bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elution Behavior of Polypropylene with Different Tacticity – An Overview
Authors: Macko Tibor , Arndt Jan‐Hendrik , Brüll Robert 
Published: October 2015

SummaryHigh‐temperature liquid chromatography (HT‐HPLC) using solvent gradients enables to separate polypropylene (PP) according to tacticity. Varying the combination of adsorption and desorption promoting solvent the three stereochemical variants iPP, aPP and sPP can be selectively retained in a Hypercarb™ column. Two new desorption promoting solvents, namely 1‐chloronaphtalene and 2‐chlorotoluene, were tested. Among these 2‐chlorotoluene was found to improve the selectivity of the separation of the atactic variant from the syndiotactic one. Linear polyethylene (PE) was retained in the column in the majority of the tested solvent/sorbent systems. Thus, several HPLC systems described in this paper enable the separation of blends consisting of PE and PP, as well as the realization of selective HPLC separations of polypropylene according to its tacticity.
Effect of Heterogeneous Short Chain Branching Distribution on Acceleration or Retardation of the Rate of Crystallization from Melts of Ethylene Copolymers Synthesized with Ziegler‐Natta Catalysts
Authors: Ren Minqiao , Chen Xuejian , Sang Yuan , Alamo Rufina G. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryEthylene 1‐alkene copolymers with the same molar mass, same molar mass distribution and very similar average comonomer content of 3.8 +/− 0.4 mol% but different broad interchain comonomer content distribution (CCD), are found to display different extents of melt memory effect on crystallization rate. With decreasing the initial melt temperature, all broadly distributed copolymers show enhanced crystallization followed by a decrease of crystallization rate. However, copolymers with a higher content of molecules in the medium composition range (6‐2 mol% comonomer) and a lower content of lightly branched molecules (<2 mol% comonomer), display the highest effect of memory of a prior crystallization in their high temperature melts. The increase in crystallization peak temperature is up to 4  °C. The acceleration and further retardation of the crystallization are associated with self‐seeds that remain in one‐phase or two liquid phases melts respectively. The magnitude of the effect on crystallization is proportional to the number of surviving seeds in the initial melt.
Morphometric Variability of Roman Dogs in Hispania Tarraconensis: The Case Study of the Vila de Madrid Necropolis
Authors: Colominas L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe size, body conformation and skull shape of Roman dogs from the ‘Vila de Madrid necropolis’ site, where 1480 dog remains were recovered, are described in this paper to provide evidence of the morphometric variability of Roman dogs in Hispania Tarraconensis.The individualized and detailed morphometric analysis of 10 individuals shows that the proliferation and explosion of the morphological variability already documented in different regions of the Roman Empire (Italia, Gallia, Britannia, Pannonia) are also noted here. The presence of very different individuals in terms of their shape and size, similar to the differences that can at present be noted between Pekingese and Doberman dogs, has been documented at the site. The reasons for the appearance of this morphological variability within those territories that were part of the Roman Empire are also discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Babala and the Bible: Israel and a ‘Messianic Church’ in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Dundon Alison 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn early 2000s, a large group of Gogodala‐speaking villagers in the Western Province (WP) of Papua New Guinea, led by a man I refer to as Henry, claimed to be members of the Lost Tribes of Israel. Henry and his supporters arranged for the visit of Tudor Parfitt, then Director of the Centre for Jewish Studies at the University of London, to WP. In this paper, I suggest that an ongoing local interest in ‘origins’ has been framed in light of biblical teachings, and this more recent claim of a connection between the Gogodala ancestors and the Lost Tribes of Israel. I explore the generation of such ideas and claims through an examination of the significance of babala (‘rules’ or ‘laws’) as practices vital to the maintenance of village‐based life, and biblical teachings on behaviour and practice focused on by the local Unevangelised Fields Mission. In this context, I explore the implications of the conjuncture of babala and the Bible, and the visits by Parfitt and his team, through the recent development of a ‘Messianic Church’ in Balimo with explicit forms of worship associated with Judaism.
Studying human respiratory disease in animals – role of induced and naturally occurring models
Authors: Williams Kurt , Roman Jesse 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRespiratory disorders like asthma, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis affect millions of Americans and many more worldwide. Despite advancements in medical research that have led to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions and sometimes to new therapeutic interventions, these disorders are for the most part chronic and progressive; current interventions are not curative and do not halt disease progression. A major obstacle to further advancements relates to the absence of animal models that exactly resemble the human condition, which delays the elucidation of relevant mechanisms of action, the unveiling of biomarkers of disease progression, and identification of new targets for intervention in patients. There are currently many induced animal models of human respiratory disease available for study, and even though they mimic features of human disease, discoveries in these models have not always translated into safe and effective treatments in humans. A major obstacle relates to the genetic, anatomical, and functional variations amongst species, which represents the major challenge to overcome when searching for appropriate models of respiratory disease. Nevertheless, rodents, in particular mice, have become the most common species used for experimentation, due to their relatively low cost, size, and adequate understanding of murine genetics, among other advantages. Less well known is the fact that domestic animals also suffer from respiratory illnesses similar to those found in humans. Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis are among the many disorders occurring naturally in dogs, cats, and horses, among other species. These models might better resemble the human condition and are emphasized here, but further investigations are needed to determine their relevance. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting a novel bone degradation pathway in primary bone cancer by inactivation of the collagen receptor uPARAP/Endo180
Authors: Engelholm Lars H , Melander Maria C , Hald Andreas , Persson Morten , Madsen Daniel H , Jürgensen Henrik J , Johansson Kristina , Nielsen Christoffer , Nørregaard Kirstine S , Ingvarsen Signe Z , Kjær Andreas , Trovik Clement S , Lærum Ole D , Bugge Thomas H , Eide Johan , Behrendt Niels 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn osteosarcoma, a primary mesenchymal bone cancer occurring predominantly in younger patients, invasive tumour growth leads to extensive bone destruction. This process is insufficiently understood, cannot be efficiently counteracted and calls for novel means of treatment. The endocytic collagen receptor, uPARAP/Endo180, is expressed on various mesenchymal cell types and is involved in bone matrix turnover during normal bone growth. Human osteosarcoma specimens showed strong expression of this receptor on tumour cells, along with the collagenolytic metalloprotease, MT1–MMP. In advanced tumours with ongoing bone degeneration, sarcoma cells positive for these proteins formed a contiguous layer aligned with the degradation zones. Remarkably, osteoclasts were scarce or absent from these regions and quantitative analysis revealed that this scarcity marked a strong contrast between osteosarcoma and bone metastases of carcinoma origin. This opened the possibility that sarcoma cells might directly mediate bone degeneration. To examine this question, we utilized a syngeneic, osteolytic bone tumour model with transplanted NCTC‐2472 sarcoma cells in mice. When analysed in vitro, these cells were capable of degrading the protein component of surface‐labelled bone slices in a process dependent on MMP activity and uPARAP/Endo180. Systemic treatment of the sarcoma‐inoculated mice with a mouse monoclonal antibody that blocks murine uPARAP/Endo180 led to a strong reduction of bone destruction. Our findings identify sarcoma cell‐resident uPARAP/Endo180 as a central player in the bone degeneration of advanced tumours, possibly following an osteoclast‐mediated attack on bone in the early tumour stage. This points to uPARAP/Endo180 as a promising therapeutic target in osteosarcoma, with particular prospects for improved neoadjuvant therapy. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of DDX39A as a Potential Biomarker for Unfavorable Neuroblastoma Using a Proteomic Approach
Authors: Otake Kohei , Uchida Keiichi , Ide Shozo , Kobayashi Yuhko , Kobayashi Issei , Kusunoki Masato 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundMalignant potential in unfavorable neuroblastoma (NB) is dependent on an undifferentiated status. The aim of this study was to identify a novel biomarker associated with the undifferentiated status of NB in vitro and to evaluate its prognostic implication.ProcedureShotgun proteomic analysis was performed in undifferentiated and all trans‐retinoic acid induced differentiated NB cells in vitro. An identified protein was verified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and evaluated by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine the expression of the identified protein in 33 primary NB tissues.ResultsTwelve proteins, including ATP‐dependent RNA helicase (DDX39A), were only detected in undifferentiated NB cells. A peptide of DDX39A was detected at a significantly higher level in undifferentiated IMR‐32 (P = 0.002) and LA‐N‐1 (P < 0.001) cells by MRM. Western blot analysis revealed that DDX39A expression was significantly higher in undifferentiated IMR‐32 (P = 0.02) and LA‐N‐1 (P = 0.025) cells. IHC demonstrated that DDX39A was highly expressed in the primary tumor tissues of patients with poor prognosis, and univariate and multivariate survival analyses showed that DDX39A expression could be an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (P = 0.027).ConclusionsDDX39A is a potential biomarker for unfavorable NB using a proteomic approach. Evaluation of DDX39A protein expression in NB tumor tissues may provide complementary prognostic information for further subclassification of these tumors.
Investigation of the theoretical load alleviation potential using trailing edge flaps controlled by inflow data
Authors: Fischer A. , Madsen H. A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA novel control concept for fatigue load reduction with trailing edge flaps based on the measurement of the inflow locally on the blade was presented. The investigation was conducted with the aeroelastic code HAWC2. The aerodynamic modelling in the code is based on blade element momentum theory. The simulations were carried out for the NREL 5MW reference wind turbine, and the mean wind speed at hub height was 8 m s−1. The turbine was operated with fixed rotational speed. The energy at the blade is concentrated in spectral bands centred at multiples of the rotational frequency up to three times the rotational frequency. The highest fatigue load reduction was achieved when the inflow sensor was placed at the outer parts of the blade. In the best case, the reduction of the local fatigue loads induced by the blade sectional normal force was 60%. The control method gave the highest fatigue load reductions in conditions with strong wind shear. The demands for the flap actuator in terms of deflection angles was ±10°. The requirements in terms of the flap deflection velocity depend mainly on the inflow turbulence intensity. The maximum value was ±40°s−1 for 20% inflow turbulence intensity. Unsteady aerodynamic effects seem to be negligible. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of an efficient framework for structural analysis of wind turbine blades
Authors: Blasques J. P. , Bitsche R. D. , Fedorov V. , Lazarov B. S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a novel framework for the structural design and analysis of wind turbine blades and establishes its accuracy. The framework is based on a beam model composed of two parts—a 2D finite element‐based cross‐section analysis tool and a 3D beam finite element model. The cross‐section analysis tool is able to capture the effects stemming from material anisotropy and inhomogeneity for sections of arbitrary geometry. The proposed framework is very efficient and therefore ideally suited for integration within wind turbine aeroelastic design and analysis tools. A number of benchmark examples are presented comparing the results from the proposed beam model to 3D shell and solid finite element models. The examples considered include a square prismatic beam, an entire wind turbine rotor blade and a detailed wind turbine blade cross section. Phenomena at both the blade length scale—deformation and eigenfrequencies—and cross section scale—3D material strain and stress fields—are analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of the different assumptions regarding the boundary conditions is discussed in detail. The benchmark examples show excellent agreement suggesting that the proposed framework is a highly efficient alternative to 3D finite element models for structural analysis of wind turbine blades. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgery and Obstetric Care are Highly Cost‐Effective Interventions in a Sub‐Saharan African District Hospital: A Three‐Month Single‐Institution Study of Surgical Costs and Outcomes
Authors: Roberts Geoffrey , Roberts Charlotte , Jamieson Amy , Grimes Caris , Conn Gemma , Bleichrodt Robert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground
The Lancet recently sponsored a commission examining the role of surgery in global health. There is a paucity of published information on the cost‐effectiveness of surgery in low‐ and middle‐income countries, a key metric in the prioritisation of limited resources.MethodsAll patients undergoing emergency laparotomy, elective and emergency inguinal hernia repair, elective and emergency caesarean section, amputation, fracture manipulation, or fracture fixation over a 3 months period in a single district African hospital were assessed. World Health Organisation global burden of disease (GBD) methodology was used to calculate the disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) saved for each patient (using global and local life expectancy). Fully loaded costs were calculated for each patient’s care and providing the overall surgical service. Cost‐effectiveness was calculated in year 2012 US$ per DALY saved for each procedure and overall.ResultsA total of 428 patients were included, with an overall cost‐effectiveness of $10.70 per DALY averted. The cost‐effectiveness of individual procedures (global life expectancy) was
Amputation—$17.66
Emergency caesarean section—$7.42
Elective caesarean section—$20.50
Emergency laparotomy—$8.62
Elective hernia repair—$15.26
Emergency hernia repair—$4.36
Fracture/dislocation reduction—$69.03
Fracture/dislocation fixation—$225.89
ConclusionsSurgery is a highly cost‐effective healthcare measure in the setting of an African district hospital. The presented outcomes demonstrate that surgery is on a par with better‐recognised and funded interventions such as HIV anti‐retrovirals, malaria prevention and diarrhoea treatment. There are recognised limitations with the GBD methodology used here; however, this remains the best way to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of health interventions. This study provides useful information on an, at present, under‐studied field.
Changes in vegetation and nitrogen mineralization during recovery of a montane subtropical broadleaved forest in North‐eastern India following anthropogenic disturbance
Authors: Mylliemngap Wishfully , Nath Debashree , Barik Saroj Kanta 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the changes in the plant community and soil nitrogen (N) availability during natural recovery of a forest following clear‐cutting is critical to develop post‐disturbance forest management strategies. Therefore, post‐clearcut changes in vegetation, net N mineralization rates and available N concentrations in soil were studied in a montane subtropical broadleaved forest during the early years of recovery following a chronosequence approach. Two replicate stands were selected for each treatment of old‐growth undisturbed forest and recovering forest stands aged 1, 5 and 10 years. Following disturbance, tree species diversity and basal area declined but shrub and herb diversity increased. High percentage dissimilarity among the stands in tree, shrub and herb species composition indicated that species colonization varied with recovery age. NH4+‐N and NO3−‐N concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) following clear‐cutting and the increasing trend continued until 5 years post‐recovery, after which it declined. While ammonification rate remained unchanged with recovery age, nitrification and net N mineralization rates in 10‐year‐old and undisturbed forest were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than in 1‐ and 5‐year‐old forest, indicating that mineralization rates increased with recovery age. Despite high mineralization rates, low availability of soil N in the later years of recovery was attributed to high N uptake by growing vegetation and leaching because of high rainfall in Cherrapunjee. To ensure N availability during the later years of recovery, we suggest that forest management intervention should encourage aided regeneration of native N‐fixing trees, e.g., Myrica esculenta, during the initial years of recovery.
Long‐term, climate‐change‐related shifts in feeding frequencies of a Mediterranean snake population
Authors: Capula Massimo , Rugiero Lorenzo , Capizzi Dario , Franco Daniel , Milana Giuliano , Luiselli Luca 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn a context of climate change, ecological and physiological adaptations of organisms are of central importance for determining the outcome of niche challenges (e.g., with potential competitors) and species persistence. Typically, long‐term data on free‐ranging populations are needed to investigate such phenomena. Here, long‐term data on a free‐ranging population of western whip snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus: Colubridae) from central Italy were used in order to test the hypothesis that snake feeding frequencies should increase in relation to climate warming, thus positively affecting individual performance because of longer annual activity period, increased daily activity and larger prey base. Data from 231 ‘female snake‐years’ of records (including inter‐annual recaptures) were collected were collected between 1990 and 2014. The frequency of fed snakes varied remarkably across the study period with a significant increase over the years. There was a significant positive effect of the mean annual temperature on the percentage of fed animals, whereas there was a non‐significant relationship between yearly rainfall and percentage of fed animals. There was a positive relationship between mean annual temperature and yearly diversity‐of‐prey index. No other climatic variables were significantly correlated with yearly diversity‐of‐prey index. This study supported the hypothesis that global warming may be favorable for thermophilic species (such as H. viridiflavus), as it enhances their foraging performances and hence their feeding frequencies. The same may not be necessarily true for other species which have colder preferenda (e.g., Zamenis longissimus).
Comparison of postoperative vaginal length and sexual function after abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopic hysterectomy
Authors: Ercan Önder , Özer Alev , Köstü Bülent , Bakacak Murat , Kıran Gürkan , Avcı Fazıl 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo compare vaginal length and sexual function after total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH), total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), and vaginal hysterectomy (VH).MethodsThe present cross‐sectional study at a single center in Turkey compared vaginal length and sexual function among women who received TLH, TAH, VH, or no surgery (groups 1, 2, 3, and 0, respectively) between January 2011 and April 2014. All women underwent hysterectomy for benign reasons at least 3 months before the study and were sexually active. Vaginal length was measured between the hymenal ring and vaginal apex. Sexual function was assessed via the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire, short form (PISQ‐12).ResultsVaginal length in groups 0, 1, 2, and 3 was 10.9 ± 1.5, 8.9 ± 1.4, 8.5 ± 1.2, and 8.1 ± 0.7 cm, respectively; it was significantly longer in the control group (P < 0.001), and significantly shorter in group 3 than in group 1 (P = 0.03). The mean PISQ‐12 score in groups 0, 1, 2, and 3 was 18.6 ± 5.2, 12.9 ± 3.0, 13.8 ± 4.4, and 11.5 ± 4.4, respectively, and was significantly higher in group 0 (P < 0.001).ConclusionTotal hysterectomy shortened vaginal length and compromised sexual function regardless of the technique used.
The Denaturation of Environmental Education: Exploring the Role of Ecotechnologies
Authors: Gough Annette , Gough Noel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article explores the changing ways ‘environment’ has been represented in the discourses of environmental education and education for sustainable development (ESD) in United Nations (and related) publications since the 1970s. It draws on the writings of Jean-Luc Nancy and discusses the increasingly dominant view of the environment as a ‘natural resource base for economic and social development’ (United Nations, 2002, p. 2) and how this instrumentalisation of nature is produced by discourses and ‘ecotechnologies’ that ‘identify and define the natural realm in our relationship with it’ (Boetzkes, 2010, p. 29). This denaturation of nature is reflected in the priorities for sustainable development discussed at Rio+20 and proposed successor UNESCO projects. The article argues for the need to reassert the intrinsic value of ‘environment’ in education discourses and discusses strategies for so doing. The article is intended as a wake-up call to the changing context of the ‘environment’ in ESD discourses. In particular, we need to respond to the recent UNESCO (2013a, 2013b) direction of global citizenship education as the successor to the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005–2014 that continues to reinforce an instrumentalist view of the environment as part of contributing to ‘a more just, peaceful, tolerant, inclusive, secure and sustainable world’ (UNESCO, 2013a, p. 3).