bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In and out of Mesoamerica: temporal divergence ofAmaziliahummingbirds pre‐dates the orthodox account of the completion of theIsthmus ofPanama
Authors: Ornelas Juan Francisco , González Clementina , de los Monteros Alejandro Espinosa , Rodríguez‐Gómez Flor , García‐Feria Luis M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimWe used mitochondrialDNAsequences to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of MesoamericanAmaziliahummingbirds (Trochilidae). The phylogeny was used to identify vicariance scenarios, reconstruct ancestral biogeographical areas, and investigate the role of geological events in generating genetic divergence through vicariance events.LocationMesoamerica.MethodsMolecular sequence data were gathered from three mitochondrial genes (ND2,ND5and12S) for samples taken within the Mesoamerican region and analysed using maximum parsimony, maximum‐likelihood andBayesian approaches. Statistical dispersal–vicariance analysis (S‐DIVA) was used to reconstruct biogeographical areas and changes in distribution during the evolutionary history ofAmazilia. The phylogeny was calibrated using fossil dates, mean substitution rates and coalescent‐based divergence time inference.ResultsAmaziliacan be split into two divergent lineages, with high levels of sequence divergence within someMesoamerican species. Ancestral area reconstructions favour an ancestral distribution west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with subsequent dispersals east of the isthmus and to South America. Divergence time estimations suggest that major diversification events occurred in theMiocene andPliocene, corresponding temporally and geographically to the formation of the mountain systems and establishment of the major biomes inMesoamerica.Main conclusionsThe diversification ofAmaziliacorresponds to vegetation shifts in combination with regional orogenesis. Intriguingly, the timing of the major diversification events and dispersal intoSouthAmerica pre‐dates the completion of thePanamanian isthmusc. 4 Ma before present.
PPARγ silencing enhances osteogenic differentiation of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Lee Mon‐Juan , Chen Hui‐Ting , Ho Mei‐Ling , Chen Chung‐Hwan , Chuang Shu‐Chun , Huang Sung‐Cheng , Fu Yin‐Chih , Wang Gwo‐Jaw , Kang Lin , Chang Je‐Ken 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is the master regulator of adipogenesis, and has been indicated as a potential therapeutic target to promote osteoblast differentiation. However, recent studies suggest that suppression of PPARγ inhibits adipogenesis, but does not promote osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). It was reasoned that the osteogenic effect of PPARγ suppression may be masked by the strong osteogenesis‐inducing condition commonly used, resulting in a high degree of matrix mineralization in both control and experimental groups. This study investigates the role of PPARγ in the lineage commitment of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) by interfering with the function of PPARγ mRNA through small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific for PPARγ2. By applying an osteogenic induction condition less potent than that used conventionally, we found that PPARγ silencing led to retardation of adipogenesis and stimulated a higher level of matrix mineralization. The mRNA level of PPARγ decreased to 47% of control 2 days after treatment with 50 nmol/l PPARγ2 siRNA, while its protein expression was 60% of mock control. In the meantime, osteogenic marker genes, including bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC), were up‐regulated under PPARγ silencing. Our results suggest that transient suppression of PPARγ promotes the onset of osteogenesis, and may be considered a new strategy to stimulate bone formation in bone tissue engineering using hADSCs.
Exploring patterns of variation in clutch size–density reaction norms in a wild passerine bird
Authors: Nicolaus M. , Brommer J. E. , Ubels R. , Tinbergen J. M. , Dingemanse N. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNegative density dependence of clutch size is a ubiquitous characteristic of avian populations and is partly due to within‐individual phenotypic plasticity. Yet, very little is known about the extent to which individuals differ in their degree of phenotypic plasticity, whether such variation has a genetic basis and whether level of plasticity can thus evolve in response to selection. Using 18 years of data of aDutch great tit population (Parus major), we show that females reduced clutch size with increasing population density (slopes of the reaction norms), differed strongly in their average clutch size (elevations of the reaction norms) at the population‐mean density and that the latter variation was partly heritable. In contrast, we could not detect individual variation in phenotypic plasticity (‘I × E’). Level of plasticity is thus not likely to evolve in response to selection in this population. Observed clutch sizes deviated more from the estimated individual reaction norms in certain years and densities, implying that the within‐individual between‐year variance (so‐called residual variance) of clutch size was heterogeneous with respect to these factors. Given the observational nature of this study, experimental manipulation of density is now warranted to confirm the causality of the observed density effects. Our analyses demonstrate that failure to acknowledge this heterogeneity would have inflated the estimate of ‘I × E’ and led to misinterpretation of the data. This paper thereby emphasizes the fact that heterogeneity in residuals can provide biologically insightful information about the ecological processes underlying the data.
The application of P–T–X(CO2) modelling in constraining metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration at the Damang gold deposit, Ghana
Authors: White A. J. R. , Waters D. J. , Robb L. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOrogenic gold mineralization at the Damang deposit, Ghana, is associated with hydrothermal alteration haloes around gold‐bearing quartz veins, produced by the infiltration of a H2O–CO2–K2O–H2S fluid following regional metamorphism. Alteration assemblages are controlled by the protoliths with sedimentary rocks developing a typical assemblage of muscovite, ankerite and pyrite, while intrusive dolerite bodies contain biotite, ankerite and pyrrhotite, accompanied by the destruction of hornblende. Mineral equilibria modelling was undertaken with the computer program thermocalc, in subsets of the model system MnO–Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–CO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3, to constrain conditions of regional metamorphism and the subsequent gold mineralization event. Metapelites with well‐developed amphibolite facies assemblages reliably constrain peak regional metamorphism at ~595 °C and 5.5 kbar. Observed hydrothermal alteration assemblages associated with gold mineralization in a wide compositional range of lithologies are typically calculated to be stable within P–T–X(CO2) arrays that trend towards lower temperatures and pressures with increasing equilibrium fluid X(CO2). These independent P–T–X(CO2) arrays converge and the region of overlap at ~375–425 °C and 1–2 kbar is taken to represent the conditions of alteration approaching equilibrium with a common infiltrating fluid with an X(CO2) of ~0.7. Fluid‐rock interaction calculations with M–X(CO2) diagrams indicate that the observed alteration assemblages are consistent with the addition of a single fluid phase requiring minimum fluid/rock ratios on the order of 1.
Metabolic alterations associated with schizophrenia: a critical evaluation of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies
Authors: Schwerk Anne , Alves Fabiana D. S. , Pouwels Petra J. W. , van Amelsvoort Therese 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBy reviewing the existing 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature in schizophrenia, the relationship of different sample characteristics and applied methodologies with metabolite alterations is explored. Furthermore, we emphasize common pitfalls and discrepancies in the methodological framework of the reviewed studies that introduce unwanted variation in findings and complicate the comparison of studies. A total of 92 studies were reviewed. Articles were retrieved by searching the Pubmed database. Care was taken to note down reliability and validity measures of each included study. Despite many methodological differences and shortcomings, progressive NAA reductions could be seen in several brain regions implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In terms of treatment effects, cross‐sectional evidence implicates a normalizing role for atypical antipsychotic medication; however, longitudinal studies remain inconclusive on this issue. Choline, creatine, and myo‐inositol levels remain largely unchanged and a time‐dependent role of glutamate finds confirmation in several spectroscopy studies. Other findings are less consistent and need further replication. Most studies lack power and methodological precision. Future studies should aim for standardization and for more distinguished study populations to gain more valid and reliable findings.
Unravelling the blood supply to the zebrafish pharyngeal jaws and teeth
Authors: Crucke Jeroen , Huysseune Ann 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe describe the vascular supply to the pharyngeal jaws and teeth in zebrafish, from larval stages to juveniles, using serial high quality semithin sections and 3D reconstructions. We have identified that the arterial blood supply to the last pair of branchial arches, which carries the teeth, issues from the hypobranchial artery. Surprisingly, the arteries supplying the pharyngeal jaws show an asymmetric branching pattern that is modified over ontogeny. Moreover, the blood vessel pattern that serves each jaw can best be described as a sinusoidal cavity encircling the bases of both the functional and replacement teeth. Capillaries branching from this sinusoidal cavity enter the pulp and constitute the intrinsic blood supply to the attached teeth. The role of these blood vessels during tooth development (whether instructive or nutritive) remains to be determined and requires further study. However, we have provided a firm morphological basis that will aid in the interpretation of experiments addressing this question.
Breastfeeding and the prevention of breast cancer: a retrospective review of clinical histories
Authors: González‐Jiménez Emilio , García Pedro A , Aguilar María José , Padilla Carlos A , Álvarez Judit 
Published: August 2013

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate at what age parous and nonparous women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Factors taken into account for parous women were whether they had breastfed their children, and if so, the length of the lactation period. Other factors considered for both groups were obesity, family histories of cancer, smoking habits and alcohol consumption.BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common form of cancer in younger women in Western countries. Its growing incidence as well as the increasingly early age of diagnosis led us to carefully analyse its possible causes and the preventive measures to be taken. This is a particularly important goal in epidemiological research.DesignA retrospective study of the clinical histories of patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain).MethodsIn this study, we analysed 504 medical records of female patients, 19–91 years of age, who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer from 2004–2009 at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). Relevant data (age of diagnosis, period of lactation, family history of cancer, obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking habits) were collected from the clinical histories of each patient and analysed. A conditional inference tree was used to relate the age of diagnosis to smoking habits and the length of the lactation period.ResultsThe conditional inference tree identified significant differences between the age of the patients at breast cancer diagnosis, smoking habits (p < 0·001) and lactation period if the subjects had breastfed their children for more than six months (p = 0·006), regardless of whether they had a family history of cancer.ConclusionsOur study concluded that breastfeeding for over six months not only provides children with numerous health benefits, but also protects mothers from breast cancer when the mothers are nonsmokers.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses play a crucial role in encouraging new mothers to breastfeed their children, and this helps to prevent breast cancer.
Ultrasonographic measurement of amniochorionic membrane in asymptomatic pregnant women is not a useful tool for preterm birth prediction
Authors: Başaran Derman , Özyüncü Özgür , Kara Özgür , Şahin Nihal , Turğal Mert , Önderoğlu Lütfü S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThe objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of amniochorionic membrane thickness (AMT) in the prediction of preterm birth among an asymptomatic pregnant population.MethodsOne hundred and ninety consecutive singleton pregnant women presenting for prenatal care between May 2010 and August 2011 were recruited for the study. AMT of the patients was measured once between 18 and 22 weeks of gestation and then again between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation with transabdominal ultrasound. The results of measurements were recorded and compared with the perinatal outcome related to prematurity.ResultsThirteen of the 190 births were preterm. The mean AMT of the pregnant women who delivered at term were 0.79 ± 0.23 mm in the second trimester and 0.88 ± 0.27 mm in the third trimester. The mean AMT of pregnant women who delivered preterm were 0.77 ± 0.27 mm in the second trimester and 0.91 ± 0.20 mm in the third trimester. There were no statistically significant differences between the second and third trimester AMT of the preterm delivery group and term delivery group (P = 0.542 and P = 0.448, respectively).ConclusionIn this study, ultrasonographic measurement of fetal membranes was not found to be a useful marker for prediction of preterm birth. The findings of our study may help in understanding ultrasonographic changes in fetal membranes in normal pregnancies.
Uterine preservation surgery for placental polyp
Authors: Hiraki Koichi , Khan Khaleque Newaz , Kitajima Michio , Fujishita Akira , Masuzaki Hideaki 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimTo examine clinical and surgical performances of cases with placental polyps in which uterine preservation surgery was conducted.MethodsDuring the period September 2002 to April 2009, we examined eight cases (hysteroscopic resection, six cases; laparotomy, one case; dilatation and curettage, one case) diagnosed with placental polyp that had been treated with polyp extraction surgery. Imaging evaluation was done using magnetic resonance imaging and 2‐D ultrasound.ResultsThree of the eight cases (37.5%) had been first‐time pregnancies. Most of our cases experienced minimal surgical manipulation after medical abortion. Among them, six cases (75%) were mid‐term medical abortions, one case (12.5%) received no treatment after spontaneous abortion, and one case (12.5%) had postsurgical abortion (dilatation and curettage). All cases showed variable amount of blood flow in the internal mass and myometrium by color Doppler ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging angiography showed contrast effects in the intrauterine cavity and myometrium in selected cases. The average duration from diagnosis to surgery was 32 days (range, 11–105). Color Doppler revealed a reduction in blood flow in five cases during the waiting period until surgery with an average blood loss of 10 g (range, 0–20) during surgery.ConclusionUse of color Doppler ultrasound may be useful in diagnosing placental polyp. Although hysteroscopic resection of placental polyp is effective in patients hoping for uterine preservation, delaying timing of surgery may reduce blood loss during operative procedure.
Psychological contract breach and voluntary turnover: Testing a multiple mediation model
Authors: Clinton Michael E. , Guest David E. 
Published: August 2013

Ample evidence exists of an association between psychological contract (PC) breach and intention to quit. Although some studies report an association between breach and turnover behaviour, a meta‐analysis by Zhao et al. (2007, Personnel Psychology, 60, 647) failed to find any significant link. This seems counter‐intuitive, and therefore, to explore this relationship between breach and voluntary turnover more fully, we developed and tested a model that proposed exchange fairness and trust as mediators. Using data collected from over 6,000 British Royal Air Force personnel, we find a positive relationship between breach and subsequent voluntary turnover, which exchange fairness and trust fully mediate. The contribution of the study to our understanding of the relationship between PC breach and voluntary turnover is discussed.Practitioner points

The study considers whether the psychological contract represents a useful tool for understanding employee turnover behaviour.

The findings indicate that if employers are able to fulfil their obligations to their employees, then employees are less likely to voluntarily quit the organization.

The reason why this relationship occurs is linked to employees' perceptions regarding the fairness of the exchange relationship and organizational trustworthiness.
Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Phytoplasma (SCYLP) in Egypt
Authors: ElSayed Abdelaleim Ismail , Boulila Moncef 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSamples of sugarcane leaves were collected from different commercial fields and breeding stations in Egypt. Aetiology of sugarcane phytoplasma disease was investigated using nested PCR. Phytoplasma‐specific primers (P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2) were used to amplify a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses revealed that the tested phytoplasmas belonged to the 16SrI (aster yellows phytoplasma) group. Phylogenetic analyses of 60 screened accessions of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Candidatus phytoplasmas comprising those collected from Egypt (this study) and those extracted from GenBank showed that they split into two distinct clusters. All the phytoplasmas form a stable phylogenetic subcluster, as judged by branch length and bootstrap values of 100% in the 16S group cluster. Results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that these phytoplasmas are closely related and share a common ancestor. Conversely, based on the analysis of the 16S‐23S region, examined isolates segregated into four different clusters suggesting a notable heterogeneity between them. These results are the first record of the presence of phytoplasma in association with sugarcane yellow leaf in Egypt.
A Comparative and Phylogenetic Study of the Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus destructor and Ditylenchus gigas Populations Occurring in Poland
Authors: Jeszke Arnika , Budziszewska Marta , Dobosz Renata , Stachowiak Anna , Protasewicz Dorota , Wieczorek Przemyslaw , Obrępalska‐Stęplowska Aleksandra 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe genus Ditylenchus contains more than 80 recognized nematode species with a very wide host range. The most serious species are Ditylenchus dipsaci and Ditylenchus destructor. Populations of D. dipsaci species complex were collected from Allium cepa, Cichorium endivia and Phlox paniculata in Poland. The Ditylenchus gigas population was collected from Vicia faba minor, and populations of D. destructor, from Solanum tuberosum spp. tuberosum. Analyses of the rDNA sequences spanning both ITS1 and ITS2 fragment regions were carried out on the collected populations. The obtained DNA sequences were compared with those DNA sequences deposited in GenBank of populations isolated in other countries. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the data obtained from the DNA sequence comparisons. The results indicated that there is no clear distinction between European and non‐European populations within D. dipsaci. The results also showed no clear distinction between populations isolated from different host plant species, including populations found in Poland. The populations of D. destructor described here constitute a common group together with American and Chinese populations belonging to the haplotype C of the D. destructor species. On the other hand, the D. gigas population was localized separately from those populations that have been described up until now, from Europe and Africa. This is also the first report on the occurrence of D. gigas in Poland.
Control of Colletotrichum coccodes on Tomato by Grafting and Soil Amendments
Authors: Gilardi Giovanna , Colla Paola , Pugliese Massimo , Baudino Michele , Gullino Maria Lodovica , Garibaldi Angelo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEight trials were carried out in 2011 and 2012 in Northern Italy to evaluate the efficacy of grafting, compost and biofumigation with Brassica carinata against Colletotrichum coccodes on tomato. Four trials were carried out in commercial farms, and four trials were carried out in plastic tunnels at an experimental centre. The rootstocks ‘Armstrong’, ‘Arnold’, ‘Beaufort’, ‘Big Power’, ‘Brigeor’, ‘Emperador’, ‘King Kong’, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Superpro V295’ were tested. Host plants included several tomato F1 hybrids: ‘Amantino’, ‘Arawak’, ‘CLX 37438’, ‘Cauralina’, ‘CU 8301’, ‘CU 8506’, ‘DRK 7021’, ‘E 34431’, ‘E 50070’, ‘EXP’, ‘Gotico’, ‘Ingrid’, ‘ISI 61401’, ‘ISI 61402’, ‘Profitto’, ‘Punente’, ‘Rugantino’ and ‘Tomahawk’. Tomato roots from the control plots were 34 to 87% diseased in both naturally and artificially infested soil. Among the nineteen commercial tomato hybrids tested, in the presence of a very high disease pressure in a naturally infested soil, ‘Rugantino’ was the least affected by C. coccodes, showing 32% infected roots. ‘Tomahawk’ grafted onto ‘Arnold’, ‘Armstrong’ and ‘Superpro V295’ was significantly less affected by C. coccodes, while ‘Arawak’ grafted onto ‘Armstrong’, ‘Arnold’, ‘Emperador’ and ‘Beaufort’ provided very good control of root rot in the different trials. Compost addition and biofumigation with Brassica pellets were also tested with and without grafting. Soil amendment with compost, in the case of the ‘Arawak’ and ‘Tomahawk’, resulted in a slightly improved disease control only on non‐grafted plants. When grafting and biofumigation were combined in a soil naturally infested with C. coccodes and Meloidogyne arenaria, biofumigation did not improve C. coccodes control in comparison with grafting alone. In a naturally infested soil, compost alone and combined with biofumigation improved disease control only on non‐grafted ‘Tomahawk’ plants. In general, grafting by itself provided very good results in terms of disease control, which were not significantly improved by combination with compost and/or biofumigation.