke middelen gefinancierde uitkering aan economisch inactieven de voorwaarde mag stellen dat zij rechtmatig verblijf hebben in die lidstaat. HvJ EU 19 september 2013, zaak C-140/12, Pensionsversichrungsanstalt/Peter Brey, n.n.g.
Voorstel richtlijn netwerkveiligheid als onderdeel van EU cyber security-strategie: naar een open, veilig en betrouwbaar internet?
Authors: Toet J. , Lodder A.R. 
Published: September 2015

Voorstel richtlijn netwerkveiligheid als onderdeel van EU cyber security-strategie: naar een open, veilig en betrouwbaar internet?
Het artikel behandelt het voorstel van de Commissie van 7 februari 2013 om een richtlijn in te voeren ter verhoging van het algehele niveau van beveiliging van netwerk- en informatiesystemen in de Europese Unie. Het voorstel vormt een onderdeel van de cyber security-strategie van de Commissie. De auteurs plaatsen kanttekeningen bij (de effectiviteit van) de gekozen maatregelen en de implementatie daarvan in het licht van een uitgebreide beschrijving van de voorliggende problematiek. Zij onderschrijven echter de noodzaak tot het treffen van maatregelen op Europees niveau en sluiten af met hun aanbevelingen ter versterking van het voorstel en de cyber security-strategie.Voorstel voor een Richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad houdende maatregelen om een hoog gemeenschappelijk niveau van netwerk- en informatiebeveiliging in de Unie te waarborgen, COM(2013)48 final
Transparantie leidt niet vanzelfsprekend tot vertrouwen in de rechtspraak
Authors: Jonkers Petra 
Published: September 2015

Transparency does not necessarily increase confidence in the judiciary
Transparency of institutions like the judiciary is often assumed to increase confidence. However, a recent survey concerning opinions about the judiciary showed that in many cases one trusts the judiciary without having any special interest in the judiciary itself. It revealed that confidence in the judiciary depends on various factors like anomy, social trust, general institutional trust, personal experience and feelings about a fair chance in a hypothetical case for court. And transparency will not easily change these factors. Furthermore, providing information can both strengthen and weaken confidence due to the personal backgrounds of those receiving the information. Finally, this paper discusses whether strategic and positive information that is needed to increase confidence allows for drawing one’s own conclusions as transparency promises.
Vertrouwen en wantrouwen in de Belgische justitie en de rol van de krantenberichtgeving
Authors: Mercelis Stien 
Published: September 2015

Trust and distrust in the Belgian justice system and the role of newspaper coverage
In this contribution it has been set out that trust in the Belgian justice system cannot be taken for granted. The article contains empirical research on the reporting of newspapers on the Belgian justice system and tries to uncover a possible causal relationship between reading certain newspapers and trust in the justice system. Although it turns out that quality newspapers report on the justice system in a more negative way, readers of popular papers have less trust in the justice system. A direct link between negative reporting and reduced trust was therefore not found. Socio-economic variables and the priming effect on punitive attitudes in popular newspapers are cited as possible explanations.
De nieuwe arbitragewet bezien vanuit het perspectief van de gewone rechter
Authors: van den Nieuwendijk I.P.M. 
Published: September 2015

De nieuwe arbitragewet bezien vanuit het perspectief van de gewone rechter
De nieuwe arbitragewet treedt op 1 januari 2015 in werking. Er wordt een overzicht gegeven van de belangrijkste wijzigingen van de arbitragewet vanuit het perspectief van de gewone rechter. Naast de afbakening van de bevoegdheid van de gewone rechter in verband met het bestaan van een geldige arbitrageovereenkomst, heeft de gewone rechter een assisterende rol en een controlerende rol ten aanzien van arbitrage. Aan de orde komen onder andere de plaatsing van het arbitraal beding in algemene voorwaarden op de zwarte lijst, de institutionele wraking, de tenuitvoerlegging en vernietiging van een arbitraal vonnis, de mogelijkheid tot terugverwijzing naar het scheidsgerecht en het overgangsrecht.
Risicogericht toezicht, profiling en Big Data
Authors: Custers Bart 
Published: September 2015

Risicogericht toezicht, profiling en Big Data
In deze bijdrage wordt uiteengezet hoe Big Data en risicoprofilering kunnen bijdragen aan de verdere ontwikkeling van risicogericht toezicht houden. Door de aard, omvang en structuur van Big Data schiet menselijke intuïtie tekort om inzicht en overzicht te krijgen. Met behulp van zoekalgoritmen kunnen zonder hypothese of vraagstelling patronen worden gezocht. Dat kan bruikbare risicoprofielen opleveren voor toezichthouders en biedt kansen als selectie-, detectie- of evaluatie-instrument. Er zijn evenwel beperkingen om rekening mee te houden, zoals gevoeligheid voor foutmarges, self-fulfilling prophecies en houdbaarheidsduur van profielen. Menselijke intuïtie, kennis en ervaring zouden daarom een duidelijk rol moeten krijgen in het gebruik van Big Data en risicoprofielen.
Systemic Administration of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles Ameliorates Aspergillus Hyphal Extract-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Immunocompetent Mice
Authors: Cruz Fernanda F. , Borg Zachary D. , Goodwin Meagan , Sokocevic Dino , Wagner Darcy E. , Coffey Amy , Antunes Mariana , Robinson Kristen L. , Mitsialis S. Alex , Kourembanas Stella , Thane Kristen , Hoffman Andrew M. , McKenna David H. , Rocco Patricia R.M. , Weiss Daniel J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

An increasing number of studies demonstrate that administration of either conditioned media (CM) or extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow and other sources are as effective as the MSCs themselves in mitigating inflammation and injury. The goal of the current study was to determine whether xenogeneic administration of CM or EVs from human bone marrow-derived MSCs would be effective in a model of mixed Th2/Th17, neutrophilic-mediated allergic airway inflammation, reflective of severe refractory asthma, induced by repeated mucosal exposure to Aspergillus hyphal extract (AHE) in immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice. Systemic administration of both CM and EVs isolated from human and murine MSCs, but not human lung fibroblasts, at the onset of antigen challenge in previously sensitized mice significantly ameliorated the AHE-provoked increases in airway hyperreactivity (AHR), lung inflammation, and the antigen-specific CD4 T-cell Th2 and Th17 phenotype. Notably, both CM and EVs from human MSCs (hMSCs) were generally more potent than those from mouse MSCs (mMSCs) in most of the outcome measures. The weak cross-linking agent 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride was found to inhibit release of both soluble mediators and EVs, fully negating effects of systemically administered hMSCs but only partly inhibited the ameliorating effects of mMSCs. These results demonstrate potent xenogeneic effects of CM and EVs from hMSCs in an immunocompetent mouse model of allergic airway inflammation and they also show differences in mechanisms of action of hMSCs versus mMSCs to mitigate AHR and lung inflammation in this model.

Significance
There is a growing experience demonstrating benefit of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based cell therapies in preclinical models of asthma. In the current study, conditioned media (CM) and, in particular, the extracellular vesicle fraction obtained from the CM were as potent as the MSCs themselves in mitigating Th2/Th17-mediated allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of severe refractory clinical asthma. Moreover, human MSC CM and extracellular vesicles were effective in this immunocompetent mouse model. These data add to a growing scientific basis for initiating clinical trials of MSCs or extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs in severe refractory asthma and provide further insight into the mechanisms by which the MSCs may ameliorate the asthma.
Diet, exercise and mental-wellbeing of healthcare professionals (doctors, dentists and nurses) in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Waqas , Taggart Frances , Shafique Muhammad Shoaib , Muzafar Yumna , Abidi Shehnam , Ghani Noor , Malik Zahra , Zahid Tehmina , Waqas Ahmed , Ghaffar Naila 
Published: September 2015

Background.“Health is wealth” is a time tested adage. Health becomes more relevant when it comes to professionals whose job is to provide people with services that maintain an optimum state of mental, physical and social well-being. Healthcare professionals (HCP) differ from general population in regards to the nature of their work, stress, burnout etc. which begs the need to have a robust state of health for the ones who provide it to others. We initiated this study to see if healthcare professionals “practice what they preach others.”Methods.We employed a cross-sectional study design with convenience-sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered directly to the three groups of healthcare professionals (Doctors, Dentists and Nurses) across the province Punjab after their consent. 1,319 healthcare professionals took part in the study (response rate of 87.35). Warwick Edinburg Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) was used to assess mental wellbeing. USDA Dietary Guidelines-2010 were employed to quantify diet. American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines were employed for the analysis of exercise.Results.A total of 1,190 healthcare professionals formed the final sample with doctors and nurses forming the major proportion. Out of 1,190 participants onlyonehealthcare professional was found to eat according to USDA Dietary Guidelines; others ate more of protein group and less of fruits, dairy and vegetable groups. 76% did not perform any exercise. 71.5% worked >48 h/week. More than 50% of healthcare professionals were sleeping <7 h/day. WEMWBS score of the entire sample was 47.97 ± 9.53 S.D.Conclusion.Our findings suggest that healthcare professionals do not practice what they preach. Their mental wellbeing, diet and exercise habits are not up to the mark and should be improved to foster the whole healthcare system for individual and community benefits.