bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA G-segment bending is not the sole determinant of topology simplification by type II DNA topoisomerases
Authors: Thomson Neil H. , Santos Sergio , Mitchenall Lesley A. , Stuchinskaya Tanya , Taylor James A. , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDNA topoisomerases control the topology of DNA. Type II topoisomerases exhibit topology simplification, whereby products of their reactions are simplified beyond that expected based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The molecular basis for this process is unknown, although DNA bending has been implicated. To investigate the role of bending in topology simplification, the DNA bend angles of four enzymes of different types (IIA and IIB) were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The enzymes tested wereEscherichia colitopo IV and yeast topo II (type IIA enzymes that exhibit topology simplification) andMethanosarcina mazeitopo VI andSulfolobus shibatae topo VI(type IIB enzymes, which do not). Bend angles were measured using the manual tangent method from topographical AFM images taken with a novel amplitude-modulated imaging mode: small amplitude small set-point (SASS), which optimises resolution for a given AFM tip size and minimises tip convolution with the sample. This gave improved accuracy and reliability and revealed that all 4 topoisomerases bend DNA by a similar amount: ~120° between the DNA entering and exiting the enzyme complex. These data indicate that DNA bending alone is insufficient to explain topology simplification and that the ‘exit gate’ may be an important determinant of this process.
UV electroluminescence from p‐ZnO:P/n‐ZnO homojunction diode
Authors: Nagar S. , Chakrabarti S. 
Published: August 2014

The reliability of p‐type ZnO thin films obtained by phosphorus implantation, using plasma‐immersion ion implantation, followed by rapid thermal annealing is reported. Also reported is the fabrication of a ZnO‐based homojunction light‐emitting diode. Low‐temperature photoluminescence measurements after six months showed a dominant free electron‐to‐acceptor peak for samples annealed at 900 and 1000°C, confirming the formation of p‐type films. Room‐temperature electroluminescence spectra for the p‐ZnO:P/n‐ZnO homojunction diode revealed ultraviolet (UV) emission at 3.18 eV; however, the dominant peak was observed at 1.8 eV because of a deep‐level defect peak. Achieving dominant UV emission requires further optimisation of the device structure.
Does current behaviour predict the course of children's physical fitness?
Authors: Augste Claudia , Lämmle Lena , Künzell Stefan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe secular trend of reduced physical fitness (PF) leads to increased health risks. The aim of the present paper is to analyse various current factors that affect health behaviour with respect to the course of PF over 2 years. A path analysis combined with a latent growth curve analysis was based on a study that was conducted between June 2008 and June 2010 with 145 primary German school children (52.1% male, average age at baseline 7.95 years ± 0.95). PF was tested with the German Motor Test 6–18. For the mean PF and the course of PF, direct and indirect influences were shown over three levels, including migration background on the first level and physical activity (PA) on the second level. Body mass index (BMI) impacted the mean PF but not the course of PF. The influence of sedentary behaviour on the mean PF was diminished (compared to bivariate analysis) due to its common variance mainly with BMI. PA affected not only current PF in children but also the course of PF (aintercept =. 28, P =. 001; aslope =. 27, P =. 21). Consequently, preventive measures should focus on early adoption and maintenance of PA.
Passive and impersonal reflexives in the Italian dialects
Authors: Cennamo Michela 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses passive and impersonal reflexives in contemporary and early Italo-Romance varieties. Synchronic and diachronic data (drawn from northern, central, and southern dialects, and from Sardinian) are used to throw light on the controversial theoretical status of the first person plural clitic ci and the reflexive morpheme si in impersonal patterns. The evidence points to ci as an indefinite pronoun with an existential (inclusive/non-inclusive) interpretation, and reveals the existence of two types of si, belonging to different grammatical domains, respectively reflexive-passive and impersonal, which result from two different diachronic paths. The former is related to voice, the latter to changes in the encoding of the anaphoric system in the transition from Latin to Romance.
On the personal infinitive in Sicilian
Authors: Bentley Delia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses the personal infinitive in Sicilian, taking a comparative and diachronic perspective. It is pointed out that this structure, which is characterized by a nominative subject, has properties which are comparable to those of the inflected infinitive (it occurs in clausal domains) and of the personal infinitive in other Romance languages (it is not found in obligatory control domains). A distinction is drawn between a conservative dependent-marking structure in early Sicilian, where the infinitive occurs in bare subject and object complement clauses, and an innovative head-marking structure, where the infinitive occurs in adverbial purpose or causal clauses. Whilst the former structure is well-attested in the early texts, but subsequently lost, the latter has evolved into a switch-referencing strategy in modern Sicilian. Complement clauses with a personal infinitive require a complementizer in modern Sicilian, and appear not to be a direct development of the conservative structure of the early texts.
The evolution of Italo-Romance clitic clusters
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe chapter focuses on the diachronic evolution of pronominal clitic sequences, and argues for a correlation between morphophonological irregularities and the change that reversed the order of clitic elements from accusative-dative in earlier stages to dative-accusative in modern varieties. Once that reversal had taken place, clitic clusters began to exhibit a series of morphophonological irregularities: i) the 3rd person dative clitic in cluster-initial position began to undergo suppletion; ii) the vowel in cluster-internal position was turned into -e, as in lo mi becoming me lo ‘it to me’; iii) the plural affix -s, if present, began to occur in cluster-final position, regardless of the position of the plural clitic. Building on Kayne 1994, it is argued that these changes result from the left-adjunction of the dative clitic onto another clitic. The proposal is supported by synchronic evidence from restructuring and doubling.
‘Why is your axe bloody?’
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Njáls saga is acknowledged as the greatest of the Icelandic sagas, and it rightly deserves acclaim as one of the great masterpieces of all time. The author’s reading reveals not only the saga’s sublime artistry, but also its pragmatic and tough-minded analysis of the complex tactics and strategies that inform feud and law. Unforgettable fully-rounded characters abound—their motives, their inner lives subtly revealed by a narrator who describes motive and psychology in a way that mirrors how we understand them in our own lives: not by magical access into a person’s head, but by close observation of what they do, says, and how and when they do or say it. Nothing previously written even approaches the nuances of thought and action that the author shows to be right there in the text. His book makes the law accessible, and demonstrates how the saga reveals the economic constraints that limit or finance conflict. The author’s writing style entertains as well as instructs.
The Two Thorgeirs and Death of Gunnar: Chapters 67–77
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The enemies of Gunnar unite and kill him, after Gunnar fails to honour a settlement in which he was required to leave Iceland for three years. The chapter discusses the various literary techniques the author employs, some eerily cinematographic, when Gunnar violates both prongs of Njal’s advice, others involving word-play. The dishonour of being known as a settlement breaker, griðnìðingr, and the refusal of Gunnar’s brother to be so called, even if it means leaving forever home and kin, is discussed. There is focus on the powerful presentation of Gunnar’s last stand and on Gunnar’s strange lack of self-knowledge. Questions regarding Hallgerd’s hair are touched on, but postponed to the end.
The Atlantic Interlude and Hrapp: Chapters 82–9
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers the action with the Hrapp, the roguish show-stealer, who upstages Grim and Helgi Njalsson, who are irrevocably unable to transcend being sidekicks. Hrapp provides an interesting study in comparison with Gunnar, and the text signals the points of comparison. The chapter argues that the way the author handles down time in the saga is a real tour de force, showing that his genius is no less stunning in the comic mode than in the heroic and tragic modes. There is also focus on the emergence of Thrain as the leader of the Sigfussons, which signals their desire to distance themselves from the Njal group: the Njalssons bring Kari back with them.
Conversion and the Genius of the Law: Chapters 100–6
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The writer retards the action to link grand national events to his tale. The chapter argues that this episode is pivotal in that it forces the reader to make before-and-after comparisons, rather overtly signalled by the writer, of pre-Christian courses of the feud with feuding ways after. Things were not great before, but after they get worse from the standpoint of keeping violence reasonably manageable. The rules constraining the feud are put under stresses they can no longer handle after the Conversion. The brilliance of Thorgeir the Lawspeaker’s ruling leading Christianity into their law is discussed.
Preparation for the Next Althing: Chapters 132–7
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter deals with the importance of support-mustering to politics and legal action as well as to the narrative structure of the saga. Flosi, tired of visiting people to ask for their support, decides foolishly instead to muster further enmity by visiting Asgrim in what appears to be a highly ritualized form of forced hospitality. We are given rich details of how to construct the protocols of asking for aid, and to what extent it can be begged for and borrowed. We also see, in Flosi’s forcing himself on Asgrim’s hospitality, just how close symbolically, and often in reality, visiting is to attacking, hospitality a placating of implicit hostility.
Kari and Friends: Chapters 145–55
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter is an attempt to come to terms with Kari’s excessive revenge while the narrator cheers him on, the cheering substantially undercut by the author’s treatment of Thorgeir Skorargeir, and especially of the superb characterization of Bjorn of Mork. Flosi’s strange obsession with Kari is discussed, as again is Flosi’s troubled and complex character. Kari's sense of proper balance in the feud is broken. He understands exactly how properly to repay a favor, but not what the measure is for getting proportionality right when he feels wronged. That he is an outsider of sorts in many respects is subtly depicted/
Baladeva's Govindabhāṣya
Authors: Okita Kiyokazu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Gauḍīya Theology in the eighteenth century by focusing on Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa's magnum opus the Govindabhāṣya, which is a commentary on the Brahmasūtras. As shown in Chapter 3, Jīva Gosvāmī, the founding father of Gauḍīya theology, offers a system significantly different from the one taught by Madhva. Nevertheless, the Gauḍīyas claimed their affiliation with the Madhva school under pressure from Jaisingh's religious policy discussed in Chapter 1. The current chapter analyses Baladeva's view on important topics such as the cause of the world and the nature of ultimate reality, and traces the influence on his works of earlier Hindu theologians such as Śaṇkara, Rāmānuja, Madhva, and Jīva. Based on a detailed textual analysis, this chapter concludes that Baladeva uses the material of the earlier authors, including Madhva, in order to rearticulate Jīva's theology.
The Fell Legacy 1686–1755
Authors: Kilburn Matthew 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of Fell's successors, including Henry Aldrich and Arthur Charlett, in the management of the Press, their relationship with the University, and the University's relationship with the Crown. As the conflicts between the University of Oxford and the Stationers' Company and King's Printers in London over the printing of Bibles and other privileged items grew more heated, the University was called upon to defend its privilege and its appointed printers. Eventually, the dispute was settled when the University agreed to accept payments not to print certain texts; these arrangements were later clarified and standardized, leading to greater, more regular income for the Delegates. The chapter also considers the publication of the Oxford Almanack and Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, and discusses the political and financial reasons for the naming of the Clarendon Printing House, the new home for Bible and learned presses in Oxford.
The Blackstone Reforms 1755–1780
Authors: Kilburn Matthew 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
By the mid-eighteenth century the working practices and management of the Press were again in need of reform, as evidenced by an inquiry launched by William Blackstone, who became a Delegate of the Press in 1755. Blackstone suggested changes to price structures, rates of pay for workers, record keeping, and a reformed Delegacy who would more closely oversee the finances and publications of the Press. New types were ordered and the quality of production improved; the re-animated press began to establish again its reputation for authoritative classical texts. As sales of Bibles increased greater competition among printers led to larger sums paid to the Delegates for the lease of the privilege to publish them, but legal challenges to the privilege covering almanacs and Bibles and to perpetual copyright involved Oxford, Cambridge, and the Stationers' Company in costly court proceedings, and necessitated the complete reorganization of the Bible Press in 1780.
The Learned Press: Geography, Science, and Mathematics
Authors: Feola Vittoria , Mandelbrote Scott 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter surveys works on the natural and physical sciences, geography and mathematics, and discusses how from the mid-seventeenth century new scholarship worked to capitalize on the opportunities provided by the emerging press and analyzes the difficulties of publishing and selling such material. The work of Robert Plot, first keeper of the Ashmolean Museum and secretary of the Royal Society, and John Wallis, the first president of the Philisophical Society, established the Learned Press as a centre of scientific publishing. The chapter focuses on books concerned with the history and investigation of the natural world, providing detailed accounts of their inception and publication and considering their wider scholarly significance. The scientific endeavours of the Press are situated in the wider context of English and, more significantly, Dutch and other European scientific publications.
The Learned Press: Divinity
Authors: Poole William 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The majority of the officers of the Press and of the university were theologians, and although they were often widely read and actively involved in the research and teaching of other subjects, divinity remained a primary interest of the Delegates and theological works featured prominently in the publications of the Learned Press. These works included collections of sermons, systematic theology, polemic theology, some devotional material, polyglot and variorum texts and a few editions of the church fathers. Many of these works proved difficult to sell, and some were complicated by difficulties of production due to the unusual types required for printing and specialized readers needed for proofing. Throughout, the Press maintained a conservative Anglican outlook, upholding both theological and ecclesiastical orthodoxy in the midst of religious conflict.
The efficient coding principle
Authors: Zhaoping Li 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStarting with a brief introduction to information theory, this chapter describes in detail the proposal that visual encoding in the early stages of the visual pathway aims to extract as much information as possible about visual inputs using limited neural resources—the efficient coding principle. Through examples and case studies, this principle is applied to understand physiological data on input sampling and neural receptive fields in the retina and the primary visual cortex (V1), and to understand the consequent behavioral sensitivities to visual inputs. In particular, this principle is applied to understand spatial coding, temporal coding, stereo coding, and color coding, as well as how visual coding in these different dimensions interact with each other and how the coding adapts to input environment. Predictions from this principle and their experimental tests are presented.
V1 and information coding
Authors: Zhaoping Li 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses the difficulties in understanding the primary visual cortex (V1) by the role of efficient encoding of visual information. It shows that the redundancy in visual input is mainly in the second order, rather than the higher order, statistics of visual inputs, and that the higher order, rather than the second order, redundancy contains much of the useful information about visual objects in the scene. Since much of the second order redundancy is removed by the efficient visual encoding in the retina, this chapter argues that that V1, the largest cortical area in the brain, with an overcomplete representation of visual inputs in its neural responses, is unlikely to be devoted to further increasing the encoding efficiency by removing the higher order redundancy. It thus argues that V1 must be serving some other important function in vision.
Epilogue
Authors: Zhaoping Li 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLimitations in our current understanding of vision are highlighted. It is argued that vision, with its unprecedented abundance of experimental data—physiological, anatomical, and behavioral—and many open questions to be asked and answered, provides a fertile ground for productive research to understand the brain. A computational approach that emphasizes the importance of experimental data for inspiration and verifications of ideas is strongly advocated.
Phylogeny reconstruction: overview
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces basic concepts related to phylogenetic trees such as rooted and unrooted trees, consensus trees and partition distance, species trees, and gene trees. It discusses general features of tree reconstruction methods, including exhaustive and heuristic tree searches, local optima in the tree space, and tree rearrangement algorithms such as nearest neighbour interchange (NNI), subtree pruning and regrafting (SPR), and tree bisection and reconnection (TBR). The chapter also discusses distance (UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Averages), least squares, and neighbour joining) and parsimony methods of phylogeny reconstruction.
Bayesian computation (MCMC)
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed introduction to modern Bayesian computation. The Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is illustrated using a simple example of distance estimation between two sequences. A number of generic Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) proposal moves are described, and the calculation of their proposal ratios is illustrated. The chapter discusses the convergence rate of the Markov chain as well as its mixing efficiency, as influenced by the MCMC proposal. The chapter also illustrates several advanced MCMC algorithms, including parallel tempering (Metropolis-coupled MCMC or MCMCMC) which uses heated chains to improve mixing when there are multiple local peaks on the posterior surface, reversible jump MCMC (rjMCMC) which is used in trans-model and trans-dimensional inference, and calculation of the Bayes factor used in Bayesian model selection.
Coalescent theory and species trees
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces Kingman’s coalescent process, which describes the genealogical relationships within a sample of DNA sequences taken from a population, and forms the basis for likelihood-based inference methods using such data. The simple case of Bayesian estimation of the population size parameter theta using a DNA sample is discussed to illustrate the basic features of Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference algorithms. The chapter then discusses the use of parametric and nonparametric demographic models of population size change to infer the past demographic history of a species. The multispecies coalescent model, which extends the single-population coalescent to multiple populations, is introduced with examples. This is then used as the general framework for estimating parameters such as species divergence times and ancestral population sizes, for inferring the species tree from multiple genetic loci despite the existence of conflicting gene trees, for estimating migration rates between populations, and for delimiting species using multi-locus DNA sequence data.
What are sexes, and why are there sexes?
Authors: Beukeboom Leo W. , Perrin Nicolas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSex and genders occupy a central place in the human mind and have a long history of alternative interpretations throughout human cultures. Although intimately linked to reproduction in animals and other multicellular eukaryotes, sex is fundamentally not a reproductive process. This chapter first discusses what sex is and why it evolved, arguing that it is best defined by the presence of meiosis, that it might have originated as a DNA-repair mechanism, and is likely maintained by indirect benefits stemming from recombination.We then present the several kinds of mating categories (mating types, sexes, genders, self-incompatibility systems), discussing their similarities and differences, and the reasons why they exist. We introduce the concepts of sex-ratio selection and sexual selection, which are arguably the main evolutionary forces underlying the dynamics of sex-determination systems. Finally, this chapter we argues against the traditional distinction between sex determination and primary sex differentiation, defining sex determination as the whole process that leads, from undifferentiated gonads or meristems, to the development of differentiated reproductive organs. This broad definition widens the scope of our book, to also include, for example, sex differentiation in simultaneous and sequential hermaphrodites.