bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Object Orientation Agnosia: A Failure to Find the Axis?
Authors: Harris Irina M. , Harris Justin A. , Caine Diana 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A dissociation between the ability to recognize misoriented objects and to determine their orientation has been reported in a small number of patients with vascular lesions. In this article, we describe a 57-year-old man with probable Alzheimer's disease who shows the same dissociation. Neuro-imaging findings indicated marked hypometabolism in the posterior cortical regions, particularly the postero-superior parietal lobes. Clinically, the patient had good object recognition accompanied by severely impaired spatial abilities. The experimental investigations comprised a variety of tasks in which he identified misoriented objects, evaluated the orientation of single objects, or discriminated the orientation of simultaneously presented items. Results revealed that his object recognition was independent of orientation and was largely mediated by salient features. With respect to orientation judgements, the patient displayed a profound inability to judge the orientation of nonupright objects, but remarkably intact (though largely implicit) knowledge of the upright orientation. Strikingly, his orientation judgements were also more accurate for upside-down objects than for other orientations (i.e., 90°). We interpret these results as evidence that judgements about object orientation are facilitated when the orientation of the principal axis of the object matches that of an internal representation. We propose that the inability to determine other orientations may be due to the failure of an “axis-finding” mechanism implemented in the posterior parietal lobes, that translates between object-centered and eye-centered coordinates appropriate for guiding visual scanning.
Visual Representation in the Wild: How Rhesus Monkeys Parse Objects
Authors: Munakata Yuko , Santos Laurie R. , Spelke Elizabeth S. , Hauser Marc D. , O'Reilly Randall C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Visual object representation was studied in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. To facilitate comparison with humans, and to provide a new tool for neurophysiologists, we used a looking time procedure originally developed for studies of human infants. Monkeys' looking times were measured to displays with one or two distinct objects, separated or together, stationary or moving. Results indicate that rhesus monkeys used featural information to parse the displays into distinct objects, and they found events in which distinct objects moved together more novel or unnatural than events in which distinct objects moved separately. These findings show both common-alities and contrasts with those obtained from human infants. We discuss their implications for the development and neural mechanisms of higher-level vision.
The Role of Large-Scale Memory Organization in the Mismatch Negativity Event-Related Brain Potential
Authors: Winkler István , Schröger Erich , Cowan Nelson 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of event-related brain potentials is elicited by infrequent changes in regular acoustic sequences even if the participant is not actively listening to the sound sequence. Therefore, the MMN is assumed to result from a preattentive process in which an incoming sound is checked against the automatically detected regularities of the auditory sequence and is found to violate them. For example, presenting a discriminably different (deviant) sound within the sequence of a repetitive (standard) sound elicits the MMN. In the present article, we tested whether the memory organization of the auditory sequence can affect the preattentive change detection indexed by the MMN. In Experiment 1, trains of six standard tones were presented with a short, 0.5-sec stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between tones in the train. This was followed by a variable SOA between the last standard and the deviant tone (the “irregular presentation” condition). Of 12 participants displaying an MMN at the 0.5-sec predeviant SOA, it was elicited by 11 with the 2-sec predeviant SOA, in 5 participants with the 7-sec SOA, and in none with the 10-sec SOA. In Experiment 2, we repeated the 7-sec irregular predeviant SOA condition, along with a “regular presentation” condition in which the SOA between any two tones was 7 sec. MMN was elicited in about half of the participants (9 out of 16) in the irregular presentation condition, whereas in the regular presentation condition, MMN was elicited in all participants. These results cannot be explained on the basis of memory-strength decay but can be interpreted in terms of automatic, auditory preperceptual grouping principles. In the irregular presentation condition, the close grouping of standards may cause them to become irrelevant to the mismatch process when the deviant tone is presented after a long silent break. Because the MMN indexes preattentive auditory processing, the present results provide evidence that large-scale preperceptual organization of auditory events occurs despite attention being directed away from the auditory stimuli.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Emotion-Induced Recognition Bias
Authors: Windmann Sabine , Kutas Marta 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The question of how emotions influence recognition memory is of interest not only within basic cognitive neuro-science but from clinical and forensic perspectives as well. Emotional stimuli can induce at “recognition bias” such that individuals are more likely to respond “old” to a negative item than to an emotionally neutral item, whether the item is actually old or new. We investigated this bias using event-related brain potential (ERP) measures by comparing the processing of words given “old” responses with accurate recognition of old/new differences. For correctly recognized items, the ERP difference between old items (hits) and new items (correct rejections, CR) was largely unaffected by emotional violence. That is, regardless of emotional valence, the ERP associated with hits was characterized by a widespread positivity between 300 and 700 msec relative to that for CRs. By contrast, the analysis of ERPs to old and new items that were judged “old” (hits and false alarms [FAs], respectively) revealed a differential effect of valence by 300 msec: Neutral items showed a large old/new difference over prefrontal sites, whereas negative items did not. These results are the first clear demonstration of response bias effects on ERPs linked to recognition memory. They are consistent with the idea that frontal cortex areas may be responsible for relaxing the retrieval criterion for negative stimuli so as to ensure that emotional events are not as easily “missed” or forgotten as neutral events.
WYSIWYF Display: A Visual/Haptic Interface to Virtual Environment
Authors: Yokokohji Yasuyoshi , Hollis Ralph L. , Kanade Takeo 
Published: July 2002

To build a VR training system for visuomotor skills, an image displayed by a visual interface should be correctly registered to a haptic interface so that the visual sensation and the haptic sensation are both spatially and temporally consistent. In other words, it is desirable that what you see is what you feel (WYSIWYF). In this paper, we propose a method that can realize correct visual/haptic registration, namely WYSIWYF, by using a vision-based, object-tracking technique and a video-keying technique. Combining an encountered-type haptic device with a motion-command-type haptic rendering algorithm makes it possible to deal with two extreme cases (free motion and rigid constraint). This approach provides realistic haptic sensations, such as free-to-touch and move-and-collide. We describe a first prototype and illustrate its use with several demonstrations. The user encounters the haptic device exactly when his or her hand reaches a virtual object in the display. Although this prototype has some remaining technical problems to be solved, it serves well to show the validity of the proposed approach.
Life‐Cycle Assessment of Biosolids Processing Options
Authors: Peters Gregory M. , Lundie Sven 
Published: July 2002

SummaryBiosolids, also known as sewage sludge, are reusable organic materials separated from sewage during treatment. They can be managed in a variety of ways. Different options for biosolids handling in Sydney, Australia, are compared in this study using life‐cycle assessment. Two key comparisons are made: of system scenarios (scenario 1 is local dewatering and lime amendment; scenario 2 is a centralized drying system) and of technologies (thermal drying versus lime amendment). The environmental issues addressed are energy consumption, global warming potential (GWP), and human toxicity potential (HTP).Scenario 2 would consume 24% more energy than scenario 1. This is due to the additional electricity for pumping and particularly the petrochemical methane that supplements biogas in the drier. A centralized system using the same technologies as scenario 1 has approximately the same impacts. The GWP and HTP of the different scenarios do not differ significantly.The assessment of technology choices shows significant differences. The ample supply of endogenous biogas at North Head sewage treatment plant for the drying option allows reductions, relative to the lime‐amendment option, of 68% in energy consumption, 45% in GWP, and 23% in HTP.Technology choices have more significant influence on the environmental profile of biosolids processing than does the choice of system configurations. Controlling variables for environmental improvement are the selection of biogas fuel, avoidance of coalsourced electrical energy, minimization of trucking distances, and raising the solids content of biosolids products.
WHAT IF THE CHRONICLER DID USE THE DEUTERONOMISTIC HISTORY?
Authors: Auld A. Graeme 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Chronicler's presumed familiarity with Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 Samuel is first briefly explored. Closer scrutiny of the David story in 2 Samuel and 1 Chronicles suggests that the Chronicler's use of 2 Samuel as source, while possible, is unlikely. Similar results for the story of Solomon in 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles are noted. And consideration of the counterfactual leads helpfully to a new question about the books of the Former Prophets.
INDEXING THE SELF: INTENT AND EXPRESSION IN ISLAMIC LEGAL ACTS
Authors: Messick Brinkley 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis is a discussion of the theory of intent in Islamic law. In an extended example, I focus on the doctrinal views of Zaydī school jurists from Yemen, but I also indicate that the issues and the analytic distinctions characterize the Sunnī schools as well. As in western law, ascertaining intent is fundamental to applied Islamic legal analyses in sharī'a courts, in matters ranging from contracts to criminal cases. My discussion here, however, is limited to the doctrinal theory of such intent-based legal analyses, about which the Muslim jurists, including the Yemeni jurists of my extended example, hold divergent opinions. Following the Yemeni jurists in their analyses, I consider the relation of intent and manifest expression, including words and writings, across the different domains of bilateral and unilateral acts.
UNTAMED HEARTS: EROS AND SUICIDE IN LATE IMPERIAL CHINESE FICTION
Authors: Zamperini Paola 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn Chinese fiction there are heroines who use suicide as a vehicle to convey to eternity the strength of their passions, from love to hatred, from jealousy to thirst for revenge. The present paper is an exploration of late imperial literary representations which depict women's suicide as an act of passion and self-reassertion: this act, rather than being constructed as defeat in the face of adversities, a response to abuse suffered, or as a last resort to preserve chastity, is presented as a path of independence that shows these female characters not as virtuous martyrs or victims of an unjust patriarchal system, but as passionate agents of free will. These sources challenge the assumption that women's suicide in Ming and Qing fictional sources is primarily related to chastity. In this sense, they are useful in furthering understanding of the complex ways in which legal and moral mandates around the issue of women's suicide could be resisted, absorbed, and ignored in late imperial vernacular fiction.
SACRED MOUNTAINS, RELIGIOUS PARADIGMS, AND IDENTITY AMONG THE MESCALERO APACHE
Authors: Ball Martin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article carefully examines the roles that sacred mountains play in Mescalero Apache religious tradition and ''religious paradigms'' of sacred space and ceremonial practice. For the Mescalero, sacred mountains are intimately associated with conceptions of spiritual ecology, ceremonial traditions, prayer, and cultural identity. To understand these aspects of Mescalero tradition as they relate to cultural practices, this article focuses on the Mescalero Apache Mountain Spirit tradition. In this tradition men are masked, painted as ''Mountain Spirits'' and are understood to embody the power of the sacred mountains, the four cardinal directions, and the power of the Creator. Through analyzing this ceremonial tradition, Mescalero conceptions of how spiritual power is linked to sacred geographies and spiritual ecology is brought to light. The Mountain Spirits are also analyzed for how, through oral tradition and spiritual revelation, mountains become significant for the Mescalero within their religious system. The Mountain Spirits and their connections to sacred mountains are furthermore contrasted with the female initiation ceremony of the ''Big Tipi.'' It is proposed in this paper that these two ceremonial traditions, through their different relationships to the land and sacred geographies, feature differently in Mescalero self-conceptions of their cultural and religious identity.
THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIANA MONKEY 'CLEAR' CALLS
Authors: Uster Dana , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In their natural West African rainforest habitat, Diana monkeys continuously produce high rates of a close-range clear-sounding call, but the function of this behaviour is unknown. In other primate species, close-range calls are typically given in socially relevant situations, for example, to gain access to grooming partners or food. Quite contrarily, we tested a number of hypotheses and found that Diana monkey 'clear' calls primarily function to avoid predation. Call rates were significantly elevated when predation threat was high, for instance when the visibility was poor, when the group spread was large, when the group was not associated with other monkey species, or after alarm calls. Call rates were not significantly elevated, however, in circumstances of high social competition, for instance when the group spread was small, during resting phases, while feeding on clumped food sources, or when foraging in the periphery where inter-group encounters were more likely to occur. Calling was contagious in that calls typically elicited vocal responses from out-of-sight group members within a few seconds. Because of this, callers can effectively monitor a much larger area than is visually accessible to single individuals, suggesting that Diana monkey clear calls act as an essential element in a mutualistic system of co-ordinated vigilance.
BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT IN WILD BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN NEWBORNS (TURSIOPS SP.)
Authors: Barbara Janet Mann 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNewborn characteristics, patterns of motoric and social behavioural development, and mother-infant relationships in free-ranging and semi-provisioned bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) are examined. Nine newborns were observed for 189 hours over the first 10 weeks of life. Newborn infants breathe more often than their mothers, and synchronize their breathing and swimming with her soon after birth, but show a gradual decline in synchrony as they age. Virtually all patterns of infant behaviour, mother-infant proximity, and spatial relationships with the mother changed as a function of infant age. Maternal activity, however, does not change over time, except that mothers decrease their role in maintaining proximity to their infants from the first month to the second month of infant life. Infants spend less time close to their mothers, less time echelon swimming (close, alongside the mother), and more time infant-position swimming (in contact under the mother) as they age. Infants spend more time traveling and socializing independently over time. They also separate from their mothers more often and for longer periods of time. Infants do not forage during the newborn period, but are observed 'practice foraging' by the end of the first month. Rubbing, petting, chasing, and displaying with other animals (including the mother) were common forms of socializing. Infants frequently initiate rubbing with their mothers, with particular focus on her head region. Infants typically associate with young females, adult females and other infants, but not with adult or subadult males. Developmental shifts and overall patterns are discussed in the context of the bottlenose dolphin's fission-fusion social organization and ecology. The effects of provisioning on dolphin behaviour are addressed.
THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FEMALE SAVANNA BABOONS IN MOREMI RESERVE, BOTSWANA
Authors: Silk Joan , Seyfarth Robert , Cheney Dorothy 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Here we examine the effects of maternal kinship, reciprocity, and dominance rank on the social relationships of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in a well-habituated, free-ranging group in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. These data are useful for testing comparative hypotheses about the ecological and demographic factors that shape the evolution of social organization in primates and other animals. In this group, adult females had well-differentiated grooming relationships with one another, and limited their grooming to a relatively small subset of available partners. Although there were 19 adult females in the group, the average female groomed only 8 other females, and devoted at least 5% of her grooming to only four other females. Females groomed maternal kin at significantly higher rates and for significantly longer periods than they groomed other females. The bias in favor of maternal kin was not an artifact of a general attraction toward females of adjacent rank. However, members of high-ranking lineages did devote a relatively greater fraction of grooming to maternal kin than members of low-ranking lineages did. Females most often groomed the females from whom they received the most grooming and grooming was very evenly balanced within the majority of dyads. Female rank had little impact upon grooming patterns and there was no evidence that females competed overtly over access to high-ranking partners.
Nematicidal activity of essential oil components against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Oka Yuji 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNematicidal activity of eight essential oil components; trans -anethole, anis alcohol, p-anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 4-methoxyphenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, (R)-(+)-pulegone, 2-furaldehyde, and a non-essential oil component anisole, was tested against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in solutions in 200-ml and 3-l pots and in microplots. Among the anisole derivatives, p-anisaldehyde showed the highest nematicidal activity in solutions and in soil. However, trans-cinnamaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde and benzaldehyde showed higher nematicidal activity than p-anisaldehyde in the 3-l pot experiments. EC50 values of trans-cinnamaldehyde for juvenile immobilisation and hatching inhibition in vitro were as low as 15 and 11.3 μl/l, respectively. In the 3-l pot experiments, trans-cinnamaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, benzaldehyde and carvacrol at a concentration of 100 mg/kg greatly reduced the root galling of tomato, whereas trans-anethole was not effective. In a microplot experiment, soil treatment with trans-cinnamaldehyde (50 ml/m2) reduced the galling index and increased the shoot weight of tomato plants. Although further experiments, such as development of formulations and application methods, are needed, some essential oil components, especially aldehydes, can be developed into lowtoxicity nematicides.
Effect of particle size on the flocculation behaviour of ultra-fine clays in salt solutions
Authors: Kotlyar L. S. , Sparks B. D. , LePage Y. , Woods J. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Athabasca oil sands deposit in Alberta contains ~5 x 109 m3 of bitumen accessible by surface mining. During bitumen separation from the mined ore, ultra-fine (<300 nm) aluminosilicate clays only a few layers thick (U/F) are mobilized and become dispersed in the process water. In this water containing dissolved salts from natural deposits, U/F are capable of forming thixotropic gels. The consequence of this is the production of large volumes of mature fine tailings (MFT) with a high water holding capacity. For mine planning purposes, the objective of predicting and possibly mitigating MFT formation requires an understanding of the colloidal behaviour of U/F particles in salt solutions. In this work, photon correlation spectroscopy and the deuterium NMR method are used to provide an insight into the U/F floc formation process. These results are correlated with conventional analysis of settling data.
Plagioclase-rich microgranular inclusions from the late-Caledonian Galway Granite, Connemara, Ireland
Authors: Graham N. T. , Feely M. , Callaghan B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe report on the occurrence, petrology and geochemistry of recently recognized leucocratic plagioclase-rich microgranular inclusions hosted by two granite facies in the late-Caledonian Galway Granite, Connemara, Ireland. They have been recorded at 66 localities along an ESE trending, 4 km wide corridor which incorporates the contact zone between their host granites (i.e. The Megacrystic Granite and the Mingling and Mixing Zone Granodiorite). The inclusions are discoidal in shape and oriented parallel to the general ESE trending foliation in the granites with the most elongate (6.0 × 0.6 cm) occurring in zones of strongest fabric intensity. Contacts between the inclusions and the host granite are sharp with no chilled margin visible. They display a fine-grained (<1 mm) interlocking texture with occasional crystals of plagioclase ranging up to 2 mm in length. Microprobe analysis shows that the plagioclase is essentially oligoclase (An22–32) in composition and is similar to that (i.e. An21–30) occurring in the host granites. Furthermore, the oligoclase accounts for between 61 and 78% of the mode which is reflected in the major element chemistry of the inclusions. Other minerals (in decending order of abundance) include K-feldspar, quartz, biotite and magnetite. The origin of the inclusions is unclear. However, the results of the microprobe analysis provide evidence of a link between them and their host granites.