bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of medical inpatients with acute pain and suspected non‐medical use of opioids
Authors: Suzuki Joji , Meyer Fremonta , Wasan Ajay D. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to characterize medical inpatients with acute pain suspected of non‐medical opioid use.MethodMedical inpatients treated with opioids for acute pain referred for psychiatric consultation were administered questionnaires including the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Pain Patients (SOAPP) and the Hospital Misuse Checklist (HMC), developed for this study.ResultsThe nine subjects referred for evaluation of possible non‐medical opioid use, compared to the 23 subjects referred for other reasons, were younger (37.7 vs. 51.3, t = 2.81, p = .012), more likely to score positive on the SOAPP (100% vs. 47.8%, Fisher's p < .05) and report lifetime histories of any substance use disorder (SUD) (88.9% vs. 30.4%, χ2 = 9.7, p = .002). No differences were found on items on the HMC.ConclusionsThe results of this preliminary study indicate that medical inpatients with suspected non‐medical use of opioids resemble chronic pain outpatients misusing opioids. Further research is needed to better characterize this patient population and to validate the HMC measure. (Am J Addict 2013;22:515–520)
Periodontal disease epidemiology – learned and unlearned?
Authors: Baelum Vibeke , López Rodrigo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe notion of periodontal disease being the major cause of tooth loss among adults was rooted in the focal infection paradigm that dominated the first half of the 20th century. This paradigm was established largely by personal opinions, and it was not until the development of periodontal indices in the mid‐1950s that periodontal epidemiology gained momentum. Unfortunately, the indices used suffered from a number of flaws, whereby the interpretation of the research results took the form of circular reasoning. It was under this paradigm that therapeutic and preventive intervention for periodontal diseases became entirely devoted to oral hygiene, as poor oral hygiene and older age were understood to explain nearly all the variation in disease occurrence. In the early 1980s, studies appeared that contradicted the concepts of poor oral hygiene as the inevitable trigger of periodontitis and of linear and ubiquitous periodontitis progression, whereby periodontal epidemiology was led into a relatively short‐lived high‐risk era. At this time, it became evident that old scourges continue to haunt periodontology: the inability to agree in operational clinical criteria for a periodontitis diagnosis and the inability to devise both a meaningful and a useful classification of periodontal diseases based on nominalist principles. The meager outcome of the high‐risk era led researchers to resurrect the focal infection paradigm, which is now dressed up as periodontal medicine. Unfortunately, these developments have left the core of periodontology somewhat disheveled and deserted.
Targeting childhood obesity in schools: an examination of the stability and utility of the Value Added Index
Authors: Moreno‐Black G. , Stockard J. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
High rates of childhood obesity and overweight have promoted interest in school‐based interventions.
Procter's Value Added Index (VAI) identifies schools with higher‐than‐predicted rates of obesity.
What this study adds
The VAI can be calculated with much simpler techniques than those proposed by Procter and associates.
VAI data from a span of 4 years indicated that rank orderings of schools vary widely over time.
This casts doubt on the utility of the VAI measure for targeting policy interventions, and we suggest that using a simpler method would be more effective, especially when obesity rates are high.
BackgroundHigh rates of childhood obesity and overweight have promoted interest in school‐based interventions. As a way to identify schools with high unexpected prevalence of obesity and the greatest need, Procter and associates developed a ‘Value Added Index’ (VAI). It compares rates of obesity in entry level and advanced students in elementary schools, quantifying the extent to which rates for advanced students are higher than what would be expected given entry level rates and socio‐demographic characteristics.MethodsThis paper replicates their analysis using data over a 4 year time span from 17 schools in the western United States. Our analysis compared results obtained with the relatively complicated mixed‐model approach, which was used by Procter and associates, and a more simple linear regression, which could be easily used by local school officials. Results were also compared across the 4 years for which data were available.ResultsIdentical results were found when the two methods were compared. There was little stability in the rank ordering of schools, based on the VAI, from 1 year to another.ConclusionsOur results cast doubts on the utility of the VAI for policy makers and suggest policy makers consider a universalistic, rather than targeted, approach to interventions.
A freshwater fish defies ancient mountain ranges and drainage divides: extrinsic and intrinsic influences on the evolutionary history of a recently identified galaxiid
Authors: Chakona Albert , Swartz Ernst R. , Gouws Gavin , Bloomer Paulette 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimA river hierarchy model has been proposed for stream‐dwelling taxa, where genetic structure is expected to reflect geographical proximity and connectivity of river systems. However, many exceptions and deviations from this model have been detected. The present study tested three biogeographical hypotheses (River Hierarchy, Palaeoriver Systems and Interdrainage Dispersal) to assess how a recently identified galaxiid, Galaxias sp. ‘nebula’, came to have a wide distribution across multiple currently isolated river systems in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa.LocationSeventeen river systems in the Cape Floristic Region at the southern tip of Africa.MethodsWe analysed mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b sequences from across the entire distribution of Galaxias sp. ‘nebula’ and compared divergence times between populations with known geological and climatic events to explain the observed geographical patterns of genetic diversity.ResultsThe data revealed historical divergence between the Olifants, Berg and southward‐draining river systems. The phylogeographical analyses revealed that range expansion occurred across currently isolated river systems, with some haplotypes being shared between geographically distant river systems. Molecular dating revealed recent divergence times between populations from isolated river systems (c. 4000–1,200,000 years ago).Main conclusionsThe phylogeographical pattern of Galaxias sp. ‘nebula’ indicates that drainage basin boundaries have historically not played a dominant long‐term role in structuring this lineage. River captures are not widespread and frequent enough to explain the observed genetic patterns. Galaxias sp. ‘nebula’ has been able to disperse between proposed palaeoriver systems. Interdrainage dispersal via episodic freshwater connections during periods of increased rainfall during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs seems to have played an important role in allowing this lineage to attain and maintain its wide contemporary distribution.
Genetic variants in the IL12B gene are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases in the Korean population
Authors: Moon Chang Mo , Shin Dong‐Jik , Son Nak‐Hoon , Shin Eun‐Soon , Hong Sung Pil , Kim Tae Il , Kim Won Ho , Cheon Jae Hee 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and AimRecent genomic studies have identified genetic variants in the IL12B gene, which encodes the p40 subunit shared by interleukin 12 and interleukin 23, as susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The study aimed to identify additional novel genetic variants in IL12B and investigated whether variants confer susceptibility to the development of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) in the Korean population.MethodsTo detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL12B, direct sequencing of all coding exons, exon‐intron boundaries, promoter region, and 5′ untranslated region was performed in 24 randomly selected samples. Selected haplotype‐tagging SNPs were subsequently genotyped in 493 IBD patients (245 patients with CD and 248 with UC) and 504 healthy controls.ResultsTwo haplotype‐tagging SNPs (rs2288831 and rs919766) were selected through direct sequencing and were genotyped. Of them, SNP rs2288831 in the IL12B gene was significantly associated with CD susceptibility in allelic association analysis (odds ratio = 1.30; 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.62; P = 0.019). This significant association with CD was also observed for a haplotype consisting of SNP rs919766 and rs2288831 (odds ratio = 1.29; 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.60; P = 0.025). However, none of IL12B SNPs were associated with UC susceptibility. Finally, no specific associations between genetic variants and disease phenotype of CD were identified.ConclusionsThis study is first to identify SNP rs2288831 in the IL12B gene as a susceptible variation for CD. Further studies in other ethnic groups are warranted to validate the association of this genetic variant with IBD.
Pre‐emptive treatment of fungal infection based on plasma β‐D‐glucan levels after gastric surgery for gastric cancer in elderly patients
Authors: Namikawa Tsutomu , Kitagawa Hiroyuki , Yamatsuji Tomoki , Naomoto Yoshio , Kobayashi Michiya , Hanazaki Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and AimInvasive fungal infection (IFI) related to surgery in elderly patients is often associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to determine 1,3‐β‐D‐glucan (βDG) levels after gastric cancer surgery in elderly patients and to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of pre‐emptive antifungal therapy using βDG as an aid for the early diagnosis of IFI.MethodsIn all, 81 patients aged ≥ 70 years who had undergone gastric cancer surgery between 2009 and 2011 were prospectively enrolled in the study. Patients with plasma βDG levels > 11 pg/mL (the cut‐off value) were randomly assigned to either receive antifungal treatment or not (n = 13 in each group). Postoperative outcomes were assessed using various clinical parameters.ResultsAfter gastric cancer surgery, plasma βDG levels were ≥ 11 pg/mL in 26 of 81 elderly patients (32.1%). Of the βDG‐positive patients, significantly more had stages III and IV rather than stages I and II disease (44.1% vs 23.4%, respectively; P = 0.049). Fever on postoperative day 8 was significantly reduced in the pre‐emptive antifungal‐treated group than in the control group (36.8°C vs 37.2°C, respectively; P = 0.045). However, there were no significant differences in mortality, morbidity, βDG levels, white blood cell count, and C‐reactive protein levels between the two groups.ConclusionsPre‐emptive antifungal treatment based on βDG after gastric surgery in elderly patients may help reduce the incidence of postoperative fever and suppress IFI. However, this needs to be confirmed in a larger prospective randomized, controlled trial.
IL‐1β and TNF‐α induce neurotoxicity through glutamate production: a potential role for neuronal glutaminase
Authors: Ye Ling , Huang Yunlong , Zhao Lixia , Li Yuju , Sun Lijun , Zhou You , Qian Guanxiang , Zheng Jialin C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGlutaminase 1 is the main enzyme responsible for glutamate production in mammalian cells. The roles of macrophage and microglia glutaminases in brain injury, infection, and inflammation are well documented. However, little is known about the regulation of neuronal glutaminase, despite neurons being a predominant cell type of glutaminase expression. Using primary rat and human neuronal cultures, we confirmed that interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), two pro‐inflammatory cytokines that are typically elevated in neurodegenerative disease states, induced neuronal death and apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, both intracellular and extracellular glutamate levels were significantly elevated following IL‐1β and/or TNF‐α treatment. Pre‐treatment with N‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK‐801 blocked cytokine‐induced glutamate production and alleviated the neurotoxicity, indicating that IL‐1β and/or TNF‐α induce neurotoxicity through glutamate. To determine the potential source of excess glutamate production in the culture during inflammation, we investigated the neuronal glutaminase and found that treatment with IL‐1β or TNF‐α significantly upregulated the kidney‐type glutaminase (KGA), a glutaminase 1 isoform, in primary human neurons. The up‐regulation of neuronal glutaminase was also demonstrated in situ in a murine model of HIV‐1 encephalitis. In addition, IL‐1β or TNF‐α treatment increased the levels of KGA in cytosol and TNF‐α specifically increased KGA levels in the extracellular fluid, away from its main residence in mitochondria. Together, these findings support neuronal glutaminase as a potential component of neurotoxicity during inflammation and that modulation of glutaminase may provide therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative diseases.
EXPERIMENTAL LABOR MARKETS AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS: INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS AND MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS
Authors: Casoria Fortuna , Riedl Arno 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis survey focuses on experimental labor markets investigating two aspects that are important for a better understanding of labor market relations and their consequences for labor market policies. The first part of the survey is dedicated to papers that assess the prevalence of reciprocal considerations in incomplete labor contracts. The second part summarizes the relatively small but growing experimental literature exploring labor market issues in macroeconomics and public finance studying the interaction between taxation and labor market outcomes.
Ingratiation in the Workplace: The Role of Subordinate and Supervisor Political Skill
Authors: Wu Long‐Zeng , Kwan Ho Kwong , Wei Li‐Qun , Liu Jun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOver two decades, social influence researchers have called for a study that would examine how, why, and when influence tactics are effective. Informed by balance theory, the present study proposes that subordinate and supervisor political skill impacts the effectiveness of ingratiation attempts. The results from a survey of 228 supervisor–subordinate dyads inChinese firms indicated that subordinates with high political skill are less likely to have their exhibited ingratiation behaviour perceived by their supervisors; however, supervisors with high political skill are likely to perceive ingratiation behaviour demonstrated by their subordinates. Moreover, the most successful condition for enabling subordinates to hide ingratiation from their supervisors is when the subordinates are politically astute and the supervisors are not. Furthermore, when supervisors perceive ingratiation behaviour, they rate low on the job performance and promotability of their subordinates; these low ratings are explained by the undermined personal reputation of the subordinates due to their ingratiation detected.
Randomised controlled trial of single phototherapy with reflecting curtains versus double phototherapy in term newborns with hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: Abd Hamid Intan Juliana , M Iyen Mohd Igbal@Iqbal , Ibrahim Nor Rosidah , Abd Majid Noorizan , Ramli Noraida , Van Rostenberghe Hans 
Published: April 2013

AimThe use of reflecting curtains with single phototherapy has not yet been directly compared with double phototherapy (DP). The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of single phototherapy with reflecting curtains (SPRC) and DP in treating neonatal jaundice.MethodsThis randomised controlled trial involved 160 term newborns with severe neonatal jaundice in the first 2 weeks of life. The subjects were randomised in two groups: the intervention group receiving SPRC (n = 80) and a control group receiving DP (n = 80). Because of post‐hoc exclusions, 78 subjects resulted in each group, respectively. The primary outcome was mean decrease in total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels after 4 h of phototherapy. The secondary outcomes were mean decrease in TSB levels after 10 h of phototherapy and duration of phototherapy.ResultsThe mean decrease in TSB after 4 h of phototherapy in the intervention group was similar for the intervention and the control groups (23.46 ± 27.03 vs. 22.43 ± 27.38 μmol/L; P = 0.81). Also, after 10 h, it was similar in both groups (56.06 ± 31.36 vs. 58.17 ± 31.71 μmol/L, respectively; P = 0.67). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in duration of phototherapy in both intervention (SPRC) and control (DP) (x2 change 0.393, P = 0.531; hazard ratio 1.060; 95% confidence interval 0.883–1.273). There were no significant adverse events noted.ConclusionsThis study suggested that single phototherapy with reflecting curtain is as effective as DP in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia requiring intensive phototherapy.
An evaluation of portable sleeping spaces for babies following the Christchurch earthquake of February 2011
Authors: Cowan Stephanie , Bennett Sharon , Clarke Judith , Pease Anna 
Published: April 2013

AimTo describe how recipients of portable sleeping spaces (PSSs) for babies received and used these devices, offered as emergency baby beds in earthquake‐ravaged Christchurch, New Zealand, 2011.MethodThe PSS package responded to increased risk to babies from disrupted living and sleeping conditions in families. ‘Door‐to‐door’ distribution offered easy access to those in need. A subgroup of recipients gave feedback via a survey.ResultsFrom 642 families who received PSSs between March and August, 139 were invited to complete a survey on usage and 100 (72%) responded. Risks identified were ‘earthquake related’ (82%), bed‐sharing (41%), smoking in pregnancy (26%) and prematurity or low birthweight (11%). PSSs were used for same‐bed co‐sleeping by 87%. They were used even though most families (96%) also had a cot or bassinet. Features most appreciated were ‘having baby close’ (90%), ‘peace of mind’ (88%) and portability (74%).ConclusionPSSs were acceptable to parents and used as instructed. Enabling physical protection of babies when same‐bed co‐sleeping, they gave peace of mind to parents. PSSs could be considered in ordinary times for protecting babies from sudden infant death.
Quality of life in older adults with aortic stenosis: a narrative review
Authors: Horrocks Judith , Closs José , Astin Felicity 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundAortic stenosis in older adults can lead to symptoms of breathlessness, dizziness, syncope and angina. While surgical AVR is the optimum treatment, it is not suitable for frail older people who may have other significant comorbidities. TAVI provides a safer alternative. There is evidence that aortic valve replacement reduces mortality and morbidity, but less is known about its effect on quality of life (QoL) in older adults.Aims and objectivesTo carry out a narrative review of the existing literature on quality of life (QoL) after surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) with the aim of identifying what is known about QoL pre‐ and postvalve replacement.ConclusionsThere is some evidence that QoL improves after aortic valve replacement, but there are significant gaps in our knowledge. There are no studies that compare QoL after TAVI vs. surgical AVR; thus, we do not know the relative effect of the different procedures on QoL. The literature does not adequately explore why some people have improved QoL after aortic valve replacement and others do not. There appears to be some evidence that the existence of comorbidities may negatively influence QoL after valve replacement, but there is not enough consistent data on comorbidities to explore this further. Study designs are heterogeneous and prevent any meta‐analysis of findings.Implications for practiceDecision‐making processes regarding the suitability of patients for aortic valve replacement should include an assessment of the potential effects on overall QoL, rather than just relief of cardiac‐related symptoms. Consideration of patients' social, emotional and physical needs both before and after valve replacement is essential if health services are serious about improving QoL as well as mortality and morbidity.
Cultivation and Hybridization Alter the Germination Behavior of Native Plants Used in Revegetation and Restoration
Authors: Schröder Roland , Prasse Rüdiger 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNative plants are increasingly used for revegetation and restoration. These plants are cultivated for several generations at plant nurseries and often they are of unknown provenance. Therefore, cultivated plants often differ from their wild progenitors in life‐history traits. Using germination behavior as example, we tested the assumption that cultivated plants have different life‐history traits than their uncultivated progenitors. Cultivated as well as wild individuals of Plantago lanceolata and Lotus corniculatus, two species frequently used in revegetation, were tested in a common garden experiment as well as in incubators for their germination behavior. We observed significantly faster and more abundant germination in cultivated varieties. Using artificial crossings, we found that also hybrids of cultivated varieties and wild relatives germinate faster and more abundant than the wilds. As wild plants acquire their life‐history traits by natural selection, we have to assume that they represent the optimal adaptation to the environmental conditions. If these traits are changed by cultivation or by hybridization between cultivated varieties and local populations, the long‐term survival probabilities of local populations may be altered. Therefore, the use of cultivated varieties of native plants should be avoided in revegetation.
Does Seeding After Wildfires in Rangelands Reduce Erosion or Invasive Species?
Authors: Pyke David A. , Wirth Troy A. , Beyers Jan L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMitigation of ecological damage caused by rangeland wildfires has historically been an issue restricted to the western United States. It has focused on conservation of ecosystem function through reducing soil erosion and spread of invasive plants. Effectiveness of mitigation treatments has been debated recently. We reviewed recent literature to conduct a meta‐analysis of seeding after wildfires to determine if seedings may (1) protect ecosystems against soil erosion and (2) reduce invasion or abundance of undesirable nonnative plant species. Effectiveness of postfire seedings was examined in 8 erosion and 19 invasive species cases. Seeding has little effect on erosion during the first year after fire and is highly dependent upon initial establishment and coverage of species in successive years. Among all seeding cases, 28% reduced, 67% were neutral, and 5% increased invasive species abundance. Older seedings were more likely to show reductions in invasives than younger seedings. Seedings with high plant establishment were more likely to reduce invasives than those with low establishment. Studies are needed that examine (1) frequency of adequate establishment of postfire seedings and causal factors of success or failure, (2) long‐term impacts of seeding along a range of initial establishment and concomitant plant coverage over time as it relates to erosion and abundance of invasive plant species, and (3) auxiliary treatments designed to increase likelihood of germination and establishment given the inevitable variability of environmental conditions. These studies would aid land managers in deciding when postfire treatments are required and their likely level of success.