bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal Disease and Pregnancy
Authors: Kane Sunanda V. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Pharmacotherapy for the management of common gastrointestinal illnesses has evolved remarkably in the last 10 years. Women with chronic illnesses who would have been unwilling or unable to conceive in the past are now healthy enough to consider pregnancy. In addition, many women are deferring childbearing until later in life, when polypharmacy and illness may be more common. This chapter discusses the use of medications during pregnancy, based on the best available evidence. Because the amount of high-quality controlled data in pregnancy is limited, absolute safety is not guaranteed for any medication. Instead, the risk of the underlying condition versus the safety of the medications used to treat it should be balanced against the overall health of the mother and the fetus in each case. All conversations about medications should be documented carefully, along with possible consequences of not treating the disease during pregnancy.
Communication with the patient's obstetrician during this time is also paramount.
Clinical Approach to Liver Mass Lesions
Authors: Roberts Lewis R. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The clinical approach to liver mass lesions requires attention to the clinical context within which the mass is identified, the symptoms of the patient, and the physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. With the advent of frequent ultrasonographic or cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen for various abdominal symptoms, many liver mass lesions are now discovered incidentally during imaging performed for unrelated symptoms. It is important to evaluate fully these incidentally discovered lesions because a significant proportion of them represent malignant or premalignant disease that requires appropriate management. This chapter describes the overall approach to the evaluation and diagnosis of liver mass lesions and summarizes the clinical features and management of the most common benign and malignant liver masses.
Liver Transplantation
Authors: Eileen Hay J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is highly effective for patients with liver failure, restoring normal health and a normal lifestyle. Patient survival is excellent; nationally, the survival rate is 86% at 1 year after OLT and 72% at 5 years. Timely evaluation for transplant and optimization of pretransplant care is essential for the potential liver recipient. However, the demand for donor organs greatly exceeds supply. In the United States in 2012, about 5,000 deceased donor organs and only 200 living donor organs were available; currently, about 16,000 patients are on the liver transplant list. Patient selection and organ allocation are 2 major problems.
Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Petersen Bret T. , Pearson Randall K. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition characterized by severe abdominal pain and locoregional and systemic inflammatory complications. More than 200,000 new cases of acute pancreatitis occur in the United States each year, and its incidence is on the rise. Twenty percent of acute pancreatitis is severe, and about 5% of all patients with pancreatitis die as a result of the disease. In 80% of cases, acute pancreatitis is mild and self-limited, with little or no long-term sequelae to the pancreatic parenchyma or systemic toxicity. In 20% of cases, severe acute pancreatitis develops, leading in the early phase to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, organ failure (hypotension, renal failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome), and pancreatic necrosis. The clinical presentation of acute pancreatitis ranges from mild, nonspecific epigastric pain to a catastrophic acute medical illness. The pain of acute pancreatitis generally is located in the epigastrium and radiates into the back in approximately 50% of patients. The onset of pain usually is swift, with pain reaching maximum intensity within an hour.
Are end‐of‐life practices in Norway in line with ethics and law?
Authors: FØRDE R. , AASLAND O. G. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundEnd‐of‐life decisions, including limitation of life prolonging treatment, may be emotionally, ethically and legally challenging. Euthanasia and physician‐assisted suicide (PAS) are illegal in Norway. A study from 2000 indicated that these practices occur infrequently in Norway.MethodsIn 2012, a postal questionnaire addressing experience with limitation of life‐prolonging treatment for non‐medical reasons was sent to a representative sample of 1792 members of the Norwegian Medical Association (7.7% of the total active doctor population of 22,500). The recipients were also asked whether they, during the last 12 months, had participated in euthanasia, PAS or the hastening of death of non‐competent patients.ResultsSeventy‐one per cent of the doctors responded. Forty‐four per cent of the respondents reported that they had terminated treatment at the family's request not knowing the patient's own wish, doctors below 50 and anaesthesiologists more often. Anaesthesiologists more often reported to have terminated life‐prolonging treatment because of resource considerations. Six doctors reported having hastened the death of a patient the last 12 months, one by euthanasia, one by PAS and four had hastened death without patient request. Male doctors and doctors below 50 more frequently reported having hastened the death of a patient.ConclusionForgoing life‐prolonging treatment at the request of the family may be more frequent in Norway that the law permits. A very small minority of doctors has hastened the death of a patient, and most cases involved non‐competent patients. Male doctors below 50 seem to have a more liberal end‐of‐life practice.
Abusive Supervision and Links to Nurse Intentions to Quit
Authors: Rodwell John , Brunetto Yvonne , Demir Defne , Shacklock Kate , Farr‐Wharton Rod 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeTo investigate forms of abusive supervision, namely personal attacks, task attacks, and isolation, and their links to outcomes for nurses, including job satisfaction, psychological strain, and intentions to quit.DesignCross‐sectional survey design. Data collected from July to November 2012.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty public sector nurses employed at five general acute Australian hospitals completed the survey (response rate of 33%).FindingsStructural equation modeling on the forms of abusive supervision (personal, task, isolation) and nurse outcomes indicated goodness of fit statistics that confirmed a well‐fitting model, explaining 40% of the variance in intent to quit, 30% in job satisfaction, and 33% in strain. An indirect relationship from personal attacks to intentions to quit, via strain, was observed. Task attacks were related directly, and indirectly via job satisfaction, to increased intentions to quit. Surprisingly, isolation was positively related to job satisfaction.ConclusionsAbusive supervision impacted nurse outcomes. Specifically, personal abuse had personal and health impacts; work‐focused abuse had work‐oriented effects. Applying appraisal theory suggests that personal attacks are primarily assessed as stressful and unchangeable; task‐oriented attacks are assessed as stressful, but changeable; and isolation is assessed as benign. The findings highlight the impact of abusive supervision, especially task attacks, on outcomes important to nurse retention.Clinical RelevanceThe findings can be used to devise programs to educate, train, and support supervisors and their subordinates to adhere to zero tolerance policies toward antisocial workplace behaviors and encourage reporting incidents.
Early vertebrate evolution
Authors: Donoghue Philip C. J. , Keating Joseph N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDebate over the origin and evolution of vertebrates has occupied biologists and palaeontologists alike for centuries. This debate has been refined by molecular phylogenetics, which has resolved the place of vertebrates among their invertebrate chordate relatives, and that of chordates among their deuterostome relatives. The origin of vertebrates is characterized by wide‐ranging genomic, embryologic and phenotypic evolutionary change. Analyses based on living lineages suggest dramatic shifts in the tempo of evolutionary change at the origin of vertebrates and gnathostomes, coincident with whole‐genome duplication events. However, the enriched perspective provided by the fossil record demonstrates that these apparent bursts of anatomical evolution and taxic richness are an artefact of the extinction of phylogenetic intermediates whose fossil remains evidence the gradual assembly of crown gnathostome characters in particular. A more refined understanding of the timing, tempo and mode of early vertebrate evolution rests with: (1) better genome assemblies for living cyclostomes; (2) a better understanding of the anatomical characteristics of key fossil groups, especially the anaspids, thelodonts, galeaspids and pituriaspids; (3) tests of the monophyly of traditional groups; and (4) the application of divergence time methods that integrate not just molecular data from living species, but also morphological data and extinct species. The resulting framework will provide for rigorous tests of rates of character evolution and diversification, and of hypotheses of long‐term trends in ecological evolution that themselves suffer for lack of quantitative functional tests. The fossil record has been silent on the nature of the transition from jawless vertebrates to the jawed vertebrates that have dominated communities since the middlePalaeozoic. Elucidation of this most formative of episodes likely rests with the overhaul of early vertebrate systematics that we propose, but perhaps more fundamentally with fossil grades that await discovery.
Active Commuting by Bicycle: Results of an Educational Intervention Study
Authors: Diniz Ilca M.S. , Duarte Maria de Fátima S. , Peres Karen G. , de Oliveira Elusa S.A. , Berndt Angélia 
Published: August 2014

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention on active commuting by bicycle.Methods:An intervention study with workers from a metallurgical industry in Santa Catarina state, Brazil was carried out in 2011. A total of 464 individuals were placed in the intervention group (IG) and 468 in the control group (CG). The intervention consisted of strategies based on the transtheoretical model and stages of behavior change. The intervention group took part in activities for 6 months, including 23 meetings. The statistical analysis included intergroup comparison (IG × CG) at baseline and after the intervention. Intragroup analysis was performed 6 months after the intervention. Student’s t-test, chi-square, and McNemar tests were used to analyze the data.Results:Of the original total, 876 individuals (94%) participated in the study. The proportion of participants that used bicycles to commute to work (IG) increased significantly from baseline (45.3%) to the final interventional period (47.5%). No difference was found between the CG and the IG group after the interventional period.Conclusion:We suggest taking these findings into consideration in further studies to understand better the role of educational intervention on active commuting by bicycle.
Parenthood and Physical Activity in Young Adults: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Hull Ethan E. , Garcia Jeannette M. , Kolen Angela M. , Robertson Robert J. 
Published: August 2014

Background:New parents have to adjust to less sleep, less free time, and more responsibility as a result of having a child. The purpose of this study was to examine how having a child impacts the physical activity (PA) beliefs and behaviors of new parents over a 2- to 3-year time period.Methods:Participants included 49 men and women (31% men, 96% white) who did not have a child at baseline (26.3 ± 1.1 years old) but did have a child at the time of follow-up (28.9 ± 1.7 years old). The child’s mean age at follow-up was 12 ± 7 months old. PA was measured via questionnaire at baseline and again at follow-up. Interviews regarding PA occurred at follow-up.Results:PA significantly decreased in parents across the time period (P < .001), and parents attributed this decrease to having a child and being pregnant. Parents mentioned they lack time, energy, and motivation for PA as a result of caring for a new child. Parents who maintained their activity level stated they prioritized PA and chose activities they enjoyed.Conclusion:These results show that although activity levels decrease in individuals who have a child, PA in new parents may be a function of priority, intensity, and enjoyment.
Effects of computer-aided clinical decision support systems in improving antibiotic prescribing by primary care providers: a systematic review
Authors: Holstiege Jakob , Mathes Tim , Pieper Dawid 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Objective To assess the effectiveness of computer-aided clinical decision support systems (CDSS) in improving antibiotic prescribing in primary care.
Methods A literature search utilizing Medline (via PubMed) and Embase (via Embase) was conducted up to November 2013. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster randomized trials (CRTs) that evaluated the effects of CDSS aiming at improving antibiotic prescribing practice in an ambulatory primary care setting were included for review. Two investigators independently extracted data about study design and quality, participant characteristics, interventions, and outcomes.
Results Seven studies (4 CRTs, 3 RCTs) met our inclusion criteria. All studies were performed in the USA. Proportions of eligible patient visits that triggered CDSS use varied substantially between intervention arms of studies (range 2.8–62.8%). Five out of seven trials showed marginal to moderate statistically significant effects of CDSS in improving antibiotic prescribing behavior. CDSS that automatically provided decision support were more likely to improve prescribing practice in contrast to systems that had to be actively initiated by healthcare providers.
Conclusions CDSS show promising effectiveness in improving antibiotic prescribing behavior in primary care. Magnitude of effects compared to no intervention, appeared to be similar to other moderately effective single interventions directed at primary care providers. Additional research is warranted to determine CDSS characteristics crucial to triggering high adoption by providers as a perquisite of clinically relevant improvement of antibiotic prescribing.
Description of four new species of the genus Ptilocerembia Friederichs, 1923 (Embioptera: Ptilocerembiidae) from Thailand
Authors: POOLPRASERT PISIT , EDGERLY JANICE S. 
Published: August 2014

Four new species of webspinners in the genus Ptilocerembia Friederichs (Ptilocerembiidae) are described including Ptilocerembia thaidina sp. n., P. senathami sp. n., P. catherinae sp. n. and P. rossi sp. n. . from Thailand. Illustrations of heads, genitalia and papilla of adult males, sternite pattern of adult females together with photographs of adult males, females and their galleries for each species are provided. Notes on field observations and egg mass structure are given for P. catherinae sp. n. A distribution map and a dichotomous key to the Thai species in the genus Ptilocerembia are also included.
A 3-D current system of an ionospheric dynamo including a skin effect in an anisotropic plasma
Authors: Plotkin V. V. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The numerical two-mode electromagnetic model of an ionospheric dynamo is constructed taking into account a skin effect of a field in an anisotropic plasma, i.e. a non-potential electric field of Sq-variations in the ionosphere. It is shown that a three-dimensional current system generated by the dynamo action of winds is located at altitudes less than about 200 km basically. It does not depend on an ionosphere condition in upper layers and weaker field-aligned currents between the northern and southern hemispheres practically, and an almost complete closed current circuit is generated in the dynamo layer.
Tsunami run-up heights of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes
Authors: Koike Nobuaki , Takahashi Tomoyuki , Imai Kentaro , Tanioka Yuichiro , Nishimura Yuichi , Harada Kenji , Suzuki Shingo , Fujima Koji , Shigihara Yoshinori , Namegaya Yuichi , Koshimura Shunichi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A tsunami height survey was conducted immediately after the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes. Results of the survey show that the largest tsunami height was about 4.6 m locally at Kiho-cho, Mie prefecture. Numerical simulation of the tsunami due to the earthquake was carried out using the model parameters estimated by NIED. The distribution pattern of the observed tsunami heights along the coast cannot be explained by the computed heights, because the model equation is linear long-wave theory and the run-up computations with a finer grid system are not included in this simulation. In order to explain tsunami run-up heights, it is necessary that the non-linear and run-up computation model should be used with a finer grid system.
Change of the source mechanism of the main shock of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes inferred from long period body wave data
Authors: Hara Tatsuhiko 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Waveform inversion of long period body wave data was performed to determine the temporal distribution of moment release of the main shock of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes. Our result suggests that the source mechanism varied during the rupture, with the first 20 sec dominated by the strike slip component, while a thrust mechanism was predominant between 30–40 sec. The employed dataset has enough resolving power to detect temporal change on such a time scale, and thus our results suggest that this earthquake is a compound event consisting of the two different source mechanisms.
Variation of teleseismic short-period waveforms at Matsushiro Seismic Array System
Authors: Kato Mamoru , Nakanishi Ichiro , Takayama Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe investigate the origin of variation of teleseismic P phase waveforms recorded at Matsushiro Seismic Array System. Short-period, vertical component waveforms from three source regions were analyzed separately in the frequency domain. Observed variation is mainly attributed to the site effects, which are frequency dependent and strongly depend on the incoming azimuth. Such variation is not seen for the pre-event noise spectra. The secondary wavefield that is excited by the incident P phase is the likely cause of the observed waveform variation.
Widespread magmatic activities on the angrite parent body at 4562 Ma ago
Authors: Sugiura Naoji , Miyazaki Akiko , Yanai Keizo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Mn-Cr chronology of four quenched angrites showed that they formed nearly at the same time (4562 Ma) on the surface of the parent-body. Based on the chemical compositions, the cosmic ray exposure ages, and considerations on the thermal history of an achondrite parent-body, we suggest that the four angrites formed on top of a shallow magma ocean on the angrite parent body.
Earthquake relocations, fault zone geometry and constraints on lateral velocity variations using the joint hypocenter determination method in the Taiwan area
Authors: Kim Kwang-Hee , Chiu Jer-Ming , Pujol Jose , Chen Kou-Cheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFour subsets of earthquakes recorded by an island-wide seismic network from 1991 to 2002 in the Taiwan area are relocated using the joint hypocenter determination (JHD) technique. Relatively large horizontal and vertical shifts are observed during the relocation, which indicates there may be systematic earthquake miss-locations in the Taiwan earthquake catalog due to the over-simplification of complicated earth structures to a simple 1-D velocity model. Generally, earthquakes are more clustered after the JHD relocation. Subsurface structures defined by the relocated seismicity become clearer, while they are not as clear in the initial hypocenters. Significant subsurface structures defined by the relocated seismicity are fault systems beneath the Central Mountain Range, beneath the northern Longitudinal Valley and Coastal Range, beneath the southern Longitudinal Valley and Coastal Range, and beneath the Chao-Chou fault in southern Taiwan. Another set of results from the JHD analysis,P- andS-wave station corrections, provide valuable information on the lateral velocity variations. The JHD station corrections indicate that upper crustal materials in the Central Mountain Range are characterized by higher velocity than those in the Western Foothills and Coastal Plain. The patterns of the observed JHD station corrections are also thoroughly consistent with surface geology observations. Analysis of the four clusters of earthquakes resulted in a remarkable similarity in JHD station corrections, indicating that the overlapping subsurfaces where two or more clusters of rays had traveled through were relatively shallow. These subsurfaces are responsible for the observed patterns of positive and negative JHD station corrections.
Pitch angle diffusion of electrons at the boundary of the lunar wake
Authors: Nakagawa Tomoko , Iizima Masahide 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Velocity distribution of the solar wind electrons that penetrate through the lunar wake boundary is investigated by calculating orbits of the electrons injected into model structures of layers of electric fields. Only the electrons with sufficient energy to overcome the potential difference penetrate through the wake boundary. The electrons injected along the magnetic field lines which intersect the model structure undergo pitch angle scattering due to electric field component perpendicular to the magnetic field. After the passage through the electric field, the electrons have significant perpendicular component of velocity as well as the parallel component larger than a lower limit, which is dependent on the electric potential of the wake boundary. The velocity distribution can account for the cyclotron resonance with sunward-propagating whistler mode waves that were detected by GEOTAIL at 27 lunar radii upstream of the moon on October 25, 1994.
A slow slip event in the Tokai area detected by tilt and seismic observation and its possible recurrence
Authors: Yamamoto Eiji , Matsumura Shozo , Ohkubo Tadashi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn recent years, some anomalous crustal activities have been detected in the Tokai area, central Japan. First, a seismicity change was detected and was recognized to be the quiescence of microearthquake activities. Anomalous ground deformation was then detected in high-density GPS observations conducted by GSI, and also in tilt observations by NIED at the MKB station. East-southeast upward tilting of about 2 microradians from the middle of 2000 to the present is consistent with the result of the GPS observation. An analysis using the GPS data attributed the ground deformation to a slow slip occurring on the plate boundary beneath Lake Hamana, where distinct seismic quiescence has also been detected. Tilt observation at MKB began in 1981, so we have carefully examined past records to determine whether similar events have ever taken place. An anomalous tilt change of nearly the same direction as the current one and seismic quiescence evidently occurred simultaneously from 1988 to 1990. Apparently, a similar slow slip took place in almost the same place during this epoch. We speculate that slow-slip events beneath Lake Hamana have been repeatedly occurring under the steady subduction of the Philippine Sea plate. However, the magnitude and duration of the current slip now in progress are nearly twice those of the last slip (1988 to 1990). Therefore, a slow slip in this area may not repeat in exactly the same way. Though it is unclear how the ongoing event will proceed, redistribution of stress due to the slow slip may promote the anticipated Tokai earthquake. Careful monitoring and intense observation are necessary.