bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetically Modified Organisms and the U.S. Retail Food Labeling Controversy: Consumer Perceptions, Regulation, and Public Policy
Authors: Hemphill Thomas A. , Banerjee Syagnik 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this article, we address the public issue of mandatory Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) retail food labeling in the U.S., first by reviewing the policy arguments both in support and against labeling food containing GMOs; second, by describing the existing U.S. federal regulatory system pertaining to GMO labeling, and why it does not presently require labeling of food containing GMOs; third, by reviewing and interpreting the results of studies of American consumer attitudes toward mandatory GMO retail food labeling; fourth, by evaluating, through the utilization of issue life cycle analysis in the nonmarket environment, where the issue of GMO retail food labeling stands in the national public policy process; fifth, summarizing the state of scientific evidence addressing the safety of GMO foods and the existing regulatory and public policy environment for this issue; and sixth, offering legislative and litigation strategies for the mainstream food nonmarket strategy framework to formally assess the GMO industry to protect their interests and those of American consumers not concerned with GMO food ingredients, while offering a voluntary labeling strategy for firms responding to and recognizing the “rights” of American consumers who “choose” to purchase non‐GMO food products.
Efficient Estimation and Prediction for the Bayesian Binary Spatial Model with Flexible Link Functions
Authors: Roy Vivekananda , Evangelou Evangelos , Zhu Zhengyuan 
Published: September 2015

SummarySpatial generalized linear mixed models (SGLMMs) are popular models for spatial data with a non-Gaussian response. Binomial SGLMMs with logit or probit link functions are often used to model spatially dependent binomial random variables. It is known that for independent binomial data, the robit regression model provides a more robust (against extreme observations) alternative to the more popular logistic and probit models. In this article, we introduce a Bayesian spatial robit model for spatially dependent binomial data. Since constructing a meaningful prior on the link function parameter as well as the spatial correlation parameters in SGLMMs is difficult, we propose an empirical Bayes (EB) approach for the estimation of these parameters as well as for the prediction of the random effects. The EB methodology is implemented by efficient importance sampling methods based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Our simulation study shows that the robit model is robust against model misspecification, and our EB method results in estimates with less bias than full Bayesian (FB) analysis. The methodology is applied to a Celastrus Orbiculatus data, and a Rhizoctonia root data. For the former, which is known to contain outlying observations, the robit model is shown to do better for predicting the spatial distribution of an invasive species. For the latter, our approach is doing as well as the classical models for predicting the disease severity for a root disease, as the probit link is shown to be appropriate.Though this article is written for Binomial SGLMMs for brevity, the EB methodology is more general and can be applied to other types of SGLMMs. In the accompanying R package geoBayes, implementations for other SGLMMs such as Poisson and Gamma SGLMMs are provided.
User experience of a mobile speaking application with automatic speech recognition for EFL learning
Authors: Ahn Tae youn , Lee Sangmin‐Michelle 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWith the spread of mobile devices, mobile phones have enormous potential regarding their pedagogical use in language education. The goal of this study is to analyse user experience of a mobile‐based learning system that is enhanced by speech recognition technology for the improvement of EFL (English as a foreign language) learners' speaking proficiency. Speaking English 60 Junior, which is developed for middle‐school students in Korea, is equipped with automatic speech recognition (ASR) for students' self‐regulated speaking practice. Open‐ended survey questions were used to gain insight into users' reactions. The results showed that the students, overall, had positive attitudes towards the use of the application for learning to speak. They particularly expressed great interest in the speech recognition function because it immediately demonstrated the consequence of their speech input. The speech‐interactive activity, in which they interacted with a virtual character via ASR, also received positive comments. The findings highlight the potential use of mobile phones and ASR for learning to speak in the EFL context. Recommendations for future research are discussed based on the results of this study.
Transperineal template prostate‐mapping biopsies: an evaluation of different protocols in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer
Authors: Valerio Massimo , Anele Chukwuemeka , Charman Susan C. , van der Meulen Jan , Freeman Alex , Jameson Charles , Singh Paras B. , Emberton Mark , Ahmed Hashim U. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo determine whether modified transperineal template prostate‐mapping (TTPM) biopsy protocols, altering the template or the biopsy density, have sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) equal to full 5‐mm TTPM.Patients and MethodsRetrospective analysis of an institutional registry including treatment‐naïve men undergoing 5‐mm TTPM biopsy analysed in a 20‐zone fashion. The value of three modified strategies was assessed by comparing the information provided by selected zones against full 5‐mm TTPM. Strategy 1, did not consider the findings of anterior areas; strategies 2 and 3 simulated a reduced biopsy density by excluding intervening zones. A bootstrapping technique was used to calculate reliable estimates of sensitivity and NPV of these three strategies for the detection of clinically significant disease (maximum cancer core length ≥4 mm and/or Gleason score ≥3 + 4).ResultsIn all, 391 men with a median (interquartile range, IQR) age of 62 (58–67) years were included. The median (IQR) PSA level and PSA density were 6.9 (4.8–10) ng/mL and 0.17 (IQR 0.12–0.25) ng/mL/mL, respectively. A median (IQR) of 6 (2–9) cores out of 48 (33–63) taken per man were positive for prostate cancer. No cancer was detected in 67 men (17%), whilst low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk disease was identified in 78 (20%), 80 (21%), and 166 (42%), respectively. Strategy 1, 2 and 3 had sensitivities of 78% [95% confidence interval (CI) 73–84%], 85% (95% CI 80–90%) and 84% (95% CI 79–89%), respectively. The NPVs of the three strategies were 73% (95% CI 67–80%), 80% (95% CI 74–86%) and 79% (95% CI 72–84%), respectively.ConclusionAltering the template or decreasing sampling density has a substantial negative impact on the ability of TTPM biopsy to exclude clinically significant disease. This should be considered when modified TTPM biopsy strategies are used to select men for tissue‐preserving approaches, and when modified TTPM are used to validate new diagnostic tests.
Active surveillance in localized prostate cancer: comparison of incidental tumours (T1a/b) and tumours diagnosed by core needle biopsy (T1c/T2a): results from the HAROW study
Authors: Herden Jan , Wille Sebastian , Weissbach Lothar 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo conduct a comparative prospective analysis of patients with incidental T1a/T1b prostate cancer (IPCa) and those with prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosed by core needle biopsy, treated by active surveillance (AS), with regard to inclusion criteria, progression and switch to deferred treatment.Patients and MethodsThe HAROW study is an observational outcomes research study on the management of localized PCa. Treating urologists reported clinical variables and information on therapy and clinical course of disease at 6‐month intervals. With respect to therapy, only recommendations were made; the final decision on the therapeutic method rested with the treating physician.ResultsOut of 2 957 patients included in the HAROW study, 447 chose AS. The median follow‐up was 28.3 months. T1a, T1b, T1c and T2a disease were diagnosed in 81, 18, 292 and 56 patients, respectively. Patients in the IPCa group had lower prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels (4.2 vs 6.1 ng/mL) and more comorbidities than those diagnosed by core needle biospy. The IPCa group also had fewer re‐biopsies (25.3 vs 43.2%) and fewer changes to invasive treatment (12.1 vs 25.9%). No significant differences were found with respect to the criteria for discontinuation, subsequent therapies and histological findings after radical prostatectomy.ConclusionUrologists are highly inclined to use AS as a therapeutic option in IPCa. More patients with IPCa than those diagnosed after core needle biopsy continued on AS, which was also associated with the indication for a re‐biopsy being less stringently observed.
Prostate cancer risk prediction using the novel versions of the European Randomised Study for Screening of Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) risk calculators: independent validation and comparison in a contemporary European cohort
Authors: Poyet Cédric , Nieboer Daan , Bhindi Bimal , Kulkarni Girish S. , Wiederkehr Caroline , Wettstein Marian S. , Largo Remo , Wild Peter , Sulser Tullio , Hermanns Thomas 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo externally validate and compare the two novel versions of the European Randomised Study for Screening of Prostate Cancer (ERSPC)‐prostate cancer risk calculator (RC) and Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)‐RC.Patients and MethodsAll men who underwent a transrectal prostate biopsy in a European tertiary care centre between 2004 and 2012 were retrospectively identified. The probability of detecting prostate cancer and significant cancer (Gleason score ≥7) was calculated for each man using the novel versions of the ERSPC‐RC (DRE‐based version 3/4) and the PCPT‐RC (version 2.0) and compared with biopsy results. Calibration and discrimination were assessed using the calibration slope method and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), respectively. Additionally, decision curve analyses were performed.ResultsOf 1 996 men, 483 (24%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 226 (11%) with significant prostate cancer. Calibration of the two RCs was comparable, although the PCPT‐RC was slightly superior in the higher risk prediction range for any and significant prostate cancer. Discrimination of the ERSPC‐ and PCPT‐RC was comparable for any prostate cancer (AUCs 0.65 vs 0.66), while the ERSPC‐RC was somewhat better for significant prostate cancer (AUCs 0.73 vs 0.70). Decision curve analyses revealed a comparable net benefit for any prostate cancer and a slightly greater net benefit for significant prostate cancer using the ERSPC‐RC.ConclusionsIn our independent external validation, both updated RCs showed less optimistic performance compared with their original reports, particularly for the prediction of any prostate cancer. Risk prediction of significant prostate cancer, which is important to avoid unnecessary biopsies and reduce over‐diagnosis and overtreatment, was better for both RCs and slightly superior using the ERSPC‐RC.
Neuroprotective effects of multifaceted hybrid agents targeting MAO, cholinesterase, iron and β‐amyloid in ageing and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Weinreb Orly , Amit Tamar , Bar‐Am Orit , Youdim Moussa B H 
Published: September 2015

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accepted nowadays as a complex neurodegenerative disorder with multifaceted cerebral pathologies, including extracellular deposition of amyloid β peptide‐containing plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, progressive loss of cholinergic neurons, metal dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, glutamate excitoxicity, oxidative stress and increased MAO enzyme activity. This may explain why it is currently widely accepted that a more effective therapy for AD would result from the use of multifunctional drugs, which may affect more than one brain target involved in the disease pathology. The current review will discuss the potential benefits of novel multimodal neuroprotective, brain permeable drugs, recently developed by Youdim and collaborators, as a valuable therapeutic approach for AD treatment. The pharmacological and neuroprotective properties of these multitarget‐directed ligands, which target MAO enzymes, the cholinergic system, iron accumulation and amyloid β peptide generation/aggregation are described, with a special emphasis on their potential therapeutic value for ageing and AD‐associated cognitive functions. This review is conceived as a tribute to the broad neuropharmacology work of Professor Moussa Youdim, Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Medicine and Director of Eve Topf Center of Excellence in Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology, and Chief Scientific Officer of ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., at the occasion of his 75th birthday.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.13/issuetoc
Shyness‐Sensitivity and Social, School, and Psychological Adjustment in Urban Chinese Children: A Four‐Wave Longitudinal Study
Authors: Yang Fan , Chen Xinyin , Wang Li 
Published: September 2015

This study examined reciprocal contributions between shyness‐sensitivity and social, school, and psychological adjustment in urban Chinese children. Longitudinal data were collected once a year from Grade 3 to Grade 6 (ages 9–12 years) for 1,171 children from multiple sources. Shyness‐sensitivity positively contributed to social, school, and psychological difficulties over time, with the most consistent effects on peer preference and loneliness. Social and school adjustment negatively contributed to the development of shyness‐sensitivity. The initial levels of shyness‐sensitivity and social and school adjustment moderated the growth of each other, mainly as a resource‐potentiating factor. The results indicate the significance of shyness‐sensitivity for adjustment and the role of adjustment in the development of shyness‐sensitivity in today's urban Chinese society.
The ageing human B cell repertoire: a failure of selection?
Authors: Dunn-Walters D K 
Published: September 2015

Summary
B cells undergo a number of different developmental stages, from initial formation of their B cell receptor (BCR) genes to differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Because the BCR is vital in these differentiation steps, autoreactive and exogenous antigen binding to the BCR exert critical selection pressures to shape the B cell repertoire. Older people are more prone to infectious disease, less able to respond well to vaccination and more likely to have autoreactive antibodies. Here we review evidence of changes in B cell repertoires in older people, which may be a reflection of age-related changes in B cell selection processes.
The diagnosis of nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency, based on serum basal or post‐ACTH stimulation 17‐hydroxyprogesterone, can lead to false‐positive diagnosis
Authors: Ambroziak Urszula , Kępczyńska‐Nyk Anna , Kuryłowicz Alina , Małunowicz Ewa Maria , Wójcicka Anna , Miśkiewicz Piotr , Macech Magdalena 
Published: September 2015

SummaryObjectiveAs nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) needs to be taken into account in women with hyperandrogenism, we aimed to assess whether the recommended level of poststimulated 17OHP ≥30 nmol/l confirms NCCAH.Patients and methodsForty, consecutive women with biochemical and/or clinical hyperandrogenism (aged 25·4, 18–38) suspected of having NCCAH were recruited to the study. In patients with 17OHP level between 5·1 and 29·9 nmol/l an ACTH stimulation test was performed. In patients with basal or poststimulated 17OHP ≥30 nmol/l, twenty‐four‐hour urinary steroid profile (USP) analysis was performed and CYP21A2 mutation was assessed. In selected patients with poststimulated 17OHP <30 nmol/l USP was also performed.ResultsThe group was divided into two subgroups with basal or poststimulated 17OHP ≥30 nmol/l (group A) and with poststimulated 17OHP <30 nmol/l (group B). Among 40 patients, basal or poststimulated 17OHP ≥30 nmol/l was found in 21, but NCCAH was confirmed by USP followed by genetic testing only in 5 (24%). Four patients were diagnosed as heterozygotes, and in twelve, no CYP21A2 mutation was detected.ConclusionThe diagnosis of NCCAH based only on serum 17OHP measurements (basal or poststimulated) may lead to false‐positive diagnosis when performed by immunoassay with a cut‐off value of ≥30 nmol/l. The definitive diagnosis can be established based on USP and/or genetic testing.
Water‐drinking test in primary angle‐closure suspect before and after laser peripheral iridotomy
Authors: Waisbourd Michael , Savant Shravan V , Sun Yi , Martinez Patricia , Myers Jonathan S 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate whether performing a laser peripheral iridotomy in primary angle‐closure suspects had an effect on the intraocular pressure response during the water‐drinking test.DesignProspective study in a hospital setting.ParticipantsPrimary angle‐closure suspects scheduled for a laser peripheral iridotomy.MethodsPrimary angle‐closure suspects were evaluated before the laser peripheral iridotomy and 2 weeks after. On each visit, subjects underwent the water‐drinking test. Intraocular pressure was measured every 15 min within a 1‐h period.Main Outcome MeasuresIntraocular pressure fluctuations during the water drinking test.ResultsTwenty patients were enrolled. The mean age was 58.1 years (±10.2 SD), predominantly female (n = 14, 70%). Average intraocular pressure range (maximum‐minimum) during the water‐drinking test increased significantly from 2.6 ± 1.1 mmHg before the laser peripheral iridotomy to 3.5 ± 1.5 mmHg after (P = 0.04). The mean difference between peak and last intraocular pressure measurements increased after the laser peripheral iridotomy was performed, from 2.5 mmHg (±1.27 SD) to 3.3 mmHg (±1.66 SD), (P = 0.057). There was no change in mean peak intraocular pressure (maximum‐baseline) before and after the laser peripheral iridotomy (P = 0.87).ConclusionsPrimary angle‐closure suspects who underwent the water‐drinking test had a slightly more pronounced recovery of intraocular pressure after the laser peripheral iridotomy was performed, which may be attributed to increase in the area of exposed trabecular meshwork following treatment. Differences in intraocular pressure curves before and after laser peripheral iridotomy were minimal, and therefore, the water‐drinking test had limited value as a provocative test in this patient population. © 2015 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists
Blood clot formed on rough titanium surface induces early cell recruitment
Authors: Yang Jin , Zhou Yinghong , Wei Fei , Xiao Yin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe initial contact of blood with biomaterials and subsequent recruitment of inflammatory and marrow‐derived stromal cells are among the first phases of bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the migratory potential of mesenchymal stem cells by treating rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (rBMSCs) with the extract of the blood clot formed on implant surfaces.Materials and methodsCell attachment and morphology on the blood clot was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The cell metabolism was reflected by the 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the cell proliferation was assessed by the CyQuant® assay based on DNA content. Cytokine profiles in the incubation medium derived from different blood–titanium surface were detected using the rat cytokine antibody array. Scratch wound assay and transwell migration assay were performed to determine the effect of blood–implant conditioned medium on cell migration and movement.ResultsNo significant difference was found in cell attachment and morphology on the blood clot formed on smooth and rough surfaces. Increased rBMSC proliferation was induced by the blood clot on rough surfaces. Comparison of cytokine secretion showed a significant increase of CINC‐2α, IL‐2, L‐selectin, MCP‐1, prolactin AA and VEGF levels in the elution of blood clot formed on rough titanium surfaces, which led to significantly improved mobility and wound healing ability of rBMSCs.ConclusionsRough titanium surfaces could influence the blood clot formation and properties, which will induce cell recruitment and stimulate wound healing.
Real‐World Dosing Patterns of Atomoxetine in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kabul Samaneh , Alatorre Carlos , Montejano Leslie B. , Farr Amanda M. , Clemow David B. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAimsThe aim was to investigate the dosing patterns of atomoxetine monotherapy in adult patients with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a retrospective analysis.MethodsAdult (≥18 years) patients with ADHD newly initiated on atomoxetine with ≥1 outpatient pharmacy claim for atomoxetine between January 2006 and December 2011 were selected from the Truven Health MarketScan® Commercial database. After a 30‐day titration period, dosing patterns of atomoxetine monotherapy were analyzed in the 12 months following initiation. In addition, patient demographic and clinical characteristics were compared to identify characteristics associated with suboptimal versus recommended dosing.ResultsOf the 12,412 adult patients with ADHD newly initiated on atomoxetine, 4548 (36.6%) were suboptimally dosed, whereas 3323 (26.7%) were treated at recommended dose. Overall, study patients were treated at a mean (standard deviation [SD]) dose of 68.5 (44.9) mg/day. The suboptimal dosing cohort included significantly more females (54% vs. 44%, P < 0.001) and had fewer patients with pre‐index use of other ADHD medications (17% vs. 20%, P < 0.001) compared with the recommended dosing cohort.ConclusionsAdult patients with ADHD receiving atomoxetine therapy in a real‐world setting are often dosed suboptimally. Increasing the awareness on optimal dosing strategy among clinicians and patients is warranted to maximize the therapeutic benefits of atomoxetine among adult patients with ADHD.
Ultraviolet Radiation on the Skin: A Painful Experience?
Authors: Lopes Douglas M. , McMahon Stephen B. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryExcessive exposure of skin to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has dramatic clinical effects in humans, and it is a significant public health concern. Discomfort and sensory changes caused by skin sunburn are the main common features experienced by many of us, a phenomena triggered by the combination of long and short wavelengths radiation (UVA and UVB, respectively). Although the biological processes underlying UVR exposure are not fully understood, in the last few years many studies have made significant progress in characterizing sunburn at the cellular and molecular levels, making use of both humans and laboratory animal models. Here we review and reason that UVR can be used as an excellent model of sensitization and inflammation for pain research. UVR, particularly UVB, produces a controllable and sterile inflammation that causes a robust dose‐dependent hypersensitivity with minimal confounding effects. Importantly, we show that UVR animal models precisely recapitulate the sensory, cellular, and molecular changes observed in human skin, giving it great confidence as a translational model. Furthermore, in this article, we give an overview of the pharmacology underlying UVB inflammation, the latest advances in the field, and potential new targets for inflammatory pain.