bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking Advantage of Disposal Bamboo Chopsticks to Produce Biochar for Greenhouse Crop Cultivation
Authors: Wijitkosum Saowanee , Sriburi Thavivongse , Krutnoi Luechai 
Published: July 2024

Biochar is a value-added product that can be used for many purposes, particularly for environmental and agricultural purposes. In this study, pyrolysis at 450–500 °C was used to upgrade urban waste such as disposable bamboo chopsticks (DBCs) into biochar. The properties of DBC biochar were analyzed, and the biochar was subsequently used to cultivate Romaine lettuce to assess its potential as a soil amendment. Its properties, including specific surface area (SSA), pore size, pore volume, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), contents of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), macronutrient content, and the atomic ratio of H/C, O/C, (O+N)/C, and C/N, were analyzed. The experimental pots consisted of four treatments, each with ten replicates: unamended soil (TC), soil amended with 10% (w/w) vermicompost (TV), soil amended with 10% vermicompost mixed with 1.5% biochar (TVB1.5), and soil amended with 10% vermicompost mixed with 2.5% biochar (TVB2.5). Fundamental physicochemical soil properties and plant yield (plant height, leaf width, number of leaves, and fresh weight) were investigated. The results indicated that the DBC biochar was neutral (pH 6.80) and had a high CEC (10.86 cmol/kg), 66.80% C, 3.76% H, 25.93% O, and 0.61% N. It had mesopores (39.077 Å), a large SSA (0.542 m2/g), and a pore volume of 0.005 cc/g. The biochar exhibited high aromaticity and hydrophobicity. Based on these results, the DBC biochar has the potential to be used as a soil amendment: it significantly enhances soil quality and increases plant yields. The application of 2.5% biochar resulted in the highest yield. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-03-07 Full Text: PDF
Pertumbuhan Tunas Temu Putih secara In Vitro pada Beberapa Komposisi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh
Authors: Nazhira Amalia , Dinarti Diny , Sudarsono  
Published: July 2024

Rimpang jahe putih memiliki masa dormansi selama 2-3 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) yang sesuai untuk perbanyakan tunas jahe putih secara in vitro. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan 3 AGH pada bulan Maret hingga Agustus 2022. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial (RAL) dengan 5 taraf komposisi ZPT pada media dasar MS, yaitu media MSo tanpa penambahan ZPT (kontrol); 3 ppm BAP + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA; 9 ppm BAP; 1.5 ppm TDZ; 3 ppm Kinetin + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 5 kali, setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 2 botol dan setiap botol ditanam satu eksplan. Penambahan 3 ppm BAP + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA dan 3 ppm Kinetin + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA memberikan hasil multiplikasi tunas yang paling tinggi, yaitu 6,8 tunas. Penambahan ZPT pada media tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pemanjangan tunas, pertambahan jumlah daun, dan pembentukan akar. Perlakuan dengan penambahan 3 ppm BAP + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA; 9 ppm BAP; dan 3 ppm Kinetin + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA menghasilkan plantlet yang menunjukkan kelangsungan hidup 100% pada masa aklimatisasi dua minggu.
Kata kunci: auksin, multiplikasi, planlet, sitokinin, Zingiberaceae
THE Sanitation and Hygiene of Fish Nugget Processing for Home Industry (IRT) in Tablasupa Village, Depapre District, Jayapura Regency, Papua
Authors: Mantayborbir Vyona , Indrayani Ervina , Izaac Fransina Alfonsina 
Published: July 2024

Diversifikasi Olahan Ikan merupakan motivasi baru untuk memperkenalkan kepada masyarakat bahwa ikan yang biasanya dikonsumsi dalam bentuk digoreng, dibakar atau dimasak dalam keadaan utuh dapat dibuat makanan yang lebih menarik dan tetap bergizi yang dapat dikonsumsi mulai dari anak-anak, dewasa, sampai usia lanjut. Beberapa produk diversifikasi hasil perikanan antara lain: bakso ikan, nugget ikan, abon ikan, dan sosis ikan. Kampung Tablasupa Terletak di Distrik Depapre Kabupaten Jayapura, Provinsi Papua. Kampung Tablasupa termasuk kampung yang cukup berkembang di Kabupaten Jayapura dibandingkan dengan kampung-kampung lain. Kampung Tablasupa memiliki Industri Rumah Tangga Pangan (IRTP) yang di kerjakan oleh ibu-ibu dalam kelompok usaha. Usaha yang di jalankan adalah usaha diversifikasi produk ikan seperti nugget ikan. Usaha ini sudah di kembangkan sejak kurang lebih dua tahun. Dalam menjalankan produksi kelompok ibu-ibu IRTP Kampung Tablasupa masih menggunakan sarana prasana sederhana. Hal ini dapat memberikan dampak bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Sanitasi dan Hygiene pada Pengolahan Nugget Ikan Industri Rumah Tangga (IRT) di Kampung Tablasupa Distrik Depapre, Kabupaten Jayapura, Papua. Data diperoleh dari hasil wawancara terhadap ibu-ibu pelaku usaha menggunakan angket dan pengamatan langsung proses pembuatan nugget ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usaha nugget ikan ini masih dalam skala industri rumah tangga yang pengolahannya dilakukan sendiri oleh ibu-ibu dalam kelompok usaha. Industri ini masih sederhana dan pengolahan nugget ikan yang dilakukan masih belum memenuhi standar karena tidak di dukung dengan sarana prasarana yang baik, seperti lokasi dan lingkungan yang sesuai, gedung yang permanen, ketersedian air bersih yang cukup, dan kesehatan para karyawan. Sehingga usaha yang dilakukan ini belum memenuhi standar sanitasi dan higiene baik dari segi sarana prasarana dan karyawan atau pekerja.
Pendampingan dan Peningkatan Pengetahuan Manfaat Infusa Bawang Putih pada Masyarakat dalam Mencegah dan Mengatasi Hipertensi pada Masyarakat di Desa Ketetang Kecamatan Kwanyar Kabupaten Bangkalan
Authors: Haryanto Edy , Astuti Sri Sulami Endah , Sasongkowati Retno , Anita Dwi Anggraini  
Published: July 2024

Hipertensi merupakan penyakit degeneratif yang menjadi masalah serius saat ini. Bahaya hipertensi yang tidak dapat dikendalikan dapat menimbulkan komplikasi yang berbahaya, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, stroke, ginjal dan gangguan penglihatan. Beberapa faktor yang berperan dalam terjadinya hipertensi meliputi faktor mayor yaitu faktor risiko yang tidak dapat dikendalikan dan faktor minor yaitu faktor risiko yang masih dapat dikendalikan. Permasalahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat adalah kurangnya pengetahuan tentang pengendalian penyakit hipertensi serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian hipertensi dan ketidaktahuan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan bahan herbal yang ada disekitar untuk dimanfaatkan untuk menurunkan hipertensi yaitu contohnya bawang putih. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan pada warga di Desa Ketetang dusun kwalas berhasil dilaksanakan dan diikuti sebanyak 31 orang yang mengikuti pemeriksaan tekanan darah, kegiatan pelatihan dan penyuluhan pembuatan dan pemanfaatan infusa bawang. Masalah kesehatan yang dikeluhkan oleh warga mampu diatasi oleh tim pengabdian masyarakat dengan memberikan edusi pelatihan dan penyuluhan pembuatan infusa bawang putih sebagai terapi dari herbal untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. Selama kegiatan berlangsung peserta sangat antusias, hal ini dapat dilihat pada keaktifan peserta mengikuti dari awal sampai akhir.
Pelatihan Pertolongan Pertama dan Edukasi Pencegahan Penularan DBD pada Pelajar Sekolah Dasar di Desa Loa Pari, Kutai Kartanegara
Authors: Putri Nabiela Annisa , Subagio Kiki Jayapratama , Nanda A. Luthfiah , Rachman Syarifah Awwaliyyah , Salsabila Naila Cantika , Idris Fagil Rananda , Saputra Rudi , Fikriah Ika , Khotimah Siti , Bakhtiar Rahmat , Sudarso Sulistiawati , Sawitri Endang 
Published: July 2024

Pertolongan pertama sangat penting untuk dapat dipahami dan dikuasai oleh semua orang, termasuk anak-anak. Kalimantan Timur sebagai salah satu provinsi dengan kematian tertinggi akibat demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di Indonesia juga harus mendapat perhatian khusus. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk melatih anak-anak dalam melakukan pertolongan pertama sekaligus mengedukasi terkait pencegahan penularan DBD. Kegiatan ini dilakukan di SDN 005 Loa Pari, Kutai Kartanegara pada 24 September 2022. Peserta kegiatan ini adalah para pelajar kelas 4 dan 5 SDN 005 Loa Pari yang berjumlah sebanyak 85 orang. Kegiatan yang dilakukan, meliputi pre-test, penyampaian materi, praktik dan diskusi kelompok, serta post-test. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah uji Wilcoxon Rank dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Rata-rata nilai pre-test peserta adalah 36,82 24,80, sedangkan nilai post-test 59,76 35,98. Terdapat adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada peserta antara sebelum dengan sesudah mengikuti pelatihan pertolongan pertama dan edukasi ini (p < 0,001). Kombinasi metode pelatihan, berupa ceramah, peragaan, praktik, dan diskusi memberikan hasil yang baik. Dalam melakukan kegiatan pelatihan kepada masyarakat, sangat baik jika diterapkan lebih dari satu metode pelatihan.
Praktik Kebersihan Mulut dan Gigi pada Siswa SD Muhammadiyah 9 Banjarmasin
Authors: Thoriq Alghifari Muhammad , Muhammad Anwari  , Fitriani  , Amanda Hera , Safira Lusi 
Published: July 2024

Kegiatan penyuluhan ini dilakukan di Sekolah dasar Muhammadiyah 9 yang dilaksanakan pada 31 tanggal Mei 2023. Tujuan pelaksanaan sosialisasi ini yaitu memberikan pemahaman kepada anak-anak akan pentingnya menjaga gigi dan mulut sehingga terhindar dari berbagai penyakit antara lain yaitu gigi berlubang, radang gusi, infeksi gusi, sariawan, dan gigi patah. Hal yang harus dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut yaitu menyikat gigi 2 kali sehari sebelum tidur dan sesudah sarapan, meningkatkan durasi dalam menyikat gigi selama 2 menit sehingga bisa mengangkat semua yang menempel di gigi, memilih sikat gigi yang lembut bulunya dan memilih pasta gigi yang benar. Metode yang digunakan pada saat sosialisasi yaitu metode ceramah, tanya jawab dan praktek. Hasil yang didapatkan diantaranya anak-anak semakin paham bagaimana menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut dan mengerti bagaimana pentingnya merawat dan menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut
Metformin in diabetes management: expanding benefits. Review
Authors: Campbell I. W. 
Published: July 2024

We have conducted a narrative review based on a structured search strategy, focusing on the effects of metformin on the progression of non‑diabetic hyperglycemia to clinical type 2 diabetes mellitus. The principal trials that demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of diabetes in at‑risk populations randomized to metformin (mostly with impaired glucose tolerance) were published mainly from 1999 to 2012. Metformin reduced the 3‑year risk of diabetes by ‑31% in the randomized phase of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), vs.‑ 58% for intensive lifestyle intervention. Metformin was most effective in younger, heavier subjects. Diminishing but still significant reductions in diabetes risk for subjects originally randomized to these groups were present in the trial’s epidemiological follow‑up, the DPP Outcomes Study (DPPOS) at 10 years (‑18 and ‑34%, respectively), 15 years (‑18 and ‑27%), and 22 years (‑18 and ‑25%). Long‑term weight loss was also seen in both groups, with better maintenance under metformin. Subgroup analyses from the DPP/DPPOS have shed important light on the actions of metformin, including a greater effect in women with prior gestational diabetes, and a reduction in coronary artery calcium in men that might suggest a cardioprotective effect. Improvements in long‑term clinical outcomes with metformin in people with non‑diabetic hyperglycemia («prediabetes») have yet to be demonstrated, but cardiovascular and microvascular benefits were seen for those in the DPPOS who did not vs. did develop diabetes mellitus. Multiple health economic analyses suggest that either metformin or intensive lifestyle intervention is cost‑effective in a community setting. Long‑term diabetes prevention with metformin is feasible and is supported in influential guidelines for selected groups of subjects. Future research will demonstrate whether intervention with metformin in people with non‑diabetic hyperglycemia will improve long‑term clinical outcomes.
Relationships of intestinal microbiota metabolites with biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Review
Authors: Shyshkan‑Shyshova K. O. , Zinych O. V. , Kushnarova N. M. , Kovalchuk A. V. , Prybyla O. V. 
Published: July 2024

The review is devoted to the analysis of modern data on the relationships between pathogenetic mechanisms in dysmetabolic conditions (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus) and the functional activity of the intestinal microbiota, which produces low‑molecular compounds classified by biological effects into two types: 1) beneficial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and antioxidant system in the body, such as short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids and 2) so‑called «dangerous» metabolites, including endotheliotoxic trimethylamine‑N‑oxide (TMAO) and endotoxemia factors lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The molecular mechanisms that mediate SCFAs effects as mediators of oxidative eustress and cytoprotection in various pathologies have been considered. In addition to the role of energy substrates, SCFAs play the role of ligands of G protein‑coupled membrane fatty acid receptors, the activation of which triggers nuclear erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathways. This transcription factor plays a crucial role in the response to cellular stress, suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes and contributing to the maintenance of redox homeostasis under physiological conditions. The second type of microbial metabolites, on the contrary, corresponds to the definition of oxidative distress factors that exhibit cytotoxic properties, contributing to the processes of atherogenesis and chronic inflammation, especially under the conditions of a dysbiotic state. For example, it has been shown that TMAO can affect mitochondrial and lysosomal signaling pathways, thereby increasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. In addition, TMAO modulates the expression of microRNAs, which promotes the expression of pro‑inflammatory interleukins and blood coagulation factors. Other toxic metabolites, LPS, have a high pro‑inflammatory potential, they increase the permeability of the intestinal mucosa and provoke inflammation and oxidative stress in various tissues of the body. Thus, there is a significant progress in the study of the molecular mechanisms of positive and negative effects of microbial metabolites, which argues for the importance of correcting the composition of the intestinal microbiota and monitoring its functional activity in the process of complex treatment of diabetes mellitus and prevention of the development of cardiometabolic complications associated with oxidative stress.
تأثير جودة الحياة الوظيفية في تقليل الصراع التنظيمي
Authors: خنساء محمد حسن عبد الرزاق  , أ.م.د.صفاء جواد عبد الحسين  
Published: July 2024

يهدف البحث الى تحديد مدى تأثير جودة الحياة الوظيفية بأبعاده (بيئة العمل , النمو والتطور الوظيفي) في تقليل الصراع التنظيمي بأبعاده (التسوية , التعاون) ويعود اختيار موضوع البحث الى ظهور خلافات وصراعات داخل المنظمة بين العاملين بسبب التنافس على المناصب والمزايا وعدم المساواة في الحقوق والواجبات الذي يؤدي الى الصراع التنظيمي الذي له تأثير سلبي على اداء العاملين ويمكن ابراز المشكلة من خلال التساؤل الرئيسي(هل يمكن تقليل الصراع التنظيمي من خلال جودة الحياة الوظيفية في المنظمة) يسهم هذا البحث في مساعدة ادارة المستشفى المبحوث الى ضرورة الاهتمام بجودة الحياة الوظيفية كونها تساهم في تقليل الصراع التنظيمي وبذلك توفر بيئة عمل مناسبة ومن اهم فرضيات البحث توجد علاقة ارتباط ذات دلالة معنوية بين جودة الحياة الوظيفية وابعادها وتقليل الصراع التنظيمي وابعاده في المستشفى وقد تضمن البحث مستشفى بلد العام وشملت عينة البحث موظفي مستشفى بلد العام بكافة التخصصات واعتمد المنهج (الوصفي التحليلي) في البحث مستخدما الاستبانة كأداة لجمع البيانات والمعلومات ووزعت على عينة عشوائية من الموظفين في مستشفى بلد من كافة التخصصات ( الطبية , والادارية , والفنية ) وبلغ عدد الاستبانات الموزعة (130) واستردت منها (124) جميعها صالحة للتحليل بنسبة استرجاع ( 96% ) ومن الاساليب الاحصائية المستخدمة (الوسط الحسابي, والانحراف المعياري, ومعامل الاختلاف ) واستخدم برنامج SPSS - ver.24 في تحليل البيانات وتوصلت نتائج البحث الى وجود علاقة ارتباط وتأثير بين كل بعد من ابعاد جودة حياة العمل مع الصراع التنظيمي ومن اهم التوصيات التأكيد على ادارة المستشفى بتطبيق جودة حياة العمل بأبعادها لتأثيره في تقليل الصراع التنظيمي.
الكشف عن مشكلة الارتباط الذاتي في برنامج SPSS
Authors: م.د ازهار كاظم جبارة  
Published: July 2024

يعد تحليل الانحدار من اكثر الطرائق الاحصائية استعمالاً في مختلف المجالات حيث يقوم بتحليل المتغيرات التي لها تأثير على العلاقة المدروسة و ايضا يعمل على تحليل المتغيرات وكيفية تأثير هذه المتغيرات بعضها على البعض حيث يعمل على نمذجة البيانات وتحليلها و يهدف من خلال التحليل الى تقدير معلمات الانموذج بالطرائق الشائعة كطريقة المربعات الصغرى الاعتيادية OLS حيث تعتبر من اهم الطرائق واوسعها انتشاراً واستعمالها لاغراض التنبؤ واتخاذ القرار .وهناك نوعان من الانحدار الخطي هو انحدار خطي بسيط وانحدار خطي متعدد .
في الانحدار من اهم فروض طريقة المربعات الصغرى الاعتيادية (ols) هي مشكلة الارتباط الذاتي بين الاخطاء ومشكلة التعدد الخطي بين المتغيرات ففي حال خرق لتلك الشروط سوف تسبب بمشاكل للمقدرات التي سنحصل عليها غير كفوءة ومتحيزة .لذلك تم توجيه عدد من الباحثين بدراسة هذه المشاكل وحلها .
Recommendations for Recovery of the COVID-19 Pandemic-related Diagnostic, Screening, and Procedure Backlog in Ontario: A Survey of Healthcare Leaders
Authors: Telesnicki Teagan T. , Simpson Andrea N. , de Mestral Charles , Baxter Nancy N. , Urbach David R. , Gomez David 
Published: July 2024

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant diagnostic, screening, and procedure backlog in Ontario. Engagement of key stakeholders in healthcare leadership positions is urgently needed to inform a comprehensive provincial recovery strategy. Methods: A list of 20 policy recommendations addressing the diagnostic, screening and procedure backlog in Ontario were transformed into a national online survey. Policy recommendations were rated on a 7-point Likert scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree) and organized into those retained (≥75% strongly agree to somewhat agree), discarded (≥80% somewhat disagree to strongly disagree), and no consensus reached. Survey participants included a diverse sample of healthcare leaders with the potential to impact policy reform. Results: Of 56 healthcare leaders invited to participate, there were 34 unique responses (61% response rate). Participants were from diverse clinical backgrounds, including surgical subspecialties, medicine, nursing, and healthcare administration and held institutional or provincial leadership positions. A total of 11 of 20 policy recommendations reached the threshold for consensus agreement with the remaining 9 having no consensus reached. Conclusion: Consensus agreement was reached among Canadian healthcare leaders on 11 policy recommendations to address the diagnostic, screening, and procedure backlog in Ontario. Recommendations included strategies to address patient information needs on expected wait times, expand health and human resource capacity, and streamline efficiencies to increase operating room output. No consensus was reached on the optimal funding strategy within the public system in Ontario or the appropriateness of implementing private funding models.
Training Outcomes and Satisfaction in Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc Programs: Findings from a National Survey
Authors: Luigi Mimosa , Yin Charles , Misaghi Ehsan , Lao Robert X. , Bogie Bryce J. M. , Macklin Jillian , Zeng Andy , Jones Nicola 
Published: July 2024

Purpose: Despite the impact of physician-scientists on scientific discovery and translational medicine, several reports have signalled their declining workforce, reduced funding, and insufficient protected research time. Given the paucity of outcome data on Canadian MD/PhD programs, this study presents a national portrait of the sociodemographic characteristics, training trajectories, productivity, and satisfaction in trainees and alumni from Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc programs. Methods: Quantitative data were collected in a national survey launched in 2021. Respondents included 74 MD/PhD alumni and 121 trainees across 12 Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc programs. Results: Among MD/PhD alumni, 51% were independent practitioners/researchers while others underwent residency training. Most trainees (88%) were in MD/PhD programs. Significantly more alumni identified as men than did trainees. Significantly more alumni conducted clinical and health services research, while more trainees conducted basic science research. Average time to MD/PhD completion was 8 years, with no correlation to subsequent research outcomes. Self-reported research productivity was highest during MD/PhD training. Concerning training trajectories, most alumni completed residency, pursued additional training, and practised in Canada. Finally, regression models showed that trainees and alumni were satisfied with programs, with significant moderators in trainee models. Conclusion: Survey findings showed Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc programs recruit more diverse cohorts of trainees than before, provide productive research years, and graduate alumni who pursue training and academic employment in Canada. Both alumni and trainees are largely satisfied with these training programs. The need to collect in-depth longitudinal data on Canadian MD/PhD graduates to monitor diversity and success metrics is discussed.
A Historical Exploration of the Selected Writing Trends on As-Sīrah An-Nabawiyyah (Prophetic Biography) from the First Century of Islam to the Contemporary Times
Authors: Ashker Aroos  , Fatmir Shehu  
Published: July 2024

This research paper seeks to explore trends or tendencies in as-Sīrah an-Nabawiyyah (Prophetic Biography) emphasizing the historical investigation of selected writings on this subject from the first century of Islam until contemporary times. Muslims and others find exemplary qualities in every aspect of the Prophet’s life that inspire them to love him, understand his sayings, and follow his deeds, and accept all his decisions. Also, Muslim scholars rely on the Prophetic Sīrah to understand and explain the Islamic Sources, al-Qur’an and as-Sunnah. Initially, most works on Sīrah focused on the composition of the Prophet’s biography, and subsequently, their writers became interested in recording its events in separate books. This study aims to highlight the writing trends on the Prophetic Sīrah throughout Islamic history, and then, examine selected writings addressing the demands and concerns of their times. This work starts with an introduction, and then, continues the discussion on the literal and technical definition of the Prophetic Sīrah, the phases of its writing trends, firstly, from the first century to the third century, secondly, from the fourth century to the golden age of Orientalism, and, lastly, from nineteenth century to contemporary age. This study arrives at insightful findings that for each age, there has been a trend or tendency in the writing of the Prophetic Sīrah according to the demands and concerns of the time. The researchers propose that the demands of modern-day writing trends on the Prophetic Sīrah include rhetorical (Kalāmī), philosophical (Falsafī), and social (Ijtimā’ī) approaches.