bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collective Contexts in Conversation: Grounding by Proxy
Authors: Eshghi Arash , Healey Patrick G. T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAnecdotal evidence suggests that participants in conversation can sometimes act as a coalition. This implies a level of conversational organization in which groups of individuals form a coherent unit. This paper investigates the implications of this phenomenon for psycholinguistic and semantic models of shared context in dialog. We present a corpus study of multiparty dialog which shows that, in certain circumstances, people with different levels of overt involvement in a conversation, that is, one responding and one not, can nonetheless access the same shared context. We argue that contemporary models of shared context need to be adapted to capture this situation. To address this, we propose “grounding by proxy,” in which one person can respond on behalf of another, as a simple mechanism by which shared context can accumulate for a coalition as a whole. We explore this hypothesis experimentally by investigating how people in a task‐oriented coalition respond when their shared context appears to be weakened. The results provide evidence that, by default, coalition members act on each other's behalf, and when this fails they work to compensate. We conclude that this points to the need for a new concept of collective grounding acts and a corresponding concept of collective contexts in psycholinguistic and semantic models of dialog.
Low‐dose methotrexate may preserve a stronger antileukemic effect than that of cyclosporine after modified donor lymphocyte infusion in unmanipulated haploidentical HSCT
Authors: Yan Chen‐Hua , Xu Lan‐Ping , Liu Dai‐hong , Chen Huan , Wang Yu , Wang Jing‐zhi , Wang Feng‐rong , Han Wei , Liu Kai‐Yan , Huang Xiao‐Jun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTo compare the impacts of low‐dose methotrexate (MTX) with cyclosporine (CSA) on graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and graft‐versus‐leukemia (GVL) effect after haploidentical modified donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). Fifty‐five consecutive patients who had relapsed acute leukemia after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and received modified DLI were retrospectively studied. Forty‐one patients received CSA and 14 received low‐dose MTX after DLI to prevent DLI‐associated GVHD. The incidence of acute GVHD and grade 2–4 acute GVHD in MTX group showed a trend toward being higher than in CSA group (61.0% vs. 37.3%, p = 0.198 and 61.0% vs. 35.5%, p = 0.155). However, no significant difference in the incidence of grade 3–4 acute GVHD between two groups (p = 0.982) was observed. Moreover, compared with CSA, patients treated with MTX had lower re‐relapse rate (38.1% vs. 80.8%, p = 0.029), better disease‐free survival (DFS) (51.9% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.06), and higher absolute lymphocyte counts at 30, 45, 60, and 90 d after modified DLI (p < 0.05). This study suggested that after haploidentical modified DLI, low‐dose MTX is at least as effective as CSA in the prevention of DLI‐associated GVHD and probably allowed stronger GVL effect than CSA. This phenomenon was probably due to a direct antitumor effect and a better reconstitution of lymphocytes after modified DLI induced by low‐dose MTX.
Cost‐effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin in Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Roze S. , Smith‐Palmer J. , Valentine W. , de Portu S. , Nørgaard K. , Pickup J. C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimContinuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) is increasingly used in clinical practice for the management of selected patients with Type 1 diabetes. Several cost‐effectiveness studies comparing CSII vs. multiple insulin injections (MDI) have been reported. The aim was systematically to review these analyses and test the hypothesis that CSII is a cost‐effective use of healthcare resources across settings.MethodsA literature review was performed using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and other databases. No time limit or language restrictions were applied. After two rounds of screening, 11 cost‐effectiveness analyses were included in the final review, of which nine used the CORE Diabetes Model. A narrative synthesis was conducted and mean cost effectiveness calculated.ResultsCSII was considered cost‐effective vs. MDI in Type 1 diabetes in all 11 studies in 8 countries, with a mean (95% CI) incremental cost effectiveness ratio of €30 862 (17 997–43 727), US$40 143 (23 409–56 876) per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) gained. CSII was associated with improved life expectancy and quality‐adjusted life expectancy (0.4–1.1 QALYs in adults), driven by lower HbA1c and lower frequency of hypoglycaemic events vs. MDI. CSII was associated with higher lifetime direct costs due to higher treatment costs but this was partially offset by cost‐savings from reduced diabetes‐related complications.ConclusionsPublished cost‐effectiveness analyses show that in Type 1 diabetes CSII is cost‐effective vs. MDI across a number of settings for patients who have poor glycaemic control and/or problematic hypoglycaemia on MDI, with cost‐effectiveness highly sensitive to the reduction in HbA1c and hypoglycaemia frequency associated with CSII.
Diabetes, trekking and high altitude: recognizing and preparing for the risks
Authors: Mohajeri S. , Perkins B. A. , Brubaker P. L. , Riddell M. C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough regular physical activity is encouraged for individuals with diabetes, exercise at high altitude increases risk for a number of potential complications. This review highlights our current understanding of the key physiological and clinical issues that accompany high‐altitude travel and proposes basic clinical strategies to help overcome obstacles faced by trekkers with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Although individuals with diabetes have adaptations to the hypoxia of high altitude (increased ventilation, heart rate, blood pressure and hormonal responses), elevated counter‐regulatory hormones can impair glycaemic control, particularly if mountain sickness occurs. Moreover, high‐altitude‐induced anorexia and increased energy expenditure can predispose individuals to dysglycaemia unless careful adjustments in medication are performed. Frequent blood glucose monitoring is imperative, and results must be interpreted with caution because capillary blood glucose meter results may be less accurate at high elevations and low temperatures. It is also important to undergo pre‐travel screening to rule out possible contraindications owing to chronic diabetes complications and make well‐informed decisions about risks. Despite the risks, healthy, physically fit and well‐prepared individuals with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes who are capable of advanced self‐management can be encouraged to participate in these activities and attain their summit goals. Moreover, trekking at high altitude can serve as an effective means to engage in physical activity and to increase confidence with fundamental diabetes self‐management skills.
Quality of life and functioning in first‐episode psychosis Chinese patients with different antipsychotic medications
Authors: Lee Edwin H.M. , Hui Christy L.M. , Lin Jessie J.X. , Ching Elaine Y.N. , Chang W.C. , Chan Sherry K.W. , Chen Eric Y.H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimThis study compared the quality of life and functioning of 285 first‐episode psychosis Chinese patients with different antipsychotic medications in Hong Kong.MethodUnder the Jockey Club Early Psychosis project, a total of 285 patients were recruited from all inpatient and outpatient psychiatric units in Hong Kong between 2009 and 2011. In addition to the medication information, patients were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), the Role Functioning Scale, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12‐Item Health Survey (SF‐12) after stabilization of mental condition. Differences between individual antipsychotic medications were compared using anova and multinomial regression model.ResultsThe results demonstrated significant differences between different antipsychotic medications in the mean of UKU neurological subscore, BARS total score, SOFAS score and SF‐12 Mental Component Summary (MCS) score. Patients with haloperidol had higher mean UKU neurological subscore than patients with olanzapine or amisulpride. Risperidone was associated with higher mean BARS total score than olanzapine, amisulpride or sulpiride. Higher mean MCS was found in patients with amisulpride than patients with risperidone.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that antipsychotics have differential associations with the quality of life and functioning in patients with first‐episode psychosis. Future prospective study is warranted to investigate if patients with first‐episode psychosis will benefit specific type of antipsychotics more than the others.
Antipsychotic‐induced weight gain in first‐episode psychosis patients: a meta‐analysis of differential effects of antipsychotic medications
Authors: Tek Cenk , Kucukgoncu Suat , Guloksuz Sinan , Woods Scott W. , Srihari Vinod H. , Annamalai Aniyizhai 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimThe first‐episode psychosis (FEP) represents a critical period to prevent cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity decades later. Antipsychotic (AP)‐induced weight gain is one modifiable factor in this period. The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta‐analysis of AP‐induced weight and body mass index (BMI) change in FEP.MethodsA comprehensive literature search identified 28 articles that reported data on AP‐specific weight or BMI change in FEP. We conducted a meta‐analysis of short‐ and long‐term mean weight and BMI differences between placebo and AP medications. We also performed subgroup and meta‐regression analysis to examine weight, BMI outcomes and their relationship with location (Asian vs. Western), sponsorship and baseline weight and BMIs.ResultsCompared to placebo, AP‐caused mean weight gain was 3.22 kg and 1.4 points BMI in the short‐term, and 5.30 kg and 1.86 points BMI in the long term. Clinically significant weight gain risk increased about twofold with AP use. Weight gain was associated with duration of AP use. AP medications were associated with more weight gain in Western samples as opposed to Asian samples. Most AP medications were associated with significant body weight gain and BMI increase in FEP patients, except for ziprasidone. Olanzapine and clozapine caused the highest weight gain compared to placebo.ConclusionExcept for ziprasidone, most AP medications were associated with body weight gain and BMI increase in FEP patients. Early and continuing effects of various AP medications on weight gain and BMI increase should be taken into consideration by clinicians.
Linking canopy leaf area and light environments with tree size distributions to explain Amazon forest demography
Authors: Stark Scott C. , Enquist Brian J. , Saleska Scott R. , Leitold Veronika , Schietti Juliana , Longo Marcos , Alves Luciana F. , Camargo Plinio B. , Oliveira Raimundo C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractForest biophysical structure – the arrangement and frequency of leaves and stems – emerges from growth, mortality and space filling dynamics, and may also influence those dynamics by structuring light environments. To investigate this interaction, we developed models that could use LiDAR remote sensing to link leaf area profiles with tree size distributions, comparing models which did not (metabolic scaling theory) and did allow light to influence this link. We found that a light environment‐to‐structure link was necessary to accurately simulate tree size distributions and canopy structure in two contrasting Amazon forests. Partitioning leaf area profiles into size‐class components, we found that demographic rates were related to variation in light absorption, with mortality increasing relative to growth in higher light, consistent with a light environment feedback to size distributions. Combining LiDAR with models linking forest structure and demography offers a high‐throughput approach to advance theory and investigate climate‐relevant tropical forest change.
Closing the Gap: Confronting the Problem of Hotels as Venues for Child Sexual Exploitation
Authors: HUGHES‐JONES LINDA , ROBERTS SUSAN 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChild sexual exploitation (CSE) is a hidden and growing problem. Here, we consider the extent to which hotel environments present opportunities to sexually exploit children and young people; and the challenges which might be encountered in attempts to address this and disrupt offenders. There is a dearth of research on this topic and during the course of our discussion we reflect on data which emerged from a small‐scale, exploratory study in which we sought the views of hotel staff and professionals working in the safeguarding field. We conclude by examining the implications of our work for safeguarding policy and practice.
Observations concerning the sampling of Sciomyzidae (Diptera) in High Nature Value wet grassland habitats: caveats to consider
Authors: Carey John G. J. , LeRoy Maxime , Williams Christopher D. , Gormally Michael J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

High Nature Value (HNV) farmland is increasingly important within Europe and effective sampling strategies that collect invertebrates in agricultural wet grassland are vital to gauge the biodiversity in these pockets of high species richness.

One group of potential bioindicators of HNV farmland particularly suited to wet grasslands are the marsh or snail‐killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Their relatively sedentary adult habit and terrestrial – aquatic habitats make them ideal for fine‐grain resolution of biodiversity within farms.

In this short communication, we demonstrate that using Malaise trapping, emergence trapping and sweep‐netting in isolation can result in incomplete species lists in addition to which we relate capture efficacies of the methods employed with reference to previous studies and the biology of the species concerned.

Furthermore, we demonstrate that sweep‐net captures are more effective at crepuscular periods (dawn and dusk) than during the middle of the day.
Development of influenza A(H7N9) candidate vaccine viruses with improved hemagglutinin antigen yield in eggs
Authors: Ridenour Callie , Johnson Adam , Winne Emily , Hossain Jaber , Mateu‐Petit Guaniri , Balish Amanda , Santana Wanda , Kim Taejoong , Davis Charles , Cox Nancy J. , Barr John R. , Donis Ruben O. , Villanueva Julie , Williams Tracie L. , Chen Li‐Mei 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundThe emergence of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in poultry causing zoonotic human infections was reported on March 31, 2013. Development of A(H7N9) candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) for pandemic preparedness purposes was initiated without delay. Candidate vaccine viruses were derived by reverse genetics using the internal genes of A/Puerto/Rico/8/34 (PR8). The resulting A(H7N9) CVVs needed improvement because they had titers and antigen yields that were suboptimal for vaccine manufacturing in eggs, especially in a pandemic situation.MethodsTwo CVVs derived by reverse genetics were serially passaged in embryonated eggs to improve the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen yield. The total viral protein and HA antigen yields of six egg‐passaged CVVs were determined by the BCA assay and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) analysis, respectively. CVVs were antigenically characterized by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays with ferret antisera.ResultsImprovement of total viral protein yield was observed for the six egg‐passaged CVVs; HA quantification by IDMS indicated approximately a twofold increase in yield of several egg‐passaged viruses as compared to that of the parental CVV. Several different amino acid substitutions were identified in the HA of all viruses after serial passage. However, HI tests indicated that the antigenic properties of two CVVs remained unchanged.ConclusionsIf influenza A(H7N9) viruses were to acquire sustained human‐to‐human transmissibility, the improved HA yield of the egg‐passaged CVVs generated in this study could expedite vaccine manufacturing for pandemic mitigation.
Nomenclature updates resulting from the evolution of avian influenza A(H5) virus clades 2.1.3.2a, 2.2.1, and 2.3.4 during 2013–2014
Authors: Smith Gavin J. D. , Donis Ruben O. ,   World Health Organization/World Organisation for Animal Health/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/OIE/FAO) H5 Evolution Working Group
Published: May 2015

AimThe A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐like hemagglutinin (HA) genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses have continued to rapidly evolve since the most recent update to the H5 clade nomenclature by the WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group. New clades diverging beyond established boundaries need to be identified and designated accordingly.MethodHemagglutinin sequences deposited in publicly accessible databases up to December 31, 2014, were analyzed by phylogenetic and average pairwise distance methods to identify new clades that merit nomenclature changes.ResultsThree new clade designations were recommended based on division of clade 2·1·3·2a (Indonesia), 2·2·1 (Egypt), and 2·3·4 (widespread detection in Asia, Europe, and North America) that includes newly emergent HPAI virus subtypes H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8.ConclusionContinued global surveillance for HPAI A(H5) viruses in all host species and timely reporting of sequence data will be critical to quickly identify new clades and assess their potential impact on human and animal health.
Mediating International Conflicts: The European Union as an Effective Peacemaker?
Authors: Bergmann Julian , Niemann Arne 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article examines how the EU's effectiveness as a mediator in peace negotiations can be appropriately conceptualized and analysed. Mediator effectiveness is analysed along two dimensions: goal‐attainment and conflict settlement. Investigation of the conditions of mediator effectiveness is structured around four key sets of variables: mediator leverage, mediation strategy, coherence and the conflict's context. In our empirical analysis of EU mediation between Serbia and Kosovo (Belgrade–Pristina dialogue) we find that the medium degree of EU effectiveness (both in terms of goal‐attainment and conflict settlement) can be explained by its great leverage vis‐à‐vis the conflict parties due to their EU membership aspirations and its strategy of a mix of manipulation and formulation that draws on this leverage to move parties toward agreement through the use of positive incentives. A limited degree of EU coherence and spoiler problems in Northern Kosovo seem to have had a constraining influence on EU effectiveness.
Dysmorphic erythrocytes are superior to hematuria for indicating non‐diabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetics
Authors: Dong Zhe‐yi , Wang Yuan‐da , Qiu Qiang , Hou Kai , Zhang Li , Wu Jie , Zhu Han‐yu , Cai Guang‐yan , Sun Xue‐feng , Zhang Xue‐guang , Liu Mo‐yan , Kou Jia , Chen Xiang‐mei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAims/IntroductionThere are sparse and limited studies on erythrocyte morphology in renal biopsy identifying nephropathic patients among type 2 diabetics. The present study sought to clarify the predictive value of dysmorphic erythrocytes in type 2 diabetics with non‐diabetic renal disease and influences on hematuria.Materials and MethodsWe examined 198 patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent kidney biopsies between 2012 and 2013. Hematuria was defined as >3 or >10 red blood cells per high‐power field (RBCs/hpf) in urine sediment. If >80% of the erythrocytes were dysmorphic, glomerular hematuria was diagnosed. Clinical findings and predictive value of dysmorphic erythrocytes were compared between patients with hematuria (n = 19) and those without (n = 61). The potential risk factors for hematuria among diabetic nephropathy patients were also screened.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference between the diabetic nephropathy group and the non‐diabetic renal disease group (6.6 vs 16.8%; P = 0.04) when the demarcation point of hematuria was 10 RBCs/hpf. When the definition of hematuria was based on an examination of urinary erythrocyte morphology, a marked difference was seen (3.3 vs 24.8%; P < 0.001). Glomerular hematuria showed high specificity and a positive predictive value (0.97 and 0.94, respectively) in non‐diabetic renal disease. A multivariate analysis showed that nephrotic syndrome was significantly associated with hematuria (odds ratio 3.636; P = 0.034).ConclusionsDysmorphic erythrocytes were superior to hematuria for indicating non‐diabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetics. Nephrotic syndrome was an independent risk factor for hematuria.
Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec in Japanese patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: 24‐week results from the observational study in routine clinical practice
Authors: Kobuke Kazuhiro , Yoneda Masayasu , Nakanishi Shuhei , Ohno Haruya , Maeda Shusaku , Egusa Genshi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAims/IntroductionInsulin degludec, a new long‐acting insulin analog, showed its better glycemic control and reduced risk of hypoglycemia. This is the first prospective observational study that evaluated the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec in routine clinical practice.Materials and MethodsJapanese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving basal–bolus insulin therapy were switched their basal insulin to degludec, and prospectively observed over a 24‐week course. The Diabetes Therapy‐Related Quality of Life questionnaire was administered before and 12 weeks after switching.ResultsThe participants were 80 diabetes patients = (type 1, 44; type 2, 36). In the type 1 group, there was no difference in glycated hemoglobin levels between the pre‐switching and 24‐week measurements (from 62 to 62 mmol/mol, P = 0.768), whereas the daily insulin dose (per kg of bodyweight) decreased significantly (basal, from 0.25 to 0.20 U/kg, P < 0.001; bolus, from 0.40 to 0.37 U/kg, P = 0.001). In the type 2 group, glycated hemoglobin levels decreased after switching (from 60 to 58 mmol/mol, P = 0.028). In the type 1 group, the frequency of hypoglycemia decreased significantly after switching, but not significantly in the type 2 group. Patient satisfaction with the control of hypoglycemia tended to improve in the type 1 group.ConclusionsCompared with existing long‐acting insulin, degludec can maintain glycemic control at a lower insulin dose and frequency of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, while it can improve glycemic control at an equal insulin dose in type 2 diabetes.
Investigating the social value of the Ripon rivers flood alleviation scheme
Authors: Fitton S.L. , Moncaster A. , Guthrie P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper argues for an approach to flood alleviation design that considers the need not only for technical knowledge, but also a social perspective. It is predicted that more intense rainfall and rising sea levels will result in a greater number of people vulnerable to flood events. Flood alleviation design in the UK is often focused upon technical and cost‐effective solutions, and consideration of social impact is seen as secondary. This paper examines how the social value of a UK flood alleviation scheme is perceived and discussed, by the local community and by those responsible for the design of the scheme, and exposes differences in perceptions both between and within these two groups. It recommends a future approach in which an understanding of the social value of a flood alleviation scheme is first co‐produced with the community affected, enabling the design of a socially acceptable and successful project.