bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sedimentation of flexible filaments
Authors: Li Lei , Manikantan Harishankar , Saintillan David , Spagnolie Saverio E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe dynamics of a flexible filament sedimenting in a viscous fluid are explored analytically and numerically. Compared with the well-studied case of sedimenting rigid rods, the introduction of filament compliance is shown to cause a significant alteration in the long-time sedimentation orientation and filament geometry. A model is developed by balancing viscous, elastic and gravitational forces in a slender-body theory for zero-Reynolds-number flows, and the filament dynamics are characterized by a dimensionless elasto-gravitation number. Filaments of both non-uniform and uniform cross-sectional thickness are considered. In the weakly flexible regime, a multiple-scale asymptotic expansion is used to obtain expressions for filament translations, rotations and shapes. These are shown to match excellently with full numerical simulations. Furthermore, we show that trajectories of sedimenting flexible filaments, unlike their rigid counterparts, are restricted to a cloud whose envelope is determined by the elasto-gravitation number. In the highly flexible regime we show that a filament sedimenting along its long axis is susceptible to a buckling instability. A linear stability analysis provides a dispersion relation, illustrating clearly the competing effects of the compressive stress and the restoring elastic force in the buckling process. The instability travels as a wave along the filament opposite the direction of gravity as it grows and the predicted growth rates are shown to compare favourably with numerical simulations. The linear eigenmodes of the governing equation are also studied, which agree well with the finite-amplitude buckled shapes arising in simulations.
Bremsstrahlung soft X-ray emission from clusters heated by a Gaussian laser beam
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Singh Rohtash , Verma Updesh 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA theoretical model of soft X-ray emission from laser irradiated clusters is developed. An intense short pulse laser of Gaussian radial and temporal profiles impinged on a clustered gas jet, heats the cluster electrons, leading to Bremsstrahlung emission of X-rays. As the clusters expand under hydrodynamic pressure, plasma frequency of the cluster electrons ωpedecreases. When plasma frequency of a cluster approaches plasma resonance${\rm \omega}_{\,pe} = \sqrt{3} {\rm \omega}$(where ω is the laser frequency), the electrons are resonantly heated by the laser and a rapid rise in X-ray emission occurs. After a while, when cluster expansion detunes the plasma resonance, X-ray emission falls off.
A Workshop Site of Primitive Culture at Two-Mile-Bottom, Thetford
Authors: Haward F. N. 
Published: October 2013

I think all agree that arrow tips would first have been made of (a) hard wood or bone ground to a sharp point (as used to-day in East Africa), later by (b) sharp-pointed unworked splinters or flakes of stone or flint, followed by (c) flakes worked diagonally at one end to a sharp point, and the other end inserted in the arrow shaft.As the worker's skill improved, these worked flake arrow tips would be superseded by (d) the beautifully flaked barbed and leaf arrows of the Neolithic and Bronze periods.The whole prehistoric world would obviously not have been at any one time in the same stage of culture. At all periods, and in all districts, tribes would have existed side by side in various stages of culture, the work of the “᾽prentice” hand alongside that of the “master worker.”It is therefore highly dangerous to assign an age to a worked flint solely by roughness of workmanship.This communication is to record a prehistoric workshop site at Two-Mile-Bottom Common, near Thetford, Norfolk, containing worked flake tools of a very definite culture.
Cone Cultures in the Wensum Valley
Authors: Clarke W. G. , Halls H. H. , Sainty J. E. 
Published: October 2013

Early this year we discovered a station, apparently with a homogeneous culture, on an arable field in the parish of Hellesdon, about half-a-mile above Norwich. The field, which has an area of about 12 acres, is on the north side of the river Wensum, from which it is about 74 yards distant at the south-east corner of the field, and 150 yards distant at the south-west corner. Between the field and the river is alluvium 12 ft. above O.D., and the field is 2—3 ft. higher. Flint implements, flakes and potboilers are very abundant on the lower part of the field, thin out rapidly on the higher part, and occur sporadically on the more elevated ground in the immediate vicinity.Several thousand cones, flakes and chips were examined on the spot, but the number of implements retained was 482. The flint of which they are made is easily divisible into three groups.
Windmill Hill, Avebury, and Grime's Graves
Authors: Kendall H. G. O. 
Published: October 2013

Mr. H. St. Geo. Gray's excavations at Avebury under the auspices of a Committee of the British Association, have shown that the famous vallum, fosse, and circle had their origin at the end of the Neolithic or beginning of the Bronze Age.One mile N.W. of Avebury stands Windmill Hill. It may well have been to Avebury what the civil town of Old Sarum and its fortifications were to the clergy and the cathedral. The summit is surrounded by the remains of a rampart, which, however, may not truly deserve that title. For along most of its length it has the appearance of a bank only, supporting the flat platform of the hill top. A trench, recently made in connection with a water supply, failed to disclose any trace of a ditch below the bank at that spot. This, it is true, was overlooking the steeper side of the hill. There were probably other defensive banks on the lower slopes of the hill. Many round barrows stand upon the hill, some within, but most without the camp. Not far from the hill, at Winterbourne Monkton, stood a long barrow, destroyed, alas, some years ago, by a farmer.
Some Supposed Gun Flint Sites
Authors: Chandler R. H. 
Published: October 2013

In 1909 I found, near the crest of the North Downs above Eynsford, several unshapely pieces of flint showing signs of having been flaked.The flint is spicular and of a pale honey colour, some pieces quite unpatinated, but others very slightly patinated and with occasional flecks of siliceous high glaze. Judging from the appearance of the cortex, the flint has come from the clay-with-flints which caps the chalk in this neighbourhood.Practically every piece of honey coloured flint to be found here bears a bulb or a bulb hollow, and none but the honey-coloured flint has been worked.The site is in a narrow strip of woodland about 20 ft. deep, and just below the crest of the North Downs. It is in the bank of “hill-wash” formed by these trees that rabbits have burrowed and thrown up the flints under description. These flints have been shown to several collectors but the shapes are so crude and, apparently, purposeless that I could get no suggestions as to their use, or information about comparable finds.
Processing of Phonological Variation in Children With Hearing Loss: Compensation for English Place Assimilation in Connected Speech
Authors: Skoruppa Katrin , Rosen Stuart 
Published: October 2013

Purpose

In this study, the authors explored phonological processing in connected speech in children with hearing loss. Specifically, the authors investigated these children's sensitivity to English place assimilation, by which alveolar consonants like
t
and
n
can adapt to following sounds (e.g., the word
te

n

can be realized as
te

m

in the phrase
te

n p

ounds
).

Method

Twenty-seven 4- to 8-year-old children with moderate to profound hearing impairments, using hearing aids (
n
= 10) or cochlear implants (
n
= 17), and 19 children with normal hearing participated. They were asked to choose between pictures of familiar (e.g., pen) and unfamiliar objects (e.g., astrolabe) after hearing
t
- and
n
-final words in sentences. Standard pronunciations (
Can you find the pe

n

d

ear
?) and assimilated forms in correct (…
pe

m

p

lease?
) and incorrect contexts (…
pe

m

dear?
) were presented.

Results
As expected, the children with normal hearing chose the familiar object more often for standard forms and correct assimilations than for incorrect assimilations. Thus, they are sensitive to word-final place changes and compensate for assimilation. However, the children with hearing impairment demonstrated reduced sensitivity to word-final place changes, and no compensation for assimilation. Restricted analyses revealed that children with hearing aids who showed good perceptual skills compensated for assimilation in plosives only.
Prevention of inflammation-mediated bone loss in murine and canine periodontal disease via recruitment of regulatory lymphocytes
Authors: Glowacki Andrew J. , Yoshizawa Sayuri , Jhunjhunwala Siddharth , Vieira Andreia E. , Garlet Gustavo P. , Sfeir Charles , Little Steven R. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Periodontal disease (gum disease) is an extremely prevalent inflammatory disease initiated by persistent bacterial insult, leading to the destruction of bone and gingival tissues. Current clinical treatments focus solely on the removal of bacteria. In this study, we put forth a strategy to address the underlying inflammatory imbalance in periodontal disease by harnessing the body’s own sophisticated immunoregulatory mechanisms through the recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs). This is accomplished by controllably releasing small quantities (nanogram/kilogram range) of chemokine recognized by Tregs using biodegradable, resorbable polymers with an excellent track record of regulatory approval. Administration of Treg-recruiting treatments to the gingiva of mice and canines reduces clinical scores of disease as well as hard and soft tissue destruction.
Transplantation of human islets without immunosuppression
Authors: Ludwig Barbara , Reichel Andreas , Steffen Anja , Zimerman Baruch , Schally Andrew V. , Block Norman L. , Colton Clark K. , Ludwig Stefan , Kersting Stephan , Bonifacio Ezio , Solimena Michele , Gendler Zohar , Rotem Avi , Barkai Uriel , Bornstein Stefan R. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is an autoimmune disease that results in irreversible destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Substantial advances have been made in beta cell replacement therapies over the last decades. However, lack of eligible donor organs and the need for chronic immunosuppression to prevent rejection critically limit a widespread application of these strategies. In this paper we present the clinical success of using a bioartificial pancreas for the transplantation of insulin-producing islets without affecting the immune system. In a patient with long-standing type-1 diabetes we could demonstrate persistent graft function and regulated insulin secretion without the need for immune-modulating medication. This strategy opens up avenues for more widespread and safe application of various cell-based therapies.
Elevated rates of gold mining in the Amazon revealed through high-resolution monitoring
Authors: Asner Gregory P. , Llactayo William , Tupayachi Raul , Luna Ernesto Ráez 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Commodity gold prices increased substantially following the 2008 global financial crisis. Gold demand has fueled a massive increase in mining activity, some of which is centered in the Amazon basin. Western Amazonian forests of Peru have become an epicenter for mostly illegal gold mining, but the clandestine nature of mining activities has made monitoring and reporting of forest losses extremely challenging. We combined high-resolution satellite and aircraft-based imaging with field surveys to address this issue in one of the highest biodiversity regions on Earth: Madre de Dios, Peru. We found the gold mining extent and rates are far higher than previously reported, with critically important implications for the ecology and environmental policy of this unique tropical rainforest region.
Developing a New, National Approach to Surveillance for Ventilator-Associated Events: Executive Summary
Authors: Magill Shelley S. , Klompas Michael , Balk Robert , Burns Suzanne M. , Deutschman Clifford S. , Diekema Daniel , Fridkin Scott , Greene Linda , Guh Alice , Gutterman David , Hammer Beth , Henderson David , Hess Dean R. , Hill Nicholas S. , Horan Teresa , Kollef Marin , Levy Mitchell , Septimus Edward , VanAntwerpen Carole , Wright Don , Lipsett Pamela 
Published: October 2013

This article is an executive summary of a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Surveillance Definition Working Group, entitled “Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events” and published in Critical Care Medicine. The full report provides a comprehensive description of the Working Group process and outcome.In September 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Surveillance Definition Working Group to organize a formal process for leaders and experts of key stakeholder organizations to discuss the challenges of VAP surveillance definitions and to propose new approaches to VAP surveillance in adult patients (Table 1).
Burden of hospitalizations for bicycling injuries by motor vehicle involvement
Authors: Hamann Cara , Peek-Asa Corinne , Lynch Charles F. , Ramirez Marizen , Torner James 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND
Bicycling and bicycling injuries have increased during the past decade in the United States, but research on the extent and outcomes of injuries has lagged behind. This study aimed to estimate the current burden of injury from bicycling injury hospitalizations by motor vehicle crash (MVC) and non-MVC in the United States.

METHODS
We included patients with primary or secondary diagnosis e-codes corresponding to MVC or non-MVC bicycle injury, drawn from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002–2009). Descriptive statistics, linear regression, and logistic regression were used to examine patient and hospital characteristics (length of stay, total charges, nonroutine discharges, and demographics) associated with hospitalizations for bicycling injuries by motor vehicle involvement.

RESULTS
On average, from 2002 to 2009, there were an annually estimated 6,877 MVC and 18,457 non-MVC bicycle injury hospitalizations nationwide. This translates to more than $1 billion of hospital charges overall, $425 million for MVC and $588 million for non-MVC per year. After controlling for covariates, MVC bicycling injury hospitalizations had an average length of stay that was 2 days longer (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8–2.3) and an average hospitalization charge of $23,424 more (95% CI, $21,360–$25,538) than non-MVC. Those with MVC bicycling injuries were more than two times as likely to have a nonroutine hospital discharge than non-MVC (odds ratio, 2.22; 95% CI, 2.06–2.39).

CONCLUSION
The burden of injury from bicycle crashes is large overall, and MVC-related bicycling injuries result in longer hospital stays, higher costs, and more nonroutine hospital discharges than non-MVC, despite the fact that non-MVC hospitalizations are more frequent and result in higher total charges, overall. To have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of injury from bicycle crashes, educational interventions, policy, and infrastructure changes should include all age groups and prioritize reducing bicycle–motor vehicle collisions.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Epidemiologic study, level III.
Helmet use is associated with safer bicycling behaviors and reduced hospital resource use following injury
Authors: Webman Rachel , Dultz Linda A. , Simon Ronald J. , Todd S. Rob , Slaughter Dekeya , Jacko Sally , Bholat Omar , Wall Stephen , Wilson Chad , Levine Deborah A. , Roe Matthew , Pachter H. Leon , Frangos Spiros G. 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND
While the efficacy of helmet use in the prevention of head injury is well described, helmet use as it relates to bicyclists’ behaviors and hospital resource use following injury is less defined. The objective of this study was to compare the demographics, behaviors, hospital workups, and outcomes of bicyclists based on helmet use.

METHODS
This study was a subset analysis of a 2.5-year prospective cohort study of vulnerable roadway users conducted at Bellevue Hospital Center, a New York City Level 1 trauma center. All bicyclists with known helmet status were included. Demographics, insurance type, traffic law compliance, alcohol use, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, initial imaging studies, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score, Injury Severity Score (ISS), admission status, length of stay, disposition, and mortality were assessed. Information was obtained primarily from patients; witnesses and first responders provided additional information.

RESULTS
Of 374 patients, 113 (30.2%) were wearing helmets. White bicyclists were more likely to wear helmets; black bicyclists were less likely (p = 0.037). Patients with private insurance were more likely to wear helmets, those with Medicaid or no insurance were less likely (p = 0.027). Helmeted bicyclists were more likely to ride with the flow of traffic (97.2%) and within bike lanes (83.7%) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). Nonhelmeted bicyclists were more likely to ride against traffic flow (p = 0.003). There were no statistically significant differences in mean GCS score, AIS score, and mean ISS for helmeted versus nonhelmeted bicyclists. Nonhelmeted patients were more likely to have head computed tomographic scans (p = 0.049) and to be admitted (p = 0.030).

CONCLUSION
Helmet use is an indicator of safe riding practices, although most injured bicyclists do not wear them. In this study, helmet use was associated with lower likelihood of head CTs and admission, leading to less hospital resource use. Injured riders failing to wear helmets should be targeted for educational programs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Epidemiologic study, level III.
An analysis of value in an organic food supply chain
Authors: Marques Vieira Luciana , Dutra De Barcellos Marcia , Hoppe Alexia , Bitencourt da Silva Silvio 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Several studies focus on agri-food value chain from a consumer or from a supply chain perspective. But there is little investigation integrating both approaches and providing empirical evidence from developing countries. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, it describes the supply chain of organic products in Brazil, which is an emerging market. It describes how retailers manage its supply chain (wholesalers and small producers) in an organic own brand of fresh products. Second, this paper identifies the motivations, attitudes, beliefs and personal values behind Brazilian consumers' decision to purchase organic food.

Design/methodology/approach
– Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used in two stages. First, it presents a case study of the organic supply chain. Then, a survey carried out with 261 consumers at supermarkets in a Brazilian city is presented.

Findings
– The case study points out that retailers transfer to wholesalers the responsibility to manage small organic producers. It also suggests that as the organic product is under the retailer own brand, and therefore most of the value perceived by the consumer is retained by the retailer. Survey results indicate that organic consumers have strong individual values and benefits are the most significant predictors of attitude toward organic food for the Brazilian consumers interviewed. Availability is significantly related to the intent to purchase organic food, which is a key point for the supply chain to respond efficiently to consumers' demand.

Research limitations/implications
– This paper is based on a single case study and the survey is applied in only one city of Brazil.

Originality/value
– The study contributes to expand the value analysis through a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques, including consumer behaviour and supply chain management in the same analysis. It also adds to the debate on value, proposing Schwartz Value Theory as a complementary approach to value analysis.
Socio-economic influences on health information searching in the USA: the case of diabetes
Authors: Janeice Morgan Allison , M. Trauth Eileen 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of demographic differences on the motivations and abilities of individuals with diabetes in their search for health information online. Using data gathered from a qualitative study of 30 individuals, the paper examined instances of user-based health motivation and abilities using the lens of demographic differences to identify the influence on health information searching and potential health outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper utilized an interpretive, mixed methodology research design. The paper was composed of a user “experience” that served as a critical incident to the paper, where each participant was prompted to do online searching for health and nutrition information. This was followed by open-ended interviews to gain a deeper understanding of each participants’ online searching experience.

Findings
– The theoretical model used was the Integrated Model of E-Health Use by Dutta-Bergman (2006) which frames the influence of group and individual-level differences on health information search and e-health use and subsequently health outcomes. The paper found that experiences among diabetic patients who have an assumed intrinsic motivation to search have differential searching behaviors due to a number of factors including access to health care provider or resources, searching success, and significant people in the individuals’ lives. Assumptions about race and socio-economic status are challenged because of the geographic location in which people live and work.

Research limitations/implications
– This research on intersectionality and the health information consumer contributes to a better understanding of health information searching behavior. Implications from this research for practice are that search technology in the domain of health should be made customizable, that a variety of user perspectives should be incorporated in the e-health systems development process, and that a comprehensive view of the user in system development should be utilized. In addition, those with diabetes or other chronic illnesses should seek out a variety of resources to enhance their health outcomes.

Originality/value
– The examination constitutes one of the few investigations into health information consumer characteristics that might influence the person-technology-information interaction in the context of health care provision. This type of examination into health care consumer characteristics and information behavior is necessary because it has bearing on the success of health care information systems implementation and impact.