bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability Standards and the Water Question
Authors: Vos Jeroen , Boelens Rutgerd 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIncreased global trade in agricultural commodities has boosted fresh water consumption. This export of ‘virtual water’, embedded in products sold abroad, has increasingly affected local communities and ecosystems, especially in arid regions. Recent initiatives to certify agricultural production are showing a rapidly growing interest in considering water issues within schemes of quality assurance, sustainable production and fair trade. This article scrutinizes current water sustainability certification schemes, and how they affect local water user communities. The authors use three notions of governmentality to examine water sustainability standards and how they aim ‘to conduct the conduct’ of water users: (1) standards as ‘production of truth’ and ‘mentalities’ that constitute systems of collective rationalities, values, norms and knowledge; (2) standards as networks that prescribe roles and establish power relations between companies and producers; and (3) standards as ‘techniques of visibilization’ that control practices and discipline producers. Private standards in general reinforce the political and market power of private sector agro‐food chains in local water management, to the detriment of local water user communities and national governments. However, sustainability certification could also potentially enable local, regional, national and international organizations of user communities to stake claims and negotiate to protect their water sources and livelihoods.
18F‐FDG PET/CT as a predictor of hereditary head and neck paragangliomas
Authors: Blanchet Elise M. , Gabriel Sophie , Martucci Victoria , Fakhry Nicolas , Chen Clara C. , Deveze Arnaud , Millo Corina , Barlier Anne , Pertuit Morgane , Loundou Anderson , Pacak Karel , Taïeb David 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundHereditary head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) account for at least 35% of all HNPGLs, most commonly due to germline mutations in SDHx susceptibility genes. Several studies about sympathetic paragangliomas have shown that 18F‐FDG PET/CT was not only able to detect and localize tumours, but also to characterize tumours (18F‐FDG uptake being linked to SDHx mutations). However, the data concerning 18F‐FDG uptake specifically in HNPGLs have not been addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 18F‐FDG uptake and the SDHx mutation status in HNPGL patients.Methods18F‐FDG PET/CT from sixty HNPGL patients were evaluated. For all lesions, we measured the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax), and the uptake ratio defined as HNPGL‐SUVmax over pulmonary artery trunk SUVmean (SUVratio). Tumour sizes were assessed on radiological studies.ResultsSixty patients (53·3% with SDHx mutations) were evaluated for a total of 106 HNPGLs. HNPGLs‐SUVmax and SUVratio were highly dispersed (1·2–30·5 and 1·0–17·0, respectively). The HNPGL 18F‐FDG uptake was significantly higher in SDHx versus sporadic tumours on both univariate and multivariate analysis (P = 0·002). We developed two models for calculating the probability of a germline SDHx mutation. The first one, based on a per‐lesion analysis, had an accuracy of 75·5%. The second model, based on a per‐patient analysis, had an accuracy of 80·0%.Conclusions18F‐FDG uptake in HNPGL is strongly dependent on patient genotype. Thus, the degree of 18F‐FDG uptake in these tumours can be used clinically to help identify patients in whom SDHx mutations should be suspected.
Endodontic treatment of a mandibular premolar abscess in a horse: A case study
Authors: Facchini C. , Bono S. , Faughnan M. , Iacopetti I. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryA pulpar abscess of cheek tooth 307 (according to the Triadan numerical system) was diagnosed in a 7‐year‐old female Quarter Horse. History included a painful response to palpation in the mandibular region for approximately 4 weeks. Symptoms included swelling of the mandibular bone with subsequent fistulisation. A complete intraoral examination was performed and no lesions or abnormalities were found. Digital radiographs of the mandibular arcade demonstrated a periapical lesion of cheek tooth 307. Various therapeutic options were considered, including standing oral extraction, retrograde repulsion and endodontic therapy. Together with the client, a decision was made to perform endodontic therapy, with the double aim of preserving the tooth and maintaining normal molar occlusion. This was done under general anaesthesia without apicectomy, and using materials commonly used in the field of human endodontics. Following surgery, radiographs were taken and confirmed the complete sealing of the pulp canals. Recovery was uneventful and no post operative complications were observed. A complete intraoral follow‐up examination was performed one year after surgery, and revealed normal eruption and occlusion of the tooth involved. Radiographic examination confirmed the correct position and integrity of the sealant material, as well as normal perialveolar bone structure. This case report indicates that endodontic therapy, following the above protocol, involving pulpectomy and sealing of the pulp cavity, represents a valid alternative to the more commonly used technique of tooth extraction.
Grassland yield response to knife/tine slurry injection equipment – benefit or crop damage?
Authors: Rodhe L. , Halling M. A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSlurry injection into grassland has advantages as it decreases ammonia losses, but may harm grassland plants. In two field experiments, four different types of knife/tine equipment were tested on three different grassland species (monocultures of red clover, perennial ryegrass and red fescue), with or without added mineral nitrogen (N), but without slurry application. During 2 years, in two separate experiments, the injection treatments were applied in spring or in summer to different plots. Crop damage was assessed by a range of methods. It was concluded that both the timing and the design of the knife/injector equipment had a significant influence on yield when used in grassland, with the greatest decrease in yield after spring use. Mean total yield over 2 years (no treatment = 100) for timing and species, with N added, was 94 (vertical knife), 92 (vertical and horizontal knife), 96 (double disc tine) and 94 (tubulator tine). With no N added, the relative yield decrease caused by equipment was less. Red fescue seemed to be a little more sensitive than the other species at spring treatment in one of the 2 years. Leaf area index could be useful for measuring crop damage.
Re‐thinking Global Citizenship in Higher Education: from Cosmopolitanism and International Mobility to Cosmopolitanisation, Resilience and Resilient Thinking
Authors: Caruana Viv 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDeveloping graduates as global citizens is a central aim of the internationalised university of the 21st century. International student mobility premised on notions of cosmopolitanism is regarded as a key component of the student learning experience. Yet there is little evidence to suggest the benefits of international mobility for intercultural understanding, which is an essential quality of the global citizen. This paper reports the findings of a Higher Education Academy‐funded project exploring how students draw on their diverse backgrounds in developing resilience within multicultural learning environments. The research findings suggest that student diversity provides a rich source of lived experience that can be harnessed as a resource in developing graduates as global citizens. The paper therefore suggests that institutions re‐conceptualise global citizenship as a concept embracing diversity, belonging, community and solidarity and support the development of pedagogies that embrace cultural biography and storytelling.
Learning Interconnectedness: Internationalisation through Engagement with One Another
Authors: Spiro Jane 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study explores the view that student engagement with one another is critical in the internationalisation mission. Although universities make powerful claims regarding their international mission and goals, international and home students report isolation from one another. Whilst the literature is rich in its discussion of policy, institutional meanings and student voice, it offers us less insight into how internationalisation might be translated into classroom practice. The study shares examples of four small‐scale projects in which students engage with one another across cultural boundaries in practical and problem‐solving activities. What students value in the approach is explored through interview, focus groups, diary reflections and evaluations. The findings suggest that students who engage with one another across cultural boundaries in practical and pragmatic ways, experience significant change in their assumptions and feel more readily able to view themselves as members of an international learning community. The study arrives at the view that the evolution of communities of practice, based on principles of equality, shared goals and guided reciprocity can bring international and home students together in a process of effective mutual learning that meets some of the goals of the internationalisation.
From Internationalisation to Education for Global Citizenship: a Multi‐Layered History
Authors: Haigh Martin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe evolving narrative on internationalisation in higher education is complex and multi‐layered. This overview explores the evolution of thinking about internationalisation among different stakeholder groups in universities. It parses out eight coexisting layers that progress from concerns based largely upon institutional survival and competition to those based on community, citizenship and ways of being in the world. These are: (1) recruiting international students; (2) teaching international students; (3) growing the international enterprise university through the competitive recruitment of international staff and students; (4) compliance with standards set by international accreditation agencies; (5) ‘internationalisation at home’, which means internationalisation of the curriculum for local learners; (6) education for global citizenship; (7) connected e‐learning; and (8) education for planetary, whole‐Earth, consciousness. Problems of leadership and policy development arise from the necessity to engage with the whole structure as well to communicate with each layer in ways that resonate with its own priorities. The structure aligns closely with the ‘spiral dynamics’ model for the management of organisational change, which is commended.
Cilia and the life of ctenophores
Authors: Tamm Sidney L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCtenophores, or comb jellies, are a distinct phylum of marine zooplankton with eight meridional rows of giant locomotory comb plates. Comb plates are the largest ciliary structures known, and provide unique experimental advantages for investigating the biology of cilia. Here, I review published and unpublished work on how ctenophores exploit both motile and sensory functions of cilia for much of their behavior. The long‐standing problem of ciliary coordination has been elucidated by experiments on a variety of ctenophores. The statocyst of ctenophores is an example of how mechanosensory properties of motile cilia orient animals to the direction of gravity. Excitation or inhibition of comb row beating provides adaptive locomotory responses, and global reversal of beat direction causes escape swimming. The diverse types of prey and feeding mechanisms of ctenophores are related to radiation in body form and morphology. The cydippid Pleurobrachia catches copepods on tentacles and undergoes unilateral ciliary reversal to sweep prey into its mouth. Mnemiopsis uses broad muscular lobes and ciliated auricles to capture and ingest prey. Beroë has giant smooth muscles and toothed macrocilia to rapidly engulf or bite through ctenophore prey, and uses reversible tissue adhesion to keep its mouth closed while swimming. Ciliary motor responses are calcium‐dependent, triggered by voltage‐activated calcium channels located along the length (reversed beating) or at the base (activation of beating) of ciliary membranes. Ciliary and muscular responses to stimuli are regulated by epithelial and mesogleal nerve nets with ultrastructurally identifiable synapses onto effector cells. Post‐embryonic patterns of comb row development in larval and adult stages are described and compared with regeneration of comb plates after surgical removal. Truly, cilia and ctenophores, like love and marriage, go together like a horse and carriage.
The problems of safety and compliance with conventional antidepressant drugs
Authors: Lader M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— The incidence of unwanted effects with tricyclic antidepressants usually ranges between 15% and 30%. Adverse effects particularly involve the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular system, and sedation is common. Tricyclics interact with many other drugs including antihypertensive agents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), anticholinergic drugs, antihistamines and sedatives (especially alcohol). Overdoses of tricyclics are hazardous, producing respiratory and cardiac depression, fits and coma.Compliance is poor with tricyclic antidepressants, mainly due to the side‐effects, particularly sedation and dry mouth, and to a failure in doctor‐patient communication. The range of pharmacological effects, wanted and unwanted, reflects the relative lack of selectivity of these drugs: More selective drugs should be advantageous in the treatment of depression.
Zimeldine tolerability in comparison to amitriptyline and placebo: findings from a multicentre trial
Authors: Claghorn J. , Gershon S. , Goldstein B. J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— Zimeldine tolerability was compared to amitriptyline and placebo in a large multicentre study performed at three clinical research units in the U.S.A. Prior to a placebo washout period of 3–7 days, patients were randomly assigned to zimeldine, a potent and selective 5‐HT reuptake blocker, amitriptyline or placebo. Dosage range was 75–300 mg/day for active medications, and the scheduled treatment period was 4 weeks.The side‐effects were recorded by using a Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS). Vital signs were monitored and laboratory investigations, including chemistry and drug plasma levels, were performed.Two hundred and sixty‐three patients were included in the safety evaluation. Side‐effects, particularly anticholinergic effects but also drowsiness and cardiovascular effects, were much less pronounced in the zimeldine group compared to the amitriptyline group. Only marginal differences in side‐effects were reported between zimeldine and placebo. Significantly more patients receiving amitriptyline were withdrawn from treatment as a result of adverse effects.Thus, zimeldine appears to be an effective antidepressant with marked advantages with regard to tolerability. It is therefore an important new contribution to the treatment of depressive disorders.
Nail Psoriasis, the unknown burden of disease
Authors: Klaassen K.M.G. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Pasch M.C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis can be found at several different localizations which may be of various impact on patients' quality of life (QoL). One of the easy visible, and difficult to conceal localizations are the nails.ObjectiveTo achieve more insight into the QoL of psoriatic patients with nail psoriasis, and to characterize the patients with nail involvement which are more prone to the impact of the nail alterations caused by psoriasis.MethodA self‐administered questionnaire was distributed to all members (n = 5400) of the Dutch Psoriasis Association. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the Nail Psoriasis Quality of life 10 (NPQ10) score were included as QoL measures. Severity of cutaneous lesions was determined using the self‐administered psoriasis area and severity index (SAPASI).ResultsPatients with nail psoriasis scored significantly higher mean scores on the DLQI (4.9 vs. 3.7, P = <0.001) and showed more severe psoriasis (SAPASI, 6.6 vs. 5.3, P = <0.001). Patients with coexistence of nail bed and nail matrix features showed higher DLQI scores compared with patients with involvement of one of the two localizations exclusively (5.3 vs. 4.2 vs. 4.3, P = 0.003). Patients with only nail bed alterations scored significant higher NPQ10 scores when compared with patients with only nail matrix features. Patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and nail psoriasis experiences more impairments compared with nail psoriasis patients without PsA (DLQI 5.5 vs. 4.3, NPQ10 13.3 vs. 7.0). Females scored higher mean scores on all QoL scores.ConclusionGreater attention should be paid to the possible impact nail abnormalities have on patients with nail psoriasis, which can be identified by nail psoriasis specific questionnaires such as the NPQ10. As improving the severity of disease may have a positive influence on QoL, the outcome of QoL measurements should be taken into account when deciding on treatment strategies.
Low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite affect population dynamics in Gyrodactylus salaris (Malmberg, 1957): practical guidelines for the treatment of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. parasite
Authors: Hagen A G , Hytterød S , Olstad K 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAtlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. parr (age 1+), infected by the monogenean ectoparasite Gyrodactylus salaris (Malmberg, 1957), were exposed to chlorine (Cl)‐enriched water at three different concentrations: Cllow (0–5 μg Cl L−1), Clmedium (18 μg Cl L−1) and Clhigh (50 μg Cl L−1). There was a negative correlation between G. salaris infections and the hypochlorite concentrations added. The parasite infection was eliminated by day 6–8 and day 2–4 in the groups Clmedium and Clhigh, respectively, while inhibition of G. salaris population growth was observed in the Cllow group. An important note to this matter, however, is that the G. salaris specimens observed at day 6 in Clmedium and at day 2 in Clhigh were all considered dead by subjective judgement. No mortality in the salmon parr was observed during the first 8 days of the experiment, demonstrating that Cl has a stronger effect on G. salaris than on the salmonid host. The differences in sensitivity between the parasite and the Atlantic salmon indicate that hypochlorite has a potential use as a parasiticide with a therapeutic margin. The low‐dose sensitivity may imply that Cl pollution in urban areas may pose a greater risk towards biodiversity than previously assumed.
Rapid induction of the Growth Hormone Gene Transcription by Glucocorticoids In Vitro: Possible Involvement of Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptors and Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase Activation
Authors: Nogami H. , Yamamoto N. , Hiraoka Y. , Aiso S. , Sugimoto K. , Yoshida S. , Shutoh F. , Hisano S. 
Published: January 2014

The regulation of transcription of the growth hormone (GH) gene by glucocorticoids was studied in MtT/S cells, a cell line derived from an oestrogen‐induced mammotrophic tumour in the rat, and in the primary culture of the anterior pituitary gland of adult mice. The levels of the GH heteronuclear RNA (GH hnRNA), which are mainly determined by the transcription rate, increased by 25‐fold during 24 h in response to dexamethasone (DEX; 1 μm) in MtT/S cells that were cultured in the medium containing charcoal‐stripped serum for 7 days. The stimulatory effect of DEX on the GH hnRNA levels was detectable as early as 30 min. This rapid effect of DEX did not require on‐going protein synthesis, whereas it was considered that DEX requires the presence of unknown cellular proteins produced independently of DEX stimulation. By contrast, on‐going protein synthesis was required for DEX action when incubated for 6 h, as has been observed in the previous studies. The specific inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor, RU486, inhibited both rapid (30 min) and delayed (6 h) the effects of glucocorticoids on GH hnRNA levels. Membrane impermeable glucocorticoid, corticosterone‐bovine serum albumin conjugate (CSBSA), was found to have effects similar to those of DEX and free corticosterone (CS), suggesting that glucocorticoids regulate GH gene transcription at least in part through the membrane bound receptors. From pharmacological studies, it was suggested that phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) activation is involved in the rapid effects but not in the delayed effects of glucocorticoids. This also suggests that the delayed effects of glucocorticoids depend on mechanisms other than the activation of PI3‐kinase. Finally, both rapid and delayed effects of CS and CSBSA were observed not only in MtT/S cells, but also in the mouse pituitary cells in primary culture. Therefore, it is possible that the membrane initiated action of glucocorticoids is involved in the regulation of GH transcription in normal pituitary cells, as well as in pituitary tumour cells.
Calculating averted caries attributable to school‐based sealant programs with a minimal data set
Authors: Griffin Susan O. , Jones Kari , Crespin Matthew 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesWe describe a methodology for school‐based sealant programs (SBSP) to estimate averted cavities, (i.e., difference in cavities without and with SBSP) over 9 years using a minimal data set.MethodsA Markov model was used to estimate averted cavities. SBSP would input estimates of their annual attack rate (AR) and 1‐year retention rate. The model estimated retention 2+ years after placement with a functional form obtained from the literature. Assuming a constant AR, SBSP can estimate their AR with child‐level data collected prior to sealant placement on sealant presence, number of decayed/filled first molars, and age. We demonstrate the methodology with data from the Wisconsin SBSP. Finally, we examine how sensitive averted cavities obtained with this methodology is if an SBSP were to over or underestimate their AR or 1‐year retention.ResultsDemonstrating the methodology with estimated AR (= 7 percent) and 1‐year retention (= 92 percent) from the Wisconsin SBSP data, we found that placing 31,324 sealants averted 10,718 cavities. Sensitivity analysis indicated that for any AR, the magnitude of the error (percent) in estimating averted cavities was always less than the magnitude of the error in specifying the AR and equal to the error in specifying the 1‐year retention rate. We also found that estimates of averted cavities were more robust to misspecifications of AR for higher‐ versus lower‐risk children.ConclusionsWith Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) spreadsheets available upon request, SBSP can use this methodology to generate reasonable estimates of their impact with a minimal data set.