bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water loss in tree weta (Hemideina): adaptation to the montane environment and a test of the melanisation–desiccation resistance hypothesis
Authors: King Keith J. , Sinclair Brent J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTMontane insects are at a higher risk of desiccation than their lowland counterparts and are expected to have evolved reduced water loss. Hemideina spp. (tree weta; Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) have both lowland (Hemideina femorata, Hemideina crassidens and Hemideina thoracica) and montane (Hemideina maori and Hemideina ricta) species. H. maori has both melanic and yellow morphs. We use these weta to test two hypotheses: that montane insects lose water more slowly than lowland species, and that cuticular water loss rates are lower in darker insects than lighter morphs, because of incorporation of melanin in the cuticle. We used flow-through respirometry to compare water loss rates among Hemideina species and found that montane weta have reduced cuticular water loss by 45%, reduced respiratory water loss by 55% and reduced the molar ratio of V̇H2O:V̇CO2 by 64% compared with lowland species. Within H. maori, cuticular water loss was reduced by 46% when compared with yellow morphs. Removal of cuticular hydrocarbons significantly increased total water loss in both melanic and yellow morphs, highlighting the role that cuticular hydrocarbons play in limiting water loss; however, the dark morph still lost water more slowly after removal of cuticular hydrocarbons (57% less), supporting the melanisation–desiccation resistance hypothesis.
Lung mechanics and pulmonary function testing in cetaceans
Authors: Fahlman Andreas , Loring Stephen H. , Levine Gregg , Rocho-Levine Julie , Austin Trevor , Brodsky Micah 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTWe measured esophageal pressures, respiratory flow rates, and expired O2 and CO2 in six adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) during voluntary breaths and maximal (chuff) respiratory efforts. The data were used to estimate the dynamic specific lung compliance (sCL), the O2 consumption rate (V̇O2) and CO2 production rates (V̇CO2) during rest. Our results indicate that bottlenose dolphins have the capacity to generate respiratory flow rates that exceed 130 l s−1 and 30 l s−1 during expiration and inspiration, respectively. The esophageal pressures indicated that expiration is passive during voluntary breaths, but active during maximal efforts, whereas inspiration is active for all breaths. The average sCL of dolphins was 0.31±0.04 cmH2O−1, which is considerably higher than that of humans (0.08 cmH2O−1) and that previously measured in a pilot whale (0.13 cmH2O−1). The average estimated V̇O2 and V̇CO2 using our breath-by-breath respirometry system ranged from 0.857 to 1.185 l O2 min−1 and 0.589 to 0.851 l CO2 min−1, respectively, which is similar to previously published metabolic measurements from the same animals using conventional flow-through respirometry. In addition, our custom-made system allows us to approximate end tidal gas composition. Our measurements provide novel data for respiratory physiology in cetaceans, which may be important for clinical medicine and conservation efforts.
Leading and Thriving: How Leadership Education Can Improve First-Year Student Success
Authors: Stephens Clinton M. , Beatty Cameron C. 
Published: July 2015

Leadership development transforms the lives of many students and leadership educators regularly witness these changes. But little research has articulated what is being taught that facilitates this change, how we can make it happen more often, or how we can measure this change. These transformations contribute to desirable outcomes including student persistence and academic achievement. Leadership studies programs have great potential to contribute to these positive student outcomes especially with first-year students.
Using the Social Change Model of Leadership Development, we delineate how the study of leadership aids students in experiencing these transformations, as defined by Schreiner’s Thriving Model, along with example lessons that serve elements in both models. Significant implications are discussed, including greater engagement with first-year students and outreach to at-risk students. This is followed by recommendations for leadership educators and a discussion of future research focus areas.
A Multi-step Maturity Model for the Implementation of Electronic and Computable
Diagnostic Clinical Prediction Rules (eCPRs)
Authors: Corrigan Derek , McDonnell Ronan , Zarabzadeh Atieh , Fahey Tom 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The use of Clinical Prediction Rules (CPRs) has been advocated as
one way of implementing actionable evidence-based rules in clinical practice. The
current highly manual nature of deriving CPRs makes them difficult to use and maintain.
Addressing the known limitations of CPRs requires implementing more flexible and dynamic
models of CPR development. We describe the application of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) to provide a platform for the derivation and dissemination of CPRs
derived through analysis and continual learning from electronic patient data.Model
Components: We propose a multistep maturity model for constructing electronic and
computable CPRs (eCPRs). The model has six levels – from the lowest level of CPR
maturity (literaturebased CPRs) to a fully electronic and computable service-oriented
model of CPRs that are sensitive to specific demographic patient populations. We
describe examples of implementations of the core model components – focusing on CPR
representation, interoperability, electronic dissemination, CPR learning, and user
interface requirements.Conclusion: The traditional focus on derivation and narrow
validation of CPRs has severely limited their wider acceptance. The evolution and
maturity model described here outlines a progression toward eCPRs consistent with the
vision of a learning health system (LHS) – using central repositories of CPR knowledge,
accessible open standards, and generalizable models to avoid repetition of previous
work. This is useful for developing more ambitious strategies to address limitations of
the traditional CPR development life cycle. The model described here is a starting point
for promoting discussion about what a more dynamic CPR development process should look
like.
New approaches towards explaining construction methods of the great pyramid at Keops<p>Büyük pramitlerin inşasının Keops Piramidiyle açıklanması
Authors: Yılmaz İsmail 
Published: July 2015

<p>The importance of the Keops pyramid in terms of size and mass, has led to the proposal of three theories as to its modes of construction. The first theory argues that elephants and soldiers were employed for this work, which suggests considerable application of muscle power. The second states that the quarried stone blocks were transported to the pyramid construction site using elephants on a weight-bearing mechanism. The third suggests that stone blocks carried to the pyramid, were first uplifted with brute force, following which they were carried to the top, using the principle of buoyancy of water, through a system of graded pools. Theories suggested for the construction of this pyramid, can be applied to that of other pyramids. This paper analyses the construction of pyramids in terms of issues related to the quarry, stages of transport of stones from the quarry to the pyramid site and the final construction stage. Based on the theories explained in this study, the time period for the construction of the pyramid will be calculated, using expected values derived from the four different pool systems.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Boyut ve kütle değerleriyle Keops Piramidi ön plana çıktığından, büyük piramitlerin inşası, bu piramit için geliştirilen üç teoriyle açıklanacaktır. Bu teorilerden birincisi, piramit inşasında kas gücünü zorlayan işlerde fil ve askerler çalıştırılabilir. İkincisi, ocaktan kesilen taş bloklar, ağırlık aktarmalı düzenekte filler kullanılarak, piramide taşınabilir. Sonuncusu, piramide taşınarak getirilen taş bloklar, kas gücünün üst sınırları zorlandığı noktaya kadar çıkarılıp, sonrasında basamaklı havuzlarda sıvının kaldırma kuvvetinden yararlanılarak üst noktaya kadar taşınıp piramit inşa edilmiş olabilir. Bu piramidin inşası için geliştirilen teoriler diğer piramitlerin inşası içinde kullanılabilir. Piramitlerin inşası; taş blokların alındığı ocak, taş blokları ocaktan piramide taşıma ve piramidin inşaat aşaması olarak üçe ayırıp, iki aşaması incelenecektir. Bu çalışmada ocak aşaması incelenmeyecektir. Burada verilecek teoriler için dört farklı havuz sistemine olası değerler verilerek piramidin inşaat süresi hesaplanacaktır.</p>
An experimental setup for traceable measurement and calibration of liquid flow rates down to 5 nl/min
Authors: Ahrens Martin , Nestler Bodo , Klein Stephan , Lucas Peter , Petter Harm Tido , Damiani Christian 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis work presents the improvements of an experimental setup for measuring ultra-low flow rates down to 5 nl/min. The system uses a telecentric CCD imaging system mounted on a high-precision, computer-controlled linear stage to track a moving liquid meniscus inside a glass capillary. Compared to the original setup, the lowest attainable expanded uncertainty at any flow rate has been reduced from 5.4% to 2%. In addition, the conformity with specification of three commercial micro-fluidic devices was evaluated using the new setup: one syringe pump, one implantable infusion pump and one thermal flow sensor. The flow sensor and the implantable infusion pump met the compliance criteria (coverage probability 95%). The syringe pump however, failed to meet the specifications at 5 nl/min and 10 nl/min. No assessment could be made at higher flow rates.
Growth, reproduction, and senescence of the epiphytic marine alga Phaeosaccion collinsii Farlow (Ochrophyta, Phaeothamniales) at its type locality in Nahant, Massachusetts, USA
Authors: Cryan Ashley E. , Benes Kylla M. , Gillis Brendan , Ramsay-Newton Christine , Perini Valerie , Wynne Michael J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The growth, reproduction, and senescence patterns of the epiphytic marine alga Phaeosaccion collinsii were tracked over two consecutive seasons at its type locality of Little Nahant, Nahant, MA (USA). We investigated the potential and/or combined effects of temperature and ambient nutrient supply (NO3
- and PO4
3-) on the phenology of this ephemeral species in its natural environment by collecting microscopic and macroscopic P. collinsii specimens from blades of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in a shallow coastal subtidal zone. Our results suggest that temperature is a strong driver of the alga’s in situ cycle and that the optimal temperature for P. collinsii growth and reproduction may be between 5 and 8°C, a narrower temperature threshold than previous laboratory studies on this subject have suggested. Several large winter storms also allowed us to observe the effect of physical disturbance on the integrity of the eelgrass beds and the population of microscopic and macroscopic P. collinsii. This study contributes the first in situ information on the abiotic conditions necessary for the successful growth and development of P. collinsii and a greater understanding of the life cycle of this unique golden brown alga.
The Geography of the Hittite Empire and the Distribution of Luwian Hieroglyphic Seals
Authors: Woudhuizen Fred C. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe work on the reconstruction of the geography of the Hittite Empire, in particular that of its western province, has recently received a more solid footing than before owing to the combined efforts of a number of scholars in the field. The framework presently applied, in the eyes of the author, only needs to be refined with respect to some minor details. Of some help in this undertaking is the fact that the extension of the Hittite Empire happens to be neatly reflected in the distribution zone of Luwian hieroglyphic Late Bronze Age seals or sealings. Some of these Luwian hieroglyphic seals or sealings, however, are of no use in this latter context as they antedate the Hittite Empire and belong to the Middle Bronze Age. Now, as a kind of by-product of our improved knowledge about the geography of western Anatolia it seems that also the answer to the vexed problem of the origins of the Luwian hieroglyphic script comes within reach if we look at the distribution pattern and in this undertaking differentiate seals from sealings.
Athenion of Athens Revisited*
Authors: Bernárdez B. Antela 
Published: July 2015

Summary
The usual view historiography has taken into account about the controversial data concerning the politician Athenion of Athens, mainly based in the perspective of one of Posidonius’ extant fragments, has portrayed Athenion as a tyrant. A close look at the information we have about him and his policies allows to ask new questions and to get a deeper perspective about the complex age of Athenian history that led the city to take part in the Ist Mithridatic War on the Pontic side, against Rome.
Newman and the Anglican Idea of a University
Authors: Chapman Mark 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article discusses the educational context of John Henry Newman's earlier writings. Through a detailed analysis of the character of Oxford University it traces the development of his educational theory in his practice of teaching. Oxford, which remained a wholly Anglican institution until the 1870s, functioned as a microcosmfor the broader issues of church and state which dominated the writings of the leaders of the Tractarian (or Oxford) Movement in the 1830s. The article helps explain why English theology developed completely differently from theology in continental Europe. For Newman, education was a pastoral and religious task where faith and life were connected through a common ‘catholic’ ethos: the quest for truth was a religious duty. This idea, where the intellect and will were mutually determinative of one another, remained central to his theology and theory of education after his conversion to the Roman Catholic Church, especially in his plans for the University of Dublin, published in
„Luther als Persönlichkeit“. Die Lutherbildnisse Karl Bauers (1868 –1942) und das Selbstverständnis des Protestantismus in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Geck Albrecht 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe article explores for the first time the theological relevance of the work of the artist Karl Bauer (1868–1942), who specialized in portraits of those he called „Great Men“. Influenced by the pseudo-science of phrenology, he believed that „greatness“ manifested itself in certain features of the skull. Luther, for example, he painted with a prominent forehead as a sign of strong will and Germanic defiance, presenting him as a national hero whose translation of the bible into German had laid the foundation of Bismarck's Empire of 1870. Bauer's Luther-portraits became a trademark of national Protestantism until well into the 20
Durability Testing Method of a Hub-Reducer System Based on the Shanghai Standard Road Driving Cycle
Authors: Liu Xintian , Zheng Songlin , Chen Tie , Liang Guoqing , Feng Jinzhi , Ning Xin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Electric vehicles are equipped with electric-drive wheel systems, so the development of matching hub reducers with proper durability is important. Based on the Shanghai standard road-driving cycle, this paper forecasts the load spectrum for key components of the hub-reducer system. After considering the material strengthening under low-amplitude loads, the reducer system running-in test specification is issued. This paper also develops an electric-drive system durability test specification on the basis of the Miner linear cumulative damage theory, and estimates the hub-reducer durability mileage. The bench test for durability shows that the first round of the prototype design satisfied the durability mileage required, and the bending-fatigue strength of the gear is sufficiently reliable, which gives possibilities for further lightweight designs. This method can be applied for the lightweight designing of other key automotive components. It also provides empirical evidence for developing automotive products that meet the standard road-driving-cycle conditions.
Crack Propagation Parametric Assessment of Modified Asphalt Mixtures Using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Approach
Authors: Minhajuddin Mohd , Saha Gourab , Biligiri Krishna Prapoorna 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to deduce and assess crack propagation parameters of twelve asphalt mixtures including: eight conventional dense graded, two polymer-modified gap graded, and two asphalt-rubber gap graded mixtures using the EN 12697-44:2010 based monotonic semi-circular bending (SCB) test. The asphalt mixes were prepared using different binder types, binder contents, and air voids levels totaling 72 samples with two replicates per mix type. Dense graded mixes had higher fracture toughness than rubber- and polymer-modified mixes at various temperatures. Total fracture energy and residual energy were higher for modified mixes than dense mixes. The share of residual energy in rubber-modified mixtures was 80 % of total fracture energy, indicating that even though a crack initiates in these mixes, it will take much more time to completely fail those materials. Predictive models for crack propagation parameters were developed and were based upon material properties. All three models had very good statistical goodness of fit measures (R2adj ≥ 0.80, and Se/Sy ≤ 0.38). Overall, extensive experimentation and analytical methodologies provided a first of its kind comparative understanding of fracture crack propagation mechanism of conventional versus modified asphalt mixtures based on rationally established SCB test technique using a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach.
Quantitative mitral valve anatomy and pathology
Authors: Garbi Madalina , Monaghan Mark J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Quantitative analysis is an important part of the morphological assessment of the diseased mitral valve. It can be used to describe valve anatomy, pathology, function and the mechanisms of disease. Echocardiography is the main source of indirect quantitative data that is comparable with direct anatomic or surgical measurements. Furthermore, it can relate morphology with function. This review provides an account of current mitral valve quantification techniques and clinical applications.
Caracterización del “veranillo” en dos cuencas de la vertiente del Pacífico de Costa Rica, América Central
Authors: Alfaro Eric J. 
Published: July 2015

<p>The Eastern Tropical Pacific region is characterized by climate features rarely observed in tropical regions, one of them is the Mid-Summer Drought (MSD), “veranillo” or “canícula” in Spanish. On the Pacific slope of Central America, the annual precipitation cycle is characterized by two rainfall maxima in June and September-October, an extended dry season from November to May, and a shorter reduced precipitation period during July–August (MSD), during July, the magnitude of the trade winds increases and this is associated also with the Caribbean Low Level Jet (CLLJ), but characterization of these features using monthly data is difficult. In this work, seven daily gauge stations records, located at two important river basins of Costa Rica, Tarcoles and Tempisque, were studied to characterize the MSD from 1937 to 2012. Among the aspects considered are the MSD Start, Timing, End, Duration, Intensity and Magnitude. The modulation and seasonal predictability of these aspects by climate variability sources as Equatorial Eastern Pacific was lately explored, showing that warmer (cooler) conditions in Niño 3.4 tend to be associated to drier (wetter) MSD events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 4): 1-15. Epub 2014 Diciembre 01.</p><div> </div>
New foraging grounds for hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) along the northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America
Authors: Heidemeyer Maike , Arauz-Vargas Randall , López-Agüero Erick 
Published: July 2015

<p>Existe poca información disponible sobre los sitios de forrajeo de las poblaciones de tortugas marinas del Pacífico Oriental, lo cual dificulta el diseño de estrategias de conservación tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional. Realizamos observaciones en cinco sitios a lo largo del Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica (Cabo Blanco, Punta Coyote, Punta Pargos, Punta Argentina y Bahía Matapalito) entre el 2010-2013, utilizando redes de enmalle tortugueras con luz de malla de 45 cm, con el objetivo de explorar y documentar nuevos sitios de forrajeo. Estandarizamos la Captura Por Unidad de Esfuerzo (CPUE) como tortugas capturada por 100m de relinga superior por hora de inmersión, el cual varió de 0.06 en Punta Pargos hasta 0.58 en Bahía Matapalito para tortugas carey (Eretmochelys imbricata), y de 0.01 en Punta Coyota hasta 0.10 en Cabo Blanco para tortugas verde del Pacífico (Chelonia mydas). Encontramos rangos de tamaño específicos por sitio para E.imbricata en Bahía Matapalito y Cabo Blanco, con promedio ± Desviación Estándar (SD) del Largo Curvo de Caparazón (CCL) de 42.46 ± 17.66cm y 61.25±13.08cm respectivamente. Tan solo se encontró un individuo en los demás sitios con CCL de 49.6cm hasta 60.5 cm. Se capturaron tortugas verde en tres de los sitios observados, con CCL de 67.67±19.44cm en Cabo Blanco, 69.40±9.40cm en Punta Coyote. y un único individuo en Bahía Matapalito con un CCL de 56.2cm. La ausencia de clases de tamaño de adultos para E.imbricata, así como de clases de tamaño de juveniles para la tortuga verde del Pacífico, enfatiza la complejidad de la distribución específica por especies durante las distintas fases de vida de las tortugas marinas en el Pacífico Oriental, y la necesidad emergente de implementar monitoreos a largo plazo en diferentes sitios a lo largo del Pacífico Norte del país para comprender la conectividad entre hábitats. El presente estudio revela la existencia de sitios de forrajeo frágiles desprotegidos para la tortuga carey y verde en el Pacífico norte de Costa Rica, y sirve de guía para futuras iniciativas de investigación para fortalecer estrategias de conservación en el ámbito nacional e internacional.</p>
Resumen de las principales técnicas de percepción remota usadas en volcanes para monitorear las emisiones de gas en tierra
Authors: Rodríguez Lizzette A. , Nadeau Patricia 
Published: July 2015

El monitoreo volcánico busca entender mejor los sistemas volcánicos, para poder realizar predicciones de su actividad. Las técnicas de monitoreo incluyen el sísmico, de deformación, de gases, hidrológico, y visual, entre otros. El monitoreo de gases es importante, entre otras razones, porque nos provee información sobre la dinámica y evolución de los sistemas magmáticos e hidrotermales. Las medidas se pueden hacer de forma directa o por métodos de percepción remota (en superficie o satelital). Aquí nos enfocamos en los principales métodos de percepción remota en superficie, que se usan actualmente en volcanes. Estos incluyen el espectrómetro de correlación (COSPEC), el DOAS, la cámara ultravioleta y el espectrómetro infrarrojo de transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Cada una de estas técnicas tiene ventajas y desventajas, y para entenderlas, aquí se describen los aspectos generales de cada una, incluyendo métodos para conducir las mediciones, las fuentes de error y algunos ejemplos de estudios hechos.