bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchy of root functional trait values and plasticity drive early‐stage competition for water and phosphorus among grasses
Authors: Fort Florian , Cruz Pablo , Jouany Claire 
Published: November 2013

Summary
The link between species' functional traits and competitive abilities has been described as a major factor structuring plant communities. However, two diverging hypotheses have been proposed to explain this process: competition‐trait similarity and competition‐trait hierarchy.
We performed a greenhouse experiment to determine whether grasses' root foraging strategies, from acquisitive or conservative functional groups, are linked to plant competitive ability and to test which hypothesis better explains interactions during the early stage of grass establishment under contrasting growth conditions.
Two grass species of each functional group were grown with and without a neighbour under two levels of water and phosphorus supplies. Three functional traits related to plant competitive ability were measured on all plants grown without neighbours: specific root length (SRL), root phosphorus use efficiency and root length density. Above‐ground biomass was measured on plants grown with and without neighbours to evaluate the intensity of plant interaction.
We demonstrated that for the three traits the intensity of interaction is driven mainly by hierarchical trait distance, that is, trait distance between target and neighbour, and not by trait similarity. Growth conditions strongly affected the significance of the relation between hierarchical distances and competition intensity. For the SRL hierarchical distance, this effect may be due to the most competitive species (with high SRL) being strongly impacted by water shortage, which modified the competitive hierarchy. Trait plasticity in response to stresses also appeared an important factor influencing the competitive ability of species, that is, species with the most plastic SRL in response to P stress were also the most competitive under P stress.
A strong hierarchy exists among grasses' competitive abilities in non‐limiting growth conditions that is linked to their root functional traits and investment in the root system. Consequently, our results support the trait hierarchy hypothesis in its ability to describe competitive interaction among grasses during early stages of establishment.
Our study provides evidence that root functional hierarchical trait distance and plasticity explain how grasses interact with their neighbours. This distance enables species to be ranked according to their competitive ability; however, this ranking may be influenced by the growth conditions and traits considered.
Hemerythrins in the microaerophilic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni help protect key iron–sulphur cluster enzymes from oxidative damage
Authors: Kendall John J. , Barrero‐Tobon Angelica M. , Hendrixson David R. , Kelly David J. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryMicroaerophilic bacteria are adapted to low oxygen environments, but the mechanisms by which their growth in air is inhibited are not well understood. The citric acid cycle in the microaerophilic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is potentially vulnerable, as it employs pyruvate and 2‐oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductases (Por and Oor), which contain labile (4Fe‐4S) centres. Here, we show that both enzymes are rapidly inactivated after exposure of cells to a fully aerobic environment. We investigated the mechanisms that might protect enzyme activity and identify a role for the hemerythrin HerA (Cj0241). A herA mutant exhibits an aerobic growth defect and reduced Por and Oor activities after exposure to 21% (v/v) oxygen. Slow anaerobic recovery of these activities after oxygen damage was observed, but at similar rates in both wild‐type and herA strains, suggesting the role of HerA is to prevent Fe‐S cluster damage, rather than promote repair. Another hemerythrin (HerB; Cj1224) also plays a protective role. Purified HerA and HerB exhibited optical absorption, ligand binding and resonance Raman spectra typical of μ‐oxo‐bridged di‐iron containing hemerythrins. We conclude that oxygen lability and poor repair of Por and Oor are major contributors to microaerophily in C. jejuni; hemerythrins help prevent enzyme damage microaerobically or during oxygen transients.
Gastric Digestion of Raw and Roasted Almonds In Vivo
Authors: Bornhorst Gail M. , Roman Maxine J. , Rutherfurd Shane M. , Burri Betty J. , Moughan Paul J. , Singh R. Paul 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlmonds are an important dietary source of lipids, protein, and α‐tocopherol. It has been demonstrated that the physical form of almond kernels influences their digestion and absorption, but the role of thermal processes on the digestion of almonds has received little attention. The objectives of this study were to examine the gastric emptying and nutrient composition of gastric chyme from pigs (used as a model for the adult human) fed a single meal of either raw or roasted almonds over a 12‐h postprandial period (72 pigs total, 6 pigs at each diet–time combination). Concentrations of glucose, triacylglycerols, and α‐tocopherol in peripheral plasma during the 12‐h postprandial period were determined. For dry matter and lipid, the gastric emptying profile was not different between raw and roasted almonds. Roasting almonds also did not influence gastric pH, or plasma glucose or triacylglycerols levels. In contrast, the gastric emptying of protein was more rapid for raw almonds compared to roasted almonds (P < 0.01) and intragastric protein content exhibited segregation (P < 0.001) throughout the stomach, with raw almonds having a higher level of segregation compared to roasted almonds. Postprandial plasma α‐tocopherol levels were, on average 33% greater (P < 0.001) after consumption of raw almonds, most likely as a result of the higher concentration of α‐tocopherol in raw almonds compared to roasted almonds. Roasting of almonds did not influence the overall gastric emptying process, but did lead to differences in the distribution of protein in the stomach and to the gastric emptying of protein.
Effect of Natural Antioxidants, Irradiation, and Cooking on Lipid Oxidation in Refrigerated, Salted Ground Beef Patties
Authors: Schevey Christian T. , Toshkov Stoyan , Brewer M. Susan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAntioxidant effects of natural antioxidants in 73%‐lean ground beef patties during refrigeration were studied. Samples were subject to an antioxidant treatment (pomegranate extract, grape seed extract, butylated hydroxyanisole, or no treatment) and an irradiation treatment (0 or 1.5 kGy) before being evaluated for both uncooked and cooked indicators of lipid oxidation. Chemical evaluation of antioxidant activity were determined over 9 d through measurement of thiobarbituric reactive substances values. Physical evaluation of antioxidant activity was monitored by changes in physical color and sensory odor analysis on patties before and after cooking. Butylated hydroxyanisole extended the induction period of oxidation in all unirradiated beef patties better than the natural antioxidants. Panelists were able to distinguish a difference (in terms of oxidation attributes) between patty samples of different antioxidant and irradiation treatments while samples were uncooked, but unable to distinguish a difference between patties after cooking.
Bioprotection of Ready‐to‐eat Probiotic Artichokes Processed with Lactobacillus paracasei LMGP22043 against Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Valerio Francesca , Lonigro Stella Lisa , Biase Mariaelena Di , de Candia Silvia , Callegari Maria Luisa , Lavermicocca Paola 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe survival of 3 pathogens Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19115, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC13311, and Escherichia coli ATCC8739 was evaluated over time in ready‐to‐eat (RTE) artichoke products processed or not with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei LMGP22043. Both probiotic and standard products (final pH about 4.0; aw = 0.98) dressed with oil and packaged in modified atmosphere were inoculated with pathogens at a level of about 3 log CFU/g and stored at 4 ºC for 45 d. Pathogens decreased in the probiotic product in 2 descent phases, without shoulder and/or tailing as observed by fitting the models available in the GInaFit software to the experimental data. S. enterica subsp. enterica was completely inactivated after 14 and 28 d in probiotic and standard products, respectively; E. coli was inhibited in the probiotic food at day 4 (count <detection limit (DL) 1 log CFU/g), while in the standard product, it survived until the end of experiment. L. monocytogenes decreased in the probiotic product at day 1 reaching values below the DL after 14 d, while 21 d were needed in the standard product, and survived in both samples until the end of the experimental period. Therefore, the probiotic strain, representing always more than the 93% of lactic acid bacteria (about 7 log CFU/g) during the entire experimental period, combines the efficacy of a protective culture, which can control the development of pathogens during storage with probiotic benefits.
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine internalization and its age‐related alterations in skeletal muscle progenitor cells
Authors: Nakamura Katsuyuki , Yamanouchi Keitaro , Nishihara Masugi 
Published: November 2013

SummaryAging causes phenotypic changes in skeletal muscle progenitor cells (Skm‐PCs), such as reduced myogenesis and increased adipogenesis due to alterations in their environment or niche. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), which is secreted into the niche of Skm‐PCs, inhibits adipogenesis and promotes myogenesis. We have previously reported that Skm‐PC responsiveness to SPARC declines with age, although the mechanism underlying this decline is unknown. In this study, we found that SPARC is internalized by Skm‐PCs and that this uptake increases with age. Internalization is dependent on integrin‐α5, a cell surface SPARC‐binding molecule, and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. We also demonstrated that internalized SPARC is transported to Rab7‐positive endosomes. Skm‐PCs from old rats exhibited increased clathrin expression and decreased Rab7 expression exclusively in MyoD‐negative cells. In loss‐of‐function analyses, clathrin knockdown increased the anti‐adipogenic effect of SPARC, whereas Rab7 knockdown reduced it, indicating that alterations in SPARC internalization may mediate the age‐related decline in its anti‐adipogenic effect. These results provide insights into age‐related SPARC resistance in Skm‐PCs, which may lead to sarcopenia.
Case Studies in Bayesian Statistical Modelling and Analysis by ALSTON, C.L., MENGERSEN, K.L. and PETTITT, A.N.
Authors: Lee Jaeyong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEDITOR: TAESUNG PARKCase Studies in Bayesian Statistical Modelling and Analysis(C.L. Alston, K.L. Mengersen, and A.N. Pettitt)Jaeyong LeeGeneralized Estimating Equations (2nd ed.)(James W. Hardin and Joseph M. Hilbe)Woncheol JangSpatio‐Temporal Design: Advances in Efficient Data Acquisition(Jorge Mateu and Werner G. Müller)Johan LimHandbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo(S. Brooks, A. Gelman, G. L. Jones, and X. Meng)Hedibert Freitas Lopes
The association between postprandial urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio and the treatment response to liraglutide: a multi‐centre observational study
Authors: Thong K. Y. , McDonald T. J. , Hattersley A. T. , Blann A. D. , Ramtoola S. , Duncan C. , Carr S. , Adamson K. , Nayak A. U. , Khurana R. , Hunter S. J. , Ali A. , Au S. , Ryder R. E. J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimsThe response to glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist treatment may be influenced by endogenous β‐cell function. We investigated whether urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio assessed before or during liraglutide treatment was associated with treatment response.MethodsA single, outpatient urine sample for urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio was collected 2 h after the largest meal of the day among two separate groups: (1) subjects initiating liraglutide (0.6 → 1.2 mg daily) or (2) subjects already treated with liraglutide for 20–32 weeks. The associations between pretreatment and on‐treatment urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio and HbA1c change at 32 weeks were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses (the ratio was logarithm transformed for multivariate analyses). Changes in HbA1c according to pretreatment urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio quartiles are shown.ResultsOne hundred and sixteen subjects (70 pretreatment, 46 on treatment) with Type 2 diabetes from 10 diabetes centres were studied. In univariate analyses, neither pretreatment nor on‐treatment urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio correlated with HbA1c change (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, r = –0.17, P = 0.17 and r = –0.20, P = 0.19, respectively). In multi‐linear regression analyses, entering baseline HbA1c and log urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio, pretreatment and on‐treatment log urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio became significantly associated with HbA1c change (P = 0.048 and P = 0.040, respectively). Mean (sd) HbA1c changes from baseline in quartiles 1 to 4 of pretreatment urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio were –3 ± 17 mmol/mol (–0.3 ± 1.6%) (P = 0.52), –12 ± 15 mmol/mol (–1.1 ± 1.4%) (P = 0.003), –11 ± 13 mmol/mol (–1.0 ± 1.2%) (P = 0.002) and –12±17 mmol/mol (–1.1±1.6%) (P=0.016), respectively.ConclusionsPostprandial urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratios before and during liraglutide treatment were weakly associated with the glycaemic response to treatment. Low pretreatment urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio may be more useful than higher values by predicting poorer glycaemic response.
Intensification of medication and glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes – the ADVANCE trial
Authors: van Dieren S. , Kengne A. P. , Chalmers J. , Beulens J. W. J. , Davis T. M. E. , Fulcher G. , Heller S. R. , Patel A. , Colagiuri S. , Hamet P. , Mancia G. , Marre M. , Neal B. , Williams B. , Peelen L. M. , van der Schouw Y. T. , Woodward M. , Zoungas S. 
Published: November 2013

AimsThe aim of this study was to assess associations between patient characteristics, intensification of blood glucose‐lowering treatment through oral glucose‐lowering therapy and/or insulin and effective glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes.Methods11 140 patients from the Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: preterAx and diamicroN‐MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial who were randomized to intensive glucose control or standard glucose control and followed up for a median of 5 years were categorized into two groups: effective glycaemic control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≤ 7.0% or a proportionate reduction in HbA1c over 10%] or ineffective glycaemic control (HbA1c > 7.0% and a proportionate reduction in HbA1c less than or equal to 10%). Therapeutic intensification was defined as addition of an oral glucose‐lowering agent or commencement of insulin. Pooled logistic regression models examined the associations between patient factors, intensification and effective glycaemic control.ResultsA total of 7768 patients (69.7%), including 3198 in the standard treatment group achieved effective glycaemic control. Compared to patients with ineffective control, patients with effective glycaemic control had shorter duration of diabetes and lower HbA1c at baseline and at the time of treatment intensification. Treatment intensification with addition of an oral agent or commencement of insulin was associated with a 107% [odds ratio, OR: 2.07 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.95–2.20)] and 152% [OR: 2.52 (95% CI: 2.30–2.77)] greater chance of achieving effective glycaemic control, respectively. These associations were robust after adjustment for several baseline characteristics and not modified by the number of oral medications taken at the time of treatment intensification.ConclusionsEffective glycaemic control was associated with treatment intensification at lower HbA1c levels at all stages of the disease course and in both arms of the ADVANCE trial.
Long‐term survival in horses with strangulating obstruction of the small intestine managed without resection
Authors: Freeman D. E. , Schaeffer D. J. , Cleary O. B. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyAlthough many studies have described results after small intestinal resection and anastomosis in horses, few have described the outcome in horses with strangulating lesions managed without resection.ObjectivesTo examine short‐ and long‐term recoveries in horses with strangulated small intestine that was judged to be viable during surgery and not resected.Study designRetrospective analysis of case records.MethodsData were reviewed from all cases (35 horses) with colic caused by small intestinal strangulation that underwent surgery between 1996 and 2011 at 2 university hospitals and that were managed without resection by 2 surgeons who used a clinical grading system to assess intestinal viability.Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to examine long‐term survival.ResultsSurvival to discharge from the hospital was 100%, and post operative complications developed in 11 horses (31%). Three horses (8.6%) required repeat coeliotomy because of persistent pain with or without reflux, and they responded favourably to decompression of distended intestine. Ten horses died after discharge, and 12 were still alive at follow‐up from 20 to 192 months after surgery. Information was available on 13 horses after discharge, but these were eventually lost to follow‐up.Kaplan–Meier analyses yielded a median survival probability of 120 months.ConclusionsA subjective method of assessing small intestinal viability in strangulated small intestine in horses, as used in this study, could reduce the need for resection and anastomosis, with the associated complications and costs. Also, the favourable post operative course in these horses provides strong evidence that early referral could avoid the need for resection and improve survival. The numbers of horses with the most severe changes that were not resected were too small to allow a conclusion that such segments should be left in place, and additional criteria might be needed to guide that decision in such cases.
Triple positive tumor markers predict recurrence and survival in early stage hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nakagawa Shigeki , Beppu Toru , Okabe Hirohisa , Sakamoto Keita , Kuroki Hideyuki , Mima Kosuke , Nitta Hidetoshi , Imai Katsunori , Hayashi Hiromitsu , Sakamoto Yasuo , Hashimoto Daisuke , Chikamoto Akira , Ishiko Takatoshi , Watanabe Masayuki , Baba Hideo 
Published: November 2013

AimHepatectomy is feasible for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with good hepatic function who meet the Milan criteria. Several studies have indicated that tumor markers of HCC, α‐fetoprotein (AFP), Lens culinaris agglutinin‐reactive fraction of AFP percentage and protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist‐II were good predictors of malignant potential. It is important to identify highly malignant cases of HCC, and the aim of this study was to clarify the impact of triple positive tumor markers as the prognostic factors for early stage HCC within the Milan criteria.MethodsThis study investigated 199 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC within the Milan criteria between January 2001 and May 2009. Cumulative recurrence‐free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed according to the number of positive tumor markers.ResultsIn patients with triple positive tumor markers, 5‐year RFS and OS was poor (17.1 and 61.4%, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed independent risk factors for recurrence to be hepatitis C virus antibody positivity, non‐initial treatment for HCC and triple positive tumor markers, and the independent risk factors for OS were high indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min value, maximum tumor size and triple positive tumor markers. Pathologically invasive growth, microvascular invasion and moderate to poor differentiation were significantly related to the number of the three tumor markers.ConclusionTriple positive tumor markers for early stage HCC within the Milan criteria showed poor prognosis and malignant characteristics. These markers could be a useful predictor for the degree of malignant potential in early stage HCC.
Endodontic re‐instrumentation enhances hydroxyl ion diffusion through radicular dentine
Authors: dos Santos L. G. P. , Felippe W. T. , Teixeira C. S. , Bortoluzzi E. A. , Felippe M. C. S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the diffusion of hydroxyl ions from calcium hydroxide paste (CH) before root canal filling and after retreatment.MethodologyAfter preparation of 60 root canals, the cementum layer was removed, and the canals and root surfaces were treated for smear layer removal. The apical third of roots was covered with adhesive. The canals were filled with CH, and the teeth were placed in individual vials containing 10 mL of distilled water, which had its pH measured after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days (pH1). The root canals were then divided into five groups and filled with Resilon/Real Seal (G1) or gutta‐percha and Endofill (G2), Sealapex (G3), AH Plus (G4) or MTA Fillapex (G5) sealers. After storage for 7 days, the root canals were retreated. The CH was again inserted into the canals, and the teeth were placed in new vials containing 10 mL of distilled water. The pH was again measured at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days (pH2). The initial and final pH readings (pH1 and pH2) were compared by anova, anova2 and Tukey's tests (P < 0.05).ResultsThe pH1 and pH2 measurements increased with time. The measurements obtained after retreatment were significantly higher than those obtained before root canal filling.ConclusionsHydroxyl ions are able to diffuse through dentinal tubules. Regardless of the filling material, it was possible to re‐establish the permeability of dentine to ionic diffusion after retreatment. Time had a positive influence on ionic diffusion.
Defect in the uterine wall with prolapse of amniotic sac into it at 32 weeks' gestation in a primigravida woman without any previous uterine surgery
Authors: Mishina Miyuki , Hasegawa Junichi , Ichizuka Kiyotake , Oba Tomohiro , Sekizawa Akihiko , Okai Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe experienced a case of uterine wall defect with amniocele in a primigravida woman without any history of uterine surgery. On admission due to acute abdominal pain at 32 weeks' gestation, an ultrasound examination showed a 9 × 7‐cm sized echogenic cystic area in the Morrison pouch. Color Doppler revealed a flow from the uterus into the cystic area through a myometrial defect. During the operation, a 1‐cm defect in the uterine myometrium was found on the right fundus. An intact amniotic sac was prolapsed into the abdominal cavity through the myometrial defect. This was an extremely rare case of unexplained uterine wall defect.