bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Determinants of State E‐Commerce Sales Tax Policy
Authors: Propheter Geoffrey 
Published: March 2015

In the absence of congressional action, states have two nonexclusive e‐commerce sales tax policy options: membership in the Streamlined Sales Tax Project or enactment of Amazon tax legislation. Previous research has suggested that economic factors are important predictors of adopting the former, and legislators frequently assert that lost revenue is a motivation for adopting either. There is also some evidence that a state's political environment determines policy selection. This article tests these claims. Using two unique datasets, one for each policy, economic factors and foregone revenue are found to not be statistically significant predictors of e‐commerce tax policy adoption. Instead, the political environment matters. The analysis concludes that governors drive state e‐commerce sales tax policy, and that the naïve perception that Republicans are less willing to tax than Democrats is misleading. Furthermore, the analysis finds indirect evidence that retail lobby influence is an important factor in a state's enactment of Amazon tax legislation.Related Articles
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Farnsworth, Stephen J. 2002. “.” Politics & Policy 30 (): 460‐480. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2002.tb00130.x/abstract
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Film Clip: . 2011. “.” http://www.bloomberg.com/video/74930810/
Ante la falta de acción del Congreso, los estados tienen dos opciones no exclusivas para su política fiscal de comercio electrónico: una afiliación al Streamlined Sales Tax Project o el establecimiento de la ley fiscal Amazon. Investigaciones anteriores sugieren que los factores económicos son importantes predictores para adoptar este último, mientras que los legisladores afirman frecuentemente que la pérdida de ingresos es un incentivo para adoptar cualquiera de las dos opciones. También existe evidencia de que el contexto político de un estado determina la elección de política fiscal. Este estudio pone a prueba estas afirmaciones. Usando dos conjuntos separados de datos, uno para cada política, se encontró que los factores económicos y el ingreso perdido no son predictores estadísticamente significativos de la adopción de políticas fiscales para el comercio electrónico. De hecho, el contexto político sí importa. El análisis concluye que los gobernadores son quienes estatales impulsan la política fiscal para el comercio electrónico y que la imagen ingenua de que los republicanos están menos dispuestos a gravar que los demócratas es engañosa. Además, nuestro análisis muestra evidencia directa de que la influencia el cabildeo de los vendedores al por menor es un factor importante en la promulgación estatal de la ley fiscal Amazon.
Applying imagined contact to improve physiological responses in anticipation of intergroup interactions and the perceived quality of these interactions
Authors: West Keon , Turner Rhiannon , Levita Liat 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis experiment (N = 49) is the first to show that imagined contact can buffer anticipatory physiological responses to future interactions, and improve the quality of these interactions. Participants imagined a positive interaction with a person with schizophrenia, or in a control condition, a person who did not have schizophrenia.They then interacted with a confederate whom they believed had schizophrenia. Participants in the imagined contact condition reported more positive attitudes and less avoidance of people with schizophrenia, displayed smaller anticipatory physiological responses, specifically smaller changes in interbeat interval and skin conductance responses, and had a more positive interaction according to the confederate. These findings support applying imagined contact to improve interactions with people with severe mental illnesses.
Light and laser therapies for the treatment of sebaceous gland hyperplasia a review of the literature
Authors: Simmons B.J. , Griffith R.D. , Falto‐Aizpurua L.A. , Bray F.N. , Nouri K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSebaceous gland hyperplasia (SGH) is a benign cutaneous condition that presents primarily on the face and increases with UVB exposure and ageing. These lesions are a common cosmetic concern but are difficult to treat, as the entire sebaceous gland needs to be destroyed to prevent recurrence. Traditional methods of treatment include: cryosurgery, electrodessication, curettage, shave excision and topical trichloroacetic acid. These methods have an increased risk of skin discoloration and scarring to the area of treatment that may lead to inferior cosmetic outcomes. Alternatively, oral isotretinoin can treat SGH, but is a known teratogen in pregnancy and has high relapse rates with discontinuation. A systematic review of the literature was performed to look at photodynamic therapy (PDT) and laser treatment for SGH. According to the results of this study, PDT, lasers and combinations of the two treatments were found to offer alternatives to the more conventional techniques with better outcomes. In particular, the use of wavelength‐specific laser for the sebaceous gland of 1720 nm were found to have better outcomes and provide minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Additionally, combination PDT with aminolevulinic acid and pre‐treatment with carbon dioxide laser ablation or pulse‐dyed laser offered higher cure rates over stand‐alone laser or PDT treatments in a shorter number of sessions with similar transient side‐effects. However, further large‐scale prospective studies with adequate follow‐up are required to confirm these findings and those for sebaceous gland‐specific lasers.
One Size (Never) Fits All: Segment Differences Observed Following a School‐Based Alcohol Social Marketing Program
Authors: Dietrich Timo , Rundle‐Thiele Sharyn , Leo Cheryl , Connor Jason 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAccording to commercial marketing theory, a market orientation leads to improved performance. Drawing on the social marketing principles of segmentation and audience research, the current study seeks to identify segments to examine responses to a school‐based alcohol social marketing program.METHODSA sample of 371 year 10 students (aged: 14–16 years; 51.4% boys) participated in a prospective (pre‐post) multisite alcohol social marketing program. Game On: Know Alcohol (GO:KA) program included 6, student‐centered, and interactive lessons to teach adolescents about alcohol and strategies to abstain or moderate drinking. A repeated measures design was used. Baseline demographics, drinking attitudes, drinking intentions, and alcohol knowledge were cluster analyzed to identify segments. Change on key program outcome measures and satisfaction with program components were assessed by segment.RESULTSThree segments were identified; (1) Skeptics, (2) Risky Males, (3) Good Females. Segments 2 and 3 showed greatest change in drinking attitudes and intentions. Good Females reported highest satisfaction with all program components and Skeptics lowest program satisfaction with all program components.CONCLUSIONThree segments, each differing on psychographic and demographic variables, exhibited different change patterns following participation in GO:KA. Post hoc analysis identified that satisfaction with program components differed by segment offering opportunities for further research.
A biogeographical regionalization of Angolan mammals
Authors: Rodrigues Patrícia , Figueira Rui , Vaz Pinto Pedro , Araújo Miguel B. , Beja Pedro 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We developed a biogeographical regionalization of Angolan mammals based on data collected before major declines occurred during the civil war (1975–2002). In terms of its biodiversity, Angola is one of the least known of all African countries.
We used 9880 grid records of 140 species (rodents, ungulates and carnivores) collected mainly in 1930–80, at a quarter degree cell resolution. Biogeographical regions were identified by using cluster analysis, based on βsim dissimilarity matrices and a hierarchical classification using Ward's method. An indicator value analysis was used to identify species characterizing each region. Distance‐based redundancy analysis was used to investigate the environmental correlates of mammalian assemblages.
Four biogeographical subdivisions emerged from ungulate distributions, while rodent and carnivore data were largely uninformative. In the north, the Zaire‐Lunda‐Cuanza region was mainly characterized by ungulate species associated with Congolian forests. In the south, the Namibe and Cunene‐Cuando Cubango regions were mainly characterized by ungulates widespread in south‐western and southern Africa. In between these regions, the Central Plateau region was mainly characterized by a few widespread ungulate species that are relatively common in dense miombo woodlands.
Biogeographical patterns were significantly associated with a dominant north–south gradient of decreasing humidity and increasing temperature, and with a concurrent gradient from dense forests and woodlands to open savannas, grasslands and deserts.
The biogeographical regions we identified in Angola were largely consistent with other bioregionalizations developed using various taxonomic groups at larger spatial scales. Biogeographical patterns reflected the southward penetration of Congolian forest species in the north, and the northward penetration of southern African desert/grassland species in the south‐west and of open savanna species in the south. These processes seem to be controlled by the distribution of vegetation types, which in turn are associated with climatic gradients and soil types. The stronger patterns observed for ungulates than for other mammals may reflect the close association of ungulates to specific vegetation types.
The scientific profiles of terrestrial mammals in Great Britain as measured by publication metrics
Authors: Robertson Peter A. , McKenzie Ailsa J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractResearch on mammals provides the evidence base for their conservation, management and related policy. We assess the effect of study choices on the composition of this evidence base. We derived species h‐index (SHI) for 67 breeding terrestrial mammals from 2305 publications based on field research carried out in England, Scotland and Wales. Native species had higher SHI than introduced species, but SHI was not related to the level of species conservation concern. SHI was positively related to geographical range and/or population size and to functional group: large herbivores had higher SHI, then carnivores, rodents, small herbivores, bats and insectivores.
Yap7 is a transcriptional repressor of nitric oxide oxidase in yeasts, which arose from neofunctionalization after whole genome duplication
Authors: Merhej Jawad , Delaveau Thierry , Guitard Juliette , Palancade Benoit , Hennequin Christophe , Garcia Mathilde , Lelandais Gaëlle , Devaux Frédéric 
Published: March 2015

SummaryFlavohemoglobins are the main detoxifiers of nitric oxide (NO) in bacteria and fungi and are induced in response to nitrosative stress. In fungi, the flavohemoglobin encoding gene YHB1 is positively regulated by transcription factors which are activated upon NO exposure. In this study, we show that in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the human pathogen Candida glabrata, the transcription factor Yap7 constitutively represses YHB1 by binding its promoter. Consequently, YAP7 deletion conferred high NO resistance to the cells. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments and mutant analyses indicated that Yap7 represses YHB1 by recruiting the transcriptional repressor Tup1. In S. cerevisiae, YHB1 repression also involves interaction of Yap7 with the Hap2/3/5 complex through a conserved Hap4‐like‐bZIP domain, but this interaction has been lost in C. glabrata. The evolutionary origin of this regulation was investigated by functional analyses of Yap7 and of its paralogue Yap5 in different yeast species. These analyses indicated that the negative regulation of YHB1 by Yap7 arose by neofunctionalization after the whole genome duplication which led to the C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae extant species. This work describes a new aspect of the regulation of fungal nitric oxidase and provides detailed insights into its functioning and evolution.
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport machinery influences haem uptake and capsule elaboration in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Hu Guanggan , Caza Mélissa , Cadieux Brigitte , Bakkeren Erik , Do Eunsoo , Jung Won Hee , Kronstad James W. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIron availability is a key determinant of virulence in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Previous work revealed that the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) protein Vps23 functions in iron acquisition, capsule formation and virulence. Here, we further characterized the ESCRT machinery to demonstrate that defects in the ESCRT‐II and III complexes caused reduced capsule attachment, impaired growth on haem and resistance to non‐iron metalloprotoporphyrins. The ESCRT mutants shared several phenotypes with a mutant lacking the pH‐response regulator Rim101, and in other fungi, the ESCRT machinery is known to activate Rim101 via proteolytic cleavage. We therefore expressed a truncated and activated version of Rim101 in the ESCRT mutants and found that this allele restored capsule formation but not growth on haem, thus suggesting a Rim101‐independent contribution to haem uptake. We also demonstrated that the ESCRT machinery acts downstream of the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway to influence capsule elaboration. Defects in the ESCRT components also attenuated virulence in macrophage survival assays and a mouse model of cryptococcosis to a greater extent than reported for loss of Rim101. Overall, these results indicate that the ESCRT complexes function in capsule elaboration, haem uptake and virulence via Rim101‐dependent and independent mechanisms.
ArsH is an organoarsenical oxidase that confers resistance to trivalent forms of the herbicide monosodium methylarsenate and the poultry growth promoter roxarsone
Authors: Chen Jian , Bhattacharjee Hiranmoy , Rosen Barry P. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryEnvironmental organoarsenicals are produced by microorganisms and are introduced anthropogenically as herbicides and antimicrobial growth promoters for poultry and swine. Nearly every prokaryote has an ars (arsenic resistance) operon, and some have an arsH gene encoding an atypical flavodoxin. The role of ArsH in arsenic resistance has been unclear. Here we demonstrate that ArsH is an organoarsenical oxidase that detoxifies trivalent methylated and aromatic arsenicals by oxidation to pentavalent species. Escherichia coli, which does not have an arsH gene, is very sensitive to the trivalent forms of the herbicide monosodium methylarsenate [MSMA or MAs(V)] and antimicrobial growth promoter roxarsone [Rox(V)], as well as to phenylarsenite [PhAs(III), also called phenylarsine oxide or PAO]. Pseudomonas putida has two chromosomally encoded arsH genes and is highly resistant to the trivalent forms of these organoarsenicals. A derivative of P. putida with both arsH genes deleted is sensitive to MAs(III), PhAs(III) or Rox(III). P. putida arsH expressed in E. coli conferred resistance to each trivalent organoarsenical. Cells expressing PpArsH oxidized the trivalent organoarsenicals. PpArsH was purified, and the enzyme in vitro similarly oxidized the trivalent organoarsenicals. These results suggest that ArsH catalyzes a novel biotransformation that confers resistance to environmental methylated and aromatic arsenicals.
Dimeric chlorite dismutase from the nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC7425
Authors: Schaffner Irene , Hofbauer Stefan , Krutzler Michael , Pirker Katharina F. , Bellei Marzia , Stadlmayr Gerhard , Mlynek Georg , Djinovic‐Carugo Kristina , Battistuzzi Gianantonio , Furtmüller Paul G. , Daims Holger , Obinger Christian 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIt is demonstrated that cyanobacteria (both azotrophic and non‐azotrophic) contain heme b oxidoreductases that can convert chlorite to chloride and molecular oxygen (incorrectly denominated chlorite ‘dismutase’, Cld). Beside the water‐splitting manganese complex of photosystem II, this metalloenzyme is the second known enzyme that catalyses the formation of a covalent oxygen–oxygen bond. All cyanobacterial Clds have a truncated N‐terminus and are dimeric (i.e. clade 2) proteins. As model protein, Cld from Cyanothece sp. PCC7425 (CCld) was recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli and shown to efficiently degrade chlorite with an activity optimum at pH 5.0 [kcat 1144 ± 23.8 s−1, KM 162 ± 10.0 μM, catalytic efficiency (7.1 ± 0.6) × 106 M−1 s−1]. The resting ferric high‐spin axially symmetric heme enzyme has a standard reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple of −126 ± 1.9 mV at pH 7.0. Cyanide mediates the formation of a low‐spin complex with kon = (1.6 ± 0.1) × 105 M−1 s−1 and koff = 1.4 ± 2.9 s−1 (KD ∼ 8.6 μM). Both, thermal and chemical unfolding follows a non‐two‐state unfolding pathway with the first transition being related to the release of the prosthetic group. The obtained data are discussed with respect to known structure–function relationships of Clds. We ask for the physiological substrate and putative function of these O2‐producing proteins in (nitrogen‐fixing) cyanobacteria.
The dynamics of cereal cyst nematode infection differ between susceptible and resistant barley cultivars and lead to changes in (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan levels and HvCslF gene transcript abundance
Authors: Aditya Jessika , Lewis John , Shirley Neil J. , Tan Hwei‐Ting , Henderson Marilyn , Fincher Geoffrey B. , Burton Rachel A. , Mather Diane E. , Tucker Matthew R. 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode, CCN) infects the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare) forming syncytial feeding sites. In resistant host plants, relatively few females develop to maturity. Little is known about the physiological and biochemical changes induced during CCN infection.

Responses to CCN infection were investigated in resistant (Rha2) and susceptible barley cultivars through histological, compositional and transcriptional analysis.

Two phases were identified that influence CCN viability, including feeding site establishment and subsequent cyst maturation. Syncytial development progressed faster in the resistant cultivar Chebec than in the susceptible cultivar Skiff, and was accompanied by changes in cell wall polysaccharide abundance, particularly (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan. Transcriptional profiling identified several glycosyl transferase genes, including CELLULOSE SYNTHASE‐LIKE F10 (HvCslF10), which may contribute to differences in polysaccharide abundance between resistant and susceptible cultivars.

In barley, Rha2‐mediated CCN resistance drives rapid deterioration of CCN feeding sites, specific changes in cell wall‐related transcript abundance and changes in cell wall composition. During H. avenae infection, (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan may influence CCN feeding site development by limiting solute flow, similar to (1,3)‐β‐glucan during dicot cyst nematode infections. Dynamic transcriptional changes in uncharacterized HvCslF genes, possibly involved in (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan synthesis, suggest a role for these genes in the CCN infection process.
Creating Effective Media Messaging for Rural Smoke‐free Policy
Authors: Riker Carol A. , Butler Karen M. , Ricks JaNelle M. , Record Rachael A. , Begley Kathy , Anderson Debra Gay , Hahn Ellen J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectivesObjectives were to (1) explore perceived effectiveness of existing smoke‐free print advertisements in rural communities and (2) generate message content, characteristics, and media delivery channels that resonate with residents.Design and SampleQualitative methods design. Thirty‐nine rural adults recruited by community partners.MeasuresContent analysis of findings from individuals in four focus groups who participated in general discussion and reviewed eight print ads related to secondhand smoke (SHS) and smoke‐free policy.ResultsSix content themes were identified: smoking/SHS dangers, worker health, analogies, economic impact, rights, and nostalgia. Seven message characteristics were recognized: short/to the point, large enough to read, graphic images, poignant stories, statistics/charts/graphs, message sender, and messages targeting different groups. Four media delivery channels were considered most effective: local media, technology, billboard messages, and print materials.ConclusionsSeeking input from key informants is essential to reaching rural residents. Use of analogies in media messaging is a distinct contribution to the literature on effective smoke‐free campaigns. Other findings support previous studies of effective messaging and delivery channels. Further research is needed to examine effectiveness of themes related to message content in smoke‐free ads and delivery strategies. Effective media messaging can lead to policy change in rural communities to reduce exposure to SHS.
Relationship between dementia severity and behavioural and psychological symptoms in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tanaka Hibiki , Hashimoto Mamoru , Fukuhara Ryuji , Ishikawa Tomohisa , Yatabe Yusuke , Kaneda Keiichiro , Yuuki Seiji , Honda Kazuki , Matsuzaki Shiho , Tsuyuguchi Atsuko , Hatada Yutaka , Ikeda Manabu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe features of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are influenced by dementia stage. In early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), the association between BPSD and dementia stage remains unclear because of the difficulty of recruiting subjects with a wide range of disease severity. We used a combination of community‐based and hospital‐based approaches to investigate the relationship between dementia severity and BPSD in EOAD patients.MethodsSixty‐three consecutive EOAD outpatients and 29 EOAD patients from a community‐based survey were divided into three dementia severity groups according to the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR): mild (CDR 0.5–1, n = 55), moderate (CDR 2, n = 17), and severe (CDR 3, n = 20). BPSD were rated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.ResultsScores of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory subscales agitation, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, and aberrant motor behaviour increased significantly with increased dementia severity. Hallucinations were greater in the moderate group than in the mild group. For delusions, depression, and anxiety, no significant differences were observed among the three severity groups.ConclusionsThe pattern of apathy, agitation, disinhibition, irritability, and aberrant motor behaviour worsening with severity progression in EOAD is similar to the pattern in late‐onset Alzheimer's disease. In contrast, hallucinations, depression, and anxiety showed different patterns in EOAD.
Higher Moments and Prediction‐Based Estimation for the COGARCH(1,1) Model
Authors: Bibbona Enrico , Negri Ilia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCOGARCH models are continuous time versions of the well‐known GARCH models of financial returns. The first aim of this paper is to show how the method of prediction‐based estimating functions can be applied to draw statistical inference from observations of a COGARCH(1,1) model if the higher‐order structure of the process is clarified. A second aim of the paper is to provide recursive expressions for the joint moments of any fixed order of the process. Asymptotic results are given, and a simulation study shows that the method of prediction‐based estimating function outperforms the other available estimation methods.