bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Conceptualization
Authors: John Samantha , Segal Daniel L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe case conceptualization (sometimes called acase formulation) is the clinician's collective understanding of the client's problems as viewed through a particular theoretical orientation; as defined by the biological, psychological, and social contexts of the client; and as supported by a body of research and practice that links a set of co‐occurring symptoms to a diagnosis and, ultimately, a treatment plan. A strong case conceptualization is guided by the utilization of a theoretical orientation that provides a framework for the clinician from which to condense and synthesize multiple pieces of information into a coherent and well‐developed narrative. This narrative aims to identify not only the precipitating cause(s) of the client's problems, but also the forces at work, both internal and external to the client, that serve to maintain the problems. Formal research on case conceptualization is in the nascent stage.
Therapist Effects
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Barkham Michael 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In clinical psychology and psychotherapy research there has recently been a renewed focus on therapist effects, although the contribution of the therapist has long been of interest within the field. Therapist effects can be defined as the systematic effects of therapists on patient outcomes beyond the treatment modality or therapeutic technique applied. As such they are comparable to differences between humans in other professions (e.g., teachers). Ignoring the variability of outcomes among therapists, if it exists, inflates the treatment effect because differences between treatments are then due, in part, to the variability among therapists. In this entry the assumptions and historical background of therapist effects as well as methodological considerations and the extent of the effect on treatment length and outcomes are discussed.
Boulder Conference (1949)
Authors: Johnson Nicole L. , Baker David B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Attempts to organize professional psychology began in the early twentieth century and came to fruition with the convening of the Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology in 1949. The conference answered the long‐standing call for a standardized training model for professional psychology. Many forces influenced the decision to hold the Boulder Conference, most notably the needs for a mental health workforce made evident by the events of World War
II
. The scientist–practitioner model is arguably the most influential result of the Boulder Conference. More than 60 years later, this model remains the dominant form of training in professional psychology.
Schizophreniform Disorder
Authors: Kline Emily , Reeves Gloria , Schiffman Jason 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSchizophreniform disorder represents a psychiatric illness similar to schizophrenia but with specified duration of 1–6 months. Schizophreniform disorder can describe a past episode of psychosis that resolved within 6 months, or a current episode of recent onset. Schizophreniform disorder is generally categorized within the class of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, sometimes referred to as “nonaffective psychoses.”DSM‐5provides a list of clinical features associated with good prognosis for individuals with schizophreniform disorder; however, more evidence is needed to support the predictive value of these prognostic features.
R
ogers,
C
arl
R
. (1902–87)
Authors: Demanchick Stephen P. , Kirschenbaum Howard 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Carl Ransom Rogers (1902–87) was one of the most influential American psychotherapists and psychologists of the twentieth century. Born on January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois, Rogers was most noted for his development of the client‐centered, or person‐centered, approach to counseling and psychotherapy, and his pioneering efforts in recording complete cases of psychotherapy for teaching and research purposes. Rogers popularized the concept of the core conditions of the psychotherapeutic relationship for positive psychotherapeutic change: empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. He held faculty appointments in Ohio, Chicago, and Wisconsin before moving to La Jolla, California, where he died on February 4, 1987 at age 85. Rogers earned the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Research Award and the Distinguished Professional Contribution Award, and was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize for his work with intergroup and international conflict resolution.
Behavioral Medicine/Health Psychology
Authors: Kaholokula Joseph Keawe'aimoku , Haynes Stephen N. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHealth psychology and behavioral medicine are interdisciplinary fields devoted to developing and integrating the biomedical, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences and approaches to better understand health and illness, and to applying these sciences and approaches to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. They have a wide range of research and clinical foci and applications across an array of health‐related behavior problems and goals across multiple contexts and settings. Behavioral and psychophysiological assessments and treatments, as well as multimethod, multimodal, and multisource assessments, are emphasized. Their conceptual and scientific foundation is based on the biopsychosocial model, behavior change theories, and personality constructs. Their historical and philosophical foundation predates psychology as a distinct discipline. Developing areas in the field include sociocultural applicability, translational research, health disparities, new and emerging technologies in providing health care, accessibility of health psychology to the public, and the public health needs of less developed countries.
Reliability
Authors: Hogan Thomas P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Reliability refers to consistency and stability in a measurement. Sources contributing to unreliability include temporary fluctuations in personal conditions, minor differences in administrative circumstances, scoring variations when human judgment enters the process, and nonessential differences in content. Most formulations of reliability use the concepts of true score, observed score, and error. Methods of obtaining a reliability coefficient include test–retest, interrater, alternate form, and several indices of internal consistency, especially coefficient alpha, and the item response theory‐based precision of measurement index. Each of these methods captures only one source of unreliability. Several methods have been proposed to capture more than one source of unreliability, especially generalizability theory. The standard error of measurement translates a reliability coefficient into a metric that allows for creation of a confidence band. Reliability relates to validity through the correction for attenuation. Most sources identify a reliability coefficient of at least .90 as high.
Sign versus Symptom
Authors: Kraft Nikki H. , Keeley Jared W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

In clinical psychology, the boundary between sign and symptom can be difficult to distinguish. Signs are observable indications of a disorder, whereas symptoms are self‐report of the physical or psychological effects of a disorder. The
DSM
is comprised of criteria that represent experiences that either the client, or someone close to the client, reports to a clinician. Potential problems associated with relying on client self‐reporting include gender and culture differences, denial, and lack of insight. In addition, a clinician's ability to recognize the signs of psychopathology often determines whether or not a correct diagnosis is made. Potential biasing factors for clinician observation of signs include selective attention, top‐down processing, overshadowing, misattribution of behaviors, and lack of diagnostic knowledge. Most psychological tests are self‐report measures; however, some assessment tools may also involve direct observation.
Enlightenment, The
Authors: Brysbaert Marc 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The term
Enlightenment
is used to refer to intellectual and social developments in the eighteenth century. The underlying force was an increasing belief in the scientific approach to attaining knowledge, as opposed to the medieval reliance on religion and tradition. The more successful science became, the more intellectuals began to see the scientific method as a way to organize society. With respect to clinical psychology, the Enlightenment was characterized by a new approach to mental illness and the treatment of the mentally ill, who became seen as ailing patients in need of help in specialized institutions.
Internal Consistency Approach to Test Construction
Authors: English Taylor , Keeley Jared W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Internal consistency reliability refers to the degree to which separate items on a test or scale relate to each other. All things being equal, tests with higher internal consistency more accurately measure the intended construct of the test developers. The most face valid way to measure internal consistency is to split the test into two equal halves and compare the reliability of each, known as split‐half reliability. The three most commonly used statistical tests for measuring internal consistency are the Spearman–Brown, the Kuder–Richardson 20, and Cronbach's alpha formulas. Cronbach's alpha is the most frequently used because it calculates all possible split half values of the test. Using statistical programs, test developers can also measure changes in Cronbach's alpha if questions were to either be added or removed. This method enables test developers to create a psychometrically sound test without including unnecessary test items.
Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hedges Larry V. , Citkowicz Martyna 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMeta‐analysis is a set of tools for combining statistical estimates from research studies. It provides ways to synthesize results from the summary statistics of the studies, and allows tests of significance for those combined results. The analyses are conducted in order to describe a pattern of results on a given topic. Such syntheses have become essential because of the increasing amount of accumulated research literature in psychology and other empirical sciences. Meta‐analysis allows for the organization of this literature. This entry explains some of the main concepts and basic computations for conducting a meta‐analysis. It provides a working example of how the computations are completed and includes numerous references to sources available for further analyses.
Suicide
Authors: Ribeiro Jessica D. , Silva Caroline , Hagan Christopher R. , Joiner Thomas E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSuicide is a pressing public health concern. The scope and urgency of the problem is clearly reflected in the significant morbidity and mortality attributable to suicidal behavior. Each year, suicide claims the lives of nearly 1 million people worldwide, a figure that is substantially outnumbered by nonfatal attempts, which independently confer risk of significant injury and distress. In addition to those who engage in suicidal behavior, countless individuals suffer from suicidal thoughts. The objective of this entry is to provide a brief and yet broad overview of suicide including its prevalence, associated risk and protective factors, proposed theoretical perspectives, and intervention and prevention efforts. We close with a discussion of several viable areas for future research indicated based on the current state of the field.
Clinical Utility
Authors: DeLao Chafen S. , Keeley Jared W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Recent revisions to the
DSM
and
ICD
have focused heavily on increasing clinical utility. Broadly speaking, clinical utility refers to the extent to which a classification system assists mental health professionals communicate effectively and efficiently, develop clinical pictures, diagnose, prognosticate, and treat psychiatric disorders. This entry describes the five principal components of clinical utility, and discusses them in light of their current implications.
Religion and Psychotherapy
Authors: Tan Siang‐Yang 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Religion and psychotherapy have historically been viewed as antagonistic to each other. More recently, however, the integration of religion and psychotherapy has become a significant development in clinical practice. Religion can be defined as a search for significance in ways that are related to the sacred, with spirituality as a search for the sacred. Religion is a crucial aspect of human diversity, and therefore may be addressed in psychotherapy. This can be done covertly in implicit integration, or overtly in explicit integration, which includes dealing with religious or spiritual issues in therapy, and using spiritual resources such as prayer, Scripture or sacred texts, referrals to religious groups, and other religious practices. Empirical support for the efficacy or effectiveness of religious and spiritual therapies has grown considerably. However, further research is needed and such therapies should be conducted in an ethically responsible, clinically sensitive, and professionally competent way.
Psychotherapy Integration
Authors: Ziv‐Beiman Sharon , Shahar Golan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPsychotherapy integration is an intellectual/professional movement within the mental health field whose aim is to transcend the various “large psychotherapy schools” (e.g., cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, experiential, family systems) by encouraging the exploration of integrative forms of treatment. In this entry, an illustrative clinical example and review of relevant aspects of the field are presented, including a brief history of the field, currently available models, the prevalence of integrative practice, research findings, multicultural dimensions, training, and future challenges.
Extreme Groups Designs
Authors: Preacher Kristopher J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

An extreme groups design is one in which a researcher samples cases from the extremes of the distribution of an independent variable
X
and then examines the relationship between
X
and another variable
Y
. Extreme groups designs can lead to significant cost savings in data collection while preserving or enhancing statistical power for detecting relationships. However, methodologists have noted several limitations associated with this method that often go unrecognized, including artificially inflated effect size and compromised reliability. In addition, use of such designs often requires the researcher to make additional assumptions about the variables and how they are related. Use of extreme groups designs should be employed only after careful consideration of their advantages and disadvantages.
Hypothetico‐Deductive Model
Authors: Grove William M. , Menton William H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This entry discusses the hypothetico‐deductive model, a formalized theory‐testing method purported to describe the scientific process. After describing the basic model, the entry outlines certain elaborations of the model proposed by contemporary philosophers of science in order to improve its truth‐likeness. The entry concludes with a consideration of the Quine–Duhem thesis, which points out that a hypothesis is never tested in isolation, but rather within the context of a network of embedded assumptions.
Conditional Probabilities
Authors: Handel Richard W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Clinicians and researchers in psychology and medicine often incorporate test data to make binary classifications. For example, a physician may use a blood test to assist in ruling‐in or ruling‐out a medical disorder. This entry provides basic examples illustrating the statistical concept of conditional probability, and shows how conditional probabilities are applied to arrive at the statistical indices sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power. These indices are commonly used to evaluate the practical utility of test data in achieving accurate classifications. Multiple numerical examples demonstrate how to calculate and interpret these indices.
M
orey,
L
eslie (b. 1956)
Authors: Blevins Christy A. , Blashfield Roger K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Leslie C. Morey (b. 1956) is a clinical psychologist best known for his contributions to the field of psychopathology and assessment, including development of the Personality Assessment Inventory (
PAI
), a widely used self‐report inventory of psychopathology and personality traits.
Stability of Behavior, Implications for Research
Authors: Hill Patrick L. , Allemand Mathias , Roberts Brent W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Questions of stability and change are at the forefront of clinical, personality, and developmental psychology. In the current entry, five different types of stability are defined (mean‐level, rank‐order, stability of variance, structural stability, and individual differences in stability), with examples regarding how and why researchers would address each form. Following this, mechanisms that promote stability are discussed, with a focus on why individuals become more stable later in life.
Narrative Therapy
Authors: Vromans Lyn , Schweitzer Robert D 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Humans have a fundamental capacity to make sense of their experience through language. Drawing upon emerging epistemologies that privilege story and dialog, narrative therapy is an evolving approach that has significantly impacted the way we think about the meaning‐making potential of therapy. Key components of this approach include the development of a therapeutic relationship, eliciting and deconstructing problem stories, incorporating alternative and preferred stories of identity, and embracing and living such stories. It is respectful of different cultural understandings of well‐being and healing, and the importance of witnessing and community is acknowledged, extending individual therapeutic practice into often disenfranchised community contexts internationally.
M
eehl,
P
aul
E
. (1920–2003)
Authors: Grove William M. , Menton William H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Paul Everett Meehl (1920–2003) was an American psychologist and philosopher of science. Though perhaps best known for his work on the controversial problem of clinical versus statistical prediction, Meehl is recognized to have contributed to many domains related to clinical practice and research. He wrote extensively on the difficulties associated with the testing and corroboration of theories in the “soft” sciences, and spoke against the use of statistical significance testing as a method of theory verification. Meehl was also among the first to propose a hereditary theory of schizophrenia, and, in order to provide a way to test for this theory, he pioneered a family of statistical methods known as taxometrics.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Roche Michael J. , Pincus Aaron L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

This entry reviews how narcissistic personality disorder (
NPD
) came to be included and revised through the various iterations of the

DSM

. Features of
NPD
; its prevalence, stability, and comorbidity with other disorders; and its discriminant validity are summarized. These features are impacted by the narrow focus on narcissistic grandiosity in the

DSM

NPD
diagnostic criteria, which lack content reflecting narcissistic vulnerability. Low prevalence rates and a modest body of clinical research first led to a proposed deletion of
NPD
in the initial

DSM
‐5

proposal, followed by a revised
NPD
description in a revised
NPD
proposal that mentioned both grandiose and vulnerable themes. The personality disorder proposal was rejected, and the

DSM‐IV

PD
taxonomy was retained in

DSM
‐5

. The consequence of this rejection was that the
PD
section is the only one not to reflect
any
of the last two decades of scientific advancements since the

DSM

was updated previously in 1994. As such, this entry provides a review of narcissism as it is currently diagnosed (exactly as in

DSM‐IV

) and a discussion on future directions to improve the validity and clinical utility of
NPD
.
Placebo Controls in Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Adams Thomas G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The concept of placebo and its effects have a long history in physical medicine. In clinical psychology, the concept has been extended to aid in the distinction between the medium of treatment delivery and the effect of treatment content. In medical treatment procedures the demarcation of medium and content is fairly distinct but in psychosocial treatment procedures the demarcation is not. The nonspecific aspects of the treatment medium and the specific aspects of the treatment content require the identification of the incidental and the characteristic features in order to empirically test treatment efficacy. Treatments with characteristic features are intentionally applied to specific disorders. Empirical tests of specific treatments for specific disorders will provide for greater treatment efficacy and provide justification for their dissemination.
Mindfulness/Meditation
Authors: Morgan Lucas P. K. , Roemer Lizabeth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Mindfulness describes both a type of nonjudgmental present‐focused awareness and a set of practices aimed at developing this awareness that have received increased attention in medical and mental health fields in recent decades. This entry reviews definitions and measurement of mindfulness, discusses mindfulness as a learned skill, a dispositional quality, and describes common formal and informal mindfulness practices. Mindfulness‐based behavioral and psychotherapeutic interventions, including mindfulness‐based stress reduction, have been applied to diverse clinical presenting problems and have shown reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms, along with a number of other potential psychological, behavioral, and interpersonal benefits. Mechanisms explaining how the salutary effects of mindfulness come about are not well understood, but may include increased “reperceiving” or “decentering”—seeing one's internal experiences as temporary phenomena distinct from the self. Research on mindfulness with children, adolescents, and nondominant populations and underserved communities (i.e., racial/ethnic and sexual minorities) is lacking and further research is needed.
Binge‐Eating Disorder
Authors: Cassin Stephanie E. , David Lauren A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Binge‐eating disorder (
BED
) is characterized by recurrent binge‐eating episodes without the presence of the excessive weight control behaviors that are seen in bulimia nervosa.
BED
can have a chronic course, and it is associated with medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Psychological treatments are effective in improving binge eating and ameliorating associated symptoms. This entry presents an overview of the diagnosis and prevalence of
BED
, as well as the risk and maintenance factors for the disorder. Common comorbidities and recommended treatment approaches are discussed.
Child and Adolescent Psychotherapies
Authors: André Marie‐Christine , Garcia Jadig , Coyne Lisa W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Like adults, children and adolescents may also suffer from mental health difficulties. Over the years, a variety of psychotherapeutic techniques and methods have been used to help children and adolescents who are experiencing emotional and behavioral difficulties. This entry provides an overview of the most common interventions used with children and adolescents who are experiencing a wide range of psychological problems, including but not limited to depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorders, and other behavioral problems. A basic overview of cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and mindfulness‐based therapies, social skills intervention, behavioral therapy, play therapy, family‐focused therapies, interpersonal psychotherapy, and psychopharmacological therapy for children and adolescents is included in this entry.