bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Calcific Pancreatitis in a 9-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Das Debasish , Paul Dev Prosad , Iqbal Kazi Sohel 
Published: September 2012

Chronic pancreatitis is defined as continuing inflammatory disease of pancreas, characterised by irreversible morphological changes leading to pancreatic insufficiency. Chronic pancreatic insufficiency without pancreatitis is also seen in children suffering from cystic fibrosis which is a disease with congenital enzyme deficiency. Mean age of chronic pancreatitis is about 40 years. We present a case of a 9-year-old boy who was diagnosed as a case of chronic calcific pancreatitis. He was admitted with the complaints of paraumbilical pain and vomiting and was found diabetic. Diagnosis was established by X-ray, USG and CT scan of abdomen and ERCP. He was treated surgically in the form of lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (Puestows procedure). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v2i1.11929 J Enam Med Col 2012; 2(1): 43-45
Reciprocal Control of G1-Phase Progression Is Required for Th-POK/Runx3–Mediated CD4/8 Thymocyte Cell Fate Decision
Authors: Sato Takehito , Chiba Tomoki , Ohno Shin-ichiro , Sato Chiharu , Sugoh Tatsuya , Miyashita Keiko , Akatsuka Hisako , Hozumi Katsuto , Okada Yoshinori , Iida Yumi , Akatsuka Akira , Agata Yasutoshi , Chiba Marin , Kohu Kazuyoshi , Satake Masanobu , Tanabe Hideyuki , Saya Hideyuki , Habu Sonoko 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
After receiving a TCR-mediated differentiation signal, CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes diverge into CD4 or CD8 single-positive T cells, for which Th-POK and Runx3 have been identified as pivotal transcription factors, respectively. The cross-antagonistic regulation of Th-POK and Runx3 seems to be essential for CD4/8 thymocyte lineage commitment. However, the process for determining which pivotal factor acts dominantly has not been established. To explore the determining process, we used an in vitro culture system in which CD4 or CD8 single-positive cells are selectively induced from CD4/8 double-positive cells. Surprisingly, we found that control of G1 cell cycle phase progression is critical for the determination. In the CD4 pathway, sustained TCR signal, as well as Th-POK, induces G1-phase extension and represses CD8 expression in a G1 extension-dependent manner. In the CD8 pathway, after receiving a transient TCR signal, the IL-7R signal, as well as Runx3, antagonizes TCR signal-mediated G1 extension and CD8 repression. Importantly, forced G1 extension cancels the functions of Runx3 to repress Th-POK and CD4 and to reactivate CD8. In contrast, it is suggested that forced G1 progression inhibits Th-POK function to repress CD8. Collectively, Th-POK and Runx3 are reciprocally involved in the control of G1-phase progression, on which they exert their functions dependently. These findings may provide novel insight into how CD4/CD8 cell lineages are determined by Th-POK and Runx3.
Cutting Edge: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Abolishes Established Lung Transplant Tolerance by Stimulating B7 Expression on Neutrophils
Authors: Yamamoto Sumiharu , Nava Ruben G. , Zhu Jihong , Huang Howard J. , Ibrahim Mohsen , Mohanakumar Thalachallour , Miller Mark J. , Krupnick Alexander S. , Kreisel Daniel , Gelman Andrew E. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The mechanisms that link bacterial infection to solid organ rejection remain unclear. In this study, we show that following the establishment of lung allograft acceptance in mice, Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection induces a G-CSF–dependent neutrophilia that stimulates acute rejection. Graft-infiltrating neutrophils sharply upregulate the B7 molecules CD80 and CD86, but they do not express CD40 or MHC class II in response to P. aeruginosa infection. Neutrophil B7 promotes naive CD4+ T cell activation and intragraft IL-2+, IFN-γ+, and IL-17+ T lymphocyte accumulation. Intravital two-photon microscopy reveals direct interactions between neutrophils and CD4+ T cells within pulmonary allografts. Importantly, lung rejection in P. aeruginosa-infected recipients is triggered by CD80/86 on neutrophils and can be prevented by B7 blockade without affecting clearance of this pathogen. These data show that neutrophils enhance T cell activation through B7 trans-costimulation and suggest that inhibiting neutrophil-mediated alloimmunity can be accomplished without compromising bacterial immune surveillance.
The Rare Cancer Network: Achievements from 1993 to 2012
Authors: Patel Ajaykumar , Ozsahin Mahmut , Mirimanoff Rene-Olivier , Bhatia Sumita , Chang Kenneth , Miller Robert Clell 
Published: September 2012

The Rare Cancer Network (RCN), founded in 1993, performs research involving rare tumors that are not common enough to be the focus of prospective study. Over 55 studies have either been completed or are in progress. The aim of the paper is to present an overview of the 30 studies done through the RCN to date, organized by disease site. Five studies focus on breast pathology, including sarcoma, lymphoma, phyllodes tumor, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and ductal carcinoma in situ in young women. Three studies on prostate cancer address prostatic small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of young and elderly patients. Six studies on head and neck cancers include orbital and intraocular lymphoma, mucosal melanoma, pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the salivary glands. There were 4 central nervous system studies on patients with cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme, atypical and malignant meningioma, spinal epidural lymphoma and myxopapillary ependymoma. Outside of these disease sites, there is a wide variety of other studies on tumors ranging from uterine leiomyosarcoma to giant cell tumors of the bone. The studies done by the RCN represent a wide range of rare pathologies that were previously only studied in small series or case reports. With further growth of the RCN and collaboration between members our ability to analyze rare tumors will increase and result in better understanding of their behavior and ultimately help direct research that may improve patient outcomes.
Moses, Elijah, and Jesus: Reflections on the basic structures of the Bible
Authors: Van de Beek Abraham 
Published: September 2012

This article deals with the end of the lives of Moses and Elijah as the representatives of the Torah and the Prophets. Moses was not allowed to enter the Promised Land, and Elijah left it before he was taken up. These events are interpreted as indicating that the Law is not able to bring the people into the Promised Land and that the Prophets cannot keep them there. The end of Moses’ life is also the end of the Torah. The Prophets end with the call for a new Elijah. The Ketubim, as the human response on God’s acting, do not better. The Hebrew Bible ends with the exile. The New Testament begins where the Prophets end: a new Elijah, in the person of John the Baptist. He works at exactly the place where Israel entered the land after Moses’ death and where Elijah left the land. It is a reprise of the fulfilment of the promise. John points to Jesus, who begins his work at this place, not going on dry feet through the Jordan River,but fulfilling all righteousness when drawn into the water of God’s judgement. Then the way to the land is open to Moses and Elijah in the glory of God on the Mount of Transfiguration, when they speak about the exodus of Jesus on the cross. Salvation is not in the law or in conversion but in being baptised into Christ in his death. Moses, Elia en Jesus: Oorwegings oor die fundamentele strukture van die Bybel. Hierdie artikel gaan oor die einde van die lewes van Moses en Elia as die personifikasies van die Torah en die profete. Moses is verhinder om in die beloofde land in te gaan en Elijah moes dit verlaat voordat hy hemel toe gegaan het. Hierdie gebeurtenisse word so geïnterpreteer dat die Wet die volk nie in die beloofde land kan bring nie, en dat die profete hulle nie daar kan hou nie. Die einde van die lewe van Moses is ook die einde van die Torah. Die profete eindig met die oproep vir ’n nuwe Elia. Die Ketubim as die menslike antwoord op God se dade doen nie beter nie. Die Hebreeuse Bybel eindig in die ballingskap. Die Nuwe Testament begin daar waar die profete eindig: ’n nuwe Elia, in die persoon van Johannes die Doper. Hy werk op presies daardie plek waar Israel na Moses se dood die land ingekom het en waar Elia dit verlaat het. Daar is ’n terugkeer na die vervulling van die belofte. Johannes wys na Jesus wat sy werk op hierdie plek begin. Hy gaan nie droogvoet deur die Jordaan nie maar gaan onder in die water van God se oordeel om alle geregtigheid te vervul. Dan is die pad na die land oop vir Moses en Elia en verskyn hulle in die glorie van God op die berg van die verheerliking, waar hulle met Jesus oor sy exodus aan die kruis praat. Redding is nie in die Wet of in bekering nie maar deurdat ’n mens gedoop word in die dood van Christus.
Cytokine Gene Expression in the Tunica Albuginea of Patients with Peyronie's Disease. Pilot Study with a Control Group
Authors: Pavone Carlo , Caruana Giovanni , Abbadessa Daniela , Scaduto Giovanna , Gambino Giuseppa , Serretta Vincenzo , Alessandro Riccardo , Colomba Paolo 
Published: October 2012

Introduction and objective Cytokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease (PD). In this case, biological drugs, acting on specific cytokines, could be adopted in the pharmacological treatment of the disease. Materials and Methods Twenty PD patients and 8 patients affected by congenital recurvatum penis (control group) who underwent corporoplasty were enrolled in the study Histological examination and measurement by Real Time PCR of the expression of the encoding genes for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, TNF-α and IFN-γ were performed on the removed tunica albuginea (TA). For the normalization of data GAPDH (glucerldehyde-3fosfatehydrogenase) and GUSB (β-glucuronidase), housekeeping genes were used. The analysis of the data was performed using the comparative method of ΔCt. The results were reported with the Fold of induction (FOI) method. Results The histological exams of TA showed only fibrous tissue without cavernous tissue. The analysis of gene expression of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 showed in all samples very low levels. The levels were lower in PD patients although the differences were not statistically significant. An exception was represented by TGF-β that showed a higher level in PD patients, although not statistically significant. The expression of IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α was undetectable. Conclusions The expressions of cytokines in TA of PD patients compared to those of the controls do not show any significant difference. A bias of our study is that the groups were not age-matched. This is a bias already present in similar experiences and due to the different pathogenesis of the diseases. Cytokines promoting inflammation resulted undetectable and do not seem to be involved in PD pathogenesis. The higher level of TGF-β, a pro-fibrotic cytokine, detected in PD could explain the presence of fibrotic tissue. Presently, there is no data suggesting a possible role of biological drugs in PD.
Effects of Manual/Pedal Movement, Tempo, and Gender on Accuracy of Steady Beat in Kindergarten Students
Authors: Rose Paige , Fisher Ryan , Shewmaker Sally 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The purposes of this research were to (a) discover the effects of manual and pedal movement on the performance of steady beat, and (b) investigate the effects of tempo and gender on manual and pedal steady beat. Participants (N = 40) of this study included male (n = 20) and female (n = 20) kindergarten students from a rural elementary school. To examine the accuracy of steady beat with hands or feet, participants were equally divided into two groups (manual or pedal movement). Each participant performed the steady beat by either patting or stepping to musical examples representing slow, medium, and fast tempi. Each beat was graded individually, with a score of "1" assigned if the participant patted or stepped on the beat and "0" if the student did not match the beat. Results revealed that, overall, participants had lower means for steady beat accuracy at the medium tempo, participants were most accurate when performing with the fast tempo, and the lowest mean for both males and females was found with pedal movement at a medium tempo. On average, females in the pedal group were more successful at all three tempi than the males in the pedal group. A mixed ANOVA with repeated measures was calculated to examine the effects of tempo on steady beat accuracy, with between-subjects variables of gender and manual/pedal grouping. No significant differences were found between gender or the manual and pedal groups. There was also no main effect for tempo on steady beat accuracy. No significant interactions were discovered.
In-Service Teacher Beliefs about the Causes of Success and Failure in Music
Authors: Legette Roy M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Motivation has been cited as one of the most dominant predictors of student academic achievement and is recognized as one of the most important educational challenges. The purpose of the present study was to examine attribution theory in relationship to motivation and achievement, and the perceptions of in-service school music teachers. Three hundred and nine music teachers from different school systems across a southeastern U.S. state were asked to complete Asmus’s Music Attribution Orientation Scale (MAOS) to determine those causes that music teachers attribute most to student success or failure in music. Causal attributions were also examined by gender and school level. Findings revealed that music teachers in general tend to attribute effort and ability as the leading causes of student success or failure in music. No significant difference was found for causal attributions between genders or among school levels. Implications for teaching and research are discussed.
Bias in medicine: a survey of medical student attitudes towards HIV‐positive and marginalized patients in Russia, 2010
Authors: Bikmukhametov Damir A , Anokhin Vladimir A , Vinogradova Anna N , Triner Wayne R , McNutt Louise‐Anne 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundRussia has a substantial HIV epidemic which is poised to escalate in the coming years. The increases in prevalence of HIV will result in increased healthcare needs by a medical system with limited experience with HIV. A healthcare provider's attitude towards a patient plays a significant role in determining the patient's health‐related behaviours and medical outcomes. Previous studies have identified negative attitudes of medical students towards people living with HIV. Studying the prevalence of such attitudes is of particular interest, as medical students represent the future workforce and also as the schooling years present a unique opportunity to nurture bias‐free healthcare providers. The study measures prevalence of prejudicial attitudes towards HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients who belong to marginalized subgroups.MethodsThe cross‐sectional survey was conducted among medical students of a Russian medical university. Of 500 students surveyed, 436 provided sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Prejudicial attitudes were defined as reluctance to provide medical care to a specified hypothetical patient. Nine hypothetical HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients were proposed: physicians, injecting drug users, commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men and a patient HIV‐positive due to blood transfusion. A log‐binomial regression solved using generalized estimating equations was utilized to identify factors associated with reluctance to treat.ResultsPrevalence of reluctance to provide medical care to HIV‐positive patients in marginalized subgroups was high (ranging from 26.4% up to 71.9%), compared to a maximum of 7.5% if a patient was an HIV‐negative physician. Students in their clinical years reported more negative attitudes than preclinical students. In general, female students were less willing to provide care than their male counterparts.ConclusionsPrejudicial attitudes about HIV‐positive patients and those in marginalized subgroups of the population are prevalent among medical students in Russia. Given the increasing prevalence of HIV in the country, reasons for this hesitance to treat must be identified and addressed. Educational programs for healthcare providers are urgently needed to eliminate bias in the delivery of critically needed medical care. These targeted interventions should be coupled with other programs to eliminate structural barriers to care.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Thyroid Gland
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Digestive System Tumours
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The digestive system has undergone a number of changes in TNM‐7: the oesophageal and gastric classifications have been extensively revised; new classifications for gastrointestinal stromal tumours, appendiceal carcinomas, neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumours of the entire GI tract, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas have been introduced; the extrahepatic bile duct classification has been divided into proximal and distal sections; a number of subdivisions of the colorectal classification have been created; and the oesophagogastric/gastroesophageal junction has been defined to allow consistent classification of tumours at that site.
Stomach
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Carcinoma of the stomach has undergone a number of modifications in the 7th TNM edition. T1 was subdivided to separate mucosal and submucosal invasion. The former T2a and b are now T2 (muscularis propria) and T3 (subserosa). The former T3 and T4 were changed to T4a (penetrates serosa) and T4b (invades adjacent structures). The division of regional lymph node involvement conforms to those of the oesophagus so that the gastric T, N, and M categories are now identical with those of the oesophagus (and gastroesophageal junction). The staging of carcinomas of the oesophagogastric/gastroesophageal junction has been addressed and the definition is noted in the oesophagus and stomach chapters.
Small Intestine
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Colon and Rectum
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Carcinoma of the large intestine has undergone relatively few basic modifications between the 6th and 7th TNM editions so that the main T, N, and M categories and Stages I, II, III, and IV can be compared with those of the previous two editions. A number of subdivisions of these major categories have been made. Despite this expansion, all of the substages can be collapsed back into the original four stages of previous TNM classifications covering a 30 year span as well as being compatible with the original Dukes classification, thus ensuring backwards compatibility.
Liver ‐ Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary