bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A General, Practical Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides and Bromides.
Authors: Senecal Todd D. , Shu Wei , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis is a versatile method for the preparation of aryl and heteroaryl nitriles from the respective chlorides or bromides in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: The Effect of Indium(III) Triflate in Oxone‐Mediated Oxidative Methyl Esterification of Aldehydes.
Authors: Mineno Tomoko , Sakai Mai , Ubukata Akira , Nakahara Kazuhide , Yoshimitsu Hitoshi , Kansui Hisao 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEfficient, direct oxidative methyl esterification of aryl aldehydes is achieved using a couple of oxidant (oxone) and In(O‐Tf)3 as Lewis acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Difluoro(phenylsulfonyl)methylation of Carbonyls with PhSO2CF2H Reagent in the Presence of in situ Generated Substoichiometric Amount of Base.
Authors: Hu Mingyou , Gao Bing , Ni Chuanfa , Zhang Laijun , Hu Jinbo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes undergo nucleophilic difluoro(phenylsulfonyl)methylation by reaction with PhSO2CF2H (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Merrifield Resin Supported Peroxomolybdenum(VI) Compounds: Recoverable Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Efficient, Selective and Mild Oxidation of Organic Sulfides with H2O2.
Authors: Boruah Jeena Jyoti , Das Siva Prasad , Ankireddy Seshadri Reddy , Gogoi Sandhy Rani , Islam Nashreen S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAll reactions can be conducted at room temperature as well, merely expanding the reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Asymmetric Allylic Dearomatization Reaction of Naphthol Derivatives.
Authors: Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , You Shu‐Li 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis is the first Pd‐catalyzed intermolecular asymmetric allylic dearomatization of β‐naphthol derivatives yielding products with all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters with good enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Tungstate Based Poly(ionic Liquid) Entrapped Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Robust Oxidation Catalyst.
Authors: Pourjavadi Ali , Hosseini Seyed Hassan , Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Foroushani Behzad Koushki , Bennett Craig 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe recoverable catalyst can be separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnet and reused at least ten times without loss of its catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Phthalic Anhydride Derivatives with (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane.
Authors: Wu Mingxi , Wang Mingjin , Cao Song 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA novel Cu‐catalyzed trifluoromethylation of phthalic and 1,8‐naphthoic anhydrides is reported using TmsCF3 as nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles via Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Oxime Acetates with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Huang Liangbin , Qi Chaorong , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA novel and useful method to construct highly substituted pyrroles (III) (23 examples) is developed that tolerates a wide range of functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected One‐Pot Synthesis of A3‐Type Unsymmetrical Porphyrin.
Authors: Mahmood Mian HR , Liu Hai‐Yang , Wang Hua‐Hua , Jiang Yi‐Yu , Chang C.‐K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe one‐pot reaction of aromatic aldehydes with pyrrole yields symmetrical A4‐type porphyrins (III), unsymmetrical A3‐type porphyrin (V) or corrole (VII) depending on the electronic properties of the aldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: “On‐Water” Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Indoles via Knoevenagel/Michael Addition Sequence Catalyzed by Cu Doped ZnS NPs.
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Gupta Shyam L. , Parewa Vijay , Sharma Amit , Rathore Kuldeep S. , Sharma Amit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCu doped ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) represent a green catalyst for a one‐pot rapid synthesis of 3‐substituted indole derivatives via Knoevenagel/Michael addition reaction in aqueous medium.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Heteroannulation Approach to 1,2‐Bis(3‐indolyl)ethanes.
Authors: Blair Lachlan M. , Sperry Jonathan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFreshly prepared instable aldehyde (I) undergoes Pd‐catalyzed heteroannulation reaction with various o‐iodoaniline derivatives to give the title compounds (III) in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 5‐Chloroindoline‐2,3‐dione Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Evaluation for Antimalarial Activity.
Authors: Shingade Sunil G. , Bari Sanjaykumar B. , Agarwal Pooja , Srivastava Kumkum 
Published: January 2014

Abstract2‐Azetidinone and 4‐thiazolidinone derivatives of 5‐chloroindolinedione are synthesized and evaluated for their antimalarial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Spirooxindole Derivatives Bearing Hexahydroquinolines Using Multicomponent Reactions Catalyzed by Ethylenediamine Diacetate.
Authors: Kang So Rang , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA three‐component reaction of isatins, cyclic enaminones, and malononitrile is optimized.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization Cascade of Hydrazono Ugi Adducts Towards Pyrazoles.
Authors: Agrebi Asma , Allouche Fatma , Chabchoub Fakher , El Kaim Laurent 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis new cyclization cascade reaction gives at first Ugi hydrazones, which can be easily converted to the corresponding pyrazoles via a formal [3 + 2]‐cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green and Simple Synthesis of N‐Substituted‐2‐mercaptobenzimidazoles
Authors: Rao S. Srinivas , Dubey P. K. , Kumari Y. Bharathi 
Published: January 2014

Abstractvia reaction of 2‐chlorobenzimidazoles (I) with thiourea under microwave irradiation conditions, or alternatively and with comparable results, in PEG 600 or under physical grinding conditions
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Synthesis of Sugar Isoxazole Conjugates.
Authors: Luginina Jevgenija , Rjabovs Vitalijs , Belyakov Sergey , Turks Maris 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis provides the first examples of isoxazolyl sugars where the azole fragment is attached to C3 of the carbohydrate through a C—C bond.
ChemInform Abstract: Merging the Ring Opening of Benzoxazoles with Secondary Amines and an Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization Towards the Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzoxazoles.
Authors: Xu Daqian , Wang Wenfang , Miao Chengxia , Zhang Qiaohong , Xia Chungu , Sun Wei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA feasible radical process is proposed for the oxidative cyclization on the basis of mechanistic studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Another Way to the Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Xu Beihua , Hu Yongzhou 
Published: January 2014

Abstract8 Triazoles of type (III) and 18 triazoles of type (VI) are prepared by reaction of various aryl α‐bromoacetophenones with methylhydrazine and phenylhydrazine, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an Efficient and Magnetically Recoverable Catalyst for the Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Heterocyclic and Cyclic Ketones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Alishiri Tooba , Oskooei Hossein A. , Heravi Majid M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe catalyst can be reused with negligible loss of reactivity (seven runs).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of New Polysubstituted Thiophenes and 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles Incorporating 2,6‐Pyridine Moieties.
Authors: Ali Korany A. , Abdalghfar Heba S. , Mahmoud Khaled , Ragab Eman A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSeveral new polysubstituted thiophene and thiadiazole derivatives incorporating a 2,6‐pyridine moiety are efficiently synthesized using hitherto not reported bis(3‐oxopropanethioamide) (III) as key building block.
ChemInform Abstract: Green and Solvent‐Free Procedure for Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Triarylpyridines Catalyzed Using MgAl2O4 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Safari Javad , Gandomi‐Ravandi Soheila , Borujeni Mahmoud Borjian 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe catalyst can be used in five successive runs without significant decrease in its catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfamic Acid‐Catalyzed Multicomponent One‐Pot Synthesis of Poly‐Substituted Pyridines and Their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Janardhan B. , Vijayalaxmi S. , Rajitha B. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract9 Title compounds of type (III) are prepared by a sulfamic acid‐catalyzed three‐component synthesis and screened for their antimicrobial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Arylidene‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐diones and Coumarin‐3‐carboxylic Acids via Reaction of Nitrones and Meldrum′s Acid.
Authors: Kumar Dhruva , Suresh Suresh , Sandhu Jagir S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractReaction of meldrum′s acid with nitrones (II) gives selectively the corresponding arylidene derivatives (III) (12 examples) in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Nitenpyram Analogues with Tetrahydropyrimidine Fixed (Z)‐Configuration.
Authors: Sun Chuan‐wen , Fang Ting , Hao Zhi‐bing , Pang Chun‐cheng , Xu Xiao , Xin Hua‐jia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAll synthesized compounds show good insecticidal activity against Nilaparvata lugens.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Spiro Pyrano[2,3‐d]thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylide.
Authors: Ling Yulin , Liu Haochong , Zheng Aiting , Li Guobin , Li Xiaofang 
Published: January 2014

Abstract1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of 2‐arylmethylidenepyranothiazolopyrimidones (III) to an azomethine ylide, generated by a decarboxylative route from sarcosine (VI) and acenaphthenequinone (V), affords the novel spiro‐compounds (VII) in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Antibacterial Activities of Novel 2‐Aryl‐3‐(phenylamino)‐2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Mohammadi Ali A. , Rohi Hamed , Soorki Ali Abolhasani 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe inexpensive and non‐toxic KAl(SO4)2·12H2O is successfully used as catalyst for the cyclocondensation reaction of various aromatic aldehydes and 2‐amino‐N‐phenylbenzohydrazine.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Induced Oxidation [4 + 2] Annulation of o‐Phenylenediamines and Electron‐Deficient Alkynes: Direct Synthesis of Quinoxalines from Alkyne Substrates under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Okumura Sota , Takeda Youhei , Kiyokawa Kensuke , Minakata Satoshi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe reaction allows for direct access to quinoxazolines bearing two electron‐withdrawing groups, e.g. (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted‐1,3‐benzoxazines by Chlorotrimethylsilane‐Mediated Aza‐Acetalizations of Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Tang Zilong , Zhu Zhonghua , Yan Lin , Chang Shuhong , Liu Hanwen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTmsCl is found to be an effective and green Lewis acid catalyst for the aza‐acetalization of aromatic aldehydes with 2‐(N‐substituted aminomethyl)phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Series of 6‐Chloro‐1,1‐dioxo‐1,4,2‐benzodithiazine Derivatives with Potential Biological Activity.
Authors: Brzozowski Zdzislaw , Slawinski Jaroslaw 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA new type of constitutionally nonsymmetrical spirans (III), (IV), (VI), which in turn provide access to a series of 3‐substituted 1,4,2‐benzodithiazine 1,1‐dioxide derivatives is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Highly Selective Method for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted α‐ and β‐Aminophosphonates.
Authors: Wang Lijing , Shen Qilong , Lu Long 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of a variety of α‐aminophosphonates employing enantiopure N‐tert‐butanesulfinylimine as auxiliary is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaline Earth Metallocenes Coordinated with Ester Pendants: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Application in Metathesis Reactions.
Authors: Li Heng , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe barium metallocenes are used as starting compounds for metal exchange metathesis reactions with transition metal complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Culcitiolides E—J, Six New Eremophilane‐Type Sesquiterpene Derivatives from Senecio culcitioides.
Authors: Mitsui Taichi , Hayashi Ken‐ichiro , Kawai Mikiko , Kido Masahiro , Tani Hiroyuki , Takaoka Daisuke , Matsuura Nobuyasu , Nozaki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCulcitiolides E (I), H (IIIa) and I (IIIb) potently inhibit NF‐ϰB‐induced gene expression.
Fixed Pattern Noise in Localization Microscopy
Authors: Fox‐Roberts Patrick , Wen Tianqi , Suhling Klaus , Cox Susan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLocalization microscopy vastly improves the resolution achieved by fluorescence microscopy by fitting the positions of individual fluorophores. We examine the reconstructions produced by different fitting algorithms for instances of fixed pattern noise—systematic tendencies to alter estimated emitter positions according to their subpixel location in a way that does not reflect the ground truth structure. We show that while not readily visible at standard empirical signal strengths, fixed pattern noise can occur when performing sub‐pixel fitting, and that its degree varies according to the algorithm used and the relative size of the pixels compared to the point spread function. For pixel sizes in the range 80–170 nm, this results in variations in accuracy of the order of 2–4 nm—comparatively small for many applications, but non‐negligible in scenarios where very high accuracy is sought.
Conformational Properties and Orientational Order of a de Vries Liquid Crystal Investigated through NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Domenici Valentina , Lelli Moreno , Cifelli Mario , Hamplova Vera , Marchetti Alessandro , Veracini Carlo Alberto 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSolid‐state and liquid‐state NMR spectroscopic techniques are used to describe at molecular level the behaviour of a de Vries liquid crystal (namely the mesogen9HL) at the SmA–SmC* transition, which is characterized by the absence of the layer shrinkage, typical of non‐de Vries smectogens. Previous2H NMR studies on the same smectogen, performed at a different magnetic field (from 4.70 to 18.80 T), provided evidence of the occurrence of a tilt of one of the three phenyl rings, constituting the aromatic core of9HL, at the SmA–SmC* phase transition. In this work, the study is extended to the whole rigid aromatic core of the9HL. In particular, the variable temperature behavior of the mesogen studied by 1D13C NMR cross‐polarization (CP) and 2D1H–13C PDLF (proton‐encoded13C‐detected, local field) NMR experiments made possible the characterization of the conformational and orientational properties in the two smectic phases. These results are compared with various proposed models invoked to describe the SmA–SmC* transition in de Vries smectogens at a molecular level.
The Effect of Cholesterol on Membrane Dynamics on Different Timescales in Lipid Bilayers from Fast Field‐Cycling NMR Relaxometry Studies of Unilamellar Vesicles
Authors: Fraenza Carla C. , Meledandri Carla J. , Anoardo Esteban , Brougham Dermot F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe general applicability of fast field‐cycling nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry in the study of dynamics in lipid bilayers is demonstrated through analysis of binary unilamellar liposomes composed of 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐posphocholine (DOPC) and cholesterol. We extend an evidence‐based method to simulating the NMR relaxation response, previously validated for single‐component membranes, to evaluate the effect of the sterol molecule on local ordering and dynamics over multiple timescales. The relaxometric results are found to be most consistent with the partitioning of the lipid molecules into affected and unaffected portions, rather than a single averaged phase. Our analysis suggests that up to 25 mol %, each cholesterol molecule orders three DOPC molecules, providing experimental backup to the findings of many molecular dynamics studies. A methodology is established for studying dynamics on multiple timescales in unilamellar membranes of more complex compositions.
Liquid‐Crystal Science from 1888 to 1922: Building a Revolution
Authors: Mitov Michel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe saga of liquid crystals started with their discovery in 1888 by the botanist Friedrich Reinitzer, who unexpectedly observed “two melting points” for crystals extracted from the root of a carrot. At the end of the nineteenth century, most scientists did not believe in the existence of “liquid crystals” as promoted by the crystallographer Otto Lehmann. The controversies were very vivid; to the point that the recognition of mesomorphic states of matter by the scientific community required more than two decades. In the end, liquid crystals have changed our vision of matter by shattering the three‐state paradigm. Since the mid‐1970s, liquid crystals have revolutionized the worldwide information‐display industry and now play a host of key roles in various technologies.
An experimental examination of peers' influence on adolescent girls' intent to engage in maladaptive weight‐related behaviors
Authors: Rancourt Diana , Choukas‐Bradley Sophia , Cohen Geoffrey L. , Prinstein Mitchell J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveSocial psychological theories provide bases for understanding how social comparison processes may impact peer influence. This study examined two peer characteristics that may impact peer influence on adolescent girls' weight‐related behavior intentions: body size and popularity.MethodA school‐based sample of 66 9th grade girls (12–15 years old) completed an experimental paradigm in which they believed they were interacting with other students (i.e., “e‐confederates”). The body size and popularity of the e‐confederates were experimentally manipulated. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions in which they were exposed to identical maladaptive weight‐related behavior norms communicated by ostensible female peers who were either: (1) Thin and Popular; (2) Thin and Average Popularity; or (3) Heavy and Average Popularity. Participants' intent to engage in weight‐related behaviors was measured pre‐experiment and during public and private segments of the experiment.ResultsA significant effect of condition on public conformity was observed. Participants exposed to peers' maladaptive weight‐related behavior norms in the Heavy and Average condition reported significantly less intent to engage in weight‐related behaviors than participants in either of the thin‐peer conditions (F(2) = 3.93, p = .025). Peer influence on private acceptance of weight‐related behavior intentions was similar across conditions (F(2) = .47, p = .63).DiscussionBody size comparison may be the most salient component of peer influence processes on weight‐related behaviors. Peer influence on weight‐related behavior intention also appears to impact private beliefs. Considering peer norms in preventive interventions combined with dissonance‐based approaches may be useful. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:437–447)
A Phosphino Calix[4]arene Bis‐Frustrated Lewis Pair
Authors: Arnott Gareth E. , Moquist Philip , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA bis‐frustrated Lewis pair based on a calix[4]arene skeleton is reported for the first time. Importantly, this system has been shown to activate two molecules of hydrogen, thereby establishing a proof of concept for multisite frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) design and synthesis. The complex [calixarene‐(Mes2PH+)2][BH(C6F5)3–]2 (6) has been characterised by X‐ray crystal structure analysis.
Comparative suitability of CFDA‐SE and rhodamine 6G for in vivo assessment of leukocyte‐endothelium interactions
Authors: Jbeily Nayla , Claus Ralf A. , Dahlke Katja , Neugebauer Ute , Bauer Michael , Gonnert Falk A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIntravital fluorescence microscopy (IVM) is a predestined tool for investigating the fate of leukocytes during the process of leukocyte recruitment. In the present study, the commonly used dye for this purpose, rhodamine 6G, and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA‐SE) were compared for leukocytes labelling with respect to suitability for IVM studies. Their potential in labelling different leukocytes subpopulations as well as their fluorescence intensities were assessed by flow cytometry revealing distinct differences between both dyes. These differences had a profound impact on their application for in vivo imaging of leukocyte‐endothelium interactions. In summary, CFDA‐SE revealed superior in labelling leukocytes for in vivo microscopy with respect to image quality. In addition, we could show the efficiency of CFDA‐SE also under disease condition in an animal model of sepsis. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and characterization of nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composites and its photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation
Authors: Thennarasu Ganesan , Sivasamy Arumugam 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDRecently removal of emerging contaminants from water and wastewater has attracted considerable attention. The advanced oxidation process based on semiconductor photocatalysts may be a viable option to treat such contaminants; nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite catalyst was prepared, characterized and photocatalytic activity checked for degradation of a model pollutant Acid Orange 10 (AO) under visible light irradiation.RESULTSNanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite was synthesized by a combustion technique and characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, UV‐DRS, FE‐SEM and TEM measurements. ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite catalyst particles formed a nanolayer arrangement and with homogeneous shape in the range 30–50 nm. The ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite catalyst maximum efficacy was at pH 6.86 with 99% degradation of 0.01 g L−1 AO dye under visible irradiation. The visible photocatalytic degradation of AO was found to exhibit pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. Nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite retained catalytic activity for a series of cyclic batch experiments. The reactive intermediates of the degradation process were identified by ESI‐Mass.CONCLUSIONThe fastest degradation of AO occurred under the optimal conditions 4 g L‐1 of nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite, pH 6.86, 0.01 g L‐1 of AO and 180 min visible light irradiation. The visible photodegradation of AO was found to exhibit pseudo‐first‐order‐kinetics. The nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite retained its catalytic activity at >93% even after three cycles of use. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparing the force ripple during asynchronous and conventional stimulation
Authors: Downey Ryan J. , Tate Mark , Kawai Hiroyuki , Dixon Warren E. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Asynchronous stimulation has been shown to reduce fatigue during electrical stimulation; however, it may also exhibit a force ripple. We quantified the ripple during asynchronous and conventional single‐channel transcutaneous stimulation across a range of stimulation frequencies. Methods: The ripple was measured during 5 asynchronous stimulation protocols, 2 conventional stimulation protocols, and 3 volitional contractions in 12 healthy individuals. Results: Conventional 40 Hz and asynchronous 16 Hz stimulation were found to induce contractions that were as smooth as volitional contractions. Asynchronous 8, 10, and 12 Hz stimulation induced contractions with significant ripple. Conclusions: Lower stimulation frequencies can reduce fatigue; however, they may also lead to increased ripple. Future efforts should study the relationship between force ripple and the smoothness of the evoked movements in addition to the relationship between stimulation frequency and NMES‐induced fatigue to elucidate an optimal stimulation frequency for asynchronous stimulation. Muscle Nerve 50: 549–555, 2014