bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liberating Development: Religious Transformations of Development Discourse
Authors: Occhipinti Laurie 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This article explores the ways in which some faith-based organizations, basing their work on notions of social justice, may offer a model for development that shifts the discourse from one that is narrowly focuses on projects and outcomes to one that considers the fundamental questions of how people live. Drawing on themes from liberation theology, their discourse questions the notion of poverty even as they seek to ameliorate human suffering. Based on field research with two Catholic NGOs in Argentina, this paper considers the ways in which some religious organizations employ a discourse based on a holistic notion of “development.”
Between First-Century Apocalyptic and Seventh-Century Liturgy: On 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, and Qillir
Authors: Novick Tzvi 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The relationship between two first- or second-century C.E. Jewish apocalypses, 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, is complex, and remains unresolved. It is well known that elements of both works occur, predicated of Jeremiah, in a singular rabbinic text, Pesiqta Rabbati 26. In this paper, I argue that analysis of the development of the traditions underlying 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch must take more serious account of two pararabbinic texts, a pair of laments by the seventh-century Byzantine poet Qillir.
Registration of Religious Entities and Religious Autonomy in Romania—Old Limitations and New Challenges
Authors: Iordache Romanița Elena 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In January 2013, the Romanian Law on Religious Freedom and the General Status of Religious Denominations reached five years of implementation—the right time to assess the quality of the law, its fairness and enforceability, the way it responded to foreseeable challenges but, most importantly, to unexpected ones. Though, at the time of its adoption, law-makers, practitioners and religious denominations alike considered the law a working compromise doomed to be amended soon, no amendments were made so far. In spite of criticisms concerning the over-restrictive three tier system of registration for religious entities, voiced during the adoption process and subsequently, the biggest challenge for the law came however from a different direction through a little known case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in January 2012 and referred to the Grand Chamber in July 2012. The domestic proceedings as well as the chamber judgment in Sindicatul Păstorul Cel Bun v. Romania highlight that the principle of religious autonomy and the relation between state and Church still need to be defined and enforced in the Romanian context.1
The Hungarian Act CCVI of 2011 on Freedom of Conscience and Religion and on the Legal Status of Churches, Religious Denominations and Religious Associations in Light of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Mink Júlia 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In 2011 Hungary replaced and completely reversed its formerly existing ‘liberal’ regulation of the registration of churches and church status by constituting a system built upon a highly dubious procedure and a set of stricter criteria. The aim of this article is to provide—after a brief summary of the process leading to the adoption of the present regulation—an assessment of the controversial, much debated Act CCVI of 2011 on freedom of conscience and religion and on the legal status of churches, religious denominations and religious associations in view of international human rights law standards as set by the ECHR and the jurisprudence of the ECtHR. The actual implementation and impact of the new Act will be demonstrated via the case of the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship, a small, formerly registered free protestant church of Methodist denomination, which lost its church status after 30 years of lawful operation and still strives for recognition.
The Freedom of Speech of Religious Communities and their Protection from Freedom of Speech in the Hungarian Legal System
Authors: Koltay András 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In keeping with the general European conception of freedom of speech, the Hungarian legal system achieves an appropriate balance between the interests vested in the protection of religious communities and the freedom of expression. In itself the injury, the feeling of hurt caused by criticism or even vilification of religion does not provide adequate grounds for the restriction of speech (an exception from this is the prohibition applicable to commercial communications published in the media). The new constitutional system has not changed this approach. The relevant passages of the new Churches Act are primarily declarative in nature. When examining these provisions which, at first sight, appear to give preference to churches over associations performing religious activities in a broader context, it becomes apparent that, in respect of the freedom of speech of religious communities as well as the protection of such communities from the freedom of speech, no distinction is made between these two types of organisation, the legal status of which are otherwise different.
The Freedom of Religious Association in Hungary: Recent Developments
Authors: Schanda Balázs 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Since 1 January 2012, Hungary has a new constitution as well as a new cardinal act on religious freedom and churches. The new law replaces the registration system granting an equal legal status for all religious communities by a two-tier system with the Parliament having the right to decide on the recognition of religious communities. Other religious communities can act as religious associations enjoying full autonomy but less protection and public support than recognized churches.
Free Movement of Goods and Environmental Protection in EU Law: A Troubled Relationship?
Authors: Poncelet Charles 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between the principle of free movement of goods and the protection of the environment under the umbrella of European Union (EU) law. It will be discussed whether Member States are suitably provided with legal means which enable them to take due account of environmental circumstances when they take measures which have an impact on the circulation of goods within the internal market. To this end, the relevant provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) will be critically analysed in the light of their interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) over the last decades. Particular emphasis will be given to a recent decision of the CJEU which has shed new light on this subject.
Changing the Paradigm of International Criminal Law: Considering the Work of the United Nations War Crimes Commission of 1943–1948
Authors: Plesch Dan , Sattler Shanti 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
More than 2,000 international criminal trials were conducted at the end of World War II in addition to those held by the International Military Tribunals (IMTs) at Nuremburg and Tokyo. Fifteen national tribunals conducted these trials in conjunction with an international war crimes commission established by these same states in October 1943 under the name, The United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, that soon became the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC). The extensive work of the UNWCC and these tribunals serves as a source of customary international criminal law that relates directly to the current work of the International Criminal Court and the ad hoc tribunals in operation since the 1990s.
Ezra as the Corrupter of the Torah? Re-Assessing Ibn Ḥazm’s Role in the Long History of an Idea
Authors: Whittingham Martin 
Published: March 2013

This article explores the originality, quality and influence on non-Muslims of a particular aspect of the work of the Andalusī Muslim Ibn Ḥazm (b. 384/994, d. 456/1064). The focus is the use of the motif of Ezra as corrupter of the Torah, and is examined by means of sustained engagement with the portrayal of Ibn Ḥazm by Hava Lazarus-Yafeh in her influential study, Intertwined Worlds. Building on but also questioning her work, the article examines positive and negative portrayals of Ezra, and explores possible Muslim predecessors of Ibn Ḥazm as a critic of Ezra. The originality and quality of Ibn Ḥazm’s work is questioned, through piecing together often familiar evidence so as to form a new picture of Ibn Ḥazm’s contribution. Lazarus-Yafeh’s suggestion that Ibn Ḥazm directly influenced non-Muslim thought, and therefore the rise of European sceptical Biblical scholarship, via the rabbi Ibn Ezra (b. 1094. d. c. 1167), is also shown to be unlikely.
Cross-correlation between Auditory and Visual Signals Promotes Multisensory Integration
Authors: Parise Cesare V. , Harrar Vanessa , Ernst Marc O. , Spence Charles 
Published: March 2013

Humans are equipped with multiple sensory channels that provide both redundant and complementary information about the objects and events in the world around them. A primary challenge for the brain is therefore to solve the ‘correspondence problem’, that is, to bind those signals that likely originate from the same environmental source, while keeping separate those unisensory inputs that likely belong to different objects/events. Whether multiple signals have a common origin or not must, however, be inferred from the signals themselves through a causal inference process.
Recent studies have demonstrated that cross-correlation, that is, the similarity in temporal structure between unimodal signals, represents a powerful cue for solving the correspondence problem in humans. Here we provide further evidence for the role of the temporal correlation between auditory and visual signals in multisensory integration. Capitalizing on the well-known fact that sensitivity to crossmodal conflict is inversely related to the strength of coupling between the signals, we measured sensitivity to crossmodal spatial conflicts as a function of the cross-correlation between the temporal structures of the audiovisual signals. Observers’ performance was systematically modulated by the cross-correlation, with lower sensitivity to crossmodal conflict being measured for correlated as compared to uncorrelated audiovisual signals. These results therefore provide support for the claim that cross-correlation promotes multisensory integration. A Bayesian framework is proposed to interpret the present results, whereby stimulus correlation is represented on the prior distribution of expected crossmodal co-occurrence.
Late Gothic Altarpieces as Sources of Information on Medieval Wood Use: A Dendrochronological and Art Historical Survey
Authors: Haneca Kristof , De Boodt Ria , Herremans Valérie , De Pauw Hilde , Van Acker Joris , Van de Velde Carl , Beeckman Hans 
Published: March 2013

Wooden altarpieces are important features of European medieval material culture, especially of the Late Gothic Fine Arts from the 15th and 16th century. Many of them were carved in the Brabantine towns of Antwerp, Brussels and Mechelen in present-day Belgium. Although they were highly esteemed and exported all over Europe, little is known about their production process. In order to understand the context of the creation of the altarpieces, a detailed analysis of the wood has been completed to supplement and test historical documentation and art historical approaches.
Tree-ring patterns and anatomical features of 209 wooden sculptures from collections of different museums were analyzed. Tree-ring analysis proved the 15th–16th century origin of the sculptures but also allowed a detailed technical characterization of the carvers' basic material. The striking uniformity of the grain and the sawing pattern revealed that medieval woodcarvers preferred quarter sawn oak lumber, imported from the Baltic area. Stylistic and iconographic hypotheses concerning the current setting of several altarpieces could be founded, based on the wood anatomical and dendrochronological observations.
Intensive collaboration between wood biologists and art historians proved to be essential in order to reconstruct the creation process of carved wooden altarpieces.
Investigation of the Relationships between Anatomical Pattern, Density and Local Swelling of Oak Wood
Authors: Badel E. , Bakour R. , Perré P. 
Published: March 2013

We coupled a digital X-ray imaging system with a humid air conditioner. This new configuration allows the shrinkage behaviour of thin samples to be measured. In order to control both the temperature and the relative humidity in the chamber, an air generator was developed which ensures very stable conditions even over several months. The X-ray beam passes through the chamber to the 2D detector. Twelve samples can be placed on a rotating sample holder. The strain field due to the moisture content variations is determined by an image correlation algorithm, which compares X-ray images collected at different moisture conditions. Moreover, inspection by X-ray simultaneously produces complementary data: the local density and the spatial organisation of the tissues within the anatomical pattern. Twelve oak samples, chosen for their wide variability of the anatomical pattern, were characterised using this device.
Some models available in the literature are used to predict the swelling. fThe comparison between measurements and prediction is rather poor. The variable anatomical structure of the annual rings permits some explanations for this decrepancy and leads to the conclusion that the complete spatial organisation of the tissues has to be quantified to understand and to predict the behaviour of oak wood.
Anatomical Characteristics and Ecological Trends in the Xylem and Phloem of Brassicaceae and Resedacae
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz Hans 
Published: March 2013

The xylem and phloem of Brassicaceae (116 and 82 species respectively) and the xylem of Resedaceae (8 species) from arid, subtropical and temperate regions in Western Europe and North America is described and analysed, compared with taxonomic classifications, and assigned to their ecological range. The xylem of different life forms (herbaceous plants, dwarf shrubs and shrubs) of both families consists of libriform fibres and short, narrow vessels that are 20–50 μm in diameter and have alternate vestured pits and simple perforations. The axial parenchyma is paratracheal and, in most species, the ray cells are exclusively upright or square. Very few Brassicaceae species have helical thickening on the vessel walls, and crystals in fibres. The xylem anatomy of Resedaceae is in general very similar to that of the Brassicaceae. Vestured pits occur only in one species of Resedaceae.
Brassicaceae show clear ecological trends: annual rings are usually distinct, except in arid and subtropical lowland zones; semi-ring-porosity decreases from the alpine zone to the hill zone at lower altitude. Plants with numerous narrow vessels are mainly found in the alpine zone. Xylem without rays is mainly present in plants growing in the Alps, both at low and high altitudes. The reaction wood of the Brassicaceae consists primarily of thick-walled fibres, whereas that of the Resedaceae contains gelatinous fibres. The frequency of sclereids in Brassicaceae bark is an indicator of ecological differences: sclereids are rare in plants from the alpine zone and frequent in plants from all other ecotones.
Wood Anatomy Of The Genus Abies A Review
Authors: Esteban Luis García , de Palacios Paloma , Fernández Francisco García , Moreno Ruth 
Published: March 2013

The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diagnostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and qualitative features.
The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features.
A qualitative study exploring patients’ experiences of standard care or cardiac rehabilitation post minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack
Authors: Hillsdon Kaye M , Kersten Paula , Kirk Hayden JS 
Published: March 2013

Objective: To explore individuals’ experiences of receiving either standard care or comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation post minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Design: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews, alongside a randomized controlled trial, exploring the effectiveness of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation compared with standard care. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis. Setting: Individuals’ homes. Subjects: People who have experienced a minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack and who were partaking in a secondary prevention randomized controlled trial (6–7 months post the event, 17 males, five females; mean age 67 years). Interventions: Not relevant. Main measures: Not relevant. Results: Four themes were identified: information delivery, comparing oneself with others, psychological impact, attitudes and actions regarding risk factor reduction. Participants indicated a need for improved information delivery, specific to their own risk factors and lifestyle changes. Many experienced psychological impact as a result of their minor stroke. Participants were found to make two types of social comparison; the comparison of self to another affected by stroke, and the comparison of self to cardiac patients. Conclusion: Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation was reported to have positive effects on people’s motivation to exercise. Following a minor stroke, many individuals do not recall information given or risk factors specific to them. Downward comparison with individuals who have had a cardiovascular event led to some underplaying the significance of their minor stroke.
Does giving segmental muscle vibration alter the response to botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis? A single-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Paoloni Marco , Giovannelli Morena , Mangone Massimiliano , Leonardi Laura , Tavernese Emanuela , Di Pangrazio Elisabetta , Bernetti Andrea , Santilli Valter , Pozzilli Carlo 
Published: March 2013

Objective: To determine if segmental muscle vibration and botulinum toxin-A injection, either alone or in combination, reduces spasticity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis. Design: Single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatients service. Subjects: Forty-two patients affected by the secondary progressive form of multiple sclerosis randomized to group A (30 minutes of 120 Hz segmental muscle vibration over the rectus femoris and gastrocnemius medial and lateral, three per week, over a period of four weeks), group B (botulinum toxin in the rectus femoris, gastrocnemius medial and lateral and soleus, and segmental muscle vibration) and group C (botulinum toxin). Main measures: Modified Ashworth Scale at knee and ankle, and Fatigue Severity Scale. All the measurements were performed at baseline (T0), 10 weeks (T1) and 22 weeks (T2) postallocation. Results: Modified Ashworth Scale at knee and ankle significantly decreased over time ( p < 0.001) in all groups. Patients in group C displayed a significant increase of knee and ankle spasticity at T2 when compared with T1 ( p < 0.05). Fatigue Severity Scale values in groups A and C were significantly higher at T0 [A: 53.6 (2.31); C: 48.5 (2.77)] than at either T1 [A: 48.6 (2.21); p = 0.03; C: 43.5 (3.22); p = 0.03] or T2 [A: 46.7 (2.75); p = 0.02; 42.5 (2.17); p = 0.02], while no differences were detected in group B [T0: 43.4 (3.10); T1: 37.3 (3.15); T2: 39.7 (2.97)]. Conclusion: Segmental muscle vibration and botulinum toxin-A reduces spasticity and improves fatigue in the medium-term follow-up in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Self-management programmes for people post stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Lennon Sheila , McKenna Suzanne , Jones Fiona 
Published: March 2013

Objective: To examine the evidence base underlying self-management programmes specific to stroke survivors. Data sources: Eleven electronic databases were searched using combinations of keywords related to stroke and self-management. Review methods: Studies involving adults with a clinical diagnosis of stroke, which explored self-management interventions, were included. Study selection was verified by two reviewers who independently conducted methodological quality appraisal and data extraction using a tool developed by The American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. Results: Fifteen studies were included in this review. Significant treatment effects in favour of the self-management intervention were found in six out of nine randomized controlled trials, and three out of six non-randomized trials in our review. Four randomized controlled trials involving more than 100 participants per trial reported statistically significant results in favour of the self-management group in relation to measures of disability, confidence in recovery, the stroke specific quality of life (sub-scales of family roles and fine motor tasks), and the physical component scale of the short form SF-36 Score. The wide range of outcome measures used prevented comparison across studies. Conclusions: This review provides some preliminary support for the potential importance of self-management interventions after stroke. The most appropriate content and best approach for delivery of these interventions remains to be determined. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of stroke self-management programmes.