bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of heading date and Epichloë endophyte on persistence of diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). 1. Heading date
Authors: Tozer Katherine N. , Hume David E. , Cameron Catherine , Greenfield Rose , Dale Tracy , Mace Wade J. , Craven Tony , Faville Marty J. 
Published: June 2024

Context Data are lacking on the effects of heading date of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on ryegrass persistence. Aim We aimed to determine the impact of heading date on perennial ryegrass persistence. Method Two mid-heading (Samson, Bronsyn) and two late-heading (One50, Rohan) cultivars, infected with Epichloë endophytes (AR37, nea2/6 or standard toxic), were established in a replicated plot study grazed by cattle in a subtropical environment of the upper North Island of New Zealand. Persistence characteristics were quantified at least five times per annum, over 4 years. Key results Late-heading cultivars had higher yield, nutritive value, perennial ryegrass content in pasture dry matter, ground cover and tiller density than mid-heading cultivars. There were large seasonal impacts on all ryegrass characteristics, with a major decline over summer and recovery during late autumn into early spring, with less recovery in the final year. Overall, there was a strong linear decline in ryegrass content measured during spring (2018–21). Conclusions The two late-heading cultivars were more persistent than the two mid-heading cultivars, although persistence declined over 4 years for all cultivars. Implications Results support industry recommendations of choosing late-heading cultivars for improved pasture quality and persistence.
Post-mortem study and long cycling stability of silica/carbon composite as anode in Li-ion cells
Authors: Gulavani Vaibhavi , Thotiyl Musthafa Ottakam , John Bibin , Yengantiwar Ashish 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The present work emphases on the post-mortem study of silica/carbon composite as functional anode in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, the silica/carbon composite is synthesized by facile in-situ hydrothermal technique. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates the amorphous nature of silica/carbon composite. The stacked sheet-like morphology of silica/carbon composite is seen in the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) & scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. In addition, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), and x-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) characterizations of silica/carbon composite has been studied in detail. The rate capability of silica/carbon composite anode in LIB indicates 99% capacity retention after applying current density ranging from 50 mA g−1 to 1000 mA g−1, successively. The composite anode delivers a stable specific capacity ∼300 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 for 500 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study analyzed the faster Li-ion diffusion and increment in the diffusion coefficient by a factor of 1000 after 500 cycles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on the post-mortem study of silica/carbon composite as anode in LIB. Post-cycling characterizations including XRD, FTIR, and SEM reveal the absence of any impurity phases and negligible volumetric expansion after prolonged cycling. It further confirms that the carbon present in the silica/carbon composite helps to accommodate the volumetric expansion of silica and prevents cracking of the anode over 500 cycles.
Addressing variability in cell electrorotation through holographic imaging and correction factors
Authors: Uning Kevin T , Li Yuqian , Lin Ziduo , Mangraviti Giovanni , Lagae Liesbet , Campos Camila D M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study addresses the variations observed in electrorotation measurements due to cell positioning and movement. Electrorotation provides a non-disruptive method for inferring the electrical properties of individual cells. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by significant variation in the observed speed. By mitigating the impact of positional dependencies and other influencing factors, our methodology opens avenues for broader applications of electrorotation in single-cell analysis without the need for complex setups to trap and retain the cell in place. Our novel approach combines multi-plane imaging with mathematical treatment of rotation data. This method uses a conventional quadrupole chip and lens-free imaging to track cell movement, resulting in a simpler design and set-up. Through numerical simulations incorporating cell coordinates, chip design, and experimental parameters, we calculate the variation in torque for each position. These values serve as the basis for the correction factors. Validation experiments with T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts show that the correction factors reduce electrorotation speed variation due to cell movement, with an average reduction to 21% and 18%, respectively. These corrections also revealed previously concealed changes in cell properties, in response to external stimuli, thereby enhancing the reliability of measurements and enabling broader applications in single-cell analysis.
Design of electrical energy harvesting devices utilizing air bubbles sliding along a fluoropolymer immersed in water
Authors: Håskjold O E , Helseth L E 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Recent research has shown that it is possible to utilize contact electrification combined with electrostatic induction to harvest electrical energy from the mechanical motion of air bubbles sliding along a charged solid surface immersed in water. The working principle of these devices is simple, but the design is usually complicated as transduction efficiency depends on a number of interdependent parameters. Here we propose a simple analytical model and demonstrate how it can be used to determine the optimal energy per bubble for a given resistive load. The model allows one to estimate the optimal energy harvested per bubble in terms of polymer thickness, electrode separation and load resistance. It is shown that the model provides a good fit to experimental data. The model may be used as an initial step when designing energy harvesting devices utilizing air bubbles sliding along a solid surface.
Photoexcited charge-carrier transport in monolayer and bulk bismuth oxyiodide: the impact of the polaronic effect and deep-level defects
Authors: Thongnum Anusit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI), in monolayer and bulk forms, is a lead-free semiconductor material that has sparked increased interest for applications in perovskite solar cells and x-ray detectors. It is vital to clarify the transport nature of photoexcited charge-carriers to improve device performance. However, the transport scattering mechanisms remain poorly understood, and a detailed explanation of the measured charge-carrier mobilities in this material system is still under scrutiny. Herein, we implement transport scattering models that include LO phonon scattering based on the polaronic effect and ionized impurity scattering due to deep-level defects to elucidate photoexcited charge mobilities. We found that large polarons produced by photoexcited charge carriers coupled with LO phonon modes of 86 cm−1 and 156 cm−1 play a key role in the transport process of the BiOI system. Large polaron mobility provides a good explanation for the measured mobilities in single crystal samples between 26–83 cm2V−1s−1 at 295 K. The estimated results from both transport scattering models agree with the temperature-dependent mobilities measured in thin-film samples, between 13 cm2V−1s−1 at 5 K and 3 cm2V−1s−1 at 295 K. This work provides important insights into a band-like transport feature in the BiOI system.
Bell inequality violation in relativity theory
Authors: Belinsky A V , Dzhadan I I 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A violation of Bell local realism inequalities in Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt form has been discovered in a relativistic Gedankenexperiment. This means that there are no definite joint probabilities and this finds a classical explanation in the structure of special relativity. The discovered nonlocality is weaker than Albert Einstein’s quantum ‘spooky action at a distance’, and its presence suggests certain parallels between special relativity and quantum mechanics.
Perturbing the Stable Accretion Disk in Kerr and 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet Gravities: Comprehensive Analysis of Instabilities and Dynamics
Authors: Donmez Orhan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The study of a disturbed accretion disk holds great significance in the realm of astrophysics, as such events play a crucial role in revealing the nature of disk structure, the release of energy, and the generation of shock waves. Consequently, they can help explain the causes of X-ray emissions observed in black hole accretion disk systems. In this paper, we perturb the stable disk formed by spherical accretion around Kerr and Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (EGB) black holes. This perturbation reveals one- and two-armed spiral shock waves around the black hole. We find a strong connection between these waves and the black hole spin parameter (a/M) and the EGB coupling constant (α). Specifically, we find that as α increases in the negative direction, the dynamics of the disk and the waves become more chaotic. Additionally, we observe that the angular momentum of the perturbing matter significantly affects mass accretion and the oscillation of the arising shock waves. This allows us to observe changes in QPO frequencies, particularly, perturbations with angular momentum matching the observed C−type low-frequency QPOs of the GRS 1915+105 source. Thus, we conclude that the possibility of the occurrence of shock waves within the vicinity of GRS 1915+105 is substantial.
Novel low-temperature adsorption material Ni0.85Se for efficient removal of elemental mercury from coal-fired flue gas
Authors: Lu Junhua , Chen Shuo , Zhang Meilin , Wu Jiang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Mercury pollution poses a serious hazard to the ecological environment and human well-being. The issue of mercury emissions has always been a hot topic of concern. In this work, spherical Ni0.85Se material was successfully prepared and applied for the first time in the mercury removal of coal-fired flue gas. After a series of experiments and characterization studies, it was found that Ni0.85Se has excellent mercury removal performance in low-temperature environments below 120°C, especially with almost 100% mercury removal efficiency below 60°C. It effectively removes mercury from the coal-fired flue gas at power stations and can be adopted as an effective adsorption material for mercury removal in other industries with coal combustion.
Three-dimensional ZnO/CC coupled with external magnetic field for controlled sodium deposition
Authors: Wang Yunfei , Wang Xia , Li Shandong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Sodium-metal batteries are garnering increasing attention due to their utilization of abundant resources and high theoretical specific capacity. However, the growth of sodium dendrites has remained a challenging issue, which makes it difficult to apply. In this study, we employ carbon cloth as a substrate to mitigate the sodium dendrite growth, onto which sodium-affinitive material ZnO is grown to facilitate uniform nucleation. Furthermore, we enhance the cycling stability and rate performance significantly by introducing an external magnetic field. Under a 200 mT applied magnetic field and deposition/stripping at 1 mA/cm2 and 1 mAh/cm2, symmetric cells exhibit a remarkable cycling stability exceeding 1200 hours. Additionally, in full cells, NVP is used for the positive electrode, and ZnO/CC is the negative electrode, with a capacity of 108 mAh/g, and energy density maintained at 429.4 Wh/kg over 200 cycles under the influence of a 200 mT magnetic field.
Comparison of two vacuum system technologies for the synchrotron storage ring: case study of Iranian Light Source Facility
Authors: Karimi H. , Ghiam Sh. , Afhami S. , Khosravi N. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The current study compares two vacuum system designs for the Iranian Light Source Facility (ILSF) storage ring: conventional vacuum system design with stainless-steel vacuum chambers that are pumped by Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) cartridges and ion pumps. In this design, all synchrotron radiation is absorbed by the local photon absorbers. In the second design, the water-cooled copper tubes that are coated with NEG materials are used as the vacuum chambers. This study will illustrate the advantages of using the NEG-coated vacuum chambers over the conventional design with the stainless-steel chambers. Since the two designs for ILSF are now completed, some of the details of this comparison might be interesting to other light sources, especially those that have plans to upgrade to a 4th generation.
Highly aligned pyrolytic graphite blades for neutron monochromatization
Authors: Zhang Hongxia , Liu Juanjuan , Zhang Yufeng , Wang Jinchen , Xu Daye , Cheng Peng , Wang Hongliang , Bao Wei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Highly aligned pyrolytic graphite blades for neutron monochromatization have been fabricated successfully from smaller commercial highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) crystals. These blades of a large coverage area, 136 mm wide × 2 mm high, are achieved with minimum increase of the mosaic over that of the original HOPG crystal. A specialized crystal cleavage device and soldering device are developed for the fabrication process. Furthermore, an optimized intermittent mode of the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique is employed to deposit indium on HOPG crystals. The devices and procedure reported here could be applied to the development of the focusing monochromators and analyzers in neutron scattering instruments using a sizable neutron beam.
A computing module for speeding up the bunch-by-bunch measurement of transverse positions and transverse profiles within injection period
Authors: Wu Ruizhe , Wang Jigang , Lu Ping , Sun Baogen , Tang Leilei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Multi-Bend-Achromat (MBA) structure of the
Diffraction-limited Synchrotron Light Source (DLSR) makes the
dynamic range of its injection significantly smaller, thus posing a
more demanding challenge for the stable injection of beams. To
investigate the possible instabilities during the injection process,
multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (MAPMT) are used in bunch-by-bunch
measurements to obtain the transverse positions and transverse
profiles of the bunched beams as they are injected. However, the
data processing time witnessed in prior measurements posed a
significant challenge in obtaining this information in time, thus
failing to meet the stringent demands of online
measurements. Consequently, this paper proposes one computing
module, engineered to enhance the speed of bunch-by-bunch
measurements of transverse positions and profiles. This solution is
capable of delivering measurement results for each bunch in the
filling pattern, all within the specified injection period.
Design and beam dynamics validation of a spiral FFAG accelerator for CSNS-II
Authors: Wu Bin , Zhou Kai , Xu Shouyan , Den Changdong , Huang Mingyang , Bao Yu , Jing Hangtao , Li Xiao 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The fixed-field alternating gradient (FFAG) accelerator, with its compact structure and the combined advantages of high energy from synchrotrons and high beam intensity from cyclotrons, offers unparalleled benefits in accelerating protons, heavy ions, and short-lived particles such as muons and unstable nuclei. The China Spallation Neutron Source plans to establish an FFAG accelerator with a diameter of 20 meters at the end of the negative hydrogen linac for various purposes, including experiments in nuclear physics and medical applications. For this design, a scaling scheme using spiral magnets as the basic focusing structure is investigated to provide the proton beam with kinetic energy ranging from 300 MeV to 600 MeV. We present the design results for the scaling FFAG accelerator and discuss the optimization of the cell tune. A detailed beam dynamics verification and discussion of the proposed FFAG accelerator lattice are presented using the ray-tracing code Zgoubi, including off-axis optical characteristics, large amplitude transverse motion, and full-cycle longitudinal acceleration. The FFAG accelerator is demonstrated to provide a large transverse and longitudinal acceptance for the tracking beam in the designed lattice. A new simulation code based on Python for the study of FFAG accelerator beam dynamics has been developed, and the corresponding verification results are also presented.
Charge generation by passive plant leaf motion at low wind speeds: design and collective behavior of plant-hybrid energy harvesters
Authors: Meder Fabian , Armiento Serena , Naselli Giovanna Adele , Mondini Alessio , Speck Thomas , Mazzolai Barbara 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Energy harvesting techniques can exploit even subtle passive motion like that of plant leaves in wind as a consequence of contact electrification of the leaf surface. The effect is strongly enhanced by artificial materials installed as ‘artificial leaves’ on the natural leaves creating a recurring mechanical contact and separation. However, this requires a controlled mechanical interaction between the biological and the artificial component during the complex wind motion. Here, we build and test four artificial leaf designs with varying flexibility and degrees of freedom across the blade operating on Nerium oleander plants. We evaluate the apparent contact area (up to 10 cm2 per leaf), the leaves’ motion, together with the generated voltage, current and charge in low wind speeds of up to 3.3 m s−1 and less. Single artificial leaves produced over 75 V and 1 µA current peaks. Softer artificial leaves increase the contact area accessible for energy conversion, but a balance between softer and stiffer elements in the artificial blade is optimal to increase the frequency of contact-separation motion (here up to 10 Hz) for energy conversion also below 3.3 m s−1. Moreover, we tested how multiple leaves operating collectively during continuous wind energy harvesting over several days achieve a root mean square power of ∼6 µW and are capable to transfer ∼80 µC every 30–40 min to power a wireless temperature and humidity sensor autonomously and recurrently. The results experimentally reveal design strategies for energy harvesters providing autonomous micro power sources in plant ecosystems for example for sensing in precision agriculture and remote environmental monitoring.
Improving structural damage tolerance and fracture energy via bamboo-inspired void patterns
Authors: Zhu Xiaoheng , Liu Jiakun , Hua Yucong , Tertuliano Ottman A , Raney Jordan R 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Bamboo has a functionally-graded microstructure that endows it with a combination of desirable properties, such as high failure strain, high toughness, and a low density. As a result, bamboo has been widely used in load-bearing structures. In this work, we study the use of bamboo-inspired void patterns to geometrically improve the failure properties of structures made from brittle polymers. We perform finite element analysis and experiments on 3D-printed structures to quantify the effect of the shape and spatial distribution of voids on the fracture behavior. The introduction of periodic, uniformly distributed voids in notched bend specimens leads to a 15-fold increase in the fracture energy relative to solid specimens. Adding a gradient to the pattern of voids leads to a cumulative 55-fold improvement in the fracture energy. Mechanistically, the individual voids result in crack blunting, which suppresses crack initiation, while neighboring voids redistribute stresses throughout the sample to enable large deformation before failure.
Moving object detection based on bioinspired background subtraction
Authors: Zheng Zhu’anzhen , Guo Aike , Wu Zhihua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Flying insects rely mainly upon visual motion to detect and track objects. There has been a lot of research on fly inspired algorithms for object detection, but few have been developed based on visual motion alone. One of the daunting difficulties is that the neural and circuit mechanisms underlying the foreground-background segmentation are still unclear. Our previous modeling study proposed that the lobula held parallel pathways with distinct directional selectivity, each of which could retinotopically discriminate figures moving in its own preferred direction based on relative motion cues. The previous model, however, did not address how the multiple parallel pathways gave the only detection output at their common downstream. Since the preferred directions of the pathways along either horizontal or vertical axis were opposite to each other, the background moving in the opposite direction to an object also activated the corresponding lobula pathway. Indiscriminate or ungated projection from all the pathways to their downstream would mix objects with the moving background, making the previous model fail with non-stationary background. Here, we extend the previous model by proposing that the background motion-dependent gating of individual lobula projections is the key to object detection. Large-field lobula plate tangential cells are hypothesized to perform the gating to realize bioinspired background subtraction. The model is shown to be capable of implementing a robust detection of moving objects in video sequences with either a moving camera that induces translational optic flow or a static camera. The model sheds light on the potential of the concise fly algorithm in real-world applications.
NSPCs-ES: mechanisms and functional impact on central nervous system diseases
Authors: Si Yu , Hayat Muhammad Abid , Hu Jiabo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Patients with central neuronal damage may suffer severe consequences, but effective therapies remain unclear. Previous research has established the transplantation of neural stem cells that generate new neurons to replace damaged ones. In a new field of scientific research, the extracellular secretion of NPSCs (NSPCs-ES) has been identified as an alternative to current chemical drugs. Many preclinical studies have shown that NSPCs-ES are effective in models of various central nervous system diseases (CNS) injuries, from maintaining functional structures at the cellular level to providing anti-inflammatory functions at the molecular level, as well as improving memory and motor functions, reducing apoptosis in neurons, and mediating multiple signaling pathways. The NSPC-ES can travel to the damaged tissue and exert a broad range of therapeutic effects by supporting and nourishing damaged neurons. However, gene editing and cell engineering techniques have recently improved therapeutic efficacy by modifying NSPCs-ES. Consequently, future research and application of NSPCs-ES may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of CNS diseases in the future. In this review, we summarize the current progress on these aspects.