bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization and Drug Delivery Profile of Magnetic PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA/Maghemite Nanocomposite
Authors: Pereira Emiliane Daher , Souza Fernando G. , Pinto José Carlos C.S. , Cerruti Renata , Santana Camila 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe antibiotic cotrimoxazole was associated to the multi‐block copolymer containing poly(D,L‐lactic‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments, PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA, aiming to reach a controlled drug release system. Block copolymer was synthesized via polycondensation of lactic acid and glycolic acid with PEG in situ. In turn, maghemite was synthesized through the co‐precipitation method. The drug cotrimoxazole was inserted in the composite through melting mixing method. Several techniques were used to characterize the materials. The materials were characterized by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetic force, this last according to the methodology developed by our group. In addition, dissolution profile was studied. These dissolution tests were performed with and without magnetic field, aiming to study the influence of the magnetic field on the dissolution profile. The dissolution was monitored and quantified using the ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry (UV‐Vis), following the USP method for cotrimoxazole tablets. Results demonstrated that nanocomposites presented a good magnetic force, able to keep the magnetic composite trapped in a specific place or tissue. Furthermore, in the presence of a magnetic field, the magnetic nanoparticles were able to perform a magnetic constriction of the material, making the drug release faster than in the absence of the magnetic field. This phenomenon may be useful to perform a fine tuning of the system, allowing the easier adjust of the speed and amount of released drug, useful to improve medical treatments and even the welfare of the patients.
Preparation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids/Chitosan Microcapsules: Influence of Solvent
Authors: Esquerdo Vanessa Mendonça , Silva Juliana Batista , Rodrigues Patrick Amaral , Dotto Guilherme Luiz , de Almeida Pinto Luiz Antonio 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn this work, the effect of solvent type on the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids/chitosan microcapsules was evaluated. The unsaturated fatty acids were obtained from carp oil and chitosan was obtained from shrimp wastes. The emulsion containing microcapsules was obtained from an aqueous and an oil phases. In the oil phase, ethanol and hexane were evaluated as solvents. The microcapsules were characterized according to the encapsulation efficiency, peroxide values and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the microcapsules with ethanol and hexane showed encapsulation efficiencies of 79.6 and 69.4%, respectively. The microcapsules with ethanol showed lower peroxide values, and these values were maintained during 30 days. Furthermore, these microcapsules were spherical and irregular, with mean diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 µm. These results indicated that the ethanol was the more adequate solvent to obtain unsaturated fatty acids/chitosan microcapsules.
Chemical Degradation of Poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) Microparticles
Authors: Senhorini Grece Aparecida , Silva Thiago Alessandre da , Barbosa Ronilson Vasconcelos , Farago Paulo Vitor , de Assis Marques Francisco , Zawadzki Sônia Faria 
Published: September 2014

SummaryPoly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a polymer that can be used on preparation of controlled release systems containing actives principles. The release of the compounds encapsulated on those systems can occur by three different forms: diffusion, degradation and matrix polymeric rupture. Therefore, it is interesting to evaluate the behavior of polymeric matrix when it is submitted on a pH change, for example an agricultural soils simulations. The objective of this study is the understanding of the chemical degradation process of microparticles employed with agricultural application. The PHBV microparticles were prepared using o/w simple emulsion technique followed by solvent evaporation, using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as stabilizing agent. The evaluation of polymeric microparticles, submitted to chemical degradation process in pH 5.6 at room temperature, was determined by conventional characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). By SEM images it is possible to suggest that the chemical degradation process occurred. The indicatives peaks of crystallinity of the PHBV microparticles decrease and occurred the rise of broader peaks relative at appearance of new amorphous regions. The data obtained by thermal analysis shown that microparticles degradation occurred on amorphous and crystallines portions of PHBV.
Bionanocomposite Obtained from Poly (lactic acid)/Biopolyethylene Blend and Clay
Authors: Araújo Aylanna P. M. , Agrawal Pankaj , Cavalcanti Shirley N. , Alves Amanda M. , Brito Gustavo F. , Mélo Tomás J. A. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe aim of this work is the development of a bionanocomposite from Poly (lactic acid)‐PLA/Biopolyethylene (PE) blend and clay. The montmorillonite (MMT) clay was organically modified with an ionic surfactant to become organophilic (OMMT). The MMT and OMMT clays were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The blends and the biocomposites were prepared by extrusion followed by injection molding and characterized by XRD, mechanical properties and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD and FTIR results indicated that the MMT clay was sucessfully modified becoming OMMT. XRD results also indicated that for the PLA/PE/EMA‐GMA biocomposite a bionanocomposite with an intercalated structure was obtained. SEM results showed that the addition of the OMMT clay to both PLA/PE and PLA/PE/EMA‐GMA blends led to a substantial decrease in the PE dispersed phase domains size. This decrease was more pronounced in the PLA/EMA‐GMA/OMMT bionanocomposite.
How to be at the right place at the right time: The importance of spindle positioning in embryos
Authors: Moorhouse Kathleen S. , Burgess David R. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYSpindle positioning is an imperative cellular process that regulates a number of different developmental events throughout embryogenesis. The spindle must be properly positioned in embryos not only for the segregation of chromosomes, but also to segregate developmental determinants into different daughter blastomeres. In this review, the role of spindle positioning is explored in several different developmental model systems, which have revealed the diversity of factors that regulate spindle positioning. The C. elegans embryo, the Drosophila neuroblast, and ascidian embryos have all been utilized for the study of polarity‐dependent spindle positioning, and exploration of the proteins that are required for asymmetric cell division. Work in the sea urchin embryo has examined the influence of cell shape and factors that affect secondary furrow formation. The issue of size scaling in extremely large cells, as well as the requirement for spindle positioning in developmental fate decisions in vertebrates, has been addressed by work in the Xenopus embryo. Further work in mouse oocytes has examined the roles of actin and myosin in spindle positioning. The data generated from these model organisms have made unique contributions to our knowledge of spindle positioning. Future work will address how all of these different factors work together to regulate the position of the spindle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 884–895, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insights into propylene/ω‐halo‐α‐alkenes copolymerization promoted by rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 and (pyridyl‐amido)hafnium catalysts
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Yan , Long Ying‐Yun , Wang Yong‐Xia , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article discussed the root causes of the interesting differences between rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 and dimethyl (pyridyl‐amido)hafnium in catalyzing the propylene/ω‐halo‐α‐alkene copolymerization. Confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the larger spacial opening around the active center of rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 contributes to the coordination and insertion of the monomers, resulting in the higher catalytic activity, while the narrow spacial opening around the Hf center retards the chain transfer reaction, leading to the much higher molecular weights (Mws) of the copolymers. The superior tolerability of Zr catalyst toward halogen groups might be attributed to that the dormant species generated from halogen coordination could be promptly reactivated. DFT calculations indicated the higher probability for the ω‐halo‐α‐alkene vinyl to coordinate with the Hf catalyst leading to the better ability to incorporate halogenated monomers. The high Mws and the outstanding isotacticity achieved by the Hf catalyst determined the higher melting temperature values of the copolymers with a certain amount of halogen groups. In addition, the chain transfer schemes were employed to analyze why the presence of halogenated monomers greatly decreased the Mws of the copolymers when rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 was used, while had no or little effect upon the Mws in the copolymerization by the Hf catalyst. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3421–3428
(t,k)‐Hypergraph anonymization: an approach for secure data publishing
Authors: Asayesh Atefeh , Hadavi Mohammad Ali , Jalili Rasool 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPrivacy preservation is an important issue in data publishing. Existing approaches on privacy‐preserving data publishing rely on tabular anonymization techniques such as k‐anonymity, which do not provide appropriate results for aggregate queries. The solutions based on graph anonymization have also been proposed for relational data to hide only bipartite relations. In this paper, we propose an approach for anonymizing multirelation constraints (ternary or more) with (t,k) hypergraph anonymization in data publishing. To this end, we model constraints as undirected hypergraphs and formally cluster attribute relations as hyperedge with the t‐means‐clustering algorithm. In addition, anonymization is carried out with a k‐anonymity method in every cluster for which the parameter k can vary in each cluster, to attain more flexibility and less information loss with respect to utility. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach offers a great trade‐off between privacy and utility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Five New Oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensis
Authors: Kim Chung Sub , Kwon Oh Wook , Kim Sun Yeou , Choi Sang Un , Kim Ki Hyun , Lee Kang Ro 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn the course of our continuing search for bioactive constituents of Korean medicinal plants, we isolated five new oxylipins, chaenomic acid A–E (1–5), and six known ones (6–11) from the twigs of Chaenomeles sinensis. The structures of the new compounds (1–5) were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR (1H and 13C NMR, 1H–1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY), olefin cross‐metathesis, and LC/MS analysis. The known compounds (6–11) were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data and specific optical rotation with the reported data. The isolated compounds (1–11) were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide‐activated murine microglial cells and for their cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (A549, SK‐OV‐3, A498, and HCT‐15).
Improvement in PET/CT image quality in overweight patients with PSF and TOF
Authors: Taniguchi Takafumi , Akamatsu Go , Kasahara Yukiko , Mitsumoto Katsuhiko , Baba Shingo , Tsutsui Yuji , Himuro Kazuhiko , Mikasa Shohei , Kidera Daisuke , Sasaki Masayuki 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the point spread function (PSF) and time of flight (TOF) on PET/CT images of overweight patients in relation to the iteration number and the acquisition time.

Methods
This study consisted of a phantom study and a clinical study. The NEMA IEC body phantom and a 40 cm diameter large phantom (LG phantom) simulating an overweight patient were used in this study. Both phantoms were filled with 18F solution with a sphere to background ratio of 4:1. The PET data were reconstructed with the baseline ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm, with the OSEM + PSF model, with the OSEM + TOF model and with the OSEM + PSF + TOF model. The clinical study was a retrospective analysis of 66 patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT. The image quality was evaluated using the background variability (coefficient of variance, CVphantom and CVliver) and the contrast (CONTHOT and SNR).

Results
In phantom study, the CVphantom of the LG phantom was higher than that of the NEMA phantom. The PSF decreased the CVphantom of the LG phantom to the NEMA phantom level. The TOF information accelerated the CVphantom plateau earlier. The best relationship between the CVphantom and the CONTHOT was observed for the OSEM + PSF + TOF. In clinical study, the combination of PSF and TOF decreased the CVliver for overweight patients to that for normal weight patients while it increased the SNR similarly between two patient groups.

Conclusion
The combination of the PSF and TOF correction improved the image quality of the LG phantom and overweight patients.
A sphingosine kinase inhibitor combined with temozolomide induces glioblastoma cell death through accumulation of dihydrosphingosine and dihydroceramide, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy
Authors: Noack J , Choi J , Richter K , Kopp-Schneider A , Régnier-Vigouroux A 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGlioblastomas (GBMs) are very aggressive tumors with low chemosensitivity. The DNA-alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) is currently the most efficient chemotoxic drug for GBM therapy; however, many patients develop resistance to TMZ. Combining TMZ with another agent could present an improved treatment option if it could overcome TMZ resistance and avoid side effects. Sphingosine kinase inhibitors (SKIs) have emerged as anticancer agents. Sphingosine kinases are often overexpressed in tumors where their activity of phosphorylating sphingosine (Sph) contributes to tumor growth and migration. They control the levels of the pro-apoptotic ceramide (Cer) and Sph and of the pro-survival sphingosine-1 phosphate. In the present work, TMZ was combined with a specific SKI, and the cytotoxic effect of each drug alone or in combination was tested on GBM cell lines. The combination of sublethal doses of both agents resulted in the cell death potentiation of GBM cell lines without affecting astrocyte viability. It triggered a caspase-3-dependent cell death that was preceded by accumulation of dihydrosphingosine (dhSph) and dihydroceramide (dhCer), oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Autophagy was identified as the crucial switch that facilitated induction of this cell death potentiation. The sublethal dose of the inhibitor induced these stress events, whereas that of TMZ induced the destructive autophagy switch. Remarkably, neither Cer nor Sph, but rather the Cer intermediates, dhSph and dhCer, was involved in the cytotoxicity from the combination. Cell lines sensitive to the combination expressed low levels of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1, indicating this enzyme as a potential marker of sensitivity to such treatment. This work shows for the first time a strong interaction between a SKI and TMZ, leading to a tumor cell-specific death induction. It further demonstrates the biological relevance of dihydrosphingolipids in cell death mechanisms and emphasizes the potential of drugs that affect sphingolipid metabolism for cancer therapy.
Complex MSH2 and MSH6 mutations in hypermutated microsatellite unstable advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Pritchard Colin C. , Morrissey Colm , Kumar Akash , Zhang Xiaotun , Smith Christina , Coleman Ilsa , Salipante Stephen J. , Milbank Jennifer , Yu Ming , Grady William M. , Tait Jonathan F. , Corey Eva , Vessella Robert L. , Walsh Tom , Shendure Jay , Nelson Peter S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA hypermutated subtype of advanced prostate cancer was recently described, but prevalence and mechanisms have not been well-characterized. Here we find that 12% (7 of 60) of advanced prostate cancers are hypermutated, and that all hypermutated cancers have mismatch repair gene mutations and microsatellite instability (MSI). Mutations are frequently complex MSH2 or MSH6 structural rearrangements rather than MLH1 epigenetic silencing. Our findings identify parallels and differences in the mechanisms of hypermutation in prostate cancer compared with other MSI-associated cancers.
Electro‐oxidation of acetaminophen on nickel/poly(o‐aminophenol)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite modified graphite electrode
Authors: Naeemy Ali , Mohammadi Ali , Bakhtiari Hedieh , Ashouri Nasim , Walker Roderick Bryan 
Published: September 2014

Poly(o‐aminophenol) (POAP)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite and POAP in the absence of the MWCNT were fabricated by consecutive cyclic voltammetry (CV) on a graphite (G) electrode. The dispersion of nickel (II) ions was accomplished and incorporated into the polymeric electrodes (G/POAP and G/POAP‐MWCNT) by immersing them into a 0.1 M nickel (II) solution. Following preparation of G/POAP/Ni and G/POAP‐MWCNT/Ni, the electrochemical behaviour was examined using CV. Scanning electron microscopy was used for characterisation of the nanocomposite. The prepared electrodes showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of acetaminophen and facilitated the detection of acetaminophen in a 0.1 M NaOH solution. Compared with the G/POAP/Ni electrode, the G/POAP‐MWCNT/Ni electrode had a significant current response of acetaminophen oxidation because of the synergistic effects of POAP and the MWCNT. By CV, the calibration plot was linear in the range of 1–13 mM with standard deviation between 0.3 and 6.54% for acetaminophen. The G/POAP‐MWCNT/Ni was successfully applied for acetaminophen determination in tablets and the results showed sufficient precision and achieved a mean recovery of 96.8% (R.S.D. = 4.9%).
The Book of Margery Kempeand the Rhetorical Chorus: An Alternative Method for Recovering Women ’s Contributions to the History of Rhetoric
Authors: Smith Julia Marie 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article defends the “rhetorical chorus” as a useful method for recovering women’s voices in the history of rhetoric. As distinct from the more amorphous term “collaboration,” which designates any act of cooperation in the production of rhetorical texts, the “chorus” offers a more nuanced way to identify and map the recording, preservation, appropriation, and alteration of works originally dictated by women rhetors. Using The Book of Margery Kempe as an example, the study traces both homophonic and polyphonic relationships between the lead voice of Margery and the voices of her scribes and annotators.
Preserving the integrity of the scientific record: data citation and linking
Authors: CALLAGHAN Sarah 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe production of research data is increasing rapidly, meaning that it is now rarely possible to publish the data that underpins a piece of research within the article describing that research. Yet, if the conclusions drawn from the research are to stand up to scrutiny, then the data must be made available, and a permanent link made between the data and the publication. Data citation is promoted as an easily understood way of making this link, while at the same time providing the dataset creators with the attribution and credit they deserve for making their data available for verification checks and reproducibility tests. This paper discusses data citation principles and gives examples of data citation and other forms of data‐publication linking in practice.
Altmetrics as a means of assessing scholarly output
Authors: KHODIYAR Varsha K. , ROWLETT Karen A. , LAWRENCE Rebecca N. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTCareer progression for scientists involves an assessment of their contribution to their field and a prediction of their future potential. Traditional measures, such as the impact factor of the journal that a researcher publishes in, may not be an appropriate or accurate means of assessing the overall output of an individual. The development of altmetrics offers the potential for fuller assessments of a researcher's output based on both their traditional and non‐traditional scholarly outputs. New tools should make it easier to include non‐traditional outputs such as data, software and contributions to peer review in the evaluation of early‐ and mid‐career researchers.
Mandating data archiving: experiences from the frontline
Authors: NORMAN Hazel 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThere is a strong drive for greater openness in scientific publishing. The British Ecological Society (BES) introduced a mandatory data archiving policy for its journals at the beginning of 2014 to increase accessibility and improve preservation. This article presents some preliminary results on the impact of that policy. Submissions to BES journals have risen 6.7% since the introduction of the policy and early indications are that Dryad is the most popular repository. The reaction of the ecological community to mandatory archiving is also discussed.
Appropriating the abject: an anthropophagic approach to organizational diversity
Authors: Islam Gazi 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the monstrous in organizational diversity by introducing the concept of cultural anthropophagy to the diversity literature. Using Kristeva's notion of abjection to better understand cultural anthropophagy, the paper argues that cultural anthropophages cross boundaries, and build identity through desire for and aggression toward valued others.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses a conceptual discussion of abjection, along with a historical survey of anthropophagic approaches from Brazilian art and cultural studies.Findings– Anthropophagic approaches highlight unique features of organizational identity, framing identity formation as a fluid process of expulsion and re-integration of the other. While abjection approaches focus on the exclusion of material aspects of the self and the formation of self-other boundaries, anthropophagy focusses on the re-integration of the other into the self, in a symbolic gesture of re-integration, desire, and reverence for the other.Originality/value– The idea of anthropophagy is a recent entrant into the organizational literature, and the close relation between anthropophagy and abjection is illuminated in the current paper. Original insights regarding the search for positive identity, the ambivalence of self and other, and the relation of the particular and the universal, are offered with regards to the diversity literature.