bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic ecosystem fragmentation drives shared and unique patterns of sexual signal divergence among three species of Bahamian mosquitofish
Authors: Giery Sean T. , Layman Craig A. , Langerhans R. Brian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhen confronted with similar environmental challenges, different organisms can exhibit dissimilar phenotypic responses. Therefore, understanding patterns of phenotypic divergence for closely related species requires considering distinct evolutionary histories. Here, we investigated how a common form of human‐induced environmental alteration, habitat fragmentation, may drive phenotypic divergence among three closely related species of Bahamian mosquitofish (Gambusia spp.). Focusing on one phenotypic trait (male coloration), having a priori predictions of divergence, we tested whether populations persisting in fragmented habitats differed from those inhabiting unfragmented habitats and examined the consistency of the pattern across species. Species exhibited both shared and unique patterns of phenotypic divergence between the two types of habitats, with shared patterns representing the stronger effect. For all species, populations in fragmented habitats had fewer dorsal‐fin spots. In contrast, the magnitude and trajectory of divergence in dorsal‐fin color, a sexually selected trait, differed among species. We identified fragmentation‐mediated increased turbidity as a possible driver of these trait shifts. These results suggest that even closely related species can exhibit diverse phenotypic responses when encountering similar human‐mediated selection regimes. This element of unpredictability complicates forecasting the phenotypic responses of wild organisms faced with anthropogenic change – an important component of biological conservation and ecosystem management.
Mechanical performance of AA6181 refill friction spot welds under Lap shear tensile loading
Authors: Rosendo T. , Tier M. , Mazzaferro J. , Mazzaferro C. , Strohaecker T. R. , Dos Santos J. F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the fracture behaviour of refill friction spot welding welds under shear tensile loading. Overlap joints of 6181‐T4 aluminium were produced in 1.7‐mm sheets by varying the rotational speed from 1900 to 2900 rpm and the welding time from 2 to 3.4 s while keeping the plunge depth constant at 1.75 mm. After shear tensile tests, the samples were analysed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The strength of the weld and its ductile/brittle behaviour are associated with the nucleation, growth and propagation of two types of cracks: circumferential cracks and annular cracks. Welds produced with longer welding times (≥3 s) and slower rotational speeds (1900 rpm) had higher strengths, low scattering and high energy absorption prior to failure, while welds produced with short welding times (2 to 2.4 s) resulted in poor joints, especially when they also used high rotational speeds.
Invertebrate community dynamics and insect emergence in response to pool drying in a temporary river
Authors: Drummond Laura R. , McIntosh Angus R. , Larned Scott T. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Previous studies of invertebrate responses to hydrological disconnection from the flow and drying have focussed on habitats with long hydroperiods (dry slowly after disconnection, i.e. months to years). We focus here on the effects of short hydroperiods (dry rapidly after disconnection, i.e. hours to days) on river invertebrate communities and insect emergence.

We used natural scour pools in an alluvial river to measure changes in the invertebrate benthos and insect emergence during a 5‐month drought. The scour pools represented a gradient of hydroperiods (time from disconnection to complete water loss). We monitored water level and physicochemical conditions continuously. Benthic invertebrates on the bottom of each pool and aquatic insects that emerged from the surface of each pool as aerial adults were sampled at 1‐ to 7‐day intervals during connected, disconnected and dry periods. We used the data on water level to group the pools into quick‐drying and slow‐drying hydroperiod classes.

Community structure changed as pools disconnected and dried. The densities of larval Diptera were higher in the connected period than in the disconnected period, while those of larval Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera pupae were higher in the disconnected period. Taxon richness was higher in quick‐drying than in slow‐drying pools. Shannon–Wiener diversity increased as water level decreased in slow‐drying pools, but there was no detectable effect of water level on diversity in quick‐drying pools.

Total emergence of aquatic insects increased with decreasing water level in the scour pools. However, emergence rates (individuals per day) of Ephemeroptera and the numerically dominant genus Deleatidium decreased with declining water level.

Some aquatic insects did not complete development in quick‐drying pools. Benthic invertebrates that persisted in pools until complete drying were dominated by taxa with desiccation‐resistance traits.
The influence of surface soil physicochemistry on the edaphic bacterial communities in contrasting terrain types of theCentralNamibDesert
Authors: Gombeer S. , Ramond J.‐B. , Eckardt F. D. , Seely M. , Cowan D. A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNotwithstanding, the severe environmental conditions, deserts harbour a high diversity of adapted micro‐organisms. In such oligotrophic environments, soil physicochemical characteristics play an important role in shaping indigenous microbial communities. This study investigates the edaphic bacterial communities of three contrasting desert terrain types (gravel plains, sand dunes and ephemeral rivers) with different surface geologies in the Central Namib Desert. For each site, we evaluated surface soil physicochemistries and used explorative T‐RFLPmethodology to get an indication of bacterial community diversities. While grain size was an important parameter in separating the three terrain types physicochemically and specific surface soil types could be distinguished, the desert edaphic bacterial communities displayed a high level of local spatial heterogeneity. Ten variables contributed significantly (P < 0.05) to the variance in the T‐RFLPdata sets: fine silt, medium and fine sand content,pH, S, Na, Zn, Al, V and Fe concentrations, and 40% of the total variance could be explained by these constraining variables. The results suggest that local physicochemical conditions play a significant role in shaping the bacterial structures in the Central Namib Desert and stress the importance of recording a wide variety of environmental descriptors to comprehensively assess the role of edaphic parameters in shaping microbial communities.
Does the growth response of woody plants to elevated CO2 increase with temperature? A model‐oriented meta‐analysis
Authors: Baig Sofia , Medlyn Belinda E. , Mercado Lina M. , Zaehle Sönke 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the reaction kinetics of the Rubisco enzyme implies that, at the level of a chloroplast, the response of photosynthesis to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) will increase with increasing air temperature. Vegetation models incorporating this interaction predict that the response of net primary productivity (NPP) to elevated CO2 (eCa) will increase with rising temperature and will be substantially larger in warm tropical forests than in cold boreal forests. We tested these model predictions against evidence from eCa experiments by carrying out two meta‐analyses. Firstly, we tested for an interaction effect on growth responses in factorial eCa × temperature experiments. This analysis showed a positive, but nonsignificant interaction effect (95% CI for above‐ground biomass response = −0.8, 18.0%) between eCa and temperature. Secondly, we tested field‐based eCa experiments on woody plants across the globe for a relationship between the eCa effect on plant biomass and mean annual temperature (MAT). This second analysis showed a positive but nonsignificant correlation between the eCa response and MAT. The magnitude of the interactions between CO2 and temperature found in both meta‐analyses were consistent with model predictions, even though both analyses gave nonsignificant results. Thus, we conclude that it is not possible to distinguish between the competing hypotheses of no interaction vs. an interaction based on Rubisco kinetics from the available experimental database. Experiments in a wider range of temperature zones are required. Until such experimental data are available, model predictions should aim to incorporate uncertainty about this interaction.
Quantification of glypican 3, β‐catenin and claudin‐1 protein expression in hepatoblastoma and paediatric hepatocellular carcinoma by colour deconvolution
Authors: Zhou Shengmei , Parham David M , Yung Evan , Pattengale Paul , Wang Larry 
Published: May 2015

AimsTo identify an immunohistochemical panel for paediatric malignant epithelial liver tumours.Methods and resultsForty‐five hepatoblastomas (HBs), 13 paediatric hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and two hepatocellular malignant neoplasms not otherwise specified (NOS) were chosen for immunohistochemical staining of glypican 3 (GPC3), β‐catenin, claudin‐1, delta‐like protein (DLK), and forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1). Immunostaining was quantitatively analysed with NIH imagej software coupled with colour deconvolution. Different subtypes of HB and HCC showed distinct staining patterns of GPC3, β‐catenin, and claudin‐1. Moreover, GPC3, β‐catenin and claudin‐1 all showed higher expression in classic HCC and embryonal HB than in fetal HB; GPC3 showed complete negativity in small‐cell undifferentiated (SCU) HB and fibrolamellar HCC (FLC); β‐catenin showed the strongest expression in SCU HB but the weakest expression in FLC. A panel of these three immunomarkers was useful for the diagnosis of hepatocellular malignant neoplasms NOS. The expression of DLK and FOXG1 was inconstant among fetal and embryonal HB and classic HCC.ConclusionsA panel of GPC3, β‐catenin and claudin‐1 is helpful for differentiating HB subtypes and distinguishing HB from HCC.
Water‐resistant sunscreens for skin protection: an in vivo approach to the two sources of sunscreen failure to maintain UV protection on consumer skin
Authors: Puccetti G. 
Published: May 2015

SynopsisObjectivesThe water resistance of sunscreen products has taken more importance for the UV protection of consumers involved in water activities and sports. The present work introduces a new in vivo approach to measure the water resistance of sunscreens on the actual skin of subjects, which can be easily applied to salt, chlorine and tap waters. The stress sources of sunscreen films on skin originate from two phenomena: high surface tension stress as the skin transits through the air/water interface and water diffusion into the film immersed in bulk water.MethodsThe water resistance of sunscreen products is measured on the forearms of subjects by means of a new layered water bath approach that physically separates both stresses. Tape strips are subsequently taken and analysed for UV‐A and UV‐B optical densities via (1) imaging for remaining filters and (2) in vitro SPF absorption spectra.ResultsWater‐resistant sunscreens generally perform well when immersed in bulk water even subjected to agitation, but they show a wide range of performances when considering their behaviour at the air/water interface. The differences are more pronounced in salt water than tap water.ConclusionsThe results confirm 2 stress origins in sunscreen exposure to water: interfacial surface tension and bulk water diffusion. Polymers bring improvements to the resistance of sunscreens to bulk water but show wide latitude in performances when subject to the water surface tension stress. Globally, a higher loss of filters is observed in the UV‐A than in the UV‐B, which is attributed to more UV‐A filter loss or degradation and thus resulting in a decreased protection in the UV‐A.
Correlation between methyl anthranilate level and percentage of pollen in Spanish citrus honey
Authors: Juan‐Borrás Marisol , Periche Angela , Domenech Eva , Escriche Isabel 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe common level of methyl anthranilate (MA) in Spanish citrus honey and the correlation between this compound and the percentage of citrus pollen (sometimes underrepresented) are evaluated. The MA analysis methodology was validated before analysing the honeys (harvested in 2011 and 2012), which were characterised by pollen, MA, hydroxymethylfurfural, electrical conductivity, moisture and colour. Pollen ranged 1–88% and MA 0.5–5.9 mg kg−1, and there was no quantitative correlation between both. However, significant correlations with moderate Pearson coefficients were observed: MA/electrical conductivity (−0.678); MA/colour (−0.559); pollen/electrical conductivity (−0.553); and pollen/colour (−0.556). 89.2% of samples from 2011 and 95.4% from 2012 had the required level of citrus pollen (at least 10%), although only 53.5% and 61.4%, respectively, had the commercially required level of MA (2 mg kg−1). Only about half of the samples satisfied both parameters. The MA value should be recommended only when the honey has an unexpectedly low percentage of citrus pollen, and after assessing organoleptic and physicochemical parameters.
The Relationships of Coping, Negative Thinking, Life Satisfaction, Social Support, and Selected Demographics With Anxiety of Young Adult College Students
Authors: Mahmoud Jihan S. R. , Staten Ruth “Topsy” , Lennie Terry A. , Hall Lynne A. 
Published: May 2015

ProblemUnderstanding young adults' anxiety requires applying a multidimensional approach to assess the psychosocial, behavioral, and cognitive aspects of this phenomenon.MethodsA hypothesized model of the relationships among coping style, thinking style, life satisfaction, social support, and selected demographics and anxiety among college students was tested using path analysis. A total of 257 undergraduate students aged 18–24 years completed an online survey. The independent variables were measured using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Brief Students' Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale, the Brief COPE Inventory, the Positive Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Cognition Checklist‐Anxiety. The outcome, anxiety, was measured using the Anxiety subscale of the 21‐item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale.FindingsOnly negative thinking and maladaptive coping had a direct relationship with anxiety. Negative thinking was the strongest predictor of both maladaptive coping and anxiety.ConclusionThese findings suggest that helping undergraduates manage their anxiety by reducing their negative thinking is critical. Designing and testing interventions to decrease negative thinking in college students is recommended for future research.
Epitheliocystis in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) is associated with a β‐proteobacteria
Authors: Contador E , Methner P , Ryerse I , Huber P , Lillie B N , Frasca S , Lumsden J S 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLake trout Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) raised for stocking experienced yearly (2011–13) winter epizootics of epitheliocystis. Affected fish were dispersed on the bottom of the tank, had decreased feed and fright response, and mortality often reached 40%. Peak mortality occurred within 3 weeks of the appearance of clinical signs, and outbreaks typically lasted 6 weeks. Affected fish had no gross lesions but histologically had branchial epithelial necrosis and lamellar hyperplasia, with small to large numbers of scattered epithelial cells containing 10‐ to 20‐μm inclusions. A longitudinal study was undertaken of one annual outbreak, and lamellar hyperplasia was most closely associated with mortality. The number of inclusions was statistically greater (P < 0.05) before and during peak mortality, but inclusions were present in low numbers before clinical signs occurred. Results of histochemical staining, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy supported the presence of a β‐proteobacteria rather than a Chlamydiales bacterium within inclusions. PCR primers to identify Chlamydiales did not give consistent results. However, the use of universal 16S rDNA bacterial primers in conjunction with laser capture microdissection of inclusions demonstrated that a β‐proteobacteria was consistently associated with affected gills and is more likely the cause of the disease in lake trout.
Nature and Extent of External‐Cause Deaths of Nursing Home Residents in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ibrahim Joseph E. , Murphy Briony J. , Bugeja Lyndal , Ranson David 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo describe the nature and extent of external‐cause deaths of residents of nursing homes in Victoria, Australia.DesignA retrospective cohort study of all decedents using routinely collected data contained within the National Coronial Information System.SettingAccredited nursing homes in Victoria.ParticipantsNursing home residents who had died from external causes and whose deaths were reported to the Coroners Court between July 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012.MeasurementsBasic descriptive analysis was conducted to measure frequencies and proportion of exposures within each outcome group, and rates were calculated using population data.ResultsOne thousand two hundred ninety‐six external cause deaths of nursing home residents were identified. Deaths were due to falls (n = 1,155, 89.1%), choking (n = 89, 6.9%), suicide (n = 17, 1.3%), complications of clinical care (n = 8, 0.6%) and resident‐on‐resident assault (n = 7, 0.5%). Deaths occurred more frequently in women (n = 814, 62.8%), in keeping with the sex distribution in nursing homes, and residents aged 85 and older (n = 923, 71.2%). The number of inquests held to investigate a death as a matter of public interest was small (n = 24, 1.9%).ConclusionA significant proportion of nursing home resident deaths are from external causes and are potentially preventable. A shift in community attitudes is required toward an understanding that premature death of a resident from injury is not a natural part of life.
Cyclic fatigue of two different single files with varying kinematics in a simulated double‐curved canal
Authors: Neelakantan Prasanna , Reddy Pallavi , Gutmann James L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the cyclic fatigue of a rotary (One Shape) and reciprocating (Reciproc) single file system in a simulated S‐shaped canal in static and dynamic models.MethodsThe instruments (n = 50 per instrument) were tested in a custom‐made device under static (n = 25) and dynamic loads (n = 25) to determine the number of cycles to fracture (NCF). The length of the fractured segments was also measured. Cyclic fatigue data were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significantly different tests, while the data recorded for the fractured fragment lengths were compared using Student's t‐test with the level of significance set at 0.05.ResultsThe fatigue life of Reciproc was significantly higher in the static (coronal curvature: 717.60 ± 45.32 NCF; apical curvature: 621.80 ± 60.15 NCF) and dynamic models (coronal curvature: 972.40 ± 54.30 NCF, apical curvature: 897.70 ± 47.10 NCF) as compared with One Shape (P < 0.05). The fatigue life was significantly prolonged in the dynamic model for Reciproc (P < 0.05) as compared to One Shape (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that the single file reciprocating system (Reciproc) had a longer fatigue life than the single file rotary system (One Shape).
Industrial Ecosystems and Food Webs: An Expansion and Update of Existing Data for Eco‐Industrial Parks and Understanding the Ecological Food Webs They Wish to Mimic
Authors: Layton Astrid , Bras Bert , Weissburg Marc 
Published: May 2015

SummaryCyclical industrial networks are becoming highly desirable for their efficient use of resources and capital. Progress toward this ideal can be enhanced by mimicking the structure of naturally sustainable ecological food webs (FWs). The structures of cyclic industrial networks, sometimes known as eco‐industrial parks (EIPs), are compared to FWs using a variety of important structural ecological parameters. This comparison uses a comprehensive data set of 144 FWs that provides a more ecologically correct understanding of how FWs are organized than previous efforts. In conjunction, an expanded data set of 48 EIPs gives new insights into similarities and differences between the two network types. The new information shows that, at best, current EIPs are most similar to those FWs that lack the components that create a biologically desirable cyclical structure. We propose that FWs collected from 1993 onward should be used in comparisons with EIPs, given that these networks are much more likely to include important network functions that directly affect the structure. We also propose that the metrics used in an ecological analysis of EIPs be calculated from an FW matrix, as opposed to a community matrix, which, to this point, has been widely used. These new insights into the design of ecologically inspired industrial networks clarify the path toward superior material and energy cycling for environmental and financial success.
Aberration‐corrected STEM for atomic‐resolution imaging and analysis
Authors: KRIVANEK O.L. , LOVEJOY T.C. , DELLBY N. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryAberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes are able to form electron beams smaller than 100 pm, which is about half the size of an average atom. Probing materials with such beams leads to atomic‐resolution images, electron energy loss and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra obtained from single atomic columns and even single atoms, and atomic‐resolution elemental maps. We review briefly how such electron beams came about, and show examples of applications. We also summarize recent developments that are propelling aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes in new directions, such as complete control of geometric aberration up to fifth order, and ultra‐high‐energy resolution EELS that is allowing vibrational spectroscopy to be carried out in the electron microscope.
Finding privacy from a public death: a qualitative exploration of how a dedicated space for end‐of‐life care in an acute hospital impacts on dying patients and their families
Authors: Slatyer Susan , Pienaar Catherine , Williams Anne M. , Proctor Karen , Hewitt Laura 
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectivesTo explore the experiences and perceptions of hospital staff caring for dying patients in a dedicated patient/family room (named Lotus Room).BackgroundDying in hospital is a common outcome for people across the world. However, noise and activity in acute environments present barriers to quality end‐of‐life care. This is of concern because care provided to dying patients has been shown to affect both the patients and the bereaved families.DesignA qualitative descriptive approach was used.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 17 multidisciplinary staff and seven families provided information through an investigator‐developed instrument.ResultsQualitative data analysis generated three categories describing: Dying in an hospital; The Lotus Room; and the Outcomes for patients and families. The Lotus Room was seen as a large, private and, ultimately, safe space for patients and families within the public hospital environment. Family feedback supported staff perspectives that the Lotus Room facilitated family presence and communication.ConclusionsThe privacy afforded by the Lotus Room within this acute hospital provided benefits for the dying patients and grieving families. Improved outcomes included a peaceful death for patients, which may have assisted the family with their bereavement.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides evidence of how the physical environment can address well‐established barriers to quality end‐of‐life care in acute hospitals.