bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Recourse‐Based Interval Fuzzy Programming Model for Point‐Nonpoint Source Effluent Trading under Uncertainty
Authors: Li Y.P. , Huang G.H. , Li H.Z. , Liu J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this study, a recourse‐based interval fuzzy programming (RIFP) model is developed for tackling uncertainties expressed as fuzzy, interval, and/or probabilistic forms in an effluent trading program. It can incorporate preregulated water‐pollution control policies directly into its optimization process, such that an effective linkage between environmental regulations and economic implications (i.e., penalties) caused by improper policies due to uncertainty existence can be provided. The RIFP model is applied to point‐nonpoint source effluent trading of the Xiangxi River in China. The efficiency of trading efforts between water quality improvement and net system benefit under different degrees of satisfying discharge limits is analyzed. The results are able to help support (1) formulation of water‐pollution control strategies under various economic objectives and system‐reliability constraints, (2) selection of the desired effluent trading pattern for point and nonpoint sources, and (3) generation of tradeoffs among system benefit, satisfaction degree, and pollutant mitigation under multiple uncertainties. Compared with the traditional regulatory approaches, the results demonstrate that the water‐pollution control program can be performed more cost‐effectively through trading than nontrading.
Multiscale Analysis of Hydrology in a Mountaintop Mine‐Impacted Watershed
Authors: Zegre Nicolas P. , Miller Andrew J. , Maxwell Aaron , Lamont Samuel J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn the Appalachian region of the eastern United States, mountaintop removal mining (MTM) is a dominant driver of land‐cover change, impacting 6.8% of the largely forested 4.86 million ha coal fields region. Recent catastrophic flooding and documented biological impairment downstream of MTM has drawn sharp criticism to this practice. Despite its extent, scale, and use since the 1970s, the impact of MTM on hydrology is poorly understood. Therefore, the goal of this study was a multiscale evaluation to establish the nature of hydrologic impacts associated with MTM. To quantify the extent of MTM, land‐cover change over the lifetime of this practice is estimated for a mesoscale watershed in southern West Virginia. To assess hydrologic impacts, we conducted long‐term trend analyses to evaluate for systematic changes in hydrology at the mesoscale, and conducted hydrometric and response time modeling to characterize storm‐scale responses of a MTM‐impacted headwater catchment. Results show a general trend in the conversion of forests to mines, and significant decreases in maximum streamflow and variability, and increases in base‐flow ratio attributed to valley fills and deep mine drainage. Decreases in variability are shown across spatial and temporal scales having important implications for water quantity and quality. However, considerable research is necessary to understand how MTM impacts hydrology. In an effort to inform future research, we identify existing knowledge gaps and limitations of our study.
Phylogeography of a widespread Asian subtropical tree: genetic east–west differentiation and climate envelope modelling suggest multiple glacial refugia
Authors: Shi Miao‐Miao , Michalski Stefan G. , Welk Erik , Chen Xiao‐Yong , Durka Walter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimFossil‐based biome reconstructions predict that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the subtropical zone of East Asia was reduced to a narrow southern belt. In contrast, previous phylogeographical studies of subtropical plant species, many of which are rare, indicated different glacial refugia north of this predicted area. Here, we aim to elucidate the phylogeographical structure and putative refugia of Castanopsis eyrei, a widely distributed tree of subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forests of China.LocationSubtropical China.MethodsWe compiled distribution data and employed climate envelope model projections to predict potential areas at the LGM. Microsatellite data and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence data were obtained for 31 populations sampled throughout the species' range. Microsatellites were analysed with Bayesian clustering. Relationships among cpDNA haplotypes were depicted in a statistical parsimony network. We analysed patterns of variation within and among populations and clusters and along latitudinal clines.ResultsModelling revealed a potential LGM distribution of C. eyrei in a broad but interrupted belt overlapping the southern part of the present range. Nuclear microsatellites revealed two main clusters, suggesting a split between the western and eastern range, and a south‐to‐north decline in genetic variation. The eastern cluster harboured significantly higher nuclear genetic diversity. Sixteen closely related cpDNA haplotypes were identified. Populations were strongly differentiated at cpDNA markers, but lacked phylogeographical structure. Both data sets revealed higher genetic differentiation in the western cluster than in the eastern cluster.Main conclusionsOur results suggest at least two putative refugia during the LGM, further refugia‐within‐refugia substructure and a post‐glacial northwards recolonization. Topographical differences between the mountainous western and the lowland eastern refugia may have affected the patterns of genetic differentiation between the extant populations. Incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast data might be attributed to ancestral polymorphism of cpDNA and chloroplast capture, but does not contradict the hypothesis of multiple refugia. Our results are likely to represent a template for evolutionary history and phylogeography in this region.
Persistence and stability of Eastern Afromontane forests: evidence from brevicipitid frogs
Authors: Loader Simon P. , Sara Ceccarelli F. , Menegon Michele , Howell Kim M. , Kassahun Roman , Mengistu Abebe A. , Saber Samy A. , Gebresenbet Fikirte , de Sá Rafael , Davenport Tim R. B. , Larson Joanna G. , Müller Hendrik , Wilkinson Mark , Gower David J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimThe persistence and stability of habitats through time are considered predictors of high levels of biodiversity in some environments. Long‐term habitat persistence and stability may explain the species‐rich, endemic forest fauna and flora of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Region (EABR). Using complementary phylogenetic and biogeographical approaches, we examine evolutionary patterns inEABRbrevicipitid frogs. Using these data, we test whether brevicipitid history reflects patterns of long‐term forest persistence and/or stability across theEABR.LocationEast Africa.MethodsA dated phylogeny for brevicipitids was constructed using two nuclear and three mitochondrial markers. Alternative diversification models were used to determine signal for constant or varying net diversification rates. Using our dated tree, we identified areas of high phylogenetic diversity (PD), and inferred ancestral areas using likelihood and Bayesian approaches.ResultsBrevicipitids have a long history, with generic diversification among extant lineages pre‐dating the Oligocene (> 33 Ma). Ancestral‐area reconstructions indicate the presence of brevicipitids in theEABRsince the Oligocene, and support a scenario of palaeoendemics surviving inEABRrefugia. Ancestral‐area reconstructions indicate that the central Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) formed the initial centre of diversification of forest brevicipitids. Measures ofPDshow that diversity varies across theEABRbut is highest in theEAM. Constant net diversification rate in brevicipitids is a significantly better fit than alternative, rate‐variable models.Main conclusionsThe degree of persistence of forest habitats appears to be a contributing factor to the varying levels of diversity across theEABRin brevicipitids (and other organisms). In contrast to the Southern Highlands and Ethiopian Bale Mountains, theEAMstands out as an area that enabled the constant accumulation of brevicipitid species over a long period of time.
Hybridization occurs between Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia in the Seychelles archipelago
Authors: Matute D. R. , Ayroles J. F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDrosophila simulans and D. sechellia are sister species that serve as a model to study the evolution of reproductive isolation. While D. simulans is a human commensal that has spread all over the world, D. sechellia is restricted to the Seychelles archipelago and is found to breed exclusively on the toxic fruit of Morinda citrifolia. We surveyed the relative frequency of males from these two species in a variety of substrates found on five islands of the Seychelles archipelago. We sampled different fruits and found that putative D. simulans can be found in a variety of substrates, including, surprisingly, M. citrifolia. Putative D. sechellia was found preferentially on M. citrifolia fruits, but a small proportion was found in other substrates. Our survey also shows the existence of putative hybrid males in areas where D. simulans is present in Seychelles. The results from this field survey support the hypothesis of current interbreeding between these species in the central islands of Seychelles and open the possibility for fine measurements of admixture between these two Drosophila species to be made.
Calcium‐dependent behavioural responses to acute copper exposure in Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Poulsen S. B. , Svendsen J. C. , Aarestrup K. , Malte H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUsing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, the present study demonstrated that: (1) calcium (Ca) increased the range of copper (Cu) concentrations that O. mykiss avoided; (2) Ca conserved the maintenance of pre‐exposure swimming activity during inescapable acute (10 min) Cu exposure. Data showed that when presented with a choice of Cu‐contaminated water (ranging from 0 to 454 µg Cu l−1) and uncontaminated water in a choice tank, O. mykiss acclimated and tested at low Ca concentration (3 mg Ca l−1) avoided the 10 µg Cu l−1 only. By contrast, O. mykiss acclimated and tested at high Ca concentration (158 mg Ca l−1) avoided all the Cu concentrations ≥37 µg l−1. The Cu avoidance was connected with increased spontaneous swimming speed in the Cu‐contaminated water. When subjected to inescapable Cu exposure (35 µg Cu l−1), O. mykiss acclimated and tested at low Ca concentration reduced their spontaneous swimming speed, whereas no response was observed in O. mykiss acclimated and tested at high Ca concentration. Collectively, the data support the conclusion that in O. mykiss the behavioural responses to acute Cu exposure are Ca‐dependent.
Predictors for the development of temporomandibular disorders in scuba divers
Authors: Lobbezoo F. , van Wijk A. J. , Klingler M. C. , Ruiz Vicente E. , van Dijk C. J. , Eijkman M. A. J. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe aim was to determine predictors for the development of complaints of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a large sample of Dutch scuba divers who were free of any TMD complaints before they started diving actively. Five‐hundred and thirty‐six scuba divers (mean ± SD age = 40·4 ± 11·9 years; 34·1% women) completed a specifically developed questionnaire, either online or on paper. Stepwise forward logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the presence of TMD pain, with several potential risk factors as predictors. Four hundred and eighty‐five of the 536 respondents were free of any TMD pain before they started diving actively. In this sample, TMD pain was present in 214 persons (44·1%). Four predictors contributed significantly to the presence of TMD pain, viz., clenching (OR = 2·466), warm water (OR = 1·685), biting on the mouthpiece (OR = 1·598), and the quality rating of the mouthpiece (OR = 0·887, that is, a higher rating means a smaller odds of having TMD pain). TMD pain is a common complaint among scuba divers who were free of such complaints before they started diving actively. Clenching, biting on the mouthpiece, and a low rating of the mouthpiece are predictors for the presence of TMD pain in scuba divers, while diving in cold water serves as a protective factor for TMD pain.
Effects of lycopene supplementation in both maternal and offspring diets on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters in chicks
Authors: Sun B. , Chen C. , Wang W. , Ma J. , Xie Q. , Gao Y. , Chen F. , Zhang X. , Bi Y. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis study investigated the effects of different supplementation ways of lycopene during pre‐hatch (from the diet of hens) and post‐hatch (from the diet of progeny) on production performance, antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters in chicks. In total, 360 hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control group) or 40 mg lycopene/kg diet. From 28 to 34 days after the start of supplementation (30 weeks old), 650 qualified eggs were collected to artificial incubation. In this trial, 2 × 2 factorial designs were used. Male chicks hatched from hens fed with 0 or 40 mg lycopene/kg diet were fed a diet containing either 0 or 40 mg lycopene/kg diet. The results showed that, relative to control, in ovo‐deposited lycopene significantly increased chick birth body weight, improved liver total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH: GSSG), and significantly declined liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level and increased liver lycopene content during 0–14 days after hatching. On days 14 after hatching, dietary lycopene in diet began to take over gradually. Both supplementation ways of lycopene increased immune organ index, serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, villus length and villus/crypt in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Data in this study suggested lycopene supplementation could improve antioxidant capacity and immune function, and regulate lipid metabolism in chicks.
Plasma Adrenomedullin Concentrations in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals
Authors: Toth B. , Slovis N.M. , Constable P.D. , Taylor S.D. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundBacterial sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals, but accurate diagnostic and prognostic markers are lacking. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a polypeptide with diverse biologic effects on the cardiovascular system that increases in septic humans and laboratory animals.HypothesesPlasmaAMconcentration (p[AM]) is increased in septic neonatal foals compared to sick nonseptic and healthy control foals, and p[AM] is predictive of survival in septic neonatal foals.AnimalsNinety critically ill (42 septic, 48 sick nonseptic) and 61 healthy foals <1 week of age.MethodsA prospective observational clinical study was performed. Venous blood was collected from critically ill foals at admission and from healthy foals at 24 hours of age. Critically ill foals were categorized as septic or sick nonseptic based on blood culture results and sepsis score. Plasma [AM] was measured by using a commercially availableELISAfor horses. Data were analyzed by using the Mann‐WhitneyU‐test andP < .05 was considered significant.ResultsPlasma [AM] was not significantly different between septic and sick nonseptic foals (P = .71), but critically ill foals had significantly increased p[AM] compared to healthy controls (P < .0001). In critically ill foals, p[AM] was not predictive of survival (P = .051). A p[AM] cutoff concentration of 0.041 ng/mL provided a test sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 54% to predict illness.Conclusions and Clinical RelevancePlasma [AM] shows promise as a marker of health in neonatal foals, but p[AM] increases nonspecifically during perinatal illnesses and is not necessarily associated with sepsis.
Pharmacokinetics of Total Thyroxine after Repeated Oral Administration of Levothyroxine Solution and its Clinical Efficacy in Hypothyroid Dogs
Authors: van Dijl I.C. , Le Traon G. , van de Meulengraaf B.D.A.M. , Burgaud S. , Horspool L.J.I. , Kooistra H.S. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundOral levothyroxine (l‐T4) supplementation is commonly used to treat hypothyroid dogs.ObjectivesInvestigate the plasma profile and pharmacokinetics of total thyroxine (tT4) after PO administration of al‐T4solution and its clinical efficacy in hypothyroid dogs.AnimalsTen dogs with naturally occurring hypothyroidism.MethodsAfter hypothyroidism diagnosis and supplementation withl‐T4solution PO q24h at 20 μg/kg BW for minimum 4 weeks, the plasma profile and pharmacokinetics of tT4were determined over 34 hours and the clinical condition of the dogs was evaluated.ResultsBefore dosing for pharmacokinetic evaluation, mean tT4concentration was 23 ± 9 nmol/L.l‐T4was absorbed rapidly (tmax, 5 hours), reaching a mean maximal tT4concentration of 56 ± 11 nmol/L. The apparent terminal half‐life was 11.8 hours. Clinical signs of hypothyroidism improved or resolved in all dogs after 4 weeks of treatment. The dosage of 20 μg/kg PO q24h was judged appropriate in 5 dogs, and 4 dogs required slight increases (9–16%). Twice daily treatment, with a 30% increase in dosage, was necessary for 1 dog.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe pharmacokinetics ofl‐T4in hypothyroid dogs was similar to that reported in healthy euthyroid dogs. Clinical and hormonal responses tol‐T4solution were rapid in all dogs. The starting dosage of 20 μg/kg PO q24h was suitable for maintenance supplementation in 50% of the dogs, minor dosage modification was required in 4 other dogs, and treatment q12h was required in 1 dog.
The Effect of Chinese Rhubarb, Rheum officinale, with and without Benazepril on the Progression of Naturally Occurring Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats
Authors: Hanzlicek A.S. , Roof C.J. , Sanderson M.W. , Grauer G.F. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundRenal fibrosis is common in progressive kidney disease. Transforming growth factors β (TGF‐β) are important mediators of all types of fibrosis, including renal fibrosis. Chinese rhubarb has been shown to have antifibrotic properties in part because of inhibition of TGF‐β and has slowed the progression of kidney disease in rodent models.HypothesisThat administration of a Chinese rhubarb supplement will slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats and the concurrent administration of Chinese rhubarb and benazepril will be more effective than either alone.AnimalsTwenty‐nine client‐owned cats with naturally occurring IRIS Stage 2 or early Stage 3 CKD and without comorbidity such as cancer, urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, poorly controlled hyperthyroidism, or systemic hypertension were enrolled in the study.MethodsA randomized, positive‐controlled, prospective study was performed. Cats received Chinese rhubarb, benazepril, or both in addition to standard treatment for CKD. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess changes in serum creatinine concentration, body weight, hematocrit, urine protein: urine creatinine ratio (UPC), and systemic arterial blood pressure over time between and within treatment groups over an average of 22 months.ResultsNo significant differences were detected in serum creatinine concentration, body weight, hematocrit, UPC, and systemic arterial pressure over time between or within treatment groups.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study failed to detect a significant difference in the progression of CKD in cats treated with Chinese rhubarb, benazepril, or both. Further study in specific subsets of cats with CKD is warranted.
Role of angiogenic factors/cell adhesion markers in serum of cirrhotic patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome
Authors: Raevens Sarah , Coulon Stephanie , Van Steenkiste Christophe , Colman Roos , Verhelst Xavier , Van Vlierberghe Hans , Geerts Anja , Perkmann Thomas , Horvatits Thomas , Fuhrmann Valentin , Colle Isabelle 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatopulmonary syndrome is a complication of chronic liver disease resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. It is caused by intrapulmonary vascular dilations and arteriovenous connections with devastating influence on gas exchange. The pathogenesis is not completely understood but evidence mounts for angiogenesis. Aims of this study were to identify angiogenic factors in serum of patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome and to study the possibility to predict its presence by these factors.MethodsMultiplex assays were used to measure the concentration of angiogenic factors in patients with (n = 30) and without hepatopulmonary syndrome (n = 30). Diagnosis was based on the presence of gas exchange abnormality and intrapulmonary vasodilations according to published guidelines.ResultsPatients with and without hepatopulmonary syndrome had similar MELD scores (median: 11.2 vs. 11.6; P = 0.7), Child–Pugh score (P = 0.7) and PaCO2 values (median: 35 vs. 37; P = 0.06). PaO2 and P(A‐a) O2 gradient were significantly different (respectively median of 80 vs. 86, P = 0.02; and 24 vs. 16, P = 0.004). Based on area under the curve (AUC) data and P‐values, the best predictors were vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) (AUC = 0.932; P < 0.001) and intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3) (AUC = 0.741; P = 0.003). Combining these factors results in an AUC of 0.99 (after cross‐validation still 0.99).ConclusionsVCAM1 and ICAM3 might be promising biomarkers for predicting hepatopulmonary syndrome. Combining these factors results in an AUC of 0.99 and a negative predictive value of 100%. Determining the concentration of these biomarkers might be a screening method to detect hepatopulmonary syndrome. The use of these biomarkers should be validated in larger groups of patients.
Effects of population characteristics and structure on estimates of effective population size in a house sparrow metapopulation
Authors: Baalsrud Helle Tessand , Sæther Bernt‐Erik , Hagen Ingerid Julie , Myhre Ane Marlene , Ringsby Thor Harald , Pärn Henrik , Jensen Henrik 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEffective population size (Ne) is a key parameter to understand evolutionary processes and the viability of endangered populations as it determines the rate of genetic drift and inbreeding. Low Ne can lead to inbreeding depression and reduced population adaptability. In this study, we estimated contemporary Ne using genetic estimators (LDNE, ONeSAMP, MLNE and CoNe) as well as a demographic estimator in a natural insular house sparrow metapopulation. We investigated whether population characteristics (population size, sex ratio, immigration rate, variance in population size and population growth rate) explained variation within and among populations in the ratio of effective to census population size (Ne/Nc). In general, Ne/Nc ratios increased with immigration rates. Genetic Ne was much larger than demographic Ne, probably due to a greater effect of immigration on genetic than demographic processes in local populations. Moreover, although estimates of genetic Ne seemed to track Nc quite well, the genetic Ne‐estimates were often larger than Nc within populations. Estimates of genetic Ne for the metapopulation were however within the expected range (<Nc). Our results suggest that in fragmented populations, even low levels of gene flow may have important consequences for the interpretation of genetic estimates of Ne. Consequently, further studies are needed to understand how Ne estimated in local populations or the total metapopulation relates to actual rates of genetic drift and inbreeding.