bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-employment and field of education understood from current entrepreneurship research
Authors: Berggren Caroline , Olofsson Anders 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to look at how results from a large-scale study can be understood in the context of contemporary gender and entrepreneurship research.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study is inspired by a mixed methods methodology. To gain a qualitative understanding of the general patterns in a large-scale study, research results in articles from the International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship (IJGE) were used. To make such a heterogeneous research field as appears in IJGE comparable, a model was created that helped us to focus our attention when reading the articles. The core of each article was identified.

Findings
– The categorisation of the articles in IJGE resulted in three perspectives: liberal, functional and structural. The liberal and functional perspectives improved our understanding only partially because these perspectives usually focused on a certain aspect in the society. The structural perspective more readily lent itself for interpretation of our large-scale results.

Research limitations/implications
– The dissonance between our perspective and the perspective of others has been a challenge; it has been a delicate task.

Originality/value
– This could be a way to improve communication of research not only within a perspective, but also between perspectives. It is important that scholarly journals provide the possibility to express different perspectives on, as in this example, gender and entrepreneurship.
Education and training benefiting a career as entrepreneur
Authors: Cheraghi Maryam , Schøtt Thomas 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to account for gender gaps owing to a lack of education and training. Gender gaps pervade human activity. But little is known about forces reshaping gaps across career phases, from education to running a business. Such gaps may accumulate over one’s entrepreneurial career and widen or narrow due both to environmental forces that reconfigure the gap across career phases and to the gendering of competencies and benefits from education and training.

Design/methodology/approach
– A representative sample of 110,689 adults around the world was surveyed in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Gender-related effects were ascertained by odds ratios estimated by hierarchical modelling, controlling for country and attributes of individuals.

Findings
– Education and entrepreneurial training, both during and after formal schooling, are highly beneficial in developing competencies and during career phases – i.e. intending to start a business, starting a business, and running a business. Early gaps in human capital are reproduced as gaps in careers, and continuous disadvantages in the environment repeatedly widen gaps throughout a person’s entrepreneurial career. That said, gender gaps are reduced slightly over time as women gain greater benefit from training than men.

Research limitations/implications
– The cumulative effects of early gender gaps in education and training call for research on gendered learning, and recurrent gender effects across career phases call for research on gendering in micro-level contexts such as networks and macro-level contexts such as institutions.

Practical implications
– Understanding the gendering of human capital and careers has implications for policy and education aimed at developing human resources, especially for mobilising women. The finding that women gain greater benefit than men from training is informative for policies that foster gender equality and empower women pursuing careers.

Originality/value
– Conceptualising the entrepreneurial career as a sequence of several stages enables the assessment of gender gaps owing to initial disadvantages in education and to recurrent disadvantages on the career path.
Thermal cycling aging effects on the ratcheting behavior of anisotropic conductive film
Authors: Gao Hong , Ma Jianhua , Gao Lilan , Yu Dunji , Sun Jinsheng 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to determine: how the thermal cycling aging affects the ratcheting behavior of anisotropic conductive adhesive film (ACF); how the loading conditions and loading history affect the ratcheting strain and strain rate of ACF with different thermal cycling aging histories.

Design/methodology/approach
– The ACF of CP6920F was cured at 190°C in an electro-thermal vacuum drying apparatus for 30 s. The cured specimens were put into the thermal cycling chamber (−40-150°C) for aging to 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 cycles. A series of uniaxial ratcheting tests of aged ACF after different thermal cycles was carried out under stress control at 80°C.

Findings
– The ACF subjected to larger number of thermal aging cycles exhibits less ratcheting strain under the same loading conditions. The ACF with the same thermal cycling aging history shows more ratcheting strain and a higher ratcheting strain rate when loaded under a larger mean stress or stress amplitude or a lower loading rate. The ratcheting behavior of aged ACF is found to be more sensitive to the lower loading rate. The higher mean stress (or stress amplitude) enhances the deformation resistance and consequently restrains the ratcheting strain of subsequent cycling with a lower mean stress (or stress amplitude). The prior lower loading rate accelerates the plastic deformation more significantly than the higher one.

Originality/value
– The influencing trends of thermal cycling aging, loading condition and loading history on ratcheting behavior of ACF are obtained, which is important for the design and safety assessment of ACF joints.
The size effect on intermetallic microstructure evolution of critical solder joints for flip chip assemblies
Authors: Tian Ye , Chow Justin , Liu Xi , Sitaraman Suresh  K. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study the intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness, composition and morphology in 100-μm pitch and 200-μm pitch Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC305) flip-chip assemblies after bump reflow and assembly reflow. In particular, emphasis is placed on the effect of solder joint size on the interfacial IMCs between metal pads and solder matrix.

Design/methodology/approach
– This work uses 100-μm pitch and 200-μm pitch silicon flip chips with nickel (Ni) pads and stand-off height of approximately 45 and 90 μm, respectively, assembled on substrates with copper (Cu) pads. The IMCs evolution in solder joints was investigated during reflow by using 100- and 200-μm pitch flip-chip assemblies.

Findings
– After bump reflow, the joints size controls the IMC composition and dominant IMC type as well as IMC thickness and also influences the dominant IMC morphology. After assembly reflow, the cross-reaction of the pad metallurgies promotes the dominant IMC transformation and shape coarsened on the Ni pad interface for smaller joints and promotes a great number of new dominate IMC growth on the Ni pad interface in larger joints. On the Cu pad interface, many small voids formed in the IMC in larger joints, but were not observed in smaller joints, combined with the drawing of the IMC growth process.

Originality/value
– With continued advances in microelectronics, it is anticipated that next-generation microelectronic assemblies will require a reduction of the flip-chip solder bump pitch to 100 μm or less from the current industrial practice of 130 to150 μm. This work shows that as the packaging size reduced with the solder joint interconnection, the solder size becomes an important factor in the intermetallic composition as well as morphology and thickness after reflow.
No second chances: demography from the forest floor to the canopy and back again
Authors: Balcázar‐Vargas Maria P. , Salguero‐Gómez Roberto , Zuidema Pieter A. 
Published: August 2015

SummarySecondary hemiepiphytes have one of the most bizarre life histories among vascular plants. They germinate on the forest floor, climb onto a host tree, gradually grow up and start producing seeds if the host tree is taller than the minimum height required for reproductive onset. Because most of the host trees in the forest are too small to allow reproduction, most seedlings of secondary hemiepiphytes of the genusHeteropsisclimb onto unsuitable hosts. This problem may be remediated by moving from unsuitable to suitable hosts by vegetative propagation, providing a second chance to contribute to recruitment. Still, such a strategy comes at a demographic risk of increased mortality and may thus contribute little to population growth.Here we ask what are the relative contributions ofHeteropsisindividuals on suitable vs. unsuitable hosts to their population growth rates (λ). We studied the demography of three species of the genusHeteropsisin theColombianAmazon, distinguishing subpopulations on suitable and unsuitable hosts. We constructed multistate matrix population models and performed elasticity and loop analyses.For all threeHeteropsisspecies, λ ≥ 1, indicating that studied populations are viable. Vital rates and loop elasticities showed that individuals on suitable hosts contributed 85–98% and 80–96%, respectively. Consequently, individuals that climb directly to suitable hosts predominantly drive the population dynamics of the three studiedHeteropsisspecies and second chances (vegetative reproduction) do not matter for demographic viability.Our results are evidence of a strong source–sink dynamic for the studied species, whereby individuals on unsuitable hosts act as sink subpopulations and individuals on suitable hosts as source subpopulations. The population growth rates of the examinedHeteropsisspecies were strongly limited by recruitment of individuals on suitable hosts and the high proportion of seedlings climbing onto unsuitable hosts, which are demographic ‘lost cases’.Synthesis. Our study illustrates a strong environmental filtering and multiple bottlenecks in the life cycle of secondary hemiepiphytes. Our findings contribute with an understudied plant life‐history strategy to the extensive repertoire of better‐known ecological plant strategies such as tree gap dynamics, clonal reproduction and permanent seedbanks.
The impact of prolapse mesh on vaginal smooth muscle structure and function
Authors: Jallah Z , Liang R , Feola A , Barone W , Palcsey S , Abramowitch SD , Yoshimura N , Moalli P 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of prolapse meshes on vaginal smooth muscle structure (VaSM) and function, and to evaluate these outcomes in the context of the mechanical and textile properties of the mesh.DesignThree months following the implantation of three polypropylene prolapse meshes with distinct textile and mechanical properties, mesh tissue explants were evaluated for smooth muscle contraction, innervation, receptor function, and innervation density.SettingMagee‐Womens Research Institute at the University of Pittsburgh.PopulationThirty‐four parous rhesus macaques of similar age, parity, and pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP–Q) scores.MethodsMacaques were implanted with mesh via sacrocolpopexy. The impact of Gynemesh™ PS (Ethicon; n = 7), Restorelle® (Coloplast; n = 7), UltraPro™ parallel and UltraPro™ perpendicular (Ethicon; n = 6 and 7, respectively) were compared with sham‐operated controls (n = 7). Outcomes were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U–tests and multiple regression analysis (P < 0.05).Mean outcome measuresVaginal tissue explants were evaluated for the maximum contractile force generated following muscle, nerve, and receptor stimulation, and for peripheral nerve density.ResultsMuscle myofibre, nerve, and receptor‐mediated contractions were negatively affected by mesh only in the grafted region (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, and P = 0.008, respectively), whereas cholinergic and adrenergic nerve densities were affected in the grafted (P = 0.090 and P = 0.008, respectively) and non‐grafted (P = 0.009 and P = 0.005, respectively) regions. The impact varied by mesh property, as mesh stiffness was a significant predictor of the negative affect on muscle function and nerve density (P < 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively), whereas mesh and weight was a predictor of receptor function (P < 0.001).ConclusionsMesh has an overall negative impact on VaSM, and the effects are a function of mesh properties, most notably, mesh stiffness.Tweetable abstractProlapse mesh affects vaginal smooth muscle.
Review on the Use of Cell Cultures to Study Metabolism, Transport, and Accumulation of Flavonoids: From Mono‐Cultures to Co‐Culture Systems
Authors: Gonzales Gerard Bryan , Van Camp John , Vissenaekens Hanne , Raes Katleen , Smagghe Guy , Grootaert Charlotte 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive discussion on the various human/animal cell‐based models used to study the absorption, transport, and metabolism of flavonoids. Flavonoids are plant‐based bioactive compounds that have been extensively investigated for their active role in health alleviation and disease prevention. For this purpose, cell lines isolated from various human and animal tissues have been routinely used as anin vitromodel to assess the bioavailability and bioactivity of these compounds. This paper reviews for the first time various transporters (SLCT, SGLT, bilitranslocase, and ABC transporters), metabolic routes (deglycosylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and deconjugation), and accumulation of flavonoids in different cell lines commonly used in flavonoid research. Also, the use of co‐culture systems to study flavonoid bioactivity will be discussed. To date, no definite mono‐culture or co‐culture formulation has been generally accepted to be the most accurate representation of thein vivosituation. Therefore, further investigation and improvement of cell‐basedin vitromodels for flavonoid research merit further investigation.
Differences in Handwritings of Schizophrenia Patients and Examination of the Change after Treatment
Authors: Kömür İlhami , Gürler Ahmet Selçuk , Başpınar Bünyamin , Şahin Esat , Kantarcı Muhammet Nabi , Emül Murat , Kandemir Eyüp , Akın Hacı Mehmet , Üner Hüseyin Bülent 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the differences between the handwritings of schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects in addition to the changes that occurred in schizophrenia patients' handwriting in response to the treatment. The test subjects were 29 schizophrenia patients and 29 healthy individuals with the same age, gender, and dominant hand. The changes in the handwritings were examined according to 14 different parameters. On the day of admittance, the percentage of extra letters was 16.7%, and after 7–10 days of hospitalization, it rose to 33.3%. The percentage of skipped words decreased from 29.2% to 16.7% after 7–10 days of hospitalization, and to 10% after 3 weeks. The letters written by schizophrenia patients are significantly larger in height and width compared to the control group. The schizophrenia patients showed a higher incidence of crossed‐out letters, adding extra words, missing punctuation as well as missing words.
Monitoring of Yeast Communities and Volatile Flavor Changes During Traditional Korean Soy Sauce Fermentation
Authors: Song Young‐Ran , Jeong Do‐Youn , Baik Sang‐Ho 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFlavor development in soy sauce is significantly related to the diversity of yeast species. Due to its unique fermentation with meju, the process of making Korean soy sauce gives rise to a specific yeast community and, therefore, flavor profile; however, no detailed analysis of the identifying these structure has been performed. Changes in yeast community structure during Korean soy sauce fermentation were examined using both culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods with simultaneous analysis of the changes in volatile compounds by GC‐MS analysis. During fermentation, Candida, Pichia, and Rhodotorula sp. were the dominant species, whereas Debaryomyces, Torulaspora, and Zygosaccharomyces sp. were detected only at the early stage. In addition, Cryptococcus, Microbotryum, Tetrapisispora, and Wickerhamomyces were detected as minor strains. Among the 62 compounds identified in this study, alcohols, ketones, and pyrazines were present as the major groups during the initial stages, whereas the abundance of acids with aldehydes increased as the fermentation progressed. Finally, the impacts of 10 different yeast strains found to participate in fermentation on the formation of volatile compounds were evaluated under soy‐based conditions. It was revealed that specific species produced different profiles of volatile compounds, some of which were significant flavor contributors, especially volatile alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones.
OEZY: Optimising EnZYme selection for best performing terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using ARB
Authors: Mühling Martin , Beier Rico , Müller Patricia , Petzsch Patrick , Drechsel Anna , Schlömann Michael , Labudde Dirk 
Published: August 2015

Summary

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis remains a useful technique to obtain insights into the genetic diversity of microbial populations. A crucial parameter of the technique is the selection of appropriate restriction endonucleases (REs) to achieve high resolution between the PCR‐amplified fragments of a marker gene (usually a ribosomal RNA gene). However, despite the development of several computer‐supported programmes to improve the selection of REs for TRFLP analysis, there is still a lack of software that offers both of two aspects: first, availability of a sequence data base from which sequences can easily and without further formatting and ranking be selected for analysis; secondly, selection of sets of REs for highest genetic resolution while providing the possibility to assess and quantify the correlation of the TRFs with the phylogeny of the target group of 16S rRNA sequences.

Here, we present a new and freely available software tool which utilises ARB in combination with the silva data base of hundreds of thousands of aligned ribosomal RNA genes or user‐submitted sequences as basis for the selection of optimal sets of REs of various sizes. Apart from coping with missing sequence information and providing extensive information on the obtained TRF patterns, this new programme for Optimising EnZYme selection for best performing TRFLP analysis using ARB (OEZY) also assesses the level at which the resulting TRF pattern reflects the phylogeny based on the data base gene sequences.

Optimising EnZYme is a substantial extension to hitherto available software as it opens the chance to correctly predict the phylogenetic position of yet unknown sequence types. Choosing REs that lead to a high correlation between the resulting TRFs and the phylogeny of the micro‐organisms based on the nucleotide sequence of the marker gene makes it likely that the TRFs also fall within the corresponding phylogenetic clade. OEZY therefore provides a diagnostic tool for the analysis of microbial populations.
Designing Real‐time Decision Support for Trauma Resuscitations
Authors: Yadav Kabir , Chamberlain James M. , Lewis Vicki R. , Abts Natalie , Chawla Shawn , Hernandez Angie , Johnson Justin , Tuveson Genevieve , Burd Randall S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundUse of electronic clinical decision support (eCDS) has been recommended to improve implementation of clinical decision rules. Many eCDS tools, however, are designed and implemented without taking into account the context in which clinical work is performed. Implementation of the pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) clinical decision rule at one Level I pediatric emergency department includes an electronic questionnaire triggered when ordering a head computed tomography using computerized physician order entry (CPOE). Providers use this CPOE tool in less than 20% of trauma resuscitation cases. A human factors engineering approach could identify the implementation barriers that are limiting the use of this tool.ObjectivesThe objective was to design a pediatric TBI eCDS tool for trauma resuscitation using a human factors approach. The hypothesis was that clinical experts will rate a usability‐enhanced eCDS tool better than the existing CPOE tool for user interface design and suitability for clinical use.MethodsThis mixed‐methods study followed usability evaluation principles. Pediatric emergency physicians were surveyed to identify barriers to using the existing eCDS tool. Using standard trauma resuscitation protocols, a hierarchical task analysis of pediatric TBI evaluation was developed. Five clinical experts, all board‐certified pediatric emergency medicine faculty members, then iteratively modified the hierarchical task analysis until reaching consensus. The software team developed a prototype eCDS display using the hierarchical task analysis. Three human factors engineers provided feedback on the prototype through a heuristic evaluation, and the software team refined the eCDS tool using a rapid prototyping process. The eCDS tool then underwent iterative usability evaluations by the five clinical experts using video review of 50 trauma resuscitation cases. A final eCDS tool was created based on their feedback, with content analysis of the evaluations performed to ensure all concerns were identified and addressed.ResultsAmong 26 EPs (76% response rate), the main barriers to using the existing tool were that the information displayed is redundant and does not fit clinical workflow. After the prototype eCDS tool was developed based on the trauma resuscitation hierarchical task analysis, the human factors engineers rated it to be better than the CPOE tool for nine of 10 standard user interface design heuristics on a three‐point scale. The eCDS tool was also rated better for clinical use on the same scale, in 84% of 50 expert–video pairs, and was rated equivalent in the remainder. Clinical experts also rated barriers to use of the eCDS tool as being low.ConclusionsAn eCDS tool for diagnostic imaging designed using human factors engineering methods has improved perceived usability among pediatric emergency physicians.
To reduce or abstain? Substance use goals in the treatment of veterans with substance use disorders and comorbid PTSD
Authors: Lozano Brian E. , Gros Daniel F. , Killeen Therese , Jaconis Maryanne , Beylotte Francis M. , Boyd Stephen , Back Sudie E. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) frequently co‐occur. Previous research demonstrates the utility of goals in attaining improved SUD outcomes, however, no previous studies have examined goal choices in the context of integrated treatment for comorbid PTSD and SUD.ObjectivesThe present study investigated correlates of treatment entry goals to either reduce or abstain from substance use.MethodsParticipants (N = 60) were treatment‐seeking veterans with current PTSD and SUD. Participants completed self‐report and clinician‐rated measures of substance use, PTSD, and affective symptoms as part of a larger randomized controlled trial.ResultsHalf (30/60) of participants endorsed a treatment entry goal to reduce substance use (reducers). Compared to participants who endorsed a treatment entry goal of abstinence (abstainers), reducers were significantly younger, more likely to be employed, more likely to have served in recent military conflicts (Operations Enduring/Iraqi Freedom), and endorsed significantly fewer symptoms of alcohol dependence.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceThe findings demonstrate clinically relevant differences based on treatment entry goals, suggesting that individuals are often able to choose conceivably appropriate treatment goals based, most notably, on the severity of their SUD. Collaboratively engaging patients in establishing treatment goals that are consistent with their beliefs and desires in conjunction with empirical findings is particularly relevant in the context of treatment for SUD and PTSD where many patients are ambivalent about treatment and attrition is common. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:XX–XX)