bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performing Repatriation? The Role of Refugee Aid in Shaping New Beginnings in Mauritania
Authors: Fresia Marion 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAcademic work on transitional justice has tended to focus on the most obvious and institutionalized sites where ideas about justice and transition are discussed or contested, such as truth commissions or international tribunals. Yet, there are many other sites where such ideas are framed, circulated or challenged, including sites outside transitional countries. Drawing on the case of Mauritania, where the repatriation of refugees has played a highly symbolic role during the latest ‘democratic’ transition, this article explores the specific roles played by refugee aid and past experiences of refugee life in shaping the terms of new beginnings in this country. As places of intense politicization of memory and appropriation of transnational discourses on human rights violations and transitional justice, refugee camps enhance the construction of new imagined communities based on a feeling of victimhood and abnormality and the construction of hegemonic narratives over the ‘just order’ to be aspired to for the future. The article outlines how such hegemonic ideas on justice and transition are shaped by humanitarian actors and the refugee elite, while at the same time being contested by subaltern groups through the production of alternative accounts of past injustices and through mundane practices.
Conflicting Logics of Exceptionality: New Beginnings and the Problem of Police Violence in Post‐Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Jensen Steffen 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article explores the uneasy co‐existence between two different pressing needs in post‐apartheid South Africa: the urgency to reform the South African Police and the urgency to address the crime wave. Both imply a logic of exceptionality in that both are perceived to require extraordinary measures in exceptional times. On an abstract and ideal level, each of these logics of exceptionality envisages a new beginning, namely a democratic, prosperous and safe South Africa. On the level of everyday practices, however, they oppose each other radically. Indeed, they seem to conflict to the extent that the fulfilment of one is premised on the disavowal of the other. Through an exploration of how transitional justice through institutional reform fared in relation to the imperative to deal with crime, the police emerge as a central player — as the problem in relation to the first logic of exceptionality and the solution in addressing the second. The notions of conflicting logics of exceptionality and diverging new beginnings offer a useful framework for analysing and understanding the complexities at play. Empirically, the article explores police reform from 1994 until the present through ethnographic material in rural and urban South Africa as well as a media archive of police violence.
Justice without Peace? International Justice and Conflict Resolution in Northern Uganda
Authors: Armstrong Kimberley 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article examines the heated debate that resulted from the decision of the International Criminal Court to investigate the events surrounding the conflict between the Government of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army. The Court's decision to intervene in Uganda was heavily criticized by political, traditional and religious leaders from the region, and by officials from a number of international humanitarian organizations on the basis of its perceived threat to peaceful outcomes to the conflict. The analysis demonstrates how particular discursive constructs of ‘peace’ and ‘justice’ became central to the debate as opponents and supporters of the ICC intervention struggled to impose distinct frameworks for evaluating and addressing the situation. Though the struggle appeared to be about abstract concepts, the ability to control these constructs had tangible consequences on the ground, as such concepts were linked with particular strategies of conflict resolution. The article concludes that the unequal relations of power which existed from the outset gave supporters of the ICC intervention an advantage over those opposing the intervention, allowing agendas for justice to overtake agendas for peace.
Making Good Citizens from Bad Life in Post‐Genocide Rwanda
Authors: Turner Simon 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis contribution explores the attempts by international humanitarian agencies and the post‐genocide Rwandan state respectively to deal with exceptionality created by the genocide and return to normality. It does so by comparing two kinds of camps that deal with exceptional life: the refugee camps for Hutu who fled after the genocide and the Rwandan government's ingando re‐education camps. While there are resemblances between the exceptional space of refugee camps and the ingando camps, there are also subtle differences. While the international community is attempting to create universal citizens out of ‘bare life’, the Rwandan state is attempting to create good citizens by exorcizing a concrete historical moment of violence; the Hutu who enter the ingando are perceived as what I term ‘bad life’. In this sense, the Rwandan state's concept of a new beginning differs from universalist claims to transitional justice in that it is specific, political and at times violent. Creating a new Rwanda is a political project which involves casting the country in a specific image.
The Violence of Peace: Ethnojustice in Northern Uganda
Authors: Branch Adam 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTraditional justice, or what this article refers to as ‘ethnojustice’, claims to promote social reconstruction, peace and justice after episodes of war by rebuilding traditional order. Ethnojustice has become an increasingly prominent mode of transitional justice in northern Uganda. As such interventions multiply throughout Africa, it is essential to probe their political and practical consequences. This article situates ethnojustice theoretically within the broader discourse, practice and institutions of transitional justice, and historically within the reaction against orthodox liberal transitional justice from within the industry. Through an engagement with ethnojustice texts and interventions in the Acholi region of northern Uganda, the article argues that ethnojustice can end up extending forms of unaccountable, patriarchal power within Acholi society, funded and supported by the Ugandan state and international donors. In addition to underpinning this project of social discipline, ethnojustice also benefits the Ugandan state in its effort to avoid accountability for its violence during the war.
Role of Random Capacity Risk and the Retailer in Decentralized Supply Chains with Competing Suppliers
Authors: Qin Fei , Rao Uday S. , Gurnani Haresh , Bollapragada Ramesh 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis research considers a supply chain under the following conditions: (i) two heterogeneous suppliers are in competition, (ii) supply capacity is random and pricing is endogenous, (iii) consumer demand, with and without an intermediate retailer, is price dependent. Specifically, we examine how uncertainty in supply capacity affects optimal ordering and pricing decisions, supplier and retailer profits, and the incentives to reduce such uncertainty. When two suppliers sell through a monopolistic retailer, supply uncertainty not only affects the retailer's diversification strategy for replenishment, but also changes the suppliers’ wholesale price competition and the incentive for reducing capacity uncertainty. In this dual‐sourcing model, we show that the benefit of reducing capacity uncertainty depends on the cost heterogeneity between the suppliers. In addition, we show that a supplier does not necessarily benefit from capacity variability reduction. We contrast this incentive misalignment with findings from the single‐supplier case and a supplier‐duopoly case where both suppliers sell directly to market without the monopolistic retailer. In the latter single‐supplier and duopoly cases, we prove that the unreliable supplier always benefits from reducing capacity variability. These results highlight the role of the retailer's diversification strategy in distorting a supplier's incentive for reducing capacity uncertainty under supplier price competition.
Sourcing Decisions with Competitive Suppliers and Imperfect Information
Authors: Jin Yue , Ryan Jennifer K. , Yund Walter 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTManufacturers often must choose between outsourcing and producing internally. This choice is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, including the costs and capabilities of the potential suppliers. In addition, if the manufacturer outsources, he must design the sourcing process. We study the manufacturer's outsourcing decision, with a focus on the impact of the sourcing process on that decision. We consider a setting in which the manufacturer has imperfect information regarding the suppliers' costs and capabilities, and we assume that the manufacturer uses a two‐stage sourcing process. The first stage is the qualification stage, in which the manufacturer seeks to reduce the uncertainty regarding the suppliers' capabilities. The second stage is the supplier selection stage, in which the manufacturer selects among the qualified suppliers on the basis of price. We first characterize the optimal design of the two‐stage process, and then consider the outsourcing decision. We demonstrate several trade‐offs. Vertical integration enables the manufacturer to reduce uncertainty and extract all of the profits of production. However, outsourcing enables the manufacturer to take advantage of the (potentially) lower costs and higher capabilities of the suppliers, particularly if competition between suppliers can be encouraged. We find that the manufacturer is more likely to vertically integrate when the warranty cost and the cost of exerting effort during qualification are large, and when there is significant uncertainty regarding the suppliers' capabilities. The manufacturer is more likely to outsource when the suppliers' costs (capabilities) are low (high), and when the number of suppliers is large.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of color intensity analysis using a second‐generation autofluorescence imaging system for diminutive colorectal polyp differentiation
Authors: Tamai Naoto , Saito Syoichi , Aihara Hiroyuki , Kato Tomohiro , Tajiri Hisao 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimWe previously reported the effectiveness of color tone intensity analysis using autofluorescence imaging (AFI) for distinguishing between colorectal neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions. Moreover, a second‐generation AFI system has become commercially available in Japan. In the present study, we assessed the effectiveness of color tone intensity analysis using a second‐generation AFI system for evaluating diminutive colorectal lesions.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the cases of 35 consecutive patients with 101 diminutive colorectal lesions that were examined using a second‐generation AFI system and resected at the Jikei University Hospital. We estimated the mean green‐to‐red (G/R) ratio – obtained by dividing the green color tone intensity by the red color tone intensity – of the lesions and compared the values of the neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions. We also assessed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the AFI system for neoplastic lesion identification.ResultsThe mean G/R ratios of the non‐neoplastic and neoplastic lesions were 1.06 and 0.87, respectively; the mean G/R ratio significantly differed between the neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions. Using the second‐generation AFI system, neoplastic lesions were identified with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 94.2%, 91.8%, 92.5%, and 93.8%, respectively.ConclusionColor intensity analysis of diminutive colorectal polyps using the second generation AFI system could effectively distinguish between neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions.
Natural history of diminutive colorectal polyps: Long‐term prospective observation by colonoscopy
Authors: Mizuno Ken‐ichi , Suzuki Yutaka , Takeuchi Manabu , Kobayashi Masaaki , Aoyagi Yutaka 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimEndoscopic removal of colorectal adenomatous polyps effectively prevents cancer. However, the treatment strategy for diminutive polyps (diameter ≤5 mm) remains controversial. Understanding the natural history of diminutive polyps is a prerequisite to their effective management. We prospectively examined the natural history of diminutive polyps by long‐term surveillance colonoscopy.MethodsA total of 207 polyps detected in 112 patients from December 1991 through March 2002 were studied. To avoid potential effects on size and morphological characteristics, all polyps were selected randomly and were followed without biopsy. Polyp size was estimated by comparing the lesion with the diameter of a biopsy forceps.ResultsMean follow up was 7.8 years (SD, 4.8; range, 1.0–18.6; median, 7.5; interquartile range 3.4–11.2). Twenty‐four polyps were resected endoscopically, and the histopathological diagnosis was mucosal high‐grade neoplasia (Category 4) for one polyp, and mucosal low‐grade neoplasia (Category 3) for 23 polyps. Mean linear size of the polyps was 3.2 mm (SD, 1.0; range, 1.3–5.0) at initial colonoscopy and 3.8 mm (SD 1.6; range 1.3–10.0) at final colonoscopy (P < 0.01). Left‐sided polyps showed a higher growth rate than right‐sided polyps, and a type IIIL2 pit pattern was associated with a lower growth rate than a type IIIL1 pattern.ConclusionWe clarified the natural history of diminutive polyps by long‐term follow‐up colonoscopy. The benign course of diminutive polyps should be considered in the design of treatment strategies.
Ethical Implications of Case‐Based Payment in China: A Systematic Analysis
Authors: Jin Pingyue , Biller‐Andorno Nikola , Wild Verina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHow health care providers are paid affects how medicine is practiced. It is thus important to assess provider payment models not only from the economic perspective but also from the ethical perspective. China recently started to reform the provider payment model in the health care system from fee‐for‐service to case‐based payment. This paper aims to examine this transition from an ethical perspective.We collected empirical studies on the impact of case‐based payment in the Chinese health care system and applied a systematic ethical matrix that integrates clinical ethics and public health ethics to analyze the empirical findings. We identified eleven prominent ethical issues related to case‐based payment. Some ethical problems of case‐based payment in China are comparable to ethical problems of managed care and diagnosis related groups in high‐income countries. However, in this paper we discuss in greater detail four specific ethical issues in the Chinese context: professionalism, the patient‐physician relationship, access to care and patient autonomy. Based on the analysis, we cautiously infer that case‐based payment is currently more ethically acceptable than fee‐for‐service in the context of China, mainly because it seems to lower financial barriers to access care. Nonetheless, it will be difficult to justify the implementation of case‐based payment if no additional measures are taken to monitor and minimize its existing negative ethical implications.
Uricaemia and ejection fraction in elderly heart failure outpatients
Authors: Borghi Claudio , Cosentino Eugenio R. , Rinaldi Elisa R. , Cicero Arrigo F.G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundPreliminary data suggest that serum uric acid (SUA) could be involved in the prognosis of chronic heart failure (HF). The aim of our study was to test the relationship betweenSUAand left ventricular ejection fraction (EF%) in a cohort of elderly hypertensive outpatients with chronicHF.DesignWe consecutively enrolled 487 elderly outpatients (M = 59·8%;F = 40·2%; mean age: 72 ± 11 years old) affected by mild‐to‐moderate hypertensive and/or ischaemicHF, evaluating the relationship betweenSUAandEF%.ResultsIn an univariate analysis,SUAwas inversely related withEF%:B = −4·392, 95% CI −5·427 to −3·357,P < 0·001. After adjustment for a large number of variables in a multivariate analysis, the value ofEF% was best predicted bySUA(B = −3·005, 95% CI −4·386 to −1·623,P < 0·001), log brain natriuretic peptide (BNP:B = −2·341, 95% CI −3·137 to −1·248,P < 0·001) and mean arterial pressure (MAP:B = 0·241, 95% CI 0·047 to 0·435,P = 0·015). A separate analysis by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels confirmed the inverse relationship betweenSUAandEF% in patients with normal renal function. A separate analysis by sex confirmed thatSUAand logBNPwere significant strong predictors ofEF% in men, but not in women where the best predictors were logBNP,MAPand body mass index. The predicting role ofSUAwas apparently independent of eGFRand use of diuretics.ConclusionSerum uric acid seems to be inversely related toEF% in male elderly patients withHFafter adjustment for the several confounding factors. This observation supports a primary negative effect ofSUAon left ventricular function that warrants further investigations.
Philadelphia chromosome‐positive mixed phenotype acute leukemia in the imatinib era
Authors: Shimizu Hiroaki , Yokohama Akihiko , Hatsumi Nahoko , Takada Satoru , Handa Hiroshi , Sakura Toru , Nojima Yoshihisa 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAlthough the introduction of imatinib dramatically improved the outcomes for patients with Philadelphia chromosome‐positive B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+BCP‐ALL), the survival benefit of imatinib has not been assessed in the context of Ph+ mixed phenotype acute leukemia (Ph+MPAL). To clarify this important issue, we studied 42 Ph+ acute leukemia (Ph+AL) patients who received intensive chemotherapy and concurrent administration of imatinib. Of the 42 Ph+AL patients, 13 (31%) patients were categorized as Ph+MPAL (positive for both myeloid and B‐cell lineage), 27 (64%) were categorized as Ph+BCP‐ALL, and two (5%) were categorized as Ph+ acute myeloid leukemia. The complete remission rates after the initial induction therapy were not significantly different when comparing Ph+MPAL and Ph+BCP‐ALL patients (100% vs. 85%, respectively, P = 0.14). Likewise, there were no significant differences in the 5‐yr overall survival (OS) or disease‐free survival (DFS) rates when comparing the MPAL and BCP‐ALL groups (OS: 55% vs. 53%, respectively, P = 0.87, DFS: 46% vs. 42%, respectively, P = 0.94). These findings suggest that concurrent imatinib administration with chemotherapy improved the outcomes of Ph+MPAL patients to the level seen in Ph+BCP‐ALL patients and should, therefore, be considered as the standard therapy for these patients.
Clinical and microbiological impact of discontinuation of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients with prolonged profound neutropenia
Authors: Verlinden Anke , Jansens Hilde , Goossens Herman , van de Velde Ann L. , Schroyens Wilfried A. , Berneman Zwi N. , Gadisseur Alain P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundInfections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with reduced immunity caused by haematological disease and chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia. We evaluated the clinical and microbiological impact of discontinuing fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in these patients.MethodsWe analysed 154 admissions in three sequential periods of 8 months: long‐standing use, discontinuation of prophylaxis and reintroduction of prophylaxis. Clinical endpoints were occurrence of febrile neutropenia, bacteraemia, severe sepsis, septic shock, response to antibiotic therapy, total antibiotic consumption and duration of hospital stay. Microbiological analysis included bacterial isolates from stool and blood cultures and their resistance pattern.ResultsNo significant increase in serious infectious complications was seen with the discontinuation of prophylaxis. The overall incidence of bacteraemia did not change, but a higher proportion of bacterial isolates were Gram‐negative (22.2% vs. 5.9% & 8.6%; P = 0.030), more often multisusceptible (50% vs. 0%) and less fluoroquinolone resistant (10% vs. 100%). Screening of stools showed a higher prevalence of organisms in the discontinuation period (86.7% vs. 37.3% & 55.2%; P ≤ 0.001), but they were more frequently multisusceptible (53.8% vs. 10.5% & 6.3%; P ≤ 0.001). After discontinuation of prophylaxis, fluoroquinolone resistance decreased rapidly from 73.7 to 7.7%, in association with a significant decrease in extended spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing isolates from 42.1 to 10.3%. Resistance figures immediately returned to prediscontinuation values after reinstitution of prophylaxis.ConclusionsNo clinically relevant short‐term drawbacks were observed with the discontinuation of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients with chemotherapy‐induced prolonged profound neutropenia, which led to a significant decrease in fluoroquinolone resistance as well as occurrence of ESBL‐producing isolates.
A novel G6PC3 gene mutation in severe congenital neutropenia: pancytopenia and variable bone marrow phenotype can also be part of this syndrome
Authors: Arikoglu Tugba , Kuyucu Necdet , Germeshausen Manuela , Kuyucu Semanur 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGlucose‐6‐phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3) deficiency is a newly described syndrome characterized by severe congenital neutropenia associated with multiple organ abnormalities including cardiac and urogenital malformations. The underlying pathophysiology of increased apoptosis of myeloid cells and of neutrophil dysfunction in G6PC3 deficiency involves disturbed glucose metabolism, increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and deficient protein folding. Here, we report a new case of G6PC3 deficiency caused by a novel homozygous G6PC3 gene mutation p.Trp59Arg. The patient showed pancytopenia and a variable bone marrow phenotype with maturation arrest and vacuolization in myeloid lineage cells and a normocellular marrow, respectively. She also showed persistent lymphopenia with low CD4 T‐ and CD19 B‐cell counts. Lymphopenia and even pancytopenia as well as a variable bone marrow phenotype can be part of this syndrome. These clinical findings in a patient with chronic neutropenia should alert the clinician to consider a diagnosis of G6PC3 deficiency.