bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Use of Manual Muscle Testing in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Hammett Lynn , Harburn Karen , Trujillo Steve 
Published: March 2013

Undergraduate occupational therapy students learn the theory and mechanics of functional strength assessment and manual muscle testing in order to measure the effectiveness of their physical treatments and to ascertain the functional level of their patients. However, it is important to determine how practicing therapists are actually assessing strength. This information would help both in directing curriculum teaching efforts at the undergraduate level and in assessing the needs of the profession in the use of clinical strength measurement systems. The present study sought to determine the therapy areas and extent of use of functional and manual muscle tests by occupational therapists across Canada. Information was also gained about the factors related to the use of manual muscle testing by practicing clinicians. The results of the survey indicated that occupational therapists do use manual muscle testing, but to a lesser extent than functional assessments. A large number of therapists stated they relied on other co-workers, such as physical therapists, to perform manual muscle tests on their patients. Though they did not perform the manual muscle tests themselves, occupational therapists thought that occupational therapy students should have a thorough knowledge of manual muscle testing in order to work effectively as a team member in the clinic. The study also found that University of Manitoba graduates used manual muscle testing with the greatest percentage of their patients than any of the other Canadian graduates surveyed. Of interest is the finding that manual muscle testing use increased when instruction occurred on the job in addition to the University teaching of the skill.
Occupational Therapy Practice: Generic or Domain Specific?
Authors: Ernest Marilyn 
Published: March 2013

The objectives of this study were: 1) to examine each of the 219 functions on the Occupational Therapy-Occupational Profile in an attempt to identify the functions that were domain-specific to physical dysfunction (PD) and mental health (MH) practice; 2) to demonstrate that occupational therapy practice is generic in nature if more than 25% of all occupational profile functions were not domain-specific; 3) to identify functions carried out by at least 75 % of all therapists as core (essential) functions, and 4) to relate the findings to the expressed shortage of fieldwork placements, particularly in the mental health domain. Chi Square analyses were used to examine the data from the evaluations of 100 therapists (76 PD and 24 MH) and 93 therapists (75 PD and 18 MH) on 122 functions and 97 functions respectively of the occupational profile. Findings with this sample suggest that: 1) 8 functions (3.7%) were domain-specific to MH practice and 18 functions (8%) were domain-specific to PD practice; 2) occupational therapy practice could be defined as generic in nature, and 3) of the 219 functions, 112 (51%) could be identified as core functions.
Evaluation of Treatment in Occupational Therapy. Part 1. Methodology Issues in Conducting Clinical Trials
Authors: Law Mary , Cadman David , Rosenbaum Peter , Russell Dianne , DeMatteo Carol , Walter Stephen 
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to discuss important methodological issues that must be considered in planning and implementing clinical evaluation research in occupational therapy. The experiences of the authors in conducting a multi-centre intervention trial are used to illustrate issues and decisions which can both enhance the scientific integrity of clinical research while maint a ining its feasibility. Methodological issues include choice of research design, identification of significant confounding variables, subject selection and enrollment, incidence-prevalence bias, selection of appropriate and responsive outcome measures, maintenance of treatment consistency and compliance, and “masked” evaluation of outcomes. Attention to these issues will increase the methodological quality of occupational therapy evaluation research and improve the credibility of its results.
Occupational Performance Measures: A Review Based on the Guidelines for the Client-centred Practice of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Pollock Nancy , Baptiste Sue , Law Mary , McColl Mary Ann , Opzoomer Anne , Polatajko Helene 
Published: March 2013

In 1987, Health and Welfare Canada and the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists Task Force recommended that work go forward to develop an outcome measure for occupational therapy which reflects the Occupational Performance Model. The first step in this process was to review critically those outcome measures which assess occupational performance and that are currently available in the literature. This paper will present the review process, describe in more detail eight assessments that fulfilled many of the review criteria, discuss the limitations of these measures using the “Guidelines for the Client-centred Practice of Occupational Therapy as the framework, and make recommendations for the development of a new outcome measure for use in occupational therapy.
Application of the Guidelines for Client-centred Practice to Paediatric Occupational Therapy
Authors: Stewart Debra , Harvey Susan 
Published: March 2013

This paper outlines the process of incorporating the “Guidelines For the Client-Centred Practice of Occupational Therapy” into the practice of occupational therapy in an out-patient rehabilitation facility serving young people with physical disabilities. Specifically, the areas of practice addressed are screening and assessment. The process started in 1987 with an identification of the need to find a holistic framework that meets the complex needs of clients with chronic physical disabilities. The conceptual model of occupational performance, as outlined in the Guidelines, provided such a framework. The process of incorporating the Guidelines into the screening and assessment practices of occupational therapists at Erinoak Serving Young People With Physical Disabilities is described, with examples of documents developed by the department. Suggestions are given to integrate the conceptual model of occupational performance into the practice of occupational therapists working with children and adolescents with physical disabilities.
Mealtimes of the Institutionalized Elderly: A Literature Review
Authors: Ott Fred , Readman Tim , Backman Catherine 
Published: March 2013

The absence of social interaction at mealtimes and lack of independence in feeding and eating among residents have been identified as problems requiring investigation in Vancouver General Hospital's Extended Care Unit. An extensive literature review was undertaken, to examine various factors that influence the nutritional intake of the elderly and to learn about intervention programmes which have been aimed at improving mealtime behaviour. The literature review identified growing concern about feeding and eating problems of the institutionalized elderly. The major factors influencing the nutritional intake of the elderly appear to be physical and perceptual disability, social support systems and the opportunity to socialize, and cultural influences. Intervention programmes aimed at improving mealtime behaviours have mainly fallen within the following categories: rehabilitative approach, alteration of physical environment, and behaviour modification using operant conditions. This literature review is preliminary to a research project investigating ways of improving the mealtime functioning of the institutionalized elderly. Les problèmes suscités par l'absence d'interaction sociale au moment des repas, ainsi que le manque d'autonomie pour se nourrir et manger, chez les bénéficiaires de l'unité de soins prolongés du Vancouver General Hospital, ont été étudiés. Une analyse en profondeur des publications sur ce sujet a été entreprise pour examiner différents facteurs influençant l'apport nutritionnel chez la personne âgée et pour connaître les programmes d'intervention visant à améliorer les comportements entourant la prise des repas. L'analyse des publications démontre que la nutrition et l'alimentation constituent une préoccupation croissante chez la population âgée vivant en institution. Les principaux facteurs influençant l'apport nutritionnel chez la personne âgée et pour connaître les programmes d'intervention visant à améliorer les comportements entourant la prise des repas. L'analyse des publications démontre que la nutrition et l'alimentation constituent une préoccupation croissante chez la population âgée vivant en institution. Les principaux facteurs influençant l'apport nutritionnel des personnes âgées semblent provenir à la fois d'une incapacité physique et perceptuelle, du système de support social, des possibilités de socialiser et des influences culturelles. Les programmes d'intervention visant à améliorer les comportements concernant la prise des repas se répartissent surtout suivant les catégories suivantes, l'approche de réadaptation, la détérioration de l'environnementphysique et la modification du comportement par le conditionnement opérant. L'analyse des publications précède un projet de recherche portant sur les façons d'améliorer le fonctionnement entourant la prise des repas chez une population âgée en institution.
The Effects of Splinting on the Spastic Hemiplegic is Hand: Report of a Feasibility Study
Authors: Langlois Sylvia , Pederson Linda , MacKinnon Joyce R. 
Published: March 2013

Hand splints are used by occupational therapists as a method of reducing the increased muscle tone of the upper extremity following stroke. However, the paucity of research and inconsistent findings examining the effects of splinting on spasticity has resulted in this technique being a controversial one. Many parameters of splinting need to be investigated, such as the type of splint, the duration of use, and wearing schedules. This feasibility study was conducted to pretest instruments and procedures investigating the effects of a finger spreader on the spastic musculature of the wrist and to examine trends in spasticity associated with variables, including a splint wearing schedule, expectations and satisfaction with the splint, and compliance. Nine subjects were randomly assigned to three groups defined by wearing schedules of twenty-two, twelve, and six hours per day. The greatest change in the level of spasticity was noted in the group wearing the splint for twenty-two hours. However, this trend was not statistically significant. A statistically significant relationship was found between expectations of the splint and compliance to the wearing schedule. Satisfaction with the splint outcome and therapeutic interaction was also observed to have a statistically significant relationship with compliance. This indicates that the procedures and measures designed for this study are worth pursuing in future research.
Surviving the Management Game: Workload Measurement Systems in a Cost-Conscious Environment
Authors: Wright Maureen , Scott Elizabeth , Cockerill Rhonda 
Published: March 2013

Using a procedure-based occupational therapy workload measurement system developed at, and applied by, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, this paper explores the objectives of such a system from the point of view of the occupational therapy manager. It also takes into account the synergistic relationship between the occupational therapist and the administrative/business aspect of health care, paying special attention to past and present trends in health-care accountability. In this paper it is argued that occupational therapy managers must relate their procedures and overhead costs to actual client care, if they are to be included in programme management and client costing. The process used by occupational therapy to describe its own procedures for the system is outlined. The system was then developed in conjunction with other institutional, financial and management tools for the client cost conversion process. By using a procedure based workload measurement system, occupational therapy is able to accurately describe client costing, thereby articulating our role in client care.
Clinical Programme Management: A Model of Promise?
Authors: Baptiste Sue 
Published: March 2013

As professionals working within a rapidly changing health care environment, it becomes critical to recognize alternatives for the management of clinical services to maximize the use of resources. However, it is also critical to remain constantly aware of the needs of valued and valuable employees, ensuring that the quality of working life is considered whenever any decisions are being made which will affect the work place. This paper reviews some of the literature related to decentralized structural models for health care institutions, and details the selection and implementation of one model in a major teaching hospital. The process of development from the initial idea through to the actual operationalization of a clinical programme management model is outlined, providing a critique of strengths and weaknesses of the model in the context of this particular organization.
Managing Diverse Occupational Therapy Resources in a Creative, Corporate Model
Authors: Baptiste Sue 
Published: March 2013

Two occupational therapy departments were amalgamated into a corporate whole and charged with the development of a workable, corporate structure. The departmental model which was developed served to enhance the concepts of quality of working life, employee autonomy, management team and quality circle theory. This paper provides a background from business and organizational literature, and outlines the development of the departmental model, in concert with the adoption of the client-centred model of occupational performance as a department basis for practice. This development was taking place concurrently with larger, institutional changes into a decentralized clinical programme management model. Discussion highlights the level of staff satisfaction with the changes, areas of concern during the development of the system and plans for the future growth. During this period of massive and critical change in the delivery of health care services, there has been a trend in restructuring health care institutions towards decentralized models. This paper will describe the experience of one occupational therapy department in developing an innovative departmental structure involving participatory management amalgamation. It is believed that the experience of the past occupational therapy work units with one viable option for a renewed management model. Staff skill sets can be maximized and optimal potential realized while faced with inevitable resource shrinkage and service reorganization.
Spirituality and Occupation: Garden Musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy
Authors: Unruh Anita M. 
Published: March 2013

Spirituality is a key dimension in occupational therapy models of practice, but definitions of spirituality and its relationship to occupation have eluded us. Nevertheless, if the writings of people who are deeply involved in their occupations are examined, we discover that spirituality can be expressed through our engagement in occupations with personal meaning in our lives. In these reflections, the author examines spirituality as it is expressed by gardeners in their garden musings, and suggests that this occupation has the capacity to enrich spirituality in everyday life. Further study of the relationship between specific occupations and spirituality may illuminate the construct of spirituality and demonstrate the ways in which occupation can be used to facilitate a richer spiritual life for individuals and communities.
The Client-Centred Evidence-Based Practice of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Egan Mary , Dubouloz Claire-Jehanne , Zweck Claudia Von , Vallerand Josée 
Published: March 2013

Evidence-based practice has its roots in evidence-based medicine. This term refers to the formulation of treatment decision using the best available research evidence. While the concept has gained increased attention among health care workers in the recent past, practice based on scientific evidence has been recommended for over 300 years. However, all health-related professions continue to report difficulties adopting evidence-based practice. Notably, practitioners are often concerned that results of population-based research may not be relevant for their specific patients. This may be of particular concern for occupational therapists who aim to provide client-centred intervention, taking into consideration individual characteristics of the client, the environment and the occupation. As well, those wishing to practice evidence-based occupational therapy must determine which decisions are made during the course of therapy and what evidence may impact on these decisions. The Occupational Performance Process Model (Fearing, Law & Clark, 1997) outlines the occupational therapy problem solving process and assists therapists to integrate knowledge from both client and therapist. A framework for evidence-based occupational therapy is presented, based on this model.
The Occupational Performance History Interview: Evidence for Three Underlying Constructs of Occupational Adaptation
Authors: Mallinson Trudy , Mahaffey Lisa , Kielhofner Gary 
Published: March 2013

The Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI) was developed to gather data on a person's past and current occupational functioning. The OPHI includes both a life history narrative component designed to render the life history from the client's perspective and a rating scale designed to measure the client's past and present occupational adaptation. Previous research documented the reliability of the OPHI, but there has been limited study of its construct validity. This study used Rasch analysis to determine the construct validity of a modified version of OPHI scale (OPHI-R). Data previously gathered on 20 clients in a psychiatric setting were analyzed. The results indicate that the items of the OPHI-R do not effectively measure a single construct of occupational adaptation as originally thought. Rather, the OPHI-R items appear to measure three underlying constructs reflecting occupational competence, identity and environment. These findings suggest that revision of the OPHI scale should seek to capture these three underlying constructs for the measurement of occupational adaptation.
Leisure in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Suto Melinda 
Published: March 2013

Despite leisure's central position within occupational therapy models of practice, theoretical development from within occupational therapy remains limited. Historically occupational therapy has viewed leisure as an occupational performance area, quantifiable and discretionary time, and as activity used to achieve clients' targeted outcomes. Using social sciences literature and Primeau's (1996) ideas about the relationship between work and leisure, an argument is made for further theoretical development of leisure concepts and their application to occupational therapy. A brief review of standardized leisure assessments reveals their emphasis on leisure as time or activity. In contrast, interdisciplinary advances in leisure studies pertinent to occupational therapy focus on understanding leisure as a subjective experience. Acknowledgement of the importance of leisure as a state of mind underscores the importance of creating meaning within occupations. Finally, the stages of the Occupational Performance Process (CAOT, 1997; Fearing, Law & Clark, 1997) provide a framework for demonstrating how leisure concepts and assessments guide occupational therapy practice.
Reliability and Validity of the Toglia Category Assessment Test
Authors: Josman Naomi 
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to establish inter-rater reliability, internal consistency reliability, and both concurrent and discriminant validity for the Toglia Category Assessment (TCA), a test of cognitive categorization. This study was based on an examination of categorization skills in clinical samples, using both the Toglia Category Assessment as well as the Riska Object Classification (ROC) test. The study sample consisted of 35 adult persons with brain-injury and 35 persons with chronic schizophrenia (n=70). Correlations between scores of the two different tests and the two different samples were computed using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficients. Both inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity were established for the TCA. These results suggest that the Toglia Category Assessment and Riska Object Classification tests may address different cognitive abilities. The Toglia Category Assessment appears to be a more sensitive test than the Riska Object Classification in that it provides an elaborate cognitive profile.
A Critical Analysis of the Model of Human Occupation
Authors: Haglund Lena , Kjellberg Anette 
Published: March 2013

The aim of this paper is to begin a dialogue regarding the use of the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) (Kielhofner, 1995). Three questions formed the basis for discussion: 1. Is the MOHO consistent with the values and beliefs of occupational therapy?; 2. Does the MOHO support the intervention process in occupational therapy? and; 3. Is the MOHO consistent and applicable to the current regulations and societal values in Sweden? The authors propose that the MOHO must be further developed in order to support assessment and intervention in occupational therapy. Specifically, they find the MOHO lacking with regard the influence of the environment on human behaviour, appreciation of the dialectic process between the human and the environment, and of the importance of the subsystem volition in the intervention process.
Comparison of the effects of cooperative learning and traditional learning methods on the improvement of drug-dose calculation skills of nursing students undergoing internships
Authors: Basak Tulay , Yildiz Dilek 
Published: March 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cooperative learning and traditional learning methods on the development of drug-calculation skills. Design: Final-year nursing students ( n = 85) undergoing internships during the 2010–2011 academic year at a nursing school constituted the study group of this quasi-experimental study. Setting: Students were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. A cooperative learning method was introduced to the experimental group ( n = 32) and a traditional learning method was applied to the control group ( n = 40). Pre-test and post-test scores of drug-dose calculation skills were compared. Method: Data were obtained using data collection forms which were developed by the researchers. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 15.0. T-test and Wilcoxon’s signed rank test with Bonferroni correction were used for comparison of drug-dose calculation skill scores between groups and within groups before and after training. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between drug-dose calculation pre-test scores of both groups ( p = 0.144). After training, while the post-test mean score of the control group was 92.00 ± 7.90, this score was 87.03 ± 9.98 in the experimental group and the difference was statistically significant ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: After training, drug-dose calculation skills of students were increased in both groups. But the traditional learning method was found to be more effective than the cooperative learning method in the development of drug-dose calculation skills.