bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Israël, un modèle pour l’Angleterre du XVIIe siècle ?
Authors: Herrmann Frédéric 
Published: January 2014

One of the classical themes of seventeenth century English historiography is the identification of Puritans with the people of the «Holy Book». The Old Testament heritage nurtured England’s sense of
herself as being alternatively a Protestant community chosen by God, a Republic and a national community. Nevertheless, within the space of one century, the dangerously revolutionary statement of the first Puritans - that Israel could be seen as a model for modern states- ended up being denied by Spinoza, the first beacon of the Enlightenment era in Europe. As the examples of Cunaeus (an influential Dutchman in England), Selden or Harrington tend to demonstrate, it would in fact seem that the extended study of Biblical materials, which had been so much encouraged by the Reformation, triggered a process of «secularisation» and «desacralisation» of these very materials. The many English political theories about the «Republic of Hebrews» bear testimony to this idea.
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis D Patients with Pegylated Interferon: A Real-World Experience
Authors: Abbas Zaigham , Memon Mohammad S , Mithani Hammad , Jafri Wasim , Hamid Saeed 
Published: January 2014

Background Published experience of treating chronic hepatitis D patients with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-α is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of 48 weeks of treatment with PEG-IFN in naive patients outside the clinical trial setting, in the real world. Methods Patients with chronic hepatitis D were treated with PEG-IFN. The primary end points were sustained clearance of HDV RNA and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at 24 weeks post-treatment. Results The total number of patients treated with PEG-IFN was 104; 91 males, mean age ±sd 30.1 ±10.0 years (range 15–55). Cirrhosis was present in 41 patients. With an intention-to-treat analysis, end of treatment virological response (ETR) was achieved in 44 (42.3%), normalization of ALT in 38 (35%) and a combined response in 23 (22.1%) patients. Sustained virological response (SVR) at 24 weeks post-treatment was seen in 24 (23.1%) patients each for the virological and bio-chemical responses and in 13 (12.5%) as combined response. Both ETR and SVR were associated with a negative HDV RNA at 24 weeks of treatment ( P=0.001 and P=0.000, respectively). Detectable HDV RNA at this point had a positive predictive value of 0.95 (range 0.85–0.99) for detectable RNA at 6 months post-treatment. End of treatment biological response, that is, normal ALT at the end of treatment was also a predictor of ETR and SVR ( P=0.004 and P=0.041, respectively). Conclusions Treatment with PEG-IFN for hepatitis D is of limited efficacy. Detectable HDV RNA at 24 weeks of treatment is a predictor for a failed SVR.
Le pouvoir royal et les ligueurs de Tours (1589-1598)
Authors: Caillou François 
Published: January 2014

Pendant les guerres de Religion, les Tourangeaux,
souvent présentés de façon caricaturale comme de fervents partisans
des rois légitimes, sont en fait profondément divisés. Une part
importante de la population soutient la cause des Guises, ce que les
autorités locales ont par la suite cherché à occulter. Dès 1584, le
parti de l’Union est solidement implanté à Tours, avec à sa tête un
fidèle partisan des princes lorrains : le président du siège présidial
Gilles Duverger. Par trois fois au cours de l’année 1589, ces
« ligueurs de l’intérieur » tentent de prendre le contrôle de la
ville. Malgré une sévère répression, l’organisation ne désarme pas :
agissant dans la clandestinité à partir de mai 1589, elle reste une
menace jusqu’en 1594, voire 1597. C’est ainsi qu’en 1591, le réseau
ligueur organise l’évasion du jeune duc de Guise, retenu prisonnier au
château de Tours. Régulièrement, les autorités appréhendent des
suspects, procèdent à des perquisitions, font traduire en justice des
provocateurs, des espions infiltrés et des comploteurs. Grâce à des
sources jusqu’ici non exploitées comme les autorisations de
réinstallation octroyées par le corps de ville de Tours aux ligueurs
repentis et le registre de comptes du fermier des biens des rebelles
saisis par le pouvoir royal, il est possible d’identifier les
principaux acteurs du mouvement et d’envisager l’étude de ses membres
sous l’angle de la prosopographie. Ainsi, les origines sociales, les
professions ou fonctions, la situation matrimoniale, les liens de
parenté ou de clientèle existant entre les uns et les autres, parfois
même le niveau de fortune de ces individus peuvent être mis en
lumière : autant d’indications qui permettent de mieux cerner leurs
motivations et leur mode opératoire.
Travaux publics et libertés locales dans la Bretagne du XVIIIe siècle. L’exemple de Châteaubriant (1724-1789)
Authors: Levasseur Aurelle 
Published: January 2014

Au XVIIIe siècle, en dépit de la politique royale de centralisation menée par l'intermédiaire des intendants, certaines communautés bretonnes conservent le contrôle de leurs travaux publics. Elles y parviennent en instrumentalisant les deux modes de réalisation des travaux alors existants. L'adjudication, définie depuis le Moyen Âge, consiste à mettre en concurrence des entrepreneurs. Le choix final s'impose à la communauté qui contracte avec le moins disant. La réglementation de cette procédure au XVIIe siècle l'avait placée sous le contrôle direct de l'intendant. Le travail par économie est moins encadré et n'a pas reçu de définition officielle. L'expression renvoie indistinctement à une manière de conduire des travaux et à un procédé juridique susceptible de variations suivant les territoires. Pour le corps de ville de Châteaubriant, qui est le cas d'espèce étudié dans cet article, mais aussi pour les états de Bretagne, construire par économie signifie que la direction des travaux sera confiée à un commissaire choisi parmi les membres du corps municipal ou des états. Il reçoit la confiance de ses pairs et de ce fait, dispose d'une grande liberté de décision et d'action, pouvant même engager les finances de la communauté. À partir des années 1730, les états de Bretagne refusent explicitement d'utiliser l'adjudication au profit du travail par économie, afin d'évincer l'intendant de la matière des Grands Chemins. De son côté, le corps de ville de Châteaubriant a fait disparaître la distinction fondamentale existant entre l'adjudication et l'économie, en dénaturant la procédure de l'adjudication de façon à conserver la liberté du choix de l'entrepreneur.
KLRG1+ NK Cells Protect T-bet–Deficient Mice from Pulmonary Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Malaisé Muriel , Rovira Jordi , Renner Philipp , Eggenhofer Elke , Sabet-Baktach Manije , Lantow Margareta , Lang Sven A. , Koehl Gudrun E. , Farkas Stefan A. , Loss Martin , Agha Ayman , Campistol Josep M. , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Kroemer Alexander 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We studied the developmental and functional mechanisms behind NK cell–mediated antitumor responses against metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in mice. In particular, we focused on investigating the significance of T-box transcription factors and the immunotherapeutic relevance of IL-15 in the development and function of tumor-reactive NK cells. Pulmonary CRC metastases were experimentally seeded via an adoptive i.v. transfer of luciferase-expressing CT26 CRC cells that form viewable masses via an in vivo imaging device; genetically deficient mice were used to dissect the antitumor effects of developmentally different NK cell subsets. IL-15 precomplexed to IL-15 receptor-α was used in immunotherapy experiments. We found that mice deficient for the T-box transcription factor T-bet lack terminally differentiated antitumor CD27lowKLRG1+ NK cells, leading to a terminal course of rapid-onset pulmonary CRC metastases. The importance of this NK cell subset for effective antitumor immunity was shown by adoptively transferring purified CD27lowKLRG1+ NK cells into T-bet–deficient mice and, thereby, restoring immunity against lung metastasis formation. Importantly, immunity to metastasis formation could also be restored in T-bet–deficient recipients by treating mice with IL-15 precomplexed to IL-15 receptor-α, which induced the development of eomesodermin+KLRG1+ NK cells from existing NK cell populations. Thus, contingent upon their T-bet–dependent development and activation status, NK cells can control metastatic CRC in mice, which is highly relevant for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches in the clinic.
New insight into the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
Authors: El Demellawy Heba H. , El Feky Mohamed A. , Shoier Rania A. , Shaker Olfat G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background and aim
Thyroid hormones are linked to the different metabolic processes in the body. We evaluated the association of metabolic syndrome and different thyroid diseases.

Patients and methods
Eighty female patients were enrolled in this study; 40 hypothyroid (group I) and 40 hyperthyroid (group II) as well as 40 healthy females as control group. Waist circumference, BMI, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMAIR index, adiponectin, free T3, freeT4, TSH, total cholesterol and HDL were measured in all patients.

Results
Adiponectin was lower in hypothyroid group (3.68 ± 0.63 ng/dl) and higher in hyperthyroid group (7.52 ± 0.68 ng/dl) than the control group (5.11 ± 0.67 ng/dl) P = 0.0001. The HOMAIR was higher in both hypothyroid (3.56 ± 0.57 ng/dl) and hyperthyroid groups (1.68 ± 0.27) compared to control group (1.33 ± 0.25) P = 0.0001. The cholesterol was also higher in both hypothyroid (161.22 ± 12.98 mg/dl) and hyperthyroid (147.02 ± 8.7 mg/dl) compared to control group (134.74 ± 6.34 mg/dl) P = 0.0001. The HDL was low in both hypothyroid group (35.86 ± 3.55 mg/dl) and hyperthyroid group (40.34 ± 3.17 mg/dl) compared with the control group (41.64 ± 3.12 mg/dl) P = 0.04. The adiponectin was positively correlated to free T3, free T4 and negatively correlated to TSH (r = 0.8, P = 0.0001; r = 0.9, P = 0.000; r = -0.9, P = 0.0001) respectively. HOMAIR was significantly correlated to the thyroid parameters (r = -0.8, P = 0.0001; r = -0.9, P = 0.0001; r = 0.8, P = 0.0001) respectively. The total cholesterol was negatively correlated with the free T3 and T4 (r = -0.5, P = 0.0001; r = -0.5, P = 0.0001) and positively correlated with the TSH (r = 0.5, P = 0.0001), It was also negatively correlated with adiponectin (r = -0.5, P = 0.0001), and positively correlated with HOMAIR (r = 0.5, P = 0.0001). The HDL was negatively correlated with TSH (r = -0.5, P = 0.000) and HOMAIR (r = -0.5, P = 0.0001), it was positively correlated with free T3, T4 (r = 0.6, P = 0.000; r = 0.5, P = 0.000) and adiponectin (r = 0.5, P = 0.0001).

Conclusion
Both hypo and hyperthyroidism were associated with insulin resistance and disturbances in lipid profiles.
Test of Integrated Professional Skills: Objective Structured Clinical Examination/Simulation Hybrid Assessment of Obstetrics-Gynecology Residents' Skill Integration
Authors: Winkel Abigail Ford , Gillespie Colleen , Hiruma Marissa T. , Goepfert Alice R. , Zabar Sondra , Szyld Demian 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Assessment of obstetrics-gynecology residents' ability to integrate clinical judgment, interpersonal skills, and technical ability in a uniform fashion is required to document achievement of benchmarks of competency. An observed structured clinical examination that incorporates simulation and bench models uses direct observation of performance to generate formative feedback and standardized evaluation.

Methods
The Test of Integrated Professional Skills (TIPS) is a 5-station performance-based assessment that uses standardized patients and complex scenarios involving ultrasonography, procedural skills, and evidence-based medicine. Standardized patients and faculty rated residents by using behaviorally anchored checklists. Mean scores reflecting performance in TIPS were compared across competency domains and by developmental level (using analysis of variance) and then compared to standard faculty clinical evaluations (using Spearman ρ). Participating faculty and residents were also asked to evaluate the usefulness of the TIPS.

Results
Twenty-four residents participated in the TIPS. Checklist items used to assess competency were sufficiently reliable, with Cronbach α estimates from 0.69 to 0.82. Performance improved with level of training, with wide variation in performance. Standard faculty evaluations did not correlate with TIPS performance. Several residents who were rated as average or above average by faculty performed poorly on the TIPS (&gt; 1 SD below the mean). Both faculty and residents found the TIPS format useful, providing meaningful evaluation and opportunity for feedback.

Conclusions
A simulation-based observed structured clinical examination facilitates observation of a range of skills, including competencies that are difficult to observe and measure in a standardized way. Debriefing with faculty provides an important interface for identification of performance gaps and individualization of learning plans.
Noncompletion in Pediatric Rheumatology Fellowships
Authors: Riebschleger Meredith , McGuinness Gail , Currin Lee , Althouse Linda , Freed Gary 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
One challenge facing the health care workforce is a paucity of pediatrics subspecialists. No prior studies have investigated fellowship noncompletion as an influence of the subspecialty workforce.

Objective
We sought to determine the noncompletion rate for pediatric rheumatology fellowships and to identify demographic characteristics associated with noncompletion.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study of all trainees entering US pediatric rheumatology fellowship programs between 1997 and 2007 was performed. American Board of Pediatrics tracking data were used to determine completion status (completer or noncompleter) for each trainee. Completers were compared with noncompleters, using the independent variables sex, medical school location, and age. The noncompletion rate was calculated overall and individually. Program size was examined as a predictor of nonompletion rate. Data analysis used χ2 tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Spearman correlation.

Results
The cohort included 182 trainees from 28 pediatric rheumatology fellowship programs. Program size ranged from 1 to 18 trainees. The overall noncompletion rate was 16%. Male fellows, especially male international medical graduates, were more likely to be noncompleters. Noncompletion rates varied among programs: 15 programs had noncompletion rates of 0% and 4 programs had noncompletion rates of 50% or higher. Program size was not associated with noncompletion rate.

Conclusions
During the study period, 1 of 6 pediatric rheumatology fellows did not complete training. Noncompletion was concentrated in a small number of programs. Further research should investigate noncompletion across specialties, identifying the causes of noncompletion at the individual, program, and specialty levels to inform future interventions to improve fellowship completion.
A Multicenter Intervention to Improve Ambulatory Care Handoffs at the End of Residency
Authors: Donnelly Michael J. , Clauser Janelle M. , Tractenberg Rochelle E. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Graduating residents transition their continuity clinic patients to junior colleagues every year, creating a vulnerable transition period for about 1 million patients nationally.

Objective
We examined a standardized, electronic template for handing off high-risk ambulatory patients by outgoing residents from 7 residencies within a large health care system, and compared handoff quantity and provider satisfaction for handoffs with and without that template.

Methods
Residents graduating in 2011 from 5 internal medicine, 1 family medicine, and 1 internal medicine-pediatrics residency programs in 1 health care system were randomized to a new electronic handoff process with a standardized intervention template or a free-text handoff. Expert reviewers independently evaluated all handoff notes, and providers were surveyed after follow-up appointments regarding use, helpfulness, and overall satisfaction with the handoffs.

Results
Fifty-two of 79 residents (66%) participated, performing 278 handoffs. Eighty-four patients (30%, 17 of 57) failed to follow up within the study period. For patients who followed up, providers read 61% (101 of 165) of the handoffs at the time of the visit. No significant difference existed between groups in the satisfaction of the follow up provider or the quality measure of the handoffs in our process. Expert agreement on which features make the handoff “helpful” was fair (κ  =  0.34).

Conclusions
A standardized template did not improve handoff quantity or satisfaction compared with a free-text handoff. Practical handoff programs can be instituted into diverse residencies within a short time frame, with most residents taking part in creating the handoff formats.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Multidisciplinary Systems-Focused Internal Medicine Morbidity and Mortality Conference
Authors: Gonzalo Jed D. , Bump Gregory M. , Huang Grace C. , Herzig Shoshana J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences provide a forum for discussing adverse events and systems-based practice (SBP) issues; however, few models for implementing multidisciplinary, systems-focused M&M conferences exist.

Objective
To implement a new systems-focused M&M conference and evaluate success in focusing on adverse events and systems issues in a nonpunitive, multidisciplinary manner.

Methods
We implemented a new M&M conference into our large university-based internal medicine residency program. Using content analysis, we qualitatively analyzed audio recordings of M&M conferences from the first year of implementation (2010–2011) to determine the frequency of adverse events (injury resulting from medical care), SBP discussion, and allocation of blame. Multidisciplinary attendance was evaluated by attendance logs. Surveys assessed change in interns' perceptions of M&M conferences before and after the conference series (measured by median Likert-scale response) and trainee/faculty attitudes regarding the goal of M&M conferences.

Results
There were 226 attendees (66 faculty, 160 residents/fellows) at 9 M&M conferences. Average attendance per conference was 71, with representation from 16 disciplines. All M&M conferences (100%) included adverse events, SBP discussion, and lacked explicit individual blame. Interns' perceptions improved, including their belief that the M&M conference's purpose is systems improvement (4.35 versus 4.71, P  =  .02) and complications are discussed without blame (3.81 versus 4.34, P  =  .01). After experiencing M&M conferences, trainees/faculty reported favorable ratings, including beliefs that the M&M conference is important for education (97%) and the purpose is systems improvement (95%).

Conclusions
The implementation of a new systems-focused M&M conference resulted in a conference series focusing on adverse events and associated system issues in a nonpunitive, multidisciplinary context.
Transitioning From a Noon Conference to an Academic Half-Day Curriculum Model: Effect on Medical Knowledge Acquisition and Learning Satisfaction
Authors: Ha Duc , Faulx Michael , Isada Carlos , Kattan Michael , Yu Changhong , Olender Jeff , Nielsen Craig , Brateanu Andrei 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
The academic half-day (AHD) curriculum is an alternative to the traditional noon conference in graduate medical education, yet little is known regarding its effect on knowledge acquisition and resident satisfaction.

Objective
We investigated the association between the 2 approaches for delivering the curriculum and knowledge acquisition, as reflected by the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) scores and assessed resident learning satisfaction under both curricula.

Methods
The Cleveland Clinic Internal Medicine Residency Program transitioned from the noon conference to the AHD curriculum in 2011. Covariates for residents enrolled from 2004 to 2011 were age; sex; type of medical degree; United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1, 2 Clinical Knowledge; and IM-ITE-1 scores. We performed univariable and multivariable linear regressions to investigate the association between covariates and IM-ITE-2 and IM-ITE-3 scores. Residents also were surveyed about their learning satisfaction in both curricula.

Results
Of 364 residents, 112 (31%) and 252 (69%) were exposed to the AHD and the noon conference curriculum, respectively. In multivariable analyses, the AHD curriculum was associated with higher IM-ITE-3 (regression coefficient, 4.8; 95% confidence interval 2.9–6.6) scores, and residents in the AHD curriculum had greater learning satisfaction compared with the noon conference cohort (Likert, 3.4 versus 3.0; P  =  .003).

Conclusions
The AHD curriculum was associated with improvement in resident medical knowledge acquisition and increased learner satisfaction.
Copying Error and the Cultural Evolution of “Additive” vs. “Reductive” Material Traditions: An Experimental Assessment
Authors: Schillinger Kerstin , Mesoudi Alex , Lycett Stephen J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCopying errors that occur during the manufacture of artifactual traditions are potentially a major source of variation. It has been proposed that material items produced via “additive” processes (e.g., pottery) will possess less variation than traditions produced via “reductive” processes (e.g., stone knapping). The logic of this premise is that “additive” production methods more readily allow for the reversal of copying errors compared to strictly “reductive-only” processes. Here, we tested this hypothesis in shape data using an experimental framework in which we generated and statistically analyzed morphometry (size-adjusted) shape data under controlled and replicable conditions. Participants engaged in one of two alternative conditions: an irreversible (“reductive-only”) manufacturing process or a reversible (“additive-reductive”) process. With a number of factors held constant, participants were required to copy the shape of a “target form” as accurately as possible using a standardized block of plasticine and a steel table knife. Results demonstrated statistically greater levels of shape-copying errors in the replicas produced in the reductive-only condition. This indicates that “mutation rates” in the shape attributes of artifactual traditions produced via reductive processes are inherently greater than those produced via alternative means. Several implications for the study of variation in artifactual traditions are discussed.
Limited magnesium isotope fractionation during metamorphic dehydration in metapelites from the Onawa contact aureole, Maine
Authors: Li Wang‐Ye , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Wing Boswell A. , Xiao Yilin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractKnowledge on the behavior of Mg isotopes during metamorphic dehydration is the prerequisite for applying Mg isotopes as tracers for crustal recycling. Here we report Mg isotopic compositions of metapelites from the Onawa contact aureole, Maine. Except one sample, all metapelites across the aureole, from the wall‐rock regional metamorphic rocks to the partially melted rocks adjacent to the pluton, have similar Mg isotopic compositions (δ26Mg = −0.09 to +0.12‰). This observation indicates limited Mg isotope fractionation during metamorphic dehydration and fluid‐rock interaction, due to the low Mg concentration in fluids relative to rocks. Our results suggest that Mg isotopic compositions of metapelites can record those of their protoliths and, hence, recycled clastic sedimentary materials may preserve their low‐temperature Mg isotopic signatures through subduction zones. Therefore, Mg isotopes may serve as new tracers for crustal recycling, for example, tracing components experienced weathering cycles within granite sources.