bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Analysis of Case Disposition Time in Belgium
Authors: Bielen Samantha , Marneffe Wim , Vereeck Lode 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This paper analyzes the determinants of case disposition times in Belgian first instance courts by exploiting a unique dataset of 174 court cases. Unlike previous studies, our analysis focuses mainly on case-level determinants. Regression results show that the use of expert assessments on average prolongs overall disposition time by 902 days. Furthermore, the number of pleadings, as a proxy of case complexity, also significantly impacts the duration of trials. Additionally, results indicate that case outcomes, such as settlements or plaintiff wins, are significant determinants of case duration. In addition to case-level characteristics, our results indicate that two civil procedure reforms aimed at accelerating adjudication led to a major decrease of case duration in Belgian first instance courts.
Judicial Independence, Judges’ Incentives and Efficiency
Authors: Melcarne Alessandro , Ramello Giovanni B. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Although often assumed by economic theory, the idea of an efficient judicial system often sounds like an oxymoron. In this work, we suggest an innovative approach to investigating the determinants of court performance. Our focus is on determining the ideal institutional environment for fostering the appropriate set of incentives for judges to operate efficiently. In this setting, we find evidence that greater independence enjoyed by the judiciary from politics induces more competition among judges to obtain professional upgrades. Such an environment will incentivize ambitious individuals to be more efficient, thus positively affecting the aggregate performance of the judiciary.
A model of homeostasis maintenance
Authors: Romanyukha A. A. , Sannikova T. E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe paper is aimed to construction of models of mechanisms determining the accuracy and stability of maintenance of target values for internal environment characteristics. The organism is described as an integrated set of physiological systems, namely, the homeostasis maintaining system, the reproductive system, and others. Those systems are joined by a common internal environment and a pool of energy substrate. The accuracy of homeostasis maintenance depends on the power, and the resistance to strong perturbations depends on the functional reserve of the homeostasis maintaining system. A specific feature of the model is the consideration of the dependence of the violation of internal environment characteristics on the current power of the energy metabolism. Experimental data show that the energy cost of maintaining the homeostasis and regeneration exceeds 70% of total energy expenditure of the body and creates most of the load of the system. The energy cost of homeostasis maintenance increases with the growth of the functional reserve and/or the deviation of internal environment characteristics from their target values, which reduces the amount of energy used for regeneration and reproduction. The model describes a physiologically motivated algorithm of adaptive use of functional reserves and energy substrate
Synonymous and nonsynonymous distances help untangle convergent evolution and recombination
Authors: Chi Peter B. , Chattopadhyay Sujay , Lemey Philippe , Sokurenko Evgeni V. , Minin Vladimir N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWhen estimating a phylogeny from a multiple sequence alignment, researchers often assume the absence of recombination. However, if recombination is present, then tree estimation and all downstream analyses will be impacted, because different segments of the sequence alignment support different phylogenies. Similarly, convergent selective pressures at the molecular level can also lead to phylogenetic tree incongruence across the sequence alignment. Current methods for detection of phylogenetic incongruence are not equipped to distinguish between these two different mechanisms and assume that the incongruence is a result of recombination or other horizontal transfer of genetic information. We propose a new recombination detection method that can make this distinction, based on synonymous codon substitution distances. Although some power is lost by discarding the information contained in the nonsynonymous substitutions, our new method has lower false positive probabilities than the comparable recombination detection method when the phylogenetic incongruence signal is due to convergent evolution. We apply our method to three empirical examples, where we analyze: (1) sequences from a transmission network of the human immunodeficiency virus, (2)
Exact Solutions of the (2+1)-Dimensional Dirac Oscillator under a Magnetic Field in the Presence of a Minimal Length in the Non-commutative Phase Space
Authors: Boumali Abdelmalek , Hassanabadi Hassan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe consider a two-dimensional Dirac oscillator in the presence of a magnetic field in non-commutative phase space in the framework of relativistic quantum mechanics with minimal length. The problem in question is identified with a Poschl–Teller potential. The eigenvalues are found, and the corresponding wave functions are calculated in terms of hypergeometric functions.
The Adsorption and Sedimentation of Clean, Carrier-Free, Yttrium Solutions
Authors: Mellish C.E. , Payne J.A. , Worrall G. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Experiments on the adsorption and Sedimentation of yttrium solutions have been carried out with solutions containing minimal suspended matter. It has been shown that such clean solutions of 'carrierfree' yttrium can be kept in polystyrene vessels, even at pH = 8 or more, with no Sedimentation taking place, and only a small amount of adsorption on to the vessel walls. It has also been shown that addition of 'Analar' water to such solutions converts the yttrium to a centrifugable form.
It is suggested that the 'radiocolloidal' properties of yttrium reported in the literature are due to ion exchange adsorption of yttrium ions on to suspended particulate matter and on to surfaces.
Fission of 232Th by Reactor Neutrons: Fission Yields of some Mass-Chains
Authors: Wyttenbach A. , Gunten H. R. von , Dulakas H. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
The cumulative yields of the mass-chains ending at 90Sr, 131I, 137Cs, 140Ba, 141Ce, and 144Ce in the fast neutron-induced fission of 232Th have been measured, using radiochemical techniques and, whenever possible, γ-spectrum-analysis.
Détermination rapide du Cesium 137 des retombées radioactives au moyen de phosphomolybdate d'ammonium
Authors: Van der Stricht E. 
Published: June 2015

Résumé
On décrit une méthode rapide de détermination du Cesium 137 basée sur l'utilisation de couches minces de phosphomolybdate d'ammonium. Mise au point pour la mesure du Cesium 137 dans des échantillons tels que le lait, la végétation, les sols, les poissons, l'eau, les poussières des retombées radioactives, sa généralisation à d'autres types d'échantillons ne devrait pas présenter de difficultés.
Determination of Iodine, Bromine, and Chlorine in Atmospheric Samples by Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Duce Robert A. , Winchester John W. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Iodine, bromine, and chlorine are determined by pile neutron activation in aqueous atmospheric samples. About 8 ml. of aqueous sample are irradiated, short-lived 38Cl, 80Br + 80mBr and 128I are separated using carriers, selective oxidation and reduction, and CCl4 extraction, and beta radioactivity is counted from solid silver halide sources. Six or seven samples per day can be analyzed with 5% accuracy.
Szilard-Chalmers Reaction of the Trioxalatochromium Ion Adsorbed on an Anion-Exchange Resin under Continuous Elution Conditions
Authors: Matsuura Tatsuo , Sensui Yoshihiro , Sasaki Takashi 
Published: June 2015

Summary
A flow method during reactor irradiation to separate the recoiling species from the parent complex ion adsorbed on an ion-exchange resin was applied to the trioxalatochromium ion. The separable yield increased as expected: 80% for the dynamic method compared with 66% for the static method, at p
H
2.0 by HNO3. The yield decreased with increasing pH with nitric or acetic acid as eluent, but the oxalic acid case showed a reverse trend. The specific activity increased with increasing p
H
in all cases.
Austauschadsorption von Kationen an TiO2 · aq
Authors: Levi H. W. , Schiewer E. 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
TiO2 · aq ist ein polyfunktioneller Kationenaustauscher, dessen drei Austauschstufen jeweils die gleiche Anzahl Austauschstellen enthalten. Unter geeigneten Versuchsbedingungen können die erste und zweite Austauschstufe getrennt voneinander ihre Η-Ionen gegen Na-Ionen und die erste und dritte Stufe isoliert von der zweiten Stufe ihre Η-Ionen gegen Cs-Ionen eintauschen. Für diese Fälle ist es möglich, die rationalen Gleichgewichtskonstanten des H-Me-Austausches der betreifenden Austauschstufen zu bestimmen: Die Logarithmen der Konstanten sind: lgK1 (Na - H) = - 3,81, lgK2 (Na - H) = - 6,28, lgK1, (Cs-H) = - 3,29 und lgK3 (Cs - H ) = - 7,60.
Zur Bestimmung der Gleichgewichtskonstanten des Cs-H-Austausches für die zweite Stufe kann ein in der Literatur beschriebenes Modell eines polyfunktionellen Austauschers verwendet werden, das die Eigenschaften des TiO2 ·aq als Alkali-H-Austauscher gut wiedergibt. Dabei erhält man lgK
2
(Cs-H) =-5,47.
Reactions of Nucleogenic Chlorine Atoms with Simple Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Stöcklin G. , Tornau W. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Reactions of recoil chlorine resulting from the 37Cl(n, γ)38Cl-process have been studied in liquid aromatic compounds of the type C6H5X [X = F, Cl, I, CH3, CF3, NO2], using both binary CCl4/C6H5X-systems and 2 mole % Cl2-containing pure aromatic substrates.
No pronounced orientation effects for the o-, m-, p-distribution of the monochloro isomers are observed at high ArH concentration. The functional group has little or no influence on the reactivity of the aromatic compound towards hydrogen substitution. The lack of selectivity- and reactivity effects indicates the absence of electrophilic substitution processes. It is suggested that recoil chlorination largely proceeds via hot, neutral chlorine atoms. Comparison with results obtained from the γ-radiolysis of the corresponding systems show that deviations from purely non-discriminating reactions can be ascribed to caged thermal radical reactions.
The yield for heavy atom- and group displacement at high ArX concentration increases in the following sequence of the displaced group X:CH3 < CF3 < F < I < NO2 < CI. The mass of the displaced atom or group and cross sectional effects, rather than bond energies are shown to be yield-determining factors the lack of bond energy effects and the almost complete retention of the original isomeric form after chlorine replacement in o- and m-dichlorobenzene rules out an addition-type reaction followed by a decomposition of the excited intermediate. Both hot replacement reactions and caged thermal radical reactions are assumed to be responsible for the formation of C6H5
38Cl from C6H5X.
Trauma and the Effects on the Midwife
Authors: Calvert Irene , Benn Cheryl 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND:When practicing as a lead maternity carer, the first author (IC) found that following a traumatic practice experience, there appeared to be very little emotional support for the midwife unless provided by colleagues or family. Midwives were expected to continue as if nothing had happened and they had not been affected in any way by the event.AIM:To explore the effects of a traumatic practice experience on the midwifery practitioner.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHOD:A qualitative study using a narrative research method was implemented. Data were collected using an adapted biographical narrative interview method. An eclectic approach was used to analyze the data for content and form based on identity and ontology.FINDINGS:The study demonstrated that partnership and autonomous midwifery practice are key drivers that make New Zealand midwives more likely to be blamed for unfortunate outcomes, and their competence in practice challenged. The study identified that a breach of relational trust exacerbates or prolongs the initial physiological and/or psychological symptoms experienced by the participating midwives following a traumatic practice event. The perpetrators of this betrayal of trust were organizational and clinical managers, medical and midwifery colleagues, women, and their families.CONCLUSION:The participants’ stories have drawn attention to the effects of counterproductive behaviors that occur in dysfunctional health organizations and the need for professional emotional support.
Commencing Undergraduate Midwifery Students’ Beliefs About Birth and the Role of the Midwife
Authors: Bass Janice , Sidebotham Mary , Gamble Jenny , Fenwick Jennifer 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND: A shift has occurred in the last decade toward preregistration undergraduate Bachelor of Midwifery programs in Australia. This has led to an increase in the numbers of student midwives from diverse backgrounds with limited experience of university and socialization into hospital systems.AIM: This study aimed to explore commencing midwifery students’ beliefs about birth and expectations of the role of the midwife.METHOD: A qualitative descriptive approach was used. All 115 commencing first-year midwifery students enrolled in the first week of an undergraduate Bachelor of Midwifery program were invited and completed a self-administered survey. The survey used open-ended questions to elicit student beliefs about birth and the role of the midwife. Latent content analysis was used to analyze the data set.FINDINGS: Midwifery students’ beliefs were captured within the four themes: birth as “a miracle,” “a woman’s journey,” “a transformative event,” and “a natural process.” Students articulated the role of the midwife as one of support, education, advocacy, and partnership. Student beliefs and expectations were aligned with the emergent philosophy of the normality of birth and woman-centered care within the Australian maternity care context.CONCLUSION: Greater understanding is essential to designing quality midwifery education programs that are responsive to the needs of commencing student midwives. Supporting midwifery students’ successful transition into, and early engagement with the midwifery profession, may have long-term benefits in terms of retention and successful completion of their program. In addition, ensuring professional socialization occurs early is likely to develop graduates who are well prepared to work across their full scope and are willing to participate in the reform of maternity services in Australia.
Bereavement After Informal Caregiving: Assessing Mental Health Burden Using Linked Population Data
Authors: Moriarty John , Maguire Aideen , O’Reilly Dermot , McCann Mark 
Published: June 2015

Objectives. We compared the mental health risk to unpaid caregivers bereaved of a care recipient with the risk to persons otherwise bereaved and to nonbereaved caregivers. Methods. We linked prescription records for antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs to characteristics and life-event data of members of the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (n = 317 264). Using a case-control design, we fitted logistic regression models, stratified by age, to model relative likelihood of mental health problems, using the proxy measures of mental health–related prescription. Results. Both caregivers and bereaved individuals were estimated to be at between 20% and 50% greater risk for mental health problems than noncaregivers in similar circumstances (for bereaved working-age caregivers, odds ratio = 1.41; 95% confidence interval = 1.27, 1.56). For older people, there was no evidence of additional risk to bereaved caregivers, though there was for working-age people. Older people appeared to recover more quickly from caregiver bereavement. Conclusions. Caregivers were at risk for mental ill health while providing care and after the death of the care recipient. Targeted caregiver support needs to extend beyond the life of the care recipient.
The Oregon Public Health Policy Institute: Building Competencies for Public Health Practice
Authors: Luck Jeff , Yoon Jangho , Bernell Stephanie , Tynan Michael , Alvarado Carla Sarai , Eversole Tom , Mosbaek Craig , Beathard Candice 
Published: June 2015

The Oregon Public Health Policy Institute (PHPI) was designed to enhance public health policy competencies among state and local health department staff. The Oregon Health Authority funded the College of Public Health and Human Sciences at Oregon State University to develop the PHPI curriculum in 2012 and offer it to participants from 4 state public health programs and 5 local health departments in 2013. The curriculum interspersed short instructional sessions on policy development, implementation, and evaluation with longer hands-on team exercises in which participants applied these skills to policy topics their teams had selected. Panel discussions provided insights from legislators and senior Oregon health experts. Participants reported statistically significant increases in public health policy competencies and high satisfaction with PHPI overall.
La diffusion rurale de l'industrie cotonnière en France (1750-1850)
Authors: Chassagne Serge 
Published: June 2015

Serge Chassagne, "The rural diffusion of cotton industry in France (1750-1850)".
Here are briefly underlined three questions touching the diffusion of cotton industry in the country. First of all, how did this new activity spread itself out in the course of the eighteenth century ? This question compels us to cast a new glance on the too widely accepted connection between industrial and urban developments, and draws the attention on certain trading manufacturers, ill-known and yet efficiently helped by the King's administration. Secondly, how did the mechanization of spinning affect the scattered system of work organization ? The technological improvements neither brought forth a brutal concentration of the production nor ruined the old system of scattered manufacturing. Lastly, who are those rural industry workers ? The example of the Mauges weavers, a region which is nowadays famous for its well-balanced development, provides us with elements of an anthropological survey which demands to be carried on in some other place.
Measurement and simulation of neutron monitor count rate dependence on surrounding structure
Authors: Aiemsa‐ad N. , Ruffolo D. , Sáiz A. , Mangeard P.‐S. , Nutaro T. , Nuntiyakul W. , Kamyan N. , Khumlumlert T. , Krüger H. , Moraal H. , Bieber J. W. , Clem J. , Evenson P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNeutron monitors are the premier instruments for precise measurements of time variations (e.g., of solar origin) in the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux in the range of ∼1–100 GeV. However, it has proven challenging to accurately determine the yield function (effective area) versus rigidity in order to relate a neutron monitor's count rate with those of other monitors worldwide and the underlying GCR spectrum. Monte Carlo simulations of the yield function have been developed, but there have been few opportunities to validate these observationally, especially regarding the particular environment surrounding each monitor. Here we have precisely measured the count rate of a calibration neutron monitor near the Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor (PSNM) at Doi Inthanon, Thailand (18.59∘N, 98.49∘E, 2560 m altitude), which provides a basis for comparison with count rates of other neutron monitors worldwide that are similarly calibrated. We directly measured the effect of surrounding structure by operating the calibrator outside and inside the building. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we clarify differences in response of the calibrator and PSNM, as well as the calibrator outside and inside the building. The dependence of the calibrator count rate on surrounding structure can be attributed to its sensitivity to neutrons of 0.5–10 MeV and a shift of sensitivity to nucleons of higher energy when placed inside the building. Simulated calibrator to PSNM count rate ratios inside and outside agree with observations within a few percent, providing useful validation and improving confidence in our ability to model the yield function for a neutron monitor station.
Fragment‐Based De Novo Design Reveals a Small‐Molecule Inhibitor of Helicobacter Pylori HtrA
Authors: Perna Anna M. , Rodrigues Tiago , Schmidt Thomas P. , Böhm Manja , Stutz Katharina , Reker Daniel , Pfeiffer Bernhard , Altmann Karl‐Heinz , Backert Steffen , Wessler Silja , Schneider Gisbert 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSustained identification of innovative chemical entities is key for the success of chemical biology and drug discovery. We report the fragment‐based, computer‐assisted de novo design of a small molecule inhibiting Helicobacter pylori HtrA protease. Molecular binding of the designed compound to HtrA was confirmed through biophysical methods, supporting its functional activity in vitro. Hit expansion led to the identification of the currently best‐in‐class HtrA inhibitor. The results obtained reinforce the validity of ligand‐based de novo design and binding‐kinetics‐guided optimization for the efficient discovery of pioneering lead structures and prototyping drug‐like chemical probes with tailored bioactivity.
UV‐Induced Tetrazole‐Thiol Reaction for Polymer Conjugation and Surface Functionalization
Authors: Feng Wenqian , Li Linxian , Yang Chengwu , Welle Alexander , Trapp Oliver , Levkin Pavel A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA UV‐induced 1,3‐dipolar nucleophilic addition of tetrazoles to thiols is described. Under UV irradiation the reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature, with high yields, without a catalyst, and in both polar protic and aprotic solvents, including water. This UV‐induced tetrazole‐thiol reaction was successfully applied for the synthesis of small molecules, protein modification, and rapid and facile polymer–polymer conjugation. The reaction has also been demonstrated for the formation of micropatterns by site‐selective surface functionalization. Superhydrophobic–hydrophilic micropatterns were successfully created by sequential modifications of a tetrazole‐modified porous polymer surface with hydrophobic and hydrophilic thiols. A biotin‐functionalized surface could be fabricated in aqueous solutions under long‐wavelength UV irradiation.
Preparation and characterization of quartz‐fiber‐cloth‐reinforced, polymerization‐of‐monomer‐reactant‐type polyimide substrates with a high impact strength
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Yang Haixia , Liu Jingang , Yang Shiyong , Li Yanfeng 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTA series of novel quartz‐fiber‐cloth‐reinforced polyimide substrates with low dielectric constants were successfully prepared. For this purpose, the A‐stage polyimide solution was first synthesized via a polymerization‐of‐monomer‐reactant procedure with 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine and 3,3′,4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride as the monomers, and cis−5‐norbornene‐endo‐2,3‐dicarboxylic anhydride as the endcap. Then, an A‐stage polyimide solution (TOPI) was impregnated with quartz‐fiber cloth (QF) to afford the prepregs, which were thermally molded into the final substrate composites. The influence of the curing temperature and the resin content on the mechanical properties of the composite were examined. The composites exhibited a high glass‐transition temperature over 360°C, a low and steady dielectric constant below 3.2 at a test frequency of 1–12 GHz, and a volume resistance over 1.8 × 1017 Ω cm. Meanwhile, they also showed a high mechanical strength with flexural and impact strengths in ranges 845–881 MPa and 141–155 KJ/m2, respectively. The excellent mechanical and thermal properties and good dielectric properties indicated that they are good candidates for integrated circuit packaging substrates. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42358.