bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extent of colonization by Raffaelea quercivora of artificially inoculated living and gamma‐ray‐sterilized seedlings of two Japanese and three American oak species
Authors: Torii M. , Matsuda Y. , Ito S. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryMass mortality of Fagacean tree species caused by Raffaelea quercivora has occurred widely in Japan. Because conidia or other propagules of the pathogen have not been found in infected trees, pathogen spread is assumed to occur primarily by hyphae. To clarify the relationship between hyphal growth of the pathogen within trees and their vessel arrangements, we examined two native Japanese oaks, Quercus crispula and Quercus glauca, and three exotic American oaks, Quercus coccinea, Quercus palustris and Quercus rubra. Quercus glauca is a radial‐porous species, whereas the other four species have a ring‐porous wood structure. Hyphal growth within inoculated potted living seedlings and in cut, sterilized stem segments of these species was examined microscopically after fungal inoculation. Water conductance in the seedlings was examined using transverse stem sections. The proportion of non‐conductive sapwood in Q. crispula, Q. coccinea and Q. palustris differed between inoculation and control treatment, being much higher in inoculated seedlings. The proportions were positively correlated with the extent of the hyphal growth. In sterilized stem segments, the extent of fungal colonization varied among the foreign ring‐porous species Q. coccinea, Q. palustris and Q. rubra. It is hypothesized that the extent of colonization by R. quercivora reflects the extent of non‐conductive sapwood irrespective of tree species, but is little affected by vessel arrangements.
Sporendocladia bactrospora associated with wounds on native broadleaved trees in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Roux J. , Solheim H. , Kamgan Nkuekam G. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryA survey to identify ophiostomatoid fungi that infect wounds on native Norwegian and Swedish broadleaved trees was undertaken during summer 2004. A fungus resembling a species of Sporendocladia was commonly isolated from the exposed cambium and inner bark of wounds. Morphological examination and comparisons of DNA sequence data for the ITS and 5.8S regions of the rRNA gene region led to its identification as Sporendocladia bactrospora. Pathogenicity trials on young Populus tremula and Betula pubescens trees showed that S. bactrospora is capable of causing lesions on these trees. There have been few previous reports of S. bactrospora, and in most cases, these have been as saprophytes on wood. In contrast, results of this study show that it is a common inhabitant of freshly made wounds on native broadleaved trees in Scandinavia, and it appears to contribute to staining of wood.
Clinical and social correlates of duration of untreated psychosis among adult‐onset psychosis in Hong Kong Chinese: the JCEP study
Authors: Hui Christy Lai‐Ming , Lau Winnie Wing‐Yin , Leung Chung‐Ming , Chang Wing‐Chung , Tang Jennifer Yee‐Man , Wong Gloria Hoi‐Yan , Chan Sherry Kit‐Wa , Lee Edwin Ho‐Ming , Chen Eric Yu‐Hai 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimUnderstanding factors that contribute to treatment delay would inform early detection and intervention strategies in psychotic disorders. However, existing data were mixed and primarily conducted among early‐onset young patients. We examined duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and its clinical and sociodemographic correlates in a large cohort of adult‐onset patients with psychosis.MethodsA total of 360 patients with first‐onset psychosis aged 26–55 years were recruited consecutively as part of a controlled study of an early psychosis intervention service in Hong Kong Chinese. Demographic, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics relating to DUP were assessed within 4 months of onset.ResultsThe population had a mean onset age of 36.6 years (SD = 8.7). The mean and median DUP were 515 days (SD = 1091) and 93 days (inter‐quartile range from 20 to 382.3), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis suggested that insidious mode of onset, hospitalization, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, poorer insight and younger age at onset significantly prolonged DUP. DUP was not related to premorbid functioning, family involvement during help seeking and living alone.ConclusionsThe initial period of untreated psychosis is determined by multiple factors. Whether family involvement is considered a kind of social support in shortening or prolonging DUP needs further examination. Local early intervention program for psychosis should take reference from these findings when formulating personalized plans to reduce delay.
Evaluating the students' perspectives of a clinic mentoring programme
Authors: Schwartz B. , Saad M. N. , Goldberg D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe and examine the effectiveness of a mentoring program for third and fourth year clinical dental students. This is an educational intervention for the pre‐doctoral students at the Schulich School of Dentistry. We have recently instituted this program and have developed a questionnaire to assess the student perspectives using a SWOT analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this intervention by analyzing the quantitative and qualitative responses of the students towards their clinical education and patient management. Our findings, both quantitative and qualitative, indicated that the mentoring program was well received by most students who would like to see the program expanded. The majority of students felt that the mentoring program aligned well with comprehensive care of their patients while enhancing their clinical experience. One of the strongest areas of agreement involved the ability to discuss cases in a non‐threatening environment. The SWOT analysis identified key areas for future improvements. We offer steps to successfully implement a similar program based on our findings. It is our hope that our results might be instrumental for other schools wishing to adopt a similar model which supports patient‐based comprehensive care.
Successful clinical and organisational change in endodontic practice: a qualitative study
Authors: Koch M. , Englander M. , Tegelberg Å. , Wolf E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explicate and describe the qualitative meaning of successful clinical and organizational change in endodontic practice, following a comprehensive implementation program, including the integration of the nickel‐titanium‐rotary‐technique. After an educational intervention in the Public Dental Service in a Swedish county, thematic in‐depth interviews were conducted, with special reference to the participants' experience of the successful change. Interviews with four participants, were purposively selected on the basis of occupation (dentist, dental assistant, receptionist, clinical manager), for a phenomenological human scientific analysis. Four constituents were identified as necessary for the invariant, general structure of the phenomenon: 1) disclosed motivation, 2) allowance for individual learning processes, 3) continuous professional collaboration, and 4) a facilitating educator. The perceived requirements for achieving successful clinical and organizational change in endodontic practice were clinical relevance, an atmosphere which facilitated discussion and allowance for individual learning patterns. The qualities required in the educator were acknowledged competence with respect to scientific knowledge and clinical expertise, as well as familiarity with conditions at the dental clinics. The results indicate a complex interelationship among various aspects of the successful change process.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: a rare infectious complication following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)
Authors: Kaufman Gregory P. , Aksamit Allen J. , Klein Christopher J. , Yi Eunhee S. , DeLone David R. , Litzow Mark R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disorder caused by brain infection with JC virus, is a neurological complication of immunocompromised states and immunosuppressive therapies. While most commonly seen in the HIV/AIDS population, patients with hematologic malignancies are also at risk following treatment protocols including monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we present the case of PML following allogeneic HCT that highlights potential diagnostic difficulties. We also review the literature regarding PML following HCT and described therapies employed to attempt to treat this disorder.
Extended‐access, but not limited‐access, methamphetamine self‐administration induces behavioral and nucleus accumbens dopamine response changes in rats
Authors: Le Cozannet Romain , Markou Athina , Kuczenski Ronald 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTo better understand the neurobiology of methamphetamine (METH) dependence and the cognitive impairments induced by METH use, we compared the effects of extended (12 h) and limited (1 h) access to METH self‐administration on locomotor activity and object place recognition, and on extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and caudate‐putamen. Rats were trained to self‐administer intravenous METH (0.05 mg/kg). One group had progressively extended access up to 12‐h sessions. The other group had limited‐access 1‐h sessions. Microdialysis experiments were conducted during a 12‐h and 1‐h session, in which the effects of a single METH injection (self‐administered, 0.05 mg/kg, i.v.) on extracellular dopamine levels were assessed in the nucleus accumbens and caudate‐putamen compared with a drug‐naive group. The day after the last 12‐h session and the following day experimental groups were assessed for their locomotor activities and in a place recognition procedure, respectively. The microdialysis results revealed tolerance to the METH‐induced increases in extracellular dopamine only in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the caudate‐putamen in the extended‐access group compared with the control and limited‐access groups. These effects may be associated with the increased lever‐pressing and drug‐seeking observed during the first hour of drug exposure in the extended‐access group. This increase in drug‐seeking leads to higher METH intake and may result in more severe consequences in other structures responsible for the behavioral deficits (memory and locomotor activity) observed in the extended‐access group, but not in the limited‐access group.
Monkey gaze behaviour during action observation and its relationship to mirror neuron activity
Authors: Maranesi Monica , Ugolotti Serventi Francesca , Bruni Stefania , Bimbi Marco , Fogassi Leonardo , Bonini Luca 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMirror neurons (MNs) of the monkey ventral premotor cortex (area F5) are a class of cells that match the visual descriptions of others' actions with correspondent motor representations in the observer's brain. Several human studies suggest that one's own motor representations activated during action observation play a role in directing proactive eye movements to the site of the upcoming hand–target interaction. However, there are no data on the possible relationship between gaze behaviour and MN activity. Here we addressed this issue by simultaneously recording eye position and F5 MN activity in two macaques during free observation of a grasping action. More than half of the recorded neurons discharged stronger when the monkey looked at the action than when it did not look at it, but their firing rate was better predicted by ‘when’ rather than by ‘how long’ the monkey gazed at the location of the upcoming hand–target interaction. Interestingly, the onset of MN response was linked to the onset of the experimenter's movement, thus making motor representations potentially exploitable to drive eye movements. Furthermore, MNs discharged stronger and earlier when the gaze was ‘proactive’ compared with ‘reactive’, indicating that gaze behaviour influences MN activity. We propose that feedforward, automatic representations of other's actions could lead eye movements that, in turn, would provide the motor system with feedback information that enhances the neural representations of the ongoing action.
Spatiotopic perceptual learning mediated by retinotopic processing and attentional remapping
Authors: Zhang En , Zhang Gong‐Liang , Li Wu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVisual processing takes place in both retinotopic and spatiotopic frames of reference. Whereas visual perceptual learning is usually specific to the trained retinotopic location, our recent study has shown spatiotopic specificity of learning in motion direction discrimination. To explore the mechanisms underlying spatiotopic processing and learning, and to examine whether similar mechanisms also exist in visual form processing, we trained human subjects to discriminate an orientation difference between two successively displayed stimuli, with a gaze shift in between to manipulate their positional relation in the spatiotopic frame of reference without changing their retinal locations. Training resulted in better orientation discriminability for the trained than for the untrained spatial relation of the two stimuli. This learning‐induced spatiotopic preference was seen only at the trained retinal location and orientation, suggesting experience‐dependent spatiotopic form processing directly based on a retinotopic map. Moreover, a similar but weaker learning‐induced spatiotopic preference was still present even if the first stimulus was rendered irrelevant to the orientation discrimination task by having the subjects judge the orientation of the second stimulus relative to its mean orientation in a block of trials. However, if the first stimulus was absent, and thus no attention was captured before the gaze shift, the learning produced no significant spatiotopic preference, suggesting an important role of attentional remapping in spatiotopic processing and learning. Taken together, our results suggest that spatiotopic visual representation can be mediated by interactions between retinotopic processing and attentional remapping, and can be modified by perceptual training.
Phenomenology without Representation
Authors: Raleigh Thomas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractI criticise a recent variety of argument for the representational theory of experience, which holds that the very idea of perceptual experience entails the representational view. I argue that the representational view is not simply obvious, nor is it contained in the mere idea of the world looking some way. I also clarify and re‐present an argument against the representational view due to Charles Travis.
Nitrous oxide emission reduction with greenwaste biochar: comparison of laboratory and field experiments
Authors: Felber R. , Leifeld J. , Horák J. , Neftel A. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryWe compared (i) nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from a 9‐month field experiment established on a temperate, newly sown, intensively managed meadow using automated chambers with fine time resolution, and (ii) fluxes measured at several occasions throughout the experiment under controlled laboratory conditions. Twenty tonnes dry matter ha−1 greenwaste biochar were added to three plots and compared with three control plots. Cumulated N2O field measurements revealed a reduction of 21.5% in the plots with biochar. The reductions for samples where the biochar was added at the beginning of the experiment in the field and samples which were collected each month and measured in the laboratory were in the same range (11.4–39.2%). Emission reductions from laboratory incubations when biochar was freshly mixed with soil in the laboratory were about twice as large (46.5–58.0%). Our results indicate provisionally that, at our site, biochar controls N2O emission through its capacity for reducing NO3− availability to denitrifiers, with the efficiency being related to the effectiveness of mixing of biochar in soil.
Effect of biochar addition on soil respiration partitioning and root dynamics in an apple orchard
Authors: Ventura M. , Zhang C. , Baldi E. , Fornasier F. , Sorrenti G. , Panzacchi P. , Tonon G. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBiochar addition to soil has been suggested as a promising strategy to increase soil carbon storage with important side‐effects on soil fertility and crop productivity. Understanding the effect of biochar on soil respiration partitioning into rhizosphere‐derived (Fr) and soil organic carbon‐derived (Fsoc) components and on plant root dynamics and microbial activity is a crucial issue in the prediction of the impact of biochar on soil organic carbon and nutrient cycles. Within this framework, an experiment was carried out in an apple (Malus domestica Bork) orchard located in the experimental farm of the Bologna University (Italy). In spring 2009, 10 t of biochar per hectare were incorporated into the surface 20‐cm soil layer by soil ploughing. The trenching method was used in order to partition total soil respiration (Fs) into Fr and Fsoc components in both biochar‐treated and control soil. Soil respiration measurements were performed from June 2009 to March 2011. To study root dynamics, polycarbonate boxes were built and buried into the soil. Soil profile pictures were collected fortnightly with a CCD sensor scanner inserted in the boxes and analysed with the WinRHIZO Tron MF software. Biochar addition increased Fsoc and reduced Fr, even if the root length intensity (La) increased in biochar‐treated soils relative to that in the control. A decrease in root metabolic activity was postulated to explain these contrasting results.
Habitat area and climate stability determine geographical variation in plant species range sizes
Authors: Morueta‐Holme Naia , Enquist Brian J. , McGill Brian J. , Boyle Brad , Jørgensen Peter M. , Ott Jeffrey E. , Peet Robert K. , Šímová Irena , Sloat Lindsey L. , Thiers Barbara , Violle Cyrille , Wiser Susan K. , Dolins Steven , Donoghue John C. , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Regetz Jim , Schildhauer Mark , Spencer Nick , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDespite being a fundamental aspect of biodiversity, little is known about what controls species range sizes. This is especially the case for hyperdiverse organisms such as plants. We use the largest botanical data set assembled to date to quantify geographical variation in range size for ~ 85 000 plant species across the New World. We assess prominent hypothesised range‐size controls, finding that plant range sizes are codetermined by habitat area and long‐ and short‐term climate stability. Strong short‐ and long‐term climate instability in large parts of North America, including past glaciations, are associated with broad‐ranged species. In contrast, small habitat areas and a stable climate characterise areas with high concentrations of small‐ranged species in the Andes, Central America and the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest region. The joint roles of area and climate stability strengthen concerns over the potential effects of future climate change and habitat loss on biodiversity.
Damped long‐term host–parasite Red Queen coevolutionary dynamics: a reflection of dilution effects?
Authors: Decaestecker Ellen , De Gersem Herbert , Michalakis Yannis , Raeymaekers Joost A.M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn increase in biological diversity leads to a greater stability of ecosystem properties. For host–parasite interactions, this is illustrated by the ‘dilution effect’: a negative correlation between host biodiversity and disease risk. We show that a similar mechanism might stabilise host–parasite dynamics at a lower level of diversity, i.e. at the level of genetic diversity within host species. A long‐term time shift experiment, based on a historical reconstruction of a Daphnia–parasite coevolution, reveals infectivity cycles with more stable amplitude in experienced than in naive hosts. Coevolutionary models incorporating an increase in host allelic diversity over time explain the detected asymmetry. The accumulation of resistance alleles creates an opportunity for the host to stabilise Red Queen dynamics. It leads to a larger arsenal enhancing the host performance in its coevolution with the parasite in which ‘it takes all the running both antagonists can do to keep in the same place’.
Chronic sublethal stress causes bee colony failure
Authors: Bryden John , Gill Richard J. , Mitton Robert A. A. , Raine Nigel E. , Jansen Vincent A. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCurrent bee population declines and colony failures are well documented yet poorly understood and no single factor has been identified as a leading cause. The evidence is equivocal and puzzling: for instance, many pathogens and parasites can be found in both failing and surviving colonies and field pesticide exposure is typically sublethal. Here, we investigate how these results can be due to sublethal stress impairing colony function. We mathematically modelled stress on individual bees which impairs colony function and found how positive density dependence can cause multiple dynamic outcomes: some colonies fail while others thrive. We then exposed bumblebee colonies to sublethal levels of a neonicotinoid pesticide. The dynamics of colony failure, which we observed, were most accurately described by our model. We argue that our model can explain the enigmatic aspects of bee colony failures, highlighting an important role for sublethal stress in colony declines.
Activity restriction and the mechanistic basis for extinctions under climate warming
Authors: R. Kearney Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCorrelative analyses predict that anthropogenic climate warming will cause widespread extinction but the nature and generality of the underlying mechanisms is unclear. Warming‐induced activity restriction has been proposed as a general explanatory mechanism for recent population extinctions in lizards, and has been used to forecast future extinction. Here, I test this hypothesis using globally applied biophysical calculations of the effects of warming and shade reduction on potential activity time and whole‐life‐cycle energy budgets. These ‘thermodynamic niche’ analyses show that activity restriction from climate warming is unlikely to provide a general explanation of recent extinctions, and that loss of shade is viable alternative explanation. Climate warming could cause population declines, even under increased activity potential, through joint impacts on fecundity and mortality rates. However, such responses depend strongly on behaviour, habitat (shade, food) and life history, all of which should be explicitly incorporated in mechanistic forecasts of extinction risk under climate change.