bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Albumin on the Hepatic Uptake of Unconjugated Bilirubin
Authors: Bloomer J. R. , Berk P. D. , Vergalla J. , Berlin N. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. The initial distribution volumes of [3H]bilirubin in six adult subjects were equivalent to those of 131I-labelled albumin following simultaneous intravenous injection of both compounds. However, the initial rate of loss of [3H]bilirubin from plasma was seven to thirty times faster than that of 131I-labelled albumin.
2. In vitro uptake of [3H]bilirubin by Gunn rat liver slices occurred at a rate three times faster than could be accounted for by movement linked with albumin.
3. There was no in vitro transfer of [14C]bilirubin from albumin to the organic anion-binding proteins of rat liver cytosol. Instead, albumin was shown to strip [14C]bilirubin from these proteins.
4. When albumin, to which [14C]bilirubin had been bound, was precipitated with anti-albumin antibody, [14C]bilirubin was recovered completely in the supernatant, indicating that unconjugated bilirubin may be readily separated from albumin if albumin interacts with another macromolecule.
5. These results indicated that unconjugated bilirubin is separated from albumin prior to its uptake by the hepatic cell, rather than the entire albumin-bilirubin complex entering the hepatocyte. The data suggest that the uptake mechanism probably requires the participation of the plasma membrane.
Suppression of Plasma Renin by Atherogenic Levels of Serum Cholesterol in Rabbits
Authors: Campbell D. J. , Skinner S. L. , Day A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Sixteen rabbits received either a normal or a high cholesterol diet over an 80-day period.
2. Diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged in each group.
3. Progressive suppression of plasma renin activity and concentration without change in renin substrate occurred in animals receiving the high cholesterol diet.
4. Kinetic studies excluded the mediation of enzyme inhibitors in this response and made probable a true suppression of renin secretion.
5. Commonly recognized influences seemed not to account for the findings and the possibility is raised of a dependence of renin secretion upon serum cholesterol. The effect occurs at the level of serum cholesterol found in man.
A Specific Increase in Cardiovascular Reactivity Related to Sodium Retention in Doca-Salt-Treated Rats
Authors: Dusting G. J. , Rand M. J. , Harris G. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Exchangeable body sodium was measured in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) -salt-treated rats by whole body γ-counting after equilibration with a 22Na isotope.
2. The blood pressure of DOCA-salt-treated rats is positively correlated with their exchangeable body sodium.
3. After pithing, the heart rate is significantly lower in DOCA-salt-treated than in control rats: in conscious DOCA-salt-treated rats the heart rate is also lower than in control rats but the difference was not statistically significant.
4. Cardiac and vascular responses to sympathetic stimulation are positively correlated with exchangeable body sodium in pithed rats, but there is no correlation between either cardiac or vascular responses to noradrenaline injections and exchangeable sodium.
5. Pressor responses to sympathetic stimulation in pithed DOCA-salt-treated rats are potentiated less by cocaine than are responses of untreated control rats.
6. It is suggested that sodium retention in mildly hypertensive rats specifically enhances responses to sympathetic stimulation by increasing the availability of the sympathetic transmitter.
A Comparative Study on the Metabolism of Human Insulin and Porcine Proinsulin in Man
Authors: Sönksen P. H. , Tompkins Christine V. , Srivastava M. C. , Nabarro J. D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of unlabelled monocomponent human insulin and porcine proinsulin was studied in ten normal subjects (five males and five females) by using a priming dose-constant-infusion technique. In each subject, the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was measured at four separate steady-state hormone concentrations averaging 16–216 μunits/ml (insulin) and 4·2–42·8 ng/ml (proinsulin).
2. For insulin the MCR fell progressively from 34 ml kg−1 min−1 at a mean fasting insulin concentration of 3·8 μunits/ml to 11·4 ml kg−1 min−1 at the highest concentration achieved (280 μunits/ml); for proinsulin MCR averaged 3·7 ml kg−1 min−1 at a mean plasma concentration of 4·2 ng/ml and fell to 2·71 ml kg−1 min−1 at 10·7 ng/ml, remaining constant thereafter at concentrations up to 71 ng/ml.
3. The half-disappearance time (T½) from the plasma, after the end of the infusion, averaged 4·3 min for insulin and 25·6 min for proinsulin.
4. The apparent distribution space (DS) was similar for both hormones (83 ml/kg of insulin and 98·9 ml/kg of proinsulin).
5. There was a direct correlation between T½ and DS for both hormones.
6. Although the higher MCR of insulin was reflected in its shorter T½ there was, for each hormone, no relationship between MCR and T½.
7. The biological potency of porcine proinsulin, as judged by its effect on plasma glucose, was approximately 5% of that of insulin.
8. The responses of serum growth hormone and Cortisol were shown to be directly related to the degree of hypoglycaemia induced.
Generation of Angiotensin II at Peripheral Vascular Level: Studies Using Angiotensin II Antisera
Authors: Swales J. D. , Thurston H. 
Published: August 2015

1. When the renin-angiotensin system of rats had been suppressed by a high salt diet or by bilateral nephrectomy, large doses of angiotensin II antiserum were required to block the pressor action of exogenous angiotensin II. Infusion of renin profoundly lowered the blocking requirement of such animals.
2. It is postulated that renin bound to blood vessels generates angiotensin locally which is taken up by vascular receptors. Where such receptors are left unoccupied and free to bind exogenous angiotensin, high doses of blocking antisera are required.
3. Animals with hypertension produced by renal artery constriction with contralateral nephrectomy were shown to be in positive sodium balance. Nevertheless their blocking requirement was low.
4. It is suggested that the local generation of angiotensin may play a role in the production of renal hypertension and that this accounts for the development of hypertension even in animals immunized against angiotensin.
Plasma Catecholamines during Sustained Isometric Exercise
Authors: Kozłowski S. , Brzezinska Z. , Nazar K. , Kowalski W. , Franczyk M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma catecholamine, haemodynamic and metabolic responses to sustained isometric exercise were studied in eight healthy subjects, who maintained handgrip at the 30% level of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for as long as possible.
2. The sustained handgrip was accompanied by a significant increase in plasma noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) concentrations.
3. The increase in plasma NA during handgrip was greater than that associated with heavy dynamic work involving large muscle groups.
4. The results suggest that the known haemodynamic responses to static effort are related to a powerful activation of the adrenergic system, which may result from a reflex mechanism initiated in the exercising muscles.
Studies on the Mechanism of Aldosterone-Induced Hypertension in Man
Authors: Distler A. , Just H. J. , Philipp TH. 
Published: August 2015

1. Haemodynamic studies were performed in six patients with hypertension, hyper-aldosteronism and low plasma renin (five patients with a solitary adrenocortical adenoma, one patient with bilateral adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia), and in ten normotensive control subjects.
2. Studies in the chronic phase of hypertension uniformly showed elevated total peripheral resistance while cardiac output was not increased.
3. In four patients haemodynamics were studied in the early phase of hypertension following a normotensive period induced by spironolactone. Under these latter conditions the raised blood pressure was associated with increased cardiac output whereas total peripheral resistance was normal. It is suggested that the haemodynamic pattern observed during the phase of the renewed elevation of blood pressure is similar to that at the onset of aldosterone-induced hypertension.
4. Serial measurements in two patients revealed that the haemodynamic characteristics were dependent on the phase of hypertension: during the chronic phase total peripheral resistance was increased whereas cardiac output was not. The new rise in blood pressure following discontinuation of spironolactone therapy was associated with increased cardiac output while total peripheral resistance was normal.
5. Although limited, the findings suggest that the initial step in the development of aldosterone-induced hypertension is a rise in cardiac output. This may be an important factor for the final elevation of total peripheral resistance.
Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Mental ‘Stress’ in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Folkow B. , Hallbäck Margareta , Weiss Lilian 
Published: August 2015

1. The hypothalamic defence reaction was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control rats (NCR).
2. SHR exhibited an apparently true hyper-reactivity of central autonomic structures mediating emotional behaviour during mental stress present in early as well as in established hypertension.
3. This hyper-reactivity is thought, therefore, to be a genetically linked factor predisposing to hypertension in SHR, rather than a consequence of the hypertensive state.
The Hypertensive Role of the Kidney in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Bianchi G. , Fox U. , Di Francesco G. F. , Bardi U. , Radice Maria 
Published: August 2015

1. Spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats were selectively bred from a single Wistar strain.
2. Cross-transplantation of kidneys from hypertensive to normotensive rats and vice versa was performed, the sole remaining kidney of the recipient later being excised. Kidneys were also transplanted from normotensive donors into normotensive recipients and from hypertensive to hypertensive.
3. Normotensive rats receiving a kidney from either a hypertensive or normotensive donor showed unchanged blood pressure on normal salt diet. High-salt diet produced a greater rise in recipients of hypertensive than in recipients of normotensive kidneys.
4. Normotensive kidneys reduced the blood pressure of hypertensive recipients, but transplanted hypertensive kidneys had no such effect.
Haemodynamic and Blood Volume Studies in Long-Term Haemodialysis Patients, and in Patients with Successfully Transplanted Kidneys
Authors: Tuckman J. , Benninger J.-L. , Reubi F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Stabilized hypertensive haemodialysis patients, as well as those with normotension, had a greatly elevated cardiac index (CI) that was not due to hypervolemia, but was most likely secondary to their anaemic condition. The hypertension itself was not accompanied by hypervolaemia, but was associated with a relatively very high total peripheral resistance.
2. In eight patients with successfully transplanted kidneys the following results were found. (a) Five were clearly hypertensive and had supine mean arterial pressure between 117 and 143 mmHg. It is noted that they were receiving prednisone at the time of the studies. (b) CI was normal in seven. (c) Total blood volume was normal in all. (d) The presence of wide-open arterio-venous fistulae was not associated with an increase in CI.
Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Minoxidil, a New Antihypertensive Agent
Authors: Chidsey Charles A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Minoxidil is a direct-acting vasodilator which has been used in combination with propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
2. The therapeutic efficacy of minoxidil was compared with that of hydrallazine used in the same combination in eleven patients refractory to standard antihypertensive therapy.
3. The recumbent blood pressure of these patients on propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide alone averaged 191/128 mmHg and decreased to 142/92 mmHg during addition of minoxidil and only to 168/108 mmHg during hydrallazine treatment.
4. In addition to its greater efficacy, minoxidil exhibited a prolonged duration of action and there was no evidence of diminished response during treatment for as long as 2 years.
5. The paucity of side effects and the powerful activity of minoxidil in combination with the other drugs suggests that this agent may be of great value in the chronic therapy of hypertension.
Complications in Treated Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Storm-Mathisen H. , Löken H. , Rian U. 
Published: August 2015

1. The treatment of high blood pressure with modern drugs seems to improve the prospect of life for all grades of essential hypertension.
2. The fatal complications are more seldom cerebral and more often cardiovascular. Especially in men coronary artery disease seems difficult to prevent.
3. Most remarkable is the great percentage of surviving and symptom-free men and women, especially patients belonging to stage 2 and 3 at registration.
4. Blood pressure reduction therapy seems to reduce the frequency of death directly related to hypertension. The grade of arteriosclerosis does not seem to be influenced to the same degree.
Diet Treatment of Obese Hypertensives
Authors: Heyden S. , Tyroler H. A. , Hames C. G. , Bartel A. , Thompson J. W. , Krishan I. , Rosenthal T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The management of hypertension in overweight subjects has been studied.
2. Sixty-three patients were randomly allocated into a ‘dietary management’ or ‘treatment’ group; the sixty-four controls were told of their hypertension and instructed to seek advice from their usual medical attendant. Reassessment was at 1 year.
3. Treated patients consumed a 700 calorie, 1 g NaCl diet daily.
4. Weight loss was greater in the ‘treated’ group.
5. The average fall of blood pressure was slightly greater in the ‘treated’ group.
Renin Release and Renal Vasomotor Changes during Stimulation of the Brain Stem in the Cat
Authors: Richardson D. , Stella A. , Leonetti G. , Bartorelli A. , Zanchetti A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Pontine stimulation induces a significant increase in renal venous renin activity, in venous-arterial renin activity difference and in renin release from an intact, innervated kidney, whereas no changes are observed in the contralateral denervated kidney. Renal blood flow markedly decreases in the innervated, and remains unchanged in the denervated, kidney during pontine stimulation.
2. Blockade of the vasomotor response to pontine stimulation in one kidney by close arterial infusion of phenoxybenzamine does not reduce the renin released by that kidney as compared with the contralateral intact one.
Primary Reninism: Hypertension, Hyperreninaemia and Secondary Aldosteronism Due to Juxtaglomerular Renal Cell Tumours
Authors: Conn J. W. , Cohen E. L. , McDonald W. J. , Blough W. M. , Lucas C. P. , Mayor G. H. , Bookstein J. J. , Eveland W. C. , Lapides J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A further case of renin-secreting renal juxtaglomerular cell tumour is reported.
2. Hypertension, aldosteronism and hypokalaemia were associated with high peripheral levels of renin.
3. Renin activity was twice as high in right as in left renal vein plasma.
4. A renal juxtaglomerular cell tumour was found in the right kidney and removed, after which the biochemical abnormalities and blood pressure were promptly corrected.
5. Explants of tumour tissue in culture produced large amounts of renin.
Oral Contraceptives and Hypertension
Authors: Lund J. O. 
Published: August 2015

1. The results of ambulatory blood pressure control in nineteen patients who were hypertensive on oral contraceptives are presented.
2. Withdrawal of the oral contraception in this group of patients reduced the average blood pressure significantly. Seven of the patients became normotensive after stopping the medication.
3. Hypertension was found among the relatives of the patients in twelve cases.
Affinity of Calciferol Analogues for 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Receptors
Authors: Greenberg P. B. , Hillyard Carmel J. , Galante Leonora S. , Colston Kay W. , Evans Imogen M. A. , MacIntyre I. 
Published: August 2015

1. The affinity of cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol receptors in human, rat and chicken kidney cytosol fractions is related to the biological activity of these analogues in the three species.
2. By selection of appropriate kidney cytosol receptors for competitive binding assays, the differential measurement of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol derivatives is possible.
Action of Angiotensin Antagonists and Antiserum upon the Pressor Response to Renin: Further Evidence for the Local Generation of Angiotensin II
Authors: Thurston H. , Swales J. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Bilaterally nephrectomized rats were infused with a pressor dose of renin. The blood pressure was only partially restored to normal by sufficient angiotensin II antiserum to block the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin II.
2. A reduced pressor response still occurred when animals which had been pretreated with angiotensin II antiserum were infused with renin.
3. Infusion of an angiotensin II antagonist (1-sarcosine-8-alanine angiotensin II) restored the blood pressure of both groups of animals to normal.
4. These observations support the hypothesis that renin generates angiotensin II at a local vascular level. This site is inaccessible to antisera, but accessible to the low-molecular-weight antagonist.
Fatty Acid Synthesis De Novo in Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Goldrick R. B. , Galton D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Homogenates of subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese subjects contained sufficient citrate cleavage enzyme (EC 4.1.3.8: ATP—citrate oxaloacetate lyase), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2: acetyl-CoA—carbon dioxide ligase) and fatty acid synthetase to account for the rates of fatty acid synthesis reported in the literature for intact tissues in vitro.
2. The distribution of label in fatty acids after incubations of adipose tissue with [1-14C]acetate was consistent with fatty acid synthesis de novo, not chain elongation.
3. The activities of citrate cleavage enzyme and fatty acid synthetase in subcutaneous adipose tissue were reduced by short periods of starvation.
4. These findings indicate that human adipose tissue is capable of fatty acid synthesis de novo and that two of the enzymes concerned adapt to starvation.
Comparison of the Renin Response to Dopamine and Noradrenaline in Normal Subjects and Patients with Autonomic Insufficiency
Authors: Wilcox C. S. , Aminoff M. J. , Kurtz A. B. , Slater J. D. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect on plasma renin activity (PRA) of dopamine and noradrenaline infusions was studied in three patients with Shy—Drager syndrome, three patients with Parkinson's disease and normal autonomic reflexes, and three healthy volunteers. The patients with the Shy—Drager syndrome had functional evidence of a peripheral lesion of the sympathetic nervous system and subnormal PRA on a controlled sodium intake.
2. In all subjects catecholamines were infused step-wise for 4 min until a 30% rise in systolic blood pressure occurred.
3. In each subject, PRA fell after noradrenaline but rose after dopamine. The mean fractional increase in PRA after dopamine was no less in the Shy—Drager patients than in the control groups.
4. The results suggest, first, that stimulation of dopamine receptors can release renin, and secondly, that inadequate renin stores cannot explain the low PRA found in our patients with autonomic failure.
Increased Glucuronidation of Bilirubin in Man and Rat by Administration of Antipyrine (Phenazone)
Authors: Orme M. L'E. , Davies L. , Breckenridge A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Antipyrine in a dose of 3·2 mmol (600 mg) daily for 6 weeks produced a significant fall in both total and unconjugated serum bilirubin concentrations in six patients with Gilbert's syndrome. The maximum reduction in serum bilirubin concentration was seen after 2 weeks of treatment.
2. In the rat, administration of antipyrine in doses of 0·42 and 1·27 mmol 24 h−1 kg−1 (80 and 240 mg 24 h−1 kg−1) for 84 h caused a significant increase in the apparent maximal velocity (Vmax.) for the glucuronidation of bilirubin by liver microsomal preparations when the concentration of either uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA) or bilirubin was altered. There was no significant difference between the apparent Vmax. values attained with the two doses of antipyrine in either set of experiments. Neither the microsomal protein content nor the apparent affinity constant (Km) was altered in these studies.
3. In contrast, administration of phenobarbitone in doses of 0·34 mmol 24 h−1 kg−1 (80 mg 24 h−1 kg−1) caused a significant increase in the microsomal protein content but there was no significant change in the values for the apparent Vmax. or apparent Km for the glucuronidation of bilirubin with various concentrations of both UDPGA and bilirubin.
Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Cholesterol Metabolism in Monkeys
Authors: Magide Amany A. , Myant N. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Single subcutaneous injections of nicotinic acid lowered the serum free fatty acid and triglyceride concentration in two non-fasting Rhesus monkeys.
2. Injections of nicotinic acid repeated daily for 2–4 weeks led to a substantial fall in serum cholesterol concentration, comparable with that obtained in humans given therapeutic doses of nicotinic acid by mouth.
3. The fall in serum cholesterol concentration was accompanied by a decrease in hepatic synthesis of cholesterol but there was no change in the faecal excretion of endogenous steroids.
4. The rate of synthesis of cholesterol, estimated from the faecal excretion of endogenous steroids and from the serum specific radioactivity curve, was such that a moderate degree of inhibition would have accounted for the observed decrease in the amount of circulating cholesterol during nicotinic acid treatment.
Vasopressin-Induced Increase in Renal Lymph Flow and Natriuresis in Dogs
Authors: LeBrie S. J. , Gotshall R. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal lymph flow and composition as well as renal haemodynamics and electrolyte excretion were studied in dogs during three experimental periods: control [endogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH)], water diuresis (low ADH) and during exogenous ADH administration.
2. During water diuresis CPAH and CCr were significantly increased although lymph flow and urinary sodium excretion were unchanged.
3. Infusion of ADH significantly increased renal lymph flow and sodium excretion. However, when compared with values obtained during water diuresis, ADH infusion did not significantly change clearance for p-aminohippurate (CPAH), creatinine (Ccr) and osmolal clearance (Cosm), filtration fraction or net capillary colloid osmotic pressure in dogs forming concentrated urine.
4. It is suggested that a shift of blood flow from vasa recta to outer medullary capillaries, with increased capillary protein leakage and medullary interstitial volume, is responsible for the changes observed in lymph flow and sodium excretion.
Stimulation of Angiotensinogen Release by Raised Blood Angiotensin Concentration in the Dog
Authors: Blair-West J. R. , Reid I. A. , Ganong W. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II increased plasma angiotensinogen concentration in five anaesthetized dogs.
2. This increase was not a consequence of haemoconcentration but was associated with an increase in peripheral corticosteroid concentration.
3. Infusion of angiotensin II did not increase plasma angiotensinogen concentration in five adrenalectomized dogs.