bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult c‐Kit(+) progenitor cells are necessary for maintenance and regeneration of olfactory neurons
Authors: Goldstein Bradley J. , Goss Garrett M. , Hatzistergos Konstantinos E. , Rangel Erika B. , Seidler Barbara , Saur Dieter , Hare Joshua M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe olfactory epithelium houses chemosensory neurons, which transmit odor information from the nose to the brain. In adult mammals, the olfactory epithelium is a uniquely robust neuroproliferative zone, with the ability to replenish its neuronal and non‐neuronal populations due to the presence of germinal basal cells. The stem and progenitor cells of these germinal layers, and their regulatory mechanisms, remain incompletely defined. Here we show that progenitor cells expressing c‐Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase marking stem cells in a variety of embryonic tissues, are required for maintenance of the adult neuroepithelium. Mouse genetic fate‐mapping analyses show that embryonically, a c‐Kit(+) population contributes to olfactory neurogenesis. In adults under conditions of normal turnover, there is relatively sparse c‐Kit(+) progenitor cell (ckPC) activity. However, after experimentally induced neuroepithelial injury, ckPCs are activated such that they reconstitute the neuronal population. There are also occasional non‐neuronal cells found to arise from ckPCs. Moreover, the selective depletion of the ckPC population, utilizing temporally controlled targeted diphtheria toxin A expression, results in failure of neurogenesis after experimental injury. Analysis of this model indicates that most ckPCs reside among the globose basal cell populations and act downstream of horizontal basal cells, which can serve as stem cells. Identification of the requirement for olfactory c‐Kit–expressing progenitors in olfactory maintenance provides new insight into the mechanisms involved in adult olfactory neurogenesis. Additionally, we define an important and previously unrecognized site of adult c‐Kit activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:15–31, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Target‐ and input‐dependent organization of AMPA and NMDA receptors in synaptic connections of the cochlear nucleus
Authors: Rubio María E , Fukazawa Yugo , Kamasawa Naomi , Clarkson Cheryl , Molnár Elek , Shigemoto Ryuichi 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe examined the synaptic structure, quantity, and distribution of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA)‐ and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs and NMDARs, respectively) in rat cochlear nuclei by a highly sensitive freeze‐fracture replica labeling technique. Four excitatory synapses formed by two distinct inputs, auditory nerve (AN) and parallel fibers (PF), on different cell types were analyzed. These excitatory synapse types included AN synapses on bushy cells (AN‐BC synapses) and fusiform cells (AN‐FC synapses) and PF synapses on FC (PF‐FC synapses) and cartwheel cell spines (PF‐CwC synapses). Immunogold labeling revealed differences in synaptic structure as well as AMPAR and NMDAR number and/or density in both AN and PF synapses, indicating a target‐dependent organization. The immunogold receptor labeling also identified differences in the synaptic organization of FCs based on AN or PF connections, indicating an input‐dependent organization in FCs. Among the four excitatory synapse types, the AN‐BC synapses were the smallest and had the most densely packed intramembrane particles (IMPs), whereas the PF‐CwC synapses were the largest and had sparsely packed IMPs. All four synapse types showed positive correlations between the IMP‐cluster area and the AMPAR number, indicating a common intrasynapse‐type relationship for glutamatergic synapses. Immunogold particles for AMPARs were distributed over the entire area of individual AN synapses; PF synapses often showed synaptic areas devoid of labeling. The gold‐labeling for NMDARs occurred in a mosaic fashion, with less positive correlations between the IMP‐cluster area and the NMDAR number. Our observations reveal target‐ and input‐dependent features in the structure, number, and organization of AMPARs and NMDARs in AN and PF synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:4023–4042, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fitness consequences of maternal and grandmaternal effects
Authors: Prizak Roshan , Ezard Thomas H. G. , Hoyle Rebecca B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTransgenerational effects are broader than only parental relationships. Despite mounting evidence that multigenerational effects alter phenotypic and life‐history traits, our understanding of how they combine to determine fitness is not well developed because of the added complexity necessary to study them. Here, we derive a quantitative genetic model of adaptation to an extraordinary new environment by an additive genetic component, phenotypic plasticity, maternal and grandmaternal effects. We show how, at equilibrium, negative maternal and negative grandmaternal effects maximize expected population mean fitness. We define negative transgenerational effects as those that have a negative effect on trait expression in the subsequent generation, that is, they slow, or potentially reverse, the expected evolutionary dynamic. When maternal effects are positive, negative grandmaternal effects are preferred. As expected under Mendelian inheritance, the grandmaternal effects have a lower impact on fitness than the maternal effects, but this dual inheritance model predicts a more complex relationship between maternal and grandmaternal effects to constrain phenotypic variance and so maximize expected population mean fitness in the offspring.
Ensemble smoothing of land subsidence measurements for reservoir geomechanical characterization
Authors: Baù Domenico , Ferronato Massimiliano , Gambolati Giuseppe , Teatini Pietro , Alzraiee Ayman 
Published: July 2014

SummaryGeomechanical models are often used to predict the impact on land surface of fluid withdrawal from deep reservoirs, as well as investigating measures for mitigation. The ability to accurately simulate surface displacements, however, is often impaired by limited information on the geomechanical parameters characterizing the geological formations of interest. In this study, we employ an ensemble smoother, a data assimilation algorithm, to provide improved estimates of reservoir parameters through assimilation of measurements of both horizontal and vertical surface displacement into geomechanical model results. The method leverages the demonstrated potential of remote sensing techniques developed in the last decade to provide accurate displacement data for large areas of the land surface.For evaluation purposes, the methodology is applied to the case of a disk‐shaped reservoir embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic half space, subject to a uniform change in fluid pressure. Multiple sources of uncertainty are investigated, including the radius,R, the thickness,h, and the depth,c, of the reservoir; the pore pressure change,Δp; porous medium's vertical uniaxial compressibility,cM, and Poisson's ratio,ν, and the ratio,s, between the compressibilities of the medium during loading and unloading cycles. Results from all simulations show that the ensemble smoother has the capability to effectively reduce the uncertainty associated with those parameters to which the variability and the spatial distribution of land surface displacements are most sensitive, namely,R,c,cM, ands. These analyses demonstrate that the estimation of these parameters values depends on the number of measurements assimilated and the error assigned to the measurement values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing shadowing losses with femtosecond‐laser‐written deflective optical elements in the bulk of EVA encapsulation
Authors: Kuna Ladislav , Eder Gabriele C. , Leiner Claude , Peharz Gerhard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA new approach on decreasing the optical shadowing of the solar cell grid fingers is presented. The approach relies on a local change of the optical properties in the bulk of the photovoltaic module encapsulation material ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In particular, scattering and diffractive optical elements are locally generated within the volume of cross‐linked EVA encapsulation material by applying a femtosecond‐laser‐writing process. When these optical elements are located above the metal grid fingers, the optical shadowing of these grid fingers can be decreased. In an experimental proof of concept, the optical performance of this approach is demonstrated. The best results obtained so far indicate a decrease in optical shadowing by 17%. The material characteristics of the volume optics were investigated by applying confocal Raman microscopic characterisation, which indicates that the EVA material partially degraded upon the impact of the laser beam and is partly carbonised. Supplementary optical simulations show that the light deflection is caused by diffraction. However, parasitic absorption substantially deteriorates the optical performance of the deflective volume optics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete Sequence of pABTJ2, A Plasmid from Acinetobacter Baumannii MDR-TJ, Carrying Many Phage-Like Elements
Authors: Huang He , Dong Yan , Yang Zhi-Liang , Luo Hao , Zhang Xi , Gao Feng 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic pathogen in hospital, and the multidrug-resistant isolates of A. baumannii have been increasingly reported in recent years. A number of different mechanisms of resistance have been reported, some of which are associated with plasmid-mediated acquisition of genes. Therefore, studies on plasmids in A. baumannii have been a hot issue lately. We have performed complete genome sequencing of A. baumannii MDR-TJ, which is a multidrug-resistant isolate. Finalizing the remaining large scaffold of the previous assembly, we found a new plasmid pABTJ2, which carries many phage-like elements. The plasmid pABTJ2 is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule, which is 110,967 bp in length. We annotated 125 CDSs from pABTJ2 using IMG ER and ZCURVE_V, accounting for 88.28% of the whole plasmid sequence. Many phage-like elements and a tRNA-coding gene were detected in pABTJ2, which is rarely reported among A. baumannii. The tRNA gene is specific for asparagine codon GTT, which may be a small chromosomal sequence picked up through incorrect excision during plasmid formation. The phage-like elements may have been acquired during the integration process, as the GC content of the region carrying phage-like elements was higher than that of the adjacent regions. The finding of phage-like elements and tRNA-coding gene in pABTJ2 may provide a novel insight into the study of A. baumannii pan-plasmidome.
Amyloid burden, cerebrovascular disease, brain atrophy, and cognition in cognitively impaired patients
Authors: Ye Byoung Seok , Seo Sang Won , Kim Geon Ha , Noh Young , Cho Hanna , Yoon Cindy W. , Kim Hee Jin , Chin Juhee , Jeon Seun , Lee Jong Min , Seong Joon-Kyung , Kim Jae Seung , Lee Jae-Hong , Choe Yearn Seong , Lee Kyung Han , Sohn Young H. , Ewers Michael , Weiner Michael , Na Duk L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the independent effects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) pathologies on brain structural changes and cognition.MethodsAmyloid burden (Pittsburgh compound B [PiB] retention ratio), CVD markers (volume of white matter hyperintensities [WMH] and number of lacunae), and structural changes (cortical thickness and hippocampal shape) were measured in 251 cognitively impaired patients. Path analyses were utilized to assess the effects of these markers on cognition.ResultsPiB retention ratio was associated with hippocampal atrophy, which was associated with memory impairment. WMH were associated with frontal thinning, which was associated with executive and memory dysfunctions. PiB retention ratio and lacunae were also associated with memory and executive dysfunction without the mediation of hippocampal or frontal atrophy.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the impacts of AD and CVD pathologies on cognition are mediated by specific brain regions.
Effect of medications with anti-cholinergic properties on cognitive
function, delirium, physical function and mortality: a systematic
review
Authors: Fox Chris , Smith Toby , Maidment Ian , Chan Wei-Yee , Bua Nelson , Myint Phyo Kyaw , Boustani Malaz , Kwok Chun Shing , Glover Michelle , Koopmans Imogen , Campbell Noll 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objectives: to determine the effect of drugs with anti-cholinergic properties on relevant health outcomes.
Design: electronic published and unpublished literature/trial registries were systematically reviewed. Studies evaluating medications with anti-cholinergic activity on cognitive function, delirium, physical function or mortality were eligible.
Results: forty-six studies including 60,944 participants were included. Seventy-seven percent of included studies evaluating cognitive function (n = 33) reported a significant decline in cognitive ability with increasing anti-cholinergic load (P < 0.05). Four of five included studies reported no association with delirium and increasing anti-cholinergic drug load (P > 0.05). Five of the eight included studies reported a decline in physical function in users of anti-cholinergics (P < 0.05). Three of nine studies evaluating mortality reported that the use of drugs with anti-cholinergic properties was associated with a trend towards increased mortality, but this was not statistically significant. The methodological quality of the evidence-base ranged from poor to very good.
Conclusion: medicines with anti-cholinergic properties have a significant adverse effect on cognitive and physical function, but limited evidence exists for delirium or mortality outcomes.
Montaigne and the Theatre of Conscience
Authors: MacPhail Eric 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This article proposes a new reading of Montaigne's essay ‘De la gloire’ in the context of Ciceronian moral philosophy and in reference to Cicero's metaphor of the theatre of conscience. His essay explores the tension between the ethical ideal of the primacy of individual conscience and the demoralizing reality of the need for external sanctions to enforce moral and religious norms. This tension leads Montaigne to a candidly irreligious consideration of the instrumental value of religion in society.
Variation of the X-ray non-thermal emission in the Arches cloud
Authors: Clavel M. , Soldi S. , Terrier R. , Tatischeff V. , Maurin G. , Ponti G. , Goldwurm A. , Decourchelle A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe origin of the iron fluorescent line at 6.4 keV from an extended region surrounding the Arches cluster is debated and the non-variability of this emission up to 2009 has favoured the low-energy cosmic ray origin over a possible irradiation by hard X-rays. By probing the variability of the Arches cloud non-thermal emission in the most recent years, including a deep observation in 2012, we intend to discriminate between the two competing scenarios. We perform a spectral fit of XMM–Newton observations collected from 2000 to 2013 in order to build the Arches cloud light curve corresponding to both the neutral Fe Kα line and the X-ray continuum emissions. We reveal a 30 per cent flux drop in 2012, detected with more than 4σ significance for both components. This implies that a large fraction of the studied non-thermal emission is due to the reflection of an X-ray transient source.
Diagnosing Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: Narrative Review and a Suggested 2-Step Score-Based Diagnostic Pathway for Clinicians
Authors: Markanday Anurag 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The diabetic foot infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many patients and remains a challenging diagnosis for most clinicians. Diagnosis is largely based on clinical signs supplemented by various imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not readily available to many clinicians, and bone biopsy, which is the accepted criterion standard for diagnosis, is rarely performed routinely. This evidence-based review and the proposed diagnostic scoring pathway substratifies the current International Working Group on the Diabetes Foot guidelines for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis into a convenient 2-step diagnostic pathway for clinicians. This proposed diagnostic approach will need further validation prospectively, but it can serve as a useful diagnostic tool during the initial assessment and management of diabetic foot infections. A MEDLINE search of English-language articles on diabetic foot osteomyelitis published between 1986 and March 2014 was conducted. Additional articles were also identified through a search of references from the retrieved articles, published guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
Toxocariasis After Slug Ingestion Characterized by Severe Neurologic, Ocular, and Pulmonary Involvement
Authors: Fellrath Jean-Marc , Magnaval Jean-François 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Human toxocariasis is generally a benign, self-curing disease, and neurologic involvement is quite exceptional. In this study, we report a case of toxocariasis caused by ingestion of an unusual transport host, namely live slugs. The clinical picture comprised eosinophilic lung involvement with severe neurologic disorders in relation to vasculitis as well as retinal detachment.
Identifying mouse models for skin cancer using the Mouse Tumor Biology Database
Authors: Begley Dale A. , Krupke Debra M. , Neuhauser Steven B. , Richardson Joel E. , Schofield Paul N. , Bult Carol J. , Eppig Janan T. , Sundberg John P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn recent years, the scientific community has generated an ever‐increasing amount of data from a growing number of animal models of human cancers. Much of these data come from genetically engineered mouse models. Identifying appropriate models for skin cancer and related relevant genetic data sets from an expanding pool of widely disseminated data can be a daunting task. The Mouse Tumor Biology Database (MTB) provides an electronic archive, search and analysis system that can be used to identify dermatological mouse models of cancer, retrieve model‐specific data and analyse these data. In this report, we detail MTB's contents and capabilities, together with instructions on how to use MTB to search for skin‐related tumor models and associated data.
Contrasting patterns of persistence and diversification in vicars of a widespread Australian lizard lineage (the Oedura marmorata complex)
Authors: Oliver Paul M. , Smith Katie L. , Laver Rebecca J. , Doughty Paul , Adams Mark 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimLineages in many parts of the world have distributions that have been shaped by range contraction in the face of deteriorating climatic conditions through the Neogene. When such lineages now consist of widely spaced vicariant populations (vicars) they provide opportunities (1) to compare and contrast the timing and pattern of diversification within and between major geographical regions, and (2) to examine how differential interactions with geography, climate and localized adaptation may have shaped idiosyncratic patterns of genetic diversification.LocationAustralian Arid Zone (AAZ) and Australian Monsoonal Tropics (AMT).MethodsWe compiled and analysed mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA and allozyme datasets to determine the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of isolated populations of a gecko lineage (the Oedura marmorata complex and related taxa) distributed across the Australian monsoonal and arid biomes.ResultsThree widely allopatric lineages in the AAZ diverged during the late Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene. Populations in the AMT display much greater genetic turnover than those in the AAZ over equivalent geographical distances, and also include several lineages that are of equal or greater age than all diversity in the AAZ. Saxicoline lineages tend to show higher genetic diversity and/or have more restricted ranges than arboreal relatives in both biomes.Main conclusionsLineages of Oedura show contrasting patterns of diversification in the two major biomes they inhabit. Diversity in the arid biome is younger and restricted to widely separated refugia, reflecting the younger age and pervasive harshness of this environment. Higher diversity in the AMT is also indicative of persistence, but at much finer geographical scales and broadly over a longer period of time, perhaps reflecting the more continuous spatial and temporal distribution of equitable habitats within this region. Finally, the wider distribution of arboreal lineages in both biomes suggests that ecological flexibility has also shaped the contrasting patterns of distribution in related lineages, and supports the contention that an association with rocks has shaped high lineage diversity in many taxa from the Australian Monsoonal Tropics.
Molecular and Morphometric Characteristics of Ceratomyxa hamour n. sp. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) Infecting the Gallbladder of the Orange‐spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mansour Lamjed , Al‐Qahtani Hussain A. , Al‐Quraishy Saleh , Abdel‐Baki Abdel‐Azeem S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCeratomyxa hamour n. sp. was found to infect the gallbladder of the orange‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides located off the Saudi Arabian coast of the Arabian Gulf. The infection was reported as a free‐floating spore in the bile, and pseudoplasmodia were not observed. Mature spores were crescent‐shaped and measured on average 7 μm in length and 16 μm in thickness. The polar capsule, meanwhile, had length to width measurements of 4 μm and 3 μm on average. A periodical survey was conducted throughout a sampling period between December 2012 and December 2013, with the results showing that the parasite was present throughout the year with a mean prevalence of 32.6%. The objective of this study was to characterize this new species based on its morphological and molecular differences from previously described species. Molecular analysis based on the partial sequence of the SSU rDNA gene, showed the highest similarity (97.8%) to Ceratomyxa buri, reported in the cultured yellow tail Seriola quinqueradiata in Japan. Indeed, C. buri and the new species described here formed an individual cluster with a high degree of bootstrap support. This is the first reported species of genus Ceratomyxa from the Arabian Gulf fishes off Saudi Arabia.