bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aphasias and theories of linguistic representation: representing frequency, hierarchy, constructions, and sequential structure
Authors: Menn Lise , Duffield Cecily Jill 
Published: October 2013

Error and preservation patterns in aphasic speech show that the brain makes use of the frequencies of words, constructions, and collocations, as well as category membership and hierarchical structure, during language processing. Frequency effects are evident along two quasi‐independent axes: syntagmatic (the sequential context, e.g., deploying correct functors, categories, and utterance‐level intonation) and paradigmatic (the choice at any given linguistic level, e.g., selecting content words and modifying structures). Frequency along the syntagmatic axis is shown to play a role in errors involving idioms, constructions, and collocations that cross major phrasal boundaries. Along the paradigmatic axis, frequency affects errors involving lexical selection, competing functors and inflected forms (e.g., using plural where singular is required). An account of language representation and processing that encompasses frequency as well as categorization and structure is compatible with what we know about how the brain works: increased experience with a linguistic structure results in increased activation—and strengthening—of the neural networks involved in processing that structure. These claims are supported by the literature on experimental work in normal speakers. Parsimony, plus the unexamined assumption that mental representation is like a written record (entries either present or absent, structure displayable in two dimensions), has been a misleading guide to modeling language representation. The substantial redundancy in representations and processing that is introduced by incorporating both frequency‐based and hierarchy‐based information is in fact appropriate for the brain as a fast, reliable, massively parallel error‐correcting network with very large storage capacity and gradient representation strength. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:651–663. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1257This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Rationality
Authors: Sosis Clifford , Bishop Michael A 
Published: October 2013

A theory of rationality is a theory that evaluates instances of reasoning as rational, irrational, or (ir)rational to some degree. Theories can be categorized as rule‐based or consequentialist. Rule‐based theories say that rational reasoning accords with certain rules (e.g., of logic or probability). Consequentialist theories say that rational reasoning tends to produce good consequences. For instance, the reliabilist takes rationality to be reasoning that tends to produce mostly true beliefs. The pragmatist takes it to be reasoning that tends to produce mostly useful beliefs. This article reviews some of the features and the challenges of rule‐based, reliabilist, and pragmatist theories of rationality. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:27–37. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1263This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Changes in the economic value of wind energy and flexible resources at increasing penetration levels in the Rocky Mountain Power Area
Authors: Mills A.D. , Wiser R.H. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe use a consistent economic framework to estimate the long‐run economic value of wind while including operational constraints for conventional generation and hourly variation in wind and load. Day‐ahead forecast errors in wind are corrected in the real‐time, after commitment decisions for many thermal generators have already been made. The framework is used to estimate the change in the marginal economic value of wind with increasing penetration in the Rocky Mountain Power Area of the USA. We also evaluate the marginal economic benefit to wind energy of implementing several strategies to manage wind energy variability and uncertainty: more flexible conventional generation, real‐time pricing, low cost bulk energy storage, and increased geographic diversity of wind plant siting. Without mitigation, the marginal economic value of wind is found to decrease by $21 MWh (37% of the marginal value of wind at 0% penetration) as wind penetration increases from 0% to 30%. The decline is largely because of the hourly profile of wind output and day‐ahead wind energy forecast errors; factors whose impact is reduced by the mitigation strategies. With mitigation, the marginal value of wind at the 30% penetration level is $6‐$11 MWh greater than the value without the measures (17‐31% increase in value). Although the marginal value of wind energy decreases with increasing penetration in this region, several different types of mitigation strategies are available and should be investigated in more detail. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation and enhancement of gear and bearing signals for the diagnosis of wind turbine transmission systems
Authors: Sawalhi Nader , Randall Robert B. , Forrester David 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper is based on the analysis of a wind turbine vibration data provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory under a round robin scheme to diagnose faults in a transmission that had experienced a loss of lubricant for a period. Previously developed techniques were applied, but this is the first time that some were used in combination for a machine covering such a wide speed range and with such a low minimum speed. Another factor was that the gearbox design was far from ‘hunting tooth’, and this gave problems with the diagnosis. The paper describes how the techniques were adapted to solve these problems. The algorithms used for the diagnosis included the extraction of a pseudo‐encoder signal from the vibration signals themselves, to allow order tracking and resampling in the rotation angle domain. This permitted successive resampling over several stages to give synchronous averages for each shaft in the planetary gearbox, allowing diagnostics of the gears on that shaft. Subtraction of all synchronously averaged signals leaves a residual signal containing bearing signals and allowing diagnosis of their faults. This is the first reported case of applying that technique over four separate stages. Bearing diagnosis was carried out using a semi‐automated algorithm based on whitening the residual signal, filtering it to maximize the kurtosis and finally using the Hilbert transform approach to get the spectrum of the squared envelope. The analysis of the gears included using spectrum and cepstrum comparisons between healthy and faulty data. It is shown for the first time that cepstra from the same signal (from spectra in different frequency ranges) gives information about completely different gears at very different speeds. The analysis also involved obtaining synchronous averages for the individual planetary gears and for the sun gear by using software patented by the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation. The signal processing tools used for the analysis were shown to be capable of identifying both gear and bearing faults in the wind turbine gearbox, though one bearing fault was missed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Storage and demand‐side options for integrating wind power
Authors: Tuohy Aidan , Kaun Ben , Entriken Robert 
Published: October 2013

With the increased levels of wind power being seen worldwide and the projected further increases over the coming decades, there has been significant attention paid to emerging flexible resources such as storage and demand‐side options as a means to meet many of the challenges associated with wind integration. In particular, these resources could meet the increased flexibility requirements of systems with high wind due to variability and uncertainty of wind across timescales from seconds to minutes to hours or even days. Storage and demand‐side options are both characterized by the ability to respond quickly and accurately, to increase load as well as to provide generation resources and by the fact that they are energy limited in nature. Demand response can contribute to wind integration in different ways, using either price‐ or incentive‐based programs; the extent to which they can be used to integrate wind depends on the nature of the program. Electricity storage comes in many forms, with pumped hydro storage presently accounting for almost all grid storage, along with recent advances in battery and compressed air energy storage. The ability of storage to contribute to integrating wind power is limited mainly by the cost of deployment and the efficiency losses. While these features may not be as significant for demand response, there are significant regulatory and policy barriers in the way of deploying demand‐side options. Both storage and demand‐side resources provide support for wind integration in particular regarding provision of ancillary services and reduction of wind curtailment. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:93–109. doi: 10.1002/wene.92This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Economics and Policy
Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
Competition and collaboration between RNA‐binding proteins and microRNAs
Authors: Ho J. J. David , Marsden Philip A. 
Published: October 2013

Posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA species represents a major regulatory checkpoint in the control of gene expression. Historically, RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) have been regarded as the primary regulators of mRNA stability and translation. More recently, however, microRNAs have emerged as a class of potent and pervasive posttranscriptional rheostats that similarly affect mRNA stability and translation. The observation that both microRNAs and RBPs regulate mRNA stability and translation has initiated a newer area of research that involves the examination of dynamic interactions between these two important classes of posttranscriptional regulators, the myriad of factors that influence these biological interactions, and ultimately, their effects on target mRNAs. Specifically, microRNAs and RBPs can act synergistically to effect mRNA destabilization and translational inhibition. They can also engage in competition with each other and exert opposing effects on target mRNAs. To date, several key studies have provided critical details regarding the mechanisms and principles of interaction between these molecules. Additionally, these findings raise important questions regarding the regulation of these interactions, including the roles of posttranslational modification, subcellular localization, target inhibition versus activation, and changes in expression levels of these regulatory factors, especially under stimulus‐ and cell‐specific conditions. Indeed, further experimentation is warranted to address these key issues that pertain to the collaboration and competition between microRNAs and RBPs. Significantly, the elucidation of these important details bears critical implications for disease management, especially for those diseases in which these cellular factors are dysregulated. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:69–86. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1197This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
Rule‐based modeling: a computational approach for studying biomolecular site dynamics in cell signaling systems
Authors: Chylek Lily A. , Harris Leonard A. , Tung Chang‐Shung , Faeder James R. , Lopez Carlos F. , Hlavacek William S. 
Published: October 2013

Rule‐based modeling was developed to address the limitations of traditional approaches for modeling chemical kinetics in cell signaling systems. These systems consist of multiple interacting biomolecules (e.g., proteins), which themselves consist of multiple parts (e.g., domains, linear motifs, and sites of phosphorylation). Consequently, biomolecules that mediate information processing generally have the potential to interact in multiple ways, with the number of possible complexes and posttranslational modification states tending to grow exponentially with the number of binary interactions considered. As a result, only large reaction networks capture all possible consequences of the molecular interactions that occur in a cell signaling system, which is problematic because traditional modeling approaches for chemical kinetics (e.g., ordinary differential equations) require explicit network specification. This problem is circumvented through representation of interactions in terms of local rules. With this approach, network specification is implicit and model specification is concise. Concise representation results in a coarse graining of chemical kinetics, which is introduced because all reactions implied by a rule inherit the rate law associated with that rule. Coarse graining can be appropriate if interactions are modular, and the coarseness of a model can be adjusted as needed. Rules can be specified using specialized model‐specification languages, and recently developed tools designed for specification of rule‐based models allow one to leverage powerful software engineering capabilities. A rule‐based model comprises a set of rules, which can be processed by general‐purpose simulation and analysis tools to achieve different objectives (e.g., to perform either a deterministic or stochastic simulation). WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:13–36. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1245This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Three Coordination Polymers based on 3,5‐Bis(imidazole‐1‐yl)pyridine and Benzoic Acid: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Photoluminescent Properties
Authors: Xu Jiakun , Yan Xingchen , Sun Xiaochun , Sun Guolong , Bi Caifeng , Sun Mi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThree metal coordination polymers {[Co(L)2(H2O)2]2+·2NO3–}n (1), {[Mn(L)2(H2O)2]2+·2Cl–·3H2O}n (2), and [ZnL(ba)2]n (3) [L = 3,5‐bis(imidazole‐1‐yl)pyridine and Hba = benzoic acid] were synthesized and structurally characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, X‐ray powder diffraction, and X‐ray single crystal diffraction. Complex 1 shows a one‐dimensional (1D) chain structure. Adjacent chains are connected by hydrogen bonding and nitrate groups to form a 3D network. Complex 2 features a 2D layer structure. A three‐dimensional network is constructed through the cluster consisting of two chloride ions and three water molecules. Complex 3 shows a 1D zigzag chain structure that further twists together to form a 3D network. The X‐ray powder diffraction patterns were compared with the simulated ones. Moreover, the luminescent properties of 1–3 were investigated in the solid state at room temperature, and the thermogravimetric analyses were carried out to study the thermal stability of the three complexes.
From Chalcogenides to Polychalcogenidehalides – First Identification in Mineral Samples
Authors: Schürmann Ulrich , Duppel Viola , Nilges Tom , Britvin Sergey , Kovalenker Vladimir A. , Kienle Lorenz 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMineral samples from the Prasolovskoe epithermal Au‐Ag deposit, Russia, were investigated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). One component was identified as the mineral kurilite Ag8Te3Se according to the data obtained from electron diffraction (ED) and Fourier transform analyses of high resolution micrographs. Micrometer‐sized grains of kurilite were found next to other noble metal chalcogenide domains like the hessite‐type. The EDX microprobe analyses of the kurilite domains were determined with the chemical composition Ag7.9Au0.1Te2.9Se1.0 which is consistent with kurilite doped by gold. Additionally noble metal polychalcogenidehalides (NMPH) were identified via ED. Monoclinic and tetragonal polymorphs of Ag5Te2Cl were observed for the first time in a mineral sample. One additional component, whose composition equates the kurilite‐type component with regard to Ag, Au, Te, and Se but with a marginal chlorine component, crystallizes in a structure type known from synthetic NMPH, namely Ag23Te12X (X = Cl, Br). This phase as well as the phases Ag10Te4Br3 and Ag20Te10Br2 was found next to each other in an also investigated synthetic sample.
Preparation, Crystal Structure, Vibrational Spectra, and Thermal Behavior of Rb2H2P2O6·2H2O
Authors: Gjikaj Mimoza , Wu Peng , Brockner Wolfgang 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSingle crystals of Rb2H2P2O6·2H2O could be obtained from aqueous solutions of hypodiphosphoric acid and rubidium carbonate. Its crystal structure was determined by X‐ray diffraction and it crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4. The salt‐like title compound consists of [H2P2O6]2– units in staggered P2O6‐skeleton conformation, Rb+ cations, and H2O molecules, held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the type O···O. The vibrational spectra (IR/FIR and Raman) of the rubidium salt were recorded and an assignment of the vibrational modes is proposed based on the point group C2h for the P2O6‐skeleton of the anion. The thermal behavior of Rb2H2P2O6·2H2O is dominated by a complex TG decay indicating a simultaneous H2O delivery coupled with a disproportionation of [H2P2O6]2–, what is also supported by Raman spectra of heated samples.
Calcareous Algal Association from the Lower Paleozoic Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence of the Shiala Formation, Indian Gondwana
Authors: Sinha H. N. , Trampisch C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Lower Paleozoic rocks of the Shiala Formation of the Tethyan-Tibetan sedimentary sequence of Uttarakhand Garhwal region reveals rich and moderately diverse assemblages of calcareous algae. These assemblages include Dysoporelleae, Cyclocrinitids, Solenoporaceans, Microproblematica and cyanobacteria. Seven species have been identified. Most of the taxa described here are reported for the first time from the Shiala Formation. This formation exposes six different microfacies types. Some of the calcareous algal association occurs in different microfacies types and they are not generally facies dependent.
The presence of calcareous algal age marker forms in the Shiala Formation brackets the upper age limit as Silurian and it is consistent with earlier age as assigned by acritarch biostratigraphy. The recovered flora is broadly comparable with that of the Tarim basin of China, Uzbekistan, Ontario, Scotland, Kazakhstan, Poland, Baltica etc. A possibility of regional link between the present study area and Tarim basin during Ordovician-Silurian time can not be envisaged based on floral similarity of the two basins due to their cosmopolitan affinity in Gondwana, Laurentia, Siberia, Kazakhstania etc. The recovered flora is basically from the euphotic zone(within few dozen meters) of coastal to lagoonal, low to high energy marine waters of deposition in a tropical to warm-temperate palaeoprovince of Ordovician-Silurian time.
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment using Information Value Method in Parts of the Darjeeling Himalayas
Authors: Sarkar Shraban , Roy Archana K. , Martha Tapas R. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Landslide susceptibility is the likelihood of a landslide occurrence in an area predicted on the basis of local terrain conditions. Since last few years, researchers have attempted to analyse the probability of landslide occurrences and introduced different methods of landslide susceptibility assessment. The objective of this paper is to assess the landslide susceptibility in parts of the Darjeeling Himalayas using a relatively simple bivariate statistical technique. Seven factor layers with 24 categories, responsible for landslide occurrences in this area, are prepared from Cartosat and Resourcesat - 1 LISS-IV MX data. Each category was given a weight using the Information Value Method. Weighted sum of these values were used to prepare a landslide susceptibility map. The result shows that 8% area was predicted for high, 32% for moderate and remaining 60% for low landslide susceptibility zones. The high value (0.89) of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve showed the high accuracy of the prediction model.
Inferring the Hydro-Geochemistry of Fluoride Contamination in Bankura District, West Bengal: A Case Study
Authors: Chakrabarti S. , Bhattacharya H. N. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In view of the recent reports of fluorosis in many parts of Bankura district, West Bengal, a detailed hydro-geochemical monitoring was carried out in the different blocks of Bankura to find out the level and extent of affectation. It is observed that the sub-surface environment of Bankura is appreciably contaminated with the deadly poison of fluoride. Out of the 3617 tube wells surveyed in 10 affected blocks, 612 sources are detected with fluoride above the desirable limit of 1 mg/l. In addition, down-the-hole rock drilling was performed at 15 different locations in 8 worst affected blocks of Bankura. Nearly 75% of the drill-hole rock chip samples and 62% of sub-surface water samples collected from different depths is found to have fluoride equal to or above 4000 mg/kg and 1 mg/l respectively. Detailed microscopic examination of drill chip samples has indicated diverse rock units in close succession, such as Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex, Singhbhum Group of rocks, anorthosite suite and unclassified metamorphics of Archaean-Proterozoic age. All these rocks have been intruded later by granitic fluids causing mineralization of fluoride to take place. Besides, fluoride is also found derived, to lesser extent, from Older Alluvium which bears different fluoride bearing minerals. Preliminary health surveys have revealed that dental and skeletal fluorosis are prevalent in the study area, which further corroborates with the analytical findings.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Talcher Coalfield Area, Odisha
Authors: Dhakate Ratnakar , Mahesh J. , Sankaran S. , Rao V. V. S. Gurunadha 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In order to assess the impact of coal mining on groundwater quality in Talcher Coalfield area, seventeen groundwater samples for pre and post monsoon seasons were collected from borewells/dugwells and analysed for major ions and trace elements. Water quality analysis of major ions and trace elements shows elevated concentration in few groundwater samples. The water quality data was analysed using multivariate statistical techniques viz., factor analysis and cluster analysis. The result clearly shows that the variation in the season is due to recharge of rain water during monsoon. The factor and cluster analysis brought out impact of intensity by mining activity on groundwater regime. Discharge of mining seepage effluents and its interaction with the groundwater contaminate the surrounding groundwater regime. Multivariate statistical techniques are potential tools and provide greater precision for identifying contaminant parameters linkages with mining environment.