bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluations of Infinite Utility Streams: Pareto Efficient and Egalitarian Axiomatics
Authors: Alcantud José Carlos R. , García‐Sanz María D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis investigation focuses on the aggregation of infinite utility streams by social welfare functions. We analyze the possibility of combining Pareto‐efficiency and Hammond Equity principles when the feasible utilities for each generation are [0, 1] and the natural numbers. In the latter case, the Hammond Equity ethics can be combined with non‐trivial specifications of the Pareto postulate, even through anonymous social welfare functions. As a consequence, any evaluation of infinite utility streams that verifies a mild specification of the Paretian axiom must exert some interference on the affairs of particular generations.
Applying the cognitive theory of multimedia learning: an analysis of medical animations
Authors: Yue Carole , Kim Jessie , Ogawa Rikke , Stark Elena , Kim Sara 
Published: March 2013

Context  Instructional animations play a prominent role in medical education, but the degree to which these teaching tools follow empirically established learning principles, such as those outlined in the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML), is unknown. These principles provide guidelines for designing animations in a way that promotes optimal cognitive processing and facilitates learning, but the application of these learning principles in current animations has not yet been investigated. A large‐scale review of existing educational tools in the context of this theoretical framework is necessary to examine if and how instructional medical animations adhere to these principles and where improvements can be made.Methods  We conducted a comprehensive review of instructional animations in the health sciences domain and examined whether these animations met the three main goals of CTML: managing essential processing; minimising extraneous processing, and facilitating generative processing. We also identified areas for pedagogical improvement. Through Google keyword searches, we identified 4455 medical animations for review. After the application of exclusion criteria, 860 animations from 20 developers were retained. We randomly sampled and reviewed 50% of the identified animations.Results  Many animations did not follow the recommended multimedia learning principles, particularly those that support the management of essential processing. We also noted an excess of extraneous visual and auditory elements and few opportunities for learner interactivity.Conclusions  Many unrealised opportunities exist for improving the efficacy of animations as learning tools in medical education; instructors can look to effective examples to select or design animations that incorporate the established principles of CTML.
Sustaining secondary school nursing practice in Australia: A qualitative study
Authors: Guzys Diana , Kenny Amanda , Bish Melanie 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis interpretive descriptive, qualitative study explored secondary school nurses' perceptions of factors that impact on their role and their views on how their role can be best supported. Nine secondary school nurses from four Department of Human Services regions in Victoria, Australia, participated in semistructured, in‐depth interviews. Purposive sampling was used, with participants required to have a minimum of 2 years' experience as secondary school nurses. Data were thematically analyzed, revealing a complex and challenging role. The findings identified key factors necessary to support quality practice. All stakeholders need a shared understanding of the purpose and principles underpinning the secondary school nurse role and the nurse's professional obligations. Knowledge and experience are required that recognize the breadth and depth necessary for secondary school nurses to work effectively within their scope of practice. The adoption of a model of critical companionship is recommended to provide facilitated reflection on practice as a support mechanism for the role.
A randomized, double‐blind, controlled study and pooled analysis of two identical trials of fermented milk containing probioticBifidobacterium lactisCNCM I‐2494 in healthy women reporting minor digestive symptoms
Authors: Marteau P. , Guyonnet D. , Lafaye de Micheaux P. , Gelu S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground The probiotic fermented milk (PFM) containingBifidobacterium lactisCNCM I‐2494 improved gastrointestinal (GI) well‐being and digestive symptoms in a previous trial involving women reporting minor digestive symptoms. Our objective is to confirm these findings in a second study and in a pooled analysis of both studies.Methods In this double‐blind, controlled, parallel design study, subjects without diagnosed GI disorders consumed PFM or control dairy product daily for 4 weeks. Endpoints comprised weekly assessment of GI well‐being (primary endpoint), rate of responders and digestive symptoms. Data were analyzed on full analysis set population (n = 324) and on the pooled data of randomized subjects of this study with those of the first study (n = 538).Key Results In this second study, no significant difference was observed in the percentage of women reporting an improvement in GI well‐being [OR = 1.20 (95% CI 0.87, 1.66)] and rate of responders [OR = 1.38 (95% CI 0.89, 2.14)]. Composite score of digestive symptoms was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in PFM when compared to the control group [LSmean = −0.42 (95% CI −0.81, −0.03)]. In the pooled analysis, significant differences were observed in favor of PFM group for all endpoints: percentage of women with improved GI well‐being [OR = 1.36 (95% CI 1.07, 1.73)], rate of responders [OR = 1.53 (95% CI 1.09, 2.16)] and composite score of digestive symptoms [LSmean = −0.48 (95% CI −0.80, −0.16)].Conclusions & Inferences This second study did not confirm improvement on the primary endpoint. However, a pooled analysis of the two trials showed improvement in GI well‐being and digestive symptoms in women reporting minor digestive symptoms.
Effect of acute peppermint oil administration on gastric sensorimotor function and nutrient tolerance in health
Authors: Papathanasopoulos A. , Rotondo A. , Janssen P. , Boesmans W. , Farré R. , Vanden Berghe P. , Tack J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundMenthol reduces intestinal motility in animal studies, an effect that is probably mediated by transient receptor potential channels. Peppermint oil (PO), with menthol as a major constituent, is widely used as a spasmolytic agent in irritable bowel syndrome. In the current study, we investigated the effect of acute PO administration on intragastric pressure (IGP) profiles and gastric sensorimotor functions in health.MethodsHealthy volunteers underwent IGP measurement before and during continuous intragastric infusion of a nutrient drink (n = 13), and gastric barostat studies (n = 13). A single capsule of PO (182 mg) or placebo was administered during the studies in a randomized controlled crossover design. Throughout the studies, healthy volunteers scored 11 epigastric symptoms on a visual analogue scale (VAS); satiation was scored on a 6‐point Likert scale during intragastric infusion.Key ResultsDuring fasting, IGP and motility index (MI) of the proximal stomach decreased significantly after PO administration compared with placebo (P < 0.0001 and <0.05, respectively). In contrast, during intragastric infusion of the nutrient drink, no significant differences were detected between PO and placebo in IGP profiles, MI, satiation scores, and epigastric symptoms. The maximum infused volume, gastric compliance or sensitivity to balloon distention did not differ between both treatment arms. However, reduced appetite scores were seen during fasting after PO treatment, as compared with placebo (P = 0.01). Postprandial VAS scores were similar between PO and placebo.Conclusions & InferencesPeppermint oil reduces IGP, proximal phasic contractility, and appetite, with negligible effects on gastric sensitivity, tone, accommodation, and nutrient tolerance in health.
Commensal microbiota modulate murine behaviors in a strictly contamination‐free environment confirmed by culture‐based methods
Authors: Nishino R. , Mikami K. , Takahashi H. , Tomonaga S. , Furuse M. , Hiramoto T. , Aiba Y. , Koga Y. , Sudo N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing evidence suggesting the existence of an interaction between commensal microbiota, the gut and the brain. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of commensal microbiota on the host behaviors in a contamination‐free environment, which was verified by culture‐based methods.MethodsOpen‐field and marble‐burying tests were used to analyze anxiety‐like behaviors and locomotor activity in gnotobiotic BALB/c mice with a common genetic background in a sterile isolator. The monoamine levels in several regions of the brain were measured in germfree (GF) mice and commensal fecal microbiota‐associated mice (EX‐GF).Key ResultsA 24‐h exposure to the environment outside the sterile isolators rendered GF mice less anxious than those not contaminated, while there was no change in the locomotion. EX‐GF mice, the gnotobiotic mice with normal specific pathogen‐free microbiota, were less anxious and active than GF mice using open‐field and marble‐burying tests. The norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin turnover rates were higher in the EX‐GF mice than in the GF mice in most regions of the brain, suggesting that monoaminergic neurotransmission might increase in the EX‐GF mice comparing the GF mice. Monoassociation with Brautia coccoides reduced the anxiety level, but it did not affect the locomotor activity. In contrast, colonization with Bifidobacterium infantis decreased the locomotor activity, while having little effect on the anxiety level.Conclusions & InferencesThese results strongly support the current view that gut microorganisms modulate brain development and behavior.
Doctors' orders and the language of representation
Authors: Pijl‐Zieber Em M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe term doctors' orders or physicians' orders is endemic to nurses' work, to the degree perhaps that few nurses give the term much thought. The nursing profession has progressed over its historical trajectory, from a level of considerable dependence upon physicians' directives, in its beginning, to much greater professional autonomy. However, the term order remains a stronghold in nurses' professional reality, despite the fact that this term is laden with anachronistic ideological interests that are embedded within the historical, sociopolitical and gendered contexts in which health care occurs. In this essay I consider the term order through multiple philosophical and semantic lenses. I explore the endowment of power within the word order and how this term disadvantages nurses. I examine how the word order demarcates roles and establishes perceived value of the item represented by the originator of the order. The concept of doctors' orders carries powerful meanings, affirms the power‐as‐knowledge hierarchy so entrenched in the nurse–physician relationship, and can inhibit nurses' full participation as partners in health care.
Myositis ossificans traumatica of the mylohyoid musculature
Authors: Krishnan B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMyositis ossificans traumatica (MOT) is a non‐neoplastic reactive hyperplasia characterised by prominent heterotopic ossification within the skeletal muscle and deep soft tissues of the extremities and trunk caused by single or repetitive injury. It is rarely seen involving the oral and masticatory musculature. Heterotopic ossification of the mylohyoid musculature is described. The clinical, diagnostic and treatment considerations are discussed in detail.This, to the best of knowledge, is the first report of MOT of the mylohyoid musculature.
Relation between sleep status of preterm infants aged 1–2 years and mothers’ parenting stress
Authors: Asaka Yoko , Takada Satoshi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare infants’ sleep measures through an actigraph and maternal parenting stress among preterm and full‐term mothers, and to explore the factors affecting maternal parenting stress in relation to infants’ sleep.MethodsThe subjects were 44 pairs of mothers and children. Twenty‐one were in the preterm group, and 23 were in the full‐term group. Inclusion criteria for preterm infants were born at less than 36 weeks and birthweight of less than 2500 g. The Parenting Stress Index (PSI) Short Form assesses maternal perception of the degree of parenting stress: the children's domain, and the parent's domain. An actigraph was applied to assess the infants’ sleep measures.ResultsThe PSI showed significant differences, with high scores in parenting stress in the preterm group. Also, the number of mothers who complained about their infant's sleep issues was significantly higher in the preterm group. Most of the sleep measures showed improvement by their age in both preterm and full‐term infants. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that sleep efficiency, longest sleep duration at nighttime accounted for 71% of stress in the children's domain of the PSI of the preterm group.ConclusionThe parenting stress among mothers of preterm infants was significantly higher than that of mothers of full‐term infants. The mothers of preterm infants were concerned about their infant's nocturnal sleep quality.
Assessment of quantitative traits of aggressiveness in Mycosphaerella graminicola on adult wheat plants
Authors: Suffert F. , Sache I. , Lannou C. 
Published: March 2013

Septoria tritici blotch, caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola, is a major foliar disease of wheat. The quantitative traits of pathogenicity are not comprehensively described in this pathosystem. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the most relevant variables to describe traits of aggressiveness. Four wheat cultivars were inoculated in a greenhouse with four isolates. Inoculation was performed on a limited surface of the two uppermost leaves of adult plants. The dynamics of chlorotic, necrotic and sporulating areas were assessed twice a week. Pycnidia were counted at the same time. A Gompertz model was fitted to the resulting curves. Parameter combinations with easily interpreted biological relevance were examined further as descriptors of aggressiveness. Within each category of descriptor, those which were the most pairwise correlated and which explained the largest part of the variance were retained: incubation and latent period, development rate of sporulating area, maximal sporulating area, pycnidial density, and sporulation capacity. Correlations between these variables were discussed, assuming they reflect biological relationships between the corresponding aggressiveness quantitative traits. It is suggested that the selected variables, providing a good measure of M. graminicola fitness, can be used to estimate quantitative resistance of wheat to septoria tritici blotch, to characterize differences among isolates within a pathogen population, and to study quantitative adaptation of the pathogen to its host and to its environment.
The oral health of vulnerable older adults and persons with disabilities
Authors: Douglass Chester W. , Glassman Paul 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTDemographic trends in the United States show that the number of people with one or more disabilities is going to increase dramatically over the coming decades. This paper describes the types of disabilities that make up this increase and documents growth of this population over the next 40 years. Dental care market forces are defined and analyzed as they will influence the ability of vulnerable elders and people with disabilities to purchase dental care. The capacity of the dental profession to deliver appropriate high quality dental services to vulnerable elders and people with disabilities is also discussed. Dental disease trends are presented along with a description of the changing living arrangements characterized by the newly termed “senior industry.” The paper concludes with the disquieting conclusion that the need for dental care among vulnerable elders and people with disabilities will dramatically increase while the capacity of the dental profession will not keep up with the expanding need and demand for dental case across the entire U.S. population. Thus, disparities in oral health and access to dental care are likely to occur for vulnerable able older adults and persons with disabilities.
Mass detection in reconstructed digital breast tomosynthesis volumes with a computer‐aided detection system trained on 2D mammograms
Authors: van Schie Guido , Wallis Matthew G. , Leifland Karin , Danielsson Mats , Karssemeijer Nico 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:To develop a computer‐aided detection (CAD) system for masses in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) which can make use of an existing CAD system for detection of breast masses in full‐field digital mammography (FFDM). This approach has the advantage that large digital screening databases that are becoming available can be used for training. DBT is currently not used for screening which makes it hard to obtain sufficient data for training.Methods:The proposed CAD system is applied to reconstructed DBT volumes and consists of two stages. In the first stage, an existing 2D CAD system is applied to slabs composed of multiple DBT slices, after processing the slabs to a representation similar to that of the FFDM training data. In the second stage, the authors group detections obtained in the slabs that detect the same object and determine the 3D location of the grouped findings using one of three different approaches, including one that uses a set of features extracted from the DBT slabs. Experiments were conducted to determine performance of the CAD system, the optimal slab thickness for this approach and the best method to establish the 3D location. Experiments were performed using a database of 192 patients (752 DBT volumes). In 49 patients, one or more malignancies were present which were described as a mass, architectural distortion, or asymmetry. Free response receiver operating characteristic analysis and bootstrapping were used for statistical evaluation.Results:Best performance was obtained when slab thickness was in the range of 1–2 cm. Using the feature based 3D localization procedure developed in the study, accurate 3D localization could be obtained in most cases. Case sensitivities of 80% and 90% were achieved at 0.35 and 0.99 false positives per volume, respectively.Conclusions:This study indicates that there may be a large benefit in using 2D mammograms for the development of CAD for DBT and that there is no need to exclusively limit development to DBT data.
Type III Secretion of ExoU Is Critical during Early Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia
Authors: Howell Heather A. , Logan Latania K. , Hauser Alan R. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
type III secretion system has been associated with poor outcomes in both animal models and human patients. Despite a large number of studies exploring the regulation of type III secretion
in vitro
, little is known about the timing of secretion during mammalian infection. Here we demonstrate that the
exoU
gene, which encodes the highly cytotoxic type III effector ExoU, is induced early during acute
P. aeruginosa
pneumonia. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that the amount of ExoU protein in the lung also increased over time. The importance of early expression was examined using a strain of
P. aeruginosa
with inducible production of ExoU. Delays in expression as short as 3 h led to reduced bacterial burdens in the lungs of mice and improved survival. Our results demonstrate that early expression of
exoU
is critical to bacterial survival during pneumonia and suggest that therapeutic interventions that delay ExoU secretion for even short periods of time may be efficacious.

IMPORTANCE
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a major contributor to the large numbers of health care-associated infections occurring annually, particularly for immunocompromised patients. Although this organism possesses many virulence factors, the type III secretion system plays an especially important role in both animal models and humans. This system forms a needle-like apparatus that injects toxins directly into eukaryotic cells. The most toxic protein secreted by this molecular machine is ExoU, which causes rapid cell death. In this study, we demonstrated that
exoU
was expressed and ExoU was produced early during acute pneumonia in a mouse model. Delaying expression of
exoU
by as little as 3 h enhanced clearance of bacteria and survival of infected mice. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the regulation of virulence factor expression during infection when designing therapeutic strategies to inhibit the toxic effects of these proteins.
Metabolites Associated with Adaptation of Microorganisms to an Acidophilic, Metal-Rich Environment Identified by Stable-Isotope-Enabled Metabolomics
Authors: Mosier Annika C. , Justice Nicholas B. , Bowen Benjamin P. , Baran Richard , Thomas Brian C. , Northen Trent R. , Banfield Jillian F. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Microorganisms grow under a remarkable range of extreme conditions. Environmental transcriptomic and proteomic studies have highlighted metabolic pathways active in extremophilic communities. However, metabolites directly linked to their physiology are less well defined because metabolomics methods lag behind other
omics
technologies due to a wide range of experimental complexities often associated with the environmental matrix. We identified key metabolites associated with acidophilic and metal-tolerant microorganisms using stable isotope labeling coupled with untargeted, high-resolution mass spectrometry. We observed >3,500 metabolic features in biofilms growing in pH ~0.9 acid mine drainage solutions containing millimolar concentrations of iron, sulfate, zinc, copper, and arsenic. Stable isotope labeling improved chemical formula prediction by >50% for larger metabolites (>250 atomic mass units), many of which were unrepresented in metabolic databases and may represent novel compounds. Taurine and hydroxyectoine were identified and likely provide protection from osmotic stress in the biofilms. Community genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data implicate fungi in taurine metabolism.
Leptospirillum
group II bacteria decrease production of ectoine and hydroxyectoine as biofilms mature, suggesting that biofilm structure provides some resistance to high metal and proton concentrations. The combination of taurine, ectoine, and hydroxyectoine may also constitute a sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon currency in the communities.

IMPORTANCE
Microbial communities are central to many critical global processes and yet remain enigmatic largely due to their complex and distributed metabolic interactions. Metabolomics has the possibility of providing mechanistic insights into the function and ecology of microbial communities. However, our limited knowledge of microbial metabolites, the difficulty of identifying metabolites from complex samples, and the inability to link metabolites directly to community members have proven to be major limitations in developing advances in systems interactions. Here, we show that combining stable-isotope-enabled metabolomics with genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can illuminate the ecology of microorganisms at the community scale.