bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vision
Authors: Marr David 
Published: October 2013

Available again, an influential book that offers a framework for understanding visual perception and considers fundamental questions about the brain and its functions.
David Marr's posthumously published Vision (1982) influenced a generation of brain and cognitive scientists, inspiring many to enter the field. In Vision, Marr describes a general framework for understanding visual perception and touches on broader questions about how the brain and its functions can be studied and understood. Researchers from a range of brain and cognitive sciences have long valued Marr's creativity, intellectual power, and ability to integrate insights and data from neuroscience, psychology, and computation. This MIT Press edition makes Marr's influential work available to a new generation of students and scientists.
In Marr's framework, the process of vision constructs a set of representations, starting from a description of the input image and culminating with a description of three-dimensional objects in the surrounding environment. A central theme, and one that has had far-reaching influence in both neuroscience and cognitive science, is the notion of different levels of analysis—in Marr's framework, the computational level, the algorithmic level, and the hardware implementation level.
Now, thirty years later, the main problems that occupied Marr remain fundamental open problems in the study of perception. Vision provides inspiration for the continuing efforts to integrate knowledge from cognition and computation to understand vision and the brain.
Adopting Open Source Software
Authors: Fitzgerald Brian , Kesan Jay P. , Russo Barbara , Shaikh Maha , Succi Giancarlo 
Published: October 2013

A rich case-study analysis of open source software adoption by public organizations in different countries and settings.
Government agencies and public organizations often consider adopting open source software (OSS) for reasons of transparency, cost, citizen access, and greater efficiency in communication and delivering services. Adopting Open Source Software offers five richly detailed real-world case studies of OSS adoption by public organizations. The authors analyze the cases and develop an overarching, conceptual framework to clarify the various enablers and inhibitors of OSS adoption in the public sector. The book provides a useful resource for policymakers, practitioners, and academics.
The five cases of OSS adoption include a hospital in Ireland; an IT consortium serving all the municipalities of the province of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy; schools and public offices in the Extremadura region of Spain; the Massachusetts state government's open standards policy in the United States; and the ICT department of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. The book provides a comparative analysis of these cases around the issues of motivation, strategies, technologies, economic and social aspects, and the implications for theory and practice.
A Review of Reagents for Fluorescence Microscopy of Cellular Compartments and Structures, Part II: Reagents for Non‐Vesicular Organelles
Authors: Kilgore Jason A. , Dolman Nick J. , Davidson Michael W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA wide range of fluorescent dyes and reagents exist for labeling organelles in live and fixed cells. Choosing between them can sometimes be confusing, and optimization for many of them can be challenging. Presented here is a discussion on the commercially‐available reagents that have shown the most promise for each organelle of interest, including endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleoli, and nuclei, with an emphasis on localization of these structures for microscopy. Included is a featured reagent for each structure with a recommended protocol, troubleshooting guide, and example image. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 66:12.31.1‐12.34.24. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design of improved‐reliability nanocircuits with mixed NBTI‐ and HCI‐aware gate‐sizing formulation
Authors: Amini‐sheshdeh Zhila , Nabavi Abdolreza 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNegative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and hot carrier injection (HCI) are two important processes of reliability concern in nano‐scale integrated circuits. A circuit‐level design technique to combat NBTI degradation is gate oversizing. This paper presents a new technique based on PMOS and NMOS resistance variation for the NBTI‐ and HCI‐aware gate‐sizing problem for the first time. In this technique, the area of the circuit is minimized with constraints on degraded delay due to NBTI and HCI and the transitor size. Expreimental results for several gates and ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits show that this technique imposes an area overhead of less than 1% with respect to baseline design in most cases. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exposure to caregiver maltreatment alters expression levels of epigenetic regulators in the medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Blaze Jennifer , Roth Tania L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractQuality of maternal care experienced during infancy is a key factor that can confer vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric disorders later in life. Research continues to indicate that early‐life experiences can affect developmental trajectories through epigenetic alterations capable of affecting gene regulation and neural plasticity. Previously, our lab has shown that experiences within an adverse caregiving environment (i.e. maltreatment) produce aberrant DNA methylation patterns at various gene loci in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of developing and adult rats. This study aimed to determine whether caregiver maltreatment likewise affects expression levels of several genes important in regulating DNA methylation patterns (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, MeCP2, Gadd45b, and Hdac1). While we observed minimal changes in gene expression within the mPFC of developing rats, we observed expression changes for all genes in adult animals. Specifically, exposure to maltreatment produced a significant decrease in mRNA levels of all epigenetic regulators in adult males and a significant decrease in Gadd45b in adult females. Our results here provide further empirical support for the long‐term and sex‐specific epigenetic consequences of caregiver maltreatment on the mPFC.
MODELING THE MORTALITY TREND UNDER MODERN SOLVENCY REGIMES
Authors: Börger Matthias , Fleischer Daniel , Kuksin Nikita 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStochastic modeling of mortality/longevity risks is necessary for internal models of (re)insurers under the new solvency regimes, such as Solvency II and the Swiss Solvency Test. In this paper, we propose a mortality model which fulfills all requirements imposed by these regimes. We show how the model can be calibrated and applied to the simultaneous modeling of both mortality and longevity risk for several populations. The main contribution of this paper is a stochastic trend component which explicitly models changes in the long-term mortality trend assumption over time. This allows to quantify mortality and longevity risk over the one-year time horizon prescribed by the solvency regimes without relying on nested simulations. We illustrate the practical ability of our model by calculating solvency capital requirements for some example portfolios, and we compare these capital requirements with those from the Solvency II standard formula.
Multifluid Eulerian model of an electrospray in a host gas
Authors: Higuera F. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn Eulerian multifluid model is used to describe the evolution of an electrospray plume and the flow induced in the surrounding gas by the drag of the electrically charged spray droplets in the space between an injection electrode containing the electrospray source and a collector electrode. The spray is driven by the voltage applied between the two electrodes. Numerical computations and order-of-magnitude estimates for a quiescent gas show that the droplets begin to fly back toward the injection electrode at a certain critical value of the flux of droplets in the spray, which depends very much on the electrical conditions at the injection electrode. As the flux is increased toward its critical value, the electric field induced by the charge of the droplets partially balances the field due to the applied voltage in the vicinity of the injection electrode, leading to a spray that rapidly broadens at a distance from its origin of the order of the stopping distance at which the droplets lose their initial momentum and the effect of their inertia becomes negligible. The axial component of the electric field first changes sign in this region, causing the fly back. The flow induced in the gas significantly changes this picture in the conditions of typical experiments. A gas plume is induced by the drag of the droplets whose entrainment makes the radius of the spray away from the injection electrode smaller than in a quiescent gas, and convects the droplets across the region of negative axial electric field that appears around the origin of the spray when the flux of droplets is increased. This suppresses fly back and allows much higher fluxes to be reached than are possible in a quiescent gas. The limit of large droplet-to-gas mass ratio is discussed. Migration of satellite droplets to the shroud of the spray is reproduced by the Eulerian model, but this process is also affected by the motion of the gas. The gas flow preferentially pushes satellite droplets from the shroud to the core of the spray when the effect of the inertia of the droplets becomes negligible, and thus opposes the well-established electrostatic/inertial mechanism of segregation and may end up concentrating satellite droplets in an intermediate radial region of the spray.
The two classes of primary modal instability in laminar separation bubbles
Authors: Rodríguez Daniel , Gennaro Elmer M. , Juniper Matthew P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe self-excited global instability mechanisms existing in flat-plate laminar separation bubbles are studied here, in order to shed light on the causes of unsteadiness and three-dimensionality of unforced, nominally two-dimensional separated flows. The presence of two known linear global mechanisms, namely an oscillator behaviour driven by local regions of absolute inflectional instability and a centrifugal instability giving rise to a steady three-dimensionalization of the bubble, is studied in a series of model separation bubbles. These results indicate that absolute instability, and consequently a global oscillator behaviour, does not exist for two-dimensional bubbles with a peak reversed-flow velocity below$12\hspace{0.167em} \% $of the free-stream velocity. However, the three-dimensional instability becomes active for recirculation levels as low as${u}_{rev} \approx 7\hspace{0.167em} \% $. These findings suggest a route to the three-dimensionality and unsteadiness observed in experiments and simulations substantially different from that usually found in the literature of laminar separation bubbles, in which two-dimensional vortex shedding is followed by three-dimensionalization.
Alcohol Consumption and Political Ideology: What's Party Got to Do with It?
Authors: Yakovlev Pavel A. , Guessford Walter P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRecent research in psychology and sociology has established a connection between political beliefs and unhealthy behaviors such as excessive alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug consumption. In this study, we estimate the relationship between political ideology and the demand for beer, wine, and spirits using a longitudinal panel of fifty U.S. states from 1952 to 2010. Controlling for various socioeconomic factors and unobserved heterogeneity, we find that when a state becomes more liberal politically, its consumption of beer and spirits rises, while its consumption of wine may fall. Our findings suggest that political beliefs are correlated with the demand for alcohol. (JEL Classifications: D3, D12, I1)
Tectonic affinity and reworking of the Archaean Jiaodong Terrane in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton: evidence from LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon ages
Authors: WU MEILING , ZHAO GUOCHUN , SUN MIN , BAO ZHIAN , TAM PUI YUK , HE YANHONG 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Archaean Jiaodong Terrane is located in the southern segment of the Palaeoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, which separates the Eastern Block of the North China Craton into the Longgang and Langrim blocks. Controversy has long surrounded the issue of whether the Jiaodong Terrane is part of the North China Craton or an exotic terrane. This study presents new zircon U–Pb ages for the major lithologies of the Jiaodong Terrane, and the results indicate that the terrane underwent two main magmatic events at ~2.89 Ga and 2.62–2.56 Ga and two metamorphic events at ~2.5 Ga and 1.9–1.8 Ga. These ages are consistent with those of other metamorphic complexes in the Eastern Block, suggesting that the Jiaodong Terrane was part of the Neoarchaean basement of the Eastern Block, which was reworked at 1.9–1.8 Ga in association with the development of the Palaeoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt.
The cognitive science of religion and theism again: a reply to Leo Näreaho
Authors: LEECH DAVID , VISALA AKU 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this article we respond to Leo Näreaho's critique of our position on the relationship of the cognitive science of religion (CSR) and theism, arguing that he misrepresents our position and assimilates our views to ones we do not in fact hold. The central issue we address has to do with how Näreaho construes what he takes to be our commitment to a ‘world-view neutrality’ thesis regarding the ‘assumptions and results’ of the new bio-psychological theories of religion (in the case at hand, CSR). We suggest that Näreaho has misconstrued us on what the neutrality thesis actually is and what follows from it. We conclude that his own proposal for compatibility is not an alternative to ours but rather one permissible metaphysical reading of CSR among others.
Synthesis and X-ray diffraction data of 2-ethyl-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinoline
Authors: Camargo H.A. , Sánchez A. , Henao J.A. , Romero Bohórquez Arnold R. , Kouznetsov Vladimir V. 
Published: October 2013

The compound 2-ethyl-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinoline (2) (chemical formula C23H22N2) was synthesized through the free-solvent oxidation reaction mediated by elemental sulfur from the corresponding 2-ethyl-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-5,6,6a,11b-tetrahidro-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinoline (1), an adduct easily obtained, using the Lewis acid-promoted [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Preliminary molecular characterization was performed by Fourier transform-infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern for the title compound was analyzed and found to be crystallized in monoclinic system, space groupP21/n(N° 14) with refined unit-cell parametersa = 20.795 (8) Å,b = 7.484 (2) Å,c = 10.787 (2) Å andß = 93.96° (2). The volume of the unit cell isV = 1674.8 (6) Å3.
X-ray powder diffraction data for levetiracetam
Authors: Xu Kai Lin , Liang Bing , Wu Xiao Qing , Zhang Li Li , Tang Pei Xiao , Li Hui 
Published: October 2013

Experimental X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for levetiracetam, C8H14N2O2, are reported [a = 9.197(5) Å,b = 8.006(0) Å,c = 6.289(3) Å,β = 108.457(3)°, unit-cell volumeV = 439.261 Å3,Z = 2, and space groupP21]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with theP21space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
X-ray powder diffraction data for schisanhenol
Authors: Zhang Li Li , Xiao Dan , Lin Xia , Luo Wei , Li Si , Li Hui 
Published: October 2013

Experimental X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters and space group for schisanhenol, C23H30O6, are reported [a = 14.6157 Å,b = 12.8801 Å,c = 11.4907 Å, unit-cell volumeV = 2163.14 Å3,Z = 4, and space groupP212121]. All of the measured lines were indexed and are consistent with theP212121space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
Linking structure and function: Development of lateral spatial interactions in macaque monkeys
Authors: LI DA-PENG , HAGAN MAUREEN A. , KIORPES LYNNE 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLateral spatial interactions among elements of a scene, which either enhance or degrade visual performance, are ubiquitous in vision. The neural mechanisms underlying lateral spatial interactions are a matter of debate, and various hypotheses have been proposed. Suppressive effects may be due to local inhibitory interactions, whereas facilitatory effects are typically ascribed either to the function of long-range horizontal projections in V1 or to uncertainty reduction. We investigated the development of lateral spatial interactions, facilitation and suppression, and compared their developmental profiles to those of potential underlying mechanisms in the visual system of infant macaques. Animals ranging in age from 10 weeks to 3 years were tested with a lateral masking paradigm. We found that suppressive interactions are present from very early in postnatal life, showing no change over the age range tested. However, facilitation develops slowly over the first year after birth. Our data suggest that the early maturation of suppressive interactions is related to the relatively mature receptive field properties of neurons in early visual cortical areas near birth in infant macaques, whereas the later maturation of facilitation is unlikely to be explained by development of local or long-range connectivity in primary visual cortex. Instead our data favor a late developing feedback or top-down cognitive process to explain the origin of facilitation.
Factors associated with not using folic acid supplements preconceptionally
Authors: Manniën Judith , de Jonge Ank , Cornel Martina C , Spelten Evelien , Hutton Eileen K 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveNeural tube defects are among the most common birth defects worldwide. Folic acid intake from one month before to three months after conception reduces the likelihood of neural tube defects by at least 50 %. Since 1995, several campaigns have been organised in the Netherlands which resulted in 51 % of pregnant women using folic acid supplements during the entire recommended period in the northern part of the Netherlands in 2005. Our research question was to gain insight into the current prevalence and factors associated with inadequate pregnancy-related use of folic acid supplements.DesignData from the DELIVER study were used, which is a population-based cohort study.SettingTwenty midwifery practices across the Netherlands in 2009 and 2010.SubjectsIn total 5975 pregnant women completed a questionnaire covering items on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, including folic acid intake.ResultsOf our study population, 55·5 % (3318/5975) used folic acid supplements before conception. Several sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were associated with no preconception use of folic acid, of which non-Western ethnicity and not having a partner had the largest effect size.ConclusionsIn the Netherlands, the folic acid intake before conception is suboptimal and has not improved over recent years. Fortification of staple foods with folic acid should be reconsidered as it would provide a more effective means of ensuring an adequate intake, especially for those groups of women who are unlikely to plan their pregnancies or to receive or respond to health promotion messages.
SOME INEQUALITIES FOR THEORETICAL SPATIAL ECOLOGY
Authors: SLADE PAUL F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractInequalities for spatial competition verify the pair approximation of statistical mechanics introduced to theoretical ecology by Matsuda, Satō and Iwasa, among others. Spatially continuous moment equations were introduced by Bolker and Pacala and use a similar assumption in derivation. In the present article, I prove upper bounds for the$k\mathrm{th} $central moment of occupied sites in the contact process of a single spatial dimension. This result shows why such moment closures are effective in spatial ecology.
A TRANSFORMATION METHOD FOR SOLVING THE HAMILTON–JACOBI–BELLMAN EQUATION FOR A CONSTRAINED DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC OPTIMAL ALLOCATION PROBLEM
Authors: KILIANOVÁ S. , ŠEVČOVIČ D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe propose and analyse a method based on the Riccati transformation for solving the evolutionary Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation arising from the dynamic stochastic optimal allocation problem. We show how the fully nonlinear Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation can be transformed into a quasilinear parabolic equation whose diffusion function is obtained as the value function of a certain parametric convex optimization problem. Although the diffusion function need not be sufficiently smooth, we are able to prove existence and uniqueness and derive useful bounds of classical Hölder smooth solutions. Furthermore, we construct a fully implicit iterative numerical scheme based on finite volume approximation of the governing equation. A numerical solution is compared to a semi-explicit travelling wave solution by means of the convergence ratio of the method. We compute optimal strategies for a portfolio investment problem motivated by the German DAX 30 index as an example of the application of the method.
The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health
Authors: Khan S.A. , Mulvaney R.L. , Ellsworth T.R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntensive fertilizer usage of KCl has been inculcated as a prerequisite for maximizing crop yield and quality, and relies on a soil test for exchangeable K in the plow layer to ensure that soil productivity will not be limited by nutrient depletion. The interpretive value of this soil test was rigorously evaluated by: (1) field sampling to quantify biweekly changes and seasonal trends, (2) characterizing the variability induced by air drying and the dynamic nature of soil K reserves and (3) calculating the K balance in numerous cropping experiments. These evaluations leave no alternative but to question the practical utility of soil K testing because test values cannot account for the highly dynamic interchange between exchangeable and non-exchangeable K, exhibit serious temporal instability with or without air drying and do not differentiate soil K buildup from depletion. The need for routine K fertilization should also be questioned, considering the magnitude and inorganic occurrence of profile reserves, the recycling of K in crop residues and the preferential nature of K uptake. An extensive survey of more than 2100 yield response trials confirmed that KCl fertilization is unlikely to increase crop yield. Contrary to the inculcated perception of KCl as a qualitative commodity, more than 1400 field trials predominately documented a detrimental effect of this fertilizer on the quality of major food, feed and fiber crops, with serious implications for soil productivity and human health.