bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homoepitaxial growth of β‐Ga2O3 layers by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Wagner Guenter , Baldini Michele , Gogova Daniela , Schmidbauer Martin , Schewski Robert , Albrecht Martin , Galazka Zbigniew , Klimm Detlef , Fornari Roberto 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEpitaxial β‐Ga2O3 layers have been grown on β‐Ga2O3 (100) substrates using metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. Trimethylgallium and pure oxygen or water were used as precursors for gallium and oxygen, respectively. By using pure oxygen as oxidant, we obtained nano‐crystals in form of wires or agglomerates although the growth parameters were varied in wide range. With water as an oxidant, smooth homoepitaxial β‐Ga2O3 layers were obtained under suitable conditions. Based on thermodynamical considerations of the gas phase and published ab initio data on the catalytic action of the (100) surface of β‐Ga2O3 we discuss the adsorption and incorporation processes that promote epitaxial layer growth. The structural properties of the β‐Ga2O3 epitaxial layers were characterized by X‐ray diffraction pattern and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. As‐grown layers exhibited sharp peaks that were assigned to the monocline gallium oxide phase and odd reflections that could be assigned to stacking faults and twin boundaries, also confirmed by TEM. Shifts of the layer peak towards smaller 2θ values with respect to the Bragg reflection for the bulk peaks have been observed. After post growth thermal treatment in oxygen‐containing atmosphere the reflections of the layers do shift back to the position of the bulk β‐Ga2O3 peaks, which was attributed to significant reduction of lattice defects in the grown layers after thermal treatment.
Identification of Plasmalogen Cardiolipins from Pectinatus by Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Řezanka Tomáš , Matoulková Dagmar , Kyselová Lucie , Sigler Karel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHigh resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HR‐ESI–MS/MS) was used to analyze cardiolipins (Ptd2Gro) including their plasmalogen forms from three species of the anaerobic beer‐spoilage bacterial genus Pectinatus. Cardiolipins including their plasmalogens were analyzed by HR‐ESI–MS/MS on Orbitrap and almost 100 cardiolipins (i.e. tetra‐acyl—Ptd2Gro, plasmenyl‐tri‐acyl—PlsPtd2Gro, and di‐plasmenyl‐di‐acyl—Pls2Ptd2Gro) of three classes were identified. The structures of the molecular species that consist of various regioisomers and structurally similar compounds were revealed in detail. The high resolution mass spectrometry allowed the unambiguous structural assignment of Ptd2Gro, PlsPtd2Gro, and Pls2Ptd2Gro in the three species of Pectinatus, which contain predominantly odd numbered fatty acids.
Non-degenerate singularities of integrable dynamical systems
Authors: ZUNG NGUYEN TIEN 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe give a natural notion of non-degeneracy for singular points of integrable non-Hamiltonian systems, and show that such non-degenerate singularities are locally geometrically linearizable and deformation rigid in the analytic case. We conjecture that the same result also holds in the smooth case, and prove this conjecture for systems of type $(n, 0)$, i.e. $n$ commuting smooth vector fields on an $n$-manifold.
Weak specification properties and large deviations for non-additive potentials
Authors: VARANDAS PAULO , ZHAO YUN 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe obtain large deviation bounds for the measure of deviation sets associated with asymptotically additive and sub-additive potentials under some weak specification properties. In particular, a large deviation principle is obtained in the case of uniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems. Some applications to the study of the convergence of Lyapunov exponents are given.
Abiding by the Vote: Between-Groups Conflict in International Collective Action
Authors: Schneider Christina J. , Slantchev Branislav L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe analyze institutional solutions to international cooperation when actors have heterogeneous preferences over the desirability of the action and split into supporters and opponents, all of whom can spend resources toward their preferred outcome. We study how actors can communicate their preferences through voting when they are not bound either by their own vote or the outcome of the collective vote. We identify two organizational types with endogenous coercive enforcement and find that neither is unambiguously preferable. Like the solutions to the traditional Prisoners' Dilemma these forms require long shadows of the future to sustain. We then show that cooperation can be sustained through a noncoercive organization where actors delegate execution to an agent. Even though this institution is costlier, it does not require any expertise by the agent and is independent of the shadow of the future, and thus is implementable when the others are not.
Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of laser driven multi-layered flyer
Authors: Chen L. , Wang F. , Wu J.Y. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA flyer with high velocity and good integrity can be obtained by laser driven multi-layered film. In order to deeply study the action mechanism, a calculation model of laser driven multi-layered flyer has been established, taking into account the effect of multi-layered on flyer velocity increase. Multi-layered flyer velocity driven by laser pulse beam has been calculated to decide film configuration capable of forming a high velocity flyer. Taking this film configuration as object, an intense laser driven multi-layered flyer experiment has been conducted to obtain flyer velocity and verify calculation model. In order to analyze flyer motion details, a two-dimensional axisymmetric computation model of laser driven flyer has been established. In this study, laser energy spatial-temporal distribution, film ablation, and plasma absorption laser to drive flyer have been considered. Saha ionization equilibrium equation is adopted to calculate film ionization degree and give plasma state equation. Dynamic mesh algorithm is used to calculate flyer motion. Coupled numerical simulation of laser ablation, laser interaction with plasma and plasma driven flyer has been achieved. Results show that flyer velocity firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of ablation layer thickness. Ablation layer has an optical laser absorption depth for different layer materials. Plasma velocity distribution is linear in axial when flyer accelerates. Insulation layer can decrease flyer temperature effectively to keep flyer integrity.
Spatio-temporal analysis of Salmonella surveillance data in Thailand
Authors: DOMINGUES A. R. , VIEIRA A. R. , HENDRIKSEN R. S. , PULSRIKARN C. , AARESTRUP F. M. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThis study evaluates the usefulness of spatio-temporal statistical tools to detect outbreaks using routine surveillance data where limited epidemiological information is available. A dataset from 2002 to 2007 containing information regarding date, origin, source and serotype of 29 586 Salmonella isolates from Thailand was analysed. Data was grouped into human and non-human categories and the analysis was performed for the top five occurring serovars for each year of the study period. A total 91 human and 39 non-human significant spatio-temporal clusters were observed, accounting for 11% and 16% of the isolates, respectively. Serovar-specific associations between human and non-human clusters were also evaluated. Results show that these statistical tools can provide information for use in outbreak prevention and detection, in countries where only limited data is available. Moreover, it is suggested that monitoring non-human reservoirs can be relevant in predicting future Salmonella human cases.
Schmallenberg virus detection in bovine semen after experimental infection of bulls
Authors: VAN DER POEL W. H. M. , PARLEVLIET J. M. , VERSTRATEN E. R. A. M. , KOOI E. A. , DER HONING R. HAKZE-VAN , STOCKHOFE N. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYTo study Schmallenberg virus (SBV) excretion in bovine semen after experimental infection, two bulls were inoculated subcutaneously with a SBV isolate (1 ml Vero cell culture 106TCID50). After inoculation (at day 0), semen was collected daily from both animals for 21 days and samples were tested for SBV by qRT–PCR assay. At 24 days post-inoculation both animals were subjected to necropsy and the genital organs and lymph nodes draining these organs were also tested for SBV RNA (qRT–PCR). After SBV infection both animals in the study showed viraemia (qRT–PCR) with fever and diarrhoea. SBV RNA could be detected in semen from both animals. The highest SBV RNA concentrations in semen were found in the first week (days 4–7 post-inoculation) but concentrations were relatively low (Ct values 30–39). Viable SBV was only isolated from blood samples and not from semen or genital tissues.
Debunking the Myth of the Volunteers: Transnational Volunteering in the Nazi Waffen-SS Officer Corps during the Second World War
Authors: GUTMANN MARTIN 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article explores the pre-war background of the Swiss, Swedish and Danish men who volunteered for the Nazi Waffen-SS combat formation during the Second World War. Through a detailed biographical examination of officer corps volunteers, this article contradicts what I call the myth of the volunteers – a long-standing popular and to some extent scholarly interpretation that perceives the volunteers as lower-class, social outsiders of a criminally inclined or mentally unstable nature. Instead this article demonstrates that these men held a distinctly European outlook and were characterised by a high level of education, intellect and their strong personal character. Moreover, they had with few exceptions developed a longing for a radical reorganisation of the European political, social and economic landscape before joining the Waffen-SS. This longing was amplified by what these men perceived as a threat to the core of European civilisation coming not only from the Bolshevik East but also from the Anglo-Liberal West.
The Turkish Drawbridge: European Integration and the Cultural Economics of National Planning
Authors: DÖŞEMECI MEHMET 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relations between the Turkish State Planning Organisation (SPO) and the Western economic system during the first two decades of national planning in Turkey (1960–1980). It traces how the SPO, established with the guidance and full endorsement of international economic institutions came to vehemently oppose Turkish participation in one of their pillars: the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union. It argues that the shift in the SPO's world-view was founded upon two distinct understandings of the Turkish nation and its development, situates these understandings within the intellectual history of Turkey's past ambivalence towards the West, and, in doing so, provides a historical case-study of the ideological clash between modernisation and dependency theories of development.
Recombinant Human Prion Protein Inhibits Prion Propagation in vitro
Authors: Yuan Jue , Zhan Yi-An , Abskharon Romany , Xiao Xiangzhu , Martinez Manuel Camacho , Zhou Xiaochen , Kneale Geoff , Mikol Jacqueline , Lehmann Sylvain , Surewicz Witold K. , Castilla Joaquín , Steyaert Jan , Zhang Shulin , Kong Qingzhong , Petersen Robert B. , Wohlkonig Alexandre , Zou Wen-Quan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPrion diseases are associated with the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathological scrapie isoform (PrPSc) in the brain. Both the in vivo and in vitro conversion of PrPC into PrPSc is significantly inhibited by differences in amino acid sequence between the two molecules. Using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), we now report that the recombinant full-length human PrP (rHuPrP23-231) (that is unglycosylated and lacks the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor) is a strong inhibitor of human prion propagation. Furthermore, rHuPrP23-231 also inhibits mouse prion propagation in a scrapie-infected mouse cell line. Notably, it binds to PrPSc, but not PrPC, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of recombinant PrP results from blocking the interaction of brain PrPC with PrPSc. Our findings suggest a new avenue for treating prion diseases, in which a patient's own unglycosylated and anchorless PrP is used to inhibit PrPSc propagation without inducing immune response side effects.
Conformational change of Sos-derived proline-rich peptide upon binding Grb2 N-terminal SH3 domain probed by NMR
Authors: Ogura Kenji , Okamura Hideyasu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGrowth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is a small adapter protein composed of a single SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. The N-terminal SH3 (nSH3) domain of Grb2 binds a proline-rich region present in the guanine nucleotide releasing factor, son of sevenless (Sos). Using NMR relaxation dispersion and chemical shift analysis methods, we investigated the conformational change of the Sos-derived proline-rich peptide during the transition between the free and Grb2 nSH3-bound states. The chemical shift analysis revealed that the peptide does not present a fully random conformation but has a relatively rigid structure. The relaxation dispersion analysis detected conformational exchange of several residues of the peptide upon binding to Grb2 nSH3.
De novo identification of VRC01 class HIV-1–neutralizing antibodies by next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Wu Xueling , Zhang Baoshan , McKee Krisha , O’Dell Sijy , Soto Cinque , Zhou Tongqing , Casazza Joseph P. ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Mullikin James C. , Kwong Peter D. , Mascola John R. , Shapiro Lawrence , Becker Jesse , Benjamin Betty , Blakesley Robert , Bouffard Gerry , Brooks Shelise , Coleman Holly , Dekhtyar Mila , Gregory Michael , Guan Xiaobin , Gupta Jyoti , Han Joel , Hargrove April , Ho Shi-ling , Johnson Taccara , Legaspi Richelle , Lovett Sean , Maduro Quino , Masiello Cathy , Maskeri Baishali , McDowell Jenny , Montemayor Casandra , Mullikin James , Park Morgan , Riebow Nancy , Schandler Karen , Schmidt Brian , Sison Christina , Stantripop Mal , Thomas James , Thomas Pam , Vemulapalli Meg , Young Alice 
Published: October 2013

Significance
An extraordinary influx of sequencing information is revolutionizing biological inquiry. While sequences of entire antibody repertoires are straightforward to obtain, understanding antibody function on the basis of sequence alone has remained elusive. Can bioinformatics identify function-specific antibodies within the ocean of B cell transcripts representing unrelated specificities? We undertook the challenge of identifying antibodies of the VRC01 class. These antibodies individually neutralize up to 90% of HIV-1; although they share less than 50% sequence identity they do have characteristic sequence motifs and evolutionary relatedness. Our bioinformatics methods identified heavy and light chains from a new donor that could form functional antibodies and neutralize HIV-1 effectively. Identification of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies of the VRC01 class can thus occur solely on the basis of bioinformatics analysis of a sequenced antibody repertoire.
Nonequilibrium dynamics of helix reorganization observed by transient 2D IR spectroscopy
Authors: Tucker Matthew J. , Abdo Mohannad , Courter Joel R. , Chen Jianxin , Brown Stephen P. , Smith Amos B. , Hochstrasser Robin M. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Exploration of the helix–coil transition, a fundamental aspect in protein conformational dynamics, remains controversial, with published timescales differing by more than two orders of magnitude. We report measurements of the temporal evolution of local structural parameters within a helix, exploring the free energy landscape near but not initially at the equilibrium conformational distribution. The model helical peptide was constrained with a photosensitive cross-link that can be released in tens of picoseconds upon laser irradiation. Transient 2D IR spectroscopy was used to record structural snapshots of bond distance and bond angle during formation of a single helical turn in an already-nucleated helix upon photorelease. This nonequilibrium approach permits access to transient structures that are averaged out in standard methods.
Electrostatic origin of the unidirectionality of walking myosin V motors
Authors: Mukherjee Shayantani , Warshel Arieh 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The origin of the directional motion in cytoskeleton-based molecular motors has been a major puzzle in spite of the significant advances made by several experimental studies. Especially, an understanding of the unidirectionality of such systems from the structure/energy viewpoint is still lacking. This study attempts to understand the directionality in myosin V, one of the actin-based cytoskeleton motors involved in shuttling cellular cargo, and establishes the previously unknown role of electrostatics in guiding the directional motion.
Minimum-resistance shapes in linear continuum mechanics
Authors: Zabarankin Michael 
Published: October 2013

A necessary optimality condition for the problem of the minimum-resistance shape for a rigid three-dimensional inclusion displaced in an unbounded isotropic elastic medium subject to a constraint on the volume of the inclusion is obtained through Betti's reciprocal work theorem. It generalizes Pironneau's optimality condition for the minimum-drag shape for a rigid body immersed into a uniform Stokes flow and is specialized for axisymmetric inclusions in axisymmetric and transversal translations. In both cases of translation, the three-dimensional displacement field is represented in terms of generalized analytic functions, and the three-dimensional elastostatics problem is reduced to boundary-integral equations (BIEs) via the generalized Cauchy integral formula. Minimum-resistance shapes are found in the semi-analytical form of functional series from an iterative procedure coupling the optimality condition and the BIEs. They are compared with the minimum-resistance spheroids and with the minimum-resistance spindle-shaped and lens-shaped bodies. Remarkably, in the axisymmetric translation, the minimum-resistance shapes transition from spindle-like shapes to almost prolate spheroidal shapes as the Poisson ratio changes from 1/2 to 0, whereas in the transversal translation, they are close to oblate spheroidal shapes for any Poisson ratio.
In Vivo Intracellular pH Measurements in Tobacco andArabidopsisReveal an Unexpected pH Gradient in the Endomembrane System
Authors: Martinière Alexandre , Bassil Elias , Jublanc Elodie , Alcon Carine , Reguera Maria , Sentenac Hervé , Blumwald Eduardo , Paris Nadine 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe pH homeostasis of endomembranes is essential for cellular functions. In order to provide direct pH measurements in the endomembrane system lumen, we targeted genetically encoded ratiometric pH sensors to the cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the trans-Golgi, or the compartments labeled by the vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR), which includes the trans-Golgi network and prevacuoles. Using noninvasive live-cell imaging to measure pH, we show that a gradual acidification from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lytic vacuole exists, in both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) epidermal (ΔpH −1.5) and Arabidopsis thaliana root cells (ΔpH −2.1). The average pH in VSR compartments was intermediate between that of the trans-Golgi and the vacuole. Combining pH measurements with in vivo colocalization experiments, we found that the trans-Golgi network had an acidic pH of 6.1, while the prevacuole and late prevacuole were both more alkaline, with pH of 6.6 and 7.1, respectively. We also showed that endosomal pH, and subsequently vacuolar trafficking of soluble proteins, requires both vacuolar-type H+ ATPase–dependent acidification as well as proton efflux mediated at least by the activity of endosomal sodium/proton NHX-type antiporters.
ArabidopsisRECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN30 and Receptor-Like Kinase SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1/EVERSHED Mediate Innate Immunity to Necrotrophic Fungi
Authors: Zhang Weiguo , Fraiture Malou , Kolb Dagmar , Löffelhardt Birgit , Desaki Yoshitake , Boutrot Freddy F.G. , Tör Mahmut , Zipfel Cyril , Gust Andrea A. , Brunner Frédéric 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEffective plant defense strategies rely in part on the perception of non-self determinants, so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), by transmembrane pattern recognition receptors leading to MAMP-triggered immunity. Plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens with a broad host range is complex and yet not well understood. Particularly, it is unclear if resistance to necrotrophs involves pattern recognition receptors. Here, we partially purified a novel proteinaceous elicitor called SCLEROTINIA CULTURE FILTRATE ELICITOR1 (SCFE1) from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that induces typical MAMP-triggered immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of natural genetic variation revealed five Arabidopsis accessions (Mt-0, Lov-1, Lov-5, Br-0, and Sq-1) that are fully insensitive to the SCFE1-containing fraction. We used a forward genetics approach and mapped the locus determining SCFE1 sensitivity to RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN30 (RLP30). We also show that SCFE1-triggered immune responses engage a signaling pathway dependent on the regulatory receptor-like kinases BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1/EVERSHED (SOBIR1/EVR). Mutants of RLP30, BAK1, and SOBIR1 are more susceptible to S. sclerotiorum and the related fungus Botrytis cinerea. The presence of an elicitor in S. sclerotiorum evoking MAMP-triggered immune responses and sensed by RLP30/SOBIR1/BAK1 demonstrates the relevance of MAMP-triggered immunity in resistance to necrotrophic fungi.
Banking against Humanity: The Holocaust, the Reichsbank Loot Film and the American Prosecution at the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal
Authors: Reynolds Kevin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article examines the complex circumstances surrounding the use of Reichsbank Loot, a film shown by the American Prosecution at the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Used as part of the case against former Reichsbank President and Minister of Economics, Walther Funk, who was charged, inter alia, with crimes against humanity, the film appeared to provide straightforward visual evidence of some of the products of genocide that had been handled by the Reichsbank during the war. It consisted of a simple sequence of close‐up views of valuables such as necklaces, rings, gems, broaches and fob watches. It also showed boxes full of gold dentures. Yet, ulike other films shown at Nuremberg, the veracity of this American‐made film was called into question by a number of people, both at the trial and since, most notably by the convicted Holocaust denier David Irving. Now that it has recently become publicly available, the time is ripe for a reassessment of the film and the case against Funk that it supported. This article assesses the veracity of the film and offers some explanations why the silence relating to the film and the case more generally has persisted until now.