bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroweather precipitation variability up to global and centennial scales
Authors: de Lima M. I. P. , Lovejoy S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe investigate precipitation variability in the “macroweather” regime—the intermediate regime between the familiar weather and climate regimes—which is associated to time scales from about 10 days to 30–100 years. Macroweather precipitation is characterized by negative fluctuation exponents. This implies—contrary to the weather regime—that fluctuations tend to cancel each other out, they diminish with time scale, this is important for seasonal, annual, and decadal forecasts. Aiming at a wide‐scale range space‐time statistical description of macroweather precipitation, we study the scaling of three centennial, global‐scale precipitation products (one gauge based, one reanalysis based, and one satellite based) and systematically compare them over wide ranges of time and space scales. Although these products have very similar temporal statistics, at 5° resolution, they only agree with each other after being averaged over scales of several years, at scales larger than 2–3 decades, they disagree again. In space, there is less agreement on the statistics but—since the data have low resolutions (mostly 5° × 5°)—the disagreement is only over a small overall range of scales: the monthly data agree fairly well at scales 20°–30° and larger. Moreover, we quantify the outer scale limit of the temporal scaling (20–40 years, depending on the product, on the spatial scale, pixel, or global). Overall, results show that precipitation can be modeled with space‐time scaling processes. The improved understanding of the space‐time macroweather precipitation variability and the limitations of precipitation products provided by this work opens new perspectives to the stochastic modeling and forecasting of macroweather precipitation as well as separating natural and anthropogenic precipitation.
Accelerating advances in continental domain hydrologic modeling
Authors: Archfield Stacey A. , Clark Martyn , Arheimer Berit , Hay Lauren E. , McMillan Hilary , Kiang Julie E. , Seibert Jan , Hakala Kirsti , Bock Andrew , Wagener Thorsten , Farmer William H. , Andréassian Vazken , Attinger Sabine , Viglione Alberto , Knight Rodney , Markstrom Steven , Over Thomas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn the past, hydrologic modeling of surface water resources has mainly focused on simulating the hydrologic cycle at local to regional catchment modeling domains. There now exists a level of maturity among the catchment, global water security, and land surface modeling communities such that these communities are converging toward continental domain hydrologic models. This commentary, written from a catchment hydrology community perspective, provides a review of progress in each community toward this achievement, identifies common challenges the communities face, and details immediate and specific areas in which these communities can mutually benefit one another from the convergence of their research perspectives. Those include: (1) creating new incentives and infrastructure to report and share model inputs, outputs, and parameters in data services and open access, machine‐independent formats for model replication or reanalysis; (2) ensuring that hydrologic models have: sufficient complexity to represent the dominant physical processes and adequate representation of anthropogenic impacts on the terrestrial water cycle, a process‐based approach to model parameter estimation, and appropriate parameterizations to represent large‐scale fluxes and scaling behavior; (3) maintaining a balance between model complexity and data availability as well as uncertainties; and (4) quantifying and communicating significant advancements toward these modeling goals.
Linking water age and solute dynamics in streamflow at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Bailey Scott W. , Campbell John L. , Green Mark B. , Rinaldo Andrea , Likens Gene E. , McGuire Kevin J. , Botter Gianluca 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe combine experimental and modeling results from a headwater catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, USA, to explore the link between stream solute dynamics and water age. A theoretical framework based on water age dynamics, which represents a general basis for characterizing solute transport at the catchment scale, is here applied to conservative and weathering‐derived solutes. Based on the available information about the hydrology of the site, an integrated transport model was developed and used to compute hydrochemical fluxes. The model was designed to reproduce the deuterium content of streamflow and allowed for the estimate of catchment water storage and dynamic travel time distributions (TTDs). The innovative contribution of this paper is the simulation of dissolved silicon and sodium concentration in streamflow, achieved by implementing first‐order chemical kinetics based explicitly on dynamic TTD, thus upscaling local geochemical processes to catchment scale. Our results highlight the key role of water stored within the subsoil glacial material in both the short‐term and long‐term solute circulation. The travel time analysis provided an estimate of streamflow age distributions and their evolution in time related to catchment wetness conditions. The use of age information to reproduce a 14 year data set of silicon and sodium stream concentration shows that, at catchment scales, the dynamics of such geogenic solutes are mostly controlled by hydrologic drivers, which determine the contact times between the water and mineral interfaces. Justifications and limitations toward a general theory of reactive solute circulation at catchment scales are discussed.
Link Between Positive Clinician‐Conveyed Expectations of Treatment Effect and Pain Reduction in Knee Osteoarthritis, Mediated by Patient Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Hsiao‐Wei Lo Grace , Balasubramanyam Ajay S. , Barbo Andrea , Street Richard L. , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveA prior knee osteoarthritis (OA) trial found that provider‐conveyed expectations for treatment success were associated with pain improvement. We hypothesized this relationship was mediated by patient self‐efficacy, since expectations of improvement may enhance one's ability to control health behaviors, and therefore health. Our aim was to examine whether self‐efficacy was a mediator of the relationship observed in this trial.MethodsA secondary analysis of a 3‐arm (traditional acupuncture, sham acupuncture, and wait list) trial for knee OA was conducted. Those in the acupuncture groups were equally randomized to acupuncturists trained to communicate a high or neutral expectation of treatment success (e.g., using language conveying high or unclear likelihood that acupuncture would reduce knee pain). A modified Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale were administered. Linear regression analyses were used to examine whether patient self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between provider communication style and knee pain at 3 months.ResultsHigh‐expectation provider communication was associated with patient self‐efficacy, β coefficient of 0.14 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.01, 0.28). Self‐efficacy was associated with WOMAC pain, β coefficient of −9.29 (95% CI −11.11, −7.47), while controlling for the provider communication style. The indirect effect a × b of −1.36 for high versus neutral expectation (bootstrap 95% CI −2.80, −0.15; does not include 0), supports the conclusion that patient self‐efficacy mediates the relationship between provider‐communicated expectations of treatment effects and knee pain.ConclusionOur findings suggest that clinician‐conveyed expectations can enhance the benefit of treatments targeting knee OA symptoms, mediated by improved patient self‐efficacy.
Correlation Between Changes in Global Knee Structures Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Radiographic Osteoarthritis Changes Over Ten Years in a Midlife Cohort
Authors: Ijaz Khan Hussain , Chou Louisa , Aitken Dawn , McBride Andrew , Ding Changhai , Blizzard Leigh , Pelletier Jean‐Pierre , Martel‐Pelletier Johanne , Cicuttini Flavia , Jones Graeme 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the correlation between changes in structural abnormalities assessed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and change in radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) over 10 years in a midlife cohort.MethodsA total of 211 participants (mean age 45 years [range 26–61 years], 57% female) were studied at baseline, 2 years, and 10 years. Approximately one‐half were adult offspring of subjects who had undergone knee replacement for OA and the remainders were randomly selected controls. Joint space narrowing (JSN) and osteophytes were assessed from radiographs, while cartilage volume, cartilage defects, and meniscal tears/extrusion were assessed from MRI. Spearman ranked correlation analysis was used to describe the correlation between structural changes assessed on MRI and radiographs. Only medial tibiofemoral compartment results are presented, as the lateral compartment had limited change.ResultsOver 10 years, change in meniscal tears showed a moderate independent correlation with change in both JSN (ρ = +0.37, P < 0.01) and osteophytes (ρ = +0.31, P < 0.01) in the adjusted analysis. Meniscal extrusion (ρ = +0.22, P < 0.01) and cartilage defects (ρ = +0.16, P < 0.04) showed a slightly weaker independent correlation with JSN in the adjusted analysis, whereas cartilage volume loss showed no significant correlation with either of the 2 radiographic outcomes.ConclusionChange in JSN is correlated with change in meniscal tears and, to a lesser extent, with meniscal extrusion and cartilage defects. In this sample, change in JSN is a composite measure that does not reflect cartilage volume loss, prompting the review of the use of JSN as an outcome measure in chondro‐protective drug trials.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation Reaction to Access 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles using Chloroform as the Carbon Monoxide Source
Authors: Li Zhengyi , Wang Liang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl halides with chloroform and tetrazoles has been developed, where chloroform was employed as the carbon monoxide (CO) source in the presence of cesium hydroxide. The in situ generated N‐acylated tetrazoles were unstable and easily decomposed to afford 2,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. A wide range of tetrazoles and aryl halides reacted smoothly under the optimized reaction conditions to give the corresponding products in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Atom‐Economical Dimerization Strategy by the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Allenes: Protecting‐Group‐Free Synthesis of Clavosolide A and Late‐Stage Modification
Authors: Haydl Alexander M. , Breit Bernhard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNatural products of polyketide origin with a high level of symmetry, in particular C2‐symmetric diolides as a special macrolactone‐based product class, often possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. An efficient route to this important structural motif was developed as part of a concise and highly convergent synthesis of clavosolide A. This strategy features an atom‐economic “head‐to‐tail” dimerization by the stereoselective rhodium‐catalyzed addition of carboxylic acids to terminal allenes with the simultaneous construction of two new stereocenters. The excellent efficiency and selectivity with which the C2‐symmetric core structures were obtained are remarkable considering the outcome under classical dimerization conditions. Furthermore, this approach facilitates late‐stage modification and provides ready access to potential new lead structures.
Annual variation in recruitment of freshwater mussels and its relationship with river discharge
Authors: Ries Patricia R. , Newton Teresa J. , Haro Roger J. , Zigler Steven J. , Davis Mike 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Vital rates such as mortality, growth, and recruitment are important tools to evaluate the status of threatened populations and identify their vulnerabilities, leading to enhanced conservation strategies.
Native freshwater mussels are a guild of largely sedentary, filter‐feeding bivalves currently facing worldwide declines. Lack of recruitment has been identified as a major threat to mussel populations.
A mussel bed in the Upper Mississippi River was sampled for 5 years (2008–2012). A trend analysis showed a significant decline in the percentage of species with juvenile representatives.
Species were grouped into equilibrium and periodic life history strategies to assess past recruitment. Residuals from catch‐curve regressions quantified past year‐class strength of both strategists and Amblema plicata over a 13‐year period (1994–2006), and identified strong and weak year‐classes.
Generalized linear regression models containing July maximum discharge and April minimum discharge explained 64% of the variation in recruitment strength of A. plicata. The best model for the equilibrium strategists explained 86% of the variation in recruitment and contained the same variables as A. plicata, but also incorporated the 7‐day minimum discharge. For the periodic strategists, the model containing the number of low‐flow pulses and the mean duration of high‐flow pulses explained 56% of the variation in recruitment strength.
Understanding variation in recruitment dynamics of native mussels and its relationship to river discharge will be useful in designing effective management strategies to enhance conservation of this imperilled fauna.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordinated Active Steering and Four‐Wheel Independently Driving/Braking Control with Control Allocation
Authors: Wang Jinxiang , Wang Rongrong , Jing Hui , Chen Nan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a hierarchical coordinated control algorithm for integrating active front steering and four‐wheel independently driving control. In the higher‐level controller, an adaptive siding mode control law and a coordination law for adjusting the yaw rate and slip angle control priorities are applied to determine the desired front wheel steering angle and external yaw moment. In the lower‐level controller, a control allocation algorithm with actuators and tyre forces constraint considerations is designed to assign the desired yaw moment to the front wheel steering system and four wheels. The weighting factors of tracking errors and control inputs in the cost function are online updated according to the vehicle stability index. Simulation results with a high‐fidelity, CarSim, full‐vehicle model show that handling and stability of the vehicle can be improved with the proposed controller. What is more, control of sideslip angle can be more focused when the vehicle is hitting the manoeuvring limitation.
Rare earth activated yttrium aluminate phosphors with modulated luminescence
Authors: Muresan L. E. , Popovici E. J. , Perhaita I. , Indrea E. , Oro J. , Casan Pastor N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractYttrium aluminate (Y3A5O12) was doped with different rare earth ions (i.e. Gd3+, Ce3+, Eu3+ and/or Tb3+) in order to obtain phosphors (YAG:RE) with general formula,Y3‐x‐aGdxREaAl5O12 (x = 0; 1.485; 2.97 and a = 0.03). The synthesis of the phosphor samples was done using the simultaneous addition of reagents technique. This study reveals new aspects regarding the influence of different activator ions on the morpho‐structural and luminescent characteristics of garnet type phosphor. All YAG:RE phosphors are well crystallized powders containing a cubic‐Y3Al5O12 phase as major component along with monoclinic‐Y4Al2O9 and orthorhombic‐YAlO3 phases as the impurity. The crystallites dimensions of YAG:RE phosphors vary between 38 nm and 88 nm, while the unit cell slowly increase as the ionic radius of the activator increases. Under UV excitation, YAG:Ce exhibits yellow emission due to electron transition in Ce3+ from the 5d level to the ground state levels (2F5/2, 2F7/2). The emission intensity of Ce3+ is enhanced in the presence of the Tb3+ ions and is decreased in the presence of Eu3+ ions due to some radiative or non‐radiative processes that take place between activator ions. By varying the rare earth ions, the emission colour can be modulated from green to white and red. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lab for undergraduate control engineering education equipped with industrial distributed control systems
Authors: Dittmar Rainer , Kahlcke Thomas 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe paper demonstrates how a set of pilot plant air blower/heater systems connected to modern industrial distributed control systems (DCS) are used in different control engineering laboratories for the undergraduate level. Student's tasks include the identification of static and dynamic process models and the tuning and commissioning of Proportional‐Integral‐Derivative (PID) control loops, as well as the utilization of commercial tools for DCS engineering. Using the same pilot plants, DCS and scientific computing environment in different courses lowers the costs, allows the reutilization of results and enables an efficient lab organization. It also supports the process of learning the inner context of different control engineering related subjects. The use of industrial‐scale equipment and commercial software helps students to easily integrate in their later teams and to avoid the “reality shock” when making the transition from academia to industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:288–296, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21708
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction Ability of Iron‐Derived Hematite Photoanode with Titanium Modification
Authors: Qiu Weitao , Huang Yongchao , Long Bei , Li Haibo , Tong Yexiang , Ji Hongbing 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA facile fabrication route towards a titanium‐modified hematite photoanode has been developed, and the photoelectrochemical properties of this anode have been evaluated. Compared to pristine hematite, the activity of the modified photoanode in this work delivered almost twofold higher photocurrent under Air Mass 1.5G illumination. Further research revealed that the enhanced performance of the hematite photoanode with a titanium‐modified surface resulted from the dominant impact of heterojunction formation and suppressed surface recombination, supplemented by a slightly improved light‐harnessing ability.
An RF breast coil for 0.2TMRI
Authors: Blasiak Barbara , Volotovskyy Vyacheslav , Tyson Randy , Sharp Jonathan , Tomanek Boguslaw 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTBreast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. High field studies have shown the diagnostic value of breast MRI, but the examination costs greatly exceed those of competing conventional mammography. Low field MRI offers typical MRI contrast at substantially lower cost, but has suffered from lower spatial resolution. Specificity of breast MRI can potentially be increased by acquiring MR imaging with higher spatial or temporal resolution, but the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) achievable in a given imaging time becomes limiting. SNR for the particular pulse sequence and magnet field strength is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the radio‐frequency coil. An optimal breast coil should yield excellent SNR but also generate a homogeneous B1 field, while allowing imaging of the both breasts simultaneously and maintaining patient comfort. RF receiver coil design is a key determinant of image quality, thus to address this we have designed and constructed a low field breast imaging coil. The coil was tested with a 4‐post 0.2T MRI providing high quality breast images. Designed and constructed saddle rf coil allows to obtain good quality image of the breast using low 0.2 T MRI system within 2 minutes. The coil provides patient comfort as breast compression is not required and minimizes artefacts caused by respiration or motion. A high contrast, low‐cost and pain‐free breast examination using optimized low field MRI system has the potential to serve a large patient population for whom current technologies have deficiencies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 46B: 3–7, 2016
DALP: A demand‐aware location privacy protection scheme in continuous location‐based services
Authors: Li Xinghua , Wang Ermeng , Yang Weidong , Ma Jianfeng 
Published: November 2015

SummaryLocation‐based services (LBSs) via mobile handheld devices have been subject to major privacy concerns for users. Currently, most of the existing works concerning the continuous LBS queries mainly focus on users' privacy demands with little consideration of the service of quality (QoS). In this paper, we propose a demand‐aware location protection scheme for continuous LBS requests, allowing a user to customize not only location privacy but also QoS requirement, while this results that in considerably many queries points, the privacy and QoS requirement cannot be met together, and the location privacy protection cannot be provided for the continuous LBS queries. We point out that its underlying reason is that in few LBS query regions, the footprints are sparse or the privacy requirements are set unreasonably high. Therefore, a maximum demands‐aware query sequence algorithm is proposed in the scheme. Through identifying and restraining the queries in those regions, most of LBS queries are satisfied; thus, the longest LBS query sequence is obtained, which can satisfy a user's specific privacy and QoS requirements simultaneously. Furthermore, on the premise that the user's privacy requirement is met, in demand‐aware location protection scheme, we propose two algorithms to minimize the constructed cloaking regions, reducing the query latency and the server's workload and providing better QoS for users. Extensive simulations on a large dataset prove the effectiveness of our approach under various location privacy and QoS demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An energy‐aware scheduling algorithm for divisible loads in a bus network
Authors: Liu Duanyang , Yang Xi , Cheng Zhen 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe schedule of divisible loads is one of the most typical problems in the research and application of parallel and distributed systems. For these large‐scale systems, the energy consumption problem has drawn great attention in recent years because of falling hardware costs and the growing concern of energy costs. In computing‐intensive systems, energy is primarily consumed by CPUs, and dynamic voltage‐frequency scaling technology is capable of adjusting CPUs' speed as well as saving energy. In this paper, we focus on computing‐intensive applications and study the energy‐aware scheduling problem for divisible loads in a bus network. The energy‐speed model is introduced to characterize the problem based on dynamic voltage scaling, and the energy‐aware scheduling problem is analyzed in the application layer above the operating system. The problem can be formulated mathematically as a nonlinear programming problem, and the solution is achieved using the Lagrange multiplier method under Kuhn–Tucker conditions. Based on the analytical results, an energy‐aware scheduling scheme called ENERG for divisible loads is presented. Finally, the energy‐aware scheme is compared with two other schemes to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the energy savings of our algorithm. Additionally, the experimental results illustrate the influence of network transmission delay on energy consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.