bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between secondhand smoke exposure and blood lead and cadmium concentration in community dwelling women: the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012)
Authors: Jung Se Young , Kim Suyeon , Lee Kiheon , Kim Ju Young , Bae Woo Kyung , Lee Keehyuck , Han Jong-Soo , Kim Sarah 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo assess the association between secondhand smoke exposure and blood lead and cadmium concentration in women in South Korea.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study.SettingSouth Korea (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V).Participants1490 non-smoking women who took part in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012), in which blood levels of lead and cadmium were measured.Primary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was blood levels of lead and cadmium in accordance with the duration of secondhand smoke exposure.ResultsThe adjusted mean level of blood cadmium in women who were never exposed to secondhand smoke was 1.21 (0.02) µg/L. Among women who were exposed less than 1 h/day, the mean cadmium level was 1.13 (0.03) µg/L, and for those exposed for more than 1 h, the mean level was 1.46 (0.06) µg/L. In particular, there was a significant association between duration of secondhand smoke exposure at the workplace and blood cadmium concentration. The adjusted mean level of blood cadmium concentration in the never exposed women's group was less than that in the 1 h and more exposed group, and the 1 h and more at workplace exposed group: 1.20, 1.24 and 1.50 µg/L, respectively. We could not find any association between lead concentration in the blood and secondhand smoke exposure status.ConclusionsThis study showed that exposure to secondhand smoke and blood cadmium levels are associated. Especially, there was a significant association at the workplace. Therefore, social and political efforts for reducing the exposure to secondhand smoke at the workplace are needed in order to promote a healthier working environment for women.
Decreasing educational differences in mortality over 40 years: evidence from the Turin Longitudinal Study (Italy)
Authors: Stringhini Silvia , Spadea Teresa , Stroscia Morena , Onorati Roberta , Demaria Moreno , Zengarini Nicolás , Costa Giuseppe 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundRecent studies suggest that inequalities in premature mortality have continued to rise over the last decade in most European countries, but not in southern European countries.MethodsIn this study, we assess long-term trends (1971–2011) in absolute and relative educational inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Turin Longitudinal Study (Turin, Italy), a record-linkage study including all individuals resident in Turin in the 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 censuses, and aged 30–99 years (more than 2 million people). We examined mortality for all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), all cancers and specific cancers (lung, breast), as well as smoking and alcohol-related mortality.ResultsOverall mortality substantially decreased in all educational groups over the study period, although cancer rates only slightly declined. Absolute inequalities decreased for both genders (SII=962/694 in men/women in 1972–1976 and SII=531/259 in 2007–2011, p<0.01). Among men, absolute inequalities for CVD and alcohol-related causes declined (p<0.05), while remaining stable for other causes of death. Among women, declines in absolute inequalities were observed for CVD, smoking and alcohol-related causes and lung cancer (p<0.05). Relative inequalities in all-cause mortality remained stable for men and decreased for women (RII=1.92/2.03 in men/women in 1972–1976 and RII=2.15/1.32 in 2007–2011). Among men, relative inequalities increased for smoking-related causes, while among women they decreased for all cancers, CVD, smoking-related causes and lung cancer (p<0.05).ConclusionsAbsolute inequalities in mortality strongly declined over the study period in both genders. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were generally stable among men; while they tended to narrow among women. In general, this study supports the hypothesis that educational inequalities in mortality have decreased in southern European countries.
Multiplex Genome-Edited T-cell Manufacturing Platform for “Off-the-Shelf” Adoptive T-cell Immunotherapies
Authors: Poirot Laurent , Philip Brian , Schiffer-Mannioui Cécile , Le Clerre Diane , Chion-Sotinel Isabelle , Derniame Sophie , Potrel Pierrick , Bas Cécile , Lemaire Laetitia , Galetto Roman , Lebuhotel Céline , Eyquem Justin , Cheung Gordon Weng-Kit , Duclert Aymeric , Gouble Agnès , Arnould Sylvain , Peggs Karl , Pule Martin , Scharenberg Andrew M. , Smith Julianne 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy using autologous T cells endowed with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has emerged as a powerful means of treating cancer. However, a limitation of this approach is that autologous CAR T cells must be generated on a custom-made basis. Here we show that electroporation of transcription activator–like effector nuclease (TALEN) mRNA allows highly efficient multiplex gene editing in primary human T cells. We use this TALEN-mediated editing approach to develop a process for the large-scale manufacturing of T cells deficient in expression of both their αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD52, a protein targeted by alemtuzumab, a chemotherapeutic agent. Functionally, T cells manufactured with this process do not mediate graft-versus-host reactions and are rendered resistant to destruction by alemtuzumab. These characteristics enable the administration of alemtuzumab concurrently or prior to engineered T cells, supporting their engraftment. Furthermore, endowing the TALEN-engineered cells with a CD19 CAR led to efficient destruction of CD19+ tumor targets even in the presence of the chemotherapeutic agent. These results demonstrate the applicability of TALEN-mediated genome editing to a scalable process, which enables the manufacturing of third-party CAR T-cell immunotherapies against arbitrary targets. As such, CAR T-cell immunotherapies can therefore be used in an “off-the-shelf” manner akin to other biologic immunopharmaceuticals. Cancer Res; 75(18); 3853–64. ©2015 AACR.
Tristetraprolin Limits Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Tumor-Associated Macrophages in an mRNA Decay–Independent Manner
Authors: Kratochvill Franz , Gratz Nina , Qualls Joseph E. , Van De Velde Lee-Ann , Chi Hongbo , Kovarik Pavel , Murray Peter J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an inducible zinc finger AU-rich RNA-binding protein essential for enforcing degradation of mRNAs encoding inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Most studies on TTP center on the connection between mRNA half-life and inflammatory output, because loss of TTP amplifies inflammation by increasing the stability of AU-rich mRNAs. Here, we focused on how TTP controls cytokine and chemokine production in the nonresolving inflammation of cancer using tissue-specific approaches. In contrast with model in vitro macrophage systems, we found constitutive TTP expression in late-stage tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). However, TTP's effects on AU-rich mRNA stability were negligible and limited by constitutive p38α MAPK activity, which was the main driver of proinflammatory cytokine production in TAMs at the posttranscriptional level. Instead, elimination of TTP caused excessive protein production of inflammatory mediators, suggesting TTP-dependent translational suppression of AU-rich mRNAs. Manipulation of the p38α–TTP axis in macrophages has significant effects on the growth of tumors and therefore represents a means to manipulate inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 75(15); 3054–64. ©2015 AACR.
Efficacy and Safety of Exercise Training in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Pandey Ambarish , Garg Sushil , Khunger Monica , Garg Sonia , Kumbhani Dharam J. , Chin Kelly M. , Berry Jarett D. 
Published: July 2015

Background—
Exercise training has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, physical capacity, and quality of life in patients with cardiopulmonary conditions, such as heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, its role in management of pulmonary hypertension is not well defined. In this study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Methods and Results—
We included all prospective intervention studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Primary outcome of this meta-analysis was a change in 6-minute walk distance. We also assessed the effect of exercise on peak oxygen uptake, resting pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, peak exercise heart rate, and quality of life. A total of 469 exercise-training participants enrolled in 16 separate training studies were included. In the pooled analysis, exercise training was associated with significant improvement in 6-minute walk distance (weighted mean difference, 53.3 m; 95% confidence interval, 39.5–67.2), peak oxygen uptake (weighted mean difference, 1.8 mL/kg per minute; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.3), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (weighted mean difference, −3.7 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, −5.4 to −1.9), peak exercise heart rate (weighted mean difference, 10 beats per min; 95% confidence interval, 6–15), and quality of life as measured on SF-36 questionnaire subscale scores. Furthermore, exercise training was well tolerated with a low dropout rate, and no major adverse events were related to exercise training.

Conclusions—
Exercise training in patients with pulmonary hypertension appears safe and is associated with a significant improvement in exercise capacity, pulmonary arterial pressure, and quality of life.
The Dictionary Writing System Lexit and Its Application in Bilingual Lexicography
Authors: Koeva Svetla , Blagoeva Diana 
Published: July 2015

The Dictionary Writing System Lexit and Its Application in Bilingual LexicographyThe paper presents LexIt – a web-based Dictionary Writing System designed for the creation and enlargement of dictionaries. A wide range of dictionaries – monolingual, specialised, multilingual, thesauri, can be configured with the system, as it enables users to model, copy, and save templates describing the structure of any dictionary. The paper describes a model for a bilingual dictionary containing phonetic, grammatical, stylistic, semantic, and collocational information and its configuration within LexIt. A bilingual dictionary is chosen for a demonstration, as its entries have a complex structure that includes various elements reflecting the correspondences between source and target languages.
Building Parallel Treebanks for Underresourced Languages: a Georgian-Ukrainian Treebank Proposal
Authors: Kapanadze Oleg , Mishchenko Alla 
Published: July 2015

Building Parallel Treebanks for Underresourced Languages: a Georgian-Ukrainian Treebank ProposalWe present outcomes of an undertaking on building a parallel Treebank for the Georgian and the Ukrainian languages, which is a “side product” of the GRUG multilingual Treebank project. The GRUG acronym stands for the German- Russian-Ukrainian-Georgian Treebank intended for contrastive studies and translation memory systems. The monolingual Ukrainian and Georgian parallel sentences were syntactically annotated manually using the Synpathy tool. Tagsets for both languages follow an adapted version of the German TIGER guidelines with necessary changes relevant for the Georgian and the Ukrainian grammar formal description. An output of the monolingual syntactic annotation is in the TIGER-XML format. Alignment of monolingual resources into a bilingual Georgian-Ukrainian Treebank was done by the Stockholm TreeAligner software.
Kolejna socjologiczna utopia
Authors: Sztompka Piotr 
Published: July 2015

Another sociological utopia The polemics between Piotr Sztompka and Michael Burawoy was originally published in Contempo­rary Sociology. A Journal of Reviews no 40/4 as Debate on International Sociology. The starting point of discussion between Piotr Sztompka and Michael Burawoy was the publication entitled Facing an Unequal World: Challenges for a Global Sociology (Volume One: Introduction, Latin America and Africa, 316 pp.; Volume Two: Asia, 362 pp.; Volume Three: Europe, and Concluding Reflections, 296 pp.), edited by Michael Burawoy, Mau-kuei Chang and Michelle Fei-yu Hsieh (Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Sociology at Academia Sinica, Council of National Associations of the International Sociological Association & Academia Sinica, 2010). Kolejna socjologiczna utopiaPrezentowana niżej polemika pt. Debata o socjologii międzynarodowej ukazała się w „Contemporary Sociology. A Journal of Reviews” 40, nr 4. Punktem wyjścia do dyskusji między Piotrem Sztompką i Michaelem Burawoyem była książka z 2010 roku Facing an Unequal World: Challenges for a Global Sociology (t. 1: Introduction, Latin America and Africa, ss. 316; t. 2: Asia, ss. 362; t. 3: Europe, and Conclu­ding Reflexions, ss. 296), pod redakcją Michaela Burawoya, Mau-kuei Changa i Michelle Fei-yu Hsieh, wydana w Tajpej przez Institute of Sociology at Academia Sinica, Council of National Associations of the International Sociological Association & Academia Sinica.
Recenzja książki Andrzeja Draguły: Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem
Authors: Dąbrowski Jakub 
Published: July 2015

Andrzej Draguła Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem (Blasphemy: between sin and offence) – a book review by Jakub DąbrowskiThe text is a review of the book Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem by Andrzej Draguła, a priest and Doctor of Theology. He reflects on the conflict between Catholic orthodoxy and liberal social practices in the domains of art and visual culture. Apart from the theological interpretation of blasphemy, the book presents numerous examples of controversial and iconoclastic works of art and commercials. The author also attempts to analyse in detail the features of criminal offences which are in­sulting for the feelings of religious believers (Par. 196 of Polish Criminal Code) – a contemporary, secular equivalent to blasphemy. Recenzja książki Andrzeja Draguły: Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwemTekst jest recenzją książki Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem autorstwa Andrzeja Dra­guły, w której autor – ksiądz i doktor habilitowany teologii – rozważa problem konfliktu między katolicką or­todoksją a liberalnymi praktykami społecznymi w dziedzinie sztuki i kultury wizualnej. Oprócz teologicznego ujęcia kwestii blasfemii w książce zostały omówione liczne przykłady kontrowersyjnych, obrazoburczych dzieł sztuki oraz reklam. Autor podjął się również detalicznej analizy znamion przestępstwa obrazy uczuć religij­nych (art. 196 k.k.), które jest współczesnym, świeckim odpowiednikiem dawnego przestępstwa bluźnierstwa.
Thermodynamic Phase and Ice Cloud Properties in Northern Hemisphere Winter Extratropical Cyclones Observed by Aqua AIRS
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Kahn Brian H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIce cloud properties in Northern Hemisphere winter extratropical cyclones are examined using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), version 6, cloud products. The cloud thermodynamic phase product indicates that warm frontal clouds are dominated by ice, liquid-phase clouds occur outside of the warm frontal region, and supercooled or mixed-phase clouds are found in the southwestern quadrant of the cyclones. Stratiform ice clouds populate the warm frontal region and portions of the cold sector while convective ice clouds populate southeastern portions of the warm front and the southeastern quadrant. Total cloud cover is smaller in land cyclones than in ocean cyclones, especially in the southwestern quadrant and the warm frontal region. Ice cloud cover is less over land in the warm frontal region, because land cyclones are generally weaker and drier than ocean cyclones. The impact of cyclone average precipitable water (PW) and the magnitude of 850-hPa vertical ascent ω850 on the thermodynamic phase, occurrence of stratiform or convective ice cloud, ice particle effective diameter, optical thickness, and cloud-top temperature are discussed. When comparing land and ocean cyclones with similar PW and ω850, ice cloud coverage is found to be greater over land. Convective ice cloud occurs more often and is deeper over land. Supercooled cloud appears to persist to colder temperatures over ocean than over land, especially in the warm frontal region. These results suggest that, over land, ice cloud formation in warm fronts is possibly more efficient because of a greater aerosol amount from local or regional sources.
An Examination of the Thermodynamic Impacts of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones on Their Tropical Tropospheric Environment
Authors: Schenkel Benjamin A. , Hart Robert E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The present study examines the tropospheric thermodynamic anomalies induced by western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) passage using storm-relative composites. Negative moist static energy (MSE) anomalies containing embedded westward-propagating anomalies generally occur only following larger TCs for two months following TC passage in a region extending from the domain center to ~3000 km to its west. Larger TCs force negative MSE anomalies likely because of feedbacks from stronger, broader TC-induced negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the excitation of TC-induced Rossby waves to the southeast of the TC. The negative MSE anomalies are composed of lower- and midtropospheric negative latent energy anomalies with smaller contributions from boundary layer and upper-tropospheric negative sensible heat anomalies. The lower- and midtropospheric negative MSE anomalies are forced by the TC, whereas the upper-tropospheric negative MSE anomalies are forced by the Madden–Julian oscillation. Vertically integrated MSE budgets at the domain center reveal negative MSE tendencies that are primarily forced by surface latent heat flux anomalies resulting from the TC-induced negative SST anomalies. Smaller negative MSE tendencies are due to 1) zonal and meridional advection of MSE anomalies by the Rossby waves and 2) enhanced top-of-the-atmosphere longwave radiative flux anomalies potentially associated with a reduction in the greenhouse gas effect of water vapor. The budget analysis in the west region is generally similar except that all terms are comparable in magnitude and relatively weaker. These results conservatively suggest that larger TCs can anomalously cool and dry their synoptic-scale environment for ~40 days following TC passage.
Air–Sea Relationship Associated with Precipitation Anomaly Changes and Mean Precipitation Anomaly over the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea during the Spring to Summer Transition
Authors: Wu Renguang , Hu Wenting 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The period from April to June is the time of transition from spring to summer over the north Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Analysis shows that precipitation anomaly changes from April to June may indicate summer (June–August) mean precipitation anomalies over the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea. This study documents and compares the evolution of precipitation, surface wind, and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during the spring to summer transition corresponding to April–June precipitation anomaly changes and April–June mean precipitation anomalies over the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea. Over the South China Sea, a clear signal of local air–sea interaction is identified corresponding to the precipitation anomaly change, as indicated by a sequence of less precipitation, higher SST, more precipitation, and lower SST. In contrast, the mean precipitation anomaly features a response to remote SST forcing and a local forcing of atmosphere on the ocean. The evolution of surface heat flux anomalies supports the air–sea interaction over the South China Sea during the transition season. Over the Arabian Sea, local SST forcing contributes to both precipitation anomaly changes and mean precipitation anomalies through modulating atmospheric stability. A local negative feedback of atmosphere on SST is observed in the Arabian Sea as in the South China Sea. The surface heat fluxes make a large contribution to local SST change before May in the South China Sea but a small one in the Arabian Sea. Surface heat fluxes are important for local SST change after May in both the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea.
Biases in Thorpe-Scale Estimates of Turbulence Dissipation. Part I: Assessments from Large-Scale Overturns in Oceanographic Data
Authors: Mater Benjamin D. , Venayagamoorthy Subhas K. , St. Laurent Louis , Moum James N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOceanic density overturns are commonly used to parameterize the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. This method assumes a linear scaling between the Thorpe length scale LT and the Ozmidov length scale LO. Historic evidence supporting LT ~ LO has been shown for relatively weak shear-driven turbulence of the thermocline; however, little support for the method exists in regions of turbulence driven by the convective collapse of topographically influenced overturns that are large by open-ocean standards. This study presents a direct comparison of LT and LO, using vertical profiles of temperature and microstructure shear collected in the Luzon Strait—a site characterized by topographically influenced overturns up to O(100) m in scale. The comparison is also done for open-ocean sites in the Brazil basin and North Atlantic where overturns are generally smaller and due to different processes. A key result is that LT/LO increases with overturn size in a fashion similar to that observed in numerical studies of Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instabilities for all sites but is most clear in data from the Luzon Strait. Resultant bias in parameterized dissipation is mitigated by ensemble averaging; however, a positive bias appears when instantaneous observations are depth and time integrated. For a series of profiles taken during a spring tidal period in the Luzon Strait, the integrated value is nearly an order of magnitude larger than that based on the microstructure observations. Physical arguments supporting LT ~ LO are revisited, and conceptual regimes explaining the relationship between LT/LO and a nondimensional overturn size are proposed. In a companion paper, Scotti obtains similar conclusions from energetics arguments and simulations.
Leadership competencies for a global public service
Authors: Mau Tim A. 
Published: July 2015

The notion of a global public service has been put forth in the literature as a means of addressing a number of policy issues that can no longer be addressed by a nation-state in isolation. This article sets out to address whether it is possible to formulate and implement a leadership competency model that could be used to select, develop and reward these global public servants and, if so, what leadership competencies they would require. Evidence will be drawn from both the literature on the competencies required for global managers/leaders as well as various public sector leadership competency models. It is argued that more thought needs to be given to how a leadership competency framework might be fruitfully employed to buttress such a cadre of individuals. Points for practitioners Public services around the world have been embracing the use of leadership competency models as part of their human resources management frameworks for the past few decades. This research examines a number of the various models that have been employed with the intent of identifying key competencies that would be more universal in nature. Additional research needs to be conducted to ensure that such models reflect the distinctiveness of the public sector.