bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of X-Ray Microtomography and Optical Microscopy to Determine the Microstructure of Concrete Penetrated by Carbon Dioxide/ Zastosowanie Mikrotomografii Komputerowej I Mikroskopii Optycznej Do Oceny Mikrostruktury Betonów Poddanych Działaniu Co2
Authors: Ranachowski Z. , Józwiak-Niedzwiedzka D. , Ranachowski P. , Rejmund F. , Dabrowski M. , Kudela S. , Dvorak T. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In the paper two advanced methods for testing cement based composites are described and compared. These are X-ray microtomography and optical microscopy. Microtomography supplies three-dimensional images of small concrete specimens. In the tomograms all cracks, pores and other voids and inclusions, that exceed a few micrometers, are shown. Such visualisation can become a valuable tool for analysis of the basic material properties. Images obtained on thin sections and analysed with various methods on optical microscopes supply additional information on material microstructure that cannot be obtained in tomograms. For example it is relatively easy to determine zone penetrated by CO2 ingress. These two methods, presented on examples of tests, complete each another in order to supply a set of information on composition and defects of tested composite materials.
Analysis of Am60 and Az91 Alloy Crystallisation in Ceramic Moulds by Thermal Derivative Analysis (Tda)/ Analiza Krystalizacji Stopów Am60 I Az91 W Formie Ceramicznej Metodą Analizy Termiczno-Derywacyjnej (Atd)
Authors: Rapiejko C. , Pisarek B. , Czekaj E. , Pacyniak T. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The work presents the test results of the crystallisation and cooling of magnesium alloys: AM60 and AZ91, with the use of the TDA method. The tested alloys were cast into ceramic shells heated up to 180°C, produced according to the technology of the shell production in the investment casting method. The TDA method was applied to record and characterize the thermal effect resulting from the phase transformations occurring during the crystallisation of magnesium alloys. The kinetics and dynamics of the thermal processes of the crystallisation of AM60 and AZ91 in the ceramic shells were determined. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of an optical microscope as well as scanning microscopy, together with the EDS chemical analysis of the phases present in the tested casts. A comparison of these test results with the thermal effect recorded by way of the TDA method was made.
Thermodynamic Description of Ternary Fe-B-X Systems. Part 3: Fe-B-Mn/ Opis Termodynamiczny Trójskładnikowych Układów Fe-B-X. Część 3: Fe-B-Mn
Authors: Miettinen J. , Lilova K. , Vassilev G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A thermodynamic optimization of the ternary Fe-B-Mn system is presented. The thermodynamic parameters of the binary sub-systems, Fe-Mn, Fe-B and B-Mn, are taken from earlier assessments slightly modifying the B-Mn system description. The thermodynamic parameters of the Fe-B-Mn system are optimized in this study using literature experimental thermodynamic and phase equilibrium data. The solution phases of the system are described using the substitutional solution model and the borides are treated as stoichiometric or semi-stoichiometric phases of the (A,B)pCq type described with the two-sublattice models.
Wear Resistant Chromium Coatings Modified with Diamond Nanoparticles/ Odporność Na Zużycie Ścierne Powłok Chromowych Modyfikowanych Nanocząstkami Diamentu
Authors: Gidikova N. , Cias A. , Petkov V. , Madej M. , Sułowski M. , Valov R. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Electrochemical chromium coatings on steel, modified with diamond nanoparticles (NDDS), were produced by detonation synthesis. Their particle size was from 10 to 50 nm. Galvanization conditions, current density, etc., concentration of NDDS, were studied in relation to the characteristics of the chromium coatings. The optimal conditions were determined to attain the maximal values of the physical and mechanical properties of the coating. Surface topography after wear testing was examined. Compared to unmodified chromium coating, microhardness of the surface increased to 1100 kg/mm2, wear resistance, expressed as % of mass loss, increased from 3 to 10 times.
Effect of Mould Components on the Cooling Rate, Microstructure, and Quality of We43 Magnesium Casting Alloy/ Wpływ Zastosowanych Elementów Formy Na Szybkość Chłodzenia, Mikrostrukturę I Jakość Stopu Magnezu We43
Authors: Dybowski B. , Kiełbus A. , Jarosz R. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We investigated the impact of the applied cooling and feeding method on the microstructure and metallurgical quality of castings made from WE43 magnesium alloy. Six identical plates with dimensions of 100x50x20 mm were sand cast for use as samples. Each casting was fed and cooled in a different way. The solid solution grain size was evaluated quantitatively using the Met-Ilo software program, and casting defects were observed using a scanning electron microscope Hitachi S3400N. The finest solid solution grain was observed in the castings with only the coolers applied. Non-metallic inclusions were observed in each plate. The smallest shrinkage porosity was observed in the castings with feeders applied.
Microstructural Characterization of Several Coatings Deposited on Tialnb Intermetallic Alloy/ Charakterystyka Mikrostruktury Wybranych Warstw Wytworzonych Na Podłożu >Stopu Tytanu Na Osnowie Fazy Międzymetalicznej Tialnb
Authors: Góral M. , Pytel M. , Dychton K. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Titanium alloys based on the γ -TiAl intermetallic phase are a type of material which may replace nickel supperalloys in high temperature applications. Not enough resistance to corrosion at temperatures above 900°C remains the biggest limitation in industrial practices.
The paper presents results of preliminary research into application of new type heat resistant coatings on the basis of γ -TiAl alloy. MeCrAlY and Si coatings were formed by pack cementation method. Aluminide coatings were deposited by pack cementation method and VPA. Research results have shown that except for the coating formed by VPA, coatings were characterized by high porosity and therefore would not ensure appropriate protection against oxidation. Further research will be necessary into application of the VPA method in protecting γ-TiAl titanium alloys in order to improve their heat resistance.
Impact of a Structure on Durability of Modified Nickel-Base Superalloys in Creep Conditions/ Wpływ Struktury Na Trwałość W Warunkach Pełzania Modyfikowanych Nadstopów Na Bazie Niklu
Authors: Ciesla M. , Manka M. , Gradon P. , Binczyk F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The study assesses the impact of surface and bulk modification and filtration during pouring on a durability under accelerated creep conditions of casts made of IN-713C and MAR-247 nickel superalloys scrap used for manufacturing of aircraft engine parts. The impact of solutionizing (1185°C/2 h) with subsequent ageing (870°C/20 h) on the creep resistance of a casting made from MAR-247 coarse-grained superalloy was also examined. Morphological structure parameters were determined with the use of Met-Ilo software. Macrostructure analysis of casts showed very significant impact of surface modification treatment. Creep test results clearly showed that coarse grained samples of IN-713C and MAR-247 superalloys have higher creep resistance. Moreover alloy MAR-247 had higher creep durability after heat treatment compared to as-cast state.
Analysis of Bimetallic Plate Rolling after Explosive Welding/ Analiza Procesu Walcowania Blach Bimetalowych Po Połączeniu Metoda Zgrzewania Wybuchowego
Authors: Wypart J. , Rydz D. , Stradomski G. , Dyja H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This work presents the effect of plastic deformation and heat treatment on the properties of joint area of AL99,8 + M1E bimetallic plate. The joining zones were analyzed after rolling in three variants: directly after joining, after joining and annealing at 300°C, and after joining and annealing at 400°C.
Thermal Properties of Various Ti-Al-C Composites Prepared by Hot Shock Compaction Utilizing Combustion Synthesis/ Właściwości Termiczne Kompozytów Ti-Al-C Uzyskanych Z Wykorzystaniem Metody Udarowego Zagęszczania Na Gorąco
Authors: Tomoshige R. , Tanaka H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Hot shock compaction method was utilized for the consolidation of MAX phase composites consisting of Ti, Al and C. This paper presents the production of dense, crack-free composites by combining the combustion synthesis with explosive detonation. Another objective is to investigate various properties of the obtained shock-compacts. The shock compacted materials were post-annealed at 1173 K for releasing the shock-induced strain. As a result, these compacts had strong interparticle bonding strength and few macro cracks. Intermetallic compounds (TiAl, Ti2Al and Ti3Al) and non-oxide ceramics (TiC and Ti4Al2C2) were detected in as-synthesized and annealed materials by X-ray diffraction experiments. Also, lamella structures of Ti4Al2C2 phase were observed by SEM. It was known that the coefficient of thermal expansion increased with increasing temperature, and decreased with increasing TiC content.
Calculation and Cladding of Profiled Surface of the Superconducting Coil Pf1 Iter Contacts/ Obliczenia I Platerowanie Powierzchni Profilowych Styków Cewek Nadprzewodnikowych Pf1 Iter
Authors: Vakin V. , Krasilnikov A. , Marushin Y. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this work is obtaining in practice a bimetallic blank with a metal mating surface different from the flat shape, to be used for manufacturing of contacts in a superconducting coil of the experimental thermonuclear experimental reactor ITER.
Phase Analysis of Explosive Welded Ti-Cr/Ni Steel in As-Received State and after Heat Treatment Using Synchrotron/ Analiza Fazowa Połączenia Ti-Cr/Stali Ni Wytworzonego Metodą Zgrzewania Wybuchowego W Stanie Wyjściowym Oraz Po Obróbce Termicznej Z Wykorzystaniem Promieniowania Synchrotonowego
Authors: Ostroushko D. , Mazancová E. , Saksl K. , Milković O. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Surface coatings protection is one of the most important processes ensuring efficient and economic use of basic materials, mostly of lower-quality. At interface of clad and basic material intermetallic phases are formed, representing quite different matrix with dissimilar properties unlike the welded materials. One type of surface coating is explosive bonding which belongs to group of pressure welding. The work is focused on interface shape line, inhomogeneities in vicinity of the wave joint both in basic material and in vicinity of weld line of the Ti and Cr/Ni stainless steel (SS) matrix. Investigated weld was both in as-received state and after heat treatment carried out at 600°C/90 minutes/air. Presented phases have been identified using X-ray diffraction performed by synchrotron. The Tiα, Fe-fcc, Fe-bcc and intermetallic phases Fe2Ti were detected at interface area.
Diffusion Kinetics in Explosive Cladding of Dissimilar Alloys as Described through the Miedema Model/ Kinetyka Procesu Dyfuzji W Układach Platerów Wytwarzanych Z Wykorzystaniem Energii Wybuchu, Na Bazie Stopów O Silnie Odmiennych Właściwościach, Opisanych Modelem Miedema
Authors: Saravanan S. , Raghukandan K. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Explosive cladding of dissimilar plates is achieved by the intensive deformation occurring at high pressure and temperature generated from the detonating explosive at the collision interface. The interface morphology, with its characteristic undulations, is dictated by the extent of kinetic energy spent at the mating interface. Nevertheless, the inter-metallic compound formation at the mating interface weakens the joint. The prediction of the probability of inter-metallic formation at aluminum-SS 304, copper-SS 304 and titanium-SS 304 explosive cladding interfaces is attempted in this study by employing Miedema model. Granular explosives (detonation velocity: 4000 m/s) and parallel plate combination were employed with uni-loading ratio (standoff distance-5 mm). The influence of chemical energy in determining the bond strength of explosive clads is discussed as well.
Designing and Manufacturing of Explosion Chambers for Scientific Research and Explosive Working of Materials/ Projekt I Wytworzenie Komory Do Detonacyjnej Dla Celów Naukowych Oraz Przeprowadzenie Zgrzewania Wybuchowego Dla Materiałów Metalicznych
Authors: Shtertser A. , Stoyanovskii O. , Zlobin B. , Meshcheryakov Y. , Skornyakov Y. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The paper presents the experience in designing and manufacture of explosion chambers for researching purposes and technological applications gathered in Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences. The peculiarity of the developed explosion chambers is that they are all-metal units with a long service life (10 thousand explosions and more); they completely isolate blast effects (shock wave, seismic wave, etc.) and hence can be installed in laboratory rooms and industrial premises and, when necessary, can be disassembled and moved to a new place of exploitation. Presented examples illustrate the application of the explosion chambers in production of new materials, articles, and for elimination of ammunition.
Welding of Thermomechanically Rolled Fine-Grain Steel by Different Types of Lasers/ Spawanie Stali Drobnoziarnistej Walcowanej Termomechanicznie Laserami Różnego Typu
Authors: Lisiecki A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The autogenous laser welding of 2.5 mm thick butt joints of thermomechanically rolled fine-grain steel grade S420MC was investigated. Butt joints were laser welded by the Yb:YAG Disk laser, emitted a circular laser beam with spot diameter of 200 μm at 1.03 μm wavelength, and also by the high power direct diode laser, emitted a rectangular beam with dimension of 1.8x6.8 mm at 808 nm wavelength. Different welding modes were identified for the lasers applied. The conduction welding mode was observed in whole of the diode laser welding parameters. While high quality joints, without any internal defects and characterized with satisfactory mechanical performance were produced in a wide range of parameters. The butt joints produced by Disk laser were welded at keyhole mode. In this case a slight tendency to weld porosity was found.
Nanobainitic Structure Recognition and Characterization Using Transmission Electron Microscopy/ Rozpoznawanie I Charakteryzacja Struktury Nanobainitycznej Za Pomocą Transmisyjnej Mikroskopii Elektronowej
Authors: Jezierska E. , Dworecka J. , Rozniatowski K. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Various transmission electron microscopy techniques were used for recognition of different kinds of bainitic structures in 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel. Upper and lower bainite are morphologically different, so it is possible to distinguish between them without problem. For new nanobainitic structure, there is still controversy. In studied bearing steel the bainitic ferrite surrounding the retained austenite ribbon has a high density of dislocations. Significant fragmentations of these phases occur, bainitic ferrite is divided to subgrains and austenitic ribbons are curved due to stress accommodation.
Characterization of Nanobainitic Structure Obtained in 100Crmnsi6-4 Steel after Industrial Heat Treatment/ Charakteryzacja Struktury Nanobainitycznej Wytworzonej W Handlowej Stali Łożyskowej – 100Crmnsi6-4 W Przemysłowej Obróbce Cieplnej
Authors: Dworecka J. , Jezierska E. , Rozniatowski K. , Swiatnicki W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The aim of the work was to produce a nanobainitic structure in the commercial bearing steel - 100CrMnSi6-4 and to characterize its structure and mechanical properties.
In order to produce this structure the austempering heat treatment was performed, with parameters that have been selected on the basis of dilatometric measurements of phase transformation kinetics in steel. The heat treatment process was performed in laboratory as well as in industrial furnaces. The obtained structure was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. In order to investigate the effect of the microstructure parameters on the material’s mechanical properties, the hardness, impact strength and static tensile tests have been conducted.
Microstructural Features of Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation in Medium-Mn Steels with Metastable Retained Austenite/ Cechy Mikrostrukturalne Indukowanej Odkształceniem Przemiany Martenzytycznej W Stalach Sredniomanganowych Z Metastabilnym Austenitem Szczątkowym
Authors: Grajcar A. , Kilarski A. , Radwanski K. , Swadzba R. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The work addresses relationships between the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of two thermomechanically processed bainitic steels containing 3 and 5% Mn. The steels contain blocky-type and interlath metastable retained austenite embeded between laths of bainitic ferrite. To monitor the transformation behaviour of retained austenite into strain-induced martensite tensile tests were interrupted at 5%, 10%, and rupture strain. The identification of retained austenite and strain-induced martensite was carried out using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The amount of retained austenite was determined by XRD. It was found that the increase of Mn addition from 3 to 5% detrimentally decreases a volume fraction of retained austenite, its carbon content, and ductility.
Interpretations of Cooling Dilatograms in the Range of the Bainitic and Martensitic Transformations/ Intwerpretacja Dylatogramów Chłodzenia W Zakresie Przemiany Bainitycznej I Martenzytycznej
Authors: Pacyna J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The method of interpretation of cooling dilatograms of undercooled austenite during its transformation into upper and lower bainite (UB and LB) and into martensite (M), applied in the Laboratory of Phase Transformations of AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, is presented in the hereby paper. The relation of the mechanism of the mentioned above transformations to places on the dilatometric curve where transformations start and where they are continued was indicated. An appeal for the unified, correct interpretation of dilatograms of phase transformations, in all laboratories of the world, was formulated. This will allow the formation of equally accurate diagrams of the kinetics of phase transformation of undercooled austenite at its continuous cooling (CCT). In consequence, this could provide a development of more advanced heat treatment technologies. Such approach will also allow for the correct assessment of the influence of the alloying elements on the stability of austenite and phase transformation temperatures at its cooling.
Microstructure and Properties of Surface Layer of Carburized 38CrAlMo6-10 Steel Subjected to Nanostructurization by a Heat Treatment Process/ Struktura I Właściwości Warstwy Naweglanej Na Stali 38Cralmo6-10 Po Procesie Nanostrukturyzacji W Warunkach Obróbki Cieplnej
Authors: Wasiluk K. , Skołek E. , Swiatnicki W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The aim of the study was to produce and characterize a nanobainitic microstructure in surface layers of carburized 38CrAlMo6-10 structural steel. Steel contained 1.% Al and 0.3% Si - elements hindering the cementite precipitation, which was considered to be adequate for obtaining a carbide free bainite. Steel samples were subjected to two different vacuum carburizing processes in order to obtain two different contents of carbon in surface layer. To produce a nanobainitic microstructure a heat treatment consisting of austempering at temperature slightly higher than the martensite start temperature (Ms) of the layer was applied after each carburization process. It was found, that the obtained microstructure of carburized layer depends strongly on carbon content. In steel with surface layer containing lower carbon content a nanobainitic microstructure with carbon-enriched residual austenite was formed. In case of surface layer containing higher carbon content the ultra-fine grained lower bainite was obtained.
Thermomechanically Rolled Medium-Mn Steels Containing Retained Austenite/ Walcowane Termomechanicznie Stale Średniomanganowe Zawierające Austenit Szczątkowy
Authors: Grajcar A. , Skrzypczyk P. , Wozniak D. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Chemical composition of four medium-Mn steels containing a various Mn content (3 and 5%) have been proposed in the present work. The two steels are base steels whereas the other two contain Nb microaddition. Thermomechanical rolling tests of 3.3 mm sheets have been carried out using a semi-industrial hot strip rolling line. Detailed investigations of the identification of structural constituents using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques have been performed. X-ray method has been applied to determine an amount of retained austenite and its C content. Significant microstructural parameters were revealed using an EBSD technique. It was found that the Mn addition affects strongly a microstructure type, stability of retained austenite and mechanical properties determined with a static tensile test. The steels containing 3% Mn are characterized by a good combination of strength and ductility whereas the tensile strength up to 1300 MPa is possible to obtain for the higher Mn content steels.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel after Dynamic Cold Working Deformation/ Wpływ Dynamicznego Odkształcenia Plastycznego Na Zimno Na Mikrostrukturę I Własności Stali Konstrukcyjnej
Authors: Pacyna J. , Dabrowski R. , Rozniata E. , Kokosza A. , Dziurka R. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The results of the selected mechanical properties i.e. ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield stress (YS), elongation (EL), reduction of area (RA), hardness (HV) and impact strength (KCV) of the common, S235JR grade steel, are presented in the paper. A strong relationship between the above mentioned properties and cooling rates after hot rolling of rods, made of this steel, was found.
Additionally, the possibility of further enhancing of mechanical properties (UTS and YS) by the controlled, dynamic cold working, was shown. The use of such deformation, through changes in the microstructure allows for the upper yield stress (YS) increase - app. 10% and ultimate tensile strength UTS - app. 5%.
Simultaneously, very high indicators of plasticity (EL, RA) and impact strength (KCV) are retained, as they were immediately after the rolling. The possibility of improving the mechanical properties of rods made of this steel grade has a great technological and commercial importance for its manufacturers, as well as for their final users.