bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer Survivorship in Rural and Urban Adults: A Descriptive and Mixed Methods Study
Authors: McNulty Julie A. , Nail Lillian 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeRural‐dwelling cancer survivors (CSs) are at risk for decrements in health and well‐being due to decreased access to health care and support resources. This study compares the impact of cancer in rural‐ and urban‐dwelling adult CSs living in 2 regions of the Pacific Northwest.MethodsA convenience sample of posttreatment adult CSs (N = 132) completed the Impact of Cancer version 2 (IOCv2) and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale‐short form. High and low scorers on the IOCv2 participated in an in‐depth interview (n = 19).FindingsThe sample was predominantly middle‐aged (mean age 58) and female (84%). Mean time since treatment completion was 6.7 years. Cancer diagnoses represented included breast (56%), gynecologic (9%), lymphoma (8%), head and neck (6%), and colorectal (5%). Comparisons across geographic regions show statistically significant differences in body concerns, worry, negative impact, and employment concerns. Rural‐urban differences from interview data include access to health care, care coordination, connecting/community, thinking about death and dying, public/private journey, and advocacy.ConclusionThe insights into the differences and similarities between rural and urban CSs challenge the prevalent assumptions about rural‐dwelling CSs and their risk for negative outcomes. A common theme across the study findings was community. Access to health care may not be the driver of the survivorship experience. Findings can influence health care providers and survivorship program development, building on the strengths of both rural and urban living and the engagement of the survivorship community.
Disambiguating with Bourdieu: unravelling policy from practice in the teaching of children with English as an additional language
Authors: Flynn Naomi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article explores the use of Bourdieusian analysis for examining how policy and practice interact in the teaching of English and therefore in the development of children's language and literacy, in particular how.Bourdieusian analysis uncovers the ways in which teachers' practice has been influenced unconsciously by centralised shaping of the curriculum for English in England while the pupil demographic in schools has become more linguistically diverse. Data were collected during interviews with both newly qualified and experienced primary school (pupil ages 5–11 years) teachers, whose pedagogical norms for the teaching of English were challenged by the arrival of non‐English speakers in their classrooms. The discussion highlights how the use of Bourdieusian constructs of field, habitus and capital can disambiguate teachers' practical classroom decisions from the influences of policy expectations.
A ghrelin receptor agonist is an effective colokinetic in rats with diet‐induced constipation
Authors: Pustovit R. V. , Furness J. B. , Rivera L. R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundDespite constipation being a common problem, the treatments that are available have side effects and are only partly effective. Recent studies show that centrally penetrant ghrelin receptor agonists cause defecation in humans and other species. Here, we describe some features of a rat model of low fiber‐induced constipation, and investigate the effectiveness of the ghrelin agonist, capromorelin.MethodsRats were given low‐fiber diets for 5 weeks. Their colorectal responsiveness to distension and to a behavioral test, water avoidance and colon histology were compared to those of rats on a standard diet.Key ResultsAfter the low‐fiber diet, distension of the colon produced fewer propulsive contractions, behaviorally induced defecation was reduced, and the lining of the colorectum was inflamed. However, capromorelin was similarly effective in causing defecation in constipated and non‐constipated rats.Conclusions & InferencesLow‐fiber diet in rats produces a constipation phenotype, characterized by reduced responsiveness of the colorectum to distension and to a behavioral stimulus of defecation, water avoidance. The effectiveness of capromorelin suggests that centrally penetrant ghrelin receptor stimulants may be effective in treating constipation.
Effect of brief cetylpyridinium chloride treatments during early and mature cariogenic biofilm formation
Authors: Pandit S , Cai J‐N , Jung J‐E , Lee Y‐S , Jeon J‐G 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the antibiofilm activity of brief cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) treatments during early and mature Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation.MethodsStreptococcus mutans biofilms were formed on saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite disks. The biofilms were treated with CPC twice daily (1 min/treatment) from 0 to 50 h or from 48 to 98 h. Acidogenicity, dry weight, viability, and water‐insoluble extracellular polysaccharides of the biofilms were analyzed. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images were obtained to confirm the antibiofilm activity during mature biofilm formation and to evaluate the relationship between treatment time and the antibiofilm activity.ResultsCPC showed complete antibiofilm activity during early biofilm formation at 0.025% to 0.1%. During mature biofilm formation, CPC inhibited dry weight, viability, and acidogenicity at 0.075% and 0.1%. CLSM images showed an increase in dead cells at 0.075% and 0.1% CPC. The antibiofilm activity during mature biofilm formation increased as the concentration of CPC increased. Images from the CLSM study also showed that antibiofilm activity increased as treatment time increased.ConclusionOur findings suggest that brief CPC treatments have strong anti‐S. mutans biofilm activity. The antibiofilm activity was dependent on the stage of biofilm formation, CPC concentration, and treatment time.
Very Late Follow‐Up of a Passive Defibrillator Lead Under Recall: Do Failure Rates Increase during Long‐Term Observation
Authors: FREY SIMON MARTIN , STICHERLING CHRISTIAN , KRAUS REGULA , AMMANN PETER , KÜHNE MICHAEL , OSSWALD STEFAN , SCHAER BEAT 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe Medtronic Sprint Fidelis lead (SFL; Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) has a significantly impaired long‐term survival, and active fixation leads fare worse than passive leads. The goal of this study was to present data of a series of passive SFL only with very long mean follow‐up of more than 6 years.MethodsPatients in whom a passive SFL was implanted in two large Swiss centers were followed. We excluded eight (5.5%) patients with a follow‐up of <6 months. Patients who died or were lost during follow‐up were censored at death or last device check, all others on January 31, 2014. We employed two different definitions of failure: strict = fracture with inappropriate discharge; sudden increase in impedance >1,500 or high‐voltage impedance >100 Ohm; >300 nonphysiological short interventricular‐intervals. Lenient = any of the above plus a linear increase in impedance >1,500 Ohm or a linear decrease in sensing to a level that treating cardiologists considered inappropriate.ResultsWe included 137 patients. Age was 60 ± 12 years. Mean and median follow‐up were 6.2 ± 2.1 and 6.8 (interquartile range 4.8–7.8) years. Applying the strict definition, 12 leads (8.8%) were replaced after 4.9 ± 2.4 years (range 1.2–8.1). Applying the lenient definition, 14 leads (10.2%) failed.Cumulative lead survival was 98.5% at 3, 96.9% at 4, 94.2% at 5, and 93.1% at 6 years. Leads “at risk” were: n = 122 (89%), 115 (84%), 101 (74%), and 88 (64%).ConclusionsIn this population with passive SFLs, 5‐year lead survival is impaired with 94.2% based on 74% of leads “at risk” at this time point.
Accessibilism and the Challenge from Implicit Bias
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecent research in social psychology suggests that many beliefs are formed as a result of implicit biases in favour of members of certain groups and against members of other groups. This article argues that beliefs of this sort present a counterexample to accessibilism in epistemology because the position cannot account for how the epistemic status of a belief that is the result of an implicit bias can differ from that of a counterpart belief that is the result of an unbiased response to the available evidence.
Relationships among medication adherence, insight, and neurocognition in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Na Euihyeon , Yim Seon Jin , Lee Joon‐Noh , Kim Jung Min , Hong Kyungki , Hong Moon‐Hwa , Han Hyeree 
Published: January 2015

AimsIn order to improve long‐term prognosis in schizophrenia, enhancing medication adherence is essential. The aim of this study was thus to identify the association between medication non‐adherence and possible risk factors in a large sample of patients with chronic schizophrenia.MethodsOne hundred and four patients with schizophrenia with a disease duration of over 10 years were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. The subjects were assessed with the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disease–Korean version, the Korean version of the Medication Adherence Rating Scale, a neurocognition battery designed for this study, and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale. An anova and multiple regression models were conducted to identify the correlations among variables and the factors that contribute to medication adherence.ResultsThe adherence score measured on the Korean version of the Medication Adherence Rating Scale was 7.60 ± 2.12; 88 (84.62%) patients were categorized as well‐adherent and 16 (15.38%) as poorly adherent to their medication. Patients with good insight were more likely to maintain their medication (P = 0.0005), and better executive function was associated with increased medication adherence (P = 0.0008). Furthermore, fewer depressive symptoms were associated with good medication adherence (P = 0.0304).ConclusionsThis study is the first in the Republic of Korea to identify the relationship between medication adherence, insight, and neurocognition in a large sample of patients with chronic schizophrenia. These results could be used to establish a strategy for improving the prognosis of chronic schizophrenia.
War During Peacetime: Mainstream Theater, Mass Media, and the 1985 Premiere of The Normal Heart
Authors: Juntunen Jacob 
Published: January 2015

Many twentieth‐century theater scholars declared contemporary mainstream theater drained of any political efficacy. To them, the financing of mainstream productions necessitated giving no offense to elite investors who tend to hold the dominant ideology. These scholars advocated relinquishing mainstream spaces to capitalists and creating a radical theater outside the spotlight. This essay argues, however, that only in mainstream venues can progressive ideologies be assimilated and disseminated.Examining the 1985 production of The Normal Heart proves this thesis and demonstrates the political vitality of U.S. mainstream theater. The big‐budget and much‐marketed production used its position of high visibility—particularly in newspapers—to support organizations fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in ways radical performances in marginal venues could not. This article is a gesture toward a larger theory about the political potential mainstream theater wields in its interpolation by the mass media. Mainstream theater can act as a negotiating force between emergent and dominant ideologies.
The Job of Government: Interweaving Public Functions and Private Hands
Authors: Kettl Donald F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLively and sometimes raucous debate about the job of government has increasingly engulfed American politics. Much of that debate has swirled around government's size, with conservatives arguing the case for shrinking government and liberals fighting to grow it. In reality, however, neither of these debates engages the critical underlying trend: the increasing interweaving of governmental functions deeply into every fiber of the nongovernmental sectors. Many reforms have sought to rein in government's power, but none has engaged the fundamental interweaving of policy implementation, and, not surprisingly, most have failed. Indeed, many have eroded the public's trust in the governmental institutions on which they depend. This process raises fundamental challenges for defining government's core role, for building the capacity to govern effectively, and for enhancing the accountability of governmental programs. Many of government's administrative tools are a poor match for the governance problems they seek to solve.
The impact of surgical timing and intervention on outcome in traumatized dogs and cats
Authors: Peterson Nathan W. , Buote Nicole J. , Barr James W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo review the relevant human and veterinary literature regarding the timing of surgical intervention for trauma patients and the impact on outcome.Data SourcesOriginal research, clinical studies, and review articles with no date restrictions from both human and veterinary literature.Human Data SynthesisDespite extensive research into the ideal timing of surgical intervention for human trauma victims, debate is ongoing and views are still evolving. Prior to the 1970s, the standard of care consisted of delayed surgical treatment, as these patients were considered too ill to undergo surgery. Beginning in the 1970s, and continuing for nearly 2 decades, early definitive surgical treatment was recommended. The most recent evolution of human trauma management incorporates the concept of damage control surgery, which acknowledges the importance of early skeletal stabilization or laparotomy for reducing morbidity while attempting to avoid complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Veterinary Data SynthesisDespite a relatively large amount of literature available regarding veterinary trauma, no evidence exists to provide the clinician guidance as to the ideal timing of surgery for trauma patients. With the exception of diaphragmatic hernia, no studies were identified that attempted to evaluate this variable.ConclusionsVeterinary‐specific studies are needed to evaluate the impact of surgical timing on outcome following trauma. The information that can be obtained from studies in this area can improve veterinary trauma care and may be used as models for human trauma care through translational applications.
Clinical effects of blood donor characteristics in transfusion recipients: protocol of a framework to study the blood donor–recipient continuum
Authors: Chassé Michaël , McIntyre Lauralyn , Tinmouth Alan , Acker Jason , English Shane W , Knoll Greg , Forster Alan , Shehata Nadine , Wilson Kumanan , van Walraven Carl , Ducharme Robin , Fergusson Dean A 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionWhen used appropriately, transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is a necessary life-saving therapy. However, RBC transfusions have been associated with negative outcomes such as infection and organ damage. Seeking explanations for the beneficial and deleterious effects of RBC transfusions is necessary to ensure the safe and optimal use of this precious resource. This study will create a framework to analyse the influence of blood donor characteristics on recipient outcomes.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a multisite, longitudinal cohort study using blood donor data routinely collected by Canadian Blood Services, and recipient data from health administrative databases. Our project will include a thorough validation of primary data, the linkage of various databases into one large longitudinal database, an in-depth epidemiological analysis and a careful interpretation and dissemination of the results to assist the decision-making process of clinicians, researchers and policymakers in transfusion medicine. Our primary donor characteristic will be age of blood donors and our secondary donor characteristics will be donor–recipient blood group compatibility and blood donor sex. Our primary recipient outcome will be a statistically appropriate survival analysis post-RBC transfusion up to a maximum of 8 years. Our secondary recipient outcomes will include 1-year, 2-year and 5-year mortality; hospital and intensive care unit length of stay; rehospitalisation; new cancer and cancer recurrence rate; infection rate; new occurrence of myocardial infarctions and need for haemodialysis.Ethics and disseminationOur results will help determine whether we need to tailor transfusion based on donor characteristics, and perhaps this will improve patient outcome. Our results will be customised to target the different stakeholders involved with blood transfusions and will include presentations, peer-reviewed publications and the use of the dissemination network of blood supply organisations. We obtained approval from the Research Ethics boards and privacy offices of all involved institutions.
β-Arrestin-1 Mediates Nicotine-Induced Metastasis through E2F1 Target Genes That Modulate Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Pillai Smitha , Trevino Jose , Rawal Bhupendra , Singh Sandeep , Kovacs Michelle , Li Xueli , Schell Michael , Haura Eric , Bepler Gerold , Chellappan Srikumar 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in the development of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 80% of all lung cancers. Nicotine, the major addictive component of tobacco smoke, can induce proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC cell lines and promote metastasis of NSCLC in mice. Here, we demonstrate that the scaffolding protein β-arrestin-1 is necessary for nicotine-mediated induction of mesenchymal genes vimentin and fibronectin as well as EMT regulators ZEB1 and ZEB2. Nicotine induced changes in cell morphology and ablate tight junctions consistent with EMT; β-arrestin-1, but not β-arrestin-2, was required for these changes. β-Arrestin-1 promoted the expression of the mesenchymal genes, as well as ZEB1 and ZEB2, through the mediation of the E2F1 transcription factor; this required Src kinase activity. Stimulation of multiple NSCLC cell lines with nicotine led to enhanced recruitment of β-arrestin-1 and E2F1 on vimentin, fibronectin, and ZEB1 and ZEB2 promoters. Furthermore, there was significantly more β-arrestin-1 and E2F1 associated with these promoters in human NSCLC tumors, and β-arrestin-1 levels correlated with vimentin and fibronectin levels in human NSCLC samples. A549-luciferase cells lacking β-arrestin-1 showed a significantly reduced capacity for tumor growth and metastasis when orthotopically implanted into the lungs of SCID-beige mice. Taken together, these studies reveal a novel role for β-arrestin-1 in the growth and metastasis of NSCLC. Cancer Res; 75(6); 1009–20. ©2015 AACR.
Requirement for Innate Immunity and CD90+ NK1.1− Lymphocytes to Treat Established Melanoma with Chemo-Immunotherapy
Authors: Moskalenko Marina , Pan Michael , Fu Yichun , de Moll Ellen H. , Hashimoto Daigo , Mortha Arthur , Leboeuf Marylene , Jayaraman Padmini , Bernardo Sebastian , Sikora Andrew G. , Wolchok Jedd , Bhardwaj Nina , Merad Miriam , Saenger Yvonne 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We sought to define cellular immune mechanisms of synergy between tumor-antigen–targeted monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapy. Established B16 melanoma in mice was treated with cytotoxic doses of cyclophosphamide in combination with an antibody targeting tyrosinase-related protein 1 (αTRP1), a native melanoma differentiation antigen. We find that Fcγ receptors are required for efficacy, showing that antitumor activity of combination therapy is immune mediated. Rag1−/− mice deficient in adaptive immunity are able to clear tumors, and thus innate immunity is sufficient for efficacy. Furthermore, previously treated wild-type mice are not significantly protected against tumor reinduction, as compared with mice inoculated with irradiated B16 alone, consistent with a primarily innate immune mechanism of action of chemo-immunotherapy. In contrast, mice deficient in both classical natural killer (NK) lymphocytes and nonclassical innate lymphocytes (ILC) due to deletion of the IL2 receptor common gamma chain IL2γc−/−) are refractory to chemo-immunotherapy. Classical NK lymphocytes are not critical for treatment, as depletion of NK1.1+ cells does not impair antitumor effect. Depletion of CD90+NK1.1− lymphocytes, however, both diminishes therapeutic benefit and decreases accumulation of macrophages within the tumor. Tumor clearance during combination chemo-immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against native antigen is mediated by the innate immune system. We highlight a novel potential role for CD90+NK1.1− ILCs in chemo-immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(3); 296–304. ©2015 AACR.
Flexible Information Coding in Human Auditory Cortex during Perception, Imagery, and STM of Complex Sounds
Authors: Linke Annika C. , Cusack Rhodri 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Auditory cortex is the first cortical region of the human brain to process sounds. However, it has recently been shown that its neurons also fire in the absence of direct sensory input, during memory maintenance and imagery. This has commonly been taken to reflect neural coding of the same acoustic information as during the perception of sound. However, the results of the current study suggest that the type of information encoded in auditory cortex is highly flexible. During perception and memory maintenance, neural activity patterns are stimulus specific, reflecting individual sound properties. Auditory imagery of the same sounds evokes similar overall activity in auditory cortex as perception. However, during imagery abstracted, categorical information is encoded in the neural patterns, particularly when individuals are experiencing more vivid imagery. This highlights the necessity to move beyond traditional “brain mapping” inference in human neuroimaging, which assumes common regional activation implies similar mental representations.
Metacognitive Processes in Executive Control Development: The Case of Reactive and Proactive Control
Authors: Chevalier Nicolas , Martis Shaina Bailey , Curran Tim , Munakata Yuko 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Young children engage cognitive control reactively in response to events, rather than proactively preparing for events. Such limitations in executive control have been explained in terms of fundamental constraints on children's cognitive capacities. Alternatively, young children might be capable of proactive control but differ from older children in their metacognitive decisions regarding when to engage proactive control. We examined these possibilities in three conditions of a task-switching paradigm, varying in whether task cues were available before or after target onset. RTs, ERPs, and pupil dilation showed that 5-year-olds did engage in advance preparation, a critical aspect of proactive control, but only when reactive control was made more difficult, whereas 10-year-olds engaged in proactive control whenever possible. These findings highlight metacognitive processes in children's cognitive control, an understudied aspect of executive control development.