bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of a Modeling Resin and Thermocycling on the Surface Hardness, Roughness, and Color of Different Resin Composites
Authors: Tuncer Safa , Demirci Mustafa , Tiryaki Murat , Ünlü Nimet , Uysal Ömer 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStatement of ProblemThe application of modeling resin could affect the surface quality and color of resin composites.PurposeTo evaluate the effects of modeling resin on the microhardness, roughness, and color of composite restorations, with and without thermocycling.MethodsSixty disc‐shaped specimens for each resin composite were prepared in three groups: Group 1: A resin composite disc was cured against a polyester matrix and finished/polished; Group 2: A composite instrument was wetted withBiscoModelingResin (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA) to smooth the composite surface, which was cured against a polyester matrix and finished/polished; Group 3: A composite instrument was wetted with modeling resin to smooth the composite surface, which was cured against a polyester matrix. Microhardness, roughness, and color were measured 24 hours after curing and after 10,000 thermocycles.ResultsModeling resin significantly influenced the microhardness ofGrandioSO(Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) and Gradia Direct Posterior (GC America, Alsip, IL, USA), and the surface roughness ofGrandioSO,FiltekSilorane (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), andAeliteAllPurposeBody (Bisco) (p < 0.05). The microhardness of the Group 1 resin composites was affected by thermocycling (p < 0.05); however, thermocycling had no significant effect on surface roughness (p > 0.05). Tested composites showed clinically perceptible color changes after thermocycling. In Group 1,FiltekUltimate (3M ESPE) showed the lowest color change (p < 0.05), and in Group 2,FiltekSilorane showed the highest significant color changes (p < 0.05).ConclusionsModeling resin did not affect the microhardness, surface roughness, and color ofAeliteLS Posterior (Bisco),FiltekUltimate (3M ESPE), andClearfilMajestyEsthetic (Kuraray Medical Inc, Tokyo, Japan) specimens. Also, thermocycling process only affected microhardness of tested resin composites.Clinical SignificanceThe effect of modeling resin on surface microhardness, roughness, and color stability of composite materials depends on the type of resin composite. In clinical practice, the adverse effects of modeling resin might be alleviated by a proper finishing and polishing procedure.
Between tradition and innovation: developing Flood Risk Management Plans in the Netherlands
Authors: Jong Pieter , Brink Margo van den 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTraditionally, governmental authorities in the Netherlands have a strong focus on the construction and maintenance of flood defences, such as dikes and dams. The last decades, however, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of spatial planning for flood risk management. With the arrival of the Floods Directive (2007), it is likely that even more attention will be paid to sustainable spatial planning to reduce flood risks. From an institutional perspective, this paper explores the way in which the Netherlands is now attempting to further integrate water management and spatial planning in the preparation of its first Flood Risk Management Plans. The current internal policy debate centres around five important issues concerning the required measures, instruments, rules, governance styles and time perspectives. Maintaining its strong, engineering‐based water management tradition, and at the same time institutionalising a framework for a more holistic flood risk management that comprises not only rules and regulations for probability reduction but also for impact reduction through sustainable spatial planning turns out to be a challenging task. The recently established national Delta Commissioner (2012) could be an important stimulus for the further integration and innovation of water management and spatial planning.
In‐Hospital Mortality and Coronary Procedure Use for Individuals with Dementia with Acute Myocardial Infarction in the United States
Authors: Tehrani David M. , Darki Leila , Erande Ashwini , Malik Shaista 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesTo determine in‐hospital mortality differences in individuals with dementia and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) when using invasive coronary procedures.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample.ParticipantsIndividuals admitted with a primary diagnosis of AMI (N = 631,734) to 1,045 hospitals in 44 states during 2009.MeasurementsDementia status and procedural use of diagnostic catheterization, percutaneous intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) as indicated by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality. Using multivariable analysis adjusted for covariates, associations were made between coronary procedural use in individuals with dementia and in‐hospital mortality. Additional multivariable analysis identified the association between utilization of coronary procedures and in‐hospital mortality in AMI patients with dementia.ResultsDementia diagnosis (n = 15,335) was associated with greater likelihood of in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15–1.29, P < .001) and less use of diagnostic catheterization (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.35–0.40, P < .001), PCI (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.35–0.40, P < .001), and CABG (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.16–0.22, P < .001). There was less likelihood of in‐hospital mortality in participants with dementia who received diagnostic catheterization (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.16–0.78, P < .001), PCI (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.47–0.70, P < .001), or CABG (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.08–0.56, P < .001) than in those not receiving respective interventions.ConclusionDementia is a significant predictor of in‐hospital mortality for hospitalized individuals with AMI and is associated with less use of invasive coronary procedures. Beyond differing care patterns for individuals with AMI and dementia, these results indicate that individuals with dementia are at substantially greater risk for in‐hospital mortality when they do not receive procedural interventions.
Environmental Implications and Costs of Municipal Solid Waste‐Derived Ethylene
Authors: Nuss Philip , Gardner Kevin H , Bringezu Stefan 
Published: November 2013

SummaryCarbon recycling, in which organic waste is recycled into chemical feedstock for material production, may provide benefits in resource efficiency and a more cyclical economy—but may also create “trade‐offs” in increased impacts elsewhere. We investigate the system‐wide environmental burdens and cost associated with carbon recycling routes capable of converting municipal solid waste (MSW) by gasification and Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis into ethylene. Results are compared to business‐as‐usual (BAU) cases in which ethylene is derived from fossil resources and waste is either landfilled with methane and energy recovery (BAU#1) or incinerated (BAU#2) with energy recovery. Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis is used to assess uncertainties of the results. Results indicate that carbon recycling may lead to a reduction in cumulative energy demand (CED), total material requirement (TMR), and acidification, when compared to BAU#1. Global warming potential is found to be similar or slightly lower than BAU#1 and BAU#2. In comparison to BAU#2, carbon recycling results in higher CED, TMR, acidification, and smog potential, mainly as a result of larger (fossil‐based) energy offsets from energy recovery. However, if a renewable power mix (envisioned for the future) is assumed to be offset, BAU#2 impacts may be similar or higher than carbon recycling routes. Production cost per kilogram (kg) MSW‐derived ethylene range between US$1.85 and US$2.06 (Jan 2011 US$). This compares to US$1.17 per kg for fossil‐based ethylene. Waste‐derived ethylene breaks even with its fossil‐based counterpart at a tipping fee of roughly US$42 per metric ton of waste feedstock.
Increased toll‐like receptor 4 in cerebral endothelial cells contributes to the astrocyte swelling and brain edema in acute hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Jayakumar Arumugam R. , Tong Xiao Y. , Curtis Kevin M. , Ruiz‐Cordero Roberto , Abreu Maria T. , Norenberg Michael D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAstrocyte swelling and the subsequent increase in intracranial pressure and brain herniation are major clinical consequences in patients with acute hepatic encephalopathy. We recently reported that conditioned media from brain endothelial cells (ECs) exposed to ammonia, a mixture of cytokines (CKs) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), when added to astrocytes caused cell swelling. In this study, we investigated the possibility that ammonia and inflammatory agents activate the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) in ECs, resulting in the release of factors that ultimately cause astrocyte swelling. We found a significant increase in TLR4 protein expression when ECs were exposed to ammonia, CKs or LPS alone, while exposure of ECs to a combination of these agents potentiate such effects. In addition, astrocytes exposed to conditioned media from TLR4‐silenced ECs that were treated with ammonia, CKs or LPS, resulted in a significant reduction in astrocyte swelling. TLR4 protein up‐regulation was also detected in rat brain ECs after treatment with the liver toxin thioacetamide, and that thioacetamide‐treated TLR4 knock‐out mice exhibited a reduction in brain edema. These studies strongly suggest that ECs significantly contribute to the astrocyte swelling/brain edema in acute hepatic encephalopathy, likely as a consequence of increased TLR4 protein expression by blood‐borne noxious agents.
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Ammonia and inflammatory agents, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines (CKs), activate the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) in endothelial cells (ECs) ultimately resulting in astrocyte swelling. TLR4 protein upregulation was detected in rat brain ECs in acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE), whereas TLR4 knock‐out mice exhibited a reduction in brain edema after AHE. These studies suggest that ECs significantly contribute to the astrocyte swelling/brain edema in AHE.
Fibre type composition in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of primates: implications for the evolution of orthogrady in hominoids
Authors: Neufuss J. , Hesse B. , Thorpe S. K. S. , Vereecke E. E. , D'Aout K. , Fischer M. S. , Schilling N. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe axial musculoskeletal system is important for the static and dynamic control of the body during both locomotor and non‐locomotor behaviour. As a consequence, major evolutionary changes in the positional habits of a species are reflected by morpho‐functional adaptations of the axial system. Because of the remarkable phenotypic plasticity of muscle tissue, a close relationship exists between muscle morphology and function. One way to explore major evolutionary transitions in muscle function is therefore by comparative analysis of fibre type composition. In this study, the three‐dimensional distribution of slow and fast muscle fibres was analysed in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of two lemuriform (mouse lemur, brown lemur) and four hominoid primate species (white‐handed gibbon, orangutan, bonobo, chimpanzee) in order to develop a plausible scenario for the evolution of the contractile properties of the axial muscles in hominoids and to discern possible changes in muscle physiology that were associated with the evolution of orthogrady. Similar to all previously studied quadrupedal mammals, the lemuriform primates in this study exhibited a morpho‐functional dichotomy between deep slow contracting local stabilizer muscles and superficial fast contracting global mobilizers and stabilizers and thus retained the fibre distribution pattern typical for quadrupedal non‐primates. In contrast, the hominoid primates showed no regionalization of the fibre types, similar to previous observations in Homo. We suggest that this homogeneous fibre composition is associated with the high functional versatility of the axial musculature that was brought about by the evolution of orthograde behaviours and reflects the broad range of mechanical demands acting on the trunk in orthograde hominoids. Because orthogrady is a derived character of euhominoids, the uniform fibre type distribution is hypothesized to coincide with the evolution of orthograde behaviours.
Periosteal thickness and cellularity in mid‐diaphyseal cross‐sections from human femora and tibiae of aged donors
Authors: Moore Shannon R. , Milz Stefan , Knothe Tate Melissa L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDue to lack of access in healthy patients, the structural properties underlying the inherent regenerative power and advanced material properties of the human periosteum are not well understood. Periosteum comprises a cellular cambium layer directly apposing the outer surface of bone and an outer fibrous layer encompassed by the surrounding soft tissues. As a first step to elucidating the structural and cellular characteristics of periosteum in human bone, the current study aims to measure cambium and fibrous layer thickness as well as cambium cellularity in human femora and tibiae of aged donors. The major and minor centroidal axes (CA) serve as automated reference points in cross‐sections of cadaveric mid‐diaphyseal femora and tibiae. Based on the results of this study, within a given individual, the cambium layer of the major CA of the tibia is significantly thicker and more cellular than the respective layer of the femur. These significant intraindividual differences do not translate to significant interindividual differences. Further, mid‐diaphyseal periosteal measures including cambium and fibrous layer thickness and cellularity do not correlate significantly with age or body mass. Finally, qualitative observations of periosteum in amputated and contralateral or proximal long bones of the lower extremity show stark changes in layer organization, thickness, and cellularity. In a translational context, these novel data, though inherently limited by availability and accessibility of human mid‐diaphyseal periosteum tissue, provide important reference values for the use of periosteum in the context of facilitated healing and regeneration of tissue.
A qualitative study of the relationships between residents and nursing homes nurses
Authors: Palacios‐Ceña Domingo , Losa‐Iglesias Marta Elena , Gómez‐Calero Cristina , Cachón‐Pérez José Miguel , Brea‐Rivero Miguel , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César 
Published: November 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore the relationships between residents and nurses in Spanish nursing homes.BackgroundThe nurses are one of the elements conditioning the life of the nursing home resident, influencing sense of security and mediating the relationships among residents.DesignA qualitative phenomenological approach was applied.MethodsAn initial purposeful sampling of Spanish residents from nursing homes in the southern area of Madrid was conducted. The study included nursing home residents, aged 60 and over, with no cognitive impairment and who were able to communicate verbally in Spanish. Data were collected using unstructured and semi‐structured interviews, researcher field notes, and personal diaries and letters from the residents. Data collection was concluded once theoretical saturation was reached, and data were analysed using the Giorgi proposal.ResultsTwo main themes emerged: (1) ‘meeting the nursing home nurses,’ residents interact with nurses and establish relationships with them. The relationship is perceived as positive yet distant, and at times it is difficult to establish a closer relationship; and (2) ‘managing relationships with the nursing home nurses,’ residents learn to manage their relationships with the nurses, acquiring new behaviours to get closer to them, avoiding confrontations and helping each other.ConclusionsResidents manage their relationships with nurses using multiple behavioural strategies. They perceive these adjustments as necessary to facilitate daily life or avoid problems and/or confrontations. Deepening the relationships between residents and nurses could improve the management of nursing homes.Relevance to clinical practiceDialogue and active listening with residents must be incorporated into the daily nursing care. It should be given the same attention to all residents, with special attention to residents with cognitive and functional difficulties.
Coronary heart disease patients transitioning to a normal life: perspectives and stages identified through a grounded theory approach
Authors: Najafi Ghezeljeh Tahereh , Yadavar Nikravesh Mansoureh , Emami Azita 
Published: November 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore how Iranian patients with coronary heart disease experience their lives.BackgroundCoronary heart disease is a leading cause of death in Iran and worldwide. Understanding qualitatively how patients experience the acute and postacute stages of this chronic condition is essential knowledge for minimising the negative consequences of coronary heart disease.DesignQualitative study using grounded theory for the data analysis.MethodsData for this study were collected through individual qualitative interviews with 24 patients with coronary heart disease, conducted between January 2009 and January 2011. Patients with angina pectoris were selected for participation through purposive sampling, and sample size was determined by data saturation. Data analysis began with initial coding and continued with focused coding. Categories were determined, and the core category was subsequently developed and finalised.ResultsThe main categories of the transition from acute phase to a modified or ‘new normal’ life were: (1) Loss of normal life. Experiencing emotions and consequences of illness; (2) Coming to terms. Using coping strategies; (3) Recreating normal life. Healthcare providers must correctly recognise the stages of transition patients navigate while coping with coronary heart disease to support and educate them appropriately throughout these stages.ConclusionPatients with coronary heart disease lose their normal lives and must work towards recreating a revised life using coping strategies that enable them to come to terms with their situations.Relevance to clinical practiceBy understanding Iranian patients' experiences, healthcare providers and especially nurses can use the information to support and educate patients with coronary heart disease on how to more effectively deal with their illness and its consequences.
Student‐recruited samples in organizational research: A review, analysis, and guidelines for future research
Authors: Wheeler Anthony R. , Shanine Kristen K. , Leon Matthew R. , Whitman Marilyn V. 
Published: November 2013

Student‐recruited sampling, a technique involving the use of student recruiters to find participants on behalf of a researcher, has been increasingly used in organizational research; yet there has been little attempt to understand its implications for the conclusions scholars draw from research. In this study, we meta‐analyse studies of engagement and perceptions of politics in order to examine whether student‐recruited sampling leads to samples that differ from other samples and whether those differences result in different observed relationships between variables. We found that student‐recruited samples were not substantively demographically different from non‐student‐recruited samples. Further, we found few differences in the observed correlations of student‐recruited samples compared with non‐student‐recruited samples; the differences found would not lead to different practical conclusions from the findings. We discuss the implications of these results for future studies and provide guidance for researchers, reviewers, and editors regarding the use of student‐recruited samples in organizational research.Practitioner points

The type of sample used can lead to over‐ or under‐representation of demographic characteristics with the sample, which has unknown affects on analyses of data.

Student‐recruited samples may lead to smaller effect sizes of observed statistical relationships.
Suppression of mast cell activity contributes to the osteoprotective effect of an herbal formula containing Herba Epimedii, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and Fructus Psoraleae
Authors: Chan Ben Chung Lap , Lee Hoi Ying , Siu Wing Sum , Yip Kwok Ho , Ko Chun Hay , Lau Clara Bik San , Leung Ping Chung , Lau Hang Yung Alaster 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Mast cells are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis as their number is increased in osteoporotic bones. Herba Epimedii, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and Fructus Psoraleae are three Chinese herbs traditionally for tonifying the ‘kidney system’ and a herbal formula (ELP) containing the respective herbs at the weight ratio of 5 : 4 : 1 was shown to prevent osteoporosis. This study evaluated if suppression of mast cell accumulation and activity contribute to the anti-osteoporotic action of ELP.

Methods
The herbs were boiled under reflux to produce the aqueous extract that was further concentrated under reduced pressure and lyophilized. An in-vivo rat osteoporosis model using hind limb unloading was employed for studying the accumulation of mast cells. The human mast cell line, LAD2, was employed to evaluate the mast cell modulating action of ELP.

Key findings
Mast cell number in the tibiae of hind limb unloaded rats increased significantly during the course of osteoporosis. ELP treatment (10 g/kg/day) prevented both osteoporosis and mast cell accumulation in these rats. Furthermore, ELP significantly inhibited histamine and tumour necrosis factor-α release from LAD2 cells.

Conclusion
Mast cells contributed to hormone independent osteoporosis. The suppression of mast cell accumulation and activation may contribute to the anti-osteoporotic action of ELP.
Simpson's Method of Discs for Measurement of Echocardiographic End‐Diastolic and End‐Systolic Left Ventricular Volumes: Breed‐Specific Reference Ranges in Boxer Dogs
Authors: Smets P. , Daminet S. , Wess G. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundBoxer dogs are predisposed to congenital and adult onset cardiac diseases. Breed‐specific reference values for M‐mode and Doppler echocardiographic measurements previously have been established. Left ventricular (LV) end‐systolic (ESV) and end‐diastolic volumes (EDV) can be measured by M‐mode or two‐dimensional methods, such as Simpson's method of discs (SMOD). Reference ranges for SMOD‐derived LV volumes are lacking.ObjectivesTo determine reference intervals for EDV and ESV in Boxer dogs.AnimalsPreviously collected data from 85 healthy Boxers (37 males and 48 females) were used for analysis.MethodsSimpson's method of discs‐derived EDV and ESV were measured using offline analysis by 1 observer, in both the right parasternal and the left apical views. Measurements were compared between both views and between male and female dogs using a t‐test. Reference intervals were established using the mean + 2 × SD.ResultsMeasurements obtained from both views showed good agreement, and mean EDVI and ESVI, indexed to body surface area (BSA), were calculated. Reference intervals were 49–93 mL/m² for EDVI, and 22–50 mL/m² for ESVI. EDV and ESV were significantly higher in males compared with females, when indexing to BSA, but not when indexing to body weight.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe upper limit for ESVI exceeds the previously suggested cut‐off of 30 mL/m² for detection of systolic dysfunction. The reference intervals generated in this study should be useful clinically in the assessment of LV size and function in Boxer dogs.