bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common Mistakes Associated With Diagnostic Fracture Injection Tests
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 169539, ’Diagnostic Fracture Injection Tests: Common Mistakes, Misfires, and Misdiagnoses,’ by R.D. Barree, SPE, J.L. Miskimins, SPE, and J.V. Gilbert, SPE, Barree & Associates, prepared for the 2014 SPE Western North American and Rocky Mountain Joint Regional Meeting, Denver, 16-18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
During the last 20 years, diagnostic fracture injection tests (DFITs) have evolved into commonly used techniques that can provide valuable information about reservoirs and hydraulic-fracture-treatment parameters. Thousands of tests are run every year in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs. However, many factors associated with data collection and analysis can result in poor or incorrect results. This paper attempts to describe some of the common problems and to help prevent some common errors often observed in DFIT execution and analysis.
Introduction
DFITs are small pump-in treatments performed to gather data to help design follow-up hydraulic-fracturing treatments and characterize a reservoir.
A generic DFIT is shown in Fig. 1. The wellbore is first filled at a low to moderate rate until a positive surface pressure response is observed. With low- to- moderate wellbore compressibility, the pressure should rise quickly until initial breakdown occurs. Breakdown will be indicated either by a sharp drop in pressure as a new fracture initiates (as at Number 1 in Fig. 1) or by a plateau in pressure as existing fractures are opened and extended. Once a breakdown event is observed, the injection rate should be increased to the maximum rate allowed by available horsepower or to 75% of the planned treatment rate of the main fracture treatment, whichever is achievable. A constant rate is then held for 3–5 minutes (Number 2 in Fig. 1), after which a rapid step-down can be conducted. The step-down test is separate from the actual DFIT but is commonly run at the end of the pump-in to determine perforation and near-wellbore frictional pressure losses. The rate is then immediately reduced to zero to obtain the instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP), shown as Number 4, and the falloff pressure is monitored for as long as possible or as long as necessary to acquire the desired data. Even when high friction is not expected, the step-down is recommended to make identification of ISIP easier.
Life time assessment of an aluminum alloy under complex low cycle fatigue loading*
Authors: Walat Karolina , Łagoda Tadeusz , Kurek Marta 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This publication presents an expression for the equivalent strain based on fatigue tests under complex strain state. The respective aluminum alloy was tested under a very low number of cycles. The criterion uses the critical plane determined according to the material kind function. The determined equivalent amplitude for complex proportional and non-proportional loading states is included into the scatter band of the same coefficient for simple loading states. The model based on the proposal by Carpinteri for determination of the critical plane position under a complex strain state can be a useful tool for fatigue life assessment in the case of a very low number of cycles. The expression for the equivalent strain includes both the normal and shear strain histories on the critical plane with suitable weight functions. The determined equivalent amplitude for complex proportional and non-proportional loading states is also included into the scatter band of the same coefficient for simple loading states.
Перевод, парафраз и метр в древних славянских кондаках, II : Критика, история и реконструкция текстов [Translation, Paraphrase and Metrics in Old Church Slavonic Kontakia, II: Textual Critisism and Reconstruction]
Authors: Krivko Roman Nikolaevič 
Published: February 2015

Translation, Paraphrase and Metrics in Old Church Slavonic Kontakia II. Textual Critisism and Reconstruction
The second part of the article is dedicated to the reconstruction of the earliest Old Bulgarian versions of the Kontakia for Christmas (24th of December), Theophany (7th of January) and St. Helena (21st of May). In the introductionary stanzas of these Kontakia, we discover the first occurrence of the syllabic meter, which almost perfectly fits that of the Byzantine original texts. (The syllabic meter in the Slavonic version of the Christmas Kontakion was for the first time revealed by F. Keller, however, the investigation of the previously neglected South Slavonic sources made it possible to specify certain points of his reconstruction.) Linguistic pecularities and translation technique as observed in the early Slavonic versions of these chants lead us to the conclusion that they were composed in the First Bulgarian Kingdom at the end of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century.
Development and Validation of One-Step Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Simultaneous Determination of Multiclass Fungicides in Soils
Authors: Merdassa Yared , Liu Jing-fu , Megersa Negussie 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A rapid, efficient, and simple one-step ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed forthe analysis of seven fungicides (cymoxanil, metalaxyl, mandipropamid, folpet, chlorothalonil, kresoxim-methyl, and famoxadone) in horticultural soils. Analytes in the samples were determined by HPLC with variable wavelength detection. Key parameters that influence the UAE procedure were optimized, such as the nature and volume of extraction solvent, number of sonication steps, and sonication time. The highest extraction efficiencies in the range of 61.1–87.8% were obtained by using only 7.5 mL of ethyl acetate–hexane (1 + 1, v/v) and sonicating for 10 min. At 0.5 and 2.0 μg/g fortification levels, satisfactory recoveries (&gt;60%) with RSD &lt;13% were obtained for each analyte, except for folpet (&gt;52%). The method was linear over the range of 0.005 to 10 μg/g and the correlation coefficients (r2) obtained ranged from 0.9955 to 0.9992. The LODs (S/N = 3) varied from 0.0015 to 0.006 μg/g. The proposed UAE procedure was compared to classical extractions (shake-flask and Soxhletextraction) and showed satisfactory extraction efficiencies using shorter time and smaller amounts of organic solvents, thereby minimizing the costs of the analysis and the disposal of waste solvent.
Evaluation Protocol for Review of Method Validation Data by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals Expert Review Panel
Authors: Gill Brendon D , Indyk Harvey E , Blake Christopher J , Konings Erik J M , Jacobs Wesley A , Sullivan Darryl M 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Methods under consideration as part of the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals process are to be evaluated against a set of Standard Method Performance RequirementsSM(SMPRs) via peer review by an expert review panel (ERP). A validation protocol and a checklist have beendeveloped to assist the ERP to evaluate experimentaldata and to compare multiple candidate methods for each nutrient. Method performance against validation parameters mandated in the SMPRs as well as additional criteria are to be scored, with the method selected by the ERP proceeding to multilaboratory study prior to Final Action approval. These methods are intended to be used by the infant formula industry for the purposes of dispute resolution.
Carbon and Alloy Steels
Authors: Bramfitt Bruce L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Steel is the most widely used metallic material in today's society. In the past, steel has been described as an alloy of iron and carbon. Alloy steels are alloys of iron with the addition of one or more of the following elements: carbon, manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Steel is one of the most versatile materials in today's society. For example, stainless steels are used for their corrosion resistance, interstitial‐free steels are used for their excellent formability characteristics, iron‐silicon alloys are used for their electrical properties, austenitic manganese steels are used for their wear and abrasion resistance, microalloyed steels are used for their high strength, patented and cold‐drawn eutectoid steel wires are used for their ultrahigh strength, dual‐phase and trip steels are used for their energy absorption capability in a vehicle collision, and tool steels are used for their outstanding ability to cut and machine other materials.
Paper‐sheet biocomposites based on wood pulp grafted with poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Bruce Carl , Nilsson Camilla , Malmström Eva , Fogelström Linda 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTKraft pulp fibers were used as substrates for the grafting of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) from available hydroxyl groups through ring‐opening polymerization, targeting three different chain lengths (degree of polymerization): 120, 240, and 480. In a paper‐making process, paper‐sheet biocomposites composed of grafted fibers and neat pulp fibers were prepared. The paper sheets possessed both the appearance and the tactility of ordinary paper sheets. Additionally, the sheets were homogenous, suggesting that PCL‐grafted fibers and neat fibers were compatible, as demonstrated by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscopy and through dye‐labeling of the PCL‐grafted fibers. Finally, it was shown that the paper‐sheet biocomposites could be hot‐pressed into laminate structures without the addition of any matrix polymer; the adhesive joint produced could even be stronger than the papers themselves. This apparent and sufficient adhesion between the layers was thought to be due to chain entanglements and/or co‐crystallization of adjacent grafted PCL chains within the different paper sheets. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42039.
No‐tillage and fertilization management on crop yields and nitrate leaching in North China Plain
Authors: Huang Manxiang , Liang Tao , Wang Lingqing , Zhou Chenghu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA field experiment was performed from 2003 to 2008 to evaluate the effects of tillage system and nitrogen management regimes on crop yields and nitrate leaching from the fluvo‐aquic soil with a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.)double‐cropping system. The tillage systems consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and no‐tillage (NT). Three nitrogen management regimes were included: 270 kg N ha−1of urea for wheat and 225 kg N ha−1of urea for maize (U), 180 kg N ha−1of urea and 90 kg N ha−1of straw for wheat and 180 kg N of urea and 45 kg N ha−1of straw for maize (S), 180 kg N ha−1of urea and 90 kg N ha−1of manure for wheat and 180 kg N ha−1of urea and 45 kg N ha−1of manure for maize (M). An array of tension‐free pan lysimeters (50 cm × 75 cm) were installed (1.2 m deep) to measure water flow and‐N movement. No significant effect of the N management regime on yields of winter wheat and maize grain was found in the 5‐year rotation. Tillage systems had significant influences on‐N leaching from the second year and thereafter interacted with N management regimes on‐N loads during all maize seasons. The average yield‐scaled‐N leaching losses were in order ofCTS<NTS<CTU<NTU<CTM<NTM, ranging from 0.88 (CTS) to 6.07 (NTM) kg N Mg−1for winter wheat system and from 0.99 (CTS) to 6.27 (NTM) kg N Mg−1for summer maize system for 5 rotation years. The results showed thatCTSdecreased the yield‐scaled‐N leaching losses while sustaining crop grain yields. Considering the lower costs,NTScould be a potential alternative to decrease yield‐scaled‐N leaching losses and improve soil fertility while maintaining crop yield for the winter wheat–maize double‐cropping systems in the North China Plain.
NFATc1 deficiency in T cells protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Reppert Sarah , Zinser Elisabeth , Holzinger Corinna , Sandrock Lena , Koch Sonja , Finotto Susetta 
Published: February 2015

NFATc1 is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors. NFAT is activated upon T‐cell receptor activation followed by intracytoplasmatic calcium influx where calmodulin, a calcium sensor protein, activates the phosphatase calcineurin that dephosphorylates NFAT proteins and results in NFAT nuclear import. Here, we show the analysis of conditional NFATc1‐deficient mice bearing a deletion of NFATc1 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. NFATc1‐deficient CD4+ T cells polarized under Th17 conditions express reduced levels of the Th17‐associated transcription factor RORγT (where ROR is RAR‐related orphan receptor) as well as the Th17‐associated cytokines IL‐17A, IL‐17F, IL‐21, and IL‐10. In the murine model of experimental EAE, we found a strong reduction of the disease outcome in conditional NFATc1‐deficient mice, as compared with control littermates. This was accompanied by a diminished inflammation in the brain and spinal cord and reduced IL‐17A and IFN‐γ expression by antigen‐specific spleen, spinal cord, and brain cells. Altogether, these results reveal an important role of NFATc1 in inducing Th17‐cell responses and IFN‐γ, both being relevant for the EAE development.
REVIEWS
Authors: Kessler Clive S. 
Published: February 2015

Housekeeping among Malay Peasants. By Rosemary Firth. (London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 7.) Athlone Press, London. Second edition, 1966. Pp. 1–242. £stg.2/2/‐.Fishermen of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. By Thomas M. Fraser, Jr. (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology Series.) Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., New York, 1966. Pp. 1–110. $A2.05.
REVIEWS
Authors: Elkin A. P. 
Published: February 2015

Publications de la Société des Océanistes, Nos. 11, 12 and 16.; No. 11. Alexandre Salmon, 1820–1866 et sa femme Arütaimai, 1821–1897: Deux figures de Tahiti à l'épogue du Protectorat. By Ernest Salmon. Pp. i‐xii, 1–199. Paris, 1964.No. 12. Memoires D'Arii Taimai. By Henry Adams. Translated from English by S. and A. Lebois. With an Introduction by Marie‐Thérèse and Bengt Danielsson. Pp. i‐xxiv, 1–167. Paris, 1964.No. 16. Journal de James Morrison: second maître a bord de la “Bounty”. Traduit de l'anglais par Bertrand Jannez. Pp. i‐xxiii, 1–201. Paris, 1966.
REVIEW
Authors: Chowning Ann 
Published: February 2015

From Child to Adult: Studies in the Anthropology of Education. American Museum Sourcebooks in Anthropology. Edited by John Middleton. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York, 1970. Pp. xi–xx+1–355. Price $US8.95 (hard cover).Learning to Be Rotuman: Enculturation in the South Pacific. By Alan Howard. Teachers' College Press, New York, 1970. Pp. vii–xii+1–182, maps, photographs. No price given.Socialization: The Approach from Social Anthropology. Association of Social Anthropologists Monograph No. 8. Edited by Philip Mayer. Tavistock Publications, London, 1970. Pp. xi–xxx+1–352. Price £2.75 (hard cover).
REVIEW
Authors: Elkin A. P. 
Published: February 2015

Indonesia Today. By David R. Moore and Jeff. J. Freedman. Published by A. H. & A. W. Reed, Artarmon, N.S.W. for the Trustees of the Australian Museum, Sydney, 1973. 180 illustrations. Price $A1.50.Music and Sounds of Indonesia Today. L.P. double sided, 12” Record. Hibiscus Label. A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington, New Zealand. Price $A4.50. Book and Record available from the Australian Museum, Sydney.
REVIEW
Authors: McCall Grant 
Published: February 2015

The Marquesan Journal of Edward Robarts. 1797 — 1824. Pacific History Series No. 6. Edited by Greg. Dening. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1974. Pp. xvi + 361. Price: $A9.95.To the Pacific and Arctic with Beechey. The Journal of Lieutenant George Peard of H.M.S. ‘Blossom’. 1825 — 1828. Hakluyt Society Second Series Volume 143. Edited by Barry M. Gough. At the University Press, Cambridge, 1973. Pp. x + 272, £Stg.11.00.
REVIEW
Authors: Lynch John 
Published: February 2015

A Checklist of Languages and Present‐day Villages of Central and South‐east Mainland Papua. By T. E. Dutton. Pacific Linguistics, Series B — No. 24, 1973. Pp. i–iv, 1–80. Price $A2.00.Sepik Languages: Checklist and Preliminary Classification. By D. C. Laycock. Pacific Linguistics, Series B — No. 25, 1973. Pp. i–iv, 1–130. Price $A3.50.
Reviews
Authors: Jaywardena Chandra 
Published: February 2015

Kinship in Bali, By Hildred and Clifford Geertz. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1975; xiii + 213 pp; maps, figures, tables.Kinship, Descent and Alliance among the Karo Batak, by Masri Singarimbun University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975; xxii + 246 pp; tables, figures, maps.
Reviews
Authors: Walsh D. S. 
Published: February 2015

Three Legends of Puluwat and a bit of Talk. By S. H. Elbert. Pacific Linguistics, Series D — No. 7, Australian National University, Canberra, 1971. Pp. via + 85, map, photo. Price $A3.50.Puluwat Dictionary By Samuel H. Elbert. Pacific Linguistics, Series C — No. 24, Australian National University, Canberra, 1972. Pp. ix + 401. Price $A13.00.Puluwat Grammar. By Samuel H. Elbert. Pacific Linguistics, Series B — No. 29, Australian National University, Canberra, 1974. Pp. v + 137. Price $A4.50.
Australian Aboriginal Policy: Aboriginal Pressure Groups or Government Advisory Bodies?
Authors: Weaver Sally M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWestern democracies in the 1970s including Australia experimented with more permanent mechanisms for obtaining policy advice at the national level from their politically unorganized indigenous minorities. This paper examines some of the difficulties encountered when federal governments attempt to foster national Aboriginal organizations with possible pressure group functions. As a case study in federal policy‐making this two‐part paper analyzes the steps by which the Australian government terminated the initial experiment with the government‐created National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (1973–76) and, using selectively a commissioned report by Dr L. R. Hiatt (Part I), structured in detail two new bodies: the National Aboriginal Conference and the Council for Aboriginal Development (Part II). The paper argues that unless governments develop a serious policy of Aboriginal political development at the national level, governments will subvert their own goals by fostering Aboriginal organizations in which neither they nor Aboriginals have confidence.
SINGING SUBJECTS AND SACRED OBJECTS: MORE ON MUNN'S ‘TRANSFORMATION OF SUBJECTS INTO OBJECTS’ IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN MYTH
Authors: Morton John 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNancy Munn's ‘The Transformation of Subjects into Objects in Walbiri and Pitjantjatjara Myth’ is a landmark in our understanding of the processes by which the Aboriginal world is created and sustained. Her paper is summarised and then related to similar concerns extant among the neighbouring Aranda. Munn's account of relationships between people and country is shown to be part of a wider reality encompassing all stages of the life‐cycle and characterised by a triple dialectic between ‘surface’ and ‘depth‘, between male and female, and between life and death. The study is preliminary to a psychological account of these dialectical processes to be published at a later date.
MISSIONARIES AND WAR LORDS: A STUDY OF CULTURAL INTERACTION ON ABAIANG AND TARAWA
Authors: Rennie Sandra 
Published: February 2015

Hiram Bingham Jr, Protestant missionary, landed at Abaiang in the Gilbert Islands in November 1857. He came not only with a distinct missionary policy but also with an inner vision based on his ideals and his own personal interpretation of the Protestant Christian message. Bingham envisaged a loving community which was made up of both ruler and the ruled, including men and women, young and old.For their part, Gilbertese on Abaiang did not share Bingham's view of God or the cosmos. They had their own spirits (Anti) and lived in a world punctuated by wars. Given their limited contact with Europeans, most Islanders on Abaiang and Tarawa saw little relevance in the particular type of Christianity that Bingham espoused and attempted to convey to them.Yet despite this dissonance, two war chiefs (uea) began a communication. This communication was meaningful to their side but was not shared by the other. Bingham was perceived in a way he would not have wanted and he, in turn, misinterpreted the entire situation in Abaiang and nearby Tarawa. The result was that the missionaries became embroiled in the wars and failed to usher in a reign of peace and benevolence.
The Snake Bone Case: Law, Custom, and Justice in a Papua New Guinea Village Court
Authors: Goddard Michael 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTOne of the outcomes of judgmental administrative attitudes toward indigenous praxis in colonial Papua New Guinea was a convention that an antagonistic relationship existed between European law and ‘native custom‘. By the end of the colonial period the defence of ‘custom’ had become part of an anti‐colonial polemic among indigenous intellectuals and politicians. The Village Court system was established in this rhetorical climate. Its mission, reinforced in legislation, included the favouring of ‘custom’ in the dispensation of justice. Subsequent academic and journalistic commentaries on the development of the Village Court system have perpetuated a binary notion of the relationship between law and custom, whether portraying it as antagonistic or articulatory. This article focuses on a single case from a Port Moresby village court, involving an accusation of attempted sorcery. The case raises questions not only about the validity of the discursive law/custom dichotomy but about the notion of custom itself in the context of the dispensation of justice in contemporary Papua New Guinea. It is suggested that in village court praxis, the notion of custom serves the exploitation of village court officers as cheap labour in the justice system.
The Thrill of the Line, the String, and the Frond, or why the Abelam are a non‐cloth culture
Authors: Hauser‐SchäUblin Brigitta 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTWith few exceptions, weaving was traditionally unknown in Oceania. Yet soft, pliable bark cloth — often richly decorated — was produced, and used like textiles, especially in Polynesia. This cloth was artistically draped around objects and people and in turn ritually removed. These cloth cultures are based on a system of aesthetic values radically different from those of inland groups especially in New Guinea.This article demonstrates that within Oceania there are two different cultural traditions with opposing aesthetic fundamental values. Taking as an example the Abelam (East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea) whose aesthetics is based on the principle of ‘visual open‐work’, the fundamental aesthetic values of a non‐cloth culture and the gender specific attributes associated with them are analyzed.
Binding in the Pacific: Between Loops and Knots
Authors: Kuchler Susanne 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe paper argues that the prevailing use of the term ‘template’ in the investigation of the reproductive and generative capacity of artworks in Oceania is profoundly misleading and in need of replacing. Tracing a similar dilemma in New Genetics and Biology, the paper argues that the contemporary fascination with the knot as a model of non‐linear, topological systems enables us to look at the importance of binding in the creation of the figural in Oceanic art from a new perspective. This paper intends to open up the investigation of binding as technique and as patterned design in its distinct articulation in artifactual form across the Pacific by raising questions about the relation between the figural and the social. The material provoking the rethinking of the difference created by material articulation of the mundane, personal, and yet also profoundly mathematical technique of binding in society and culture is that ofmalangganfigurative art.